Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum 
Volume VI 
1881 
eBooks von / from Digitalisiert von / Digitised by 
Humboldt-Universität zu 
Berlin
To 

CATALOGUE 

OF THE 

BIRDS 


IN THE 

BRITISH MUSEUM. 

Bfirf, erei 

3oo[, Bufmrn 

Berlin 

VOLUME VI. 


LONDON: 
PRINTED BY ORDEE OF THE TEUSTEES. 


1881. 


CATALOGUE 


OF THE 

PASSER I FORMES, 


OE 

PEEOHING BIRDS, 


IN THE 

COLLECTION 

OF THE 

BRITISH MUSEUM. 


CICHLOMOEPH^: PART III. 

CONTAINING THE FIRST PORTION OF THE FAMILY 

TIMELIID.E 

(BABBLING-THRUSHES). 

BY 

R. ROWDLER SHARPE. 
LONDON: 
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 
1881. 


FEINTED BY TAYLOE AND FRANCIS, 

BED WON COl'BT, FLEET 9FSEST. 

PREFACE. 

THE Sixth Yolume of the ' Catalogue of Birds in the British 
Museum' has been prepared by Mr. R. B. Sharpe, author of the 
first four volumes of this -work. Yarious causes have somewhat 
delayed its publication ; but it is hoped ttiat the succeeding volume 
(which will conclude the family Timeliidae, and which has made 
considerable progress) will appear within the spaee of a twelvemonth, 
as also that, with additional extraneous help, the work 
generally wiH make more rapid progress than has hitherto been 
possible. 

ALBERT GUNTHER, 

Keeper of the Department of Zoohgy. 

British Museum, 
December 1881. 


INTRODUCTION. 

THE present volume treats of the first portion of the large family 
TimeliiclcB, or Babbling-Thrashes, a group which is largely represented 
in the Old World, but contains only a few members in the 
American continents. Five subfamilies have been described in the 
present volume, viz. the Bulbuls, the Wrens, the Mocking-Thrushes, 
the Solitaires, and the Bower-birds. 

The total number of species enumerated is 407; and of these the 
Museum possesses 315. The specimens in the collection are 1508 
in number. The gaps in the series are principally among the 
South-American Wrens, of which it is peculiarly difficult to procure 
examples. 

Of the many important additions that have been made to the 
collection during the past two years, the most notable (that of the 
collection of the late Mr. Gould) was not acquired before part of 
the present volume was in the printer's hands, and consequently 
the additions which it brought have had to be relegated to the 
" Addenda " at the end of the volume. 

The author takes the present opportunity of returning his sincere 
thanks to Capt. Wardlaw Bamsay, who lent him his entire series of 
Bulbuls and Wrens for comparison with the Museum collection of 
skins. The number of types in the Tweeddale collection rendered 
this act of kindness of the greatest value in the preparation of this 
volume. 

Tiii INTK0DTJCT10K, 

Again, the author cannot too deeply acknowledge the assistance 
which he haB received from Messrs. Osbert Salvin and F. Ducane 
Godman, who have lent him from time to time their excellent series 
of the American species described in this book, without which 
service it would have been almost impossible to complete the 
volume; Dr. Sclater and Capt. Shelley have also lent him many 
valuable and rare birds. 

In various ways the author has received valuable assistance and 
loans of specimens from the following gentlemen:—Prof. Newton, 
Prof. Alphonse Milne-Edwards, Prof. Schlegel, A. 0. Hume, Esq., 
C.B., Eugene Oates, Esq., Prof. Barboza du Bocage, Col. Godwin-
Austen, H. E. Dresser, Esq., Henry Seebohm, Esq., Edward Hargitt, 
Esq., Canon Tristram, and Count Salvador!. 

As in the preceding volumes, the affixes to the names of donors &c, 
in the third column of the list of specimens, may be explained as 
follows:—"[P.]" means "Presented by;" "[0.]" = "Collected by;" 
" [E.] " = " Obtained by exchange." Where none of these signs are 
employed, the specimens were purchased. In some cases the sexes 
of the specimens are enclosed in brackets, as " [ tf ]." This is to 
indicate that, although the author has no doubt in his own mind 
that the specimen is a male, the label attached to the individual 
bears no indication of the sex. Sometimes, too, the locality of a 
specimen will be seen enclosed in brackets, as u [New South 
Wales]." This is intended to show that the specimen is labelled 
"JSTew South Wales," but the author has reason to doubt the 
correctness of the locality. 

R. BOWDLER SffABPE. 
British Museum, 
Dec 26,1881. 


SYSTEMATIC INDEX 


Order PASSERIFORMES. 

Suborder PASSERES. 

I. ACROMTODI. 
a. Passeres normales. 
SECTION TtTRDIFORMES. 

Group II. OICHLOMOBPH^:. 

Earn. TIMELIDAEJ. 

Subfam. BRACHYPODIIN^I, 
Page 

1. 
^githina, V, 4 
1-%fesiW? Bp 6 
2. tipliia, L 7 
a. x&iis, n 
(3. scawHaris 12 
3. nigroliTJea^*7lf^r*7e 12 
2. Aethorhynchus, &#M7. ... . IS 
1. lafresnayii, Marti 14 
2. xantliotis, Sharpe ,.,,,. 15 
3. Chloropsis, J. $ & 15 
1. harcpicMJ, J. $ & .... 18 
3. aurifrg^ Temm 20 
4. i^aHanca, Gm 22 
5. ymSEsTWorsf, 23 
6. zSBSRjps. % 24 
7. jerdom, TftytfX 25 
8. media, Bp 27 
9. mgricollis, V, 27 
10. emorocephala, Wald. .. 28 
11. icterocephala. Less 30 
l%vm^nm,Skarpe .... 31 
Temm 32 

is. zjmm2&^
1^* P^teJSSSSt. Sharp* - • S3 

15. TS-np^^J^Tweedd. ,,., 34 
16. yenusfca, JBp 34 
4. Hypsipetes, "Fig 35 
1. pgaxfliwkft, Fig 36 
% concolor, Blyth, 38 
3. ganeesa, Sylm ..,
4. perniger, tiwirih. ......
5. nigerjimus, Would
6. leuc^pjijaua, Gm, ....
7. Bm^m^§jjTemm
8. vS^acgna, BMh
5. IxocmdaT^/i'A
1. madagascarienflifl.JP. L. tf. 
MM.
2. borbonica, Gm,
3. oliyacea, J. fy S
4. crasairostria, 23. Neivt, ..
6. Hemixug? Hodys
1. fiavala, Ilodgs
2. Mldebrandti, 2£nme ....
3. davisoni, lEime
4. castaOBOtus, Swinh, ..
5. cmereus, Blyth
6. wjalacceusis, Blyth ....
7. vuesfi«»i» Temm. ......
7. Iole, Blyth
1. olivaj^ea, Blyth
2. viTidescens,'Blyth
3. Qv^SSrikoeedd
4. nWfUlans, Sharpe ....
5. yhMwm&Ss, Om
6. mAQC®&a% JSforaf,....
7.SellU*pA
8. hOTfS&ti&
8. Pinarociclila, Shar^w
1. euptilosa, /. Sf 8.
9. Poliotoplrus, Sharpe
1. urostictus, ISalmd
10. Micropus, Siuatns
1. melanocepbalus, Gm, ..
2. fusciflayescens, Hume ..
3. cinereiventris, Blyth....
4. pyocephalus, Jerd. ....
5. chalcocephalus, !T<?mm.,.
6. mdan^JjBjiww, Eyton....
11. Crimger, Temm
1. chlorojiotus, Cam2, VfrlSSuSSJ Sharpe 
39 
41 
41 
41 
42 
43 
44 

 45 
46 
46 

 47 
48 
49 

 50 

 51 
51 
52 
52 
53 
54 

55 

 56 
57 

B7 

 58 
50 
60 

 01 
61 
62 
63 
63 
64 
65 
66 
67 

 68 
68 
69 
70 
72 
73 

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 

Page 

3. calurus, Cass., 74 

4. pEle^plialus^ Marti 74 
5...uai&an^nschiaiur , 

™ 76 

6. ffaveblus, 
Gould 77 
. ghseiceps, Hume 77 

8. gJO^TJ2br«f. 78 

9. %aji?J &7iarpe 79 

10. gutturalis, Bp 80 

11. palGIus, Swinh 81 

12. ruficrissusj Sharpe 81 

13. Birbatus^ Temm 82 

14. tricolor^ Cass 82 

15. cabgsisft, Sharpe 83 

16. palawanensis, Tweedd. .. 83 

17. finsclii, Salvad 84 

18. chjfiijs, Finsch 85 

19. mystacalis, Wall 85 

20. affinis, H. $ J. 86 

21. aureus, Wold. 87 

22. longirostris, Wall. 87 

23. eximius, Hartl 88 

12. Trichophoropsis, Bp 88 

1. t^pus^JJp. 

13. 
..3 Tricholestes, Salvad. 

1. crimggjjftyto 89 

14. ASSffiSptodgs 91 

1. striatus, Blyth 91 

15. Trachyconius, Cab 93 

16. Xenocicnla, Cass 94 

1. icterica, Strichl 96 

2. flajacollis, Swains 97 

3. iavigula, Cak 98 

4. olivacea, Szvains 98 

5. tephrol^m^^rray 98 

6. simplex, Hartl. 99 

7. fla^trfala, Sharpe .... 100 

8. BemfrJ. $ JE. Verr 100 

9. syndactyla, Swains 101 

10. abandons, Sioains 102 

11. multicolor, Bocage .... 400 

12. albigularis, Sharpe 103 

13. indicator, /. fy E. Verr. . 103 

14. leucopleiura^Cass 104 

15. notata, Cass 105 

16. camcapiUa, Hartl. 105 
17 ^jggfS^BO^ Swains 106 

1. la^Q^ig^^nc^? , 107 

2. importunes, V. 108 

3. vrrens, Cass 109 

4. curvirostris,4Gw Il l 

5. minor, Bocage 401 

6. oleaginus, Peters Ill 

7.flgjegcens,jHar^Z 112 

18. OhKroSEEfej Sharpe .... 112 

1. flaviventris, Stnith .... 113 

2. occidentalis, Sharpe .... 113 

3. gracilirostris, Strichl. .. 114 

4. gracilis^ Cab 115 

19. Phyllostrophus, Swains.». 115 

1. capensiSj Swains 116 

2. senegaHus, P. L. S. Mull. 115 

3. strepitans, Beichen 117 

4. ttTO^entris, Cab 118 

5. fisclieri, tteichen 118 

20. IxoS51ui;7. Sf E. Verr. .. 118 

1. guttatus, J. % B. Verr... 119 

21. Pycnonotus, Bote 120 

1. haemorrhous, Gm 124 

2. TaiflRSaffius, Sharpe 125 

3. nigripileus, Blyth 126 

4. aTiicap!H% V. 127 

5. pygaeus, Hodgs 128 

6. ifetttfedius, Jerd 130 

7. capensis, L 130 

8. tricolor, Hartl 131 

9. layardi^ Gwrney 132 

10. nigricans, V. 134 

11. x^fflopygus, H.$E... 135 

12. leucotis,, Gould 136 

13. aurjiaite^F. 137 

14. germaini, Oust 138 

15. bimaeulatus, Horsf. .... 138 

16. xSEEoSSSious, Anders. .. 139 
Ql7. analis, Horsf. 140 


18. gpiavier, Scop »« 141 

19.flavescens,Blyth 143 

20. luteolusji Bess 143 

21. imla^oni, Strichl 144 

22. davisorii/JETwwe 145 

23. xantkolsemus, Jerd. .... 146 

24. i^^ml^.. Beichen, .. 146 

25. barbatuS; Serf. 146 
aTgabonensis, Sharpe .. 148 

26. arsinoe, H. 8c E. 148 
^7. sinensis! Gm 149 

28. hainanus, Swinh 150 

29. blanforcti; Jerd. 151 

30. plumosusriftytfA 152 

31. cmereifrons, Tweedd. .. 153 

32. smrjjlfi^ Less. 153 

33. salvadorii, Sharpe 401* 

34. leucogrammicus, & MuU. 155 

35. tygus, Bp -156 

36. familiaris, Kittl. 120 

22. Otocompsa, Cab 157 

1. jocpsa, L 157 

2. emerla* L 159 
3-12g2^n3 G™y $ 1PA 
ilardw 160 

4. flaviyemois, Tick 101 

5. montis, Sharpe 162 

Cf. Addenda, p. 401. 

SYSTEMATIC INDEX, 

XI 

Page 
2a Kelaartia, Jerd 102 

1. penicillata, Jerd 1C2 

24. lyEs^artl 163 

1. eduutfi, Hartt 104 

2. alfredi, Sharpe 165 

3. albigularis, Hartl.65 

4. fulviventris, Sharpe .... 165 

5. strophiatus, Stejneger ,. 166 

25. Rubigula, Swains 166 

1. dispar. Horsf. 167 

2. gularis, Gould 167 

3. n^lajiiet»? Gm 168 

4. c^miyentris, Blyth .... 169 

5. pfeoScaEs, Sharpe 170 

6. squamata. Temm 170 

7. weBbexi, Hume 171 

26. Spizixus, Blyth 172 

1. canifrons. Blyth 172 

2. sigitorques, Swinh 173 

3. cmereicapillus, Swinh. .. 173 

27. Irena, Horsf. 174 

1. cyanogastra, Vig 175 

2. melanoclilamvs, Sharpe . 176 

3. turcosa, Wald 176 

4. crinigera, Sharpe 176 

5. puella, Lath 177 

6. tweeddalii, Sharpe 178 

7. cyanea, Beghie 179 

Snbfam. TBoaLODYTiN^i. 

28. Ckmicertliia, Less 182 

1. unirufa^ JLafr 182 

2. uinfcuDiieaj Lafr 183 

3. oEvascens, Sharpe 184 

4. perjy|anaAs Cab 402 

29. Oampylor¥ynclms, Spix. . 184 

1. gngfiws, Swains 186 

2. minor, Cab 187 

3. bicolor, Pel*. 187 

4. albibnmneus, Lawr..... 188 

5. vanegatuf, Gm 188 

6. Hyjostictiia, Gould 189 

7. unicolor, Lafr 190 

8. capistratus, Less 191 

9. limaffis, Scl 192 

10. jocosus, Scl 193 

11. g^aris, Scl 194 

12. zonatus^ Less 195 

13. couesi, Sharpe 196 

14. brunneica^illuSj Lafr. .. 197 

15. hW^cosms^Lafr 198 

16. niegaloptema, Lafr 199 

17. baTteatus, ffatrd 200 

18. fasciatus, Swains 201 

19. guttatus, Gould 202 

20. n^chaHS|,6ta 203 

21. KSvTpeunis, Lawr 203 

22. pardus, Scl 204 
Odcmtorhynclius, P«&.184, 403 


1. cinereus, Feb 403 

30. Thryophilus, Baird 204 

1. longirostris, V. 200 

2. leueofcb, Lafr 207 

3. riffibr, Peh 207 

4. galbraitlii, Latvr 208 

5. modestus; Cab 209 

6. zeledoni, Bidgw 210 

7. superciliaris, Lawr 210 

8. guarayanuSjXa/r.^rOrS. 211 

9. rufalbus, Lafr 212 

10. siifaloa, Bawd 213 

11. pleurostictus, Scl. 213 

12. aisoriu3f Scl 214 

13.ffiorajagns,Sah 215 

14. sSmSa£v$ Salv. 216 

15. GSSmmsrZatDr 216 
16.W56tariceiwxs, Lawr 217 


17. nigricapillus, Scl 217 

31. Tbryotliorus, V. 218 

1. ludcwiciairas, Lath 221 

2. berlandieri, Baird 222 

3. nriamensis, Bidgw 222 

4. mesoleucus, Scl 223 

5. musicus, Lawr 223 

6. albimicna, Cabot 224 

7. bewi^IJi^ Audub 225 

8. spSurus, Vig. 225 

9. bairdi, Sah. 8r Godm. .. 226 

10. brevicauda, Midgw 227 
11. martinicensis, Scl. 228 
12. rufescens, Lawr 228 
13. grenadensis, Lawr. .... 228 
14. fasciativentiis, Lafr. .. 229 
15. am$SinSfs±\....... 230 
16. melanogaster, Sharpe .. 230 
17. atrigularis; Salv 231 
18. Mixx Scl 232 
1Q- %&wii> Bidgw 232 

20. mystacalis, Sol. 233 

21. genibarbis, Swains 233 

22. eoraya, Gm 234 

23. cantata, Tacz 403 

24. amazonicus, Sharpe .... 235 

25. griseipectus, Sharpe .... 236 

26. euopbrys, Scl 236 

27. ma^wlipectus! Lafr 237 

28. paucimaculatiis, Sharpe , 238 

29. sclateri, Tacz 238 

30. gjtflu*, r, 238 

31. hyTpomo(ihi8}Salv.$Godm. 239 

32. hjferythxusfiah.SfGodm. 239 

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 

Page 

32. Clstothorua, Cab 240 

1. jjalustris, Bartr 241 

2. paTuSLicola, Baird 242 

3. sj#Uaxis, Nmmi 243 

4. platensis, Lath 244 

5. pplygottiis, V. 245 

6. brumieiceps, Salv 247 

33. Troglodytes, V. 247 

1. domesticus, Bartr 248 
cJparkrnanni, Aud 250 
/3. aztecus, Baird 2/51 

y. insularity Lawr 251 

2. intermedin Cab 252 

3. si^mtuliis^Lafr 254 

4. musculus, Naum 2oo 

5. liofiieiisis, Less 2o7 

6. ifufulus, Cab 258 

7. tesselMus,Lafr. $ d'Orb. 259 

8. splstitialis, 
Scl 200 
ariraier, Sharpe 201 

9. brunneicoll^ 
Scl 261 
arrufociliatus, Sharpe .. 262 

34. Urociclila, Sharpe 263 

1. longicaudata, Moore 263 

35. Spelseornis, Dav.fyOusL.. 264 

1. troglodytoides, J. Verr.. 264 

2. halsueti, David 265 

36. Salpinctes, Cab 266 

1. obsoletus, Say 266 

2. guaHilupehsis, Ridgw. .. 268 

37. Anorthura, Rennie 268 

1. troglodytes, L 269 
% borealisj Fischer 272 
3. pallida, Hume 273 

4. alaseensis, Bailed 273 

5. pacifica, Baird 274 j 

6. higmalis, V. 275 

7. fumigata, Temm 276 

8. nipalensis, Blyth 277 

9. neglecta, Brooks 278 

10. formosa, Wald. 279 

38. Catherpes, Baird 280 

1. mgxicafiu^XetfAtf 280 

a. conspersus, Coues 282 

2. sumichrasti, Lawr 282 

39. Sphenocichla, Wald. .... 283 

1. humii, Mand. 283 

40. Uropsila, Scl $ Sah 284 

1. leucogastra, Gould 285 

41. HeniaSflHfia, Baird 285 

1. prostlieleuca, Scl 286 

2. I^ucostictaj Cab 287 

3. leScopEijSj Tsch 288 

42. Cyphornlnus, Cab 289 | 

1. musicixs^Zto^. 290 

2. modulate, £>'(M 291 | 

I # Page 

3. salvini, Sharpe 292 
I 4. phgocgghalflfc Scl 292 
| 5. bruSnescens, Sharpe.... 293 

6. lawrencii, Scl 293 
j 7. th'oracicus, Tsch 294 

8. dicErous, Scl. $ Salv. .. 294 
I 43. Microcerculus, Baird .... 295 
! 1. bambla, Bodd. 296 

2. albigularis, Scl 296 

3. philomela, Sah 297 

4. lusclnia, Salv 298 

5. bicolor, BesMurs 298 

6. marginatum Scl 299 

7. tseniatus, Salv 300 

8. squamulatus, Scl, <§* Sah. 300 

44. Pnoepyga, Hodgs 301 

1. albiventris, Hodgs 302 

2. pusilla, Hodgs 304 

3. rufa, Sharpe 304 

4. eaudata, Myth 305 

45. Cinclus, Bechst 306 

1. aquaticus, Bechst 307 

2. aTBiconis; V. 310 

3. cShcIus, L 311 

4. cashmeriensis, Gould .. 312 

5. legcogaster, Bp 314 

6. ^wiaGm^Swains 314 

7. pallasij Temm 316 

8. sordidus, Gould 317 

9. mexicanus, Swains 317 

10. ardesiacus, Salv 319 

11. leucorlotus, Scl 320 

12 l e u

-«^ Tschudi.. 321 

Subfam. MIMING. 

46. Cinclocerthia, Gray .... 323 

1. ruficauda, Gould 323 

2. gutturalis, Scl 324 

3. macrorhyncha, Scl 825 

47. Khamphocinclus, Lafr. . . 325 

1. bracEyurus, V. 325 

48. OicElEermTma, Bp 326 

1. herminieri, Lafr 327 

2. sanctae lucise, Scl....... 328 


3. ^mkm^^Luwr 328 

4. fuscata, V. 329 

5. densirostr|§^ V. 330 

6. montana, Lafr 330 

49. Melanoma, Scl. 331 

1. glabrijostris, Scl 331 

50. NesodcKIaT#0«Jd 332 

1. eremita, Gould 332 

51. Oreoscoptes, Baird 333 

1. montanus. Towns 333 

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 
XM 

Page 
5$. Galeoscoptes, Cab 335 

1. carolinensis, L 335 

53. Mtmiis, Boie 336 

1. golyglottu?, L 338 

2. eTegans, Sharpe 839 

3. orpheus, L 340 

4. dorsalls, Lafr, $ d1Orb.. . 341 

5. triune F*. 342 

6. longicaudatus, Tschudi.. 342 

7. hillii, March 343 

a. bahamensis, Bryant.. 344 

8. thenca^ Mol 345 

9. trifasciatus, Gould .... 340 

10. lividus, Licht 346 

11. iK^SatOTj Gould 347 

12. salSSmuSj Licht 348 

13. raelanotig, Gould 349 

14. p^^H ^ Gould 350 
lfcgflBUkP: 350 

Page 
Subfam. MyrADEOTiNiE, 

58. Myiadectes, Swains 368 

1. solitarius, Baird 369 

2. montanus, Cory 370 

3. genibarbis, Sivains 370 

4. sibilans, Lawr 371 

5. elizabethaa, Lemb 372 

6. obscurus, Lafr 373 

7. townsendi, Audub 374 

8. ralloides, If Orb 375 

9. imicolor, Sol 376 

10. melanops, Sato 376 

11. leucotis, Tschudi 377 

59. Cichlopsis, Cab 377 

1. leucogenys, Cab 378 

2. gularis, Salv. $ Godm, .. 378 

60. Platyciclila, Baird 379 

1. brevipes, Baird 379 

16. gatagomcuSjZafr.fyd'O?*!). 352 Subfam. PTILONORHYNCHIMJ. 

54. Harporhynchus, Cab

1. rufus7X

2. cinereus, Xantus

3. bendirii, Coues

4. longirobtris, Lafr

5. dcellatus, Scl

6. curvirostris, Swains

7. paESeTi^^w

8. rediyivus, Gamb

9. leoontnl Lawr

10. graysoni, Lawr

31. crissaiis,*.Henry....

55. Melanotis, Bp.....

1. caerulescens, Swains

2. hypoleucus, Hartl.

56. D<mmMnK?Swains

1. atsgipite? L

 353 
353 
355 
t 356 
356 
357 
358 
359 
360 
361 
361 
361 
362 
362 
.... 363 
364 

 a64 

2. albovittatus,£a/r.#<f Orb. 365 

57. Rbodinocichla, Marti .. 366 

1. rosea, Less 366 

2. selnsfacea, Ridgw S67 

61. Ptilonorhynchus, Kuhl .. 380 

1. violaceus, V. 381 

62. iElurtBdus, Cab 382 

1. molanotis, Gray 383 

2. axfakianus, Meyer 384 

3. maculosus, Ramsay .... 385 

4. viridis, Lath 385 

5. buccoides, Temm 386 

6. stonii, Sharpe 387 

63. Chlamydodera, Gould 388 

1. maculata, Gould 389 

2. guttata, Gould 390 

3. nuchalis, J. fy S. 391 

4. orientals, Gould 892 

5. cerviniventris, Gould .. 393 

64. Scenopseus, Ramsay .... 394 

1. dentirostris, Ramsay .. 394 

65. Amblyomis, Elliot 394 

1. inornata, Schl 394 

66. 
Sericulus, Swains 395 
L melinus, Lath 395 

CATALOGUE 

OF 

BIRDS. 


Order II. PASSBRIFORMES 

(Cat. B. vol. iii. p. 1). 

Suborder I. PASSERES 

(Cat. B. vol. iii. p. 1), 

Group IL CICHLOMORPHJB 

(Cat. B. Tol iv. p. 6). 

Family TIMELIIDiE 

(Oat. B. iv. p. 7). 

Bill very similar to that of the Thrushes and Warblers (Turdidm: 
cf. vol. v, p. 1); wings rounded and short, concave, so as to fit 
close to the body. Birds generally of limited migration. 

Synopsis of Subfamilies* 

ft. Turn fahort, not exceeding the length of the 

bill 
measured from gape; rietal bristles, 

as a rule, numerous and strong BBACHYFODINJE 

5. 
Tarsi long, exceeding the length of the bill 
measured from gape; no rietal bristles TROGLODYTINJE* 
c. 
Tarsi long, exceeding the length of the bill 
measured from the gape; rietal bristles distinct, 
though varying in number .».»,,. , TIMELIiyJE (proper)% 
VOL. VI. " 
B 

TIMELIIDiE. 

Subfamily L BRACHYPODDOE. 

Key to t7ie Genera. 

a. 
Nostrils exposed, not hidden by "bristles. 
a', Bictal bristles scanty, not extending beyond 
the hinder edge of the nostril. 
a". Wings rounded; the distance between the 
tips of the primaries and the tips of the 
secondaries less than the length of the 
tarsus. LP- ^* 

a'". Bill shorter than tarsus 1. ^EGITHINA, 
b'". Bill equal to tarsus 2. AETHOBHYN[
CBXS, p. 13. 
c'". Bill longer than the tarsus 3. OHLORGPSIS, 

b". "Wings more pointed j the distance between [p. 15. 
the tips of the primaries and the tips of the 
secondaries more than the length of the 
tarsus. [p. 35. 

d'". Tarsus plain in front 
4. IIYPSIPETES, 

e'". Tarsus bcutellated in front 5. IXOCINCLA, 

b', Kictal bristles more strongly developed and [p. 44. 
reaching beyond the anterior edge of the 
nostril. 

c". Culmen longer than tarsus, or equal to it. 

f". Tarsal envelope without transverse scutes, 
or with only a subterminal one. 
a4. Nostrils oval, with a distinct superior 


membrane, which usually shuts in the 
nasal opening, and reduces it to a 
narrow slit. 

a5. Tail square 6. HEMIXUS, p. 48. 
b'\ Tail rounded. 

a6. Bill long and rather broad, broader 
than high at nostrils; feathers of 
head pointed, and forming a more 
or less distinct crest. 

a7. Without a banded tuft of feathers 
on the lower back 7. IOLE, p. 54. 

b7. On each side of the lower back a 
large tuft of conspicuous feathers, 
banded with black and 

•white. 
a8. With no wattle round the eye. 8. PIXABOCICHLA, 
bs. With a fleshy wattle round the [p. 01. 
eye 
9. POLIOLOPHXJS, 

bQ. Bill stouter, shorter, and more co- [p. 63. 
nical, higher than broad at nostrils ; 
feathers of head rounded; no 
crest 10. MICKOPTTS, 

b4. Nostrils rounded ovals and more open, [p. 64. 
the membrane very large posteriorly, 
leaving the anterior opening much exposed. 


c5. No long hairs springing from the centre 
of the back. 
cQ. Tarsus longer than middle toe and [p. 70. 
claw ., 11. CEINIGEB, 

TIMELlIDiB. 
dB. Tarsus shorter than middle toe and 


clawd\ A bunch of long hairs springing fromthe centre of the backg'". Tarsal envelopes with distinct scutes jhead much crestedd". Tarsus longer than culmen.

h"'. Height of bill at nostril not equal to 
length of the goirya j nostrils exposed. 
clK Nostrils oval, bare, with a posterior, not 

a superior membrane.
e\ With no conspicuous nuchal hairs ..
f, "With conspicuous nuchal hairsd*. Nostrils oval, with a superior membrane.
g5. Bill serrated, the edge of the upper 
mandible with minute notchesh5. Bill not serrated, the mandible withthe usual subterminal notch. 
cB. Bill about equal in height and 
breadth at the nostrils. 

c7. Wing shorter than the tail, or 
about equal to it, the difference 
in length not so much as the 
length of the tarsus. 

c8. Tarsal envelope with, distinct 
transverse bcutes. 

a?. Bill rather stout and conical, 
measuring at gape more 
than the hind toe itself 
without claw; bill shorter 
than head

59. Bill very long and thin, aslong as the head, and measuring 
at gape not so much 
as hind toe and claw
c°. Bill rather broad, measuringat gape as much as the 
outer toe and claw

d8. Tarsal envelope entire, or witha single subterminal scute.^ 

(f. 
Bill rather long and thin, 
the culmen exceeding the 
length of the middle toe 
and claw j the gonys perceptibly 
up-curved, 
aa< llead more or less 
crested, but never 
very conspicuously; 
the crest-feathers 
less than the tarsus 
in length

bb. 
Head very conspicuously 
crested, the 
long plumes exceeding 
the lengthof the tarsus

 12. Titienorao[
IIOPSIS, p. 88. 
13, TRICIIOLESTES, 

 [p. 80. 
14. ALCURUS, 
[p. 91, 
[p. 93. 
15. TRACIIYCOMUS, 
1G. XENOCICHLA, 
[p. 94. 
17. ANDROPADUS, 
[p. 106. 
18. 
CHLOROCI[
CBXA, p. 112. 
19. PHYLLOSTRO[
PHUS, p. 115. 
20. IXONOTXJS, 
[p. 118. 
21. PYCNONOTUS, 
[p. 120. 
[p. 157, 
22. 
OTOCOMPSA, 
B2 
 TIMELIDAE:. 

eQ. Bill somewhat stout, the culmen 
not as long as the 
middle toe ; gonys nearly 
straight; head fully crested, 
the feathers rounded 23. KELAABTIA, 

oV. Wing long, exceeding the length [p. 162. 
of the tail by as much as the 
length of the tarsus 24. TYLAS, p. 163. 

i'". Bill broader than it is high 25. BTJBIGULA, 

b. 
Nostrils hidden by dense plumes. [p. 166. 
c'. Height of bill at nostrils about equal to the 
length of gonys 26. SPIZIXUS, 
d'. 
Height of bill at nostrils less than length of [p. 172. 
gonys 27. IBENA, p. 174. 

1. JEGITHItfA*. 
Type. 
AEgithina, Vieill. Analyse, p. 144 (1816) I. typhia. 
Iora, Ilorsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 151 (1820) ... . I. scapularis. 

Bill of AEgithina tiphia, from above, to show rictal bristles. 

Cf. Hartl. Mag. de Zool. 1845, Ois., texte to pi. 60; Hume, Stray 
Feathers, 1877, pp. 420-452; Legge, Birds of Ceylon, pp. 490-492. 

Range. India and Ceylon, Burmese countries, Malayan peninsula, 
and Indo-Malayan Islands. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Green below as well as above, with a spot of yellow 
above and below the eye viridissima, p. 6. 
b. Yellow below tiphia, p. 7. 
a'. Tail black, the feathers margined with yellow, or 
tail greenish with yellow edges. 
a". Head and back black always in full plumage; 
second wing-band formed by white tips to 
greater coverts often absent; edges to primaries 
often obsolete a. zeylonica. 

b". 
Similar to the foregoing,but not so deep a green 
on the lower back 0. Pale race of JE. zeylonica. 

* Mr. Hume would set aside AEgithina of Vieillot (founded on his Sylvia 
leucoptera, and not, as Prof. SundevaLL states, on " Le Quaclricolor" of Levaillant), 
on account of the insufficient description of the Fauvette leucopterc. No one, 
however, examining the plate can doubt that it is Iora typhia (Linn.), wrongly 
described as from America; and therefore Iora of Horsfield is superseded by 
AEgithina of Vieillot. 
1. AEGITHINIA. 
e". Head and back in adult mixed with black, tlio 

feathers edged with black; often no black at 

all on rest of upper surface, but head and back 

sometimes entirely black, like Ji. zeylonha.. y. tipliia, 

d". Males and females alike, the male with green 

tail also; never any black on head and back; 

white scapular-feathers scarcely developed .. d.scajiutem^. 12. 

e". Like the foregoing, but brilliant yellow below; 

lores and forehead golden yellow; white 

scapular-feathers very distinct e. viridis, p. 11. 

b'. Tail-feathers broadly margined and tipped with 

white niyrolutea, p. 12. 

Ohs. Mr. Hume, in a thoroughly exhaustive paper entitled 
" Kemarks on the Genus lorn " (' Stray Feathers,' 1877, p. 423), 
has given the results of his studies, based on the specimens of lora 
in his own collection. Ey the kindness of Oapt. Ward!aw Eamsay 
I have had the specimens in the Tweeddale collection to examine. 
These, added to the good series in the British Museum, have placed 
at my disposal a set of materials which, though not equalling Mr. 
Hume's iii respect of birds from the Indian peninsula, is very rich 
in Indo-Malayan examples; and I am thus enabled to complete 
the history of the genus in the localities where Mr. Hume's material 
was insufficient. I may premise, however, that Mr. Hume's conclusions 
with regard to JEyitlwia tipliia and its races are thoroughly 
borne out by the series I have examined. 

A concise account of the results obtained by me would bo as 
follows:— 

1. JE. viridissima and JE. nigrilutea are both distinct species. JE. 
tipliia is the most widely-spread form, and embraces fivo races or 
subspecies, which cannot infallibly be recognized. 
2. The females of all the races of JE. tipliia are not to be distinguished 
one from the other, 
3. In Southern India and Ceylon the full-plumaged birds aro 
black on the head and back. Birds with more or less black aro 
found in other parts of the Indian peninsula and the Burmese 
countries ; but black-backed birds are rather the exception than the 
rule. In the Malayan peninsula, however, black-backed birds 
again occur, not to be distinguished from South-Indian specimens. 
4. In East Central India there is a black-backed form like JE. 
zeylonica, but easily distinguishable by its paler coloration. This 
race is duly noticed by Mr. Hume (t. c. p. 439), and I have seen 
many specimens of it. 
5. JE. scaputeris from Java never has any black on the males, 
which appear to resemble the females, excepting in being a little 
darker on the wings. 
6. JE. vlridis from Sumatra and Borneo is the JE. scapularis of 
authors, from the above-mentioned islands. Erom an examination 
of numerous individuals I am certain that it never has a black-
backed stage of plumage; and it might be considered a distinct species 
were it not that the adult males can be matched by others from 
Ceylon, in the stage of plumage which they assumo before getting 
 TIMELILD2E. 

the black head and back, but when they are brilliant yellow below 
with black wings and tail. Many Malaccan specimens are also identical 
with Bornean, and would have been referred by me to JE. viridis 
but for tho likelihood of their being black-backed JE. tiphia in its 
second or black-tailed stage. The yellow forehead observable in 
fully adult Bornean birds would seem to be peculiar to them. 

7. Por convenience I have kept the synonymy of the Javan and 
Bornean birds distinct; but they can scarcely be called really distinct 
species. 
1. AEgithina viridissima. 
Iora scapularis (pt, nee Ilorsf.), Bh/th, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 602; 
Ilorsf. 8f Moore, Cat B. B.I Co. Mm. i. p. 265"; Blyth, Ibis, 
18(37* p. 10. 

Iora 
viridissima, Bp. Consp. i. p. 307 {ex Temm. MS. in Mus. 
iMffd.*); Sclater, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 219; Salvad. Ucc. Bom. 

p. 192; Hume, Sfr. F. 1877, p. 427, 1878, p. 327, 1879, pp. 63, 
99; Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 2o0; id. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 339. 
/Egithina scapularis (pt.), Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 310, no. 4727. 
yEgithina viridis, Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 316, no. 4728 (nee Bp.). 
Iora cliloroptera, Sal Dad. Ucc. Born. p. 192 ($),* Hume, Str. F. 

1877, p. 428. ^ 
iEgitlriria viridissima, Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 304, pi. v.; Salwd. 
Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 216. 
Adult male. General colour very dark grass-green, a little lighter 
on the lower back and rump, where the plumage is somewhat 
varied with greyish bases to the feathers; upper tail-coverts and 
tail black; scapulars black; wings black, with a double wing-bar 
of white, formed by the broad white ends to the greater and median 
series of coverts; quills narrowly edged with green, the inner 
secondaries margined with yellowish green on both webs, inclining 
to white near the end of the feathers; sides of face dark grass-
green, the lores black; above the eye a narrow yellow line, and 
below the eye a larger yellow spot; under surface of body deep 
grass-green, paler on the lower breast; the lower abdomen and 
under tail-coverts bright yellow; thighs yellow, with black bases; 
flanks with a long silky white tuft; under wing-coverts white, 
washed with yellow, the edge of the wing yellow; axillaries white; 
quills ashy black below, white along the edge of the inner web. 
Total length 5-2 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 2*35, tail 1*9, tarsus 0-7. 
Obs. Tho soft parts given by Mr. Hume are as follows :—" Legs 
and feet plumbeous blue; claws black ; lower mandible, gape, and 
a line on each side of upper mandible dark plumbeous blue ; rest of 
upper mandible black or blackish brown; irides dark to reddish 
brown/ 
Adult female. General colour above grass-green, the lesser wing-
coverts like the back; median and greater coverts dusky blackish, 
tipped with yellow or yellowish white, forming a double bar across 
the wings; quills blackish, externally edged with greenish yellow,broader 
on the secondaries, the innermost being margined with 
yellow on both webs, inclining to white at the end of the feathers ; 

* Type examined in the Leyden Museum. 
1 . 2EGUTHINA. 
tail-feathers dull yellowish green, edged with yellow along the inner 
web; sides of face green, not so dark as the back, and slightly 
washed with yellow; the ear-coverts streaked with yellow; lores and 
a ring of feathers round the eye bright yellow; nndor surface of 
body greenish yellow, brighter yellow on the checks and throat, and 
again on the under tail-coverts; a largo tuft of silky white plumes on 
the flanks; under wing-coverts white, washed with yellow; axillaries 
white. Total length 5*1 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 2*25, tail 1*6, 
tarsus 0*7. 

It should be noted that Capt. Wardlaw Ramsay collected a 
specimen in Malacca which is marked female, and which is similar in 
plumage to the male. The soft parts were:—" Bill slaty, ridge of 
upper mandible and tip black; legs bluish slate; iris bright brown." 

Young male. Not to be distinguished from the old female : " bill 
black, the mandible grey; legs leaden grey; iris white" (71". Everett). 
Total length 4*8 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 2-25, tail 1*85, tarsus 07. 

The All-green Dwarf Bulbul is found in Borneo, Sumatra, and 
the Malayan peninsula, ranging as high as Province Wellesley, 

«A [ 6 ? ] ad. sk.
c. [ g ] ad. sk.
cl $ ad. bk.
e. Q $ ] ad. sk.
/• L ? ] a(*-s^*
g. S ad. sk.
h. S ^d. sk.
i. 2 ad. sk. 
Malacca (Dr. Cantor). 
Malacca. 
Sumatra. 
Sumatra (Castelnau). 
Borneo. 
Labuan. 
Sarawak. 
Tagora, Sarawak, June1877. 
India Museum. 
India Museum. 
A. It. Wallace, Esq. [0.1. 
A. It. Wallace, Esq. [_C.J. 
Zoological Society. 
Hugh Low, Ebq. [0.]. 
Henry Everett, Esq. [0,1. 
Henry Everett, Esq. [0.1. 
h. <$ ad. sk. Paku, Sarawak, Dec.
1878. 
Henry Everett, Esq. [0.]. 
I. c? juv. sk. Upper Sarawak, Sept.
1878. 
Henry Everett, Esq. [0.]. 
m. <£ ad. sk.
n. $ ad. sk. 
Banjermassing. 
Malacca. 
J. Motley, Esq. [0.]. 
India Museum. 
o,p. rf ? ad. st.
q. S acl. st. 
Borneo. 
Borneo. 
Purchased. 
Purchased. 

2. AEgithina tipMa. 
The 
Green Indian Flycatcher, Mwards, Wat. Hist. Birds, ii. p. 70, 
pi. 79. 
Le Figuier de Bengal, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 484 (ex Edwards). 
Motacilla tiphia, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 331 (ex Edwards). 
Ceylon Black-cap, Brown, III. Zool. pi. xv. fig. 2. 
Le Figuier vert et jaime, Buff. Hist Nat. Ois. v. p. 278. 
Green-rumped Finch, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. part 1, p. 320. 
Ceylon Warbler, Lath. op. cit. ii. part % p. 474 (ex Brown). 
Green Indian Warbler, Lath. op. cit. ii. part 2, p. 474 (ex Edwards). 
Fringilla multicolor, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 924 (ex Lath.). 
Motacilla zeylonica, Gm. torn. cit. p. 904 (ex Lath.). 
Le Quadricolor, Levaill Ois. cFAfr. iii. p. 176, pi. 141,figs. 1, 2; 
Sundev. Crit. om Levaill. p. 40. 
Sylvia leucoptera, Vieill Ois. d'Amer. sept. ii. pi. 84. 
JSgithina quadricolor, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. i. p. 170 (ex 
Levaill.). .. 
Sylvia zeylonica, Bonn, et Vieill Enc. Mm. n. p. 481. 

TIMELIIDAE. 

Iora scapularis (nee Horsf), Franld. P. Z. S. 1830, p. 118; Hodgs. 
Ieon. inecl. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pis. 102,103; id. in Gray's 
Zool, Misc. p. 83, no. 711. 

Iora typhia, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 89 ; Jerd. Madr. Jour. x. P- 248; 
Hartl. Mag. de Zool. 1845, texte to pi. GO; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. 
part 1, 1844, p. 380; Gray, Cat Mamm. §c. Nepal pres. Hodgs. 

p. 8G; id. Gen. B. i. p. 199 ; Blyth, Cat B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 214; 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 397 ; Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 76; Bayard, Ann. 
Nat. Hist. xii. 1853, p. 207 ; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. 'Mus. E.l. 
Co. i. p. 266; Jerd. B. Lid. ii. p. 1(53; Blyth $ Walden, B. Burin. 
p. 137; Armstrong, Str. I. 1876, p. 326; Hume, Str. F. 1877, 
p. 428 ; id. 8f Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 327 ; id. Str. F. 1879, pp. 63, 
99; Legge, Birds of Ceylon, p. 490; Anderson, Zool. Exp. Tun-nan, 
p. 660. 
Motacilla subviridis, Tickell, J. A. S. Beng. ii. p. 577. 
Iora melaceps, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 227 (ex Levaill). 
Iora melicepa, Horsf. J. A. S. Beng. x. part 1, 1841, p. 50', Blyth, 
J. A. S. B. xiii. p. 1,1844, p. 380. 
Iora zevlonica, Hartl. Mag. Zool. 1815, texte to pi. 60; Gray, Gen. B. 
i. p. 199 ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 213; Bp. Consp. i. p. 397 ; 
Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 76; Bayard, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1853, xii. 
p. 2G7 ; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat B. EI. Co. Mus. i. p. 267 ; Jerd. B. 
Bid. ii. p. 101; Holdsw, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 452; Butler, Str. F. 1875, 
p. 473 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 99. 
AEgithina tiphia, 
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 316, no. 4725; Hume, Nests 
# Eggs Lid, B. p. 295; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 411; Hume, t c. 

p. 459; id. Str. F. 1875, p. 129. 
u^Tgithina 
zeylonica, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 316, no. 4726; Hume, 
Str. F. 1873, p. 438. 

Wing of AEgithina tiplda, to show proportions of primaries and 

secondaries. 

Adult male (Khandala, May 12, 1876 ; B. B. Fairbank). General 
colour above glossy black, the feathers of the mantle white at base, 
slightly washed with yellow; scapulars white, the outermost black 
at the tips ; wing-coverts black like the back, with a double band 
of white across the wing, formed by the median coverts and the 
white tips to the majority of the greater coverts; quills black, with 
a very narrow edging of yellow to the primaries, the secondaries 
narrowly fringed with white at the tip, the innermost entirely glossy 
black; lower back and rump yellowish green; upper tail-coverts and 
tail-feathers black ; lores, eyelid, sides of crown, and sides of neck 
glossy black, the latter mottled with white bases to the feathers ; 
lower edge of eyelid, cheeks, ear-coverts, and under surface of body 
bright yellow, fading off into paler yellow on the lower abdomen 
and under tail-coverts, the sides washed with yellowish green ; on 
either flank a large tuft of silky white plumes; thighs yellowish 

1. -XUITHINV. 
green with black bases, giving a mottled appearance ; under wingcovorts 
wliite, washed with yellow; axillaries white; quills ashy 
blackish below, white along the edge of the inner web. Total 
length 5-1 inches, culnien (Hi, wing 2*45, tail 1*83, tarsus 0*75. 

(MILS* E. G. Wardlaw Bamsay.) 

Adult female (South Gorge, Khandala, April 5, 1870; $. B. Fairhanlc). 
General colour above yellowish green, rather more yellow 
on the head ; feathers of the back long and silky, the bases grey; 
tail green, narrowly edged with yellowish; lesser wing-coverts 
dusky green; median wing-coverts dull white, forming a bar across 
the wing; greater coverts blackish, tipped with white, forming a 
second wing-bar ; quills dusky blackish, narrowly edged with pale 
yellow, inclining to white near the end of the quills, the innermost 
secondaries more broadly edged with yellow ; lores, feathers round 
the eye, sides of face, car-coverts, and under surface of body bright 
yellow, the sides slightly washed with greenish ; undor wing-coverts 
white, tinged with yellow ; axillaries white; quills ashy black below, 
whito along the edge of the inner web. Total length 5*2 inches, 
culmen 06 , wing 2-45, tail 2-05, tarsus 0*7. (Mus. 11. G. Wardlaw 
Ramsay.) 

Adult male in green plumage (twelve miles east of Ahmodnuggur, 
Jan. 8,1876 ; S. B. Fairhaulc). Similar to the old female, but distinguished 
at a glance by the black tail and much blacker wings; scapulars 
whiter; wing-bands very distinct and broad ; quills black, narrowly 
edged with pale yellow, much broader on the secondaries, which are 
white at the tips, the innermost margined white or yellowish white 
on both outer and inner webs; tail-feathers black, narrowly edged 
with yellowish white, more evidently on the outer tail-feather, which 
is also somewhat more plainly tipped. Total length 5-3 inches, 
culmen 0*0, wing 2-6, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*75. (Mus. It. G. Wardlaw 
Bamsay.) 

Young male (Khandala, April 17, 1876; & B. Fairhanl-). Not 
to be distinguished from the old female. Total length 5*5 inches, 
culmen 0*6, wing 2*45, tail 2*05, tarsus 0*7. (Mus. B. G. Wardlaw 
Bamsay?) 

The descriptions have been taken from a carefully collected series 
in Capt. Wardlaw Bamsay's cabinet, as they seemed to show the 
changes of plumage more completely than those in the British 
Museum, which have not the sexes or dates of capture sufficiently 
well indicated. ^ * 

Ohs. Captain Lcggo gives the soft parts in Ceylonese birds (true 
JE. zeylonica) as follows :— 

Male. Iris grey, mottled with brown, occasionally hazel-brown; 
bill, upper mandible black, with a clearly defined blue edge; lower 
mandible dusky blue, with a bluish margin ; legs and feet slate-blue, 
claws black. 

Female. Iris olive-grey; bill somewhat paler than in the male. 

Burmese birds, according to Er. Armstrong, had tho " irides 
light greyish white; bill slaty blue, lighter at tip; legs and feet 
bluish grey." 

TBTELIIDuE. 

The Indian Dwarf Bulbul, in its several races, is widely spread 
over tho whole of the Indian peninsula and Ceylon, ranging throughout 
the Burmese countries to Siam, Cambodia, and Cochin .China, and 
southwards into the Malayan peninsula. On the differences of the 
races which replace JE. tigliia in tho Simda Islands and the Philippines, 
see above (p. 5). It appears to be a resident species 
throughout its range. 

a. JEgitliina zeyhnica (true, or dark race). 
a. cf imm. j ft. $ ad. sk. Newara Eliya, Cey- Mr. E. Boate [C.J. 
Ion. 
c, $ ad. sk. Ceylon. Purchased. 

d. <$ ad.) e. tf imm. sk. Ceylon (NevUl). Capt. R. G. Wardlaw 
Ramsay. 
f. 
$ ad sk. Travancore. India Museum. 
g. J ad. sk. Mysore. India Museum. 
h. c? ad. sk. Madras. Eev. II. II. Baber [P.]. 
i. J ad. sk. Madras (Jordan). Gould Collection. 
7c, I <$ ad. j m. $ ad. sk. Madras. Rev. IIII . Baber [P.J. 
n. § ad. sk. Ceylon. Gould Collection. 
/3. JE. zeyhnica (pale race). 

a. $ juv.; ft, c. $ sk. Deccan (Sylces). India Museum. 
d, e. 3 2 ad. sk. Kanrptee, Central Dr. B. Ilinde [P.]. 
India. 
/. £ juv.; g. $ ad. sk. Ivhandeish. India Museum. 


h. tf ad. sk. Khandeish. Capt. R. G. Wardlaw 
Ramsay. 
i, Jc. d ad.; I, m. <$ juv. Bengal. Capt. Stackhouse Pinsk. 
will [P.J. 
n, o. J ad. sk. Bengal. Capt. Stackhouse Pin-
Will [P.J. 

p. 
(S ad. sk. Jubbulpur district. Capt. R. G. Wardlaw 
Ramsay. 
g, r. £ ad. j s. $ ad. sk. Deccan (Burgess). Gould Collection. 


y. JE. tipJiia. 
ci. $ ad.,* ft. d imm.sk. Behar. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
c, d. $ $ sk. Near Calcutta (A, India Museum. 
Sac). 


e. $ imm. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
f. 
<$ imm.; g. $ ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
[P.]. 
7%. $ juv.; i. $ ad. sk. Sikkim (Sehlagint- India Museum. 
iveit). 

h. Ad. sk. Darjiling. India Museum. 
I. $ imm. sk. Bootan. Purchased. 
m,n. $ § imm. sk. Assam. India Museum. 
o. J ad. sk. 
Khasia hills. Capt. R. G. Wardlaw 
Ramsay. 
p, 
q. c? imm.; r. J ad. Tonghoo. Capt. R. G. Wardlaw 
sk. Ramsay. 

1 . 2E0ITH11U. 1 1 
s ? ad sk

--- Tonghoo, June 1, Capt. R G. Wardlaw 
I87r>(JR.G.W.B.). Kamsay. 
*• 6 ad. sk. Rangoon, June 1873 Capt. K. G. Wardlaw 
(JR. Q. W. JR.). Kamsay. 
«• ? ad. sk. Mandalay, Jan. 20, Dr. J. Anderson ["0.1 
1868. 
«?. ? ad. sk. Bhamau, Sept. 8, Dr. J. Anderson [CI. 
1868. 
w, x. ($-, y. J ad. sk. Tenasserim. J. C. I). Packman. Esq, 
[P.]. 
%. <$ ad.; ar, V. $ imm. Cochin China. M. E. Pierre [P.] 
sk. 
c\tE. $ ad.; e',f'3gf. tf Cochin China. M. E. Pierre [P.]. 

juv. sk. 
h\ S ad. sk. Malacca. 
i\ d ad.; k', I'. £ imm. Malacca. A, R. Wallace, Esq. 

sk. [C.j. 
m',wr- c? imm.; o'. $ ad. Malacca. India Museum. 
sk. 
p') *?'• 6?* r'f *'; ^. 5 ad. Penang (Cantor). India Museum. 
sk. 
«'. J acL gk. Lucknow, Eeb. 15, Lieut.-Col. Way [P.]. 
1879. 
v', w'. J ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
x'. $ ad. st, Nepal. B. IT. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
y',z'. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). Gould Collection. 

Subsp. a. JEgithina viridis. 

Turdus scapularis, Baffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 311 (nee Horsf.). 
Iora viridis, Bp. Con&p. i. p. 397 (e.v Temm. MSS. in Mus. Lugd.*). 
lora scapulaiis (nee JECorsf.), 2%//*, J". .4. & Beng. xiii. pt. 1, p. 381; 

id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 214; id. Ibis, 1867, p. 10; Salvad. 
TJcc. Bom. p. 190; Sharpc, Ibis, 1877, p. 14• id. Trans. Linn. Soc. 
neio series, Zool. i. p. 333 ; id. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 339. 

AEgithina viridis, Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 304; id. P. Z. S. 1878, 

p. 619. 
AEgithina scapularis, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 216. 
Adult male. Similar to the adult "black-winged form of 2E. tipJiia, 
but never putting on the black head or mantle; forehead yellow; 
lores golden yellow; "bill and legs pale leaden or dark leaden, 
grey ; iris white " (A. Everett); " eyes black or grey " (J*. B. Steere). 
Total length 5*2 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2*65, tail 2, tarsus 0*8. 


Adult female. Not to be distinguished from the female of JS. tiphia. 
Total length 5 inches, culmen. 0*7, wing 2*4, tail 2*1, tarsus 
0*75. 


The Black-winged Dwarf Bulbul appears to be confined to 
Sumatra, Borneo, and Palawan, being resident in all these islands. 


a. <$ ad. sk. Sumatra. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
b,c.\$ ad.] sk. Borneo. 
d. djuv. sk. m Sarawak. A. R Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
e. 2 ad.. sk- Kuching, Sarawak. Alfred Everett, Esq |_C.j. 
* Type in Leyden Museum examined. 
TIMELIIDJ3. 

f, 
J juv. sic. Santnbong Bay. Alfred Everett, Esq. [C.J. 

g. $ acl. ,sk. Jambuaan. Alfred Everett, Esq. [C.j. 
X,*. <S ad.; k. $ acl. sk. Labuan. Hugh Low, Esq. [C.]. 
I, m. (S, n, o. $ ad. sk. Labuan (II. Loiu). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
p. 
S ad. sk. Puerto Princesa, Prof. J. B. Steere [0.]. 
Palawan. 
Subsp. /3. JEgithiua scapularis. 

Iora scapularis, Ilorsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 152; id. Zool Research, 
in Java, pi. 45; Hartl. Mag. de Zool. 1845, Ois. texte to 
pi. GO; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 190; Bp. Consp. i. p. 390; Cab. Mus. 
Hem. Th. i. p. 70 ; Ilorsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. B.I, Co. Mus. i. 

p. 205 (pt.); Bemst. J.f.O. 1859, p. 277; Jerri B. Ind. ii. p; 104. 
zEgitliina 
scapularis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 316, no. 4727 j Nichols. 
Ibis, 1879, p. 107,1881, p. 148. 

Adult male. Differs from JE. tipliia in never having the head or 
back black, and the tail always being greenish, like the female of 
JE. tipliia. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0'65, wing 2-5, tail 1-9, 
tarsus 0-75. 


Adult female. Similar to the male, but the wing not so black. Total 
length 5-3 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 2-4, tail 2, tarsus 0*75. 
The Javan Dwarf Bulbul appears to be confined to the island of 
Java, where it is not an uncommon species. 


a.Ad.sk. Java (Uorsfield). India Museum. (Type 
of species.) 
b, c, d. Ad. sk. Java (Uorsfield). India .Museum, 


e. Pad.sk. East Java. A. E.Wallace,Esq. [O.l. 
f~o. Ad. sk. West Java (JE. C. Buxton). F. Nicholson, Ehq. [P.]. 
p,q. tf J ad.sk. Java (Leyden Museum). F. G-odman and O. Calvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 

3. JEgitMna nigrolutea. 
Iora nigrolutea, G. F. L. Marshall, Sir. F. 1876, p. 410: Hume, Sir. 
F. 1877, pp. 134, 441, vii. 1878, p. 454, 1879, p. 99. 
Adult male. In breeding-plumage the male has the forehead, 
crown, occiput, and nape glossy black, the black terminating in a 
well-defined curved line; the chin, throat, cheeks, ear-coverts, 
breast, sides of neck, and a broad half-collar occupying the base of 
the back of the neck and the upper back intense gamboge-yellow, 
exactly the colour of the breast in Ceylon JE. tipliia ( <$ ) in breeding-
plumage. Barely this collar is entirely uniform; generally a few 
of the central feathers are narrowly fringed at the tips with black, 
occasionally most of the feathers are so fringed. Mid back glossy 
black, rarely unbroken, generally with a little of the yellow (or, 
towards the rump, greenish) bases of the feathers showing through, 
in one specimen with a good deal of this; rump pale greenish, the 
white bases to the feathers often showing through a good deal; 
upper tail-coverts and tail black, the former with a bluish gloss 
the latter with all the feathers broadly tipped with white, the white 
not unfrequently running some distance up the margin of the inner 
and in a few cases of the outer webs also. Coverts and tertiaries 

2. AETHOEHYACHTS.
black, both median and greater coverts broadly tipped with white; 
in many specimens the tertiaries and the latest secondaries are 
broadly margined at the tips with white, bnt in some this is less 
conspicuous, and in some towards the close of the breeding-season it 
is almost entirely wanting on the tertiaries ; the primaries and 
secondaries hair-brown, more or less of the outer webs towards 
their bases blackish, and margined on their outer webs very narrowly 
(in some more, in some less) conspicuously with white. The 
abdomen is like the breast, but paler; in some with a greenish 
tinge towards the sides and on its lower half, and in other cases 
looking (in skins) nearly white, owing to the intermixture of the 
long silky white feathers of the flank-tufts ; wing-lining and axillaries, 
and more or less of the inner margins of the quills, satiny 
white; a slight primrose tinge at the bend of the wing. (Hume, 
Str. Feath. 1877, p. 443.) 

Female. The females and males in non-breeding plumage have 
the entire underparts a pale mealy yellow, slightly shaded with 
olive-green ; the head is similar, but not quite so light; the nape 
and entire back similar, but much more strongly overlaid with olive-
green. The wings and tail are as in the breeding-season, except 
that the wings have the margins, especially of the tertiaries, very 
conspicuous and much tinged with pale yellow, that the greater 
coverts often have pale yellow margins besides the white tips, and 
that the central tail-feathers are almost entirely greyish white, 
tipped pure white, and with the outer webs in many specimens 
more or less shaded with ashy, or occasionally olivaceous ashy. 

(Hume, I. c.) 

The range of Marshall's Dwarf Bulbul is given by Mr. Hume as 
follows—Western India (Kutch, Deesa, Anadra at the foot of 
Mount Aboo, Sambhur, Koochawun, Agra, Muttra, Delhi, Etawah, 
Jhansi, Sambulpoor, Allygur, Meerut, Saharunpoor). 

2. AETHORHYNCHUS. 
Type. 
Aethorhynchus, Sundevall, Ac. Meth. Tent. p. 8 (1872). A. lafresnayii. 
Phceniconianes, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 427 A. lafresnayii. 

Wing of Aethorhynchus xanthotis, to show proportions of primaries and 
secondaries. 

Similar in form and colour to sEgitJiina, but with the bill longer, 

about equal to the head in length; third quill equal to the secondaries. 
liawje. From the Burmese countries into the Malayan peninsula. 

TIMELIIDiE. 

Key to the Sjpecies. 

a. Tail yellowish green. 
a'. Larger: green ; no bright yellow edges 
to the wing-coverts ; ear-coverts green, 
with yellow shaft-streaks lafresnayii J , p. 14. 


b'. Smaller: yellowish green; wing-coverts 
conspicuously margined and tipped with 
yellow ; ear-coverts bright yellow ... . xanthotis § , p. 15. 


b. TailTblack; ear-coverts black lafresnayii $, p. 14. 
1. Aethorhyiichus lafresnayii. 
lora 
lafresnayei, Ilartl. JRev. Zool. 1844, p. 401; id. Mag. de Zool. 
1846, Ois. pi. 00 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 199 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. Beng. 

xxxix. 1870, p. 809; Blyth fy IVald B. Burnt, p. 137; Hume, Sir. 
F. 1877, p. 42.% 1878, p. 510, 1879, pp. 03, 99. 
lora innotata, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. x\i. p. 472; id. Cat. B. Mus. 
As. Soc. B. p. 213; Bp. Camp. \. p. 397. 
iE^ithina lafresnayei, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 310, no. 4729. 
Aetkorhynchus lafresnayei, Sund. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 8. 
Phoenicomanes iora, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 427, pi. 54; id. Ann. 

§ May. Nat. Hist. 1875, xvi. p. 236; Fimch, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 040. 

Adult male. General colour above glossy greenish black, with, 
slight remains of greyish green, especially on the lower back and 
rump; wing-coverts and quills black, externally edged with greenish 
black, the primaries with an outer margin of yellowish white, 
nearly obsolete; upper tail-coverts and tail greenish black; some of 
the tail-feathers with a very narrow margin of yellow on the inner 
web; forehead washed with greenish yellow; lores, feathers round 
the eye, and cheeks bright yellow; ear-coverts glossy greenish black, 
including the hinder margin of the eyelid ; sides of neck and under 
surface of body bright yellow; flanks with a large tuft of silky 
white feathers ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the former 
slightly washed with yellow. Total length 5-8 inches, culmen 0*9, 
wing 2-75, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*7. (Mus. R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.) 

Adult female (Ahsown, Tenasserim, 2000 feet, Peb. 5, 1877). 
General colour above dull grass-green, with a gloss of oily green, 
the feathers grey at the base; least wing-coverts like the back; 
median and greater coverts and quills dusky black, washed with 
green and inclining to pale yellow on the edges, shading into 
greyish white towards the tips of the outer webs of the primaries ; 
tail-feathers yellowish green, edged with brighter yellow along the 
inner webs ; lores, feathers round the eye, and cheeks bright yellow; 
ear-coverts green, streaked with yellow; under surface of body 
bright yellow, the sides of the body greener; flanks with a concealed 
tuft of white plumes; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
white, the former washed with yellow; edge of wing yellow ; quills 
dusky blackish below, white along the edge of the inner web ; " bill 
dark above, bluish grey underneath ; legs bluish grey; iris brown " 
(MS. label). Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 2-8, tail 2% 
tarsus 0-8. (Mus. B. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.) 

2. AETnoRHYNCnus.—3. CHLOHOPSIS. 15 
^ Obs. Mr. Hume gives the following' note :—" In the November 
birds the legs, feet, and claws were dull smalt-bluo, and so were the 
lower mandible, gape, and edges of the upper mandible, the rest of 
the latter being blackish brown. In the June and July specimens 
the legs and feet were clear lavender-bluo; the lower mandible 
and a broad line on each sido of the upper mandible pale blue, the 
rest of the latter black (cf. Hume, Sir. F. 1877, p. 423). 

Lafresnayc's Dwarf Bulbul is found from Arracan, through 
Tenasserim, into the Malayan peninsula. 

a. Vix ad. sk. Malacca. Purchased. 
(Type of Phamkomanes iora.) 
2, AethorhyncliTLS xauthotis. 

Adult [female'?]. General colour above yellowish green, the 
feathers greyish at the base, the head and neck a little more 
yellowish green than the back; least wing-coverts like the back; 
rest of the coverts dusky greenish, conspicuously edged with yellow ; 
quills dusky blackish, externally margined with yellow, inclining to 
greyish white on the outer webs of the primaries towards the tips; 
tail-feathers yellowish green, edged with yellow along the inner 
webs ; forehead washed with yellow ; lores, feathers round the eyo, 
and sides of face bright yellow, the latter slightly washed with yellowish 
green; rest of under surface of body brilliant yellow, the sides 
of the body slightly washed with green; flanks with a large tuft of 
white feathers ; under wing-coverts and axillarics white, the former 
wTashed with yellow ; edge of the wing bright yellow. Total length 
5-7 inches, oilmen 0*85, wing 2*7, tail 2*05, tarsus 0*8. 

Male. At present unknown. 
Mouhot's Dwarf Eulbul probably represents the preceding species 
in Siam and Cambodia. 


a. [ $ ?] ad. sk. Cambodia. M. Mouhot [0.]. 
3. 
CHLOROPSXS. _ 
Typo. 
Chloropsis Jard. fy Selhy} Itt. Orn. text to plate v. 
(1826)* ? C. jerdoni. 
Pkyllomis, 
Temm. PI Col livr. 81 (1829, ex Bote, 
MS. t) C. nigricollis. 

* The date of publication of this plate is given by the authors themselves as 
the year 1826 (see text to pi. C). The type is said to be the Tnrdus cochinchlnoisisoi 
Latham, which is given as an inhabitant of "India" and "Cochin 
China." The description seems to imply that an Indian specimen of C. jerdoni 
was before the authors. 
t Although nearly every one has quoted Phyllorms as a genus of Boie's, I 
have not found any one giving the exact reference to the work in which it was 
described ; and although the ' Isis ' is mentioned as the work to be consulted. I 
have carefully gone through the papers of the above-named ornithologist without 
discovering the description of the genus Pfiyllomis, nor can I find that the 
name was even mentioned by him. Until this can be found out, I am compelled 
to believe that it was a MS. name adopted by Temminck in 1829, in 
which case it becomes a synonym, of Chlorojosis. 

TIMELIID2E. 

Range. Indian peninsula and Ceylon, throughout the whole of the 
Burmose countries, into Cochin China and the Chinese island of 
Hainan, southwards through the Malayan peninsula and the islands 
of Sumatra, Java, and Borneo to the Philippines. 

Key to the Species, 
Males. 


a. Belly orange like the breast. 
a'. Golden green on the head and neck, this 
colour extending over the back j shoulder-
spot silvery cobalt Tiardwickii, p. 18. 

b'. Head dull bluish green, contrasting with the 
neck; shoulder-spot deep cobalt lazulina, p. 19. 


b. Belly green. 
c'. Forehead bright orange-red. 
a". A ring of orange across the fore neck; 
throat deep blue aurifrons, p. 20. 
b". No orange on fore neck, which is green 
like breast; throat black malabarica, p. 22. 
d'. Forehead yellow, green, or purplish blue. 
c". Throat entirely black. 
a'", A conspicuous shoulder-patch of bright 
blue or green, formed by lesser coverts. 
A4. Quills externally green, the primaries 
edged with green or yellow, but not 
with blue j tail green, not bluish 
green. 


a5. No yellow on forehead or sides of 
neck, these parts being only a 
little clearer green than the back. 


a0. Shoulder-spot turquoise-blue .. viridis, p. 28. 
b6. Should er-spot malachite-green.. zosterops, p. 24. 

b". Forehead yellow, as also eyebrow, 
and a collar running from below 
the eye down the neck to the prsepectoral 
collar, also yellow. 


ce. Forehead dull yellow, extending 
down the sides of the head onto 
the sides of the lower neck;
as to skirt the black throat; so 
on small wing-coverts a patch 
of greenish blue; black on throat 
narrow, and not extending onto 
the sides of the neck jerdoni, p, 25. 

dG. Forehead bright yellow, forming 
a cap j shoulder-patch on lesser 
wing-coverts cobalt-blue; black 
on throat very broad and widening 
onto the sides of the neck . media, p. 27. 

54. Quills externally blue; tail bluish ,* 
primaries externally blue. 
c5. Forehead green, only slightly yelQlow 
at the base and over the eye. 


e 
. Head green, without any golden 
shade ; sides of neck also green; 
shoulder-spot turquoise-blue .. niyricollis) p. 27. 
3. cnu>KOM,ib. 
/° . .Hinder crown and bind neck, as 
well as sides of latter, washed 
witli golden; shoulder-spot rich 
cobalt cklorocephah, p. 28. 

d5. Forehead bright yellow. 
g*. Nape and hind" neck golden icterocephak, p. 30. 
hQ. Nape and hind neck green viridinacha, p. 31. 

b"\ No shoulder-patch of bright blue or 
green cyanopoqon, p. 32, 
d". Throat yellow. 

c11'. A moustachial streak of turquoise-
green and lilac-white ; throat brilliant 
yellow; lores and eyelid turquoise-
green ; primaries externally blue ... . palawanensis, p. 33. 

d'". No moustachial streak; throat pale 
yellow, shading off into the green 
breast; lores and eyelid light emerald-
green; primaries externally edged with 
yellow Jtavipennis, p. 34. 

e". Chin purplish blue, like the forehead and 
sides of face; lower throat only blackish vemista, p. 34. 

Females. 

a. Centre of breast and belly orange fiardwickii} p. 18. 
b. 
Busily green. 
a'. Throat and fore neck black. 
a". Upper throat blue, like the moustachial 
stieaks aurifrons, p. 20. 
&". Upper throat black ; moustachial streaks 
blue malaharica, p. 22. 
b'. Throat green, or blue, or yellow. 
c". Throat yellow. 
a'". Wings externally blue; throat bright 
yellow; eye-ring purple; lores pale 
turquoise palaivanensis^ p. 33. 

b'' \ Wings green, the primaries edged with 
yellow. 
a4. Eyelid pale yellowish; quill-lining 
yellow; no moustachial streak ... . jlavipennis, p. 34. 

¥. Eyelid bright yellow, as also a spot at 
base of lower mandible; quill-lining i^y ^ p 93 
ashy; a blue moustachial streak .. zostm.J/s' " 24, 

d". Throat blue or green. l r 
c"\ No blue shoulder-spot; throat yellowish 
green, like rest of under surface cyanopogmi, p. 32, 
d'"' A shoulder-spot of bright blue, 

cK Wings externally green. 
a\ Throat blue \ jerdoni, p. 25, 
¥\ Throat yellowish green media, p. 27. 

d*. Wings externally blue. 
c5. Throat green, like the rest of the 


under surface. 
a\ Head green, like the back wndinucha, p. 31. 
b\ Head and neck washed with 

o-olden idwocephalctj p. 30. 
d\ Breast yellow, contrasting with in^/n-co#^ p 2g 
the emerald-green throat j cMoroceplmla, p. 28, 


YOI. TI. 

TIMELIID^. 

1. CMoropsis har&wickii. 
Chloropsis harclwickii, Jard. ty Selby, III Orn. ii. App. p. 1 ; Blyth, 
J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 100; Jerd. Madr. Journ. xiii. p. 125. 
Chloropsis curvirostris, Swains. An. in Menag. p. 345; JJeless. Toy. 
dans I'Inde, ii. p. 23, pi. 7; Blyth, J. A. S. %Beny. xii. p. 955. 
Chloropsis chryhog-aster, M'Clell P. Z. S. 1839, p. 107. 
Chloropsis auriveutris, Deless. Bev. Zool. 1840, p. 100• id. Mag. de 

Zool. 1840, pi 17. 
Phyllornis auriveutris, Less. Bev. Zool 1840; p. 165. 
Chloropsis cyanopterus, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, 

pis. 39 & 40, nos. 250, 251, 252 ; id. in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 82. 
Phyllornis haulwicldi, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 392, xiv. p. 566, 

xv. p. 49; Gray, Cat. Mamm. tyc. Nepal pres. Jlodgs. 1846, p. 60; 
id. Gen. B. i. p. 124; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 212; Cab. 
Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 114,-Bp. Consp. i. p. 396; Horsf. Sf Moore, 
Cat. B. Mus. B.I. Co. i. p. 258 ; Gould, B. Asia, pt 'xiii.; Jerd. 
B. Bid. ii. p. 100; Gray, Iland-t. B. i. p. 277, no. 4075; Godw.-
Aubt. J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. p. 106 (1870); Bli/th fy Wald. B. Burm. 
p. 137; Ilwne, Str. F. 1878, p. 327,1879, p. 99: Scully, t c. p. 297. 
Adult male. General colour above bright green, yellower on the 
head, and washed with yellow on the mantle and back; least wing-
coverts bright greenish cobalt, forming a shoulder-patch; remainder 
of wing-coverts purplish blue; quills blackish, rather brighter 
purple along the outer webs, the inner greater coverts and the 
inner secondaries externally green, the innermost being entirely 
green like the back; tail-feathers dark purple, blackish on the inner 
web ; lores, ear-coverts, and entire throat and fore neck black, the 
two latter glossed with purple; the forehead, eyebrow, and hinder 
margin of ear-coverts more distinctly ochraceous yellow; cheeks 
deep cobalt, forming a distinct moustache; remainder of under 
surface of body rich ochraceous orange, with a slight wash of green 
on the flanks; under wing-coverts ashy, slightly washed with blue, 
the edge of the wing deep blue; axiUaries pale yellowish rufous, 
slightly washed with green on the edges ; quills ashy below, lighter 
along the edge of the inner web; " bill black; legs plumbeous ; 
iris light brown " (Jerclon) ; u iris brown or dark brown " (Scully). 
Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 3*8, tail 3-1, tarsus 0*7. 

Adult female. Green above like the male, but without any of the 
yellow wash on the head and back; wing-covertb and outer aspect 
of quills green, with a little blue on the bastard wing- and primary-
coverts ; least wing-coverts glossy cobalt, but not so bright as in 
the male; centre tail-featheis green, the outer ones bluish green, 
more blue on the inner webs; a faint indication of a lighter green 
eyebrow; cheeks cobalt-blue, not so bright as in the male; under 
surface of body light green, with a wash of blue on the chin and 
throat, the centre of the body ochraceous orange, not so bright as in 
the male; no black on head or throat; under wing-coverts ashy, 
tinged with bluish green, the edge of the wing blue; axillaries very 
pale green; quills ashy below, paler along the edge of the inner 
web. Total length 7*3 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 3-55, tail 2*8, 
tarsus 0*75. 

3 . CIILGROPHTS, 
Young birds appear to resemble the old females, but to be still 

greener, the orange colour on the breast being confined to a pale 

Bhadc down the centre of the body and on the under tail-coverln. 

The approach to maturity seems very gradual, and it is probable 
that both sexes are alike in the cailier stages. Black-throated 
specimens are in the Museum collection, which still retain the green 
wings of the female dress. 

The Orange-bellied Green Bulbul is plentiful in the Himalayas 
from 2000 to 4000 feet, and is found also in the hills of Assam, 
Aracan, Burmah, and Tenasserim. 

a,h. $, c. $ad. Nynee Tal. Copt. Stackhouse Pinsk. 
will [P.], 
<*-/*. d,& & Sad. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, E.q. 
sk. [P.]. (Types of C. 
cyanopterus.) 

i. S 
ad.; k Juv. Nepal (JB. II. Hodgson), India Museum. 
sk. 
/. 
cS ad. ; m. S Darjiling (Uccles). F. Godman and O. Salimm. 
sk. vin, Esqrs [P.]. 

n. 
<$ ad.; o. $ Bootan (Pemberton). India Museum. 
jim. sk. 
p. 
<$ ad. sk. Assam {McClelland), India Museum. (Type 
of C. chrysogaster,) 
q. dad. sk. Jirang, Khasia hills, Dec. 21, Lieut. R. G. Wardlaw 
1876 (A. W. Chewnell). Ramsay. 
r. 
cJad.sk. Karen hills, Jan. 16, 1875 Lieut. R. G. Wardlaw 
{P. G. W. 22.). Ramsay. 
2. CMoropsis lazulina. 
Phyllornis lazulina, Swinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 255 j id. P. Z, 8. 1871, 
p. 370 j David fy Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 134. 
Adult male (Hainan, March 1868, R. Swinhoe: type of species). 
General colour above bright grass-green, with a shade of golden 
green on the hinder neck and sides of the latter; the crown washed 
with dull bluish green or greenish vcrditer, brighter over the eyes, 
forming a superciliary line, the same colour occupying the upper 
margin of the eyelid; lores, remainder of eyelid, and sides of face 
blue-black, brighter blue below the eye; checks bright cobalt, 
forming a broad moustachial band; throat and fore neck deep blue; 
sides of the latter, breast, and centre of body, as well as the thighs 
and under tail-coverts, rich orange-yellow; the sides of the body and 
flanks emerald-green; axillaries light orange, washed with green ; 
under wing-coverts ashy, washed with pale green; edge of wing and 
small outer coverts cobalt-blue; quills ashy brown below, lighter 
ash-colour along the inner webs; scapulars like the back; least series 
of upper wing-coverts bright cobalt, forming a shoulder-patch; 
median and outer greater coverts, as well as the bastard wing- and 
primary-coverts, deep blue; the central greater wing-coverts blue 
externally, green on the inner web, this colour gradually increasing, 
so that the inner greater coverts are entirely green like the secondary 
quills; primaries blackish, externally deep blue,the secondaries 

c 2 

20 
TlMELIIDiE. 

green on the outer webs, the innermost entirely green; tail-feathers 

deep blue, more or less green towards the base of the inner web ; 

44 bill deep brownish black; legs and toes leaden grey; iris deep 

brown" (B. Swinhoe). Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 

3-75, tail 3*1, tarsus 0*75. (Mus. Henry Seebohm.) 

Adult female. Differs from the male in having no orange on the 
under surface, and the blue-black throat is also absent. General 
colour green, inclining to pale bluish green on the head; the 
under surface more emerald-green on the centre of the body; 
wing-covcrts washed with blue, as also the outer edges of the primaries 
; chin and sides of face with a slight tinge of blue; cheek-
feathers tipped with cobalt, forming a moustache. Total length 6*o 
inches, culmen 0'8, wing 3*35, tail 2-8, tarsus 07 . (Mus. Henry 
JSeebohm.) 

The Hainan Green Bulbul is, as far as we yet know, only met 

with in the Chinese island of Hainan. 

3. Chloropsis aurifrons. 
Phylloinis aurifrons, 
Temm. PL Col. 484, fig. 1; lesson, Rev, ZooL 
i840, p. 105; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 124; id. Cat. Mamm. #c. Nepal 
pres. Hodgs. p. 61; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 212; Bp. Consp. 

i. p. 896; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat B. Mus. E.L Co. i. p. 258; Jerd. 
B. Ind. ii. p. 99; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 277, no. 4078; Godicin-
Austen, J. A. S. B. xxxix. 1870, p. 106; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 411; 
Hume, t. c. p. 477; id. Str. F. 1875, p. 129; Ball, Str. F. 1877, 
p. 417, 1878, pt. 2, p. 215; Anders. ZooL Fay. Yun-nan, p. 661; 
Hume, Str. F. 1878, vol. \i. p. 320, 1879, vol. viii. p. 99; Scully, 
t. o. p. 297. 
Chlorop&is malabaricus (nee Gm.), Jardine 8f Selby, III. Orn. pi. v., 
and text to pi. 0. 
Ohloropsis aurifrons, Jardine fy Selby, III. Orn. text to pi. C ; Hodgs. 
Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., J?asse7'es, pis. 40, 41; id. in G?-ai/s ZooL 
Misc. p. 82-, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 458, xii. p. 956; Je?d. 
Madr. Journ. xiii. p. 123. 

Phyllornis hodgsoni, Gould, B. Asia, part xiii. (ex Gray, MS.); Gray, 
Hand-l. B. i. p. 277, no. 40TS ; Blanf. J. A. S. Beng. xxxii. 

p. 73; Blyth # Walden, B. Burm. p. 137. 
Adult. General colour above bright grass-green; wings deeper 
green, with a bright patch of cobalt-blue formed by the lesser 
coverts; quills blackish, externally green, shading off into yellowish 
along the outer web of the primaries towards the tip ; tail-feathers 
dark green, dusky along their inner web's ; fore part of crown brilliant 
deep orange; lores, eyelid, sides of face, and throat black, 
fringed by a superciliary line of yellow, which embraces the hinder 
ear-coverts and skirts the black down the sides of the neck, thus 
forming a collar across the fore neck; cheeks and throat deep 
purplish cobalt, not extending onto the lower throat; remainder 
of under surface of body bright green, a little lighter in the 
centre of the body; axillaries green; under wing-coverts pale ashy, 
edged with green, the edge of the wing blue; quills ashy below, 
lighter along the inner webs; " bill black; legs bluish plumbeous ; 

3 . CHL0R0PSTS. 
21 
iris dark brown " (Wardlmu Ramsay): " bill black ; insiclo of mouth 
bluish grey ; eyelids dark brown ; "legs and feet plumbeous; claws 
horny" (Oates); "legs and feet greenish plumbeous; bill black; 
irides deep brown or hazel-brown" (Davison). Total length 7-5 
inches, culmen 0*9, wing 3*85, tail 2-8, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Similar in colouring to the male, the orange gorget 
slightly less vivid; as, however, some specimens marked " male" 
also have a pale gorget, it may bo that the richness of colour of the 
latter depends upon age, and not upon sex. 

The following are the dimensions of a pair of birds in Lieut. 
Wardlaw ftamsay's collection:— 

Total 

length. Oilmen.
in. hi. 
Wing. 
in. 
Tail. Tarsus, 
in. in. 
a. dad. Rangoon, July 7,1873 6-5 0-85 3*45 2-6 0-7 
(B. G. W. B.). 
&.$ad. Eangoon, Dec. 5,1873 6-5 0-8 3*35 2-4 0-7 
(B. G. W. B.). 

These specimens are considerably smaller than the Ncpalese bird 
described in full above, but I can see no difference in plumage. 
Mr. Hume (Str. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 326) also calls attention to the 
smaller size of Tenassorim birds as compared with Himalayan examples, 
which latter he also states are brighter coloured. 

The Gold-fronted Green Bulbul is found in the sub-Himalayan 
region from Dehra Doon to Sikhim, extending into Lower Bengal. 
It also occurs through Aracan, Assam, and Bur mall, to Tenasserim 
and Cambodia (Harmancl; Mus. Paris), while the original specimens 
were described from Pallomberg in Sumatra. The types, however, 
in the Leiden Museum are now marked " India/' showing that the 
authorities of that institution must have become convinced that 
some mistake had taken place with regard to the locality of the 
specimens in question, which are precisely like Indian ones. The 
occurence of the species in Sumatra is very doubtful. 

a. 
df ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pin-
will [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Moalmaza. 
c-f. $ ad. et juv. sk. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. 
//. Ad., h. Juv. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum, 
'i. <$ ad. sk. Dacca (Tt/fler). India Museum. 
k, I. S acl. sk. Nazeerah, Upper Assam ft. B. Sharpe,Esq. [P.], 
(Br. Beid). 

m. tfad.; n. <$ juv.sk. 
Khasia hills (Griffith). India Museum. 
o 
S ad. sk. Bhamau,UpperBurmah, Dr. J. Anderson [O.]. 
Sept. 13,18C8. 
». <$ ad. sk. Tonghoo. Lieut, ft. G. Wardlaw 
Ramsay. 
a rfad.sk. Rangoon, Nov. 20, 1873 Lieut, ft. G. Wardlaw 

(B. G. TV. JR.). Ramsay. 
r 6 ad. sk. Upper Burmah. . W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
TIMELIIDiE. 

4. Chloropsis mala*barica. 
Le Petit Merle de la cote de Malabar, Sonn. Voy. Indes Orient, ii. 
p. 192. 
Yellow-fronted Thrush, Lath Gen. Si/n. ii. p. 68 (ex Sonn.). 
Turdus malabaricus, Gm. S. N. i. p. S37 (er Lath.). 
Chloropsis aurifrons (nee Temm.), Si/7ces, P. Z, S. 1832, p. 98 ; Jerd. 
Madr. Journ. x. p. 247. 
Chloropsis csesrnarhynclms, Blyth, X A. S. Beng. xii. p. 956 (1843). 
Chloropsis malabaricus, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xiii. p. 124. 
Phyllornis malabaricus, Blt/th, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 566 (1845); 

ftrai/,Gen. B. i. p. 124; Blyth, Cat. Birds Mus. As. Sac. p. 212; Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 396 ; Layard, Ann. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 176 (1858) ; Gouhl, 

B. Asia, part xiii.; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 99; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. 
p. 277, no. 4079; Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 451; Legge, Ibis, 1874, 
p. 21; Fairlanh, Sfr. F. 1876, p. 2oS ; Bourd. t. c. p. 400 ; Hume, 
Str. F. 1879, TOI. viii. p. 99 j Legge, Birds of Ceylon, p. 488. 
Adult. General colour above bright green; wing-coverts like 
the back, the least series bright greenish cobalt, forming a shoulder-
patch; quills blackish, externally green, edged with brighter green, 
inclining to yellow on the outer webs of the primaries ; tail-
feathers dull green, blackish on the inner webs; forehead bright 
orange; lores black, as also a ring of feathers round the eye; 
feathers below the latter and the nnderpart of cheeks, as well as the 
entire thorax and fore neck, black; ear-coverts and sides of neck green; 
a broad moustachial streak of deep cobalt, extending beyond the line 
of the eye; remainder of under surface of body light green, rather 
more yellow on the borders of the black throat; thighs lighter green ; 
under wing-coverts light ashy, edged with green, the edge of the wing 
blue; quills ashy below, much paler along the edge of the inner 
web ; " bill blackish ; legs and feet slaty bluish; iris brown " (Vincent 
Legge). Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 3*65, tail 
2-7, tarsus 0-8. 

Adult female. Somewhat smaller than the male. Bill not so black 

as in the male; forehead green; throat-patch and cheek-stripe 

smaller. Length 7*1 inches, wing 3*4, tail 2*8. ( V. Legge.) 

Young. The male of the year appears to have the forehead and 
throat green, as specimens are often procured with golden and black 
feathers mixed with the green respectively on these two parts; the 
maxillary stripe in these is small. (V. Legge.) 

On comparing the series of adult males in Lieut. "Wardlaw 
Ramsay's collection, a perceptible difference is observed in the birds 
from Candeish and from Khandala (Fairbanlc), which have a fringe 
of yellow skirting the black throat the entire way round on each 
side to behind the ear-coverts. None of the skins from Malabar or 
Cejdon show this yellow collar at all; and it is quite possible that 
there are two distinct species. 

The Malabar Green Sulbul inhabits the forests of Malabar and 

Southern India, occurring also on the Eastern Ghats and in the 

forests of Central India. It is likewise found throughout the nor


thern half of the island of Ceylon. 

3. ciiLonopflw. 
. S ad. sk. Ceylon. Cnpi. Vincent Logge, R.A. [PA 
ft. Ad. sk. Ceylon. E. L. Layard, Esq. [0.1 

c. Ad. 8k. Nuwava Elliyn. Mr. E. Boafo [~0.|. 
d. d1 ad. sk. Mynall, Travancore, F. W. Bourdiilon, Esq. [L\\ 
Dee. 20, 1878. L J 
e. S juv. sk. Mynall, Dee. 17, F. W. Bourdiilon. Esq. [0.1 
1878. 
5. CMoropsis viridis. 
Tardus viridis, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soe. xiii. p. 148 (/win). 
Meliphaga javensis, JTors/. Trows. Linn. Soc. xiii'. p. 152 (desor, 
nulla). 
CMoropsis sonnerati, Jard. § Selby, III Orn. text to pi. v. (1820); iid. 
op. eit. pi. C. 
Phyllornis muelleri, Temm. PI. Col. 81, text to art. P. oyanopogon: 
Less. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 165. 
Phyllornis sonneratii, Less. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 105 j Gray, Gen. B. 

i. p. 124; Bp. Consp. i, p. 390. 
Phyllornis 
javensis, Horsf. ty Moore, Cat B. Mus. El. Co. i. p. 200 
(pt.)j Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 277, no. 4070. 

Adult male (East Java, Wallace). General colour above grass-
green; wing-coverts like the back ; quills blackish, externally grass-
green, the inner secondaries exactly like the latter ; a conspicuous 
shoulder-spot of bright cobalt, formed by the least wing-coverts; 
tail dark green, dusky blackibh along the inner webs ; lores and 
feathers at base of nostrils, eyelid (excepting the hinder part), sides 
of face, and throat black, a shade of yellowish green extending from 
the base of the forehead over the eye across the hinder ear-coverts 
and down the sides of the neck, skirting the black throat and pervading 
the fore neck; on the cheeks a violet moustachial streak; 
remainder of under surface of body bright green; axillaries and 
under wing-coverts light ashy, washed with green at the tips, the 
edge of the wing green ; quills light ashy brown below, palor along 
the inner webs. Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 4-05, 
tail 3-0, tarsus 0-8. 

Adult female. Green, without the black throat of the male; round 
the eye a ring of yellow feathers ; throat yellow; a slight indication 
of a light-blue moustache. Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 0*85, 
wing 3*65, tail 3, tarsus 0*8. (Mus. R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.) 

Young (type of Turdus viridis, Horsf.). Differs from the adult in 
entirely'wanting the black throat, and in being dull green all over, 
with rather more yellow about the face and throat. 

The Blue-shouldered Green Bulbul appears to be confined to the 
island of Java. 

a. 6 ad. sk. E. Java. A. E. Wallace. Esq.. [O.J. 
b. JUV. 1sk. Java (Horsfield). India Museum. (Tjpo of 
Turdus vmdis.) 
c. 2 ad. sk. Java (Horsfc7d). India Museum. 
<5 ad. sk. 

d. 
Java (Horsf eld). India Museum. (Type of 
Meliphagaja vensis.) 
TIMELIIDJE. 

6. CMoropsis zosterops. 
? CMoropsis gampsorhynclius* Jarcl Sf Selby, III. Orn., text to pi. v., 

pi. vii., text to pi. 0. 

Ohloropsis zosterops, Vigors, App. Mem. Life Bqffl. p. G74; Jarcl $r 

Selbg, t. c. text to pi. 0. 

Phyllornis gampsorhynclius, Less. Hev. Zool 1840, p. 165. 

Ohloropsis sonneratii (nee J. $ S.), Blgth, J. A. & Beng. xi. p. 106 

(1842), xii. p. 958 (1848). 
Pliyllornis sonneratii (nee J. §• &\), Blgth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. 

p. 213; Reiehenb. Handb., Meropince, p. 98, t. cccclxxvii. %s. 
8320-21; Jercl B. Inch ii. p. 100; Peh. Beis. Noi\ Tog.yip. 57, 
101; Salvad. Ucc, Bom. p. 193; Sharjie, Ibis, 1877, p. 15, 1879, 
p. 256. 
Pliyllornis gampsorhynclius, Cab. Mits. Hrin. i. p. 115 (nee J. 8f &). 
Pliyllornis javenbis (nee Ilorsf.), Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 280 ; Gould, 
B. Asia,part xiii.; Selater,P. Z. H. 1803, p.219; Tuhell, J. A. S. Bene/. 
xxiv. p. 277 ; Walelen, Ibis, 1871, p. 168 ; Blgth $ Wald. B. Burm. 
p. 136 ; Hume Sf Davis. Sir. F. 1878, vol. vi. pp. 334,516 ; Hume, 
Str. F. 1679, p. 99. 
Phyllornis cyanopogon (nee Temm.), Sharps, Ibis, 1876, p. 40 
(lapsu). 
Phyllornis viridis, Tweedd, Ibis, 1877, p. 305. 


Adult male (Sumatra, Wallace). General colour above deep grass-

green, a little lighter on the head and neck; wing-coverts like the 

back, the quills dusky blackish, externally green, the inner secon


daries entirely of the latter colour; a shoulder-spot of vivid emerald-

green, formed by the least wing-coverts ; tail-feathers green, lighter 

on the edges, and dusky blackish along their inner webs ; lores, 

feathers round the eye (excepting the hinder margin), sides of face, 

and entire throat black: a lighter green shade extends from the 

forehead over the eyes and down the sides of the neck onto the fore 

neck, the hinder part of the ear-coverts and cheeks being green ; a 

moustachial streak of deep violet-cobalt; remainder of under surface 

of body bright green; axillaries and edge of wing green, like the 
breast; under wing-coverts ashy, washed with green at the tips ; 
quills ashy brown below, paler along* the inner webs. Total length 
8 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 3*85, tail 3, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Wants the black throat of the male. General 
colour green, including the wings and tail ; leabt wing-coverts 
emerald-green; round the eye a ring of yellow, as well as a small 
spot at the gape; throat yellow, fore part of cheeks marked with a 
small blue moustachial streak. Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0-85, 
wing 3*5, tail 2-6, tarsus 0-75. 

Young bird. Resembles the old female, but has no blue moustache. 
Young males assuming the black throat, and still retaining 
part of the yellow throat'of the female, arc not uncommon in collections. 
The black feathers have either yellow or green tips, which 

* Founded on a young bird, either of the presont species or of P. viridis. It 
is impossible to tell from the figure. 

3. cnioBOPSis. 
25 

would make it appear that the black tliroat is gained by a gradual 
change of feather. I can find no evidence of a direct moult. 

Mr. Alfred Everett gives the soft parts as follows :— 
$. Jambusan. Iris chocolate ; hill and legs black. 
c?. Sibu. Iris chocolate-brown ; legs light green ; bill black. 
$. Busan. Iris dark brown ; legs leaden. 

In Lieut. Wardlaw Ramsay's collection are the following speci


mens collected by himself:— 
£. Malacca. Iris dark brown; bill black; legs yellowish green. 
c?. Malacca. Iris bright brown ; legs bluish slate. 
$ . Malacca. Iris and legs as in preceding specimen; bill blackish, 

the base of the lower mandible albescent. 
Mr. Davison's notes on the soft parts are as follows:—" Legs, feet, 
and claws pale to dark plumbeous; bill black, the base of lower 
mandible sometimes brown; irides vary—brown, wood-brown, lake, 
or crimson ; eyelids blackish grey." 
The Malachite-shouldered Green Bulbul is found in the islands'of 
Borneo and Sumatra, where it is apparently not rare. It ranges 
through the Malay peninsula to the forests of Central and Southern 
Tenasscrim. 

a. cJ acl. sk. Tenasserim. J. C. D. Packman, Esq. [P.]. 
b. $ 
ad.; c. <$ Malacca. A. K. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 
juv. sk. 
Malacca (Br. Cantor). India Museum. 
ad. sk. 


h. <$ imm. sk. Malacca (Griffith). India Museum. 
i. S imm. sk. Malacca. W. Harvey, Esq. [P.]. 
h. J ad. sk. Sumatra (Raffles). India Museum. 
I. 2 ad. sk. Sumatra (Raffles). India Museum. (Type of 
species.) 
<$ $ ad. Sumatra. A. k Wallace, Esq. [C]. 

o,p. d $ ad. sk. Lumbidan,N.W.Borneo R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
(Hugh Loio). 
q $ ad. sk. Sarawak. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [CI. 

r. S imm. ?k. Sarawak, Dec. 1878. Henry Everett, E^q. [C j. 
s. <$ ad. sk. Jambusan, 1874. Alfred Everett, Etq. [C.I. 
t. <S ad. sk. Sibu, August 1874. Alfred Everett, Esq. [O.J. 
7. Chloropsis jerdoni. 
Chloropsis cffismarlrynchiis*, Ticket?, J. A. S. Beng. ii. p. 577. 

Chloropsis cochinchmensis 
[nee Gm.), Jarcl. § tielby, III. Orn. text 
to pi vii. (1820); Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 247; Blyth, J, A. & 
Beng. xii. p. 957. 

Chloropsis malabaricus (nee Gm,), Jard. §• Selby, III Orn. text to 
pl.C 

* Supposed by Ilorsfield and Moore to have been a misprint for gampsorkynchus 
of Jardine and fc'elby. 
TIMELlIDiE. 

Phyllornis jordoni, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p.392; xiv. p. 560; 

Iland-l B. i. p. 277, no. 4072; HoMsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 451; 
Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 410; Hume, Nests # Eqgs Lid. B. p. 294; 
Fairb. Str. F. 1870, p. 259; id. Str. F. 1877, p. 406; Bali, 
torn. cit. p. 417; Davison $ Wenden, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 82; 
Ball, torn. cit. p. 215; Hume, Str. F. 1879, viii. p. 99; Legge, B. of 
Ceylon, p. 483. 

Plryllornis casmarliyiichus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 124. 
Ohloropsis jerdoni/Jm?. Madr, Jouni. xiii. pt. 2, p. 124; id. Ill Ind. 
Orn. pi. 43. 

Adult male. General colour above light grass-green, the head dull 
yellow, gradually shading into the green of the occiput and nape, 
which approaches emerald-green in shade; wing-coverts green like 
the back, the median series wasliod with bluish green, the lesser 
coverts bright turquoise-blue, showing a conspicuous shoulder-patch; 
quills blackish brown, externally green, the primaries yellow towards 
the tips of the outer webs ; inner secondaries entirely green; tail-
feathers green; eyelid dull yellow, except on its anterior edge, 
which is black, like the lores; feathers below the eye, cheeks, and 
throat black; ear-coverts dull yellow, with an ochraceous shade, 
separated from the black throat by a band of dull yellow, which 
extends from behind the eye down the sides of the neck onto the 
lower throat, where it forms a gorget; a conspicuous moustachial 
streak of violet-cobalt on the fore part of the cheeks ; remainder of 
under surface emerald-green, deeper green on the sides ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries green, with ashy-grey bases; edge of wing 
emerald-green; quills ashy brown below, lighter along the inner 
webs ; " bill blackish; legs and feet pale bluish, milky blue, or pale 
lavender; iris brown or pale brown" ( Vincent Legge). Total length 
7*8 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3-45, tail 3, tarsus 0-75. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the black throat, 
the latter being pale lurquoisine blue; the fore part of the cheeks 
brighter turquoise; lores and feathers round the eye dull yellow, as 
well as a broad streak running from the hinder part of the cheeks down 
the side of the neck to the lower throat, where it forms an indistinct 
gorget; car-coverts dull ochraceous yellow, like the crown. Total 
length 6*8 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 3*35, tail 2-8, tarsus 0*75. 

Jordon's Grreen Bulbul occurs throughout the greater part of 
India, but does not extend to Lower Bengal or the sub-Himalayan 
districts. It is also found nearly all over Ceylon. 

a, b. S ? ad. sk. Bengal. India Museum [P.J. 
c. S ad. sk.
d,e,f.6,9-9-ad.sk.
h. S hum. sk.
i. <$ ad.; h. $ juv, 
Travancore. 
Madras. 
Madras. 
Behar. 
Major Bidclulpli [C."|. 
Rev. H. H. Baber [P.]. 
Rev. H. II". Baber [ P. j. 
B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 

3 . CBX0KOP8IS. 
8. CMoropsis media. 
Phyllornis 
media, Bp. Consp. i. p. 396 (ex Midler, MS. in Mus. 
Lund.*); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 277, no. 4070: Wardlaw Ramsay, 

P.Z.S. 1880, p. 14. 
Phyllornis aurifrons, Cab. Mm. Hein. Th. i. p. 114. 
Adult male (Sumatra, C. Bock). General colour above bright grass-
green, the -wing-coverts a little darker green than the back; least 
wing-coverts bright cobalt-blue, forming* a shoulder-patch; quills 
blackish, externally green like the back, confined to the outer web of 
the primaries, but extending over both webs of the secondaries, the 
primaries slightly shaded with yellow on the outer web; tail-
feathers green, dusky along the edge of the inner web ; forehead 
yellow, extending over the centre of the crown; lores, sides of face, 
sides of throat, as well as the throat itself, and the hind neck black, 
relieved by a moustachial line of purplish cobalt; remainder of 
under surface of body emerald-green, darker on the sides of the body 
and flanks; under wing-coverts and axillaries emerald-green, the 
lower ones light ashy grey washed with green, the edge of the wing 
blue; quills ashy below, lighter grey along the edge of the inner 
web. Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3*95, tail 3, 
tarsus 0-85. (Mus. R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.) 
Adult female (Mount Sago, Sept. 1, 1878 ; C. Bock"). Yery similar 
to the male, but without any yellow on the forehead; round the eye 
a ring of yellowish green; no black on the sides of the face and 
throat, which are green like the rest of the body; a faintly 
indicated moustachial line of greenish cobalt; "iris dark brown" 
(Bock). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3-5, tail 3*1, 
tarsus 0*75. (Mus. R. G. Warcllcnv Ramsay.) 
Young male. Green, like the old female, but with a brighter blue 
moustache and yellow forehead, the latter, however, not so bright 
as in the adult male. 
(Mus. R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.) 
The Orange-fronted Green Bulbul is, as far as is known, peculiar 

to Sumatra. 
a. £ ad. sk.
b. $ juv. sk. 
Lolo, SumatraBock). 
Sumatra (C. Bo 
(O.
cJc). 
Lieut. R G. Wardlaw 
Ramsay. 
Lieut. R* G. Wardlaw 
Eam&ay. 

9. CMoropsis aigricollis. 
Le Verdin de la Cochin Chine, Daubent PI. JEnl, 643, fig. 3; Buff. 
Hist. Kat. Ois. iii. p. 392. P * 
Turdus cochinchinensis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 825 (ex Daubent.); Audeb, 

Sf Vieill. Ois. Dor. ii. pis. 77, 78. 
Philemon nigricollis, Vieill. Nouv. Diet, xxvii. p. 432. 
Phyllornis cochinchinensis, Temm. PL Col 484, fig. 2 j Less. Rev. 

Zool 1840, p. 164; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 124; Bp. Consp. i. p. 398 
(pt.) ; Gray; Hand-l B. i. p. 277, no. 4080; Walden, Ibis, 1871, 

p. 169. 
CMoropsis nigricollis, Nicholson, Ibis, 1881, p. 148. 
* Type examined. 
2S 
TIMELIIDiE. 

Adult male. General colour above grass-green, a little brighter 
and more yellowish green on the head and neck ; wing-coverts like 
the back, with lighter green edges to the greater series, the whole of 
the lessor coverts light cobalt-blue, forming a conspicuous shoulder-
patch ; bastard wing- and primary-coverts deep blue, washed with 
green ; quills blackish, externally bluish ; the secondaries green on 
the outer web, the inner secondaries entirely green; tail-feathers 
dark green, the outer feathers blue with green edges; lores, fore 
part of eyelid, feathers below the eye, and throat black; fore neck 
bright yellow, forming a gorget, with which is connected a yellowish 
band which skirts the black throat, passes through the ear-coverts 
(which are green), round the hinder eyelid, and forms a narrow superciliary 
streak above the eye, ending at the base of the nostrils; remainder 
of under surface of body bright green, the axillaries like the 
breast; under wing-coverts light ashy, washed with green on the 
edges; quills ashy brown below, paler along the edge of the inner 
webs; " iris dark brown or black " (H. 0. Forbes). Total length 
7*8 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*35, tail 2-f), tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female, Wants the black throat of the male; green above, 
like the latter, and with the same blue on the wings and tail; lores, 
eyelid, and sides of face emerald-green, with a shade of cobalt-blue 
on the fore part of the checks, forming a moustache; throat 
emerald-green; fore neck and chest dull yellow; remainder of 
under surface of body bright green; under wing-coverts as in the 
male. Total length 6*7 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3-05, tail 2*7, 
tarsus 0*7. 

Young. Another female, collected by Mr. "Wallace, is apparently a 
younger bird, having the throat not so bright emerald-green and 
wanting the blue moustache. 

The Javan Green Bulbul is apparently peculiar to the island 

of Java, 
a. S ad. sk.
b, c. $ ad.; d. $ juv. sk.
e. $ ad. sk. 
East Java. 
East Java. 
Webt Java. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C."j. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.J. 
A. II. Wallace, Esq. [C.J. 

10. Chloropsis chlorocephala. 
Phyllornis 
cochinchinensis, Myth, Cat B. Mus. As. Soc." p. 213 
{nee Gm., pt.). 
Phyllornis chlorocephalus, Walden1 Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vii. p. 241 
(1871); Blyth fy Walden, B. JBurm. p. 137; Hume, Str. F. 1875, 

p. 127 ; id. Str. F. 1877, p. 85 ; Hume $f Davison, Str. F. 1878, 
vol. vi. pp. 323, 516 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 99. 
Adult male (type of species: Tonghoo). General colour above 
grass-green, the forehead rather lighter and more emerald-green, 
shaded with golden on the crown, nape, sides of neck, and hinder 
neck; wing-coverts rather darker green than the back; lesser wing-
coverts bright cobalt-blue, forming a conspicuous shoulder-patch; 
bastard wing- and primary-coverts deep blue, rather lighter blue on 

3. cTiLrmorbia. 
their margins ; quills blackish, the primaries externally bright blue, 
the secondaries bluish green, edged with brighter green, the inner 
secondaries entirely grass-green ; tail dull blue, the centre feathers 
grass-green ; base of forehead and eyebrow and eyelid yellow; lores, 
anterior edge of eyelid, feathers below the eye, checks, and throat 
black; sides of crown and oar-coverts emerald-green, the latter shaded 
with golden and separated from the black throat by a broad band of 
yellow, which crosses the ear-coverts and hinder cheeks and descends 
onto the fore neck, where it forms a gorget, which is faintly shaded 
with emerald-green ; a small moustachial streak of violet-cobalt on 
the fore part of the cheeks; remainder of under surface of body 
emerald-green, slightly yellowish green on the breast: axillaries 
and under wing-coverts emerald-green, with greyish bases ; quills 
dusky brown below, ashy along the inner webs; "bill black; legs 
pale slate-colour; iris umber-brown " ( Wardlaw Ramsay). Total 
length 6'6 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*4, tail 2-8, tarsus 0*65. {Mas. 

R. 
67. Wardlaw Ramsay.) 
Mr. Hume gives the soft parts (Stray Eeath. 1875, p. 128):— 
" Legs and feet plumbeous or dull horny blue; claws plumbeous 
horny, brown at tips ; bill black ; iris deep brown." 
Adult female. Yery similar to the male as regards the green and 
blue coloration, but wants the black throat and yellow on the sides 
of the head and gorget; forehead and lores, as well as feathers 
round the eye, emerald-green, with a slight tinge of blue in front of 
the eye ; on the cheeks a small moustachial streak of pale turquoise-
blue ; throat emerald-green, slightly tinged with blue ; remainder 
of under surface pale yellowish green, deeper green on the sides of 
the body. Total length 0-1 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*05, tail 
2*55, tarsus 0*65. {MILS. R. 67. Wardlaw Ramsay.) 
Youny male. Exactly like the female, except that it wants the 
blue tinge on the chin and middle of the throat, that it generally 
exhibits traces of a subterminal brown band on the tcrtiaries, and 
the shoulder-patch is of almost the same colour as that of the adult 
male, though less in extent {Hume). 
The Burmese Green Bulbul is found in the hill-country of the 
Indo-Chinese subregion from Pegu and Tenasserim through Burmah 
(Tonghoo and Karen-nee) and Cachar to Cochin China. 

a, b. $ $ ad. sk.
c. $ ad. sk.
d. <$ ad. sk.
e r?iiiv.sk.
f. <$ ad. sk. •
a S ad. sk. 
Saigon, Cochin China. 
Tenasserim. 
Pakchan, Tenasserim,
Jan. 24, 1875 {W. 
Davison), 
BankasoomTenasserim,
April 10, 1877 {W. 
Davison), 
Tonghoo. 
Karen hills, Nov. 1874 
M. E. Pierre [P.], 
J.C.D.Paclmian,Esq.[P.]. 
A. O. Hume, Esq. 
A. O. Hume, Esq. 
Lieut. P. Gr. Wardlaw 
Ramsay. 
Lieut. R. Gf. Wardlaw 
(R. G. W. JR.). Ramsay. 

TIMELIIDiE. 

30 

11. Chloropsis icterocepliala. 
Turdus cochinchinensis, 
Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 309 (nee 
Gm.). 
Phyllornis malabaricus (nee Gm.)} Temm. PL Col. 512, fig. 2, text ; 
lesson, Tmite} p. 301. 
Verdin icterocephale, Temm. PL Col 512, fig. 2; Lesson, Traite, 

p. 301. 
Phyllornis icterocephalus, Lesson, Rev. Zool 1840, p. 164. 
ChioropMo malabaricus, Blyth, J. A. S. Being, xii. p. 957 (nee $). 
Phyllornis molucceiibis, /. E. Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 38; Strickl. P. Z. S. 
1840, p. 100. 
Phyllornis cochincliinensis, pt., Bhjtli, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 213. 
Phyllornis icterocepliala, Bp. Consp. i. p. 39J {ex Temm.) ; Cab. Mus. 

Ilein.i. p. 114; Reichenb. Handh., Meropince, u. 98, Taf. cccclxiv, 
fig. 3319 ; Jerd. B. Lid. ii. p. 100 j Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 2o7, 
no. 4074; Walden, Ibis, 1871, p. 108,-Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 305 ; 
Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 03. 

Phyllornis cochinchinensis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 396 (nee Gm.); Horsf $* 
Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. i. p. 260; Stoliezka, J. A. S. B. xxxix. 

p. 814 (1870). 
Phyllornis mysticalis, Horsf. fy Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. i. 
p. 411 (nee Swains.) j Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 280. 
Adult male. General colour above bright green; least wing-
coverts bright metallic cobalt, the remainder of the wing-coverts 
and secondary quills deep blue, externally broadly edged with grays-
green ; primary-coverts deep blue ; primaries blackish, externally 
deep blue; tail-feathers blue, the centre ones washed with green 
along their outer webs; forehead and crow7n, as well as the sides of 
the latter and the ear-coverts, bright lemon-yellow, descending 
along the hinder part of the cheeks to the sides of the neck, and 
meeting on the fore necMkfyelow the black throat; nape deeper 
orange-yellow, the hind lUcl and mantle also washed with this 


colour, which also extends onto the sides of the neck; lores, all 
the eyelid except the hinder part, feathers below the eye. fore part 
of cheeks, and throat black, narrowing to a point on the latter; on 
the checks a deep blue spot near the base ot the bill; remainder of 
under surface of body bright green, a little more yellow down the 
centre of the body; thighs slightly washed with blue; wing-coverts 
dark ashy, the longer series slightly tipped with green ; the edge of 

the wing blue, or washed with greenish blue; axillaries green, like 
the breast; quills dark ashy below, slightly paler along the edge of 
the inner webs. Total length Q'8 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 8*35, 
tail 2*75, tarsus 0*7. 

Adult female. General colour bright green, with a slight wash of 
yellow on the hinder neck and sides of neck ; no black on the face 
or throat; wing-coverts deep blue, the greater series edged with 
green; least wing-coverts fine cobalt-blue, but the shoulder-patch 
not so big as in the male ; quills blackish, the primaries externally 
greenish blue, inclining to silvery grey near the tips of the outer 
webs, the secondaries bluish green on the outer webs, edged with 
green, the innermost secondaries entirely green; tail-feathers 
bluish, with green edges; frontal feathers and lores decidedly 

3 . CHLOKOPSIS, 
31 

yellower than the head, the eyebrow rather paler also; eyelid yellow; 
sides of face green, washed with blue in the region of'the 
eye; ear-coverts washed with golden yellow; at the base of the 
cheeks a small spot of greenish blue ; under surface of body light 
green, inclining to yellowish green in the centre of the breast and 
abdomen ; the throat very faintly washed with bluish ; under wing-
coverts ashy, washed with bluish green, brighter near the edge of 
the wings ; axillaries pale green, like the breast; quills ashy below, 
lighter along the edge of the inner web. Total length 6 inches, 
culmen 0*7, wing 2*9, tail 2-3, tarsus 0'65. 

Young male, Similar to the adult female, but with more of a 
golden shade on the head and nape, the primaries much brighter 
blue; under surface green, with signs of black appearing on the 
moustache. 

The Golden-heacled Green Eulbul is found plentifully in the 
Malayan peninsula, ranging as far as Province Wellesley. It is 
also frequent in Sumatran collections. 

a. 
Juv. sk. Malacca (Dr. Can- India Museum [P.1 
tor). 
5, c. <$ ad. sk. Malacca. Capt.StackhoiisePhrwill 
LP-]


d. $ ad., e. $ juv. sk. Malacca. W. Harvey, Esq. [P.]. 
/. dad.sk. Malacca. A.R.Wallace,Esq. [C.]. 
g. $ 
ad. sk. Malacca, Aug. 3,1873 Lieut. R. G. "Wardlaw 
{JR. G. W. &.). Ramsay. 
h. S ad., i. [ J ad."J sk. Sumatra. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 
kj /. (S S ad. sk. Sumatra. Purchased. 
12. CMoropsis viridinucha. (Plate I.) 
Pkyllonris icterocepbala (nee Less.), Salvad. Ucc. Bom. p. 195. 
Pkvllornis viridinucha, S/wrpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 15 : Tweedd. t c. p. 305: 
Sharpe, Ibis, 1878, p. 414. 

Adult male (type of species). General colour above dark grass-
green, the wing-coverts a little deeper green than the back, with a 
&ubterminal shade of deep blue; a very conspicuous shoulder-spot 
of very rich deep cobalt, formed by the lesser series of coverts; 
bastard wing- and primary-coverts deep ultramarine-blue; quills 
blackish, externally ultramarine, the secondaries bluish green, 
edged with dark green, the inner secondaries entirely dark green ; 
tail dark blue, slightly shaded with green on the margins of the 
feathers, the inner webs of which are dusky, the centre tail-feathers 
greener than the others; frontal plumes and fore part of crown 
bright yellow, shading into green on the occiput and nape, the hind 
neck being like the back ; lores, anterior margin of eyelid, feathers 
below the eye, cheeks, and throat black, with a very faintly indicated 
moustachial spot of deep violet at the base of the lower mandible 
; hinder part of cheeks bright yellow, this colour extending 
irom behind the eye across the ear-coverts down the sides of the 
neck, skirting the black throat and occupying the chest, which is 
bright yellow; remainder of under surface of body emerald-green, 

miELIIDJS. 

a little deeper on the flanks and lighter on the thighs; axillaries 
bluish green, with dusky grey bases; under wing-coverts dusky 
grey, slightly washed with bluish green; edge of wing ultramarine; 
quiJls dusky blackish below, ashy along the edge of the inner webs; 
" bill jet-black ; legs greenish lead-colour; iris dark brown " (Alfred 
Everett). Total length 6*6 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*2, tail 2-55, 
tarsus 0*65. 

Adult female. Wants the black throat of the male. Green 
above, with a slight golden shade on the crown and ear-coverts; 
lores and feathers round the eye emerald-green; throat and under 
surface of body emerald-green, with a small moustachial streak of 
pale cobalt-blue ; scapulars and wing-coverts a little darker green 
than the back; the shoulder-spot a little smaller and the blue on 
the wing not so bright as in the male. Total length 6-2 inches, 
culmen 0*7, wing 2-9, tail 2*3, tarsus 0*65. 

A male from Simunjon (Alfred Everett) has the legs "green" 
and the eye "black" (Mas. R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay). 
Everett's Green Eulbul replaces the foregoing species in the 
island of Borneo, to which locality it is confined. 

a. S ad. sk. Borneo. Hugh Cuming, Esq. 
b. <$ ad. sk. Bintulu, N.W. Borneo. Alfred Eveiett, Esq. [C.]. 
(Type of species.) 
c. J ad. sk. Tagora, Sarawak. Alfred Everett, Esq. [C.]. 

13. Chloropsis cyaiiopogon. 
Phyllornis cochinchinensis (nee G?n.), Raffi. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. 
p. 80& 
Phyllornis 
cyanopogon, Temm. PI. Col. 512, fig. 1; Lesson, Rev. 
ZooL 1840/p. 1C5 j Gray, Gen. R. i. p. 124; Rlyth, Cat. R. Mm. 
As. Soc. p. 213 ; Rp. Camp. i. p. 896; Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. 

p. 114; Reichenb. Handb., Meropina, p. 97, Taf. cccclxiv. fig. 8318 ; 
Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. R. Mus. E.L Co. i. p. 410; Moore, R. Z. S. 
1854, p. 280; Sold. HandL JDierk. i. p. 275; Gotdd, Rirds of Asia, 
pt. xiii.; Jerd. R. 2nd. ii. p. 100; Gray, Hand-L R. i. p. 277, 
no. 4071; Walden, Ibis, 1871, p. 168; Salvad. Ucc. Rom. p. 194; 
Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 15; Tioeedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 805; Hume § 
Davison, Str. F. 1878, vol. vi. p. 825: Sharpe. Ibis, 1879, p. 256: 
Hume, Sir. R. 1871, pp. 08, 99. 
Chloropsis mystacalis, Stcains. An. in Menag. p. 296. 
Phyllornis mysticalis, Lesson, Rev. ZooL 1840, p. 165 ; Gray, Gen. R. 


i. p. 124. 
Phyllornis cochinchinensis (nee Gm.). Horsf. # Moore, Cat. R. Mus. 
E.I. Co. i. p. 260. 
Adult male. General colour above grass-green, the wing-coverts 
like the back; the least series rather brighter green, but no 
shoulder-patch formed of them; quills dusky blackish, externally 
green like the back, the primaries yellowish towards the tip of the 
outer web; tail-feathers dark green, dusky blackish along the 
inner web; lores, anterior edge of eyelid, feathers below the eye, 
cheeks, and throat black, with a moustachial streak of dark cobalt; 
sides of neck and under surface of body bright green, more yellow 

3 . CELOTtOrSIS. 
on the fore neck, breast, abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts * 
a narrow superciliary line of yellowish runs across the ear-coverts' 
along the side of the neck and joins the fore neck, skirting the 
black of tho head and throat; axillaries green, with grey bases; 
under wing-coverts ashy, washed with yellowish green; quills ashy 
brown below, paler along the edge of the inner web; " legs and 
feet dark plumbeous; bill black; irides dark brown" (W.Bavison), 
Total length 6-2inches, oilmen 0-7, wing 3*05, tail 2*45, tarsus 07.% 

Adult female. Wants the black throat of the male. General 
colour green above, yellowish green below; the thighs yellowish; 
lores and feathers round the eye yellowish green; a moustachial 
streak of cobalt-blue on the cheeks. Total length 0-5 inches, 
culrnen 0-65, wing 3, tail 2'65, tarsus 0*65. 

The Blue-whiskered Grreen JBulbul is found in Borneo, Sumatra, 
and the Malayan peninsula, whence it ranges into the extreme 
south of the Tenasserim province. 

a, h. <S $ ad. sk. Malacca. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [O ,]• 
c, d. c? ad. sk. Malacca (Dr. Cantor). India Museum. 

e. 
$ ad. sk. Sumatra (Raffles), India Museum. 
ad. sk. Borneo, Purchased. 
f-? 

ff-<$juv. sk. N.W. Borneo. Hugh Low, Esq. [O.l. 
h, i. cj $ ad. sk. N.W. Borneo (Hugh B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
Low). 

k,l 
6 $ ad. sk. Bintulu. Alfred Everett, Esq. [O.]. 

14. Chloropsis palawaiiensis. 
Phylloxnis palawanensis, Sharpe, Trans. Linn, Soo. 2nd series, Zooh 
* vol. i. p. 333, pi. 50. figs. 1, 2 ; Tweeddah, P. Z. S.1878, p. 619. 
Adult male (type of species). General colour above bright grass-
green, the head brighter, and the forehead decidedly yellower; wing-
coverts green like the back, with bluish bases, the least series and 
the small plumes at the bend of the wing rich purple, forming a 
shoulder-spot; bastard wing- and primary-coverts blue; primaries 
black, the outer web blue, the secondaries more or less blue in the 
centre, shading off externally into the green of the back ; tail blue, 
with a slight wash of green, especially on the centre feathers ; sides 
of the face bright golden yellow, the ear-coverts green on their 
hinder margin ; round the eye a ring of purple feathers; lores and 
a spot at the base of the lower mandible greenish blue; eyelids dull 
purple; cheeks lilac, forming a moustachial streak; entire throat 
bright golden yellow; rest of under surface bright green, as also 
the axillaries; under wing-coverts and lining of quills dark grey, 
the inner webs of the latter whitish along their margins; bill black; 
iris dark brown. Total length 7 inches, culrnen 0*85, wing 3-5, 
tail 2-8, tarsus 0-8. (Coll. J. B. Steere.) 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but having the moustachial 
streak blue. Total length 6-6 inches, wing 3-3, tail 2-6, tarsus 0-7. 

(Coll. J. B. Steere.) 

In my original description, by the omission of somo words, 1 have 
VOL. vi. -0 

TIMELIIDiE. 

conveyed a wrong impression with, regard to the differences of the 
sexes. The above descriptions were taken at the time from Dr. 
Siccre's types, and it will be seen that he had clearly defined the 
bird with the blue moustache to be the female. The correctness of 
this determination has been confirmed, by Mr. Alfred Everett (if. 
Tweeddale, ?. c), whoso specimens I have examined by the kindness 

of Lieut. Wardlaw Eamsay. 

Stoere's Green Bulbul is only known at present from the island 
of Palawan, in the Philippine archipelago. 

a. Q ad. sk. Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Dr. J. B. Steere [0.]. 
July 1874. 
15. Chloropsis flavipennis. 
Phyllornisflavipennis,Tiueecld. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 7G1, pi. Ixxvii. fig. 1. 
Adult female. General colour above bright green, the wing-
coverts like the back; primary-coverts green, the outer ones with 
a faint edging of yellow• quills blackish brown, externally green, 
the primaries margined with yellow towards their tips, the inner 
secondaries entirely green, like the back • tail-feathers green, dusky 
on the inner webs, which are narrowly edged with yellow; lores 
yellowish, as well as the eyelid; sides of face light green, tinged 
with yellow on the cheeks; under surface of body light green, 
slightly paler on the centre of the breast and abdomen; throat 
yellowish; thighs pale yellow; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
pale yellowish green; quills dusky below, light yellow along the 
inner webs ; " bill leaden ; legs greenish leaden ; iris hazel" (Alfred 
JSverett). Total length 7*8 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 3*45, tail 2*8, 
tarsus 0*7. (Mus. 2i. G. Wardlaw Eamsay.) 

Adult wale (type of species). Similar in plumage to the female. 
Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*95, wing 3*65, tail 3, tarsus 
0*75. {Mus. B. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.) 

The island of Zebu or Cebu in the Philippine archipelago is as 
yet the only recorded habitat for the Yellow-winged Green Bulbul. 

a. Ad. sk. Cebu (A. JSverett). Lieut. It. G. Wardlaw Eamsay. 
16. Chloropsis vemista. 
Phyllornis 
venusta, Bp. Consp. i. p. 390 (ex Temm. MS. in Mus. 
Zugd.) ; Gray, IIand4. B. i. p. 277, no. 4077. 

Adult male (Sumatra: type of species). General colour above 
bright grass-green, a little duller on the crown ; wing-coverts like 
the back, a little brighter green on the edges, the least series 
greenish cobalt, forming a shoulder-spot; the edge of the wing also 
tinged with the same greenish cobalt; primary-coverts and quills 
dusky brown, externally grass-green, brighter on the margin of the 
primaries, which are ashy towards the tips of the outer webs, the 
outermost primary bluish; upper tail-coverts brighter green than 

4 . HYPSIPETES. 
the back; tail-feathers blue, greenish near their bases; forehead 
purplish blue, the eyebrow and ear-coverts being a little lighter and 
more cobalt-blue; lores bine-black ; feathers below the eye, cheeks, 
and sides of throat, as well as the chin, bright purplish blue ; remainder 
of the throat blackish; the chest bright orange, separated 
from the black throat by a shade of pale purplish ash-colour ; sides 
of neck and sides of chest yellowish green; remainder of undor 
surface light grass-green, deeper green on the vent and under tail-
coverts; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, tinged with 
green, more especially on the outer edge of the wing ; quills dusky 
brown below, whitish along the edge of the inner web. Total 
length 5-5 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 2'75} tail 2*15, tarsus 0*65. 
(Mu$. LagcL) 

Adult female. Similar to the male in most respects, but distinguished 
at once by the colour of the throat, which is blue, of the 
same shade as the forehead, eyebrow, sides of face, and ear-coverts. 
The purplish-blue colour which ornaments the face of the male is 
absent in the hen bird ; the breast also is a little more yellow than 
the rest of the underparts, but there is no orange as in the male. 
Total length 5-6 inches, culmen 0'7, wing 2*7, tail 2*2, tarsus 0*65. 
(Mus. Lvgd.) 

The Blue-fronted Green Bulbul is at present only known from 
the typical specimens in the Leyden Museum. The species is one 
of the smallest and most beautiful of the genus, and is apparently 
confinod to the island of Sumatra. 

4. 
HYPSIPETES. 
Type. 
Hypsipetes, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 43 H. psaroides. 
Galgulus, Kittl. Kupf. Vbg. Heft 1, p. 7 (1832, nee Briss.) H. amaurotis. 
Microscelis, Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 28 H. amaurotis. 
Orpheus, Temm. fy Schl. Faun. Japon., Aves, p. Q8, tab. 

xxxi. B 
H. amaurotis. 
Of. A. 0. Hume, Str. Feathers, 1878, p. 296. 
Foot of Kypsifcies psaroides, to show tarsal envelope without scutes. 

Range, Indian peninsula, Ceylon and Mcobar Islands ; throughout 
the Burmese countries to China, Japan, Hainan, and Formosa. 
D2 

TIMELIIDJB. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Bill red or yellow in skin. 
a'. Head black. 
a". Throat and under surface of body grey. 
a"'. Ear-coverts hoary grey, like the throat; 
cheeks with a broad black stripe along 
them; general colour very pale grey 
above and below psaroides, p. 36. 

b'". Ear-coverts dark grey, not much lighter 
than sides of head and neck; hinder 
part of cheeks black; body dark slaty 
grey, the head and mantle blackish; 
no 'distinct cap concolor, p. 38. 

c"\ Ear-coverts dark slate-colour, like the 
sides of the face; no black stripe on 
cheeks; general colour of both upper 
and under surface dark slaty grey, 
paler on the latter ganeesa, p. 39. 

bn. Throat and under surface of body glossy 

black. 
d'". Quills black ; flanks black perniger, p. 41. 
e'". Quills externally lavender-grey; flanks 

washed with plumbeous grey nigerrimus, p. 41. 

V. Head white leucocephalus, p. 41. 
b. Bill blackish or deep horn-brown; ear-coverts 
chestnut-red; head light grey; throat grey, 
with white tips to the feathers amaurotis, p. 42. 
c. Bill horn-brown; head blackish brown; upper 
surface dull olive-greenish; ear-coverts dingy 
ash-grey; throat white; rest of under surface 
pale yellow, streaked with brighter yellow .. virescens, p. 43. 
1. Hypsipetes psaroides. 
Hypsipetes psaroides, Vigors, P. Z. S.1831, p. 43; Gould, Cent, B. Himal. 
M. pi. 10; MClell. P. Z. S.1839, p. lo9; Jfodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. 
Mus., Passeres, pis. 192,194. -fig. 2 ; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83; 
BJyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 186, xiv. p. 574; Gray, Cat. Mamm. §c. 
Nepalpres. Hodgs. 1846, p. 87; id. Gen. B. i. p. 238; Hutton, J. A. S. 
Bene/, xvii. part 1, p. 10 ; Bli/fh, Cat B. Mus. As. 8oc. p. 206; Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 261; Horsf. §• Moore, Cat B. Mus. B.I. Co. i. p. 234; 
Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 77; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 272, no. 3980; 
Hume, Nests fy Eggs Ind. B. p. 278; (Jock $ Marsh. Sir. F 1873, 

p. 355; Henders. § Hume, Lahore to Turk. p. 198; Blyth fy Wald. 
B. Burm. p. 132; Scully, 8tr. F. 1879, p. 293; Hume, Str. F. 1879, 
p. 98. 
Adult male. General colour above light slaty grey, the least wing-
coverts like the back; the median, greater, and primary-coverts more 
ashy grey, externally light slaty like the back ; quills dusky brown, 
externally light grey, this shade pervading the whole of the inner 
secondaries; tail-feathers blackish brown, edged with light slaty 
grey towards their bases ; head and nape glossy greenish black, the 
feathers lanceolate in shape and forming a conspicuous crest; at 
the base of the nostrils a spot of hoary grey; ear-coverts hoary 

4 . HYPhlPEIES. 
grey; lores, fore part of eyelid, a spot at the base of the lower 
mandible, another at the base of the chin, and a streak along1 the 
hinder part of the cheeks black; under surface of body pale slaty 
grey, inclining to hoary grey on the fore part of cheeks and throat, 
the feathers of the latter portion having indistinct white shaft-lines• 
lower abdomen white, the feathers of the lower breast also edged 
with white; under tail-coverts white, mottled with ashy-brown 
bases to the feathers; under wing-coverts and axillaries light ashy 
brown, with indistinct white tips; quills below light brown, ashy 
whitish along the edge of the inner web; " bill and feet bright 
coral-red; iricles dark brown ; claws horny brown " (Sadly). Total 
length 9-5 inches, culmen 1, wing 4*7, tail 4-1, tarsus 0-7* 

The sexes measure as follows :— 

Total 

_ length. Culmen. Wing. Tail Tarsus. 
in. in. in. in. in. 
a. S ad. Simla (Mus. B. 
Beebohm) 9-0 1-0 4*6 3-85 0-75 
h. $ ad. N.W. Himalayas 
(Pinwill) 9-0 1*1 4-6 3-8 0*7 
c. $ ad. N.W. Himalayas 
(Pinwill) 9-3 1-05 4-6 4-0 075 

Nestling, Ashy brown above and below, the whole plumage of a 
fluffy character, the wing-coverts with paler brown edges; head 
dusky blackish. 

The full-grown young bird is like the adult, but the grey is not so 
pure and the centre of the body below is white; wing-coverts and 
quills dark brown, edged with ashy brown; head dingy black, as also 
the base of the mandibles and chin, but there is no appearance of 
the black moustache. 

It is not easy to draw the line between B. jpsaroides and II. con-
color ; and although Assam specimens are referable to the former 
bird rather than the latter, there can be no doubt that they are 
slightly intermediate between the two. Thus Horsneld and Moore, 
in their < Catalogue' (p. 255), referred M'Clcllands birds from 
Assam to B. ganeesq, rather than to B. psaroides. In the Tweeddale 
collection also are specimens from Shillong (OhenneU) which are 
likewise darker iron-grey than Himalayan examples, and from the 
appearance of black bases to the feathers of the mantle show an 
affinity to H. concolor. 

The Himalayan Black Bulbul inhabits the whole range of the 
Himalayas from Cashmere to Assam and Arakan. As mentioned 
above, the specimens from the eastern part of its range show 
a tendency to darker coloration, and approach H. concolor of the 
Burmese hills. The species occurs at about 3000 to 5000 feet on 
the mountains, and is not known to be migratory. 

a. Ad. sk. Cashmere. Purchased, 
b, c, d. Ad. sk. Cashmere (Dr. JBeUew). India Museum, 
TIMELIUXaS. 

eKf, J ad. sk. 

g, 7ij i. Ad. sk. 
h, I, m. Ad. sk. 

n. Pull. wk. 
o. Ad. sk. 
f. Ad. sk. 
(j. Ad. sk. 
r. Juv. sk. 
8, Ad. sk. 

#, it. Ad. sk. 

N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackliouse Pin-
will [P.]. 
Kumaon (Strachey). India Museum. 

Nopal. B. 11. Hodgson^ Esq. [P. 
Nepal. B.H. Hodgson, Esq.. LP-' 

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.. 
Nepal. 
Nepal (B. If, Hodgson), India Museum. 

India Museum. 

Darjiling. 

F. DuOane Godman and 
Darjilmg (Fccles). 

0. Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]-
Bootan (Bemberton). India Museum. 
Assam (McClelland), India Museum. 
{ILgancesa, Hor&f. & Moore, I, c, sp. b.) 

2. Hypsipetes concolor. 
Hypsipetes concolor, Blyth, J. A. S. B, xviii. p. 816; id. Cat. B. 
Mus. As, Soc. p. 207 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 261; Gray, Hand-L B. i. 

p. 272, no. 3080; Blyth § Wald. B. Burm. p. 132 • Hume, Sir. 
F ]874, p. 276, 1878, p. 2\)o, 1879, p. 98. 
Hypsipetes yimnaneiibis, Anders. B. Z. S. 1871, p. 213 • Swinh. 

B. Z. S. 1871, p. 3G9; David £ Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 137 ; Anders. 
Zool. Bayed. Yun-nan, p. 606, pi, 50. 
Hypsipetes subniger, Hume, Str. F 1879, p. 109. 


Adult male (Ponsee, Kakkyen hills, March 12, 1888, Br, J. 
Anderson : type of II. yunnanensis). General colour above blackish, 
becoming dark slaty grey on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts • crown of head crested, black, the feathers lanceolate in 
shape and having a greenish gloss ; otherwise the head is scarcely to 
be distinguished from the blackish mantle; wing-coverts like the 
back ; the greater coverts and quills blackish brown, with dark slaty 
grey margins; tail-feathers blackish, some of the feathers edged 
with dark slate-colour; lores, cheeks, and sides of neck black like 
head, the ear-coverts rather browner• above the hinder part of the 
eye an ill-defined spot of dark slaty grey; under surface of body 
dark slate-colour, blackish on ihe chest, where the feathers are 
black, with edgings of dusky grey; lower abdomen slightly mixed 
with white, some of the feathers being edged with this colour; under 
tail-coverts slaty blackish, margined with white ; under wTing-coverts 
and asillaries dark slate-colour, the former rather browner• quills 
brown below, inclining to ashy brown along the edge of the inner 
web; " legs, feet, and bill vaiied from bright to deep coral-red; 
iris dull crimson-lake " {Davison); " bill and legs lake-red; iris 
hair-brown or brilliant brown "(Wardlaw Bamsay, MS,). Total 
length 10 inches, culmen 1-05, wing4*95, tail 4*3, tarsus 0-7. (Mus. 
Ind. Calcutta.) 

The above description has been drawn up from the type of H. yunnanensis, 
kindly lent by Dr. Anderson • however, I have examined, 
besides, the large series belonging to Lieut. "Wardlaw Ramsay, who 
collected the birds himself in Burmalu Dr. Anderson's bird appears 
somewhat more ashy brown than the majority of Lieut. Ramsay's 
skins; but this is, I think, due to the fading away of the grey 

4. aSTPSIPETES. 
80 

coloration into brown, a process which scorns to take placo iu 
preserved specimens. 
The soxes appear to be alike in plumage, but the female is appa


rently somewhat smaller. 
Total 
length. Culmon. Wing. Tail. Tarsus, 
in. in. in. in, iu. 

a. 
$. Karen hills (Wardlaw 
Ramsay) 9-6 M 4-95 4'4 07 
6. 
J . Ivaren hills (Wardlaw 
Ramsay) 8-8 1*05 4*55 3-9 0 7 
Mr. Hume considered at one time that birds from Southern Tonasserim 
(27. suhniger, Hume) were distinct from those of the northern 
part of the province; but recently ho has retracted this decision. 
He writes :—" Ko doubt the southern birds I thus designated are 
always somewhat, in some cases, much darker than the northern 
Pahpoon birds, which, agree precisely with Blyths type; but after 
careful reexamination, I do not think that the difference is sufficient 
to justify the separation; and I suppress the name sulmiger, and 
unite all the Tenssserim hill birds, alike southern and northern, 
under Blyth's name." 

The Burmese Black Bulbul is found on the Tonghoo, Karen, and 
Kakhyen hills in Burmah, and in the hill country of Tonasscrim, 
where it is confined to the more open forests of the northern and 
central portions of the province; it does not inhabit the summits of 
the highest hills. 

a. $ ad.sk. Tonghoo, April 6,1874 (22. G. Lieut. R. G. Wardlaw 
W. JR.). 
Ramsay. 
b. S 
ad. sk. Tonghoo hills, March 29; Lieut. R. G. Wardlaw 
1875 (22. G. W. It). Ramsay. 
c. Ad. sk. Karen hills, Jan. 1875 (22. Lieut. R. G. Wardlaw 
G. W. 22.). 
Ramsay. 
8. Hypsipetes ganeesa. 
Hypsipetes ganeesa, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 86; Jard. fy Selb. III. 
"Om. (2nd ser.) iv. pi. 2 ; Blyth, J. A. 8, Bewj. xiv. p. 574; Gray, 
Gm. B. i. p. 238; Blyth, Cat B. Mus. A8.Soc.Aipp. p, 339; 
Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. Mvs. E.I. Co. i. p. 255 ; Jerd. B. Bid. ii. 

p. 781; Gray,HamU 2?. i.p. 272, no. 3981; IMdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, 
p. 450 ; Fairb. Sir. F. 1876, p. 258; Hume, t. c. p. 400; id. Sir. 
F. 1879, p. 98; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 409. 
Hypsipetes nilghiriensis, Jerd. Madr. Journ. 1839, x. p. 245; Blyth, 
X A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 574; id. Cat B. Mus. As. Soc. p; 207 ; Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 261; Bayard, Ann, JSrat Hist xiii. 1854, p. 125; 
Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 78; Gray, Maud4. B. i. p. 272, no. 3983; 
Hume, Nests § Eggs Ind. B. p. 280; id. Str. F. 1873, p. 438; 

Fairb. Sir. F. 1877, p. 405. 

Adult. General colour above dark slaty grey, the wing-coverts 
like the back; greater wing-coverts and quills brown, somewhat 
paler brown on the edges of the feathers; tail-feathers also brown, 

4 0 
TIM.ELIIDJE. 

with scarcely any grey edgings; crown of head glossy steel-Hack, 
the feathers all lanceolate ; sides of face and under surface of body 
slaty grey; the ear-coverts tinged with brown; lores also washed 
with ashy grey ; some of the feathers of the chin tipped with hoary 
white, producing a greyish appearance; plumes of abdomen and 
under tail-coverts also edged with white, the latter more broadly; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries light earthy brown; quills brown 
below, lighter along the edge of the inner web ; " bill coral-red, the 
nostril-membrane brown; legs and feet yellowish red, the claws 
blackish (the latter fade in dried specimens); iris faded red or 
orange with a dusky tinge" (W. V. Legge); " bill orange-vermilion; 
feet orange-yellow; iris hazel, dyed with lake-red" (Fairbank). 
Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 1*05, wing 4*4, tail 3*85, 
tarsus 0*75. 

The two types measure as follows—Total length 8-5 to 9 inches, 
culmen 1*05 to 1*1, wing 4*5, tail 4 to 4*15, tarsus 0*7 to 0*75. 

Adult female. Length 9*6 inches, wing 4*4, tail 3*6, tarsus 0*7Plumage 
similar to that of the male. Iris in some specimens 
slightly brownish. (W. V. Legge, he.) 

Young. Throat and under surface lighter than the adult; wings 
and tail browner, or of a paler hue than in old birds; the quills 
deeply margined with pale tawny, and the edges of the tail-feathers 
slightly coloured with the same; tip of the bill and space round the 
nostril blackish; legs and feet dusky yellowish ; iris yellowish brown. 

(W. V. Legge, h c.) 
Obs. A variation occurs in the colouring of this species, ranging from 
grey to brown. This seems to be due to the age of the skin, the 
colour gradually fading in preserved specimens. 

Sykes's Black Bulbul is plentiful on most of the hill-ranges of 
Southern India, and extends on the western side along the Western 
Ghats to the Mahabaleshwur hills and to Matheran. In Ceylon it 
is found in the low country of the southern half of the island in 
suitable localities. It is not migratory. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Mahabaleshwur hills India Museum. (Types of 
(8t/7ces). species,) 

c. Ad. sk. Nilghiri hills. T. 0. Jerdon, Esq. [P.]. 
(Type of H. m'Ighmensis.) 
d, e. <$ $ a<^ sk Naugaud, Travancore,3100 F. TV. Bourdillon, Esq. 
feet, Dec, 21, 1879. 
/. J ad. sk. Mynall, Nov. 29, 1878. F. TV. Bourdillon, Esq. 

[0.1 
g. Ad. sk. Matheran, Bombay, Jan. Major Hayes Lloyd [P.]. 
21,1872. 

h. 
Ad. sk. Nuwara Eliya district; Mr. E. Boate [0.]. 
Ceylon. 
t. 
S ad. sk. Kamapoora, Ceylon, Jan. 4, Marquess of Tweeddale 
1866 (S. Chapman). [P.]. 
h. Ad. sk. Ceylon (Nevill). 
Lieut. E. Gr. TVardlaw 
Eamsav. 

4 . HYP&1PETIJS. 
4. Hypsipetes perniger. 
Hypsipetes perniger, Swinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 231, pi. ix.fig. 2 j id, P. Z. S, 
1871, p. 309; David § Oustcdet, Ois. Chine, p. 137. 

Adult, General colour above and below black, with a stocl-greon 
gloss; wings and tail black, the quills a little browner than the 
rest of the upper surface ; under wing-coverts and axillarios like 
the breast; quills ashy blackish below, ashy brown along the edge 
of the webs; "bill and legs coral-reel, claws brown; iris deep 
chestnut" (B. Sivinhoe). Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 1-05, 
wing 4-7, tail 4, tarsus 0*8. • 

The Hainan Elack Bulbul is only known from the island of 
Hainan, off the coast of China. 

a. Ad. sk. Hainan, Feb. 1878. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [0.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Hainan, Feb. 1878 (B. Stoinhoe), F. DuCane Grodman and 
0. Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
5. Hypsipetes nigerrimus. 
Hypsipetes nigerrimus, 
Gould, P. Z. S. 186:2, p. 282; id, B. Asia, 
part xvi.• Swinh. Ibis, 1808, p. 287; Gray^ Iland-l. B. i. p. 273, 
no. 3987; SwinJt, P. Z. S, 1803, p. 287, 1871, p. 309; David $ 
Oustcdet, Ois. Cfrine, p. 137. 

Adult General colour above black, with a distinct gloss of oily 
green, less distinct on the crown of the head, which is somewhat 
bronzed, as also are the ear-coverts; entire under surface of body 
greenish black, inclining to ashy grey on the flanks, lower abdomen, 
and under tail-coverts, the latter having nearly obsolete white tips; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries like the breast; least and median 
upper wing-coverts like the back, the latter faintly washed with 
grey on their outer margins ; greater wing-coverts, as well as the 
primary-coverts and quills, blackish, externally blue-grey, the quills 
being very broadly edged with the latter colour; tail-feathers 
black, washed with blue-grey on the outer webs; quills below ashy 
brown, paler along the edge of the inner web• " bill and legs brilliant 
coral-red; sole-pads and bases of claws dingy ochreons ; claws 
black; inside of mouth and tongue orange-red • skin of eyelid 
black ; iris deep chestnut?? (B, Swinhoe). Total length 8*4 inches, 
culmen 0*95, wing 4*75, tail 4*1, tarsus 0*7. 

Sexes similar, the female having rather shorter wings (B. Swinhoe), 
The Formosan Black Bulbul is confined to the island of Formosa, 
off the coast of China. 
a, b. Ad. sk. N. Formosa, March 1862. K. Swinhoe, Esq. [0.]. 

c. Ad. sk. N. Formosa, April 1862 F. Godman and 0. Sal(
B, Swinhoe). vin, Esqrs. [P.], 
6. Hypsipetes leucocephalus. 
Le Merle dominiquain de la Chine, Sonn, Voy. Chine, ii. p. 191. 
White-headed Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. part 1, p. 59. 
Turdus leucocephalus, Gm. Syst. Nat, i. p. 826. 


TIHELIIBJE. 

Tardus nielaleucus, J. E. Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 1. ^ 
Microscelis nielanoleucus, G. R. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. '28-1: Horsf. 8c 
Moore, Cat. B. Mas. E.I Co. i. p. 249; Gray, Iland-L B. I. 

p. 2G8, no. 3918. 
Hypsipetes niveiceps, Swinli. Ibis7 1864, p. 424; Gray, Hawl-l B. i. 
p. 272, no. 8991. 
Hypsipetes lencocephalus, Sicinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 3*>9 ; Gray* Fabc. 
"B. China, pi. 2; David $ Oustal Ok. Clime, p. IOC, pi. 44. 

Adult [female]. General colour aboye slaty blackish, with a fiint 

greenish gloss ; wing-coverts like the back, as also the quilL; tail-

feathers blackish brown; crown of head, feather^ round the eye. 

fore part of cheeks, and chin snow-white; ear-covert* tlity gr« y, 

tinged with brown; throat and under surface of body 4 ity srivy, 

lighter than the upper surface, the flanks ^omewh it washed with 

brown ; abdomen slightly mottled with white, v itli which -uinc of 

the feathers are rather broadly edged; under tail-e >veit& a-hy 

brown, luth broad white margins; under \untr-< owrt> and itx:l


laries ashy brown; quills ashy brown below, whitish aluiiti the 

inner webs ; " bill coral-red ; feet reddish onnui1" f ii. S / JVWI: 

"iris blackish *' (David). Total length 0%i inchts, culmi'ii o*i*.">, 

wing 4*4, tail 3*0, tarsus 0*73. 

A female in Lieut. Wardlaw Ramsay» collection from Xinjrpn 

(SwinJioe) measures as follows—Total length Vo inches, culmeii 

0*9, wing 4*5, tail J5*8, tarsus 0-75. There heems to be a difiVr* nee 

in the specimens, the latter female being much more grey than a 

Bwatow specimen (Suinhoe), also in Wardlaw Eam^ay^ collect ion, 

which is blacker underneath. 

The adult male does not appear to be represented in EntflMi collections, 
but in the Paris Museum are several exanijJ*"» of thi*> 
sex. The plumage is a fine glossy black, and the entire head, neck, 
throat, and breast are snow-white. 

The "White-headed Black Rulbul occurs only in the hill-ranges of 
China. 

a. Ad. sk. Fokien, China. John Gould, Esq. 
7. Hypsipetes amaurotis. 
Turdus amaurotis, Trmm. PL CoL ii. pi. 407: D\% Trait/, p. 410. 
Oriolus squannceps, KifiL Mem. Acad, St. P hr»b.dm Satan*Etranti. 

i. p. 241, pi. xu. (1831). 
Microscelis amaurotis, Gray, List Gen. B. 3 MO, p. 2$; id. Gm. It, 
i. p. 235; Bp. Camp. i. p. 203; Hnrsf. # Moore, fat. It. Mm. 
E.I. Co. i. p. 249; imtely, IJd% 1867, p. Bill; Gray, MmM. It 
i. p. 208, no. mw; ttwmk. Ibis, 1872, p. 207. 
Galgulus amaurotis, Kittl. Kupf. Tog. Heft 1, p. 8, pi. xii. %, 1, 
Orpheus amaurotis, Temtn.fy tSehl. Faun. Jap., Ares, p. fW, pi. xxxi. B. 
Hyp&ipetes amaurotis, Sioinh. Ibis, 1804, p. 15S; lilakht. £c Prytr, 
"Ibis, 1878, p. 240; David # Oustalet, Ok. Chine, p. LVK 

Adult male. General colour above slaty grey, washed with olive 
on the lower back and ramp; the head clearer and more silvery 
grey, especially at the tips, giving a distinctly streaked appearance, 

4 . HYPSIPETES, 
43 

which extends on to the nape; lesser wing-coverts like the back, 
the median and greater series as well as the primary-coverts and 
quills brown, edged narrowly with fulvous brown, the inner secondaries 
with grey; tail-feathers brown, narrowly edged with ashy 
grey : lores Mackibh ; ear-coverts chestnut; cheeks and throat 
hoary grey, with whitibh tips to the lanceolate feathers; fore neck 
and breast ashy brown, the sides of the latter slaty grey, the feathers 
mottled with white spots at their ends• lower abdomen whitish; 
sides of body reddish brown, mottled with white tips to the feathers 
like the breast, but smaller; thighs brown; under tail-coverts 
brown, broadly edged with white ; under wing-coverts fawn-colour, 
the axillaries fulvous brown; quills ashy brown below, pale fawncolour 
along the edges of the inner webs; " bill black; legs and 
feet purplish brown; iris dark hazel" {Henry White!y). Total 
length 11 inches, culmen 1*2, wing o-2o, tail 5, tarsus 0*9. 

A pair in Lieut. "Wardlaw Eamsay's collection, shot by Mr. Henry 
WMtely at Hakodadi, measure as follows :— 

Total length. Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus, 
in. in. in. in. in. 

a. 
S • Hakodadi, May 4, 
1 M5.3 11-0 1-2 5*1 4*9 0-85 
b. 2 . Hakodadi, Mav 5, 
1 b05 .\ .. 1U-4 1-1 5*0 4*8 0-85 
The Pad-oared Bulbul is found in Japan, where it is not uncommon, 
and albO occurs on the mountains of Eastern China, though 
M liether it is a migrant to the latter locality is not yet known. It 
likewise inhabits the island of Bonin. 

a. e 
ad. Fk. Yokohama, Feb. 21, 1870 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
(Capt Conrad), 
6, r. 
Ad. fk. Japan. J. K. Reeves, Esq. [P.]. 

d. Ad. >k. Japan. 
C. Maries, E&q. [O.j. 
e. Ad. sk. Japan. 
Leiden Museum. 
8. Hypsipetes virescens. 
Isocincla virescens, Blyth, J. A. S. Bmg. xiv. p. 575 (nee Ixus 

vireecens, Temm.). 

IJvppipeteb vire-cens, BIyih, J. A. & Beng. xv. pp. 51, 370; id. Cat. 

'B. Mm. AH. She. p. 207; Bp. Consp. i. p. 261. 

Hypsipetes nieobarien4b, Moore in Ilorsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. 

"B.l. Co. i. p. 257 {num. emend.) ; (fra\/y Hand-1. B. i. p. 272, no. 

39bO; Ball, Sir. F. 1&78, p. 70; Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 223. 

Adult male. General colour above dark olive greenish, the least 
wing-coverts like the hack ; median and greater coverts and quills 
"brown, externally edged with olive-greenish, the extreme margins 
of the feathers rather paler; tail-feathers brown, narrowly edged 
with the colour of the back; head and nape dusky brown, contrasting 
with the back and forming an indistinct cap, very faintly 
washed with olive; lores dusky; ear-coverts, sides of the neck, and 
hinder part of cheeks dusky ash-colour, with a very faint tinge of 


-1! 
TIMELTID2E. 

olivo ; fore part of cheeks and throat white, slightly washed with 
yellow; remainder of nnder surface of body pale yellowish, the 
feathers "being edged with this colour; sides of tlie upper breast 
dusky ash-colour, washed with olive-green ; the flanks washed with 
olive; thighs light yellow; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, 
washed with palo yellow; quills dusky brown below, whitish along 
the edge of tho inner web; "bill deep horny brown ; lower mandible 
and edge of upper mandible dull yellow; legs and feet dark 
horny, greenish brown, or greenish plumbeous; iricles brown" 
(Hume). Total length 8 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 3-9, tail 3'4, 
tarsus 0*75. 

The sexes are alike, but specimens vary a good deal in tint. No 
perceptible difference in size of sexes (Hume). 
The Nicobar Bulbul inhabits the central islands of the Nicobar 
group. 

a, b, c. Ad. sk. Nicobar Islands. India Museum. 

d. J 
ad. sk. Nicobar Islands, Jan. 18, 1874 B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
( Copt Wimberlei/). 
e. <$ ad. sk. Camorta Island, * Dec. 1873 R B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
(Copt Wimberley). 
5. IXOCINCLA. Type. 
Ixocincla, JBh/th, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 575 (1845) I. olivacea. 
Anepsia, Reichenb. Syst. Av. pi. liv. fig. 3. 
Of. A. Newton, in Dawson Rowley's Orn. Misc. ii. pp. 41-52. 

Foot of Ixocincla madagascariensis, to show scutellations on tarsus. 

• Range. Madagascar and the Comoro Islands; Mauritius, Bourbon, 
and the Seychelles, 
Key to the Species. 

a. Throat and sides of neck grey; tail not 
tipped with white. 
a'. Back bluish grey: wing4*1 inches madagascariensis, p. 45. 
b'. Back dark olive. 

a". Under tail-coverts brown, with dull 
whitish edgings: wing 4*6 inches. .. . borbonica, p. 46. 
V'. Under tail-coverts yellowish white : 
wing 5'5 inches , olivacea^ p. 46. 


b, Throat and sides of neck olive yellowish$ 
tail-feathers edged and tipped with white : 
wing 4*95 inches , , crasdrostitis, p. 47. 

5 . rsOCISTCLA. 
45 

1. Ixocincla madagascarieiisis. 
Le Merle cendre* de Madagascar, JBriss. Orn. ii. p. 291, pi. xxv. 
fig. 2. 
L'Ourovang on Merle cendre de Madagascar, Daubent PI Enl. iv. 
pL 557, rig. 2: Month Hist Nat. Ois. iii. p. 380. 
Tardus madagascariensis, P. L. 8. Midler, SysL Nat., Anhang, p. 139 

(ex Monfbeillard). 
Cinereous Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. part 1, p. 64. 
Turdus urovang, Gm. Syst. No/, i. p. 830; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 219. 
Tardus ourovang, Lath. Inch Orn. i. p. 351. 
Orora, Sganz. Slim. Soc. Mus. Strasb. iii. liv. 1, sig. MM. p. 26. 
Hvpsipetes ourovang, J. Yerr. Cat. Coll. Rivoli, p. 6; Eartl. Faun. 

"Madag. p. 44; Book $ JS. Neivt. Ibis, 1862, p. 273; JS. Newt. Ibis, 
1803, p. 347, pi. xiii. tig. 5 (egg); Scl. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 103; id. Ibis, 
1864, p. 298; A. Newt P. Z. S. 1865, p. 385; Grand. Bed. et Mag. 
de Zoo!. 1867, p. 359; Skarpe, P. Z. S.1870, p. 385; Hard. Tog. 
Madag. pp. 136, 409; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 677. 

Hvpsipetes urovang, Sehl. <§r Poll. Faune Madag., Ois. p. 296. 

Hypsipetes 
madagascariensis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 272, no. 3993; 
"Skarpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 21; id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 313; A. Neioton, 
in Bowlei/s Orn. Misc. ii. p. 49, pi. xlii. fig. 1 (head). 

Adult nude. General colour above ashy grey, the lesser wing-
coverts like the back; median and greater coverts as well as the 
quills brown, externally washed with ashy grey; tail-feathers 
brown, slightly shaded with ashy ; crown of head and nape 
glossy greenish black, the head slightly crested and the feathers 
lanceolate in shape; an incomplete eyebrow of ashy grey, commencing 
at the base of the nostrils, but obsolete above the eye; 
lores as well as the eyelid, a spot at base of lower mandible, and 
another at base of chin black; remainder of under surface of body 
ashy grey, shading off slightly paler towards the centre of the 
abdomen, which is dull white; the flanks slightly washed with 
brown; thighs ashy, as also the tinder tail-coverts, which are 
mottled with whitish edgings; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
light ashy brown, washed with grey; quills brown below, ashy 
brown along the edge of the inner web; " beak orange; legs dusky 
yellow; iris bright redJ? (E. Newton). Total length 8*8 inches, 
culmen 0*9, wing 4*1, tail 3*7, tarsus 0*75. 

The Madagascar Bulbul inhabits Madagascar and its islands 
(Mayotte &c), as well as those of the Comoro group (Grand Comoro, 
Johanna Island &c). 

a. $ ad. sk. Bay of Antouzil, N.E. It. B. Skarpe, Esq. 
Madagascar. 
b. Ad. sk. N. Madagascar (-4. CrossR. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
e. Ad. sk,
d, e. Ad, sk.
f. Ad. st.
g. Ad. sk,
ley). 
2s. Madagascar {A. Cross-
ley). 
Molkmbo, Madagascar. 
Mohilla, Comoro Islands. 
Mohilla, Comoro Islands. 
F. Godman & O. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
Mr. Gerrard [C], 
Dr. Kirk [C.l 
Dr. Kirk [C.J, 

TECELIIBJE. 

2. Ixoeiaela borbonica. 
Le Merle de lisle de Bourbon, Briss. Orn. ii, p, 293. pi. xxiv. fig. 3. 
Bourbon Thrush, Lath, Gen. Spi. ii. part 1, p. 73. 
Turdus borbonicus, Gm. Si/si, Xai. i. p. 621. 
Hypsipetes borbonica, Mil ty Poll. Faun. Madaq. p. 97; A. Xewfuu, 


"Ibis, 1876, p. 284; Gray, Sand-l B. i. p. 273, no, 31*04= : BariL 
Yog. Madag. pp. 140,409; A. Xtwtoti, in Rowleys Orn. Mi>c. ii. 

p. 50; pi. xliL tig. 2 (head). 
Adult General colour above uniform dart olive-green, somewhat" 
washed with grey on the hinder neck; lew?r wimr-eoverts like the 
back; median and greater coverts and quill- dark brown, «dijitly 
washed with olive-green, more conspicuous on the ^e *ncdjri*;*>; 
rump somewhat washed with pale reddish brown: upper tail-
coverts dark olive-green, like the back; tail-feather* dark brown, 
slightly washed with olive on the outer webs, and with an appearance 
of bands, the shaft* whit Mi; on the L»re-> a ^f* irr-ely perceptible 
shade of grey: «dde« ot faee and eir-rm'irts, a- well a^> llie 
sides of the neck, throat, and breast, dark iron-trrey, in« linixitr to 
black at thebaic of the chin and l**\\er mandible, and In n* and 
there faintly tinged with olive; lower brea4 and flank*> <la-ky 
olive, the latter browner, as alio the thighs; centre ol ahdt men 
yellowish white; under tail-coverts brown, edged with yellowish 
white; under wing-coverts and axiliaries light brown ; quills a-hy 
brown below, greyish ash along the ml^e of the inner web ; " bill 
orange; feet brownish yellow, the elaw.s dusky; iris whitMi" 
(Uartlaub). Total length 9 inches, culmeu 0*9, wing 4*fi, tail 4*1, 
tarsus 0*95. 
The Bourbon Bulbul is confined to the island of Bourbon or 
Reunion. 


a. Ad. sk. Reunion, Purchased. 
3. Ixocincla oHvacea, 
Hypsipetes ganeesa h, Jard. 4* folhy, III. Orn. iii, pi. cxh iii. HH* 
SyJces). 

Hypsipetes olivacea, itd. op. n't. iv. uiew s»ri*M, t^xi to pi. ii.; 
"Gray, Gm. B. i. p. 20*; Bliffh, Cat. B. Mas. A*. &>*>. p. 20»i; 
Bp. Cbnsp. i. p. 201 ; Harfi. Faun. Maday. p. 44; E. Kent. lh\ 
IbOl, p. 271: SeM. § Poll, Faun. Madaq. p. fN ; 6Vv/i/, Hand-L B. 
I p. 273, no. 3995; llartl. T V/. Muday. pp. l3Hf 4(¥J; A* X* iti^i, 
in Rmvkifs Orn. Mine. ii. p. 51, pi. \lii. %, 3 f head). 

