g`"Rictal bristles evident; bill 
rather stout, the culmen 
equal to the middle toe and 
claw 4. PEXTHOL^EA, p. 17. 

66. Bill more slender, culmen 
less than middle toe and 
claw; rictal bristles less 
perceptible. 5. PIXAROCHRQA, p. 19. 
c6. Bill stout, the culmen less 
than the middle toe and 
claw; rictal bristles very [p. 21. 
strong 6. PSEUJDOCOSSYPHFS, 

* It is not easy to tell wbether birds of this group have or have not a plain 
tarsus; many of tbem seem to have a scutellated tarsus when they are voungf 
#nd a plain one when adult. 
THAMN0BIJ5. 

bit Wing very long, falling short of 
tail by less than length of 
tarsus. 


c5. Tail moderately long, more than 
two thirds the length of the 
wing. 


dG 

, Outstretched feet not reaching 
to the tip of the tail .. 7. NOTODELA, p. 22. 
e6. Outstretched feet reaching 
to or far beyond tip of tail. 8. BRACHYPTEBYX, p. 2o* 

d5 

. Tail short, a little more than 
half the length of wing 9. LAMPBOLIA, p. 31. 

b"' Tarsus of moderate length, the outstretched 
feet not nearly reaching 
to the end of the tail, but falling 
short of the latter by about as 
much as or more than the length 
of the tarsus. 


€4. Culmen longer than the middle 
toe and claw; rictal bristles 
very strong, and reaching beyond 
the nostrils ; first primary 
broad and rounded at the end.. 10. TEICHIXUS, p. 32. 

# . Culmen shorter than middle toe 
and claw. 


e5. Culmen broader than high at 
nostrils;first primary rounded 
at end 11. COSSYPHA, p. 34. 

f5. Culmen equal in height and 

breadth at nostrils. 
/>. Primaries rounded at end.. 12. CHIMABBKORNIS,P.47. 
gB. Primaries very peculiar, the 

long primaries pointed at 
the end 13. THAMNOL^EA, p. 48 
b'\ Tarsus distinctly scutellated. 

<?'". Tail nearly square, the difference 
between the tip of the outermost 
and the tip of the longest feather 
as much as the length of the tarsus. 


e4. Toes feeble; the tarsus double the 
length of the hind toe and claw. 14. THAMNOBIA, p. 53. 

f4. Toes rather strong; the tarsus 
not double the length of the 
hind toe and claw 15. AXETHE, p. 57. 

d'". Tail strongly graduated, the distance 
between the tip of tlie outer 
and the tip of the longest feather 
as much as the tarsus 16. COPSYCHUS, p. 60. 

d'. Wing and tail about equal in length. 
e". Bill more slender, equal in height 
and depth at nostrils. 
e'". Tarsus moderate, not egual to twice 
the length of the hind toe and 
claw. 
gA. Tarsi scutellated. 
y5. Culmen shorter than hind toe 
and claw 17. GERVAISIA, p. 66. 
B2 

TI31ELIID-E. 

ha. C ulmen much longer than hind 
toe and claw 18. AKDONOPSIS, p. GS. 
hK Tarsi plain 19. OICHLADUSA, p. 69. 

f". Tarsus long-, twice the length of 
the hind toe and claw; tarsus 
strongly scutellated 20. ERYTHHOPYGIA, p. 72. 

d". Bill rather "broad, broader than high 
at nostrils 21. LIOPTILA, p. 80. 
e'. Wing much shorter than the tail. 


e". Tail moderately graduated, the difference 
between the tip of the outer 
and the tip* of the longest feather not 
so much as half the length of the wing. 


(/'". Tarsal envelope entire 22. IIoDGSOXirs, p. 81. 
h'". Tarsal envelope with distinct scutellation 
23. CEECOTEICHAS, p. 83. 

/" . Tail very strongly graduated; two 
centre feathers elongated, the difference 
between the tip of the outermost 
and the tip of the longest equal 
to half or more of the length of the 
wing 24. CITTOCINCLA, p. 84. 

1. TUENAGEA. Type> 
Turnagra, Less. Compl. Buff. viii. p. 216 (1837) T. crassirostris. 
Keropia, Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 28 T. crassirostris. 
Otagon, Bp. Consp. i. p. 374 (1850) T. crassirostris. 
Ceropia, Stmdev. Krit. Framst., Sparrm. p. 9 (1857) .. T. crassirostris. 

Range. Confined to "New Zealand. 

Key to the Species. 

. Smaller: bill more slender; forehead slightly 
streaked with rufous crassirostris, p. 4. 
, Larger : bill stouter; head always perfectly uniform, 
with no rufous streaks on the forehead . . tanagra, p. 5. 


1. Turnagra crassirostris. 
Thick-billed Thrush, Lath. Gen. Sign, ii. pt. 1, p. 34, pi. xxxvii. 

(1783). 
Tanagra capensis, Sparrm. Mus. Carlss. pi. 45 (1787). 
Tnrdus crassirostris, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 815 (1788, ex Lath.). 
Lanius crassirostris, Ciw. Mey?i. Anim. p. 338 (1817). 
Campephaga ferruginea, Vieill N. Bid. d'Hist. Nat. x. p. 48 (1817). 
Tanagra macularia, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de VAstrolabe, i. p. 186, 

pi. vii.fig.1 (1830). 
Turnagra macularia, Less. Compl Buff. viii. p. 217 (1837). 
Keropia crassirostris, Gray, Gen. B. 1840, p. 28. 
Turnagra crassirostris, Gray, List Gen. B. 1841, p. 38; id. Gen. B. 

fol. i. p. 227 (1845) ; id. Voy. JEreb. $ Terror, Birds, p. 7 (1846) : 
id. Ibis, 1862, p. 225 j Bidler, B. N. Zeal. p. 138, pi. 14. fig. 2; 
Finsch, J. f. O. 1872, p. 166, 1874, p. 9; Sharpe, Voy. Erebus $ 
Terror, Birds, App. p. 26 (1875); Btdler, Man, B. N. Zeal. p. 25, 
pi. xi. (1882). 

"1. TUPNAGKRA. 

5 

Loxia tardus, Forst. Descr. Anhn. p. 85 (1844). 
Otagon turdus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 374 (1850). 
Ceropia crassirostris; Sundev. Knt. om Sparrm. p. 9 (1857); Potts, 


Journ. Linn. Soc. xi. p. 505 (1873). 
Turnagra turdus, Gray, H«ncU. B. i. p. 284, no. 4200 (1869). 
Otagon crassirostiis, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 19 (1872). 

Adult. General colour above dark olive-brown, the head rather 
more earthy brown, with obscure lighter margins to some of the 
feathers under certain lights; the frontal plumes streaked with 
rufous ; wing-coverts olive-brown like the back, tipped with rufous 
and margined with the same colour near the end of the outer web; 
primary-coverts olive-brown, with a very narrow rufous edging; 
quills dusky brown, externally like the back, the primaries paler 
brown on the outer web; upper tail-coverts bright rufous; centre 
tail-feathers olive-brown, the remainder rufous, light brown near the 
tip of the inner web and along the outer one, this light brown colour 
diminishing in extent towards the outer feathers; lores dull whitish, 
surmounted by a little spot of rufous, caused by the rufous streak to 
the basal frontal plumes; round the eye a ring of light rufous ; 
feathers below the eye light rufous, edged with ashy; ear-coverts 
dark brown, narrowly streaked with pale rufous or whitish; cheeks 
and under surface of body white, much mottled with ashy-brown 
edges to the feathers, imparting a streaked appearance; many of the 
feathers also washed with rufous; centre of breast and abdomen, 
thighs, and under tail-coverts white, the latter with faint indications 
of light-brown edges to the feathers; sides of body brown, 
streaked with dull white centres to the feathers; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries rufous ; quills brown below, pale rufous along the 
inner web; "bill and feet dark brown; iris yellow" (Buller). 
Total length 10-5 inches, culmen0*8, wing 4*75, tail 4*6, tarsus 1*4, 

Young. Differs from the adult in having the throat and chest, as 
well as the sides of the face, washed with rufous. 
Hob. Formerly very common in the South Island of New Zealand, 
but now nearly extinct. 

a. 3 ad., h. J jun. sk. New Zealand. Capt. Stokes [P.]. 
c. Ad. sk. New Zealand, New Zealand Co, [P.]. 
2. Turnagra tanagra. 
Otagon tanagra, Schkyel, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. iii. p. 190 (1865). 
Turnagra hectori, Buller, His, lbC9, p. 39; Gray, Band-l. B. I 


p. 284, no. 4262 (1869); Buller, B. New Zeal. p. 135, pi. 14. 
tig. 1 (1873); Sharpe, Voy. JErebus $ Terror, App. p. 26 (1875) j 
Buller, Man. B. New Zeal. p. 25, pi. xi. (1882). 
Turnagra tanagra, Gray, lland-l. B. i. p. 284, no. 4201 (1869). 
Keropia tanagra, Finsch, J.f. 0.1870, p. 323. 

Adult. Crown of the head, hind neck, and upper parts generally 
clear olive-brown ; throat pure white: breast and abdomen ashy 
grey, darker on the former, the abdomen and the under tail-coverts 

t> TIMELID3JE. 

tinged -with yellow; sides olive-brown, washed with yellow; wing-
feathers dark olive-brown, dusky on their inner webs ; tail-feathers 
and their upper coverts "bright rufous, paler on the under surface, 
the two middle ones tinged with olive-brown ; irides yellow; bill 
and feet dark brown. Total length 11 inches, culnien 0*8, wmg 
5-25, tarsus 1*25. (Buller, I. c.) 

Young. Birds of the first year differ in having the feathers at the 
base of the upper mandible, the tips of those covering the crown and 
sides of the head, the small feathers fringing the eyelids, and a broad 
zone on the upper part of the breast bright rufous ; the primary and 
secondary wing-coverts are also largely tipped with the same colour; 
and the grey of the underparts is darker. (Bulhr, 1. c.) 

Hal. Confined to the southern portion of the North Island of iSW 
Zealand, becoming extremely rare north of Waikato, according to 
Dr. Buller. 

2. MYIOPHONEUS. Ty e 
Myiophonus, Temm. PL Col. ii. livr. 29 (1823) . : M. tfavircstris. 
Arrenga, Less. Traits d'Orn. p. ?88 (1831) M . cyaneus. 
Myiophaga, Less. t. c. p. 395 (1831) M . cyaneus. 

Range. Prom Turkestan southwards to Afghanistan and the whole 
of India and Ceylon, throughout the Burmese countries and China; 
apparently absent in the Malayan Peninsula, but reoccurring in Java 
and Sumatra. 

Key to the Species, 

a. With white spots at the end of the median wing-
coverts. 
a'. With the wing-co^ erts no brighter than the 
back ; feathers of upper surface with lightly 
glistening ends, but very indistinct; bill 
yellow, horn-brown along the culmen ... . flaiirostris, p. 7. 

b'. With a shoulder-spot of brilliant purplish 
blue formed by the lesser wing-coverts; 
glistening tips to feathers of upper surface 
very distinct. 


a". Bill horn-brown along the culmen, yellow 
on the under mandible and along the 
edge of the upper one temmmcTci, p. 7, 

b'\ Bill entirely blackish cceruleus, p. 9. 

h. With no white spots at the end of the median 
wing-coverts. 
c\ Upper surface, including the tail, blue or 
black, or washed with brown (in immature 
birds). 


c". Larger: no bright shoulder-spot: feathers 
of head and back, as well as chest and 
throat, with glistening tips; bill yellc-w, 
horn-brown on culnien and base of upper 
mandible eugenii, p. 9. 

2 . MYIOPHONEUS. 
7 

d". Larger: no bright shoulder-spot• glistening 
ends of feathers obsolete; bill blackish, 
horn-coloured at the tip and on the lower 
mandible dicrorhynchm, p, 10. 

e'\ Smaller: with a bright shoulder-spot of 
deep cobalt or ultramarine blue; bill 
entirely black, 


a'". Head and mantle entirely black, without 
any blue shade. 


«4. Glistening edges to the feathers 
scarcely perceptible on the chert, but 
very distinct on the lower breast .. horsfieldi, p. 10. 
54. Fore neck and chest broadly edged 
with enamelled blue, like the remainder 
of the breast insularis, p. 11. 
b'". Head and mantle purplish blue like the 
rest of the upper surface; under surface 
similarly coloured cyaneus, p. 12. 

c'". 
Head black; mantle-feathers tipped 
with purplish blue. 
cK Forehead and sides of crown purplish 
blue melanurus, p. 12. 
dK Forehead and sides of crown black 
like the rest of the head blight, p. 13. 
d'. Tail chestnut like the back castaneus, p. 14. 


1. Myiophoneus navirostris. 
Turdus flavirostria, Eorsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 149 (1822). 
Myiophoneus metallicus, Temm. PL Col ii. pi. 170 (1823). 
Mviophoneus flavirostris, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 214 (1846); JBp. Consp. 
1 p. 258 (1858) ; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. E.L Co. Mm. i. p. 198 
(1854) • Gray, JHand-l. B. i. p. 264, no. 3857 (1869). 
Adult. General colour above purplish black, with nearly obsolete 
glistening tips, a little more distinct on the lesser coverts, where, 
however, they do not form a shoulder-patch• the median series with, 
white spots at the tip; quills and tail-feathers black, the latter 
slightly washed with purplish blue ; sides of face and under surface 
of body purplish black, with a few indications of glistening spots at 
the end of the feathers of the sides of the neck, fore neck, chest, 
and entire breast; flanks black, and, like the lower back, relieved 
by the white bases to the feathers; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
like the breast; quills black below. Total length 12*5 inches, 
culmen 
1*5, wing 5*8, tail 4*5, tarsus 2*1. 
Bab. Confined to the island of Java. 

a. Ad. sk. Java (Horsjield). India Museum. (Type of species.) 
b. Ad. sk. West Java. A. R Wallace, Esq. [C.J. 
2. Myiophoneus temmincki. 
Myiophoneus temminckii, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, u. 171 ; Gould, 
- 
Cent JBLimal B. pi. 21 (1832)• Temm. PI. Col. ii. livr. 29 * * Gray, 
* The date of this ' Livraison' is given in ' The Ibis' for 1868 as " 1823." 
This must be wrong, as Temuiinck refers to Gould's ' Century/ which was not 
published till 1831 or 1832. 
TIMELITDiE. 

Gen. B. i. p. 214 (1846) ; id. Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. 

p. 78 (1846); Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 154 (1847) ; id. Cat B. 
Mus. As. JSOC. p. 159 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. I p. ^58 (1850); Leith 
Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 498, 1859, p. 181; Jerd. B. 2nd. i. p. 500 
(1862) ; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 264, no. 3858 (1869): Godwin-
Aust. J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. p. 102 (1870) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1872, 
p. 90*; Jerd. t. c. p. 138 ; Severtz. Turhest. Jevotn. p. Qo (1873) ; 
Hume |-Henderson, Lahore to Yarh. p. 187 (1873); Hume, Nests 
<j Eggs Ind. B. p. 221 (1873); Hume $ Oates, Str. F. 1874, p. 105 ; 
Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 331; Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 335; Blyth $ 
Wald. B. Burm. p. 98 (1875); Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xlv. 
p. 72 (1876); Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 30; id # Davison, Str. F. 
1878, vol. i. p. 236 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 93 ; Scully, t. e. p 281 ; 
Brooks, t. c. p. 236; Biddtdph, Ibis, 1881, p. 52 ; Scully, t c. p. 437; 
C. Swinhoe, t. c. p. 105 f; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. p. 18 (1883). 
Myiophoneus 
metallicus (non Temm.), Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. 
*Mus., Passeres, pis. 130, 131 (no. 224); id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. 

p. 83 (1844); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc, App. p. 326 (1849) ; 
Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. F.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 199 (1854). 
Adult. General colour above "blue-black, each feather "with a tip 
of glossy blue, which appears silvery grey in the changing lights ; 
lower back and rump ashy black with concealed longitudinal centres 
of white; least wing-coverts uniform glossy ultramarine; remainder 
of wing-coverts black, washed with blue on the outer webs, the 
median series tipped with white; quills blackish, externally purplish 
blue; tail-feathers purplish blue, blackish on the inner webs ; base 
of forehead and lores black, succeeded by a band of brighter purplish 
blue across the fore part of the crown; sides of face and ear-
coverts black, narrowly streaked with glossy blue, or, rather, silvery 
grey; under surface of body purplish black, the feathers mesially 
tipped with a spot of silvery grey, the abdomen, thighs, vent, and 
under tail-coverts purplish black; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
dingy black, slightly washed with purplish blue, brighter 
near the edge of the wing; quills blackish below ; " bill dull yellow, 
nostrils and along culmen to tip dusky or blackish; feet shining 
black; claws horny blaok; iris rich brown" {Scully). Total length 
12 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 6S, tail 6*4, tarsus 1*9. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. 

Tmmg. Differs from the adult in being uniform above and below, 
without any glistening spots ; the under surface being sooty black ; 
no white spots on the wing-coverts. 

Hab. Turkestan; Afghanistan ; throughout the whole of the 
Himalayas from Cashmere to Bootan, extending to Siam and the 
Arakan and Karen hills in Burmah, as far south as Thayetmyo. 

a. $ ad. sk. Kandahar, Dec. 20, 1880. Lt.-Col. C. Swinhoe [P.], 
b. Ad. sk. Afghanistan {Griffith). India Museum. 
e. Imm. sk. Peshawur. Lt.-Col. Way [P.], 
* Blyth here notices the present species as one of those included in Griffith's 
Afghanistan collection by mistake; but the locality was correct, as Col. Swinhoe 
obtained it at Candahart. 
2. MTIOPHONBTJS. 
d. Ad. sk. Cashmere. E. M. Langworthy, Esq. [P.]. 
e,f. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill [P.]. 
g. Ad. sk. Kumaon (Strachey). India Museum. 
h,i,k. Ad.sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
I Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodgson). India Museum. 
m. JUT. sk. Nepal. 
Gould Collection. 
n. 
Ad. sk. Darjiling. E.D.God man and Osbert Sal vin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
o. Ad. sk. Nazeerah, Upper Assam R. B. Skarpe, Esq. [P.]. 
(Dr. 2&»d). 
jo. Ad. sk. Bootan (Pemberton). India Museum. 
q, 5 ad. sk. Arakan hills, lat. 19° N., Eugene W. Gates, Esq. [0.]. 

Jan. 1872. 

3. Myiophoneus cseruleus. 
Le Merle bleu de la Chine. Sonn. Voy. Ind. Orient, ii. p. 188, pi. 108 
(1782). * v it 
Gracula cserulea, Scop. Del Flor. et Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 88, no. 42 
(1786, ex Sonn.). 
Turdus violaceus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 829 (1788). 
Myiophoneus nitidus, J. JEJ. Gray, Zool. Misc p. 1 (1844): G. R. Gray. 
Fase. B. China, p. 4, pi. 1 (1871). 
Myiophoneus brevirostns, Lafr. Rev. Zool 1852, p. 460. 
Myiophoneus c^ruleus, Sclater, Ibis, 1860, p. 55; Swinh. Ibis, 1861, 

p. 36, 1862, p. 265; id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 277; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, 
p. 184; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 264, no. 8859 (1869); Swinh. 
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 368; David & Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 176. pi. 43 
(1878). 
Myiophoneus horsfieldii, Swinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 55 (nee Vig.). 
Adult. Very similar to M. temmincTci, and having the plumage 
profusely tipped with enamelled blue, but distinguished at once by 
its entirely black bill; " bill black; feet black ; claws brown; iris 
chestnut" (David). Total length 12 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 6'6, 
tail 4*6, tarsus 2*1. 


Hah. All over China, and is common and resident in the central 
and southern portions of the country, but becomes very rare towards 
Pekm : extends westwards to Szechuen. 


a. Imm. sk. China. Gould Collection. 
b, c. Ad. sk. Fokien. Gould Collection. 
d. Ad. sk. N. China. J. Fortune, Esq. [C.l. 
e. Ad. sk. N. China. J. Fortune, Esq. [C.j, 
4. Myiophoneus eugenii. 
M yiophoneus eugenei, Hvme, Str. F. 1873, p. 475; id. fy Oates, Str. 
F. 1874, p. 1C6; Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 475 ; id. $ Davison, Str. 
F. 1878, vol. i. p. 236; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 93; Bingham, Str. F. 
1880, p.' 176; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. p. 17 (1883). 
Myiophoneus 
temminckii, Wald. in Blyth1 s B. Burm. p. 98 (1875, 
pt). 

Adult. Yery similar to M. temmincJci, but without the white spots 

TIMELIIDJB. 

at the end of the wing-coverts, these being tipped with glistening 
dull blue like the rest of the upper surface; the bill has also a little 
more yellow towards the end of the upper mandible: " bill orange-
yellow ; the region of nostrils and anterior half of oilmen dark 
brown; feet, legs, and claws black; iris umber-brown; eyelids 
straw-yellow" {Eugene Oates), Total length 13 inches, culmen 1-4, 
wing 6*7, tail 4*9, tarsus 2*1. 

Eab. Hills of Tenasserim and Pegu to the eastward of the 
Irawady river, extending to the Karen hills, where it meets the 
range of M. temminckii. 

a. Ad. sk. Tenasserim (Heifer). India Museum. 
b,c. <$ 2 ad. sk. Nedong, Attaran river, Tenas- W. Davison, Esq. [C.\ 
serim. 
d. $ ad. sk. Thoungyeen river, Tenasserim, 
Jan. 29, 1880. 
Capt. Bingham [P.]. 
e. Ad. sk. Western slopes of Pegu hills,
Feb. 23,1873. 
Eugene W. Oates, Esq. 
[C.\ 

5. ITyiophoneus dicrorhynchus. 
Myiophoneus dicrorhynchus, Salvad. Ann. Mm. Civic. Genov. xiv. 
p. 227 (1871); Wdrdlaw Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 10. 
Adult. General colour above dull purplish black, with a large 
tuft of white feathers at the side of the lower back and rump ; no 
shoulder-patch, and no white tips to the median coveits, the wings 
and tail being also like the back, the latter only a little more blue; 
lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts black, with a shade of purplish 
blue across the upper forehead; entire under surface of body dusky 
black, with concealed white bases to all the breast-feathers. Total 
length 13 inches, culmen 1-5, wing 6*4, tail 4*4, tarsus 2*1. 

Hab. Sumatra. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Sumatra. 
Purchased. 

6. lEyiophoneus horsfieldi. 
M^iophonus horsfieldii, 
Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 35; Temm. PL Col. 
livr. 29 (1^23) ; Gould, Cent. E.mal. Birds, pi. 20 (1832); Jerd. 
Madr. Journ. x. p. 251 (1839) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 214 (1846) ; 
JBlyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 154 (>47); id. Cat. B. 2his. As. Soc. 

p. 159 (1849); Eorsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. JE.L Co. Mm. i. p. 200 
(1854) ; Gray, Eancl-l B. i. p. 264, no. 3862 (18( 9); McMa&ter, 
J. A. S. Beng. xl. p. 211 (1871); Ball, 8tr. F. 1874, p. 406, & 
1875, p. 292; Butler, t c. p. 469; Fairb. Str. F. 1876, p. 257 ; 
Bourd. t c. p. 398; Fairb. Str. F. 1877, p. 403; Davison 4" Wenden, 
Str, F. 1878, ii. p. 81; Mume, t c. p. 150; Ball, t. c. p. 467; Butler, 
t.c. p. 467; Eume, Str. F. 1879, p. 93; Butler, Cat B. Sind &e. 
p. 27 (1879); id. Cat B. 8. Bombay Pres. p. 39 (1880). 
Arrenga horsfieldii, Bp. Consp, i. p. 258 (1850). 
Adult male. Head, neck, and mantle jet-black, excepting for a 
band of bright blue across the forehead; lower back, rump, and 

2 . MYIOPHONETTS. 
11 

upper tail-coverts ultramarine-blue ; upper wing-coverts ultramarine, 
the least series brighter and more cobalt, forming a 
shoulder-patch; quills black, externally ultramarine-blue; tail dark 
blue; lores, sides of face and ear-coverts, and under surface jet-
black, with broad margins of bright ultramarine to the feathers of 
the breast and abdomen; the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts 
also washed with ultramarine; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
black, washed with ultramarine, brighter on the edge of the wing ; 
" bill black ; legs brown-black; iris dark brown " (Jerdon). Total 
length 10 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 5*5, tail 4, tarsus 1*75. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length 
11 inches, culmen 1*25, wing 5*85, tail 4*3, tarsus 1*9. 

The specimen described as the adult male is from Yurralee; and 
the Travancore birds seem to be a little larger, a male measuring as 
follows :—Total length 12 inches, wing 6*15, tail 4*6, tarsus 1*9. 

Ilab. Central and Southern India. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Malabar. Purchased. 

c. cS ad. sk. Vurralee;Aug.8,18G7. Gould Collection. 
d, e. S 2 ad- sk. Travancore. F. W. Bourdillon, Esq. [C.l. 
/; </• 6 2 ad. sk. Mynall, Travancore, F. W. Bourdillon, Esq. [ 0.1. 
July 1878. 

g. 
<$ ad. sk. Coonoor,Neilgherries, W. Davison, Esq. [P.], 
March 3,1882. 
h. 
Ad. sk. [India.] Zoological Society. (Type 
of species.) 
7. Myiophoneus insularis. 
Myiophoneus 
insularis, Gould, P. Z. S. 18G2, p. 280; Swinh. Ibis, 
1863, p. 577; Govld, B. Asia, part xvi. (1864) j Gray, Iland-l B. 

i. p. 264, no. 3860 (1869) - Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 368 • David $ 
Oustakt, Ois. de la CMm, p. 177 (1878). 
Adult General colour above dull purplish black, the rump with 

concealed white centres to the feathers; lesser wing-coverts entirely 

glistening cobalt-blue, the median series also broadly tipped with this 

colour; greater series, primary-coverts and quills blue-black, the 

blue being a little brighter on the edges of the primary-coverts: tail-

feathers blue-black, the feathers being distinctly shaded with blue 

on their outer webs ; lores, feathers round the eye, and base of fore


head black, succeeded by a band of dull blue; sides of face, ear-

coverts, and throat purplish black; fore neck, chest, and entire breast 

glistening deep cobalt, the feathers being broadly tipped with this 

colour; abdomen, flanks, thighs, and under ta 1-coverts purplish 

black; under wing-eoveits black, washed with deep cobalt, brighter 

near the edge of the wing, the greater series with half-concealed 

white bases ; quills 
blackish below ; " bill, legs, and claws black ; 

iris deep brown " (Swinhoe). Total length 10-5 inches, culmen 1*2, 

wing Q-2, tail 4*6, tarsus 2. 

Hab. Mountains of Formosa. 

a. Ad. sk. N. Formosa. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.]. 
TIMEL1IDJE. 

8. Myiophoneus cyaneus. 
Turd us cyaneus, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soe. xiii. p. 149 (1820) ; id. Zool. 

Research. Jam, pi. 42 (1824) 
Pitta glaucina, Temm. PI Col ii. pi. 194. 
Myiophoneus glaucinus, Temm. t. c. livr. 29. 
Arrenga glaucina, Less. Traite cFOrn. p. 3^8 (1831). 
Myiophaga glaucina, Less. t. c. p. 395 (1831). 
Myiophoneus cyaneus. Gray, Gen. P. i. p. 214 (1846); Hursf.fy 

'Moore, Cat. B. E.L Co. Mus. i. p. 198 (1854); Gray, Kand-l. B. 

i. p. 264, no. 3861 (1869). 
Arrenga cyanea, Bp. Consp. i. p. 258 (1850). 
Adult male. General colour above purplish blue, a little blacker 
on the head, and rather more ashy black on the rump and upper tail-
coverts, which are purplish blue at their ends and have concealed 
broad white centres; lesser wing-coverts glistening ultramarine ; 
remainder of the wing-coverts and quills black, edged with purplish 
blue, more distinct on the outer web of the primaries; tail-feathers 
black, washed with purplish blue on their outer edges; across the 
forehead a band of brighter purplish blue; the base of the forehead, 
lores, feathers round the eye, cheeks, ear-coverts, and under surface 
of body black, shaded with purplish blue, more especially on the 
breast; the abdomen, thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts rather 
duller and more ashy black; under wing-coverts and auxiliaries 
black, washed with purplish blue, especially near the edge of the 
wing ; quills blackish below. Total length 9*75 inches, culmen 1*2, 
wing 5*75, tail 3-8, tarsus 1*75. 

Hal. Java. 
a. Ad. sk. Java. Purchased. 
b. S ad. sk. 
c. x\d. sk. 
d. $ ad. sk. 
W. Java. 
W . Java. 
W. Java, (Wallace). 
A. R Wallace, Esq. [Q,\ 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [€.]. 
Gould Collection. 
g. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk. 
/. Ad. sk. 
Java.
W. Java(Wallace). 
Java (Horsfield). 
Gould Collection. 
India Museum. (Type of 
species.) 
Purchased. 

9. ICyiophoneus melamirus. 
Arrenga 
melanura, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Chic. Genov. xiv. p. 277 
(1879) ; Wardlaw Ramsay, P. Z. 8, 18^0, p. 16; Nicholson. Ibis, 
1882, p. 60. 

Adult female (Tanatas, S. Sumatra; H. 0. Eorbes). General 
colour above black, slightly mottled with purplish blue on the 
mantle and back, where the feathers are rather broadly edged with 
that colour; lesser wing-coverts rich cobalt-blue, forming a large 
wing-patch; median series black, faintly washed at the ends with 
purplish blue; bastard wing and primary-coverts black; greater 
coverts and quills blackish, externally washed with reddish brown ; 
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts dull reddish brown; tail-
feathers blackish, externally washed with reddish brown ; crown of 
head and nape uniform black • feathers of forehead and sides of 

2 . MYIOPHONETTS. 
13 

crown broadly tipped with cobalt-blue, like the sides of the neck; 
lores and ear-coyerts black; cheeks, throat, and under surface of 
body black, with obscure purplish-blue ends to the feathers of the 
throat and cheeks, much brighter and more distinct on the fore neck 
and breast; abdomen, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts blackish, 
washed with reddish brown ; axillaries and under wing-coverts 
similarly coloured; quills blackish below, lighter on the edge of the 
inner web ; " bill, legs, and feet black; iris dark brown" (E. 0. 
Forbes). Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 0"9, wing 4*75, tail 3-5, 
tarsus 1*7. (Mus. F. Nicholson.) 

Adult male (mountains near Lola, Sumatra, Dec. 2, 1878'; C. 
Bock). Yery similar in plumage to the female, but more intensely 
coloured, the black of the head and back being deeper, and the 
blue on the forehead, sides of crown, back, and underparts brighter 
blue and more cobalt; the wings and tail entirely black ; abdomen 
also black. Total length 9 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4*75, tail 3*7, 
tarsus 1*65. (11us. It. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.) 

Young female. Browner than the adult, the blue spots on the 
back and breast not so bright, the wing-spot duller blue, and the 
rump and upper tail-coverts, as well as the abdomen and under tail-
coverts, reddish chocolate-brown; " iris dark brown, with ring of 
pale blue " (E. 0. Forbes). Wing 4*55, tail 3*45, tarsus 1*6. (Mus. 

F. Nicholson.) 
Eab. Mountains of Sumatra. 
10. Myiophoneus blight 
Arrenga blighi, Eoldszoorth, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 444, pi. 19; Gould, B. 
Asia, pt. xxviii. (1876). 
Myiophonus blighi, Legge, Birds of Ceylon, p. 463, pi. 20. figs. 1, 2, 
(18"79). 

Adult male. Entire head, throat, and hind neck coal-black (the 
feathers of the chin with spinous shafts), changing into dark cserulean 
blue on the interscapulars, back, scapulars, wing-coverts, chest, 
and breast, the basal portion of the feathers of these parts black; 
least wing-coverts and point of wing bright smalt-blue ; wings and 
tail brownish black; quills obscurely edged with blue ; upper tail-
coverts and basal portion of rectrices edged with chocolate-brownish; 
belly, lower flanks, and under tail-coverts edged with a lighter shade 
of the same, the basal portions of the feathers brown; bill, legs, 
and feet black; iris brown. Length 8 to 8*5 inches, bill to gape 
1*25, wing 4-2-4*4, tail 3*1-3*5, tarsus 1*4-1*5. {Legge, I.e.) 

Female. Similar to the male, but having the wing-spot lighter in 

colour, but at the same time of a brighter tint than in the male. 

(Legge, I. c.) 

Young. Brown, darker on the upper surface and more rufous 
below, the feathers of the forehead, throat, and breast centred with 
yellow-brown, and with an indication of blue on the carpal joint, 

(Holdsiuorth, I. c.) 
Eah. Hills of Ceylon. 


TIMELIIDJE. 

11. Hyiophoneus castanens. 
Myiophoneus 
castaneus, Wardlaw Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 16, 
pi-1Adult 
(type of species). General colour above maroon brown, 
deepening into lighter chestnut on the upper tail-coverts• lower 
back and rump with half-concealed silky white bases to the feathers ; 
scapulars like the back ; lesser wing-coverts purplish cobalt, forming 
a wing-patch of blue; lesser and median series like the back ; 
bastard-wing feathers black, washed with blue ; primary-coverts 
dusky, externally washed with dark maroon; quills dusky brown, 
externally chestnut* tail-feathers chestnut; head and hind neck 
deep purplish blue, with a tinge of purplish on the latter; lores, 
base of forehead, and feathers round the eye black; across the fore 
part of the crown a band of purplish cobalt; ear-coverts, throat, 
and breast like the head; remainder of under surface of body dull 
chestnut-brown, brighter on the under tail-coverts ; thighs dusky ; 
all the feathers of the abdomen and flanks with concealed white 
bases; axillaries and under wing-coverts dusky, washed with chestnut, 
the feathers near the edge of the wing blue; bill and feet 
black; "iris grey-blue" (0. Bock). Total length 10*7 inches, culmen 
1*15, wing 5*65, tail 3*6, tarsus 1*8. (2Ius. E. G. Wardlaiu 
Ramsay.) 

The Museum specimen, probably a female, differs in being almost 
entirely chestnut, more dusky on the lores, sides of face, throat, and 
breast; the crown and hind neck only are purplish blue; and there 
is an appearance of the purplish-cobalt wing-patch on the lesser 
wing-coverts. Total length 9*7 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 5*05, 
tail 3*6, tarsus 1*7. 

Bab, Mountains of Sumatra. 

a. [ $ ] ad. sk. [Sumatra.] 
Purchased. 
3. 
CALLENE. 
Type. 
Oinclidium, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 181 (1842, nee 
Gould) C. frontalis, 
Callene, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 136 (1847) 0. frontalis. 

Range. Eastern Himalayas, and Palani and JSFilghiri hills in 
Southern India, ranging into Travancore. West Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Throat blue or light ashy. 
a'. A patch of bright blue feathers on the wing 
formed by the lesser and median wing-
coverts- abdomen slate-colour like the 
breast • a blue frontal band and eyebrow.. frontalis, p. L3, 

3 . CALLENE. 
15 

b'. No patch of bright feathers on the wing; 
abdomen white. 

a". Sides of body blue-grey like the breast; 
under tail-coverts white; a perceptible 
band of light silvery blue across the forehead 
extending over the eye albiventris, p. 15. 

b". Sides of body reddish buff; front paler 
than the crown, but not forming a conspicuous 
band rufiventris, p. 16. 

b. Throat orange rufous like the rest of the under 
surface isabellce, p. 17. 
1. Callene frontalis. 
Cinclidium frontale, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 181 (184*2), xii. 
p. 954, mm. fig. (1843); Bp. Consp. i. p. 301 (1850). 
Callene frontalis, Blyth, J. A. S.Beng.xvi. p. 136 (1847) j id. Cat. B. 
Mies. As. Soc. p. 178 (1849); Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 75; Horsf. 
$ Moore, Cat B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 396 (1854) j Jercl. B. Ind. i. 

p. 496 (1862); Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 373; Blanf. P. Z 8. 1867, 
p. 833; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 132; Hume, Nests Sf Eggs Ind. B. 
p. 220 (1873) ; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 93. 
Huticilla frontalis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 222, no. 3179 (1869). 
Adult male. General colour above dull blue; lesser and median 
wing-coverts brighter and more cobalt-blue, forming a wing-patch; 
greater coverts, bastard-wing feathers, primary-coverts and quills 
blackish, externally edged with dull blue like the back; tail-feathers 
blackish, externally washed with dull blue; crown of head like the 
back, with a distinct frontal band of cobalt-blue extending over the 
eye ; lores, base of forehead, and feathers in front of the eye black; 
ear-coverts, sides of face, throat, and breast dull blue, the chin 
blackish; abdomen rather more ashy; sides of body, flanks, and 
thighs dull blue, shaded with ashy; under tail-coverts dull ashy 
blue, with whitish tips and mai'gins; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries like the breast, with a large patch of white near the outer 
edge formed by the outer greater coverts; quills dusky below, 
browner along the inner edge. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*65, 
wing 3-35, tail 3*4, tarsus 1*4. 

Young. Browner than the adult, and mottled with whitish streaks 
or subterminal spots on the feathers. The species, when immature, 
however, is easily recognized by the white patch on the under wing-

coverts. 
Hub. Eastern Himalayas from Nepal to Sikhim. 
a. Ad.; b. Juv. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
c. Ad. sk. Darjiling (Pearson). India Museum. 
% Callene albiventris. 

Callene albiventris, Blanford, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 833, pi. 39 (ex Fairb. 
MSS.); Gould, B. Asia, pt. xx. (1868); Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 132; 
Hume, Nests $ Eggs Ind. B. p. 220 (1873); Fairb. Str. F. 1877, 

p. 402; Hume, &r. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 35; id. Str. F. 1879, 
p. 93; Butler, Cat B. S. Bombay Pres. p. 101 (1880). 
Euticilla albiventris, Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 222, no. 3181 (1869). 
TIMELIIDJ3. 

Adult male (type of species). General colour above slaty blue, the 
sides of the rump with long silky white plumes j lesser and median 
wing-coverts like the back; greater and primary-coverts, bastard-
wing feathers, and quills blackish, margined with slaty blue like the 
back, paler on the outer edge of the primaries; tail-feathers blackish, 
externally washed with slaty blue ; crown of head like the back, 
with a narrow frontal band of bluish white extending over the eye ; 
lores, nasal plumes, and extreme base of forehead, as well as the 
feathers round the eye, black; ear-coverts, sides of face, throat, and 
breast slaty blue ; the abdomen white, shaded with ashy ; sides of 
body, flanks, and thighs slaty blue ; under tail-coverts white ; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries slaty blue, edged with white ; quills 
dusky below, browner along the inner edge. Total length 6'5 inches, 
culmen 0-65, wing 3*1, tail 2-6, tarsus 1*1. 

Adult female. Like the male in colour, but with the lower flanks 
and under tail-coverts tinged with pale rufous-brown; the thighs 
slaty blue, with a rufous-brown tint. Total length 6 inches, culmen 
0*65, wing 3-1, tail 2*4, tarsus 1*1. 

Hob. Southern India : Palani Hills, extending to Travancore. 

a. 6 ad. sk. Palani hills. Eev. P. W. Fairbank [P.], 
(Type of species.) 
b. Ad. sk. Colathoorpolay, Patnas, F. W. Bourdillon, Esq. 
Travancore, 4000 feet, [C.]. 
April 16, 1880. 
c. 9 ad. sk. My nail, Travancore, April F. W. Bourdillon, Esq. 
16, 1879. [C.]. 

3. Callene rufiventris. 
Phflenicura major, 
Jerd. Madr. Journ, xiii. p. 170 (1844) *; Blyth, 
Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 178. 
Callene rufiventris t, Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 493 (1862); id. Ibis, 1872, 

p. 132; Hume, Nests $ Eggs Ind. B. p. 219 (1873); id. Str. F. 
1879, p. 93. 
Adult male. General colour above slaty grey, the long feathers on 
the sides of the rump with silky white bases; lesser and median 
wing-coverts like the back; greater coverts and quills dusky blackish, 
externally edged with slaty grey ; tail-feathers dusky, externally 
washed with slaty grey ; lores and nasal plumes blackish, the former 
washed with slaty, the forehead showing an indistinct band of paler 
slaty blue; sides of face and throat slaty blue ; abdomen white; 
sides of body and flanks ochreous buff; thighs grey ; under tail-
coverts brighter fulvous ; under wing-coverts and axillaries ochreous 
buff, the latter with grey bases ; quills below dusky brown, with 

* Dr. Jerdon having himself altered (though most unhappily) the name of 
this species, I have respected his wishes, although strictly speaking it should 
bear the cognomen of major. 
t A bad name for the species, the belly not being rufous at all, but white, 
the rufous colour being on the sides of the body. 

4 . PENTHOLJSA.
the inner edge ashy whitish. Total length 6*5 inches, culmen 0*65, 
wing 3*3, tail 2-6, tarsus 1*15. 
Hob. Confined to the Neilgherri hills in Southern India. 

a. 
tfad. sk. Ooonoor, Neilgherri hills, W. Davison, Esq. TP.1. 
Feb. 3,1882. ' J
* L
b. tfad. sk. Coonoor, March 2, 1882. W. Davison, Esq^. [P.]. 
4. Callene isabellae. 
Cossypha isabellae, 
Gray, Ann. 8c Mag. Nat Hist. (3) x. p. 443 (1862) ; 
Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 615; Reichen. J. f. 0. 1875, p. 50. 
Bessonornis isabellae, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 264, no. 3869 (1869). 

Adult (type of species). Above dark olive-brown, the head, lores, 
cheeks, and sides of face blackish; a distinct white streak extending 
from the base of the bill to the front part of the eye ; wings brown, 
with a slight margin of olive, paler on the primaries; upper tail-
coverts deep bay, the rump slightly tinged with the same colour; two 
centre tail-feathers blackish, the rest deep bay, tipped with blackish, 
the two outermost feathers extern ally black; chin blackish; rest of 
under surface deep orange-rufous, the centre of the abdomen fulvescent; 
thighs olive-brown, washed with fulvous ; under wing-coverts 
pale orange; bill black, feet dark brown. Total length 5*7 inches, 
culmen 0*65, wing 2-9, tail 2*4, tarsus 1*15. 

Hah. Camaroons, West Africa. 

a. 
Ad. sk. Camaroons Mountains, 7000 feet Mrs. Burton [P.]. 
(Capt. Burton). 
4. PENTHOLiEA*. T 
Pentholaea, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 40, note (1850). P, albifrous. 
Penthodyta, Sundeo. Av. Meth. Tent p. 4 (1872), nom. 
emend. 

Bill of Pentholcea albifrons. 

Range. North-eastern and Central Africa and Senegambia. 

Key to the Species. 

«. With white forehead 
albifrons tf, p. 18. 

a'. No white wing-patch. 

b'. A large white patch formed by lesser wing-

coverts clericalis c£, p. 18. 
. . — 

* 
THAMNOBIA ATRATA, Swains. An. in Menag. p. 292 (1837); Bp. Consp. i. 
p. 298 (1850); Gray Hand-l. B. i. p. 211, no. 2991 (1869). 
Entirely sooty black; wings rather paler•; tail even. Length 5£, wing 2*8 
tarsus 9. (Swainsem, I. c.) 
Probably the female of Pentholm albifrons. 
VOL. VJX.


TIMKLIIDiR. 

b. With no white forehead, the latter sometimes 
washed with wliity brown. 
c'. Sooty black with no grey shade; wing-
lining conspicuously white ... malcena <$ $ , p. 19. 
d'. Slaty black with a greyish Hhade; wing-
lining ashy whitish or wliity brown albifrons J , p. 18. 


1. Pentholaea albifrons. 
Saxicola albifrons, Jliipp. Neue TVirb. Vog. p. 78 (1835) ; Des Murs, 
in Lefebvre, Voy. Abyss, p. 93 (1845); Hengl. Syst. TJebers. p. 26 
(185(i). 

Saxicola frontalis, Swains. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 40 (1837) ; Ileugl. J. 

f. O. mi)K p. 153. 
Thamnobia frontalis, JRifpp. Sgst. TJebers. p. 58, pi. 17 (1845); Bp. 
Consp. i. p. fdfr(1850) ', Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 09 (1857); Gray, 
HancU. B. i. p. 211, no. 2992 (1809). 

Pentholaea frontalis, Cab. Mus. Hem. Th. i. p. 40, note (1850); 
Sharpe, Cat Afr. B. p. 28 (1871). 
Penthohea albifrons, Ileugl. Orn. MO.-Afr. i. p. 364 (1869) ; Antin. 

§• Salvad. Viaqg. Bogos, p. 96 (1873). 
Thamnobia albifrons, Finsch, Tr. Z. 8. vii. p. 237 (1870). 
Penthodyta frontalis, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent p. 4* (1872). 


Male. General colour above slaty black; wing-coverts like the 
back; quills asby black, externally like the back; tail-feathers 
black; crown of head like the back, with a broad frontal patch of 
white; sides of face and under surface of body black; under wing-
coverts and axillaries black; quills ashy black below, inner edge 
ashy whitish ; " bill and feet black; iris dusky " (ffeuglin). Total 
length 5-4 inches, oilmen 0#6, wing 3, tail 2-25, tarsus 0*9. 


Female. Differs from the male in having no white frontlets, but 
having rusty grey margins to the feathers of the forehead, cheeks, 
and throat. Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*95, 
tail 2-2, tarsus 0-95. 


Bab. Senegambia and N.E. Africa. 

a. S ad. sk. West Africa. Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. River Gambia. Gould Collection. 
c. [ $ ] ad. sk. Bogos Land. Mr. Esler. 
d. 
<$ ad. sk. Bejook, Aug. 13,1868 R. B. Sharpe, Es&_ 
{TV. Jesse). 
e. Ad. sk. 
2. Pentholaea clericalis. 
Pentholaea clericalis, Hartl. Orn. Centralbl. vii. p. 91 (1882); id. J.f.O. 
1882, p. 321; id. Abhandl. not. Ver. Bremen, viii. p. 188 (1882). 

Adult male. Brilliant black; a white mark on the forehead, and 
another, large one on the wing, formed by the lesser wing-coverts. 
Total length 5-7 inches, bill 0-45, wing 3-1, tail 2-15, tarsus 0*95. 


(Martlaub.) 
Adult female. Entirely uniform fuliginous* (Earthuh.) 
Hab. Equatorial Africa. 


5 . PINAROCHBOA. 
19 

3. Pentholsea melsena. 
Saxicola melsena, Hupp. JSTeue Wirb. Vog. p. 77, pi. 28.fig. 2 (1835); 
id. Syst. Uehers. p. 58 (1845) ; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 27 (1856). 
Tliamnobia melsena, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 185 (1846); Bp. Consp. i. 

p. 298 (1850) ; Blanf. Ged. 8f Zool. Abyss, p. 861 (1870). 
Pentholsea melsena, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 40, note (1850); Heugl. 
Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 364 (1869). 
Saxicola melas, Heugl. J. f. 0. 1869, p. 153; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. 

p. 226, no. 3226 (1869). 
Thamnolsea melsena, Mnsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 235 (1870). 
Adult male. Entirely sooty black above and below: quills and 
tail blackish, the primaries with two thirds, the outer ones with half 
of the inner web white, showing conspicuously when the wing is 
opened; "bill and feet blackish; iris dusky" (Heuglin). Total 
length 6'8 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3'55, tail 2*55, tarsus 1*15. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 6 inches, 
culmen 0*7, wing 3*55, tail 2'b^ tarsus 1*1. 
Hah. N.E.Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. Shoa {Harris). India Museum. 
b. 
cfad.sk. Senafe, 7500 feet, Feb. W. T. Blanford, ESQ. [C.l 
26,1878. 
c. $ ad. sk. Senafe, March 6,1868. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. 
5. PINAROCHROA. _ 
Type. 
Pinarochroa, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 4 (1872) P. sordida. 

Bill of Pinarochroa soriida. 

Range. Southern Spain; N.W. Africa, from Morocco to Tunis; 

N.E. Africa. 
Key to the Species. 

a. 
Tail chestnut, two centre feathers blackish 
brown; rump and upper tail-feathers rufous. 
«'. Black above, with broad white streak above 
the eye extending down the side of the 
neck; wings black, with a large patch of 
white, caused by the white outer base of 
all but the outer secondaries moussieri $, p. 20. 


b'. 
Brown above, with no white eyebrow; wings 
brown, with no white patch on the primaries 
moussieri $, p. 20. 

h. Tail white, tipped with brown; two centre 
feathers brown 
sordida, p. 20. 
c2 

 TIMELIIDJE. 

1. Pinarochroa sordida. 
Saxicola sordida, Hupp. New Wirb. p. 75, pi. 26. fig*. 2 (1835); id. 
Syst. Uebers. p. 58 (1845) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 179 (1846) ; HeugL 
Syst. Uebers. p. 27 (1856) ; id. J. f. O. 1862, p. 293, 1869, p. 164; 
id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 342 (1869); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. ^5, 
no. 3225 (1869). 

Pratincola sordida, Blanf. Geol $ Zool Abyss, p. 366 (1870). 
Pinarochroa sordida, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 4 (1872). 

Adult male. General colour above earthy brown, a little more 
dusky on the head, and slightly paler on the long feathers of the 
rump; wing-coverts like the back, with rather paler brown edgings 
to the greater coverts, bastard-wing feathers, and primary-coverts; 
quills dark brown, edged with the same brown as the back; upper 
tail-coverts and four centre tail-feathers dark brown, the next 
feather on each side white, brown at the tip and along the inner 
web; remainder of the tail-feathers white, brown at the tip of the 
outer web, extending some distance along the end of the outer web 
of the external feather; lores and sides of the face brown, the ear-
coverts a little darker brown ; under surface of body also brown, the 
throat, fore neck, and chest ashy brown; the breast, abdomen, sides 
of body, thighs, and under tail-coverts tinged with pale reddish brown, 
the latter tipped narrowly with white; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries like the breast; quills brown below, the inner edge buffy 
whitish ; " bill and feet black; iris dusky.5' Total length 4-5 inches, 
culmen 0*6, wing 2*55, tail 1*8, tarsus 1. 

Adult female. Like the male in colour. Total length 5 inches, 
culmen 0*55, wing 2*7, tail 1*9, tarsus 1*05. 
Bab. N.E. Africa. 

a. 
J ad. sk. Duga Pass, S. of Antalo, 10,500 W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
feet, May 8,1868. [C.]. 
b. 
9 ad. sk. Wadala plateau, April 21, W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
1868. [O.J. 
2. Pinarochroa moussieri. 
Erythacus moussieri, Olph-Galliard, Ann. Soc. dAgric. Lyon, iv. 
pi. xi. (1852) ; id. Naum. 1852, pt. iii. p. 68, pi. 3. 
Pratincola moussieri, £&kktrmmy J. f. O. 1853, JExtrah. p. 7; Dixon, 
Ibis, 1882, p. 564. 

Ruticilla moussieri, Bp. C, It. xxxviii. p. 8 (1854); Malh. Favne 
Alger, p. 14 (1855) ; Salvm, Ibis, 1859, p. 307; Tristr. t. c. p. 416; 
id. Ibis, 1860, p. 364, pL xi.; Sclater, t. c. p. 366, note; Loche, 
JExpl. Sci. Alger., Ois. i. p. 219 (1867); Gray, Hand-L B. i. 

p. 221, no. 3158 (1869) : Gurney, Ibis, 1871, p. 81 j Dresser, B. 
Eur. ii. p. 301, pi. 45 (1873): Irby, Ibis, 1873, p. 97; id. B. Gibr. 
p. 82 (1875). 
Adult male. General colour above black, with remains of rusty 
edges to the feathers generally; wing-coverts black; quills black, 
with a large wing-patch formed by the white on the outer web of 

6. PSEUDOCOSSYPHTJS. 
2 1 
the secondaries and all but the five outer primaries; rump and upper 

tail-coverts light chestnut; tail-feathers light chestnut, with a little 

dusky brown before the tip, the two centre feathers brown with 

chestnut bases and along the shafts ; crown of head and nape black; 

a broad frontal band of white, continued along the sides of the 

crown and occupying the sides of the hind neck, so as to form a 

broad white patch; base of forehead, lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, 

and sides of neck black; cheeks and under surface of body light 

chestnut, the lower abdomen whitish; sides of body, flanks, and 

thighs light chestnut; quills dusky brown below, the inner margin 

ashy ; bill and feet black; iris brown. Total length 5 inches, cul


men 0-55, wing 2*45, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*95. 

Adult female. General colour above ashy brown, the rump 

reddish brown; lesser wing-coverts ashy brown; median and 

greater series dusky brown, externally edged with the same brown 

as the back, rufescent towards the tips of the feathers; bastard-wing 

feathers, primary-coverts, and quills dusky, externally edged with 

ashy brown like the back, the secondaries rufescent on the outer 

web ; upper tail-coverts chestnut; centre tail-feathers brown, edged 

with chestnut, remainder of the feathers chestnut; crown of head 

like the back; lores fulvescent; feathers round the eye whitish; 

ear-coverts chocolate-brown; cheeks and under surface of body 

rufous, obscured by ashy brown edges; throat more ashy ; abdomen 

whiter ; sides of body, flanks, and thighs a little brighter chestnut; 

under tail-coverts light chestnut, edged with whitish ; under wing-

coverts and axillaries pale yellowish chestnut; quills dusky below, 

the inner edge ashy. Total length 4*8 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 
2-6, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-9. 
Hob. N.W. Africa from Tunis to Morocco; crossing into Southern 
Spain. 

a. <$ ad. sk. 
Algeria. Purchased. 
b. S 
ad. sk. Khifan M'Sakta, Algeria, F. D. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
April 12, 1857 (O. &), Esqrs. [P.]. 
c. 
9 ad.sk Oued Souf, Algeria, Jan. 3, P. D. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
1857 (0. 8X Esqrs. [P.]. 
d. $ 
ad. sk. Oudena, Tunis, Feb. 18, E« D. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
1857 (0.&). . Esqrs. [P.]. 
6. PSEUDOCOSSYPHTJS. 
Cossypha, pt., Hartl. et auct. plur, 
Bill of Pseudocossyphus sharpii. 
Mange. Confined to Madagascar. 

22 
T1MELIIDJG. 

1. Pseudocossyphus sharpii. 
Ooasyplia sharpii, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. Nat Hist. (4) viii. p. 429 
(1871) ; Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 128 (1877); Milne-JEJdwardsJr 
Grandid. in Grundid. Hist Nat. Madag., Ois. p. 369, pi. 140 (1882). 

Cossypha imerina, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 316 {nee Hartl.). 

Adult. Upper surface slaty groy, lighter and more blue on the 
forehead, the back shading off into orange, the rump and upper 
tail-coverts orange-chestnut; wings dark brown, the coverts washed 
with slaty blue, the primaries margined with grey, the secondaries 
with orange; two centre tail-feathers blackish brown, orange at 
base, the rest of the tail orange-chestnut, broadly tipped with black, 
the outer feathers blackish for the terminal half of the outer web ; 
sides of face and of neck, entire throat, and fore neck slaty blue, 
the rest of the under surface rich orange; thighs greyish ; under 
wing-coverts orange; feet black; iris brown. Total length 6-5 
inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*2, tail 2-65, tarsus 1. 

Young. Mottled all over, the feathers of the upper surface spotted 
with orange, each feather margined with blackish, the rump more 
reddish ; tail dark brown, more or less inclining to chestnut on the 
inner web; under surface of body yellowish, the feathers all margined 
with blackish, less distinct on the abdomen. The adult plumage is 
assumed by a direct moult. 

Hah. Madagascar. 

a. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Mr. A. Crossley [0.]. (Type 
of species.) 
h. Juv. sk. Madagascar. Mr. A. Crossley [C.]. 
c, d. Juv. sk. Saralalan, Madagas- Mr. A. Crossley [p-Jcar 
(Crossley'). 
e,f.d,g.$ ad. sk. Betsileo. Eev. J. Shaw [0.]. 
h]i. $ ad.sk. Ankafana forest. Rev. "W. Deans Cowan [C.1 
k, I. <$ ad.; m. $ Pianarantsoa. Rev. W. Deans Cowan [C.J. 

juv. sk. 

7. NOTODELA. _, a 
Type. 
Notodela, Less. CompL Buff. viii. p. 433 (1837) N. albifrons. 
Muscisylvia, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 27 N. leucura. 
Myiomela, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 128 (1846) N. leucura. 

Mange. Eastern Himalayas, ranging through the hills of Burmah 
and Tenasserim. 

Key to the Species* 

a. No white frontal band j a half-concealed white 
patch on the side of the neck. 
a\ Underneath black leucura, p. 23. 
&'. Underneath blue like the back montium, p. 24. 

b, 
A white frontal band; no white patch on side of 
neck , , diana, p. 25. 


/ . KOTODELA. 

23 

1. Koto&ela leucura. 
Muscisylvia leucura, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit Mus., Passeres, pi. 92 
(no. 215)5 id. in Gray's ZooL Misc. p. 83 (1844); id. P.Z.8. 
1845, p. 27; Gray, Cat Mamm, &c. Nepal pres. Sodas, p. G9 
(1848). 

Myioniela leucura, Gray, Gen. B. t p. 128 (1846): Bp. Consp. i. 

p. 2ti7 (1850) -Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. B.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 280 
(1834); Jerd. B. Inl ii. p. 118 (1863) ; Beavan, Ms, 1867, p. 444; 
Blyth £ Wald. B. Burm. p. 100 (1875); Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. 
sly. p. 70 (1876); Hume % Davison, Sir. F 1878, i. p. 334; 
Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 99,1880, p. 254; Dates, B. Brit Burm. p. 23. 
Xotodela leucura, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 138 (1847) ; id. Cat. B. 
Mvs. As. Soc. p. 106 (1849) ; Gray, Hand~L B. i. p. 222, no. 3182 
(18G9) ; mime, Str. F 1874, p. 477; id. Nests $ Eggs Ind. B. 

p. 306 (1875). ' * 
Ajax leucurus, BIyth, IMs, 1867, p. 12. 
Adult male. General colour above deep indigo-blue or blue-black, 
the blue colour confined to the edges of the feathers; lesser wing-
coverts rather brighter blue, forming a small wing-patch; remainder 
of wing-coverts and quills black, externally margined with indigo ; 
upper tail-coverts like the back; tail-feathers black, the basal portion 
of the outer web white, as well as the corresponding portion 
of the shaft; middle tail-feathers entirely black; crown of head 
like the back, with a distinct frontal band of brighter blue extending 
above the front of the eye; lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, and 
under surface of body black, more or less shaded with blue; on 
either side of the fore neck a half-concealed patch of silky white; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries like the breast; quills dusky 
brown below, lighter along their inner edge; "bill, legs, feet, and 
claws black; iris deep brown " (W. Davison). Total length 6*5 
inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*6, tail 2-8, tarsus 1*1. 

Adult female. Different from the male. Gfeneral colour above 
brown, a little more olive on the head; quills brown, externally like 
the back, the primaries a little more rufescent on the outer web; 
tail-feathers brown, all but the centre ones white towards the base 
of the outer web, as in the male; lores and sides of face rufescent, 
streaked with fulvous ; cheeks and under surface of body rufescent 
brown, more ashy on the sides of the body and flanks; fore neck 
with a half-concealed white patch on each side; under tail-coverts 
fulve&cent brown ; under wing-coverts and axillaries like the breast; 
quills brown below, rufescent along the inner edge. Total length 
5*8 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3*45, tail 2*4, tarsus 1*05. 

Another bird is apparently a young male. I t resembles the old 
female, but has blackish upper tail-coverts, while the under tail-
coverts are white with brown edges. 

Nestling. Eufous-brown, mottled all over with spots of reddish 
buff, the leathers tipped with black: below the feathers are streaked 
fulvous down the centre, with blackish edges and white shaft-lines. 

Hah. Himalayas, ranging into Khasia and Burmese hills as far 
south as Mooley-it in Tenasserim. 

24 TIMELltDJE, 
a, b. $ ad. sk. Himalayas. Gould Collection. 
c. S ad. sk^ «• o%/. 2 ad. sk. 
Darjiling. 
Nepal. 
Gould CollectionB. 
H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
(Types of species.) 
<7. ? juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
A. c? ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
*, A. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P-> 
I $ ad. sk. Khasia lulls (JerGould 
Collection. 

don). 

Subspecies a. Notodela montium. 

Myiomela montium, Siuinh. Ibis, 1864, p. 362. 

Ajax montium, Bli/th, Ibis, 1867, p. 12. 

Notodela montium, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 222, no. 3184 (1869) ; 

Swiyik. P.Z.S. 1871, p. 359; David fy Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 238 
(1877), 

Adult male. Very similar to JSf. leucura, and only differing in the 
more distinctly blue shade of the breast and abdomen, which are 
indigo-blue like the back; "bill black; feet black" (Swirikoe). 
Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0*7, "wing 3*6, tail 2*75, tarsus 1/1. 

Hab. Pormosa. 

a. £ ad, sk. Choloshan, Formosa, NOT. 1865. It. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.]. 
2. Notodela diana. 
Lanius (Notodela) diana, Less, in Belang. Voy. Ind. p. 246, pi. B 

(1834). 
Notodela diana, Less. Compl. Buff. viii. p. 433 (1837). 
Brachypteryx albifrons, Bp. Consp. i. p. 257 (1850, ex Bote MSS.) $ 

Gray, Hand~l. B. i. p. 312, no. 4661 (1869). 
Ajax diana, Myth, Ibis, 1867, p. 12. 

Adult male. General colour above bright indigo-blue; rump with 
half-concealed white marks near the ends of the feathers, forming 
an indistinct bar across it; lesser and median wing-coverts like the 
back; bastard wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, externally 
indigo-blue, lighter on the outer edge of the primaries; tipper tail-
coverts like the back; tail-feathers black, externally indigo-blue, 
with a white patch near the base of the outer webs ; crown of head 
like the back, with a silvery-white band across the forehead ; base 
of forehead and lores black, as are the feathers round the eye ; ear-
coverts, cheeks, and sides of neck indigo-blue, with a small, half-
concealed patch of white behind the ear-coverts, the feathers being 
white tipped with blue; chin and base of cheeks black; undersurface 
of body indigo-blue; thighs blackish internally ; tinder tail-
coverts indigo-blue ; under wing-coverts and axillaries dusky, edged 
with blue; quills dusky below, inner edges ashy. Total length 
6*5 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3*35, tail 2*7, tarsus 1. 

Adult female. General colour above reddish brown, deeper on 
the mantle; lesser, median, and greater wing-coverts like the 
mantle; bastard wing and primary-coverts dusky, edged with 

8 . BE1CHXPTEETX. 
25 

reddish brown; quills dusky brown, externally reddish brown, 

paler on the primaries; upper tail-coverts rufous-brown; tail-

feathers dark rufous-brown, externally reddish brown; crown of 

head like the back; forehead and lores ashy; feathers round the 

eye 
fulvous brown; ear-coverts fulvous brown, with paler shaft-

lines ; cheeks and throat ashy brown, washed with fulvous, with a 

clearer spot of ashy whitish on the fore neck; chest fulvous brown, 

as also the sides of the breast; centre of breast and abdomen ashy, 

with light shaft-lines; sides of body washed with fulvous brown; 

thighs dusky brown; under tail-coverts brown, centred with white; 

under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy fulvous ; quills light brown 

below, ashy rufous on the inner edge. Total length 5'8 inches, 

culmen 0*65, wing 3*2, tail 2*2, tarsus 1-05. 

Bah. Java. I t was erroneously described by Lesson as from 
Pegu. 


a, b. Ad. sk. Java. Purchased. 

c, d. 6 2 ad. sk. W. Java. A. R Wallace, Esq. [CI. 

«. Ad. sk. Java. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.]. 

8. BEACHYPTERYX*. 
Type. 

Brachypteryx, Borsf. Trans, linn. Soc. xiii, p. 157 (1820) B. montana. 

Goldana, Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 25 B. montana. 

Drymochares, Gould, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 218 B. stellate. 

Mange. Himalaya Mountains, extending throughout the Burmese 
countries; Java and Sumatra. 


Key to the Species, 

a. 
Upper surface blue or blue-grey; a white superciliary 
spot. 
a'. Throat hoary whitish, as also abdomen; rest 
of under surface blue-grey; wing 2*25 inches, montana, p. 26. 
b'. Throat blue-back; abdomen violet-brown; 
wing 2*4 inches cruralis J, p. 26.' 


* I have been unable to determine the position of the following species :— 
BRACHYPTERYX FLAYIVENTRIS. 

Brackypteryx flayiventris, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. G-enov. xiv. p. 226 

(1879). 

Above brown; below yellowish; the abdomen brighter, the sides of body 
andflanks brown; an obsolete superciliary streak of yellowish; lores dusky; 
bill and feet dusky. Totallength 0*118 millim., wing 0*050, tail 0-050, bill 0-010, 
tarsus 0'025. (Salvadori.) 

Bah. Mount Singalan, Sumatra. 

Count Salvadori thinks this may be Brachypteryx Upiura of Kuhl, mentioned 
by S. Muller (Nat. G-esch. Land- en Yolk. pp. 330, 333), but of which no 
description seems to haye been published. 

Some species usually placed in Brackypteryx, such as B. malaccensis, B. 
murinus, &c, I consider to be true TiTnelice, and have transferred them to that 
group. 

26 
TIMETJIDiE. 

c'. Throat black; abdomen light ashy; wing 

2-6 inches saturata <3 j P* 27. 
d'. Throat and abdomen white,* wing 2*5 inches. ?iipalensis7 p- 29. 
e'. Throat orange ferruginous, like the breast and 

abdomen 
hyperythra <$, p. 28. 

b. Upper surface chestnut; under surface ashy grey, 
mottled with blackish vermiculations and 
white spots stellata, p- 30. 
c. Upper surface brown. 
/' . Breast and abdomen ashy; throat fulvous, 
not white cruralis § y P« 27. 
g1'. Throat white ; abdomen white. 
a". Wing 2*^1 inches nipalensis $ , p. 29. 
b". Wing 2-35 inches leucoplvrys $ , p. 28. 

1. Brachypteryx montana. 
Brachypteryx montanus, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 157 (1820) ; 
id. Zool. Researches in Java, pi. (1824); Blyth, J. -4-8. Beng. 

xiii. p. 381 (1844), xvi. p. 136 (1847); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 209 
(1846); Myth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 209 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. 
i. p. 257 (1850); Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. B.I Co. Mus. i. p. 178 
(1854). 
G-oldana rnontana, Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 25. 


General colour above dull indigo ; lesser and median -wing-coverts 
like back; greater coverts, bastard wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
blackish, externally edged with indigo; tail-feathers black, washed 
on the margins with indigo; crown of head a trifle more dusky 
than the back; lores and base of forehead black, as also the feathers 
below the eye; over the eye a concealed streak of silvery white; 
ear-coverts, cheeks, and sides of neck dull indigo; throat, fore neck, 
chest, and breast light ashy bine, paler on the chin and throat; 
abdomen whitish, shaded with ashy blue; sides 'of body and flanks 
indigo; thighs dusky brown, externally blue; under tail-coverts 
indigo; under wing-coverts and axillaries indigo; quills below 
blackish, inner edge of quills browser. Total length. 6 inches, 
culmen 0*6, wing 2-6, tail 2-25, tarsus 1*25. 

Hab. Java. 

a. S ad. sk. W. Java. A. E,. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
2. Brachypteryx cruralis. 
Brachypteryx 
cruralis, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus. App. pi. 73 
(no. 589); Blyth, J. A. 8 Beng. xvi. p. 136 (1847) ; id. Cat. 

B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 178 (1849) ; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co 
Mus. i. p. 397 (1854) ; Jerd. $ Blyth, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 201: Jerd. 
B. Ind. i. p. 495 (1862) ; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 312, no. 4662 
(1869); Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. p. 192 (1870) • 
Blanf. J. A. S. Beng. xli. p. 142 (1872) ; Hume, Nests & Eggs Ind. 
B. p. 219 (1873) ; Wardlaio-Ramsay, Ibis, 1875, p. 352 ; Hume & 
Davison, Str. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 236; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 93 • 
Oates, B. Brit. Burm. p. 19 (1883). ' 
Larvivora homochroa, 
Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus.f Fasseres 
pi. 82 (no. 589) ; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844). ' 

8. BRACHYPTERYX. 
27 

Calliope cruralis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 934 (1843) j Gray, Cat 

Mamm. etc. Nepalpres. Hodgs. p. 70 (1846). 
Larvivora cruralis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 301 (1850). 
Brachypteryx rnfifrons, Jerd. $ Blyth, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 201; Gray, 

Hand-l B. i. p. 312, no. 4665 (1869). 
Brachypteryx aurifrons, Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 495 (1862, err. in syn.). 
Brachypteryx hyperytkra, Godtvin-Austen (nee Jerd. 8f Blyth), J, A. S. 

Beng. xxxix. p. 192 (1870, teste G.-A. in litt.). 

Male. General colour above deep indigo-blue, the rump with a 
half-concealed band of greyish white ; wing-coverts like the back; 
quills dusky blackish, externally indigo-blue like the back; upper 
tail-coverts indigo-blue ; tail-feathers dusky blackish, washed with 
indigo-blue on the edges; crown of head like the back; lores and 
base of forehead black, surmounted by a large spot of silvery white 
extending backwards over the eye ; ear-coverts blackish, shaded 
with indigo; sides of neck and under surface of body dull indigo, 
somewhat shaded with ashy violet; centre of breast ashy grey, 
becoming whiter on the abdomen; sides of body and flanks indigo-
blue ; thighs dusky brown, tinged with blue; under tail-coverts 
ashy blue, with whitish margins ; under wing-coverts ashy brown, 
tinged with blue ; axillaries lighter ashy, tinged with blue ; quills 
below dusky, inner edge of quills ashy brown. Total length 5 inches, 

culmen 0*6, wing 2*7, tail 1-95, tarsus 1-2. 
Female. General colour above olivaceous brown; lesser and median 
wing-coverts like the back; greater coverts, bastard wing, and 
primary-coverts dusky brown, rufous-brown externally; quills 
dusky brown, rufescent externally; upper tail-coverts a little more 
fulvous than the back • tail-feathers rufescent brown; crown of 
head like back, fore part tinged with rufous; lores pale rufous, 
extending over the eye; feathers round eye pale rufous ; ear-coverts 
olive-brown, with fulvous shaft-lines; cheeks and throat pale 
rufescent buff; chest and remainder of under surface light ashy; 
sides of body fulvous brown; flanks and thighs more fulvous; under 
tail-coverts brighter fulvous; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
fulvous; quills below pale brown, inner edge of quills ashy fulvous. 
Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2*4, tail 1*85, tarsus 1-2. 
Young male. Similar to adult female, but with black lores and a 
concealed silky white spot over the eye; underneath deeper olive. 

JSab. Eastern Himalayas, extending into the Burmese and 
Tenasserim hills. 
a, b. 6 ? ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 

(Types of B, cruralis and B. homochroa.) 
c, d. <$ juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 

e.f. 6 ; <7, h. 9 ad sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
i. Ad. sk Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.J 
3. Brachypteryx saturata. 
Brachypteryx saturata, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 225 
(1879). 
Adult male (Mount Dempo, Sumatra; H. O. Porbes). General 

28 
TIMELIIDJE. 

colour above indigo-blue black; lesser and median wing-coverts like 
the back • greater coverts, bastard wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
black, edged with dark indigo like back, more plainly on the secondaries 
• tail-feathers black; crown of head a little duller than the 
back, base of forehead and lores black, surmounted by a broad half-
concealed streak of silvery wbite; feathers round the eye black; 
ear-coverts, cheeks, chin, and sides of neck blue-black, like the back ; 
throat, fore neck, breast, sides of body, flanks, and under tail-
coverts dark blue, not quite so deep as the back ; abdomen ashy, 
with a bluish shade; thighs blackish; under wing-coverts^ and 
axillaries dark blue ; quills below blackish; inner edge of quills a 
little paler; " bill black ; tarsus black ; iris brown " (M. 0. Forbes). 
Total length 4-8 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-6, tail 1*5, tarsus 1*25. 

(Mus. F. Niclwlson.) 
Hah. Mountains of Sumatra. 


4. Brachypteryx leucophrys. 
Myiothera leucophrys, Temm. PI Col ii. pi. 448. fig. 1 (1827). 
Brachypteryx leucophrys, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 209 (1846) ; JBp. Oonsp. 

i. p. 257 (1850). 
Brachypteryx 
sepiaria, pt, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 312, no. 4664 
(1869, nee Horsf.). 

Adult female. General colour above brown, a little more rufescent 
on the lower back and rump ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; 
median and greater coverts, bastard wing and primary-coverts 
dusky brown, edged with the same colour as the back; quills dusky 
brown, externally margined with reddish brown ; upper tail-coverts 
reddish brown; tail-feathers dusky externally, washed with reddish 
brown; lores and feathers round eye fulvous, mottled with dusky 
bases ; ear-coverts brown, with narrow fulvous shaft-lines; cheeks 
fulvous brown, streaked with narrow whitish shaft-lines; throat 
white, with a slight tinge of fulvous brown• fore neck and chest 

light fulvous brown, with faint whitish shaft-lines ; breast and abdomen 
white, shaded with fulvous brown; sides of body, flanks, and 
thighs fulvous brown; under tail-coverts lighter fulvous; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries light fulvous brown ; quills below dusky, 
inner edge of quills dusky brown. Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 
0-6, wing 2*35, tail 1-4, tarsus 1*1. 

Hub. Java. 

a. $ ; b,c. 2 ad. sk. W. Java. A. R Wallace, Esq. [C.J 
5. Brachypteryx hyperythra. 
Brachypteryx hyperythra, Jerd. $ Blyth, P. Z. S.1861, p. 201 (descr. 
$ ) ; Jerd. B. 2nd. i. p. 495, no. 337 (1862) ; Gray, JETand-l B. L 

p. 312, no. 4666 (1869) : JIume, Str. 21 1877, p. 499 (descr. d) ; 
M.&tr.F. 1879, p. 93. 
The entire upper surface of the bird, including the face, sides of 

8. BEACHYPTERTX. 
the head, sides of the neck, and sides of the body under the wings, 
blackish cyaneous ; the lores and feathers at the base of the lower 
mandible, and the eyelid-feathers immediately above and below the 
eye, and sometimes more or less of the ear-coverts black; chin, 
throat, breast, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts intense orange ferruginous, 
a little paler on the chin and throat, and again often decidedly 
paler in the middle of the abdomen, in some specimens 
becoming almost creamy. There is a short, broad, more or less 
concealed silky white supercilium, beginning over the middle of 
the lores, and reaching a little further back than the middle of the 
eye. In many specimens no trace of this is to be discovered until 
the feathers of the forehead and anterior part of the crown are 
lifted. Length 5 inches, wing 2-5, tail 2, bill from forehead to 
point 0*6, tarsus 1*3. {Hume, I. c.) 

^ Female, Above dusky olive-brown; lores tinged with ferruginous 
; beneath ferruginous; middle of the belly white; bill corneous 
; legs fleshy; iris brown. Length nearly 5 inches, wing 2| , 
tail If, bill at front T7¥, tarsus 1^ . (Jerclon.) 

Hab. Eastern Himalayas. 

6. Brachypteryx nipalensis. 
Braehypteryx 
nipalensis, Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 74; Horsf. Sf 
Moore, Cat. B. E.L Co. Mus. i. p. 397 (1854); Jerd. $ Blyth, 

P. Z. S. 1861, p. 201 ,* Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 494 (1862); Gray, Hand4. 
B. i. p. 312, no. 4663 (1869) ; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. 
xxxix. p. 192 (1870); Blanf. J. A. S. Beng. xli. p. 160 (1872); 
Hume $• Davison, Str. F 1878, i. p. 236;' Hume, JStr. F. 1879, 
p. 93; Oates, B. Brit Burm. p. 19 (1883). 
Male. General colour above dull slaty blue; rump with a half-
concealed greyish-white band • lesser and median wing-coverts like 
the back; greater coverts, bastard wing, primary-coverts, and 
quills dusky brown, extern ally margined with dull slaty blue • the 
primaries greyish blue externally; upper tail-coverts like the back; 
tail-feathers dusky, washed with dull slaty blue externally • lores 
and base of forehead blackish, as also the feathers round the eye; 
over the latter a distinct streak of silvery white; ear-coverts dusky 
slaty blue; cheeks ashy; sides of neck like back; throat white; 
fore neck ashy grey; breast and abdomen white; sides of body, 
Hanks, and thighs ashy grey ; under tail-coverts white * under wing-
coverts and axillaries ashy grey, edged with white; quills below 
pale brown, inner edge of quills ashy. Total length 3*8 inches, 
culmen 0*6, wing 2% tail 1*5, tarsus 1*05. 

Female. General colour above fulvescent olive-brown ; lesser and 

median wing-coverts like the back; greater coverts brown, externally 

margined with rusty; primary-coverts dusky brown ; quills dusky 

brown, externally edged with rusty brown ; upper tail-coverts and 

tail-feathers dusty, externally reddish brown; lores fulvous brown, 

mottled with whitish bases ; feathers round the eye fulvous brown; 

TIMELIED-H. 

ear-coverts dull olive-brown like the head; cheeks fulvous brown, 
minutely streaked with huffy white; throat dull white, washed 
with fulvous brown; fore neck and chest falvous brown; hreast and 
abdomen white; sides of body and flanks falvous brown; jfchighs 
dusky brown ; under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and axiHaries 
light fulvous brown ; quills below brown, inner edge of quills ashy. 
Total length 4-4 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2-3, tall 1*4, tarsus 1. 

Young. More rufous than the adult female, which it somewhat 
resembles; throat dusky; under surface rufescent brown, most of 
the feathers fluffy and loose in texture, with dull whitish shaft-
lines. 

Young male. Eesembles the adult female, but has the head a little 
more dusky than the back, with a white spot above the eye. 
Hah. Himalavas, extending to the Burmese and Tena&serim 
hills. 
a, b. <$ ad.; c. <$ Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. ~P.~. 
juv. sk. 
d]e. <$ ad.;/. <$ Is eipsl (Hodgson). India Museum. (Type* 
juv. sk. of spi cies.) 

g. Juv. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
h,i.S ad. et juv. sk. Nepal. Gould Collet* ti<>n. 
kjl. J, m. <$ juv. sk. Khasia hills (Jerckn). Gould Collect*»n. 
7. Brachypteryx steHata. 
Brachypteryx (Brymochares) stellatus, Gould, P. Z. 8, 1HJB} p. 218


Brymochares stellatus, Gould, Birds of Asia, pt. 21 (IHW. 

Brachvptervx stellatus^, Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 31*27 no. 41)67 (l'B(Ml; 

Hume, JSir. F. 1878, ii. p. 377; id. Sir. P. Ib7i)} p. 93. 

Adult (type of species). General colour above dull chestnut or 
rufous, the rump-feathers loose and ashy brown, barred with black 
near the ends and tipped with white; wing-coverts like the back ; 
quills light sepia-brown, externally rufous-brown ; upper tail-coverts 
and tail-feathers rufous or dull chestnut, outer feathers brown on 
the inner web; forehead slaty grey, vermiculated with blackish bars, 
this grey shade extending over eyes; lores and feathers in front of 
and below the eye, as well as base of cheeks, black; ear-coverts grey 
washed with brown, and finely vermiculated with black Maes; cheeks, 
sides of neck, throat, and breast slaty grey, with finely vernslealated 
cross bars of Mack; the hreast with arrow-head spots of white ; 
abdomen and sides of body slaty grey, less strongly vermicalated 
with black, and with larger spots of white; lower abdomen arid 
flanks tinged with brown, also the thighs and under tail-coverts, 
which are vermiculated finely with blackish cross lines and white 
spots; under wing-coverts and axiilaries slaty grey, with narrow 
cross bars of black, and spotted with white; quills below light 
brown, inner edge of quills pale ashy brown. Total length 4-7 
inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*85, tail 1/9, tarsus 1-1, 

Hah. Sikhim. 

9 . L11IPR0LXA. 
<*. Ad. sk. Sikhim. Lieut. Chas. V. Eccles [P.]. 
&• Ad. sk. SikMm (Becks). Gould Collection. (Type 
of species.) 

9. 
LAKPEOIiIA. 
Type. 
Lamprolia, Finsch, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 733 ,.. • L. victorise. 

Range. Confined to the Fiji Islands. 

1. Lamprolia Yictorise. 
Lampr«*lia victoria?, Finsch, P. Z. S. 187$, p. 733, pi. 62; Layard, 

P. Z. S. 1^70, p. 432 j id. Ibis, 
1875, p. 435; id. Ibis, 1876, 
p. 140; Finsek, Jmm. Mm. Godeffr. Heft xil. p. 8 (1876); 
Datr-un Rowley, Orn.Mise. ii. p. 34, pi. 62 (1876); Cab. & Feichen. 
J.f.O. i-7!5;p. 310. 
vM?c& 7/i/iZe- General colour above velvety black; wings also 
velvety black, the leader and median series tipped with metallic 
steel-blue; rumj>-feafchers Mark, ending in silky white, like the adjoining 
upper taxl-coverfcs ; tail-feathers velvety black, washed with 
steel-blue, all but the outer feather with a good deal of silky white 
towards the ba&e of the outer web, increasing in extent towards the 
centre of the tail, where the middle tail-feathers are white on both 
webs for nearly their whole length; crown of head somewhat scaly 
in appearance, the feathers being tipped with steel-blue; sides of 
face, throaty and breast also spangled with steel-blue, but not so 
brightly as on the crown; remainder of under surface of body blue-
black, the under tail-coverts slightly washed with blue; under wing-
coverts and axUlaries blue-black; quills black below, more ashy 
along the edge of the inner web; " bill and legs black; iris dark 
brownn (E. L. Layard). Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0*7, 
wing S*B, tail 1-9, tarsus 0*95. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but not so briHiantly spangled. 
Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*15, tail 1-9, tarsus 0*9. 

Young. Much duller than the adult, less velvety above, and far 
less spangled ; the under surface with scarcely any steel-blue spots 
on the feathers. 

Hah. Island of Taviuni, Fiji archipelago. 

a. 
<$ ad. sk. Taviuni, Fiji, E. L. Layard, Esq. [C.]. 
April 21,1875. 
b. 
2 ad. sk. Ngila, Taviuni, E. L. Layard, Esq. [C.]. 
July 29,1875. 
c. th 
Ad.; e,f. Juv. sk. Taviuni (Liardet). F. Godman and O. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
2. Lamprolia minor. 
Lamprolia minor, Layard, Ibis^ 1876, pp. 155, 392 {ex Eleinschmidi, 
$88.) * Salcad. Ibk, 1877, p. 143; Layard, Ibis, 1878, p. 199. 

32 
TIMELUD-S. 

Lamprolia klinesmithii, Ramsay, Proe. Linn. Soe. JV. & Walss3 i-

p. 68 (1876). 
Besembles L. victoria;, but is about a third smaller, and the head 

is entirely covered with the brilliant blue feathers. (Layard^ L r.) 

On comparison it does not appear that there is any difference 

about the head, as the brilliant blue feathers entirely ^ cover the 

head of the male of both species ; but L. minor, besides being 

much smaller, may be distinguished by the white on the two middle 

tail-feathers reaching nearly to the tip, while in L. victorias^ the 

white does not go so far towards the tip, so that the Mack tip is 

more extended. Total length 117 millim., wing 62, tail 41, bill from 

front 12, tarsus 19. (Salvador^ I. e.) 

Hah. Yanua Levu, Piji Islands. 

10. TBICHmiS. 
Type. 
TrichixuSj lesson, Rev. ZooL 1839, p. 167 T. pjrrhopygu*. 
TurdirostriSj A. Hay, Madr. Journ. xiii. pt. 2, p. 16S 

(1844). .T. pyrrkopygua. 
Range. Malacca and Borneo. 

1. TricMxus pyrrkopygus. 
Trickixos pyrrhopyga, 
Less. Rev. ZooL 1839, p. 137; Bfyik, Cat. JB. 
Mus. As. Soc., App. p. xx (1849); Horsf. fy Moore, Cat. B. Mu*. 

E.I. Co. i. p. 404 (1854); Moore, P. Z. & 1854, p. 573. 
Turdirostris 
superciliaris? A. Hay, Madr. Journ. xiii. pt. 2, p. Iff I 
(1844); Myth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 145 (I849jj Bp. t\m*p. L 

p. 217 (1850). 
Macronus superciliaris, Gray, Gen. R. iiL, App. p. 9 {1849), 
Napothera pyrrhomelanura, S. MtilL MSS. in Mus. Lugd. 
Napothera pvrrhonota, Temm. in Mus. Lugd.; Hunden. Ar. Met A. 
Tent. p. 8 (1872). 
Myiolestes pyrrhonota, Bp. Cmisp. i. p. 358 (1850). 
Macronus pyrrhopygus, Gray, Hand-?. B. I p. $ltlf HO. 47^0 |i«R89f. 
Trichixus pyirkopygus, So!tad. Ucc. Bom. p. ±24; Sharpe, Ibie, 1877, 

p. 12; %d. Ibis, "1878, p. 415; Hume. Sir. F. 1878, p. 01: id. Sir. 
S 1880, p. 129. 
Adult. Above dark slate-colour, the scapulars and median and 
lesser wing-coverts like the back; greater wing-coverts and quills 
dusky blackish, washed with slaty grey externally; the margins to 
the primaries paler; ramp, upper tail-coverts, and tail-feathers 
orange-rufous, the latter a little darker, and having a broad Mack 
band at the tips, the centre tail-feathers having a little more Mack 
on them than the others, the black also extending a little way up 
the outer web of the last rectrix; sides of face, throat, and chest 
dark slate-colour like the head, relieved by a conspicuous longitudinal 
spot of white over the eye; remainder of under surface of 
body light orange-rufous, the centre of the breast and abdomen 
muck paler whitish, washed with light rufous the thighs and under 

10 . IBICHIXTJS. 
tail-coverts a little deeper rnfons; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
light orange-rufous, those near the edge of the wing slaty 
grey; quills dusky brown below, fulveseent along the inner web; 
u legs and feet paliescent" (A. Everett). 

Total 

length. Culmen. Wing.
in. in. in. 
Tail. 
in. 
Tarsus. 
in 
a, <J. Malaccb. J.BbitvlxLa (A. JR. IfTxHaee) 80 
(A.JBstrett)...'. 8'Q 
1*05 
1*0 
4'0 
4'0o 
3*75 
3-6 
1-1 
1-1 

The only specimen of the female that I hare seen marked "by a 
collector is If r. Everett's Bnitulu skin; and this does not seem 
to me to be adult. In Capt. Wardlaw Ramsay's collection is a specimen 
from Borneo, received from Yerreaux, and marked as a female, 
which ^differs from the adult male only in its paler coloration and 
in having the ashy throat lighter in shade and not extending so far 
onto the chest. This is probably the only difference between the 

Young female (Bintulu). Differs from the male in being brown 
above, with a slightly rufescent forehead; wing-coverts like the 
back, tipped with pale orange-buff, as also are the inner secondaries 
; quill* dark brown, externally margined with lighter brown ; 
rump and upper tail-coverts bright orange-rufous; tail-feathers 
bright chestnut, tipped with pale rufous and crossed near the end 
with a broad black band, the outer feather also blackish along 
the outer web, and the centre feathers having also the entire inner 
web blackish; lores bufiy white, slightly tinged with rufous; 
round the eye a ring of rufous feathers; ear-coverts dusky brown, 
streaked with pale rufous; cheeks light rufescent, slightly mottled 
with dusky bases to the feathers; throat dull white, washed with 
rufous, a little purer white on the fore neck; breast and sides of 
body light orange-rufous, including the thighs and under tail-coverts; 
centre of breast and abdomen whiter; under wing-coverts pale 
rufescent, the axillaries slightly yellower; quills ashy brown below, 
greyish white along the edge of the inner web ; " bill dark brown; 
gape yellow; legs pinky white; iris dark brown" (A. Everett), 
Total length 7'2 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 3*55, tail 3*2, tarsus 
1-1. 

As mentioned above, this female is probably not quite adult, as 
in other specimens the blackish inner web on the centre tail-feathers 
is not so apparent, and does not extend for the whole length of the 
feather; the throat and fore neck also are mottled with dusky 
margins to the feathers, and the bill is seemingly paler in immature 
birds. 

A younger bird is browner above than the foregoing, with the 
forehead rufous and the wing-coverts tipped with rufous-buff; lores 
and feathers round the eye rufescent; ear-coverts dusky, streaked 
with rufous; under surface of body light rufous, the lower breast 
and abdomen white. 

Hab. Tolerably plentiful in Malacca, where it ranges as far north 

VOI*. VJGL B 

TIMELIDAE. 

as Province Wellesley. It also occurs in Borneo, but has not yet 
been recorded from Sumatra. 

a. <$ ad.; b. Juv. sk.
c. J ad. j d. [ $ ] jun. sk.
e. S ad. sk. 
Malacca. 
Malacca. 
Malacca. 
A. R Wallace, Esq. [C.] . 
W. Harvey, Esq. [P.]. 
India Museum. 
f. Juv. sk. Malacca. India Museum. 
g. $ ad. sk.
K. 2 ad. sk.
i,h. 3 2 ad. sk.
(Dr. Cantor). 
Borneo. 
Sarawak. 
Bintulu, W. 
Purchased. 
A. R Wallace, Esq. £0., . 
Alfred Everett, Esq. [C.J-
Borneo. 

11. COSSYPHA. ^ 
Type. 
Oossypka, Vig. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 396 (1826) 0. bicolor. 
Bessonornis *, Smith, Rep. Kvped. Centr. Afi\, App. 

p. 46 (1836) 
0. humeralis. 
Range, Confined to Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Grown of head grey, brown, or black. 
a'. With no white stripe over the fore part of 
the eye. 
a". Base of primaries rufous j throat ashy 
brown ". poensis, p. 35. 
b". Quills dark brown, edged with grey. 
a"'. Throat orange; lores and cheeks black; 
size larger bicolor, p. 36. 
b'". Throat orange; lores and cheeks bright 
orange; size smaller natcdemis, p. 37. 
b't With a white streak extending over the fore 
part of the eye; head grey or grey washed 
with olive. 

c". Ear-coverts orange; tail orange bocagii, p. 38. 
d'\ Ear-coverts blackish; tail orange, margined 
and tipped with blackish caffra, p. 39. 
c'. With a white streak extending over the eye 
backwards to the nape, 
e". Throat orange. 

c"f. Wing-coverts cobalt-blue. 
aK Back olive-brown cyanoeampter, p. 40. 
R Back slaty black perieulosa, p. 40. 

d"f. Whig-coverts greyish. 
e4. Larger: head blacker j wing-coverts 

grey. 
a5. Centre tail-feathers olive heuglini, p. 41. 
¥, Centre tail-feathers black subrufescens, p. 41. 

dK Smaller: head dusky-black ,- wing-
coverts olive like back semirufa, p. 42. 

* Misprinted JDessonornis. 
11 . COSSYPHA. 
f. 
Throat wMte; under surface more or less 
orange or washed with rufous. 
e"r. Base of quills white, forming1 an alar 
speculum. 
eK Ear-coverts rufous. 
c5. Under tail-coverts orange-buff; 
white on tail-feathers more extended.^ 
barbata, p. 43 

d5 

. Under tail-coverts white; white 
on tail less extended quadrivirgata, p. 43. 
fK Ear-coverts greyish , leucosticta, p. 44. 
f " . Base of quills not white; under wing-
coverts white, as well as throat and 

breast .
- Crown of bead white. 
. humeralis, p. 45. 
a'. Back grey, or grey washed with oliveV* Back blackish 
... . verticalis, p. 45. 
melanonota, p. 46. 

1. Cossypha imerina. 
Cossypha imerina, Hartl J.f. 0. I860, p. 97; id. Orn. Madag. p. 97 
(1801) ; Verr. in Vinson's Toy., Ann. B. p. 2 (1865) ; Grand. Bev. 
et Mag. de Zool. 1867, p. 359 ; Schlegel fy Pollen, Faun. Madag., 
Ois. p. 168 (18G8); Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 130 (1877); Milne-
Edivards $* Grandid. in Gi*andid. Hist. Nat Madag.. Ois. p. 367, 
pis. 138, 138a, 139, 140 (1881). 

Pratincola melanura, Lafr. MSS., teste Verreaux ut suprct. 
Copsyclius inierina, Gray, Hand-1, B. i. p. 266, no. 3890 (1869). 

Male. Above ashy grey; throat and breast of the same colour 
as the back, but a little clearer; abdomen and under tail-coverts 
rufous; quills and tail-feathers brown, more or less fringed with 
bluish grey ; feet blackish; iris brown. 

Adult female. Very different from the male; upper surface greyish 
brown; lower surface whitish, varied with clear brown. 
JETab. Deserts and arid plains of the South and South-west of 
Madagascar. 

Ohs. The above descriptions are taken from M. Grandidier's work. 
I have never seen a specimen, and do not know if the species rightly 
belongs here or to Pseudocossyjphus (vide antea). The mode of 
coloration of the sexes and the habits of the bird are quite peculiar; 
and it may belong to a totally distinct genus. 

% Cossypha poensis*. 

Cossypha poensis, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1844, p. 100; Allen $ Thomps. 
Exped. Niger, ii. p. 496 (1848); Hartl J.f. 0.1855, p. 360; id. 
Orn. W.-Afr. p. 77 (1857); Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 42; 
Hartl. J.f.O. 1861, p. 163; Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 382; id. Cat. 
Afr. B. p. 85 (1871); id. P. Z. S. 1871, pp. 609, 515; Beichen. 

J. f. O. 1875, p. 50. 
* An aberrant species, showing affinities towards the Ground-Thrushes 
(Geocichh). 

D 2 

TIMELIIDAE. 

Bessonornis poensis, Fraser, Zool. Typ. pi. 37 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. 

p. 301 (1850) j Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 265, no. 3873 (1869). 
Adult. General colour above slaty brown, the wing-coverts 
browner and slightly inclining to olivaceous on their outer margins ; 
quills brown, the primaries deep chestnut at base, forming a conspicuous 
wing-patch, the secondaries rather more olivaceous, th e 
chestnut base concealed; tail black, the three outer tail-feathers 
marked with white towards the tip, the two outermost having a large 
oblique patch extending nearly halfway up from the tip ; throat and 
fore nock ashy grey, washed with olive, and shading off into orange-
chestnut on the rest of the under surface of the body, the under 
wing-coverts being orange like the breast. Total length 8°8 inches, 
culmen 0*7, wing 4-15, tail 3*7, tarsus 1*05. 

Bab. "West Africa: Gold Coast to Gaboon. 

a. Ad. sk. Fernando Po. L. Fraser, Esq. [0.]. 
(Type of species.) 
b. Ad. sk. Fantee (Ussher). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
c. Ad. sk. Fantee (Aubinn). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
d. e. 
Ad. sk. Oaniaroons Mountains, E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Feb. 20,1871 (Crossley). 
f. 
Ad. sk. Gaboon {Walker). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
3. Cossyplia Tbicolor. 
Merle du Gap de Bonne Esperance, Baubent. PL Bid. iv. pi. 221. 

Muscicapa bicolor, Sparrm. Mus. Carlss. pi. 46 (1786); Smulev. Krit. 

Framst., Sparrm. p. 9 (1857). 

Muscicapa dichroa, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 949 (1788, ex Sparrm.). 

Le R£clameur, Levaill. Ois. $Afr. iii. pi. 104 (1802) ; Sundev. Krit* 

Framst, Levaill. p. 35 (1857). 

Turdus reclamator, 
Vieill. Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xx. p. 280 (1820) 

Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. ii. p. 670 (1823). 

Turdus vociferans, Swains. Zool. Illustr. iii, pi. 179 (c. 1823). 

Cossypha vociferans, Vigors, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 396 (1826). 

Turdus melanotis, Less. Traite, p. 410 (1831) ; Pucher. Arch. du-Mus* 

vii. p. 377. 
Turdus revocator, Temm. PI. Col. Tall. Mith. p. 14 (1836), 
Cossypha vociferus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 233 (1837). 
Cossipha vocifera, Smith. III. Zool. S. Afr.. Aves. text to C. hunieralia 
(1840). ' 
Cossypha reclamator, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1844, p. 100; Hartl. Orn. W.-

Afr. p. 76 (1857) ; id. J.f.O.1861, p. 162. 
Rhipidura bicolor, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 258 (1846). 
Bessonornis vociferans, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 220 (1847) ; Bp. Consp. i. 

p. 301 (1850) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 130 (1867). 
Bessornis vociferans, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 8 (1850): Gurnet/, 
Ibis, 1862, p. 152; Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 317. 
Cossypha bicolor, 
Grill, Zool. Anteokn. p. 28 (1858) ; Finsch fy Hartl. 
Vog, Ostafr. p. 281 (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 25 (1871) ; 
Gurney in Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 119 (1872) ; Ayres, Ibis, 187O, 

p. 4275 Sharpe, ed. Layard Bt S. Afr. p. 222 (1877). 
Bessonornis bicolor, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 264, no. 3866 (1869). 
11 . COSSTPHA. 
37 

Adult. General colour above slaty-grey, shading off into orange 
on the rump, the upper tail-coverts bright orange ; quills blackish, 
externally washed with grey, the wing-coverts washed with bluish 
grey: two centre tail-feathers black, all the remainder bright 
orange, the external feathers blackish on the outer web, and some of 
the others with narrow blackish margins; lores, sides of face, and 
ear-coverts black; cheeks, sides of neck, and the entire under 
surface of body bright orange; the under wing-coverts uniform with 
the breast; the lower surface of the quills ashy brown, inclining to 
greyish white near the base of the inner web; " bill black ; tarsi 
and feet light pinkish brown; iris very dark brown" (Ayres). 
Total length 7-3 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3-65, tail 3-2, tarsus 

V% 
Hab. South Africa from the Knysna to Natal and the Transvaal, 
ranging to the Zambesi and Central Damara-land. Also reported to 
have occurred on the Congo and at Sierra Leone. 

a. Ad. sk. Port Natal. , Purchased. 
b, c, d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk.
f. S ad. sk. 
Kingwilliamstown. 
South Africa. 
Otjimbinque, Damaraland, 
Dec. 11,1805 
Capt. Trevelyan [P.]. 
R B. Sharpe, Esq. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq, 
(C J. Andersson). 

4. Cossypha natalensis. 
Cossypha natalensis, Smith, III. Zool $. Afr. pi. lx. (1840) ; Earth 
P. Z. S. 1860, p. 110; id. J.f.O. 1861, p. 162 ; Bianc. Spec. Zool. 
Mosamb. fasc. xvi. p. 400 (1865); Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 1868, p. 42 ; 
Finsch $ EaHh Vog. Ostafr. pp. 283, 865; Sharpe, Cat Afr. B. 
p. 25 (1871) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 73; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. 
Afr. p. 223 (1877); Sharpe $ Bouvier, Bull Soc. Zool France, 1876, 
p.* 43 ; Sharpe, in Oatetfs Matdbele Land, App. B. p. 309 (1881) j 
Gurney, Ms, 1882, p. 72. 
Bessonornis natalensis, 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 220 (1847) ; Bp. Consp. 
I p. 301 (1850) ; Bayard, B. S. Afr. p. 131 (1867) ; Gray, Eand-l. 

B. i. p. 264, no. 3867 (1869). 
Bessomis natalensis, Cab. Mus. Eein. Th. i. p. 8 (1850) j Beichen. 
J.f. 0.1877, p. 30; Fischer 8f Beichen. J.f. 0.1879, p. 356. 
Adult. Upper surface of body bluish grey, the mantle strongly 
washed with orange, the scapulars clearer grey; head and hind 
neck brownish orange, waved across with narrow greyish lines, 
caused by the sudden appearance of the bases to the feathers ; lores, 
eyebrow, sides of face, and entire under surface of body orange, 
rather paler on the abdomen; all the wing-coverts clear bluish grey, 
blackish on the inner web; quills dull brown, externally shaded 
with grey, the secondaries with a further external border of pale 
orange as on the back; tail-feathers very pointed, the two centre 
ones dark brown, the others dull orange, the outermost broadly 
margined with brown on the outer web; bill horn-brown; legs 

TIMEL3XDJ3. 

slate-coloured; iris dark brown. Total length 6*4 inches, culmen 

1*7, wing 3-25, tail 3, tarsus 1. 

Ohs. The -variation in the colour of the back, which is always 

seen in a series of specimens of this species, seems to me to depend 

upon season, the birds gradually becoming much more blue on the 

back and wings, and losing the orange-coloured margins to the 

feathers ; the centre tail-feathers become black, and not brown as in 

the Natal specimen described. As the brighter-plumaged birds 

come from "West Africa, it is possible that a more richly coloured 

race occurs on the west coast; or perhaps they may be in the summer 

or winter plumage. 

Hab. South-eastern Africa from Natal to the Zambesi, and ex


tending as high as Mombas and Malindi: on the west coast it 

occurs from Loanga to Benguela. 

a. Ad. sk. Natal. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
h. Ad. sk. Natal. 
Purchased. 
c. Ad. sk. Natal. Sir A. Smith [0.]. (Type of 
species.) 
d. Ad. sk. Durban, Natal (F. Gates). 0. G-. and W. E. Gates, Esqr*. 
[P.]. 
e. Ad. sk. Zambesi. R. B. Sbarpe, Esq. 
f. 
Ad. sk. Landana, Congo (Lucan ty M. A. Bouvier. 
Petit). 
g. Ad. sk. Angola (Mas. Lish.). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
h. Ad. sk. Pembe, Angola, April J. J. Monteim. Esq. ~C.". 
1858. ' b " 
5. Cossypha boeagii 
Gossypha, n. sp.> Bocage, Jorn. Lish. 1868, p. 42. 

Cossypha, bocagii, Finsch fy Haril V'6g. Ostafr. p. 284, note 
(1870); Sharpe, ed. Laijard B. S. Afr. p. 225 (187o) • Socage, 
Om. Angola, p. 259, tab. ii. (1879). 

Bessonornis bocagii 
Gray. Hmd-l B. i. p. 205, no. 3881 (1809, ex 
(F$H.). 

Adult (type of species). General eolour above light yellowish 
brown, shading off into orange on the rump and upper tail-eoverf% 
the latter being bright orange; crown of head slaty grey; the 
feathers in front of and over the fore part of the eye white; lores 
blackish; cheeks, ear-coverts, and entire under surface of body 
bright orange; the centre of the abdomen white; under wing-
coverts pale orange; upper wing-coverts coloured like the back, and 
margined externally with orange; quills dark brown, the primaries 
externally washed with ashy grey, the secondaries with yellowish 
brown like the back; tail imperfect, the two remaining feathers 
bright orange; bill black; feet brown; iris brown. Total length 
6-o inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*2, tail 2*8, tarsus 1. (Mm. 
Lish.) 

Bah, Mossamedes. 

11 . COSSYPHA. 
6. Cossypha cafira. 
Motacilla cafira, Linn. Mantissa, p. 527 (1771); Gm. Syst. JSrat. i. 
p. 997 (1788). 
Ked-tailed Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. B. ii. pt. i. p. 31 (1783). 
Caffirarian Warbler, Lath. op. cit. ii. pt. ii. p. 426 (1783). 
Miiscicapa superciliosa, Spamn. If us. Carls, ii. pi. 96 (1786); 
Sundev. Krit. Framst., Sparrm. p. 14 (1857). 
Tardus phcerdeurus, Gm. Syst. Wat. i. p. 816 (1788). 
Sylvia caffra, Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 514 (1790). 
Le Janfredric, Levaill Ois. WAfr. iii. pi. cxi. (1802); Sundev. Krit. 
^ Framst., Levaill. j>. 36 (1857). 
Saxicola superciliaris, Ideht. Vers. Boubl. p. 32 (1823). 
Turdus caffer, Shaw, Gen. Zool. x. p. 298 (1817). 
Cossypka superciliosa, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 233 (1837). 
Cossypha pectoralis, Smith, HI Zool. S. Afr. text to pi. xlviii. (1840). 
Rhipidura superciliosa, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 259 (1846). 
Bessonornis pheenicuras, Gray, Gen. B. I p. 220 (1847); Bp. 

Consp. i. p. 301 (1850) ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 23; Layard, B. 

8. Afr. p. 131 (1867); Lfohib $ Teh. Beitr. Orn. Sudafr. p. 89 
Bessornis pheenicuras, Gal. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 9 (1850); Ldyard, 

B. S. Afr. p. 132 (1867); Ayres, Ibis, 1869, p. 293; Gray. 
HawM. B. i. p. 264, no. 3868 (1869). 
Bessornis caflra, Grill, Zool Anteckn. p. 29 (1859). 
Cossvpha eaffra, Marti. Ibis, 1862, p. 148; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. 

p. 25 (1871); Gurney, in Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 188 (1872); 
Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 370; Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 73; BarraU, 
Ibis, 1876, p. 201; Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 224 (1876). 
Adult male in full plumage (Transvaal; Ayres). General colour 
above olive-brown, slightly washed with slaty grey on the head and 
on some of the dorsal feathers; scapulars and lower back rather 
inclining to reddish olive, the latter shading off into bright orange 
on the rump and upper tail-coverts; wings dark brown, the coverts 
broadly margined with bluish grey, and having a more or less 
distinct spot of white at the tip o£ the outer ones; the primaries 
externally washed with ashy, the secondaries with olive-brown; 
two centre tail-feathers dark brown, the remainder bright orange, 
the outermost brown on the outer web, all the others also brown 
towards the tip of the outer web ; a broad white eyebrow; lores, 
feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts black ; cheeks, throat, and 
chest bright orange; sides of neck bluish grey; rest of under surface 
pale slaty grey, inclining to white on the centre of the abdomep.; 
flanks washed with orange, especially towards the under tail-
coverts, which are entirely of the latter colour ; thighs grey; under 
wing-coverts pale yellowish orange, the outermost grey, narrowly 
edged with white ; bill black; legs black ; iris dark brown. Total 
length 7*2 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3*65, tail 3'8, tarsus 1-25. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. 

Ohs. The example described has been selected on account of its 
bright plumage; the others are everywhere much duller in colour, 
and it is probable that in winter the plumage is more obscure. 

Young. Speckled all over, the feathers of the upper surface being 

TIMELTIDJE. 

orange in the centre, with dull brown margins; wings and tail 
much as in the adult, but the wing-eoverts tipped with yellowish 
buff; under surface of body dull yellowish, the feathers with rather 
broad circular margins of brown. 

Hab. South Africa, from the Cape Colony to the Transvaal. 

a. Ad. sk. South Africa. Purchased. 
b. Pull. st.
c. Ad. sk. 
South Africa. 
Table Mountain, Aug. 12, 
Sir A. Smith [C.J. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
cl Juv. sk.
e, <$ ad. sk.
1865 (C. J. Andersson). 
Table Mountain (C. J. A.). 
Kingwilliamstown, June 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Capt. H. Trevelyan [P.]. 
f. $ ad. sk.
V/. Ad. sk.
)i. S ad. sk.
/. S ad. sk.
1. Juv. sk.
/. cS ad. sk.
30,1877 (C. Nexohj). 
Peri Bush, June 11,1877. 
Natal. 
Natal (Atjres). 
Transvaal (Ayres). 
Transvaal (Ayres). 
Macamac. ' 
Capt. H. Trevelyan [P.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
F. A. Barratt, Esq. [C.]. 

7. Cossypha cyanocampter. 
Bessonornis cyanocampter, Bp. Comp. i. p. 301 (ex Cab. MS. in Mm. 
Berol) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 265, no. 3877 (1869). 
Cossypha cyanocampter, Hartl. J. f. 0.1855, p. 360; id. Orn. West-
Afr. p. 76 (1857) ; Sharpe, lUs, 1870, p. 52; id. Cat. Afi\ B. 

p. 25 (1871) j Shelley $ Buctdey, Ibis, 1872, p. 287; Ussher, Ibis, 
1874, p. 57. 
Adidt. Upper surface olive-brown, shading off into orange on the 
rump, the upper tail-coverts bright orange-rufous, the scapulars 
slightly tinged with grey; head and nape, as well as the sides of 
the face, cheeks, and ear-coverts, jet-black; a distinct white stripe 
running from the lores to the nape over the eye ; least wing-coverts 
and edge of the wing verditer-blue, forming a distinct shoulder-
patch, the rest of the wing dark brown, the feathers all externally 
margined with bluish grey; two centre tail-feathers dark brown, 
the remainder bright orange, excepting the outer reetrix, which has 
the outer web brown; entire under surface of body bright orange, 
paler on the centre of the abdomen. Total length 6 inches, culmeri 
0-7, wing 3-15, tail 2*8, tarsus 1*15. 
Hab. Grold Coast. 

a. Ad. sk. Fantee. Andrew Swanzy, Esq. [P."|. 
b. Ad. sk. Fantee (Gov. Ussher). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
c. Jun. sk. Fantee (Aubinri). E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
cl Ad. sk. Commendah, Cape Coast, July R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
1872 (fil F. Blii * 

Subspecies a. Cossypha pericnlosa. 

Cossypha cyanocampter, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 205 (nee Bp.). 

Adult, Similar to C. cyanocampter^ but having the back slaty 

11 . COSSYFHA. 
41 

blackish. Total length 6-5 inches, oilmen 0-7, wing 3-35, tail 2*9, 
tarsus 1*05. 
Hab. Gaboon. 

a. Ad. sk. River Danger, Gaboon. Henry Ansell, Esq. [P.]. 
8. Cossypha heuglinL 
Oossypba lienglini, Hartl J. f O.1866, p. 37; Heugl J.f. 0. 1869, 
p. 146; Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afi\ p. 374, App. p. ciii (1869); Finsch 
4' Hartl. Yog. Ostafr. pp. 283, 864 (1870) j Shelley, P. Z. 8 1881, 
p. 574 j id. Ibis, 1882, p. 250. ' 
Bessornis intermedia, Cab. in Von der Deckers Eeis. iii. pt. i. p. 22, 
pi. xii. (1869). 
Bessornis heuglini, Cab. J.f 0.1878, p. 219; Fischer § Beichen. t. e. 

p. 268; iid. op. cit. 1879, p. 356. 
Adult. General colour above olive, the rump and upper tail-coverts 
orange-rufous ; wing-coverts grey, the lesser series lighter; on the 
median and greater coverts, as well as on the inner secondaries, a 
slight wash of olive; quills dusky, externally grey, lighter on the 
primaries ; two centre tail-feathers olive, dusky on the margins, the 
remainder orange, edged with dusky olive along the outer web and 
at the tip, the outer feather entirely dusky olive along the outer 
web; crown of head and nape black, separated from the mantle by 
an incomplete collar of orange, mixed with the olive of the back; 
base of forehead, lores, feathers above and below the eye, ear-coverts, 
and feathers behind the ear black, with a superciliary streak of 
white reaching from the nape above the eye to the base of the forehead, 
where, however, it does not quite unite; cheeks, sides of neck, 
and entire under surface of body, including the thighs, under tail-
coverts,, under wing-coverts, and axillaries bright orange, a little 
paler on the lower abdomen; ubill black; tarsi and feet dingy 
ashy brown; iris umber" (T. Ayres). Total length'7*2 inches, 
culmen 0*75, wing 3*45, tail 3-1, tarsus 1*2. 

Adult female. A little smaller, according to Yon Heuglin. 
Hab. Erom Wau and Bongo in North-eastern Africa down the 
east coast to the Zambesi. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Chobi River, Zambesi. Dr. Bradshaw [C.]. 

9. Cossypha subrufescens. 
Cossypha subrufescens, Bocage, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 436; id. Orn. Angola, 
p. 553 (1881). 
Cossypha heuglini (non Hartl.), Bocage, Jorn. Zisb. 1870, p. 148; 
Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 148; id. Cat. Aft. B. p. 25 (1871); id. 

P. Z. S.1873, p. 717; Bocage, Jorn. Zisb. 1877, .p. 68; Sharpe fy 
Bouvier, Bull Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 43; Sharpe, ed. Bayard 
B. 
S. Afr. p. 227 (1876); Bocage. Orn. Angola, p. 258 (1881); 
_ P. Z. S. 1881, p. 574. 
" " >. z. r ' 

Bessornis'intermedia (non Cab.), Beichen. J.f 0.1877, p. 30. 
Bessornis intercedes, Cab. J. f O. 1878, pp. 205, 219; Beichen. 
Mitth, Afrih. Gesellsch, DeutscM, i. p. 6. 

42 TIMEIHD.2E. 

Adult. General colour above grey, strongly marked with olive-
brown on the back and scapulars, and shading off into orange on 
the rump and npper tail-coverts, the latter being bright orange ; 
two centre tail-feathers blackish, the rest bright orange, the external 
one blackish on the outer web ; wings dark brown, the feathers externally 
marked with grey, particularly distinct on the coverts; 
crown of head, as well as the lores, feathers round the eye,_ and the 
ear-coverts black• over the eye a broad white stripe extending from 
the base of the bill to the sides of the nape; cheeks, sides of neck, 
and under surface of body deep orange, paler on the abdomen; 
round the hind neck a faintly indicated orange collar. Total length 
7 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*45, tail 3, tarsus 1*2. 

Hah. Eastern Africa ; Kitui in Ukamba, "Western Africa, from 
Loango to Benguela. 

a. Ad. sk.
b. 5 ad. sk.
e. 2 ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk. 
River Congo. 
Landana, Congo (Lucan 
fy Petit), 
River Dande, Angola,
Apr.25,1869(tf«/a). 
River Dande, Angola, 
Commander Sperling [P.]. 
M. A. Bouvier. 
J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [C.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Apr. 25,1869 (Sola). 

10. Cossypha semirufa. 
Petrocincla semirufa, Hupp. Neae Wirb., Vog. p. 81 (1835). 
Cossypha nigrocapilla, Guerin, Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 1G2. 
Bessonornis semirufa, Riipp. Syst. TJebers. p. 60, pi. 21 (1845); Gray, 


Gen. JB. i. p. 220 (1847); Bp. Consp. i. p. 301 (1850); Horsf. $ 
Moore, Cat. B. ML Co. Mus. i. p. 189 (1854) ; Heugl Syst. Uebers. 

p. 29 (1856) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 265, no. 3875 (1869). 
Cossvpha semirufa, Guerin § Lafr. in Ferr. et Galin. Voy. Abyss. Hi. 
p. "202, pi. 6 (1847); Heugl J. f. 0. 1862, pp. 286, 594, 1869, 
p. 147; Blanf. Geol # Zool Abyss, p. 360 (1870); Fimch, Trans. 
Zool. Soe. vif. p. 242 (1870) ; Antin. § Sahad. Viagg. Bogosy p. 94 
(1873). 
Bessornis semirufa, Heugl Orn, N.O.-Afr. i. p. 376; iv.3 App. p."ciii 
(1869). 

Adult. Above olive-brown, very slightly tinged with grey, the 
head blackish; from the base of the bill to the hinder part of the 
ear-coverts a broad white eyebrow; lores, feathers round eye, and 
ear-coverts black; wings light brown, the feathers margined with 
greyish olive; the wing-coverts olive, like the scapulars; lower back, 
rump, and under tail-coverts bright orange ; two centre tail-feathers 
dark brown, the rest of the tail orange, with a narrow border of 
brown near the tip of the outermost feather; entire under surface 
of body bright orange, the centre of the abdomen whitish; under 
wing-coverts orange ; " bill black; feet dusky ; iris umber-brown " 
(Heuglin). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3*35, tail 3*2, 
tarsus 1*2. 

0b$. As in the case of other African Robin-Chats, there is great 

11 . COSSYPHA. 
43 

difference in the olive shadings of the hack, while some of the spe


cimens have brown edgings to most of the tail-feathers. 
Adult female. Like the male (von Heuglin). 
In young birds the chin is reddish grey, sprinkled with brown; 

the white superciliary streak first begins over half of the eye, and 
is also shorter; crown dark greyish brown, with reddish-brown 
shaft-streaks; wing-coverts and tertiary quills with reddish-yellow 
spots on their ends, (von Heuglin.) 

Hah. N.E. Africa, from Bogos Land, throughout Abyssinia into 
the Gala country. 

a. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Br. E. Eiippell [OX 
b. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Sir W. C. Harris [0.]. 
e. Ad. sk. Goon-goona, W. T. Blanford, Esq. ["CI 
March 19,1868. J 
d. Ad. sk. Bogos Land. Mr. Esler [0.]. 
11. Cossypha barbata. ^ ^ ^^ -
Cossypha 
barbata, Finsch $ Hartl. Vb'g. Ostafr, p. 864 (1870); 
Bocage, Jorn. Zisb. 1870, p. 342 j Sharpe, ed. Layard B. 8. Afr. 

p. 226 (1877); JBocage, Orn. Angola, p. 260 (1881). 
Adult. Above ashy brown, the ramp and upper tail-coverts pale 
orange-rufous, forehead slightly tinged with rufous; lores and a 
short eyebrow, as well as a ring of feathers round the eye, white, 
with a narrow margin of black running above the white eyebrow; 
feathers in front of the eye blackish; ear-coverts dull sandy rufous; 
cheeks and throat white, with a long moustachial streak of dull grey 
extending on each side of the throat for its whole length; breast 
and sides of%fche body pale orange, inclining to buff on the centre 
of the chest and shading off into white on the lower abdomen and 
under tail-coverts; thighs white; under wing-coverts also white, 
the outermost spotted with black; wings above ashy brown, inclining 
to grey on the coverts, the least series being streaked with 
white, the outermost broadly edged with the same; primaries externally 
margined with white, much broader near the base, which 
is entirely white on these quills, so as to form a speculum; tail 
black, tipped with white, forming a small triangular spot on the 
centre feathers and gradually increasing towards the outermost, the 
external rectrix being white for its apical half. Total length 
7 inches, oilmen 0*65, wing 3-2, tail 2*8, tarsus 1*05. (Mm. 

Lisb.). 
Hah. Benguela. 

KIM W^^ 

12. Cossypha quadrivirgata. l l~~—^ 
Thanmobia quadrivirgata, Reiehen. Orn. Centralbl. 1879, p. 114; id. 
J.f. 0. 1879, p. 355. 
Cossypha quadrivirgata, Sharpe, J. f. 0. 1882, p. 345. 
Adtdt (type of species). General colour above brown, the lower 

44 TIMTSLIED-ZE. 

hack and rump more rufous-brown ; lesser and median wing-coverts 
ashy groy, with a few while spots on i ho outermost; greater coverts 
ashy, paler on (ho outer web, the inner ones washed with brown; 
baslard wing black, the feathers broadly lipped with white ; primarycoverth 
black ; quills blackish, externally margined with hoary 
whitish; the bases of the primaries white, forming a large alar 
speculum; the secondaries brown, like the inner greater coverts ; 
upper tail-coverts rufous, slightly washed with grey at the tip; tail-
feathers blackish, tipped with white, increasing in extent towards 
the outermost, whicli, are also edged with white for a considerable 
distance up outer web; crown of head a little more dusky than the 
back; lores blackish, surmounted by a distinct white eyebrow, which 
is again separated from the crown by another lino of black; feathers 
round the eye and below it white, the latter foliowod by a blackish 
spot; ear-coverts light brown ; cheeks white, extending onto the 
sides of the neck; throat white, separated from the cheeks by a 
moustachial streak of black, widening out on the sides of the 
lower throat and becoming grey in colour; fore neck and chest 
orange-rufous; breast and abdomen white; sides of body and flanks 
orange-rufous; thighs and under tail-coverts white; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white, the outer ones blackish, tipped with 
white; quills below ashy; inner edge of quills paler, with a large 
patch of white at base of inner web; bill black ; " legs clear greyish 
blue, claws brownish; iris brown" (Fischer). Total length 
5*5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*1, tail 2*8, tarsus 1. (Mus. Berol.) 

Flab, Zanzibar district, East Africa. 

13. Cossypha ieucosticta. (Plate I.) A h 
Adult. General colour above olive-brown, the lower back, rump, 
and upper tail-coverts deep chestnut-red; scapulars greyish ; the 
wing-coverts black, washed with grey, the outermost of the median 
series with a distinct white spot; primary-coverts black; quills 
black, edged with grey, inclining to white on the primaries; .the 
secondaries more olive, and tipped with pale rufous; the base of the 
outer web of the primaries white, forming a distinct alar speculum; 
tail greyish black, tipped with white, the centre feathers washed 
with olive; over the eye a distinct white streak, surmounted by 
another blackish line fringing tho crown; ear-coverts grey ; the lores 
blackish, with a ring of white feathers round tho eye; cheeks and 
throat white, with a narrow moustachial line of black; rest of 
under surface reddish fulvous, the chest and under tail-coverts white ; 
under wing-coverts white, the edge of the wing black. Total length 
0-5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*2, tail 2*9, tarsus 1*1. 

Hah. West Africa. 

a. Ad. sk, Accra. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
11 . COSSYPHA.. 
4 5 
14. Cossypha Irameralis. ~""~~ 
Bessonornis * hurneralis, Smith, Report Exp. S. Afr., App. p. 46 
(1836); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 220 (1847); Bp, Consp. i. p. 301 
(1850); Zayard, B. S. Afr. p. 132 (1867); Gray, Hand4. B. i. 

p. 265, no. 3876 (1869). 
Cossypha hunieralis, 
Smith, III Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. 48 (1840); 
Bianc. Spec. Zool. Mosamo. fasc. xvi. p. 400 (1865); Finsch &-
Marti Toy. Osiafr. pp. 285, 865 (1870); Buckley, Ibis, 1874. 

p. 370; Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 228 (1877); Ayres, Ibis, 
1879, p. 395 ; Gurney, Ibis, 1879, p. 396. 
Bessornis hunieralis, Newton, Ibis, 1868, p. 266; Layard, Ibis, 1869, 

p. 78. 
Adult. Head, mantle, and scapulars grey, with a slight tinge of 
olive on the back; rump and upper tail-coverts orange-chestnut, 
deeper on the latter; tail also orange, with a broad terminal band 
of black, the outermost feather also blackish on the outer web, and 
the two centre feathers entirely blackish; wing-coverts black, with a 
broad longitudinal white patch formed of the inner lesser and 
median coverts and the outer web or the whole of a few of the 
inner greater coverts ; quills blackish, with a narrow external 
border of greyish buff; over the eye a narrow white line, extending 
from the base of the bill to the hinder ear-coverts ; lores, cheeks, 
and entire side of face and of neck black ; chin and a patch on the 
sides of the upper breast also black; sides of body, vent, and under 
tail-coverts pale orange-buff; under wing-coverts white, the edge 
of the wing black: " bill black; legs brownish black; iris dark 
hazel" (T. E. BucMey). Total length 6'5 inches, culmerj 0*6, wing 

2-95, tail 2-9, tarsus 1-15. 
Eab. Interior of South-eastern Africa. 
a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk. 
South Africa. 
Makalaka Country. 
Purchased. 
Dr. Bradshaw. 

15. Cossypha verticalis. 
Petrocincla albicapilla (non F.), Swains. B, W. Afr. i. p. 284, pi. 32 ; 

Gordon, Contr. Orn. 1849, p. 8. 
Cossypha albicapilla (non V.), Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 233 (1837). 
Bessonornis, sp., Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 220 (1847) ; Vierth. Namn. 

1852, p. 52. 

Cossypha verticalis, Hartl Beitr. Orn. Westafr. p. 23 (1848) ; id. 
Om. W.-Afr. p. 77 (1857); Sharps Ibis, 1870, p. 52; id. Cat 
Afr. B, p. 26 (1871); Shelley # Buehley, Ibis, 1872, p. 287 ; 
Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 57; Meichm. J. f. O. 1875, p. 47; Nichols. 

P. Z. S. 1878, p. 129. 
Bessornis monacha, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 29; Antin. Cat. Ucc. 
p. 42 (1864) ; Salvad. Bevist. Crit. coll Antinori, p. 734. 
Bessonornis swainsonii, Bp. Consp. i. p. 301 (1850). 
Bessornis verticalis, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 8 (1850). 
* Misprinted Bessonornis. 
46 
TIMELIJDJS. 

Oossypha swainsoni, Heugl. J. f. O.1869, p. 148. 

Bessonornis verticalis, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 265, no. 3871 (1869)«_ 

Bessomis swainsoni, Heugl Orn. N.O.~Afr. i. p. S77, App. p. cm 

(1871). 

Adult. Back and scapulars deep slaty black; round the hind 

neck a collar of orange feathers; lower back, rump, and upper tail-

coverts also bright orange ; crown of head white; forehead, side^ of 

crown, and sides of face black; cheeks, sides of neck, and entire 

under surface of body deep orange; wings black, all the feathers 

margined with slaty blue, brighter than on the back; two centre 

tail-feathers black, the rest of the tail bright orange,^ the outermost 

feather margined externally with black; bill blackish; feet dark 

brown (in skin); " iris brown" (Shelley). Total length 7*5inches, 

culmen 0-65, wing 3*85, tail 3-9, tarsus 1*15. 

Young. Mottled all over the upper surface with orange feathers, 

each narrowly margined with blackish, all the wing-coverts with a 

terminal orange spot • quills blackish, washed externally wit h 

greyish olive; lower back, rump, and tail as in adult, the orange 

somewhat paler • under surface of body yellowish buff, with narrow 

margins of brown to all the feathers. The adult dress is gained b y 

a direct moult; but it would seem to be some time before the white 

crown is assumed. A young bird just getting his tail appears to 

have all the feathers tipped with black. 

Bab. West Africa, from Senegambia to the river Niger, extending 

across to the Djur Negro country in North-eastern Africa. 

a, b. Ad. sk. River Gambia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

c, d. Juv. * e. Pull. sk. Ashantee. J. Gould, Esq. 

f. 
Ad. sk. Ashantee. J. Gould, Esq. 
g. Ad. sk. Denkera, Jan. 1872 (H. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
F. Blissett). 
h, i. Ad. sk. Accra (Smith). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
k, I. Ad.; m.Pull. sk. Abeokuta (H Robin). F. Nicholson, Esq. [P.] . 
n. Ad. sk. River Niger (Br. BaiMe). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
16. Cossypha melanonota* 
Oossypha verticalis (non Hartl.), Cass. Proc. Bhilad. Acad. 1859, 
p. 42; Seine, J.f. 0. 1860, p. 128; Hartl J.f.O. 1861, p. 163. 
Bessomis melanonota, Cab. J. f. O. 1875, p. 235; Meichen. J.f O. 
1877, p. 30. 
Oossypha melanonota, 
Sharpe fy Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France^ 
1877, p. 477; Bocage, Orn. Angola, ii. p. 552 (1881), 

Adult female. Back black, with a slight tinge of grey; lower 
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts orange-rufous; wing-coverts 
black, edged with dark slaty grey; quills black, externally edged 
with slaty grey, lighter on the primaries; two centre tail-
feathers black, the remainder orange-rufous, with a broad black 
edging to the outer web of the external feather ; crown of head 
white, more or less mottled with black bases to the feathers ; 
base of forehead, lores, sides of crown, feathers rouncl the eye, 

12. GHIMAEEHOEFIS. 
47 

and ear-coverts Mack; cheeks and sides of neck orange, as well 
as a collar round the hind neck bright orange; remainder of under 
surface of Tbody bright orange, as well as the under wing-coverts and 
axillaries; edge of wings ashy grey. Total length 7*8 inches, oil


men 0-8, wing 3*8, tail 3*4, tarsus 1*2. 
Sab. West Africa, from. Gaboon to the Congo. 
a. Ad. sk.
& $ ad.sk. 
Fernand Vaz, Gaboon {Marche). 
Rio Chiloango, Congo {Lucan fy Petit). 
M. A. Bouvier. 
M. A. Bouvier. 

12. CHIMABBHOEMTS. 
m Type. 
Torrentaria, Hodgs. MSS. in icon, ined. C. leucocepkala. 
Charmarr^omis, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82 
(1844) C. leucocepkala. 
Chimarrhornis, Anders. Exp. Yun-nan, p. 613, 1878 
(nom. emend,). 
Mange. Afghanistan; Himalayas from Cashmere to Bootan, and 
extending through "Western China to the Ichang Gorge on the 
Yangtze Eiver. 

1. CMmarrhornis leucocepkala. 
Phoenicura leucocephala, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 35; Gould. Cent. 
B. Kintal. Mts. pi. xxvi. ftg. 1 (1832). 
Ruticillaleucocepkala, Less. JRev. Zool 1840, p.255 ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. 
etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 34 (1846); id. Gen. B. i. p. 180 (1846); 
Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. XVL. p. 134 (1847) \ id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. 

p. 169 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 296 (1850) ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, 
p. 30; Horsf. fy Moore, Cat. B. B.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 309 (1854); 
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 221, no. 3174 (1869); Scully, Ibis, 1881, 
p. 446. 
Torrentaria leucocepkala, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, 
pi. 74 (no. 297). 
Chaemarrhornis 
leucocephala, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82 
(1844); Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 143 (1863); Stoliczha, J. A. S. Beng. 

xxxvii. p. 64 (1868) ; Godwin-Austen, op. cit. xxxviii. p. 106 
(1870); Skoinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 358; Hume $ Henders. Lahore 
to Yarh. p. 214 (1873); Blyth $ Wald. B. Burm. p. 101 (1875); 
Brooks, Str. F. 1875, pp. 226, 240 ; A. Anders. Str. F. t. c. p. 355; 
Prjeto. in Baioson Rowley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 178 (1877); David 
# Oust. Ois. Chine, p, 173, pi. 24 (1877). 
Chimarrhornis leucocephala, J. Anderson, Pep. Zool. Fxp. Yun-nan, 
Aves, p. 614 (1878); Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xlv. p. 79 
(1878); Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 100; Scully, t. o. p. 303; Biddulph, 
Ibis, 1881, p. 64; Salvin, Cat. Strickl, Coll. p. 40 (1882). 

Adult male. General colour above blue-black; lesser wing-coverts, 
median and greater-coverts, bastard wing and primary-coverts like 
the back; quills black, edged with blue-black; lower back, rump, 
and upper tail-coverts maroon or chestnut; tail-feathers chestnut, 
with a broad black band at the tip ; crown of head and nape pure 
white; forehead, lores, eyebrow, sides of the face, ear-coverts, sides 

TIMELIIU^B. 

of the neck, cheeks, throat, fore neck, and chest blue-black; breast, 
abdomen, sides of the body, and flanks maroon ; thighs dusky brown ; 
under tail-coverts maroon; under wing-coverts black, lower ones 
slightly edged with maroon ; axillaries black, margined with maroon ; 
quills blackish below, inner edges ashy; "bill black; tarsus vinaceous 
brown; iris dark brown" (Jerdori); "gape fleshy white; 
tarsus blackish brown; claws black; iris deep brown" {Scully). 
Total length 7 inches, culmen.0'65, wing 3-85, tail 3*1, tarsus 1-2. 

Adult female. Like the male. 

Hah. Entire Himalayan range from Gilgit, occurring throughout 
Western China to Kansu, and as far as the Ichang Grorge on th e 
Yangtze river. It also occurs on the Dana hills, and in Aracan, 
and extends as far south as the second defile of the Irawady 
river. 

a. <S ad. sk. Gilgit, June 11, 1879. Dr. J. Scully [P.]. 
by c. Ad. sk. Cashmere. E. M. Lan^ worthy, 
Esq.rP.]. • 

d. Ad.; e. Jim. i N.W. Himalayas {Griffith). India Museum. 
/. 
Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Oapt. Stackhouse PinwmjT.
i 

g. Ad. sk. Kangra. 
Capt. Stackhouse Pin-
will [P.]. 

h, i. Ad. sk. Nepal. 

B. 
H. Hodgson, Esq. 
[P.]. 
k. Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodgson). 
Inolia Museum. 

I. <3 ad. sk. Second defile of Irawady 
River, March 5,1875. Dr. J. Anderson [C.]. 

m. 
Ad. sk. Ichang Gorge, Yangtze C. Maries, Esq. [C.]. 
River. 
n. 
Ad. sk. Himalayas. Major-General Hardwicke 
[P.]. 
o. Ad. sk. Himalayas. J. R. Reeves, Esq. 
[P.]. 
13. THAMNOLJEA. 
Type. 
Thamnolaea, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 8 (1850) T. cinnamomeiventris. 
Thanmocichla, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 5 

(1872) 
T. cinnamomeiventris. 

Range. Confined to Africa. 

Wing of Thamnolcsa albiscapulata, to show attenuation of first primary. 

Key to the Species. 

a. With the rump rufous; a white shoulder-
patch. 
a'. Upper tail-coverts dark chestnut cinnamomeiventris, p. 49. 
&'. Upper tail-coverts hlue-black, with 


chestnut bases 
albiscapulata, p. 50. 

13 . THAfaOLJSA. 
b. With the rump Hack like the rest of the 
upper surface. 
c'. No white shoulder-patch, hut a large 
white wing-patch formed hy the 
base of the primaries; abdomen 
rufous semimfa, p. 51. 


d\ A white shoulder-patch formed by 
the lesser and median wing-coverts; 
abdomen black. 


a". Crown of head white shelleyi S, p. 52. 

b". 
Crown of head black. 
a'". Throat white shelleyi J , p. 52. 
b"'. Throat black arnoiti, p. 53. 

1. Thamnolaea cinnamomeiventris. 
Turdus cinnamomeiventris, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1886, pis. 55, 56. 
Saxicola rufiventer, Swains. Anim. in Menag. p. 293 (1837) ; Bayard. 

B. S. Afr. p. 106 (1867). 
Thamnobia cinnamomeiventris, 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 185 (1846) ; 
Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 158; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 211, no. 2996 
(1869); 'Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 26 (1871); id. ed. Bayard B. S. 
Afr. p. 232 (1876); Ayres, Ibis, 1879, p. 396; Shelley, Ibis, 1882, 

p. 251. 
Thamnolsea cinnamomeiventris, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 8 (1850) ; 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 302 (1850) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1864, p. 349. 
Copsychus cinnamomeiventris, pt., Bp. Consp. i. p. 267 (1850). 
Petrocincla montana, Bicht. Nomencl. Av. Berol. p. 26 (1854). 
Saxicola albiscapulata, Bayard, B. S. Afr. p. 106 (1867, nee Biipj)?). 
Thamnobia ptymatura, Gurney, Ibis, 1869, p. 328. 
Thamnocichla cinnamomeiventris, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 5 

(1872). 