Ixocincla olivacea, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 575. 
Turdus atricilla; Cuu. 3£3. in Mtm* Paris; Pucker. Arch. Mas, vii. 

p. 340. 
Adult. General colour above ashy grey with a greennh glosn, 
the rump and upper tail-coverts somewhat washed with olive-
brown ; crown of head glossy black, base of forehead hoary grey; 
lores black; sides of face and throat hoary grey: .sides of neck 
and binder neck ashy grey; remainder of under surface of body 
dull ashy, the flanks earthy brown; lower abdomen and under 

5 . IXOCIKCLA. 
47 

tail-coverts yellowish white, the latter slightly mottled with brown 
"bases to the feathers; under wing-coverts light fawn-colour 
many of the feathers edged with white; quills below ashy, whitish 
along the inner web; upper wing-coverts ashy grey like the back, 

•the greater coverts brown, externally edged with ashy grey, the 
innermost entirely ashy grey ; primary-coverts rather darker brown, 
washed with ashy; quills dark brown, slightly edged with ashy, 
the secondaries more broadly washed with the same colour as the 
back on their outer webs ; tail-feathers brown, narrowly edged with 
the same colour as the back, the quills dark brown above, white 
below; "bill yellow, orange at the tips; feet pale; iris shining 
reddish yellow." Total length 10-5 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 5-5, 
tail 4*5, tarsus 1. 
The Mauritian Bulbul is confined to the island of Mauritius. 

a. Ad. sk. Mauritius. Sir E. Belcher [P.], 
b. Ad. sk. Mauritius. John Gould, Esq. 
c. Ad. sk. [Mauritius.] Zoological Society. 

4. Ixocincla crassirostris. 
Hvpsipetes crassirostris, E. Newt. P.Z.S. 1807, p. 834; id. Ibis, 

*lbr»7, p. 344 ; Gray, IIund-L B. i. p. 273, no. S0(J6; A. Newt, in 
Hoicki/s Orn. Misc. ii. p. 52, pi. xlii. figs. 4«, 4b; Ousted. Bull. 
Soe. Pftilom. (7) i. p. 101; Ilartl. Voy. Maday. pp. 137,409; Oustal 
Bull. Soc. PMlom. 1878, p. 172. 

Adult female (Praslin, Lantz). General colour above dark olive-
green, the upper surface somewhat mottled with the darker brown 
bases to the feathers; outer upper tail-coverts with pale yellowish 
margins; least wing-coverts like the back, the median and greater 
series brown, more or less distinctly washed with dull olive on the 
outer web : tail-feathers brown, edged along the inner web with dull 
white, which also extends a little way up the tip of the outer web; 
crown of head glossy black, forming a distinct cap; lores indistinctly 
washed with dull olive ; sides of face and sides of neck dull olive, 
extending on to the sides of the neck; the cheeks and chin rather 
darker, and mottled with dusky bases to the feathers; throat and 
"breast olive, shading off a little browner on the flanks; many of the 
feathers on the throat and breast tipped with a spot of olive-yellow; 
centre of the body yellowish white, as also the under tail-coverts, the 
latter with concealed brown bases ; thighs dingy brown, edged with 
pale yellow; under wing-coverts and axillaries yellowish white, 

slightly mottled with ashy-brown bases; quills ashy brown below, 
lighter ashy along the edge of the inner web ; '• bill •dull orange; 
feet diibky yellow, the claws black ; irides dusky red " (E. Neivton). 
Total length 9*3 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 4*95, tail 4, tarsus 1. 

(3Iu$. G. E. Shelley.) 
Immature. Has the quills externally pale reddish brown, and a 
good many of the feathers of the back of a dull reddish-brown colour. 

(Mas. G. E. Shelley.) 

TIJUTELITDJB. 

The Short-hilled Bulhul is found only in the Seychelles archipelago, 
where it occurs on the islands of Mahe, Silhouette, Praslin, 
and Marianne. 

a. Ad., 6. Juv. sk. Seychelles Islands. Rev. Canou Tristram, 
6. HEBOXUS. 
Type. 
Hemixus, Hodgs. J. A. 8, B. xiv. p. 572 H. flavala. 

Bill of Hemixusflavala, to show the great development of rictal briatles. 

Range. Himalayas, and Burmese countries to Tenasserim; 
Hainan. 

Tail of Hemixusflavala,to show ita nearly square form. 

Key to the Species, 

a. Bright yellow edgings to the wing-coverts and 
quills, giving a golden-yellow appearance to 
the outer aspect of the wings. 
a'. Back grey, as also the head; ear-coverts 
li^ht brown. 
a". Back dull iron-grey ; crown grey flavala, p. 40. 

6. HEillXUS. 
49 

b". 
Back brownish grey; crown blackish 

brown hildebrandti, p. 50. 
b'. Back warm brown; crown rich warm brown davisoni, p. 51. 
c'. Back chestnut, as also the ear-coverts; 


crown blackish brown 
castanonotus, p. 51. 

b. Xo bright yellow on the wings, which are 
scarcely lighter than the back. 
d'. No white streaks on the under surface cinereus, p. 52. 
e'. Under surface of body streaked with white. 
c". Chin, throat, and breast ashy, obscurely-
streaked with white malaccensis, p. 52. 

d". 
Throat whitish, washed with olive-
yellow ; fore neck and breast olive-green, 
broadly streaked with white virescens, p. 53. 

1. Hemixus flavala. 
Hemixus flavala, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pis. 190,191. 
fig. 2; id. in Grays Zool. Misc. p. 38; id. J.A.S. Beng. xiv. p. 572; 
Gray, Cat. Mamm.^c. Nepalpres. Hodgs., App.^. 154; Blgth, Cat. 

B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 207; Bp. Consp. i. p. 201; Horsf. $ Moore, 
Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. i. p. 250; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 80; Blgth, Ibis, 
1807, p. 7 ; Bulger, Ibis, 1869, p. 165; Godio.-Austen, J. A. S. B. 
xxxix. p. 100; Blgth, B. Barm. p. 133; Hume, Str. F. 1877, 
p. Ill; Anders. Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 657; Hume, Str, F. 
1879, p. 98 ; Scully, torn, tit p. 295. 
Ilemipus flavula, Gray, Cat. Mamm. fyc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 90. 
Pycnonotus ilavulus, Gray <§• Mitch. Gen. B. i. p. 2:37, pi. 59. 
Pycnonotus flavala, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 270. 

Head of Hethixusflavala, to show the pointed form of crest-plumes and 
the nuchal hairs. 

Adult. General colour slaty grey, the feathers with a concealed 
subterminal shade of brown (generally in worn specimens); lesser, 
median, and inner greater wing-coverts grey like the back, but a 
little darker; bastard-wing and primary-coverts and quills dark 
brown, the outer greater coverts and the secondaries externally 
olive-yellow, forming a longitudinal band down the wing, the primaries 
only slightly edged with dull yellow on the outer web; tail-
feathers dark brown, washed with olive-yellow near the base of the 
outer webs; head like the rest of the back, but crested, the feathers 
pointed; lores dusky; ear-coverts bronzy brown; feathers below the 
eye and cheeks black; throat, centre of the body, abdomen, and under 
tail-coverts white; chest and fore neck, as well as the sides of the 
body and thighs, ashy grey; under wing-coverts and axillaries 

VOL, VI. 
E 

mCELUDJB. 

white, the latter washed with yellow; quills dusky brown below, 
whitish along the inner web ; "bill black ; feet dubky?? (J. Scully); 
"irides dark brown" (Jerdon), "dark reddish brown" (Scully). 
Total length 7*2 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*85, tail 3-55, tarsus 0*75. 

In Lieut. Wardlaw Ramsay's collection are some specimens from 
the Khasia hills, procured by Mr. A. W. Chenneli, which appear to be 
in every way identical with Himalayan examples. The measurements 
of the sexes are as follows:— 

Total 
length. Culmen.
in. in. 
Wing. 
in. 
Tail. 
in. 
Tarsus. 
in. 
a. d1 . Khasia hills 8*0 0-8 3*S5 3-45 0-7 
b. $. » » • T-0 0*75 3*05 &35 u*7 
In plumage the sexes appear to be similar. 

The Brown-eared Bulbul inhabits the Himalaya** at a height of 
from 3000 to 4000 feet, from between Simla and llu^oorie eastwards 
to Bootan and apparently to the head cf the As<ain valley. 
It is also found in the Ivhasia hills, and the Ivakhyen liilK in Burmali. 

a7b. Ad.sk. X.AV. Himalayas. Capt Sttif-Mioiw Pimvill "IV. 
c-g. Ad. sk. Nepal. * B. II. lldi^m, Fw|. *J*.\ 
(Ty]»-< of -pec-it'*,) 

h. Acl.sk. Nepali^.II Horhjmn). India*Milwiim. 
i. Ad.sk. Bootan (Pemhertm). India Museum. 
Jc. Ad. sk. Khasia hills, Nov. 1878 Lieut. R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay. 
(A. W%Chennell). 
1. Ad. sk. Ponsee, Ivakhyen hills, Dr. X Anderson ~C.~. 
April 1808.* 
2. Hernials Mldebrandti 
Hemixus hildebrandi, Hume, Sir. F. 1874, p. »J08; Waltkn, in BlyiK* 
B.Burm. p. IBS; Hume, Sir. F 1877, p.Ill * id. Sin F. 1879, p" 98. 
Hemixus brunneiceps, Walden. 
Adult female (type of Hemixus brunneiceps, TTalden : Karen hills, 
2000 feet, Jan. 10, 1875 ; R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay). General colour 
above dark ashy grey, washed with brown on the back; upper tail-
coverts and tail brown, the feathers edged with doll olive-yellow, the 
tail-feathers white along the inner web; wing-coverts blackish 
brown, the median series slisrhtly, the greater coverts and quills 
broadly margined externally with yellow, imparting a yellow aspect 
to the wing, the primaries hoary grey towards the ends of the outer 
webs; crown of head and nape blackish brown ; lores, feathers below 
the eye, and the fore part of the cheeks black; the hinder part of the 
cheeks grey like the sides of the neck; ear-coverts light earthy brown, 
with an ashy-brown lustre, contrasting with the adjacent parts; 
throat white, as also the abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts; 
fore neck, breast, and sides of body ashy grey; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries white, faintly washed with yellow ; quills dusky brown 
below, white along the inner webs ; " bill black ; legs light brown 
or pinkish brown,* iris lake or lake-brown " (R. G. Wardlaw Rummy, 
MS.). Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*9, tail 3'05, 
tarsus 0*6. (Mus. Wardlaw Ramsay.) 

6, HEMIXUS. 51 

Adult male. Like the female in colour. Total length. 8*5 inches, 
culmen 0*8, wing 4, tail 3*7, tarsus 0-65. {Mas. Wardlaw Ramsay.) 

Obs. M>. Hume states that Hemixus brunneiceps of Lord Walden 
is his H. hildehranti; and this appears indubitable; but it is equally 
unfortunate that the description of the former gentleman should give 
the head as " black," while Lord Wal den's title implies that it is 
brown. As a matter of fact it is neither really black nor really brown, 
but is blackish brown in tint. 

Hildebrandt's Brown-eared Bulbul occurs through the hills of 
Northern Tenasserim, from the Karen hills north of Tonghoo to 
close to Pahpoon. 

3. Hemixus davisoni. 
Hemixus davisoni, Hwne, St?\ F. 1877, p. Ill; Hume 8f Davis. Str. 
F. 1878, p. 299; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 98. 
The lores, feathers at base of lower mandible, under the eye, and 
under rather more than half the ear-coverts deep brown, almost black, 
but not so black as in H.flamla and H. liildebrandti; ear-coverts 
very pale satiny brown, a shade paler than in the other two species, 
I think; entire cap, back, wings, and tail a most beautiful rich full 
brown, deepest on head and mantle, slightly paler on nape, and with 
a decided grey tinge on the rump, forming a well-defined rump-band; 
the winglet and first six primaries and their greater coverts and the 
tail-feathers without a trace of any yellow margin; the later primaries, 
secondaries, and tertiaries, and their greater coverts narrowly 
margined with bright olive-yellow; these margins are about one third 
of the width of those on the wing of H. fiavala^ and one half the 
width of those of II. liildebrandti, giving even the closed wing a very 
different appearance. Chin, and throat pure white, very conspicuously 
limited by the dark streak on either side, more so than in the other 
two species, the streak being somewhat longer; sides of neck, behind 
ear-coverts, upper breast, sides, and flanks a delicate ash-grey, rather 
a different shade to that of the other two species ; middle of lower 
breast, abdomen, vent, and lower tail-coverts white, with a more or 
less faint ashy shade, chiefly in streaks and patches; wing-lining 
white, with a faint yellow tinge near the carpal joinf, as in the other 
two species. Bill and claws black; legs and feet reddish brown; irides 
crimson-lake. Length 8-5 inches, bill from gape 0*95, wing 4-04, 
tail 3-6, tarsus 0*6. (Hume.) 

Davison's Brown-eared Bulbul is known at present only from the 
Central-Tenasserim hill-regions. 

4. Hemixus castanonotus. 
Hemixus castanonotus, SwinAoe, Ibis, 1870, £. 251, pi. ix. fig. 1 * id. 
P. 2. &. 1871, p. 369 ; David § Oustakt, Ok. Chine, p. 143. 
Adult. G-eneral colour above dull chestnut-red, the upper tail-
coverts brown, edged with dusky olive; tail-feathers also brown, 
margined with dusky olive near the base of the feathers; least and 

E % 

 TI3IELIID-E. 

median wing-coverts dnll reddish brown ; greater coverts and quills 

dark brown, margined with yellowish olive, except on the primaries, 

which are edged with greyish white ; crown of head blackish brown, 

faintly tinged with reddish; forehead, cheeks, and region of the 

eye dull chestnut; ear-coverts brighter chestnut; throat and centre 

of the body white, including the thighs and under tail-coverts ; 

fore neck and chest ashy grey, slightly washed with brown ; sides 

of body also ashy grey, faintly washed with olive ; under wing-

coverts white, washed with yellow, the axillaries more strongly 

tinged with yellow ; quills ashy brown below, whitish along the 

edge of the inner web; " bill black ; legs and claws brown ; iris 

blood-chestnut" (B. Swirihoe). Total length 8*1 inches, culmen 

0*9, wing 4*15, tail 3*75, tarsus 0*75. 

The Chestnut-backed JBulbul is confined to the island of Hainan. 

a, Ad. sk. Hainan, Feb. 18G8. R. Swinkoe, Esq. [C.]. 

5. Hetnixus cinereus. (Plate II.) 
Iole cinerea, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. S73 (ex A. Hay, MS.) ; id. 
Cat, B, Mus. As. Soc. p. 339. 
Trickophorus pulverulentus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 202 (ex Midler, MS. 

in Mus. Lugd.)*. 
Hemixus cinerea, Blyth, Ibis, 18(57, p. 7. 
Criniger pulverulentus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 275, no. 4047. 
Iole temcolor, Hume, Str. F 1878, vol. vii. pp. 141, 401 ; id. Sfr. F. 

1879, p. 02. 

Adult female. General colour above dark ashy brown, the head 
much greyer than the back, the feathers being pointed with ashy 
margins • wing-coverts and quills brown, edged with the same ashy 
grey as the back; tail-feathers brown, with ashy-grey margins; 
ear-coverts pale brown, as also the hinder part of the cheeks; lores 
and foro part of cheeks dusky blackish ; throat white, as also the 
centre of the body, abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts ; fore 
neck, breast, and sides of body light ashy brown; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white, slightly tinged with yellow ; quills 

dark brown below, whitish along the inner web ; " bill black ; feet 
dusky; iris red" (A. R. Wallace, MS.). Total length 7*5 inches, 
culmen 0*8, wing 3*8, tail 3*4. tarsus 0*65. 

The Cinereous Bulbul appears to be a rare bird even in Malacca 
and Sumatra, where alone the bird is known from at present. 

a. Ad. sk. Sumatra. 
Purchased. 
I. 
J ad.sk. Mount Ophir, Malacca, A. R. Wallace, Esq. fC l 
2000 feet. 
6. Hemixus malaccensis. 
Hypsipetes 
malaccensis, Blyih, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 574, xv. p. 51 ; 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 238; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 207 : 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 261 • Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 280; Horsf. $ 

* Type examined in the Leiden Museum. 
6. Hiatixus. 
53 

Moore, Cat. B. Mvs. JS.I. Co. i. p. 256; Gray, HancU. B. i. 

p. 272,no. 3985; Sahacl Ucc. Bom. p. 202; Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, 
p. 13; Hume, Sir. F. 1678, p. 208; Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 256; 
Sahad. Ann. Mus, Civic. Genov. xiv.p. 221 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, 
p. 98. r ' 
Trichophorus striolatus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 202 (ex Mull MS. in Mus. 
Lvgd.) *. 

Adult funfile (Malacca: "Wallace). General colour above olive-
green, the wing-coverts like the back; primary and greater coverts, 
as well as the quills, dark brown, edged with the olive-green of the 
back : tail-feathers brown, margined with olive-green; sides of 
neck like the back; lores and feathers round the eye ashy grey; 
ear-coverts olive-green, streaked with dusky whitish: cheeks and 
under surface of body ashy, slightly washed with olive-green, and 
very distinctly streaked with white down the centre of the feathers; 
centre of abdomen and under tail-coverts white, the latter slightly 
tinged with yellow ; the flanks and thighs washed with olive-brown; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries pale yellow; quills brown below, 
ashy white along the inner web. "Legs and feet pinkish brown to 
reddish brown; bill horny brown or very dark horny brown; iu 
one the upper mandible was black, the lower reddish horny ; hides 
mahogany-brown to litharge red" (A. 0. Hume). Total length 8*5 
inches, culmen O-Oo, wing 4*1, tail '3-G, tarsus 0*75. 

The Streaked Bulbul ranges from the hills south of Mergui in 
Teiia»serini southwards to the Mala\an peninsula, Sumatra, and 
Borneo. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Malacca (Dr. Cantor). India Museum. 

e. 2 ad. sk. Malacca. A. B. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
d7 e. Ad. >k. Lumbklan. Hugh Low, Esq. [u.J. 
f. 2 ad. bk. Bintulu, W. Borneo. Alfred Everett, Esq. [C.]. 
7. Hemixus wescens. 
Ixos vire^cens, Temm. PI Col ii. pi. 382. fig. L 
Microglia vire^cens, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 235. 
Brachypus virescens, Bp. Consp. L p. 204. 
Hvpsipetes virescens, Horsf. $• Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E,L Co. i. 


p. 2o6 ; Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 272, no. 3984. 
Cnniger virescens, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 275, no. 4051. 
Adult female. Bright olive-greenish above, wing-coverts and outer 
edges of quills rather darker olive-green than the back, the inner 
secondaries almost entirely dull olive-green; tail-feathers blackish 
brown, margined with a "shade of oiivo, the outer feathers tipped 
with whitish on the inner web, and for a little distance along the 
latter; head and nape ashy grey, slightly tinged with olive; lores, 
eyelid, and a faintly indicated * eyebrow ashy whitish ; ear-coverts 
dusky brown, plainly streaked with dull white ; cheeks whitish, 
streaked with dusky olive, with which the feathers are edged; throat 
dull white, slightly washed with olive ; fore neck and breast white, 

* Type examined in the Leiden Museum. 
TIMELIID3:, 

the feathers edged with olive-green, producing a streaked appearance, 
the flanks also streaked in the same manner; lower ahdomen, 
vent, and nnder tail-coverts pale yellow, white in the centre of the 
feathers; nnder wing-coverts and axillaries bright yellow; quills 
dusky brown below, yellow along the inner web ; " iris dark red w 

(H. 0. Forbes). Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 3-35, 
tail 3*35, tarsus D*7. 
The Javan Streaked Bulbul appears to be confined to the island 

of Java. 
a. Ad. sk. West Java. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.l 
b. 9 ad. sk. West Java. A. R. TV allace, Esq. C.^. 
e. Q ad. sk. Kosala,Bantam,Aug.5,1879 F. Nicholson, Esq. [P.]. 
{H. 0. Forbes). 

7. IOLE. 
Type. 
Iole, Blyth, J? A. 8. B. xiii. p. 380 (3844) I- olivacea. 

Tail of Iole olivacea, to show its rounded form. 

Range. From Aracan through the Burmese countries and Malayan 
peninsula, to Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and the Philippine Islands. 

Key to the Sjiecies. 

a. Under surface without longitudinal white streaks. 
a'. Throat olive-yellow. 
a". Head and back olive-brown of about the 
same shade, as also the upper tail-coverts 
and tail; wings externally brown olivacea, p. 55. 

b". Back dull olive-green, contrasting with the 
head, which is browner; upper tail-coverts 
and tail more reddish brown than the back; 
wings externally olive-greenish m'ridescens, p. 56. 

V. 
Throat rafescent or deep rufous. 
c". Abdomen yellow everetti, p. 57. 
d". Abdomen white, slightly washed with olive-
yellow 
rufigulartSy p. 57, 

7. IOLE. 56 
b. Under surface of body particoloured, streaked with 
white. 
c'. Throat and chin rufous, streaked with white .. phUippensis, p. 58. 
d'. Chin and upper throat dusky, streaked with 

white; fore neck and breast brown or rufous, 
streaked with white. 
e". Olive-green above. 
a'". Ear-coverts rufous, like the breast and 
under surface generally macclellandi, p. 59. 

b'". Ear-coverts light rufescent brown, with 
whitish shaft-lines; breast very pale 
ashy brown, streaked with whitish shaft-
lines ; abdomen white tickelli, p. 60. 

f'. Ashy brown above holti, p. 61. 

Head of Iole viridescens, to show the pointed form of the feathers. 

1. Iole olivacea, 
Iole olivacea, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 386, xiv. p. 573; id. Cat. B. 
Mm. As. Soc. p. 207; Bp. Consp. i. p. 261; Jiorsf. & Moore, Cat. 

B. Mm. B.I. Co. i. p. 254; Saknd. Ucc. Born. p. 210 5 Sharpe, 
Ibis, 1876, p. 40; Ticeedd. His, 1877, p. 307. 
Criniger, sp., Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 236, sp. 10. 
Criniger eharlottae, Fi?isch, J. f. O. 1867, p. 19; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. 

p. 274, no. 4033; Giebel, The*. Orn. i. p. 811. 
Trichophorus brunnescens, S. Mull, in Mus. Lugd.*; Finsch, t, c. 
p. 19; Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 170. 
Criniger olivaceus, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 275, no. 4048 {nee Stoains.). 
Adult male. General. colour above olive-brown, the wing-coverts 
like the back, the greater coverts brown, edged with the same olive-
brown as the back ; quills dark brown, externally olive-brown, the 
inner secondaries almost entirely of the latter colour; upper tail-
coverts and tail clear brown, the feathers being edged with olive-
brown ; head rather clearer brown than the back, the feathers 
pointed; lores and feathers round the eye pale olive-yellowish; 
ear-coverts light olive-brown, a shade of which colour also pervades 
the sides of the head; cheeks pale brown, washed with olive; throat, 
centre of body, and abdomen pale yellowish white; fore neck, 
breast, sides of body, and thighs olive-greenish, the centre of the 
chest washed with yellow ; under tail-coverts pale ochraceous buff, 
light brown in the centre of the feathers ; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries pale yellow ; quills brown below, ashy fulvous along the 
inner web, rufescent on the inner edge of the secondaries; " bill 

* Type examined in the Leiden Museum. 
TIMELIIDiE. 

black, the mandible dirty leaden ; legs light warm brown; iris 
white" {Alfred Everett). Total length 7*2 inches, culnien 0*85, 
wing 3*5, tail 3, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. A little smaller than the male, but similar in 
colour ; " bill black ; legs bluish slate-colour; iris brown " (R. G. 
Wardlaw Ramsay, MS.). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*75, 
wing 3*15, tail 2-9, tarsus 07. 

Young. Differs from the adult in being more rufous, especially 
on the wings, tail, and under tail-coverts, and in being more yellow 
underneath. 

The Olive Bulbul occurs in the Malayan peninsula, Java, Sumatra, 
and Borneo. It has not yet been met with in Tenasserim. 

In the British Museum is a specimen collected in the Philippine 
Islands by Mr. Cuming, which is either this species or a closely allied 
one ; but the colouring of the feathers has so faded from exposure 
to the light that I cannot determine the bird for certain. 

a. Ad. sk. Malacca. India Museum. 
b. Ad. sk.
c. c? ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk.
e. § ad.:/. § juv.sk.
q. $ ad.sk. 
Malacca. 
Malacca. 
Malacca. 
Sarawak, Borneo. 
Jambusan, Sept. 13,1874. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.l 
A. JR. Wallace, Esq. [C.J. 
Eyton Collection. 
A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.l 
Alfred Everett, Esq. [C.J. 
h. 2 ad. sk. Sarawak, Dec. 1878. Henry Everett, Esq. [C.l. 
i} k. 6 ? ad. sk» Paku, Sarawak, Dec.
1878. 
Hemv Everett, Esq. [C.J. 

2. Iole viridescens. 
lole virescens (nee Temm.), Blyth, J. A. S. JBeng. xiv. p. 573; id. Cat 
B. Mas. As. Sac. p. 207; Bp. Consp. i. p. 261; Morsf. $ Moore, 
Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. i. p. 254. 
Iole viridescens, Bh/th, Ibis, 1867, p. 7; id. # Wald. B. Burm. 

p. 133 ; Hume § Eavison, Sir. F. 1878, pp. 315, 515; Hume, Sir. 
F. 1879, p. 98. 
Criniger viridescens, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 275, no. 4049. 
Adidt male. General colour above dull olive; wing-coverts like 
the back; quills dark brown, externally a little brighter olive; 
upper tail-coverts and tail more rufescent brown, the latter with 
indistinct olive margins ; head browner than the back, the feathers 
pointed; lores and an indistinct eyebrow olive-yellow ; ear-coverts 
darker olive; cheeks and throat dull yellow, with a slight tinge of 
olive; fore neck, breast, and sides of body olivaceous, the centre of 
the body and abdomen pale yellow; thighs and under tail-coverts 
fawn-brown; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale yellow; 
quills dusky brown below, buffy whitish along the inner web. 
" Legs and feet pale pinkish brown or reddish fleshy, but the feet 
slightly darker than the tarsi; upper mandible pale reddish horny 
to dark horny brown; lower mandible pale fleshy brown to pale 
bluish pink or dirty plumbeous blue; eyelids dark blackish grey; 
irides excessively variable, probably according to age, dark slaty, 

7. IOLE. 
clear grey, salmon-pink, pale golden brown" (Hume). Total 
length 6-2 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3-05, tail 2-8, tarsus 0*65. 

Young female. Differs from the adult in the mixture of reddish 
feathers on the back, and especially on the wings, the wing-coverts, 
quills, and tail-feathers being margined with rust-colour; under 
tail-coverts more rusty than in the adults. 

Mr. Hume gives the following measurements:—"Length 6-87-
25 inches, tail 2*62-3*25, wing 3-3*25, tarsus 0-62-0-68, culmen 
0-7~0-S/' 

The Small Olive Bulbul ranges from Aracan and the Khasia and 
Tipperah hills, through Burmah to the Tenasserim provinces. 

a. Ad. sk. Aracan. India Museum. 
b. Ad. sk Tonghoo. Lieut. E. G. Wardlaw 
c. J ad. sk.
cL Ad. sk.
e. $ ad. sk. 
Karen hills, Jan. 8; 1875(JR. G. W. JR.). 
Tenasserim (Dr. Heifer). 
Malewoon, Tenasserim,
Jan. 15, 1875 (W. DaKamsay. 
Lieut. E. G. Wardlaw 
Bamsay. 
India Museum. 
A. O. Hume, Esq. 
f $ juv.sk.
vison). 
Foot of Mwakbo, BritishBurmah, April 5, 1878 
(IV. Davison). 
A, O. Hume, Esq. 
3. Iole everetti. 

Criniger everetti, Twctdd. Ann. $• Jtfaq. Kat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 535 • 
id. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 827, pi. lxxxiv., et 1878, p. 110. 

Advlt male. General colour above dull olive-yellow, the feathers 
of the head a little brighter and pointed; wing-coverts like the 
back ; quills dusky brown, externally olive-yellow, with a narrow 
outer margin of brighter yellow; tail-feathers olive, narrowly 
edged externally with olive-yellow; lores and sides of face pale rufescent 
brown, the ring round the eye olive-yellow, as also the base 
of the cheeks, the lores likewise washed with the same colour • 
throat and fore neck light mfescenfc brown, the chin yellow; 
remainder of the under surface pale bright yellow, slightly rufesccnt 
on the chest, the flanks washed with olive * under wing-coverts 
and axillaries bright yellow; quills dusky brown below, yellow 
along the inner web; "bill black, mandible greyish; legs grey, 
claws dark grey; iris dark burnt sienna-brown?> (A. Everett), 
Total length 9*9 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 4*5, tail 3*9, tarsus 0 85. 

Everett's Bulbul, as far as is yet known, inhabits the islands of 
Mindanao and Dinagat, in the Philippine archipelago. 

a. 6 ad. sk. Surigao, May 1877. Alfred Everett, Esq, [C], 
4. Iole rufigularis. (Plate III.) 
ufigularis n

Hypsipetes rufigularis.
.. Sharpe, 
Sharpe,Sharpe, Trans. 
Trans.Trans. Linn. 
Linn.Linn. Soc. 
Soc.Soc. new series, ZooL i. 
oeedd. ,., ,

p. 335; Tweedd. P.Z. 
P.Z.P.Z. S. 
S.S. 1877 
18771877, p 
pp. 546 
546546, e 
eet
tt 1878 
18781878, p 
pp. 949. 
Adult male (type of species). General colour above olivaceous 
 TIMELIIM. 

brown, with slight greyish margins to the feathers; wings resem


bling the back, some of the outer median coverts tipped with 

fulvous ; quills brown externally, margined with olivaceous ; upper 

tail-coverts ashy brown; tail-feathers dark brown, very narrowly 

margined on the outer web with olivaceous ; head dark ashy grey, 

the feathers brown in the centre and lanceolate, with ashy-grey 

margins; lores, feathers over the eye, and sides of face dull brown, 

the feathers at the base of the lower mandible ochraceous ; entire 

throat dull tawny rufous, browner on the jugular region ; rest of 

under surface white, the feathers slightly edged with pale yellow, 

producing a streaked appearance, the flanks washed with brown ; 

under wing-coverts white, slightly washed with yellow ; bill and legs 

blackish brown; iris chercy-red. Total length 9*8 inches, culmen 

1-1, wing 4-45, tail 4-25, tarsus 0-85. {Coll. J. B. Steere.) 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but a little duller. 
Total length 8*7 inches, culmen 1, wing 4*5, tail 4, tarsus 0*8. 
The Eufous-throated JBulbul has, as yet, only heen met with in 
the islands of Mindanao and Malamaui, in the Philippine archipelago. 

a. Ad. sk. Malamaui Island, Philippine ar- Prof. J. B. Steere [0.]. 
chipelago. 
h, e. <$, d. J Pasananca, prov. of Zamboanga, Voyage of H.M.S. 
ad.sk. Mindanao (J. Murray). ' Challenger.' 

5. Iole philippensis. 
La petite Grive des Philippines, Month. Hist. Kat. Ois. iii. p. 316. 
Philippine Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. part 1, p. 38. 
Turdus philippensis, Gm. Syst. Nat> i. p» 814 (ex Month.). 
Galgulus philippensis, Kittl. Kupf. Toy. p. 8, Ta£ 12. fig. 2. 
Hypsipetes philippensis, StricTd. Ann. Kat. Hist xiii. p. 413; Gray, 


Gen. B> i. p. 238; Bp. Consp. i. p. 261 • von Martens, J.f. 0.1866, 

p. 13 • Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 192; Sharpe, Trans. Linn. 
Soc. new series, Zool. i. p. 335; Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 546. 696, 
761, 827, et 1878, pp. 285, 342, 381. 
Philedon gularis, Cuv.Mus. Paris; Pucher. Arch.Mus. Tii.p.344,pl. 18, 

Microscelis philippensis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 235; Bp. Consp. i. p. 263; 

von Martens, J. f. 0. 1866, p. 13; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 268. 

no. 3917. 

Hypsipetes gularis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 272, no. 3992. 

Adult male. Above olivaceous brown, more olivaceous on the 
upper tail-coverts ; wings dark brown, with slight olivaceous edgings 
to the wing-coverts and quills; upper tail-ooverts and tail dark 
brown, the latter narrowly edged with olivaceous ; head dark ashy 
grey, the feathers lanceolate, with dark brown centres ; lores, feathers 
over the eye, and sides of face rufous-rbrown, mesially streaked with 
tiny lines of rufous-buff; throat tawny'rufous, with a narrow shaft-
streak of white; the rest of the under surface white, strongly washed 
with olive-greenish, all the feathers with white shafts, the sides of 
the body uniform olive-brown; thighs dull white, washed with yellow, 
and brown at the base ; under tail-coverts white, with a slight yellowish 
wash; axillaries white, washed with yellow, the under wing^ 

7. IOIE. 59 
coverts pale rufous-brown; bill and legs blackish brown; iris reddish 
hazel: "bill black; legs dark sepia-brown; iris burnt sienna-
brown " (A. Everett). Total length 9 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 4, 
tail 3*9, tarsus 0*85. 

Adult female (San Mateo, Feb. 1877; A. Everett). Similar to the 
male in plumage, but rather smaller. " Soft parts as in male, excepting 
the legs, which are dark plumbeous " (A, Everett), Total 
length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 3*55, tail 3-4, tarsus 0*75. 
{Coll. E. G. Wanllaiv Ramsay.) 

The Philippine Streaked Bulbul appears to be widely spread over 
the islands of the Philippine archipelago, where it has been procured 
in Luzon, Guimaras, Zebu, jSTegros, Leyte, Panaon, and Mindanao. 

a. Ad. sk. Philippine Islands. Baron Laugier de Chartrouse. 
b. (S ad. sk. Luzon (Br. A. B. Meyer). Lieut. R. G. "Wardlaw Ramsay, 
c. $ ad. sk. Zebu (J. Murray). Voyage of H.M.S. 'Challenger.' 

6. lole macclellandi 
Hypsipetes maclellandi, Horsf. PZ. S. 1839, p. 159; Blyth, J. A. S. 
Benq. xi. p. 18G, xiv. p. 574; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 238; Blyth, Cat. 

B. Mm. As. Soe. p. 207 ; Bp. Consp. I p. 201 ; Horsf. 8f Moore, Cat. 
B. Mm. E.I, Co. i. p, 2f5G; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 79; Gray^ Hand-l. 
B. I p. 272, no. 3082 ; Godio.-Amt. J. A. S. B. xxxix. 1870, p. 106 j 
Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 281; Bh/th 8? Wald. B. Burm. 
p. 133 fpt.J ; Hume, Str. F. 1878, p. 208,1879, p. 98; Scully, Str. 
. i^. 1879, p. 294. 
Hypsipetes viridis, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pis. 193, 
*194< fig. 1; id. in Grays Zool. Misc.. p. 83; Gray, Cat. Mamm. §*c. 
Nepal pres. Hodgson, p. 88. 

Adult (type of species). General colour aboye dull olive-green,. 
with faintly indicated light shaft-stripes; wing-coverts like the back -f 
quills blackish, externally olive-green like the back, the inner secondaries 
being entirely of the same colour as the latter; tail-feathers 
olive-green, the shafts blackish above, yellow below; crown of head 
brown, the feathers pointed, so as to form a crest, the shafts conepicuously 
huffy white; lores, feathers around and below the eye, 
cheeks, and throat dull white, the feathers lanceolate and mottled, 
with greyish bases; ear-coverts light chestnut, extending onto the 
sides of the neck; lower throat and breast light chestnut or cinnamon, 
fading off paler on the belly, the flanks washed with olive; all the 
feathers of the lower throat and breast striped with mesial shaft-
lines of white; thighs and under tail-coverts olive-yellow; under 
wing-coverts olive-yellow, the axillaries with a saffron tint; quills 
brown below, yellowish buff along the inner webs; " bill blackish 
brown, lower mandible livid grey, horny below; feet fleshy brown ; 
claws brown, horny; irides brownish red or dark red" (J. Scully). 
Total length 9 inches, culmen 1, wing 4-3, tail 4*3, tarsus 0-8. 

Young male. Rather duller than the adult, and washed with rufous 
on the scapulars, wing-coverts, and upper tail-coverts ; under surface 
of body light chestnut, the abdomen whitish, washed with dingy 

TIMELIIDJE. 

olive-yellow; lores, chin, and a moustachial line on each side of the 
throat dull white, mottled with grey bases. 

The Rufous-bellied Bulbul inhabits the hill-ranges of the Himalayas, 
ranging eastwards into Assam, the Xhasia, Aracan, and 
Tipperah hills. 

a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk. 
Assam (McClelland). 
Bootau (Pemberton). 
India Museum.
cies.) 
India Museum. 
(Type of spec-
e. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
(Types of Jaypsipetes viridis.) 
f. Ad. sk.
g-i. Ad. sk.
k, I. Ad. sk.
m. £ juv. sk. 
Nepal. 
Nepal (B. H. Hodgson). 
N.W. Himalayas. 
N.W. Himalayas. 
B. H. Hodgson, Es^. [P.], 
India Museum. 
Capt. Staekhouse rinwiii 
Capt. Staekhouse Pin will [P.J. 

7. Iole tickelli 
Hypsipetes tickelli, Bli/th, J. A. S. Beng. xxiv. p. 275 ; Gray, Hand-L 
B. i. p. 272, no. 3988; Blyth $ Wald. B. Burm. p. 133; Hume, 
Str. F. 1878, p. 296, 1879, p. 98. 
Adxdt male. General colour above olive-green, a little duller on 
the mantle, which has indistinct pale shaft-lines to the feathers ; 
wing-coverts like the back, the quills blackish brown, externally 
olive-yellow, a little brighter than the back; tail-feathers olive-
yellow ; head and nape earthy brown, streaked with narrow shaft-
lines of dull white ; lores and feathers below the eye hoar}* white ; 
ear-coverts pale brownish red, streaked with white shaft-lines, the 
hinder cheeks resembling the ear-coverts; throat ashy, broadly 
streaked with white, the feathers being white with ashy margins ; 
abdomen and centre of body white; fore neck and breast pale 
earthy brown, with white shaft-lines to the feathers; sides of body 
and thighs faintly washed with olive ; under tail-coverts pale olive-
yellow ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale yellow ; quills olive-
brown below, yellowish buff along the inner webs; " bill and legs 
dark brown ; iris brown" (Wardlaw Ramsay* MS.). Total length 
8-5 inches, culmen 0*95, wing 3*95, tail 3*8, tarsus 0*05. (Mus. R. 

G. Wardlaw 
Ramsay.) 
Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 8*5 
inches, culmen 0*95, wing 3*95, tail 4, tarsus 0*65. 
Mr. Hume, describing a series from Tenasserim, writes as follows 
:—" The colours of the soft pjarts varied a good deal in different 
specimens : legs and feet fleshy pink, dark fleshy pink, light purplish 
brown, pale pinkish brown, or pale reddish brown ; bill black, horny 
black, or dark horny brown; irides wood-brown, deep red-brown, 
light red, or crimson." (Stray Feathers, 1878, p. 297.) 
TickelTs Bulbul replaces the foregoing species in the Burmese and 
Tenasserim hills, ranging as far south as Tavoy. 

a. 3 ad. sk. Karen Nee, 3600 feet, March 11, Lieut. R. G. Wardlaw 
1874 (R. G. W. JR.). Ramsay. 
b. g ad. sk. Karen Nee, 4000 feet, March 13, Lieut. R.*G. Wardlaw 
1874 (12. G. W. R.). Ramsay. 
8. PINAEOCTCHLA. 
8. Iole holti. 
Hjpsipetes holti, Sicinhoe, Ibis, 1861, pp. 26G, 409 j id. P. Z. S. 1863, 
p. 277. 
Hjpsipetes holki, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 272, no. 3990 (lapsu). 
Hjpsipetes rnaclellandi (nee Ilorsf.), Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 369 j 
David § Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 135. 

Adult male (Pili-ling Hills, near Poochow, May 29, 1857; R. 
Swinhoe : type of species). General colour above ashy brown, with 
lighter brown shaft-streaks to the feathers; scapulars like the back; 
wings olive-green, contrasting with the back, the quills dusky brown, 
externally olive-green, the secondaries entirely of the latter colour; 
upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers olive-green, the shafts of the 
latter reddish brown above, yellow beneath; head chestnut-brown, 
the feathers lanceolate in shape, with dull whitish shaft-streaks ; 
ear-coverts light cinnamon-red; cheeks and lores, as well as the 
throat, dull white, the feathers lanceolate in shape, and mottled 
with light ashy "bases ; fore neck light rufous, with pale centres to 
the feathers, fading into buff on the rest of the under surface, the 
sides being ashy brown slightly tinged with rufous, the thighs more 
distinctly rufescent; under tail-coverts olive-yellow ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries reddish buff; quills brown below, olive-yellow 
along the inner webs ; " bill blackish brown; legs and claws brown" 

(Swinhoe). Total length 8 inches, culmen 1, wing 4*1, tail 3*95, 

tarsus 0*65. (Mas. II. Seebohm.) 

Holt's Eulbul replaces the Rufous-bellied Bulbul, with which it 
has been erroneously united, in the Pin-ling hills, near Foochow. 
The type specimen still remains the only one known. 

8. PIKAROCICHLA *. T 
Type. 
PEuptilosus, Reicherib. Syst.Av. pi. 54. fig. 13 (1857) ? P. euptilosa. 

Head of Pinarocichla euptilosa, to show peculiar crest. 

Range. Malacca, Java, Sumatra, and Borneo. 

* There can he little doubt that Reichenbach's generic name Euptilosus is 
founded on the Brachypus eupfdosiis, and the species might therefore be called 
Euptilosus tristis (Blyth). I consider, however, that a protest should be made 
against the adoption of specific names as genera ; and when, as in the present 
instance, the bird is well characterized and named by the original describers, 
the specific name first given should on no account be set aside. If Reichen
TIMELIIDJa. 

1. Pinarocichla euptilosa. 
Brachypus euptilosus, Jard. $ Selby, III. Orn. iv. (new ser.) pi. iii. ; 
Ticeedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 306; Sal cad. Ann. Mm. Civic. Genov. xiy. 

p. 219, 
Brachypus entvlotus, Eyton, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 103. 
Ixus tympanistrigus *, S. Mull. Tidschr. Xederl. Indie, 1835, p. 353. 
Brachvpodius euptilosus, Blyth. J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 570. 
Brachypodius tristis, Blyth, J. A. S. B.xiv, p.^577. 
Pycnonotus euptilosus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. L'37. 
Brachypus entilosus, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 339. 
Brachvpus tympanistrigus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 204. 
Microtarsus "canton, Moore, P. Z. $. 1854, p. 279 ; id. in Hon/. <$• 
Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. i. App.p. 409. 
Trichopliorus susanii, Bp. Kates Coll. JDelattrc, in Compter Rendu*, 

1854, p. 59 (nee MM. in Mas. Lngd.) f. 
Pycnonotus susanii, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 270. no. .'5945. 
Pycnonotus euptilosus. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 271, no. 3959. 
Criniger susanii, Giebel, Orn. T/ies. p. 813: Salcad. I'ce. Bom. p. 207. 
Poliolophus euptilosus, Salvad. Ann. Mm. Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 219. 
Criniger tristis, Hume $ Davison, Sir. F. 1878, p. 303. 
Euptilosus euptilosus, Hume, Sir. F. 1*^79, p. 02. 

Adult male. General colour above brown, washed with olive on 
the mantle and scapulars; wing-coverts reddish brown, the le ist 
scries washed with olive; quills dark brown, externally reddish 
brown; lower back covered with dense pinnies, which are black 
with brown ends, producing a somewhat mottled appearance; on 
each side of the rump a large tuft of long feathers springing from 
the sides of the back, black with pale yellow ends ; upper tail-coverta 
rufous-brown; tail slightly darker rufous-brown, all but the four 
centre feathers tipped with white; crown of head dark greyish 
brown, deeper on the occiput, where there is a short crest; lores 
and feathers round the eye dusky ash-colour ; ear-coverts light ashy 
brown ; cheeks ashy whitish; throat dull white; fore neck, chest, 
and sides of body very pale ashy grey, the flanks rather browner ; 

centre of the body, abdomen, vent, thighs, and under tail-coverts 
yellowish white, the latter slightly tinged with brown ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries yellowish white, the edge of the wing pale 
yellow ; quills dusky brown below, pale ashy fulvous along the edge 
of the inner web; bill black (Wallace), dark brown (A. Everett); 
feet lead-colour ( Wallace), brown (A. Everett); iris red ( Wallace), 
pale reddish (A. Everett), crimson (H. Everett). Total length 7*7 
inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*6, tail 3*4, tarsus «••" 

bach's genus Euptilosus (published without any description or identification of 
type), be allowed, the cacophonous name of the bird will be Euptilosus euptilosus. 
But as tbese double names should not, in my opinion, be used excepting under 
pressure, such as in restoring a Linnean specific name, I have proposed a new 
genus, Pinarocichla. 

* Type in Leiden Museum examined. 
t The specimens marked as T. susanii in the leiden Museum are Pycnonotus 
pusillus of Salvadori. There can, however, be no doubt that the actual type of 
Bonaparte's supposed species " in Mus. Verr." is now in the British Museum, 
which purchased two specimens from the Maison Verreaux in lh'^1. 

9. POLIOLOPHUS. 
The adult female is probably like the male; but neither the 
British Museum nor the Leiden Museum contains an identified 
specimen of this sex. 

Young female. Distinguished from the old birds by its browner 
bill, generally paler coloration, less distinct white tipping to the 
tail-feathers and the long flank feathers. 

The Crested Brown Bulbul is found in Java, Sumatra, and Borneo, 

and ranges up the Malayan peninsula into Southern Tenasserim, 

where it has been met with in the neighbourhood of the Pakchan. 

a. S ad. sk. Malacca. A. B. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Malacca (Dr. Cantor). India Museum. (Type ofMicrotarsus 
canton, Moore.) 
c. $ juv. sk. Sumatra. M. Verreaux. 
d. Ad. sk. Java. Purchased. 
e. Ad. sk. Borneo. M. Verreaux. (Type of Trichophorus 
susanii, Bp.) 
/ . Ad. sk, Jambusan, N.W. Borneo. Alfred Everett, Esq. [C." 

g. Ad. sk. Bintulu, N.W. Borneo. Alfred Everett, Esq. [0/, 
h. tf ad. sk. Sibu, Sarawak, July 10,1874. Alfred Everett, Esq. f C. 
i. 3 ad. sk. Paku, Sarawak, Dec. 1878. Henry Everett) Esq. [C. 
9. POLIOLOPHUS. 
Poliolophus, SJiarpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. nexo series, Zool. Type, 
i. p. 334 (1876) P. urostictus. 
Head of Poliolophus urostictus, to show the eye-wattle-

Range. Confined to the Philippine Islands. 

1. Poliolophus urostictus. 
Brachypus urostictus, Salvad. Atti R. Accad. Torino, v. p. 509. 
Ixus ? urostictus, Wold. Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 191, pi. xxxii, fig. 2. 
Poliolophus urostictus, Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. neio series, Zool. i. 

p. 334; Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 827, 1878, pp. 110, 380, 949. 
Adult. General colour above olive-greenish; the lower part of the 
back barred with black; the sides of the rump also barred with 
black, the feathers broadly tipped with white ; upper tail-coverts 
slightly rufescent; tail dark brown, slightly washed with olive, 
subterminally blackish, forming an indistinct bar before the white 
tips to the feathers, which are very distinct; head ashy brown, 
much crested; sides of the face darker brown, faintly washed with 

TIMELIID.&. 

G4 

olive; throat and chest ashy, the ^te r slightly cashed ^ith olive 
and inclining to dark brown on the sides o then ech, ret of the 

^ £&£MSMS £ tSUnr^sidTs SthSg 
5£ ttlln tS s white funder wing-coverts pale sulphnr-veUow ; 
uiive wu» , © averts olive like the back; all the 

W1ngs above hrown the east cove t, oJ ^ olive_ W n . 
other coverts and the qmLIs ex ™ -h f t blackigh brown 
S W ^ ' o S Hn ^n-vellow ; bill black ; legs 
da*^rey • irSa kbrown"^-Everett) Total l«igth «•« inches, 
cnlmen 1-15, wing 3-05, tail 3-2, tarsus 0"65. (CW1. J. B. Store} 

iTlient WardlawEamsays collection is a fine series of this 
species from the Philippines. The sexes measure as follows:Total 
„,. _ .. _ 
length. Culmen. V,mg. Tail. Tarsus, 
in in. in. in. m. 

a. J . Zamboanga (A. 
' t

Everett) 7-0 0-0 3-1 3-0 01 

b. J . Surigao (A. Eventt) 6-7 0-6 305 3 0 0-65 
c. $ . Surigao (A. Everett) 6-7 0-6 2-85 2-iJ 0*6 
The Wattled Brown Bulbul is an inhabitant of the following 
islands of the Philippine archipelago—Luzon, Xegros, Panaon, 
Diriagat, and Mindanao. 

a. Ad. sk. Philippine Islands. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.l 
b. $ ad. sk. Surigao, May 1877 Lieut. R. G. Wardlaw liamsay. 
(A. Everett). 
10. MICKOPUS. 
Type. 
Micropus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 226 (1837).... M. chalcocephalus. 
Microtarsus, Eyton, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 102 M. melanoleucus. 
Bracliypodius, Blyth, J. A. S. Beny. xiv. p. 576 

(1845) M. melanocephalus. 
Prosecusa, Reichenb. Syst. Av. pi. liv. fig. 10' (1850) M. chalcocephalus. 
Ixocherus, Bp. Notes Coll. Dtlattre in 0. B. xxxviii. 

1854, p. 58 «. M. melanoleucus. 

Head of Micropus melanocephaliis. 
Range, Southern part of the Indian peninsula; Burmese countries 
and Malayan peninsula; Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Palawan. 

10. 
MICROPUS. 65 
Key to the Species. 

a. 
Centre tail-feathers with a subterminal black 
band. 
a\ Upper tail-coverts yellow. 
a". Mantle and breast olive-yellow or yellowish 
gTeen. 
a'1'. Ear-coverts and cheeks metallic black, 
like the throat and crown melanocephalus, p. 65. 

b,!\

 Ear-coverts and cheeks dark olive-

green; throat metallic black; no cap; 

the head a little more dingy than the 

back and glossed with metallic purple, fmciflavescens, p. 67* 

b". Mantle and breast light bluish grey ... . cinerewentris, p. 67. 

b'. Upper tail-coverts light grey; upper and 

under surface grey ; head ail round metallic 

black 
chalcacephalus, p. 69. 

b. Centre tail-feathers grey, with no subterminal 
bandj upper tail-coverts grey; no distinct 
cap; hind head grey phmocephalus, p. 68. 
c. Centre tail-feathers uniform blackish, like the 
rest of the body; a white shoulder-spot; 
axillaries white melanoleucus, p. 69. 
1. Micropus melanocephalus. 
Black-headed Shrike, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. pt. i. p. 165, pi. vi. 
Lanius melanocephalus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 309. 
Turdus melanocephalus, Ilaffl. Trans. Linn. Sue. xiii. p. 310. 
Turdtis a triceps, Temm. PL Col. 147. 
Ixos atriceps, Temm. Tab!. Meth. PL Col. p. 15. 
Brachvpodius melanocephalus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 576; id. 


Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 211; Horsf. <$• Moore, Cat. B. Mm. E.L 
Co. i. p. 248; Moore, P. Z. S. 18o4, p. 278; Saloads Ucc. Born. 

p. 201; Bh/th $ Wald. B. Burnt, p. 136; Armsir. 8. F. 1876. 
p. 324; Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 307; id. P. Z, 8. 1878, p. 618; 
Hume, Sir. F. 1878, p. 318, 1679, p. 98;_ Sharpe, P. Z. S.1879, 
p. 339; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv* p. 221. 
Ixos metallicus, Fyton, Ann. Nat. Hist. xvi. p. 228. 
Pycnonotus melanocephalus, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1846, p. 101; Gray> 
"Gen. B. i. p. 237; id. Band-l B. i. p. 270, no. 3972. 
Pycnonotus metallicus, Gray, Gm. B. i p. 237; id. Hand-L B. i* 

p. 271, no. 3973. 
Brachypus melanocephalus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 264. 
Prosecusa melanocephala, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 110, 
Ixus melanocephalus, ScJtL Handl. Dierk. i. p. 272. 
Brachypodius immaculatus, Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 39,1877, p. 14. 
Adult male. General colour above olive-yellow, rather brighter 
towards the lower back ; the feathers of the rump with black bases, 
producing a somewhat barred appearance; upper tail-coverts bright 
yellow; tail-feathers yellow, brilliant yellow at the tips, with a 
subterminal band of black, somewhat less distinct on the outer ones ; 
least wing-eoverts like the back, the median and greater series 
brighter yellow, especially on the margins of the latter; primary-
coverts and quills black, the former with narrow yellowish edgings* 

voiu vi* 
y 

§6 
TIMELIII)^. 

as also the secondaries, the innermost very broadly margined and 
tipped with bright yellow ; crown of head, entire sides of head, and 
entire throat metallic green with a purple shade; remainder of 
under surface olive-yellow, bright yellow in the centre of the body, 
abdomen, and under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
bright yellow; quills dusky brown below, whitish along the edge of 
the inner web; " bill black; legs dark brown ; iris pale cobalt" 

(R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay, MS.). Total length 6*3 inches, culmen 
0-6, wing 3*05, tail 2*65, tarsus 0*55. 
Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. Legs plumbeous 
or dark plumbeous, the bill black, the inside of the mouth pale 
plumbeous blue, the irides clear pale blue. (Hume.) Total length 
6*7 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3-05, tail 2*75, tarsus 0*5. (Mus. R. G. 
Wardlaw Ramsay.) 

The Black-headed Bulbul ranges from Dacca and Tipperah, 
through Tenasserim and the Malay peninsula, to Java, Sumatra, 
Borneo, and the Philippine island of Palawan. It is not known to 
be migratory. 

a. Ad. sk. Tenasserim. J. C. 1). Packman, Esq. [P.]. 
b, c, d. Ad. sk. Malacca {Dr. Cantor). India Museum. 
e. <S ad. sk. Malacca. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
/ . Ad. sk. Malacca. India Museum. 
g. Ad. sk. Malacca. 
W. Harvey, Esq. [P.l 
h. Ad. sk. Malacca. Evton ColltKition. (Type 
of Ixos meUdlicus, Eyton.) 
t. Var. alb. sk. Sumatra. 
Purchased. 
h. Ad. sk. Sumatra. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.l. 
1 Ad. sk. Sumatra. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.l. 
(Type of Brachypodius immaculatus, Sharpe.) 
m, n. Ad. sk. Sumatra (Raffles). India Museum. 

o. $ ad. sk. West Java. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
p. Ad. sk. West Java. A. R. Wallace, Esq. JTCj. 
q. Ad. sk. West Java (A. R. Wallace). F. Godman and O. Salvin, 
JBsqrs. [P.]. 

r. £ ad. sk. Java (Leiden Museum)* F. Godman and O. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 

8. Ad. sk. Java. 
t}u. Ad.sk. Labuan Island. Hugh Low, Esq. [C.l. 

v. £ ad. sk. Sibu, Sarawak. Alfred Everett, Esq. [C.]. 
2. Micropus rusciflavescens. 
Brachypodius melanocephalus 
(nee Gm.), Ball, J. A. S. Beng. xli. 
pt. 2,1872, p. 284; id. Sir. F. 1873, p. 71. 
Brachypodius fuscorlavescens, Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 297; Walden, 
Ibis, 1873, p. 306; Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 224; td. Sir. F. 1879, 

p. 98. 
Adult male (S. Andaman, March 28, 1873; R. G. Wardlaw 
Ramsay). General colour above olive-yellow, the wing-coverts like 
the back, the edges of the greater series rather brighter yellow ; 
quills dusky brown, externally olive-yellow, brighter on the secondaries, 
the innermost of which are almost entirely of the latter 

10 . MICROPUS. 
colour; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts brighter yellow, 
with, an appearance of black bands across the rump, the feathers of 
which are black, with broad golden-yellow ends ; tail-feathers dull 
olive-yellow, with bright yellow tips, before which is a subterminai 
black shade; head dull olive, with an oily greenish gloss, not distinct 
enough to form a regular cap ; lores, a narrow eyebrow, and 
the sides of the head and neck, as well as the lower throat and 
fore neck, dull olive-green ; throat dull glossy purple; remainder of 
under surface of body bright yellow, as likewise the under wing-
coverts and axillaries ; quills dusky brown below, yellowish along 
the edge of the inner web; " bill greenish slate-colour; iris bluish 
white" (R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay, 118.). Total length 6*3 inches, 
culmen 0*65, wing 3, tail 2*7, tarsus 0*6. (3Ius. R. G. Wardlaw 

Ramsay.) 
Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Legs and feet 
plumbeous; bill in some plumbeous blue, the upper mandible 
tipped and edged with black, in others nearly all blackish, but 
paler and bluer at the base; irides pale blue. {Hume.) Total 
length 7 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3*1, tail 3, tarsus 0*6. (Mus. 

R. G. Wardlaw 
Ramsay.) 
The Andaman Black-headed Bulbul is confined to the forests of 
the Andaman Islands, where it is resident. 

a. 
$ ad. sk. South Andarnans, Aug. 11, B. Sharpe, Esq[. [P.]. 
1873 (Capt. Wimberley). 
3. Mcropus cinereiventris. 
Brachypodius cinereiventris, Blyth, J. A. S. Bmig. xiv. p. 576; WaM. 

B. Bttrm. p. 136; Hume, Sir. F. 1878, p. 319,1879, p. 98. 
Brachypus cinereiventris, Bp. Ccmsp. i. p. 264. 
Pycnonotus cinereiventris, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 271, no. 3975. 
Adult male (Tonghoo, Kov. 6th, 1874; E. GL WardlawEamsay). 
General colour above olive-yellow, the rump varied with black bars, 
the feathers being black at the base, tipped with bright yellow; 
upper tail-coverts bright olive-yellow; tail-feathers olive-yellow, 
tipped with bright yellow, before which is a broad black band; 
wing-coverts olive-yellow, the greater coverts brighter yellow on the 
margins; primary-coverts and quills blackish, the primaries narrowly 
edged with yellow, the secondaries more broadly, especially 
the innermost, which are entirely yellow on the outer webs; hind 
neck and mantle slaty grey, the latter slightly washed with yellow; 
head all round, including the sides of the face and throat, black, 
with a green or purplish lustre; sides of the neck and under surface 
of body slaty grey, the lower abdomen 'paler and washed with 
yellow; lower flanks, vent, and under tail-coverts bright yellow; 
under wing-coverts and axiUaries yellow; quills dusky blackish 
below, white along the edge of the inner web. Total length 6*7 
inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*15, tail 2-8, tarsus 0*6. (Mus. R. G, 
Wardlaw Ramsay.) 

6 8 TIMELIIDJE. 

On this species see Lord Tweeddale's remarks (B. Burm. p. 136) 
and Mr. Hume's notes (Str. Feath. 1878, vol. vi. p. 319). 
The Grey-hellied Bulbul is only known from Tipperah and 
Buraiah. 

4. Micropus phaeocephalus. 
Brachypus poiocephalus, Jercl. Madr. Journ. x. p. 246 ; id. IUust. Orn. 
pi. 81. 

Ixus fisquetii, Eydoux 8f Souleyet, Toy. Bomte, Zool p. 86, pi. 5; 
Bp. Co?isp. i. p. 266. 
Brachvpodius pyocephalus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 576; id. Cat. 

B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 212; Jerd. B. hid. ii. p. 80; Hume, Str. F. 
1879, p. 98. 
Pycnonotus poiocephalus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 237. 
Pycnonotus nsquetii, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 237 ; id. Hand-l. B. i. p. 270, 

no. 3952. 
Brachypus poliocephalus, Bp. Co?isp. i. p. 264. 
Pycnonotus poliocephalus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 271, no. 3976. 

Adult General colour yellowish green, the wing-coverts like the 
back ; greater coverts and quills blackish, externally yellowish 
green like the back; the innermost secondaries almost entirely of 
the latter colour, the primary-coverts and primaries more narrowly 
edged; rump barred with black, the feathers black with paler 
olive-yellow tips; upper tail-coverts bluish grey washed with yellow, 
the long ones entirely grey; centre tail-featbers bluish grey, 
with olive-yellow margins, the remainder blackish tipped with 
ashy grey and slightly edged witb olive-yellow; lores and forehead 
clear olive-yellow; crown of head and nape bluish grey; feathers 
round the eye and ear-coverts olive-greenish, the latter washed with 
grey; fore part of cheeks olive-yellow, the hinder part grey like 
the throat, which has a black chin-spot; remainder of under surface 
of body yellowish green; the under tail-coverts grey ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries pale yellow or yellowish white, the edge of 
the wing yellowish green; quills dusky below, white along the edge 
of the inner web ; "bill greenish brown ; legs reddish yellow; iris 
bluish white" (Jerdon). Total length 6*4 inches, culmen 0*6, 
wing 2'83 tail 2-6, tarsus 0*65. (Mus. JR. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.) 

The South-Indian Bulbul is confined to the forests of the Malabar 
eoast, and is a rare bird in collections. 

a. Ad. sk. Malabar. Lieut. R. G. Waxdlaw Ramsay. 
5. Micropus chaleocephalns. 
Ixos chalcocephalus, Temm. PI. Col. pi. 453. fig. 1. 
Brachypus chalcocephalus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 264. 
Prosecusa clialcocephala, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 110, note. 
Campepliaga chalcocephala, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 338, no. 5112. 

Adult male. General colour above dark ashy grey; the rump-
feathers black with grey rends, producing a barred appearance; 
upper tail-coverts paler grey than the back, with hoary white ends; 
tail-feathers dark ashy grey tipped with white, before which is a 
broad black band, the white endings broader on the outer feathers; 

10 . MICEOPTJS. 
least wing-coverts like the back, tlie median and greater series a 

little lighter grey, paler on the margins; bastard-wing, primary-

coverts, and primaries blackish brown, with scarcely perceptible grey 

edgings, the inner secondaries externally margined with hoary 

white, the innermost secondaries entirely grey on the outer webs ; 

crown of head, sides of head, and throat metallic green, with pur


plish reflections under certain lights,* remainder of under surface of 

body dark ashy grey, much paler in the centre of the body; under 

tail-coverts ashy grey, with white tips and margins; thighs white; 

under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the edge of the wing grey, 

as also the adjoining under wing-coverts; quills dusky brown below, 

white along the edge of the inner web. Total length 6*6 inches, 

culmen 0-6, wing 3*05, tail 2*7, tarsus 0*6. 

The Javan Black-headed Bulbul is only known from the island of 

Java, where it is apparently by no means a common bird. 

a. $ ad. sk. Java. Purchased. 
6. Mcropus' melanoleucus. 
Microtarsus melanoleucus, Eijton, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 102 • Blyth, Cat. 
B. Mm. As. Sue. p. 211; Eorsf. § Moore, Cat. B. Mus EI. Co. 
i. p. 248; Moore, P. Z. S.1«34, p. 279; tialvacl Ucc. Bom. p. 202. 
Mierosceli^ %p. 3, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 235. 
Micro^celis tvfctis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 203 {tiec Blyth). 
Ixos \idua, Temm. in Mas. LugcL, uncle 
Brachjpus vidua, Bp. Consp. i. p. 2(54. 
Ixocherus %idua, Bp. Xotes Coll. Delattre in C. R. 1854, p. 58. 
Microscelis melanoleucus, Gray, Ilancl-L B. i. p. 208, no. 3919. 
Adult. General colour above sooty black, a little deeper on the 
head ; least wing-coverts black ; median and greater coverts creamy 
white, tipped with black, more broadly on the outer median 
coverts, which have therefore the appearance of large ovate spots of 
white; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black; tail-feathers 
black ; under surface of body sooty black, deeper black on the sides 
of the face and chin; under wing-coverts black, with concealed 
white bases; axillaries pure white, black at the extreme base; 
quills dusky blackish below, ashy white along the inner web; " iris 
dark brown " (Henry Everett), Total length 7*1 inches, culmen 0*7, 
wing 3*45, tail 3, tarsus 0*6. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 7 inches, culmen 
0*65, wing 3*2, tail 2*85, tarsus 0*5. 

Several specimens in the Museum are changing from an immature 
dress into the sooty-black plumage of the adult; and it would appear 
that the young plumage is olive-brown above and below, but 
paler on the under surface, while the white patch on the wing is 
absent. In this stage of plumage the bird is very like a small 
Pycnonotus of the plain olive group, but its white axillaries will 
always distinguish it. 

The White-winged Black Bulbul is frequent in collections from the 
Malayan peninsula, where it ranges as high as Province Wellesley ; 
it occurs in Borneo also., but is not so common in the latter island. 
It is not known to be migratory. 

70 TIMELIIDJE. 
a. Ad. sk. Malacca. Eyton Collection. 
(Type of species) 
b. <$ ad. sk. 
c. d. ad. sk. 
Malacca. 
Malacca. 
A. k Wallace, Esq. 
Purchased. 
[C.]. 

e. Imm. sk. Malacca (Dr. Cantor). India Museum. 
f,g. Ad., A^'. Juv. sk. Malacca (Dr. Cantor). India Museum. 
h. Ad. sk. Singapore. Purchased. 
J. Imm. sk. Sarawak. Henry Everett, Esq. 
m,n. J ad. sk. Paku, Sarawak, Nov. Henry Everett, Esq. 
m. 
1878. 

11. CKINIGEK. ^ 
Criniger, Temm. Man. aVOrn. i. p. lx (1820) C. "barbatus. 
Trichophorus, Temm. PL Col. iii. livr. 15 (1824) C. barbatus. 
Trichas, Gloger, in Froriep's Notiz. 1827, p. 278 0. barbatus. 
Hypotrichas, Heine, J.f. 0. 1860, p. 138 0. calurus. 

Head of Criniger barbatus. 

Range. Africa, India, and the Burmese countries; island of 
Hainan; Malayan peninsula, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Palawan. 
Molucca Islands. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Throat white. 
a'. Under tail-coverts bright yellow like the 
abdomen, or fawn-coloured washed with 
bright yellow. 


a". Head ashy grey or dark brown, in strong 
contrast to the back; crest moderate. 
a1". Fore neck and breast ashy grey; flanks 
dark olive-green cliloronotus, p. 72 

b'". Fore neck and chest yellow in the 
centre, dark olive-green on the sides of 
the breast and flanks. 


fit4. Upper tail-coverts uniform with the 
back; tail-feathers brown, edged 
with olive and tipped with pale yellow 
on the inner web verreauxi, p. 73. 

b4-. Upper tail-coverts and tail rufous, 
contrasting with the back; the tail-
feathers paler rufous at the tip of the 
inner web calicrm, p. 74. 

11 . CEIKIGEE. 
Fore neck and chest bright yellow, 
washed slightly with olive on the 


c-4. Tail-feathers not tipped with yellow phcsocephalus, p. 74. 
dK Tail-feathers tipped with yellow diardi, p. 76. 
h". Head light brown, not in rery strong contrast 
with the back. 

dm. Without any grey shade on the fore 
neck or breast, which is bright yellow 
like the abdomen. 


el. Head pale fulvous brown; no white 
on forehead; no white eyebrow above 
the ears Jlaveolus, p. 77. 

/*. Head pale fulvous brown, washed 
with ashy; lores and base of forehead 
whitish; ear-coverts white, 
washed with grey; above the ear-
coverts a white eyebrow griseicepSj p. 77. 

e1". Washed with grey on the fore neck 
and breast. 
gK Ear-coverts brown like the head; tail 
rufous-brown gularis, p. 78* 

7il. Ear-coverts and a line above the ear-
coverts ashy grey, contrasting with 
the head ; tail-feathers dark brown, 
washed externally with olive-brown frater, p. 79. 

h'. Under tail-coverts fawn-colour or buiiy *l gutturalis, p, 80. 
brown, or inclining to chestnut \ pallid w, p. 81. 


h. Throat yellow. ( ruficris&usy p. 81. 
c'. Tail uniform or nearly so, the inner webs of 
the feathers not yellow, or broadly edged or 
tipped with yellow. 


<?". Breast asliy grey; back olive-greenish, 
mixed with ashy grey barhatus, p. 82, 
d1. Breast yellow or olive-yellow. 
/'". Lores dusky, or dull whitish, or olive. 

i4: Upper tail-coverts and tail rufous, 
contrasting with the back; throat 
tm&cenimof body bright yelk w, the , . , m 
sides green; wing less than 3 inches < * ,'. *L »© 

* caomm
k\ Upper tail-coverts and tail brown or> P< ^ 
reddish brown; throat and centre 
of the body pale yellow, the flanks 
olive-greenish; wing 3*25 inches, 

a5. Throat ashy whitish, washed with 
olive-yellow; ear^coverts dusky 
brown, streaked with minute yellow 
shaft-lines pcdawanensis, p. 83. 

CRINIGER TEPHROGENYS. 

Trichophorus tephrogenys, Jard. 8f Selbg, III. Orn. pi. 127. 
Criniger tephrogenys, Gray, Gen. i?. i. p. 236. 


This speoies still remains a puzzle to ornithologists. It was originally described 
fromt{ India," and afterwards was thought to be African. Nothing but 
an examination of the type will settle its identity. See my note to Criniger 
verreauxi. 

jEnrnTiTtoai. 

b5. Throat clear yellow; ear-coverts 
uniform brown, without any pale 
shaft-lines .". Jinschi, p. 84. 

Z4. Upper tail-coverts and tall olive or 
yellowish, green, like the back j 
head olive-yellow, like the rest of 
the back; ear-coverts like the 
head: lores and base of cheeks 
dusky olive-yellowish j chin yellow 
." ."... chhria, p. 85, 

0'". Lores, eyelid, base of cheeks, and base 
of chin bright yellow mystatdlis, p. 85. 
d'. Tail with yellow ends to the feathers. 


e". Centre tail-feathers with the same broad 
yellow ending as the others; upper tail-
coverts tipped with pale yellow affinis, p. 80, 


/" . Centre tail-feathers only narrowly tipped 
with yellow, not so broadly as on the 
other feathers. 


h"f. General colour olive-yellowish; the 
tail-feathers yellow along the whole 
length of the inner web a» well a* at 
the tip. 


m . 
Rump and upper tail-coverts brighter 
than the back and tipped "with 
golden orange; throat and underpays 
orange-yellow avn m1 p. <cil. 
%\ Rump and upper tail-coverts only a 
little yellower than the back ; throat 
and under smface bright yellow .. lmgiro$tm% p. 87. 

t"\ 
General colour green; three outer tail-
feathers with a spot of yellow at the 
tip , exintius, p. 88, 

1. Criniger ciloronotus. 
Trichophorus ehloronotus, 
Cass. Pr. Philad. Acad. 1850, p. 43; id. 
Jour. Philad. Acad. v. p. 181, ph xxii.fisr. 1; Heine, J. f. 0.I*o0, 

p. 432; Hartl J. / . 0. 1861, p. 103; &ut>tal. Xoia\ Arch. Mm.. 
(2) ii. p. 144. 
Oriniger chloronofus, Finsch, J. f. 0.1807, p. 24 ; Gray. Hand~L B. 
L p. 273, no. 4010 ; Sharpe, P. Z.8. lfe"l, p. 005; lUidttn. J, f. O. 
1875, pp. 35, 49. 
Adult General colour above olive-green; the head, which is 
decidedly crested, and the hind neck slaty grey; wing-coverts like 
the back; quills dusky brown* externally green like the back, the 
inner secondaries almost entirely like the latter; upper tail-coverts 
rich fawn-rufous j tail deeper fawn-rufous or dark cinnamon; lyres 
greyish white; round the eye a ring of grey feathers ; cheeks and 
.e&r-eoverts dull slaty grey, varied with whitish shaft-streaks; throat 
white; breast ashy grey, washed with olive-green on the sides; 
flanks olive-green, inclining to yellow on the centre of the abdomon; 
under tail-coverts fawn-buff; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
olive-green, the greater series a little browner; quills dusky brown 
below, falyescent along the edge of the inner web; " bill and feet 


11 . CBINIGER. 
73 

bluish grey; iris reddish brown " (Beichenow). Total length 8-8 
inches, oilmen 0*9, wing 4-2, tail 3*7, tarsus 0*9. 

A specimen from Gaboon has the greater wing-coverts and the 
secondaries tipped with pale rufous, apparently remains of immature 
plumage. TTing 3*8 inches. 

Cassin's Bulbul is confined to the forest-region of "West Africa 
from the Cameroons to Gaboon. 

a. Ad. sk.
b, c. Ad. sk. 
Camma River, Gaboon. 
Cameroons Mountains,
Feb. 25, 1871 (A. 
P. B. DuChaillu, Esq. [0.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [O.J. 
Crossley). 

2. Criaiger verreauxi. (Plate 1Y.) 
Trichophorus gularis, Swains. B. W. Afr. \^ . 26® (nee Horsf) j 
Marti. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 82; Sharpe, Bis, I860, p. 187. 
Oriniger tephrogenys (nee J. $ 8.), Finsch, J. f. 0. 1807, p. 20*,


Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 273, no. 4004 
Oriniger verreauxi, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 21. 
Oriniger gularis, Reichen. J. f. O. 1875, p. 85. 

Adult (type of species). General colour above dull olive-green, a 
little lighter on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts like 
the back; quills dusky brown, externally yellowish olive, paler than 
the back, the secondaries again darker ; tail olive-brown, yellowish 
olive on the outer edges of the feathers, which are paler and edged 
with yellow along the tip of the inner web; head and nape dull 
sepia-brown; lores, feathers round the eye, and a faint superciliary 
line dull grey ; cheeks and ear-coverts greyish black, streaked with 
ashy whitish shaft-lines ; throat white; rest of under surface of body 
yellow in the centre, olive-green on the sides of the body; under 
wing-coverts yellow, the greater series inclining to white, the 
axillaries olive-green, washed with brighter yellow; quills brown 
below, yellowish along the inner web; " upper mandible black, 
its edges and the under mandible bluish grey; feet leaden grey" 
(Beichenow). Total length 7*1 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 3*7, tail 3*45, 
tarsus 0*85. 

Yerreaux's Bulbul inhabits the forest-region of "West Africa from 
the Gold Coast to the Cameroons. 

a. Ad. sk Fantee, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(Type of species.) 
b c. Ad. sk. Fantee (Aubinn). R. B. Sharpe, Esq, 

* Jardine and Selby haye described a Trichophorus tephrogenys from " India " 
(111 Orn. pi. 127), which Sir W. Jardine afterwards thought was the same as 
Swainson's T. gularis, as he had meanwhile admitted to have received it from 
Sierra Leone.' Hence Dr. Finsch replaced the name of gularis, Swains, (neeHorsf.), by that of tephrogenys of Jardine and Selby. When I first got the 
Fantee specimens I wrote to Sir W. Jardine and sent him an example to compare 
with his type, and he informed me that my bird was not his T. tephrogenys, as, 
indeed it could scarcely be, considering that the latter is described as 'castaneus.' 
TIMELKB^E. 

3. Criniger calnrus. 
Trichophorus calnrus, Cass. Pr. Philad. Acad. 18-50, p. 153; Earth 
Orn. W.-Afr. pp. 86, 272; Cass. Pr. PMlad. Acad. 1659, p. 44; 
Marti J. f. 0. 1861, p. 165 ; Cass. Journ. PMad. Acad. v. p. 1^2, 
pi. xxii. fig. 3. 

Hypotrichas calnrus, Heine, J.f.O. I860, p. 138. 
Criniger calurus, Finsch, J. f. O.1867, p. 23; Gray, Hand-L B. i. 


p. 275, no. 4041 ; Sfon?*, Otf. 4/>% j?. p. 21; id. P.Z. S. 1&71, 
p, 608; Reichen. J. f. 0. 1875, p. 35. 
Adult. General colour above yellowish, olive-green, the least wing-
coverts like the back; remainder of wing-coverts olive-brown, externally 
edged with the same olive colour as the back ; quills dark 
brown, externally olive-green like the back, the inner secondaries 
rather more olive-brown in colour ; upper tail-coverts fawn-brown ; 
tail-feathers deeper fawn-brown or rufous-brown, margined with olivaceous 
on the edges; crown of head brown, contrasting with the back, 
the feathers a little washed with olive; hind neck and sides efface ashy, 
the ear-coverts with distinct white shaft-streaks; throat whit**; centre 
of body below yellow, deepening into ochraceous yellow on the under 
tail-coverts, the sides of the body olive-green; under wing-coverts ami 
axillaries lighter olive-yellow; quills sepia-browu below, dull yellowish 
along the inner web ; "upper mandible black, lower one M?n*h 
grey; feet leaden grey; iris reddish brown" {Jit ilimoif I. Total 
length 7*8 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 3*03, tail 3*4, tarsus <Hf. 

DuChailhfs Bulbul is only known from "West Africa, where it has 
been found in the Oameroons and Gaboon. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Gaboon. P. B. DuChaillu, Esq. T.] . 
c, d. Ad. sk. Gaboon (DuChaillu). E. B. Sharps K*q. 

e. Ad. sk. Cameroons Mountains. R. B. Sharpe, Eaq. 
Feb. 7, 1871 (.4. 
Crossley). 

4. Criniger phseocephalns. 
Ixos (Trichixos) phseocephalus, Harth JRei\ Zooh 1844, p. 401, 
Trichophorus canicepa, Lafr. Rti\ Zooh 1845, p. 307; Hard Rei\ 
Zoolim, p. 4. F 
Pycnonotus rufocaudatus, Eyton, Ann. Xat. IHsf. xvi. p. 228 (male 
"onlv). 
Criniger gularis (nee JSbrsf.), Strickl. P. Z.S. 184fif p. 101; Bhjfh, 
Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. pi 208: SMiezhi, J. A. & A xxslx. pt. 2, 

p. 315. 
Criniger caniceps, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 236. 
Napothera sulphurata, Mutter, MS. m Mm. Ltsgd. 
Trichophorus sulphureus, Temm. in Mm. Lugd, 
Trichophorus sulphuratus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 2152. 
Criniger canton, Moore, P Z. S. 1854, p. 279; id. Cat B. Mm. 
EX. Co. i. p. 410. 

Criniger phasocephalus, Finsch, I.f. O.1867, p. 17; Wakhn, Ibis. 
1871, p. 160, pi. vi. fig. 2 ; Sahad. Ucc. Born. p. 207: Tinedd. Ihkf 
1877, p. 306; Sharps, Ibis, 1879, p. 257; Rvmt 4* Davison, Stray 
Feathers, 1878, p. 302; id. Str. F. 1870, p. 62. 

Criniger pyocephalus, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 274, no. 4022. 
Criniger sulphuratus, Gray, IZand-l. B, I p. 274, no. 4028. 


11 . CBIXIGEK. 
Adult General colour above olive, the wing-coverts like the back; 
quills brown, externally olive-brown, the inner secondaries almost 
entirely of the latter colour; upper tail-coverts rufous-brown washed 
with olive; tail-feathers rufous-brown, edged with olive on the 
margins of the feathers; head and nape clear leaden grey; lores 
white; sides of face light grey, with an indistinct paler streak above 
the ear-coverts; hinder cheeks light grey; fore part of cheeks and 
throat white; rest of under surface bright yellow, washed with 
olive-green on the sides of the breast and flanks; under wing-

Tail of Criniger phceoccj)halii$. 

coverts and axillaries bright yellow; under surface of quills dull 

brown, fulvescent along the inner web; "bill plumbeous, dark 

above; legs fleshy; iris red-brown " (R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay, MS.). 

Total length 7*6 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 3*65, tail 3*4, tarsus OS. 

Obs. Mr. Hume gives the following measurements of the sexes 

from Tenasserim specimens :— 

6. Total length 8-15-8-45 inches, wing 3-62-3-76, tail 3*25-3-62, 
tarsus 1-0-1*3. 
2 . Total length 7*5-8-7 inches, wing 3-35-3*37, tail 2*75-3*0, 
tarsus 0-76-0-8. 
The female is like the male in plumage: legs, feet, and claws 
varying from fleshy white, sometimes with a pinkish tinge, to fleshy 
yellow ; the upper mandible from dark plumbeous to dark horny 
brown; lower mandible and edges of upper mandible pale plumbeous; 
irides snuff-brown, burnt-sienna brown, or reddish brown. (Hume.) 

The Grey-headed Bulbul inhabits the islands of Sumatra, Borneo, 
and the Malayan peninsula, ranging into the forests in the neighbourhood 
of the Pakchan in Tenasserim. 

a. Ad. sk. Malacca. A. It. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
b, c. Ad. sk. Malacca (Dr. Cantor). India Museum. 
d,e. Ad. sk. Malacca {Dr. Cantor). India Museum. ^ 
(Types of Criniger cantori, Moore.) 
/ . Ad. sk. Malacca. Eyton Collection. 
(Type of Pycnonotus rufocaudatuSj Eyton.) 

76 TIMELIIDJ3. 
g. c? ad. sk. Sumatra. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
h. Ad. sk.
». Ad. sk. 
Sumatra {A. R. Wallace). 
N.W. Borneo. 
F. Godman and 0. Salviu, 
Esqrs. [P.]Hugh 
Low, Esq. [C.]. 

5. Criniger diardi. 
Trichophorus diardi, Temm, MS. in Mus. Lugd., unde 
Criniger diardi, Fmsch, J. f. 0. 1867, p. 18 5 Giebel, Thes. Orn. 

p. 811; Salwd. Ucc. Born, p. 208. 
Criniger 
phaeocepkalus, Sharpe, Ibis. 1876. p. 40 (nee Hartl?) j id. 
Ibis, 1877, p. 14. 

Tail of Criniger diardi. 

Adult male. General colour above olive, the wing-coverts browner 
than the back, the quills externally olive like the back ; upper tail-
coverts and tail-feathers rufous-brown, the feathers washed with 
olive on the margins, all of them tipped with yellow, more largely 
on the inner web, and increasing in size on the outer feathers ; head 
and nape dark grey, the plumes on the crown black with grey 
edgings; sides of face and sides of neck light grey; lores white; 
fore part of cheeks and throat white, the fore neck shaded with grey; 
under surface of body bright yellow, the sides washed with olive-
green ; under wing-coverts and axillaries yellow, a little paler than 
the breast; quills dark brown below, yellowish white along the inner 
web; " legs and feet pale transparent brown; iris pale orange-
brown " {A. Everett). Total length 7*4 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 
3-55, taH 3-1, tarsus 0-85. 

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male; " legs light horn-
brown ; iris burnt sienna " {A. Everett). Total length 7*2 inches, 
culmen 0*75, wing 3*35, tail 3*1, tarsus 0*75. 

Diard's Eulbul is only known from the island of Borneo. 

a. 2 ad. sk. Sarawak. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.l. 
b. $ ad. sk. Tagora, May 1875. Alfred Everett, Esq. [C.J. 
c. $ ad. sk. Jambusan, Sept. 10,1874. Alfred Everett, Esq. fC.]. 
d. $ ad. sk. Paku, Dec. 1678. Henry Everett, Esq. [C.J. 

11 . CRINIGffiR. 
77 

6. Criniger flaveolus* 
Trichophorus fiaveolus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 6; McClell. P. Z. 8 
1839, p. 158; Plyth, J. A. S. Peng. xi. p. 185 ; Gray, Cat.Mamm 
fyc. Nepalpres. Hodgs. p. 88; Pp. Consp. i. p. 262. 

Lanixus xanthogaster, Hodgs. Icon. ined. Passeres in Prit. Mus. pi. 

188. figs. 1, 2 (no. 346), pi. 189.fig. 1. 
Trichophorus xantliogaster, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83. 
Criniger fiaveolus, Plyth, J. A. S. Peng. xvi. p. 571; Gray, Gen. P. 
i. p. 236; Blyth, Cat. P. Mus. As. Soc. p. 208; Horsf. 8f Moore, 
Cat P. Mm. E.L Co. i. p. 252 ; Jerd. P. Lid. ii. p. 83; Fksch, 
J.f. 0. 1807, p. 16; Gray, Hand-l. P. i. p. 274, no. 4015; Hume, 
Nest $ Egf/s Inch P. p. 283 ; id. Sir. F. 1879, p. 98. 
Trichas flaveola, Cab. Arch.f. Naturg, 1847, p. 249. 


Adult. General colour above dark olive-yellow, with a slight 
ruddy tint on the upper tail-coverts; least and median wing-coverts 
like the back; greater coverts and quills as well as the primary-
coverts brown, externally edged with olive-yellow, paler towards the 
ends of the primaries, the inner secondaries olive-brown with a 
narrow margin of dull olive-yellow; tail-feathers ruddy brown, 
edged with olive towards the base of the feathers; head olive-brown, 
the feathers long and forming a conspicuous crest, all of them 
margined with olive-yellow; lores greyish white ; ear-coverts and 
sides of crown dark ashy grey, with narrow whitish shaft-lines; 
cheeks and throat white, the former slightly overshaded with grey ; 
remainder of under surface of body bright yellow, slightly tinged 
with olive on the flanks; under wing-coverts and axillaries yellow; 
quills dusky brown below, pale fawn-colour along the inner web; 
" bill light plumbeous ; legs pale fleshy yellow ; iris brown-red " 
(Jerclon). Total length 8 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*95, tail 3*65, 
tarsus 0*8. 

The White-throated Eulbul inhabits the Himalayas from a height 
of from 2000 to 5000 feet, and extends to the hills of Assam, Sylhet, 
Arakan, and the Khasias. 

a. Ad. sk. Cachar {Constable). K. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
b, c, d. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P. 
e. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [PJ 
(Type of Trichophorus xanthogaster, 
f. Ad. sk. Nepal (P. PC. Hodgson). India Museum. 
g. Ad. sk. Darjiling. India Museum. 
h. Ad. sk. Bootan (Pemberton). India Museum. 
i, h. Ad. sk. Assam (McClelland). India Museum, 
7. Criniger griseiceps. 
Criniger flaveolus (nee Hodgs.), Plyth, P. Purm. p. 134. 

Criniger griseiceps, Hume, Stray Feathers, 1873, p. 478,1874, p. 476; 
WaUen, P. Purm. p. 134; Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 124; Hume $ 
Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 300; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 98. 

Adult male. General colour above dull olive-yellow, the wing-
coverts brown, externally like the back; quills dull brown, externally 


TIMEUIDiE. 

olive-brown, more ruddy on the secondaries; upper tail-coverts 
ruddy brown or dull chestnut-brown ; tail dark brown, washed with 
rufous-brown on the outer webs, the inner webs with a pale margin 
at the tip ; head, which is much crested, pale ashy brown, lighter on 
the forehead, the lores conspicuously whitish; cheeks, ear-coverts, 
and the sides of the crown above the latter dull whitish, shaded with 
ashy on the ear-coverts; throat white ; remainder of under surface 
of body bright yellow, deepening towards orange on the abdomen 
and under tail-coverts; the sides of the breast and flanks washed 
with olive ; under wing-coverts and axillaries yellow; quills dusky 
brown below, fulvescent along the inner webs ; " bill smoky white; 
legs lavender; iris bright brown?? (R. G. WarJlaw Ramsay). 
Total length 8-7 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 3*95, tail 3*6, tarsus 0'7o. 

(Mus. R. G. Wardlaiv Ramsay.) 
Adult female. Kot to be distinguished from the male in plumage; 
"bill bluish, darker on the anterior half of the culmen and at 
tip; eyelids plumbeous; iricles reddish brown; inside of mouth 
bluish fleshy; feet pinkish brois n, claws pale horny"" (E. Gates). 
Total length 8 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 3*95, tail 3-65, tarsus 0-75. 
(Mus. R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.) 

The Burmese "White-throated Bulbui is found in the hills of 
Northern and Central Tenasserim, Pegu, and Burma. 

a.
h* 
<$ ad. sk. 
(S ad. sk, 
Zemganem, Lower Pegu,
June 28,1877 (JE1 Gates). 
Tonghoo tills, March 7, 
1874 (It. G. W. It.). 
IL B. Sharpe, Esq. "P,"\ 
" " 
Lieut. R. G. Wardlaw 
Bamsay. 
8. Criniger gularis. 

Turdus gularis, Horsf. Trans. Linn. BOG. xiii. p. 150. 
Criniger gularis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 230; Horsf.fyMoore, Cat. B. 


Mus. JB.I. CO. I p. 252; Gray, JSancU. R. i. p. 274, no. 4010; 

Walden, Ibis, 1871, p. 169, pi. vi fig. 1. 
Trichas gularis, Cab. Arcl.f. Naturg. 1847, p. 349; id. Mus. Hein. 

i. p. 114. 
Triekophorus gularis, Rp. Consp. i. p. 202. 
Adult male. General colour above yellowish olive, the wing-coverts 
olive-brown, edged with the same colour as the back; quills brown, 
externally olive-brown, yellowish olive on the margins, the inner 
secondaries olive-brown, edged with yellow on the margins; upper 
tail-coverts fawn-brown, contrasting with the back, and slightly 
washed with olive; tail-feathers rufous-brown, with a faintly indicated 
paler brown tip to the inner web of some of the outer feathers; 
all the tail-feathers edged with olive; head crested, light brown,' 
the hind neck ashy brown like the sides of the head, the ear-eoverts 
slightly varied with obscure ashy shaft-streaks, the lores and feathers 
round the eye clearer ashy grey; throat white; rest of under 
surface of body yellow, brighter on the abdomen ; fore neck and 
chest ashy grey washed with yellow; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries yellow; quills dusky brown below, fulvescent along the 

11 . CEINIGJSJR. 
inner web. Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 4, tail 3-6, 
tarsus 085. 
The Javan •White-throated Bulbul is only found in the forests of 
Java. 

a. Ad. sk. Java (Dr. Horsfield). India Museum. 
(Type of species.) 
b. Ad. sk. Java. 
Purchased. 
c. <$ ad. sk. East Java. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.1 
d. e. $ ad. sk. West Java. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0. J. 
/. 
<$ ad. sk. Java (Lautier). F. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.], 

9. Criniger frater. (Plate Y.) 
Criniger frater, Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soe. 2nd series. Zool vol. i. 
p. 3345 Tweedd. P. Z. S.1878, p. 619. 
Adult male (type of species). Head rather crested, brown, with 
very long hair-like bristles reaching beyond the centre of the mantle; 
lores, an indistinct eyebrow, and sides of face greyish ashy, with 
whitish shaft-lines to the feathers; entire back olive-brown of a 
yellowish cast, the least wing-coverts uniform with the back; rest 
of the coverts and quills olive-brown, the latter externally washed 
with olive • upper tail-coverts and tail brown, edged with yellowish 
olive ; throat and fore neck whitish, with narrow shaft-lines of pure 
white, the fore neck slightly washed with bright yellow; rest of the 
under surface bright ochre-yellow, deepening into dull ochraceous on 
the vent and under tail-coverts, the sides of the body olivaceous; 
under wing-coverts brighter yellow' lower surface of quills dark 
brown, edged with pale buff along the inner webs• bill horn-brown, 
yellowish at base of lower mandible; feet pale flesh-colour (in skin); 
" iris light red " (Steere) : " iris red-brown; bill horn-grey, darker 
on culmen" (A. Everett). Total length 8*3 inches, culmen 0*95, 
wing 4, tail 3*7, tarsus 0*85. (Coll. J. B. Steere.) 

The adult female does not differ from the male in colour: 
" bill dark grey, the mandible whitish • legs, feet, and nails pallid 
brown" (A. Everett). 

The sexes measure :— 

Total 
length.
in. 
Culmen. Wing. 
in. in. 
Tail. 
in. 
Tarsus. 
in. 
tf. Puerto Princesa (A. 
Everett) 8-0 0*95 4-1 3*6 0*9 
9 . Puerto Princesa (A. 
Everett) 8*5 0-9 3-85 3-65 0-9 

The Palawan White-throated Bulbul is only known from the 
island of Palawan. 

a. Ad. sk. Puerto Princesa, Palawan Lieut. R. G. Wardlaw 
(A. Everett). 
Ramsay. 
TIlfEIJIDJE. 

80 

10. Criniger guttnralis. 
Pycnonotus rufocaudatus $, Eyton, Ann. JSrat. Hist. xiii. p. 228. 
Trichophorus gutturalis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 262 {ex Muller MS. in 
Mus. Lugd.). 
Criniger ochraceus, Moore, in Horsf. 8? Moore, Cat B. Mus*. E.I. 
Co. i. p. 252; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 274, no. 4031; Bhjih § 
Wold. B. Burnt, p. 134. 
Criniger gutturalis, Sclater, P, Z. 8. 1863, p. 216; Fmsch, I. f. 0. 
1867, p. 15; Gray, Sand-IB. i. p. 274, no. 4017; Salvad'Ucc. 
Born. p. 208; Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 14; Hume, Sir. F. 1679, 
pp. 61; 98. 

Adidt male. General colour above olive-brown; lesser wing-
coverts rather more rufeseent than the back; median and greater 
coverts brown, shaded with olivaceous on their edges; quills dull 
brown, inclining to rufeseent brown, especial!}7 on the secondaries, 
and washed with olivaceous on their outer margins: upper tail-
coverts rufeseent or deep fawn-colour; tail-feathers rufous-brown 

with faint olivaceous edgings, the outer feathers rather paler at the 
tip of the inner webs ; head rufous-brown, contrasting in colour with 
the back, the hind neck somewhat more ashy ; lores, feathers round 
the eye, and a faintly indicated eyebrow ashy, the ear-coverts rather 
browner, and having fulvous shaft-streaks; throat white; rest of 
under surface olive-yellowish, purer yellow on the abdomen, and 
deepeuing to fawn-colour on the under tail-coverts, the breast somewhat 
more shaded with ashy brown, washed with olive, the flanks 
washed with olive; under wing-coverts fawn-colour, washed with 
yellow on the edge of the wing* quills dusky brown below, pale 
fawn-colour along the inner webs• " bill blackish, pale at base; 
legs and feet yellow-brown* iris orange-brown" (A. Everett). Total 
length 8-5 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 3*95, tail 3*45, tarsus 0-85. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 8*3 
inches, culmen 0*9, wing 3*95, tail 3*4, tarsus 0*9. 
Oh. Specimens from the various localities appear to be exactly 
alike * but some individuals seem to be rather greener than others. 

C. ochraceus of Moore, from Tenasserim, is a smaller race, as already 
pointed out by Lord Tweeddale; but from the measurements given 
by Mr. Hume (Str. E. 1878, p. 301) it is evident that some individuals 
of C. ochraceus are equal to those of true C. guttnralis. 
The Malayan "White-throated Bulbul is an inhabitant of the 
forests of Sumatra, Borneo, and the Malayan peninsula, ranging 
into the evergreen forests of the extreme southern division of Tenas


serim. 
a. Ad. sk. Tenasserim (Dr. Heifer). India Museum. (Type of 
b. $ ad. sk. Near Tavoy, May 29,1874(W. Davison). 
Criniger ochraceus.Moore.) 
A. O. Hume, Esq. 
c. $ ad. sk. Meeta Myo, April 17,1874 A. O. Hume, Esq. 
(W. Davison). 
d. e. Ad. sk. Malacca (Dr. Cantor). India Museum. 
/ . Ad. sk. Malacca. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.1 
g. $ ad. sk. Malacca. A. E. "Wallace, Esq. [C.J. 

11 . CJRINTGER. 
h. Ad. sk. Malacca. EytonCollection. (Ptjcnonotm 
rufocaudatub $, Eyton.) 
i. 3 ad. sk. Sumatra. Purchased, 
h. Ad. sk. Sumatra. Purchased. 
I Ad.sk. Lolo, Sumatra (C. Lieut. 11. G. Wardlaw Ram-
Boch). say. 
mt n. Ad. sk. Borneo. Pm chased. 


o. Ad. sk. N.W. Borneo. Hugh Low, Esq. [C.l 
M-6 $ ad. sk. Bintulu. Alfred Everett, Esq. [0.1 
r. $ ad. sk. Palm, Sarawak. Henry Everett; Esq. [C.J. 
s. Ad. sk. Banjermassing. J. Motley, Esq. [C.J. 
11. Criaiger pallidas. 
Criniger pallidus, Swink. Ibis, 1870, p. 252; id. P. Z. S. 1871, 
p. 570 ; David et Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 138. 
Adult. General colour above olive-brown with a greenish shade; 
least wing-coverts like the back; lesser and median wing-coverts 
brown, with olivaceous margins; quills dark brown, externally olive-
brown, inclining to olive-yellow on the extreme margins; upper 
tail-coverts a little clearer brown than the back, with scarcely any 
olive tinge, and more resembling the tail; tail-feathers ruddy brown, 
with a slight olivaceous tinge on the edges of the feathers ; head 
very much crested, brown slightly washed with olive, and contrasting 
with the back ; lores, a faint eyebrow, feathers round the 
eye, and sides of face dull ashy, with whitish shaft-stripes to the 
ear-coverts; throat white; rest of under surface of body pale olive-
yellowish, clearer in the centre of the abdomen and deepening into 
fawn-colour on the under tail-coverts; the sides of the body and 
flanks olive-greenish; the fore neck ashy grey, below the white 
throat, slightly washed with olive-yellow or greenish ; under wing-
coverts fawn-coloured, yellowish on the edge of the wing; quills 
brown below, fawn-coloured along the edge of the inner web ; 
" bill blackish, pale on the lower mandible; legs and toes light 
yellowish brown ; iris light umber-brown " (Siuin7ioe). Total length 
8-5 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 4*15, tail 4*15, tarsus 0*75. 

SwinhWs "White-throated Bulbul is only known from the island 
of Hainan, off the coast of China. 

a. Ad. sk. Hainan, Feb. 1868. R. Swinhoe, Esq.' [0.]. 
12. Criniger ruficrissus. 
Oriniger 
rufifertssus, SJiarpe, P."Z. S. 1879, p. 248; Reiehen. fy 
Schahw, J.f. 0. 1879, p. 432. 

Adult (type of species). Similar to Criniger gutturaUs, but everywhere 
duller ; the upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers dark rufous-
brown ; ""the lores and region of the eye, as well as the cheeks 
and ear-coverts, dull ashy; throat white; rest of under surface of 
body dull olivaceous, the under tail-coverts chestnut. Total lengtb8 
inches, culmen 0*85, wing 4, tail 4, tarsus 0*7. (MM. Univ. 
Occon.) 

VOL. vi. 
® 

TIMELIIILE. 

The Bed-vented White-throated Bulbul was recently discovered 

on Kina-Balu Mountain, in North-western Borneo. 

Obs. This species is not very distinct from 0. gittturalis; but 

differs in its much darker coloration, especially on the under surface, 

which is dull olivaceous, with a white throat and chestnut-red under 

tail-coverts. There is an entire absence of the pale brown colour of 

the breast washed with yellow, and of the light yellow abdomen 

and pale fawn-coloured under tail-coverts. The crest is very long-

in G. nificrmus, and extends nearly to the mantle. 

13. Criniger barbatus. 
Trichophorus barbatus, Temm. PL Col iii. pi. 82; ScJrinz, Vog. AhbihL 
Taf. 28; Less. Compl Buff. vi. p. 98; Gray, Gen, B. L p. 2'M-7 
Bp. Camp, i. p. 202; Earth Orn. W.-Afr. p. &:>._ 

Trichas barbata, Gloger in FrorieysXotiz. 1821\ p. 278; Cab. Arch.f 

Xatvrg. 1847, p. ;J40. 
Trichophorus strigilatus, Strains. B. IV. Afr. i. p. 2(17. 
Trichophorus ciuerascens, Ilartl. P. Z. & 1850, p. 29;J; id. J. f. O, 

1801, p. Ktf. 
Criniger barbatus, FimeJi, J. f. O. 1807, p. 21 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. 

p. 274, no. 4024 ; Mmrpe, Cat Afr. B. p. 22. 
Criniger einerascens, Finseh, J.f.O. Ib07, p. 32. 
Adult. General colour above yellowish olive-green, shaded on 
the head and mantle with grey, the feathers having grey ends; 
wing-coverts like the back, the quills dark brown, externally olive-
yellow, the secondaries nearly entirely of the latter colour; tail-
feathers reddish brown, with somewhat of a golden-brown lustre, 
the feathers externally washed with yellowish olive; lores and a 
faint superciliary line dusky grey; cheeks and ear-eoverts dusky 
olivaceous, with very distinct yellowish-white shaft-streaks : throat 
bright yellow; remainder of the under surface of body dull olivaceous, 
the fore neck and breast more greyish, the feathers having 
greyish endings and greyish-white shaft-lines; under tail-coverts 
yellowish buff; under wing-coverts mid axillaries yellowish buff; 

under surface of quills dusky brown, yellowish buff along the edge of 
the inner web. Total length 8*5 inches, culmen 0*95, wing 4-25, 
tail 4, tarsus 0*0. 

The Yellow-bearded Bulbul is an inhabitant of the forests of 
"West Africa, from the Gambia to the Gold Coast. 

a, h. Ad. sk. Fantee (Governor Ussher). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

c. Ad. sk. Ashantee. J. Gould, Esq. 
(Type of Trichophorus cineraseens.) 
14. Criniger tricolor *. 
Trichophorus icterinus, Bp. Consp. I p. 262 (ex Temm. MB. in Mm. 
Lugd.)$ Hartl.rn. W.-Afr. p. 83. 

* Tbis species is called tricolor on account of the similarity of two names 
occurring in the genus Crimgir, viz. C. icterinus, Bp., and C. zciericus, Stxickl. 
11 . CRIN1GEB. 
Trickophoms tricolor, Cass. Pr. Fltilad Acad. 1857. p. 33; Ilartl. 
^ Oni. W.-Afr. p. 265 ; id J.f.O. 1R)1, p. 1(54. 
Xenocickla tricolor. 6'«ss. Pr. Philad Acad 1859, p. 45: Heine, J. f, 0. 
18G0, p. 139. 
Criniger tricolor, Finsch, J. f. O. 1807, p. 25; Sharpe, Ibis, 18G9, 

p. 382 ; Gray, Iland-L B. i.'p. 273, no. 4005 ; tf/«ww, Ori. yl/X B. 
p. 21; «7. F. Z. & 1871, p. 008; JRekhen. J.f O. 1875, p. 49. 
Criniger icterinus, Gray, Iland-L B. i. p. 273, no. 4008. 
Adult. General colour above olive-green, a little darker on the 
head, the least and median wing-coverts like the back ; the greater 
coverts and the secondaries reddish brown, narrowly edged with 
olive-green; primaries dark brown, margined externally with olive-
yellowish ; tail-feathers rufous-brown, obscurely edged with olive ; 
lores dull yellowish; ear-coverts olive-green, with narrow shaft-
lines of yellow; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body light 
yellow, shaded with olive-green on the breast; the sides of the 
body and thighs olive-green; under wing-coverts and axillarics 
yellow; quills brown below, yellowish along the inner webs, inclining 
to fawn-colour on the secondaries; bill blackish horncolour, 
whitish horn-colour along the edge of the upper mandible, 
the lower one whitish horn, darker at base; feet light brown. 
Total length 0-2 inches, culm on 0*75, wing 2-9, tail 2*9, tarsus 0*75. 

The Yellow-breasted Bulbul is found in West Africa, from the 
Gold Coast to the Gaboon. 

a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk.
c. d Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk. 
Fantee. 
Cameroons Mountains, Jan. 18,1871 (-4. Crossley). 
Gaboon (BuCJudlh). 
Muni River, Gaboon.., 
B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
P. B. DuOkaillu, Esq. 
f. Ad. sk. West Africa. Capt. Sabine [P.]. 

15. Criniger cabanisi. 
Trichopkorus flaveolus, Cabanis, Orn, Centralbl. 1880, p. 174 (nee 
Gould). 

A large subspecies of C. tricolor, Cass, (icterinus, Bp.), from which 
it differs in the colour of the underparts, which are paler and lighter 
yellow; besides the difference of colour the latter is remarkably 
smaller in its dimensions. (Cahanis.) 

The Angola Yellow-breasted Bulbul replaces the foregoing species 
in Angola. I have never seen a specimen, and have transcribed the 
original description of Dr. Cabanis. 

16. Criniger palawanensis. (Plate YI. fig. 2.) 
Criniger palawanensis, Tweedd. P. Z. S.1878, p. 618. 

Adult male (type of species). General colour above dull olive-
brown, the upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers umber-brown, with 
G 2 

THIELITD-E. 

olive-brown margins ; wings brown, the feathers edged with olive-
brown like the back, paler towards the ends of the primaries; head 
clearer brown than the back, and varied with narrow shaft-lines of 
doll whity brown ; lores pale yellowish, washed with olive-green ; 
ear-coverts olive-brown, with narrow shaft-lines of yellowish white 
cheeks and throat pale yellow, streaked with white centres to the 
feathers, this appearance extending to the fore neck, which is 
slightly brighter yellow; centre of abdomen pale yellow ; breast 
and sides of the body olive-brown ; under tail-coverfcs slightly more 
ochraceous yellow; under wing-coverts and axillaries bright yellow; 
quills dusky brown, edged with yellow along the inner web. Total 
length 7 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3-4, tail 3, tarsus 0*8. (Mus. 

R. G. Wardkav Rummy.) 
Adult female. Does not differ from the male in colour ; "bill dark 
dusky grey, the mandible whitish ; legs and claws pale brown ; 
iris lemon-yellow " (A. Everett). Total length 6*7 inches, culmen 
0*75, wing 3-25, tail 2*9, tarsus 0*7. (MHS. R. 6% Wardlaw Ramsay.) 

Obs. This species is very closely allied to 0. Jinschi of Borneo, 
but differs in having minute pale shaft-lines on the head and ear-
coverts. 

Lord Tweeddale's Bnlhul is only known from the island of 
Palawan, in the Philippine archipelago. 

a. Ad. sk. Puerto Princesa, Palawan Lieut. It. G. Wardlaw Itomsav. 
(A. Everett). 
17. Criniger fiaschi. (Plate TL fig. 1.) 
Criniger finschii, Salvad. Atti R. Accad. Torino, vi. p. 1*28; id. Vcc. 
Born. p. 200. 
Crinisrer tkeoicles, Hume, Str. F. 1876. p. 214; id. Sir. F. 1870, 

p. 01. 
Adult male. General colour above dusky olive-brown, a little 
greener on the lower back and rump ; upper tail-coverts slightly 
more ruddy brown ; tail-feathers brown, edged narrowly with olive; 
wing-coverts and quills brown, edged with the same colour as the 
back, a little brighter on the margins of the primaries; feathers of 
the head with faintly indicated paler tips, producing a slightly scaled 
appearance; lores and sides of the face dusky olive-greenish, the 
cheeks washed with paler yellow; throat, centre of breast, abdomen, 
and under tail-coverts pale yellow, the sides of the body, breast, and 
fore neck olive-greenish; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale 
yellow; quills dark brown below, yellowish along the inner web; 
"bill and feet dusky, iris brown" (Wallace, MS.). Total length 
6-8 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*25, -tail 2*95, tarsus 0-65. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length Cr2 
inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3-25, tail 2*6, tarsus 0*65. 
Dr. Finsch's Bulbil is found in the Malayan peninsula and 
Borneo. 

a. £ ad. sk. Mount Ophir, Malacca. A. R. Wallace, E*»q. [C.]. 
1 L CRINIGER. 85 
k $ ad. sk.
c. Ad, sk. 
Near Tagora, 
April 1877. 
Borneo,
Sarawak, Henry Everett, E 
Purchased. 
sq. [C], 

18, Criniger chloris. 

Criniger flavicandus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 251 (nee Bjx). 
Criniger simplex, Wall. Mis, 1862, p. 850 (nee Temm.). 
Trichophorus simplex, Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 168. 
Criniger chloris, Finsch, X f. 0. 1867, p. 36; Gray, Hand-l B. I: 


p. 274, no. 4021; 8alvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xvi. p. 183. 
Adult female (type of C. simplex). General colour above dull olive-
yellow, the wing-coverts like the hack; quills brown, externally 
olive-yellow like the back, both the greater coverts and the primaries 
narrowly edged with brighter yellow; tail-feathers dark olive-yellow, 
with a narrow margin of rather brighter yellow; ear-coverts and 
sides of face dark olive-yellow, the fore part of the cheeks more 
dusky, the lores ashy brown; throat bright yellow, as also the 
centre of the body and abdomen; chest and sides of the body olive, 
the former with indistinct sharp lines of bright yellow; thighs and 
tinder tail-coverts olive with yellow edges; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries bright yellow ; quills brown below, yellow along the edge 
of the inner web ; " bill dusky lead-colour, the margins pale; feet 
lead-colour; iris dark" (Wallace). Total length 8*5 inches, culmen 
0-95, wing 3*95, tail 3*6, tarsus 0*7*5. 

Adult male. Similar in colour to the female. Total length 8*3 
inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4, tail 3*4, tarsus 0*75. 
The Moluccan Bulbul inhabits the islands of Eatchian and Gilolo 
or Halmahera. 

a. 2 
ad. sk Gilolo, A. R. Wallace, Esq, [C.l (Type 
of Criniger simplex, Wallace.) 
b. tf ad. sk. Gilolo. A, R. Wallace, Esq. 
c. d. Ad. sk. Gilolo. A. R. Wallace, Esq. 
e,f. Ad. sk, Batchian. A. R. Wallace, Esq. 
19. Criniger mystacalis. 
Criniger mystacalis, Wall. P. Z 8. 1863, p. 28; Gray, Hand-l B. i. 
p. 274, no. 4020 • Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xvi. p. 183 
(1880). 
Trichophorus rnystacalis, Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 168. 

Adult male (type of species). General colour above yellowish 
green, the wing-coverts like the back; quills brown, externally 
olive-yellow, a little brighter than the back; tail-feathers olive-
greenish, edged with olive-yellow; lores, base of cheeks, and a ring 
of feathers round the eye bright yellow; above the ear-coverts a 
slight yellowish wash, not sufficient to indicate an eyebrow; remainder 
of cheeks and ear-coverts olive-yellow, the latter with 
brighter yellow shaft-lines; under surface of body greenish yellow, 

TIMELTIBiE. 

brighter on the chin and abdomen, the lower throat and breast with 
indistinct yellow shaft-lines; nnder wing-coverts and. axillaries 
golden yellow, washed with olive near the edge of the wing; quills 
dusky brown below, yellowish along the edge of the inner web. 
Total length 9-5 inches, culmen 1, wing 4-25, tail 3*8, tarsus 

0-75. 
Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male. Total length 
9 inches, culmen 1, wing 3*9, tail 3-5, tarsus 0-75. 
The Bouru Bulbul is confined to the island of Bouru. 

a, b. <$ ? ad. sk. Bouru. A. It. Wallace, E&q. [C.]. 
(Types of specie^.) 
c. Ad. sk. Bouru. A. It". Wallace, Esq. ~C.]. 

20. Criniger affinis. 
Criniger affinis, JIo?nbr. ei Jacq. Ann. Sci. Xat. (2) xvi. p. 313; 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 230; Finsch, J.f.O. 1S<>7, p. 3o; Gray, 
Iland-l. B. i. p. 274, no. 4018; Saluad. Ann. MMS. Civic. Genoo. 
xu. p. 183 (IbfcO). 

Crinon analogue, Ilombr. ei Jacq. Toy. Pole Sudt Atlas, pi. 1»>. 
fii*. 1. 
Trichophorus fiavicaudus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 202; Fimeh* Xeu-Guinea, 

p. 108. 
Trichophorus affinis, Jacq. et Pitcher. Vmj. Tale Sud, Zool. in. p. 80. 
Trichophorus bulpnuraeeus, Temm. in Mas. Liujd.; Lieht. XomencL 
p. 28, 
Adult male. General colour above yellowish green, the upper 
tail-coverts tipped with yellow, forming a bar across the base of the 
tail; tail yellowish green, the feathers all broadly tipped with 
yellow, which colour also occupies the greater part of the inner web, 
increasing in extent towards the outermost feather, so that the tail 
appears almost entirely yellow when seen from below ; wing-coverts 
like the back, with slight yellow tips to the median and greater 
series ; quills brown, externally yellowish green, with a narrow 
edging of olive-yellow on the quills and greater coverts ; lores pale 
yellow; sides of face and cheeks dull olive-greeiii.sh ; throat pale 
yellow; remainder of under surface bright yellow, the sides of the 
neck and breast olive-greenish, which extends along the flanks; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries bright yellow; quills brown, 
edged with yellow along the inner web. Total length 9*5 inches, 
culmen 1*15, wing 4*3, tail 8*0, tarsus 0*8. 

Adtdt female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length 
8-8 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 4*15, tail 3-35, tarsus 0*75. 
Hombron's Bulbul is an inhabitant of Oeram and Amboina. 

a. Ad. sk. Amboina. Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. Geram. A. E. Wallace, E<q. [C.1 
c. $ ad. sk. Cerara. A. R. Wallace, ¥M{. A\ }. 
d. $ ad. sk. N. Oram. A. h\ Wallace, EMJ. LC.j. 
11 . CRINIGER. 
21. Cruiiger aureus. 
Criniger aureus, Walden, Ami. Nat. Hist. (4) ix. p. 400; Meyer. 

J.f. 0. 1873, p. 404 j id. rms, 1879, p. 130. 
Adult male (type of species). General colour above rich olive-

yellow, lighter on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, 

which are washed with orange, a slight tinge of which is also ap


parent on the mantle and back; wing-eoverts like the back, the 

median and greater series narrowly edged with brighter yellow ex


ternally ; quiDs dark brown, externally bright olive-yellow tinged 

with orange, the inner secondaries olive-yellow with a stronger 

wash of orange ; tail-feathers dark olive-yellow, the centre ones 

washed with orange; all of the rectrices tipped with bright yellow, 

which extends along the inner web of the feathers for nearly the 

entire length, excepting on the centre ones, which have only a 

narrow yellow tip ; lores yellow ; ear-coverts and cheeks dark olive-

yellow like the head; throat and under surface of body rich golden 

yellow inclining to orange; under tail-coverts rich orange-yellow; 

fore neck and sides of breast washed with olive; under wiug-coverts 

and axillaries golden yellow; quills dusky brown, yellow along the 

edge of the inner web. Total length 10 inches, culmcn 1*1, wing 

4-9, tail 4*6, tarsus 0*8. (21ns. It. G. Wanllaiv Ramsay.) 

Meyer's Bulbul is only known from the Togian Islands. 

22. Criniger longirostris. 
Criniger longirostris, Wall. P. Z. S. 1802, p. 339; Gray, Hand-l. B. 

i. p. 274, no. 4019. 
Trichophorus longirostris, Finsoh^ Neii-Guinea, p. 108. 
Adult male (type of species). General colour above olive-yellow, 
rather brighter on the lower back and rump, and a little duller on 
the head; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and greater 
coverts and quills blackish, externally olive-yellow, brighter on the 
extreme margins of the feathers; tail-feathers dull olive-yellow, 
tipped with pale yellow, principally on the inner web, where it increases 
gradually in size towards the outer feathers, and extends 
some way along the margin of the inner web ; sides of head olive-
green, washed with brighter yellow on the lores and streaked with 
brighter yellow on the ear-coverts; throat olive-yellow, duller on 
the fore neck and breast, all of these parts* indistinctly streaked with 
yellow shaft-lines ; remainder of the under surface bright yellow, a 
little washed with olive on the sides of the body; under wing-
coverts and axillaries bright yellow; quills dark brown below, 
yellow along the edge of the inner web. Total length 10'2 inches, 
culmen 1*2, wing 4*8, tail 4-5, tarsus 0-85. 

The Long-billed Bulbul is only known from the Sula Islands, 
near Celebes, where it is apparently a resident, like the rest of the 
genus. 

88 TIMELIDAE:. 
a. $ ad. sk.
b, c. Ad. sk. 
Sula Islands. 
Sula Islands. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
(Type of species.) 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 

23. Criniger eximius. 
Trichophorus 
eximius, Hartl, J. f. O. 1856, p. 35G: id. Orn. West-
Afr. p. 85. 
Criniger eximius, Finsch, J. f. O. 1807, p. 31; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. 

p. '274,, no. 4027; Sharpe, Ibis, 18(39, p. 38*2 ; id. Cat. Afr. B. 
p. 22. 
Adult. General colour above olive-green, a little more dusky on 
the head ; wing-coverts like the back, the quills dusky brown, externally 
olive-green; tail-feathers dull olive-green, a little brighter 
olive on the edges of the feathers, the three outer feathers tipped 
with pale }Tellow, increasing a little on the outermost; lores and a 
narrow superciliary line yellowish ; cheeks and ear-coverts dark 
olive-green; under surface of body bright yellow, the sides of the 
body and thighs olive-green ; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
yellow; quills dusky brown, edged with yellow along the inner 
web. Total length 7*9 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4*1, tail 3-7, 
tarsus 1. 

The Gold-Coast Bulbul has only been met with in the forests of 
the Gold Coast, where it is apparently a rare bird. 

a. Ad. sk. Fantee. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
b. Ad. sk. Denkera, Fantee. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
12. TRICHOPHOROPSIS. . 
Type. 
Trichoplioropsis, Bp. Comptes Rendus, xxxviii. p. 59 (1854). T. typus. 

Head of Trichophoropsis typus. 

Range. Confined to Borneo. 

1. Trichophoropsis typus. 
Trichophoropsis typus, Bp. Comptes Rendus, 1854, p. 59; Salrad, 
Ucc Born. p. 203; Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 15; id. Ibis, 1879, 

p. .250. 
Criniger bemmeleni, Finsch, J.f.O. 18G7, p. 29. 
13 . TETCHOLESTES. 
Trichophorus notatus, Temm. in Mus. Lugcl, teste Fimeh (nee Cass.), 
Criniger typus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 275, no. 4040. 
Setornis criniger, Walden, Ibis, 1872, p. 377, pi. xii. (nee Less. Rev. 


Zool. 1830, pp. 167,198). 

Adult male. General colour above dark olive-brown, the head 
deeper brown, the long feathers of the rump much paler than the 
back; least and median wing-coverts like the back, the greater 
coverts and quills dark brown, rufous-brown externally; tail blackish, 
externally washed with brown near the base, all but the two centre 
tail-feathers having a large white spot at the tip of the inner web; 
lores, eyelid, and an ill-defined narrow ej^ebrow greyish white; in 
front of and behind the eye a dusky brown spot; ear-coverts brown, 
with whitish shaft-lines, with a greyish-white shade under the eye, 
the cheeks white, obscured by dusky tips to the feathers, which 
make a somewhat dark line along the upper edge of the cheeks; 
throat and fore neck white ; breast pale yellow, shading into white 
on the abdomen and under tail-coverts, the sides of the body olive-
brown ; thighs white, brown on the posterior aspect; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white, slightly washed with yellow; on the 
outer edge of the wing a brown patch ; quills brown below, whitish 
along the edge of the inner web ; " bill and legs pale bluish; legs 
and feet purplish lead-colour ; iris raw sienna" (Alfred Everett). 
Total length 8 inches, culmen 0-9*5, wing 3*85, tail 3-4, tarsus 075. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage ; " bill pale leaden 
blue ; legs pinkish grey ; iris chocolate" (A. Everett). Total length 
7*4 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 3*6, tail 3*2, tarsus 0*7. 

Tan Eemmelen's Bulbul is a resident in the island of Borneo. 

a. Ad. sk. Borneo. Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk.
c. d. c? $ ad. sk.
e. <$ ad. sk. 
Lumbidan. 
Bintulu. 
Sibu, Sarawak, July23,1874. 
Hugh Low, Esq. [0.]. 
Alfred Everett, Esq. TO.l 
Alfred Everett, Esq. [C.J. 
f. 9 ad. sk. Sibu, Sarawak, Nov.
21,1874. 
Alfred Everett, Esq. [0.]. 
g. 2 ad. sk. Sarawak. A. "R. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 

13. TEICHOLESTES. _ 
Type. 
Tricholestes, Sahad. TJcc. Born. p. 205 (1874) T. criuiger. 

Range. Malacca and Borneo. 

1. Tricholestes criniger. 
Brachypodius ? criniger, Blyth, J. A. & BBng. xiv. p. 577 (e# A . 

Hay, MS.). 
Setornis criuiger, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 212 (nee Less.), 
Trichophorus minutus, Hartl. J.f. 0. 1853, p. 150. 
Trichophoropsis viridis, Bp. C. It. 1854, p. 59. 
Criniger minutus, Mnsch, J. f. 0. 1867, p. 19 j Gray, liand-l. B> l 

p. 274, no. 4032. 
Andropodus xanthogenys, Temm. in Mus. Lugd, 
n 

 TrMELIIDJB. 
Criniger serieea, Blyth, Ibis, 1865 p. 48 (ex Midler in Mus. Zugd.). 
Criniger viridis, Gray, Hand-l. B. 1. p. 275, no. 4050. 
Criniger criniger, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 275, no. 4052. 
Bracnypus criniger, Walden, Ibis, 1872, p. 378. 
Tricholestes minutus, Salvad. Ucc. Bom. p. 205, taw v. %. 1• Sharpe, 
Ibis, 1877, p. 14; id. Ibis, 1879, p. 257. 
Tricholestes criniger, Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 306; Hume Sr Damson, 
Str. F. 1878, p. 304 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 62, 98. 
Adult male. General colour above dull yellowish olive, with [ 
remarkable long black hairs on the hind neck and mantle; wing-

Outline of Tricholestes criniger, to show long bristles on the baek. 

coverts brown, washed with the same colour as the back; quills 
brown, externally olive-brown, contrasting with the rest of the 
wing; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers fawn-brown, or slightly 
rufous-brown, marked with yellowish olive on their margins, the 
outer tail-feathers tipped with pale yellow on the inner web; crown 
of head light brown, contrasting with the back ; lores, feathers above 
and below the eye, and sides of face light yellow; under surface of 
body light yellow, whitish on the throat, the breast somewhat 
mottled with green, the feathers being edged with this colour, the 
flanks washed with olive; under wing-coverts light yellow, the 
greater series whitish; under surface of quills brown, fuivescent 
along the edge of the inner web; u bill pale leaden ; legs and feet 
light yellow-brown ; iris pale sepia-brown" (A. Everett): " the 
legs and feet are pale bluish, or pinkish brown, or salmon fleshy; 
claws pale plumbeous blue; lower mandible and edge of upper 
mandible pale plumbeous ; ridge of culmen and tip of upper mandible 
black ; ridge of upper mandible dark plumbeous, sometimes a 
horny brown ; irides varying from a pale umber or snuffy brown to 
dark brown " (Hume). Total length 5S inches, culmen 0*65, wing 
2-95, tail 2-6, tarsus 0*65. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. 'Total length 5*7 
inches, culmen 0*65. wing 2*75, tail 2*0, tarsus 0*65. 

1-1. ALCURUS. 

The Bristle-backed Bulbul is found in Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and 
the Malayan peninsula, ranging into the extreme southern portion 
of Tenasserim. 

A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0. ]. 
a. (S ad. sk. Malacca. 
b, c. Ad. sk. Malacca. 
India Museum. 

d. 
Ad. sk. Java. Purchased. 
Sumatra. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
*>/• 6>9-2 ad. sk. 

Borneo. Purchased. 

h. Ad. sk. 
Sarawak. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. 

i. J ad. sk. 
Henry Everett, Esq. 

k. $ .ad. sk. 
Sarawak. 
I. 
$ ad. sk. Tajrora, Sarawak, Alfred Everett, Esq. 
May 1875. 
14. ALCURUS. 
Type. 
Alcurus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844, descr. 
nulla), until A. striatus. 
Alcurus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 570 (1845) A. striatus. 

Head of Alcurus striatus. 

Range. Eastern Himalayas, ranging into the Burmese and Tenasserim 
hills. 

1. Alcurus striatus. 
Ixos nipalensis, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 189. 

fig. 4 (no. 343), et pi. 200. 
Alcurus nipalensis, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (descr. nulla). 
Trichophorus striatus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 184 (1842, descr. 

princeps); Bp. Consp. i. p. 262. 
Haematornis striatus, Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs, 

p. 89. 
Alcurus striatus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 570; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. 
p. 81; Wald. in Blyth B. Burnt, p.' 134; Hume $ Davison, Str. F. 
1878, p. 299, 1879, p. 98. 
Pycnonotus striatus, Gray, Gen. B. i.'p. 237; id. Hand-l. B. i. p. 270, 
no. 3954. 
Criniger striatus, Horsf. 8r Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co.\. p. 253. 

Adult. General colour above dark olive-green, the feathers distinctly 
streaked with yellowish white down their centres; head 

TIMELTIDJE. 

strongly crested; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts brighter 
and more olive-yellow than the back, the central streaks not so 
pronounced; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back, and 
streaked in the same manner; greater coverts and primary-coverts 
dull olive-greenish; quills dark brown, olive-yellow externally; 
tail-feathers dark brown, olive-yellow for the greater part of the 
outer web, and pale yellow along the inner web, the two outer 
feathers also tipped with pale }rcllow; lores and eyelid bright 
yellow; sides of face dusky or ashy black, spotted with yellowish 
white, the ear-coverts streaked with the latter colour; at the base 

of the lower mandible a spot of bright yellow; throat yellow, dotted 
with triangular spots of black on the sides and base; fore neck, 
chest, and breast ashy black, relieved by broad streaks of yellow or 
yellowish white occupying the centre of the feather; flanks and 
thighs olive-greenish, with the same central streaks as on the 
breast; lower abdomen and under tail-coverts bright yellow ; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries, as well as the edge of the wing, bright 
yellow; quills dusky brown below, yellow along the inner web ; 
" bill black; legs and feet very dark brown or deep plumbeous; 
iris deep red-brown" {Hume). Total length 9 inches, culmen 0*8, 
wing 4-3, tail 4, tarsus 0*7. 

Young. Similar to the adult, but rather browner in colour, and 
the yellow on the underparts much paler. 

Foot of Alcunis striatus. 

The Striated Green Bulbul inhabits the forests of the Himalayas 
from about 7000 feet, as well as the hills of Burmah and 
Tenasserim. 

a, b, c. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. Ii. Hodgson. Esq., 
1845 [P.]. 
d) e. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq., 
1859 [P.]. 
/, g. Ad. sk. Nepal (B. H. Hodgson). India Museum [P.]. 

h. Ad. sk. Darjiling {Pearson). India Museum [P.]. 
15. TIUCIIYCOMTTS. 
&8 

15. TRACHYCOMUS. -f 
Trachycomus, Cab. Mus. Hein.Th. i.p. 100(1850), . T. ochrocephalu?. 
Head of Trachycomus ochrocephalus, to show pointed feathers of crown. 

E<irM0r& Prom Southern Tenasserim, through the Malayan peninsula 
to Java, Sumatra, and Borneo. 

1- Trachycomus ochrocephalus. 

Yellow-crowned Thrush, Broion, Must. Zool. p. -50, pi. 22. 
Ceylonese Stare, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 11. 
Turdus ochrocephalus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 821 (ex Browne) ; Ilorsf. 


Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 149 ; Tcmm. PI. Col. ii. pi. 13(5. 
Sturnus zeylanicus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 804. 
Trichophorus crispiceps, Bh/th, J. A. S. Beng. xi. pp. 186, 204. 
Criniger ochrocephalus, Blj/th,J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 570; id. Cat B. 

Mus. As. Soc. p. 208; Ilorsf. # Moore,' Cat. B. Mus. E.L Co. i. 

p. 253. 
Microscelis ochrocephalus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 235; id. Iland-l. B. i. 
p. 268, no. 3922. 
Criniger crispiceps, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 236. 
Pycnonotus ochrocephalus, Bp. CanspA. p. 263. 
Trachycomus ochrocephalus, Cab. Midi. Hem. Th. i. p. 109; Moore, 
P. Z. S. 1854, p. 279 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1873, p. 455 ; Blyth f Wald, 
B. Burm. p. 133; Salvad. lice. Born. p. 196; Sharpe, Ibis, 1^76, 
p. 38; Hume $ Davis. Str. F. 1878, p. 300; Hume, Str. F 1879, 
pp. 61, 98; Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 256; id. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 247 ; 
Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 218. 
Alcurus ochrocephalus, Wald. Ibis, 1872, p. 379 : Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, 

p. 306. 
Adult female (Malacca; A. R. Wallace). General colour above 
earthy brown, the feathers washed with grey near their ends, and 
all streaked down the centre with conspicuous white shaft-lines, 
the latter feature becoming more indistinct on the lower back and 
scarcely perceptible on the rump-feathers, which are full and fluffy, 

"and slightly washed with yellowish olive; upper tail-coverts like 
the back, but more plainly edged with yellowish olive, and having 
pale shaft-streaks; tail-feathers dull yellowish olive, browner on 

TIMELUDiE. 

the inner webs ; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back, but 
strongly "washed with ashy grey, the shaft-lines not very distinct; 
greater* coverts, primary-coverts, and quills brown, externally 
washed with olive-yellow; forehead and crown of head deep straw-
yellow, brighter on the former, the feathers crisp and velvety in 
texture; the occipital plumes, nape, and hind neck ashy brown, with 
very conspicuous white shaft-streaks ; ear-coverts also brown, with 
dull whitish centres; lores black; behind the eye a bare space; 
eyelid, a streak running from the base of the lores below the eye, 
and another one surmounting the cheeks, to which it is parallel, 
deep straw-yellow; cheeks black; throat dull white ; lower throat, 
breast, and sides of body brown, washed with ashy grey, and having 
distinct white shaft-streaks, the latter less strongly marked on the 
sides of the body, which are pale^r and slightly washed with olive ; 
centre of body whity brown ; thighs deep fawn-colour; under tail-
coverts light fawn-brown, washed with olive-yellow, and having 
shaft-lines of dull white; axillaris light brown like the flanks; 
under wring-eoverts pale ashy brown, strongly washed with, olive-
yellow; quills dusky brown below, pale yellow along the inner 

webs; "bill black; legs and feet dark horny brown or black; 
irides brown, pale or litharge red ^ {Davison). Total length 9*5 inches, 
culmen 0*9, wing 4*35, tail 4, tarsus 1. 

Adult male (West Java; Wallace). Similar to the female, but 
larger. Total length 11 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 4-95, tail 4*8, 
tarsus 1. 

The Yellow-crowned Bulbul is found in Java, Sumatra, and 
Borneo, and ranges through the Malayan peninsula to the southernmost 
districts of Tenasserim, inhabiting the scrub and jungle rather 
than the thick forests. 

a. Ad. sk. Tenasserim {Heifer). India Museum. 
b. $ ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk.
d,e. Ad. sk,
/. Ad. st.
g. Ad. sk.
h. cf ad. sk.
I <$ ad, skK Ad. sk. 
Malacca. 
Penang (Dr. Canto?"). 
Malacca {Cantor). 
Malacca.* 
Sumatra. 
Siedjounjong, Sumatra(6. Bock). 
West Java. 
West Java (Bt C.
Bnxton). 
A. R.Wallace, Esq. [C.I 
India Museum. 
India Museum. 
Purchased. 
A. R.Wallace,Esq. [C.]. 
Lieut. R. G. Wardlaw 
Ramsav. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.I 
E. Nicholson, Esq. [P.I 
U L J 
I <$ ad. sk, Sarawak, A. R.Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 

16. XEHOCICHLA. 
Type. 
Xenocichla, Marti. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 86 (descr. nulla).
Bleda, Bp. Bev. et Mag. de Zool. 1859 (teste Hartl).
Xenoeichla, Cass. Pr. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 44 (ex 

Hartl.) X. syndactvla* 
Pyrrhurus, Cass. t. c. p. 46 (1859) T. X. scandens. 
Bseopogon, Heine, J.f. 0. 1860, p. 139 X. indicator. 
Trichites, Heine} t. c. p. 139 ... s......... X serina. 

16 . XENOCICHLA. 
Head of Xenocichla syndactyly 

Range. Confined to the Ethiopian Region. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Tail uniform, or having a narrow fringe of 
yellow at the tip of the inner weh of the 
outer feathers; no yellow spot at the tip of 
the tail. 
a'. Upper tail-coverts like the hack and like the 
tail, generally olive-green or brown. 
a". Bill blackish or blackish brown. 


a'". Throat and under surface generally 
brilliant golden yellow, as also the 
lores, cheeks, eyelids, and sides of face 
generally ,• colour above olive-yellow . icterica. p. 96. 

b'". Throat yellow; remainder of under 
surface of body olive-greenish or brown, 
greyish on the breast, the yellow con-
lined to the throat in strong contrast to 
the breast; upper surface brown, as also 
are the tail and wings, which are not \favicolli p. 97< 
externally olive-green \Haviaula n 98 

e'". Throat yellow, as also the centre of the & ^ '*?' 
breast; general colour olive-green above, 
the head more dusky; under surface 
yellow, with olive-green sides ; under 
wing-coverts olive-green; quill-lining 
burr* oMvacea, p. 98. 

d'". Throat grey, as also the entire head; 
general colour olive-green, lighter 
below tephrolcemcij p. 98. 

em. Throat white. 
a4. Under wing-coverts fawn-colour; 
head not distinctly capped simplex, p. 99. 

b\ Under wing-coverts olive-yellowish 
or yellowish white ; head ashy grey, 
forming a cap ; breast and abdomen 
white, streaked with yellow ; under 
tail-coverts brown, washed with 
olive flavistriata, p. 100 

b". 
Bill reddish brown; general colour yellowish 
olive; under surface bright yellow, 
greenish on the flanks serina, p. 100. 

TnrELiiDjs. 

V. 
Upper tail-coverts reddish, contrasting with 
the back, but resembling the tail, which is 
reddish brown or chestnut, 
c". Larger; wing 3-05-4*45 inches. 
/"'". Throat yellow, as also the rest of the 
under surface; loral spot yellow syndactyly p. 101. 

g'". Throat white or bufly white; breast 
yellowish white, washed with brown 
on the chest and flanks'; head a little 
greyer than the back, which is pale olivaceous 
scandens, p. 102. 

d". 
Smaller; wing 2*7 inches: throat white ; 
head greyish, contrasting with the dark 
olive-green back albigularis, p. 103. 

h. Tail with the outer feathers white, tipped with 
brown indicator, p. 103. 
c. Tail with 
the outer feathers broadly tipped 
with white, the basal half with brown leucopleura, p. 104. 
d. Tail with large yellow spots on the inner webs 
of the outer feathers. 
c'. Loral spot yellow; head uniform with the 
back, which is dark olive-green w»tata} p. 105. 
d'. Loral spot white; head gi ey, contrasting 
with the olive-green back , camcaj)ilta9 p. 105. 

1. XenocicMa icterica. 
Criniger ictericus, StrickL Ann. Nat. Hist. 1844, xiii. p. 411; Grai/j 
Gen. B. i. p. 236 ; Kelaart, JProdr. Cat p. 123; Bayard, Ann. Sat. 
Hist. 1854, (2) xiii. p. 124; Jerdon7B. iw&ii.p. 82; Grain Hand-l 

B. i. p. 274, no. 4023; Holdsic. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 450; Hume, 
Nest Sr Bqqs, p. 282; Leqge, Ibis, 1874, p. 20,1875, p. 3*16; Bmird. 
Sir. F. 1870, p. 800; Legqe, B. Ctylun,?. 472; Fairh. Str.F. 1877, 
p. 405 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 01. 
Trichas icterica, Cab. Arch.f. Naturg. 1847, p. 340. 
Pycnonotus ictericus, Blyth,*J. A. S! Bcng. 1844, xiv. p. 570. 
Hemixus icterica, Blyth] Cat. B. Jlus. As. tioc. p. 207 ; H. # M. Cat. 
B. Mus. JS.L Co. i. p. 250; Bp. Comp. I p. 201. 
Adult. General colour above olive-yellow, the wing-coverts like 
the back ; quills dark brown, externally olive-yellow like the back, 
the innermost secondaries almost entirely of the latter colour ; tail-
feathers- dull olive-yellow, dusky along the inner webs and towards 
the tips; lores, a narrow eyebrow, and feathers round the eye bright 
yellow; ear-coverts yellow, slightly shaded with olive; cheeks and 
under surface of body bright yellow, washed with olive on the sides 
of the breast; under wing-coverts and axiHaries bright yellow; 
quills light brown below, yellow along the inner webs; u bill black; 
legs and feet bluish leaden or dusky slatish; iris red or light red " 

(Legge). Total length 7*4 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*45, tail 3, 
tarsus 0*8. 
Obs. The female, according to Capt. Legge, is a little smaller, and 

16 . XESTOCICHLA. 
»7 

has the yellow in front of the eye confined to the lores ; the tinder 
surface slightly duller, and the face duskier than in the male. 
The Yellow-browed Bulbul is found in the forests of Ceylon and 
Southern India, not ranging higher than Bombay. 

a, b, c. Ad. sk. Malabar. Purchased. 
d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk.
/, g. $ ad. sk. 
Malabar. 
Coorg. 
Mynall, Travancore.
Oct. 1878. 
Dr. Jerdon [P.]. 
India Museum. 
F. W. Bourdillon, Esq. [ 0.1 J 
h. $ ad. sk.
i. $ ad. sk.
k. Ad. sk.
I. Ad. sk.
m. Ad. sk.
n. Ad. sk. 
Mynall, Nov. 1878. 
Mynall, Dec. 1878. 
Ceylon {Chapman). 
Ceylon. 
Ceylon. 
Nuwara Eliya, Ceylon. 
F. W. Bourdillon, Esq. [C.J. 
F. W. Bourdillon, Esq. [0.1. 
Marquis of Tweeddale [P.". 
Hugh Cuming, Esq. [0.]. 
E. L. Layard, Esq. [C.]. 
Mr. E. Boate [O.J. 

2. Xenocichla fiavicollis. 
Hsematornis fiavicollis, Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 2f59, 
P)cnonotus fiavicollis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 237. 
Ixus fiavicollis, Ilartl. J.f. 0. 1854, p. 26; Bp. Consp, i. p. 260. 
Trichophorus fiavicollis, Ilartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 85; id. J.f. 0.1861, 


p. 165. 
Criniger fiavicollis, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 22; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. 
p. 273, no. 4011. 
Adult. General colour above dark olive-brown with a distinct 
greenish shade ; the head darker brown than the back, forming an 
indistinct cap; the feathers of the crown edged with dark grey, 
which gives them a scaly appearance; wing-coverts like the back, 
the quills brown, externally olive, the primaries edged with clearer 
olive than the rest of the wing; tail -feathers lighter brown, edged 
with olive towards the base of the feathers; ear-coverts, lores, 
and cheeks dark brown, the lores and cheeks slightly washed with 
grey; throat bright yellow; remainder of under surface of body 
dark ashy washed with olive, the centre of the body lighter; feathers 
of the fore neck adjoining the yellow throat with white shafts, producing 
a somewhat streaked appearance; under tail-coverts dark 
olive-brown, with whitish edges and tips; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries dull fawn-brown, washed with olive-yellow on the edge of 
the wing ; quills dusky brown below, fawn-brown along the edge of 
the inner web. Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 4*7, 
tail 4*5, tarsus 1*05. 

The Yellow-throated Eulbul inhabits the forests of Western Africa, 
from Senegambia to Sierra Leone. 

a. Ad. sk. Senegambia. Governor Kendall [P.]. 
b, c. Ad. sk, River Gambia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
d. Ad. sk. West Africa. J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 

VOL. VI. 

TIMELimaE, 

3. Xenociehla flavignla. 
Triehophorus flavigala, Cab. Orn. Cem.tr dlhh 1880f p. 174. 
Triehophorus flavigidaris, Hartl Abhandh nai. Yet. Bremen, viL 
pp. 03,127. 

Yery similar to X. Jlavicollis in size and coloration, and rather to 
be looked upon as a variety of the latter. The greatest difference is 
to be seen in the pale yellow of the throat, which in X. JlavicoTlis is 
much more lively and extends further down on the fore neck. The 
upper parts are more tinged with greenish, the under parts paler and 
lighter coloured, with the middle of the abdomen white; u bill 
blackish; iris pearl-colour" (Emin Bey). (Calanis,!. c.) 

Sohiitt's Yellow-throated Bulbul replaces X. Jlavkollk in Angola, 
and occurs, according to Dr. Hartlaub, in the Upper Xile region, 
where a specimen was procured by Emin Bey, at llagungo, 2° 14' 
north of the equator. 

4. Xenocichla oHvacea. (Plate YIL fig. 2.) 
Trickopliorus olivacetis, Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 204 ; Bp. Consp. I. 
p. 202; Marti Orn. IV.-AJr.v. 82. " 
Criniger olivaceus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 230; FinscJt, J. J. 0. 1867. 
p. 22 ; Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 274, no. 4023. 
Adult. General colour above olive-green, of a slightly yellowish 

cast, the ss ings a little duller olive than the back; quills dusky 

brown, externally like the back, the primaries rather yellower on the 

outer web; tail olive-brown, greener on the edges of the feathers ; 

crown of head darker than the rest of the upper surface, being daxk 

slaty brown washed with olive; lores, feathers round the eye, and a 

faintly indicated superciliary line greyish white; ear-coverts debky 

brown with yellow shaft-lines; cheeks and throat yellow; remainder 

of under surface of body olive-green like the back7 } ellow in the 

centre of the body and on the under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries like the breast; quills dusky brown below, fulvescent 
along the inner web. Total length 6-6 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 
3-2, tail 2-9, tarsus 0*8. 

Ols. Mr. Salvin very kindly showed me the type of Swainson's 
Tricliopliorus olivaceus, with which one of the Pantee birds in the 
Museum agrees perfectly. The other specimen, however, perhaps a 
male, has a darker head, of a dusky brown, only very faint h tinged 
with olive: in this specimen also the ear-coveits are darker dusky 
brown, narrowly streaked with yellow. 

The Yellow-throated Bulbul is found in the forests of Western 
Africa from Senegambia to the Gold Coast. 

a, I. Ad. sk. Fantee (AuMnn). p . B. Sharpe, Esq. 

5. Xenocichla tephrolaema. 
Trichophorus tephrolsemus, Gray, Ann. Nat Hid. (%) x. p. 444 
16 . XENOCICHLA. 
99 

Oriniger tephrolaenms, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 278, no. 4012: Sharpe, 

P. Z. S. 1871, p. 615; Beichen. J.f 0. 1875, p. 49. 
Adult (typo of species). General colour above olive-green of a 
slightly yellowish cast; wing-coverts like the back, the quills dark 
brown, externally olive-green like the back, the secondaries almost 
entirely olive-green; tail-feathers olive-green, rather browner on 
the inner web, the outer ones with a narrow edging of yellow at 
the tip of the inner web; head and hind neck, sides of face, throat, 
and fore neck clear slaty grey, a little lighter on the throat, the 
lores being greyish white; remainder of under surface of body olive-
yellow, greener on the sides of the body, the under tail-coverts 
rather clearer yellow; under wing-coverts and axillaries yellow; 
quills dusky brown below, yellowish buff along the inner web. 
Total length 7*3 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 3*35, tail 3*1, tarsus 
0-9. 

The Ashy-throated Bulbul is only known from the Cameroons 
Mountains in Western Africa. 

a. 
Ad. sk. Cameroons Mountains, 7000 feet. Major E. Burton [P.], 
(Type of species.) 
6. Xenocichla simplex. 
Trichopkorus simplex, Hartl. J. f. 0. 1855, iii. p. 856 (ex Temm.); 
id. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 88; Cals. Pr. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 44; 
Heme, J.f.O. 18C0, p. 188; Hartl J.f.O. 1861, p. 168. 

Criniger simplex, Finsch, J. f. O. 1807, p. 28; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. 

p. 278, no. 4006; Sharps, Cat. Afr. B. p. 22 ; Beichen. J.f.O. 
1875, p. 35 ; Sharpe c]- Bovvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 44; 
Beichen. J.f O. 1877, p. 25 ; Nicholson, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 129. 
Ciiniger palpebro&us, Finsch, J.f.O. 1867, p. 28 (ex Heugl. MS.)f 
Andropadus (Oriniger) marchei, Oustalet, Nouv. Arch, au Mus. (2) 

ii. Bull. 1879, p. 101 (type examined). 
Andropadus marchei, Beichen. $* Schalow, J.f.O. 1S79, J>. 482. <* 
Adult General colour above dark brown, slightly olive; wings 
brown like the back, washed with olive on the coverts; tail-feathers 
brown, shaded with olive on the edges, the outer feathers edged 
with white at the tips of the inner webs; lores blackish, above and 
below the eye a small white line, confined to the eyelid; ear-
coverts dusky brown, with minute shaft-lines of whitish; cheeks 
and throat white; rest of under surface of body pale brown, the 
sides of the breast dull olivaceous ; centre of the abdomen yellowish 
white, deepening into brownish white on the under tail-coverts; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries fawn-colour; quills dull brown, 
reddi&h along the inner web; " bill black; feet leaden grey; iris 
chestnut-brown " (Beichenou>). Total length 7*7 inches, culmen 0*8, 
wing 3*95, tail 3*75, tarsus 0*95. 

Marche's Bulbul inhabits the forests of "Western Africa, from the 
Gold Coast to the Congo. 

a. 2 ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk. 
Landana, Congo. 
Gaboon (JR. B. N. Walker). 
Gaboon (JDuChaillu). 
MM. Lucan & Petit [C.]. 
E. B. Sharps, Esq. 
B. B. Shaipe, Esq, 
i 2 

100 TBIELIIDJE. 
cl Ad. sk.
e-g. Ad. sk.
k Ad. sk.
i. Ad. sk.
& Ad. sk.
J. Ad. sk. 
Gaboon (Laglaize). 
Abeokuta. 
Afihantee. 
Fantee {AuMnn). 
Deukera. 
Mainpon, Aug. 1872 (J2". F. 
Paris Museum [P.]. 
F. Nicholson, Esq. 
J. Gould, Esq. ;P.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
B. B. Sharpe, Esq. T>.1 
Ft. B. Sharpe, Esq. [T.]. 

7. Xenocichla flavistriata, 
Andropadus fla% ostriatus, Sharpe, His, 1870, p. 58; *</ «7. Bayard's 
B. S. Afr. p. 205 • Ayres, Ibis, 1870; p. 427. 
Adult female (type of species). General colour above olive-brown, 
with somewhat of a yellowish tinge; head dusky grey, the lores and 
feathers round the eye greyish white; ear-coverts grey, with narrow 
white shaft-streaks; cheeks greyish white ; throat pure white; rest 
of under surface whitish, the feathers edged with greenish yellow, 
causing the breast to appear streaked with that colour ; sides of the 
body dull greenish olive, deepening on the lower flanks and under tail-
coverts ; thighs greenish olive; under wing-coverts dull yellow, washed 
with brown near the edge of the wing ; scapulars and least wing-
coverts coloured like the back; rest of the wing brown, all the feathers 
externally washed with olive, inclining to golden brown on the outer 
webs of the secondaries; upper tail-coverts and tail brown, strongly 
wTashed with olive-green: " bill, tarsi, and feet ash-colour; iris ashy 
hazel" (F. A. Bar rati). Total length 7*4 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 
345, tail 3*5, tarsus 1. 
Adult male. Kot to be distinguished from the female; iris tawny, 
bill dusky, tarsi and feet ashy {T. Ay res). Total length 7*0 inches, 
culmen 0*85, wing 3*85, tail 3*0, tarsus 0-05. 
Barratts Bulbul is only known from South-eastern Africa,where 
it ranges from the Zambesi to the Transvaal. 

a. Ad. sk. Shire Fiver, Zambesi. Dr. Kirk TV. 
b. 2 
ad. sk. Maeamae, July 1,1674. F. A. Barratt, Esq. [C.]. 
{Type of >pme.C) 
e. 2 ad. sk Itfaeamac. 
F. A. Burratt, Ej-q. [C.~. 
d. $ 
ad. sk. Macamac, Oct. 0, 1874 {T. J. II. Guniey, Esq. ;P.j. 
Ayres). 
8. Xenocichla serina, 
Criniger serinus, J. § B. Terr. J. f. O. iiL 1855, p. 105; Fimeh,J. f. 
O. 1807, p. 33; Sharpe, Ilis,l8m, p. 382; Gray, HamM. B."l 
p. 275, no. 4040; Shelley $ Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p/291; Sharpe # 
Bouiier, Bull Sue. Zool. Frame, 1877, p. 478. 
Criniger xanthogaster, Cass. Fr. Fhilad. Acad. 1855, p. 327; Baeagt, 
Jorn. Zisb. iii. p. 272 (1871); Gadoiv, J. f. O.187(5, p. 410. 
Trichophorus xanthogaster, Marti Orn. IV^Afr. p. 83; id. J. f. O. 
18(31, p. 104. 
Hemixus serinus, Cass. Pr. Fhilad. Acad. 1859, p. 45: Heme, J. f. O. 
1800, p. 139. 
Trichites serinus, Heine, J.f. 0.1800, p. 140. 

Adult. General colour yellowish olive, the hind neck and mantle 

16 . XBNOCICHLA. 10 1 
with yellowish shaft-linos; wing-coverts liko the back, the quills 

brown, externally yellowish olive like the back, the secondaries 

almost entirely of the latter colour; tail-feathers olive-brown, olive-

yellow on the outer webs; lores dull whitish; ear-coverts olive, 

with whitish shaft-lines; cheeks and throat dull white, washed with 

yellow; fore neck and sides of body olive-yellow, the centre of the 

breast and abdomen rich yellow, deepening into fulvous on the 

under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts and axillaries bright yellow; 

quills brown, yellow along the edge of the inner web; bill reddish 

brown. Total length 75 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*5, tail 3, 

tarsus 0*8. 

Obs. Some specimens have tolerably distinct yellowish shaft-

streaks on the breast-feathers, and the intensity of the under tail-

coverts varies with individuals, deepening in some almost to fawn


colour. A skin from Ashantee appears to be immature, as it has 

some rufous-brown feathers on the nape, and is altogether duller in 

colour. 

The Red-billed Bulbul inhabits the forests of West Africa, from 
the Gold Coast to the Congo. 


tf.Ad.sk, Gaboon. M.Verreaux. (Type 
of species.) 


b. Ad. sk. Gaboon, M. Verreaux. 
r. Ad. sk. Gaboon (JDuCliaillu), K. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
d. Juv. sk Ashantee. J. Gould, E&q. 
e. Ad. sk. Fantee (Aubinn). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
/. Ad. sk. Fantee. A. Swanzy, Esq. 
9. XenocicHa syndactyla. 
Dasycephala syndactyla, Swains, B. W. Afr. i. p. 201; id. Classif. 
B. ii. p. 229 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 208. 
Trickophorus syndactylus; Marti. J. f. O. 1854, p. 25; id. Orn. W.~ 
Afr. pp. 86, 272. 
Bled* a syndactyla, Bp. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1857 (teste Martlaub). 
Xenocichla syndactylus, Cass, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 44 j Hem*, 

J. f. O. 1860, p. 138; Kartl. J.f O. 1861, p. 165. 
Criniger syndactylus, Finsch, Jf O. 1867, p. 27 * Gray, Hand4. B. 
i. p. 275, no. 4042 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1872, p. 68. 
Adult male. General colour dark olive-green, the head darker and 
of a more olive-green shade, the lower back more reddish; uppor 
tail-coverts and tail deep chestnut; wing-coverts like the back, the 
greater series more dusky brown, externally olive-green, much paler 
on the outer edge of the piimaries; a pale yellow loral spot; eyebrow 
and a few superciliary feathers yellowish white, forming an indistinct 
eyebrow; cheeks blackish, slightly washed with olive; ear-coverts 
dusky olive-green j moustachial line, throat, and centre of body 
yellow, the sides of the breast and flanks olive-green, darker on the 
former; under wing-coverts and axillaries dull yellow; quills dusky 
brown below, ashy along the inner web. Total length 8-6 inches, 
culmen 1*05, wing 445, tail 3*95, tarsus 1*05. 

A bird from Fantee is a little clearer brown on tho wing, the 

102 TllEELIID^l. 

latter measuring 3*65 inches. A second specimen has the wing much 
more rufous, the primary-coverts and secondaries, as well as the 
outer webs of the secondaries, being rufous. This latter colour maybe 
due to sexual differences, as the bird is apparently a female, 
measuring so much less than the other birds. Total length S inches, 
culmen 0-9, tail 3*45, tarsus 0*95. 

The Chestnut-tailed Eulbul is found in the forests of West Africa, 
from Senegambia to Gaboon. 

a. <$ ad. sir. Gaboon (DuChaillu). H. B. Sharpe, E*q. 
b. Ad. sk. Gaboon (DuChaiUu). E. B. Sharpe. E-q. 
c. Ad. sk Fantee (Governor Uglier). IX. B. Sharpe, Eaq. 
d. Ad. sk. Fantee ( Governor U^her). R. B. Sharpe, E-q. 

10. Xenocichla scandens. 
Pin Hastrephu* scanden^ Swains. B. W. Afr.. i. p. 2703 pi. 30; Gray, 

ben. B. I p. 23S; Bp. Conbp. i. p. 2G0; flaHl OJ H. W.-Afi\ p. ^0. 
TrichopIioi'Lis pallescens, Harth Orn. TV.-Afr. p ^ J. 
Pyirhurus scandens, Ca^b, Pr. Phdad. Acad, 1>J(J, p. 4(3; Fui^Jt, J. 

f O. 1807, p. 8. 
Pyrrliurus pafle^cens, Cass. Pr. Pli'dad. Acad. 1859, p. 4 5• Heine, J. 

"f. O. 1800, p. 40; 'FutxK J-f O. \h\n, p. \ 
Xenocichla pallescen«*. Hartl. j'.f. O. 1801, p. 105. 
Criniger pallescens, Finsck, J. f O. 1&07, p. 20; Gray, Hand-!. B. 

i. p. 275, no. 4037. 
Criniger se«a*4«l5, Gray, Iland-L B. i. p. 275, no. 40^3 ; tihar/y , Z&'v 
1870, p. 52; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 22. — -—-^ 

Adult. General colour above pale olive with an ashy cast; the 
crown of the head obscure ashy grey; rump washed with fawncolour; 
upper tail-coverts fawn-colour or pale cinnamon, the tail 
being also of the latter colour, but a little darker; least and median 
wing-coverts like the back, the greater series and the quilL brown, 
with pale fawn-brown edges, the inner secondaries entirely fawn-
brown ; lores greyish white; sides of face grey, the cheeks rather 
paler; throat dull white, fading off on to the breast, which, with 
the rest of the under surface of the body, is light yellowish brown, 
washed with yellow on the middle of the abdomen, and deepening 
into fawn-colour on the under tail-coverts, the rifles of the breast 
washed with olive; under wing-coverts and asillaiies fawn-buff; 
quills dark brown below, fawn-buff along the inner web ; bill horn-
brown, yellowish brown along the edge of the upper mandible, the 
lower mandible being yellowish ; feet dark horn-brown, the claws 
paler and more yellowish brown. Total length 9*0 inches, culmen 
0*8, wing 4-45, tail 4*2, tarsus 1*1. 

Some differences exist in the size of specimens, one from Fantee, 
presented by Mr. Andrew Swanzy, measures 4 inches in the wing 
and 1 inch hi the tarsus. 

The Pale Bulbul is only known from West Africa: where it has 
been met with in the forests of Senegambia down to those of Denkera, 
on the Gold Coast. 

a. Ad. sk. River Gambia. Purchased. 
16 . XENOCICHLA. 103 
b. Ad. sk. River Gambia. Purchased. 
c, d. Ad. sk. Denkera, Fantee. Andrew Swanzy, Esq. [P.], 

11. Xe&ocicMa albigularis. (Plate VII. fig. 1.) 
Adult. General colour above dull olive-green, the wing-coverts 
slightly more olive-brown than the back ; quills dusky brown, externally 
olive-green, more yellow on the outer webs of the primaries; 
upper tail-coverts and tail brown, washed with olive on the outer 
webs ; head light slaty grey, faintly washed with olive ; lores and 
feathers round the eye, as well as a faint indication of an eyebrow, 
greyish white; ear-coverts light slaty grey, with whitish shaft-
lines ; cheeks greyish white ; throat white; under surface of body 
pale yellow, the breast washed with grey, the sides washed with 
olive-green ; under wing-coverts and axillaries light yellow, washed 
with olive near the edge of the wing; quills dull brown below, 
yellowish buff along the edge of the inner web. Total length 5-8 
inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2*7, tail 2*4, tarsus 0*75. 

Ussher's Bulbul is as yet only known from the forests in the 
interior of the Gold Coast. 

a. Ad. sk. Fantee {Governor Ussher). E. B. Sliarpe, Esq. 
12. XenociGhla indicator. 
Criniger indicator, J. $ E. Terr, J. f. 0.1855, vol. iii. p. 105 : Finsch, 
J.f O. 1807, p. 33 ; Sliarpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 187; Gray, Hand4. B. 
i. p. 274, no. 4035; Skarpe, Cat Afr. B. p. 22. 
Trichophorus leucurus, Cass. Br. Bhilad. Acad. 18oo? p. 328. 
Trichophoms indicator, Marti. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 84; id. J.f O. 1861, 
p. 16o. 
Hemixus indicator, Cass. Br. Bhilad, Acad. 1859, p. 45. 
Bseopogon indicator, Heine, J.f. 0.1860, p. 139. 
Adult. General colour above dull olive-green, the wing-coverts 
like the back, the quills dark brown, externally olive-green, the 
secondaries almost entirely of the latter colour; four centre tail-
feathers dark brown, the rest dark brown, excepting on the outer 
web, which is more than half yellowish white, brown only at the 
base and at the tip; the three outer tail-feathers white, slightly 
washed with yellow, and having a blackish-brown, spot at the tip, 
with an obscure basal mark of brown also ; head olive-green, a 
little duller than the back ; lores and sides of face dusky ash-grey, 
as also the throat and under surface of body; the fore neck, breast, 
and sides of the body washed with olive-yellow; ear-coverts also 
washed with olive-yellow, the shaft-streaks paler; lower abdomen, 
and under tail-coverts brownish white; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries dull olive-yellow, light brown at the base; greater scries 
light ashy brown, like the inner edge of the quills. Total length 
8 inches, culmen. 0*75, wing 3*9, tail 3, tarsus 0*8. 

The Honey-Guide Bulbul inhabits the forests of West Africa, 
from the Gold Coast to Gaboon. 

104 inrELiiDiE. 
a. Ad. sk. Gaboon. M. Yerreaux. 
b. Ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk.
6. Ad. sk.
f. Ad. sk. 
Ashantee. 
Fantee. 
Fantee (Aubhin). 
Fantee {Governor Ussher). 
Manrpon, Aug. 1872 
J. Gould. E&q. 
G. Lyall, Esq. [C.]. 
K. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(H. F. Blissett). 

13. Xenocichla leucopleura. 
Phyllastrephus 
leucopleuriLs, Cass. Pr. Philad. Acad. 1855, p. 328; 
Earth Orn. W.-Afr. p. 89. 
Trichophorus niveous, Marti. J. f. O. 1855, p. 850 (ex Temm.) ; 
*V7. 0™. IF.-^/r.p. 84: *Y7. J. / 0. 1801, p. 1U4. 

Lb77, p. 477• Bocayp, Orn. Angola, p. 240. 
Criniger nivosus, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 22- id. P. Z. S. 1871, 

p. 009 ; Meiclien. J.f. 0. 1*77, p. 25. 
.4<:?«7tf Mflfc. General colour above dull brown, somewhat shaded 

•with olive, the head a little more dingy brown than the back : 
feathers of the lower back very full and Huffy, the lateral ones 
yellowish at their tips, forming a more or lets conspicuous patch at 
the sides of the rump ; wings and tail brown, slightly olivaceous on 
the margins of the feathers ; all but the two centre rectrices tipped 
with white, which increases largely towards the outer feathers ; 
lores and feathers above the eye dull white; sides of face dusky 
brown, with whitish shaft-lines; cheeks ashy grey, w ith whitish 
shafts to the feathers; throat and chest dusky grey, the feathers 
margined with olive and having conspicuous white central streaks ; 
rest of under surface of body pale yellow, more or less white in the 
centre of some of the feathers, especially the under tail-coverts ; 
under wing-eovtrts and axillaries like the breast; quills dusky-
brown below, whitish at base of inner web, and shading into ashy 
along the edge of the latter. Total length 9*7 inches, culm en 0*95, 
wing 4*35, tail 4*35, tarsus 1. 
Young. Is similar to the adult in colour, but much more fluffy in 
plumage, and rather browner on the upper surface. 
The "White-bellied Bulbul occurs in "West Africa only, where it 
inhabits the forests from the Gambia to the Congo. 

a. Ad. sk. Cape Palmar F. Xicholson, Esq. rP.l 
&, c. Ad. sk. Fantee (Governor Ussker). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. " 
d. Ad. sk. Ashantee. 
J. Gould, EVq. 
e,/. Ad. sk. 
Cameroons Mountains, Feb. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
1871 (A. Crossley). 

g. Ad. sk. Gaboon. 
M. Yerreaux. 
h. Ad.,«, k. Juv. Gaboon (DuCLaillu). R. B. Shaipe, Esq. 
sk. 
I 
cS ad. sk. Camma River (DuCIiaitta). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

m. Ad. sk. West Africa. L. Fraser, Esq. 
105 

16 . XENOCICHLA. 
14. Xenocichla notata. 
Tricliophorus notatus, Cass. Pr. Philad, Acad. 1856, p. 159 ; Hartl. 
Orn. W.-Afr. pp. 83, 272. 

Xeuocichla notata, Cass. Pr. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 45; id. Jour. 
Philad. Acad. v. p. 182, pi. xxii.fig.2 ; Heine, J.f. 0. 1800, p. 139 ; 
Hartl. J. f. 0. 1801, p. 105. 

Criniger notatus, Finsch, J. f. O. 1807, p. 30 ,• Gray, Hand-l. B. i. 

p. 273, no. 4007; S/iarpe, Cat Afr. B. p. 22 ; Peichen. J.f.O. 
1870, p. 35; Sharpe ty Bouv. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1870, p. 40; 
Peichen. J. f. O. 1877, p. 25. 
Adult. General colour above olive-green, the head a little darker 
than the back; wing-coverts and quills brown, margined with the 
same colour as the back, a little lighter on the edge of the quills; 
tail-feathers olive-green, the four outer ones tipped with a yellow 
spot, smaller on the fourth feather, and confined to the inner web, 
becoming larger on the three outside ones; a large loral spot 
of yellow, very conspicuous; sides of face dark olive-green, the 
cheeks still darker, blackish, tinged with olive-green; entire under 
surface of body bright yellow, the sides of the chest dark olive-
green, the flanks also washed with pale olive-green; under wing-
coverts and axillaries yellow ; quills brown below, yellow along the 
inner web ; " bill blackish, below leaden grey; feet leaden grey, the 
soles dirty yellow; iris reddish brown" (Reicheaow). Total length 
7 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*45, tail 3-3, tarsus 1. 

The Yellow-marked Bulbul is only known from the forests of 
"West Africa, where it is met with from the Cameroons to the 
Congo. 

a. Ad. sk. Camma Itiver, Gaboon. P. B. DuChaillu, Esq. [C.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Gaboon (DuChaillu). H. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
c. d. Ad. sk. Gaboon (P. B. N. Walker). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
15. Xenocichla canicapilla. 
Tricliophorus canicapillus, Hartl. Beitr. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 24; id. 
J.f.O. 1854, p. 25; id. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 84. 
Xenocichla canicapillus, Cass. Pr. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 44. 
Criniger canicapillus, Finsch, J.f.O. 1807, p. 31; Gray, Hand-l. B.' 
i. p. 273, no. 4009; Sharpe, Ibis, 1872, p. 09. 
Adult. General colour above olive-green, a little paler on the 
upper tail-coverts; wing-coverts like the back ; quills dark brown, 
externally olive-green like the back; tail-feathers olive-green, the 
four outer ones having a yellow spot at their ends; head ashy grey, 
with a faint wash of olive on the nape ; sides of face a little darker 
grey; lores hoary white ; moustachial line, throat, and under surface 
of body bright yellow, paler on the throat; the sides of the 
chest and sides of the body greenish; the breast-feathers rather long 
and silky and having white bases; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
bright yellow; quills brown below, yellow along the inner 
web. Total length 8 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3*6, tail 3*5, tarsus 
0-95. 

106 
TOtELIIBiB. 

According to Dr. Hartlaub, the female is distinguislied by a whiter 
throat. 
The Grey-headed Bulbul is only found in "West Africa, where it 
ranges from Senegambia to the Gold Coast. 

a. Ad. sk. Eiver Gambia. Governor Rendall [C.]. 
b, c. Ad. sk. Fantee (Governor Ussher). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
d, e. Ad. sk. Fantee (Aubinn). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
17. AKDROPADUS. T 
Type. 

Andropadus, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer.} Birds, p. 485 
(1831) A. importunus. 
Polyodon, Lafr. May. de Zool. 1832, Oiseaux, texte to 
pi. 4 .' A. importunus. 

Head of Andropadus importunus, to show serrations in upper mandible. 

Range. Confined to Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
With a moustachial streak of yellow in young 
and old birds latirostris, p. 107. 
b. 
With no yellow moustachial streak. 
a'. Under tail-coverts olive or brown, with olive-
yellowish edgings. 
a". Larger: winjr 345 inches ; feet dark brown; 
abdomen lighter than the breast; a faint 
indication of yellow lores iniportunus, p. 108. 

b". 
Smaller: wing 2-8-3-0 inches; feet pale; 
abdomen yellower than the breast; no 
vellow on the lores, which are like the , - -i/v* 
head : \virem,V IW. 

V. 
Under tail-coverts reddish brown; wings red-l«»w»«m>P- «*• 
dish virem juv., p. 10.r). 
c\ Under tail-coverts yellow. 
c". Throat clear yellow, like the rest of the abdomen 
and under tail-coverts, with only a 
slight shade of olive on the breast and 
flanks; under wing-coverts and inner lining 
of quills bright yellow oleaginus, p. 111. 

d". 
Throat and breast shaded with olive, as also 
the sides of the body; centre of the abdomen 
and under tail-coverts yellow; 
under wing-coverts and inner lining of 
quills saffron-yellow flavescens, p. 112. 

107 

17 . ANDROPADUS. 
L Andropadus latirostris. 

Andropadus latirostris, Siriekl. P. Z. S. 1844, p. 100; Allen fy 
Thomps. Exp. Niger, ii. p. 496; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 236; Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 261; Marti. Orn. W.-Afr. pp. 87, 272; Cass. Pr. 
Philacl Acad. 1859, p. 45; Seine, J.'f. 0. I860, p. 140; Sartl 

J.f.O. 1861, p. 166; Gray, HandA. B. i. p. 276, no. 4055; 
Sliarpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 52 ; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 22; Reichen. J. f. O. 
1873, pp. o4, 49. 
Adult. Gr en oral colour above dull olive-greenish, much browner 
on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts 
slightly more olive-brown than the back, especially paler olive at 
the ends of the median and greater series; quills dark brown, externally 
more olive-brown, paler along the edge of the primaries, 
the secondaries rather more reddish brown; tail-feathers dark 
brown, with paler endings to the inner webs of the outer feathers; 
lores, feathers round the eyes, and cheeks olive-blackish, the ear-
coverts rather paler olive-brown; on each side of the throat a yellow 
moustachial streak; throat and fore neck dusky olive ; rest of under 
surface of body very pale yellowish olive, the sides of the body more 
dusky olivaceous, browner on the lower flanks and thighs; under 
tail-coverts pale brown, slightly washed with fawn-colour; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries pale yellowish fawn-colour; the quills 
brown below, ashy along their inner webs; " bill black, yellow on 
the edges of the upper mandible and at the base of the lower mandible 
; feet yellowish brown ; iris dark " (Beielienoiv~A~). Total length 
6-35 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*05, tail 2*85, tarsus 0-75. 

Young. Similar to the adult, but a little more reddish brown on 
the wings, the centre of the breast and abdomen washed with fawn-
buff; moustachial streak of yellow as distinct as in the adult. Total 
length 6*7 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*85, tail 2-7, tarsus 0*75. 

Obs. The species with the yellow moustache must be called A. 
latirostris of Strickland, as the latter distinctly includes this feature 
as a character in the original description. He then proceeds:— 
" In two other specimens in which the sex is not indicated, the 
dimensions and plumage are the same, but the yellow streak on 
each side of the chin is wanting, and the lower mandible wants the 
serrations, and exhibits only a small subterminal notch. These are 
probably younger individuals." Mr. Gr. E. Gray has a specimen of 

A. virens in the Museum marked as if it were the type of A. latirostris; 
but this is clearly not the case, as it has not the yellow moustachial 
streak; it must therefore be one of the other specimens mentioned 
by Strickland, which he considers to be younger birds. The same 
view of the adults and young is taken by Dr. Hartlaub (Orn. Westafr. 
p. 87); but notwithstanding this weighty authority, I do not consider 
that his view of the case is correct. If any thing, the yeHowmoustached 
bird will be the young ; but at present I believe it to 
indicate a distinct species, in which both old and young birds will be 
* These soft parts evidently indicate a young bird, perhaps that of A. virens. 
108 TMELUDJE. 

found to have a yellow moustache, bordered by very dark cheeks; this 
latter is a very strong feature. I believe that the Museum contains 
both old and young—the immature birds throughout the dull-coloured 
Andropadi appearing to resemble the adults in general appearance, 
but always having paler bills and legs, and having also more or less 
reddish-brown wings. In all the specimens examined I have not 
yet found an absolute transition between the yellow-streaked birds 
and A. virens, although the moustache is often more plainly marked 
in some birds than it is in others. As, however, moustached birds 
with both black and light-coloured bills are represented in the 
series, I believe that it is right to admit A. latirostris as a distinct 
species. 

The question of the typical specimen may now be considered 
settled, as in a recent acquisition of birds from Mr. T. C. Eyton's 
collection one of the skins is marked '• original specimen/' 

The Moustached Bulbul is an inhabitant of the West-Afriem 
forests, from the Gambia to the Congo. 

a. Imm. sk. Fantee (GovernorUssher). 
It. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
b. Ad., c,d. Juv.
e. Imm. sk.
/. Juv. sk.
\j. Ad. sk.
h. Imm. sk.
sk. Fantee (Aubinn). 
Gaboon (BuChaillu). 
Gaboon. 
Fernando Po (B.
Fraser). 
Landana? Congo. 
11. B. Sharp**, E-q. 
It. B. Sharp**, K*(_. 
P. B. DuChaillu, bWy ~(V. 
E\ton Collection. (T\ p7i 
of ^peci^.) 
MM. Lucan and Petit [Cf. 

2. Andropadus importtums. 
LTmportim, Levaill. Ois. dAfr. iii. p. 41, pi. 100. fig. 2. 
Turdus importimus, Vieill. N, Bid. dllist. JXat." xx. p. 26ti (e.u 


BevailL). 
Turdus clamosus, Steph Gen. Zooh xiii. p. 197 (ex Levaill.). 
Polyodon importunus, Lafr. Mag. de ZooL 1#32, Ois. pi. 4; Zm. 

J&ev. ZooL 1840, p. ISC. 
Andropadus faniiliaris, Sirains. Classif. B. ii. p. 21. 
Anclropaclus \ ociferus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 22S. 

Gray, JBand-L B. i. p. 276, no. 4053 ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 22 j 
Shelley, Ibis, l87o, p. 75 : Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 204. 
Criniger importunus, Bayard, B. S. Afr. p. 137, 

Adult male. General colour above olive-green, the head a little 
darker and more olive-brown; wing-coverts like the back; greater 
coverts and quills dusky brown, externally edged with the same 
olive-green as the back; a little yellower on the margin of the primaries 
; tail-feathers olive-brown, washed with olive-green on the 
margins; lores a little lighter olive; side3 of face and ear-coverts 
slightly darker olive-brown, like the head; throat and under surface 
of body olive-yellowish, duller olive and greener on the breast, sides 
of body, thighs, and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts and 

17 . ANDBOPADUS. 
109 

axillaries yellow; quills dusky brown, yellow along the inner webs ; 
"bill black; tarsi and feet dusky; iris tawny " (T. Ay res). Total 
length 7*1 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 3*45, tail 3*6, tarsus 0*9. 

Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male : " bill black; legs 
horn-colour; iris very pale yellow " (Shelley); " iris pale green" 

(T. Ay res). Total length 7*7 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3*35, tail 
3*35, tarsus 0*9. 
The Sombre Bulbul is found in the forests of South Africa, 
extending from the Knysna district to Natal and the Eastern 
Transvaal. 

a, b. $ 5 ad. sk. Knysna (C. J. Andersson). B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

c. Ad. sk. East London (J. C. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Richard). 
d, e. Ad. sk. Kingwilliamstown. Lieut. H. Trevelyan [P.j. 

f. 
cT ad. sk. Kingwilliamstown. Lieut. H. Trevelyan [P.J. 
g. 
Ad. sk. Eland's Post (T. C. At-11. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
more). 
h. $ ad. sk. Natal. 
Dr. Gueinzius [O.]. 
i. Ad. sk. Natal (T. Ayres). J. H. Gurney, Esq. [P.l 
k, I. Ad. sk. Lydenburg. F. A. Barratt, Esq. [0.1. 
m. $ ad. sk. Macamac, Jan. 25, 1874 J. EL Gurney, Esq. [P.j. 
(T. L. Ayres). 
n. Ad. sk. South Africa. Dr. Krauss. 
3. Andropadus virens. 
Andropadus latirostris (juv.), Strichl. P. Z. S. 1844, p. 100; Fraser, 
Zool. Typ. pi. $5. 

Andropadus virens, 
Cass. Pr. Pliilad. Acad. 1857, p. 34; Marti. Orn. 
W.-Afr. p. 264 ; Cass. Pr. PMlad. Acad. 1859, p. 46; Heine, J.f. 0. 
1860, p. 140; llartl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 166; Gray, Hand-l B. i. 

p. 276, no. 4054; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 22; id. P. Z. S. 1871, 
p. 609 ; id. Ibis, 1872, p. 69; Peichen. J.f. 0. 1875, pp. 34,49; id. 
J.f. 0.1877, p. 25. 
Andropadus erythropterus, Uartl. P. Z. S.1858, p. 292; id. J.f. 0. 
1861, p. 166; Gray, Kand-l. B. i. p. 276, no. 4058. 

Adult (Gaboon, Du Chaillu). General colour above dull olive-
greenish, a little more rusty on the rump, and decidedly more so 
on the upper tail-coverts ; tail-feathers brown, with olive-greenish 
margins; wing-coverts olive-brown, with olive-greenish edgings like 
the back; quills dark sepia-brown, washed with pale olive-greenish on 
the outer web, lighter towards the ends of the primaries; the secondaries 
washed with reddish brown, especially the innermost, which 
are almost entirely of the latter colour ; sides of face olive-greenish 
like the npper parts, the ear-coverts with indistinct olive shaft-lines ; 
over the eye a scarcely distinguishable line of paler olive from the 
lores ; cheeks and under surface of body olive-ye]lowish, paler yellow 
on the centre of the abdomen and under tail-coverts; sides of breast 
and flanks dark olive-green, almost meeting across the breast; under 
wing-coverts light olive-yellow ; quills dusky brown below, whitish 
along the inner webs; " bill horn-colour, the lower mandible lightest; 

110 
TLMBLIIDM, 

feet brown; iris bright brown>J (MS. label to spec. c). Total length 
6 inches, cnlmen 0*55, wing 2*8, tail 2*8, tarsus 0*75. 

Toimy (type of A. erythrojpterus, HartL). General colour above 
dark olive-greenish, the upper tail-coverts slightly more rufescent; 
tail chocolate-brown, rather rufescent on the margins of the feathers; 
least and median wing-coverts like the back; primary-coverts and 
greater coverts rufous-brown- quills dark brown, rufous-brown 
externally, the secondaries almost entirely of the latter colour; sides 
of face and under surface of body dark olive-greenish, a little more 
ashy on the throat, the centre of the body and abdomen somewhat 
lighter olive • under tail-coverts rufescent brown; under wing-
coverts light yellowish, inclining to fawn-colour on the edge of the 
wing • quills dull brown below, ashy brown tinged with fawn-colour 
along the inner web; feet pale ; bill brown, yellowish on the lower 
mandible and at the tip and along the cutting-edge of the upper 
mandible. Total length 6'5 inches, culm en Ovo, v,ing 2-5, tail 2-J7 
tarsus 0*75. 

Obs. When Dr. Hartlaub described his Ant!ninth's rnftJtrqptt rm 
from a specimen in the Museum collection, the series there was so 
small that the bird might well have been taken for a distinct species. 
Now, however, the series shows every gradation from youthful 
plumage to that of maturity, the rufoub wings being accompanied by 
a pale bill and dusky-olive abdomen and under wing-covert •% As the 
bird gets adult the plumage becomes more olive, the bill is blackish 
brown, and the under wing-coverts and the abdomen brighter olive-
yellow. 

The Small Green Bulbul is an inhabitant of the entire forest-region 
of Western Africa, from Senegambia to the Congo. 

a, b. Ad. sk. [West Africa.] L. Fra«er. Esq. X\], 

c. Ad. sk. Cape S. Mary, Gambia, Dee. IJ. B. Sharpe, Esq. "* 
26, 1804" 
d. Ad. sk. River Gambia. 
e. limn. sk. Ashantee. J. Gould, E«q. (Type 
of A. erpihrojiterm.) 
f. Ad. sk. Ashantee. J. Gould, E-q. 
</. Ad. sk. Fantee. 12. B. Hiarpe. Esq. 
k. Ad.,?*, Jc. JUT. Fantee (Governor Ussher), 11. B. Sharpe, E^q. 
sk. 
I, m. Ad. sk. Fantee (Aubinn). R. B. SIiarpe?JEsq. 

n. Ad. sk. Pantee. 
Andrew Swanxy, Esq. 
o. Ad. sk. Cameroons (Crossky), R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
p. Ad. sk. Gaboon. 
M. Veireaux. 
q. Irani, sk. River Muni, Gaboon. P. B. BuChaillu, Etq. 
r. Ad. sk. Cape Lopez. 
?.B.'l)uC 
P. B. IhiChaillu. Esq. 
[£•]• 

s. Imm. sk. Cape Lopez (DuChailh). B. B. Sharpe, "Em. 
t. Ad. sk. Fernando Po. L. Eraser, i>q. [O.]. 
u. 
Ad. sk. Chinchonxo, Congo. MM. Lucan and Petit 
[C.]. 
17 . ANDEOPADTJS. Il l 
4. Andropadus curvirostris. 
Andropadus curvirostris, Cass. Br. BHlad. Acad. 1859, p. 46; Hartl. 
J. f. 0.1861, p. 106; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 276, no. 4057 ; Sharpe 
8f Bouvier, Bull Soc. ZooL France, 1877, p. 478. 
Adult (Gamma River, DuChaillu). General colour above olive-
brown, a little more rusty on the lower back and rump ; upper tail-
coverts rufescent brown; tail dull rufous-brown, lighter along the 
tip of the outer feathers and along the extreme margin of the inner 
web; wings olive-brown like the back, the outer margins to the 
feathers being a little more yellowish olive; head rather darker 
olive-brown than the back, as also the ear-coverts; cheeks, throat, 
and under surface of body generally light brown, washed with yellowish 
olive, yellower on the abdomen and centre of the breast; the 
lower throat, fore neck, and chest dark brown, deepening on the 
sides of the latter; under wing-coverts and axillaries light sulphur-
yellow ; quills light ashy brown, greyish white along the inner 
web. Total length 6'8 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3, tail 2-9, 
tarsus 0-75. 

The Slender-billed Bulbul is only known from the forests of 
Gaboon in "Western Africa, whence it probably reaches to the Congo ; 
but the specimen "from this locality, determined by 11. Bouvier and 
myself, may prove on a second examination to have been wrongly 
iden titled. 

a. Ad. sk. Gaboon, P. B. DuCliaillu, Esq. [0,]. 
5. Andropadus oleagiimg, 
Andropadus insularis, Hartl. Faun. Madag. p, 44 j Gray, Hand-l. B* 
i. p. 276, no. 4060. 
Andropadus oleaginus, Peters, J.f. 0.1868, p. 13S. 
Andropadus hypoxanthus, Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. & Afi\ p. 205. 
Adult Above olive-brown with a yellowish tinge, the wings and 
tail being of the same colour; lores light yellow, the forehead also 
slightly shaded with this colour; ear-coverts olive-brown with faint 
stripes of yellow, the cheeks also yellowish like the under surface ; 
centre of the body, thighs, edge of the wing, and under wing-coverts 
yellow; lower surface of quills yellow along the edge of the inner 
web ; bill and feet black. Total length 7*8 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 
3-7, tail 3-8, tarsus 0-85. 

Ohs. I have no doubt that the present species ought really to be 
called A. insularis, Hartl.; but as this name was given to a bird 
supposed to be from Madagascar, the name is inappropriate. That 
of A. oleaginus of Peters is generally used as synonymous with A. 
flavescens, Hartl.; but from the locality (Inhambane) I believe that 
it will be found to be the same as the species more recently called by 
me A. hypo.rant7ius, which latter name I have suppressed. A letter 
received from Dr. Ecichenow, of the Berlin Museum, in reply to my 
inquiries, confirms the above suppositions, after an examination of 

Dr. Peters's type. 

112 TIMELIIDJE. 

Peters's Tooth-billed Bulbul is probably confined to South-eastern 
Africa, baying been originally discovered at Inhambane, and afterwards 
on tbe Zambesi. 

a, b, c. Ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi. Dr. Kirk [C.]. 

6. Andropadus flavescens. 
Andropadus flavescens, Hartl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 825 ; Cab. in Von der 
Deepens Peis. iii. p. 29 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 276, no. 4059; 
Finsch cy Hartl Vog. Ostafr. p. 295, Taf. iii. fig. 1 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 
1873, p. 712 ; Cab. J. f. 6.1878, p. 227; Fischer & Itekhen. J. f. 0. 
1878, p, 201, 1879, p. 348. 

Adult. Above olive-brown, with a very slight tinge of yellow, the 
head a little darker, and the lower back and rump a little lighter in 
colour ; wing-coverts like the back, with nearly obsolete narrow margins 
of yellow, the secondaries also similar, the primaries edged with 
a little brighter olive-yellow ; tail-feathers dark olive-brown, with 
lighter olive margins; lores obscurely yellow ; ear-coverts dark olive-
brown, with lighter olive centres to the feathers ; cheeks, throat, and 
under surface of the body ashy olive, washed w ith yellow, which becomes 
brighter on the centre of the breast, thighs, abdomen, and 
under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts and axillaries bright yellow ; 
quills dark brown below, yellow along the edge of the inner 
web, slightly inclining to fawn-colour on the secondaries; " bill 

and feet black; iris yellow" (Fischer); "iris clear yellow" (HUdebrandt). 
Total length 7*6 inches, culmen 0-05, wing 3*1, tail 3, 
tarsus 0*8. 

The Eastern Tooth-billed Bulbul is an inhabitant of the Zanzibar 
district in Eastern Africa. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Mombas (Per. T. Wakefield). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.~|. 
c, d, e. Ad. sk. Zanzibar. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 

18. CHL0R0CICHLA. 
Head and bill of Odorockhlajlati 
Range. Confined to Africa. 

18. niLOKOUH'iiLY. 
Key to the fyucus. 

a, Under tail-coverts bright yellow. 
«'. Lores and ring round the eye olive-yellowish j 

ear-coverts dark brown, scarcely lighter than 

the crown ... fliwiventris, p. 113, 
b'. Lores grey; ring round the eye while; ear-" 
co\ erts paler and more ashy brown, lighter 
than the crown oceideutalis, p. 11.'}. 

b. Under tail-coverts light brown, edged with dull , .,. . . .., t 
yellow ? .... \graeihrostm, p.lM. 
J [gracilis, p. 115. 
1. CMorocichla flaviventris. 
Trichophoms flaviventris, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr,, Aves, pi. 59; Bp, 
Cotisp. i. p. 262. 
Criniger flaviventris, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 2.1G; Finsch,J.f. 0. 18(57, 

p. 22; Layard, B, S. Afr. p. 1*37; Grat/, IlancUl Bl i. p. 274, 
no. 4013; Sharpy ed. Layard's B. S. Afr, p. 203 (pt.); Cub. 
J. f. O. 1878, p. 227 j FischerS? Reiehen.J.f 0.1878, p. 2G0,1879, 
p. 348. 
Adtdt male. General colour above olive-brown, the head a little 
darker brown than the back, the wing-coverts resembling the latter ; 
quills dark brown, externally edged with olive-brown, 3 ellowish olho 
on the primaries ; tail-feathers brown, narrowly edged with olive-
brown ; lores and a ring round the e\e dull yellowish olive ; ear-
coverts brown like the head, washed with olive ; checks and under 
surface of body sulphnr-yellow, washed with olive-green 011 the sides 
of the breast, and more slightly with olive on tho flanks ; under tail-
coverts yellow like the abdomen ; under wing-coveils bright yellow ; 
quills light brown below, yellowish along the inner web; " bill 
horn-brown, base of lower mandible bluish grey ; feot leaden grey; 
iris reddish brown '* (Fischer), Total length 8-2 inches, culmon 0'85, 
wing 4, tail 3*8, tarsus 0-9. 

Young, Appears to differ from the adult in being a little darker 
in colour and in having a tint of saffron-yellow on the under surface, 
especially on the under wing- and tail-coverts and the inner lining 
of the quills. 

The Yellow-bellied Bulbul inhabits Eastern Africa, from Natal as 
far north as Mombasa. 

a. <$ ad. sk Island of Mombasa. Dr. J. M. IlildebrandtrO.l 
b. Ad. sk. Slmpaugrt, Shire 1th or, 
June 1802. 
Dr. Kirk [0.]. 
c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk. 
Tete, Zambesi. 
Durban, Natal (F. Gates). 
Dr. Kirk [0.]. 
Messrs. 0. U. & W. Gates 

2. ChlorocicMa occidentalis. (Plato YI1T.) 
Triehophorus flaviventris (nee Smith), Boeitge, Jam. Lhb. 1808, 
p. 42 ; Gadoid J.f. 0. 187(5, p. 419. 
Criniger flaviventris, Sharpe, I\ Z. S. 1871, p. 130 j id. Cat. Afr. B% 
VOL. VI. 1 

114 
TniELlIDJB. 

. 22; Gurney in Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 121; Bocage, lorn. Li&b.I874, p. 53; Gadow, J.f. 0. 1876, p. 419; Bocage, Orn. Angola, 

p. 245, 
Adult female. General colour above light olive-brown, the head 
and nape darker olive-brown; wing-coverts like the back, the outer 
greater coverts, primary-coverts, and primaries brown, edged with 
yellowish olive; the inner secondaries duller; tail-feathers olive 
with paler tips and pale yellowish edgings, especially distinct on 
the inner webs towards the base; lores dusky grey; eyelid whitish, 
as well as a very narrow superciliary line; ear-coverts ashy brown, 
washed with olive; cheeks yellow, slightly shaded with grey ; under 
surface of body yellow, hoary whitish on the chin, the fore neck and 
the sides of the body shaded with olive-green; under wing-coverts 
and axilJaries bright yellow; quills dusky brown below, yellow 
along the edge of the inner web; " bill horn-colour, slightly paler 
towards the base of the mandible; legs leaden grey ; iris brown " 
{Shelley); "bill and feet brown; iris reddish brown" (AncMeta). 
Total length 7*6 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3'b, tail 3*7, tarsus CKJ. 

The Western Yellow-bellied Eulbul replaces the foregoing species 
in South-western Africa, where it extends from Angola into Uenguela 
and Damara Land. 


a. Ad. sk. Angola. 
J. J. Montoiro, Ehfp T.~. 
ft, c. $ ad. sk. Ovaquenyama, Damara Land, II. B. Sharpo, Ji>jy 
May 28,1807(0. J Anders-
son). 


3. CMorocichla graciUrostris. 
Andropadus 
graeilirostiis, Shield, B. Z. 8. 1844, p. 101; Allen § 
Thomjm. Exp. Niger, ii. p. 497; Graif, Gen. B. ip.23<>; Bp. Comp. 

i. p. 201; Marti Orn. W.-Afr. p. 87; Cass. Pr. BMiad. Acad. 
185% p. 45; Heine, J. f. O.'lSOO, p. 140; Hartl J. f. O. 1801, 
p. 1G0; Gray, Iland-l B. i. p. 270, no. 4054; Shar^ Ibis, 1870, 
p. 474: id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 22; Beichen. J.f. 0. 1875, p. 34. 
Adult (type of species). General colour above dark olive-greenish, 
a little duller on the head; the wing-coverts like the back, and the 
quills dark brown, washed externally with the same olive-greenish 
as the back; tail-feathers brown, margined with olive-greenish, and 
narrowly edged with yellowish buff near the tips of the inner web; 
sides of face ashy grey, as well as a faint superciliary mark, the ear-
coverts washed with olive; under surface of body ashy grey, with 
a slight olive shade, the throat much paler and whitish ashy, also 
faintly washed with yellow, the centre of the body and abdomen 
with a pale yellow tinge; under tail-coverts whitish ash-colour, with 
faintly indicated brown centres to the feathers; under wing-coverts 
brighter olive-yellow, the latter slightly inclining to fawn-colour; 
quills dull brown below, fawn-coloured along the inner webs; " bill 
black; feet blackish grey; iris reddish brown " (Bekhemw); u iris 
white" (Fraser). Total length 6-7 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3-3, 

tail 3, tarsus 0-8. 

19. PHYLLOSTROPIITTS. 
Eraser's Bulbul is found in West Africa from the Gambia to 
Gaboon and in the islands in the Eight of Benin. 

a. Ad. sk. Fernando Po. L. Eraser, Esq. [C.]. 
(Type of species.) 
b, c. Ad. sk. Eantee (Aubinn). R. B. Skarpe, Esq. 
d. Ad. sk. Eantee {Governor Ussher). K. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
e. Ad. sk. Gaboon (DuChailhi). P. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
/ . Ad. sk. River Moonda. P. B. DuChaillu, Esq. [C.]. 

4. Chlorocichla gracilis. 
Andropadus gracilis, CabaniSj Orn. Centralbl. 1880, p. 174. 
In the form of the bill only it agrees with G. graeilirostris, but is 
much smaller. Moreover, the latter species has the throat whitish, 
and rusty-yellow (not sulphur-yellow) lower wing-coverts. In 
colour C. gracilis agrees with Andropadus virens of Cassin, but the 
throat down to the breast and the upper part of the head are inclining 
to grey. (Cabanis, he.) 

This species, which is at present unknown to me, has been recently 
discovered by Dr. Schutt in Angola, and has been described by 
Dr. Cabanis. 

19. PHYLLOSTROPHUS *. 
Type. 
Phyllostreplius, Sicains. Classif. B. h. p. 229 (1837) . . P. capensis. 
Phyllostroplms, Sundev. Av. 'Meth. Tent. p. 20 (1872, 

nom. emend.) P. capensis. 

Tarsus of Phyllostrophus capensis, to show scutellations. 

Range. Confined to Africa. 

* A species supposed to be a Phyllostrophus has been described from Sen*gambia, 
but lias never been seen since D'Aubenton's time. Its synonymy is as 
°WB '~" PlIYLLOSTROFHUS SENEGALLUS. 
TA MPVIP flu Senegal, JBriss. Orn. ii. p. 261, pi. xxii. fig. 2. 


Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 250 
Merle brun de Senegal, Baubent PI Enlm, fig. 2. 
Tnrriusluffubris, Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl p. 66. 
Turdus sSensis, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. p. 654. 
PhyllS^ B senegalensis, Less. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 136; Hartl Orn. W.-

Afr. p. .89; Bp. Consp. I p. 260. # 
Phyllostreplius lugubris, Gray, Gep. B i. p. ?«38 
Pbyllostrephus senegallus, Gray, JKwuW. 5. i. P- 272, no. 3978. 


Hob. Senegal. 1 ^ 

11 6 
TIMELUDJE. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Back brown. 
a'. Larger: wing 3*45 inches; "brown, above slightly 
olive; cheeks, flanks, and under tail-coverts 
also brown capensis, p. J 1& 


br. Smaller: wing3*05 inches r, rufous-brown, including 
the tail; sides of face aho rufous-brown; 
flanks and under tail-coverts fulvescent 
brown strepitans, p. 117. 

b. Back pale olive-brown, contrasting with the upper 
tail-coverts and the tail, which are rufous. 
c'. Larger: wing 3*35 inches* head dark ashy 
brown fuhiventris, p. 117. 
d'. 
Smaller : wing 3*1 inches ; head more greenish 
* fischeri, p. 118. 


1. Phyllostroplnis capensis. 
Le Jaboteur, Levaill Ois. dAfr. iii. pi. 112. fig. 1* Sund. CriL om 
Levaill. p. 3G. 

Phvllostrephus 
capensis, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 229 • Less. Rev. 
Zool. 1840, p. 135; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 238; Bp. Consp. i. p. 260; 
Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 113; Grill, Zool. Anteckn. p. 34; Layard, 

B. S. Afr. p. 141; Gray, Iland-l B. i. p. 272, no. 3978; Sharpe, 
Cat. Afr. B. p. 23; Gurney in Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 120; 
Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 74; Sharpe, ed. Layard]s B. S. Afr. p. 203; 
Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 247. 
Phyllostrophus 
capensis, Sund. Crit. om Levaill. p. 36; id. Meth. 
Av. Tent. p. 20. 

Adult male. General colour above brown, a little darker on the 

head, and slightly paler on the rump; a slight shade of olive per


vading the upper surface; wing-coverts like the back ; the greater 

series and the quills dusky brown, externally more umber-brown 

with a slightly olivaceous edging to the feathers ,* upper tail-coverts 

browner than the back, and more resembling the tail-feathers, which 

are brown, slightly rufeseent, and having somewhat paler margins ; 

lores fulvous brown, slightly mottled with whitish bases to the fea


thers; ear-coverts dark brown with lighter brown shaft-streaks; 

above and below the eye a slight streak of white on the eyelid; 

cheeks white, the hinder part brown; throat white; fore neck, 

breast, and sides of body light brown, the latter slightly washed 

with olive; centre of the breast and abdomen white, faintly washed 

with pale yellow, some of the feathers being edged with this colour; 

under tail-coverts fulvous brown; thighs brown like the flanks; 

under wing-coverts yellowish buff, with dusky bases to the feathers ; 

quills dull brown below, rufeseent along the inner webs; "bill 

horn-colour; legs grey; iris reddish brown" (Ayres). Total length 

7*6 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 3*45, tail 3'2, tarsus 1. 

Adult female, Similar in plumage to the male; "bill horn


colour; legs grey; iris brown" (Ayres). Total length 7*6 inches, 

culmen 0*85, wing 3*25, tail 3*3, tarsus 0*95, 

* For this diagnosis I am indebted to Dr. Eeichenow, of the Berlin Museum. 
19. PHYIXOSTROPHUS. 
Head of Phi/llostrophus cajpensis. 

The Cape Bristle-necked Bulbul is strictly confined to South 
Africa, where it is found all over the Cape Colony to Natal, and as 
far as Lake N'gami to the northward. 

a, b. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir Andrew Smith [P.], 

c. Ad. sk. Knysna (C. J. Andersson). H. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
d. $ ad. sk. Knysna, Jan. 13, 1866 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(C. J, A.). 
e. Ad. sk. Natal. 
Dr. Gueiuzius [0.]. 
f,ff. 
6 ? ad. sk Pinetown, Natal, April R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
1875 (T. L. Ai/res). 

h. 
Ad. sk. Durban (Frank bates). C. G. & W. Oates, Esqrs. 
[P.]. 
i. Ad. sk. Lake N'Gami (Chapman). R B. Sharpe, Esc[. 
h. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.J, 
2. Phyllostrophus strepitans. 
Criniger strepitans, JReichen. Orn. Centralbl. 1879, p. 139; Fischer §• 
Beichm. J. f. O. 1879, p. 348; Reichen. # Schaloio, t. c. p. 318. 
Phyllostrephus sharpii, Shelley, Ibis, 1880, p. 334. 

Adult (Dar-es-salam ; Br. Kirk: type of Phyllostrophus sharpii). 
General colour above rufous-brown, the head uniform with the back, 
the rump and upper tail-coverts a little more rufous; wings browner 
than the back, the feathers edged with rufous-brown, the primaries 
externally margined with fulvous brown ; tail dark rufous-brown ; 
lores buffy white; ear-coverts and sides of face generally rufous-
brown like the crown; throat dull brownish white; centre of 
breast and abdomen dull white, the sides of the body, flanks, thighs, 
and under tail-coverts light fulvous brown; under wing-coverts 
pale rufous, as also the edge of the wing; quills sepia-brown below, 
lighter rufous along the inner web; " upper mandible and tip of 
lower mandible dark brown, the base of the latter bluish horn-colour; 
feet greyish blue; iris reddish brown " (Fischer). Total length 7*4 
inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3-05, tail 3-25, tarsus 0-8. (MILS. G. E. 
Shelley.) 

Sharpens Bristle-necked Bulbul is only known from the Zanzibar 
district in Eastern Africa. 

3. Phyllostrophus fulviventris. 
Phyllostrephus capensis (nee Stv.), Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 1808, p. 42, 
118 mrELHD^:. 

Phyllostreplius fulviventris, Cab. J. f. 0. 1876, p. 92; Beichen. 

J.f. 0. 1877, p. 26; Sharpe $ Bouvier, Bull Soc. ZooL France, i. 
p. 44; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 248. 
Adult female. General colour above olive-brown, the head darker 
brown; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back ; greater 
coverts and quills brown, edged with olive, the secondaries externally 
browner; rump a little lighter olive than the back; upper 
tail-coverts light fawn-brown ; tail-feathers rufous-brown ; lores 
and a faintly indicated eyebrow, as well as a ring of feathers round 
the eye, yellowish white; ear-coverts pale brown, washed with olive; 
cheeks and throat dull white, washed with yellowish olive; rest of 
under surface very pale yellow, the sides of the body olive-brown, as 
also the thighs and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts pale 
yellow; quills dusky brown below, pale yellowish along the inner 
web; " bill light reddish brown; feet blackish brown; iris clear 
brown " {Falkenstein). Total length 7*8 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 
3-35, tail 3-6, tarsus"-!'. 

Ohs. Dr. Falkenstein found the feet " flesh-coloured " in a male 
bird. 
The Buff-bellied Bristle-necked Bulbul is an inhabitant of West 
Africa, from the Congo district to Benguela. 

a. $ ad. sk. Landana, Congo. Messrs. Lucan and Petit [C.]. 
b. $ ad. sk. Biballa (Anchieta). R. B. .Sharpe, I 
4. Phyllostrophus fischeri. 

Criniger fischeri, Beichen. Orn. Centralbl. 1870, p. 139; Fischer $• 
Beichen. J.f.O. 1879, p. 348; Beichen. $ Schahtc, t. e. p. 819. 

Adult. Upper surface olive-green; throat and middle of the belly 
yellowish white ; breast and flanks olivaceous; under tail-coverts 
isabelline; tail-feathers rufous ; bill dusky : feet lead-colour; iris 
white. Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*1, tail 4*55, 
tarsus 0*9. 

Fischer's Bristle-necked Bulbul is only known from the Zanzibar 
district in Eastern Africa. *~ r 

20. IXONOTUS. 
Ixonotus, J. $ E. Terr. Bev. et Mag. de Zool. 1851, Type, 

p. 306 I. guttatus. 
Head and bill of Ixonotus guttatus. 
Range. Confined to AVest Africa, from Gaboon to Fantee. 

20. IXONOTUS. 119 
1. Ixonotus guttatus. 
Ixonotus guttatus, J. § JE. Verr. Rev. et Mar/, de Zool. 1851, p. 300; 
Hartl. J. f. 0. 1854, p. 26; id. Orn. WesihAfr. p. 88 ; Cass. Proc. 
PMlad. Acad. 1859, p. 46; Heine, J. f. 0. I860, p. 140; Hartl 

J. f. O. 1801, p. 167; Sharpe, Cat Afr. JB. p. 23 ; id. P. Z. S. 1871, 
p.*609; id. Ibis, 1872, p. 69; Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 57; Bouvier, 
Cat. Ois. Marche etc. p. 17; Reichen. J. f. 0. 1875, pp. 82, 49; 
Oustalet, Ball. Soc. Philom. (7) i. p. 106; id. Nouv. Aj'ch. Mas. 2nd 
series, vol. ii. p. 101, pi. 5. fig. 2. 
Criniger guttatus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 274, no. 4034. 

Adult. General colour above olive-brown, the head much more 
dingy and inclining to grey on the forehead, the feathers of which 
have dusky edges, producing a slightly scaled appearance; scapulars 
dark brown, washed with dull olive, and tipped with triangular 
spots of yellowish white; wing-coverts dark brown, washed with 
dark olive on the outer webs, and tipped with large triangular spots 
of white ; bastard-wing uniform dark brown ; primary-coverts and 
quills dark brown, externally edged with olive, the inner secondaries 
with a white spot at the tip; lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts blackish brown, mottled with yellowish-white tips to the 
feathers; four centre tail-feathers brown, the next one brown on 
the inner web, white on the outer, the three outer feathers pure 
white; lores, eyelid, and feathers below the eye dull white; ear-
coverts brown, slightly tinged with rufous like the sides of the neck, 
and streaked with white shaft-lines; cheeks and under surface of 
body white, slightly washed with pale yellow in the centre of the 
body, the sides of the breast dull greenish; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries white, also slightly washed with yellow; under wing-
coverts dark brown, the primaries white, the secondaries pale yellow 
along the inner web; "bill and feet bluish grey; iris dirty white" 
(Reiclienow); " iris yellow " ( Ussher). Total length 7 inches, culmen 
0*65, wing 3*4, tail 2-9, tarsus 0*75. 

Young birds have the iris nut-brown (Reiehenow). 
Obs. The three specimens from Eantee all want the grey forehead, 
the crown of the head being dark olive like the back. 
The White-spotted Bulbul is an inhabitant of the West-African 
forests, from Denkera, in the interior of the Gold Coast, to Gaboon. 

a. Ad. sk. Gaboon. M. Verreaux. 
b. Ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk.
e,f. Ad. sk. 
Gaboon (Walker). 
Oameroons Mountains, Jan. 28,1871 (A. Crossley). 
Oameroons Mountains, Eeb. 11,1871 (A. C). 
Kazarako, Fantee, April 1871, 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
It. B. Sharpe; Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
g. Jim. sk.
(Aubinn).
r Kazarako (Aubinn). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

120 TIMELKDJE. 

21. PYCNONOTUS* T 
Pycnonotus, Ifrie, Isis, 1826, p. 973 (ex KuhL 3FSS.). P. capensia. 
Brachvpus, Sicains. Zool. J&urn. iii. p. 163 (1827, nee 

Steams. 1837) P- hsemorrhous. 
Ixos, Tfenm. Jfim. rrO™. iv. p. 606 (1840) R barbatus. 
Loidorusa. Reichenb. Si/st. Ar. Taf. liv. fig. 11 (1&50) P. anaha 
Lodorosa, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 109 (1850, 

«• Reiehenb.) P- «nalR 
Molpastes, JETM/H*, &r. Feathers, 1873, p. 378, note .. R httmorrhoua. 

Range. The ^vhole of Africa and the southern countries of the 
Mediterranean sea, eastwards through Persia to India and Ceylon, 
the Burmese countries, down the Malayan peninsula to the islands 
of Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and the Philippines; China, with the 
islands of Formosa and Hainan. 

^. 

Leg of Pycnonotus h&morrkou*. 

01$. Ixtis is generally the genus omployed for this group of 
Bulbuls ; hut the first mention of the genus that I can discover is in 
the 24th livraison of Temminck's 'Planches Coloriees' (vol. iii.)t 
published in 1825, where he calls the Javan species Ixos virestens 
(pi. 382. fig. 1). He gives no characters for the genus; but in 1828 
(livr. 76) he describes and figures two species, Ixos chalocephalu* 

* PYC50X0TCS PAMILIASIS. 
Ixos familiaris, Kittl M&m. Acad. St. Piterab. des Samnt Etramg. i. p. 236, 

pi. xiii. (1831). 
Iora? familiaris, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 199; Bp. Consp. \. p. 397. 
Apalopteron familiare, Bp. C. R. xxxix. p. 59 (1854). 
Pycnonotus familiaris, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 271, no. 3977. 


Bill and feet blackish. Iris bright light brown. AH the feathers of the botrr 
unusually long, with very Huffy webs. Forehead and a large triangular mark 
round the eye, inclining downwards, black ; near the base of the bill, on eaeh 
side of the forehead, a yellow spot; eyelids yellowish white. Throat, fore neck, 
cheeks, and the whole of the remainder of the under parts, beautiful yellow, the 
sides of the abdomen strongly tinged with greenish grey. As all the feathers are 
rather fluffy on the upper parts of the whole body, the ashy-grey ground-colour 
of the feather makes itself \isible, and causes the terminal half of the feather, 
which is itself dull green, to have a still stronger tinge of grey. Near the base 
of the tail the green colour becomes somewhat brighter, this colour passing or 
changing into dark yellow on the crown and occiput ; quills and tail-feathers 
dark brown, with yellowish-green margins to the outer webs. Wiiu; i 

The above is a transcript of Kittlitz's description of this species, which I hare 
never seen, and which may be wrongly placed here. All those who hare 
ined specimens agree that its relations are near Pycnonotus, though Bonaparte 
insists on its being generically distinct. 

Itz's Bulbul is only known from the island of Bon in, in the Japanese A 

21 . PTCNOKOTTJS. 
and locos squamatus. Again no description of the genus is given ; 
and in the c Tableau Methodique ? (1836), where 12 species are 
enumerated under the name of locus, a perfect olla podrida of forms 
occurs, and the genus is made to include such widely different birds 
as Lvos azureus, which is a Cochoa, and locus plioenkopterus, which is 
a Campophaga. It becomes clear, therefore, that locus of Temminck 
(1825) is indefinable; and the only assignable date to the genus is 
184:0, when he gives a complete diagnosis of the characters and a 
type in locos obscurus ; the latter, however, is congeneric with Pyenonotus 
capensis, the type of Boie's genus Pyoionotus; and locus 
therefore becomes a synonym of Pycnonotus. Where Kuhl published 
the latter name, which is generally credited to him, I have not been 
able to find out; and I believe that the first actual publication of the 
genus Pycnonotus is that given by Boie in the ' Isis? for 1826. 

I cannot admit the genus Molpastes of Hume as distinct from 
Pycnonotus, its principal characters being the crest and the crimson 
under tail-coverts; but in the former respect it is approached by 
many other species, for indeed all Pycnonoti are more or less crested ; 
it forms, however, a very natural section in the genus. The African 
species also form a subgenus or natural group, being distinguished 
by a fleshy eyelid ; but many of the Asiatic species seem to have a 
thickened edge to the eyelid, and it is very difficult to tell from the 
skins whether there has been a wattled margin to the eye or not. 
On account of this difficulty I have preferred to keep all the Pycnonoti 
under one generic heading for the present. 

Key to tlie Species,* 

a. Under tail-coverts scarlet or crimson. 
a'. Ear-coverts black, scarcely distinguishable 
from the crown of the head luemorrhous, p. 124. 
b'. Ear-coverts lighter than the crown of the 
head, and contrasting with the latter. 
a". Head distinctly capped, in strong contrast 
to the back and mantle. 
a'". Ear-coverts bronzy brown, contrasting 
with the throat, which is black.. burmanicus, p. 125. 
V". Ear-coverts light brown or ashy brown, 
resembling the throat in colour j the 
chin black. 


a\ 
Breast mottled, the feathers being 
light ashy brown, with darker 
brown centres nigripilem, p. 126. 

64. Breast perfectly uniform below .., . atricapillus, p. 127. 
b". Head black, as well as hinder neck, the 
two colours merging together, so that 
no distinct cap becomes visible. 


c'". 
Mantle and back blackish brown, the 
black distinctly pronounced on the 
breast, and occupying the whole of 
the latter pygmus, p. 128. 

* Pycnonotus stictocejphalus, Salvador!, Ann. Mns. Civic. Genov. ix. p. 34 
(1877), is now stated by the describer to belong to the Melipkagidae, and forms 
the type of his new genus Pyonopyyms(Balr&^. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xvi. p. 78). 
122 
TI3IELIIDJE. 

d'". Mantle and back "brown, much, lighter 
than the head; fore neck and breast 
brown, not black inform 'dins, p. 1-30. 

b. 
Under tail-coverts yellow or orange. 
c'. With black or brown on the cMn and 
throat. 
c". Ear-coverts dark, resembling the crown. 
e'". With no black cap, the head being 
like the rest of the back. 
cK With a red eyelid ; underparts dark 
brown, the centre of the abdomen 
only white capemk, p. 100. 

dl. With a black eyelid; underparts 
white from the breast downwaids ; 
throat and chest brown tricolor, p. 1:31. 

/"' . With a black cap, contracting with 
the rest of the back. 
eK Eyelid black; throat brown, only 


the chin black layarrh', p. 132. 
/*. Eyelid red ; throat black mgrmtn^, p. 13 i. 
'gl. Eyelid grey ; throat black ca/if/io^ggns, p. 1 :).">. 

d". Ear-coverts lighter than the crown. 
//'". Tail-feathers* tipped with white ; ear-
coverts and hinder cheeks white. 
h1. Back uniform pale ashy brown; entire 
throat and fore neck black.... hucofit, p. 13t >. 

il. Back mottled with dark-brown centres 
to the feathers ; throat black ; 
fore neck ashy white auriijmtff, p. 1:J7. 

k4. Back uniform; head duller black; 
only the chin and sides of throat 
black; otherwise as in P. aurigaster. germaini, p. 133. 

h'". JNTO white tips to tail-feathers, which 
are brown washed with olive; lores 
orange; ear-coverts yellow; throat 
dark brown bimacidatm, p. 13^. 

d'. With no black or brown on the chin or 
throat. 
e". With a black cap ; throat and fore neck 
white jcanthorrlioin. p. 131 J. 
f". With no black on the head. 
i'". Throat uniform, dinar brown or white; 
a pale loral streak of dull white. 

IK Under wing-coverts, edge of wincr, 
and lining of quills white ; a distinct 
white eyebrow. 


a\ Ear-coverts pale anatis, p. 140. 
b'\ Ear-coverts blackish goiarier, p. 141. 

m\ Under wing-coverts, edge of wing, 
and lining of quills pale fawncolour; 
under tail-coverts deep 
yellow, washed with fawn-colour; 
cheeks dingy brown, without any 
yellow Jlavescem, p. 143. 

w4. under wing-coverts, edge of wing, 
and lining of quills pale yellow; 
under tail-coverts very pale yellow; 
cheeks washed with yellow* tuteolus, p. 143, 

123 

21 . PYCNO^OTTTS. 
h'". Throat streaked with, bright yellow ; 
an orange spot at base of nostrils. 


oK Forehead bright yellow; hinder part 
of head grey; ear-coverts and 
cheeks streaked with bright yellow, finlaysoni, p. 144, 

pK Entire crown dull olive-yellow, the 
forehead scarcely at all brighter; 
ear-coverts and sides of face olive-
yellow, but scarcely streaked at all. davisoni, p. 145. 

I'". Throat uniform bright yellow; crown 
and sides of head olive-yellow; back 
ashy; breast and sides lighter ashy.. xantliolcemus, p. 145. 

c. 
Under tail-coverts neither red nor yellow, ashy 
brown or olive, sometimes white, slightly 
tinged with olive-yellow. 
e'. No white stripes on the breast. 
g". Throat yellow $ upper surface olive-
yellow ; breast and Hanks ashy grey .. falhensteini, p. 146. 
h". Throat brown or blackish brown. 
m"r. Head brown, scarcely darker than ) barbatits, p. 146. 
the back } gabonensis, p. 148. 
n"!. Head black, darker than the back, and 
forming a cap arsinoe, p. 148. 
i". Throat white; under tail-coverts white, 


tinged with yellow. 
o"\ Eyebrow and nape white sinensis, p. 149. 
<p'". Eyebrow and nape black like the 

crown hainan us, p. 150. 
k". Throat dull whitish, or light ashy, or 
ashy brown. 
q'". Ear-coverts with narrow shaft-lines. 

ql. Ashy brown above, without olive-
green shading; streaks on ear-
coverts very distinct and silvery 
white; under tail-coverts like the 
abdomen blanfordi, p. 151. 

?A, Dark olive-brown above; head 
darker; streaks on ear-coverts not 
so distinct; under tail-coverts 
olive-yellow or saffron, differing 
from abdomen, which is whitish. 


c5. Forehead uniform with crown .. plumosits, p. 152. 

d5. Forehead greyish, the feathers 
edged conspicuously with ashy 
grey cinereifrons, p. 158. 

r'". 
Ear-coverts uniform. 

sK No orange eyelid; tail dark brown ; 
throat yellowish or fulvescent; 
wing 2-8-3*4 inches simplex, p. 158. 

t4. An orange-buff eyelid; tail somewhat 
rufescent brown; throat light ashy pusilltts, p. 155. 
/' . Breast distinctly streaked with white; 
throat white. 


I". Upper surface olive-green, streaked 
with white shaft-lines; no bright ear-
spot .. , leucogrammicus, p. 155. 

m"'. upper surface uniform; behind the 
ear-coverts a bright yellow spot tygtts, p. 156, 

124 THIELIIILE. 

1. Pycnonotus hsemorrhous. 
Le Merle hupe* du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 257, 

pi. xx. fig. 2. 
Turdus cater, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 295 (ex Briss.). 
Red-vented Warbler, Brown, III. Zool. pi. 31. fig. 1. 
Turdus fuscus, P. L. S. Mull. Syst. Nat, Anhang, p. 142. 
Bed-vented Flycatcher, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 335 (ex Brown). 
Muscicapa hoeiiiorrlious, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 041 (ex Brown). 
Le Ourouge, Levaill. Ols. cVAfr. iii. p. 44, pi. cvii. fig. 1 j Sundev. 

Grit, om Levaill. p. 30. 
Ilrematornis hneraorrlious, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 485. 
Ixos cafer, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 88. 
Hsematornis cafer, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 298. 
Hsematornis pusillus, Blyth, J. A. S. Bene/, x. p. 841. 
Ixos pusillus, Blj/th, J. A. S. Bent/, xi. p. 458. 
Pycnonotus hsemorrhous, Blyth, J. A. S. Bene/, xiv. p. 56G, & xv. 

p. 50; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 237; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. 
p. 209; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I Co. i. p. 240 ; Jerd. B. 
Ind, ii. p. 94 ; Ball, Str. F. 1875, p. 292 ; Leyye, B. Ceylon, p. 482. 
Pycnonotus cafer, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 237; Gray, Hand-L B. i. 

p. 269, no. 3930. 
Pycnonotus pusillus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 237 ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 8; 
Fairb. Str. F. 1878, p. 258 ; Hume, t. c. p. 456 ; Blanf. Str. F. 
1877, p. 246. 

Ixos hsemorrhous, Bp. Consp. i. p. 265. 
Pycnonotus chrysorrhoides, Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 270, no. 3956 (nee 
Lafr.) j Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 410. 
Molpastes chrysorrhoides, Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 378, note; Adam, 

t. c. p. 378. * 
Molpastes pusillus, Hume, Nests fy Fgys Ind. B. p. 291; Butler, Str. 
F. 1875, p. 473. 
Molpastes hsemorrhous, Hume, Sir. F 1879, p. 98. 
Head of Pycnonotus h&morrhous. 

Adult Above brown, with very distinct margins of whity brown 
to all the feathers, strongly pronounced on the neck and wing-
coverts, but absent on the lower back and rump, which are rather 
more ashy; upper tail-coverts white, slightly washed with pink ; 
quills brown, edged with lighter brown; tail deep sepia, tipped 
with white and edged with pale brown; head, which is crested, 
entirely black, the ear-coverts uniform with the crown, the throat 

21 . PYCNONOTUS. 
125 

also black; breast brown, all the feathers edged with, white, more 
broadly on the lower breast, where the plumes may be said to be 
whitish with light-brown centres; abdomen white; flanks and 
thighs light brown; under tail-coverts bright crimson; under 
wing-coverts whitish, mottled with brown bases to the feathers, the 
edge of the wing hoary ; " bill black ; legs and feet dark or sepia-
brown ; iris deep brown" (Legge). Total length 7 inches, culmen 
0*75, wing 3*4, tail 3*4, tarsus 0-8. 

The Madras Eed-vented Bulbul inhabits Ceylon, Southern and 
Central India, not ranging into the Himalayas, but extending 
through Jodpoor, Cutch, and Kattiawar into Sindh. 

a. Ad. sk. India {As. Soc). India Museum. (No. 356, 
spec, d, of H. & M. Cat. /. c.) 
b, c. Ad. sk. India. J. R. Reeves, Esq. TP.]. 

d. (S ad. sk. Moimt Aboo, July 16, Dr. J. Scully rP.V 
1868 ((9. King). 
e,f. Ad. sk. Deccan (Sykes). India Museum. 
ff, h. Juv. sk. Malabar. 

i. Ad. sk. Malabar. Purchased. 
k. Ad. sk. Mysore. India Museum. 
I, m. Ad. sk. Coorg. India Museum. 
n. Ad. sk. Khandei&h. India Museum. 
o. Ad. sk. Saugor (IF. T. Hooper). India Museum. 
p, q, r. Ad. sk. Kamptee. Dr. B. Hinde [P.l. 
*. $ ad. sk. Chanda, Feb. 23, 1870. W.T. Blanford, Esq. TP.]. 
t. Ad. sk. Behar. B. II. Hodgson, Esq, [P.]. 
u. Ad. sk. 3\r. Bengal. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
[P.]. 
v, to. Ad. sk. Madras. J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
a\ Juv. sk. Madras. India Museum, 
y, 3. <$, a'. J Trevandrum,Travancore, F.W.Bourdillon,Esq.[C.]. 

ad. sk. Nov. 1878. 
h', c'. (S ? ad. sk. Ceylon (Leiden Museum). F. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 

2. Pycnonotus burmanicus. 
Pycnonotus haemorrhous, Blyth fy Wald. B.Burm. p. 135 (nee Gm.). 
Molpastes pygmseus, Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 126. 
Molpastes intermedins, Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 35, et 1879, p. 08. 
Molpastes pygseus, Hume Sf JDavison, Str. F. 1878, p. 321. 

Pycnonotus nigripileus, Anders. Exp. Yun-nan, p. 659 [nee Blyth). 

Adult male. Above light brown, with ashy margins to the feathers 
of the back; the lower back and rump uniform ashy; the upper tail-
coverts lighter ash-colour, but not white ; wing-coverts coloured like 
the back, the ashy margins to the feathers rather broader; quills 
brown, with narrow ashy margins, the shafts reddish brown: tail 
brown, shading off darker towards the end, which is distinctly tipped 
with white on all but the two centre feathers ; crown of head 
slightly crested, black, forming a cap, the hinder neck coloured like 
the back, but more distinctly ashy; feathers round the eye blackish; 
fore parts of cheeks also blackish brown; ear-coverts ashy brown ; 
throat blackish brown: fore neck and breast light brown, all the 
feathers margined with whitish ash-colour; the centre of the body 

126 miELUBJE. 

buffy white ; the flanks ashy brown, as also the thighs; under tail-
coverts scarlet; under -wing-coverts ashy, those on the edge of the 
wing brown, margined with greyish ash-colour. Total length 
8 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4, tail 3*8, tarsus 1. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 
8-5 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 3*95, tail -4, tarsus 1. 
The Burmese Bed-vented Bulbul inhabits the Burmese countries, 
ranging from Cachar into Pegu. 

a. Ad. sk. Pegu. "W. T. Blanfurd, Esq. ;p.]. 
h. <$ ad. sk. Second Defile of the IraDr. 
J. Anderson ~C.~7 
c. $ ad. sk.
d. $ ad.sk.
e. (S ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk.
wady, March 6} If^To. 
Bliamau, Jan. 25, ISO. 
Pongee, Kaklnen hilU,
March 11, 131)8. 
Mimgla, Sanda vallev,
May 19, 1808. " 
Tongkoo, Biirmah. 
Dr. J. Ander«on ~C/\ 
Dr. J. Aiidei-on "C*. 
Dr. J. Anderson "C". 
*" ' 
Pureha-ed. 

3. Pycuonotus nigripileus. 
p. 135. 
Ixos nigripileus, Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 2<>*>. 
Molpastes nigropileu*, Hume* 8tr. F. lb7o, p. o7% et 1*74, p. 477; 
Hume fy Davis. Str. F. lfc>78? p. 3i>l: flume, h'fr. 1\ ]>7U, p. <}± 

Adult. General colour above light earthy brown. \\ itk a^hy margins 
to the feathers, producing a distinctly mottled appearance above; 
lower back and rump more uniform; upper tail-coverts dull white, 
with a slight shade of pink ; wing-coverts brown, with a^liy margins 
like the back ; greater and primary-coverts, as ^ ell a> quills, 
dark brown, the primaries with narrow ashy margins ; tail-feathers 
dark brown, lighter towards the base and tipped with vskite; crown 

of head black, forming a cap ; lores, leather** round the eye, base of 
cheeks, and chin black; ear-coverts, ckeek% and throat pale earthy 
brown ; fore neck and breast light brown, the feathers distinctly 
margined with ashy whitish, producing a slightly mottled appearance 
; abdomen dull white, the flanks light brown; under tail-
coverts crimson; under wing-coverts and axillaris light ashy 
brown, the small coverts near the edge of the wing dark brown, with 
ashy margins; quills brown below, ashy along the inner webs; 
"bill, legs, feet, and claws black; irides deep brown1' ( IF, Davison). 
Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*55, tail 3*5, tarsus 
0-85. 

Young. More reddish brown than the adult, especially on the outer 
margins of the qutlls ; tail-feathers tipped with brown, instead of 
white; cap browner than the adult, and the upper surface more 
uniform than in the latter; under tail-coverts very pale red. 

The Tenasserim Red-vented Bulbul is confined to the Burmese 
countries. It is common in Tenasserim throughout the more open 

21 . PYCNONOTUS. 
127 

and better-cultivated portions of the province north of Amherst, 
according to Hume. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Tenasserim {Heifer), India Museum. 
c. c? juv. sk. Kankaryit, British Burmak, 
June 11,1878 (J. 
A. 0. Hume, Esq. 
d. S ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk.
Darling). 
Kankaryit, Aug. 28, 1878(J. Darling). 
Karen hills, Oct. 1874 (22.
G. W.B.). 
A. 0. Hume, Esq. 
Lieut. R. G. Wardlaw 
Ramsay. 

4. Pycnonotus atricapillus. 
Le Gobe-mouches a tete noire de la Chine, Sonn. Voy. Ind. Orient 
ii. p. 197. 
Muscicapa atricapilla, Vieill. N. Dirt. d'Hkt. Nat. xxi. p. 489 (ex 
iSonn.). » ** #' * ^f 
Heeniatornis chrysorrhoides, Lafr. Pev. Zool. 1845, p. 367. 
Hsematornis atrTcapTRis^ A. Hay, Madr. Journ. xiii. 1844, p. 160. 
Ixus hsemorrhoa. Cass, in Perry's Exjped. Japan, p. 241, pi. vi. (nee 

Gin.). 
Pycnonotus heeniorrhous, Stvinh. Ibis, 18G0, pp. 57, 358 (nee Gm.). 
Pycnonotus chrysorrhoides, Sclater, Ibis, 1860, p. 858, note; Gray, 

Hand-L B. i. p. 270, no. 3950. 
Ixus htemorrhoiib, Swinh. Ibis, 1802, p. 307. 
Ixus chrysorrhoides, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 278, et 1871, p. 370; 

David ty Oust diet, Ois. Chine, p. 142, pi. xlvi. 
Molpastes chrysorrhoides, Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 477; Hume # 
Davison, Str.F 1878, p. 322 j Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 99. 
Pycnonotus atricapillus, Wold, in Blyth's B. Burm. p. 136. 

Adah. General colour above light ashy brown, with lighter ashy 
edges to the feathers, producing a slightly mottled appearance, the 
lower back uniform ; rump and upper tail-coverts dull white, with 
pale brown tips to the longer ones, the longest pale brown• tail-
feathers blackish brown, tipped with white spots, increasing in size 
towards the outer feathers, the bases of which are pale brown ; least 
wing-coverts like the back, the rest of the coverts and quills brown, 
edged with pale ashy brown on the outer web * crown of head crested 
and nape black, as also the lores, feathers round the eye, fore part of 
cheeks, and anterior portion of ear-coverts, chin, and upper throat*, 
remainder of ear-coverts hoary white, extending onto the sides 
of the neck ; remainder of under surface of body light ashy brown, 
washed with slightly darker brown on the breast and sides of the 
body ; under tail-coverts scarlet; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
pale fulvescent brown; quills brown below, fulvescent along the 
edge of the inner web; " legs, feet, and claws black; iris brown to 
dark brown" (W. Davison). Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*7, 
wing 3*75, tail 3*7, tarsus 0*9. 

The Chinese Red-vented Bulbul occurs throughout Southern 
China, reaching to Eokien and even to Mngpo. It is also met with 
on the Burmese hills and the more hilly and richly-wooded parts of 
Tenasserim north of 13° IT. lat. 

128 TIME M ID JK. 
a. Ad. HIC.
/,. Ad. HLr Ad nk 
Ningpo, China. 
Anioy. 
Karen Nee, March lft, 
R. Swinhoe, Esq. [0. 1 
R: Swinhoe Esq [0 . 
Lieut. It. GK Wardlaw 
,/. d ad. Hk.
1874(72. G. 7V.2i). 
Karon Nee, March 23,
L874 (12. 6y . 7F. P.)Ramsay. 
Lieut. It. G. Wardlaw 
Ramsay. 

f>. Pycnonotus pygssus. 

Pycnonotus cafor, J/'W/. P. Z. A'. 1830, p. 101 (nee Linn.). 
IXUH cater vel pyga-us, Jlodys. Icon, inert, in Brit. Mas., Passeres, 
pi. 202 (no. 207); id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84. 
Ihematornis cafer, Gray, Cat. Mamm. #t\ i\r^;ff/ pres. Hodgs. p. 89 

Pycnonotus bengalensis, Blyfh, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 560 ; id. Cat. B. 

\\Ius. As.tfw»."p. 209. 
Ixos pyoteus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 265. 
Pycnonotus pygams, Horsf. # Moore, Cat. B. Mus. B.I. Co. i. p. 239 j 

Vkrtf. J?. JM. ii. p. 93. 
Pycnonotus pygmreus, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 270, no. 3957. 
Molpahtes pvgseus, Hume, titr. F. 1873, p. 378 ; id. Nests 8f Bc/ys 

Ind. B. p.*29Q; id. Mr. F. 1875, p. 126; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 98 ; 

Scully, t. c. p. 297. 

Nestling. Much more dingy in colour than the adult, and more 
uniform, the general coloration of the upper surface being ashy 
brown, with the head a little darker, the quills being margined 
with pale rufous-brown; underneath the colour is dull whitish, 
dubky browrn on the throat and chest; the under tail-coverts are 
brown ; the tail also is tipped with whity brown, instead of white. 

Adult. Above deep chocolate-brown, the feathers with margins of 
paler brown ; the lower back and rump more ashy, mottled "with subterminal 
marks of brown to each feather; upper tail-coverts pure 

•white; tail dark sepia-brown, tipped with white ; wings brown, all 
the coverts and quills edged with paler brown, inclining to whity 
brown on the greater coverts and primaries; head, which is very 
much crested, black, the nape also blackish ; sides of face also 
black, the ear-coverts glossy chocolate-brown ; throat and fore neck 
black, shading off into brown on the brcabt, the lower feathers of 
which are edged with whity brown ; rest of under surface of body 
did] ashy white, somewhat mottled with dark-brown centres to the 
feathers, especially on the thighs; tin dor tail-coverts crimson; 
under wing-coverts ashy white, with dark-brown centres to the 
feathers, the edge of the wing whitish with a slight pink shade; 
"bill black; feet dusky; iris dark brownw (Scully). Total length 
7*8 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 0*85, tail 3*85, tarsus 0-95. 
Obs. With regard to the different races or species of Red-vented 
Indian Bulbuls, I have the following remarks to make on the 
British-Museum series. 

Bpecimens with a black cap and brownish-black ear-coverts 

(P. hcemorrhous), not to be distinguished from the crown of the head 
in colour, have been examined from Malabar (wing 3-7 inches), 
Coorg (wing 3'3~3-45 inches), Mysore (wing 3-55 inches), Kamptee 
21 . PYCNONOTtTS. 
(wing 3-35-3-55 inches), Chanda (wing 3-25-3-45 inches), Leoni 
(wing 3-65 inches), Singbhoom (wing 3-65 inches), Behar (wing 3-7 
inches). Some of these specimens have been sent to me by Dr. 
Anderson ; and it is quite evident that no distinctions can be made 
upon, the score of size, as the length of wing varies so much, nor is 
there any great difference in the colouring, excepting in the greater 
or less distinctness of the white edging to the wing-coverts. 

Himalayan birds (P. pygceus) are easily distinguished by their 
chocolate-brown ear-coverts and by their long crests; the hinder 
neck is black, like the head; and this black colour occupies the sides 
of the neck and the throat, extending well onto the fore nock. 
Specimens are the same from Darjiling (Jerdoti), Nepal (Hodgson), 
Kumaon (Strachey), Calcutta (Mus. Ind.\ Cachar (Mas. Lid,), tipper 
Assam (Eeid); but I notice a slight tendency towards P. intermedins 
in the Kumaon birds. 

P. intermedins, from the Punjaub and N.W. Himalayas, seems to 
be a good distinguishable race or species. It resembles the Nepal 
bird in having brown ear-coverts ; but the shade of black is not so 
strongly pronounced on the hind neck and chest; the abdomen is. 
uniform greyish ash-colour, the brown shading of the chest not 
extending beyond that part, the breast being mottled with a few 
brown centres to the feathers; but this brown shade or mottling 
does not extend nearly so far as in the Nepal Bulbul. I havo at 
present only seen a few specimens. 
The Burmese and Tenasserim species seems to be undescribed ;• 
it is a distinctly black-capped species, but having brown car-covertsas 
in P. pygceus. The black shade is confined to the throat, and 
the neck is' brown all round, there being consequently no black 
shade near the ear-coverts. 

The Common Eed-vented Bulbul is found throughout Lower. 
Bengal as far south as Midnapore, and the jungles stretching thence 
to Central India north of the Nerbudda. It ascends the Himalayas 
to a height of 7000 feet, and inhabits these mountains from Kumaon, 
eastwards to Assam. 

a. Juv. sk.
b. Juv. sk.
c. Ad. sk.
d,e,f. Ad.sk.
g-l. * Ad. sk.
m. Pull. sk.
w, o. Ad. sk.
p. Q ad. sk.
q. Ad. &k.
r. Ad. sk. 
[India,] 
Bengal (Col Tijtler). 
Calcutta (As. Soc). 
Kumaon (Col. Strachey). 
Nepal 
Nepal. 
Nepal (B. II Hodgson). 
Khatmandu, Nepal,
April 19, 1877. 
Darjiling. 
Darjiling (Dr. Jerdon), 
India Museum. 
India Museum, 
India Museum, 
India Museum. 
B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
(Tvpes of species.) * 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
India Museum. 
Br. J. Scully [P.]. 
India Museum. 
C.Bygrave Wharton, Esq. 
s. Ad. sk. Darjiling (Eccles). F. Godman and 0. Salvin,. 
t, u, v> Ad. sk.
w. Ad. sk.
$. Ad. sk.
VOL, vi, 
Nazeerah, Upper Assam(Dr.JReid). 
Assam (M'Clelland). 
Bootan (Pemberton).
Esqrs. [P.]. 
B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
India Museum. 
India Museum. 
K 

130 TIMEIIIDJE. 

6- PycuonottLS intermedins. 
Pycnonotus intermedins, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 95 (ex A. Hay} MS.); 
Myth, Ibis, 1807, p. 9 ; Beavan, t. c. p. 441. 
Pycnonotus pygmseus, Cock Sf Marsh. Str. F. 1873, p. 855. 
M'olpaates intermedins, Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 378. 

Adult. General colour above dark brown, mottled with ashy 
margins to the feathers, the rump a little more uniform; upper 
tail-coverts dull white, faintly washed with brown; upper wing-
coverts brown, edged rather broadly with white ; quills brown, 
externally margined with whity brown; head crested, glossy black, 
the nape and hind neck, as well as the sides of the latter, shaded 
with black, so that no cap is perceptible; lores, feathers round the 
eye, checks, and throat black, shading off on the fore neck into the 
brown of the chest; remainder of the under surface of body ashy 
whitish, the breast mottled with brown, the feathers being of the 
latter colour with ashy-whitish margins ; flanks light ashy brown, 
streaked with darker brown; under tail-coverts crimson; thighs 
brown, margined with ashy whitish; under wing-coverts dull 
whitish, with brown bases to the outer ones, causing a slightly 
mottled appearance; axillaries light ashy brown; quills brown 
below, light ashy brown along the edge of the inner web. Total 
length 8*5 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 3*9, tail 3*85, tarsus 0-95. 

Pinwill's Ecd-vented Bulbul replaces the common Himalayan 
form in the North-western Himalayas, Cashmere, and extends into 

Afghanistan. 
a. Ad. sk. India. 
b. Ad. &k. Himalayas (Paris FxhiIndia 
Museum. 
bit toil). 
c. 2 Ad. sk. K.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
d. Ad. sk. Cashmere. ' Purchased. 
e. Ad. sk.
/ . Ad. sk. 
Afghanistan (Griffith). 
Himalayas. 
India Museum. 
J. R Reeves, Esq. [P.]. 

7. Pycnonotus capensis. 
Le Merle brim du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Briss. Orn. ii. p 259, 

pi. 27.fig. 8. r* ' 
Turdus capensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 29-5. 
Le Brunet du Cap de Bonne Espeiance, Month. Hist. Nat Ois iii 

p. 390. 
Le Brunet, Levaitt. Ois. d'Afr. iii. p. 105, pi. 36; Sundev. Crit. om 
Levaill. p. 3o. 
Pycnonotus capensis, Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 29; id. Gen. B. i 

p. 237; Cab Mm. Hem. Th. i. p. 107 ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 138 • 
>na mU Fimch

Gr^LHZtl'B' y?" 268 5 * ^artl. tog. Ostafr. 

p. 299; Shelley, Ihs, 1875, p. 74; Newton, ed. Yarr. Brit. B. 
p. 24/-KSharpe, ed. LayarWs B. S. Afr. p. 207; Dresser, B. Eur 
pt. XXXIX. x 7 ;
Turdus aurigaster, Yarreti, Brit. B. Suppl. i. p. 15; Thomps. B. Irel 

l. p. loo. 
Pycnonotus chrysorrhoeus, Thomps. Ann. Nat. Hist. xv. r p. 308 (nee

lemm.). " 

21. prcNONOTus. 
Ixu^ capensis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 266. 

Pycnonotus aurigaster Gray, Cat. Brit. B. 1863, p. 78 (nee V.). 

_ Adult. General colour above brown, a little blacker on the head, 
sides of face, and throat; wing-coverts like the back ; quills dark 
brown, with faintly indicated margins of paler brown ; tail-feathers 
dark brown, with narrow whity-brown tips ; crown of head slightly 
darker brown than the back, as also the sides of face and throat, the 
ear-coverts and region of the eye blackish; remainder of under 
surface of body brown, inclining to dull whitish near the vent; 
under tail-coverts yellow; under wing-coverts and axillaries brown, 
the edge of the wing light brown; quills dark brown below, paler 
along the edge of the inner web ; " eyelid vinous red; bill and legs 
blackish; iris reddish brown" (G. E. Shelley), Total length 
7*6 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3*65, tail 3*55, tarsus 0-85. 

The colouring of this species varies from an earthy brown to a 
chocolate-brown, and I have examined specimens moulting from one 
into the other; but I am not certain whether the paler brown dress 
is that of the young bird, or whether the dark-brown feathering is 
the normal state of the bird in perfect plumage just after the moult. 
Either case is possible, as the pale colouring might be the result of 
abrasion of the feathers. 

The Cape Yellow-vented Bulbul is strictly an inhabitant of South 
Afiica, where it is confined to the Cape Colony. Notwithstanding 
the apparently circumstantial evidence on which its occurrence in 
Ireland is based, I can imagine no bird more unlikely to have been 
met with there in a wild state. The bird may have been a caged 
specimen ; but even this appears improbable. 

a. Ad. sk. South Africa. Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk.
c. d. Ad. sk.
e. $ ad. sk. 
South Africa. 
South Africa (E.L. Zayard). 
Knysna, Jan. 6, 1866 (C. J. 
P. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
f,g, h. Ad. sk.
*. Ad. sk.
k. Ad. st.
Andersson). 
George District (II Atmore). 
Port Elizabeth. 
Cape Colony. 
R. B, Sharpe, Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
G. Campbell, Esq. 

8. Pycnonotus tricolor. 
Pycnonotus capensis, Strickl. fy Sclafer, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 120. 
Pycnonotus auriventris, Hartl. J. f. 0.1861, p. 166. 
Ixus tricolor, Earth His, 1862, p. 341. 
Pycnonotus tricolor, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 269, no. 3932 ; Finsch <$• 


Hartl Vog. Osiafr. p. 299 ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 23 (pt) ; id. 

P. Z. S. 1871, p. 331, pi. -vii. fig. 2 ; Gurney, in Anderss. B. Bam. 
Id. p. 120; Sharpe fy Bouv. Bull Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 44; 
Beichen. J.f.O. 1877, p. 25; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 244, 
Adult male. General colour above light eaithy brown, the upper 
tail-coverts rather darker brown, obscurely margined with a shade 
of dull olive; wing-coverts and quills all darker brown than, the 
back, narrowly margined with lighter olivaceous brown; tail 
blackish brown, shading off into paler greyish brown at the tips of 

K2 

TIMELIIDJE. 

the feathers ; crown of head and nape black, forming a well-defined 
cap, tlie adjacent portions of the neck rather paler brown ; lores, fore 
part of cheeks, region of the eye, and ear-coverts blackish, the rest 
of the sides of the face and throat dark brown, shading off paler on 
the fore neck and chest, which are earthy brown, very-little darker 
than the back ; rest of under surface white, the vent-feathers shaded 
with yellow, the under tail-coverts bright yellow ; the plumes of the 
lower throat edged with whitish, and the adjacent white plumes of 
the breast with brown bases, the flanks also washed with pale 
brown ; thighs whitish, washed with yellow, the hinder part brown ; 
under wing-coverts very pale brown, washed with yellow, the edge 
of the wing whitish; the lower series of coverts ashy brown, edged 
with greyish white along the inner web ; bill black; legs black; 

iris brown. Total length 7*6 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*7, tail 3-6, 
tarsus 0*95. 

Young. Similar to the adult, but more dusky and much paler 
brown; the head not so blackish as in the adult, but the belly white. 
In fact the bird may be described as being like the adult, and 
having the colours distributed exactly in the same way; but the 
latter are everywhere much paler, and the margins to the coverts 
and quills are rufous-brown. 

Mbnteiro's Yellow-vented Bulbul inhabits the Congo region in 
"Western Africa, extending through Angola into Damara Land. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Congo. (Types of species.) 
c. Ad. sk. Congo. Commander Sperling [P.]. 
d. Ad. sk. Kabinda, Congo, August. Commander Sperling [P.]. 
e. Ad. sk. Angola. J. J. Monteiro, Esq[. [0.]. 
/ . Ad. sk. Angola (Hamilton). B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
g. § ad. sk. Capangombe, Nov. 1867 B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(Anchieta). 

9. Pycnonotus layaxdi. 
Pycnonotus 
nigricans (nee V.), Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 318 ; Sterling, 
Ibis, 1868, p. i!90; Finscli §• Earth Voq. Ostafr, p. 297; Sharpe, 

P. Z.S. 1873, p. 705 Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p.* 74; Bocage, Orn. 
Angola, p. 242. 
Pycnonotus tricolor (necllartl), Shmye, Oat Afr. B. p. 23 ; Zayard, 
Ibis, 1871, p. 229; Sharpe, ed. layard's B. 8. Afr. p. 208. 
Pycnonotus layardi, ixurney, Ibis, 1879, p. 390. 

Adult nude (type of species). General colour above light earthy 
brown, somewhat more ashy brown on the hinder neck and sides of 
neck; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back; greater and 
primary-coverts as well as the quills dark brown, margined with 
lighter brown; upper tail-coverts brown, with a slight tinge of olive 
on the edges of the feathers; tail-feathers dark brown, with paler 
ends,^ broader^ on the external rectrices; crown of head black, 
forming a distinct cap; lores, fore part of cheeks, and region of the 

eye blackish ; ear-coverts dark chocolate-brown, as also the hinder 
part of the cheeks; throat and fore neck dark brown, the chin and 
sides of the upper throat blackish; remainder of under surface 

21 . PTCNOffOTTTS. 
133 

ashy white, browner on the flanks and sides of the body, the breast 
mottled with brown bases to the feathers; thighs brown; under 
tail-coverts bright yellow; under wing-coverts and axillarios light 
ashy brown, tinged with yellow on the edgo of the wing; quills 
brown below, ashy brown along the edge of the inner web; " eyelid 
black" (E. 0. Buxton); "bill, tarsi, and feet black; iris dark 
umber" (T. Ay res). Total length 7*8 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 
3-75, tail 3-4, tarsus 0*9. (2Ius. J. H. Gurney.) 

Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male. Total length. 
7*5 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3-7, tail 3-3, tarsus 0*85. (Mus. 

J. H. Gurney.) 
The present species in breeding-plumage always looks much 
darker than in the winter plumage, when the light edges to the 
feathers are more perfect, and a slight shade of olive, scarcely perceptible, 
pervades the upper surface. The summer dross seems to be 
merely an intensifying of the winter one, by reason of the disappearance 
of the light margins to the feathers above and below. 

Specimens from the east coast of Africa are apparently identical 
in plumage, but seem to be somewhat smaller in dimensions. 

Total 
length. Oilmen. Wing, Tail. Tarsus, 

m. in. in. in. in. 
a Mombas (Wakefield) 7*0 
0-8 3-4 3 4 0-85 
0-75 3*3 8-0 0 8 

&. » „ 7-3 

0-75 3*35 3-1 0-85 

c. tf „ (Eildebrandt) 7*0 
Young (Kingwilliamstown; H. Trevelyan). Similar in plumage 
to the adult, but rather more fluffy. The general colour more of 
a reddish brown, the wing-coverts and quills edged with the latter 
colour; head dingy brown instead of black ; under surface of body 
duller than in the adult, and much lighter yellow on the under 
tail-coverts. 

Layard's Yellow-vented Bulbul inhabits the eastern districts of 
the Cape Colony, ranging through Fatal and the Transvaal to 
Damara Land on the west and the Zambesi on the east, whence i t 
extends up the east coast as far as Mombas, decreasing in size in 
Eastern Africa. 

0. 
<$ ad. sk. Grahamstown (21 C. At- B. B. Sharpe, Esq, 
more). 
b. $ ad. sk. Eland's Post (T. C. At- E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
more). * 
c. Ad. sk. Oaffraria (ScJwmhurgk). E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
d. Ad., ej. Juv. Kmgwilliamstown.' Lieut. II. Trevelyan [P.], 
sk. 
g. Ad. sk. Kingwilliamstown. Lieut. Anstey [P.]. 
h. 
? ad.sk. Natal. Dr. Ghieinzius [C.]. 
Ad. sk. Natal. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
h. Ad. sk. Natal. 
T. Ayres, Esq. [C.]. 
I 
Ad. sk. Durban, April 23 (F. C. G. & W. Gates, Eaqrs. 
Oates). [P.]. 

m. 
$ ad. sk. Between Pretoria and Ba- C. GK & W. Oates; Esqrs. 
rnangwato, July (F. Oates). [P.]. 
134 TIMELIIDiE. 
n, S ad. sk. Macamac, Transvaal, Sept. J. H. Gurney, Esq. 
22, 1874 ( X Ayres). 
o. Ad. sk. Lydehburg. F. A. Barratt, Esq. 
p, q. Ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi. Dr. Kirk [0.1. 
r. Ad. sk. Shupanga, Zambesi. Dr. Kirk [C.J. 
s. Ad. sk. Daniara Land (C J". AnR. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
dersson). 
t. $ ad. sk. Ovaquenyama, Damara R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Land, June 2, 1867 
(C. L Andersson). 
u. Ad. sk. 
r, ?0. Ad. sk. 
Zanzibar. 
Mombas (Wakefield), 
Dr. Kirk [C.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
x. <$ ad. sk. Mombas. Dr. Hiidebrandt [C.J. 

10. Pycnonotus nigricans. 
Le Branoir, Levaill Ois. d'Afr. iii. p. 38, pi. 106. fig. 4; Sundev. Crit. 
om Levaill. p. 36. 
Turdus nigricans, Vieill JVouv. Diet d'Hist. Nat xx. p. 253 ; Bonn. 
et Vieill. Dnc. Meth. p. 653. 
Turdus capensis, Licht. Verz. Douhl p. 033 (nee L.). 
Ixos levaillantii, Temm. Tabl. Meth. pT207. 
Pycnonotus nigricans, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 237; Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. 


p. 107,- Gurney, Ibis, 1860, p. 209; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 133; 
Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 23; Gurney, in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. 
p. 119; Ayres, Ibis, 1873, p. 282; Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 369. 
Pycnonotus capensis (pt.), Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 207. 
Ixus nigricans, Bp. Cony. i. p. 267. 
Head of Pycnonotus nigricans, to show the wattled eyelid. 

Adult male. General colour above ashy brown, the wing-coverts 
like the back; greater coverts and quills dark brown, with margins 
of lighter ashy brown ; upper tail-coverts rather darker brown than 
the back, with paler brown margins; tail-feathers dark brown, 
faintly tipped with ashy brown, rather more broadly on the outer 
feathers; crown and nape black, forming a cap; ear-coverts, sides 
of face, and throat black, fading off into the dark brown of the fore 
neck and chest, the feathers of the latter being mottled, the bases 
brown, and the margins ashy whitish, like the rest of the under 
surface; sides of body, flanks, and thighs brown; under tail-
coverts bright yellow; under wing-coverts and axillaries light 
brown, the edge of the wing slightly washed with yellow; quills 
dark brown below, ashy brown along the edge of the inner web; 
" beak and legs black; iris dark claret" (P. E. Buckley); " iris 
pale yellowish red" (C. J. Andersson). Total length 6-9 inches, 
culmen 0*7, wing 3*55, tail 3*1, tarsus 0*8. 

21 . PYCNQXOTUS. 
135 

Arfttlt fifiifde. Similar in colour to the male. Total length. 
8*8 inches, culmen 0*7, win? 3-6, tail 3*2, tarsus 0*8. 

Lerailknf s Yellow-vented Bulbul ranges throughout South Africa, 
from the eastern parts of the Cape Colony, through 3Tatal and the 
Transvaal to Damara Land. 

«. d ad. skh. Imra. sk.
<% (I z ml **.
e. £ ad. -k. 
Hope Town, May 1S71 (P. C.
Aimore). 
XataL 
Transvaal { P. 4i/r«?). 
Crocodile River, Transvaal, 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
C. Gr. & \V. Gates, 
/ . ;f a l <?k.
July (F. Gates). 
Orjimbinque, Damara Land,
June 22, ISlifJ (6r . J*. .daEsqrs. 
[P.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
dersscM f. 
//. $ ai.sk. Otjlmbinqufs July 29, I860 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
k Ad. sk.
i C. J. Andersmn). 
Otjjixnbinque, Sept. 14, 18G4 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(C, J. Andtr&sori). 

11. Pycnonotus xanthopygns. 
r L»» ^r**rle a ml jaun<\ Daubmt. PL Enh iv. pi. 317. 
r TfiidiH tri-ti-, P. X. #. J/////. >SV/^. JYirt., Anhang, p. 145. 
L\ti- xantliopyjo-. Ilrmpr. 4* 2?/*r. 6V/m6. P/iys. fol. bb; Mupp. 
AVH/' filthy / V/. p. £3. 
Pymonotus 1»*\ ailluiitii, lit'ipp. 8y$t. Uebers. p. 00 {/*<2C Temm.). 
I\n- ud.laiitii, Mnhm< Toy* If. p. 2*21 |wc Temm.). 
I\u- \.tllumbru-ji», Pp. <7. P.'xhi. p. 7U<>. 
IMIN xanthopvgiu^ Tri\tt\ Ihi% 1^31), p, 30; id. Ibis, lfe0-j/p. 81, 
l^iff), p. 20:}."" 
Ixu* ainigafcter? M'lakr, P. #.& 1802, p. 12 ; Antin. Cat. descrr. Uce. 

p. 43. 
Pjcnonotm vallombrusaj, Heuyl. J"./. 0.1867, p. 203. 
Pycnonutus nigileans, IleuyL Dm. X.O.-Aft\ p. 307 * Ilmil. Grieeh. 
"jahresmf. iii. p. 229 (*Wfe Dresser). 
Pycnonutus tristis, 6'TYII/, lland-L P. i. p. 208, no. 3023. 
Pycnonotus xanthopygos, 6'raj^, Hand-L P. i. p. 209, no. 3928 j 

* Shelley i P. JEgypt, p. 68 * Dresser, B. Fur. pt. xxxix. 
.^faZi wa/e. General colour light ashy brown, greyer about the 
hind neck; quills ashy brown, rather darker than the back and 
narrowly edged with paler brown ; upper tail-coverts darker brown 
than the back, margined with dull olive-yellow; tail dark sepia-
brown, indistinctly tipped with ashy grey, more broadly on the 
outer feathers; crown of head as far as the nape, entire sides of 
head, and throat jet-black, the fore neck brown, with greyish edgings 
to the feathers of the lower part; behind the ear-coverts a slight 
shade of silvery white ; bides of neck and entire under surface of 
body light ashy*grey, a little whiter on the centre of the abdomen ; 
under tail-coverts bright yellow; under wing-coverts and vent-
feathers whitish washed with yellow; thighs ashy brown, also 
washed with yellow; under wing-coverts ashy brown, the edge of 
the wing washed with yellow ; bill and legs black ; iris dark 
brown ; eyelid grey. Total length 8*3 inches, culmen 0*75, wTing 
3*8, tail 3*b<3, tarsus 0*85. 

TDIELIIDiE. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length S*4t inchess 
culmen 0'75, wing 3'6o^ tail 3*8, tarsus 0'9. 

The Palestine Yellow-vented Bulbiil is found all over Northeastern 
Africa, Arabia Petraea, Syria, and Palestine, and in the 
islands of Cyprus, Rhodes, and the Cyelades. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Sidon. 
Canon Tristram [C A 
b. 2 ad. sk. Jericho. 
Canon Tristram _C.J. 
c. ? 
ad. sk. Sidon, Nov. 30, 1802 F. Rodman and 0. 
(Canon Tristram). Salvin,Esqrs. [P.]. 
12. Pycnonotus leucotis. 
Ixos leucotis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 0; Bp. Consp. i. p. 205; 
Be Fdippi, Tiagg. Pers. p. 847. 
Pvcnonotus leucotis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beta/, xiv. p. 507 ; Gray, Gen. B. 

\ p. 287; Blyth, Cat. B. Mas. As. Soc. p. '2QU; Ilorsf. $ Moore, 
Cat B. Mas. F.l. Co. i. p. 242; Gray, lland-l. B. i. p. 271, 
no. 3005; Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 218. 

Otocompsa leucotis, Jerd. B. hid. ii. p. 91; Hume, Str. F. 1873, 

p. 181; id. Siesta and Eaqs lad. B. p. 280; Adam, f.c. p. 87b; 
Ball, Sir. F. 187*5, p. 200; Butler, t c. p. 470 5 JTw;/wf, £fr\ -*'. 
1879, p. 08. 
Adult. General colour above pale ashy brown, somewhat lighter 
towards the rump; outside upper tail-coveits whity brown, ashy 
brown in the centre ; wings like the back, the greater coverts and 
quills externally edged with paler ashy brown ; tail-feathers dark 
brown, paler brown towards their bases, and edged narrowly with 
lighter brown, all conspicuously tipped with white spots, which 
become larger towards the outer feathers; crown of head, lores, 
and feathers round the eye and at the base of the bill, fore part of 
cheeks, and throat black • ear-coverts and hinder part of cheeks 
white, separated from the brown of the neck by a narrow black 
line which connects the black throat with the black head ; breast 
and sides of body pale ashy brown, the centre of the body ashy 
whitish; thighs ashy brown; under tail-coverts bright golden 
yellow ; under wing-coverts ashy brown, edged with white ; quills 
brown below, ashy brown along the edge of the inner web ; £* iris 
dark brown" (Adams). Total length 6-0 inches, culmen 0*55, 
wing 3*15, tail 3*15, tarsus 0*8. 

There is no difference in the colour of the sexes. 

^ Young. Rather paler and more rufescent than the adult, especially 
on the upper tail-coverts and outer aspect of wings; the head 
brown instead of black, which colour is confined to the throat, fore 
part of cheeks, and lores ; under tail-coverts yellowish buff. 

A pair of birds collected by Col. St. John near Shiraz measure as 

follows:— 
Total 
length.
in. 
Oilmen. 
in. 
Wing. 
in. 
Tail. 
in. 
Tarsus. 
in. 
<? ad. Shiraz (St. John) .. 7*5 0*7 3-05 3*0 0*9 
S ad. „ „ .. 7*0 0-0 3*2 3*1 0*8 

21. PYCNONOTUS. 
137 

The TVhite-eared Bullml inhabits open bush-country from Persia, 
throughout Baluchistan and Scinde into JST.W. India, and as far 
cast as Saugor in Central India. 

a. Ad. sk.
b, c. Ad. sk. 
India. 
Calpee, N.W. India. 
Oapt. Boys [0.]. 
Capt. Stackhonse Pin-
d. Ad. sk.
e,f. Ad. sk.
g, h, i. Ad. sk.
k. J ad. sk.
I, m. 6 ? ad. sk.
n. (S ad. sk. 
Jodhpoor, Nov. 4,1868{G.King). 
Hyderabad, Scinde"(Dr. II. Gould), 
Shikarpore, Afghanistan(W. Griffith). 
Balm Kelat, Persian Baluchistan, 
Feb. 2,1872. 
Near Shiraz, 4500 feet,
July 1870. 
Oak-forest near Shiraz,
7000 feet. 
will [P.]. 
Dr. J. Scully [P.]. 
India Museum. 
India Museum. 
"W. T. Blanford, E*q. 
[0.]. 
Col. St. John [0.1 
Col. St. John [C.]. 
o. Ad. sk.
p. Ad. sk. 
Persia. 
India. 
K. Loftus, Esq. [C.]. 
E. Wilson, Esq. [P.]. 

13. Pycnonotus aurigaster. 
The Yellow-vented Flycatcher, Bnnon, III Zool. p. 70, pi. 31.fig. 1. 
lied-vented Flycatcher, var. A, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 335. 
Muscicapa haemorrhousa, var. /3; Gm. tiysi. Nat. i. p. 041; Lath. 

Ind. Orn. i. p. 475. 
Le Oudor, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. iii. p. 40, pi. 107. fig. 2 ; Sundev. Crit. 
om Levaill. p. 36. 
Turdus aurigaster, Vieill. Nottv. Diet. cCHist. Nat. xx. p. 258; Bonn, 

et Vieill. Enc. Meth. ii. p. 057. 
Turdus liaeniorrhous* Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 147 (nee Gm). 
Brachypus chrysorrhoeus, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 189 (ex Levaill). 
Ixus hsemorrhous, Vigors, Mem. Raffle App. p. (361 (nee Gm.). 
Hsematornis chrysorrhoeus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 338. 
Pycnonotus crocorrhous, Strickl Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 412 ; Blyth, 

J. A. S. Bene/, xiv. p. 567; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 237; Horsf. $ Moore, 
Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. i.p. 245 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 270, no. 3058; 
Nichols. Ibis, 1879, p. 168, 1881, p. 148. 
Pvcnonotus aurigaster, G?-ay, Gen. B. i. p. 237; Von Mull J.f.O. 

"1855, p. 394; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 139. 
Ixus chrysorrhoeus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 266. 
Ixus aurigaster, Bp. Consp. i. p. 267. 
Brachypus aurigaster, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 108. 
Pycnonotus aurigularis (lapsu), Layard, Ibis, 1869, p. 73. 
Molpastes crocorrhous, Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 378. 

Adult 'male. General colour above brown, mottled with hoary-
grey edgings to the feathers; the lower back uniform brown, the 
rump and upper tail-coverts white, the longer coverts slightly 
shaded with ashy brown; wing-coverts dark brown, edged with 
hoary grey like the mantle ; greater coverts and quills dark brown * 
with lighter brown edges; tail-feathers dark brown, tipped with 
dull white, the feathers lighter brown towards the base; crown of 
head black, forming a cap; hinder neck hoary grey, streaked with 
the dark-brown centres to the feathers; lores, feathers below the 

138 TIMELIIDJ3. 

eye, fore part of cheeks, and chin Hack; remainder of throat and 
ear-coverts white; fore neck, "breast, and sides of hody pale ashy 
brown, the centre of the abdomen, white ; vent and under tail-
coverts bright yellow; thighs light ashy brown, like the flanks; 
under wing-coverts and axiliaries pale ashy brown, with whitybrown 
margins; quills brown below, ashy along the edge of the 
inner web; "hides brown or dark red" (H. 0. Forbes). Total 
length 8 inches, etilmen 0*8, wing 3-6, tail 3*45, tarsus 0-85. 

Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male. Total length 

8-3 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*6, tail 3*6, tarsus Obo. 

The nestling reproduces the colouring of the adult, but has the 
under tail-coverts only faintly tinged with yellow. The general 
coloration is everywhere paler, the upper surface more uniform, 
and the cap of not such a deep black. (F. SieJiulson.) 

The Gold-vented Bulbul is apparently confined to the island of 
Java. 

a, b. § ad- sk. Java (Leiden Jfumim), F. G< dman and 0. 
Salvin,E*qr*. "P.n. 
c, d. Ad. sk. W. Jxv&(RC.Biviton). F. Nicholson, E*q. IV . 

e. 2 ad. sk. W. Java. A.R.WaIlae^E*q."C.\ 
/. $ ad.sk. E.Java. A.II.Wallace,Ebq.'C/. 
g. Ad. sk. Java. Purchased. 
h. Ad. sk. Java. J. Gould, E-q. 
14. Pycnonotus germaini 
Ixus germaini, Oustalet, Bull Soe. Philom. Paris (7),ii. p. 54 (1878). 
Adult. Yery similar to P. crocorrhovs, StrickL, but distinguished 
by its uniform back, which is not mottled with black centres to the 
feathers, its duller black head, and especially by the black on the 
throat, which is'confined to the chin and the sides of the upper 
throat, not extending down so far as in the Java bird. Total 
length 7 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*5, tail 3*1, tarsus 0*7. (21us. 
Paris,) 

The type was a younger bird, rather duller in colour, with a 
browner head. 
Germain's Bulbul is as yet only known from the mountains of 
Laos, Cambodia. 

15. Pycnonotiis bimaculatns. 
Turdus bimacnlatus, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Sac. xiii. p. 147. 
Lanius bimaculatus, Less. Cent Zool. pi. 7o. 
Hsematornis bimaculatus, Sxcains. Faun. Bor.~Amer.t Birdsf p. 48o. 
Pycnonotus bimaculatus, Bli/thf J.A.S.Beng.xiv.ip.btiT; Gray, Gen. 


B. i. p. 237 * Horsf. 8? Moore, Cat. B. 21m. E.L Co. I p. 244: 
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 209, no. 3941. 
Brachypus bimaculatns, Bp. Consp. i. p. 2G3. 


Adult male. General colour above brown, strongly shaded with 
3 ellowish olive; wing-coverts brown, as also the quills, all margined 
externally with yellowish olive; tail brown, with olive-
yellow margins to the feathers, the outermost having a narrow 

21. PTCNONOTUS. 
139 

edging of white at the tip; head rather darker brown than the 
back, with lighter brown edges to the feathers, imparting a somewhat 
scaled appearance; lores blackish; round the eye a ring of 
orange-yellow ; at the base of the nostril a longitudinal spot of 
bright orange above the lores; ear-coverts olive-yellow; cheeks 
and throat dark brown, slightly washed with yellow; the fore neck 
somewhat mottled, the feathers being brown with pale ashy margins 
; rest of under surface of body white, washed with yellow, the 
tianks washed with ashy brown; thighs brown, washed with olive-
yellow ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale yellow or yellowish 
white, the edge of the wing brighter yellow; quills dusky brown 
below, yellowish white afong the inner web. Total length 7*8 inches, 

culmen 0*7, wing 3*4, tail 3*5, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length 
7*7 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*2, tail 34 , tarsus 0*8. 
The Orange-spotted Eulbul is only known from the islands of 
Java and Sumatra. 

b. <£ ad. sk. 
c, d. S 2 ad. sk. 
*. Ad. sk. 
a. Ad. sk.
Java {Leiden 
sewn).
"W. Java. 
Java. 
Java {Dr. Ilorsfield).
MuIndia 
Museum. (Type 
of species.) 
P. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
Purchased. 
/ , g. Ad. sk. Sumatra. Purchased. 

1G. Pycnonotus xanthorrlioiis. 
Pycnonotus xanthorrhous, Anderson, Pr.A.S.Beng. 1869, p. 265 ; id. 

P. Z. S. 1871, p. 214; Blyth fy Wald. B. Burnt, p. 135, note • 
Anders. Exped. W. Yun-nan, Zool p. 658. 

Ixus andersoni, Szoinh. Ann. fy3fag. Nat. Hist (4) v. p. 175. 

Ixus xanthorrhous, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871; p. 369; David <$• Oustalet, 

Ois. Chinej p. 141, pi. 45. 

Adult male. General colour above brown, the wing-coverts 
rather darker brown, margined with the same brown as the back ; 
quills dark brown, with lighter brown edges, slightly tinged with 
olive; tail-feathers dark brown, the outer feathers with faint tips 
of whity, brown; crown of head and nape glossy black, as also the 
lores, feathers round the eye, and a stripe along the cheeks; ear-
coverts and hinder part of cheeks brown: throat and underparts 
white, with a band of brown across the chest; sides of body also 
brown; thighs golden brown; under tail-coverts golden yellow ; 
under wing-coverts dark brown, those near the edge of the wing 
washed with yellow • axillaries pale fawn-brown; quills daik 
brown below, pale fawn-brown along the edge of the inner web; 
"bill black; feet blackish; iris brown" {David). Total length 
7*6 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*65, tail 3*75, tarsus 0*85. 

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length 8*1 
inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3*4, tail 3*5, tarsus 0*75. 
Anderson's Yellow-vented Eulbul occurs throughout the mountains 
of China and the hills separating Yun-nan from Burmah. 

140 TIMELITDiE. 

a. $ ad. sk. Sheetee hill, Kakhyen Mils, Dr. J. Anderson [C.]. 
Feb. 20, 1875. 
b. $ ad. sk. Kokonoor, Jan. 5,1870. Pere David [C.J. 
c. <$ ad. sk. Ningpo, March 1872. E. Swinhoe, Esq. [P.], 
17. Pycnonotus analis. 
Turdiis analis, Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 147; Pqffl. t e.p. 810. 
Turdoido de gourdin, Hombr. fy Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud, Ois. pi. 14. 
fig. 1. 

Pycnonotus goiavier (nee. Gm.), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 5Q>7; id. 
Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 210; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. Mm. E.L 
Co. i. p. 242 ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1854; p. 278, Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, 

p. 151. 
Pycnonotus yourdini, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 237. 
Luis analis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 265. 
Pycnonotus gourdini, Bp. Consp. i. p. 20G; Saluad. Ucc. Born. p. 198. 
Loedorusa analis, Cab. Mas. Ilein. Th. i. p. 109. 
Ixos gourdini, Jacq. Sf Pucker. Voy. Pole Sud, texte, ZooL m. p. 79 ; 
HartlJ.f.O. 1854, p. 163. 
Pycnonotus analis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 216; Gray, JETand-L B. 

i. p. 270, no. 3943; Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 197; Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, 
p. 38; Nichols. Ibis, 1879, p. 168; Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 256; id. 
P. Z. S.1879, p. 339; Nichols. Ibis, 1881, p. 157. 
Otocompsa personata, llume, Str. Feathers, 1873, p. 457. 
Otocompsa analis, Hume § Bams. Stray Feathers, 1878, p. 308. 
Adult male. General colour above earthy brown, with a very 
slight tinge of olive; wing-coverts and quills dark brown, edged 
with the same colour as the back, and likewise faintly 'tinged with 
olive ; tail-coverts slightly more reddish brown than the back; tail-
feathers dark brown, edged with olive-brown and slightly tipped 
with the same; crown of head rather darker than the back; lores 
and a ring round the eye black, separated from the crown by a 
broad stripe of dull white; cheeks and throat purer white; ear-
coverts and hinder part of cheeks light brown, streaked with dull 
white below the eye and along the shafts of the ear-coverts; fore 
neck and chest somewhat mottled, the centres of the feathers being 
brown with dull whitish edges; breast and centre of body whitish, 
the sides of the body light brown; thighs brown, washed with 
yellow; vent light yellow; under tail-coverts brighter yellow ; 
axillaries pale brown, slightly washed with yellow; under wing-
coverts whitish, washed with olive-yellow, especially along the edge 
of the wing, and slightly mottled with brown bases to the feathers ; 
quills brown below, fulvescent along the edges of the inner webs ; 
" bill and legs black ; iris chocolate " (Alfred Everett). Total length 
8 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*6, tail 3*5, tarsus 0*9. 

Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male. Total length 
8 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*35, tail 3*3, tarsus 0*85. 

Young. Light rufous-brown above, the head a little darker; the 
edgings to the coverts and quills rufeseent; eyebrow whity brown 
and very indistinct; under surface of body white, inclining gradually 
to sulphur-yellow on the lower abdomen and vent, the under tail


141 

21. PTCNONOTOS. 
coverts sulphur-yellow; flanks, sides of body, and a band across the 
breast light rufescent brown. Total length 6*8 inches, wing 3-1, 
tail 2-85, tarsus 0*8. 

The Yellow-vented Bulbul occurs plentifully from the extreme 
southern part of Tenasserim, through the Malayan peninsula, to the 
islands of Java, Sumatra, Billiton, Lombock, Labuan, and Borneo. 

a. Ad. sk. Tenasserim. J. C. D. Packman, Esq. [P.]. 
b. ? ad. sk. Mevgui, Tenasserim, A. 0. Hume, Esq. 
June 7, 1875 (W. 
Davison). 
c. Ad. sk. Malacca. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 
d, e. Ad. sk. Penang (Dr. Canto?*). India Museum. 
/ . Juv. sk. Penang (Dr. Cantor). India Museum. 
g. Ad. sk. Acheen, Sumatra'( W. A. 0. Hume, Esq. [P.]. 
Davison). 
h. Ad. sk. Sumatra. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
i. d 
ad. sk. Siedjounjong, Sumatra, Lieut. R. G-. Wardlaw 
Sept. 1878 (C.Bocli). Ramsay. 
h. Ad. sk. Sumatra (Raffles). India Museum. 
1, m, n. Ad. sk. Java (Dr. Horsfield). India Museum. (Types of 
Turdus analis, Horsf.) 

o,p. cT § ad.sk. E. Java. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.].^ 

q, r. c? ad. sk. Java (Lautier). F. Godman and 0. Salvin, 

Esqrs. [P.]. 

s, t. Ad. sk. W.Java(^. C.Buxton). P. Nicholson, Esq. [P.]. 

u. $ ad. sk. Lombock. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.l 
v. d ad. sk. Sibu, Sarawak, August Alfred Everett, Esq. [O.J. 
1874. 
to, x. Ad. sk. Labuan. Hugh Low, Esq. [C.l. 
y, z. Ad. sk. Banjermassing. J. Motley, Esq. [0.]. 


18. Pycnonotus goiavier. 
Petit Goiavier de Manille, Bonn. Voy. Nouv. Guin. p. 59, pi. 28. 

Guava Flycatcher, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 385. 

Muscicapa goiavier, 
Scop. Del Faun, et Flor. Insubr. ii. p. 96 (ex 

Sonn.). 
Muscicapa psidii, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 941 (ex Sonn.). 
Pycnonotus goiavier, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 237; id. Iland-l. B. i. 

p. 269, no. 3942. 
Lsedorusa goiavier, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 109. 
Ixus goiavier, TFald. Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 190; Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, 
pp. 546, 695, 827, 1878, pp. 110, 285, 342, 710, 949. 

Adult male (Monte Alban. Luzon, Feb. 1877; A. Everett). General 
colour above uniform earthy brown, a little washed with 
ochraceous brown on the rump and upper tail-coverts; the crown 
much darker brown than the back, forming a cap which is bordered 
on each side by a broad white eyebrow drawn from the base of the 
forehead to the side of the occiput; lores and a ring of feathers 
round the eye black; cheeks, feathers below the eye, and feathers 
at the base of the ear-coverts white; remainder of ear-coverts very 
dark brown, of the same shade as the crown; sides of neck brown 
like the back; remainder of under surface dull white, washed with 
brown on the sides of the breast and flanks; a few of the breast


142 
TLttELIID-E. 

feathers slightly mottled with brown centres to the feathers; vent 
and under tail-coverts lemon-yellow; abdomen also slightly washed 
with yellow; wing-coverts like the back, the greater series edged 
with lighter brown, slightly tinged with olive ; primary-coverts and 
quills dark brown, edged with olive-yellow: tail-feathers brown, 
margined with olive; under wing-coverts white, the greater series 
ashy brown; quills dark brown below, ashy along the inner web; 
" bill, legs, and claws black; iris brown " (A. Evertft). Total length 
6-5 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3*25, tail 3*1, tarsus OS. (Ifus. JR. 

O. Wardlaw Ramsay.) 
-Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male. Total length 6-5 
inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3*2, tail 3, tarsus 0*8. (Jdits. R. G. 
Wardlaw Rconsaif.) 

Obs. In the series of skins contained in Lieut. "Wardlaw Ramsay's 
collection a considerable variation in size is exhibited, and the depth 
of colour in the under tail-coverts also varies somewhat, a few of 
the birds being more orange-yellow than others. The following 
are the measurements of Lieut. Ramsay's series :— 

* Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tardus. 
in. in. in. in. 
a. tf. Manilla, Luzon (A. B. tfn/er)..
b. $ . Manilla, Luzon (A. B. Mtytr).. 
0-0o 
0-7 
3*25 
3*2 
3*1 
3*0 
0 8 
0*8 
c. tf. Monte Alban, Luzon {A. Everett).
d. cJ. Monte Alban, Luzon (.4. Everett).
e. J . San Mateo, Luzon (A. Everett).
/. J . San Mateo, Luzon (A. Everett). 
. 
. 
0*7 
0*7 
0*05 
0*7 
3*2 
3*35 
3*2 
3*2 
34 
3*25 
3*1 
3*2 
0*8 
0 8 
O-b.3 
0*8 
g. S • Negros (-4. Everett)
L 2 • Negros (A. Everett)
I $. K Bohol (A. Everett)
k. 2 . Amparo (A. Everett)
I J . Nipah Lsland (A. Everett)
m. tf. Surigao, Mindanao (A.Everett).
n. 2- Surigao, Mindanao (A. Everett).
o. tf. Zanboanga (A. Everett)
p . 2 • Zamboanga (A. Everett)
q. cT. Basilan (A. Everett) 
0*7 
0 Go 
0*7 
0-05 
0*G5 
0-Go 
0*7 
0*7o 
0*7 
0*75 
3*4 
3*3 
3*lo 
2*8 
3*0 
3*2o 
2*05 
3*2 
3 0 
3*1 
3*25 
3 0 
3*1 
2*7 
2 9 
3*1 
3*0 
3*1 
3*0 
3*0 
0 8 
0-S5 
0*75 
0-75 
0*75 
0*8-> 
0*8 
0*8 
0*85 
0*8 

The specimen from Amparo is considerably smaller in appearance 
than the others, and the wing is much smaller, but the other measurements 
do not fall far short of some of the remaining skins. 

The Philippine Yellow-vented Bulbul replaces the last species in 
the Philippine archipelago, where it inhabits the following islands-
Luzon, Kegros? Bohol, 2sipah, Leyte, Mindanao. 

a. Ad. sk. Philippine Islands. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.]. 
h. Ad. ak. Philippine Islands. Alfred Everett, Esq. 
[C.]. 
c. 
$ ad. sk. Surigao (A. Everett). Lieut. R. G. Wardlaw 
Ranibay. 
d, e. S ad. &k. Pasananca, Mindanao Voyage oiTLM.S.' Chal(/. 
Murray). lenger.' 
/. 
<$ ad. sk. Zamboanga, Mindanao Voyage of H.M.S/Chal(/. 
Murray), lenger/ 

21. PYCNOXOTUS. 
143 

19. Pycnonotus flavescens. 
Pycnonotus flavescens, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 568 ; id. Cat. B. 
Mus. As. Soc. p. 244; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat B. Mus. E.2. Co. i. 

p. 244; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 270, no. 3046; Anders. Exp. W. Yunnan, 
p. 659. 
Ixus flavescens, Bp. Consp. i. p. 266; Blyth fy Walden, B. Burm. 

p. 184; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. xxxix. p. 106 (1870) ; Hume 8f 
Davison, Sir. F. 1878, p. 306 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 98. 
Adult. General colour above olive-brown, with, somewhat of an 
ashy-brown shade, the crown of the head rather darker than the 
back and slightly crested; wing-coverts and quills light brown, 
with dull olive-yellow margins ; tail-feathers light brown, washed 
with olive-yellow on the outer webs, the external feathers slightly 
edged with whity brown at the tips of the inner web; lores dusky, with 
a longitudinal spot of dull white, slightly tinged with brown; round 
the eye a narrow ring of dull whitish feathers ; sides of face and 
neck, throat, fore neck, and chest dull ashy brown, washed with olive-
yellow, the flanks also similarly coloured; centre of the body whity 
brown, washed with yellow, intensifying on the vent, the under 
tail-coverts being bright yellow; thighs brown, tinged with olive; 
under wing-coverts light fawn-brown, the edge of the wing olive-
yellow ; quills ashy brown below, olive along the outer web and 
light fawn-colour along the inner one ; " bill black; legs, feet, and 
claws varying from very dark reddish or purplish brown to black; 
hides brown to red-brown " ( W. Davison). Total length 8*8 inches, 

culmen 0*65, wing 3*35, tail 3*9, tarsus 0*85. 

Blyth's Bulbul ranges from theKhasia hills into Arakan, Burmah, 
and Tenasserim. 


a, b. Ad. sk. Kkasia hills? (Griffith)*. India Museum. 

c. <$ ad. sk. Karen Nee, 4000 feet, March 13, Lieut. R. G-. Wardlaw 
1874 (JR. G. W. JR.). Ramsay. 
20. Pycnonotus luteolus. 
Trichophorus virescens, Tickell, J. A. S. Beng. ii. p. 573; Jerd. Madr. 
Journ. x. p. 248, 
Haematornis luteolus, Less. Bev. Zool. 1840, p. 354. 
Pycnonotus flavirictus, StricJd. Ann. Nat. Mist. xiii. p. 413; Blyth, 
X A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 367 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 237; Blyth, Cat. B. 
Mus. As. Soc. p. 210. 
Criniger tickelli, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xix. p. 571. 
Pycnonotus luteolus, 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 237; Blyth, Cat B. Mus. 
As. Soc, App. p. xxii; Horsf. § Moore, Cat B. Mm. E.I. Co. i. 

p. 243; Gray, Hand-l. B.i. p. 270, no. 3944. 
Ixus flavirictus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 266. 
Ixas luteolus, Jerd. B. 2nd. ii. p. 84 ; Hume, Nests fy Eggs 2nd. B. 
p. 283; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 410, 1876, p. 235; Fairb. torn, cit 
p. 258; 2£ume, t. c. p. 415 ; Fairb. Str. F. 1877, p. 405 ; Ball, t. c. 
p. 417 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 98. 
Adidt. Gfeneral colour above olive-brown, the olive colour pre* 
In the Catalogue of the India Museum (p. 244) the locality of this specimen 
is given as " Afghanistan."; but this is no doubt an error. 
144 miELIID-SE. 

vailing on the lower back and rump; wing-coverts and quills brown, 
externally olive-yellow, rather brighter on the primaries; tail-
feathers light brown, margined with olive; lores, eyelid, a narrow 
eyebrow, and a streak below the eye dull white; ear-coverts light 
brown, washed with olive, and narrowly streaked with whitish shaft-
lines; fore part of cheeks yellow, forming a small moustaehial 
streak; hinder part of checks pale ashy brown, washed with olive, 
the fore neck, breast, and flanks being also of this colour; throat 
dingy white, the chin yellow: under tail-coverts pale yellow ; the 
centre of the body and abdomen pale yellowish white; under wing-
coverts and axiHaries pale yellow ,* quills brown below, fulvous along 
the edge of the inner web ; u bill blackish ; legs dark plumbeous; 
iris blood-red" (Jerdon), Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0*7, 
wing 3*35, tail 3, tarsus 0*85. 

The White-eyebrowed Bulbul inhabits low jungle and the edges 
of forests in Southern and Central India and Ceylon. 

a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk.
«?, Ad. sk. 
Ceylon. 
Madras. 
Madras. 
Malabar. 
E. L. Lavard Esq. [C.]. 
E. Cole, &q. 'P. \ 
T. C. Jerdon, Esq? [P.1 . 
Lieut. R. G. VVaralaw 
e. $ ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk.
g. Ad. sk. 
Trevandrum, Travaneore, Nov.
16,3878. 
South India. 
South India (Finlayson) *.
Ramsay. 
F. TV". Bourdillon, Esaq. 
r C/\ 
India Museum. 
India Museum. 

(Horsf. & Moore, Cat. i. no. $G'2} spec. A.) 

21. Pycnonotus finlaysoni 
Pycnonotus finlaysoni, Strickl. Ann. Nat Hist. xiii. p. 411; Blyth, 
J. A. S. Beng. xiv.'p. 5(j8; Gray, Gen, B. i. p. 237 ; Bfr/tk, Cat 
B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 210; Horsf. <$• Moore, Cat. B. Mm. E.L 
Co. i. p. 244 ; Gray, Eand-l B. i. p. 270, no. 8047. 
Ixus finlaysoni, Bp. Consp. i. p. 26t5; Blyth <§* Wald. B. Barm. p. 134; 
Hume $ Davis. JStr. F. 1878, p. 307; Hume, Sir. F. 1*79, pp. 02, 

98. 
Adult. General colour above dull olive, the mantle ashy brown, 
washed with olive; wing-coverts like the back, the feathers edged 
with olive; quills brown, externally yellowish olive, the inner 
secondaries entirely of the latter colour; upper tail-coverts rather 
more ochreous than the back; tail-feathers olive, with narrow 
yellow tips to all bat the centre ones; crown o£ head and nape 
dull ashy, the feathers above the ear-coverts with whitish centres ; 
forehead yellow, the feathers being obscurely edged with ashy 
brown; lores black; above the lores a small streak of orange; 
sides of face, cheeks, and throat yellow, the feathers of the latter 
part ashy brown, with yellow central streaks; hind portion of ear-
coverts ashy brown, with whitish shaft-lines ; chest ashy brown, 
with narrow whitish shaft-streaks; sides of body brown, washed 
with olive, the breast more or less ashy brown; centre of body ashy 
white, washed with olive-yellow: under tail-coverts clear yellow; 
thighs olive-yellow ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale yellow ; 

* Said to be from Siam, but evidently in error. 
21. SYCtfOffOTUS. 
quills dusky brown below, yellow along the inner webs; " bill black 
or horny black; legs, feet, and claws dark to very dark plumbeous; 
iris brown to very dark grey-brown" (W. Davison). Total length 
7*6 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 8, tail 3-6, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length 7*1 
inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3*25, tail 3*4, tarsus 0*8. 

Pinlayson's Bulbul is widely spread oyer the Indo-Chinese region, 
occurring in Cochin China, Siam, Arakan, Burmah, and Tcnasserim, 
and ranging into the Malayan peninsula, 

a, h Ad. sk. Malacca. 
A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 

c. Ad. sk. Malacca (Dr. Cantor). India Museum. 
d. Ad. sk. Malacca. 
Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.]. 
e. Ad. sk. Tenasserim (Dr. Heifer). India Museum. 
/ . Ad. sk. Tenasserim. J.CD,Packman,Esq.[P.]. 
g. J ad. sk. Moulmein, British Burmah A. 0. Hume, Esq. 
(W. Davison), 
h. 
$ ad. sk. Sittong, Burmah, Jan. 18, E, B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
1877 (E. Oates). 
i. 
$ ad. sk. Mergui, Tenasserim, Nov. 28, A. O. Hume, Esq. 
1868 (W. Davison), 
h. Ad. sk. Siam (Finlayson). India Museum. 
lr-m. Ad. sk. Saigon, Cochin China, Mons. E. Pieire [P.]. 
22. Pycnonotus davisoni. 
Ixus davisoni, Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 301; Armstr. Str. F. 1876, 
p. 324; Hume, Str. F. 1870, p. 498,1879, p. 98. 
Ixus annectens, Walden, Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) 1875, xv. p. 401; id. in 
Blyth, B. Bur77i. p. 134. 
Adult male (Eangoon, July 4, 1873; E. G. Wardlaw Eamsay: 
type of Ixus awinectes, Walden). General colour above ashy browu, 
washed with olive, the upper tail-coverts olive-yellow; wing-coverts 
olive-green; quills brown, externally olive-green, the primaries 
externally olive-yellow; tail-feathers olive-brown, with an outer 
margin of olive-yellow; head dull olive-yellow, with brighter 
yellow on the crown and a loral spot of orange; ear-coverts olive-
yellow; throat olive-yellow, the feathers with ashy bases, and 
having an appearance of being streaked with yellow; breast and 
sides of body ashy brown, slightly washed with olive, more strongly 
on the flanks; lower abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts bright 
yellow; thighs olive, yellow behind; under wing-coverts, axillaries, 
and edge of wing bright yellow ; quills dusky brown below, yellow 
along the inner web ; " bill dark horny; legs leaden brown; iris 
pale yellow" (B. G. W, B.) ; "bill, legs, and feet dusky black; iris 
brownish white" (Armstrong). Total length in the flesh 7*7 inches, 
culmen 0*7, wing 3*3, tail 3*1, tarsus 0*75. (Mu$. B, G% Wardlaw 
Bamsay.) 

Davison's Bulbul occurs in the western Burmese countries, from 
Aracan to Eangoon. 

a, I. Ad. sk. Aracan (Blyth). India Museum. 

c. Ad. sk. Bassein, Pegu. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.], 
d. 
$ ad. sk. Eangoon,June6A1876(.Er.O«^). B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
VOL. vi. £ 
14b4 
TliTELIID-E. 

23. Pycnonotus xantholaenius. 
Pycnonotus xantholaemus, 
Jercl Madr. Jouru. xiii. p. 152; id. Ill 
Inch Orn. pi 35; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 568 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. 

p. 237; Blyth, Cat B. Hits. As. Soc. p. 209; Ilorsf. <§• Moore. Cat. 
B. Mm. EL Co. i. p. 240; Gray^Hand-l B. i. p. 2uD? no. 3934 
Braekypus xantholsemus, Bp. Comp. i. p. 264. 
Ixus xantliolsemus, Jerd. B. hid. ii. p. 65; Hume, 8tr. F. IN 9, p. OS, 
Adult. General colour ashy grey; wing-coverts and quills light 
brown, margined externally -with olive; upper tail-coverts dull 
olive; tail-feathers light brown, edged with olive, all hut the centre 
ones tipped with yellowish white, increasing in extent towards the 
outermost feathers; head and sides of face yellowish olive ; fore part 
of cheeks and throat bright yellow ; remainder of under surface of 
body light ashy grey from the fore neck downwards the centre of 
the abdomen white"; thighs and under tail-coveit* yellow; unler 
wing-coverts and axillaries li^ht yellow, or ashy eck* «1 with yellow; 
quills brown below, ashy alons; the inner webs ; b* hill and le^s 
black; irides red" (Jerrfoti). Total length 7*0 inches, culinin 0*7, 
wing 3'2, tail 3*2, tarsus 0 S. 

Jerdon's Yellow-throated Bulbul has a very limited range, and 
is confined to the Eastern Ghats in Southern India. 

a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk 
Eastern Ghats. 
Eastern Ghats. 
Madras. 
T. C. Jerduiu Ewj. IV .
of sppci^.) 
T. V. Jerdon, Esq. ~P.\ 
J. Gould, Esq. 
{T\ t e 
24. Pycnonotus falkensteini. 

Criniger falkensteini,Reichen. J.f. 0.1874,p.4o<3; id. J.f. 0.1*77,p.2-J, 
Andropadus falkensteini, Skarpe §- Bour. Bull Sow 2kjd, France, 
1676, p. 305. 

Adult. General colour above yellowish green ; wing-coverts like 
the back; quills dark brown, externally yellowish green like the 
back: tail-feathers olive-brown, externally yellowish green ; lores 
dull grey, extending slightly onto the fore part of the cheeks ; ear-
coverts and sides of face dark yellowish green, brighter on the hinder 
part of the cheeks ; throat bright yellow; rest of under surface of 
body ashy grey, white in the centre of the body, washed slightly with 
yellow on the breast, lower throat, and flanks ; under tail-coverts 
whitish, washed with yellow at the tips, the longer coverts* greenish 
tipped with yellow ; under wing-coverts and axillaries bright \ellow ; 
quills ashy brown below, yellowish along the inner web.* Total 
length 7-4 inches, culm en 0*05, wing 3*4, tail 8*15, tarsus 0*85. 

Falkenstein's Bulbul is found only in West Africa, and is apparently 
confined to the forests of the Congo region. 

a. Ad. sk. Landana, Congo. M3L Luean and Petit f CV. 
25. Pycnonotus barbatus. 
Tardus barbatus, JDesf. Mem. Acad. Boy. de Seioiees, p. 500, pi. xiii. 
Ixus obscurus, Temm. Man. d'Om. iv. p. G08 (1840J; Dt-yl Dm. 

SI . PYCKOJN'OITS. 

U7 

Mir. i. p. 47-5: Schl Pei\ Crit. p. xlii; Degl. §• Gerle, Orn. Eur. 

i. p. 800. 
Thematornis lugnbiis, Leas, Bev. Zo*>1. 1840, p. 98. 
Ixus inornatus, Fraser, P. & 6*. 1843, p. 27 ; Alien <§• Thomps. Rrp. 
Kiger, ii. p. 406 ; fiM. Or;?, ir.^i/)-. p. 88 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, 

p. 474. 
Pycnonotus 
obscurus, Gray, Gen. B, i. p. 227; i?fy^, Cat. B. Mm, 
As. Soc. p. 200; Fmsch &-Ilartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 298: Reichen. 

J.f. 0.1875, p. 32. . 
Pycnonotus inornatus, 6rray, 0<m. I?, i. p. 237 ; Finsch & Ilartl. Von. 
Ostafr.V. 290. i > J •/ 
Ixus a&hanteus, 2?/J. Coiisp. i. p. 200; J". # J?. Fern Jfcy. et Mag. de 
Zool. 1851, p. 271; Strichl Contr. Dm. 1831, p. 132; */. Verr.Bev. 
et Mag. de Zool. 1855, p. 410; Hartl.rn. W.-Afr. p. 88; i& J"./. 

O. 1801, p. 167; Sharpe, Ibis, 1800, p. 187. 
Pycnonotus ashanteus, J. W. von Midi J. f. O. 1855, p. 394; Grau, 
Hand-l B. i. p. 209, no. 8927; Finsch 8f Hartl.og. Ostafr. 

p. 209. 
Ixus barbatus, Locke, Expl. Algerie, Ois. i. p. 288; Irby, B. Gibr. 
p. 76. 
Pycnonotus barbatus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 208, no. 3920; Sharpe, 
P. Z. & 1871, p. 131, pi. vii. tig. 3; id. Cat. Afr, B. p. 23; Dresser, 
B. Fur. pt xxxix. 
Adult male (I£ef Laics, April 27,1857; O. Sal?in). General colour 
above earthy brown, tbe wing-coverts like the back; quills darker 
brown, narrowly edged with lighter brown, the inner secondaries 
like the back ; tail dark brown, faintly tipped with ashy brown on 
the outer feathers; crown of head rather darker brown than the 
back ; cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of iacc dark brown ; the lores, 
region round the eye, and base of lower mandible blackish ; throat 
dark brown, inclining to blackish at the base of the chin; fore neck 
and rest of under surface light ashy brown, somewhat darker brown 
on the flanks and thighs; abdomen and under tail-coverts white, 
with a faint tinge of yellow on the latter; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries light ashy brown like the breast; quills dark brown below, 
ashy along the edge of the inner web; bill and feet black; iris dark 
brown. Total length 8 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 4-05, tail 3-8, 
tarsus 0*9. 

Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male. Total length 7'5 
inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*8, tail 3*5, tarsus 0*85. 
Xestling. Brown like the adult, but paler ; below ashy whitish ; 
the head scarcely darker brown than the back. 

Ohs. Since I wrote my remarks on the African Bulbuls (P. Z. S. 
1871, p. 131) I have examined a good many more specimens, and 
I now think it would be a great mistake to continue to keep P. 
r/afjonensis with the yehW-vented Bulbuls. It is, in fact, nothing 
but a race of P. barbatus, and some of the specimens from the 
Niger and Abeokuta approach it in the dark coloration of the 
head and throat. The yellow tinge on the under tail-coverts is 
often seen on P. barbatus, though not so pronounced as in Gaboon 
specimens. 

The White-vented Bulbul is found in North-western Africa, in 

L2 

148 TIMELIIDJ3. 

Algeria and Morocco. In West Africa it is again rery plentiful from 
the Gambia to the Niger. 

®,b- 6 2 ad. sk. Kef Laks, Pro v. Constantino, F. Godman and 0. Sal-
Algeria, April 27,1857 (0. vin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
Salvin). 

e. Ad. sk. Tangiers* M. Favier [0.]. 
d-e. Ad. sk. River Gambia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
/ . Ad. sk. River Gambia. 
g. Ad. sk. Sierra Leone, Capt. Sabine [P.]. 
%k,L Ad. sk. Gold Coast. L. Eraser, Esq. [C.]. 
k. Ad. sk. Ashantee. J. Gould, Esq. 
/, m. Ad. sk. Fantce. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
n. Ad. sk. Fantee (Governor Ussher). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
o. Ad. sk. Cape Coast (X. Fraser). Eyton Coll. (Type of 
Ixus inornatusj Fraser.) 
p, q. Ad. sk. Accra (Capt. Ilaynes). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

r. Ad. sk. River Yolta (Governor Ussher). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
s-u. Ad.,v. Pall. Abeokuta (II. Robin). F.Nicholson, Esq. [P.]. 
sk. 

w. Ad. sk. River Niger. Dr. Baikie [C.]. 
x. Ad. sk. Africa. J. Gould, Esq. 
Subsp. a. Pycnonotus gabonensis. 

Pycnonotus gabonensis, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 131, pi. vii. fig. 1 ; 
id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 23 ; JReichen. J.f.O. 1875, p. 83 ; Dresser, B. 
Fur. text to pi. xxxix. 

* Adult. Similar to P* barlatus, but darker brown above ; on the 
lower surface the flanks are browner, and the dark-brown colour of 
the throat extends over the whole fore neck and chest. Total length 
7 inches, eulmon 0-75, wing 3*75, tail 3-45, tarsus 0-85. 
The Gaboon White-vented Bulbul replaces the former species in 
the Cam croons and Gaboon, and is, in fact, only a darker race of 

P. harbatus. 
a. Ad. sk. Gaboon (B. B. Ar. Walker). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. (Type 
of species.) 
h, Ad. sk. River Danger, Gaboon. Henry Ansell, Esq. [P.], 
fi. JBOLJXU sk. Cameroons. R. B. Sharpe, Esq, 

26. Pycnonotus arsinoe. 
Ixus arsinoe, Hempr. <$• JBhr. Symb. Phys. sig. a a ; Biipp. Ketie 
Wirk, Fog. p. 83; id. Byst Uebers. p. 60,- Bp. Consp. i. p. 266; 
Antin. Cat. deserr. Ucc. p. 43. 

Turdus arsinoe, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 39. 
Pycnonotus arsinoe, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 237 ; Cab. Mm. Jlein. Th. 

i. p. 107; Mors/. Sr Moore, Cat B. Mm. F. L Co. i. p. 107; Gray, 
Hand-l. B. i. p. 268, no. 3925; Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 396; 
Blanf. Geol. §• Zool Abyss, p. 369; Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 245; 
id. fy HarU. Vog. OsUfr. p. 296; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 23; id. 
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 131 { Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 67. 
Pycnonotus barbatus, Strichl. P. Z. B. 1850, p. 217 (nee Besf). 
Ixos obscurus, A. C. Smith, Attr. of the Nile, ii. p. 222. 
Adult mole. General colour above earthy brown, the wing-coverts 

21 . rrcNONOTTJS. 
149 

like the back; quills dark brown, edged externally with lighter 
brown; tail dark brown, the outer feathers with paler tips; head 
black, forming a distinct cap; lores, ear-coverts, and sides of face 
also blackish, as well as the throat, the latter mingling with brown 
on the fore neck, which, with the chest, is brown, as well as the 
sides of the neck; remainder of under surface white, the flanks and 
thighs somewhat washed with brown; under tail-coverts pure white; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries pale brown, the edge of the wing 
and carpal band white; quills brown below, pale reddish brown 
along the edge of the inner web ; " bill black; feet blackish ; iris 
dusky " (Ileuglin); " beak brownish black; legs and irides dark 
brown" (Shelley). Total length 7 inches, culnien 0*65, wing 3-3, 
tail 3-05, tarsus 0-85. 

Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male. Total length 
7 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*55, tail 3*3, tarsus 0-8, 

Hemprich's Bulbul is an inhabitant of North-eastern Africa and 
Southern Arabia, ranging from Central Egypt through Nubia and 
the lowlands of Abyssinia, Kordofan, to the Lower White and Blue 
Mies, occurring also on the Adcl and Somali coasts. 

a. Ad. sk. Wadi Haifa, 2nd Cataract Dr. A. Leith xldanis [P.]. 
of the Nile. 
b. Ad. sk. Nubia. ft. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
c. 9 ad. sk. Koomaylee, Abyssinia, "W. T. Blanlbrd,Esq. [C.]. 
Feb.'13, 1808. 
dtfad.sk. 
Ailat, Samhar, June 25, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [O.]. 
18G8. 


e. Ad. sk. Ain, Bogos Land (IF. F. Godman and O. Salvin, 
Jesse). Esqrs. [P.]. 
/. <$ ad. sk. Ankober, Abyssinia, Dec. Sir W. C. Harris [P.]. 
1841. 
g, k Ad. sk. Khartoum, Dec. 18G1. Consul Petherick [0.1. 

i. Ad. sk. Kordofan. Consul Petherick [C.J. 
k. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Massena Collection. 
27. Pycnonotus sinensis. 
Le Gobe-mouches verdatre de la Chine, Sown. Voy. Ind. Orient, ii. 
p. 197. 
Wreathed Flycatcher, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii, part 1, p. 330. 
Muscicapa sinensis, Gm. Si/st. Wat. i. p. 942. 
Turdus occipitalis, Less. TraitS, p. 410 (deser. mdla); Ei/d. fy Gervais, 
Mag. de ZooL 1836, pi. 06; iid. Toy. Favorite, Zool. p. 36, 
pi. 14. 
Pycnonotus sinensis, Bh/th, J. A. S. Being, xiv. p. 569; id. Cat. B. 
Mus. As. Soe. p. 210 ; 'Gray, IIand4. B. i. p. 270, no. 3948. 
Pycnonotus occipitalis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 237 j Horsf,ty Moore, Cat. 

B. Mm. EX Co. i. p. 246. 
Ixus sinensis, Bp. Consp. i, p. 266 ; Cass, in Perry's Exped. Japan, 
ii. p. 241; Sioinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 289 ; id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 278 ; id. 
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 369; Wold. Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 191; David # Oustalet, 
Ois. Chine, p. 140. 
Adult male. General colour aboye dark ashy, with a wash of 
olive-yellow, the scapulars, as well as the lesser and median wing


150 
TIMELIIJ3JE. 

coverts, like the back ; bastard-wing, primary and greater coverts,. 
as well as the quills, dark brown, externally edged with olive-yellow; 
tail-feathers brown, margined with olive-yellow; crown of 
head black, and slightly crested ; occiput conspicuously white, extending 
on the sides of the head to behind the eye ; this white 
occipital patch followed by a blackish nape-band, which separates 
it from the mantle-spot; in front of the eye ashy whitish ; round the 
eye a black ring, the hinder edge white, where it adjoins the white 
occipital patch; ear-coverts dark brown, the hinder portion paler 
brown, forming a patch; cheeks blackish, throat white; fore neck 
and chest ashy brown, forming a conspicuous breast-band, slightly 
washed with olive-yellow; sides of body also light brown, washed 
with yellow: centre of body, abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts 

white, slightly washed with yellow, some of the feathers being 
edged with this colour; thighs abhy brown, tinged with yellow; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries white, faintly washed with yellow 
; quills dusky brown belowr, ashy whitish along the edge of the 
inner web. Total length 7 inches, eulnien U*7, wing 3*^3, tail 3*1, 
tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male. Total length 7*3 
inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*55, tail iKl tarsus U*S5. 

The "White-naped Bulbul occurs only in South China and Formosa. 
It is abundantly distributed over Southern China as far as the 
northern boundary of the basin of the Yangtze river. 

a. Ad. sk. Hong Konsr, China. India Milium. 
b,c. tf,d.$adsk. Amoy, China, May 1801 F. Godman and O. 
{It Swinhoe). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
e. Ad. sk. N. Formosa, March 1802 F. Godman and (). 
(JR. SurinJtor). Salvin, E^qrs. [P.]. 
f, g. Ad. sk. N. Formosa. H. C. Hobson, Ebtf. 

28. Pycnonotus hainanus. 
Ixus 
hainanus, Simih. Ibis, 1870, p. 253; id. P. Z. S. 1S71, p. 3C8: 
David Sf OustaM, Ois. Chine, p. 141. 

Adult. General colour above dark ashy grey, washed with olive-
yellow ; least wing-coverts like the back; the greater coverts, along 
with the bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, externally 
edged with olive-yellow ; tail-feathers dark brown, margined 
with olive-yellow ; crown of head deep black, a little browner 
on the nape and behind the ear-coverts; ear-coverts brown, the 
hinder portion whitish, forming a small patch; lores greyish white; 
cheeks and region of the eye blackish, the hinder portion brown; 
throat white; fore neck, breast, flanks, and thighs ashy brown, 
washed with olive-yellow; centre of body, abdomen, and under tail-
coverts dull white, washed with yellow; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries white, with yellow edgings; quills dusky brown below, 
ashy whitish along the edge of the inner web ; " irides deep brown" 
(Swinhoe). Total length 0*8 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 8*41), tail 3, 
tarsus 0*8t5, 

21. PYCNONOTUS. 
Swinhoe's Bulbul was first described from tbe Chinese inlands of 
Hainan and Naochow. The specimen from Siam in the Museum 
appears to be perfectly identical; and the species will therefore 
probably be found to range through South China into Siam and 
Cambodia. 

a. Ad. sk. Hainan, Feb. 18G8. R. Swiulioe, Esq. [C.l 
b. Ad. sk. Naochow Island, Feb. 18G8. E. Swinhoc, Esq. | C.j. 
c. Ad. sk. Naochow Island (B. Swin- F. Godman and 0. 
hoe). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
d. Ad. sk. Siam (Ftnl'ayton). India Museum. 
(Of. Ilorsf. & Moore, Cat. i. p. 240.) 
29, Pycnonotus blanfordi. 
Pycnonotus blanfordi, Jerdon, HU, 18152, p. 20; Anders. Evp. Yunnan, 
p. 059. 
Ixus familiaris, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxxi. p. 343, 
Microscelis blanfordi, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 2(38, no. 3920. 
Ixus blanfordi, Bh/th #f JPalden, B. Barm. p. 134; Oates, Sir. F. 
1877, p. 150; Hume §• Davis, kttr. F. 1878, p. 308: Hume, 8tr. F. 
1879, p. 98. 
Microtarsus blanfordi, Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 125. 
Adult (type of species). General colour above light brown, washed 
with olive ; wing-coverts like the back, slightly edged with olive ; 
quills brown, margined with olive, the primaries externally whity 
brown; tail-feathers light brown, margined with olive, slightly 
paler at the tips of the feathers; lores dull white; ear-coverts 
brown, with distinct silvery-white shaft-lines ; cheeks whity brown, 
with white bhaft-lin.es; throat whitish ; remainder of under surface 
of body ashy brown, slightly washed with olive, much paler in the 
centre of the body; thighs fulvous brown ; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries pale fulvous brown, slightly washed with olive, 
especially on the edge of the wing; quills dusky brown below, 
pale fawn-buff along the edge of the inner web ; " bill light brown, 
paler at the base of the lower mandible and gape; inside of mouth 
flesh-colour; legs clear plumbeous; claws horny; irides pale yellowish 
brown; eyelids greenish plumbeous" (E. Oates). Total 
length 7*5 inches, oilmen. 0*7, wing 3-3, tail 3*45, tarsus 0*8. 
Blanford's Bulbul is only known from the Indo-Chinese subregion. 
It is found in Burmah and Upper Pegu, ranging into the 
hills of Cochin China (Paris Museum). 

a. Ad. sk. Upper Burmali. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.]. 
(Type of species.) 
b. Ad. sk. Upper Pegu. E. Brvth, Esq. [P.]._ (Type 
of Ixus familiaris.) 
c. Ad. sk. Pegu. 
W. T. Blairford, Esq. [P.]. 
d. 
$ ad. sk. Lower Pegu, Dec. 29, R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. [P.], 
1870 (F. Oates). 
e. Ad. sk. Upper Burmah, Jan. 10, Br. J. Anderson [0.]. 
1808. 
f. 
Ad. sk. Upper Burmali, Sept. Br. J. Anderson [C.]. 
20, 1808. 
</. Ad. sk. 
Tonghoo (It. G. W. R). Lieut. R. G. Wardlaw 
Ran^ay. 

152 TIMELIDAE. 

30. Pycnonotus plumosus. 
Pycnonotus plumosus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 567; id. Cat. B. 
Mus. As. Soc. p. 210; Safoad. Ucc. Bom. p. 198 j Sharpe, Ibis, 
1876, p. 38; id. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 339. 

Pycnonotus inornatus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 263; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. 

p. 270, no. 8950. 
Ixus plumosus, Bp. t.c. p. 260; Hume $ Davis. Str. F. 1878, 
p. 309; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 62, 98. 
Pycnonotus simplex, Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. Mas. F.I. Co. i. 
p. 244. 
Ixus inornatus, Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 171. 
Head of Pycnonotus plumosus. 

Adult male. General colour above dull brown, strongly shaded 
with, olive, the head rather darker than the back; lower back, rump, 
and upper tail-coverts slightly clearer brown ; wing-coverts darker 
brown than the back and more strongly shaded with olive-yellow ; 
quills brown, externally olive-yellow ; tail-feathers light brown, 
shaded with olive and margined with olive-yellow; lores lighter 
brown ; ear-coverts brown, streaked with dull whitish shaft-Hues ; 
cheeks and under surface of body earthy brown, darker on the 
flanks, which are shaded with olive, the chest somewhat overshaded 
with ashy; the throat and centre of the abdomen paler and more 
whity brown; thighs brown, shaded with olive; under tail-coverts 
olivaceous ochre ; under wing-coverts brown, washed with yellowish 
olive, brighter on the edge of the wing; axillaries whity brown, 
slightly washed with olive ; quills brown below, dull whitish along 
the inner web ; " bill black; feet dusky; iris red " ( Wallace, MS.). 
Total length 6-8 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3-2, tail 2*8, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage (A. O. Hume). 

Mr. Hume also gives the measurements of a series as follows:— 
Length 7*62-8 inches, tail 3-3*35, wing 3-3-35, culmen 0*7-0-8, 
tarsus 0-6-0*8. 

The Large Olive Bulbul is an inhabitant of Sumatra and Borneo, 
ranging through the Malayan peninsula to the southern part of the 
Tenasserim province. 

a, b. S ad. sk.
c, d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk.
/. Ad sk. 
Malacca. 
Malacca. 
Sumatra. 
Sumatra {Raffles). 
A. E. Wallace, Esq. [0.1 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. f C.l 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.J. 
India Museum. (P. simplex, 
H. & M. I c. sp. A.) 

21. PYCNONOTUS. 153 
//. 2 a<*. sk.
h. S ad. sk.
i. Ad. sk.
h. Juv. sk. 
Paku, Sarawak, Nov. 1878. 
Jambusan, N.W. Borneo. 
Labuan. 
Labuan (H. Low). 
Henry Everett, Esq. [C."], 
Alfred Everett, Esq. [C.]. 
Hugh Low, Esq. [O.j. 
R. B. Skarpe, Esq. [P.]. 

31. Pycnonotus cinereifrons. 
Brachypus cinereifrons, Tweed. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 617, 

Adult male (Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Dec. 14,1877; A. Everett: 
type of species). General colour above dull olive-brown, the head a 
little darker than the back, the rump and upper tail-coverts rather 
more ochraceous brown; wing-coverts olive-greenish; quills dusky 
brown, externally edged with olive-green, the secondaries browner 
and more like the back; quills brown, margined with olive-greenish 
and narrowly edged with whity brown at the tip; frontal plumes 
ashy, somewhat pointed, producing a scaly appearance, which extends 
a little way over the eye; ear-coverts dusky brown, with 
narrow^ whitish shaft-lines; throat dull brownish white ; fore neck 
and chest light ashy brown, as also the sides of the body, faintly 
washed with olive; abdomen dull white, slightly washed with olive; 
thighs and under tail-coverts saffron-yellow, with dusky brown 
centres; under wing-coverts, axillaries, and edge of wing saffron ; 
quills dusky brown below, saffron-coloured along the inner web; 
" bill blackish brown; legs and feet purple-brown; iris deep red 
burnt-sienna " (A. Everett). Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*8, 
wing 3*3, tail 3*2, tarsus 0*85. (Mu$. R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.) 

Adult female. Does not differ in colour from the male. Total 
length 7*2 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*55, tail 3*45, tarsus 0*75. 

(Mus. R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.) 

The Ashy-fronted Bulbul is only known from the island of 
Palawan, Philippine archipelago, 

a. <S ad. sk. Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Lieut. P. G. WardlavrRamsay. 
Dec. 1877 (A. Everett). 
b. J ad. sk. Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Lieut. R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay. 
Jan. 1878 (A. Foerett). 
32. Pycnonotus simplex. (Plate IX.) 
Pycnonotus simplex, Less. Rev. Zool. 1889, p. 1G7; Gray, Hand-l. B. 

i. p. 270, no. o951. 
Pycnonotus brnnneus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 568; id. Cat. B. 
Mm. As. 8oc. p. 210; Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 209, no. 3965. 
Pycnonotus niodestus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 5GS, note (ex A. 
Hay, MS.). 
Ixos brunneus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 266. 
Micro tarsus olivaceus, Moore, in Horsf.fyMoore, Cat. B. Mus. JB.L 

Co. i. p. 249. 
Microscelis olivaceus, Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 268, no. 8921. 
Ixus brunneus, Hume $* Davis. 8tr. F. 1878, p. 312; Hume, 8tr. F. 

1879, pp. m, 98, 

154 TIXELHD^. 

Adult male. General colour above dull brown, with a faint wash 
of olive, inclining to umber-brown on the lower back and upper 
tail-coverts; wing-coverts and quills brown, with olive margins to 
the feathers; tail-feathers dark brown, with an almost obsolete 
edging of olive near the base of the outer webs ; lores, sides of face, 
and ear-coverts like the head; cheeks light ashy brown, washed 
with olive, and scarcely daiker than the throat, which is dusky 
yellowish white with a tinge of olive; fore neck, breast, and sides 
of body brown, washed with olive, the fore neck slightly more a^hy 
brown; centre of body, abdomen, and under tail-coverts yellowish 
white, some of the longer ones of the latter coverts having lisrhtbrown 
centres; under wing-coverts and asillaries yellowish white, 
the edge of the wing ochraceous yellow; quills dark brown, brownish 
wdiite along the edge of the inner web ; ,c bill dark ; feet pale; iris 
milk-white" {Wallace, Jitf.). Total length 0*7 inches, culmen 0*05. 
wing 3*1, tail 3, tarsus 0*65. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but rather smaller. 
Total length 0*5 inches, culmen O-fj, wing 2*9, tailiHJo, tarsus 0*05. 

Obs. The colour of the iris seems to vary considerably in this 
species, from light reddish yellow ( Wallace) to orange-red. pale red. 
or whity pink (llintie), or crimson and Indian red {llanwt}j). The 
specimen figured in the Plate is one shot by Mr. Wallace, and is 
marked as having a " milk-white " iris. 

Mr. Hume gives a series of measurements, of which the following 
are thehmits:—Total length 6*8-7*5 inches, culmen 0*0; MJ*7^, wing 
2-8-3-4, tail 2*78-3*27, tarsus 0*65-0*75. The females are mostly 
smaller, but often equal the dimensions of the male. 

Great variation exists in the shade of colour in this species, some 
specimens being much lighter and others darker; and this seems to 
me to be due not only to the more or less perfect plumage in which 
the bird was in when it was killed, but also to the fading of the 
skin after death, somewhat in the same way as the skins of the 
Eypsipetes lose their colour when preserved. On the differences 
between the present species and P. phmwsus, with which it has been 
sometimes united, Mr. Hume's remarks (tttr. P. ls7^, pp. 3u9™312) 
are conclusive. 

Moore's Olive Bnlbul inhabits Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and extends 
up the Malayan peninsula as high as Tenasserim. where it is 
sparingly distributed in well-wooded tracks throughout the province 

south of Tavoy. 
a, b. Ad. bk.
c, d. Ad. sk.
e. <S ad. sk.
/ . Ad, sk.
gji. S ad. etjuv.sk.
V. S ad. sk.
k. d ad. sk.
I tf ad. sk.
m. Ad. sk. 
East Java. 
Sumatra. 
Sumatra. 
Sumatra (A. R. Wallace). 
Sarawak. 
Palm, Sarawak. 
Bintulu,N.W.Borneo. 
Malacca. 
Malacca (Griffith). 
A. R. Wallace, E,q. X\]. 
A. K. Wallace, E>q. "C. I. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
F, ftodman and <). Salviii, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
A. 11. Wallace, Esq. fC.1 
Henry Everett, E.sq. [C.j. 
Alfred Everett, E<q. [C.j. 
A. It. Wallace, Esq. [C.j. 
India Museum. (Type of 
Mierotarsus olkacem.) 

21. proNONoiirs. 
33. Pycnonotus pusillus. (Plate X.) 
Pycnonotus simplex (neeLess.), Bp. Consp. i. p. 203 (ex KuM, MB, 

in Mus. Lwjd,). 
Pycnonotus, sp., Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 270, no. 3958. 
Pycnonotus pusillus, tialrad. Ucc. Bom. p. 200; Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, 

p. 38; Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 307. 
Ixus piibillus, Hume, Str. F. 1878, p. 312; id. Str. F. 1879, pp. 02; 
Adult Quale. General colour above olive-brown, inclining slightly 
more to rufescent brown on the lower back and ramp; head* a little 
more dusky olive-brown than the back; least wing-coverts olive-
brown; median and greater coverts brown, with a faint olive 
tinge on the outer webs; primaries dark brown, margined with 
pale olive externally; the secondaries lighter brown, with olive 
margins ; upper tail-coverts umber-brown, slightly rufescent; tail-
feathers umber-brown, with a slight margin of olive, the tips of the 
outer feathers narrowly whity brown; lores, ear-coverts, and sides 
of face ashy brown; throat dull white, with a slight pinkish gloss ; 
fore neck, breast, and sides of body olive-brown, the former parts 
rather ashy, the flanks a little browner; centre of the abdomen, 
vent, and under tail-coverts yellow, the latter a little mottled in 
appearance, having the outer webs light brown tipped with dull 
yellow; under wing-coverts olive-brown, rather more yellowish 
olive near the edge of the wing; axillaries dull yellow; quills 
brown below, yellowish along the inner web ; " bill black ; nostrils, 
gape, and eyelids orange-buff; feet dusky olive; iris red" (Wallace); 
" gape and base of lower mandible, shelf above nostrils, and ophthalmic 
ring vivid orange-yellow" (Davison): " eyelid chrome-
yellow " (Everett). Total length &5 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-85, 
tail 2-9, tarsus 0-0. 

Young. Much more dingy ond browner than the adult, the sides 
of face brown; the throat and breast far less ashy than in the old 
birds. 

The Small Olive Bulbul occurs in Borneo, Sumatra, and the Malayan 
peninsula, ranging into Southern Tenasserim, where it occurs 
only in the neighbourhood of the Pakchan, and is there very rare. 

a. <S ad. sk. Sarawak. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.~|. 
b, e. JUT. sk. Sarawak. Henry Everett, Esq. *C.]. 
d. S ad. &k. Paku, Sarawak. Henry Everett, Esq. [C.I. 
e. S ad. sk. Puak, Upper Sarawak. Alfred Everett, Esq. | O.J. 
f. Ad. sk.
%g. Iinm. &k. 
Lumbidan, N.W. Borneo. 
Sumatra. 
Hugh Low, Esq. [0. j . 
Purchased. 

34. Pycnonotus leucogrammiciis *. 
Pycnonotus leucogrammicus, S. Midi Tldschr. JSfederl Indie, 1835, 
p. 362 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 237; id. Iland-l B. i. p. 269, 
no. 3930. 
Ixus leucogrammicus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 264. 

* Type examined in the Leiden Museum. 
156 TIMELUDJE. 

Adult (Sumatra; Bock). General colour above dark olive-green, 
the feathers streaked with, white down the shafts, less distinctly on 
the lower back and rump; wing-coverts like the back, the lesser 
and median series with white shaft-streaks; greater wing-coverts 
olive-greenish, not streaked with white; quills deep brown, externally 
olive-green, a little brighter than the back; tail-feathers dark 
brown, edged with obscure olive-green, the outer ones with indications 
of a whity brown spot at the tip ; head dusky brown, darker 
than the back, the feathers streaked with whitish shaft-lines, a little 
more distinct on the forehead and over the eye; lores dull white; 
ear-coverts dusky brown, thickly streaked with white; cheeks 
white, the feathers broadly margined with olive-green; throat 
white, washed with yellow ; fore neck and breast dark olive-green, 

with central streaks of white: the breast and flunks white, with 
green edgings to the feathers; lower abdomen white, faintly washed 
with yellow ; under tail-coverts pale yellow, the feathers margined 
with olive-brown; thighs yellowish white, mottled with brown 
bases to the feathers; under wing-coverts white or pale yellow; 
quills deep brown below, white or yellowish white ulona: the inner 
web; "iris orange-yellow" {C. Bud-). Total length C\> inches, 
culmen 0*6, wing 3-3, tail 3*1, tarsus 0*65. (3Itts. B. G. Wardlaw 
Ramsay.) 

The "\Yhite-streaked Bulbul is only known from the mountains 
of Sumatra, to which it is confined. 

a. Ad. sk. Sumatra (C. Bock), Lieut. R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay. 
35. Pycnonotus tygus*. 
Brachypus tygus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 262 (ex Millkr, 318.). 
Pycnonotus tygus, Gray, H.and-1. B. i/p. 271, no. 3966. 


Adult. General colour above dusky brown, with a wash of dark 
olive-green ; rump ochraceous olive ; upper tail-coverts dull olive ; 
tail-feathers brown, externally washed with olive: wing-coverts 
dark brown, very narrowly edged with yellowish oHve ; quills dark 
brown, externally edged with rather brighter olive-yellow, duller 
on the inner secondaries; head brown, overshaded with yellowish 
olive; above the eye a conspicuous bare space; above the ear-
coverts a shade of ochraceous olive; ear-coverts yellow, forming a 

patch; lores, feathers round the eye, cheeks, and throat white; remainder 
of under surface of body streaked, the feathers being olive-
brown with white longitudinal centres, the lower flanks uniform 
olive-brown, as also the thighs; under tail-coverts ochraceous olive; 
under wing-coverts and axiHaries white, the edge of the wing olive-
yellow ; quills dusky brown below, white along the edge of the 
inner web. Total length 5*8 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*8, tail 
2*55, tarsus 0*6. 

The Small White-streaked Bulbul is only known from the island 
of Sumatra. 

q. Ad. sk. Sumatra. Purchased. 
* Type examined in the Leiden Museum. 
22. OTOCOMPSA. 
157 
22. OTOCOMPSA. « 
Type. 
Otocompsa, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 109 (1850).... 0. jocosa. 

Head of Otocompsa leuoogenys. 

Mange. Indian peninsula and Himalaya mountains, extending 
eastwards into the Burmese and Tenasserim hills and those of 
Cochin China, recurring again on Kina-Balu mountain in Borneo. 

Key to tlie Species. 

a. 
Under tail-coverts red, with a red ear-tuft. 
a'. Tail-feathers tipped with white jocosa, p. 157. 
b'. Tail-feathers uniform, and not tipped with 
white 
emeria, p. 159. 

b. Under tail-coverts yellow. 
c'. Ear-coverts white; head brown, streaked 
with whity brown; throat blackish 
brown j under surface of body pale ashy, 
white on the abdomen leueogenys, p. 160. 

d!. Ear-coverts black, like the head and 

throat; under surface yellow. 
a". Larger: throat black flaviventris, p. 161. 
b". Smaller: throat yellow montis, p. 162. 