Adult male. General colour above blue-black; median and lesser 
wing-coverts white, forming a shoulder-patch; greater series, 
bastard wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, externally edged 
with blue-black; rump and upper tail-coverts tawny rufous, the 
latter deeper chestnut; tail-feathers black; lores, sides of face, 
throat, and breast blue-black; between the breast and abdomen a 
line of whitish; abdomen and flanks tawny rufous, thighs black; 
vent and under tail-coverts deep chestnut, the longer ones black at 
the end, tipped narrowly with chestnut; under wing-coverts, 
axillaries, and quills below black; inner edge of quills ashy ; " bill 
and tarsus black ; iris dark umber" (T. Ayres). Total length 8*8 

inches, culmen 0-85, wing 4-55, tail 4, tarsus 1*25. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in being sooty black above, 
the rump and upper tail-coverts uniform deep chestnut; wings and 
tail as in the male, excepting that the female wants the white wing-
patch, and has the lesser and median coverts edged with slaty grey; 
lores and ear-coverts blackish; throat and breast dull slaty grey ; 
remainder of under surface deep chestnut; under tail-coverts chestnut, 
the longer ones black, chestnut down the middle and at the tips; 
thighs black; axillaries and under wing-coverts dull slaty grey. 

VOL. vir. 
E 

TiratoD.33. 

Total length 8*5 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 4*35, tail 3*9, tarsus 

A male from Kanye has the median wing-eoverfs tipped with a 
black edging, and black tips to some of the upper tail-coverts ; the 
band separating the black breast from the abdomen also is fulvous. 
Wing 4-45. 

A younger female has the forehead and lores washed with ashy, 
and the sides of the chest and breast washed with brown. 
Bab. South-eastern Africa, extending as far north as the 3fashoona 
country. 
a, b. $ ad. jun. sk. Eland's Po«t, S.E. Africa, April E. B. Sharpe, E*q. 
1870 {T. C. At more). 

c. S 
ad. sk. Eland's Po>t. April 9, 1870 (T. E. B. Sfcarpe, E^ . 
C\ A ). 
d. S 
^d. sk. Kanve,MatabeleLand (Dr. H. E. B. Sharpe, E^{. 
Elton). 
e. (S ad. sk. South Africa, 
Sir A. Smith XV. 
2. Thamnolsea albiscapulata. 
Sa\Ieola alboscapulata, Rupp. Neue Wirb. p. 74, pi. 20. fig. 1 (l^TSf; 
Des Murs in Lefebwe's Toy. Abyss, p. 9*J (l^K)?. 
Thamnobia alboscapulata, Rupp. SysL Ueben. p ~fi (1*4.">); 72?/////. 
St/st Tlebers. p. 27 (1830); Brehm, Rets. &abe*rkt p. ±i)± (L**jf:jj; 
Gray, Sand-t B. i. p. 211, no. 2995 (I860). 
Thamnolaea alboseapulata, Cab. JIus. Bern. Th. i. p. 8, note (1 ^Tf f; 
ify. Co?z^. i. p. 302 (1850); Beugl J. f. O. 1*62, pp. 2^1t iftll; 
Antin. Cat descr. Ucc. p. 40 (1864); Beugl J. f. O. WJ9, p. I4fJ; 
id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. S67, App. p. cii (1809-71); Fimth, Tr. Z. S. 

vii. p. 285 (1870); Blanf. GeoL 4* ,2iw£ ^%« . p. 3*50 (I**70t; 
Gumey, P. Z. S. Ib71, p. 148; Antin. $ Salvad. J'iagg. Jfoyos, 
p. 95 (1873). 
Thamnobia csesiogastra, Bp. Comptes Rendu®, xxniii. p. 7 (1834): 
Earth Orn. Westafr. p. 70 (1857). 
Thamnolsea csesiogastra, Beugl Orn. 2f.O.-Afr. L p. 368 (1860). 
Thamnobia schiniperi, Gray, Band-i. B. i. p. 212, no. 29CI8 (1609). 

Male. General colour above blue-black; rump chestnut, the lower 
feathers tipped with black ; median and lesser wing-coverts pure 
white, forming a shoulder-patch; greater coverts, bastard wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills black, externally edged with bine-black; 
upper tail-coverts black, with chestnut bases to the feathers; tail-
feathers black, washed externally with chestnut at the extreme 
bases of the feathers ; lores, sides of face, sides of neck, throat, and 
breast blue-black ; lower breast, abdomen, sides of body, and flanks 
chestnut, with a line of yellowish buff separating the breast from 
the black chest; thighs black, barred with yellowish buff; under 
tail-coverts black, with chestnut bases to the feathers ; tinder wing-
coverts and axillaries blue-black; quills blackish below, inner edge 
browner. Total length 7*8 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 4-05, tail 3*f», 
tarsus 1*15. 

Female. Like the male in colour, but without the white wing-
patch. Total length 7*8 inches, culmen 0'8, wing 4-45, tail 3*4, 
tarsus 1*15. 

13. THAMKOLJSA.
Young. Blackish brown, the wings and tail as in the adult 
female, which the bird otherwise resembles ; no white shoulder-
patch ; rump rufous, barred with dusky black; throat and breast 
dusky blackish, the lower breast and abdomen light chestnut; no 
buff line between the black and chestnut of the breast. "Wing 4-3. 

Hah. North-eastern Africa. 

a. S ad.; Abyssinia. 
K. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
b. Juv. sk. 
c. 
$ ad. sk. Abvssinia. Purchased. 
d. J 
ad. sk. Middle Sooroo, 1500 feet, W. T. Blanford, Esq. ["0.1 
Jan. 2, 1868. 
e. ? ad. sk. Senafe, 7500 feet, March 5, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [0.]. 
1868. 
/. S ad. sk. Abyssinia. Dr. Biippell [0.1. 

g. $ imni. st. Abyssinia. 
Baron Laugier. " 
3. Thamnolsea semirufa. 
Saxicola semirufa, 
JRitpp. Neue Wirb. Vog. p. 74, Taf. 25. figs. 1, 2 
(1835). 
Thamnobia semirufa, Rupp. Syst. Uebers. p. 59, no. 169 (1845) j 
Hengl. Syst. Uebers. p. 27 (1856); id. J.f. 0. 1862, p. 286. 
Thamnolaea semirufa, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 8 (1850); Ileuyl. J. 

f. 0. 1869, p. 150 ; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 368 (1869). 
Myrmecocickla quartini, Bp. C. JR. xxxviii. p. 7 (1854). 
Saxicola quartini, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 227, no. 3265 (1869). 
Adult male. General colour above glossy black; lesser wing-
coverts, median and greater coverts like the back ; bastard wing 
and primary-coverts black ; quills black, with nearly the basal half 
of the primaries white, forming a conspicuous wing-patch; upper 
tail-coverts and tail-feathers black ; lores and sides of face, sides of 
neck, throat, and breast black; lower breast, abdomen, sides of 
body, and flanks chestnut; thighs black; under tail-coverts chestnut 
; under wing-coverts black; axillaries black, with the inner 
web chestnut; quills blackish below, inner edge ashy, white near 
the base, forming a large wing-patch. Total length 7 inches, 
culmen 0*85, wing 4*5, tail 2*95, tarsus 1*15. 

Adult female. Eesembles the male in colour (Heuglin, 
I. c). 

Young. Dusky blackish, the lower back, rump, part of the wing-
coverts, and under surface varied with pale fulvous ; the base of the 
primaries (the first one excepted) and of the secondaries whitish ; a 
median stripe on the throat, widening out on the lower throat, 
bright fulvons ; vent and under tail-coverts rufous buff, with narrow 
dusky shaft-streaks and small bands. 

Still younger birds are of a blackish dusky colour, all the feathers 
margined and varied with a rufescent buff shade ; the alar speculum 
smaller and more obsolete. (Heuglin, I. c.) 

Hob. N.E. Africa. 

a. S a<** sk. Abyssinia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
b. Imm. sk. Abyssinia. Purchased. 
c. Ad*, st. Abyssinia. Purchased. 
d. 
Juv. st. Abyssinia. M. Verreaux. 
E 2 
5 2 TIMELHDJ3. 
r.^J 

4. Thamnolaea shelleyi * ^ <ty&^*^ '"' 
Saxicola 
shelleyi, Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 246 (1877); 
id. in Oates1s" Matabele Zand, App. p. 307, pi. A (1881)-Shelley, 

P. Z. S. 1881, p. 572. 
Thamnobia shelleyi, Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 251. 
Myrmecocichla leiicolseina, JReichenoiv, Orn. Centralbl. I860, p. 181. 
Male. General colour above glossy black; median and lesser 
wing-coverts white ; greater and primary-coverts white, edged at 
the tip with black; bastard wing black; quills and tail-feathers 
black; crown of head and nape white ; sides of face and entire 
under surface of body glossy black ; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
black; quills blackish below, inner edge lighter ; " bill and 
tarsus black; iris dark hazel" (F. Oates). Total length 7-3 inches, 
culmen 0*7, wing 4*15, tail 3*15, tarsus 1-15. 

Adult female. Browner than the male; wing with the same white 
patch, but the greater coverts and the primary-ooverts more broadly 
tipped with black; head coloured like rest of upper surface, but the 
throat, cheeks, and fore neck white ; sides of neck white, mottled 
with black tips to the feathers; feathers of fore neck also "black, 
tipped with white. Total length 6*8 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*95, 
tail 2-65, tarsus 1*15. 

In both sexes the "iris is dusky; bill, tarsi, and feet black" 

(T. Ay res). 
Hab. Southern Eastern Africa below the Zambesi, extending 
into Central Africa. 
a, b. $ $ ad. sk. Victoria Falls, Zambesi. Purchased. (Types of 
species.) 

c. 
J ad. sk. Near Sibanane, Dec, 8, 1874 0. Gr. and W. Oates, 
(F?-ank Oates). Esqrs. [P.J. 
d. o* ad. sk. 'Ramaqneban river, June 24 C. G. and W. Oates, 
(F. O.). 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
* Dr. Reichenow (J. f. O. 1882, p. 212) in writing about a series of Black 
Chat-Thrushes sent by Dr. Bohm from the country "below Lake Tanganyika, 
suggests that T. shelleyi and T. arnotti are members of one and the same species, 
the oldest name for which is Thamnolaa nigra (Vieillot), founded on 
Levaillant's plate. The latter has always been held to be unrecognizable ; nor 
have I myself ever seen any birds agreeing with it. Not having examined the 
specimens which are in the Berlin Museum, I can only give Dr. Eeichenow's 
opinion, which, if correct, will add the following synonymy to the species :— 
Le Traquet Commancleur, Levaill. Ois. dAfr. iv. p. 114, pi. 189 (1805) ; 

Sundev. Krit. om Levaill p. 37 (1857). 

(Enanthe nigra, Vieill. K Diet. d'Hist. Nat xxi. p. 431 (1818). 

Sylvia nigra, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. ii. p. 489 (1823). 

Saxicola nigra, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 179 (1846). 

Myrmecocichla nigra, Bp. Consp. i. p. 302 (1850). 

Br. Reichenowfurther considers the species from " ^Equatorial West Africa" 
distinct from the eastern bird which I name T. shelleyi; and he names it Myrmecocichla 
levaillantii (with ' Le Traquet Commandeur' of Levaillant as a 
synonym). I must confess that in the absence of a good series of specimens I 
am unable to make out the difference between the eastern and western birds; 
but I would remark that the name of Sylvia nigra of Vieillot is founded on the 
"Traquet Commandeur" of Levaillant, and that therefore, if the latter is 
really a distinct species, it would bear the name of Thamnolcea nigra in preference 
to that of T. levaillantii. 


14 . THAMKOBIA. 
58 

5. Thamnolsea arnotti. 
Saxicola arnotti, Tristram, Ibis, 1869, p. 20C>, pi. vi.; Gray, Hand-l 
B.i. p. 225, no. 3234 (1869); Bocage, Jorn. Acad. Zisb. 1870, 
p. 340; Blanf. $ Dresser, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 233; JSharpe, ed. 
Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 269 (1876) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola,^. 269 
Adult \_female~\. Entirely glossy black above and below, with the 
exception of tbe wing-coverts, which form a conspicuous white patch, 
the lesser and median series being pure white, some of the latter 
tipped with black, and the greater inner coverts of the series white 
at the base; in front of the eye a few white feathers *; quills 
dusky below, browner along the edge of the inner web ; " iris chestnut" 
(AncMeta). Total length 6*5 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*85, 
tail 2-35, tarsus 1*25. 

Professor Barboza du Bocage describes as an adult male a bird 
exactly like the above, but having a pronounced superciliary streak 
from the base of the bill to behind the eye. This is like the type 
figured in the ' Ibis ' (I. c), which has the eyebrow extended to the 
end of the ear-coverts, and some of the feathers of the crown spotted 
with white, from which it would appear that one sex at least, at 
some time of its life, gets a pure white head. 

Hah. South-western Africa. 

a' C $ ] a<^ sk* Eenguela (Monteiro). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

14. THAMNOBIA. 
Typo. 
Thanmobia, Sivains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 489 
(1831) T. fulicata. 
Saxicoloides, Less. 1837 (teste Gray) T. cambaiensis. 

Wing and foot of Thamnobia fulicata. 

Range. Indian Peninsula and Ceylon. 

* In the * Birds of South Africa' (I c), I have by some mistake described 
this specimen as having a « white line in front of the eye " This seems to me 
to^^^n^r^essign, and I cannot understand how it came to be mLrted'as 
theregare onTy the faintest indications of white loral plumes. 
TDIELIIDJE. 

Key to the Sjpecies. 

a. Underneath glossy blue-black; under tail-
coverts chestnut; a white shoulder-patch. 
a'. "Upper surface glossy blue-black fulicata <$, p. 54. 
h'. Upper surface brown cambaiensis <5, p. 56. 

b. Underneath brown; no white shoulder-patch. 
c'. Darker brown; upper tail-coverts blue-
black fulicata $, p. 54. 
d'. 
Lighter brown; upper tail-coverts like the 
back cambaiensis § ; p. 56. 

1. Thamnobia fulicata. 
Le Traquet des Philippines, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 444, pi. xxxiii. fig. 2 

(1760); Buff. PI Bnl. vi. pi. 185. %. 1. 

Motacilla fulicata, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 366 (1766, ex Briss.). 

Le Traquet a queue striee, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. iv. p. Ill, pi. 188. 

fig. 1 * (1805); Simdev. Krit. Framst, Levaill. p. 45 (1857). 

GEnanthe fulicata, Vieill. N. Diet. dHist Nat xxi. p. 485 (1818). 

(Enanthe ptygmatura, Vieill. t o. p. 436 (1818, ex Levaill?). 

Thamnobia rufiventer, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 489 

(1831, ex Levaill.). 
Ixos fulicatus, SyTces, JP. Z. S. 1882, p. 89. 
Thamnobia fulicata, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 264 (1889),-Gray, 

Gen. B. i. p. 185 (1845); Myth, J. A. S. Benq. xvi. p. 139(1847); 
id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 165 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 298 
(1850); Layard, Ann. fy Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) xii. p. 266 (1853) ; 
Burgess, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 142; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. B.I. Co. 
Mus. i. p. 281 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 121 (1863) ; Gray, 
Hand-l. B. i. p. 211, no. 2988 (1869) ; Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, 

p. 454; Hume, Nests $ Eggs Bid. B. p. 807 (1873); Fairb. Str. F. 
1876, p. 459; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 406; id. Str. F 1878, vol. ii, 
p. 55 ; Ball, t. c. p. 216; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 440 (1879); Hume, 
Str. F. 1879, p. 99. 
Adult male. General colour above glossy blue-black, with a large 

white wing-spot formed by the lesser wing-coverts; the median and 

greater ones white, blue-black at tip ; bastard wing, primary-coverts, 

and quills brown, externally edged with blue-black like the back; 

tail-feathers black with margins of blue-black; lores, sides of face, 

and under surface of body glossy blue-black; lower abdomen and 

under tail-coverts bright chestnut; under wing-coverts and axil


laries like the breast; quills ashy brown below, their inner edges 

lighter; "bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown" (Legge). Total 

length 6-8 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-7, tail 2-75, tarsus 1. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 

dusky brown, more sooty on the back and rump, and lighter brown 

on the head and mantle; lesser wing-coverts rather more ashy brown 

than the back; bastard wing, median, greater, and primary-coverts 

* Wrongly lettered asfig. 2 on the plate 
14 . THAMNOBIA. 
dusky brown, externally edged with ashy "brown; quillis dusky 
brown, externally edged with lighter brown, the secondaries with 
an obscure blue gloss; upper tail-coverts glossy blue-black; tail-
feathers black, edged with blue-black ; lores dusky, surmounted by 
a thin line of fulvous; feathors round the eye fulvous; ear-coverts 
reddish brown, with fulvous shaft-streaks ; cheeks and under surface 
of body ashy brown, darker on the abdomen, sides of body, and 
flanks; thighs light brown; under tail-coverts chestnut; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries dull brown with an obscure blue gloss; 
quills ashy brown below, inner edges lighter. Total length 0 inches, 
culmen 0-6, wing 2*75, tail 2-05, tarsus 0*95. 

This species seems to have a winter plumage, as specimens often 
have the black feathers of the upper surface edged with brown, 
which gives a browner aspect to the upper parts. These birds may 
belong, on the other hand, to the intermediate race, between this 
species and T. cambaiensis, mentioned by Mr. Hume. 

Young. Entirely sooty brown above and below, with lighter brown 
margins to the feathers ; wing-coverts sooty brown, with reddish-
brown edgings; upper tail-coverts black; quills and tail black, the 
latter glossy; under tail-coverts ferruginous. 

Hah. Central and Southern India and Ceylon. 

a, b. d*, c. J ad. sk. Deccan (Burgess). Gould Collection. 
d, e. $ $ ad. sk.
ft 9- 6 2 ad- sk. 
Deccan [Syhes). 
S. India. 
India Museum. 
A. (S ad. sk. Kamptee, C. India. Dr. B. Ilinde [P.]. 
i. d imm. $ k. Juv. sk. Ceylon (Thwaites). Hugh Cuming, Esq. 

2. Thamnobia cambaiensis. 
Sylvia cambaiensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 554 (1790). 
Motacilla fulicata (non Linn'), TicJceU, J. A. S. Betig. ii. p. 577 
(1833). 
Saxicoloides erythraxus, Less. 1837, teste Gray, 
Oinnyricinclus melasoma, Less. JRev. Zool 1840, p. 272. 
Thamnobia scapularis, Hodgs. Icon, ined. in Brit. Mus., Basseres, 
pi. 94 (no. 213) ; id. in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 83 (1844). 
Thamnobia fulicata (non Linn.), Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. 
Hodgs. p. 70 (1846), . 
Thamnobia cambaiensis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 139 (1840 ; 
id. Cat. B. Mus. As. 8oc. p. 165 (1849); Up. Comp. I. p. 298 
(1850) ; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. E.L Co. Mus. i. p. 283 (L854); 
Jerd. B. hid. ii. p. 122 (1863); JBeavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 444; IWs. 
Ibis, 1868, p. 310; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 211, no. 29b9 (lb(,9); 

* Blanf. J. A. S. Beng. xl. p. 273 (1871) ; Mayes Lloyd, i?w, !*><£, 
p. 410; Hume, Nests §• Eggs Ind. B. p. 309 (18/3) ; id. 8tr. I. 
1873, p. 182 ; Adam, t. c. p. 379 ; Blanf. Ibis, 1874, p 301; Ball, 
8tr. F. 1874 p. 412,1875, p. 206 ; Bidler, 8tr F 1875, p. 474; 
Hume, t. c. p. 474; Ball, 8tr. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 216 ; Hume, &tr. I. 
1879, p. 99; Vidal, 8tr. F. 1880, p. 66 
Anthreptes melasoma, Bp. Consp. I p. 409 (1850); Hartl. J. } . O. 

Nectarinia melasoma, Von Midi. J.f 0.1855, p. 193. 

TIMEIIIDJE. 

Arachnothera melasoma. Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 113, no. 1400 
(1800), 

Male. General colour above earthy-brown, darker on the lower 
"back and rump; lesser, median, and greater wing-coverts white, 
forming a large wing-patch; the outer coverts of all three series 
"black, edged with bluc-blaek, and the white inner and greater 
coverts tipped with blue-black; bastard wing, primary-coverts, and 
quills brown, edged with lighter brown, and with an obscure blue 
shade on the secondaries; upper tail-coverts glossy blue-black; 
lores blue-black, as well as the feathers just above the eye; sides 
of face, ear-coverts, and under surface of body glossy blue-black, a 
slight hoary shade above the lores forming a narrow pale line which 

is scarcely perceptible• lower abdomen and under tail-coverts bright 
chestnut; thighs brown; under wing-coverts and axillaries like the 
breast; quills brown below, with the inner edges ashy. Total 
length 5-2 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2*75, tail 2*5, tarsus 1. 

Female. General colour above light earthy-brown, a little lighter 
on the head and back; lesser, median, greater, and primary wing-
coverts and bastard wing more ashy than the back and with dusky 
shaft-streaks- quills brown, externally lighter brown; secondaries 
much darker; upper tail-coverts more dusky brown than the back-
tail-feathers blackish brown, with somewhat of a greenish shade; 
lores and feathers round the eye buffy whitish* ear-coverts pale 
rufous-brown, with whitish shaft-lines- cheeks and under surface 
of the body pale ashy brown, the throat being paler and more folvescent- 
under tail-coverts chestnut- under wing-coverts and axillari 
s ashy brown ; quills light ashy below, inner edges pale rufescent. 
Total length 5-8 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2'55, tail 2*5, 

tarsus 1. 
Hah. Prom Central India, northwards throughout the plains of 
Indi a and the Lower Himalayas. 

a. cf ad. sk. Afghanistan (Griffith). India Museum. 
b. c. 
<S S ad, sk. N.W. Himalayas. Oapt Stackhouse Pinwill 
[P.]. 
d. 
9 ad. sk. Kangra. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
[P.]. 
e. c? ad. sk. Lucknow. Colonel "Way [P.], 
f. (S ad. sk. Saugor (Hooper). India Museum. 
g. d1 ad. sk. Kamptee. Dr. B. Hinde [P.]. 
h. $ ad, sk. Maunbhoom (Beamn). Gould Collection. 
*, &.<?,!.$ ad. sk. Behar. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
m, n. c? ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.J. 
o, $ ad. sk. Himalayas. Gould Collection. 
15 . ALETHE. 
15. ALETHE. 
" Type. 
Alethe, Cass. Proc. Phtlad. Acad. 1859, p. 43 A. castanea. 

Range. Confined to "Western Africa. 

x3 

Foot of Alethe castanea. 

Key to the Species. 

a. No streaks on throat. 
a'. Crown tawny ; ear-coverts and eye "brow grey. 
a". No white tips to tail-feathers castanea, p. 57. 
b". Outer tail-leathers broadly tipped with 


white diademata, p. 58. 
b'. Crown grey like sides of head and contrasting 
with chestnut back castanonota, p. 59. 

b. Throat white, streaked with black striaticollis, p. 59. 
1. Alethe castanea. 
Napothera castanea, 
Cass. P-oc. Philad. Acad. 1856, p. 158; Earth 
Orn. Westafr. p. 73 (1857); Peichen. J. f. 0. 1875, p. 29, 1877, 

p. 24. 
Alethe castanea, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 43; Earth J.f. 0. 
1861, p. 162; EuChaillu, Equat. Afr. p. 273 (1861): Gray, Eand-h 

B. i. p. 319, no. 4781 (1869); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 607. 
Adult. General colour above light chestnut, a little clearer on the 
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts like the 
back; primary-coverts and primaries dusky brown, externally 
margined with chestnut, the inner secondaries almost entirely 
chestnut; tail-feathers dark brown, slightly edged with chestnut; 
crown of head chestnut, rather duller than the back, and bright 
orange-rufous in the centre of the crown; base of forehead dusky; 
lores, feathers round the eye, eyebrow, sides of face, and car-coverts 
ashy grey; cheeks also light ashy grey ; remainder of under surface 
of body pure white, with faint remains of narrow ashy margins to 
the feathers of the throat and fore neck ; the sides of the breast and 
flanks ashy grey; thighs light ashy; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
white, with the edge of the wing grey; quills light ashy brown 
below, paler ashy along the edge of the inner web. Total length 7*5 
inches, culmen 0-75, wing 3-75, tail 3, tarsus 1. 

The bird described is from the Camaroons. The adult specimen 
from Gaboon differs only in having the ear-coverts washed with 
brown, and in having the axillaries and under wing-coverts ashy 

TIMELIIDJS. 

grey edged with white, whez*eas in the Camaroons hird they are 
entirely white. 
Hah. The forest-region of the west coast of Africa from Camaroons 
to Gaboon. 

a. Ad. sk. Gaboon. P. B. DuChaillu, Esq. [C.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Gaboon (DuChaillu). R B. Sharpe, Esq. 
c. Juv. sk. Camaroons Mountains, Feb. R B. Sharpe, Esq. 
1,1871 (A. Crosshy). 
d. Ad. sk. Camaroons Mountains, Feb. It. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
20, 1871 (A. Crosshy). 

2. Alethe diademata. 
Bessonornis diademata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 302 (1850, ex Temm. MBS. 
in Mus. Lugcl); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 265, no. 3878 (1869). 
Cossynha diademata, Hartl J. f. 0. 1855, p. 360: id. Orn. W.-Afr. 

p. 78 (1857). 
Alethe inaculieauda, Hartl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 162; Gh-ay, Hand-l. 
B. i. p. 319, no. 4782 (1869); Sharps, Ibis, 1870, p. 474; id. 
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 607; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 20 (1871); Ussher, 
Ibis, 1874, p. 67. 
Adult. Above rnfescent olive-brown; wing-coverts like the back, 
excepting the outermost of the lesser series, which are ashy grey near 
the edge of the wing, the greater series rather darker reddish brown ; 
quills dark sepia-brown, externally rufous-brown; tail-feathers black, 
the outermost one white near the end of the inner web, the next two 
feathers white at the ends, with a narrow edging of black at the tip ; 
crown of head chestnut, with the middle of it orange-rufous; base of 
forehead and lores dusky ashy; eyebrow, sides of face, and ear-coverts 
ashy grey, the latter washed with brown; cheeks white, mottled 
with dusky bases to the feathers; under surface of body white, 
with slight indications of ashy cross markings on the tips of th e 
feathers of the fore neck and chest; sides of body and flanks ash y 
grey; axHlaries and under wing-coverts ashy grey, edged with 
white ; quills dusky brown below, rather more ashy on the edge of 
the inner web. Total length 6'5 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*4, 
tail 2-85, tarsus 1. 

Young. Mottled above with round spots of rufous buff, the feathers 
broadly edged with black; head similarly coloured but more streaked ; 
lores, feathers round the eye, and eyelid orange-rufous; throat and 
abdomen white; fore neck and chest, as well as sides of body, light 
orange-rufous, mottled with blackish edgings to the feathers. 

Hah. Confined to the forest-country of the Gold Coast. 

a. Ad. sk. Ashantee. J. Gould, Esq. (Type 
of A. macidieauda.) 
b, e. Ad., d. Juv. sk. Eantee (Governor Ussher). R B. Sharpe, Esq. 
e} f. Juv. sk. Denkera. R B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.] * 

g. Ad. sk. W. Africa. Purchased. 
15 . ALETHE. 
3. Alette castanonota. (Plate II.) ) 
Aletlie castanonota, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 20 (1871): id. P.Z.K. 
1871, p. 607; id. Ibis, 1872, p. 08. . 

Adult (type of species). General colour abovo bright ehostnutrufous, 
the wing-coverts like the back, but a little duller : bastard 
wing and primary-coverts sepia-brown; quills light sepia-brown, 
primaries externally with a narrow rufous margin, broader on the 
secondaries, the innermost of which are dull rufous-brown; tail-
feathers dark brown, washed with rufous on their outer webs ; head 
slightly crested, dark ash-colour; lores and feathers in front of the 
eye dusky blackish, relieved by a narrow lino of dull white which 
extends from the base of the nostril to above the eye; ear-coverts 
rufescent brown; cheeks dull ashy ; under surface of body creamy 
buff, becoming whiter on the throat; sides of the chest ashy grey ; 
under wing-coverts like the breast; axillaries tinged with sulphur ; 
quills light brown below, buffy white, changing to rufous on the 
edge of the inner webs. Total length 5*8 inches, culmen 0'7, 
wing 3*6, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*9. 

Toting. Differs from the adult in being mottled. Tho back 
deep orange-chestnut, with blackish edges to the feathers; head 
dusky black, streaked with rufous; lores, eyebrow, and sides 
of face rufous, streaked with dusky edges to the feathers; throat 
and breast orange-rufous, mottled with blackish edges to the feathers 
; rest of under surface creamy white; wings and tail as in 
adult, except that the wing-coverts are mottled and coloured like 
the back; bill horn-brown, with the lower mandible and the edges 
of the upper mandible yellow. 

Bab. The forest-region of the west coast of Africa, where it 
ranges from Sierra Leone to the Gold Coast. 

a. Ad. sk. Sierra Leone. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
b. Ad. sk. Fantee (Governor UssJier). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(Type of species.) 
c. Ad. sk. Fantee (Governor Uss7ier). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
d. Ad. sk. Denkera. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J. 
e. Juv. sk. Fantee (Aubinn). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
4. Alethe striaticollis. 
Alethe striaticollis, Nartl J.f. 0. 1806, p. 36 ; Gray, Eand-L B. i. 
p. 319, no. 4783 (1869). 
Above olive-brown, the rump and upper tail-coverts pale rufous ; 
tail and wings brown; sides of head dull ashy; throat white 
streaked with blackish ; breast and abdomen pale rufous, the under 
wing-coverts uniform; tail uniform olive, dusky; upper mandible 
dusky, lower one whitish; feet leaden grey. Total length 6" 3"', 
bill 7£'", wing 2" 9'", tail 2" 9'", tarsus 9]'". (Bartlaub, I c.) 

Bab. Gaboon. 
This species, with the wing and tail equal in length, seems hardly 
to belong to the genus Alethe, I have never seen a specimen. 

TIMELIID^l. 

16. COPSYCHUS. Type^ 
Copsyckus, Wagler, Syst. Av., note to Art Gracula (1827),» 0. saularis. 
Daliiia, Hodgs. Asiat Research, xix. p. J 86 (1836) 0. saularis. 
Giyllivora, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 238 (1837) • 0. saularls, 
Polypeira, Hodgs. J. A. S.Beng. x. p. 28 (1841, nom. emeud. 

pro Dakila). 

Range. Seychelles Archipelago; India and Ceylon, extending 
throughout the Burmese countries and Southern China, as well as 
over the whole Indo-Malayan subregion. 

Key to the Species, 

a. 
Tail-feathers all black. 
a'. Smaller: belly white mindanensis, p. 60. 
b'. Larger: belly glossy black like the back .. seychellarum, p, 61. 
b. Outer tail-feathers white 
saula?is, p. 61. 
c'. Belly white. 
a". Under wing-coverts white: u. saularis, p. 61. 
b". Under wing-coverts white, with broad 


black bases j3. musicus, p. 63. 
d'. Belly black y. amcenut, p. 63. 


Females. 

a. Tail-feathers black 
mindanensis, p. 60, 
b. Outer tail-feathers white j mu^ J^ 62' 
a\ Belly white; throat grey. ' 
a". Tinder wing-coverts and axillaries white, 
sides faintly fulvescent: a. saulaiis, p. 62. 
b". Under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy 
blackish edged with white : /3. musicus, p. 63. 
c". Under wing-coverts fulvous brown like 
flanks, and edged with white : andamanensisr p. 62. 
b'. Belly ash-grey like the throat: amcenus, p. 63. 


• 1. Copsychus mindanensis. 
Le Merle de Mindanao, Daubent. PI Enl 627. fig. 1 ; Month H.JST. 

Ois. iii. p. 387. 
Turdus mindanensis, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 283 {ex Monib.). 
Copsychus mindanensis, Sitnd.Krit Framst., ZevaiU.f. 36; v. Martens, 

J. f. 0. 1866, p. 10; Walden $ Zayard, Ibis, 1872, p. 102; Walden, 
Tr. Z. 8. ix. p. 194, pi. xxxiii. fig. 1 (1875) ; 8/iarpe, Trans. Linn. 
8oc.} new ser., Zool i. p. 352 (1877); Tweedd. P. Z. S.1877, pp. 696, 
761,828,1878, pp. 285, 342, 949, 1879, p. 72; Wardlaw Marmay, 
Orn. Works Tweedd. p. 656 (1881). 
Adult General colour glossy purplish black, as well as the entire 
throat and breast; rest of under surface of body, and under tail-
coverts pure white; under wing-coverts purplish black; scapulars 
and wing-coverts purplish black, the outermost of the latter narrowly 
edged with purple; the rest of the wing-coverts pure white, 
forming a large patch on the wing; quills black, slightly glossed 
with purple, two of the inner secondaries externally white, forming 
a longitudinal streak down the wing; tail entirely black; bill, legs, 

16 . COPSYCHUS. 
61 

and claws black; iris chocolate (A, Everett). Total length 7*6 
inches, culmen 0*75, wing 8*7, tail 3-6, tarsus 1-1. 

Female. Dull greyish above, with a slight purplish-blue gloss, the 
wings as in the male; throat and breast clear grey ; rest of under 
surface of body white, the flanks and under tail-coverts brownish 
fulvous; tail entirely black. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*7, 

•wing 3-3, tail 3-55, tarsus 
1. 
Sab. Philippine archipelago. 
a. $ ad. sk. Philippine Islands. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [0.]. 
o. 2 ad. sk. Philippine Islands (Cuming). Eyton Collection. 
c. g ad. sk. Monte Alban, Luzon, March Alfred Everett, Esq. TCI 
1877. 
d. Ad. sk. Philippine Islands. Hugh Cuming, Esq, [C.]. 
2. Copsychus seychellarum. 
Copsychus seychellarum, A. Nezoto?z, Ibis, 1865, p. 332, pi. 8; F. 
Newton, Ibis, 1867, pp. 337,352; Gray, Rancl-L B. i. p. 166, 
n. 3898 (1869) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 28 (1871) : SartL Voq. 

Adult male. EverywHere glossy purplish black, with a large white 
patch on the wing, embracing the least, median, and greater coverts, 
the innermost of the latter being blackish on inner web; bill and 
feet black. Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 1, wing 4*9, tail 4-7, 
tarsus 1*55. 

Sab. Seychelles: Praslin, Ladigue, Marianne, Aride, He aux 
Eregates. 

a. c? ad. sk Seychelles. Edward Newton, Esq. [P.]. 
3. Copsychus sanlaris. 
Dial Bird, Atom, Birds, Hi. pi. 17 (1740). 

Little Indian Pye, Edwai-ds, Nat. Sist. Birds, iv. pi. 181 (1751). 

Gracula saularis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 165 (1766). 

Le Oadran, Levaill. Ois. dAfr. iii. p. 50, pi. 109 (1800) ; Sundev. 

Krit. Framst, Levaill p. 36 (1857). 
Turdus anioenus, JELorsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii, p. 147 (1820). 
Lanius musicus, Bqffi. t. c. p. 307 (1820). 
Copsychus saularis, Wagler, Syst. Av., note to gemts Gracula (1827); 

Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 889 (1842); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 177 
(1846); Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 16(5 (1849); Bp. Consp. 

i. p. 267 (1850) ; Sorsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. E.L Co. Mm. i. p. 275 
(1854); Myth, Ibis, 1859, p. 465; Swinh, Ibis, 1860, p. 54; 
Sclater, P. Z. S.1861, p. 186; Jerd, B. Ind. ii. p. 114 (1863); Swi?ih. 
Ibis, 1863, p. 33; Sohomb. Ibis, 1864, p. 62; Blyth, Ibis, 1866, 
p. 220, & 1867, pp. 11,304; Beavan, t. c. pp. 327,443; Gould, B. Asia, 
part xviii. (1808); Stoliczka, J. A. S. Beng. xxxvii. p. 40 (1868) ; 
King, t c. p. 215; Peh. Ibis, 1868, p. 308; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. 
p. 265, no. 3884 (1869) ; Brooks, Ibis, 1869, p. 52; Blanf. J. A. S. 
Beng. xl. p. 273 (1871); Swinh. Ibis, 1870, pp. 80,343 ; id. P. Z. S. 
1871, p. 359; Soldsw. P. Z. IS. 1872, p. 453; Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, 
p. 411; Cock 8r Marsh. Str. F. 1873, p. 328; Adam, t. c. p. 379; 
Ball, t. c. p. 73; WaU. Ibis, 1873, p. 307; Ball, Str. F. 1874, 
p. 379; Sume, Nests $ Fggs Ind B. p. 303 (1874) ; id. Str. F. 
T1KEL1IDJE. 

1874, p. 230; Hume # Oates, Str. F. 1875, p. 133; Broohs, t. c. 

p. 238; Butler, t c. p. 474; Fairb. Str. F. 1876, p. 259 ; Armstr. 
t c. p. 327; Hume, t c. pp. 415, 458 ; Inglis, Str. F. 1877, p. 35; 
Oates, t c, p. 157; Butler, t c. pp. 228, S22 ; Fairb. t c. p. 406 ; 
Anders. Zool. Fxped. West Yun-nan, Aues, p. 613 (1878); David 
8? Owtalet, Ois. Chine, p. 174 (1878) ; Hume $* Damson, Str. F. 
1878, vol. i. p. 332 ; Davison fy Wend. Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 83; 
Ball, t. c. p. 216; Cripps, t. c. p. 282; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 99; 
Scully, t. c. p. 300; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 433 (1879) ; Vidal, Str. F. 
1880, p. 06; Butler, t. c. p. 404; id. List B. Sindh etc. p. 31 (1879); 
id. List B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 47(1880); Bingliam, Str. F. 1880, p. 184. 
Turdus saularis, Syhes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 87. 

Gryllivora saularis, Swains. Zool. Illustr. ii. pi. 61. 

Daliila docilis, Hodgs. Asiat. Research, xix. p. 186 (1836); id. Icon, 

ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 70.figs. 1, 2 (nos. 439,440), pi. 71. 

figs. 2,3 (ad. JLIv.). 

Gryllivora intermedia, Sioai?is. Anim. in Menag. p. 29 (1837); Jerd. 

Madr. Jour. x. p. 263 (1839). 

Gryllivora maguirostra, Sioains. t. c. p. 291 (1837). 

Gryllivora brevirostra, Sioains. t. c. p. 292 (1837). 

Gryllivora rosea, Swains, t. c. p. 342. 

Kittocincla melanoleuca, Less. Pev. Zool 1840, p. 354. 

Polypeira docilis, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 28 (1841). 

Copsychus mindanensis (non Gm.), Blyth, J. A. S. Benq. xvi. p. 139 

(1843); id. Cat B. Mus. As. SOG. p. 166 (1849); Bp. Consp. I 

p. 267 (1850); Horsf. $ Moore, Cat B. E.L Co. Mus. i. p. 278 
(1854); Gould, B. Asia, part xvii. (1857); Sclater, P. Z. S. 1861, 
p. 186; Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 265, no. 3886 (1869) ; Wold. Ibis, 
1871, p. 174; Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 459; Salvad. Ucc. Born. 
p. 254 (1874), 
Copsychus pluto, Bp. Consp. i. p, 267 (ex Temm. MS.); Sclater. 
P. Z. S. 1861, p. 186. 
Copsychus arncenus, Horsf. <§• Moore, Cat. B. F.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 279 
(1854); Sclater, P.Z.S. 1861, p. 186, & 1863, p. 216; Gray, 
Hand-l B. i. p. 265, no. 3885 (1869) ; Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 265 
(1874) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 106; id. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 340: 
id. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 798; Nichols, Ibis, 1881, p. 149. 

Copsychus ceylonensis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 186; Gray, Hand4. 

B. i. p. 266, no. 3889 (1869). 
Copsychus musicus, Walden, Ibis, 1872, p. 203; Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, 
p. 302; Hume 8f Davis. Str. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 333 ; Nichols, Ibis, 
1879,p. 169; Hume, Str. F. 1879,p. 99 ; Kelham, Ibis, 1881, p. 515. 
Copsychus andamanensis, Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 231. 
Copsychus problematicus, Sha?pe, Ibis, 1876, p. 36, & 1877, p. 12. 

Adult male (Behar; Hodgson). Above glossy blue-black, as well 
as throat and breast; remainder of under surface pure white, the 
sides of the body somewhat washed with grey ; thighs mottled with 
black bases to the feathers ; under wing-coverts white, the edge of 
the wing black ; wing black, all the outermost coverts pure white, 
forming a lengthened patch which extends down the secondaries, 
several of which are externally white; four centre tail-feathers 
black, the next white excepting a margin of brown on the inner 
web, the rest white ; bill and legs black; iris brown. Total length 
7*3 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3-8, tail 3*4, tarsus 1-2. 

Adult female (Kattiawar; Lloyd). Dark grey where the male is 

10 . COPSYCHUS. 
black, with, a slight gloss on the upper surface; throat and chest 
dark grey, with no perceptible gloss; rest of raider surface white, 
witli a slight Brownish tinge on the sides of the body; wings as 
in the male, but rather browner; four centre tail-feathers dark 
brown, the next one on each, side brown with an oblique portion 
white, occupying the greater part of the outer web and extending 
onto the inner one towards the tip, the next feather on each side 
brown only at the extreme base5 the two outermost entirely white. 
Total length 7%5 inches, culmen 0*S. wing 3*8, tail 3*6, tarsus 1-05. 

3To'h*y. Much browner and more dingy than the adults, the 
rnrnp-fteither* indistinctly, the primaries clearly margined with 
ruvty brown ; the white of the wing-coverts more circumscribed 
than in the adnlte, and many of the coverts with dusky cross lines, 
the brown external ones spotted with rusty; feathers of the throat 
pale ru*ty buff, with dusky-grey margins. 

Th e follow ing h a description of typical Q. mimcus:— 

Adult uiah. Glc^y purplish Mack above, including the throat and 

breast; rc^t of under surface pure white, the flanks grejish; under 

\wii2r-roverh purplish Mafk, with narrow margins of white to the 

grr< atfr sprits, wins* Mark, with the coverts white, forming a large 

patch e\Midm.r d*/wn the^insr, some of the median secondaries 

bemj* extern i»iy white; six centre tail-feathers black, the rest 

white with the hme of the inner web blackish, increasing in extent 

towards the centre of the tail; bill and feet black; iris chocolate. 

Total length b\) inches, culmen 0% wins 4*1, tail 3-8, tarsus 1*3. 

Ad idi phial*. Blackish grey, with a slight gloss ; the throat and 

breast d irk srrey; revt of under surface ^ bite, the flanks brownish; 

tail as in the male. 

A description of typical C. amcrmts is here added;— 

Adult male (East Java; Wallace). General colour glossy Hue-

black above as well as below, the flanks slightly greyish and the 

vest and under tail-coverts whiti&h, more or less mottled with 

black ; wing black, with the usual white shoulder-patch and streak 

down the secondaries; six centre tail-feathers black, the three 

outermost pure white with a small spot of black at the extreme 

ba^e of the inner web. Total length 0 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 4*15, 

tail 4-4, tarsus 1*2. 

Adult p tmb (East Java; Wallace). Much duller than the male 

above; underneath entirely cinereous; wing as in the male; tail 

with six centre feathers Mack, the rest white with a basal spot of 

black on the inner web, extending a long way up the latter on the 

third feather. Total length 9 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 3-75, 

tail 3"7. tarsus 1*2. 

The geographical distribution of the Dhayal birds is of great 

interest: and m gradual is the transition of one supposed species to 

the other, and so uncertain are the characters for their specific 

separation, that 1 have dcemrd it be^t to recognize but a single actual 

spews*, though at the same time giving an idea of the iaees in the 

iWt of sp< < im«*n«. 

Hough!} shaking, the Indian Bhihai bird may be dtoingu&hed 

TnDDLIIDJS. 

from the Indo-Malayan bird by its pure white axillaries, and by Its 

generally having three outside tail-feathers white and the fourth for 

a great extent white also. In. the Indo-Malayan Dhayal the 

axillaries have very conspicuous blackish bases, so that in most 

the prevailing colour of the axillaries is black with a broad white 

margin; the two outer tail-feathers are white, the third has a 

broad black basal mark on the inner web, while the fourth has only 

a white patch at the tip. These markings are not sufficiently con


stant, however, to render identification always an absolute certainty, 

though the axillaries are, as a rule, easily recognizable In the two 

species. In the In do-Malayan birds the females are darker as 

regards the throat 
and chest, and there is a more decided rufous 

tinge on the flanks. The females of the Indian birds, however, 

vary somewhat in tint, those from the Himalayas being paler, while 

Southern-Indian skins, and Ceylonese ones also, are appreciably-

darker and approach Malayan examples in colour. 

The range of the true O. saularis extends all over India and 

Ceylon eastwards to Assam and as far south as Pegu. I have only 

seen one female bird in poor condition fromTenasserlm, and. c amoi say 

whether it is 0. saularis, which descends to Tenasserim, or C. t*w*icn$, 

which comes up there from the Malayan peninsula. The latter 

species is the Dhayal of Siam and Cochin China, whence it extends 

down the Malayan peninsula to Sumatra and Java, and also retches 

Borneo. In the two last-named islands it meets the black C, anicenus; 

and specimens are 
in the Museum which appear to me to be un


doubted hybrids between the two forms. 

a. Gopsycfous saularis, 
a. S ad. sk. Nuwara Eliya; Ceylon. Mr, E. Boate [€V. 
K S ad. sk. Travancore. India Museum, 
c,d,e. <?,/. $ Madras, Rev. H. H. Baber [P.], 
ad. sk. 
g, h. <$ $ ad. sk. Deccan (Syhes). India Museum. 
i} &. d1 $ ad. sk. Khandeish. India Museum. 

1 
$ ad. sk. Sursye, Kattiawar, April Major Hayes Lloyd £PA 
16; 1871. 


m, n. <$ ad. sk. Kamptee, 0. India. Dr. B. Hincle [P.^. 
o, p. S ad. sk. Sau^or ( W. T. Hooper). India Museum. 
g.d,r,s. $ad.j N.W. Himalayas. Oapt. Stackhouse Pinwiii 

t. Juv. sk. 
u, v. S 2 ^d. sk. Kumaon (Strachey). India Museum* 
v>, x. 6, y. $ Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [R \ 

ad. j z,a'. Juv. 
brf G\ (S ad. sk Nepal (Hodgson), India Museum. 
d'. S ad. sk. Barjiling (Jerdon)* C. Bygrave Wharton- EbQ. 

[P.]. ' * 
e\ Juv. sk. Darjiling (Uecles). F.D.Godman andO.$alvija, 

Esqrs. [P.]. 

f. S ad. sk. Behar, B. H. Hodgson, Esq. fP„\ 
g\ J ad. sk. Deyra Doon. F.D.Godman andO.Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P]. 
h', $ ad. sk. Assam (McClelland). India Museum. 
i'. $ ad. sk. Nazeerah, Upper Assam B. B. Shaipe, Esq, [P.]. 


(Dr. Reid). 

k\ § ad. &k 
l\ «*'. d ? ad. 
sk. 
n\ 3 ad. sk 

€>r. <? ad. sk 

j/* Juv. sk 

q% d ad. skr\ ^ ad. sk.
*',*'. 6 2 ad. sk.

16, eopsYCHus. 

Burmah. 

Lower Pegu, Dec. 1877. 

Lower J?eguf Jan. 1878. 

Lower Pegu, Apr. 1879. 

Lower Pegu, Mar. 1879. 
China. 
FoHen, China. 
Amoy, China, Apr. 1861 

(M. Swinhoe). 
«', v\ 3 5 ad. sk. India. 

India Museum. 

Eugene "W.

„ 
Co.]. 

Eugene W.
[0.]. 
Eugene W.
[C.]. 
Eugene W.
[0.]. 

 Oates, Esq. 
Oates, Esq. 
Oates. Esq. 
Oates, Esq. 

Mr. Fortune [C.]. 
Gould Collection. 
F.D.Godman andO.Salvin, 

Esqrs. [P.]. 
Sir A. Smith. 

j3. Qopsyclms musicm. 

a. $ ad. sk 
h,t. d 2 ad.sk 

ad. sk. 
&, i. 6 $ ad. sk 
ky I 5 ad. sk. 
mf n. 3 ad. sk 
o9 p. 6 2 ad-; 

q. JUT. fck. 
r,«. ($ $ ad. sk 
tfu7v. tfad.sk 
w,x,y,z. $a<L 
sk. 
<z*. tf ad. sk 
&', */. tf $ ad. 

sk 
€f. tf ad. sk. 


e\ $ ad. sk. 
/. $ ad. sk. 
g\ $ ad. sk. 

S. 
Andamans* April 17,1873 (JR. tf. Wardlmo 
Mamsay), 
Siam (Schomburffk).
Saigon, Cochin China.
Malacca. 
Malacca. 
Malacca (Cantor)* 
Penang (Cantor), 


Singapore. 

W. Java (R C. Buxton). 
W. Java (E, C. Buxton).
W. Java. 
Java (Lautief). 
Sibu, Sarawak. 


Sarawak. 
Bintulu, W. Borneo. 
Borneo. 


 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. fP.l. 
Gould Collection. 

 M. E. Pierre [P.]. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
W.Harvey, Esq. [P.J. 
India Museum. 
India Museum. 
Gould Collection. 

F. Nicholson, Esq. [P."|. 
E. Nicholson', Esq, 
~ . [P.]. 

A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.J. 
F.D.Godman andO.Salvm, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
Alfred Everett, Esq. £0.]. 
(Type of C. problematieite.) 

A. R, Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
Alfred Everett, Esq. [C.]. 
Rajah Brooke [P.]. 
? Hybrids between C. musicus and 0. amoenus. 

c, d tf, e. $ 

ad. sk. 
f,ff,hfi. Jnv.sk 
k,L <$2 sk. 

a. 
tf a<3-., ^J c? ^« 
2 ad. sk. 
e,f. tf 2 ad. sk. 
(/. 2 ad. sk. 

A. J ad. sk 
£ 
2 &&* 8^ 
VOL. YTI. 

Java (Ilbrsfield). 

W. Java (j£ C. Buxton). 
W. Java (J& C. Buxton). 
Labuan (U. Zow?). 
India Museum. 

F. Nicholson, Esq. [P.]. 
F. Nicholson, Esq. [P.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
y. OopsyGhus amceHus. 
Java (Horsfield). India Museum. (Types of 
Txirdus amcenus, Iiorsf.) 

E. Java. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
Borneo. 
Labuan (Low). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Labuan. Hugh Low, Esq. [C.]. 

M] TIMKMtn.K 
A- / «f ? ml. *k. Ubuan. Governor I Usher MM. 
m, 0 imm.; //, INiH.uk. Ubuan. Governor lusher [(].]. 
o. t{ ad. *k. »iiMH«TMiWMiujc. •»• \I:,fi"7%1 
|irfWl-It!' I*,,, , 
p , t{ imm. Hk. liifcli. A. K. \\ allaco, hsq. I ( . I. 
17. GERVAISIA. T 

Gervaisia, Bp. Comptes Rendm, xxtviii. p. 0( 1854).. U. albispe miaris. 

Foot of Gervaisia, 

Ranje, Conftnod to Madagascar. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Throat black like upper surface. 
a'. Tail entirely black albospecularis tf, p. 66. 
b'. Tail-feathers white at end; outer feather 
white 
pica £, p. 07. 

b. 
Throat grey; upper surface brown. 
c'. Tail blackish albospecularis <j>, p. 67. 
d'. Tail tipped with white; outer feather 
white 
pica ? , p. 08. 

1. Gervaisia albospecularis. 
Turdtis albospecularis, 
12yd. el Oerv. Mag. de Zool, 1835, pis. 64,05; 
1% Voy, Favorite, v. Zool. part ii. p. 35, pis. xii., xiii. (1830). 
Le Merle noir, Sganzin, Mem. Soc. Mas. cTHist. Nat. Strati. 1840, 

p. 20. 
Saxicola albospecularis, Verr. Cat. Rivoli Coll. p. 14 (1840). 
Thamnobia albospecularis, Gray, Gen, B. i. p. 185 (1840) ; Bp. Consp. 
i. p. 298 (1850). 
Gervaisia albospecularis, Bp. C. R, xxxviii. p. 6 (1854); Ilartl. Orn. 
Madag. p. 80 (1861) ; Selater, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 304; E, Newton, 
Ibis, 1803, p. 345, pi. 13. fig. 4 ; Verr. in Vinson, Voy. Madag. 
Ann. B. p. 2 (1805); ScMegel, P. Z.S. 1800, p. 422; Sharpe, Cat. 
Afr. B. p. 28 (1871) ; Bartlett, P.Z. S. 1875, p. 00. 

Oopsychus picajuv., Sharpe, P. Z.S. 1872, p. 800 (err,), 
Copsvchus albospecularis, Grandid. Per. et Mag. de Zool. 1807, 

p. 858; Schl. vV Poll. Faum Madag., Ok. p. 96; Gray, Hand-l, B. 
l. p. 266, no. 3897 (18(59); Hartl. Voy. Madag. p. 134 (1877). 
Copsychus 
albospecularis typicus, Milne-Edwards § Grandid. in 
Grandid. Hist. Nat. Madag., Oiseaux, p. 303, pis. exxxv., exxxvi 
(1881). 

Adult male. Entirely blue-black above and below, quills a little 
browner; a large white wing-patch, formed of the inner coverts of 
all three scries, the adjoining coverts black externally, white on the 

17. 3ERVAISIA. 
Inner web ; thighs and under tail-coverts barred with white; under 
wing-coverts white, all except the lower outer greater coverts and 
edge of wing; axillaries blue-black, edged with white; " feet grey; 
iris brown55 (Grandidier). Total length 6*4 inches, culmen 0*7, 
wing 2*9, tail 2*75, tarsus 1. 

Female. General colour above brown, more ashy on the hind 
neck and mantle; the lower back and rump more chocolate-brown, 
deeper on the upper tail-coverts ; lesser wing-coverts ashy; median, 
greater, primary wing-coverts, and bastard wing dusky brown, 
edged with brown like the back * all the inner wing-coverts white, 
forming a large wing-patch; quills brown, the primaries externally 
reddish brown, secondaries dark brown, with a whitish mark along 
the outer web of some of the middle feathers, forming a narrow 
line; tail-feathers blackish brown, washed externally with chocolate-
brown; crown of head brown; lores buff; ear-coverts brown, 
with obscure whitish shaft-lines; cheeks, sides of neck, and a line 
above the ear-coverts bluish ashy; throat bluish ashy, the chin 
fulvescent; fore neck, breast, sides of body, and flanks fulvousbrown, 
whiter on the abdomen ; thighs whitish; under tail-coverts 
fulvescent; under wing-coverts and axillaries whitish, slightly 
washed with fulvous ; quills brown below, the inner edges ashy 
whitish. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 2*75, tail 2*6, 
tardus 0*95. 

Young. Mottled all over, the upper surface reddish brown with 
dusky brown margins, the head and mantle darker, dusky brown 
edged with dusky; upper tail-coverts chestnut; quills and tail-
feathers blackish, edged with rufous-brown ; below ye llowish buff, 
whiter in the centre of the body, mottled with dusky margins to the 
feathers. 

Bab. Madagascar. 

a. 3 ad. sk. Madagascar. Purchased. 
b. <$ imm. sk. N. Madagascar. Mr. A. Crossley [P.]. 
c. $ ad. * d. Juv. sk. N. Madagascar (Crossley). R. B. Sharpe, E&q. 
2. G-ervaisia pica. 
Copsvchus (Turdus) pica, Felz, Sitz. k. Ahad. Wien, xxxi. p. 323 

(1858, ex Natterer MBS.). 

Copsychus pica, Hartl J.f. 0. I860, p. 93; id. Orn. Madag. p. 38 

(1861); Ve?r. in Vinson, Voy. Madag. 1865, p. 2; Schl. P. Z. S. 

1866, p. 422; Grandid. Fev. et Mag. de Zool 1867, p. 358; Schl. 

# Foil. Faun. Madag., Ois. p. 95, pi. xxix. (18G8); Gray, Hand-l 

B. i. p. 205, no. 88fc8 (I860); Sharpe, F. Z. S. 1870, p. 395; id. 
Cat. Afr. B. p. 28 (1871); Bartl. F Z. S. 1875, p. 66; Earfl Vog. 
Madag. p. 131 (1877); Stejn. Mag.f. Xaturw. Ib79 & 1880. 
Copsychus albospeculaiis, var. pica, Milne-JEdw. # Grandid. in 
Grandid. Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois. p. 365, pis. exxxvL, cxxx\ii. 
(1881). 

Adidt. General colour above glossy purplish black, including the 
sides of the face and the entire neck and breast; the rest of the 
F2 

(58 TXMELIIDiE. 

under surface white, the flanks inclining to dull rufous-buff; thighs 

blackish; the wings black, the quills rather browner; the lessor 

and median coverts pure white, forming a shoulder-patch; two of 

the innermost secondaries also bordered with white, forming a 

narrow longitudinal bar down the wing; four centre tail-feathers 

entirely black, the next two with a white tip, this gradually in


creasing in extent towards the outermost feathers, which have the 

basal half black, the terminal half white; under wing-coverts 

white; the edge of the wing black, the lower surface of the quills 

ashy brown, inclining to bufFy white along the inner web; " feet 

grey ; iris brown " (Gnmdklier). Total length 6*8 inches, culmen 

0-7, wing 2-9, tail 3, tarsus 1*05. 

Adult female. General colour above rusty brown, greyer on the 

hind neck; back slightly shaded with grey; lesser wing-coverts 

ashy grey, slightly washed with brown and mottled with half-con


cealed white bases ; median and greater wing-coverts dusky brown, 

edged with rusty brown, with a white patch formed by the inner 

median and greater series ; bastard wing and primary-coverts dusky 

brown; quills dusky brown, externally edged with rusty brown, 

two of the inner secondaries externally white, forming a longitu


dinal bar of white ; upper tail-eoverts deeper reddish brown; tail-

feathers blackish, edged with rusty brown, the three outer feathers 

tipped with white, increasing in extent towards the outermost; 

crown of head brighter rusty brown than the back; lores white, 

washed with rusty, extending above the eye, and forming a narrow 

eyebrow; ear-coverts rusty brown, with whitish shaft-lines; cheeks, 

lores, throat, sides of neck, and fore neck ashy grey ; throat white; 

breast, abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts white; sides of 

body and flanks light tawny; under wing-coverts and axillaries 

white, washed with pale tawny; quills below dusky brown, the 

inner edge of the quills whitish. Total length 7 inches, culmen 

0*65, wing 3-05, tail 3, tarsus 1-05. 

Hab. Madagascar; the western side of the island. 

a. <J ad. sk. Nossi Vola, Nov. 10, 1869 (A. R. B. Sharps, Esq. 
Crossley). 
b. <$ ad. sk. 25 miles north of Antananarivo F. D. Godman and O. Sal(
A. Crossley). vin, Esqrs, [P.]. 
e. <? ad. sk. N.E. Madagascar, July 20,1865. MM. Pollen and Van Dam 
d. $ ad. sk. Forest of Ankafana, March 1881. Rev. W. Deans Cowan 
[0.1. 
e, $ ad. sk. Analatsoy, April 1881. Rev. W. Deans Cowan 
[0.]. 
/. <$ ad. sk Madagascar. Purchased. 

18, AEDOKOPSIS* 
Cossypha, pt, auct. 
Aedon, pt, Gray. 


Range. Confined to South-eastern Africa. 

19 . CTCHLADXISA. 
1. Aedouopsis signata. 
Cossypha signata, Sundev. (Eft*. K. Vet-Ahad. Fb'rh. Stochh. 1850, 
p. 101; Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 229 (1877). 
Bessonornis signatus, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 131 (1867). 
Aedon signata, Gray, Hand-l B. i.p. 211, no. 2983 (1869). 
Adult. General colour above chocolate-brown, shading off into 
lighter and more fulvous-brown on the lower back, rump, and upper 
tail-coverts; upper wing-coverts greyish, the inner ones slightly edged 
with olive-brown, the edge of the wings slightly, and the bastard 
wing broadly, tipped with white ; primary-coverts blackish; quills 
blackish brown, the primaries edged with white, the secondaries 
with brown, the innermost resembling the back ; primaries white 
at the base of the outer web, forming a conspicuous alar speculum; 
two centre tail-feathers olive-brown, the others blackish, broadly 
tipped with white and washed with olive-brown, especially near 
the base ; lores blackish; over the eye a distinct white eyebrow, 
surmounted by a narrow black line drawn from the lores to above 
the eye; round the eye a circlet of whitish feathers ; ear-coverts 
brown, darker below the eye; cheeks and sides of neck greyish, 
with a slight indication of a darker malar stripe; under surface of 
body wThite, the throat circumscribed by a band across the fore 
neck, which is greyish brown like the sides of the body; the breast 
is also ashy, and is separated from the darker throat-band by a 

somewhat indistinct band of white; under wing-coverts white with 

brown bases, giving a mottled appearance to the edge of the wing; 

quills dusky below, white at base of inner web. Total length 7*3 

inches, culmen 0*85, wing 3*25, tail 3*2, tarsus 1-15. 

Bah. S.E. Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. South Africa. Gould Collection. 
b. Ad. sk. Kingwilliamstown (C. Capt. H. Trevelyan [P.]. 
Newly). 
c. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [P.]. 
d. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith. 
e. Ad. sk. South Africa. Zoological Society. 
/ . Ad. sk. Natal. Purchased. 
19. CICHLADUSA. 
Type. 
Cichladusa, Peters, Monatsb. h. Ahad. Berlin, 1864, p. 352. .C. arcuata 

Foot of Cichladusa arcuata. 
Range. Confined to Africa. 

TIMELIIDJE. 

Key to the Species. 

a. With no spots on the breast, but a ring of blackish. 
feathers enclosing the throat, which is buff aratata, p. 70. 
I. 
With spots on the breast guttata, p. 70. 
c. With no spots on the breast, which is uniform ashy 
grey ruficauda. p. 71. 
1, Cichladnsa arcuata. 
Cichladnsa arquata, Peters, Jlonatsb. A*. Ahacl Berlin, 1864, p. 352; 
id. J. f. 0. 1804, p. 352 ; IleugL Ibis, 18 '8, p. 280, pi. ix. fig. 1 • 
Finsch # Hartl. Yog. Ostafr. p. 286 (1870). -— ' 
Bradvornis spekei, Hartl. P. Z. S. 1803, p. 105: Selater, P. Z. S. 
1864, p. 108. 
Crateropns arquatus, Gray, HandA. B. i. p. 281, no. 4147 (1863). 
Oiehladusa arcuata, Sharpe^ ed. Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 230 (1875). 

Adidt. Above fulvous-brown, inclining to tawny, tlie least wing-
coverts coloured like the back, the rest of the coverts chestnut, edged 
with fulvous-brown ; quills chestnut, inclining to blackish brown for 
the terminal third; tail entirely chestnut; head chestnut-brown, 
rather darker than the bach ; an eyebrow extended to the hinder neck 
light grey ; cheeks and ear-coverts light ashy brown : throat tawny 
buff, surrounded by a narrow line of black, which runs as a moustachial 
streak from the lower mandible down the sides of the throat, 
and joins on the fore neck; rest of under surface of body tawny 
buff, much deeper on the under wing-coverts; upper breast greykh. 
Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*45, tail 8*5, tarsus 
1*15. 

Hal. S.E. Africa: Zambesi Region and Mozambique, ranging as 
high as Uniamesi. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Mozambique. Purchased. 
c. Ad. sk.
c^.Ad.sk. 
Shupanga, Zambesi{Sir J. Kirk). 
Mazzaro, Zambesi(Sir J. Kirk). 
Livingstone Expedition* 
Livingstone Expedition. 

2. Cichladnsa guttata. 
Crateropus 
guttatus, Hettgl. Si/st. Uebers. p. 30 (1850) ; Hartl. Orn. 
W.-Afr. p. 272 (1857); Heugl J. f. 0.18C2, p. SCO. 
Cichladiisa guttata, Peters, J. f. O. 1864, p. 352; Hew/1. Ibis, 1868, 

p. 281, pi. ix. fig. 2 ; id. Orn. KO.-Afr. p. 374 (1800); Fischer 
$ Meuhen. J. f. O. 1878, p. 268, 1879, p. 356; Hartl. AbJimidl 
Nat. Ver. Bremen, tii. p. 92 (1881). 
Adult. General colour above fulvous-brown, washed with ashy; 
wing-coveits like the back; bastard wing dusky brown ; primary-
cover ts dusky, externally fulvous-brown; quills sepia-brown, all 

19. crcBXADtrsA. 
71 

rufous for two thirds of their lengbh,the innermost secondaries fulvousbrown; 
upper tail-coverts tawny rufous; tail-feathers tawny rufous 
or chestnut, slightly edged externally with brown, broader on outer 
feathers ; crown of head more ashy "brown than the back, especially 
on forehead, where the feathers have dark brown centres; lores and 
a distinct eyebrow white, the latter slightly greyish behind; eyelid 
white; in front of the eye a dusky spot; ear-coverts and cheeks 
white, brown along the upper edge of the ear-coverts; throat and 
under surface creamy buff, separated from the cheeks by a broad 
moustache formed of black spots; fore neck, chest, and breast with 
rounded subterminal spots of black; abdomen uniform; sides of 
body and flanks washed with tawny buff and streaked with blackish 
brown; thighs ashy white, mottled with blackish; under tail-
coverts uniform light tawny buff; under wing-coverts buffy whitish, 
mottled with dusky bases to the feathers; axillaries light tawny 
buff; quills below rufous at base, dusky brown towards their ends. 
Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*35, tail 3'4, tarsus 1. 

(Mus. G. E. Shelley.) 
Bab. Country of the Kidj Negroes on the Bahr el Djebel in 
rToith-eastern Africa, ranging down the east coast to the Zanzibar 
district. 

3. Cichla&usa ruficauda. 
Bradyomis ruficauda, Hartl Orn. West-Afr. p. 66 (1857, ex Verr. 
MSS.); Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 1867, p. 130. 

Cichladusa 
ruficauda, lleugl Orn. KO.-Afr. p. 373 (1869); Finsch 
$ Hartl Tog. Ostafr. p. 286 (1870); Sharpe, ed. Zayard B. S. 
Afr. p. 230 (1875); Cab. J.f. 0.1875, p. 234; Sharps % Bouvier, 
£ull. Soc. Zool. France, I p. 45 (1876); Beichen. J.f. 0. 1877, 

p. 30; Bocage, Orn. dAngola, p. 255 (1877). 
Adult male. General colour above rufous-brown, brighter rufous 
on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts; crown of head 
rufous like the back; hind neck slightly tinged with ashy; lesser 
and median wing-coverts like the back; greater coverts deeper 
rufous and inclining to chestnut-brown; bastard-wing feathers 
blackish brown; primary-coverts brown, narrowly fringed with 
reddish brown; quills dusky brown, the primaries narrowly margined 
with ashy, the secondaries with reddish brown, the innermost 
entirely chestnut-brown ; tail rufous; lores and a tolerably 
distinct eyebrow ashy grey; cheeks, sides of face, and ear-coverts 
buffy whitish, the latter washed with, ashy grey; throat buffy 
white; remainder of under surface ashy, paler on the abdomen; 
sides ashy; under tail-coverts light fulvous; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries light fulvous, those near the edge of the wing 
ashy; quills dusky brown below, rufescent along the inner web; 
« bill black; tarsus light brown ; feet blackish; iris chestnut 
(Bocage). Total length 7*4 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3*45, tail 3*2, 
tarsus 1. 

Y»l 
TIM KM III .!•:. >•• 

 | I M 111 1 I'

ytmvh ftmnKluiMnK thf colours ofthe adult, but much pato, 
bring light UHhv below, inot.tl.Hl with dink) edging* to t. h« fcatiiorH 
whii'h have Hul.trnn.nal fulvoMcenl shades. Wing J'4fi IIICUOH, 

tail :I-L\ n . 
//«/>. West Africa from (Jaboon to uenguela. 

/,, t( Rd. juv. iik. Uiidana, Congo i f^n M. A. Rouvior. 
,V /WiV). 

L>0. ERYTHROPYGIA*. 

Type. 
Krvthropvgia, Smith, fop»rt & Afr. Kt'/v*/., App. p. 47 
: iN'},; E. Ieucophrys. 

Foot of Eryfhropygia Ieucophrys, 

Range. Confined to Africa. 

Key to the Species, 

a. 
Tail-feathers blackish, tipped with white. 
«'. Kump brown or rufous; wing-coverts uniform ; 
under surface ashy brown. 
a". Superciliary streak white; the white tips to 
the tail-feathers broad; throat white ... . coryphaus, p. 73. 
b". No superciliary streak; the white ends to 
the tail-feathers very narrow and linear; 
throat why simples, p. 74. 

//. Rump chestnut; wing-coverta tipped with 
white, forming a double wing-bar. 
c". Flanks streaked with blackish like the fore 
neek and breast Ieucophrys, p. 74. 
</". Flanks uniform, the black streaks confined 
to lower throat and fore neck munda, p. 76. 
b, Tail-feathers rufous, tipped with white, with a 
broad subterminal bar of blackish brown. 

c'. 
Wiug-coverts edged with sandy rufous, but 
not having white wing-bars; no blackish 
stripes on the breast paena, p. 76. 


* I have lately seen the type specimen of Aedon psammockroa, Reichen. Ora. 
Ontralbl. 1ST©, p. !» , *4 J. f. O. 1879, p. 355 ; and convinced myself that 
it is not. an Erythropygia, but an allied form of the Aedon galactoses group, 
apparently A.familiaru (cf. Sharpe, J. f. 0. 1882, p. 345). 
20 . EETTHEOPYGIA. 
d'. Wing-coverts dipped with white, forming a 
double wing-Bar ; fore neck and chest 
streaked with blackish 


e". Head sandy brown, very little darker than 
the back zambesiana, p. 78. 
f\ Head dusky brown, contrasting with the 
back, which is rufous-brown ntficauda, p. 78. 
g". Head grey, contrasting with rufous back .. leucoptera, p. 79. 

1. Erythropygia coryphaeus. ~* ~" 
Le CoriphSe, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. iii. pi. 120 (1802) ; Sundev. Krit. 

Framst., Levaill. p. 37 (1857). 
Sylvia coryphaeus, Less. Traite, p. 419 (1831). 
Drymoiea coryphea, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 163 (1848); Bp. Oonsp. i. 

p. 282 (1850). 
Thamnobia coryphaeus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 40 (1850); Grill, 
Zool Antechn. p. 29 (1858); Gray, Hand-IB. i. p. 211, no. 2990 
(1869); Gurney in Anderss. B. Barn. Ld. p. 93 (1872): Shelley, 
Ibis, 1875, p. 72. • t 

Bradypterus coryphaeus, Layard, JB. 8. Afr. p. 100 (1867). 
Aedon coryphaeus, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 29 (1871); id. ed. Lauard 


Erythropygia coryphaeus, Sharpe^ J.f. 0.1882, p. 345. 

Adult. General colour above brown, lighter on the lower back and 
rump; wing-coverts like the back; bastard wing, primary-coverts, 
and quills sepia-brown, externally edged with brown like the back; 
upper tail-coverts and centre tail-feathers chocolate-brown, all but 
the middle ones broadly tipped with white ; crown of head a little 
more dusky and ashy brown than the back; in front of the eye 
a dusky spot; lores white, and also an eyebrow extending to 
beyond the eye; feathers round the eye whitish, except in front 
and behind, where they assimilate to the adjoining feathers ; ear-
coverts brown like the head ; below the eye a blackish spot; cheeks 
whitish, with dusky tips to the feathers; sides of nock brown like 
the head; throat dull white; lower throat, breast, and abdomen, 
as well as the sides of the body, flanks, and thighs, fulvescent brown, 
shaded with ashy; fore neck and chest ashy; lower abdomen 
whitish ; under tail-coverts rather darker fulvous-brown, tipped with 
whitish.; under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy; edge of wing 
mottled with brown bases to the feathers; quills light brown below, 
inner edges ashy brown. Total length 6*6 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 
3*1, tail 3*1, tarsus 1*15. 

Winter plumage. More delicate than the full plumage ; the head, 
neck, sides of face, and under surface of body being light ashy-grey, 
fulvescent on the sides of body and flanks. 

The young bird is brown above, fulvescent below, mottled with 
bars of dusky brown on ihe lower surface, and barred with fulvousand 
dusky brown on the upper; rump and upper tail-coverts a little 
more rufescent. 

Mob. South Africa. 

74 TIMELTID^!. 

a. $ ad. sk. South Africa (E. L. Layard), R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
b. Ad., o. Juv. sk. South Africa (E. L. Layard). JR. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
d. Ad. sk. Cape Town {C.J.Andersson). Purchased. 
e. Ad. sk. Aamhoup, Great Namaqua ' K. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Land, June 29,1861 (C.J. A.), 
f g. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith "Cf. 

* „ fv CI -^"^ ftyfH&llO 
2. Erythropygia simplex. AU,V " ' " *- " " 
Thamnobia simplex, <?a&. J.f. 0. 1878, pp. 205, 221. 
Erythropygia simplex, Sharpe, J.f 0. 1882, p. 345. 
Adult male (N&i, Taita; Dr. Hildebrandt, July 1877: type of 
species). General colour above dark si ate-colour; wing-coverts like 
the back, with a slight wash of olive-brown; quills dusky brown, 
with reddish-brown shafts, the primaries aLo slightly washed with 
reddish brown near the base; secondaries with a slight wash of 
olive-brown on their outer web; tail-feathers dark brown, blacker 
towards their ends, which are narrowly fringed with white at the 
tips; sides of face and ear-coverts dull slate-colour, the under 
surface a little lighter, slightly paler on the throat. Total length 
5-6 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*35, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*85. (2Ius. 
Berol.) 

Hob. Eastern Africa. 

3. Erythropygia leucophrys. 
Le Grivetin, Levaill. Ois. dAfr. iii. pi. 118. fig. 1 (1802) ; Sundew. 

Krit. Framst., Levaill. p. 37 (1857). 

Sylvia leucophrys, Yieill. 2s. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xi. p. 191 (1817, ex 

Levaill); id. 8f Bonn. Ene. Meth. ii. p. 454 (1823). 

Turdus pipiens, Steph. in Skald's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt ii. p. 202(1826). 

Curruca leucophrys, Lesson, Traite, p. 416 (1831). 

Erythropygia pectoralis, Smith, JRep. Exped. C. Afr., App. p. 46 

(1836) ; Bianc. Spec. Zool. Mosamb. fasc. xvi. p. 401 (18*55). 
Aedon leucophrys, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 173 (1848); Bp. Consp. L 

p. 286 (1850); Gurney, Ibis, 1804, p. 349; Laxjard, B. S. Afr. 
p. 99 (1867); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 211, no/2981 (1869) ; Fimch 
8? JSartl. Fog. Ostafr. p. 863 (1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 29 
(1871, part.) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 153; Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 372; 
Ayres, Ibis, 1880, p. 100; Sharpe in Oates's Matabele Land, p. 309 
(1881) j Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 252. 
Aedon pectoralis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 173 (1848): Bp. Consp. i. 

p. 286 (1850) 
Thamnobia leucophrys, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 40, note (1850). 
Thamnobia pectoralis, Cab. Mm. Hein. Th. i. p. 40, note (1850). 
Erythropygia leucophrys, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 588. 
Adult male. General colour above brown, with faint indications of 
dusky margins to some of the feathers, the rump more ferruginous; 
lesser wing-coverts more ashy brown than the back, with dusky 
centres ; wing-coverts blackish, edged with fulvous-brown and tipped 
with white; primary-coverts dusky brown, edged with fulvous 
brown ; quills dusky brown, margined with whity brown; tho 

20 . ERYTHEOPYGTA. 7 5 
secondaries black, margined and lipped with, deep fulvous ; primaries 
with a small white spot at the base; upper tail-coverts ferruginous, 
with paler tips and having a subterminal shade of blackish ; tail-
feathers blackish, margined with pale ferruginous, all but the centre 
feathers tipped with white, increasing towards the outermost, where 
it extends also along the outer web; crown of head more dusky than 
the back, ashy brown, streaked with blackish centres to the feathers ; 
nape and hind neck ashy brown, not streaked; lores and the adjacent 
part of the eyelid dusky; eyebrow white, very distinct and 
reaching from the base of the nostril to above the ear-coverts, separated 
from the head by a line of black: feathers round the eye white, 
except near the lores and ear-coverts, where they resemble these 
parts; feathers below the eye white; ear-coverts light brown, the 
upper part dusky, and on the hinder part a line of black from the 
gape to the ear-coverts ; cheeks white, separated from the throat by 
a broad line of black ; sides of neck ashy brown like the hind neck; 
throat pure white ; fore neck and chest white, with large triangular 
black spots ; breast tinged with fulvous and streaked with black; 
abdomen creamy white; sides of body and flanks fulvous, streaked 
with black; thighs whitish ; under tail-coverts creamy white; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries pure white, the lower series ashy, the 
edge of the wing mottled with black bases; quills below dusky 
brown, their inner edge white; " bill dusky brown, with the basal 
part of the lower mandible yellow; tarsi and feet pale dingy ashcolour 
; irides light dusky brown " (T. Ay res). Total length 6*1 
inches, culmen 0*75, wing 2-6, tail 2*5, tarsus 1. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length d'Q 
inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2*75, tail 2-6, tarsus 0*95. 

In breeding plumage the feathers become much worn, and the fore 
neck and breast are thickly covered with narrow blackish streaks; 
the white ends to the tail-feathers are also greatly abraded. 

A bird obtained by Mr. Atmore still shows traces of immature 
plumage in the shape of whitish endings to the dorsal feathers and 
upper tail-coverts, the outermost of which have a subterminal black 
spot, before the white tip; the markings are otherwise as in the 
adult, but the black streaks on the under surface are not so numerous. 

Hab. Southern and South-eastern Africa. Erom the Kaysna to 
the south-eastern districts of the Cape Colony and British CafFraria, 
ranging through the Transvaal into the Mashoona country : said to 
have been obtained by Eornasini in Mozambique; but the species 
may have been E. zambesiana from this locality. 

a,b. dT 2 ad. sk. Cambridge, May 14.1877 Capt. H. Trevelyan 
c. <$ mini, sk.
d. Ad. sk.
e. <$ ad. sk.
(CNewby). 
Eland's Post, May 1870(T. C. Atmore). 
Eland's Post, July 1870(T. a A.). 
Transvaal, November 1873 
[P ]. 
R. B. Sharps, Esq. 
K. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
C. G. and W. Oates, 
/ . Ad. sk.
(Frank Oates). 
South Africa. 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
Sir A. Smith [C.]. 
(Type of JB. pectoraiis.) 

 TIMELIDAE, 

4. Erythropygia munda. 
Aedon leucoplirys (non J7".), Gtirney in Anderss. S. Dam. Ld. p. 92 

(1872) 5 Socage, Orn. Anqola, p. 275 1881). 
Thamnobia munda, Cab. Orn. Centralbl. 1880, p. 143; id. J. f O. 
1880, p. 419; Reichen. $ Schalow, J: f. O. 1881, p. 423, Tail iv. 
fig.S. 

Erythropygia munda, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 588. 

Adult male. General colour above light tawny rufous, shaded 
with ashy on the hack, clearer on the rump and upper tail-coverts; 
lesser wing-coverts ashy brown; median, greater, and primary-
coverts blackish, broadly tipped with white; quills dusky brown, 
the primaries with a small basal spot of white and edged 
with whitish, the secondaries externally white, the inner ones 
edged with light tawny rufous; upper tail-coverts light tawny 
rufous like the rump ; tail-feathers blackish, margined with tawny, 
and all but the centre ones tipped with white, increasing in extent 
towards the outermost, which is also edged external!}' with 
white; crown of head and hind neck light ashy brown; lores 
and eyebrow white, separated from the crown by a narrow line of 
dusky; feathers round the eye white, except in front of the eye, 
where it is also dusky like the spot in front of the eye; feathers 
below the eye white ; ear-coverts very pale, whity brown in front 
and ashy brown above and behind; cheeks white, separated from 
the eye by a streak of dusky blackish ; sides of neck ashy like the 
hind neck; throat white, separated from the cheeks by a broad 
black moustache; fore neck white, relieved by triangular spots of 
dusky surrounding the throat as a dusky collar; breast, sides of 
body, and flanks light tawny without any streaks; sides of body and 
thighs white; under tail-coverts bufry white; quills light brown 
below, the inner edge white. Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0*7, 
wing 2-8, tail 2'5, tarsus 1*1. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 5*8 
inches, culmen 0-7, wing 2*8, tail 2*7, tarsus 1. 
Hab. South-western Africa from Angola to Damara Land. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Ovaquenyama, May 28. 1867(C. J. A.). 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
b. <$ ad. sk. Ombongo, June 21, 1859 (C.
J. A.). 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

5. Erythropygia paena. 
Erythropygia 
paena, Smith, Report Sxped. Cent. Afr., App. p. 46 
(1836) ; id. III. Zool S. Afr. pi. 50 (1840) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1882, 

p. 588. 
Sylvia lactea, ZicJit. Verz. Samml. Sauq. u. Voqel Kafeml. p. 13 
(1842). W * 
Aedon paena, 
Gray, Gen. S. i. p. 173 (1848); Sp. Consp. i. p. 286 
(1850) ; Layard, S. S. Afr. p. 99 (1867); Qurney, Ibis, 1868, 

20 . ERYTHROPYGIA. 7 7 
p. 266 j Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 211, no. 2982 (1869); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 
1870, p. 142 ; At/res, Ibis, 1871, p. 153; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 29 
(1871); Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 92 (1872) ; Buckley, 
Ibis, 1874, p. 372; Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 253 (1877) j 
Bocaye, Orn. Anyola? p. 276 (1882) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 252. 
Thainnobia paena, Cab. Mtcs. Rein. Th. i. p. 41 (1850). 

Adult female. General colour above sandy brown, the lower back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts brighter rufous • lesser wing-coverts 
like the back; median and greater wing-coverts dusky brown, 
externally sandy brown, paler on tbe edges; bastard wing and 
primary-coverts dusky brown with ashy margins; quills dark brown, 
externally edged with sandy rufous, broader on the secondaries, the 
tips narrowly fringed with white; tail-feathers rufous, with a broad 
subterminal band of blackish brown, the feathers broadly tipped 
with white, increasing in extent towards the outermost; two centre 
tail-feathers narrowly tipped with fulvous; crown of head, nape, 
and hind neck ashy brown, contrasting with the back• lores, eyebrow, 
and feathers round the eye sandy buff or buffy whitish; ear-
coverts light brown; in front of the eye a dusky spot and a streak 
above the ear-coverts ; cheeks and under surface of body sandy buff, 
more creamy buff on the throat and abdomen; sides of body, flanks, 
and under tail-coverts deeper fulvous; thighs creamy buff; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries creamy buff, washed with sandy; quills 
dusky brown below, the inner edge creamy buff. Total length 6*3 
inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2-65, tail 2*7, tarsus 1. 

Adult male. Like the female in plumage. Total length 6-2 inches, 
culmen 0*7, wing 2*85, tail 2-75, tarsus 1. 

Ifab. South Africa: generally north of the Orange River, extending 
south of it to Colesberg, thence ranging through the Transvaal 
to the Mashoona country, and on the western side reaching 
from Great JNTamaqua Land throughout Damara Land to Benguela. 

a, b, c. $ ad. sk. Griqualand, May 1871 R B. Sharpe, Esq. 
«*»«• <3,f>ff-$ ad-
sk. 
(T. C. Atmore). 
Potchefstroom, Transvaal, 
July 1876 
Dr. H. Exton [P.]. 
{TV. Lucas). 
h. $ ad. sk. Matabele Land, Sept. T. E. Buckley, Esq. 
29,1873. 
i. $ ad. sk. Otjimbinque, Damara R B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Land, Feb. 11,1861 
(C. J. Andersson). 
k. $ ad. sk. Otjimbinque, July 9, R B. Sharpe, Esq. 
1866 (G J. A.). 
1. ad. sk. Damara Land (C. J. R B. Sharpe, Esq. 
A.). 
m. 3 ad. sk. Catumbella, Benguela, R B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Dec.31,18G8(&^)


TIMELIUD^. 

6. Erythropygia zambesiaiia. (Plate XT, rig. 1.) 
Erythropygia zanibesiana, Sharpei P. Z. S. 1882, p. 589, pi. xlv. 
fig. 2 *. 

Adult General colour above sandy rufous, slightly greyer on the 
head and mantle, more rufous on the lower back, rump, and upper 
tail-coverts; median and greater coverts brown, edged with sandy 
rufous and tipped with white so as to form a double wing-bar; 
bastard wing dark brown, edged with white; primary-coverts and 
quills dark brown, externally edged with sandy rufous, which is 
paler and broader on the secondaries ; tail-feathers chestnut, the 
centre feathers tipped with fulvous, before which is a broad subterminal 
band of dark brown, this band being broader on all the 
other feathers, which are tipped with white, the outermost feather 
being also externally edged with white ; lores and feathers round the 
eye buffy white, separated from the crown by a narrow line of 
black, scarcely sufficient to call an eyebrow ; ear-coverts, cheeks, and 
sides of neck light sandy rufous, the ear-coverts with whitish shaft-
lines; throat and under surface of body white, with a narrow 
moustachial line of blackish streaks ; fore neck and chest also 
streaked with blackish; sides of body and Hanks pale sandy rufous ; 
thighs and under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axil


laries white; quills brown below, the inner edge ashy whitish. 
Total length 5*2 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2-55, tail 2*5, tarsus 0*05. 
Hah. Zambesi. 


a. Ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Expedition. 
(Type of species.) 
7. Erythropygia nrficaix&a. (Plate XY. tig. 2.) 
Aedon leucophrys (non V.), Sharpe <|-JBoumer, Bull. Soc. ZooL France, 
1876; p. 305. 
Erythropygia ruficauda, Sharpe, P.Z* S. 1882, p. 559, pi. xlv. fig. 1. 

Adult. General colour above rusty brown, becoming clear rufous 
on the lower back and rump ; lesser wing-coverts dusky, edged with 
sandy brown ; median and greater series dusky, tipped with white, 
forming a double wing-bar; bastard wing dusky, edged with white; 
primary-coverts dusky, fringed with fulvous; quills dusky brown, 
externally rusty brown, whitish at the tips, more broadly so on the 
secondaries; primaries with a fulvescent spot at the base; upper 
tail-coverts clear rufous like the rump; tail-feathers rufous, broadly 
tipped with white, with a broad subterminal black band, the two 
centre feathers not tipped with white, rufous on the inner web and 
near the shaft on the outer one, dusky brown along the enter web 
and at the tip; crown of head, nape, and hind neck more of a dusky 
ash-brown than the back; lores and a distinct eyebrow white, 
reaching from the base of the nostril to above the ear-coverts, and 

* The colouring of the species in this plate is not quite correctly rendered. 
The shade of brown on the upper surface should be much paler and more 

sandy. 

20 . HRYTHROPYGIA. 
79 

separated from the crown by a narrow blackish line; feathers in 
front of the eye dusky blackish; below the eye a white spot; ear-
coverts rusty brown, dusky on the upper and hinder margin ; cheeks 
white, separated from the ear-coverts by a broad dusky streak, 
and from the throat by another distinct moustache of dusky 
black; sides of neck like the head and hind neck; fore neck and 
cbest white tinged with sandy buff, and mottled with triangular 
spots of dusky blackish, inclining to narrow hair-like streaks on the 
breast; the latter white, as well as the abdomen; sides of body and 
flanks deep sandy buff; thighs white; under tail-coverts light buff; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries white ; quills dusky below, 
whitish along the inner edge of the quills. Total length 5 2 inches, 
culmen 0*6, wing 245, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*95. 

Eab. West Africa: Congo district. 

a. Ad. sk. Malimbe, Congo (Petit). Mons. A. Botivier. 
(Type of species.) 
8. Erythropygia leucoptera. 
Salicaria leucoptera, Rilpp. Si/st TJebers. p. 38, Taf. 15 (1845). 
Oalamodyta leucoptera, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 172 (1848). 
Aedon leucoptera, Bp. Consp. i. p. 286 (1850) ; Heugl. Si/st. Uebers. 


p. 25 (1856) ; id. Ibis, 1869, p. 86; Gray, Han'd-l. B. I p. 211, 
no. 2984 (1869); Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 279 (1869); Cab. 
J.f.O. 1878, p. 221; Sharps, J.f.O. 1882, p. 345. 
Adult. Above dark cinnamon ; underneath white, with the mou


stachial region and breast obsoletely streaked with smoky grey; 

flanks washed with bright ferruginous; upper part of head and neck 

grey, the sides of the neck paler ; a streak in front of the eye dusky; 

another superciliary streak, as well as one below the eye, and the 

eyelids white; an obsolete moustachial streak of white; wings 

smoky black, the wing-coverts and secondary quills conspicuously 

and broadly margined with white, inner web of primaries whitish 

towards the base; under wing-coverts varied with white and smoky 

brown ; tail-feathers bright cinnamon-rufous, the shafts intense 

rufous-yellow towards the base; a broad subterminal band of smoky 

black on the tail-feathers, the three outer feathers on each side 

broadly tipped with white; the outer web of the external feather 

smoky, margined with white ; bill dusky, with the basal half of the 

mandible yellow ; feet pale horn-colour; iris dusky. Total length 

6-5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2*7, tail 2-6. (Heur/lin.) 

Hah. Shoa in N.E. Africa, extending to the Zanzibar district in 
Eastern Africa. Thanks to Dr. Peters's kindness, I have been 
allowed to examine the specimen shot at Ndi by Dr. Hildebrandt. 
It has a brown head, and not a grey one as would appear from 
the figure given by Eiippell and from the description given by 
Heuglin of E. leucoptera from Abyssinia; it would be necessary 
to compare a typical example of the latter species before a 
satisfactory conclusion can be arrived at with regard to the 
Zanzibar bird. The ^"di specimen is very closely allied to my 
K ruf cauda; but the latter has the upper back brown, and not so 

+ 


TIMETJID.E. 

80 

rufous as in the supposed E, foucoptera, has not such broad white 
endings to the wing-covorts (whence the wing-bars are not so 
distinct), has more numerous and darker spots on the lower throat 
and fore neck, loss white at the end of the tail-feathers, but a much 
more extended subtorminal mark of black. 

21. LIOPTILA. 
Type. 
Leioptila, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 450 (1847) L. annectens. 

Rctwje. Eastern Himalayas, extending to the hills of Assam, 
Burmalx, and Tenasserim. 

1. Lioptila annectens. 
Leioptila annectans, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 450 (1847); id. Cat 
B. Mm. As. Soc. p.'337 (1849) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 248 (1863) ; 
Godwin-Amten, J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. p. 109 (1870). 
Outia annectans, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 314, no. 4690 (1869). 
Lioptila annectans, Hum, 8tr. F. 1877, p. 110; id. 8tr. F. 1879, p. 104, 

Adult. General colour above rich orange-chestnut from the lower 
mantle downwards ; upper scapulars black, the lower ones chestnut 
or bordered with black; head, nape, and upper mantle black, 
streaked conspicuously with white, the feathers of the hind neck and 
mantle white on the inner web; lesser and median wing-coverts 
black, the feathers edged with ashy grey; greater series black, tipped 
with orange-chestnut, forming a wing-bar; bastard wing and 
primary-coverts black; quills black, margined with pale lavender-
grey, the inner secondaries tipped with white, the innermost orange-
chestnut near the base of the outer web; tail-feathers black, the 
centre ones fringed with ashy whitish, the ends pure white on the 
other feathers, increasing in extent towards the outermost; lores and 
sides of face, and ear-coverts black; cheeks and under surface of body 
white, the flanks and under tail-coverts orange-buff; thighs ashy 
with whitish edgings; under wing-coverts and axillaries pure 

white; quills blackish below, white along the inner margin ; " bill 
black, the base of the lower mandible yellow; legs pale fleshy 
brown; iris brown" (Jerdon). Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 
0-65, wing 3-1, tail 3-1, tarsus 0*95. (Mus. E. G. Wardlaiv 
Bamsay.) 


Hah. Eastern Himalayas, ranging into the Khasia hills. 

a. Ad. sk. ELhasia hills {Jerdon), Gould Collection. 
Subsp. a. Lioptila saturata. 

Lioptila annectans, Wald. in Blyth B. Burm. p. 109 (1875). 
Leioptila saturata, Wald. Ms, 1875, p. 352; Hume & Davison, 

Str.F.187S,-v6Ll$.&70. ' 

Leioptila davisoni, Hume, 8tr. F. 1877, p. 110. 
Lioptila saturata, Hume, 8tr. F. 1879, p. 104. 


Adult male (Karen-nee; R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay: type of 
species). Very similar to L. annectens, and only differing "in the 

22. HODGSONIUS. 
8 1 
deeper chestnut colour of the upper parts and in the absence of 
ashy-grey margins to the upper wing-coverts, which are obscurely 
edged with ashy fulvous; " bill black, with the basal half of lower 
mandible yellow; legs dusky yellowish white; iris pinkish grey" 

(R. G. W. R.); upper and half the lower mandible black; rest of 
lower mandible, legs, feet, and claws fleshy yellow; iris greyish 
brown (W. Davison), Total length 7*2 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3, 
tail 3*1, tarsus 0*95. (Mus. R. G. Wardlaw Ra?nsay.) 
Sexes alike in plumage. A female measured ;—Length 7*25, bill 
from gape 0*8, wing 3, tail 3, tarsus 0*92 (Hume). 

The present species replaces the foregoing in the hills of Karen-
nee and Tenasserim. It is not very distinct from the last-named 
bird, some examples of which are almost as dark as L. saturata. 
The fulvous margins to the lesser wing-coverts may be the remains 
of young plumage and become grey in the old bird, in which case 
the Karen species could scarcely be separated from the Sikkim bird. 

22. 
HODGSONIUS. 
Type. 
Bradypterus, Hodgs. in Grays Zool. Misc. p. 83 
(1844, nee Sicains.) H. phcenicuroides. 
Bradybates, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 181 (1846, nee 
Tschudi) H. phcenicuroides. 
Hodgsonius, Bp. Consp. i. p. 300 (1830; H. phcenicuroides. 

Foot of Hodgsonius phcenicuroides. 

Range. Himalayas from Oashmir eastwards to Bootan ; Moupin 
and Kansu Mountains in Western China. 

1. Hodgsonius phcenicuroides. 
Calliope phcenicuroides, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, 
pi. 93 (no. 817). 
Bradypterus phcenicuroides, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 
(1844); Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 70, App. 

p. 153 (1846). 
Bradybates phcenicuroides, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 181 (1846). 
Sylvania phcenicuroides, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 136 (1847) ; 
id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 178 (1849). 
Hodgsonius phcenicuroides, Bp. Consp. i. p. 300 (1850) ; Horsf. ty 
Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus, i. p. 395 (1854); Jerd. B. Ind. i. 

p. 497 (1862); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 223, no. 3192 (1869) ; Hume, 
Ibis, 1870, p. 529; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 132; Hume 8f Henderson, 
Lahore to Yark. p. 187, pi. vi. (1873) ; Brjewalski in Dawson 

VOL. VII. 
<* 

HX YIMVAAU) h. 

Jiowlt'i/n Oru. MIM\ ii. p. 170 (lh77); David # Oust. Ois. Chin?, 

p. !>JH, pi. x\x. (IH7K); Hume, 1870, p. iW; 7^W.-«, i\ <\ p. 17(5. 
Aorooephalus hodgsoni, Moore, MHS. (y ), MW# 
Callone hodgsoni, JW. i/w, lb7^; p. UWj Hume, Mr. F. 1875, 
p. 411, J87i),i>. KJ. 
JW«/£ male, Uoneral colour above slaty blue, the wing-eovcHs 
like the back; bastard wing and primary-coverts blackish, externally 
edged with slaty blue; the former with broad white tips; quills 
dusky, externally slaty bluo; upper tail-coverts like the back ; two 
centre tail-feathers blackish brown, edged with slaty blue, tho 
remainder orange-runuLs for their basal half or two ibirds, blackish 
at the end, edged with blue; crown of head like the back, with a 
faint band of lighter bluo across the forehead, extending a little over 
the 0}0; lores, base of forehead, and base of checks blackish; ear-
coverts, sides of face, and remainder of checks dark slaty blue; throat 
and under surface of body slaty blue, as well as the sides of body, 
flanks, and thighs; abdomen white; under tail-coverts slaty blue, 
tipped with white; under wing-coverts and axillaries slaty blue, 

brighter on the edge of the wing; quills dusky below, the inner 
edge browner; " bill dusky, reddish at the gape; legs pale red-
brown ; iris dark brown'* (Jerdon). Total length 7 inches, culmen 
0*2, wing 2*9, tail 3, tarsus 1*1. 


Adidt female. Different from the male. General colour above 
olive-brown, the lesser and median wing-coverts like the back ; 
greater coverts, bastard wing, and primary-coverts, as well as the 
quills, brown, externally edged with olive-brown ; tail-feathers 
reddish brown; lores ochreous buff, as also the fore part of the 
cheeks and eyelids; ear-coverts brown, with ochrcous-buff shaft-
lines ; cheeks and under surface of body ochreous brown; lower 
breast and abdomen white; under tail-coverts ochreous brown, 
centred and tipped with buffy white; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries ochreous buff, the latter brighter; quills dusky brown 
below, the inner edge of the quills ashy brown. Total length 6*3 


inches, culmen 0*65, wing 2*6, tail 2*8, tarsus 1 '65. 

Young male. Like the adult female, but having the lower back 
and rump shaded with blue; tail brown, with orange-rufous base to 
all but the centre tail-feathers, with a blackish sub terminal shade 
intervening after the orange; on the bastard-wing feathers two 
external spots of ochreous buff. 


llab. Himalayas from Cashmere to Bootan and thence to Moupin 
and tho Kan-su Mountains in Western China. 


a, b. S a<l-sk- N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
[P.]. 
c, d. S ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
(Types of species.) 

e. 2 ad. sk. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
f) 9* 6 ? a&-&k. Nepal {B. II Hodgson). India Museum. 
h. 2 ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgso?i). India Museum. (Type of 
AcrocepJmlus hodgsoni.) 
%. <$ iinm. >sk. Bootan (Pembcrton). India Museum. 

23 . CEKCOTRICHAS. 
s;3 

23. CERCOTRICHAS. 
Cercotrichas, pt, Boie, Isis, 1831, p. 542 (deacr. nw#a : typo JPe* 
/*#MJ indicate*). 
Cercotrichas, Finsch $ Hartl Vog. Ostafr. p. 250 (1870).. C. podobe. 
Cf. Sharpe, Ann. # 3Iag. Nat. Hist. (5) x. p. 48 (1882), 

Foot of Cercotrichas podobe. 

Range. Confined to Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Quills rufous near the base 
podobe, p. 83. 
b. Quills entirely black 
melanoptera, p. 84, 
1. Cercotrichas podobe. 
Le Podobe' du Senegal, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 368. 
Merle du Senegal, appelle* PodobS, Daubent. PI. JEnl. iv. pi. 354. 
Turdus podobe, P. L. S. Mull. Syst. Nat., Anhang, p. 145 (1776); Cass. 

Proc. Pkilad. Acad. 1864, p. 251. 
Rufous-winged Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 55 (1783). 
Turdus erythropterus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 835 (1788). 
Sphenura erythroptera, Lieht. Verz. Doubl. p. 41 (1823) ; Hempr. fy 

Ehrenh. Symb. Phys., Aces, fol. dd. (1828). 

Cercotrichas erythroptera, Boie, Isis, 1831, p. 542 ; JRiipp. Syst. 
Uebers. p. 60 (1845); Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 41 (1850); Heugl. 
Syst. Uebers. p. 30 (1856) j Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 69 (1857)) 
Heugl. Ibis, 1859, p. 341; Hartl J.f.O. 1861, p. 161; Brehm, 
Beis. Habesch, pp. 214,301 (1863); Heugl. Orn. N. 0. Afr. pp. 280, 
lxxvii (1869); Finsch $ Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 250 (1870) ; Blanf. 
Geol.tyZool. Abyss, p. 360 (1870) ; Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 234 
(1870); Sharpe, Cat, Afr. B. p. 29 (1871); Antin. $ Sahad. 
Viagg. Bogos, p. 107 (18^73). 

Argya erythroptera, Lafr. $ <IOrb. Diet, ii. p. 126; Hartl. Beitr. 

* 
Orn. Westafr. p. 23 (1848). 
Podobeus erythropterus, Less. Descr. Mamm. et Ois. p. 302 (1847). 
Melamornis ? erythropterus, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1850, p, 217. 
Thamnobia podobe, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 211, no. 2993 (1869). 
Adult male. General colour above sooty black, the lesser and 
median wing-coverts like the back; greater coverts, as well as the 
bastard-wing feathers and primary-coverts, sooty black, with the 
base of the inner web rufous; quills brown, the primaries rufous 
except at the tip, and light brown also along the outer web; upper 

G2 

TIJIELUD-E. 

tail-coverts like tlie back; tail-feathers sooty black, ^distinctly 
barred across under certain lights, the outer feathers very broadly 
tipped with white ; lores, sides of face, and under surface of body 
sooty black; under tail-coverts like abdomen, but tipped with 
white; under wing-coverts and axillaries sooty black, the edge of 
the wing barred with white ; quills rufous below, light brown towards 
the ends; "bill black; feet dusky horn-colour; iris umber-
brown,? (Von Heuglin), Total length 7*2 inches, culmen 0*75, 
wing 3*3, tail 4, tarsus 1-1. 

Adult female. Like the male in colour, but rather browner in 
tint. Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3-3, tail 3*9, 
tarsus 1-05. 

Young female, Yery similar to the old female bird, but still 
browner, and having the under tail-coverts very indistinctly and 
narrowly tipped with white. 

Hah. North-eastern Africa and Senegambia. 

a. 
1. 
c. 
d. 
e. 
"c?] ad. sk. 
' <$ 1 ad. sk. 
5 j ad. sk. 
Ad. sk. 
(S ad. sk. 
Nubia. 
White Nile. 
Gabsa, Bogos. 
Between Kokai and Gelamet, 
Aug, 10,1868 (W. Jesse). 
Koomayiee, Feb. 13,1868. 
B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Sir Samuel Baker [P.1 
W. Esler "C.\ 
F. D. GoSman and 0. 
Salvin, Esqis. r P. \ 
W. T. Blanford", Esq. 
f § juv. sk. 
9A. 
5 ad. sk. 
i. Ad. sk. 
Ailat, June 25, 1868. 
Zoulla, Annesley Bay, 
Feb. 4,1868. 
White Nile. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[O l 
W. T. Blanford, &q. 
[0.1 
F. Galton, Esq. [P.l 

2. Cercotrichas melanoptera. 
Sphenura erythroptera, var. melanoptera, Mempr. 8r Mir. Symb. 

JPhys., Aves, f ol. dd. 
Argya luctuosa, Lafr. 
Oercotrichas luctuosa, Cab. Mm. Hein. Th. i. p. 41 (1850) ; HariL 

Orn.W.'-Afr. p. 70 (1857); JSeugL Orn. KO.-Afr. pp. 281, Ixxvii 

Thamnofea luctuosa, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 211, no. 2993 (1869). 

Similar to O. erythroptera, but differing in having the quills uniform 
black (Heuglin). 
Hob* S. Arabia and Dongola. Said also to occur in Senegal. 

24. 
CITT0CIKCLA. 
Type, 
Oercotrichas, pi, Boie} Isis, 1831, p. 542. 
Kittacincla, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 7 C. tricolor. 
Cittocincla, Sclater, Ibis, 1866, p. 109 (nom. emend.) ,.. , O. tricolor. 

Of, Sharp*, Ann. fy Mug. Nat. Mist (5) x. p. 47 (1882). 

24 . OUTOCEfCLA. 
"Range. Indian Peninsula and Ceylon, through. Indo-Chinese subregion 
to Hainan; Andaman Islands; Malacca ; Sumatra; Borneo; 
Palawan; Luzon. 

Key to the Species* 

a. 
Size large: bellyjDrauge-chestnut. 
a'. Crown of head purplish Hack like the hack, 
a". Outer tail-feathers conspicuously blackish 
at base for nearly half its entire length, tricolor, p. 85, 
b." Outer tail-feathers pure white, or with 
a small blackish spot at the extreme 
base suavis, p. 87. 


b'. Crown of head white. 
c". Hump white; throat and breast black .. stricklandi, p. 88. 
d". Bump rufous; chin only black albicapilla, p. 89. 


b. Size smaller : beflyjd&ck 
nigra, p. 90. 
c. Size smaller ; belly white. 
c'. No white eyebrow albiventris, p. 90. 
d'. A broad white eyebrow luzoniensis, p. 91, 
1. Cittocincla tricolor. 
Le Gobe-mouche a longue queue de Gingi, Sowi. Voy. Ind. Orient. 
ii. p. 196 (1782). 
Turdus macrouras, var. fi, Gm. Syst Nat. i. p. 820 (1788). 
Le Merle tricolor a longue queue, Zevaitt. Ois. d'Afr, iii. pi. 114 (1802); 
Sundev. Krit Framst, Levaill. p. 37 (1857). 
Turdus tricolor, Vieill N. Diet. d'Hist Nat pt. xx. p. 291 (1818, ex 
Levaill?). 

Copsychus macrurus, 
Wagler, Syst Av., Art. Copsychus, sp. (1827) ; 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 177 (1846); Cab. Mm. Hem. Th. i. p. 9 (1650) • 
Kelaart, Prodr. Cat. p. 121 (1852); Layard, Ann. $ May. N. H. (2) 

vii.p. 264(1853); Scktier, P. 2. S.1861, p. 187; Scfwmb. Ibis, 1864, 
p. 262; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 200, no. 3893 (1869) ; Blanf. Ibis, 
1870, p. 466. 
Oercotrichas 
macrurus, Boie, Isis, 1831, p. 542; Hume, Nests § 
Bags Ind. B. p. 306 (1873); Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 412; Mime, 

t. c. p. 477 ; Hume § Oates, Str. F. 1875, p. 134; BaU, t. c. p. 293 ; 
Fairb. Str. F. 1876, p. 259; Inglis, Str. F. 1877, p. 36; Oates, t a. 
p. 157; Hume 8? Davison, Str. F 1878, vol. i. p. 333; BaU, Str, F. 
1878, vol. ii. p. 216; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 04, 99; Butler, Cat. 
B. S. Bombay Pres. p. 47 (1880) ; Vital, Str. F. 1880, p. 66; 
Bingham, t. c. p. 184. 
Oercotrichas tricolor, Boie, Isis, 1831, p. 542. 
Kittacincla macrura, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 7; Blyth, J. A. S. 

Beng. xvi. p. 139 (1847); id. Cat. B. Mus, As. Soc. p. 165 (1849) ; 
Bp. Consp. I p. 268 (1850); Horsf. 8? Moore, Cat. B. F.L Co. 
Mies. i. p. 279 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 116 (1863); Walden, 

P. Z. S. 1866, p. 550 ; Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 453; Godwin-
Austen, J. A. S.Beng. xli. p. 142 (1872) ; David § Oust Ois. Chine, 
p. 175 (1878). 
Gryllivora longicauda, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 238 (1837); Ilodgs. 
Icon. ined. in Brit Mus., Passeres, pi. 72 (nos. 438, 731); id. in 
Gray's Zool Misc. p. 82 (1844). 

TIMELIIDJE. 

Cittocincla macrara, Sclater, Ibis, 1866, p. 109; Beavan, Ibis, 1867, 

p. 445; Legge, Ibis, 1875, p. 396; Tweed. Ibis, 1877, p. 309; 
Blyth fy Wald. B. Burm. p. 100 (1875); Legge, Birds of Ceylon, 
p. 437 (1879) ; Nicholson, Ibis, 1879, p. 168. 
Cittocincla macrura, var. minor, Svririh. Ibis, 1870, p. 344; id. 
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 359. 
Cittocincla 
tricolor, Sharpe, Ann. $ Mag. Nat. Hist, (5) x. p. 49 
(1882). 

Adult male. General colour above glossy purplish black, as well 
as the throat and fore neck; ramp and upper tail-coverts pure 
white ; wings and tail black, much duller than the rest of the back, 
the four outer tail-feathers tipped with white, in creasing in extent 
towards the outermost, which is white with a black base; ^ remainder 
of under surface of body deep chestnut; thighs whitish; under 
wing-coverts chestnut like the breast, the edge of the wing purplish 
black, the lower coverts whitish with narrow ashy-brown 
edgings; lower surface of quills ashy brown, much paler towards 
the base of the inner web ; " bill black; iris dark brown; legs and 
feet fleshy white" (W.Davison), or fleshy pink (Eugene W. Oates) ; 
" eyelids plumbeous; inside of mouth fleshy" (E. W. 0.). Total 
length 11 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*65, tail 7, tarsus 1*05, 

Adult female. Quite different from the male, with a much shorter 
tail; upper surface, as well as the throat, olive-brown more or less 
tinged with grey ; rump white ; quills brown, edged, as well as the 
wing-coverts, with fawn-brown ; under surface of body pale rufons 
fawn-colour, inclining to white on the abdomen, and much paler 
on the under wing-coverts. Total length 7*8 inches, culmen 0*7, 
wing 3*45, tail 4-4, tarsus 1. 

If judged by the females alone, the Tenasserim birds would appear 
to belong to a different race from the Indian, as the hen birds are 
so very much darker; and the Malaccan birds are also very darkcoloured, 
while in Java the hen seems to be as dark as the male. 
See my note on G. suavis (infra, p. 87). 

Young. Similar to the old female, but mottled all over with, 
ochreous-buff spots edged with dusky ; head streaked with ochreons 
buff; " bill blackish, pale at the base beneath; legs and feet fleshy ; 
iris brown" (Legge). 

Hah. Southern and Central India ; sub-Himalayan region westwards 
from the Ganges to Assam, through the Burmese countries to 
Siam, Cochin China, and Hainan, down the Malayan Peninsula t o 

Java. 
a, b. Ad. sk. Travancore. Ma]or J. Biddulph [O.]. 
c, d. S S ad. sk.
e. <$ ad. sk.
/ . Ad. sk.
g. S ad. sk. 
Nepal. 
Darjiling. 
Pegu. 
Pegu, March 1875. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
J. Eotheringham, Esq. 
[C.]. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.], 
Eugene W. Oates, Esq. 
fa]. 
h. 2 ad. sk. Pegn, Nov. 23 1880. Eugene W. Oates, Esq. 

24 . CITTOCIffCLA. 
i- d ad. sk. Tavoy, Tenasserim. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
iC 1 
k, I d ad. sk. Tenasserim. J, O.'D. Packman, Esq. 

m. d juv. sk. Tenasserim. India Museum. 
n. $ ad. sk. Tenasserim, March. 2, Eugene W. Oates, Esq. 
1877. [0.]. * 
°tP- d $ ad. sk. Saigon, Cochin China. M. E. Pierre [P.]. 


q. d ad. sk. Mount Ophir, Malacca. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.l. 
r, sy t. d ad.; u, g Malacca (Cantor). India Museum. 
ad. sk. 


v. d ad.; w. Juv.sk. Malacca (Cantor). India Museum. 
-r. d juv. Malacca. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
[P.]. 
y7s. c? $ ; «'. Juv. Salanga Islands. Capt. Weber [C.]. 


Si£. 

&'. d ad. sk. Penang (Cantor). India Museum." 
c'. <? ad. sk. Singapore. A. H. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
d', #'• 6 2 ad. sk. Singapore. Gould Collection. 
/'• o*)^'.[9]ad.sk Java (JSorsfield). India Museum. 
h'. d ad. sk. E. Java. A. H. Wallace, Esq. [C.l. 
*', k'. d ad.; V. [ J ]. W. Java (K C. Buxton). F. Nicholson, Esq. [P.]. 
m\ 2 ad. sk. Malacca. Hugh Cuming, Esq. 
»'. c? ad. sk. Purchased. 


Subsp. a. Cittocincla suavis. 

? Long-tailed Thrush, Xa^A. 6r£?i. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 72, pi. xxxix. (1783). 
? Turdus macrurus, Gm. S.JW. i. p. 820 (ex Lath.), 
Copsychus suavis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1861, pp. 186, 187; id. P. Z. S. 


1863, p. 216; Gould, Birds of Asia. pt. xv. (1863); Gray, Hand~l. 

B. i. p. 266, no. 3894 (1869). 
Copsychus macrurus, Pek. Meis. Novara, Vog. pp. 73, 161 (1865). 
Kittacincla suavis, Walden, IUs, 1872, p. 379. 
Cittocincla macrura, Pek. Ibis, 1873, p. 25; Tweed. Ibis, 1877, p. 309 ; 
Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 236 (1879). 
Cittocincla suavis, &harpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 13,1879, p. 255. 


Adult. General colour above glossy purplish black, the quills 
rather duller; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts pure white; 
four centre tail-feathers black, the rest white, the next pair to the 
black feathers having a broad black margin on the inner web, less 
distinct on the next pair, and not visible on the two outermost; 
throat and fore neck purplish black like the back, the rest of the 
under surface orange-chestnut, the under wing-coverts uniform with 
the breast; " bill black; legs pale grey brown; iris dark brown " 

(A. Everett). Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*8, tail 5, 
tarsus 1*05. 
Adult female. Similarly coloured to the male, except that the 
plumage is a trifle duller; size smaller. Total length 8*2 inches, 
culmen 0*75, wing 3*5, tail 4*25, tarsus 1. 

Obs. The large series from Borneo at present in the Museum 
enables me to state that, although the majority of the specimens 
have the white outer tail-feathers which induced Dr. Sclater to 
separate the Banjermassing birds as* C. suavis, yet some of the 

8b 
miELllD-33. 

Bornean specimens exhibit a distinct blackish shade at the base of 
the outer tail-feathers, and in this respect resemble Sumatran skins. 
One of the chief differences, however, between C. suavis of Borneo 
and 0. tricolor consists in the very dark colour of the female bird; 

and I should consider this of more direct importance were it not 
evident that a greater darkness of coloration in the female of G. tricolor 
is gradually evident as the Burmese countries are reached, and is also 
seen in examples from the Malay Peninsula. In Java, the female 
birds are apparently so dark-coloured as almost to resemble the males ; 
and hence we have three races:— 

1. 
C. tricolor from India, extending through the Burmese 
countries down the Malayan Peninsula. 
2. 
C. tricolor from Java, with a black base to the outer tail-
feathers, and the female like the male but with a shorter tail. 
3. 
0. suaviSy with the sexes as in the last, but with very little 
or no black .base to the outer tail-feather. 
The chief character of the Bornean bird called by Dr. Sclater C. 
suavis was the pure white outer tail-feather; but this is a character 
which Latham gives to his " Long-tailed Thrush " from Pulo Conclore, 
an island lying off the coast of Cochin China; for neither in description 
or figure is any thing said about a black base to the outer tail-
feather. Until specimens from Pulo Condore are examined and 
found to be absolutely the same as C. mavis of Borneo, I think it 
better to drop Latham's name, because it is almost certain that 
Siamese and Pulo-Condore skins will be the ordinary C. tricolor, 
and in that case the description and figure given by Latham would 
prove to be inaccurate. It would then be inconvenient to allow the 
name of macrurus (with its white outer tail-feather) to stand for 
the common Shama, when there is a Bornean race or subspecies 
which possesses the white tail-feather, but yet was not the bird examined 
by Latham. 

Hob. Sumatra and Borneo. 

a, & <$ ad. sk. Sumatra A. E. Wallace, Esq. ~JC.\ 
r, d. $ ad. sk. Sarawak. Rajah Brooke [P.". 

e. S ad. sk. Sarawak. A. R. Wallace^ Eiq. "CV. 
/. $ ad. sk. Sibu, Eeb. 1876. Alfred Everett, Esq. "C.\ 
V. 6 ad. sk. Tagora Road, Oct. Henry Everett, Eaq. "€V\ 
1878. " " 
h. $ ad. sk. Bu&an (A. Everett). Gould Collection. 
*. <? ad. sk. Bintulu. * Alfred Everett, Esq. rJC.\ 
fa <S ad. sk, Brunei. Govenor Ussher [CV!" 
a<i-sk-

L m. (S 2 Banjermassing (J. Gould Collection. 
Motley). (Types of CI suavis.) 


n. 
$ ad. sk. Banjermassing. J. Motley, Esq. [C.]. 
2. Cittocincla Strickland!. 
Copsychus stricklandi, Motley fy JDilhaynf Nat. Hist. Lahvan. p. 20, 
pi. iv. (1855); Sciater, P. Z. JS. 1861, p. 187; Gray, Hmid-l II 

i. p. 266, no. 3896 (1869). 
24. ciiTocrsrcLA.. 
Kittocincla strieklandi, Saivad. Ucc. Born. p. 253 (1874); Sharpe, 

P. Z. S. 1875, p. 106. 
Cittocincla strickJandi, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 340: id. Ibis, 1879, 
p. 250; id. R Z. S. 1881, p. 798. 
Adult nude, General colour glossy purplish Hack, the crown silvery 
-white, reaching to the nape; lower hack, rump, and upper tail-
coverts also silvery white; wing black, the coverts and secondaries 
with a slight purplish gloss ; four centre tail-feathers black, the rest 
pure white, with a slight blackish mark near the base of the inner 
v, eh, decreasing towards the outermost; throat and fore neck, as 
well as the sides of the face, black like the upper surface; rest of 
under surface chestnut-orange; under wing-coverts chestnut, the 
edge of the wing Mack; bill Mack; feet fleshy brown. Total 
length 9*5 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*85, tail 5, tarsus 1*05. 
The adult female is probably like the male in plumage. A specimen 
from Labaan is much smaller than the male: wing 3*6 inches, 
tail 3*8. 
Young. Mottled all over, the spots on the back and wings formed 
by ochreoas-buff tips to the feathers ; head and sides of face streaked 
with ochreous buff; cheeks and throat ochreous buff, mottled with 
dusky bases; rest of under surface of body pale tawny, mottled with 
dusky edges to the feathers. 
Hob. Labuaa Island, XW . coast of Borneo, reaching to Sandakan. 


a* *• [ 6 2 j ad- sk. Labuan (IL Low). E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
c, Juv. sk. Labuan. Hugh Low, Esq. [0.1. 

d. Ad. sk. Labuan. Governor Ussher [O.J. 
3. Cittocincla albicapilla, '«-fr«y*-V ^ 
Turdms albicapilhis, Vieill K Met. tfEtsL Wat. ax. p. 254 (1818) ; 
Bonn, et Vieill. Em. Meth. ii. p. 655 (1823). 
Tardus albiceps, Less, TraiU, p. 408 (1831, ex Cuv. MS.); Bicker. 

Arch. Mus. vii. p. 341 (1854). 
Petrocincla ieucoceps, Swains. B. W. Afr. p. 282 (1837). 
Cossypha leucoceps, Swains. Ckssif. B.'ii. p. 233 (1837). 
Bessonornis albicapilla, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 220 (1847); Bp. Consp. 

i. p. 301 (1850); Gray, Hmtd-I. B. i. p. 265, no. 3870 (1869). 
Cossypha albicapilla, Hartl Orn. Westafr. p. 77 (1857); id. J.f.O. 
1861, p. 163; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p/26 (1871). 

Adult. Above slaty brown, the lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts bright orange ; entire crown of head and nape white, all the 
feathers narrowly margined with dull brown; lores, chin, cheeks, 
ear-coverts, and sides of neck dull brown like the back; rest of 
under surface of body bright orange, including the under wing- and 
tail-coverts: wings uniform dull brown; two centre tail-feathers 
dull brown, the rest of the tail bright orange, the external feather 
broadly margined with brown on the outer web ; bill and legs 
blackish brown. Total length 10 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 4*6, 
tail o, tarsus 1*4. 

TIMELIIDJE. 

Obs. Another specimen, probably younger, is browner than the 
one described, and has orange spots on the tips of the wing-coverts; 
bill pale brown. 

Sab. West Africa. Said to occur from Senegal to Gaboon; but I 
have never seen a specimen from any other country than Senegambia. 

a. Ad. sk. West Africa. 
b. Ad. sk. Webt Africa. R. B. Sbarpe, Esq. 
c. Ad. sk. Senegal. R. B. Skarpe, Esq. 
4. Cittocincla nigra. 
Cittocincla nigra, Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc, ZooL new series, i. p. 385, 
pi. hi. (1876) ; Ticeedcl P. Z. S. 1878, p. 010; Wardlaio Ramsay, 
Om. Mem. Ticeedcl pp. 014, 657 (18&1). 

Adult male. General colour above black with a gloss of indigo-
blue ; wings black, the wing-coverts all like the back; tail black 
and strongly graduated, the four centre feathers black, the rest 
white with black bases ; sides of face and body underneath entirely 
blue-black; sides of body and flanks spotted with white ba^es to 
the feathers ; thighs black; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-
coverts black; "bill, legs, and feet black: iris very dark brownn 

(A. Everett). Total length 9 inches, culmcn 0*7, wing £3*4, tail 4*0, 
tarsus 1*05. 
Adult female. Like the male above, but of smaller size, and further 
distinguished by its white abdomen and rufescent flanks ; '* bill 
black; legs lead-grey; iris dark brown " (A. Evintt). Total length 
7*2 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 0*15, tail 3*6, tarsus 1. 

Hob. Island of Palawan in the Philippine archipelago. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Puerto Princesa, Palawan. Prof. J. B. Steere [C.]. 
5. Cittocincla albiventris. 
Kittacincla albiventris, Bh/th, J. A. S. Bring, xxvii. p. 200 (1859); 
Ball, Str. F. 1873, p. 78 { JBitme, op. eit. Ib74, p. 232 ; Wakhn, Ibis, 
1873, p. 307, pi. xii. fig. 1. 

Copsychus albiventris, Sclater, P. Z. S, 1861, p. 187. 
Cittacincla albiventris, Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 327. 
Cercotrichas albiventris, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 99. 


Adult male. General colour glossy purplish black, the rump and 
upper tail-coverts white ; wings dull black, the coverts glossed with 
purple; four centre tail-feathers black, the rest pure wrhite, the 
bases blackish; throat and upper breast glossy purplish black like 
the back; the rest of the under surface white, inclining to pale 
orange-chestnut on the flanks, the under tail-coverts entirely pale 
chestnut; under wing-coverts pure white, as well as the ba.se of the 
inner web of the quills; "bill black; legs and feet very pale 
fle&hy " (IF. Davison). Total length 8*75 inches, culmen 11*0, wing 
3*6, tail 4*5, tarsus 1*05. 

24 . CITTOCINCLA. 
91 

Female. Similar to the male, but rather smaller. For dimensions 
of the two sexes, cf. Hume, Str. P, ii. p, 232. 

Young. "Similar to adult, but smaller; the chin, throat, and 
breast glossless black; the quills hair-brown; the secondaries margined 
faintly with ferruginous on the outer webs, as also are their 
greater and some of the median coverts; the sides of the abdomen 
are tinged with ferruginous; the gloss of the upper parts is much 
fainter." (Hume, he. cit.) 

Nestling. u Entire head, neck, breast, and back deep brown, almost 
black on the breast, each feather with a smaller or larger dull 
ferruginous spot towards the tip; the quills and coverts are all 
margined on the outer webs with dull ferruginous, the lesser coverts 
with dull spots of the same colour; the flanks and sides of the 
abdomen mottled dusky and pale ferruginous." (Hume, L c.) 
Hab. Andaman Islands. 

a, $ ad. sk. South Andaman, May 5, K. B. Skarpe, Esq, [P.]. 
1873 (Wardlatv Mamsay). 
b. Ad. sk. S. Andaman, March 14,1873 B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
(22. Q. W. It.). 

6. Cittocincla luzoniensis. 
Turdus luzoniensis, 
Kitt. Kupf. Vog. p. 7, pi, 11.fig. 2 (1832); id. 
Mem. Acad. S. Petersb. ii. p. 5, pi. 7 (1833). 
Copsychus luzoniensis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 266 (1850); Sclater, P. Z. S. 
1861, p. 186 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. L p. 265, no. 3887 (1869). 
Oossypha pyrrhopygia, Hartl. Orn. Westafr. p. 78 (1857); id. 

J.f. 0. 1861, p. 163; JSharpe, Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xvL 
p. 236 (1875). 
Bessonornis pyrrhopygia, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 265, no. 3872 (1869). 
Cittocincla luzoniensis, Walden, Trans. Zool. 8oc. ix. pp. 193, 250 
(1875); Sharpe, Trans. Linn. 8oe., Zool. new series, i. p. 352 (1876); 
Wardlaw Ramsay, Orn. Mem. Tweedd. pp. 358,411, 657 (1881). 

Adult. General colour of the upper surface blue-black; the lower 
back, rump, and upper fcalUcoverts orange-chestnut; the head with 
a slightly browner tinge than the back; over the eye a broad streak 
of white produced to the nape; lores, sides of face, neck, throat, and 
fore neck glossy blue-black; remainder of under surface white, the 
sides of the body washed with rufous ; thighs and under wing- and 
tail-coverts white ; upper wing-coverts blue-black, some of the centre 
greater coverts white on the outer web and at the tip, forming an 
alar speculum ; quills blackish, the secondaries blue-black like the 
back, the primaries narrowly margined with brown ; tail black, the 
three outer feathers on each side tipped with white; bill black; 
feet yellowish. Total length 6*8 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3-05, 
tail 3*3, tarsus 1*05. 

Obs. Another specimen in the Museum, received from the Zoological 
Society, without more indication of the exact locality than 
" Philippine Islands,'' is smaller than the one described: wing 2*95 ; 

TIMELIXDJffi. 

tarsus 0*95. It is probably the female, as it has the feathers of the 
head and back strongly washed with brown. 

Female or young. Brown where the old male is glossy black, the 
centre of the back and wing-coverts somewhat shining with black; 
no black gorget; but the throat white, inclining to ashy brown on 
the fore neck, the flanks very strongly tinged with rufous. 

ffab. Island of Luzon in the Philippine archipelago. 

a. Ad. sk. Luzon. Gould Collection. 
b. Ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk.
e. Imm. sk.
/. Juv. sk. 
Cataguan, Luzon. 
Philippine Islands. 
Philippine Islands. 
Philippine Islands. 
[Philippine Islands], 
Hugh Cuming, Esq. 
Hugh Cuming, Esq. 
Hugh Cuming, Esq. 
Zoological Society. 
M. Verreaux*. 
;c.i. 
c.i. 

* Sold to the Museum as Cossyjpha $yrrho$ygia% Hartl. Cf. Sharpe, /. c. 
BRADYPTERT. 

93 

Group II. RRABYPTERL 

These birds are aberrant Keed-Warblers, and should, in my 
opinion, be placed in future classifications of the Cichlomorph© 
near the genera Oeitia and Acrocejohalus, from which they are separated 
by their larger first primary only. Through Megalurus and 
Sphenceacus they approach the Grass-Warblers and Cisticolce especially. 


Key to the Genera, 

a. 
With ten tail-feathers. 
a'. Tail-feathers stiffened with spiny shafts and 
loose webs, the latter lax and separate. 
a". Tail about equal in length to the body of 
the bird; no perceptible rictal bristles. 
a'". Bill short, higher than broad at nostrils 1. SPHENCEACUS, 
b'". Bill more slender, about as high as it [p. 94. 

is broad at nostrils 2. DROMJEOCERCUS, 
l". Tail much longer than the bird's body; [p. 99. 
rictal bristles very strong 3. STIPITURUS, 
b\ Tail-feathers ordinary and soft; shafts elastic [p. 100. 

but not spiny. 
c". Wing a little longer than the tail 4. PSAMATHIA, 
d". Tail longer than wing. [p, 101. 

c"'. Under tail-coverts short, not reaching 
half the length of the tail. 


a1. First primary half the length of the 
second j bill slender and longer than 
middle toe and claw; rictal bristles 
inconsiderable 5. BEBRORNIS, p. 102. 

M. First primary about half the length of 
the fifth; bill stouter and shorter 
than middle toe and claw. 
as, Rictal bristles very strong, three in 
number, and recurved 6. SPHENURA, p. 104. 
¥. Bictal bristles weaker, fire in number, 
and not recurved 7. AMYTIS, p. 106. 
d'". Under tail-coverts longer and very 

» 
broad, reaching more than half the 
length of the tail; tail-feathers very 
broad, equal in breadth to hind toe 
and claw, 8. SCH<ENICOLA, 

b. 
With twelve tail-feathers. [p. 109. 
c'. Tail longer than wing. 
e", Upper tail-coverts completely hidden by 
the long feathers of the rump 9. PHLEXIS, p. 111. 
/". Upper tail-coverts ordinary and not hidden 
by the long plumes of the rump. 
eu'. Under tail-coverts very long and broad, 
reaching to more than half the length [p. 112. 
of the tail 10. BRADYPTEIOJS, 

riMULITlUL 

f"\ Under tail-coverts short, not reaching" to 
half the length of the tail j tail-leathers 
narrower, their breadth not equal to the 
hind toe. 


c4. Tail not so strongly graduated,- the 
outside tail-feather long and surpassing 
the under tail-coverts by as much as 
the length of the tarsus. 


e\ Bill rather long and slender, slightly 
higher at nostrils than it is broad .. 11. ETTBYPTILA, 
d\ Bill very stout, higher at nostrils than [p. 110. 
broad 12. RHOPOPHILUS, 

dK Tail very strongly graduated, the out- [p. HO. 
side tail-feather only just reaching beyond 
the under tail-coverts and nearly 
hidden by them. 

e\ Second primary shorter than secondaries 
; rictal bristles tolerably well 
pronounced. 


<cz6. Outstretched feet not reaching beyond 
the under tail-coverts ; tail 
very long, the feathers perceptibly 
broadened towards their ends; 
wings falling short of tail by as 
much as the length of the bird's 
body 13. LATICILLA, 

b6. Outstretched feet reaching beyond [p. 118. 
the under tail-coverts ; tail long, 
but not exceeding the tip of the 
wing by as much as the length of 
the bird's body; tail-feathers not 
perceptibly broadened 14. ELLISIA, p. 120. 

/ \ Second primary equal to or a little 
longer than secondaries; rictal bristles 
very small 15. MEG-ALUIKTS, 

g5. Second primary much longer than [p. 122. 
secondaries; six very strong and [p. 130. 
distinct rictal bristles 16. CEUETOBNIS, 

d', "Wing and tail about equal in length 17. OALAMOCICHLA, 
e'. Wing much longer than the tail. [p. 131. 

g". Tarsus strongly scutellated 18. OALAMONASTES, 
, m • [P. 133. 
h". Tarsus entire 19. OBIGMA, p. 135, 

1. SPHEHCEACUS. 
Type. 
Sphenceacus, StrtcM. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 28 S. africanus. 

Range. Confined to South Africa, New Zealand, and the Chatham 
Islands. 

Key to the Species. 

a. With no spots on the throat. 
a'. 
Throat white or yellowish white, separated 
from the cheeks by a distinct moustache of 
black. 


1. SPHE^OEiCUS. 
95 

a". With very distinct black central marks to 

some of the feathers on the bides of the 

body *\ 

a'". Upper and under tail-coverts with dark 

central stripes 
africanus, p. 95. 

I'". Upper and under tail-coverts unifoim, 

with no dark central stripes to the fea


thers 
intermedius, p. 96. 

b". With no distinct Mack markb on the sides 

of the body; upper and under tail-coverts 

uniform, with no dark central stripes to 

the feathers 
natalemis, p. 90. 

V. 
Throat pure white, with no moustache at all; 
the cheeks black, mottled with white bases 
to the feathers rufeseens, p. 98. 
b. Throat minutely spotted with black j ^mfp'ii 9?' 
1. Sphenceacus africanus. 
La Fauvette tachetee du Cap de Bonne Esp&rance, Briss. Orn. ili, 
p. 390 (1700) ; Buff. Eist. Nat. Ois. v. p. ICO (1778). 
Spotted Yellow Flycatcher, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 332 (1783). 
African Warbler, Lath. op. cit. ii. pt, ii. p. 436 (1783). 
Muscicapa afra, Chn, Syst Nat. i. p. 940 (1788, ex Lath.). 
Motacilia africana, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 958 (1788, ex Lath.). 
Sylvia africana, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 518 (1790). 
Le Fluteur, LevailL Ok d'Afr. iii. p. 61, pi. 112. fig. 2 (1802) ; 
Sundev. Krii. Framst., LevailL p. 37 (1857). 
Malurus africanus, Swains. Zool. Illustr. iii. pi. 170 (1823). 
Sphenura tibicen, Licht. Verz. JDouU. p. 43 (1823). 
Synallaxis cantor, Lesson, Traite, p. 319 (1831). 
Sphenoeacus africanus, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 28; Bp. Consp. I. 

p. 279 (1850); Cab. Mm. JSein. Th. L p. 42 (1850) j Grill, Zool. 
Anteckn. p, 32 (1859) ,• Sharpe, Cat Afr. B. p. 32 (1871); Shelley, 
Ibis. 1875, p. 71 (pt.); Sharpe, ed. LayardB.S.Afr. p. 280 (1876, 
pt.) j Shelley, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 337. 
Dasyornis africana, Swinh. (ubi ?). 

Muscicapa dubia, Forster, Descr. Anim. p. 406 (1844). 

Drymoica africana. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 104 (1848); Layard, B. S. 

Afr. p. 95 (1867). 
Megalurus africanus, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 206, no. 2908 (1869). 
Dryrnoeca africana, Giebel, Thes. Orn. ii. p. 01 (1875). 