1. Otocompsa jocosa. 
Le petit Merle hupe" de la Chine, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 255, pi. xxi. 

fig. 2. 
Lanius jocosus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 138 (ex Briss.). 
Ixus monticolus, McClell. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 160. 
Ixos pyrrhotis, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 204. 

figs. 1, 2, pi. 205. fig. 1 (no. 209); id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. 

p. 84. 
Ixos iocosus, Bears. J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 640 j Bp. Consp. i. p. 265; 
Sivinh. P: Z. S. 1871, p. 370. 
Pycnonotus jocosus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 566, xv. p. 286; id. 
Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 208; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 237; Horsf. $ 
Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. i. p. 238; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 271, 

no. 3960. 

158 TIMELIID-E. 

Hoematomis jocosus, Gray, Cat, Mamm. $c Nepal j)res. Hvdys. 

p. 89. 
Otocompsa jocosa, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 109; Jerd. B. hid. ii. 

p. 92 ; Godiv.-Aust. J. A. S. Beng. 1870, p. 106. 
Ixiis erythrotis, Horsf. % Moore, Cat. B. Mm. E.I. Co. i. p. 421. 
Otocompsa nionticola, Blyth, Ibis, 18U7, p. 8: Hume, Str. F. 1873, 
p, 309• Blyth § Wald. B. Burm. p. lBo; Hume, Str. F. 1879, 

p. 98, 
Otocompsa emeria, Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 309, 1874, pp. 225, 447; 
id. Nests $ Fqys Ind. B. p. 287 ; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 410; Hume, 
Str. F. 1875, p. 126; Armstr. Str. F. 1876, p. 325 : Hume, Str.F. 
1877, p. So; Gates, t c. p. 157; Hume 8f Davison, Str. F. 1878, 

p. 515; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 63, 98; Scully, t.c. p. 296; 
Anders. Exped. Tun-nan, p. 657. 
Pycnonotus pyrrhotis, Gray, Hand-1. B. i. p. 271, no. 3961. 
Pycnonotus erythrotis, Gray, t.c. p. 271, no. 3963. 

Adult. General colour above brown, from the nape to the upper 

tail-coverts ; wings and tail sepia-brown, edged with the lighter 

brown of the back; the four centre feathers of the latter uniform, 

but the three outermost on each side having a distinct white Bpot 

at the tip of the inner web, extending onto the outer web of the 

external rectrix ; head blackish, with a very long crest, the brown 

of the nape aLso slightly shaded, with black ; lores and feathers 

round the eye black, with a small tuft of crimson feathers below the 

hinder part of the latter; ear-coverts white, as also the cheeks, 

which are separated from the ear-coverts by a narrow black line ; 

throat and under surface of body generally dull white, the sides of 

the body earthy brown, with a distinct half-collar of blackish brown 

on each side of the upper breast; under tail-coverts crimson ; under 

wing-coverts dull white, with a wash of brown near the edge ; " bill 

black; feet grey; iris brown" (David). Total length 6-5 inches, 

culnien 0*7, wing 3*15, tail 3*3, tarsus 0*75. 

Ohs. As is well known, there is great difficulty in separating the 
Nepal bird (0. pyrrhotis, Hodgs.) from O. monlicola, the difference 
consisting principally in the greater length of the ear-tuft in the 
Nepalese bird. This is a character which seems to vary ; and its 
development appears to increase with the age of the bird, as 
Mr. Hume found that young birds did not have it at all. The 
number of white-tipped tail-feathers also varies; and although I 
was at first inclined to keep the two birds distinct, I feel sure that 
they will be found to run into one another. The Assam specimens 
are thoroughly intermediate, having tho long crest of the Nepal bird, 
but the short dark-crimson car-tuft of the Burmese and Malaccan 
race. McClelland described his Ivus monticolus from Assam; and 
Mr. Hume seems to recognize it as a distinct species, " having 
a scarlet ring round the eye, but no red tuft beneath this organ." 
The specimens in the Museum do not show this peculiarity. 

The Bed-whiskered Bulbul occurs in jungly and well-wooded 
districts in Northern India, from the Central Himalayas to Assam, 
where a modified race is met with, which extends throughout the 
Burmese countries and Southern China, down the Malayan peninsula, 
and also to the Andaman Islands. 

22. OTOCOMPSA. 
cu h. Ad. sk. Oude. Capt. Stackhouse Pin-
will [P.]. 

c. Ad.sk. Darjiling. India Museum. 
d-g. Ad. sk. Nepal. B.n.IIodgson,Esq.rP.l. 
h. 
Ad. sk. Nazeerak, Upper Assam R.B.Skarpe,Esq. [P.]. 
(Dr. Lteid). 
i. 
Ad. sk. Assam {McClelland). India Museum. (Type 
of Lius monticolus.) 
I. Ad. sk. Boo tan (Pemberton). India Museum. 
/. 
Ad. sk. Slmaykoo, Upper Bur-Dr. J. Anderson [C], 
mah, Jan. 21, 1808. 

m. 
$ ad. &k. Sawady, Upper Burmali, Dr. J. Anderson [C.]. 
Jan. 30,1875. 
n. 
Ad. sk. Ponsee, Kakkven hills, Dr. J. Anderson [0.]. 
Feb. 6, 1808. 
o. Ad. sk. Pon>ee, April 27, 18G8. Dr. J. Anderson [0.1, 
27. Ad. sk. Tonghoo (P. G. W. P.). Lieut. 11. Q. Wardkw 
Kamsay. 
q. $ ad. sk. Karen-nee, March 27, Lieut. R. G. "Wardlaw 
1874 (JR. G. W. JR.). Rarnsay. 
r, a. Ad. sk. Tenasserim. J. 0. D. Packman, Esq. 

f. c? ad. sk. Foot of Mwalabo, April A. 0. Hume, E^q. 
lfc>78 (IF. Davison). 
?/. Ad. sk. Cambodia. M. Mouhot [0.]. 
r, ?/;. Ad. sk. Penang (Dr. Cantor). India Museum. 
.i. Ad. sk. Malacca (Dr. Cantor). India Museum. 

y. Ad. sk. Penang-. 
A.P.WallaceJ^q.rO.]. 
c. 
$ ad. sk. South Andaman?, March Lieut, li. G. "Waidlaw 
28,1873 (2^.6-'. IF. J?.). Ram^ay. 
a'. $ 
ad. sk. Port Blair, S. Andamans, Il.B.Sharpe,Esq.[P.]. 
July 15, 1870 (Caj)t. 
Wimberley). 

2. Otocompsa emeria. 
The Bengal Redstart, Albin, Birds, iii. p. 52, pi. 52; Edwards, Birds, 
iv. p. 190, pi. 190. 
Mu&cicapa emeria, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 326 (ex Albin). 
Lanius emeria, Shaw, Gen. ZooL vii. p. 332. 
Ixos jocosus (nee L.), Syhes, P. Z. S.1832, p. 88. 
Ilaeniatornis jocosus, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 250. 
Otocompsa fuscicaudata, Gould, P. Z. S.1805, p. 604 j Hume, Str. F. 
1873, p. 309; id. Nests $ Fc/gs Lnd. B. p. 288; Butler, Str. F. 
1875, p. 473 ; Fairb. Str. F 1876, p. 258;. ILume, t. c. p. 458 ; 
Fairb. Str. F. 1877, p. 405; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 98. 

Pycnonotus fuscocaudatus, Gray, Lland-l B. i. p. 271, no. 3902. 
Pycnonotus emeria, Gray, LLand-l. B. i. p. 271, no. 3907. 

Adult. General colour above earthy brown, the wings and tail 
brown like the back, the outer coverts and the quills and tail-feathers 
rather darker, all the shafts of the feathers reddish brown ; head and 
nape blackish brown, with a very long crest, the forehead, lores, and 
feathers under the fore part of the eye also blackish; under the hinder 
part of the eye a tuft of bright crimson feathers ; ear-coverts pure 
white; cheeks also white, separated from the ear-coverts by a narrow 

160 TIMEUIDJE. 

line of "blackish feathers running from just below the fore part of the 

eye below the ear-coverts to the sides of the neck ; throat and fore 

neck pure white, as also the centre of the body, the sides of which are 

brown, as well as the thighs; the sides of the upper breast deep 

brown, extending in a half-crescent on each side of the breast, a few 

feathers in the centre of wbich have also brown margins; under 

tail-coverts scarlet; under wing-coverts isabeUine brown, the edge 

of the wing darker brown. Total length 8*2 inches, culmen 0*7, 

wing 3-2, tail 3*5, tarsus 0*8. 

The Madras Eed-whiskered Bulbul appears to be found all over 

Southern India, and occurs also at Mount Aboo. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Madras. Rev, H. H. Baber y.^. 

c. Ad. sk. Madras. India Museum. 
d. Ad. sk. Neilgherries. India Museum. 
e. Ad. sk. Coorg. India Museum. 
/ . Ad. sk. Deccan (Sykes). India Museum. 
g. Juv. sk. Malabar. Purchased. 
h. Ad. sk. Malabar, Lieut. 11. CI. TVardlaw Ramsay. 
i. 3 ad. sk. Trevaixlnmi, Travancore, F. TV. Bourdiilon, Esq, ~(J.V 
Nov. 18,1878. " J 
7c. Ad. sk. Candeish. Lieut. R. G. TVardlaw Ramsay. 
I $ ad. sk. Mount Aboo, June 26, Lieut. R. G. TVardlaw Ranisa\. 

1870 (11 Adam), 

m. S ad. sk. Mount Aboo, May 6,1808 Dr. J. Scullv [P.]. 
(G. King). 
8. Otocompa leucogeuys. 
Brachypus leucogenys, Gray §• Hurdw. Ill Ind. Zool i. pi. 3,1fi<?, 8. 
iPycnonotus leucogenys, Blyth, J". A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 567; Gray, Gen. 

B. i. p. 287; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 209; Horsf. & 31o*,re, 
Cat. B. Mm. B.I. Co. i. p. 242 j Gray. MandA. B. i. p. 271, 
no. 3966. 
Hsematornis leucogenys, Gray} Cat Ma?nm. $e. Kepal pres. Sodgs. 

p. 89. 
Ixos leucogenys, Bp. Consp. i. p. 205. 
Otocompsa leucogenys, Jerd. B. Bad. ii. p. 91; Hume, J\?tf s $ Eggs 
Lid. B. p. 28o; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 98; Scully, i. c. p. 290.' 

Adult. General colour above ashy brown, very faintly washed 
with olive, more plainly on the upper tail-coverts, which are darker 
brown; wing-coverts and quills brown, edged with dull olive ; tail 
dark brown, paler brown near the base, all the feathers ed^ed with 
olive, the centre on^s with a tiny spot of white at the tip, this white 
spot increasing in size towards the outer feathers; crown of head 
darker brown than the back, the crest-feathers long and somewhat 
recurved, margined with dull whity brown, producing a somewhat 
streaked appearance; lores and feathers round the eye black 
relieved by a streak of white, which runs from the base of the 
nostrils above the fore part of the eye; ear-coverts silky white, as 
also the hinder cheeks, behind them a small spot ol blackish brown ; 
remainder of cheeks and throat blackish brown; remainder of under 
surface of body ashy brown, somewhat mottled with dusky-brown 
centres to the feathers; thighs ashy brown; under tail-coverts 

22. OTOCOJIPSA.. 
161 

bright yellow ; under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy brown, those 

near the edge of the wing whity-brown, washed with yellow; quills 

brown, ashy along the inner webs; " bill black; feet plumbeous 

black; iris light brown, in young birds dark" (Scully). Total 

length 7*5 inches, oulmen 0*7, wing 3*55, tail 3-4, tarsus 0-85. 

The White-cheeked Crested Bulbul is found throughout the whole 
Himalayan range, from Cashmere to Bootan, up to 5000 feet 
elevation. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Himalayas. J. E. Eeeves, Esq. [P.]. 

c. Ad, sk. Himalayas. India Museum. 
d, e,f. 
Ad. sk. N.W. liimalayas. Oapt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
[P.]. 

g. Ad. sk. Cashmere. Purchased. 
//, i. Ad. sk. Kumaoii (Strachey). India Museum. 
k. 
Ad. sk. Darjiling (Eccles). E. Godman and O. Sal vim 
Esqrs. [P.]/, 
m. 2 ad. sk. Valley of Nepal. Dr. J. Scully [P.]. 
n, o. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P."]. 

p. Ad. sk. Nepal. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
q. Ad. sk. Nepal (B. II. Hodgson). India Museum. 
r, s. Ad. sir. Bootan (Pemberton). India Museum. 
4. Otocompsa flaviveatris. 
Vanga flaviventris, Tk7cett, J, A. S. JBeng. ii. p. 573, 

Brachvpus melanocephalus, Gray fy Hardio. III. Ind. Zool. ii. pi. 35. 

fig.'L 

Brachypus plumifera, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 137, 

Alcurus melanocephalus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83. 

Pycnonotus melanocephalus, JBh/th, J. A. S. Benq. xiv.p. 569; id. Cat. 

*B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 210; Horsf. # Moore, Cat B. Mus. E.I. Co. 

i. p. 247. 
Pycnonotus flaviventris, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 237; id. Hand-l B. i. 
p. 209, no. 3933; Hume, tests $ Eggs ltd. B. p. 285. 
Hsematornis melanocephalus, Gray, Cat. Mamm. fyc. Nepal pres. 
Hodgs. p. 89. 
Ixus melanocephalus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 205. 
Eubigula flaviventris, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 88; Bli/tJi Sf Wald. B. B\irm. 

p. 136; IIume,Str. F. 1878, p. 317; id.Str.F. 1879, p. 98; Scully, 
Str. F. 1879, p. 295. 
Adult, General colour above olive-yellow, the wing-coverts like 
the back; quills dusky brown, externally olive-yellow like the 
back, the edges of the feathers a little brighter ; tail-feathers brown, 
slightly paler at their ends and margined with olive-yellow ; crown 
of head and nape, as well as the sides of the head and throat, blue-
black, with a large crest springing from the centre of the crown ; 
remainder of under surface of body bright yellow, washed with olive 
on the breast and sides of the body; thighs yellow; under wing-
coverts yellow, or white washed with yellow; quills ashy brown 
below, white along the edge of the inner web; " bill black; legs 
and feet dark plumbeous or greenish black; irides pale yellow" 

(Davison); " feet brownish black" (Scully). Total length 7*4 inches, 

culmen 0*6, wing 3*65, tail 3-6, iarsus 0*7. 

The Black-crested Yellow Bulbul inhabits the Himalayas, and 
VOL. VI. M 

TUL'ELITDM. 

also occurs in the forests of Central India. Eastwards it extends 
through the Burmese countries into Cochin China. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Nynee Tal. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
c, a, e. Ad. sk.
/ . Ad. sk.
g,h. Ad. sk.
i. Ad.sk.
k. Ad.sk.
I. Ad. sk.
m. Ad. sk. 
Nepal. 
Nepal (B. H. Hodgson). 
Bootan (Pemberton). 
Tenasserim {Dr. Heifer). 
Tenasserim. 
Bassein, Pegu. 
Cochin China. 
B. H.Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
India Museum. 
India Museum. 
India Museum. 
J.C.D.Packman,Esq.[P.l 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.]. 
M. E. Pierre [P.]. 

5. Otocompsa montis. 
Ruhigula montis, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 247 ; Bekhen. fy Schalow, 
J.f. 0.1879, p. 433. 
Adult (type of species). General colour above olive-yellowish, the 
wing-coverts like the back : quills and tail dull blackish brown, 
externally washed with olive-yellow like the back, the greater 
coverts also brown washed with olive-yellow; tail-feat hers paler 
brown at the tip of the inner web; head crested, black, as also the 
sides of the face, ear-coverts, and cheeks ; entire under surface of 
body yellow, slightly more olive-green on the sides; under wing-
coverts yellow, the longer ones white washed with yellow ; quills 
sepia-brown below, white along the eilge of the inner webs. Total 
length 5*7 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3*1, tail 2-8, tarsus 0*7-(Mus. 
Univ. Oxon.) 

The Bornean Yellow Bulbul has only been met with on Kina-Balu 
mountain, in North-western Borneo. 

23. KELAARTIA. T 
Kelaartia, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 86 (1863) K. penicillata. 
Head of Kelaartia penicillata. 

Range. Confined to Ceylon. ? Southern India. 

1. Kelaartia penicillata. 
Yellow-eared Bulbul, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xiii. p. 168 (1844). 

Kelaartia penicillata, Jerd. B. of Ind. ii. p. ttO • Holdsw. P. Z. S. 
1872, p. 450; Lecjge, Ibis, 1874, p. 20; id. Str. F. 1876, p. 245: 
id. B. Ceylon, p. 480, pi. 28, fig. 1. 

Pycnonotus 
penicillatus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xx. 1851, p. 178 ; 
Kelaart, Prodr. Cat. p. 123: Layard, Arm. $ Mag. Nat. Hist. 1854, 

xiii. p. 125; Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 269, no. 3940. 
24. TYLAS. 163 
Adult, General colour above olive-green; wing-coverts like the 
back; quills dusky brown, externally olive-green like the back, the 
innermost secondaries entirely dark olive-green ; tail-feathers dark 
olive-brown, edged with yellowish olive along the outer webs, the 
outer feathers with a narrow yellow edging at their tip; head 
crested, the forehead and crown brown, the nape-feathers dusky 
brown, washed with olive and faintly edged with olive-yellow; a 
streak of white at the base of the nostril running up on each side 
of the forehead; a smaller white spot above the eye ; lores, region 
of the eye, sides of face, and ear-coverts dusky brown, the hinder 
portion of the ear-coverts and the feathers below the latter on the 
side of the throat ashy grey; in the middle of the ear-coverts a yellow 
spot; above the ear-coverts a line of pointed feathers of a bright 
yellow colour ; fore part of chee]is, chin, and upper throat white; 
lower throat bright yellow; fore neck, breast, and sides of body 
olive-yellow, tinged with greenish on the sides of the breast; centre 
of body, abdomen, and under tail-coverts brighter yellow; thighs 
externally olive-greenish, internally yellow ; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries yellow, as also the edge of the wing, the wing-coverts 
adjoining the latter olive; quills brown below, whitish along the 
inner web ; " bill black; tarsi and feet dark leaden blue ; iris red, 
mingled with brown, or red deepening to brown next to the pupil" 

(W. Vincent Legge). Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 
3-1, tail 3-1, tarsus 0*9. 
Captain Legge gives the dimensions of the male bird as follows :— 
Total length 7*5 to 8 inches, wing 3*2 to 3*4, tail 3*1 to 3*2, tarsus 
0*75 to 0*8, mid toe and claw 0*8, hind toe and claw beneath 0*6, 
bill to gape 0*85. The female, he says, is slightly smaller: length 
7*1 inches, wing 3*1. 

Young birds of the year have the feathers of the head edged 
whitish, and the yellow of the throat less in extent and more clearly 
defined from the hue of the chest, (W. F". Legge.) 

The Yellow-eared Bulbul is confined to the hills of Ceylon, where 
it occurs up to 3500 feet, in certain districts being common at 
4000 feet elevation. It is said to have been once obtained by Dr. 
Jerdon on the Mlghiri hills; but the specimen was destroyed, and its 
occurrence out of Ceylon is doubtful. 

a, I. Ad. sk. Ceylon. Dr. Kelaart [P.J. 

c. Ad. sk. Ceylon. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.]. 
J.JJJO. 

Tylas, Hartl. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 152 T. eduardi. 
Range. Confined to Madagascar. 
Obs. During a recent visit to the Leiden Museum, I carefully 
examined all the specimens of Tylas in that collection, including the 
types of Schlegel's T. albigularis, which are from Mouroundava (Van 
Dam). I came to the conclusion that five species could be recognized, 
as set forth in my " Key " given below. I must confess that 
on studying the genus soon after at Paris I found great difficulty in 
M2 

TIMELIIB^:. 

determining the specimens in the Museum by the help of my Leiden 
experience. I therefore consider the question of the number of 
species found in Madagascar as still a perfectly open one. 

Bill of Tylas eduardi. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Throat black. 
a'. Under surface fawn-coloured eduardi, p. 164. 
b'. Under surface white alfredi, p. 166. 
b. Throat white. 
c\ No breast-band. 
a". Breast white or light tawny buff; back grey, 
with a feint olive tinge... albigulari*, p. 165. 
d". Breast deep fawn-bun; back olive-brown .. fulriventris, p. 166. 
df. A distinct grey breast-band strophiatus, p. 106, 

1. Tylas eduardi. 
Tylas eduardi, Hartl P. Z. S. 1802, p. 152, pi. xviii.; E. Xeivt. Ibis, 
1864, p. 273; 8kmpe, P. Z. S. 1870. p. 886 : id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 21; 
Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 142; Grand, et Mibu^Edw. Hint. Phys. 
Madag. pi. 141. fig. 2. 

Turdus gc-udoti, Terr. Kouv. Arch. Mtts. ii., Bull, p. 77, pi. 5. fig. 2. 

Turdus edwardi, Schl. § PAL Faun. Madag., Ois. p. 1 

Adult male. General colour above ashy olive, the hind neck grey 
and contrasting with the back : wing-coverts ashy grey, slightly 
washed with olive-brown; bastard-wing and primary-coverts and 
quills blackish, with a narrow edging of grey on the outer web, much 
broader on the secondaries, the innermost of which are almost entirely 
ashy grey and have narrow white tips : upper tail-coverts and tail-
feathers ashy grey, the latter narrowly tipped with white; head 
glossy greenish black, the forehead dark slaty grey ; sides of face and 
throat also glossy black, the base of the chin with a few white 
edgings to the feathers ; sides of neck wrhite, forming a narrow collar 
across the throat; remainder of under surface of body ochraceous buff, 
with a slight wash of brown on the flanks ; thighs ashy grey ; under 
wing-coverts dark ashy grey, the axillaries light ochraceous buff; 
quills ashy blackish below, greyer along the edge of the inner web. 
Total length 8*7 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 4*7, tail 3*5, tarsus 0*9. 

Newton's Black-headed Bulbul is found in Madagascar, where it 
inhabits the northern and north-western portions of the island. 

a, b. Ad. sk. N. Madagascar. A. Crossley, Esq. [C.]. 

c. Ad. sk. N. Madagascar (A. Crossley). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
d. Juv. sk. Madagascar. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
24. TYLAS. 165 
2, Tylas alfre&i. 

Adult male. General colour abovo light slaty grey, with somewhat 
of a greenish gloss ,• wing-coverts like the back; bastard-wing and 
primary-coverts black, with slight grey edgings * quills black, the 
primaries edged with slaty grey, broader on the secondaries, tho 
innermost of which arc entirely like the back ; tail-feathers slaty 
grey, the shafts black, the outer feathers narrowly tipped with white; 
crown and sides of head, as well as the entire throat, glossy black, 
with a slight shade of grey on tho forehead; remainder of under 
surface of body, from the fore neck downwards, pure white, ascending 
on the sides of the neck to the sides of the nape and forming a 
half-collar; sides of breast washed with grey, as also tho sides of 
the body; thighs dark- slaty grey ; undor wing-coverts dark slaty 
grey, with black edges to those near the outer web; under surface 
of quills blackish, shaded with ashy grey along the inner web. 
Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 4-5, tail 3-25, tarsus 1. 

(Mus. Lugcl.) 

The "White-breasted Madagascar Bulbul inhabits the south-western 
portion of the island of Madagascar. The only specimen which I 
have as yet seen is in the Leiden Museum. 

3. Tylas albigularis. 
Tvlais edwardsi (lajmi), Grand. Hev. et Mag. cle Zool. 18G7, p. 359 (nee 

"llartl). 
Tylas albigularis, Hartl Vdff. Madag. 1877, p. 143 (ex ScJil MS.). 
Tylas madagascariensis, Grandid. 8? Milne-Edwards, Hist. Phgs. 

'Madag. pis. 143, 144. 

Adult. General colour above ashy grey, washed with light olive-
brown, especially on the lower back and rump; wing-coverts like 
the back • quills dark brown, externally margined with ashy brown, 
the secondaries with ashy grey, the innermost being like the back ; 
tail light brown, with indistinct dusky cross bars under certain 
lights; crown of head an.d nape glossy black, the forehead ashy grey; 
lores darker ashy grey; feathers round the eye and upper edgo of 
ear-coverts black; cheeks, sides of face, and sides of neck white, the 
latter almost forming a collar round the hind neck; throat and abdomen 
white; fore neck and breast, sides of body, and thighs light 
fawn-buff, the under tail-coverts the same but paler; under wing-
coverts dark slaty grey, the inner ones and the axillaries fawn-buff; 
lower under wing-coverts whitish; quills dark brown below, ashy 
along the inner web. Total length 7*1 inches, cnlmen 0-9, wing 4-4, 

tail 3*4, tarsus 0*85. 
Schlegel's Black-headed Bulbul is found in the vicinity of Mouroundava, 
in South-western Madagascar. 

a. Ad. sk. Madagascar (Verreaux). R. B. Sharpe, Ebq. 
4. Tylas Mviventris. 
Adult male. Similar to Tylas eduardi, but having the throat pure 
white, instead of black. (Mus. Lugd.) 

166 
TniELHDJEI. 

Obs. It is very probable that this may prove to be a sex of 

T. eduardi, but there are several reasons why this should not be the 
case. In the Leiden Museum are five birds of the present species, 
all alike, and all determined as males. Again, although the late 
Mr. Crossley collected numerous examples of T. eduardi, he never 
once came across any white-throated birds, which he would surely 
have done if they had been of the same species, as it was evident that 
Tylas was not a scarce bird in the parts he visited. "While admitting 
that the subject is full of difficulty, I think it possible that there may 
turn out to be in Madagascar five distinct races or species of Tylas. 
The Buff-breasted Black-headed Bulbul is only known from Southwestern 
Madagascar. The specimens collected by Mr. Audebert, and 
now in the Leiden Museum, are marked " Lavary.*' 

5. Tylas strophiatus. 
Tylas strophiatus, Stejneger, Orn. Ceniralbi. 1870, p. 182. 

Above ashy grey; the head black, with a slight steel gloss, the 
forehead scarcely distinct; lores and region of the eye black ; chin 
white, with a small black spot; throat and fore neck pure white ; 
a pale grey pectoral band decidedly circumscribed ; rest of the 
belly whitish, tinged with ochraceous. Bill from front 0"8 inch, 
wing 4*15, tail 3'4, tarsus 0-85. 

Stejneger's Black-headed Bulbul is only known from Western 
Madagascar. I have never seen a specimen. 

25. 
RUBIGULA. 
Type. 
Brachypus, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer. p. 485 (1839, 
nee S'w. 1827) R. dispar. 
Huhigula,B!yth, J. A. S.Beng.xiv.y. 576(1845) .. R. dispar. 
Ixodia, Blyth, torn, cit. p. 578 (1845) R. cyaniventiis. 
Meropixus, Bp. C. R. xxxviii. p. 58 (1854) R. melanictfra. 

Bill of Bubigxda dispar. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Breast uniform. 
a'. Belly yellow. 
a". Throat fiery red. 
a'". Larger: chin conspicuously black; entire 
throat brilliant scarlet dispar, p. 1G7. 
b"'. Smaller: black chin-spot scarcely visible ; 
throat orange-scarlet, the lower part of it 
yellow, like the rest of the under surface 
yularis, p. 167. 

b". Throat yellow, like the rest of the under surface 
of body , melanictera, p. 168 

25. 
RUBIGULA. 167 
b'. Belly grey. 
c'", Ear-coverts and sides-of face dark slaty 
grey cyaniventris, p. 169. 
d'". Ear-coverts and sides of face blackish . . paioticalis, p. 170. 

b. Breast scaly in appearance, the feathers black, 
edf>*ed with white. 
c\ White confined to a spot at the tip of the tail-
feathers squamata, p. 170. 
d\ 
White extending for some distance up the outer 
tail-feathers toebberi, p. 171. 

1. RuMgula dispar. 
Turdus dispar, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 150: Raffl. t. c, p. 310 
Temm. M. Col. ii". pi 137. 
Brachypus dispar, Swaim. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 485; Bp. 

Consp. i. p. 2t$8. 
Ixos dispar, Temm. Tail. MetJi. p. 15. 
Kubigula dispar, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 576• Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, 

p. 300 j Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 220: Nichols. Ibis, 
1861, p. 146. 
Pycnonotus dispar, Gray, Gen. B.i. p. 237; Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. 
3Ius. U.I. Co. i. p. 245; Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 269, no. 3937. 

Adult male. General colour above olive-yellow; wing-coverts like 
the back; quills dusky brown, externally olive-yellow like the back; 
tail-feathers brown, with paler tips tinged with yellow, the edges to 
the feathers olive-yellowish ; crown of head and nape, as well as the 
entire sides of the head, purplish black ; chin black ; feathers of the 
throat loose and stiffened, of a brilliant scarlet; remainder of under 
surface of body, from the throat downwards, deep orange-yellow, 
paler on the abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts; under wing-
coverts and axillaries bright yellow, or white washed with yellow; 
quills dusky brown below, white along the inner web; " iris vermilion-
red" (Beccari). Total length 7*6 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 
3-15, tail 3-2, tarsus 0-65. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour,* " iris straw-colour" 

(U. O. Forbes). Total length 7*2 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*1, tail 
3*15, tarsus 0-65. 
The Euby-throated Bulbul is only known from the islands of Java 
and Sumatra. 

a. Ad. sk. Java (Dr. Horsfield). India Museum. (Type of species.) 
b. <$ ad. sk. E. Java. A. K. Wallace, Esq. [0.1. 
c. $ ad. sk. Sumatra. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [O. J. 
d. Ad. sk. Sumatra (C. Bock), Lieut. R. G-. Wardlaw Ramsay. 
e. Ad. sk. Sumatra (Baffles). India Museum. 

2. RuMgula gularis*, 
Brachypus gularis, Gould, P. Z. S.1835, p. 186; Bp. Consp. i.p. 264; 
Walden, Ibis, 1866, p. 423. 

* Considerable doubts were for a long time thrown on the right of this species 
to bear the name of gularis of Oould, inasmuch as that author omitted all men
168 TIMELIIDJE. 

Bracliypus rubineus, Jerd. Madr. Jour. x. p. 346 (1839) ; id. Illustr. 
Ind. Dm. pi. xxxvii. 
Rubigula gularis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 576, xv. p. 287; Jerd. B. 
Ind. ii. p. 87 ; Ilartl. Str. F. 1877, p. 405; Hume, Str. F. 1879, 

p. 98. 
Pycnonotus gularis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 237; Blyth, Cat B. Mus. 
AH. SOC. p. 211 ; Horsf. 6} Moore, Cat. B. Mas. F.I. Co. i. p. 245; 
Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p! 269, no. 3938. 

Pycuoiiotus rubineus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 287. 

Adult. Above yellowish olive, the wing-coverts like the back, but 
narrowly edged with brighter yellow ; quills dusky brown, externally 
yellowish olive, with a narrow outer margin of brighter yellow; tail-
feathers olive-brown, edged with brighter yellow, the outer feathers 
with pale yellow ends; crown and nape and entire sides of head 
glossy black, as also a tiny chin-spot; throat orange-scarlet; 
remainder of under surface of body, from the lower throat downwards, 
bright yellow, slightly inclining to orange, the sides of the 
chest and flanks washed with olive; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
yellow, or white washed with yellow; quills dusky brown 
below, whitish along the edge of the inner web ; " bill black ; legs 
greenish dusky; iris light yellow " (Jerdon). Total length 6 inches, 
culmen 0*6, wing 2*8, tail 2-5, tarsus 0*6. 

The Indian Ruby-throated Bulbul is only known from Southern 
India. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Malabar. Purchased. 

c. Ad. sk. Madras. Purchased. 
d. Ad. sk. Madras {Wight), India Museum. 
3. Rubigula melanictera. 
Yellow-breasted Flycatcher, Brown, Illustr. Zool. p. 80, pi. 32. 
Muscicapa melanictera, Gm. S. N. i. p. 941 (ex Breton). 
AEgithina atricapilla, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. d?IIist. Nat. i.'p. 176 (1810). 
lora nigricapilla, Drapiez, Diet. Class, vi. p. 170 (teste Walden). 
Rubigula aberrans, Blyth, J, A. S. Beng. xv. p. 288. 
Pycnonotus atricapillus, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 211; Layard, 


*Ann. Nat, Hist. (2) xiii. p. 125 j Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 269, 
no. 39:39. 
Pycnonotus nigricapillus, Kelaart, JProdr. Cat. p. 123. 
Rubigula gularis, Kelaart, t. c. p. 123. 
Bracliypus gularis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 204 (nee Gould). 
Meropixus melanicterus, Bp. C. A. xxxviii. 1854, p. 58. 
Rubigula melanictera, Walden, Ibis, 1866, p. 321; Blyth, Ibis 1867 

p. 304; Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 451; Legge, Str. F\ 1875, p. 368 • 
id. Birds of Ceylon, p. 477. 
tion of the scarlet throat, -which is the most striking feature in the species, and 
without which the description suits the Ceylonese species (JR. melanictents). Lord 
Walden, in an elaborate paper on the " Muscicapa melanictera of Gmelin " 
(Ibis, 1866, p. 316), called attention to the omission in Mr. Gould's description 
and added Brachypus gularis, Gould, as a synonym of the Ceylonese Mubigufa 
melanictera. Later on however, Mr. Gould showed him the type of his Brachypus 
gularis from Trarancore ; and the species must therefore stand under his 
name, as the colouring of the throat was omitted by a lapsus calami (Cf

l {J'

Walden, Ibis, 1866, p. 423.)

25 . KCTBIGTTLA. 
169 

Adult. General colour above dull olive-yellow, slightly paler on 

the rump; wing-coverts like the back ; quills brown, the outer webs 

olive-yellow, a 
little brighter than, the back; tail-feathers dusky 

brown, edged with olive near the base, all but the two central 

feathers tipped with a white spot, increasing in size towards the 

outermost; crown of head and nape and entire sides of face glossy 

black; throat and entire under surface of body golden yellow, washed 

with olive on the hides of the breast and flanks ; under wing-coverts 

and axillaries yellow, or white washed with yellow; quills ashy 

brown below, whitish along the inner web; " bill black; legs and 

feet blackish; iris dull red" (Gapt. W. Vincent Legge). 

Advlt male and female. Length from 6-3 to 6-5 inches, wing 2*7 
to 2*9, tail 2-6 to 2-6, tarsus 0-6, mid toe and claw 0-58, hind toe 
and claw 0-48, bill to gape 0'75 to 0*8. Females are the smaller of 
the sexes (W. V. Legge, Z. c). In the female, according to Lc^ge, 
the iris is dark brown, and the legs and feet deep plumbeous or 
blackish blue. 

The Black-headed Bulbul is peculiar to the island of Ceylon, 
inhabiting the forest tracts in most parts of the island, and, in the 
Kandyan province, attaining a height of 5000 feet. 

a. 
§ ad. sk. Rack wane, Ceylon, Jan. 13, Marquis of Tweeddale [P.]. 
I860 ($. Chapman), 
b. Ad. sk. Ceylon. F. Godman and O. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.], 
c. Ad. sk. Ceylon. 
E. L. Layard, Esq. [C.]. 
d. Ad. sk. Ceylon. 
Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.]. 
4* Eubigula cyaniveutris. 

Turdus, sp. 6, Rqffl. Trans. Linn* Soc, xiii. p. 311. 

Pycnonotus cyaniventris, Blyth, J. A. S. Benq. xi. p. 792; Sinckl. 

P. Z. S. 1846, p. 101; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 237; Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. 
As. Soc. p. 211; Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 271) no. 3971. 

Ixodia cyaniventris, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 578. 

Malacopteron aureum, Eyton, Ann. Nat. Hist. xvi. p. 229 (1845). 

Ixidia cyaniventris, Bp. Consp. i. p. 260; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. 

Mm. E.I. Co. i. p. 247; Stolicz7ca, J.A.S. B. xxxix. p. 316; Hume 

$ 
Davis. Str. F. 1874, p. 477; JBume, Sir. F 1878, p. 320, 1879, 

pp. 63, 98. 

Brachypus poliopsis, 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 264 (ex Mull MS. in Mm. 
Lugd.). 

Adidt female. General colour above olive-yellow, the wing-coverts 
like the back; quills dark brown, externally olive-yellow, brighter 
than the back ; tail-feathers light brown, washed with olive-yellow 
on the outer webs; head and neck slaty blue, as also the sides of the 
neck, ear-coverts, sides of face, and under surface of body; above 
the eye a faint streak of lighter grey; lores and feathers round the 
eye blackish; lower abdomen white ; thighs dusky grey, washed 
with olive-yellow; under tail-coverts bright yellow; under wing-
coverts white, the edge of the wing brighter yellow; " bill black; 
legs and feet very dark plumbeous; claws horny brown, sometimes 
almost black; iris dark brown, dark plumbeous slate-colour, and 

T1MELIIDJE. 

grey-brown" (W. Davison). Total length. 5'5 inches, culmen 0-5, 
wing 2*6, tail 2-1, tarsus 0-6. 

Female. As a rule, the grey is altogether somewhat paler and the 
yellow slightly duller (IFume). 

Mr. Hume gives the following measurements of the sexes:— 

Males. Length 6'25 to 6-5 inches; tail from vent 2-55 to 2*7; 
wing 2-95 to 3*12; tarsus 0*55 to 0*65; hill from gape 0*75. 
Females. length 6*25 to 6-4:5 • tail from vent 2*25 to 2*5; wing 
2*82 to 2-85 ; tarsus 0*6; bill from gape 0*65. 
The Grey-bellied Bulbul ranges from the extreme south of Tenasscrim 
down the Malayan peninsula to Sumatra. 

a. Ad. sk. Malacca (Dr. Cantor). India Museum. 
b. 2 ad. sk. Malacca. A. It. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
d. Ad. sk. Malacca. A. Charlton, Esq. [P.]. 
(Type of 3£alaco])teron aureum.) 
e. Ad. sk. Malacca. India Museum. 
f. Ad. sk. Penang (Br. Cantoi*). India Museum [C I 
9-Ad. st. Sumatra. Massena Collection. 
h. Ad. sk Sumatra (Baffles). India Museum, 
5. Ruhigula paroticalis. 
Ixidia paroticalis, Sharpe, Ibis, 1878, p. 418; id. Ibis, 1879, p. 2o6. 

Adult. Similar to B. cyaniventris, but a little larger; the grey on 
the head everywhere darker; a triangular patch before the eye, 
cheeks, and ear-coverts blackish. Total length 6*3 inches, culmen 
0*55, wing 2-95, tail 2*45, tarsus 0*55. 

Obs. After Mr. Hume's remarks on the way in which* the grey 
colouring of B. cyaniventris differs in intensity, I doubt if the present 
species will prove to be really different from the Mafeccan bird. 

The Bornean Grey-bellied Bulbul replaces the foregoing species 
in the island of Borneo. 

a. Ad. sk. Sarawak, Borneo. Henry Everett, Esq. [C], 
(Type of species.) 
6. Bubigula squamata. 
Tardus squaniatus, Temm. PI Col. ii. pi. 453, fig. 2. 
Ixos squaniatus, Temm. Tabl. Meth. p. lo. 
Brachypus squaniatus, Less. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 137 • Bp. Consp. i. 


p. 2G4. 
Pycnonotus squaniatus, Gray, Gen. B. L p. 237: id. Hand4. B. i. 
p. 271, no. 3974. ^ 
Ixidia squamata, Nichols. Ibis, 1881, p. 147. 
Adult. General colour above dark olive-yellow, brighter and more 
golden yellow on the rump and upper tail-coverts; wing-cqverts 
like the back, the edges to the greater series bright yellow * quills 
blackish, externally olive-yellow, brighter on the margins; tail-
feathers blackish, all but the centre rectrices tipped with a white 
spot, which increases in size towards the outer ones; head and nape, 
as well as the sides of face and ear-coverts, purplish black; cheeks 
and throat white; fore neck, breast, and sides of body scaly in 

25. RUBIGTJLA. 171 
appearance, the feathers being black with white margins; centre 
of body and abdomen white; thighs white, tinged with yellow; 
under tail-coverts bright yellow; wing-coverts and axillaries white, 
slightly washed with bright yellow; quills dusky brown, white 
along the edge of the inner web; uirides dark red, encircling a 
lighter red ring " (H. 0. Forbes). Total length 6 inches, culmen 
0*6, wing 2-9, tail 2-45, tarsus 0*65. 

Tail of Bubigula squamata. 
The Scaly-breasted Bulbul is only known from the island of Java. 


a. Ad. sk. Java. Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. Java. 
7. Rubigula webberi. 

Ixidia squamata (nee Temm.), Salvad. TJcc. Born. p. 200; Sharpe, 
Ibis, 1878, p. 419 
Ixidia webberi, Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 40, 63 j Reichen. § Schalow. 

J.f.O. 1879, p. 432. 
Adult. Yery similar to JR. squamata of Java, but distinguished by 
the much larger amount of white on the outer tail-feathers. Total 
length 6-4 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2*9, tail 2*7, tarsus 0*6. 

Tail of Bubigula webberi. 
Obs. The only specimen from Borneo that I have yet seen differs 
from Malayan examples in having ashy-grey wing- and tail-feathers. 
As, however, they show a considerable amount of black mottling, the 

172 TI3IELIIDJS. 

colouring may "be imperfect. In the extent of white on the tail the 
Bornean and Malaccan examples agree; and the question of their 
further identity must remain till a larger series can be compared. 
They agree with Hume's description of Lvidia webberi. 

Webber's Bulbul replaces the foregoing species in Borneo, Sumatra, 
and the Malayan peninsula. 

Spizixos, Blyth, J, A. 8. Beng. xiv. p. 571 (1845) S. canifrons. 

a. Ad. sk. Sumatra. Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. Sarawak, Borneo. Henry Everett, Esq. [C.]. 
c. Ad. sk. 
26. SPIZIXUS. 
Type. 

Head of Spteixus canifrons. 

Range. Hills of Sylhet, Khasia hills, Foochow, and Formosa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Ear-coverts uniform brown; head black; forehead 
grey; no white patch on sides of throat, canifrons, p. 172. 
b. Ear-coverts streaked with white ; a white patch 
on each side of the throat. 
a'. Crown black, nape grey semitorqites. p. 173. 
b'. Crown entirely grey cinertkapillus, p. 173. 

1. Spizixns canifrons. 
Spizixus canifrons, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 571, xx. p. 520; id. 
Cat.B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 339; Mors/. $ Moore, Cat. B. Mas. E.I. 
Co. i. p. 251; Gould, B. Asia, part xviii.; Godicin-Aurfen, J. A. S. 
Beng. 1870, vol. xxxix. p. 106; Blyth, Ibis, 1872, p. 90. 

Pycnonotus canifrons, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 271, no. 3900. 

Adult. General colour above dark olive-yellow, becoming yellower 
on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ; tail-feathers dull 
olive-yellow, browner on the inner web, and having a broad terminal 
band of blackish brown; wing-coverts like the back; quills dark 
brown, externally olive-yellowish, the inner secondaries entirely of 
this colour; head strongly crested, the crown black, the nape slightly 
washed with grey; forehead ashy grey ; ear-coverts light brown; 

26. SPIZIXUS. 173 
cheeks blackish, streaked with hoary grey, a shade of which appears 
on the sides of the neck, behind the ear-coverts; throat chocolate-
brown, varied with hoary-grey tips to the chin-feathers ; remainder 
of under surface of body light olive-greenish, becoming brighter 
yellow down the centre of the body and on the under tail-coverts; 
thighs like the flanks; under wing-coverts and axillaries very pale 
yellowish, brighter olive-yellow on the edge of the wing; quills-
dusky brown below, ashy along the inner webs of the primaries,, 
yellowish along those of the secondaries. Total length 8 inches, 
culmen 0*65, wing 3*65, tail 3*7, tarsus 0*8. 

The Finch-billed Bulbul is found only in Sylhet and the Khasia 

hiUs. 
a,b. Ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk. 
Khasia hills (Griffith), 
[Khasia hills.J 
Chera Pungi. 
India Museum. 
X Gould, Esq. 
India Museum. 

2. Spizixus seinitorquesr 
Spizixus semitorques, Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 266; Gould, B. Asia, 
pt. xviii.; Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 370,- David $ Oiistal Ois. 
Chine, p. 143, pi. 47. 

Pycnonotus semitorques, Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 271, no. 3970. 

Adult. General colour above dark olive-green, slightly yellower 
on the rump and upper tail-coverts; tail-feathers olive-yellow, 
brighter on the edges of the feathers, and having a broad band of 
blackish brown along the tip ; wing-coverts like the back, the greater 
coverts yellower; quills dark brown, externally yellowish olive, the 
inner secondaries entirely of the latter colour, but duller; crown of 
head black, shading off into dark slaty grey on the nape and hind 
neck; lores white; sides of face black, the ear-coverts and hinder 
part of cheeks conspicuously black; throat blackish; on each side of 
the lower throat a patch of white, showing a tendency to unite 
across the latter, which is" shaded with ashy brown; fore neck and 
breast olive-green, as also the sides of the body and thighs; the 
centre of the body and under tail-coverts bright yellow, the latter 
shaded with greenish; under wing-coverts and axillaries yellow, as 
also the edge of the wings; quills ashy brown below, yellowish 
along the inner web; " bill pale yellow; legs and claws pale liver-
brown ; iris brown " (B. Swinhoe). Total length 7*7 inches, culmen 
0*6, wing 3-5, tail 3-6, tarsus 0-8. 

Swinhoe's Pinch-billed Bulbul replaces the foregoing species in 
the wooded hills of Eastern China. 

a. Ad. sk. Pih-ling hills, near Foochow. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.]. 
3. Spizixus cinereicapillus. 
Spizixus semitorques, Sivinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 290 (nee Swinh. 1861). 
Spizixus cinereicapillus, Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 370; David #• 
Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 144. 

174 TnfELIID^. 

Adult General colour above uniform olive-green, slightly yellower 
on the rump and upper tail-coverts; tail yellowish olive, with 
a broad hand of dark brown#at the end ; wing-coverts like the back, 
the quills dark brown, externally yellowish olive, the secondaries 
entirely of the latter colour: head and hind neck slaty blue, the 
latter slightly washed with the colour of the back; lores white; 
feathers round the eye and sides of head black, with streaks of dull 
white on the ear-coverts and cheeks; throat ashy black, with indistinct 
browner shaft-lines; on each side of the throat a white patch, 
nearly meeting across the latter; breast, sides of body, and thighs 
olive-greenish, the centre of the body yellow, deeper on the under 
tail-coverts; under wing-coverts and axillaries yellow ; quills ashy 
brown below, yellow along the inner webs, Total length 7 inches7 
culmen 0*55, wing 3-4, tail 3*4, tarsus 0'8. 

The Pormosan Finch-billed Bulbul is strictly confined to the 
Chinese island of Formosa, 

a. Ad. sk. Formosa. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.]. 
27. IRENA. 
Type. 
Irena, Honf. TV. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 1-33 I. tureosa. 

Head of Irena crhriger, to show nuchal hairs. 

Range. Indian peninsula, Indo-Chinese countries, Malayan peninsula 
; Java ; Sumatra ; Borneo ; Philippine Islands. 

This genus was fully described by me in the present work 
(vol. iii. pp. 265-269), where it will "be found placed at the end 
of the family Dicruridse. Its position was challenged by the late 
Marquis of Tweeddale in his critique on my third volume (* Ibis,' 
1878, pp. 82, 83); and he very properly points out an eiror of mine, 
in uniting a genus like Irena, which has twelve tail-feathers, with the 
family of Drongos, one of whose special characteristics is the possession 
of only ten rectrices. I consider, therefore, that if Irena is not 
to be put with the Dicrurida?, it must be placed with the Bulbuls, 
as Blyth and Jerdon have already done. The nuchal bristles, the 
existence of which I believe I was.the first to point out, likewise 
seem to ally the Bluebirds with the rest of the Brachypodmse; but 
at the same time their nostrils are covered with dense plumes, as in 
the Drongos. 

27 . IRT3NA. 175 
The descriptions of the species are reproduced from the third 
volume of this Catalogue, and the specimens added to tho collection 
since 1877 are incorpoiated. 

Key to the Specie^ 

ft. Underneath deep purplish blue. 
tt't Mantle deep purplish blue .............. cyanogastra, p. 175. 
b'. Mantle velvety black.. M .*...* „ melanochlamys, p. 176. 

b. Underneath black. 
c'. Under tail-coverts reaching to the tip, or , . _ „ -,*a
tw:cosa

even beyond the tip of the tail ........> P-^ 
J r \ cnnigera, p. 176. 
d'. Under tail-coverts not reaching to the tip 
of the tail. 


a". Under tail-coverts falling short of the tip 
of the tail by more than length of tarsus. 
a'". Enamelled blue feathers of a deep pur


plish shade piietta, p. 177. 
b'". Enamelled blue feathers of a dull verditer 
tweeddalii, p. 178. 

b". Under tail-coverts reaching nearly to the 
tip of the tail, not falhng short of it by 
as much as the length of the tarsus ... . cyanea, p. 179. 

1. Irena cyanogastra. 
Irena cyanogastra, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 97; Gray fy Mitch Gen. 
B. i. p. 288, pi. 70;' Bp. Consp. i. p. 349; Cass. U.S. JEipl Exp., 
Aves, p. 148 j Gray, Hand-l. B. i p. 288; Walden, Tr. Z. S. ix. 
p. 190 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. iii. p. 2G7 ; id. Tr. Linn. Soc. new series, 
Zool. i. p. 352; Gould, B. Asia, part xxxii. 
Adult male. General colour above deep purplish blue, slightly 
varied on the rump with ashy brown, where the bases of the 
feathers show through; the scapulars resembling the back; least 
and median wing-coverts deep cobalt-blue, tho greater series black, 
shading off into deep cobalt at the tip, very slightly on the outermost, 
very broadly on the inner ones; primary-coverts black; the 
quills black, the inner secondaries externally deep cobalt like the 
wing-coverts, the greater upper tail-coverts deep cobalt, brighter than 
the lower back; tail black, washed with deep purple, more plainly 
on the centre feathers ; crown of head and nape deep cobalt-blue, a 
little brighter on tho fore part of the crown ; lores, sides of face and 
of neck, entire throat, and chest black; rest of under surface deep 
purplish blue, like the back; under tail-coverts deep cobalt-blue; 
thighs and under wing-coverts brown, washed with purplish blue ; 
iris red. Total length 10 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 5*35, tail 4-4, 
tarsus 0*85. 

Sexes alike (Meyer ; cf. Walden, I. c). 
The Blue-bellied Fairy Blue-bird appears to be confined to the 
island of Luzon in the Philippine Archipelago. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Manila, Luzon. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C ]. 
c, dAd.sk. Manila. Gould Collection (spec. 
fig. B. Asia, I c). 

176 
TIMELUDJE. 

2. Irena melaiiocMamys. 
Irena melanoclilainys, 
Sharpe, Cat. B. iii. p. 266; id. Trans. Linn. 
Soc. neiv series, i. pp. 334, 352; Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 71. 

Adult male (type of species). Crown of head and nape glistening 
purplish cobalt, oxtending to the middle of the hind neck; sides of 
neck, mantle, and scapulars deep velvety black; lower back and 
rump dull purplish cobalt, much brighter on the upper tail-coverts; 
wings black, the lesser and median series purplish cobalt, the greater 
series black, tipped with the same cobalt, the innermost, as well as 
the inner, secondaries externally of the same colour ; tail black, 
shaded with purple on the centre feathers and the outer webs of the 
others; lores, feathers above and round the eye, throat, and fore 
neck deep velvety black, the rest of the under surface dull purple, 
the under tail-coverts bright purplish cobalt; under wing-coverts 
dull purple; "bill black; legs black: iris carmine'' (Steere) ; iris 
pure Indian red (Everett). Total length 10 inches, culmen 1*05, 
wing 4*8, tail 4*1, tarsus 0*7. (Coll. J. B. Steere.) 

The Black-mantled Pairy Bluebird is apparently confined to the 
island of Basilan, in the Philippine Archipelago. 


a. $ ad. sk. Basilan, May 1878. A. Everett, Esq. [C.]. 
3. Irena turcosa. 
Irena puella, Horsf. in Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 153 ; id. Zool. Research, 
in Java, Birds, pis. 13, 14; Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 142 
pi. 48; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 288; Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 110. 

Edolius puellus, Temm. PI Col pis. 70, 470, 225. 
Irena turcosa, Walden, Ann. N. II. (4) v. p. 417 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, 


p. 44; id. Cat. B iii. p. 267 ; Nichols. Ibis, 1881, p. 147. 
Adult male. General arrangement of colour as in /. joueMa ; but 
the blue is of a turquoise shade, inclining to silvery cobalt on the 
head; under tail-coverts reaching a little beyond the tip of the 
tail; " iris dark red " (H. O. Forbes). Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 
1-1, wing 4-95, tail 3-6, tarsus 0*8. 

The Turquoise Eairy Bluebird is only known from the island of 
Java. 

a. Ad. sk. [Java (Horsfield).] India Museum 
h. Juv. sk. Java (Horsfeld). India Museum. 
c. d ad. sk, Java (Horsjleld). India Museum, 
4. Irena crinigera. 
Coracias puella, Baffl, Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p 302 (nee Lath.). 
Irena puella (nee Lath.), Motley 8f Dillw. N. Hist. Labuan. n 23 • 
Scl. P Z. S. 1808, p. 217. ' F" ' 
Irena cyanea, Salvad. Ucc. Bom. p. 161 (nee Begbie). 
Irena^ turcosa, Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 44 (nee Wald.). 
Irena criniger, Sharpe, Cat. B. iii. p. 267; id. P. Z. S. 1879 t> 338 • 
id. Ibis. 1879, p. 257; Gould, B. Asia, part xxxii. ' ' 

Adult male. Blue and black, as in I. puella, the distribution of 

27. IRENA. 
177 

colours being the same; the huo of the blue colour intense cobalt, 
very rich on the head ; the under tail-coverts produced to the very 
end of the tail, the upper coverts also nearly as far; bill and legs 
black; iris red. Total length 9*3 inches, culnien 0-95, wing 4-0, 
tail 3-25, tarsus 0*05. 

Adult female. Differs from the male exactly as does the female of 
L puella from the male. 
Obs. Sumatran birds seem to be exactly the same as the Rornean, 
a pair from Mr. Wallace's collection measuring as follows:— 

Total 

length. Oulmcii. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 
a. $ ad. Sumatra... ,.
in. 
9-3 
in. 
1 
in. 
4 65 
in. 
3-55 
in. 
0-55 
b. 2 ad. Sumatra... . 9-0 1 4-5 3-25 0-7 

Everett's Eairy Bluebird is an inhabitant of the islands of Borneo 

and Sumatra. 
a. tf ad. sk.
b. [cT] ad. sk.
c. d ad. sk. 
Borneo. 
Banjermassing. 
Jambusan, Sept. 11,1874. 
Rajah Brooke [PI 
J. Motley, Esq. [0.]. 
Alfred Everett, Esq. [O.]. 
d. J ad. sk.
e>f' 6 2 a(l. sk.
g. <$ ad. bk.
h. $ ad. &k.
«, h. d $ ad. sk.
/. [$]ad . sk.
m. J ad. sk. 
Sibu, Sarawak. 
Busan, Snrawak (A,
Everett). 
Sarawak, Dec. 1878. 
Labuan. 
Sumatra. 
Sumatra. 
Sumatra (Rctffijs). 
Alfred Everett, Esq. [0.]. 
Gould Collection. 
11. Everett, Esq. [0.1. 
Hugh Low, Ebq. [C.]. 
A. K. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
Purchased. 
India Museum. 

5. Irena puella. 
Fairy Roller, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl p. 87. 
Coracias puella, Lath. Ind. Orn* i. p. 171; Band. Traite, ii. p. 264. 
Irena puella, Jerd. Madr. Jour. xiii. p. 262 ; M'CIell. P. Z. S. 1839, 


p. 160 j Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 288, pi. 70. %. 3 ; Ilorsf. # Moore, Cat 
B. Mm. E.I Co. p. 273 j Jerd. B. Ind, ii. p. 105 ; Gray, Hand-l 
B. i. p. 288; Stoliczka, J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. pt. 2, p. 318; Wold. 
Ibis, 1871, p. 170 5 IMdsio. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 452; Wakl Ibis, 1873, 
p. 306; Armstr. Sir. F. 1876, p. 326; Slutrpe, Cat B. iii. p. 268 ; 
Fairh. Sir. F. 1877, p. 406; Hume $ Davis. Sfr. F. 1878, pp. 328, 
516 ; Zegge, B. Ceylon, p. 466; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 99; Gould, 
B. Asia, part xxxiii. 
Irenaindica, A. Hay in BhjtKs Report, J. A. S. Beng. xv. p. 309; Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 849. 

Adult male. General colour above deep purplish cobalt, of a purer 
blue shade somewhat on the forehead ; scapulars as well as the least 
and median coverts coloured exactly like the back, the greater series 
blackish, with a cobalt-blue spot at the tips of some of them; quills 
and tail black, with a slight bluish shade on the secondaries and 
central tail-feathers ; lores, feathers over the eye, sides of face, 
sides of neck, and entire under surface, including the thighs and 
under wing-coverts, black ; under tail-coverts deep-purplish cobalt; 

VOL. VI. N" 

TIMELIIDJ3. 

bill and legs black ; iris ruby-red. Total length 10 inches, culrnen 

0*95, wing' 5, tail 4*45, tarsus 0*75, distance between tip of tail-
coverts and tip of tail 1-6. 

Adult female. Different in colour from the male, being of a dull 
Prussian blue, a little brighter and inclining to cobalt on the ramp 
and upper and under tail-coverts; wings and tail dark brown, the 
quills narrowly edged, and the secondaries and tail-feathers washed 
with dull blue, the latter more conspicuously. 

The Fairy Bluebird inhabits the high forests on the hills of 
Southern India, and is found occasionally in Ceylon. Be-oceurring 
in Sikhirn, it extends throughout the Burmese provinces to Tenasserim, 
and eastwards to Siam and Cochin China. 

a, b cT ad. sk.
c, d. d imm. sk.
e. <$ ad. sk.
f. J ad. sk.
J 
Travancore. 
Ericlge, Travancore,
April 1878. 
Mynall, Travancore,
July 1878. 
Mynall, Travancore, 
'Oct. 1878. 
Major Biddulph [0.]. 
F. W. Bourdillon, Esq. [0.]. 
F. W. Bourdillon, Esq. [0.]. 
F. W. Bourdillon, Esq. [0.]. 
</, h. S 2 ad. sk. Mynall, Travancore,
Nov. 1878. 
F. TV". Bourdillon, E*q. [Cl. 
i k. c?, I 2 ad. sk. Mynall, Travancore,
Dec. 1878. 
F. W. Bourdillon, Esq. [C.]. 
m. <$ ad. sk. Moalmaza. 
7i.cJad.sk.
o. 6 ad. sk. 
Madras (Wight). 
Vurralee, Sept. 23,1867. 
India Museum. 
Gould Collection. 
p. 2 ad. sk.
q. J ad.sk.
r. S acl. sk.
s. <$ acl. sk.
t, u. $ acl. sk.
u} w. (S ad. sk. 
Kullar, Oct. 6, 1807. 
Asstxm (M'Clelland). 
Siam. 
Siam (Mouhot). 
Saigon,CochinChina. 
Tenasserim. 
Goidd Collection. 
India Museum. 
M. Mouhot [0.]. 
Gould Collection. 
M. E. Pierre [P.]. 
J. C. D. Packman, Esq. [P.], 

G. Irena tweeddalii. 
Irena tweeddalii, Sharpe, Oat, B. iii. p. 208; id. Trans. Linn. Soc. 
new series, i. pp. 088, 3om2; Wardlaiv-Itamsay, Orn. Memoirs of 
Marquis of Tweeddale, p. 057 (l^hl). 

Adult male (type of species). Crown of head, nape, and hind 
neck, as well as the entire back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-
coverts brilliant turquoise-blue, the head more silvery; lesser and 
median wing-coverts turquoise-blue, like the back; rest of the 
wing-coverts black, some of the innermost of the greater series with 
a blue spot at the tips; quills and tail black; lores, feathers in 
front of and over the eye, sides of face, sides of neck, and entire 
under surface of body, from chin to vent, rich velvety black, including 
the under wing-coverts ; under tail-coverts bright turquoise-blue, a 
little more purplish than the upper surface; bill and legs black. 
Total length 8 inches, culmen 1*05, wing 4*85, tail 3*85, tarsus 0'7. 

(poll J- B. titeere.) 
Adult female. General colour above and below dull verditer-blue, 
brighter and more washed with cobalt on the rump and upper tail


27. IBENA. 
179 
coverts; least and median wing-coverts exactly resembling the 
back, the greater series, quills, and tail blackish brown, externally 
washed with blue; bill and legs black; " iris carmine " (Steere). 
Total length 9-5 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 4*85, tail 3*8, tarsus 0*75. 

(Coll. J. B. Steere.) 

Lord Twecddale's Eairy Bluebird occurs only in the island of 
Balabac in the Philippine Archipelago. 

7. Irena cjanea. 
Irena puella, 
Bh/th, J. A. S. B. xv. p. SOS (nee Lath.); id. Cat, B. 
Mus. A. 6'. B.\x 214 (pi); Bp. Consp, i. p. 349. 
Irena cyanea, Beybie, Malayan Berlins.-p. 310; Wald, Ibis, 1871, 

p. 171; Sharjie, IJns, 1876, p. 44; id. Cat. B. iii. p. 209: Hume, 
Str. F. 1879, p. 03. 
Irena inalayensis, Moore, in Ilorsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. i. p. 274; Jerd. 

B. hid. li. p. 100; Gray, lland-l. B. i. p. 288; Wald. Ibis, 1871, 
p. 171. 
Irena puella, var. cyanea, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxix. p. 318 (1870). 
Adult male. Similar to I. criniger in distribution of colour and 
shade of blue, but having the under tail-coverts falling short of the 
tip of the tail by half an inch. Total length 9*3 inches, culmen 1, 
wing 4*0, tail 3*5, tarsus 0*7. 

Adult female. Similar to the female of/, criniger. Total length 
8*5 inches, wing 4*0, tail 3*7, tarsus 0-7. 
The Malayan Eairy Bluebird occurs in the Malayan Peninsula. 

a. Imm. st. Malacca. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [0.]. 
b> c-[ 6 2 ] a(^-s^« Malacca. 
d. [ $ ] ad. sk. Malacca, W. Harvey, Esq. [0.]. 
e. <5 ad. sk. Malacca. A. E-. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 
f. y. J § ad. sk. Penang {Cantor). India Museum. 
*h. c? imm. sk. Penang (Cantor). India Museum. 
i. $ ad. sk. Malacca (Wallace). E. Grodman and O. Salvin, 
E*qrs. [P.]. 
h, I. <$ $ ad. sk. Malacca (Wallace). Gould Collection, 

N2 

180 
TIMELI1DJS. 

Subfamily II. TROGLODYTINJE. 

In their habits and in their form the "Wrens are essentially Timeliine. 
They possess the strong, even clumsy, legs and concave rounded 
wings which distinguish this group of birds, and they do not migrate, 
as a rule. Tho nests are generally domed, and hence one of the 
reasons for retaining the Dippers in the family. The principal characteristic, 
however, of a Wren, and one that separates them from the 
true Timeliine birds, is the almost entire absence of rictal bristles. 
I n all the true TimeUince, and even in the Bulbuls, these bristles are 
very strongly developed; and for ornithologists who doubt that 
Cinclus is a Wren, an examination of the bill alone will be sufficient 
to show that its. place is with the Troglodytince. 

Key to the Genera* 

a. 
Tail long, exceeding the length of the wing 
by about as much as the hind toe 28. CINNICKRTHIA, 
h. 
Tail moderate; the wing equal to the tail, [p. 182. 
or exceeding it slightly, but never by more 
than the length of the culmen, 
a'. Wing and tail about equal; first primary 
large, nearly two thirds the length of 
the entire wing; tarsal envelope with 
distinct scutes; nasal aperture longitudinal 
and shut in by a very evident 


superior membrane : 29. CAMPYLORHYNCHUS, 
b'. Wing* a little longer than the tail. [p. 184. 
c" . Tarsus longer than the culmen. 

a'". Tail rather longer, more than one 
third 1he entire length of the bird. 
a41. Bill with a small, but perceptible, 


sub terminal notch. 
a5. Nostril oval and open, situated 
in the anterior portion of the 
nasal fobsa 30. THRYOPHILTTS, 

b\ Nostrils long ovals, overhung [p. 204. 
by a thickened membrane, 
leaving the opening small and 
longitudinal 31. THRYOTHORUS, 

bK Bill not notched. 
[p. 218. 

c\ Middle toe and clawr about 
equal to hind toe and claw; 
outer toe about equal to inner 
toe. 


ah. Hind claw very large, nearly 
equal to hind toe itself 32. CISTOTHORUS. p. 240. 
6s. Hind claw small, not nearly 
equal to hind toe. 

a7. Culmen long ancl thin, exceeding 
the hind toe and 
claw in length 33. TROGLODYTES, 

W. Culmen shorter and more pp. 247 
conical, not so long as 
hind toe and claw. 
TROGLODTTTNJE. 
18 1 

a8. Nostril linear, and shut 
in by an overhanging 
membrane; ciilnion 
rather longer 34. UROCICHLA, p. 263. 

bh. Nostril also somewhat 
linear, and having* an 
oval opening- behind, 
shut in by a thickened 

membrane 35. SPKLJEOBNIS, p. 204. 

d\ Middle toe and claw longer r 
than hind toe and claw • outer 
toe longer than inner one. ... 36. SALPINGITES, p. 266. 

h'". Tail shorter, one third of the entire 
length of the bird; nasal aperture 
a narrow longitudinal slit, entirely 
shut in by a membrane 37. ANOBTHUBA, p. 268. 

d". Culmen longer than the tardus 38. CATHERPES, p. 280. 

c. 
Tail quite long, exceeding the wing by 
more than t£e length of the tarsus; bill 
conical and pointed, the culmen and gonys 
both perfectly straight; the nostril a narrow 
slit shut in completely by a horny 
membrane which overhangs the anterior 
edge of it 39. SPHENOCICHLA, 
d. 
Tail short, the wing exceeding it by more [p. 283. 
than the length of the hind toe and 
claw. 
e". Tarsi scutellated in front. 
(?"'. Bill moderately long, but much 
shorter than the tarsus. 


c4. Bill only moderately compressed, 
as broad as it is" high at the 
nostrils. 


e5. Nostrils overhung by a membrane 
40. UROPSILA, p. 284. 

f5. Nostrils round and open, situated 
in the anterior part of the 
nasal fossa , 41. HENICORHINA, 

dK Bill high and compressed, much [p. 285. 
higher than it is broad at the 
nostrils j the latter small and 
circular, situated in the middle 
of the nasal membrane 42. CYPHORHINTTS, 

d'"> Bill very long, about equal to the [p. 289. 
tarsus in length, and about equal 
in height and. breadth at nostrils; 
the latter comma-shaped, the tail 
of the comma pointing forwards, 
slightly overhung by a membrane 
43. MlCROCERCTTLTJS, 

/" . 
Tarsi plain in front. [p. 295. 

e"'. Tail invisible, completely hidden by 
the tail-coverts and feathers of the 
rump 44. PNOEPYQ-A, p. 301. 

f". 
Tail visible, not hidden by the tail-
coverts 45. GINCLUS, p. 306. 

182 TLilELIIDJE. 

28. CINtflCEKTHIA. 
Type. 
Cinnicertliia, Lesson, Descr. Mamm. et Ois. p. 286 (1847) C. unirufa. 
Presbvs, Cab. Mm. llein. Th. i. p. 80 (1850) C. unirufa. 
Thelydrias, Reichenb. Syst. Av. (1853, teste Gray). 

Head of Cinniccrthia unirufa. 
Range. Confined to South America. 

Key to the Species. 
a. Quills almost uniform below, not distinctly 
barred. 
a'. General colour light chestnut or hay; the 
Hanks of the same bay-colour as the 
back unirufa, p. 182, 
b'. General colour rufous-brown above; lower 
flanks and thighs dusky brown, more 
dingy than the upper surface unibrunnea, p. 183. 
b. Quills distinctly barred below on both webs; 
head; neck, and underparts olive-brown .. olivascens, p. 184. 

1. Cinnicertliia unirufa. 
Limnornis unirufus, Lafr. Hew Zool. 1840, p. 105; Gray, Gen. B.i. 
p. 134; Bp. Consp.i. p. 215. 
Limnornis canifrons, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 105; Gray, Gen. B. i. 
p. 134; Bp. Consp. i.p. 215. 
Cinnicertliia unicolor, Less. Descr. Mamm. et Ois. p. 280 (1847). 
Limnornis cinnaniomea, Bp. Consp. i. p. 215. 
Presbys canifrons, Cab. Mas. JL in. Th. i. p. 80. 
Cinnicertliia unirufa, Set. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 143; id. Cat. Amer. B. 
p. 18; *S'c/. fy Salv. Nomenel. Av. Neotr. p. 0. 
Cyphorhinus unirufus, Gray, lland-l. B. i. p. 194, no. 2G76. 
Cyphorhinus canifrons, Gray, torn. tit. p. 194, no. 2077. 
Adult. General colour above light rufous or bay, paler on the 
hind neck, and deepening towards the lower back and rump ; forehead 
hoary grey, paling off on the nape; wing-coverts rather darker 
rufous than the back, as also the' external aspect of the quills, 
which are dusky brown on the inner webs, with a few indistinct 
dusky bars towards the tips of the outer webs of the primaries and 
on both webs of the secondaries; tail-feathers bay, with faint indications 
of dusky cross bars; lores and feathers in front of the eye 
blackish; ear-coverts very pale rufous; fore part of cheeks and chin 

28 . CINNIOERTIIIA. 
183 

dull hoary white, with a dusky spot at tho angle of the latter; 

throat and under surface of body light rufous, deepening into bay on 

the flanks and abdomen, becoming4 almost chestnut on the under 

tail-coverts; under wing-coverts and axillaries like the breast; 

quills dusky brown below, rufous along the inner web. Total 

length 7*2 inches, culmon 0*75, wing 3'03, tail JJ-4, tarsus 1-1. 

Adult female (1). Like tho male, but wanting the hoary-grey 

forehead and chin, and the general colour rather deeper rufous. 

Total length &7 inches, culm en 0*75, wing 2-9, tail 3, tarsus 1. 

The Bay Wren inhabits New Granada, whence it ranges into 

Ecuador. 

a. [tf] ad. sk. Bogota. Purchased. 
h. [ J J ad. sk. Quito {Jameson), J. Gould, Esq. 
c. Ad. sk. South America. 
d. Ad. sk. Bogota (Purdie). Director, Royal Gardens, Kew 
2. Cinnicerthia tmibrmuiea. 
Limnornis unibrunneus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1853, p. 59. 
Cinnicerthia unibrunnea, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 550; id. P. Z. S. 
18GQ, p. 74 j id. CaL Amer. B. p. 18; JSel. §- tfalv. Nomend. Av. 
Neotr. p. C. 
Cyphorhinus uuibrimnous, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 194, no. 2G78. 

Adult. General colour above dull rulcscoiit brown, slightly moro 
chestnut on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ; lesser and 
median wing-coverts like the back, the greater coverts and quills 
externally rufous, narrowly barred wTith dusky blown cross lines, 
the inner webs of the latter dusky brown, the cross barring confined 
to the outer web of most of the quills, excepting the innermost 
secondaries, which are rufous-brown and are barred right across; 
tail-feathers rufous, with numerous cross bars of dusky brown, over 
thirty in number• lores black; ear-covcrts, sides of face, throat, 
and chest dull rufescent brown, like the hea$, shading off into dull 
umber-brown on the flanks and abdomen, somewhat washed with 
rufous-brown ; under tail-coverts chestnut; thighs dark sepia-
brown ; under wing-coverts and axillaries like the breast; quills 
dark brown below, rufescent along the edge of the inner web. 
Total length 6'2 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 2*8, tail 3, tarsus 1*05, 

Another example in the British Museum, said to be from Bogota, 
is probably tho adult male, as it has a white forehead and the chin-
angle also wrhite. 

The young is described by Professor Baird as differing from the 
adult in having the anterior part of the body brown, instead of 
reddish, and the basal poition of the gape and lower jaw yellowish, 
instead of black. A specimen wThieh I take to be immature differs 
from the adult in wanting the cross bars on the wings, and having 
those on the tail less distinct, but more especially in having the 
head dull ashy brown, until the whole tinge of the plumage is 
duller than in the adult. 

The Keddish-brown Wren is an inhabitant of Ecuador, whence it 
extends into New Granada, 

184 THCELUDJE. 

a. Ad. sk. Ecuador. J. Gould, Esq. 
b. Juv. sk. Quito. J. Gould, Esq. 
c. Ad. sk. Mates, Ecuador (L. Fraser). Eyton Collection. 
d. e. Ad. sk. Bogota. Purchased. 
3. Cinnicerthia plivascens. (Plate XI.) 
Cinnicerthia unibrunnea, Scl <$• Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, pp. 492, 549 
(nee Lafr.). 
Adult. General colour above dull olive-brown on the head, the 
back slightly more rufescent brown, witli more or less distinct 
cross bars of dusky brown : lesser and median wing-coverts like the 
back ; greater coverts and quills rufous-brown, distinctly barred 
across with blackish on the outer webs of all except the innermost 
secondaries, which are barred across both webs, the rest of the 
quills dusky brown on their inner webs: tail chestnut, barred 
across with blackish brown, about thirty-two bars being perceptible; 
base of forehead white; lores dusky blackish ; sides of face and 
ear-coverts olive-brown, shading off paler on the sides of the 
neck; throat whity brown ; breast olive-brown, shading off into 
clearer and more rufescent brown on the abdomen, flanks, and 
thighs; under tail-coverts chestnut-brown ; under wing-coverts 
reddish brown ; under surface of quills dusky brown, both the inner 
and outer webs rufescent along their margins, conspicuously barred 
with blackish brown. Total length 6*5 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 
2-7, tail 2-85, tarsus 1. 
Salmon's Brown Wren inhabits the United States of Colombia. 


a, b. $ ad. sk. Santa Elena, Antioquia. T. K. Salmon, Esq. [C.]. 

29. CAMPYLORHYNCHUS.* T 
Campylorhvnchus, Spi.r, Av. Bras. i. p. 77 (1824) C. vaViegatus. 
Heleodytes^ Cab. Mas. llein. Th. i. p. 80 (1850) C. grisetis. 
Buglodytes, Bp. Comptes Rendus, xxxviii. p. 57 (1854). C. griseus. 

Wing of Campylorkynchus variegattis, to show proportions of primaries. 

* Yon Pelzeln has described a genus of Wrens from Brazil as Odontorhynckus 
(Orn. Bras. p. 67). Not having seen the bird I have not been able to place it in 
29 . CAMFYLORHYNCIIUS. 
Range. Prom the southern border of the United States and Lower 
California, throughout Central America and South America, us far as 
Brazil and Bolivia. 

Key to the Sj>ecies. 

a. 
Centre tail-feathers without pale cross bars ; 
back not barred or streaked with white. 
a\ Outer tail-feathers with a broad band of 
white across them; back and rump rufous-
brown ; head and mantle black, with a 
broad white eyebrow; under surface 
white. 


a". Quills edged with rufous. 
a'''. Mantle-feathers edged with rufous .. griseus, p. 186. 
b"'. Mantle uniform minor, p. 187. 
b". Quills uniform dull brown externally, like 
the back bicolor, p. 187. 
b'. With no white bands on any of the tail-
feathers. 


c". Under surface white, unspotted ; head 
white all round; back, wings, and tail 
brown albibrunneas, p. 188. 

dn. Under surface uniform pale fulvousbrown, 
the under tail-coverts spotted 
with black . zmicolor, p. 190. 

e". Under surface spotted; upper surface 
nearly uniform, the feathers edged with 
ashy. 


c'". Throat white, not spotted variegatus, p. 188. 
d'". Throat spotted with, blackish hypostictus, p. 189. 

b. 
Centre tail-feathers with light cross bars; back 
uniform chestnut; head black eapistratus ad., p. 191. 
c. 
Centre tail-feathers with light cross markings 
or bars; back streaked or barred with white. 
f'\ Chin and throat uniform, not spotted 
with black. 
e"f. Under surface uniform, not spotted or 
barred with black. 
a4". Head black; back chestnut, streaked 
and spotted with white; hind neck 
uniform chestnut :. eapistratusj*uv.,p. 191. 

¥. Head dark chestnut, as well as the 
hind neck humilis, p. 192, 
/'" . Under surface spotted with black. 

c4. Head blackish brown, slightly mottled 
with ashy-brown margins to 
the feathers ; above the ear-coverts 
a streak of black Joeosus, p. 193. 

# . 
Head chestnut-brown, quite uniform; 
above the ear-coverts a streak of 
chestnut \ gularis, p. 194. 

the present volume, but it is said to be closely allied to Campylorhynchus. A 
translation of the original description of 0. cinereus, Pelz., is in the Appendix 
(vide infra). 

180 
TIAIELIIDJS. 

g". Chin and throat spotted. 
g'". Flanks spotted, as well as tlxe under 
tail-coverts, "with black. 


•>4. Back barred with white; flanks, 
abdomen, and under tail-coverts 
bright chestnut ; .. zonatits, p. 195T 
fl. Back streaked or spotted with white; 
flanks fulvous or Wily white. 
a5. Head dark brown ; back spotted 
with white conesi, p. 196. 
¥'. Head rufous; back longitudinally 
streaked with white brunneicapttlus, p. 197. 
/*'". Flanks barred with dusky blackihk. 

gl. Mantle barred with blackish and 
white; the hind neck streaked v> ith 
black and white. 


c"\ Under tail-coverts spotted with 
black; flanks and under tail-
coverts rufous-buff brevirostris, p. 198* 

d3. Under tail-coverts barred with 
black. 
a6. Bill smaller; culmen not exceeding 
0-85 inch. 
a7. General colour browner, especially 
the head megahpterus, p. 199. 
b7. General colour very light ashy 
grey, the head especially .. balteatus, p. 200. 
¥. Bill much larger; culmen 1 -151*
2 inch fasciatus, p. 201. 

^4 

. Mantle streaked with white, as well 
as the hind neck. 


eF>. Head brown; tail brown, with 
blackish mottlings on the edge of 
the centre feathers; bill 1*15Inch 
long gutiatvs, p. 202. 

f5. Head ashy; nape rufescent; tail-
feathers black, notched with 
white on either web nuc/ialis, p. 208. 

7i". Throat white; fore neck spotted with 
black; head not uniform, giey streaked 
with black; ear-coverts white, with a 
narrow line of black along the upper 
edge pardus, p. 204. 

1. Campylorhynclrus griseus. 
Fimiarius griseus, Sivains. An. in Menag. p. 16; Gray, Gen. B. i. 
p. 132. 
Campylorhynchus griseus, Cab. in ScJwmb. Heis. Guian. iii. p. 074 * 
Scl. $ JSalv, Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 5. ' 
Heleodytes 
griseus, Cab. Mm. Hein. Th. i. p. 80; Sclater, JP Z S 
1856, p. 97 ; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 16; Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1870* 

p. 783; Beh. Orn. Bras. pp. 48, 414; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 321. ' 
Buglodytes albicilius, Bp. Compt. Rendus, xxxviii. p. 57. 
Donaco'bins griseus, Gray, Hand-l. J?, i. p. 192, no. 2631. 
Adtdt. Head, neck, and mantle black, the feathers of the latter 
margined with rufous-brown, resembling the back, which is rufous


29. CAMTTLOBnrNcnus. 
187 

brown ; unclcr tail-coverts rufous-brown, with fulvous notches on 
the outer web of the external ones; least wing-coverts blackish 
brown ; remainder of the coverts and quills deep brown, externally 
rufous-brown, duller on the primaries ; tail-feathers dark brown, 
edged with rufous-brown towards the base of the feathers, all but 
the centre tail-feathers with a broad subterminal band of white, 
enlarging towards the outermost feather; a broad white eyebrow, 
extending from the base of the bill to the side of the nape ; lores, 
hinder margin of eyelid, and a broad band along the upper margin 
of the ear-coverts blackish brown ; eyelid, sides of face, cheeks, ear-
coverts, and entire under surface of body white, the sides of the body 
and under tail-eoverts pale ochreous buff; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries white ; quills ashy brown below, rufescent along the edge 
of the inner web; " iris brown or yellow v (A. Goerhuj); " iris 
white" (C. W. Wyatt). Total length 8-8 inches, cuimen 1-2, 
wing 3*6, tail 3*5, tarsus 1-25. 

A specimen in Messrs. Salvin and Godman's collection has a few 
spots of brown on the flanks, and is probably a younger bird. 
The Large Cactus-Wren is an inhabitant of Colombia. 

a. Ad. sk. New Granada. Purchased. 
2. Campylorhynclras minor. 
Heleodytes minor, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 80; Sol. Cat. Amer. B. 
p. 16 ; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 563. 
Donacobitis minor, Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 192, no. 2033. 
Adult (Trinidad). General colour above rufous, the wing-coverts 
like the back; primary-coverts dull rufous, with a few obsolete 
dusky bars; quills dark brown, externally rufous like the back, with 
an appearance of dusky bars on the outer web, the primaries having 
the appearance of being barred with pale fulvous; tail-feathers 
brown, barred with blackish, about sixteen bars being discernible 
on the centre feathers, the remainder of the feathers blackish, 
externally brown, barred with dusky and tipped with white, the 
white ending increasing towards the outer feathers, which have 
dusky bars on the outer web; head blackish brown; over the eye a 
broad streak of white; sides of face also white, the upper part of the 
ear-coverts blackish, forming a broad streak ; under surface of body 
white, fulvescent on the flanks and under tail-coverts ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white ; quills dusky brown below, light rufous 
along the edge of the inner web. Total length 6*7 inches, wing 3*05, 
tail 3, tarsus 1*05. (Mus. P. L. Sclater.) 

The Lesser Cactus-Wren inhabits "Venezuela and Trinidad, but 
does not seem to be very distinct as a species from the foregoing one. 

3. Campylorhynchus bicolor. 
? Heleodytes griseus, Baird, Rev. Amer. B. p. 96 (nee Swains.). 
Heleodytes bicolor, Pelz. Ibis, 1875, p. 330. 

General colour above and the wings externally dull brown ; fore


188 TIMELIIDiE. 

head and tips of the feathers of the rump slightly rufescent; a 

superciliary streak drawn from the nostrils to ihe nape; whole of 

the belly and lower wing-coverts white; tail-feathers obscure 

brown, the two middle ones uniform, the rest with a white subter


minal band, decreasing in breadth from the outer reetrix to the 

middle ones, not reaching the margin of the outer web in the fourth 

feather on each side (that one next to the middle ones); bill black, 

pale below; feet horn-coloured. Total length 7|", wing 3" 11'", 

tail 4", bill from front 11£"', from gape 15§"', tarsus 15"'; the white 

band on the outermost feather 1", on the fourth 7'", on the fifth 

3"'~(n'" broad. (Pekehi.) 

PeLseln's Cactus-Wren is stated to be from Spanish Guiana. It 
was only known from the description given by Hcrr von Pelzeln 
(I.e.), who remarks that it is similar to II. (/riseus, but is larger, the 
upper suriaee and the wings externally being uniform dull brown. 
A specimen of Schomburgk's seems, however, to belong to this species, 
which must therefore also inhabit British Guiana. 


a. Ad. sk. British Guiana. Baron Schomburgk [0.]. 
4. Campylorhynchus alMbnumens. 
Heleodytes albobrumieus, Later. Ibis, 1802, p. 10; id. Ann. Lyc. New 
York, Mi. p. 470; Sol. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1804, p. 344. 
Campylorliynchus albibrunneus, Baird, Bevieto Amer. B. p. 98; Sel. 
§ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neoir. p. 5* Said. St Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., 
Aves, i. p. 03. 
Donacobius albobrunneus, Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 103, no. 2032. 

Adult. General colour above dark brown, with narrow shaft-
streaks of whity brown or whitish ; least wing-eoverts dark brown, 
like the back; rest of wing-coverts and quills light brown ; tail 
dark brown; head all round, sides of face, throat, and underparts 
pure white, the thighs externally brown• under tail-coverts 
white, barred with blackish brown, more or less tinged with reddish 
brown; under tail-coverts and axillaries.white, slightly mottled 
with brown bases; quills dark brown below, ashy brown "along the 
edge of the inner web. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 3*05, 
tail 3*3, tarsus 0*95. 

Younger birds are distinguished by more or less remains of brown 
feathers on the head; and the older birds appear to have the under 
tail-coverts buffy white, with only a few spots of dark brown. 

The Brown-and-White Cactus-Wren is only found on the Isthmus 
of Panama, where its range is also somewhat limited. 

a, Ad. sk. Isthmus of Panama. J. JVFCleannan, Esq. [C.]. 

5. Campylorhynclras variegatus. 
Variegated Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii.wpt. i. p. 29. 
Turdus variegatus, Gin. Syst. Nat. i. p. 817. 
Turdus scolopaeeus, Licht. Verz. Doubl, p. 39. 
Campyloiliynchus scolopaeeus, Spiv, Av. Bras. i. p. 77, pi. 79.fio* 1 • 
Lafr. Bev. Zool. 1840, p. 94; Sclater, Pr. Plilad. Aead.Vm. p. 264'. 
Picolaptes scolopaeeus, Lafr, Bev. Zool. 1833, pi. 46. 

29 . CAMPYLOKIirNCTXTJS. 18 9 
Kampilorhynchus scolopaeens, Less. Bev. Zool 1843, p. 326. 
Campylorhynclius variegatus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 159; Cab. Mm. 
Hein. i. p. 80; Barm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 131; Sclatei\ Cat. Amer. B. 

p. 10; Gray, lland-l B. i. p. 102, no. 2034; Peh. Orn. Bras. 
pp. 49, 414; Scl. $ Salv. Nomenal. Av. JSreotr. p. 5. 
Adult. General colour above nearly uniform brown, the feathers 
margined with ashy brown, somewhat more rufescent on the lower 
back and rump ; upper tail-coverts barred with pale rufescent brown; 
tail nearly uniform, the feathers with pale rufous-brown indentations 
or margins on the outer web ; least wing-coverts like the back, 
and edged with ashy brown ; remainder of the wing-coverts and 
quills dark brown, edged or indented with rufous-brown; lores and 
a streak over the eye dull white; cheeks and ear-coverts white, 
mottled with dusky brown margins to the feathers; throat white, 
unspotted; remainder of under surface of body white, the sides and 
under tail-coverts pale rufous buff; the fore neck, breast, and abdomen 
spotted with dark brown, the sides of the body and under tail-
coverts barred with the same colour; under wing-covcrts and 
axillaries pale rufous-buff, spotted with darker brown ; quills dusky 
brown below, pale rufous-buff along the edge of the inner web; 
" upper mandible greyish brown, lower one whitish flesh-brown ; feet 
lead-colour ; iris reddish brown " (Prince Max. of Neuwied). Total 
length 8 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 3*55, tail $'5, tarsus 1*1. 

Young. Differs from the adult in having the mantle and back 
barred with dull whitish, as well as the wing-coverts; the lower 
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts narrowly barred with rufous; 
underneath, the throat is dull white, the spots on the breast are 
smaller, and the bars on the flanks and under tail-coverts are 
narrow. 

The Brazilian Cactus-"Wren inhabits Brazil and Amazonia. It 
appears to be most plentiful in the neighbourhood of Bahia. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Bahia. Purchased. 
c, d. Juv. sk. Brazil. Purchased. 
e. Ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased. 
/ . Imm. sk. Brazil. Purchased. 
6. Campylorhynclius hypostictus. 

Campylorhynclius hypostictus, Gouldj P. Z. S. 18-55, p. 08; Sclater, 
Proc. Phlad. Acad. 1850, A iii. p. 204; Scl $ Salv. P.Z. S. 1800, 

p. 178 ; Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 192, no. 2043; Scl $ Sa,o. Nomencl 
Av. Neotr. p. 5. 
Campylorhynclius stviaticollis, Scl P. Z. S. 1857, p. 272; id. Cat. 
Amer. B. p. 10; Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 192, no. 2051. 

Adult female. General colour above nearly uniform brown; the 
feathers of the upper surface margined with dull ashy, those of the 
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts with pale rufescent brown, 
the latter narrowly barred with blackish brown; tail-feathers 
uniform brown, with indications of dusky cross bars in certain 
lights, and remains of pale rufous edgings on some of the feathers; 
wing-coverts like the back, edged with dull ashy, the greater series 

100 
TJMELIIDJE. 

with pale rufous; primary-coverts uniform dusky brown; quills 
.dark brown, externally edged with pale rufous; lores, feathers 
round the eye, and a narrow eyebrow white; cheeks and ear-coverts 
dull white, the feathers edged with dusky brown, the upper edge of 
the latter blackish brown; a narrow moustachial line of blackish 
brown; under surface of body dull white; the throat and breast 
profusely spotted with blackish brown, the flanks barred with the 
same colour and slightly tinged with pale rufous; thighs dusky 
brown, with pale edgings; under tail-coverts light rufous-brown, 
barred with blackish brown; under wing-coverts dusky brown, 
streaked and spotted with blackish brown; quills dusky brown 
below, ashy fulvous along the edge of the inner web. Total length 
7-4 inches, culmen 0*95, wing 3'3, tail 3-2, tarsus 1. 

Adult male. Similar to the female in plumage. Total length 7-2 
inches, culmen 0*95, wing 3-15, tail 3-1, tarsus 1*05. (Alas. Salvin 
and Godman.) 

Gould's Cactus-Wren inhabits Upper Amazonia, whence it ranges 
into Colombia. 

a, $ ad. sk. Upper Ucayali, May 3,1805. Edward Bartlett, Esq. [C.]. 

b. 2 a(l- sk. Ucayali Eiver. II. W. Bates, Esq. [O.]. 
7. Campylorhynclras unicolor. 
Picolaptes scolopaceus, Lafr. et d'Orl. Mag. de Zool. 1837, p. 46 {nee 
Licht.). 
Anumbius scolopaceus, d'Orb. Voy. Amir. irUrid., Ois. p. 256 (nee 
Licht.). 
Campylorhynchus unicolor, Lafr. JRev. Zool. 1846, p. 93 ; Gray, Gen. 

B. i. p. 159; Bp. Consp. i. p. 223; Sclater, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1856, 
viii. p. 264; id. Cat. Amer. B.-p. 16; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 192, 
no. 2644; Pefo. Orn. Bras. pp. 49, 414; Scl.8fSah.Nomeyicl.Av. 
Neotr. p. 5; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 592. 
Campylorhynchus 
unicoloroides, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 316 (av. 
juv.); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 154; Bp. Consp. \. p. 2*23 ; Sclater, Pr. 
Philad. Acad. 1856, p. 264. 

Adult male. General colour above pale brown, quite uniform,, 
with the exception of a few dark-brown centres to some of the 
feathers of the crown; hind neck and mantle slightly washed 
with ochreous brown; least wing-coverts like the back, the median 
and greater series brown, margined with ashy fulvous; quills dark 
brown, edged externally with clearer fulvous, the inner secondaries 
with ashy fulvous; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers margined 
with pale ashy fulvous, both on the outer and inner web of the 
rectrices; lores and an eyebrow creamy buff; ear-coverts and sides 
of face buffy white, the former brown along the upper margin; 
throat buffy white, deeper fulvous, or light fulvous brown; 
moustache and sides of throat faintly tinged with deeper fulvous; 
on the sides of the breast a few faintly indicated spots of dusky, 
as also on the lower flanks; under tail-coverts fulvous, very distinctly 
spotted with dark brown, and extending across some of the 

191 

29 . CAMPYiOEHYNCHUS. 
feathers so as to look like bars; under wing-coverts and axillarios 
fulvous, inclining to pale fawn-buff; quills brown below, ashy 
fulvous along the edge of the inner web. Total length 8 inches, 
culmen 0*9, wing 3*45, tail 3*3, tarsus 1*1. (Mus. P. L. Sclater.) 

The Brown Cactus-Wren is known from Western Brazil and 
Bolivia. 

a. Ad. &k. Bolivia. Mr. Bridges [C.]. 
8. CampylorliyiLclius capistratus. 
Picolaptes capistrata, Less, Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 174; Les Murs, Icon. 
Orn. pi. 63. 
Campylorhynchus capistratus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 159 * Bp. Consp. 

i. p. 243; Sclater, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1856, p. 264; Sclater, 
P. Z. S. 1859, pp. 363, 371; Scl $ Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 8; G. C. 
Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. 317; Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 104; Salv. 
3is, 1866, p. 202 ; Laior. Ann. Lyc. N. T. ix. p. 92; Gray, JIand4. 
B. i. p. 192, no. 2041; Scl. $r Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 5; Salvin 
fy Godman, Biol. Centr.-Atner., Aves, i. p. 64. 
Campylorhynchus rufmticha, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 339, 1846, 

p. 94; Less. Descr. Mamm. et Ois. p. 285; Salv. Ibis, I860, 
p. 191; Baird, Rev. Amer. B. i. p. 105; Salv. Ibis, 1866, p. 191; 
Scl. Sf Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 5. 

Heleodytes capistratus, Cab. J. f. 0.1860, p. 409. 

Troglodytes (Campylorhynchus) cervicalis, Licht. fide Cab.J.f.O. 

1860, p. 409. 

Adult (Savana Grande, Guatemala). General colour above bright 
chestnut-brown, the scapulars varied with half-concealed spots and 
streaks of white flanked by larger spots of black; wing-coverts 
chestnut-brown, barred with black, and having whitish shaft-lines ; 
primary-coverts blackish brown, notched externally with chestnut; 
quills blackish brown, notched on the outer web with chestnut-brown, 
inclining to buffy white, the inner secondaries mottled and barred 
with chestnut-brown; upper tail-coverts chestnut-brown, barred 
with black, the rufous interspaces inclining to ashy fulvous on, many 
of the coverts ; centre tail-feathers blackish, barred with brown on 
the outer web, the tips ashy brown, mottled with blackish and having 
a broad subterminal bar of black; the remainder of the tail-feathers 
black, ashy at the tips and subterminally white, with a black spot 
before the end of the outer web, which has also slight indications of 
whitish notches, larger on the outermost feather; a very broad 
white eyebrow from the base of the bill to the side of the nape ; 
]ores and a streak along the upper margin of the ear-coverts black; 
sides of face and under surface of body creamy white, inclining to 
buff on the flanks ; under wing-coverts and axillarios pure white ; 
quills dusky brown below, ashy white along the edge of the inner 
web. Total length 6*8 inches, culmen 0*95, wing 2*85, tail 2*7, 
tarsus 0*95. (Mus. Salv in and Godman.) 


Obs. Like Messrs. Sal vin and Godman, I cannot believe in the G. 
rufinucha of Prof. Baird being a distinct species from (7. capistratus, 
and I consider it very probably only a younger stage of the latter 
species. It differs from O. capistratus, as described above, in having 

192 
TIMELIIDJS. 

the entire upper surface streaked with white and mottled with black 
spots, which impinge on the central white markings; on the mantle 
the white spots are rufcscent, on the lower back they take the form 
of long streaks bordered on each side with black ; the hind neck is 
uniform chestnut. Such are the differences shown in a specimen lent 
to me by Messrs. Salvin and Godman from Costa Eica (Oarmiol). 
This bird they have compared with Baird's type of G. nifinucha, 
which it resembles on the back; but the latter has a few scattered 
spots on the Hanks and a barred orissum. Guatemalan specimens 
in the Salvin and Godman collection have remains of both the dorsal 
spotting and the spotted flanks and under tail-coverts, and in one 
bird the latter are barred, so that these markings are evidently not 
specific characters, but disappear. Even if the idea that they are 
merely indications of age be unaccepted, and the Costa-Bica bird be 
considered a distinct race, it could never be separated specifically, on 

account of the complete gradation of intermediate links afforded by 
the Guatemalan series. 

The Chestnut-backed Cactus-Wren is only found in Central 
America, where it inhabits the outskirts of forests and open country, 
from the sea-level up to about 3000 feet elevation. It occurs 
from the State of Yera Cruz in Mexico to Costa Eica. 

a. Ad. sk. Guatemala. Eyton Collection. 
b. Ad. sk. Eealejo, Nicaragua. G. Barclay, ESQ. [C.]. 
9. Campylorhynchus humilis. 

Campylorhynckus humilis, Sclater, Troc, Acad. Nat, Soi. Fhilad. 
1856, p. 263; Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 107 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. 

p. 193, no. 2657; Sumichr. Mem. Bost. Soc. AT. II. i. p. 545; Later. 
op. cit. ii. p. 2Q7 ; id. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. iv. p. 13 ; Scl # 
Salv, Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 5 ; Salv. §* Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer.}
Aves, i. p. 05. 
Campylorhynchus rufmucha, 
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 192, no. 2645 
(nee Lafi\). 
Aditlt. General colour above light brown, mottled with white 
streaks on the back, nowhere very distinct, the white streaks 
having blackish-brown spots on each side, imparting a somewhat 
barred appearance; least wing-coverts like the back ; median 
and greater coverts brown, barred with white and black and varied 
with central triangular spots of white; primary-coverts uniform 
brown; quills brown, notched with buffy white on the outer web, 
producing a barred appearance, the inner secondaries barred right 
across the feathers; upper tail-coverts brown, barred with blackish 
and more narrowly with white ; tail-feathers ashy brown, narrowly 
tipped with whitish, and barred across with blackish brown, about 
seven dark bars being recognizable; remainder of tail-feathers black, 
notched with white on the outer web, and having a broad bar of 
white near the tip of the inner web; all the feathers with a subterminal 
bar of ashy brown, the outer feather barred with white for 
the terminal third; head chestnut-brown, the hind neck chestnut 
the feathers of the forehead and the crown black with chestnut 
edgings; a broad eyebrow buffy white, surmounted by a narrow 

20. cAMPYLoflnYNi'inrs. 
193 

lino of black; lores dusky ; feathers round tho eye, sides of face, and 
ear-coverts buffy white, the upper margin of "the latter chestnut 
streaked with black; cheeks white, separated from the throat by a 
narrow black moustachial streak ; under surface of body creamy 
white, the under tail-coverts barred with black; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries white; quills ashy brown below, lighter ashy along* 
the edge of the inner web ; " bill blackish, basal half of lower 
mandible and feet light plumbeous ; iris bright brick-red w (SicmicJirast). 
Total length 5S inches, culnien 0*9, wing 2-7, tail 2-4, 
tarsus 0*85. 


Sclater's Cactus-Wren inhabits "Western Mexico, from Mazatlan 
to Tehuantepec. 

a. Ad. sk. Mexico. 
Purchased. 
10. Campylorhynchns jocosus. 
Campylorhynchus jocosus, 
Sclater, P. Z. S. I860, p. 371; id. Cat. 
Amer. B. p. 17, pi. 3; Balrd, llemeio Amer. B. p. 106; Gray, 
Hand-l. B. i. p. 1J)2, no. 2(548; Lawr. Bull U.S. Nat. Mus. no. iv. 

p. 13; Sclater $• Sale. Nomencl. AD. Neotr. p. 5 ; Sah. <$* Godm. 
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aoes, i. p. GO. 
Adult. General colour above light brown, varied with white 
streaks and black spots, the streaks widening into triangular marks, 
flanked by black spots, producing a somewhat barred appearance ; 
rump and upper tail-coverts light brown, barred with dusky brown 
and whitish; wing-coverts like the back; quills dusky brown, 
notched with fulvous, producing a barred appearance, the inner 
secondaries barred across, the light notches on the outer web being 
tinged with rufous; two centre tail-feathers ashy brown, barred 
with dusky brown, more broadly on the outer web; remainder of 
the tail-feathers blackish brown, tipped with ashy, with a broad 
subterminal bar of white, the outer web notched with white, producing 
a chequered appearance; outer tail-feather barred with white 
on the inner web also, the others edged or minutely notched near 
the tip; crown of head blackish, the feathers with obsolete margins 
of ashy brown, the nape clearer brown; a very broad and distinct 
eyebrow from the base of the bill to the side of the nape; lores 
black; ear-coverts and sides of face white, with a broad streak of 
dark brown along the upper margin of the former; sides of neck 
streaked with black and white; cheeks white, separated from the 
throat by a narrow moustachial line of black; throat pure white; 
remainder of under surface of body white, spotted with black, those 
on the breast and fore neck smaller and more rounded, those on the 
flanks more in the form of bars; lower flanks and under tail-coverts 
slightly tinged with rufous-brown and barred with blackish brown ; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries whitish, mottled with blackish 
bases to the feathers ; quills dusky brown below, fulvescent along the 
edge of the inner web; " bill blackish; feet dusky ash; iris red-
brown" (SiwiivJimst). Total length 6-4 inches, culmen 1, wing 3, 
tail 2*85, tarsus 0*95. 

VOL. vi. 
° 

TIMELIIDiE. 

Boucard's Cactus-Wren is confined to Mexico, where it has a 
limited range, from Tehuacan to Oaxaca. • 

a. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
11. Campylorhynclras gularis. (Plate XII. fig. 2.) 
Campylorhynclms gularis, Selafer, P. Z. S. 1800, p. 4G2; JSaird, 
Review Amer. B. p. 109 ; Sclater, Cat Amer. B. p. 17; Gray, 
Hand-l B. i. p. 192, no. 2053; Scl. §' Salv. Nomenoh Av. Neotr. p. 5 ; 
Salv. $ Godm. Biol Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 06. 

Adult. General colour above reddish brown, streaked with white, 
the white streaks edged with black and very distinct on the hind 
neck; the back also streaked with white, but more mottled, the 
spots being diamond-shaped and having a large black spot on each 
side; upper tail-coverts tawny brown, barred with narrow cross 
lines of white and dusky brown, more distinct on the outer ones; 
wing-coverts brown, barred with blackish brown, and having triangular 
spots of white ; quills brown, barred with pale reddish brown 
and black on the outer webs, the pale bars inclining to white on the 
edge of the primaries ; inner secondaries mottled across with dusky 
brown, all the others uniform brown on the inner web; centre tail-
feathers pale ashy brown, with a whitish tip, very faintly freckled 
with blackish-brown cross bars, many of them broken up and having 
the appearance of spots; remainder of tail-feathers dusky brown, 
with a broad ending of ashy white, the outer webs barred with 
blackish and dull white, many of the light bars tinged with rufous ; 
outer tail-feathers more distinctly barred, the bars extending to 
the inner web; crown of head dull rufous-brown, the feathers 
pointed with paler reddish-brown tips; a very broad fulvous eyebrow, 
extending from the base of the bill to the side of the nape; 
lores dusky; ear-coverts dull whitish, the upper margin reddish 
brown; cheeks white, separated from the throat by a narrow moustachial 
line ; throat and fore neck white, unspotted ; rest of under 
surface pale tawny buff, the centre of the abdomen buffy white, 
without spots ; sides of breast with small spots of black, larger and 
more inclining to bars on the flanks, which have indications also of 
white bars; under tail-coverts tawny buff, with a few black spots; 
thighs reddish brown, barred with buffy white like the sides of the 
vent; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, washed slightly with 
brown; quills dull brown below, mottled with whitish along the 
inner web, as well as the outer one. Total length 7 inches, culmen 
0-8, wing 2-75, tail 345, tarsus 0*9. 

Obs. I have compared the specimen in the British Museum with 
the type in Dr. Sclater's collection, and find that it is not only identical, 
but that it was evidently prepared by the same hands. It 
may be, therefore, as Mr. Salvin suggests, that the collector of these 
specimens was Ploresi, who collected in Central Mexico, which may 
perhaps be the habitat of the species. 

a, Ad. sk. Mexico. J. Gould, Es<£. 

29 . CAMPYLORTITNCinTS. 19 5 
12. Campylorhynclms zonatus. 
Picolaptes zonatus, Less. Cent. Zool, pi. 70; Lafr. Lev. Zool. 1840, 
p. 94. 
Campylorhynclms zonatus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 159; Bp. Consp. i. 
p. 223; Cab. Mas. Hem. Th. I. p. 80 ; &kl. Br. Bhilacl Acad. 1850, 
p. 204; id. P. Z. & 1850, p. 290, 1859, p. 303; ticl. $ Sale. Ibis, 
1800, p. 29; Scl Cat. Amer. B. p. 17; Laird, Review Amer. B. 
p. 104; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 192, no. 2030; Lator. Ann. Lya. 
. 
N. Y. ix. p. 92 ; Sumiohr. Mem. Lost.tioc. N. II. ii. p. 545; Bel. $ 
Bah. NomencL AD. Ncotr. p. 5; Laior. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mas. no. iv. 

p. 13 ; Boucard, P. Z, B. 1878, p. 51; Bah. ty Godm. Biol. Centra 
Amer., Ares, i. p. 08. 
Campylorhynekus 
nigriceps, Sclater, P. Z. B, 1800, p. 401; id. Cat 
Amer. B. p. 18; Baird^ Meview Amer. B. p. 109; Gray, Iland-l B. 

i. p. 193, no. 2054. 
Adult male (Parita, Costa Rica, April 5, 1807 ,f J, Carmiol). 
Head ashy grey, mottled with blackish bases to the feathers ; nape 
slightly tinged with rufous; mantle spotted with wjiite and black, 
as well as the sides of the neck, the feathers white down the centre, 
with black spots on each side of the central marks, producing a 
streaked appearance; remainder of the back and scapulars barred 
with black and dull white, the lower back and rump tinged with 
rufous and more obscurely barred ; the upper tail-coverts also tinged 
with rufous and more broadly barred with black; wing-coverts barred 
with black and white like the back ; quills blackibh, the primaries 
notched externally with white, the inner secondaries barred across 
with white; tail-feathers light brown, barred across with blackish 
brown, the light bars becoming fulvous on the margins of the 
feathers, the outer ones barred across with huffy white; a narrow 
white eyebrow running from the base of the bill to the sides of the 
neck; sides of the face dull white, streaked with blackish, the 
upper rnargin of the ear-coverts rufous-brown; throat and breast 
pure white, with large rounded spots of black, rather smaller on the 
sides of the breast; abdomen, sides of body, thighs, and under tail-
coverts chestnut, the latter spotted with black; under wing-coverts 
dull white, spotted with black; axillaries pale chestnut, streaked 
with black; quills dusky brown below, notched with white on the 
inner web; " upper mandible black, lower one horny ; feet yellowish 
olive; iris cinnamon-red" (Sumichrast). Total length 7 inches, 
culmen 0*9, wing 2*9, tail 3, tarsus 0*9. (Mus. Salvin and Godman.) 
Young. (C. nigriceps, Sclater.) Differs from the adult in being 
more rufous in colour, the spots on the mantle being fulvous and 
very large, the tail-feathers also notched with fulvous ; sides of face-
and underparts duller than in the adult, the feathers narrowly 
margined with dusky brown. It is especially distinguished, however, 
by its uniform black head. 
The Eufous-bellied Cactus-Wren is an inhabitant of Central 
America, where it extends from Southern Mexico to Guatemala and 

Costa Eica. 
a, b. Ad, sk. 
c. Ad., d. Juv. sk. 
e,f. Ad. sk. 
Central America. 
Costa Eica. 
Mexico. 
Purchased. 
Mr.VanPatten[C.], 
Purchased. 
o2 

196 TIMEL3XD-E. 

13. Campylorhynchiis couesi*. 
Picolaptes brunneicapillus (nee Lafr.), Laior. Ann. Lyc. Neio York, 

v. p. 114; Baird in Stansbunfs Mep. p. 327; Ileerm. Journ, Acad. 
PMlad. 1853, p. 2G3; Cass. Ill B. Calif. § Texas, p. loG, pi. 25. 
Campylorhynchus "brunneicapillus, Sclater, Proc. Acad. PMlad. 1850, 
p. 204; Baird, North Amer. Birds, 1858, p. 3oo; Sclater, Cat. 
Amer. B. p. 17; Baird, Heview Amer. B. p. 99 ; Dresser, Ibis, 1805, 
p. 483; Coues, Proc. Acad. PMlad. 1800, p. 77, 1868, p. 83; 
Cooper, B. Calif, p. 61; ScL # Sah. Nomencl At. Neotr. p. 5; 
Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. Bo; Baird, Brewer, Sf Bidgw. North-
Amer. B*. i. p. 132, pi. 8. ftg. 5; Henshaw, Zool. Eapl W. 100 
3/erid. 1870, p. 178; Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 157; Sah. $ Godm. 
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. G7f. 
Adult [male]* General colour above ashy brown, barred across 
with dusky brown, and varied with triangular spots of white, which 
are flanked with blackish markings, producing a barred appearance ; 
wing-coverts like the back, and marked in the same manner; primary-
coverts dark brown, washed with ashy on the outer web and 
notched with white towards the ends ; quills sepia-brown, chequered 
with small white notches on the outer web, the secondaries mottled 
with ashy brown and barred with blackish on the outer web; all 
the quills narrowly tipped with whity brown; upper tail-coverts 
ashy grey, barred with blackish brown; centre tail-feathers brown, 
indistinctly barred with blackish brown, and inclining to ashy 
brown at the tip; remainder of tail-feathers blackish, edged with 
ashy brown near the base of the outer web and at the end of the 
feather, which has a broad subterminal bar of white near the end 
of the inner web, the white bars two in number on the penultimate 
feather, the external one being barred with white for its whole 
extent, the basal bars being narrower; head dark chocolate-brown, 
slightly mottled with blackish bases to the feathers; a broad white 
eyebrow extending from the base of the bill to the sides of the 
nape; lores blackish; ear-coverts dull white, streaked with blackish, 
the upper margin chocolate-brown; throat white, thickly mottled 
with black spots, all the feathers broadly edged with black as far 
as the fore neck; breast creamy white, with pear-shaped spots of 
black all over it, becoming smaller on the flanks, which are light 
tawny buff, like the abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts; under 
tail-coverts white, washed with tawny buff at the base, with largo 
heart-shaped spots of black; under wing-coverts dull white, the 

* It is strange that Lafresnaye's name should have been so long used for 
this species, in spite of the statements made by Professor Baird and Dr. Coues 
respecting the disagreement of the description with the bird usually called 
C. brunneicapillus. Thus Lafresnaye describes his Picolaptes brunneicapillus 
from "California" with the back coloured as follows:—"Parseme\ depuis la 
nuqne, des stries blanches, longitudinales et lin<§aires, occupant le milieu des 
plumes." This does not agree with the Texan bird, but with C. affims. His 
figure is irrecognizable. 
t For other references to this species in different Survey reports, cf. Coues. B. 

Color. Vail p. 157. 

29 . CAMPI'LOKIIYNOnUS. 
197 

axillaries washed with tawny buff, all of them mottled with blackish 
bases to the feathers; quills ashy browu below, chequered with 
white spots along the inside of the irmor web; "bill blackish; 
lower mandible dull light bluish at the base ; legs flax-brown ; iris 
reddish brown" (If. E. Dresser). Total length 7*3 inches, culmen 
1, wing 3-35, tail 3*4, tarsus 1*05. (21 us. Salvin Sf Godman.) 

Adult female. Quite like the male, but the spots on the throat 
and breast rather smaller, therefore less crowded and less strongly 
contrasting with the sparso speckling of the rest of the underparts, 
(Cooes, B. Color. Vail. p. 15G.) 

Young. A newly fledged specimen is very similar to the adult in 
the upper parts, but the throat is whitish, with little speckling, 
and there are scarcely any spots on the rest of the underparts, 
which are, however, as decidedly cinnamon, as those of the adults. 


(Cones, I. c.) 

The Cactus-Wren is found in the Southern United States, in the 
valleys of the Bio Grande and Colorado, Southern California, Utah, 
and Nevada, ranging into Mexico, where it is common along the 
northern frontier, and extends to the vicinity of the city of Mexico 
itself. 


a. $ ad. sk. Larido, Texas, Feb. 28,1867, Smithsonian Institution [P.]. 
(Dr. II. B. Butcher). 
14. Campylorhynchus prunneicapillus. 
Picolaptes brunneicapillus, Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1833, Oiseaux, pi. 47. 
Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 94; 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 159; Bp. Consp. i. p. 223. 

Campylorhynchus affinis, Xantus, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 298 ; 
Bawd, t. c. p. 303; iSclater, Cat. Amer.B. p. 17; Baird, Review 
Amer. B. p. 100; JElliot, New and Tinfig. B. N. Amer. I pi. iv.; 
Cooper, Orn. Calif, p. 62; Cozies, Key N. Amer. B. p. 85; Baird, 
Brewer, 8? Ridgw. N.-Amer. B. i. p. 133. 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above ashy 
brown, longitudinally streaked with white, each of these white 
streaks laterally bordered with black; the mantle a little darker 
than the back; least wing-coverts ashy brown, like the back, and 
streaked in the same manner; median and greater coverts ashy 
brown, barred with dusky brown and ashy or whity brown, a few 
of the greater series having a triangular white spot near the tip; 
primary-coverts and quills dark brown, notched with whity brown 
or ashy white on the outer webs, producing a barred appearance, 
extending right across the innermost secondaries; upper tail-coverts 
ashy brown, barred across with dusky brown; two centre tail-
feathers pale ashy brown, barred and mottled with dark brown, 
about nine dark bars being perceptible on them; remainder of the 
tail-feathers chequered with black and white, being broadly barred 
with white on the inner web, and having a square spot of white on 
the outer one, the white spots and bars not being conterminous; 

TIMELIIDiE. 

198 

the feathers next to the middle ones shaded tnth ashy; head chestnut-
brown, varied with paler tips to the feathers, producing a somewhat 
spotted appearance; lores dull white, mottled with dusky 
bases to the feathers; over the eye a very distinct superciliary 
streak, stretching from the base of the nostril to the side of the nape, 
and fringed on its upper margin with a narrow edging of black, 
which separates it from the crown; ear-coverts dull white, streaked 
with black, with which colour the feathers are edged; cheeks white, 
streaked with a few blackish edgings to the feathers; under surface 
of body white, the abdomen and flanks tinged with buff, the whole 
lower surface spotted with black; the spots on the throat and chest 
confused and rather blotched, those on the breast and abdomen 
pcar-skapoci and very distinct, smaller on the abdomen ; under tail-
coverts white, with large black spots; thighs brown, mottled with 
dusky bases to the feathers; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
white, spotted with black; quills ashy brown below, with large 
white spots on the inner web, imparting a barred appearance to the 
lower surface of the wing; " iris brown r (A. Forrer). Total length 
7*1 inches, culmen 1, wing 3*25, tail 3*2, tarsus 1*15. 

Adult female in breeding-plumage. Similar to the male in colour. 
Total length 7*2 inches, culmen 1, wing 3*2, tail 3*1, tarsus 1*1. 

Winter plumage. Not different in any particular degree from the 
summer plumage, beyond the fact that both sexes are perhaps a 
little lighter coloured and have the spots on the under surface a 
little smaller. 

Nestling male. Distinguished from the adult birds by the blackish 
head. The general style of plumage is the same, but it is rather 
more reddish and is more spotted, the back, instead of being streaked, 
having triangular white spots on the feathers, which are also barred 
with dusky blackish. The under surface of the body is like the 
adult, but the blotchings on the throat and chest are broken up, so 
that these parts appear more spotted. 

Nestling female. Similar to the nestling male, but a little more 
reddish brown above, the head clearer brown than in the foregoing. 
Xantus's Cactus-Wren is confined to Lower California. 

a. $ ad. sk. La Paz, Lower California,
Jan, 15. 
A. Forrer [0.]. 
b. # ad. sk.
$ ad. sk.
d. <$ ad. sk.
hf 6 $ pull. sk.
c. 
La Paz, March 27. 
La Paz, A.pril 21. 
La Paz, Dec. 20. 
La Paz, April 15. 
A. Forrer [C.l. 
A. Forrer C.l. 
A. Forrer [C.J. 
A. Forrer [O.J. 

15. Campylorhynchus brevirostris. 
Campylorhynchus 
brevirostris, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 339; id. 
Rev. Zool 1846, p. 94, juv.; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 159; Bp. Consp. 

i. p. 223; Sclater, Pr. Philad. Acad. 185G, p. 204 : Gray, Uand-L 
B. i. p. 192, no. 2G38. 
Campylorhynchus zonatoides, 
Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 92; Gray, 
Gen. B, l. p. 159; Bp. Consp. i. p. 223; Sclater, Pr. Philad. Acad. 

29. CAMPYLORnr^cnTis. 
199 

185G, p. 264 ; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 17; id. P. Z. S.1807, p. 13/5; 
Gray, ifcwi<M. P. i. p. 11)2, no. 2037; flfyafc, Ibis, 1871, p. 081 • 
ScL $ 8ah. Notnend. AD. JVeotr. p. 6. 

Adult male (vicinity of Bogota; S. Crowthor). General colour 
above whity "brown, the feathers broadly banded with blackish 
brown; hind neck and mantle slightly tinged with reddish; head 
ashy brown, mottled with blackish centres to the feathers, which 
are black, edged with ashy grey ; wing-coverts resembling the back, 
blackibh, barred across with dull white, the greater coverts having 
two whitish bands besides a white tip; primary-coverts and quills 
blackish brown, notched with white on the outer web, the inner 
secondaries barred across with whitish; centre tail-feathers ashy 
brown with blackish cross bars, incomplete in the centre of the 
feathers, the light interspaces whitish on the extreme margin; the 
remainder of the tail-feathers blackish, mottled with blackish spots 
on the outer web, and notched on both webs with dull white, forming 
bars on the outermost feathers, which are ashy at the tip; a 
very narrow eyebrow, running from the base of the bill to the side 
of the nape, very indistinct; lores dusky; sides of face buffy white, 
mottled with blackish edges to the feathers, the upper margin of 
the ear-coverts dull brown ; under surface of body buffy white, inclining 
to tawny buff on the abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts ; 
the throat with rounded spots of black, decreasing in size and 
number towards the abdomen, which is almost unspotted, the under 
tail-coverts again spotted with black; flanks and thighs barred with 
blackish brown; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale tawny buff, 
spotted with blackish brown; quills dusky brown below, edged with 
white along the inner web. Total length 7*3 inches, culmen 0*95, 
wing 3*2, tail 3-25, tarsus 1. (Mas. Scdvin & Godman.) 

Young. Differs from the adult in being more fulvous above, in 
having the head blackish; the mantle not barred, but spotted with 
large buffy whitish markings; centre tail-feathers nearly uniform, 
the dark bars on all indistinct, and the pale notches fulvous instead 
of dull white : the under surface of the body not spotted, but barred 
with dusky margins to the feathers; sides of body, abdomen, and 
under tail-coverts tawny buff, with a few blackish spots and bars, 
the latter mesially streaked with blackish. 

Lafresnaye's Cactus-Wren is entirely confined to New Granada. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Bogota, New Granada. Purchased. 
c. (S juv. sk. Bogota. Purchased. 
d. Ad. sk. New Granada. Purchased. 

16. Campylorhynclms megaloptenis. 
Oampylorhynchus megalopterus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 339,1846, 

p. 94 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 159 ; DesMurs, Icon. Orn. pi. 54; Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 223; Scl Br. Bhilad. Acad. 1856, p. 264; id. P. Z. S. 
1858, p. 298, 1859, pp. 303, 371; id. Oat. Amer. B. p. 17; Gray, 
Hand-l. B. i. p. 192, no. 2039. 
Oampylorhynchus pallescens, Lafr. Rev. Zool 1846, p. 93; Gray, 

TIMELIID^. 

Gen. B. i. p. 159 ; Bp. Camp. i. p. 223; Baiirl, Review Amer, B, 

p. 101; Sumichr. Mem. Bust Soc. i. p. o44; Gray, Iland-L B. i. 
p. li)2, no. 2(U0; Set.fytied v. Komend. Ao. Xeotr. p. o; tfalv. fy 
Godm. Biol Centr.-Amen, Aces, i. p. 09. 
Campylorliynelms pallidum Qaj)8u), Lafv. Rev, Zool 1840, p. 94 

Adult. General colour above ashy, barred with blackish brown, 
the ashy whitish bars slightly tinged with fulvous; head entirely 
ashy brown, mottled with blackish-brown bases to the feathers; 
hind neck and sides of neck streaked with black and white; scapulars 
and wing-coverts like the back, broadly barred with black 
and white; quills blackish brown, spotted with wiiite on the outer 
web, the inner secondaries tipped and barred across with ashy 
white; centre tail-feathers ashy brown, mottled with remains of 
blackish bars on the inner web, barred with black on the outer one; 
the outer feathers barred with white or ashy white; a distinct 
white eyebrow reaching from the base of the bill to the side of the 
nape; lores dusky ; sides of face dull white, mottled with blackish 

streaks, the upper edge of the ear-coverts blackish brown ; the 
checks separated from the throat by a narrow blackish moustachial 
line; under surface of body dull white, the flanks and abdomen 
washed with pale brownish; the throat and breast profusely 
spotted with dusky brown or blackish; the sides of the body, thighs, 
abdomen, and under tail-coverts barred with blackish brown, the 
thighs narrowly barred; under wing-coverts brownish white, 
spotted writh blackish brown, the axillaries faintly barred; quills 
dusky brown below, whitish along the edge of the inner web. 
Total length 7 inches, oilmen 0*85, wing 3*4, tail 3-3, tarsus 1-05. 

Young, Differs from the adult in having the head uniform black, 
and the plumage spotted instead of barred, the back being varied 
with large ovate spots of brownish wbite or ochraceous brown; eyebrow 
and sides of face pale fulvous brown, the whole of the under 
surface also tinged with this shade; throat dull white, unspotted ; 
the breast and undcrparts barred with blackish brown, with a few 
blackish spots on the breast. (Mus. Scdvin $ Godman.) 

The Grey Caclus-Wrcn inhabits the highlands of Southern Mexico, 
at a height of from 5000 to 6500 feet. 

a. <$ ad. sk. La Parada, Mexico. M. Salle [C."|. 
k Ad. sk. La Parada, Mexico. M. Boucard [C.1 
«• AcL sk. r^exico.] J. Gould, Eteq. 
d, e. Ad. sk. [Mexico.] Purchased. 

17. Campylorhynclnis balteatus. 
Oampylorhynchus zonatoides, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1800, p. 272 (necLafrX 
Campylorhynclnis pallescens, Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 10 (nee Lafr.). 
Oampylorhynchus balteatus, Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 103; Gray, 


llantU. B. i. p. 103, no. 2Qo5 j Scl $ Salv. Komend. Av. JSreoti\ 

p. 5; Toes. P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 319, 749. 
Adult General colour above pale; the head ashy grey, mottled 
with blackish centres to the feathers; hind neck streaked with 

201 

21). OAMPYLOIUlYNCXIirS. 

"black and white, the feathers having broad ovate centres of white ; 
entire mantle and hack barred with black and white, as well as the 
scapulars and wing-coverts ; quills blackish, notched with white on 
the outer web, the inner secondaries barred and tipped with whito; 
upper tail-coverts barred like the back; centre tail-feathers ashy-
brown, notched externally with white and barred with black, 
which, however, does not extend across the feathers ; remainder of 
the tail-feathers blackish brown, notched with white on both webs, 
the outer tail-feathers barred across with white ; lores and narrow 
eyebrow white ; cheeks and car-coverts dull white, streaked with 
pale brown, the feathers being edged with this colour; under 
surface of body dull white like the throat, browner on the flanks, 
and slightly rufescent on the under tail-coverts ; the throat faintly, 
and the fore neck and breast distinctly, spotted with blackish, the 
flanks barred with the same colour, the under tail-coverts very 
distinctly; under wing-coverts and axillarics dull white, spotted 
with dusky blackish; quills dusky brown below, white along the 
edge of the inner web ; " bill brownish above, flesh-colour beneath ; 
legs and feet yellowish ; iris reddish yellow" (L, Fraser); " iris 
rosy white" (Jehki). Total length 7*6 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 
3*05, tail 3*15, tarsus 0*0. 

The Ecuadorian Cactus-Wren is found in the mountains of 

Ecuador. 

a. Ad. sk. West coast of Ecuador. Purchased. 
18. Campylorhynclras fasciatus. 
Eurnarius fasciatus, Swains, An. in Menaq. p. 851; Gray, Gen. B. i. 
p. 132; id. Hand-L £. i. p. 165, no. 2186. 
Campylorhynchus fasciatus, Taczan. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 190. 
Adult male (in somewhat worn plumage). Above blackish, barred 
with white equally on the mantle as on the back, only the hind 
neck streaked longitudinally with white; head brown, mottled with 
darker brown centres to the feathers; least and median wing-coverts 
like the back, the greater series tipped and notched on the outer 
web with white; quills brown, externally notched with white, 
producing a chequered appearance * tail-feathers blackish brown, 
notched with white on both webs, more largely on the outer 
feathers, where the white markings reach across both webs and 
form bars; lores, eyebrow, and sides of face dull white, mottled 
with dusky tips to the feathers ; under surface of body white, very 
thickly spotted with brown all over, all the spots very large and 
becoming bars on the flanks and sides of the body; under tail-
coverts broadly barred with brown; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
white, largely spotted with brown; quills dusky brown below, 
notched with white on the inner web, producing a slightly barred 
appearance; " iris sienna-brown" (Stolzmanri). Total length 7*8 
inches, culmen 1*2, wing 3*35, tail 3*3, tarsus 1-05. (Mus. P. L, 
Sclater.) 

202 TIMELIIDJE. 

Swainson's Grey Cactus-Wren is an inhabitant of the highlands 
of Peru. 

a. $ ad. sk. San Pedro, Peru. Prof. Orton [C.]. 
19. Campylorhynclras guttatus. 
Thryothorus guttatus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 89. 

no. 21549; j&/. # &?/?;. Nomencl Av. Keotr. p. 5; 

i>Vo/. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. OS. 

-4<?MZ« (Merida; Dr. Schott). General colour above ashy brown with 

a sandy tinge, the hind neck and mantle broadly streaked with black 

and white, the feathers white down the centre, bordered with black; 

lower back also streaked like the mantle, but not so profusely; 

rump more uniform, barred across with blackish brown and con


cealed bars of white; upper tail-coverts ashy brown, barred with 

blackish brown, some of the light interspaces dull whitish ; tail-

feathers ashy brown, the four centre feathers chequered with black 

spots on both webs, the inner webs with indistinct blackish bars 

towards the end; remainder of the feathers blackish brown, ashy 

brown at the tips, with a sub terminal white bar on the inner web ; 

the outer web notched with ashy brown and barred with blackish, 

the outer feather having two white bars on the inner web, and the 

outer web having square spots of white along its whole length ; a 

distinct white eyebrow, the hinder part of which is streaked with 

black like the sides of the neck; lores and sides of face dull white, 

the upper part of the latter brown ; cheeks white, separated from 
the throat by a narrow moustachial line of black; under surface 
of body creamy white, the throat minutely spotted with blackish 
brown, the entire sides of the body rather narrowly barred with 
the same colour, the lower Banks and abdomen washed with light 
brown; thighs light brown, indistinctly barred with darker brown; 
centre of the breast and abdomen spotted with blackish brown, the 
spots being somewhat of an irregular shape, some round, and some 
longitudinal; under tail-coverts white, barred across with blackish*; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries dull white, with longitudinal spots 
of blackish brown; quills dusky below, notched with white on the 
outer web, and edged with white along the inner one. Total length 
7*5 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 2*9, tail 3, tarsus 1. (llus. Salv'm and 
Godman.) 

The Yucatan Cactus-Wren was described from Mexico, hut has 
only been actually collected, as far as is yet known, in Northern 
Yucatan, to which country it is probably confined. 

29. CAMPTIOHTlTNCnirs. 
203 

20. Campylorliynchus nnclialis *. 
Campylorhynchus nuchalis, Cab. Arch. f. Nature/. 1847, p. 206; id. 
Mus. Ileiu. Tli. i. p, 80; Bp. Consp. i. p. ±P>) Sclater, Pr. PhUad. 
Acad. 18515, p. 204; id. Cat Amer. B. p. 17 ; E. C. Tai/lor, Ibis, 
1804, p. 80; Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 103; Scl. S>:tialv. P. 

Z. & 1808, p. 020; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 554; Gray, Iland-l. B. 
i. p. 192, no. 2040 j Scl. $ tialv. Komencl. Av. Neotr. p. 5. 
Adult female (San Estcban,Venezuela; A. Goering). General colour 
above black, very broadly streaked with central ovate markings 
down the centre of the feathers ; lower back and rump white, 
broadly barred with black; upper tail-coverts barred with black 
and white; lesser and median wing-coverts black, spotted with 
white; greater coverts black, broadly barred with white; quills 
black, notched on the outer web with white, the inner secondaries 
tipped and more broadly notched with white, producing a barred 
appearance; tail-feathers black, notched with white on both webs, 
these spots becoming larger towards the outer feathers, which are 
barred across with white; head light ashy, mottled with black bases 
to the feathers; nape washed with sandy rufous ; lores and a distinct 
eyebrow dull white; ear-coverts dingy white, the upper margin 
blackish ; cheeks white, separated from the throat by a faintly indicated 
line of black; chin white, unspotted; throat and under surface 
of body white, profusely spotted with black, the sides of the body, 
thighs, and under tail-coverts barred with black; under wing-coverts 
and axillarios dull white, spotted with black.; quills dusky brown 
below, chequered with white spots on the inner webs; " iris yellowish 
white, almost white " (A. Goering). Total length 6*8 inches, 

culmen 0*85, wing 2-85, tail 2*9, tarsus 0*8. (Mus. Salvin and God-
man.) 

* CAMPYLORHYNCHUS BREVIPENNTS. 
Campylorhynchus brevipennis, Lawr* Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 344 (1866) t 
Gray, Bmd-l J3. i. p. 198, no. 2656; Pelz. Ibis, 1875, p. 331, note. 

This species is unknown to me, but I think it may prove to be C. nuchalis. 
The following is a description of the species as given by Mr. Lawrence:—Entire 
upper part of head blackish brown; on the hind neck a few longitudinal stripes 
of pale rufous; back, wing-coverts, and tortiaries dark hair-brown, with large 
whitish, spots tinged with dilute rufous; on the back-feathers and tertiaries the 
spots are roundish and in pairs; on the larger wing-coverts there is a spot at 
the base of oacu feather, and another at the end running clown the shaft; the 
larger quills are also dark brown, with marginal oblong whitish spots; upper 
tail-coverts dark brown, with pale bars of a dull rufous white ; tail dark 
brown, the feathers with conspicuous whitish spots on each margin, arranged in 
pairs, there being about eight pairs on each of the longer feathers; a broad, 
nearly white, superciliary stripe extends from the nostrils to the nape ,* ear-
coverts dusky; under plumage of a greyish white, just tinged with pale rufous 
on the abdomen, the breast mottled with minute, very faint dusky spots, and 
the side3 with dusky bars; under tail-coverts very dilute rufous, with broad, 
rather faint, blackish bars; upper mandible brown, with the edges pale, the 
under whitish, dusky near the tip; tarsi and toes light brownish ilesh-colour; 


claws yellowish. Length of skin 6 inches, wing 2|, tail 8, bill fQt tarsi J. 
Bab. Venezuela (type in Mus. Smiths.). 


204 
TnEELIIDiE. 

The Fulvous-naped Cactus-Wren is only known from Trinidad 
and Venezuela. 

a. Ad. sk» Trinidad. Eyton Collection. 
21. Campylorhynclius pardus. (Plate XII. fig. 1.) 
Oampylorhynchuspardus, Sclater, P. Z & 1857, p. 271: id. Cat. Amer. 

B. p. 17/note; Gray, lland-l. B. i. p. 192, no. 2642 ; Wyatt, Ibis, 
1871, p. 321; Scl $ Salv. XomencL Av. Neutr. p. -3. 
Adult. General colour above white and black, the whole of the 
mantle black streaked with white, the feathers being irregularly 
white in the centre; back, rump, and upper tail-coverts barred with 
black and white; head pale ashy brown, the head streaked with 
black, a few of the frontal plumes barred with black ; wing-coverts 
black, barred with white, the greater series having two broad white 
bars; quills blackish brown, spotted with white externally, the 
inner secondaries with large white spots on both webs, forming an 
almost complete bar across the feather; tail-feat hers dark brown, 
with large ashy-white markings on the centre feathers, reaching 
nearly across the feathers so as to form a bar ; the remainder of the 
feathers spotted on the outer web, notched on the inner one. these 
markings increasing in size on the outer leathers, where they nearly 
form cross bars ; a distinct white eyebrow from the base of the bill 

• to the side of the 
nape ; lores, feathers round the eye, ear-coverts, 
and cheeks pure white, with a narrow line of black along the upper 
margin of tho ear-coverts; throat pure white; remainder of under 
surface of body white, with small rounded black spots on the fore 
nock and breast, these spots much larger on the flanks and under 
tail-coverts, the thighs barred ; under wing-coverts white, minutely 
spotted with blackish, the axillaries streaked with the same; quills 
brown below, whitish along the edge of the inner web. Total 
length 6*6 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2*75. tail 3, tarsus 0*9. 
The Striped Cactus-Wren is only known from Colombia and Xew 
Granada. It is very doubtful whether it is reaUy distinct from the 
foregoing species. 

a. Ad. sk. New Granada. Purchased. 
30. 
THRYOPHILUS. 
Type. 
Thryophilus, Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 127 (18G4) T. rufalbus. 
(Cf. Salv. $ Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. pp. 81-8'J.) 

Head of TJiryophilus lon^irostris. 

30. THRYorniLUS. 205 
Range. Central 'America, from Western Mexico to Southern 
Brazil. 

Key to tlie Sjvecies. 

a. Under surface uniform, not spotted or barred. 
a\ Under tail-coverts uniform. 
a". Bars on tail not more than twelve or 
thirteen in number; eyebrow tolerably 
well pronounced 


a1". Throat alone white j the rest of the 
under surface rufescent or fawncolour. 


a4. Ear-coverts very distinctly streaked 
with blackish, the feathers being" 
edged with this colour. 


a\ Bill 1 inch. Sides of neck reddish 
brown longirostris, p. 206. 
¥. Bill 0-75 inch. Sides of neck ashy I kucotis, p. 207. 
greyish } minor, p. 207. 
bA. Ear-coverts white, with scarcely any 
trace of dusky edgings or streaks .. gdbraithi, p. 208. 

b'". Throat white, as well as the breast, 
the latter somewhat washed with 
ashy. 


c4. Bars on wings obsolete or only faintly 
indicated. 
c5. Upper surface more rufescent 
brown; bands on tail narrower. . modestm, p. 209. 
d5. Upper surface more greyish; bands 
on tail broader zeledoni, p. 210. 
d*. Bars on wings and tail distinct. 

^. Eyebrow, sides of face, and under 
surface pure white; lower flanks 
and under tail-coverts pale fawncolour 
superciliaris, p. 210. 

f5. Eyebrow indistinct; under surface 
washed with ashy; ear-coverts 
ashy white with dusky streaks.. ritfalbus JVN»} p. 212. 

b". Bars on tail very numerous, about 27 
in number; eyebrow very broad and 
distinct guarayanus, p.. 211. 

b\ Under tail-coverts white, broadly barred 
with black. 


c". Larger ; wing 2-65 inches: general colour 
above bright rufous; lesser wing-coverts 
not spotted with white , rufalbus ad., p. 212. 

d". Smaller; wing 2*15 inches : general colour 
above brown, somewhat olivaceous in 
tint; lesser wing-coverts with minute 
spots of white along the shaft sinaloa ad., p. 213. 

b. Under surface parti-coloured, either spotted or 
barred. 
cr. Head brown, like the back. 
e". Throat and breast white, not streaked; 
flanks white, barred with black, as also 
the under tail-coverts. 


20G TIMELlIDiB. 

c'". Sides of body only "barred; abdomen 

white pleurostictus, p. 213. 

d"f. Sides of body and abdomen barred 

right across nisorius, p. 214 

/". Throat and breast whi te,narrowly streaked 

with blackish; flanks reddish or olive-

brown ; under tail-coverts buffy white, 

barred with black '.. . thoracicits, p. 215. 

d'. Head chestnut, like the back; throat white ; 

rest of under surface white, narrowly 

barred with black semibadius, p. 216. 

e'. Head black j back chestnut. 

g". Throat only white; remainder of under 

surface bright chestnut, not barred on 

the sides castaneus, p. 216. 

h". Throat and fore neck white; under sur


face light chestnut, the sides with narrow 

black bars costaricensis, p. 217. 

i". Throat and breast white, barred across 

with black » , nigricapillus, p. 217. 

1. ThryopMlus longirostris. 
Troglodytes longirostris, VieilL Kouv. Diet. d'llist. Nat. xxxvi. 
p. 50; id. Gal. des Ois. pi. 168; Gray in Griff. An. Kingdom, 
Birds, p. 48, cum fig.; id. Gen. B. i. p. 158; id. Jfand-l B. i. 
p. 189, no. 2508. 
Troglodytes striolatus, Neuwied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iii. p. 748. 
Campylorhynckus striolatus, Sjpix, Av. Bras. i. p. 77, pi. 70. fig. 2. 
Thryothorus striolatus, Sioains. Orn. Br aw. pi. 10; Burm. Sgst 
ifebers. ii. p. 135 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 221; Pelz. Orn. Bras. ii. p. 47. 
Thryothorus longirostris, Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 20. 
Thryophilus longirostris, Sclater fy JSalv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 6. 

Adult. General colour above rufous-brown; the head dusky 
brown, and contrasting with the back; rump and upper tail-coverts 
rather deeper rufous than the rest of the back, the latter with obsolete 
blackish bars; wing-coverts like the back, the greater series, as 
well as the primary-coverts and bastard wing, rufous, barred with 
black; quills dusky brown, externally rufous, barred or notched with 
black, more distinctly on the secondaries, the innermost of which 
are barred across with blackish; tail rufous, barred across with 
black in somewhat zigzag fashion on the outer feathers; lores and 
a tolerably distinct eyebrow wdiite; ear-coverts and sides of face 
narrowly streaked with blackish, the feathers edged with blackish 

the upper margin of the ear-coverts dark brown, forming a streak 
throat white; remainder of under surface of body pale fawn-buff 
the sides of the body deeper fawn-colour, as also the under tail-
coverts ; under wing-coverts fawn-buff; quills dusky brown below, 
fawn-colour along the edge of the inner web- Total length 5 8 
inches, culmen 1, wing 2*65, tail 2*3, tarsus 0*95. 

The Long-billed Wren is an inhabitant of Brazil only. 

a, &, c. Ad. sk. Brazil. ' R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 

d. Ad. sk. Brazil. Prince Lichtenstein [P.]. 
207 

30. TEEYOPniLtrs. 
2. Ihryophilus leucotis *. 
Thryothorus leucotis, Lafr. Rev. Zool, 1845, p. 338 \ Bp. Consp. i. 
p. 221; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 47. 
Thryothorus albipectus, Cab. in Scliomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 673. 
Troglodytes leucotis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 158; id. Iland-l. B. i. 
p, 189, no. 2573. 
Troglodytes albipectus, Gray, Hand4. _Z?. i. p. 190, no. 2597. 
Thryophilus leucotis, Mel.fySalv.Komencl. Av. Neotr. p. 6. 

Adult male (San Esteban, Venezuela, Feb. 2, 1808 ; A. Goering). 
General colour above rufescent brown, the head like the back; 
wing-coverts like the back, the greater series with dusky blackish 
bars; quills dusky brown, externally a little darker rufous-brown 
than the back, chequered on the outer web with blackish bars, 
which in the inner ^ secondaries extend across both webs; tail-
feathers light rufous, barred with blackish brown, these bars broken 
and zigzag on some of the feathers ; an indistinct eyebrow of greyish 
white; cheeks and ear-coverts greyish white, the latter distinctly 
streaked with blackish edgings to the feathers ; sides of neck dull 
ashy grey washed with brown; throat white, paling into the fawncolour 
of the rest of the under surface; centre of abdomen buffy 
white, as also the inside of the thighs; under wing-coverts and 
edge of wing dull whitish, with dusky bases to the feathers ; quills 
dull brown below, greyish white along the edge of the inner web, 
fulvous towards the tip. Total length 5'5 inches, culmen 0*75, 
wing 2-55, tail 2, tarsus 0*9. (Mits. Salvin and Godman.) 

The Venezuelan bird is specifically the same as that from Bogota. 
The skin described is in better condition than that in the Museum 
from the last-named locality, and was made the subject of my 
description on that account. Certain slight differences exist in the 
Amazonian skins, such as the broader barring of the tail-feathors 
&c, and it is possible that there are other races yet to be 
determined. 

Schomburgk's Wren inhabits Guiana, Venezuela, and Colombia, 
extending over the Upper Amazonian region into Bolivia. 

a. Ad. sk. Cayenne. Baron Laugier. 
b. Ad. sk. Bogota. Purchased. 
c. 2 a(^ sk* Lower Ucavali, E. Bartlett [0.1. 
April 12; 1865. 
d. Ad. sk. Bolivia. Mr. Bridges [O.]. 

3. Thryophilus minor. 
Thryothorus minor, Pelz. Orn. B?*as. pp. 47, 66. 
Troglodytes minor, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 189, no. 2577. 

Adult. Upper surface of body greyish olive, slightly washed with 
rufous, the rump and the tail more rufescent; the wings externally 

* Thryothorus audax, Tschudi, Faun. Peruan. p. 185, appears to me to be a 
synonym of T. leucotis; but it is difficult to tell from the description alone. 
208 TIMELIIDJ3. 

uniform with the back, and, like the tail, transversely barred with 
black ; the barring' on the lesser upper wing-coverts * obsolete, in 
the rest of the wing and on the iail distinct, being \-^u broad on 
the first tail-feathers and as much as 1'" on the outer ones: a 
superciliary streak produced to the nape, lores, sides of head, and 
throat white, the feathers of the ear-coverts obscurely edged; 
remainder of the under surface and under wing-coverts ferruginous, 
the middle of the breast albescent; upper mandible horny, its 
cutting-edges and the lower mandible pale. Total length 5 inches, 
culmen 0-7, wing 2*25, tail 2 (Peheln). 

Pelaeln's Wren was discovered by the late Johann batterer in 
the interior of Brazil at Matagro&so and on the Guapore river. It 
is described by Herr von Pclzeln as being very close to T. leucotis, 
but smaller, with the upper surface greyish olive-brown, with very 
little admixture of reddish, and the under surface reddish buff, with 
the exception of the centre of the breast being white. The species 
is not represented in the British Museum, and it appears to be one 
of the numerous races of T. leucotis the exact definition of which 
has yet to be thoroughly worked out, the material at my disposal 
not being sufficient. 

4. Thryophilus galbraithi 
Thryothorus, sp., Cass. Pr. Philad. Acad. 1800, p. 85. 
Thryothorus albipectus, Sdaterty Sah. P. Z. S.1864, p. 345 (?ieo Cass.). 
Thryothorus galbraithi, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii. p. 820. 
Thryophilus galbraithi, Batrd, Review Amer. B. p. 131. 
Troglodytes galbraithi, Gray, Eand-l. B. i. p. 190, no. 2595. 
Thryophilus leucotis, 8alv. § Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer.} Aves, i. p. 85 


(nee Lafr.). 

Adult male (Isthmus of Panama ; M'Cleannan). General colour 
above olive-brown, becoming more rufescent on the lower back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts, the latter of which have some faintly 
indicated blackish bars; head uniform with the back; wing-coverts 
like the back; greater coverts and quills rufescent brown on the 
outer webs, and barred with blackish brown, the inner secondaries 
barred across with blackish; tail-feathers light rufous, very broadly 
barred with black• eyelid and a tolerably dibtinct eyebrow white; a 
streak along the upper edge of the ear-coverts dark brown; ear-
coverts dull white, the feathers faintly tipped with brown, scarcely 
perceptible ; cheoks and throat white, the latter gradually paling off 
into the deep fawn-colour of the under surface; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries pale fawn-colour; quills dusky brown below, ashy 

fulvous along the edge of the inner web. Total length 5 inches, 
culmen 0*8, wing 2-45, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*95. 

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length 5*1 
inches, culmen 0*8, wing 2-35, tail 1*85, tarsus 0*95. (Mus. Salvin 
and Godman.) 

The White-faced "Wren is apparently confined to the State of 

* Rectricibus in the original must be a misprint for tectricibus. 
209 

Panama, although a bird has boon recorded by Herr von Telzelii as 
this species from Central Brazil *. 

30 . THRYOPHILUS. 
a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk. 
Paraiso Station, Isthmus ofPanama (A. Hughes). 
Panama. * 
0. Salvin, Esq. 
Purchased. 
e, d. Ad. .sk. Panama. M. Boucard. 

5. Thryopnilus modestus. 
Thryothorus modestus, Cab. J. f. 0, 1800, p. 409 j Lawr. Ann. Lyc. 
K. Y. Tiii. p. 5; Scl & Sah. I\ Z. S. 1804, p. 340, 1870, p. &J0; 
Satv. Ibis, 1800, p. 205; id. I. Z. S. 1870, p. 181. 
Thryothorns felix ?, Sate. # Sclater, Ibis, 1800, p. ^97 (>'<? Sclate?*). 
Thryothorus albipoctus, Selater, Cat. Amcr. B. p. 20 (p£., nee Cab.). 
Thryophilus modestus, Baird, JRev. Amer. B. p. 131; Lawr. Ann. 

Lyc'.N. Y. ix. p. 92; v. Frantz. J.f. 0.1809, p. 291; Salt). § Godm. 

Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 83. 
Thryothorus leucotis, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii. p. 320 (nee Lafr.). 
Troglodytes modestus, Gray, lland-l. i?. i. p. 190, no. 2594. 

Adult. General colour above light brown, more dusky on the 
head; the wing-coverts uniform and like the back, the greater 
series and the quills dusky brown, externally reddish brown, a little 
more rufous than the back; upper tail-coverts rufous; tail-feathers 
dusky brown, edged with rufous and barred with blackish; a white 
eyebrow reaching from the base of the bill to the side of the nape, 
as well as the eyelid \ ear-coverts ashy whitish; tho upper edge 
dark brown, forming a streak; sides of neck ashy, streaked with 
white; cheeks and chin dull white; lower throat and fore neok 
light ashy; centre of breast and abdomen white; sides of body and 
thighs fawn-colour, deeper on the under tail-coverts ; under wing-^ 
coverts and axillaries buffy whitish; quills dusky brown below/ 
ashy along the edgo of the inner web. Total length 5*1 inches, 
culmen 0*75, wjng 2*25, tail 2*3, tarsus 0-9. 

It is doubtful whether this species and its allies should be allowed 
M l specific value, for in the series of specimens lent to me by 
Messrs. Salvin and Grodman there are certain differences which seem 
to indicate that they are races of one and the same bird. Thus in 
Guatemalan examples the lower parts are deep rufous fawn-colour 
over the whole of the abdomen up to the lower breast, while the 
cheeks and ear-coverts are ashy whitish. In Panama skins (T. 
galbraithi) the sides of the face arc purer white, and the flanks and 
under tail-coverts aro very pale fawn-buff. In the race called 

* Should this species ultimately prove distinct, it may bear batterer's MS. 
name of rufiventris, as follows:— 
THRYOPHILUS RunvENTius. 
Thryothorus rufiventris, Naft MS. Cat. in Mas. Vwdob. 
Thryothorus galbraithi, Feb. Orn. Bras. p. 47 (nee Lawr.). 

Hub. Interior of Brazil. 
It is scarcely likely that the Brazilian bird will be the same as that from 
Panama. 
VOL. VI, P 

210 
TIMELIIBJE. 

T. zeledonl the general colour above is of an olive-brown cast or ashy, 
with a decider! absence of rufous or fawn-colour, the whole underpays 
being white, with the flanks and under tail-coverts only fulvescent 
brown; there is a decided shade of ashy on the sides of the 
breast, and the cheeks are ashy white, streaked with dusky. 
T. leucotls is scarcely more than a race of T. modestas, with the 
fawn-colour of the underparts extending up to the throat, which 
is buffy white; the bands on the wings and toil are much broader. 
T. superclllans is yet another race, with a very much longer bill and 
the sides of face and underparts white. 
The Central-American Wren inhabits Guatemala and Costa Eiea, 
from 1000 to 0000 feet elevation. 

a. Ad. sk. Guatemala. Osbert Salvin, Esq. [O.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Vera Paz, Guatemala. 0<4><-it Salvin, Ebq. [C.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Costa Itica. Mr. Tan Patten [O."]. 
d. e. J ad. sk. San Jose, Costa Itica. A. Boucard, Esq. [O.]. 

G. Thryophilus zeledonl. 
Thryophilus 
zeledoni, JRidrjw. Proc. C.#. Xat. Mits. i. p. 252 (ex 
Lawr. MS.)-, Salv. <§* Godm, Biol, Centr.-Amer.p Aves, i. p. 84. 

Adult (type of species). General colour earthy brown, with a wash 
of greyish olive over the head and mantle ; the lower back, rump, and 
upper tail-coverts lighter brown ; wing-coverts like the back; greater 
coverts and quills externally rather more reddish brown, the primaries 
externally lighter brown* the aspect of the wing uniform, 
excepting for a few bars faintly indicated on the secondaries ; tail-
feathers brown, slightly margined with fulvous brown, and barred 
across with dusky blackish, some of the bars wavy and imperfect; 
a dibtinet white eyebrow from the base of the bill to the side of the 
nape; along the upper edge of the ear-coverts a broad streak of 
dusky brown ; ear-coverts and sides of face ashy white, slightly 
streaked with dusky brown, with which colour the feathers are 
edged• cheeks and throat yellowish white, as also the centre of the 
breast and abdomen, the middle and sides of the breast ashy grey; 

flanks and sides of the body as well as the under tail-coverts fulvous 
brown; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, as well as the edge 
of the wings; quills dusky brown below, buffy whitish along the 
edge of the inner web. Total length 5*3 inches, oilmen 0*8, wing 
2*45, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*95. (Mm. Smithson.) 

Zeledon's Wren replaces the foregoing species in the low-lying 
lands bordering the Atlantic coast of Costa Rica. 

7. Thryophilus supsrciliaris. 
Troglodytes striolatus?, M/ton, Cat Coll. p. 132 (1850), 
Thryoihorus albipectus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 18(50, p. 273 (nee Cab.). 
Thryotkorus euperciliaris, Lawr. Ann. Zt/c. A7". Y. vol. ix. 1800, p. 235. 


Adult (Island of Puna; Yillagomez). General colour above rufous-
brown, more dusky brown on the head and neck ; wing-coverts like 

30 . TIIRYOPIIIUIS. 
211 

the back, the median aeries with indications of-dusky cross-barring, 
the greater coverts distinctly barred with blackish brown ; quills 
sepia-brown, externally rufous-brown like the back, barred with 
blackish on the outer webs, the inner secondaries barred across both 
webs; tail light rufous, barred across with blackish brown, the bars 
somewhat broken, and zigzag in shape on some of the feathers; a 
very distinct white eyebrow running from the base of the bill to the 
sides of the nape; sides of the neck washed with ashy; a streak of 
brown along the upper edge of the ear-coverts; cheeks and ear-
coverts pure white, as also the under surface of the body, which is 
washed with pale fawn-colour on the sides, deepening on the lower 
flanks and under tail-coverts ; axillarics and under wing-coverts 
white below, faintly tinged with fawn-colour; quills dusky brown 
below, ashy fulvous along the edge of the inner web ; " irides hazel; 
bill black above, flesh-coloured beneath; legs and feet blue " (Frazer). 
Total length 5*1 inches, culmen 09, wing 2-5, tail 2, tarsus 1. 

The "White-breasted Wren appears to be entirely confined to 
Ecuador. 

a. Ad. sk. Guayaquil. Eyton Collection. 
b. Ad. sk. Island of Pima. G" Barclay, Esq. [P.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Island of Puna. G. Barclay, Esq. [P.]. 
8, ThryopMlus guarayanus. 

Troglodytes guarayanus, Lafr. et tVOrb. Hi v. Zool 1837, p. 26; (FOrb. 
Voy. Amer. merid., Ois. p. 203 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. lo8; Bp. Comjh 

i. p. 222; Gray, Iland-l B. i. p. 101, no. 2027. 
Thryophilus fulvus, Sclater, P. Z. 8,1873, p. 781; Scl. # 8alo. P. Z. S. 
1879, p. 593, 

Adult, Above reddish brown or dark fulvous brown; the head 
and neck uniform, but the mantle and back with obsolete dusky 
cross-barring; the rump and upper tail-coverts rather more chestnut 
than the back; wings a little more rufous than the back, mottled 
with dull blackish cross bars, more distinct on the greater coverts, 
and especially so on the quills, which, are blackish on their inner 
webs and barred with blaGk on the outer web, the innermost 
secondaries barred across both webs; tail-feathers chestnut-brown, 
numerously barred across with blackish, about twenty-nine or thirty 
being discernible on the central feathers; a broad eyebrow of pale 
fulvous feathers from the base of the nostrils to the side of the nape ; 
eyelid white; sides of face reddish brown, with whitish bases and 
shaft-linos to the feathers of the ear-coverts; lores and upper edge 
of ear-coverts dusky reddish brown; throat and under surface of 
body buffy fawn-colour; the "chin-feathers mottled with white 
bases; flanks and sides of body deeper reddish brown, with a few 
obsolete bars of blackish on the former; thighs and under tail-
coverts deep fawn-colour, as also the under wing-coverts and axillaries 
; quills dark sepia-brown below, mottled with rufous along 
the edge of the inner web, Total length 4*8 inches, culmen 0*7, 
wing 2-3, tail 2'2, tarsus 0*95. (Mus. Salvin mid Godman.) 

TIMELHDJE. 

The Bolivian Wren, as far as is known, only occurs in Bolivia. 
Although the type specimen of T. guar ay anus of Lafr. & d'Orb. is 
not to he found in the Paris Museum, the description leaves little 
doubt of its identity with the species afterwards called 1\ ftdvus by 
Br. Sclater. 


a. Ad. sk. Bolivia. Mr. Bridges [C.]. 
9. ThryopMlus rufalbus. 
Thriotliorus rufalbus, Lafr. Rev. Zool 1845, p. ««7. 
Troglodytes rufalbus, Gniy, Gen. B. i. p. 158; id. Ilandd. B. i. p. 100, 
no. 25)53. 

Tliryotlioius rufalbus, Bp. Camp. i. p. 221; Sdater, P. Z. S. 1856, 
p." 140; 8tl. # 8ah. Ibis, 1859, p. 8; iid. P. Z. S. 18C4, p. o45; 
Cab. J.f. 0. 18(50, p. 408 j Sdater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 20; Lawr. 
Ann. Lyc. K. T. viii. pp 5,175; von Frantz. J. f. 0.1S09, p. 291; 
8ah\B.Z8. 1870, p. 181. 

Troglodytes cumanensis, Licld. Nomend. Av. p. 84. 
Thrvothorus longirostris, Later. Ann. Lyc. JV. Y.Vii. p. 320 (nee V.). 
ThryopMlus rtiialbus, \ar. rufalbus, Baird, Hedew Amer. B. p. 129. 
Thryoplrilus rufalbus, \ar. poliopleura, Baird, t. e. p. 129. 
ThryopMlus rufalbus, Lcnvr. Ann. Lyc. K. T. ix. p. 92; 8clater Sr 8aly. 


Nomend. Av. Keoir. p. C; 8alv. <J>* Godm. Ibis, lbfcSO, p. 110; rid. 
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 82. 
Troglodytes poliopleurus, Gray, Handd. B. i. p. 190, no. 2599. 

Adult. General colour above chestnut-rufous, rather duller on the 
head, the least and median series of -wing-coverts like the back; 
greater and primary-coverts rufous like the back, faintly barred 
with blackish cross lines; quills dusky brown, the outer webs rufous 
barred with blackish, the inner secondaries barred across both webs, 
the outer primaries not externally barred; tail-feathers rufous, 
barred with blackish brown, the bars on the centre feathers narrower 
than on the outer ones; lores and a narrow eyebrow white, 
the feathers bordered with black, separating the eyebrow from the 
crown by a narrow black lino; sides of face ashy white, the feathers 
edged with blackish, giving a narrowly streaked appearance; sides 
of neck broadly streaked with black and white; along the upper 
edge of the ear-coverts a streak of rufous-brown feathers; under 
surface of the body pure white, the sides of the body light rufeseent 
brown, the sides of the breast and sides of the abdomen washed 
with a shade of ashy; under tail-coverts dull white, broadly barred 
across with black, slightly edged with rufous; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries white, mottled with blackish spots on the feathers; 
quills ashy brown, whitish along the edge of the inner web. Total 
length 5-75 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 2*65, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*95. 

Young. BifFers from the adult in being much darker and browner 
in colour above, with the bars on the secondaries and tail-feathers 
smaller and less defined; the under surface of the body is dull ashy 
grey with olive-brown margins to the feathers; under tail-coveits 
dull rufous-brown, uniform. 

Obs. It is impossible to separate the Guatemalan bird (Tliryophilus 
pojiojdeurus, Baird) from T. rufalbus. The more northern 

30. THRYOPHILtrs. 
213 

birds certainly do seem a lifcilo more grey on the flanks, but there 
are others which do not differ in the least from specimens of South 
America, and it is therefore not possible to draw a line between 
them. A good deal of the grey shado below seems to be a relic of 
the immature plumage, as we find the young birds very grey underneath 
5 while it is equally certain that white-breasted birds from 
Guatemala are not to be told from those of Houth America. 

^ The Bufous-and-White Wren inhabits Guatemala in Central America, 
whence it extends to Colombia. Venezuela, and Trinidad. 

a. Ad. sk. Trinidad. Purchased. 
h. Ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk. 
[Cayenne.] 
Venezuela. 
Zoological Society. 
Purchased. 
d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk.
/ , Imm. sk.
g. Ad. sk. 
Paraiso station, IsthmusPanama (A. Ilughes). 
Costa Rica. 
Eetalnleu, Guatemala. 
Calobre, Veragua. 
of 0. SaHim, Esq. 
Mr. Van Patten [C.]. 
Osbert Salvin, Esq. [C.]. 
Mr. E. Aire* [C.]. 

10. ThryopMlus sinaloa. 
Thryophilus sinaloa, Baird, Review Amer. Birds, p. 1H0; Laior. Mem. 
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 208; Salu. $• Godm. Biol. Cent'?•.-Amer., 
Aues, i. p. 88. 
Troglodytes sinaloa, Gray, Hcmd-l. _25. i. p. 190, no. 2598. 

Adult male (Mazatlan, June 1862; A. J. Grayson). General colour 
above reddish brown; wing-coverts like the back, with remains of 
light spots and darker bars on the median and greater series ; bastard 
wing-feathers externally edged with buft'y white; primary-coverts 
and quills brown, externally reddish brown, distinctly barred with 
darker brown, these bars being more distinct on the inner secondaries 
; upper tail-coverts lighter rufons than the back; tail-feathers 
light rufous, barred across with blackish brown, eight or nine bars 
being discernible on the tail; a distinct white eyebrow reaching 
from the base of the bill to the side of the nape; sides of neck 
brown streaked with white; ear-coverts dull white, slightly streaked 
with dusky brown, with which the feathers are edged; the upper 
edge of the ear-coverts brown, forming a distinct streak; throat, 
breast, and abdomen white, the sides of the body brown, slightly 

reddish in tint; the sides of tho upper breast ashy grey; under tail-
coverts white or fulvous, distinctly barred with black cross lines; 
under wing-coverts and edge of wing white ; axillaries light fulvous 
brown; quills dusky brown below, ashy along the edge of the inner 
web. Total length 5-2 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 2'15, tail 2, 
tarsus 0*8. (Mus. Salvin and Godman.) 

The Sinaloa Wren replaces T, ruf alius in Western Mexico. 

11. Thryophilus pleurostictus. 
Thryothorus pleurostictus, Sclater, IbisylSGO, p. 80; id. Cat. Amer. 
B. p. 21, pi. 4; Scl. Sr Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 551; Lawr. Bull, 
U.S. Nat. Mus. no. iv. p. 13. 
214 TIMELIIDJF. 

Troglodytes pleurostictus, Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 180, no. 2-570. 

Tliryopliilus pleurostictus, Lawr. Ami. Lye. N. Y. ix. p 92 • von 
Frantz. J.f. 0. 1809, p.291; Sal. $ Sah'NomencL Av. Xeotr!^. 7 • 
Boucard, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 51; Sah. fy Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer! 
Aves, i. p. 8G. '; 

Adult. General colour above clear umber-brown, slightly paler on 
the lower back and rump; wing-coverts like the back, the greater 
series and the quills barred with blackish, the inner webs of the 
quills uniform dusky brown, the innermost secondaries barred across 
like the greater wing-coverts; the primaries externally notched with 
pale rufous-brown; bastard-wing plumes externally white like the 
edge of the wing j tail-feathers light rufescent brown, barred regularly 
with black, the bars about ten in number, the light bars paler 
on the inner web of the outer feathers and inclining to whitish • a 
distinct white eyebrow, running from the base of the nostrils to the 
side of the nape, the white feathers edged with blackish, forming a 
narrow fringe between the eyebrow and the erown; lores dusky • 
cheeks and sides of face white, slightly streaked with narrow blackish 
edgings to the feathers, the upper margins of the ear-coverts slightly 
rufescent; sides of neck distinctly and broadly streaked with black 
and white; throat and centre of the body below white, the whole of 
the sides of the body distinctly banded with black, and slightly 
washed here and there with pale rufescent brown ; thighs narrowly 
but the under tail-coverts very broadly, barred with black; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries white, mottled with blackish spots and 
dusky bases to the feathers; quills dusky below, whitish along the 
inner web. Total length 5*2 inches, oilmen 0-8, wing- 2*45 tai? 9-9 
tarsus 0-85. ' "' 

Young. Similar to the adult on the upper surface, but differing 
below, the ground-colour of the under surface being dull white, the 
throat slightly varied with dusky margins to the feathers, the breast 
streaked with dusky brown, with which some of the feathers are 
edged; the flanks ruddy brown, with a few dusky cross bars • thighs 
uniform rufous-brown; under tail-coverts fulvescent brown tinned 
with whito and indistinctly barred with dusky. ' 

Sclater's Banded Wren is an inhabitant of the western side of 
Central America, from South-western Mexico to Honduras Guatemala, 
Nicaragua, and Costa Eica. . ' 

«, b. Ad sk. Tehuantepec. Dr. Sumichrast fC.l 
ri A T f * Tehuantepec. Dr. Sumichrast 0.1. 
e Ad If' Tehuantepec. W. Wilson Saunders, Esq. 

e' A(lst 

- Honduras. Mr. Dyson [0.]. 
12. Thryophilus nisorius. 
Troglodytes nisorius Licht JTus. Berol. et Nomencl Av. Berol. p 34 
(descr. nulkt) j Cab. J. f. 0. 1803, p. 54. P* 
Thryotlionis nisorius, Set P. Z S. 18G9, p. 591, pi. 45. 
Thryoplnlus nisorius, Sol. $ Sah. Komenel Av. Neotr. p 7-Sah 

# Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 87. P* ? 

'Adult Above bright rufous, with the wings and tail regularly 

30 . TITRrOPIIILUS. 2\r> 
banded across with "black; an elongated white eyebrow; sides of 
head white variegated with black; under surface of body while, 
entirely barred across with black, almost as in Sylvia nisoria; under 
wing-coverts variegated with white and black;" bill and feet horncolour. 
Total length 5-5 inches, wing 2*7, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*85. 
(Schtter, I. c.: type in Berlin Museum,) 

Deppe's Banded Wren is only known from the single specimen 
obtained at Ileal Ariba, Mexico, by Mr. Deppe. 

13. Thryophilus thoracicus. 
Thryothorus thoracieu% Salv. B.Z.S. 1804, p. 580, 1807, p. 134; 

Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. p. 93. 

Thryothorus brunneus, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. K. Y. viii. p. 179. 

Troglodytes tlioracicus, Gray, lland-l. B. i. p. 190, no. 2591. 

Thryophilus thoracicus, Bel. fy Bah. Nomenel. Av. Xeotr. p. 7; 

Salv. fy Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 86, tab. 0. figs. 1, 2. 

Adult (Tucurriqui. Costa Eica, Oct. 1864; E. Arce: type of 
species). General colour above brown, clearer and more cinnamon-
brown on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, the latter 
being obscurely barred with blackish; wing-coverts liko tho back, 
the greater and primary-coverts barred with black on the outer web; 
bastard wing mottled with ashy on the outer webs of the feathers ; 
quills dusky brown, externally light cinnamon-brown, barred with 
black, the inner secondaries banded across ; centre tail-feathers light 
brown, barred rather broadly with black, the other tail-feathers 
uniform blackish on tho inner web, the outer ones again light brown, 
barred with blackish, more narrowly and indistinctly than the centre 
feathers• eyelid and a narrow eyebrow white; ear-coverts and 
sides of neck streaked with black and white, the feathers being white 
edged with black rather broadly ; cheeks, throat, and fore neck dull 
white, streaked with blackish, with which the feathers are edged* 
remainder of under surface light brown, the centre of the abdomen 
mottled with a few whitish feathers, barred with black; under tail-
coverts yellowish white, narrowly barred across with black; under 
wing-coverts dull white, mottled with dusky blackish edgings to the 
feathers• quills dusky brown below, ashy whitish along the edge of 
the inner web. Total length 4*6 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 2*4, 
tail 1*7, tarsus 0*85. (Mus. JSalvin and Godman.) 

Young (Santiago de Yeragua; E. Arce). Differs from the adult 
in its more dingy coloration, tho whole upper surface being of a 
dull cinnamon-brown colour; the under surface also of the same 
colonr, with the throat and fore neck ashy, streaked with white 
centres to the feathers, these white streaks bordered with dull 
blackish; sides of face also ashy, streaked with white and black, 
but much more indistinctly than the adult. Total length 4*3 inches, 
culmen 0*7, wing 2*3, tail 1-75, tarsus 0*85. (Mus, Salvin and 
Godman.) 

The Stripe-throated "Wren has been found in Nicaragua and Costa 
Eica, and extends into Yeragua. 

TIMELIIILE. 

14. Thryophilus semibadius. 
Thryotliorus semibadius, Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 181. 
Thryopliilus semibadius, Sol. Sf Salv. Nomencl. Av. Keotr. p. 7; 
Salv. $ Godm. Biol Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 88, tab. vi. fig. 3. 

Adult (type of species). General colour above uniform deep 
chestnut, the upper tail-coverts alone with a few blackish bars ; 
wing-coverts blackish, with narrow wavy white cross lines on the 
lesser and median series, the greater coverts blackibh, externally 
notched with white or reddish white, the inner secondaries reddish 
like tho back, barred with black; primary-coverts blackish, with a 
slight notched edging of white ; quills blackish brown, the primaries 
notched and the secondaries barred with light reddish brown, 
the notches on the primaries paler and more fulvescent; tail 
blackish, the feathers minutely notched on the outer web with buffy 
white, the outer feathers and the centre ones barred with the same ; 
from the base of the bill to the sides of the nape a distinct line of 
white, bordered above with black, and forming an eyebrow; the 
lores white, edged with black, and encroaching on the forehead ; 
sides of face white streaked with black, the feathers being edged 
with the latter colour, the upper margin of the ear-coverts black 
with tiny white streaks ; throat white ; remainder of under surface 
from the lower throat downwards white, profusely barred with 
blackish, the bars widening on the lower abdomen, flanks, and under 
tail-coverts, which are also slightly tinged with rufous ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries like the breast, but rather more narrowly 
barred; quills dusky brown below, ashy brown along the edge of 
the inner web. Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0-&5, wing 2*6, 
tail 2*1, tarsus 0*9. (Has. Salvin and Godman.) 

The Chestnut-backed Wren is only known from Panama. 

a. Imm. sk. Bibala, Panama. Mr. E. Arce* [C.]. 
15. Thryophilus castaneus. 
Thryotliorus nigricapillus ?, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. K. Y. vii. p. 298 (jiec 
Sclater). 
Thryotliorus castaneus, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N". T. vii. p. 321: Sol & 
Salv. P. Z. S.1864, p. 340; Salv. P. Z. & 18G7, p. 134. 

Thryopliilus castaneus, Baird, JRevieio Amer. B. i. p. 133 j von 
Frantz. J.f. 0.18(19, p. 291; Sol # Salv. Nomencl AD. Keotr. p. 6 ; 
Salv, §• Godm. Biol Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 88. 

Troglodytes castaneus, Gray, JIand-l B. i. p. 190, no. 259G. 

Adult. Head, nape, and sides of neck black; general colour of 
the upper surface bright chestnut; least wing-coverts like the 
back; median and greater coverts blackish, rufous externally and 
at the ends, with a few blackish bars on the innermost of the latter 
series ; quills blackish, externally notched with rufous, the secondaries 
barred with the same; tail-feathers black, barred with rufous 
on both webs of the centre feathers, the rest only barred on the 


30. TintYorniLtrs. 
217 

outer web, the outermost roctricos with a few bars near the tips of 
the inner web; lores white; fore part of eyelid and oar-covcits 
black, the lattor mottled on the lower edge with white tips to the 
feathers, larger behind, and forming a patch behind the ear; upper 
and under edge of the eyelid and a very narrow superciliary streak 
above the eye white, the eyebrow slightly tinged with rufous; 
cheeks white, separated from the throat by a tolerably broad black 
moustachial streak; throat white, shading off into orange-rufous on 
the fore neck, which gradually merges into the orange-chestnut of 
the rest of the undcrparts; sides of the body, flunks, and under 
tail-coverts barred with blackish, more especially on the latter; 
axillarics like the breast, with faint blackish cross bars ; under wing-
coverts buffy whitish, with dusky bases to the feathers ; quills brown 
below, faintly edged with rufous-buff. Total length 5*0 inches, 
culmen 0*9, wing 2-6, tail 2*3, tarsus 1. 

Young, Differs from the adult in being duller coloured, but 
especially in having the feathers of the throat and fore neck edged 
with dusky brown. (Mus. Salvin and Godman.) 

The Chestnut "Wren is an inhabitant of the State of Panama. 

a. 
Ad. sk. Lion Hill, Isthmus of J. McClellan, Esq. [0.]. 
Panama. 
16. Thryophilus costaricensis. 
Thryophilus castaneus (nee Lawr.), Laiur. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N, Y. 
ix. p. 03; Boucard, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 51. 
Adult. Very similar to T. castaneus, but deeper chestnut below, 
without the black cross bands of the last-named species ; the white 
on the throat confined to the throat itself and not extending to the 
fore neck. Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 2-8, tail 2'25, 
tarsus 1. 

The differences between the Costa-Eican and Panama races of 

T. castaneus have already been pointed out by Messrs. Salvin and 
Godman (Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 88); they seem scarcely to 
amount to specific distinctions, but render the birds recognizable as 
races. 
The Costa-Eican Qhestnut Wren replaces the foregoing species in 
Costa Eica. 

a. Ad. &k. Costa Eica. M, A. Boucard [C.]. 
17. Thryophilus nigricapillus. 
Thryothorus nigricapillus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 18G0, p. 84; id. Cat. 
Amer. B. p. 21. 

Thryophilus nigricapillus, Cass. Pr. PMlad. Acad. 18G0, p. 193j 
8cl. § Sale. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 7; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 493; 
Salv. fy Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 89. 

Thryophilus schottii, Ba??*d, Pevieiv Amer. B. i. p. 133. 
Troglodytes nigricapillus, Gray, JECand-L B. i. p. 189, no. 25G9. 

Adult male. General colour above chestnut, the least wing


218 TIMELIDAE?. 

coverts like the back; greater coverts chestnut, barred across irregularly 
with blackish ; primary-coverts blackish, externally notched 
with rufous ; quills blackish, the primaries notched, the secondaries 
barred with rufous, the inner secondaries barred across ; tail-feathers 
blackish brown, barred with rufous, about ten light bars being discernible 
on the centre feathers; head and hind neck black, the 
feathers on the latter part edged with chestnut; a tolerably broad 
white eyebrow from the base of the bill to the side of the nape ; 
lores black, as also a band across the upper edge of the ear-coverts; 
sides of face and ear-coverts white, narrowly streaked with black, 
with which the feathers are edged ; chin white, the remainder of 
the under surface dull white, the flanks, lower abdomen, and under 
tail-coverts rufous ; all the lower surface barred across with blackish, 
very narrowly on the throat and fore neck, and more broadly on the 
flanks; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, barred with 
blackish; quills dusky below, ashy fulvous along the edge of the 
inner web. Total length 5*5 inches, culinen Ob5, wing 2*3, tail 2-2, 
tarsus 0*95. 

The Black-capped Wren is found in Western Ecuador and Colombia, 
ranging into the State of Panama, where it has been found at 

Truando. 
a. Imm. sk. Nanegal, Ecuador. L. Fraeer, Esq. [C.l 
b. $ ad. sk. Santa Elena, Colombia. T. K. Salmon, Esq. [C.]. 

31. THRYOTHORUS. ^ 
Type. 
Thriothorus, VieUl Analyse, p. 4*5 (1816) T. ludovicianus. 
Pheugopedius, Cab. Mm. Hem. Th. i. p. 79 (1850). T. genibarbis. 

Cf. Baird, Review Amer. B. pp. 120-127; Salvin 8f Godman, Biol. 
Centr.-Amer.) Aves, i. p. 89. 

Head of Thryothorus ludovicianus. 

Bxmge. From the Southern United States and California, through 
the whole of Central America and South America, to Southern 
Brazil and Bolivia. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Throat uniform. 
a\ Wings externally barred. 
A". Rump with half-concealed spots of white 
or buff. 
a'". Throat white or huffy white. 
a4. Sides of neck mottled or streaked 
with black and white behind the 


31. THltYOTHORUS. 
ear-coverts; eyebrow very long and 
mottled with black; reaching to the 
hinder neck, 

a5. Tail reddish, with dusky cmss 
bars; back reddish. 


a6. Under tail-coverts creamy buff, 
or buff barred with blaeli; under 
surface creamy buff or fulvous 
brown; bars on the tail 
14 or more : bill not exceeding 
0'75 inch, wing- 2*4 inches. 

a7. Beneath yellowish white, 
washed occasionally with 
rusty; sides plain: bill from 
nostril 0-45 inch. Length 
6 inches ludovicimius, p. 221. 

b7. Beneath rufous, lighter* on the 
throat and along the median 
line; sides obsoletely barred 
with dusky: bill from nostril 
0*50inch. Length 5*25inches berlandieri, p. 222. 

e7. Oulmen 0*9 inch; wing 2*75 
inches miamensis, p. 222, 

b®. Under tail-coverts rufous, with 
a few dusky cross bars, contrasting 
with the breast and 
abdomen, which are white ; bars 
on tail not more than 12: bill Unesohl(cm •> 228 
0-85 inch, wing 2-2-2-5 inches ™^™s *' §23 

&\ Tail dark ashy brown, with dusky * ; ™* 
cross bars; back umber-brown ; 
under tail-coverts white, broadly 
barred with black cdbinucha, p. 224. 

b4. Sides of neck uniform ashy grey; 

eyebrow shorter and not extending f j Wi -cfaV , p. 225. 
beyond the nape, pure white, not \ a 
v 
225. 
mixed with black streaks j fe^ ^m 

[brevicauda, p. 227. 
b'". Throat rufous, like the rest of the (niartinicenm, p. 228. 
under surface \ rufescem, p. 228. 
I &remdensis P-228

b". Bump without the half-concealed white>spots. 
c"'. Abdomen black, barred with white or 
buffy white. 

c4. Far-coverts white, narrowly streaked 
with dusky, the upper margin 
blackish fasciatwmtris, p. 229. 

dK Ear-coverts uniform dusky black .. atbigularis, p. 230. 

d'". Abdomen black, not barred across at 
all; ear-coverts whitish, with the 
upper margin dusky black melanogaster, p. 230. 

b'. "Wings uniform, not barred externally. 
c". Throat and breast black; belly reddish 
brown atru/idaris, p. 231. 
d". Throat white. 
e'". Under tail-coverts white, barred with 
black; back light brown, the head 

220 
TIMELIID-E. 

more rufous ; sides of neck broadly-
streaked with black and white, like 
ear-coverts and sides of the head \feliz, p. 232. 

/"'. Under tail-coverts uniform fulvous or [lawrencU, p. 232. 
reddish brown, with blackish cross 
bars; back light or dark chestnut-red, 
the head more dingy; sides of neck 
not streaked with black and white. 

eA, With a distinct moustachial streak 
of black, the cheeks and throat being 
white, with a broad malar streak 
of black between. 


cb. Larger: wing 2-8 inches. Under 
tail-coverts uniform, or with a 
few dusky bars near the tips of 
the feathers; tail rufous, with 
narrow black bars mystacalis, p. 288. 

d5. Smaller: wing2*45inches. Under 
tail-coverts fawn-colour, with 
rather broad dusky blackish bars; 
tail-feathers dark ashy brown, 
broadly banded with black ge?iibarbi$y p. 233. 

f4 

. With no" moustache at all; the 
cheeks black, like the moustache 
and sides of face; the ear-coverts 
with a few white streaks. 


eh. Sides of face jet-black, with a few 
white streaks; back chestnut; 
head dusky; throat white; chest 
orange-rufous; under tail-coverts 
fulvous, barred with black corai/a, p. 234. 

p. 
Sides of face ashy blackish, with a 
few white streaks; back chestnut; 
head dusky; throat ashy 
white; chest light ashy amazom'eus, p. 235. 
g5. Sides of face ashy blackish, with a 
few white streaks ; back chestnut; 
head like the back, rufous, 
only a little duller; chest ashy 


grey c/meipeetus, p. 236. 
b, Throat spotted or barred, as well as the fore " 
neck and chest. 

<?'. Larger: cuhnen095inch,wing2-7. Colour 
above bright chestnut; tail nearly uniform 
; under tail-coverts uniform euopkrys, p. 236. 


d'. Smaller: cuhnen 0-7 -0*7o inch, wing 2*12*
35. Colour above reddish brown, the 
head more rufous; tail regularly banded ; 
under tail-coverts barred. 


e". Throat spotted; fore neck and chest 
richly barred with black; bands on tail 
12 or 13 maculipecttis, p. 237. 

/" . Throat, fore neck, and chest white, with 
a few bars of dusky blackish; bars on 
toil 8 paucimaculatuSj p. 238. 

g". 
Throat barred across, like the fore neck 
and chest sdateri, p. 238. 


221

31 . IIIBYOTIIOKUS. 
c. Throat barred; fore neck and chest uniform. 
e'. Centre of breast white, contrasting with 
orange chest ruti1mt p. 288. 
/' . 
Centre of breast grey, contrasting with 
orange cheat hyposjwdius, p. 289. 


• g'. Centre of breast orange-rufous, a little paler 
than the chest , hyperythrus, p. 289. 
1. Thryothorus ludovicianus. 
Roitelet de la Louisiane, Daubent Bl. Enl vi. pi. 33. 

Troglodyte de la Louisiane, Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 361. 

Sylvia ludoviciana, Lath. hid. Orn. ii. p. 548. 

Motacilla caroliniana, Bartram, Trav. Florida, p. 291. 

\Totacilla ludovisiana, Turton, Syst. Nat. i. p. 013. 

Troglodytes arundinaceus, Tieill. Ois. AmSr. Sept. ii. p. 55, pi. cviii. 

Certhia caroliniana, Wils. Amer. Orn. ii. p. 01, pi. xii. fig. 5; Jard. 

ed. Wds. Amer. Orn. i. p. 210. 
Thryothorus littoralis, Vieill Nouv. Diet. d'JIist. Nat. xxxiv. p. 56. 
Troglodytes ludovicianus, Licht. Verz. Doubl p. 35; Aitdub. B. 

Amer. i. pi. Ixxviii.; id. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 339 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. 

p. 158; id. lland-l. B. i. p. 189, no. 2567. 
Thryothorus ludovicianus, Bp. Comp. List B. JEur. 8? N. Amer. p, 11; 
id. Consp. i. p. 220; Sol. Cat. Amer. B. p. 20 (j>t.) ; Baird, Review 
Amer. B. p. 123. 

Thryothorus arundinaceus, Less. Bev. Zool. 1840, p. 202. 
Thryothorus ludovicianus, var. ludovicianus, Baird, Brewer, 8? Bidgw. 
llist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 142, pi. 9. fig. 1; Coues, B. Color. Vail. 

p. 168. 
Adult male. General colour above rufous, the mantle and hind 
neck streaked with narrow whitish shaft-lines ; scapulars and rump 
mottled with half-concealed spots of white, these spots edged with 
blackish; upper tail-coverts like the back, with a few nearly 
obsolete dusky bars; tail-feathers rufous, narrowly barred with 
dusky blackish, the outer feathers whitish on the light bars, the 
others whitish at the outer edge of the lighter bars; lesser wing-
coverts like the back; median series with narrow shaft-streaks and 
a terminal spot of dull white; greater coverts rufous, numerously 
barred with dusky brown and minutely spotted with white at the 
tip ; quills dusky brown, the secondaries rufous, banded across with 
dusky, the primaries externally chequered with pale fulvous or 
white notches ; lores and a tolerably broad eyebrow yellowish 
white, separated from the crown by a narrow line of blackish, with 
which the superciliary feathers are edged; sides of neck mottled 
with yellowish-white spots, which are further varied by blackish 
spots and edgings; checks, sides of face, and ear-coverts yellowish 
white, the latter with a few minute spots of black, the upper edge 
of the ear-coverts rufous ; under surface of body yellowish white, a 
little clearer on the sides of the body ; thighs rufous-brown; under 
tail-coverts white, barred across with black; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries yellowish white, those near the edge of the wing 
barred with black; quills dusky brown below, yellowish white 

f>22 
TIMELIIDJE. 

along the edge of the inner web. Total length 5-4 inches, culraen 
0*75, wing 2*4, tail 2, tarsus 0*85. 

The Great Carolina Wren inhabits the eastern province of the 
United States, from Florida to Maryland and from the Atlantic to 
Kansas and the valley of the Bio Grande. 

a. S ad. sk District, Columbia, U.S.A., Smithsonian Institution. 
Aim\2,l877(P.L.Yoimg). 
b. Ad. sk. [North America.] Purchased. 
c. Ad. st.
d. Ad.sk. 
[North America.] 
LNort n America.J 
Major-Gen. Hardwieke [P.]. 
Purchased*. 

2. Thryothorus berlandieri t» 
Thryothorus berlandieri, Baird, vi B. X. Amer. 1858, p. 362, 
pi, Ixxxiii. fig. 1 (ex Conch, 3ISS.) ; id. Review Amer. B. p. 124; 
Sah. 8f Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 94. 

Troglodytes berlandieri, Gray, Ifand-l. B. i. p. 189, no. 2571. 

Thryothorus ludovicianus, var. berlandieri, Coues, Key Ar. Amer. B. 
p." 88; id. B. N.-West, p. 29 ; Baird, Brewer, § Ridyw. Hist JV. 
Amer. B. i. p. 144, pi. 9. fig. 2; Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 168: 
Merrill, Br. U.S. XaL Mus. i.'p. 121. 

Troglodytes ludovicianus berlandieri, SenneM, Bull. U.S. Xat. Mus. i. 

p. 12l. 
Adult. Very similar to T. ludovicianus, but distinguished by its 
deeper-coloured lower parts, these being fulvous from the middle of 
the throat to the anus, more rufescent on the flanks, which are 
obsoletely barred under some lights ; the fulvous neck leaves the 
ear-coverts and upper throat and chin in strong contrast, appearing 
silvery white, the chin and throat duller white. In T. ludovicianus 
there is no difference between the colour of the sides of face and the 
underparts. Total length 5-8 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2-25, tail 2, 

tarsus 0*9. 
Berlandier's "Wren replaces the foregoing species in the Lower 
Eio Grande valley, and also probably extends into Texas. 

a. Ad. sk. North America. Baron Laugier de Ghartrouse. 
3. Thryothorus miamensis. 
Thryothorus 
ludovicianus, var. miamensis, Ridgw. Amer. Nat. ix. 
p." 469. 

" Similar to T. ludovicianus, but larger, stouter, and more deeply 
coloured. Above rusty chestnut, most castaneous on the back, and 
becoming browner on the forehead. Wings and tail with indistinct, 
narrow dusky bars, and rump with concealed white spots ; a white 
postocular stripe of dark rusty on the upper half of the auriculars, 
running back into the rusty of the nape. Below deep rusty ochra


* Said to come from Jamaica, 
t For full synonymy of this and the other North-American Wrens, see Coues, 
B. Color. Valley, p. 168. 
223 

31. THRYOTHORTTS. 
ceous, the sides and flanks showing indistinct bars of darker rusty; 
chin and crissum soiled whitish, the latter banded with dusky black; 
a continuous superciliary stripe of pale ochra ceous, bordered above 
by a blackish line along each side of the pilcum ; cheeks greyish 
soiled white, with faint crcscontic bars of dusky. Bill dusky, the 
superior tomium and lower mandible pale (lilaooous in life ?); feet 
pale horn-colour. "Wing 2-75 inches, tail 2'()Q, culm en 0*90, tarsus 
0-95, middle too (without the claw) 0-G0. In coloration this strongly-
marked form closely resembles T. berlandieri, Baird, of the lower 
Bio Grande (see Hist. N, Am. B. i. p. 14-4, pi. ix. fig. 2); but the 
size is greatly larger than even the most northern examples of ludovicianus 
proper, while herlandieri is smaller.1' (Riclgiuay.) 

Maynard's Wren has been recently discovered on the Miami 
River in Eastern Plorida. 


4, Thryothorus mesoleucus. 

Thryothorus mesoleucus, Sclater, P. Z< S. 1870, p. 14. 

Adult (S. Lucia; J. Semper : type of species). General colour above 
reddish brown, the head a little more dusky, the rump varied with 
half-concealed spots of white ; scapulars and wing-coverts like the 
back, with obsolete dusky barrings ; remainder of the wing-coverts 
reddish brown, with distinct dusky blackish bars; quills brown, 
externally reddish brown barred with dusky blackish, the inner 
secondaries entirely dull reddish brown, barred across with blackish ; 
the primaries externally chequered with small rnfescent notches ; 
tail dark reddish brown, with distinct cross bars of black, about eight 
in number ; lores whitish, as also apparently a narrow eyebrow; ear-
coverts pale reddish brown : cheeks, sides of face, and under surface 
of body white; the sides of the breast, flanks, and thighs reddish 
brown; under tail-coverts deep rufous, tipped with white and 
crossed with a few bars of dusky blackish * under wing-coverts white, 
washed with ashy fulvous; axillaries light rufous, like the sides 
of the body; quills dusky brown below, ashy along the edge of the 
inner web. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 2, tail 1-45, 
tarsus 0-7. (Mus. P. L. Selater.) 

Semper's Wren is an inhabitant of the island of Santa Lucia, in 
the West Indies, and is no doubt confined to it. 

5. Thryothorus musicus. 
Thryothorus musicus, Lawr. Ann. Ar. T. Acad. Sd. vol. i. p. 148 
(1878); id, Proc. U.S. Kat. Mus. \ol. i. pp. 189, 48G. 

Male. Above of a dark ferruginous, somewhat darker on the 
ciown and blighter on the rump; lores and a line running back 
from the eye white, tinged with rufous ; the exposed portions of 
the wings are dark rufous, conspicuously barred with black; the 
inner webs of the primaries are blackish blown; under wing-
coverts white; the tail-feathers are dark rufous, barred with black ; 

L'24 TiMELIIDJS. 

tho entire back and upper tail-coverts are marked inconspicuously 
with narrow transverse dusky lines ; the feathers of the rump have 
concealed white shaft-stripes, which become wider towards the ends 
of tho feathers; the feathers of the back also have the basal portion 
of their shafts marked with white ; the throat, breast, and middle 
of the abdomen are white, the latter tinged with rufous; the sides 
are light ferruginous; the under tail-coverts are rufous, each feather 
marked with a subterminal round black spot; upper mandible 
black ; the under whitish, with the end dusky ; tarsi and toes light 
brownish flesh-colour. Length 5^ inches, wing 2| , tail 1-j-l, tarsus -2.. 

(L'twrence.) 

Tho St.-Yincent Wren is confined to the island of that name. 
The British Museum does not contain a specimen of this bird, which 
is apparently not represented in any European collection. Mr. 
Lawrence remarks:—" In its white under-plumage this species somewhat 
resembles T. mesolencus, Scl., from St. Lucia; but it is bright 
rufous above instead of earthy brown, and the flanks are li°h,t ferruginous 
instead of fulvous; it is also of larger dimensions. The 
transverse markings on the back and the round black spots an the 
crissum are strong characteristics." 

6. Thryothorus albinuciia. 
Troglodytes albinuciia, Cabot, Proc. Bosf. Soc. Nat. llht. ii. p. 258. 
Thiyotliorus peteniens, Satv. P. Z. S. 1803, p. 18?; Baird Beiiew 
Amer. B. p. 125. ' 

Thryothorus albinucha, Baird, JRevmo Amer. B. p. 149; Salv. Ibis 
1806, p. 191; Later. Ami. Lye. N. F. ix. p. 199; Scl. # Salv. No-
mend. Av. Neotr. p. 7; Salv. fy Godm. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Aves 

i. p. 94, tab. vii. fig. 2. } 
Troglodytes petenica, Gray, Ha?id4. B. i. p. 189, no. 2572. 
Adult (type of T. jpetcnicus, Salv.; Sakluk, near Teton, Guatemala). 
General colour above bright umber-brown, a little more 
reddish on the lower back and rump, the latter being distinctly 
varied with half-concealed ovate spots of white, edged with black • 
wing-coverts like the back, the lesser and median series slightly 
more ashy, the greater coverts obsoletely barred with dusky; quills 
brown, externally rufous-brown, barred with dusky on the outer 
web, the primaries externally chequered with fulvous notches ; upper 
tail-coverts fulvous brown, narrowly barred with dusky blackish * 

two centre tail-feathers dark ashy brown, with about eight blackish 
cross bars, which are not complete and are generally broken up 
into spots; the remainder of the tail-feathers blackish, ashy brown 
externally, towards the base barred with black, the outermost 
feathers with pale ashy tips, barred with black, the outer feather 
notched with white on the outer web; a very distinct eyebrow 
from the base of the nostril to the sides of the neck, the eyebrow 
separated from the crown by a narrow lino of black, foimod by the 
black margins to the feathers; sides of neck mottled with white 
and black streaks in continuation of the eyebrow ; lores dull white • 

225 

31 . TTIRY0TH0BTTS, 
ear-coverts also dull white, slightly obscured by dusky margins to 
the feathers; the upper edgo of the ear-coverts rufous-brown; 
cheeks and under surface of body fulvcsoenfc, whitish on the throat 
and centre of the breast and abdomen ; flanks deep fulvous brown, 
with a few indistinct blackish cross bars; thighs fulvous brown; 
under tail-coverts white, broadly barred with black; under wing-
coverts and axillaries dull white, those- near tho edge of the wing 
mottled with brown bases; quills dull brown below, whitish or 
buffy white along the edge of the inner web. Total length 5-2 
inches, culmen 0-85, wing 2<3, tail 2'2, tarsus 0*85. (Mus. JSalvin 
and God wan.) 

Cabot's Wren appears to bo confined to tho promontory of Yucatan 
and the adjoining district of Peten. 

7, Thryothorus bewickii. 
Troglodytes bewickii, Audub. B. Amer. pi. xviii,; id. Orn. Biogr. i. 

p. 90; Audub. B. Amer. 8vo, ii. p. 120, pi. 118 ; Gray, Gen. B. 
i. p. 158; id. Hand-l. B. i. p. 190, no. 2(502, 
Thryothorus bewickii, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. $ TV. Amer. p. 11; 
id. Ccmsp. i. p. 221 $ Baird, B. J\r. Amer. 18o8, p. 308 ; Dresser, 
Ibis, 1805, p. 404; Butcher, Pr. Phil. Acad. 1808, p. 149 ; Cones, 
Key N. Amer. B. p. 80; id. B. N.-W. p. 31. 

Telmatodytes bewickii, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 78. 
Thryomanes bewickii, var. bewickii, Beard, Bevieio Amer. B. p. 120. 
Thryothorus bewickii, var. bewickii, Baird, B) ewer, § Bidyiu. Hist. 


N. Amer. B. p. 145, pi. 9. fig. 3. 
Above dark rufous-brown ; rump and middle tail-feathers sometimes 
a little paler and very slightly tinged with grey, and, together 
with the exposed surface of secondaries, distinctly barred with dusky. 
Beneath soiled plumbeous whitish ; flanks brown. Crissum banded; 
ground-colour of quills and tail-feathers brownish black. Length 
5-50 inches, wing 2-25, tail 2-50; length of bill from nostril 0-39, 
along gape 0*70. (Baird, Brewer, mid Iiidgway.) 

Bewick's Wren, in its typioal form, inhabits the South-eastern 
United States as far west as Texas, 

8. Thryothorus spilurus. 
Troglodytes bewickii, Towns. Journ. Philad. Acad. vii. p. 193 (nee 
Audub.). 
Troglodytes spilurus, Vigors, Zool BeecJiey's Voy. p. 18, pi. 4. fig. 1 j 

Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 108 ; Bp. Comp. i. p. 222. 
Thryomanes bewickii, var. spilurus, Baird, Bev. Amer. B. p. 120. 
Thryothorus bewickiii, Brozvn, Ibis, 1808, p. 421. 
Thryothorus spilurus, Cooper, B. Calif, p. 09. 
Thryothorus bewickii, var. spilurus, Cones, Key N. Amer. B. p, 80; 

id. B. N.~West, p. 31; Baird, Brewer, Sf Bidyta. Hist. JV. Amer. B< 

p. 147. 
Adult male (Eldorado City; A. Forrer). General colour above 
brown, excepting on tho sides of the neck, which are ashy grey; 
lower back and rump clearer brown than the back, and a little more 
reddish, prettily varied with half-concealed sub terminal spots of 

VOL. vi. a 

T1MELIIDJS. 

while; upper tail-covorts and centre tail-feathers pale brown, barred 
across with blackish brown, about fifteen bars being apparent on 
the tail-feathers; the next feathers blackish ^ brown on the inner 
web, light brown on the outer one, barred with black; remainder 
of the tail-feathers blackish brown, tipped with ashy white at the 
ends, increasing in extent on the external feathers, which are mottled 
on the outer web with more- or less complete bars of black; wing-
coverts uniform brown, like the back ; quills dusky brown, with 
paler brown margins, the secondaries barred with dusky brown on 
the outer web, "the inner secondaries barred right across ; a very 
distinct white eyebrow extending from the base of the bill to the 
sides of the nape ; lores dull white; in front of the eye a dusky 
spot; ear-coverts ashy white, streaked with dark brown, the upper 
part entirely brown, forming a conspicuous patch; under surface of 
body dull white, the sides of the body ashy grey ; under tail-coverts 
dull white, barred across with blackish brown, with here and there 
a slight tinge of reddish brown ; thighs dark ashy brown ; axillaries 
light ashy: under wing-coverts white, slightly mottled with brown 
bases ; quills dusky brown below, huffy white along the edge of the 
inner web; "iris brown" (A. Forrer). Total length 4-2 inches, 
culmen 0*6, wing 1*9, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*7. 
Young. "Differs from the adult merely in having the feathers of 
the throat and breast very narrowly and inconspicuously edged with 
blackish (Baird). 
Vigors's "Wren is a "Western form of T. hcwklcli^ and is apparently 
confined to California. 

a. Ad. sk. British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.]. 
h, c. Acl. dr. California. Purchased. 
d. (S ad. sk. Greenwood valley, Eldorado A. Forrer [C.]. 
city, California, March 11th. 
9. Thryothorus bairdi. (Plate XIII.) 
Thryothorus bewickii 
(nee Audub.), Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 872 * 
id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 22; Cones, lbi,% 18i)o, p. 104; Sol. # Salv. 
Nomencl. Ai\ Neofr. p. 7 • Dnyes, La Nat. i. p. P39; Sennett, Bull 

U.S. Geol Sum. iv. p. 9. 
Thryomanes bewickii, var. leucogaster, Baird, Beiiew Amer. B. 
p. 127 ; Merrill, Br. U. S. Nat. Mm. i. p. 121; Hemh. in Wheeler's 
Rep. Geol. Surv. v. pi. 1. fig. 1 (1877;. 
Thryothorus lencoga^ter, Cooper, Amer. Nat. 1809, iii. pp. 474, 479. 
Thryothorus bewickii, var. leucogaster, Cones, Iiey N. Amer. B. p. 80; 

jSairdf Brewer, Sf Bidgw. Hist. N. Amet\ B. p. 147 ; Later. Mem, 

Bost. Soc. N. Hist ii. p. 208; id. Bull U.S. Nat. Mus. no. iv. p. 14. 
Thryothorus bewickii leucogaster, Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 109. 
Thryothorus bairdi, Salv. 8f Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 95. 

Adult female. General colour above mouse-brown, slightly washed 
with rufous on the lower back and rump, which are mottled with 
half-concealed white spots; upper tail-coverts ashy brown; lesser 
wing-coverts ashy brown ; the remainder like the back ; quills dusky 
brown, with slight indications of dusky bars on the outer webs, and 
especially on the inner secondaries, the primaries slightly chequered 
with dull white on the outer web; tail-feathers ashy grey, with 

31 . TUltYOTHORUS. 
227 

about twenty bars of black on tlio centre feathers, tliese bars not 
always complete; remainder of the tail-feathers black, tipped with 
grey (with dusky bars on these grey ends), and near the base washed 
externally with ashy grey and barred with black; the outermost 
feather notched with white distinctly on tho outer web, and having 
a broader ashy-grey tip ; a very distinct eyebrow from the base of 
the nostril and tho sides of the nape; lores dusky ; eyelid white ; 
car-coverts dusky brown, streaked with white; cheeks and under 
surface of body white ; sides of neck ashy grey ; sides of breast and 
flanks light ashy, as also the thighs; under tail-coverts white, barred 
across with black, on which is a slight tinge of reddish occasionally; 
under wing-coverts white, with dusky bases to tho feathers near tho 
outer edge; quills light brown below, ashy along the edge of the 
inner web. Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2-25, tail 2-3, 
tarsus 0*75. 

Baird's Wren may be considered a distinct race of T. bewid-ii, 
which it replaces in Mexico and in tho valleys of the llio Grande 

and Colorado. 
a. 2 ach &k. Puebla, Mexico. M. A. Boucarcl [0.1. 
t>Ad. 
sk. Mexico. M. A. Boucard [O.J. 
10. Thryotliorus forevicau&a. 

Tkryomaues brevicauda, Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Geol.fy Geogr. Surv. ii. 

p. 186. 
Adult. Above greyish hair-brown, brownest on the rump, greyest 
on the tail; remiges just perceptibly, and tail-feathers light dull 
grey terminally, with one or two broad dusky bars across the anterior 
portion of tho grey. A very conspicuous white superciliary 
stripe from the nostril to the occiput; below this a greyish-brown 
stripe, covering the lores and widening on the upper posterior portion 
of the auriculars. Lower parts white anteriorly, passing gradually 
into dull ash-grey on the sides and abdomen; crissum broadly 
barred with black. Wing 1-85-1-90 inch, tail 1-80, bill 0-45-0-50, 
tarsus 0-70-0-75, middlo toe 0-50. (Ridgway.) 

Mr. Eidgway writes:—"This Wren appears to bear about the same 
relation to T. bewkhi leucogaster* that Junco insularis does to 

J. annectens; and it is a curious fact that the analogue of each 
should be the form from the interior of the continent instead of that 
from the neighbouring coast. This insular form is much greyer 
than tho T. bewlclcl sjyilurus of California and Western Mexico, and 
presents other decided differences from all the continental forms." 
Mr. Eidgway then gives some measurements of specimens of the 
two forms, showing how greatly they differ in dimensions and proportions, 
the difference from T. bewiclci leucogaster being still more 
conspicuous. 
The Guadeloupe House-Wren is only known from Guadeloupe 
Island, off the southern coast of California. 

* Thryothorus bairdl of this work. 
Q2 

228 
TIMELIIDJE. 

11. Thryothoras martinicensis. 
Thryothoras martinicensis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 321; Scl # Salv. 
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 7; Lawr. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. i. 
pp. 352, 486. 

Adult (type of species). Upper surface dark umber-brown, inclining 
to reddish, brown on the lower back and rump, the latter with 
half-concealed spots of white margined with black ; the mantle with 
mesial streaks of brownish buff; wing-coverts like the back, with 
obsolete dusky cross-barring, the greater series more distinctly 
barred with dusky; quills dusky brown, externally rufous-brown, 
barred with dusky; tail duU brown, externally edged with rufous-
brown, barred across with dusky brown; a very narrow reddish 
eyebrow from the base of the nostril to the side of the nape ; lores 
brownish white; ear-coverts light reddish, with pale shaft-lines, the 
feathers edged with dusky, imparting a somewhat streaked appearance 
; cheeks and under surface of body deep rufous-brown, rather 
darker on the flanks, which have a few blackish bars ; under tail-
coverts rufous, barred with black; axillaries lighter reddish brown 
than the breast; under wing-coverts pale reddish, mottled with 
dusky bases to the feathers ; quills dusky brown below, ashy whitish 
along the edge of the inner web. Total length 4*8 inches, culmen 
0*75, wing 2-2, tail 1*55, tarsus 0*85. {Mus. P. L. Sclater.) 

The Martinique Rufous Wren is only known from the island of 

Martinique, one of the Lesser Antilles, 

a. Ad. sk, Martinique, Paris Museum [P.J. 
12. Thryothoras nifescens. 
Thrvolhorus 
rufescens, Laior. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Set. i. p. 47; id. 
A-oc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. pp. 453, 486. 

Male. Entire plumage rufous, much deeper in colour above, of a 
lighter and brighter shade underneath; tail dark rufous, regularly 
and closely crossed with narrow bars of black; the colouring of the 
underpart of the tail is duller, but is barred in a similar manner; 
inner webs of quills blackish brown ; outer webs and both webs of 
the innermost secondaries dark rufous, with distinct narrow bars of 
black; upper mandible dark brown, the under yellowish white; 
feet pale brown. Length 4J inches, wing 2§, tail If, tarsus || ; 
bill from front -^ from rictus f. {Lawrence.) 

Lawrence's Bufous Wren inhabits the island of Dominica, in the 
Lesser Antilles. It is scarcely to be distinguished from T* martinicensis, 
Sclater, from Martinique; and on comparison of a series the 
two species will probably prove to be identical. 

13. Thryothorus grenadensis. 
Thryothoras grenadensis, Lawr. Ann. N. T. Acad. Sci. i. p. 161; id. 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. pp. 268, 486. 

229 

31 . THBYOTHOUUS. 
Female. Upper plumage of a rather bright ferruginous, a little 
inclining to brownish on the head and hind nock, and brighter on the 
rump; lores -whitish, tinged with rufous; a light rufous stripe 
extends oyer the eye to the hind neck; tail dull rufous, barred with 
black; the primary quills have their outer webs of a dull light 
rufous, with broad black bars ; tho inner webs are brownish black; 
the wing-coverts and tertials arc rufous, with narrower black bars; 
under wing-coverts pale rufous; the throat is very pale rufous, 
inclining to whitish; the breast light rufous; the middle of the 
abdomen is of a rather paler shade ; the sides and under tail-coverts 
are of a bright darker ferruginous ; the upper mandible brownish 
black, the under pale yellow, dusky at the tip ; tarsi and ioes hazel-
brown. Length 4 J inches, wing 2{, tail 1^-, tarsus f, bill from 
front j-l 

There is also a specimen of the male ; but as it was in poor condition, 
I chose the female as the type, from which it does not differ 
in plumage, Its measure is given:—Length 5 inches, wing 2|, 
tail 1J. {Lawrence.) 

Ober's Eufous "Wren represents T. rufescens in the island of 
Grenada, one of the Lesser Antilles. Mr. Lawrence makes the 
following remarks upon the species:—" This species differs from 

T. rufescens, from Dominica, in having tho colouring lighter 
throughout, especially below, the entire under plumage of T. 
rufescens being of a dark rufous; there arc sub terminal black 
markings on the under tail-coverts of T. rufescens^ whereas those of 
the new species are immaculate." 
14. Thryothorus fasciativentris* (Plate XIV. lig. 1.) 
Thryothorus fasciativentris, Lafr. Bev. Zaok 1845, p. 337 ; Bp. Consp. 
i. p. 221; JScl $ 8ah. Nomencl Av. Neotr\ p. 7 (pt.) ; iid. P. Z. S. 
1879, p. 493. ^ 
Troglodytes fasciatoventris, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 158. 
Adult male (Bemedios, Antioquia; T. K. Salmon). General colour 
above reddish brown, slightly duller on the head; median and lesser 
wing-coverts like the back; greater coverts and quills dusky, 
externally like the back, mottled with dusky-brown bars on the 
outer web, the inner secondaries barred across; upper tail-coverts 
like the back, with a few blackish bars; tail-feathers black, barred 
with reddish brown, not always completely, especially on the inner 
web; base of forehead dusky, as also the lores; a narrow white 
eyebrow, as well as a narrow line below the lower eyelid ; cheeks 
and ear-coverts wThite, the upper edge of the latter blackish, with 
white shaft-streaks; entire throat and chest white; sides of neck 
slightly mottled with black on the borders of the white throat; 
remainder of under surface black, the breast uniform, forming 
a band; the abdomen barred with narrow cross lines of white, 
as also the flanks, but here the bars are slightly tinged with 
reddish; sides of breast barred with light reddish cross lines; 
thighs reddish brown, barred with black; under wing-coverts and 

230 
TIMELIIDiE. 

axillaries white, barred with black, slightly tinged also with reddish; 

quills dusky brown below, ashy white along the edge of the inner web. 

Total length 5-7 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 2-8, tail 2-3, tarsus 1. 

Ohs. Specimens from Bogota (whence came Lafresnaye's typo) 

in the collection of Messrs. Salvin and Godman and the British 

Museum agree with the Koniedios skin. 

The Banded-bellied Wren inhabits New Granada- and Colombia. 

a, b, Ad. sk. Bogota. 
Purchased. 

15. Thryothorus albignlaris. 
Cyphorkinus albigularis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 70, pi. lxxxviii. 
Pkengopeclius fasciatoventris, Baird, JReview Amer. B. i. p. 134 (nee 

MP-).

Cyphorhinus fasciatoventris, Laivr. Ann. Lyc. X. I . vii. p. 320. 

Thryothorus fasciatoventris, Sel. Cat. Amer. B. p. 19; Sel. # Suh. 

P. Z. S. 1804, p. 340 j Sab. §* Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amern Aves, 
i. p. 90 (pt.). 
Adult male (Lion Hill, Isthmus of Panama; M'Cleannan). Similar 
to T. fasciativentris. Lair., and, like that species, banded with white 
on the abdomen and under tail-coverts, but distinguished by the 
uniform ashy-black ear-coverts. Total length 5-6 inches, culmen 
0*85, wing 2-6, tail 24, tarsus 0*95. 


The Black-eared Banded-bellied "Wren replaces the foregoing 
species in the Isthmus of Panama. 

a. 
Ad. sk. Paraiso Station, Isthmus of Osbert Salvin, Esq. 
Panama (A. Hughes). 
16. Thryothorus melanogaster. (Plate XIV. tig. 2.) 
Thryothorus fasciatoventris, Sal v. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 180 (nee Lafr.) ; 
Salv. <§• Godm. Biol Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 90. 
Pheugopeditis fasciativentris (nee Lafr.), Later, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. 

p. 92 ; Von Frantzius,/./. O. 1809, p. 291. 
Troglodytes fasciativentris, Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 189, no. 2585 (nee 
Lafr.). 

Adult male (Bugaba, Chiriqui; E. Arce). General colour above 
rather bright rufous, the head duller and browner, the upper taiP 
coverts narrowly barred with black; upper wing-coverts like the 
back, the greater series with indistinct dusky bars; quills brown, 
externally edged with rufous, indistinctly barred with dusky on the 
outer web, these bars going right across the inner secondaries; tail-
feathers dark brown, barred with rufous, several of the bars being 
irregular; base of forehead dusky; lores white; a narrow white 
eyebrow, as also a small streak under the eye ; sides of face and ear-
coverts white, the upper edge only of the latter blackish; cheeks, 
throat, and chest white ; remainder of under surface uniform black, 
with a few indications of rufous bars on the lower flanks, and of 
whitish bars on the lower abdomen ; thighs rufous; under tail-
coverts black, narrowly barred with rufous; under wing-coverts 

31 . TriUYGTHORTTS. 23 1 
dusky brown, barred with white or pale rufous; quills dull brown, 
rufeseont along the inner web. Total length 3-3 'inches, culmon 0-8, 
wing 2*7, tail 2, tarsus 0*95. 

Adult female (Bugaba, Ckiriqui; E. Arcrf). Similar to the male, 
but the abdomen greyer and not of such a deep black. Total length 
5-7 inches, culmon 0-85, wing 2-5, tail 2*2, tarsus 0-95. 

Young, Differs from tho adult in haying the lower mandible 
yellow, in the duller rufous colour of the upper surface, the head 
and neck more dusky brown ; tail rufous, browner towards the tip, 
and banded regularly with black, about 1(> bars being perceptible ; 
no trace of a white eyebrow; the lores, ear-coverts, and sides of face 
ashy; throat and chest white, shaded with ashy; remainder of 
under surface dull rnfous-brown, the centre of the body dull ashy 
brown, with here and there a few indications of cross bars, more 
distinct on the under tail-coverts. Total length 2*5 inches, culmon. 
0-7, wing 2-7, tail 24 , tarsus 0-85. 

Tho Black-bellied "Wren represents tho foregoing species from 

Yeragua into Costa Rica. 
a. 2 ad. sk. Chiriqui, Yeragua (J2. ArcS). Osbert Salvin, Esq. 
b. <$ ad. sk.; Chiriqui (E. Arce). Osbert Salvin, Esq. 

17. Thryothorus atrigularis. 
Thryothorus atrogularis, Salvin, P. Z, S. 1864, p. e580; Laior. Ann, 

Z)jc. N, Y. ix. p. 92 ; 8cl ty Salu. Nomencl. Ai\ Nipotr. p. 7. 
Pheugopedius atrigularis, Lawr. Ami. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 179. 
Troglodytes atrogularis, Gray, llaml-l. B. i. p. 190, no. 2590. 
Thryothorus atrigularis, JSalv.tyGodm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves} i, 

p. 91, tab. vi. fig. 4. 
Adult (Tucurriqui, Costa Rica; E. Arce: type of species). General 
colour above dark chestnut, the head darker than the back, of a 
chestnut-brown colour; upper tail-coverts slightly paler chestnut 
than the back; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back; 
greater coverts blackish brown, edged with chestnut, the secondaries 
more broadly ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and outer primaries 
nearly uniform blackish brown, the chestnut margins being apparently 
obsolete; tail blackish; an indistinct white loral spot; a 
narrow eyebrow, feathers round the eyo, sides of face, and ear-
coverts black, the latter with a few longitudinal white streaks, the 
black eyebrow produced over the ear-coverts and spotted with 
white ; throat and breast black; sides of neck, sides of breast, and 
remainder of under surface brownish chestnut; under tail-coverts 
black, barred with fulvous; under wing-coverts ashy blackish; 
axillaries fulvous brown ; edge of wing white, mottled with black 
bases to the feathers ; quills dull brown below, ashy along tho base 
of the inner web. Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 2-7, 
tail 2*4, tarsus 1. (Mus. Salvin and GodmanJ) 

Obs. A second specimen from Tucurriqui (Arci) is in the collection 
of Messrs. Salvin and Godman, but is apparently younger. It differs 
from the one described above in having seven light fulvous bars on 

TIMELIIBJE. 

232 

the tail-feathers, while the under tail-coverts are more broadly barred, 

and with white instead of fulvous, the bases being light fulvous. 

The Black-throated Wren is an inhabitant of Costa Rica, and has 

been doubtfully included in a list of birds obtained near Grey town, in 

Nicaragua. 

18. Thryothorus felix. 
Thrvothorus felix, 
Sclater, P. Z S. 1859, p. 371; id. Cat. Amer. B. 
p." 20; Lawr. Mem. Bust. Soc. N. II ii. p. 208 (pt.) ; Scl $ Salv. 
Noinencl. Ac. Xeotr. p. 7 ; Sal v. 6f Godm. Biol Centr .-Amer,, Aves, 

i. p. 9tf, tab. vii. iig\ 1. 
PheugopediiiH felix, Ba rd, Review Amer. B. p. 100. 
Troglodytes felix, Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 190, no. 2-392. 
Adult. General colour above earthy brown, more rufous on the 

head, and especially so on the forehead ; wing-coverts like the 

back; quills brown, externally rufescent brown, a little clearer 

than the back; upper tail-coverts brown, narrowly and distinctly 

barred with blackish; tail-feathers light brown, barred across 

with dusky blackish bars, about 12 in number, with whitish spots 

on the margins of the light bars in some of the feathers; lores 

and a ring round the eye white ; eyebrow, car-coverts, and cheeks 

white, streaked with black, the feathers being edged with black; 

sides of neck behind the ear-coverts also broadly streaked with black 

and white; throat white, shading off on the fore neck into light 

ashy fulvous, which is also the colour of the centre of the breast and 

abdomen; sides of the body and thighs fawn-buff; under tail-

coverts dull white, barred with blackish; under wing-coverts and 

axillaries light fawn-buff, the edge of the wing white; quills dusky 

brown below, very palo rufous along the edge of the inner web. 

Total length 5\5 inches, culmen 0'75, wing 2*3, tail 2*6, tarsus 0*85. 

(Mus. Salvin and Godman.) 

Eoucard's Wren is confined to Mexico, where it was discovered in 
the State of Oaxaca, and has since been met with at Hazatlan. 

19. Thryothorus lawrencrL 
Thryothorus felix, £. lawrencii, Bidgtcay, Bidl Kutt. Orn. Chih, 1878, 
p. 10; Salv. Ibis, 1878, p. 190; Grayson, Proe. Bost Soc. JV. II. 
xiv. p. 278. 
Thryothorus lawrencii, Salvin Sf Godman. Biol Centra Amer., Aves, 
I p. 93. 

Allied to Tliryotlioms fdix, but differing in the under surface of 
the body being nearly white, the flanks being very slightly tinged 
with rufous, the eyebrows distinctly white, the cheeks white and 
unspotted, and distinguished also by the bill being more slender and 
curved. Total length 5-3 inches, bill from gape 0*95, wing 2*3, 
tail 2-2, tarsus 0*9. (Salvin and Godman.) 

Lawrence's Wren replaces the foregoing species in the Tres Marias 
Islands, where it was discovered by the late Colonel Grayson. The 
description is translated from the Latin diagnosis made by Mr. 
Salvin from the type in the Smithsonian Institution at Washington. 

233 

&1. THKYOiiroiws. 

20. Thryothonis mystacalis, 
Thryothonis 
mystacalis, Sclnter, P. Z, S. 1800, pp. 04, 74; id. Cat. 
Amer. B. p. 22 ; Sal fy Salo. Nomend. Av. Neofr. p. 7. 
Troglodytes mystacalis, Gray, ITand-l. B. i. p. 180, no. 2584. 

Adult. General colour above bright bay,, the wing-coverts like 
the back; quills blackish brown, externally edged with rufous, the 
secondaries more broadly, the innermost shaded with rufous; tail-
feathers rufous-brown, narrowly barred with black, about thirteen 
being discernible, though many of them are wavy and broken up, 
especially on the outer feathers; head dull slate-colour, the hind 
neck and sides of the latter lighter grey, slightly shaded with reddish 
brown; lores dusky; a disiinct white eyebrow running from the 
base of the nostrils to above the ear-coverts, narrowly margined 
with black along its upper edge; ear-coverts white, streaked 
with black, the upper edge with a broad black streak; cheeks 
creamy white, bordered both above and below with a black line, 
the malar stripe being very broad and distinct; throat creamy 
white ; fore neck and breast ashy grey; remainder of under surface 
of body ochreous brown, as also the thighs, which have a few remains 
of dusky bars ; under tail-coverts rufous; under wing-coverts 
and axillarics pale rufous, the greater ones near the edge of the 
wing dusky; quills dusky brown, rufescent along the edge of the 
inner web. Total length 6-7 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 2*8, tail 2*9, 
tarsus 1/05. {Mas. 8 ah in and Godman.) 

Adult female. Similar to the bird described above (a presumed 
male). Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 2-'5, tail 2-Q5, 
tarsus 1-05. 

Obs. The birds described are a fine pair, collected in Colombia by 
the late Mr. T. K. Salmon, and are now in the collection of Messrs. 
Salvin and Godman. Ecuadorean skins are quite the same; but a 
skin from Bogota, in the possession of the same gentlemen, is rather 
different, being darker both above and below, with the fore neck 
and chest dark ashy brown, the ear-coverts nearly uniform black, 
and the moustachial streak very broad. 

The Moustached "Wren inhabits Ecuador, and ranges into* New 
Granada. 

a. Ad. sk. Pallatanga, Ecuador. L. Fraser, Esq. [O.]. 
21. Thryothonis geiiibarbis. 
Sphemira coraya, IAcht. Vera. JDoubl. p. 42 (nee Gm.). 

Myiothera coraya, Spu; Av. Bras. p. 73, pi. 73. fig. 2 (nee Gm.). 

Thryothonis coraya, Neuioied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iii. p. 754. 

Thryolhorus genibarbis, Swaws. An. in Menag. p. 322. 

Pheugopedius coraya, Cab. Mas. Jlein. Th. i. p. 79 (nee Gm.). 

Pheugopedius genibarbis, Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 133. 

. Thryothonis melanos (nee V.), Sciater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 2] ; JPelz. 
Om. Bras. pp. 48, .414; Set. fy Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 7. 
Troglodytes melanos (nee V.), Gray, Hand4, B. i. p. 189, no. 2583. 

TIMELIIDiE. 

Adult. General colour above rufous, the wing-coverts like the 
back, the greater coverts dusky brown, externally margined with 
rufous; bastard-wing and primary-coverts dusky blackish, with a 
very narrow rufous margin; quills dusky blackish, edged with li«*ht 
rufous, the secondaries externally broadly margined with the same 
colour as the back; tail dark ashy brown, broadly barred with 
black, the outer feathers dusky blackish on the inner web, and only 
barred with brown on the outer one, the outermost feather with 
some irregular fulvous cross markings near the tip; head dusky 
brown, contrasting with the back, and slightly washed with fulvous 
brown; eyelid white, as well as a distinct eyebrow, separated from 
the crown by a narrow black line, formed by blackish edgings to 
the feathers; lores and ear-coverts ashy black, the latter distinctly 
streaked with white ; cheeks white, separated from the throat by a 
narrow malar line of black ; sides of neck ashy grey; throat white * 
remainder of under surface of body light rufons-burY, browner on 
the flanks and thighs, the breast with a faint wash of ashy; under 
wing-coverts white, the axillaries washed with rufous; quills dark 
brown below, light rufous along the edge of the inner web. Total 
length 6-2 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 2-4:5, tail 2-4, tarsus 1. 

Swainson's Moustachcd Wren is an inhabitant of Brazil, whence 
it ranges into Bolivia; and the statement that the specimen in the 
Eyton Collection came from Demerara requires confirmation. 

a. Ad. sk.
b, c, cl Ad. sk. 
Brazil, 
Brazil. 
R. B. Skarpe, Esq. [P 1. 
Purchased. 
e. Juv. sk. Bahia. Purchased. 
/ . Ad. sk.
g. Juv. sk. 
Bolivia. 
Demerara [?]. 
Mr. Bridges [C l 
Eyton Collection. 

22. Thryothorus coraya. 
Le Coraya de Cayenne, Daubent. PI. JEnl. v. pi. 701. fig, 1. 
Barred-tailed Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 31. 
Turdus coraya, Gm. Syst Nat, i. p. 825. 
Thryothorus rnelanos, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. tfllist. Nat. xxxiv. p. oO * ; 


Bp. Consp. i. p. 221. 
Troglodytes coraya, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 158. 
Troglodytes rnelanos, Gray, Gen. B. i. p, 1*58. 
Thryothorus coraya, Bp. Consp. i. p. 221; Cab. in ScJwmb. Beis. 

Guian. iii. p. G74; Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 21; Peh. Orn. Bras. 
pp. 48, 414; Scl 8? Salv. Nomencl. Aw Neotr. p. 7. 
Pheugopedius coraya, Cab. Mus. lie in. Th. i. p. 79, note. 

Adult male. General colour above deep chestnut, the head and 
nape more dusky and of a rufous-brown ; wing-coverts like the 
back; greater series blackish, broadly edged with chestnut; bastard


* Vieillot's description of his T.rnelanos points to the species being the same 
as the true T. coraya (Gru.):—"Les plumes des oreilles et cles joues uoires et 

tacket<§s de blane." 

31 . TIERYOTHOItUa. 
wing* and prima ry~co verts black, with very narrow reddish margins ; 
quills blackish brown, with obsolete reddish edges, the inner secoudarieb 
more broadly margined with reddish; upper tail-coverts 
reddish brown, barred with black ; tail-feathers black, barred across 
rather narrowly with ashy fulvous, about seven bars being perceptible 
on the centre tail-feathers; a distinct white eyebrow from the 
base of the nostrils to above tho ear-coverts, the hinder portion of 
this superciliary line slightly varied with black edges to the feathers ; 
eyelid white; lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, and cheeks jet-black, 
with a low white streaks on tho ear-coverts, and a small white 
patch behind9 the lower, edge of the latter and above the hinder part 
of the checks, which are produced far back, nearly to the sides of 
the neck; throat white ; remainder of under surface light chestnut-
red, paler and rather browner in tho centre of the body; the lower 
flanks, vent, and thighs dark fulvous brown; under tail-coverts 
barred with fulvous and black in regular cross lines ; under wing-
coverts dull white, slightly mottled with ashy-brown bases to the 
feathers; axillaries ashy brown, washed with rufous; quills dark 
sepia-brown below, whitish along tho edge of the inner web. Total 
length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 2*35, tail 2*3, tarsus 0*9. 

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length 
5 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 2*1, tail 2*15, tarsus 0*9. 
The Black-faced Wren appears to be confined to Guiana. 

a,b. c? ? ad. sk. Bartica Grove, BritishGuiana, Dec. 1879. 
Henry "Whitely, Esq. [C.]. 
c, d. Ad. sk. Cayenne. II. C. Bothery, Esq.. [P.]. 

23. Thryothorus amazonicus. (Plate XV. fig. 1.) 
Adult male. General colour above rufous-brown, with a few dusky 
bars on the upper tail-coverts; head and nock dusky brown, contrasting 
with the back, and slightly washed with fulvous brown; 
wing-coverts like the back, the greater coverts, bastard-wing, and 
primary-coverts dark brown, externally edged with rufous-brown; 
quills dusky brown, externally margined with dull rufous-brown, 
the secondaries with rufous-brown, like the back; tail-feathers 
blackish brown, barred across with dusky fulvous, tho outer feathers 
blackish on the inner web, without any lighter bars ; over the eye 
a very narrow white lino, slightly varied with blackish edges to the 
feathers ; eyelid white ; lores, sides of face, cheeks, and ear-coverts 
black, with a few white streaks on the latter; throat white, tinged 
with fulvous on tho fore neck, tho chest light ashy grey; remainder 
of the under surface pale fulvous brown, inclining to ashy brown 
on the flanks and under tail-coverts, the latter slightly banded with 
blackish; under wing-coverts ashy whitish, slightly varied with 
dusky bases to the feathers ; quills dark brown below, whitish or 
ashy fulvous along tho edge of the inner web. Total length G*5 
inches, culmen 0*75, wing 2*G5, tail 2*4, tarsus 0*95. 

236 TIMELIIDiB. 

Bartlett's "Wren is only known at present from the Upper 
Amazons, to which region it will probably be found to be confined. 

a. $ ad. sk. Sarayacu, Edward Bartlett [0.]. 
24. Thryothorus griseipectus. (Plate XY. rig. 2.) 
Troglodytes coraya, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 189, no. 2582 (nee Gm.). 

Adult male. General colour above bright chestnut, the head duller 

rufous; wing-coverts like the back; bastard-wing feathers, pri


mary-coverts and quills blackish brown, externally bright chestnut 

like the back; upper tail-coverts lighter rufous, barred obsoletely 

with dusky ; tail-feathers rufous, broadly barred with black, about 

ten bars being discernible on the centre feathers; a narrow eye


brow of white, varied with blackish edgings to the feathers, and 

reaching from the base of the bill to the sides of the nape; eyelid 

white; lores, cheeks, and ear-coverts black, the latter streaked with 

white; throat white; fore neck and chest ashy grey ; sides of breast 

and flanks, as well as the thighs and under tail-coverts, chestnut-

rufous, paler rufous in the centre of the body; under wing-coverts 

and axillaries pale rufescent, the outer coverts mottled, with dusky 

bases to the feathers; quills sepia-brown below, pale rufous along 

the edge of the inner web. Total length 5*3 inches, culmen-075, 

wing 2-35, tail 2-25, tarsus 0*9. 

Obs. Specimens from Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. Buckley), and Pebas 

(J. Haucewell), in Messrs. Salvin and Godrnan's collection, agree 
well with the type above described, but have the under tail-coverts 
more or less barred with black. 
Young (Loretoyacu, Eastern Peru, Oct. 21, 1877; J. Hauxwell). 
Differs from the adult in the duller and more fluffy nature of the 
plumage, but especially in the throat, which is ashy, washed with 
fulvous, instead of being white. 

The Grey-chested Wren is a representative race of the foregoing 
species in Upper Amazonia, ranging into Eastern Ecuador. 

a. S ad. sk. Nauta. Edward Bartlett [C.]. 
25. Thryothorus euophrys. 
Thryothorus euophrys, Sclater, P. Z. S. 18G0, p. 74; id. Cat. Amer. 

B. p. 21; Scl. §• Salv. Nbniencl. Ai\ Neotr. p. 7. 
Troglodytes euophrys, Gray, Kand-l. B. i. p. 190, no. 2588. 
Adult. General colour chestnut-red; upper wing-coverts like the 
back, the bastard-wing, primary- and greater coverts, and quills 
sepia-brown, externally chestnut, like the back: tail-feathers reddish 
brown, chestnut on the edges of the feathers; head more dusky 
brown, contrasting somewhat with the back; a distinct white eyebrow 
from the base of the nostrils to above the end of the ear-
coverts ; lores blackish; eyelid white; ear-coverts ashy brown, with 
longitudinal whitish centres; cheeks white, separated from the 

31. TERYOTHOKTTS. 
237 

throat by a broad malar stripo of black; oliin whit c; throat and 
fore neck dull white, obscured with broad black margins ; remainder 
of under surface dull fulvous brown, the sides of the body more 
rufous, as also the under tail-coverts; the breast slightly varied 
with a few cross bars of dusky brown; under wing-coverts rufous ; 
quills dusky brown, margined with rufous-buff along the inner web. 
Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0*95, wing 2-7, tail 2*6, tarsus 
1*05. (MILS. Salvin and Godmcui.) 

Eraser's Wren is apparently confined to Ecuador. 

26. Thryothorus maculipectus. 
Thryothorus maculipectus, Lafr. Bev. Zool. 1815, p. 338; Sclater^ 
P. Z. S. 1856, p. 290, 1859, pp. 363, 372; Set. § M». Ibis, 1860, 
p. 30; Sol Cat. Amer. B. p. 21; Scl. # Sah. P Z. S. 1870, p. 836; 
iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 7; Lcnor. Butt. U.S. JSat. Mus. no. 4, 
p. 18; Salv. fy Godm. Bioi. Cent.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 92. 
Pheugopedius maculipectus, Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 135; Sumichr. 
Mem. Bost. Soc. A7". H. i. p. 545. 
Troglodytes maculipectus, Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 189, no. 2587. 

Adult male. General colour above rather reddish brown, the head 
decidedly more rufous; wing-coverts like the back, the greater 
coveits and outer aspect of quills slightly more rufous than the 
back; inner aspect of quills dusky brown; upper tail-coverts 
slightly barred with dusky; tail-feathers ashy brown, towards the 
base rufescent brown like the back, crossed with twelve or thirteen 
blackish bands; lores and feathers round the eyes yellowish white ; 
a tolerably distinct eyebrow of white feathers, bordered on the 
upper edge with black, which separates this eyebrow from the 
crown ; cheeks and ear-coverts white, longitudinally streaked with 
black; throat white, with very distinct black streaks extending on 
to the fore neck; the chest and entire breast white, barred across 
with black, the feathers having a broad margin or irregular marginal 
spots of black; lower breast and upper abdomen more minutely 
spotted with black; sides of breast and flanks and thighs rufous-
brown ; under tail-coverts white or buff, with black cross bands; 
under wing-coverts white, with dusky bases to the feathers ; axillaries 
ashy grey; quills dark brown below, whitish along the edge 
of the inner web. Total length 5-1 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2-35, 
tail 2, tarsus 0-85. 

The Spotted-breasted Wren is distributed throughout Central 
America, from Mexico to Guatemala and Honduras. 

a, 5. Ad.; c. Juv.sk. Central America. Purchased. 
d. Ad. sk. Central America. Purchased. 
e, f, g. Adh*i. Ad. sh. Ad. st.
I. Ad. sk.
. sk.
k. 
Guatemala. 
Vera Paz, Guatemala 
Honduras. 
Honduras. 
M. Boucard. 
. Osbert Salvin, Esq. [C.]. 
Mr. Dyson [C.J. 
Mr. Dyson [O.J. 

238 TIMELIID-E. 

27. Thryothorus paucimacnlatus. 
Adult (Balzar Mountains, Ecuador; Illingworth). General colour 
above rufescent brown, the head more rufous than the back; -wingcoverts 
like the back ; quills dusky brown, edged with rufous-brown, 
lighter on the edges of the primaries ; tail-feathers ashy brown, 
barred with black, about eight bars being visible on the centre 
feathers, most of them broken up and irregular, the light bars 
whitish on their extreme edges; a broad and distinct white eyebrow 
drawn from the base of the nostrils to the sides of the nape, 
the feathers being margined with dusky; lores and sides of face 
white, narrowly streaked with black; the upper edge of the ear-
coverts ashy brown, forming a broad stripe; cheeks and throat 
white, separated from each other by a narrow black malar stripe; 
remainder of under surface of body ashy white, the fore neck and 
chest with a few sparsely distributed blackish bars, the breast 
spotted with black; sides of breast ashy, the sides of the body and 
flanks light fulvous brown; under tail-coverts white, barred with 
black; under wing-coverts white; quills dusky brown below, whitish 
along the edge of the inner web. Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 
0*7, wing 2*15, tail 2, tarsus 0*8. (31us. Salv'in and Godman.) 
This species is represented at present by a single specimen from 
the Balzar Mountains in Ecuador, in the collection of Messrs. Salvin 
and Godman. 

28. Thryothorus sclateri 
Tliryothorus sclateri, Tacz. P. Z. S. 187% p. 222. 
Adult (Colombia; Yerreaux). Tery similar to T. maeidipectus, but 
distinguished by the bars on the under surface being continued over 
tho whole throat, and by the sides of the breast and the sides of the 
neck being ashy grey; the tail also is ashy grey, with about ten 
black cross bars. Total length 4*9 inches, culmen 0*75, v> ing 2*4, 
tail 2*1, tarsus 0*75. (31us. Salvin and Godman,) 

Sclater's "Wren ranges from Northern Pern into the IT. S. of 
Colombia. 

29. Thryothorus rutilus. 
Tliryothorus rutilus, VieilL Nouv. Diet. dUisf. Nat. xxxiv. p. 55; 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 221; Bimn. Tk. Bras. ii. p. VM; Sclater, Cat. 
Amer. B. p. 21; Scl. $* Sal v. NomencL Av. Xeotr. p. 7. 

Thryothorus rutilans, Swains. B. Brazil § Mexico, pi. 15. 
Pheugopedius rutilans, Baird, JReview Amer. B. p. 135. 
Troglodytes rutilans, Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 173. 


Adult male. General colour above brown, a little more rufous on 
the head and neck; wing-coverts like the back; quills light sepia-
brown, washed externally with clearer brown like the back, with 
faintly indicated dusky cross bars; upper tail-coverts like the back, 
barred across with dusky blackish; tail-feathers ashy brown, shaded 
with clear brown like the back, barred across with black, these bars 
about ten in number, some of the interspaces whitish on the edges 

230 

31 . THEYOTEQEXTS. 
of the feathers; Fores white ; a narrow oyobrow, composed of white 
feathers edged with black, reaching to the Bide of the nape; ear-
coverts dusky black, broadly streaked with white; entire cheokB and 
a patch below and behind the ear-coverts, as wrell as the throat, 
white, distinctly barred with black; lower throat, chest, and sides of 
body orange-rufous ; centre of breast and abdomen dull white; lower 
flanks washed with brown; thighs brown, yellowish on the inner 
web; under tail-coverts yellowish buff, barred with black; axillarics 
white, shaded with ashy ; under wing-coverts dull white, as also the 
edge of the wing, some of the inner ones washed with buff; quills 
dusky brown, ashy whitish along the edge of the inner web ; " bill, 
legs, and iris dark brown" (Leotaud). Total length 5'5 inches, 
culmen 0-75, wing 2-25, tail 2-05, tarsus 0-85. 

The White-bellied Orange-breasted Wren occurs in Guiana, Venezuela, 
and the island of Trinidad. 

a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk. 
Trinidad. 
Trinidad. 
R B. Skarpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Purchased. 
c. d. Ad. sk.
e. $ ad. sk.
/ , g. Ad. sk. 
Demerara. 
San Esteban, Venezuela. 
South America. 
Eyton Collection. 
W. Wilson Saunders, Esq. 
J. Gould, Esq. 

30. Thryothorus hypospodrus. 
Thryothorus hypospodius, Salv. <§• Godm. BioL Centr.-Amer.} Aves, i. 
p. 92, note. 
Adult (type of species). General colour above rufescent brown, 
with a slight olive tint; the head more rufescent than the back, 
especially the forehead; wing-coverts like the back; quills dark 
sepia-brown, margined with the same brown as the back; tail-
feathers ashy brown, strongly washed with the brown of the back, 
barred across with seven rather broad black bars, and spotted with 
white on the edge of some of the lighter interspaces; lores, eyelid, 
and a somewhat narrow eyebrow white, the feathers of the latter edged 
with black, forming a narrow marginal lino between the eyebrow 
and the crown; ear-coverts blackish, longitudinally streaked with 
rather broad white centres to the feathers; cheeks, chin, and upper 
throat whitish barred with black; lower throat and fore neck orange, 
forming a broad band across the neck; centre of the breast and 
abdomen ashy grey; sides of body brown ; under tail-coverts white, 
barred with black; under wing-coverts white, slightly mottled with 
black near the edge of the wing; quills dusky brown, white along 
the edge of the inner web. Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0*7, 
wing 2-2, tail 1-8, tarsus 0*8. (Mus. Scdvin and Godman.) 

The Grey-bellied Orange-breasted Wren replaces the foregoing-
species in Colombia. 

31. Thryothorus hyperythxus. 
Thryothorus 
rutilans {nee F.), Lator. Ami. Lye. N. Y.vii. p. 320; 
Salv. P.Z. 8.1867, p. 134,1870, p. 181. 

240 
TI1IELIID-E. 

Troglodytes rutilus, Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 189, no. 2586 (nee F.). 
Thryothorus hvperythrns, Salv. § Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 

i. p. 91. 
Adult (Paraiso Station, Panama; A. Hughes: type of species). 
General colour above brown, slightly olive in tint, the head light 
rufous-brown; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and greater 
coverts brown, externally edged with lighter brown ; upper wing-
coverts like the back, barred across with blackish ; tail ashy brown, 
slightly washed with the same colour as the back, barred with black, 
about ten bars being discernible ; lores white, as also an eyebrow, 
which is separated from the crown by a narrow line of black ; ear-
coverts blackish, longitudinally streaked with white; checks and 
throat black, largely spotted with white, having the appearance of 
being barred with black, except in the centre of the throat, where 
the white predominates; sides of neck ashy; lower throat, breast, 
and abdomen orange-brown, lighter on the abdomen; sides of body 
slightly shaded with brown; under tail-coverts white, barred with 
blackish; under wing-coverts white, the axillaries tinged with 
orange-buff; quills light brown below, fulvescent along the inner 
web. Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2*15, tail 2, 
tarsus 0*8. (Mus. Salvin and Godman.) 

The Orange-breasted Wren represents the previous species in the 
State of Panama. 

a. S a<i. sk. Santiago de Yeragua (E. ArcS). Osbert Salvin, Esq. 
32. 
CISTOTHORUS. „ 
lype. 
Cistothorus, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 77, note (1850) C. stellaris. 
Telmatodytes, Cabanis, torn. cit. p. 78, note (18-50) C. palustris. 

Leg of Cistothorus palustris. 

Range. The whole of the ISTew World. 

Key to the Species. 
t 

a. Crown uniform brown, with a black band along 
each side of it. 
a'. Upper and under tail-coverts uniform, without 

any cross bars; the latter sometimes represented 

by a few nearly obsolete spots palustris, p. 241. 

b'. Upper and under tail-coverts very distinctly 
barred paludicola, p. 242. 

b. Grown longitudinally streaked with fulvous or white, 
c'. Lower back 
and rump streaked with black or 
white or yellowish buff. 


241 

32 . CISTOTHOETTS. 
a". Hind neck black, forehead brown, Tbotli streaked 
with white; back black, streaked with white ,* 
upper tail-coverts black, slightly barred with 
fulvous and streaked with white; flanks fulvous, 
with spots of white; tail brown, with 
ashy fulvous cross markings stellaris, p. 243. 

b". General character of upper surface tawny, 
streaked with blackish, the black streaking 
broader on the mantle; upper tail-coverts 
rufous; tail rufous, broadly barred with black; 
Hanks yellowish buff) with no white spots .. platensis, p. 244. 

d'. Lower back and rump uniform rufescent brown, 
not longitudinally streaked; upper tail-coverts 
rufous, with blackish cross bars polyglottus, p. 245. 

c. Crown uniform brown, without any black lateral 
band; tail regularly barred across with black .. brun7iiceps}^.2i7, 
1. Cistothorus palustris. 
JMotacilla palustris, Bartr. Trav. in Florida, 1791, p. 291. 
Oerthia palustris, Wilson, Amer. Orn. ii. p. 58, pi. xii. fig. 4. 
Thryothorus arundineus, Vieill. Nouv. Bid. d'llist. Nat. xxxiv. p. 58, 
Troglodytes palustris, Bp. Journ. Philad. Acad. iv. p. 30; Audxib, 


B. Amer. pi. c.; Less. Traite, p. 400; Swains. Faun. Bor.-A?ner., 
Birds, p. 319 (cumfig.); Audub. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 500; Nutt. 
Man. i. 1882, p. 439 ; Audub. B. Amer. ii. p. 135, pi. 123 j 
Giraud, B. Long Isl p. 76 • Sol P. Z. S. 1856, p. 290; Beinh. 
Ibis, 1861, p. 5. 
Thryothorus 
palustris, Bp. Comp. List B, Bur. ty N. Amer. p. 11; 
Tumb. B. JE. Pennsylv. p. 27. 
Troglodytes arundinaceus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 158; id. Hand-l. B. i. 

p. 190, no. 2G07. 
Thryothorus arundinaceus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 220. 
Telmatodytes arundinaceus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. I. p. 78, note. 
Cistothorus (Telmatodytes) palustris, Baird in B. N. Amer. p. 364. 
Cistothorus palustris, Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 22 (pt.); Blakist. 
Ibis, 1862, p. 5; Baird, Beview Amer. B. p. 147; Maynard, B. 
Florida, p. 42; Baird, Brewer,fy Bidgtv. Hist N. A?ner.B. p. 161, 
pi. ix. fig. 6; Salvin $• Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 104. 

Telmatodytes palustris, Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 87^ id. B. iV".West, 
p. 34• id. Birds Colorado Vail. p. 178 *. 

Achdt. Similar to O. jpaludicola, but distinguished by the absence 
of bars on the upper and under tail-coverts; "bill dark brown 
above, yellow beneath* feet light brown ; iris hazel" (Audubon). 
Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2*15, tail 1*85, tarsus 0*8. 

Ghs. Professor Baird speaks of the bill being longer in this species, 
while bars are somewhat apparent in certain specimens. In the 
bird described I can see no appreciable difference in the bill, while 
the barring on the tail-coverts is absent altogether. 

The Eastern Long-billed Marsh-Wren inhabits the Eastern province 
of the United States, whence it extends into Canada, and has 
even been reported from Greenland. It is this race which goes into 
Mexico (spec, in Mus. S. Sf G.). 

* Of. this work for numerous additional references. 
VOL. VI. K 
TmEUTDM. 

a Ad sk Fort Carlton (Capt Blakiston). R. B. Skarpe, Esq. [P.]. 
& <$ ad sk Bellport, June 9, 1878 (0. & Smithsonian Institution 
Allen). [P.]Ad. 
sk. North America. 

2. Cistothoras paludicola* 
Troglodytes palnstris (nee Bartr.), GamUl, Pr. Philad. Acad, 1846, 
p? 133 ; 2Vc?c6. Pacific Bail. Bep. vi. p. 80. 
Troglodytes arimdinaceus, Gambel, Jour. Philad. Acad. i. p. 33 ; 
2?mA. J". /• 0. 1854, p. 438. 

Cistothoi us paliistris, Xantus, Pr. PMad. Acad. xi. p. 191 j Gwper 
<§• jSuchlei/, Pacific Bail. Bep. x. p. 190; Sal. Cat Amer. B. p. 22 
(pt.) j times, Ibis, 1805, p. 104; id. Pr. Philad. Acad. 18C6, p. 78 5 
Cooper, B. Calif, p. 75 (mmfig.). 

Telmatodytes palustiis, Hennj, Pr. Philad. Acad. xi. p. 107. 
Oistothorns palustiis, var. paludicola, Baird, Beview Amer. B. p. 148 ; 
2?«M, Brewer, § Bidgio. Hist. JST.-Amer. B.j>. 16 L 
Telmatodytes palustiis, var. paludicola, Yarr. $ Hensh. Bep. Orn, 
Specs. 1874, p. 9. 

Adult male (Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, Dec. 31 ; A. Parrer), 
General colour above sandy or reddish brown, the scapulars and 
rump uniform; mantle and centre of the back blackish brown, 
streaked with white; crown of head and hind neck uniform pale 
sandy brown, with a blackish-brown streak along the side of the 
crown, widening on the nape; lores and a streak over the eye dull 
white; in front of the eye a brown spot; cheeks dull white, washed 
with brown; ear-coverts light brown, darker on the hinder margin; 
sides of neck light ashy brown, streaked with dull white; wingcovcrts 
light sandy brown, the least series somewhat washed with 
ashy, the median and greater coverts spotted with blackish brown, 
many of the median coverts varied with a subterminal spot of white; 
primary-coverts brown, with pale sandy-brown margins; quills 
brown, narrowly margined with ashy brown on the primaries ; the 
inner secondaries barred on the outer web with black and pale 
sandy brown, the pale bars inclining to dull white on the outer 
web; the innermost secondaries mottled with pale sandy brown and 
black, not forming regular bars; upper tail-coverts light sandy 
brown, barred across with dusky blackish, the bars very distinct; 
tail-feathers light brown, inclining to sandy brown, barred across 
with blackish, about eleven bars being perceptible on the centre 
tail-feathers, the other feathers much more broadly barred, especially 
on the inner webs, where some of the bars become almost merged 
together, on the outer feathers the light interspaces become dull 
whitish on their margins; throat dull white, shaded with pale sandy 
brown on the fore neck; sides of the body pale sandy brown, the 
centre of the breast and abdomen pure white; thighs rather darker 
brown; under tail-coverts pale sandy brown, barred across with 
white, the sandy bars also slightly marked with darker brown; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries white, slightly shaded with ashy 
brown; quills dusky brown below, whitish along the edge of the 

32. crsTOTiroKTJs. 
243 

inner web ; " iris brown " (A. Forrer). Total length 4*25 inches, 

culmen 0*6, wing 2*1, tail 1-9, tarsus 0\8. 

Birds in worn or abraded plumage appear to have the head much 
blacker, the margins to the feathers becoming worn off, when the 
light sandy-brown crown, which is visible in newly-moulted birds, 
becomes almost merged in the blackish sides of the crown. Professor 
Baird notices this peculiarity as belonging to birds from the 
interior as compared with those of the Pacific coast. Specimens of 
both forms, however, are in the Museum from the same locality, and 
the difference is due, I believe, to the state of plumage. 

The Western Long-billed Marsh-Wren replaces the foregoing 
species in the middle province of the United States and on the 
Pacific coast, whence it ranges from British Columbia to California. 

a. S ad. sk. S. Juan, Vancouver Island. J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.~|. 
b. Ad. sk. Sumiss Prairie, Biitibh Co- J. K. Lord, Esq. [C], 
lumbia. 
c. d. S 2 ad. sk. West side of Rocky Mountains. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
e. Ad. sk. California. 
Purchased. 
/. 
<$ ad. sk. Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, A. Forrer [C.]. 
Dec. 31. 

g. Ad. sk. North America. Baron Laugier. 
3. Cisttfthorus stellaris. 
Troglodytes stellaris, Return. Vog. Deiitschl iii. p. 724; Bp. Consp. i. 

p. 220 ; Gray,Hand-l B. i. p. 190, no. 2G03. 
Troglodytes brevirostris, Nutt. Trans. Amer. Acad. Arts £f Sci.,n&w 
seiies", i. p. 08 j id. Man. 1832, p. 43G; Audub. B. Amer. pi. 175; 
id. Orn. Biogr. ii. p. 427 ; Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. Sf M. Amer. 

p. 11; Audub. B. Amer. 8vo, ii. p. 138, pi. 124; Gray, Gen. B. i. 
p. 158; Bp. Consp. i. p. 222. 
Cistothorus stellaris, 
Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 77; Baird in B. N". 
Amer. 1858, p. 365 ; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 22 j Bawd, BevieivAmer. 

B. p. 140 ; Sumichr. Mem. Bast. Soc. K H. i. p. 545 j Cones, B. -A7".West, 
p. 3G; Baird, Brewer, Sf Bidgw. Mist. iv. Amer. B. i. p. 159, 
pi. ix. tig. 7 j Coues, B. Color. Vail p. 180. 
Cistothorus brevirostris, Scl. Sf Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 8. 
Thryothorus stellaris, Turrib. B. JEJ. Pennsyh. p. 27. 


Adult. General colour above black, with small streaks along the 

feathers ; forehead 
brown, the streaks on the head very small; the 

mantle and back slightly varied with brown, some of the feathers 

being externally of this colour; upper tail-coverts also black, mesially 

streaked with white, some of them barred near the base with black 

and fulvous brown ; tail-feathers brown, barred across with darker 

brown, the outer feathers uniform on the inner webs, barred with 

brown and black externally and at the tips of both webs ; lores, 

eyelid, and a narrow eyebrow dull white; cheeks and ear-coverts 

also dull white, the latter slightly mottled with dusky streaks ; throat 

and centre of the body dull white; the breast, sides of the body, and 

flanks fawn-buff, varied with a few dusky bars before a white tip to 

some of the feathers; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, 

B2 

TIMELIIDiE. 

washed with fulvous; quills ashy brown below, whitish along the 
edgo of the inner web ; " bill dusky above, pale brownish yellow 
beneath ; feet pale flesh-colour ; iris dark hazel" {Audubon). Total 
length 3*8 inches, cnlnien 0*45, wing 1-65, tail 1-35, tarsus 0*6. 

(Has. JSalvin and Godman.) 

The Short-billed Marsh-Wren is distributed throughout the Eastern 
province of the United States from Georgia to the British possessions 
and from the Atlantic to the Upper Missouri. It is irregularly 
distributed and nowhere abundant. 


a, b. Ad. sk. North America. 

4. Cistothorus platensis. 
Roitelet de Buenos Ayres, Dcmbent. PI JEnl. vi. pi. 730. fig. 2. 
Sylvia platen&is, Lath. 2nd. Orn. ii. p. 548. 
Bas-acaraguay, Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 19; Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 10. 
Troglodytes platensis, Vieill N. Diet. d'Hid. Nat. xxxiv. p. 510; 

id. $ Bonn. JSnc. Metli. ii. p. 472; Naum. Vog. JDetitsdiL iii. table 
to p. 724; d'Orb. Voy. Amir, merid. Zoolj). 231; Darw. Voy. 
Beagle, Birds, p. 75; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 158; Bp. Consp. i, p. 222; 
Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 95 ; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 193, no. 2608. 

Hylemathrous platensis, Max. Beitr. Naiurg. Bras. iii. p. 742 j Cab, 

J.f. 0.1860, p. 406. 
Thryothorus platensis, Marti. Ind. Azara, p. 10; Pels. Orn. Bras. 
pp. 48, 414. 
Troglodyte demarais?, Kombr.etJacg. Voy. Pole Sud, Atlas, pi. 19, 
fig. 6. 
Thryothorus eidouxi, Bp. Consp. i. p. 221 *. 
Cistothorus platensis, Scl P.Z.S. 1860, p. 384; id. Cat. Amer. B. 

p. 22; Scl <§' Sah. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 7. 
Cistothorus fasciolatus, Burm. J. f. O. 1860, p. 252; id. Beis. La PI. 
Stoat, ii. p. 476; Scl Sf Sah. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 159. 

Adult. General colour above pale sandy brown, varied with black 
streaks, the feathers being edged with this colour, some of the dorsal 
plumes mesially streaked with buffy white; head darker sandy brown, 
streaked with black ; the hind neck paler sanely buff, with narrower 
dark streaks ; scapulars resembling the back and similarly streaked; 
lesser wing-coverts uniform sandy brown, the median and greater 
series spotted with blackish, these spots arranged in the latter coverts 
so as to form bars; primary-coverts brown with pale tips; quills 
light brown, margined with pale sandy buff, the secondaries notched 
with blackish brown on the outer webs, the inner secondaries barred 
with broad spots of the same colour; upper tail-coverts and tail 
dark sandy brown, barred across with blackish brown, the dark 
bars less distinct on the outer feathers, which have paler tips; lores 
and a narrow eyebrow isabelline colour; ear-coverts and cheeks 
sandy buff, the former narrowly streaked with blackish on their 
hinder margin; under surface of body sandy buff, paler on the 
throat, and deepening on the flanks and sides; centre of the body 
and abdomen isabelline C3lour; under tail-coverts sandy buff, with 

* Type examined in Paris Museum. 
245 

32 . CISTOTHOBTTS. 
indistinct tips of blackish brown, producing a slightly barred appearance; 
thighs deep sandy buff; under wing-coverts and edging 
to the inner web of the quills below isabclline colour. Total length 
4-3 inches, eulrnen 0*5, wing 1*85, tail 1*6, tarsus 0*65. 

The La Plata Marsh-Wren is a common bird in Chili and Patagonia, 
ranging as far as Southern Brazil and Bolivia. It also inhabits the 
Falkland Islands. 

a. Ad. sk. Port Louis, Falkland Inlands. Lieut. A. Smith [P.], 
b, c. $ ad. sk. Falkland Islands, Antarctic Expedition. 
d, e. Ad. sk. East Falkland**. Antarctic Expedition. 
/ . Ad. sk. Falkland Islands. J. Gould, Esq. 
g. J acl. sk. Santiago, Chili. Ilerr Landbeek [CI. 

h. Ad. sk. Straits of Magellan (Copt, King). The Admiralty [P.J. 
5. Cistothorus polyglottus. 
Todo voz, Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 29 $ Hartl Ind. Azara, p. 10. 
Thryothorus polyglottus, Vieill N. Diet, d'llist. Nat. xxxiv. p. 59 
(ex Azara) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 221; Bitrm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 136. 
Troglodytes omnisonus, IAcht. in Mus. Berol.; Naum. Vo'g, Deutschl. 

iii. table to p. 724. 
Troglodytes 
interscapnlaris, Von Nordm. in JErman's Bets, p. 90, 
Atlas, pi. 13 ; Lieht. Nomencl. AD, Berol p. 34 ; Gray, Iland-l. B. 

i. p. 190, no. 2004. 
Troglodytes polyglottus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 158; id. Iland-l. B. i. 
p. 190, no. 2606. 
Cistothorus interscapnlaris, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 78, note. 
Cistothorus interscapularis, Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 136 j Peh. Orn. 
Bras. p. 414. 
Cistothorus elegans, Scl 8f Sah. Ibis, 1859, p. 28; Scl. Cat Amer. 

B. p. 30; Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 146; Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, 
p. 182; Scl fy Sah. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 7; Baird, Brewer, $ 
JRidgw. Hist N. Amer. B. i. p. 159 ,• Salv. 8f Godm. Biol Centr.Amer.
y Aves, i. pi. vii. fig. 3. 
Cistothorus polyglottus, Peh. Orn. Bras. pp. 48,414; Sol fy Sah. 
P.Z.S.1S79, pp. 493, 593; Sah. Sf Godm. Biol Centr.-Amer., 
Aves, p. 105 (nee V.). 

Cistothorus sequatorialis, Zaior. Ann. Lyc. N. T. x. p. 3. 
Cistothorus stellaris, var. elegans, Corns, B. N-West, p. 36; id. B. 

Color. VaU. p. 180. 
Cistothorus graminicola, Tacz, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 130. 
Cistothorus kumivagaus, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 504. 

Adult female (Duoiias, Guatemala : type of C. elegans). General 
colour above blackish, streaked with fulvous brown on the crown and 
sides of the nape ; centre of the nape and hind neck uniform brown ; 
mantle black, streaked with buffy white ; scapulars and wing-coverts 
brown, slightly mottled with a few blackish bars, and streaked 
along the shafts with bufTy white; greater wing-coverts lighter 
fulvous brown, barred across with black; quills externally brown, 
barred with black and fulvous brown, paler on the outer edge of 
the primaries; lower back and rump brown, with a few bars of 
dusky black, the latter part slightly more rufescent; upper tail-coverts 

246 TIMELIIDJG. 

rufous, with numerous distinct cross bars of black; tail-feathers 

rufous-brown, barred with black, many of the bars irregular and broken 

up, the outer feathers blackish, barred on the outer web with rufous-

brown and black, the tips also rufous-brown, with remains of blackish 

bars; lores, eyelid, and a narrow eyebrow yellowish white ; ear-

coverts dull fulvous brown, streaked with dusky brown; cheeks pale 

fulvous brown, slightly varied with dusky edges to the feathers; 

throat whitish, slightly washed with fulvous; remainder of under 

surface fulvoscent, fawn-colour on the sides of the body and under 

tail-coverts, with a few dusky bars on the latter, the thighs slightly 

browner and also with a few dusky bars; under wing-coverts and 

axillaries white, with a wash of fawn-colour near the edge of 

the wing; quills ashy below, whitish along the edge of the inner 

web ; " bill above brown, below very pale brownish; feet light 

brown ; iris brown " (0. Salvin). Total length 4*3 inches, culmen 

0*55, wing 1*65, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*7. (Mus. Salvin and Godman,) 

Young. Differs from the adult in having the whole of the upper 

surface nearly uniform brown, the mantle mottled with indistinct 

blackish cross-markings and a few whity-brown streaks; quills 

more uniform, with less distinct cross bars; tail-feathers blackish, 

with less distinct cross bars, especially on the outer feathers; under


neath whiter than in the old bird. 

Ob$. Considerable variation is shown in different specimens of 
this species, some being far more rufous above and more fulvescent 
below than others ; but a great deal of this difference is dependent 
upon age and season, the breeding birds becoming evidently bleached 
and rendered paler by the abrasion of the feathers. Messrs. Salvin 
and Godman have recently united the present species to the G.polyfjlottus 
of Brazil and Bolivia ; and after examining the specimens in 
their collection as well as in Dr. Selater's, I am also inclined to 
unite the whole Neotropical series as one species; but at the same 
time the Bolivian bird has a very regularly banded tail, almost as 
in G. hrumwieeps. I subjoin the description of a Bolivian skin:— 

^ Adult (Khapaguaia, Bolivia; C. Buckley). Head dusky brown, 
distinctly streaked with fulvous brown; the hind neck more uniform 
brown; mantle black, very broadly streaked down the centre with 
buffy white; lower back and rump reddish brown, as also the upper 
tail-coverts; scapulars and w^ng-eo verts fulvous brown, slightly barred 
with dusky blackish, more distinct on the greater series; quills 
dusky brown, chequered externally with dusky and fulvous, the 
inner secondaries barred across ; tail-feathers rufous-brown, a little 
clearer on the edges, all the feathers regularly barred across with 
black, about fourteen bands being plainly discernible; lores, eyelid, 
and a narrow eyebrow fulvous brown, as also the cheeks and ear-
coverts, which are streaked with dusky brown; throat and centre 
of body dull white, the sides of the breast, flanks, thighs, and under 
tail-coverts fawn-buff; under wing-coverts and axillaries silky white; 
quills dusky brown below, ashy along the edge of the inner web! 
Total length 3*8 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 1*8, tail 1-75, tarsus 0-7. 

(Mas. Salvin and Godman.) 

33. TROGLODYTES. 
247 

The Rnfous-rumpcd Marsh-Wren inhabits the greater part of 
South America, from Southern Brazil and Paraguay to Bolivia, and 
northwards through the whole of the Neotropical Region to Southern 

Mexico. 
a. Ad. sic. Guatemala. Eyton Collection. 
b. Ad. sk. Bahia Blanca, Jan. 47 1837. Charles Darwin, Esq. [C], 

6. Cistothoms bmnneiceps. 
Cistothorus bmnneiceps, Salmny Ibis, 1881, p. 129, pi. iii. fig. 1. 

Adult. Head uniform dark fulvous brown; mantle and back black, 
streaked broadly down the centre of the feathers with fulvous; scapulars 
nearly uniform fulvous brown, with a few obsolete markings 
of dusky blackish near the tip ; lower back and rump rather more 
rufous-brown, the former with indistinct bars of dusky black; upper 
tail-coverts rufescent brown, obscurely barred with black; wing-
coverts like the back, barred with blackish on the median and greater 
series, the latter being also slightly washed with rufous; quills dusky 
brown, externally rufescent brown, barred with black, the inner 
secondaries banded across, the primaries margined with whity brown 
along the outer web ; tail-feathers rufous-brown, barred across with 
black, about twelve bars being perceptible ; lores, eyelid, and a distinct 
eyebrow rufous-buff; cheeks and ear-coverts rufous-buff, as 
also the entire under surface, paler on the centre of the abdomen; 
nnder wing-coverts and axillaries dull white, washed with fulvous; 
quills dusky brown below, ashy along the edge of the inner 
web. Total length 4*7 inches, culmen 055, wing 1-85, tail 1*85, 
tarsus 0*8. 

Hab. Ecuador. 

a. Ad. sk. Ecuador. Clarence Buckley [C.]. 
33. TROGLODYTES. Type 
Troglodytes, Vieill Ois. cPAmer. sept. i. p. G2 (1807). .. T. domesticus. 
Hylemathrous, Neuwied, Beitr, Natarg. Bras. iii. p. 742. 
(1830). 

Leg of Troglodytes domesticus. 

Bancje. Throughout the entire New "World, excepting the extreme 
north. 

248 TIMELIID-32. 

Key to the Sjoecies. 

a. Eyebrow indistinct, light ashy brown or pale 
fulvous. 
a\ Under tail-coverts distinctly barred across 
with black and tipped with white. 
a". Throat and centre of breast whitish; chest 
abky brown; general colour light brown, 
with distinct cross bars on the back from 
the mantle downwards; under surface i^^/^ ^ 

pale j allies p. 248. 
b". Throat and centre of breast light brown. ' ; r* 
a'". General colour more rufescent; no 
bars on the Hanks of the adult bird.. intermedins, p. 252. 

bw. General colour lighter brown, especially 
below; flanks in the adult bird 
with narrow but distinct bars striatulus, p. 254. 

b'. Under tail-coverts tawny rufous, occasionally 
tipped with white and having subterminal 
spots or bars, the latter never complete as 
in section a; flanks uniform. 


c". Upper surface uniform brown generally. 

c'". Flanks and under tail-coverts bright 
tawny and uniform ; breast also warm 
tawny musculus, p. 255. 

d'". Much paler than the foregoing, more 
isabelline below; under tail-coverts 
like theflanks, a little deeper in colour 7iornensis} p. 257. 

d". Upper surface barred with dusky. 
e'". Throat white, as well as the centre of 
the body; breast light brown ..... . rufuhis, p. 258. 
f '" . Throat pale vinous isabelline, like the 
rest of the under surface tessellatus} p. 259. 

b. Eyebrow very distinct indeed, and of a deep 
tawny colour like the sides of the face and 
throat. 
e». Lower back and flanks uniform J fsfialis^. 260. 
)frater, p. 261. 
/" . Lower Back and flanks numerously barred ^fnf^Jlis, P- 261. 
J \ rufocihatus, p. 202. 

1. Troglodytes domesticus. 
Motacilla domestica, Bartr. Trav. Florida. 1st. Amer. ed. vol. i. 
p. 291 (1791). 
Troglodytes aedon, Vkill Ois. Amer. i. p. 52, pi. 107; id. 2V". Diet. 
d'Ifist. Nat xxxiv. p. 506; Audub. B. Amer. pi. 83; id. Orn. 
Biogr. i. p. 427, v. p. 470 ; Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. $ N. Amer. 

p. 11; Audub. B. Amer. 8vo, ii. p. 125, pi. 120; Gray, Gen. B. i. 
p. 158; Bp. Consp. i. p. 222; Baird, in Birds N. Amer. p. 367; 
Sclater, Cat Amer. B. p. 23 ; Baird, Beview Amer. B. p. 138; 
Gray, Eand-l B. i. p. 191, no. 2011 j Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 
p. 86; Maynard, B. Florida, 1873, p. 39; Scl $ Safo. Nomencl. 
Av. JVeotr. p. 7; Coues, B. N.-West, p. 32; Baird, Brewer, & 
Rtdgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. p. 149, pi. 9. fig. 5 ,• Salo. & Godm. 
Biol. Centr.-Amer,, Aves, i. p. 98. 
Sylvia domestica, WUs. Amer. Orn. vol. i. p. 129, pi. 8 flo- 3 • Bp 
Journ. Acad. K Sci. Fhilad. iv. p. 187 (1824). °" ? 


33 . TROGLODYTES. 24 9 
Troglodytes fulvus, Nutt. Man. i. p. 422 (1832). 

Troglodytes americanus, Auchb. Orn. Blogr. ii. p. 452, pi. 179; Bp. 
Comp. List B. Bur. 8f N, Amor. p. 11; Audub. B. Amer. ii. p. 12.% 
pi. 119; Bp. Consj). i. p. 222; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 308; id. 
Review Amer. B. p. 141. 

Troglodytes furvus, Gbr/er, J. f. 0. 1854, p. 370 (nee Gm.). 
Hylematliroud aedon, Cab. J.f. 0.1800, p. 407. 
Hylemathrous americanus, Cab. J.f.O. 1800, p. 407. 
Troglodytes domestica, Cones, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1875, p. 351 *. 


Adult. General colour umber-brown, slightly mottled with dusky 
centres to the feathers of the head, and with obsolete bars of dusky 
brown on the back and scapulars; lower back, rump, and upper 
tail-coverts more rufous-brown, barred with dusky brown on the 
upper tail-coverts, the rump varied with half-concealed spots of 
silky white; wing-coverts dike the back, crossed with obsolete 
dusky bars, the median series having a triangular white spot edged 
with black near the tip, and an indistinct whitish shaft-line; quills 
dark brown, chequered on the outer web with rufous-brown notches 
and darker brown bars, more distinct on the secondaries, the innermost 
of which are barred across ; centre tail-feathers rufous-brown, 
barred across with blackish, with lighter rufous spots at the edge of 
the lighter bars, the remainder of the feathers dusky brown on the 
inner web, the blackish bars indistinct and incomplete, the outor 
webs barred with rufous-brown and black, the external feather 
with a lighter conterminous bar along the black one; lores "dull 
whitish; eyelid whity brown ; ear-coverts dusky, minutely streaked 
with small spots of dull whitish, the upper edge slightly washed 
with rufous-brown; a faint eyebrow of dull whitish ; feathers below 
the eye dusky brown; cheeks also whitish, slightly mottled with 
narrow brown margins ; under surface of body ashy brown, slightly 
mottled on the fore neck and breast with faint cross bars of brown, 
before which is an obsolete paler band of whitish; centre of abdomen 
white; sides of body clear brown, mottled with a few bars of dusky 
blackish, those bars more distinct on the lower flanks, which are 
more rufescent; under tail-coverts white, barred with black, the 

black bars with a conterminous bar of rufous-brown; thighs light 
brown; under wing-coverts white, slightly mottled with dusky 
bases to the feathers, the axillaries shaded with brown; quills 
dusky brown, ashy along the edge of the inner web, with a few pale 
notches on the outer web; "bill dark brown above, yellowish 
brown beneath ; feet flesh-colour; iris hazel " (Audubon). Total 
length 4*8 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*05, tail 1-8, tarsus 0*65. 

The House-Wren inhabits the Eastern province of the "United 
States, from the Atlantic to the Eocky Mountains. 

a. b. Ad. sk. North America. -Purchased. 
c. Ad. sk.
d. S ad. sk. 
Toronto. Canada (J. IVJdtely). 
Havre de Grace, Maryland(Kumlien §• Bean). 
K. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
Smithsonian Institution 
[P.]. 

* In the' Birds of the Colorado Valley' the whole synonymy of T. domesticus 
and T. ^arkmrnini is given by Dr. Cones, whose work I have been much indebted 
to in compiling my own synonymy. The student will find a mass of local 
references, which it is not possible to reproduce*in a work like the present. 
250 
TlMELlID^l, 

Subsp. a. Troglodytes parkmairnL 

Troglodytes aedon, Stvains. 8p Rich. Faun. B&r.-Amer., Birds, p. 316 
(nee V.). 
Troglodytes fulvus, Towns. Journ. Philad. Acad. viii. p. 154. 

Troglodytes parkmannii, Audub. Orn. Biogr.Y. p. 310; id. Syn. p. 75; 
Nutt."Mim. 2nd ed. i. p. 483 (1840); Audub. B. Amer. ii. p. 133, 
pi. 122; Gray, Gen. B. L p. 158; Bp. Camp. I p. 222; Baird, B. 

JV". Amer. p. 307; id. Review Amer. B. p. 140; Cones, Ibis, 186o? 

p. 104; Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 421; Cooper, B. Calif. 1$. 71. 
Troglodytes 
sjlvebtris, Gambel, Proc Philad. Acad. iii. p. 113 
(184(5). 

Troglodytes americanus, Gamhel, Journ.-Philad, Acad. i. p. 33 
(1847). 

Troglodytes aedon, var. parkin anni, Coues, Kexj 2V. Amer. B. p. 87; 
Ridf/w. Bull Fss. hist. v. p. 180 ; Allen, Amer. Nat. vii. p. 362; 
Coues, B. N.-West, p. 32 ; Baird, Breioer, 8f Ridgw. N. Amer. B. L 

p. 14*9. 
Troglodytes domesticus parkmamri, Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 171, 
Adult male (Vancouver Island, May 17; A. Forcer). General 
colour above similar to T. aedon, but lighter and greyer brown, 
much less rufous on the rump and upper tail-coverts, and the tail 
more ashy brown in shade; below also slightly paler; bars on. 
back and scapulars a little more distinct; cc iris brown " (A. Forrer). 
Total length 4-2 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2*05, tail 1*8, tarsus 
0*65. 

Young (Vancouver Island, June 26; A. Eorrcr), Differs from 
the adult in being much darker everywhere, and distinguished at a 
glance from the old birds by its uniform rufous under tail-coverts ; 
the head uniform dusky brown, the whole back clearer umber-
brown with scarcely any dusky bars, the upper tail-coverts uniform 
rufous-brown ; tail-feathers very dark brown, crossed with bars of 
blackish chequered markings on the wings, much more distinct than 
in the adult, especially on the bastard wing ? under surface of body 
dull whitish, the flanks browner, the thighs darker brown ; the fore 
neck and breast fulvous brown, with dusky edgings to the feathers, 
producing a mottled appearance ; " iris brown," (A, Forrer.) 

The sexes measure %3 fqEows ;•—•* 

Total 
length. Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus, 
in. in. in. in. in. 

a. 
c?. W. side Bocky Mountains 4*0 0'6 20 1-8 0*65 
(Lord). 
h. 
$ . W. side Bocky Mountains 4-0 0*6 2-1 1-75 0'65 
(Lord). 
Obs. It is most difficult to separate this race from the true Troglodytes 
domesticus, and were plumage the only character I do not think 
that they could be kept distinct. The Western Wrens are certainly 
greyer and generally paler than the Eastern ones; but the specimens 
from Manitoba are so thoroughly intermediate, that on colour alone 
I should not hesitate to unite them. On the other hand the differ


33 . THOGLODTTBS. 
ences m the proportions of the primaries appear to be so constant as 
to demand a separation into races ; and at present I regard them as 
four subspecies, distinguished by the characters pointed out by Professor 
Baird. Ttie size and proportions of the quills play so important 
a part in the classification of some of the Old-World Warblers, that 
they should not be neglected in a study of the Few-World Wrens. 
In T. domesticus the first primary is more than half the length of the 
second, and is generally half the length of the longest quills, whereas 
in T. iXLvkmanni it is half the second. However, on the whole, 
the differences are by no means so marked in these Wrens as in 
some of the western and eastern races of Northern American birds. 
Mr. Salvin states also that the proportions of the first and second 
primaries are not constant, but so far I have found them to be so. 

The Western House-Wren inhabits the Western and Middle 
United States, and ranges from Western Canada southwards to 
California. 

a. Ad. sk. Ann Arbor, Michigan. Prof. J. B. Steero [P.]. 
5. 2 ad. sk. Fort Dufferm, Manitoba N. A. Boundary Comm. 
(G. Dawson). [P.]. 
c.Ad.sk. 49th Parallel, June 24, N. A. "Boundary Comm. 
1874 (G. Daioson). [P.]. 
d, e. $ ad. sk. Vancouver Island, May. A. Ferrer [0.]. 
/ . c? pull. sk. Vancouver Island, June A. Forrer [C.]. 

2G. 
ff,h. <$,i 5 ad. sk. W7est side of Eocky J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
Mountains. 
h} I, m. Ad. sk. California. Purchased. 

Subsp, /3. Troglodytes aztecus. 

TrDglodytes aedon, var. aztecus, Baird, Beview Amer. B. p. 139. 
Troglodytes aedon, Salvin $* Godman, Biol, Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. 

p. 98. 
Similar to T. domesticus but very much paler. It has, however, 
the same shaped wing, the first primary being more than half the 
second. Total length 5 inches, culinen 055, wing 2, tail 1*8, 
tarsus 0*7. 

The Mexican House-Wren seems to be confined to the eastern part 
of Mexico. 

a. Ad. sk. Mexico. John Gould, Esq. 
b. Ad. sk. Mexico (J. Gould). Eyton Collection. 
Subsp. y. Troglodytes iasularis. 

Troglodytes insularis, Later, Ann. Lyc.N. York, x. p. 3 (ex Baird, 

MS.); id. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat 'llist. ii. p. 268; Grayson, Pr. 

.Bost. Sor. Nat. Hist. xiv. p. 299; Salvin <§* Godm. Biol. Centr.


Amer.j Aves, i. p. 99. 

General colour above greyish mouse-brown, the back slightly 
waved with dusky ; wings and tail banded across with dusky black; 
underneath whitish, the vent slightly marked with dusky; eye


TIMELITDJ33. 

brows long and distinct; " bill brown above, the base of the mandible 
paler; feet brown with black nails ; iris brown" {Grayson). 
Total length 4*4 inches, bill from gape 0-8, wing 1-9, tail 1*7, 

tarsus 0*8. 

Grayson's House-Wren is only known from Sorocoo Island, where 
it is said to be the commonest bird in the place. It is stated to 
resemble T. domestims, but to be rather greyer in colour, and to be 
nearly while underneath without dusky markings. 

2. Troglodytes intermedins. 
Troglodytes sp., Selater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 372. 
Troglodytes aedon (nee V.), Sol. $ Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 9; Salv. Ibis, 
1800, p. 202. 

Troglodytes intermedins, Cab. J. f. O.18G0, p. 407 ; Baird, Review 
Amer. B. p. 142 ; Lawr. Ami. Lye, N, Y. ix. pp. 93, 199; Gray, 
IlancU B. i. p. 191, no. 2617; Boucard, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 51; Salv. 
# Godm. Biol Cent-Amer., Aves, i. p. 100. 

Troglodytes hypaedon, 'Selater, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 128 • id. Cat. Amer. 
Jtf.p/23. 
Troglodytes inquietus, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. T. ix. p. 93 (nee Baird).
Troglodytes tessellatus (pt.), Scl. fy Salv. Nomencl. Ac. Keotr. p. 7. 

Adult male. General colour above dark earthy brown, almost 
olive in some specimens, with faintly indicated cross bars on the 
lower mantle and back; on the rump some half-concealed spots of 
silky white, edged with a subterminal bar of blackish; the rump 
and upper tail-coverts rather more rufous than the rest of the upper 
surface, the latter obsoletely barred with dusky blackish ; scapulars 
like the back, and with the same nearly obsolete bars; wing-coverts 
like the back, the median coverts with a tiny spot of dull white at 
the tip; the greater series earthy brown, distinctly crossed with dusky 
blackish bars, not very regular on some of the inner ones; quills 
dark sepia, externally edged with rufescent brown, all barred narrowly 
with dusky blackish, the interspaces on the primaries paler 
and more whity brown, producing a chequered appearance; tail-
feathers earthy brown, barred across with dusky blackish, the bars 
irregular and forming spots here and there, the interspaces on some 
of the feathers whity brown; lores distinctly buffy whitish, as also 
an indistinct eyebrow ; round the eye a ring of reddish buff; sides 
of face and cheeks buffy whitish, slightly obscured by dusky edges 
to the feathers ; ear-coverts earthy brown, slightly varied with pale 
fulvous centres to the feathers; under surface of body isabelline 
brown, rather lighter on the throat and centre of the body; the 
flanks and sides of the body darker and clearer earth-brown, with a 
few obsolete bars on the lower flanks; thighs uniform dusky brown; 
under tail-coverts barred, rufescent in tint, barred across with narrow 
cross lines of blackish, before which are subterminal white interspaces 
on many of the feathers; under wing-coverts dull white, 
washed with pale fulvous on the axillaries, the edge of the wing 
whiter; quills light brown below, ashy along the edge of the inner 

253 

33. TROGLODYTES. 
web. Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0*G3 wing 2-05, tail 1-9, 
tarsus 0*8. 

The description is taken from a Costa-llican specimen collected by 
Mr. Boucard in March 1877, which therefore may be considered in 
full spring plumage. Throughout the breeding-season the feathers 
become considerably worn and abraded, and an ashy shade is perceptible 
on the upper parts and on the wings, caused by the wearing 
of the edges of the feathers : this is shown by a specimen in the 
possession of Messrs. Salvin and Godman (Tucurriqui, Costa Eica, 
Oct. 1864; E. Arce). After the autumn moult the plumage is 
darker and of a much deeper brown, and the imderparts are also 
more ruddy ; there is in this respect a decided difference between 
the spring and autumn plumage, but it is only a question of depth 
of tint. Young birds may be recognized at a glance by their uniform 
rufous under tail-coverts, and there are generally a few dusky 
edgings to the feathers of the throat and breast; the cheek-feathers 
are also often edged with dusky. The barring on the wings and tail 
is much coarser and broader than in the adult, and there are fewer 
bars; otherwise young birds resemble the old ones. After their 
first moult they appear like the adults in winter plumage, but are 
rather more rufous and are recognized at once by the uniform rufous 
under tail-coverts, which they appear to retain even after all trace 
of dusky barring has disappeared from the breast. The following is 

a series of measurements of the present species, taken from "the 
Museum series and the specimens in the collection of Messrs. Salvin 
and Godman. 

Yucatan. A specimen collected in the northern part of this country 
by Mr. G. F. Gaumer measures as follows :—Total length 4*5 inches, 
culmen 0*6, wing 1*95, tail 1*6, tarsus 0*7. It looks like a dark 
race of T. domesticus with strongly marked fulvous-brown chest and 
flanks. 

Guatemala. Messrs. Salvin and Godman have a fine series from 
this country, and the contrast of the reddish-brown under surface is 
very marked when compared with a series of the true T, domesticus 
or T. parkmanni. In every instance the proportions of the first and 
second quills are those of the T. domesticus form, the first primary 
being more than half the length of the second. The following are the 

measurements of the series :— 
Total 
length. Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus, 
in. in. in. in. in. 
a. Ad. Duenas (0.&£.F.D. <?.)• 45b. Juv. Duenas 40 
0-6 
0-5 
2-05 
1-85 
1-6 
1-5 
0*7 
07 
o, Juv. Duenas (O. 8.) 40d Juv. Retaluleu (O. S. SfF. D. (?.). 4-0 
0-6 
0-65 
1*9 
1-85 
1-5 
14 
0-7 
0-65 
e Ad. Vera Paz (0.&#JF . £>.#.).
/ . Ad. Vera Paz (O. S.) 
40 
4*0 
0-6 
0-0 
1-95 
1-85 
K> 
1*5 
0-7 
0-05 

Nicaragua. One specimen, collected by Mr. Belt at Chontalos, has 
been lent to mo by Messrs. Salvin and Godman. I t is a young 
bird and I therefore do not give the measurements, but it agrees 
thoroughly with the Guatemalan examples. 

TIMELIID2E. 

254 

Costa Rica. Leaving out young specimens, T have examined a 

considerable number from this country, which show no differences 

from Guatemalan examples. It was from Costa Eica that Cabanis 

described his Troglodytes intermedins. 

Total 
length. Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus, 
in. in. in. in. in. 

a. Irazu district (H. Rogers) 4*3 0-6 1-3 J-6 0-7 
8. 
Irazu district (II. Rogers) 4*5 0-6 1-05 1-5 0-7 
y. Tucurriqui (E. Aree) .... 4-0 0 (Jo 1-9 1*4 07 
1 Barranca (J. Carmiol) .... 4-5 0-6 20 1-0 07 
€. Costa Rica ( Fan Ratten) .. 4-3 0-6 1*9 l-o 07 
£. San Jose (Boucard) 425 4-6 1*9 1-5 075 
T). ($. San JostS (Boucard) 4*5 0-6 2*0 1-5 075 
The Ruddy-sided House-Wren inhabits Central America, from 
the state of Oaxaca in Mexico and Yucatan to Costa Rica and Guatemala, 
being found everywhere in the latter country, irrespective 
of elevation. 

a. $ ad.; h. Juv. sk. Costa Eica. Mr. Yan Patten [O.]. 
c. 
Ad. sk. San Jose, Costa Eica, A. Boucard [C.]. 
Jan. 1877. 
d. & ad. sk. San Jcse, March 1877. A. Boucard [C.l. 
e. cJ ad. sk. San Jos£, April 1877. A. Boucard [C.J. 
/. 
$ ad. sk. Coban, Vera Paz, Gua- Osbert Salvin, Esq. [C.]. 
tenmla, Nov. 6,1859. 

3. Troglodytes striatulus. 
Troglodytes striatums, Zafr. Rev. Zool 1845, p. 338. 
Hylemathrous striatums, Cab. J.f.O. 18C0, p. 408. 
Troglodytes livpaedon (nee Sclater), Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii. 


p. 320 ; Sol $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 340. 
Troglodytes inquietus, Later. MSS., unde 
Troglodytes inquietus, Baird, Rev. Amer. B. p. 143; Lawr. Ann. 
Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 174, ix. p. 93. 
Troglodytes tessellatus (nee. Zafr. § d'Orh.), Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, 

p. 135; id. Ibis, 1809, p. 312} Sol. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 493; 
Salv. 8f Godm. Ibis, 1880, p. 198. 
Troglodytes 
furvus (pt.), ScL Sf Salv. Nomencl. Ai\ Keotr. p. 7 (nee 
Gm.)} Salv. 8f Godm. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 101 (pt.). 

Though very closely resembling T. intermedins of Costa Eica and 
Guatemala, we are struck at once by a difference which the Panama 
birds exhibit on their flanks, these being perceptibly barred; the 
back and mantle also appear more banded than in true T. intermedins. 
Not much difference in size is exhibited, and the proportions 
of the 'first and second primary are as in T. domesticus. The 
following measurements are taken from the series in the British 
Museum and in the collection of Messrs. Salvin and Godman:— 

Total 

length, Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 
in, in. in. in. in. 
a. Panama (Mi Cleannan).... 4*2 0-0 1-95 1-5 075 
j3. Panama (Mc Cleannan) .. 4=-2 0-55 2-0 1*6 075 

S3. TBOQIODTTEIS.

 255 

Total 
length. Oilmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus, 
in. in. in. in. in. 

y. Panama (F mete) 4-5 0-7 205 1*6 0-75 
d. Lian-Ilill Station (Mk Clean-
nan) 4-6 0-7 2-0 1-65 0-75 
€. Paraiso (A. Hughes) 4-0 0-6 205 1-5 0-75 

f. Ohitra, "Veragua Olra?) .. 4-0 0*6 2-05 1*5 0-75 
7). c3,.Ohitra,Veragua(-4»-c^) 4*4 O'G 2*0 P45 0-75 
#. J . Calovevora, Veragua 
(Arcf) 
4 0 0-65 1-95 1*5 0-75 

i. 
Colon (Boucard) 4*5 0*6 215 105 0*75 
K. 
Colon {Boucard) 4-5 0-7 205 1*0 0*7 
Colombia. A series of skins from Bogota appear to be the same as 
the Panama birds; the same may be said of the late T.'K. Salmon's 
Antioquia specimens, and, as will be seen, from the following table 
of measurements^ the dimensions are similar :— 

Total 
length. Oilmen. "Wing. Tail. Tarsus, 
in. in. in. in. in. 

a. tf. Medellin (T. K. Salmon) .. 4-8 0*7 22 1-8 0-8 
/3. 2 . Medellin (T, K. Salmon).. 4*8 0-6-5 2 1 1-75 0-75 
y. 
Medellin (T. K Salmon) .... 4-4 0'65 21 1-5 0-8 
a. Bogota 4-0 0 0 2-05 1-5 0-7 
€. Bogota 4-25 0-7 215 1-75 0-75 
t. 
Bogota 4-6 0-7 215 1-7 0-8 
v. 
Bogota 4-2 0-05 2-2 1-7 0-8 
The Colombian House-Wren inhabits Panama and extends into 
New Granada. 

a. Ad. sk. Isthmus of Panama Oshert Salvin, Esq. 
(Ml Cleamian) 
b, c. c? ad. sk. Colon, Panama. A. Boucard [C.]. 


d. <$ ad. sk. Medellin, New Gra- T. K. Salmon [0.]. 
nada. 
e, Juv. sk. Bogota. M. Verreaux. 
/ . Ad., g. Juv. sk. Bogota. Purchased. 
A, i, h. Ad., I Juv. sk. Bogota. Purchased. 


4. Troglodytes musculus*. 
Troglodytes 
museums, Kaum. "Fog. DeutscJd, iii. p. 724, table (ex 
ficht); Gray, lland-l. B. i. p. 191, no. 2G12. 
Thryothorus sequinoctialis, Steams. B. Brazil 8? Mexico, pi. 13f. 

* This species is generally called Troglodytes furvus, a name founded on the 
Motacillajurva, which in turn is taken from the " Brown Warbler" of Brown. 
Neither figure nor description suit any known species of Wren; but if identified 
at any future time, the synonymy will be as follows:— 
Brown Warbler, Brown, III. Zool. p. 68, pi. xxviii. fig. 2; Lath. Gen. Syn. 

iv. p. 508. 
Motacilla furva, Ghn. Syst Nat i. p. 994. 
Sylvia furva, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 548. 
Troglodytes furvus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 158. 
t The plate represents a bird with a few tiny black spots on the under tail-
coverts. Mr. Layard's Para skin in the Museum is similar. 

256 TIMELIIDJ3. 

Troglodytes furvus (nee Gm.), LicM. Vera. JDoubl, p. 35; Nauru. 
Vog.Beutschl. iii.p. 724, table; Vieill. Gal. Ois. i. p. 273, pi. clxvii.; 
Keuwied, Beitr. Katurg. Bras. iii. p. 746; Bp. Consp. l. p. 222; 
Burnt. Th. Bras. iii. p. 137; Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 23; Scl. $ 
Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. mS, 1869, p. 158; Gray, Iland-l B. i. 

p. 191, no. 2000; JPelz. Orn. Bras. p. 414; Scl. $ Salv. Komencl. 
Av. Neotr. p. 7. 
Thryotliorus platensis, Keuwied, Beitr. Katurg. Bras. iii. pt. 2, p. 7*12. 
Troglodytes platensis, cPOrb. Voy. Amer. merid. p. 131; Scl. $ Salv. 
PZ.'S. 1879, p. 593. 
Troglodytes sequinoctiaJis, Gray, Gen. B.l p. 222. 
Troglodytes platensis, Burm. Th, Bras. iii. p. 137. 
Hylemathrous furvus, Cab. J.f. 0. 1860, p. 40G. 


Adult. General colour above light brown, slightly washed with 
rafoxis on the scapulars and lower back, where there are a few 
obsolete traces of dusky cross bars; lesser wing-coverts like the 
back; median and greater series light rufous-brown, with crossbarrings 
of darker brown; quills dusky brown, externally light 
rufescent, chequered with cross-markings of dusky brown, the inner 
secondaries barred across with dusky brown; rump and upper tail-
coverts bay, with a few indications of dusky cross bars on the latter; 
tail-feathers reddish brown, barred across with narrow lines of 
blackish, about seventeen being visible on the centre feathers ; lores 
dull white; feathers round the eye and a faint eyebrow pale fulvous; 
ear-coverts brown, with indistinct whitish shaft-lines; cheeks and 
throat dull whitish, with a slight fulvous tinge; remainder of under 
surface bright vinous brown, inclining to rufous on the flanks and 
under tail-coverts, which are perfectly uniform; under wing-
coverts and axillaries very pale whity browrn in colour; quills light 

"brown below, ashy on the edge of the inner web. Total length 
4-5 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2*05, tail 1-65, tarsus 0*7. 

There is a general appearance about the "Wrens from South 
America that makes them easily recognizable. Their tawny flanks 
and under tail-coverts, which are quite uniform, the narrow barring 
on the tail, and the uniform upper surface are all characters winch 
distinguish them : and taken by themselves they are distinct enough 
from all except the Chilian birds* 

Total 

Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 

length. in. 

in. in. in. 

in. 

0*65 1-95 1-6 0*7 

a. Bahia (Wucherer) 4*25 
0-6 1*95 1-6 0-75 

/3. Brazil 4*7 

0-7 2*0 1*75 0*7 

-y, Bahia ( Wucherer) 4*25 

0*65 2-0 1-65 0*7 

8. Bahia (Wucherer) 4*3 
1*9 1*75 0-75 

e. Kio (C. Bartoin) 4*5 
6*6 * 2-0 1*7 0*75 

(. Ramosani,Bolivia (C.BucMey) 4-0 

0*65 1-9 1-7 0*75 

rj. Ramosani,Bolivia( C.BucMey) 4-25 

0-65 2-05 1*8 0 75 

6. Brazil (Purchased) 5 0 
0-65 2-1 1-C 0-75 

i. Brazil (Purchased) 4*5 
0-65 2-0 1*65 075 

K. Brazil (Purchased) 4*5 
0-65 2*1 1-7 0 75 

X. d • Para (E. L. Bayard).... 4-8 
0*6 2*1 1-7 0*7 

/x. Bolivia (Bridges) 4*8 

33 . TKOGLODYTES. 
The Brazilian House-Wren inhabits the whole of Brazil and 
extends into Bolivia. 

a. Ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. Baliia. Purchased. 
c cj ad. sk. Para, Sept. 19, 1872. E. L. Layard, Esq. [0.]. 
d. Ad. sk. Para. R Graham. Ebfl. [P.]. 
*,/. Ad.sk. Brazil. Purchased. 
g. Ad. sk. Bolivia. Mr. Bridges [C.]. 
Ju Ad. sk. South America. Baron Laugier. 
5. Troglodytes hornensis. 
Troglodytes hornensis, Less. Inst. 1834, p. 310; id. Toy. ThHfo, 

Zool. p. 327; Bp. Consp. i. p. 222; Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 23; 

Gray, JIand-l. B. i. p. 101, no. 2C10; Belz. Orn. Bras. p. 414. 

Troglodytes magellanicus, Goidd, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 85 ; Darwin, Zool, 

Beagle, Birds, p. 74; Bridges, P.Z.8.1843,p. Ill; Marti. Naum. 

iii. p. 211; Sel P. Z. S. 1867, p. 321; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 101, 
no. 2618. 
Troglodytes pallida, Zafr. et. d'Orb. Mag. de Zool. 1837, CI. ii. p. 25. 
Troglodytes ro&aceus, Less. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 263. 
Troglodytes hortensis (lapsu), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 158. 
Ilylemathrous hornensis, Cab. J.f. 0. 1860, p. 406. 

Adult General colonr above uniform brown, the rump pale 
tawny brown with half-concealed white spots ; upper tail-coverts 
deeper tawny brown, with indistinct dusky transvermiculations; 
wing-coverts like the back, the greater series rather paler on their 
edges and having indistinct dusky cross-markings; quills brown, 
the first two primaries uniform and edged with whity brown along 
the extreme outer margin, the other primaries chequered on the 
outer web with fulvous-brown notches; secondaries barred with 
dull tawny brown and dusky brown, not very distinct on the innermost, 
which are indistinctly barred across; tail-feathers light 
fulvous brown, barred across with darker brown, more distinctly 
on the outer feathers, about thirteen or fourteen bars being distinguishable 
; lores dull white ; eyelid buffy white; over the eye a 
faint eyebrow of rufescent brown ; ear-coverts light brown, rufescent 
brown on the hinder portion; cheeks and under surface of body 
isabelline brown, dull whitish on the throat and centre of abdomen; 
flanks, sides of body, and thighs bright sandy brown, deeper on the 
under tail-coverts, which are tipped with isabelline, the longer 
feathers with one or two blackish spots; axillaries like the sides of 
the breast; under wing-coverts dull silky white • wings light brown 
below, ashy brown along the edge of the inner web. 

I have seen a good series from Chili, and look upon the bird as a 
pale isabelline race of the preceding species, having the tail more 
rufescent with pale-brown bars, and the under surface of a light 
vinous isabelline, deepening into tawny buff on the flanks and under 
tail-coverts. The under tail-coverts are generally uniform, but not 
always so, and some have distinct white tips with subterminal spotlike 
bars. 

VOL. vi. s 

TlMFJJlBiE. 

ur>8 

The Talc Housc-Wron is found in Patagonia and Chili as far 

north as Mcndoza. 
tu Ad. Bk. Straits of Magellan. Lieut. A. Smith. [P.]. 
/;. Ad. nk.
e. (I Ad. sic.
e,fi //. Ad. ak. 
Chili. 
Santiago, Chili. 
Santiago, Chili. 
Purchased. 
E. C. Reed, Esq. [0.1 
E. 0. Reed, Esq. [O.j. 

(>. Troglodytes ruMus. 

Troglodytes riifuhis, Cab. in Schomh. lieis. Guian. iiL p. 072; Leot Ois. 

Troglod" tes tessellatus, Sol # Sah. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 257. 

Ad alt. General colour above brown, inclining to mouse-brown on 
the head, the scapulars and back with obscure dusky bars; rump 
and upper t ail-coverts rather more rufous than the back ; lesser and 
median coverts like tho back, the greater series brown, slightly 
tinged with rufous and barred externally with dusky brown ; quills 
dark brown, chequered with pale rufous on the outer web, and very 
distinctly barred with dusky or blackish brown, the inner secondaries 
barred across both webs in a somewhat irregular manner; tail-
feathers reddish brown, barred across with blackish brown, the bars 
being about fifteen in number on the central tail-feathers, but not 
strictly conterminous; lores dull whito; above the eye an indistinct 
superciliary streak of whity brown; ear-coverts whity brown, the 
upper margin dark brown; cheeks, throat, and centre of body dull 
white, the fore neck and chest pale brown, the sides of the body 
rtifoseent, deepening on the lower flank, thighs, and under tail-
coverts, the latter being uniform; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
dull white, somewhat washed with brown; quills dusky brown 
below, whitish along the edge of the inner web; "bill brown, 
whitish at base of lower mandible; feet and iris brown" (Leotaud). 

The adult female resembles the male. 

British (hliana. Three specimens from Bartica Grove, collected 
by Mr. K. Whitcly, belong to a different race from the Panama 
birds, and are distinguished by the white throat and white belly, 
separated by a brown breast, shading off into tawny on the lower 
flanks and under tail-coverts, the latter having few bar-like spots. 
They have the following dimensions, and appear to me to be identical 
with the Santa-Marta race:— 

Total 

length. Oulmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 
in. in. in. in. in. 

a. Bartica Grove (M. Wiitely) 40 065 2-1 1-5 075 
/3. cJ. Bartica Grove (II. Whiiely) 4-2 OG5 2-05 1-0 0'75 
y. Bartica Grove (II. Whitehj) 4-0 0-6 1-9 1-5 07 
Colombia. Three specimens, collected by Mr. Simons in the Sierra 
Nevada, near Santa Marta, are by no means identical with the 
Panama and Antioquia individuals, but belong to the group of 
Troglodytes furvus. The deep tawny flanks and under tail-coverts are 
quite dibtinct when compared with the same parts in Panama skins, 

33 . TROtiLODITES.
and tho bars arc so small and imperfect as to be more liko spots. 
The measurements of these three skins are as follows :— 
Total 

lwngtlx.
in. 
Oilmen. 
in. 
Wing. 
in. 
Tail. 
in. 
Tarsus, 
in. 
a. tf. Santa Marta (Simons) .. 4*3 0*(>5 2*05 1-05 0*75 
j3. Maricosa, S.M. (Simons) .. 4*3 0-7 2-0 1-5 0-7 
y. Santa Marta (Simons) 4*4 0-05 2*05 ]/G 0*75 

Ecuador. Here again occurs the brown-chested white-bellied race, 
with the tawny flanks and under tail-coverts sparsely spotted with 
black. I have seen three specimens, which measure as follows:— 

Total 
length. Oilmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 

in. in. in. in. in. 

a. Monji, Ecuador (C. Buddey) 4*0 0-0 1*95 1*5 0*75 
0. Monji, Ecuador (C. Buckley) 4*0 0*6 1-95 1*4 0-75 
y. Quito 4*25 0-0 2*05 1-5 0*75 
Amazonia. A pair obtained at Xeberos by Mr. E. Bartlett consist 
of an old male and a younger female. They can scarcely be called 
the same as T. rufidus, for the male differs from the Ecuador birds 
in its distinctly barred under tail-coverts, though it agrees with 
them in its whitish throat. I consider, however, that they are 
nearer to the Guiana and Ecuador form than any of the others. 

The "White-breasted Hoiibo-Wron ranges from Guiana through 
Venezuela and Trinidad to the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta. It 
also inhabits Ecuador, and extends to Upper Amazonia; here it is 
less typical. 

a. Ad. sk. Bartica Grove, Demerara, Feb. 23, II. Whitely [O.]. 
1880. 
h. Imm. sk. Trinidad. Purchased. 
e. Ad. sk. |"Venezuela.] Purchased. 
d. Ad. sk. Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta.* F. Simons, Esq. [0.]. 
e. <$ ad. sk. Xeberos, Peruvian Amazons, May E. Bartlett, Esq. [O.J. 
2% 1800. 
/ . $ ad. sk. Xeberos, June 26, 186G. E. Bartlett, Esq. [O.], 

7. Troglodytes teskllatus. 
t A, I 
Troglodytes teiellatua, Lafr. et d'Orb. Mag. de Zool 1837, pi. ii. 

J ir 

p?25.
Troglodytes tessellatus, Gray, Gen. B, i. p. 158; Bp. Consp. i. 
p, 222 ; Sol fy Scl Komencl Av. Keotr. p. 7 (pt.). 
Troglodytes niurinus, Less. Rev, Zool 1844, p. 434. 
Adult. General colour above mouse-brown, with obscure dusky 
bars on the head and upper surface generally, being distinctly seen 
on the mantle and increasing in strength on the back; rump and 
upper tail-coverts light rufous, also barred across with dusky, and 
having half-concealed spots of silky white, each spot relieved by a 
dusky blackish edging; wing-coverts like the back and distinctly 
barred across, the bastard-wing feathers edged and tipped with 

" *~!T. tessellatub, Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1879, p. 198. 
s 2 

TIMELIID2E. 

white-greater series lighter and more sandy in appearance; quills 
dusky brown, barred with darker brown, and chequered with light 
sandy brown spots and notches externally; the dusky cross-markings 
on the secondaries particularly coarse in character ; tail-feathers light 
sandy brown regularly barred with blackish brown, about ten bars 
bcino-perceptible on the centre feathers, where they are not strictly 
conterminous; lores and feathers at gape duU white; feathers oyer 
the eye and eyelid pale reddish brown; ear-coverts mouse-brown, 
with a slight reddish tinge; cheeks and under surface of body light 
rufescent brown, deepening on the flanks and under tail-coverts, 
the latter tipped with white and barred with black, the bars not 
always traversing the feather; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
white, washed with the same rufescent brown as the breast; quills 

lio-ht brown below, whitish along the inner web. 

°Peru. Two specimens from Arequipa, collected by Mr. H. Whitely, 

are of rather large size and very pale coloration both above and 

below, and they are very thickly mottled with cross bars on the 

mantle and back. Though not so thickly barred on the under tail-

coverts as some of the Central-American Wrens, they yet approach 

them somewhat in general appearance. 

Total 

length. Culrnen. Wing. Tail, Tarsus. 
in. in. in. in. in. 

a. Ad. Arequipa (&. Whitely) 5-2
5-25-2o5 0-65 2-1 1-85 0-75 
/3. S ad. Arequipa (H. Whitely)) 5
550 
00 0-6o 2-15 1*75 0-75 
v. Ad. Paucatambo (H.
7 Whitely) 4-8 0-65 2*1 1-9 0-75 
The third specimen appears to be young. It has uniform tawny 
buff under tail-coverts, without spots or bars; the rump and upper 
tail-coverts are strongly washed with tawny, and the tail is some-* 
what more rufous than the other two Peruvian skins. Although 
much resembling the brown-chested white-bellied race from British 
Guiana, it may be told by its isabelline throat and under surface. 

The Banded House-Wren is an inhabitant of tho highlands of 
Peru. 

a. Ad. sk. Arequipa; June 13, 1867. H. Whitely, Esq. [O.]. 
8. Troglodytes solstitialis. 
Troglodytes solstitialis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 550; id. Cat. Amer. 
B p. 23 : Sol. fy Salv. Ex, Orn. pi. xxiii. fig. 1; Gray, Hand-l B. 

i. p. 191, no. 2622; Taczan. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 505; Scl. $ Salv. 
P. Z. S. 1879, pp. 493, 593; Salv. 8? Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., 
Aves, i. p. 102. 
Hylemathrous solstitialis, Cab. J.f. 0. 1860, p. 406. 


Adult. General colour above reddish brown, the head of the 
same colour as the back; on the back and on the scapulars a few 
indistinct dusky cross-markings; the upper tail-coverts distinctly 
barred across with narrow black lines; lesser and median wing-
coverts like the back, the greater series barred with dusky blackish; 

201 

33 . TBOQLODYTES. 
quills sepia-brown, notched with rufous-brown oxternally and barred 
with blackish brown, the inner secondaries barred across, the innermost 
barred clown the length of the feather; centre tail-feathers 
rufescent brown, chequered with zigzag black bars which are not 
conterminous, the remainder dusky brown on the inner web, barred 
with rulbuh-brown and blackish on the outer; lores dusky; a rather 
broad eyelid and a ring of feathers round the eye light fulvous; 
cheeks and ear-coverts fulvous, the feathers edged with dull brown; 
the upper part of the ear-coverts uniform dark brown ; throat and 
chest rufous-buff, the breast dull white, the sides of the body fulvous 
brown, deepening on the lower Hanks; under tail-coverts huffy 
white, barred across with black ; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
like the breast; quills dusky brown below, whitish along the edge 
of the inner web. Total length 3*25 inches, culnien 0-6, wing 1*85, 
tail 1*5, tarsus 0*75. 

Considerable variation takes place with regard to the depth and 
intensity of the rufous colouring on the face and breast, which is 
much richer in some specimens than in others. 

The Rufous-necked House-Wren is said to occur throughout the 
Andes of Peru and Ecuador, and extends through Colombia to Costa 
Rica. 

a. tf ad. sk. Antioquia, U.S. of Colombia. T. K. Salmon, Esq. [C.]. 
Subsp. a. Troglodytes frater. 

Troglodytes solstitialis, Scl. 8f Sah. P. Z. & 1870, p. 528 (nee Scl). 

Adult. Similar to T. solstitialis, but differs in the eyebrow and 
eyelid being white instead of rufous or buff, and in the whiter axillaries 
and under wing-coverts. Total length 4*2 inches, culmen 0-6, 
wing 1*95, tail 1-0, tarsus 08 . 

The White-browed House-Wren replaces the foregoing species in 
Bolivia. Whether it is this race whieh inhabits Peru I am not able 
to say, not having examined a specimen from the latter country. 

a. Ad. sk. Bolivia. Mr. Bridges [C.]. 
9. Troglodytes brunneicollis. 
Troglodytes hyemalis, Scl P. Z. S. 1850, p. 290. 
Troglodytes aedon P, Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 303. 
Troglodytes brunneicollis, Scl P. Z. S. 1858, p. 297,1859, p. 372; 

id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 23; id. P. Z. S. 1802, p. 18; JBaird, Rev. Amer. 

B. p. 144; Scl. Sf Sah. Ex. Orn. pi. xxiii. fig. 2; Gray, Iland-l B. 
i. p. 191, no. 2613 ; Sumichr. Mem. Bost. Soe. N. E. I p. 545 j Sah. 
fy Godman, Biol Centra Amer., Aves, i. p. 103. 
Hylemathrous brunneicollis, Cab. J. f. 0. 1800, p. 400. 


Adult male. General colour above rufous-brown, a little browner 
on the head, the feathers of the head rather pointed j back, rump, 
and upper tail-coverts with nearly obsolete cross bars, the rump 
with concealed spots of silky white ; wing-coverts brown, the median 
coverts with white spots at the tip; greater coverts a little more 

2G2 TIMELIIDJG. 

rufous externally than the hack, with a small spot of huffy white at 
the tip; quills blackish brown, externally rufous-brown, barred 
narrowly with black, the inner secondaries barred across, the primaries 
externally chequered with fulvous spots; tail-feathers rufous-
brown, very narrowly barred across with black, the black bars having 
a faint COD rerminous bar of pale fulvous'brown, the outer feathers 
dusky brown on the inner webs, which are slightly mottled with 
darker brown bars of an irregular kind ; lores dull white, with dusky 
edges to the feathers; a very broad eyebrow of rufous-burl, the 
feathers slightly mottled with dusky edges, producing a somewhat 
scaly appearance; eyelid rufous-buff; ear-coverts dark brown, 
streaked with rufous-buff on the lower part of the latter; cheeks 
rufous, the anterior feathers mottled with dusky brown ; throat and 
breast light rufous, paler on the breast and abdomen, the latter 
having a few transverse dusky bars; sides of body rufous-brown, the 
lowrer flanks white at the ends and narrowly barred with wavy lines 
of blackish; thighs dark brown; under tail-coverts rufescent, tipped 
with white, and barred across with blackish; under wing-coverts 
and axillarics light rufous, the outer coverts mottled with dusky 
bases to the feathers; quills light ashy below, whitish along the 
edge of the inner web. Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0*05, wing 
2*0, tail 1-8, tarsus 0*75. 

Young. Yery similar to the adult, and rufescent below, but darker 
on the upper surface and mottled underneath, the feathers of the 
breast and sides edged and barred with blackish, producing a somewhat 
banded appearance ; under tail-coverts nearly uniform rufous ; 
throat and centre of breast and abdomen paler, and more of a fulvouswhite 
colour, obscurely barred with dusky blackish. 
Hah. The Brown-necked House-Wren is an inhabitant of Southern 

Mexico. 
a. Juv. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
b. <$ ad. &lr.
c Ad. &k. 
La Parada, Mexico. 
La Paiacla. 
M. Boucard [0.1. 
M. Salle [O.j. 

Subsp. a. Troglodytes rufociliatus. 
Troglodytes brunneicollis, ScL $• Sate. Ibis, 18G0; p. 273 (nee ScL). 

Adult male (Upper Chirostemon Porest, Volcan de Puego, Ghraremela, 
alt. 10,000 feet: O. Salvin). Similar to T, IrunneicoUis, 
from Mexico, but everywhere darker, especially on the tail, which 
is dark rufous-brown, barred with black; the under surface of 
the body is deep orange-rufous, as also the sides of the neck and 
eyebrow, the flanks marked and banded as in T. hrunneicollis. 
Total length 4 4 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 1-85, tail 1-5, tarsus 
0#7. (Mus. Salvin and Godman.) 

Young. Differs from the adult in being lighter and more rufescent, 
the back barred with dusky blackish, and the feathers of the 
head having blackish margins; the under surface plentifully mottled, 
all the feathers being margined with dusky blackish. (Mus. Salvin 
and Godman.) 

34 . TTROCICHLA. 
Hah. Guatemala. 
The Itufous-browed House-AYron replaces the foregoing species in 
Guatemala. 

34. UEOCICHLA. 
Pnoepyga, pt, Moore et auct. recent. 
Range. Confined to the Khasia and Munipur Hills. 

1. TJrocicMa longicaudata. 
Pnoepyga 
lougicaudata, Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 74 ; id. $ Horsf. 
Cat. B. F.I. Co. Mm. i. p. 398; Jertl B. Incl i. p. 490: Gray, 
Hand-l. B. i. p. 188, no. 25(31 ; Godw.-Amt. J. A. S. Beny. 

xxxix. p; 101; Hume, Mr. F. 1879, p. 93. 
Tesia longicaudata, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 188, no. 2561 (18G9). 
Pnoepyga chocolatina, Godio.-Aust. $ Walden, Ibis, 1875, p. 252; 
Hume, Str. F. 187G, p. 218; id. 8tr. F. 1879, p. 93. 

Adult (typo of species). General colour above dark olive-brown, 
all the feathers edged with dusky brown, producing a somewhat 
scaly appearance everywhere except on the lower back, rump, and 
upper tail-coverts, which are uniform; lesser and median wing-
coverts like the back, the greater series and the quills rather more 
reddish, brown; tail-feathers dull reddish brown; lores dusky; 
cheeks and ear-coverts uniform dark olive-brown ; under surface of 
body light ochraceous buff, the flanks olive-brown; the sides of the 
upper breast slightly mottled with dusky brown tips to the feathers, 
and more or less distinct whitish shaft-streaks; chin slightly whiter 
than the throat unci the breast, with a few white feathers in the 
centre ; vent and under tail-coverts rather more reddish buff than 
the rest of the under surface; under wing-coverts like the breast, 
the edge of the wing brown; quills sepia-brown below, narrowly 
edged with ashy along the inner web. Total length 4*5 inches, 
oilmen 0-5, wing 1*95, tail 1*95, tarsus 0-85. 

The Long-tailed Wren inhabits the Khasia and Munipur Hills. 
Originally described by Moore from " JNf. India," it was entered in 
the India Museum Catalogue as from Afghanistan. On the stand 
of the specimen was written Darjiling {Griffith); but even this alteration 
was probably wrong, and the bird was no doubt collected in the 
Khasia Hills by the late Mr. Griffith. It is well known that several 
of his Assamese and Khasia birds were entered as from Afghanistan 
(cf. Blyth, Ibis, 1872, p. 89). Col. Godwin-Austen has very kindly lent 
me the typical specimens of Pnoepyga chocolatina, which is not to be 
distinguished from P. longicaudata beyond being rather brighter in 
colour. This is probably due to the type being a female, while 
some allowance must also be made for the fading from exposure to 
the light in the gallery of the old India Museum. 

a. r P1 ad. sk. [Khasia Hills {Griffith)."] India Museum. 
L "** (Type of species.) 
ft c d e. Ad. sk. Khasia Hills {Jerdori). Gould Collection. 

TIMELIIDJE. 

35. 
SPELJ30KNIS. _ 
Type. 
Spelceornis, David fy Oustalet, Ois. C/mie, p. 229 
(1877) S. troglodytoides. 

Mange. Confined to the hills of Western China. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Head and neck different from the back, slaty 
brown, barred with white and blackish; 
underneath orange-buff, with diamond-shaped 
spots of white troglodytoides, p. 264:. 
b. Head and neck resembling the back, spotted 
with white and black j throat white, washed 
on the sides with orange j remainder of under 
surface light orange, barred with white and 
more narrowly with dusky halsueti, p. 265. 
1. Spelaeorais troglodytoides. 
Pnoepyga troglodytoides, Verr. Kouv. Arch. vi. Bull. p. 84, vii, p. 80, 
ix. pi. 4. 
Spelseornis troglodytoides, David Sf Oubtalet, Ois. Uliine, p. 228. 
Adult female (type of species). General colour above rufeseent 
brown, mottled with transverse black spots at the tips, relieved by 
a subterminal transverse bar of white, these white bars a little more 
distinct on the rump, the feathers of which are very loose and 
fluffy; scapulars transversely barred with dusky; wing-coverts dull 
ashy, transversely mottled with blackish cross bars, the bastard 
wing-feathers notched or barred with dull wThite; quills dark brown, 
barred with rufous-brown on the outer webs, the secondaries spotted 
along the shafts with rufous-buff, the inner webs uniform, the primaries 
externally barred with paler fulvous; upper tail-coverts like 
tho back, the subterminal white bars less distinct; tail-feathers 
rufous-brown, regularly barred across with bars of dusky blackish, the 
dusky bars not strictly conterminous and about nineteen or twenty 
in number; some of the rufeseent feathers mottled with whitish 
notches on the edge of the outer web; these notches more distinct 
on the outer feathers, which are ashy grey barred with black, with 
a few whitish bars near the tips; head and hind neck slaty brown, 
transversely barred with blackish and dull white; lores and an ill-
defined eyebrow orange-buff, spotted with black, the latter with a 
few whitish streaks; round the eye a ring of orange-buff*feathers; 
in front of the eye a dusky spot edged with whitish ; cheeks and 
ear-coverts deep orange-rufous; sides of neck orange-rufous, barred 
with black and white behind the ear-coverts; entire under surface 
of body orange-rufous, the whole throat uniform, the breast and 
abdomen prettily varied with triangular spots of white, relieved by 
a small bar of black at the tip; sides of body rather darker and 
more orange-brown,- under tail-coverts like the abdomen, but less 
distinctly spotted; thigh-feathers dark ashy brown, obscurely barred 

85. SPELiEOEKIS. 
265 

with blackish and white; under wing-coverts and axillarios orange-
brown ; quills light brown below, with pale fulvcsccnt notches on 
both inner and outer webs; " biH brownish on the upper mandible 
and at the point, whitish on the base of the lower mandible; feet 
and claws of a yellowish grey; iris reddish brown v (A. David). 
Total length 4*5 inches, culmon 0-45, wing 1*09, tail 2*05, tarsus 0*8. 

(Mus. Paris,) 

David's "Wren is only found on the high mountains of Western 
Szetchuen and Moupin. Pero David fancies that ho also heard the 
note on the Tokian Mountains, but could not obtain a specimen. 

2. Spelaeornis halsueti. 
Pnoepyga halsueti, David. Z'Institut, ann. iii. no. 114; id. Bull. 8oc. 
Philom. 1875. 
Spelaeornis halsueti, David Sf Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 229, pi. 15. 

Adult male (type of species). General colour above olivaceous 
brown, mottled all over with longitudinal or diamond-shaped spots 
of white with a broad blackish bar, those black spots thicker on the 
head; wings clearer brown than the back and slightly more 
rufescent, the coverts indistinctly barred with dusky blackish, and 
with a few whitish spots or streaks ; quills more distinctly barred 
with dusky blackish, the innermost with a small spot of fulvous 
white at the tip; upper tail-coverts like the back, with smaller spots 
of white ; tail-feathers olive-brown, with narrow blackish cross bars, 
not always conterminous and broken up, the bars about twenty-two 
in number; lores dusky white, edged with black ; ear-coverts uniform 
; cheeks orange-white on the fore part, with dusky blackish 
cross bars; throat white, with a few orange bars on the fore neck; 
remainder of under surface light orange, completely mottled with 
broad white bars edged with dusky brown; sides of body olive-
brown, with less distinct bars; under tail-coverts like the abdomen, 
less distinctly spotted; under wing-coverts and axillaries yellowish 
buff; quills ashy brown, with ashy fulvous margins to the inner 
webs; " beak brownish on the upper mandible and flesh-colour on 
the lower one; feet and claws whitish; iris red " (A. David). Total 
length 5 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 1*85, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*8. (Mus. 
Paris.) 

Halsuet's Wren is only known by the unique type in the Paris 
Museum, procured by P&re David in Tsinling, China. 

266 TIMELI1D2E. 

36. SALPLNTCTES. T y e 
Salpinctes, Cabanis, Arch. f. Naturg. xiii. p. 323 (1847). S. obsolete. 
Foot of Salpinctes obsoletus. 

Bangs. From the Rocky Mountains southwards through the 
highlands of Mexico to Guatemala. Island of Guadaloupe. 

1. Salpinctes obsoletus. 
Troglodytes obsoletus, Soy in Longs Exped. Rocky Mis. ii. p. 4 
(1823) ; Audub. B. Amer. pi. ccclx.; id. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 443 ; id. 

B. Amer. 8vo, ii. p. 113, pi. 116 ; Grog, Gen. B. i. p. 158. 
Myiothera obsoleta, Bp. Amer. Orn. i. p. 6, pi. i. fig. 2. 
Troglodytes latifasciatus, Licht Preis-Verz. mex. Vijg. (1830) p. 2 ; 
Gray] Gen. B. i. p. 158; Cab. J.f.O. 1863, p. 57. 
Thryothorus obsoletus, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. §* N. Amer. p. 11. 
Troglodytes obsoleta, Nuttall, Man. 1832, p. 425. 
Salpinctes obsoletus, Cab. Arch. f. Naturg. 1847, p. 324; Bp. Consp. 

i. p. 224; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 357 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 371; 
Scl. $ Salv. Ibisj 1860, p. 30; Scl Cat. Amer. 2?. p. 18; Baird, 
Revieto Amer. B. p. 110; Cones, Ibis, 1865, p. 164; Scl. 8p Sal v. 
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 6; Coues, B. N.-West, p. 27; Baird, 
Brewer, # Ridgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. p. 135, pi. 8. fig. 3 ; Coues, 
Birds Color. Vail. p. 159 ; Salv. § Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 
i. p. 71; Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mas. no. 21, p. 14 (1881). 
Cyphorhinus obsoletus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 194, no. 2673. 
Adult (Yellowstone River, Dr. P. Y. Hayden). General colour 
above dark ashy grey, mottled with spots of white, relieved by a 
subterminal blackish spot; rump cinnamon-rufous, with the same 
spots as on the back, but not so distinctly indicated; upper tail-
coverts brown, varied with blackish bars, and having white spots 
subterminally relieved with black exactly like the back; centre 
tail-feathers klight brown, barred across with blackish brown, the 
tips pale cinnamon vermiculated with blackish; the remainder of 
the tail-feathers ashy brown, pale cinnamon at the tip, before which 
is a broad black band, the ashy brown portion of the feather also 

faintly barred with blackish brown; outer tail-feather with three 
bars of pale cinnamon, the tip vermiculated with black; lesser 
wing-coverts like the back; the median and greater coverts and 
quills rather clearer brown than the back, barred with blackish 
brown, and tipped with the same white spots as the back, excepting 
on the primaries, where the bars are scarcely perceptible on the 
outer web, and there are no white spots at the tip; head like the 
back, but the spots smaller and more rounded; lores and a narrow 

30 . SAEMXCTES. 267 
eyebrow isabellino white, slightly tinged with rufous ; ear-coverts 
and sides of face dull white, the hinder part of the former dusky 
brown ; throat and breast dull white, with mesial black spots and 
streaks; the hides of the upper breast ashy brown; sides of body, 
flanks, and under tail-coverts cinnamon-buff, as also the axillaries; 
the under tail-coverts broadly barred with black; under wing-
coverts buffy white, with dusky spots and bars; quills dusky brown, 
ashy whitish along the inner web; "bill dusky, the edges pale 
yellow; feet dusky ; iris hazel" (Audubon). Total length 5-2 inches, 
culmen 0-8, wing 2*7, tail 1*95, tarsus 0*9. (Mas. JSalvln and 

Godman.) 

The sexes are stated by Dr. Coues to be alike in coloration. 