Adult <)utile. General colour above tawny rufous or chestnut-
brown, the feathers of the head, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
longitudinally centred with black; mantle and back paler, being 
straw-coloured, with very broad black centres; wing-coverts tawny 
rufous, centred with black, some of the lesser coverts margined with 
straw-colour; quills dusky blackish, margined externally with rufous, 
the innermost secondaries edged with lighter rufous on both 
webs ; tail-feathers rufous, dusky blackish along the shafts; ear


* Cf. Shelley, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 337. 
9 6 
TIMELIIDJE. 

coverts uniform rufous; lores and a very narrow superciliary line 
yellowish buff; feathers in front of the eye dusky; cheeks and 
under surface of body yellowish buff, the throat whiter and separated 
from the cheeks by a narrow malar line of blackish; on the 
sides of the fore neck and chest some small blackish streaks, more 
developed on the sides of the breast, and much more so on the 
flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts, which are somewhat more richly 
coloured; under wing-coverts and axillaries uniform fulvous ; quills 
dusky below, fulvescent along the edge of the inner web ; 1C beak 
grey, inclining to black towards the culmen ; legs grey ; iris hazel" 
{Shelley). Total length 7*25 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2*45, tail 3*8, 
tarsus 0*9. fc 

Considerable difference in the amount of striping on the sides of 
the body is shown in a series; and the head is much more uniform 
rufous in some specimens than in others. Young birds are like the 
adult, but are much lighter in colour, being yellow, especially on 
the hind neck and mantle ; the under surface is uniform yellowish 
buff, with scarcely any dusky striping on the sides. 
Eab. Western part of the Cape Colony. 

a. Pull. st.
b. Ad. sir.
c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk. 
South Africa. 
South Africa. 
South AfricaLayard). 
South AfricaAndersson). 
(E. Z. 
{C. X 
Sir A. Smith [C.]. 
B. B. Siiarpe? Esq. 
B. B. Sharpe, E*j. 
R. B. Sharps E-q. 
e. <$ ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope,
March 1847 (J. MacVoyage 
of H.M.S 
*" Rattlesnake.* 
f. S ad. sk.
g. Ad. st.
gittivray). 
Knysna, Bee. 3{C. J. Ander 
South Africa.
1, 1865ssoii). 
B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
-Rev. J. Phillipps [ P j . 

2. Sphenceacus intermedins. 
Sphenceacus africanus {non G?n.), audi, ev Col. Capenn oiienial* 
Sphenceacus intermedins, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 337. 

Adult male. Similar to S. africanus, but having the head clearer 
rufous, the streaks on the sides of the body much narrower, and 
the upper and under tail-coverts uniform. Total length 8*7 inches, 
culmen 0*7, wing 2*7, tail 4*3, tarsus 0*95. 

Hah, Eastern side of the Cape Colony. 

a. Ad. sk. Kingwilliamstown. Capt. H. Trevelyan [P.]. 
b. <$ ad. sk. Kingwilliamstown, June 1877 Capt. H. Trevelyan [P.J. 
(C. Neioby). 
3. Sphenceacus uataleaisis. 
Sphenceacus africanus 
{non Gm.), Gurney, Ibis. 1803, p. 323; Awe** 
Ibis, 1876, p. 425 ; id. 1880, p. 103. 
Sphenceacus natalensis, Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 337 ; Butler, Feilden, & 
Reid, Zoologist, 1882, p. 245, 

1. sPHEsrcEixrcrs. 
97 
Adult male. Differs from 8. afrkemus and S. intermedius in 
having no streaks on the flanks or on the upper and lower taileoTerts 
; u legs, feet, and bill lavender; iris reddish brown " (Beid). 
Total length 8*5 inches, enlmen 0*7, wing 2-95, tail 4, tarsus 0*95. 

In the winter plumage the general aspect of the bird is much 
more mealy and fulvous than in summer. The sexes measure as 
follows:— 

Total 

length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus, 

in. in. in. in. 

d 
ad. Swaziland, June 1876 7-5 2-8 3-7 1*05 

S ad. Transvaal, July 1879 ... . 7-5 2*75 3-7 0'95 

Hal. S.E. Africa from Natal to the Transvaal. 

a. $ ad. sk. Newcastle, Natal, June 8, Capt. Savile G-. Eeid [P.], 
4. Sphenceacus ptmctatus. 
Synallaxis punctata, 
Quay fy Gaim. Voy. de VAstrol. i. p. 255, pi. 18. 
fig. 2 (1830). 
Sphenosaetis punctatus, Gray, Voy, Ereb. § Terror, Birds, p. 5 
(1844) ; Cab. Mm. Hein. Th. i. p. 42 (1850); Gray, Ibis, 1862, 

p. 220 ; Finsch, J. f. O. 1872, p. Ill; Buller, B. New Zeal p. 128, 
pi. 13.fig*. 1 (18?3); Sharpe, Voy. JSreb. §-Ten*or, App. Birds, 
p. 25 (1875); Buller, Man. B. New Zeal p. 17. pi. x. fig. 1 
(1882). 
Megalurus punctatus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 169 (1848) id. Hand-l. B. 

i. p. 206, no. 2910 (1869). 
Adult. General colour above dusky fdvous-brown, the feathers 
being blackish with fulvous-brown edgings ; head somewhat rufescent 
brown, with blackish centres to the feathers; wing-coverts and 
quills blackish, margined with fulvous-brown like the back• upper 
tail-coverts and tail-feathers blackish, rather broadly margined with 
fulvous-brown; over the eye a narrow white streak; ear-coverts 
brown; cheeks, sides of face, throat, and fore neck dull white, 
spotted with dusky blackish, these spots becoming larger and taking 
the form of streaks on the breast; centre of breast and abdomen 
whitish; sides of breast, flanks, and under tail-coverts fulvous 
brown, broadly streaked with blackish brown; thighs brown ; axillaries 
like the sides of the breast; under wing-coverts light fulvous; 
quills dusky brown below, ashy along the margin of the inner web; 
"bill and feet pale brown; iris black" (Buller), Total length 
7 inches, oilmen 0*6, wing 2-2, tail 4-1, tarsus 0*85. 

Young birds, according to Dr. Buller, assume the adult plumage 
on leaving the nest. 
Hah. New Zealand, where it is found in both islands. 

a, b. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Antarctic Expedition [C.]. 

VOL. VII. 
H 

TIJOLIIM. 

5. Sphenceacus fulvns. 
Sphenceacus fulvus, Gray, Ibis, 1862, p. 221; Fimeh, J.f. 0. 1872, 
p. Ill; Butter, B. New Zeal p. 130 (1673); Sharpe, Voy. Breb. $ 
Terror, App. Birds, p. 25 (1875); Butter, Man, B. New. Zed. 
p. 19 (1882;. 
Megalurus fulvus, Gray, Hand!. B. I. p. 2C6,no. 2911 (1569). 
Adult (type of species). Similar to B. jjinictatm. hut rather 
larger, and very much lighter and more ochraceous in colour. 
Both on the upper and tinder surface the black centres to the 
feathers are not so broad, and thus the plumage appears more distinctly 
streaked. Total length 6*75 inches, culmen 0*5, wiog 2% 
tail 3-2, tarsus 0-9. 

An example in the Canterbury Huseuni, so immature that the 
tail-feathers are only two inches long, has more fulvous in the 
plumage, and no indication whatever of a superciliarr streak 

{Bnller, I c). 
Rob. South Island, Xew Zealand. 
^.Ad.sk New Zealand. Perc\ EaiL E-q, ~C". (T\pe 
of^perfn?.) 

b. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Capt. Mokf» "IV. 
c, d. Ad. sk. Xew Zealand. E} tun Colkctioif. 
6. Sphenosacus riifescertg. 
Sphenceacus rnfescens, Btdk)\ Ibis, 16l*9, p. 36; id. B. New Zeal. 
p. 131, pi IS. %. 2 (1873); Ftnseh, J.f.O. It72T p. 112, 1874, 
p. 185; Sharpe, Voy. Ereb. fy Terror, App. Birds, p. "15 (1*75); 
Butter, Man. B. New Zeal. p. 28, pL x. %. 2 (ltS21. 
Megalurus rufeseens, Gray, Hand~l £. i. p. 206, no. 2013 (1860). 

Adult male. General colour above chestnut-rufous, the feathers 
of the head narrowly streamed with Mack, the back-feathers very 
broadly centred with black and edged with rather paler chestnut; 
ramp and upper tail-coverts uniform chestnut; wing-coverts and 
quills blackish, margined with chestnut; tail-feathers rufous-brown, 
blackish along the shafts, which are stiffened; lores and a distinct 
eyebrow white; sides of face and cheeks white, spotted with Hack 
tips to the feathers, those in front of the eye and on the upper 
edge of the ear-coverts being black; under surface of body white, 
washed with rufous on the abdomen; sides of the body chestnut, 
broadly centred with black; under tail-coverts a Mile lighter 
rufous, with less distinct black centres to the feathers ; axillarica 
rufous-brown; under wing-coverts rufesceat, the lower series huffy 
whitish at base; quills ashy brown, lighter ashy along the edge of 
the inner web; u bill and feet yellowish brown; iris black n 
(Bidler). Total length 8 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 24], tail 3-#, 
tarsug 1. 

Adult 'female. Does not differ from the male in colour, but is 

2 . BBOM^OCEEGTJS. 
99 

rather smaller. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2-35, tail 
2*9, tarsus 0-95. 
j&ab. Chatham Islands. 

(tjb. (S 2 ao~ sk- Chatham Islands. J. T. Travers, Esq;. [C.]. 

2. DBOHJEGCEECUS. 
Type. 
Dromseocercus, Sharpe, P. Z. S.1877, p. 23 D. hrunneus. 

Mange. Confined to Madagascar. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Uniform rafous-brown above; below uniform rufous, 
without stripes hrunneus, p. 99. 
b. Light brown above, the feathers mottled with dark 
centres to the feathers • underneath ashy whitish, 
with dusky streaks on the breast §eebohmi} p. 100. 
1. Dromaeocercns brimiiexis. 
Dromseoeercus hrunneus, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 22, pL ii. fig. 2; 
Milne-Edw. $* Grandid. in Qrandid. Hist. Nat Madag., Ois. p. 333, 
pis. 128 A, 181,131 B (1882). 

Dromocercus hrunneus, Hartl Vog. Madag, p. 408 (1877). 

Adult. Above rufous-brown, the wing-coverts like the back; 
quills blackish, externally dull rufous; tail-feathers dark brown, 
the shafts glossy black; lores rufescent; underneath paler rufous-
brown or chestnut, more fulvescent in the centre pf the abdomen ; 
the throat also paler; under wing-coverts like the breast. Total 
length 5*9 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 1*95, tail 2'5, tarsus 0*75. 

The sexes are apparently alike in colour when adult, and measure 
as follows:— 
<$ ad. Total length 5*8 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*05, tail 2*7, 
tarsus 0*85. 
$ ad. Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 1*85, tail 2*1, 
tarsus 0*75. 

The hen bird, it will be seen, is a little smaller. Young birds are 
more rufous both above and below, but particularly on the under 
surface; the lores and feathers above the fore part of the eye are 
white, as also is the throat; the centre of the belly tawny buff. 

Bab. Madagascar, where it has hitherto been found at Fianarantsoa 
and in the forests to the east of Antananarivo. 

a. 
Ad. sk. Near Antananarivo Algernon Peckover, Esc[. [P.]. 
(Kmgdon). (Type of species.) 
b. Ad. sk. Fianarantsoa. Pev. W. Deans Cowan [P.]. 
c. d. Ad. sk. Betsileo. Eev. A. Shaw [C.]. 
e* d* fit/- 2 ad.; AnkafanaForest, Rev. W. Deans Cowan [C]. 
k,u 
Ad.sk. March 1881. 
H2 


TIM KM III,?.. 

too 

2. DromaBOcercus seebohmi, 
DroraiPcxwfun tutrix ihmif Sharps, 1\'/,.S. 1870, i>. 177; Milnt-
EdmtrtUSt Orandid, in Gramlid, Hirt. Nat. Mating., Ou. p. 334, 
pi. 131 A. 

Adult. (Jonoral colour above <lark brown, with edges of lighter 
brown, producing a mottled appearance, the rump and u[)por taileoTerti 
more uniform; tail-feathera rufous-brown, with stiffened 
black shafts, the feathers loose-webbed, as in usual in this genus ; 
wing-coverts and quills blackish brown, margined with lighter 
brown; lores whitish; ear-coverts and sides of nock ashy brown ; 
under surface of body dull white, shaded with ashy brown on the 
sidcH of the breast ; sides of body and under tail-coverts rather more 
fulvous-brown; fore neck with small but distinct spots of dusky 
brown, the sides of the body more largely and distinctly streaked ; 
under wing-coverts ashy brown, the edge of the wing white ; quills 
dull brown below, fulvescent along the edge of the inner web. Total 
length 6*9 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 1*95, tail 3*1, tarsus 0*7. 

Bab. Confined to Madagascar, where it is said to be found not 

far from Antananarivo. M. Grandidicr believes that its habitat is 
Fianarantsoa. 
a, Ad. sk. Antananarivo. Mr. Lormier [C.]. (Type 
of species.) 
b, c. Ad.; d. Juv. sk, Antananarivo. Mr. Lormier [C.]. 

3. STIPITURUS. 
Type. 
StipitimiH, Lmmt Traitt, p. 414 (1831) S. malachurus. 

Bill of Sfipiturus malachurus. 

Bcuuje. Confined to Australia. 

1. Stipiturus malacurus. 
Muscicapa malachura, Shaw, Trans, Linn. Soc. iv. p. 242, pi. 21 

(1798); Lath. Ind. Orn. Sitppt. p. lii (1801). 
Soft-tailed Flycatcher, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 224 (1801). 
Malum palustris, Vieill. N. Did. ifllist. Nat. xx. p. 218 (1818). 
Malurus malachurus, Vig. $ Jlorsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 224 

(1827). 
Stipiturus malachurus, Less. Traitf, p. 415 (1831) ; Gould, B. Austr. 
fol. iii. pi. 81 (1848); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 106 (1848); Bp. Consp. 

i. p. 219 (1860); Cab. Mus. llein. Th. i. p. 42 (1850); Gould, 
4 . PSAMATHIA. 
101 
Sdndb. B. Austr. i. p. 339 (1865); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 205, 

no. 2892 (1869) ; Bamsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W, ii. p. 184 

(1878). 

Adult male. Head light rufous, broadly striped with black towards 
the nape; bind neck and mantle asby brown, with broad black 
centres to tbe feathers; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
fulvous-brown, the feathers mesially streaked with black, less distinct 
on the latter; wing-coverts fulvous-brown, with broad black 
centres; quills dusky brown, the primaries externally edged with 
ashy, the secondaries with fulvous-brown, so as to resemble the 
greater wing-coverts; tail-feathers blackish, with the webs loose 
and distinct, brownish black in colour; from the base of the nostrils 
a distinct streak of light blue, the feathers tipped with white; eyelid 
whitish; lores ashy; cheeks and ear-coverts fulvous-brown, the 
latter with whitish shaft-lines; throat and fore neck light blue; 
breast and sides of body fulvous-brown, deeper on the thighs and 
under tail-coverts; centre of body and abdomen ashy whitish; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries fulvous-brown; quills dusky 
brown below, fulvous along the inner web. Total length 6*2 inches, 
culmen 0*4, wing 1*55, tail 4*1, tarsus 0-7. 

The adult female differs from the male in wanting the rufous 
forehead, the whole head being ashy grey, broadly streaked with 
black like the mantle and upper back; underneath, the throat and 
chest are fulvous-brown like the sides of the body, and the eye-
stripe is also light fulvous-brown instead of blue. Total length 
6*5 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 1*7, tail 4*4, tarsus 0*7. 

The young resemble the old female, but have the head and back 
fulvous-brown streaked with black instead of being grey. 
Hah. Tasmania and on the east coast of Australia south of Moreton 
Bay, along South Australia to the Swan-Eiver district. 

a, b. S% ad. sk. South Australia. Sir George Grey [P.1 

c. Juv. sk. South Australia. Sir George Grey [P.J. 
d.e'f. J, g. 9ad.sk. Queensland («/". T. Cocke- F. D. Godman and O. 
veil). . Salvm, Esqrs. [P.]. 
h, %. S ad. sk. Australia. Gould Collection. 
k,l. $ $ ad. sk. Tasmania. Ronald Gunn, Esq. [P.], 

4. 
PSAMATHIA. 
Type. 
Psamathia, BCartl # Finsch, P. Z. 8,1868, p. 5 P. annge. 
Range. Confined to the Pelew Islands. 

1. Psamathia annse. 
Psamathia annas, Earth 8r Finsch, P. Z. S. 1868, pp. 5, 118, pi u., 
1872, p. 94 j Finsch, Jbum. Mm. Godeffr. Heft v. p. 22 (1875). 
Calamodyta annse, Gray, Hand~l. B. i. p. 208, no. 2949 (1869). 

102 Tl Mill,11 U.K. 

Adult. General colour above dark olive-brown; winff-covorts 
brown, externally like the back, including the bastard-wing feathers 
and primary-coverts; quills brown, externally washed with olive; 
upper tail-coverts a little more ruddy olive; tail-feathers dusky brown 
with olive margins; crown of the head a little lighter olive than 
the back; lores and feathers round the eye olive-yellowish ; an indistinct 
eyebrow of dull yellow ; oar-coverts olive-brown, with paler 
shaft-streaks; oheoks and under surface of the body lighter and 
more yellowish olive, more distinctly dull olive on the sides of the 
body and flanks; thighs and under tnil-covorts dull olive; under 
wing-coverts light yellowish, more yollow on the edge of the wing; 
axillaries white, slightly washed with olive; quills dusky below, 
inner edges ashy whitish. Total length 5-6 inches, culmen 0-75, 
wing 2*7, tail 2-3, tarsus 1*1. 

Hah. Pelew Islands. 

a. Ad. sk. Pelew Islauds. Mr. Cohen [C.]. 
5. BEBRORNIS. 
Wing of Bebrornis rodericanus, to show proportions of primaries. 

Range. Confined to the Seychelles and Rodriguez. 

1. Bebrornis rodericanus. 
Drvmeeca ? rodericana, E. Newton, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 47, pi. i. fig. 3 : 

id. Ibis, 1865, p. 150. 

Drymoica rodericana, Graxj, Hand-l B. i. p. 199, no. 2771 (1809). 

Orthotomus? rodericanus, Hartl. Yog. Madag. p. 107 (1877). 

Bradvpterus rodericanus, Skarpe, Rep. Trans. Venus Exped., in Trans. 

Royal Sac. clxviii. p. 459 (1879) * 
Thanuiomi8 rodericana, Milrie-Edw. $• Orandid. in Grandid. II. N. 
Madag. Ois. p. 335, note. 

Adult male. General colour above olivaceous brown, very little 
paler on the upper tail-coverts ; lores pale yellow, extending above 
the eye, but not forming a distinct eyebrow; round the eye a ring of 
pale-yellow feathers; cheeks and sides of face pale yellow, the ear-
coverts olivaceous; under surface of body pale yellow from chin to 

* In nay notes on this bird (Trans. Roy. Soc. I. c.) a serious slip has occurred 
on p. 460, in the sentence *' it cannot be associated with the Cisticolas, which 
have ten tail-feathers." The latter birds have twelve tail-feathers. 
5 . BEBEOENIS. 
103 

Tent, the sides of the neck and sides of breast olivaceous brown; 
under wing-coverts light yellow; wing-coverts above brown, washed 
with olivaceous like the back; quills dark brown, the secondaries 
edged with olivaceous, inclining to yellowish white on the outer 
margin of the primaries; tail-feathers brown, narrowly margined 
with olivaceous, the outer ones slightly tipped with white; bill 
horn-brown in skin, the lower mandible yellow; feet rleshj brown 
in skin. Total length 5*8-6*3 inches, culmen 0-6-0*65, wing 2*352*
45, tail 2*85-3, tarsus 0*85-0*95. 

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male, but rather smaller. 
Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 2*25-2*35, tail 2*8-2*9, 
tarsus 0*85. 

The difference in coloration in the Museum series is not very great, 
ranging from a dark olive-brown to a clear olive or greyish brown • 
the shade of yellow also varied in individuals. 

HaL Confined to the island of Eodriguez. 

a, b. <$ 2 ad. sk. Eodriguez, Nov. 1874 Eoyal Society [P.]. 
(Gridliver), 
c, d7 e. J?/ . $ ad. sk. Eodriguez (H. H. Slater). Eoyal Society HP.]. 

g. Ad. sk. Eodriguez (H. IT. Slate?*). Eoyal Society [P.I. 
\ i. Sternum. Eodriguez (K. if. Slater). Eoyal Society [P.J. 
2. Bebrornis seychellensis. 
Ellisia sevchellensis, Oustalet, Bull. Soc. Fliilom. Paris. (7) 5. p. 102 
(1877> 

Adult male. General colour above olive-brown, rather greenish in 
tint, the head slightly duller; wing-coverts and quills dark brown, 
narrowly edged with the same colour as the back, paler and more 
yellow on the margins of the primaries; tail-feathers dusky brown, 
narrowly edged with olive-green, the outer ones tipped with white, 
which extends some little way up the edge of the inner web; lores 
and eyelid dull ashy, slightly tinged with yellow; ear-coverts olive-
greenish ; cheeks and throat white, washed with pale yellow; remainder 
of under surface of body light yellow, the sides of the breast 
and flanks olive-brown, as also the thighs • under tail-coverts pale 
yellow; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, slightly washed 
with yellow; quills light brown below, whitish along the edge of 
the inner web. Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2*45, 
tail 2*1, tarsus 1*05. 

Hab. Seychelles Archipelago. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Marianne Island, Seychelles. Paris Museum [P,]. 
104 
TIMKUin.K. 

it. SPHENURA. 

Typo. 
Sphenuro, TMt Ven, Ihubl. p. 10 < 1823) S. brachyptera. 
Da^vomis, /'///. <V Horn/. Trans. Linn. >%><: xvi. p. 231 

t1 M'jn > ,,,, ,, 
S. brachyptera. 

JJill and wing of Sphenura hraeht/pfera, to show rielnl brist lea 
and proportions of primaries. 

Range. Confined to Australia. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Head brown. 
a'. Larger; wing 3*1 inches: upper surface uniform 
reddisli brown brachyptera, p. 104. 
h'. 
Smaller; wing 2'5 inches: head and back 
mottled with ashy-grey spots hmgirostris, p. 105. 

b. Head rufous " 
broadbenti, p. 106. 
1. Sphenura brachyptera. 
pi. ii. p. 11 
Tardus braehypterus, Lath. Inch Orn. Svpjpl. p. xliii (1801). 
Sphenura brachyptera, Licht Verz. Doubt, p. 40 (1828); Gray, Gen. 

Ii. I p. Lo7 (1848); Up. ttmsp. i. p. 210 (I860); Cab. Mas. Hein. 
Th. i. p. 42(1850); Gould, Handb. It. Amir. i. p. 342 (1805); 
Gray, lland-l B. i. p. 205, no. '28V8 (1869) j Ramsay, Proc. Linn. 
Soc. N, S. W. ii. p. 184 (1878). 

Malurns pectoralis, Steph. den. ZooL xiii. pt. ii. p. 224 (1825). 

Dasyornis anstralis, Via. §• Honf. Linn. Trans, xv. p. 232 (1827); 
ford. # Selby, III. Orn. pi. 13 (c. 1839); Gould, B. Austr. iii. 
pi. 32 (1848).' 

Adult. General colour above brown, a little more rufescent on 
the rump and upper tail-coverts; wing-coverts also a little more 
rufous-brown than the back; quills brown, externally rufous-
brown ; tail uniform reddish brown; head slightly duller than the 
back, but lighter at the base of the forehead; lores and eyelid 
whitish; ear-coverts browrn, with white shaft-streaks; cheeks and 
under surface of body dull white, the sides of the neck, sides of 
breast, and flanks brown, with a few dull whitish shaft-streaks on 
the latter, which are also faintly washed with reddish brown ; fore 
neck shaded with brown; under tail-coverts and thighs reddish 
brown; axillaries and under wing-coverts reddish brown; quills 
ashy brown below, pale rufous along the inner wreb; " bill brown, 

6. SPHENTTRA. 
105 
becoming mnch lighter on lower mandible; legs greyish brown; 
iris brown" {Gould), Total length 8*3 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 
3*1, tail 4*4, tarsus 1-1. 

The type of D. australis appears to be a younger bird, as it is 
everywhere more rufous than the one described; across the fore 
neck and chest there is also a band of brown. 


Female. Eather smaller than the male (Gould). 
Eab. Kew South Wales. 


a. Imm. sk. Australia. Linnean Society. (Type of 
Dasyornis australis.) 
b. Ad. sk. New South "Wales. John Gould, Esq. 
c. Ad.; d. Juv. sk. ISTew South Wales (J. F. D. Godrnan and 0. Sal-
T. Cockerett). vin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
e,f. Ad. sk. S. Australia. Sir George Grey [P.]. 
2. Sphenura longirostris. 
Dasyornis longirostris, Gould, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 170; id. B. Austr. iii. 
pi. 33 (1848); Bp. Consp. i. p. 219 (1850); Gould, Mandb. B. 
Austr. i. p. 343 (1865). 

Sphenura longirostris, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 167 (1848): id. HandA. B. 
I p. 205, no. 2809 (1869). 

Adult female. General colour above dark chocolate-brown, the 
feathers of the head, neck, and mantle centred with grey at the 
tips, 'which have a silvery appearance, and glisten when turned to 
the light; these glistening spots less pronounced in the middle 
of the back; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts rufous-
brown ; wing-coverts rufous-brown with pale shaft-streaks ; quills 
dark brown, externally edged with rufous-brown; tail-feathers 
dull brown, somewhat olivaceous in tint, edged narrowly with 
reddish brown and barred across with dusky brown under certain 
lights; lores, eyelid, and a narrow streak over the eye dull white; 
ear-coverts brown; cheeks and throat dull white, with obscure 
dusky margins to the feathers; lower throat and fore neck brown, 
with narrow and almost obsolete margins of dusky; lower flanks, 
thighs, and under tail-coverts rather more rufous-brown; centre 
of breast and abdomen white; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
dull reddish brown, the lower series dusky brown; quills dusky 
brown below, light rufous along the margin of the inner web ; 
u upper mandible brown, lower mandible bluish green at the tip 
and greenish white at base; legs bluish grey; iris bright reddish 
brown" (Gould). Total length 6*8 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2*5, 
tail 3*4, tarsus 0*85. 

Sexes alike (Gould). 
Eab. Western Australia. 


a. 
J ad. sk. Albany, King George's Sound, Eyton Collection. 
June 10, 1843 (J. Gould). 
b. Ad. sk. West Australia (J. T. Cocke- F. 1). Godman and O, Sal-
re//), vin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
10(1 TiMiaiin.E. 

3. Sphemvra broadbenti. 
Sphenura broadbenti, MoCoy, Ann. # Mag. Nat Hist. (3) xix. 
1». 185 (1807), xx. p. 17V) (18(37); Gould, B. Austr. Suppl. pi. 25 
(I860); f/wy, /fan*?-/. />. i. p. 205, no. 2000 (1800); Ramsay, 
Proc. Linn. Sac. X. S. W. ii. p. 185 (1878). 

" Back, shoulders, and flanks dark brown; wings and tail of a 
slightly richer and more rufous-brown, tho tail-feathers in some 
lights seeming to bo transversely marked with faint, glossy, transverse, 
narrow bands of a slightly lighter shade; crown, napo, and 
ear-covcrts rich chestnut or rufous-brown; a triangular spot in 
front of, and slightly over each eyo, and tho throat, greyish white ; 
feathers of the breast lunulatod, greyish white at their margins, 
dull brownish like tho flanks at their baso ; the greyish white extonds 
in a narrow track along the middle of the abdomen; legs, 
feet, upper part and tip of the bill dull brown ; lateral parts of the 
upper mandible and the basal portion of the lower one yellowish; 
legs 7" 9'", bill from gape 9|'", from forehead 7'", wings 3" 4£'", 
tail 4" 10'", tarsus 1" 2'". The great length of the wing, tarsi, and 
bill easily distinguish this species from the two previously known, 
as well as the rufous head and ears, and the greyish white instead 
of buff colour over the front of the eye. I am uncertain what 
value should be attached to the much darker and stronger lunulation 
of the breast-feathers, as I have only seen one specimen, and 
am not certain whether it has attained maturity. The bill is 
stronger, being deeper as well as longor, and slightly more arched 
in the culmen than in the 8. brachyptera, to which it is most nearly 
allied. The sixth primary is also slightly longer than the fifth and 
seventh, which are equal; the claws are rather stouter than in that 
species, and the three or four large rietal bristles are weaker. The 
specimen described was presented to the Museum by Mr. Broadbent, 
who shot it in December 1858, in a dense scrub twenty-four miles 
from Portland Bay, while it was uttering a note like that of an 
English Thrush, and running over logs on the ground. I have not 
since seen another specimen." (McCoy, I. c.) 

Hob. Interior of South Australia. 

7. AMYTIS. 
Type, 
Amytis, Lesson, TraittaVOm. p. 454 (1831) A. texiilis. 

Bill of Amytis striata, to show rietal bristles. 
Range. Confined to Australia. 

7 . AMYTIS. 
107 
Key to the Species. 

a. Chest striated. 
a\ Xo black stripe along cheeks. 
a". Smaller textilis, p, 107. 
b". Larger macrura, p. 108. 

h\ 
A broad black cheek-stripe ; upper plumage 
more rufous striata, p. 107. 

b. Chest uniform white like the throat goyderi, p. 109. 
1. Amytis textilis. 
Malurus textilis. Quoy et Gam. Voy. de V Uran. p. 107, pi. xxiii. 
fig. 1(1824). 

Amytis textilis, Lesson, TraitS d'Om. p. 454, pi. 67.fig. 2 (1831) ; 
Gould, B. Austr. fol. iii. pi. 28 (1848) j Gray, Gen, B. I p. 166 
(1848) • Bp. Consp. i. p. 219 (1850) j Gould, Eandb. B. Austr. i. 

p. 335 (1806); Mamsay, Br. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 184 (1878). 
All the upper surface dark brown, each feather with a narrow 
stripe of white down the centre; under surface the same, but 
much paler ; flanks and under surface of the shoulder rust-red ; tail 
dark brown, indistinctly barred with a still darker hue and edged 
with pale brown; irides reddish hazel; base of lower mandible bluish 
horn-colour, remainder of bill black; feet flesh-brown. {Gould, I. e.) 

The male I dissected was destitute of the rusty-red colouring on 
the flanks and under surface of the shoulder. (Gould, I. c.) 

The unfortunate omission by the late Mr. Gould of giving measurements 
of Australian birds with his descriptions has made several 
identifications of his species very difficult. In the present instance 
the dimensions would have been of great service in recognizing the 
species of Amytis; and I am by no means certain that I have rightly 
interpreted Mr. Gould's species as figured in his ' Birds of Australia.' 
If, however, I am correct in my identifications, then Amytis ma-
crura is scarcely separable from A. textilis, of which it is a slightly 
larger and paler representative. 

Two specimens of A. textilis in the Museum measure :— 

a. Total length 6*3 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2-45, tail 3*25, 
tarsus 0*95. 
o. Total length 5*8 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2-3, tail 2*8, tarsus 
0-95. 
Hah. New South Wales, Yictoria, and South Australia. 

a, b. Ad. sk. S. Australia (J. T. F. D. Godman and O. 
Cocherell). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 

c. Ad. sk. Australia. J. Gould, Esq. 
d. Ad. sk. Australia. Sir T. Mitchell [P."|. 
e. Ad. sk. S. Australia. Sir George Grey [P.]. 
2. Amytis striata. 
Dasyornis striatus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 143. 
Amytis striatus, Gould, B. Austr. fol. iii. pi. 29 (1848) ; Gray, Gen. 


B. i. p. 166 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 219 (1850); Goidd, Handb. B. 
Austr. i. p. 337 (1865); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 205, no. 2894 
(1869) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 184 (1878). 
108 TliTElIED^:. 

Adult General colour above chestnut-red, plainly striated with 
white, each white stripe being laterally bordered; rump dull chestnut 
and less distinctly striated; lesser wing-coverts like the back; 
lesser and median wing-coverts dusky brown, ashy grey externally 
and raesially streaked with white; bastard-wing feathers brown, 
edged with white; primary-coverts brown, with white shafts and 
externally chestnut; quills brown, externally washed with reddish 
brown, ashy on the primaries, the outer one being margined with 
white, and chestnut at base of quills; upper tail-coverts dusky 
brown, with white shafts and rufous margins; tail-feathers dusky 
brown, with dusky cross bars under certain lights, edged with rusty 
brown, the outer feathers tipped with pale rusty, the outermost externally 
edged with reddish; fore part of crown rather darker than 
the head; lores bright ferruginous, streaked with white ; ear-coverts 
black, with broad white mesial streaks ; cheeks black, forming a 
broad stripe; throat whitish; fore neck and breast white, shading 
off into yellowish buff on the latter, all the feathers mesially streaked 
with dusky; centre of body sandy buff, becoming whiter on the 
lower abdomen; flanks reddish brown; thighs chestnut, narrowly 
lined with white; under tail-coverts sandy buff, dusky towards the 
ends, with yellowish-white shaft-lines; under wing-coverts chestnut; 
quills dusky brown below, reddish along the inner web ; tk bill dark 
horn-colour; feet brownish lead-colour; iris hazel r ( GovbJ). Total 
length 6*8 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*45, tail 3-4, tarsus 1-05. 

Hab, Victoria and South Australia. 
a, b. Ad, sk. South Australia F. D. Godman and O. 
(Cockerell Coil). Salvin, EaqtB. "J?X 

3. Amytis maerura. 
Amvtis macrourus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 2; id, B. Austr. fol. in. 
pi. 30 (1848); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 166 (1848); Bp. Cwisp. I p. 219 
(1850); Gould, Kandb. B. Austr. i. p. 338 (1665; ; Gray, JSand4. 

B. i. p. 205, no. 2895 (1869) ; Bamsay, Proc. Bum. Sue. S. S. W. 
ii. p. 184 (1878). 
Amytis textilis (nee Q. # GX Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 205, no. 2803 
(1869). 

Adult. General colour above light brown, streaked with dusky 
and white, the feathers having a mesial white streak bordered with 
dusky brown; rump and upper tail-coverts rather more reddish 
brown, with fulvous or white shaft-streaks; wing-coverts like the 
back and streaked in the same manner: quills brown, with reddish 
shafts, the feathers margined with fulvous-brown; tail-feathers dark 
brown, edged with paler brown, the centre ones minutely barred with 
dusky under certain lights; lores ashy whitish; an obscure streak 
of brick-red at the base of the forehead above the lores; ear-coverts 
and cheeks dark brown, broadly streaked with white; under surface 
of body isabelline, richer in tint on the throat, chest, and flanks, 
the two former with obscure whitish central streaks, the sides more 

8 . SCHCENICOLA. 
109 

uniform ; thighs isabelline brown; under tail-coverts brown, with 
whitish shaft-streaks• under wing-coverts tawny ; quills light brown 
below, rufescent along the inner web. Total length 6*5 inches, 
culmen 0*55, wing 2moo, tail 34 , tarsus 1. 

Hah. Interior of Western Australia. 

a. Ad. sk. 
Australia. 
4. Amytis goyderi. 
Amytis goyderi, 
Gould, Ann. fy Mag. Nat Hist (4) xvi. p. 28® 
(1875) ; id. B. New Guinea, part ii. (1876); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. 
Soc. N. 8. W. ii. p. 184 (1878). 

Adult General colour above sandy isabelline, streaked with 
white down the centre of each feather, the mesial streaks edged on 
each side with dusky brown; the mesial streaks less distinct and 
more fulvous on the rump and upper tail-coverts; wing-coverts like 
the back, and streaked in the same manner, the greater coverts 
browner, longitudinally streaked with isabelline• tail-feathers dark 
brown, margined with rufous, the outer feathers also tipped and 
broadly edged with rufous or isabelline• lores and feathers round 
the eye white; ear-coverts brown, streaked with white, the hinder 
parts sandy brown, broadly centred with white; cheeks white, 
streaked with black; under surface of body white, the sides bright 
rufous; thighs and under tail-coverts sandy isabelline• under wing-
coverts and axillaries deep isabelline; quills light brown below, 
isabelline along the edge of the inner web. Total length 5-5 inches, 
culmen 0*45, wing 2*05, tail 2*8, tarsus 0*85. 

Hah. Interior of South Australia. 

a. b. Ad. sk. Macumba, lat. 27° *4' S., Gould Collection. (Types of 
long. 145° r 23" E. species.) 
SCHCENTCOLA. 

Type. 
Schoenicola, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 374 (1844, nee 
Bp. 1850) *. S. platyura. 
Catriscus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 43 (1850) S. apicalis. 

Of. 8harpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 920. 

Range. S. India and Ceylon. KE . Africa and Natal. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Dark rufous-brown • the ear-coverts uniform with 
the crown; flanks dark rufous-brown; under tail-
coverts fulvescent or rufous-brown platyura, p. 110. 
b. Pale rufous-brown j the ear-coverts pale brown-
flanks fulvescent; under tail-coverts blackish, with 
paler margins apicalis, p. 110. 
110 
TIlIELIIllS. 

1. Schoenicola platyura. 
Timalia 
platyura, Jerd. Madr. Jour. xiii. p. 170 (1844); Gray. 
Hand-l B. i. p. 315, no. 4706 (I860). 
Schoenleola platyura, Blyth, J. A. S. Bmg. xfii p. 374 (1844); Jerd. 

B. hid. ii. p.*73 (1863) ; Hume, Sfr. F. 1878, TOL II. p. 37; id. 
Str. .F. 1879,'p. 97; Brooks, Str. F. 1881. p. 209; Hume, t c. 
p. 211; Zegge, Birds of Ceylon, p. 532. note {1880); Hume, Sir. F. 
1880, pp. 234, 260; Butler, Cat B. S. Bombay Fres. p. 43 (1830): 
Sharps, P. Z. S. 1381, p. 920. 
Adult. General colour above russet-brown, the wing-coverts like 

the back; the quills dusky brown, externally russet-brown like 

the back, the innermost secondaries margined on both webs with 

the same colour; tail-feathers russet-brown, distinctly banded with 

dusky brown under certain lights, the outer feathers darker brown 

and tipped with ashy; lores whitish: over the eye a fulvous streak; 

ear-coverts russet-brown; cheeks fulvous, this colour extending onto 

the sides of the neck; throat white, washed with fulvous on the 

lower part and on 
the fore neck and chest, which are fulvous like 

the sides of the body, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts, the 

latter being washed with ashy at the tips; centre of breast and 

abdomen whitish; under wing-coverts and axillaries buffy whitish ; 

quills light brown below, ashy along the adge of the Inner web. 

Total length 6*3 inches, culmen 0*55,wing 2-05, tall 2*85, tarsus 0*S5, 

The breeding-plumage Is rather darker brown above than that 

described, which Is probably the winter plumage, and Is miir-h 

deeper fulvous on the sides of the body and breast, and especially 

on the under tail-coverts, which are ashy brown margined with 

fulvous, the longer ones tipped with whitish. 

A pair collected by llr. Bourdlllon in Travancore measure as 
follows:— 
Total 
length. Culmen. Wing. TaiL Tarsus. 
in. in. in. in. in. 
c? 5*8 0*5 2*5 213 0*8 
$ 5*5 0*5 2*45 ±5 0*8 

It will be noticed that these measurements are rather smaller 
than those of the Ceylonese bird described; and were It not that 
Mr. Bourdlllon has particularly marked them as "breeding/* 1 
should have thought that they were young birds. 

Hah. Southern India, from Belgaum In 16° K. lat. to Travancore. 
Ceylon. 

a. Ad. sk. Ceylon (Thcaites)* Hu<rh Cuming, Esq. 
b, c. $ 
? ad. sk. Colathoorpolay Patnas, F. W. Bourdlllon, Edc?. fC.\ 
Travancore, 4000 feet, 
April 17,1880. 

2. Schoenicola apicaiis. 
' 
Sylvia apicalis, IAcftt. MS. in Mm. BeroL, unde 
Catriscus apicalls, Cab. Mus. Hem. Th. L p. 43? note (1850) ; Our


9 . PHLEXIS. 
Ill 

ney, Ibis, 1863, p. 323; Bartl Ibis, 1866, p. 140; Heugl Ibis, 
1869, p. 81; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 273, tab. ix. (1869); Shelley, 
Ibis, 1875, p. 71; Sharjie, ed. Layard B. 8. Afr. p. 283 (1876). 

Bradypterus brevirostris, Snnd. K Vet-Akad! Fork tStockk 1850, 

p. 483. 
Cettia apicalis, Licht. Nomencl Av. Berol p. 29 (1854), 
Sphenceacus alexinse, Beugl. J.f. 0. 1863, p. 166. 
Drymoica apicalis, Layard, B. & Afr. p. 96, no. 173 (1867); Gray, 
Hand-l B. i. p 201, no. 2833 (1869). 
Oalamodyta brevirostris, Gray, Band-l B. L p. 209, no. 2958 (1869), 
Schoenieola apicalis, Sharjpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 921. 

Adult Above light tawny brown, rather darker on the head and 
inclining to ashy brown on the sides of the neck ; wings brown, the 
least wing-coverts uniform with the back, the rest of the coverts and 
the quills externally margined with the same tawny brown as the 
back, becoming paler towards the tips of the primaries ; tipper tail-
coverts very long and broad, resembling the tail in texture, and of 
a deep brown colour like the middle tail-feathers, the remainder of 
the latter blackish, obscurely waved with dusky under certain lights, 
and tipped with dull whitish ; lores and a faint eyebrow ashy grey; 
sides of face light brown, with paler shaft-streaks to the ear-
coverts; throat and cheeks white, washed with yellowish on the 
hinder margin of the latter ; rest of under surface of body white in 
the centre, the breast and sides as well as the flanks light tawny 
buff; thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts light brown, the latter 
rather darker; under wing-coverts whitish washed with buff; 
lower surface of quills pale ashy brown, with an almost imperceptible 
lighter edging along the inner web; upper mandible black, the 
lower one grey; legs flesh-colour; iris brown. Total length 5'8 
inches, eulmeii 0*55, wing 2*4, tail 3*35, tarsus 0*8. 

Obs. Mr. Ayres (< Ibis/ 1863, p. 323) gives the soft parts as follows 
:—" Iris light hazel; upper mandible of bill very dark ashy 
brown; under mandible light ash-colour; nostrils large and oval; 
tarsi and feet palish brown." 

Hah. Gazelle River in N.E. Africa. Natal. 

a, b. c? ad. sk. Pinetown, Natal, March 16 & R. B. Sharpe,Esq. [P.]. 
22,1875 (T.L. Ayres). 

9. PHLEXIS. « 
Type. 
Phlexis, Marti. Ibis, 1866, p. 139 P. victorini. 
Range. Confined to South Africa. 

1. Phlexis victorini. 
Bradypterus 
victorini, Sundev. in Grill's Zool. Antechn. p. 30, note 
(1857); Lai/ard, B. 8. Afr. p. 101 (1867). 
Phlexis layardi, Bartl His, 1816, p. 139, pi. 6; 8harpe, Cat. Afr.B. 

p. 33 (1871) 
1.12 
TIMELTITVafi. 
Bradypterus lavardi, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 100 (1867); id. Ibis, 

1809, p. 306. 
Calamodyta victorini, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 209, no. 2062 (1860). 
Calamodyta layardi, Gray, torn. cit. p. ?09, no. 2063 (1869). 
Phlexis mollissima, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 8 (1872). 
Phlexis victorini, Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 284 (1876). 

Adult male. Above rufescent brown ; the head rather more ashy 
brown than the back; wings dark brown, the feathers edged 
with rufous-brown like the back ; tail rufous-brown and consisting 
of twelve feathers; lores slightly tinged with rufous; feathers 
round the eye and car-coverts dull greyish; cheeks and under 
surface of body rufous, paler on the abdomen ; the sides of the body 
rufous-brown ; under wing-coverts dull greyish brown, like the 
quill-lining. Total length 5*8 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2-15, tail 

3-4, tarsus 0-9. 
Hob. Confined to the Cape Colony. 
a. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [P.]. 
b. S ad. sk. Knysna. C. J. Andersson, Esq. [C.]. 
c. d. Ad. sk. George, Knysna district R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(_ET. Aimore). 

10. 
BRADYPTERUS. 
Type. 
Bradypterus, Sicains. Class. B. ii. p. 241 (1837) ... . B. brachypterus. 

Tail of Bradypterus brachypterus, to show the length of the under tail-coyerts. 

Range. Confined to Africa. 

Key 
to the Species. 

a. 
Under tail-coverts reddish or reddish brown 
like the lower flanks. 
a'. 
Sides of breast brown, darker than flanks, 
which are reddish brown; tail-feathers dark 
chocolate-brown with reddish-brown tips; 
on the chest generally a few dark brown 
streaks brachypterus, p. 113. 


10 . BRADYPTERTTS. H3 
b\ Sides of breast liprlit orange-brown like the 
flanks; tail-feathers light reddish brown 
like the upper tau-coyeits; chest not 


_, freaked v. citinamomem, p. 11 J., 
h, Under tail-coverts dark olive-brown, lighter 
on their margins. 

c'. Throat and. breast always distinctly spotted 
and streaked j upper surface leddish chocolate 
barratti, p. 115. 

d'. Throat slightly mottled with daik edges to 
the feathers; "chest uniform ashy brown .. sylvaticw, p. 115. 

1. Bradypterus brachypterus. 
Le Pavaneur, Zevaill Ois. cTAfr. iii. p. 94, pi. 122 (1802); Sunder. 

Krlk Framst., Zevaill p. 38. 
Sylvia brachyptera, Vieill. N. Diet, dlltsf. Nat. xi. p. 206 (1817). 
Bradypterus platyurus, Swains. Class. B. ii. p. 241 (1837): Layard, 

B. S. Afr. p. 101 (1867). 
Drymoica brachyptera, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 163 (1848). 
Bradypterus brachypterus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 280 (1850); Cab. Mus. 
Hein. Th. i. p. 43, note ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. JB.-p. 33 (KT1) ; id. ed. 
Layard B. S. Afr. p. 286(1876); Sefmhn^Zlns, 1878, p. 381; 
Ay res, t. c. p. 408; Butler, Feilden §-JTekl, Zool 1882, p. 245. 

Bradypterus sylvaticus {nee Simdev.), Hartl. Ibis, 1862, p. 146; 
Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 101 (1867); id. Ibis, 1869, p. 306; At/res, 
Ibis, 1871, p. 153; Bocac/e, Orn. Angola, p. 554 (1881). 

Calamodyta brachyptera, Gray, Eand-l B. i. p. 209, no. 2960 (lb09). 

Adult male. General colour above dark rufous-brwn, the rufous 
slightly more pronounced on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; wings 
blackish brown, the coverts conspicuously lighter edged with fulvousbrown, 
especially distinct on the primary-coverts and the outermost 
of the greater series; tail blackish brown, all the feathers externally 
washed with rufous-brown, the outer ones having conspicuous 
lighter brown tips, the centre feathers more rufescent, all the rectrices 
obscurely waved under certain lights ; lores dull whitish, with 
a dusky spot in front of the eye, round the eye a ring of whitish 
feathers; car-coverts greyish brown with whitish shaft-streaks; 
cheeks buffy white mottled with brown; sides of neck paler brown 
than the back ; throat and centre of the body white ; the sides of 
the body rufescent brown, inclining to dull tawny on the thighs 
and under tail-coverts; lower throat with a few tiny longitudinal 
streaks of dusky brown ; upper breast slightly washed with brown ; 
under wing-coverts whitish, the outermost mottled with brown 
bases to the feathers; the inner lining of the quills ashy brown, 
with palerWrgins near the base of the inner webs; "bill dark 
slate-colour; feet and legs pale ; iris dusky hazel " (MS. ticket on 
specimen). Total length 5-7 inches, oilmen 0-55, wing 2*25, tail 

2'Q, tarsus 0*85. 
Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 5'5 inches, 
culmen 0:6, wing 2-2, tail 2-55, tarsus 0*85. 


VOL. VII.

TIMELUDJE. 

Young birds are yellower underneath, and appear to hare the 
spots on the throat broader and nearly obsolete, or else entirely 
absent. „ . _ , .. ,„ _ 

Hal. Eesident in South Africa, and is tound all over the Gape 
Colony, extending into the Transvaal, but apparently avoiding ]S"atal. 
It also'occurs as far north as Benguela in S.W. Africa. 

a b Ad skI d. Ad': i Juv. sk.
/, g. Ad. sk. 
South Africa. 
South Africa. 
Berg river (E. L. 
Sir A. Smith [0.]. 
Sir A Smith [P.I. 
1^. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Layard). 
L Ad. sk. Transvaal (T. Ay res). R B. Sharpe, Esq. 
ilk. d 9 ad. sk.
' *
L m rf.n.9.ad. sk.
9o r? ad sk 
Potchefetroom, July 
1876 (IF. Lucas). 
Potchefstroom, April 
1877 (IF. Lucas). 
Potchefstroom, May1877 (W. Lucas). 
Br. Exton [P.]. 
B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.l 
H. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.l. 

2. Bradypteras ciimamomeus. 
Svlvia? (Salicaria) 
cinnamomea, Hupp. Neue Wirb. Yog. p. Ill, 
"Taf. 42. fig. 1 (1835-40). 
Calamodyta cinnamoniea, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 172 (1848); JETorsf. <§• 
Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 334 (1854) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. 

i. p. 209, no. 2959 (1869). 
Calamoherpe cinnamomea, Bp. Consp. L p. 286 (1850). 
Salicaria cinnamomea, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 23 (1856). 
Bradypterus cinnamomeus, Heugl. lbis71869, p. 83; id. Orn. K.O.-
Afr. i. p. 275 (1869). 

Adult. General colour above coffee-brown, duller on the head 
and hind neck, and brighter and more rufescent brown on the 
lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail; wing-coverts a little 
brighter than the back, as also are the quills, the latter being light 
brown, externally rufescent brown; lores, sides of face, and a 
tolerably distinct eyebrow buffy white, the ear-coverts washed with 
reddish brown, especially on their hinder margins; cheeks and 
throat light yellowish but!; fore neck, chest, and sides of body, as 
well as the under tail-coverts, light tawny buff, the centre of the 
breast and abdomen white; thighs brown; under wing-coverts 
brown with whitish edgings, the axillaries light tawny ; quills 
dusky brown below, narrowly edged with light rufous along the 
margin of the inner web; " bill blackish horn-colour; feet reddish 
horny ; iris pale umber " (Hewglin). Total length 6 inches, culmen 
0*6, wing 2-5, tail 2*75, tarsus 0*9. 

Hob. North-eastern Africa. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Abyssinia (Harris). India Museum. 

10 . BEADYPTEEUS. 
115 

3. Bra&ypterus harratti. 
Bradypterus 
barratfi, Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 53; JBarraU, t c. p. 202, 
pi. 4; Ayres, t. c. p. 426. 

Adult male. General colour above rufous-brown, the lower back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts more decidedly rufescent; wing-coverts 
and quills dark brown, externally washed with rufous-brown; tail 
dark rufous-brown, obscurely barred with dusky brown ; lores and 
a very narrow superciliary streak ashy fulvous; a ring round the 
eye fulvous; ear-coverts brown, slightly streaked with whitish; 
cheeks ashy brown, the feathers varied with white at the base; 
sides of neck olivaceous brown; throat whitish, streaked with black; 
fore neck ashy, scarcely streaked at all; middle of the breast and 
abdomen whitish, the sides of the body olive-brown, slightly washed 
with rufous; under tail-coverts olive-brown, rather clearer olivaceous 
towards the base; under wing-coverts ashy olive; quills brown 
below, dull rufous towards the base of the inner web; " bill black ; 
feet dusky brown; iris dusky brown." Total length 5*75 inches, 
culmen 0*6, wing 2-5, tail 2-6, tarsus 0*85. 

Some variation takes place in the amount of striping on the throat 
and fore neck, while young birds have the underparts much more 
yellow. 

Eab. S.E. Africa : Eastern Transvaal, ranging into Fatal. 

fc. Ad. sk.
K Ad. sk. 
Lydenbuxg district. 
Macamac, Bee. 1873. 
F. A. Barratt, Esq. [P.]. 
(Type of species.) 
F. A. Barratt, Esq. [0.]. 
c. S ad. sk Macamac, Nov. 26,1873(T. Ayres). 
J. H. Guraey, Esq. [P.]. 

4. Bradypterus sylvaticus. (Plate IV.) 
Bradypterus sylvaticus, Sundev. in Grill, Zool. Anteekn. p. 30 (1858). 
Calamodyta sylvatica, Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 209, no. 2961 (1869). 

Adult. Similar to B. hraofajpterus, but browner, and not so rufous 
on the upper parts ; underneath, the fore neck, breast, and sides of 
body are brown, the centre of the breast and abdomen are white, 
and the throat is dull white obscured by brown tips to the feathers, 
producing a mottled appearance. One of the chief distinguishing 
characters is to be seen in the under tail-coverts, which are light 
brown, broadly margined with pale yellowish white, whereas in 

B. brachypterus the under tail-coverts are uniform rufescent brown, 
of the same colour as the flanks. Total length d-5 inches, culmen 
0-6, wing 2-4, tail 2-4, tarsus 0*85. 
Eab. South Africa; but the exact habitat of the species is at 
present unknown. 

a, b. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [P.]. 

c. Ad. st South Africa. Sir A. Smith [O.J. 
i2 
TiMELIin.K. 

ue 

11. EURYPTILA. 
Bill of Euryptila suhcinnamomca. 

Bangc. Confined to South Africa. 

1. Euryptila subcinnamomea. 
Drymoica 
siibcinnamomea, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. cxi. 
fig. 1 (1847); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 108 (1848); Jip. Consp. Au. i. 

p. 288 (I860); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 88 (18G7) ; Gray, lland-l. JJ. 
I. p. 198, no. 2745 (1869). 
Drymccca subcinnamomea, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 31 (1871). 
Aedon subcinnamomea, Gwney in Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 90 (1872). 
Cisticola subcinnamomea, Sharpe, ed. LayanVs B. S. Afr. p. 273 
(1877). 

Adult. Upper surface of head, neck, back, and shoulders between 
oil-green and orange-brown ; forehead tinted cinnamon-red ; wing-
feathers light reddish brown with a tinge of green; the primaries 
edged narrowly towards their base with cinnamon-red; rump 
ruddy; tail rather long and slightly rounded, deep brownish red; 
chin and neck interiorly liver-brown, variegated with narrow white 
transverse bars ; breast and fore part of belly cinnamon-red ; belly 
and vent coloured as the back. Length 5*8 inches, wing 1*11, 

tail 2-8. 
Eab. South Africa. 
a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk. 
South Africa. 
South Africa (Layard). 
Sir A. Smith [C.].
of species.) 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(Type 

12. RHOPOPHILUS. 
Type. 

Bhopophilus, Giglioli $ Salvad. Ibis, 1870, p. 187 R. pekinensis. 

Bill offihopopfdhsalhotmpcreiliaris. 

Range. Desert countries of Central Asia, extending to Mongolia 
and Northern China. 

12 . EHOPOPHILTJS. 
117 

Key to the Species* 

a. Sides of body bright vinous chestnut, very 
distinctly streaked with rufous ; thighs 
vinous pekinenm, p. 117. 
5. 
Sides of body and thighs isabelline; streaks 
very indistinct albomperciliaris, p. 117. 
1. E&opopldlTLS pekinensis. 
Drymceca pekinensis, Swinh. Ibis, 1868, p. 62. 
Amytis pekinensis, J. Verr. Ik's, 1868, p. 499. 
Prinia pekinensis. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 197, no. 2723 (1869). 
Rhopophilus pekinensis, Giglioli & Salved. Ibis, 1870, p. 187; Swinh. 


P. Z. S. 1870, pg. 436, 443, 1871, p. 3o2; Gould, B. Asia, pt. xxv. 
(1873); Prjev. in Dawson Roivleijs Orn. Misc. ii. p. 168 (1877) ; 
David $ Oust Ois. Chine, p. 260, pi. 19 (1877). 
Adult male. General colour above brown, with a vinous shade, 
the mantle somewhat ashy; all the upper surface streaked with 
dark brown down the centre of the feathers; wing-coverts ashy 
brown; bastard-wing feathers brown, externally isabelline; primary-
coverts and quills brown, externally edged with lighter brown, 
the primaries whity brown towards the end of the outer web, inner 
secondaries edged with isabelline at the tips ; upper tail-coverts and 
centre tail-feathers brown, washed with olive-brown on the edges, 
remainder dark brown, the three outer ones ashy towards their ends, 
increasing towards the outermost, which is whitish near the tip of 
the outer web; crown of the head like the back and streaked in 
the same way, but a little more rufesccnt; lores and feathers round 
the eye ashy fulvous, produced into a superciliary streak, which is 
more decidedly ashy grey; ear-coverts pale vinous brown, with a 
dark line along the upper margin; feathers in front of the eye 
blackish, tipped with ashy brown; cheeks white, separated from the 
ear-coverts by a distinct line of black; sides of the neck rufous, 
streaked with ashy; throat, fore neck, breast, and abdomen pure 
white; sides of the breast streaked with vinous chestnut; flanks and 
thighs uniform vinous chestnut; under tail-coverts whitish, streaked 
with rufous down the centre; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
isabelline; quills ashy brown below, inner edges whitish; "bill 
brown, with the lower mandible yellowish; feet rufous, claws 
greyish brown; iris clear yellow, almost white" (David). Total 
length 7*4 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*4, tail 3*7, tarsus 0*95. 
(Mus. B. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.) 

Hah. Northern China and Mongolia, Alashan and Chensi. 

2. Rhopophilus albosuperciliaris. 
Suva albosuperciliaris, 
Hume 8f Senders. Lahore to Tarh. p. 218, 
pi. xviii. (1873); Scl. Ibis, 1874, p. 185; Scully, Sir. F. 1876, 

p. 147. 
RhopopMlus pekinensis (nee Swinh.), Hume, Str. F. 187G, p. 147. 
118 
TIHELIID^. 

Adult female (type of species;. General colour above sandy 
brown, narrowly streaked with darker brown towards the ends of 
the feathers; wing-coverts uniform, sandy brown; bastard-wing 
brown, externally whity brown; primary-coverts and quills brown, 
externally sandy brown, paler and more whity brown on the margins 
of the primaries; rump and npper tail-coverts uniform sandy brown ; 
tail-feathers dark brown, edged with sandy brown, inclining to 
whity brown towards the ends of the outer feathers; crown of the 
head a little more rufeseent, hut streaked with dark brown in the 
same manner as the back ; lores and eyebrow buffy whitish, as al&o 
the feathers round the eye; ear-eoverts pale isahelline. darker 
brown along the extreme upper margins ; cheek* white, separated 
from the ear-coverts hy a distinct line of black : throat, breast and 
abdomen whitish; sides of the breast streaked with pale vinous; 
flanks and thighs uniform pale isabelline; under tail-coverts like 
the abdomen; under wing-coverts and axill tries pile i-abelline; 
quills light ashy brown below, inner edges isabelline; ** bill brownL-h 
black above, lower mandible fleshy; legs and feet flesh-colour; 
claws brownish horny; iris dark brown" (XevJLf). Total length 
6-3 inches, culmcn 0*6, wing 2*6, tail 3-4, tarsia <*-flo. 

Adult male. Total length 0**5 inches, culmen ti-oo, wing 2*5, 
tail 3*4, tarsus 0-9. (JIHS. It G. Ward law llt»<*tnj.) 
Two young males according to Dr. Scully had the bill jrivy horny, 
brownish or dusky above ; irides dark brown; leg** and feet tteahy ; 

claws brownish horny. 
Hob. Turkestan.* 
a. J ad. sk. Koshtak, Plains of Yarkand,
Sept 10. 
Br. IXender&on TV. 
(Type of species.) 

13. 
LATICILLA. 
lype. 
Eurycercus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 374 (1844, me 

Bairdj 1843) L. hurnesi. 
Latieilla, Blyth, X A. S. Beng. siv. p. 598 {1845) .. L. burned. 
Range. From Sindh down the valley of the Ganges, extending 

into Lower Bengal. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Under tail-coverts deep chestnut; sides of neck 
tawny buff, streaked with black ......... . burnevi, p. 119. 
b. Under tail-coverts whitish or pale fulvescent; sides 
of neck uniform ashy brown einera&em, p. 110. 
* EHOPOPHILUS DESEETL 
Bhopophilus, Prjev. in Morgan's ed. Tian-Shan and Lob Xor, p. 03(1878). 
Ebopophilus pekinensis, var. major, Prjev. ui supra. 

Hab. Tamirriver, lat. 40° K., long. 86° E., nortli-eabt side of the desert of Gobi. 
This bird, distinguished from It pekmenbh by its "larger mze and paler 
coloration," may prove to be 2?. albomperciUarm, 

13 . LATICILLA. 
119 
1. Laticilla hxumesi. 
Eurvcercus burnesii, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 374 (1844) ; Jerd. 
j£ JK£ ii. p. 74 (1863). 
Laticilla bumesii, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 596 (1845); Hume, 

Sir. F. 1873, p. 180,1879, p. 97; Doig, L c. p. 370. 
Sphenceaeus (?) bumesii, Blyth, Cat B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 140 (1849). 
Megalurus bumesii, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 206, no. 2190 (1869). 

Adult female in breeding-plumage (teste S. Doig). General colour 
above ashy brown, mesially streaked with blackish brown; the head 
slightly washed with fulvous; hind neck and mantle as well as the 
sides of the neck rufeseent, with very distinct blackish-brown streaks 
down each feather; ramp uniform ashy brown, the upper tail-coverts 
also ashy brown, but obscurely streaked down the centre with dusky; 
wing-coverts ashy brown; quills light browa, externally ashy brown 
like the back, with a slight tinge of olive; tail-feathers very broad 
and loose, ashy olive-brown, margined with lighter ashy brown, the 
outer feathers with a faint indication of a narrow rufescent bar at 
the tip ; all the feathers with a slight appearance of dusky barring 
under certain lights; lores dull white; eyelid and a narrow eyebrow 
purer white, running from the base of the bill, and streaked 
behind with blackish; cheeks white, with a few small streaks of 
dusky black; ear-coverts ashy brown, washed with fulvous behind 
and slightly varied with broad streaks of dusky ; throat and under 
surface of body white, the sides of the breast and flanks light brown, 
longitudinally streaked with dusky; thighs light brown; under 
tail-coverts "bright ferruginous; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
whitish, the lower series pale brown like the under surface of the 
quills, which are pale brown below, creamy white along the edge of 
the inner web; " bill horny above, yellowish beneath; legs yellow


hrown; irides brownish yellow " (Jerdon). Total length 7*5 inches, 
culmen 0*55, wing 2*25, tail 4*4, tarsus 0*8. 
Bob. Scinde; valley of the Ganges. 

a. 
P ad. sk Eastern Nana, Scinde, Feb. 12, S. Doig, Esq. [P.]. 
1881. 
2. Laticilla cinerascens *. 
Eurvcercus 
cinerascens, Waldeti, Ann. fy Mag. Nat. Hist (4) xvi. 
p." 156 (1874). 
Laticilla cinerascens, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 97 (1879). 

Adult male (Dobri, Lower Bengal, November 27, 1873; type 
of species). General colour above olive-brown, washed with ashy 
and streaked with dark brown down the centre of the feathers, a 
little more ashy on the rump and upper tail-coverts and also on the 
forehead and sides of crown; wing-coverts like the back, ashy on 
the least series ; bastard-wing feathers dark brown, externally like 

* Scarcely a typical Laticilla, the feet being much stronger than in L. burned, 
which, moreover, has a longer tail. 
120 
TIMELIID2E 

the back; primary-coverts darker brown, edged with olive : quills 
brown, externally ashy olive; tail-feathers brown, washed with 
olive on the outer web, the centre of the feathers darker brown; 
lores, feathers in front of the eye, and eyelid white; ear-coverts 
ashy ; cheeks and under surface of body white, ashy on the sides of 
the breast and flanks, the latter washed with brown ^as also the 
thighs externally; under tail-coverts yellowish white or pale 
fulvous; axillaries and under wing-coverts white, with a dusky spot 
near the edge of the wing • quills ashy below, whitish along the edge 
of the inner web. Total length 6 inches, oulmen 0*55, wing 2*1, 
tail 345, tarsus 0*8. (Mus. R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.) 

Hah. Dobri, Lower Bengal. 

NESIUAS 0berb. 1900. 

14. ffi&HSEfc; ^ 
Ellisia, Hartlaiib, J.f. 0. I860, p. 92. E. typica. 
Range. Confined to Madagascar. 

Messrs. Milne-Edwards and Grandidier, in their great work on 
the Natural History of Madagascar, enter at some length into the 
question of Ellisia typica and its races. They point out that in 
Madagascar the fauna of the eastern part of the island, where the 
country is mountainous and the climate wet, is different from that 
of the lower and dryer western side, and that variations in the 
plumage of Ellisia take place according to locality; three forms are 
recognizable; but, as intermediate specimens occur, Grandidier concludes 
that they cannot be reckoned as species, but merely as races. 
I follow him in the present work; but have to state that E. lantzi 
occurs in Ankafana along with true E. tyjyica. 

1. Ellisia typica. 
Ellisia typica, Marti J.f. 0.1860, p. 92 ; id. Beitr. Fawn. Madag. p. 87 
(1861); E. Newton, Ibis, 1863, p. 343, pi. xiii. (egg) ; Mater, P. Z. S. 
1863, p. 162; Verr. in Vinson's Voy. Madag., Ann.B, p. 2 (1865) ; 

A. Newt. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 835; Grand. Rev. et Mag. de Zool 1867, 
p. 358 j Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 202, no. 2845 (1869); 8harpe, 
P. Z. S. 1870, p. 391; id. Cat Afr. B. p. 32 (1871) ; Bartl P. Z. S. 
1875, p. m-, Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 113 (1877). 
Drymoica morelii. Gray, Sandal. B. i. p. 198, no. 2748 (1869, ex 
Pollen M88.). 
Ellisia 
madagascariensis typica, Milne-Edxoards fy Grandid. in 
Grandid. Hist Nat. Madag., Ois. p. 329, pis. 127, 128 A, 129 
(1881). 

Adult. General colour above dingy olive-brown, slightly clearer 
olive-brown on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts like 
the back; quills brown, externally olive-brown like the back; tail-
feathers brown, narrowly margined with olive-brown, the outer 

14. ELLISIA. 121 
feathers narrowly edged and tipped with whity brown ; lores dusky; 
oyer the eye a scarcely perceptible streak of fulvous; ear-coverts 
light olive-brown ; cheeks and throat whitish, slightly washed with 
fulvous-brown on the fore neck; the throat and fore neck distinctly 
streaked with dark brown, broader on the latter; breast and sides 
of body olive-brown ; thighs clearer brown; under tail-coverts light 
brown, broadly edged with yellowish white; axillarics and under 
wing-coverts very pale brown; quills light brown below, ashy fulvous 
along the edge of the inner web ; " feet brownish ; iris clear 
brown " (Grandidier). Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 
2*55, tail 2-9, tarsus 1. 

Youny. Much yellower than the adult, especially on the under 
surface of the body, which is uniform and does not show the streaks 
on the throat; the colour of the upper surface also much more 
olive. 

Bab. Eastern side of Madagascar. 

a, b. Ad. • c, Juv. sk. Betsileo. Rev. A. Shaw [0.]. 

d. Ad. • e. Juv. sk. Eianarantsoa. Rev. W. Deans Cowan [0.1. 
fr //> -ft-d'ad. j i. $ Ankafana forest, Rev. W. Deans Cowan [C.]. 
juv. sk. March 1881. 
k, l. 2 acl.; m, ?i, o. Ankafana forest, Eev. W. Deans Cowan [0.]. 
5 juv.sk. March 1881. 
p, q. (S J ad. sk. Madagascar. 

r. S ad. sk. Madagascar. MM. Pollen and Van Dam 
[0.1. 
s. Ad. sk. Noce Vola (Cross- R. B. Snarpe, Esq. 
ley). 
Subsp. a. Ellisia filicum. 

Drymoica ellisia, Sold. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 421 j id. § Pollen, Faune 

'Madaq., Ois. p. 91, pi 28. fig. 2 ("1868). 
Ellisia filicum, Hartl Fog. Madag. p. 115 (1877). 
Ellisia madagascariensis, var. filicum, Milne-Edwards fy Grandid. in 

Grandkl Hid. Nat. Madag., Ois, p. 330, pi. 127 (1882). 

So similar to E. typiea as scarcely to be distinguished from it. It 
has the general colour a little more sombre; the throat, of a whitish 
rufous colour, is bordered by a small yellowish collar and ordinarily 
it is not spotted, as in E. typiea^ with small brown streaks; 
the breast and abdomen are darker and of an olive colour; the ring 
round the eye is not so clear, and there is no whitish superciliary 
line; feet brownish; iris brown. (Milne-Ediv. and Grandidier.) 

Bab. North-west Madagascar. 

Subsp. /3. Ellisia lantzi. 

Ellisia lantzi, Grandid. Pev. et Mag. de Zool 1807, pp. 86, 25G, 358 ; 

Bartl. Vog. Madaq. p. 116 (1877). 

Drvmoica lantzii, Gray, Band-l P. i. p. 202, no. 2816 (1800). # 

Ellisia madagascariensis, var. lantzii, Milne-Edwards $• Grandid. m 

Grandid. Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois. p. 330, pi. 128 (1882). 

122 
TIMKLIIU.K. 

Lantz*B Ellma is a pale western race of E. tj/piva, much dearer 
in colour. Uppor aspect grey, slightly reddish on the back; throat 
and abdomen whitish; Hanks ashy; ring round the eye white, 
exactly like the other ElUmn, but the brown, tints are replacod by 
grey; " iris brown; feet brownish " (Grand idler). (Of. Milne-Edw. 
o/ Grandid. /. c.) 

Hah. Son! horn and Western Madagascar. 

a, b. 9 ad. sk. Ankafana forest, March Rev. W. Deans Cowan 
1881. [0.]. 

c. Ad. sk. Betsiloo. 
Rev. A. Shaw [0.]. 
Subsp. y. Ellisia longicaudata. 

. Ellisia longicaudata, E. Newton, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 209. 

Similar to E, tj/piac, but darker in colour, and having the bill 
and tail longer. Total length 7 inches, wing 2*5, tail 3*25, tarsus 1, 
culmen 0*05. (E. Newton.) 

Hat). Island of Anjuan, Comoro group. 
A very doubtful species, the tail being exceeded in length by 
some of Mr. Cowan's series from Ankafana forest. 

15. 
MEGALURUS. 
Type. 
Megalurns, Ilorsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 159 
(1820) M. palnstris. 
Poodytes, Cab. Mm. Jlein. Th. i. p. 42 (1850) M. gramineus. 

Bill and wing of Megaluncs paludris. 

llange. Northern India, throughout the Burmese countries to Java, 
Timor, Philippines, Papuan Islands, and Australia. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers streaked with 
dark brown down the centre. 
d. 
Fore neck and lower throat more or less distinctly 
streaked with dark browm. 
a". 
Size much larger ; wing over 3 inches : 
under tail-coverts distinctly streaked 
with d irk brown down the shaft palustris, p. 123. 

15 . XEGALTJETJS. 
123 

b'\ Size very much, smaller; wing not 2'5 
inches: under tail-coverts yellowish buff, 
with a faint sliade of light brown in the 
centre gramineus, p. 125. 

h1. Fore neck and lower throat not spotted or 
streaked, with dusky; head more rufeseent. 
c\ Mantle more or less ashy olive, with 
blackish centres to the feathers. 
a '. Breast pale fulvescent; head bright 
rufous ruficeps, p. 125. 
¥". Brea-t somewnat ashy; head dark J macrums, p. 126. 
rufous | amboinensis, p. 127. 

d'. Mantle fulvous-brown with blackish 
centres: general tone of plumage fulvescent; 
ti&ea of body and flanks more 
rufous galactotes, p. 127. 

b. Upper tail-coverts uniform deep rufous. 
t". Larger; wing* 2*7-2*85inches: tail uniform 
chestnut; inner secondaries margined 
with rufous buff thnoriensis, p. 128. 

/".Smaller; 
wing 2*25-2*35 inches: tail 
rufou*, dark brown in the centre ; inner 
(secondaries edged with white albolimhatas, p. 129. 

1. Megatons palustris. 
Megaleras 
palustris, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 159 (1820) ; 
Gray, Chn. B. i. p. lot) (1845); Bh/th, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. 

p. 139 (1*40); Bp. Chnsp. I p. 270 (1850) ; Cab. Mus. Hem. Th. 
i. p. 45 (1&30); Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i p. 330 
(1854); Jerd. B. Bid. ii. p. 70 (1863) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 30; 
Gray, Mand-l B. I p. 206, no. 2905 (1869); Blanf. Ibis, 1870, 
p. 467; Hume, Wests | Eggs 2nd. B. p. 276 (1873); id. Str. F. 1874, 
p. 
476; id. # Oates, Sir. F. 1875, p. 124; Watden, Tr. Zool Soc. 
k. pp. 1897 250 (1875); Blyth $ Wald. B. Barm. p. 118 (1875) ; 
Bail, Sir. F. 1876, p. 233; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xlv. 
p. 78 (1876); Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc, new series, Zool. i. p. 352 
(1876)'; Gates, Sir. F. 1877, p. 156; Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 694; 
Anderson, Zool. Fiped. Yzm-nan, Ams, p. 639 (1878) ; Ball, Str. 
F.1^78, vol. ii. p. 214; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 97 ; Inglis, Str. F. 
18^0, p. 253; Wardlaic Mamsay, Tweedd. Orn. Works, p. 657 
(1^1) ; Gates, B. Brit. Burm. p. 106 (1883). 
Malm us marginalis, Temm. IJL Col. in. pi. Ixv. fig. 2 (1823, ex 
2irinw. MSti.j; KM. Toy. Liithe (Pubteh), Bd. iii. p. 326. 

Me^raluru^ citrmus, Gray 4* Mitch Gen. B. i. p. 169, pi. 48 (1848) ; 
Bp. Cunsp. i. p. 270 (1850); Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 206, no. 2900 
(L-69). 

AihiU male. General colour above fulvous-brown, broadly streaked 
with black down the back, less distinctly on the binder neck and 
very minutely and obscurely on the bead; lower back and rump 
uniform fulvous-brown, as also the upper tail-coverts, the latter 
with narrow blackish-brown streaks; lesser and median wing-
coverts like the back, and centred with blackish brown in the same 
way; greater coverts, as well as the bastard-wing feathers and 

121 
TIMULriD.B. 

primary-coverts dark brown, externally fulvous-brown ; quill» dark 
bro\\m," externally I'ulvoiis-brown, a little nioro rutescont than ike 
back, the secondaries broadly edged with winiy brown near their 
lips; tail-foal horn light brown, waved with dusky under cori.aiu 
lights, and od<j;od with fulvouw-brown, the outer feathers slightly 
paler towards their tips ; lores whitish, the feathers above the eye 
purer white, and forming an eyebrow which fades away abovo the 
ear-coverts; eyelid and feathers below the eye dull white ; ear-
coverts light brown, tiie fore part buffy white; chocks dull white 
on the fore part, shading into light brown on the hinder part; 
throat pure white; remainder of under surface pale fulvous, deeper 
on the Hanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts, the latter being 
streaked with narrow blackish stripes down the centre of tho 
feathers ; sides of chest and sides of breast slightly shaded with 
ashy, the lower throat and fore neck narrowly streaked with 
blackish, a few stripes also perceptible on the flanks; axillaries very 
pale tawny buff; under wing-coverts creamy buff, mottled wTith 
blackish centres to the feathers; quills light brown below, ashy 
fulvous along the inner web; " bill black, the mandible leaden 
grey; logs horn-brown, the claws dark horn-brown; iris orange-
brown" (A% Everett). Total length 9*5 inches, culmon 0*9, wing 
3*85, tail 4-85, tarsus 1-4-3. 

Adult female. Coloured like the male, but much smaller. Total 
length 8 inches, culm en 0*8, wing 3*15, tail 3*9, tarsus 1*3. 

Youny. Distinguished from the adult by tho yellow colour of the 
under surface and lores ; the streaks on the throat absent, and only 
slightly indicated on the sides of tho chest; flanks and under tail-
coverts uniform light rufescent brown. Above, the general colour 
is rather more rufescent, and the dark streaks are not quite so 
pronounced. 

Hah, .Bengal and Central India, extending throughout tho Burmese 
countries in suitable localities, and reappearing in Java and 
the Philippine Islands. 

in, n. <$ 2aa sk* J*1™ {Leiden Museum).

«,&,<?. Ad. sk.
d. d ad. sk.
e. $ ad. sk. 
N.W. India. 
N.W. India. 
Dilkoosha, Cachar, Jan.
29,1879. 
Capt.StackhousePinwihTP.]. 
Capt.StackhousePinwill[P.]. 
J. Inglis, Esq, [0.]. 
/ . Ad. sk.
7/. Ad. sk.
h. $ ad. sk.
i. $ ad.sk. 
Ava. 
BhamaiijIJpper Burmah,
Jan. 28, 18(58. 
Tsitkau, Upper Burmah,
Feb. i), IS75. 
Myitkvo, Sittang river.
Wel l 21, 1874. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.], 
Dr. J. Anderson [0.1 
Dr. J. Anderson [0.]. 
Eugene W. Oates, Esq. ["CI. 
A\ d ad.; /. $
juv. sk. 
Pegu, Nov. 1880. Eugene W. Oates, Esq. [0.]. 

- 
F. D. Godman and 0. Sal vim, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
o. Juv. sk. Java. 
Purchased. 
p,q. 
Ad.jr.Juv. Java (Ilorsfteld). India Museum. (Types of 
sk. species.) 

s. Ad. sk. Philippine Islands. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [0.]. 
15. MEGAirFJTS. 125 
t. Ad. sk.
u. Ad. hk. 
Philippine Islands (J2".
Cvming). 
Manila, Luzon. 
Eyton Collection. 
Gould Collection. 
i\ Ad. sk. Cataguan, Luzon. Hugh. Cuming-, Esq. [C.]. 

2. Megalnnis graminens. 
Sphtnceacus 
snaniineos, Gould, P. Z. S. 1845, p. 19; id. B. Austr. 
foL ill. pi. Sf} { 1*4&; ; id. Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 400 (1865); Higgles, 

Or a. A?/,«t/\ pi. 47. Hg. 1 (1679;; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. K 8. W. 

ii. p. 1*0 11^76). 
Megaluru.* gramineus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 109 (1848); Bp. Consp. i. 
p. 279 {1-501; 67ra?/7 J2ir/M/-/. B. i. p. 206, no. 2914 (IbCD). 
Poodytes gramineus, Cfc5. 3/w& .2>/?z. Th. i. p. 42 (1850). 
ArftrlL General colour above fulvous-brown, broadly streamed 
-with black down the centre of the back and mantle, which are also 
somewhat tinged "with ashy brown; ramp and upper tail-coverts 
clearer fulvous-brown, the latter rather broadly streaked with dusky 
brown; forehead rather more rufous than the crown of the head, 
the latter plainly streaked with black; wing-coverts like the back, 
centred with blackish brown, margined with fulvous ; primary-
coverts dark brown, very narrowly edged with fulvous; quills 
brown, ei^ed with fulvous-brown, inclining to whity brown on the 
margins of the secondaries; tail-feathers brown, edged with fulvous 

or a-thy brown ; lores and a tolerably distinct eyebrow dull white; 
cheekb and ear-coverts dull white, slightly mottled with dusky 
edgings to the feathers; throat and under surface of body dull 
white; the Hanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts fulvescent, the 
latter rather broadly centred with light brown ; the lower throat, 
fore neck, and sides of body narrowly streaked with dark brown ; 
axillaries and under wing-coveits light fulvous, mottled near the 
edge of the wing with a few dusky spots; quills light brown below, 
ashy fulvous along the edge of the inner web; u bill and tarsi 
fleshy brownn (Gould), Total length 5*75 inches, culmen 0*5, 
wing 2*3, tail 2\5, tarsus 0*75. 

The female resembles the male, according to Gould. 
Hah. Western and Southern Australia, extending as far north as 
Port Denison on the east coast of the continent. 

a. Ad. sk. South Australia. Gould Collection. 
h. Ad. fi. Australia. Purchased. 
<?, d. Ad. sk. [Tasmania.] Ronald Gunn, Esq. 
3. Megalunis ruficeps. 
Megalurus ruficepa, Tweedrl Ann. Sf Mac/. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 95 
(1*77): id. P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 087, 095, pi. 72; id. P. Z. S. 1877, 
pp. 750, 701; id. P.Z.S. 1878, p. 285, 1879, p. 71; Wardlaw 
Mammy in Tmeedd. Onu Work*, p. 057 (1881). 
Adult female {type of the species). General colour above ashy, 
the feathers mesially centred with dark brown ; lower back and rump 
browner than the mantle and uniform; wing-coverts brown, ester


TIQLELIIDJE. 

nally broadly washed with ashy like the mantle, the greater series 
washed with reddish brown ; bastard-wing feathers dark brown, externally 
ashy whitish; primary-coverts and quills dark brown, 
externally rufescent, paler on the primaries, the inner secondaries 
broadly edged with ashy; upper tail-coverts dull ashy, with distinct 
shaft-streaks of ofark brown ; tail-feathers brown, washed externally 
u ith rufescent brown and waved with du^ky bars under certain 
lights; crown of head and nape bright rufous, hind neck somewhat 
mottled with very indistinct darker rufous centres; lores and a distinct 
eyebrow white, the hinder part of the latter ashv fuh ous ; eyelid 
whitish; ear-coverts ashy, slightly tinged with rufous, with 
distinct whitish shaft-streaks ; cheeks yellowish buff, with du&ky 
tips to the feathers ; sides of the neck ashy; throat white, shading 
into yellowish buff on the fore neck and chest: brea&t and aidomen 
white ; sides of the body ashy fulvous, the Hanks browner; thighs 
clear fulvous-brown ; under tail-coverts fulvous with dusky centres ; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries yellowish huff, mottled with black 
near the edge of the wing; quills below brown, pale rufescent along 
the inner edge of the quills; " bill brown, lower half grey ; legs 
and feet whitish; iris dull burnt-sienna brown or light clay-brown " 

(A. Everett). Total length 9 inches, eulmea 0ml>o, wing 2-7*3, tail 
4*9, tarsus 1*1. 
Adult male. Similar to the female in colour, and only a trifle 
larger. Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 0*05, wing 2t>>, tail 4*6, 
tarsus 1*15. (Mus. 2Z. G, Wardlmv Itaitwnf.) 


Hah. Philippine Archipelago*—islands of Luzon, Xegros, Cebu, 
and Basilam 

a. § ad. sk. Valencia, Negros, Aug. 1877. Capt. R.G.^Vardlaw Bamsjay 
4. Megaluxus m&crurus. 
SpHenceacus inacrurus, 8ahad. Ann. Mus. Ciric, Gmm* be. p. 3*5 
(1876). 
Megalurus infcerscapularis, Selater. P. Z. S, 18SO, p. <b£, pL rL; id. 

Ibis, 1880, p. 308. 
Megatons sp., Lai/ard, Ihis* 1880, p. SOS. 
Meg-alums macrnrus, Sahad. Ann. Mim. Okie. Genm\ atvi. p. 189 

(1880) ; id. Orn. deliu Pajmasia etc. ii. p. 420 (InHl). 

Adult (type of M. interscapularzs, Selater). General colour above 
light hro-wn, slightly olivaceous in tint; the hind neck, mantle, and 
scapulars streaked mesially with blackish brown, more broadly on 
the latter; lower back and rump uniform light olivaceous brown, 
the upper tail-coverts a little darker and with blackish mesial 
streaks ; wing-coverts rather more fulvous-brown than the back, the 
median and greater series centred with black, the bastard-wing 
feathers somewhat more ashy; primary-coverts and quills dark 
brown, externally rufous, the inner secondaries ashy fulvous along 
both webs; tail-feathers light brown, edged with "fulvona-brown, 
and black along the shafts; head uniform rufons-brown, with a few 
faintly indicated black streaks; lores and a well-denned eyebrow 

15 . MEGALUEUS. 
127 

buffy white, as well as the eyelid ; the superciliary streaks inclining 
to ashy brown like the sides of the neck ; ear-coverts light brown, 
streaked with whitish shaft-lines ; cheeks and under surface of body 
dull white, the fore neck, chest, and sides of breast ashy, the flanks, 
thighs, and under tail-coverts more fulvescent brown; axillaries 
fulvous; under wing-coverts buffy whitish, mottle! with black centres 
to the feathers near the edge of the wing; under surface of 
quills ashy brown below, fulvescent along the inner web; " bill 
black above, white below ; feet whitish; iris chestnut" (D'Albertis). 
Total length 8 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 2*75, tail 4-2, tarsus 1-15. 
Hob. South-eastern New Guinea, extending into New Britain, 

a. Ad. sk. New Britain. Eev. G. Brown [0.]. (Type 
of M. interscapulars, 
h,c. 3 $ ad. sk. New Britain, Nov. Godeflroy Museum. 
Sclater.) 

1880 (Kleinschmidt). 

5. Megatons amboiuensis. 
Sphenoeacus amboinensis, Sahad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. vii. p. 988 
(1875). 
Megalurus amboinen&is, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Gevov. xvi. p. 189 
(1880); id. Orn. delta Papua&ia etc. ii. p. 421 (1881). 

Adult. Head rufous, the feathers duller in the centre; back greyish 
olive, the feathers with broad dusky streaks down the middle; rump 
unspotted and rufescent in colour, the shafts dusky; lores whitish ; 
a superciliary line pale greyish olive; underneath, white in the 
centre of the body, the sides and under tail-coverts greyish rufous; 
sides of breast duller grey ; upper wing-coverts greyish olive, dusky 
in the middle; quills dusky, externally margined with rufous, the 
inner secondaries duller, but greyish olive on the edges; the quills 
margined with rufous on the inner web ; under wing-coverts rufescent 
; tail-feathers greyish olive, with obsolete transverse barring, 
the shafts dusky; upper mandible dusky, the lower one whitish. 
Total length 6*1 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*15, tail 2*9, tarsus 1*85. 

(Salvadori.) 
Hah. Amboyna. 
Count Salvadori compares it with M. gcdactotes, but says that it 

is smaller. 

6. Megalurus galactotes. 
Malurus galactotes, Temm. PI Col. 65. fig. 1 (1823). 
Megalurus galactotes, Vig. fy Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 228 
(1827) ; Gould, B. Austr. fol. iii. pi. 35 (1848) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. 

p. 109 (1848); Bp. Consp. i. p. 279 (1850); Gould, Handb. B. 
Austr, i, p. 399 (1865); Gray, Eand4. B. i. p. 206, no. 2909 
(1869). 
Sphenoeacus galactotes, Diggles, Orn. Austr. pi. 47. fig. 2 (1870): 
Ramsay, Trans. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. ii. p. 187 (1878). 
Adult. General colour above dull fulvous-brown, with a slightly 
ashy tinge on the back, which is broadly streaked with black down 

128 TBTEUIDJ, 

the centres of the feathers; lower back and rump uniform fulvousbrown; 
the upper tail-coverts slightly washed with ashy, and 
having dark brown or blackish medial streaks: upper win2"~coverts 
like the back, with scarcely any indication* of dark central streak*, 
these, however, being* very broadly indicated on the greater series; 
bastard-wing feathers, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, 
externally more rufous, the innermost second trie^ broadly margined 
on both webs with fulvous-brown: tail-ieithers light fulvousbrown, 
barred with dusky under certain lights and ed^ed with 
fulvous-brown; head and nape imitorm rutou*. exr*e]t lor a few 
black streaks in the middle of the crown : lores cLili whitish : eyebrow 
buffy whitish, shading into light a^hy bro^n on the hinder 
part like the sides of the neck: e\ did buff} white : e ir-euverts 
brown, tinged with rufous on the upper nr<.nrin, and narrowly 
streaked with whitish shaft-lines; che**k* and iintb-r siirfacv of 
body dull white, yellowish buff on the ehe-t and side* of bodv, 
deepening on the flanks, thighs, and under tail-eovert^; axillaris 
fulvous; under wing-coverts creamy buff, the lower ^pri<^ rtther 
more ashy; quills brown below, pale a«hy nitons ultmz the edue of 
the inner web; "upper mandible olive-bronn, th<* oiittincMvIirfs 
jellowish white: lower mandible bluish white: f HM and feet 
reddish flesh-colour; Iris light brown'" t Gwhh. Tot d lentrth <5v> 
inches, culm en 0*0, wing 2*0, fail y-35, tarsia irif. 

Hah. Victoria and Xew Fourh Wales extending: alr*ncr the entire 
east coast of Australia to Cape Yoik, and along the n*»rth coabt to 

Port Essington. 
a. Ad. sk. Norman Elver. Ooulil Collect inn. 
b. Ad. sk. Richmond River. A. P. Goodwin "C\"\ 
c. xAd.sk. Some^et, Cape York(Cackerell 4" T/«,rpr\. 
F. I>. *0*«ln^aii'"«i«l 0. 
Sail in, INqr*. "P.". 
d. e. A&.; f.
sk.
g. Ad. st.
h. Ad. sk. 
Juv. Cape York f Coclurdlu 
Australia. 
Aubtralia. 
F. Ii. Oilman ai«f 0. 
Salvin, H-qi^. r I\ \ 
Sir T. MIti \w\\ "P.V 
Earl of Ueibv ~IVl 

7. JTegalurus timorieiisis. 
Megalurus timorient«, Wallace, P. Z. *V. lHlj^, p. 4>tl : Fin*fh, Xeti-
Gvineci) p. 160 (1805) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. I, p. "J}l\ no. u007 
(1809). 

Adult male (type of species)- General eolour above (hill ftilvonsbrown, 
more or less shaded with rufous, the feathers broadly 
centred with blackish brown; lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts bright ferruginous ; lesser and median wing-coverts like the 
back, the greater series dark brown, externally light rufous-brown; 
quills blackish, externally rufous, the inner pecondarieh broadly 
margined with light fulvous on both webs ; tail-featherb light brown 
with black shafts, and washed with rufous on the edtres; crown of 
head ferruginous, narrowing on the nape and quite uniform; loros 
dull whitish; from the base of the bill an eyebrow of } ellowuh buff, 

15 . MEGALURTTS. 
129 

the hinder part; of this superciliary streak ashy like the sides of the 
neck; ear-coverts brown, washed with rufous on their upper margin, 
and streaked with buffy-white shaft-lines; cheeks and underpays 
white, the sides of the breast ashy brown, the flanks and sides, 
as well as the under tail-coverts, fulvous brown, as also the thighs, 
the hocks of the knee being rufous ; axillaries fulvous ; under wing-
coverts creamy buff, mottled with blackish near the outer edge, 
the lower series ashy rufous; quills light brown below, ashy rufous 
along the inner web. Total length 9-5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2*7, 
tail 4*9, tarsus 1*1. 

Adult female. Differs from the male above described only in 
having small brown spots and streaks on the lower throat and fore 
neck. Total length 9*25 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2*85, tail 4-1, 

tarsus 1*1. 
Hah. Timor. 
a. <$ ad. sk.
h. § ad. sk. 
East Timor, 
East Timor. 
A. B. Wallace, Esq. [C.]« 
(Type of species.) 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 

8. Megatons albolimbatus. 
Poodytes albolimbatus, E* Albert, fy Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. 
xiv. p. 87 (1879); Salvad. op. cit xvi. p. 139 (1880) j id. Orn. 
Pajpuasia etc. p. 422 (1881). 
Adult male (Fly River; D'Albertis: type of species). General 
colour above ferruginous, the head, lower back, rump, and upper 
tail-coverts uniform, excepting a slight indication of dusky striations 
on the head; mantle and upper back more fulvous, the feathers 
broadly centred with black; wing-coverts black, with rufous-buff 
margins, a little paler on the outer median coverts and bastard-wing 
feathers; quills black, edged with rufous-buff, the inner secondaries 
conspicuously bordered with white on both webs, all the 
other quills narrowly fringed with whitish at the tips ; tail-feathers 
dusky brown, with broad margins of dull rufous; lores and a distinct 
eyebrow yellowish buff, the latter whiter; feathers round the 
eye and ear-coverts yellowish buff, rufescent along the upper edge 
of the ear-coverts ; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body white, 
with a wash of yellowish buff on the fore neck and chest, deepening 
into tawny fulvous on the flanks and thighs, the under tail-coverts 
again a little paler; under wing-coverts pale fulvous, the quills ashy 
brown below, pale rufescent along the edge of the inner web; " bill 

brown, the lower mandible whitish; feet fleshy; iris chestnut" 
(D'Albertis). Total length 5*4 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 2*25, 
tail 2*35, tarsus 0*85. (Mus. Civic. Genov.) 

Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male, but a little duller. 
Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2T5, tail 2*35, tarsus 
0*85. (Miis. Civic. Genov.) 

Hab. South-eastern New Guinea. 
VOL. vn. * 

130 TIMELITDiE. 

16. GHJETOENIS. Typ e 
Chartornis, Gray, Gen. B, i. p. 167, pi. 48. fig. 9 (1848) .. C. striata. 
Bill of Chcetomis locustelloides, to show rictal bristlea. 

Range. India. 

1. Chaetornis locustelloides. 
Dasyornis locustelloides, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 602 (1842). 
Dasyornis collurioceps, Blyth, torn, tit. p. 603 (1842). 
Megalurus ? striatus, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xiii. p. 169 (1844). 
Cheetornis striata, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 167, pi. 48. fig. 9; Bp. Consp. 


i. p. 280 (1850); Horsf. fy Moore, Cat. B. F.I Co. Mus. i. p. 3.^0 
(1854); Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 72 (1863) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 205, 
no. 2898 (1869) ; Ball, Sir. F. 1875, p. 288; Butler, Str. F. 1877, 
p. 209; Ball, t. c. p. 416; Hume, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 215; 
Cripps, t. c. p. 279; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 97; Butler, Cat. B. 
Sind etc. p. 29 (1879). 
p Sphenceacus striata, Elyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 139 (1849). 

Adult. General colour above brown, the feathers streaked with 
dark brown in the centre, edged with fulvous brown, more inclining 
to whity brown on the mantle; lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts more uniform than the back, not so broadly streaked with 
dark brown, except on the latter, which are washed with ashy; 
wing-coverts dark brown, broadly edged with tawny buff, inclining 
to whity brown at the end of the feathers ; quills dark brown, externally 
broadly margined with tawny buff, more rufescent towards 
the base of the quills; centre tail-feathers light brown, dark brown 
along the middle of the feathers, which have also dark-brown bars 
radiating from the dark centre ; the remainder of the feathers dark 
brown, washed externally with lighter brown and tipped with 
white ; head rather darker than the back, the feathers only narrowly 
edged with lighter brown, the forehead entirely fulvous brown; 
lores dull whitish; over the eye a streak of buffy white from the 
base of the bill to above the ear-coverts, where it is tinged with 
ashy brown; below the eye a shade of black ; ear-coverts dull 
rufous, buffy white on the fore part, like the cheeks ; throat and 
centre of body dull white, yellowish buff on the chest and sides of 
the body, thighs, and under tail-coverts ; axillaries and under wing-
coverts buffy white; quills ashy below, narrowly edged with fulvous 
along the inner web; " bill blackish horny ; inside of mouth blackish ; 
legs dark fleshy ; iris stone-brown " (J. It. Cripps). Total length 
7*75 inches, culmen 0*7, wing C*3, tail 3*3, tarsus 1-1. 

17 . CA.LA.3I0CICHI.A.. 
131 

According to Jerdon tlie female is smaller than the male; though 
Mr. Cripps gives the wing as 3*50 inches, as in the male. ' ' Bill fleshy 
at base, the rest horny; legs fleshy; iris light chocolate-brown" (J. R. 
Cripps). Another female had the " bill horny above, pale beneath; 
legs light purplish; iris dark brown " (J. R. Cripps). 

Young. Differs from the adult in being much more yellow about 
the face and on the underparts, the edges to the feathers of the 
upper parts heiug also more ochreous buff; on the fore neck and 
chest a few indications of dusky streaks. 

Hah Plains of Upper and Central India. 

a. Yix ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk.
c, d, e. Ad. sk. 
Madras (Jerdon). 
Madras (Je?*don). 
Madras. 
Gould Collection. 
Gould Collection. 
T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.]. 
f. Ad. sk, Dinapore.
(Types of C. striata.) 
Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
g7 h, t. Ad. j k, I N. Bengal. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
Jim. sk.
m. $ ad. sk. Calcutta. 
(T.]. 
Major" J. Biddulph [C.]. 

17. CALAMOCICHLA. 
Calamoherpe, pt., auctorum recentium. 

Range. Confined to Madagascar and the Cape-Verd Islands. 

Key to the Species. 

a. With stripes on the breast newtoni ad., p. 181. 
b. With the breast uniform. 
af. Lower mandible brown, yellowish only at 
extreme base; breast and flanks deep fulvous 
brown; upper surface dark brown .. newtonijnv., p. 132. 

b'. Lower mandible yellow, only the tip brown; 
breast pale falvous like the rest of the 
under surface; flanks light tawny buff, 
upper surface russet-brown brevipennis ad., p. 132. 

1. Calamocichla newtoni. 
Calamoherpe newtoni, Rartl. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 165; E. Neiot. Ibis, 
1863, p. 344, pi. xiii. fig. 3 {egg); Verv. in Vinson, Voy. Madaq., 
Ann. B, p. 2 (1865); Grandid. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1867, p. 358; 
Marti. Vog. Madag. p. 116 (1877). 

Calamodyta newtoni, Schkgel, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 421; id.ty Roll Faune 
Madag., Ois. p. 90, pi. xxviii. (1868); Gray, Kand-l B. i. p. 207, 
no. 2036 (1869); Milne-Edtoards q Grandid. in Grandid. Mist. 
Nat. Madag., Ok. p. 336, pi. 131 (1881). 

Adult. General colour above russet-brown, more dingy on the 
head, and decidedly more rufous on the rump and upper tail-coverts; 
wing-coverts dark brown, edged with the same colour as the back, 
the quills also dark brown, margined with russet-brown, inclining 

K2 

132 TIMELUDJB. 

to whity brown on the outer edge of the primaries; tail-feathers 
brown, barred across with dusky under certain lights, edged with 
lighter brown, the outermost narrowly margined with whity brown 
at the tip and along the inner web; lores and a tolerably well 
defined eyebrow fulvous; ear-coverts and sides of face fulvous, the 
former browner along their hinder margin; cheeks, throat, and 
chest yellowish white, plainly streaked with dusky brown.; remainder 
of under surface yellowish, browner on the sides of the breast; the 
flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts deep fulvous, almost tawny in 
shade; axillaries and under wing-coverts deep fulvous ; quills ashy 
brown below, ashy fulvous along the edge of the inner web ; " feet 
leaden-grey; iris clear brown" (Grandldier). Total length b'2o 
inches, culmen 0-75, wing 2-05, tail 3, tarsus 1*05. 

Young. A little duller brown than the adult, and not showing 
any streaks on the under surface, the breast being plain fulvous 
brown, and the flanks also of this colour, but a trifle brighter; sides 
of face also dull brown. 

Hub. Madagascar. 

a. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. Fianaraatsoa, Betsileo. Rev. W. Deans Cowan [C.]. 
c. Juv. sk. Madagascar. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
2. Calamocichla brevipeimis. 
Calamodyta brevipennis, Kmhmans, Kederh Tijdsch. JDierh. 8vo, lii, 
p. 358 (1866, ex Dohni, MSS.)^; Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 207, 
no. 2928 (1869). 
Adult, General colour above russet-brown, rather duller on the 
head, and a little more clear on the lower part of the back and 
rump • wing-coverts and quills dusky brown, margined with a little 
clearer russet than the back; tail-feathers uniform brown, narrowly 
edged with russet-brown; lores dull white, the feathers above the 
eye and eyelid fulvescent, but no distinct eyebrow; ear-coverts 
dingy brown; cheeks, throat, and underparts dull white, slightly 
washed with yellowish buff; sides of the breast, and'flanks, as well 
as the thighs and under tail-coverts, yellowish buff or light tawny 
buff; axillaries and under wing-coverts of the same colour as the 
sides of the breast; quills light brown below, fulvescent along the 
edge of the inner web. Total length 6-25 inches, culmen 1*85, 
wing 2-4, tail 2-5, tarsus 1. 

Hah. Confined to the island of San Nicolas, Cape-Yerd archipelago, 


a Ad.sk. S. Nicolas, Cape-Verd Islands. JDr. Dohrn [0.]. 

* As far as I can find out, this species has never been described. I therefore 
adopt Br. Dohra'«s MB. name. 
18 . CAIAMOXASTES. 
18. 
CALAMOffASTES. 
Tarsus of Calamonastes fasciolatus, to show scutellations. 

Range. South Africa, extending into Central Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Wing-coverts tipped with buffy white; upper 
surface fulvous brown, clearer and more tawny 
on the rump and upper tail-coverts fasciolatus, p. 133. 
b. Wing-coverts uniform, without any pale tips; 
upper surface uniform dull ashy brown undosus, p. 134. 
1. Calamonastes fasciolatus. 
Drymoica fasciolata, Smith, III. Zool S. Afr., Aves, pi. cxi. fig. 2 
(1847); Bp. Consp. i. p. 283 (1850); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 86, 
no. 148 (1867); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 198, no. 2746 (1869); 
Sharpe, Cat Afr. B. p. 31, no. 296 (1871); Buckley, Ibis, 1874, 

p. 373. 
Cossvpha fasciiventris, Sundev. CEfv. K Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh. 
1850, p. 101,no. 19. 
Aedon faseiolata, Gurnei/, Ibis, 1871, p. 152; id. in Anderss. B. Dam. 
Ld. y. 90, no. 113 (1872). 
Cisticola fasciolata, 
Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 273 (1870) ; 
Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 254. 

Adult. Above warm brown, rather rufescent, the rump and 
upper tail-coverts rather lighter and more tawny rufous; wings 
brown, the coverts edged with fulvous-brown, and all tipped with 
white or fulvous-white; quills brown, externally edged with rufous-
brown, the innermost secondaries margined with whitish at the tip ; 
tail brown, the feathers edged with rufous-brown and all tipped 
with fulvous, before which the colour darkens, but does not form a 
Bubterminal band; lores and sides of face greyish white, waved 
with transverse bars of blackish brown ; the ear-coverts washed with 
brown, with whitish shaft-stripes; under surface of body dull 
white, the sides bright fulvous, deeper and more tawny on the 
thighs and under tail-coverts; the throat very slightly, but the 
chest and sides of the body distinctly crossed with zigzag or 
V-shaped bars of dark brown; under wing-coverts light buff, the 
lower surface of the quills ashy brown, edged with pale rufous 
along the inner web ; "tipper mandible dark liver-brown, the lower 
edge and the under mandible dark bluish or purple; legs pale fleshcolour, 
toes the same, but a trifle darker; iris yellowish brown" 
(Andersson). 

134 T33IELIIDJE. 
The sexes measure as follows:— 
S. Damara Land$ . Damara LandTotal 
length.
in. 
5-0 
4-5 
Wing. 
in. 
2-4 
2-26 
Tail. 
in. 
2*15 
2-0 
Tarsus. 
in. 
0-85 
0-bo 

The female is like the male in plumage. 
Young. Very similar to the adult, and differing only in its less 
banded under surface, the breast and flanks being uniform. 

Ilab. South Africa, extending from the interior of the Cape 
Colony to the Mashoona country on the east, and to Bamara Land 
on the west. 

a. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith "QP. 
(Type of specie.*.) 
h. Ad. sk. Damara Land. C. J. "Anderson, E-q. 
Cj d> <$ ad. et $ juv. sk. Otjimhinque, June 1866 R. B. Sharpe, E-q. 
(C J. Aindersson). 

e. 9 ad. sk. Matalko, Damara Land, E. B. Sharps E^q. 
July 1866 (C J. A.). 
2. Calamonastes xuidosixs. 
Drymceca undosa, lleichenoic, J.f.O. IBB2} p. 211. 

Adult male (type of species). General colour above uniform dark 
ashy brown; wing-coverts like the back; the greater coverts obscurely 
edged with lighter ashy; bastard-wing feathers and primary-
coverts dusky brown with ashy margins; quills dark brown. 
with lighter brown margins, the inner secondaries like the back; 
tail-feathers brown, with dusky cross bars under certain lights, the 
feathers with obsolete lighter brown margins, but having no dark 
subterminal bar; crown of head like the back; lores ashy whitish, 
mottled with dusky bases; feathers below the eye and the ear-
coverts dusky brown, streaked with whitish shafVstripes; cheeks 
and throat dull white, barred with dusky brown; fore neck and 
chest ashy brown, with less distinct dusky cross bars, these becoming 
still less distinct on the breast and abdomen, which are whiter; 
sides of the body and flanks washed with ashy; thighs tawny; 
under tail-coverts apparently whitish; under wing-coverts and auxiliaries 
pale tawny buff, with dusky markings near the edge of the 
wing; quills below ashy brown, inner edge of quills pale fulvous; 
"bill black; feet and iris reddish yellow7' (Bohm). Total length 
5*8 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2-55, tail 1*55, tarsus 0-85. {Mm. 
JBeroL) 

Sab, Central Africa. 

19 . OFJGMA. 135 
19. OBftMA. 
Type. 

Orignia, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 148 0. rubricata. 

Mange, Confined to Australia. 

1. Origma rubricate 
Ruddy "Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. SuppL ii. p. 249 {1801). 
Sylvia rubricata, Lath. lad. dm. SupjpL p. lv (1801). 
Rock Warbler, Lewin, B. N. Roll. pi. 16 (1822). 
Saxieoia solitaria, Tig. § ITorsf. Tram. Linn. 8oc. xv. p. 236 (1827). 
Origma rubricata, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 148; id. B. Audr. fol. iii. 


pi. 69 (1848); Gray, Gen. B. "i. p. 1«5 (1848) * Bp. Consp. I p. 306 
(1850j; Gould, Handk B. Austr. i. p. 38-5 (I860) j Gray, Hand-l. 

B. i. p. 230, no. 3314 (1860) • Bamsay, Proc. Linn. 80c. JV. 8. W. 
ii. p. 186 (1878). 
Origma solitaria, Zewin, B. K 8. TV. 2nd ed. pi. 16 (1838). 
Adult. General colour above sooty brown, slightly washed with 
rufous on the rump; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back; 
bastard-wing feathers dark brown, externally light rufous-brown; 
greater coverts, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, externally 
washed with ashy; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers blackish, 
with narrow pale margins to the tips of the latter; head like the 
back, the frontal plumes pale rufous tipped with dusky brown; 
lores and feathers round the eye dull rufescent, obscured with dusky 
tips ; cheeks and ear-coverts dull reddish brown, the latter washed 
with sooty brown ; throat ashy whitish, mottled with dusky bases; 
remainder of under surface deep ferruginous, becoming more dusky 
and of a rufous-brown shade on the flanks, thighs, and under tail-
coverts ; under wing-coverts and axillaries light reddish brown; 
quills, ashy brown below, ashy rufous along the edge of the inner 
web; " bill and feet brownish black, the former rather lighter than 
the latter; iris dark reddish brown" (Gould). Total length 5*8 
inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2*6, tail 2*35, tarsus 0*9. 

A young male is coloured like the adult, but is more dingy, and 
the throat is washed with rufous. 
Hah. Kew South Wales, extending to the Wide-Bay district on 
the east coast of Australia. 

a. Ad. sk. Xew South Wales. Purchased. 
b. $ juv. sk. Middle Harbour, near Sydney,
December 1876. 
Sydney Museum [P.], 
c. d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk. 
Queensland (Cocherell Coll.). 
Australia, 
F. D. Godman and O. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
J. Gould, Esq. 

13(5 
xniELrrB^i. 

Group III. EEEMOMELM. 

The birds included in this group are entirely African, and in 
general aspect and mode of life are related to the true Warblers, 
from which they cannot be widely separated; on the other hand, the 
heavier bill and large first primary also indicate affinities with the 
true Timeliidae. 

Key to the Genera. 

a. 
Tail long, equal to the wing hi length or 
even slightly exceeding it; outstretched 
feet reaching nearly to the end of the tail; 
wings falling short of the tail by more 
than the length of the tarsus. 
a'. 
Culmen greater than the length of the 
middle toe and claw; hind toe (with 
claw) equal to the middle toe (with 
claw); feet rather strong, the middle 
toe (without claw) more than half the 
length of the tarsus L APALIS, p. 136, 


V. 
Culmen greater than middle toe and 
claw; hind toe (with claw) greater 
than middle toe (with claw); feet 
small; middle toe (without claw) not 
nearly equal to half the tarsus 2. EUPBINODBS, p. 340. 
c'. 
Culmen equal to the middle toe and 
claw; middle toe (with claw) greater 
than hind toe (with claw) , 3. DEYOBROMAS, p. 144. 

b. 
Tail long, hut not quite equal to wing in 
length ; feet falling short of tail; wing 
falling short of tail bj more than the 
length of the tarsus. 
d'. Bill stout, the gonys swollen and ascend


ing; wing a little more pointed 4. DBTXEOCICHLA*, p. 140. 

e\ Bill pointed, the gonys nearly straight ; 

wing more rounded. 

a". 
Bill very delicate, the culmen not 

exceeding hind toe and claw; no 

rictal bristles 
5. PHYLLOLAIS, p. 140. 

h". 
Bill a little stouter, culmen longer 
than hind toe and claw; rictal 
bristles obsolete 6, EEOESSA, p. 150. 

c. 
Tail shorter, much less than the wing; 
distance between tip of wing and tip of 
tail not more than tarsus. 
f. Tarsi very plainly seuteHated. 
c'', 
Tail so short as to be scarcely visible 
beyond the long rump-feathers ; the 


* The tails of JDrymocicMa and Eroessa will probably be found to show 
generic differences; but the only specimen of D. incana which I have seen unfortunately 
had the tail imperfect. 
1. APALIS. 
137 
outstretched feet extending far 
beyond the tip of the tail 7. SYLVIELLA, p. 153. 


d". Tail longer; outstretched feet only 
reaching to the tail, scarcely beyond 
it and sometimes not so far. 


a'". Nasal aperture linear; the overhanging 
membrane bare. 


a*. Wings very long, the distance 
between the tip of the wing and 
the tip of the tail not more than 
the culmen in length; culmen 


shorter than the head 8. EREMOMELA, p. 1-57. 

b4. Wings not quite so long, falling 
short of the tail by more than 
the length of the culmen; culmen 
equal to the head 9. CAMAROPTERA, 

b'". Nostril with a large membrane, [p. 166. 
swollen in front and open behind; 
superior membrane feathered along 
its upper ridge 10. HYLIA, p. 171. 

g. Tarsus perfectly plain 11. STIPIIRORNIS, p. 173. 
1. 
APALIS. 
Type. 
Apalis, Sioains. Zool. Illustr. 2nd series, iii. pi. 119 
(1832-33) A. thoracica. 
Eminia, HarU. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 625 A. lepida. 


Foot of Apalis thoracica, to show proportions of toes. 

Range. Africa. 

Keg to the Species. 

a. 
With no black crescentic mark round the 
nape. 
a'. Crown of head grey or olive-green; 
back olive-green ; throat white, tinged 
with yellow; abdomen pale yellow; 
across the fore neck a band of black.. thoracica, p. 138. 


b'. Crown of head black; back brown; 
under surface cinnamon-buff. 
a". Throat black, as well as fore neck; 
sides of latter chestnut cerviniventris $, p 139. 
b". Throat fulvescent; fore neck with a 
black patch cei'viniventris 2 , p. 139. 

c'. 
Crown of head and upper surface black; 
fore neck and lower throat also black; 
chin white; abdomen yellow, with a 
pectoral band of cinnamon chariessa, p. 139. 


138 TIMELIIDJS. 

With a black crescentic band from each eve 
round the nape ; yellowish green above; crown 
grey; centre of throat chestnut . lepida, p. 140. 

1. Apalis thoracica. 
Le Plastron noir, LevailL Ois. d'Afr. ill p. 98, pi. 123 (1602); Sundev. 
Krit. Framst., LevailL p. 38 (1857). 
Motaeilla thoracica, Shaw § Nodder, Xat. Misc. xxii. pi. 96'9 (c. 1812; ; 

Shaw, Gen. Zool. x. p. o62, pi. 56 (1810Saxicola 
thoracica, Lickt. Vers. Dotal, p. 32 (lS2*>j. 
Sylvia gutturalis, Boie, teste Gray. 
Regulus? thoracicus, Steph. in Shaws Gen. Zool xin. p. 232 i lb2Q). 
Apalis thoracis, Swains. Zool Illusir. 2nd ser. iii. pi. 119 (1SJ2-33). 
Drymoica thoracica, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 163 (184*); Bp. Comp. I 

p 282 (1850) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 93 (1867 j; Gray, Iland-l. 

B. i. p. 202, no. 2842 (1809) 
S. Afr. p. 2S2 (1877). 
Adult male. General colour above dull olive-green; leaser wing-
coverts like the back; median, greater, and primary-coverts, and 
bastard wing dusky, margined with olive green like the back ; quills 
dusky, with olive-green edges, a little lighter than the back ; primaries 
somewhat ashy on the outer web; upper tail-covert* ashy, 
ed<>*ed with olive-green; centre tail-feathers ashy, dusky towards 
the tips; remainder dusky on the inner web, externally ashy, 
the four outer feathers with white tips, increasing towards the 
outermost, which is white with the inner base dusky ; crown of 
head ashy grey; occiput, nape, and hind neck like the back; lores 
and feathers below the eye black, extending onto the fore part of 
the ear-coverts; ear-coverts ashy grey ; sides of the neek like the 
back; cheeks and throat white, slightly tinged with jellow; fore 
neck with a black band across; remainder of under surface pale 
yellow; sides of body, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts washed 
with light olive-green; under wing-coverts white, faintly washed 
with yellow; axillaries like the sides of the breast, light olive 

greenish; quills dusky below, inner edges ashy whitish ; " bill 
black; tarsus and feet pale; iris pale chrome-yellow" (F. A. Barratt), 
upale greenish yellow,? (T. Ayres). Total length 5 inches, culmen 
0*55, wing 2-15, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*8. 

Female Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 1 *95, tail 2*05, 
tarsus 0*85. 

In breeding-plumage the general aspect of the bird is greyer 
above, with scarcely any of the olive-green shade, while underneath 
the colour is-dull white, the yellow tinge being almost lost. 

Young birds have the head olive-green like the back, and show 
the breast-band much narrower than in the adults. The birds from 
Macamac have all green heads, and, being shot at different times of 
the year, are probably constant in this respect, in which case they 
would belong to a distinct species. 

1. APALIS. 
139 
Hab. South Africa from the eastern districts of the Transvaal to 
Natal, and thence along the southern countries of Africa to within 
a short distance from Cape Town. 

a. 5 ad. sk. Ejiysna, Dec. 2, 1885, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
{€'. J. Anderssori). 
b. Ad. sk. Grahamstown {E. L. B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Layard). 
c. d 
ad. sk. KmgvriHiariistown, May Capt.H.TrevelyanfP.l 
21, 1677 (C. Neicby). 
d. J imm. sk. Natal (At/res). F. D. Godman and 0. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
e. Ad.; /. 6 ad. sk. Natal. 
Dr. Gueinzius [0.]. 
g. Ad. sk. Macamac, June 18,1874. F. A. Barratt, Esq. [C." 
L § ad. sk. Maeamac, Nov. 20, 1874. F. A. Barratt, Esq. f 0." 
i. S ad. sk. Macamac, Dec. 16,1874. F. A. Barratt, Esq. [C m 
k. Ad. sk. South Africa. Zoological Societv. 
2. Apalis cervMventris. (Plate III.) 
Apalis cerviniventris, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 22. 
Adult female ? (type of species). General colour above brown, the 
rump and upper tail-coverts slightly rufous buff; wing-coverts like 
the back; quills dark brown, externally washed with the same 
colour as the back; tail brown, obscurely washed with dusky under 
certain lights; crown of head and nape black; sides of face also 
black; cheeks and throat fulvous; a large patch of black on the 
throat; remainder of under surface of body cinnamon-buff, paler on 
the centre of the abdomen; thighs washed with brown; under 
wing-coverts like the breast; bill black; feet brown in skin, with 
the claws yellow. Total length 4*7 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2, 
tail 1*85, tarsus 0*85. 

Another specimen, apparently a male, differs from the foregoing 
example in having the throat black and the sides of the chest chestnut. 
Wing 2-2 inches. 

Hab. Gold Coast. 

a. 121 ad. sk. Gold Coast. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
(Type of species.) 
b. [<£] ad. sk. Denkera (Aubinn). B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
3. Apalis chariessa. 
Apalis chariessa, 
JReichen. Ch-n. Centralbl. 1879, p. 114; Fischer 8f 
Mdchm. J.f. 0.187% p. 354; Sharpe, J.f 0. 1882, p. 346. 

Adult male (type of species). General colour above glossy greenish 
black ; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back ; greater 
coverts and bastard-wing feathers black, externally edged with 
greenish black; primary-coverts and quills black, with a white bar 
down the wing formed by the white outer edges to the inner pri


TIMELIID-1!. 

140 

maries and outer secondaries; tail-feathers black, tipped with white, 
extending further up the inner web; lores, feathers round the eye, 
and ear-coverts black; cheeks and throat white, followed by a patch 
of black on the lower throat and fore neck; remainder of under 
surface bright yellow, inclining to orange on the chest and sides of 
the breast; thighs whitish; axillaries yellow; under wing-coverts 
white; quills blackish, edged with white along the inner web ; u bill 
black; feet light flesh-colour; claws brownish black; iris yellowish 
brown " (FwcJier). Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 1*85, 
tail 2, tarsus 0*65. (Mus. Berol.) 

Hah. Mitole, Eastern Africa. 

4. Apalis lepida. 
Eminia lepida, 
Hurtl P. Z. S. 1880, p. G2o, pi. Is. fig. 1; id. Abhandl. 
Nat. Ter. Bremen, vii. p. 91 {1881). 

Adult female (ITagungo, Xov, 26, 1S70: Emin Bey). General 
colour above yellowish green; wing-coverts like the kick, except 
the lesser series, which are chestnut and form a wing-patch ; greater 
coverts and quills olive-brown, externally yellowish green like the 
back; tail-feathers olive, yellowish green on their margins ; crown 
of head bluish grey, hoary on the forehead; lores, feathers above 
the eye, and adjacent eyelid black, extending in a band round the 
nape, on which also are some very distinct black nnehal hairs ; 
feathers below the eye, with the adjacent eyelid and ear-coverts^ 
ashy whitish, the latter with pure white shaft-streaks; chin, cheeks' 
and malar line pure white, the sides of the neck more ashy ; centre 
of throat chestnut; fore neck, breast, and sides of body pale pearly 
grey, washed with yellowish green on the sides of the body and 
flanks ; centre of breast and abdomen white; thighs and under tail-
coverts chestnut, tipped with yellow, the longest of the latter olive-
yellowish with whitish tips; under wing-coverts chestnut, tipped 
with yellow, the lower series light tawny; quills dusky below, 
ashy along the inner web; " iris reddish brown; feet reddish» 
(Emin Bey). Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*75, wine ^ 5 tail 
2-35, tarsus 1. (21us. G. E. Shelley.) ' 

Hob. Central Africa. 

2. 
EOTBINODES, 
T\ pe. 
Euprinodes, Cass. Proc. Philad Acad. 1859, p. 38 E. ru%ularis. 
Drymoterpe, Heine, J. f. O. 1800, p. 428 ............ E. ru%ularis. 
Drvodromas, pt.y Finseh 8? Marti. Yog. Ostafr. p. 239 
(1870)*. 
. Chlorodyta, Simdev. Av. Metk Tent p. 7 (1872) 1. flavidus. 


* It would have been more convenient if Drs. Fmseli and Hartlaub had 
specially designated the type for their genus, instead of giving a list of the species 
belonging to it. D. fulvicapitta, the first on their list, is aberrant in colour 
from all the others and less typical in form ; and in reconstituting the genus I 
propose to regard D. damarenm as the type. 
2. EUPRINODES. 
14 1 
Foot of Euprinodes fiavidus, to show proportions of toes. 

Range. Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Ends of outer tail-feathers white, the external ones 
entirely white. 
a'. Breast rufescent like the throat; upper surface 
dark slate-colour rufigularis, p. 141. 
b'. Breast very pale yellowish like the throat; upper 
surface dull olive greenish; crown a little more 
ashy olivaceus, p. 142. 

c'. 
Breast bluish ashy; upper surface also bluish 
ashy schistacens, p. 142. 

b. Ends of outer tail-feathers yellow, 
d1' Eyelid blue-grey like the adjacent sides of the 
head; upper surface bright olive-yellow; ear-
coverts blue-grey. 


a". 
With a black band across the chest fiavidus S sestiv., 

b". No black band on chest, which is yellow. [p. 142. 
a'". Head entirely slaty blue fiavidus J sestiv., 
&"'. Forehead and sinciput blue-grey; hinder [p. 143. 

crown and nape olive-yellow like the 

back fiavidus $ 2 hiem., 
e'. Eyelid whitish ; upper surface dusky olive- [p. 143. 
yellow; ear-coverts dull ashy Jlavocinetus, p. 144. 

1. Euprinodes rufigularis. ., ^ (UAC ^ 
Drymoica rufogularis, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 17; id. Ann. 8f 
Mag. Nat Hist. xii. p. 479 (1843); id. Zool. Typ. pi. 42. fig. 1 
(1849); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 201, no. 2836 (1869). 

Drymoeca rufogularis, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 58 (1857). 
Euprinodes rufogularis, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 38 ; Hartl. 


J.f.O. 1861, p. 110. 
Drymoterpe rufogularis, Heine, J.f 0. 1859, p. 426. 
Adult (type of species). General colour above dull slaty brown, 
with a faint tinge of olive; wing-coverts like the back; bastard 
wing and primary-coverts darker brown; quills brown, with narrow 
olive margins; tail-feathers dusky brown, the two outer feathers 
pure white, the next one brown along the end of the outer web ; 
lores fulvescent; ear-coverts dark slaty grey; cheeks, throat, and 
breast pale rufous; remainder of under surface dull white, some^ 
what washed with ashy on the flanks. Total length 4 inches, 
culmen 0*6, wing 1*7, tail 1*6, tarsus 0*7. 

Hah. West Africa. Gaboon and Fernando 
Po. 

a. 
Ad. sk. Fernando Po. L. Fraser, Esq. [O.J. (Type 
of species.) 
142 
TtMETJTM. 

2. Euprinodes olivaceus. 
Prima 
olivacea, StricJd. P. Z. S. 1844, p. 99; Allen $ Thomps. 
Expect Niger, ii. p. 494 (1848). 
Ohloropota olivacea, Hartl. J. f. 0. 1854, p. 17; id. Orn. Westafr. 

p. GO (1857). 
EuprinodoH olivaceus, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 38; Hartl 
J. f. 0. 1861, p. 110. 
Drymoica olivacea, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 201, no. 2837 (1869). 
? Adult (type of species). General colour above olive-greenish, the 

head a little greyer, washed with olive-green like the back; wing-

coverts and quills dull brown, edged with the same olive-green as 

the back ; tail-feathers dusky brown, the four centre ones uniform, 

edged with olive, the next two white, rather broadly edged with 

brown along the outor web, the two outer feathers entirely white ; 

lores, feathers above the eye, and eyelid pale yellow; cheeks and sides 

of face pale yellowish, washed with olive-green along the upper 

margin; under surface of body pale yellow, the abdomen whiter, 

slightly washed with yellow like the under tail-coverts, under wing-

coverts, and axillaries. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 1-8, 

tail 1-75, tarsus 0*65. 

Eab. West Africa : Fernando Po and Gaboon. 

a. Ad. sk. Fernando Po. L. Fraser, Esq. [C.]. 
3. Euprinodes schistaceus. 
Euprinodes schistaceus, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 38; Hartl. 
J.f.O. 1861, p. 110. 
Drymoica schistacea, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 201, no. 2838 (1869). 
Adult male. Head, neck, and entire upper parts bluish cinereous, 
with a slight tinge of olive on the back; abdomen, under wing-
coverts, and under tail-coverts white; quills brownish black, the 
four middle tail-feathers brownish black, with obscure narrow 
transverse stripes of a darker shade of the same colour, the 
four external feathers on each side pure white; bill black; legs 
light-coloured. Total length about 4 | inches, wing 1|, tail 2. 
(Cassin, I. c.) 

Hob. Camma Elver. Gaboon. 

4. Euprinodes fiavidus. 
Drymoeea flavida, Strickl Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 148. 

Drymoica flavida. Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 203, no. 2862 (1869). 

Dryodromas flavida, Finsch fy Hartl Vog. Ostafr. p. 240 (1870) j 

Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 34 (1871); Gurney in Anderss. B. Bam. 
Ld. p. 96 (1872); Sharm, ed. LayanTs JB. S. Afr. p. 299 (1877). 
Chlorodyta flavida, Suntiw. Av. Metk Tent. p. 7 (1872). 

Adult male. Above yellowish green, rather brighter yellow on 
the rump; crown of head bluish grey, shaded with yellow towards 

2. ETJPRTNODES. 
143 
the nape; sides of face bluish grey like the head; cheeks bright 
yellow, as also the under surtace of the body; chin and centre of 
the body silky white; chest with a conspicuous spot of black; under 
tail-coverts and thighs yellow; under wing-coverts pale yellow, the 
lower series silky white; upper wing-coverts yellowish green like 
the wings; quills blackish, externally edged with yellowish green, 
the inner webs white towards their base ; tail-feathers dull olive-
green, edged and slightly tipped with yellow, the outer feather 
entirely yellow ; " bill almost black; tarsus ilesh-coloured; iris 
yellowish brown,f (Andersson). Total length 4*4 inches, culmen 
0*5, wing 1*05, tail 2, tarsus 0-8. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but wants the black spot on 
the breast, which is entirely yellow. Total length 4*6 inches, culmen 
0*5, wing 1-9, tail 2*15, tarsus 0*85. 

Bamara Land is the only place from which I have seen specimens 
with the breast black, and the head and nape entirely slaty blue. 
In males from Iiingwiiliamstown the hinder crown and nape are 
olive-yellow like the back, and only the forehead and sinciput 
grey. The sides of the crown and sides of nape, however, are 
tinged with grey, a slight appearance of which is also seen on 
the back part of the nape, indicating apparently that the bird is in 
a somewhat transitional stage of plumage. It will be noticed that 
all the specimens from the more southern localities bear the dates 
of June and July, while the Bamara birds were killed between 
November and May. It appears, then, that the breeding-place of 
the species is Bamara Land, and that it goes south in winter, when 
the plumage resembles that of the old hen-bird, with the hinder 
crown and nape like the back. 

Hah. South-eastern Africa, ranging into Northern Bamara Land 
and the llakalaka country. 

a. Ad. hiem. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [0.]. 
b. 
<$ hiem. sk. Sunday's Kiver (A. F. OrU R. B. Sharpe. Esq. 
lepp). 
c. Ad. sk. Eland's Post, July 1870 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(T. C. Atmore). 
d. e. $ 
ad. sk. Kingwilliamstown, June 3, Capt.H.Trevelyan [P.], 
1877 (aNeiahj). 
f. Ad. sk. Kingwilliamstown. Capt. H. Trevelyan [P.]. 
q. $ 
ad. sk. Ovaquenyama, Bamara Land, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
May 23, lbG7 (C. X Anderssori). 
A. 2 &&• s^* 
Ovaquenyama, June 3; 1867 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(C. J, Andersson). 
. 6 2 a<isk*

i, A*- Elephant Vley, Nov. 1859 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

(C. J. Andersson). 
I $ ad. sk. Ondonga, Jan. 22, 1807 (Q. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
J. Atidersson). 
m. Ad. sk. Makalaka country. Br. Bradshaw. 
144 
TIMKLIID.K. 

5. Euprinodes flavocinctus. 
Dryodroniaa flavida, Cab. J.f. 0. 1878, p. 222 (?iec StrickL). 
Euprinodes flavocinctus, Sharpe, J. f. 0. 1882, p. 346. 

Adult male (Adi; Dr. J. M. Hildebrandt). Very similar to E. fla


vida, of the same form, and having broad tips of light yellow to the 

tail-feathers, but differing in its dull olive-yellow upper surface, 

the 
hinder crown and forehead being dull ashy; lores and eyelid 

whitish; ear-coverts dull ashy, not slaty blue; yellow band across 

the 
chest paler and narrower than in E. flavidas. Total length 

4*5 inches, culraen 0*5, wing 1/8, tail 2, tarsus 0*8. {Mas. Berol.) 

Hah. Adi, Ukambani, East Africa. 

3. DRYODROMAS. * ^ ^ Type. 
Dryodromas, Finsch § Hartl Yog. Ostafr. p. 239 (1870). D. fulvicapilla. 
Urohipis, Heugl. Orn. NO.-Afr. iv. App. p. lxxii 
(1873) D. rufifrons. 

Foot of Dryodromas albigularis, to show proportions of toes. 

Range. Confined to Southern Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Head entirely rufous. 
a'. Tail-feathers brown; back brown fulvicapilla, p. 144. 
b'. Tail-feathers black, tipped with ashy; back 
ashy 
mela?iura, p. 146. 

b. 
Head ashy brown like the back; forehead rufous 
; tail-feathers black, tipped with white . . rufifrons, p. 146. 
c. 
Head and neck pearly grey, contrasting with the 
olive-yellow back ; underneath pure white . . damarensis, p. 147. 
d. 
Head olive or ashy like the rest of the back; 
underneath ashy white icteropygialis, p. 148. 
1. Dryodromas fulvicapilla. 
Le Rousse-tete, Levaill. Ois. aVAfr. iii. p. 98. pi. 124 (1802); Sundev 
Krit. Framst., Levaill p. 38 (1857). 
Sylvia fulvicapilla, Vieill. N. Diet. oVHist. Nat. xi. p. 217 (1817) • 
Bonn, et Vieill JEnc. Meth. ii. p. 463 (1823). 
Drymoica fulvicapilla, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 163 (1848) j Bp. Consp 

i. p. 282 (1850) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 94 (1867) ; Gray, Hand-L 
B. i. p. 203, no. 2859 (1869). " 
Drymceca fulvicapilla, Grill, Zool. Anteckn. p. 31 (1859). 
Camaroptera natalensis, Hartl Ibis, 1863, p. 326, pi. viii. %. 1; 
Garney, Ibis, 1868, p. 157. 

3 . DRYODEOMAS. 
145 

Calainodyta natalensis, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 94 (1807). 
Drvodromas fulvicapilla, Finsch 4* Hard. Tog. Ostafr. p. 239 (1870); 
Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 34 (1871); id. ed. Layard B. 8. Afr. 

p. 301 (1877). 
Adult male. Above brown, family darker in the centre of the 
feathers, the upper tail-coverts somewhat washed with fulvous; scapulars 
slightly shaded with ashy, the lesser and median wing-coverts 
clearly edged with ashy grey, the greater coverts and the quills 
brown, washed with reddish brown, the margins of the quills rufescent, 
inclining to whitish; tail-feathers brown, waved with dusky 
cross lines and margined with yellowish brown, without any dark 
sub terminal bars to the feathers; head and nape uniform rufous; 
lores buff, extending backwards over the eye and forming a faint 
eyebrow; sides of face grey, shaded with fulvous on the upper and 
hinder margin of the ear-coverts; entire under surface of body ashy 
grey, whitish on the chin and malar line; centre of abdomen and 
vent also whitish, the under tail-coverts very pale yellowish; under 
wing-eoverts buffy whitish, slightly washed with fulvous near the 
edge of the wing, the lower series ashy brown like the lower surface 
of the quills, which are edged with light rufous along the inner web; 
*' upper mandible light brown; lower one pale; tarsi and feet pale; 
iris light yellowish brown" (T. Ay res). Total length 4*3 inches, 
culmen 0*45, wing 1*9, tail 1*85, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but rather smaller and not so 
brightly coloured. Total length 3*5 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 1*7, 
tail 1-5, tarsus 0-75. 

Young. Differs from the adult in having the under mandible 
much yellower, the upper surface being uniform brown, the head 
slightly more reddish brown than the back. Under surface of body 
very pale ashy, throat and abdomen whiter, the fore neck slightly 
tinged with yellow. 

Birds in winter plumage, and young after their first moult, from 
the Transvaal, differ in wanting the grey shade underneath, the 
under surface of the body being yellowish buff, a little lighter on 
the throat and abdomen. On tho upper surface the general colour 
is brown, as in the full-plumaged bird, and the rufous head is equally 
well pronounced. In the winter plumage this species is very similar 
to Cistieola aberraus ; but in the latter bird the tail is always 
longer than the wing, and its feathers are rather pointed. 

Hab. South Africa, from the Knysna district eastwards to Natal, 
and thence through the Transvaal to Northern Damara Land. 

a. Ad. sk.
h. <$ juv. sk. 
Knysna. 
Knysna. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
O. J. Andersson, Esq. [C.]. 
c. Ad. sk. George, June 1870 (J3T. B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
d. Imm. skAtmore). 
Grahainstown (T. C AtE. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
more). 
e. Ad, sk. Swellendam (Cairncross). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
/ . tf ad. sk. Kingwilliamstown, Mav 5? Capt. H. Trevehan [P.], 
1877. 
vox. vn. L 

14(5 
T131ELIH)<E. 

g. 
cf ad. sk. British Caffraria, July 1877 B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
(F, A. Ban-ait). 
/>. JUV. sk. British Oaffraria, Jan. 267 B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
1877 (F. A. Bmratt). 
*. £ ad. sk. T$&tal(T.Aijres). F. D. Godman and O. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]* 

h. 
3 ad. sk. Natal (T. Ay res). J. H. Gumey^Esq. Z^-\ 
Natal. Thomas Ayres, Esq. [Cf. 
I 
Ad. sk. 