Ohs. The Rock-Wren is a migratory bird, ranging to Guatemala 
in winter. A specimen collected by Mr. Salvin at the Cuosta of 
Cachil in Vera Paz, in November, is identical with another from the 
Yellowstone River, obtained by Dr. Hayden in September. 

On the other hand, two specimens from Mexico are remarkable 
for their much lighter coloration, and for the smallness of the white 
spots on the upper surface and the narrowness of the streaks below. 
These differences do not appear to me to be the result of abrasion of 
plumage to which the species is liable from its habits, but rather to 
indicate a pale resident form in Mexico. This can only be determined 
by a larger series than is at present available. These 
Mexican birds may also bo the young birds of the year in their 
first-moulted winter dress. * 

Young in first plumage (49th parallel, July 21, 1874; Dawson). 

Differs from the adult in the more uniform plumage, absence of spots 

on the upper surface and of streaks on the under; wings and 

tail much as in the adult; head and neck uniform ashy browm, with 

the faintest traco of cross bars; back pale cinnamon, as well as the 

rump and under tail-coverts, the upper back more distinctly barred 

with dusky blackish brown; wing-coverts pale cinnamon, barred 

like the back, the greater coverts more broadly; scarcely an indi


tion of an eyebrow, which is represented merely by a few light reddish 

feathers ; eyelid also pale reddish; ear-coverts ashy whitish, washed 

with j>ale reddish on the hinder margin; under surface of body 

dull whitish, the sides of the body and under tail-coverts isabelline; 

the under wing-coverts and axillaries of the same colour • quills 

dusky, with isabelline margins to the inner webs. Total length 5*4 

inches, culmen 0-7, wing 2-9, tail 2-35, tarsus 0*95. 

Obs. Young birds killed in August in Guatemala, by Mr. Salvin, 

appear to have lost the freshness which characterized the specimen 

just described. The plumage is much abraded and the bars on the upper 

surface are very distinct, while they still retain the uniform head. 

Two of the specimens are in full moult into the adult plumage. 

The Rock-Wren is found along the Rocky Mountains, through the 

highlands of Mexico to Guatemala. 

a Juv. sk. 49th parallel (G-. Dawson), N. A. Boundary Commission. 

b. Juv. sk. West side of Rocky J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
Mountains. 
268 TIMELITDJE. 
c. Ad. sk.
d. 3 ad. sk.
e. Juv. sk. 
Mexico. 
Puebla, Mexico. 
Guatemala. J. Gould, Esq. 
2. Salpinctes guadelupensis. 

Salpinctes obsoletus guadelupensis, Ridgic. Bull. U.S. Geol.fyGeogpr* 

Survey,iLp. 185; id.Bull.Mm. UJ8.NOLMUS.TH>. 21,p. 14 (18811Aduli. 
Above dull greyish brown, indistinctly speckled with 
dusky, and becoming light cinnamon-rufous on the rump ; wings and 
tail indistinctly barred with dusky; tail-feathers, except the middle 
pair, broadly tipped with pale cinnamon, this preceded by a leee 
regular and more broken black bar; the cinnamon frequently 
finely mottled and dusky. Chin, throat, and jugtilum dull white, the 
jugulum distinctly streaked with dusky; rest of the lower part* 
nearly plain dirty white, becoming light pinkish cinnamon on th e 
sides; crissum heavily barred with black. Male—wing 2'ft)-2m7& 
inches, tail 2-20-230, bill 0-5&-0-60, tarsus 0-80-0-90, middle toe 
0-50-0*55. Female—wing 2-50-2-60, tail 2-00-2*20, bill 0-5!*0-
60, tarsus 0-80-0*90, middle toe 0-50-0-55. (Ridg way.) 
Mr. Itidgway makes the following remarks :—H The upper tail* 
coverts are strongly barred transversely. There is a tolerably well-
defined light superciliary stripe. In no. 7004JI there is a deep 
reddish-brown suffusion across the breast, apparently an accidentia! 
stain from contact with ferruguinous earth. The differences exhibited 
in these insular specimens from the continental series «Jre 
quite slight, but they are so constant as to demand recognition. Jkm 
to colours, there is no difference beyond slightly darker shade* 
throughout; the lower parts being soft pinkish cream-colour innteedl 
of creamy white, the other portions of a darker shade to correspond-''* 
He also gives a series of measurements to show the smaller six© oC 
the insular bird. 
The Guadeloupe Rock-Wren represents the foregoing species In 
the island of Guadeloupe, off the coast of Lower California. 

37. AtfORTHURA. Typ(5L 
Troglodvtes, 
Cuvier, Regit. An. 1817, voL L p. 370 
(nee Vieill.) A. troglodytes. 
Anorthura, Ronnie, ed. Mont. Orn. Did. 2nd ed. 
p.570(1831) A. troglodyte*. 

Leg of Amorthum troglodyte*. 

Range. The whole of the northern part of the Old World in 
eluding nearly the entire Palaaarctic Begion. Not found in' th 

269 

37 . 
A^GRTHTTBA. 
Azores or Canaries, but occurring in Algeria; absent in Egypt and 
Xorth-eastem Africa ; rarely found in Palestine; occurring in Persia 
and throughout the Himalayas to Western China. Absent in 
Siberia, as far as is known, excepting In the eastern portion and 
Japan. Alaska and the Aleutian Isles, and found throughout the 
greater portion of Xorth America. 

Key to the Species, 

a. Xo white spots on the throat. 
a\ Breast pale, whitish or whity brown. 
u\ Upper surface rufous-brown; the mantle 
uniform and without blackish cross bars; 
jtail much more rufous than the back, troglodytes, p. 269. 
b'\ Upper surface dark brown, the mantle 
barred with dusky blackish; tail not 
much more rufous than back lorealis, p. 272. 

c". Upper surface pale isabelline brown, 
with only a few indications of dusky 
cro«w bars on the mantle pallida, p. 273. 

b\ Broabtpale, reddi>h buff or vinous rufous. 
d". Head and mantle perceptibly darker brown 


than the lower back and rump. 
a"f. Larger: bill 0*7 inch, -wing 2*1...... almcenm, p. 273. 
b". Smaller: bill O'oo inch, wing 1*8 ... . pacifiea, p. 274. 

e'\ Ht'iVland mantle rufou>-brown, very little 
lighter than the rebt of the upper burf ace, 
which hap a <j> nerally rufous appearance. 


c"'. Throat whitish; breast a little more 
rufescentj but not spotted with white, hiemalis, p. 27*5. 

d"'. Throat vinous brown, of the same 
colour as the breast, which has white 
spots and small dutky bars fumigate, p. 276. 

e\ Breast dark brown. 

f". Head dark brown; throat and under 
surface rather rufescent brown j the 
cross bars very distinct nipaimsk, p. 277. 

g". 
Head light brown; throat and under 
surface ashy brown, with faint and 
narrow cross bars of dusky negketa, p. 278. 

b. With conspicuous heart-shaped spots of white 
on the throat like the rest of the under surface 
of hody; upper surface uniform, not barred, 
but having small white spots on the hinder 
crown, neck, and back formosa, p. 279. 
1. Anorthura troglodytes. 
Common Wren, Albin, Kat. Hist. B. i. p. 51, pi. liii. fig. 33. 
Le Boitelet, JBrmon, Orn. iii. p. 425 j JDaubent. PL Enl vi. pi. 651. 
fig. 2. 
Motacilla troglodytes, Linn. 8yst. Kat. i. p. 837. 
Sylvia troglodytes, ticop. Ann. i. p. 100 j Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 547; 
Temm, Man, (TOrn. i. p. 2JJ3: Meyer u. Wolf) Taschenb. i. p. 2ola; 
Werner, Atlas, Insedivores, pi. 01; Yarr. Mr. B. ii. p. 102. 

270 TIMELIID2E. 

Le Troglodyte, vulgairement et proprement le Roitelet, Month. Hist. 

iW.°v, p. 352, pi. 10. fig. 1. 

Wren, Benn. Brit. Zool. ii. n. 208; Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 506. 

Troglodytes europseus, Vieill. K Diet. cTIIist. Xat. xxxiv. p. 511; 

Leach, Smt. Cat. Mamm. etc. Brit. Mus. p. 25; Gould, B. Fur. 

p. .. . 
Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. p. 200; 8chl. Bier. Nederl. pi. 0. fig. 9; 
ifaetf. Biereurop. Yog. pi. 43. fig. 1; GWd, i?. 6-'! -Br. ii. pi. 08; 
Bllippi, Yiagg. Bers. p. 340; Bettoni, TJcc. nidif. Bomb, i. tav. 49; 
Loche, B.ipl. 'Sci. Alger., Ois. i. p. 290; Fritseh, Yog. Bur. tab. 22. 
figs. 17,18; Keul. Onze Yog. i. pi. 19. 
Troglodytes punctatus, Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 551; C. L. Brehm, Lehrb. 
Naturg. europ. Yog. p. 818. 

Troglodytes parvulus", Koch, Syst. baier. Zool. i. p. 101; Kmon. Yog. 
Deutschl. hi. p. 725, Taf. 88. fig. 4; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 158; Cab. 
Mm. llein. Tli. i. p. 77; Binderm. Yog. Griechenl. p. 75; Tristr. 
Ibis,lSQ6, p. 284; JDegl. § Gerbe, Orn. Bur. i. p. 549; Doderl 
Aiif. Sicil. p. 185 ; Brode, Yogelw. Borkum, p. 91; Gray, Hand-l. 

B. i. p. 188, no. 2502; Sakad. TJcc. Bom. p. 74; Neict. ed. Tarr. 
Br. B. p. 400; Harting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 19; Dresser, B. Bur. 
pt. 23; Irby, B. Gibr. JJ. 99; .£&«/. Bast Bers. ii. p. 222; Tacz. 
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 189. 
Troglodytes vulgaris, Fleming, Brit. An. p. 73; Temm. Man, d'Om. 

iii. p. 100. 
Troglodytes regnbis, Meyer, Zusiitze §e., Taschenb. deutschl. Yog. 
p. 90 (1822). 
Troglodytes domesticus, Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1284 {nee Bartr.); id. 
Yog. Deutschl. p. 451. 
Troglodytes sylvestris, Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1284; id. Yog. Deutschl. 

p. 4-55, pi. xxiii. fig. 6. 
Anorthura communis, Bennie, Montagu's Orn. Diet. 2nd ed. p. 570. 
Troglodytes communis, Gould, B. Z. 8. 1884, p. 51; Iletvits. Eggs 
Brit B. i. p. 244, pi. 02. fig. 2 ; G. B. Gray, list Br. B. p. 40; 

B. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 194; Saxby, B. Shell. p. 142. 
Anothura troglodytes, Macg. Br. B. iii. p. 15, fig. 188. 
Troglodytes troglodytes, Schlegel, Bev. Crit. p. xliv. 
Troglodytes tenuirostris, Brehm, Yogelf. p. 288. 
Troglodytes naumanni, Brehm, Yogelf. p. 238. 
Troglodytes verus, Burm. Syst. Uebers. iii. p. 137. 
Adult. General colour above rufous-brown, the head and neck 
uniform, but the mantle and entire back barred with dusky blackish, 
the rump varied with a few half-concealed spots of white, and indications 
of similar spots on the scapulars; wing-coveits like the 
mantle, and barred with dusky blackish, the median series with a 
tiny white spot at the tip; greater coverts rufous-brown, with 
distinct narrow cross lines of black; quills dusky brown, externally 
rufous barred with black, the primaries chequered with whitish 
notches on the outer web; tail-feathers rufous, regularly barred 
across with black, about eleven bars being visible on the centre 
feathers; lores and a distinct eyebrow dull white, washed with 
Drown ; eyelid dull white; sides of face and ear-coverts light brown, 
streaked with darker brown, the upper edge of the ear-coverts dark 

37 . ANORTHTJRA.. 
brown, forming a broad streak; under surface of body light reddish, 
brown, whiter on the throat, and whity brown on the chest; sides 
of body more decidedly rufous, barred with dusky blackish, as also 
the abdomen, which is whity brown; under tail-covorfcs rufous, 
narrowly barred with black, the feathers tipped with white ; under 
wing-coverts dull white, the axillarios slightly washed with rufous; 
quills ashy brown below, whitish along the edge of the inner web, 
and chequered with rufous notches on the outer; " bill horn-brown, 
lighter at base of lower mandible ; legs light brown ; iris brown " 
(Dresser). Total length 4 inches, culmen 0-55, wing l'8, tail 1*25, 
tarsus 0*7. 

The sexes do not differ in coloration, and measure as follows:— 

Total 

length. Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 
in. in. in. in. in. 
a. <$. Cambridgeshire (Baker) .. 4'0 0 55 1-9 1-5 0-75 
b. J . Cambridgeshire (Baker) .. 4'0 0-55 1-85 1*4 0 7 

Young. Reproduces the colours of the adults, but has the wings 
and tail less distinctly banded; underneath, the breast is a little 
more rufescent, the feathers also obscurely mottled with brown 
edgings; abdomen also rufescent, and with scarcely any dusky 
bars. 

The Common Wren occurs all over Europe as high as 65° N. lat. 
in Scandinavia and Northern Russia, but becomes rarer on the 
Ural, and occurs more frequently in the Volga district in winter. 
It is also found in North Africa, occurring in all the countries 
bordering the Mediterranean, but apparently not reaching Egypt, 
Northern Palestine seeming to be its furthest southern limit in 
this direction. It has been said to occur in Madeira and the 
Canaries; but this requires confirmation, recent observers not having 
met with the species. Westwards it ranges through Asia Minor 
to Persia, where it has been obtained on the shores of the Caspian 
and near Shiraz. Mr. Dresser considers the pale race from Central 
Asia to be the same as the European bird, but, in my opinion, 
it is always distinguishable. 

a. Var. st, England. 
b. Ad. sk. Devonshire. Col. Montag |
;agu
uu [P.l 

c. Ad. sk. Devonshire. Col. Montagu
taguhP.t 

d. Ad. sk. Avington, Hants, Nov. 11, R. B. Sharpe !Esq [P.].irpe,
,, Esq.
.. [
1873. 
e. 
Ad. st. Cookham, Berkshire. Mr. W. Briggs [P.], 
Pull. sk. Cookham. Berkshire, June Gould Collection. 
1862. 
Ad. sk. Hampstead. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.],



i. 
Ad.; h, I Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker [C.].
h, 

PuU. st. 
m>,n. $ $ ad.sk. Cambridgeshire; Jan. 18(36 F. Godman and 0. Sal


(J. Baker). vin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
0. 
Ad. sk. France. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
p. , Ad. sk. France. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J. 
272 TIME1IID.2E. 
q. Ad. sk.
r. $ ad. sk.
s. Ad. sk.
t. Ad. st.
u. $ ad. sk.
v. Ad. sk. 
Belgium, Dec. 13, 1870. 
Near Leyden, Jan. 25,1880. 
Near Leyden, April 1879. 
Heligoland. 
Heligoland, March 1877,
(Z. Gatke). 
Rome (P. L. Sclater). 
Brussels Museum [P.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J. 
H. Seebohru, Esq. [P.]H. 
Seebohm, Esq. [P.I. 
Gould Collection. 

2. Anorthura borealis. 
Sylvia troglodytes, Faber, Leben. d. hoch. Vog. p. 321 b (nee Lath.).\ 
Troglodytes europseus, P. A. Holm. JVat. Tids. 1847, p. 428 (nee 

Leach). 
Troglodytes punctatus, P. A. Holm. t. c. p. 523 (nee Brelmi). 
Troglodytes borealis, J. C.H.Fischer, J.f. 0. 1861, p. 14, pi. i.,* 

Baed. Eier europ. Vog. pi. 76. -Rg. 6; Newton, in Baring-Gould78 
Iceland, App: A, p. 408; Feilden, Zool. 1872, p, 3222; Dresser, B. 
Fur. pt. xxiii. 

Troglodytes parvulus, Freyer, Eeis. u. Island, p. 393 (nee Koch). 

Adult General colour dark brown, with a few indications of 
dusky bars on the mantle, these becoming much more distinct on 
the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, which are all a little 
more rufescent; wing-coverts clear brown, barred with blackish, 
more distinctly on the greater series, the median coverts with tiny 
diamond-shaped spots at the tip; quills dusky brown, externally 
rufescent barred with blackish, the primaries chequered with 
notches of fulvous or whity brown; tail-feathers rufous-brown, 
narrowly barred with blackish, about twelve being perceptible on 
the middle feathers; lores and a narrow superciliary streak whity 
brown ; ear-coverts dark brown on the upper part, the lower part 
whity brown slightly mottled with brown edges to the feathers and 
whitish shaft-lines ; cheeks also whity brown and mottled like the 
ear-coverts; throat and chest pale brown, becoming whity brown in 
the centre of the breast and abdomen; the sides of the breast with 
faint blackish cross lines, which become stronger and more marked 
on the flanks and abdomen; under tail-coverts rufous, barred with 
black and tipped with white; axillaries and under wing-coverts very 
pale brown, with dusky cross bars; quills dark brown, ashy fulvous 
along the margin of the inner web. Total- length 4*2 inches, 
culmen 0-55, wing 1*75, tail 1*4, tarsus 0*8. 

Young. Rather lighter in colour than the adult, but more dusky, 
and not so strongly barred both above and below ; ear-coverts more 
uniform and not so strongly mottled. (Mus. Howard Saunders.) 

The Paeroe-Island Wren is a common bird in the Eaeroe Islands. 
It is a large dark race of A. troglodytes, readily recognizable on 
comparison of specimens. It also occurs in Iceland. 

a. Ad. sk. Tliorshavn, Faeroe Isles, Nov. 8, Edward Hargitt, Esq. 
1880 (H. C. MMler). [P.]. 
37. ANOETHUEA, 
273 

3. Anorthura pallidal 
Troglodytes nepalensis, Severtz. Turhest. Jevotn, p. 66. 
Troglodytes europseus, Severtz. t. c. p. 138. 
Troglodytes parvulns, Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 175. 
Troglodytes pallida, Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 219, note; Scully, t <\ 
1876, p. 139. 
Adult male. Above pale brown, the head and neck uniform, the 
lower scapulars, back, and rump indistinctly barred across with 
dusky brown ; wings a little more ruf escent, and rather more broadly 
barred with dusky brown than the back, the bars being also wider 
apart, the bastard wing inclining to whitish and crossed with 
broad zigzag bars of dusky brown: quills brown, externally 
rufescent, barred with dusky brown, the interspaces on the primaries 
rather more whitish and producing a chequered appearance; upper 
tail-coverts and tail rather more rufous than the rest of the upper 
surface, and barred across with blackish, the bars on the latter 
being eleven in number; lores and a narrow line over the eye 
creamy white, the sides of the face also creamy white, shading off 
into light brown on the ear-coverts, which resemble on their hinder 
part the sides of the neck; under surface of body pale isabelline, 
the breast with a few zigzag spots of brown, becoming more distinct 
on the abdomen; flanks browner, with dull brown cross bars and 
a few whitish tips to the feathers; the under tail-covcrts barred 
with dark brown, the interspaces being whitisb, slightly tinged 
with rufous; "upper mandible brown, the lower one yellowish 
horny; legs and feet brownish fleshy ; claws brown" (Scully). 
Total length 4 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 1*95, tail 1*5, tarsus 0*7, 

The Pale Wren represents A. troglodytes in Central Asia. 

a, b. <$ $ ad. sk. Turkestan, Oct. 18, 1864 Gould Collection. 
(Severtzoff). 

4. Anorthura alascensis. 
Troglodytes alascensis, Baird, Trans. Chicago Acad. i. p. 315, pi. 30. 
fig. 1; Ball $ Bann. t. c. p. 280. 
Anorthura alascensis, Coues, Key JST.-Amer. B. p. 87; id. Birds Color* 
Fall. p. 178; Ridgw. Bull U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 15 (1881). 
Anorthura troglodytes, var. alascensis, Coues, Key JW.-Amer. B. p. 351; 
id. Birds N.-West, p. 33. 
Troglodytes hyemalis, var. alascensis, Doll, Pr. Calif. Acad. 1873; 
Sclater, Ibis, 1874, p. 153, note* 
Adult male. General colour above ruf escent brown, inclining to 
clearer rufous on the lower back and rump, the rump having half-
concealed spots of silky white; the scapulars also with some half-
concealed streaks of white; lesser and median wing-coverts dusky 
brown edged with rufous-brown, with a white spot at the tip of some 
of the inner ones, before which is a bar of blackish; greater wing-
coverts rufous-brown, barred across with lines of black, and having 


* Dr. Severtzoff, on the occasion of his last visit to England, informed me 
that he had called this bird Troglodytes tianschanica, but I have not been 
able to find that he has published this name, 
VOL, VI. T 

TIMELIIDJE. 

274 

remains of a small obsolete white spot at the tips; quills dusky 
brown, externally rufous-brown barred with dusky, the primaries 
chequered with spots of rufous-buff or buffy whitish ; upper tail-
coverts clearer rufous, with obsolete bars of dusky blackish • tail-
feathers rufous-brown, margined with clearer rufous, especially on 
the outer feathers, which incline to buffy whitish; all the feathers 
barred across with dusky blackish, about eleven bars being perceptible 
on the inner webs; lores and a n arrow eyebrow pale sandy 
whitish, the latter slightly mottled with dusky tips to the feathers * 
sides of face also sandy whitish or light fulvous, the ear-coverts 
mottled with brown edges to the feathers and appearing somewhat 
streaked, the upper edge of these ear-coverts dark brown ; throat and 
breast uniform sandy brown, with a few indications of obsolete 
whitish spots on the latter,* the flanks rufous-brown, thickly mottled 
with blackish and white bars, the latter predominating on the abdomen, 
which is consequently paler and rather more ashy; under tail-
coverts rufous-brown, broadly tipped with white, before which is 
a distinct subtorminal bar of black, all the feathers being also barred 
with blackish; under wing-coverts and axillaries light fulvous 
brown, with a few obsolete indications of dusky bars; the edge of 
the wing rather more ashy, the feathers tipped with white; quills 
light brown below, pale ashy along the edge of the inner web. 
Total length 4-5 inches, oulmon 0-65, wing iH, tail 1-5, tarsus 0*75." 

Tounr/. More dusky than the adults and greyer on the throat" 
the breast mottled with pale whitish centres to the feathers. (Musi 
Salvin and Godman.) 


The Alaska Wren is confined to the Aleutian and Pribylow 
islands and Alaska. 


a. c? ad. sk. Amaknak Island, Uanalashka, Smithsonian Institution 
Oct. 21,1871 ( W. II Ball), [RJ. 
5. Anorthnra pacifica. (Plate XVI. fig. 1,) 
Ti^glodytes hyemalis (nee THls.) Coop. $ Suchl p \ Rep. xii. I860, 
p. lvI; Cooper, Orn. Calif, p. 78. ' 
Troglodytes hyemalis, var. pacific™, Baird, Review Amer. B. v 145 
Anortlmra Wlodytes padficus, Ridgw. Bull U.S. Nat. Mm. no. 2l! 
p. It) (loolj. ; 
• Adult male. General colour above dark rufous-brown, inclining 
to dusky brow on the head and mantle, the lower part of the latter 
with obscure blackish bars, which become more apparent on the 
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, the latter being more 
rufous ; on tho rump some half-concealed spots of white; lessor and 
median wing-coverts dusky brown, margined with fulvous brown, 
with a white spot at the tips of the.latter series; greater covert 
externally rufous-brown, notched with black, which imparts a 
spotted appearance to this part of the wing, a few of the feathers 
haying also slight indications of tiny white spots near the tips; 
.quills dusky brown, externally deep rufous, and notched with 
blackish spots, the-pnmanos externally chequered with pale fulvous 

275 

37. Ajsroimnnu. 
notches; tail feathers deep rufous, banded with black, about eleven 
bars being- discernible on the centre tail-feathers; lores and a tolerably 
distinct eyebrow pale fulvous brown, ear-coverts fulvous brown, 
mottled with dusky edgings and whitish shaft-lines to the feathers, 
the upper margin of the ear-coverts dark brown ; checks and throat 
rufous-brown, the sides of the body umber-brown ; the lower flanks 
barred with black, and more nairowly with white, the lower abdomen 
broadly barred with white and with distinct black bars, this portion 
of the body appearing lighter in contrabt to the flanks ; thighs 
rufous barred with black ; tinder tail-coverts rufous, barred with 
black and tipped with white, before which ib a broad black bar; 
axillaries and under wing-coverts pale fulvous brown, obscurely 
barred with dusky, a little more distinctly on the latter; quills dusky 
brown, more ashy along the margin of the inner web ; " iris brown." 
Total length 3*0 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 1-8, tail 1-2, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but a little more mottled 
on the breast with pale nearly obsolete spots of buffy whitish. Total 
length 3*5 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 1*8, tail 1*2, tarsus 0*7. 

Young. Browner than the adults with scarcely any shade of rufous 
on the wings and tail, which are more coarsely barred than in the 
old birds; scapulars rather distinctly barred with blackish ; the 
throat and centre of abdomen whity brown ; the breast and sides of 
the body umber-brown, with a few dusky spots and bars on the 
under surface, but no sign of the strongly-marked cross bars which 
distinguish the adults. 

The Pacific "Wren inhabits the Pacific coast of the United states, 
from Washington Territory and Vancouver Maud to the north of 
San Francisco Bay. It appears to me to be more nearly allied to 

A. alascensis and A. fumiyata than to A. troglodytes and A. Memcdis. 
a. $ ad. sk. Vancouver Island, June 4. A. Ferrer [0.1 
b. 2 &d. sk. Vancouver Island, Nov. 27. A. Forrer [O. |. 
c. Pull sk. Vancouver Island; June 24. A. Forrer [0.]. 
6. Anortlnxra Memalis. 
Sybia troglodytes, Wilson, Amer. Orn. i. p. 139, pi. viii. fig. 0. 
Troglodytes hieinalis (nee L.), Vieill. N. Diet, d'ffist. Nat. xxxiv. 

p. 514. 
Troglodytes europaeus, Bp. Jour. PMad. Acad. i\\ p. 188 (nee V.). 
Troglodytes hyeinnlis, Audub. B. Amer. pi. ccclx.; &w. Faun. Bor.-
Amer., Birds, p. 318; Audub. Orn. Bioy. iv. p. 430; Bp. Camp. 
L'st B. Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 11; Aitdub. B. Amer. 8vo, h. p. 128, 
pi. 121; Nutt. Man. 1840, p. 481; Gray, Gen, B. i. p. 108; Bp. 
Comp. i. p. 222; Selater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 23; Jhtird, Review 
Amer. B. p. 145 ; Dresser, Ibis, 18155, p. 485 ; Maynai d, B. Florida, 

p. 40 ; Gray, HcauU. B. i. p. 189, no. 25(10. 
Troglodytes (Anorthura) kyemalis, Baird in B. N. Amer. p. 3G9. 
Anorthura hyemalis, Coues # Brent. Smiths. Mep* 1801-02, p. 410*. 
Anorthura troglodytes, -\ar. hieinalis, Corns, Key N.-Amer. B. p. 87, 
fig. 30; id. B. N.-West, p. 33. 

* For further local references and complete synonymy, see Ooues, B. Color. 
Vail. p. 176. 
x2 

276 TIMELIDAEE. 

Troglodytes parvulus, var. hiernalis, Ridgw. Bull Es*ex Inst. y. 

p. 18*0; Baird, Brewer, § Ridyw. Hist. K Amer. B. i. p. 155, 
pi. 9. figs. 9,10. 
Anortliura troglodytes hyemalis, Cones, B. Color. Vail p. 176; Ridgw. 
Bull U.S. Nat Mus. no. 21, p. 15 (1881). 

Adult. General colour above rufous, the head a little browner, 
the mantle and scapulars with half-concealed small spots of white, 
larger and more in the form of streaks on the rump ; all these white 
spots heightened by conterminous dusky bars ; wing-coverts rufous 
barred with dusky, and having small spots of white near the tips of 
the feathers; quills dusky blackish, externally rufous barred with 
dusky, the primaries very distinctly chequered with black bars and 
fulvous notches; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers rufous with 
narrow dusky cross bars, about twelve in number on the centre 
feathers; lores and a tolerably well-marked eyebrow, as well as the 
feathers round the eye, whity brown; ear-coverts whity brown tinged 
with rufous, the feathers mottled with dusky-brown edges, the upper 
margin of the ear-coverts rufous-brown; on the sides of the neck a 
few whity-brown spots; cheeks whity brown with a tinge of rufous ; 
throat ashy whitish with a tinge of rufous ; fore neck and breast 

pale rufous-brown, with obsolete pale whity-brown centres to the 
feathers, the lower breast with a few small spots of dusky blackish ; 
the flanks and abdomen more reddish brown, barred with blackish 
and white, producing a dusky appearance ; under tail-coverts rufous, 
very conspicuously barred with blackish and having a very broad 
subterminal white bar; under wing-coverts and axillaries dull 
whitish, with a very faint tinge of brown, and having tiny narrow 
dusky bars, more distinct near the edge of the wing ; quills dusky 
brown below, ashy whitish along the margin of the inner web; 
u bill dusky brown, the basal edges of the upper and two thirds of 
the lower mandible paler; tarsi and toes pale greenish brown, as are 
the claws; iris brown " (Audubon). Total length 3*5 inches, culmen 
0-5, wring 1-75, tail 1-2, tarsus 07 . 

The Winter Wren is found over the whole of Xorth America, with 
the exception of the Pacific coast. 

a. Ad. sk. Toronto, Canada(J. WJiitely). 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. fP.1 
b. 2 ad. sk. Washington, D. C. Smithsonian Institution [P.]. 

7. Aaorthura fumigata. (Plate XVI. fig. 2.) 
Troglodytes fnmigatns, Temm. Man. oTOrn. iii. p. 161; j?». Consp* 
i. p. 222; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 188, no. 2564 * Sicinh. P. Z. & 
1871, p. 861; Dybowsk. J. f. 0.1872, p. 253; Swinh. Ibis, 1S74, 
p. 152 ; id. Ibis, 1875, p. 143; Dybowsk. J. f. 0,1874, p. 334; Frjev. 
in Dawson Rowley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 167; Tacs. Bull Soc. Zool 
France, ii. pp. 135, 137 ; David §• Oustal Ois. Chine, p. 225; 
Blakist. fy Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 238; Seebohn, Ibis, 1879, p. 37. 
Troglodytes vulgaris, Temm. fy Sold. Faun. Japon., Aves, p. CO. 
Anorthura fumigatus, Coues, B. Color. Vail p. 178. 

Adult male. General colour above dark rufous-brown, slightly 

37. AN0RTE.TJBA, 
277 

mottled with cross bars of dusky blackish, more distinct on the rump 
and upper tail-oovorts, which aro brighter rufous; the head more 
dusky rufous-brown than the back; wing-coverts like the back, the 
greater aeries brighter rufous, all more or loss distinctly barred with 
blackish, the median and lesser coverts with a small diamond-shaped 
spot of white near the tip; quills dusky brown, externally rufous 
barred with blackish, the secondaries barred across both webs, the 
primaries chequered on the outer web with rufcscent or reddish-
white notches; tail-feathers deep rufous, barred with black, about 
seven bars being discernible ; a faint indication of a lighter rufous-
brown eyebrow; sides of face pale rufous-brown, the ear-covert 
edged with blackish, causing a streaked appearance, the shafts of 
the ear-coverts being also buffy whitish ; cheeks and under surface 
of body deep vinous rufous, mottled with obsolete dusky cross bars; 
breast with tiny transverse spots of dusky, with an obsolete mark of 
white before the tips of the feather; sides of body and abdomen 
barred across with dusky blackish and dull white, as also the thighs; 
under tail-coverts rufous, tipped with white and barred across with 
dusky blackish ; under wing-coverts pale ashy rufous, mottled with 
dusky bases to the outer coverts, many of which are spotted with 
white; quills brown below, ashy along the edge of the inner web ; 
"bill brown, the lower inaudible yellowish ; feet rufous, claws yellowish 
; iris brown " (A. David). Total length 4 inches, culmen 
0*55, wing 1-9, tail 1-4, tarsus 0-75. 

Young. Similar to the adult but darker, the head more dusky brown, 
and the wing-coverts and quills with broader blackish cross bars. 

The Vinous-brown "Wren inhabits Eastern Siberia and Mongolia, 
extending into Northern China and Japan. I have only seen specimens 
from the last-named locality. 

a. $ ad. sk. Ilakodadi, Japan,
Nov. 24, 1874. 
Plenrv Whitely [0.1 • 
b, o. Ad. sk.
d. Juv. sk. 
Yokohama. 
Yokohama. 
H. Pryer, Esq. [C.l 
H. Pryer, Esq. [O.J. 

8. Anorthura nipalensis. 
Troglodytes nipalensis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 580 (ex Hodgs. 
MS.); id. Cat B. Mus. As. Soe. p. 158; Bp. Consp. I p. 222; 
Goxdd, B. Asia, part iv. ; Horsf.fyMoore, Cat. B. Mus. JE.I. Co. 

i. p. 181; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 491; id. B>is, 1872, p. 131; Gray, 
Hand-l B. i. p. 188, no. 2803; Hume 8f Henders. Lahore to Yark. 
p. 187 j Hume, Nests Sf Eggs Ind. B. p. 218 ; David # Oustal Ois. 
Chine, p. 226 ; Mime, Str. F. 1879, p. 93; Brooks, t. c. p. 470. 
Troglodytes subhemal ichanus, Hodgs. Icon. ined. Brit. Mus., Basseres, 

i. pi. i9 (no. 396) ; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82; Gray, Gen. B. 
i. p. 158; id. Cat. Mamm. fyc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 151. 
Adult. General colour above dark chocolate-brown, the head and 
hind neck uniform, the mantle obscurely and the rest of the back 
more distinctly barred wth blackish; the rump with a few subteiminal 
spots of white, and rather more reddish in colour than the 
rest of the back; scapulars and wing-coverts like the back, and dis


278 TIMELIIDJIS. 

tinctly barred across with blackish ; qnills sepia-brown, notched with 
reddish brown, which imparts a chequered appearance to the wing; 
primaries niiimtoly speckled with rufous, or with white on the outer 
web ; upper 1 ail-coverts rufous, transversely barred with blackish ; 
tail-feathers also rufous, with transverse bars of blackish, not always 
very regular or conterminous; lores dull white ; eyelid and superciliary 
streak pale fulvous brown; sides of face and ear-coverts dull 
brown, spotted with pale fulvous brown, the sides of the neck also 
spotted iu the same manner ; cheeks, throat, and under surface of 
body lighter rufous-brown, with transverse bars of dusky blackish, 
which increase in width on the abdomen and flanks, which are likewise 
barred with dull white instead of rufescent brown ; under tail-
coverts clear rufous, barred with blackish and having a spot of white 
at the tip; under wing-coverts whity brown, barred with blackish ; 
quills light brown below, ashy along the edge of the inner web ; 
" bill brown; legs horny brown; iris hazel-brown" (Jerdon). 
Total length 3-5 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 1*8, tail 1-2. tarsus 0-75. 

The Nopaleso "Wren extends throughout the Himalayas from 
Cashmere (where it probably only occurs in the lower hills) to 
Nepal and Sikhim, being found also in the hills of Moupin and 
Southern Chcnsi. Pere David considers the Tsinling examples 
intermediate between A. nijoalensis and A. fum ujata. 

a. Ad. sk. Cashmere. R B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
b, c, d. Inrm. sk. Between Mussoori Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
and Simla. [P.]. 

e,f,g. Ad.; h. Juv.sk. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 

?, l\ Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 

(Types of Troglodytes subhemalacJianus, IIodgsT) 
/, 771,71. Ad., o. Juv.sk. Nepal(JB. II. Ilodsgon). India Museum. 
;?, q. Ad. sk. Himalayas. Gould Collection. 
r, s. <$ $ ad. sk. SikliimJ Jan. 1874 (X. B. B. Sliarpe, Esq. [P.], 

Mandelli). 

9. Anorthura neglecta. 
Troglodytes negleetus, Brooks, J. A, 8. Being. 1872, p. 828; id. Str F. 
1870, p. 4i)3, 187i); p. 93; Biddulph, Jbis, 1881, p. 52; Scully, i. c. 

p. 437. 
Adult male. General colour above fulvous brown, the head and 
neck dusky brown, the entire back from the mantle downwards 
distinctly barred with dusky blackish, remains of some of these 
bars even occurring on the hind neck; wing-coverts like the back, 
and barred in the same manner, the bastard wing with paler and 
more whity-brown bars, the greater coverts slightly more rufescent; 
quills light brown, externally rufous-brown barred with blackish, 
the primaries faintly chequered with whity-brown spots; upper 
tail-coverts and tail dull rufous-brown, barred across with blackish, 
about twelve bars being distinguishable on the centre tail-feathers,' 
though on none of thorn are they strictly conterminous; face very 
dusky, with a slightly indicated eyebrow, and the lores faintly 

37 . ANOETHTJEA. 
279 

spotted with whity brown ; car-coverts and checks dusky brown, 
slightly relieved by dull whity-brown centres to the leathers; 
throat and chest dusky brown, with indistinct dark cross lines; 
centre of breast and abdomen whity brown, with blackish cross bars, 
the sides of the body more rufous-brown, with blackish cross bars ; 
under tail-coverts rufous, barred with black and tipped with white ; 
under wing-coverts and axillarics like the breast, with dusky 
blackish cross lines, some of the longer coverts dull white barred 
with dusky; quills ashy brown below, lighter ashy along the edge of 
the inner web ; u bill black, brown at the base of lower mandible ; 
gape deep yellow; feet dark brown, the claws blackish; iris dark 
brown '^(Scully). Total length 4 inches, oilmen 0-5, wing 2-05, 
tail 1-35, tarsus 0*7. 

Another bird (killed by Dr. Scully on the 3rd of December) has 
the bars less distinct on the mantle, and has a few white spots on the 
wing-coverts, the eyebrow is a little plainer, and the stripes on the 
cheeks more distinctly indicated; the underparts also are more distinctly 
barred with blackish and with white, so that the lower surface 
of the bird appears lighter. 

The Cashmere Wren occurs only on the hills of Cashmere; it is 
plentiful in winter, ascending to a height of 10,000 feet during the 
breeding-season. 

a. Juv. sk. Sonamarg, Cashmere, 8500 feet, Major J. Biddulph 
Oct. 18,1879. ['C.]. 
b. £ imm. sk. Astor, 8000 feet, Oct. 4,1880. Major J. Biddulph. 
c. 
£ ad. sk. Sai, Gilgit, 10,000 feet, Sept 11, Major J. Biddulph. 
1880. 
d. Ad. sk. Gilgit. 5000 feet, Jan. 2, 1879. Major J. Biddulph. 
e. Ad. sk. Gilgit, 5000 feet, Feb. 20, 1879. Major J. Biddulph. 
f. J ad. sk. Gilgit, 5000 feet, March 17,1879. Major J. Biddulph. 
g. d ad. sk. Gilgit, 10,000 feet, June 10,1880. Major J. Biddulph. 
h. Ad. sk.
i. Ad. sk. 
Gilgit, 5000 feet, Dec. 1877. 
Gilgit, Dec. 3,1878. 
Major J. Biddulph. 
Dr. J. Scully [P.]. 
10. Anorthura formosa. 

Troglodytes punctatus (nee Bote), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 589; 
id. Cat. B. Mm. As. Soe. p. 158.; Bp. Consp. i. p. 222; Jerd. B. Lid. 

i. p. 492: Gray, Iland-L B. i. p. 188, no. 2505 ; JSume, Str. K 
1874, p. 525, 1877, p. 288, and 1879, p. 93. 
Troglodytes formosus, Wald. Ibis, 1874, p. 91. 

Adult. General colour above smoky brown, inclining to dull 
rufous-brown on the lower back and rump, and verging to more 
decided rufous on the upper tail-coverts; on all the upper parts 
there are tiny rounded subterminal spots of whitish or pale fulvous, 
margined with dusky blackish, these spots being absent only on the 
crown of the head; wing-coverts dusky bro^n, with rather larger 
spots of huffy whitish; the greater coverts rufous, mottled on the 
outer web and having a huffy-white spot at the tip ; quills blackish, 
externally rufous, with five broad bands of black, the inner secondaries 
more narrowly barred and having a few terminal spots of 

280 
TIMELIID2E. 

white; tail rufous, barred with blackish, about nine narrow bars 
being perceptible on the centre feathers; lores and sides of face 
smoky brown, mottled with fulvous spots, indistinct on the lores, 
but plainer on the cheeks; the ear-coverts streaked narrowly with 
fulvous; throat light sandy buff, deepening in colour on the breast 
and abdomen; the whole under surface mottled with triangular whitish 
spots, which are brought into relief by dusky central spots, all the 
feathers bordered by a thin dusky line and freckled with minute dots 
of dusky blackish; the flanks rather browner than the abdomen ; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries reddish brown, slightly mottled 
with dusky bars ; quills dusky brown below, ashy along the margin 
of the inner web, and showing some fulvous bars towards the ends ; 
" bill horny brown ; legs pale brown; iris brown " (Jerclon). Total 
length 4-6 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 1*75, tail 1-25, tarsus 0*7. 

(Mas. JR. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.) 

The Spotted Wren is only found in the neighbourhood of Darjiling, 
where it is very rare. 

38. CATHERPES. w 
Type. 
Catherpes, Baird, N.-Amer. Birds, p. 356 (1858) C. mexicanus. 

Bill of Catherpes mexicanus. 

Range. Southern United States and Mexico. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Throat and chest white. 
a'. Above blaclnsh brown; wings and tail 
sparsely sprinkled with minute white 
specks, which are absent on the head and 
neck mexicanus, p. 280. 

b\ 
Above cinnamon-ashy, more reddish on rump 
and wings; head and neck above with 
numerous spots of white; very few of 
these on back and wings. (Bidgtcay.) .... conspersus, p. 282. 

b. Throat and chest rufous, with a greyish tinge.. sumichrasti, p. 282. 
1. Catherpes mexicanus. 
Troglodytes 
mexicanus, Licht. Preis-Verz. mex. Vog. 1830, p. 2: 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 159 ; Cab.J.f.O. 1863, p. 57. 
Troglodytes murarins, Licht. P)-eis-Verz. mex. Vog. 1830, no. 80; Cab, 

J.f. 
O. 1863, p. 57. 
Thryothorus mexicanus. Swains. Zool. Illustr. 2nd ser. i. p. 11; Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 221. 

38. CATHERPES. 281 
Thryothoras guttulatus, Lafr. Rev. Zool 1839, p. 09, 

Salpinctes mexicanus, Cab. in Wieam. Archiv, 1847, p. 324; Bp. 
Consp. I p. 224; Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 78 • Scl P. Z. S. 
1855, p. GO, 1857, p. 212, and 1858, p. 297. 

Catherpes mexicanus, Scl Cat Amer. B. p. 18; id. P. Z. S. 1864, 

p. 172; Scl, Sf Salu. Nomenol. Av. Neotr. p. 6 ; Sumichr. Mem. 
Post. Soc. Nat Hist i. p. 545; Cones, B. Color. Vail. p. 104, note; 
Salv. ty Godm. Biol Centr.-Amer., Aces. i. p. 7'2 j Ridgw. Bull. 
U.S. Nat Mus. no. 21, p. 14 (1881). 
Cypkorhinus mexicanus, Gray, Iland-l B. i. p. 194, no. 2674. 
Catherpes mexicanus, var. mexicanus, Ridgw. Amer. Nat. vii. 1873, 
p. 603 • Baird, Brewer^ $ Ridgw. Hist. N.-Amer. B. i. p. 138, 
Adult male General colour above dark chestnut-brown, obscurely 
barred with blackish brown and spotted with white, before which is 
a subterminal black spot• rump and upper tail-coverts bright 
chestnut, with small white dots ; tail-feathers light chestnut, with 
transverse black bars, about nine in number; wiug-eovcrts like the 
back, and with tiny white dots ; the median and greater series rather 
lighter rufous externally, mottled with black bars and having a 
white dot at the end of the feathers ; quills dark brown, externally 
rufous-brown ban ed with black, the innermost secondaries barred 
across ; head more dusky brown than the back, slightly mottled 
with blackish spots and cross bars and scantily spotted with small 
dots of white; eyelid rufescent; lores blackish; above the eye a few 
rufous dots form, a scarcely perceptible indication of an eyebrow; 
sides of face pure white; the ear-coverts blackish brown, slightly 
mixed with white; throat and fore neck pure white, tinged with 
chestnut on the latter ; remainder of under surface rich chestnut, 
varied with white spots, before which is a subterminal black bar; 
abdomen a little dingier chestnut than the breast, the under tail-
coverts brighter; under wing-coverts dull chestnut, rather broadly 
barred with blackish; axillaries dull rufous; quills dusky brown 
below; paler along the edge of the inner wob. Total length 5*9 inches, 
culmen 1*0, wing 2-8, tail 2'5, tarsus 0*8. 

Some variation in shade of colour appears to take place in a series 
of specimens, some being browner and others darker in general 
appearance. Messrs. Salvin and Godman have lent me a bird from 
Tehuantepec (Sumiehrast), which is very remarkable, being blackish, 
above, and having the under tail-covcrts uniform deep chestnut, with 
a shaft-streak of black down the centre, instead of the bands of white 
and black seen in the other specimens. The black markings on the 
abdomen are also much larger. A further examination of examples 
may prove this to be a distinct species. 

The Mexican White-throated Rock-Wren is confined to Mexico. 
The remarks on the variation in colour of this species within 
Mexican limits made by Messrs. Salvin and Godman (I. c. p. 72) 

should be studied. 
a Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
b. S ad. sk.
c Ad.sk. 
Puebla, Mexico. 
Mexico. 
M. A. Boucard [0.1. 
J. Taylor, Esq. [P.]. 

2S2 TIMEiriDJG. 

Subap. la. Catherpes conspersu3. 

Troglodytes albifrons, Baird, in Stanxburifs Rep. p. 827 (nee Giraud). 

Troglodytes mexicauus, lleerm. Joarn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phtlad 
2nd ser. ii. p. 03; id. Pacif. Hail. Rep. x. p. 41 ; Cas&in, III. B. 
Calif, p. 173, pi. xxx. 

Cotherpes mexieanus (nee Swains.), Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 3-JG ; id. 
Review Amer. B. p. Ill; Cooper, Orn. Calif, p. 60; Coues, Key 
N.-Amer. B. p. 85 ; id. B. North-Wed, p. 28. 

Cat herpes mexieanus, var. conspersus, Rick/w. Amer. Nat. ^ ii. p. 2 ; 
Baird, Brewer, fy Ridf/tv. N.-Amer. B. p. 139, pi. viii. fig. 4 ; 
Ridf/w. Orn. 40th Parallel, p. 420; Coues, B. Col. Vail. p. 104. 

Cat herpes me\ieanus conspeisus, Coues, B. Col, Vail. p. 104; Ridaic. 
Ball. U.S. Nat. Mas. no. 21, p. 14 (1881). 

Adult male (Black River, Arizona; H. AY". Henshaw). Above 
brownish ashy on the anterior and bright einn am on-rufous on the 
posterior half, the two colours shading insensibly together on the 
back; the anterior or greyish portion thickly sprinkled with 
numerous small circular dots of huffy white, each surrounded by a 

mall dusky mark; a few of these dots on the rump, but not so conspicuous 
; wing sandy rufous, both the coverts and the quills mottled 
with wavy bars of dusky blackish, the median and greater coverts 
with dull white spots like the back ; the quills uniform dusky brown 
on the inner webs and at the tips, the inner secondaries only sandy 
mfons mottled with dusky cross-barring ; tail pale rufous, narrowly 
barred across with dusky blackish ; lores dull whitish ; over the eye 
a slight eyebrow of sandy buff, as also are the feathers round the 
eye ; cheeks white ; ear-coverts whitish, the hinder margin blackish 
with whitish spots ; throat and chest white, shaded with chestnut on 
the latter; the sides of the breast, flanks, and abdomen rich chestnut, 
varied with a few spots of dull white surrounded by blackish; 
axillaries chestnut, like the breast; under wing-coverts dusky, with 
whitish cross-markings; quills light brown below, paler along the 
edge of the inner web ; " bill slate-colour, of a pale livid hue below; 


feet black ; eyes brownv (Coues). Total length 4-75 inches, culmen 
Q-S, wing 2*2, tail 1*9, tarsus 1*05. (21us. Salvin caul Godman.) 


The White-throated Rock-Wren is confined to the central region 
of Forth America, from the boundary of the United States northwards, 
extending up the Colorado valley to "Western Nevada. 


The smaller size and general browner colouring seem to be the 
chief characteristics of this race. The single specimen examined by 
mo seems hardly sufficient to settle the question: but in the above 
respects the Arizona bird differs from Mexican examples in the 
British Museum and in Messrs. Salvin and Godman's collection. 

2. Catherpes smnichrasti 
Oatherpes surniehrasti, Lawrence, Pr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pldlad. 1871, 
p. 233; Sah. ty Godm. Biol. Centra Amer., Aves7 i. p. 74. 
Adult. Brown, with the rump and wings darker ; sides of head a 
little paler, the throat greyish rufous; the breast marked with 

39. SPHENOCICHLA. 
288 

numerous dusky bands ; the abdomen relieved by small white spots 
surrounded with black; flanks indistinctly banded; vent blackish 
brown ; upper mandible blackish, the lower mandible whitish at the 
base ; feet blackish. Total length (without tail) 5 inches, bill from 
gape 1*2, wing 2-75, tarsus 1-2. (Mus. Smithson.) 

Sumiehrast's "White-throated Rock-AVren is only known from a 
single specimen obtained at Mata Bojuco, in Yera Cruz, Mexico. 

The above description is translated from the diagnosis of the (at 
present unique) type specimen given by Messrs. Salvin and Godman, 
who have also lent me a coloured figure of the bird. 

39. 
SPHENOCICHLA. 
Type. 
Heterorhynckus, MandeM, Str. F. i. p. 415 (1873) (nee 
Zajr.) S. liuinii. 
Sphenocichla, Walden, Ibis, 1875, p. 250 S. humii. 
Stachyrirhynchus, Hume, Str. F. 1876, p. 217 S. humii. 

Head of Sphenocichla humii. 

1. Sphenocichla humii. 
Heterorhynchus humii, 3Iandelh\ Str. F. 1873, p. 415. 
Sphenocichla roberti, Godw.-Ai<sL & IVtthl Ibis, 1875, p. 250 ; Hume, 
Str. F. 187G, p. 217; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 95. 
Stachyrirkynchus roberti, Hume, Str. F. 1876, p. 217, note; id. Str. 

F. 1879, p. 95. 
Adult (Native Sikhim, April 1875; Mandelli). General colour 
above scaly, the feathers being brown in the centre, edged with 
black, the feathers of the head and mantle with bufTy-white shaft-
lines, less distinct on the lower back and rump, the dorsal feathers 
indistinctly waved with narrow .blackish cross bars ; upper tail-
coverts reddish brown, narrowly barred with indistinct blackish 
cross lines; wing-coverts like the back, edged and obscurely barred 
in the same manner ; some of the greater coverts more ochraccous 
brown towards the tips ; quills blackish brown, obsoletely barred 
with lighter brown and black externally, the bars a little more 
distinct towards the end of the secondaries ; upper tail-coverts and 
tail rather more reddish brown, numerously barred with blackish 
brown the bars about 21 in number; forehead blacker than the 
head with very distinct white shaft-streaks, the lores and sides 

of the crown similarly coloured; an eyebrow of light ashy feathers 
tipped with white, drawn from above the eye to the sides of the 

2S4 TIMELIITXaS. 

neck, which is also mottled with the same ashy-spotted feathers; 
ear-coverts and cheeks blackish, narrowly streaked with white 
shaft-lines, as also the fore part of the cheeks; under surface of 
body blackish brown, the feathers of the throat and breast obsoletely 
margined with dnll ashy, producing a scaly appearance; chin 
with distinct white shaft-lines; centre of breast ashy, the lateral 
feathers blackish, tipped with ashy; flank-feathers and vent 
blackish, tipped with fulvous brown; under tail-coverts entirely 
fulvous brown; under wing-coverts light fulvous brown, edged with 
blackish, the outer ones more ashy; quills brown below, ashy fulvous 
along the edge of the inner web. Total length 6*3 inches, culmen 1, 
wing 2*7, tail 2'G, tarsus l'Oo. (31ns. Col. Godwin-Austen.) 

Adult female (Konchungbum, Muniper Hills; H. Eobert: type of 
SgJienociclila roherti). Differs from the male in being of a reddish 
brown above, the feathers edged with black and subterminally 
spotted with ashy, producing a scaly appearance; the ashy spots 
absent on the head, and more rufeseent on the lower back and 
rump; the upper tail-coverts numerously barred with dusky; 
wing-coverts like the back and spotted with ashy in the same 
manner, the greater coverts with numerous dusky cross bars; 
quills dark brown, the secondaries rufous-brown externally, the 
innermost lighter brown and barred across with dusky ; primaries 
externally barred with fulvous brown and more narrowly with 
blackish; tail-feathers dull brown, with numerous bars of dusky 
blackish, about 22 bars being perceptible on the central feathers ; 
forehead a little clearer than the crown, the lores dusky; upper 
edge of eyelid white; ear-coverts blackish, with nearly obsolete 
whitish shaft-lines; cheeks ashy whitish, the feathers with dark-
brown centres and blackish margins, producing a scaly appearance ; 
throat and chest scaly, the feathers being olive-brown in the 
centre, blackish on the margin, with a subterminal line of white ; 
the feathers in the centre of the breast ashy, with less pronounced 
blackish edges; sides of body reddish brown, slightly washed with 

olive, and mottled by the presence of a few feathers which are 
edged with blackish and subterminally marked with dull white ; 
under tail-coverts rufous-brown, subterminally marked with a line 
of dull white; under wing-coverts brown, those near the edge 
of the wing ashy; quills dusky brown below, pale ashy rufous 
along the edge of the inner web. Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 
1*15, wing 2*95, tail 2*7, tarsus 1-1. (Mus. H. H. Godwin-Austen.) 

Hume's Wedge-billed Wren was originally discovered in Native 
Sikhim by Mr. Mandelli, and has since been found in the North 
Cachar and Munipur hills by Colonel Godwin-Austen. 

40. TJROPSILA.—41. HENICOEHINA.
40. TJROPSILA. 
Type. 
Uropsila, Scl $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 155 

(1873) u. leucogastra. 

Range. Confined to Mexico, 

Woynen 

Head of Uropsila leucogastra. Leg of Uropsila leucogastra. 

1. Uropsila leucogastra. (Plate XVII.) 
Troglodytes leucogastra, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 89. 
Cyphorhinus pusillus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 872; id. Cat Amer. 


B. p. 20; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 193, no. 2670. 
Heterorhina pusilla, Baird, Review Amer. B. i. p. 119. 
Uropsila leucogastra, Scl. 8f Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. pp. 7, 155; 
Salv. § Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 78. 

Adult female. General colour above umber-brown, the sides of 
the neck ashy grey; wing-coverts uniform umber-brown, like the 
back; quills brown, externally like the back, the primaries with 
faint indications of darker brown notches, the inner secondaries 
barred with dark brown ; tail dark umber-brown, narrowly barred 
across with blackish brown; lores and a very distinct eyebrow 
white; sides of face greyish white, the ear-coverts washed with 
reddish brown, with a dark streak of brown along the upper margin; 
under surface of body greyish white, purer white on the abdomen, 
the sides of the breast ashy; the flanks and sides of the body, 
thighs, and under tail-coverts isabelline brown; under wing-
coverts and axillaries dull whitish; quills dusky brown below, 
buffy white along the edge of the inner web. Total length 3-6 
inches, culmen 0-6, wing 1*9, tail 1-1, tarsus 0*75. 

The White-bellied Wren has only been found in the neighbourhood 
of Oaxaca and Tamaulipas, in Mexico. 

a.
b. 
Ad. sk. 
Ad. sk. 
Mexico. Purchased. 
Tamaulipas, Mexico. Zoological Society. 
(Type of species.) 
41. HENICORHINA. T 

Heterorhina, Baird, Review Amer. B. i. p. 115 (1864, 
nee Westwood, 1846) C. leucosticta. 
Henicorhina, Scl, # Salv. P.Z. S. 1868, p. 170. 
Cf. Salv. 8f Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 78. 

Bill of Henicorhina leucosticta. 

236 TIMELIIDJE. 

Ramfe. Central America from Mexico southwards to South 
America as far as Guiana, Amazonia, Peru, and Bolivia. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Throat and breast pure white; bastard-wing 
spotted with white. 
a'. Head brown, the sides of the crown black., prostheleuca, p. 286. 
I'. Head black all over leucosticta, p. 287. 

b. Throat whitish; fore neck and breast ashy 
grey"; no white spots on bastard wing. ... leucophrys, p. 288, 
1. Henicorhina prostheleuca. 
Scytalopus prostheleucus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 290. 
Cyphorhhius prostheleucus, Sclater, P. Z* S. 18/58, pp. 04, 96, 
"1830, pp. 803, 372; Scl. $ Salv. Ik's, 1860, p. 397; Set. Cat. 
Amer. B. p. 20; Gray, Iland-l B, i. p. 193, no. 2008. 
Heterorhina prostheleuca, Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 110. 
Cyphorhinus leucostictus, Bator. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii. p. 320, ix. p. 92. 
Microcerculus leucostictus, Scl. ty Salv. P. Z. S. 1804, p, 345. 
Thryothoms leucobtictus, Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 134. 
Henicorhina leucosticta, Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 181; Sri. Sf Salv. 
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 6 (pt.) ; Salv. cy Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., 
Aves, i. p. 79. 
Heterorhina leucosticta (pt.), Sumichr. Mem.B. Soc. 2V". H. i.p. 545. 

Adult. General colour above light chestnut-brown, rather clearer 
on the rump and upper tail-coverts; wing-coverts like the back, 
the lesser series dark grey; the bastard wing and some of the outer 
greater coverts edged and spotted with white near their tips; 
primary-coverts dusky brown, with narrow rufous-brown edgings; 
quills dusky brown, the primaries notched with fulvescent brown, 
the secondaries externally rufous-brown, barred with blackish; 
tail-feathers rufous-brown, rather broadly barred with black; head 
and nape light brown in the centre, slightly olivaceous, the sides of 
the crown black, forming a broad streak on each side of the paler 
crown ; lores and a broad streak above the ear-eoverts black, 
surmounted by a white eyebrow, which extends from the base of 
the bill to the sides of the nape; sidef pi -face and ear-coverts black, 


streaked with white; sides of neck bls^^'it h ovate spots of white, 
giving a streaked appearance; cheeks "white, separated from the 
throat by a narrow black moustache; throat, breast, and centre of 
abdomen white; the sides of the breast ashy grey; flanks, thighs, 
and under tail-coverts rufous-brown, the thighs washed with ashy; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries dull white, slightly mottled with 
dusky bases to the feathers ; quills dusky brown below, ashy along 
the edge of the inner web. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0*7, 
wing 2-2, tail 1*2, tarsus 0*85. 

The "White-breasted Wren is found in the lowland hot forests of 
Central America, from Southern Mexico through GuaJeatldS and 
Costa Eica, and Veragua and Panama. 

a. Ad. sk. Cordova, Mexico. "M. A. Salle [C.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Guatemala. Purchased. 
e> Ad. sk. 
& Ad. sk. 

e. Ad. sk. 
/ . Ad. sk. 
<7- Ad. sk. 

41. uENicoEinm. 
Choc turn, Vera Paz, Guatemala. 
"Wra Paz. 
Guatemala. 
San Carlos. Costa Rica, Feb. 


1877. 
Santa Fe de Yeragua. 

28 

0. Salvin, Ertq. [P. 
0. Salvin, Esq.fO. 
M. A. Bmrard [U 
M. A. Boucard [C. 
M. E. Arc<$ [C.]. 
2. Henicorhina lencosticta. 
Troglodytes leucobtictus, Licht. in Mus. BeroL, undo 
Cyphorliiniis leucostictus, Cab. Areh.f. Satnnj. xiii. pt. i. 1847, p. 200; 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 224; Sclater, P. Z. tf. 1858, p. 03 : Gray, Hund-L 

B. i. p. 198, no. 2(571. 
Heterorhina leucosticta (pt.), Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 117. 
Adult male. General colour above chestnut-brown, the wing-
coverts like the back, the loast series washed with ashy grey ; bastard 
wing spotted with white at the tip of the outer web; primary-
coverts blackish, margined with reddish brown; quills blackish, 
externally notched wTith reddish brown, the secondaries externally 
like the back and barred with blackish; tail-feathers rufous-brown, 
narrowly barred with blackish ; crown of head and nape jet-black, 
as also the sides of the neck, the latter being streaked with white ; 
a distinct wThite eyebrow from the base of the bill to the sides of 
the neck; lores black ; ear-coverts black streaked with white, the 
upper margin black, forming a broad line; cheeks white, slightly 
mottled with narrow blackish edgings, and separated from the throat 
by a narrow black raoustachial streak; throat and breast pure 
white, as also the abdomen; sides of breast ashy grey, the flanks 
and sides of the body rufous-brown, the under tail-coverts also of 
this colour, the thighs a little paler; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
dingy white, slightly mottled with blackish bases to the 
feathers; quills dusky brown below, ashy along the edge of the 
inner web. Total length 3"6 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2*15, tail 
1*05, tarsus 0-9. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length 
3*5 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 2, tail 1*05, tarsus 0*85, (Mus. 
Salvin and Godman.) 

Obs. Professor Baird, in his ' Review/ separated H. leucosticta 
from II. prostheleuca, but on characters which do not hold good, as 
already pointed out by Mr. Salvin. The pureness of the white on 
the under surface or the size of the white spots on the sides of the 
head are not characters of any great import: but the black head of 
the South-American bird seems to me to distinguish it at a glance. 
Messrs. Salvin and Godman have specimens from Sarayacu, Ecuador 
(BacJcleif), and from Chira, Eastern Peru (Ilauxwell), which are 
identical with Demerara skins collected by Mr. Henry Whitely, 
excepting that one of the latter has a few white spots on the crown. 
Cabanis's description is so evidently taken from the Guiana bird, that 
his name must be applied to the black-headed form. 

The Guiana "White-breasted Wren replaces the foregoing species 

2SS 
TIMELITDJE. 

in Guiana, Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador, ranging into Eastern 
Peru. Cabanis described his species from Guiana and Mexico ; but 
his description shows that he took the black-headed species for his 

type. 
a, b. <$ $ ad. sk. Bartica Grove, Demerara, Henry TThitely [C.]. 
January 1880. 
c. Ad. sk. Ecuador. Clarence Buckley [C.]. 

3. Henicorhina leucophrys. 
Troglod)tes 
leucophrys, Tsc/mdi, Arch. f. Xaturg. x. pt. i. p. 283; 
id. Faun. Peruan. p. 185. 
Troglodytes guttatus, Hartl. Sijst Verz. d. Ges. Mus. Brem. p. 28. 

r-i S. ___£• ° i i /X,Z. A,.«l, X TIT, . -XOi^r „x •i 

Cyphorhinus prostheleueus, Scl. § Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 272 (nee 
"Sclater). 
Cyphorhinus griseicollis, Scl <§* Sah\ Ibis, I860, p. 897 (nee. Lafr.): 

Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 198, no. 2609. 
Heterorhina griseieollis, Baird, Rev. Amer. B. p. 117 (nee. Lafr.). 
Heterorhina leucophrys, Baird^ t. c. p. 118. 
Ilenicorhina leucophrys, Sal v. B.Z.S. 1870, p. 181; Scl. $ Salv. 
Nomencl. Av. Keotr. p. 6; Salv, 8f Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., 
Aves, I p. 80. 

Adult male. General colour above chestnut-brown, the head more 
dingy than the back, the sides of the crown being blackish ; wing-
coverts dusky, externally like the back; bastard-wing feathers 
edged with paler or more fulvous brown ; quills blackish brown, 
with the outer webs of the same colour as the back, chequered 
externally with blackish notches on the primaries, which become 
bars on the secondaries; tail-feathers reddish brown, mottled with 
irregular blackish bars and markings; a very distinct white eyebrow, 
running from the base of the bill to the sides of the nape; 
lores and a broad streak along the upper edge of the ear-coverts 
black ; sides of neck black, mottled with oval spots of white ; sides 
of face white streaked with black, with which the feathers are 
edged; throat dull white, with a few indistinct edgings of black to 
the feathers; the lower throat, fore neck, and breast ashy grey, 

the centre of the abdomen inclining to ashy whitish; sides of the 
body, flanks, and under tail-coverts rufous-brown; under wing-
coverts light ashy, the edge of the wing mottled with spots of white ; 
the axillaries ashy, somewhat washed with brown; quills dusky 
below, inclining to ashy along the inner web. Total length 4*5 
inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2*3, tail 1-5, tarsus 0*95. 

Adult female (Erontino, T. "K. Salmon). Similar to the male 
described, but a little more rufous on the upper parts and the abdomen 
; wing ^ and tail rather more distinctly barred with blackish. 
Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 2-2, tail 1*45, tarsus 
0*9. (Mus. Salvin and Goclman.) 

42 . CYPHOKHINUS. 
Young. Dingy brown, with indications of blackish bars on tho 
back; the head uniform blackish, with the whito eyebrow indistinctly 
indicated; quills very broadly barred with blackish ; below 
dingy ashy, whiter on the chin, the flanks and lower abdomen 
fulvous brown; on the bastard wing a few white spots. 

The description of the adult male is from one of Mr. Salmon's 
Colombian skins in the Museum. The young bird is quite a 
nestling, collected at Jalapa by De Oca, from whose skins the 
Museum also selected an adult. The blackish head, therefore, seen 
in many specimens (on which account Prof. Baird would have 
recognized two species), seems to be a sign of more or less immaturity. 
Mexican birds are smaller than those from more southern localities 
and have distinctly shorter bills ; their colour is also palor, the crown 
exactly resembling the back in colour. They may be found ultimately 
to constitute a distinct race; but at present there seems to 
be a regular gradation in size between Mexican and South-American 
specimens, the Colombian birds being larger than the majority of 
Central-American and having the longest bills. The Central-American 
specimens have the throat more distinctly streaked, by means of the 
blackish edgings to the feathers, than either the Mexican or South-
American birds. I have examined twenty-four examples in the 
Museum collection and that of Messrs. Salvin and Godman, whose 
remarks on the species in the ' Biologia' (I. c.) should be consulted.. 

The Grey-chested Wren is distributed over the whole- of Central 
America from Southern Mexico through Guatemala to Costa Kica and 
Panama, and thence through Colombia and Venezuela, southwards 
through Ecuador to Peru and Bolivia. It is always a more upland 
species than the other members of the genus, and was found by 
Mr. Salvin in Guatemala as high as 10,000 feet, descending, however, 
to 4000 feet. 

a. Ad.; b. Juv. sk. Jalapa, Mexico. R. de Oca [PJ. 
c. Ad. sk. Mexico. M. A, Salle' [0.1 
d, e. Imm. sk. Guatemala. M- A. Boucard [C.]. 
/. Ad. sk. Veragua. E, Arce* [C.l 

g. Ad. sk. Bogota. Purchased, ' 
h. Ad.; •'. Juv. st. Bogota. Purchased. 
h. Ad. sk. Antioquia, Colombia. T. K. Salmon, Esq. [C.l 
I, m. Ad. sk. Santa Elena, Antioquia, T. K, Salmon, Esq. [O.J, 
42. CYPHOKHINUS, TypQ 
Cyphorhinus, Cdbanis, Archivfur Naturg. 1844, p. 282.. .0. thoracicus, 
Of. Baird, Review Amer. Birds, p. 112 ; Salvin 8f Godmany 
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 75. 

IXead of Cyphorhinus modulator. 

VOL. VI, 

TIMELUDiE. 

290 

Range. From Costa Pica and Panama to Gruiana, and through 
Ecuador and the Upper Amazons to Peru and Bolivia. 


Key to the Species. 

a. Wings and tail barred. 
a\ Sides of neck mottled with black and white, 
the feathers being black with broad white 
centres of a triangular shape musicus, p. 290. 


b'. No black and white mottling on the sides of 
(he neck. 


a". No black on the chin or sides of the 
throat or fore part of cheeks; forehead 
bright chestnut. 


a'". Light umber-brown above; forehead 
and crown bright chestnut; ear-coverts 
bright chestnut; dark brown along the 
upper margin modulator, p. 291. 

V". Dark umber-brown above, the forehead 
only bright chestnut,* ear-
coverts entirely dark brown salmni, p. 292. 

b". Chin, sides of upper throat, and fore part 
of cheeks blackish. 
c"'. Breast and abdomen ochraceous brown, 
washed with rufous. 


a\ Dark chestnut-brown, the crown 
blackish ; primary-coverts uniform; 
throat and breast rich chestnut ph&ocephalus, p. 292. 

bA. Brown above, somewhat inclining to 
olive-brown • primary-coverts barred; 
throat and breast orange-chestnut.. bnmnescens, p. 293. 

d'". Centre of abdomen and breast light , j„ wr>; _ 9Qq 

\ fW7en?n

ashy brown> P- **f; 
J {t/ioractcusj p. 294 

b. Wings and tail not barred dichrous, p. 294. 
1. Cyphorhinus musicus. 
Musicien de Cayenne, Daub. PI JEnl. v. pi. 709. fig. 2. 
L'Arada, Buff, Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 480. 
Musician Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 80. 
Formicarius musicus, Bodd. Tall. PL Enl. p. 44 (ex Buff.). 
Turdus cantans, Gm. Syst Nat. I p. 825. 
Turdus arada, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 358. 
Thryothorus carinatus, Swains. Birds of Brazil, pi. 14. 
Platyurus rubecula, Sioains. Classif. B. ii. p. 319. 
Cyphorhinus cantans, Cab. Arch. f.Naturg. 1847, p. 207; id. Schomb. 


Meis. Guian. iii. p. 673: id. Mus. JELdn. Th. i. p. 79 ; Bp. Camp. i. 

p. 224. * l * 
Cyphorhinus carinatus, Cab. in Tschudi, Faun, Beruan., Vog. p. 184, 
note; Gray, Gen. B.i.y. 156. 
Cyphorhinus musicus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 15G; Mater, Cat. Amer. 

B. i. p. 19; Scl. Sf Salv. Ex. Orn. text to pi. xxii.; Gray, Hand4. 
B. i. p. 193, no. 2659; Peh. Ibis, 1873, p. Ill; Scl. 8f Salv. No-
mend. Av. Neotr. p. 6; Salv. $ Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. 
p. 75. 
Adult male. General colour above brown, slightly washed with 
rufous-ochre; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back; 

42 . CTPHOKHIKTJS, 
291 

greater coverts externally edged with rufous-brown and spotted 
with blackish-brown dots on the outer webs, with a few bars of the 
same colour ; quills brown, rufous-brown on the outer webs, varied 
with bars of blackish brown, more distinct on the secondaries, the 
innermost of which have blackish-brown bars on both webs; tail-
feathers dark umber-brown, banded across with faintly indicated 
bars of blackish brown, about seven bars being traceablo on the 
centre feathers; head chestnut, brighter on the forehead, and shading 
off more into brown on the hind neck; car-coverts and sides of face 
bright chestnut, the upper margin of the ear-coverts blackish, sides 
of neck conspicuously mottled with black and white, a broad streak 
running from above the hinder ear-coverts down the sides of the 
neck, the feathers being white in the centre with black margins; 
sides of neck also mottled, the feathers being black with broad 
triangular centres of white; throat and chest bright chestnut; 
remainder of under surface light ashy brown; the sides of the 
body earthy brown, washed with rufous-brown; thighs rufous-
brown ; undor tail-coverts barred with yellowish or reddish white 
and dark brown; under wing-coverts ashy brown washed with 
rufous-brown, the edge of the wing f ulvescent; quills brown below, 
edged with whity brown along the edge of the inner web. Total 

length 4*2 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 2'5, tail 14, tarsus 0*9. (Mus. 
Salvin and Godman.) 

The Spotted-necked Wren is apparently confined to G-uaina. 

a. Ad. sk. British Guiana. Sir R. Schomburgk. 
b. Ad. ak. British Guiana. Purchased. 
c. Juv. sk. Albina, Surinam, C. Bartlett [0.]. 

2. CyphorMans modulator. (Plate XVIII. fig. 2.) 
Troglodytes ayada, Zafr. et D'Orh. 8yn. Av. i. p. 25. 
Thryothorus modulator, D'Orbiyny, Voy. Amir, mirid., Ois. p. 230. 
Sarochalinus rufogularis, Des Murs in Casteln. Voy. p. 49, pi xvii. 


flff.2. 

Cyphorhinus modulator, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 03; id. Cat. Amer. 

B. p. 19; 8cl ty Salv. JEJx. Orn. p. 43 ; iid, Nomenol. Av. Neotr. 
p. 693; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 592 • 8ah. 4* Godm. Biol. Centra 
Amer., Aves, i. p. 75, 
Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 193, no. 2661 
(nee 8clater), 
Adult male (Chamicuros, December 29, 1867; E. Bartlett). 
General colour above umber-brown; lores and forehead chestnut, 
the feathers faintly edged with brown and shading off into the brown 
colour of the hinder crown and neck; ear-coverts chestnut, the 
upper margin dark brown; above the ear-coverts a streak of chestnut 
feathers running down the sides of the nape ; cheeks and throat 
chestnut; remainder of under surface ruddy brown, slightly more 
rufescent down the centre of the body and on the under tail-coverts; 
under wing-coverts light rufous-brown; quills brown below, with 
a narrow whity-brown edging along the inner web ; lesser wing-
coverts like the back; the greater series with faint rufescent 

v2 

292 
TIMBLTIDJE. 

margins barred across with narrow lines of dusky brown; primary-

coverts brown, with a few indications of darker brown bars; quills 

dark brown, barred on the outer web with fulvous brown and 

blackish brown, the bars on the quills broader than on the wing-

coverts, the inner secondaries barred right across both webs; upper 

tail-coverts a little more rufescent than the back; tail-feathers 

brown, barred across with blackish brown, about seven bars visible 

on the centre tail-feathers. Total length 5*1 inches, oulmen 08 , 

wing 2-65, tail 1*45, tarsus 0*95. 

The Rufous-breasted Wren is found in Upper Amazonia, extending 

into Bolivia. 

a. 
c? ad. sk. Ckamicuros, Eastern Peru, E. Bartlett, Esq. [0.1. 
December 29, 1867. 
3. Cyphorhiims salvini. (Plate XVIII. fig. 1.) 
Oyphorliinus modulator. Gray, Sand-l. B. i. p. 193, no. 2G58 (nee 
2)'Orb.). 

Adult. General colour above dark umber-brown, from the nape 
to the upper tail-coverts, the latter being faintly washed with rufous-
brown; least and median wing-coverts like the back, but slightly 
washed with ochraceous brown; greater coverts dark brown, with 
faintly indicated bars of reddish brown on the outer web; quills 
dark brown, barred with reddish brown on the outer web of all except 
the first and second primaries; tail-feathers dark brown, with 
faint indications of rufous-brown cross bars under certain lights ; 
crown of head chestnut, the hinder feathers tipped with brown where 
they adjoin the nape; lores chestnut with yellowish bases; ear-
coverts dark brown, with faintly indicated rufous-brown shaft-lines; 
above the ear-coverts a streak of rufous-buff running down the sides 
of the hind neck; cheeks and throat chestnut; rest of under surface 
of body umber-brown, paler in the centre and washed with rufous 
on the thighs and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts pale 
rufous-brown; quills dark brown below, narrowly edged with rufous-
brown along the edge of the inner web. Total length 5*5 inches, 
culmen 0*75, wing 2-65, tail 1*45, tarsus 1. 

Salving Wren replaces C. modulator in Ecuador. 

a. Ad. sk. 
Rio Napo. Purchased. (Type of species.) 
4. C^horhinus phseocephalus. 
Cyphorhinus pyocephalus, 
Sdater, P. Z. S. I860, p. 291; id. Cat. 
Amer. B. p. 19 j ScL § Salv. JEx. Orn. pi. xxii. • iid. Komencl. Av. 
Neotr. p. G; Salv. 4* Godm. Biol Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 75. 

Adult male (Esmeraldas, Ecuador, September 1859, L. Eraser: 
type of species). General colour above dark rufous-brown, with concealed 
dusky bars on the back and scapulars, the rump more 
decidedly chestnut-brown ; crown blackish, shading off on the nape 
into the brown of the back; wing-coverts like the back, the greater 
coverts barred with blackish brown; primary-coverts uniform dusky 

42. cypiioiiEijsrus. 
brown; quills dark brown, externally rufous-brown banded with 
black; upper tail-coverts chestnut-brown, faintly barred with 
blackish; tail-feathers dark brown, barred with rufous-brown; 
lores, feathers below the eye, base of lower mandible, and a narrow 
edging to the chin black; throat and breast, as well as the remainder 
of the cheeks, ear-coverts, sides of hinder crown, and sides 
of neck, deep rich chestnut; centre of the body pale brown, the sides 
ruddy brown as also the thighs ; under tail-coverts reddish brown, 
with faintly indicated dusky bars; under wing-coverts light chestnut 
; quills dusky brown below, pale reddish buff along the inner 
web. Total length 4-8 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 2-5, tail 1-4, 
tarsus 0-95. (Mas. P. L. Sdater.) 

Adult female. Similar to the male and of the same dark colour, but 
the black of the head not extending quite so far towards the nape. 
Total length 4*8 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 24, tail 1-25, tarsus 
0-95. (Mus. P. L. Sdater.) 

The Dusky-headed "Wren is apparently confined to Ecuador. 

5. Cyphorhiiras brunuescens. 
Cyphorhinus phoeocephalus, Sd. # Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 496 (neeSdater). 

Adult male. General colour above brown, rather more rufescent 
on the lower back and rump and upper tail-coverts; head rather 
more dusky brown than the back, the forehead with somewhat 
lighter shaft-streaks ; scapulars like the back, but with dusky bars 
of blackish, exactly like the lesser wing-eoverts; greater coverts and 
quills more dark brown, externally rufous-brown, barred with 
blackish brown, the inner secondaries regularly barred across; tail-
feathers rufous-brown, barred across with blackish brown more or 
less irregularly; lores, feathers round the eye, fore part of cheeks, 
chin, and sides of tipper throat, as well as the feathers below the 
eye, blackish; ear-coverts, sides of crown, sides of neck, hinder part 
of cheeks, throat, and breast chestnut-red; the rest of the under 
surface ochraceous brown washed with rufous, the sides of the body 
browner, the under tail-coverts barred with blackish brown; under 
wing-coverts light chestnut, the outer coverts ashy brown washed 
with chestnut; quills dusky brown below, whity brown along the 
edge of the inner web ; " iris dark" (P. K. Salmon). Total length 
4-8 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 2*45, tail 1*2, tarsus 0-95. (Mus. 
Salvin and Oodman.) 

Salmon's Wren replaces the foregoing species in the Cauca valley. 

6. Cyphorhinus lawrencii. 
Cyphorhinus cantans, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii. p. 293 (nee Gm.). 

Cyphorhiims lawrencii, Sdater, Ann. Lxjc. New York, viii. p. 5; 
Lawr. op. cit. p. 5, ix. p. 92 ; Baird, lievieto Amer. B. p. 113; Sol 
& Salv. P. Z. S. 18(54) p. 345; iid. Exotic Orn. p. 41, pi. xxi.; 
Gray, lland-l B. i. p. 193, no 2(500; Scl. § Salv. Nomend. Av. 
Neoir. p. 0; Salv. 8f Godm. Biol Ce?itr.-Amer.} Aves, I p. 75. 

294 TIMELIIDJ3, 

Adult male. General colour above umber-brown, the lower back 
rump, and upper tail-coverts more rufescent; lower wing-coverts 
like the back; the greater and primary-coverts and quills rufescent 
brown externally, barred with black, more broadly on the quills 
than the coverts, the innermost secondaries barred across both webs • 
quills dark brown on the inner webs; tail-feathers dark rufous-
brown, barred with blackish, about nine bars being perceptible on 
the centre ones; head of the same colour as the back, the lores 
slightly washed with chestnut; feathers below the eye, the fore part 
of the cheeks, summit of chin, and sides of the latter blackish 
brown; sides of the hinder crown, ear-coverts, remainder of cheeks 
throat, and chest bright chestnut; breast and centre of the body 
ashy brown, verging into rufous-brown on the sides of the body 
thighs, and under tail-coverts, the latter being tipped with fulvous' 
producing a slightly barred appearance; under wing-coverts li»ht 
chestnut; quills dusky brown below, rufescent along the margin 
of the inner web. Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 2-5 
tail 1*35, tarsus 1. 

Lawrence's "Wren is only known from Panama and Costa Eica. 

a. S ad. sk. Panama. O^bert Salvin, Esq. 
b. Juv. sk. Chepo, Isthmus of Panama. Osbert Salvin, Esq* 
7. Cj^horhiiras thoracicus. 

Cyphorhinus thoracicus, Tschudi, Arch, f. Nature/. 1844, p. 282 • 
tidater § Salvin, Nomencl Av. Keotr. p. 6; Sah\ <§* Godm. Mol 
Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 75; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 505. 

This species is unknown to me. It was for long confounded 
with C. modulator, but is said to have a much longer *tail. 

Above dusky brown washed with pale ferruginous, the forehead 
brighter, the face blackish ; upper wing-coverts and quills black 
edged with ferruginous; under surface dusky, the throat, ear-
coverts, and breast intense ferruginous ; bill blackish, feet pale dusky 
brown, the claws horn-colour; iris dusky. Total length 5" T" 
{Tscliudi.) 

Tschudi's Wren is only known from Eastern Peru. 

8. Cyphorhinus dichrous. 
Cyphorhinus dichrous, Scl fy Salv. P. Z. S. 1879 D 492 T>1 xli • 
Salv. $ Godm. Biol! Centr.-Amer., Aves, L p. 75. ' P ' 

Adult (Remedies, T. K. Salmon: type of species). General 
colour above very dark brown, the head and nape blackish and contrasting 
slightly with the back; lower back and rump blackish; 
upper tail-coverts dark reddish brown ; upper wing-coverts like the 
back, some of them washed externally with reddish brown; quills 
uniform blackish brown the primaries faintly edged with reddish 
brown; tail-leathers uniform blackish brown; lores blackish, as well 
as the feathers below the eye and a line along each side of the chin 
and the base of the lower mandible; remainder of cheeks and ear


43. MICEOCEKCFLITS.
coverts, sides of neck, and the sides of the hinder crown running 

down the hinder neck, so as almost to form a half-collar, deep 

chestnut; throat and breast deep rich chestnut, shading off into 

chestnut-brown on the abdomen ; the sides of the body, flanks, and 

thighs dark umber-browa, with a slight reddish tinge; under tail-

coverts blackish, barred with dull rufous ; under wing-coverts dusky, 

washed with chestnut, the asillaries chestnut; under wing-coverts 

dusky brown, narrowly edged with pale rufous along the edge of 

the inner web ; " iris dark" (T. K. &.). Total length 4*9 inches, 

culmen 0-85, wing 2Sy tail 1-7, tarsus 1-1. (Miis. P. L. Sclater.) 

The Kufous-chested Wren has only been found as yet in the 
Cauca valley. 

43 HICKOCEECULTJS *. ^ 
Type. 
Microcerculus, Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 113 (1864, ex 
Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 19, 1862) M. bambla. 
Cf. Salvin %• Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 76. 

Bill of Microcerculus bambla, to show nostril. 

Range. Central America, from Guatemala southwards to Guiana, 
Colombia, and Peru. 

Key to the Sjpecies. 

a. 
With a broad white band across the wing, the 
greater wing-coverts being sub terminally banded 
with white. 
a'. 
Throat and chest ashy grey, mottled with dusky 
cross-markings bambla, p. 296. 
b'. Throat pure white; chest ashy grey, with 
du-ky cross-markings albigulariSj p. 296. 

b. 
No white band across the wing and chest. 
c*. Throat ashy grey, with dusky cross-markings. philomela, p. 297. 
<f .Throat white; chest ashy Imcinia, p. 298. 
e'. "Throat and breast pure white bicolor, p. 298. 
f. Throat and breast pure white, banded across. 
a". 
Cross-barring on throat and breast very 

narrow, the feathers wrhite with dusky 

tips 
marginatus, p. 299. 

b". Throat white, with narrow dusky edgings to 

the feathers; breast and abdomen blackish 

barred with white _ t&niatus, p. 300 

c". 
Throat uniform white; breast white, with 
narrow dusky-brown cross markings ... . squamulatm, p. 300. 

* MICROCERCULUS CINCTUS. 
Cyphorhmus (Microcerculus) cinctus, Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 65 (1871). 
Cyphorhinus cinctus, Gray, Hand~l. B. i. p. 193, no. 2667 (1869). 
Bab. Brazil (Borba, S. Joaquirn). 
The above species is unknown to me. It appears to belong to the section of 


M. bambla. 
296 
TIMELIIDJ3. 

1. Microcerculus bambla. 
Le Barnbla de Cayenne, Daubent PL Mil v. pi. 703. ftg. 2. 
Eorrnicarius bambla, Bodd. Tahl. PI. Enl p. 44 {ex Daubenh). 
Myrmothera troglodytes, Less. Descr. Mamm. et Ois. p. 301. 
Heterocnemis bambla, Sdater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. OS. 
Cypkorhinus bambla, Sdater, Cat. Amer, B. p. 19; Gray, Hand-l. 


B. i. p. 193, no. 2602. 
Microcerculus 
bambla, Baird, Bevietv Amer. B. p. 114; Sdater, 
Sf Salv. Nomend. Av. Neotr. p. 6; Salv. <§' Godm. Biol Centr.-
Amer., Aves, i. p. 70. 

Adult male. General colour above umber-brown, mottled with 
blackish-brown edgings to the feathers, producing a somewhat scaly 
appearance, the mantle and rump more uniform • lesser and median 
wing-coverts like the back ; greater series black with a subterminal 
bar of white, forming a conspicuous band right across the wing; 
quills black, the primaries a little browner; upper tail-coverts like 
the back; tail-feathers blackish; lores, sides of face, and ear-
coverts dull ashy ; throat ashy whitish, the fore neck ashy grey, as 
also the feathers of the chest and centre of the breast, which are 
slightly scaly in appearance, being edged with brown : sides of body, 
flanks, and under tail-coverts rufous-brown, barred with dusky 
blackish, less distinctly on the latter; under wing-coverts dull 
ashy, as also the inner lining of the quills. Total length 3*9 inches, 
culmen 0*75, wing 2*3, tail 1, tarsus 0*9. 


Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male. Total length 3*5 
inches, culmen 0*75, wing 2*2, tail 0*8, tarsus 0*85. 


Young female. Similar in plumage to the adult, the under surface 
of the body more plainly banded with ashy whitish and lighter 
brown, especially on the sides; the edgings to the feathers of the 
upper surface rather broader and more distinct. Total length 3*7 
inches, culmen 0-8, wing 2*1, tail 0*9, tarsus 0*8. 


The White-banded Wren is an inhabitant of Guiana. 

a. 
2 a#. sk. Bartica Grove, Demerara, H. Whitelv, Esq. [C.l. 
Jan. 19,1880. 
2. Mcrocercultis alMgularis. 
Heterocnemis albigularis, Sdater, P. Z. S. 18-J8, p. G7. 
Oyphorliinus albigularis, Sdater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 19: Gray, 

Hand-l. B. i. p. 193, no. 2605. 
Pheugopedius albigularis, Baird, Bevieiu Amer. B. p. 114. 
Microcerculus albigularis, Sdater <§* Salv. Komencl. Av. JSieotr. p. 6 • 

Salv. $* Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 76. 

Adult (Sarayacu, Ecuador; C.Buckley). Genera] colour above 
brown, with slight indications of blackish margins to the feathers, 
a little more distinct on the head, which is slightly darker than the 
back; least -wing-coverts like the back • median coverts blackish, 
margined with brown, the primary-coverts blackish, subterminally 
barred with white, forming a hand across the wing; quills blackish, 

297 

43. MicitocEftourus. 
rather "browner on tho outer edge of the primaries; tail-fcafchors 
"blackish brown, the centre one indistinctly barred under certain 
"lights; lores and feathers round the eye ashy brown; car-coverts 
dark ashy washed with brown; cheeks ashy white; throat puro 
white; fore neck and breast ashy grey, slightly mottled with cross 
lines of dusky, some of tho feathers with subtcrminal bars of ashy 
whitish in the centre of the breast; sides of body, flanks, and 
under tail-coverts reddish brown, barred across with narrow blackish 
markings, less pronounced on the under tail-coverts; thighs dusky 
brown, washed with reddish brown ; under wing-coverts ashy brown, 
with a slight wash of clearer brown; quills dusky brown below, 
paler and more whity brown along tho edge of the inner web. 
Total length 4*1 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 2-55, tail 3/2, tarsus 3/0. 
(Mus. Salvin and Godman.) 

Young. In general similar to tho adult, but having the blackish 
edgings to the feathers of the upper surface more distinct; tho 
white band on tho wing somewhat tinged with oehraceous buff-; 
underparts paler than in the adult, tho breast light, ashy, very distinctly 
barred with dusky brown. (Mus. Salvin and Godman.) 

The "Western "White-banded Wren occurs only in Eastern 
Ecuador. 

3. Microcerculus philomela. 
Euisenor, Salvin, Ibis, 1801, p. 144. 
Cyphorhimis philomela, Salvin, P. Z. S. 1801, p. 202 ; id. Ibis, 1801, 


p. 352 ; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 103, no. 2003. 
Microcerculus philomela, Baird, Review Amer. B. i. p. 114 (part). 
Microeercuius philomela, Sclater <§-Sah. Nomenel. Av. Keotr. p. 0; 
Salv. fy Godm. Biol. Centr.~Amei\, Aces, i. p. 70, tab. v. fig. 3. 

Adult male (type of species). General colour above brown, tho 
feathers edged with blackish, producing a somewhat scaly appearance 
; head dusky brown, darker than the back, the feathers 
edged with blackish and inclining to lighter brown in the centre of 
the crown; least wing-coverts like tho back; median coverts 
blackish, with a subtcrminal bar of brown, and a spot of huffy 
white on a few of tho feathers; greater coverts black, externally 
edged with brown, and having a small triangular spot of white just 
before the tip of the feather ; quills blackish, externally margined 
with dull ashy brown; tail-feathers blackish; lores and ear-
coverts ashy washed with brown ; cheeks and under surface of body 
dull ashy, mottled all over with cross-markings of dusky brown, 
the feathers being brown at the base and on the margins, with a 
subterminal band of ashy, although the latter is the prevailing 
colour; sides of body brown, with dusky margins to the feathers; 
under tail-coverts blackish, barred with brown; under wing-coverts 
dusky brown, the feathers edged with clear brown ; quills dusky 
brown below, slightly paler along the edge of the inner web. Total 
length 4*2 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 2*2, tail 0*95, tarsus 0-85. 

(Mus. Salvin and Godman.) 

TJDrELTIDJS. 

298 

Young. Differs from the adult in being lighter and more oehra


ceous brown, the head being scarcely any darker than the back; 

the edges to the wing-coverts are also much lighter brown, and all 

have a sub terminal triangular spot or streak of ochraceous buff; 

throat white, with dusky-brown margins to the feathers; the 

under surface much lighter than in the adult, the cross bars being 

white instead of ashy grey. 

The Euisenor "Wren is an inhabitant of Guatemala. 

a. Ad. sk. Guatemala. 
Purchased. 
b. Juv. sk. Vera Paz, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [0.]. 
4. Microcerculus luseinia. 
Cvpliorhinus banibla?, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii. p. 320 {nee 

"Bodd.). 

Cypkorhimis pkilomela, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. JY. Y. vii. p. 4C7 {nee 

Salv.). 

Microcerculus pkiloinela, Baird, Review Amer. B. i. p. 114 (pt., nee 

Sab.). 

Microcerculus luseinia, Saluin, P. Z. S. 1806, p. 09, 1807, p. 134; 

Selater $* Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 6; Salv. fy Godm. Biol. 

Centra Amer., Aves, i. p. 77, tab. v. fig. 4. 

Oyphorhinus liibcinia, Gray, Sand-l I?, i. p. 193, no. 2000. 

Adult male (Santa Pe, Yeragua; E. Arce: type of species). 

General colour above clear brown, the feathers with more or less 

obsolete blackish margins, the latter more distinct on the head, which 

is rather duller than the back; wing-coverts blackish brown, edged 

with the same colour as the back, the margins to the greater series 

a 
little darker, like those of the innermost secondaries; quills 

blackish brown; tail also blackish brown; lores and ear-coverts 

dull ashy, slightly washed with brown; cheeks and throat dull 

white, with narrow dusky margins, scarcely perceptible; breast 

ashy grey, the feathers washed with brown; the centre of the body 

dull ashy white, mottled with brown cross-markings ; sides of body 
light brown, with indistinct indications of blackish-brown cross 
bars; under tail-coverts blackish, with reddish-brown cross-markings; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy brown, washed with clearer 
brown; quills dusky brown below, lighter brown along the edge of 
the inner web. Total length 3*6 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 2*15, 
tail 1, tarsus 0*85. {Mas. Salvin and Godman.) 

Adult female (Santiago de Yeragua, E. Arce). Similarly coloured 
to the male, but a little more chestnut-browTi. Total length 3*5 
inches, culmen 0*8, wing 2*2, tail 0*9, tarsus 0*9. {Mus. Salvin 
and Godman.) 

The Yeraguan Wren is confined to Yeragua and Panama, where 
it is extremely rare. 

5. Microcerculus hicolor. 
Heterocnemis bicolor, 
JDes Murs in Casteln. Voy.} Oiwaux, p. 51, 
pi. 16. fig. 3 (type examined). 

209 

43 . MICROOEnCUXTTS. 
Adult (Sarayaeu, Ecuador; C. Buckley). General colour above dark 
rufescent brown, with a few indications of dusky-brown margins on 
the feathers of the hind nock and head, the latter a little more dusky 
than the back; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and 
greater coverts dark brown, naiTOwly edged with brown like the 
back; quills blackish brown, externally edged with rufous-brown, 
the inner secondaries barred externally with black on the outer web; 
tail-feathers blackish brown ; lores and ear-coverts dull ashy ; cheeks 
white, with narrow dusky margins to the feathers; entire throat 
and breast pure white; sides of body earthy brown, with dusky 
blackish cross bars, more distinct upon the abdomen, which is 
coloured like the flanks; sides of the lower breast barred very 
plainly with dusky brown, the outer webs being white, the inner 
brown ; thighs brown ; under tail-coverts reddish brown, narrowly 
barred with dusky blackish ; under wing-coverts brown, the greater 
series dull ashy; the quills dull ashy brown below, paler along the 
edge of the inner web. Total length 3*75 inches, culmen 0*75, 
wing 2-3, tail 0*8, tarsus 0*9. (Mus. Balvin and Godman.) 

Castelnau's Wren occurs in Upper Amazonia, whence it extends 
into Ecuador. 

6. Mcrocerculus margi&atus. 
Hetexocnemis margmatus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855; p. 145; id. Cat. 

Amer. J?, p. 19. 

Cyphorkinus niarginatus, Graij, Iland-l B. i. p. 193, no. 2004. 

Microcerculus marginatus, Sclater <5* Salo. KomencL Av. Keotr, p. 6; 

Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 500; Salv. fy Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., 
Aves} i. p. 70. 

Adult male. General colour above chocolate-brown, darker on 

the head, which has remains of blackish margins to the feathers, 

these being nearly obsolete on the remainder of the upper surface; 

wing-coverts and quills dark brown, edged with the same colour as 

the back; rump and lower back rather more reddish brown than the 

mantle; tail-feathers blackish; lores and ear-coverts dark ashy; 

cheeks white, with dusky margins to the feathers; throat and breast 

white, the former with scarcely any dusky margins, but the latter 

very distinctly barred with broad edgings to the feathers ; abdomen 

ashy white, mottled with dusky cross-markings; sides of breast 

dark ashy ; sides of body and flanks brown, with scarcely any signs 

of dusky cross-markings; under wing-coverts dark ashy brown, 

washed with clearer brown; quills dusky below, lighter along the 

edge of the inner web. Total length 4*4 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 

2*4, tail 2% tarsus 0*9. 

Young (Pebas, Hauxwell). Similar in colour to the adult, but 

more distinctly barred on the upper surface, the edges to the feathers 

being dusky blackish; at the tips of some of the greater coverts 

remains of small triangular spots of fulvous brown; the under 

surface more distinctly barred than in the adult, the dusky edgings 

to the feathers being more numerous; the sides of the body rather 

300 
T1MELI1DJE. 

more rufous-brown in colour, with more distinct dusky cross-markings 
of blackish brown. (Mas. Salvin and Godman.) 
The Scaly-breasted Wren inhabits Colombia and Eastern Peru. 


a. 
S ad. sk. Chamicuros, Peruvian Amazons, Edward Bartleti [C.l 
June 28,1807. 
7. Mcrocercixhis tseniatus. 
Microcerculus toeniatus, Salvin, Ibis, 1881, p. 130, pi. iii. fig. 2. 
Adult (Balzar Mountains, Ecuador, Illingwortli: type of species). 

General colour above brown, with faint indications of blackish 

edgings to some of the feathers, especially on the head, which is 

rather duller than the back ; wing-coverts blackish, externally edged 

with the same colour as the back; quills blackish, the brown 

margins nearly obsolete on the primaries, a little more distinct on 

the secondaries, the innermost of which have an indistinctly barred 

appearance; tail blackish ; lores and ear-coverts ashy brown, with 

a wash of clearer brown; cheeks and throat white, with dusky 

edgings to the 
feathers, giving a barred appearance; remainder of 

under surface of body blackish brown, barred with white, the dark 

and light bars being about equal in width; sides of body brown like 

the back, barred with blackish, the under tail-coverts similarly 

coloured; thighs dusky brown ; under wing-coverts ashy brown 

washed with clearer brown; quills sepia-brown below, paler along 

edge of the inner web. Total length 3*7 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 

2*25, tail 0*9, tarsus 0*85. (Mus. Salvin and Godman.) 

Illingworth's Scaly Wren is only known from the type specimen, 
obtained in the Ealzar Mountains in Eeuador. 


8. Microcerculus squamulatus. 
Microcerculus squamulatus, ScU $* Sah. P. Z. 3. 1875, pp. 37, 237, 
pi. vi. 
Microcerculus squamatulus, Salv. <$* Godm, Biol. Cemtr.-Amer.9 Aves, 

i. p. 76. 
Adult male (type of species). General colour above rufescent 
brown, slightly varied on the head with dusky margins to the 
feathers, the upper surface otherwise uniform ; wing-coverts dusky 
brown, edged with rufescent brown like the back, and with the 
remains of whitish spots at the tips of the greater series; quills 
blackish brown, externally rufescent brown, with very faint indications 
of dusky cross bars under certain lights; tail dark brown ; 
lores and ear-coverts slaty brown; cheeks and throat dull whitish, 
with obsolete remains of dusky margins to the feathers; remainder 
of under surface whitish, somewhat irregularly barred across with 
blackish brown; the sides of throat and of fore neck and breast 
dark ashy brown; the flanks and thighs rufescent brown; under 
tail-coverts dark brown, faintly barred with dull rufous-brown; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries brown like the sides of the breast; 
quills dusky brown below, light brown along the margin of the 

44 . PtfOEPYGA. 301 
inner web ; " iris dark brown " (Goerinq). Total length 4*3 inches, 
ciilmen 0-6, wing 2-4, tail 0-8, tarsus 0-9. (Mus. P. L. Sclater.) 

Goering's Scaly-breasted Wren is only known from the type 
specimen in Dr. Sclater's collection; it was discovered by Mr. Goering 
in Venezuela, in the Andes of San Cristoval in the province of 
Tachira, on the frontiers of Colombia. 

44. PNOEPYGA. 
_ . Type. 
Tesia (pt.), Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. vi. p. 101 (1837). 
Microura, Gould, Icones Avium, pi. v. (c. 1837, nee 
Ehrenb.) p. albiventris. 
Anura, Hodgs. J. A. S. Bene/, p. 28 (1841, nam, 
emend, pro Tesia, nee J. JE. Gray). 
Pnoepyga, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 24 P. albiventris. 

Leg of Pnoepyga albiventris. 

Range. Himalayan Mountains, ranging throughout the hills of 
Burma and Tenasserim. Not found in Malacca, but reappearing in 
Sumatra and Java. 

The right title for this genus is not easy to find, inasmuch as 
Hodgson and subsequent authors have confounded nnder one heading 
birds which are true Wrens and others which are truly Timeliine, 
the latter being Tesia castaneocoronata and T. cyaniventris. The 
literary history of these genera seems to be as follows. Swainson 
in 1831 (Faun. Bor.-Amer. p. 488) described a genus, Aijpunemia, 
with full characters, bnt without indicating any type. Ho mentions 
three species as existing in the British and Paris Museums, but undescribed 
at that date. When he speaks of the bill as resembling 
that of Ginchts, one fancies he has P. squamata before him; but 
afterwards he mentions the tail as being short and rounded, and 
that would seem to be taken from Tesia cyaniventris or its ally. On 
that account I do not think that Aipunemia of Swainson can enter 
into ornithological nomenclature, especially as no type is mentioned ; 
the name, moreover, appears to have been dropped by Swainson himself, 
as it does not re-occur in his * Classification of Birds ' (1836-37). 

In 1837 Hodgson described his genus Tesia, but also mixed up 
Aipunemia with it. At first he would appear to have questioned 
whether the latter was identical with his genus Tesia ; but as he 
mentions in a footnote the difference in the nostrils between the 
two genera, he apparently considered them distinct, though his 
meaning is by no means clear. As left by Hodgson in 1837, the 
genus Tesia was a composite one. 

Gould, in the < Icones Avium,' gives a good figure of Microura 

302 TIMELIDAE, 

squamata and founds the genus Microura, which, however, was 
preoccupied by Ehrenberg, and therefore falls to the ground. No 
date is given to this work; but we know that it was published 
between 1837 and 1841, as Hodgson in the latter year speaks of 
Microura of Gould as having been published " since " 1837. 

In 1841 Hodgson having been warned that some of his names, 
taken from the Nepalese vernacular, were likely to be rejected for 
names more classically compounded, proposed that of Anura for 
Testa, and pronounced it identical with Microura of Gould. Anura 
cannot be employed, as it is preoccupied by Dr. Gray for a genus 
of Eats and also for a genus of Ophiuridce (1840). 

In his Catalogue of Nepalese birds (Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82), 
Hodgson further clears up his meaning by mentioning a new genus 
Ptioepyga with four species, P. concolor, P. jpusilla, P. rafiventer, 
and P. alhiventer; and he places in another genus, Oliyura, the two 
other birds previously placed with Testa. In the ' Proceedings' 
for 1845, p. 24, he fully describes Pnoejpyga and Oliyura, and 
explains that he had previously confounded the species. Olu/ura, 
therefore, is the proper name for 0. castaneocoronata and 0. cyaniventer, 
and not Testa, which is expressly stated by Hodgson to be a 
synonym oLPnoepyga. The late Mr. G. II. Gray was on that account 
quite wrong when in the ' Hand-list7 (i. p. 188) he once more united 
all the Nepalese species under Tesia, and retained Tesia for the 

section containing 0. castaneocoronata and 0. cyaniventer. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Wing-coverts spotted at the tip with fulvous; tail 
scarcely visible. 
d. Larger: legs stouter; tarsus 0-85 inch albiventris, p. 302. 
V. Smaller: legs more slender; tardus 0-65-0-8inch \^fla' VOQ^ 
b. No spots on wing-coverts; tail apparent and ex-' * ' *' 
tending beyond tips of wings caudata, p. 305. 
1. Pnoepyga albiventris. 
Tesia alhiventer, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. vi. p. 102 j Gray, Cat. Mamm. 
fyc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 62. 
Tesia rufiventer, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. vi. p. 102 ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. 

8fc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 62. 
Microura squamata, Gould, Icones Avium, pi. v. 
Tesia squamata, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 586: Gray, Hand-l. B. 

i. p. 188, no. 2558. 
Pnoepyga alhiventer, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Mus. Brit, Pass. pis. xlvii. 
(491) and xlviii. ftg. 3; id. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 25 j Bp. Consp.i. 
p. 258. 
Pnoepyga flaviventer, Hodgs. Icon. ined. pi. xlvii. fig. 1 (457). 
Pnoepyga rufiventer, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 25. 
Pnoepyga concolor, Hodgs. Icon. ined. pi. xlvii. fig. 2 (847), 
Pnoepyga unicolor, Hodgs. t. c. p. 25. 
Tesia albiventris, Gray, Gen, B. i. p. 156, 
44 . PtfOEPYGA. 303 
Pncepyga squamata, Blyth, Cat B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 179 j Horsf. fy 
Moore, Cat B. Mus. JE.I. Co. i. p. 180; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. *488: 
Beavan, Ibis, 1865, p. 422; Belz. Ibis, 1808, p. 308; Bh/th, Ibis, 
1870; p. 167 ; Godicin-Amt J. A. S. Bene/, xxxix. p. 101 (1870) ; 
Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 130; Hume, Sir. F 1878, p. 93; Hume 8? 
Daviso?i, t c. p. 234; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 93. 

Adult General colour above dark earthy brown, the feathers 
slightly margined with dusky blackish, producing a somewhat 
scaled appearance : most of the feathers of the upper surface with 
an ochraceous spot at the tip of the feather; lesser and median wing-
coverts like the back, the ochraceous spots a little larger; greater 
coverts and quills dusky brown, rather rufosoent brown externally; 
tail-feathers rufous-brown; lores fulvescent; car-coverts brown, 
longitudinally streaked with pale fulvous along the shafts ; cheeks 
and throat dull white, mottled with dusky edges to the feathers; 
breast largely mottled with white, the feathers being centred with 
a large spot of brown and narrowly edged with dusky brown, producing 
a strongly scaled appearance; sides of breast also scaly, the 
feathers having a broad subterminal ring of white; thighs brown; 
under wing-coverts ochraceous buff, edged with brown; quills 
uniform sepia-brown below; " legs fleshy brown; bill dusky brown 
above, fleshy at the base beneath ; iricles brown " (Jerdon). Total 
length 3*5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2-1, tail 0-5, tarsus 0*85. 

Younger birds appear to be more rufous than the adults on the 
upper surface, and below ochraceous buff in tint, the throat being 
uniform, and the scaly appearance of the breast and sides being 
produced by ochraceous-bufF subterminal bars, instead of white; 
breast-feathers ochraceous buff, with dark-brown centres for the most 
part concealed. 

The quite young bird, P. unicolor or P. concolor of Hodgson, is 
distinguished by its yellow under mandible and uniform coloration, 
the upper surface being dull rufous-brown, more dusky on the head, 
while the under surface is sooty black, washed with brown on the 
flanks and abdomen. 

The Scaly-breasted Hill-Wren occurs throughout the Himalayas, 
ranging into the Karen Hills in Burmah. 

a. Ad. sk. Between Mussoorie 
and Simla. 
Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill [P.], 
b. Ad. sk. 
c, dj e. Ad. sk. 
f~i. Ad. sk. 
h. Juv. sk. 
1. 1mm. sk. 
m-s. Ad. sk. 
t-io. Ad. sk. 
Himalayas. 
Nepal. 
Nepal. 
Nepal. 
Nepal. 
Nepal. 
Nepal {Hodgson). 
Eyton Collection. (Type of M. 
squamata.) 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. (Types of 
P. albiventer.) 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. (Types of 
P.flaviventer.) 
B. Id. Hodgson, Esq. (Type of 
P. concolor.) 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
India Museum. 

304 TIMELIIDJ3. 

2. Pnoepyga pusilla. 
Pnoepyga pusilla, Ilodgs. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 25; id. Icon. hied, in Brit 
Mm. pi. xlvii. fig. 4 (870), App. pi. xxvi. (978); Blyth, Cat. B. 
Mm. As. Soc. p. 179; Bp. Consp. i. p. 2-58; Ilorsf. 8f Moore, 
Cat. B. EL Co. Mm. i. p. 180; Godwin-Aust. J/A. 8. Beng. 

xxxix. p. 101 (1870) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 489 j id. Ibis, 1872, p. 130; 
Ilume Sf Davis. Sir. F. 1878, p. 234; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 93. 
Tesia piibilla, Blyth, I. A. 8. Beng. xiv. p. 588; Gray, Hand-l B. 

i. p. 188, no. 2559. 
Pnoepyga lepida, Salvad. Ann. Mas. Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 227*. 
Adult. General colour above brown, the wing-coverts like the 
back; the greater series and the quills reddish brown externally, 
with a spot of ochraceous buff at the tips of the median and greater 
coverts and the feathers of the bastard wing as well as the scapularies; 
tail rufous-brown; lores dull whitish; ear-coverts dusky brown, 
with narrow whitish shaft-lines; cheeks and throat dull white, 
slightly mottled with dusky edgings to the feathers; remainder of 
the under surface of body dull white, with more or less concealed 
bases of dusky brown; flanks dull brown, broadly edged with white 
or ochraceous buff; under wing-coverts ochraceous buff; quills 
ashy brown below; " upper mandible blackish, lower one pale 
brown; legs and feet pale brown ; iris deep brown " (W. Davison). 
Total length 2*7 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 1-9, tail 0*5, tarsus 
0*65. 

Young. Differs from the adult in being more rufous above, especially 
on the wings; ear-coverts dull fulvous brown, with buffy 
whitish shaft-lines, the upper edge of the ear-coverts darker brown; 
under surface of body ochraceous buff, mottled with dusky-brown 
centres to the feathers. 

The Brown Hill-Wren is found in the Eastern Himalayas, 
extending into Tenasserim, and probably ranging into the hills of 

Sumatra. 
a, b. Ad. - c, d. Jun.sk.
e. Ad. sk.
/ . Ad. sk. 
Nepal. 
Nepal (Hodgson). 
Himalayas. 
B.H.Hodgson,Esq. [P.]. 
(Types of species.) 
India Museum. 
Gould Collection. 

3. Pnoepyga rufa. 
Microura squamata, Bp. Consp. Gen. AD. i. p. 258 (nee Gould). 
Adult male. Similar to P. jpusilla ; but everywhere more rufous, 
especially on the lores, forehead, ear-coverts, and spots on the wings, 
the latter being much more rufous in appearance than in the Hima


* In uniting P. lepida, of Salvadori, from Sumatra, with P.pusillaj I do so 
with all reserve, never having seen a Sumatran specimen. As, however, there can 
be no doubt that Ptemthms earneranoi of Sumatra is identical with P. mralaius 
of Tenasserim (of* Wardlaw Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 16), there is no difficulty 
in believing that the Himalayan Pnoepyga piosilla, which also occurs in Tenasserim, 
may extend to Sumatra. 
44 . PNOEPYGA. 305 
layan bird; a rufous eyelid also conspicuous; underneath white, 
with a tinge of fulvous on the breast, the feathers edged with dusky 
brown ; sides of breast mottled with dark brown centres ; sides of 
body rufescent brown, with a scaly appearance caused by the rufe&cent 
ochre markings on the feathers, which are further edged with dusky. 
Total length 3 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2, tail 0-5, tarsus 0*85. 

(Mus. Lugcl.) 
Adult female. Exactly like the male. Total length 3*2 inches, 
culmen 0*55, wing 2*05, tarsus 0*8. (Mus. Lugcl) 
This seems to bo a representative form of P. pusitta of the Himalayas 
; and I have not separated it without a careful comparison of 
the two typical specimens at Leyden with a large series from the 
Tweeddale collection which I took over with me for the purposes 
of comparison. It may ultimately turn out that this Javan bird, 
which is from Mount Gede, may prove to be identical with Pnoepyga 
lepida of Salvadori from the Sumatran hills (vide anted). 
The Eufous BUI-Wren is only known as yet from the mountains 
of Java. 

4. Pnoepyga caudata. 
Tesia caudata, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 588; Ilodgs. Icon. ined. 
Brit Mus., Passeres, App. pi. xxvii. (no. 922) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. L 

p. 188, no. 2500. 
Pnoepyga caudata, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 179 ; Bp. Consp. 
i. p. 258; Ilorsf. # Iloore, Cat B. U.I. Co. Mm. i. p. 181; Godioin-
Aust J. A. S.Beng. xxxix. p. 101 (1870) ; Jerd. B.Ind. i. p. 490; 
id. Ibis, 1872, p. 130; Hume, Sir. F. 1879; p. 93. 
Adult. General colour above brown, the head somewhat scaled with 
narrow blackish edges to the feathers; wings a little more brown than 
the back ; tail reddish brown; lores, an indistinct eyebrow, fore part 
of cheeks, and ear-coverts dark ashy, the upper edge of the ear-coverts 
browner; throat ferruginous; remainder of under surface mottled with 
ochraceous, the feathers centred with dark brown, the lower breast and 
flanks barred with white near the tip, and also longitudinally centred 
with white; flanks brown, with subterminal bars of ochraceous buff; 
under wing-coverts brown, the lower series white forming a bar; 
quills uniform brown below; " bill blackish; legs brown; irides 
brown" (Jerdon). Total length 3*3 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 1-9, 
tail 1-2, tarsus 0*75. 

Young. Similar to the adult, but more rufous-brown ; ear-coverts 
ashy brown; lores, base of chin, and cheeks white ; throat chestnut; 
fore neck, chest, and sides of body rufous-brown; breast and abdomen 
dusky brown, wilh whitish streaks in the centre of the feathers. 

The Tailed Hill-Wren inhabits the Eastern Himalayas. It is by 
no means a typical Pnoepyga, but has a long tail like Urocichla 
longicaudata, with which, however, it does not otherwise agree 
generically. 

a Ad.sk. Himalayas. Gould Collection. 

 Ad. sk. Nepal. Gould Collection. 

VOL. VI.

306 TIMELIIDiE. 
c, d, e. Ad.}/. Juv. sk.
g. Ad.; h, i. Juv. sk.
k-o. Sk. 
Nepal. 
Nepal. 
Nepal (B. H.
Hodgson). 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
B. H. H6dgson, Esq. [P.]. 
India Museum. 

45. CINCLUS. 
Type. 
Cinclus, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. p. 206 (1802) 0. cinclus. 
Aquatilis, Montagu, Orn. Diet. Suppl. Cat. p. 2 (1813). . C. aquatilis. 
Hydrobata, Vieill. Now. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. i. p. 219 (1816). C. albicollis. 

Of. Salvin, Ibis, 1867, pp. 109-122; Seebohm, Ibis, 1880, p. 190. 

Bill of Cinclus. Leg of Cinclus. 
Range. As a rule Dippers are northern birds, and are largely 
spread over the Palsearctic Eegion -wherever there are mountains with 
swiftly flowing streams to afford a suitable habitat. They are 
found over the greater part of Europe and Northern Asia, and occur 
on the Atlas Mountains in Algeria, and again in Asia Minor and the 
mountains of the Lebanon. Though met with in Scandinavia and 
Northern Eussia, they appear to be only scantily represented in the 
greater part of the latter country; but they reappear in the Ural 
Mountains and Caucasus, whence they extend through Persia into 
Central Asia and to Cashmere; thence they range throughout the 
Himalayas, and the greater part of China and Western Siberia, 
inhabiting Kamtschatka and the Aleutian Isles. 
In the New World they are found from the Yukon southwards 
along the Eocky Mountains.to the highlands of Mexico and Central 
America. Two species only occur in South America, in the Andes 
of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. 

Key to the feezes. 

a. No white cap. 
a'. Throat white. 
a. Throat and chest white ; breast and abdo-, • 7 i ir 
men darker j cinclus ma awes, 
a'. Flanks conspicuously grey. ' ft 
a". Eufous breast conspicuous and bright. 
a"'. Head dark brown; upper parts 
generally dark; breast conspicuously 
rufous, but the abdomen 

blackish aquaticus, p. 307. 
0"'. Head lighter brown; upper 
parts generally paler; breast 

bright rufous, extending onto the 
abdomen albicollis, p. 310. 

45 . 
CINCLTJS. 307 
&". Breast black, like the centre of the 
abdomen, or only a slight indication 
of a dull rufous breast-band cinclus, p. 311. 

p'. No rufous on breast, which is chocolate-
brown, lighter than the abdomen; 
brown of head and mantle extending 
down the back cashmeriensis, p. 312. 

/3. Throat and entire underparts white to the 
vent; sides of body blackish leucogaster, p. 314. 
b'. Throat chocolate-brown or greyibh brown, 
like the rest of the under surface. 
a". Back brown or blackish. 
a'". Light chocolate-brown above and 
below; wing* and tail blackihh brown asiaticus, p. 314. 
b'". Dark chocolate-brown ; wings and tail 
ashy grey pallasi, p. 310. 


c'". Head and neck chocolate-brown, as also 
throat and chest; back dark grey; 
belly blackish sordidus, p. 317. 

V\ Back grey, as also the breast. 
d"\ Much larger; wing S'C-S'TS inches: 
colour slaty grey; throat light brown mexicanus, p. 317. 

en'. Much smaller; wing 3*0-3'4 inches: 
colour delicate grey; throat ashy 
brown ardesiacus, p. 319. 

b. With a wThite cap. 
d. 
With the centre of the back and inter-
scapulary region white leuconotm, p. 320. 
d\ 
With the back entirely sooty black; no 
white on the interscapular^ region leucocephalus, p. 321. 

1. Cinclus aquaticus* 
The Water Ouzel, Albin, Nat. Hist B. ii. p. 30, pi. 39 (1738, " Cumberland," 
tig. pess.). 
Le Merle d'eau, Briss. Orn. v. p. 252 (1700) ; Daubent. TL Bnl ix, 

pi 940; Buff. Hist Nat. Ois. viii. p. 134 (1781). 
Turdus cinclus (nee X.), Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 343 (1790). 
Sturnus cinclus (nee £,), Beseke, Tog. Kurlands, p. 72 (1792); Bechst 

Nahirg. Deuhchl. iv. p. 167 (1795). 
Penrith Ouzel, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl p. 177 (1801V 
Turdus gularis, Lath. Lnd. Orn. Suppl pi. xl. (1801). 
Cinclus aquatiens, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. i. p. 200 (1802); Meyer 

u. Wolf, Taschenb. i. p. 207, cum fig. (1810) ; Meyer, Tog. Lw- tt. 
JSdhl p. 107 (1815) ; Temm. Man. ffiOrn. i. p. 178 (1815); Koch, 
SysL better. Zool p. 194 (1810); Naum. Tog. Deutsehl. iii. p. 925, 
pi. 83 (1837) ; Tamil, Brit. B. i. p. 181 (1841); Thomps. B. Irel 
I p. 116 (1849) ; Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 11 (1850); Bp. Consp. 

i. p. 252 (pt, 1850) 5 Schl. Tog. Nederl p. 118, pi. GO (1854); Heicits. 
Baas Brit B. i. p. 53, pi. xvii.fig. 1 (1856); Brehn, Naum. 1856, 
p 185 ; Newt. List B. Bur. p. 8 (1862) ; Hurting, B. Middlesex, p. 27 
(1826) ; Salmi, Ibis, 1807, p. 113; Borggr. Togelf. Norddeutschl 
p. 85 (1809): Fritseh, Tog. Buropa\ p. 133 (1870) ; Newt. ed. 
Tarr. Brit. B. i. p. 241 (1872); Dresser, B. Eur. ii. p. 167 (1874) ; 
x2 

308 TIMELIIDJ3. 

Harting, Eandb. Br. B. p. 10 (1872); Altum, Forstzoologie, p. 207 
(1873): Fallon, Ois.Belg.y. 45 (1875) ; Saunders, Bull. Soc. Zooh 
France, ii. p. 15 (1877) ; Tacz. t c. p. 139. 

Aquatilis cinclus, Mont Orn. Diet. Suppl. Cat p. 2 (1813, nee L.). 
Oinclus europoeus, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. etc. p. 21 (1816) ; Steph. 

Gen. Zool. x. p. 313, pi. 30 (1817) ; Macgill Brit B. ii. p. 50 (1839). 
Cinclus albicollis, pt., VieilL N. Diet d'Hist Nat i. p; 219. 
Oinclus niedius, Brehm, Fog. Deutschl. p. 395, cum fig. (1831) ; id, 

Namn. 1856, p. 185. 
Hydrobata cinclus, Gray, List Gen. B. 1841, p. 35; id. Gen. B. i. 

p. 215 (1846) • Blyth, Cat B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 158 (1849) ; Degl. 
et Gerbe, Orn. Ear. i. p. 399 (1867) ; Gray, &and~l B. i. p. 266, 
no. 3899 (1869). 
Cinclus nieridionalis, Brehm, Naum. 1856, p. 186. 
Cinclus rufipeetoralis, Brehm, t. c. p. 186. 
Cinclus peregrhms, Brehm, t c. p. 187. 
Cinclus rupestris, Brehm, t c. p. 188. 


Adult male (Penmyre, S. Wales). General colour above dark 
grey, all the feathers edged with black, producing a mottled appearance 
; wing-coverts and quills blackish brown, edged with grey; 
bastard wing- and primary-coverts dark brown ; the grey margins 
to the primaries narrower than those of the secondaries * tail-
feathers ashy brown, the feathers tipped with dull rufous; entire 
head and hind neck, as well as the sides of the neck, sides of face, 
and ear-coverts, clear chocolate-brown; cheeks, throat, fore neck, 
and chest pure white; above and below the eye a spot of white ; 
entire breast and remainder of under surface deep rufous; the sides 
of the body, thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts dark slaty brown ; 
under wing-coverts dark brown, washed with slate-colour, the axillaries 
tipped with white; quills dark brown below, ashy fulvous 
above the inner web • " bill bluish black, tinged with brown at the 
edges ; palate white ; tongue blackish anteriorly, yellowish behind ; 
tarsi and toes bluish grey tinged with brown; claws dusky; iris 
pale brown, with a ring of black in the middle" (Macgillivray). 
Total length 7*2 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 3*55, tail 2-15, tarsus 1-15. 

Adult female (Penmyre). Like the male, but darker brown and 
not so ashy on the flanks and under tail-coverts. Total length 
6-6 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3-3, tail 2*1, tarsus 1*05. 

Young. Above dusky grey, with blackish edges to all the feathers, 
producing a mottled appearance, some of the coverts also streaked 
with black along the shafts ; wing-coverts and quills blackish, with, 
grey edgings, the quills with a very narrow margin of white at the 
tip; head and neck a little browner than the back, the feathers 
having the same blackish margins; above and below the eye a small 
spot of white; cheeks and under surface of body white, obscured 
by dull-brown edgings to the feathers, the flank-feathers slaty grey 
edged with black; under tail-coverts rufescent, with fulvous mesial 
streaks and tips • under wing-coverts like the breast, white with 
blackish margins • axillaries blackish, tipped with white. 

Young of the year after first moult Similar to the adult, but 
very much darker, the upper surface being blackish, mottled slightly 

45. ciNCLtrs. 
309 
with, subterminal markings of dusky grey ; the whole head and nock 

of a deep chocolate-brown, far darker than 
in the old bird; the 

rufous on the breast not so bright and more 
of a brownish-rufous 

tint, confined also to the breast, and not extending so far onto the 

abdomen as in the English bird. Total length 7'8 inches, culmen 

0-8, wing 3-5, tail 2-1, tarsus 1-15. 

The Common "White-throated Dipper is widely spread over Central 

and Western Europe. It has been said to occur in the Faeroes, and 

is found throughout Ireland in suitable localities, as well as Scotland 

with the Hebrides, and breeds in the northern and central counties 

of England, as well as in Wales and the south-western counties. 

In other counties it is an accidental visitor. It is found in the 

mountainous parts of France, and occurs, on migration, in the south


eastern departments, where 0. albicoUls would seem to be the resi


dent Dipper. It is only found in the mountain-streams of certain 

parts of Belgium, and is of rare occurrence in Holland. As far as 

can be determined it occurs throughout the whole of Germany, as 

far eastwards as 30° E. long.; but is probably replaced by G. albi


collis to the south of the Danube and the Swiss Alps. Its north


eastern range has not been well defined; but from the descriptions 

and figures it would appear to be the present species which is found 

in the Baltic provinces. 

A word of caution is necessary as to the identification of the 

Common Dipper and the black-bellied form (G. cinclus), which has 

been said to occur in Ireland by Mr. Dresser. An examination of 

the specimens referred to by the latter gentleman shows that the 

birds so named are only young birds of the 
year of the ordinary 

C. aquations after their first moult, at which time they are hardly 
to be distinguished from G. cinclus. G. cashmeriensis also, after 
its first moult from the spotted stage (in which all Dippers very 
closely resemble each other), is remarkably like G. cinclus. 
Though I regard all the Dippers from the countries mentioned 
above as referable to one species (C. aquaticus), the English specimens 
are much the finest in colour underneath, and form, to the 
experienced eye, an easily recognizable race. Many of the Spanish 
and Pyrenean birds, too, are as near (7. aquaticus as they are 

G. albicollis, 
a,b. c? $ ad. sk. Orkneys (Dunn). Gould Collection. 

c. Ad. sk. Inverness. Mr. J. Baker. 
d. Ad. sk. Aboyne, Aberdeenshire, R. B. Sharp©, Esq;. [P.], 
Sept. 1871. 
e. Ad. sk. Gaick Forest, Perth- Colonel Irby [P.], 
shire, Aug. 1872. 
f a. Ad. sk. Bednock, Perthshire. Charles Coningham, Esq, 

h. 
Juv. sk. Derbyshire moors (O. 8.). F. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
i. J ad. sk. Derbyshire. Gould Collection. 
h. Ad. sk. "Wales. J. Gould, Esq. 
Lm. $ $ ad. sk. Penmyre, S. Wales. J. Gould, Esq. 
n3o. tf ? ad. sk. Penmyre, Nov. 1859. Gould Collection. 
310 TIMELIIDJB. 
p. Ad. sk.
q. Pull. sk.
r. Ad. sk.
8, t Ad. st.
u. Ad. sk,
v, w. cS 5 a<*. s^«
&\ Ad. hiem. sk. 
Monmouthshire. 
England. 
England. 
England. 
Co. Tipperary (Dr.
Bradbhaw). 
Vosges Mountains. 
Galicia. 
Colonel Montagu [P.]. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
E. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
W. B. Spence, Esq. [P.]. 
F. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
Edward llargitt, Esq. [P.]. 
Baron A. yon Hugel [P.]. 

2. Cinclus albicollis. 
Hydrobata albicollis, Vieill. N. Diet, d'llist Nat. 1. p. 219 (1810) ; 

id. 8f Bonn. Fne. Meth. p. 686 (part) ; Roux, Orn. Prov. pis. 178, 

179 (1825) j Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 2GG, no. 3900 (i860). 
Cinclus aquaticus, JVordm. in Demid. Voxj. Buss, merid. iii. p. 152 
(1840); Von d. Muhle, Orn. Griechenl. p. 57 (1844) j Bp. Cmsp. 

i. p. 252 (1850) j Jaub. Sf BaHh.-Lapomm. Mich. Orn. p. 272 
(1859); Linderm. Vog. Grieckenl. p. 76 (186(3) ; Bettont, TJoc. 
nidif. Bomb. tav. 105 (1865) ; Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 103 (1869); 
Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 20. tig. 19 (1870); Salvad. Faun. Hal. 
Ucc. p. 75 (1871) ; C. B. Whartm, Ibis, 1876, p. 23. 
Hydrobata cinclus, Degl 8f Gerbe, Orn. Fur. i. p. 389 (1807, part). 
Cinclus albicollis, Salvin, Ibis, 1867, p. 114; Dresser, B. Fur. ii. 

p. 181 (1873); Irby, B. Gibr. p. 76 (1875); Saunders, Bull Soc. 
ZooL France, ii. p. 15 (1877). 
Cinclus minor, Tristr. Ibis, lb70, p. 497. 

Adult male. General colour above ashy grey, slightly mottled 
with suhterminal bars of dusky brown, the feathers tipped with the 
same colour, these mottled markings less distinct on the rump and 
upper tail-coverts ; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and 
greater series dusky brown, washed with ashy grey externally; 
quills brown, externally ashy grey ; tail-feathers dark ashy brown ; 
head and neck light earthy brown, gradually extending over the 
mantle; lores, feathers below the eye, and ear-coverts like the head, 
a little darker below the front of the eye, above the latter a 
white spot; cheeks, throat, and breast white, the rest of the under 
surface of body brick-red, dusky on the vent; sides of body, flanks, 
and under tail-coverts dark ashy grey, the latter with pale rufescent 
tips; under wing-coverts and axillaries smoky brown, the latter 
narrowly tipped with white ; quills ashy brown below, lighter along 
the edge of the inner web. Total length 8 inches, culmen 0*9, 

wing 3-6, tail 2*3, tarsus 1-2. 
The Pale-backed White-throated Dipper represents the foregoing 
species in the countries of the Mediterranean. I t is found in 
Switzerland, in the Austrian Tyrol, Italy, with Sicily and Sardinia, 
and throughout Greece, being probably the species which has been 
seen occasionally near Odessa, though the latter may prove to be 

C. aquaticus. In the Pyrenees and the mountains of the Spanish 
Peninsula it is also found, but in a darker form than true 0. albicollis; 
and the same may be said of the Dipper of the Atlas 
mountains in Algeria (C. minor, Tristr.). 
45. ciNCius. 311 
a. Ad. sk. Europe. 
b. Ad. sk. Switzerland. J. Gould, Esq. 
c. d. Ad. sk. Switzerland. Gould Collection. 
e Ad. sk. Savoy (A. Basil Brooke). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
f. <$ ad. sk. Piedmont (Salvation). E. Godman and 0. Salvin 
# *• Ad -st- Austria. Vienna Museum. 
%. $ ad. sk. Baregas, Ilautes Pyren<
§es, May 25, 1875. 
A. B. Brooke, Esq. ["C.1 
* L J' 
£, I, m. $ ad. sk. Luz, Plautes Pyrenees,
May IS, 1872. 
A. B. Brooke, Esq. ["0.1. 
' * L J 
ft. c? juv. sk. Luz, Hautes Pyrenees.
May 22,1872. 
A. B. Brooke, Esq. |"C.l 
' * L J 

3. Cinclus cinclus. 
Stumus cinclus, Xw . /S^if. iV"<atf. i. p. 290 (17G6): JVb«<sm. iV«ferJ. 

F^y. pi. xiv. (1790). 
Cinclus albicollis, pt., FM . JV! D^ . d*iZ&& Nat. i. p. 219 (1816). 
Cinclus septentrionalis, Brehm, Lehrb. eur. Vog. i. p. 287 (1823): 

id. Vog. Deutschl. p. 396; id. Naum. 1856, p. 188. 

Cinclus melanogaster, Brehm, Lehrb. eur. Vog. i. p. 289 (1823); id. 
Vog. Deutschl. p. 396 (1831); Tenim. Man. cPOm. iiL p. 106 
(1835) ; Werner, Atlas, Insectivores, Suppl pi. 12 (1835); Gould, 

B. Ear. pi. 84 (1837); Bp. Consp. i. p. 252 (1850); Brehm, Naum. 
1856, p. 189; Gould, B. Gr. Br. ii. pi. 42; Salvin, Ibis, 1867, 
p. 115; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. p. 134, tab. 20. %. 22 (1870); Dresser, 
B. Eur. ii. p. 177; Altum, Forstzoologie, p. 208 (1873). 
Cinclus aquaticus (nee Bechst.), Kjcerb. Damn. Eagle, p. 135, tab. 15. 
fig. 5 (1852) ; Schl. Vog. Nederl. pi. 67 ("Winterldeid11); Sundev. 
Svensh. Eogl. p. 74, pi. 11. fig. 5 (1856) ; miss. Shand. Faun. 
Fogl. i. p. 371; Von Wright, Finl. Fogl. p. 165 (1859); Godm. 
Ibis, 1861, p. 80; Stephenson, B. Norfolk, I p. 68 (1866) ; Feilden, 
Zool 1872, p. 3215; Collett, Orn. of Norway, p. 7 (1872). 

Hydrobata melanogaster, Gray, Gen. B.i. p, 215 (1846); Degl. et 
Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 391 (1867) ; Gray, Eand-l B. I p. 266, 
no. 3901 (1869). 

Cinclus aquaticus, p. melanogaster, Newt. ListB. Eur. Bias. p. 8 (1862). 

Adult male (Wermland, Jan. 22, 1873). General colour above 
slaty grey, all the feathers margined with black, producing a closely 
mottled appearance; the wing-coverts and quills blackish brown, 
rather clear grey on their outer webs; bastard wing- and primary-
coverts blackish, with narrow ashy tips; tail ashy brown; head, 
neck, and mantle dull chocolate-brown, as also the sides of the 
neck, the sides of the face, and ear-coverts; above and below the 
eye a narrow white mark; cheeks, throat, fore neck, and chest pure 
white; remainder of under surface of body chocolate-brown, inclining 
to dark slaty grey on the vent and under tail-coverts; on 
the upper breast a slight rufous-brown shade extending somewhat 
on to the flanks; under wing-coverts sooty blackish ; quills dusky 
brown below, greyish on the inner webs. Total length 7*5 inches, 
oilmen 0*85, wing 3*8, tail 2-2, tarsus 1*2. 

Adult female (Wermland, November 1872). Similar to the male. 
Total length 7-2 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*65, tail 2*15, tarsus 1*05. 

312 
TIMELIU^. 

The adult female in winter plumage (Oct. 26, 1874) differs from 
the full-plumaged bird in having whity-brown margins to the 
feathers of the breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts ; these, 
however, do not last long, as a female bird killed in November has 
lost all traces of them (Mus. E. E Dresser). The young female 
after the autumn moult is distinguished by broad whity-brown 
margins to the abdominal feathers and under tail-coverts: in this 
respect it resembles the old hen bird after her moult; but it is 
further distinguished by traces of dusky-brown margins on the 
white throat and breast. These must be mere traces of the preceding 
young plumage, and doubtless soon disappear. 

The "Black-bellied White-throated Dipper inhabits Scandinavia 
and Northern Eussia to the neighbourhood of Archangel, and occurs 
in the Ural Mountains and in several provinces of Eussia (ef. 
Dresser, I. c). Accidental in severe winters on the coasts of 
Northern Germany, Holland, and Belgium; it has also been found 
several times in the eastern counties of England. 

a. Ad. sk.
6. <Jad.sk.
c. $ ad. sk.
d. 9 jun. sk. 
Goteborg. 
Wermland, Jan. 22,1873. 
Wermland, Nov. 1872. 
South Sweden, Jan. 23,1870. 
X Gould, Esq. 
W. Meves [CS 
W. Meves [G.[ 
W. Meves [C." 
4. Cinclus cashmeriensis. 

Cinclus aquaticus, var. rufiventris, Ee?np?\ $• Fhr. Symb. Phys. 

fol. bb; Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 38. 
Cinclus aquaticus, var. albiventris, Hempr. $• Fhr. I. c. j Tristr. I. c. 
Cinclus aquaticus (necBeoJist.),Menetr. Cat.rais. Cauc. p. 29 (1832J; 

Gould, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 51; Stricld. P. Z. S. 1836, p. 98 ; Eraser, 

P. Z. S. 1839, p. 120 ; Fdippi, Viagg. Pers. p. 34G (1805) ; Tristr. 
Ibis, 1866, p. 191; Locke, Expl Sci. Algerie, Ois. i. p. 305 (18G7) j 
Pels. His, 1868, p. 313 j JBogd. Birds of Cam. p. 82 (1879); Dan-
ford, Ibis, 1880, p. 84. 
Hydrobata cinclus, Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 489, 1859, n. 180. 
Cinclus caslimeriensis, Goidd, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 474 ; id. B. Asia. 
pt. xii. (I860); Salvin, Ibis, 1807, p. 117; Blanf. J. A. S. Beng. 

• 
xli. p. 48; Hume, 8tr. F. 1879, p. 94; Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 438. 
Hydrobata 
cashmeriensis, Jerd. B. India, i. p. 507 (1862); Blyth, 
Ibis, 1866, p. 374; Stoliczka, I A. 8. Beng. 1868, p. 33; Gray, 
Iland-l. B. i. p. 207, no. 3003; Hume $ Benders. Lahore to Yark. 

p. 189 (1873) ; Prjevalshi, in Dawson Rmoletfs Orn. Misc. ii. p. 201 
(1877); David § Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 147 (1878); Biddulph, 
Ibis, 1881, p. 52. 
Cinclus aquaticus, var. leucogaster, Middend. Bets. Sibir., Zool p. 103 
(1851) ; Radde, Sibir. Reis., Tog. p. 218 (1863). 
Cinclus leucogaster, Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool France, ii. p. 136 (1876) : 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1880, p. 190. 
Cinclus aquaticus, var. cashmhiensis, Blanf. Fast Pers. ii. p. 212 (
1876). . J F 

Adult (type of species). General eoloui? above chocolate-brown 
on the head and neck, deepening gradually into dark brown on the 
back; lower back and rump dull slaty brown, a little clearer on the 

45 . CIHOLTTS. 313 
upper tail-coverts, the lower back pervaded with a shade of chocolate-
brown ; the rump and upper tail-coverts blackish brown, shaded 
and edged with slate-colour ; scapulars dark brown like the middle 
of the back ; wing-coverts deeper brown than the back; the greater 
series and the quills blackish brown, externally dull slate-colour; 
tail-feathers blackish brown, washed with dull slate-colour on their 
edges ; lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts chocolate-brown like the 
head, forming a well-defined line drawn from the base of the lower 
mandible; an indistinct spot of white over and under the eye; cheeks, 
throat, fore neck, and chest white; breast well defined, chocolate-
brown, about the same shade as the neck; the abdomen and Hanks 
deeper brown, as also the thighs and under tail-coverts, the latter 
slightly washed with slaty grey; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
very deep brown, darker than the abdomen ; quills dark ashy brown 
below, with a paler margin along the edge of the inner web. 
Total length 6'8 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 3-9, tail 2-2, tarsus 1*1. 

The Brown-backed White-throated Dipper has an extended range. 
It occurs in the mountainous districts of Asia Minor and the 
Caucasus and is found in Persia; ranging doubtless through the 
intervening countries in suitable localities, it is found again in the 
higher mountain-ranges of Cashmere and Ladak, and reappears 
again in the hill-regions of Sikkim and Chinese Tartary north of 
Darjiling, and thence extends into Szetchuen and Kansu in China. 
It has also been met with by Mr. Seebohm's collectors near "Krasno-
yarsk in the Yen-e-say region, and is plentiful in the Baikal 
district; but all the Siberian specimens vary somewhat from typical 
birrls, and show more or less of a strain of 0. leucogaster, especially 
in the colouring of the underparts. The bird met with at TJdskojostrog 
by MiddendorfF, and called by him Oinclus leucogaster, was 

doubtless the Siberian race of the present species. 

In the mountains of the Lebanon a Dipper is found which has 

been referred by writers to C. albicollis, but which, to my mind, 

constitutes a peculiar form, nearer to G. casJimeriensis, but with 

more of a brownish-red shade on the breast, which allies it some


what to the Q. aqiiaticus group. 

a. Ad. sk. » Caucasus. K. B. Sharpe,Esq. [P.], 
b, c. c? ? ad. sk. Zebil, Taurus, Asia F.GodmanandO.Salvin, 
Minor, Jan. 20, Esqrs. [P.]. 
1870 (C. G. Dan-
ford). 

d. Ad. sk. Persia. Charles Darwin, Esq. 
[P.]. 
e. <$ ad. sk. Elburz Mountains, Col. St. John [C.]. 
near Tehran, 6000 
feet. 
f. S ad.; g. 2 imm. sk. Kari] valley, Aug. "W. T. Blanford, 'Esq.
J 1872. [C.J. 
k J ad.; *. Juv. sk. Ladakh, Sept. 1873. Major J. Biddulph [C.\ 
Jo, Ad. sk. Deosai plain, 12,000 Major J. Biddulph [C.]. 

feet, July 1880. 
/, Ad. sk. Ceishmeve(Dr,A.Leith Gould Collection. (Type 
Adams), of C. cashmeriensis.) 

314 
TIMEUIDiE. 

a. Light-breasted Palestine form, 
i. S ad. sk. Nalir el Kelb. Canon Tristram [C], 
5. Cinclus leucogaster. 
Stunius cinclus, var., Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 420 (1811). 

Cinclus leucogaster, Bp. Consp. i. p. 252 (1850) ; Brandt in Tchihatchers 
Voy. Sc. Altai, p. 418; Gould, B. Asia, pt xii. (I860); 
Salvin, Ibis, 1807, p. 117 ; Severtz. Turhest. Jevotn. p. 60; Dresser, 
Ibis, 1876, p. 175; Finseh. Ibis, 1877, p. 51. 

Hvdrobata 
leucogastra; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 267, no. 8907 
"(1869). 

Adult male. General colour above brown, extending down the 
whole back, but mnch paler on the head and neck, especially the 
sides of the latter; wing-coverts like the back, the median series 
with narrow whitish margins ; primary and greater coverts, as well 
as the quills, dark slaty grey, blackish brown on the inner webs; 
upper tail-coverts dark slaty grey, as also the tail-feathers, which 
are dusky brown on the inner webs; above and below the eye a 
slight spot of white; lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts brown ; 
cheeks and entire under surface of body white, excepting on the 
sides of the lower breast and flanks, which are dark sepia-brown; 
under tail-coverts dark brown, with whity-brown tips ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries dark sepia-brown, with slightly indicated 
whitish tips; quills ashy brown below. Total length 7*3 inches, 
culmen 0*95, wing 3-65, tail 2-3, tarsus 1*15. 

The White-bellied Dipper appears to be plentiful in Central Asia, 
inhabiting the district of the Upper Ob, and extending throughout 
Turkestan into the countries north of Cashmere. "Without affirming 
that the true G. leucogaster extends into the Baikal region 
and the Yen-e-say, it is certain that many of the birds shot in 
those districts approach as much to the present species as they do 
to C. cashmeriensis. They always preserve, however, the dusky 
belly of the latter to a great extent, and thus are not strictly 
identical with Turkestan specimens. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Turkestan (Severtzoff). F. Godman arid O. Salvin, 
b. tf ad. sk.
c. J ad. sk.
d. § ad.sk. 
Turkestan (Severtzoff). 
Lepsa, Turkestan, Mav 13(Dr. 0. Finsch). 
Mountains west of Kashgar.
Esqrs. [P.]. 
Gould Collection. 
Geogr. Society of Bremen. 
Major J. Biddulph [C.]. 

6. Cinclus asiaticus. 
Cinclus asiaticus, 
Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 174 (1831); 
Gould, B. Asia, pt. xii. (1860); Sah. Ibis, 1867, p. 120 ; Blanf. J. 

A. S. Beng. xii. p. 48; Pelz. Ibis, 1868, p. 313; Severtz. Turhest. 
Jevotn. p. QQ; Dresser, Ibis, 1870, p. 175; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 94; 
Scully, Str.F. 1879, pp. 281, 365, 367; id. Ibis, 1881, p. 437. 
Cinclus pallasi, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1830-31, p. 54; Gould, Cent. Himal. 

B. pi. 24 (1832); Hodgs. Icon. med. Brit. Mus., Passeres, pis. 136, 
45. ciKCLtrs. 315 
137 (nos. 240, 241); id in Gray's Zool Misc. p. S3 (1844) ; Gray, 

Cat. Mamm. Sj-c. Kepal pres. llodys. p. 78 (1845). 
Cinclus maculatus, llodys. in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 83 (1844). 
ilydrobata asiatica, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 215 (1840); Blyth, Cat. B. 

"Mus. As. Soc. p. 158 \l849); Ilorsf. # Moore, Cat. B. B.I. Co, 
Mus. i. p. 185 (1854) ; Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 480, 1859, p. 180; 
Jerd. B. Lid. p. 500 (18(32); Blyth, Ibis, 1800, p. 375; Stolicska, 
Ibis, 1808, p. 33 ; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 200, no. 3902 ; Godwin-
Aust, J. A. & Seng, xxxix. p. 102 (1870) ; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 133; 
Hume $ Henders. Lahore to Yarh. p. 188 (1873) ; Biddulph, Ibis, 
1881, p. 52; Sadly, t.c.y. 437. 

Cinclus tenuirostris, Bp. Consp. i. p. 252 (1850, ex Gould MSS.), 
Ilydrobata sp., Stoliczka, Ibis, 1808, p. 33. 

Adult. General colour above and below light chocolate-brown, a 
little more sooty brown on the chin and lores and sides of face; the 
lower abdomen also somewhat more sooty brown in colour; lesser 
wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts, as well as 
the quills, blackish brown with chocolate-brown margins, a little more 
ashy on the edges of the primaries; tail dark brown, paler edged 
at the tips of the feathers; axillaries and under wing-coverts dark 
chocolate-brown; quills ashy brown below, lighter on the inner 
webs; " bill black; legs pale brown ; soles of the feet yellow; iris 
dark brown" (J'erdon). Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*85, 
wing 3-8, tail 2-25, tarsus 1-15. 

Many specimens have a somewhat mottled appearance, the feathers 
of the upper surface being pale brown at the tips, these lightcoloured 
ends being apparently abraded by age, so that they are 
often inconspicuous. The under surface does not appear to get 
mottled, and usually preserves a uniform brown colour. 

Young. Ashy grey all over, mottled with buffy-white spots, which 
are subterminal between two blackish bars; the spots on the head 
smaller and more in the form of stripes; the ear-coverts rather 
broadly streakod with dull white ; wing-coverts tipped with white 
spots, as also are the primary-coverts; quills dull brown, edged 
with dull whitish and tipped with the same, rather more plainly on 
the secondaries; tail-feathers ashy brown, with faint white tips; 
throat white, mottled with dusky-brown margins to the feathers; 
under surface of body like the upper, but more broadly mottled with 
white; the feathers of the abdomen very distinctly tipped with 
white ; under wing-coverts white, with dusky bases. 

The Himalayan Dipper breeds in Turkestan, and is found in 
Afghanistan, and thence throughout the whole of the Himalayas 
from Cashmere to Bootan and the Khasia Hills. Abbe David concludes 
that birds of Western China are O. pallasu 

a. Ad. sk. Himalayas. India Museum. 
b. Ad. sk. Himalayas. 
c. Ad. sk. Assam. Gould Collection. 
d. Ad. sk. Bootan (Lemberton). India Museum. 
e. Juv. sk. Bootan. Gould Collection. 
f Ad. sk. Nepal (Ilodysoti). Gould Collection. 
g, h. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
V, h Ad.; h'. Juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.J. 
316 
TIMELIID^. 

I. Ad. sk. Kuanion (St?'achey). India Museum. 
m. Ad.; rri. Juv.sk. Cashmere. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
n, o. Ad. sk. Cashmere(C.H. T.Mar-¥. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
shall). Esqrs. [P.]. 

p. 
Juv. sk. Cashmere. E. M. Langworthy, Esq. 
o, r. Ad.: s. Juv. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackkouse Pinwill 
rp.]. 
t Juv. sk. Afghanistan (Griffith), India Museum. 
u, v. <$ ad. sk. Gilgit, Eeb. 1879. Major J. Biddulph | 

w. 6 juv. Gilgit, April 15,1879. Major J. Biddulph [ 
x. Juv. sk. Gilgit, July 8,1880. Major J. Biddulph ' 
y. c? juv. sk. Gilgit, May 16,1875. Major J. Biddulph 
z, a'. $ 2 a<*. sk* Cashmere, Oct. 1876. Major J. Biddulph ( 
b'. <$ juv. sk. Cashmere,May21,1876. Major J. Biddulph 
7. Cinclus pallasi. 
Sturnus cinclus, var., Pallas, Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat i. p. 426. 
Cinclus pallasii, Temm. Man. oVOrn. i. p. 177 (1815); id Man. iiL 

p. 107 (1835); Werner, Atlas, Insectivores, Suppl. pi. 113 ; Gould, 
B. Europe, ii. pi. 85 (1837); Temm. 8f Schl. Faun. Japon. p. 68, 
tab. xxxi. c (1850); Bp. Consp. i. p. 252 (1850); Gatke, J. f. O. 
1856, p. 71; Schrenh, Amur-Reise, p. 331 (1859); Gould, B. Asia, 
part xii. (1860); Blasius, Ibis, 1862, p. 66; Blahist t c. p. 320 j 
Sioinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 272; Badde, Beis. Sibir., Vdg. p. 220 (1863) ; 
Salvin, Ibis, 1867, p. 118; Swinh. Ibis, 1875, p. 449; Tacz. Bull 
Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 137; Hume, Sir. F. 1878, vol. vii. 
p. 378; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 94; Blahist. 8? Prijer, Ibis, 1879, p. 239. 
Hydrobata 
pallasii, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 215; Middmd. Beis. Sibir., 
Zool. p. 163 (1851); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 267, no. 3908 (1869); 
Swmh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 368 j David $ Oust Ois. Chine, 1878, 

p. 146. 
Cinclus marila, Swmh. Ibis, I860, p. 187; Salv. Ibis, 1867, p. 119. 
Hydrobata marila, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 267, no. 3909. 
Hydrobata sordida, Hume fy Henders. Lahore to Yarh. p. 189 (nee 
Gould). 

Adult General colour above and below deep chocolate-brown, 
rather blacker on the lower back and rump and down the centre of 
the belly and under tail-coverts; on the chin and sides of face a 
faint ashy shade; wing-coverts like the back, the median series 
blackish, with narrow brown margins; greater coverts and quills 
dark brown, with ashy-grey edges; upper tail-coverts dark ashy, 
edged with brown; tail-feathers dark ashy grey; under wing-
coverts and axillaries blackish; quills ashy below, lighter towards 

the base of the inner webs; " bill greenish brown; feet leaden grey; 
claws grey; iris greyish chestnut" (David). Total length 6'5 
inches, culmen 0*85, wing 3*8, tail 2*4, tarsus 1*2. 

The bird collected by Mr. Maries in the Ichang Gorge is a very 
much larger bird, darker and richer in all its coloration, and having 
the chocolate-brown of the back continued over the rump and upper 
tail-coverts as well as the entire under surface of the body. 

C. marila of Pormosa is smaller and rather different in Colour, but 
appears to be only a race of 0. pallasi. 
45. CINOI/US. 317 
Pallas's Dipper is found throughout Eastern Siberia, whence it 
ranges into Kamtschatka and the Aleutian Islands ; it also inhabits 
Japan and the greater part of China, as Abbe David refers the 
Dippers of Western China to this species and not to 0. asiatims. 
Mr. Hume has lately included the present bird in the list of Indian 
birds; but I have not found his authority for its occurrence, unless 
it be that the Dipper from Ladak, identified by him as G. sordidus 
(Lahore to Yark. p. 189), but supposed to bo 0. pallasi, really turns 
out to be that species. 

a. Imm. sk. Yokohama (H. Pryer). Edward Hargitt, Esq. [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Japan (IT. Whitely). E. Goclman and 0. Salvin, 
c. Ad. sk.
dAd.sk .
e. Ad. sk. 
Nagasaki, Japan. 
Ichang Gorge, KiverYangtze, China. 
East Siberia.
Esqrs. [P.]. 
Gould Collection. 
C. Maries, Esq. [0.]. 
Gould Collection. 

8. Cinclus sordidus. 
Cinclus sordidus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 494; id. Birds of Asia, 
pt. xii. (1860); Salem, Ibis, 1867, p. 118; Blanf. J. A. S. Beng. 

xli. p. 48; Hume, 8tr. F. 1879, p. 94. 
Hydrobata sordida, Jerd. B. hid. i. p. 507 (1863); Blyth, Ibis, 1866, 
p. 374; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 2l>7, no. 3904; Prjev. in Dawson 
Rowley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 202 (1877). 
Adult (type of species). General colour above nearly uniform 
blackish slate-colour; crown of head and hind neck, as well as the 
lores and sides of the head, deep chocolate-brown; wing-coverts 
dusky slate-colour; quills externally of the latter colour, ashy 
brown on the inner web ; tail-feathers dusky slate-colour; sides of 
face, throat/ and chest light chocolate-brown, paler than the head• 
remainder of under surface of body brownish black, washed with 
slaty, more conspicuous on the under tail-coverts and lower flanks; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries deep brown, like the breast. 
Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*25, tail 1*8, tarsus 1*15. 

The Sombre Dipper inhabits the mountain-ranges in the extreme 
northern portions of Cashmere and Ladak. It is also probably 
found throughout the mountains of Thibet, as it has been discovered 
by Prjevalski in Kansu and Northern Thibet. 

a. Ad. sk. Northern Cashmere (Dr. A. John Gould, Esq. (Type 
L. Adams), of species.) 
9. Cinclus mexicanus. 
Cinclus pallasi {nee Temm.), Bp. Ann. Lyc. New York, ii. p. 439 
(1826) ; id. Amer. Orn. iii. pi. xvi. fig. 1. 
Cinclus mexicanus, Swains. Phil. Mag. I. p. 368 (1827) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 
1859, p. 362; id. Cat Amer. B. p. 10 (1862) ; Baird, Review Amer. 

B. p. 60 (1864); Solum, Ibis, 1866, p. 190; Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad. 
1866, p. 66 * Salvin, Ibis, 1867, p. 120; Sumichr. Mem. Bost Soc. 
318 
TIMELIIDJE. 

i. p. 544 (1869)• Cooper, Orn. Calif, p. 25, cum fig. (1870); Coues 
Key N. Amer. Birds, p. 77, fig. 18 (1872); Scl $ Salv. Nomencl. AD 
Neotr. p. 3 (1873) j Coues, B. N.-West, p. 10 (1874). 
Hydrobata nnicolor, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 215 (184G). 
Hydrobata inexicana, Baird, B. JV. Amer. p. 229 (18G0); Ball & 
Bann. Trans. Chic. Acad. i. p. 277 (1809; ; Gray, JBand-l B

p. 267, no. 3906 (1869); Baird, Brewer, and Bidyw. JEst.'N. 
Amer. B. p. 56, pi. v. fig. 1 (1874) ; Coues, B. Color. Vail. 
p. 89 (1878) • Salvin # Godm. Biol Centr,-Amer., Aves i -p 41 
(1879). '*' 
Cinclus americanus, Auduh. B. Amer. pis. 370, 435 ; Strains. Faun 
Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 173 (1831); Nutt.Man. Orn. p. 358 (1832)' 
Auduh. Orn. Bioc/r. iv. p. 493. v. p. 303 (1839); id. B. Amer 

p. 182, pi. 137 (1841). 
Cinclus imicolor, 
Vigors, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 5o; Bp. Camp. List B 
Eur. 8f 2VT. Amer. p. 18 (1838) • id. Consp. i. p. 252. 

Adult male (west side of Bocky Mountains; J. X. Lord). General 
colour above leaden grey, a trifle darker on the mantle; crown of 
bead perceptibly darker and inclining to blackish brown; wing-
coverts leaden grey like the back, with a nearly obsolete fringe of 
whitish along the tip of the median and greater series; bastard 
wing- and primary-coverts blackish brown, the latter slightly washed 
with leaden grey; quills blackish brown, the primaries narrowly 
edged, the secondaries broadly washed with leaden grey, like the 
back, along their outer edges; the inner secondaries" narrowly 
fringed with whitish at the tips; tail blackish brown; sides of face 
and ear-coverts dusky blackish, like the crown; above and below 
the eye a spot of white, generally larger above than below, but 
often indistinct in skins; entire under surface of body leaden brown; 
the throat not so grey as the rest of the under surface; some of the 
breast-feathers and plumes of the abdomen with faintly developed 
hoary whitish margins; under wing-coverts and axillaries like the 


breast, with more or less distinct whitish tips and margins; quills 
ashy brown below, greyer along the edge of the inner webs ; " bill 
black; legs dark brown" (Baird); legs pinkish white QIus. 
Smiths.). Total length 6*7 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 3*6, tail 2-05, 
tarsus 1-15. 

Adult female. Scarcely to be distinguished from the male, but 
apparently a little larger; the crowrn and sides of the head more of 
a chocolate-brown. Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*75, 
tail 2-2, tarsus 1-25. 

Young male. Differs from the adults of both sexes in being of a 
clearer slaty grey above, the head being also of a slaty grey, hardly 
at all darker than the back; lores, sides of face, throat, and fore 
neck dull white, with greyish or brown tips to most of the feathers, 
producing a slightly mottled appearance; rest of under surface of 
body slaty grey, obscured by hoary whitish margins to the feathers. 
Total length 6-4 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*7, tail 1*9, tarsus 1*2. 

Obs. Mexican specimens in the cabinet of Messrs. Salvin and 
Godman appear to be of precisely the same species as those from 
North America, though the two examined by me (S. Mexico and 

45. ciNcrcrs. 319 
Oaxaca) have blacker bills than the British-Columbian specimens, 
and have less of the whitish edgings to the under surfaces. This is 
probably owing to their being shot at a different season of the 
year. 

Autumnal and winter specimens have numerous transverse crescents 
of whitish on lower parts and wings—these especially conspicuous 
posteriorly; the secondaries are also conspicuously terminated 
with a white crescent. Bill brown, paler towards base of lower 
mandible. In spring and summer the bill is entirely black, and 
the whitish markings almost entirely disappear; the young bird has 
a greater amount of white beneath than the adult in winter dress, 
and this white is disposed in longitudinal, not transverse, suffusions. 
The colour of the legs appears to bo the same at all seasons. (Baircl, 
Brewer, and Ridgiuay.) 

The American Dipper is confined to the mountainous regions of 
North America west of the Mississippi, from Alaska southwards to 
"Western Mexico and Guatemala. 

a. Ad. sk. Massachusetts. John Gould, Esq. 
b, c. Ad. sk. Vancouver Island. J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.1 
d, e. Ad. sk. Sumass, British Co- J. K Lord, Esq. [C.j. 
lumbia. 
fjfrh <$ ad.; i J ad. sk. West side of Rocky J. K Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
Mountains. 
7c. <$ juv. sk. West side of Rocky J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
Mountains. 
I Ad. sk. Mount Shasta, 7000 LordWalsmgham[P.]. 
feet. 

m. Ad. sk. California. Mr. Bridges [C.]. 
10. Cinclus ardesiaens. 
Cinclus ardesiacus, Salvin, Ibis, 1867, p. 121, pi. ii.; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. 
New York, ix. p. 92 (1869); v. Frantzius, J.f. 0. 1869, p. 290; 
Sd. fy Sofa. Nomenol. Av. Neotr. p. 3 (1873); Batrd, Breioer, and 
Mdgioay, N. Amer. B. i. p. 56 (1874); Sah. fy Godm. Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, i. p. 45. 

Hydrobata ardesiaca, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 267} no. 3911 (1869). 

Adult female (Cordillera de Tole',Yeragua, Arce: type of species). 
Above delicate ashy grey; the head a little more dingy, forming an 
obscure cap; least wing-coverts like the back; the median and 
greater coverts, as well as the quills, blackish brown, narrowly 
edged with the same grey as the back; the primaries more narrowly 
margined than the secondaries, which have a very narrow white 
fringe at the tip; tail-feathers blackish brown, washed with grey; 
lores brownish, like the crown; ear-coverts ashy grey, washed with 
brown on the upper margin; above and below the eye a small spot 
of white; cheeks and throat light ashy brown, the rest of the under 
surface delicate ashy grey; under wing- and tail-coverts darker 
grey, edged with whitish, particularly along the edge of the wing; 
quills duH ashy below, lighter along the inner web; legs yellowish 

320 TIMELUDJS. 

in skin; "bill dark horn-brown. Total length 4*9 inches, culmen 0-8, 

wing 3*4, tail 1*6, tarsus 1*2. (Mus. Salvin and Godman.) 

Young, Similar to the adult above, excepting that the greater 

wing-coverts and quills have whitish tips to them; sides of face and 

under surface of body creamy white, the sides washed with grey; 

the under tail-coverts dusky grey, with dull whitish tips; under 

wing-coverts white; the axillaries dusky grey, with whitish tips. 

Total length 5*2 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3, tail 1*6, tarsus 1*15. 

(Mus. Salvm and Godman.) 

Salvias Dipper is found in the high mountains of Guatemala and 
Costa Rica. 

11. Ciaclus leuconotus. 
Cinclus leucocephalus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1847, p. 68 (nee Tschudi). 
Cinclus leuconotus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 274; id. Cat Amer. B. 

p. 10, pi. ii. (1802); Baird, Revieiv Amer. B. p. 60 (1864); Sah. 
Ibis. 1867, p. 122; Sd. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 781; iid. JYomencl. 
Av. Neotr. p. 3 (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 492. 
Hydrobata leuconota, Gray^ ECand-l. B. i. p. 267, n. 3906. 

Adult male (Frontino, U.S. Colombia; T. K. Salmon). General 

colour above black; crown of head white, slightly varied towards 

the nape with blackish centres, which afford a slightly streaked 

appearance; interscapulary region pure white; the lateral feathers 

adjoining the scapulars black externally, white internally, the whole 

forming a large patch of white in the middle of the back; wings 

black, the quills a little browner towards the tips; tail black; lores, 

feathers in front of and round the eye, as well as the ear-coverts, 

black; the cheeks, sides of face, and under surface of body pure 

white; the sides of the body black, as well as the under tail-coverts, 

the latter being tipped with white, as also are the thigh-feathers; 

the flank-plumes somewhat mottled with white, many of the 

feathers being longitudinally streaked and tipped with white; under 

wing-coverts and axillaries black, the latter tipped with white; 

quills black below, with a broad patch of white on the inner webs, 

forming a conspicuous band across the wing; " iris dark" (T. K. 

Salmon). Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3*2, tail 1*7, 

tarsus 1*15. (Mus. ftalvin and Godman.) 

Adult female (Erontino, T. K. Salmon). Similar to the male. 
Total length 6*3 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3*4, tail 1*75, tarsus 1*1. 

Younger birds appear to be a little more dingy, and to have more 
or less white edgings to the feathers of the lower back and upper 
tail-coverts, while the size of the white patch on the back is somewhat 
reduced. This and the amount of blackish stripes on the 
head are characters which appear to vary greatly in the speciejs, 
probably with the age of the bird. 

The White-backed Dipper inhabits the mountains of Venezuela, 
Colombia, and Ecuador. 

a} b. Ad. sk. Bogota. Purchased. 

c. Juv. sk. Bogota. Purchased. 
45 . OINCTATS. 321 
12. Cinclus leucocephalus. 
Cinclus leucocephalus, TscJmdi, Arch.f. Nat. 1844, p. 279; Bp. Consp. 
i. p. 252 (1850) ; Tschudi, Faun. JPeruan.7 Aven, p. 180, pi. xv. fig. 1 
(1855); Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 00 (1864); Salv. Uris, 1807, 
p. 122; Sd. $ Salv. P, Z. 8.1860, p. 599; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr* 
p. 3 (1873) ; Tucz. R Z. 8.1874, p. 504. 
Hydrobata leucocepliala, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 215 (1846) ; id. IIand-1. 
B. i. p. 267, no. 3910 (1869). 
Adult (Pitumarca, Highlands of Peru; H. Whitely). General 
colour above sooty black, deeper black on the upper tail-coverts and 
rump; wings black, browner towards the end of the quills; tail-
feathers blackish brown; crown of head white, a few feathers 
slightly varied with central longitudinal blackish markings; lores 
and a streak through the eye running above the ear-coverts sooty 
blackish, the latter slightly washed with ashy, as also are the hind 
neck and sides of neck; sides of face greyish white, the ear-coverts 
mingled with sooty black; cheeks, throat, and fore neck white; the 
rest of the under surface from the upper breast downwards sooty 
black, washed with ashy on the breast; under wing-coverts sooty 
brown; quills dark brown below, with a large white patch caused 
by the white bases to the inner webs of the inner quills. Total 
length 7 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3*5, tail 1*9, tarsus 1. {Mm. 
Salvin and Godman.) 

Hob. Peru. 


VOL. VI. 

322 
TIMELIIDiE. 

Subfamily III. MIMIK3B. 

The Mocking-Thrushes of America appear to form a very natural 
group, representing in the New World the strong-legged Babbling-
Thrushes of the Old. Between some of them and the Grateropi of 
the Eastern Hemisphere there is considerable resemblance; but in 
habits the two groups are very different, for, as is well known, the 
American Mocking-birds are highly esteemed as songsters, a quality 
in which the Timeliidas of the Old World are somewhat deficient. 
Some of the genera of Mimin<e, such as Gindocertliia, Rhamphocinclus, 
and Rhodinocincla, appear to connect the Mocking-Thrushes with 
the Wrens, as does also the genus Harporhynclius. Of the relationship 
of Melanojptila with the present subfamily, I am not so well 
assured, but it apparently rinds an ally in the genus Oaleoscoptes. 

Key to tlie Genera, 

a. Wing equal to or longer than the tail. 
a\ Bill longer than the head. 
a". Nasal aperture a long oval, shut in by a 
superior and posterior membrane 46. CINCLOCERTHIA, 
b". Nasal aperture round and situated in the [p. 323. 
anterior part of a very strong membrane 
which shuts in almost the entire nostril. 47. RHAMPHOCIN


b'K Bill equal to or longer than the head. [CLUS, p. 325. 
c". First primary long and broad, more than 
half the length of the second. 

a"\ Wings longer, falling short of the tail 
by about the length of the tarsus; 
feet strong and clumsy, the tarsus 
about equal to the middle toe and 
Claw 48. ClCHLHEBMIOTA, 

b"\ 
Wings shorter, falling short of tail by [p. 326. 

more than the length of the tarsus; 
^ feet slender, the tarsus exceeding the 
' length of the middle toe and claw.. 49. MELANOPTIXA, 

d". 
First primary less than half the length [p. 331. 
of the second. 
c"'. Bill distinctly notched ,

* legs very stout, 
the" tarsus equal in length to the 
middle toe and claw,* wings falling 
short of tail by about the length of 
the tarsus 50. NESOCICHLA, 
d"\ 
Bill without a distinct subterminal [p. 332. 
notch; legs slender, the tarsus much 
longer than the middle toe and claw; 
wings falling short of tail by more 
than length of tarsus 51. OBEOSCOPTES, 

b. Tail longer than wing. 
r-pt 333 
c\ 
First primary long and broad, and falling 
short of the tip of the second by less than 
the length of the tarsus; bill snorter than [p. 335. 
the head; rictal bristles strong 52. GALEOSCOPTES 

40 . CLYOXOCERTIIIA. 
323 

d'. First primary long and broad, but falling 
short of the second by more than the length 
of the tarsus 5 bill shorter than the head ; 
rictal bristles strong 63. MIMUS, p. 330. 


e\ First primary long and broad, but falling 
short of the tip by less than the length 
of the tarsus j bill long, as long as or 
longer than the head; rictal bristles 
moderate. 


e". Bill not notched , 54 HARPORHYNCHUS, 
f". Bill with distinct subterminai notch. [p. 353. 

er". Nostrils exposed, but with the feathers 
impinging on them, so as to cover the 
posterior membrane 55. MELANOTIS, 

f". Nostrils exposed, with a bare posterior [p. 362. 
membrane .." 56. DQNACOBITTS, 

f. 
First primary very long and broad, the [p. 3(34. 
distance between its tip and the end of the 
second primary not only less than the 
length of the tarsus, but even less than the 
length of the culmen ; rictal bristles feebly 
developed 57. RHODINOCICHLA, 
[p. 3C6. 
46. 
CINCLOCERTHIA. 
Type. 
Stenorhynchus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 186 (nee Meig. 
1823) C. ruficauda. 
Oinclocerthia, Gh*ay, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 17 C. ruficauda. 
Herminierus, Less. JRev. Zool. 1843, p. 325 C. ruficauda. 

Of. 8cl. $ 8alv. Ex. Orn. text to pis. x., xi., xii. 

Mange. West-India Islands: S. Yincent; Martinique; Santa 
Lucia; Dominica; Guadeloupe; Nevis ; Barbuda. 

Key to the Sjpecies. 

a. Upper tail-coverts and tail rufous; throat ashy 
"brown; axillaries rufous, like the sides of the 
"body riificauda, p. 323. 
b. Upper tail-coverts and tail brown; throat 
white, like centre of abdomen; axillaries 
light brown gutturalis, p. 324. 
c. Upper tail-coverts and tail ashy brown; ^ throat 
and abdomen yellowish white; axillaries 
fawn-colour macrorhyncha, p. 325. 
1. Cinclocerthia ruficauda. 
Stenorhynchus ruficaudus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 186. 
Oinclocerthia ruficauda, Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 17; id. Gen. B. 
i p. 134 (1846); Scl. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 213; id. P. Z. S. 1859, 

p. 383; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 7 (1862); id. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 321; 
Gray, hand-L B. i. p. 263, no. 3853 (1869); Scl. $ Salv. Ex. Orn. 
Y2 

324 TIMELIIDJB. 

•pi x. (1867); iid. NomencL Av. Neotr. p. 2 (1873); Lawr. Proc. 
US. Nat. Mus. i. pp. 52, 187, 453, 486; Lister, Ibis, 1880, p. 39; 
Sclafer, t. c. p. 72. 

Khamphocinclus tremnlus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 67; Scl P. Z. S. 
1855, p. 213. 
Herminierus g-uadelupensis, Less. Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 325. 
Horminierus infaustus, Less. t. c. p. 325. 
Thriothorus l'kerminieri, Less. t. c. p. 326. 
Formicarius tremnlus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 211 (1846). 

Adult. General colour above dark ashy brown on the head and 
neck; mantle and back dull reddish brown, the rump and upper 
tail-coverts rufous-brown; tail reddish brown, more rufous on the 
edges of the feathers ; wing-coverts like the back, the median and 
greater series more rufous, as also the primary-coverts and quills, 
all these being reddish brown, decidedly more rufous on the outer 
webs, becoming a little paler towards the ends of the primaries; 
sides of face ashy brown, the lores, feathers round the eye, and the 
upper edge of the ear-coverts dark brown ; chin and throat whity 
brown; fore neck and breast light ashy brown, becoming more fulvescent 
towards the abdomen, which is pale fulvous ; sides of body 
and flanks and under tail-coverts rufous-brown; axillaries and under 
wing-coverts light rufous-brown, the edge of the wing ashy; quills 
light brown below, rufescent along the edge of the inner web. 
Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 4*1, tail 3*75, tarsus 1*1. 

The Eufous-tailed Trembler is confined to the Lesser Antilles, 
where it is found in the islands of Barbuda, Guadeloupe, Nevis, 
Dominica, and S. Vincent. 

a. Ad. sk. Nevis. W. Cottle, Esq. [P.J. 
b. Ad. sk. Nevis. W. Cottle, Esq. [P.]. 
2. Cinclocerthia gutturalis. 

Ehamphocinclus gutturalis, Lafr, Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 67. 
Formicarius gutturalis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 211 (1846). 
Campylorhynchus gutturalis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 7 (1849). 
Cinclocerthia gutturalis, Sclafer, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 214; id. P. Z. S. 

1859, p. 338; id. P. Z. S. 18CC, p. 320 ; id. § Sah. Ex. Orn. p. 23, 
pi. xii. (1867); Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 263, no. 3854 (1869) ; Scl. § 
Sah. NomencL Av, Neotr. p. 2 (1873); Lawr. Broc. U.S. Nat. 
Mus. pp. 851, 487 (1879). 

Adult. General colour above chocolate-brown, slightly more ashy 
on the head and mantle; median and greater wing-coverts like the 
back, the greater series narrowly edged with lighter brown ; bastard 
wing-feathers and primary-coverts dark brown, slightly more ashy 
on the margins; quills dark brown, edged with chocolate-brown, 
the margins lighter brown; tail-feathers chocolate-brown, edged 
with paler brown; lores, ear-coverts, and sides of face dusky 
chocolate-brown, as also the cheeks, the malar line being white 
with dusky margins; entire throat white; fore neck, chest, and 
sides of neck ashy brown; middle of the breast and abdomen white; 

47 . IttTAMPTJOClNCL UK. 
sides of body and Hanks clearer brown; thighs darker brown with 
whitish margins; imdor tail-covorts light brown, with fulvous or 
yellowish-white margins; under wing-coverts and axillaries light 
brown; quilL brown bolow, slightly rufesccnt along their inner 
margins. Total length 10 inches, culmeu 1-5, wing 4-3, tail 3-5, 
tarsus 1*2. 

The "White-throated Trembler is, as yet, only known from the 
island of Martinique, 

a. Ad. sk Martinique. M. Vorreaux. 
3. Cinclocerthia'macrorliyncha. 
Oinclocertliia 
macrorhyncha, Sclater, P. Z. S. 18(5(5, p. 320; id. # 
Salv. Ex. Orn. p. 21, pi. xi. (18G7) ; Gray, Ilmid-L B. i. p. 263, 
no. 3855; Scl P. Z. S. 1871, p. 268; Semper, P. Z. S. 1872, 

p. 648; Scl. $ Sah. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 2 (1873). 
Adult (type of species). General colour above dull ashy brown, 
slightly clearer brown on the foiehcad and crown; lesser and 
median wing-coverts like the back; the greater coverts brown, edged 
with lighter brown ; quills brown, margined with ashy brown; tail-
feathers light brown, washed with ashy on their margins; lores, 
ear-coverts, and sides of face dark brown ; malar line whitish with 
dusky margins; throat, centre of breast, and abdomen yellowish 
white ; fore neck, breast, and sides of neck light ashy brown ; sides 
of body fulvescent brown ; thighs darker; under tail-coverts light 
brown, with fulvous-brown edges to the feathers; under wing-
coverts and axillaries fawn-colour; outer wing-coverts darker brown; 
quills dusky brown below, with fawn-coloured edges along the inner 
web; "legs dark green; iris yellow" (Semper). Total length 9*6 
inches, culmen 1-8, wing 4, tail 3*3, tarsus 1425. 

The Great-billed Trembler appears to bo confined to the island of 
Santa Lucia, in the Lesser Antilles. 

47. RHAMPHOCDTCLIJS. Typ-
Bamphocinelus, Lafr. Rev. ZooL 1843, p. 06 ^ R. brachyuras. 
Legriocinclus, Less. Descr. Mamm. et Ois. p. 278 
(1847) R- brachyur •us. 
Oinclops, Bp.Comptes Rendus, xxxvih. pp. 1, 64 (1854) B. brachyurus, 

Range. "West-India Islands: Martinique and Santa Lucia. 

1. Bhamphociiiclus brachyTirus. 
Turdus brachvurus, VieilL N. Diet d'llid. Nat xx. p. 255 (1818); 
Bonn, et tieill. Bno. Meth. ii. p. 655 (1823); Gray, Gen. B. i. 

p. 219(1847). n/ioooN 
Petrodroma mexicanus, Less. Ann. Sc, Nat. 2ndser. lx.p. 168(1838). 
326 TIMELIIDJE. 

Kkamphocinolus brachyurus, Lafr. Pev. Zool. 1843, p. 06; Sclater, 

P. Z. S. 1859, p. 337 j id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 7 (1862) ; id. P. Z. S. 
1871, p. 268; Semper, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 648; Scl. § Salv. Nomencl 
Av. Neotr. p. 2 (1873); Lawr. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. pp. 352, 486, 
Formicarius brachyurus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 211 (1846). 
Legriocinelus mexicantis, Less. Descr. Mamm. et Ois. p. 278 (1847). 
Oampylorhynchus brachyurus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 7 (1849). 
Zoothera cinclops, Bp. Consp. i. p. 253 (1850). 
Cinclops melanoleucus; Gray. 
Cinclocertkia brachyurus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 214; Gray, 


Hand-l B. i. p. 264, no. 3856 (1869). 
Adult. Greneral colour above chocolate-brown, the bead rather more « 
dusky, and the rump and upper tail-coverts slightly rufescent brown; 
wing-coverts and quills dark brown, margined with chocolate-
brown like the back; tail-feathers dark brown, washed with chocolate-
brown on their edges; lores, feathers below the eye, and ear-
coverts black, the hinder part of the latter verging into chocolate-
brown ; cheeks, throat, and breast pure white; the sides of the 
breast, flanks, and thighs dark chocolate-brown; under tail-coverts 
chocolate-brown, with broad white margins; under wing-eoverts and 
axillaries dark chocolate, with narrow white shaft-lines and margins 
to the feathers; quills ashy brown below, with a narrow light 
edging to the inner web ; " legs dark green ; iris yellow " {Semper); 
"iris hazel, in some red" (fiber). Total length 9*5 inches, culmcn 
1*15, wing 4*2, tail 3*75, tarsus 1*3. (Mus. Balvin and Godman.) 
Young. Very like the adult, but having the throat and breast 
dull brown, slightly washed with rufous, the white feathers of the 
adult being donned by a moult. (Mus. Salvin and Godman.) 
The White-bellied Trembler is an inhabitant of the West-Indian 
islands of Santa Lucia and Martinique. 

a. c? ad. sL Martinique (Oder). Smithsonian Institution. 
48. CICHLHEKHIIHA. 
Type. 

Cichlherminia, Bp. Comptes Rendus. xxxviii. p. 2, note 
(1854) C. herminieri. 

Oichlalopia, Bp. Pev. Zool 1857, p. 205 (nee Bp. 1854) C. fuscata. 
Margarops, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 335 C. fuscata. 


Pange. Confined to the West-India Islands. 

Key to the Species* 

a. Under mandible yellow. 
a'. No white tips to the tail-feathers. 
a". No black spots on throat; inner lining 
of quills rufescent; general colour ruddy 
brown, with a bronzy gloss on the tail. 

a,rr. With a distinct shade of orange-rufous on 
the lower throat and fore neck; inner 
lining of quills dark rufous ; under tail-
coverts cream-colour with brown bases; 
upper mandible horn-brown herminieri, p. 32 7. 

327 

48. CICHIHEEMINIA. 
b"\ Rufous shade on lower throat and fore 
neck not strongly pronounced; inner 
lining of quills light rufous; under tail-
coverts white with brown bases ; upper 
mandible yellow at tip sanctce lucice, p. 328. 

b". Throat conspicuously spotted with black; 
under tail-coverts white, edged with brown; 
inner margin of quills ashy brown; general 
colour above dark olive-brown, the quills 
and tail-feathers blackish brown, washed 


^ with dark olive-brown dommicensis, p. 328. 
b'. Tail-feathers with a large white spot at 
the tips. 
e". Oulmen longer, 1-4 inch; white spot on 
tail-feathers longer in shape fuseata, p. 329. 
d", Oulmen shorter, 1*2 inch; white spot on 
tail-feathers quadrate in shape demirostris, p. 330. 

h. No yellow on under mandible, the entire bill 
being horny black; tail-feathers with a small 
white spot at the tips montana, p. 330. 
1. Cichlherminia herminieri. 
Turdus herminieri, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 167; Gray, Gen. B. i. 
p. 219 (1847). 
Oichlherminia herminieri, JBp.O. R. xxxviii. p. 2 ; id. Rev. Zool. 1857, 
p. 204. 
Cichlherminia bonapartii, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 335. 
Turdus 1'herminieri, Gray, JECand-l B. i. p. 259, no. 3788. 
Margarops herminieri, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 208 ; Semper, P. Z. S. 
1872, p. 648; Scl. § Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 2 (1873) ; Lawr. 
JProc. U.S. Nat. Mm. i. pp. 52, 351, 452, 485 (1879). 

Adult male. General colour above russet-brown, the feathers of 
the crown with obscure dusky margins, the wing-coverts like the 
back; quills light brown, externally reddish brown, the greater 
coverts also slightly more reddish brown than the back; tail-feathers 
reddish brown; lores like the head; ear-coverts russet-brown, 
narrowly streaked with fulvous shaft-lines, a few of which are also 
seen on the sides of the crown above the ear-coverts, but not sufficient 
to form an eyebrow; throat and fore neck sandy buff, the 
feathers on the former mesially marked with light brown, the fore 
neck being sandy buff, with brown margins to the feathers; remainder 
of under surface conspicuously mottled, the feathers having an ovate 
white centre, with a distinct light-brown edging, before which there 
is a distinct subterminal shade of darker brown; lower abdomen and 
vent white ; under tail-coverts pale sandy buff or cream-colour, with 

brown bases, and margined with brown, less distinctly on the longer 
ones; thighs brown, externally tipped with white; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries white, rather broadly edged with pale sandy brown; 
quills brown below, sandy brown along the inner web, forming a 
conspicuous quill-lining. Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 1*2, 
wing 5-3, tail 3*6, tarsus 1'7. 

328 
TIMELIID.3E. 

Herminier's Mocking-Thrush is confined to the Lesser Antilles, 
where it inhabits the islands of Martinique, Guadeloupe, St. Yincent, 
and Santa Lucia. 

a. Ad. sir. Guadeloupe. M. Verreaux. 
2. Cichlhermmia sanctae luciae. 
Margarops sanctae Incise, Sclater, Ibis, 1880, p. 73. 
Margarops herminieri, var. semperi, Later. Bull. US. Nat. Mus. 1880, 


p. 16. 
Adult. General colour above ruddy brown, a little darker on the 
head; wing-coverts like the back• quills dark brown, externally 
like the back; tail-feathers brown, with a bronzy gloss ; lores and 
base of lower mandible rufous• ear-coverts and sides of face like 
the back, with fulvous streaks on the former; throat fulvescent, 
with ruddy-brown streaks; fore neck and breast ruddy brown, all 
the feathers distinctly centred with bufTy white, producing a strongly 
mottled appearance, which is continued down the sides of the body, 
where the centres of the feathers are larger and whiter; abdomen 
and under tail-coverts white, the feathers edged with ruddy brown 
on the lower breast; the under tail-coverts with ruddy-brown bases; 
axillaries and under wing-coverts white, with yellowish-brown 
edges• the coverts near the edge of the wing brown, with whitish 
spots ; quills brown, edged with rufous along the inner web; " feet 
bright yellow ; iris dull green " {Semper). Total length 10 inches, 
culmen. 1*15, wing 5*15, tail 3*8, tarsus 1*6. {Mus. P. L. Sclater.) 

Semper's Mocking-Thrush replaces the foregoing species in the 
island of Santa Lucia. 

3. Cichlherminia dominicensls. 
Margarops 
herminieri, Lawrence, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. I. p. 187 
(1879, nee Lctf>\). 
Margarops dominicensis, Lawr. op. cit. 1880, p. 16. 

Adult male (Dominica • P. A. Ober). General colour above dark 
olive-brown, the head rather duller, and having obscure dusky 
margins to the feathers ; wing-coverts like the back; quills dark 
brown, externally like the back • tail-feathers dark brown, washed 
on their edges with olive-brown like the back; lores blackish brown; 
sides of face and ear-coverts russet-brown, the, feathers mesially 
streaked with deep ochraceous buff* a few streaks of ochraceous 
buff above the ear-coverts on the side of the crown; throat and 
chest rich ochraceous buff, the feathers broadly edged with fulvousbrown 
and spotted with black at the ends, these spots being very 
distinct; remainder of under surface of .body white, with fulvousbrown 
margins, sometimes blackish; the whole breast and abdomen 
strongly mottled, except on the lower abdomen, which is white, like 
the under tail-coverts; the longer feathers of the latter margined 
with olive-brown; thighs olive-brown, tipped with white; under 

48. cionLHEiornsriA. 
329 

"wing-coverts and axillaries pure white, narrowly edged with dark 
brown or sandy brown; quills ashy brown below, lighter along 
the edge of the inner web; " iris tea-colour" (Ober). Total length 
9 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 4-65, tail 3-1, tarsus 1-65. (31us. Balvin 
<$* Godman.) 

Ober's Mocking-Thrush replaces the foregoing species in the 
island of Dominica. 

4. CichlhermMa fuscata. 
Turdus fuscatus, 
Vieill. Ois. Amer. sept. ii. p. 1, pi. 57 bis (1807); 
id. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xx. p. 226 (1816) ; Bonn, et Vieill. JEnc. 
Meth. p. 639 (1823) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 219 (1847); Bp. Consp. 

i. p. 276 (1850); Gray, Kand-l. B. i. p. 259; no. 3785. 
Colluricincla fusca, Gould, P. Z. S.1836, p. 6. 
Mimus fuscatus, Bp. C. B. xxxviii. p. 2, note (1854). 
Cichlalopia fuscatus, Bp. Bev. Zool. 1857, p. 204. 
Oichlherminia fuscata, A. fy E. Newt. Ibis, 1859, p. 385. 
Margarops fuscatus, 8clater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 335 ; id. Cat Anier. B. 
p. 6 (1862),-Baird, Beview Amer. B. p. 42 (1864); 8cl. $ Salv. 
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 2 (1873); Con/, Birds of the Bahamas, p. 47 
(1880). J F 
Adult (S. Croix; A. Newton). General colour above dark brown, 
the feathers edged with lighter brown, producing a mottled appearance, 
these light edges paler on the rump and upper tail-covcrts, the 
longer of the latter being margined with white; wing-coverts like 
the back and margined in the same manner, but the edgings are 
whitish at the tips of the greater and median series ; bastard wing 
and primary-coverts very dark brown; quills dark brown, externally 
lighter brown, the inner secondaries narrowly edged with white at 
the tips; tail-feathers brown, margined with lighter brown, all but 
the two centre feathers having a large white spot at the end of the 
inner webs, increasing in extent towards the outermost, where it 
also occupies the end of the outer web also; lores dusky brown, as 
also the feathers under the fore part of the eye; ear-coverts brown; 
cheeks streaked with blackish brown and white, the feathers being 
margined with white arranged in streaks; under surface of body-
white, the throat distinctly streaked with light brown; fore neck 
more broadly mottled with light brown, the feathers having a central 
ovate mark of light brown edged with white, and centred with, a 
dark shaft-streak, the light brown centre having a subterminal shade 
of darker brown separating it from the white margin; sides of body 
and flanks similarly coloured; centre of abdomen and under tail-
coverts white, the latter with a brown base and an arrow-shaped bar 
across the middle; axillaries and under wing-coverts light brown, 
fringed with white and centred with darker brown, very much like 
the sides of the breast in character of markings; quills ashy brown 
below, light sandy buff along the inner web ; " iris pearly white " 

(A. Newton). Total length 11 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 5*3, 
tail 4*5, tarsus 1-5. 
The White-eyed Mocking-Thrush inhabits the islands of B. Groix 

TIirELIXD-ffl. 

and S. Thomas in the West Indies and extends to Inagua in the 
Bahamas. Yieillot states that it is found in Porto Bico and S. 
Domingo; hut it has not since "been procured in those localities. 

a. Ad.; b. $ ad. sk.
o. 9 ad. sk 
S. Croix. 
S. Croix. 
Prof. A. Newton [P.]. 
M. "Verreaux. 
d e. Ad. sk.
fl Ad. sk. 
S. Thomas. 
S. Thomas. 
L. Fraser [0.]. 
Smithsonian Institution. 

5. CicMherminia densirostris. 
Turdus densirostris, 
Vieill N. Diet d'Bist. Nat. xx. p. 233 (1816); 
Bonn, et Vieill JSnc. Meth. p. 642 (1823) ; Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1844, 

p. 167; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 219 (1847); Bp. Consp. i. p. 271 
f 1850); id. Hand-l B. i. p. 259, no. 3786 (1869). 
CicMherminia densirostris, Bp. Comptes Rendus. xxxviii. p. 2, note 
(1854). 
Margarops densirostris, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 336; id. P. Z. S. 
1879, p. 765; 8cl fy 8ah. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 2 (1873) ; Lawr. 
Proc. U.8. Nat. Mus. i. pp. 233, 351, 453, 486 (1879). 

Adult male. General colour above dark brown, the feathers edged 
with lighter brown, producing a mottled appearance; wing-coverts 
like the back and edged in the same manner, the greater series 
rather more rufous on their margins; bastard wing and primary-
coverts uniform dark brown; quills dark brown, margined with 
rufous-brown, the inner secondaries tipped with white; tail-feathers 
dark brown, edged with lighter brown, and having a white tip, increasing 
gradually in extent towards the outer feathers, where the 
inner web has an extremely broad spot of white at the end; lores, 
ear-coverts, sides of face, and sides of neck brown, slightly mottled 
with darker brown centres; under surface of body white, streaked 
with brown, the brown centres to the feathers of the throat and 
breast disposing themselves in the form of broad lines; the breast 
and sides of the body mottled, being pale brown or whity brown, 
with a subterminal hne of darker brown before the white margin, 

giving the appearance of arrow-head markings; centre of breast and 
abdomen white• under tail-coverts white, brown near the base and 
crossed with a brown bar; under wing-coverts and axillaries exactly 
like the sides of the breast and mottled in the same manner; quills 
dark brown below, light fulvous along the inner web; " bill horncolour 
; iris very pale straw-colour " ( Oher). Total length 11 inches, 
culmen 1*2, wing 5-35, tail 4*3, tarsus 1*3. 

The Yellow-eyed MocMng-Thrush is an inhabitant of the Lesser 
Antilles, where it is found in Antigua, Dominica, Martinique, Guadeloupe, 
and Montserrat. 

a, $ ad. sk. Guadeloupe. M. Verreaux. 

6. CichlhermMa montana. 
Turdus montanus, Lafr* Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 167; Gray, Gen. B. i. 
p. 219 (1847) ; id. Iland-l B. i. p. 259, no. 3787 (1869). 
Margarops montanus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 336; id. P. Z. S. 
49 . MELANOPTILA. 
331 

1871, p. 266 j Semper, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 648; Scl Sf Sah. MmencL 
Av. Motr. p. 2 (1873) ; Law. Proo. U.S. Zool Mm. pp. 52,187, 
351, 453, 486 (1879); Lister, Ibis, 1880, p. 30. 

Adult. General colour above uniform dusky brown, the lower 
rump and upper tail-coverts margined with ashy white; wing-
coverts like the back, with paler margins to the median coverts, more 
distinct on the greater series, the outermost of which are whitish at 
the tip of the outer web; bastard wing and primary-coverts uniform 
dark brown ; quills dark brown, externally lighter brown, the 
feathers narrowly edged with whity brown on the extreme margins ; 
tail-feathers dark brown, margined with lighter brown and tipped 
with white, which increases in extent towards the outer feathers ; 
lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts dusky brown, the cheeks slightly 
varied with ashy bars ; under surface of body ashy whitish, mottled 
with light brown, the feathers being light brown in colour, margined 
with white, before which the feather becomes subterminally darker 
brown; sides of body more uniform brown, the light margins to the 
feathers less conspicuous; centre of abdomen white; under tail-
coverts brown at the base, white at their ends; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries pale brown, tipped with white and obscurely barred 
with dusky brown; quills dark brown below, with very pale ashy 
rufous edges along the inner web; " feet dark green; iris light 
yellow " (Semper). Total length 9-3 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 4*5, 
tail 3-5, tarsus 1*1. 

In some individuals the secondaries are tipped with white, being 
apparently somewhat young birds. 

The Black-billed Mocking-Thrush inhabits the Leaser Antilles, 
being found in the islands of Dominica, S. Vincent, Martinique, 
Guadeloupe, and Santa Lucia. 

a. 3 ad. sk. Guadeloupe. M. Verreaux. 
49. MELANOPTILA. 
Type. 
Melanoptila, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 275 M. glabrirostris. 

Range. Confined to the coast of Honduras. 

1. Melanoptila glabrirostris. 
Melanoptila glabrirostris, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 275; id. P. Z. S. 
1859, p. 337; Scl. # Sah. Ibis, 1859, p. 7; Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, 

p. 55; Sol Cat. Amer. B. p. 7 (1862); Sah. Ibis, 1864, p. 380; 
Laird, Review Amer. B. p. 55 (1864); Sol. fy Sah. Nbmencl. 
Av. JSfeotr. p. 3 (1873) ; Sah. <$• Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer,, Aves, i. 
p. 27, tab. iii. fig. 2 (1879). 
Turdua glabrirostris, Gray, HandJ. B. i. p. 258, no. 3774 (1869). 
Adult General colour above and below purplish black, the lores 
and feathers at base of lower mandible and base of chin velvety 
black 5 scapulars and lesser wing-coverts like the back, the median 
and greater coverts dark steel-green, slightly edged with purple ; 

332 TIMELIID2E. 

quills blackish., externally steel-green, the secondaries entirely of 
the latter colour; tail-feathers steel-green, blackish on the inner 
webs. Total length 8 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 3*7, tail 3*6, 
tarsus 1*1. 

The Blue-black Mocking-Thrush is, as far as is yet known, confined 
to the coast of Honduras and the coral-islands that skirt the shore. 
Messrs. Salvin and Godman think that it may possibly occur northwards 
along the coast of Yucatan, and also eastwards to Cape Gracias 

a Dios. 
a. Ad. sk. Honduras. Mr. Dyson [C.l. 
b. Ad. sk. Honduras. Mr. Dyson [0. j . 

50. NESOCICHLA. 
Type. 
Nesocichla, Gould, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 165 N. eremita. 

Range, Confined to the group of Tristan da Cunha. 
For all that Mr. Seebohm (Cat. B. v. p. 404) has rejected the 
present genus from his family Turdidce, I still consider that the 
place of NesQcicMa is nearer the Ground-Thrushes (GeocicJila) than 
it is to the Mocking-Thrushes. The characters given by Dr. Sclater 
(Toy. Challenger, p. Ill ) do not do justice to the genus, for the 
rictal bristles are much more developed than would appear from the 
figure of the biU, while the omission of the small first primary destroys 
the Turdine look of the wing, which thus appears thoroughly 
Timeliine. I consider Nesocichla to be really a Thrush, in old times 
probably a true Geotichla, with at present a modified and rounded 
wing, induced by its isolated habitat, which has rendered long flight 
unnecessary. 

1. ETesocichla eremita. 
Nesocichla ereinita, Gould, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 165; Sclater, P. Z. S. 
1878, p. 577; id. Report Voy. H.M.S. 'Challenger: ii. p. Ill, 
pi. xziii. (1881). 

Turdus eremita, Gray, Hand-l £. i. p. 259, no. 3789 (1869). 
Turdus guianensis, Carm. Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. p. 496. 

Adult (type of species). General colour above dark sandy brown, 
faintly mottled with darker-brown centres to the feathers of the 
mantle and back, the lower back and rump more uniform and 
slightly tinged with olive; wing-coverts like the back, spotted with 
tawny buff at the ends; quills dark brown, externally lighter 
brown, fringed with pale fulvous or tawny buff, especially distinct 
near the outer base of the primaries ; the secondaries tipped with 
pale tawny or whitish; upper tail-coverts rather lighter than the 
rump, the outer ones with narrow whitish edgings; tail-feathers 
brown, washed with ashy olive on the margins of the feathers; 
lores and nasal plumes, as well as a distinct eyebrow, sandy buff; 
ear-coverts and cheeks sandy buff, slightly washed with brown, 

333 

51 . ORT30S0OPTES. 
tlie feathers in front of and below the eye, as well as at the base of 
the cheeks, whitish; chin whitish ; remainder of under surface of 
body yellowish buff, thickly mottled with brown centres to the 
feathers, generally in the form of largo triangular spots ; abdomen 
white with brown spots, rather smaller than the breast-spots; 
flank-feathers with broad dark-brown centres; thighs uniform 
yellowish buff; under tail-coverts paler buff, sparsely spotted with 
brown on the tips of some of the feathers ; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries rich golden buff, with a slight central shade of brown on 
the former; quills ashy brown below, golden buff along tho inner 
web; bill horny black; logs palo; " iris black" (J. Murray). 
Total length 8-3 inches, oulmen 1*1, wing 3*8, tail 3*1, tarsus 1*4. 

The specimens collected during the voyage of the ' Challenger' 
do not happen to have the sexes marked; but there can be no 
doubt that the female resembles the male. Young birds appear to 
have more tawny buff on the wing-coverts, which are distinctly 
centred as well as tipped with this colour. 

The Hermit Mocking-Thrush is confined to the islands of Tristan 
and Inaccessible, in the Tristan da Cunha group. 

a. Ad. sk. Tristan da Cunha. J. Macgillivray, Esq. [C.]. 
(Tvpe of species.) 
6, c, d, e. Ad. sk. Tristan da Cunha. Voy. of II.M.S. ' Challenger.' 
/ . Ad. sk. Tristan da Cunha. Voy. of H.M.S. < Challenger.' 

(Spec. fig. Sclater, t. c.) 

51. 
OREOSCOPTES. 
Type. 
Oreoscoptes, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 347 (1858) 0. montanus, 
Range. The Rocky Mountains of the United States, west to the 
Pacific, south to Cape St. Lucas. 

1. Oreoscoptes montanus. 
Orpheus 
montanus, Towns. Journ. Philad. Acad. 1887, p. 192; 
Audub. B. Amer. ii. p. 194, pi. 139. 
Turdus montanus, Audub. B. Amer. pi. 369.fig. 1; id. Orn. Biogr. iv. 

p. 487. 
Turdus (Orpheus) montanus, Towns, Journ. Philad. Acad. 1839, 
p. 153. 
Mimus montanus, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. Sr iV. Amer. p. 17 (1838); 
id. Consp. I p. 276 (1860); Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 262, no. 3837 
(1869). 

Oroscoptes montanus, Baird, B. JV". Amer. i. p. 347 (1858); Sclater, 

• Cat. Amer. B. p. 8 (1862) ; Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad, xviii. p. 65 
(1866). 
Oreoscoptes montanus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 340; Baird, Review 
Am&r. B. p. 42 (1864); Dresser, Ibis, 1805, p. 482; Cooper, Orn. 
Calif, p. 12 (1870); Allen, Bull Mus. Comp. Zool. iii. p. 174 
(1872) j Coues, Key W. Amer. B. p. 74 (1872); Ridgw. Bull Ess. 
Inst. v. p. 179 (1873); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 7 (1874); Baird, 
Brewer, $• Ridgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 32 (1874) ; Coues, B. 

334 TTMELIID^:. 

Color. Vail, p. 48 (1878); Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, 

p. 11 (1881). 
Adult. General colour above light ashy, with nearly obsolete 

dusky streaks down the centre of the feathers ; least wing-coverts 

like the back; median and greater series dull brown, with margins 

of ashy white; bastard wing-feathers dark brown, edged with 

white; primary-coverts brown, narrowly margined with ashy 

brown; quills brown, edged with ashy brown, with a narrow 

margin of white at the end of the secondaries, the outer primaries 

with a white margin in the centre of the outer web near the 

indentation on the outside of the quill; tail-feathers dark brown, 

edged narrowly with light brown, the three outermost feathers 

with a white spot at the tip of the inner web, this white increasing 

in extent towards the outermost; lores and feathers round the eye 

white; ear-coverts light brown, as also the sides of the face; under 

surface of body white, with triangular spots of black, very small 

on the throat, but increasing in size on the breast and sides of the 

body; on the chest, flanks, and under tail-coverts a distinct tinge 

of fulvous, with only a few narrow streaks of brown on the latter; 

axiUaries and under wing-coverts fulvous, edged with white; quills 

ashy brown, lighter ashy along the edge of the inner web. Total 

length 8*3 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*9, tail 2-6, tarsus 1*25. 

This species bears no small resemblance to the young of the 

common Mocking-bird, which is, like it, spotted below, and for 

which it might be mistaken upon superficial examination. It is, 

however, much more heavily and sharply marked with triangular 

spots on nearly all the underparts, and differs, besides, in its 

generic characters. The bill is slenderer and comparatively longer; 

the wings are relatively much longer and more pointed, equalling 

or exceeding the tail, which is little rounded, the outer feathers 

being only about J inch shorter than the middle ones. Length 

about 8 inches, wing 4, tail rather more, tarsus 1*15, bill 0-65. 

(Coues, B. JR.-West, p. 7.) 

Young. Dull brownish above, conspicuously streaked with dusky; 
the markings below streaky and diffuse. 

Specimens differ little with sex or season, or with age after the 
first streaked stage is passed. The individual variation consists in 
the purer or more brownish ash of the upper parts, and especially 
in the shade of the underparts (which ranges from whitish to a 
decided brownish cinnamon cast) and in the amount of spotting. 
Ordinarily, the lower belly and vent, and sometimes the throat, are 
immaculate, but the whole under surface is sometimes pretty 
uniformly covered. The brownish shade is usually strongest on 
the breast, flanks, and crissum. The newly-grown quills and tail-
feathers are darker than the old ones, and have more white edging. 
The wing-coverts are sometimes edged as well as tipped with 
white. (Coues, I. <?.) 

The Sage-Thrasher has only been found in the Rocky-Mountain 
districts of the United States, extending west to the Pacific and 

335 

52. GALEOSCOPTES. 
south to Cape St. Lucas. Birds from the latter locality are rather 
smaller, according to Prof. Baird. 

a. Ad. sk. [W. North America*.] Purchased. 
52. GALEOSCOPTES. T 
Galeoscoptes, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 82 (1850) ... . G. carolmensis. 
Felivox, Bp. Comptes Rendus. xxxviii. p. 56 (1854) .. G. carolinensis. 


Range. North America, extending into Central America on migration. 


1. Galeoscoptes carolmensis. 
The Cat Bird, Catesby, Nat Hist Carol i. p. 66, pi. 60 (1731


1743). 
Muscicapa carolinensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 328 (1766). 
Lucar lividns, Bartr. Trav. Florida, 1790, p. 290 bis. 
Turdus felivox, Vieill Ois. Amir, sept ii. p. 10, pi. 67 (1807) ; 

Audub. B. Amer. pi. 128 (c. 1826) ; id. Orn. Biogr. ii. p. 171, v. 

p. 440; Nutt. Man. i. p. 332 (1832). 
Turdus lividus, Wils. Amer. Orn. ii. p. 90, pi. 14. fig. 3 (1810). 
Turdus carolmensis, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 38 (1823). 
Orpheus felivox, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Am., Birds, p. 192 (1831). 
Mimus felivox, Bp. Comp. List B. Fur. § N. Am. p. 18 (1838); id. 
Consp. i. p. 276 (1850). 
Orpheus carolinensis, Audub. B. Amer. ii. p. 195, pi. 140 (1841). 
Mimus carolmensis, Gray, Gen. B. I p. 221 (1847); Sol P. Z. S. 

1856, p. 294; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 346 (1860) ; Gray, Hand-l 

B. I p. 262, no. 3840 (1869); Coues, Key N.-Amer. B. p. 74 
(1872) ; Allen, Bull. Mus.Comp. Zool iii. p. 174 (1871) ; Maynard, 
B. Florida, p. 19 (1872); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 8 (1874) ; Cory, 
B. Bahamas, p. 51 (1880). 
Galeoscoptes carolinensis, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 82 (1850) ; Scl. 
P. Z. S. 1859, pp. 362, 370 ,* Scl. $ Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 7; Sol. Cat 
Amer. B. p. 6 (1862); Baird, Beview Amer. B. p. 54 (1864); 
Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 278; Sumichr. Mem. Bost Soc. N. H. 
i. p. 544 (1869); Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. p. 204 (1869) 
Cooper, Orn. Calif, p. 23 (1870); Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 836 
iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 2 (1873); Gundl Orn. Cub. p. 19 (1876), 
Baird, Brewer, fy Bidgw. N. Amer. B. i. p. 52 (1874); Merrill, 
Broc. U.S. Nat Mus. i. p. 120 (1878) ; Godm. $ Salv. Biol Centr.-
Amer., Aves, i. p. 26 (1879); Bidgw. Bull. U.S. Nat Mus. no. 21, 
p. 12 (1881). 
Felivox carolinensis, Bp. Comptes Rendus. xxxviii. p. 56 (1854). 
Lucar carolinensis, Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1875, p. 349. 
Mimus (Galeoscoptes) carolinensis, Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 56(1878). 
Adult General colour above dark slaty grey, a little more dusky 
on the mantle ; wing-coverts like the back, the bastard wing-feathers 
rather lighter grey; greater and primary-coverts dusky brown, 
externally slaty grey; quills blackish, externally edged with ashy 
grey, the secondaries more like the back in colour; tail-feathers 


* Said to have been from Mexico. 
336 TIMELIID-aS. 

blackish, margined with slaty grey, the outer feather slightly ashy 
towards the tip; crown of head blackish, forming a cap, the forehead 
and feathers over the eye ashy; ear-coverts and sides of face, 
as well as tho entire under surface of body, light slaty grey, paler 
on the abdomen, the vent slightly tinged with rusty; under tail-
coverts chestnut; axillaries light slaty grey; under wing-coverts 
pale ashy; quills dusky below, ashy brown along the edge of the 
inner web. Total length 8*25 inches, oilmen 0-85, wing 3*6, tail 
3*8, tarsus 1*1. 

The sexes are alike in plumage. 

Young. Of .a more sooty colour above, with little or no distinction 
of a black cap, and comparatively paler below, where the colour has 
a soiled brownish cast. Crissum dull rufous. (Goues,) 

The American Cat-bird is distributed over North America in 
summer as far north as Lake "Winnipeg, and westwards to the head 
of the Columbia river and the Cascade mountains ; in winter it visits 
the whole of Central America as far south as Panama, and is also 
found in the Bahamas and Cuba. 

a. Ad. sk. Fort DiuTeriu, Manitoba N. A. Boundary Commis(
G. Daivson). sion. 
b. Ad. sk. 49th Parallel (G. Date- N. A. Boundary Commisson). 
sion. 
c. d, e. Ad. sk. Michigan. Prof. J. B. Steere [P.], 
/. Ad. sk. Washington Heights, Eli- H. K. Coale, Esq. [P.], 
nois. 
ff, h. S $ ad. sk. West side of Rocky Moun- J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.], 
tains. 
i, k. Ad. sk. North America. 


53. MIMUS. 
Type. 
Mimus, Boie, Ms, 1820, p. 972 M. polyglottus. 
Orpheus, Swains. Zool Journ. hi. p. 1G7 (1838) ... . M. polyglottus. 
Mimetes, Gloger, Handb. Naturg. p. 303 (1842) M. polyglottus. 
Calandria, DesMurs. 
Leucomimus, Bryant, Proc. Host. Soe. Nat. Hist. xi. 

p. 68 (1860) M. polyglottus. 
Skotiomimus, Bryant, t. c. p. 08 (1806) M. polyglottus. 
Range. The greater part of North America, excepting the extreme 
north, and the whole of Central and Southern America, as well as 
the West-Indian islands, the Lesser Antilles and the Galapagos 
archipelago. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Outer tail-feather entirely white. 
a'. Penultimate tail-feather white, blackish 
along the outer web. 
a". White at the base of primaries very 
distinct, and extended on the inner primaries 
so as to occupy more than two 

.thirds of the feather polyglottus, p. 338 

33 . 
MIMUS. 337 
b". White at base of primaries almost imperceptible, 
the feathers almost entirely dark 
brown elegam, p. 331). 

b'. Penultimate tail-feather entirely white .., , orjphew, p. 340. 

b. Three outer tail-feathers entirely white. 
e'\ Larger: primary-coverts entirely pure 
white; entire upper surface rusty"brown, 
contrasting with the wings, which are 
blackish, excepting for the narrow white 
tips to the coverts and the white at the 
base of quills and tips of the secondaries, dorsalis, p. 841. 

d'\ 
Smaller: primary-coverts white, with the 
terminal third black; wings with a broad 
white band extending down them, composed 
of the median and greater wing-
coverts and the central secondaries, some 
of which are entirely white triurus, p. 342. 

c. Outer tail-feather brown or blackish, broadly 
tipped with white. 
e\ Flanks distinctly streaked or spotted with 
dusky brown*. 
e". Ear-coverts whitish, with a streak of 
blackish brown, more or less pronounced 
along the upper margin. 


a'". A distinct moustache of blackish spots. 
ff4. Ohest ashy or whitish, without black 
bars. 


ar\ Primary-coverts white, with the 
extreme bases black, forming a 
conspicuous wing-patch longicaudatus, p. 342. 

¥. Primary-coverts black, edged with 
white. 

aQ. Larger; wing4*85inches, culmen 
1/1 inch: upper surface light 
brown, distinctly striped with 
darker brown; the white tips to 
the tail-feathers well defined on , 7 7,.. ,% Ql „

i .1 i 
J nuttif p. Mo. 
V. 
SmalleriW^einches/eul'men U^nemh, p. 344. 
1 inch: upper surface dark 
brown, uniform on the back; 
the white tips to the tail-feathers 
oblique thmca, p. 845. 

b4 

. Ohest white, barred with blackish 
brown or crossed by a broad band 
of the latter colour trifasciatus, p. 346, 

b. Without any dark moustache. 
c4. Upper surface bluish grey, uniform 
excepting for a few dark streaks on 
the head lividus, p. 346. 

d4-. Upper surface dark brown. 
c5. Upper surface distinctly streaked 


* On M. gttvus there are often slight streaks to be seen, but so slight as to be 
noticeable with difficulty, and I consider that its place is better with the unstnped 
section of the genus. 
VOL, YI» 
Z 

338 TIMELIIDiE. 

with "blackish brown; lower back 
and rump washed with rusty; 
streaks on flanks very narrow .. modulator, p. 347. 


d\ Upper surface obscurely streaked 
with dusky brown; lower back and 
rump scarcely lighter than mantle; 
streaks on flanks very distinct, and 
more fulvous below than M. modulator 
satuminus, p. 348. 

/" . Ear-coverts entirely black { ^™*», p. 349. 

 or U)mmam

d\ Flanks uniform, not distinctly spotted> P- *w. 
streaked. 


g". Underneath white, sHghtly washed with 
fulvous on the flanks; upper surface grey; 
primary-coverts black, with a very narrow 
white margin gilvus, p. 350. 

h". Underneath reddish, the breast ashy 
brown; upper surface dull ashy brown, 
the rump and lower back washed with 
rusty patagonieus, p. 352. 

1. Mimus polyglottus. 
The Mock Bird, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carol p. 27, pi. 27 (1731). 
Le Grand Moqueur, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 2m (1760). 
Turdus polyglottus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 293 (17CC); WiU. Am. 


Om. ii. p. 13, pi. 10. fig. 1 (1810) ; Auhub. B. Amer. pi. 21; id. 
Om. Biogr. i. p. 108 (1831) ; Less. TraiU oVOrn. p. 410 (1831). 

Mimus polyglottus, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 972; Bp, Comp, List B. Eur. 
$ N. Amer. p. 17 (1838) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 221 (1847); Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 276 (1850); Selater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 212 ; id. P. Z. S. 
1857, p. 212 ; Nemvied, J.f. 0. 1858, p. 179 ; Baird, B. N. Amer. 

p. 344 (1858) ; Sel. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 340; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 8 
(1862); Baird, JRevieto Amer. B. p. 48 (1864); Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 
p. 481 j Sumichr. Mem. Bost. 8oc. N. IL i. p. 543 (1869) ; Gray, 
PP^Z-/. P. i. p. 261, no. 3815(1869); Cooper, Orn. Calif.y.21 (1870); 
Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ii. p. 259 (1871) ; Cooes, Key N. 
Amer. B. p. 74 (1872); Graijson, Br. Bost. 8oe. Nat. Hist. xiv. 
p. 277 (1872) ; Maynard, B. Florida, p. 76 (1872); Allen, Bull 
Mus. Comp. Zool iii. p. 134 (1872); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 8(1874); 
Baird, Brewer, <§* Bidgw. N. Amer. B. i. p. 49, pi. iii. fig. 4 (1874); 
Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 54 (1878); Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 
no. 21, p. 11 (1881). 
Orpheus polyglottus, Swains. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 167 (1828): Audub. 

B. Amer. ii. p. 187, pi. 138 (1847). 
Orpheus leucopterus, Vigors inBeeeheifs Voy. 'Blossom,'j>. 18 (1839), 
Mimetes polyglottus, Gloger, Handb. Naturg. p. 303 (1844). 
Mimus leucopterus, Baird, in Stansb. Bep. p. 328 (1852). 
Mimus caudatus, Baird, B. N. Amer. 1858, p. 345: Xanttis, Pr. 
Bhilad. Acad. xi. p. 191 (1859). 
Mimus polyglottus, var. caudatus, Coues, Ibis, 1865, p. 159. 
Oroscoptes montanus, Coues, Ibis, 1865, p. 159 (lapsu). 


Adult. General colour above light ashy brown, the lesser wing-
coverts like the back; greater and median coverts dark brown* 

53 . MIMUS. 339 
edged with ashy and tipped with spots of ashy white ; bastard wing-
feathers black, tipped with white ; primary-coverts white with black 
shaft-lines ; quills blackish, narrowly edged with brown and tipped 
with white, the primaries white at the base with black shafts, 
increasing in extent on the outer secondaries, which are white, 
blackish at the ends, which are tipped with white, the innermost 
secondaries dark brown, tipped with white and broadly 
edged with ashy brown; tail-feathers blackish, narrowly tipped 
with pale ashy brown, increasing in extent towards the outer 
feathers, the outermost entirely white, tho penultimate one white, 
excepting the outer web which is blackish ; the third feather blackish, 
with a large wedge-shaped mark of white on the inner web; lores 
dusky, with a whitish streak above them, slightly indicated above 
the eye ; eyelid white; ear-coverts ashy brown, mottled with white 
below the eye; cheeks dull white, mottled with dusky tips to tho 
feathers; throat and abdomen white, the fore neck and sides of body 
light ashy brown, the lower abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts 
tinged with light ochraceous buff; thighs white; axillaries white, 
slightly washed with ashy brown; under wing-coverts white, with 
dusky brown bases; quills dark brown bolow, white towards the 
base of the inner web. Total length 10 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 
4-45, tail 4*9, tarsus 1-2. 

The American Mocking-Thrush is found in North America up to 
40° N. lat., ranging into Mexico and Centra] America in winter. 

a, b. Ad. sk. North America. 
c, d. Ad. sk. North America. 
e. Ad. sk. North America. Purchased, 
/. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 

2. Mimus elegans. 
Mimus polyglottus (var. bahamensis ?), Bryant, Bost. Journ. N. Hist. 

xi. p. 68 (1866). 
Mimus dominicus, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 262, no. S82G (1869, nee L.). 
Mimus orpheus, var. dominicus, Cory, B. Bahama 1st p. 48 (1880). 
Adult General colour above light ashy grey, the least wing-
coverts like tho back; median and greater coverts dark brown, 
edged with ashy and tipped with white; primary-coverts white, 
with a large sub terminal spot of blackish near the tip ; quills blackish, 
externally margined with ashy grey, the primaries with a concealed 
white spot at their base, the inner secondaries tipped with 
white; qnills dark brown, edged with ashy, the outermost feather 
entirely white, the penultimate feather for tho most part white, 
blackish brown along tho inner web and toward the end of the 
outer web, the third feather with a large white wedge-shaped mark 
near the end; a line at the base of the forehead white, extending 
above the eye,where it forms a faint eyebrow; eyelid white; in 
front of the eye a dusky blackish spot; ear-coverts light ashy brown, 

340 TIMELIIDJE. 

mottled with whitish below the eye; cheeks whitish, slightly 

mottled with dusky tips ; under surface of body white, with a very 

faint ashy shade on the fore neck and sides of breast, the flank-

feathers washed with fulvous-brown; thighs brown externally, 

white on their inner aspect; axillaries and under wing-coverts 

whitish, slightly washed with ashy brown; quills dusky brown 

below, white at the base of the inner web; " bill black, legs brownish" 

{Cory). Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3*95, tail 4, 

tarsus 1*15. 

Bryant's Mocking-Thrush represents M. orpheus in the Bahamas, 

where it is found, as far as is known at present, on the island of 

Inagua. 

a. Ad. sk. Inagua, Bahama Islands. Dr. Henry Bryant [P.]. 
3. Mimus orpheus. 
Lesser Mock-Bird, Edwards, Nat. Hist. B. ii. pi. 78. 

Le Moqueur, Briss. Dm. ii. p. 202 (1700). 

Turdus orpheus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 298 (1706); Vieill Ois. Amer. 

sept. ii. p. 12, pi. 68 (1807). 

Mimus orpheus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 221 (1847) ; Bp. Consp.'i. p. 276 
(1850); Sclater,P Z. 8.1859, p. 341; id. Cat Amer. B. p. 9 (1862); 
March, Br. PHlad. Acad. 1863, p. 290; Baird, Heview Amer. B. 

p. 50 (1864) 5 Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 261, no. 3816 (1869) ; Set. # 
Sah. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 3 (1873). 
Mimus polyglottus, Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 144 (1847); Hill, Proc. 
PHlad. Acad. 1863, p. 304. ^ 
Mimus polyglottus, var. portoricensis, Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. II. 

x. p. 68 (1866). 
Mimus polyglottus, var. cubanensis, Bryant, t. c. p. 68, 
Adult male. General colour above dark ashy brown, the lesser 
wing-coverts like the back; median and greater coverts blackish, 
edged with ashy brown and tipped with white, forming a double 
band across the wing ; bastard wing-feathers blackish, tipped with 
white; primary-coverts white, with narrow blackish shaft-lines; 
quills blackish, externally edged with ashy brown, the primaries 
white at the base, extending more on the outer secondaries, the 
innermost blackish brown margined with ashy brown ; tail-feathers 
blackish, tipped with white, less on the centre ones, the two outer 
ones entirely white, the third white excepting for a broad edging of 
blackish brown near the tip of its outer web; lores and base of 
forehead white; in front of the eye a dusky spot; a faint whitish 
eyebrow; eyelid white ; ear-coverts light ashy brown, mottled with 
white below the eye; cheeks and under surface of body pure white, 
slightly washed with ashy brown on the sides of the breast and sides 
of chest; axillaries and under wing-coverts white ; quills blackish 
below, white towards the base of the inner web. Total length 
9 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 4-3, tail 4*75, tarsus 1-2. 

The adult female resembles the old male. 
The Jamaican Mocking-Thrush is common in Jamaica. It also 


53. MIMUS. 
34 L 
occurs in Porto Eico; and specimens from San Domingo* are apparently 
not to be separated specifically. 

a. Ad. sk. Jamaica. Purchased. 
b. Ad. st.
c. Ad. sk.
d. (S ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk. 
Jamaica. 
Jamaica. 
Moneague, Jamaica,
February I860. 
S. Domingo. 
Zoological Society. 
Zoological Society. 
Dr. Ilenry Bryant [P.J. 
Zoological Society. 
4. Mimus dorsalis. 

Orpheus doraalis, Lafr. et J)1 Orb. Mag. de Zool 1837, p. 18; IfOrb. 
Foy. Amer. mtriti p. 211, pi. 11. fig. 2. 

Mimus dorsalis, Gray, Gen. B. I p. 220 (1847); Bp. Comp. i. p. 277 
(1830) j Sctefer, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 341; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 9 
(1862); Gray, Rand-l. B. i. p. 262, no. 3824 (1869) ; Scl $ Salv. 
NomencL Av. Neotr. p. 3 (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 592. 

Adult. General colour above rusty brown, brighter rusty colour 
on the rump and upper tail-coverts; head a little duller brown than 
the back, and having dusky-brown centres to the feathers of the 
head and mantle, nowhere very distinctly indicated; wing-coverts 
blackish brown, with ashy margins, the median and greater series 
being tipped with white ; bastard wing-feathers blackish, margined 
with white ; primary-coverts white ; quills blackish, the secondaries 
tipped with white, and narrowly margined with white near the endb 
of some of the median secondaries, the inner ones edged with rusty 
brown; the primaries and secondaries white at the base, forming 
with the primary-coverts a large wing-patch; tail with the three 
outer feathers entirely white, the next one white, with a long patch 
of blackish brown near the end of both webs, the next one blackish 
brown, with a whity-brown tip, and the centre feathers entirely 
blackish brown ; lores dusky blackish ; eyelid and a broad eyebrow 
white; cheeks, side of face, and ear-coverts white, slightly mottled 
with dusky-brown tips to some of the feathers; throat and under 
surface of body white, slightly washed with creamy buff on the breast 
and sides of the body; axillaries and under wing-coverts pure white; 
quills blackish below, white at the base; " bill and feet black ; iris 
pale greenish" (D'Orbigny). Total length 10*25 inches, culmen 1*1, 
wing 4*8, tail 4*75, tarsus 1*45. 

The En sty-backed Mocking-Thrush is an inhabitant of the highlands 
of Bolivia. 

a. Ad. sk. Bolivia (Bridges). Eyton Collection. 
b, c. Ad. sk. Bolivia. Mr. Brydges [C."|. 
* MIMUS DOMINICUS. 
Le Merle de S. Domingue, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 284, pi. 27. fig. 1 (1760). 
Turdus dominicus, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 295 (1766). 
Merle cendr<5 cle S. Domingue, B'Anient. PI, Enl. iv. pi. 558. fig. 1. 
Turdus merle, Mull. 8. JV„ Anhang, p. 139 (1766); Cass. l>m. Milad. 
Acad. 1864, p. 249. 

Mimus 
dominicus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 221 (181-7); Bp. Consp. i. p. 276 
(1853); SoUi, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 232; Sclatcr, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 341; 
Gray, llandA. B. i. p. 262, no. 3826. 

TIMELIIJ>JE„ 

342 

5. Mimus triurus. 
Tres Colas, Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 237 (1805). 
Turdus triurus, Vieill. N. Bid. d'Hist. Nat xx. p. 275 (1818) j Bonn. 
et VieilL Enc. MM. ii. p. 668 (1823). 
Orpheus tricaudatus, Lafr. et B'Orb. Mag. de Zool. 1837, p. 18; 

B'Orb. Voy. Amer. mSrid. p. 208. 
Mimus tricaudatus, Bridges, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 120. 
Mimus triurus, Hartl. Bid. Azara, p. 15 (1847); Gray, Gen. B. i. 

p. 221 (1847); Bp. Consp. i. p. 277 (1850) ; Scl P. Z. S. 1859, 
p. 341; id Cat. Amer. B. p. 9 (1862) ; Gray, Eand-l. B. i. p. 2<5L 
no. 3818 (1869); Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 94 (1871); Hudson, P. Z. S. 
1872, p. 539; Scl 8r Sah. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 3 (1873); iid. 
P. Z. S. 1879, p. 592. 
Adult General colour above dark ashy brown on the head and 
mantle, the scapulars washed with rusty, the lower back, rump, 
and upper tail-coverts being entirely light rusty brown, the upper 
tail-coverts darker brown, tinged with rusty; wing-coverts black, 
margined with pure white, the outer ones of the median and greater 
series almost entirely white, forming a large wing-patch; bastard 
wing-feathers blackish brown; primary-coverts blackish brown with 
white bases; quills blackish, edged with lighter brown, the secondaries 
margined and tipped with white, which occupies the greater 
part of most of the secondaries, with a broad patch of brown near 
the end of the outer web; the innermost brown, edged with light 
ashy brown; four centre tail-feathers dark brown, the next brown, 
with a large wedge-shaped mark of white near the end, the next 
white, with a large black mark along the outer web and near the 
tip of the inner one; the two outer feathers entirely white, with 
more or less black on the shaft; feathers of the crown with narrow 
darker brown centres, imparting a somewhat striped appearance; 
over the eye a distinct stripe of white, broadening out behind; lores 
and a broad stripe along the upper part of the ear-coverts blackish 
brown; sides of face and ear-coverts dull white, slightly shaded 
with ashy, and with slight indications of dusky tips to some of the 
feathers; throat and centre of abdomen white, the fore neck and 
chest light ashy, the flanks tinged with light tawny, paler on the 

under tail-coverts; thighs white; axillaries and under wing-coverts 
pure white; under surface of quills black. Total length 9 inches, 
culmen 0*8, wing 3*9, tail 4*1, tarsus 1-25. 

The White-banded Mocking-Thrush is found in Patagonia, Chili, 
and Bolivia, ranging into Southern Brazil. 

a. Ad. sk. Chili. Zoological Society. 
b. Ad. sk. ChiH. Mr. Bridges [0.1 
c. d. Ad. sk. Bolivia. Mr. Bridges [C.J. 

6. Mimus longicaudatus. 
Mimus longicaudatus, 
Tschudi, Arch.f. Naturg. 1844, p. 280; Gray, 
Gen. B. i. p. 221 (1847); Tschudi, Fawn. Penrnn. p. 190, pi. 15. tig. 2 
(1855) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 345; id. P, Z. S. 1866, p. 96; Gray, 

53 . MIMTJS. 343 
2Icmd4. B. i. p. 203, no. 3832 (1800); Scl. $ Salo. Nomcnd. Av. 
Nmtr. p. 3 (1874) j Tacz. P. £ 8. 1874, p, 504,1877, p. 740,1880, 

p. 100. 
Mimus peruvianus, Peak, U.S. Expl Krped, p. 87. 
Mimus tkilius (nee Mol), Gray, Gen. £. i. p. 221 (1847); Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 270 (18,50) ; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 202, no. 3833. 
Mimus leucospilus, Pelz. Sits. Ahad. Wien, xxxl p. 324 (1858); ScL 

P. Z. S. 1850, p. 344; Gray, IIcmd-L B. I p. 202, no. 3822 (1800). 
Mimus nigriloris, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x. p. 137 (1871) *. 
Adult General colour above light ashy brown, with dark centres 
to the feathers of the head and mantle, producing a mottled appearance 
; the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform; lessor 
wing-coverts like the back, or brown edged with the same colour as the 
back; median and greater coverts brown, margined with ashy and narrowly 
tipped with whitish; bastard wing-feathers dark brown or blackish 
; primary-coverts white, the basal half brown, forming a wing-patch 
with the adjoining base of the primaries ; quills dark brown, edged 
with ashy, the primaries margined with whitish, and the secondaries 
tipped with whitish also ; tail-feathers brown, shaded strongly with 
ashy grey, and tipped with whity brown, the four outer feathers 
with a large spot of white near the end of the inner web ; a broad 
white eyebrow; lores and a broad streak along the upper edge of the 
ear-coverts dark brown ; cheeks and ear-coverts ashy whitish, with 
a few dusky tips to some of the feathers; throat white, separated 
from the cheeks by a broad moustachial line of black, ending in a 
series of large black spots down the sides of the neck, which are 
white; fore neck, breast, and sides of body light ashy brown, the 
latter streaked with blackish brown; thighs and under tail-coverts 
creamy white, the latter with light-brown bases; under wing-
coverts and axillaries very pale brown, edged with white; quills 
ashy brown below, edged with ashy white along the outer web. 
Total length 11*5 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 5, tail 5-6, tarsus 1*0. 

Tho Long-tailed Mocking-Thrush is found from Ecuador to Peru, 
ranging perhaps into Northern Chili. Birds from Puna Island are 
remarkable for their clear grey coloration, blacker lores and ear-
streak, and broader white tips to the wing-coverts. (3Ius. P. L. $., 

and Salv. fy Godm.) 
a. Ad. sk.
5, o. Ad. sk. 
[Chili.] 
St.-IIelena Bay,
Ecuador. 
M. Verreaux. 
Sir W. Burnett and 
Admiral Fitzroy [P.]. 

7. Mimus Mllii 
Mimus hillii, March. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1863, p. 201; Baird, Bevi&io 
Amer. B. p. 52 (1804) ; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 262, no. 3830 (1869); 
Scl. # Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 3 (1873). 

Mimus orpheus, Hill, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1863, p. 304 (nee L.). 

Adidt male. General colour above brown, streaked with dusky 

* The locality " Moxico" is doubtless erroneous. 
344 TIMELIDAE 

brown down the centres of the feathers, these streaks less distinct 
on the rump, which is slightly shaded with ashy; wing-coverts 
brown, edged with light ashy, the median and greater series dark 
brown, edged with ashy and tipped with white, forming a double 
bar across the wing; wing-coverts dark brown, edged with whitish; 
quills dark brown, the primaries margined with whitish, the secondaries 
with ashy; tail-feathers dark brown, paler at the tips and 
slightly shaded with ashy, all but the centre ones whitish at the tip 
of the inner web, this forming a large spot on the four outermost 

feathers• eyelid and a distinct streak above the eye from the base of 
the forehead white; lores dusky blackish• sides of face and cheeks 
white, as well as the sides of the neck, the whole of these parts 
distinctly spotted with dusky-brown tips to the feathers, very 
distinctly indicated on the moustachial line and sides of the throat; 
sides of neck shaded with ashy; ear-coverts washed with light brown 
on the upper and hinder edge; under surface of body white, the sides 
broadly streaked with brown• under tail-coverts white, with pale-
brown bases; thighs white, the hinder parts mottled with brown 
bases to the feathers; axillaries and under wing-coverts very light 
fulvous, edged with white and having dusky centres to the feathers; 
quills dusky brown, edged with ashy along the inner web; " bill 
ebony-black; tarsus and toes blue-black" (Hill). Total length 
10*5 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 4-85, tail 5*3, tarsus 1-5. 

Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male. Total length 
9*75 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 5, tail 5*4, tarsus 1*4. 
Hill's Mocking-Thrush is an inhabitant of Jamaica. • 

a $ ad. sk. Salt-pond, Jamaica,
Feb. 4, 1865. 
Dr. H. Bryant [P.]. 
b, c. <$2 ad. sk Jamaica, March. F. A. B. Yinen, Esq. [P.], 

Subsp. CL Mimus Tbahamensis, 

Mimus bahamensis, Bryant, Proc. Bosf. Soe. K. Hist. \ii. p. 114 
(1859); Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 52 (18G4): Gray, IIand4. B. 

i. j>, 262, no. 3836 (1869); Cory, B. Bahama Isl p. 48 (1880). 
Scotiomiiaus bahamemds, Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soe. JV". H. xi. p. 68 
(1866). 

Yery similar to M. JiUlli of Jamaica, but having much smaller 
white tips to the tail-feathers. Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 
1*1, wing 4*6, tail 5*25, tarsus 1*5. {Mas. P. L. Sclater.) 

The Bahama Mocking-Thrush represents M. hillii in the Bahamas, 
and is scarcely to be distinguished from that species. M. gundlachii * 
appears also to be the same bird; but I have never been able to see 
a Cuban specimen. 

# MIMUS GUNDLACHII. 

Mimus gimdladiii, Cab. J.f. 0.1855, p. 470; Sclatert P. Z. S.1859, p. 342; 
Baird, Reriftr Amcr. B. p. 59 (1864); Gray, Handd. B. i. p. 262, no. 3831 
(1869). 

Bab. Cuba. 

f>3. MiMtrs. 345 

8. Mimus Ihenca. 
Turdus thonca, Molina, Sagqiotit.Chit, p. 213 (1810). 
Turdus tkema, Vieill N. l)Lt. cTEid. Nat xx. p. 297 (1818). 
Turdus theuca, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. ii. p. 678 (1823). 
Orpheus tkenca, I)1 Orb. Voy. Amer. mSricl p. 209. 
Mimus thenca, Gray in Darw. Voy. Betujle, Birds,]?. 61 (1841); Eraser, 


P. Z. S. 1848, p. Ill; Cab. Mm. Hem. Tli. i. p. 83 (1850); Sclater, 
P. Z. S. 1859, p. 344; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 10 (1862); id. P. Z. S. 
1867, pp. 320, 337; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 262, no. 3823 (1869) j 
Scl. Sftialv. Nomencl A^Neotr. p. 3 (1873); Sharpe, P. Z. & 1881, 
p. 7. 
Mimus thenka, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 221 (1847); Bp. Consp. i. p. 276 
(1850). 

Adult, General colour above brown, the head and mantle strongly 
mottled with darker brown centres to the feathers, imparting also 
a slightly streaked appearance; least wing-coverts like the back; 
median and greater coverts deep brown, tipped with white, forming 
a double bar across the wing; near the edge of the wing a white 
spot; bastard wing-feathers and primary-coverts very dark brown, 
edged with a narrow margin of lighter brown and tipped with 
white; quills dark brown, margined with lighter brown, the primaries 
edged and the secondaries tipped with white; tail-feathers 
dark brown, barred with dusky under certain lights, edged with 
ashy whitish, the four outer tail-feathers broadly tipped with white, 
increasing in extent towards the outermost, which is also white 
along the outer web ; a broad line of creamy white from the base of 
the forehead, forming an eyebrow, which widens out above the ear-
coverts ; eyelid whitish; lores dusky blackish; sides of face dull 
white, slightly mottled with brown tips to the feathers, the upper 
margin of the ear-coverts dark brown; cheeks creamy white; throat 
white, separated from the cheeks by a distinct moubtachial lino of 
black spots, which are very plain on the sides of the lower throat; 
fore neck, breast, and sides of body light isabelline-brown, the sides 
streaked with blackish brown, much more broadly on the flanks; 
thighs whitish, slightly mottled with brown bases to the feathers.; 
axillaries and under wing-coverts white, the former tinged with 
i&abelline, all mesially streaked with dark brown; quills dusky 
browrn below, light ashy along the edge of the inner web. Total 
length 10 inches, culmen 1, wing 4*6, tail 5*1, tarsus 1-55. 

A female collected by Dr. Coppingcr is like the supposed males in 
colour, and measures—Total length 10 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4*4, 
tail 4-75, tarsus 1*4. 

The Chilian Mocking-Thrush is confined to Chili west of the 
Cordillera. 

a. b. Ad. sk. Valparaiso. Sir W. Burnett and Admiral 
' Fitzroy [P.]. 
cf d. Ad. sk. Valparaiso. Capt. Lore! Byron [P.]. 
e, f. Ad. sk. Valparaiso, Charles Dai win, E^q. [C."|. 
g.'2 ad, sk. Ooquimbo, July 1879. Dr. Coppinger [P.]. 

M(S 
TIMELIIDJE. 

9. limus trifasciatus. 
Orpheus trifasciatus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 27. 

Mimus trifasciatus, 
Gray in Darw. Vox/. 'Beagle] Birds, p. 62, pi. 16 • 
(1841) : id. Gen. B, i. p. 221 (1847); Bp. Consp. i. p. 277 (1850) ; 
Sclater, P. Z. 8 1859, p. 345; Gray, Kand-l B. i. p. 262, no. 3827 
(I860): Smut P. Z. S. 1871, p. 127 ; Sol. &> Sab. Nomencl Av. 
Neotr. p. 3 (1873); 8ah. Tram. Z. 8. ix. p. 471 (1876). 

Adult General colour above blackish brown, the feathers mottled 
with obsolete ashy margins on the back, a little plainer on the head, 
the lower back, and rump, the latter ashy brown, mottled with dark-
brown centres to the feathers; least wing-coverts blackish brown, 
edged with ashy whitish; median and greater series blackish, tipped 
with white and margined with ashy brown; bastard wing-feathers 
and primary-coverts blackish brown, edged with ashy brown and 
narrowly tipped with white; quills blackish brown, the secondaries 
margined with pale reddish brown and tipped with white, the primaries 
margined with ashy whitish; upper tail-coverts light brown, 
with ashy-whitish margins; tail-feathers dark brown, all but the 
centre ones lighter brown at the tip, the outer ones whitish at the 
end of either web; lores dusky blackish; over the eye a distinct 
white stripe; sides of face and ear-coverts whitish, mottled below 
the eye and on the fore part of the ear-coverts with dusky blackish 
tips to the feathers ; cheeks and throat and fore neck white, with a 
slight moustache of dusky blackish; remainder of under surface of 
body white, the sides spotted with blackish brown in the form of 
longitudinal drops; across the chest a band of blackish-brown feathers 
tipped with white; thighs brown, some of the inner feathers 
tipped with white; under tail-coverts white, with dusky bases; 
under wing-coverts and axillarics dark brown, edged with dull 
white; quills dusky brown, with ashy-fulvous margins to the inner 
web. Total length 9'5 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 5, tail 4*2, tarsus 
1-7. 

The second specimen in the Museum has the chest-band much less 
developed than in the one described, it being composed of blacMshbrown 
bars instead of forming a broad band across. 

The Three-banded Mocking-Thrush is confined to the Galapagos 
Archipelago, where as yet it has only been met with on Charles 

Island. 
a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk. 
Charles Island, Galapagos(C. Barwin). 
Galapagos. 
Zoological Society. (Type 
. of species.) 

10. Mimns lividus. 
Turdus lividus, Licht Verz. Boubl. p. 39 (1823). 
Turdus orpheus, Spix^Av. Bras. i. p. 71, pi. 71 (1824, nee L.). 
Mimus lividus, Neuwied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iii. p. 653; Gray, Gen. 


B. i. p. 221 (1847); Bp. Consp. i. p. 276 (1850); Cab. Mm. Hem. 
i. p. 82 (1850); Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 128; Sclater, P. Z. S.1859, 
p. 342; id. Cat Amer. B. p. 9 (1862) j Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 262, 
53. MXMtrs. 347 
no. 3831 (1869) ; Pdz. Orn. Bras, p. 95 (1871); Sel % Sab. 

JYomencl. Av. Motr. p. 3 (1873). 

Adult .General colour above bluish ash-colour, somo of the feathers 
with darker centres, especially on the head; least wing-coverts 

M:e the back, or blackish; median and greater coverts blackish, 
edged with ashy and tipped with whitish; bastard wing-feathers and 
primary-coverts black, tipped with ashy white; quills blackish, edged 
with light ashy brown, whitish on the outer webs of the primaries 
and at the tips of the secondaries; centre tail-feathers blackish 
brown, edged with ashy, paler at the tips, the four outer tail-feathers 
paler brown towards the end of the outer web, the inner one with a 
large white spot at the end ; a broad eyebrow of ashy white from 
the base of the forehead to above the ear-coverts ; lores and a broad 
streak on the upper ear-coverts light ashy; eyelid white; sides of 
face and ear-coverts white, faintly varied with dusky margins to the 
feathers; throat and abdomen white, as also the thighs and the 
under tail-coverts; the fore neck, chest, and sides of body ashy in 
shade; the flanks broadly streaked with blackish longitudinal stripes; 
axillaries and under wing-coverts white, with dusky-brown bases; 
quills dark brown, edged with ashy whitish along the inner web; 
"bill and feet black; iris clear reddish brown" (Prime Ma®, of 
Neuwied). Total length 9-75 inches, culmon 1, wing 4'25, tail 4-5, 
tarsus 1-3. (Mus. Salvin and Godman.) 
The Blue-grey Mocking-Thrush inhabits Eastern Brazil. 

a. Ad. sk. [Upper Amazons.] M. Verreaux. 
11. Mimus modulator. 
Calandria, Azara, Apunt. ii, p. 231 (1802). 
Orpheus modulator, Gould, P Z. S. 1836, p. 6. 
Orpheus calandria, Lafr. et D'Orh. May. de Zool. 1837, p. 17; I)1 Orb. 


Toy. Amir. mSrtd. p. 206, pi. 10.fig. 2 (1844). 
Mimus orpheus, Gray in Darwin, Voy. 'Beagle,' p. 60 (1841). 
Mimus calandria, Gray, Gen. B, i. p. 221 (1847); Hartl.nd.Azara, 

p. 15 (1847); £p. Consp. i. p. 277 (1850); Burm. Th. Bras. iii. 
p. 127 (1856) 5 Sclater^ P. Z. S. 1859, p. 343; Burm. Rets. La Plata 
St. ii. p. 475 (1861); j&clater, Cat. Airier. B. p. 10 (1862); Gray, 
HandX B. i. p. 261, no. 3819 (1869); 8d. §• Salv. Nomencl Av. 
JSTeotr. p. 3 (1873). 
Mimus modulator, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 343; id. Oat. Amer. B. 

p. 10 (1862); Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 261, no. 3820 (1869). 
Adult, General colour above dark brown, mottled on the head and 
mantle with ashy brown margins to the feathers; lower back, rump, 
and upper tail-coverts washed with rusty brown, and more uniform 
in tint; least wing-coverts dark brown, margined with ashy, the 
median and greater coverts dark brown, tipped with ashy white, 
forming a double bar across the wing; bastard wing-feathers and 
primary-coverts blackish brown, edged with white; quills dark 
brown, margined with ashy, the secondaries with rusty brown, the 
primaries edged with hoary white in the centre of tho quills; centre 

348 TIMELIXDX. 

tail-feathers entirely dark brown, the next dark brown, somewhat 
lighter at the tip, the four outer feathers dark brown, broadly tipped 
with white on the inner web, the outer web whity brown at the end, 
the outermost feather edged with white along the outer web• eyebrow 
broad and white; sides of face also white, faintly washed with 
brown, the lores and a broad stripe along the upper ear-coverts 
blackish brown; sides of neck dark brown, slightly washed with 
ashy grey; under surface of body white, with a slight wash of ashy 
on the fore neck and breast; sides of the body washed with rusty 
brown, rather brighter on the under tail-coverts, the sides of the 
body and flanks distinctly streaked with dark brown, the under tail-
coverts scarcely streaked at all; thighs ashy brown; axillaries and 
under wing-coverts pale fulvous brown, the edge of the wing whitish; 
quills dusky brown below, ashy along the edge of the inner web. 
Total length 9'75 inches, culmen 0-95, wdng 44, tail 4*8, tarsus 

1-35. 

The specimens from Uruguay and Parana are decidedly larger than 
those from Bolivia, measuring 4-6-4*8 in the wing. Mr. Alan Peel 
gives the beak, legs, and iris as " black.'7 

The Paraguayan Mocking-Thrush occurs throughout Southern 
Brazil, and extends to Bolivia, but is here rather smaller, and apparently 
constitutes a distinct race. 

fl.Ad.sk. Montevideo (C.Darwin). Zoological Society. 
6, c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk. 
Bolivia. 
Maldonado (C. Danvi?i). 
Maldonado. 
Mr. Bridges [0.]. 
Zoological Society. 
Sir W. Burnett and Admiral 
/. Ad. sk.
gt h. f ad. sk. 
Paysandu, Buenos Ayres,
Aug. 1877. 
Uruguay.
Fitzroy [P.]. 
Henry Dumfoid, Esq. [C.]. 
Alan Peel, Esq. [£).]. 

12. Minnis saturniaus. 
Turdus saturninus, Licht. Vers. Douhl p. 39 (1823). 

Miraus satiirmntia, Neuwied, Beitr. Katurg. Bras. hi. p. 658 * Cab. 
Mus. Hem. Th. i. p. 83 (1850) ; Burm. Th. Bras, iiL p. 127 Set. 
P.Z.S. 1859, p. 844; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 62 (1862): Pelz. 
Orn. Bras. p. 9o (1871). 

Adult. General colour above rusty brown on the head, lower 
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, the latter uniform, but the head 
slightly mottled with dark-brown centres to the feathers; the 
feathers of the mantle and upper back dark brown, edged with ashy 
brown, producing a slightly mottled appearance; least wing-coverts 
like the back, the median and greater series dark brown, margined 
with pale rusty and tipped with ashy whitish ; bastard wing-feathers 
and primary-coverts dark brown, broadly edged with ashy white ; 
quills dark brown, narrowly tipped with whitish, the secondaries 
margined with rusty brown, the primaries with ashy whitish • four 
centre tail-feathers dark brown, slightly paler at the tip, the four 
outer feathers dark brown writh a broad white tip to the inner web, 

58. MIMUS. 
349 
the outer web being pale brown, the external feather margined 
with white along the outer edge; a broad eyebrow of creamy white; 
lores and a broad streak along the top of the car-coverts blackish; 
ear-coverts creamy buff, mottled slightly with dusky-brown tips to 
the feathers; cheeks and throat unifoim creamy buff, as also the 
centre of the breast and abdomen, tho under tail-coverts a little 
deeper in tint; the fore neck and breast washed with ashy fulvous; 
flanks deepening into fulvous brown and broadly streaked with dark 
brown ; axillaries and under wing-coverts ashy fulvous, with narrow 
centres of dark brown ; quills dusky brown below, ashy along the 
innor web ; " bill blackish brown, the lower mandible reddish horn-
grey; feet blackish brown, the solos greyish yellow; iris citron-
yellow.'' (Neuwied.) Total length ICHnches, culmen 1, wing 4-3, 
tail 4*9, tarsus 1*3. (Mas, Salvin Sf Qodman.) 

The Side-striped Mocking-Thrush is an inhabitant of Brazil. 

«• Ad, sk. Brazil. M. CJaus&en [P.]. 

13. Mimus melanotis. 
Orpheus melanotis, Gmdd, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 27. 

Mimus 
melanotis, Gray in Darw. Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 62, pi. 17 
(1841); Sclater, P. Z 8.1859, p. 345 ; Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 262, 
no. 3828; ticlater, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 323; Sundev. P. Z. S. 1871, 
pp. 124, 126; Scl 8r Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 3 (1873); Salv. 
Trans. Z. 8. ix. p. 471 (1876). 

Adult male. General colour above daik brown ; the head blackish, 
with the feathers narrowly margined with ashy; the hind neck 
light ashy, mottled with dark-brown spots on the feathers ; mantle 
dark brown, the feathers edged with ashy, producing a mottled 
appearance, less distinct on the lower back and rump, which are 
washed with ochraceous buff; upper tail-coverts lighter ashy brown; 
wing-coverts blackish brown, edged broadly with dull white, the 
median and greater series, bastard wing and primary-coverts margined 
with pale brown and broadly tipped with white ; quills 
blackish brown, edged with paler and more fulvescont brown, more 
distinct on the secondaries, which are tipped with dull whitish, the 
primaries margined with white in the middle of the outer web; 
tail-feathers daik brown, edged with paler brown, all but the centre 
feathers tipped with white on the inner web, this increasing in 
extent towards the outer feathers, on the outermost of which it 
occupies also the end of the outer web as well; eyelid and a rather 
narrow eyebrow white; lores and ear-coverts, as well as the 
feathers below the eye, black; sides of neck white; cheeks and 
entire under surface of body white, with a creamy shade on the 
fore neck and breast, the flanks tinged with a wash of isabelline 
and broadly streaked with blackish brown; thighs brown, edged 
with ashy whitish; under tail-coverts white; axillaries and under 
wing-coverts ashy whitish, with a pale fulvous tinge, the edge of 
the wing white, mottled with dark brown ; quills dark brown below. 

350 
TIMELIIDJS. 

ashy along the inner web; iris yellow. Total length 8 inches, 
culmen 1*05, wing 4*25, tail 4, tarsus 1*35. 

The Black-cared Mo clang-Thrush is peculiar to the Gfalapagos 
archipelago, where it inhabits the islands of Chatham, Charles, James, 
and Indefatigable. 

a. Ad. sk. Galapagos (C. Darwin). Zoological Society. (Type 
of species.) 
b. Ad. sk Galapagos. 
c. J ad. sk. 
Br. A. Habel [C.]. 
14. Mimus parvnlus. 
Orpheus parvulus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 27. 

Mimus parvulus, 
Gray in Darw. Voy. 'Beayk,7 Birds, p. 63, pi. 18 
(1841)• id. Gen. B. i. p. 221 (1847); Bp. Co?isp. i. p. 277 (1850); 
8cl. P.Z.8. 1859, p. 345: Gray, Hand4. B. L p. 262, no. 3829• 
Sundev. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 127; 8cl. $ Salv> Nomenel. Av. Neotr. 

p. 3 (1873) • Salv. Tr. Z. 8. ix. p. 472 (1876)* 8harpe, P. Z. S. 
1877, p. 65. 
Adult (type of species). Similar in plumage to M. melanotis, but 
smaller: " bill and feet obscure nut-brown, the former marked with 
a pale spot at base of lower mandible " (Darwin). Total length 
8 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*8, tail 3*75, tarsus 1-3. 

Young. Much greyer than the adult, and the head varied with 
ashy-brown margins to the feathers; the hinder neck is conspicuously 
lighter, the white sides converging and forming a half-
collar ; the rufous rump very distinctly indicated, the upper tail-
coverts being also shaded with rufous, all the feathers mottled and 
having brown centres • wing-feathers dark brown, all broadly tipped 
with white, these tips somewhat shaded with rufous on the inner 
secondaries and greater coverts • tail-feathers dark brown, edged 
with grey, the feathers all shading off into a white tip, broader on 
the inner web, the outer feather externally edged with whitish; 
lores and ear-coverts dark brown, slightly shaded with grey; a very 
distinct white eyebrow; cheeks and under surface of body pure 
white, the fore neck and breast distinctly spotted with triangular 
marks of brown. Total length 8-4 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 3*95, 
tail 4, tarsus 1*3. 

The Small Galapagoan Mocking-Thrush is apparently confined to 
Albemarle Island in the Galapagos archipelago. 

a. Ad. sk.
b. Juv. sk. 
Albemarle Island, Galapagos 
(C. Darwin). 
Albemarle Island. 
Zoological Society. 
of M. parvidus.) 
Dr. A. Habel [C.]. 
(Type 
15. Mimus gilvus. 

Turdus gilvus, Vieill. Ois. Amer. sept. ii. p. 15, pi. 68 bis (1807) * 
id. N. Diet d'tfist. Nat. xx. p. 296 (1818): Bonn, et Vieill Dnc. 
MSth. ii. p. 677 (1823). 

Mimus gilvus, Jard. Ann. ty May. Nat. Hist. xx. p. 329 (1847): 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 221 (1847); Bp. Consp. i. p, 276 (1850): 
Sclater, P. Z. S.1859, p. 342 j id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 9 (1862) ,• Gray, 

53. MIMUS. 351 
Hand-l B. L p. 261, no. 3817 (18G9j; Pelz. Orn. Bras, p. 05 (1871); 
Scl. P.Z. S. 1871, p. 268; Semper, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 048; Sol. # 
Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 3 (1873); Lawr. Bull U.S. Nat. Mus. 
no. 4, p. 12 5 Shi. $ Salv. P. Z. & 1870, p. 402; Lawr. JProo. U.S. 
Nat. Mas. i. pp. 187, 208, 278, 480 (1878); Salv. $ Godm. Biol 
Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 80 (1870). 

Mimus nielanopterus, Lawr. Ami. Lye. N. Y. v. p. 35, pi. 2 (1849): 
Sdater, P. Z.S. 1850, p. 342 ; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 0 (1802); Scl 
<§• Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 166; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 201, no. 3834; 
Zhwch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 553. 

- Mimus colurnbiamis, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 82 (1850). 
Mimus gracilis, Cab. Mus. Hein. Tk. i. p. 83, note; Sclater, P. Z. S. 
1850, p. 343; id. $ Salv. Ibis, 1850, p. 7 ; Cab. J. f. 0.1800, p. 410; 

G. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1800, p. 110; Owen, Ibis, 1861, p. 60; Sclater, 
Cat. Amer. B. p. 0 (1862) ; Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 54 (1864) ; 
Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 202; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. p. 91 (1868) ; 
v. Frantz. J.f. 0.1869, p. 290; Gray. Hand-l B. i. p. 262, no. 3835 
(1869). 
Adult male. General colour above light ashy brown, with slight 
indications of dusky centres on tho feathers of the crown, the mantle 
a little more dusky than the lower back and rump ; losser wing-
coverts like the back; median and greater coverts dark brown, edged 
with ashy brown, tipped with dull white, forming a double wing-
bar; bastard wing-feathers and primary-coverts blackish, with a 
slight tip of ashy white; quills dark brown, externally light ashy, 
more hoary in the middle of the primaries and towards the end of 
the secondaries; primaries with a tiny concealed white spot at tho 
extreme base ; tail-feathers blackish brown, all but the centre 
feathers tipped with white, which increases towards the outermost, 
where the white extends along tho upper web; a tolerably broad 
white eyebrow; lores blackish, with ashy tips to the feathers; sides 
of face and ear-coverts ashy whitish, faintly mottled with dusky 
tip3, producing a slightly barred appearance, the upper margin of 
the ear-coverts dusky brown; throat and under surface of body 
generally dull white, with a shade of ashy pervading the lower 
throat, breast, and flanks ; the lower flanks slightly streaked with 
blackish; axillaries and under wing-coverts whitish, with distinct 
blackish-brown centres to the feathers; quills dusky brown below, 
ashy along the edge of the inner web. Total length 10*5 inches, 
culmen 0*95, wing 4*4, tail 4*9, tarsus 1*3. 

Adult female. Exactly like the male in plumage. 

Young. Moro brown than the adults, with dusky-brown centres 
to the feathers of the upper surface; below white, with dull brown 
spots on the fore neck and sides of body. (Mus. Salvin and 
Godman.) 

Two specimens from Santa Martha, in the collection of Messrs. 
Salvin and Godman, have the under surface whiter than in birds 
from other localities. 

The Gracoful Mocking-Thrush is found in Central America, in 
the isthmus of Tehuantepee and Northern Yucatan, all over Guatemala 
as far as Comayagua. It reoccurs in Colombia, and extends 

352 
TTMELIIDJE. 

through Yenezuela to Guiana, inhabiting also the islands of Trinidad, 
Tobago, S. Yincent, Grenada, and Santa Lucia. Specimens from 
these various districts vary somewhat; but I follow Messrs. Salvin 
and Godman in uniting them under the specific heading of 21. gilvus. 

a. Ad. sk. S. America. Zoological Society. 
b. Ad. sk. British Guiana (Schom- Zoological Society. 
burgh). 
o. Ad. sk. Venezuela. M. Yerreaux. 
d. Ad. sk. Tobago (Kirk). Sir W. Jardine. 
16. litmus patagouicus. 
Orpheuspatagouicus,Lafr.etcTOrb. Mag. de Zool. 1800, p. ID; D'Orh. 
Voy. Amer. mind. p. 210, pi. 2. fig. 2. 

Mimus patagouicus, Gray in Darwin, Voy. ' Beagle] Birds, p. GO 
(1841) ; id. Gen. B. i. p. 221 (1847) ; JBp. Consp. i. p. 277 (1850); 
Solater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 344; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 202, no. 3825 
1869). 

Mimus 
pataclionicus, Hudson, P. Z.SAS72, p. 538; Scl. $• Salv. 
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 3 (1873). 

Adult. General colour above dark ashy brown, the lower back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts washed with rusty brown, the latter 
somewhat more ashy; least wing-coverts ashy brown ; median and 
greater series dark brown or blackish, tipped with white, forming a 
double band across the wing; bastard wing-feathers and primary-
coverts black, broadly tipped with white ; quills blackibh, narrowly 
tipped with white, the primaries edged with white about the middle 
of the feathers, the secondaries more broadly margined with rusty 
brown, and the white tips also broader• tail-feathers blackish, the 
two centre ones not tipped with white, but all the others with a 
distinct ending of white, which increases in extent towards the 
outermost, which is also white along the outer web; over the eye a 
tolerably broad line of white; lores blackish; sides of face whitish, 
with dusky tips to some of the feathers; the ear-coverts rufous-
brown, with the upper edge dusky brown, forming a streak; throat 
white, separated from the cheeks by a faintly indicated moustache 
of dusky brown; lower throat, fore neck, and breast ashy brown, 
with greyish-white margins to the feathers; sides of body light 

rufescent brown, with whitish edges to the feathers, producing a 
somewhat barred appearance ; centre of abdomen, thighs, and under 
tail-coverts creamy white; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale 
brown with white margins, the edge of the wing pure white; quills 
dusky brown below, ashy along the inner web; " eyes olive-green " 

(W. H Hudson). Total length 8*5 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3*9, 
tail 3-8, tarsus 1*3. 
The Patagonian Mocking-bird is apparently confined to Patagonia. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Santa Cruz (C. Darwin). Zoological Society. 
(Types of species".) 
c. Ad. sk. East Patagonia. Sir \V. Burnett and 

Admiral Fitzroy [P.! 

d. Ad. sk. Rio Negro, Patagonia. "W. II. Hudson, Esq.[0.j, 
54 . 
ITARPORTIINCIITJS. 
353 

54. HAEPORHYJSTCHUS. 
Type. 
Toxostoma, Wagler, Isis, 1831, p. 528 (nee -Jtafin. 
1815) II. curvirostris. 
Harpea, Gambel, Proc. Acad. Philatl ii. p. 2(54 (-1845, 
nee Gold/. 1839) H. redivivus. 
Harporh}nchus, Cab. Arch. f. Naturg. 1848, Bd. i. 

P- 98 H. redivivug. 
Methriopterua, Eeichenh. Syst. Av. pi. 55. fig. 5 (1850). 
Antiminms, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 18 (1872) H. mfus. 

Of. Coues, Am. Nat. vii. pp. 320-331; id. B. Color. Vail. pp. 60-75. 

Range. All over the United States, from Lake Winnipeg southwards 
to Mexico and Socorro Island. The genus reaches its greatest 
development in the South-western United States, where a large proportion 
of the species are found. 

Key to the Swedes. 

a. Breast spotted. 
a'. Spots on breast black, very distinct. 
a". Under tail-coverts uniform buff, without 
brown bases or central markings. 
a'". General colour above bright rufous, as also 
the tail, which has paler and more fulvous 
ends to the feathers ru/us, p. 353. 

b'". General colour ashy brown, as also tbe 
tail, the two outermost feathers of which 
have a large white spot at the end of the ,c{nereus p 355 

i!me r T6b

,„ TT+ '' V * " IW V " • iu\ \" \tendmi, p."856.' 


0 . Under tail-coverts mottled with brown cen-l '
tral markings or dark bases. 
c'". Upper surface rufous; no white tips to 
the tail-feathers,* spots on breast triangular 
longirostris, p. 356. 

d"\ Upper surface ashy brown; tail-feathers 
narrowly tipped with white,- spots on 
breast rounded . ocellatus, p. 357. 

b\ 
Spots on breast ashy brown j under tail-coverts 
uniform; tail-feathers broadly tipped with ( curvirostri p>358# 

te.i

•L -o . -Vr'V 1 )palmm, p. 359. 
[X J k 

b. Breast uniform, without any spots.
c'. Vent and under tail-coverts light ochraceous. ,reciivims p 360 
c". Flanks uniform ^ lecontii^.kl. ' 
d". Planks striped with brown graysoni, p. 301. 

d'. Vent and under tail-coverts deep chestnut ,. crmalis, p, 361. 

1. Harporhynchus rafus. 
The Fox-coloured Thrush, 
Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carol, i. p. 28, pi. 28 
(1731). 
La Grive de la Caroline, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 223 (1760). 
Turdus rufufi, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 293 (1760); ^ Vieill. Ois. Amer, 

j. it 
^1 1!v /I QfkO"\ • AmUnh 7? Amer r>1 AWI * oil dvvit BioCtr. 
VOL. VI. 
* 2 A 

TIMBLIIDiE. 

La Grive de la Caroline, appelee Le Moqueur, D'Aub. PI Enl. iv. 
pi. 645. 

Orpheus rufus, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Am., Birds, p. 189 (1831); Audub. 

B. Amer. 8vo, iii. p. 0, pi. 141 (1839). 
Orpliea rafa, Gould, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 1.5. 
Mimus rufus, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 18 (1838)* ; 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 221 (1847); Neutoied, J. f. 0. 1858; p. 180 ; 

Gray, Eand-l. B. i. p. 263, no. 3851 (1869) 
Toxostoma rufum, Cab. Arch.f. Nature/. 1847, Bd. i. p. 207. 
Toxostoma rufus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 277 (1850). 
Harporhynchus rufus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 82 (1850); Baird, 

B. N. Amer. p. 353 (1858) ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 840; id. Cat. 
Amer. B. p. 8 (1862) ; Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 44 (1864); 
Allen, Bull. 31ns. Comp. Zool. iii. p. 173 (1872); Cones, Key N. 
Amer. B. p. 75 (1872) ; Mayn. B. Florida, p. 21 (1872) ; Coues, 
Am. Nat. vii. p. 326, fig. 65 (1873); id. B. N.-West, p. 9 (1874) ; 
Baird, Brewer, $ Bidgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 37 (1874) ; Hensh. 
Zool.Eapl. W.lOOth Mer. p. 154 (1876); Coues, B. Color. Vail 
p. 61 (1878); Bidgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 12 (1881). 
Harporhynchus rufus, var. longicauda, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 353 
(1858); Bidgw. Bull. Essex Inst. v. p. 179 (1873) ; Baird, Brewer, 
Sr Bidgw. Mst. N. Am. B. i. p. 36 (1874). 

Harporhynchus longicauda, Steph. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr. 1870,1871, 

p. 464. 
Toxostoma rufa, Bruldn, Zool. Gart. 1871, p. 15. 
Antimimus rufus, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 13 (1872). 
Adult. General colour above bright rufous or bay, duller on the 
head and mantle, the frontal feathers rather more ashy brown; 
wing-coverts like the back, the median and greater coverts tipped 

•with ochraceous bufT, before which is a narrow subterminal bar of 
black; bastard wing-feathers dull reddish brown, edged with white; 
primary-coverts rufous, with dusky tips; quills dusky brown, externally 
bright rufous, the secondaries not so bright and more like 
the back, with very narrow pale fulvous tips; tail-feathers rufous, 
the outer ones paler and inclining to fulvous at their tips; lores 
ashy fulvous, with a line of ashy feathers at the base of the forehead, 
slightly mottled with tiny dark-brown centres ; feathers below the 
eye dull whitish; ear-coverts dark brown, mottled with white bases 
to the feathers; cheeks and throat white, the latter tinged with 
ochraceous buff, and separated from the cheeks by a moustachial 
line of dark-brown spots; fore neck and under surface of body light 
ochraceous buff, whiter on the abdomen, which is unspotted; the 
fore neck and sides of body ornamented with triangular spots of 
brown, more longitudinal on the flanks, and scarcely visible on the 
thighs and under tail-coverts, which are rather richer ochraceous buff; 
the spots on the sides of the neck larger and more rufous; axillaries 
and under wing-coverts uniform ochraceous buff, the edge of 
the wing whiter; quills dark brown below, rufous along the inner 
* For additional references to the present species, cf. Coues, B. Color. Vail. 
p. 61. 
54. HARPOlinY^CHUS. 
355 

web. Total length 10-25 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 4-2, tail &2, 
tarsus 1*4. 
The adult female is like the male in plumage. 
In the nesting-season the spots at the tips of the wing-coverts 
become much abraded, as do also the feathers of the face, which 
becomes more ashy grey. Young ^'/Y/* resemble the adult, but are 
more dingily coloured, and have* dingy black spots on the feathers 
of the upper surface; the spots on the lower surface of the body are 
also much smaller and less distinctly indicated. 
Tho Brown Thrasher inhabits the eastern province of North 
America to the Missouri lliver and north to Lake Winnipeg. In the 
plains between the Missouri lliver and the Rocky Mountains along-
tailed race (B. longicaudus) was supposed to exist; but it is now 
stated that every intermediate form between this race and true 1L 
rufus can be found, and therefore no specific distinct ions between 
them can be upheld. It has occurred once in Heligoland. 


a. cS ad. sk. Chicago, July 12,1875. II. K. Ooale, "Esq. [P.l 
b, c. Ad.; d. Juv. sk. Ann Arbor, Michigan. Prof. J. B. Steere [P.J. 
e. Ad.; /. J ad. sk. Fort Dufferin, Mani- N. A. Boundary Oomtoba 
(67. Dazoson). mission. 
g} h Ad. sk. North America. 


2. Harporhynchus ciuereus. 
Harporhynchus 
cinereus, Xantus, JProc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 298; 
Bawdy t c. p. 303 ; Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 8 (1862); Baird, 
Revieio Amer. B. p. 46 (1864) ; Elliot, New 8r Unfig. B. N. Amer, 
pi. i. (1869) ; Cooper, Orn. Calif, p. 19 (1870); Caves, Key N. Amer. 

B. p. 75 (1872); id. Am. Nat vn\ pp. 327, 331,fig. 70 (1873); 
Baird, Breiver, Sf Ridgw. N. Amer. B. i. p. 40 (1874); Cones, B. Color. 
Vail. p. 68, note, fig. 11 (1878) ; Bidgiv. Bull. U.S. Nat Mus. 
no. 21, p. 12 (1881). 
Minms cinereus, Gray, Iland-l B. i.p. 263, no. 3850 (1809), 

Adult male. General colour above ashy brown, inclining to reddish 
brown on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; lesser wing-coverts like 
the back ; median and greater series more dusky brown, narrowly 
tipped with white, before which is a subterminal shade of darker 
brown, the greater coverts slightly tinged with rufous on their margins 
; bastard wing-feathers and primary-coverts darker brown, the 
latter with nearly obsolete whitish edgings to the tips; quills dark 
brown, externally ashy brown like the back, the primaries narrowly 
margined with whity brown ; tail-feathers dark brown, with narrow 
rufous edgings, becoming fulvous on the outer feathers, the two 
outermost having a large white spot at the tip of the inner web, 
much smaller on the outer ; lores ashy, with a line of ashy whitish 
from the base of the forehead to above the eye; ear-coverts ashy 
brown, with darker brown edges to the feathers, causing a slightly 
streaked appearance ; cheeks whitish, spotted minutely with brown; 
chin and upper throat white; remainder of under surface white, 
slightly washed with buff, spotted with dark brown, the spots being 
triangular, small on the lower throat, but increasing in size on the 

TIMELIIDJE. 

breast and becoming more longitudinal on the buff-coloured flanks, 
narrower on the abdomen, the lower part of which is huffy white ; 
under tail-coverts deep buff, paler at the ends ; thighs ashy whitish, 
with concealed bases of dark brown ; axillaries buff, with conspicuous 
brown centres to the feathers ; wing-coverts whiter, also mottled 
with dark brown bases, the lower series ashy brown, edged with 
fulvous ; quills dusky brown below, fulvous along the edge of the 
inner web. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1*05, wing 3-9, tail 4*4, 
tarsus V2. 

Adult female. Similarly coloured to the male. Total length 9*5 
inches, culmen 1*25, wing 3 85, tail 4-3, tarsus 1-35. 
The St.-Lucas Thrasher is confined to Lower California. 

a. S ad. sk. La Paz, Lower California, ^"ov. 16. A. Forcer [C I 
b. Q ad. sk. La Paz, Nov. 8. A. Forrer [C.l. 
c. 6 ad. sk. La Paz, Feb. 17. A. Forrer [C.j. 

3. Harporhynchus ben&irii. 
Harporhynchus bendirei, 
Coues, Am. Nat. vii. p. 330, fig. 69 (1873); 
Scott9 Am. Nat. vii. p. 5G5 (1873); Brewer, Pr. Bost. Soc. XT,L 

p. 108 (1873) ; Baird, Brewer', and Ridc/io. N. Amer. B. iii. p. 500 
(1874); Coues, B. Color. Fall. p. 67 (1878). 
Harporhynchus cinereus, var, bendirei, Hensh. List B. Ariz. p. 154 
(1875) ; id. Zool. Expl W. 100th Mend. p. 154 (1876). 
Harporhynchus cinereus bendirei, Midgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, 

p. 12 (1881). 
Bill shorter than head, comparatively stout at base, very acute at 
tip, the culmen quite convex, the gonys, however, only just appreciably 
concave. Tarsus a little longer than the middle toe and claw. 
Third and fourth primaries about equal and longest, fifth and sixth 
successively slightly shorter, second equal to seventh, first equal to 
penultimate secondary in the closed wing. Entire upper parts, including 
upper surfaces of wing and tail, uniform dull pale gre} ish 
brown, with narrow, faintly rusty edgings of the wing-coverts and 
inner quills, and equally obscure whitish tipping of the tail-feathers. 
No maxillary nor auricular streaks; no markings about the head 
except slight speckling on the cheeks. Underparts brownish white, 
palest (nearly white) on the belly and throat, more decidedly rusty 
brownish on the sides, flanks, and crissum, the breast alone marked 
with numerous small arrow-head spots of the colour of the back. 
Bill light-coloured at base below. Male : length about 9| ; wing 4; 
tail 4| ; bill (chord of culmen) g, along gape 1^ ; tarsus 1| ; middle 

toe and claw 1^. Female rather smaller ; wing 3f, &c. {Coues.) 
The Arizona Thrasher has as je t only been found in South-eastern 
Arizona. 

4. Harporhynchus longirostris. 
Orpheus longirostris, Lafr. Rev. Zool 1838, p. 54; id. Mag. de Zool 
1838, Oi& pi. L 

54. iLuiPouiiYNcims. 
357 

Toxostoma longirostro, Cab. Arc/i.f. Natury. 1H47, Band i. p. 207. 
Turdus longirostris, Gray, Gen. B.*i. p. 22l'(18-J7). 
Harporhynchus longimstris, Cab. Mux. Hem. Th. i. p. 81 (1850); 

Baird, Rev. Amer. B. p. 3&2 (1858); id. U.S. Hex. B. Sur\\\\. 
part 2, Birds, p. 13, pi. 14 (1859); Selafer, P. Z. S. 1859, pp. 339, 
3(52; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 352, pi. 52 (1800); Sclater, Cat 
Amer.B. p. 8 (1802); Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 44 (1804); 
Sumichr. Mem. Bast. Sac. Nat Hist i. p. 543 (1809) ; Set. $ Salv. 
Nomenal. Av. Neotr. p. 3 (1873); Sab. § Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., 
Aves, i. p. 31 (1879). 

Mimus longirostris, Gray, Hand-1. B. i. p. 203, no. 3852 (1809). 
Harporhynchus rufus, var. longirostris, Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 

p. 75 '(1872); Baird, Brewer, $ llidgw. N. Amer. B. i p. 39 
(1874) ; Merrill, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mm. i. p. 119 (1878). 
Harporhynchus rufus, /3. longirostris, Coues, Birds Color. Tall p. 03 
(1878). 
Harporhynchus rufus longirostris, Bennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. Sarv. iv. 

p. 3; Ridyw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mm. no. 21, p. 12 (1881). 
Adult, General colour above dull rufous, a little brighter on the 
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts; wing-coverts like tho 
back; the median and greater series narrowly tipped with fulvous, 
before which is a black subterminal bar; bastard wing-feathers 
dusky brown, edged with fulvous; primary-coverts dull rufous-
brown ; quills dark brown, externally rufous like the back, the 
secondaries a little duller ; tail-feathers rufous-brown, margined with 
brighter rufous, the two outer feathers with slightly indicated 
fulvous tips; head a little more dingy on the back, especially on 
the forehead; lores and feathers round the eye fulvescent; ear-
coverts uniform brown; cheeks black, slightly mottled with while 
bases; throat buffy white ; remainder of under surface white tinged 
with buff, and thickly spotted with triangular marks of black, more 
longitudinal on the flanks, those on the abdomen thin and long; 
centre of abdomen uniform creamy white ; thighs whitish, mottled 
with black bases; under tail-coverts ochraceous buff, with arrow-
shaped dark-brown centres; axillaries fulvous, centred with dark 
brown; wing-coverts whitish, also mottled with centres of dark 
brown; quills dull brown below, rufous along the inner wreb; bill 
and feet dull hazel~browTn. Total length 11 inches, culmen 1-4, 
wing 3*75, tail 4-9, tarsus 1*8. 
The Mexican Brown Thrasher is confined in North America to the 
valley of the Bio Grande, and extends to Mexico, where, however, 
it appears to be confined to* the eastern portion of the country from 
the valley of the Eio Grande to the State of Vera Cruz. 

a. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
I. Ad. sk. Mexico. Zoological Society. 
5. Harporhynchus ocellatus. 

Harporhynchus ocellatus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1802, p, 18, pi. iii.; id. §• 
Satv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 2 (1873); Salv. $ Godm. Biol Centra 
Amer., Aves, i. p. 32 (1879). 

Mimus ocellatus, Gray, Hand4. B. i.p. 263, no. 3849 (1869). 

Adult male (Oaxaca, S. Mexico; A. Penochio). General colour 

TIMELIHLE. 

above ashy brown, slightly washed with clearer brown on the lower 
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ; least wing-coverts like the back, 
the median and greater series more dusky brown, becoming subterminally 
blacker and having a white spot at the tip ; primary-coverts 
also dusky brown, edged with whitish; wing-feathers dark brown, 
externally like the back, the outer primaries margined with whity 
brown ; tail-feathers dark brown, edged with lighter brown, all but 
the centre feathers tipped with white, before which is a narrow subterminal 
line of black; lores and a narrow eyebrow ashy fulvous; 
sides of face and ear-coverts light brown, the feathers about the 
angle of the mouth blackish; plumes at base of lower mandible 
whitish; throat pure white; remainder of under surface of body 
white, spotted with black, these spots being very large on the fore 
neck and breast, and much smaller on the middle of the breast and 
sides of abdomen ; centre of abdomen white, unspotted; thighs ashy 
brown; under tail-coverts white, barred with light brown, each 
bar of the latter colour having a conterminous dark-brown bar; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries pale drab-brown, with a blackish 
spot near the end; edge of wing white, spotted with black; quills 
dusky brown below, ashy fulvous along the edge of the inner web; 
bill black; feet coral-red. Total length 11*25 inches, culm en 1*5, 
wing 4*15, tail 6-Q5, tarsus 1*45. (Mus. Strfu'm and Godman.) 

The Ocellated Thrasher has only been found as yet in the neighbourhood 
of Oaxaca in Mexico. 

6. Harporhynchus curvirostris. 
Orpheus curvirostris, Swains. BMlos. Mag. new series, i. p. 809, 

(1827). 
Pomatorliinus turdinus, Temm. PL Col. ii. pi. 441 (1827). 
Turdus deflexus, Licht. Breis-Verz. mex. Vo'g. p. 2 (1830); Cab. J. 

f. 0. 1803, p. 57. 
Toxostoma vetula, Wagler, Isis, 1831, p. 528. 
Mimus curvirostris, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 221 (1847); id. Hancl-l. B. i. 
p. 2o3, no. #845. 
Toxostoma curvirostris, Bp. Consp. i. p. 277 (18o0). 
Harporlivnclnib curvirostris, Cab. Mus. Hem. Th. i. p. 81, note (1850); 
Baird, Birds N. Amer. p. 351 (1858) ; id. Birds US. Mex\ B. 
Surv. ii. pt. 2, Birds, p. 12, pi. 18 (1859); Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 
pp. 339,370; Baird, B. N Amer. 1860, p. 851, pi. 35 ; id. Mevieio 
Amer. B. p. 45 (1804); Dresser, Ibis, 1805, p. 482; Sumichr. 
Mem. Bost. Soc. N H. i. p. 543 (18G9); Later, op. cit. ii. p. 207; 
Scl fy Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 3(1873); Cones, Am. Naf. 

vii. p. 328 (1873) ; Baird, Breiver, fy Ridqio. N. Amer. B. i. p. 41, 
pi. 3. fig. 3 (1874) ; Laiur. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. part iv. p. 12 
(1878) ; Merrill, t. c. p. 119 (1878); Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. 
Swv. iv. p. 4; Salv. fy Godm. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 32 
(1879) j Itidgw., Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 24, p. 12 (1881). 
Toxostoma curviroslre, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 212. 
Harporliyncluis curvirostris, var. curvirostris, Baird, Brewer, fy 
liidgzv. N. Amer. B. i. p. 30; Cones, B. Color. Vail. p. 64 (3878). 

Adult. General colour above light ashy brown, the lesser wing


54 . nAEPOlUlTiYOHUS. 
350 

coverts like the back, the median and greater scries light drab-
brown, with a narrow edging of white at the tip; primary-cover!a 
and quills brown, externally ashy brown like the back, the primaries 
edged with whitish, the secondaries having also a narrow 
margin of whitish at their tips; tail-feathors brown, narrowly edged 
with lighter brown, all but the two centre feathers tipped with 
white, having a large spot on the inner web, and a smaller one at 
the tip of the outer web; lores huffy whitish; ear-coverts light 
ashy brown like the .head, slightly streaked down the centre with 
whitish; feathers below the eye and the cheeks white, slightly mottled 
with dusky tips to the feathers ; throat white; remainder of under 
surface ashy whitish, tinged with tawny buff on the flanks and 
under tail-coverts, which arc uniform; the fore neck and breast 
have large triangular spots of light ashy brown; abdomen uniform 
whitish; axillaries and under wing-coverts ashy brown, washed 
slightly with reddish buff; under surface of quills light brown, 
ashy whitish along the edge of the inner web. Total length 11 
inches, culmen 1*25, wing 4*25, tail 4-41, tarsus 1*3. 

The Curve-billed Thrasher ranges from the valley of the Rio 
Grande in Texas into Mexico. 

a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk. 
Mexico. 
Mexico. 
John Taylor, Esq. [P.]. 
Purchased. 
c. d. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 

7. Harporhynchus paluieri. 
Harporhynchus cmwirostris, Heerm. Pacific Pailr. Pep. x. p. 11 
(1859)*; Cones, Pr. PJiilad. Acad, 18C8, p. 83 ; Cones, Key N. Amer. 

B. p. 75 (1872). 
Harporhynchus curvirostris; var. palmen, Coues, Key, p. 351 (1872, 
ex Pidgw. MSS.); id. Am. Nat. vii. p. 329, fig. 08 (1873); Brewer, 
Pr. Post. Soc. xvi. p. 108 (1873); Baird, Brewer, $ Pidgw. N. 
Amer. B. i. p. 43 (1874); Hensh. List B. Ariz. p. 154 (1875) ; id. 
Zool Expl. W. lOOtJb Mend. p. 156 (1876); Coues, B. Color. Vail 

p. m (1878). 
Harporhynchus curvirostris palmeri, Pidgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 
no. 21, p. 12 (1881). 

Although the differences between this and the typical form are 
not very easy to express, yet they are readily appreciable on comparison 
of specimens, and fully warrant Mr. Bidgway's discrimination 
of a var. palmeri. Tho upper parts are quite similar; but the 
undcrparts, instead of being "whitish, with decided spotting of the 
colour of the back, are greyish, tinged with rusty, especially behind, 
and the spotting is nebulous. The white oh the ends of wing-
coverts and tail-feathers is reduced to a minimum or entirely suppressed. 
The bill is slenderer and apparently more curved in all 
the specimens I have seen. (In tho figure the bill is rather too 
stout.) Average dimensions of four specimens of both sexes:— 
length 10*75 inches, wing 4-33, tail 5, chord of culmen 1*12, tarsus 
1-25, middle toe and claw rather more. (Coues.) 

TIMELITDJ3. 

Palmer's Curve-billed Thrasher inhabits Arizona, where it represents 
H. curvirostris. 

8. Harporhyuchus redivivus. 
Harporhvnchus redivivus, Cab. Arch. f. Naturg. 1848, p. 98; id. 
Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 8, note (1850); Baird, B. K Amer. p. 349 
(1858): Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 339; Baird, Review Amer. B. 

•n 48 (1804): Cooper, Orn. Calif, p. 15 (1870); Coues, Key N. 
Amer B. p. 75 (1872) ; id. Am. Nat. vii. p. 327, fig. m (1873) ; 
Baird. Brewer, # Ridyw. N. Amer. B. i. p. 45, pi. 4. rig'. 4 (1874) ; 
Coues, B. Color. Vail. p. 71, note, fig. 12 (1878); Hidgio. Bull. 
U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 12 (1881). 
Toxostoma redivivum, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 126. ^ 
Mimua redivivus, Gray, Hand-l.B. i. p. 2(33, no. 384G (lbG9). 
Fumarius mexicanus, Goidd (ubi ?). 
Adult male. General colour above dark brown, the wing-coverts 
like the back, with obsolete pale spots at the end of the median and 
greater coverts, the latter also margined with light reddish brown ; 
primary-coverts dusky brown ; quills dark brown, externally edged 
with dull reddish brown; tail-feathers dark brown, margined with 
lighter brown, the outer feathers paler brown at the ends; lores 
ashy, mottled with blackish; from the base of the forehead a line 
of ashy whitish extending above the fore part of the eye; feathers 
below the eye and the ear-coverts dark brown, the feathers streaked 
with ashy white; cheeks dark brown, the malar line and the throat 
white; lower throat, fore neck, and breast as well as the sides of 
the body ashy brown; centre of breast and abdomen light ochreous 
buff, deepening into ^awny buff on the under tail-coverts, which 
have also whitish tips; thighs ashy brown; axillaries and under 
wing-coverts ashy brown, slightly tinged with reddish brown; 
quills dusky brown below, edged with reddish brown along the 
inner web. Total length 11 inches, culmen 1*65, wing 4*2, tail 
5-25, tarsus 1*55. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 10*5 
inches, culmen 1-6, wing 4*05, tail 5-1, tarsus 1*5. 

Young. Similar in colour to the adults, but having a much 
shorter bill, and being rather more rufescent in colour, especially on 
the flanks and under tail-coveris and on the ends of the outer tail-
feathers ; the wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers all edged with 
rufous-brown. 

The Californian Thrasher is only found on the coast-region of 

California. 
a. <S ad. sk.
5. J ad. sk.
c. Juv. sk.
d. Ad. sk. 
Big Trees, Santa Oruz;
California, April 26. 
Big Trees, May 14. 
Big Trees, May 30. 
[Mexico.] 
A. Forrer [C.]. 
A. Forrer [CI. 
A. Forrer [C]. 
Zoological Society. (Type of 
Fumarius meiicawus, Gould.) 

54. nARPoimYNcinrs. 
361 

9. Harporhynchus lecontii 
Toxostoma lecontei, Later. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. v. p. 121 (1852); Baird, 
in Stansb. Rep. 1852, p. 320. 
Ilarporhvnchus lecontei, Bp. C. R, xxxviii. p. 57 (1854); Baird, B. 

N. Amer. p. 350, pi. 50 (1858); id. U.S. Mex. B. Surv. ii. pt. 2, 
Birds, p. 12, pi. 12 (1859); Sol. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 339; Baird, 
Revieio Amer. B. p. 47 (18134) ; Cones, Ibis, 1800, p. 259; Cooper, 
Orn. Calif, p. 17 (1870). 
Mimus lecontei, Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 203, no. 3847 (1869). 
Harporhynchus redhivus, var. lecontei, Cones, Key N. Amer. B. 

p. 75 (1872); Baird, Brewer, # Bidr/w. N. Amer. B. i. p. 44, 
pi. 4.fig-. 3 (1874). 
Harporhynchus 
redivivus lecontei, Coues, Birds Color. Vail. p. 70 
(1878) 5 Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mm. no. 21, p. 12 (1881). 

This form, with the size and proportions substantially the same 
as those of redivivus proper, differs very notably in the pallor of all 
the coloration, being in fact a bleached desert race. Excepting the 
slight maxillary streaks, there are no decided markings anywhere; 
and the change from the pale ash of the general underparts to the 
brownish yellow of the lower belly and crissum is very gradual. 

(Cones.) 
Leconte's Thrasher replaces H. redivivus in the "immediate 
valley of the Colorado and Gila rivers1J in Arizona. 

10. Harporhynchus graysoni, 
Harporhynchus graysoni, Lator. Ann. Lyc. N. T. x. p. 1; Grayson, 
Br. Bost. Soc. xiv. p. 298; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. ii. p. 367 ; Salv. 
ty Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Ams, i. p. 33 (1879) ; Ridgw. Bull. 

U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 13 (1881). 
Male. Above of a rather dirty reddish brown, the front paler; a 
blackish spot in front of and under the eye; chin, upper part of 
throat, and sides of the head pale ochreous, the latter marked with 
faint dusky bars; tail dark liver-brown, the outer three feathers 
wdth a greyish spot on the inner web at the end ; quills of the same 
colour as the tail, the larger ones narrowly edged with dull white, 
the others with dull pale rufous ; entire under surface pale yellowish 
fulvous, the sides darker, with longitudinal brown stripes; bill 
black; tarsi and toes blackish brown. Length (fresh) 11 | inches, 
bill f, wing 4J, tail 5|, tarsus 1|. (Lawrence.) 
Grayson's Thrasher is only known from Socorro Island off 
Western Mexico. 


11. Harporhynclms crissalis. 
Toxostoma criBsalis, Henry, Proc. PMlad. Acad. 1858, p. 117. 

Harporhynchus crissalis, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 850, pi. 82 (1858) ; 
Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 3S9; Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 47 
(1864); Cones, Proc. PMlad. Acad, xviii. p. 65 (1866) ; Cooper, 
Orn. Calif, p. 18 (1870) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 75 (1872); id. 

3G2 
TIMELIIDJE. 

Am. Nat vi. p. 370 (1872) j Baird, Brew?)*, § Rldr/w. N Amer. 

B. i. p. 47, pi. 4. fig. 1 (1874) ; Cones, B. Color. Vail p. 73 (1878) : 
Ritlgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 24, p. 12 (1881). 
Mimus crissalis, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 203, no. 3848 (18G9). 


Adult male. Brownish ash, with a faint olive shade, the wings 
and tail purer and darker fuscous, without white edging or tipping; 
below a pale shade of the colour of the upper parts; throat and 
sides of the lower jaw white, with sharp black maxillary streaks ; 
cheeks and auriculars speckled with whitish. Under tail-coverts 
deep rich chestnut, in marked contrast with the surrounding parts. 
Bill black, slenderer for its length than that of any other species, as 
long as that of E. redivivus, arcuate. Length about 12 inches, wing 4, 
or rather less ; tail about 6 (more or less, thus absolutely longer than 
in any other species), its lateral feathers 1| shorter than the central 
ones ; bill 1J, tarsus 1§, middle toe and claw 1|. (Corns.) 

The Eufous-vented Thrasher is confined to the south-western 
United States of North America, being found in Arizona, jSTew 
Mexico, Southern Utah and California in the Colorado valley. It 
has been found breeding in Southern Utah and in Arizona. 

55. 
MELANOTIC 
Type. 
Melanotis, Bp. Consp. Av.i. p. 276 (1850, descr.nulla; 
unde) M. caerulescens. 
Melanotis, Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 56 (1804) ... . M. casrulescens. 

Range. Confined to Central America, where it is found in Mexico 
and Guatemala; it also occurs in the Tres Marias Islands. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Underneath slaty blue, with lanceolate streaks of 
brighter blue on the throat and breast ccerulescens^ p. 302. 
b. Underneath white, the sides of breast, flanks, 
thighs, and under tail-coverts slaty blue hypoleucus, p. 363. 
1. Melanotis caerulescens. 
Orpheus csernlescens, Swains. Phil. 3fag. new series, i. p. 309 (1827). 
Turdus melanotis, Temm. PI. Col ii. pi. 408 (1830). 
Tardus erythrophthalnius, Licht. Preis-Verz. mex. Voa. t> 2 (1830) • 


r V j7

Cab. J.]f. O. 1803, p. 57.

Mimus cternlescens, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 221(1847); Sclater, P. Z. S. 

1850, p. 294; Gray, Iland-l B. i p. 202, no. 8838 (1800;. 

Melanotis melanotis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 270 (18r50). 

Melanotis caerulescens, Selater, P. Z. S. 1859, pp. 862, 870; id. Cat 

Amer. B. p. 7 (1802); Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 56 (1804) ; 
Swnichr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 54S (1868); Grayson, Proe. 
Bost. Soc. N. II xiv. p. 275 (1871) ; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. ii. 


p. 260; Scl § Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 3 (1873); Laior. Bull. 
U.S. Nat Mus. i. no. 4, p. 12 (1870); Salv. fy Godio. Biol Centr.-
Amer., Aves, i. p. 28 (1879). 
55. MELANOTIS. 
363 

Adult. General colour above slaty blue, brighter on the crown 
and especially over the eye; wing-coverts like the back; quills 
dusky blackish, externally slaty blue like the back ; tail slaty blue, 
barred with indistinct wavy bands of dusky under certain ligliis, the 
inner webs dusky; lores, feathers below the eyes and at the base of 
lower mandible black ; under surface of body slaty blue, dusky 
blackish on tho chin ; the throat, fore neck, and sides of neck with 
lanceolate streaks of lighter blue ; axillaries and under wing-coverts, 
as well as the thighs and under tail-coverts, slaty blue like the breast; 
"bill and feet black'1 (Scdvin). Total length 11 inches, culmon 
1-25, wing 4-5, tail 5, tarsus 1-2. 

Youny. Whole-coloured like the adult, but dull slate-colour 
without any blue shade except on the quills and tail; ear-coveits 
and lores black. 

The Slaty-blue Mocking-Tkrush is an inhabitant of Mexico from 
Mazatlan to Tehuantepec, generally in the temperate region, though 
in the State of Vera Cruz it ranges into the hot and alpine regions 

up to 4300 feet. It is also found in the Tres Marias Islands. 
a, b, c. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
d. <S juv. sk. Mexico. M. Salle [C.]. 

2. Melanotis hypoleucus. 
Melanotis hypoleucus, Hartl. Rev. Zool. 18)2, p. 400; Sdafer, 
P. Z. S. 1859, p. 337; Scl. S>tialv.Ibis, 1851), p. 7,1800, p. 29; 
Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 7 (1802); Baird, Rev.Amer. B. p. 57 (18G4) ; 
8cL fy Salv. Ex. Orn. p. 85, pi. 43 (18G8) j iid. Nomend. Av. Neotr. 
p. 3 (1873); Salv. fy Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 29 
(1879). 
Mimus hypoleucus, Gray, Iland-l B. i. p. 2G2, no. 3839 (1869). 

Adult. General colour dark slaty blue; lesser and median wing-
coverts like the back; greater series and quills blackish, externally 
edged with slaty blue ; two central tail-feathers slaty blue, the remainder 
blackish on the inner webs, slaty blue on the outer ; crown of 
head brighter slaty blue than the back, especially over the eyes; a narrow 
line at base of forehead, lores, ear-coverts, as well as the feathers 
below the eye extending along tho basal edge of the lower mandible, 
black; cheeks and under surface of body pure white, the entire 
sides of the body, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts slaty blue, 
as also are tho axillaries and under wing-coverts; quills dusky 
brown below, lighter along the inner web; " bill and feet black " 
(Salvhi). Total length 10*5 inches, culnien 1*15, wing 4'2, tail 5*5, 
tarsus 1*3. 

Youny. Differs from the adult in being dull sooty grey above, 
with very little of the slaty-blue colour observable in the adult, except 
on the wings and tail, which are slaty blue externally ; below, the 
parts which are slaty blue in the old bird are merely dull sooty 
grey, while all the breast, which should be pure white, is dull sooty 

364 
TIMELUDJ2. 

grey mottled with white, the bases to the feathers being white and 
showing through more or less. 
The White-breasted Blue Mocking-Thrush is resident in Guatemala, 
inhabiting the highlands from 3000 to 7000 feet above the 

sea-level. 
a. Ad. sk. Guatemala. Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. Guatemala. Osbert Salvin, Esq. [P.]. 

56. 
DOKACOBIUS. 
Type. 
Donacobius, Swains. Zool, lllustr. 2nd ser. ii. pi. 72 
(1831-32) D. atricapillus. 
Range. Confined to South America, where it is extensively spread 
over Brazil, occurring also in Bolivia, Amazonia, Colombia, and 
Guiana. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Without a white streak from behind the eye. . atricapillus, p. 364. 
b. With a distinct streak of white on the sides of 
the hinder crown from behind the eye to the 
side of the nape albovittatus, p. 365. 
1. Donacobius atricapillus. 
Japacani, Marcgr. Bras. p. 212. 
Le Merle a teste noire du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Briss. Orn, vi. 


App. p. 47, pi. 3. fig. 2 (1760); Baubent. B. Enl iv. pi. 392. 
Turdus atricapilla, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 295 (1766). 
Gracula longirostris, Pall. Spicil. vi. p. 5, pi. 2. fig. 2 (1767). 
Turdus cyaneus, P. Z. S. Mull. Syst. Nat. Anhang. p. 145 (1776); 

Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 251. 
Oriolus japacani, Gm. S. N. i. p. 385 (1788). 
Turdus braiailiensis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 831. 
Icterus japacani, Baud. Traite d'Om. ii. p. 343 (1800). 
Agullas pallaclas, Azara, Apimt. ii. p. 214 (1805). 
Turdus pratensia, Vie ill. N. Bid. d'JIist. Nat. xx p. 286 (1818) • 

Bonn.et Vieill. Enc. 31eth. ii. p. 071 (1823). ' 
Donacobius vociferans, Swains. Zool. Illustr. 2nd ser. ii. pi 72 (1831


1832); Ilartl. Ind. Azara, p. 14 (1847). 
Mini us bra&iliensis, Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iii. p. 662 (1831). 
Donacobius atricapillus, Gray, Gen. B. i, p. 223 (1846); Cab. in 

ScJiomb. Guian. iii. p. 674 (1848); Bp. Consp. i. p. 277 (1850) * 
Burm. Th.Bras. iii. p. 129 (1856); Sclater, Cat. Aimer. J9. p. 6 
(1862) j Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 58; note (1864) ; Pelz. Orn. 
Bras. p. 49 (1871) ; Scl. $ Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 5 (1873).* 

Donacobius cyaneus, Gray, JEand-l. B. i. p. 191, no. 2629 (1869). 

Adult. General colour above dark chocolate-brown, the lower 
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts reddish brown; wing-coverts 
like the back; bastard wing and primary-coverts black; quills 
black, with a large white patch on the inner primaries; inner 

56. DONACOBIUS. 
365 

secondaries dark brown; tail-feathers black, narrowly fringed with 
white at the tip of the centre ones, the remainder with a broad 
white end, increasing in extent towards the outer ones; head and 
nape black, the blackish shade extending also slightly onto the 
hind neck; lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts black, as well as the 
feathers at base of lower mandible; cheeks and under surface of 
body ochreous buff, the sides of the breast and flanks varied with 
cross lines of dusky brown; thighs reddish brown behind; under tail-
coverts deeper ochreous buff; under wing-covcrts and axillaries 
chocolate-brown, the latter slightly varied with blackish cross lines; 
quills blackish brown below, with a large patch of white at the base 
of the primaries ; " bill black; legs blackish brown ; iris bright 
yellow " (Wied). Total length 8*2 inches, culraen 1, wring 3-2, 

tail 3*7, tarsus 1-2. 

Young. Differs from the adult in having the head browner, and 
the ear-coverts slightly streaked with fulvescent shaft-lines; the 
wing-coverts tipped with rufous ; wing-spot much smaller; throat 
and cheeks whitish; flanks without any cross lines. Total length 
7*5 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 2-9, tail 3-7, tarsus 1*15. 

The Black-headed Mocking-Thrush inhabits South America. 

a. Ad. sk. Brazil. Prince Lichtenstein [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Brazil. M. Claussen [P.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Pebas. J. Tlauxwell, Esq. [0.]. 
d. Ad.; e. Juv. sk. South America. Purchased. 

2. Donacobius albovittatus. 
Donacobius 
albovittatus, Lafr. etD'Orb. Mag. cle Zool 1837, p. 19; 
D'Orb. Voy. Amer. mSrid. p. 213, pi. 12. fig. 1 • Baird, Xieview 
Amer. B. p. 58, note (1864) ; ScL #• 8alv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. 

p. 5 (1873); iid. P. Z. 3. 1879, p. 592. 
Donacobius albolineatus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 223 (1846); Bp. Consp. 
i. p. 277 (1850) ; id. 0. M. xxxviii. p. 58 (1854); Gray, Sand-l. B. 
I p. 192, no. 2630 (1869). 
Adult General colour above chocolate-brown, including the 
wing-coverts and scapulars; primaries blackish brown, with a large 
patch of white at their base, forming a conspicuous wing-spot, the 
secondaries chocolate-brown; lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts reddish brown, especially the latter; centre tail-feathers 
dark chocolate-brown, the remainder black, tipped with white, 
whieh increases in extent towards the outermost, which are white 
with black bases; head and nape black, as well as the sides of the 
face and ear-coverts and sides of the neck; a white stripe running 
from the hinder part of the eye, above the ear-coverts to the side of 
the nape; cheeks and under surface of the body rich ochreous 
yellow, deeper on the flanks and under tail-coverts, as well as on 
the breast, the sides of the latter and the upper flanks barred with 
narrow dusky cros,s lines; axillaries brown, narrowly barred with 
blackish cross lines; under wing-coverts dark brown, the edge of 

3G0 TTMELIID2E. 

the wing black with a few white markings ; quills blackish brown 
below, with a very large white patch at the base of the primaries. 
Total length 9 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 3*3, tail 3*85, tarsus 
1-25. 

The "White-banded Mocking-Thrush is an inhabitant of Bolivia. 

a. Ad. sk. Bolivia. Purchased. 
57. EHODINOCICHLA. 
Type. 
Hhodinocickla, Ilartl. J. f. 0. 1853, p. 33 R. rosea. 
Oiehlalopia, Bp. C. P. xxxviii. p. 0 (1854) .. : II. rosaa. 
Rhodocickla, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 13 (1872, nom. 

emend.) R. rosea. 

Range, Confined to Central America. 

Key to the Species, 

a. Upper parts, sides, and flanks sooty black, the 
flanks scarcely paler rosea> p. 366. 
b. Upper parts, sides, and flanks clear slate-colour, 
the flanks almost cinereous schistacea, p. 307 
1. Rho&inocicMa rosea. 
Furnarius roseus, Less. III. Zool. pi. 5. 
Bhodinocichla rosea, Ilartl, J. f. 0.1853, p. 33 • Sclater, P. Z. S. 
1855, p. 141, 1850, p. 140; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii. p. 292, ix. 

p. 92; Boird, Review Am. B. p.91; iScl $SaIv. P. Z. S. 1804,.p. 345 : 
Sah. P. Z. S. 1807, p. 133,1870, p. 180; Finsch, Abhcmdl nab. Ver. 
Bremen, 1870, p. 329 ; v. Frantz. J.f. 0.1869, p. 291; Lawr. Mem. 
Bost. Sac. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 207; Sclater # Sah. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. 
p. 3; Sah. $ Godm. Biol. Cent-Amer., Aves, i. p. 38 (1879). 
Turdus vulpinus, Hartl.tev. Zool. 1849, p. 276 • id. P. Z. S. 1850. 
p. 270. 
Cichlalopia vulpina, Bp. C. P. xxxviii. p. 0. 
Turdus roeeus, Gray, Iland-L B. i. p. 258, no. 3759. 
Iihodocichla rosea, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent p. 13. 
Adult. General colour above slaty black; the wings like the 
back, the primaries only rather browner, the secondary quills and 
greater coverts blackish, with dull margins of ashy olive; the edge 
of the wing and along the carpal joint crimson • tail-feathers black; 
from the base of the bill to above the eye a broad streak of bright 
crimson, continuing into a paler rosy streak running above the 
ear-coverts to the sides of the nape; lores, feathers below the eye, 
and ear-coverts blackish •, cheeks, throat, and breast deep crimson, 
fading off into a little lighter rosy colour on the abdomen and under 
tail-coverts; sides of breast and sides of body and flanks ashy 
blackish; under wing-coverts crimson, the lower series ashy with 
whitish margins; quills dusky brown below, whitish along the 
edge of the inner web. Total length 7*7 inches, culmen 0*95, wing 

3*25, tail 3*3, tarsus 1-05. 

57 . KHODINOCICIILA. 
307 

Female. Similar to the male, hut having the eyebrow and the 
under surface of the body deep salfrou or tawny rufous. 

Young. All over blackish, with a few rufous edges to the wing-
coverts ; underneath mottled like a young Blackbird, the feathers 
sandy buff with broad black edges; the centre of the abdomen 
somewhat whiter; over the eye a broad streak of white. (Mus. 
JSalvin and Godman.) 

The Rose-breasted Wren is common in Yenezuela, Colombia, and 
the State of Panama. It has been found also in Costa Rica, and is 
supposed to have been sent once from Guatemala, but on very 
doubtful authority. 

a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk. 
New Granada. 
New Granada. 
Edward Wilson, Esq. [P.]. 
Purchased. 
c. Inini. sk. Santa F6 de Veragua(JE. Arci). 
Oslert Salvin, Esq. 

2. Rhodinocichla schistacea. 
Rhodinocichla rosea, /3. schistacea, Hidgw. JProc. U.S. JSTat. Mus. i. 
p. 247. 
Above clear slate-colour, the wings darker, with paler, nearly 
cinereous edges to the feathers; lores and auriculars dark slate ; 
entire sides clear slate, becoming more ashy on the flanks. Adult 
male: A continuous superciliary stripe, the anterior half of which 
is intense rose-red, the posterior half rosy white; chin, throat, 
malar region, middle of the jugulum, breast, and abdomen, and the 
whole crissum, pure beautiful rose-red, most intense on the jugulum, 
narrower and paler on the abdomen ; edge of the wing and anterior 
lesser coverts also pure rose-red ; lining of the wing partly greyish 
white. Adult female: Similar, but the red replaced by rich 
tawny rufous, the middle of the abdomen whitish. Bill horn-
yellowish, the maxilla mostly dusky; iris red or brown ; feet dark 
horn-colour. Length 8-25 inches, wing 3-45-3-60, tail 3*75-3-90, 
bill from nostril -60--65, tarsus 1-00, middle toe -70--75. (Bidgway.) 

Ridgway's Rose-breasted Wren is a representative of the foregoing 
bird in Western Mexico, where it has been found in the Sierra 
Madre of Colima and in Mazatlan. 

368 TIMEEIID2E. 

Subfamily IV. MYIADECTIK/E. 

The present position of the birds contained in this subfamily is not 
very satisfactory to my mind. After having been placed among the 
Amjpelidce by many authors, they have been recently located by 
Messrs. Sclater and Salvin in the Sylviidce,but Mr. Seebohm has not 
admitted them into his volume of the ' Catalogue.' I have therefore 
placed them near the Mocking-Thrushes, which they resemble 
in their power of song; but their broadened bill and powerful rictal 
bristles are like those of the Flycatchers, and, as Mr. Salvin has 
pointed out, they appear to be not distantly related to the members 
of the African genus Gassinia {of. Cat. B. vol. iv. p. 466). 

58. MYIADECTES. ^ 
Type. 
Myiadestes, Swains. Nat. Libr. x. p. 134 (c. 1888) ... . M. genibarbis. 
Myiadectes, Salv.fyGodm. Biol, Centr.-Amer., Aves, i, p. 39 (1879). 
Range. Middle and Pacific Provinces of the United States, ranging 

throughout the whole of Central America into the Andes of Venezuela, 
Colombia, and Peru. 

Key to the Sjpeeies.* 

a. Throat chestnut. 
a'. Ear-coverts uniform slaty grey, or with only 

slight indications of paler shaft-lines ; a white 

chin-spot solitarius, p. 370. 

b'. Ear-coverts very distinctly streaked with white. 

a". Ear-coverts slaty grey,like the upper surface ; 

a large white chin-spot, and another at base 

of lower mandible; throat and under tail-

coverts deep chestnut genibarbis, p. 371. 

b". Ear-coverts black, like the upper surface; no 
white chin-spot; feathers at base of lower 
mandible reddish white; throat and under 
tail-coverts orange-chestnut siMlans, p. 372. 

b. Throat ashy grey or white. 
c'. Bill black or horn-brown, the under mandible 
sometimes yellowish. 
c". Throat white; under tail-coverts white; general 

colour above ashy olive ; under surface of body 

white, with the breast and flanks light ashy, elizabethce, p. 373. 

d". Throat light ashy, like the rest of the under 

surface; under tail-coverts light ashy, broadly 

margined with white. 

a'". Backolive-brown; head grey, in contrast; 

wing-coverts and quills dusky brown, edged 

with reddish brown; no perceptible wing-

spot at base of secondaries obscurus, p. 374. 

b"'. Back ashy, like the head; wing-coverts and 
quills blackish edged with ashy, and having 


* Mr. Oory, in his description of his M, montanus, does not mention the colour 
of the ear-coverts, and I have not been able to place that species in the " Key."' 
58 . MYIADECTES. 
a white patch at base of primaries, with 

a second of ochraceous buff at base of se


condaries, the innermost of the latter broadly-

edged with white townsendi, p. 374. 

e". Throat slaty blue, like the rest of the under 

surface; under tail-coverts light slaty blue, 

narrowly margined with white. 

c'". Upper surface ruddy brown; forehead, eye


brow, and sides of face slaty grey ralloides, p. 375. 

d"'. Upper surface dull slate-colour; sides of 

face the same imicohr, p. 376. 

d'. Bill yellow; plumage grey, with the lores, eye


brow, sides of face, and chin black melanops, p. 376. 

c. Throat and chest, as well as centre of abdomen, black; 
lores and sides of face white; upper parts cinnamon 
leucotis, p. 377. 
1. Myiadectes solitarius. 
Ptilogonys armillatus (nee Vieill), Gray 8c Mitch. Gen. B. i. p. 281, 

pi. 69 (1846); 8datert P. Z. S. 1861, p. 73. 

Muscicapa armillata (nee Vieill.), Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 198 (1847). 

Myiadestes armillatus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 335 (1850); Scl. P. Z. S. 

1857, p. 6 ; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 47 (1802); March, Proc. PhUad. 

Acad. 1863, p. 294. 

Myiadestes solitarius, Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 421 (1864) j 8cl. fy 

8alv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 4 (1873). 

Ptilogonys solitarius, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 366, no. 5571 (1869). 

Adult male. GFeneral colour above light slaty grey, the least and 
median wing-coverts like the back, the greater series black, externally 
edged with slaty grey; primary-coverts black; quills black, 
edged with slaty grey on the outer web, the outer primaries for 
nearly their whole length, the inner primaries near the base and 
again near the end, and having also a half-concealed spot of white 
near the base of two of the feathers ; secondaries broadly edged with 
slaty grey at the base and near the ends, but the innermost for their 
entire length ; centre tail-feathers slaty grey, the remainder blackish, 
the three outermost tipped with white, much extended on the two 
outermost, the external feather being for the most part white, with 
a blackish base to the inner web and a long blackish mark near the 
end of its outer web ; base of forehead and lores black, extending 
below the eye onto the ear-coverts, which are otherwise dark slaty 
grey, below the eye a spot of white ; base of cheeks and a spot at 
the base of the chin white, the former separated from the throat by a 
narrow and almost imperceptible line of black; throat bright chestnut 
; remainder of under surface light ashy grey, paler on the abdomen, 
the lower part of which is bright rufous, deepening into chestnut 
on the under tail-coverts ; thighs slaty grey; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries light ashy grey, tipped with white and slightly washed 
with rufous, especially near the edge of the wing; greater series of 
under wing-coverts blackish, forming a small patch; quills dusky 
brown below, white at the base of the inner web; a bill black; feet 

VOL. vi. 2 B 

TMELUD.^. 

bright fulvous; iris hazel or dull orange " (Gosse). Total length 7*75 
inches, culmen 06, wing 3-8, tail 3*75, tarsus 0*85. 
Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length 7-25 
inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3*4, tail 3*5, tarsus 0*8. 

Young in moult. Marked with orange-buff spots on the end of the 
feathers • the throat orange-buff, with dusky margins to the feathers; 
otherwise like the adult. 

The Jamaican Solitaire is found in the mountains of Jamaica. 

a. Ad., b. Imm. sk. Jamaica. Hugh Cuming [C.]. 
e. Ad. sk. Jamaica. Cant. Hamilton [P.]. 
d. <$ ad. sk. Spanishtown, Jamaica, Smithsonian Institution 
lskv.l8,lS65(TF.T.March). [P.]. 

2. Myia&ectes montanus. 
Myiadestes montanus, Cory, Butt. Kutt. Orn. Cluh, YL p. 130 (1681). 

Adult male. Upper parts and two central tail-feathers slaty grey ; 
primaries and secondaries brownish black, showing white near the 
base of the inner webs; outer webs of primaries and terminal 
portion of the outer webs of secondaries edged with grey; throat, 
crissum, and belly near the vent reddish brown, intermediate 
between that of If. solitaries and 21. slhilans^ but approaching 
nearer the colour of the former; rest of underparts pale grey; outer 
tail-feathers white, with black shaft, showing a dark tinge near the 
extremity of the outer web ; second feather black, with the central 
portion of the terminal half white, the black narrowing to the extremity, 
leaving the tip white ; third feather showing a triangular 
patch of white at the tip; rest of tail-feathers, except the two 
central ones, black; bill black; legs and feet pale; iris brown. 
Total length 7 inches, bill 0*38, wing 3*35, tail 3*38, tarsus 1. 

(Cory, I. c.) 

Cory's Solitaire inhabits the island of S. Domingo, where it 
appears to represent M. solitarius of Jamaica. 

3. Myiadectes genibarbis *. 
Myiadestes genibarbis, Swains. Nat. Libr. x. p. 134, pi. xiii. (c. 1838); 
Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 423 (1864); Sclafer, P. Z. S. 1871, 

p. 2G9; id. 8f Sab. Nomencl Av. Neoir. p. 4 (1873); Later. Proo. 
U.S. Nat. Mm. i. pp. 53, 3o2, 486 (1878). * 
Myiadestes armillatus, Bp. Co?isp. L p. 335 (1850, nee Vieill.). 
Ptilogonys genibarbis, Gray, JEand-l. B. i. p. 306, no. 5580 (1869). 
* The following species has not been identified since Vieillot's time. If it 
is ever made out, the synonymy will be as follows:— 

MYIABBCTES ARMILLATUS. 
Muscicapa armillata, Vieill Ois. Am. sept p. 69, pi. 42 (1802) • id N 
Bktd'Hist Nat xn.V.U8 (1818). \ ^J t m. IY. 
Ptilogonys armillatus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 281 (1846): id. Hand4. B i. 

l K Jt

p. §66, no. 5577 (1869). * 
Myiadestes armillatus, Baird, Beview Amer. B. p. 423 (1864). 
Hah. Martinique (VieUht). 

58. MYIADJECTES. 
Adult female (Dominica: P. A, Ober). General colour above dark 
slate-colour, the wing-coverts like the back; the greater series of 
the latter blackish, edged with slate-colour; primary-coverts black; 
quills black, edged with slaty grey, more broadly on the secondaries, 
all but the innermost of the latter being black in the centre of the 
outer web, grey at the base and again near the tip; centre tail-
feathers dark slate-colour, the remainder black, with a small spot of 
white at the tip, increasing in extent towards the outermost, the 
two outer ones almost entirely white, "with a blackish base and a 
dusky mark near the tip of the outer web; lores and base of nostrils 
black, with a tinge of rusty over the fore part of the eye ; feathers 
under the eye black, this shade extending onto the ear-coverts, 
which are otherwise dark slate-colour, streaked with white; below 
the eye a white spot; fore part of cheeks white, forming a large 
spot; hinder part of cheeks ashy grey, washed with chestnut; 
chin white; throat and fore neck chestnut; remainder of under 
surface of body light ashy grey, becoming paler on the lower breast 
and abdomen; lower part of abdomen and under tail-coverts 
rufous, becoming deep chestnut on the under tail-coverts; thighs 
slaty grey; under wing-coverts and axillaries slaty grey, tinged 
with rusty; lower under wing-coverts dusky; quills dusky, white 
at the base of the inner web. Total length 7-25 inches, culmen 
0*05, wing 3*5, tail 3*3, tarsus 0*9. (Mus. Salvin Sf Goclman.) 

The female differs from the male only in having a wash of brownish 
olive across the middle of the back. In the young each feather of 
the upper plumage terminates with black, and has an adjoining subterminal 
round spot of bright rufous; the feathers of the under 
surface are more rufous, with the terminal edge less distinctly 
marked with black; the throat and under tail-coverts are light 
rufous ; the tail as in the adult. {Lawrence, Bull. US. Nat. Mus. 

i. p. 53.) 
Swainson's Solitaire inhabits the islands of Dominica, Martinique, 
and Santa Lucia. 

«. Ad. sk. Dominica (Br. Mcholls). Smithsonian Institution. 

4. Myiadectes sibilans. 
Myiadestes 
sibilans, Lawr. Proc. U.S. Wat. Mus. I pp. 188, 486 
(1878); Lister, Ibis, 1880, p. 39. 

Adult female (S. Vincent: F. A. Ober). General colour above 

black, washed with olive-brown on the lower back and rump, which 

are more slaty grey than the upper back; wing-coverts black, as 

also the quills, the secondaries grey at the base and near the end 

of the outer web ; inner primaries with a concealed spot of white 

at the base of their outer web; upper tail-coverts dark slaty grey, 

inclining to blackish; centre tail-feathers dark slate-colour, mar


gined with black, the remainder of the feathers black, dusky slate


colour on the inner web; the penultimate tail-feathers for the most 

part white, blackish for the greater part of the inner web and along 

2B2 

372 TIMELIH3JE. 

the outer web, so that the white forms a long wedge-shaped mark ; 

the outermost tail-feather white, excepting the base of the inner 

web and a mark towards the end of the outer web; lores, sides of 

face, and ear-coverts black, the latter narrowly streaked with 

whitish shaft-lines; cheeks orange-rufous, paler and more rufous-

white on the fore part of the cheeks, but not sufficient to form a 

white spot; throat and fore neck orange-chestnut, a little lighter on 

the chin, and separated from the cheeks by a narrow and scarcely 

perceptible line of black; breast light ashy grey, washed with 

orange-rufous on the lower parts; the abdomen light orange-

rufous, deepening much on the under tail-coverts; thighs dark slaty 

grey; axillaries white, with grey bases; under wing-coverts dark 

slate-colour, tipped with white, the edge of the wing also white; 

quills dusky brown below, white at the base of the inner web. 

Total length 7*25 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*35, tail 2*85, tarsus 

0-95. 

Ober's Solitaire replaces the foregoing species in the island of 

S. Vincent. 
5. ICyiadectes elizabethse. 
Muscicapa elizabeth, Lembeye, Aves Cuba, p. 39, pi. 5.fig*.3 (1850). 
Myiadestes elizabeth, Cab. J.f.O. 1856, p. 2; Gimdl J.f. 0, 1861, 

p. 328; JBaird, Revieio Amer. B. p. 425 (1864). 
Ptilogonys elizabeth, Gray, Kand-l. B. i. p. 360, no. 5575 (1869). 
Myiadestes elizabethas, Scl. $. Salv. Ex. Orn. p. 55. pi. 28 (1869); 
"iid. NomencL Av. Neotr. p. 4 (1873). 

Adult General colour above olive-brown, a little more dusky on 
the head, the rump and upper tail-coverts somewhat shaded with 
ashy; wing-coverts <Lusky brown, margined with the same colour as 
the back * primary-coverts and quills dark brown, margined with 
olive-brown like the back, rather brighter and more tawny on the 
quills, especially at the base of the secondaries ; tail-feathers brown, 
margined with olive-brown, the centre feathers entirely duH oHvebrown, 
the outer feathers tipped with white, which forms on the 
penultimate a wedge-shaped patch, the outermost one being ashy 
brown towards the end, with a white edging at the tip ; feathers at 
base of forehead whitish; lores and feathers round the eye tawny 

buff; ear-coverts olive-brown, with narrow whitish shaft-lines; 
cheeks ashy like the sides of the neck, the fore part of the cheeks 
washed with tawny buff; throat white ; fore neck and breast ashy, 
becoming white on the abdomen and under tail-coverts; thighs 
ashy; flanks washed with olive-brown; axillaries ashy, with a 
tinge of buff; under wing-coverts buff, with dusky bases; quills 
dusky brown below, buffy white at the base of the inner web. 
Total length 8 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3*4, tail 3*3, tarsus 0-9. 

Lembeye's Solitaire is confined to the island of Cuba. 

a. Ad. sk. Cuba. Zoological Society, 
58. MYIADECTES.
6. Myiadectes obscurus. 
Myiadestes obscurus, Lafr. Bev. Zool 1839, p. 98 j Bp. Consp. i. 

p. 330 (1850) ; Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 54 (1850) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 
1857, p. 213,1859, pp. 364-376; id. $ Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 14,1860, 
p. 39; Scl. Cat.Amer. B. p.47 ; Baird, Bev.Amer. B. p. 430 (1864) j 
Scl. Sr Salv. Ex. Orn. p. 49, pi. 25 (1869); Sumichr. Mem. Bost. 
Soc. iV. H. i. p. 548 (1869); Grayson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. xiv. 
p. 277 (1871) ; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. ii. p. 273; Scl. # Salv. 
Komencl. Av. Neotr. p. 4 (1874): Baird. Brewer. & Bidgw. N. 
Amer. B. i. p. 409 (1874). 
Ptilogonys obscurus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 281 (1846) ; id. Kand4. B. 

i. p. 366, no. 5574 (1869). 
Myiadestes csesius, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 20 (1854). 
Myiadectes obscurus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 302; Salv. fy Godm. 
Biol. Centr.-Amer.j Aves, i. p. 40 (1879). 

Adult. General colour above ruddy brown, a little more olivaceous 
on the bind neck and on the rump and upper tail-coverts; -wingcoverts 
reddish brown, the inner median coverts with a slight 
orange tinge; greater and primary coverts dusky brown, externally 
reddish brown; quills dusky brown, externally orange-
brown, except in the middle of the outer webs, where the blackish-
brown colour of the quills encroaches; centre tail-feathers ashy 
grey, with a very tiny spot of white at the extreme tip, the remainder 
black, the third with a white spot at the end, the penultimate 
one with a wedge-shaped mark towards the tip, which is ashy, 
the outermost pale ashy brown, obliquely dark brown at the base of 
the inner web, with the tip and a long wedge-shaped mark on the 
inner web, white; head ashy grey, hoary on the base of the forehead 
and over the lores ; eyelid creamy white; lores black, extending 
a little way under the eye; ear-coverts ashy grey, with 
narrow whitish shaft-lines; cheeks creamy white, the hinder part 
shading off into ashy grey; chin and upper throat creamy white, 
separated from the cheeks by a blackish moustachial line; lower 
throat and under surface of body ashy grey, with a few whitish 
shaft-lines on the fore neck; centre of abdomen white; flanks and 
sides of body washed with olive-brown, as also the thighs; under 
tail-coverts light ashy, with broad white margins; axillaries and 
under wing-coverts light fulvous brown, with paler tips, the wing-
coverts more reddish brown near the base; quills dusky brown, 
light ochraceous buff near the base of the inner webs. Total length 
8*2 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3-95, tail 3*9, tarsus 0*8. (Mus. 
Salvin Sf Godman.) 

Guatemalan examples appear to have the throat more ashy than 
in most of the Mexican specimens examined. The whiter throat of 
the latter, however, does not seem to be absolutely constant. 

The Dusky Solitaire ranges from Guatemala to Southern Mexico 
and the Tres Marias Islands. 

a. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
TIMELIIBJE. 