Natal. 
Dr. Gueinzius [C.]


m. 5 ad.; 52. $ 
var. sk. Pinetown, Natal, 3iay 28; E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
°;fJ* c? $ ad.sk. 1876 (T. L. Ayres), 

q. 3 ad. Hem. sk. 
Transvaal (T. Ay res). B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
r. 
Ad. hiem. sk. Crocodile river, Transvaal, W. E. and 0. G. Gates, 
July (F. Oates). Esqrs. [P.]. 
s. 
S ad. sk. vix Potchefstroom, Jan. 16, Br. H. Exton [P.]. 
sestiv. 1877 ( TV. Lucas). 
i. <3 ad. sk. 
Potehefstroom, July 1870 Dr. H. Exton [P.]. 
(W. Lucas). 
®. 
5 ad. sk. Bustenberg, May 15,1877 E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(IF". Ltieas). 

v. 5 ad.klem.sk. 
Elephant Vlev, Sept. 21, E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
1SO9 (C.J. Andersson). 
to. Ad. Mem. sk. Elephant Tier, Oct. 7,1859 E.B. Sharpe, Esq. 

(a J. A.)." 

2. Dryodromas melaniira. 
Dryodromas melanurus, Cab, J.f.O.1882, p. 349. 
Adult male (Angola; Schiitt: type of species). General colour 
above dark slaty grey, thie mantle washed with brown; lesser and 
median wing-coverts like the back, the greater series, primary-coverts, 
and bastard-wing feathers dusky with pale brown margins ; quills 
dusky with pale brown margins, the primaries blacker than the 
secondaries; Tipper tail-coverts a little more ashy brown than the 
back; tail-feathers black, edged and tipped with ashy; head and 
nape rufous; lores, feathers round the eye,, cheeks and throat 
yellowish white; ear-coverts light rufous; remainder of under 
surface white; sides of breast reddish brown; flanks slightly washed 
with ashy; under wing-coverts and axQlaries white ; quills dusky 
below, yelk-wish along the edge of the inner web. Total length 
4*2 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 1*9, tail 2*05, tarsus 0*7. (Mm. 
Berol,) 

Sab. Angola. 

3, Dryodromas rufifrons. 

Prima rufifrons, Rwpp. Bene Wirk, Yog. p. 110, pi. 41. fig. 1 (1835


40). 

Drymoica rufifrons, Bupp. Syst. Uebers. p. 56 (1845) ; Gray, Gen, JB. 

L p. 163 (1848),-Bp. Consp. I p. 283 (1850); Hmgl. IMs, 1859, 

p. 340; id. J.f. 0.1862,p. 39; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 199, no.2777 
(1869); HeugL Ibis, 1869, p. 87; Fmsch, Trans. Z. 3. vii. p. 231 
(1870); id. $ Hartl Tog. Ostafr.y. 234 (1870). 
Oysticola (?) rufifrons, JSeugl Syst Uebers. p. 22 (1856). 

3 . DfcYODROMAS. 
147 

Drymceca mnfkms, Rani Orn. W.-Afr. p. 57 (1857); id. J. f. 0. 

18G1, p. 110 j Blanf. Geol § Zool Abyss, p. 374 (1870) ; Sharpe, 

Cat^Afr. B. p. 31 (1871) j Antin. $ Salmd. Viagg. Bogus, p. 109 

(18/3}, 
Cisticola rufifrons, Heugl&m, N.O.-Afr. p. 245 (1869). 

Urohipis rufifrons, Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. IV. App. p. lxxii (1873). 

Adult General colour above pale ashy brown, with concealed 
white tufts on each side of the rump; wing-coverts brown, with 
ashy-brown margins, rather paler on the greater series; bastard-
wing feathers, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, externally 
edged with ashy brown; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers blackish, 
with obsolete ashy margins and barred across with dusky under 
certain lights, the outer feathers tipped with white and edged with 
white along the outer webs; hinder crown and nape like the back, 
the forehead rufous; lores and feathers round the eye dull white, 
slightly mottled with blackish bases to the feathers; ear-coverts 
ashy brown, with whitish shaft-lines; cheeks and throat white; fore 
neck, breast, and abdomen light yellowish buff; sides of the body 
and flanks washed with ashy; thighs tawny; under tail-coverts 
white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white; quills below dusky; 
inner edge of quills ashy; " bill blackish; feet reddish ochraceous ; 
iris ochraceous ; round the eye a bare ring of bright reddish yellow" 
(Reuglin). Total length 4*2 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 1*85, tail 
2-1, tarsus 0*75. 

Young. Similar to the adult, but with scarcely a tinge of rufous 
on the forehead; under surface white, tinged with fulvous on the 
breast and flanks. 

Hah. The west coast of the Red Sea from about 17° IS", lat., the 
Bay of Tedjura and the Somali coast. 

a. Ad. sk. Zoulla, Annesley Bay,
Feb. 8,1868. 
"W. T. Blanford, Esq. [0.]. 
k<?.
&. 
Pull. sk. 
$ ad. sk. 
$ juv. sk. 
Koomaylee, June 4, 1868. 
Koomaylee, May 1868( W. Jesse). 
Eairo, June 14,1868( W. Jesse). 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R, B. Sharpe, Esq. 

* 4. Dryodromas damarensis. c^^^v-^ 
Eremomela damarensis, Wahlb. OEfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. Stockh, 

1855, p. 213; id. J.f. 0.1857, p. 2. 
Drymoica damarensis, Gray, Uand-l B. i. p. 203, no. 2861 (1869). 
Dryodromas damarensis, Finsoh § JELartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 240 (1870); 

Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 34 (1871); Gurney in Anderss. B. Bam. 
Ld. p. 95 (1872); Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 300 (1877). 

Adult male. Head and neck above ashy grey, the back light olive-
yellow, becoming brighter yellow on the upper tail-coverts ; wings 
brown, the wing-coverts externally olive-yellow like the back, the 
quills ashy brown, the outer webs washed with yellow and narrowly 
tipped with whitish; tail-feathers olive-brown, externally washed 

Xi A 

148 T13IELIID-3S. 

with olive-yellow, all the feathers tipped narrowly with yellowish 
white, the external one light yellowish brown on the outer weh, the 
penultimate one with a streak of the same colour near the tip; lores 
whitish, extending backwards over the eye, but scarcely forming an 
eyebrow; round the eye an indistinct circlet of dusky whitish 
plumes; ear-coverts ashy grey ; cheeks and entire under surface of 
body white; the under tall-coverts pale sulphur-yellow: under 
wing-coverts white; " upper mandible and tip of lower bluish black, 
remainder of lower mandible bluish brown : legs Ever-brown ; iris 
bright yellow" (Andemoa). Total length 4 inches, culnien 0*4, 
wing 1*95, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*65. 

Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male, and having a strong 
shade of olive-yellow on the head. Total length 3-S inches, wing 
1-85, tail 1-65, tarsus 0*7. Prof. Wahlberg says that the female 
is larger in size; but this is not borne out by lir. Andersson's speci


mens. 
Mab. Damara Land, S.W. Africa. 

a, Jun. sk. Damara Land {€. J. AnR. 
B. Sharpe, Esq, 
ders&on). 
b, c,d. S 2 ad. sk. Oosop, Nov. & Dec, 1866 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(C J, Andersson), 
e. <$ ad, sk. Oosop, April 4,1805 (C J". R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Andersson), 

5. Dryodromas icteropygiaiis. ^ *••+*} 
Sylvietta icteropygiaiis, Zafr. Iter. Ztmh 1639, p. 2*J?, 
Oligoeercus icteropyga. Cab. J.f.O. 1853, p. 109. 
Drymoica icteropygiaiis, G-ray, Hand-t. B. i. p. 202? no. 2652 (I860). 
Drymoica dbigriKaris, F. § If.} Gray, Mand-t B. i p. 203? no. 28C0 


(1809). 
Dryodromas albigularis, Finsch 4* Seirtl* Ytig* Ostafr. p. 240 (1870); 
ISharpe, ed. Layard B. S, Afr. p. 300. 

Adult. General colour above olive-brown, rather more dingy on 
the head; the rump and upper tail-eoverts Mil olive-yellow; wings 
brown, the wing-coverts edged with the same olive-yellowish as the 
back, the quills also edged with the same colour but rather brighter; 
tail brown, all the feathers distinctly edged with olive-yellow; lores 
and feathers over the eye dull grey; ear-coverts ashy brown; cheeks 
and under surface of body dull white, the sides of the body light 
ashy brown, the upper breast laterally ashy grey; thighs ashy 
brown; under tail-coverts yellow; under wing-coverts Eght ashy. 
Total length 4*1 inches, endroen 0*4, wing 2, tail 2-05? tarsus 0*75. 

Eak South Africa, throughout the Orange-River district in Great 
Namaqua Land, across to Natal, and thence along the south coast 
to the Knysna. 

a. Ad. sk. Namaqua Land. Sir A. Smith [C.]. 
5. PHYLLOLAIS.
4. DRYMOCICHLA. Type 
Drymocichla, Hartl. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 626 D. incana. 
Range. Central Africa. 

1. Drymocichla incana. 
Drymocichla incana, Hartl. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 627, pi. lx.; id. AbJiandl. 
not. Ver. Bremen, vii. p. 90 (1881) j id. op. cit. viii. p. 180 (1882). 

Adult female (Magnngo, Nov. 22, 1879; Emin Boy). General 
colour above delicate blue-grey, a little darker on the lower back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts; wing-coverts like the back; bastard 
wing and primary-coverts darker, with ashy-grey margins; quills 
dusky brown, the inner secondaries externally ashy, the primaries 
with a conspicuous patch of light rufous or tawny, formed by the 
rufous bases to these feathers; tail-feathers ashy grey; base of 
forehead, lores, and eyelid white; ear-coverts delicate blue-grey like 
the back; cheeks, throat, and centre of breast pure white; fore neck, 
breast and sides of body, flanks and under tail-coverts delicate 
blue-grey; thighs light tawny buff; axillaries and under wing-
coverts like the breast, the lesser series pale tawny, edged with 
white; quills dusky below, ashy along the edge of the inner web, 
with a tawny patch at the base of the primaries; " iris dark or grey ; 
feet reddish" {Emin Bey). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*55, 
wing 2*3, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*8. (Mm. G. E. Shelley.) 

Hah. Central Africa: Magungo at the head of the Albert Kyanza. 

5. PHYLLOLAIS. Type< 
Phyllolais, Hartl. Abkandl. naf. Ver. Bremen, vii. p. 90 
(1881) P. pulchellsL 

^p^ 

Bill of Phyllolais pulchella* 

Mange. North-eastern Africa. 

1. Phyllolais pulchella. 
Malurus pulchellus, Cretzsckm. in Riipp. Atlas, pi. 36"* (182G). 
Drymoica pulchella, Mpp. Syst, Uebers. p. 56 (1846); Bp. Consp. i. 

TfMELIin.K, 

D 283 (1850); Heugl Si/st. Uebers. p. 22, no. 177 (1856); Gmt/, 

Hand-IB. i. p. 199, no/2778 (1869); Blanf. Qeol. $ Zool. Abyss. 

p 374 (1870) ; Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 322 (1870); Antin. % Salvad. 

Viaqg. Bogos, p. 109 (1873). 

Drymosca sylvetta, Heugl. J.f. 0. 1803, p. 165 

Drymoeca pulchella, Heugl. Ibis, 1869, p. 92; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. 

p. 243 (1869), App. p. lxxii (1871). ,. ^ 
Phyllolais pulchella, #«>*/. JM<mrf/. natf. Per. ^mew, vn. p. 90 
(1881) ; id. op. tit. viii. p. 190 (1882). 
Adult. General colour above ashy olive-brown; lesser wing-coverts 
like the back; median and greater coverts brown; bastard wing 
and primary-coverts dark sepia-brown; quills brown, externally 
edged with olive, whiter on the margin of the primaries; on each 
side of the rump a half-concealed tuft of silky white plumes; upper 
tail-coverts like the back; tail-feathers dark brown, barred across 
with dusky under certain lights, edged with olive and narrowly 
tipped with yellowish white; outer feathers yellowish white on the 
outer webs; lores, feathers round the eye, and the ear-coverts yellowish 
buff, the latter ashy on their upper and hinder margins; 
cheeks and underparts yellowish buff, a little paler on the throat 
and under tail-coverts; breast a little stained with tawny; under 
wing-coverts white, tinged with tawny near the edge of the wing; 
axillaries like the breast; quills below brown ; inner edge of quills 
whitish; " bill reddish yellow, culmen and point of the bill blackish ; 
tarsus yellowish, iris yellowish red" (Heuglin). Total length 3*8 
inches, culmen 0*4, wing 1*85, tail 1*65, tarsus 0*65. 

/ Hob. Berlin-eastern Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. Anseba valley. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. 
6. EROESSA. 
Type. 
Eroessa, Hartl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 218 E. tenella. 
Damia, Pollen, MSS. 
Neomixis, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 195 E. striatigtila. 

Bill of Eroessa tenella. 

Range. Madagascar. 

Keg to the Species. 

a. Tail-feathers olive-green or brown, with fringes of 
yellow at the tip and along the end of the inner web 
of the outer tail-feathers. 
6 . EROESSA. 
151 
a\ Larger: bill black; ear-coverts olive-brown, washed 
with greenish yellow ; spots 011 throat and chest 
large and dusky brown ; under tail-coverts dusky, 
with yellowish-white tips ,\ striatigula, 


V. 
Smaller: bill horn-brown, the mandible reddish; [p. 162, 
ear-coverts bluish grey; spots on throat very indistinct 
and ashy grey in colour; under tail-coverts 
white „ tenella, p. 151. 
b. 
Tail-feathers ashy, edged with olive-green; the 
outer feathers tipped and fringed with white along 
the edge of the inner web; entirely olive-green 
above viridis, p, 152. 
1. Eroessa tenella. 
Le petit Simon de Bourbon ou Figuier de Madagascar, Sganzin. 
Mem. Mas. H. N. Strasb. 1840, p. 28. 
Eroessa tenella, Hctrtl P. Z. S. 1866, p. 218; Selil P. Z. S. 1866, 

p. 422 ; Grandid. Rev. et Mag. de Zool 1867, p. 357; Schl §• Poll. 
Faune Madag., Ois. p. 92, pi. xviii.fig. 2 (1868); Skarm, P. Z. S. 
1870, p. 390; id. Cat Afr. B. p. 34 (1871) ; Bartl PZ.S. 1875, 
p. 65 ; JECartL Vog. Madag. p. Ill (1877) ; Milne-Edw. # Grandid. 
Hist Nat Madag., Ois. p. 321, pis. 113, 113 B, 114 (1882). 
JDaniia pusilla, Pollen, MSS.; JScklegel, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 442. 
Drymoica tenella, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 202, no* 2843 (1869). 

Adult. General colour above olive-yellow, mixed with grey on 
the mantle ; lesser arid median wing-coverts like the back; greater 
coverts, bastard wing, primary-coverts, and quills light brown, 
edged with olive-yellow, a little brighter on the primaries; rump 
and upper tail-coverts a little brighter than the back; tail-feathers 
olive, with olive-yellow margins, the outer feathers fringed at the 
tips and along the edge of the inner web with yellow; crown of 
head olive-yellow, a little brighter than the back; nape ashy grey, 
as also sides of neck, forming a tolerably distinct collar; lores bright 
yellow, extending over the eye so as to form a tolerably distinct eyebrow 
; feathers round the eye yellow, in front of the latter a slightly 
indicated spot of dusky; ear-coverts light ashy grey, the fore part 
washed with yellow; the feathers below the eye, and the cheeks, throat, 
fore neck, chest, and breast bright lemon-yellow, the throat a little 
paler; cheeks slightly obscured with ashy tips to the feathers; on the 
fore neck some obscure triangular spots of ashy grey; abdomen 
white; sides of body slightly washed with olive-greenish; thighs 
olive-yellow; under tail-coverts ashy white; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries white, faintly washed with yellow; edge of the wing 
bright yellow; quills dusky below, inner edges white; " upper 
mandible clear brown, lower yellowish; tarsus brownish; claws 
yellow; iris brown" (Grandidier). Total length 4 inches, culmen 
0*45, wing 1*75, tail 1*45, tarsus 0*6. 

Bab. Madagascar. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Madagascar. M. Verreaux. 

152 TMELIIDJE. 
e. Ad. sk. 
d. Ad. sk. 
e. Juv. sk. 
/ . £ ad. sk. 
N. Madagascar (A. Crosdey). 
Betsileo. 
Fianarantsoa. 
Ankafana forest, March 
1881. 
. K. B. Sharpe, E&q. 
Rev. J. Shaw [C.J. 
Eev.W. Deans Cowan [C.l 
Eev.W. Deans Cowan [C.]. 
ff-L 5 ^d. sk. Ankafana forest; March Eev.W. Deans Cowan [C.]. 
1881. 

2. Eroessa viridis. 
Adult. General colour above dull green ; lesser wing-coverts like 
the back; median, greater, and primary-coverts, bastard wing, and 
quills dull ashy brown, edged with dull green like the back; 
upper tail-coverts slightly yellower than the back; tail-feathers 
ashy brown, becoming dusky towards the ends, and -edged with 
green, the outer feathers narrowl} edged with white round the 
ends; crown of the head green like the back; lores and eyebrow 
yellowish white; ear-coverts and cheeks yellowish white, the upper 
edge of the ear-coverts dusky, sides of neck green like the back ; 
throat, fore neck, chest, breast, and abdomen whitish, slightly 
tinged with pale sulphur-yellow; cheeks, throat, and fore neck 
slightly mottled with ashy spots; sides of body and flank* a little 
browner; thighs ashy brown ; under tail-coverts yellowish white; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries white, washed with yellow, the 
edge of the wing brighter yellow; quills dubky brown below, inner 
edges white. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 1*75, tail 1*4, 
t trsus 0*65, 

Hah. Province of Betsileo, Madagascar. 

a. o* ad ; b, c, d. Ankafana forest, March liev.W, Deans Cowan [C.l 
e. ? ad. sk, 1881. 
3, Eroessa striatigula, 

Neomisis striatigula, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p, 195, pi. xix. 
Eroessa tenella, var. major, MUm-Edic. & Grandid. in Grandid. Hist. 
Nat Madag., Ois. p. #23, pis. 118 A & B (18&2)» 

Adult. General colour above olive-green, rather more yellowish 
olive on the head, lower back, and rump; the hind.neck somewhat 
ashy; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back; the greater 
coverts and quills light brown, edged with yellowish olive; tail-
feathers light brown, margined narrowly with yellowish olive; lores 
and a very faintly indicated eyebrow light yellow, in front of the 
eye a dusky spot; cheeks and ear-coverts yellow, mottled with 
dusky brown tips to the feathers; under surface of body yellow, 
passing into white on the centre of the abdomen; the lower flanks 
light ashy brown; the throat and fore neck streaked with dark 
brown down the centres of the feathers; the breast mottled with 
large centres of dusky brown; under tail-coverts dusky brown, 

7 . SYLVIELLA. 
153 
with, dull white tips; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, 
washed with yellow, the eage of the wing a little brighter yellow ; 
quills brown below, whitish along the edge of the inner web. 
Total length 4*5 inches, oilmen 0*65, wing 2, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*65. 

Hah. Betsileo, Madagascar. 

a. Ad. sk. Betsileo. Bev. W. Deans Cowan [0.]. 
(Type of species.) 
b. Ad. sk. Ankafana forest. Bev. W. Deans Cowan [C.]. 
7. 
SYLYIELLA* 
Type. 
Sylvietta, Lafr. Bev. ZooL 1839, p. 258 S. micrura. 
Oligura, Biipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 5fc> (1845, nee Hodgs.) S. micrura. 
Oligocereus, Cab. J.f O. 1853, p. 109 S. micrura. 
Sylviella, Sunder. JSjit. Framst, LevailL p. 39 (1857, 
"nom. emend.) S. rufescens. 
Bseocerca, Seine, J.f 0. 1859, p. 426 S. virens. 
Mange. Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Upper surface ashy grey. 
a'. Head ashy grey like the back; quills externally 
edged with greyish brown or ashy grey. 
a". Such larger : culmen 0*6 inch rufescens, p. 163. 
b". Much tornaller: culmen 0'45 inch micrura, p. 154. 

b'. Head chestnut, as also the ear-coverts j belly 
white; quills externally edged with olive-
yellowish ruficapilla, p. 156. 

b. Upper surface dull olive-green, the head dubky 
brown, somewhat contrasting with back ... . 
c'. Abdomen and breast white virens, p. 156 
d'. Abdomen and breast yellow flavivmtris, p. 157. 

1. Sylviella rufescens. 
Le 
Crombec, LevailL Ois. cCAfr. iii. pi. 135 (1802); Sundev. Krit. 
Framst, LevailL p. 39 (1857). 
Dicseum rufescens, Vieill. N. LHct. d?Hist Nat. ix. p. 407 (1817) • 
Bonn, et VieilL Em. Meth. ii. p. 609 (1823) • Layard, £. 8, Afr. 

p. 84 (1867). 
Sylvietta crombec, Lafr. Bev. ZooL 1839, p. 258. 
Oligura meridionalis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 257 (1850). 
Oligura rufescens, Cab. Mm. Rein. Th. i. p. 44 (1850). 
Sylvietta hrachyura (non Lafr.), Strickl. #* Set Contr. Orn. 1852, 
p. 148. 
Oligocercusrufescens, Cab. J.f. 0.1853, p. 109; Heugl Orn. iV.O.-
Afr. i. p. 236 (1869, pt.); Finsch $ Kartl. Fog. Ostafr. p. 227 
(1870, pt.); Bocage, Jom.Lisb. 1876, pp. 252, 202. 

Sylviella 
rufescens, Sundev. Krit. Framst.t LevailL p. 39 (1857) j 
Grill, ZooL Antechn. p. 31 (1859). 

154 TIMEIJID-E. 

Sylvietta rufescens, Cass. JProc. Pkilad. Acad. 1859, p. 39, note; HariL 

J.f. 0. 1861, p. 118 ; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 208, no. 2870 (1869); 
Sharpe, Cat Afr. B. p. So (1871); Gurney in Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. 
p. 77 (1872); Ayres, Ibis, 1873, p. 281; Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. 
Afr. p. 303 (1877) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1878. p. 286, I860, p. 99 : Sharpe, 
in Oates'sMatabele Land, App. p. 310 (1881); Bocage, Orn. Angola, 
p. 282 (1882); Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 225". 
Sylvietta micrura (non Bilpp.), Gurney, Ibis, 1865, p. 265. 1868, 
p. 156 ; Bocage, Joni. Lisb. Ib67. p. 136,1868, p. 42; Shelley, Ibis, 
1875, p. 71; Gadow, J.f. 0. 1876. p. 430. 
Adult. General colour above ashy grey, the wing-coverts uniform 
vrith the back ; quills darker-brown, externally edged with the same 
ashy grey as the back, the inuermost secondaries entirely of the 
latter colour; tail ashy grey, slightly tipped with dull fulvous; lores 
and a tolerably distinct eyebrow light tawny buff; in front of the 
eye a dusky spot; ear-coverts tawny buff, with narrow white shaft-
lines ; cheeks and rest of under surface of body tawny buff, paler on 
the throat and inclining to creamy buff on the centre of the abdomen ; 
thighs deep tawny, as also the under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts 
tawny buff; " Irides yellowish brown ; upper mandible du»ky. the 
under mandible a purplish flesh-colour, as also are the less and toes " 
(Andersson). Total length 3*5 inches, culmen <Hj, wing 2-45, tall 
1, tarsus 0*74. 

HaL South Africa, from the Xarroo northwards to Angola on the 
west coast and the Zambesi on the east 

a. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith ~Q.\ 
b. Ad. sk. 
c. Ad. sk. 
South Africa. 
Berg river, Sept. 20, 
Kdward AVikun, Esq. IP.". 
R. B. Sharpe, Etq. 
d. S ad. sk. 
e. S ad. sk. 
lb69 (E. L. Layard). 
Transvaal (T. Ayres).
Tati, Oct. 13,1674 (F. 
R. B. Sharpe, E«q. 
W. E. and_C. G. Gate*, 
/ . Ad. sk. 
g. $ ad. sk. 
k. $ ad. sk. 
Oates). 
Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. 
Kirk).
Damara Land. 
Elephant Ylev? Aug. 9, 
Esqrs. "P.". 
Living&tune Expedition. 
C. J. Andersson, Esq. ~C.]. 
It. B. Sharpe. Esq. 
i $ ad. sk. 
im^azA.}.
Otjimbinque, June 27, K. B. Sharpe, E*q. 
h. J ad. sk. 
1666(6". J. A.). 
Ovaquenvania, May 20, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
/. J ad. sk. 
lbb7(£ J. A.)." 
Ondonga, Jan. 22,1867 
(C.J. A.). 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

2. SyMeila micrura. 
Troglodytes micraras, Ritpp. Neue Wirb. Vog. p. 100. Taf. 41. fiflr. 2 
(1835). 
Sylvietta braehyura, Lafr. Rev. Zool 1839, p. 2*jh; Ihs Mitrs in 
Lefebvre, Toy. Abyss., Zool. p, 89 (1845). 
Svlvietta brevicauda, Des Murs in Lefehvre 7"m/t Ahu>*, pi, vi. 
'(1845). * * 

7. SYLTIELLA. 
Oligura micrura, Bupp. Si/st. Uebers. p. 56 (1845) ; Gray, Gen. B. 

i. 
p. 156 (1848) j Bp. Consp. I. p. 257; Sdater, Contr. Orn. 1852, 
p. 125; Meugl Syst. Uebers. 1856, p. 21: id. Ibis. 1859, p. 340: Pels. 
Sitz. k. Akad. Wien, p. 144 (1881). 
Oligura braehyptera, Bp. Consp. p. 257 (1850). 
Oligocercus micrurus, Cab. J. /. O. 1853, p. 109 ; Meugl Ibis, 1869, 

p. 141 ; Blanf. Geol. $ Zool Abyss., p. 376 (1870). 
Svlvietta micrara, Marti Orn. Westafr. p. 63 (1857); id. I.f. 0 
"1861, p. Ill ; <?ray, Mand-l B. i. p. 203, no. 2869 (1869) : Sharpe, 
Cat. Afr. B. p. 35 (1871). J £ ' 
Oligocercus 
rufescens (non V.). Meugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. L p. 236 
(1869) ; Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 230 (1870) ; id. $ Marti. Fog. 
Ostafr. p. 227 (1870); Marti. Abhandl nat. Ver. Bremen, vii. 

p. 92. 
Sylviella leucopsis, Reichen. Orn. Centralbl 1879, p. 114; Fischer $ 
"Reichen. J.f 0.1879, p. 355; Sharpe, J.f 0.1882, p. 346. 

Adult General colour above light ashy, a little browner on the 
lower rump and upper tail-coverts ; lesser and median wing-coverts 
like the back; greater and primary-coverts, bastard wing, and quills 
brown, externally edged with ashy brown ; secondaries with paler 
tips; tail-feathers brown, with paler ashy brown margins; crown of 
head like the back ; lores dusky, in a line with a dusky streak along 
the upper edgQ of the ear-coverts; eyebrow light tawny rufous, extending 
from the nostril to behind the eye ; ear-coverts and cheeks 
light tawny rufous; throat and under surface of body light tawny 
rufous; centre of breast and abdomen bufiy whitish; thighs and 
under tail-coverts tawny rufous; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
tawny rufous like the breast; quills dusky below, inner edges pale 
rufescent; "bill yellowish horn-colour; tarsus reddish; iris clear 
red" (Eevglhi) ; " bill dusky above, pale below; tarsus deep fleshcolour; 
iris orange-brown" (Blanford). Total length 3 inches, 
culmen 0-45, wing 2, tail 0-8, tarsus 0*65. 

Young male. Differs from the adult in having the bill duller, and 
in having the eyebrow and entire throat and cheeks tawny like the 
rest of the under surface. 

Eour out of our five specimens have white cheeks and chins, as well 
as a white eyebrow, and are apparently in the plumage described by 
Eeichenow as Sylviella leucopsis. The yellow tinge on the belly 
and the paler bills of these birds seem to indicate that they are 
young, and at any rate I cannot believe that they are in entirely 
perfect plumage, as the white eyebrow is tinged with rufous in two 
of them ; one of the typical specimens of Troglodytes micrurus 
received from Dr. Eiippell is also in this white-faced plumage. 

Mob. JO . Africa. 
a, b. Juv. sk.
c <$ ad. sk. 
Achor, Bogos (Fsler). 
Waliko, July 21, 1868(W, Jesse). 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
E, B, Sharpe, Esq. 
d. 2 fuv. ak. Senafe Pass, Feb. 18,1868. 
W. T. Blanford Esq. [C.1 
e. Juv. sk. Abyssinia. Dr. Ruppell [0.]. 

156 TIMELHD-2B. 

3. Sylviella rxificapilla. 
Sylvietta ruficapilla, Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. xxi p. 160 (1877); id. Orn. 
Angola, p. 282 (1881). 

Adult female. General colour above ashy grey, with a slight tinge 
of olive; lesser, median, greater, and primary-coverts, and bastard 
wing like the back, with the greater coverts edged with ashv 
whitish; quills dusky brown, externally margined with olive, the 
secondaries more ashy and less distinctly edged with olive; tail-
feathers brown, narrowly edged with olive; tips fringed with 
whitish; crown of head light rufous; lores yellowish white; feathers 
round the eye and ear-coverts light rufous, as also the hinder 
cheeks; fore part of cheeks and throat white, slightly tinged with 
yellow, succeeded by a band of light rufous on the fore neck; chest 
ashy grey, as also the sides of the neck; breast and abdomen white, 
slightly ashy on the sides of the body; thighs light tawny ; under 
tail-coverts yellowish white, tinged with tawny on the vent; under 
wing-coverts yellow, slightly tinged with tawny ; edge of the wing 
a little lighter; axillaries pale sulphur-yellow; quills dutky below, 


inner edges whitish. Total length 3*8 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2-45, 
tail 1*05, tarsus 0*8. 
Hah. Benguela. 


a. $ ad. sk. Caeonda> Benguela (Anchieia). Lisbon Museum [P.], 
4. Sylviella virens. 
Sylvietta microura (non JRiipp.\ Cass. Pmc, PhUad. Acad. 1850, p. 318. 
Sylvietta virens, Cass, Pmc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 39; Harti. J.f.O. 
1861, p. 111. 
Bseocerca -sirens, Seine, J.f.O. 1859, p. 426; Meicken. J.f.O. 1*77, 

p. 29; Shurpe fy Bouvier, Bull Soc. Z*JOL Frame, Ifef6, p. 30CJ; 
Bocage>9 Orn. Angola, pp. 28&, 554 (1881). 
Drjmoica virens, Gray, Hand-t B. i. p. 202, no. 2844 (1809). 

General colour above dull olive-green; lesser and median wing-
coverts like the back; greater and primary-coverts, ba&taxd wrog, 
and quills dull brown, edged with a little brighter olive-green than 
that of the back; primaries a little more ashy on the outer web; 
tail-feathers dusky brown with olive-green edges; crown of the 
head dusky brown, contrasting slightly with the back ; lores and a 
narrow eyebrow pale rufescent buff; ear-coverts fulvous with 
whitish shaft-lines, upper margins shaded with brown ; cheeks pale 
rufescent, slightly mottled with dusky edges to the feathers; throat 
dull white, with a slight rufous shade increasing towards the fore 
neck, which is light rufous; remainder of under surface white; sides 
of body ashy, slightly washed with olive; thighs olive-yellow; under 
tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale yellow; 
quills below light brown; inner edges yellowish white; "tarsus 

8. EKEM03TELA.
brownish flesh-colour; iris brownish yellow" (Falkenstein). Total 
length 3*2 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 1*8, tail 0*55, tarsus 0*7. 
Female. Like the male. Total length 2*7 inches, culmen 0*55, 
wing 1-9, tail 0-6, tarsus 0'65. 
Eab. West Africa, from Gaboon to the Congo. 

a. $ ad. sk. Cape Lopez. P. B. DuChaillu, Esq. [CI. 
b. $ ad. sk. River Camma. P. B. DuChaillu, Esq. [C.J. 
5. Sylviella flaviventris. 
Sylvietta virens, Sharpe, Ibis, 1872, p. 69 {nee Cass.). 
Bseocerca flaviventris, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 23, pi. ii. %. 1. 

Adult (type of species). Above olive-green; the upper wing-
coverts like the back; quills and tail-feathers brown, margined with 
olive-green, the primaries externally edged with yellow; head ashy 
brown; lores and a distinct eyebrow brownish bun0; sides of face 
brownish buff, the ear-coverts narrowly streaked with white; cheeks 
spotted with brown ; entire throat brownish buff; remainder of the 
body underneath sulphur-yellow; the vent and under tail-coverts 
whitish; sides of body olive-green; thighs yellow; under wing-
coverts yellow ; quills ashy brown below, margined with buffy white 
along the inner web. Total length 2*9 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 

1-95, tail 0-7, tarsus 0'65. 
Hob. Gold Coast, West Africa. 


a. 
Ad. sk. Fantee (Ussher). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(Type of species.) 
b. Ad. sk. Abrobonko, Fantee (Ussher). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
8. EREMOMELA. Type> 
Eremomela, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet-AJcad. Fork. Stochh. 

1850, p. 102 E. flaviventris. 
Bseoscehs, Heine, J.f.O. 1860, p. 130 E. badiceps. 
Tricholais, Heuglin, Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 286 (1869).... E. elegans. 

Head of Eremomelaflaviventris, to show the nostril. 

Range. Africa. 

158 
mnsiiiD-E. 

Key 
to the Species *. 

a. 
Head ashy like back, the latter sometimes slightly-
tinged with yellow. 
a1. No rufous mark on chest. 
a". Upper surface ashy, with scarcely any tinge 
of yellow on the rump; entire breast ashy 
white, leaving only lower abdomen, Tentf jmimdri, 35a 

and under tail-coverts yellow \griuoflaca< pfltfCL 
b". Upper surface ashy, slightly washed with 
yellow on back; throat and chest ashy white, 
the lower breast, abdomen, and under tail-
coverts blight yellow. 
a'". Thighs ashy, contrasting with yellow abdomen 
; upper tail-coverts like back . ,. . poUoxantha. p. 160, 
b"'. Thighs yellow like the abdomen: upper ***"""** 
tail-coverts yellow, contrasting with the 
back jnmlkt, p. 160. 

V. "With a rufous mark on the chest; no yellow on * ^ ^ 
upper surface u4kollk, p. Itjl. 
b. Head yellowish, contrasting more or less with """"""" 
back, 
c'. Breast and abdomen white, contrasting with 

yellow throat and fore neck pulekr®, p. 102. 
d'. Breast and abdomen pale yellow, scarcely paler 

than the throat. 
c". 2nd quill between 5th and 6th hypoxantka, p. 103. 
d". 2nd quill between 7th and 8th or 8th and 

9th or equal to 7th 
wotops, p. M2. 

* The following species I have not been able to identify;— 
EREMOMELA LTJTESCEX*. 

Sylvietta lutescens, Less. Echo du Monde Savant, 1844, p. 233; id. De*er.. 
Mamm. et Ois. p. 298; Earth Beiit. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 22 (1848); id. J 

f. Orn. 1854, p. 18. 
Eremomela lutescens, Earth Orn. Westafr. p. 59 (1857); Eeugh Om. N.O.-
Afr. p. 285 (1869); Mnsck # Earth Vog. Osfqfr. p. 241 (1870). 
Drymoica lutescens, Gray, Eand-h B. i. p. 202, no. 2856 (1869). 

Above greenish yellow; underneath entirely yellow,* quills and tall dusky, 
edged with yellow; bill horn-colour; feet brown; claws whitish. Length $§". 

(Eartlaub, I. e.) 
Eab. Senegambia. 

EEEMOMELA VIRIDIFLAVA. 

Eremomela viridiflava, Earth Orn. W.~Afr. p. 59 (1857); Eeugh Om. W.O -
Afr. I p. 285 (1869); Finsch $ Earth Yog. Osiafr.ry. 241 (1870). 
Drymoica viridiflava, Gray, Eand-h B. i p. 202, no. 2855 (1869). 

Above bright greenish; head and nape yellowish gmen; wings and tail rather 
rounded and dusky greenish, the edges of the quills and tail-feathers uniform 
with the back, the latter edged with pale yellow; throat and breast white; 
abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts bright yellow; bill ham-colour. Length 
3" 6'", bill 4T, wing 1" 9'", tail 1" 3"r, tarsus 7'". (Harthtub.) 

Eab. Senegambia (Mus. Frankf.). 

8. EREMOMEXA. 
159 

c. Head bine-grey, contrasting with olive-yellow back. 
e'. Throat white; remainder of under surface bright 
yellow elegans, p. 163. 


f. 
Throat, breast, and underparts white, with a ^ 
broad yellow band across the chest caniceps, p. 164. 
d. 
Head ashy blackish; upper surface bright olive-~~ "~~~ 
yellow; wings and tail black, edged with hoary 
grey; outer tail-feathers tipped with white ... . nigriceps, p. 165. 
e. Head rufous; upper surface bluish grey • on lower 
throat a black mark .. badiceps, p. 164. 
1. Eremomela fiaviventris. 
Sylvia fiaviventris, Burchell, Trai\ S. Afr. i. p. 335, note (1824). 

Ereniomela 
fiaviventris, Sunders. GSfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork Stochh. 
1850, p. 102; JEeugL Orn. KO.-Afr. i. p. 285 (1869); Ayrest 
Ibis, 1871, p. 153 ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 34 (1871)• Gurney, in 
Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 97 (1872); Sharpe, ed. Layard B. 8. Afr. 

p. 297 (1877); Ayres, Ibis, 1878, p. 286; Bocage, Orn. Angola, 
p. 555 (1882) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 254. 
Drynioica fiaviventris, Gray, Rand-l. B. i. p. 202, no. 2849 (1869). 
Adult female. General colour above light ash-colour, the rump 
lighter and slightly olivaceous; wings dark brown, the feathers 
washed externally with ashy, inclining to whity brown on the outer 
greater coverts and the primaries; tail dark brown, externally 
edged with dull olivaceous; lores dull white, extending over the 
eye and forming a narrow eyebrow; round the eye a narrow 
circlet o£ white feathers; ear-coverts ash-coloured, with very narrow 
shaft-lines of white; in front of the eye a dusky spot• feathers 
below the eye white; cheeks and under surface of body as far as 
the abdomen white; the sides of the upper breast light ash-colour ; 
abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts light yellow; thighs ashcolour 
; under wing-coverts ashy whitish; " bill dark horn-colour, 
yellow at the angle of the mouth, and livid flesh-colour on the basal 
part of the lower mandible; iris dark brown?? (Anderssori). Total 
length 3*5 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*1, tail 1*5, tarsus 0*65. 

The 
male does not differ from the female in plumage. Total 

length 3*5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2-2, tail 1*45, tarsus 0*7. 

Rah. South Africa 
from Benguela on the west to the Orange 

river, and from British Caffraria on the east northwards to the 

Mashoona country. 

a, L Ad.; c. Imm. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.]. 
sk. 


d. S 
ad. sk. Rfiagwilliamstown, Oapt. H. Trevelyan [P.]. 
June 3,1877(0. 
Nemly). 
e, f. $ ad. sk. Transvaal (T. Ayres). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
g, h. <$ ? ad. sk. Damara Land. C. J. Andersson, Esq. [0.]. 
*. 2 ad. sk. Elephant Vley, Sept. 5, R. B, Sharpe, Esq. 

1859 (C. J. A.). 

k. 6 
ad. sk. Elephant Vley, Oct. 2(J, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
1859 (C. /. A.). 
16 0 TIMELIIDJS. 
I (
m.
S ad. sk. 
Ad. sk. 
Otjimbinque, Julv 27,1866 (C. J. A.), 
Walvisch Ray, Dec. 2%
1863 (C. J. A.). 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

2. Eremomela griseoflava. 
Eremomela griseoflava, Heugl J. f. 0. 1802, p. 40; id. Orn. X.O.-
Afr. i. p. 285, tab. si. (1869) * Bhmf. Geol $ ZMJL Abyss, p. 355, 
pi. iii. %. 1 (1870); Finsck 4* Marti. Tog. Ostafr. p. 241 f 1870;. 

Drymoiea griseoflava, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 208, no. 28-38 (18611).' 

Adult male. Similar to E. flaviventris, but a little smaller, and 
having the yellow of the abdomen extending a little higher than 
in the South-African bird; " bill brown ; feet and claws blackish ; 
iris pale crimson " (Heuglhi). Total length 3 inches, culmen 0*4, 
wing 1*95, tail 1*05, tarsus 0*65. 
Hob. Bogos Land, KE . Africa, 

a. c$ ad. sk. Kokai, Lebka river, 4000 feet, W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
July 17,1865. [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Bogos Land (Heugiin). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
3. Eremomela polioxantha. 
Adult. General colour above ashy, slightly washed with olive-
yellow on the back; scapulars and lesser wing-coverts like the back; 
median and greater coverts dusky, externally margined with ashy ; 
bastard wing and primary-coverts dusky, narrowly edged with ashy ; 
quills dusky brown, externally margined with ashy, lighter on the 
primaries; upper tail-coverts dull ashy; tail-feathers light brown 
with ashy margins; crown of head, nape, and hind neck rather 
lighter ashy than the back; lores dusky, with a narrow streak of 
white above the fore part of the eye; ear-coverts light ashy ; cheeks 
and throat white; fore neck and chest light ashy; breast, abdomen, 
sides of body, and flanks bright sulphur-yellow ; thighs ashy, 
slightly washed with yellow; under tail-coverts pale yellow, the 
long ones white; under wing-coverts white ; axillaries pale yellow; 
quills dusky below, inner edges whitish; "bill Mack; tarsus Mack; 
iris dark hazel" (Buckley)* Total length 3*8 inches, culmen 0*5, 
wing 2*3, tail 1*3, tarsus 0*7. (Mas. T. E. Buckley.) 

Hab. Suazi Land, S.E. Africa. 

4. Eremomela pusilla, 
Eremomela pusilla, Hartl On*. W.-Afr. p. 50 (1857); Heugl Om 
N.O.~Afr. p. 285.(1869) ; Fimch $ Hartl Vog. 'Ostafr. p. 241 
(1870); Sharpe, Cat. Aft. B, p. 34 (1871); SMlm & Buckley, 
Ibis, 1872, n. 287. 

Drymoiea pusilla, Gray, Hand-l B. I p. 202, no, 2850 (1369). 

General colour above ashy, washed with yellow on the mantle 
and back; rump" slightly brighter yellow; lesser and median 

8. EBmrGMELA.
coverts like the back; greater coverts more ashy, faintly tinged 
with yellow; bastard wing and primary-coverts dusky, with narrow 
ashy edges; quills light dusky brown, narrowly margined with 
yellow; inner secondaries more ashy; upper tail-coverts brighter 
yellow like the rump: tail-feathers olive, narrowly edged with 
yellow, the outer feathers tipped with pale yellow, which extends 
up the inner web; crown of head and nape light ashy, contrasting 
with the back; lores, eyelid, and feathers round the eye white; 
feathers over the eye also white, but scarcely forming an eyelid; 
ear-coverts pale brown, white near the anterior part; cheeks white; 
sides of neck ashy, slightly tinged with yellow; throat, fore neck, 
and chest white, the latter with slight grey tinges; breast, abdomen, 
sides of body, flanks, and thighs light sulphnr-yellow; under tail-
coverts a little brighter; under wing-coverts and axillaries white 
faintly washed with yellow ; edge of the wing yellow; quills dusky 
below; inner edges whitish. Total length 3-8 inches, culmen 045, 
wing 1*8, tail 1*5, tarsus 0*6. 

Hah. West Africa, from Senegambia to the Gold Coast. 

a. Ad. sk. River Gambia. Purchased. 
I, c, cl Ad. sk. Iliver Gambia. Purchased. 
5. Eremomela xtsticollis. (Plate V. fig. 2.) 
Eremomela xtsticollis, Stmdev. (Efvers. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockli. 
1850, p. 102; Heugl Orn. K.O.-Afr. I p. 285 (1869) ; Finsch $ 
Marti. Vog. Ostafr. p. 241 (1870J; Sharpe, Cat Afr. B. p. 84 
(1871) ; Ai/resf Ibis, 1871, p. 153; Gurnmj in Anderss. B. Dam. 
Zd. p. 98 (1872); Ayres, Ibis, 1879, p. 403. 

Drymoica usticollis, Gray, Hatid-l B. i. p. 202, no. 2853 (1869). 

Adult female. General colour above light grey; the upper tail-
coverts tinged with olivaceous; wing-coverts greyish like the back, 
the bastard wing and primary-coverts blackish brown; quills dark 
brown, externally edged with grey, the secondaries with greyish 
white; tail-feathers ashy brown, washed with grey on the margins 
of the feathers, which are all narrowly tipped with white; lores 
whitish, as also a narrow streak running above the eye ; round the 
eye a circlet of buff plumes; cheeks white on the anterior part, dull 
chestnut on the hinder part; ear-coverts tawny buff, greyish on the 
upper margin ; throat buny white ; rest of under surface rich buff, 
with a distinct* spot of chestnut on the fore neck, across which it 
almost forms a transverse bar; under wing-coverts light fulvous ; 
lower surface of quills ashy brown, edged along the inner web with 
whitish ; " upper mandible brown, the lower brownish flesh-colour; 
legs yellowish flesh-colour; iris lemon-colour" (Andersson). Total 
length 4*2 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*05, tail 1*6, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult male. Similar to the female in plumage. Total length 
4*2 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2-25, tail 1*65, tarsus 0*85. 
The rufous mark on the throat varies in intensity, and apparently 
increases with age. 
Hah. South Africa from the Transvaal to Damara Land. 
VOL. vn. at 

162 TMELJLIDJB. 
a,b.
c, de. Ad. sk. 
<$ g ad. sk. 
(J P ad. sk. 
Transvaal {Ayres). 
Otjimbinque, Damara Land,
June 30,1866 (C. J. Aiidersson). 
Daniara Land. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
C. J. Anderson, 
Esq. ~C.]. 

6. Iremomela pulciira. 
Tricholais pulchra, Bocage, lorn. Zish. vi pp. 257,275,1680, p. 241; 
id. Orn. Angola, p. 5-55 (1831). 
Tricholais citriniceps, Beichenoiu, J.f. 0. 1S82, pp. 210, 235. 

Female. General colour above ashy grey; lesser, median, greater, 
and primary wing-coverts, and bastard wing lite the back; quills 
dusky externally like the back, with a slight tinge of olive-
yellow near the base of the outer web; tail-feathers ashy grey, 
narrowly fringed with white at the ti$ and along the end of 
the inner web, washed near the base with olive-yellow; crown 
of head light olive-yellow; lores dusky grey, surmounted by a 
narrow line of yellow, forming an eyebrow; feathers round the 
eye yellow; ear-coverts pale yellow, dusky olive on the upper 
margins; fore part of cheeks white, as oLo the base of the 
chin; throat and fore neck pale yellow; breast and abdomen 
white; sides of body and flanks slightly washed with ashy ; thighs 
washed with yellow at the tips; under tail-coverts white; under 
wing-coverts and asdUaries white; edge of the wing washed with 
pale yellow; quills ashy below, inner edges whitish ; bill black ; 
iris yellow. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2-5, tail 2-05, 
tarsus 0*75. 

The bird described is in Capt. Shelley's collection, and is one of 
the typical specimens from Caconda. An adult female in the Berlin 
Museum from Kakomy (Bohm), the type of Tricholais citriniceps^ 
Reichenow, differs in its ver}- much brighter coloration, the head 
being yellow, brighter on the forehead, over the eye, and on the sides 
of the face and throat, while the thighs are also bright yellow. 
Total length 4*2 inches, cnlmen 0*5, wing 2*3, tall 1*65, tarsus 0-75. 
Hob. Bengueia in S.W. Africa, ranging across to Central Africa. 

7. Eremomela scotops. (Plate T. Hg. 1.) 
Eremomela scotops, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet-Akad. FiJrk. Sfochk. 1850, 
p. 103; Beugl Orn. X.O.-Afr. L p. 2&3 f 130(1}; Fimch £ liarfl 
Tog. Ostafr. p. 241 (1870) { Sharpe, ed. Layard B. & Afr. p. 2iH) 
(1877). 
Drymoiea scotops, Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 202, no. 2854 (1860). 
Eremomela hemixantha, Seebohm, Ibis. 1879, p. 408: Shelley, Ibis. 
1882, p. 254. 

General colour above light ashy, slightly tinged with yellow; 
lesser and median coverts like the back, with a faint tinge of yellow; 
greater coverts a little paler ashy; bastard wing and primary-
coverts dusky with ashy margins; quills dusky brown, with light 

8 . EBEMOMELA. 163 
ashy margins, a little tinged with yellow on the secondaries ; 
upper tail-coverts ashy, with a very faint tinge of yellow; tail-
feathers pale brown, edged with light ashy and tipped with whitish, 
which extends some distance np the inner web of the outer feathers ; 
crown of head olive-yellow, contrasting with the back somewhat, 
and darker on the occiput, nape, and hind neck; base of forehead 
and feathers above the eye a little paler yellow, but not sufficient 
to be called an eyebrow; lores dusky ashy; eyelid yellow; ear-
coverts yellow like the head; fore part of the cheeks and chin 
white; throat and under surface of body light sulphur-yellow, 
becoming paler on the lower breast and abdomen; the lower abdomen, 
thighs, and under tail-coverts very pale yellow, mixed with 
white ; sides of body and flanks pale yellow, shaded a little with 
ashy; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, with a tinge of 
yellow on the edge of the wing; quills dusky below, inner edges 
whitish. Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 055, wing 2*35, tail 1*9, 
tarsus 0*75. 

Hah. South-eastern Africa, from the Eastern Transvaal northwards 
into the Mashoona country. 

a. Ad. sk. Ru^tenburjr, Transvaal, July 24 J. H. Gumey, Esq. [P.]. 
Ib78 (T. Ayres). 
8. Eremoinela hypoxantha. 
Eremomela hypoxantka, Pelz. Sitz. z.-b. Ges, Wien, 1881, p. 145. 
Adult. Above brownish olive, including the upper wing-coverts; 
lores blackish; quills brown, the inner ones edged with olivaceous ; 
the second primary intermediate between the fifth and sixth; whole 
of the under surface, with the under wing-coverts, pale sulphur-
yellow; tail-feathers brown, tipped with white, ihe centre ones 
with a greenish gloss and showing obsolete black transverse striations 
: bill and feet black. Total length 4", wing 2", tail 1" 3'", 
bill from forehead 4'", from gape 6'", tarsus 6"'. 

Differs from E* scotops, Sundev., in its lesser stature and proportions 
(the second quill in E. scotojps being equal to the seventh). 
It is like E. hemixantka, but smaller, and differs in the second 
quill being between 5th and 6th, and not between 7th and 8th or 
8th and 9th, or equal to the 7th. Two outer tail-feathers only 
V" shorter than the longest. {Von Pelzeln.) 

Eab. Kiri, Equatorial Africa. 

9. Eremomela elegans, 
Ficedula elegans, H&utgl. Syst. Uebers. p. 23, no. 195 (1856). 

Eremomela elegans, Eeuyl J.f. 0.1864, p. 259; Finsch # Hartl 

Vog. Vstafr. p. 241 (1870). 

Eremomela canescens, Antin. Cat. deserr. TJcc. p. 38 (1864) • Sdlvad. 

Atti M. Aecad. Torino, 1870, p. 733, pi. % 

Drymoica elegans. Gray, jffand-L JB. i. p. 203, no. 2857 (I860). 

Tricholais elegans, Eeugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 286, tab. v. (1869); 

Marti. Abhandl natitnv. Ver. Bremen, viii. p. 190 (1882), 
M2 

TlilELUD-K. 

Adult Above greenish, yellow, with an olivaceous oast; underneath 
rich yellow; head and nape pnre ashy; a blackish streak across the 
eye; chin and throat silky white ; quills smoky brown, externally 
margined with greenish yellow, internally towards the base with 
pale yellow: tail-feathers pale smoky brown, the lateral ones more 
yellowish, all margined with yellow and tinged below with pale 
yellow; upper tail-coverts and under wing-coverts yellow; bill 
black; feet horny buff; iris clear brown. Total length 3-1 inches, 
bill 4*5, wing 2, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*8. (Heiigtui.) 

Hab. Korth-eastern Africa, extending from "Western Abyssinia to 
the neighbourhood of Lado in Equatorial Africa. 

10. Eremomela canieeps, 
Camaroptera caniceps, Cass. Pr. Pkilad. Acad, 1559, p. S3 Heine. 
J. f. 0. 185% p. 426; Karil J. f. O. 1601, p. Ill; HeugL Ibis, 
I860, p. 141. 
Drymoica caniceps, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 203, no. 2503 (ISODj. 
Dryodromas caniceps, Fi/iseh 4' Hartl Tog. Oatufr. p. 540 (1870) ; 

Sharpe, Ibis, 1872, p. 09; id. 4' Bonder, Bull Soc. Zool Francef 
1876, p. 306; Socage, Orn. Angola, pp. 2&»j, »>>"} (IS51). 
TricholaLs flavotorquata, Hartl P. Z. S. ItbO, p. 024; id. Abhandl. 
naturw. Ten Bremen, vii. p. 05 (1881). 

Adult General colour above olive-yellow; lesser and median wing-
coverts like the back; greater and primary-coverts, bustard wing, 
and quills dusky brown, externally edged with olive-yellow like the 
back; upper tail-coverts like the back; tail-feathers dusky brown, 
edged with olive-yellow, the outer ones narrowly fringed at the tip 
with whitish; crown of head bluish grey; lores ashy whitish; ear-
coverts light bluish grey, with faint ashy shaft-lines; cheeks and 
throat white; fore neck and chest bright yellow; breast and abdomen 
white, sides of body and flanks more ashy and slightly washed with 
olive; thighs .olive; under tail-coverts whitish; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries white, slightly tinged with yellow; quills below 
dusky brown, inner edges white. Total length 3'9 inches, culmen 
0*55, wing 2, tail 1*6, tarsus OS. 

Hab. West Africa, from the Gold Coast to the Congo; also in 
Central Africa, on the Upper White Kile at Lado. 

a. Ad. sk. Fantee (Ussker). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
5. $ ad. sk, Landana, Congo (X. Petit). SI. A. Bouvier, 
llf Eremomela badiceps. 

Sylvia badiceps, Fraser, P. Z.S. 1842, p. 144; Mm $ Thomps. 
Exped. Niger, ii. p. 405 (1848); Hartl Beitr, Orn. Westafr. 

p. 22 (1848) ; Gray, Gen. B. L p. 174 (1848). 
Stiphiornis armillaris, Temm. MSK in Mm. Lugd. 
Stiphrorms badiceps, Hartl. Orn. Westafr. pp. 63, 271 (1857); id. 
J.f, 0.1861, p. 112; Fimch # Hartl Vog* Ostafr. p. 240 (1670): 
Sharpe, Cat. AJr. B. p. 32 (1871); id. Ibis, 18*72, p. 69; SheUey 
$ Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 287; Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 58. 

Camaroptera badiceps, Cms. Proe. PMad. Acad. 18511, p. 39. 

b . EREMOltELA. 
165 

Bseoscelis badiceps, Heine, J.f. 0. 1860, p. 130. 

Drymoica badiceps, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 202, no. 2841 (1#69). 

Adult, General colour above blue-grey; lesser and median wing-
coverts like the back; greater and primary-coverts, bastard wing, 
and quills dusky brown, narrowly fringed with grey, a little more 
ashy on the outer web of the primaries; upper tail-coverts duller 
grey than the back; tail-feathers brown, slightly washed with asby 
and inclining to paler brown at the tips; crown of head bright 
chestnut or bay; occiput and nape grey slightly washed with 

of ous ; lores and a broad streak along the upper edge of the ear-
coverts black; feathers round the eye also black; rest of ear-
coverts, cheeks, and throat yellowish white; sides of the neck blue-
grey like the back ; across the lower throat a broad band of black; 
breast and abdomen yellowish white; sides of breast and flanks 
ashy grey ; thighs dusky brown ; under tail-coverts greyish white ; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries silky white; quills dusky brown 
below, iuner edges ashy whitish; bill black. Total length 3*5 
inches, oilmen 0*5, wing 2*05, tail 1*5, tarsus 0*65. 

Young. Different from the adult. Above olive-brown, the head 
a little more dusky; wings and tail dull brown; cheeks, sides of 
face, and under surface*of body bright sulphur-yellow, more ashy on 
the sides of the body. One specimen in the Museum is beginning 
to assume the rufous head. 
Hah. West Africa, from the Gold Coast to Gaboon. 

a, b. Ad.; c. Juv. sk, Gaboon. M. Verreaux. 
d,e, f. Ad.; g,h. Juv.sk.
i. Ad. sk. 
Fantee (Auhnn). 
Fantee (Ussher). 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

12. Eremomela nigriceps. (w5f**,?0 
Dryodromas nigriceps, Shelley, Ibis, 1873, p. 139. 
Adult (type of species). General colour above bright olive-yellow; 
lesser and median wing-coverts like tbe back; greater coverts dusky, 
externally olive-yellow; bastard wing and primary-coverts black; 
primary quills black, externally margined with slate-colour, tbe 
secondaries externally olive-yellow like the back ; upper tail-coverts 
and tail-feathers slaty grey, tbe latter obscurely barred with dusky 
under certain lights and ratber dusky towards the ends, all tipped 
with white, increasing in extent towards the outermost, where it 
extends a good way up the outer web ; crown of head slaty black; 
hind neck brighter yellow, as also the sides of the neck; lores, 
feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts slaty black; throat and 
under surface white; sides of breast and flanks yellow; thighs 
white; under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts white; axillaries 
yellow; quills blackish below, inner edges white ; " bill black ; 
tarsi and feet brownish flesh-colour; iris hazel" (G. E. Shelley). 
Total length 3*5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 1*8, tail 1*5, tarsus 0*65. 
(Mus. G. E. Shelley.) 

Hah. Aguapim, West Africa. 

ICG 
TJMETJIDJG. 

9. 
CAMAROPTERA. 
Type. 
Camaroptera, Sundev. (Efv. K. VeL-Akacl Fork. 
Stockh. L850, p. 103 C. simdevalli. 
Syncopta, Cahanis, J.f. 0, 1853, p. 109 C. brevicaudata. 

Head of Camuroptera olivacea. 

Range. Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Under tail-coverts white; thighs tawny yellow. 
a'. Entire back olive-green. 
a". Head dull olive-green; forehead grey . . olivacea, p. 166. 
b". Head ashy, tinged with bright rufous . . salvadorce, p. 167. 


b'. 
Back grey or brown; scapulars and wings 
olive yellowish. 
a". Throat and breast ashy grey; abdomen 
whitish ; flanks grey brevicaudata, p. 168. 
b". Chin and abdomen white ; throat, breast, 
and sides of body bufty brown simdevalli, p. 169. 

b. 
Under tail-coverts dull olive-yellow like the rest 
of the under surface of body; above dull olive-
green concolor, p. 170. 
c. 
Under tail-coverts brilliant yellow like the 
thighs; lores, eyebrow, and ear-coverts 
bright yellow superciliaris, p. 171. 
1. Camaroptera olivacea*. 
La Fauvette divert, Levaill Ois. d'Afr. iii. p]. 125 (1802); Sundev. 
Krit. Framst., Levaill. p. 88 (1857)'. 
Sylvia olivacea, Vieill. N. Bid. oTIIist. Nat. xi. p. 105 (1817, ex 

Levaill.). 
Sylvia brachyura, Bonn, et Vieill. Fnc. MSth. ii. p. 459 (1823). 
Eremomela hrachynra, Sundev. Krit. Framst., Levaill. p. 38 (1857) ; 

Grill, Zool. Antechn, pp. 10, 28(1859); FLeugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. 

p. 285 (1869) ; Finsch fy Hartl. Tog. Ostafr. p. 241 (1870). 
Drymoica brachyura (pi), Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 95 (1867) ; Gray, 
Hand4. B. i. p. 202, no. 2851 (1869). 
Camaroptera 
"brachyura, Finsch fy Hartl. Yog. Ostafr., App:^. 862 
(1870); Sharp*, Cat. Afr. B. p. 33 (1871); id. id. Layard B. S. 
Afr. p. 294 (1876). 

* Levaillant's ' divert' can only be the species here identified with it, though 
the long Mings and white thigh-feathers are not strictly true to nature. 
9, CA3IAE0PIEKA. 

167 

Camaroptera olivacea, " Sund." Fischer $ Reichen. J, f, 0, 1878, 

p. 267,1879, p. 354 * (nee Simd.). 
Adult. General colour dull olive-green, the forehead with somewhat 
of a greyish shade; wing-coverts green like the back, but a 
little brighter and more yellow in tone; quills brown, externally 

•washed with green like the back, brighter on the outer edge of the 
primaries; tail dull olive-green, with nearly obsolete remains of 
lighter tips : lores greyish white, as also a slightly indicated eyebrow 
; round the eye a ring of huffy white feathers; in front of 
the eye a dusky spot; ear-coverts ashy brown with faint whitish 
shaft-lines ; cheeks and entire under surface of body dull white, the 
sides of the bod}T washed with ashy grey; thighs dull tawny yellow; 
under wing-coverts and axillarics pale yellow, as also the outer 
edge of the wing, the greater series of lower coverts whitish; 
ctbill black; legs flesh-colour; iris rich brown" (T. L. Ayres). 
Total length 4*2 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2*05, tail 1*7, tarsus 
0-8. 
Young. Like the adult, but having the colours duller; no grey 
shade on the forehead, which is like the rest of the crown ; throat 
and breast sullied with a shade of olive-brown. 

Hah. South Africa, from the Knysna to Xatal, and ranging as 
high as Zanzibar. 

a. Ad. pk.
b. d ad. sk.
c. Juv. sk.
d. S ad. sk. 
South Africa. 
Uitenhage, April 25, 1867(Miekard). 
Grabamstown (T. C. Atmore). 
Pinetown, Natal, Feb. 9,1874 
Sir A. Smith [P.]. 
R. B, Sharpe, Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. » 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(T. L. Ayres). 

2. Camaroptera saivadorae. 
Camaroptera salvadorse, Paul v. Wurttemh. • HeitgL J. f. 0. 1867, 
p. 2915; id. Ibis, 18C9, p. 141; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 283 (1869) j 
Finsch $ Bartl Yog. Ostafr. p. 239 (1870). 
Orthotonus Salvador^, Heugl. Syst. Uebers, p. 24 (1856). 
Diymoica Salvador*©, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 203, no. 2868 (1869). 

Adult Crown ashy grey tinged with bright rufous; nape, back, 
and rump olive-green; wings and tail dark smoky brown, the wing-
coverts, secondaries, and tail-feathers edged with olive-green ; outer 
margin of primaries narrow and whitish; quills internally bright 
fulvescent towards the base; under surface of body white, the 
middle of the belly washed with fulvous; breast and flanks washed 

* Dr. Peters having sent me several rare African Warblers for examination, 
I find that the specimen collected by Dr. Fischer in Zanzibar and recorded above 
as <7. olivacea, Sund., is not the C. olwacea of Sundevall, but ?sthe true C. olivacea 
(Y.)=C. hrachyura auct. The Berlin specimen is mounted, and the plumage 
about the eye is disturbed, so that I cannot make out for certain whether the 
eyebrow is present as in the S.-African bird; but otherwise they seem to be identical. 


168 TIMELHD^. 

with grey; under wing-coverts white, washed with fulvous, the 
margin of the wing more of a greenish yellow; thigh-feathers rufous 
buff; bill and feet pale, the culmen dusky horn-colour towards the 
tip. Total length about 4*5 inches, bill from forehead 0*63 wing 1-9, 
tail 1-55, tarsus 0*95. (Henglin.) 

Hab. KE . Africa : on the Atbara river and in Sennaar (Hevglin). 

3. Camaroptera brevicandata. 
Sylvia brevicandata, Cretzsckm. in Tatpp. Atlas, Yog. p. 53; pi. 355 

(18-26); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 174 (1848 K 
Ficedula brevicauda, Riipp. Syst. L'thers. p. 57 (1845). 
Sylvia cnryasocnema, Lickt in Jfus. Berol. 


, pp.'ZL'i,2f~& (ibt>3); nenqt. ion, i^ u, p, 
id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 281 (1869j; Finsch,J.f.O. l^p. 355; 
Slmrpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 376: Finseh, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 231 (1870, ; 
BUmf. Geo!, fy Zool. Abyss, p. 370 (187Gf; FUIHII A- Hfirfl. YJg, 
Ostafr. p. 241 (1870); )$harpe, Cat. AfV. B. p. 33 f 1^71^); 
ShelleyfyBuckley, Ifo's, 1872, p. 287; Aufin. «V Sal cad. Yiagg. Bogus, 

p. 105 (1873) ; UssJier, Ibis, 1874, p. 58; Reich* n. J. f^O. 1^75, 
p. 50 ; M?. /. f. O. 1877, p. 29; Sharpe <$• B»Hvin\ Btrll >%r. Zml. 
France, 1870? p. 307 ^Ifesc/^rJ- Reichen. J.f.O. 1870, p. 354 ; 
Ifortf. Abhandl not. Yer. Bremen, u l p. DO (lt^l); Pet, Sifz. 
K. Ahad. Wien, p._ 144 {18*1). 
Drvmoica griseoviridis, von Mull. Xaum. i. Heft 4. p. 27 (lKol). 
Syncopta Srevicandata, Cab. J. f. O. 1853,13. li(j; Hartl. J.f.O. 
1854, p. 17 ; Heugl Syst. Vehers. p. 23 (INJBI. 
Orthotomus chrysocnemis, Licht Xmnencl. Ai\ BeroL p. 33 (1854). 
Orthotonus damans, Heugl. Sj/st. Uelers. p. 24 (1^50). 
Syncopta tincta, Cass, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1856, p. 325. 
Camaroptera tincta, Marti. Orn. TYMafr. p. 271 (1857); Cass. Proc, 

PMlad. Acad. 1850, p. 38: Heine ^ J. f. O. 1800, p. 130; HartL 

J. f 0. 1801,p. Ill; Reichen. J. f. 0."l877, p. 20; Socage, Orn. 
Angola, p. 555 (1881). 
Camaroptera olivaeea (non Sundevi), Cab, in Yon der Deckers Rem. 

iii. pt. i. p. 23 (1869). 
Drymoica brevicaudata, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 203, no, 2864 (1869), 
Brymoica tincta, Gray, t. c. p. 203, no. 2805 (I860). 
Adult. General colour above ashy grey, the lower back a little 
lighter; rump crossed with a silky white bar, the long plumes being 
tipped with silky white; scapulars and wing-coverts olive-yellow; 
quills light brown, edged externally with olive-yellow ; upper tail-
coverts and tail-feathers light brown, narrowly fringed with whitish 
at the tips; crown of head ashy like the back; lores hoary ; feathers 
round the eye and ear-coverts light brown, with dull whitish shaft-
lines ; cheeks, throat, fore neck, and breast ashy grey, the cheeks 
and chin being obscurely streaked with white; abdomen and under 
tail-coverts white; sides of body and flanks washed with light ashy; 
thighs tawny yellow; under wing-coverts and axillaris white, 
washed with yellow; edge of the wing bright yellow; quills below 

9. CAMAROPTEBJL. 
169 

dusky brown, the inner edges whitish.; " bill blackish, basal half of 
mandible pale homy ; feet reddish; iris pale red " (Heuglin). Total 
length 4*3 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2*25, tail 1*55, tarsus 0*9. 

Young. Differs from the adult in being browner above, with 
yellowish-olive back and wing-coverts, a little brighter yellow on the 
outside of the quills; throat white, scarcely tinged with yellow; 
lower throat and fore neck washed with ashy grey and tinged with 
brown. 

A nestling, apparently of this species, is entirely olive-brown, the 
head like the back, underneath light yellow from chin to vent. 
Hab. X.E. Africa, from Eogos Land, reaching as far south as 
Zanzibar; on the west coast from Senegambia to Loango. 

a. Imm. sk,
b. Ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk. 
Bogos Land (JEsler). 
TValiko (W. Jesse). 
Maragaz (IF. Jesse), 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
d. 6 ad. sk.
e. Juv. sk.
/ . Ad. sk.
g. Ad, sk.
h. Ad. sk.
i. Ad. sk.
k. Ad., /. Pull.
sk. 
Bayrayguddv; May 30, 1868. 
Anseba valley, Aug. 6,1808. 
Bejook, July 15,1868. 
Gabena "W eldt Gonfallon,
Aug. 8, 18G8 ( W. Jesse). 
Abyssinia (Verreaux). 
Casamanze, Senegambia. 
Ashantee. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
re.]. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[C.]. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[C.]. 
F. D. Godman and 0. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
m, n. Ad. sk.
o. Ad. sk.
p. Ad. sk.
q. Ad. sk. 
Eiver Volta (Ussher). 
Eiver Muni. 
Gaboon {DuChaillu). 
Gaboon. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
P. B. DuChaillu, Esq. 
[0.]. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Purchased. 

4, Camaroptera stnidevalli 

Camaroptera olivacea (non F), Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh, 
Stoekh. 1850, p. 103; Bp. Consp. i. p. 258 (1850); Grill, ZooL 
Anteckn. p. 31 (1859); Gurnet/, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 2; id. Ibis, 1865, 

p. 250; Boeage, Jorn. Lisb. 1870, p. 340, 1874, p. 51; Gurney, in 
Ande?-ss. B. l)am. Ld. p. 94 (1872) ; Sharpe, ed. Bayard B. S. Afr. 
p. 223 (1877). 
Calamodyta olivacea, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 99 (1867). 
Camaroptera brevicaudata (non JRilpp.), Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 393 ; 
Gurney, Ibis? 1874, n. 95; Boeage, Orn, Angola, p. 280 (1881). 
Camaroptera sundevaBl, Sharpe, J.f. 0. 1882, p. 347. 

Adult Above ashy brown or greyish; wing-coverts olive-yellowish, 
the quills brown, externally washed with the same olive-
yellow as the coverts; upper tail-coveits slightly washed with olive; 
tail ashy brown, with obscure dusky vermiculations under certain 
lights, the outer feathers slightly tipped with whitish; lores dusky 
white ; feathers above the eye fulvous, scarcely forming an eyebrow; 
round the eye a ring of fulvous feathers ; ear-coverts ashy brown, 

170 
THIELIU^* 

with indistinct whitish shaft-lines ; cheeks and under surface of body 

very pale tawny huff, whiter on the chin and centre of the abdomen"; 

thighs tawny yellow; under wing-coverts and axillaries buffy white, 

washed with yellow, the edge of the wing bright yellow, " bill livid 

horn-colour; legs and toes brownish flesh-colour; eyelids fleshy ; iris 

light brown " (Anderssori). Total length 4*8 inches, culmen 0'55, 

wing 2-25, tail 1*9, tarsus 0-9. 

Eab. South Africa, from the Xnysna eastwards to Xatal and 

northwards to Latakoo and the Transvaal; on the west coast from 

Damara Land to Rengnela. 

a. Ad. sk. Latakoo, South Africa. Sir A. Smith T?.~. 
b, c, d. Ad. sk. Damara Land. C. J. Anderson, Esq. ~C.\ 
e. S ad. sk. Otjinibinque, July 2, 1886 11. B. Sharpe, Esq. " "* 
(C. J. Andersson). 
f. 
§ ad. sk. River Okavango, 3Iay 19, R. B. Sharpe, Esq, 
1859 (Andersson)* 
g,h. 
<$ $ ad. sk. Elephant Vley, Sept. 5, R. B. Sharpp, Esq. 
1859 (Andtrsson). 

5. Camaroptera concolor. 
Myiothera olivacea, Temm. MS. in Mm. Lugd. (nee V\ 

Camaroptera concolor, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. Q2 (1*>57); id. J", f. 0. 
1861, p. Ill; Eeugllbis, 1869, p. 141; Firwh £f Marti Yog. 
Ostafr. p. 289 (1870) ; Shelley $ Buckley, Ibis, 1672, p. 201; liekhen. 

J.f.O. 1875, pp. 44, 50. 
Drymoica concolor, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 203f no. 28*16 (1S00). 
Adult General colour above doll olive-green ; lesser and median 

wing-coverts like the hack; greater and primary-coverts, bastard 

wing, and quills dusky brown, externally dull olive-green like the 

hack, a little brighter on the primaries; ramp a little yellower than 

the back; upper tail-coverts dull olive-green; tail-feathers dusky, 

washed on the edges with olive-green, and with dusky bars under 

certain lights ; crown of head like the back; lores, sides of face, ear-

coverts, and under surface lighter olive-green, a little more fulvous 

on the throat; fore neck and breast slightly tinged with olive-yellow; 

sides of body and flanks a little washed with ashy; thighs and under 

tail-coverts olive-yellowish; under wing-eoverts and axillaries light 

olive-yellow, or white washed with yellow; quills dusky brown 

below, inner edges white ; " bill horn-brown, lower mandible lighter; 

tarsus grey-brown; iris dark brown" (BricTienotv). Total length 

4*7 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2% tail 1*7, tarsus 0*85. 

Eab. "West Africa, from the Gold Coast to Camaroons. 

a. Ad. sk. Fantee (Ussker). R. B. SbarpeT E*q. 
b. Ad. sk. Eantee (AuUnn)* R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. 
10. HYLIA. 171 
6. Camaroptera superciliaris. 
Sylvicola superciliaris, Fraser, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 440 

(1843). 
Prinia icterica, Strickl, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 100; Allen $ Thomps. Exp. 
Niger, ii. p. 495 (1848) j Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 162 (1848) j Bp. 
Consp. i. p.4 284 (1850). 

Sylvia superciliaris, HartL Beitr. Orn. Westafr. p. 22 (1848). 
Chloropeta icterica, Marti. J. f. 0. 1854, p. 17 j id. Orn. TT.-Afr. 

p. 00 ; id.J.f. 0.1861, p. 111. 
Camaroptera superciliaris, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 38; 
Heine, J. f. O. 1860, p. 130. 
Drymoica icterica, Gray, Hand-1, B. i. p. 203, no. 2S67 (1869). 
Camaroptera icterica, Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 477; id. Cat. Afr. B. 

p. 33 (1871). 
Adult, General colour above yellowish green; lesser and median 
wing-coverts like the back; greater and primary-coverts, bastard 
wing, and quills dusky, externally margined with yellowish green ; 
upper tail-coverts a little yellower than the back ; tail-feathers dull 
olive-green; lores and feathers round the eye brilliant yellow; ear-
coverts bright yellow, extending to the sides of the neck; cheeks, 
throat, and under surface creamy white; fore neck tinged with ashy; 
sides of body and flanks ashy washed with olive; thighs and under 
tail-coverts brilliant yellow; under wing-coverts white, washed 
with yellow; edge of the wing yellow; axillaries bright yellow ; 
quills dusky below, inner edges whitish; " bill black; tarsus greenish 
yellow; iris sepia-brown" (Reichenow). Total length 3*8 inches, 
culmen 0*75, wing 1*9, tail 1*3, tarsus 0*75. 

The type specimen is rather lighter and more yellow. 
Hob. West Africa, from the Gold Coast to Gaboon, as well as the 
island of Fernando Po. 

a. Ad. sk. Fantee (Ussher). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
b. Ad. sk. Ashantee. John Gould, Esq. 
c. Ad. sk. Fernando Po (Fraser). Eyton Collection. 
d. Ad. sk. Fernando Po. L. Praser, Esq. (Type 
of species.) 

10. HYLIA. 
Type. 
Hylia, Cass. Pi*oc. Pliilad. Acad. 1859, p. 40 H. prasina. 

Head of Hylia prasina, to show nostril. 
Range. West Africa. 

172 TXMTJJIDJE. 

1. Hylia prasina. 
Sylvia prasina, Oas<i. Proc. PMlad. Acad. 1855, p. 325. 
Stiphrornis supeiciliaris, Hartl. J. f. 0, 1855, p. 355 (ex Temm. 
MS,). 
Cliloropeta superciliaris, HartL Orn. Westafr. p. GO (1857) ; id. J. 

f. 0. 1861, p. 111. 
Hylia prasina, Cass. Proc. PMlad. Acad. 1859, p. 40; Heine, J. f. 0. 
I860, p. 129; Sharp?, Ibis, 1870, p. 447; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 32 
(1871) j id. # Bomier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1*870, p. 300; 
OustaL N. Arch. MM. (2) ii. Bull. p. 104 (1879); Socage, Oni. 
Angola, pp. 2S5, 555 (1881). 

Drymoica prasina, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 202, no. 2840 (1869). 

Adult General colour above dull olive-green: lesser and median 
wing-coverts like the back; greater and primary-coverts, bastard 
wing, and quills dusky brown, externally edged with olive-green 
like the back ; tail-feathers olive-brown, washed on the outer webs 
with yellowish olive, a little lighter than the back; crown of head 
rather more dusky olive-green than the back ; loral spot blackish, 
surmounted by a tolerably well-defined streak of dull olive-yellow, 
extending from the base of the nostrils to above the ear-coverts ; 
feathers round the eye and ear-coverts olive-yellow, the upper part 
of the latter blackish, forming as it were a blackish streak through 
the eye; cheeks and under surface of body light ashy, washed 
faintly with olive-yellow here and there ; sides of the breast dusky 
ash-colour; throat paler; sides of body, flanks, and thighs more 
distinctly washed with olive-green; under tail-coverts mottled, 
olive-greenish in the centre, with yellowish-white margins ; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries whitish washed with olive-yellow; 
quills below dusky brown, inner edges ashy whitish ; bill black. 
Total length 4*6 inches, oilmen 0*55, wing 2-5, tail 1-7, tarsus 
0-75. 

Young. Distinguished by their yellowish bill, and by the uniform 
yellowish-green colour of the upper surface, without the dusky head, 
the eyebrow tinged with ochreous buff; under surface of body dingy 
olive, tinged with ochreous yellow. 

Eab. "West Africa, from the Gold Coast to the Congo. 

a, b. Ad. sk.
c. Imm. sk.
d, e. Ad. et juv.
sk. 
Gaboon. 
Gaboon (BuCkaiUu). 
Fantee (Aubinri). 
P. B. DuOkaillu, Esq. 
[C.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
/. Ad. sk.
g. Ad. ek. 
Fantee (JJssher). 
Takwa range, Wasa province. 
R. B, Sharpe, Esq. 
Capt. Burton and 
Capt. Cameron [P.]. 

11 . 6TIPHR0ENIS. 173 
11. STIPHROENIS • 
Stiphrornis, HartL J.f. 0. 1855, p. 355Type. 
S. erythiothorax. 

Leg of Stiphrorn-is erythrothorax, to show plain tarsus. 

Range. West Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. No white tips at the end of the tail; throat 
and chest orange. 
a'. Upper surface olive-brown; ear-coverts and 
sides of face slate-colour erythrothorax, p. 173. 
b'. Upper surface dark slaty grey; ear-coverts 
and sides of face blackish slate-colour ... . gabonensis, p. 174. 

b. 
Tail-leathers tipped with white ; no orange on 
throat alhoterminata, p. 174. 
1. Stiphrornis erythrothorax. (Plate VI. fig. 1.) 
Stiphrornis erythrothorax, HartL J. f. 0. 1855, p. 355 {ex Temm. 
MS.); id. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 63 (1857); Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 187: 
id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 32 (1871, pt.); Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 58. 

Drvmoica 
erythrothorax, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 201, no. 2839 
(1869). 

Adult. General colour above olive-brown, rather greener on the 
head and mantle; lesser and median wing-coverts ashy grey; 
greater and primary-coverts, bastard wing, and quills dusky brown 
edged with olive, the greater coverts shaded with grey; rump and 
upper tail-coverts rather browner than the back; tail-feathers 
brown, edged with olive-brown; lores with a silky white spot 
surrounded by a line of grey, but scarcely enough to be called an 
eyebrow; feathers in front of eye, eyelid, fore part of cheeks, and 
base and edge of chin black j ear-coverts and hinder cheeks dark 
slaty grey ; throat and fore neck bright orange; remainder of under 
surface white; sides of breast and flanks ashy grey; thighs ashy ; 
under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts white; edge of wing 
ashy grey; axillaries ashy grey edged with white; quills below 
dusky, inner edges ashy whitish. Total length 4 inches, culmen 
0-6, wing 2-55, tail 1-65, tarsus 0*85. 

Young. Differs from adult in its pale bill, greener colour, and 

tawny buff spots at the end of the wing-coverts and secondaries; 

throat white; lower throat and fore neck with a patch of pale 

* This genus, with its spotted young and plain tarsus, shows affinities with 
the ThamnobicB. 
174 mtELIDXE. 
orange-rufous obscured by ashy-grey margins to the feathers; legs 


pale. 
Hah Gold Coast. 
a. Ad. st.
b. Ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk.
d. Juv. sk 
Ashantee. 
Ashantee. 
Fantee. 
Denkem(lusher). 
John Gould, Esq. 
John Gould. Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. B. Siiarpe, Esq. 

2. Stiphrornis gaboaensis. (Plate YL fig. 2.) 
Stiphrornis ervthrothorax (non Hartl\ Cass. Prue. PMM. Acad. 
1859, p. SO {Seine, J. f. O. 1*50, p. 1:J0: Hurt!. J.f.O. 1-61, 

p. Ill,- /Sfca?ye, Orf. 4/ h B. p. 32 (1^71, pt.j. 
Adult. Yery similar to & erythrothorax; but instead of being 
brown, the upper surface is dark slaty grey with a faint olive tinge; 
the ear-coverts and sides of face are blackish slate-colour, and do not 
stand out in the same contrast that is seen In the Gold-Coa^t species. 
Total length 4 inches, culmen D*0, wing 2*55, tail 1-45, tarsus 
0*85. 

Hah. Gaboon. 

a. Ad. sk. Gaboon (Waller). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
3. Stiphrornis alboterminata. 
Stiphrornis alboterminata, Beieken. J, f. O. 1*74, p. 103, 1875, 
p. 43; Bocage, Jam, Lisb, 18S07 p. 56j id. Orn. Angola, pp. 2G5, 
555 (1881). 

Adult male. General colour above pale earthy brown, the wing-
coverts like the back; bastard-wing feathers and primary-coverts 
dusky brown; quills brown, externally edged with dull olive; tail-
feathers brown, washed externally with olive and tipped with white 
on the outer web; lores and eyelid white; ear-coverts brown like 
the upper surface; cheeks and under surface of body dull whitish, 
with a wash of brown on the throat and breast as well as the sides 
of the body; under wing-coverts and axillaries dull whitish, with a 
patch of brown near the outer edge of the greater coverts; quills 
dusky below, ashy along the edge of the inner web; " bill and 
feet black; iris reddish brown " (Reichen.m). Total length 4*3 
inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*35, tail 1*55, tarsus 0*05. (Mm. 

Berol) 

Hob. West Africa, from the Camaroons to Loango. 

CISTICOLiE. 17 5 

Group IT. G1STIGGLJS. 

The Grass-Warblers form a tolerably -well-defined group, the 
genera being all rather closely connected together, with the exception 
of the Australian genera Acanthiza and Sericomis, which show 
in their general form an affinity with the Willow-Warblers (Phylloscopi). 
The genus Gramimcola and some of the larger Gisticolce 
connect the group with some of the Bradyj)teri, such as Megalurus 
and Ghcstomis (vide supra, pp. 122, 130); and Buya also inclines 
towards Bradyjpterus, JJromceocercus, etc. The genus Burnesia resembles 
the Tailorbirds in its leaf-sewing propensities; and some of 
the latter, separated by me under a distinct generic heading, lead on 
naturally to the aberrant Jfuscicapidce, such as Gryjptolqpka, etc. 

Key to the Genera. 

«. With 10 tail-feathers. 
a1. Tail strongly graduated. 

a". Bill short and thickset; culmen not 
so long as hind toe and claw ; rictal 
bristles very strong 1. SUYA, p. 176. 


b". Bill long and stotitfdeeper than broad 
at nostrils ; culmen not exceeding 
length of hind toe and claw; rictal 
bristles more developed and i eaching 
to anterior margin of nostrils...... 2. PRINIA, p. 183. 

c". Bill longer and more slender, less 
stout than in succeeding genus, 
broader at nostrils than it is high ; 
culmen exceeding length of hind 
toe and claw; rictal bristles very 
small and not reaching beyond 
nostrils 3. BTTBNESIA, p. 203. 

b'. Tail nearly square L SCOTOCEBCA, p. 212. 
l\ With 12 tail-feathers. 
c\ Tail strongly graduated or rounded. 

d". Bill very long and slender, rather 
flat, the culmen exceeding the length 
of the hind toe and claw. 


a'". Middle tail-feathers elongated beyond 
the rest and painted.. 5. SUTOEIA, p. 215. 
F''. Middle tail-feathers not elongated. 

a4, Outermost tail-feather much 
shorter than the others, falling 
short of them by about the 
length of the culmen, and being 
only just visible bevond the 
under tail-coverts; bill more 
pointed 6. OBTHOTOMUS, p. 219. 

176 
TIMELIID^J. 

Outermost tail - feather much 
longer, and falling short of the 
remainder by less than the 
length of the culmen; bill flatter 
and more equilateral for the 
whole of its length 7. PHYLLERGATES*, p. 229. 

e". Bill shorter and stouter, the culmen 
more curved, and about equal to or 
less than the hind toe and claw. 


'". Tail-feathers very slender and 
narrow, the breadth of the centre 
feathers not equal to the length 
of the hind toe (without claw) . . 0. SPILOPTILA, p. 231. ^ 

d'". Tail-feathers much broader, the 
breadth of the centre feathers 
equal to or exceeding the length 
of the hind toe (without claw). 


c4. With, four well developed rictal 
bristles 10. GRAMINICOLA, p. 233. 
d4. With two well developed rictal 
bristles 11. CISTICOLA, p. 235. 
d'. Tail quite even. 
f". Tarsus scutellated. 
e'". First primary long, half the length 
of the whole wing , 12. CHTHONICOLA, p. 290. 

/'".First primary narrow and short; 
half the length of the second 
primary 13. ACANTHIZA, p. 291. 

g". Tarsus plain 
14. SERICORNIS, p. 300. 

1. SUYA. 
„_ 
Suva, Hodgs. Asiatic Research, xix. p. 183 (1836) S. criniger. 
Decurus, R[odqs. J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 28 (1841) S. criniger. 
Blanfordius, Hume, Str. F 1873, p. 300 S. criniger. 

Of. Hume, Str. F 1878, vol. ii. pp. 1-6. 

Bill of Suya crinigera. 

Range. From Scinde throughout the Himalayas and hills of 
Southern China and Formosa, extending through the Burmese hills 
to Mooleyit in Tenasserim. Sumatra. 

Key to the Species^ 

a. Head streaked. 
a. 
Bill black; tail-feathers generally 
abraded and pointed; no eyebrow.. crinigera ptil. a3stiv., p. 178. 
* Near this genus is to be inserted No. 8, Genus Tkamnornis, which ii 
unknown to me. 
1 . STTYA. 
177 

b'. Bill browner or more reddish, the 
lower mandible pale; tail-feathers 
perfect; a distinct eyebrow 


a", Back nearly uniform, head obscurely 
streaked crinigera juv., p. 179. 
b". Head and back plainly and broadly 
striated crinigera hiem.. p. 179 
. Head uniform. 
c\ Throat black. 

c". Upper surface ashy on head and 
mantle, olive on lower back and 
rump , atrigularis sestiv., p. 180. 

d". Upper surface rufescent brown .. hhasiana sestiv., p. 181. 
d'. Throat white or burly white; on the 
chest a few blackish streaks, 


e". Head olivaceous brown like mantle; 
rump clearer olivaceous; flanks 
rufescent olivaceous; throat fulvous 
atriguhris Mem., p. 180. 


f. 
Head rufescent brown; back a 
little duller rufous; flanks rufous; 
throat buffy white hhasiana hiem., p. 181, 
g". Head dark ashy grey; back olivaceous 
; throat and breast white; 
a slight and nearly obsolete white 
eyebrow albigularis, p. 182. 


k". 
Head brown; back a little more 
rufescent; a broad white eyebrow; 
throat and breast pale yellowish 
buff, with a few blackish marks on 
the chest superciliaris, p. 182. 


1. Suya crinigera. 
Suya criniger, Modgs. Asiat. Research, xix. p. 183 (1836) ; id. Icon. 
mad. in Brit. Mus.} Passeres, pi. 50.figs. 1, 2, pi. 101. fig. 4, App. 
pi. 34 (no. 415); Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 375 (1844); Bp. 
Consp. i p. 281 (1850); Morsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. EI. Co. Mm. 

i. p. 325 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 183 (18G3); Belz. Ibis, 1868, 
p. 308; Brooks, Ibis, 1869, p. 55; Hume, Wests fy Eggs Ind. B, 
p. 353 (1873); Cock Sf Marsh. Str. F. 1873, p. 355. 
Suvafuliginosa, Modgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus.} Passeres, App. pi. 35 
fnos. 106-108). 
Decurus (Suya) criniger, Modgs. J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 28 (1841) ; id. 
in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 82 (1844). 
Decurus (Suya) fuliginosa, Modgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82 
(1844).# 
Prima crimger, Gray, Cat. Mavmn. etc, Nepal pres. Modgs. p. 63 
(1846). 
Decura (Suya) fuliginosa, Gray, t. c. p. 63 (1846). 
Drymoica criniger, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 458 (1847); 

"Mutton, J. A. S. Beng. xvii. pt. 2, p. 692 (1848); Gray, Gen. B. i. 

p. 164 (1848); Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 142 (1849). 
Suya fuliginosa, Morsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. EL Co. Mm. i. p. 326 
(1854); Jerd. B. ind. ii. p. 183 (1863); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 23; 
Mume, Str. F. 1879, p. 101. 

VOL. vn. 
isr 

TIMELIIDJE. 

Primastriata, Swinh. Jour. As. Soe. N.China Branch, 1859; Gray, 

Mand-l B. i. p. 107, no. 2729 (JSCO). 

Drymoiea striolata, Pelz. Sitz. k. Ahad. Wien, xxiv. p. 373 (1857). 

Suya Htriata, Swinh. Ibis, 180^? p. 804, 1S03, p. 301; id. B. Z. S. 

1871, p. 351; David # Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 258, pi. 18 (1877) ; 

Hume, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 1. 

Prima eriiiigcra, Gray,IIand-l. B. i. p. 197, no. 2720(1809). 

Prinia fuliginosa, Gray, t c. p. 107, no. 2727 (1809). 

Prima striolata, Gray, t c.p. 197, no. 2721 (1809). 

Blanfordius striatums, Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 300,1879, p. 101. 

Suya obscura, Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 507; Ball, Sir. F. 1875, p. 207 ; 

Hume, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 2. 
Drymoeca striolata, Giebel, Thes. Orn. ii. p. 00 (1875). 
Suya crinigera, Hume # Gates, Str. F. 1875, p. 138 j Ball, t. c. 

p. 207 ; Brooks, t. c. p. 243; Walden, in Blyth B. Bnrm.r>. 120 
(1875) ; Hume, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 1; Anderson, Zool. Exped. 
Tun-nan, Aves, p. 642 (1878) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879;p. 101; Sadly, 
t c.p. 305. 
Suya parumstriata, David ty Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 259 (1877). 

Adult. General colour above dull brown, -with a slight olive tint, 
the feathers margined with greyish olive, causing a somewhat 
mottled appearance : lower back and rump more uniform; wing-
coverts brown, with greyish-olive edges, the outer coverts of the 
lesser series margined with yellowish white, as also the bastard wing 
and primary-coverts; quills brown, with hoary olive margins, rufescent 
towards the base of the primaries; upper tail-coverts and 
tail-feathers dark brown, with hoary olive margins and tips, before 
the latter a dusky brown subterminal spot; crown of the head 
like the back, and mottled in the same manner; lores yellowish; 
no eyebrow; ear-coverts and cheeks yellowish buff, the former 
dusky along their upper margins; throat and under surface 
yellowish buff; sides of the breast brown, or mottled with dark-
brown bases to the feathers; abdomen a little clearer yellowish 
buff; sides of the body and flanks light olivaceous ; thighs a little 
more tawny like the abdomen; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
light tawny ; quills below brown, inner edge of quills pale tawny 
buff; "bill black; tarsus fleshy; claws brown and dusky; iris 
straw-yellow or golden yellow " (Scully). Total length 5*8 inches, 
culmen 0*6, wing 2*1, tail 3, tarsus 0-8. 

The bird described is in breeding-plumage ($. fuliginosa, Moore), 
when, as shown by Mr. Hume (Str. P. 1878, vol. ii. p. 2), the " bill 
is entirely black ; the head and upper back are duller and duskier 
brown, the pale striae faded to greyish, very much reduced in width, 
often almost obsolete; the quills margined writh pale, faintly rufescent 
olivaceous; eyebrow none.5' 

In the non-breeding plumage, according to the same observer, the 
bill is brown above, the greater part of the lower mandible pale 
yellowish or pinkish horny ; the head and upper back rich, more or 
less rufescent, and more or less deep brown, conspicuously striated 
with pale, more or less rufescent fawn or yellowish brown; the 
quills margined with bright ferruginous (growing duller month by 
month) ; the sugercilium small and inconspicuous, creamy. 

1 . STJYA. 179 
The autumn plumage of the young birds differs a good deal from 
both the above. The striations of the head and back are less defined 
than in the mid-winter plumage, the pale portions being more 
rufescent and darker-coloured• and the lower surface is much tinged, 
as a rule, with dull yellow, though, as in the specimens described as 

S. jparumstriata^ this is wanting. (Hume, 1. c.) 
Young female (type of Suya obscura, Hume). General colour 
above brown, with dusky centres to the feathers of the head and 
back, causing a mottled appearance, less distinct on the back• rump 
uniform brown; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back; 
greater coverts, bastard wing, primary-coverts, and quills light brown, 
with reddish-buff margins to the feathers, more distinctly rufous on 
the outer edge of the primaries ; upper tail-coverts darker brown; 
tail-feathers brown, with dusky cross bars under certain lights, the 
edges and tips paler and more fulvous-brown, the tips plainer on 
all but the two centie tail-feathers and having a distinct subterminal 
spot of dusky brown; lores dull whitish, obscured by blackish 
tips; no distinct eyebrow, but the superciliary feathers a little paler 
than the crown; eyelid whitish; ear-coverts light brown, washed 
with yellowish buff; cheeks, throat, fore neck, and chest buffy 
whitish; breast and abdomen pure white; sides of the breast washed 
with olive-brown; sides of the body, flanks, thighs, and under tail-
coverts clear fulvous-brown ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale 
tawny buff, whiter near the edge of the wing• quills below ashy 
brown ; inner edge of quills pale tawny. Total length 5-9 inches, 
culmen 0*45, wing 2*15, tail 2*8, tarsus 0*85. 

Nestling. Reddish brown above, nearly uniform, the head only 
streaked with darker brown; ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat yellowish 
white, tinged with fulvous on the abdomen; sides of body and 
flanks ruddy brown; a faint eyebrow • quills broadly edged with 
rufous. 

The plumage of the full-grown young birds is very similar to the 
nestling plumage, but the yellow tint disappears, leaving the under 
surface whiter. Buy a obscura of Hume is founded on a young bird 
in first autumn plumage. 

The young in its first winter dress is very distinctly striated above, 
and is tinged strongly with grey above and with fulvous below. 

Blanfordius siriatulus of Hume appears to me to be only a young 
bird in its first winter dress * and our specimen is not to be separated 
from a Bootan skin collected by Pemberton. 

Eab. From Scinde, throughout the Himalayas from Cashmere to 
Bootan, and thence through Yun-nanto South China and Formosa; 
Burmese countries. 

a, 9 inv. kieni. sk. Kand, Hubb valley, Lower W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
Scinde, Feb. 5,1877. [P.] (S. n. B.striolatus.) 
b, c. Ad. sk. Cashmere (Dr. Belleiv). India Museum. 

d. 2 juv. sk. Dunna, Cashmere, August Major J.Biddulph[C.]. 
1874. (Type of Suya obscura.) 
e. Ad.; / . Pull. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackkouse Pin-
will [P.]. 
isr2 

180 
TIMELIIDiB. 

//.Ad.; 7i.Juv.ak. Nopal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. 
[P.]. (Types of & 

crmiger.) 
i Ad. ABNtiv.; l\ Nepal. B. li. Hodgson, Esq. 
Hiom. tk. 

1. Ad. imtix, sk. Nepal (Hodgson), India Museum. 
m,n, o. Ad. jestiv. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
(Types of Sw/a fuliginosa, Moore.) 

p. Ad. OB&tiv. sk. Himalayas. Gould Collection. 
<?. Ad. oestiv. sic. Sikkim, June 1873. Eugene W. Oates, 
Esq. 


r, 6\ Ad. aestir. >sk. Darjiliug. W. Fotheringham, 
Esq. [P.]. 


£. Ad.jff. Juv.hiem. Boo tan (Peniberto?i). India Museum. 
sk. 
i1, w. d ? ajstiv. bk. Momien, Yun-nan, 5500 Br. J. Anderson [C.]. 
feet, June 1808. 

x. 
<$ imm. sk. Thayetmyo, May 19, 1872. Eugene W. Oates, 
Esq. [G.]. 
2. Smya atrigularis 
Suva atrigularis, Hodqs. Icon, hied, in Brif. Mus., Passeres, App. 
pi. 30 (no. 803); Moore, P. 2. S. 1854, p. 77; Horsf. £ Moore, 
Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 326 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Lid. ii. p. 184 
(1803); Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 455; Hume, JStr. F. 1878, vol. ii. 

p. 4,1879, p. 101. 
Prinia atrigularis, Gray, Hand-!. B. i. p. 197, no. 2728 (1869). 
Adult. General colour above dark olive-brown, lighter on the 
rump and upper tail-coverts; scapulars and wing-coverts like the 
back, the greater coverts dusky, externally edged with olive: 
bastard wing dark brown, edged with white ; primary-coverts dusky 
brown with olive margins; quills brown, the secondaries externally 
reddish near the base, the primaries edged with ashy olive; tail-
feathers light brown, paler on the edges, narrowly tipped with paler 
brown; crown of the head, occiput, nape, and hind neck dusky, 
with darker centres to the feathers of the forehead and sinciput ; 
lores and sides of crown dusky, with a narrow indication of a whitish 
eyebrow; ear-coverts dark ashy, with whitish shaft-lines ; feathers 
under the eye dusky; cheeks whitish, slightly mottled with black 
tips to the feathers, forming a distinct moustache; sides of the 
neck, throat, fore neck, and breast black, the latter streaked with 
white ; abdomen whitish; sides of the body and flanks olive-brown; 
thighs reddish olive; under tail-coverts paler olive; tinder wing-
coverts and axillaries pale tawny buff; quills below dusky, inner 
edge of quills fulvescent. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 
1-85, tail 3-6, tarsus 0-85. 

Winter plumage. Wants the black throat of the adult and is more 
olive above; wing-coverts and quills rather broadly margined with 
tawny buff; a very distinct white eyebrow; cheeks and throat 
white ; the rest of the under Surface washed with buff; the feathers 
of the cheeks, throat, and breast slightly mottled with blackish 
margins to the feathers; flanks more fulvous-brown than in the 
adult. 

1 . 
SXTTA. 181 
Young birds resemble the winter plumage, but are not so olive above, 
being a little more rufescent, especially on the outer webs of the quills. 
Hal. Eastern Himalayas. 

a. Ad. sestiv. sk. Himalayas. Gould Collection. 
h. Hiem. sk. Himalayas. Gould Collection. 
et d. iEstiv.; e,f. Juv. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
sk. 

g. Ad. Mem. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
h, i, h. Ad.; /.Imm. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum, 
m. Ad.; n. Juv. hiem. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
o. <$ ad. sk. Darjiling. W. Fotheringhani.Esq. 
[C.]. 
p. 
9 hiem. sk. Darjiling, Dec. 22, Eugene W. Oates, Esq. 
1879 (W.F Brooks), 
a. Jad.sk. Sikkim, July 1873 Eugene W. Oates, Esq. 
(L. MandelU). 
r. Ad. sk. Darjiling (Pearson), India Museum. (Type of 
species.) 
d. Suya khasiana. 
Suya khasiana, Godiuin-Austen, Ann. fy Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xviii. 
p. 412 (1876); Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 59; id. Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. 
p. 3,1879, p. 101. 
General colour above rufescent brown, the head like the back, 
the rump rather more fulvous; wing-coverts like the back, with 
a little rufous tinge on the outer greater coverts; bastard-wing 
feathers externally edged with yellowish white; primary-coverts 
and quills brown, washed with olive-brown on the margins ; lores 
blackish, with a narrow line of white above, not sufficient to form 
an eyebrow; ear-coverts and a line along the sides of the crown, in 
continuation of the white streak, dark ashy grey, extending onto 
the sides of the neck; cheeks white, forming a long moustachial 
streak; throat, fore neck, and chest black, the latter mottled with 
subterminal spots of white; breast and abdomen white, with a few 
blackish margins to the breast-feathers; sides of the body and flanks 
olive-brown; thighs tawny buff; under tail-coverts olive-brown; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries light tawny buff, white near the 
edge of the wing; quills below brown; inner edge of quills tawny. 
Total length 6*2 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 1*9, tail 3*5, tarsus 0-95. 
Mr. Hume remarks (Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 4) that 8. Jchasiana 
goes through precisely the same stages of plumage as $. atrigularis. 
" In the non-breeding jplumage the bill is paler; it has a conspicuous 
white supereilium; its lores are white; chin, throat, and upper 
breast nearly pure white, a little creamy ; no mandibular stripes ; 
clear ochraceous brown ear-coverts; and forehead, crown, and occiput 
clear rufous, and back only slightly browner; tail-feathers much 
broader and unabraded." 
It, too, has an intermediate stage, in which the breast-feathers 
show very narrow black lateral margins, in which the red of the 
head is somewhat duller, and in which there is a dark spot before 
the 
eye. (Hume, Z. o.) 
Hah. Khasia hills. 

a. Ad, sk. Khasia hills (Jerdon). G-ould Collection, 
182 
TIMELHDJE. 

4. Suya aftignlaris. 
Suya albigularis, Hume, Str. F 1873, p. 459,1880, p. 227. 
Adult female (Sumatra: H. 0. Porbes). General colour above olive-
brown; lesser wing- and median coverts Eke the back; greater coverts 
slightly more rufous on the outer margins; bastard wing dusky, 
narrowly edged with whitish on the outer web ; primary-coverts and 
quills dusky brown, margined with fulvous-brown, a little more 
rufescent on the primaries; upper tail-coverts like the back ; tail-
feathers brown, edged with fulvous-brown, the outer feathers narrowly 
tipped with fulvous; crown of the head dull ashy grey, slightly washed 
with olive; lores dusky, surmounted by a narrow white line ; ear-
coverts dark ashy, the lower portion mottled with whitish shaft-lines; 
cheeks white, slightly mottled with blackish tips to the feathers ; sides 
of the neck dark ashy, with a wash of olive like the head ; throat, fore 
neck, and breast yellowish white, the feathers at the side of the 
throat and chest margined with black forming a black line : abdomen 
whitish; sides of the body, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts 
fulvous-brown washed with olive; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
pale tawny buff, whiter near the edge of the wing; quill> below 
dusky brown; inner edge of the quills light tawny buff; 4* bill, 
upper mandible greyish black; tarsus pale flesh-colour; iris prreenish 
grey" (if. 0. Forbes). Total length 5 %5 inches, culmen Q-o, wing 2, 

tail 2*7, tarsus 0*85. (21m. F. Nicholson.) 

The specimen described has been lent to me by Mr. P. Nicholson, 
and agrees with Mr. Hume's description of S. albicans. More 
recently Mr. Hume (Str. P. 1880, p. 227) has united the Sumatran 
species with Suya superciliaris of Anderson, in which identification 
1 cannot follow him. S. albigularis may have, to judge from analogy, 
a black-throated breeding-dress ; but in its nonbreeding-dress it is 
very distinct from the Burmese S. svpercilians^ which never has 
a grey head. I am uncertain as to the range of the species, as Mr. 
Hume, after comparing his Sumatran type with examples from 
Mooleyit (previously identified as S. superciliaris in Str. P. vol. i. 

p. 350), pronounces the two birds to be " clearly identical/" If this 
is the case, the Sumatran bird probably ranges along the mountains 
of the eastern side of the Malayan Peninsula up to Mooleyit in 
Tenasserim. I should have thought, however, that Mr. Hume was 
right in his first identification, and that it is the Burmese bird 
which ranges as far as Mooleyit, and not the Sumatran which goes 
so far northwards. 
5. Suya superciliaris. 
Suya superciliaris, Anderson, F. Z. S. 1871, p. 212; Swirih. F. Z* S. 
1871, p. 861; David $ Oustulet, Ois. Chine, p. 240 (1877); Hume, 
8f Davis. Str. F. 1878, i. p. 3,50; Emm. Str. F. 1878, vol. iL p. 3, 
1879, p. 101. 

Suya 
erythropleura, Walden in Blyth B. Burm. p. 120 (1875) ; 
Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 58; id. § Davison* Str. F. 1878, vol. i. 

p. 351; Mume, Str. F 1878, vol. ii. p. 3, 1879, p. 101, 
2 . PEIN1A. 
183 
Adult female. General colour above uniform brown; wing-coverts 
like the back; bastard wing and primary-coverts dusky, externally 
margined with yellowish white; quills dusky brown, externally fulvous-
brown ; the secondaries a little more rufous; upper tail-coverts 
like the back, with a slight rufous tinge on the outer ones; tail-
feathers brown with fulvescent margins; crown of the head darker 
than the back, of an ashy-olive colour; lores blackish, surmounted 
by a narrow white eyebrow ; feathers round the eye also whitish; 
ear-coverts dull ashy brown, with whitish shaft-lines; throat and 
breast light yellowish buff, the abdomen whiter; on the breast a few 
black margins to some of the feathers ; sides of the body, flanks, 
thighs, and under tail-coverts tawny buff; under wing-coverts and 
axiliaries very pale tawny buff, whiter along the edge of the wing; 
quills below brown; inner edge of quills light rufous; "upper 
mandible black, lower mandible fleshy pink; legs, feet, and claws 
fleshy pink ; iris brownish yellow " (Davison). Total length 7 inches, 
oilmen 0-5, wing 1-85, tail 3*8, tarsus 0-85. 

The type of S. erythropleura, Walden, is a male, and measures as 
follows :—Total length 7-4 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 1*95, tail 4*4, 
tarsus 0*9 (Mus. It G. Wardlaw Ramsay). It is identical with S. 
supe re Maris. 

I was at one time inclined to think that the present species might 
be the cold-weather dress of S.Jchasiana; but the latter species always 
has a rufous head. Whether it is a stage of plumage of S. albigularu 
can only be made out from a larger series of specimens. 

Hah. Hills of Burmah and Tcnasserim. 
a. 2 ad- sk. Momien, Yun-nan, June 2,1868. Dr. J. Anderson [0.]. 
2. PRDTCA. 
Type. 

Prinia, Horsf Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 164 (1820).... P. familiaris. 
Da&eocbaris, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 45 (1850) P. familiaris. 
Drymoipus, Bp. Comptes Rendus, xxxix. p. 11 (1854) .. P. polychroa. 

it 


Bill of Prinia inornata. 
Range. The whole of the Ethiopian and Indian Regions, extending 
throughout the Burmese countries and southern China. Java. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
With no strips on the chest. 
a'. With a distinct dusky subterminal 
spot on the tail-feathers. 
a". 
White spots on wing-coverts; 
throat and breast white, contrasting 
with the abdomen, which is 
pale yellow familiaris, p. 185, 


TTMTflT.lTDiE. 

b"9 No white spots on the wing-
coverts ; breast and abdomen fulveseent; 
throat similar or only 
a little whiter. 


a1". Bill entirely black; upper surface 
dusky ashy brown; wing-
coverts edged with same colour 
as back mxjstacea sestiv., p. 193. 

¥", Bill horn-brown; wing-coverts 
edged with same colour as 
back. 


aA, Upper surface streaked .., . polychroa, p. 202. 
h4. Upper surface uniform. 
a5. Upper surface dusky 
brown; tail 2*9 inches .. sylvatica ad. Mem., p. 200. 
b\ Upper surface rufous-
brown * tail 3*3 inches .. sylvatica JUT. Mem.; p. 201. 
c'". Bill rufous or pale brown. 

£4. Wing-coverts edged with 
ashy or dusky brown Eke 
the'back: tail 2-2*3inches.. inornata ad. hiem,, p. 197. 

d\ Wing-coverts edged with 
rufous; upper surface rufous-
brown ; tail 2*4-2*9 ( . , . t. --.„ 
. h ' J inornata juv. lneni., p. 107. 

mc es

 I mysfacea juv. hiem., p. 194. 

Subjoined is a list of species which have been placed in the genera Brym&ea 
and Prinia, which have never been properly identified, and which probably 
never will be:— 

1. Le Siguier taeheie du Senegal, Lavbent PL EnL vi pi. 382. fig. 2; Buff. 
H. K, Ois. v. p. 282 (1778). 
Undated Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. part 2, p. 0477 (1783). 
Motacilla undata, Gm. S. X i p. 982 (1788, ex Brtvbtn*.). 
Sylvia undata, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 534 {1790). 
Drvmoica undata, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 183 (1848); Bp. Consp. I p. 282; 
"Gray. Eancl-l B, i. p. 198, no. 2762 (1SG9). 

Apparently Cisficola cursiians. 

2. Figuier blond du Senegal, Baubent. PL EnL vi. pi. 584. fig. 2; Buff. H. 
K, Ois. v. p. 284 (1778). 
Flaxen Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii, pt. 2, p. 478 (17831 
Motacilla subflava, Gm. Sy*t Kr/t. i. p. 982 (1788, ex Bauhmt). 
Sylvia subflaTa, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 535 (1790). 
Drymoica subflava, Gray, Gen. B. I p. 103 (1848): Bp. Cms®, I. p. 282 ; 

Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 95 (1867); Gray, Eand-L B. i. p. 10& no. 2759 
(1869). 
Drymoeca subflava, Giebel, Thes. Orn. ii. p. 66 (1875). 

Apparently a bad figure of Prinia mysiaeea. 

3. he double Soureil, LevailL Ois. tfAfr. iii. p. 109, pi. 128 (1802); Sundev. 
Krit. Framst. LevailL p. 38 (1857). 
Sylvia diophrys, VtetlL Kouv. Bid. d?Ei$L Mat xi. p. 182 (1817); Sham 4* 
Fodder, Nat. Misc.-pl.mS. 
Drymoica diophrys, Gray, Gen. B. I p. 63 (1848); Bp. Consp. i. p. 282 
(1850). — , r v * 
Professor Sundevall in his critique on Levaillant's work is unable to suggest 
what bird this is intended for, nor can I identify the species. 

2 . PBXNTA.. 
185 
V. Witli no subterminal bar on the tail-
feathers. 
c". Breast yellow; tliroat white; no 
white on tail below Jlavicans hieni., p. 186. 
d". Breast creamy buff, as also the 
throat; tail distinctly white below 
on the inner webs of the 
feathers. 


d'". Much larger: wing 2*55 inches; 
head more dusky than back .. syhatica sestiv., p. 200. 
e'". Smaller: wing2*05 inches; head 
uniform with back inornata sestiv., p. 197. 

b. With distinct stripes on the chest. 
c'. Throat striped as well a^ breast .. maculosa, p. 189. 
d'. Throat uniform. 
e". "With no subterminal spots on 
tail-feathera: throat white ... . Jlavicans hiem,, p. 186. 
f". Tail with distinct subterminal 
spots; throat yellow , hypoxantha, p. 190. 


e\ 
Throat white; breast pale yellow, 
separated from the throat by a 
broad black band Jlavicans aestiv., p. 186. 


1. Prinia familiaris, 
Prinia 
familiaris, Horsf. Trans. Linn.. Soc. xiii. p. 165 (1820); id. 
Zool. Research. Java, pi. 52 (1824); Sivainson, Zool lllus. 2nd series. 

iii. pi. 07 (1*32-38); Bh/tli, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 455 (1847); 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 102 (1&48); Bonap. Consp. i. p. 284 (1850); 
Horsf. £ Jfoor*, Cat B. B.I. Co. Mus. i. p. "320 (1854); Gray. 
Hand-l B. i.p. 190, no. 2690 (1869); Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 311; 
Sahad. Aim. Mm. Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 235 (1879) • Nichols. Ibis, 
1879, p. 1G9, 1881, p. 149,1882, p. 01. 
Motacilla olivacea, Baffl. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 313 (1820). 
Orthotonus prinia, Temm. PL Col text to pi. 599 (1836). 
Daseocharis familiaris, Cab. Mas. Hein. Th. i. p. 45 (1850). 
Orthotonus familiaris, Giebel, Thes. Orn. ii. p. 768 (1875). 

Adult male. General colour above uniform brown, slightly washed 
with olive, especially on the mantle, the feathers olive-brown with 
yellow bases; lesser wing-coverts like the back, the outer ones edged 
with yellow ; median and greater coverts dark brown, tipped with 

4. Siguier bran du Senegal, Bmbmt. PL Enl. yi. pi. 584.%. 1; Buff. H. N}
Ois. v. p. 284 (1778). 
Dusky Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 477 (1783). 
Motacilla fuscata, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 982 (1788, ex Daubent.).
Sylvia fuscata, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 535 (1790). 


Drynioiea fuscata,; Gray, Hmd4. B. i. p. 198, no. 2760 (1869). 
Not known to me. /"V * p\ 
The two foltowing species are included by Mr. Gray in the ' Hand-list :— 
2724. Prinia? letccophrys, Boie. Hab. Java. 
2725. Prinia ? phraymitotdes, Kuhl. Bab. Java. 

 have not as yet succeeded in finding where these species have been 
described. 

186 
TI3IEIIID-S1. 

yellowish white, forming a double wing-har; bastard-wing and 
primary-coverts lighter brown; quills brown, externally margined 
with fulvous-brown, more or less tinged with olive; upper tail-
coverts like the back; tail-feathers light brown, with dusky cross 
bars under certain lights, the feathers tipped with dull white, before 
which is a very broad subterminal spot of dark brown; crown of 
head and hind neck dull brown, a little darker than the back; lores, 
feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts dusky brown like the head, 
the latter with yellowish shaft-lines and washed with yellow on 
the lower half; cheeks and throat white, succeeded by a bar of 
ashy brown extending across the fore neck and onto the sides of 
the neck; breast and abdomen bright yellow ; sides of body and 
flanks washed with olive; thighs dusky olive; under tail-coverts 
pale yellowish; under wing-coverts and asiHaries yellowish white, 
with a dusky spot near the outer edge of the greater series; quills 
dusky below, inner edges fulvescent; 4" upper mandible black, the 
lower one yellow, black at tip ; legs and feet flesh-colour; irw dark 
brown" (H. 0. Furies). Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0*65, 
wing 2*15, tail 2*25, tarsus 0*05. 

A bird in young or winter plumage differs from the specimen 
described in being more uniform olive-brown above, the head being 
brown and not grey; the yellow on the abdomen is paler and the 
chest has no grey band across it. A Sumatran ^crimen U similar 
to the adult, but has not the grey chest-band ; this difference may 
be sexual. 

Hab. Java and Sumatra. 

a. S ad. sk.
b. Lmm. sk.
a Ad. sk. 
East Java, 
Ea^t Java. 
West Java (JSL C.
Button). 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. ("C.I 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. f 0.1. 
F. XiclxoLon, E*q. JPTj. "* 
d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk. 
Java (Horsfield). 
Java. 
India Museum* (Type of 
specks.) 
Gould Collection. 
/ . Ad. sk. Sumatra. A. R. Wallace, Esq. 

2. Priaia flaYicans. 
Le Citrin, Lemill Ois. cTAfr. iii. p. 10% pL 127 (1802); Sundev. 
Krit. Framst LevailL p. 38 (1857). 
Sylvia subflava, VieilL K. Diet. cfEkt Nat xi. p. 175 (1817, nee 

Gm.) 

Sylvia flavicans, Bonn, ei Vieill. JBnc. Metk. ii. p. 433 (1S23). 

Sylvia limonella, Zieht Verz. SammL Sauf/. u. Vug. Kafftrml p. IS 

(1842). 

Drvmoiea pallida, Smith, ML Zool. 8. Afn, Ams7 pi. IxxiL %. 2 
(1842) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 163 (1848); Bp. Camp. I p. 283 
(1850); Gurney, Ibis, 1363, p. 325; Zayard, B. 8. Afr. p. 86 
(1867) ; Gumey, Ibis, 1868, p. 155; Gray, Hand-L Bl i. p. 97, 
BO. 2735 (1809). # 

Drymoica 
pectoralis, Smith, III. Zool. 8. Afr.f Aves, pi kxv. %. 2 
(1843) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 103 (184b); 'Zayard, B. S. Afr* p. 86 
(1807) ) Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 197, no. 2733 (1869). 

2 . PRISTTA. 18 7 
Drymoeca flavicans, Strickl. <§• ScL Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 148; Sharpe, 

Cat Afr. B. p. 29 (1871) ; id. ed. Zaijard, B. S. Afr. p. 254, 

pi. viii. (1876) ; Shelley, Ibis^ 18S2, p. 53. 

Drymoica iiavicans, Sundev. Krit. Framst. Levaill. p. 38 (1857): Gray, 

teand-l B. I p. 198, no. 2761 (18G9); Ay res, Ibis, 1869, p. 290; 

Gurney, in Anderss. B. Demi. Zd. p. 84 (1872). 

Drymoica suMava (nee Gin.), Gumey, Ibis, 1802, p. 28. 

Drymoica ortleppi, Tristr. Ibis, 1869, p. 207; Gray, Hand-l. B. i 

p. 200, no. 2803 (1869). 
Drymoeca subflava, Layard, Ibis, 1869, p. 366 (nee Gm.). 
Adult male. General colour above pale brown, a little deeper on 
the crown, the feathers on the forehead above the eyebrow dark 
brown; rump slightly more fulvous-brown, the upper tail-coverts 
rather rufous-brown; tail pale brown, with dusky obsolete bars 
across it, very indistinct, no darker sub terminal spots, the feathers 
having only rather lighter edges ; wings dark brown, the coverts 
edged with ashy fulvous ; edge of the wing and the margins of the 
bastard-wing plumes whitish ; quills externally edged with rufous-
brown, lighter towards their tips; lores and feathers over the eye 
dull white; cheeks and ear-coverts also dull white, the latter 
brownish on their hinder margins ; throat white; across the breast 
a broad band of dark brown ; rest of under surface pale yellow ; 
thighs tawny ; under wing-coverts pale tawny buff; the quills ashy 
brown below, edged with rufous along the inner webs; "bill jet-
black ; legs and toes flesh-colour; iris brownish yellow " (Andersson). 
Total length 5*7 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*05, tail 2*8, 
tarsus 0*8. 

The adult female, as determined by Sir Andrew Smith, has 
not so broad a black pectoral band, but is otherwise similar to the 
male, 

Obs. The variation in the black pectoral band of this species has 
given rise to much inquiry as to whether it is a seasonal plumage 
or a sign of age. Sir Andrew Smith expressly states that the 
young birds want the black band; and this is no doubt correct. 
The large series which I have examined show the following facts, 
viz. that birds killed between April 19th and July 8th exhibit no 
sign of tne pectoral band, while those killed towards the end of 
July (18th and 30th) show a slight trace of it; on the other hand, 
very faint remains of dusky markings are to be seen on examples 
killed on the 12th and 16th of April as well as on one procured 
on the 1st of September, while the band is most pronounced in 
a bird shot on the 27th of March. All these dated specimens were 
collected by that admirable naturalist the late Mr. C. J. Andersson ; 
and they suggest that the black pectoral band is part of the summer 
plumage, as it seems to be appearing in the July-killed specimens and 
to be disappearing in those killed in the middle of April. All the 
specimens shot between April and the early part of July are in good 
plumage, and are perhaps young birds in their first winter livery; 
they seem to have longer tails than the breeding birds, and their 
colours are much richer, the general tone of the upper surface 

188 
aMELUD-S. 

being rather rufescent when compared with the black-collared 

specimens, the head being decidedly rufous, as also are the margins to 

the wing-feathers. A slight disparity is noticed in the size of the 

sexes, as will be seen 
by the accompanying measurements of a pair 

killed by Andersson 
at Sand Fountain. Walvisch Bay, April 19th, 

1865 :— 

<$. Total length 5*7 inches, oilmen 0*5, wing 2*15, tail 3\35? 
tarsus 0-95. 
$. Total length 5-4 Inches, oilmen 0*5, wing 1-95, tail 2*9, 
tarsus 0-85. 
The type of D. pallida is in the Museum, and is nothing but a 
pale example of D,flavkans. 

Rah. South-eastern Africa, ranging throughout the Transvaal to 
Bamangwato and westwards to Damara Land and Great Xamaqua 
Land, as far south as the Orange River. 
a, h. 6 ? ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A, Smith rC.]. 

(Tvpe- of D. perforalis.) 

c. Ad, sk. South Africa, feir A. Smith X*.]. 
(Type of I), paft'da.) 
d. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith "C], 
South Africa (E. L. R. B. Shaipe/Esq, 
e. Ad. sk, 
Laijard I. 
/. S hiem. sk. HupeTowntr.CJ/-It. B. Sliarpe, E*q. 

more). 
g,h. d ad. sk. Tran^aal'Tl Ayru\. II. B. Siiarpe, Esq. 
it h. 2 ad. sk. Transvaal (T.A^res). IL II <harpe, Esq. 
I <J ad. sk. Potchei^troom, Tran -vaa!, Ik. II. Exton [P.], 

June 1^76. 

m. (J ad. sk. Potchefstroom, August Dr. n . Exton [P.]. 
1876. 
n, J ad. sk. Potchefstroom, June 1676. Dr. II. Exton [PA 
O) p. 2 ad* sk. Potchefstroom. July 1&70. Dr. H. Exton [P.I. 

q. Ad. sk. Damara Land (C. *J, AnIL 
B. SLarpe, Esq, 
derson ). ;p.\ 
r9 s. J sk. Between Aamhoup and 

R. B. TSharpe, Esq. 
Hountop, Gt. Xamaqua 
Land, June 7, IbG'J (Anr 
demon). 

t. 
? QTIT.3 sk. Walvi-eh Bay, May (}7 R. B. Sharpe? Esq. 
I860 (Andenmnf. 
u;v,w. <J$ [juv.] Sand Fountain, "Walvi^eh Ii. B. Shaipe, Esq. 
sk. 
Bay, April li\, I8O0 (Andersson). 


x. 
Pull. sk. Wahiseli Bay, Dec. 22, R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. 
1868 (Amhrsson). 
y} z* % ad. sk. Elephant Vley, Sept. 1, R, B. Sharpe, Esq. 
1859 (Andersson 1. 

[p.\ 
a', V. d sk. Elephant Vley, My 30, 
1859 (Andersson)'. R. B. "Sharpe, Esq, 

c^e'.d,/. ?ad. Swakop River, April 12sk. 
1G, 1865 {Andersson). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
^. Ad. sk. Otjimbinque, June 10, IhQti 
(Andersson), R, B. Sharpe, Esq. 

2. PEINIA. 189 
h\ ? ad. sk. Qtjinibmque, July 14,1866 
(Andersson). 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
i'. J ad. sk,
h'. $ jur. sk, 
Ondonga, March 27 (Andersson). 
Onibongo, May 17,1859 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
( C «/. A,), 

3. Prima maculosa. 
La petite Fauvette tachetee du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Buff. 
JEist. Not., Ois. v. p. 161 (1778). 
Fauvette tachetee du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Daub. PL JEnl. vii. 

pi. 752.fig. 2. 
Great-tailed Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 500. 
Motacilla maculosa, Bodd. Tabl. PL Enl p. 47 (1783). 
Motacilla macroura, Gmel. Sysf. Wat. i. p. 953 (1788). 
Sylvia macroura, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 545 (1790). 
Le Capocier, LemtilL Ois. cPAfr. iii. pi. 130 (1802) ; Sundev. Krit. 

Framst. Levaill. p. 39 (1857). 
Malurus capensis, Sfepk. Gen. ZooL xiii. p. 2*25 (1826). 
Drymoica capensis, Smith, III. ZooL S. Afr., Aves, pi. 76. fig. 1 

(1843) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 92 (1867). 
Drymoica maculosa, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 163 (1848); id. Hand-L B. 
L p. 197, no. 2731 (1869); Gurney in Anderss. B. Bam. Land, 

p. 82(1872). 
Dryniceca macroura, Cab* Mus. Hein. i. p. 43 (1850) j Grill, ZooL 
Anteekn. p. 30 (1859). 
Drymceca maculosa, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 30 (1871) j Shelley, Ibis, 
1875, p. 70; Sharpe, ed. Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 259 (1876). 

Adult male. Above dull earthy brown, the wings a little darker 
than the back, with indistinct rufous-brown margins to the quills, 
the primaries narrowly edged with whity brown; tail-feathers light 
brown, with pale whitish tips but no subterminal bar of black; lores 
yellowish white, as also a distinct eyebrow; cheeks and sides of face 
pale yellowish, with distinct triangular spots of black obscuring the 
yellow of the ear-coverts, which are also brown on their hinder 
margin ; under surface of body pale yellowish, with distinct longitudinal 
spots of black, larger on the breast and smaller on the 
throat and on the sides of the body, which are washed with pale 
tawny brown; the abdomen unstreaked pale yellow; thighs dull 
tawny; the under tail-coverts also pale tawny brown, with indistinct 
darker centres ; axiUaries and under wing-coverts light tawny buff, 
the lower series ashy brown at the tips like the lower surface of the 
quills, which are edged with pale rufous along the inner web ; 
bill flesh-colour, shading into dark brown on the upper mandible and 
the tips of the lower one; legs flesh-colour; iris brownish yellow. 
Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2, tail 2*75, tarsus 0*85. 

I have not seen an adult female of this species ; but she will 
doubtless be found to be a little smaller than the male. 

Young. More rufous-brown than the adult; quills dusky brown, 
edged with rufous-brown; underneath pale yellowish, with broad 
mesial streaks of brown on the throat and breast. 

190 roiELinxas. 

The young bird after the first moult still keeps a more rufous 
appearance than the adult bird, and ha& a longer tail (34 inches). 
The newly moulted tail-feathers have a slight dusky subtenninal 
bar. 

Hah. South Africa, from the neighbourhood of Cape Town to the 
Port-Elizabeth district, and along the west coast to the south of 
Great Xaniaqua Land. 

a. Ad. sk. South Africa. Dr. Lee "P.". 
b. Ad. sk. South Africa. South-African Museum. 
c. <$ ad. sk. South Africa. South-Afrkaii Museum. 
(Type of D. ctiptnbh.) 
cl Pull. &k. South Africa. Sir A. Smith ^P.~. 
e,f. Ad. &k.
g. Ad. fck.
k $ ad. sk. 
South Africa {LayarcT). 
Table Mountain, Xov. 2D,
1601 {Anderson}. 
Enysna, Feb. 1, ISCfi 
R. B, Sliaipe, E^q. 
E. B. Shaipe, E*q. 
R. B. SLarpe. E^q. 
(A/ider&son). 
i. Ad. sk. Kiiyaia, Jan. 24? 16Gti R. B. Shaipe, E&q. 
(A/irler^o/i), 
h, I Ad. skw. S ad. sk. 
Colesberj? (Orthpp}. 
Kugel Fountain, LittleNaniaqua Land, Aug, U, 
1&G2 (A/idersson). 
R. B. >haip«^ Eaq. 
R. B. bhaipe, E-q. 

4 Prima hypoxantha. 

Diymcecafauhvtiiata. Gurney, Ihis ls04. p. SH4 M'<" hmitk). 
Brymeeca maculosa (pt.), Sharpe1 Cat. Afr. B. p. #0, no. 277* sp. 
t/ , /n(1871). 
Bryinoeca hypoxautha, Skarpe, ed. Layttrd B. K Afr. p. 510 (1^76); 
litres, I&s, 1S70; p. 42-3; Butkt\ Fttltloi 4* *2fe*V, Zml lsB27 

p. 243. 
JLJw/i male. Above brown, nearly uniform even-where, the head 
indistinctly mottled with darker brown centre**, the lower back and 
rump slightly washed with olive; wings brown, duller than the 
back, with paler edgings to the feather^, the primaries narrowly 
margined with whity brown ; tail light brown, waved across with 
dusky under certain lights, the feathers narrowly tipped with white, 
with a faint indication of a subterminal blackish bar; lores and a 
very distinct eyebrow, as well as a circlet of feathers round the eye, 
pale yellow; a few plumes between the eye and the base of bill 
dusky brown, as also the upper margin of the ear-coverts; rc&t of 
the sides of the face and throat lemon-yellow, entirely spotted; 
rest of under surface of body yellow, unspotted on the abdomen, but 
distinctly streaked with black clown the chest and on the sides of 
the body; flanks washed with yellowish brown; thighs and under 
tail-coverts tawny buff; under wing-coverts also tawny buff, the 
edge of the wing white ; quills brown below, the inner web edged 
with tawny rufous; bill black; legs flesh-colour; iris light brown. 
Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*1, tail 2*7? tarsus 
0*9. 

2. PEINIA. 191 
Adult female. Similar to the male, but smaller. Total length 
4*7 inches, culmen 0*5, -wing 1*95, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*85. 

Ohs. The description is taken from a pair of "birds in Captain 
Shelley7s collection, obtained by Mr. T. L. Ayres near Pinetown, 
Natal, on the 19th of January, 1875. The female had the soft 
parts coloured as in the male, and both appear to have been breeding, 
from the worn plumage. 

Birds shot in June 1870 near Eland's Post by Mr. T. 0. Atmore, 
and apparently in full winter plumage, are of a warmer brown above, 
with clearer tawny colour on the flanks. 

Young birds have much broader streaks of black on the breast, 
and have the cheeks and sides of face also minutely streaked with 
black. The tail in the winter plumage of the young seems also 
longer than in the breeding-dress, owing somewhat to the less worn 
appearance of the tail. A male measures :—Total length 6 inches, 
culmen 0*5, wing 2'05, tail 3*5, tarsus 0*9. 

I was at one time inclined to think that this species might turn out 
to be only the winter plumage of P. maculosa or* P. suhstriata * but 
after seeing the series in the British Museum and in Capt. Shelley's 
collection, I think there can be no doubt of its being quite distinct 
from either of the above birds, and it must be considered an eastern 
representative of P. maculosa, 

A young female killed by Major Butler near Newcastle, on the 
9th of June 1881, is evidently in its first and newly-moulted winter 
plumage. It has broader streaks on the breast, but is especially 
remarkable for the ruddy tinge on the flanks and underparts, for 
the warmer brown of the upper surface, and for the distinct subterminal 
dark spots on the tail, which measures 3*4 inches. 

Hah. Replaces P. maculosa in S.E. Africa from the neighbourhood 
of Grahamstown into Natal and the Transvaal. 

a. cS ad. sk.
b, o. J ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk. 
Eland's Post, June 1870(2^. C. Atmore). 
Eland's Post, June 1870(T. C. Atmore). 
Kingwilliamstown. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(Type of species.) 
B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Oapt. JEL Trevelyan [P.], 
e. <J ad. sk.
f. ? ad. sk.
g,h. S 2 sk. 
IGngwilliam&town, June3,1877 (O. Newly). 
Natal. 
Macamac,Dec. 9,1874(T. Z. Ayres). 
Oapt. H. Trevelyan [P.]. 
Eyton Collection. 
J. H. Gurney, Esq. [P.]. 

5. PrMa mystacea. 
- —Prinia mystacea, Hupp. Neue WirbeUh* Vog. p. 110 (1835-40). 

Drymoica superciliosa, Swains. B. W. Afr. I. p. 40, pi. 2 (1837) * 
Gray, Gen, B. i. p. 163 (1848); Bp. Coksp. I p. 282 (1850); Gray, 
Xand-l B. i. p. 199, no. 2785 (1869). 

Drymoica affinis, Smith, III Zool S. Afr., Aves, pi. 77. fig. 1 (1843); 
Gray, Gen. B. I p. 163 (1848); Bp. Co?isp. i. p. 283 (1850); 
Bayard, B. S. Afr. p. 89 (1867); Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 198, no. 2740 
(1869); Gurney, in Anderss, B. Bam. Ld. p. 183 (1872); Bocage, 
Om, Angola, p. 552 (1881). 

192 TIMELIID2B. 

Drymoica mystacea, Rtipp. St/st. Timbers, p. 50, tab. 10 (1845); Grew 
ften.B. i. p. 103 (1848); i>>. OMSJ*. i. p. 288 (1850); <7^. Contr 
Om. 1852, p. 00; fftw/, ifo»rW. J5. i. p. 199, no. 2776 (1809) • 
Finsch, Tram. Z. S. vu. p. 321 (1870). ' 

Drymoica melanorhynehiis, Jard. <§* Fraser, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 60. 
Drymoica sp., Licht. Nomencl Av. p. 31 (1854). 
Cysticola(P) mystacea, Ileugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 22 (1850). 
Drynioeca melaiiorliynclia, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 50 (1857); Gumey 


ibis, 1800, p. 208 ; Layard, B. 8. Afr. p, 92 (1867); Sharpe, Ibis\ 
1870, p. 475; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 31 (1871); Shelley $ Buckley, 
Ibis, 1872, p. 287; Sharpe § Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i 

p. 42 (1870). 
Drynioeca superciliosa, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 55 (1857); Heugl 
Mis, 1809, p. 89; id. Orn. KO.-Afr. i. p. 240 (1869), iv. p. kxii 
(1871) ; Finsch § Ilaril Vbg. Ostafr. p. 232 (1870); Sharpe, Cat. 
Afr. B. p. 31 (1871); Reichenow, J. f. O. 1875, p. 45; Bocage, 
Jom. Zisb. 1880, p. 241; id. Orn. Angola, p. 553 (1881). 