7. Myiadectes townsendi. 
Ptilogonys townsendi, Auduh, B. Amer. pi. 419. %. 2; id. Orn. Biogr. 

v. p. 206 (1839) • Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 366, no, 5572 (1809). 
Myiadestes townsendi, Auclub. B. Amer. 8vo, i. p. 243, pi. GO (1839); 
Cab. Arch.f. Naturg. 1847, p. 208; Scl. B. Z. S. 1857, p. 5, 1858, 

p. 97 ; Bairdy B. JV. -4wev. p. 321 (1858) ; Scl Cat Amer. B. p. 47, 
(1862) ; Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 429 (1864;; Corns, Ibis, 1805, 
p. 60; Cooper, Orn. Calif, p. 134 (1879); Clues, Key X. Am. B. 
p. 117, fig. 57 (1872); id. B. X.-West p. 93 (IbT-l); Baird, 
Brewer. $ Ridgw. X. Amer. B. p. 409 (1874); Coues, B, Color. 
Fall. p. 44 (1878); Hensh. Zool Expl W. lOQth Merid. p. 231 
(1878) ; Ridgw. U.S. Nat. Mm. no. 21, p. 12 (1881). 

Culicivora townsendi, JDeEay, Nat. Mist X. Y. ii. p. 110 (1844). 
Myiadectes townsendi, Salv. $ Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves9 i. 

p. 40 (1879). 
Adult. General colour above dull ashy grey, slightly varied with 
brown centres to the feathers of the head; lesser wing-coverts like 
the back; median and greater series brown, edged with the same 
colour as the back, the greater coverts narrowly tipped with white; 
bastard wing and primary-coverts brown, the latter lighter brown 
near the base; quills brown, with a patch of ochraceous buff near the 
base; the inner primaries with a second patch of ochraceous buff near 
the end of the feather, which is light ashy brown on the secondaries, 
the innermost of which are edged and tipped with whitish; two 
centre tail-feathers light brown, the remainder dark brown, the 
penultimate feather having a wedge-shaped spot of white at the tip, 
much larger on the outermost feather, where the greater part of the 
outer web is white, extending diagonally across the end of the inner 
web ; round the eye a ring of white feathers, in front of which is a 
blackish loral spot; the lores and feathers above the front of the 
eye slightly tinged with rusty; ear-coverts dull ashy grey like the 
head; under the eye a shade of black; cheeks and throat hoary 
grey, lighter than the rest of the under surface, which is dull ashy 
grey, lighter on the centre of the breast and abdomen, the lower 
part* of which is whitish; thighs ashy brown; under tail-coverts 
ashy brown, broadly edged with white• axillaries and under wing-
coverts ashy brown, tinged with fulvous and tipped with white; 
quills dusky brown below, very pale tawny buff at the base of the 
inner web. Total length 8 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 4-4, tail 3*85, 
tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length 

7*75 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 4*65, tail 3*7, tarsus 0*75. 

Young.^ Speckled at first like a very young Thrush; each feather 

with a triangular or rounded spot of dull ochraceous or tawny, edged 

with blackish. (Corns.) 

Townsend's Solitaire inhabits the Middle and Pacific provinces of 

the United States, but does not penetrate far into Mexico. 

a, b. S ? ad. sk. West side of Rocky J. K. Lord, E,sq. [P.], 
Mountains. 


58. MYLJLDBOTES. 
c. Ad. sk. West side of Rocky J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
Mountains. 
d, e. Ad, sk. Oregon. Lord Walsingham [P.], 

8. Myiadectes ralloides. 
Muscipeta armillata (nee V.), Lafr. et D'Orb, Mag. de Zool, 1837, 

p. 48. 
Muscipeta ralloides, I? Orb. Voy. Amer, merid. p. 322. 
Ptilogonys griseiventer, Tschudi, Arch.f. Nat. 1844, p. 270; id. Faun. 
Peruan., Aves, pp. 7, 140 (1846); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 281 (1846). 

Myiadestes griseiventer, Cab. Arch. f. Naturg. 1847, p. 209; Bp. 

Consp. i. p. 336 (1850); Cab. Mus. Hem. Th. L p. 55 (1850). 

Myiadestes venezuelensis, Selater, Ann. Nat. Hist. (2) xvii. p. 468 

(1856); id. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 6, 1860, p. 64; id. Cat. Amer. B. 

p. 48 (1862); Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 427 (1864). 
Myiadestes ralloides, Sol. # Salv. Ex. Orn. p. 53, pi. xxvii. (1869); 
id. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 4 (1873). 
Ptilogonys ralloides, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 366, no. 5578 (1869). 
Myiadectes ralloides, Sab. & Godm. Biol. Centr.-Ame?\. Aves. i. p. 

(1879;. 

Adult male (San Esteban, Venezuela; A. G-oering). General colour 
above warm orange-brown, richer on the lower back, rump, and 
upper tail-coverts ; lesser wing-coverts like the back; greater 
coverts and priraary-coverts dusky brown, margined with orange-
brown, and the former tipped narrowly with pale orange-buff; 
quills dusky brown, externally edged with orange-brown; the 
secondaries conspicuously light fulvous at the base, succeeded by a 
black patch on the outer web of all but the innermost, which are 
almost entirely orange-brown; centre tail-feathers obscure reddish 
brown, the remainder dusky brown, externally washed with reddish 
brown, and having a tiny white spot at the tip; the two outer 
feathers ashy brown on the outer web, with a wedge-shaped patch 
of white, small on the penultimate but very large on the external 

feather; crown of head ashy, strongly washed with the same colour 
as the back, much lighter and clearer grey at the base of the forehead 
and over the lores; the latter dusky blackish ,* sides of face 
and ear-coverts, as well as the entire under surface of body, light 
slaty grey, washed with orange-brown on the lower flanks and 
thighs; the lower abdomen whitish* under tail-coverts slaty grey, 
edged with orange-brown, the long ones tipped with white* axillaries 
and under wing-coverts light slaty grey, tipped with white; 
quills dusky brown below, white at the base of the inner web ; bill 
blackish, the lower mandible yellow; " iris dark or reddish brown " 
{Salmon). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3*35, tail 2S5, 
tarsus 0*8. (Mus. Salvin and Godman.) 

Adult female. Similar in plumage to the adult male. Total 
length 7 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3*4, tail 3, tarsus 0*75* 

Young. Mottled all over with tawny-rufous spots, margined with 
black; the abdomen and under tail-coverts whitish, mottled slightly 
with dusky bars. 

376 TlilELTIDJE. 

The Andean Solitaire has rather a wide range in South America, 
occupying the eastern slopes of the Andes from the neighbourhood 
of Caracas to the valleys of Ynngas in Bolivia. 

9. Myiadectes irnieolor. 
Myiadestes unicolor, Sdater, T. Z. S. 1856, p. 299, 1857, pp. 5, 218, 
1858, p. 97; id. $ Sate. Ibis, I860, p. 397; ScL Cat. Amer. B. 

p. 47; Bated, Review Amer. B. p. 428 (1864); ScL 4* Sate. Ex. 
Orn. p. 51, pi 26 (1869); Sumichr. Me?n. Bust. Soc. L p. 548 
(1869) ; ScL $ Sate. Nomenel. Av. Keotr. p. 4 (1873). 
Ptilogonys unicolor, Gray, Haml-L B. i. p. 366, no. 5574 (1809). 
Myiadectes unicolor. Sate. $* Ood?n. Biol. Cenir.-Amer.7 Aves, i. p. 41 
(1879). 

Adult General colour above slaty grey, with a slight tinge of 
olive here and there; wing-coverts like the back; median and 
greater coverts, as well as the primary-coverts, black, margined 
with slaty grey on the outer web; quills blackibh brown, edged 
with olivaceous brown, the secondaries olivaceous brown at the 
base and towards the tip of the outer web, black in the middle 
of the feathers, forming a patch; the inner secondaries ashy 
like the back; two centre tail-feathers ashy grey; remainder of 
the feathers blackish, minutely tipped with ashy, the penultimate 
feather having a somewhat large white spot, the outermost ashy 
brown towards the tip, edged with white at the tip; a narrow 
line from the base of the bill to above the eye buiry white, 
as also a streak above and below the eye; lores blackish, and 
feathers below the eye also slightly blackish; ear-eoverts slaty 
grey, with narrow whitish shaft-lines; throat light ashy; remainder 
of under surface of body slaty grey, rather lighter on the abdomen, 
the flanks being slightly washed with olive; under tail-coverts light 
ashy, edged with whitish; thighs slaty grey; axillaries light ashy, 

with a slight tinge of fulvous; under wing-coi erts dark ashy, edged 
with dull fulvous; quills dusky brown, white near the base of the 
inner web. Total length 6-85 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3-6, 
tail 3-25, tarsus 0*8. 

The Grey Solitaire inhabits Central America, where it ranges 
from Southern Mexico to Guatemala. 

a. Ad. sk, Cordova, Mexico. M. A. Salle* [C.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
10. Myiadectes melanops. 
Myiadestes melanops, Sate. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 580, pi. 36; Bated, 
Bevieio Amer. B. p. 426 (1866) ; Later. Ann. Lyc. W. Y. ix. p. 97 
(1868); Von Frantz. J.f.O. 186% p. 296; ScL $ Sate. Nomenel 
Av. JSfeotr. p. 4 (1873). 

Ptilogonys melanops, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. £. 366, no. 5576 (1869). 
Myiadectes melanops, Sate, fy Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer.* Airs. 1, 

p. 42 (1879). 
59 . CICHLOPSIS. 377 
Adult male. General colour above slaty grey; the wing-coverts 
blackish, like the back, edged with slaty grey; primary-coverts 
blackish; quills blackish, the primaries edged with ashy, the 
secondaries blackish, ashy grey at the base and near the tip of the 
outer web ; tail-feathers dark slate-colour, the outer feathers ashy 
brown towards the end, which is narrowly margined with white; 
base of forehead, lores, and sides of face black, the fore part of 
cheeks and ear-coverts dark slate-colour; over the eye a shade of 
lighter ashy, forming a slight eyebrow; chin black; the remainder 
of the under surface light slaty grey, a little more dusky on the 
under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts and axillaries like the breast; 
quills dusky blackish below, white at the base of the inner web. 
Total length 6-25 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3*3, tail 2*85, tarsus 0*8. 

Young. Differs from the adults in being mottled all over with 
spots of ochraceous buff, each spot margined with a blackish line; 
the spots on the under surface rather paler. (Mm. Salvin and 
Godman.) 
The Black-faced Solitaire inhabits Costa Eica, whence it ranges 

into Yeragua. 
a. <$ ad. sk. Calovevora, Veragua (Arc£). Osbert Salvin, Esq. 
b. Ad. sk. Costa Rica. Mr. Van Patten [C.]. 

11. Myiadectes leucotis, 
Ptilogonys leucotis, Tschudi, Arch.f. Naturg. 1844, p. 270; id. Faun. 
Peruan. p. 22, pi. 7. fig. 2 (1845) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 281 (1846); 
id. Hand-l B. L p. 366, no. 5579 (1869). 
Myiadestes leucotis,Bp.Consp. i. p. 336 (1850); Sel. $ Salv. Nomencl. 
Av. Neotr. p. 4 (1873). 

Adult. Cinnamon colour, the head and neck black; back, rump, 
and upper wing-coverts cinnamon; a broad white band stretching 
from the angle of the bill to the ear-coverts • throat, breast, abdomen, 
and vent black • flanks rufous * primary quills black, the base 
of the inner web white ; the outer webs of the secondaries ruf escent, 
the inner ones blackish; six inner tail-feathers black, the outer ones 
white at the tip ; upper mandible black, the lower one yellow; feet 
intense black; iris fiery red. Total length 9 inches. (Tschudi.) 

The White-faced Solitaire inhabits Peru. 

59. CICHLOPSIS. 
? Turdampelis, Less. Echo du Monde Savant, 1844, p. 156. Type. 
Cichlopsis, Cab. Mus. Mein. Th. i. p. 54 (1850) C. leucogenys. 
MyiocKjhla, Bp. C. B. xxxviii. p. 6 (1854) C. leucogenys. 

Cf. Baird, Bemew Amer. B. pp. 433-435. 

Mange. Confined to South America. 

378 TIMELIIDJB. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Upper surface rufous-brown• throat deep rufous; 
fore neck rufous-brown hucogemys, p. 378, 
b. Upper surface dark olivaceous brown • throat orange-
rufous, sharply defined by the fore neck and chest, 
which are olivaceous brown gularis, p. 378. 
1. CicHopsis leucogenys f. 
? Turdampelis lanioides, Less. Echo du Monde Savant, 1844, p. 150. 

? Turdampelis rufococcyx, Less. Deser. Mamm. et Ois. p. 324 (1847). 

Cichlopsis leucogenys, "Cab. Mus. Hem. Th. i. p. 54, note {ex Licht. 

MS. in Mus. BeroL). 

Myiadestes leucotis, Bp. Gmsp. i. p. 336 (18-50, nee Tschudi). 

Myiocichla ochrata, Bp. CM. xxxviii. p. 6 (1854),_ 

Cichlopsis aurantia, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 43 (L855j, 

Cichlopsis leucogonys, Sclaier, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 6, l«o8, p. 542; id. 

Cat. A)ner, B. p. 48; Baird, JReviewAmer. B. p. 434 (leGfj)• Pels. 
Orn. Bras, p. 421 (1871); Set $- Salv. Nomencl. Av. JStvtr. p. 4 
(1873). 

Ptilogonys leucogonys, Gray, Hand~l. B. i. p. 307, no. 5582 (18*39). 

Adult General colour above rufous-brown, the wing-coverts like 
the back; quills sepia-brown, externally of the same colour as the 
back; tail-feathers dull rufous-brown, with a pale fulvescent bhade 
at the tip of the inner web of the two outermost; sides of face also 
rufous-brown, a little clearer on the lores and rather more dusky on 
the ear-coverts; throat brighter and more ferruginous ; lower throat 
and fore neck light rufous-brown; with a few indications of yellowish 
shaft-lines ; breast and abdomen ashy, slightly whiter on the latter ; 
sides of body fulvous-brown; under tail-coverts light fulvous; axillaries 
ashy; under wing-coverts fulvous, whiter on the edges ; the 
lower coverts near the edge of the wing light brown; quills light 
brown below, fulvous near the base of the inner web; bill blackish, 
the under mandible yellowish white. Total length 8 inches, culmen 
0-7, wing 4*05, tail 4*7, tarsus 0*9. (Mus. P. L, SdaUr.) 

The Eufous-brown Solitaire is only known from Brazil. 

2. Cichlopsis gularis. 
Cichlopsis gularis, Salvin 8f Godman} Ihis, 1882 (January). 
Adult male (type of species). General colour above dark olivaceous 
brown, the wing-coverts like the back ; greater and primary-coverts 
as well as the quills dark sepia-brown, externally like the back, a 
little more rufescent on the primaries; tail-feathers duH reddish 
brown, all but the centre ones with a narrow edging of reddish burl 
at the end of the inner web, a little more extended on the outermost 
feather; lores dusky; ear-covertsduU olivaceous brown, with a few 
rufous shaft-lines; eyelids and feathers below the eye rufous ; throat 
orange-rufous; lower throat and fore neck duH olivaceous brown, 

t Of. Sunder. Av. Mcth. Tent., App. p. 3*. 

60 . PLATYCICEXA. 
as also the sides of tlie body, which, are lighter; centre of the body-
ashy, becoming whiter on the lower abdomen; thighs olive-buff; 
under tail-coverts light ochraceous buff; axillaries ochraceous buff; 
under wing-coverts light brown, edged with ochraceous; lower 
coverts near the edge of the wing dusky brown, forming a patch; 
quills light brown below, ochraceous buff near the base of the inner 
web; bill blackish, the lower mandible yellow. Total length 7*75 
inches, culmen 0*75, wing 4*15, tail 3*75, tarsus 0*85. (l£us. Balvin 
and Godman.) 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little duller in colour, 
especially below, where the throat is lighter orange-rufous. Total 
length 8 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 4*25, tail 3*8, tarsus 0*9. (Mas. 
Salvia and Godman.') 

The Orange-throated Solitaire replaces (7. leucogenys in the 
mountains of Demerara. 

60. PLATYCICHLA. 
Type. 
Platycickla, Baird, Review Amer. B. p. 32 (1864) P. brevipes. 

General appearance that of Cichlopsis; the bill rather longer and 
much more attenuated at the end; the lower mandible much weaker 
and narrower, the toes perhaps a little more deeply cleft; the feet 
larger, but similarly proportioned; the claws longer and less curved. 
The wings and tail are similar, the latter rather shorter; the outer 
quill one third the second. Inside and bases of quills coloured as in 
Plamsticus, and throat similarly streaked. (Baird, L c.) 

Mange, Confined to Brazil. 

1. Platycichla brevipes. 
Platycichla brevipes, Baird, Review Amer. B. pp. 32, 436 (1864). 
Ptilogonys brevipes, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 367, no. 5583 (1869). 


The upper parts are greenish olive, with an appearance of darker 

edges to the feathers of the head and back. The underparts are 

yellowish olive; crissum paler; the middle of the belly and anal 

region whitish ash ; the throat-feathers with shaft-streaks and arrow-

spots of dusky, obscurely indicated on the jugulum* under wing-

coverts cinnamon ; middle coverts with an occasional cinnamon 

spot. Total length 8*40, wing 4*45, tail 3*80, bill from forehead 0*8, 

tarsus 0*95. (Baird, I. c.) 

I am unable to give any further information respecting this spe


cies, which still remains apparently unknown in European collections. 

It was described by Professor Baird from a Brazilian skin in the 

Smithsonian Institution, and there are two specimens in the Museum 

of the Philadelphia Academy. Although Prof. Baird expressly states 

that it is a Thrush, all writers on the Turdidse since his time have 

scarcely mentioned the species. It is not even mentioned in Mr. 

Seebohm's volume. 

380 
TIMELIID^ 

Subfamily V. PTILONOKHYNCHDfM. 

The Bower-birds have been placed in various positions in the 
class Aves. By some systematists they have been considered to be 
Thrushes, by others Birds of Paradise, while Professor Sundevall 
has associated them, with the Shrikes. It is quite certain that, 

•wherever they are placed in the natural system, they are sure to be 
more or less aberrant, and will have to stand, to a great extent, 
alone, as is so often the case with Australian forms of bird-life. 
Their habits seem tome to associate them with the Ground-Thrushes 
and Babblers, of which they will form an outlying group with affinities 
towards the Crows and Paradise-birds. 
Key to the Genera, 

a. Bill higher than it is broad at nostrils. 
a'. With a lateral subterminal notch on the 
upper mandible. 
a". Nostrils entirely covered with silky 
feathers, dense and recurved so as to [p. 360. 
hide tke base of the bill 61. PTILOXOEHYXCHUS, 

b". N ostrils exposed, not completely hidden 
by plumes. 


a'". Nostrils overhung by scanty plumes; 
bill very stout, its depth at nostrils 
being equal to the length of the inner 
toe without claw 62. MLVRCEDJJB, p. 382. 

b"'. Nostrils oval, with a posterior membrane 
on which the feathers of the 
forehead encroach; bill longer and 
thinner, its depth at nostrils much [p. 388. 
less than inner toe 68. CHLAim>ODEEA, 

b'. With a distinct festoon in the upper mandible, 
formed by two notches on the edge 64. SCBXQPJEUS, p. 394. 

b. Bill at nostrils as high as it is broad. 
c\ Nostrils entirely hidden by plumes; sexes 
alike,- plumage of head and neck ordinary 
65. AHBLYOBXIS, p.394. 

d'. 
Nostrils exposed,* sexes strikingly different 
; plumage of head and neck dense 
and velvety 66. SEBICUXTJS, p. 895. 

61. PTHOffORHYffCHUS. 
Type. 
Ptilonorhynchus, Kuhl, Beitr, zur Zool. p. 150 (1820) ,. P. \iolaceus. 

Range. Confined to Australia. 

61. PmONORHXtfCHUS. 
381 

1. Ptnonorhynchus violaceus *. 
Pyrrhocorax violaceus, Vieill. K Diet vi. p. 569 (1816). 
Ptilonorhynchus holosericeus, KuM, Beitr. z. Zool. p. 150 (1820); 

Wagler, Syst. Av., Ptilonorhynchus, sp. 1 (1827) ; Gould, B. Austr. 
fol. iv. pi. 10 (1838); id. Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 442 (1865); 
Pamsay, Ibis, 1866, p. 330; Selector in Wolfs Zool Sketches, 2nd 
series, pi. xxviii. (1867); Gray. JBfand-l B. i. p. 294, no. 4335 
(18G9). y ' * ' 

Satin Grakle, Lath. Gen. Mist iii. p. 171 (1822). 
Kitta holosericea, Temm. PL Col. ii. pis. 395. 422 (1826): Less. Traitt 
tfOm. p. 350, pi. 46. % 1 (1831). 
Ptilonorhynchus macleayii, Via. & Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 263 
(1827, ex Lath. MSS.). 
Ptilonorhynchus squamulosus, Wagler, Syst. Av., Ptilon. sp. 3 (1827, 
ex Illiger, MSS.). 

PtHorhvnchus 
holosericeus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 271 (1837); 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 325 (1846) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 370 (1850); Cab. 
Mus. Hem. Th. i. p. 213 (1850); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 

p. 117 (1867); JRamsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ii. p. 187 
Ptilorhynchus violaceus, Elliot, Monogr. Parad. pi, xxviii. (1873). 

Adult male. General colour above and below purplish black, the 
feathers having concealed greyish bases; upper tail-coverts black, 
broadly bordered and tipped with purple ; quills and tail black, the 
feathers edged with purple; " bill bluish horn, passing into yellow 
at the tip; legs and feet yellowish white ; iris beautiful light blue, 
with a circle of red round the pupil" {Gould). Total length 12*5 
inches, culmen 1*4, wing 6*6, tail 4*5, tarsus 2*15. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
greyish green, with a shade of bluish on the edges of the feathers, 
the rump and upper tail-coverts greener than the back * lesser and 
median wing-coverts like the back, the latter edged with whity 
brown along the tips; greater and primary wing-coverts reddish 
brown, the former with a slight shade of bluish green, the innermost 
also tipped with a whity-brown bar; quills dusky brown, externally 
reddish brown, the innermost secondaries shaded with bluish and 
tipped with a bar of whity brown like the secondaries ; tail-feathers 
golden brown, with a slight shade of bluish ashy on the centre 
feathers; lores and feathers round the eye a little browner than the 
head; ear-coverts and cheeks ashy brown, thickly streaked with yellowish-
buff shaft-stripes; throat ashy brown, with a tinge of greenish 

* PTILONORHYNCHUS RAWNSLEYI. 
Sericulus rawnsleyi, Biggies, Orn. Austr. pi. . 

Ptilonorhynchus rawnsleyi, Gould, Suppl. B. Austr. pi. 34; Newton, Ibis, 
1868, p. 348; Elliot, Monogr. Parad. pi. xxix, (1873); Ramsay, Proc. 
Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ii. p. 187 (1876). 

This supposed species, which is like a Satin Bower-bird with the wings of a 
Begent-bird {Sericulus melinus), appears to be an undoubted hybrid between 
these two species. Only one specimen has as yet been found; and good figures 
of it have been given both by G-ould and Elliot (I. c). 

382 mGELIIDJL 

grey, and slightly mottled with dusky greenish margins to the 
feathers; remainder of the under surface pale yellowish, the feathers 
all mottled with bars of blackish brown, tinged with bluish green, 
these bars less pronounced on the abdomen and under tail-coverts, 
the lower abdomen being uniform yellowish; axiHaries pale greenish 
barred with dusky; under wing-coverts yellow, barred with dusky 
brown; quills dusky below, bright yellow at the base and on the 
inner web; " bill dark horn-colour; feet yellowish white, tinged 
with olive; irides of a deeper blue than in the male, and with only 
an indication of the red ring" (Goitld). Total length 12 inches, 
culmen 1*3, wing 6'2, tail 4*6, tarsus 1*7. 

Young male. Eesembles the female at first, but is generally to be 
distinguished by a few purplish-black feathers appearing on the head 
and back or on the quills. The body-plumes appear to he acquired 
by a direct moult; but the quills and tail-feathers become black by 
a change in the colour of the feather itself. 

The Satin Bower-bird inhabits New South Wales, and ranges 
throughout Eastern Australia as far as Eockingham Bay and Port 
Denison. 

a. $ ad. sk. 
b, c. tf imm. sk. 
d. <S juv. sk. 
*>/ d 2 ad.sk. 
y. S ad.sk. 
h. $ ad. sk. 
h 7c. <S ? ad. sk. 
Australia. 
Australia. 
Australia. 
Clarence River. 
New South Wales. 
Australia. 
Queensland 
LinneanSociety "P.". (Type 
of P. mafUayi.) 
Zoological Society. 
Gould Collection. 
Sydney Museum. 
Gould* Collection. 
Rev. Augustus Strong1 "P.], 
F. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
(J. T. OockereK). Esqrs. [P.]. 

62. ^LURGEDTJS. 
Type. 
Ailuroedus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 213 (1&30) -E." \iridis. 

Range. Confined to Australia and the Papuan group of islands. 

Key to the Sjpecies. 

a. Crown of head mottled; ear-coverts black; tail-
feathers tipped with white. 
a\ Head black, spotted with ovate marks of reddish 
buff. 
a". Nape spotted like the head melawfis, p. 3^3. 
b". Nape black arfakiammf p. 3r>4. 

b'. Head brown, the feathers margined with black niaculosus, p. 3&3. 

b. Crown of head uniform, green; ear-coverts green, 
mottled with dusky black ; tail-feathers tipped 
with white .. ; viridis, p.385. 
c. Crown of head uniform, brown; ear-coverts white, 
snorted with black; tail not tipped with white; 
hind neck yellowish buff, mottled with large 
triangular black spots. 
62. -asujECEDus. 
383 
c\ Crown olive-brown; throat white, distinctly 
spotted with black; spots on underparts 
large buccoides, p. 386. 


d1 

. Crown blackish brown; throat white, with 
only a few black dots; spots on under surface 
very small stomi, p. 387. 


1. JElurcedns melanotic 
Ptilonorhynchus melanotis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, pp. 181, 194; id. 
Cat. B. Neto Guinea, pp. 37, 59 (1859); id. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 436; 
Rosenb. J. f. O. 1864, p. 122 (pt.); JFinsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 173 
(1865); Moserib. Reis. n. Zuidoostereil. p. 47 (1867); Gray, Hand-l. 

B. i. p. 294, no. 4338 (1869)1; Pelz. Verh. zool.-bot. Gesettsch. Wien, 
1872, p. 428. 
Ptilorhynchus 
melanotis, Schlegel, Mm. Pays-Bas, Coraees, p. 118, 
(1867); id. N. T. B. iv. p. 51 (1871, pt.); Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. 

p. 370 (1877). 
Ailuroedus melanotis, Meyer, Site. h. Akad. Wissemch. Wien, lxix. 
p. 82 (1874); Gould, B. New Guinea, pt. i (1875 )3, 
iEluroedus melanotis,Elliot, Monogr.Parad.^\.sxx.Y. (1873); Scl. Ibis, 
1874, p. 416; Salvad. Ann. Mm. Civic. Genov. ix. p. 193 (1876); 
id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 992; D'Alb. fy Salvad. Ann. Mm. Civic. Genov. 

xiv. p. 114 (1879); DAlbert. Nuova Guinea, p. 588 (1880); Salvad. 
Orn. della Papuasia, p. 671 (1881). 
Adxdt male (type of species). General colour above bright grass-
green, slightly shaded with blue on the wing-coverts and primaries; 
the median and greater wing-coverts and the secondaries tipped 
with buffy white; quills dull brown on the inner webs; tail dull 
grass-green, blackish on the inner webs of the outer feathers, all 
the feathers rather broadly tipped with wnite; head and neck 
fulvous, mottled with black, the feathers being mostly of the latter 
colour, with a large oval spot of fulvous near the tip, very much 
larger on the hinder neck; lores and a line of feathers above and 
below the eye buffy whitish; behind the eye a bare patch; ear-
coverts black; rest of the sides of the face buffy white, barred with 
narrow crescentic cross lines of black; the fore neck and chest 
yellowish white, all the feathers dark at base and distinctly edged 
with black, giving a very strongly mottled appearance; rest of the 
under surface of the body yellowish buff, slightly inclining to fawn-
buff, the feathers with narrow whitish shaft-lines, the breast mottled 
with subterminal cross lines of blackish; sides of the body washed 
with green, with rather broad mesial streaks of white on the flank-
feathers; under wing-coverts yellowish buff, tinged with green 
along the edge of the wing; many of the abdominal plumes, when 
lifted, exhibiting a bluish shade underneath, this being also seen on 
the lower surface of the tail. Total length 12*5 inches, culmen 1*6, 
wing 6*65, tail 5*1, tarsus 1*85. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but more distinctly greenish, 
underneath; each feather with a terminal spot of brighter green, 
the lower flanks washed with bluish green; spots on secondaries 

384 
TI3£ELimS&. 

very large and distinct; mantle varied with arrow-shaped central 
markings of yellowish huff to all the feathers. Total length 13*3 
inches, culmen 1-45, wing 6*1, tail 5-2, tarsus 1*8. 


The Black-cheeked Cat-hird inhabits the Am Islands. 

a. 
$ ad. sk. Aru Islands. A. R. Wallace, Esq. (Type 
of species.) 
b. $ ad. sk. Aru Islands1. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C A 
c. Ad. sk. Wokan, Aru Islands2 (J. Voyage of H31.S. <CEal-
Murray). lenger.' 
dj e. Ad. sk. Aru Islands3 (J. Coclserell). Gould Collection. 


2. JEluroedus arfaMamis. 
Ptilonorhynchus inelanotis, pt., Rosenb. J.f. 0. 1864, p. 122. 
Ptilorhynchus melanotis, pt., Schl. 2V". T. D. iv. p. 51 (1871). 
iElurcedus melanotis {nee Gray)f-8claier, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 697; 

Elliot, Monogr. Farad, Inir. p. xxii (1873); 
Sclater, Ibis} 1874, 

p. 416. 
Ailuroedus arfakianus, Meyer, Site. h. Ahad. Wiss. Wkn, Ixix. p. 82 
(1874) ; Sclater, Ibis, 1874, p. 416; Gould, B. Nezc Guinea, part i. 
(1875). 

iEluroedus arfakianus, Salvad. Ami. Mm. Civic. Genov. ix. p. 193 
(1876), x. p. 151 (1877); id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. y9; JJ'Albert Xuova 
Guinea, p. 581 (1880) ; Salvad. Orn. delta Papuast€t} p. 673 (IfeSl). 

Ptilorhynchus arfakianus, Giebel, Thes. Orn. Hi. p. .370 (1877). 
Ptilonorhynchus arfakianus, Rosenb, Malay. Arch. p. 554 (1870). 

Adult. Peathers of the head and neck black, ornamented with 
pale fulvous subterminal spots; nape black; feathers of the upper 
back blackish, fulvescent in the middle; the remainder of the back, 
rump and upper tail-coverts, upper surface of wings and of tail 
black; lores, cheeks, and sides of neck whitish buff, the edges of the 
feathers blackish; a large spot on the ear-coverts black, with 
another similar, though smaller, one at the base of the lower mandible 
; fore-neck blackish, the feathers ornamented in the middle by 
a lanceolate fulvous spot; upper breast and sides greenish, each 
feather having a lanceolate fulvous spot, surrounded with dusky 
towards the tip; lower breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts 
ochre-yellow and unspotted, more or less washed with greenish; 
wings externally green, the median and greater coverts, as well as 
the inner secondaries, having a large yellowish-white spot at the tip; 
quills dusky blackish on the inner web, bluish on the outer web of 
the primaries; edge of wing yellowish green; under wing-coverts 
whitish, varied with dusky and greenish; tail green above, dusky 

below, tinged with blue, with a broad white tip; " bill yellowish; 
feet lead-colour; iris blood-red" (D'Allertis). Total length 13*5 
inches, culmen 1*15, wing 6-3, tail 5, tarsus 1*7. {Bahadori.) 

The Arfak Cat-bird inhabits the Arfak mountains, in Northwestern 
Kew Guinea, and is supposed also to inhabit M3TSOL 

62 . JELUKCEDUS. 
385 

3. JEluxce&us maculosus. 
JSlurcedus maculosus, Mamsmj, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 601 ; Gould, JB. New 
Guinea, part 1 (1875); Ramsay. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ii. 

p. 187(1876). 
Adult. General colour above green; the wing-coverts like the 
back, with obscure yellowish spots at the ends of the median and 
greater coverts; quills dusky blackish, externally green like the 
back, the primaries bluish on their outer webs, the innermost secondaries 
tipped with a spot of yellowish white; tail-feathers green, 
dusky blackish on the inner web, all but the two centre ones barred 
along the tip with white; head ochreous brown, mottled all over 
with blackish edges to the feathers; the feathers of the hind neck 
and mantle greenish, mottled with a spot of pale ochreous or 
yellowish white; lores bluish white tinged with yellow; feathers 
above and below the eye whitish, the former having blackish tips to 
some of the feathers; ear-coverts black, with a streak of whity 
brown tinged with green along the upper edge; chin and a spot 
at the base of the cheeks black; remainder of cheeks yellowish 
white, the feathers mottled with dusky-brown tips; sides of neck 
ashy, tinged with green and mottled with brown edges; behind the 
ear-coverts and on the lower neck a whitish shade, forming an 
indistinct patch; throat ashy, mottled with greenish-brown edges 
to the feathers; remainder of under surface spotted, the feathers 
having a large ovate mark of white in the centre, and being broadly 
edged with greenish brown, these margins less distinct on the 
abdomen, which is consequently whiter; thighs ashy, washed with 
green, with a subterminal bar of yellow; under wing-coverts 
yellowish, with an indistinct bar of green across the middle of the 
feather ; axillaries green, with yellowish tips; under wing-coverts 
dusky, tipped with yellowish white and washed with bluish green; 
edge of wing yellow; quills dusky below, whitish towards the base 
of the inner web. Total length 11 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 5*9, 
tail 4*1, tarsus 1*85. 

The Queensland Cat-bird was first found in Queensland, in the 
mountain-ranges near Cardwell, at Eockingham Bay; but, according 
to Mr. Eamsay, it is found in Port Denison and the "Wide-Bay 
district, as well as in the interior province and Victoria. 

a. Ad. sk. Eockingham Bay (Waller). Gould Collection. 
4. jElurcedus viridis. 
Green Grakle, Zatk Ind. Orn. Suppl ii. p. 129 (1801); id. Gen, Hist. 

iii. p. 168 (1822). 
Gracula viridis, Lath. Ind, Orn. Suppl ii, p. xxviii (1801); Shaw, 
Gen. Zool vii. p. 478 (1809). 
Lanius crassirostris, Pat/Ml, Nova Acta Ac. Upsala, vii. p. 282, 
Taf. 10 (1810). 
Varied Eoller, Lath. Gen. Mist. iii. p. 83 (1822). 


VOL. VI. 2 C 

386 TIMELIIB^l. 

Ett a virescens, Temm. PL Col ii. pi. 396 (1826); Weigh St/st Av., 
Ptilon. sp. 3 (1827). 

Ptnonorhynchus smithii, Vig. £f Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 264 
(1827, fit Lath. MS&); Gould, B. Austr. IT. pi. ii. (1838); Gray, 
Gen. B. ii. p. 325 (1846). 

Ptilorhvnchus smithii, Bp. Consp. i. p. 370 (1850); SchL Mus. P.~B., 
Coraces, i. p. 294, no. 4336 (1867). 
Ailuroedus smithii, Cab. Mus. Hem. Th. i. p. 213 (1850); Gould, 
Eandb. B. Austr. i. p. 446 (1865). 
iEluroedus crassirostris, Sclater, Ibis, 1868; p. 501; EUiot, Monogr. 
Parad, pi. xxxiv. (1873); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. K 8. Wales, 

ii. p. 187 (1878). 
Adult. Above bright grass-green, with a greyish-white patch on 
the side of the lower neck; primaries slightly shaded externally 
with bluish, the inner webs of the quills greyish brown; median 
and greater wing-coverts, as well as the secondaries, tipped with 
yellowish white; tail-feathers bright grass-green, Inclining to greyish 
black on the inner web, and tipped with white, more largely on 
the inner web; head and neck green, rather more yellowish than 
the back, the feathers bluish underneath when lifted, the hind neck 
and sides of the neck, as well as the mantle, slightly streaked with 
minute shaft-lines of buffy white; sides of face duH olive-greenish, 
including the ear-coverts, which have a duH sort of silvery lustre; 
round the eye a ring of whitish feathers; the fore part of the cheeks, 
feathers below the eyes and on the malar line, slightly spotted with 
black; throat dull greyish, slightly washed with olive-green and 
minutely spotted with white; rest of under surface of body dull 
olive-greenish, all the feathers mesially streaked with a distinct 
lanceolate spot of white; centre of the belly, vent, and under tall-

coverts uniform yellowish; under wing-coverts whitish, barred 
across with ashy grey and slightly washed with green, especially on 
the edge of the wing; " bill light horn-colour; feet whitish; iris 
brownish red " (Gould). Total length 12 inches, culmen 1*25, wing 
6'Bo, tail 5, tarsus 1*95. 

The Common Cat-bird is found in New South Wales, extending 
to the Wide-Bay district in Eastern Australia. 

a. Ad.sk. Australia. Linnean Society [P.]. (Type 
of P. smithii.) 
b. Ad. sk. Australia, 
e. Ad. sk. New South Wales. 
d. Ad* sk. Australia. Gould Collection. 
e. Ad. sk. Northern Queensland. Gould Collection. 
f7 g. Ad. sk. Queensland (X T. Cock- P. Godman and 0, Salvin, 
erelt). Esqrs. [P.]. 

5. JEkrcedus buccoi&es* 
Etta buccoides, Temm. PI Col 575 (1835); id. Tabl Meth. PL Col 
p. 10 (1840); S. Mull Verk. Nat. Geseh. Land- en Vdkenk, p. 22 
(1839-44); Bosenb. J.f. 0.1864, p. 122. 
Cissa buccoides, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 14 (1849), 
PtUorhynchus buccoides, Bp. Consp. I p. 370 (1850); Wall P. Z, 8. 

62. .^LTJECEDUS. 
387 

1862, p. 165; id. Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) xi. p. 57 (1803); 
ScUegel, Mus.P.-B., Coraces, p. 118 (1867): id. N. T. D. iv. p. 40 
(1871) ; GieK Thes. Orn. iii. p. 370. 
Ptilonorhynchus bucGoides, Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 194; id. Cat. B. 

New Guinea, p. 37 (1859); id. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 436; Finsch, Neu-

Guinea, p. 173 (1865); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 294. no. 4337 

(1869); JRosenh. Malay Arch. p. 554 (1879). 
Ailurcedus buceoides, Gould, B. New Guinea, pt. i, (1875); Salvad, 
Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. vii. p. 780 (1875). 
-fflurcedus buceoides, Elliot, Monogr. Parad. pi. xxxvi. (1873); ScL 

P. Z. S. 1873, p. 697; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. ix. p. 193 
(1876), x. p. 152 (1877) ; D*Albert. $ Salvad. op. cit. xiv. p. 114 
(1879); If Albert. Nuova Guinea, pp. 581, 588 (1880) ,• Salvad. 
Orn. della Papuasia, p. 675 (1881). 
Adult. Above bright grass-green, the wings uniform with the 
back, the primaries blackish, externally bright green, the secondaries 
slightly shaded with bluish on the outer web, the innermost minutely 
tipped with yellowish buff; tail duller green, narrowly tipped with 
white on the inner web of the outer feathers; crown of head olive-
brown, the hinder neck as well as the sides of the latter black, 
streaked with yellowish buff, this colour occupying the basal part of 
the feather, the black confined to a large subterminal spot, but being 
the dominant colour of these parts ; the mantle also slightly mottled 
with yellowish buff, with which many of the feathers are barred, 
some few also tipped with black; lores scantily feathered with brown 
plumelets; eye-ring buff; behind the eye a bare space; sides of face 
buff, everywhere mottled with black spots, the hinder part of the 
ear-coverts entirely black, some of the cheeks also spotted with 
white ; throat buffy white, the chin and lower throat spotted with 
black; rest of under surface light fawn-buff, everywhere largely 
spotted with ovate black markings, these spots less on the abdomen 
and absent on the under wing- and tail-coverts, which are uniform; 
the breast, flanks, and thighs obscurely washed with green, some of 
the spots on the lower flanks being green also. Total length 10 
inches, culmen 1, wing 4-85, tail 3*5, tarsus 1*35. 

The Barbet-like Cat-bird is known from New Guinea, Salawatti, 
"Waigiou, and Batanta. 

a. Ad. sk. Salawatti. A. R. Wallace, Esq., [C.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Sailolo, Salawatti (Hoedt). G-ould Collection. 
c. Ad, st. New Guinea. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.1. 
d. Ad. sk. New Guinea. A. B. Wallace, Esq. [C.j. 
e. Ad. sk. New Guinea. Gould Collection. 

6. Murcedus stonii. 
jElurcedus 
stonii, Sharpe, Nature, Aug. 17, 1876, p. 339; Salvad. 
Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. ix. p. 193 (1876); Sharpe, Pr. Linn. Soc. 

xiii. p. 495 (1877); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. iii. p. 268 
(1879), iv. p. 97 (1879); Salvad. Orn. della Papuasia fyc. p. 678 
(1881); Goidd, B. New Guinea, part adi. (1881). 
Adult (type of species). General colour above bright green, some 
2 o2 

388 TIUBI1IDM. 

of the feathers tinged with blue; wings green, like the back, the 
inner webs dusky brown, the primaries externally washed with 
yellow, the secondaries tipped with the latter colour; tail green, 
blackish on the inner webs of the outermost rectrices, which are 
tipped with white; head dark brown, slightly washed with olive ; 
hind neck yellowish burl, mottled with black centres to the feathers, 
those adjoining the mantle spotted with green; sides of face and 
throat pure white, with a few tiny spots of black on the ear~coverts? 
larger on the sides of the neck; rest of under surface of body ochraceous 
buff, the fore neck and chest minutely spotted with green, the 
flanks also with a few tiny spots of the latter colour; under wingcoyerts 
yellowish buff, the edge of the wing washed with green* 
Total length 9*3 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 5*05? tail 3*5, tarsus 
1-55. 

Stone's Cat-bird has only been received from Sooth-eastern Xew 
Guinea, where it appears to be resident. 

a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk. 
LaloM Biver, S.E. NewGuinea. 
Interior of S.E. New 
0. 0. Stone, Esq. [0.]. 
(Type of species.) 
Goufd Collection. 
Guinea (Goldie). 

63. CHLA1EYD0DEEA. T e 
Calodera, Guild, P. Z. S. 1836, pp. 106, 145 (nee 

Naum.) C. maculata. 
Chlamydera, Goidd, B, Austr. part i. (cancelled; 1837) 0. maculata. 
CaUidera, Agassis, Nomencl. ZooL Ind, Univ. p. 58 

(1846, nom. emend.). 
Chlamydodera, Agassiz, torn. tit. p. 82 (1846, nom. 
emend.). 

Range. Confined to Australia and South-eastern Xew Guinea. 

Key to the Species. 

a, With a band of bright Hlac feathers on the 
nape. 

a'. Upper surface mottled all over with reddish 
spots or bars at the tips of the feathers; 
throat and sides of body with spots or bars 
of dusky brown. 

a". Head rufous-brown, varied with blackish 
edgings and spots on the feathers; throat 
light reddish^ with a few dusky margins 
to the feathers maculata $} p. 389. 

V\ Head silvery brown, slightly tinged with 
rufous bars, the bases to the feathers 
black; throat and chest fulvescent, mottled 
with dusky-blackish centres and 
margins to the feathers guttata <$} p. 391, 

h\ Upper surface mottled with ashy whitish 
or white tips or bars at the end of the 

63* CELAJMXDODEKA. 

389 

feathers; throat and sides of body perfectly 
uniform. 


c". Head uniform; whitish tips to inner 
secondaries not very strongly pronounced 
nuchalis <J, p. 391. 

d". Head mottled with silvery-whitish tips 
to the feathers j whitish tips to inner secondaries 
and wing-coverts very strongly 
pronounced orimtalis <$} p. 392. 

b. Without a nuchal band of bright lilac. 
e". Flanks barred with dusky; upper surface 
mottled with reddish spots or tips to the 
feathers. 


a"'. Throat light reddish or fulvous, slightly 
varied with dusky-brown cross bars 
and edgings to the feathers mamlata $ , p, 390. 

b"'. Throat fulvescent, closely mottled with 
blackish centres and margins to the 
feathers guttata $, p. 391. 

/" . Flanks perfectly uniform or with obsolete 
bars of dusky; under tail-coverts 
whitish, with narrow bars of dusky 
brown. 


c"r. Head uniform nuchalis $, p. 392. 
d"'. Head mottled with silvery-whitish 
tips to the feathers orimtalis J , p. 392. 

g''. 
Flanks uniform j under tail-coverts fawncolour 
like the breast; throat pale, longitudinally 
streaked with dusky; head 
and hind neck uniform; back minutely 
spotted or streaked with white eermnwentris, p. 393 

1. CMamydodera maculata. 
Oalodera maculata, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 106; id. 8yn. B. Austr. 
part i. (1837). 

Ohlamydera maculata, Gould, B. Austr. part i. (1837, cancelled); id. 
op. cit. iv. pi. 8 (1838); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 225 (1846); Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 370 (1850); Biggies, Orn. Austr. pi. (circ. 1867) $ 
Gray, Eand-l. B. i. p. 294, no. 4340 (1869). 

Chlamydodera maculata, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 450 (1854) ; 
Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 450 (1865); Ramsay, Ibis, 1866, 

p. 329; Elliot, Monogr. Parad. pi. xxx. (1873); Ramsay, Proc. 
Linn. 80c. N. 8. W. ii. p. 188 (1878). 
Ptilorhynchus maculatus, 8chleg. Mus. P.-B., Coraces, p. 119 (1867). 
Chlamydodera occipitalis, Gould, Ann. fy Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xvi. 

p. 429 (1875); id. Birds of New Guinea, part x. (1879) ; Ramsay, 
Proc. Linn. 80c. N. 8. W. ii. p. 188. 
Adult male. General colour above dark brown, spotted all over 
with tawny buff near the end of each feather, these spots paling into 
whitish near the apex; the hind neck plain umber-brown, separating 
the nape-spot from the mantle; head tawny buff, mottled and, as it 
were, striped with dark-brown edges to the feathers; a few of the 
feathers of the crown with silvery-whitish tips; on the nape a band 

390 
TIMELITDJE. 

of beautiful lilac plumes, somewhat elongated laterally; -wingcoverts 
like the back, and spotted with tawny buff at the tips; the 
quills brown, edged with whity brown, and having pale spots at 
the ends of the secondaries, these spots being somewhat obsolete on 
the tips of the primaries• upper tail-coverts blackish brown, having, 
in addition to the fulvous bar at the end, a second subterminal bar 
of tawny buff; tail-feathers brown, edged with pale brown along both 
webs, and tipped with pale tawny buff; lores and ear-coverts, as well 
as the sides of the neck, tawny buff, like the head, and striped in 
the same manner with dusky-brown edges to the feathers ; cheeks 
buffy whitish, the feathers edged with brown; throat fuivescent, 
shading off into whity brown on the chest, the breast and abdomen 
being uniform creamy buff; the sides of the body whitish, barred 
with dusky on the flanks and thighs; the throat and fore neck 
spotted with small bars of dusky; under tail-coverts pale tawny 
buff, with a few remains of dusky-brown bars; axiliaries buffy 
whitish; under wing-coverts tawny buff, with a few dusky-brown 
bars ; quills ashy brown below, pale yellow along the inner web ; 
" bill and feet dusky brown ; bare skin at the corner of the mouth 
thick, fleshy, prominent, and of a pinky flesh-colour; iris dark 

brown " {Gould). Total length 11*5 inches, culrnen 1*1, wing 5*75, 
tail 4*25, tarsus 1-6. 

Adult female. Very similar to the male, but without the lilaccoloured 
band on the nape, the latter being of the same colour as 
the head, and separated from the mantle by the hind neck, which is 
of a lighter and more umber-brown than the back. Total length 
11*5 inches, culrnen 1*1, wing 5*7, tail 4*5, tarsus 1*6. 

The Spotted Bower-bird is found in Eastern Australia from Rockingham 
Bay to the "Wide-Bay district, and occurs also in the interior 
province and Victoria. I regard Mr. Gould's 0. occipitalis as only a 
very fine old male of the present species, distinguished by its longer 

crest-feathers. 
a, b. $ ad. sk. Australia. 
c. 5 imm. sk. 
d, e. S 2 a<l« s^« 
ft <7d$ 
ad. sk. 
h. (S ad. sk. 
i. <$ imm. sk. 
h. <$ ad. sk. 
Australia. 
Australia. 
Australia. 
South Australia. 
Gaynclah. 
Queensland, 
Gould Collection. 
Sir T. Mitchell [P."\ 
Sydney Museum rJ?.\ 
Sydney Museum [P.^. 
Gould Collection. 
l-n. <$ ad. sk. Queensland (J. T. F. Godman & 0. Sal-
o. S ad. sk. 
CocJcerett). 
Port Albany. 
vin, Eiqiy. 
Gould Collection. 
(Type of C. occipitalis.) 

2. CHamydodera guttata. 
Chlamydera guttata, Gould, P. Z. S. 1802, p. 102; id. B. Aitstr., 
SuppL pi. 35 (1800) ; Gray, JETand-l B. L p. 294, no. 4340 (1860). 

Chlamydodera guttata, 
Gould, Ilandh. B. Amir. i. p. 452 (1805); 
Elliot, Monogr. Farad., Intr. p. xxii (1873); Maimmr, Br, Limu 
Boc. K 8. W. ii. p. 188 (1878). 

63. CHLAMTJ50DERA. 
391 

Very similar to 0. mamlata, but altogether darker above, and having 
the hind neck of the same dark brown as the back, with smaller 
tawny-buff spots; the under surface of the body is also darker. 
Total length 12 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 5-6, tail 4-25, tarsus 1-6. 

The head of the male, collected by Mr. Stuart during his travels 
into the interior of Australia, likewise points to the present species 
being distinct from C. maculata. The lilac band is much richer in 
tint, and the head shows the whole of the feathers with silvery tips, 
instead of only a few thus marked as in 0. mamlata. The feathers 
of the hind neck resemble those of the female, and seem to indicate 
that the species has no band of earthy brown between the nape and 
the mantle as in its near ally. 

The Large-spotted Bower-bird, as far as is known, appears to be 
confined to the interior of Australia, and to the north-west portion 

of the continent. 
a. 2 ad. sk. N.W. Australia Gould Collection. 
b. $ head.
(Gregory). 
Interior of Australia 
(Type of species.) 
Gould Collection. 
(Stuart)* 

3. Chlamydodera nuchalis. 
Ptilonorhynchus nuchalis, Jard. 8f Selby, III. Orn. ii. pi. 103. 
Calodera nuchalis, Gould, Syn. B. Austr. pt. 1 (1837). 
Chlamydera nuchalis, Gould, B. Austr. fol. pt. 1 (cancelled) j id. op. 

cit. iv. pi. 9 (1838); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 235 (1846) ; Bp. Comp. 

i. p. 370 (1850) j Jacq. et Pucker. Voy. Pole Sud, texte, iii. p. 64 
(1853) ; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 294, no. 4339 (1869). 
Chlamydere a nugue ornee, Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud, Atlas, 
pi. 7.fig. 2. 
Chlamydodera nuchalis, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 212 (1850); 
Gould, JECandb. B. Austr. i, p. 448 (1865) j Elliot, Monogr. Parad. 
pi. xxxi. (1873). 

Ptflorkynchus nuchalis, Schl. Mus. P.-B., Coraces, p. 119 (1867). 

Adult male. General colour above ashy brown, the feathers being 
dark brown edged with ashy brown, these margins being very distinct 
and broad on the rump and upper tail-coverts, the latter having indications 
of a subterminal whitish spot as well as the light tip; wing-
coverts dark brown, and edged with ashy whitish just like the back; 
quills dark brown, margined with ashy, and tipped with a whitish 
spot, which is much broader on the secondaries; tail-feathers brown, 
margined with ashy on both webs, and barred with whitish at the 
tip; head brown, each feather having a minute spot of ashy at the 
tip; on the nape a band of beautiful lilac feathers, fringed with 
some stiffened brown feathers tipped with silvery whitish; hind 
neck uniform ashy brown, separating the nuchal band from the 
mantle; lores, sides of face, and under surface of body light ashy 
brown, becoming paler on the abdomen, where it inclines to creamy 
white; the lower flanks and thighs having faint indications of dusky 
bars, these becoming more zigzag and distinct in character on the 

302 TIMEtillD-E. 

under tail-coverts, which are whitish like the abdomen; under wing-
coverts and axillaries pale ashy brown, with a few indications of 
dusky bars; quills ashy brown below, pale yellowish along the inner 
web; " bill, legs, and irides brownish'5 (Gould). Total length 14*5 
inches, culmen 1*4, wing 6*75, tail D-5, tarsus 1*9. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the lilac band on 
the nape, and in having the under surface faintly barred with 
dusky. Total length 13 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 6*75, tail 5*5, 
tarsus 1*9. 

The Western Lilac-naped Bower-bird is found in Northern Australia 
from Port Darling and Poit Essington to the north-western 
district. 

a. S ad. sk. North Australia. Goidd Collection. 
b, c. <$ $ ad. sk. Port Essington. Capt. Chambers TV. 
d. S juv. sk. Depot; Victoria River, X.W. J. R. Elsey, Esq. [P.^. 
Australia, Oct. 1855. 
e. <$ imm. sk. N.W. Australia, July 20,1850. J. R. Elsey, Esq. [P.]. 
4. Chlamydodera orientalis. 
Chlamydera nuchalis (nee J. <§• Si, Ramsay, Ibis, 1805, p. 85. 
Ohlamvdodera nuchalis (nee J. § S.), limmay, Mis, lMji), p. ;ji>9; 

id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 385; id. Pros. Lhm. tioe. X. & W. ii. p. l^S 

(1878) ; Masters, t c. p. 273 (387b). 

Chlamydodera orientalis, Gould, Ann. Xai. Mist (5) iv. p. 74(1679); 
id. B. New Guinea, pt. xL (1880). 

Adult (type of species). Yery similar to O. nuchalis, but much 
more mottled above, with whitish tips to the feathers, this being 
very apparent on the head, which is not so uniform as in the last-
named species. Total length 13*5 inches, culmen 1*5, wing 7, tail 
5-5, tarsus 1*9. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but wanting the bright nuchal 
spot; the whitish spots on the back are also smaller and less pronounced. 
Total length 12-5 incheb, culmen 1*35, wing 0*7, tail 5-2, 
tarsus 1*7. 

Young male. Similar to the adult female at first, and acquiring 
the nuchal patch by a moult. 

The Eastern Lilac-naped Bower-bird is a representative of C. 
nuchalis in Queensland. 

a. 
b. 
c. 
d. 
e. 
$ 
d 
$ 
6 
2 
/. 2 <7-
ad. sk. 
ad. sir. 
ad. sk. 
imm. sk. 
ad. sk. 
ad. sk. 
cf ad. sk. 
[New South Vales.]
Port Denison.
North Queensland.
Queensland.
Rockingham Bay.
Cape Upstart, May 1840.
Queensland. 
Eyton Collection. 
Gould Collection. (Type 
of species.) 
Gould Collection. 
Horace Flower, Esq. [C.1 . 
Gould Collection. 
J. B. Juices, Esq. [P.]. 
h, i. <J $ ad. sk. Queensland (J.
erell). 
T. ChckF. 
Godman & O. Salvin, 
Esqre. [P.]. 

63 . CHLAMYDODEBA, 
393 

5. CMamydodera cerviniventris. 
CHamydera cerviniventris, Gould, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 201; Macgill 
Voy. 'Rattlesnake,1 ii. p. 357 (1852) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 194; 
id. Cat. B. Netv Guinea, p. 59 (1859); Gould, B. Austr., Simpl. 
pi. m (1859) j Gray, Ila?id-l. B, i. p. 294, no. 4342 (1869;; 
Biggies, Orn. Austr. pi. fig. 2. 

Chlamvdodera 
cerviniventris, Goidd, JETandb, B. Austr, 1. p. 454 
(1805); Elliot, Monogr. Farad, pi. xxxii. (1873) j Salvad. $ 
BAlbert. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. vii. p. 828 (1875), yiii. p. 39 
(1876), ix. p. 193 (1876); Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 82 
(1876); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 393 (1876) ; 
Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 495 (1877); id. torn. cit. p. 687 
(1879) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 188 (1877). iii. 

p. 102 (1878), p. 268 (1879), iv. p. 97 (1879); BAlbert Nuova 
Guinea, pp.237,584 (1880); Salvad. Orn. d. Papuasia, p. 664 (1881). 
Ptilorhynehus cerviniventris, Giehel, Thes. Orn. i. p. 657 (1872). 

Adult Above brown, all the feathers edged with ashy, giving a 
greyish shade to the upper parts, nearly uniform on the hind neck ; 
crown of head, feathers above the eyes, and lores thickly but 
minutely dotted with triangular spots of buffy white; the whole of 
the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts distinctly streaked down the 
shaft with buffy white, dilating into a triangular spot at the tip, all 
the apical markings much larger and whiter on the wing-coverts, 
the primary-coverts edged with whitish near the tip; quills brown, 
externally washed with greyish, the secondaries tipped with white, 
forming a large spot at the tip of the innermost; rump and upper 
tail-coverts streaked like the back, but slightly more tinged with 
fulvous ; tail-feathers brown, washed with greyish along the edge 
of the outer webs and tipped with white; entire sides of face and 
throat ashy brown, thickly streaked everywhere with light fawn-
buff, all the feathers being mesially streaked with this colour; 
chest fawn-buff, mottled with ashy brown, with which colour the 
feathers are edged and slightly barred; all the rest of the under 
surface of the body clear fawn-colour, the flanks indistinctly mottled 
with indications of ashy-brown bars ,• sides of the upper breast 
brown, broadly streaked down the centre with fulvous; under wing-
coverts fawn, like the underparts, the outermost of the greater 
series ashy brown, with pale fulvous bases, the lower surface of the 
quills light brown, edged with pale fulvous along the inner web ; 
bill black; legs grey; iris black. Total length 11*3 inches, culmen 
1*1, wing 5*65, tail 4*91, tarsus 1/7. 

Ols. These birds vary a good deal, the spotting on the back being 
much less in some than in others ; those which have it less developed 
have nearly the entire head and neck uniform, only the fore 
part of the crown being spotted. Whether these ar younger birds 
I am unable to say. 

The Fawn-breasted Bower-bird inhabits the Cape York Peninsula 
and the islands of Torres Straits, as well as South-eastern New 
G-uinea in the neighbourhood of Port Moresby. 

a. 
Ad. sk. Cape York. J. Macgillivray, Esq, [C.]. 
(Type of species.) 
394 TJMELUDJS. 
b. Ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk.
/ . Ad.• g, h. 
Cape York. 
Cape York. 
Cape York (J. T. Cockerel!). 
Kockingham Bay. 
Port Moresby, S.E. New 
Gould Collection. 
Purchased. 
F. Godman and O. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
Gould Collection. 
Bey. J. Macfarlane [C.]. 
Jiiv. sk. Guinea. 
i Ad. sk. Port Moresby (B?*oadben£). Gould Collection. 

64. 
SCE¥OPJETTS. w 
Type. 
Scenopaeus, Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 591 S. dentirostris. 
Range. Confined to the Rockingham Bay district of Australia. 

1. Scenopseus dentirostris. 
Scenopseus dentirostris, 
Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 591* id. Proe. 
Linn. 8oe. JV*. 8. Wales,'A. p. 188 *. Gould, B. New Guinea, part x. 
(1879). 

Adult (type of species). General colour above dark olive-brown; 
wings a little more ruddy brown than the back, the quiHs dusk}- on 
the inner web; tail olive-brown like the back; ear-coverts dusky 
brown, streaked with mesial shaft-lines of reddish brown, the sides 
of the neck similarly streaked with broader pale streaks; under 
surface of body fulvous, the feathers with broad margins of dusky 
brown, imparting a streaked appearance, less strongly marked on 
the abdomen; under wing-coverts and axillaries deeper fulvous, of 
a tawny shade, slightly mottled with a few dusky edgings to the 
feathers; quills dark brown below, yellowish along the edge of the 
inner web. Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 5*6, tail 
3*7, tarsus 1*3. (Mm. K P. Ramsay.) 

The Tooth-billed Bower-bird has only once been obtained, in 
North-eastern Queensland, on the Bellenden-ker and Sea-view 
ranges. 

65. AUBLYOKNIS. T v e 
Amblyornis, Elliot, Ibis, 1872, p. 113 A. inornate. 
Mange. Confined to North-western New Guinea. 

1. Amhlyonxis inornata. 
Ptilorhynchus inomatus, Sehlegel, M T. I), iv. p. 51 (Y&I\,ex Rmenb. 
M8S.) ', Rosenb. Reist. n. GeeMnhh. pp. 102, 143 (ltt75). 

Amblyornis inornata, Elliot, Ibis, 1872, p. 114; id. Mmmgr. Farad* 
pi. 37 (1873); 8alvad. Ann. Mu$. Civic. Genov. vii. p. 7bl (l«75j; 
id. op. cit. ix. n. 193 (1876); Beccari, op. tit. ix. p. 'M2, tav. viii 
(1877) ,* id. Ibis, 1877, p. 379; Salmd. Ann. Mm. Cimc. Genov. x. 

p. 151 (1877) -Gould, B. New Guinea, part ix. (1870); If Albert. 
JSfuova Guinea, p. 581 (1880); 8alvad. 0m. della Fapuasia, p. 666 
(1881). 
Amblyornis inomatus, 8clater, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 697. 

66. SERICULTJS. 895 
Adult General colour above brown, rather more reddish on the 
head and mantle; wing-coverts like the back; quills dusky brown, 
externally of the same colour as the back; tail dusky brown, washed 
with the brown colour of the back; lores and sides of face dull 
brown; throat and under surface of body orange-brown, rather 
lighter on the abdomen; sides of breast washed with the same brown 
as the back; axillaries and under wing-coverts brighter orange-
buff; quills light brown below, pale buff along the edge of the inner 
web; " bill black; feet pale lead-colour; iris chestnut" (DAlbertis). 
Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 5*05, tail 3*4, tarsus 1*4. 

The G-ardener Bower-bird is apparently confined to the Arfak 
Mountains in North-western New Guinea. Por an account of its 
habits, cf. Beccari, Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. ix. p. 382, and Gould's 
Birds of New Guinea, part ix. 

a, b. Ad. sk.
c, d. Ad. sk. 
Arfak Mountains. 
Arfak Mountains. 
Gould Collection. 
Eyton Collection. 
Sericulus, SwaiMange. Confin66. SEEJCULTTS. 
ns. Zool. Journ. i. p. 478 (1825)
ed to Australia. 
Type. 
S. melinus. 
1. Sericulus melinus. 

Yellow-bellied Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 187 (1801). 
Turdus melinus, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. ii. p. xliv (1801); Vieill. N. 
Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xx. p. 243 (1818) ; Bonn, et Vieill. JEnc.MSth. ii. 

p. 647 (1823). 
Meliphaga chrysocephala, Leioin, Birds of New Soil. p. 10, pi. vi. 
(1808). 
Turdus melHnus, Steph. Gen. Zool. x. p. 240 (1817). 
Golden-crowned Honey-eater, Lath. Gen. Hist. iv. p. 184 (1822). 
Oriolus regens, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. deVUranie,p. 105, pi. xxii. (1824); 

Temm. PI Col. ii. pi. 320 (1825); Wagl. Syst. Av., Oriolus, sp. 2 
(1829). 
Sericulus chrysocephalus, Swains. Zool. Journ. i. p. 478 (1825) * Vig. 
# Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 326 (1826) ; Steph. Gen. Zool xiv. 

p. 266 (1826) ; Less. Traits, p. 340 (1831) * Staains. Classif. B. ii. 
p. 237 (1837) ; Jard. 8? Selby, III. Orn. i. pis. xviii., xix., xx.; 
Gould, B. Austr. iv. pi. 12 (1838). 
Sericulus regens, Less. Voy. Coquille, Zool. i. p. 640, pi. 20 (1826); 
id. Man. Orn. i. p. 256 (1828) ; id. Ois. Parad. Syn. p. 21; id. Hist. 
Nat. Ois., Parad. pis. 26, 27 (1835). 

Sericulus magnirostns, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 145. 
Sericulus inellinus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 233 (1845); Bp. Consp. i. 

p. 349 (1850). 
Sericulus melinus, Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 456 (1865); Ramsay, 
Ibis, 1866, pp. 325, 330; Sehl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, p. 99 
(1867); Ramsay, Ibis, 1867, pp. 415, 456; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. 

p. 293, no. 4333 (1869); Elliot, Monogr. Parad. pi. xxxii (1873); 
Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N S. W. ii. p. 188 (1876). 
Adult male. Head, neck, and upper mantle of a velvety texture 

396 TIMELUBuE. 

and of a brilliant orange-yellow, deepening on the crown into 
reddish orange; remainder of mantle and entire back, as well as 
the tail, black; wing-coverts black, as also the primary-coverts ; 
first two primaries black; remainder of the primaries orange-yellow, 
except along the outer webs and at the tip, encroaching down the 
inner web; secondaries orange-yellow, tipped with black, excepting 
the innermost; lores, eyebrow, sides of face, and neck, as well as 
the entire under surface of the body and under tail-coverts, black; 
under wing-coverts black, the greater series golden yellow, like 
the lining of the quills; " bill yellow ; legs and feet black ; iris pale 
yellow" {Gould). Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 5*1, 
tail 4-75, tarsus 145. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
brown, mottled with white centres to the feathers, edged with black ; 
scapulars like the back; wing-coverts and quills plain brown, the 
latter dusky brown on the inner webs, the innermost secondaries 
with an irregular white spot at the tip ; upper tail-coverts brown, 
the longer ones with a mesial streak of whitish • tail-feathers brown', 
more dusky on the inner web; forehead light brown, mottled with 
minute dusky tips to the feathers ; hinder crown and occiput black; 
sides of head, eyebrow, and nape reddish brown, mottled with du>ky 
edges to the feathers; hind neck whitish, with dusky margins, 
followed by a patch of black across the lower hind neck"; lores and 
base of forehead buff}' whitish; cheeks reddish brown, like the sides 
of the face; chin and sides of throat light reddish, with the centre 
and lower part of throat black; remainder of under surface of body 
whity brown, uniform on the abdomen, the breast and sides of the 
body spotted with blackish-brown margins to the feathers; the 
thighs and under tail-coverts reddish brown; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries like the breast and barred across with dusky brown ; 
quills brown below, light reddish along the inner web ; " biH and 

feet black; iris brown" (Gould). Total length 10-5 inches, cuhnen 
1*15, wing 5*35, tail 4*5, tarsus 1*5. 

The Regent-bird is found in Xew South "Wales, ranging along 
the east coast of Australia as high as the "Wide-Bay district and 
Port Denison. 


a. J ad. sk. Brushes of the Hunter, J. Gould, ESQ. 
Sept. 1839. 
bjC cS 2 ad.sk. Queensland. Purchased. 
d,e. tf gad.sk. Queensland (J.T.Cockerell), F. Godman and 0 Salvin 

Esqrs. FP.n. * 
/. £ ad. sk. Australia. Gould Collection. 

g. S ad. sk. Australia. Sir George Grey fP.l 
k 6 juv. sk. Australia. J. Cunningham, Esq. [P.], 
ADDENDA; 

^a&e 18 

Add:- CMoropsis hardwickii, 

s. cT ad. sk. Assam. Gould Collection. 
PaSe 20

Add:- CMoropsis aurifroiis. 
s, <$ ad. sk. Siam (Schomburgk). Gould Collection. 

Add* Page 22. CMoropsis malafoarica. 
/. <$ ad. sk, Coonoor. Gould Collection. 

Pa&e 24

Add:- CMoropsis zosterops, 

u. S ad. sk. Singapore (Wallace). Gould Collection. 
v. c? ad. sk. Borneo. Gould Collection. 
Add • ^age %&' CMoropsis jerdoni. 
I, m. £ 2 a<** s^« Maunbhoom (Caph Beavan). Gould Collection. 

. , , Page27. CMoropsisnigricollis. 
/, g. (S ad. sk. Java (KuM and Hasselt). Gould Collection. 

h. $ ad. sk. Buitenzorg, Java {Leyden Mas.). Gould Collection. 
Page 28. CMoropsis cMorocephala. 

Add:— 
K (S ad. sk. Siam (Mouhot). Gould Collection. 

Page 30. CMoropsis icterocepiala. 

Add:


m. 2 a& &• Sumatra. Gould Collection. 
n.'<$ ad.sk. Singapore. Gould Collection. 
Page 31. CMoropsis viridinuclia. 

Add:— 

d. $ ad. sk Borneo. Gould Collection. 
398 
ADDENDA, 

j^ 
, Page 32. Chloropsis cyanopogoii. 

m} n. <$ $ ad. sk. Singapore. Gould Collection. 

.•a, Page 35. Hypsipetes psoroides. 

v, wy x. Ad. sk {i Chugher Serai " (Griffith). India Museum. 

I have not been able to find this locality in any map; but the 
skins still bear Griffith's original label, and are marked in the same 
way as his Afghanistan skins usually are. I believe, therefore, that 
the locality is somewhere in Afghanistan; and if this turns out to 
be the case, the westward range of the species will be much extended. 


A ££. Page 41. Hypsipetes pemiger. 

c. Ad. sk. Hainan, Feb. 1868 (E, SiDinhoe). Gould Collection. 
»•••. Page 42. Hypsipetes amaurosis. 

/. J ad. sk. Hakodadi, Japan, Feb. 4,1865 Gould Collection. 
(J3T. Whitely). 
ff. <S ad. sk. Hakodadi, Japan, Oct. 26? 1864 Gould Collection. 
(M. Whitely). 
h. Ad. sk. Chusan. Gould Collection. 

^age ^eB3™ls

Add •-— ^' cmereus. 
c, Ad. sk. Malacca. Capt. Stackhouse PinwiH [P.]. 

Page 52. Hemixns malaccensis. 

Add:— 
ff. Ad. sk. Malacca (Wallace). Gould Collection. 
*-T-T Page 55. lole olivacea. 
/. Ad. sk. Borneo. Gould Collection. 
* *^. Page 58. lole phiHppensis. 

d. Ad. sk. Philippine Islands. Gould Collection. 
^j£. Page 59. lole macclellaiidi. 
n. 
Ad. sk. Khasia Hills (Jerdon). Gould Collection. 
j^ j Page 65. Micropus melanocephaJus. 
w. Ad. sk. Malacca ( Wallace). Gould Collection. 
ADDENDA. 399 

•E>a^e ^
Add:— Criniger phaeocephalus. 

k. cJad.sk. Malacca (Wallace). Gould Collection. 
Pa&e 80

Add:—- Criniger gutturalis. 

t. 2 ad. sk. Malacca (Wallace). Gould Collection. 
^a : Page 86. Criniger affinis. 

e. Ad. sk, E. Ceram (Wallace). Gould Collection. 
/ . Ad. sk. Ceram (Wallace). Gould Collection. 
Page 89. Tricholestes criniger. 

Add:— 

m. Ad. sk. Malacca (Wallace). Gould Collection. 
^fl. ¥&EG 91. Alcurus striatus. 

u Ad., k. Juv. sk. Darjilrng, Gould Collection. 
/.-Ad. sk. Nepal. Gould Collection. 

^ft. Page 93. Tradiycomus ochrocephalus. 

m. Ad. sk. Java (Horsfield). India Museum. 
Page 102. Add:— 

10a. XenocicMa multicolor. 

Criniger (Xenociehla) multicolor, Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. viiLp. 54 (1880). 

Upper parts olivaceous ashy, shaded and varied with ferruginous; 
upper part of the head and neck rufous varied with olivaceous; 
upper tail-coverts and tail bright ferruginous; smaller wing-coverts 
like the hack, the others rufous, forming a large band on the wing; 
quills blackish, with their outer webs olivaceous washed with rufous, 
the inner secondaries rufous on their ends; cheeks olivaceous grey; 
a darker band, inclining to blackish, from the base of the bill to 
below the auricular region. Below white, washed with sulphur-
yellow on the throat and in the middle of the abdomen; breast 
brighter yellow in the centre and irregularly tinged with olivaceous 
and rufous on the sides ; flanks more strongly shaded with rufous; 
lower tail-coverts yellow. Bill stout and long, compressed towards 
the point, having at the base some long and rigid bristles, blackish, 
with the edges of the two mandibles paler in tint. Tarsi and toes 
yellow, the outer digit united to the median as far as the base of the 
last phalanx; nails strong and curved. Total length 220 millim., 
wing 105, tail 98, culmen 23, tarsus 24, 

400 
ADDENDA. 

The Loango Buibul has been recently described by Prof. Bocage 
from two specimens procured on the Loango coast by MM. Lucan 
and Petit. Though these birds were apparently not fully adult, the 
species -would seem to be new to science. It belongs to the group 
of X scandens. 

Page 108. Add :— 

2 a, Andropadus minor. 

Andropadus minor, Bocage, Jom. Zish. viii. p. 55 (IS50). 

General colour olivaceous brown, shaded with maroon on the 

tail, the shafts of the tail-feathers of this latter colour; below the 

tints are paler, inclining to ashy on the throat and washed with 

yellowish on the abdomen; quills brown, edged externally with 

olivaceous brown and internally with greenish yellow ; bill blackish, 

feeble, a little curved, compressed towards the point and having 

three or four distinct denticulations at the end of the upper 

mandible; feet blackish. Total length 135 millim., wing 08, tail 

60, culmen 13, tarsus 17. (Bocage, Z. c.) 

Bocage's Bulbul was discovered at Massabe, on the Loango coast, 

by Messrs. Lucan and Petit. The type is in the Lisbon Museum, 

and I have never seen the species. 

^•r # Page 127. Pycnonotus atricapHlus. 

e. Ad. sk. Tavoy (Briggs), 
Gould Collection. 
^Hfi. Page 130. Pycnonotus intermedins. 

g. (S ad. sk Himalayas. Gould Collection. 
\ Ad. sk. Peshawur. Lieut-Col. Way. 
^£ . Page 131. Pycnonotus tricolor. 

h. Ad. sk. Quilombo, Angola E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.\ 
(A. Heath), 
^£ . Page 135. Pycnonotus zanthopygns. 

d. $ ad. sk Jericho, Jan. 1, 1864 Gould Collection. 
(Tristram), 
^£ . Page 136. Pycnonotus leucotis. 

q. Ad. sk. India. 
Gould Collection. 
r. <3 ad. sk. Lahore. Gould Collection. 
s, $ ad. sk. Kandahar, Dec. 19, Lieut.-Col, Swinhoe 
1880. [P.], 
t, u, 
$ ad, sk. Kandahar, Feb, 1881, Lieut-Col. Swinhoe 
[P.]. 

ADDENDA. 
401 

Pa&e 138

Add:—- Pycnonotns bimacnlatus. 
hr f ,d* ^ Java. Gould Collection. 

i. Ad. sk. w. Java ( Wallace). Gould Collection. 
Pa&e

Add:— ^O. Pycnonotns analis. 
a'. Ad. sk. Penang (Cantor). India Museum. 

Pa&e 148

Add:—- Pycnonotns flavescens. 
rf, e,f. Ad. sk. Kkasia Hills (Jerdon). Gould Collection. 

Add: Page 143. Pycnonotns luteolus. 

h. Ad. sk. Madras (Jerdon). . Gould Collection. 
Add:— Page 144. Pycnonotns finlaysoni. 
». Ad. sk. Tavoy (Briggs). Gould Collection. 

^£ . Page 146. Pycnonotns barbatns. 

y. Ad. sk. Tangier. Gould Collection. 
2. 
§ ad. sk. Qran, Algeria. J. H. Gurney, Esq., Jun. 
[P.]. 
^£ . Page 148. Pycnonotns ga*bonensis. 

d. Skeleton. 
Gaboon. Purchased. 
^^ t Page 149. Pycnonotns sinensis. 

h. Ad. sk. Hong-Kong. Gould Collection, 
t, k. Ad. sk. FoMen. Gould Collection. 
I. <$ ad. sk. Shanghai (Beeves). Gould Collection. 
* , , Page 151. Pycnonotns blanfordi. 
h. Ad. sk. Upper Burmah. Gould Collection. 
. , , Page 152. Pycnonotns plnmosns. 
a<^« s&«


/. 2 
Malacca ( Wallace). Gould Collection. 

Page 155. Pycnonotns pnsillns. 

As this name has already been employed (cf. P. hcemorrhous, p. 124) 
it cannot stand, and I propose the name of P. salvadorii for the small 
Malayan species. 

TOL. vi. 
2 D 

402 ADDEXDA. 

.. 9 Page 157. Otocompsa jocosa. 

b'. Ad. sk. Himalayas. Gould Collection. 
c'. Ad. sk. China (A.Zeith Adams), Gould Collection. 
d'". Ad. sk. Penang (Cantor). India Museum, 


Page 159. Otocompsa emeria. 

n. Ad. sk. South. India. Gould Collection. 
PagG 16"*

Add-— Rukigula <^sPar


f. Ad. sk. Java, Gould Collection. 
^age ^laris*

Add-— " ^ SlLkigula

e. Ad. sk. Travancore, Gould Collection. 
(Type of species.) 
,, , Page 168. Eubigula melanictera. 

e. Ad. sk. Ceylon. Gould Collection. 
. ,, Page 169. Rubigula cyaniventris. 

i. <$ ad. sk. Malacca ( Wallace). Gould Collection. 
, ,,, Page 171. Rubigula webberi 

•d. Ad. sk. Malacca. Capt. Stackhouse Pin will [P.], 
. , , Page 172. Spizixus canifrons. 

e. Ad.;/. Juv. sk. Kliasia Hills (Jerdon). Gould Collection. 
. n,, Page 173. Spizixus craereicapilhis. 

b, S ad. sk. Formosa, Dec. 1305 (E. Gould Collection. 
Swinhoe). 

c. Ad. sk. " Fungshan, Formosa, Jan. " Gould Collection. 
1866 (12. Swinhoe). 
Page 183. Add:— 
2 a. Cinnicertliia peruviana. 
Presbys peruljanue, Cab. J.f. 0.1873, p. 317 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, 

p. 505. 
Much smaller than Presbys imibrioineus, which it resembles in 
ADDENDA.. 403 

its colour, but the brown has less of the reddish-brown shade. The 

plumes round the eye, especially on the under and hinder parts, 

white. Behind the eye a broad streak of olive-grey. The markings 

of the wings and tail arc characteristic of the present species ; these 

are throughout barred with black, as in the species of Troglodytes. 

Bill and feet dark. Total length about 5-2 inches, bill from front 

0-55, wing 2-55, tail 2-3, tarsus 0-95. 

The Peruvian Brown Wren was discovered by M. Constantin 

Jelski at Maraynioc in Peru. I have never seen the species. 

Page 184, footnote. Add :-— 

Odontorhynchus cinereus. 

Upper surface of body and outer aspect of wings ashy grey, more 
rufescent on the fore part of the crown; an ill-defined stripe 
behind the eye, sides of the head, bend of the wing, lower wing-
coverts, and whole of the belly white, washed with isabelline; 
under tail-coverts transversely banded with black; tail-feathers 
uniform with the back, the lateral ones whitish on their margins, 
all having narrow transverse bars of blackish brown, about ten in 
number; bill and feet blackish horn-colour. Total length 4" 6'" 
wings 2", tail 2", bill from nostrils 3f"', from gape 7|"\ tarsus 
6'". 

Page 207. Xhryophilus leucotis. 

It should be noted that M. Taczanowski (P. Z. S. 1874, p. 505, 
1880, p. 191) refers to Thryotfioras auclax\ Tschudi, as a true 
Troglodytes. I am still in ignorance as to the affinities of Tschudi's 
species. 

Page 235. Add :— 

23 a. Thryothorus cantator. 

Thryothorus cantator, Tacz. P, Z. S. 1874, pp. 130, 504. 

Above cinnamon; the head ashy grey; the back tinged with 
brown; cheeks dull ashy grey; throat white, the breast and belly 
greyish fulvous; quills dusky blackish, edged with cinnamon; tail-
feathers greyish rufous, banded with black; bill blackish, with the 
mandible yellow ; feet and iris brown. Total length 5-9 inches, 
wing 2-8, tail 2*65, tarsus 0-9, bill from gape 0*8. 

Jelski's Wren was discovered in Central Peru by M. Constantin 
Jelski. I have never seen an example; but Taczanowski states 
that the species is close to T coraya, but differs in having no 
streaks on the sides of the face, in the different colour of the head 
and under surface of the body, in the bands on the tail being 
rufous instead of ashy, and in the considerably shorter bill. It is 
apparently closely allied to the bird I have called in this volume 

T. amazonicus. 
2D2 

404 ADDEXDA. 
. -,, % Page 242. Cistotkorus paludicola. 
A, i> h} 1. Ad. sk. Clear Lake, California. Lord "\Valsmgl2am [P.]. 

. ,, m Page 244. Cistotliorus plateiisis* 
Troglodytes cMlensis, Less. Toy. Coquitte, i. p. 665. 


Page 251. Troglodytes tnsularis. 
For " Soroeco " Island read (i Socorro." 


, -,-,, Page 255. Troglodytes muse-plus. 
Troglodytes guereza, Cuv. MS. in Mus. Paris; Less. Rev. Zoo!. 1940, 
p7264 (spec, examined). 
Troglodytes furvus, Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 593. 

. ,, Page 269. Anortlmra troglodytes. 
w, x. Skeletons* Purchased. 

y. Sternum. John Ray, E*q. "P.". 
z. Skull. John Ray, Esq. 'P.]. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 


aberrans (Rubigula), 168. 
aedon (ffylemathrous), 

249. 
aedon 
(Troglodytes), 
248, 250, 251, 252, 

261. 
aedon, var. aztecus (Troglodytes), 
251. 
aedon, var. parkmanni 
(Troglodytes), 250. 
AEgithina, 4, 13. 
.-Elurcedus, 382. 
cequatorialis (Cistoiho


rus), 245. 
cequinoctialis (Thryotho


rus), 255. 
sequinoctialis (Troglody


tes), 230. 
seralatus(Pteruthius),304. 
Aethorhynchus, 13. 
afEnis (Campylorhyn


chus), 197. 
aninis (Criniger), 86,399. 
affinis (Triehophorus), 86. 
Agullas palladas, 364. 
Ailuroedus, 382. 
alaseensis (Anorthura), 

273. 
alaseensis (Troglodytes), 
273. 
albibrunneus (Campylorhynchus), 
188. 
albicilius (Buglodytes), 

186. 
albicollis (Cinclus), 308, 
310, 311, 313. 
albicollis (Hydrobata), 

310. 
albifrons (Troglodytes), 
282. 
albigularis (Cyphorhinus), 
230, 296. 
albigularis (Heterocnemis), 
296. 
albigularis (Microcerculus), 
296. 
albigularis (Pheugopedius), 
296. 
albigularis 
(Thryothorus), 
230. 

albigularis (Tylas), 165. 
albigularis (Xenocicbla), 

103. 
albinucha (Thryothorus), 
221, 224. 
albinucha (Troglodytes), 

albipectus (Tbryothorus), 
207, 208, 209, 210. 
albipectus (Troglodytes), 

albiventer (Pnoepyga), 


301, 302. ^
albiventer (Tesia), 302, 
albiventris (Tesia), 302. 
albobrunneus (Donaeo


bius), 188. 
albobrunneus (Heleodytes), 
188. 
albolineatus (Donacobius), 
365. 
albo^ittatus (Donacobi


us), 365, 
Alcurus, 91. 
alfredi (Tylas), 165. 
amaurotis (G-algulus), 

42. 
amaurotis (Hypsipetes), 
42, 398. 
amaurotis (Microscelis), 

42. 
amaurotis (Orpheus), 
42. 
amaurotis (Turdus), 42. 
amazonicus (Thryothorus), 
235. 
Amblyornis, 394. 
americanus (Oinclus), 

318. 
americanus (Hylemathrous), 
249. 
americanus (Troglodytes), 
249, 260. 
analis (Ixus), 140. 
analis (Ladorusa), 140. 
analis (Otocompsa), 140, 
analis (Pycnonotus), 140, 

401. 
analis (Turdus), 140. 
andersoni (Ixus), 139. 
Andropadus, 106. 

Anopsia, 44. 

annectens (Ixus), 145. 

Anorthura, 268. 

Antimimus, 353. 

Anura, 301. 

aquaticus (Cinclus), 

307, 310, 311, 312, 

313. 
aquaticus, var. albiventris 
(Cinclus), 312. 
aquaticus, var. oashmeriensis 
(Cinclus), 312. 
aquaticus, var. leucogaster 
(Cinclus), 312. 
aquaticus, var. rufiventris 
(Cinclus), 312. 
Aquatilis, 306. 
Arada, L', 290. 
arada (Troglodytes), 291. 
arada (Turdus), 290. 
arclesiaca (Hydrobata), 

319. 
ardesiacus (Cinclus), 319. 
arfakianus (JEluroedus), 
384. 
arfakianus (Ailuroedus), 
384. 
arfakianus (Ptilonorhyn.chus), 
384. 
arfakianus (Ptilorhyn.chus),
384. 
armillata (Muscicapa), 
369,370. 
-armillata (Muscipeta), 

375. 
armillatus (Myiadestes), 
369, 370. 
armillatus (Ptilogonys), 
370,371. 
arainoe (Ixus), 148. 
arsinoe (Pycnonotus), 

148. 
arsinoe (Turdus), 148. 
arundinaceus (Telniatodytes), 
241. 
arundinaceus (Thryothorus), 
221, 241. 
arundinaceus (Troglodytes), 
221, 241, 242. 

arundhaeus (Thryotho


rus), 241. 
ashanteus (Ixus), 147. 
ashanteus (Pycnonotus), 

147. 
asiatica (Hydrobata), 
315. 
asiaticus (Cinelus), 314. 
atricapilla (JEgithina), 
168. 
atricapilla ( Muscicapa), 
127. 
atricapilla (Turdus)," 364. 
atricapillus (Donacobius), 
364. 
atricapillus (Hseniatornis), 
127. 
atricapillus (Pycnono


tus), 127, 168, 400. 
atriceps (Isos), 65. 
atriceps (Turdus), 65. 
atricilla (Turdus), 46. 
atrigularis (Pheugope


dius), 231. 
atrigularis (Thryothorus), 
231. 
atrogularis (Troglodytes), 
231. 
audax(Thryothorus),207, 

403. 
aurantia (Cichlopsis),378. 
aureum (Malacopteron), 
169,170. 
aureus (Criniger), 87. 
aurifrons (Chloropsis), 

20,22. 
aurifrons (Pbyllornis), 
20, 27, 397. 
aurigaster (Brachypus). 

137. 
aurigaster (Ixus), 135, 
137. 
aurigaster (Pycnonotus), 
131,137. 
aurigaster (Turdus), 130, 

137. 
aurigularis (Pycnonotus), 
137. 
auriventrig (Chloropsis), 
18. 
auriventris (Phyllomis), 
18. 
aztecus(Trogloclytes),251» 
azureus (Ixos), 121. 
B@eopogon, 94. 
baliaiaensis (Mimus), 344. 
bahamensis (Skotiomi


mus), 344. 
bairdi (Thryothorus), 

226. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX, 

balteatus (Campylorhvncbus), 
200. 
Barnbla de Cayenne, Le, 

296. 
bambla (Cvphorhinus), 
296,298. " 
bambla ( Formiearius), 
' 296. 
bambla (Heterocnemis), 

296. 
bambla (Hicroeereulus", 
295, 296. 
barbata (Trichas), 82. 
barbatus (Criniger), 70, 

82. 
barbatus (Ixus), 147. 
barbatus (P jcnonot us ir 
146, 147, 148, 401. 
barbatus (Triehophorus), 

82. 
barbatus (Turdus), 146. 
Barred-tailed Thrush, 
234. 
Bas-acaragua\\ 244. 
bemmeleni (Criniger), 
88. ^ , 
bendirii (Ilarporhynchus), 
350. 
Bengal Redstart, The, 
lo9. 
bengalensis (Pycnonotus), 
128. 
berlandieri (Thryothorus), 
222. 
berlandieri (Troglodytes), 

222. 
bewickii (Telmatodytes), 
225. 
bew ickii (Tb rvoiuanes), 
225. 
bewickii (Thrvothorua), 
225, 226. 
bewickii (Troglodytes), 


225. 
bewickii, Tar. leucogaster 
(Thryomanes), 226. 
bewickii, Tar. leucogaster 
(Thryothorus), 226. 
bewickii, var. spilurus 
(Thryomanes), 225. 
bewickii, Tar. spilurus 
(Thryothorus), 225. 
bewickii leucogaster 
(Thryothorus), 226. 
bicolor (Campylorhynchus), 
187. 
bicolor (Heleod\ tes), J 87. 
bicolor (Heteroimemis), 

298. 
bicolor (MicrocereulttiO, 
298. " 
bimaculatusiBracIiTpus), 

138. 
bimaculatus (Lanius), 
m 138, 
bimaculatus (Pycnonotus), 
138, 401. 
bimaculatus (Turdus), 

138. 
Black-headed Shrike, 
65. 
blanfordi (Ixus), 151. 
blanfordi (llicroseelis), 
151. 
blanfordi (Hicrotarsus), 
151. 
blanfordi (Pycnonotus), 
151,401. 
Bleda. 9-t 
bonapartei (Cichlheriui


nia), 327. 
borbunica (Hypsipetes), 

40. 
burboniea (Ixocincla), 
40. 
borbonieus (Turdusj, 46. 
homilis (Anorthura), 
272. 
borealis (Troglndvte*), 
272. 
Bourbon Thrush, 40. 
Brachypodius, 04. 
brachypcxloicles (Triehophorus), 
108. 
Brachypus, 120, 160. 
braehyurtis (Campylo


phynchub), 326. 
brachyurus ^Cinelocerthiaj 
320. 
brachyurus i%Formicariusj, 
320. 
fa ra el iy urns (Eha 111 phoeinclua), 
325, 320. 
brachvurus (Turdus). 

325. 
brasiliensis (Mimus), 364. 
brasiliensis (Turdus), 
304. 
brevicauda (Thryomanes), 
227. 
brevicauda (Thryothorus), 
227. 
brevipennis (Campylorhynehus), 
203. 
brevipes (Platyciclila), 

379. 
bredpes (Ptilogonys), 
370. 
brevirostm (Campylorhynchus), 
198. 
brevirost ris {Cist otborus), 

243. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

brevirostris (Troglody


tes), 243. 
Brown Warbler, 255. 
Brunet, Le, 130. 
Bruiiet du Cap de Bonne 

Esperance, Le, 130. 
brunneicapillus (Canipylorhynchus), 
196, 197. 
brunneicapillus (Picolaptes), 
106, 197. 
brunneiceps (Cistothorus), 
247. 
brunneiceps (Hemixus), 

50. 
brunneicollis (Hylemathrous), 
261. 
brunneicollis (Troglodytes), 
261, 262. 
brunnescens (Cyphorbinus), 
293. 
brunnescens (Trichopho


rus), 55. 
brunneus (Ixos), 153. 
brunneus (Ixus), 153. 
brunneus (Pycnonotus), 

153. 
brunneus (Thryothorus), 
215. 
Brunoir, Le, 134. 
buccoides (JElurcedus), 
387. 
buccoides (Ailuroedus), 
387. 
buccoides (Cissa), 386. 
buccoides (Kitta), 386. 
buccoides (Ptilonorhynchus), 
387. 
buccoides (Ptilorhyn


chus), 386. 
Buglodytes, 184. 
burmanicus (Pycnono


tus), 125. 

cabanisi (Criniger), 83. 
caerulescens (Melanotis), 

362. 
cseruleseens (Mimus),362. 
caerulescens (Orpheus), 
362. 
csesius (Myiadestes), 373. 
casmarhynehus (Ohloropsis), 
22, 25. 
cafer (Hflamatornis), 124, 

128. 
cafer (Ixos), 124. 
cafer (Pycnonotus), 124, 
128. 
cafer (Turdus), 124, 
Caiandria, 336, 347. 
caiandria (Mimus), 347. 
caiandria (Orpheus), 347. 
Calhdera, 388. 
Calodera, 388. 
calurus (Criniger), 74. 
calurus(Hypotrichas), 74. 
calurus (Trichophorus), 

74. 
Campylorhynchus, 184. 
canicapilla (Xenocichla), 
105. 
canicapillus (Criniger), 
canicapillus (Trichopho


rus), 105. 
eaniceps (Criniger), 74. 
caniceps (Trichophorus), 

74. 
canifrons (Cyphorhinus), 
182. 
canifrons (Limnornis), 

182.
canifrons (Presbys), 182. 
canifrons (Pycnonotus), 
172. 
canifrons (Spizixus), 172, 
402. 
cantans (Cyphorhinus), 
290, 293. 
cantans (Turdus), 290. 
cantator (Thryothorus"), 

403. 
cantori (Criniger), 74. 
cantori (Microtarsus), 62. 
capensis (Ixus), 131. 
capensis (Phyllostrephus), 
116,117. 
capensis (Phyllostrophus), 
115,116. 

capensis (Pycnonotus), 
121, 130, 131, 134. 
capensis (Turdus), 130, 

134. 
capistrata (Picolaptes), 
191. 
capistratus (Campylorhynchus), 
191. 
capistratus (Heleodytes), 

191. 
carinatus (Cyphorhinus), 
290. 
carinatus (Thryothorus), 
290. 
carolinensis (Felivox), 
335. 
carolinensis (G-aleoscoptes), 
335. 
carolinensis (Lucar), 335. 
carolinensis (Mimus),335. 
carolinensis (Muscicapa), 

335. 
carolinensis (Orpheus), 
335. 
carolinensis (Turdus), 

335. J 
caroliniana (Certhia),221. 
caroliniana (Motacilla),, 
cashmeriensis (Cinclus), 

312. 
cashmeriensis (Hydrobata), 
312. 
casmarhynchus (Phyllornis), 
26. 
castaneus (Thryophilus), 
216,217. 
castaneus (Thryothorus), 

216. 
castaneus (Troglodytes), 
216. 
castanonotus (Hemixus), 
51. 
Cat Bird, 335. 
Catherpes, 280. 
caudata (Pnoepyga), 305. 
caudata (Tesia), 305. 
caudatus (Mimus), 338. 
cervicalis (Troglodytes), 
191. 
cerviniyentris (Chlamydera), 
393. 
ceryiniyentris (Chlamy 
dodera), 393. 
ceryiniventris (Ptilorhyn* 
chus), 393. 
Ceylon Black-cap, 7* 
Ceylon Warbler, 7, 
Ceylonese Stare, 93. 
chalcocephala (Campe


phaga), 68. 
chalcocephala (Prosecusa), 
68. 
chalcocephalus (Brachypus), 
68. 
chalcocephalus (Ixus), 

68. 
chalcocephalus (Micropus), 
w. 
chalcocephalns(Ixos), 120i 
charlottse (Criniger), 55. 
chilensis (Troglodytes),


404. 
Ohlamydera,3S8. 
Chlarnydere a nuque orn<
§e, 391. 
Chlamydodera, 388. 
chloris (Criniger), 85. 
chlorocephala (Chlorop*i 

sis), 28, 397. 
chlorocephalus (Phyllor


nis), 28. 
Chlorocichla, 112. 
chloronotus (Criniger), 

72. 
chloronotus (Trichopho


rus), 72. 

Ohloropsis, 15. 

chloroptera (lora), 6. 

chocolatina (Pnoepyga), 

263. 
chrysocephala (Meliphaga), 
395. 
chrysocephalus (Sericulus), 
395. 
chrysogaster (Ohloropsis), 

18. 
chrvsorrhceus (Brachypus), 
137. 
chrysorrhoeus (Hagmatornis), 
137. 
chrysorrhoeus (Ixus), 137. 
chrysorrhoeus (Pycnono


tus), 130. 
chrysorrhoides (Hiematornis), 
127. 
chrysorrhoides (Ixus), 

127. 
chrysorrhoides (Molpastes), 
124, 127. 
chrysorrhoides (Pycnonotus), 
124,127. 
Cichlalopia, 179, 326, 

366. 
Cichlherminia, 326. 
Cichlopsis, 377. 
Cinclocerthia, 323. 
Cinclops, 325. 
cinclops (Zoothera), 326. 
Cinclus, 306. 
cinclus (Aquatilis), 308. 
cinclus (Cinclus), 311. 
cinclus (Hydrobata), 308, 
310, 312. 
cinclus (Sfcurnus), 307, 

311, 316. 
cinclus (Turdus), 307. 
cinclus (Microcerculus), 

404. 
cinerascens (Criniger), 82. 
cinerascens (Trichophorus), 
12. 
cinerea (Hemixus), 52. 
cinerea (Iole), 52. 
cinereicapillus (Spizixus), 

173, 402. 
cinereifrons (Brachypus), 

153. 
cinereifrons (Pycnonotus), 
153. 
cinereiventris (Brachypodius), 
67. 
cinereiventris (Brachy. 
Pus)> 67. 
cjnereiventris 
(Micropus), 
67. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

cinereiventris (Pycnono


tus), 67. 

Cinereous Thrush, 45. 

cinereus (Harporhyn


chus), 355. 

cinereus (Hemixus), 52, 

398. 
cinereus (Mimus), 355. 
cinereus (Oclontorkynehus), 
184, 403. 
cinnamomea (Limnornis), 

182. 
Oinnicerthia, 182. 
Cistothorus, 240. . 
clamosus (Turdus), 108. 
cochinchinensis (Ohloropsis), 
25. 

cochinchinensis (Phyllor


nis), 27, 28, 30, 32. 

cochinchinensis (Turdus), 

15, 27, 30. 
Oochoa, 121. 
columbianus (Mimus), 

351. 
Common Wren, 209. 
communis (Anorthura), 
270. 
communis (Troglodytes), 
270. 
concolor (Hypsipetes), 
37, 38. 
concolor (Pnoepyga), 302. 
conspersus (Gatherpes), 

282. 
Ooraya de Cayenne, Le, 
234. 
coraya (Myiothera), 233. 
coraya (Pheugopedius), 
233, 234. 
coraya(Thryotliorus),234. 
coraya (Sphenura), 233. 
coraya(Troglodytes), 234, 

236. 
coraya (Turdus), 234. 
costaricensis (Thryophilus), 
217. 
couesi (Oampylorhynchus), 
196. 
crassirostris (iEluroedus), 

385. 
crassirostris (Hypsipetes), 
47. 
crassirostris (Ixocinela), 
47. 
crassirostris (Lanius), 
385. 
Criniger, 70. 
criniger (Brachypodius), 
89. 
criniger (Brachypus), 90. 
criniger (Criniger), 90. 
criniger (Irena),-174,176. 
criniger (Setomis), 89. 
criniger (Trieholestes), 

89, 90, 399. 
erinigera (Irena), 176. 
Crinon analogue, 86. 
crispiceps (Criniger), 93. 
crispiceps (Triehopho


rus), 93. 
crissalis (Harporhynehus), 
361. 
crissalis (Toxostoma), 

361. 
crocorrhous (Molpastes), 
137. 
croeorrhous(Pycnonotus), 
137. 
cubanensis (Mimus), 340. 
Cudor, Le, 137. 
cumanensis (Troglodytes), 
212. 
Curouge, Le, 124. 
eurvirostre (Toxostoma), 

358. 
curvirostris (Andropadus), 
111. 
curvirostris (Ohloropsis), 

18. 
curvirostris (Harporhynchus), 
358, 359. 
curvirostris (Mimus), 358. 
curvirostris (Orpheus), 

358. 
curvirostris (Toxostoma), 
358. 
cyanea (Irena), 176,179. 
cyaneus (Donacobius), 
364. 
cyaneus (Turdus), 364. 
cyaniventris (Lridia), 
169. 
cyaniventris (Ixodia), 
109. 
cyaniventris (Pycnonotus), 
169. 
cyaniventris (Bubigula), 
169, 170, 402. 
cjanogastra (Irena), 175. 
cjanopogon (Ohloropsis), 

32, 398. 
cyanopogon (Phyllornis), 
24,32. 
cyanopterus (Ohloropsis), 

Cyphorhinus, 289. 

davisoni (Hemixus), 51. 
'davisoni (Ixus), 145. 
davisoni (Pycnonotus), 

145. 
deflexus (Turdus), 358. 
densirostris (Cichlhermi


nia), 330. 
densirostris (Margarops), 

330. 
densirostris (Turdus), 
330. 
dentirostris (Scenopseus), 
395. 
diardi (Criniger), 76. 
diardi (Trichophorus), 
76. 
dichrous (Cyphorhinus), 
294. 
dispar (Brachypus), 167. 
dispar (Ixos), 167. 
dispar (Pycnonotus), 167. 
dispar (Bubigula), 167, 
402. 
dispar (Turdus), 167. 
domestica (Sylvia), 248. 
domestica (Motacilla), 
248. 
domesticus (Troglodytes), 
247, 248, 249, 270. 
domesticus parkmanni 
(Troglodytes), 250. 
dominieensis (Cicklherminia), 
328. 
dominieensis (Margarops), 
328. 
dominions (Mimus), 339, 

341. 
dominicus (Turdus), 341. 
Bonacobius, 364. 
dorsalis (Mimus), 341. 
dorsalis (Orpheus), 341. 
eduardi (Tylas), 164. 
edwardi (Turdus), 164. 
edwardsi (Tylas), 165. 
eidouxi (Thryothorus), 

244. 
elegans (Cistothorus), 
245. 
elegans (Mirnus), 339. 
elizabeth (Muscicapa), 
372. 
elizabeth (Myiadestes), 
372. 
elizabeth (Ptilogonys), 
372. 
elizabethse (Myiadectes), 
372. 
emeria (Lanius), 159. 
emeria (Muscicapa), 159. 
emeria (Otocompsa), 158, 
159,402. 
emeria (Pycnonotus), 

159. 
entilosus (Brachypus),62. 
entylotus(Brachy pus) ,62. 
ALPHABETICAL 1NLTX. 

eremita (Nesocichla), 

332. 
eremita (Tardus), 332. 
erythrophthalmus (Turdus), 
362. 
erythropterus (Anclropa


dus), 109. 
erythrotis (Ixus), 158. 
erythrotis (Pycnonotus), 

158. 
euophrys (Thryothorus), 
236. 
euophrys (Troglodytes), 
236. 
euptilosa (Pinarocichla), 
61, 62. 
Euptilosus, 61. 
euptilosus (Brachypo


dius), 62. 
euptilosus (Brachypus), 

euptilosus (Euptilosus), 

62. 
euptilosus (Poliolophus), 
62. 
euptilosus (Pycnonotus), 
62. 
europseus (Cinclus), 308. 
europseus (Troglodytes), 
270, 272, 273, 275. 
everetti (Oriniger), 57. 
everetti (Iole), 57. 
eximius (Criniger), 88. 
eximius (Trichopliorus), 

falkensteini (Andropadus), 
146. 
falkensteini (Oriniger), 

146. 
falkensteini (Pycnonot us), 
146. 
familiare (Apalopteron), 
120. 
familiaris (Andropadus), 
108. 
familiaris (Iora), 120. 
familiaris (Ixos), 120. 
familiaris (Ixus), 151. 
familiaris (Pycnonotus), 
120. 
fasciativentris (Thryothorus), 
229. 
fasciatoventris (Oyphorhinus), 
230. 
fasciatoventris (Pheugopedius), 
230. 
fasciatoventris (Thryothorus), 
230. 
fasciatoventris 
(Troglodytes), 
229, 230. 

4m 

fasciatus (Campylorhjn


chus), 201. 
faaciatus(Fumarius))2() 1, 
fasciolatus (OistothoriiH)* 

244. '' 
Fauvet(e loucoptere, 4. 
Felivox, 335. 
felivox (Mimus), 335. 
felivox (Orpheus), 335. 
felivox (Turdus), 335. 
felix ^ (Pheugopediuw), 
232. 
felix (Thryothorus), 209, 
232. 
felix (Troglodytes), 232. 
Figuier de Bengal, Le, 7. 
Figuier vert et iaune, Le. 
7. 
finlaysoni (Ixus), 144. 
finlaysoni (Pycnonotus), 
144, 401. 
finschi (Criniger), 84. 
fischeri (Criniger), 118. 
fischeri (Phyllostrophus), 

118. 
fisquefcii (Ixus), 68. 
fisquetii (Pycnonotus), 68. 
flavala (Hemixus),48,49. 
flavala (Pycnonotus), 49. 
flaveola (Trichas), 77. 
flaveolus (Criniger), 77. 
flaveolus (Trichopliorus1), 
77, 83. 
flaveseens (Andropadus), 

112. 
flavescons (Ixus), 143. 
flaveseens (Pycnonotus), 
143,401. 
ilavicaudus (Oriniger), 85. 
flavicaudus (Trichoplio


rus), 86. 
flavicollis (Oriniger), 97. 
flavicollis (Hsmiaatornis), 

97. 
flavicollis (Ixus), 97. 
flavicollis (Pycnonotus), 
97. 
flavicollis (Trichophorus), 
97. 
flavicollis (Xenocichla), 
97, 98. 
flavigula (Trichophorus), 

98. 
flavigula (Xenocichla), 98. 
flavigularis (Trichophorus), 
98. 
flavipennis (Chloropsis), 

34. 
flavipennis (Phyllornib), 
34. 
flavirictus (Ixus), 113. 
4L0 

flavirietus (Pycnonotus), 

143. 
flavistriata (Xenocichla), 
100. 
flaviventer (Pnoepyga), 
302. 
flaviventris (Oriniger), 
113. 
flaviventris (Chlorociohla), 
112, 113. 
flaviventris (Otocompsa), 

161. 
flaviventris (Pycnonotus), 
161. 
flaviventris (Rubigula), 
161. 
flaviventris (Trichophorus), 
113. 
flaviventris (Vanga), 161. 
flavostriatus (Andropa


dus), 100. 
flavula (Heraipus), 49. 
fla vulus (Pycnonotus), 

49. 
formosa (Anorthura), 279. 
formosus (Troglodytes), 
279. 
frater (Oriniger), 79. 
frater (Troglodytes), 261. 
ftilviventris (Phyllostrephus), 
118. 
fulviventris (Pbyllostro


phus), 117. 
fulviventris (Tylas), 166. 
fulvus (Tbryophilus), 

211. 
fulvus (Troglodytes), 249, 
250. 
funngata (Anorthura), 
27(5. 
fumigatus (Troglodytes), 

27(1 
furva (Motaoilla), 255. 
furva (Sylvia), 255. 
furvus (Hyleinathrous), 

256. 
furvus (Troglodytes), 249, 
254, 255, 256, 404. 
fusca (Colluricincla), 329. 
fuscata (Cichlherminia), 

329. 
fuscatus (Ciehlalopia), 
329. 
fuseatus (Margarops), 
329. 
fuscatus (Mimus), 329. 
fuscatus (Turdus), 329. 
fusoicaudata (Otocompsa), 
159. 
fuscdflavesoens (Micropus), 
66. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

fiiBcocaudatus (Otocompsa), 
159. 
fuscoflavescens (Brachypodius), 
66. 
fuscus (Turdus), 124. 

gabonensis (Pycnonotus), 
147,148,401. 
galbraitbi (TbrjTophilus), 

208. 
galbraitbi (Tbryotborus), 
208. 
galbraitbi (Troglodytes), 
208. 
Galeoscoptes, 335. 
Galgulus, 35. 
gampsorhynchns (Ohloropsis), 
24, 25. 
gampsorhynchus (Phyllornis), 
24. 
ganeesa (Hypsipetes), 37, 
39,46. 
genibarbis (Myiadectes), 

370. 
genibarbis (Myiadestes), 
370. 
genibarbis (Ptilogonys), 
370. 
genibarbis (Pbeugopedius), 
233. 
genibarbis (Tbryotborus), 
233. 
germaini (Ixus), 138. 
germaini (Pycnonotus), 

138. 
gibus (Mimus), 350. 
gilvus (Turdus), 350. 
glabrirostris (Melanoptila), 
331. 
glabrirostris (Turdus), 

331. 
Gobe-moucbes a t§te noire 
de la Chine, Le, 127. 
G-obe-moucbes verdatre 
de la Chine, Le, 149. 
goiavier (Ixus), 141. 
goiavier (Lsedorusa), 141. 
goiavier (Musoicapal 

141. 
goiavier (Pycnonotus), 
140,141. 
goudoti (Tylas), 164. 
gourdini (Ixos), 140. 
gourdini (Pycnonotus), 

140. 
gracilirostris (Andropadus), 
114. 
gracilirostris (Ohlorocichla), 
114. 
gracilis (Andropadus), 

115. 
gracilis (Chloroeichla), 

115. 
gracilis (Mimus), 351. 
Grakle, Green, 385. 
Grakle, Satin, 381. 
graminieola (Cistothorus), 
245. 
graysoni (Harporhyn


chus), 361. 
Green Indian Warbler, 7. 
Green-rumped Finch, 7. 
Green Indian Flycatcher, 

the, 7. 
grenadensis (Thryotho


rus), 228. 
griseiceps (Oriniger), 77. 
griseicollis (Gyphorbi


nus), 288. 
griseicollis (Heterorhina), 
288. 
griseipectus (Tbryotborus), 
236. 
griseiventer (Myiadestes), 

375. 
griseiventer (Ptilogonys), 
375. 
griseus (Oampylorhynchus), 
186. 
griseus (Donacobius), 

186. 
griseus (Furnarius), 186. 
griseus (Heleodytes), 186, 
187. 
Grive de la Caroline, 
353. 
guadeloupensis (Salpinctes), 
2m. 
guadelupensis (Herminierus), 
324. 
guarayanus (Thryophilus), 
211. 
guarayanus (Troglodytes), 
211. 
Guava Flycatcher, 141. 
guereza (Troglodytes), 

404. 
guianensis (Turdus), 
332. 
gularis (Brachypus), 167, 
168. 
gularis (Campylorhynchus), 
194. 
gularis (Cichlopsis), 378. 
gularis (Oriniger), 73, 74, 

78. 
gularis (Hypsipetes), 58. 
gularis (Pbiledon), 58. 
gularis (Pycnonotus), 168. 
gularis (Eubigula), 167, 
168,402. 
gularis (Trichas), 78. 

gularis (Trichophorus)/ 

73,78. 
gularis (Turd as), 78, 307. 
gundlachii (Mimus), 344. 
guttata (Chlamydera), 

390. 
guttata (Chlamydodera), 
390. 
guttatus ( Campy lorhyuchus), 
202. 
guttatus (Criniger), 119. 
guttatus (Isonotus), 118, 

119. 
guttatus (Thrvothorus), 
202. 
guttatus (Troglodytes)j 
288. 
guttulatus (Thryothorus), 
281. 
gutturalis (Campylorhynchus), 
324. 
gutturalis (Oinolocerthia), 

324. 
gutturalis (Criniger), 80, 
82, 399. 
gutturalis (Formicarius), 

324. 
gutturalis (Rhainphocinclus), 
324. 
gutturalis 
(Trichophorus), 
80. 

hasmorrhoa (Ixus), 127. 
hasmorrhous (Ilasmator


nis), 124. 
haeniorrhous (Ixos), 124. 
hsemorrhous (Ixus), 127, 

137. 
haemorrhous (Molpastes), 
124. 
haemorrhous (Muscicapa), 
124. 
hiiemorrhous (Pycnonotus), 
120,124,125,127. 
haimorrhous (Turdus), 

137. 
haemorrhousa (Muscicapa), 
137. 
hainanus (Ixus), 150. 
hainanus (Pycnonotus), 

150. 
halsueti (Pnoepyga), 265. 
halsueti (Spelseornis),265. 
hardwickii (Chloropsis), 
18. 
hardwickii (Phyllornis), 
18, 397. 
Harpes, 353. 
Harporhynchus, 353. 
Heleodytes, 184. 
Hemixus, 48. 


ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

Henicorliina, 285. 
herminieri (Cichlherminia), 
327. 
herminieri (Margarops), 
327, 328. 
herminieri, var. semperi 

(Margarops), 328. 
herminieri (Turdus), 327. 
Herruinierus, 323. 
Heterorhina, 285. 
Heterorhynehus, 283. 
hiemalis (Anorthura), 

275. 
hiemalis (Troglodytes), 
275. 
hildebrandti (Hemixus), 
50. 
hillii (Mimus), 343. 
hodgsoni (Phyllornis), 
20. 
holki (Hypsipetes), 61. 
holosericea (Kitta), 381. 
holosericeus (Ptilonorhynchus), 
381. 
holosericeus (Ptilorhyn


chus), 381. 
holti (Hypsipetes), 61. 
holti(Iole), 61. 
Honey-eater, G-olden


crowned, 395. 
hornensis (Hylemathrous), 
257. 
hornensis (Troglodytes), 

257. 
hortensis (Troglodytes), 
257. 
humii (Heterorhynehus), 
283. 
humii (Sphenocichla), 

283. 
humilis (Campylorhynchus), 
192. 
humivagans (Cistothorus), 
245. 
Hydrobata, 306. 
hyemalis (Anorthura), 

275. 
hyemalis (Troglodytes), 
261, 274, 275. 
hyemalis, var. alascensis 
(Troglodytes), 273. 
hyemalis, yar. pacificus 
(Troglodytes), 274. 
Hylemathrous, 247. 
hypaedon (Troglodytes), 

252, 254. 
hyperythrus (Thryotliorus), 
239, 240. 
hypoleucus (Melanotis), 

363. 
hypoleucus (Mimus), 363. 
hypospodius (Thryotliorus), 
239. 
hypostictus (Campylo


rhynchus), 189. 
Hypotrichas, 70. 
hypoxanthus (Andropa


dus), 111. 
Hypsipetes, 35,154. 

ioterica (Hemixus), 96. 
icterica (Trichas), 96. 
icterica (Xenocichla), 96. 
ictericus (Criniger), 82? 

96. 
ictericus (Pycnonotus),96. 
ioterinus (Oriniger),82,83. 
icterinus(Pycnonotus),96. 
icterinus (Trichophorus), 
82. 
icterocephala (Chloropsis), 
30,397. 
icterocephala (Phyllornis), 
30, 41. 
immaculatus (Braohypodius), 
65. 
Importun, I/, 108. 
importunus (Andropa


dus), 106, 108. 
importunus (Criniger), 

108. 
importunus (Polyodon), 
108. 
importunus (Turdus), 
108. 
indica (Irena), 177. 
indicator (Bseopogon), 
103. 
indicator (Criniger), 103. 
indicator (Hemixus), 103. 
indicator (Trichophorus), 
103. 
indicator (Xenocichla), 
103. 
infaustus (Herrninierus), 
324. 
innotata (lora), 14. 
inornata (Amblyornis), 
394. 
inornatus (Amblyorais), 
394. 
inornatus (Ixus), 147,152. 
inornatus (Pycnonotus), 
147, 152. 
inornatus (Ptilorhynchus), 
394. 
inquietus (Troglodytes), 
252, 254. 
insula ris (Andropadus), 

111. 
insularis 
(Troglodytes), 
251,404. 

inter nieclius (Molpastes), 

125, ISO. 

intermedins (Pycnono


tus), 129, 130, 400. 

intermedins (Troglo


dytes), 252. 

interscapulars (Oisto


thorus), 245. 

interscapularis (Troglo


dytes), 245. 

Iole, 54. 

Iora, 4. 

iora (Phcenicoinanes), 14. 

Irena, 174. 

Ixoeherus, 64. 

Ixocincla, 44. 

Ixodia, 166. 

Ixonotus, 118. 

Ixos, 120. 

Ixus, 120. 

Saboteur, Le, 1W. 
Japacani, 364. 
japacani (Icterus), 364. 
japacani (Oriolus), 304. 
javensis (Meliphaga), 23. 
javensis (Phvllornis), 23, 

24. 
jerdoni (Chloropsis), 15, 
25, 26. 
jerdoni (Phyllornis), 26, 

307. 
jocosa (Otocompsa), 157, 
158, 402. 
jocosus (Campylorhyn


chus), 193. 


jocosus (Haamatornis), 


158, 159. 
jocosus (Ixos), 157, 159. 
jocosus (Lanius), 157. 
jocosus (Pycnonotus), 


157. 
Kelaartia, 163. 


Lxclor usa, 120. 
lafresnayei (JEgithina), 

14. 
lafresnayii (Aethorhynchus), 
14. 
lafresnayii (Iora), 14. 
lanioides (Turdampelis), 

378. 
latifasciatus (Troglodytes), 
206. 
latirosfris (Andropadus), 
107, 109. 
lawrencii (Cyphorhinns), 
293, 294. 
lawrencii (Thryothorus), 

232. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

layardi (Pyenonotus), 132. 
lazulina (Chloropsis), 19. 
lazulina (Phyllornis), 19. 
lecontei (Himus), 361. 
lecontii(Harporhvnchus), 

361. 
lecontii (Toxostoma), 361, 
Legriocinclus, 325. 
lepida (Pnoepvga). 304, 
305. 
leucocepliala (Hyd**obata), 
321. 
leueocephalus (Cindus), 
320, 321. 
leueocephalus (Hypsipetesj, 
41, 42. 
leueocephalus {Turd us), 

41. 
leucogaster (Cinelus), 
312, 313, 314. 
leucogaster (Tlirvothorus), 
226. 
leucogastra (Hvdrobata). 

314. 
leucogastra (TTrupsila). 
285. 
Ieueogastra (Troglodvte*), 
285. 
leucogenvs (Braehvpus), 
160. 
leucogenys (Cichlopsis), 
378. 
leucogenys (Ha:matornis), 
160. 
leucogenys (Ixos), 160, 
leucogenys (Otocompsa), 
157, 160. 
leucogonvs (Ptilogonys), 

378. 
leucogonys (Cichlupsis), 
378. 
leucogrammieus (Ixus). 
155. 
leucogrammieus (Pycnonotus), 
155. 
Leucomimus, 336. 
leuconota (Hydrobnta), 

320. 
leuconotus (Cinelus), 320. 
leucopbrys (Cyphorliinus), 
288. 
leucopbrys(Henicorhina), 

288. 
leueophrys(Heterorhina)T 
288. 
leucopbrys (Troglodytes), 
288. 
leucopleura (Xenocichla), 

104. 
leucopleurus (Criniger), 
104. 
leucopleurus (Phvllabtrephus), 
104. 
leucopleurus (Pvrrhurus), 

104. 
leucoptera (Syhia\ 4. 
leueopterus (llinius\ 
338. 
leueopterus (Orpheus), 
338. 
leucospilus (llimus), 343. 
leucosfieta (Henicorbina). 
285,286.287. 
leucost ictus f Cypborhinus", 
2M>. 287. 
leueustietus (Microcerculus), 
256. 
leucostictus (Tlirvothorus 
, 2S6. 
leueustietus < Troglo


dyte^ i, 2*7. 
I«i,jeutis> llxr^X 130. 
leueotis flhiadeetes), 


377. * * 
leuc< 4 U I Mviadestea), 
377.3711 
Ieiic< sii* I Ot< u'omp^a). 136. 
leueotis Pf ilog< >n% >/r 377. 
leueotis rPvciioiiotucs i, 

136,400. * 

leueotis ( Thrvophiius), 
207, 20\ 21i J, 403. 
leueotis (Thrvothorus), 


207, 2011. 
leueotis (Troglodytes), 


207. 
leueurus (TriehophoruO, 
103. 
levaillantii ! Ixo&V 134. 
levaillantii (Pyenonotus), 
135. 
1'liermiiiieri (Tbriuf horus), 
324. 
rbenumieri (Turclusj, 

327. 
littoraiU (Tlirvothorus f, 
221. 
lividti» f Lucar t, 335. 
Ihidus iMIinus), 346. 
livid us (Orpheus*), 346. 
livid us ^Turdus), 335. 
Loidoru^a, 120. 
longicauda ^Harporhynchus), 
354. 
longieaudata (Pnoepyga), 

263. 
longieaudata (Urocichla), 
263. 
longicaudat us (Mimusi, 
342. 
longirostre fToxostoma), 
357. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

longirostris (Criniger), 

87. 
longirostris (Gfraeula), 
364. 
longirostris (Harporhynehus), 
356, 357. 
longirostris (Mimus), 

357. 
longirostris (Orpheus), 
356. 
longirostris (Thrvophilus), 
204, 206. " 
longirostris (Thrvothorus), 
206, 212. " 
longirostris (Tiirdus),357. 
longirostris (Trichopho


rus), 87. 
longirostris (Troglodytes), 
206. 
ludoviciana (Motacilla), 

221. 
ludoviciana (Sylvia), 221. 
ludovicianus berlandieri 
(Troglodytes), 222. 
ludovicianus (Thryothorus), 
221. 
ludovicianus (Troglodytes), 
221. 
ludovicianus, tar. miamensis 
(Thyothorus), 

222. 
lugubris (Hseinatomis), 
147. 
lugubris (Phyllostrephus), 
115. 
lugubris (Turdus), 115. 
luscinia (Cyphorhinus), 

298. 
luscinia (Microcercuius), 
298. 
luteolus (Hsematornis), 
143. 
luteolus (Ixus), 143. 
luteolus (Pycnonotus), 
143,401. 

macclellandi (Iole), 59. 

macleayii (Ptilonorhvn


chus), 381. 

maclellandi (Hypsipetes), 

59, 60, 398. 

macrorhyncha (Cinclo


certhia), 325. 

maculata (Oalodera), 389. 

maculata (Ohlamydera), 

389. 
maculata (Chlamydodera), 
389. 
maculatus (Cinclus), 315. 
maculatus (Ptilorhyn


chus), 389. 

maculipectus (Pheugopedius), 
237. 
maculipectus (Thryothorns), 
237. 
maculipectus (Troglodytes), 
237. 
maculosus (iElurcedus), 
385, 
madagascariensis (Hypsipetes), 
45. 
madagascariensis (Ixocincla), 
44, 45. 
madagascariensis (Turdus), 
45. 
madagascariensis (Tylas), 

165. 
magellanicus (Troglodytes), 
257. 
magnirostris (Sericulus.), 

395. 
malabarica (Chloropsis), 
22, 25, 397. 
malabaricus (Chloropsis), 
20, 30. 
malabaricus (Phyllornis), 
22,30. ' 
malabaricus (Turdus), 22. 
malaccensis (Hemixus), 

52. 
malaccensis (Hypsipetes), 
52,398. l l 
malayensis (Irena), 179. 
march ei(Andropadus),99. 
Margarops, 326. 
marginatus (Cyphorhi


nus), 299. 
marginatus (Microcer


culus), 299. 
marila (Oinclus), 316. 
marila (Hydrobata), 316. 
martmicensis (Thryo


thorus), 228. 
media (Ohloropsis), 27. 
media (Phyllornis), 27. 
medius (Oinclus), 308. 
megalopterus (Oampylo


rnynchus), 199. 
melaceps (Iora), 8. 
melaleucus (Turdus), 42. 
melanictera (Muscicapa), 

168. 
melanictera (Bubigula), 
168, 402. 
melanicterus(Meropixus), 

168. 
melanocephala (Prosecusa), 
65. 
melanocephalus (Alcurus), 
161. 
melanocephalus 
(Brachypodius), 
65, 66. 

melanocephalus (Brachypus), 
65, 161. 
melanocephalus (Hsematornis), 
161. 
melanocephalus (Ixus), 
65, 161. 
melanocephalus (Lanius), 

65. 
melanocephalus (Micropus), 
65, 398. 
melanocephalus (Pycnonotus), 
65, 161. 
melanocephalus (Turdus), 

65. 
melanochlamys (Irena), 
176. 
melanogaster (Oinclus), 
311. 
melanogaster (Hydrobata), 
311. 
melanogaster (Thryothorus), 
230. 
melanoleucus (Oinclops), 

326. 
melanoleucus (Micropus), 
69. 
melanoleucus (Microscelis), 
42, 69. 
melanoleucus (Microtarsus), 
69. 
melanops (Myiadectes), 

376. 
melanops (Myiadestes), 
376. 
melanops (Ptilogonys), 
376. 
melanopterus (Mimus), 
351. 
Melanoptila, 331. 
melanos (Thryothorus), 
233, 234. 
melanos (Troglodytes), 

233, 234. 
Melanotis, 362. 
melanotis (iEluroedus), 

383, 384. 
melanotis (Ailurcedus), 

383. 
melanotis (Melanotis), 
362. 
melanotis (Mimus), 349. 
melanotis (Orpheus), 349. 
melanotis (Ptilonorhynchus), 
383, 384. 
melanotis (Ptilorhyn


chus), 383, 384. 
melanotis (Turdus), 362. 
meliceps (Iora), 8. 
melmus (Sericulus), 395. 
melinus (Turdus), 395. 
mellinus (Sericulus), 395. 

inellinus (Turdus), 395. 
meridionalis (Oinelus), 

308. 
merle (Tardus), 341. 
Merle a oul jaune, Le, 
135. 
Merle 
brun du Cap de 
Bonne Esperance, Le} 

130. 
Merle bran de Senegal, 
115. 
Merle cendre de St. Dominigue, 
341. 
Merle cendre de Madagascar, 
Le, 45. 
Merle d'eau, Le, 307Merle 
de lisle de Bour


bon, Le, 46. 
Merle dominiquain de la 

Chine, Le, 41. 
Merle du Senegal, Le, 115. 
Merle hupe du Cap de 

Bonne Esperance, Le, 

Meropixus. 160. 
mesoleucus (Thryo tho


rns), 223. 
metallicus (Ixos), 05. 
metallicus (P>cnonotus), 

65. 
Methriopterus, 353. 
mexicana (Hydrobata), 
318. 
mexicanus (Catherpes), 
280, 281, 282. 
mexicanus (Oinelus), 317. 
mexicanus(Cj phorhinus), 

281. 
mexicanus (Legrioeinelus), 
320. 
mexicanus (Petrodroma), 

325. 
mexicanus (Salpinetes), 
281. 
mexicanus(Thryothorus), 
280. 
mexicanus (Troglodytes), 
280, 282. 
mexicanus, var. eonspersus 
(Catherpes), 282. 
mexicanus, var. mexicanus 
(Catherpes), 281. 
miamensis (Thryothorus), 

222. 
Microcerculus, 295. 
Micropus, 64. 
Microscelis, 35. 
Microscelis, sp. 3, 09. 
Microtarsus, 64. 
Microura, 301. 
Mimetes, 336. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

Mimus, 330. 
minor (Andropadus), 400. 
minor (Cainpylorhyn


ehus), 184. 
minor (Cinelus), 310. 
minor (Donacobius), 187. 
minor (Heleodytes), 1ST. 
minor (Thryophilus), 207. 
minor (Troglodytes). 207. 
minutus (Crimgerj, fcU. 
miuutus (Trieholestes), 

90. 
minutus (Trichophorus), 
89. 
Mock-bird, 338. 
Mock-bird, Lesser, 340. 
modestus (Pvcnonotus), 
153. 
modestus (Thryophilus), 
209,210. 
modestus (Thrvothorus), 

209. 
modestus (Troglod\ tes\ 
209. 
modulator (Cvplmrhinus), 
289, 29i; 292. 
modulator (Mimus). 347. 
modulator(Orpheus).347. 
modulator(Thrvothorus>), 

291. 
Molpastes, 120, 121. 
moluccensis (Phyllornis), 
30. 
montaua (Cichllierminia\ 
330. 
montanus (Margarops), 
330. 
montanus (Miraus), 333. 
montanus (Mviadectes I, 
370. 
montanus (Myiadestes), 
370. 
montanus (Oreoscoptes), 
333. 
montanus (Oroscoptes), 
333, 338. 
montanus (Orpheus), 333. 
montanus (Turdus), 330, 

333. 
monticola (Otocompsa), 
158. 
monticolus (Ixus), 157. 
montis (Otocompsa), 162. 
montis (Rubigula), 102. 
Moqueur. 354. 
muelleri (Phyllornis), 23. 
multicolor (Criniger), 
399. h 
multicolor (Fringilla), 7. 
multicolor (Xenociehla), 
399. 
murarius (Troglodytes , 

280. 
murinus (Troglod\ tes), 
259. 
museulus (Trosrlodvtes), 
255 404. w % 
Musician Thrush, 29(). 
Musieien de Cayenne, 290. 
musiCuS (Cvphurhiuus), 

•290. 
music us (Porrnicarius), 
290. 
niu-if*us (Thryothorus), 
223. 
Myiadeetes. 308. 
Myiadestes, 30b. 
Myiocichla, 377. 
m\ stacalis (Chloropsis), 
32. 
mystacalisfCriiiigerj, 85. 
mvstacahs* Thrvothorus), 
233. 
mys'acalis (Tricbuphorusi, 
<M. 
m\ &taealis (Troghxh te*\ 

233. 
i±iv*tieahs 
(Phyllornis), 
3U, 32. 

naumanni (Troirloth tes), 

270. 
neglecta (Anurtlmra), 
278. 
negleetus (Troglcd* tes j 
278. 
nepalensis (Troglodvtes), 
_ 273. 
2sesoeichIa, 332. 
nicobariensi* (Hyp-ipe


t*js i, 43. 
nigemmub (HTpsipetes\ 

41. 
nigricans (Ixus}. 134. 
nigricans {P\ caonotiH i, 
132, 134, 135. 
nigricans (Turdus), 134. 
nigricapilla (lora), lOfe. 
nigricapillus (P\ enuno


tus), ltW. 
nigricapillus (Thrvophilu
«). 217. 
nigricapillus (ThrvotHorus), 
210, 217. 
nigricapillus (Troglodv9 
tes), 217. 
nigrieeps (Cauipylorlunchusj, 
195. 
nigricoltis (Chloropsis), 

_ 27,397. 
nigricollis (Philemon), 27. 
nigriloris (Mimus U 343. 

nigrilutea (.Egithina), 5, 

nigripileus (Ixos), 126. 
nigripileus (Pycnonotus), 
125, 126. 
nigrolutea (Iora), 12. 
nigropileus (Molpastes), 

126. 
nigropileus (Pycnonotus), 

126. 
nilghiriensis (Hypsipetes), 
39. 
nipalensis (Alcurus), 91. 
nipalensis (Anorthura), 

277. 
nipalensis (Ixus), 91. 
nipalensis (Troglodytes), 

277. 
nisorius (Thryophilus), 

211. 
nisorius (Thryothorus), 

214. J 
nisorius (Troglodytes), 

214. 
niveiceps (Ilvpsipetes), 

42. 
nivosus (Criniger), 104. 
nivosus (Triubophorus), 

104. 
notata (Xenocichla), 105. 
notatus (Criniger), 105. 
notatus (Trichophorus), 
89, 105. 
nucbalis (Calodera), 391. 
nucbalis (Campylorhynehus), 
203. 
nuchalis (Chlamydera), 
391,392. 
nucbalis (Chlamydodera), 
391,392. 
nucbalis (Ptilonorhynchus), 
391. 
nuchalis (Ptilorhynclius), 

391. 

obscurus (Ixos), 148. 

obscurus (Ixus), 121, 

146. 
obscurus (Myiadectes), 

373. 
obscurus (Myiadestes), 

373. 
obscurus (Ptilogonys), 

373. 
obscurus (Pycnonotus), 

147. 
obsoleta (Myiotbera),266. 
obsolete (Cyphorhinus), 

266. 
obsoletus (Salpinctes), 

266. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

obsoletus (Tliryotborus), 

266. 
obsoletus (Troglodytes), 

266. 
obsoletus guadeloupensis 
(Salpinctes), 268. 
occidentalis (Ohlorocichla), 
113. 
occipitalis (Chlamydodera), 
389. 
occipitalis (Pycnonotus), 

149. 
occipitalis (Turdus), 149. 
ocellatus (Harporhyncbus), 
357. 
ocellatus (Mimus), 357. 
ochraceus (Criniger), 80. 
ochrata (Myioeicbla),378. 
oclirocepbalus (Alcurus), 

93. 
oclirocepbalus (Criniger), 

93. 
ochroceplialus (Microscelis), 
93. 
ochroeephalus (Pycnonotus), 
93. 
ochroeepbalus (Trachyoomus), 
93, 399. 
oclirocepbalus (Turdus), 

93. 
oleaginus (Andropaclus), 

111. 
olivacea (Hypsipetes), 46. 
olivacea (lole), 54, 55, 

398. 
olivacea (Ixocincla), 46. 
olivacea (Xenocichla), 98. 
olivaceus (Criniger), 55, 
.98. 
olivaceus (Microscelis), 

153. 
olivaceus (Microtarsus), 

153. 
olivaceus (Tricbopborus), 

98. 
olivascens (Cinnicertbia), 

184. 
omnisonus (Troglodytes), 

245. 
Oreoscoptes, 333. 
orientalis (Chlamydodera), 
392. 
Orova, 45. 
Orpheus, 35, 336. 
orpbeus (Mimus), 340, 
343, 347. 
orpbeus (Turdus), 340, 

346. 
orpbeus, var. dominicus 
(Mimus), 339. 
Otocorapsa, 157. 

415 

Ourovang ou Merle cendre 
de Madagascar, L', 

45. 
ourovang(Hypsipetes),45. 
ourovaug (Turdus), 45. 
Ouzel, Penrith, 307. 

pacifica (Anorthura J, 274. 
palawanensis (Chlorop


sis), 33. 
palawanensis (Criniger), 

83. 
palawanensis (Phyllornis), 
33. 
pallasi (Cinclus), 315, 
316, 317. 
pallasii (Hydrobata), 316. 
pallescens (Campylorhynchus), 
199, 200. 
pallescens (Criniger), 102. 
pallescens (Pyrrhurus), 

102. 
pallescens (Xenocichla), 

102. 
pallida (Anorthura), 273. 
pallida (Troglodytes), 
257,273. 
pallidus (Campylorhynchus), 
200. 
pallidus (Criniger), 81. 
palmeri (Harporhynclius), 
359. 
palpebrosus(Criniger),99. 
paludicola (Cistotborus), 
242, 404. 
palustris (Certhia'), 241. 
palustris (Cistotborus), 
240,241,242. 
palustris (Motacilla),241. 
palustris (Thryothorus), 

241. 
palustris (Telmatodytes), 
241,242. 
palustris (Troglodytes), 
241, 242. 
pardus (Campylorhyncbus), 
204. 
parkmannii (Troglodytes), 
250. 
paroticalis (Ixidia), 170. 
paroticalis (Eubigula), 

170. 
parvulus (Mimus), 350. 
parvulus (Orpheus), 358. 
parvulus (Troglodytes), 
270,272,273. 
patachonicus (Mimus), 

352. 
patagonicus (Mimus),352. 
patagonicus (Orpheus), 

352. 

paucimaculatus (Thryothorus), 
238. 
penicillata (Kelaartia), 

162. 
penicillatus (Pycnonotus), 
163. 
Penrith Ouzel, 307. 
peregrinus (Oinclus), 308. 
perniger (Hypsipetes), 41, 

398. 
personata (Otocompsa), 
140. . 
peruviana (Oinnicerthia), 
402. 
peruvianus (Mirnus), 343. 
peruvian us (Presbys),402. 
petenica (Troglodytes), 
224. 
petenicus (Thryothorus), 
224. 
Petit.G-oiavier de Manille, 
141. 
Petit Merle de la cote de 
Malabar, Le, 22. 
Petit Merle hup<§ de la 
Chine, Le, 157. 
Petite Grrive des Philippines, 
La, 58. 
phseocephalus (Oriniger), 
74,76. 
phaeocephalus (Cyphorhinus), 
291, 292, 293. 
phseocephalus (Ixos) (Trichixos), 
74. 
pliiEoeephalus (Micropus), 
68. 
phaiocephalus (Oriniger), 
74, 399. 
Pheugopedius, 218. 
philippensis (Galgulus), 

58. 
philippensis (Hypsipetes), 
58. 
philippensis (Iole), 58, 

398. 
philippensis(Mioroscelis), 
philippensis (Turdus), 58. 
Philippine Thrush, 58. 
philomela (Cyphorhinus), 

297,298. 
philomela (Microcercu


lus), 297, 298. 
Phcenicornanes, 13. 
phoenicopterus (Ixos),121. 
Phyllornis, 15. 
Phyllostrephus, 115. 
Phyllostrophus, 115. 
Pinarocichla, 61. 
platensis (Cistothorus), 

244,404. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

platensis (Hylema


throus), 244. 

platensis (Sylvia), 244. 

platensis (Thryothorus), 

244, 256. 

platensis (Troglodytes), 

244, 256. 

Platycichla, 379. 

pleurostictus (Thryophi


lus), 213, 214. 

pleurostictus (Thryotho


rus), 213. 

pleurostictus (Troglo


dytes), 214. 

plumifera (Brachypus), 

161. 
plumosus (Ixus), 152, 
plumosus (Pycnonotus), 
152,154, 401. 

Pnoepyga, 263, 301. 

poiocephalus (Brachypo


dius), 68. 

poiocephalus (Brachy


pus), 68. 

poiocephalus (Pycnono


tus), 68. 

Poliophilus, 63. 

poliopleurus (Troerlody


tee}, 212. 
poliopsis (Brachypus), 

169. 
polyglottus (Cistothorus), 
245. 
polyglottus (Mimetes), 
338. 
polyglottus (Mimus), 338, 
340. 
polyglottus (Orpheus), 
338. 
polyglottus (Thryothorus), 
245. 
polyglottus (Troglodytes), 
245. 
polyglottus (Turdus), 

338. 
polyglottus, jar . bahamensis 
(Mimus), 339. 
Polyodon, 106. 
portoricensis (Mimus), 

340. 
pratensis (Turdus), 364. 
Presbys, 177. 
Prosecusa, 64. 
prostheleuca (Henicorhina), 
286. 
prostheleuca (Heterorhina), 
286. 
prostheleucus (Cyphorhinus), 
286, 288. 
prostheleucus (Syctalopus), 
286. 

psaroides (Hypsipetes \ 

35,36, 398. 

psidii (Muscicapa), 141. 

Pfcilonorhynchus, 380. 

puella(Coracia3),176,177. 

puella (Ifena), 176, 177, 

1T9. 

puellus (EdoHus), 176. 

pulverulentus (Criniger), 

52. 
pulverulentus (Triehophorus), 
52. 
punctatus (Troglodytes), 
270, 272, 279. 
pusilla (Heterorhina), 

285. 
pusilla (Pnoepyga), 304. 
pusilla (Tesial 304. 
pusillus (CyDhorhinus), 
285. 
pusillus (Hsematornis), 
124. 
pusillus (Ixos), 124,155. 
pusillus (Molpastes), 124. 
pusillus (Pycnonotus;, 02, 
124,155,401. 
Pycnonotus, 120. 
Pycnopygius, 121. 
pygseus (Ixos |, 128. 
pygaeus (Molpasfees I, 128. 
pygseus '(Pycnonotus), 

128. 
pygmseus (Molpastes), 
125. 
pygmaeus (Pycnonotus), 
128,130. 
pyrrhotis (Ixos), 157. 
pyrrhotis (Pycnonotus), 

158. 
Pyrrhurus, 94. 
Quadricolor, Le, 7q 
uadricolor(uEgithinaX7. 

ralloides (Myiadectes), 

375. 
ralloides (Myiadestes), 
375. 
raUoides(Ptilogonys),375. 
rawnsleyi (Ptilonorhynchus), 
381. 
rawnsleyi (Sericulus),381. 
rediviva (Harpes), 360. 
rediviva(Toxostoma),360. 
redivivum (Toxostoma), 

360. 
redivivus (Mimus), 360. 
Red-vented Flycatcher, 
124,137. 
Red-vented Warbler, 124. 
regens (Oriolus), 395. 

regeiis (Sericulus), 395. 
regulus (Troglodytes), 

Rhamphocinclus, 323. 
Rhodinocichla, 366. 
Rhodocichla, 366. 
roberti (Sphenocichla), 

283. 
roberti (Stachyrirhynchus), 
283. 
Roitelet, Le, 269. 
Roitelet de Buenos Ayres, 

Le, 244. 
Roitelet de la Louisiane, 

221. 
Roitelet de Surinam, 258. 
Roller, Fairy, 177. 
Roller, Yarded, 385. 
rosaeeus (Troglodytes), 
257. 
rosea (Rhodinocichla), 
366. 
rosea (Rhodocichla), 367. 
roseus (Furnarius), 366. 
roseus (Turdus), 367. 
rubecula(Platyurus), 290. 
Rubigula, 166. 
rubineus (Brachypus), 
168. 
rubineus (Pycnonotus), 
168. 
rufa (Pnoepyga), 304. 
rufa (Orpheus), 354. 
rufa (Toxostoma), 354. 
rufalbus (Thriothorus), 
212. 
rufalbus (Thryophilus), 
212. 
rufalbus (Thryothorus), 
212. 
rufalbus (Troglodytes), 
212. 
rufeseens (Thryothorus), 
228. 
ruficauda (Cinclocerthia), 
323. 
ruficaudus (Stenorhynchus), 
323. t 
runcrissus (Criniger), 81. 
rufigularis (Hypsipetes), 

57. 
rufigularis (lole), 57. 
rufinucha (Oampylorhynchus), 
191,192. 
rufipectoralis (Oinclus), 

308. 
rufiventer (Pnoepyga), 
302. 
rufiyenter (Tesia), 302. 
rufiventris (Thryophilus), 
209. 
TOL. VI. 
ALPHABETICAL OTDEX. 

rufiventris (Thryothorus), 
209. 
rufociliatus (Troglodytes), 
262. 
rufocaudatus (Pycnonotus), 
74, 80. 
rufococoyx (Turdampelis), 
378. 
rufogularis (Sarochalinus), 
291. 
rufulus (Troglodytes), 

258. 
rufurn (Toxostoma), 354. 
rufus (Antimimus), 354. 
rufus (Harporhynchus), 
353, 354. 
rufus (Mimus), 354. 
rufus (Orpheus), 354. 
rufus (Toxostoma), 354. 
rufus (Turdus). 353. 
Ruisenor, 297. 
rupestris (Oinelus), 308. 
rutilans (Pheugopedius), 

238. 
rutilans (Thryothorus), 
238, 239. 
rutilans (Troglodytes), 

238. 
rutilus (Thryothorus), 
238. 
rutilus (Troglodytes),240. 
Salpinetes, 266. 
salvadorii (Pycnonotus), 

401. 
salvini (Cyphorhinus), 
292. 
sanctse lucise (Oichlherminia), 
328. 
sancfee lucise (Margarops), 
328. 
saturninus (Mimus), 348. 
saturninus (Turdus), 

348. 
scandens (Criniger), 102. 
scandens (Phyllastrephus), 
102. 
scandens (Xenocichla), 

102. 
scapularis (AEgithina), 5, 
6,11,12. 
scapularis (Iora), 6, 8, 
11,12. 
scapularis (Turdus), 11. 
Scenopseus, 394. 
schistacea (Rhodinoci


chla), 367. 
schottii (Thryophilus), 

217. 
sclateri (Thryothorus), 
238. 
scolopaceus (Anumbius), 

190. 
scolopaceus (Campylorhynchus), 
188. 
scolopaceus (Picolaptes), 
188, 190. 
scolopaceus (Turdus), 

188. 
semibadius (Thryothorus), 
216. 
semibadius (Thryophilus), 
216. 
semitorques (Pycnonotus), 
173. 
semitorques (Spizixus), 
173, 
semperi (Margarops),328. 
senegalensis (Phyllostre


phus), 115. 
senegalensis (Turdus), 

115. 
senegallus (Phyllostrephus), 
115. 
senegallus (Phyllostrophus), 
115. 
senegallus (Turdus), 115. 
septentrionalis (Oinclus), 

311. 
sericea (Criniger), 90. 
Sericulus, 395. 
serina (Xenocichla), 100. 
serinus (Criniger), 100. 
serinus (Hemixus), 100. 
serinus (Trichites), 100. 
sharpii (Phyllostrephus), 
117. 
sibilans (Myiadectes),371. 
sibilans (Myiadestes), 371. 
simplex (Criniger), 85, 
99. 
simplex (Pycnonotus), 
152, 153, 155. 
simplex (Tricbophorus), 
85, 99. 
simplex (Xenocichla), 99. 
sinaloa (Thryophilus), 

213. 
sinaloa (Troglodytes), 
213. 
sinensis (Ixus), 149. 
sinensis (Muscieapa),149." 
sinensis (Pycnonotus), 
149,401. 
Skotiomimus, 336. 
smithii (Ailuroedus), 386. 
smithii (Ptilonorhyn


chus), 386. 
smithii (Ptilorhynchus), 

386. 
solitarius (Myiadectes) 
369. 
2E 
solitarius (Myiadestes), 

369. 
solitarius (Ptilogonys), 

369. 
solstitialis (Hylemathrous), 
260. 
solstitialis (Troglodytes), 
260, 261. 
sonnerati (Chloropsis), 
23, 24. 
sonneratii (Phyllornis), 
23, 24. 
sordida (Hydrobata),316, 

317. 
sordidus (Cinclus), 317Spelasornis, 
264. 
Sphenocichla, 283. 
spilurus (Thryothorus), 
225, 
spilurus (Troglodytes), 

225. 
Spizixos, 172. 
Spizixus, 172. 
squamata (Ixidia), 170, 

171. 
squamata (Microura), 
302,304. 
squamata (Pnoepyga), 

303. 
squamata (Kubigula), 
170,171. 
squamata (Tesia), 302. 
squamatus (Brachypus), 
170, 
squamatus (Ixos), 121, 

170. 
squamatus (Pycnonotus), 

170. 
squamatus (Turdus), 

170. 
squamatulus (Microcerculus), 
300. 
squamiceps (Oriolus), 

42. 
squamulatus (Microcerculus), 
300. 
squamulosus (Ptilonorhynchus), 
381. 
Stecnyrirhyiichus, 283. 
stellaris (Cistothorus), 

243. 
stellaris (Thryothorus), 

243. 
stellaris (Troglodytes), 

243. 
stellaris, var. elegans 
(Cistothorus), 245, 
jStenorhynchus, 323, 
stictocephalus (Pycnonotus), 
121. 
atonii (JBluroedus), 387. 

ALPHABETICAL DTDEX. 

strepitansXCriniger), 117. 
strepitans* (Phyllostrophus), 
117. 
striaticollis (Campylorhynchus), 
189. 
striatulus (Hylemathrous), 
254. 
striatulus (Troglodytes), 

striatus (Alcurus), 91, 

399. 
striatus (Criniger), 91. 
striatus (Hasmatornis), 

91. 
striatus (Pycnonotus), 91. 
striatus (Trichophorus), 

91. 
strigilatus (Trichophorus), 
82. 
striolatus (Oampylorhynchus), 
206. 
striolatus (Thryothorus), 

206. 
striolatus (Trichophorus), 
53. 
striolatus (Troglodytes), 
206,210. 
subhemalachanus (Troglodytes), 
277. 
subniger (Hypsipetes), 

38. 
subviridis (Motacilla), 8. 
sulphuraceus (Trichophorus), 
86. 
sulphurata (Napothera), 

74. 
sulphuratus (Criniger), 

74. 
sulphuratus (Trichophorus), 
74. 
sulphureus (Trichophorus), 
74. 
sumichrasti (Catherpes), 

282. 
superciHaris (Thryophilus), 
210. 
superciliaris (Thryothorus), 
210. 
susanii (Oriniger), 62. 
susanii (Pycnonotus), 62. 
susanii (Trichophorus). 

62. ' 
sylvestris (Troglodytes), 
250, 270. 
syndactyla (Bleda), 101. 
syndactyla (Trichophorus), 
101. 
syndactyla (Xenociehla), 
95,101. 
syndactylus (Oriniger), 

tseniatus (Merocerculus). 

300. 
Telmatodytes, 240. 
tenuirostris (Cinclus), 

315. 
tenuirostris (Troglodytes), 
270. 
tephrogenys (Criniger), 
71, 73. 
tephrogenys (Trichophorus), 
71. 
tephrolaema (Xenociehla), 
98. 
tephrolsemus (Criniger), 

99. 
tephrolsemus (Trichophorus), 
98. 
terricolor (Iola), 52. 
Tesia, 301. 
tessellatus (Troglodytes), 
252, 254, 258; 25*1 
Thelydrias, 177. 
thema (Turdus), 345. 
thenea (Mimus), 345. 
thenca (Orpheus), 345. 
thenka (Mimus), 345. 
theoides (Criniger), &4. 
theuca (Turdus), 345. 
thUius (Miniiis), 343. 
thoracicus (Oyphorhinus), 
294. 
thoracicus (Thxyophilus), 

215. 
thoracicus (Thryothorus), 
215. 
Thriothorus, 218, 324. 
Thrush, Fox - coloured, 

353. 
Thrush, Variegated, 188. 
Thrush, Yellow - bellied, 

395. 
Thryophilus, 2)4. 
Thryothorus, 218. 
tianschanica (Troglodytes), 
273. 
ticfceHi (Criniger), 143. 
tickeHi (Hypsipetes), §0. 
tickeliii ttpfc), 60. 
tiphia (JEgifehioa), 5, 7, 
8,10, 11,12. 
tiphia (Iora), 4, 8. 
tiphia (ttotacnla), 7. 
Todo voz, 245. 
townsendi (CuBeiYora). 

374. 
townsendi (ifyi&dectes), 
374, 
townsendi (Myiadestes), 

374. 
townsendi (Ptilogonya), 

374. 

Toxostoma, 353. 
Traehycomus, 93. 
treinulus (Formicarius), 

324. 
tremulus (Bhamphocinelus), 
324. 
Tres colas, 342. 
tricaudatus (Mimus), 342. 
tricaudatus (Orpheus), 

342. 
Trichas, 70. 
Trichites, 94. 
Tricholestes, 89. 
Trichophoropsis, 88. 
Trichophorus, 70. 
tricolor (Criniger), 82,83. 
tricolor (Ixus), 131. 
tricolor (Pycnonotus), 
181,132, 400. 
tricolor (Trichophorus), 


83. 
tricolor (Xenocichla), 83. 
trifasciatus (Mimus), 346. 
trifasciatus (Orpheus), 
346. 
tristis (Brachypodius), 
62. 
tristis (Criniger), 62. 
tristis (Euptflosus), 61. 
tristis (Pycnonotus), 135. 
tristis (Microscelis), 69. 
tristis (Turdus), 135. 
triurus (Mimus), 342. 
triurus (Turdus), 342. 
Troglodyte de la Louisiana 
221. 
Troglodyte de marais, 

244. 
Troglodyte rolgairemenfc 
et proprement le Boitelet, 
Le, 270. 

Troglodytes, 247, 268. 

troglodytes (Anorthura), 
268,269,270,274,404. 
troglodytes (Motacilla), 

269. 
troglodytes (Myrmothera), 
296. 
troglodytes (Sylvia), 269, 
272, 275. 
troglodytes (Troglodytes), 
270. 
troglodytes, var. alascensis 
(Anorthura), 273. 
troglodytes, var. hyema-
Hs (Anorthura), 275. 
troglodytoides (Pnoepyga), 
264. 
troglodytoides (Spelaeornis), 
264. 
turcosa (Irena), 176, 

ALPHABETICAL IKBBX. 

Turdampelis, 377. 
turdinus (Opetiorhynchus), 
185. 
turdinus (Pomatorhi


nus), 358. 
Turdoide de gourdin, 140. 
Turdus, sp. 6, 169. 
tweeddalii (Irena), 178. 
tygus (Brachypus), 156. 
tygus (Pycnonotus), 150. 
Tylas, 103. 
tympanistrigus (Brachy


pus), 62. 
tympanistrigus (Ixus), 

62. 
typus (Criniger), 89. 
)us (Trichophoropsis), 

unibrunnea (Cinnicerthia), 
183, 184. 
unibrunneus (Cyphorhinus), 
183. 
unibrunneusfLimnornis), 


183. 
unicolor (Oampylorhynchus), 
190. 
unicolor (Cinclus), 318. 
unicolor (Cinnicerfchia), 

182. 
unicolor (Hydrobata), 
318. 
unicolor (Myiadectes), 
376. 
unicolor (Myiadestes), 
376. 
unicolor (Pnoepyga), 302. 
unicolor (Ptilogonys), 
376. 
unicoloroides (Campylorhynchus), 
190. 
unirufa (Oinnicerthia), 
182, 
unirufus (Oyphorhinus), 

182. 
unirufus (Limnornis), 
182. 
Urocichla, 263. 
Uropsila, 284. 
urostictus (Brachypus), 
63. 
urostictus (Ixus), 63. 
urostictus (Poliophilus), 
63. 
urovang (Hypsipetes), 45. 
urovang (Turdus), 45. 
vaillantii (Ixus), 135. 
vallombrosse (Ixus), 135. 
vallombrosss (Pycnono


tus), 135. 

419 

Variegated Thrush, 188. 
variogatus (Oainpylorhynchus), 
184, 188. 
variegatus (Turdus), 188. 
vonozuelonsis (Myiades


tes), 375. 
venusta (Oliloropsis), 34. 
venusta (Phyllornis), 34. 
Vcrdin do la Cochin 

Chine, Lo, 27. 
Verdin intorocephalo, 30. 
vorreauxi (Criniger), 71, 

73. 
veruB (Troglodytes), 270. 
vetula (Toxostoma), 358. 
vidua (Brachypus), 69. 
vidua (Ixocherus), 69. 
vidua (Ixus), 69. 
violaceus (Ptilonorhynchus), 
381. 
violaceus (Ptilorhyn 
chus), 381. 
violaceus (Pyrrhocorax), 

381. 
virens (Aaidropodus), 109. 
virescens (Brachypus), 
53. 
virescens (Criniger), 53. 
virescens (Hemixus), 53. 
virescens (Hypsipetes), 
43, 53. 
virescens (Iole), 53, 56. 
virescens (Ixocincla), 43. 
virescens (Ixos), 120. 
virescens (Kitta), 386. 
virescens(Microscelis),53. 
virescens (Trichophorus), 

143. 
viridescens (Criniger), 56. 
viridescens (Iole), 5Q. 
viriclirLUcha (Chloropsis), 
31. 
viridinucha (Phyllornis), 
31, 397. 
viridis (AEgithina), 5, 6, 

viridis (JEluroedus), 385. 
viridis (Chloropsis), 23. 
viridis (Criniger), 90. 
viridis (Gracula), 385. 
viridis (Hypsipetes), 59. 
viridis (Iora), 11. 
viridis (Phyllornis), 24. 
viridis (Trichophorus)^ 

89. 
viridis (Turdus), 23. 
viridissima (JEgithina), 
viridissima (Iora), 6. 
vociferans (Donacobius). 

364. 
ALPHABETICAL DSDEX. 

vociferus (Andropadus), 

108. 
vulgaris (Troglodytes), 
270,276. 
vulpina (Cichlalopia), 

367. 
Yulpinus (Turdus), 367. 
Water-Ouzel, The, 307. 
webberi (Ixidia), 171. 
webberi ^Kubigula), 171, 

402. 
White-beaded Thrush,41. 
Wreathed Flycatcher, 
149. 
Wren, 270. 
xanthogaster (Oriniger), 

100. 
xanthogaster (Lanixus), 
77. 
xanthogaster (Trichophorul), 
77,100. 
xanthogenys 
(Andropadus), 
89. 

xantholamus (Brachy


pus), 146. 

xantholsemus (Ixus), 146. 

xantholsemus (Pyenono


tus), 146. 
xanthopygius (Ixus), 135. 
xanthopygos (Ixus), 135. 
xanthopygos (Pycnono


tus), 135. 
xanthopygus (Pycnono


tus), 135, 400. 
xanthorrhous (Ixus), 139. 
xanthorrhous (Pycnono


tus), 139. 
xanthotis (Aethorhvnchus), 
13, 15. 
Xenociehla, 94, 

Yellow - breasted Fly


catcher, 168. 
Yellow-crowned Thrush, 

93. 
Yellow-fronted Thrush, 
22. 
BXD OF THE SIXTH YOLrME. 

Yellow - vented Flycatcher, 
137. 
yourdini (Pycnonotus), 

140. 
yunnanensis 
(Hypsipetes), 
38. 

zeledoni (Thryophilus), 

210. 
zeylonica (iEgithiiiaL 5, 
8,9. 
zeylonica (Iora), 8. 
zeylonica (Motacillaj, 7. 
zeylonica (Sylvia), 7. 
zeylonicus (Sturnus), 93. 
zonatoides (Cainpvlo


rhynchus), 198, 200. 
zonatus (Campylorhyn


chus), 195. 
zonatus (Picolaptes), 195. 
zosterops (Chloropbis), 

24,397. 

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FftAXCXS, RED LION COUET, FLBET STKEET. 

LIST OF PLATES, 

Plate 
Chloropsis viridinuclm, p. 31 I. 
Hemixus cinereus, p. 52 II. 
lole rafigularis, p. 57 III. 
Criniger verreauxi, p. 73 IY. 

frater, p. 79 V. 

•finschi, p. 84 , 
palawanensis, p. 83 } 
Xenociehla albigularis, p. 103 1 T 
olivacea, p. 98 J 
ChlorocicMa occidentalis, p. 113 VIII. 
Pycnonotus simplex, p. 153 IX. 

pusillus, p. 155 X. 
Ciimicerthia olivascens, p. 184 XI. 
Campylorliynclras pardus, p. 204 "» 

gularis, p. 194 J 

Thryotkorus bairdi, p. 226 XIII. 
fasciativentris, p. 229 | _ _ 
melanogaster, p. 230 J 
amazonicus, p. 235 1 ^ v 
griseipectus, p. 236 J 

Anorthura fumigata, p. 276 1 ___ 

pacifica, p. 274 J 
Uropsila leueogastra, p. 285 XVII. 
Cyphorhinus salvini, p. 292 | XVIII 

modulator, p. 291 J 

Birds BM.Vol.VI. i Ph. I. 

J &.Ke-alemaiLS del. Mintern Bros • imp. 

Chloropsis -viridvruzehw. 

Birds BM.Yol.YI. 

Ph. 11. 

J G- Keulexoaixs cLel 

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Birds B.M. Vol. VI. 

PI. El 

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Birds B.MVol. VI. PI. IV. 

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Birds B.M. Vol. VI. PI. V. 

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Cruvicfer Crater. 

Birds B.M.Vol. VI. Pl.VI. 

J.&.Ke-aLemans del. Mm ter n Br o s. imp. 
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T.&.3fouleraans del. Minteim Bros . imp. 

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2*. 
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Birds BM.Vol.VT. 

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