Drynioeca mystacea, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 57 (1857); Heugl Ibis, 
1802, p. 88; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p.239 (1869), iy. p. Led (1871) 
Blanf. Qeol # Zool Abyss, p. 373 (1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B 

p. 30 (1871), 
Drymoica aberrans (nee Smith). Gumey, Ibis, 1863, p. 324, 1868 
p. 155. ' ' 
Drymoica pallida (nee Smith), Gumey, Ibis, 1863, p. 325, 1868. 
p. 155. 
Drymoica sp., Antinori, Cat. descrr, Ucc. p. 37 (1864); Sakad. 
Rivid. Crit. Antin. p. 733 (1869). 
Drymoica bivittata, Peters, J.f O. 1S68, p. 131; Gray, Hand4. B. 

i. p. 199, no. 2769 (1869); Finsch § Hartl. Vdg. Ostafr. p. 233 
(1870). 
Drynioeca murina, Ileugl. Ibis, 1869, p. 90; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. 

p. 241 (1869), iv. p. kxii (1871). 
Drymoica muiina, Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 199, no. 2789 (1869). 
Drymoica tenella, Cab. in Von der Deeken*s Reise, iii. Aves, p. 23, 
tab. ii. %. 1 (1809); Reichen. J. f. O. 1877, p. 30; Cab. J. f. O. 
1878, p. 222. ^ 

Drynioeca affinib, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 30 (1871); Ay res, Ibis, 
1871, p. 150; Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 258 (1876); id. $ 
Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii. p. 475 (1877). 

Drynioeca biyittata, Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 259 (1876). 

Adult. General colour above smoky brown, tbe boad and nape a 
little more dusky than the back, the rump and upper tail-coverts 
clearer and more rufous-brown ; quills dark brown, edged with ashy 
brown on the lesser coverts, and with reddish brown on the median 
and greater series ; primary-coverts and quills dark brown, with pale 
reddish-brown edges, more fulveseent on the primaries; tail-feathers 
light brown, with dusky cross bars under certain lights, margins 
paler brown, all but the two centre feathers narrowly tipped with 
whitish, before which is a very distinct bar of black; lores white, 
extending above the eye; in front of the latter a dusky spot; cheeks 
and ear-coverts yellowish white, spotted with dusky; ear-coverts 
dark ashy along the upper margin; under surface of body yellowish 
buff, whiter on the throat and abdomen; sides of breast ashy grey, 
flanks rather more fulvous; thighs dull tawny; under tail-coverts 

2 . PTtlNIA 193 
yellowish; under wing-coverts and axillaries light tawny, lighter on 
edge of wing; quills dusky below, rufescent along the inner webs. 
Total length 4*6 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2, tail 2*05, tardus 0*8. 

The South-African bird is a little larger than the West-African. 
The present species is scarcely separable from the Indian P. inomata; 
but has apparently a less uniform upper surface, the lower back and 
rump being washed with reddish brown. 

Ohs. There can, I think, be no doubt that P. affinis is only the 
winter plumage of P. melanorliyuclia. The black colour of the bill 
of the latter is not specific, but gradually assumed. Thus specimens 
killed in Damara Land in May begin to show the approach of a 
black bill, while most of the other birds killed in that country have 
a light reddish-brown bill. The species breeds in Natal, the specimens 
obtained near Pinetown by Mr. T. L. Ayres being in worn 
breeding-plumage, with the edges of the tail completely abraded. 
Young birds collected by the same gentleman resemble the winter 
plumage, but the males have black bills, the females brown. 

The greatest difference between the winter and summer plumage 
of the birds seems to be in the rufous edgings to the, wing-coverts; 
and at one time I thought that it would show thatfthere were two 
species, but I have since examined breeding birds with remains of 
rufous margins on the feathers. The young birds have this rufous 
largely developed on the wing, and, as in many other species, have 
longer tails. The following are the measurements of a series from 
South Africa:— 

Total 

length. Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 

in. in. in. in. in. 

a. c?ad. Pinetown (T. L. Ayres).. 4'7 0*5 1-9 2*4 0*85 
/3. (S acl. Pinetown (T. L. Ayres).. 4*7 0 5 1-95 2*4 0-85 
y. $ ad. 0va<penyama(.4wefemw) 4*9 0*5 2*15 2*55 0*8 
S. § ad. OY&qvLenyam&lAndersson) 4*7 0*5 1*7 2*5 0*8 
e. § ad. Pinetown {Ayres) 4*1 0*45 1*8 1*95 0*8 
f. g juv. Pinetown (Ayres) ...... 4*5 0*6 1*75 2*25 0*75 
7j. $ juv. Pinetown (Ayres) ...... 4*5 0*5 1-6 2*2 0*75 
I have examined some other specimens; but the determination 
of the sexes is probably erroneous. The following are the dimensions 
of two which I consider likely to be young birds in their clean-
moulted dress, when the tails are very long:— 

Total 
length. Oulmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 
in. in. in. in. in. 
«. tf. Pinetown (T. Z. Ayres) .. 5*7 0*5 2*0 3*3 0*85 

b. <$. Transvaal (T. Ayres) 5*6 0*5 2*05 3*35 0*85 
The soft parts are recorded as follows on labels attached to the 
specimens:— 

a. <?, in breeding-dress (March 5,1875). Eye light brown ; bill 
horn-colour; legs flesh-colour. 
/3. $, in breeding-dress (Eeb. 24). Eye brown; bill black; legs 
flesh-colour. 
VOL. vxi. ° 

194 TIMEIJXDJE. 

y. $ , in breeding-dress (March 1). As in a. 
L d, in full first plumage (May 28). Eye light brown ; upper 
mandible brown, lower one flesh-colour ; legs flesh-colour. 

e. $ young (Feb. 13). Eye light brown; bill horn-colour; legs 
flesh-colour. 
Young male. General colour above light brown, rather more ashy 
brown on the head and neck, the crown streaked with dark brown; 
rump and upper tail-coverts fulvous-brown; tail dark brown, edged 
with fulvous-brown, all the feathers tipped with buffy white, and 
having a subterminal bar of ashy black on all excepting the two 
centre feathers; wings sepia-brown, all the feathers broadly edged 
with tawny brown, inclining to rufous on the margins of the quills; 
lores and a very distinct eyebrow dull white, the latter greyish on 
the hinder part, and with fulvous over the eye; round the eye a 
ring of fulvous plumes; ear-coverts ashy brown on their upper and 
hinder margin, dull whitish where they adjoin the cheeks, which 
are also whitish slightly washed with buff; throat white, shading 
into buff on the fore neck and chest; the sides of the body and 
thighs, and under wing- and tail-coverts pale tawny buff, the centre 
of the abdomen whitish. Total length 5*8 inches, culmen 0-5, 
wing 2-05, tail 3-35, tarsus 0*85. 

Young female. Smaller than the male. Total length 4*8 inches, 
culmen 0-5, wing 1*95, tail 2*6, tarsus 0*8. 

Young in first winter plumage (type of D. bivittata, Peters). 
General colour above brown, slightly washed with rufous; rump 
decidedly more fulvescent; lesser wing-coverts like the back; 
median and greater coverts dusky brown, edged with dull rufous; 
bastard-wing feathers dusky, margined with paler rufous ; primary-
coverts and quills dusky brown, externally edged with rufous, 
brighter on the outer web of the primaries; upper tail-coverts and 
tail-feathers rufous-brown, more rufous on the edges of the feathers, 
which are tipped with paler rufous, with a tolerably distinct bar of 
dusky blackish; crown of head rather more dusky than the back, 
indistinctly streaked with lighter brown; lores and a tolerably 
distinct eyebrow whitish, the hinder margin of the latter ashy; 
feathers round the eye buffy whitish; ear-coverts buffy whitish, 
browner on the upper margin; cheeks, throat, and fore neck whitish, 
slightly washed with fulvous; chest and remainder of the under 
surface faint yellowish buff, inclining to tawny buff on the sides of 
the body and flanks; thighs rufous; abdomen a little whiter; under 
tail-coverts fulvescent; under wing-coverts and axillaries fulvescent, 
inclining to rufous on the lower series; quills dusky brown 
below, inner edges rufescent. Total length 5-3 inches, culmen 0*5, 
wing 1*9, tail 2*6, tarsus 0*75. (Mus. Berol.) 

A specimen in the British Museum from Tete measures :—Total 

length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 1-75, tail 2*35, tarsus 0*8. It 

agrees very well with the type of D. hivittata, kindly lent me by 

Professor Peters, but is much smaller, being perhaps a female; the 

colours are paler and the head not so dusky, but more like the rest 

2, PEiisriA. 
195 

of the back, and the underparts are yellowish, white, with fulvous 
flanks and rufous sides. In the stage of plumage above described 
the birds are identical with Prima mystacea of Riippell, which has 
also been recorded by Jardine from Western Africa. Drymoeea 
melanorhyncha from Western Africa is identical with South-African 
specimens from Natal, and it follows that the young birds from 
Western Africa would be in the plumage of P. mystacea; hence 
Jardine and Eraser were perfectly right in speaking of the latter 
bird as West-African, though their statement has been somewhat 
discredited by recent authors. 

* Hah. The whole of Africa below the Sahara in suitable localities. 
a. S 
ad- sk. Dongolo, TigrS, 7000 feet, W.T.Blanford,Esq.[C.]. 
May 18,1868. 
b. Juv. sk. N.E. Africa (Kotschy). E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
c. Ad. sk. River G-ambia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
d. Juv. sk. E-iver Gambia. Purchased. 
e. Ad. sk. Ashantee. E. McCarthy, Esq_. [C.]. 
/ . Ad. sk. Accra. Governor Ussher [0.]. 
g. Ad. sk. Accra (Hayms). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
A, i} k. Ad. sk. River volta (Ussher), R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
I Ad. sk. Cond£, Congo (Dr. Lucan). M. A. Bouvier. 
m. Juv. sk. Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Expedition. 
n. 
Juv. sk. Elephant Vley, Damara R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Land, Aug. 8,1859(0. J. 
Andersson). 
o-6 5 Ih ft >*? ** Ovaquenyama, May 1867 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
§ juv. sk. 


Transvaal (T. Ayres). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

t <$ hiem. sk. 

u. 5 ad. sk. Natal. 
Dr. Gueinzius [CX 
v. Ad. sk. Natal. T. Ayres, Esq.XC.J. 
to. $ ad. sk. 
Natal (T. Ayres). E. D. Godrnan and 0. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
%,y> <?? ad. sk. Pinetown, Natal, Feb. 1875 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 

(T. L. Ayres). 
z. S ad. sk. Pinetown, March 5, 1875 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
(T. L. Ayres). 
a\ Juv. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [0.]. (Type 
of D. affinis.) 
b'. Ad. sk. Natal. Purchased. 
e\ Juv. st. Africa. Zoological Society. 

6. Prinia inomata. 
Prima macroura, Franhl P. Z. S. 1831, p. 118 (nee Lath,); Jerd. 
Madr. Journ. xi. p. 4 (1840). 
Prinia inornata, Sykes, P. Z. S.1832, p. 89 ; Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi. 

p. 4 (1840); Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 376 (1844); Fraser, 
Zool Typ. pi. 44 (1849); Zayard} Ann, fy Mag. Nat. Hist, (2) xii. 
p. 253 (1853); Gray, Hand-l B, i. p. 197, no. 2718 (1869). 
Sylvia longicaudata, tickett, J. A. S. Beng. ii. p. 576 (1833). 
Brymoica franklinii, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 376 (1844) ; id. 
Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 143 (1849). # 

Prinia fusca, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., App. pi. 30 (nest); 
id. in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 82 (1844); id. P. Z. S.1845, p. 29; 
Grayf Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepalpres. Hodgs. p. 03 (1846). 

o2 

196 TIMELIlBiB. 

Drymoica inornata, Bh/th, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 459 (1847); Graij, 
"Gen. B. I p. 104 (1848); Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xviii. p. 812 (1849); 
id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 142, App. p. xx (1849); Ilorsf. Sr 
Moore, Cat. B. EX Co. Mus. i. p. 328 (1854); Ball, 8. F. 1878, 
vol. ii. p. 217. 

Drymoica fusca, Bh/th, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 460 (1847) ; Gray, 

'Gen. B. I p. 164 (1848). 
Suva inornata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 281 (1850). 
Prinia nipalensis, Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 77 (eu Hodgs. MS.) ; 

Ilorsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 820 (1854). 
Prinia sp., Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 487. 
Drymoepus extensicauda, Swinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 50,1861, p. 32 ; David 

'8f Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 257 (1877). 
Drymoipus inornatus, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 178 (lb63); Blyth, Ibis, 
1865, p. 42; Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 455; Hohhw. P. Z 8. 1872, 

p. 456 j Hume $• Henderson, Lahore to Tark. p. 215, pi. xvii.fig.1 
(1873) ; JBume, Nests § Eggs Ind. B. p. 346 (1873); id. Str. F. 
1873, p. 439,1874, p. 440; Ball, Str. F. 1875, p. 293; Brooks, 
t. c. p. 295; Hume, Str. F. 1876, p. 407; Fairb. t. c. p. 259; 
Morgan, Ibis, 1875, p. 322; Brooks, Str. F. 1878, p. 468; Anderson, 
Zool Exped. Fun-nan, Aves, p. 640 (1878). 
Drymoipus longicaudatns, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 180 (1863) ; Hume fy 
Ilenders. Lahore to Tark. p. 215, pi. xvii. fig. 2 (1873); Hume, 
Str. F. 1873, p. 194; Adam, t. c. p. 382; Hume, Nests & Eggs 
Ind. B. p. 350 (1873) ; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 414 ; Butler, Str. F. 
1875, p. 483; Hume, Str. F. 1876, p. 483; Ball, t. c. p. 207; 
Butler, Str. F. 1877, p. 236. 

Prinia adamsi, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 170 (1863); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. 

p. 196, no. 2706 (1869); Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 101; Butler, Str. 
F. 1880, p. 406. 
Drymoeca extensicauda, Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 299,1870, p. 345; id. 
'P.Z. S. 1871, p. 294; Hume 8f Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 350; 
Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 101; Oates, Str. F. 1882, p. 221. 

Drraiceca fiavirostris, Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 300. 
Prinia flavirostris, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 197, no. 2720 (1869). 
Prinia extensicauda, Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 197, no. 2722 (1869). 
Prinia longicauda, Gray,'t. c. p. 196, no. 2717 (1869). 
Prinia Inimilis, Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 144. 
Drymoeca adamsi, Blanford, Ibis, 1872, p. 85. 
Drymoipus fuscus, Hume, Nests fy Eggs Lid. B. p. 328 (1873). 
Drymoipus terricolor, Hume, Nests 8f Eggs Did. B. p. 349 (1873); 


td. Str. F. 1873, pp. 382,494 (1873) ; Brooks, Str. F. 1876, p. 229; 
Hume, t. c, p. 407. 

Drymoeca inornata, Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 412; Hume, Str. F. 
1879, p. 101; Doig, t. e. p. 371; Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 36 
(1879;; Tidal, Str. F. 1880, p. 67; Davison fy Wenden, t. c. 

p. 407 ; Butler, Cat. B. S. Bombay Pres. p. 50 (1880); Reid, Ibis, 
1881, p. 46. 
Drymoeca longicaudata, Blyth fy Wald. B. Burm. p. 118 (1875); 
'Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 101. 
Drymoeca blanfordi, Wald. in Blyth B. Burm. p. 118 (1875); Hume, 
fe\ .F. 1877, p. 57,1879, p. 101. 
Drymoeca fusca. Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 101. 
Drymoeca insularis, Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 529, pi. xxv. jig. 2 (1879). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above greyish, 
brown, with slight indications of dusky centres to the feathers; 

2. PKOTA. 
ruinp and upper tail-coverts more uniform brown, the latter slightly 
paler; wing-coverts brown, edged with ashy brown; primary-
coverts and quills dusky brown, with narrow rufous-brown edges, 
paler and more ashy on the primaries; inner secondaries margined 
with fulvous-brown; tail-feathers light brown, with dusky cross bars 
under certain lights ; all but the centre feathers white at the tip, with 
a more or less distinct subterminal bar of blackish; inner web also 
more or less whitish towards the tip; lores and a very distinct eyebrow 
white; cheeks and ear-coverts whitish also, with the upper 
margin of the latter brown ; under surface of body pale yellowish buff, 
whiter on the throat; thighs tawny rufous ; sides of upper breast 
ashy; axillaries and under wing-coverts yellowish white, with a slight 
tawny tinge; quills dark brown, rufescent along the inner web• 
" bill all black; legs and feet pale yellowish fleshy• iris hazel-brown " 

(W. E. Brooks). Total length 5-2 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2*05, 
tail 2*3, tarsus 0*8. 
Adult female hi breeding^plumage. Similar to the male but 

smaEer. Total length 4*6 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 1*9, tail 2-15, 

tarsus 0*8. 

The winter plumage is rather more rufescent brown above than 
the summer dress, and rather more yellow below ; the rufous edgings 
to the quills are also more conspicuous, and the tail is longer, 
measuring 2*7 to 2-8 inches, and there is no white on it, the feathers 
being tipped with ashy with a black subterminal spot, more distinct 
when viewed from below. 

The young after their first moult are mach more rufous than the 
adult bird, especially on the edges of the quills and tail-feathers ; the 
under surface is also a much richer fulvous; the tail-feathers are 
tipped with fulvous and have little or no indication of the subterminal 
band. 

Mr. Hume has given a very full account of the changes of plumage 
of this species (' Stray Feathers/ 1876, p. 427) ; and Mr. Brooks's 
paper in i Stray Feathers,' 1878, vol. ii. p. 468, should be consulted. 
Mr. Hume seems inclined to consider the South-Indian bird distinct 
from the ^"orth-Indian species, and he proposes to keep Hodgson's 
name of fusca for the latter species, which is figured in Hodgson's 
drawings, Appendix, plate 14 (no. S88). This name would belong 
properly to the Himalayan bird, if it were really distinct. 

The Chinese and Burmese "Wren-Warblers, called Drymceoa extensicauda 
by Swinhoe and D. Uanfordi by Walden respectively, both 
of which supposed species are recognized by Mr. E. W. Oates as 
occurring in Pegu, are really scarcely separable; the lores are a 
little more fulvous than in P. inornata, and, as far as the specimens 
have been examined, there appears to be a little less white on the 
tail of the breeding bird in the Burmese race. The winter plumage 
also has rather a longer tail • but there is really nothing of any 
consequence to separate these species from P. inornata. 

Hal. The whole of India and Ceylon, ranging westwards into 
Scmde, and eastwards through Assam and the Burmese countries 

TIMELIIBJE. 

to Tenasserim, 
Hainan* 

a. <$ sestiv. ad.; 
aa. Juv. sk. 
b, e. Hiem. sk. 


d. c? Mem. sk. 
en f} g. Hiem. sk. 
h. Hiem. sk. 
i, cS hiem. sk. 
&-«. J ad.; o. $ 
ad. sk. 
j). Ad. sk. 
#. Juv. sk. 

r. 
Ad. sk. 
s. 
$; £7 v. Hiem. 
sk. 
i\ J ad. hiem. sk. 
to. Hiem. sk. 
.?, y. Ad. sk. 
as. Hiem. sk. 
a', V. Hiem. sk. 


c'. cf ad. sk. 
<?. Ad. sk. 
e'. Ad. sk. 
/ . Ad sk. 

q', h'. Ad. sk. 
i'. Ad.sk. 
A'. Ad. sk. 


V. Juv. sk. 
m'. $ ad. sk. 
w'. c? ad. sk. 
o'. Ad. sk. 
#/. JUT. sk 
#', r'. JUY. st. 
«'. Ad. sk. 


extending into Sonthern China, Formosa, and 

a. 
Prinia inornata* 
India. Gould Collection. 
Meeanee, Scinde (Dr. J?. Gould Collection, 


X.W. India. 
Nepal (Hodgson). 

Banks of the Ganges 
(Jerdon). 

Benares, June 28, 1876 
(W.F.Brooks). 

Muddapoor, June 1880 

( W. F. Brooks). 
Muddapoor, Oct 1,1880 
(W. F. Brooks). 
Calcutta (Bhjfh). 
Bengal (Tytler). 
Bijnur, near Hurdwar, 
Eohilcund, NOT. 1572 

(G. F. L. Marshall). 
Manikpoor, Bundelkund, 
Dec. 5 (G. F. L. M.) 

Roorkee, Nov. 1872 (G. F.

£..¥".)
Khandeish.
Deccan (Burgess).
Decean (Sykes).

Wadale, Oct. 9,1865 (Fair


hank). 
Madras (Jerdon). 
Mvsore District, April 17, 

1874. 

Ceylon. 

Ceylon, 

Ceylon. 

Xuwara Eliya, Ceylon. 

Cachar (Constable). 

Dilkoo&ha, Cachar, Feb. 19,

1880. 

Dilkoo^ha, May 22,1879.

As&am (McCIeiland).

Momien, Yun-nan, May 2%

1868, 
Behar.

Madras,

Capt. Stackhouse Pin-

India Museum 
{Types of D. mpalemw.) 
"Gould Collection. 

India Museum. 

E. W. Gates, Esq. 
E. W. Gates, Esq. 
India Museum. 
(S.n. Drymoicafmca.) 
India Museum. 
E.__ B. SBarpe, Esq. 


R._ B. Shaipe, Esq. 


 R.~ B7 Sbarpe, E«q. 


 ™p.;. 
In3ia Museum. 
Gould Collection. 
India Museum. 

(Tvpes of species.) 
Gould Collection. 

Gould Collection. 
Capt. C. H. T. Mar


shall ~P,~. 
Gould Collection. 
Hush Cuming, Esq. 


F. I). Godman and 0. 
Salvin, E^qrs. [P.], 
Mr. E. Boate rC.! 
R, B. Sharpe, &q. 

 J, IngHs, EM. [CI 

 J. Liglis, Esq. [C„]. 
India Museum. 
Dr. J, Anderson [0.1 
B. H. HodVson, Esq. 
Sir W. Elliot [P.]. 

2. PEINTA. 
/3. Prinia blanfordi. 
t', u'. £ $ ad. sk.
v\ <$;w'}x'. $

ad. sk. 
y\ $ ad. sk.
z', a, £. <$ ad. sk.

y. <S ad. sk.
6\ tf ad. Mem. sk.
*, C JUT. Mem. sk.
7?, 0, Ad. sk. 
t,*c. Ad. sk. 

X. Ad. sk. 
ft. JUT. sk. 
v. JUT. Mem. sk. 
Pegu, Jan. 3. 
Pegu, February. 

 Pegu, April 15,1881. 
Pegu, July 1880. 
Pegu, August 1880. 

 Pegu, December 21,1880, 
Pegu, December 1877. 

y. Prinia extensicauda. 
Anioy, May I860 Amoy 
(Swinkoe).^^. 
Amoy, April 186ff ' 

(Sioinhoe). 

China. 

N. Formosa. 
Eugene "W. Oates, 
Esq. [C]. 
Eugene W. Oates, 
Esq. [0 j . 
Eugene W. Oates, 
Esq.[C.]. 
Eugene W. Oates, 
Esq. [O.J. 
Eugene w. Oates, 
Esq. [C.]. 
Eugene W. Oates, 
Esq. [C.]. 
Eugene W. Oates, 
Esq.[C.]. 

K.Swinnoe,Esq.[C.] 
Could Collection. 

F. D. Codman and 0. 
Salvia, Esqrs. [P.], 
E. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
J. Hobson, Esq. [P.], 
7. Prinia sylvatica. (Plates VII., VIII.) 
Prinia syhatica, Jercl, Madr. Joimi. xi. p. 4 (1840); Blyth, J. A. S. 
Beng. xiii. p. 376 (1844); Gray, Eand-l B. i. p. 196, no. 2716 
(1869). 

Prinia neglecta, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xiii. p. 130 (1844) j Gray, Eandrl. 

B. i. p. 196, no. 2715 (1869). 
Drynioiea STlTatica, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. x\L p. 458 (1847); Gray, 
Gen.B. i. p. 164 (1848); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 142 
(1849) ; Sorsf: # Moore, Cat. B. B.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 327 (1854). 

Dnmoica jerdoni, Blyth, J, A. 8. Beng. xvi. p. 459 (1847); id. Cat. 

B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 142 (1849). 
Drymoica neglecta, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 164 (1848) ; Blyth, Cat. B. 
Mm. As. Soc. p. 142 (1849); Ronf. % Moore, Cat B. B.l. Co. 
Mus. i. p. 328 (1854); Ball, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 218. 

Drymoica robu&ta (nee JRupp.), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xviii. p. 812 

(1849); id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 142 (1849). 
Suya robusta, Bp. Consp. i. p. 281 (1850). 
Suya sylvatica, Bp. t. c. p. 281 (1850). 
Suva jerdoni, Bp. t. c. p. 281 (1850). 
Suva neglecta, Bp. t c. p. 281 (1850). 
Drymoica valida, Blyth, J A. 8. Beng. xx. p. 180 (1851); id. Cat. 

B. Mm. As. Soc, App. p. xx (1851); Kelaart, Prodr. Cat p. 180 
(1852); Layard, Ann. £ Mag. Nat Mist xii. p. 262 (1853); 
Ebrsf. $ Moore, Cat B. JE.L Co. Mus. i. p. 328, note (1854). 
Drymoipus calidus, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 182 (1863); Holdbw. P. Z. S. 
1872, p. 457. 
Drymoipus sylvaticus, Jerd. t. c. p. 181 (1863); Hume, Nests and 
Eggs Ind, B. p. 351 (1873), 

200 TIMELIH>2E. 

Drymoipus jevdcmi, Jerd. Lt. p. IK) (1863); Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, 

p. 4,5(5; Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 437,1874, p. 453. 
DrvmoipuH neftloetus, Jerd. t.c. p. 182; Hume, Wests and Eggs Lid. 
H. p. :\?d (1873); Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 414. 
Drymopca ^alida, Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 302; Hume, Str. F. 1879, 
p. 101 ; leyge, II lCeylon, p. 525 (1880); Parker, Str. F, 1880, 
p. 480. 
Sirya gangetica, Blyth, Iks, 1807, p. 23; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 138, 
187N p. 6, 1870, p. 101. 
Prinia valida, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 197, no. 2719 (1809). 
Prima q-anoetica, Gray. t. c. p. 107, no. 2730 (1869). 
Drymoepusrofobcens, Hume, Ibis, 1872, p. 110. 
Dnmoipus rufoscenq, Hume, Nests and Ec/ys Ind. B. p. 351 (1873); 

Butler, Sir. F. 1875, p. 484; Hume, t.c. p. 484; Brools, Str. F. 
1870, p. 229. 
Dr> moiptis insignia, Hume, Nests and Fygs Ind. B. p. 351 (1873); 

id. Str. F. 1873, p 10; Adam, t. c. p. 382. 
Drymoka mibhcens, Hume, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 217. 
Brjmccca inbignis, Hume, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 217, 1879, 

p. 101. 
Drymoeca rnfescens, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 101; Davidson 8f Wenden, 
i.e. p. 407; Vidal, Str. F. 1880,p. 68. 
Drymoeca sylvaticn, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 101. 
Drymoeca jerdoni, Hume, t. c. p. 101; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 527 
(1880); % Parker, Str. F. 1880, p. 480. 
Drymoeca neglecta, Hume, t. c. p. 101; Davidson 8f Wenden, t. c. 

p. 407; Butler, Cat. B. S. Bombay Pres. p. 50 (1880); Vidal, Str. 
F. 1880, p. 68. 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above dark 
brown, a little paler on the lower back and rump; the bead and 
bind neck distinctly different to the back, and of a dusky ash-brown; 
lesser and median wing-coverts dark brown, with ashy margins; 
scapulars also dark brown washed with ashy; greater coverts brown, 
with reddish-brown margins; bastard-wing feathers dusky, edged 
with ashy; quills brown, edged with reddish brown, inner secondaries 
a little more ashy on margins; upper tail-coverts and centre 
tail-feathers pale reddish brown, crossed with obscure dusky bars 
in certain lights, the next feathers brown along the outer web, 
white on the inner; this white on the inner web is more or less 
shaded with pale sooty brown, diminishing in extent towards the 
outer feathers of the tail, the external tail-feather being almost entirely 
white; lores dull white; no eyebrow; ear-coverts dusky brown, 
with obscure yellowish shaft-lines; cheeks and under surface of 
body yellowish white, pure white on the abdomen; sides of upper 
breast ashy; flanks fulvescent; thighs tawny brown; under tail-
coverts pale yellowish white; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
very pale tawny; quills ashy brown below, rufescent along inner 
web. Total length 6*3 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2-55, tail 2-85, 
tarsus 0*9. 

Winter plumage. Differs from the breeding-dress in having the 
head brown like the back, but especially in the tail, which has no 
white on the inner web, but, on the contrary, has the external 

2. MOTIA.. 
201 
feathers tipped with white, with a tolerably distinct subterminal 

bar of black. 

In this stage of plumage it is P. robusta and P. valida of authors ; 

but in the series collected by Mr. Brooks at Mnddapoor, and forming 

part of the Oates collection now in the Museum, is a bird killed on the 

21st of August, 1879, which is moulting from the worn breeding-

plumage of P. neglecta into the winter dress. In the latter stage of 

plumage it is also the P. sylvatica of Jerdon and P. jerdoni of Blyth, 

specimens of both of which species are in the Museum, the former 

still bearing labels in Jerdon's handwriting. 

The young bird resembles the winter plumage of the adult, and 

has a similar tail, but is rather more ruddy on the flanks and sides 

of breast; the upper surface also is more rufescent. Both the 

young specimens collected by Mr. Brooks in November 1879 are 

commencing to moult, and are putting on the rufous head, which 

gives an indication of what the young bird in its first full winter 

plumage will be like. "We have no specimens identified as D. ru~ 

fescens of Hume; but there can be little doubt from the description 

that the latter name belongs to this stage of plumage; and it is 

equally certain that Bvya gaagetka of Jerdon also belongs here, as 

the type was in the Gould Collection, and is now before me. 

As in most of the Grass-Warblers, the tail is considerably longer 

in winter plumage, and measures 3*3 inches in length. 

Prom an examination of Jerdon's specimens of P. sylvatica it 
would appear that the white on the fail-feathers of the breeding 
bird is gradually assumed by a partial change in the colour of the 
feather; but that some of the white tail-feathers are gained by a 
direct moult there can be no doubt, as a Mnddapoor specimen, shot 
by Brooks on the 15th of May, is moulting its tail from the winter 
to the summer dress. 

Hah. The whole of India south of the Himalayas and Ceylon. 

«, h. S ad. asstiv. sk. Mnddapoor, May 1879 Eugene W. Oates, Esq. 

(W. E. Brooks). 
c. S 
aestiv. sk. Mnddapoor, June 19, Eugene W. Oates, Esq. 
ISBO (W. E. P.). 
d. £ sestiv. sk. Mnddapoor, Aug. 21, Eugene W. Oates, Esq. 
1879 (W.E. P.)e. 
S jnv. sk. Mudclapoor, October 1, Eugene W. Oates, Esq. 
1880 (JF. P. P.). 
f9ff- <J Sjuv.sk. Mnddapoor, Nov. 1879 Eugene W. Oates, Esq. 
{W.E. P.). 
h. Ad. sk. Madras. Dr. Jerdon [P.]. (S. n. 
P. jerdoni.) 
u Juv. Mem. sk. Banks of the Ganges Gould Collection. (Tyye(Br. Jerdon). of Snya gangetica.) 
/«-. Ad. sestiv. sk. N. Bengal (Br. FalIndia 
Museum. 
coner). 
I, m. Ad. et juv. Hem. South India (As. Soc). India Museum. 
sk. 
n} o. Ad.hiem.sk, Madras (Jerdon). Gould Collection. (S.n. 

Prima sylvatica.) 

202 TTMJSLUDM. 
p. Ad. Mem. sk.
q. Ad. Mem. sk. 
Madias (Jerdon). 
Madras. 
Eyton Collection. 
India Museum. 
r. Ad. Mem. sk.
s. Ad. Mem. sk. 
Ceylon. 
Ceylon. 
E. L. Layard, Esq. [_G.\ 
F. D. Godman and 0. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
t, S ad. sk. MahaOya, Eastern Province,
Ceylon, Sept. 1875. 
Oapt.W. Vincent Legge 
J?.\ 

8. Prima polycnroa. 
Mahrras polyehrous, Temm. PI Col. iii. pi. 486. fig. 3 (1828). 
Drymoica sp., Bhjtk, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 459 {1847j; id. Cat B. 
Mus. As. Soc. p. 142 (1849). 
Drymoica polychroa. Gray, Gen. B. 1844~49? i. p. 163 (1848); Horsf. 

% Moore, Cat B. Mus. EI. Co. i. p. 328, note (18-54). 
Suya blythii, Bp. Consp. i. p. 281 (1850). 
Dryrnoipus polychrous. Bp. C. B. xxxviii. p. 10 (18-54); Jerd. B. 

Lid. ii. p. 182 (1863). 
Prima polychroa. Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 19£>j no. 2714 (1869). 
Suya polychroa, Nichoho7i7 Ibis^ 1881, p. 150. 

Aclidt male. General colour aboye brown, with slightly darker 
centres to the feathers of the back, causing a faintly streaked appearance 
; feathers of the head more plainly edged with ashy brown, 
hoary on the forehead, the crown being very distinctly streaked; 
wing-coverts dark brown, the lesser and median series edged with 
ashy, the bastard-wing feathers with dull whity brown, the greater 
series, primary-coverts, and quills somewhat slightly edged with 
rufescent brown* tail-feathers light brown, edged with paler brown, 
tipped with white, before which is a more or less distinct spot of 
dusky; lores white, extending into a tolerably distinct e}'ebrow; 
ear-coverts light fulvous; cheeks and under surface of body yellowish 
buff, whiter on throat and abdomen ; flanks and thighs rather 
more pale tawny brown ; sides of upper breast ashy brown; tinder 
wing-coyerts and asillaries light tawny buff; quills dusky brown 
below, rufescent along inner web. Total length fro inches, culmen 
0*55, wing 2*3, tail 2'2, tarsus 0*95. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but smaller; "bill 
horny, pale beneath; feet fleshy white ; iris light reddish brown" 
(Wallace). Total length 5*7 inches, culmen 0*55. wing 2*1, tail 
2-5, tarsus 0*85. 

flab. Java, 

a. Ad. sk. Java. Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. W. Java (& C. Buxton). F. Nicholson, Esq. [P.]. 
e. $ ad. sk. "W". Java. A. R. "Wallace, Esq. [0.1 
d. <$ ad. sk. E. Ja m A. R Wallace, Esq. [C.j. 
3. BURNESTA. 203 
3. BURNESIA. 
_ . .
Prima auct. nee Horsf. 
Type. 
Burnesia, Jerd. B. India, ii. p. 185 (1863, ex Blyth) B. lepida. 
Herpystera, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 7 (1872) B. bairdi. 

Bill of Bwrnesia lepida. 

Range. Interior of Southern Africa. "West Africa from Gaboon 
to the Congo. N.E. Africa, extending through Egypt, Palestine, 
and Asia Minor to India, being spread over the whole peninsula 
with Ceylon, and ranging throughout the Burmese countries to 
Southern China and Eormosa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
With no subterminal bar on the tail-feathers. 
a'. Flanks imiform. 
a". Back olive-yellowish or olive-brown; 
head grey. 
a'". Abdomen and sides of body yellow ; 
under wing-coverts yellow flaviventris ad., p. 204. 
b'". Abdomen yellowish ; sides of body 
and under wing-coverts tawny buff sonitam, p. 205. 
c'". Abdomen white, like throat and 
breast; sides of body light tawny 
brown superciliaris, p. 206. 

b". Back brown; fore neck narrowly 
streaked with blackish substriata, p. 206. 

c". 
Back ashy grey like head; underneath 
ashy grey, with the upper throat and 
fore part of cheeks white leucopogon, p. 207. 

V. Flanks barred with black and white ... bairdi, p. 207. 
b. 
With a more or less dark subterminal bar on 
the tail-feathers. 
c'. Back uniform. 
d". Head slaty grey. 
d'". Back slaty grey like head socialis sestiv., p. 208. 
e'". Back chocolate-brown, contrasting 

with slaty-grey head socialis hiem., p. 209. 

e". Head olive or olive-brown. 
/'". Tail-feathers tipped with yellow . . flaviventris juv., p. 204. 
g'". Tail-feathers tipped with whitish .. superciliaris juv., p. 206. 

d'. Back streaked. 

/". Darker brown, with broader streaks of 
dark brown; subterminal band on tail 
very distinct gracilis, p. 210. 


g". 
Lighter brown, with narrower streaks 
of dark brown; subterminal band on 
tail less distinct lepida, p. 211. 


204 TIMMJIBM, 

1. Burnesia fiaviveiitris. 
Ortliotomus flaviventris, Deless. Rev, ZooL 1840, p. 101; id. Voy. 
Inde, part ii, p. 30. 
Prima florirentrib, Myth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 376 f 1844), svi. 

p. 455 (1847); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. V6Z (154b); Blyth, Cat. B. 
Mm. As. Soc. p. 144 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 254 (lsoO) ; Sorsf. 
8f Moore, Cat. B. JS.Z Co. Mm. I. p. 321 { 1>J4I ; Jerd. B. Lid. ii. 
p. 169 (1863) ; Blyth, Ibis, lb67,p.23; Gray, Hand-L B i. p. 196, 
no. 2702 (18G9); Hume, Xesti and Bags Lid. B. p. 334 (1S75) j 
Hume $ Oates, titr. F. ib7o. p. 34U; J^Yyf^ £ JHrftf. B. Burm. 
p. 118 (1S75); GoJvin-Austen, J. A. S. Stag, xlv. p. 202 Ub76); 
Oates, Sir. F. Ib77? p. 1»> ; Wardlotc Mamsay, Ibis, lb77, p. 406; 
jffi^f $* Damboti, Sir F. 157b, vol. i.p. 347; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, 
pp. 64, 101; Zfo#, f. c. p. 37b ; Butler, i.e. p. 3^j. 
Oalamodita fiavn entris, Giehei, Ikes. On . i. p. 5^t> flb72}» 
Prinia raffiesi, Tweedd. Ibis, 1*77, p 311, nl. \i. h.r. 1. 
Prinia hypoxantha; Salvad. Ann. 3Iu>. Okie. Gemr. si v. p, 235. 


^wf t maZe. General colour above olive-green, becoming slightly 
more yellow on the rump ; le&ser wing-coverts and median coverts 
like tie back; greater coverts, bastard wing, piimary-eoverts and 
quills brown, edged with olive, a little browner on the secondaries; 
upper tail-coverts rathei lighter olive than the back; tail-feathers 
light brown, with olive-} eUowish raarjrin«, paler and more \ellow 
round the tips, before which is an indistinct indication ot a dark 
brown spot; occiput, nape, and hind neck dark olive; lorei> and 
feathers round the e} e dusky ash-grey ; ear-coverts dark ash) grey; 
cheeks, throat, fore neck, and chest yellowish white ; breast and 
abdomen bright yellow, sides of the body and flanks a little deeper 
coloured ; thighs olive-brown; under tail-coverts pile yellow : under 
wing-coverts and axillaries pale yellow : quills light brown below, 
inner edges whitish, rufescent on the secondaries. Total length 
5*4 inches, culmen 0-55, wing l#b, tail 2*7, tardus ^"85. 

Female. Very similar in plumage to the male, but smaller- Total 
length 4*6 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 1 7, tail 2%>5, tarsus O-b. 

A male killed in Singapore on the 8th of February, by Mr. Davison, 
differs from the bird described in having a distinct streak above 
the lores and the eyelid white ; the subterminal dark spots are also 
well developed and distinct; these last apparently form a variable 
character, as they seem to get abraded with the age oi the bird's 
plumage. The white superciliary streak appears to be a sign of 
winter plumage. 

Yoimg, Wants the grey head of the adult, the upper surface being 
entirely olive-yellowish, tinged with reddish on the back, and having 
the head a little duller; the outer aspect of the wings also a little 
more reddish brown; a distinct line above the eye and the eyelid 
yellow, and the entire under surface of body, from ehin to vent, 
yellow; tail-feathers tipped with yellow, before which are very distinct 
subterminal marks of dark brown. 

The young in first tvinter plumage may be described as like the 
adult bird, but having a long tail, and a tinge of reddish buff on 

3 . BTTKSTESIA. 
205 
the throat and breast. The spotted tail, characteristic of the young 
bird, seems to be retained in the first full winter dress; and it is a 
bird in this plumage which the late Lord Tweeddale described as 
Prinia raffiesi, but which (thanks to the kindness of Capt. Wardlaw 
Ramsay in lending me the type) I am able to affirm is not specifically 
separable from P. flaviventris; the larger bill, supposed to be a 
distinguishing character of P. rafflesi, is equalled by more than one 
Pegu specimen. 

Hah. Grass-lands of Upper Bengal, extending westwards into 
Scinde, and eastwards along the Terai to the vicinity of Calcutta 
and the Bengal Sunderbuns, and through the Burmese countries to 
Malacca and Sumatra. 

a. Ad. sk, 
Bengal. India Museum. 
b. Ad. sk. 
Nepal {Hodgson). India Museum. 
c. Ad. &k. 
Khasia hills (Jerdon). Gould Collection. 
d. 6 ad. sk. Pegu, March 22,1881. Eugene W. Oates, Esq. [0.]. 
e> Ad. sk. Pegu, April 21, 1881. Eugene W. Oates, Esq. 10.1. 
/ . § ad. sk. Pegu, April 22, 1881. Eugene W. Oates, Esq. [C.l. 
g, 5 ad. sk. Mvitkvo, Pegu, May 7, Eugene W. Oates, Esq. [C.J. 
* 1875. 
h. JUT. sk. Paghein, Pegu, Aug. 15, Eugene W. Oates, Esq. ["0.1. 
1880. 
<$ 
ad. sk. Malewoon, Tenasserim, W. Davison, Esq. [0.1 
April 12, 1875. 

h. Ad. sk. 
Malacca {Cantor). India Museum. 
7. Ad. sk. Malacca. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
[P.]. 
m. 
<$ ad. sk. Singapore Island, Feb. 6, W. Davison, Esq. [0.1 
1877. 
% Burnesia sonitans. 

Prinia sonitans, Swinh. Zoologist, 1858, p. 6229; id. Ibis, 1860, p. 50, 
1863, p. 302 • Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 196, no. 2701 (1869); Swinh. 
Ibis, 1870, p. 345; id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 351 ; David $ OustaM, 
Ois. Chine, p. 262 (1877). 

Adult. Very similar to P. flaviventris, but distinguished by its 

under wing-coverts, which are tawny buff instead of yellow ; on the 

breast, too, i$ a tinge of tawny buff, such as is only seen in winter-

plumaged young of P. flaviventris, and the sides of the body are 

tawny buff, with a little yellow on the lower abdomen; " bill and 

inside of mouth black; feet brownish yellow, claws darker; iris 

orange-yellow" (David). Total length 4*1 inches, culmen 0*5, 

wing 1*8, tail 2-25, tarsus 0*85. 

Hal. South China, Formosa and Hainan. 

a. Ad. sk. 
Formosa (Swinhoe). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Formosa, March 1860. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Amoy {Swinhoe). Gould Collection. 
d. Ad. sk. 
Amoy. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [0.]. 
TDCBLIIDJE. 

3. Burnesia snperdliaris. 
Prinia supereiliaris, Salvad. TJcc. Born, p. 249 (1874)- Skarpe, Ibis}
1877, p. 16• id. Ibis, 1879, p. 256; id. P. Z. S. 187% p. 341. 

Adult. General colour above dark olive-greenish, a little paler on 
the rump; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back; greater 
coverts brown, washed with the same colour as the back : bastard 
wing and primary-coverts dark brown, margined with paler brown; 
quills brown, externally edged with olive-greenish; upper tail-
coverts yellowish olive; tail-feathers light brown, edged with yellowish 
olive and obscurely barred with dusky under certain lights, 
the outer feathers tipped with dull whitish, with a distinct subterminal 
spot of darker brown; crown of the head a-by grey; occiput, 
nape, and hind neck olive-greenish like the back : lores dusky, surmounted 
by a narrow streak of white ; feathers round the eye and 
ear-coverts*ashy, the latter with paler shaft-lines; cheeks, throat, 
fore neck, and breast white tinged with yellow: abdomen purer 
white ; sides of the body and flanks pale yellow: thighs pale tawny; 
under tail-coverts olive-yellow; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
light tawny buff, whiter near the edge of the wing: quills light 
brown; inner edge of quills fulveseent, Total length 5*8 inches, 
culmen 0*55, wing 1*85, tail 2*4, tarsus 0-85. 

In non-breeding plumage or young dress the upper surface is 
browner, the head dark olive-brown instead of prey, the outer aspect 
of the quills more rufescent brown ; lores and feathers round the eye 
bright yellow; entire under surface of body pale yellow from chin 
to vent"; tail-feathers tipped with dull white, with a very broad subterminal 
bar of black. Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0*5, -wing 
1*75, tail 2*05, tarsus 0*85. 

Hab. Borneo. 
a. $ ad. sk. Borneo. Purchased. 
h. Ad. sk. Labuan. Governor Ussher rQX 
c, d. Ad.; e. Juv. sk.
f, q. Ad.; h, L Juv. sk.
V $ ad. sk.
I. Ad. sk. 
Labuan f H, Lrnc). 
Lumbidan. 
Bintulu, W. Borneo. 
Sarawak (RajahBrooke). 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. "P.J, 
Hiidi Low, Esq. 0~]," 
A. Everett, Esq. ^P.]. 
Gould Collection. 
m, n. Ad. sk. Banjermassing,
S. Borneo. 
J. Motley, E«q. [C.]. 

4. Bnr&esia sufostriata. 
Drynioiea 
substriata, Smith, III ZooL S. Afr,, Ave*, pi. 72. fig. 1 
(1842); Gray, Gen. B. L p. 163 f 1&48); Bp\ Cbnsp. i. p. 282 (1850); 
Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 88 (1867) ; Gray, Mand-L B. L p. 107, no, 
2734 (1860) j Sharpe, ed. Lmjard B. & Afr. p. 250 (1876). 

Adult (type of species). Above light rufescent brown, more dusky 
on the forehead ; least and median wing-coverts washed with grey; 
rest of the coverts and secondaries externally of the same rufous-
brown as the back, the primaries dull brown with narrow margins 

3 . BUENESIA. 
207 

of paler brown; tail uniform brown; lores dull white; round the 
eye a distinct ring of white feathers; ear-coverts washed with light 
brown ; sides of neck greyish; cheeks, throat, and underparts dull 
white, the sides of the body washed with fulvous; the lower flanks, 
thighs, and under tail-coverts tawny buff; the breast narrowly 
streaked with dark brown down the centre of each feather ; under 
wing-coverts dull white, as also the edge of the wing; quills ashy 
brown below, burly whitish along the edge of the inner web; bill 
dark horn-colour ; legs, toes, and claws pale buff-orange, the latter 
brown at the point. Total length 5'5 inches, culm en CK5, wing 2*15, 

tail 3*1, tarsus 0*85. 

A second specimen is probably the female, as the dimensions are 
smaller. Total length 4*9 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*05, tail 2-5, 
tarsus 0*8. 

Hab. South Africa: north-western districts of the Cape Colony 

only. 
a. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A.Smith [C.]. (Type 
b. Ad. sk.
c. d ad. sk. 
Colesberg {Ortlepp). 
Orange River,
May 16,1881. 
of species.) 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Dr. R. F. Bradskaw PP."]. 

5. Burnesia leucopogon. 
Drvmoeca leucopogon, 
Cab. J. f. O. 1875, p. 235; SharpefyBouvier, 
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 42 (1876); Peichen. J. f. 0.1877, p. 30; 
Onstalet, N. Arch. Mus. (2) ii. p. 104 (1879) ; Bocaae. Orn. Angola. 

p. 553 (1881). 
Adult male. General colour above slaty grey, rather darker on 
the head, the frontal plumes being somewhat scale-like with blackish 
bases; ear-coverts dark slate-colour; fore part of cheeks, chin, and 
upper throat light buff; lower part of the throat and rest of under 
surface light slaty grey, slightly washed with falvous on the lower 
flanks and under tail-coverts; lower abdomen white ,* under wing-
coverts whitish, mottled with slaty-grey bases to the feathers; wings 
above brown, the lesser and median wing-coverts slaty grey like 
the back ; tail brown, slightly shaded with slaty grey and obsoletely 
barred with dusky brown under certain lights; bill black; feet 
reddish brown (in skin). Total length 5*9 inches, culmen 0*55, 
wing 2-2, tail 2-8, tarsus 0*85. 

Hah. West Africa: Congo river. 

a. Ad. sk. Landana, Congo (Z. Petit). M. A. Bouvier. 
6. Burnesia bairdi, 
Drymoica 
bairdi, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1855, p. 327 * Gh'ay, 
Mand-I B. i. p. 201, no. 2834 (1869). 
Drymoeca bairdi, Marti Orn. W.-Afr. pp. 59,271 (1857); id. J.f.O. 
1861, p. 110 j Oustalet, N. Arch. Mm. (2) ii. p. 104 (1879). 
Herpystera bairdi, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 7 (1872). 

208 TIMEUID^


Adult General colour above brown; wing-coverts, bastard wing. 
and primary-coverts dark brown, tipped with white spots, preceded by 
a subterminal bar of black; quills brown, externally edged with 
rufescent brown : secondaries with a white bar at tip. preceded by a 
subterminal bar of black; upper tail-coverls like the back? with a 
narrow line of white at tip, and a subterminal shade of darker brown: 
tail-feathers brown, tipped with white, with a very distinct subterminal 
shade of blackish : crown of the head dusky blackish, darker 
than the back; lores, feathers round the eye, ear-coverts, and cheeks 
dusky blackish ; sides of the neck brown likerthe back ; throat, fore 
neck, and chest ashy whitish barred with black; abdomen white; 
breast, sides of the body, and flanks white, more broadly barred with 
black; thighs blackish, barred with white: und^r tail-coverts barred 
with black and white : under wing-coverts and axillaries pure white, 
with a few dusky bars near the edge of the wing; quills below brown; 

inner edge of quills fulveseent. Total length t5 inches, e liinen irdo^ 
wing 2*1-5, tail 2*85, tarsus 0-9. 
Hob. West Africa: Gaboon. 

a. Ad. sk. Gaboon. M. Verreaux. 
7. Burnesia socialis. 
Prima socialis, Syke% P. Z. S. 1^32, i). ^0 ; J*r*L Madr. Jmtrn. xi. 
p. 3 (1840); Blyth, J. A. S. Bmq. xiii. p. 376 11844), xvi. p. 455 
(1847); Gray, Gen. B.i. p. 102 <l$4*i; Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. 
As.Soc.y. 143 (18411); Fraser. Zml Typ. pi. 4*1 iW9); Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 284 (1830): Bayard, Amu ^ May. XaL Hist i'2) xiK 
p. 262 (1858?; Horsf. fy Moore, Cat. B* E.I. Cu Mm. i. p. 321 
(1854); Jerd. B. Bid. iL p. 170 11503): 3?aaf. I« \ 1307, p. 4*14; 
Gray, Hand-l. B, i. p. 106, no. 2007 f 1300); Wa tf J. A. S. Bern/. 
xli. p. 273 (1871); Butler, Sfr. F. 1-75, p. 47t•; Morgan, Ib'i , 
1^73, p.321; Leyyp, Ibh, 1875, p. 307; Fairh.Str. II 1570, p. 2*5i'; 
Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beta/, xlv. p. 70 11870*: FairL Sir. F. 
1877, p. 408; Davids, £ Weabn, Sfr, F. 1878, part 2, p. 83; Ball 
U.p. 217;''Hume, Sir. F. 1870, p. 101; Vidat, Sir. F. 1880, 
p. 67; Butler, t e. p. 40GL 
Prinia btewarti, Blyth, J. A. S. Beny. x\i. p. 455 11 **47): Gray, Gen. 
B. i. p. 162 (184*S|; Blyth, CatB. Mm. An. Sur. p. 114 U849>; 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 2^4 f 1550); Jerd. B. 2nd, ii p. 171 I 1*&3); Gray, 
Hand-l B. i. p. 190. no. 2Jf»3 il&JJi; Uayn Llw/d, Ibi*, 1573, 
p. 412 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1875, p. 480, 1876. p. 407 ;* A. Anderson, 
P. Z. S. 1878, p. 370; Httme, Sfr. F. 1878, vol ii, p. 310; id. Str. 
F. 187% p. 101. 
Orthotonus social^, Giebel, Tftes. Orn. ii. p. 780 f 1 *<7?}). 
Prinia brevicauda, Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 52111880). 
Adult General colour above dark slaty grey; the rump with a few 
tawny buff feathers on each side ; lesser and median wing-coverts like 
the back; greater coverts dusky brown, with narrow edgings of paler 
brown; bastard-wing feathers brown, with ashy edges ; primary-
coverts sepia-brown; quills dusky brown, externally edged with 
light brown; upper tail-coverts lighter slaty grey than the back and 
slightly washed with brown; tail-feathers light brown, tipped with 

3 . BXJENESIA. 209 
a bar of white, before which is a subternrinal band of black, broad 
and distinct; crown of the head like the back ; lores and a streak 
extending to above the eye buffy white; in front of the eye a blackish 
spot; eyelid bnffy white, except where it adjoins the grey of the head 
behind and the dusky spot in front, where it assimilates in colonr 
to these ; ear-coverts and cheeks light tawny buff, slaty grey along 
the upper margin of the former; throat whitish, slightly washed 
with fulvous; lower throat, fore neck, chest, breast, sides of the body, 
flanks, thighs, and nnder tail-coverts tawny buff, paler on the latter; 
abdomen white; nnder wing-coverts and axillaries light tawny 
buff; quills below dusky; inner edge of quills ashy fulvous ; upper 
mandible black, lower mandible pale horny; legs dull yellowish 
brown ; iris brown. Total length 4*6 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 1-8, 
tail 1*8, tarsus 0*8. 

The sexes and dates of specimens in the British Museum and in 
Capt. Wardlaw Eamsay's collection are not sufficiently well determined 
to enable me to speak with positive certainty on the changes 
of plumage of B. socialis; but, as far as our series goes, my impression 
is that B. stewarti of Indian authors is only the winter 
plumage of B. socialis. If they are ever proved to be two species, 
then they must interbreed; for there is an absolute gradation 
in plumage from one to the other. But, from what we know of 
these Grass-Warblers, there is nothing extraordinary in the supposition 
that B. stewarti is B. sotialis in winter dress. It is said to differ 
in being reddish brown above instead of slaty grey, and in having a 
long brown tail, measuring 3 inches in length. This may probably 
be the young bird in its first winter plumage. The old bird in its 
cold-weather plumage still retains somewhat of the grey head, 
though the back is reddish brown. A male killed in December has 
the tail 2-3 inches. 

The young bird is rufous-brown above, a little more dusky on the 
head, the rump and upper tail-coverts brighter rufous; tail-feathers 
rufous-brown, tipped with fulvous-white, with a distinct subterminal 
bar of black; a superciliary streak and the under surface of the 
body deep ochraeeous bnff. 

The colour of the adults in this species varies somewhat with 
locality, and the size also. Birds from Nepal and Assam seem to be 
of a darker slate-colour, sometimes almost blackish. Capt. Legge's 
Ceylonese race cannot be kept distinct, as the measurements are not 
smaller than Indian specimens, if sufficient skins are examined. A 
Ceylon female measures 4*6 inches, wing 1*8, tail 1-95, tarsus 0*8. 
Another bird has the tail 2*15, another 1*6; and a male measures 
1-8. To determine these questions it is necessary to compare only 
specimens of a similar age, in breeding- or cold-weather plumage, and 
to judge the question in accordance with our recently acquired 
knowledge on the Grass-Warblers. 

With regard to the identity of B. socialis and B. stewarti, I may 
further mention that the male from Saharunpoor, shot on the 9th 
August, is slaty blue above and has no eyebrow, whereas some 

VOL. vii. . P 

TirM"w.t i HM. 

others Mlled in the same place in December are brown above and 
have a distinct eye-streak. 
Hal. The whole of India and Ceylon, extending into the hills of 
Assam. 

a. Full plumage (=B. socialis, Sykes). 
a. B. socialis. 
a. Ad. sk. Cashmere. 
B. B. Sharpe, E*q_. ^R". 
b. $ ad. sk. Sahanmpoor, Aug. 9 (G. F. R. B. Sharpe, E*q. "P.]. 
L. Marshall). 
c. <$ ad. sk. Saugor, Aug. 4=(G.F. L. M. B. B. .Sharpe, Esq. "P.]. 
d. e,f. Ad. sk. Deccan (Sykes), India Museum. (Types 
of P. socialis.) 
g. Ad. sk. Madras (Jerdon). Gould Collection. 
L i Ad. sk. Madras (Jerdon). Evton Collection. 
fir. B. brevicaucla. 

k. Ad. sk. Ceylon. Hugh Cuming, E»q. 
l,m. £ 5 ad.sk. NJW. Cevlo. Captain Vincent Legge; 
n. Ad. sk. Ceylon. 
E.'L."Layard, E^q. ~C.~. 
/3. Winter plumage {^B.sUwarti). 

o. Ad. sk. Deccan (Sykes). India Museum. 
p. 
$ ad. sk. Coonoor, Xeilgherries, Mar. Eugeae W. Gates, Esq. 
1, 1^7% (Dr. F. Day). 
q. Ad. sk. Siirsve, Kattiawar, April 5, Major J. Have* Lloyd 
1871. 
;pr. 

r, s. JUT. sk. Khandeish. 

India Museum. 

t. Ad. sk. Cawnpore. 
A* 0. Hume, E&q. 

u, v. Ad. sk. Umritzur (Jerdon )* 

Gould Collection. 

w,x. $ J ad.sk. Saharunpoor, Dec. 1&72 i G, 

JL B. Sharpe, E^q. 

F. L. Marshall). 
y. Ad. sk. Deyra Doon. Gould Collection. 
zf a'. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
8. Bnmesia gracilis. 
Sylvia textiix (non V.), Audouia, Expl. somm. IL X Fgyptef Ois. 
p. 277, pi. v. fig. 4 (1825). 
Prinia gracilis, Cretzschm. in M'upp. Atlas, p. 3, tab. 2. fig. b (182$). 
Curruca gracilis Hempr. $ Ekr. Symb. Fkys. 1628, Aces, foi. cc. 
Malurus gracilis, Temm. PL Col pi 406. tig. 1 {1^2^). 
Sylvia gracilis, LicM. Vers. Doubt p. U (1823). 
Drymoica gracilis, JRupp. Syst. Uebers. p. 50, no. 117 (1845); #ray, 
Gen. B. i. p. 108 (1848); Bonap. Comp. i. p. 2*3 (1850);' J?«^l 
%f. Ife&r*. p. 22 (1850); Harfl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 57 (1857); 
jfewgr/. Ibis, 185% p. 840; -4iw!ro. Cat. descr. Vcc. p. 37 (1864); 
Gray, Hand-L B. I p. 201, no. 2832 (1860). 

Drymceca gracilis, Cab. Mm. Hein. Th. i. p. 44 {1650); Tristr. Ibis, 
1865, p. 82; JSfctt?/. i&>, 186% p, 01; &. 0/vi. y.O.-Afr. p. 242 
(1869); j&W. <£W. # Zoo/. ^4%^. p. 373 (1870); Fimch, Tram. 

Z. S. vii. p. 321 (1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afn B. p. 31 (1871); SkeUey, 
3 . BtrEJSTESIA. 
211 
B. Egypt, p. 98 (1872); Antin. $ Salvad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 108 
(1873); Dresser, B. Europe, iii. p. 13, pi. 11 (1879): Danford, 
Ibis, 1880, p. 84. ' ' 
Suya gracilis, Leith Adams. Ibis. 1864 p. 17: E. C. Taylor. Ibis, 
1867, p. 63. 

Adult male. General colour above ashy brown, with broad longitudinal 
centres of darker brown, trie edges to the feathers of the 
head and mantle being ashy fulvous; rump brown, streaked narrowly 
with dark brown; wing-coverts dark brown, with narrow 
ashy brown margins, more fulvous on the median and greater 
series; the bastard-wing feathers edged with whity brown; primary-
coverts and quills dark brown, with fulvous-brown edges; 
upper tail-coverts pale ashy brown, with darker centres; tail-feathers 
very pale brown, with dusky cross bars under certain lights, all 
narrowly tipped with whice, before which is a very distinct blackish 
bar; lores and feathers round eye whitish; an indistinct eyebrow 
of pale ashy brown; ear-coverts ashy, slightly suffused with brown; 
cheeks, throat, and underparts white, tinged with yellow on the 
breast and sides; sides of breast ashy, and narrowly streaked with 
brown; thighs more distinctly rufous; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries light tawny buff; quills brown below, ashy rufous along 
inner web; " bill brown; legs brownish flesh-colour; iris brownish 
yellow " (Shelley). Total length 4*8 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 1*7, 
tail 2-3, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but smaller. Total 
length 4*3 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 1*6, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*7. 

"With reference to the distinctness of this species from B. lepida, 
it should be noted that even in Egypt Oapt. Shelley observed two 
forms, a light and a dark-coloured one, the latter being found in the 
Delta, while the other occurs in Nubia and Upper Egypt. (Cf. 
Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 98.) 

Hob. N.E. Africa and Arabia, ranging through Palestine into 
Asia Minor. 

dr 3 ad. sk. Tiberias. Canon Tristram [C.]. 

b. 2 a&-sk* River Kishon. Canon Tristram [C.J. 
c. Ad. sk. Gennesaret (Tristram). It. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
d 
<$ ad. sk. Gennesaret, March 31, F. D. Godman and 0. Sal1864 
(Tristram). vin, Esqrs. [P.]. 

e. Ad. sk. Nubia. 
Dr. Leith Adams [P.]. 
f. 
Ad. sk. Nubia. B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
g. 
<$ ad. sk. Nile, between 1st and Dr. A. Leith Adams [P.], 
2nd Cataract. 
Kt. 
r? 2 ad.sk. Zoulla, Annesley Bay, W.T. Blanford, Esq. [0.]. 
' Jan. 28,1868. 

9. Bxmiesia lepida, 
Prima lepida, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 376 (1844). 

Drvmoica lepida, 
Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 460 (1846); Gray, 
Gen. B. i. p. 164 (1848); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. Asc. Soc. p. 143 
(1849); id. Ibis, 1865, p. 44 ; Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 201, 
no. 2832. 

3>2 

21 2 
TIMELIIDJE. 

Suva gracilis, Bonap. Consp. i. p. 281; Horsf.fyMoore, Cat. B. F.I. 
Co. Mus. i. p. 327 (1854); Gould, B. of Asia, pt. vii. (1855). 
Bumesia gracilis (non Rilpp.), Jerdon, B. of hid. ii. p. 185 (1863); 
Hume, Nests 8f Eggs Lid. Birds, p. 356 (1873) ; id. Str. F. 1873, 

p. 195 ; Adam, t. c. p. 382 : Butler, Str. F. 1875, p. 485 ; Hume, 
t. c. p. 485; id. Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 58; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 102; 
Boig, t. c. p. 371. 
Burnesia lepida, A. Anderson, Ibis, 1872, p. 237; Brooks, Str. F. 
1879, p. 476, 1880, p. 228. 
Cisticola gracilis, Giebel, TJies. Orn. ii. p. 709 (1875). 
Drymceca gracilis, Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 206 (1876). 
Drymoipus lepidus, Brooks, Str. F. 1876, p. 274. 


Adult male. Similar to B. gracilis, but much paler and more 
ashy above, with the longitudinal dark centres much paler brown; 
the bill smaller, and the subterminal black bars on the tail very 
indistinct and sometimes absent altogether. Total length 5*1 
inches, oulmen 0*4, wing 1*75, tail 2*75, tarsus 0*65. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 4*4 
inches, wing 1*75, tail 2'5, tarsus 0*65. 
Young. Bather more fulvescent brown above than the adult, and 
much yellower below. 
Hab. Prom Baluchistan to Scinde, and thence throughout the 
valley of the Ganges. 

a. ? ad. sk. Bahu Kelat, Persian Ba- W. T. Blanford, Esq. [O.l. 
loochistan, Feb. 1872. 
b. <$ ad. sk. Jalk,Baloochistan, March W. T. Blanford, Esq. [O.l. 
17, 1872. 
clmm.sk. Shikarpore {Griffith). India Museum. 
d,e. $ Jad.sk. Meeanee, Scinde (Dr. India Museum. 

Gould). 

f. 
Juv. sk. Kurachee, Scinde (Dr. India Museum. 
Gould). 
g. Ad. sk. Scinde (Dr. Gould). India Museum. 
h. Juv. sk. North Bengal. Oapt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
[P.]. 
4. SCOTOCERCA. 
Type. 
Scotocerca, Sundevall, Av. Meth. Tent. p. 7 (1872) ... . S. inquieta. 
Atraphornis, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 124 (1873) .. S. inquieta. 


Tail of Scotocerca inquieta. 

Range. Desert countries of the Southern Palsearctic Region; 
Mzab country in Southern Algeria ; Arabia Petrsea and eastwards 

4 . SCOTOCEKCA. 
through Persian Baluchistan to Southern Afghanistan and the Northwestern 
Punjab. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Darker: striatums on head very distinct,- eyebrow, 
ear-eoverts, and sides of breast rich 
vinous; throat distinctly striated inquieta, p. 213. 
b, Paler; striations on head paler and lighter; eyebrow, 
ear-coverts, and sides of breast very pale 
vinous; throat very indistinctly striated ... . sakam, p. 214. 

1. Scotocerca inquieta. 
Malurus inquietus, Cretzschm. in Bupp. Atlas, p. 55, tab. 36. h>. 6 

(1826). 
5 

Ourruca famula, Kempr. § Ehr. Symb. JPkys. fol. bb (1828). 

Prima inquieta, Bupp. Nene Wirh. Toy. p. 113 (1835-49). 

Drvmoica inquieta, Bupp. Sysf. TJebers. p. 57 (1845); Gray. Gen 

& I p. 163 (1848i; Bp. Consp. i. p. 283 (1850); Heugl. Syst. 
TJebers. p. 22 (1856) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 198, no. 2751 (1869). 
Drynioica eremita, Tristr. Ibis, 1867, p. 76; Gray, Hand4. B. i 

p. 199, no. 2783 (1809). 
Dryniceca inquieta, Heugl. Ibis, 1869, p. 129; id. Orn. N.O,~Afr i 
p. 244 (1869; ; Blanf. Ibis, 1874, p. 76. J * ' 
Drymceca eremita, Heugl Orn. MO.~Afr. i. p. 244 (1869) ; Wyatt, 
Mamm. § Avif. Sinai, pi. xvii. fig. 2 (1873). 
Scotocerca inquieta, 
Simdev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 7 (1872); Blanf. 
East. Persia, ii. p. 207, pi. xiii fig. 2 (1876); Hume, Str. F 1879,* 

p. 102; Barnes, Str. F. 1880, pp. 217, 455. 
Melizophiltis striatus, Brooks, Iks, 1872. p. 180; Hume, Str. F. 
1873, p. 200, 1874, p. 329,1876, p. 41. 
Atraphornisplatyura, Severtz. Turkest.Jevotn. p. 121 (1873); Dresser, 
Ibis, 1S76, p. 80. 

Adult male. General colour above ashy isabelline, with very faxnt 

browner centres to the dorsal plumes; wing-coverts a little clearer 

isabelline than the back; bastard-wing feathers and primary-coverts 

dusky brown, edged with isabelline; quills light brown, edged with 

isabelline, a little more rufescent on the secondaries; upper tail-
coverts brown; tail-feathers black, margined with isabelline, the 
two centre feathers browner and more broadly edged with sandy 
brown; outer feathers with slightly paler tips; crown of the head 
and nape ashy isabeUine, streaked with blackish brown along the 
centre of the feathers ; lores and a narrow eyebrow sandy buff; in 
front of the eye a blackish spot and also a small streak behind the 
eye; ear-coverts uniform clear isabelline, as also the hinder cheeks, 
the fore part of the latter being whitish like the throat; an indistinct 
moustachial line of blackish; fore neck tinged with isabelline, 
with a few longitudinal spots of darker brown; breast and abdomen 
whitish; sides of the body, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts 
isabelline, deeper on the thighs ; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
sandy; quills light brown below, inner edges isabelline; " bill dark 
brown, except basal half of lower mandible, which is dull brownish 
orange; legs and feet yellowish brown; claws brown" (J3roo£$). 

214 TIMELTEDJE. 

Total length 4*3 inches, euimen 0-45, wing 1-95, tail 1-85, tarsus 
0*8. 
" In one of my specimens the streaks on the chin and throat are 
altogether wanting; the central tail-feathers are pretty conspicuously 
margined with greyish brown, and both the lateral feathers 
on each side are tipped with white, in some specimens the external 
pair being pretty broadly so tipped. The foEowing are dimensions 
of a male taken in the £esh:—Length 4-7 ; expanse 6*2; tail from 
rent 2; wing 1*9 ; wings when closed reach to within 1*8 of end of 
tail • bill at front 0*35; tarsus 0*8; weight 0*3 of an oz. I should 
note that in one specimen not only the sides and flanks, but the 
whole abdomen, vent, and lower tail-coverts are strongly tinged 
with pale rufous-fawn." (Hume, Sir. F. 1873, p. 20U.) 
Young. Barker than the adult and more ashy brown, with very 
distinct streaks of blackish brown ; lores and eyebrow as well as 
sides of face pale vinous; throat and fore neck white, with distinct 
though narrow black streaks. 
Hah. Desert countries from Arabia Petrsea eastwards to Persian 
Baluchistan and Southern Afghanistan to the Xorth-western Punjab. 

a. c? juv. sk. Magas, between Dizak andBampiir, Baluchistan, 
March 28, 1872. 
W. T\ Blauford, E-q. ~C], 
b. (J ad. sk. East of1872. 
Shiraz, June 4, W. T. Blanford, E*q. XV. 
c. Ad. sk. El Rahab, Sioaitic penisClaude 
W. Wyatt, Esq. 
sula. 'P.". 

2, Scotocerca sahaxae, 

Malurus sakarse, Loche, Hev. ei Mag. de Zool. 1858, p. 303, pL ad. 
%.2. 
Brvmoica striaticeps, Tristr. IMs71859, pp. 58 & 419; Gray. Hand4, 

&i . p. 199, no. 2782 (1869). 
Drynioica saliarae, Loehe} Expl. ScL de VAigSrie, OU. p. 253 11387), 
Dryinoeca striaticeps, Blanf. Ibis, lB74f p. 7U. 

Adult. General colour above ashy isabelline, with indistinct 
brown centres, forming a slightly streaked appearance, a little more 
distinct on the head ; wing-coverts and quills pale brown, margined 
with isabelline; upper tail-coverts like the back; centre tail-
feathers light brown in the centre, washed externally w ith pale 
isabelline, remainder of the feathers dark brown, broadly edged with 
isabelline, the outer feathers tipped with a spot of white and edged 
externally with white ; lores and a distinct eyebrow pale isabelline ; 
in front of the eye a black spot, as also a small blaefc streak above 
the ear-coverts; ear-coverts pale isabelline; cheeks, throat, and 
under surface white; a very faint line of black separating the cheeks 
from the throat; on the fore neck a few dusky spots; sides of the 
body, flanks, and thighs isabelline, streaked with pale rufous on the 
Hanks, and with brown on the sides of the breast; under wing-
coverts and axillaries isabelline; quills below light brown, inner 

5 . SUTORIA. 
215 

edges pale isabelline. Total length 4-2 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 
1-85, tarsus 0-8. 6 
Obs. This is a form of S. inquieta, rather more vinous isabelline 
than the latter and not so ashy in colour; all the tints clearer, especially 
on the flanks, which are more rufescent than in the above-
named bird; the streaks on the throat, too, are less distinct in 

S. 
saharce, and are in fact nearly obsolete. 
Hob. Southern Algeria, in the Sahara near the Mzab country. 
a. <$ ad. sk. Algeria (Loche). M. Verreaux. 
5. STJTORIA. 
Type. 

Sutoria, Nicholson, P. Z, S. 1851, p. 195 .. S. sutoria. 

Tail of Sutoria sutoria. 
Range. The whole of India and Ceylon; Burmese countries, extending 
down the Malayan peninsula to Java ; South China. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Ear-coverts uniform, whitish, or ashy, or light \ sutoria, p. 215. 
brown I edela, p. 218. 
b. Ear-coverts mottled with whitish ovate streaks maculicollis, p. 218. 
1. Sutoria sutoria. 
Motacilla sutoria, Forster, Ind. Zool. p. 17, pi. 8 (1781); Gm. Syst. 
JMrf.i.p.997(1788). rr 
Le petit Eiguier a longue queue de la Chine, Sown. Voy. Ind. n. 

p. 206 (1782). 
Long-tailed Warbler, Lath. Gen. Sm. ii. part 2, p. 501 (1783). 
Tailor Warbler, Lath. t. c. p. 515 (1783). 
Motacilla longicauda, Gm. S. N. i. p. 954 (1788). 
Sylvia longicauda, Lath, Ind. On. ii. p. 545 (1790). 
Sylvia sutoria, Lath. t. c. p. 551 (1790). 
Sylvia gnzurata, Lath. t. c. p. 554 (1790). 
Orthotonus bennetti, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 90; Lafr. Mag. de 
216 
TIMETJTBM 

Zool. 1836, pis. 52, 53; ford. Madr. Journ. xL p. 1 (1840); Gray, 
Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 63 (1846). 
Orthotomus lingoo, Syhes, P. Z, S. 1832, p. 90; Lafr. Mag, de Zool 

1836, pi. 53. 
Sylvia ruficapilla, Sutton, J. A. S. Beng. ii. p. 504 (1833). 
Orthotomustophenurus; Swains. An. in Menag. p. 343 (1837). 
Malurus longicaudus, Pears. J. A. S. Beng. x. p. G44 (1841). 
Orthotomus longicauda, Strickl. Ami. Nat. Hist, xlii p. 35 (1844) ; 

Bh/th, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 377 (1844); Gray. Gen. B. I p. 162 
(1848); Blyth, Oat. B. Mm. As. Soe.^.lU (1S40|; Tickdl, J. 

A. 8. Beng. xvii. p. 298 (1848); Mutton, op. cit xvii. part 2, 
p. 691 (184S); Bp. Consp. i. p. 231 (1550): Bayard. Ann. N. H (2) 
xii. p. 262 (1853): Moore, P. Z. S. 1554, p. SI: Horsf. <v Moore, 
Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. I p. 317 (1854); Jerd. B. Tad. ii. p. 165 
(1808); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 105, no. 2687 fl5t)9); Godw.Austen, 
J. A. S.B. xxxix. p. 271 (1870); Btmif. op. cit xl p. 273 
(1871); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 351: Holder. P. Z. S. 1872, 
p. 455; Gould, B. Asia, ft. xxv. (1573); Adam, Sir. F. 1873, 
p. 381; Hume, t c. p. 194; Ball, Sfr. F. 1574, p. 414; Hume, t e. 
p. 478; id. Nests # Eggs Pud. B. ii. p. 331 118741; id. Sfr. F. 
1875, p. 136; Butler, Str. F. 1875, p. 479; Bacid # Outlet, Ois. 
Chine,?. 291 (18771. 
Orthotomus 
Jautoriu*, Hodgs. in. Gray's Zool. Misr. p. 82 11544); 
Wald. in Blyth's B. Burm. p. 120, note 115751; Shnrpp, Ibis, 
1877, p. 109 • Fairb. Str. F. 1877, p. 406; Hrr„if> «y Dm;i\<m, Sfr. 

F. 1^78, p. 345; Leqqe, B. Ceylon, p. 51*» \ 187i* ; Hnnv. Sfr. F. 
1^79, vol. viii. p. 101; faulty, t. e. p. 305: Oafe,% Sfr. F. H82, 
p. 219. 
Orthotomus ruficapillust Hodgs. in Grays Zool. Misc. p. 82 f 1844j. 
Orthotomussphenurus, Hodgs. in Grays Zool. Mist. p. 82 ''1344J, 
Orthotomus sutoria, Hodgs!P. Z. S. 1*545, p. 20. 
Orthotomus patia, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 20. 
Sutoria agilis, Nichols. P. Z. S. 1851. p. 195, 
Orthotomus phvllorrhapheus, Swinh. Ibis, 1800, p. 49: Gray, Hand-l. 
B. i. p. 195, no. 2689 (1869), 
Orthotomus edela, Blyth, B. Burin, p. 120 (1875, nee Temm.). 
Adult male. General colour above bright olive-green ; crown of 
head pale brick-red, shading off into brown on the nape; wings 
pale brown, the feathers edged with the same green as the back, 
the primaries with paler brown; tail olive-brown with greener 
margins to the feathers, which are tipped with yellowish, having, 
under a strong light, a scarcely perceptible darker subterminal shade 
of brown; lores, eyebrow, sides of face, and entire under surface of 
body yellowish white, the ear-coverts shaded with brown ; thighs 
tawny buff; under wing-coverts whitish, with a slight wash of 
yellowish and pale rufous on the lower series, the edging to the 
inner web of the quills also of the latter colour; 4*hill blackish 
brown above, pale fleshy beneath; irides yellow, golden buff, or 
orange; feet reddish fleshy; claws grey or pale yellowish homy " 

(J. Scully): "irides reddish yellow; the eyelids grey, but their 
edges reddish yellow; the upper mandible dark homy, the lower 
pale whitish fleshy; the inside of the mouth pale whitish fleshy ; 
legs rufous fleshy\ 'claws pale brown n (E. Gates). Total length 
5-4 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 1-95, tail 2*05, tarsus 0*75, 
5 . STTTOBIA. 
217 
In Ceylonese lairds the soft parts axe given by Capt. Vincent 
Legge as follows:—"Iris pale reddish; eyelid rufescent yellow; 
bill fleshy, with dusky culmen; legs and feet fleshy reddish or 
flesh-eolour.'7 Dr. Jerdon had an idea that the Tailorbirds from 
Ceylon were different from Indian specimens; but Capt, Legge 
carefully went into the subject in his ' Birds of Ceylon/ and found 
certain slight differences, but not enough to constitute specific 
characters. See his remarks (t c. p. 518). 

Adult female. Very similar to the male in plumage, but smaller 
and with a shorter tail, the two centre tail-feathers not being 
produced. Total length 3*8 inches, cuimen 0*55, wing 1*65, tail 
1*25, tarsus 0*75. 

Young. Yery like the adult female, but with the head entirely 
dull rufous, the general plumage more fluffy, the upper tail-coverts 
rufescent. 

Hah. Occurs throughout India and Ceylon, both on the hills and in 
the plains, breeding in both situations and ranging as high as from 
3000 to 4000 feet. WestTv ards it extends into Scinde, and eastwards 
through the Burmese countries to South China, where it occurs 
from Canton to Foochow, as well as in the Chinese islands of 
Formosa and Hainan. Mr. Blyth also gave the range of this bird 
as extending to Singapore; but this wants confirmation, and the 
Malayan species is no doubt O. maeuJieolIis. 

a. Ad.; b. Juv. sk. Ceylon. 
F. D. Godman and O. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
c, d. Ad. sk. Madras. Sir W. Elliot [P.]. 


e. Ad. sk. Madras. Dr. Jerdon [P.]. 
/. £ ad. sk. Madras (Jerdon). Gould Collection. 
g. Ad. sk. Deccan (St/kes). India Museum. 
(Type of 0. bennetti.) 
h. Ad. sk. Deccan (%kes). India Museum. 
'ype of 0. Ungoo.) 
{.Ad. sk. Khandeish. dia Museum. 
k. Ad. sk. Dacca (Tytler). India Museum. 
/; m. Ad. sk. Behar. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Nepal. B, H. Hodgson, Esq. 


sk. 
s, t. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 


v. 
2 ad. sk. Residency Grounds, Nepal, Dr. J. Scully [P.]. 
Au^. 80, 1877. 
v. Ad. sk. Darjiling. W. Fotheringham. E^q. 
[0.]. 
w. 
<$ ad. sk. Pegu, April 3,1881. Eugene "W. Oates, Esq. 
[C.]. 
x. 
$ ad. sk. Lower Pegu, July 19,1879. Eugene W. Oates, Esq. 
[C.]. 
y. Ad. sk. Tenasserim (Heifer). India Museum. 
Tenasserim. J. C. D. Packman, Esq. 
[P.]. 

z. Ad. sk. 
a'. Ad. sk. Amoy, China. B. Swinhoe, Esq. [0.]. 

V. Ad. sk, Amoy (22. JSwinhoe). F. D. Godman and 0. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
218 Timi/rms, 
er . Ad. sk. Amoy (P. Switzhoe)* Gould Collection. 
d', e'. f. Ad. sk. FoMen. Gould Collection. 
g\ Ad. sk.
&'. Ad. sk. 
Hongkong (J*. Reeves). 
Himalayas. 
Gould Collection. 
Gould Collection. 

2. Sutoria edela. 
Motacilla sepiirm, Paffl. Tr. Linn, Soe. ariii. p. 313 (1820, nee 

Horsf.). 
Edela ruficeps, Xesa. Cent. Zool. p. 212, pi 71 f nee Less. TraiU, p. 309), 
Orthotomus edela, Temm. PL Col. ill. pi. oOO.fisr.2 flSSU); Gray 

6te». JB. i. p. 102 (1548); Bh/fh, Cat. B. Mm. As. Sue. p. 144 
(1849) ; Bp. Gump, i. p. 282 (1850i; Moore. P. Z. S. 1554. p. 79: 
Horsf. £ Moore, Cat. B. Ed. Co. Mus. i p. 314 I1S.J4| / Gray. 
Hand-L B. i. p. 195, no. 26S3 f 1500j: Waidea in Blyth\ B. Burm* 

p. 120 (1875) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1S77, p. 112. 
A very doubtful species, of which I have seen three specimens. It 
only differs from 8. sutoria in having the lores and feathers round 
the eye rufous Ilk© the crown. Total length 4 inches, culmen. 0-6, 
wing" 1*65, tail 1*45, tarsus 3*75. 

Hah. Java. 

a. Ad. sk. Java. Marquis of Tweeddale 'P.], 
h. Ad. sk. Java. Purchased. 
3. Sutoria macnlicollis. 
Orthotomus maculicollis, P. Moore, P. Z. & 18-54, p. 309; Grayf 
Handrl. B. Lp. 193, no. 2200 (Ibm); Sharpe, Bm7 1877, p. 118; 
Hume, Sir. F. vii. p. 452 (1678); irh Str% F. 157i\ p. 04. 

Orthotomus huegelii. Pelz. Sitz. k, Alzad. Wita, xxiv. p. 3ti9 \ 1857); 
Gray, HamI4, B, L p. 195, no. 2005 11^001; Sharp*, Mis, 1877, 

p. 110. 
Adult (type of species). General colour above olive-green; 
wings brown, the least wing-coverts edrj;ed with olive-green, the 
greater series with brownish olive; tail brown, undulated under 
certain lights, the feathers margined with olive-green ; crown of 
head rufous, the occiput and hind neck rather ashy brown ; feathers 
in front of and behind the eye huffy whitLh ; ear-coverts and sides 
of neck blackish brown, with distinct longitudinal streaks of white; 
cheeks and under surface of body white, the throat purest, the breast 
somewhat tinged with buff; flanks dull olive ; sides of upper breast 
dark grey; under wing-coverts and edge of wing light buff, slightly 
washed with olive-yellow ; quills below ashy brown, with a tawny 
buff edging along the inner web. Total length 4-3 inches, culmen 
0*55, wing 1*8, tail 1-7, tarsus 0*8. (Mm* Derb*, hiverp.) 

Hal. Malayan peninsula. 

a. IS] ad. sk. Malacca (Cantor), India Museum. 
b. J ad. sk. Lumeet, Itfngding river, W. DarUoxi, Esq. 
Maiavan peninsula. Feb. 20. fC.l 
1870; 
6. OBTHOTOMUS. 219 
Orthotomus, HEdela, Lesson,
6. ORTHOTONUS*. 
orsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 165 (18 
Traite ffiOrn. p. 309 (1831)
Type. 
20).. 0. sepiurn. 
O.ruficeps. 

Cf. Lafresn. Mag. de Zool. 1836, pis. 51, 52, 53 ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, 
pp. 78-82; Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, pp. 108-116. 

Bill of Ortkotomus cineraceus. 

Range. From the Burmese countries down the Malayan peninsula 
to Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and the Philippines. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
"Wings externally greenish or olive-yellow or 
grey, never rufous. 
a't Chin white or buffy white. 
a". Mantle green or olive yellowish. 
a'". No black throat-spot. 
aK Forehead rufous like the hinder 
part of the crown ; no grey on head atrigularis J , p. 221. 
b4: Forehead rufous, the hinder part of 
the head grey, as well as the nape . frontalis, p. 220. 
b'". 
With a more or less distinct throat-
spot. 


64. Smaller; head chestnut; cheeks and 
sides of face white ; upper margin 
of ear-coverts chestnut atrigularis S, P« 221. 
dA. Larger; ear-coverts with a pure 

white spot. 

a5. Head grey 
cinereiceps, p. 222. 

b5. Head black 
nigriceps, p. 222. 

b". Mantle grey ; head chestnut. 

c'". 
Tail olive-brown, with yellow margins 

and a blackish subterminal spot on 

all the feathers 
castaneiceps, p. 223. 

d'". 
Tail chestnut. 
e4. Wing-feathers externally olive-
green derbianus, p. 224. 
/*. Wing-coverts and quills externally 
grey like the back rytfk&>h P* ^4. 

* The following species I have not succeeded in identifying:— 
ORTHOTONUS LONGIROSTRIS. 

Orthotomus longirostris, Swains. An. in Menag. p. 343; Gray, Gen. B. 

i. p. 162; Bp. Consp. i. p. 282; Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 80; Horsf. # 
Moore, Cat. i. p. 315, note; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 195, no. 2693; Sharpe, 
Ibis, 1877, p. 116. 
Cinereous; beneath whitish; head, chin, and thighs ferruginous; throat 
black ; tail brownish, graduated; the latter with dusky black ends, tipped with 
whitish. (MILS. Paris.) 

Probably 0. cineraceus, Blyth; but the description does not agree exactly. 

220 
TIMELIIDiB. 

V. Chin black, like the throat 
c". Head grey cinereiceps $, p. 222. 
d". Head black nigriceps <$, p. 222. 
c'. Oliin cinnamon, like the sides of the face. 
e". Back grey, as also the throat and sides of 
the body ; middle of abdomen white . . cmeraceas, p. 225. 

f". 
Back greenish; throat grey; sides of -~~ 
body greenish ; centre of breast and abdomen 
yellowish . sepinm, p. 227. 

b. Wings entirely rufous; head like back, vinaceous 
grey or ashy, washed sometimes with 
rufous . .* ". erytliropterus, p. 228. 
1. Orthotomus frontalis. 
Orthotomus frontalis, Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 112, pi. ii. fig. 1 • id. 
Trans. Linn. Soc. new series, Zool. i. p. 336 (1877) ; Tioeedd. 

P. Z. & 1877, p. 828,1878, pp. Ill, 710, 950. 
Adult male (type of species). General colour above olive-green, 
the wing-coverts coloured like the back; quills dark brown, externally 
edged with the same green as the back, the innermost 
secondaries exactly like the latter; tail olive-brown, with dusky 
undulations in certain lights, the feathers edged with bright olive-
yellow and tipped with whity brown, before which is an indistinct 
subterminal shade of darker brown ; forehead and a narrow 
superciliary line bright chestnut; crown, nape, and sides of neck 
ashy grey ; lores fulvescent; sides of face whitish, the ear-coverts 
shaded with ashy grey ; cheeks and entire throat silky white; rest 
of under surface of body creamy white, the flanks pale greenish 
yellow; thighs tawny ; " iris light hazel" (J. B. Steere) ; bill 
dark brown, mandible white; legs light transparent brown; iris 
clay-brown" (A. Everett). Total length 3*7 inches, culmen 0*55, 
wing 1*6, tail 1-5, tarsus 0*75. (Mus. J. B. Steere.) 
Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male. Total length 
4 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 1-65, tail 1*3, tarsus 0*7. (Mus. R. 6% 
Wardlaw Ramsay.) 
Young female. Differs from the male in wanting the particoloured 
head, which is only a shade darker olive-green than the back ; the 
subterminal mark on the tail very much more pronounced than in 
the adult male; entire under surface of body silky white. Total 
length 3*7 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 1*75, tail 1*6, tarsus 0-75. 
Hob. Confined to the Philippine archipelago, where it is at present 
known from the islands of Mindanao, Dinagat, Basilan, and Bohol. 

a. Juv. sk. Basilan. 
Prof. J. B. Steere [O.]. 
ac^ s^'

b, c. $ 2 Zamboanga, Mindanao Capt. GK R. Wardlaw 

(A. Everett). Ramsay. 
d. $ 
ad. sk. Dinagat, June 1877 Capt. G\ R. Wardlaw 
(A. Everett). Ramsay. 
2. Orthotomus atrigularis. 
Orthotomus atrigularis, 
Temm. PI. Col iii. texte to livr. 101 (1836) ; 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 162 (1848); Bp. Consp. i. p. 232 (1850) ; 

6. OETHOTOMUS. 
221 

Moore, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 78; Horsf. 8r Moore, Cat. B. F.I Co, 

Mus. i. p. 316, note; Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 195, no. 2691 (1869); 

Salvad. UGC. Bom. p. 249 (1874)• Sharye, Ibis, 1877, pp. 16,113 • 

Hume 8? Davison, Str. F. 1878, vol. vi. p. 345; Hume, Str. F. 

1879, pp. 64,101• Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 259; Oates, Str. F. 1882, 

p. 219. 
Orthotonras Havoviridis, Moore, P. Z. S.1854, p. 72 • Horsf. § Moore, 
Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 314 (1854) ; Gray, Hand-l B. i. 

p. 195, no. 2686 (1869) j Walden in BlytKs B. Burm. p. 121 (1875). 
Orthotonus nitidus, Hume, Str. F. 1874, pp. 478, 507,1875, p. 325. 
Adult male. General colour above yellowish green, the wings 
dark "brown, all the feathers edged with the same colour as the back, 
the edge of the wing bright lemon-yellow ; upper tail-coverts brighter 
and more yellowish green than the back; tail-feathers dull brown, 
shaded with green and edged with yellowish green, the tips pale yellow, 
but with no subterminal dark bar; crown of head light bay, as well 
as the feathers round the eye; ear-coverts uniform ashy whitish; 
cheeks and throat dull white, somewhat mottled with black, where 
the bases show through; lower throat entirely Mack, forming a large 
patch, the plumes of the lower part of which are longitudinally 
streaked with silky white; rest of under surface of body silky white, 
washed with grey on the sides of the upper breast, the sides of the 
body dull greenish, the under tail-coverts pale yellow, thighs yellowish 
tawny; under wing-coverts pale yellow, the lower ones 
white; under surface of quills pale brown, edged with whitish along 
the inner web; bill in skin pale brown, the under mandible lighter 
and more yellow; legs dark brown, the toes much paler. Total 
length 4-2 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 1*75, tail 1*65, tarsus 0*75. 

The birds which I take to be the adidt female of this species 
agree in most respects with the male, but want the black throat. 
The tail-feathers also show a very distinct subterminal bar of blackish 
brown, which is scarcely visible in the males. I am disposed, however, 
to consider this character of small importance, as it seems not 
only to vary in individuals from the same locality, but even to depend 
somewhat on the fresh state of the feather. A female from 
Malacca (Wallace; mus* Jl Gould) measures as follows—Total 
length 3*5 inches, ctilmen 0*6, wing 1-5, tail 1*45, tarsus 0*7. 

§ 9>

A specimen marked " by Mr. Davison, collected at Slang in 

Salangore, has some black on the fore neck; but as none of the others 

except Mr. Inglis's Dilkoosha specimen have any black on the fore 

neck, there may have been some mistake in sexing the specimen. 

The last-named specimen is more ashy black, and not such a deep 

black on the throat as in Bornean and Malaccan examples • the chest 

has several longitudinal drops of white, very distinctly pronounced. 

The same ashy blackish shade is perceptible in Mr. Oates's Pegu 

specimens. 

Hab. Borneo and Sumatra, extending throughout the Malayan 

peninsula to British $urmah. 

a, b. $ ad. sk. Lumbidan, N. W. Borneo. Governor Ussher [0.1 

c, d. S $ ad. sk. Bhituhi, W. Borneo. Alfred Everett, Esq. [C.1 

e. Ad. sk. Sumatra. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.J. 
222 
TIMELIIM. 

ff q. S ad. sk. Malacca. India Museum. (Types 
of O.fiavoviridis.) 
h S ad. sk. Malacca. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.1. 

i. [ 2 ] ad. sk. Malacca. 
Hugh Cuming Esq. [O.J. 
h. J ad. sk. Malacca (A. It. Wallace). Gould Collection. 
/. 
$ ad. sk. Klang, Salangore, Malay W*. Davison, Esq. [C.]. 
peninsula, March 0,1879. 


m. (S ad. sk. Pido Penang. M. Verreaux. 
7i. [ 5 ] ad. sk. Singapore. Gould Collection. 
o. cS ad. sk. Lower Pegu, Aug. 21, 1879. Eugene W. Gates, Esq. 
p. 
J ad. sk. Zeinnanein, 20 miles N. of Eugene W. Oates, Esq. 
Pegu, June 27, 1877. 
q. tf juv. sk. Pegu, July 15, 1880. Eugene W. Oates, Esq. 
r. 
P ad. sk. Saujewah, Pegu, June 7, Eugene W. Oates, Esq. 
1870. 
8. 2 ad. sk. Dilkoosha, Oachar, May 23, J. Inglis, Esq. [O.I.] 
1879. 
3. Ortlxotomus cinereiceps. 
Orthotomus cinereiceps, Sharpe, Ihis, 1877, p. 113, pi. ii. fig, 2; id. 
Tr. Linn. Soc, new series, Zool i. pp. 337, 352 (1877). 
Adult male (type of species). General colour above olive-green; 
wing-coverts and quills dark brown, all the feathers broadly edged 
with the same colour as the back, the greater coverts margined and 
tipped with brighter yellow; tail dark brown, narrowly tipped with 
brighter yellow, but without any darker subterminal bar; head 
dark ashy grey, the lores fulvescent; sides of face and a malar stripe 
blackish grey ; ear-coverts white ; chin and sides of tipper throat 
white; centre of throat and jugulum black, forming a large patch ; 
fore neck, sides of body, flanks, under tail-coverts, and thighs bright 
olive-green, the latter slightly tinged rufous; under wing-coverts 
yellowish, the edge of the wing bright yellow ; " iris light hazel" 

(J. B. Steere). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 1*85, tail 
1-9, tarsus 0*9. (Mus. J. B. Steere.) 
Capt. Wardlaw Eamsay has kindly lent me the pair of birds shot 
at Zamboanga by Mr. A. Everett. The female agrees in plumage 
with the type; but the male has the lores, sides of face, and entire 
throat black, leaving only the ear-coverts white. The head is 
slightly washed with blackish, showing an approach to 0. nigriceps. 
Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 1*85, tail 2-15, tarsus 
0*9. The measurements agree almost exactly with those of the type. 
The female collected by Mr. Everett, which answers in plumage to 
the typical specimen, measures—total length 4*7 inches, culmen 
0-65, wing 1-8, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*8. 

Hah. Islands of Mindanao and Basilan in the Philippine archipelago. 


4. Orthotomus nigriceps. 
Orthotomus nigriceps, Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 828, pi. lxxxv.; 
Wardlaw Ramsay, Orn. Works Ttveedd. pp. 554, 658 (1881). 

Adult (type of species). General colour above olive-yellow; lesser 
wing-coverts like the back; median and greater coverts, bastard wing 

6, oETHOToaitrs, 

223 

and primary-coverts blackish brown, tipped and edged with, lighter 
yellow; quills dark brown, externally edged with yellow, brighter on 
inner secondaries and inclining to yellowish white at tip; upper 
tail-coverts rather browner, washed with olive-yellow; tail-feathers 
brown, narrowly edged with olive-yellow; crown of head, occiput, 
and nape black; lores, eyebrow, and feathers round the eye white; 
the hinder eyelid a little mixed with blackish ; ear-coverts black, 
mottled with white near the eye; cheeks white, narrowly edged 
with black; throat, fore neck, and breast white, mottled with black 
bases; abdomen yellowish white ; sides of body, flanks, and under 
tail-coverts olive-yellow; thighs somewhat washed with tawny; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries olive-yellow, with dusky brown 
bases ; edge of wing bright yellow; quills below brown; inner edge 
of quills paler; "bill black, mandible white; legs pale brownish; 
iris clay-brown " (A. Everett). Total length 4*6 inches, culmen 0*6, 
wing 1*7, tail 1*5, tarsus 0*85. 

The type specimen appears to me to be not thoroughly mature, 
as the throat in full-plumaged birds is doubtless entirely black as 
in 0. cinerezcejjs. The black head, however, is a character which is 
very strongly pronounced, and seems to point it out as a very distinct 
species. 


Hah. Island of Mindanao, Philippine archipelago. 

5. Orthotomus eastaneiceps. 
Orthotonus 
castaneiceps, Walden, Ann. § Mag. J\r. H. (4) x. p. 252 
(1872); id. Tr. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 195 (1875); Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, 

p. 114; id. Tr. Linn. Soc. new series, Zool I pp. 337, 352 (1877) ; 
Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 546, 1878, p. 286. 
Adult. Crown of head and nape, lores, and feathers below the 
eye bright chestnut; sides of face white, the upper margin of the 
ear-coverts chestnut; interscapular}' region dark slaty grey, gradually 
shading off into olive-green, which is the colour of the rest of 
the back and scapulars; greater wing-coverts and quills dark brown, 
all the feathers externally washed with bright olive-yellow; tail-
feathers brown, margined narrowly with bright yellow, the ends of 
the rectrices dull yellowish, with a subterminal mark of blackish 
brown, becoming more distinct on the outer feathers; under surface 
of body silky white, the abdomen slightly washed with fulvous, the 
sides of the upper breast greyish; sides of body and under tail-
coverts olive-greenish; thighs light tawny; under wing-coverts 
silky white, washed with yellow, brighter on the edge of the wing; 
bill dark horn-brown, the lower mandible much paler; legs fleshy 
yellow (in skin). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2*1, tail 
2*15, tarsus 0*9. (Coll J. B. Bteere). 

The type, an adult male, has the following measurements:— 
Total length 4*7 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2-05, tail 2, tarsus 0*9. 
A female from Valencia, Negros, measures :—Total length 5 inches, 
culmen 0*7, wing 1*95, tail 2*05, tarsus 0*95. 

Hal* Islands of Guimaras, IsTegros, and Panay, in the Philippine 
archipelago. 

224 
T1MXLIID.T3. 

a. 
$ ad. sic. Ilo-Ilo, Panay (J. Murray). Voyage of H.M.S. 
' Challenger.' 
b. <$ acl. sk. Valencia, Negros, Aug. 1877 Capt. K. G. Ward(
A. Everett), 
law Ramsay. 
6, Orthotonus derbianus. 

Orthotonus derbianus, Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 309, pi. lxxvi.; 
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 195, no. 2090 (1869) ; Walden, Tr. Z. 8. 

k.p . 195 (1875); 87iarpe, IMs, 1877, p. 114; Txoeedd. P. Z. S. 
1877, p. 097. 
Adult. Above grey; the head bright chestnut; least wing-coverts 
grey like the back; the rest of the wing-coverts olive-yellow, with 
concealed brownish bases ; the quills dull brown, externally washed 
with olive-yellow, these margins becoming much narrower towards 
the tips of the quills; tail-feathers pale chestnut-brown, marked 
with grey towards the base of the feathers, which have narrow 
paler tips; lores pale chestnut; sides of face and under surface of 
body dull white, the feathers all margined with greyish, producing 
a streaked appearance everywhere, excepting on the lower flanks, 
which are more uniformly greyish, and on the centre of the abdomen, 
which is entirely white ; thighs chestnut; under wing-coverts 
and edge of the wing whitish, slightly washed with yellow ; " bill 
sepia or dark brown, the under mandible grey ; legs and claws clear 
or transparent brown ; iris bright clay-brown " (A. Everett). Total 
length b'2 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 1*95, tail 2*05, tarsus 0-7. 

An adult male from Monte A3 ban, Luzon (A. Everett) measures 
as follows:—Total length 4*9 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 1-95, tail 
2*05, tarsus 0-8. {Mus. B. G. Wardlaw-Ramsay.) 


Hah. Island of Luzon. 

a. Ad. sk. Philippine Islands. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Manila. 
Gould Collection. 
7. Orthotonus ruficeps. 
Edela ruficeps, Lesson, TraiU d'Orn. p. 309 (1881, nee Less. Cent. 
Zool pi. 71). 
Orthotomus sexiceus, Temm. PI Col. texte to livr. 101 (1836) ; Gray, 

Gen. B. i. p. 162 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 282 (1850). 
Orthotomus edela, Blyth, Cat B. Mus. As. 8oc. p. 144(1849). 
Orthotomus ruficeps, Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 79; Horsf. fy Moore, 

Cat B. EL Co. Mus. i. p. 316 (1854) ; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 195, 
no. 2685 (1869); Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 248 (1874); Sharps, Ibis, 
1877, p. 114; id. Tr. Linn. Soc. new series, Zool. i. pp. 337, 352 
(1877); Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 619 ; Hume $ Davison, 8tr. F. 
1878, vol. vi. p. 346; Hume, 8tr. F. 1879, pp. 64,101; Sharpe, 

P. Z. S.1879, p. 341,1881, p. 798. 
Adult. General colour above ashy brown, inclining to clearer 
ashy grey on the rump; wing-coverts and quills brown, edged with 
ashy grey, the outer coverts and quills slightly washed with rufoip 
towards the tip of the outer webs, all the inner webs broadly edged 
with rufous; upper tail-coverts dull rufescent brown j tail-feathers 

6. ORTHOTOMUS. 
225 

chestnut-rufous, the centres of all of them brown for nearly their 
basal half ; head and nape bright chestnut, including also the lores; 
rest of sides of face yellowish buff, the upper margin of the ear-
coverts bright chestnut like the crown; entire under surface of body 
yellowish buff, clearer fulvous on the flanks and under tail-coverts, 
the sides of the upper breast washed with greyish brown; thighs 
chestnut; under wing-coverts fulvous, the outermost of the lower 
series bright chestnut; iris yellow. Total length 4*9 inches, culmen 
0*75, wing 2*05, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*9. 

The following measurements taken from Tenasserim specimens 
are given by Mr. Hume (7. c.) :— 

Males. Total length 5*12-5*2 inches, expanse $-5, tail from vent 
1*5-1*75, wing 1*82-2*0, tarsus 0*8-0*85, bill from gape 0*75-0*8. 
Females. Length 5 inches, expanse 6*2, tail from vent 1*4, wing 

1*82, tarsus 0*8, bill from gape 0*8. 

The colours of the soft parts in the males were not recorded. 
Both females had the lower mandible fleshy pink; upper mandible 
horny brown. One female had the legs and feet fleshy pink; the 
other had the feet, claws, and back of tarsi fleshy, front of tarsi pale 
brown ; in one the irides were salmon, in the other deep brown. 

Young. Browner above than the adults, the sides of the face and 
underparts yellowish buff; throat white* sides of crown brick-red, 
but the centre of the head and the nape brown like the back ; tail-
feathers reddish brown, paler at the tips, and all except the outermost 
blackish in the centre of the feathers, gradually deepening in 
intensity towards the tip and becoming subterminally much darker. 

Hab. The Indo-llalayan islands, having been found in Borneo, 
Sumatra, and the Philippine island of Palawan. It is also met 
with in the Malayan peninsula, and is a rare straggler into the 
southern boundary of Tenasserim. 

a. Ad. sk. Malacca. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
b. Ad. sk. Malacca. India Museum. 
c. $ ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk. 
Malacca. 
Sumatra. 
A. E. Wallace, Esq. [P.]. 
M. Verreaux. 
e. Ad. sk.
/ . Ad. sk,
g, L Ad. sk.
i. 2 ad. sk. 
Labuan. 
Sarawak. 
Lumbidan. 
Puerto Princesa, Palawan,
Dec. 1877 (A. Everett). 
Governor Usslier [C.l 
Henry Everett, Esq. [O.]. 
Hugh Low, Esq. [O.]. 
Capt. E. G. Wardlaw 
Ramsay. 

8. Orthotomus dneraceus. 
Orthotomus sepium, Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1836, pi. 51 (nee Horsf.). 

Orthotomus cineraceus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 489 (1845); id. 
Cat B. Mas. As. Soc. p. 144 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 282 (1850) ; 
Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 80; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. J5.I. Co. 
Mus. i. p. 315 (1854); Sclater, P. Z. S.1868, p. 215; Gray, Hand-l. 

B. i. p. 195, no. 2692 (1869) ; Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 248 (1874); 
Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 114; Tweedd t. c. p. 312; Hume, Str. F. 
1879, p. 64; Sharpe, F. Z. S. 1879, p. 341,1881, p. 798. 
Orthotomus borneonensis, Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 247 (1874) ; Shaiye. 
Ibis, 1876, p. 41, pi. ii.fig. 1; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv, 

p. 235 (1879). 
VOL. VII & 
226 TTMELUDJE. 

Adult male. General colour above clear ashy grey; the crown 

sides of head, including the cheeks, ear-coverts, and chin bright 

cinnamon-rufous, the hinder crown and occiput gradually shading 

off into brown as they approach the hind neck; throat, neck and 

undcrparts generally ashy grey; the centre of the abdomen and 

under tail-coverts pure white ; thighs deep cinnamon-rufous ; under 

wing-coverts washed with rufous, as also is the edge of the wino-• 

lower surface of quills dark brown, edged along the inner web with 

rufous white; wings above brown, somewhat washed with olive 

and not so grey as the back, the primaries narrowly edged with 

whity brown; tail light brown, with paler brown margins the 

outer feathers tipped with white, before which is a tolerably distinct 

subterminal bar of dark brown; bill in skin light horn-brown the 

under mandible paler and more yellowish; "legs pale warm 

brown ; iris naples yellow " (A. Everett). Total length 4*7 inches 

culmen 0*55, wing 1*85, tail 1-75, tarsus 0-75. ; 

Female. Differs from the adult male in being white below, without 

the grey throat, although indications of the latter are generally 

seen in the greyish shade more or less observable on the lower 

throat and sides of breast. The cinnamon-colour of the chin is also 

difficult to trace, being so faintly pronounced. 

Obs. In my opinion 0. bomeonensis, Salvad., is the fully adult 

male, and 0. cineraceus the female of the present species. The 

only female in the Museum, so determined by dissection is a 

Lombock skin of Mr. Wallace's, and this is whitish below- both 

grey- and white-breasted birds have also occurred together in the 

Bornean collections of Mr. Motley (Banjermassing) and Mr. Hu^h 

Low (M . Borneo). I feel the more certain, therefore, that the 

white-breasted birds are adult females, and not young birds as 

we have specimens of the latter in the Museum from Banjermassin* 

and they are different from the adult, resembling much more 0. sep mm 

in appearance. r 

Young. General colour above olive-brown; quills brown, exter


nally washed with olive-green; tail brown, tipped obscurely with 

whity brown, with a subterminal shade of black, scarcely forming 

a spot; ear-coverts pale rufescent; under surface of body dull 

yellowish white, the thighs obscure fawn-colour; centre of the 

body pale yellowish, the sides of the breast and flanks obscurely 

washed with greenish. y 

Hab. The islands of Sumatra and Borneo, extending also into 
the Malayan peninsula. Count Salvadori considers that the Sumatran 
bird is the same as the Bornean (0. bomeonensis, Salvad.).
agree with Lord Tweeddale, however, that neither can be separated 
from the Malaccan. 

a. Jun.sk. Malacca. Capt.StackliousePinwilirP 1 
b. <$ lmm. sk. Malacca (Wallace). Gould Collection. 
c. Ad. sk. Malacca (Cantor). India Museum. 
cl $ ad. sk. Sumatra. A. E. Wallace, Esq. TC. ] 
e. [?]ad. sk. Borneo. Purchased. 
f, ff-[d] ad. sk. NW. Borneo. Hugh Low, Esq C. 
L i i, h [ 2 ] ad. sk. N.W. Borneo. Hugh Low! Esq." fc'l 
/.' Juv. &£ N.W. Borneo. Hugh Low, Esq, 

"0. 

6. O&THOTOOTS. 
227 
m. 
<$ ad. sk. Jarnbusan, Borneo, Sept. Alfred Everett [0.1. 
18,1874. (Spec, figured in • Ibis/ 1870, I. c.) 
n. [$]ad. sk. Sarawak. Henry Everett, Esq. [0.]. 
°> P* [ <$ ^ ] ad. sk. Banjerrnassing (Motley). A. R. Wallace, Esq.. 
q. Juv. sk. Banjerrnassing (Motley), A. R. Wallace, Esq. 
r. Ad. sk. Cochin China. M. E. Pierre [P.], 
9. Orthotomus sepinm. 
Orthotormis sepium, JETorsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 166 (1820); Temm. 
PL Col iii. pi. 599. fig. 1 (1836); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 162 (1848); 
Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 145 (1840); Bp. Consp. i. p. 282 
(1850); Moore, P. Z. S.1854, p. 78; Horsf. §• Moore, Cat. B. B.I. 
Co. Mus. i. p. 314 (1854); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 195, no. 2682 
(1869); Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 115; Tweedd. t. c. p. 313: Nicholson, 
Ibis, 1879, p. 169. 

Adult male. General colour above dull grass-green; the forehead 
and sides of the head, including the ear-coverts and cheeks, as well 
as the chin pale cinnamon-rufous, the hinder part of the crown 
becoming gradually olive-brown, and shading off into the green of 
the back, causing the bird's neck to have a brownish shade; lower 
throat greyish black, forming a distinct patch; the fore neck and 
sides of neck dull greenish, shading off rather paler on the sides of 
the upper breast, where there are a few narrow white shaft-streaks ; 
rest of under surface of body pale yellowish, the flanks and sides of 
the body washed with green; thighs deep tawny ; under tail-coverts 
yellowish; under wing-coverts white, slightly washed with yellow, 
as also the edge of the wing; quills dark brown, edged with pale 
rufous white along the inner web; wings above dark brown, the 
feathers washed externally with the same green as the back, the 
primary-coverts and primaries outwardly margined with olivaceous; 
tail light, the feathers faintly edged with the same green as the 
back, and narrowly tipped with white, before which is a distinct 
broad subtermmal bar of blackish brown, less pronounced on the 
two centre feathers; " bill and feet pale dusky reddish; iris pale 
olive-brown" (Wallace). Total length 4*8 inches, culmen 0-6, 
wing 1-85, tail 2, tarsus 0*75. 

Young. Differs from the adult in being everywhere paler coloured, 
and in having the black throat-spot only indicated by a few greyish 
"black feathers. 

Obs. Both the birds marked females in the collection want the 
distinct black throat of the old male; but they appear to me to be 
young birds. It is just possible, however, that the old females do 
not have a very distinct patch on the throat, and that in this respect 
the young birds resemble them. The following measurements 
show some variation in the size of the species:— 

Total-
length. Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus, 
in. in. in. in. in. 

a. $ ad. E. Java ( Wallace) 4*8 
b. $ [juv.?]. ^.Jw& (Wallace) 4-3 
c. tf ail. W. Java 4*4 
0-6 
0-55 
0-55 
1-85 
1-8 
1-75 
2-0 
1-6 
1-8 
0-75 
0-75 
0-75 
d. Q [juv.?]. Java (Verreaux)
e. juv. Sumatra ( Verreaux),. 
4*1 
4-0 
0-55 
0-5 
1-75 
1*65 
1*6 
1-55 
0-75 
0-7 
a 2 

228 
TIMELIIDJE. 

The Sumatran specimen appears to bo smaller; but not being adult, 
it cannot bo compared with Ml-plumaged 0. sepium. 

Hah. Java, Madura, Sumatra, and Lombock. 

a, b. fc? 21 ad- sk. Java. Gould Collection. 

c. tf ad. &k. W. Java. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [0.1 
d, e. [ <S ];/.[$ ] "W. Java (J?. C. .^u - F. Nicholson, Esq. [P.]. 
ad. sk. * ton). 
g, h. <S 2 ad. sk. E. Java. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C ]. 

i. [ J juv.] sk. Java. Purchased. 
k. Ad." sk. Java (Br.Horsfield). India Museum. (Type of 
species.) 
I Ad. sic. Sumatra. M. Verreaux. 


2 acl sk

m.-- Lombock. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 

10. Orthotomus erythropterus. 
Drymoica 
erythroptera, Jard. Contr. Orn. 1849, p. 15, pi; Gray, 
Hand4. B. i. p. 199, no. 2787 (1869). 
Drymoeea erythroptera, Marti Orn. W.-Afr. p. 55 (1857): Sharpe, 
Ibis, 1870, p. 475; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 31 (1871). 
Drymoeea iodoptera, Heugl J. f. O. 18G4, p. 258$ id. Ibis, 1869, 

p. 93. 
Drymoica iodoptera, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 199, no. 2774 (1869). 
Cisticola iodoptera, Heugl. Ibis, 1869, p. 143; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr i 
p. 247 (1869). 
Cisticola erythroptera, Heugl Orn. KO.-Afr. i. p. 248 (1869). 
Cisticola rhodoptera, Shelley, Ibis, 1880, p. 333 ; id. P. Z. S. 1881, 
p. 572. 
Drymoeea pyrrhoptera, Eeichen. J.f. 0. 1882, p. 210. 
Adult. Above vinous grey, with a slight tinge of rufous^ the 

lower rump straw-yellow; upper tail-covcrts brick-red; scapulars 

grey like the back; wing-coverts bright brick-red; the quills sepia-

brown, the innermost secondaries paler brown, all the other quills 

externally edged with bright brick-red for about two thirds of their 

length; tail-feathers sepia-brown, with numerous dusky bars under 

certain lights, the middle feathers washed, the remainder edged, with 

rufous, all of them tipped with white, before which is a distinct 

subterminal bar of black; lores, feathers round the eye, and ear-

coverts grey ; cheeks and throat white, rest of the under surface 

bright straw-buff, deeper on the sides of the body, thighs, and 

under tail-coverts; centre of breast and abdomen whitish; under 

wing-coverts buff, the edge of the wings whitish; lower surface of 

the quills ashy brown, edged with rufous along the inner web ; bill 

black; feet yellowish (in skin). Total length 5-2 inches, culmen 

0-6, wing 2-1, tail 2-15, tarsus 0*8. 

Obs. The remains of rufous on the upper surface are probably 

either indications of young or of winter plumage, as one of the three 

specimens examined seems to be moulting from a rufous to a perfectly 

grey back. A female in Captain Shelley's collection, shot by 

him at Accra on the 15th of Pebruary, 1872, seems to be in full 

winter dress, being in the vinous stage, nearly uniform above, with 

the lores and ear-coverts grey. One feature about this bird is the 

7. PHYLLERGATES. 
229 

colour of the upper tail-coverts, which are deep orange-red, not 
brick-red. The type of D. pyrrhoptera, lent me by Dr. Peters 
from the Berlin Museum, is a bird changing from one plumage 
into the other, and has not yet got the brick-red upper tail-coverts 
of the old bird. Tail 2*15 inches. 

The type of 0. rhodoptera of Shelley is, I think, a young bird: 
it is dull ashy brown, dusky on the head and neck, lores and ear-
coverts ; the upper tail-coverts are brown like the back. I have now 
seen six specimens of this species, showing the gradations of plumage 
pretty satisfactorily; and it is not surprising, seeing how the 
bird varies, to find that its different changes have been considered 
to be specific characters. 

Hob. West Africa, on the Gold Coast. Interior of North-eastern 

Africa, extending into equatorial Africa and the interior of 
Zanzibar. 
a. Ad. sk. Fantee (Ussher). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
b. Ad. j c. Juv. sk. River Volta ( Ussher). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

7. PHYLLERGATES. 
W 


Bill of IPhyllergates coronate. 

Range, Mountains of Java and Sumatra. Tenasserim and Burmese 
hills, extending to the Eastern Himalayas. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Outer tail-feathers like the others, or at most 
minutely tipped with white on the inner web . . cucullatus, p. 229. 
b. Outer tail-feather with the inner web entirely 
white coronatuSj p. 230. 
1. Phyllergates cucullatus. 
Orthotomus cucullatus, Temm. JPl. Col. iii. pi. 599. fig. 2 (1836); 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 162 (1848): Bp. Consp. i. p. 282 (1850); 
Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 31; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. JE.I. Co. 
Mus. i. p. 315, note (1854) j Gray, Kand-l. B. i. p. 195, no. 2684 
(1869)j Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 115. 

Adult male. General colour above olive-green, a little brighter on 
the rump, the hind neck inclining to ashy brown ; the forehead and 
forepart of the crown bright orange; round the eye a tiny ring of 
whitish feathers; over the eye a narrow streak of bright yellow, 
forming a narrow eyebrow; sides of face silky white, the lores as 
well as the upper and hinder margin of ear-coverts dull greyish like 
the sides of the neck; throat and fore neck silky white, the rest of 
the under surface bright yellow, inclining to white in the centre of 
the breast; thighs externally olive, internally yellow like the rest 

230 TJLMELUDJG. 

of tho under surface ; under wing-coverts bright yellow, the lower 
ones whitish, like the inner edging of the quills, which are brown 
below ; wings above brown, the least series of coverts uniform witli 
ihe back, the greater coverts and the quills edged with olive-green 
tho primaries with brighter and slightly more yellowish green; tail 
brown, all tho feathers margined with olive-green ; no subterminal 
bar, and only a faint trace of a narrow little whitish spot near the 
tip of some of the outer feathers ; bill (in skin) dark horn-brown 
with a slightly paler shade at base of lower mandible; feet pale 
brown in skin. Total length 4*7 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 1-85, 
tail 2, tarsus 0*75. 

Hob. Java and Sumatra. 

a. <$ ad. sk. W. Java. A. 11. Wallace, Esq. [C.l 
b. Ad. sk. Ja\a. M. Verreaux. 
2. Phyllergates coronatus. 
Orthotonus coronatus, Jercl § Bh/th, P. Z. S. 1801, p. 200; Jerd. B 
Inch ii. p. 168 (1803); Gray, IIand-1. B. i. p. 195, no. 2688 (1869) ' 
Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B, xxx\iii. p. 107 (1870) ; Hume, Nests Sc 
Eggs 2nd. B. p. 334 (1873) ; Walden in Blyths B. Burm. p. 121 
(1875) j Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 115; Hume and Davison, titr, F 
1878, vol. vi. p. 340 j Hume, 6(tr. F. 1879, p. 101. 

Adult. General colour above olive-green, the rump and upper 
tail-coverts bright yellow; forehead and fore part of crown bright 
orange ; the nape greenish, the hind neck and sides of neck grey ; 
round the eye a tiny ring of yellow feathers, and above the eye a 
narrow and nearly concealed streak of bright yellow, forming an 
eyebrow ; lores and sides of face grey, the ear-coverts whitish on their 
lower margin, the cheeks, throat, and fore neck silvery white; rest 
of under surface bright yellow, including the thighs and under tail-
arid wingveoverts, the lower series of the latter whitish, like the 
inner edging of the quills, which are brown below; wings above 
brown, the coverts and quills all narrowly edged with the same 
green as the back; tail dark brown, the feathers narrowly edged 
with olive-green, the outermost feather white along the entire inner 
web, the penultimate white also for the greater part of its extent ; 
" bill above dark horny, the basal half of lower mandible yellowish; 
legs brownish white; iris brown" (R. G. WarcUaw Ramsay); "upper 
mandible, tip and edges of lower mandible along commissure black, 
rest of bill yellowish fleshy; legs and feet yellowish fleshy; iris 
brown" (Davison). Total length 4 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 1-9, 
tail 1*8, tarsus 0-8. 

Hah. Eastern Himalayas, where it occurs in the warmer valleys 
and plains below Darjiling, and in Nepal. Further east it is found 
on the hills of North Cachar and the Tsankoo hills in Eurmah at 
an elevation of 3000 feet. It also extends into the Tenasserim hills. 

a, I, c. Ad. sk. Darjiling. Dr. Jerdon [P.]. 
d. Ad. sk.
e. tf ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk. 
Kkasia hills {Jerdon). 
Sikkrm, Dec, 1873 (Z. Mandetti). 
Nepal.
(Type of species.) 
Gould Collection. 
A. O. Hume, Esq. 
Gould Collection. 

9 . SPIL0P1ILA. 
231 
8. 
THAM2TOEBIS. 
Type. 
Thamnornis, Mihie-Edioards 8f Grandid. in Grand. 
Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois. p. 335 (1881) T. chloropetoides. 

This genus, which, is allied to the Tailorbirds and Prinice, is 
characterized by its long, pointed and strongly compressed bill, with 
the edge sharp and slightly inflected, not hooked, furnished at the 
"base with some little soft hairs. (The bill recalls that of Aedon 
familiaris; that of Orthotomus is straighter and more compressed; 
these latter birds have, on the other hand, the tail otherwise formed 
and marked with dark spots at the tips of the tail-feathers.) The 
nostrils opening in a linear cleft, with a superior cutaneous membrane 
covered with small feathers; the wings small, with the first 
quill decidedly short, the second strikingly longer, the third nearly 
twice the length of the first, and the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh 
subequal; the tail rather long, narrow and much rounded, wiii 
the tail-feathers decidedly pointed; the feet small and feeble, with 
the tarsus scutellated in front. (Milne-Edwards Sf Grandidier, I. c.) 

Mange. Madagascar. 

1. Ihamnorms cMoropetoides. 
Ellisia cMoropetoides, Grandid. Mev. et Mag. de Zool. 1867, p. 256. 
Prinia cMoropetoides, Grandid. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1867, p. 357. 
Drvmoica cMoropetoides, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 202, no, 2847 

(18G9). 
Orthotomus grandidieri, Marti. Vog. Madag. 1877, p. 109. 
Thamnornis cMoropetoides, Milne-Edio. 8f Grandid. in Grandid. H, 

N. Madag., Ois. p. 336, pis. 128, 128 A (1881). 
Above grey, with a slight rufous tinge; head darker than the 
rest of the upper parts; margins of the quills and tail-feathers 
greenish yellow; the under surface is whitish grey, and the flanks 
brown; feet yellowish; iris brown. Total length 5-8 inches, wing 
2*2, tail 2-55, tarsus 0*75. (lid. I. c.) 

Bab. Arid plains to the north of Cape St. Mary, at the extreme 
south of Madagascar. 

9. SPILOPTILA. w 
Type, 
Spiloptila, Sundev. Av. Metk Tent. p. 6 (1872) S. damans. 
Mange. Africa. 

Keg to tTie Species. 

a. Back uniform clear pale rufous; ear-coverts yellowish 
white; head scaled, the forehead black with narrow 
greyish margins; tail-feathers with distinct subterminal 
spots of black • damans, p. 231. 
b. Back streaked like the head; ear-coverts bright 
rufous; no subterminal spot on tail-feathers ocularia, p. 232. 
1. Spiloptila damans. 
Malurus damans, 
Temm. PL Col. iii. pi. 400. fig. 2 (1828); Miipp. 
Neue Wirb. Vog. p. 2, Atlas, tab. 2. fig. A (1835-40). 

232 TIMEL1IDJE. 

Drymoica damans, Rilpp. Syst. Uehers. p. 50 (1845); Gray, Gen. B. 

i. p. 103 (1848); Bp. Consp. i. p. 283 (1850); lleugl. St/st. 
Uebers. p. 22 (1850); Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 198, no. 2750 (1869). 
DrymtBca claman.s, Ileugl Ibis, 1809, p. 91. 
Cisiicola damans, Hent/L Ibis, 1H09, p. 143; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. 

i. p. 24G (1809), iv. p. lxxiii (1871). 
Spiloptila damans, Sundev. Av. Jleth. Tent. p. 6 (1872). 
Adult. General colour above uniform clear pale vinous red, the 
lower back and rump yellowish buff, a little brighter fulvous on the 
upper tail-coverts; lesser wing-coverts dusky, edged with ashy; 
median and greater series black, margined with ashy white ; primary-
coverts and quills light brown, edged with ashy, the secondaries with 
pale rufous like the back; centre tail-feathers very light brown, the 
remainder paler brown, broadly tipped with white, before which is a 
broad subterminal band of black; fore part of crown and vertex 
strongly mottled, the feathers being black with ashy-white margins; 
the hinder head ashy, shading off into the pale rufous of the back; 
lores and a narrow eyebrow ashy whitish; car-coverts yellowish 
white, a little dusky on upper margin ; cheeks and under surface of 
body pale yellowish, white on the abdomen; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries like the breast; quills light brown below, whitish 
along the edge of inner web; " bill clear tawny yellow, the tip 
blackish ; feet reddish yellow ; iris clear brown" (Ileur/lin). Total 
length 4-2 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 1-8, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*7. 
Hab. N.E. Africa from Southern Nubia and Kordofan. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Purchased. 
<?. Ad. sk. Nubia (Mus. Holm.). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
2. Spiloptila ocnlaria. 

Drymoica ocularia, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. 75 (1843); 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 163 (1848); Bp. Consp. i. p. 282 (1850); 
Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 87 (1807) ; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 197, 
no. 2732 (1809); Gurney, in Anderss. B. Bam. Land, p. 75 (1872). 

Drymoeca ocularia, Grill, Zool. Anteelm. p. 31 (1859); Sharpe, Cat 
Afr. B. p. 30 (1871); Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 101 ; Sharpe, ed. 
Bayard B. S. Afr. p. 256 (1876); Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 253. 

Adult male. Above sandy brown, very distinctly striped with 
black on the back, less plainly so on the head, which is rather 
darker brown ; wing-coverts dark brown, margined with dull sandy, 
the quills also dark brown, narrowly margined in the same manner 
as the coverts; rump and upper tail-coverts exactly the same as the 
back, the mesial streaks rather broader on the latter; tail deep 
brown, waved with dusky cross bars in certain lights, the centre 
tail-feathers edged with ashy fulvous, the outer ones with deep buff, 
more broadly on the external feathers; lores, eyebrows, feathers 
round the eye, and ear-coverts bright chestnut-red; cheeks and 
entire throat white ; across the chest a distinct collar of black ; rest 
of under surface buffy white, inclining to dull tawny buff on the 
sides of the body; thighs blackish ; under tail-coverts dark brown, 

margined with ashy fulvous; on the sides of the body a few hairlike 
streaks of dark brown, a little broader on the flanks; under 

10 . GBAMINICOLA. 
wing-coverts tawny buff; " bill black ; legs and toes flesh-coloured; 
iris ochry-brown" (Andersson); iris reddish hazel (T. G. Atmore). 
Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 1*9, tail 3-05, tarsus 0-85. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but has the rufous ear-
coverts a little paler. Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 
2-05, tail 3-05, tarsus 0*85. 

Obs. This species possesses a winter dress, when the general aspect 
of the bird is more mealy, a shade of rufous overspreading the hind 
neck and mantle ; the forehead and neck are washed with grey, the 
sides of the upper breast greyish, the pectoral collar much narrower 
or entirely absent, and remains of tiny dots are more or less apparent 
on the throat. Mr. Atmore collected several in this plumage near 
Hopetown. 

Hal. South Africa: from the eastern Cape colony north into the 
Transvaal, and westwards into Great Namaqua Land. 

a, b. S $ ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk.
d. S ad. sk.
e. f' c? $ a(^ skg,
h. $ J ad. sk.
i. S ad. sk. 
South Africa. 
Grahamstown (E. L.
Layard). 
Hope-town (T. C. Atmore). 
Transvaal (T. Ayres). 
Hoimtop river, GreatNarnaqua Land, June 6, 
1864 ( C. J. Andersson). 
Orange river. 
Sir A. Smith [0.1 
(Type of species.) 
R. B. Skarpe, Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. B. Skarpe, Esq. 
Dr. R. F. Bradshaw 
[P.]. 
10. GRAMINIC0LA. . Typ e 

Graminicola, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 177 (1863) G. bengalensis. 

Bill and tail of Graminicola hengalensis. 
Range. Eastern Bengal, extending into Assam. 

234 miELIID^. 

1. Grarninicola bengalensis. 
Megalurus verreauxi, Tt/Her, Ann. fyMag. Nat. Hist. (2) xiv. p. 176 
(1854) (descr. nulla). 
Graniinicola bengalensis, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 177 (1863); Godwin-
Austen, J. A. S. Bewj. xliii. p. 167 (1874); Hume, Str. F. 1879, 

p. 101, 1880; p. 255. 
Drymoica bengalensis, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 201, no. 2826 (1869). 
Drymoeca bengalensis, Hume, Nests § Eggs Ind. B. p. 345 (1873). 
Adult. General colour above streaked, the feathers black in the 
centre, with bright tawny margins, the rump uniform tawny buff; 
the lesser, median, and greater wing-coverts tawny buff, with central 
streaks of blackish, less distinct on the greater series ; bastard 
wing and primary-coverts dusky brown, edged with tawny; quills 
dusky brown with tawny rufous edgings; upper tail-coverts streaked, 
black in the centre, edged with tawny rufous ; tail-feathers blackish, 
washed with ashy olive on the margins, which are tawny on the 
extreme edge, all tipped with white, increasing on the outer feathers ; 
crown of the head, occiput, and nape streaked ; feathers black, with 
tawny fulvous edgings; hind neck much paler, the edges being buffy 
whitish, hoary white on the sides of the neck; lores and eyebrow 
white, narrowly streaked with black; feathers round the eye, ear-
coverts, and cheeks whitish; upper margin of the ear-coverts washed 
with tawny, the feathers tipped narrowly with black ; under surface 
of the body dull white, purer white on the abdomen; sides of the 
body, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts tawny buff, the sides of 
the breas^jrith narrow black shaft-lines; under wing-coverts and 

axillaries^lp &iwny, the former whiter ; quills below ashy ; inner 
edge of JjiBLr ; " bill reddish horny; tarsus fleshy yellow; iris 
yellow fl jFcJerdon). Total length 5-8 inches, culmen 0-5, 
wing 2'Zw^go, tarsus 0*9. 

Young. mWb flurry in plumage than the adult and much more 
yellow, the hind neck like the rest of the upper surface, instead of 
showing the greyish appearance so conspicuous in the adult specimens 
; " upper mandible light black, the lower one light pink ; legs 
light yellow; iris brown " (L. O. Layard). 

Bah. Eastern Bengal, extending into Assam. 

a,b. Ad. etjuv. sk. Khasia hills (Dr. Jerdon). Gould Collection. 

c. Ad. sk. Sengniai, Munipur. Col. H. H. Godvvin-
Austen [P.]. 
11 . CISTICOLA. 235 
11. CISTICOLA. Typ e 
Cisticola, Kaup, Skizz. not. Syst. eur. Thierw. p. 119 

(1829) # . C. cisticola. 
Hernipteryx, Sivainson, Classif. B. ii. p. 224 (1837).... C. textrix. 
Melocichla, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 271 (1857) C. mentalis. 
Calarnanthella, Sicinh. JY. China Branch As. Soc. p. 

(1859)* C. cisticola. 
Franklinia, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 186 (1863) 0. buchanani. 
Dryinodyta, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 60 (1872) C. tinniens. 
Cistodyta, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent p. 6 (1872) 0. ruficeps. 

"W 

Bill and tail of Cisticola cisticola. 

Range. Southern Europe and countries bordering the Mediterranean, 
eastwards to India, Ceylon, the Burmese countries and 
China, as well as Japan, the Malayan peninsula, and throughout 
the whole of the Indo-Malayan and Austro-Malayan subregions, the 
Papuan subregion and Australia. The whole of Africa and Madagascar. 


I have examined the types of Heuglin's species of Cisiicolce contained 
in the Museums of Berlin, Stuttgardt, and Yienna, a3 well as 
all the specimens of Grass-Warblers in the collections of Mr. 
Seebohm, Capt. Shelley, and Captain Wardlaw Eamsay ; and I have 
come to the following conclusions respecting the changes of plumage 
in the Cistkolce:—(1) That the male and female are more or less 
different in the breeding-plumage, the tendency being in the male to 
have a uniform head, while the female's is striped ; (2) The female's 
winter plumage resembles her summer dress, but is rather more 
mealy and the tail is longer; (3) A moult takes place in spring and 
autumn, and at tbe latter season the male passes into a winter plumage, 
when he resembles the female ; (4) The young on leaving the 
nest resemble the old female in her winter plumage ; (5) The young 
in their first winter plumage resemble the old female, but have very 
much longer tails and appear larger ; (6) The male is always larger 
than the female. The above points are generally characteristic of 
the genus Cisticola; but there are probably exceptions, especially 
among the plain-backed species, as the plumages of many of these 

have not yet been discovered. 

236 
IIMHIBJS. 

Kty to the Species. 

a. Back perfectly uniform, not striated. 
a\ Tail-feathers tipped with ashy fulvous or 
white, but not having a distinct subterminal 
bar. 


a". Size large: rump more rufous than 
back; ear-coverts rufous with paler 
shaft-lines; wing 2*8-3 inches. 


a. Under surface of body tawny, whiter 
on the throat and centre of breast. 
PIELOCICHLA.) ?neniulih\ p. 241, 
a\ Bark umber-brown above; lesser 
wing-coverts not much lighter 
than the back: rump and upper 
tail-coverts of much the same 
shade of rufous ... . mentalis* p. 241. 

0\ Fulvous brown above, the teer 
wing-coverts decidedly more 
tawny; lower back and rump 
more rufous; upper tail-coverts 
chestnut orientalix, p. 245, 

y'. Under surface of body ashy, more 
tawny on the sides. "*. mt-ridioattii** p. 2M, 

b". Size smaller: wing 1*75-2*05 inches; 
rump of the same culour a» the 
back. 


a"'. Tail-feathers with inconspicuous 
pale tips; entire head rufuu.**, 
forming a cap contrasting with 
ashy olive-back abtrratu, p. 245, 

h"'. Tail-feathers conspicuously tipped 
with white. (FBA^TKLIXIA.) 


&4. Back rufous like the head; no 
second white mark on outer tail-
feathers ..... ....... buchanani, p. 24G. 

¥. Back ashy, contrasting with pale 
rufous crown; on outer feather 
a second subterminal spot of 
white on inner web .... .. interna, p. 247. 

b'. Tail-feathers with a very distinct subterminal 
bar of blackish. 


c". Crown of head of a different colour to 
the back, forming a more or less distinct 
cap, 


c"\ Grown of head rufous, contesting 
with the back. 
c4. Outer aspect of quills light brown 
or ashy brown .......... ntficapitta9 p. 248. 

#. Outer aspect of quills very distinctly 
rufous, forming a'conspicuous 
wing-patch cmerascens, p. 248. 

d'". 
Crown of head grey. 
e4. Base of forehead and eyebrow 
light tawny buff , cinereieapilla, p. 236. 
f\ Base of forehead ashy grey like 
the head. 
a5. With a whitish eyebrow ,.. , beavatd ad., p. 255. 

11 . CISTIGOLA. 
237 
b5. With, no eyebrow ; the sides of 
the crown like the head ... . polioceph ala, p. 257. 

d". Crown of head of the same colour as 
the back, the forehead sometimes a 
little lighter. 


e'". Lores rufous like base of forehead 
and ear-coverts eryth ops, p. 250. 
f". Lores fulvous or whitish; forehead 
like the head. 
g4. Tips of tail-feathers ashy rufous 
or light brown. 
c5. Larger: wing 2*8 inches; sides 
of body ashy grey lateralis, p. 251. 
d\ Smaller: wing 1*65 inches; 
& 
sides of body fulvous. 

a 
. Back dark brown; head uniform 
with back rufa, p. 252. 
bG 

. Back rufescent; head more 
dingy; a distinct eyebrow.. beavani juv., p. 255, 

es. Back light chestnut; head of 
the same colour as the 
back ferruginea, p. 257. 

h4. Tips of tail-feathers white. 
e5. Breast crossed with an ashy 
grey band gracilis ad., p. 253. 
f\ Breast pale fulvous, with no 
cross band gracilis juv.? p. 254. 

h. 
Back streaked. 
c'. Head streaked. 
e'f. Breast spotted with dusky. 
g"', No streaks on flanks; tail-feathers 
ashy rufous at tip mbruficapillay^.^ p. 285. 
h"f. Flanks streaked like the breast; tips 
of tail-feathers white..., textrix ad.? p. 266. 
f". 
Breast not spotted. 
i"\ Flanks streaked with blackish tinnkns hiem., p. 273. 
h'". Flanks not streaked. 

i4 

. No subterminal bar on the tail-
feathers , as seen from above; 
tail-feathers black for entire 
length, tipped with white ... . terrestris, p. 266. 

k\ A distinct subterminal bar on tail-
feathers when seen from above. 
gs. Upper tail-coverts perfectly uni


form rufa hiem., p. 252. 
¥, Upper tail-coverts centred with 
black. 
cP. No nuchal rufous collar, the 
nape like the back or head, 
a1. Head coloured like the 
back. 
a8. Lower back and rump 
ashy. 

a9. Bill slender; back 
ashy, with broad 
black centres to the 
feathers * lugubi^is juv., p. 280. 

238 TIMELIIDiB. 

6\ Bill stout; back brown 
with darker brown , , , 

\ natalemis

centres ®stiv., p. 278. 
b\ Lower back'and'rump I rf™%* a»tiv., p. 277. 
fulveiacent. 

rn. Size large: wing2*o52*
85 in.; general colour 
above light 
tawnv, streaked with , , 7 . , . ^^^ 
Wnoiaih J JW^WMM hiem., p. 279. 

waciabn . < strangei hi 
r 

d\ Size smaller: wing l ^ **"•>!'• -"'• 
l'9o-2-2 inches; general 
colour above dark 
teown, streaked with . ^ ^ p_ 25g_ 

J'. Head UcpXsth;g"Some: 1 «»«*», P-264 
what with the back. 

c8. Tips to tail-feathers ashy 
rufous; centre tail-feathers 
rufous - brown 
with scarcely any perceptible 
darker centre. 

eQ. Back light ashy, streaked 
with dark brown, 
contrasting strongly 
with head subrujlcapilla (chinianci) 

fq. Back dull rufous-brown [Mem., p. 287. 
streaked with black; 
head a little more 
rufous subru/icapitta, p. 283. 

(P. Tips to tail-feathers 
white; centre tail-feathers 
bright rufous with 
a narrow black longitudinal 
centre. 
g*. Inner secondaries 
margined with rufous 
bull' along the inner 
web ; wing-coverts 
black, edged with 
rulbub lugabris, p. 280. 

Aq. Inner secondaries edged 
with white along 
inner web; wing-coverts 
bright rufous 
with narrow black 
centres marginalia, p. 258. 

A nuchal collar of rufous, 
more or less distinct, either 
uniform or streaked with 
black, but always separating 
the crown from the 
back. 

o7. Size large: wing 2*5 inches; 
wing-coverts edged with 
asby; below fulvescent.. erythrogtnys, p. 275. 

11 . CISTICOLA. 
239 
d7. Size smaller; wing 2*25 in.; 

•underneath yellow; wing-
coverts edged -with fulvous0 
marginalia juv., p. 258. 
e7. Size very small; wing not 
exceeding 1*9 in.; wing-
coverts edged with, fulvous. 


e8. No subterminal bar on 
tail-feathers, which, are 
uniform blackish with 
pale tips terrestris $ et ptil. hiem., 

/ s . Tail-feathers blackish, [p. 268. 
but showing a subterminal 
bar of black, not 
very distinct exiUs $ et ptil. hiem., 

d\ 
Head uniform. [p. 270. 
g". Head ashy rufous on forehead. 
I'". Kump fulvous or rufous; size 
smaller: wing 1*85-2-2 inch.es. 
Z4. Head brown or ashy brown; no 
rufous collar. 

i5 

. Tail-feathers with a shade of 
light brown or rufous on inner 
web before the subterminal (cisticoh, p. 259. 
bar < ckerina) p. 264. 

k5. Tail-feathers perfectly uniform [hcesitata, p. 265. 
black, with pale tips but no 
distinct subterminal bar terrestris} p. 266. 

m\ Head black; a distinct rufous 
collar exillsj p. 269. 

m'". Eump ashy grey, contrasting with 
back; size larger: wing 1-95-2*35 
inches hguhis, p. 280. 

h". Head entirely pale or dark rufous, quite 
uniform. 


ri". With, a subterminal bar of black on 
the tail-feathers when seen from 
underneath. 


n*. No streaks on the flanks. 
I5. Rump and upper tail-coverts 
rufous. 
f8. Larger: wing 2*25 inches; tail-
feathers tipped with white. rujiceps, p. 282. 

g6. Smaller: wing l'75-l*9in.; 
tail-feathers tipped with 
ashy fulvous exilis <$ sestiv,, p. 270. 

m5. Rump and upper tail-coverts 
greyish, the latter sometimes 
ashy fulvous. 


h6. Upper tail-coverts streaked 
with, black; back broadly 
streaked with black; tips to 
outer tail-feathers white 
below hgubris hiem., p. 281. 

i6. Unper tail-coverts not mesially 
streaked; back nar


TTMELIID.E. 

rowly streaked with brown; 

tips to outer tail-feathers 

ashy fulvous below suhruficapilla, p. 288. 

oK Flanks streaked with black tinniens sestiv., p. 273. 

o'". With no distinct subterminal bar 

on the tail-feathers, which have 

paler tips only; back nearly uni


form * aberrans Mem., p. 246. 

The following species, of none of which have I been able to see a specimen, 
I have been unable to place satisfactorily in the above ' Key.' 

1. ClSTICOLA LINDANE. 
Oisfcicola tendance, Bouvler, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 228 (1870); 
SMrpe $ Bouvier, op. cit. p. 305 (1876); Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 554 
(1881). 

Above brown, the head indistinctly mottled with darker brown, not distinctly 
streaked; back broadly streaked with black, the feathers with a broad black 
streak down the middle; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ^ more of a 
reddish brown; wings dark brown, the wing-coverts and quills distinctly margined 
externally with rufous ; tail-feathers dark brown, the centre ones edged 
with rufous, the rest tipped with rufous, all with a broad subterminal black 
mark; lores and sides of face fulvous, the ear-coverts brownish ; entire 
throat and jugulum whitish; remainder of the body below fulvous, the thighs 
brighter buff; sides of the upper breast brownish; under wing-coverts buff; 
bill blackish, the lower mandible pale. Total length 4*25 inches, bill 055, 
wing 1*95, tail 1*6, tarsus 0*75. (Bouvier.) 

Hab. Congo region, West Africa. 

This species, wThich is closely allied to 0. cherina, Smith, cannot be confounded 
with that bird, as it diners in theflanks being entirely buff, in the reddish margins 
of its quills, and in its rufous upper tail-coverts. (Bouvier.) 

„ 2 . ClSTICOLA ORYZIOLA. 

Drymoica oryziola, S. Midi; Gray, Hancl-L B. i. p. 200, no. 2818 (1869). 

Hab. Timor; Java. 

Probably the same as 0. escilis. 

3 . ClSTICOLA LADOENSIS. 
Cisticola ladoensis, Earth Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, viii. p. 189 (1882). 

Head rufescent, very distinctly spotted with dusky ; the back ashy, with large 
spots of dusky blackish; back unspotted ; scapulars dusky with pale margins ; 
underneath whitish with an ochraceous tinge ; under tail-coverts whitish; under 
wing-coverts isabelline; maxilla horn-colour, the mandible pale ; the quills less 
distinctly edged with rufous. Total length 5'9 inches, culmen 0'45, wing 2'5, 
tail 2*1, tarsus 0*85. (Hartlaub.) 

Hab. Lado, Equatorial Africa. 

4 . ClSTICOLA SIMPLEX. 
Drymceca simplex, Heugl. Ibis, 1869, p. 105._ 

Drymoica simplex, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. pT^OO, no. 2796 (1869). 

Cisticola simplex, HeugL Orn. KO.-Afr. i. p. 261 (1869). 

11 . CISTICOLA. 241 
1 L Cisticola mentalis. 

Dryinoica mentalis, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 16; Allen fy Thomps. 

Exped. Niger, ii. p. 490 (1848); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 103 (1848); 

Jard. Conir. Orn. 1849, p. 14 (cum %.) ; Gordon, t. o. p. 7; Bp. 

Co7isp. i. p. 284 (1850); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 20L no. 2835 

(1869). 

Da?y£aoeca nientalis, Eartl. Orn. W.-Afi\ p. 58 (1857). 

Melociclila mentalis, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr, p. 271 (1857); Sharpe, 

Ibis, 1869, p. 187; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 32 (1871); Ussher, Ibis, 

1874, p. 57; Beichenow, Jtf. 6, 1875, p. 46. 

Adult. Gfeneral colour above ashy brown, the nimp shading into 
rufous-brown, the upper tail-coverts dark chestnut; forehead and 
sinciput chestnut, the feathers stiff and pointed, the small plumes 

Similar to C. rufweps, but with the head uniform with the back (not rufous), 

obsoletely streaked with dusky; the bill longer and higher; wings shorter; 

upper tail-coverts pale ashy brown (not rufous); the outer toe shorter. Above 

pale dusky ash-brown; the head streaked with dusky; intei'scapulary region 

and scapulars more conspicuously streaked with smoky black; quills smoky 

brown, the outer web obsoletely paler-margined ; inner secondaries and greater 

wing-coverts smoky blackish, margined with rufous buff; rump whitish; middle 

tail-feathers dusky, slightly washed with rufous, the remainder more dusky 

greyish, marked with blackish before the tip, which is whitish washed with grey; 

under surface of the body buffy whitish, with the lores, throat, and middle of 

the abdomen purer white; the sides of body shaded with fulvous grey; bill fleshy 

horn-colour, the culmen dusky; feet pale fulvous; iris clear brown. Total length 

4f", bill at front 5"2'", wmg 1" ll"f, tail 1" 10"', tarsus 9"'. [Heuglm.) 

One would be led on superficial examination to regard the bird described as 
a somewhat faded young state of J), mficeps, if the difference in the proportion 
of the toes were not observed; for the outer toe is shorter than the inner one, 
while in the other species the contrary proportion occurs. Moreover the vertex 
and nape are not bright ferruginous, but light greyish brown, with narrow, not 
clearly defined, yet tolerably distinct smoky-brown streaks on the shafts; the 
upper tail-coverts and margins of the rectrices are not bright ferruginous, but 
light greyish brown. (Heuglin.) 

Described from a specimen killed on the 6ch February in the country of the 
Kidj negroes on the Bahr el Djebel. (Hmglin^ 

5. CISTICOLA MODESTA. 
Drymoica (Cisticola) modQ^^Boiage, Jom. Lisb. viii. p. 57 (1880). 

Upper parts reddish brown, more decidedly brown on the head; lores greyish; 
ear-coverts brown streaked with grey ; wings coloured like the back, with the 
edges of the wing-coverts paler; quills brown, the primaries bordered externally 
with reddish buff and internally with pale isabelHne, the secondaries coloured 
like the back, with paler edges, those nearest the body marked across with more 
or less distinct bars of brown; lower parts dirty white, purer on the throat, 
slightly tinged with buff on the abdomen and under tail-coverts; sides of the 
breast and flanks washed with ashy and brownish; thighs reddish; tail of the 
same colour as the back, moderate, graduated, the two centre tail-feathers of 
the same colour as the back, the others marked with a sab terminal black spot 
and tipped with reddish; bill black, stror-g and curved; feet flesh-colour. 
Total length 5*25 inches, wing 245, tail 2*1, bill 0'5, tarsus 1. (Socage.) 

Sab. Loango coast. 

" The dimensions of the typical specimen agree well with those of O. pachyrhyncha; 
but, to judge from the description and figure given by Eeuglin, the 
bill should be less strong in our new species, and certain xoeculiarities of colora-

VOL. VII. B 

TIMELIID2E. 

above the lores pure white, and pointed like the frontal feathers; 
lores dull white; round the eye a ring of whitish feathers; car-
coverts chestnut, the feathers with rufous-huff streaks; cheeks 
white, as also the throat, which is separated from the cheeks by a 
narrow line of black; rest of under surface of body tawny buff, 
paler on the centre of the abdomen, and very deep tawny on the 
sides of the body and under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts light 
tawny; wings dark brown, the least wing-coverts externally fulvous-
brown, the edges of the greater series more rufous, the primaries 
externally edged with rufous ; tail-feathers dark brown, all obscurely 
waved with dusky under certain lights, the outer ones with a terminal 
spot of rufous buff; upper mandible black, lower one bluish 
grey; " feet and claws bluish grey ; iris dark brown J? (Reklunow) ; 

"iris bright orange " (Gordon). Total length 7*8 inches, culmen 0*7, 
wiug 2'i)5, tail 3*6, tarsus 1*15. 

tion render their non-identity "very probable: the uniform reddish brown tint of 
the back, more brownish on the head, the presence of an auricular spot of brown 
streaked with grey, and the absence of greyish edges to the wing-coverts and 
secondaries, biich are some of the principal differences which we have to point 
out in the coloration of our specimen." (Socage, I. c.) 

6. OlSTICOLA ANGOUJNSIS. 
Dryraoiea angolcnsis, Bocac/e, Jom. Lisb. 1877, p. 160, 1880, p. 56; id. 
Orn. Angola, p. 278 (1881). 

Adult male. Above strongly spotted with brown on a rufous-ashy ground; 

the feathers on the top of the head of a lively rufous with a darker centre; be


low whitish, buff, turning to buff on the abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts ; 

wing-coverts and quills brown with rufous edges, marked with a black spot near 

the extremity, vUiieh i& reddish white; bill strong and black, the mandible 

yellowish at the base; i'eet clear brown ; iris brown. 

The female U coloured like the male, but is smaller. 

Dimensions are as follow:•— 

$. Total length 5-75 inches, wing 3, tail 245, bill 0*0, tarsus 1*1. 

J . Total length 5 inches, wing 2*45, tail 2, bill 0*55, tarsus 1. 
Hab. Caconda in Bcngucla. 
Obs. This species is close to O. natahnsis and G. curvirobtris; but its bill is 
perceptibly less stout. Thefigure published by Smith of his O. levaillantii gives 
a good idea of the &} stem of coloration in the two specimens ; but they exceed 
by so much the dimensions attributed to the last named species that it is impossible 
to refer them to it. (Bocage, L c.) 

This bird will probably turn out to be G. nataknsis, 

7 . OlSTICOLA ANTINORII. 
Drymoeca sp., Antin. Gat, descr. TJcc. p. 37 (1864). 

Drymoeca antinorii, BeugL Ibis, 1869, p. 102. 

Drymoica antinorii, Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 199, no. 2772 (1869). ^ 

Cisticola antinorii, Hcugl. Orn. N. O.-Afr. i. p. 257. 

Adult. Of large size; above uniform dusky with a rufous shade, underneath 

whitish; the flanks and under tail-coverts isabelline rufescent; tail-feathers dusky 

reddibh, transversely streaked with, indistinct very small lines, marked on the 

inner web'and partly on the outer one towards the tip with a black spot; quills 

dusky, margined with rufous; bill horn-colour, robust and incurved; iris dusky. 

Hah, Gazelle river, N.E. Africa (Antmori), 

According to Von Heuglin nearly allied to Orthotomus eryihropten/s (vide 

rmtea, p. 228). 

11. CISTICOLA. 243 
Hab. "West Africa: apparently only found on the Gold Coast. 
a. Ad. sk. Accra. L. Eraser, Esq. [C.]. 
_ (Type of species.) 
b. Ad. sk. Fantee. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
c. d, e. Ad. sk. Accra (J. Smith), K. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
* Ad. sk.; Accra, Feb. 10,1871 (K T, B. B. Sharpe' Esq. 
Ussher). 
g. Ad. sk. Eiyer Volta (H. T. Ussher). E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

• Subsp. a. Cisticola meridionalis. 
Melocichla 
rnentalis (non Fraser), Bocage, Jorn. Zisb. 1870, p. 340; 
Sharpe fy Bouvier, Bull Soo. ZooL France, i. p. 42 (1876) ; Beichen. 

J.f. 0. 1877, p. 80; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 279 (1881). 
Melocichla pyrrhops (non Cah.% Sharpe, eel LayardB. S, Afr. p, 282 
(1877). 

Adult female. General colour above ashy brown, the romp gradually 
inclining to rufous-brown; forehead rufous, shading off into 
ashy brown on the hinder crown; lores dull white; round the eye 

$ 
8. CISTICOLA GRANDIS. 

Bryrnoeca (Cisticola) grandis, Socage, Jorn. So. Lisb. viii. p. 56(1880); 
id. Orn. Angola, p. 553 (1881). 

Advlt male. Above pale earthy brown, the feathers of the back and scapulars 
showing darker cross bars under certain lights; rump and upper tail-coverts 
inclining to rufous; forehead and ear-coverts ferruginous red, the auricular 
spot streaked with fulvous; lores and feathers round the eye whitish; a narrow 
superciliary streak of pale rufous, not very distinct; lower parts white washed 
with dull rufous, the flanks shaded with brown, the throat and the middle of 
the belly purer white; on each side of the chin a black streak, commencing at 
the base of the lower mandible and forming a moustache; under wing-coverts 
reddish white; wing-coverts reddish brown, more decidedly brown in the 
centre; quills dark brown, edged externally and internally with rufous; two 
centre tail-feathers earthy brown with reddish edges, the rest brown for a small 
basal portion, afterwards black, and ending in reddish white, the outside tail-
feather edged with the latter colour on the external web; bill long, arched, 
and compressed, black for the upper half, the lower mandible dirty white, 
darker at the tip ; tarsi leaden brown, the toes darker in tint. Total length 

7*5-8 inches, wing 3*25, tail 3*85, tarsus 1*05, bill 0*7, (Socage.) 
Hab. Caconda in Benguela. 
The uniform pale earthy brown colour of the back, the presence of the black 
streaks on the sides of the chin, and the leaden brown, almost blackish, colour 
of the tarsi and toes seem to distinguish this species easily from all those 
which approach it in size. (Socage.) 

9. CISTICOLA msmLUWL, 
Cisticola marginalis, Marti, (nee Seugl.) Orn, Centmlbl 1881, p. 12; id. 
Abhandl. not, Ver. Bremen, vii. p. 89 (1881). 

Head olivaceous brown, with scarcely conspicuous darker spots, whence the 
shade of the head becomes somewhat rufous; lores whitish; back dull ashy, 
longitudinally marked with large dusky blackish spots; back and rump ashy, 
unspotted; greater wing-coverts and inner secondaries dusky, margined with 

E2 

244 TIMELnDiE. 

a ring of whitish feathers, and above the eye a very narrow line of 
white stiffened plumos, forming, with a streak of buff above the ear-
coverts, a faintly-defined eyebrow; ear-coverts dull rufous, with 
whitish shaft-lines; checks white, as also the throat; a narrow 
moustachial line of black; rest of the under surface of body ashy 
white, with a slight tawny tinge on the sides of the neck; the sides 
of the body light tawny buff, deepening on the lower flanks, thighs, 
and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts ashy white, the lower 
ones washed with pale tawny buff; wings above dark brown, the 
least wing-coverts washed with ashy brown like the back, the greater 
coverts and quills externally edged with rufous; upper tail-coverts 
deep rufous; tail dark brown, obscurely waved under certain lio-hts 
the feathers externally washed with rufous, the outer feathers tipped 
with ashy fulvous; bill black in skin, the edge of the upper mandible 
whitish, the lower mandible yellowish white; eyes dark brown • 
" iris yellow, with an outer ring of brown v (Petit), Total length 
7*8 inches, culmon 0*7, wirg 3-05, tail 3*35, tarsus 1-15. 

Hob. West Africa, from the Congo district extending into Eenguela. 


Obs. The above description is taken from a female bird procured 
by M. Petit at Ghinchonxo, in the Congo district. I do not know 
where the specimen is now; and I retain the southern Melocichla 
as distinct on the faith of the comparisons I made in 1876, which 
showed that it differed in the grey coloration of the under surface, 
We must wait for additional specimens before finally determining 
whether the Congo bird is really distinct, as Prof. Earboza du Eocage 
believes it to be the same as M. mentalis. 

pale fulvous, the greater series externally pale cinnamon-colour; tail-feathers 
pale dusky brown, with a somewhat larger subterminal spot of blackish ; under 
surface of body pale fulvous, the throat and centre of the abdomen whitish; 
thighs brighter rrfous buff; under tail-coverts whitish; bill dusky, the mandible 
pale at the base ; feet pale. Total length 4'7 inches, bill 0*45, wing T95, 
tail P77, tarsus 0-85. (Hartlaub.)

Hob. Lado (Emm Bey). 

10. ClSTICOLA OBSCURA. 
Drymoica obscura, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Alcad. Fork. 8toc7di. 1850, p. 103; 

Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 199, no. 2768 (1869). 

Adult male. Back dull grey, centre spotted with dusky, the head rather more 
rufescent, the forehead brighter, the occiput obsoletely spotted with dusky, the 
hind neck dusky; under surface unspotted, dull whitish, greyish on the sides 
of the body; quills externally edged with deep dusky rufous; tail-feathers 
above greyish, rather pointed at the tips, which are whitish, with a black subterminal 
spot; bill hooked and sharply elongated. Total length 5§- inches, 
wing 2"55, tarsus 1, tail 24, bill from front 045, its height 0"2. (Simdevall.) 

Hob. Caffraria. This locality with Simdevall often means the Transvaal. 

11 . ClSTICOLA FLAVIGULARIS. 
Drymoicaflavogularis,Sundev. ubi?: Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p, 198, no. 2766 

11 . CTSTICOLA. 
245 

5 
Subsp. j3. Gisticola orientalis. 

Melocichla mentalis {non Fraser), Cab, J.f. 0.1878. p. 221: Shelley, 
P.Z&1881,p.572. 

Adult General colour above light ftdvoiis-brown, becoming a 
little deeper on the rump; wing-coverts sandy brown; median and 
greater coverts dusky, externally sandy brown; bastard wing dusky 
brown, with huffy-white edges; primary-coverts and quills dark 
brown, externally edged with bright sandy rufous; upper tail-
coverts deep rufous-brown; tail-feathers dark brown, the outer ones 
edged and tipped with sandy burl; crown of the head a little darker 
brown than the back, the forehead and sinciput rufous, with black 
shaft-streaks ; lores and feathers round the eye white, extending a 
little above the eye and forming a narrow white eyebrow tinged 
with fulvous posteriorly; ear-coverts rufous, with fulvous shaft-
lines ; cheeks white, fulveseent behind; throat white, separated 
from the cheeks by a distinct moustachial line of black ; the lower 
throat, fore neck, chest, sides of the body, flanks, thigbs, and under 
tail-coverts tawny buff; centre of breast and abdomen buff; tinder 
wing-coverts tawny; axillaries buffy white; quills below ashy 
brown; inner edge of quills pale rufous. Total length 7 inches, 
culmen 0*75, wing 2-8,*tail 3-2, tarsus 1*1. (Jfus. G. E. Shelley.) 

Hab. Eastern Africa: Pangani river. This is probably the 
form which extends northwards to Lado (Melocichla mentalis, Hartl. 
Abhandl. nat. Yer. Bremen, viii. p. 190). 

2. Cisticola aberrans. 
Gisticola ruficapilla 
{non Fraser), Smith, HI. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, 
pi. Ixxiii. fig. 1"(1842); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 263 (1848); Gurney, 

P. Z. S. 1874, p. 2; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 90 (1867). 
Drymoica aberrans, Smith, III Zool S. Afr,, Aves, pi. lxxviii. (1843); 
Zp. Consp. i. p. 283 (1850); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 88 (1867); 
Gray, JSand-l B. i. p. 198, no. 2742 (1869). 

Drymoica smithii, Bp. Consp. i. p. 283 (1850); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. 

p. 199, no. 2736 (1869). 
Drymoeca smithii, Sharpe, Cat Afr, B. p. 31 (1871); Gurney, in 
Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 86 (1872); Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 71. 
Gisticola aberrans, 
Sharpe, ed. Bayard B. S. Afr. p. 271 (1876); 
Ayres, Ibis, 1880, p. 101; Sharpe, App. to Gates''s Matabele Land, 

p. 309 (1881) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 254. 
Adult in breeding-plumage. Above nearly uniform ashy brown, 
slightly washed with dull ochraceous; rump and upper tail-coverts 
uniform dull ochraceous ashy; least wing-coverts coloured like the 
back, the rest dark brown, externally margined with dull sandy 
brown, paler towards the tips of the greater series: quills dark 
brown, externally edged with lighter brown; tail nearly uniform 
brown, with a few indications of wavy bars in certain lights, the 
feathers rather paler at tips but without subterminal bars; head 
and nape uniform rufous; lores and a distinct eyebrow yellowish 
white; ear-coverts browner than the rest of the side face, the shaft


TIMELUB^. 

246 

lines whitish; cheeks, throat, and underparts generally yellowish 

or yellowish white, whiter on the abdomen, the sides of the body 

ashy brown; flanks and thighs pale tawny: under tail-coverts 

fulvous; under wing-coverts tawny buff; upper mandible light 

orange-brown, shaded with deep reddish brown; lower mandible 

straw-yellow ; feet pale reddish yellow. Total length 5*2 inches, 

cnlmen 0-5, wing 1*85, tail 2-o, tarsus 0*35. 

The female is smaller, measuring only 1*75 inch in the wing and 

0*75 in the tarsus. 

In full winter jrtumaye the bird is larger than in summer, the 

wing in the male measuring 2*1 inches, the tail 2*9. The colour 

also is far more olive-ashy above and far more fulvous below, the 

sides of the body ashy; the tail-feathers are also plainly margined 

with fulvous. 

This species bears considerable resemblance to two others, with 

either of which it may be easily confounded. One of these is 

Gist kola ruficapilla of Western Africa, which is distinguished by its 

shorter tail with a distinct black subterminai bar, and by the want 

of an eyebrow. It is not so easy, however, to di*tincmi*h O. aber


rant from the winter plumage of Drmdromas firleioi^ilh*, excepting 

by its long tail (exceeding the wing in length I and by its larger size, 

and especially by its larger bill. 

Hah. South Africa, from the interior of the Cape colony to Natal, 

and thence northwards to the Mashoona country. 

fy & 1<S] ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith ~C.]. 
(Types of I), ah rraus.) 


e. [ 2 ] ad. sk South Africa. Sir A. Smith XV. 
{Type of D. rtfficapiBat "SmithJ 
d. <$ ad. sk. Krnsrwilliamstowii, June " Capt. H. Trevelvan TP.! 
24,1877. * 
e. Ad. sk. Xmgwilliamstown. Capt. EL Trevelvan ^P.]. 
/. <$ ad. sk Natal. Br. Gueinzius ~6\\ " 
g, h. <$ $ ad. sk. Pinetown, Natal, Jan. 29, E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
1875 ( T. L. Ayres). 

* 3, Cisticola bnchanani 
Prima rufifrons (non Biipp.\ Jerd. Madr. Journ. xL p. 4 (1^40). 
Drvmoica buchanani, Blyth, J. A. S. Bear/, xiii p. 376 fl^44): id 
Cat. B. Mm. As. Soe. p. 143 (1849). 
FranMinia buchanani, Jerd. B. Lid. ii p. 180 (1808); Blyth, Mis, 
1807, p. 24; Beavan, t c. p. 455; Hume, Xnts ^ F//ys Bid. B. 

p. 339 (1873); id. Sir. F 1873, p. 195; Adam, t c. p". &>2; Butl 
Str.F. 1875, p. 48G; Hume, t e. p. 4^0; Fairb. Sir, F. 1876. 
p. 259; Butl Sir. F. 1878, p. 188; Ball, t c. p. 218; BLume, Sir. 
F. 1879, p. 102: Boig, t c. p. 371; Butl Sir. F Ift80, p. 407. 
Erankiinia cleghorai©, Blyth, Ibis, 1807, p. 24 (ex Jerd. MS.). 
Piinia buclianani, Gray, Iland-l B. I p. 106, no, 2707 (1869); 
Salvia, Oat Stricld. Coll p. 57 (1882J. 
Prima cleghomice, Gray, Hand~l B. i. p. 196, no. 2708 (180U). 

Adult male. General colour above pale brown, rather ashy in 
shade; the lesser and median wing-coverts like the back; the 

11 . CISTICOLA.. 247 
greater and primary-coverts and quills brown, edged with the same 
colour as the back, more ashy at the tips, and slightly rnfescent on 
the outer greater coverts and secondaries; bastard-wing feathers 
plainly margined with white; upper tail-coverts and the centre tail-
feathers pale brown, with dusky cross bars under certain lights, all 
the tail-feathers margined with pale brown, and tipped with white, 
the centre ones slightly, but the other ones more broadly, the outer 
feathers being also of a darker brown, inclining subterminally to 
blackish; crown of the head light rufous, duller on the occiput and 
nape; lores white; eyebrow, feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts 
pale ashy grey, white on the fore part of the ear-coverts and below 
the eye; cheeks, throat, and the under surface of the body pure 
white ; sides of the fore neck and sides of the chest slightly streaked 
with ashy; sides of the body and flanks with a faint tinge of 
fulvous; thighs light tawny ; under tail-coverts white; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white, washed with tawny; quills below light 
brown; inner edge of quills pale fulvescent. Total length 5-1 inches, 
culmen 0*5, wing 2-05, tail 2*3, tarsus 0*8. 

Female. Like the male in colour. Total length 4*7 inches, 

culmen 0*45, wing 1 \9, tail 2% tarsus 0*75. 

The winter plumage is paler and more mealy than the summer 

dress, the head only a little more rufous than the rest of the upper 

surface; the bill is darker, the upper mandible being blackish. 

The Madras birds seem to be more rufous generally than those 
from Jodpur, Scinde and Sambhur, their general colour being rufescent 
brown, very little lighter on the head. 

Hah. Central and Southern India, extending westwards into 
Scinde. 

a. Ad. sk. Madras. Dr. Jerdon [P.]. (Type of 
Frinia riiflfrons, Jerd.) 
I. Ad. sk. Madras {Jerdon). Gould Collection, 
e. Ad. sk. Madras. Eyton Collection. 
d. Ad. sk. Banks of the Ganges Gould Collection. (Type 
(Jerdon). of F. cleghomice.) 
e. Ad. sk. Dehra Doon. F. D. Godman and O. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.], 
f. Ad. sk. Dehra Doon. Gould Collection. 
°g. <$ ad. sk. Sambhur, June 11,1873. E. M. Adam, Esq. [C.]. 
h. 0 ad. sk. Jodpur, Jan. 29,1878. A. 0. Hume, Esq. [C.J. 
i. Ad. sk. Scinde (Dr. U. Goidd). India Museum. 
4. Cisticola incana. 
Cisticola incana, Sclater $ HaHlauh, P. Z. S. 188], p. 166 5 Hartl 
t. c. p. 954 
Adult male. General colour above ashy brown; wing-coverts 
like the back; bastard wing and primary-coverts dusky brown with 
ashy edges; quills dusky brown, edged with the same colour as the 
back, the primaries with ashy grey; upper tail-coverts like the back; 
tail-feathers brown with ashy-brown margins, all but the centre 
tail-feathers tipped with white, before which is a subterminal 

248 TQEELIIDJE. 

shade of "blackish, indistinct on the centre feathers, the two outermost 
with a second white spot on the inner web, just before the 
dark subterminal bar ; lores ashy whitish, as also a faint eyebrow; 
ear-coverts pale ashy; cheeks and the under surface of the body 
ashy whitish, greyer on the fore neck and breast; abdomen whiter ; 
sides of the body and flanks ashy grey ; thighs brown ; under tail-
coverts ashy whitish ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white ; quills 
below dusky ; inner edge of quills ashy whitish. Total length 4*3 
inches, culmen 0-55, wing 1*9, tail 1*75, tarsus 0-3. 

Hah. Island of Socotra. 

a, b. <$ ad. sk. Socotra. Prof. Balfour X*.]. 
{Types of species.) 

c. $ juv. sk. Socotra. Pro! Balfour X1.]. 
5. Cisticola ruficapiHa. 
Drvmoica ruficapilla, JFraser, P. Z. S. 1643, p. 10; Gray, Gen, B. i. 
p. 163 (1848); Bp. Camp. i. p. 284 (1850); Gray, Hand-l B. i. 
p. 198, no. 2753 (1869). 
Drvmceca ruficapilla, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr.^ot (!S57j; BeicIie?ioio, 
J.f. 0. 1875, p. 45, 1877, p. 30. 
Drvmoica lateralis (non Franer), Cass. Proc. Phil. Acad. 1839, p. 37; 
Hartl. J.f. 0. 1661, p. 110. 

Adult General colour above uniform dark brown, more ashy on 
the lower back and rump ; lesser wing-coverts a>hy ; median and 
greater coverts, bastard wing and primary-coverts dark brown, with 
fighter brown edges; quills dark brown, with margins of paler 
brown, slightly rusty in colour; upper tail-coverts ashy brown, 
like the rump; centre tail-feathers brown, with paler brown edges, 
the remainder of the feathers brown, tipped with ashy fulvous 
or whity brown, and preceded by a broad subterminal spot of 
black; crown of the head and nape rufous-brown, uniform and contrasting 
with the b«j.ck; lores and the feathers round the eye yellowish 
buff; ear-coverts yellowish buff, rufous along the upper 
margin and having paler shaft-lines; cheeks yellowish buff; throat 
and under surface of the body dull white; fore neck and chest 
washed with yellowish buff, sides of the breast washed with ashy; 
abdomen purer white; sides of the body ash}', inclining to fulvous 
on the flanks; thighs tawny buff; under tad-coverts pale fulvous; 
under wing-coverts pale fulvous; axillaries ashy fulvous; quills 
below light brown; inner edge of quills ashy rufous; " bill black; 
feet flesh-colour; iris clear brown " (RekJieaow). Total length 5*1 
inches, culmen 0*65, wing 2*45, tail 2-05, tarsus 0*95. 

Hob. "West Africa, from the Gold Coast to Gaboon. 

a. Ad. sk. Gaboon (JkiChaUhi). E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
b. Ad. sk Gaboon. p. B, DuChafflu, Esq. [0.]. 
. 6. Cisticola ciaeraseens. 

Cisticola semitorques, Heual J. fjo, 1862, p 40 (part.): id. Orn. 
W.O.-Afr. iv. p. lxzv (1873) '* 

11 . CISTICOLA. 249 
Drymoeca cinerascens, Eeugl J.f. 0. 1867, p. 296; id. Ibis, 1869; 

p. 131. 
Drymceca eoncolor, Eeugl. Ibis, 1869, p. 97, pi. 2.fig. 1. 
Drymoica eoncolor, Gray, Ewid-l B. i. p. 199, no. 2791 (1869). 
Diymoica cinerascens, Gray, i. c. p. 199, no. 2784. 
Drymoica sernitorques, Gray, t. c. p. 201, no. 2823. 
Cisticola concolor, Eeugl. Orn. K.O.-Afr. i. p, 253 (1869), iv. App. 
p. lxxiv (1873). 
Cisticola cinerascens, Eeugl. t. c. p. 264 (1869). 
Drymceca swanzii, Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 476; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 31 
(1871). 
Drymceca swartzii (lapsu), Shelley § Buckley, Mis, 1872, p. 287. 

Adult (Gold Coast; type of D. swanzii). General colour above 
dull grey, the crown of the head rufous-brown, the tipper tail-
coverts shading off into dull fulvous; wing-coverts ashy brown, the 
least series greyish, slightly washed with olive-fuI?ous, the greater 
series and the primary-coverts narrowly margined with yellowish 
buff; quills dark brown, externally washed with rufous, so as to 
give a very rufous appearance to the outer aspect of the wing; tail 
greyish brown, obscurely undulated under certain lights, the two 
centre feathers rather browner and without a subterminal bar, all 
the other feathers tipped with ashy fulvous, preceded by a tolerably 
broad bar of black; lores, feathers round the eye, and sides of face 
buffy white, slightly shaded with brown on the upper margin of the 
ear-coverts; entire under surface of body light yellowish buff, whiter 
on the throat, and deepening into tawny buff on the flanks, thighs, 
and under wing- and ta:l-eoverts; lower surface of quills ashy 
brown, edged with pale tawny along the inner weft. Total length 
4-8 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2*1, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*85. 


Ohs. jSTone of the specimens examined by me have had the sex 

determined ; but they do not seem to vary much in size; two indi


viduals, however, have the wing and tail 2-2 inches in length. 

Adult in winter plumage (type of 0. concolor, HeugL). General 
colour above light earthy brown, slightly ashy, and quite uniform; 
lesser wing-coverts and median coverts ashy brown, edged with 
reddish brown ; greater coverts ashy brown, edged with brighter 
rufous; bastard-wing feathers ashy brown, margined with bully 
whitish; primary-coverts and quills light brown, externally rufous, 
especially near the base of the quills; secondaries lighter brown, 
washed with pale rufous; (upper tail-coverts shot away;) tail-feathers 
light brown, barred with dusky under certain lights, margined with 
reddish brown, two centre feathers not paler-tipped, and having a 
very slight subterminal black shade, the remainder tipped with 
ashy, buffy white on the external feathers, and all having a very 
broad and distinct subterminal bar of black; crown of the head, 
occiput, and nape uniform rufous, a shade of which colour extends 
to the hind neck; lores and a narrow line above the eye, as well as 
the feathers at the base of the forehead, with fulvous shaft-lines; 

feathers round the eye yellowish white, the sides of the crown 
rather brighter rufous; ear-coverts light brown washed with rufous, 
and having pale shaft-streaks; cheeks, throat, and underparts of the 

250 TTICEUIDJE. 

body buffy whitish, purer white on the throat and abdomen ; sides 
of the body and flanks washed with ^ deeper fulvous; thighs tawny 
buff; under tail-coverts pale yellowish buff; under wing-eorerts 
and axiliaries light tawny buff; quills below ashy brown; inner 
edge of quills rufescent. Total length 4*8 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 

2*15, tail 2-15, tarsus 0*9. (Jim. BeroL) 

The chief difference in the winter and summer plumage consists 
in the more orange-rufous colour of the wing, the generally more 
ashy colour of the back, which extends onto the nape and occiput. 
The sides of the crown aKo are 1 brighter ruff ms in the winter dress. 
The types of G. ciaeras ns, HeugL. lent to rae from the Stuttgart 
Museum, are in worn breeding-plumage, when the colours are 
everywhere more faded out. I am al^o indebted to Br. Peters for 
the loan of the type ot Heuglin s 0. couCuhr. 

Hah. Gold Coa&t, West Africa; BogOb country, in X.E. Africa, 
extending southwards into the Zanzibar district in Eastern Africa. 

a. Ad. &k. We^t Africa. L. Fia^r, E-q. TV. 
bjC}d,e. Ad. sk. Fantee { Ussher). B. B. Sharp**, £Nq. (Type 
of D. MtrrnziL) 

f. Ad. sk. Fantee (ft. Ft. Shelhy) II. B. M aipn, E-q. 
#. Ad. sk. Denkera {Auhinti). E. 33. ^haij>? E*q. "P.". 
/*. Ad. sk. Accia iV^ht-i'). It. B. ^liarj p, E-q. *P.]]. 
I AcL 4x EivtrV(»lta( Uglier). E. B. ^ uip* , E»q." 
"" 
k. Ad. sk. Dai~e&~balaain? Zanzibar. Me*-!-. Mmr ~C], 
7. Cisticpla erythrops, 
Drymoeca erythrops, Hartl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 58 (l<)itj; Sfarpe, Ibis, 
ib7G, p. 475; id. Gat Aff.B. p. CI 41*711; Sktlley_j#_Buddeyf 

Drvmoica errthrop-, Gray, JZa/uI-t B. i. p. 100.2 o. 'J7^S {1*69). 
Meloeichla pvrrliops, Cah. J.f.O. 1<5. p. L*3G: Bmdui. J, f. 0. 
1*77, p. 80""; Gab. J. f. 0. l-*78, p. 2±> 
Cfcticola emhrops. Shwrpc ty JSWuVr, Bull. &m. Z^ol. France, ii. 

p. 470 (1877); Borage, Jort\. Li&. 1^*0, p. 57; id. Orn. Angola, 
p. 553(18*1). 
Drymoica (Cisticola) erythrops, Bueagt, Jura. Lisb. 1**0, p. 57. 
Adidt. General colour above abhy olive-brown, with tufts of silky-
buff feathers on each side of the ramp; leaser wing-coverts like the 
back; median and greater coverts, bastard wing, primary-coverts 
and quills ashy, with narrow rufe^euit margins ; quills a4ry brown, 
with rufous-brown edges; the inner secondaries more abh}% with 
indistinct dusky cross niarkingb and pale fiilvt scent edges; upper 
tail-coverts like the back; centre tail-feat hers abhy olive, the remainder 
clearer ashy, with broad yellowish-buff encL to the feathers, 
preceded by a broad bar of black; crown of the head like the back, 
the base of the forehead tawny rufous, with a shade of the latter extending 
over the hinder crown and occiput; lores and eyebrow 
tawny buff, paler on the former; feathers round the eye, earcoveits, 
and cheeks also tawn} burl; throat and under surface of 
the bod} pale tawny buff, whiter on the throat, breast, and abdomen 
; sideb of the body aud flanks ashy grey; thighs deep tawny; 

11 . CISTICOLA. 
251 

tinder tail-coyerts tawny buff; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
deep tawny; quills below dusky ; inner edge of quills tawny. Total 
length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2-15, tail 2*25, tarsus 0-95. 

Young. Like the adult, distinguished by its rufous face, but differing 
from it by its nearly uniform rufous-brown coloration and 
deep tawny under surface, only the throat and abdomen being 
white. 

Bah. "West Africa, from the Gold Coast to the Congo; North 
Africa, in the Zanzibar district. 

a. JUT. sk. Senegambia. Purchased. 
b, c. Ad. sk Fantee (JTssher). R. B. Sharps, Esq. 
d. Ad. sk. Elmina, May 1872 (JZ1F. Blissett). E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
e,f. Ad. sk. River Yolta (Usslier). E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
g. Ad. sk. Landana, Congo (L. Petit). M. A. Bouvier. 

8. Cisticola lateralis. 
Drymoica lateralis, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 16; Allen $ Thomps. 
Exped. Niger, ii. p. 490 (1848); Gray, Gen, B, i. p. 163 (1848)? 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 284 (1860) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. I p. 198, no. 2754 
(1860). 

Brymceea lateralis, Earth Orn. W.-Afr. p. 55 (1857). 
Drvmceca rurlcapiUa (non Fraser), SharpefyBouvier, Bull. 8oc. Zool. 
France, i. p. 42 (1870). 
Cisticola ruficapilla (non Fraser), iid. t. c. p. 805. 

Adult (type of species). General colour above uniform dusky 
brown; lesser wing-coverts like the back, with paler brown 
margins; outer median and greater coverts, bastard-wing feathers, 
primary-coverts and quills dusky, externally edged with rufous, very 
distinct at the base of the primaries and forming a wing-patch ; 
inner secondaries dusky brown like the back; upper tail-coverts dusky 
brown; tail-feathers dusky, externally dull rufescent brown, the 
tips lighter and more ashy brown .with a broad subterminal bar of 
black; crown of the head like the back; lores dull whitish; ear-
coverts dusky brown like the head, with whitish shaft-lines; cheeks 
and under surface dull whitish; the sides of the body and flanks 
ashy brown; thighs deep rufous; under tail-coverts fulvescent. 
Total length 5*1 inches, wing 2*o, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*95. 

Obs* The type specimen was never in good condition; and some of 
the characters, such as the axillaries &c, are too much injured to be 
described. The specimens from the Congo, which I believed in 1876 
to be the young of (7. rifioapilla% are evidently immature, or winter-
plumaged birds of the present species. They are lighter rufous above, 
uniform in tint, the wing-coverts and quills broadly edged with deep 
rufous; below, the body is sandy buff, whiter on the throat, fore neck, 
and abdomen; under wing-coverts and axillaries light tawny, the 
latter whitish at the base; quills dusky brown below, rufous along 
the edge of the inner web. One of these specimens shows on the 
head some of the dusky brown feathers of the ad alt plumage. 

Eab. "West Africa, from Cape Palmas to the Congo. 

252 TIMELIIDJE. 
a. Ad. sk. Cape Palrnas. L. Eraser, Esq. [0.], 
b. Ad. sk. Cape Palmas (Fraser).
(Type of species.) 
Eyton Collection. 
c. Juv. sk.
d. Juv. sk. 
Conde, Congo^ 
Rio Massala, Congo. 
Mr. L. Petit [0.1 
Mr. L. Petit | 

9. Cisticola rufa. 
Drymoica rufa, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 17; id. Zool. lyp. pi. 42. 

fig-. 3 (1849); Allen $ Thomps. Exped. Niger, ii. p. 491 (1848): 

Gray, Iland-l B. i. p. 198, no. 2758 (1869). 
Drymoeca rufa, Hard. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 58 (18<f>7). 

Drymoeca brackyptera, Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 470, pi. xiv. fig. 1; id. 
bat Afr. B. p. 31 (1871); Shelley 8f Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 287. 
Cisticola bracliyptera, Sharpe 8f Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii. 

p. 476 (1877); Socage, Orn. Angola, p. 554 (1881) j Hartl. 
Abhandl not. Ver. Bremen, viii. p. 190 (1882). 
Cisticola hypoxantlia, Hartl. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 624. 

Adult. General colour above -uniform dark brown, a little more 
reddish brown on the rump and upper tail-coverts; lesser wing-
coverts like the back, some of the outer ones with fulvous margins; 
median and greater coverts, bastard-wing feathers, primary-coverts 
and quills dusky brown, externally edged with rufous, deeper and 
more chestnut on the latter; tail-feathers dusky brown, with rufous-
brown margins, the feathers tipped with lighter brown, before 
which is a perceptible blackish shade on all but the two centre 
feathers, which have not a paler tip; crown of the head a little 
darker than the back; lores and a narrow eyebrow whitish, the 
hinder part of the latter slightly washed with rufous; feathers 
round the eye whitish; ear-coverts brown, with narrow whitish 
shaft-lines; cheeks and throat dull whitish ; fore neck and breast 
reddish buff, deeper on the sides of the body and flanks ; abdomen 
whitish; thighs tawny brown; under tail-coverts reddish buff; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries tawny buff; quills below dusky ; 
inner edge of quills rufous. Total length 3*3 inches, culmen 0*45, 
wing 1*65, tail 1*25, tarsus 0*65. 

This species appears to have a striated stage, when the head and 
back have blackish-brown stripes ; the only example I have seen in 
this stage is a bird killed by the late Governor Ussher at Christiansborg, 
Accra, in December 1879. Whether it is the full winter 
plumage I am unable to say* 

Young. Very similar to the adult, but yellow underneath with 
reddish-brown flanks. 
Hal. West Africa, from the Gold Coast to the Congo. Also 
occurring at Lado in Equatorial Africa. 
a, b. Ad. sk. West Africa. L. Eraser, Esq. [C.]. (Types 
of species.) 

c. Imm. sk. River Gambia. Purchased. 
d,e,f. Ad. sk. Eiver Volta (Ussher). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. (Types 
of D. brachypte?*a.) 
g, h. Ad. sk. Accra. Governor Ussher [C.]. 

i. Juv. sk. Gaboon. M. A. Bouvier. 
k, I, Ad. sk. Cond6, Congo (JDr. Zucan), M, A. Bouvier. 
11 . CTSTICOIA. 253 
Q10. dsticola gracilis. 

Prinia gracilis, Frankl P. Z. S. 1831, p. 119 ; Jerd. Madr. Jour. xi. 

p. 3 (1840); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 162 (1848)$ Myth, Cat B. Mus. 
As. Soe. p. 143 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 284 (1850); Jerd. B. Ind. 
ii. p. 172 (1863); Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 459 ; Gray, Hand-l B. i. 
p. 196, no. 2699 (1869); Hume, Wests £ Eggs hid. B. p. 341 
(1873); Ball, Sir. F. 1874, p. 414; Wold, in Blyth B. Burm. 
p. 119 (1875); Hume $ Oates, Sir. F. 1875, p. 136; Brooks, f. c. 
p. 242 ; Butler, t e. p. 480; Ball, Str. F. 1877, p. 217; Hume, i. c. 
p. 217; Lloyd, Ibis, 1876, p. 280; Anders. Zool. Exped. Yunnan, 
Aves, p. 641 (1878); Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 101; Brooks, t c. 
p. 476; Butler, Str. F. 1880, p. 406. 
Prinia hodgsoni, Blyth, J. As. Soc. Beng. xiii. p. 376 (1844), xvi. 
p. 456 (1847); Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 63 
(1846) ; id. Gen. B. i. p. 162 (1848); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. 
p. 143 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 284 (1850) ; Horsf. § Moore, Cat 
B. El. Co. Mus. i. p. 322 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 173 (1863) ; 
Brooks, Ibis, 1869, p. 354; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 196, no. 2698; 
Wald. Ibis, 1871, p. 112; Hume, Nests § Eggs Ind. B. p. 342 
(1873); Adams, Str. F. 1873, p. 381; Hume 8f Oates, Str. F. 1875, 
p. 136; Brooks, t c. p. 243; Butl. t c. p. 480; Wald. in Blyth's B. 
Burm. p. 119 (1875); Ball, Str. F. 1876, p. 234; Fairb. t c. p. 259 ; 
Board, tc. p. 401; Hume $ Earn. Str. F. 1878, pt. 1, p. 348; 
Oates, Str. F. 1878, pt. 2, p. 48; Ball, t e. p. 217; Hume, t c. p. 217, 
note; Anders. Zool. Exped. Yunnan, Aves, p. 641 (1878) ; Legge, B. 
Ceylon, p. 523 (1879); Hume, Str. F. Ib79, p. 101; Vidal, Str. F. 
1880, p. 07 ; Butler, t c. p. 406. 
Prinia rufula, Godio.-Aust. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 47; id. J. A. S. Beng. 
xliii. pt. 2, p. 165, pi. ix. fig. 1 (1874); Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 397; 
Hume $ Davis. Str. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 348; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, 

p. 101. 
Prinia albogularis, Wald. Ann. Hat Hist (4) v. p. 219 (1870). 
Prinia pectoralis, Legge, Mem. B. Ceylon in Ceylon Blue-book, p. 9 
(1874). 
Adult General colour above cindery grey, a little paler on the 
lower "back and rump; lesser wing-coverts light brown; the median 
coverts, greater coverts, bastard wing, and primary-coverts ashy 
brown, margined with light brown; quills dusky brown, externally 
margined with rufous, the inner secondaries more ashy; upper tail-
coverts like the back ; tail-feathers ashy brown, barred across with 
dusky under certain lights, the centre feathers with a blackish subterminal 
mark but no pale tip, all the rest tipped with white, with 
a distinct subterminal bar of black; crown of the head like the 
back; lores dusky, as well as the feathers above the eye; ear-
coverts cindery grey like the head on the upper parts, yellowish 
white on the lower half like the cheeks and throat; fore neck and 
chest cindery grey, forming a broad band across ; breast and abdomen 
yellowish white; sides of the body and flanks slightly tinged with 
ashy; thighs tawny buff; under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries yellowish white; quills below brown; inner edge 
of quills bufly whitish; " bill black; legs and feet fleshy yellow, in 
some with a faint tinge of brown on the tarsus; claws brown; eye


^54 
TIMELUD^E. 

lid brownish, yellow; iris reddish yellow " (Legge). Total length 
4-3 mch.es, oilmen 0-5, wing 1*8, tail 2*05, tarsus 0*75. 

A pair of birds from Mr. Oates's collection measures as follows :— 

Total length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 
in. in. in. in. 
a. ? . Lower Pegu, July ... .1. rf. Lower Pegu, August .. 
4-2 
3-7 
1-75 
1-/5 
1-76 
1'55 
07 
0-7 

The young bird differs very little from the adult, but seems to be 
slightly more yellow on the throat. 

Winter plumage. Brown where the summer plumage is grey, but 
without any distinct eyebrow; the rump and upper tail-coverts more 
rufescent; wings with distinct rufous edgings to the coverts and 
quills; tail ashy as in adult, with white tips and subterminal black 
bars; below yellowish, with a strong ashy shade on the sides of the 
body and flanks. Wing 1*85, tail 2-1. 

Captain Legge says that the female is smaller on the average than 
the male; it is less cinereous above, and the wings are paler brown ; 
a light streak above the lores; the pectoral band about the same 
width, but much paler; flanks the same; iris as in the male; 
tarsus not so clear in colour. 

According to the same observer the nestling just fledged has the 
iris olive, the bill dark brown, yellow beneath at the base, the 
legs and feet brownish yellow, the claws light yellowish. The 
colour is brownish olivaceous above, inclining to rusty on the rump ; 
wings brown, edged with light ferruginous; beneath white, a faint 
dark band across the chest, and a slight tinge of buff over the 
whole; edge of wing white. Eor some little time the upper 
parts remain the same; but the pectoral band darkens, the tips 
of the rectrices are whiter than in the adult, and the soft parts 
undergo a gradual change, the iris becomes yellow, the bill 
blackish with a pale base below, and the legs less brownish. At 
the end of the first year the head is cinereous as in the adult, but 

the back is more olivaceous, the wing-coverts and quills still edged 
rusty, and the pectoral band of not quite the normal depth, with 
the "lower part still tinged with buff. During nonage females 
are distinguishable at all ages by the pectoral band being lighter 
than in the male and slightly incomplete in the centre. 

Ilab. India and Ceylon, ranging eastwards into the Burmese 
countries as far south as Pegu. 

a. S 
ad.; b. <$ S.E.Ceylon, July 1873. Captain W*. Vincent Legge 
juv. sk. 
c. $ ad. sk. Eastern Province, Coy-Captain W. Vincent Legge 
Ion, Sept. 10,1875. 

pp.]


d, e. Ad. sk. Madras (Jerdori). 

Eyton Collection. 

/. 
Ad. sk. Madras (Jerdori). 

Gould Collection. 

g, h. Ad. sk. Deccan (Sghes). 

India Museum. 

i, Irani, sk. Barahaut, May 7,1854. 

A. 0. Hume, Esq. 
k. 
Ad.sk. Muddapoor, June 30,1880 
Eugene W. Oates, Esq. 

(W. E. Brooks). 
11 . CTSTICOLA. 255 
/. Hiem. sk.
m. Ad. sk.
n-r. Hiem. sk.
s, t. Hiem. sk.
u. Ad. sk.
v, <$ ad. sk.
w. Jjuv.sk.
x. S &k.
y. S ad. sk.
ss. $ ad. sk. 
West of OJianda, S.E.
Berar, Jan. 1,1870. 
Nepal. 
Nepal {Hodgson). 
Bootan (Femlerton). 
Muangla, Sanda valley,
May 19,1868. 
Thayetmyo, April 4,1873. 
Tkayetruyo, June %
1872. 
Lower Pegu, Feb. 29,1880. 
Lower Pegu, August 16,1879. 
Lower Pegu, July 24,1879. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq 
[P.]. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
India Museum. 
India Museum. 
Br. J. Anderson rC.l. 
L J 
Eugene W. Oates, 
Esq. [0-1. 
Eugene W, Oates, 
Esq. [O.J. 
Eugene W. Oates, 
Esq. [0.]. 
Eugene W. Oates, 
Esq. [0.]. 
Eugene W. Oates, 
Esq. [0.]. 

* 11. Oisticola beavani 
Prima beavani, Walcl P. Z. S. 1866, p. 551 ; Beavan, Ibis, 1867, 
p. 454; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 196, no. 2704 (1869); Hume $ 
Oates, Str. F. 1875, p. 136; Gates, Str. F. 1877, p. 158; Wold. 
B. Burmah, p. 119 (1875); Hume § Davis. Str. F. 1878, vol. i. 
p. 349 5 Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 101,156; Bingham, Str. F. 1880, 
p. 186; Wardl. Bamsay, Orn. Works Tweed, p. 28 (1881). 
Prima rufescens, Blyth, J. As. Soe. Beng. xvi. p. 456 (1847); Gray, 
Gen. B. i. p. 162 (1848) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 143 
(1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 284 (1850); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 196, 
no. 2705 (1869) ; Hume § Oates, Str. F. 1875, p. 136; Blyth 8f 
Wold. B. Barm. p. 119 (1875); Anders. Zool. Hvj)ed. Yunnan, 
Aves, p. 640 (1878); Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 101. 

Adult male (type of species). General colour above brown, with 
tufts of fulvous-white feathers on each side of the rump, and indications 
of dusky cross bars on the lower back and rump; lesser 
wing-coverts and median coverts like the back, the greater coverts 
with a slight rufous tinge on the outer margin; bastard-wing 
feathers and primary-coverts dusky brown, with narrow rufous 
edgings ; quills dusky brown, edged with rufous, deeper towards 
the base of the primaries; inner secondaries brown like the back ; 
upper tail-coverts a little more fulvous brown than the back; tail-
feathers light brown with fulvous edgings, all but the centre tail-
feathers tipped with white, before which is a distinct sub terminal 
spot of black; crown of the head, occiput, and nape slaty grey; 
lores white, as well as a little streak above the eye; feathers round 
the eye whitish; ear-coverts slaty grey with pale shaft-lines; 
cheeks, throat, and fore neck white, the latter tinged with yellow; 
breast fulvous; abdomen whiter; sides of the body and flanks 
fulvous; thighs tawny; under tail-coverts buffy whitish ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries light tawny burl; quills below dusky brown ; 
inner edge of quills tawny buff; " bill black; legs and feet pale 
or dark pinkish fleshy; claws light brown; hides orange-brown, 
light wood-brown, or reddish yellow " ( W. Davison). Total length 

25 6 TIMKLIIBiE. 

4*] inches, culmen 0*5, wing- 1*8, tail J*65, tarsus 0*8. (Mas. 

B. (L Wardlaw Ramsay.) 
An adult pair in breeding-plumage measure— 

Total 

length. Wing. Tail. TaraiiH. 
in. in. in. in. 
a. rf. Pegu, June 20, 1870.. 
b. $. Pegu, July 20,1879.. 
3-8 
3-8 
1-8 
P6 
1-65 
1*5 
07 5 
0-7 

There seems to he no difference in the colour of the sexes ; but 
tho female appears to be slightly smaller. 

The winter plumage is reddish brown above, with very distinct 
rufoscent upper tail - coverts; the tail more rufous, as well as the 
outer aspect of the quills; the head is reddish brown like the back; 
and underneath the general colour is yellower, the flanks and 
thighs being pereeptibh more tawny ; upper mandible and lower 
mandible from tip to angle of gonys dark horny brown ; rest of bill 
bluish iicshy (Davison). Total length 4-5 inches, wing 1-77, tail 2, 
tarsus 0*7. 

The eyebrow is often very distinct in this species, and sometimes 
nearly obsolete, and this in individuals killed at the same season of 
the year. 

Hah. From Nepal through the eastern Himalayas and the 
Burmese countries as far as Salangore in Malacca. 

a, b. Hiem. sk.
e. $ ad. sk.
(I $ ad. sk. 
Bhamau, Upper Burmah,
Jan. 8, 1868. 
Zeinganein, Pegu, May 26,1876. 
Lower Pegu, June 20,1879. 
Dr. J. Anderson [C.]. 
(Priniarufescens,jLiiderson, 
I. c.) 
Eugene W. Oates, Esq. 
[0.]. 
Eugene W. Oates, Esq. 
e.f.S; gX 8ad. sk.'
i. o hiem. sk. 
Lower Pegu, July 1878. 
Pahpoon, Sal ween river,
Tenas&erim, Dec. 80,1873 
[0-]Eugene 
W. Oates, Esq. 
[C.]. 
A. 0. Hiune, Esq. 
k. $ ad. sk.
I. Juv. hiem. sk.
(W. Davison). 
Malewoon, Tenasserim,
April 80,1875 (W.Davison). 
Foot of Arakan hills, east-
em side. 
A. 0. Hume, Esq. 
Eugene AV. Oates, Esq. 
m. ITiem. sk.
n. Hiem. sk. 
Nepal. 
Nepal (Hodgson). 
B. II. Hodgson, Esq. 
India Museum. 

i 12. Cisticola cinereicapilla. 

Prinia cinereocapilla, Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 77 (e.v Hodgs. MSS.) ; 
Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. MILS. i. p. 322 (1854) ; Jerd. B. 
Ind.'ii. p. 172 (1859); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 23; Gray, Hand-l B. 

i. p. 190, no. 2700 (1869) ; Hume, Nests § Eggs Lid. B. p. 341 
(1873); Brooks, Str. F. 1875, p. 242; A. Anders. P. Z. S. 1878, 
p. 370; Hume, Str. F. 1878, p. 320, 1879, p. 101,1880, p. 286. 
Adult. General colour above reddish brown, sides of the rump 

11 . CISTICOLA. 
257 

fulvescent; wing-coverts like the back; bastard-wing feathers dusky, 
externally fulvous; primary-coverts dusky, with narrow rufous edges; 
quills light brown, externally rufous ; inner secondaries washed with 
rufous; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers dull rufous, brighter rufous 
on the edges, the centre feathers tipped with, fulvous, with a snbterminal 
dusky bar, the outer feathers with a whitish spot at the end; 
crown of the head bluish grey; occiput and nape reddish brown like 
the back; a line across the base of the forehead, extending backwards 
in a narrow eyebrow, pale tawny buff,• in front of the eye an ashy 
spot; ear-coverts tawny buff, the upper edge ashy; cheeks and the 
under surface of the body tawny buff, paler on the abdomen; sides 
of the body and flanks richer fulvous; thighs deep tawny; under 
tail-coverts pale tawny buff; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale 
tawny buff, deeper on the edge of the wing; quills below ashy brown ; 

inner edge of quills rufescent. Total length 3*7 inches, culmen 0*45,' 
wing 1*65, tail 1*95, tarsus 0*8. 
Hah. Himalayas from j^epal westwards to the neighbourhood of 

Gangaotri. 
a, b. Ad. sk.
c, d. Ad. sk.
e,f. Ad. etjuv. sk. 
Nepal. 
Nepal. 
Nepal (Hodgson). 
B. H. Hodgson, Es^. 
B. H. Hodgson, Es^. 
India Museum. 
(Types of species.) 

** 13. Cisticola poliocephala. 
Prima poliocephala, A. Anderson, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 870, pi. 10; Hume 
Sir. F. 1876, vol. ii. p. 319; id. Sir. R 1879, p. 101,1880, p. 286. 

Yery closely allied to G. heamni, from which it differs only in its 
slaty-grey head and entire absence of eyebrow. Total length 3*8 
inches, culmen 0*45, wing 1*75, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*8. 

Hah. Himalayas: Nepal and Kumaon. 

a. Ad. sk Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
14. Cisticola ferruginea*. 
Cisticola ferraginea, Heugl. Syst TTebers. p. 21 (1856); id, J.f.O. 
1864, p. 259; id. Ibis, 1869, p. 143; id. Orn. MO.-Afr. p. 265 
(1869), iv. App. p. kxv (1873). 

Brvmoica troglodytes, Antin. Cat. descr. JJcc. p. 38 (1864); Salvad. 

itiv. Crit. Antin. p. 733, pi. ii. fig. 1 (1870). 
Brymceca ferruginea, Heugl. Ibis, 1869, p. 135. 
Bryraoica ferruginea, Gray, Hand-l. B. I p. 201, no. 2822 (1869). 

Adult (type of species). General colour above uniform rufous or 
foxy red ; the wing-coverts dusky, edged with tlie same colour as 
the back; quills brown, edged with rufous like the back, the inner 
secondaries entirely rufous; upper tail-coverts like the back; two 

* Whether the bird from. Landana (Sharpe & Bouv. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 
1877, p. 476; Boeage, Orn. Angola, p. 553, 1881) was properly identified, I am 
not able now to say, as the specimen did not pass into the hands of the British 
Museum. 
VOL. VII,

 0 

258 TIMELUD-E. 

centre tail-feathers rufous, tho remainder dark brown, externally 
rufous, with a bar of black before the lip, which is rufous-buff; 
lores whitish ; a narrow eyebrow of rufous-buff; ear-coverts pale 
f ulvcscent, with paler shaft-lines ; cheeks and under surface of body 
pale fulvous, whiter on the throat and abdomen, the sides of the 
body more tawny ; thighs tawny rufous ; " bill reddish horny, the 
tip blackish; feet reddish; iris clear brown " (Heugh'a). Total 
length 4<3 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 1/8, tail 1/G, tarsus 1/05. (AIus.

Win.) 

Ilab. N.E. Africa, near the sources of the Rahad and Dender rivers, 
and about the Djur and Ivosanga rivers. 


15. Cisticola marginalis. 
Drymoica marginalis, Heugl Si/st. Uebers. p. 22 (1856) ; Gray. Hand4. 
£. i. p. 199, no. 2781 (1869). 
Cisticola fiaveola, Heugl Syst. Uebers. p. 21 (1856); id. Ibis, 1869, 

p. 143 ; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. I p. 249 (1869), iv. App. p. lxxiii (1873). 
Drymoeca fiaveola, Heugl. J.f. 0. 1862, p. 289 ; id. Ibis, 1869, p. 98, 
pi. ii.fig. 2. 
Drvmoeca marginata, Heugl. Ibis, 1869, p. 94, pi. i. fig. 1; Giebel, 
Thes. Orn. ii. p. 64 (1875). 
Cifttieola marginata, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 248 (1869), iv. App. 

p. lxxiii (1873). 
Drymoica fiaveola, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 199, no. 2792 (1869). 
Drymoica erytkrogenys, Finsch, Trans. Zool. Soc. vii. p. 231 (1870, 
nee Hilpp.). 

Adult female (Goon-goona; "W. Jesse). General colour above black, 
streaked with sandy buff, the feathers being black in the centre 
with broad sandy-buff edgings on each side ; rump sandy buff, with 
narrower black centres; lesser wing-coverts ashy fulvous with black 
centres, mostly concealed; median and greater coverts black, externally 
sandy rufous; bastard-wing feathers black, externally 
whitish ; primary-coverts and quills dusky brown, externally rufous, 
deepest at the base of the quills ; inner secondaries deep black, with 
broad whitish margins to the inner webs ; upper tail-coverts sandy 
buff, rufescent near the base and centred with black, broader on the 
longer coverts ; two centre tail-feathers sandy buff, with a longitudinal 
black streak along the centre, widening slightly towards the 
tip ; remainder of the tail-feathers ashy brown, externally washed 
with sandy buff, tipped broadly with dull white, before which is a 
broad black subterminal bar, the blackish shade more or less pervading 
the centre of the feathers; crown of the head and nape bright 
rufous, with short black spots in the centre of each feather • hind 
neck nearly uniform tawny rufous ; lores buffy whitish, extending 
over tho fore part of the eye; feathers round the eye buffy whitish; 
ear-coverts and cheeks light rufous, with pale shaft-lines on the 
former; throat buffy whitish, deepening into bright sandy buff on 
the fore neck, breast, sides of the body, and flanks; abdomen buffy 
whitish ; thighs light tawny ; under tail-coverts sandy buff; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries light tawny ; quills below dusky ; inner 
edge of quills rufous; " bill reddish horny, the lower mandible more 

11 . CISTICOLA.. 
259 
dusky; feet reddish.; iris clear brown" (Heaglin). Total length. 
5 5 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-25, tail 2-5? tarsus 0*85. (Mus. B. 

G. Wardlaw 
Ramsay.) 
Hah. Abyssinia and the Upper-^ile region. 
This species is very closely allied to 0. tmniens^ and requires 
careful comparison with, that species to assure its real distinctness. 
Br. Finsch has suggested that C. marginal is is really the same as 

C. erythrogetiys, Eiipp.; and this accounts for his identification 
of Mr. Jesse's bird above described, which is certainly Heuglin's 
G. marginalise and which appears to me to be easily separable from 
O. erythrogenys, as Heuglin himself has pointed out. I have compared 
Jesse's bird with the type in the Yienna lluseum, kindly lent 
me by Dr. Steindachner. 
16. Gisticola cisticola. 
La 
Fauvette cisticole, VieilL Faune F/anc. p, 27, pi. 102. fio\ 1 
(1820). 
Sylvia cisticola, Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 228 (1820) ; id. PI Col vi. 
"iig. 3 (1820J ; id. Man. cTOrn. iii. p. 123 ; VonderMuhle, Monoyr. 
Furop. Syh. p. 122 (1850). 
Prima curbitans, Franfd. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 118; Jerd. Madr. Jburn. 

xi. p. 5 (1840) ; id. Ill Ind. Orn. pL vi. (1847). 
Cysticola cisticola, Less. Traite, p. 415 (1831); Licht. Nbmenol 
p. 31 (1854). 
Sylvia (Cisticola) typus, It'tipp. Neite Wirk Vdg. p. 113 (1835-40). 
Drymoica cisticola, Swains. Classif. B. h. p. 242 (1837) ; Gray, Gen. 
B. L p. 1G4 (1848). 
Salicaria cisticola, Gould, B. Far. pi. 113 (1837); Keys. u. Bias. 
Wirb. Fur. p. lv (1840); Schl Bed. QriL p. xxz (1844) ; Linderm. 
Vog. Griechenl p. 95 (18G0). 

Cisticola 
schosnicola, Bp. Comp. List B. Fur. <§* N. Amer. p. 12 
(1838); Blyth, Cat. B. Mtis. As. Soe. p. 145 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. 

i. p. 286 (1850) ; Cab. Mm. Hein.Th. i.p. 44 (1850); Heugl Syst 
Uebers. p. 21 (1850) ; Tristr. Ibis, 185% p. 160 ; Homeyer, J. f. O. 
18(12, p. 283; Jerd. B. Lid. ii. p. 174 (1863); Swinh. Ibis, 1863, 
p. 303; Giglioli, Ibis, 1865, p. 52; Lunel, Bull Soe. Orn. Suisse, 
i. p. 10 (1865); Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 23; Lochs, Fxpl SeL AlgSr., 
Ois. i. p. 281 (1867) ; Degl. $ Gerbe, Orn. Fur. I p. 537 (1867) ; 
A. C. Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 441; Brooks, t. c. p. 130; Hume, Ibis, 
1870, p. 136 ; Swinh. t c. p. 345; Sharpe, J. c^p. 475; Gumey, 
Ibis, 1871, p. 83; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 352 ; Holdsw. P. Z. S. 
1872, p. 455; Shelley, B. Fgypt, p. 97; Hume, Nests $ Eggs hid. 
B. p. 343 (1873); id. Sir. F. 1873, p. 439; Adam, t. c. p. 382; 
James, t. c. p. 420; Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 412; Hume, Str. F. 
1874, p. 233, 1875, p. 137; Butler, t. e. p. 481; Hume, t c. p. 481, 
note; Irhy, B. Gibraltar, p. 91 (1875); Lilford, Ibis, 1875, p. 17 ; 
Blyth $ Wald. B. Burm. p. 119 (1875) ; Wharton, Ibis, 1876, 
p. 19; Ball, Sir. F. 1876, p. 234. 
Drvmoica uropygialis, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 17; Allen § Thomps. 
Fxped. Niger, ii. App. p. 491 (1849); Fraser, Zool Typ. pi. 42, 
rig*. 2 (1849); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 164 (1848) ; id. Hand4: B. i. 
p!a98, no. 2756 (lb09). 

Prima subhimalayana, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 377 (1844). 
Prinia ei&tieola, Blyth, t. c. p. 377 (1844). 

260 
TIMT3ITIDJE. 

Cistieola subhemalayana, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mux., Passeres 
pi. 51 (no. 437) j id. in Grai/s ZooL Misc. p. 82 (1844). ' 
Cistieola cursitms, Gray, Cat. Ma mm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p 62 
(1840); Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 457 (1847); TYriW/, 0». dt 

xvii. p. 800 (1849); 2?/yM, Orf. i?. Jlks. As. Soc. p. 145 (1849).' 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 280 (1850); Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. F.I Co 
Mm. i. p. 824 (1854); Cass. Broc. Phil ad. Acad. 1850, p. 318 • 
Ilartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 20,4 (1857); Swinh. Ibis, 1801, p. 329Antin. 
Cat. deser. 'Ucc. p. 37 (1804) j Ilartl. P. Z. S. 1807. p. 825' 
Finsch # Hartl.og. Ostafr. p. 229 (1870) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital 
Ucc.-p. 119 (1871); Sharps;Cat Afr.B.V. 29 (lSn,Vt.); Gurney, 
inAnderss. B. Bam. Ld p. 88 (1872) ; Walden, Trans. Z. 8. \iii. 

p. 04 (1872); Antin. fy Salvad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 108 (1873) ] 
Sharpe $ Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 305 (1870); Dresser 
B. Fur. iii. p. 3, pi. 90 (1877) ; Hume, Sir. F. 1877, p. 90 : Davidson 
# Wenden, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii.p. 85 ; Ball, t. c.p. 217; Cripps 
t. c p. 235 ; Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 710 ; Hume $ Davison, Str 
F. 1878, p. 349; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 531 (1879); Meyer, Ibis 
1879, p. 140; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 101; Vidal, Str. F. 1880,' 
p. 67 ; Bingham, t. e.p. 180; Bidler, t. c. p. 407; Wardlaw Pamsay 
Orn. Works Tweedd, p. 658(1881); Bocage, Orn. Angola, p 554 
(1881); Beid, Str. F. 1881, p. 46; Kelham, Ibis, 1881, p. 516. 
Cistieola omallira, 
Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 145 (1849, descr. 
nultd); id. J. A. S. Beng. xx. p. 170 (1851) ; Bp. Consp. i. p 286 
(1S50); Kelaart,Prodr. Cat. p. 120 (1852, pt.); Blyth, Ibis, 1867 

p. 302; Hmne, Str. F. 1877, p. 90. ' 
Salicaria (Cistieola) bnmneiceps, Temm. fy Sclileg. Faun. Jap , Aves 
p. 184, pi. 20 (1850). 
Cistieola bnmneiceps, Bp. Consp. i. p. 286 (1850). 
Carieieola cistieola, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 237 (1855). 
Sylvia arquata, Von Midler, J. \f. 0. 1856, p. 224. 
Drymceca nropyjrialis, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 56 (1857). 
Calamanthella tintinnabulans, Swinh. J. As. Soc. N. China Br 
1859, p. . 
Cistieola tintinnabulans, Swinh. Ibis, 1860, pp. 51 & 131,1861, p. 32. 
Schoenicola cistieola, Blashis, List B.Fur., ed. Neivton.y. 11 (1862)" 

Salvad. Ucc. Sardegn. p. 56 (1804) ; Bolle, J. f. O. 1865, p 142 • 

BrooU, Ibis, 1873, p. 344. > V-> 
Cistieola fuscicapilla, Wall. P. Z. S. 1803, p. 489. 
Cistieola europnea, Hartl. Ibis, 1803, p. 325. 
Drymceca cistieola, Heugl. Ibis, 1809, p. 132. 
Drymoica omalnra, Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 200, no. 2812 (1869). 
Drymoica cursitans, Gray, t. c. p. 200, no. 2806 (1809). 
Drymoica fuscicapilla, Gray, t c. p. 200, no. 2810 (1809). 
Cistieola munipurensis, Godtvin-Amfen, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 47; id J. 

A. S. Beng. xliii. pt. 2, p. 165, pi. ix. fig. 2 (1874); Hume'str'.li 
1875, p. 398, 1877, p. 90, 1879, p. 101. 
Loeustella bnmneiceps, Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 37. 
Cistieola cistieola, Oates, B. Brit. Burm. p. 115 (1883). 


Adult male (Villacidio, April 26, 1871). Above streaked, the 
feathers blackish in centre, with sandy-buff margins; rump uniform 
rusty ; the feathers of mantle with paler edges ; wing-coverts 
and bastard wing blackish, edged with sandy buff like the back; 
primary-coverts and quills black, with rufous-brown margins, deeper 
near base of primaries; inner secondaries blackish, with'sandybuff 
margins all round; upper tail-coverts rusty fulvous, with 

11 . CISTICOLA. 261 
black longitudinal streaks ; centre tail-feathers brown, with, whitybrown 
margins, remainder dark brown, edged with pale sandy buff, 
the tips white or brownish white with a distinct black sub terminal 
bar: crown of head streaked like back; hind neck a little more 
rufescent than back; lores whitish; a narrow eyebrow and feathers 
round eye sandy buff; ear-coverts pale sandy buff, with whitish 
shaft-lines ; cheeks whitish like the throat; sides of neck decidedly 
more rufous like hind neck; fore neck and breast a pale sandy buff; 
sides of upper breast streaked with darker brown ; abdomen lighter 
and more buffy white; sides of body ferruginous, deepening on flanks 
and tawny on thighs ; under tail-coverts sandy buff; under wing-
coverts and axillaries the same, but a little more rufescent; quills 
below dusky brown, ashy rufous on their inner edge; " bill fleshy, 
the culmen varying from dusky to blackish brown, tip of lower 
mandible dusky; inside of mouth black ; legs and feet fleshy, joints 
of toes dusky ; iris varying from greyish yellow to olive-grey or pale 
olive" (IF. Vincent Legge). Total length 4-1 inches, culmen 0-45, 
wing 2, tail 1-75, tardus 0-75. 

The female is exactly like the male in colour; but the inside of 
the mouth is always fleshy, according to Oapt. Legge. Total length 
4'3 inches, wing 1-8, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*7o. 

To wig. Similar to the adult, but rather -more fluffy and tinged 
with yellow below. In its first autumn plumage it resembles the 
full winter plumage of the adult; but the white tips to the tail-
feathers are not so strongly pronounced; " bill dark horn-colour, 
the under mandible yellowish fleshy; legs and feet fleshy reddish; 
iris greyish olive " { W. V. Legge), 

The series of specimens examined by me from Europe does not 
contain an adult female in the breeding-plumage; and I am not 
able to state the different phases of plumage through which the 
hen passes. As in the case of the 0. exilis group, the male bird 
seems to have a more uniform brown head during the breeding-
season, and as soon as the latter is past he assumes a striped dress. 
The female will probably be found to have a striped head at all 
seasons; and it is evident that in winter the birds are not only 
striped, but have a longer tail than in summt r, as is usual in the 
CisticolcB. Thus a male in breeding-plumage has the tail 1 *25 inch, 
while a male killed in December has the tail 1*85 inch. 

Specimens from the plains of India sometimes present a remarkable 
difference from European specimens in the tail-feathers, which 
have the light subterminal shade of the latter bright tawny instead 
of dull brown. So different does such a specimen as Mr. Brooks's 
Muddapoor skin (vide infra) look, that few would hesitate to separate 
it as a distinct species; but I find that, although this tawny spot 
is never seen in European skins, yet it often occurs in Indian ones, 
and is present also in some of the West-African birds in a varying 
degree of intensity. Thus it is not possible to make it a specific 
character; and it is probably remains of some older plumage (when 
the species was not so widely spread as it is now) which snrvivo 
still in full force in the Indian plains, but has become obliterated in 

TIMELIID^. 

the European birds, and has become nearly so in those from West 
Africa. 
The birds from Japan appear to me to represent a permanently 
large race, with the wing ranging from 2 to 2-2 inches. Too 
much stress, however, cannot be laid on the^e differences, as all the 
Japanese specimens in the collection appear to be in winter plumage 
(tail 2 to 2-2 inches). 
In Cevlon Capt. legge notices a difference between the birds from 
the low country and those from the hills, the latter being darker. 
He finds very little variation in the dress of the male in summer 
and winter; "but the male is always more or less uniform, while the 
female is striated at all seasons. 
Mr. Hume states that the specimens with the rufous subterminal 
mark on the inner webs of the tail-feathers are the breeding birds, 
whereas the more uniform-tailed specimens are the cold-weather 
birds. As far as I have examined European specimens, there is 
never any sign of this rufous bar, which is ehirath ristic of the specimens 
from the plains of India in full plumage; and the birds from 
"West Afiica and Nepal mentioned above (wherein ^>me of the specimens 
show a trace of the rufous bar) do not indicate any change 
of plumage in the tail by a tiinet movlt. The presence of this rufous 
bar in occabional specimens can only be accounted for h\ supposing 
that the birds change from their plain tail to tit rut mi spotted one 
without a moult, but by direct alteration of the coiouiing of the 
feather itself. 
In India according to Mr. Hume, the male is always lavp r than the 
female ; in the former the average length of wins: i% 2-1 inches, and 
in the females 1*95 inch, but he has specimens of bothfeezesw ith the 
wing 2 inches. 
Bah. Southern Europe, extending southw ard« throughout Africa 
and eastwards throughout India and Ceylon, ti e Binmese countries, 
Malayan peninsula, and Indo-Mala} an islands. China and Japan. 
a rTad.sk Yillacidio, Sardinia, R.B.SharLe,EsQ."P.l 
April *G, lb71 {A. B. *" 
Brooke |. 
k c. Ad, sk. Oristano, Sardinia, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. ,rP.l 
March 1, 1*72> (A. B. 
Brooke). 

d. Ad. sk. Savoy. Gould Collection. 
e. Juv. sk. Italy (*%rt). Gould Collection. 
/ . Ad. sk. Gibraltar. C< lone! Irbv ""P.L 
g, h. Ad. sk. Tangiera. Colonel Irbv TP A 
t. Ad. sk. Tangiers (Okese). It, R. aharee,'foq.[P.]. 
h Ad. sk. Algeria, May 3, 1858 F. D. GOilman and O. 
(Trktram). Salvin, Ewjra. [P.], 
I Ad. sk. Algeria. R. B. Sharps Esq. 

m. 6 a$-*&• Merom. Canon Tristram U. l 
n. 2 ad. sk. Plains of Acre. Canon TrKtrara [C.'. 
o. Ad. &. Dakar, SennjialfJ/tfn//**). M. A. BOUTIH*. 
p. Ad. &k. Cape Coa-t, "W. Africa R. B. Sfaaipp, Esq. 
| UsJitr). 
q, r, s, t, u}v. Ad. sk. River Yolta i Vssher). R. B. Sharp, Esq. 

w. Ad. sk.
x. Ad. sk.
y. Ad. sk.
a. Ad. sk.
a'. $ ad. sk.
b'. Ad. sk.
c'. d'. $ $ ad. sk.

e'. 9 ad sk.

f. Ad. sk.
V, h\ i1. Ad. sk.
k'} V. Ad. sk.
m1. Ad. st.
n', o\ p'. q'. Ad. sk.
r'. Ad. sk.


$'. Ad. sk.

f. Ad. sk.
it'. <$ ad. sk.
v'. Q ad. sk.
wl. Ad. sk.
x'. c? biem. sk.
y\ (S Hem. sk.
z'. r? ad. sk.


a. S ad. sk.
/S. 5 ad. sk.
y, §,e, C 6 ad. sk.
r). cS ad. sk.
$,i d 2ad.sk.

K r? ad. sk.

X, u. Ad. sk.
'M


v. Ad. sk.
£. e ad. sk.
11. CISTICOLA. 
Accra (Smith). R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. 
Accra. Governor Ussher [0.]. 
Accra. L. Fraser, Esq. [0.]. 

(Type of D. uropygialis.) 
Nimboo, Congo. Dr. Lucan [P. ]. 
Ondonga, Feb. 4 (C. J. R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. 

Andersson). 
Damara Land ( 0. J. A.). R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. 
Omaruru river, Oct. 1866 R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. 

{C.J. A.), 
Otjimbinque, Dec. 1866 R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. 

[C. J. A.), 
Zanzibar (Sir J. Kirk). R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. 
N. Bengal, Gapt. Stackliouse Pin-
will [P.]. 
Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 

 Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 

[P.l. 
Nepal (B. H. Hodgson). India Museum, 
Muddapoor, June 21, E. W, Oates, E,q. [0.]. 
IS<0 (IF. K Brooks). 

 Madras. R. Cole, Esq, [P.]. 
Madras. T. 0. Jerdon,Esq. [P.], 
ZindvolaPatnas, Ceylon, Capt. W. Vincent 
Nov. 16, 1870. Legge [P.]. 
Tsitkau, Upper Burmak, Dr. J.' Anderson [C.l. 
Feb. 0,1875. 
Tbayetmyo, Sept. 20, Eugene W. Oates, Esq. 
1872. [0.]. 
Pegu, Jan. 7,1881. Eugene W. Oates, Esq. 
[0.]. 
Pegu, Feb. 24,1880. Eugene W. Oates, Esq. 
[C.]. 
Pegu, March 1,1880. Eugene W. Oates, Esq. 
[C.]. 
Pegu, April 4, 1880. Eugene W. Oates, Esq. 
[C.]. 
Pegu, June 15,1880, Eugene W. Oates, Esq. 

 Pegu, July 1880. Eugene W. Oates, Esq. 

 Nicobar Islands, Jan. 18, R. B. Sbarpe, Esq. [P.]. 
1874 (Capt. Wimberley). 


 Camorta Island, Nico- R.B. Sliarpe, Esq. [P.]. 
bars, Jan. 3, 1874 

(Capt. Wimlerley). 

 Singapore Island, Jan. W. Davison, Esq. [0.] 
81,1879. 

 East Timor. A. R, Wallace, Esq. 
[C.]. (Type of C. 
juscieapillu.) 

 Flores. A. R. Wallace, Esq. 
[^•]* 

 Makassar. A. R. Wallace, Esq. 

264 TIMELUDJS. 

o,7r,p,cr, T Ad.hiom Yokohama, Japan. H. Pryer, Esq. [C.]. 
8k. 

v. Ad. sk Europe. Baron Langier. 
17. Cisticola cherina*. 
Drvmoica clierina, Smith, III. Zool S. Afr., Aves, pi. 77.fig:. f$ (184.T) ; 
JSp. Consp. i. p. 283 (1850); Grill, Zool. Anteckn. p. 31 (1857) ; 
Gray, Iland-l B. i. p. 108, no. 2742 (i860). 

Drymoica madagascariensis, Ilarti Faun. Maclag. p. 53 (1801) ; Terr. 
In Tinson, Toy. Maclag., Ann. B, p. 2 (18G5) j 6^/?/, Hand-l. B. 

i.p. 1US,TIO.274U (1860j. 
Dryinoeca madagascarien^is, Eoch fy Newton, Ibis, 18G3, p. 343; 
Sclater, P. Z. S. 1*03, p. 102. 
Cisticola madagascarieiksis, Neicton, P. Z. S. 18G5, p. 83o j &?/*/. 

P. Z. & lbGG, p. 421; Grandid. Eev. et Mag. de Zool. 1807, p. 357 ; 
Schlcgel $ Poll. Faun. Madaq., Ois. p. 9] (1868); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 
1870; p. 31)1; itf. Orf. Afr. B. p. 29 (1871); Bartl. P. Z. S. 1875, 
p. C)5; 7/wtf. Tog. Ma dag. p. 118 (1877); Milne-Edwards # 
Grandid. in Grandid, Hist. 'Madag., Ois. p. 325, pi. 130 (1881). 
Cisticola clierina, Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 278 (1870). 

Adult male. General colour above blackish brown, streaked with 
lighter brown, the feathers being blackish in the centre, with sandy-
brown edges; rump uniform rufous-brown ; lesser wing-coverts dull 
sandy brown; median and greater coverts dark brown, margined with 
sandy brown like back; primary-coverts dusky brown, with very narrow 
edges of sandy brown; quills dark brown, margined with sandy 
brown, broader on secondaries, the primaries more rufous on outer 
web ; upper tail-coverts dark brown, with sandy-brown edges; tail-
feathers dark brown, edged with sandy or whitish brown, all but the 

* It is well known that the late Sir Andrew Smith obtained se^ eral birds from 
Madagascar during his residence in South Africa, and more than one species 
has been put clown, on his authority as South-African which is now known to 
occur only in Madagascar. This seems to have been the case wi£h the present ' 
bird, as the type of D. cherina turns out to be identical with the common Grass-
Warbler of Madagascar. It is to be noticed, however, that Grill is said to have 
identified one of Vietorin's specimens as D. cherina of Smith; and it is possible 
that the Madagascar species is also found on the mainland of Africa, though I 
do not think this at all likely. 
I add a detailed description of Smith's type :-*


Adult. General colour above brown, with darker centres to the feathers, 
giving a slight appearance of streaks to the head, much more distinct on the 
back, where the centres are black; rump (damaged) apparently uniform fulvousbrov> 
n, the upper tail-coverts with narrow blackish streaks; wing-coverts dark 
brown with ashy-fulvous margins, especially distinct on the greater series; 
quills dark brown also, the primaries margined with lighter brown, the 
secondaries with ashy fulvous exactly like the wing-coverts; tail dark brown, 
with obsolete dusky bars under certain lights, the four centre feathers tipped 
with lighter brown, with an obsolete subterminal bar of blackish; all the other 
tail-feathers tipped with white, before which is a very distinct subterminal bar 
of black, the outermost feather edged with whitish; lores and an almost imperceptible 
eyebrow buffy white, the ear-coverts browner; cheeks and throat dull 
white, as also the centre of the body, the sides of which are clear brown, darker 
on the thighs; under wing-co\erts fulvous. Total length 4*1 inches, culinen 
0 55, wing 1-9, tail 17, tarsus OS. 

11 . CIBTICOLA. 265 
centre feathers tipped with a bar of whitish, before which there is a 
very broad and distinct blackish bar; crown of head a little browner 
than back, and less distinctly streaked, with paler edges to the 
feathers ; nape and hind neck rather paler than back, sandy brown 
with dark-brown centres; lores and a tolerably distinct eyebrow 
white, as also are the feathers round the eye; ear-eoverts light brown, 
mottled with darker tips to feathers, which have pale shaft-streaks ; 
cheeks whitish, washed with sandy colour; sides of hinder crown 
and sides of neck like hind neck, rather paler, with dark centres to 
feathers : throat white in centre, washed with sandy buff on sides; 
fore neck and breast light sandy buff, deepening on the sides of body, 
flanks, and thighs; abdomen whiter; under tail-coverts pale fulvous ; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries pale fulvous, deeper on lower series 
of coverts *. quills below dusky brown, light rufous on their inner 
edge. Total length 4*4 inches, cultnen 0-45, wing 1*95, tail 1*7, 
tarsus 0-8. 

The female does not differ from the male in colour. Total length 
4*2 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 1*95, tail 1*4, tarsus 0*75. 

There are two distinct phases of this species, with a uniform 
crown and a striped crown, while intermediate specimens are plentiful 
—that is to say, those which have a more or less uniform crown with 
a few indications of sandy-brown streaks. Mr. Cowan procured 
birds with plain and with streaked heads in March 1881; so that 
the difference does not depend upon the season of the year, nor is 
it apparently a sexual difference, as females of both forms were in 
Mr. Cowan's series. 

Young. A little lighter than the adult, the margins to the feathers 
of the upper surface being paler; throat and chest pale yellow; 
flanks rather clearer rufous. 

Hah. Madagascar. 
a. Juv. sk. Madagascar. It, B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.l 
b. c?&d.; o. Juv. sk.
d. Ad. sk.
e. 5 ad. sk.
f. Ad. sk.
g. tfad.; h, i $ ad. sk.
k, I 2 juv. sk.
-m. Ad. sk. 
Madagascar. 
Madagascar. 
Madagascar. 
Ankafana forest. 
Ankafana forest. 
Ankafana forest. 
[Madagascar.] 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J. 
Purchased. 
Purchased. 
Bev. W. Deans Cowan [C.1 
JRev. W. Deans Cowan C.I. 
Rev. W, Deans Cowan jTC.j. 
Sir A. Smith [C.]. (Type 
of C. cherina.) 

18. Cisticola hassitata. 
Drymceca hfesitata, SclaterfyMarti P. Z. S. 1881, p. 166. 
Adult male (type of species). Very similar to C. cherina, if indeed 
really distinguishable, the only difference being that the Socotra 
specimen is more ashy grey than any of the Madagascar specimens 
in the Museum. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 1*85, 
tail 1*5, tarsus 0*7. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Socotra. Prof. Balfour. (Type of species.) 
2GG 
TIMELIIDJS. 

19. Cistlcola textrix. 
Lc Pine-pine, Leraill. Ois. cVAfr. hi. pi. 131 (1802). 
Sylvia teYtrix, ViedI. N. Dirt. d'llist. Kut. xi. p. 208 (1817). 
Cyslicola textrix, Lm. Trade cVOni. p. 415 (1831). 
IlomiptLTyx textrix,tiwain*.Clamf. JJ. ii. p. 224 (1837); Cab. Mus. 


llein. I'll. i. p. 44 (l.so()); Bp. Consp. i. p. 280 (INSO) ;tiharpe,Cat. 

Adult. General colour above mottled, the back blackibk brown, 
with ashy-whitish edges to the mantle-feathers ; lower back and 
rump reddish buff, slightly varied with dark centres to the feathers; 
lesser wing-coverts reddish buff; median and greater coverts 
blackish brown, edged with reddish fulvous, rather more ashy on 
the latter ; bastard-wing feathers and primary-coverts dusky/ brown 
with narrow reddish-buff margins; quills blackish brown, edged 
with reddish buff, the secondaries narrowly margined and tipped 
with ashy whitish; upper tail-coverts blackish brown, with fulvousbrown 
margins ; tail-feathers blackish brown, centre feathers paler 
brown, all marked with whity brown on the edges and tipped with 
white, more largely on the inner webs; crown of the head rather 
more rufescent than the back, but streaked with dark brown in the 
same manner; hind neck paler reddish buff, with very small dark 
centres; lores and a tolerably distinct eyebrow buffy whitish, as 
well as the feathers round the eye ; ear-coverts brown, with blackish-
brown streaks; cheeks and under surface whitish; the throat and 
fore neck minutely spotted with blackish, the spots much larger and 
more distinct on the chest and breast, and disappearing into hairlike 
lines on the abdomen; sides of the body and flanks fulvous, 
with longitudinal streaks of blackish brown; thighs tawny buff; 
under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts and axillaries tawny 
buff; quills below ashy brown; inner edge of quills pale reddish ; 
" bill, legs, and toes pale buff-orange, the upper mandible deepened 

with a shade of brown; claws the same colour, rather brownish at 
the tips; eyes reddish " (Sir A. Smith), Total length 4*3 inches, 
culmen 045, wing 2*05, tail 1-2, tarsus 0*9. 

Female. Similar to the male in colour, but smaller. Total length 
3*7 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 1*85, tail 1, tarsus 0*8. 

Hob. South Africa. 

a. [$ ] ad. sk. S. Africa (Layard). R B. Sharpe, Esq. 
b. [JJ ad. sk. Swellendam (W. Calmeross). "R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
c. d. Ad. sk. South Africa. 
Sir A. Smith [C.l 
e. Ad. sk. South Africa. 
Sir A. Smith [O.J. 
20. Cistlcola terrestris. 
Drvmoica terrestris, 
Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. 74. fio- 2 
(1849); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 1(53 (134S)4; Bp. Consp. i. p. 283 
(1850); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 91 (18G7) ; Gray, Iluid-l B. i. 

p. 197, no. 2738 (18G9). 
11 . CISTICOLA. 
267 

Cisticola brumiescens, Heugl. Ibis, 1862, p. 280. 

Cisticola ayresii, llartl. Ibis, Ibu-J, p. itto, pi. viii. fig. 2; Finsch, 
Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 321 (1870); id. # ifa/'tf. Fo^. 0*ta/>\ p. 231, 
note (lb70). 

Hemipteryx immaculata, llartl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 22 ; Gurney, Ibis, 
1808, p. 155. 
Drvnioica ayresii, Layard, B. S, Afr. p. 94 j <?;•#?/, Hand-l. B. i. 

p. 200, no". 2811 (1809). 
Herniptervx habes^inica, Heugl. Ibis, 1869, p. 138; id. Orn. N.O.-
Afr. i. p. 272, pi. ^ iii. n>. 1 (1809). 
Hemipteryx oligura, Heugl Ibis. 1809. p. 136, pi. iii. fig. 3 : id. Orn. 
N.O.-Afr. i. p. 270 (1809). 
Hemipteryx iodopyga, Heugl Ibis, 1869, p. 137 ; ^. Orn. N.O.-Afr. 

i. p. 271, pi. A iii. tig. 2 (1809). 
Drymceca eximia, Heugl. Ibis, 1869, p. 106, pi. iii. fig. 1. 
Cisticola eximia, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 262 (1809). 
Drymoica immaculata, Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 201, no. 2828 (1869). 
Drjrnoica oligura, Gray, Hand-l B. I. p. 201, no 2829 (1809). 
Drymoica iodopyga, Gray, t. c. I p. 201, no. 2830 (1869). 
Drymoica habessinica, Gray, t. c. i. p. 201, no. 2831 (1809). 
Drymoica eximia, Gray, t. c. p. 201, no. 2824. 
Cisticola nabesjsinica, Blanf Geol. § Zool Abyss, p. 376 (1870). 
Cisticola cursitans (nee Franhl), Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 29 (1871) ; 
Gurney, Ibis, 1874, p. 106; Ayres, Ibis, 1878, p. 291; Sharpe in 
Oatess Matabele Land, App. p. 310 (1881); Shelley, Ibis, 1882, 

p. 254. 
Cisticola terrestris, Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 151; Gurney, Ibis, 1873, 
p. 257; Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 372; Ayres, Ibis, 1880, p. 100. 
Hemipteryx brannescens, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. iy. App. p. lxxyi 
(1871)." 
Cibticola iodopygia, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. iv. App. p. lxxv (1871). 
Drymceca oligura, Giebel, T/ies. Orn. ii, p. 63 (1875). 
Drymceca terrestris, Giebel, Thes. Orn. ii. p. 66 (1875). 
Drymceca iodopyga, Giebel, Tlies. Orn. ii. p. 63 (1875). 

Male in breeding-pflumage* General colour above black, very 
slightly varied with ashy-fulvous margins to the feathers of the 
back and scapulars; lower back and rump tawny buff, slightly 
streaked with black centres; wing-coverts blackish, edged with 
ashy fulvous, inclining to whitish on the margins of greater coverts; 
primary-coverts and quills dark brown, edged with rufous, especially 
near the base of primaries, which are ashy brown along the remainder 
of their outer margins; upper tail-coverts nearly entirely 
black, with only a very narrow margin of pale fulvous; tail-feathers 
black, margined with ashy fulvous and tipped with white, more 
especially on the inner webs, the white increasing in extent on the 
outer feathers and extending along the outer web of the external 
tail-feather; crown of head nearly uniform brown, with paler shaft-
streaks; hind neck lighter brown, forming an indistinct collar; 
lores and a tolerably distinct eyebrow, as well as sides of face, yellowish 
buff, the upper edge of ear-coverts dark brown; cheeks and 
under surface of body yellowish buff, mottled with blackish centres 
to the feathers on the sides of upper breast; sides of body and flanks 
washed with tawny, thighs a little deeper tawny; lower abdomen 
and under tail-coverts whitish; under wing-coverts and axillaries 

268 TIMELIIDJS. 

palo tawny; quills below ashy brown; inner cdgo of quills rufoscent; 
"upper mandible brown, lower mandible flesh-colour; legs 
flesh-colour ; iris brown " (Ayres). Total length 3*5 inches, oilmen 
0*45, wing 2-05, tail 1*2, tarsus 0-85. 

Tho winter plumage of the male differs from the summer dress in 
being very much more tawny and more striated ; the upper surface 
generally has the centres to the feathers blackish brown, all of them 
broadly margined with pale fulvous or tawny, with an indication of 
a lighter collar and mantle. The rump is deeper tawny, but shows 
signs of blackish striations. Underneath, the general colour is a 
very pale tawny buff, whiter on the abdomen and vent, with the 
sides of the breast distinctly striated writh dark brown ; the throat 
cheeks, lores, and eyebrow pure white; the tail-feathers are 
broadly tipped with white. Total length 4 inches, wing 2*05, tail 
1-4, tarsus 0*85. 

The female in winter does not differ appreciably from the male; 
the only female specimen in breeding-plumage seems also much to 
resemble the male in the worn character of the feathers, but still 
preserves the striated head. 

The female measures:—Total length 3*7 inches, wing 1*9, tail 1*5, 
tarsus 0*7. 

The young on leaving the nest is striated like the old female, but 
is very pale in colour, and tinged with yellow, especially on the 
lores, eyebrow, sides of face, sides of neck, and breast; the light 
margins to the tail-feathers are rather broad, the centre ones being 
reddish brown with narrow black median stripes. 

The young after its first moult (=C. ayresi) is more rufous above, 
with pronounced black centres, the mantle and back varied with a 
few greyish-white margins, the rump very decidedly rufous, with 
narrow black striations ; under surface of body tawny buff, brighter 
on the flanks and sides; the throat, centre of breast, abdomen, and 
under tail-coverts white. 

A female measures :—Total length 3*8 inches, wing 1*9, tail 1*5, 
tarsus 0*8. 
Iris, light brown; upper mandible dark hazel, under mandible 
pale; tarsi and feet pale (Ayres). 

The type of Rvmipteryx oligura, kindly lent me by Dr. Krauss, 
is the present bird in full breeding-plumage. Total length 3*75 
inches, wing 2*5, tail 1*35, tarsus 0*9. 

The type of Hemipteryx iochpyga is the present species in full 
winter plumage, and is apparently a female. Total length 3*6 
inches, wing 2*15, tarsus 0-8. Eor a sight of this typical specimen 
I am indebted to Dr. Krauss. 
Mob. The whole of South Africa. KE . Africa. 

a. S hiem. ad. sk. Goon Goona, Abyssinia. "W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
March 1868 (TV. T. £.). [O.]. 
b. 3 hiem. ad. sk. Ondonga, Nov. 1856 (C. J, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Andersson). [P.]. 
c,d. S ? hiem. ad. Transvaal. R B. Sharpe, Esq. 
sk. [P.]. 

11 . CISTICOIA. 
e. Ad., f,g. dSjuv. Potchefstroom, Transvaal E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
sk. (W. Lucas). [P.], 
h, i. <5 2 sestiv. ad. Potchefstroom, Transvaal, Dr. Exton [P.]. 
sk. Jan. 1877 ( W. Lucas). 
Jc. J Mem. ad. sk. Potchefstroom, Transvaal, Br. Exton [P.]. 
June 1S7C (IT. Lucas). 
I, m, 
n. $ Mem. Potekefhtroom, Transt aal, Dr. Exton [P.]. 
ad. sk. July 1876 (W. Lucas). 

o. 
Hiem. ad. sk. Newcastle, Natal, May (F. W. E. and 0. G. Oates, 
Oates). Eaqrs. [P.]. 
p) q. Hiem. ad. sk. Pinetown, Natal (F. L. B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
At/res). [P.]. 
r,s. 
<$ $ juv. Mem. Natal (T. Ay res). J. H. Gurney, Esq. 
sk. 

t. 
$ ad. sk. British Caffraria (F, A. P. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Barratf), [P.]. 
u. 
St v- -A-d. sk. Kingwilliamstown. Capt. H. Trevelyan 
w, x. Ad. hiem. sk. Eland's Post (T. C. Atmo? e). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

#21. Cisticola exilis. 
Maluras exilis, Vig. § Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 223 (1827, ex 
Lath. MSS.). 
Cisticola Hneicapilla, Gould, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 1; id. B. Aiistr. fol. iii. 
pi. 43 (1848); Bp. Consp. i. p. 287 (1850); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. 

l. p. 351 (1865); Ramsay, Lbis, 1866, p. 328. 
Cisticola ruiiceps, 
Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 150; id. B. Austr. fol. iii. 
pi. 45 (1848); Bp. Camp. i. p. 287 (1850); Wallace, P. Z.S.1863, 

p. 485; Gould, Handb, B. Austr. i. p. 353 (1865) ; Ramsay, Lbis, 
1868, p. 277 ; id. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 385; id. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 589; 
Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc. xiii. pp. 315, 494; Ramsai/, Proc. Linn. 
Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 185 (1878), iii. pp. 108, 275 (1879), iv. p. 98 
(1880); Salmd. Ann. Mm. Civic. Genov. viii. p. 376 (1876), xvi. 
p. 189 (1880); Layard, Ibis, 1880, p. 297; Finsch, Ibis, 1881, 
p. 
335; Nichols. Ibis, 1881, p. 150; Salvad. Orn. Papuasia, ii. 
p. 423 (1881). 
Cisticola isura, 
Gould, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 32; id. B. Austr. fol. iii. pi. 44 
(1848); Bp Consp. i. p. 287 (1850); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. 

p. 352 (1865) ; Ramsay, Ibis, I860, p. 326. 
Cisticola exilis, Gould, B. Austr. iii. pi. 42 (1848); Bp. Consp. i. 
p. 287 (1850); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 350 (1865); Ramsay, 
Ibis, 1866, p. 328; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. p. 117 (1883). 
Drymoica ruiiceps, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 164 (1848) ; id. Hand-l. B. i. 

p. 200, no. 2817 (1869). 
Drymoica exilis, Gray, Gen. B. L p. 164 (1848); id. Hand-l. B. i. 
p. 200, no. 2807 (1869). 
Drymoica Hneicapilla, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 1C4 (1848) ; id. Hand4. B. 
i. p. 200, no. 2808 (1869). 
Drvmoica isura, Graij, Gen. B. i. p. 164 (1848); id. Hand-l B. i. 
p. 200, no. 2816 (1869). 
CLticola ervthrocephala, Blyth, J. A. S. Beny. xx. p. 523 (1851); 
Jerd. B. "ind. ii p. 175 (1863); Mime, Str. F. 1877, p. 91; id. 
Str. F. 1879, p. 101. 

Cisticola volitans, Sioinh. Journ. N. China Branch As. Soc. 1859, 

p. ; id. Ibis, 1863, p. 304; id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 352; David <$• 
Oust Ois. Chine, p. 256 (1878). 
270 
T1MELIID-E. 

Ciaticola tvtleri, Jerd. B. Inch ii. p. 176 (1803, ex Blyth MS®.) j 

Bhftli, ibis, l^Oo, p. 24; & rfwin-Austin, J. A. S. Beng. xlv. 

p.'l'JO (1^70); Hum*, Mr. F. 1ST7, pp. 90, 350. 

Gisticola rusticA, Wall P. Z. S. IbGo, pp. 19, 25; Finsck, Keu-

Guinea, p. 10 > (ls05). 

Ciaticola semiruia, Cab. J. f. 0.1800, p. 10, 1872, p. 310; WaM. 

Tr. Z. S. is. p. 105 (1875): Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc. new ser. i 

p. 552 (1877) ; Wardlaw Ramsay, Orn. Works Tweedd. p. 657 
(1881). 
Diymoica tvtleri, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 200, no 2813 (1809). 
Diymoica volitaDs, Gray, i.e. p. 200, no. 2815 (1809). 
Cibticoladelicatula, Blyili, Ibis, 1870, p. 170 (e.v. MSS. in Mus.Lugd.). 
Gisticola melanocephala, J. Anderson, P. Z. S. 1^71, p. 212; Swinh. 

P. Z. S. 1871, p. So2; Godwin-Ami. J. A. S. Beng. xliii. p. 105, 
pi. x. fig. 1 (1874); J&itme, Sfr. F. 1877, p. 90; Anderson, Zool. 
Exped. Yun-nan, Aves, p. 641 (1878); Baud § Oustakt7 Ois. 
Chine, p. 257. 
Gisticola ruficollis, Walden, Ann. <$• Mag. Xat. Mist (4) vii. p. 242 
(1871) ; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xliii. p. 105, pi. ix. fig. 2 
(1874) ; Wardlaw Ramsay, Orn. Works Tweedd. p. 604 (lfcSl). 

Gisticola 
gravi, Walden, Ann. § Maq. Nat. Hist. (4) ix. p. 400 
(1872); id. Trans. Z. S. viii. p. 117 {1874 >; Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1&77, 

p. 828,1878, p. 285; Wardlaw Ramsay, Orn. Works Tweedd. p. 004 
(1881). 
Gisticola ruficapilla, Salvad. Ann. Mas. Civic. Genov. viii. p. 370 
(1870). 
Gisticola, sp., Salvad, Ann. Mas. Civic. Genov. ix. p. 35 (lfc70j; id. 
Om. Papuasia etc. p. 424 (1881). 
Gisticola erythrocephalus, Hume, Str. F. 1^79, p. 101. 
Gisticola melanocephalus, Hume, Sir. PI 18797 p. 10L 


Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above ashy grey, 
broadly streaked with blackish centres to the feathers of the mantle; 
lower back and rump ashy grey washed with sandy buff; wing-
coverts and bastard wing dusky brown, edged with ashy fulvous; 
primary-coverts and quills light brown, narrowly edged with ashy 
fulvous, more rufescent towards base of quills; inner secondaries 
edged all round with ashy; upper tail-coverts sandy buff; tail 
feathers blackish, edged at extreme tip with dull white; crown of 
head uniform golden buff, a little dingy towards nape and hind 
neck; lores and feathers round eye buffy white; ear-coverts hoary 
whitish, washed with reddish on upper margin ; cheeks and sides of 
neck golden, almost a reddish, buff; under surface of body whitish, 
washed with reddish buff, which is deepest on breast, sides of body, 
and flanks; thighs tawny ; under tail-coverts white, washed with 
reddish buff; under wing-coverts and axiilaries pale reddish buff 
like sides of breast; quills below dusky, with their inner edge 
ashy rufous; "upper mandible dark brown, lower mandible and 
gape fleshy pink; nails and claws flesh-colour; iris hazel-brown " 
(Outes). Total length 3-5 inches, eurmen 0-45, wing 1-75, tail 1*15, 
tarsus 0*7. 

Females are different from the males in having the head and 
upper tail-coverts fulvous-brown, broadly streaked -with, black ; the 
nape and hind neck uniform fulvous-brown, shaded with ashy ; 

11 . CISTICOLA. 
U71 

otherwise like the male. Total length 3-7 inches, oulmcii 0-ir>, 

wing I'd, tail l-3o, tarsus 0*7. 
IWrr. With striped head like the female, lml browner, with 
blackish centres to the feathers, the hind neck also brown; rump 
sandy rufous ; underneath pale yellowish. 
Winter plumage (= 0. osilis, Lati). Above streaked, the 
leathers black, edged with ashy fulvous or sandy buff on manilo • 
lower back and rump sandy rufous streaked with black * wing-
coverts dusky blackish, externally edged with sandy rufous ; 'bastard 
wing dusky, externally washed ashy ; primary-coverts and quills 
brown, edged with rufous-brown : inner secondaries black cd<»ed 
all round with whitish; upper tail-coverts sandy rufous, with broad 
black longitudinal centres; two central tail-feathers dull sandy 
brown, with an indistinct subterminal bar; remainder blackish, 
washed externally with sandy brown and tipped with rusty fulvous; 
crown of head black, the feathers margined with sandy whitish; nape 
and hind neck more rufous, narrowly streaked with black, and'forming 
an indistinct collar; lores and feathers round eye whitish, with 
a distinct eyebrow of rufous along sides of crown; ear-coverts dusky 
ash-brown, mottled with darker tips and whitish shaft-lines ; checks 
yellowish, with tiny tips of dusky ; sides of neck sandy rufous like 
eyebrow and hind neck; throat, centre of breast, and abdomen 
whitish; fore neck, sides of body, and flanks tawny buff, deeper on 
thighs; under tail-coverts tawny; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
light tawny buff; quills below dusky, ashy buff on their 
inner webs. Total length 4*4 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 1*9, 
tail 2*05, tarsus 0*75. 
Mr. Gates collected a series of birds in Pegu, with the sexes carefully 
determined, from which it is perfectly evident that the full-
plumaged female is different from the male and has the head striped. 
All birds collected by Mr. Oates in the month of April are in full 
moult, from which it appears that before breeding in May they 
change at least the greater part of their plumage. In one specimen, 
otherwise red-headed, Mr. Oates found a single dusky feather; 
and from that he suggested that the winter plumage of the adult 
male was, in all probability, like that of the old female, a striped one. 
Leaving Burmah, and examining a series from Australia, we find 
the full-plumaged males with rufous heads, while the females have 
striped heads ; but one skin shot by Mr. Goodwin in March on the 
Bichmond river is moulting from the black-headed striped stage 
into the rufous-headed dress ; and there can be little doubt that the 
winter plumage of both sexes is blackish with streaked backs and 
heads. The tail is longer, as in so many winter plumages of Cistieolce. 
"Viewed from the light of these determinations, the whole difficulty 
of the question of the various species vanishes. Tn Australia 
Q. ruftceps is the adult male, C. exilis is the bird in full winter 
plumage, while O. isura is only the square-tailed, summer-plum aged 
female bird. 
At first sight Pormosan O. volitans and C. tytleri from Assam 
would appear differont from C. rufieaps by reason of their very 

272 
TIMELIIDiB. 

much paler crowns, which arc yellowish white. I think this palo 
colour is only duo to abraded breeding-plumage; and it is certain 
that a Onpc-York bird matches them exactly. Blyth also noted 
(Ibis, IfcWo, p. 4')) a bird in the Leiden Museum from New South 
Wales which he remarked was C. ft/fieri. 

Hub. All over Australia, extending northwards through many 
of the Papuan and Moluecan islands to the Philippines and 
Formosa; also occurring in the Malayan peninsula and throughout 
the Burmese countries and Assam, extending into Eastern Rental 

C. erythrocephala from Coorg is also probably identical. 
a,b. J ad. &k. Pegu. 
E. W. Oates, Esq [Q 1 

Pegu. 

E. W. Oates, Esq. 
fc.].'
ad. sk. 
*, 7c, I, m. $ ad. Pegu. E. W. Oates, Esq. [C.]. 

sk. 

n. Ad. sk. Sanda valley. Dr. J. Anderson [C.]. 
o. 2 ad. sk. E. Java. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. fc i 
E. Timor. 
P,q-6\ r. 2 ad. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]' 

sk. 
s,t. $ ad. & juv. Lombock. 


A. R. Wallace,Esq. [0.]. 
sk. 

u. Ad. sk. Flores. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. ["01 
v. Irani, sk. Bouru. 
A. R.Wallace, Esq. fc.i" 
(Type of Cisticola rustical 
w. 
Ad. sk. Port Moresby, S.E. New 0. C. Stone, Esq. rp.i 
Guinea. L '"' 
a*. Ad. sk. AstrolaV mountains, S.E. Mr. A. Goldie [0.]. 
New Guinea. 


y. Ad. sk. Duke of York Island. Rev. G. Brown [0.]. 
z. cS ad. sk. New Britain (Klein-Godeffroy Museum. 
schmidt). 
a'. Ad. sk. Australia. 


Linnean Society. (Type 
oiMalurus exilis, Lath.) 

V. Ad. sk. Port Phillip. 
Gould Collection. 

c'. Ad. sk. Port Phillip. 

Eyton Collection. 

d',e'. Ad. sk. 

South Australia. Sir George Grey [P.]. 

/' . Var. alb. ad. South Australia. 

Gould Collection. 

sk. 
g\ h'. J ad. sk. South Australia. 


Sir George Grey [P.], 

t'. k' Ad. sk. New South Wales. 

Gould Collection. 

V, m'. Ad. sk. Ea*t coast, Australia. 

Gould Collection. 

n'. $ ad. sk. Richmond river, Aug. 10, 

Mr. A. P. Goodwin 
[C.J. 

^1878. 
o'. tf ad. sk. Richmond river, March 10, 


Mr. A. P. Goodwin [C.]. 

1878. 
P', ?'. 6 2 ad. Richmond river, Sept. 11. 


Mr. A. P. Goodwin [0.]. 

sk. 1878. 
r', s'. Ad. sk. Richmond river. Mr. A. P. Goodwin [C.]. 


t\ Ad. sk. Brisbane, Queensland. 

Gould Collection. 

Queensland. 

u', v'. Ad. sk. H. Flower, Esq. [C], 
hiem. 
w>'.[dS]ad . Moreton Bay. Gould Collection. 
sk. 
y\ *'. 2 ; a. cT Gould Collection. 

Moreton Bay. 

ad. sk. liiem. 

Moreton Bay, 

J. Macgillivray, Esq, [P.], 
£. Ad. sk. hiem. 

11 . CISTICOLA. 
273 

y. Ad. sk. Cape York. Capt. Stanley [P.]. 
B, e. S ad. sk. Cape York. F. D. Godman and 0. Salvin; 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
(, T?, 6, c. Ad. sk. Cape York. F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-
Mem, vin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
K, \. Juv. sk. Cape York. Gould Collection. 


p. Ad. sk. Port Essington. Gould Collection. 
v. <5 ad. sk. Mount Ernest, Torres J. Macgillivray, Esq. [0.]. 
Straits. 
£. Ad. sk. Pelican Island. J. Macgillivray, Esq. [0.]. 

22. CIsticola tinniens. 
Mai urns tinniens, Licht. Verz. Samml. Kaffeml. p. 13, no. 70 (1842). 

Drynioica levaillantii, Smith, 111. Zool. 8. Afr. pi. 73. fig. 2 (1842) j 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 103 (1848); Bp. Consp. i, p. 283 (1850); 
Gumey, Ibis, 1863, p. 324, 1865, p. 274; Bayard, B. 8. Afr. p. 90 
(1867); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 107, no. 2737 (1869); Gumey in 
Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 87 (1872). 

Drymceca tinniens, Grill, Zool. Anteckn. p. 31 (1858). 
Brynioeca levaillantii, Ayres, Ibis, 1809, p. 291. 
JDrynioica elejrans, Gray, Iland-l B. i. p. 200, no. 2799 (1869, ex 


Finsch $ Hartl 318.); Finsch $ Hartl Vdg. Ostafr. p. 237, 

note (1870). 
Drymodyta tinniens, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 6 (1872). 
Cisticola" tinniens, Sharpe, ed. Bayard B. 8. Afr. p. 265 (1876); 

Ayres, Ibis, 1878, p. 408. 

Adult female. Head and nape entirely rufous, with the exception 
of the centre of the crown, which is obscured by broad streaks of 
dull black; back black, slightly streaked with pale ashy buff, some 
of the feathers edged with this colour; the wing-coverts also black, 
broadly edged with ashy fulvous slightly inclining to rufous; quills 
brown, broadly margined with dull rufous, so that the external 
aspect of the wing is of this colour; the inner secondaries black like 
the back, and margined in the same way with fulvous; lower back 
and upper tail-coverts black, with very broad margins of sandy or 
rufous-buff; tail-feathers brown in the centre, broadly margined 
with dull rufous, all but the two centre feathers having a broad bar 
of blackish before a pale fulvescent tip, the outermost edged with 


pale fulvous externally; lores and a very distinct eyebrow pale 
rufous-buff; sides of face light fulvous, with a few whitish streaks 
on the ear-coverts, the hinder margins of which incline to rufous like 
the sides of the neck; throat and underparts generally fulvescent 
as also the cheeks, on the latter being a few indications of dusky 
tips to the feathers; the chest and sides of the body darker and 
more ashy fulvous; the sides of the breast and flanks very broadly 
streaked with black, extremely pronounced on the flanks; under 
tail-coverts uniform ashy fulvous ; thighs orange-rufous; under 
wing-coverts pale tawny buff; " bill black, the lower mandible 
reddish, but black at the extremity; legs pale flesh-colour; iris 
brown " (Andersson). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 
1-95, tail 2*15, tarsus 0*8. 

VOL. VII. T 

274 
TIMELITDJE. 

The male is a little larger, and measures:—Total length 5.4 
inches, -wing 2*15, tail 2'55, tarsus 0*85. 

Ohs. I have examined the type of D. dec/cms, which is preserved 
in the Bremen Museum. I cannot admit the species io "bo distinct, 
and believe it to ho only the female of D. levalllantii. I have compared 
it with a Natal bird, and it agrees exactly in dimensions, hut 
the head and flanks are more thickly streaked with black. These 
differences, however, are worthless for specific distinction, for in 
nearly all Ci&ticolte the plumages vary between a uniform and a 
striped head. In the present species, too, they seem to be of 
particularly little value, as the head is as often nearly uniform as 
streaked; and in the breeding-plumage, where the general tone of 
colour is more fulvous below, the streaks on the flanks are traced 
with some difficulty. 

A young bird, " taken from the nest" by Mr. Lucas, on the 7th of 
April, 1877, is everywhere duller than the adult, and much more 
rufous, the quills and their coverts being externally broadly rufous, 
while there is a strong shade of rufous on the rump, and the back 
is pervaded with a rufescent tinge; the head is nearly uniform 
rufous, with a few, scarcely perceptible, dusky streaks on the centre 
of the crown; the under surface of the body is yellowish white, a 
little more tawny buff on the flanks. 

The yovng after their first moult are similar in plumage to the 
adult; but can be told by the breadth of the light margins to the 
feathers of the upper surface and of the tail-feathers and by the 
general fnlveseent tone of the underparts. The breeding-plumage 
is gradually attained by the attrition of these margins, whence the 
plumage becomes much darker, the back becoming gradually black 
with sandy-buff edgings, producing a striped appearance. No rule 
seems to guide the presence or absence of the blackish stripes on the 
head, which seem to be always confined to the centre of the crown 
and nape. Both sexes have them and want theni occasionally; nor 
arc they a sign of maturity, as young birds sometimes have them 
very plainly marked, and sometimes show none at all. 


The following are the measurements of an adult male from the 
Transvaal;— 
Total 
length. Wing. Tail Tarsus, 
in. in. in. in. 


a. <$. Potchefstroom, March 1877.... 4*7 
2-11 2-15 0-8 
Birds in whiter plumage rather exceed the above, which is still 
in its breeding-dress. 

h, (S hiem. Potchefstroom, July 1871. 5-5 2-2 2-5 0-8 

c. 2 hiem. Potchefstroom, June 1876. 4*8 2-1 2'2o 0*8 
Eab. The whole of South Africa. 

a. 6. Ad.sk. 
South Africa. Sir A. Smith [0.]. (Types 
of C. levaitlantii.) 
11. OISTICOLA. 
275 
c. Ad. sk. South Africa (E, L. Bayard), R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
d. S ad. sk. Piquet Bay, Aug. 22, 1862 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(O. J. Andersson). 
e,f. Ad. sk. Kingwilliamsto^ n. Oapt. H. Trevelyan [P.], 
g,h. 6$. ad. King^villiamstown, June 24, Capt. H. Tre^elyan[P.]. 
sk. 1877. 

i. 6 ad. sk. Eland's Post, S.E. Africa R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(T. C. Aimore). 
k. <$ imm. sk. Pietermaritzburg, July 2, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
184:2 (WaMberg). 
I 
Jim. sk. Newcastle, June 1 (F. Oates). W. E. & C. G. Oates, 
Esqrs. [P.], 

m. Ad. ^k. Natal. 
Thomas Ayres, Esq. [O. I 
n. Ad. sk. Natal (T.Ayres). J. H. Gurney, Esq. [P.]." 
o. Ad. sk. Transvaal (f. Ay res). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
p,q. <$,r,8. 2 Potchefstroom, June 1876 Dr. H. Exton [P.]. 
ad. sk. (W. Lucas). 
t Pull, sk Potchefstroom, April 7.1877 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 

(W. Lucas). 
«. S ad. sk. Potchefstroom, March 15, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
1877 (W. Lucas). 
», «r. 6 2 juv Potchefstroom, May 10 & 17, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
&k. 1577 (W.Lucas). 
a? $ ad. sk. Macamac, Oct. 1873 (T. J. H. Gurney, Esq. [P.]. 

Ay res). 

y. Ad. sk. Macamac, April 16, lb77 J. H. Gurney, Esq. [P.]. 
(T. Ayres). 
23. Oisticola 
Sybia (Oisticola) erytnrogeuys, Hupp. Neue Wirb. p. Il l (1835). 

Drvmoica ervthrogenys, Itupp. Syst. Uebers. p. 34, pi. 12 (1845); 
"Gray, Gen. B. i.p. 103 (1848) j JE^p. Cow^. i. p. 284 (1850) • Gray, 
Hand~l. JB. I p. 109, no. 2780 (1869). 

Drymoica 
robusta, Hupp. Syst. Uebers. p. 35, Taf. 13 (1845)j JDes 
Murs in Lefebvre, Voy. Abyss., Zool. i. p. 9 (1845); Gray, Gen. B. 

i. p. 163 (1848); Bp. Consp. i. p. 283 (1850); Hmgl. Syst. Uebers. 
p. 22 (1856) ; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 199, no. 2775 (1869); Mnsch, 
Trans. Zool. Soc. yii. p. 322 (1870). 
Drvmoica rnalzacii, Heugl Syst Uebers. p. 22 (1856) ; Gray, Hand-l * 

B. i. p. 199, no. 2793 (1869). 
Oisticola (?) erythrogenys, Heugl Syst. Uebers. p. 21 (1856). 
Drymoica bizonura, Heugl Syst. Uebers. p. 22 (1856). 
Drymceca erythrogenys, Heugl. Ibis, 1869, p. 95. 
^Dr^mceca robusta, Heugl. Ibis, 1809, p. 99. 
"*~" Drvmoeca malzaci, Heugl. Ihs, 1869, p. 100; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. 


i. p. 255 (1869), IT. App. p. lxsiv (1871). 
Ci&ticola erythrogenys, Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. I. p. 250 (1869), iv. 
App. p. lxxiii (1871). 
Oisticola robusta, Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 254 (1869), iv. App. 

- 
p. lxxiv (1871). 
Graminicola erythrogenys, Blanf. Geol.fyZool. Abyss, p. 375 (1870). 
Graminicola robusta, Blanf. Geol Sf Zool Abyss, p. 375 (1870). 
Achdt Head black, streaked with tawny-rufous margins to the 
feathers; the hind neck tawny rufous, sparsely streaked with minute 
T2 

TLMKL1ID.K. 

black spots; (Mitire back black, tlio feathers margined with ashy 
fulvous or straw-)ollow, the iilaraents long and hair-liko on the 
rump; upper tail-coverts black, all broadly margined with ashy 
fulvous; wings black, all the coverts broadly margined with ashy 
fulvous, more inclining to tawny buff on the greater series and on 
the primary-coverts; quills dark brown, externally edged with 
tawny rufous, giving a very rufous aspect to the outer surface of the 
wing; the secondaries black, margined all round with fulvous ; tail-
feathers dark brown, margined with fulvous-brown and tipped with 
tawny buff, much more broadly on the outer feathers, before the tip 
the colour deepening into black and forming a subterminal bar, 
scarcely visible from above but very distinct below; lores and a 
broad eyebrow fulvous ; sides of neck rufesccnt like the hind neck ; 
cheeks and bides of face fulvous, the car-coverts washed with ashy 
brown and indistinctly waved with tiny cross bars of blackish ; 
throat huffy white ; the rest of the under surface yellowish, deepening 
into tawny yellow on the lower flanks, thighs, and under tail-
coverts ; sides of the body somewhat washed with brown, inclining 
to greyish brown on the sides of the upper breast, where the plumes 
have blackish bases ; under wing-coverts light tawny buff; lower 
surface of the quills light brown, edged with rufous along the inner 
web ; " bill dusky horn-colour, the lower mandible yellowish ; feet 
reddish; iris clear brown" (Heuglin). Total length 5-3 inches, 
culmen 0*05, wing 8*05, tail 2-65, tarsus 1*1. 

The female (D. erytlirogengs', lUipp.) is smaller than the male 

(D. robusta, lliipp.), and measures as follows:—Total length 5-2 
inches, culmen 0-05, wing 2-5, tail 2*3, tarbiis 1*05. 
The type of Dnjmceca malzacii,He\igl.,h in the Vienna Museum, 
and is certainly either the young or winter plumage of D. luguhris. 
It is more yellow below, and has a much paler bill. On the upper 
surface it is more fulvous than adult O. robusta, the edges to the 
feathers being fulvous-brown, not ashy, and the hind neck is fulvousbrown, 
not rufous. The ashy colour on the sides of the breast is 
uniform, and not streaked with black as in the full-plum aged bird. 

JIab. North-eastern Africa. 

a. [ $ ] ad. sk. Senate, Abyssinia, Feb. 25, W. T. Blanford, Ebq. [C.]. 
18(58. 
b. [tf ] ad.* sk. Adigrat, March 24, 1868, W. T. Blanford, Esq. TO. 1. 
8000 feet. 
24. Cisticola strange!. 
Drvmoica strangei, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1848, p. 16; Allen # Thomps. 
Rvped. Niger, ii. p. 490 (1848) ; Bp. Consj). i. p. 284 (1850) ; 
Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 380. 

Drynioica stangeri, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 163 (1848). 
Drymoica fortirostris, Jard. # Fraser, Contr. Orn. 18.52, p. 60; Ca*s. 
Pr. PJiilad. Acad. 1850, p. 37; Gray, Hund-l B. i. p. 11)8, no. 2757 
(1869). 

* Marked a female, but I think it is undoubtedly a male, from its size. 
11 . CISTICOLA. 277 
Drymceca fortiro&tris, Earth Orn. W.-Afr. p. 56 (1857); id. J. f. 0. 
1861, p. 110; Shelley § Buckley, Ibis, 1872, pp. 267,"291;Retehen. 

J. f. 0. 1875, p. 45. 
Drymceca valida, Heugh J. f. 0. 1864, p. 258 {nee Blyth, nee Peters 
MSS.). 
Drymceca pachyrhyncha, Heugh Ibis, 1869, p. 130. 
Cisticola paehvrhyncha, Heuqh Ibis, 1869, p. 143; id. Orn. K. O.-Afr. 

p. 2152, tab. Vii."(lSG9) ; id. op. at iv. p. lsxv (1871). 
Drymoica pachyrhyncha, Gray, Hand-h B. i. p. 199, no. 2773 (1869). 
Drymoica valida, &ray, t c. p. 200, no. 2802 (18G9). 
Drymoica strangeri, Gray, t c. p. 198, no. 2755 (1869). 
Cisticola stran&'ei, Sliarpe § Bouvier, Bull Soc. Zool France, i. p. 306 
(1876). 
Cisticola fortirostris, Cab. J.f.O. 1878, p. 222. 


General colour aboye dusky brown, with ashy margins to the 
feathers of the back; lower back and ramp more uniform ashy; 
wing-coverts like the back; median and greater coverts and bastard-
wing feathers with ashy-fulvous margins; primary-coverts dusky 
brown, narrowly edged with ashy fulvous ; quills dark brown, with 
ashy-fulvous margins to the secondaries, more rufous on the primaries 
; upper tail-coverts dark brown, margined with ashy; tail-
feathers brown, with white shafts, margins more ashy, all the 
feathers tipped with ashy whitish, before which is a broad bar of 
black; crown of head like the back: lores buffy whitish, extending 
over the eye and forming a short eyebrow; feathers round the eye, 
ear-coverts, and cheeks buffy whitish, the upper and hinder edge of 
the ear-coverts brown; throat and under surface of the body yellowish 
white; sides of body and flanks a little more ashy fulvous; 
thighs very pale tawny buff; under tail-coverts clear yellowish 
white; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale yellowish buff; quills 
below ashy brown, inner edges light tawny rufous. Total length 
5-5 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2*7, tail 2-2, tarsus 1. 

This species has a very distinct iv inter plumage, which is very 
different from the dark phase described. It is sandy rufous washed 
with ashy, with very broad central streaks of black to all the feathers 
of the upper surface, including the head- That the young bird 
also commences its plumage in this tawny phase seems to be 
certain. 

The type of Drymceca strangei in the British Museum is D. fortirostris 
of Jardine, and it agrees with Eraser's short description; but 
the measurements are surely wrong as regards the wing, 4J inches, 
nearly equal to the entire length of the bird; in reality the wing 
measures 2*55 inches, so that there must be a misprint of a 4 
for a 2. 

The type of Cisticola pachyrhyncha of Heuglin having been kindly 
forwarded to me by Dr. Erauss, from the Stuttgardt Museum,
have no hesitation in uniting it with G. strangei, of which it is a 
specimen in breeding-plumage. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*55, 
wing 2*05, tail 2, tarsus 1*05. 

Hab. "West Africa, from the Gold Coast to the Congo. 

TTMKLIIDJi 

a. Summer plumaye. 
a, b. Ad. sk. Accra. L. Eraser, Esq. [C.]. (Typos 
of Z). sfranyei.) 

e. Ad. sk. Accra. Governor Ilsskor [C.]. 
</, <», /". Ad. sk. Accra (.7. tfwtf/i). K. 15. Sharpe, E^q. 
,/, Ad. sk. Accra (G.F.Shelley). II. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

/3. TI7M&T plumaye. 
a, /;. Ad. sk. Accra, Jan. 1880. Governor Qsshev [C.]. 

c. Ad. sk. Accra, Feb. 7, 1*72. Copt. Shelley [P.J. 
tf. Ad.: e. Q iuv. sk. Landana, Congo. Messrs. Luean and Petit 
[0.]


25. Cisticola natalensis. 
Drymoica curvirostris, Sundeo. (Efc. IC Vet.-AJcad. Fork, Stockh. 
1850, p. 104; Gurney, Ibis, 18007 p. 320,1805, p. 270; Layard, B. 

S. Afr. p. 03 (1807); Gurney, Ibis, 1803, p. 275; Gray,"lland~l 
B. i.'p. ]98,no.2747(1809). 
Drymoica chloris, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Ahad. Fdrh. Stockh. 1850, 
p. 104; GVtfT/, J2iwd-/. B. I. p. 198, no. 2705 (1809). 
Drymoeca curvirostris, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 30 (1871); Shelley, 
Ibis, 1875,.pp. 3S0, 381. 
Cisticola nalalen.sis, Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 201 (1870); 
Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 253. 
Cisticola curvirostris, Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 203 (1870); 
id. in Oates's Matabele Land, App. "p. 309 (1881). 
Cisticola ckloris, Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 203 (1870). 

Adult male in summer plumacje (C. curvirostris). General colour 
above brown, all the feathers margined with, ashy buff, giving a 
strikingly grey appearance to the upper surface, the head more or 
less uniform brown without dark mesial streaks ; the feathers of the 
hinder neck slightlj margined with sandy colour; wing-coverts 
brown, the edgings to the majority clear grey, the least and some 
of the greater series margined with sandy; quills dark brown, M ith 
indistinct light tips, the primaries edged with rufous sandy, the 
inner secondaries margined all round with light buff; rump and 
upper tail-coverts nearly uniform greyish, the latter with dark 
brown bases or centres to the feathers, giving a streaked mottled 
appearance; tail ashy brown, tipped with white and faintly margined 
with pale sandy ; the white tips indistinct on the two centre 
feathers, which have a plain subterminal bar of black, as also have 
all the other feathers; lores yellowish white; eyebrow greyish; 
sides of face dull white, the ear-coverts washed with greyish brown 
and narrowly streaked with white down the shaft; sides of neck 
greyish; throat and centre of the body white, the sides dull tawny 
yellow, the upper breast laterally ashy brown ; thighs deep tawny. 
Total length 6 inches, culmenO-05, wing 2-85, tail 2-4, tarsus 1-15. 

11 . CISTTCOLA. 
279 
Adult female. Similar to the male, but much smaller. Total 
length 4-8 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2-35, tail 2, tarsus 1*05. 

Adult male in luinter plumage (0. natalensis). General colour clear 
tawny brown, with paler and more fulvous margins to the feathers 
of the back: all the upper surface broadly streaked with black down 
the centre of the feathers, these black streaks slightly shaded on each 
side with rufous; wing-coverts dark brown, externally fulvous, 
rather inclining to ashy buff on the median series; primaries dark 
brown, tipped with whitish, and externally sandy rufous; the inner 
secondaries blackish in the centre, edged all round with broad 
margins of tawny buff; rump uniform ashy fulvous; upper tail-
coverts tawny buff, mesially streaked with blackish; the tail-
feathers dark brown, with margins of clear tawny buff, the centre 
feathers paler at tip, with a faintly indicated subterminal bar of 
black; this subterminal bar very distinct and broad on all the other 
feathers, which are conspicuously tipped with pale tawny buff, the 
outermost feathers being externally edged with the latter colour, 
and only having the black subterminal bar on the inner web; lores 
dull whitish; feathers round the eye light fulvous, as also a very 
faint eyebrow; cheeks and sides of face yellowish buff, with a shade 
of brown on the ear-coverts; throat white, as also the centre of 
the abdomen; rest of under surface of body tawny yellow, browner 
on the sides of the upper breast; the under wing- and tail-coverts 
tawny, the edge of the wing whitish; quills ashy brown below, the 
inner web rufous from the base upwards; thighs deep tawny 
rufous; " bill yellow, the culmen black; legs light brown; iris dark 
hazel" (Buclcley). Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 2'9, 
tail 3*28, tarsus 1*2. 

The female is smaller. Total length 5*6 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 
2*45, tail 2*7, tarsus l*0f5. 


It is evident that G. natalensis is nothing but the winter plumage 
of C. curvirostris. The latter, as is usual with the genus Cisticola, 
is more uniform in summer than in winter; but the hen bird, even 
in breeding-plumage, would seem to be always rather more striated 
than the male. 

The young bird resembles the winter plumage, but is always 
distinguished by the yellow tint on the under surface. In May it 
begins to assume the winter dress by a direct moult. In young 
birds the bill is more or less yellowish, and this character is preserved 
in the winter plumage of the adult. In the breeding-season 
the bill becomes more or less black. 

Hab. Natal, extending north into Matabele Land and the Mashoona 
country. 

a. Bummer plumage (C. curvirostris). 
a. c? ad. sk. Natal (T. Ayres). J. H. Gurney, Esq. [P.]. 
h. Juv. sk. Pinetown (T. L. Ayres). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
c 
Ad. sk. Pinetown, April 30, 1874 R. B. Sharpe, Esq, 
(21 L. Ayres). 


2S0 TIMI:LIII> H. 

/]. Uliittr }>luin<t<[<> (V>. natiilonsis). 

<t, b. c{ V Jul. MK. Natal ( 7'. Ayres). .1. IL (hmiey, ttsq. | I*. |. 

r. <? ad. HK. Natal (7'. -l///vtf). J. II. (iuriioy, Ks<p | P. j. 
(!,<>. d {? with Natal. ' I)i\ (hioiimus [C.J. /". 
Vd.sk. Natal. T. A\ms, I^p |C.|. 
V. J a«l. «lf. Natal (71. J//ms). Li. II. Sharps Iwp 
//. Ad. sk. Natal (71 Jyms). K. P>. Sharps Ks<t. 
/,*. Ad. >sk. Natal. Sir A. Smith JT ]. 
(T^pi'H ot'spCCLCM, ) 
/. All. Mk. Tilmkai'a Pan (1<T. Gate*). W. K. and C. U. O.jfps, 
I^TS. [P.]. 

2(1. Cisticola lngiiMs. 

Sylvia (Cisticola) lugubris, 2^7/y;. Xeue Wirbelth., Toy. p. 11J (J 805 
*-40). 
Pnmoica lugubris, i?^; . *SV/AA Uebers. p. 50, tab. xi. (1815) ; <7rm/, 
6-7 >/. B. i. p. 100 (1 MM ; lip. Consp. i. p. 280 (18-50) ; Gnu/, lluncl-l. 

B. i.p. 108,iio.2752(18G0). 
Cisticola liumbris /Ms Murs in Lefebvre, Toy. Abus*. p. 80 (184-1) j 
Heuql. Si/sf. Uebers. p. 21 (1850)"; id. Ibi,%l>(\\)\ p. 140; /V7. Or,/. 
X.O'.-4/r. i. p. 251 (1H5S), iv. J^p. p. lxxiii (1871). 

])rvinoica fuhitruiis, Sander. (Efw li. Tet.-Akad. Fdrh. Stockholm, 

lNX), p. 104; Gnu/, Hand-l 111 p. 109, no. 2770 (1800). 
Drwuoica bizonura, Ileuyl. Syst. Uebers. p. 22 (1N50). 
PrVmova na^ia, //wtf. Orn'.W.-Afr. p. 50 (hv>7) ; ?V7. J. /* 0.1*01, 

p. 110; Sharp?, lb>'s, lb70, p. 4?5; /r/. C<v/. Afr. F. p. 01 (1871) ; 
ShelleytyBitclhy, Ibis, 1872, p. 287. 
Prvmoica narvia, Cass. Fr. Fhilad. Acad. 1850, p. 37 ; 6V#?/; Hand-l. 

B. i. p. 100, no. 2780 (lfcGU). 
CUieola koductUa, 7W<r*, J. /". O. 1808, p. 102 ; Gray, Iland-l. B. 
i. p. 200, no, -2'hli) (1M)0). 
Cihticola luBmatocepliala, Cab. in Von der Bceken, Feis., iii. Zuol. 
Aves, p. 2:3, tab. ii. fig-. 2 (18G0). 
Drymoeca lugubris, Heuylin, Fris, 1800, p. 101. 
Drymoica ibodact}la, Finsch ty llartl. Toy. Ostafr. p. 200 (1870). 
Drymoica stulta, Finsch ty llartl. t. c. p. 205. 
Cisticola fuhifrons, Sharpe, ed. Layard F. S. Afr. p. 204 (1870). 
Cisticola na^ia, Sharped Fourier, Fall. Soc. Zool. France, 1870, 

p. 00(5; Focaye, Om.Anyola,]). 551 (1881); Marti. Abhandl. nat. 
Ter. Bremen, \iii. p. 1M) (18*2). 
Cisticola ampliilerta, Meichenow, J.f. 0.1875, p. 44. 


Adult. Greneral colour above ashy grey, broadly streaked with 
black centres to the feathers; rump uniform ashy grey; wing-coverts 
ashy grey with blackish centres, the median and greater coverts 
slightly washed with rufous on their outer webs; bastard-wing 
feathers dusky, externally ashy fulvous, the outermost whitish 
along the outer web ; primary-coverts dusky, with a narrow edging 
of ashy rufous; quills dusky, externally rufous, forming a conspicuous 
wing-patch; inner secondaries black, externally edged with 
ashy whitish along the inner web; upper tail-coverts ashy grey, 
slightly fulvescent on the margins and with faint dusky centres; 
tail-feathers ashy brown, slightly greyer on the edges and tipped 
with ashy brown, before which is a broad subterminalband of black ; 

11 . CISTICOLA. 281 
outer feathers tipped with white ; crown of the head a little more 
ashy fulvous than the back, slightly rufeseent on the forehead; lores 
and feathers round the eye yellowish white, extending above the 
eye ; in front of the eye a dusky spot; ear-coverts and cheeks yellowish 
white, the former browner on their upper and hinder margins ; 
throat and under surface of the body pale yellowish, the abdomen 
a little whiter; sides of the body and Hanks washed with ashy; 
sides of the upper breast dark ashy grey ; thighs light tawny ; under 
tail-eoverts very pale tawny buff* under wing-coverts very pale 
tawny buff; axillaries whiter; quills light brown below, inner edges 
rufeseent. Total length 5*4 inches, culmen 0*0, wing 2*35, tail 2*1, 
tarsus 0*95. 

The specimen above described is an adult bird in full plumage 
from the Gold Coast. 

Young. Much more yellow underneath than the adult and more 
sandy coloured above, as the rump is sandy brown and the feathers 
of the back are edged with sandy buff instead of ashy grey; the 
hind neck, too, is sandy ; the head is streaked like the back, the centres 
of the feathers being blackish brown, the edges sandy buff; underneath, 
the yellow tinge is very strong. 

The head even in fully adult birds is often slightly mottled with 
dusky; but beyond the fact that the young bird is decidedly streaked 
on the crown, I have not been able to establish that the uniform 
head is a sign of old age alone, as specimens undoubtedly adult are 
found both with perfectly uniform as well as with slightly mottled 
heads; the latter may, however, be in winter plumage. The colour 
of the crown also varies from ashy brown to pale fulvous or even 
rufous-brown; and even 0. amyhilecta of Reich enow, the type of 
which has been kindly lent to me by Dr. Peters, seems to me to be 
only a more than usually rufous example of 0. ncevia. The sides 
of face, rump, and especially the lower tail-coverts are very rufous, 
but the latter are approached in tint by some of the specimens in 
the British Museum. 

The specimen of 0. Jugubris lent to me by Dr. Krauss, from the 
Btuttgardt Museum, is undoubtedly the same as the West-African 

G. ncevia. It is either a young or winter- plum aged specimen. 
The East-African bird seems to me to be inseparable from the 
true Q. ncevia. The type of Gistkola isocfactyla, Peters, kindly lent 
me by the original describer, is very similar to West-African specimens, 
but has the crown of head nearly uniform rufous, forming a 
distinct cap. This is not always strongly defined in West-African 
birds, which often have the nape of the same colour as the hind 
neck. Total length 4*6 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*05, tail 1*9, 
tarsus 0*9. 

A female (Mombasa; Dr. Fischer) measures :—Total length 4*5 
inches, culmen 0*55, wing 1*95, tail 1 65, tarsus 0*85. 
In South Africa the colours are somewhat paler; but the species 
usually known as O. fulvifrons cannot be specifically separated from 

C. lugubris. It is perfectly identical with G. isodactyh of Peters. 
An adult female from S.E. Africa has the head pale rufous, inclining 
282 
rmruin ). 

to ash\ brow it on the nape; the back and ^scapulars ashy brown, cspeciall\ 
'the in mile, iho rest broadly hlackin the centre of the feathers, 
some of which are O<1«»<M1 with sandy buff; hnvor back, rump, and 
upper iaiL-eoveris ashy J^rey, the latter rather nioro dusky, with 
slightly pder edi»es ; Ions and a taint eyebrow bully white; oar-
coverts ver\ pile fulvous-brown, clearer buff on the lower piris 
adjoining the cheeks, which are yellowish: throat and centre of 
abdomen while ; breast whitish, washed with pah1 yellow, the thinks 
slightly shaded with ashy tirowu ; thighs tawny ; under wing'-coverts 
whitlsii, with a pale wash of fawn-colour; bill dusky ; tarsi and feet 
pule ; iris li^hl reddish brown. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*55, 
wiiu* 2*1, tatsiis 0*95. 

The m de is somew hat larger, measuring as follows :—Culmcu OMJ, 
wiivj; '2**\\ tarsus i. 
I[ah. West Africa from the Gambia to the Gons»o districts. N.E. 
Africa, extending alon# the eastern coast to Natal. 

a. Ad. sk. Kissao (Beaudouin). R. B. Sharpe, E^q. 
ft. Ad. sk. Cape Yorde, Sene^nmbia. M. L. Laukize [0.]. 
v. Ad.sk. Fantee (A. titcanzif). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
dte,f,t/. Ad. sk. Fautee {Governor Ussher). II. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
h, i. Juv. sk. Fantee (Governor TJ^shvr). li. B. Sharpe, E«q. 
h Ad. sk. Elmina, April 1872 (II. F. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Btisseft). 
I, m. Ad. sk. Accra. Governor Ussher [C.]. 

n. Ad. sk. lVnkora {Aubinn). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
o Ad. sk. Ashantee. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
p. Ad. sk. River Volta (Usvfter). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
q. 
P ad, sk. Landana, Congo. MM. Lucan & Petit 
[C.]. 
r. ? ad. sk. Natal, December. • Dr. (Tiieinzius [G,]. 
*. ? ad. sk. Natal. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
t. Ad. sk. S.E. Africa. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J. 
27. Cisticola nificeps. 
Mahirns rulicepa, Cretzsehm. i?i Hitpp. Atlas, p. 54, tab. oG A (1820). 
Drjmoica rahVeps, HUpp. St/at Uebcrs. p. 50 (1845); Gray, Gen. B. 
I p. 103 (1848); Bp. Cohsp. i. p. 283 (1850); Vierth. Xaum. 1852, 

p. 45; Cass. Proe. Thilad. Acad. 1851), p. 37; Gray, Hand-l B. i. 
p. 100, no. 2779 (1809). 
Drymoica scotoptera, Sundev. (Efv. K Vet.-Ahad. Forh. Stockh. 
1850, p. 129; Gray, Iland-l. B.'l p. 198, no. 2703 (1800); Heut/L 
Ibis, 18(10, p. 104; id. Orn. X.O.-Afr. i. p. 259 (1H39). 

Drvruoica lulveseens, Sunder. (Efv.* K. Vet.-Ahad. Fork. Stockh. 
1850, p. 129 ; Gray, Iland-l. B'.i. p. 198, no. 2704 {1M59) ; Heia/L 
Ibis, 18G9;p. 104 ; id. Orn. X.O.-Afr. i. p. 260 (1809). 

Oyoticola rulieeps, Ileugl. Si/st. Uebers. p. 22 (1850). 
Drymoica leucopygia, Ileugl Si/st. Uebers. p. 22 (1856); Gray. 
Eand-1. B. i. p". 199, no. 2794 (1809), 
Drymoeca ruficeps Hartl.. f. O. 1801, p. 110; Ilewjl Ibis, J 809, 

p. 10:]; Warpe, Cat. Afr. B.y.ZQ (1871); Antin. tttialvad, Viagg. 
Bogosj p. 10h (lh73).' 
Drymoeca cordofana, Ileugl. Ibis, 1809, p. 105. 


11 . CISTICOLA. 283 
Drymceca leucopygia, Heugl t. c. p. 104. 
Drymoica cordofana, Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 199, no. 2795 (1869). 
Oisticula leucopygia, Heugl. Dm. N.O.-Afr. p. 259, iv. App. p. lxxiv 


(1809-71). 
Oisticula cordofana, Heugl t. e. i. p. 200 (1869). 
Citoticola ruficeps, Heugl. Ibis, 1869, p. 143; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. 

p. 258, iv. App. p. lxxiv (1876-71). 
Cistodyta scotoptera, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. G (1872). 
Adult, General colour above pale "brown, streaked on the back 
and scapulars, the feathers edged with whity brown or pale fulvous ; 
the lower back and rump uniform dark brown ; wing-coverts light 
brown, with paler brown edges, a little more rufescent on the greater 
series; quills and primary-coverts dark brown, externally rufous, 
with pale fulvescent edges, broader and lighter on the secondaries; 
upper tail-coverts clear rufous ; tail-feathers dark brown with rufescent 
edges, all tipped with white, before which is a subterminal 
blackish shade, the centre feathers light brown with rufescent margins 
; crown of head and nape uniform rufous, the hind neck very 
pale fulvous, lighter than the back; lores and eyelid yellowish white; 
ear-coverts dusky pale rufous, with pale shaft-lines; cheeks and 
under surface yellowish buff, whiter on the chin and centre of the 
abdomen; thighs more tawny ; under tail-coverts yellowish buff; 
on the lower Hanks the feathers long and silky, and of a pale fulvous 
or white colour; under wing-coverts and axillaries yellowish buff; 
quills brown below, whitish along the edge of the inner web ; bill 
clear rufous, darker at the tip and on the culmen; feet reddish 
yellow; iris clear brown. Total length 4*6 inches, culmen 0*45, 
wing 2-25, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*85. 

Obs. The type of Drymceca leucopygia of Heuglxn is a damaged 
specimen of C. rujiceps in the Yienna Museum. The rump having 
been shot away, the long silky white feathers of the lower flanks 
have been pulled over on each side, so that the bird looks as if it 
had a white rump, which is not really the case. 

Hah. North-eastern Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. Southern Nubia (Kotschj). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
28. Cisticola subruficapilla. 
Drymoica subruiicapilla, Smith, III. Zool 8. Afr., Aves, pi. 76. fig. 2 
(1843;; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 163 (1848);'.% Cotisp. i. p. 283 
(1850); Gurney, P. Z. & 1864, p. 2; Lai/ard, B. S. Afr. p. 91, 
no. 160 (1867); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 197, no. 2739 (1869). 

Drymoica chiniana, Smith, III. Zool S. Afr., Aves, pi. 79 (1843); 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 163 (1848) ; Bp. Oo?isp. I p. 283 (1850) ; Gurney, 
Ibis, 1864, p. 2; Bayard, B. S. Afr. p. 91, no. 158 (1867); 
Gray, Hcmd-l B. i. p. 198, no. 2743 (1869). 

Cisticola campestris, Gould, P. Z. S. 1845, p. 20. 
Cisticola magna, Gould, B, Anstr. fol. iii. pi. 41 (1848); Bp. Consp. 


i. p. 287 (1850) ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 349 (1865)*. 
* Of. Salv. Strickl. Cat. p. 54 (1882). 
284 TIIIELIID-E. 

Drymoica procerula, Sunder. (Efv. K. Vet.-Ahad. Fork, Stockh. 
18.30, p. 104. 
Drjmoica obscura, Sundev. t. c. p. 103; Gray, Kand-l, B. i. p. 19% 
no. 2768 (1869). 
Drymceca levaillantii, Strichl $ Scl Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 54 (nee 
Smith). 
Drymoica cantons, Ileugl. Si/st. Uebers. p. 22 (IbaOj ; Gray, Iland-l 

^.i . p.l99,no.2790(lb09). 
? Drymoica lugubris, llcugl J.f. 0. 1801, p. 194. 
Cisticola procera, Peters, J. f. O. IbUS, p. 182; Sharpe, eel Layard 

B. S,Afr.y.27o (1870). " 
Drymceca* siibmhcapilla, Layard, Ibis, 1MJ8, p. 244; Sharpe. Cat. 
Afr. B. p. oO (ls71) ; Gumey in ^biderss. B. Dam. Let. p. ^7 
(lb72); id Ihl, lb73, p. 254: Shelley, Ibis, lb75, p. 71. 

Drymceca \irgati, Heugt. Ibis, IbUU. p. 100. 
Drymoica prucera, Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 200, no. 2S20 (1509). 
Drymoica w<iata, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 200, no. 2797 (1809). 
Drymceca canUn-, Ileugl. Ibis, IbuO, p. 90. 
Drymceca striolata, Ileugl Orn. X.O.-Afr. i. p. 2152 (l^u9), iv. 


App. p. lxxi\ (lb71). 
Oibticola cantans, Htvgl Or a. X.O.-Afr. i. p. 252 (IbOOj. 
Graniinicula levaillantii, Blanf. Gaol. & Zool. Ahysb. p. o75 (1870, 

?iee Smith). 
Drymceca levaillantii, Finsch, Trans. Z. S. %ii. p. 322 (1870, tx 

Blanf. ut tuprii). 
Drymoica proceia, Finsch 4" Hartl. Tog. O^tafr. p. 2?>'4 (lb70). 
Drymoica hn\, iid. t. c. p. 207 (3v70j ; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 200, 

iio. 2800 (lfcGO, ex F. $ II. MSS.). 

Drymoica rufilata, Hartl. in Fimeh 4* Hart I T w/, 0*tafr. p. 2;J^ 
(1870; ; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 200, no. 2*01 (lb09. ex F.$ II. 
MSS.); Gumey, in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 87 (lb72). 

Cisticola leyaillanti (nee Smith), Ileugl. Orn. X.O.-Afr. iv. App. 

p. Ixsiii (Lh71, ex Blanf. ut supra). 
Drymceca isoclactyla (nee Peters), Sharpe, P.Z.S. 1873, p. 712; id. 

id, Layard B. S. Afr. p. 209 (1*70). 
Cisticola subrufieapilla, Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 208 flo70). 
Cisticola lais, Sharpe, t. c. p. 270 (ib70). 
Cihticola obscura, Sharpe, t. c. p. 275 {lb76). 
Cisticola chiniana, Sharpe, t. c. p. 2iJ6 (lb77); Ay res, Ibis, 1878, 

p. 290, 1880, p. 101; Shelley, Ibis, lbb2, p. 25:}. 
Cisticola rufilata, Sharpe, t. e. p. 269 (1870). 
Drymoica holnbi, Von Feb. in Holub, Beitr. Orn. Sudafr. p. 70, pi. i. 
(1882;. 
Cisticola isoclactyla, Sharpe (ntc Peters), t. c. p. 209 (1870). 
Drymceca lais, Salt-in, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p 55 |lb62). 


Adult male. Above ashy brown, all the feathers of the back 
streaked down the centre with black; the head rufous with less 
distinct mesial streaks of black, becoming still more obscure on the 
hind neck, where the rufous shades off into the ashy grey of the 
back; wing-coverts dark brown, margined with the same ashy grey 
as the back, the greater series faintly washed with rufous; 'quills 
dull brown, externally edged with rufous, the inner secondaries 

11 . CISriCOLA. 2S5 
margined all round with ashy grey; tail rufous-brown, margined 
with fulvous, tipped with dull white or rufous, before which is a 
distinct bar of black on all except the two centre feathers ; lores 
and a narrow eyebrow dull white; round the eye a tiny ring of 
buff feathers; sides of face dull white, browner on the ear-coverts; 
entire under surface of body dirty white, the sides of the body and 
under tail-coverts ashy brown, the breast with a few small spots of 
brown; thighs tawny burl"; under wing-coverts huffy white, the 
lower surface of the wing broadly edged with rufous along the inner 
Veb. Total length 5 inches, culmen u-5, wing 2*05, tail 2-2, 

tarsus 0*7. 

The bird above described is a male in breeding-plumage ( = C. 
subrvficajjitta of Smith). The head in the breeding-dress appears to 
have always some blaeki&h streaks on the crown. 

At present I have not s-een an example, the female sex of which 
has been ascertained by direction in the breeding-season. 

The 1/ointff bird is browner than the adult, without the grey 
mantle, and'is always very distinctly and broadly streaked with 
dark brown; the under sumee k yellowish, with triangular spots 
of dusky on the breu>t. inclining to linear streaks on the flanks. 
After Us first movlt the male bird lobe> the spots on the breast, and 
is mure of a jello-wi^h-buff colour underneath, and has a more distinct 
rufous forehead ; ilu j* tuaU afbr th first moult, however, 
appears* not to lo^e the MietikN on the breast so soon as the male, 
and is much more thickly and distinctly streaked with black above. 

The adults iii full venter jthnfiotp { = 0. 'mdattula, Sharpe, nee 

Peters) are more reddish brown above, with the siieaksless strongly 

pronounced; the head U neaily uniform rufous, the eyebrow ful


vescent, and the unclerpaits strongly washed with fulvous. 

Adult femah in n inter jtlinuatft. General colour above fulvous


brown, almost tawny, i\ ith. indistinct mesial streaks of darker brown 

on the back and scapular*; the upper tail-coverts and rump uniform; 

crown uniform tawny rufous, shading oft" info the brown of the 

back ; outer scapulars and lea^t wing-coverts shaded with grey, the 

centres of the feathers dark brown, the greater series and primary-

coverts dark brown, broadly edged with fulvous ; quills dark brown, 

externally margined with rutotis, the inner secondaries edged all 

round with fulvous ; tail rufous-brown, fulvous at tip, with a sub


terminal bar of black, very distinct on all excepting the two centre 

feathers, where it is only obsemely indicated ; lores and a faint hue 

above the eye yellowish white; round the eye a circlet of buff; 

cheeks and sides of face yellowish white; the ear-coverts marked 

with brown, especially on the hinder margin ; under surface of body 

pale tawny yellow, deeper on the flanks, the sides of the upper breast 

washed with ashy brown; the throat and centre of the belly whitish; 

thighs bright tawny; under wing-coverts pale tawny, the lower 

series ashy bnmn at tip; the lower burface of the quills brown, 

margined with rufous along the inner web; bill (in skin) horn-brown, 

the lower mandible yellowish; feet deep yellow in skin. Total 

length 4*7 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*1, tail 2*15, tarsus 0*85, 

\ 

286 TIMELIIILE. 

The above description is taken from a female killed in Damaralaud 
by Mr. Andersson on the 12th April, 1865. Two other dissected 
females also obtained by him agree in dimensions. A male shot at 
Elephant Vley on 5th of August, 1859, has the wing 2*1 and the 
tail 1*95. Young birds of both sexes after their first moult are the 

Q. leas of Finsch and Hartlaub. 
As in the ease of many Cisticolce the tail-feathers are longer in 
winter than in summer—a male in the C.-lais plumage having the 
tail 2-45, while a female has it 2-3. 

Young iii winter plumage (type of C. lais). Above fulvous-brown, 
very broadly streaked with black, the margins to the dorsal feathers 
rather rufescent; head and hinder neck more rufous than the back, 
the blackish stripes much less distinct and indeed almost obsolete on 
the nape and hinder neck ; rump uniform fulvous- brown ; the upper 
tail-coverts also with very faint mesial streaks of blackish; wing-coverts 
ashy fulvous with dark-brown centre», the greater series more shaded 
with rufous externally; quills dark brown, broadly edged with 
rufous externally so as to give a rufous aspect to the wings; the 
margins of the secondaries paler and more fulvesscent; tail rufescent 
brown, lighter rufous on the margins, the two centre feathers with


out any subterminal black mark and irregularly waved across with 
dusky bars under certain lights ; all the other feathers with a broad 
black subterminal bar, the tips being fulvesceiit this pale ending 
being more distinct on the outer plumes and forming: a margin to 
the last rectrix; lores and feathers round the eye yellowish buff 
forming a tolerably distinct eyebrow; sides of face ash)- fulvous, the 
ear-coverts rather browner with obsolete dusky tips* to the feathers cheeks 
fulvous; chin and centre of the body white; the throat and 
sides of the body tawny fulvous, clearer on the thiglis, the flanks 
slightly shaded with brown • under wing- and tail-eoverts tawnv 
buif; bill brown, yellowish at the base of the under mandible; W s 

yellowish. Total length 5 inches, culmen U-45, wing 2*1, tail 2S5 
tarsus 0*75. (Mus. Brcm.) 


In the above stage of plumage the head is frequently of the same 
colour as the back, though the latter often gives an indication of the 
approaching grey back characteristic of the fully adult bird. Below 
the young birds id ivinttr pin magi are of a deeper cchraceous buff 
than at any other time of their life. 

C. chiniana is nothing more than a large race of C. stthnijicapilla, 
with a general tendency to a more uniform rufous crown. 
Adult male of larger race in hrt^ling-plvMinrp:. Head and nape 
uniform rufous ; back ashy brown, with dark-brown centres to the 
feathers, the scapulars more grey; wing-coverts coloured like the 
back, with pale fulvous margins to the feathers; quills dark brown, 
externally margined with rufous, becoming paler towards the tips of 
the feathers, especially of the primaries, the innermost secondaries 
edged all round with ashy fulvous ; tail light brown, slightly rufescent, 
the two centre feathers darker brown with fulvous margins 
and tipped with pale fulvous, the outer ones with white, all having 
a blackish subterminal bar; lores yellowish buff, as also a ring of 

11 . CISMCOLA. 287 
feathers round the eye; feathers over the eye fulveseent, but not 
forming a very distinct eyebrow; ear-coverts greyish brown, with 
narrow whitish shaft-lines; cheeks, throat, and undcrparts white, 
the flanks somewhat washed with fulvous-grey, the sides of the 
upper breast greyish brown; thighs tawny butt"; under wing-coverts 
also pale tawny buff; lower surface of quills brown, the edge of the 
inner web pale rufous; bill brown, the lower mandible lighter; feet-
very light brow7n ; iris light hazel. Total length 5*0 inches, culmen 
0-55, wing 2-6, tail 2*7, tarsus 0*9. 

The description is taken from a specimen collected by Mr. T. E. 
Buckley in Bamangwato on the 10th of June, 1873. 

The winter plumage is, as usual the case with these Warblers, 
much more mealy in appearance, the feathers not being abraded, 
but having broad fulvescent margins to the feathers- the head is 
always lighter, but the colour of the back varies from greyish to 
fulvous-brown, the mesial black streaks, however, being always 
distinct. In winter the breast and sides of the body are light tawny 
buff, leaving the throat and centre of the belly more conspicuously 
white. 

A series of male specimens obtained by Mr. Andersson give the 

following measurements:—Total length 4-8-5-3 inches, culmen 0-55


0-6, wing 2-4-2-65, tail 2-5-2-75, tarsus 0-9-0-95. 

Females measure:—Total length 4-7-5-2 inches, culmen 0-5-0*55, 

wing 2-1-2*15, tail 2-25-2-45, tarsus 0-85. 

The only character by which G. chiniana could ever be separated 

from O. suhrtificcqnlla is by the larger bill, which measures 0-35 

from the anterior depression of the nostril to the tip of the bill, 

while G. subruficapiUa has it 0*25. Intermediate specimens, how


ever, are found which render it impossible to do more than consider 

0. cliiniana a race of the Capo bird. 
In Ireedlng-pluwtage the feathers become so abraded that the 
ashy colour almost disappears from the mantle, the brown central 
streaks are nearly obsolete, and the head becomes rufescent brown, 
so that there is very little difference in the colour of head and back. 
In this plumage it is G. procera of Peters, the type of which I herewith 
describe:— 

Adult (type of G. procera). General colour above light brown, 
a little washed with ashy on the back, with indistinct centres of 
slightly darker brown; the wing decidedly more ashy; wing-coverts 
light brown, margined with ashy, slightly tinged with rufous on the 
greater series • bastard-wing feathers brown, edged with dull whitish; 
primary-coverts and quills brown, edged externally with very pale 
rufous, lighter towards the end of the quills, and ashy on the outer 
web of the inner secondaries ; upper tail-coverts light brown, edged 
with ashy fulvous; tail-feathers light brown, barred across with 
dusky under certain lights, all tipped with ashy fulvous, and having 
a distinct subtcrminal bar of blackish brown, the tips to the outer 
feathers whiter; crown of the head and nape dull rufous-brown, a little 
clearer on the forehead ; lores and feathers round the eye yellowish 
white; ear-coverts pale reddish, with whitish shaft-lines; cheeks 

288 
TIUELIIDJE. 

and under surface of the body dull yellowish white; sides of the 
body and flanks slightly tinged with fulvescent; thighs pale tawny; 
under tail-coverts yellowish white; under wing-coverts very pale 
fulvous; axillaries'whiter; quills below ashy brown ; inner edge of 
quills pale rufous. Total length 4*4 inches, culnien 0*55, wing 2*6, 
tail 2-2, tarsus 0-9. 

Of Cistlcola cantans I have examined two of the typical specimens 
in the Museums of Stuttgardt and Vienna; it is the large form, 
and identical with G. cliiniana of South Africa. 

In Damara Land a peculiarly rufous form occurs (C. ritfilata, 
Hartl.). I have seen one other specimen besides the type, of which 
I give a full description. 

Adult male of rufous race. Above sandy brown, the dorsal feathers 
mesially dark brown, giving a slightly streaked appearance, these 
streaks shaded with rufous on each side, imparting a rufous appearance 
to the back; head and neck uniform light chestnut; wing-
coverts light brown, washed and tipped with ashy fulvous, the median 
series with obsolete indications of a rufescent streak near the tip; 
quills brown, externally edged with pale rufous, especially near the 
base of the primaries, the margins to the inner secondaries paler; 
rump uniform sandy brown ; upper tail-coverts pale rufous, with 
lighter buff margins ; tail light chestnut, all the feathers tipped with 
huffy white, before which is a blackish-brown subterminal bar, the 
two centre feathers much more narrowly tipped, and the subterminal 
bar very indistinct; lores and a very well-marked eyebrow dull 
white; sides of face yellowish, the upper margin of the ear-coverts 
inclining to chestnut; cheeks and throat dull white ; rest of under 
surface of the body yellowish ochre, darker on the sides and much 
lighter down the centre ; thighs pale chestnut; under wing- and 

tail-coverts yellowish ochre; inner lining of quills ashy brown, margined 
with rufous along the inner web; bill dark brown, the under 
mandible yellowish; feet yellowish. Total length 5*7 inches, cuimen 
0-55, wing 2-3, tail 2-7, tarsus 0*95. (Mm. Brem.) 

Hab. The greater part of Africa, excepting the west coast above 
the Quanza river. 

A. Small Mace, 
a. D. suhrujicapilla, Smith. 
a. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.]. (Type 
of species.) 
b, c, d. Imm. sk. South Africa (Layard). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 


e. [Jhiere 1 •' • .: -er (Lauard). R. B. Sharpe, 
/• 
S b wn, Sept. 17, 1865 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
indersson). 

Cape Town, Nov. 16, 1865 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

C. J. Andersson, Esq. [C] . 
Iinysna, Feb. 7, 1866 ( £ R. B. Sharp-. 
J. A.). 
7c. J ad. sk. Piquet Bay, Aug. 22, 1862 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(C. J. A.). 
11 . C1STIC0LA. 
28 9 
7, m. Imm. sk. George (T. Atmore). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

n. 
S ad. sk Komagsros, Little Xainaqua R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. 
Land; July 27, 1802 (C. 
•7". .4.) 
j3. 0. faw, P. & H. (=juv. in ptil. Mem.). 

o. c? Mem. sk. 
EingwiHianistovvn, May 28, Capt. H. Trevelyan [P.], 
1^77 ( C. Xeichy). 
p. 
[3 Hem.] sk. EingwiUianistown,June 25, Capt, H. Trevelyan [P.]. 
1^77 {C. Xewhy). 
q. J Mem. sk. Pinetown, Xatal, May 27 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
( T. L. Ayres). 
r. <$ Mem. sk. Potchefstroozu, July 1S78 Dr. Exton [P.l 
( W. Luea-y). 
s71 6 Mem. sk. Potchefstioom, May 1877 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
( W. Lucas). 
ui,v. d 2 Mem. Ma^amac, June and July J. H. Gurnev, Esq. rP.l. 

UL J

sk. 1*74: (T.L. AIMS).

y. Ad. in ptil. hiem. (=C isodactyh, Sharpe, nee Peters), 
w. 2 Mem. sk. Otjimbinque, DamaraLand, R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. [P.! 
Feb. 0?18tll (C.J. A.). 
x. ? hiem. sk. Otjipatna, July la, l&GG (C. R. B, Sliarpe, Esq [P.]. 
J. A), 
t/. Ad. sk. DamaraLand. C. J.Andersson,Esq. [0.1 
z. 2 Mem. sk. Ondougra, Mdreh 27, 1809 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
(a J. ^4.j. 

a'. Ad. sk, Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Exped. 

B. Large Mace (C. cMniana). 
d. Ad. in ptil. sestiv. (=C. jprocera, Peters,=(7. cantans, Heugl.). 
a. Jnv. sk. TVeenen, Xatal (Arnold). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.l 
b,c. 
6 ad. 5 tf. Transvaal (T. Ay res). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J. 
var. sk. 

e. rf; /, a. 2 ad. Tati, Matabele Land, March W. E. & C. G. Oates, Esqrs. 
sk 1874 (F. Oates). [P.]. 
7i. Ad.sk. Between Sibanane and Ta- "WJE.&C.G. Oates, Esqrs. 
masanka, Dee. 9, 1874 [P.], 

(P. Oato). 
e. Ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Exped. 
k. Ad. sk. Otjimbinque, Dee. 20, 1862 R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. [P.], 
(C.J.A.). 
I 2 ad. sk. Otjimbinque, Feb. 9, 1861 R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. [P.l. 

(C.J. A.). 
m.n. 6 2 ad. sk. Otjimbinque, March 1866 R. B, Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
(C.J.A). 
o. <$ ad. sk. Omaruru river, Xov. 7,1808 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(C.J. A.). 
p. S ad. sk. Swakop riser, Feb. 1,1864 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
(C. J A.). 
a. 2 ad. sk. Ondonga, Jan. 22,1867 (C. R.B. Sharpe, Esq. 
J. A.). 
VOL. vir. 
n 

2< ){) 
TIMELTTD-E. 

/•. 2 ad. sk. Taita, E. Africa, Feb. 13, J. M. Hildebrandt [C.]. 
1870. 
Ad. sk. 

Mombas ( Wakefield). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. rp.i. 

t. 
Ad. sk. Senafe, Abyssinia, Feb. 23, W.T31anford,Esq7[P.]. 
1868. 
u. 
Ad. sk. Quilombo, Angola (-4. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Heath). 
v. Ad. sk. Angola. 
J- J- ^lonteiro, E«q. [C.1. 
e. Ad. in ptil. Mem. (=0. clihihtua, Sm.). 
w. cf ad. sk. Otjimbinque, Dainara Land, It. B. Sharpe, Esq. "P."1. 
June 18, 18G6 (C. J. A..). 
X. cf ad. sk. Otjimbinque, Damara Land, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Aug. 25, 186*0. 
d ? ad, Elephant Ylev, Aug. 1859 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

y>».

sk. (C.J. A.)/ 
a',b\c'. <$\d',e'. Swakop river, April 18G5 R. B. Sharpe, E*q. [P.], 
Sad.sk. (C.J A.). 
/' . d1 ad. sk. Otjipatna, July 18, 1SG0 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(61 <Z A.), 
q'. d .ad. sk. Damara Land, July 12,1580 R. B. Sharpe, E>q. 

{C.J. A). 
12. CHTHOfflCOLA. 
lype. 
Chthonicola, GWd, P. Z. & 1847, p. 35 0. suyittati. 
Range. Australia. 

1. Chtbonicola sagittata. 
Streaked Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn., SuppL ii. p. 247 (1801). 
Sylvia sagittata, Lath. 2nd. Om., SuppL ii. p. hv (1801). 
Anthus minimus, Tig. <§* Horsf. Trans. Lin/i. Sue. xv. p. 230 (1837). 
Chthonicola minima, Gould, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 34; id. B. Amir. fol. 


iii. pi. 7'2 (1848J; Reichenb. Tog, NeuholL p. 295 (1850). 
Calamanthus strigatus, Gray, Gen. B. I. p. 104 (1848). 
Chthonicola sagittata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 2^0 (1850); Gould, 22andh. 
B. Ausfr. i. p. 890 (1865) ; 2tamsay, Proe. Litm. Sac. X S. TV. 
ii. p. 186 (1878). 
Calamanthus sagittatus, Gray, 22and-L. I?, i. p. 204? no. 2875 (18G0). 
Adult. General colour above light olive-greenish, mottled with 
brown, the feathers brown In the centre, edged with olive-greenish; 
rump olivaceous buff; upper tail-coverts olive; wlng-eoverts brown 
margined with olive, paler on the greater coverts; quills brown, 
narrowly edged with whity brown, olive on the secondaries; centre 
tail-feathers brown, shaded with darker brown down the middle of 
the feathers; remainder of tail-feathers brown, edged with olive, 
becoming black towards the end of the tail, which is tipped with 
white; head and nape brown, the forehead and crown mesially 
streaked with whity brown; lores, feathers round the eye, and a 
slight eyebrow, as well as the sides of the face and ear-coverts whitish, 
the latter slightly shaded with brown : along the side of the hinder 

13. ACAXTHlZi.. 
291 

crown a black streak just above the ear-coverts; cheeks white; 
under surface of body pale yellowish streaked with black, the streaks 
broader on the breast and sides of the body; lower abdomen and 
under tail-coverts uniform yellowish; axiliaries yellowish; under 
wing-coverts brown; under surface of quills light brown, whitish 
along the edge of the inner web; " bill brown; feet fleshy brown; 
iris straw-yellow " (Gould). Total length 4*75 inches, culmen 0-4, 
wing 2*35, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*75. 

Hub. Victoria, South Australia, and Xew South Wales, extending 
along the east coast as far as the "Wide-Bay district. 

a, b. Ad, sk. Australia. Linnean Society [P.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Australia.
(Types of A. mini?nus.) 
Baron Lankier. 
d. Ad. sk.
e,f. Ad. sk,
ff. Ad. sk. 
Australia. 
Queensland (J. T.
Cockerel!). 
Australia. 
J. Gould, fisq. [C.]. 
P. D. Godinan and 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
Sir T. Mitchell [P.]. 
0. 

13. ACANTHIZA*. 
Type. 
Acanthiza, Tig. §• IL>rsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 224 
(1^27) A. nana. 
Ge0ba3ileu.fi, Cah. Mm. IMa. Th. 2, p. 32 (1850) ... . A. chrysorrhoa. 

Range. Australia and Tasmania, 

Key to the Species. 

a. Band on tail strictly subterminal, and not equal 
to basal half of tail. 
a\ Throat rafescent, streaked with whitish shaft-
lines; upper surface uniform olive-green.... nana7 p. 292. 
b'. Throat ashy white or yellowish white. 
a". Head like back, with the exception of the 
scaly feathers on the forehead. 
a'". No perceptible dusky streaks 012 the 
throat and breast, which are plain 
whitish; upper tail-coverts dingy olive-
brown, but not strikingly different from 
the back inornate*, p. 293. 

b"f. Throat and breast perceptibly streaked 
with dusky black; upper tail-coverts 
reddish, contrasting with the upper parts 
of the body. 

* ACASTSIZA BUCHANAKI. 
Acanthiza buclianani, Vig. $ H&rsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 227 (1827); 
Gray, Gen. B. I p. 189 (1848); Bp. Consp. i. p. 292 (1850); Gray, 
ffmidJ. £. L p. 219, no. 2121 (imO). 

This species, described with the following characters, '•reetrieibns nigris, uropygio 
coecmeo," can scarcely be a true Acanthiza. It appears to be a female of 
Ephthian u ra tricolor. 

r2 

TIMELIID-E. 

aA. No white tips to tail-feathers; forehead 

pale rufous, with dusky-brown tips to 

the feathers. 

a5. Smaller: bill 0*45 inch; colour above 

light olive-greenish; abdomen pale 

yellow; flanks light fulvous-brown, pusilla, p. 294 

b5. Larger: bill 0*5 inch; colour above 

dull olive-brown; abdomen yellow


ish white; flanks olive-brown diemenemis, p. 295. 

64. Tail-feathers with distinct white tips 
to the inner webs. 
c5. Upper tail-coverts rufous-brown; 

frontal feathers black, with whitish 

or fulvous margins .. ........ apicalis, p. 296. 


d5. Upper tail-coverts bright rufous; 

forehead pale rufous, with dusky 

margins to the feathers pyrrJiopygia, p. 296. 

b". Head a little more rufescent brown than 
the back, and streaked conspicuously with 
whitish shaft-lines ; back olive-greenish .. lineata, p. 207. 


b. Dark band on tail occupying nearly the terminal 
half of the feather; base of tail brightly coloured 
like the'rump and upper tail-coverts. 
c'. Base of tail rufuus, like upper tail-coverts.... uropyyialis, p. 298. 
d'. Base of tail bright yellow like upper tail-
coverts ehrysorrhoa, p. 298. 
e'. Base of tail pale fulvous-brown; upper tail-
coverts dull yellow . reguloides, p. 299. 

1. AcantMza nana, 
Acanthiza 
nana, Vig. § Horsf. Trans. Linn. Sac. xv. p. 226 (1826) ; 
Gould, B. Austr. fol. iii. pi. 60 (1848); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. Ib9 
(1848); Meielienb. Tog. XeuholL p. 76 {LS50); Bp. Consp. i. p. 2&2 
(1850); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. h p. 371 (Ibijo); Von Miller, 

F. Z. & 1869, p. 279; Gray, Eand-1. B. I p. 219, no. 3113 (1869); 
Ramsay, Froc. Linn. Soc. JVT. S. W. ii. p. l&o (187 tt). 
Adult. General colour above dull olive-green; wing-coverts like 
the back but more ashy, washed externally with olive-green; the 
outer median and greater coverts ashy along the outer webs; bastard-
wing feathers dusky brown, narrowly edged with ashy; primary-
coverts dusky brown, with a very narrow margin of olive-green; 
quills dusky brown, edged with olive-green, more yellow on the 
primaries ; inner secondaries ashy ;* upper tail-coverts olive-brown, 
strongly washed with yellowish green ; tail-feathers ashy, narrowly 
margined with olive-yellowish, with a broad subterminal band across 
the tail, succeeded by an ashy tip ; crown of the head like the back; 
base of the forehead yellowish white, with olive-green tips to the 
feathers, producing a slightly scaled appearance; lores and feathers 
round the eye dusky, the feathers minutely tipped with dull whitish; 
ear-coverts dusky, plainly streaked with white; cheeks and throat 
light rufous, narrowly streaked with white; sides of the neck olive 
like the back; fore neck, breast, and abdomen yellow, tinged with 

13. ACA2JTHIZA.
rufous on the fore neck; sides of the body and flanks olive-greenish• 
thighs dusky externally, yellow on the inner aspect; nnder tail-
coverts yellow; nnder wing-coverts and axillaries yellow, with 
white bases to the feathers; quills below dusky; inner edge of 
quills whitish; " bill and feet blackish brown ; iris brown, with a 
very narrow rim of yellowish white" (Gould). Total length 
3*8 inches, culmen 0*4-, wing 2*15, tail 1*5, tarsus 0-7. 

Sexes alike in colour (Gould). 

Hah. Victoria and South Australia. Xew South "Wales, extending 
along the east coast as high as the "Wide-Bay district. 

a, Ad. sk. Australia. Linnean Society [P.], 
b. Ad. sk. X. S. Wales.
(Type of species.) 
Gould Collection. 
c} d. Ad. sk. Queensland (CocherelT). F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-
vis, Esgrs. [P.j. 

2. Aeanthiza inoraata. 
Acantbiza 
inoraata, Gould, P. Z, & 1840, p. 171; id, B. Amtr. 
fol. iii. pi. 5ii fl-4^t; Gray, Gen, B. I p. 189 (1848); Bp, Consp, 

i. p. m-2 (W>0»; Ifri-henk T%. NeiiholL p. 73 (1850); Gould, 
llandh. B. Airtr. I p. :$70 (181,5); Gray, Hand-l B. I p. 210, 
BK 3117 ll^m\; Dtw^s, Orn. Amtr* pi. 45. fig. 1 (1870); 
Itaimay, Brae. Linn, *Stjc. JV. #. W. ii. p. 185 (lb"8), 
ArhtlL General colour above ashy olive-brown, with concealed 
pale shafts to the mantle-feathers; lesser wing-coverts like the 
back; median and greater coverts, bastard-wing feathers, and primary-
coverts du&ky brown, edged with the same colour as the back; 
quills dull brown, edged with olive, paler on the margin of the primaries 
; rump lighter olive than the back, with concealed whitish 
sub terminal spots; upper tail-coverts pale olive-brown; tail-feathers 
light brown, edged with olive, and having a distinct subterminal 
band of blackish before the pale brown tip; crown of the head like 
the back; forehead mottled with whity brown, the feathers edged 
with dark brown, producing a scaly appearance; feathers round the 
eye buffy whitish, mottled with brown; ear-coverts light earthy 
brown^ with indistinct paler shaft-lines; cheeks, throat, fore neck, 
and chest ashy whitish, quite uniform; breast, abdomen, sides of 
the body and flanks a little yellower, inclining to olive on the sides 
of the body; thighs light brown ; under tail-coverts like the flanks; 
under wing-coverts light fulvous; axillaries pale ashy; quills below 
dusky; inner edge of the quills ashy fulvous; " bill and feet black; 
iris greenish white>f (Gould). Total length 3*6 inches, culmen 0*45, 

wing 2-75, tail 1*4, tarsus 0*7. 
Sexes alike (Gould), 
The specimen from King George's Sound is altogether darker than 
the one described, being dark brown above and below fulvescent, 
much deeper than the Swan-river bird. 
Fab. Southern and Western Australia. 

294 TIMELIIDJE. 
a. 9 ad. sk.
h. Ad. &k.
c. £ ad. st.
d. Ad. sk. 
Perth, Swan river, March 31,1839 {J. Gould), 
King George's Sound. 
King George's Sound. 
Murray river. 
Eyton Collection. 
Gould Collection. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
Sir George Grey [P.]. 

3. AcantMza pusilla*. 
Motacffla pusilla, Write, Toy. K S. Wales, pi. in p. 257 (1790). 

Dwarf Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn., Suppl ii p. 251 (1501). 

Syhia pusilla, Lath. Ind. Orn., Sappl. ii. p. hi (1801); SJiaw, Gen. 

Zool x. p. 647 (1617). 
AcantMza pusilla, Tig. $ Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soe. xv. p. 227, note 
(1827); Gould, B. Austr. fol. iii. pi. 53 (1846;; Gray, Gen. B. i. 

p. 189 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 292 (IS50); Rekheah. Yog. XeuholL 
p. 74 (1850) ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 304 (1805) ; Gray, 
Hand-l. B. i. p. 219, no. 3115 (1869) ; Buamay, Prvc. Linn. Sue. 
2Vr. S. W. ii. p. 185 (1678). 
Adult. General colour above dull olive-green, with a tuft of 
whitish feathers on each side of the rump; les&er wing-coverts like 
the back: median and greater coverts dusky, with olive-green 
margins; bastard-wing feathers blackish brown, with abhy margins ; 
primary-coverts dusky, narrowly edged with olive-green; quills 
sepia-brown externally, edged with olive-brown, yellower on the 
primaries; upper tail-coverts light rufous-brown ; tail-feathers pale 
brown, externally light rufous-brown ; tips a&hy, with a distinct 
subterminal bar of black, less distinct on the centre feathers; the 
outer tail-feathers with a narrow edge of whitish to the tips of the 
inner webs; lores fulvous, with dusky tips to the feathers ; feathers 
round the eye dull whitish, extending a little behind the eye; ear-
coverts light olive-brown, shafted with dull white; cheeks, throat, 
and fore neck dull white, streaked with blackish, the feathers edged 
with dusky ; breast and abdomen yellowish white, ashy on the sides 
of the breast; flanks pale olive-yellowish, or light fulvous-brown; 
thighs olive externally, white on the inner aspect; the sides of the 

* The following species I cannot identify from the description or the figure;
but it will probably prove to be the same as A. pusilla. 
AcASTHIZA MACULARIA. 

Saiicola macularia, Qtroy et Gam. Toy. de VAbirol, Zool. i. p. 199, pi. 10. 
fig. 3 (1830). 
Acanthiza macularia, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. ISO (1^48); Bp. Com>p. i. p. 292 
(1850); Gray, Eand-l B. L p. 219, no. 8120 (1609). 

Above rufous-brown, the frontal feathers loose and eletated in front, covering 
the base of the bill, and of a reddish colour with whitish spots; the bill is 
brown, straight, and a little curved at the point; the throat, breast, and belly 
are dull white streaked with brown ; the tail, which is slightly rounded, is uniform 
rufous, and is marked near its tip with a broad transverse band; the feet 
are long, slender, and brown, like the toes. (Q. §• G. La.) 

The female or young male differs in having the beHy buff without striations 

{Q.4-G.I.C)
ffab. Port Western 

13. ACANTHI/A.
vent white; under tail-coverts pale yellowish; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries yellowish white; quills below ashy brown; inner 
edge of quills whitish; -* bill dark brown; feet brown : iris brownish 
red" (Gould). Total length 3*9 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 1*95, 
tail 1*75, tarsus 0*75. 

Sexes alike (Govld). 

Hob. Victoria and Xew South Wales, extending along the east 
coast as far as the "Wide-Bay district. 

a,b} c1 d. Ad. sk. Brisbane, Queensland{Cockerel!). 
F. D. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
e. Ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk.
gt Ad. &t. 
Richmond river. 
Moreton Bay. 
Australia. * 
Mr. A. P. Goodwin [C.]. 
Gould Collection. 
J, Gould, Esq. 

4. Acanthiza diemeiiensis. 
Acanthiza 
dieinenen&is, Gould, P Z. S. 1837, p. 146; id. 8yn. B. 
Austr. part iv. pi. 4. %. 3 {\m%) ; id. B. Aimtr. folio iii. pi 54 
(lfc4S); Gray. GHI. B. I p. 1^9 (1848); Cab. Mia. Hem. Th. i. 

p. 34 (1850); Jbiriienb. Tog.Xeuhjll p. 80 (1850); Goidd,ITandb. 
B. Aiihtr. i. p. 305 (18(53); Gray, Eand-l B. i. p. 219, no. 3116 
(18(59); Biggies, Orn. Austr. pi. 45. fig. 5 (1870); Ramsay, Proc. 
Linn. tioc. X. 6\ W. ii. p. 185 (1878). 
Acanthiza e^ingii, 
Gould, P. Z. S. Ib47, p. 32; id. B. Austr. fol. iii. 
pi. 55; Reicheitfo. Vag. Xmhall. p. 81 (Lb50). 
Acanthiza diemen&is, Bp. Consp. i. p. 292 (1830). 

Adult. General colour above olive-brown, with concealed pale 
shaft-streaks to the dorsal feathers ; rump with tufts of dull white-
tipped feathers on each side ; lesser wing-coverts like the back; 
median and greater coverts dusky brown, externally edged with 
olive-brown; bastard-wing feathers dusky brown, with ashy olive 
margins *. primary-coverts dusky, narrowly edged with olive ; quills 
brown, externally like the back, the primaries edged with lighter 
olive ; upper tail-coverts light rufous; fail-feathers ashy brown, 
edged externally with light rufous, with a broad subterminal band of 
black, the tips ashy; crown of the head like the back, the forehead 
rufescent, mottled with dusky edges to the feathers, producing a scaly 
appearance; lores dusky, tipped w ith whitish ; eyelid dull whitish; 
ear-coverts dusky, thickly streaked with dull whitish shaft-lines; 
cheeks and throat dull white, mottled with narrow streaks of dusky 
blackish, with which the feathers are edged; fore neck, breast, and 
abdomen yellowish white ; sides of the body and flanks light oHvebrown 
or pale Mvous; thighs olive-brown• under tail-coverts 
whitish with light-brown centres; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
white with a pale wash of yellow; quills below ashy brown; 
inner edge of quills whitish; " bill dark brown; feet brown; iris 

lake-red " (Gould). Total length 4 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*1, 

tail 1*8, tarsus 0*8. 
Sexes alike (Goidd). 
Hub. Tasmania, 

29G TIMBLIIDJS. 
a <$ ad sk. Tasmania {Gould). Eyton Collection. 
6* c Ad sk. Tasmania. Gould Collection. 
I i Ad. sk. Tasmania. Eonald Gunn, Esq. [P.]. 
f. $ . Skeleton. Purchased. 

5. AcantHza apicalis. 
Acanthiza apicalis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 31; id. B. Austr. fol. iii. 
pi. 57 (1848); Gray, Gen.B. i. p. 189 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 292 
(1850) ; Rekhenb. Vog. Neuholl. p. 72 (1850) ; GW*£, Handb. B. 
Austr. i. p. 368 (1865); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 219, no. 3123 (1869); 
Jtamsay, Proc. Linn. Soo. JST. S. W. ii. p. lbo (1878). 

Adult General colour above dark olive-brown, a little lighter 
olive on the rump, with half-concealed spots of silky whitish on the 
sides of the latter; lesser wing-coverts ashy olive ; median coverts 
and outer greater coverts dusky brown, margined with olive, paler 
on the edge of outer greater coverts; ba&tard wing and primary-
coverts dusky brown, with very narrow olive margins ; quills dusky 
brown, edged with ashy olive, paler on the primaries; upper tail-
coverts rufous-brown; tail-feathers ashy brown, edged with olive 
and crossed with a tolerably broad suhterminal band of black, and 
a broad spot of white at the end of the inner web ; crown of head 
like the back, the forehead scaly, the feathers blackish, with whitish 
or pale rufous cross markings ; lores dull whitish ; eyelid whitish, 
slightly mottled with dusky tips to the feathers ; ear-coverts ashy 
brown, streaked with whitish; cheeks, throat, fore neck, and breast 
white, streaked with dusky blackish margins to the feathers; abdomen 
white; thighs ashy brown; sides of the body, flanks, and 
under tail-coverts pale fulvous; under wing-coverts and asillaries 
yellowish white, with ashy bases ; quills below dusky brown ; inner 
edge of quills white; 6fc bill, legs, and feet dark brown; iris light 
red J? (Gould). Total length 4 inches, culraert 0*45, wing 2-05, tail 
1-85, tarsus 0*8. 

Sexes alike in colour; but the female is somewhat smaller (Gould). 
Hah. "West Australia; ? South Australia. 

a. 
2 ad. sk. Near Perth, "W. Australia, Eyton Collection. 
May 1,1839 (GoM). 
b. S 
ad. sk. King George's yound, Gould Collection. 
April 4. 
c. Ad. sk. South Australia, July 21, Gould Collection. 
1833. 
d. Ad. sk. Queensland (Gockerell). F. B. Godman and 0. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
6. Acanthiza pyxrhopygia. 
Acanthiza pyrrkopygia, Gould, B. Austr. fol iii. pi. 58 (1848); Gray, 
Gen. B. i. p. 189 (1848); Sturt, JBxped. Centr. Austr. ii. App. 

p. 30 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 292 (1850) ; Meickenh. Yog. Keuholl 
p. 75 (1850); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 309 (1865); Gray, 
Hand-IB. i. p. 219, no. 3124 (1869); Biggies, Orn. Austr. pi. 45. 
fig. 4 (1870); Maimay, Proc. Linn. 8oc. N. & W. ii. p. 185 (1878). 
13 . ACANTHIZA. 
All the upper surface and wings olive-brown, the feathers of the 
forehead margined with huff; wings brown with pale edges; throat 
white, each feather margined with black; abdomen whitish; flanks 
pale burl; upper tail-coverts rufous; tail olive, crossed by a broad 
band of black, and tipped on the outer webs with pale olive, on the 
inner webs with white ; bill blackish brown, under mandible somewhat 
lighter; feet brown; iris reddish brown. Total length 4 inches, 
bill |, wing 2, tail If, tarsus f. {Gould.) 

Hob. West Australia. 

This species seems to me to be very doubtfully distinct from 

A. alkalis. 
7. Acanthiza lineata. 
Acanthiza 
lineata, Gould, B. Z. & 1837, p. 146; id. Syn. B. Austr. 
part iv. pi. 4. fig. 4 (1888); id. B. Austr. fol. iii. pi. 61 (1848)*: Grant. 
Gen. B. i. p. 189 (1848); Bp. Consp. i. p. 292 (1850); Reichenb. 
Vog. Neuholl. p. 74 (1850); Gould, BCandb. B. Austr. i. p. 372 
(1605) ; Von Mutter, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 279; Gray, Hand-l.B. I 

p. 219, no. 3114 (1809); Biggies, Orn. Austr. pi. 45. %. 2 (1870)* 
Bamsay, Brae. Linn. Soo. AT. S. W. ii. p. 185 (1878). ' 
Adult. General colour above dull olive-green, with concealed 
whitish shafts to the mantle-feathers; wing-coverts light brown, 
narrowly edged with olive-green; bastard-wing feathers uniform 
light brown ; primary-coverts light brown, with narrow olive-green 
margins; quills light brown, narrowly edged with olive-green, 
yellowish on the primaries ; upper tail-coverts dull reddish brown; 
tail-feathers ashy with olive-green margins, a tolerably broad subterminal 
bar of black before the tiig7 which is ashy, and inclines to ashy 
whitish at the tip of the inner web on all the outer feathers; crown 
of the head and nape dull rufous-brown, contrasting with the back, 
and with distinct shaft-lines of white; lores dull whitish, with dusky 
margins to the feathers; eyelid dull rufous minutely spotted with 
white; ear-coverts dusky thickly streaked with dull white centres 
to the feathers; sides of the neck olive like the back; cheeks, throat, 
fore neck, and breast dull whitish with a slight tinge of yellow, and 
slightly streaked with dusky blackish, with which the feathers are 
edged; abdomen yellowish white; sides of the body and flanks a 
little more olive; thighs ashy brown; under tail-coverts a little 
more fulvescent; under wing-coverts and axillaries whitish slightly 
washed with yellowish buff; quills below ashy brown; inner edge 
of quills whitish; "bill and feet black; iris brown" (Gould). 
Total length 3-9 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*1, tail 1*65, tarsus 0*7. 

Sexes alike (Gould). 

Hah. South Australia, Victoria, and Kew South Wales, extending 
along the east coast as far as Queensland. 

a. Ad. sk. Australia. Gould Collection. 
b. Ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk. 
River Hunter (Gould)* 
Richmond river. 
Queensland. 
Eyton Collection. 
Mr. A. P. Goodwin [C.l 
Herbert Flower, Esq. [6.]. 

29 8 
IIIHSLIIDJB. 

e. Ad. sk. Brisbane (J". T. Cockerell). F. DuGane Godinan and 0. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
/ . Ad. sk. Australia. J. Gould, Esq. 

g. Skeleton. 
Purchased. 
8. Acanthiza uropygialis. 
Acanthiza, uropygialis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 140; id. 8yn. B. 
Austr. part iv. pi. o. &g. 2 (1838); id. B. Austr. folio iii. pi. ,56 
(1848); Gray, Gen. ^.iTp.189 (1848); Bp. CWy.i.p. 292 (1850); 
Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 367 (l>Go); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. 

p. 219, no. 3122 (I86&) ; Biggies, Orn. Austr. pi.45. %. 4 (1870j ; 
Ramsay, Proc. Linn. 8oc. X & TT. ii. p. lfco (187b). 
Adult. General colour above light brown, with a patch of silky 
white feathers on each side of the rump : lesser wing-coverts like 
the back; median and greater coverts dusky brown, edged with the 
same colour as the back: bastard-wing feathers dull brown, edged 
with whity brown; primary-coverts dusky brown ; quills dusky 
brown, the primaries edged with whity brown, the secondaries with 
light brown like the back, the inner secondaries tipped with narrow 
whitish margins; rump, upper tail-coverts,, and tail-feathers light 
tawny rufous or bay, the latter black for the terminal half, with a 
distinct tip of light brown on the outer web, whiter on the inner 
one; crown of the head like the back; forehead mottled, the 
feathers dark brown with whitish edges; lores whitish; feathers 
round the eye and ear-coverts mottled, being brown with minute 
dull whitish streaks and centres to the feathers; cheeks and throat 
white, with slight evidences of dusky edgings to the feathers, producing 
an obscurely streaked appearance ; fore neck and chest ashy 
whitish; breast and abdomen purer white; sides of the breast 
ashy; flanks pale rufescent brown; thighs dusky brown ; under 
tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale ashy ; 
quills below dusky brown : inner edge of the quills ashy whitish ; 
"bill and feet black1' (Gould). Total length 3*7 inches, oilmen 

0*4, wing 2*1, tail 1*55, tarsus 0*75. 
If ah. Victoria and Xew South Wales, extending into the interior 

of Australia. 
a, b. Ad. sk. Xew South Wales (J. T.
Coekerell), 
F. 1). ftudman and O. Salvin, 
Esqr.>. "P.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Australia. Gould Collection." 
d. Ad. sk. Burke, river Darling Gould Collection. 

(I)r. Peechey). 

9. AcantMza chrysorrhoa. 
Saxicola ehrvsorrhoa, Quoy et Gaim. Toy. de FAstr., ZmL i. p. 108, 
pi. 10. %. 2 (1830). 

AcantMza 
clirysorrkoa, Goidd, 8yn. B. Austr. part iv. pi. 5. ifr. 3 
(1838); id. B. Austr. fol. iii. pi. 63 (1848); Gray, Gen. B. i p.lsO 
(1848); 8turf, E.tped. Cmtr. Amtr. ii, A/>p/ip. 30 (lb49l; Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 292 (1850); Reichenb. Ydq. Neuhoil p. H (18o0); 
Gray, Hand-l B. i p. 219, no. 3125 (1KJ9); Ton Midler, P. Z. S. 
1800, p. 270; Diyyles, Orn. Austr. pi. 4o. fig. 3 <lfc70). 

13 . ACASTHIZA. 
299 

Geobasileus ckrysorrkous, Cab. Mits, Hein. TL i. p. 32 (1850) j 
Gould, Eandb. B. Austr. i. p. 374 (I860). 
Geobasileus ehrvsorrhoea, Ramsay, JProc. Linn. JSoc. 2V. S. W. ii. 

p. 180 (1878); 
Adult. General colour above olive-yellowish, with a tuft of silky 
whitish feathers on each side of the lower back; lesser wing-coverts, 
median, and greater coverts ashy brown, with paler edges slightly 
tinged with olive; bastard wing and primary-coverts dark brown, 
margined with whitish; quills dark brown, externally washed with 
olive-brown, ashy whitish on the edge of the primaries; rump and 
upper tail-coverts bright yellow; tail-feathers yellow at base, ashy 
on the inner webs, the terminal half dark brown, with a pale ashy-
brown tip, whitish at the ends of the inner webs; crown of the 
head and nape more ashy than the back; the forehead scaly, the 
feathers blackish, tipped with spots of dull whitish; lores, a narrow 
eyebrow, and the eyelid doll whitish; ear-coverts dull whitish, 
slightly mottled with dusky-brown edges to the feathers; in front of 
the eye a dusky spot; cheeks and throat white; lower throat and 
the rest of the under surface of the body yellowish buff; abdomen 
whitish; sides of the body and flanks ochraceous buff, a little more 
ashy on the side of the breast: thighs dusky brown; under tail-
coverts white with a tinge of yellow ; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
white slightly washed with yellow; quills below ashy brown ; 
inner edge of quills whitish; " bill and feet blackish brown; iris 
very light grey" (Gould). Total length 3*8 inches, culmen 0*45, 
wing 2-25, tail 1*5, tarsus 0*7. 

Sexes alike (Gould). 

The specimen from Swan river differs in having the hinder part 
of the crown dark brown, and the whole upper surface darker than 
the one described; while the body is whitish underneath, with an 
ashy shade on the fore neck and breast. It is probably a distinct 
species. 

Hub. Western Australia and along the southern and eastern 
provinces of the continent as high as Port Denison. Tasmania. 

a. Ad. sk. Tasmania. 
Antarctic Expedition. 
b. Ad. sk. Tasmania. 
Ronald Gunn, Esq. [P.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Tasmania. 
J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.]. 
d. <$ ad. sk. South Australia (J. G.). Gould Collection. 
e. Ad. sk. Adelaide. Eyton Collection. 
/ . Ad. fek. Australia. Gould Collection. 
g, h. Ad. sk. Brisbane, Queensland (J. T. E. D. Godinan and 0. Sal-
Cockerell). 
vin, Esqrs. [P.]. 

i. 3 ad. sk. Mount Eliza, Swan river, Gould Collection. 
March 14, 1839 (/. <?.). 
k. Ad. sk Australia. 
Sir D. Cooper [P.I. 
10. Acanthiza reguloi&es. 
Acanthiza reguloides, 
Vig. § Ilorsf. Tram. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 220 
(1827); Gould, B. Amtn foL iii. pi. 02 (1848); Gray, Gen.B.l. 

300 
TXMELnDiB. 

p. 189 (1848); JBp. Consp. i. p. 292 (1850); Reichenl. Tog. KmholL 
p. 75 (1850) - Gray, Hand-l B. I p. 219, no. 3126 (1869) * 
Biggies, Orn. Austr. pi. 45. %. 5 (1870). 
Geobasileus reguloides, 
Cab. Mus. Hem. Th. i. p. 32, note (1850) ; 
Gould, Handb. B. Aust)\ i. p. 377 (1865) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. 
Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 185 (1878). 

Adult General colour above dull olive-brown, with half-concealed 
ashy shaft-lines to the mantle-feathers ; wing-coverts browner than 
the back, slightly edged with olive; bastard wing and primary-
coverts dusky brown, with scarcely any indications of olive margins 
; quills dusky brown, edged with olive, lighter on the primaries; 
rump and upper tail-coverts pale ochraceous yellow; tail-feathers 
rufescent ochre at base, blackish brown for the terminal half, and 
tipped with pale ochraceous brown, lighter on the outer feathers; 
crown of the head the same as the back, feathers of the forehead 
pale rufescent brown with blackish margins, producing a slightly-
scaled appearance ; lores like the forehead, but a little more dusky; 
eyelids and ear-coverts dusky brown, with small buffy whitish 
streaks ; cheeks, throat, and breast ashy yellowish, slightly mottled 
with dusky margins to the feathers ; abdomen, sides of the body, and 
flanks dull ochraceous buff; thighs olive-yellowish ; under tail-
coverts ochraceous yellow ; under wing-coverts and axilla ries pale 
yellowish buff; quills below ashy brown ; inner edge of quills 
fulvescent; u bill brown, the under mandible pulei than the upper; 
feet olive-brown; iris beautiful straw-colour'* (Gould). Total length 
3*9 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 1*95, tail 1*45, tarsus *Hi5. 

Hah. Prom South Australia to Xew South Wales, including the 
interior province, and ranging along the east coast as high as the 
Wide-Bay district. 

a. Ad. sk. Australia. Linnean Society. (Type 
I. $ ad. sk. S. Australia.
of sp-de**.) 
Gould Collection, 
c. Ad. st.
d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk. 
S. Australia. 
Dobroyde, near Sydney(Ramsay). 
Xew South Wales. 
Sir George Grey [P.]. 
Gould Collection.1" 
Gould Collection. 
/ . Ad. sk. Upper Hunter (Gould). Eytun Collection. 
g. Ad. sk.
h, i Ad. sk. 
Queensland. 
Brisbane, Queensland 
Herbert Flower, Ef-q. "C.]. 
F, IK G< »<lman and Q. "Saf-
(J. T. Coekerell). via, Esqiv. "P.". 
l\ Ad. sk. Australia. R. B. Sharpe,"Esq. [P.]. 

U. SEBICOEJnS. 
Type. 
Sericornis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 133 S. frontalis. 
Pyrrholsemus; Gould, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 173 S. brunnea. 

Range. Australia, Tasmania, Kew Guinea, and the Aru Islands. 

14 . SEEICOKNXS. 
Key to the Species. 

a. Tail-feathers -with no distinct subterrninal dark 
band. 
a'. Tail-feathers broadly tipped with white; 
throat bright rufous brtmnea, p. 302. 
5'. No white tips to tail-feathers. 
a". Throat bright yellow; lores and ear-coverts 
black J no white tips to bastard-
wing feathers or wing-co^erts dtreogularis, p. 302. 

b". Throat white, with blackish spots or 
edgings to the feathers; wing-coverts 
black, tipped with white; a white spot 
OA er the lores. 


a'". Under tail-coverts pale yellowish; ear-
coverts light rufous (juv.) or blackish 
(ad.) v frontalis, p. 303. 

b"\ Under tail-coverts dusky with fulvous 
tips, or light fulvous; ear-coverts 
dusky brown heecarii, p. 305. 

c". Throat, lores, and base of forehead very 
pale tawny fulvous. 


c'". Ear-coverts very pale ashy rufous; 
general colour above pale olivaceous; 
underneath pale ashy with an olive 
tinge; legs pale magnirostris, p. 305. 

d'". 
Very much darker than the preceding 
bird; dark olive-brown above ; underneath 
deep olivaceous; legs darker.. arfakiana, p. 306. 

5. Tail-feathers with a dark subterminal band. 
d". With a white edging to tip of outer tail-
feathers. 
e"\ Inner secondaries not edged with white. 
a4. Base of forehead black; ear-coverts 
blackish; throat white, and fore 
neck yellow, wirh scarcely any spots ; 
under tail-coverts uniform yellowish. Icevigastra, p. 307. 

M. Base 
of forehead brown like head; 
throat and chest very thickly spotted 
with blackish; under tail-
coverts yellowish, with concealed 
darker centres maculata, p. 307. 
f". Inner secondaries narrowly edged and 
tipped with white; a white edging to 
the outer tail-feathers near the tip of 
outer web; under tail-coverts brown, 
edged with yellowish magna, p. 308. 

e". With no white edging or tip to the tail-
feathers. 


g"!. Breast uniform; throat streaked with 
black; outer under tail-coverts yellowish 
white, with brown centres .. oscidans, p. 309. 

h"\ 
Breast streaked with dusky, throat 
with blackish; under tail-coverts 
uniform dark olive-brown like the 
flanks kumilis, p. 310. 

302 
TIiIELirD.£. 

1. Sericornis brnnnea. 
PyrrholoBums brumieus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 173; id. B. Austr. 

"iii. pi. 08 (1848); Sturt,Rrped. Centr. Austr. II. App. p.28 (1849)• 
i?p. Ccws;?. i. p.' 292 (1850) * Reichenb. Vckj. XeuholL p. 80 (1850) ; 
Gould, Eandb. B. Austr. i. p. 384 (I860); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. 
Soc. iV. & 7T. ii. p. 108 (1878). 

Acantliiza brunnea, 6rray, Gen. B. 1 p. 189 (1848)* id. Hand-l. B. I 

p. 220, no. 3150 (1809;. 
Adult male. General colour above brown, darker and more earthy 
brown on the lower back and rump, and with hall-concealed silky 
white or fulvous feathers on the sides of the latter; lesser wing-
coverts ashy, median and greater coverts brown, externally margined 
with lighter brown, ashy at the ends of the median series and 
ashy whitish at the tips of the outer greater coverts ; bastard-wing 
feathers dusky brown, edged with ashy; primary-coverts dusky 
brown; quills dusky brown, secondaries margined \uth lighter 
brown, whity brown on the primaries; upper tail-coverts and tail-
feathers dark brown, edged with lighter brown and tipped with 
white; crown of head like the back, slightly mottled with darker 
centres to the feathers; the forehead scaly in appearance, the feathers 
edged with ashy ; lores white, with a rufous tinge at the base of the 
nostrils; eyelid white; ear-coverts ashy grey; cheeks and sides of 
the neck clearer ashy grey, whitish on the fore part of the cheeks ; 
throat bright rufous; lower throat, fore neck, unci chest ashy grey, 
extending onto the sides of the breast; centre of the latter and 
abdomen white, purer on the latter, the breast washed with ashy ; 
sides of the body ashy grey; Hanks light brown ; thighs dark 
brown; sides of the vent and under tail-coverts light tawny rufous. 
the longer coverts whitish; under wing-coverts and axillarles pale 
tawny fulvous; edge of the wing ashy ; quills brown below, inner 
edges ashy whitish ; " upper mandible reddish brown ; lower mandible 
greenish white ; legs and feet dark greenish grey; iris reddish 
brown, with an outer ring of yellowish white5' (Gould). Total 

length 4*6 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*25, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*85. 
Hah. Yictoria and South Australia, extending Info West Australia 
and the interior, and on the east coast as far as Rockingham 

Bay. 
a, b. Ad. sk. Australia. Purchased. 
c. Ad. sk. York, "West Australia, Aug.
22, 1843 (Gozdd). 
Eyton Collection. 
d. Ad. sk. Australia. ' Edward WiLon, Esq. [P.]. 

2. Sericornis citreogxtlaris. 
? Muscicapa barbata, Lath. Ind. Orn., Buppl II. p. 21 (1^01). 

Sericornis citreogularis, 
Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 133; id. Syn. B. 
Austr. pt. iv. pi. 3. %. 4 (1838) ; id. B. Amir. fol. iii.* pi, 4C 
(1848): Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 183 (1*48); Up. Omy. I p. oOfi 
(1850); Rtichenb. Yog. Neuholl p. 83 {1850); Gould, llautlb. JL 
Austr. i. p. 354 (1S05); Gray, Hand~l B. i. p. f!i«, in. ;JI10 

14 . SERICORNIS. 
(1869)* Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 590• id Proc. Linn. 8oc. K 8. 

W. ii. p. 185 (1878). 
Adult male. General colour above dull olivaceous, rump with concealed 
ashy whitish subternrinal marks on the feathers; lesser and 
median wing-coverts light olive-greenish, the latter with narrow 
tips of dull whitish and black longitudinal centres* greater coverts 
dusky blackish, externally light olive-green, yellower towards the 
tips ; bastard wing and primary-coverts dusky black ; quills sepia-
brown, the primaries edged with olive-yellow for the basal half; 
the secondaries olive-brown externally, margined with black; inner 
secondaries entirely olive-brown; upper tail-coverts olive-brown; 
tail-feathers olive-brown, more ruddy olive on the outer webs * crown 
of the head dull ashy brown, more dusky than the back, and inclining 
to olivaceous on the nape and hiud neck; lores and base of the 
forehead black; eyebrow, feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts 
black, surmounted by a broad streak along the sides of the crown, 
white above the lores, pale sulphur-yellow above the ear-coverts• 
sides of the neck olive-greenish; cheeks and throat pale sulphur-
yellow, the bases to the feathers white ; chin white; fore neck and 
chest ashy, with sulphur-yellow margins to the feathers, producing 
a faintly streaked appearance; breast and abdomen white, slightly 
streaked with sulphur-yellow; sides of body ashy brown, washed 
with olive on the sides of the breast; flanks clearer brown ; thighs 
ashy, whitish internally; under tail-coverts white; under wing-
coverts and axillaries ashy whitish, washed with yellow near the 
edge of the wing, with a dusky spot on the edge of the median series 
below; quills ashy brown below, inner edges whitish; "bill 
brownish black; legs purplish flesh-colour, in some fleshy white * 
iris reddish brown " (Gould). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*65, 
wing 2*7, tail 2*1, tarsus 1*1. 

Young. Bather more ruddy brown than the adult, especially on 
the tail; base of forehead and sides of face not black, but dusky 
olive; streak above the eye entirely sulphur-yellow, the fore part 
paler; throat dingy yellow; fore neck, chest, and sides of body 
light earthy brown, centre of breast and abdomen whitish, slightly 
washed with yellow. 

Hah. Few South "Wales, along the east coast of Australia as high 

as Port Denison. 
a, b. Ad. sk. Brisbane, Queensland, F. DtiCane Godman and 
e. Ad.; d. Juv. sk.
(Cocherell). 
Eichmond river. 
0. Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
Mr. A. P. Goodwin [C.]. 

3. Sericornis frontalis. 
Acanthiza 
frontalis, Tig. § Horsf. Trans. Linn. 8oc. xv. p. 22G 
(1827). 
Sericornis parvulus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 134; id. Syn. B. Austr. 
part iv. pi. 3. fig. 1 (1838). 
Sericornis frontalis, Gould, 8yn. B. Austr. part iv. pL 3. fig. 2 
(1838); id, B. Amir. fol. iii. pi. 49 (1848); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 188 

304 TIMELIIDiB. 

(1848); Bp. Consp. i. p. 306 (1850); Reiclmih Yog. XeuJioll p 68 
(1850) • Gould, Handb. B. Ansir. i. p. 359 (1885) * Gray, Band-l 

B. i. p. 218, no. 3106 (1869) ; Mamsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. X S TV 
ii. p. 185 £1878). * 
Sericornis minimus, Gould, B. New Guineat part 1 (1875) • JRamsav 
Proc. Linn. Soc. X. S. W. ii. p. 185 (1&7&). ' ' 
Sericornis briinneopvgius, Masters, Proc. Li an. Sac. Y. S W i n *>*> 
(1877). " * *F 
Adult male, General colour above rufescent brown, more decidedly 
rufous on the lower back and ramp, a little more olive on 
the mantle, the dorsal feathers with paler shaft-streaks* wino-, 
coverts like the back; outer median and greater coverts black with 
a white tip to the outer web ; bastard-wing feathers black, tipped 
with white ; primary-coverts black; quills lighter brown' externally 
rufescent brown, the primaries a little more ashy: upper tail-
coverts clear rufous; tail-feathers light brown, rufescent on the 
outer webs ; crown of the head more rufous than the mantle ; base 
of the forehead and lores dusky blackish, surmounted bv a'white 
spot above the lores, followed by a dusky line across the forehead * 
eyelid white below, dusky in front and behind, with the hinder 


portion of the upper margin white, extending into a little white 
streak behind the eye; ear-coverts rufous; feather* b«4ow the eve 
dusky blackish; cheeks and throat white, with a few du^ky spots ; 
fore neck, breast, and abdomen pile yellow, with a few spots of 
pale brown on tbe fore neck and chest; sides of bodv and flanks 
olive-brown; thighs light brown; under tail-coverts pale yellow-
under wing-coverts yellowish white; axillaries white tinged with 
yellow ; quills brown below, inner edges ashv; " bill "blackish 
brown; iris yellowish white" (Gould). Total length 4-5 inches 
culmen 0*555 wing 2*35, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*8. ' 


Young. Differs from the adult in its paler coloration and more 
olive colour above, the head being light rufous-brown • lores and 
ear-coverts light rufous, with only a slight indication of the white 
spots above and below the eye. 


The spotting on the throat appears to be elearlv a sign of a*>e, 
the black lores being an accompaniment of more distinct spotting 
on the throat. & 

S. minimus is only a small specimen of this species; the bird so 
marked by Gould has a longer wing than several of the Queensland 
skins. 
Hal. South Australia and Victoria, extending into the interior 
through Sew South Wales, along the east coast of Australia to 
Cape York, and to the Gulf of Carpentaria on the north coast. 

a. Ad. sk. Australia. Iinnean Society [P.]. 
x 7 * J i T* • t ^ , (Type of >peciefeT) 
o-h. Ad. sk. Brisbane, Queensland (J. T. F. B. (iodinan and O 
r> 9rfkereIl}'

. , T i Salvin, Esqrs. ,rP.I 
t, k Juv. sk. Brisbane, Queensland (J. T. F. 1). Godman and (X 
Cockerel!), Salvin E&qrs "P ] 
I Ad,; m. Juv. sk. Cape York (Cockerell). F. 1). Godman' and 6. 
Salvinf E%qrs. [P.], 

14 . SEBICOBNIS. 
305 

n, o. Ad. sk.
p. Juv. skq. Juv. sk. 
Cape York 
Cape York, Oct. 25, 1848{J. Macgillivraij). 
Somerset, Gape York (Cock* 
Gould Collection. 
Gould Collection. 
Gould Collection. 
r, $. Ad. st.
erett). 
Xew South Wales. 
(Type of & ntinvmm.) 
J. Gould, Esq. 

4. Sericornis heccarii. 
Sericornis beccarii, Sahad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. vi p. 79 (1874), 
xvi. p. 186 (18S0); id. Orn. Papuasia etc. p. 407 (1881). 
Adult male (Aru Islands ; Beccari: type of the species). General 
colour above dark olive-brown, gradually becoming more rufous-
brown on the lower back and rump; the upper tail-coverts deep 
rusty brown ; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and greater 
coverts and bastard-wing feathers blackish with narrow white tips, 
the inner greater coverts brown; primary-coverts black; quills 
dusky brown, with olive edges to the primaries, the secondaries externally 
rusty brown ; tail-feathers brown with dusky bars under 
certain lights, externally washed with reddish brown; crown of the 
head a little more dingy than the back, the forehead black, as also 
the lores, which are surmounted by a white streak; no eyebrow; 
eyelid above and below the eye white; below the eye a blackish 
shade ; ear-coverts brown ; cheeks and throat white, the feathers 
with narrow blackish margins and spots ; remainder of the under 
surface of the body white slightly tinged with olive-yellow; the 
fore neck and chest washed with dusky; sides of the body and flanks 
washed with olive-brown ; thighs dusky brown; under tail-coverts 
yellowish buff, the long ones brown with broad yellowish-buff 
margins ; under wing-coverts dusky brown, the ones near the edge 
of the wing white, spotted with black; axillaries white; quills 
below dusky brown, inner edges ashy grey; "iris cinnabar-red" 
(Beccari). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2*35, tail 1*65, 
tarsus 0*85. (Mus. Civic. Genov.) 

5. Sericornis magnirostris. 
Aeanthiza magnirostra, Goidd, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 146; id. Syn. B, 
Austr. part iv. pi. v. rig. 4 (1838). 

Sericornis magnirostris, 
'Gould, B. Austr. folio, iii. pi. 52 (1848); 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 188 (1848) ; Bp. Comp. i. p. 306 (I860); 
Reichenb. Vog. Xeuholl p. 09 (1850) ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. 

p. 362 (1805) ; Gray, Mand-L B. i. p. 218, no. 3108 (1869); 
Eamsay, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 590; id. Proc Linn. Boo. N. & W. ii. 
p. 185 (1878). 
Adult. General colour above dull olive-greenish, the head more 
umber-brown ; rump with concealed subtcrminal marks of silky 
white on external feathers; upper tail-eoverts reddish olive-brown, 
the tail-feathers darker brown with olive-brown edges; wing-coverts 
like the back, the bastard-wing feathers and outer greater coverts 
yellowish white near the tip of the outer web ; quills dark brown, 

VOL. vn. 
x 

306 TIMELIIDJE. 

the primaries narrowly margined with olive-brown, the secondaries 
more reddish brown ; primary-coverts dark brown, contrasting with 
the quills and narrowly edged with olive; outer greater coverts 
with small white tips to the feathers; a frontal shade of pale rufescent 
buff, extending above the eye; eyelid ashy whitish ; sides of 
face light rufescent brown• under surface of body very pale ashy 
on the throat, lighter on the breast and centre of the body, the sides 
of the upper breast somewhat more ashy, the flanks washed with 
olive-green; under tail-coverts clearer olivaceous brown : thighs 
ashy brown ; under wing-coverts ashy, slightly washed with olive-
brown ; quills below dusky brown, with whitish edgings to the 
feathers below. Total length 4-8 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-3, 
tail 1*8, tarsus 0*9. 

Young. Much more ruddy than the adult above, and more dingy 
olive below, especially on the sides of the body and the under tail-
coverts ; sides ot face and throat more dingy than in the adult. 

Hob. Prom Kew South Wales northwards along the east coast as 
far as Port Denison. 

a, I, c. Ad. j d. Brisbane, Queensland F. DuCane Godman and 0. 
Juv. sk. (J. T. Coekerell). Salvin, Esqrs, [P.]. 
e. Ad. sk. River Hunter (Gould). Eyton Collection. 

6, Sericornis arfakiana. 

Sericornis arfakiana, Safaad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. vii. p. 902 
(1875), XVL p. 187 (1880) ; id. Orn. JPapuasia etc. ii. p. 408 (1881;. 

Adult male (Profi, Arfak; Bruijn : type of the species). General 
colour above dark olive-brown, browner on the lower back and 
rump, and rusty brown on the upper tail-coverts; lesser wing-
coverts and median coverts like the back; greater coverts darker 
brown, edged with olive-brown, and with tips of dull fulvous forming 
an indistinct wing-bar; bastard-wing feathers and primary-coverts 
blackish; quills dark brown, edged with rusty olive, paler along the 
margin of the primaries; tail-feathers dark brown, washed with 
reddish brown on. their margins; crown of the head more rusty 
brown than the back; lores and base of the forehead light rusty 
colour, the latter slightly mottled with dusky tips to the feathers-; 
no eyebrow; feathers round the eye and ear-coverts pale rusty red, 
the latter with paler shaft-streaks; cheeks and throat pale rusty 
fulvous; fore neck and remainder of under surface of body pale 
ashy olive; the chest somewhat washed with rusty ; sides of the 
body and flanks rather deeper olive; thighs and under tail-coverts 
rusty; under wing-coverts and axillaries dusky olive with somewhat 
of a reddish tinge; quills below dusky brown, inner edges 
ashy. Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2-'359 tail 1-75, 
tarsus 0*85. (Mus. Civic. Genov.) 

Hob, Arfak mountains, N.W. Eew Guinea. 

14 . SERICORNR. 
307 

7. Sericornis laevigastra. 
Sericornis l^vigastra, 
Gould, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 3; id. B. Austr. iii. 
p G P- 188 ^1848)?

P l?« (/i^ ;»ah G*n\?'l 
3P-C°»*l>-i


(J8°,0)

rr3°i: ^H ± ^ -*«<**& P. 60 (l«50)i <*w«, 

JIandh B Amtr. i p. 360 (1865) j 0^ , ll^tf-Z. £. 1 p. 218 

no. ^3111 (1669) j Ramsay, Broc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 185 

(1878). 

Adult. General colour above dark olive-brown, lower back and 
rump more rufescent; wing-coverts like the back ; median coverts 
tipped with grey or wbitish; outer greater coverts with a white 
spot at the end of the outer feathers; bastard wing black, tipped with 
white; primary-coverts black; quills brown, externally dark olive-
brown, primaries edged with olive; upper tail-coverts rufescent 
like the rump ; tail-feathers olive-brown, slightly dusky before the 
end of the centre feathers, remainder with a white tip and broad 
subterminal bar of black; crown of the head a little more dusky 
than the back; base of the forehead black, extending in a black 
line so as to separate the crown from the white eyebrow, which is 
long and narrow; lores, feathers round and below the eye, and 
(ar-coverts black : cheeks and chin white, the former with a few 
feathers tipped with dusky; sides of the neck ashy; throat, fore 
neck, breast, and abdomen pale yellow; sides of the body and flanks 
light brown, sides of the breast ashy ; thighs ashy, tipped with 
white; under tail-coverts pale yellow; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries white slightly washed with yellow; quills below dusky; 
inner edge of quills pale rufous or ashy; "iris greenish white" 
(Gould). Total length 4 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-15, tail 1*6, 
tarsus 0*8. 

Mr. Gould's specimen seems scarcely adult, as the black of the 
face is not strongly pronounced, and one in the Cockerell collection 
has dusky spots on the throat, which Mr. Gould says are wanting 
in the species. A specimen in the Cockerell collection agrees with 
Mr. Gould's type and differs from the bird described in having the 
sides of the face and ear-coverts greyish, and in having the underpays 
generally paler. 

Hah. Northern Australia, from Cape York to Port Essington. 

a. Ad. sk. Australia. Gould Collection. 
b. Ad. j c. Juv. sk. Cape York F. D. Godman and O. Sal( 
Cockerell). vin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
8. Sericornis maculata. 
Sericornis maculatus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 2; id. B. Austr. iii. 
pi. 51 (1848) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 188 (1848); Bp. Consp. i. p. 306 
(I860); Reichenl. Tog. Neuholl. p. 60 (1850); Gould, Eandh. B. 
Austr. I p. 361 (1865); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 219, no. 3107 
(1869) ; Ramsay, Broc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 185 (1878). 

Adult. General colour above dark olive-brown, a little more 
rufescent on the lower back and rump; wing-coverts like the back; 
outer median coverts tipped with white, with a subterminal bar of 

x 2 

308 
TIMELIIDJE. 

black ; outer greater coverts blackish, on the outer web tipped with 
white; bastard-wing feathers black, with a conspicuous margin of 
white; primary-coverts black; quills brown, the primaries edged 
with hoary grey, the secondaries with olive-brown; upper tail-
coverts rufescent brown; tail-feathers olive-brown, the two centre 
feathers subterminally shaded with dusky, the remainder with a 
distinct subterminal band of black, the tips ashy, the four outer 
feathers with a white bar at the tip of the inner web ; crown of the 
head a little more dusky than the back; lores and a narrow eyebrow 
white, the feathers tipped with black, so as to form a black line 
separating the eyebrow from the crown; eyelid white; in front of 
the eye a dusky spot; ear-coverts ashy brown; cheeks, throat, and 
fore neck greyish white, spotted with longitudinal streaks of dusky 
blackish, less pronounced on the chest, which is washed with yel


low ; breast and abdomen pale yellow; sides of body, flanks, and 
thighs olive-brown; under tail-coverts pale yellow, with liofctbrown 
centres; under wing-coverts ashy whitish, mottled near the 
edge of the wing with blackish streaks, the lower series ashy; 
axillaries pale yellow; quills below dusky brown; inner edge of 
quills pale ashy; " bill blackish brown; legs dull brown ; iris 
straw-yellow" {Gould). Total length 4*7 inches, culmen 0*55 
wing 2*1, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*8. 

Hab. New South Wales, throughout Southern Australia to Western 

Australia. 
a. Ad. sk. Australia. Purchased. 
b. S ad. sk. King George's Sound F. D. Godman and O. Sal-
c. 2 ad. sk. 
d. Ad. sk. 
(Cockerel!). 
Murray river. 
Australia. 
Yin, Esqrs. FP.l. 
JT. Gould, Esqr[C.]. 
Purchased. 

9. Sericornis magna, 
Acanthiza magna, 
Gould, Suppl. to Birds of Austr. part 2 (1855) * 
id. Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 373 (1865) ; Gray, Sand-L B. i -p 219 
no. 3118 (1869). r* ' 

^ Adult ^ (type of species). General colour above reddish brown 
tinged with olive; wing-coverts dark sepia-brown, the outer median 
and greater coverts tipped with white; bastard wing and primary-
coverts uniform dark sepia-brown; quills dark sepia-brown, slightly 
washed with the same colour as the back; primaries edged with 
ashy whitish ; inner secondaries edged with white along both webs; 
upper tail-coverts reddish brown; tail-feathers ashy brown, externally 
washed with reddish brown, with a broad subterminal black 
band, the two outer feathers tipped with white at the end of the 
inner webs ; crown of the head like the back, but a little duller in 
colour; lores and feathers round the eye whitish ; spot in front of 
the eye dusky blackish; feathers below the eye and ear-coverts dull 
ashy blackish; cheeks, throat, and underparts pale yellow or yellowish 
white; sides of the body, flanks, and thighs reddish olive-

brown ; under tail-coverts yellowish white, the larger ones reddish 

14 . SERICOKNIS. 
309 

brown tipped with white ; under wing-coverts and asillaries white, 

washed with yellow near the edge of the wing; quills below dusky ; 

inner edge of quills whitish. Total length 4*7 inches, oilmen 0*6, 

wing 2-3, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*9. 

Hah. Tasmania. 

a. Ad, sk. Tasmania (It. Gunn). Gould Collection. 
b. Ad. sk. Tasmania (_R. Gunn). John Gould, Esq. 
(Type of species.) 
10. Sericornis oscxtlans. 
Sericornis osculans, Gould. P. Z. S. 18477 p. 2; id. B. Austr. fol. iii. 
pi. 48 (1848) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 188 (1848); Bp. Consp. i. p. 306 
(1850); jReiehenb.*Vdff.&reitholLip.6Q (1850); Gould, Handb. B. 
Austr. i. p. 358 (1805) ; Ton Midler, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 279; Gray, 
Kcuid-L B. i. p. 218, no. 3109 (1809); JKa?nsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. 
K 8. W. ii. p. 185 (1878). 

Adult. General colour above rufous-brown, inclining to more 
distinct rufous on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts; 
wing-coverts like the back; outer median coverts blackish sub-
terminally, with an ashy spot at the end of the outer web; outer 
greater coverts subterminaliy blackish, tipped with white; bastard-
wing feathers black, white at the tips of the inner webs; primary-
coverts black; quills brown, externally rufous-brown, more olive-
brown on the edge of the primaries; upper tail-coverts clearer 
rufous; tail-feathers rufescent brown, the outer feathers dull ashy 
at tip, with a broad bar of blackish brown; crown of the head a 
little duller than the back, and mottled anteriorly with dusky margins 
to the feathers, producing a somewhat obscurely scaled appearance 
; lores and the base of the forehead black, surmounted by a 
line of white above the lores, separated from the crown by a narrow 
black line; eyebrow indistinct and inclining to ashy posteriorly; 
below the eye a few white spots; ear-coverts and remainder of 
feathers below the eye dusky blackish; cheeks and chin yellowish 
white; throat white, with broad and distinct black streaks ; fore 
neck, breast, and abdomen pale yellowish, ashy on the chest; sides 
of the body, flanks, and thighs rufescent brown, ashy olive on the 
sides of the breast; under tail-coverts light brown in the centre, 
with pale yellowish margins; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
ashy whitish, the former with a tinge of light brown ; quills below 
dusk}^ brown; inner edge of quills ashy. Total length 4*6 inches, 
culmen 0*6, wing 2*25, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*9. 

Young. Differs from adult in being duller, and in not having 
black spots on the throat; underparts dull yellow, mottled with 
brown on the throat and breast; flanks and under tail-coverts clear 
rufous; subterminal spots on the tail very indistinct; greater wing-
coverts edged with ochraceous buff. 

Hub. South Australia and Yictoria. 

a. Ad. sk. Australia. John Gould, Esq. [P.1 
b. Ad." sk. Australia. John Gould, Esq. [C.J. 
iniELIID-E. 

c. Ad. • d. Juv. sk. New South Wales. Gould Collection. 
e. Ad*, sk* S. Australia. Gould Collection. 
/'g,h. Ad.; «. Juv. 3Iount Gambler, S. Gould Collection. 
' sk. ' Australia. 

h. Imm. sk. Australia (Gould), Eyton Collection. 
L Ad, st. S. Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.], 
11. Sericoriris humills. 
Sericornis humilis, Gotdd, P. Z. & 1^37, p. 133 ; z#. fyn. B, Amir. 
iv. pi. iii. fig 3 (1&3M; id, B. Ait dr. folio, i i. pi 47 < 1S4S : 6>a#, 
Cr£». 2?. i. p 138 flfe4^}; 5^. CW*/>. i. p 30»J |1>50I ; Reichenl, 
Voq.SmholL p. 67 (lboO); Gvidd, Ilaadh. B. Ausfr. L p. 356 
(IfeOoj ; Gray, Raml-l B. i. p. '21% no. 3112 l^JUj ; Baimaij, 
Proc. Linn. Soc. X & 7T. ii. p. 1^5 tl^). 
JA& . General colour above dark chocolate-brown, rather more 
rufous on the lower back and rump, the latter with concealed subterminal 
marks of ashy whitish on the leathers ; wing-coverts like 
the back; the outer greater coverts and bastard wing bla^k, with a 
small white tip; priraan-coverts black; quills ^epi t-brown, externally 
chocolate-brown like the back; upper t til-eovertb and tail-
feathers reddish brown; crown of the head a little more dusky 
brown than the back, and with obbcure dark nrirsnH to the frontal 
feathers, giving a slightly scaled appearance; a lor ii -treak of vthite, 
the feathers margined with black, producing a >tab d appear nice ; 
an eyebrow of dull slaty grey; feather* in front of the eye and 
eyelid blackish; ear-coverts dark ashy, slightly mottled with dusky; 
cheeks and throat white, the latter with blacki&h centres, producing 
a spotted appearance, the cheek-feathers tipped with dusky; 
the hinder cheeks ashy; sides of the neck like the back; lower 
throat, fore neck, breast, and abdomen pale \ellow, with ashy 
centres to the feathers, making these partb look slightly mottled; 
sides of the body, flanks, and under tail-coverts light reddish brown ; 
thighs ashy; under wing-coverts and axillaries olive-brown, dusky 
near the margin of the wing; quills below ashy brown ; inner edge 
of quills ashy. Total length 5*5 inches, culmen t»-6, wing 2*45, 
tail 2, tarsus 1*05. 

Eah* Tasmania* and some of the islands in Bass's Straits. 

a. Ad. sk. Tasmania. John Gould, Esq. 
CHAM^iE. 
311 

Group V. CEAMMM. 

The curious little bird which forms the single representative of 
the present group possesses characters which seem to ally it to 
several other groups; and it is not surprising that it has been considered 
by Prof. Baird to belong to a separate family Chamceadce. 
The wing is essentially Timeliine, being concave and rounded, with 
a large first primary; the legs, too, are strong; but in other respects 
the general aspect of the bird is Tit-like, and Prof. Baird 
places it in close proximity to the Tits in his 4 Eeview.' 

1. 
CHAIOEA. 
Type. 
Chamsea, Gambel, Proc. Philad. Acad. in. p. 154 (1847).. 0. fasciata. 

Range. Confined to the coast-region of California. 

1. Chamsea fasciata, 
Parus fasciatiid, Gambel, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1845, p. 265. 

Chamsea fasciata, Gambel, Proc, Philad. Acad. iii. p. 154 (1847) j 
id. Journ. Philad. Acad. (2) L p. 34, pi. viii. fig. 3 (1847); Cab. 
Arch. f. Naturg. 1848, p. 102 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 206 (1850) ; Cos-
sin, III B. Calif. § Texas, p. 39, pi. vii (1853) j Baird, B. N. 
Amer. p. 370 (1858); id. Review Amer. B. p. 70 (1864) ; Gray, 
Kand-l. B. i. p. 238, no. 3446 (1869); Cooper, B. Calif, p. 39 
(1870); Cones, Key N. Am. B. p. 79 (1872); Baird, Brewer, $ 
Ridgw. N. Am. B. p. 84, pi. 6. ^.g. 8 (1874); Coues, B. Color. 

Vat p. 108 (1878) j Ridyway, List N. Amer. B. no. 35 (1880); 
Coues, Checklist K Amer. B. p. 27 (1882). 

Adult. General colour above brown, rather more ashy brown on 
the crown of the head and hind neck; wing-coverts like the back; 
quills dusky brown, the primaries edged with ashy brown, the 
secondaries with the same colour as the back; tail-feathers dusky 
brown, margined with lighter brown; lores and feathers round the 
eye dull ashy whitish ; cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of neck dark 
ashy grey; throat and under surface of body pale vinous, duller 
towards the vent and under tail-coverts; the sides of the breast and 
flanks dull brown ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale isabelline 
or vinous; quills light brown, yellowish white along the edge of 
the inner web; " bill and feet brown ; iris white" (Gambel). 
Total length 5*8 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*25, tail 2-25, tarsus 
1-05. 

Bab. California. 

a, b. Ad. sk. California. 

312 
TIM-ELIIILS. 

Group YL EENIGURL 

The Pork-tails have many habits in common with the Wagtails 
(Motacillidce), which they also resemble in their sryle of coloration. 
In the form of wing, however, they are essentially Timeliine, and 
are placed in this family as an aberrant group. It is somewhat 
curious that three genera so strikingly different in characters should 
not have received names before, but, as far as I can find out, they 
have all been hitherto included in one genus, Henicurus. 

Key to the Goura. 

a. Tail longer than wing; tail forked, the difference 
between tip of centre and tip of 
outer feather more than two thirds of the 
length of wing 1. IlEXicrnrSj p. 312. 
b. Tail and wing about equal in length, the 
latter slightly exceeding the tail: tail 
forked . .\ f 2. HTPROCKJHLA, p. 318. 
c. Whig much longer than tail; the latter 
nearly square 3. INIICROCICHLA, p. ?&2, 
1. HEKICURUS. Tjpe > 
Enicurus, Temm. PL Col in. pi. 113 (1S24) # ....... . H. leschenaultL 
AHocoturus, Van der Hoeven, Handb. ZmL ii. p. 530 
(1856) H. leschenaultL 
Cf. Mices, Ibis, 1872, pp. 250-262. 

Range. India and China, ranging through the Burmese countries, 
down the Malayan peninsula, to Java. 

Key to the Sjpeties. 

a. Back uniform, without spots or bars. 
a\ Back black. 
a". Throat and breast black. 
a'". Bather smaller: white frontal patch. 

ending in a point on the crown; tail-

feathers with a white spot at tip ..... . le&ehenaulti, p. 313. 

b'". Larger: white frontal patch rounded pos


teriorly; tail-feathers with an oblique 

white ^bar at the end .. sinensis, p. 313. 

V\ 
Throat only black imma&datw, 
JP-HU* 
b\ Back grey schistacem, p. 315. 

b. Back spotted or barred with white. 
c'. Back with a few rounded white spots ....... . guitatw, p. 310. 
d\ Back with white bars, not rounded spots ... . mactdatus, p. 317. 
1 . HENI0UETJ8. 31 3 
1. Henicurns leschenanlti. 
Turdus leschenaulti, TieilL X Diet. d'Hist. Xat xx. p. 269 (1818). 
Enicurus coronatus, Temm. PI. Col. iii. pi. 113 (1824). 
Motacilla speciosa, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Mac. xiii. p. 155 (1820); id. 

Zool. Researches in Java, pi. 48 (1824). 
Enicurus leschenaulti, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 204 (1847); Bp. Consp. 

i. p. 251 (1850) ; Horsf. k Moore, Cat. B. D.I. Co. Mm. i. p. 345 
(1854): Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 248, no. 3590 (1869). 
Alloeoturus coronatus, Van der Ilueven, Handb. Zool. ii. p. 536 
(1856). 
Henicurus leschenaulti, Ehces, His, 1872, p. 258 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. 
Beng. xxxix. p. 304 (1870/; Hume 4* Davison, Str. P. 1878, vol. i. 

p. 300; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 6o, 103 j Xichols. Ibis, 1879, p. 169 : 
Oates, B. Brit. Burm. p. 27 (1853). 
Adult. General colour above black; lesser, median, and greater 
wing-coverts like back ; greater series tipped with white, increasing 
in extent towards the innermost, which have the terminal half white ; 
bastard wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, the secondaries 
with very broad white bases, half concealed by white tips to greater 
wing-coverts ; inner secondaries edged with white at tip, the innermost 
entirely white; lower back, ramp, and upper tail-coverts pure 
white; tail-feathers black, broadly tipped with white; the two 
outermost entirely white; crown of head white, the crest tapering 
towards a point on the vertex, where the long feathers are white, 
tipped with black ; occiput, nape, and sides of crown like the back ; 
lores and eyebrow black ; ear-coverts, cheeks, sides of neck, throat, 
fore neck, and breast black ; abdomen, sides of body, flanks, thighs, 
and under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts black, the lower 
outer coverts white, forming a patch; axillaries black, the inner ones 
externally white ; quills below black, with a large patch of white on 
the base of secondaries. Total length 10 inches, oilmen 0*95, wing 
4-3, tail 5-2, tarsus 1*2. 

Young. Differs from the adult in having no white on the crown, 
the black being of a more brownish east. 

Hob. Java. Said to occur in the Malayan peninsula, and to extend 
into Tenasserim. A further comparison of specimens will probably 
prove the species from the latter locality to be H. sinensis. 

a. Ad. sk.
b. Juv. sk.
c. Ad. sk. 
W. Java. 
W. Java (JS. C. Buxton). 
Java. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [O.]. 
E. Nicholson, Esq. [P.]. 
Gould Collection. 
d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk. 
Java (Horsfield). 
Java. 
India Museum. (Type of 
Motacilla speciosa, Horsf.) 
Purchased, 

2. Henicurns sinensis. 
Henicurus speciosus (non Horsf.), Smith. Ibis, 1861, p. 262,1862, 

pp. 261, 264. 
Enicurus leschenaulti (non V.\ Swinh. P. Z. S. 1803, p. 276. 
Enicurus sinensis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1865, p; 665. 
Enicurus chinensis, Gould, Birds of Asia, pt. xviii. (1866); Gray, 

314 
TliTELIID-E. 

Hand-l. B. i. p. 248. no. 3602 (1869); Swink. P. Z. S. 1871, 

p. 365; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Being, xliii. p. 168 (1874). 
Henicurus sinensis, Swinh. Ibis, 1867, p. 404; Godwin~Austen, 
J. A. S. Beng. xlvii. p. 19 (1878). 
Henicurus chinensis, 8toliczka, J. A. 8, Beng. xxxix. p. 304 (1870) ; 
Flwes, Ibis, 1872, p. 258. 
Henicurus 
leschenaulti (non V.), David fy Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 295, 
pi. 37 (1777). 

Adult. Very similar to H, leschenaulti of Java, "but having very 
much broader tail-feathers, the black ones of which are broadly 
margined with white along the tip of the inner web. ju^t reaching 
across the tip of the outer; the frontal patch of white i- also larger, 
and is rounded on its hinder margin; iv bill black: feet white, 
claws washed with brown; iris black" {David). Total length 
11 inches, culmen 1*05, wing 4*45, tail Cr2, tarsus 1*3. 

Hah. China, ranging southwards into Assam, and said to occur 
in Province Vellesley in Malacca. 

a. Ad. sk. Shanghai. Gould Collection. (Type 
of specie-*.) 
b, c. Ad. sk. X. China. Mr. Fortune' ~C.]. 
d. Ad. sk. Fokien. Gould C< Election"! 
e. Ad. sk. Nazeerah, Upper Assam it. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.1 . 
(Dr. Beid). 

3. Henicurus iinmaculatus* 
Enicurus immaculatus, Hodgs.Asiat. Researches, xix. p. 190(1830)j 
id. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mas., Passeres, pi. HOB. tig. 3 (no. 350), 

110. fig. 2 (no. 8*50); id. in Grays ZmL Misc. p. 8:/ (1844 J ; Gray, 
Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 70 (1646); Blyth, J* A. 8. 
Beng. xvi. p. 157 (1S47) ; Gray. Gen. B. i. p. 204 11*^47 ): Bli/ih, 
Cat B. Mas. As. Site. p. 150 f 1849 I; Bp. Con#p. L p. 251 (1850); 
Horsf. £ Moore, Cat. B. E.I Co. Mm. i. p. 346 ( h<34); Jerd. B. 
Ind. li. p. 213 (1883); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 248. no. 3l;O0 f lMj9); 
Godioin-Aust. J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. p. 107 (18701; Hume ^ Gates, 
8tr. F. 1875, pp. 9,141. 
Henicurus irnmaculatus, Blanf. Mis, 1870. p. 400; Ehces, IMs, 1872, 

p. 254 j Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xliii. p. 108 (1874), xlv. 
p. 80 (1876), xlvii. p. 10 (1878); Inglis, Sir. F. 1<T7, p. 37; 
Hume § Davison, Str. F. 1878? vol. i. p. 300 *, Hume, Sir. F. 
18797 p. 103; Oates, B. Brit Burnt, p. 2o < 1883). 
Adult. General colour above black, scapulars broadly tipped with 
white; lesser, median, and greater wing-coverts black, the greater 
series with broad white tips; bastard wing, primary-coverts, and 
quills black; the inner primaries externally white at base; secondaries 
white at base, which is half concealed by the white tips of the 
greater coverts; these secondaries also tipped with white at their 
outer web; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts pure white; 
tail-feathers black, white at base and having a white spot at tip, 
two outside feathers pure white ; crown of head black, with a 
broad frontal band of white extending backwards above the eye, 

1 . HEKTCTTKCS. 
315 
and forming a spot behind the latter; a line across the base of the 
forehead, lores, eyelid, ear-coverts, cheeks, sides of neck, and throat 
black; the hinder edge of eyelid white; fore neck and remainder 
of under surface pure white, the feathers on the sides of the upper 
breast edged with black; under wing-coverts black, the lower series 
white; axillaries white, the outer ones black, edged with white; 
quills below ashy blackish ; k4bill and inside of mouth black; feet 
and claws pale yellow; irides brown; eyelids well-feathered" 

(E. W. Oaies). Total length 10 inches, culmen OS, wing 3-95, 
tail 5*1, tarsus 1*1. 
The female is like the male but smaller. Total length 9 inches, 
culmen 0*8, wing 3*5, tail 4*6, tarsus 1. 
Hah. Himalayas, extending into the Burmese countries. 

a, b, c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk. 
^epal. 
Kliasia Bills* 
B. H, Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
India Museum. 
e. Ad. sk.
f,g. c? 2 ad. sk.
{Griffith). 
Arracan hills. 
Pegu, April 1880. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.]. 
Eugene W. Oates, Esq. [0.]. 

4. Henicurns schistacens. 
Enicurus schktaceus, 
Hodgs. Asiat. Researches, xix. p. 189 (1836) ; 
id. Icon. ined. m Brit. Mus., Passeres^l. 115 B. fig. 2 (n. 849), 116. 
%. 1 (no. 349); id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844) ; Gray, Cat 
Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 76 (1846); id. Gen. B. i. p. 204 
(1847); Blyth, X A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 157 (1847); id. Cat. B. Mus. 
As. Soc. p. 159(1849); Bp. Consp. i p. 251 (1850); Horsf. # 
Moore, Cat B. E.I. Co. Mus. I p. 340 (1854); Swinh. Ibis, 1*861, 

p. 409; Jerd. B. 2nd. ii. p. 214; Sicinh. Ibis, 1867, pp. 29, 404; 
Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 248, no. 3601 (1869) ; Hume, Nests & Eqqs 
2nd:i.p.S76 (1873). ' ^ 
Henicurus 
schistaceus, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 276; Blyth, Ibis, 
1867, p. 29; Ehces, Ibis, 1872, p. 376; Blyth # Wold. B. Burm. 

p. 97 (1875); Godwm-Aust J. A. S. Beng. xlv. p. 80 (1876), 
xlvii. p. 19 (1678); Band § Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 296 (1878); 
Hume $ Bavison, Sir. F. 1878, vol. i. pp. 361, 517; Hume, Str. F. 
1879, p. 103; Scully, t. c. p. 311; Bingham, Sir. F. 1880, p. 189; 
Oates, B. Brit Burm. p. 28 (1883). 
Henicurus leucoschistus, Swinh. Ann. <§• Mag. Nat. Hist (4) vi. p. 154 
(1870) ; id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 365. 

Adult. General colour above dark slaty blue, the scapulars like 
the back and broadly tipped with white; lesser and median wing-
coverts like the back; the greater coverts and the bastard wing 
blackish; the innermost greater coverts very broadly tipped with 
white ; primary-coverts and quills black, the primaries tipped with 
white on the outer web, the secondaries on outer web alone; all 
but the outermost primary white at base, forming on primaries a 
large alar speculum, and on secondaries a white base adjacent to 
the inner white-tipped greater coverts; rump and upper tail-coverts 
pure white ; tail-feathers black, white at base, and more minutely 

* Wrongly erikred as from Afghanistan in Horsfield and Moore's Cat. I. c. 
316 
TI3IELIIDJB. 

tipped with white; crown of head like the back, with a frontal 
band of white extending to the fore part of the eye. separated from 
the crown by a narrow line of blackish ; ^ upper edge of eyelids also 
white; lores' and base of forehead, cheeks, throat, and eai-coverts 
black, the upper part of the latter slaty blue, as also bides of neck • 
throat black, widening onto the sides of the latter: centre of lower 
throat, fore neck, breast and abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts 
pure white; under wing-coverts black, except the lower series which 
are white ; axillaries white with blackish La«es; quills below dusky, 
tipped white, and having a large white patch at ba>e of inner web ; 
4i bill black; feet fleshy white ; the tar^i livid in front; claws 
whitish; iris blackish brown" (Scully). Total length 9*3 inches, 
culmen 0*8, wing 3*8, tail 5*1, tarsus 1*<»5. 

The young differs from the adult principally in^ the browner 
colour of the upper parts, in having a white throat, and the feathers 
of the fore neck and breast edged with du>ky. 

Hab. Himalayas, extending into Burmah. 

a, h, c. Ad. sk. Himalayas. Gould fYjllection. 
d, e7 f. Ad.; g. Nepal. " B. fl. lb d^jn, E«q. 'P.]. 
Juv. sk. 
k Ad. sk. Xepal. B. IL Hudson, 1% [P.]. 
f T\p** uf -peciea.j 

i. Ad.; k. Juv.sk. Nepal (B. H. Hodgson). India Mu-eum. 
/. Imm. sk. liarjiling. (Joald C**li* ction. 
m. 
Ad, sk. Sikiiim," September 1^73 Ltigene \V. Gates, Esq. 
(Mandrill), 
n. Ad. sk. 'Baotnn {PemhpriOii h India Muvum. 
o. 5 ad. sk. Thouncryah, British Bur- A. O. Hume, Esq. 
mail Nov. 13, 1S7^ (J. 
Darling). 
5. Henicurns gttttatns. 
Enicurus maculatus. pt. (nun Viy-h Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal 
pres. Hodgs. p. 70 WO); BlythrJ, A. S. Beny. x\L p. lot* (1*47) ; 
Horsf. # Moore, Cat. B. EJ. Co. Mm. L p. 34fj {1&.34); Jerd. B. 
Ind.\i. p. 212 (1&IJ3); Beavaa. Ifoi<, l'sUS, p. 75. 

Enicuius guttatus. Gould* P. Z. S. l^t>3fp. 1914; id. B. Ama, part 

xviii. (I860); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 24^ LO. «o0tJ f 18<?0}; Hume, 
Nests § Eggs Ind. B. p. 576 {1S7SJ; id. 4* Oat**, Sin F. 1^75, 
p. 342. 
Enicurus maculatus (non Vig.)9 Godwin-Austen9 J. A. S. Beng. xsxix. 
p. 100(1870). 
Henicurusguttatus, Blyth^lbis^ 1807; p. 20; Elitesf Urn* lb72% p. 261; 
Blyth $ Wakl B.'Bwm. p. 97 <1875»; Hums, Sir. F. 1678, 
vol. ii. p. 390; id. Sir. F. 187% p. 103; Scully, t c. p. 811; Oates, 

B. Brit. Burtn. p. 26 (1863). 
Adult General colour above Mack, spotted with white, the spots 
being small, ovate or oval in shape, rather larger and in the form of 
oval drops on the sides of the neck; lesser median-coverts and greater 
wing-coverts black, the greater series tipped with white; bastard 
wing, primary-coverts, and quills black ; the inner primaries white 
at base, concealed bv the coverts; the inner secondaries with broad 

] . HEN1CUEUS.

 317 

white bases, partly concealed by the white tips to the inner greater 
coverts ; rump and upper tail-coverts pure white ; tail-feathers black, 
obliquely tipped with white, the two outer feathers entirely white ; 
crown of head brown, the feathers tipped with black ; occiput and 
nape black, with a broad frontal patch of white ; hind neck thickly 
mottled, the feathers white, edged with a narrow line of black; lores, 
sides of face, ear-coverts, throat, fore neck, and breast black; 
feathers in centre of breast black, tipped with white; abdomen, 
flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts white; under wing-covertsblack, 
the lower greater series white; axillaries white, inner ones 
black; quills below dusky, with inner edge white at base of primaries; 
ubill black: feet pale whitish fleshy; iris dark brown" 
(Scully). Total length 9 inches, culmen 0*95, wing 3*9, tail 5*1, 
tarsus 1*15. 

Hah. Eastern Himalayas, extending throughout Burmah and 
Tenasserim and Southern China. 

a. Ad.sk. Himalayas. Gould Collection. 
I. 
Ad. sk. Himalayas (Blyth). Gould Collection. (Type 
of species.) 
c, d. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Es^. [P.]. 
e,f,g. Ad. sk. Xejal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
hi Ad. sk. Aiukan hilL. Eugene W.Oates,Esq. [C.]. 

i. Imm. sk. Khaaa hillb {Jerdon). Gould Collection. 
6. Hemciirus macnlatus. 
Enicurus maculatus, 
Vigors, P. Z.S.1830-31, p. 9; Gould, Cent. B. 
Mimed. Jits. pi. xxvii. (1832); Hodgs. Icon. med. in Brit. Mus., Pas-
seizes, pi. 115 (no. 347), 110. fig. 4 (no. 347); Gray, Cat. Mamm. 
etc. Nepalpres. Hodgs. p. 70 (1840); id.* Gen. B. i. p. 204 (1847); 
Jameson, Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vii. p. 303 ; Blgth, J. A. S. Btng. 

xvi. p. 156 (1647); id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 159 (1849); Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 251 (lh50); Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. E.I Co. Mus. i. 
p. 346 (1854, pt.); Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 489. 1859, p. 179; 
Jerd. B. Lid. ii, p. 212 (1863); Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 248, no. 3598 
(1869) ; Hume, Nests $ Eggs Lid. B. p. 374 (1873). 
Enicurus* f uliginosus, Hodgs. Asiat Researches, xix. p. 190; id. Icon. 
ined. in Brit. 3Lis., Passeres, pi. 115 B. (no. 348), 110. fig. 3 
(no. 348). 

Henicurus maculatus, Blgth, Ms, 1867, p. 29; Beavan, Ibis, 1868, 

p. 75 ; Brooks, Ibis, 1869, p. 57; Ehoes, Ibis, 1872, p. 260; Hume, 
Sir. F. 1879, p. 103 ; Scully, t c. p. 310. 
Adult. General colour above black, with very distinct white tips to 
the feathers,producing a barred appearance, especially on the back and 
scapulars ; median coverts and greater wing-coverts black, the latter 
very broadly tipped with white, forming a broad wing-bar ; bastard 
wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, the primaries with concealed 
white bases to shafts ; secondaries white at base, half hidden 
by the white tips to greater coverts, also tipped with white on the 
outer web; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts pure white; 
tail-feathers black, bordered with white along the tips, extending 
further along inner web, two outer feathers white, the next black 

318 
TIMELIIDJS. 

with white tips; crown of head black, the centre browner with black 

tips to the feathers ; forehead entirely white ; nape and hind neck 

black, with very large ovate spots of white, those on the sides of the 

neck white fringed with black; lores, eyebrow, sides of face, ear-

coverts, fore neck, and chest black; breast, abdomen, sides of body, 

flanks, thighs, and under tail-eoverts white ; lower chest-feathers and 

sides of breast black fringed with white ; under wing-coverts black, 

with a white patch formed of outer greater coverts; axiliaries black, 

the inner ones white ; quills below dusky ; inner edge of quills white 

at base ; " bill black ; feet and claws fleshy white : iris dark brown " 

(Scully). Total length 11 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4-15, tail 5St 

tarsus 1*1. 

Young. Differs from the adult in being earthy brown, with white 
shaft-lines to the mantle-feathers; lesser wing-coverts centred with 
ochraceous brown, white on inner greater coverts, tinged with oehraceous 
; sides of face, throat, and breast light earthy brown, mesially 
streaked with whitish shaft-lines ; the lower breast also dull white 
washed with earthy brown. 

Hah. Western Himalaya mountains, not extending eastwards beyond 
Xepal. 

a,ft. Ad.; c. Juv. Himalayas. 

Gould Collection. 

sk. 

d. Ad. sk. Cashmere. E. 1L Lancrworthv, Esq. 
**/>& V>& Acl-X.W. Himalayas. Cap!. Btuckliouse Pinwill 

sk. 

1 Juv. sk. Murree, Sept. 1-3, 1878. Colonel Wav "P.". 

m,n. S ? ad. sk. Murree. 
Major J. BMtlulph "C> 

o, <$ ad. sk. Xepal vallev, Dec. 1*2} Br/J. Scully ;p.J. " 

J877. 

pfq,r. Ad.;s,t}u. Xepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. TP.]. 
Juv. sk. 

v. Juv. sk. Xepal. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. "P.], 
{Type of JB.fuliginosusT) 
to. Ad. sk. Xepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 

2. HYBEOCICHLA. 
Range. Prom Tenasserim down the Malayan peninsula to Java, 
Sumatra, and Borneo. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Throat black; remainder of under surface pure 
white, or with a few blackish bam on the 
breast. 
a'. 
Back black; head and hind neck rufous, with 
white frontal band rufimpida $ f p. 319. 

V. 
Back grey; head brown, with white frontal 
band velatus, p. 320. 
b. Throat and breast black; back black; forehead 
and vertex white frontalist p. 321. 
c. Throat black; back rufous like the hind neck*. rujtcapilh $ , p. 319. 
d. Throat white; back rufous ...» ru/hlormlis, p. 320. 
2 . HYDROCICHLA. 
319 

1, Hydrocichla riificapilla. 
Enicurus ruficapillus, Temm. PI. Col. iii. pi. 534 (1832); Gray, Gen. 

B. i. p. 204 (1847); Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 155 (1847); id. 
Cat. B. Mus. As. Sac. p. 159 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 251 (1850); 
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 248, no. 8604 (1869). 
Enicurus 
diadeniatus, S. Mull Tijdschr. Nat Gesch. 1835, p. 346 
(ex Bole MSS.) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 204 (1847) ; id. Hand4. B. 

i. p. 248, no. 3(505 (1869). 
Allocoturus ruficapillus, Van der Hoeven, Handb. Zool. ii. p. 536 
(185G). 
Henicurus ruficapillus, Ehoes, Ibis, 1872, p. 257,-Stoliczha, J. A. S. 
Beng. xxxix. p. 304 (1870) ; Hume fy Davison, Sir. F. 1878, vol. i. 
pp. 361, 518; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 65 j Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. 
Genov. xiv. p. 234 (1879). 

Adult male. General colour above black; wing-coverts black, the 
greater coverts tipped with white, broader on the inner ones; 
bastard wing, primary-coverts, and quills black; the secondaries 
white at the base and also tipped with white, the innermost secondaries 
entirely white ; rump and upper tail-coverts pure white ; tail-
feathers black, tipped with white, and white at base, two outermost 
white, next one white with a black mark towards the end; 
crown of head, occiput, nape, and hind neck orange-chestnut; base 
of forehead, lores, eyelids, ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat black; 
across the forehead a broad band of white, followed by a narrow 
line of black, separating the white frontal band from the rufous 
crown; fore neck with a triangular patch of pure white; sides of 
neck and breast white, tipped with blackish, producing a barred 
appearance, these bars broader but less distinct on the flanks ; 
remainder of under surface, thighs, and under tail-coverts pure 
white• under wing-coverts black, except the lower series, which are 
white; axillaries white, with an inner web of black on most of 
them : quills below blackish; inner edge of quills with white patch 
at base of secondaries ; " bill black* legs, feet, and claws pale pinky 
or fleshy white; iris dark brown,J (W. Davison). Total length 
7 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 3*25, tail 2*9, tarsus 1*05. 

In the females the red extends over the whole upper back in 
undiminished purity of colour, and thence over the scapulars and 
nearly that portion of the back which is black in the male, leaving 
only a black band from 0*1 to 0*2 inch wide dividing the red from 
the white of the rump; but on all these parts the red is duller, 
browner, and less pure (Hume § Davison, 8tr. F. 1878, i. p. 362). 

Hah. Prom the foot of Mount Nwalabo in Tenasserim throughout 
the Malayan peninsula. Borneo. " * 

a. $ 
ad. sk. Poak hill, Sarawak, Alfred Everett, Esq. [C] 
Sept. 14,3874. 
320 
TIUELIID-E. 

2. HydrocicMa rufidorsalis. 
Henieurus rnfidorsalis, SJiarpe, Ibis, 1S79, p. 255. 
Similar to E. nificajritta, but distinguished by the white throat 
and rufous back. Total length 7*2 inches, cuimen 0*95, wing 3-5, 
tail 3, tarsus 1*15. (Sharpe, L c.) 


Bab. Lawas river, N."W. Borneo (Treacher. Jim. Geon.\ 

The rufous back, which I considered to be sufficient for the 
separation of the present species from E. rufiea^illa. is not really a 
specific character, as the hen of if. rvji -apilla has the back rufous. 
In no stage of plumage, hovt ever, has the last-named bird been 
described with a white throat; and as the bird from the Lawas 
river described by me appeared to be perfectly alult, I have 
thought it better to keep the two distinct for the present. 


3. Hy&rocicHa velatus. 
Emcuras velatns, Temm, PL Col. iii. pi. 16*0 (1^28): Gray, Gen. B. 
i. p. 204 (1*47); Bp. Camp. i. p. -Jol <1*JUJ; Ilortf.fy Moore. 
Cat. B. JB.I Co. JIus. i. p. 247 {1-54|; Gray, II<uuI~L B. I p. 243, 
no. 3o97 (lfc<9). 
Henicuiu* 
velatns, Ehre% Ibis. 187% p. 2»>3; Srdmd. Jjin. Jim, 
Civic. Genov. xh. p. 234 {1*^79 j. 
Allocoturus velatus, Van der Iloeren, Ilandb. Z**ol. IL p. 536 
(1850). 

Adult female. General colour above dark slaty grey; wing-coverts 
blackish, externally edged with dull tlaty grey ; quills blackish 
brown, with an alar speculum formed by the ba*e of the inner secondaries, 
the innermost of which are entirely white; lump and upper 
tail-eovcrts pure white ; centre tail-ieatheis hkeki^h. white at base 
and tipped with white, the two outer feather* entirely white, the nest 
one white rather broadly fringed with blackish on both webs ; crows 
of head dull chocolate, forming a cap; lore* and base of forehead 
black, followed by a broad band of white across the forehead, which 
is separated from the chocolate crown by a narrow blackish band; 
upper edge of eyelid and a small spot behind upper eye white; ear-
coverts slaty black; cheeks, chin, and upper throat black: lower 
throat and remainder of under surface of body white, with dusky 
margins to some of the feathers of the fore neck; sides of breasfc 
slaty black; thighs and under tail-coverts white; under wing-
coverts white; axillaries white, dusky on inner web ; quills below 
dusky brown, with a white patch at base of secondaries. Total 
length 6 inches, culm en 0*7, wing 2*9, tail 2*95, tarsus 0*9. 

Adalt mafe(Hoedjoeng, Sumatra; EL O.Forbes). Differs in having 
the head grey instead of chocolate-brown. Total length 0-8 inches, 
wing 3*23, tail 3*3, tarsus 0*95. {Mvs. F. XicJiolsoa.) 

A female collected by Mr. Forbes measured:—Total length 
6*5 inches, wing 3*15, tail 3*1, tarsus L 
Bab. Java and Sumatra. 

2. HXDROCICHXA. 321 
a. Ad. skb. $ ad. sk.
c. $ ad. sk. 
Java. 
Gebbrok, Java, Dec. 1827(Leiden Mus,). 
Jaya. 
Purchased. 
Gould Colle 
Purchased, 
ction. 

4. Hy&rocichla frontalis. 
Emcurus diadernatus {non Temm.), Bluili J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 156 
(1847). 
Enicurus frontalis, Blijfh, ut supra ; id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soe. p. 159 
(1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 251 (1850); Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 284: 
Ilorsf. £ Moore, Cat. B. B.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 346 (1854); Gray, 
Hcmd4. B. i. p. 248, no. 3000 (1869). 
Henicurus frontalis, Elves, Ibis, 1872, p. 259, pi. is.• Sahad, Ucc, 
Bom. p. 259 (1S74); Gates, Str. F 1877, p. 248 • Tioeedd. Bis, 
1877, p. 310; Mump § Davison, Str.F. 1878, vol. i. p. 3G0; Hume, 
Str. F. 1879, pp. 65,103• Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 255; id. P. Z. B. 
1831, p. 798. 

Adult male. General colour above glossy black; wing-coverts like 
the back, the inner greater coverts tipped with white; bastard 
wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown; secondaries 
white at base, forming a large alar speculum, innermost secondaries 
pure white; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts pure white; 
tail-feathers blackish, tipped with white and conspicuously white at 
base, two outer tail-feathers entirely white, the third blackish but 
with increased white base; forehead and sinciput white; hinder 
crown, occiput, and nape like back; lores and sides of crown, 
feathers round eye, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, sides of neck, 
throat, fore neck, chest, and breast black; abdomen, flanks, thighs, 
and under fail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts black; axillaries 
white, with black on the outer edge of some of them; lower greater 
coverts white, tipped with dusky; quills below dusky blackish ; base 
of inner primaries and a large patch of the secondaries pure white. 
Total length 8 inches, culrnen 0*85, wing 3*4, tail 3*6, tarsus 1*1. 

The female is like the male but duller, and the throat and breast 
rather browner black. Total length 8 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3-45, 
tail 3*5, tarsus 1*1. 

Young male. Yery much browner than the adult, with white 
shaffr-streaks to the breast-feathers; the white tips to the inner 
greater wing-coverts tinged with ochraceous buff; inner secondaries 
tipped with white on the outer web: upper abdomen white, but 
slightly mottled with dusky brown margins to the feathers adjoining 
the breast. 

Hab. From South Tenasserim down the Malayan peninsula. 
Borneo. 

a. 2 a<*-i & 6 juv. Malewoon, S. Tenas- E. W. Oates, Esq. 
sk. serim, 
G, d. Ad. sk. - Malacca. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.1. 

e. dad. sk. Mount Ophir, Ma- A. E. Wallace, Esq. [Cj. 
lacca. 
VOL. VII. Y 

TOIEIIIM. 

3. MICEOCICHLA. 
Range. From Samarcand, throughout the Himalayas, to the hills 
of Assam, and extending into Western China. 

1. Microoichla scouleri. 
Enicurus scouleri, 
Vigors, P. Z. S. 1830-31, p. 174; Gould, Cent. B. 
Himal Mts. pi. xx\ iii. (1832) ; Jameson, Cede. Joitrn. Nat. Hist. 

vii. p. 363; Hodgs. Icon. died, in Brit. Mies, Passer'<?s, pi. 117. 
figs. 1, 2 (no. 698); id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844) ; 
Gray. Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 76 (1846); id. Gen. 
B. i. p. 204 (1847) ; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xu. p. 157 (1847); id. 
Cat. B. Mm. As. 8oc. p. 159 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 251 (1850); 
fforsf. § Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 347 (lbo4); Adams, 
P. £$. 1858, g. 489, 1859, p. 179; Jerd. B. Lid. ii. p. 214 (1863); 
Gould, B. Asia, pt. xviiL (I860); Gray, Hand-IB. i. p. 248, 
no. 3603 (1869) j Hume, Nests and Eggs Lid. B. p. 377 (1873). 
Enicurus heterurus, Hodgs. in Grays Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844). 

Enicurus nigrifrons, Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 102 (ex Hodgs. M8S.); 
Jerd. B. Lid. ii. p. 214 (1803); Blyth, 2'jis, loOJ, p. 29"; Godwin-
Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. p. 107 (1870). 

Henicurus scouleri, Beavau. Mis, IbCS, p. 75; Stoliczla, J. A. S. Beng. 

xxxvii. p. 47 (1868); Sicinh. P. Z. S.1871, p. 365 ; Ehues, Ibis, 1872, 
p. 256; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xlv. L. 60 (1876), xlvii. 
p. 19 (1878) ; Davidet Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 297 (1878); mime, 
Str. F. 1879, vol. ii. p. 457 ; id. 8tr. F. 1879, p. 103; Scully, t. c. 
p. 311; Biddulph, Mis, 1881, p. 67; Setlohn, Ibis, 1882, p. 423. 
Adult General colour above deep purplish black; lesser and 
median wing-coverts like back; greater coverts broadly tipped with 
white, forming a wing-bar; bastard wing, primaiy-coverts, and 
quills black; primaries conspicuously white-shafted, secondaries 
edged with white near the ends, their bases white, concealed by 
white ends of greater cuverts ; innermost secondaries pure white; 
lower back white, followed by a black bar across rump, which is 
otherwise white like upper tail-coverts; tail-feathers black, with 
broad white bases, outer feather entirely white, nest two feathers 
white with an oblique black maik at tip; forehead pure white; 
hinder crown, occiput, and nape like the back : lores and feathers 
above eye, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, sides of neck, throat, and 
fore neck purplish black; remainder of under surface white, with 
the sides of the breast purplish black; flanks slightly mottled 
with dusky blackish tips to some of the feathers; under wing-coverts 
black, except the outer lower series, which make a white patch; 


axillaries white, with dusky blackish bases; quills below dusky, 
with a white patch at base of inner edge of secondaries; " bill 
black; feet and claws pure fleshy white; iris dark brown" 
(Scully). Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3-1, tail 2*2, 
tarsus 0-95. 

Yoimg. Differs from the adult in having the forehead black and 

3 . ITICEOCICHLA. 
the throat white, this and the breast being slightly mottled with 

blackish margins to the feathers. 
Hab. The same as that of the gemis. 

a,h. 6 2 ad. sk. 

c. 6 JUT. sk. 
d,e. Ad. et juv. sk. 

/. Ad. sk. 

^.Ad.; A. Juv.sk. 

i. Ad. sk. 
7;,7.Ad. st. 
m} n. Ad. sk. 
o. Ad.; p. Juv. sk. 
Gilarit, March 12, 
1^78. 
Sai,Gil<rit,Sept.l2, 

issjr 

X.TT. Himalayas. 

Nepal. 

Nepal. 
Nepal ( Hodgson). 
Nepal. 
Biotan (Pemherion). 
Himalaya. 

Major J. Biddulph [C.]. 

Major J. Biddulph [0.]. 

Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
"P.". 
B.fl. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
(Type of JB, nignfrons) 

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
India Museum. 
B.H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
India Museum. 
Gould Collection. 
T2 

'324 TI5IEIHDJE. 

Group YI. ORATEROPODES. 

In this group are placed the true Babbling-Thrushes, remarkable 
for their strong clumsy feet and claws and powerful rounded wings. 
As a rule they are gregarious in their habits, and are poor songsters ; 
but there is much in their form which is suggestive of the true 
Thrushes. All the genera here enumerated seem to me to be closely 
allied inter se, though it is not easy to place them in linear order; 
but the true Qrateropochs extend in an unbroken series of genera 
through GarrulcLV and its allies to SufJwm and Ptimrloxorais* which 
cannot be far removed from the Paskhe. Eupetes is an aberrant 
Timeliine form, with affinities towards Cinch's and Henicunts* and 
Drymoeclus seems to be allied to the true TLtielice. The genera 
most out of place in the present group appear to me to be Megalurulus, 
Ciwlorhamphns, and C'alammithvs, the two latter being 
quite aberrant, whilst MttjaTunihts seems to be a Grass-Warbler in 
its habits. Farther research will perhaps lead to the disposition of 
these genera in other groups of birds ; but, after considering all 
points of their structure, it seems to me that their natural affinities 
are rather with the Cmi?ropi than with any of the other groups 
admitted into the present volume. 

Key to the Genera*. 

a. Bill equal in height and breadth at nostrils, 
or at leavt not higher than it is broad, 
a'. Shafts of tail-feathers produced and stiffened 
1. OBTHOXYX, p. 329. 
b'. Shafts of tail-feathers ordinary. 
a". Tail longer than wiii2*. 
a"1. Wing rounded, the distance between 

the first and second primaries less 

than the tarsus. 

ak Tail less graduated, the distance 

between the outer and the middle 

tail-feathers much less than the 

tarsus. 

a5. Wing slightly more pointed; first 
primary long, and equal to the 
long secondaries; tarsus short, 
not more than one fourth of 
length of tail................ 2. CIXCLOSOITA, p. 331. 

* Amongst the Crateropode* k&$ hitherto hem placed the geuu» Tkanumcataphus 
of Tiekell. This genus was established by this author in 1840 from a 
single specimen said to have been procured near Darjiling, and named by him 
Thamnooataphus picaius. This specimen has remained unique in the Indian 
Museum at Calcutta, and has been considered to be an Indian bird by all subsequent 
writers, who have placed it in the vicinity of-Gampmrhynchust a true 
CEATEEOPODES. 


325" 

b5. Wing very much, rounded ,* first 
primary short, much less titan 
the long secondaries; tarsus 
very long, and equal to one 
third of length of tail. 


a3. Bill very long, equal to head, 
the cuimen exceeding length 
of hind toe and claw; no 
rictal bristles 3. EUPETES, p. 338. 

65. Bill not so long as head, the 
cuimen not exceeding the 
hind toe and claw; rictal 
bristles present, though small. 
a7. Legs not very stout, the 
hind toe and claw less 
than half the length of the 
tarsus. 

as. Quills very much graduated, 
the 3rd much 
shorter than the 4th, 
which is again shorter 
than the 5th, which is 

one of the longest 4, PYCNOPTTLTTS, p. 342. 

¥, 
Quills le&s graduated, the 
3rd nearly equal to the 
4th, which is one of the 
longest o. DBYMAOBDUS, p. 343. 

Crateropodine form. Thus Jerdon, writing in 1863, observes, concerning 
Tkamnocataphus:— 

"This remarkable form differs from all the other members of this family 
(except Sibia and Gamjpsorhynchits) by its white wing-spot, assimilating it still 
nearer to the Shrikes; and indeed it is very similar in its mode of coloration to 
some of the African Shrikes. The general character of its plumage, however, 
combined with its elevated and strong tarsi and feet, its habitat in a region rich 
in varied forms of this family, and its near affinity to Gampsorhynckus, have 
influenced me in placing it here." 

Since the above date the species has been duly catalogued in the lists of 
Indian birds, including the latest and most complete one by Mr. Hume, published 
in 1879. 

On reading Jerdon's description, however, I came to the conclusion that the 
species must be an African Dryosoopus; and an application made to Dr. Anderson, 
the Director of the Indian Museum, for a loan of the specimen, was readily 
acceded to. When the skin arrived in England it needed but a glance to see 
that Thamnocataphus picatus was nothing but the common Bush-Shrike of 
South Africa, Dryoscopv.s rufiventris (Swains.). The following synonymy 
belongs to the specimen, and must, be added to that of D. rufiventris;— 

Thamnocataphus picatus, Ticlcell, J. A 8, Beny. xviii. p. 812 (1849); 
Blyth, Cat B. Mus. As. Soe. p. 150 (1849); JercL B. bid. ii. p. 13 (1863); 
Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 95. 

Garrulax picatus, Gray, Eand4. B. I p. 282, no. 4175 (1869). 

How the mistake arose is impossible to say, but it is probable that the skin of 
the African Bush-Shrike was received by Colonel Tickell in exchange from 

M. Verreaux or some other collector, and that it got mixed up with his 
Darjiling collection, and was described by him as a new species and the type of 
a new genus. 
326 TIMELUBJE. 

67. Legs more powerful, the 
hind toe and claw equal to 
more than half the tar*U3.
cs. Bill shorter ond stouter, 
when measured from 
gape equal to hind toe 
and claw 6. HXLACOLA, p. 846. 

d3. Bill longer and more 
slender; when measured 
from gape exceeding 
length of* hind toe and 
claw ........ 7. CH^TOPS, p. 347. 

¥. Tail strongly graduated, the distance 
between the outer and 
inner tail-feathers as much as, or 
more than, the len2th of the tarsus. 


c5. Wing very much rounded, the 
secondaries nearly equal in 
length to the primaries, the distance 
between them le?s than 
the culmen. 


ce. Bill without a notch in the 
up} er mandible. 
c7. Xo4rIK exposed. 

e*. With a larjre crest: no— 
tiih ovate, with distinct 
operculum............ 8, PSOPHQDES, p. 350. 

f8. With no strongly pronounced 
CT< St. 

a9. Xo-.triLs with a distinct 
operculum; bill very 
long and exceeding 
length of middle toe 

and claw .. ... . 9. HXPEBG-EBUS, p. 351. 

hB 

. Nostrils rounded, with 
a small operculum; 
rictal bristles very distinct; 
bill moderate, 
the culmen not exceeding 
the length of 
the middle tui and 
claw 10. BABAX, p. 352. 

d1, Nostrils absolutely hidden 
by plumes and bristles; 
bill curved, the culmen 
lower than the hind toe 
and claw , 11. PIEBOBHTNTTS, 

d*. Bill with a notch. Pp. 353. 

e7. Nostrils nearly covered with 
bristles; nasal opening 
longitudinal, with a large 
operculum; rictal bristles 
soft and long. 

g®, Feathers of head ordinary, 
without stiffened shafts, 12, TBOCHAXOPTEBTO, 

[p. 354 
CB-iTEPvOFODES. 

hs 

„ Feathers of head "with 
stiffened shafts 18. ACANTHOPTXLA, 

f7. Nostrils nearly hidden by [pt 33^ 
bristles, rounded and exposed 
in front; bill long, 
exceeding the hind toe 
and el iw 14. IANTHOCDTCLA, 

g1, Nostrils exposed, rounded, [p, 382. 

with 
a posterior opercu


lum ; rictal bristles stiff 

and very long


d5. T\ ing not &o much rounded, thedistance between the primaries 
and the secondaries as great as 
the length of the culmen. 

eB. Bill stout and strongly curved; 
operculum of the nostril stout 
and swollen

/ e . Bill ^lender, the culmen not 
so strongly deenrved; operculum 
of the nostrils not so 
developed

b'". Wing rather more pointed, the distance 
betwe* n the tir«t and the 
second primaiii^ abjiit equal to or 
greater than thn taiMt*. 

o4. Tail only -ILhtly rounded; no 
rictal hi:Hh -," . .*.
dK Tail slronirly graduated; rictal 
bri-ties evident. 
e5. Tail more than once and a half 
length of wingf5. Tail" only a trifle longer than 

•wing ..". T6". Wins equal to or longer than the 
tail." 
c"\ 
Bill long, the culmen longer than 
the tarsus. 

 15. GAMPSOBHTNCHTTS, 
[p, sgQ# 
16. ARG-YA, p. 388. 
17. MEGALTTRTJLUS, 
[p. 400. 
18. PINABORNIS, p.401. 
19. SIBIA, p. 401. 
20. MALACIAS, p. 403. 
eK Bill moderately curved and stout. 21. PO:MATOEHINUS, 
/4. Bill very thin and long and greatly [p. 408, 
curved ". 22. XIPHOBHAMPHTTS, 

d'". Tarsus much longer than the culmen. 
g*t Nostrils rounded, pierced in the 
anterior part of the nasal depression, 
and nearly hidden by plumelets 
; a full crest. 
g5. Nostrils rather exposed, the overhanging 
bristles scanty; rictal 
bristles strong, but not reaching 
far beyond nostrils; outstretched 
feet not reaching to 
end of tailk\ Nostrils hidden by plumes; rictal 
bristles very strong and reaching 
beyond nostrils; out


 [p. 433. 
23. G-ARRULAX, p. 484, 
TIMELIIDJS. 

stretched feet reaching to end 
of tail¥. Nostrils linear, with a very distinctsuperior membrane. 

i\ Leg's strong*, but not so powerful 
as in the preceding genera, the 
outstretched feet falling far 
short of the tail. 

p*. Head very strongly crested ..
ke. No crest j bill stout. 
h7. No bare space round the eye. 

i8. 1st primary short, not 
equal to length of tarsus; 
upper tail-coverts very 
long, falling short of tip 
of tail by once and a 
quarter the length of the 
tarsus

k%. 1st primary equal to or 
exceeding length of tarsus 
; upper tail-coverts 
falling short of tail by 
more than twice the 
length of the tarsus....

 24. STACTOCICBXA, 
[p. 449. 
29. ACTINODIT;RA,P.463, 
SO. NEOCICHLA, p. 468. 

 SI. CHATEROPUS,P.469. 

f. Sides of face bare «. 32. ^ETHOCICHLA, 
k5. Legs very strong, the out- [p. 484. 
stretched" feet reaching to the 
tip of the tail. 

*6. Wing Pipit-like, the inner 
secondaries produced, so as 
to nearly equal the primaries 
in length

k*. Wing not so pointed or Pipit-
like, the inner secondaries 
not much longer than the 
rest of the secondaries ... .

I. Bill deeper at nostrils than it is broad.
c". Nostrils exposed, with a slightly posterior 
operculum; a notch in mandible 
j a huge crestd". Nostrils exposed, with large superioroperculum ; no notch n mandible; a 
moderate crest

e". Nostrils hidden by plumes.
e"'. Rictal bristles rexj strong; bill 
rather longer. 

 38. CIXCLORHAMPHXJS, 
[p. 498. 
39. CALAMANTHTTS, 
*-P' ° ' 

 25. GBAMMATOPTILA, 
[p. 450. 
26. MELAXOCICKLA, 
[p, 451. 
%K Tail long, perceptibly exceeding 
the length of the wing; outstretched 
feet falling short of tail 
by twice the length of the tarsus. 27. RHBTOCICHLA, 

k\ Tail moderate, only slightly ex- [p. 452. 
ceeding the wing in length; outstretched 
feet falling short of tail 
by not more than -the length of 
the tarsus 28. DRYONASTES7P.454. 

1 . OBTHCXNTX, 
329 

f". Bictal "bristles nearly obsolete ,* bill 
very deep. 
P-, With four toes. 
I5, Upper mandible not deeply festooned. 


Z6. Tail perceptibly longer than 
wing; upper mandible 
deeper than lower 33. COLOSTOMA, p. 485. 

m*. Tail and wing about equal 
in length ; under mandible 
about as deep as the upper. 


&7. Tip of culnien tapeiing to a 
point; culminal ridge 
rounded 34 SUTHOEA, p. 486. 

?. Tip of culnien obtuse and * 
nearly as broad at tip as it 
is at "base; culminal ridge 
flattened 35. CHLETTASIC!T7S,P.494. 

m5. Upper mandible deeply fes- [p. 498. 
tooned 36. PAEADOXOKNIS, 
m\ With only three toes 37. CHOLOBNIS, p. 498. 

1. 
OBTHONYX. 
Type. 
Orthonyx, Temm. Man, d Orn. i. p. Ixxxi (1820) 0. spinicauda. 
Range, Australia. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Wing-coverts tipped with grey j eyebrow and 
ear-coverts grey. 
a'. Throat white spinicauda <$, p. 330. 
b'. Throat orange-rufous spinicauda $ , p. 330. 

b. 
Wing-coverts blackish without grey bars. 
c'. Throat white spaldingi tf , p. 331. 
d'. Throat orange-rufous spaldingi § ; p. 331. 
1. Orthonyx spinicauda*. 
Orthonyx 
spinicaudus, Temm. PL Col iv. pis. 428, 429 (1827); 
Gould, B. Ausir. folio, iv. pi. 29 (1848) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 151 
(1847); Bp. C'ump. i. p. 210 (1850); Reichenb. Fog. NeuhoU. 

p. 214 (1850) ; Gould, Bandb. B. Austr. i. p. 607 (1865) j Gray, 
Hand4. B. i. p. 185, no. 2532 (1819); Biggies, Orn. Austr. pi. 70 
(c. 3 870) ; Mammy, Proc. Linn. Soc. JV. & W. ii. p. 191 (1878). 
Orthonyx temxoinckii, Vig. § BLorsf% Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 294, 
(182G). 
Orthonyx maculatus, Steph. Gen. Zool xiv, p. 186 (1826). 


* Temminck founded the genus Orthonyx in 1820, but did not name any 
species. In 1826 Vigors and Horsfield and Stephens gave names to the 
typical species; but neither of these were recognized by Temminck in 1827, 
•when he called it O. spinicaudus. Although there can be little doubt that both 
the names temmmcltii and maculatus were published before that of spinicaudus, 
yet the impossibility of stating which of these two names was published first, 
and the general acceptance of Teinininck's name by all ornithologists, determine 
mo to retain it. 
330 TIMEMID.ffi. 

Adult female. General colour above fulvous-brown, mottled with 
black on the mantle, the feathers having white shaft-lines and a 
large longitudinal mark of black, generally confined to the inner 
web; wing-coverts black, with broad grey ends, somewhat tinged 
with fulvous on the greater series ; quills brown, with a grey band 
at the base, succeeded by a broad blackish band and then by an 
ashy fulvous one, these three bands being produced by the outer 
aspect of the quills, which are successively grey, blackish, and fulvous 
; the inner secondaries external]}' ashy fulvous, blackish on 
the inner web; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ferruginous; 
centre tail-feathers reddish brown, the remainder blackish, 
externally reddish brown; crown of head dull rufescent blown, the 
feathers edged with blackish, producing a scaly appearance : fore


head, sides of crown, sides of face, and cheeks dark ashy grey, a 
little deeper on the latter; throat and fore neck orange-rufous, 
whitish on the chin; sides of neck and sides of breast ashy grey, 
separated from the rufous throat by a black band; breast and 
abdomen white, the latter mixed with ashy : Hanks dull ferruginous, 
washed with ashy grey; under tail-coverts reddish brown : under 
wing-coverts and axiilaries ashy grey, the lower ones washed with 
reddish; quills dusky brown below, narrowly edged with brown ; 
"bill and feet black; iris very dark hazel " {Gould). Total length 
7*3 inches, culmen 0*0. wing U*2, tail 3*1, tarsus 1*2. 

Advlt m<(lc. Like the female on the upjcr surface, but distinguished 
by the absence of th? rufous throat, the whole under 
surface from the chin to the lower abdomen being white, the sides 
of the body as in the female. Total length 7\3 inches, culmen 0*05, 
wing 3*6, tail 3*05, tarsus 1*3. 

Young. Differing from the adults in being mottled all over, the 
feathers of the upper surface being mf'ois with blacki&h margins, 
the mantle-feathers and wing-coverts with subterminal spots of 
golden buff, forming a double wing-bar on the latter; quills blackish 
near the base, succeeded by a bar of pale fulvous; throat and breast 
mottled, the feathers reddish, edged with black ; the breast whiter, 
but the feathers also narrowly margined wiih black ; flanks reddish, 
with black margins and subterminal spots of golden buff. 

The full plumage is gained at the first moult; but many of the 
new feathers on the throat and breast have blackish edgings, showing 
a trace of the previous young dress. 

Hal. Yietoria, Xew South Wales, extending throughout the 
Eiehmond-river district to Wide Bay. 

a. S ad. sk. Australia. Purchased. 
b. Juv. sk.
e, d. S ? ad. 
Australia. 
Australia. 
Zoological Society. 
Gould'Collection. 
sk. 
e>f-<$ $ ad.;
g. juv. sk.
h. & ad. sk. 
Queensland 
Coll) 
Australia. 
(OockereU P. D. Godmanand O. Salvim 
Esqrs. [P.". 
Linnean Society "[P.]. 
(Type of Orthonyx temmincM.) 
i. $ ad. sk. Australia. * Purchased. 
h. Juv. st, Australia. Zoological Society. 

2 . CI3STCL0S0MA. 
331 

2. Ortlionyx spaldingi 
Ortlionyx spaldingi, Mamsay, P. Z. S. 1808, p. 380; Gray, Ifand-l. 
B. i. p. 185, no. 2533 (18G9) ; Gould, B. Aitstr., Suppl pi. 53 
(1SG9) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Boo. N. 8. W. ii. p. 191 (1878). 
Adult female. General colour above dark chocolate-brown, 
darker on the mantle; wing-coverts blackish brown, the greater 
series edged with chocolate-brown; quills dark brown, externally 
washed with chocolate; upper tail-coverts like the back; tail-
feathers blackish brown ; head and hind neck, as well as the lores, 
sides of face, cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of neck black; throat 
and fore neck deep orange-rufous; centre of chest and breast 
white; sides of body and abdomen chocolate-brown, the sides of 
the upper breast blackish ; thighs and under tail-coverts dingy 
chocolate-brown; axillaries and under wing-coverts dull chocolate, 
the edge of the wing blackish; "eyelid fleshy white; bill black; 
legs, feet, and iris blackish brown " (SjMddiny). Total length 9*5 
inches, culmen 0*95, wing 4*45, tail 4, tarsus 1*75. 

Adult male. General colour above like the female; lores and 
sides of face black as in the female; the under surface from the chin 
to the lower breast pure white; the abdomen ashy; the sides of 
the body and under tail-coverts chocolate-brown as in the female, 
with a black patch on the sides of the upper breast. Total length 
10-5 inches, culmen 0*91, wing 5'1, tail 4-8, tarsus 1-85. 

Hob. Neighbourhood of Eockingham Bay, JST.E. Australia. 

a, b, <$ 5 &&• sk* Eockingham Bay (Spalding). Gould Collection. 

2. 
CIMCLOSOMA. 
Type. 
Cinelosoma, Vig. § Sorsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 219 
(1826) C. punctatum. 
Ajax, Less. Compl. Buff., Ois. p. 422 (1838) 0. ajax. 

JRange. Confined to the continent of Australia and the southern 
portion of Eew Guinea. 


Key to the Species. 

a. Back spotted with black, the feathers longitudinally 
streaked with this colour; a broad 
grey band across the chest. 
a'. 
Throat black; hinder cheeks white, forming 
a large patch bordered with black .. punctatum <$} p. 332. 
b'. Throat ashy whitish; cheek-patch orange-
buff punctatwn § ; p. 333. 

b. Back uniform, without any longitudinal spots. 
c'. "Wing-coverts black, spotted with white. 
a". Throat black. 
a'". 
Back not entirely concolorous; the 
upper back brown like the head; the 
scapulars and lower back maroon.... castanonotum, p. 333. 

TIMELIED.S. 

h'" Back entirely concolorous. 
a4. Fore neck white, separating the 


black throat from the black chest cinnamommm, p. 334. 
h4. Fore neck and chest chestnut ... . castanothorax, p. 335. 
c4. Fore neck and chest cinnamon ... . marginatum, p. 336. 

b". Throat white, the lower throat fore 
neck, and chest orange ajax g, p. 337. 
c". Throat dusky brown; fore neck and 
chest orange ajax tf JUT., p. 337. 
d". Throat biifiy whitish; chest and fore 
neck ashy cinnamomeum 9., p. 335. 
d'. Wing-coverts"black without spots; sides 
of body orange ajax <$ ad., p. 337. 

1. Cinclosoma pxmctatnnL 
Punctated Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn., SuppL ii. p. 187 (1801). 
Turdus punctata, Lath. Tad. Ora.. Siippl. p. xliv (1601). 
Cinclosonia punctaiuni, Tig. § Horsf. Trans. Linn, Soc. xv. p. 220 


(1820) ; Gray, Gen. Ii. i. p. 224 (1S40): Gould, B. Anstr. fol. iv. 
pi. 4 (1848);' Cab. 31ns. Ihia. Th. i. p. 65 (1850; ; lieichenh. Yog. 
KeuholL p. 100 {1650): Gould, Handb. B. Ausfr. 1. p. 433 (18U5); 
Grayj Hrnid-L B. i. p. 280, no. 4124 (1800; ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. 
Soc. X. S. W. ii. p. 1*7 (1-78). ^ 

Oinclosoma punctatus, Dp. Consp. i. p. 278 (1850). 

Adult. General colour above brown, mottled all over the back 
with blackish centres to the feathers of the entire upper surface 
except the head, which is uniform brown, and the upper tail-
coverts, which are brown with Mveseent edges ; wing-coverts ashy 
grey, with black centres and tipped with white; bastard-wing 
feathers and primary-coverts dusky brown, externally ashy and 
broadly edged with white towards the end of the outer web; 
greater wing-coverts blackish brown, tipped with white and externally 
fulvous-brown, margined with ashy on the extreme edge; 
innermost greater coverts chestnut, tipped with fulvous-brown and 
mesially streaked with black; quills brown, externally edged with 
fulvous, and margined on the primaries with hoary white; the 
innermost secondaries washed with rufous on the Inner web, chestnut 
on the outer one, with a broad central streak of black ; centre 
tail-feathers olive-brown, edged with fulvous, the remainder black, 
washed with grey near the base and broadly tipped with white; 
forehead grey; lores, eyelid, and feathers round the eye ashy whitish, 
continued into an eyebrow above the lores, which becomes fulvous 
above the ear-coverts ; ear-coverts brown; sides of neck behind the 
latter ashy; cheeks and throat ashy whitish, the hinder part of the 
cheeks and sides of the throat adjacent orange-buff, forming a 
patch; lower throat and fore neck bluish grey, forming a broad 
band across to the sides of the chest; breast and centre of body 
creamy buff with whitish endings to the feathers, the sides of the 
breast and flanks light tawny, the feathers tipped with creamy 
white, with broad longitudinal centres of blackish brown ; feathers 
on sides of breast slightly washed with ashy; under wing-coverts 

2 . CDTCLGSOilA. 
333 

and axiHaries white, except the greater and primary-coverts of the 
lower series, -which are smoky brown, the former with indistinct 
dusky subterminal spots; quills ashy brown below, lighter ashy 
along the inner web ; "bill black; legs fleshy white, feet darker; 
iris very dark lead-colour, with a naked blackish-brown eyelash " 
{Gould). Total length 10 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 4*5, tail 4*5, 
tarsus 1*3. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in general appearance, but 
easily distinguished by the orange-rufous patch on the hinder cheeks 
extending some distance along the sides of the neck, and by the ashy 
throat and dull whitish chin replacing the glossy black throat of 
the male; the grey chest-band is present, but is somewhat paler. 
Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4*35, tail 3*9, tarsus 
1-25. 

Hah. Tasmania and South Australia, as well as the whole of the 
eastern portion of the continent as far as the "Wide-Bay district. 

a, b. $ ad. sk. Sew South Wales. Gould Collection. 

c. c$; d,e. $ ad. -k. South Australia. Sir George Grey [P.], 
f g. $ ad. bk. Australia. Gould Collection. 
h. Ad. sk. Au-tralia. Sir T. Mitchell \VP. 
i, 3 ad. st, S. Australia. C. D. E. Fortnum,"Esq. 
k. d ad. sk. Australia. GfMacleay, Esq. [P.l. 
I Juv. sk. Ta-Hiaiiia. lionald G-urtn, Esq. [P.]. 
m, n. <$ ad. sk. Tasmania. Antarctic Expedition [0.]. 
2. Cinclosoma casta&onotum. 
Cmclosoma castanotua, Gould, P. Z. S. 1840. p. 113 • id. B. Austr. 

fol. iv, pi. 5 (1648) • Sturt, Kvp. Ceair'. Austr. ii. App. p. 27 

(1849); Bp. Comp. i. p. 278 (1S30;; Meiehenb. Vog. Keuholl. p. 107 

(1850). 

Cinclosoma castanotum, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 224 (1840); Cab. Mus. 

Heia. Th. i. p. So (1&J0); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 280, no. 4125 

(1809). 

Cinclosoma castaneonoturo, Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 485 (1S65) j 
Ba?jzsag} Proo. Linn. Sue. X 8. W. ii. p. 1S7 (1878). 

Adult. General colour above dull brown, the mantle with slight 
remains of dusky centres to the feathers; scapulars, lower back, and 
rump dark maroon; upper tail-coverts dusky brown, with paler 
brown edges; wing-coverts glossy black, all the feathers tipped with 
white, this white spot longer and more elongated at the tip of the 
outer web on the bastard-wing feathers and primary-coverts; the 
inner greater coverts washed with light brown externally; quills 
dark brown, externally edged with lighter brown, the primaries 
white at base of outer web, concealed by white tips to primary-
coverts, and having also a light fulvous bar obliquely across the 
primaries; centre tail-feathers brown, the next darker brown, tipped 
with white, before which is a subterminal shade of black, the 
remainder with more of the black and the brown colour only towards 
the base, the white tips of these feathers rather broader; an 


miEiiiD-aE. 

eyebrow of buffy whitish, running from the base of the bill to 
the pides of the nape; lores black, as also the feathers below 
the eye, the latter with whitish streaks; ear-coverts brown, the 
fore part with whitish shaft-lines to the feathers ; cheeks white, 
broadening towards the sides of the neck: throat and chest glo&sy 
blue-black; sides of fore neck and sides oi breast ashy, the ilanks 
fulvous brown; breast and abdomen pure white, separated from the 
brown flanks by a line of glossy black, the feathers composing it 
being white with a broad streak of black; vent-leather brown, 
tipped with white, before which is a biibterminal bar of black; 
under tail-coverts pure white on the inner web, brown on the outer 
one, the latter with a longitudinal broad btreak of black near the 
end; thighs brown; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, slightly 
spotted with black near the edge, the lower series of coverts dull 
ashy brown; quills ashy brown below, lighter ashy along the edge 
of the inner web ; ** bill black, the base of the under mandible leadcolour 
; legs blackish brown; iris reddish, hazel,J { Gould). Total 
length 9*75 inches, culmen 0-05, wing 4*1, tail 4*2, tarsus 1*2. 

Adult female. Differs in having the whole of the plumage much 
lighter, and with only a slight tinge of chestnut on the rump ; the 
stripes of white over the eye and down the side^ of the neck less 
distinctly marked; the chin, throat, and brea-t srey instead of black; 
the irides hazel, and the feel leaden brown. { Gonhh I. c. • 

Hab. Interior of South Australia, Xew South Wales and Victoria, 
and extends to the Swan-river district in Western Australia. 

a. Ad. sk. South Australia. Sir George Grey [P.], 
b, c. Ad. sk. South Australia (J, T. F. I). G odman and OC Sal-
Cockerell). vin; Esqrs. [P.], 

3. Cinclosoma cinuamomeiim. 
Cinclosoma cinnamomeus, Gould,. P. Z. &. 134G, p. 08; id. B. Austr. 
fol. iv. pi. 5 (1348); Sturt, ExperL Ctair. Amir. ii. App. pi. 
(1849) • Biggies, Orn. Austr. pi. 51. 

Cinclosoma cinnamomeum, 
Or ait, Gm. B. i. p. 224 (1540); Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 278 (JfcoO);Jteichenb. Yog. Xmho}K ii. p. b4 (1850) ; 
Gould, Handh. B. Austr. i. p. 437 (IfeJoj; Gray, lland-L B. i. 

p. 280l no. 412G (1869); Mamsmj7 Proc. Linn, 8oc. X S. W. ii. 
p. 187 (1878). 
Adult male (type of species). General colour above einnamonrufous, 
the head a little duller; wing-eoverts glossy blue-black, 
tipped with large triangular spots of white on all except the inner 
greater coverts, which are cinnamon-rufous like the inner secondaries 
; quills brown, externally margined with pale cinnamon near 
the base, with a faintly indicated fulvous bar across the middle of 
the primaries, the first of which has a streak of light fulvous at the 
tip of the outer web; middle tail-feathers cinnamon with dusky 
brown centres; next pair black, washed with cinnamon near the 
base; remainder black, broadly tipped with white; ear-coverts dark 
cinnamon; a distinct eyebrow of pale sandy buff; lores and feathers 

2 . CEs'CLOSOilA. 33 5 
below the eye Hue-black, extending in a narrow line down the sides 
of the neck, fringing the white cheek-patch, which extends to the 
sides of the fore neck; base of lower mandible and throat bine-
black, separated by a band of white from the side* of the chest, 
which are light cinnamon, as are also the sides of the body ; lower 
breast and abdomen white, with a large patch of blue-black across 
the upper breast; the cinnamon flanks also separated from the white 
abdomen by a line ol blue-black streaks on the feathers; thighs 

sandv brown ; uncla* iail-eovak white, the outer ones blue-black 
for the greater pait ol the outer weo. imparting a broadly streaked 
appearance; under wing-coverts white, with a few dusky blackish 
spots near the edge of the win*;, the lower series dusky blackish; 
quills light asm Uow , pale sandy bufi along the inner web. Total 
length 7*75 inches culmen 0-75, wing 3*5, tail 3*1, tarsus 1*1. 

Adult finale. Diners from the male in wanting the blaek throat, 
this being pale ashy fulvous or huffy white, succeeded by a band of 
li«ht ashv brown across the lower throat and fore neck * there is no 
black on" the breast, nor are there any of the black streaks which 
separate the white abdomen from the cinnamon-coloured flanks; 
instead of being streaked with black, the under tail-coverts are 

cinnamon-brown rn their outer webs; on the upper smface the head 
and hind neck are light earth} brown, contrasting with the rest of 
the back; the wmc-cov<Tt& are brown, tipped with white, with a 
subterminal bar ol black; the creator coverts are cinnamon-brown, 
only the outer ones Laving butty white spots at the tip. Total 
length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*5, tail 2*9, tarsus 1. 

Hah. Interior of Australia, Victoria, and the Southern Pro


vince. 
a. 6 ad. sk. Central Australia. " The Oapt. Startup.]. (T7Pe 
h. <$ ad. sk.
Depot, lat. 2(f 40'; June% ISIS/' 
Interior of Australia. 
of species.) 
Gould Collection. 
c. 2 ad. sk. Interior of Australia. J. Gould, Esq. 

d e. <$ § ad. sk. Australia {Cockerel! Coil). F. J). Gndman and 0. Sal; 
" via, Esqrs. [P.], 

4. Ciiiclosoma castanothorax. 
Cinclosoma caataneothorax, Gould, P. Z. S. 18 (8, p. 139, Aves, pi. 
YL ; id. B. Austr. f i. hvppl pi. 02; id. Haadb. B. Amtr. i. p. 438 
(ls65j; Baimsmj, Pruc. L'tm. Sue. N. S. W. ii. p. 187 (1878). 

Cinelo-oma r a^neitliorax, Up. Cutvp. i. p. 278 (1850;. 
Cinclosoma ery thru thorax, bharpe, lKsf lbbl, p. < Oo (err.). 

Adult (type of specie^). General colour above chestnut-brown, 
the head and netk uraier-bro^ n< overshadowing the mantle sl'ghlly; 
inner coverts of the lesser series brown, the remainder glossy black 
tipped with white, including the bastard-wing feathers and the primary-
coverts ; the innermost of the greater coverts rufous-brown 
with a blackish centre; qrills dark brown, the primaries externally 
lighter brown, with a bar of buffy white across the centre of these 

336 
TBIELHDJ3. 

quills; secondaries externally rufous, the innermost entirely rufous, 
with dusky brown margins to the inner webs ; centre tail-feathers 
blackish, washed with chestnut near the base, the outer feathers 
black with broad white ends ; a distinct eyebrow of ochraceons buff 
from the base of the bill to the sides of the nape ; lores and feathers 
below the eye black• ear-coverts brown like the head ; cheeks white, 
extending onto the sides of the neck; throat glossy blue-black; 
fore neck and chest chestnut-rufous, forming a broad band across, 
extending down the sides of the breast; remainder of under surface 
white, separated from the rufous cheat-band by a bar of black across 
the lower chest• thighs brown ; under tail-eoreris white, the long 
outer ones brown on their outer web, with a suMerminal black spot; 
under wing-coverts white, mottled with black on the edge of the 
wing, the lower series brown ; quills dusky brown below, ashy along 
the inner web. Total length 8*5 inches, culm en 0*75, wing 3*95? 
tail 3'75, tarsus 1*1. 

Bab. Eastern Australia, having been found in the interior and 
also in the Wide-Bay district. 

a. 
<$ ad. sk. Darling Downs (J. Coxm). J. Gould, Esq. (Type 
of species.) 
5. Cinclosoma marginatum. 
Oinclosoma 
castaneothorax, Gray, Hand~l B. i. p. 280, no, 4129 
(1869? nee Gould). 

Adult male. Similar to O. castanotTiorax, but distinguished "by the 
colour of its under tail-coverts, which are black margined with white 
and washed $nth brown near the base ; the breast-band also is paler 
and more of a cinnamon-rufous, as are likewise the flanks. The latter 
are separated from the white abdomen by a line of black feathers as in 
the other Ginclosomata; and this appears not to be the case in G. 
casianotliorax. The bad condition of the skin, however, renders it 
difficult to say for certain, though Mr. Gould had no doubt on the 
subject and has figured it without the stripes. Total length 9*5 
inches, wing 3*8, tail 4*1, tarsus 1*2. 

Bab. Forth-western Australia, where it replaces the former 
species. 

a, b. S ad. sk. N.W. Australia. J. R. Elsey, Esq, [P.]. 

6. Cinclosoma ajax. 
Eirpetes ajax, 
Temm. PI Col ii. pi. 573 (1835) ; & Mull Notour*. 
Geschied. Land-en Volkenk. p. 22 (1880-44); Gray, Gen. B. II 

p. 208 (1840) • Bp. Consp. i. p. 252 (18C0); Sclater, Proe. Linn, 
Sac. ii. p. 158 (1858); Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 101; id. Cat. B, 
New Guinea, pp. 25, 56; id. P. Z, S. 1861, p. 434; Bosenh. J. /, 0, 
1864, p. 119- Finseh, Neu-Guinea, p. 167 (I860); Gray, Band-!. 
B. L p. 267, no. 3913 (1869) * Bamsay. Pr. Linn. Soc, N & W 
iv. pp. 90, 98 (1879). 
2. CINOXOSOHA. 
337 

Ajax ajax, Let*. Compl Jfy-f., 0*9. p 422 (1838). 

Ajax eupetee, Less. Iiev. Zool. 1849, p. 220, 

Ajax typicus, Less., teste JBj), 

Eupetes goldiei, Bamaay, l>r. Linn. Soc. iV. S. W. iii. p. 303 fthftn • 

tialvad. Ibis, 1870, p. 324, V 

Cinclosoma ajax, JD'.4#. # #«£««& Ann. Mm. Civic. Genov. xiv. 

p. 85 (1879) ; SWpe, Pr. XJM. floe, xiv, p. 631 (1879) ; JD1Albert. 
T. Z. S. 1879, p. 218; Salvad. Ami. Mus. Civic. Genov. xvi. p. 188 
(1880); id Orn. Pajpuasia etc. ii. p. 41G (1881); Gould, B. Keto 
Guinea, part xii. (1881). 
Adult ^ male. General colour above dark earthy brown, the head 
a little lighter than the hack; wing-coverts black, excepting the 
inner greater coverts, which are like the back; primary-coverts 
black, the inner ones browner ; quills dusky, externally like the 
back, the primaries less strongly washed on the outer web ; upper 
tail-coverts and central tail-feathers rather more olive-brown than 
the back, with indistinct wravy bars under certain lights; remainder 
of the tail-feathers black, those near the centre of the tail washed 
with olive-brown near the base, the three outer feathers on each 
side tipped with white; lores, eyebrow, feathers below the eye, and 
ear-coverts black, this colour extending down the sides of the neck, 
gettingnarrower as it joins the black throat and enclosinga large white 
patch, which occupies the entire cheeks, widening out behind; throat 
and chest glossy black ; centre of breast and abdomen white, bordered 
with a narrow line of black down each side, the feathers forming 
this being black on the inner web, white on the outer; sides of 
breast and flanks orange-rufous, browner on the lower flanks and 
sides of vent; thighs whitish, ashy brown behind; under tail-coverts 
white, the lateral ones varied with black outer webs ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white, the edge of the wing black, the inner 
greater coverts also tipped with black; lower greater coverts ashy 
like the quills below, which are lighter grey along the edge of the 
inner web; "bill black; feet whitish; iris yellew" (D'Albertis). 
Total length 9*3 inches, culmen 1, wing 3*9, tail 3*7, tarsus 1*3. 

Adult female ? Differs from the male in being duller brown above 
and in having the wing-coverts brown like the back, the median 
and greater coverts with triangular spots of black at the tip ; the 
outermost of the former with a white spot at the end; primary-
coverts blackish brown; lores and ear-covcrts brown, forming a 
streak along the sides of the head, above which is a tolerably well-
defined white eyebrow; cheeks and throat pure white; remainder 
of under surface of body from the lower throat downwards orange-
chestnut, shading into fulvous-brown on the flanks; under wing-
and tail-coverts as in the male. Total length 8*75 inches, culmen 
0*95, wing 3*75, tail 3-5, tarsus 1*2. 

Young male ? Similar to the supposed old female, but the throat 
dull umber-brown instead of white. 
Hah. "Western New Guinea, extending to the Fly river and the 
mountains of the south-eastern portion of the island. 

VOL. VII. z 

TIMELIED-E. 

*, d ad. sk. Fly river. £j0ll¥ CoUection. 

b. <$ ad. sk. Inland from Port Moresby. Mr. Kendal Broadbent 
c. J ad. sk. Goldie river, S.E. New Guinea. Mr. A.Goldie [C.]. 
d <$ iuv. sk. East Cape (Hunstein). Gould Collection. 
e. $ ad. sk. East Cape. ^r . C. Hunstein [C.~. 
3. EUPETES. 
T\ pe. 
Eupetes, Temm. PL Col. livr. 57 (1831; E. macrocercus. 

Range. Malayan peninsula : Xew Guinea. 

Ktg to the fS^tclts. 

a. Throat deep chestnut macroc-en u\ p. 388. 
b. Throat white. 
a'. Lores black. 
a". Back blue like the belly. 
a'". Under tail-coverts plain blue ....... . co-rnl^t'en^ p. 380. 
bf". Under tail-coverts blue with black tips /f///r/e/7,s«/s? p.889. 

b". Back chestnut; belly blue.............. ra^iam/iotm,-p. 340. 
//. Lores white ; upper surface brown. ........ . iivnivnf p. 841. 


c. Throat black ; back oily green lettcotfiefus, p. 342. 
1. Eupetes macrocercus, 
p. 305 (lt70); JZione, S/;\ F. 187H, p. 05; tialrud. Ann. Mus, 
Civic. Genov. siv. p. 288 (IS7U); Forks, R Z. & 1SSI, p. 837. 
Adult, General colour above reddish brown, the plumage very 
full and loose, especially on the rump, the upper tail-coverts a 
little more reddish brown ; tail reddish brown, more ochraceous on 
the margins; wings ochraceous brown with a slight olive tint, the 
coverts and quills margined with golden or 4* rhubarb* "-brown colour, 
the quills dusky brown on their inner webs ; forehead rich ochraceous 
buff, the vertex and crown chestnut-red, narrowing on the 
nape and hind neck, and bordered on each side by a white band 
which springs from above the eye; this is followed hj another 
broader band of black, which includes the lores, cheeks, lower margin 
of eyelid, sides of face, and. ear-coverts, and accompanies the 
foregoing white band down the sides of the neck ; throat and fore 
neck rich chestnut; rest of under surface of body yellowish or 
ochraceous brown, the breast enlivened by a slight wash of the 
chestnut-colour of the throat, the abdomen washed with grey; 
under wing-coverts like the back; quills ashy brown, shaded 
lighter along the edge of the inner web ; u bill black; feet slatecolour; 
iris brown; lower part of face clear azure blue ,y {Bc'ccari). 

3 . EUPETES. 
339 

Total length 11*5 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 3*75, tail 5-1, tarsus 
1-7. 

A young bird appears to be dusky blackish below, through which 
the ochraceous-brown plumage is appearing. It further differs from 
the adult in having the throat white, the head reddish brown, with 
scarcely any indication of the brighter forehead beyond a dull greyish 
shade above the lores. The general tone of the plumage also is 
much duller, especially as regards the brilliant golden-brown edges 
to the quills and tail-feathers. 

Hah. Malayan peninsula, as high as Province Wellesley; Sumatra. 

a. Juv. sk. Malacca. Purchased. 
h, c, d. Ad. sk.
<%/. Ad. sk. 
Malacca ( Cantor), 
Malacca. 
India Museum. 
W. Harvey, Esq. [P.]. 

2. Eupetes caerulescens. 
Eupetes caerulescens, 
Temm. PI. Col. ii. pi. 574 (1885;; Mull. Nat. 
Gesch. Land-en Talk. p. 22 (1839-1844); Gray, Gen.B. i. p. 208 
(1846); Bp. Consp. i. p. 202 (1800;; Sclater, Proc. Linn. Soc. 

ii. p. 108 (1&5*); Gray. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 191; id. Cat Mamm. 
<Jr. Xnu Guinea, pp. 20, 0G (1800;; id. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 434; 
Wall. R Z. S. 18132, p. 103; Bosenh. J.f. 0.1804, p. 119; Fwack, 
Neu-Guinea, p. 107 (1800); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 267, no. 3914 
(1809); Sclater, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 036; Gould, B. Neiv Guinea, 
part iii. (1870); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. x. p. 147 (1877), 
xvi. p. 187 (Ls80); id. Orn. Papuasia $c. p. 413 (1881;. 
Xotodela 
caeriilescens, Less. Compl Buff., Ois. p. 422 (1838); id. 
Jtev. Zool. 1839, p. 223 (1881). 

Adult. General colour above gmish blue, the wing-coverts like 
the back ; bastard wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, externally 
edged with greyish blue, the inner secondaries like the back; 
tail greyish blue; lores, feathers below the eye, and ear-coverfcs 
blue, extending down the* sides of the neck and encircling the 
throat, which, with the cheeks, is pure white; remainder of under 
surface of body greyish blue like the back ; under wing-coverts and 
axillarles greyish blue, the lower series ashy, washed with greyish 
blue; quills dusky below, more ashy along the inner web; " bill 
black; feet lead-colour; Iris black" (D'Albertis). Total length 
9 Inches, culmen 0*955 wing 3*35, tail 3*8, tarsus 1*15. 
The female is like the male. 
Hah. Xew Guinea. 

a. Ad. sk. New Guinea. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
3, Eupetes nigricrissus. 

Eupetes nigricrissus, Salvad. Ann. Mm. Civic. Genov. ix. p. 36 (1876); 

1)'Albert. $ Salvad. op. tit. xiv. p. 87 (1879); Ramsay, Proc. 

Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. iii. p. 277 (1879), iv. p. 98 (1879) ; Sharpe, 

Jour7t. Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 032 (1879); Salvad. Ann. Mm. Civic. 

Genov. xvi. p. 187 (1880) ; id. Orn. Papuasia, ii. p. 413 (1881). 

z 2 

340 TI31BLIID-B. 

Eupetes caerulescens Ramsay (nee Temm.), Proc. Linn, Soc 
2V. S. W. iv. p. 91 (1870). 

Adult male. General colour above ashy blue, the wing-coverts 
like the back; bastard-wing feathers, primary-coverts, and quills 
black, externally slightly fringed with blue, the secondaries externally 
washed with blue like the back; tail-feathers blue ; na^al 
plumes, lores, eyelid, feathers below the eye. and ear-coverts black, 
extending in a'band down the sides of the neck and forming a 
collar across the fore neck, so as to encircle the throat, which s 
pure white, as well as the cheeks: under surface of body a little 
duller ashy blue than the upper surface; under tail-coverts slaty 
blue, becoming black towards their ends ; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries dingy leaden blue, the edge of the wing black; quills 
blackish below, ashy along the edge of the inner web; ubill and 
feet black; iris chestnut" (1/Albert is). Total length b'o inches, 
culmen 0*9, wing 3*5, tail 3*05, tarsus 1-2. 

Adult ft male. Similar to the male in colour, but a little smaller, 
and having a distinct streak above the eye, reaching trim the ba^e 
of the nostril to above the sides of the hind neck. Total length 
7*5 inches, culmen o*^5 wing 3*3. tail 3*7, tarsus 1*1. 

Hah. South-eastern Xew Guinea. 

a, k 6 $ ad. &k. Port Moresby, S.E. Mr. Kendal Broadbent [C . 
Xew Guinea. 

c. Ad. &k. Astrolabe mountains. Mr. A, Guldie XV. 
4. Eupetes castanonotns, 
Eupete* castan >nutus, Salvad. Ann. Mm. Cme. Geuoe. vii. p. OHO 
(1875), x\ i. p. 1^7 (lfc^O1; id. Oni. Papitnua etc. ii. p. 411 (ISfcl); 
Gould; B. Sue Gidma. part xi\. {ltr>}). 

Eupetes puleker, Sharpe} Jour a. Litui. Soc. xvi. pp. 319, 440 (1882). 

Adult male. General colour above rich chestnut, including the 
hinder head and neck, mantle, and back; lower back, rump." and 
upper tail-coverts blue; scapulars blue, washed with light reddish, 
with paler shaft-lines, indications of which are aLo seen on the 
feathers of the mantle; wing-coverts bright blue ; bastard wing-
feathers black; primary-coverts black, edged with blue; quills black, 
the primaries slightly, the secondaries more plainly washed with 
blue externally, the innermost with olive-brown ; tail dull blue, 
blighter blue on the edges of the feathers; base of forehead and 
lores black, succeeded by a band of dull blue across the forehead, 
and forming a distinct eyebrow, which extend* to behind the ear-
coverts, which are black; cheeks, lower portion of ear-coverts, and 
entire throat pure white, narrowly edged with a line of black, increasing 
in extent on the fore neck; remainder of under surface 
bright blue; the under tail-coverts blue, with a broad spot of black 
at the ends; under wing-coverts and axillaries blackish, the outer 
ones washed with blue; quills a&hy blaeki&h below. Total length 
9 inches, culmon 1*05, wing 3*7, tail 4-3, tarsus 1*35. 

3 . EUPETES. 
341 
Adult female (Dorei Hum; Beccari). Differs from the male in 
having the entire upper surface chestnut, without any bine; the 
chestnut-colour, however, is much duller than in the male, except 
on the lower back and rump; wings as in the male; cheeks and 
throat white; remainder of under surface blue, as in the male. Total 
length 8-5 inches, culmen 1, wing 3*6, tail 3-9, tarsus 1*25 (Mus. 
Civic. Genov.). 

Obs. The Marquis Doria having very kindly lent me the types of 
Count Salvadons Eiipetts cewtanouotus, I found, on comparing the 
types of my E. pitlcTmr, that the two species are not separable. The 
preparation of Mr. Goldie's skins quite hides the black collar which 
encircles the white throat; and thus I overlooked this character. 

It seems from the two specimens obtained and sexed by Beccari, 
that the female only differs from the male in having the rump and 
upper tail-coverts chestnut instead of blue, and in being duller in 
colour. The bird described by me as the adult female of E. pidcJier 
turns out not to have been fully adult. It has the crown of the head 
dusky brown, the tail dull blue, with the two centre feathers brown, 
the lores and plumes at the base of the nostril black, surmounted 
by a narrow line of uifous, washed with blue above the eye, and 
inclining to whitish above the ear-coverts. The dusky brown head 
and the particoloured eyebrow arc both signs of immaturity, as the 
adult female shot by Beccari has the eyebrow of as bright a blue 
as the male. The specimen alluded to also has the under tail-
coverts spotted with white ; and this I rind to be an unfailing mark 
of nonage. 

In another young bird in the Museum the head is dusky bluish, 
and the abdominal feathers are fringed with ashy fulvous. 
Hab. Xew Guinea. 

a. S 
ad. • b. $ ieini. Astrolabe mountains, S.E. Mr. A. Goldie [C.]. 
sk. Xew Guinea. 
c. <$ iinni. sk. Astrolabe mountains. Mr. A. Goldie [C.]. 
(I $ ad. ,* e,f. Juv. sk. Astrolabe mountains. .Mr. A. Goldie [C.J. 
5. Eupetes iiicertus. 
Eupetes iiicertus, Sultad, Ami. Mus. Civic. Genov. vii. p. 0G7 (1875), 
xvi. p. 188 (1880) 
Eupetes ? iiicertus, Salvad. Oni. Pcqniasia, ii. p. 415 (1881). 
Above brownish rufous; a spot on each side of the forehead, 
throat, and abdomen white; plumes of the throat margined with 
dusky; a broad pectoral band and sides of body rufescent; under 
tail-coverts pale rufous; quills dusky, externally margined with the 
colour of the back, internally marked near the base with a rufous 
spot, excepting on the first four primaries; tail-feathers dusky, 
brownish rufous on the outer web; bill and feet dusky. Total length 
7 inches, wing 3*00, tail 2-25, bill 0*6, tarsus 1*4. (Salvador!.) 

Ilab. Arfak mountains, N.W. $ew Guinea. 

342 
1I3IEL1IDJD. 

6. Eupetes lencostictus. 
Eupetes leucostictus, Sdater, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 690, pi. lii.• SalmcL 
Ami. Mus. Civic. Genov. x. p. 147 (1877j? xvi. p. 187 (1880j; id. 
Om. Papuasia, ii. p. 414 (1881). 

Above dark oily green, the head and the neck chestnut; wings 
black, their coverts ornamented with rounded white spots; secondaries 
and tertiaries uniform with the back; lores, region of the eye, 
and a streak behind the eye on both sides, with the chin and middle 
of the throat, black; a large white patch on each side of the neck; 
a semilunar patch of black on the fore part of the breast, spotted 
with white ; breast and abdomen bluish ashy, late: ally shaded with 
oily colour• tail black, the lateral tail-feathers broadly tipped with 
white, but the middle ones entirely oily colour, uniform with, the 
back; bill black; feet dull lead-colour: iris black. Total length 
1*90 inch, wing 0*75, tail U-82, bill 0-17, tarsus u-2<» (Salmrlori). 

Bah. N.W. New Guinea. 

4. PYOT0PIILUS 
Tjpe. 
Pycnoptilus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1800, p. 00. ,.. 


P. iloeeo&u*. 
Range. Australia. 

1. Pycnoptilns fLoccosns. 
Pycnoptilus fioccosus, 
Gould, P. Z. H. IbOO, p. 9-1; id. B. Austr. ful. 
'Suppl. pi.'27 (IfcOO) ; id. Handb. B. Au,4r. I. p. ;i43 (L-GO); Bamsay, 
Proc. Linn. Soc. X. #. W. ii. p. 1*0 (lfc7fr). 
Sphenurafloceoba, Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 200, no. 2001 (1669). 

Adult. General colour above dark chocolate-brown, more sooty 
brown on the head, neck, and mantle; wing-coverts like the back ; 
quills dark brown, externally washed with chocolate-brown : upper 
tail-coverts and tail rather more rufous-chocolate : base of forehead, 
lores, feathers above and below the eyes, eyelid, and cheeks rufous-
ochre, the feathers tipped with dark brown, very plainly on the forehead, 
but less distinctly on the other parts ; ear-coverts sooty brown, 
with narrow pale shaft-lines; throat and breast rufeseent-ochre, 
mottled with dusky margins to the feathers, less distinct on the 
throat, the breast more ashy, the abdomen white; sides of breast 
sooty brown, the flanks rufous-brown, as also the thighs; under 
tail-coverts bright chestnut; under wing-coverts and axillaries fulvous, 
with a few dusky edgings to some of the feathers; quills dusky 
brown below, ashy fulvous along the edge of the inner web. Total 
length 6 inches, culmen 0*05, wing 2*8, tail 2*8, tarsus 1*05. 

Bab. Yietoria and New South Wales. 

a. Ad. sk Xew South Wales". J, Gould, Esq. 
b. Ad. sk. Australia. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
5 . DRYILLOSDUS. 
c. Ad. sk. Australia. Purchased. 
d, ej. 
Ad. sk. Australia (Cockerel! F. I). Godman and 0. Sal-
Co//.}, vin, Esqrs. [P.]. 

o. 
DEYMACEBUS. 
Type. 
Dryruodes, &Wr/, P. Z. S. Ib40, p. 170 D. bruimeopygius. 
Drynios, Giebel, Thes. Orn. ii. p. 60 (htpsu). 
Drymacedus, Salvad. P. Z. S.1878, p. 97 {nom. emend.). 
Range. Australia, extending into Xew Guinea and the Am 

Islands, 

Key to the Sjyecies. 

a. Upper wing-coverts brown, tipped with ashy 
whitish; a small blackfeput above and below 
the eye. 
a'. 
Underneath ashy brown, a little paler on the 
throat brunneopygius, p. 343, 

V. Underneath bufty white, a little browner on 
the sides of the breast ami Hanks pallklus, p. 344, 
b. Upper wing-coverts black, broadly tipped with 
white; a distinct black spot above the eye, as 
well as a black streak crossing" the fore part 
of the ear-coverts nearly vertically. 
c\ A broad line of white above the ear-co^erts; 
under tail-coverts fulvous superciliaris, p. 344. 

d'. 
Xo white eyebrow, "hut a slight shade of 
a?hy grey j under tail-coverts chestnut-
brown becoariii p. 345, 


1. Drymaoe&us bnameopygiiis. 
Drvmcedus brunneopvgia, Gould, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 170; id. B, Austr. 
foi. iii. pi. 10 {1848}'; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 183 (1846); Bp. Consp. 

i. p. 358(1850); Reielimb. Yog. Xeuholl p. 109 (1850); Gould, 
Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 290 (1*05); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 229, 
no. 3310 (1800): Itamsmj, Proc. Linn. hoc. N. S. W. ii. p. 183 
(1878). 
Adult. General colour above dark earthy brown, somewhat 
washed with ashy brown on the back; least wing-coverts like the 
back, the median and greater series dark brown, tipped with light 
ashy; primary-coverts dark brown; quills dark brown, the primaries 
ashy at the base of the outer web, and having also a bar of whitish 
across their middle, the secondaries tipped with ashy and edged 
externally with fulvous-brown, like some of the innermost greater 
coverts; upper tail-coyerfs rufous-brown; tail-feathers brown, 
slightly washed with rufous-brown externally, the outer feathers 
darker brown, tip£3ed with white; lores and feathers in front of the 
eye dull white; eyelid white, excepting where it adjoins a black 
spot above and below the eye, where it is also black ; sides of hinder 

TTMELITDJE. 

crown ashy; ear-coverts brown, with a few white shaft-lines near 
the base, which is also black and forms part of the subocular black 
spot; cheeks and under surface of body ashy brown, the throat 
paler, the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts browner; lower 
abdomen whitish ; axillaries light ashy; under wing-coverts dusky 
brown, broadly tipped with white ; quills dull brown below, with a 
white bar near the base, formed of white spots on the inner webs 
of the quills; "irides, bill, and feet blackish brown" (Gould). 
Total length 8 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*S5, tail 4*2, tarsus 1-55. 

Hal. Victoria and South Australia. 

a b. Ad. sk. S. Australia. Sir Georee Grey "P.]. 
C? Ad.sk. Murray ri\ er (J. Eyton Collection. 
Gould), 
d Ad : e Juv. sk. S. Australia (Cockerell F. D. Godman and 0. 
Coll.). ^ Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 

2. Drymace&us pallidus. 
Adult. Similar to D. hnitineOjpyf/ius, but lighter brown above and 
having a much larger extent of white border to the primaries; 
underneath the general colour is creamy white, including the under 
tail-coverts and axillaries; sides of the fore neck brown ; flanks 
also pale brown. Total length S inches, culmen 0*75. wing 3*7, tail 
3*0, tarsus 1*55. 


Young. Differs from the adult in being mottled all over, the 
upper surface being streaked with whitish centres to the feathers, 
while underneath the feathers are dull white with dusky margins; 
under tail-coverts uniform pale tawny. 


Rob. Apparently represents the common species in "Western 
Australia. 
a Ad. sk. Peron'b Peninsula, Shark Bay, Vov. of H.M.S. 

Hay 1858 (Dr. F. ST. limine/) : Herald/ 

b. Juv. sk. Botlierlinsr, interior of Western Evton Collection. 
Australia, Oct. 29? 1*23 UL 
Gould), 
8. Drymacedus superciliaris. 
Drymodes siiperciliaris> Gould, P. Z. S. 1&5Q, p. 200; id. B. AvMr., 
Siqypl pi. 10; id. Ilandb. B. Austr. i. p. ±Jl 11*05); Gray, Ecmd4. 
JS. i. p. 250, no. 3311 (WJO) ; Bammy, Proc. Linn. Sue. AT. S. W. 

ii. p. 183 (1878). 
Adult. General colour above rufous-brown, a little more dingy 
on the head; the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts brighter 
rufous; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and greater 
series black, with a broad bar of white at the tip; primary-coverts 
black; quills black, margined with white, which narrows in the 
centre of the outer web; secondaries externally edged with bafiy 
white and tipped with ashy white, the innermost secondaries exter


O. DBYiTAXEOTS. 
345 

nally brown, like the Innermost greater coverts; central tail-feathers 
rufous, with rufous shafts; the next ones blackish towards the 
ends, which have a white tip, the outer feathers black, tipped with 
white, the latter increasing in extent towards the outer feathers, 
which are edged with white also; lores and a distinct eyebrow 
white, interrupted by a black spot above the eye: ear-coverts and 
sides of neck sandy brown, streaked with white; cheeks and throat 
also white, with a broad, almost vertical, streak of black below the 
eye; remainder of under surface of body white, with a band of 
whity brown across the lower throat; sides of body light sandy 
brown; thighs white, streaked with brown; axillaries white; under 
wing-coverts dusky blackish, broadly tipped with white; quills 

blackish below, white along th.Q inner webs, and having a broad 
white bar across the basal part; u legs and feet flesh-colour; iris 
umber-brownJ? {MacGiUivraii). Total length 7 inches, oilmen 0*7, 
wing 3'o5, tail 3*7, tarsus 1%5. 

There Is very great difference in size exhibited by the Museum 
series; but I do not know if it indicates a difference in sex, as none 
of the specimens are marked. 

Hah. Cape York, extending to the Gulf of Carpentaria. 

a. Ad. sk. Cap* York (J. MacCapt. 
Stanley [P.]. 
Giltit-ray). (Type of specieb.) 
b} c, d, e,f. Ad. sk. Cape York (J. MacGoulcl 
Collection. 
(fillivray). 
g. Ad. sk. Cape York { Cockerel! F. Grodman and 0, Sal& 
Thorpe). vin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
h, i. Ad. sk. Port Albany. Purchased. 
k, /, m. Ad.; n. Cape York (Cocherell F. 3X G-odman and 0. 
Juv. sk. Coll.}. Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 

4. Dryinace&us becearii. 
Drymaoedus becearii, 
Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. vii. p. 9G5 
(Ifc7f5): id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 97; SJiarpe, Proc. Linn. Soc. xiv. 

p. (>>J (1870); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xvi. p. 188 (1880); 
id. Orn. della Papuasia, p. 416 (1881). 
Adult. General colour above chestnut-brown, the head more 
dusky, and of a deep chocolate-brown; lesser wing-coverts ashy 
brown, the remainder black, barred with white at the tip, the 
primary-coverts entirely black; quills blackish, with a white spot 
at the base of the primaries, which have also a bar of whitish across 
the middle of the outer web; the secondaries washed with rufous 
towards the ends of the outer webs; centre tail-feathers chestnut-
brown, the remainder blackish, externally chestnut-brown, and 
tipped with white ; forehead blackish; lores and eyelid white, with 
a black spot above the eye, as well as another broad patch of black 
below the eye at the base of the ear-coverts ; adjoining these black 
spots the eyelid is also black; a slight ashy shade along the sides 
of the crown; ear-coverts ashy brown, streaked with white near 

T1MELI1D-E. 

346 

their bases; cheeks and throat white; remainder of under surface 
whifcy brown or whitish v, ashed with brown, the sides of the breast 
ashy brown, more rufescent on the flanks; under tail-coverts chest


nut-brown / axillaries ashy, tipped with white ; under wing-coverts 
blackish, tipped with white, forming broad bars; quills blackish 
below, with a patch of white near the base of the primaries and 
outer'secondaries; feet pale in skin; bill black. Total length 7 
inches, oilmen 0-75, wing 3*2, tail 3*5, tarsus 1*7. 

Hob. South-eastern Xew Guinea, extending into the Aru Islands. 

a, $ ad. sk. Wanumbai, Aru Islands* Voy. of H.M.S. Chal(
J. Murray). lenger.' 
b, c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk. 
Port Moresby. 
Port More&by. 
Mr. A. Goldie [G.]. 
Mr. K. Broadbent [C.1 . 

b\ HYLACOLA. 
T\ pe. 
Hylacola, Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 135 II. pyrrhopygia. 
Range. Australia. 

1. Hylacola pyrrhopygia. 
Acanthiza pyrrhopygia, 
Vig. $ H<>rsf. Trans. ZooL tioc. xv. p. 227 
(1826). 

Hylacola pyrrhopvgia, Gould, P. Z. S. 1812, p. 185; id. B. Amir. 
fol. iii. pi. 39 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 2^0 (1850) ; Reicheab. Tog. 
Neulwll. p. 82 (1850) ; Gould, Haadb. B. Austr. i. p. 34(j (1805); 
Ramsay, Rroc. Litm. Soc. JV. S. W. ii. p 185 (187^>). 

Calamanthub pyrrhopygius, Gray, Gen. B. I. p. 1V4 <lfc4s): id. 
Hand-l B. i. p. 204, no. 2873 (1869). 

Adult General colour above russet-brown, shaded with umber 
or ashy brown ; the head and hind neck more decidedly ashy brown; 
upper tail-coverts light chestnut; wing-coverts like the back, the 
median and greater series faintly tipped with whitish ; quills brown, 
externally edged with russet-brown, the primaries with ashy brown; 
tail-feathers light reddish brown, washed with lighter brown on the 
edges, all but the two centre feathers with a distinct subterminal 
bar of black, the ends of the feathers being ashy biw n ; lores, 
eyelid, and a narrow eyebrow whitish; ear-coverts ashy brown, 
like the head, with narrow whitish shaft-lines, more distinct below 
the eye ; cheeks dull whitish, mottled with dusky tips to the feathers; 
under surface of body dull white, thickly spotted with dusky brown 
on the throat, breast, and sides of body, the abdomen being uniform 
white; under tail-coverts bright chestnut, the feathers tipped with 
white • under wing-coverts and axillaries whity brown, the lower 
series a little tinged with reddibh ; quills brown below, ashy fulvous 
along the edge of the inner web; " bill dark brown; legs flesh-
brown; iris buffy white" (Gould). Total length 5*25 inches, cul


men 0-55, wing 2*15, tail 2 5, tarsus 0-85. 

7. CHJETOPS. 347 
Ecib. Yictoria and South Australia, extending as far as the Wide-
Bay district. 
a. Ad. bk» Australia. Linnean Society.
of species.) 
(Type 
b. Ad. st.
c. Ad. sk. 
Australia. 
Liverpool Plains. 
Edward Wilson, Esq 
J. Gould, Esq. [O.j. 
. [P.]. 

2. Hylacola canta. 
Hvlacola cauta, Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 185; id. B. Austr. fol. iii. 

pi. 40 (1848); Bp. Consp. i. p. 280 (1850); Reichenb. Tog. Men


holl. p. 182 (1800); Gould, JSa/idb. B. Austr. i. p. 347 (1865) ; 

Bamsay, Br. Linn. Soc. X. S. W. ii. p. 185 (1878). 
Calaoiantiius cautus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 1(54 (1848) ; «?. Eand-l B. 

i. p. 204; no. 2874<lftG9), 
Line from the base of the upper mandible along the side of the 
face and over the eye white; above this a narrow line of black; 
crown of the head and all the upper surface brown; upper and 
under tail-coverts bright chestnut; wing-coverts brown, edged with 
brownish white; primaries with the outer web white at the base, 
forming a conspicuous spot in the centre of the wing; tail blackish 
brown, tipped with white; throat striated with black and white, 
produced by each feather being black down the centre and fringed 
with white ; flanks mottled with brown and white; abdomen white; 
bill dark brown; feet flesh-brown ; iris buffy white. Total length 
5 | inches, bill fy, wing 2^, tail 2%, tarsus -1. {Gould.) 

In size II. cauta is rather le^s than E. pyrrhopyyia, has the 
markings of the under surface much bolder, and the chestnut-coloured 
mark on the rump of a much deeper tint* (Gould.) 

Eab. South Australia. 

7. CHJST0FS. 
Type. 
Chsetops, Swains, m Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 480 
(1831) 0. frenatuF. 

Range. Confined to $outh Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Larger; throat black, with white cheeks. 
a'. Under surface deep chestnut frenatus <?, p. 348. 
b'. Under surface orange ........ ; aurantius $, p. 348. 
b. Larger; throat ashy, washed with rufous or 
orange on the lower part. 
c\ Under surface chestnut frenatus §, p. 348. 
d'. Under surface orange aurantius $, p. 349. 

c. Smaller; throat and chest white pyenopygius, p. 349. 
348 TIMELUD-E. 

1. Cli^tops frenatus. 
Malurus frenatus, Temm. PL Col iii. pi. 385 (1826). 
Ohaetopsburchelli, Swains, in Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 488 (1831); 
id. Classif B. ii. p. 233 (1837). _ 
Chsetops frenatus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 217 (1847) ; Bp. Consp. i. 

p. 278 (1850)• Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 125 (1867J • 8harpe, P. Z. S. 
1869, p. 163 * Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 264, no. 3803 (1869j ; Sharpe, 
Cat. Afr. B. p. 24 (1871) ; id. ed. Bayard's B. 8. Afr. p. 216 
(1875). 
Adult male. General colour above ashy grey, broadly streaked 
with black down the centre of the feathers, the head a little 
browner; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts chestnut; 
scapulars like the back; wing-coverts black, tipped with white, the 
primary-coverts white, forming a wing-patch; quills dark brown, 
the primaries edged with ashy grey ; tail-feathers black, all but the 
central feathers tipped with white; over the eye an indistinct line 
of greyish-white feathers; lores and feathers below the eye black, 
the ear-coverts a little browner; cheeks white, extending in a 
broad streak along the sides of the neck; throat and fore neck 
black; remainder of under surface chestnut, the lower tlauks, 
vent, thighs, and under tail-coverts blackish brown; under wing-
coverts and axillaries black, with a few white spots along the edge 
of the wing ; quills brown below, light a&hy along the inner web ; 
" iris bright red" {E. L. Layard). Total length b'5 inches, culmen 
1*05, wing 3-4, tail 3*9, tarsus 1*6. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the Mack throat, 
this being ashy grey; the under surface is chestnut, with some 
black streaks on the sides of the chest; cheeks light rufous, washed 
with ashy; upper surface as in the male, but the upper tail-coverts 
having black shaft-streaks; eyebrow ashy grey; lores and ear-coverts 
dark brown; wing-coverts black tipped with grey, except the 
greater series, which are tipped with white. Total length 8*25 
inches, culmen 0*bo, wing 3*15, tail 4, tarsus l-'So. 

Bab. Confined to the Cape colony, where it is found on the bare 
mountain-sides at a considerable elevation. 

a. Ad. sk. South Africa. * South-African Museum. 
b. S ad. sk.
e. J ad. sk. 
South Africa. 
South Africa (E.L. Layard). 
Earl of Derby [P.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, jfcsq. 

2. Chsetops aurantiacus. 
Chsetops amantius, Layard, B. 8. Afr. i. p. 126 (1807); 8harpe, 
P. Z. S. 1869, p. 164; Gray, Band-L B. i. p. 264, no. 3b64 
(1869) ,* Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. 8. Afr. p. 218, pL vi. (1875). 
Adidt male. Similar to C. frenatus, but rather lighter ashy above, 
somewhat washed with sandy on the head and back; ear-coverts 
and sides of neck ashy; a distinct white eyebrow ; throat and fore 
neck glossy black, separated from the sides of the head by a broad 
cheek-stripe of white; remainder of under surface of body orange, 

7 . CH-£TQP3. 349 
the under tail-coverts blackish, broadly margined with orange; 
" iris bright red" (T. G. Atmore). Total length 8*75 inches, culmen 
0-95, wing 3*5, tail 3*6, tarsus 1*6. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in exactly the same way as 
the same sex in C. frenatus differs from the male of the latter 
species, in wanting the black, &c. Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 
0*9, wing 3*25, tail 3*5, tarsus 1*55. 

Hah. Represents the foregoing species in the same eastern portions 
of the Cape colony, and it is said to have heen procured in 

Natal. 
a, b. £ $ ad. sk. South Africa. Purchased. 
c, d. S 2 &d. sk. Stormberg, Burghersdorp R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. 
(T. O. At more), 
e. <$ ad. sk. Port Natal {ex coll T. a R. B. Skarpe, Esq. 
JEJyfon). 

3. Chsstops pyenopygius. 
Spkenceacus pvcnopvgius, Strickl. fy Mater, Contr. Orn. 1852, 
p. 148; Trist. Ibis, 1870, p. 497. 
Drymoica anchietie, Bocage, Jam. Lkb. 1808, p. 41; Gray, Hand-l. 
B. i. p. 200, no. 2798 (1809). 
Megalurus pyenopygius, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 200, no. 2912 (1809). 
Cheetops gravi, 8harpe, P. Z. S. 1809, p. 104, pi. 14: Gray, Hand-l. 
B. i. p. 264, no. 3805 {18WJ). 
Chtetops pyenopygius, 8harpe7 Cat Afr. B. p. 25 (1871); Gurney 
in A/idens. B*l)am. Ld. p. 117 (1872) ; Sharpe, ed. Bayard B. 8. 
Afr. p. 218 (1875); Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 256 (1877). 

Adult (type of CJicetops grayi, Sharpe). General colour above 
brown, lighter on the head, the whole broadly streaked with dark 
brown down the centre of the feathers; lower back, rump, and 
upper tail-coverts uniform rufous; wing-coverts like the back, the 
outer ones edged with whity brown; primary-coverts dusky brown, 
with narrow lighter brown margins; quills dark brown, edged with 
lighter brown, somewhat rufescent near the base of the primaries; 
tail-feathers blackish brown, the outer feathers tipped with a lighter 
brown bar; a narrow but distinct eyebrow and the eyelid white; 
lores, feathers below the eye, and a streak above the ear-coverts 
black *. the ear-coverts brown with white shaft-streaks ; cheeks white, 
separated from the throat by a narrow malar streak of black; throat 
and fore neck as well as the chest white, the sides thickly spotted 
with triangular black marks arranged for the most part in stripes; 
centre of breast buffy whitish, the sides of the body, flanks, and 
under tail-coverts light rufous; thighs brown; asillaries rufous 
like the breast; wing-coverts brown, edged with whity brown; 
" upper mandible dark horn-colour, the lower livid lead-colour; 
tarsi pale brown, the toes a shade or two darker • under the eye a 
naked space; iris dark brown" (G. J. Andersson). Total length 
6*75 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 2 8, tail 3, tarsus 0*85. 

According to Prof. Barboza du Bocage the sexes are alike. 

350 TlilEUIDJE. 

TTah, Damara Land, whence It ranges into Mossamedes and 
Bengnela. 

a. Ad. sk. Oraaruru rher, Damara R. B, iShaipe, EM3 
Land, Oct. 30, I860 {€. J. (Type of C. grayi) 
Andersson.) 
b. Ad. sk. Damara Land. C. J. Anderson B<a 
:cr. ' *• 
S. PS0PHODES. 
P^npliode^ 7%. 4* Horsf. Trans. Linn. &>c. xv. p. .\#D 
Ofc2t5

> • • • I*. crepitans. 

JRaiuje. Australia. 

Key to the Sjjtcits. 

a. Under surface of body black, with ^ouie ss Lite 
motthng on the centre of the breast crepitans, p. ;j50. 
b. Under surface of hj<Ly greyish brown: throat 
black , mgrogularm, p. 851. 
1. Psophodes crepitans. 
White-cheeked Crow, Lath. Gen. Sign. Suppl. ii. p. H*s {IsQi^ 
Coach-whip Flycatcher, Lath. Gen. Syn. tinppl. if. p. 222 {1*01). 
COITUS olivaceub, Lath Ltd. Orn. 8nppL ii. p. xxvi (1^011. 
Mnscicapa crepitans. Lath. 2nd. Or a. Suppl. ii. p. Ii (1^01). 
Pica olivacea, VieilL X.DirL d'Hilf. Sat. xxvi. p. 129 (1818). 
Psophodes crepitans, Via. 6? Horsf. Tram. Linn. &,& xv. p. S°0 


(1826); Gray, Gen. B.i. p. 1 ^ (1-4IJJ; Gould, B. Austr M 
pi. lo (1848): Bp. Co?isp. i. p. 21C ( ISJO) ; Rnehenh Vik/. Xeukolf 

p. GO (1850); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 312 {LSOOJ: G W 
Eand-L B. I. p. 284, no. 4204 {l&m ; Diggks. Or a. Austr. pi. £. 
fig*. 2 (c. 1870); Ramsay, Proe, Linn. Soc. X. S. W* ii. p. 184 
(1878). 
Pica gularis, Wagler, Syst. Ai\} Pica, sp. 13 <18271. 

Adult. General colour aboye olive-green from the nape downwards; 
wing-coverts like the back, excepting the bastard-wing 
feathers and primary-coverts, which are abhy blackish, the latter 
slightly edged with olive-green ; quills dusky brown, externally 
olive-green, the primaries browner on their outer webs, the innermost 
secondaries entirely washed with olive-green ; tail-feathers olive-
green, dusky blackish on the inner webs, the outermost feathers with 
a spot of white at the tip, the rest tipped with dull ashy; head much 
crested, and nape black, as well as the lores, feathers below the eye, 
ear-coverts, and sides of neck; cheeks and sides of throat white, forming 
a broad patch; throat and under surface of body black, more ashy-

brown on the flanks, the sides of the breast washed with olive-green ; 
feathers of chin and upper throat margined with white; centre of breast 
and of abdomen mottled with white, with which many of the feathers 
are broadly tipped; under tail-coverts olive-green ; axillaries olive-
green ; under wing-coverts blackish, the lower series ashy brown ; 

9. HYPEEGEKUS. 
351 

quills ashy brown below, edged with, paler ashy along the edge of 
the inner web ; " bill, inside and out, and base of the tongue black ; 
feet reddish brown; iris brownish red" (Gould). Total length 
10-75 inches, culmen 1, wing 4, tail 5"75, tarsus 1*35. 

Young. Differs from the adult in having a much shorter crest, 
which is also browner, in having the whole throat white, mottled 
with a few black bases to the feathers; the under surface of the 
body earthy brown, rather more reddish on the flanks, the centre 
of the body white. 

Hab. Victoria and New South Wales, extending along the east 
coast as high as Rockingham Bay. 

a. Ad. sk. Somerset, Cape York F. D. G-odman and 0. 
(Cockerell $ Thorpe). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.], 
b. Ad.; e. Juv. sk. Queensland. Purchased. 
d. Ad. &k. Queensland. Purchased. 
e,f, g. Ad.; h. Juv. Cape York {Cockerell F. D. Godmnn and 0. 
sk. Coll). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 

2. Psophodes nigrogularis. 
Psophodes nigrogularis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 5; Gray, Gen. B. 
i. p. 129 (1846) ; Gould, B. Aust. fol. iii.'pl. 16 (1848); Bp. Consp. 
i. p. 216 (1850); Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 85 (1850) ; Reichenb. 
Vog. Neuholl. p. 67 (1850); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 314 
(1866) j Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 284, no. 4205 (1869) ; Biggies, Orn. 
Austr. text to pi. 43 (c. 1870); Bamsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 
ii. p. 184 (1878). 
Adult. Plumage of the upper surface olive; under surface ashy, 
passing into brown on the flanks and white on the centre of the 
abdomen; primaries brown ; tail light olive-brown, the four lateral 
feathers crossed near the extremity with a band of black and tipped 
with white.; throat deep black, with a stripe of white from the angle 
of the lower mandible, just within the black; bill and feet dark 
horn-colour ; iris dark brown. Total length 6 | inches, bill g, wing 
3j£, tail 4| , tarsus 1£ (Gould). 


Hob. West Australia. 

9. 
HYPERGERUS. 
Type. 
Range. West Africa 

852 
TIMELIIDiE. 

1. Hypergerus atriceps. 
Moho atriceps. Lm. Traite d'Orn, p. 648 (1831). 
Omteropufl orfoloides, Swains. JB. Jlr. Afr. i. p. 280, pi. 31 (1837); 
limit. J. f. 0. 1855, p, 3(50. 
Crateropua atriceps, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 224 (184(5); Bp. Consp. i. 

p. 27S (1850); Uray, JIand-l. B. i. p. 281, no. 414G (1869). 
Hypergerus atriceps, JRekhenb. Syst. Nat. pi. liv. fig. 9 (1850); 
Marti. Orn, Westafr. p. 80(1854); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 24 
(18(37); ttf. I&s, 1872, p. 69. 

Hypochloreua atriceps, Cab. Mus. Hein. Tli. i. p. 85, note (1850). 

Adult. General colour above olive-yellowish.; tail of the same 
colour as the back but a little more olive-brown along the inner 
webs ; wing-coverts like the back, the quills dark brown, externally 
olive-yellowish, the inner secondaries entirely of this colour; crown 
of head and nape black, with hoary grey margins to the feathers, 
imparting a scaly appearance, which extends onto the sides of the 
head behind the ear-coverts; lores black; ear-coverts hoary grey 
with black centres ; checks and entire throat black, with a few hoary 
grey edges to the feathers of the former and some of the lower 
throat-feathers; remainder of under surface deep yellow, inclining 
to deep fawn-colour on the under tail-coverts ; thighs duller yellow; 
sides of body and flanks olive-yellowish; under wing-coverts and 
axillarics deep yellow, as also the edge of the wing; some of the 

lower coverts with a tinge of fawn-colour; quills light brown below, 
whity brown along the edge of the inner web, which has also a 
yellowish tinge. Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 3*2, 
tail 3-6, tarsus 1-1. 

Hah. West Africa from Senegambia to the Gold Coast. 

a. Ad. sk. River Gambia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
b. Ad. sk. Accra (Copt. Haynes). R. B. Sharpe, Esq! 
10. 
BABAX. 
Type. 
Babax, David, Journ. 3?ne JExpl. Chine, i. p. 181 
(18?6) B. lanceolatus. 

Head of Babax lanceolatus. 
Range. China. 

1. Babax lanceolatus. 
l^erorliinus g^g^ X ?** N. Arch. Mus. vi. Bull. p. 36 (Jjljjj, 
11 . PTEROKHINUS. 
353 

Babax lanceolatus, David, Journ. S?ne Expl. Chine, i. p. 181 (1876); 
id. <§• Oust Ois. Chine, p. 187, pi. 51 (1877). 

Adult male (Moupin, March. 1st, 1869; A. David). Above streaked, 
the general colour being dark chestnut-brown and ashy, the margins 
to the feathers being of the latter colour; rump and upper tail-
coverts more uniform ashy brown, the central streaks not so marked; 
wing-coverts coloured like the back, except the bastard-wing feathers, 
which are dusky brown edged with ashy; primary-coverts uniform 
brown ; quills brown, the primaries slightly margined with ashy, 
the inner secondaries more rufous-brown and with plainer ashy 
margins; tail olivaceous brown, with indistinct cross bars under 
certain lights; crown of head chestnut-brown; nape and sides of 
neck streaked like the back, but the edges to the feathers rather 
clearer and more hoary grey; lores and feathers in front of the eye 
fulvous-brown; ear-coverts, as well as a tolerably broad eyebrow, 
hoary white, spotted or streaked with dark brown; cheeks blackish, 
the hinder part mottled with chestnut-brown edged with hoary 
white ; throat and under surface of body bufTy white, a little purer 
on the breast and abdomen; the fore neck and breast streaked with 
nearly obsolete shaft-lines of black; the sides of the breast and 
flanks broadly streaked with chestnut, relieved by a black streak 
down the centre of the feather; sides of vent and thighs brown 
with dusky streaks ; under tail-coverts more fulvescent with dusky 
brown centres; under wing-coverts fulvous-brown streaked with 
chestnut; quills ashy brown below, strongly washed with pale 
rufous along the inner web ; u bill brown ; feet and claws grey ; iris 
pale yellow" (David). Total length 10*8 inches, culmen 1*05, 
wing 3*75, tail 5, tarsus 1*5. (2Iu?. R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.) 

Hah. High mountains of Moupin, Western Szechuen, and South 
Chensi, in China. 

11. FTEEOEHIinTS. rp 
Pterorhinus, Sivinhoe, Ibis, 1863, p. 60 P. dayidi. 
Range, China and Mongolia. 

1. PterorMuus davidi. 
Pterorhimis davidi, Swinh. Ibis, 1868, p. 61; id. P. Z. S.1871, p. 371 j 
Gould, B. Asia, part xxiii. (1871) * Prjev, in Dawson Rowley's 
Om. Misc. ii. p. 202 (1877) ; David $ Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 187, 
pi. 50 (1877). 

Pomatorhinus davidi, Gray, Hand-1. B. I. p. 278, no. 4104 (1864). 

Adult female (type of species). General colour above uniform 
dark ashy brown, clear ashy on the upper tail-coverts; wing-
coverts like the back, with a wash of lavender-grey on the bastard 
wing and outer primary-coverts ; quills dusky brown, the primaries 
externally lavender-grey, the inner secondaries like the back; centre 

VOL. vxi. 2 A 

T1.UELIIDJ2. 

tail-feathers brown like the back, blackish towards their ends the 
remainder blackish, washed with ashy near the bases; nasal plumes 
hoary grey; feathers of forehead slightly lanceolate and washed 
with hoary grey ; lores ashy whitish, mottled with dusky bases to the 
feathers ; over the eye a broad superciliary patch of creamy white * 
cheeks and ear-coverts light earthy brown, washed with hoary °rev 
on the fore part of the former; on the chin a blackish spot, succeeded 
by a small patch of hoary grey ; lower throat and rest of underparts 
light earthy brown, becoming duller on the breast; lower flanks 
abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts ashy, darker on the latter' 
under wing-coverts arid axillaries like the breast; quills ashy brown 
below, lighter along the inner web; bill yellow; feet and claws 

brownish; iris clear brown. Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 1 

wing 2*3, tail 4-0, tarsus 1*3. (3///s. H. tieehohw.) 
Sexes alike in plumage {David). 
Hah. Mountains of Xorth China and Mongolia. 


12. 
TR0CHAL0PT1EF1:. 
Ivpe. 
Troehalopteron, Blyth, J. A. S. B-tiq* xil. p. $52 
(1843; r Typo nulio. 
Trochalopi eron, Iforh/s. in Gray's Z<mL Mm-, p. b'4 
(1844) * ! T. «quamatum. 
Pterocyeliis, Gray* Gen. B. i. p. ±i*» il<*4U) T. t-rythroeephalum. 
Leucodioption, Bp. C, IL xxxwii. p. O4|1N34, 
ex Schiff. MS.) T. canorum. 
Banye, Hills of Southern India ; Himalayas ; Burmese countries, 
and the whole of China, with Formosa and Hainan. 

Kttj to the Sfjic'as. 

a. Outer aspect of quills more brilliant than the 
back, either gulden or grey; mantle sometimes 
spotted, but never streaked. 
a'. Throat black. 
a". Ear-eoverts uniform; checks with a 
large patch of white or fulvous; primary-
coverts black, formiag a patch 
on the wing. 
a"'. Upper tail-coverts rufous ; secondaries 
ashy grey at their ends; 
breast rufous, with ashy margins 
to the feathers. 
a*. With a whitish patch on the sides 
of the neck; size smaller; hack 
rufous; head brown. affine, p. 357, 
bA, No patch of whitish on sides of 
neck; size larger; hack ashy olive; 
head dusky hrown,contrasting with 
rufous hind neck hlytM, p. 858. 

V\ 
Upper tail-coverts ashy; Inner secondaries 
tipped with white on their 
outer websj breast ashy washed 


12 . TROCHALOPTEBDM. 
355 

with fulvous; upper surface ashy 
olive-brown variegatum, p. 359. 

b". Ear-coverts scaly, black, with silvery-
white margins; hind neck and breast 
mottled with black crescentic spots, 


c'". Entire crown rufous, the sinciput 
with a few black streaks; underneath 
ochraceous buff erytTirocephalum, p. 360. 

d'". Forehead rufous; sinciput and sides 
of crown dark ashy grey; hinder 
crown and nape rufous; under surface 
of body rufescent ehrysopterum, p. 362. 

b'. Throat not black, sometimes a little black 
on the chin. 
c". Cap chestnut, as also the throat. 
e'". Primary-coverts olive golden like the 
primaries ; chin hoary grey. 
e*. Mantle and chest mottled with subterminal 
rufous markings nijicapillum, p. 363. 

di 

. Mantle and chest mottled with subterminal 
black markings erythrolcema} p. 363. 

f". Primary-coverts black, forming a 
wing-patch ; chin black; hind neck 
and mantle uniform; ear-coverts 
ashy, streaked with black and 
slightly washed with rufous melanostigma, p. 364. 

d". A black cap. 

g'". Plumage scaly above, with black 
margins to the feathers; throat 
orange ; lower surface spotted with 
black. mifigulare, p. 365. 

h"\ Plumage uniform; throat yellowish 
white; lower surface uniform cineraceum, p. 366. 
e". No distinct cap, the head like the back 
or nearly so. 
i"\ Plumage above scaly in appearance, 
the feathers margined with black. 


e4-. Upper tail-coverts dark chestnut; 
tail black, tipped with rufous; 
greater wing-coverts chestnut; 
primaries externally blue-grey .. squamatum, p. 367. 

f*. tipper tail-coverts olive-brown; 
tail brown, externally golden olive, 
the outer feathers blackish towards 
their ends and tipped with whitish; 
greater wing-coverts olive-brown; 
primaries externally golden olive mibumcolor, p. 368. 

k"\ Plumage above uniform; tail-feathers 
tipped with white; primaries externally 
grey. 


g*. Secondaries externally rufous-brown 
like the greater wing-coverts; 
breast-feathers banded with white; 
abdomen white ; under tail-coverts 
olive-brown tipped with white .. austem, p. 369. 

h4". Secondaries externally golden olive, 
as also the base of the primaries; 
2A2 

$5Q 
TI3TEUID-35. 

no white bars on breast or abdomen; 
the latter being vinous brown 
like the under tail-coverts ellioti, p. 370. 

h. Outer aspect of quills bright crimson. 
c'. Tail black, tipped with reddish brown ; 
ear-coverts crimson; under tail-coverts 
crimson; throat and breast dark olive-


brown 
phcmiceum, p. 371* 

d'\ Ear-coverts grey, streaked with black; tail-
feathers crimson above, Hack below; under 
tail-coverts olive; throat and chest black formosum, p. 372. 

e'. Ear-coverts white; tail entirely red mihii, p. 372. 

5. Outer aspect of quills olive-brown*the feathers 
edged with the same colour as the back. 
f. 
Head uniform. 
f". Abdomen orange-rufous, 
/'". Ear-coverts olive-brown with a slight 
orange tinge; fore neck and chest 
deep orange like the breast cackinnans, p. 873. 

m'". Ear-coverts and lower throat hoary 
whitish; fore neck and chest ashy 
grey jerdom) p. 373, 

g". Under surface of "body ashy or ashy" 
w7hite; the sides of the body orange-
rufous. 


ri". Eyebrow very distinct and extending 
over the ear-coverts; throat and 
breast ashy, with no distinct dusky 
streaks; upper surface olive-brown, 
the head dark brown fairbanki, p. 374. 

0"\ j^ white streak above the lores, not 
forming an eyebrow; throat and 
breast whitish^ distinctly streaked 
with dusky blackish; upper surface 
darker ashy brown, the head more 
dusky meridionak, p. 375. 

g\ Head streaked with black. 

h". With a very distinct white eyebrow; 
upper surface of body rufescent brown 
in tint, more rufous on the head; throat 
rufous eamrum, p. 376. 

*". With no white eyebrow; general colour 
of upper suface ashy or olive-brown; 
throat ochraceous tmvanum, p. 870. 

. Outer aspect of quills only a little lighter than 
the back, the rump dark ashy olive; back 
longitudinally streaked. 

h'. Crown of head and mantle ashy grey, longitudinally 
streaked with brown, and contrasting 
with the back, which is brown 
with white shaft-streaks; ear-coverts 
uniform chestnut Itneatum, p. 377. 


%'. 
Crown of head, as well as the mantle and 
back, brown, with black shaft-streaks on 
the^ head and neck, the mantle with, 
whitish shaft-streaks; ear-coverts pale 
brown, with whitish shaft-lines ,,...,. . imbricatumf p. &79, 

12 . TRGCHALOPTERmr. 
357 

e. "Wing particoloured, the qmih externally 
chestnut ; back longitudinally streaked with 
whitish like tlie head; a white eyebrow • 
throat chestnut. virgatum, p. 379. 
3. Trodialopterum affine. 
Garralax affinis, Bhjtk, JI A. S. Beng. xii. p. 950 (1843, ex Eodgs 
MS.) ; %d. op. mi. XY. p. 599 (1845) ; Gray. Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepalpres. Modffs. p. 8:3 (1846); Blyth, Cat. 'B. Mus. AS. SOC. p. 97 
(1840;. r 

Crateropus affinis, Hodgs. Icon. hied, in Brit. Mus., Passeres. pi 168 
(no. 765) ; id. hi Gray's Zool Misc. p. 83 (1844). 

Pterocvclus aiSnis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 373 (1850); Sorsf. & Moore 
Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 207; Gray. Hand-l. B. i. n 9$% 
no 4183 (1889). l ' 

Trochalopteron affine, Jerd. B. Lid. ii. p. 45 (1863); Gould. B. Asia, 
part xxviiL (1878) ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 97. 

AdulL General colour above reddish brown, mottled on the back 
with ashy-olive tips to the feathers, which have also an obscure 
dusky margin; lower back olive-brown; rump more rufous; the 
upper tail-coverts olive-brown, rufcscent in the centre; wing-
coverts reddish brown, the inner ones washed with olive; the 
greater coverts clearer rufous on the outer webs; bastard-wing 
feathers blue-grey; primary-coverts black ; quills dusky, slaty 
grey at the ends, the outer webs otherwise golden olive; the 
primaries lighter grey towards the end of the outer web ; tail-
feathers dull slaty- grey, washed with golden olive on the outer 
webs, especially towards the bases of the feathers ; crown of head 
darker brown than the back; the sides of the crown black, as are 
also the lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts; the hindermost of the 
latter tipped with, white, like the white spot which is conspicuous 
behind the ear-eoverts, this being succeeded by a dull white patch 
on the sides of the neck, -which is mottled by rufous centres to the 
feathers; on the cheeks a broad band of white; chin and upper 
throat black; the lower throat chestnut-brown ; remainder of 
under surface from fore neck downwards reddish brown, mottled 
with ashy margins to the feathers ; the lower abdomen uniform 
pale fulvous brown ; the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts dull 
olivaceous brown; under wing-coverts and axillaries light reddish 
brown, the lower series dusky like the under surface of the quills, 
which are ashy along the margin of the inner web; " bill black ; 
legs reddish brown ; iris brown " (Jerdon). Total length 8*8 inches, 
culmcn 0*95, wing 3*9, tail 4*5, tarsus 1*5. 

The sexes are alike in plumage; and a pair measure as follows:— 

Total 

Oalmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 

length, 
in. in. in. in. in. 

d. Native Sikhim .......... 9*75 0'85 4-2 5*0 1-45 
J . Native Sikhim 9*75 0-0 4*0 &Q 1-ft 
TlilELlIBO!. 

Young. Differs from the adult in being more rufous above and 
more uniform, the bead more dusky than tbe back; wings and tail 
as in adult; underneath, the colour is more uniform, without ashy 
edgings to the feathers of the breast: cheek-patch visible, but not 
so pronounced as in the adult. 

Hab. Eastern Himalayas. 
a, b, c. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. rj>^ 
(Types of species.] 
d, e. Ad.; /, g. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. Hp~, 
Juv. sk. 

h, i. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
k, I Ad. sk. Darjiling (Secies). F. D. Godnxan and 0. Salvin, 
E^qi-s. "P.". 

m. Ad. bk. Sikhim (Jfaadelli). H. Seebohm, Esq. T.] . 
n. Ad. sk. Sikhim. * Majtr J. BIddulpkT 
o}p. 6 2 ad. sk. Native Sikhim (3Ian- A. O. Hume, Ei-q. 
dellil 
q, r. Ad. sk. Bootan (Fembertm). India Museum. 


2. Trochalopteruni blythi. 
Trochalopteron blythii. J. Verr. Xoue. Arch, du Jim. iv., Bull. p. 37 
(lfc70); id. op."cit. \ii., !?«#. p. 4*3 (1^71) ; Gould, B, Asia, part 
xxu. (i*>74); David § Oud. Ois. Chine, p. L'01 tlj>77). 

Adult male. General colour above a^hy olive-brown ; feathers of 
the back mottled by the half-concealed rufj»<;eiit bases of the 
feathers; wing-coverts a little more raft-scent than the back, 
especially the greater series; bastard-wing feathers blue-grey, 
shaded with golden olive near the base; primary-coverts black; 
quills dull blackish, externally golden olive; the primaries edged 
with bluish grey, the secondaries all bluish grey towards the tips ; 
upper tail-coverts chestnut; tail-feathers golden olive externally, 
bluish grey on the inner web and the tips; hind neck rufous-
brown: crown of head and nape deep chocolate-brown; lores, as 
well as a broad ef ebrow, and feathers round the eye and fore part 
of the ear-coverts blackish ; the hinder part of the latter rufous-
brown ; on the cheeks a broad patch of white ; the chin and upper 
throat blackish; remainder of under surface of body light ruious, 
deepening into chestnut on the thighs and under tail-coverts ; the 
fore neck and breast slightly mottled with ashy margins to the 
feathers; axillaries and under wing-coverts also light ashy, the 
lower series ashy brown like the quills below; u bill black; feet 
clear rufous; iris chestnut-brown"*7 (A. David). Total length 11 
inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4-25, tail 5*1, tardus 1*0. 

The sexes are alike in plumage, according to Pure David. 
Hah. High forests of Western Szechuen, at Moupin and in 
Eastern Kokonoor. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Western Szechuen, Feb. 1% 1870* Abbe David [C], 
12. TRQCHlLOPXERrM. 
3. TroclialopterTim variegatum. 
Cinclosoma variegatum, Vigors, F. Z. S. 1831, p. 56: Gould, Cent. 

Himal B. pi. 16 (1832). 
Garrulax abeillii, Less., teste Gray. 
Crateropus variegatus, Blyth, J. JL S. Beng. xi. p. 179 (1842). 
(xarrulas variegatus, Blyth, J. A . S. Beng, xii. p. 950 (1843), xiv. 

p. 599 (1844); Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Xepal pres. Hodgs. p. 83 
(1846) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 97 (1849). 
Pterocyclus variegatus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 226 (1846) ; Bp. Consp. 

i. p. 372 (1850; ; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. E.L Co. Mus. i. p. 207 
(1854) ; Gray, HarnU. B. i. p. *2^3, no. 4181 (1869). 
Trochal option variegatum, Jerd. B. Lid. ii. p. 45 (1863) id. Ibis, 
1872, p. 305; Cock 8f Marsh. Str. F. 1873, p. 354; Hume. Nests 
Sf Eggs Ind. B. p. 260 (lb73); id. Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 457, 
1879, p. 97. 

TrocJialopteron 
simile, Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 408; id. fy Henderson, 
Lahore to Yarfc. p. 193, pi. vii. (1873); Hume, 8tr. F. 1875, 

p. 407,1879, p. 97 ; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 53. 
Adult. General colour above olive-brown, rather more ashy on 
the bind neck; wing-coverts like the back, the greater series orange-
rufous at the tips and on the outer webs of the external ones, 
forming a wing-patch; bastard-wing feathers and primary-coverts 
black: quills dusky, externally olive-golden, the primaries ashy-
grey on the outer webs, the secondaries also ashy towards their ends, 
with a black band across the centre of the feather on its outer 
web ; the innermost secondaries blackish, pale ashy grey externally, 
shading oif into white at the tip ; centre tail-feathers black, broadly 
tipped with ashy grey with a narrow white ending; the remainder 
black, externally golden-olive, the inner webs ashy brown towards 
the tips, which have a broad white ending, increasing in extent on 
the outer feathers ; forehead fulvous; crown of head and ear-coverts 
ashy brown; behind the eye a little white streak; lores and 
feathers above and below the eye black, extending a little way 
onto the ear-coverts; cheeks and sides of throat fulvous, separated 
from the ear-coverts by an indistinct streak of whitish, on the 

hinder part of which is a black spot; the fulvous sides meeting on the 
lower part of the throat, centre of the throat black; fore neck and 
chest, as well as the sides of the breast and flanks, ashy olive-brown, 
slightly washed with fulvous; centre of breast, abdomen, thighs, 
vent, and under tail-coverts tawny buff, deepening on the latter; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries tawny buff, the edge of the wing 
rufous, the lower series dusky like the inner lining of the quills, 
which are ashy along the margin of the inner web ; " bill black ; 
legs reddish; iris brown" (Jerdon). Total length 10*8 inches, 
culmen 1, wing 4*1, tail 4*9, tarsus 1*5, 

The sexes are alike in colour; and a pair measure as follows:— 

Cdmen' Win&- a?a5L

length Tarsus. 
in. in. in. in. in. 

a. #. Cashmere (Biddulph)., 10*0 0*0 4-1 4*7 145 
k ?. Simla (Damson) 10-75 0-t!5 4-1 5 1 1*45 
360 
TIMEXIIDJE. 

The type of Trochalopterum simile of Hume is in the British 
Museum, and differs in having the outer aspect of the wings and 
tail ashy grey instead of golden olive. At first sight this seems to 
he a good specific distinction; but on examining a series it is found 
that both golden-winged and grey-winged birds are found inhabiting 
the same locality, and on some of the golden-winged birds a 
shade of grey is apparent, as if the golden passed into the latter colour. 
Mr. Hume (Str. P. 1878, vol. ii. p. 457), however, maintains the 
specific distinctness of the two forms, and says that *; at their head 
quarters each is perfectly true to type without any admixture of 
the other ; and these their head-quarters are widely separated." 


Hah. Himalayas, from Gilgit eastwards to Nepal. 

a. 
rT ad. sir. Giteit, Jan. 1881. Major J. Biddulph 
[C.]. 
b. r? ad. sk. Cashmere, May 5, 1876. Major J. Biddulph 
[C.J. 
c. d. Ad. sk. Cashmere (Dr. Bellew). India Museum. 
e. Ad. sk. Cashmere. Purchased. 
/. <$ ad. sk. Naoshira, Cashmere, Nov. 9, Dr. G. Henderson [C.l. 
1870. (Type of T. simile.) 
g,h. <$ 2 ad.;£ Ad. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Staekhouse 
sk. Pim-ull [P.]. 

h. Ad. sk. Murree. 
Colonel Way [P.] 
I. J 
ad. sk. Murree. Major J. Biddulph 
fC.]. 
m. J ad. sk. Near Simla, Sept. 1875. Major J. Biddulph 
n. 
$ ad.sk. Simla, Nov. 22, 1873 (TV. A. O/Hume, Ebq. 
Davison), 
o.p. Q ad. sk. Mahasoo, near Simla, Sept. A. 0. Hume, Esq. 
1879 (W.Davison), 
q, r. Ad. sk. Kumaon (Strachey). India Museum, 
s, t. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 

[P.]. 

u. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
v, w. Ad. sk. Himalayas. Gould Collection. 
4. Trochalopterum erythrocephalum. 
Cinclosoma erythropterum, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 171 ; Gould, 
Cent. Himal B. pi. 17 (1832). 

Crateropus erythrocephalus, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. 3Ius., Passeres, 
pi. 169 (no. 163); Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 179 (1842); Hodgs. 
in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 83 (1844). 

Garrulax erythrocephalus, Blyth, J. A. S. Betig. xii. p. 951 (1843), 

xiv. p. 599 (1845); Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nejwl jjres. Hodgs. 
p. 83 (1846) ; Blyth, Cat B. 3Ius. As. Soc. p. 97 (1849). 
Pterocyclus erythrocephalus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 226 (1846); By. 
Consp. i. p. 372 (1850) ; Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 283, no. 4180 
(1869). 

Trochalopteron 
erythrocephalum, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 43 (1863); 
Hume, Nests 8? Eggs Ind. B. p. 258 (1873); id. Str. F. 1879, 

p. 97 ; Scully, t. c. p. 296. 
12. TROCHALOETERCT. 
361 

Adult. Above particoloured; entire liead and nape bright chestnut; 
bind neck mottled, tbe feathers black, edged with olive or 
ashy grey on the sides of the neck; mantle and upper back olive-
brown ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ashy olive; 
wing-coverts like the back but washed with rufous, the greater 
series chestnut, the innermost of the latter olive-brown washed with 
rufous; bastard-wing feathers ashy grey, externally olive-yellow; 
primary-coverts olive-yellow; quills dusky brown, externally 
golden olive, the secondaries duller olive on the inner secondaries, 
most of which are reddish near the base of the inner web; all the 
quills ashy grey at their ends; tail-feathers dull ashy, externally 
golden olive, brighter towards the base of the feathers; lores 
black: sides of crown streaked with black, as also some of the 
feathers of the sinciput; above the ear-coverts a slight ashy shade; 
ear-coverts black, varied with silvery-grey edges to the feathers, 
with a slight rufous tinge, especially near the eye, all the bases to 
the feathers being rufous ; cheeks and throat black; remainder of 
under surface of body fulvous, washed with ashy on the fore neck, 
breast, and flanks, as well as the thighs and under tail-coverts; the 
fore neck and breast mottled with semilunar spots and subterminal 
bars of black; under wing-coverts and axillaries fulvous brown; 
lower series dusky, like the quills below, which are ashy fulvous 
along the inner web ; " bill horny black ; feet brown fleshy ; claws 
brownish grey horny ; iris greyish brown " (Scully). Total length 
9-8 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4*15, tail 4*8, tarsus 1*5. 

Specimens from the north-western Himalayas are rather paler in 
plumage and have the ear-coverts lighter rufous. Young birds are 
more fluffy in plumage than the adults, have the head dull chestnut, 
the hind neck dusky brown without any black semilunar markings; 
the centre of the back fulvous brown; lower back and rump earthy 
brown; the golden olive of the wing is less pronounced, and the 
inner secondaries entirely ashy grey; ear-coverts blackish with 
silvery-grey edges; throat blackish; remainder of under surface 
rufescent brown, without any black bars on the breast. 

Eab. N.W. Himalayas to Nepal. 

a, b< c, d. Ad. sk. KW . Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse 
' ' Pinwill[P.]. 

e. 2 ad. sk. Lushta, Kotegiuh, Nov. A. 0. Hume, Esq. 
1870. 
/ . Ad. sk. Kunaaon (Strachey). India Museum. 

a. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
[P.]. 
(Type of T. eryth'ocephalum.) 
h, L h. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
[P.]. 
L m, n. Juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
[P.]. 

o. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
362 
TIWELUDM. 

5. Trochalopterum chrysopterom. 
Ianthocincla chrysoptera, Gould, P. Z. S. l&So, p. 48. 
Orateropus erythropterus, JSodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1644). 
Crateropus ckrysopterus, Blyth, J. A. S. Bmg. xi. p. 179 (1842). 
Garrulax ckrysopterus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 951 (1843) ; id. 


Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 97 (1849). 
Pterocyclus chrysopterus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 226 (1846); Bp. Consj). 

i. p. 372 (1850) ; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 206 
(1854); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 28:3, no. 4182 (18(39). 
Trochalopteron chrysopteram, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 43 (1863); Hume, 
Nests § Eggs Ind. B. p. 259 (1873); id. Sir. F. 1879, p. 97. 

Adult. Above particoloured; forehead dark rufous, with Mack 

streaks; lores ashy black, surmounted by a black line forming an 

indistinct eyebrow; sinciput and sides of crown dark ashy grey, 

the former streaked with black .centres to the feathers; occiput 

and nape chestnut; hind neck and mantle reddish brown, as also 

the sides of the neck, mottled all over with a black subterminal 

bar on each feather; back reddish brown ; lower back, rump, and 

upper tail-coverts ashy olive-brown; lesser and median wing-coverts 

reddish brown, the greater series chestnut; primary-coverts and 

quills blackish, externally golden olive ; all the feathers a^hy towards 

the tips, this colour plainer on the secondaries ; tail-feathers golden 

olive-dusky on the inner webs; ear-coverts black, edged with silvery 

white ; cheeks and throat black, the former with indistinct a*»hy 

margins; lower throat and sides of upper neck chestnut-brown ; fore 

neck and breast light reddish brown, mottled with subterminal 

black bars ; lower breast and abdomen uniform reddish brown ; the 

sides of the body olivaceous brown, darker on the thighs and under 

tail-coverts; under wing-coverts and axiilaries reddish brown, the 

lower series dusky like the quills below, these being more ashy along 

the inner margin; " bill dusky brown ; legs horny yellow-brown ; 

irides red" (Jerclon). Total length 10*8 inches, culmen 1, wing4, 

tail 4*7, tarsus 1*55. 

Adult, female. Similar to the male in colour. A pair measure:— 

^ulmen

length- Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 
in. in. in. in. in. 

a. (?. Sikhim 9*25 0-95 
3-8 4*4 1-55 
b. 2 • Sikhim 10-0 1-0 
3-95 4-5 1-55 
Young birds have the wings and the tail like the adults, but are 
otherwise different, being more uniform on the back, without any 
of the black spots on the hinder neck; the head entirely rufous, 
except in the centre of the crown, which is dusky where it is ashy 
in the adult bird ; the throat is black, and the under surface is like 
the adult but duller, and it is uniform on the fore neck and chest, 
which have not the black spots of the adult; the ear-coverts are 
black, edged with hoary grey as in the old bird. 

blab. Eastern Himalayas from ISTepal to Bootan. 

o. Ad. sk. 
Himalayas. J. Gould, Esq. [0.]. (Type 
of species.) 
12 . TK0CHAL0FXE1UJM. 
b. Ad. sk. 
c} d. Ad.; 
e, Juv. sk 
f,y. Ad.sk. 
h, i. Ad. sk. 

k. Ad. sk. 
I Ad. sk. 
m, n. Ad. sk. 
o,p. <$ $ ad. sk. 
q. Ad. sk. 
Nepal. 
Nepal. 

Nepal {Hodgson). 
Barjiling (Eccles). 

Darjiling (Pearson). 
Darjiling. 
Darjiling. 


Sikhim. 
Boo tan (Tembertori). 


Gould Collection. 

B. I-I. Hodgson, Esq.. [P.]. 
India Museum. 

F. D. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
India Museum. 

B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
Henry Seebokm, Esq. [P.]. 
A. 0. Hume, Esq. 
India Museum. 
6. Trochalopterum raficapillnm. 
Garrulax ruficapillus, Myth, J. A. S. Beng. xx. p. 521 (1851). 
Trocbalopteron ruficapillum, Jerd. B. hid. ii. p. 44 (1863): Hume, 
Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 385, 1879, p. 97. 
Pteroeyclus ruficapillus, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 283, no. 4190 (1869). 

Adult male. General colour above ashy olive, the upper back 
iunulated, with, ashy tips to the feathers, before which is a reddish 
brown bar ; the mantle reddish brown, broadly margined with paler 
reddish; lesser wing-coverts olivaceous, washed with reddish; median 
and greater coverts deep chestnut-brown; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts golden olive, the former brighter; quills blackish, externally 
golden olive, the inner secondaries golden olive, ashy for their terminal 
third ; upper tail-coverts ashy olive; tail-feathers olive, golden 
on their outer webs ; forehead and vertex grey, more or less washed 
with, rufous; nape bright chestnut, forming a patch; lores and 
feathers in front of the eye grey ; a broad superciliary band of hoary 
grey; ear-coverts deep vinous chestnut, hoary grey on the upper 
part; cheeks and throat deep chestnut-red, the fore part of the cheeks 
washed with hoary grey ; fore neck a little lighter chestnut than the 
throat and somewhat lunulated with lighter rufous margins to the 
feathers with a subterminal bar of deeper rufous ; remainder of under 
surface rufous, ashy olive on the lower flanks, thighs, and under 
tail-coverts ; axillaries olivaceous buff; under wing-coverts washed 
with chestnut, with a spot of hoary grey on the edge of the wing ; 
lower series of under wing-coverts dusky, as also the lower surface 
of the quills, which are lighter brown along the inner web. Total 
length 8-6 inches, culmen 0*95, wing 3*95, tail 4*35, tarsus 1-6. 

Hah. Khasia and Naga hills. 

a. 
2 ad. sk. Shillong (A. W. Chennell). Capt. E. G. "Wardlaw 
Kamsay [P.]. 
7. Trockalopterum erythrolsema. 
Trocbalopteron erythrolserna, Hume, Str. F. 1881, p. 154. 
Male. The lores blackish dusky; the extreme tip of the chin 
dusky ; rest of chin, entire throat, cheeks, ear-coverts, upper neck 
aE round, forehead, crown, occiput, and upper part of nape deep 

364 TIMELIDAE;. 

chestnut-red, a little brighter on top of head, a little duller on the 
throat; upper breast similarly coloured but paler; lower breast 
and upper abdomen paler again and much yellower and rustier; 
most of the feathers on these parts with subterminal blackish spots,' 
beyond which the tips are fringed paler ; middle of lower abdomen 
pale ferruginous, unspotted; sides of body and abdomen, flanks, 
vent, and lower tail-coverts a dull olivaceous earth-brown; tibial 
plumes much the same, but with just a faint touch of the colour of the 
middle lower abdomen; wing-lining grey, but some of the feathers 
just tipped with reddish or orange-ferruginous : interscapulary region 
a pale greenish olive-grey, all the feathers with large blackish-brown 
subterminal spots, succeeded by a paler fringe; space between in terscapulary 
region and where the uniform red of the nape ends similar 
and similarly spotted to the former, but more or less overlaid 
with the bright red of the crown, and with a yellower tinge of this; 
lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, tertiaries, and tail, where not 


tinged with golden, the same pale greenish olive-grey as the ground of 
the interscapular}- region ; all the tall-feathers tinged and margined 
on their outer webs, most strongly towards their bases, with a somewhat 
olivaceous golden; outer webs of primaries and secondaries 
a brighter shade of this same golden ; secondary and tertiary greater 
coverts rich maroon-chestnut, their median and h^ser ones a paler 
tint of this mingled with yellow ; legs and feut flohy brown, pinker 
on feet; bill blackish brown ; irides grey. Length lu-:j inches, bill 
from gape 1*07, wing 3*7, tail 4*o, tarsus !%">. [ILrmf, t.e.) 


Hah. Eastern hills of llunipur. 

8. Trochalopteron melaHostigma, 
Trochalopteron melanosti^ma. Bh/th,J. A, S, Stuff, xxi v. p. 2CS (1*55); 
Blyth § Walchn7B. Burnt, p. 10*, no. :JI« fl*;5t; Wardlaw 
Ramsay* Ibis^ 1*77, p. 404; llume §• Davteon* Sfr. F, 1*78, vol. i. 

p. 291; Hume. Sfr, F. Ih7df f. 97; Gould, B. Aat'a, part xxxIIL 
(1882); Oates, B. Brit Burm. p. 39 (1*N1); 
Pterocyclus melanostiirmus, Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 2*3, no. 4192 
(1809). 

Adult female. General colour above greenish brown, slightly 
more olive on the hind neck and mantle; wing-coverts like the 
back except the greater series, which are externally bright chestnut; 
bastard-wing feathers blackish, externally olive slightly 
washed with chestnut; primary-coverts black; quills dusky, externally 
olive-greenish, rather yellower on the outer webs of the 
primaries; tail-feathers dusky, olive-greenish on the outer webs; 
crown of head and nape bright chestnut; base of forehead, lores, 
feathers in front of eye, fore part of cheeks, and chin Hack; hinder 
part of eyelid white; feathers along the sides of hinder crown and 
the sides of the nape light bluish grey, extending down behind 
the ear-coverts, the latter silvery grey with rufous-brown shaft-
streaks ; hinder part of cheeks and throat chestnut; remainder of 
under surface light reddish brown or dull tawny ; sides of breast, 

12. TKOCHALOPTEETJM:. 
365 

flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts greenish brown, as also the 
axillaries; under wing-coverts light reddish except the lower series, 
which are dusky like the inner lining of the quills, which are edged 
with ashy along the inner web; " bill black; legs pinkish brown; 
iris deep chocolate v (R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay). Total length 9-2 
inches, culmen 1, wing 3*55, tail 4*2, tarsus 1-5. 

Adult male. Similar in colour to the female, but a little larger, 
and having the breast pervaded with a brighter shade of chestnut; 
" legs, feet, and claws very pale brown to reddish brown; bill black; 
irides brown or hazel-nut brown " (Davison). Total length 10 inches, 
culmen 1, wing 3*95, tail 4*45, tarsus 1*55. 

Hah. Karen hills in Eurniah, extending into Tenasseriin. 

a. J ad. sk. Karen hills, April 17,1875. Capt. R. G-. Wardlaw 
Ramsay [C.]. 
b. S ad. sk.
c. d ad. sk.
d. P ad.sk. 
Karen-nee, April 1,1874. 
Near Moolevit, Jan. 30(W. Davison). 
Between Mooleyit and Paraduba, 
Jan. 27 (IF. Bavinson). 
Capt. R. (3r. Wardlaw 
Ramsay [0.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 

0. Trochalopterum rufignlare. 
Ianthocincla rufogularis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 48 : Bp. Consp. i. 
p. 371 (1850). 
Cincloaoma ruiiinenta, Hodgs. Adat Res. xix. p. 148 (1836),-id. 
Icon, inecl, Pas^eres, pi. ItjO. fig. 2 (no. 187). 
Garrulax rufogularis, Blyth, J. A. & Reng. xii. p. 951 (1843), xiv. 

p. 599 (1845); id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 90 (1849). 
Orateropus rufimentum, JHodgs. in Grays Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844). 
Trochalopteron rufigulare, Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepalpres. Hodgs. 
p. 84 (1846) j id. Gen. B. i. p. 220 (1846); Rorsf. $ Moore, Cat 
B. R.I. Co. Mus. I p. 210 (1854}; Jerd. B. Ind.'il p. 47 (1863) ; 
Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 282, no. 4170 (1869); Jerd. Ibis, 1872, 
p. 306; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 261 (1873) * id. Str. F. 
1878, vol. ii. p. 156, 1879, p. 97. 
Adult. General colour above olive-brown, a little more ochraceous 
on the rump and upper tail-coverts, the latter tipped with rufous, 
all the feathers with a black bar at the tip * wing-coverts like the 
back, and tipped with black in the same manner; bastard-wing 
feathers ashy grey, black at the tip; primary-coverts black; quills 
dusky ; the primaries externally ashy grey, with a black band across 
the middle; secondaries pale olive-brown like the back, narrowly 
tipped with white, before which is a broad subterminal bar of 
black; tail-feathers olive-brown slightly washed with rufous, with 
a well-marked tip of light bay, before which is a broad bar of black; 
crown of head black, with ashy-grey bases to the feathers; lores 
white, forming a conspicuous spot; an eyebrow of pale brown; ear-
coverts dusky ash-colour, tipped with black and slightly washed 
with rufous; cheeks ashy, the feathers tipped with a black spot; 

TIMELIID^. 

chin bright rufous; lower throat white; fore neck and chest ashy, 

with triangular spots of black; centre of breast and abdomen white; 

sides of body and flanks pale olive-brown, sparsely spotted with 

black ; thighs olive-brown, tinged with fulvous ; under tail-coverts 

bright rufous ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale olive-brown; 

quills dusky below, ashy along the margin of the inner web; " bill 

horny yellow; legs fleshy brown; orbital skin blue *7 (Jerdon). Total 

length 9 inches, culmen 0'95, wing 3-6, tail 3*9, tarsus 1*4. 

The specimens from the north-western Himalayas are very similar 

to T. nifigidare, but are everywhere very much paler, and have the 

ear-coverts light uniform rufous, fringed with black at the back; 

the rufous on the throat, under tail-coverts, and end of tail is also 

lighter than in the more eastern birds. Total length 9*5 inches, 

culmen 0*85, wing 3*55, tail 4, tarsus 1*4. 

Mr. Hume (Str. F. 1878, vol. il. p. 150) enters fully into the 

question of the variation in plumage of the present bird. 

The sexes are alike in plumage. A pair measure:— 

Total 

Ctdmen WinS TaiL

length.-- Tarsus, 
in. in. in. in. in, 

a. 6- Sikhim 0*0 1'0 3-tj 4*15 1%5 
b. §. Darjiling 8*5 O'Do 3-0 4*25 1-3 
Hob. Himalaya mountains, from the north-west eastwards to 
Bootan, and extending into the Khasia hills. 

a. Ad. sk. X.W. Ilimalavas India Museum. 
{Griffith). 
K Ad. sk. Murree, Jan. 1873. Majur C. IL X. Marshal TP.]


c. (S ad. sk. Murree. Major J. Biddulph C.~. 
d. Ad. sk. Mussoorie. Capt Staekhoii-e Pin will "P.l. 
e,f, g. Ad. sk. Xepal. B. II. Hodprson. Esq. ~P.]. (Types 
of Cinclo<oma rittimentum.) 
h i, k, I. Ad. sk. Xepal. B. H. Hods-son, Esq. [P.]. 

m. Ad. sk. Xepal {HodysoTi). India Mu>eum. 
n. Ad. sk. Darjiling. Gould Collection. 
0. S ad. sk. Darjiling. A. 0. Hume, Enq. 
V* $ ad. sk. Sikhim,TDec* 1877. A. 0. Hume^ E-q. 
£• Ad. sk. J$OQ\&n.(Pemberton). India Museum. 
r. 
Ad. sk. Himalayas. J. Gould, Esq. [P.], (Type of 
species.) 
10. Trochalopterton cineraceum* 
Trochalopteron cineraceum, Godzcin-Ai/si. P. Z. B. 1874, p. 48, 
pi. xi.; Gould, B. Asiar part xxvii. (l»7o). 

Adult male (Thobal valley. Munipur: type of species). General 
colour above ashy olive, more fulvescent on the lower back and 
rump, the npper tail-coverts more decidedly olive; the hind neck 
and mantle slightly marked with black tips to a few of the feathers; 
wing-coverts like the back, the greater series a little more ashy at 
their tips; bastard-wing feathers lavender-grey with broad black 

12 . TR0CHA.L0PTERU3I. 
367 

centres; primary-coverts black, forming a wing-patch; quills 
blackish, the primaries externally lavender-grey, the secondaries 
externally ashy olive like the back for two thirds of their length, 
the remaining third blackish like the inner web, with a terminal 
border of white; tail-feathers ashy olive tipped with white, before 
which is a broad subterminal band of black; crown of head black, 
forming a cap; feathers at base of nostrils also black; lores, feathers 
round the eye, and a broad eyebrow ashy whitish, separated from 
the ear-coverts by a narrow line of black ; ear-coverts ashy whitish, 
fringed behind with isabelline feathers having dusky bases; cheeks 
and sides of neck isabelline brown, spotted with longitudinal black 
centres, with a black patch below the eye ; under surface of body 
isabelline buff, whiter on the throat, which has a few narrow lines 
of black; centre of abdomen paler; thighs and under tail-coverts 
ochraceous buS like the lower flanks, axillaries, and under wing-
coverts ; lower series of the latter dusky brown, as also the quills 
below, the latter ashy brown along the inner web. Total length 
8*5 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3-25, tail 3*9, tarsus 1*3. (Mtis. H H. 
Godwin- Austen.) 

Hah. Munipur. 

11. Trochalopterum sqnamatum. 
Ianthocincla squamata, Gould, JR. Z. S. 1835, p. 48; Jard. § SelbyP 
111. Orn. new series, pi. iv. (1830). 
Cinclosoma melapuruin, Hodgs. Asiat. Research xix. p. 147 (1836) -? 
id. Icon. hied, in Brit Mas., Fasseres, pis. 169,170. tig. 2 (no. 376), 
Garrulax squamatu>, Blyth, J, A. 8. Beng. xii. p. 951 (1843), xh\ 

p. 599 (1845) ; id. Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 90 (1849). 
Trochalopteron rnelanuram, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 8$ 
(1844). 
Trochalopteron 
squamatum, Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. 
Hodgs. p. 83 (1846); id. Gen. B. i. p. 226 (1846); Bp. Consp. I 

p. 372 (1850) ; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat B. BJ. Co. Mus. i. p. 211 
(1854); Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 40 (1863) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 282, 
no. 4177 (1869); Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 306; Hume, Nests & Eggs 
Ind. B. p. 260 (1873); id. Str. F. 1879, p. 97. 
Adult. General colour above dark olive-brown, each feather very 
distinctly edged with black; the crown rather lighter olive-brown, 
with narrower black edges, sides of crown bordered l>j a black 
stripe; least and median wing-coverts like the back, and edged 
with black in the same way; greater coverts externally ferruginous 
; bastard-wing feathers black, externally blue-grey; primary-
coverts black; quills black, externally blue-grey, the secondaries 
ferruginous on the outer web, the inner ones washed externally 
with olive-brown; upper tail-coverts dark chestnut; tail-feathers 
black, tipped with ferruginous, extending a little way along the 
outer web, the centre feathers washed with olive, and dull chestnut 
near the base; lores fulvescent; ear-coverts uniform dusky olive-
brown ; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body rufescent brown, 
more fulvous in the centre of the body) all the feathers margined 
with black, the flanks rather browner; under tail-coverts chestnut; 

368 TIMELIID-E. 

under wing-coverts like the breast, the lower series dusky; quills 

dusky brown below, more ashy along the margin ; " bill black; legs 

shining fleshy brown; iris red-brown" (Jerdoa). Total length 

8*8 inches, oilmen 0*95, wing 3*9, tail 4, tarsus 1*5. 

Some of the specimens have grey lores and a slight greyish shade 

on the upper ear-corerts, and there is a perceptible difference in the 

rufous or olive shade of the underparts. Young birds differ from 

the adult in being much more rufous, and are uniform above and 

below, without any of the black edges to the feathers of the back or 

underparts, the pattern of the wings and tail being the same as in 

the adult. 

Hob. Eastern Himalayas. 

a. Ad. sk. Himalayas. J. Gould, Esq. "P.". (Type 
of specie*.) 
b} c. Ad. &k. Nepal.B.~ II. Hudson, Esq. [P.]. 
(Types of T. melanurnm.)
d, e7fi g. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H/FIodtr-on, E&q. [P.]. 


h. Ad. sk. Nepal (Ilodgso/i). India 31u>eum. 
i. Juv. sk. Nepal. GtiuH Collection. 
k}l. (S ad.sk. Darjilins*. A. <). Ilmie, E^q. 
m, n. Ad. sk. Daijilinsr. II. S^-buhin, Esq. 
o. Ad. sk. Boutan (Pd??2berio/i). India Muslim. 
12. Trochalopterum subuiilcolor. 
Troehalopteron subunlcolor, Bh/tJi, J, A. S. Btng. xii. p. 0o2 (1843, 
descr. nulla) \ Hudgs. Icon. intd. in Brit, Mt,t*<.. Pa^ere% pi. 172 
(no. 842}; Gray, Out. Jfamm. etc. Xrpalpre*. JIndg*. p. ^4 (1^40); 
id Gen, B. i. p. 220 fl84fjf; Bp. Om\p. i. p. ;}?'} < ]<30j ; Jerd. 
B.Ind.ii.^ 44 (ISm); Gray, Haml-l B. i. p. 2y>, no. 4179 
(1869;; Jerd. Ibis, 1&72, p. 300; Hume, Xente & Eggs Ind. B. 

p. 2.J9 (1873); id. Sir. F. Ite70, p. 97. 
Garrulax subuiricolor, Bh/th, J. A. ti. Beng. xiv. p. r-jOli (1*4-5, descr, 
prihc); id. Oat B. Mm. As. Sac. p. llti"(1649). 

Adult. General colour above olive-brown, mottled "with blackish 
margins to the feathers, before which is a subtenninal bar of lighter 
olive, these margins more narrow and less conspicuous on the lower 
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts; sides of neck like the back, but 
more decidedly mottled with a pale siibtenniiial bar ; crown of head 
dark ashy, with black edges to the feathers, the forehead tinged with 
fulvous; wing-coverts olive-brown, lighter on the bastard-wing 
feathers; primary-coverts blackish, externally olive-brown; quills 
dusky, externally golden-olive, the primaries ashy grey towards 
their ends; the secondaries externally olive-greenish, the innermost 
tipped with ashy; tail-feathers blackish, washed with golden olive 
on the outer webs, the centre feathers shaded with olive for nearly 
their entire length, the outer ones narrowly tipped with white; 
lores ashy grey, mottled with dusky margins to the feathers; cheeks 
and ear-coverts dusky brown, with pale shaft-lines ; under surface 
of body light ochxaceous buff, the feathers mottled with dusky bases 

12 . IKOCHAIOPTERTTM. 
and olive-brown margins ; the throat dark ashy, shaded with olive; 
fore neck and chest more olive-brown, with a subterminal bar of 
pale ocbraceous before a dusky-brown edging to the feathers; flanks, 
thighs, and under tail-coverts dull olive-brown, as also the axillaries 
and under wing-coverts; the lower series of the latter dusky like the 
quills below, these latter being more ashy along the margin of the 
inner web; 4; bill dusky; legs reddish brown ; iris reddish brown ,J 
{Jerdon). Total length 8 inches, culmen0*8, wing 8'65, tail 3-85, 
tarsus 1*45. 

Oba. The plumage in this species appears to be subject to considerable 
bleaching, especially as regards the golden colour of the 
wing, which fades to a whity brown. 

Young birds always have the outer aspect of the wing thus faded 
in tint, and are more rufous-brown as well as more uniform on the 
upper surface, some of the feathers with blackish edges, but the 
subterminal light markings of the old bird not perceptible; the 
under surface of the body is also uniform dull brown, darker on the 
throat, but without the least appearance of the ochraceous mottling 
which is such a conspicuous feature of the adult. 

Hab. Eastern Himalayas. 

a. Ad.; h. Juv. sk. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
(Types of species,) 
c, d, e. Ad.; /. Juv.; Xepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 

g. Xmm, sk. 
h, i. Ad. sk. Xepal (Ilodgwn). India Museum. 
k Ad. sk. Darjiling. Gould Collection. 
/. Ad. sk. Sikiiim. II. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
13. Trochalopterum austeni. 
Trochalopteron austeni, Jercl. Ibis, 1872, p. 804; Gould, R Asia, 
part XJLV. (1873); Godtcin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. p. 105 
(1870) ; Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 414,1870, p. 97. 

Adult General colour above reddish brown, inclining more or 
less to olive, especially on the lower back and rump; wing-coverts 
like the back, the greater series rufous tipped with yellowish white, 
before which is an indistinct bar of black; bastard-wing feathers 
externally ashy olive; primary-coverts rufous, dusky blackish at 
tip ; quills dusky, externally rufous-brown; the primaries ashy along 
the inner w?eb;" the secondaries spotted with white at the tip like 
the greater coverts; centre tail-feathers reddish brown, the remainder 
blackish, externally reddish brown except towards the ends, which 
are tipped with white ; crown of head, hind neck, and sides of neck 
more rufous than the back, and relieved by yellowish shaft-streaks; 
lores ashy grey; ear-coverts dark chestnut-brown, with pale shaft-
streaks ; "the region of the eye dusky ; cheeks, throat, and fore neck 
reddish brown, mottled with dusky bars, eachfeather having an obscure 
subterminal paler bar; the chest and rest of underparts reddish brown, 
strongly barred with wrhite before a dusky margin to each feather; 
the sides of the breast more strongly shaded with rufous ; featheis 
of the abdomen white, with a distinct terminal bar of dusky, and 

VOL. VII. 2 B 

370 iniELIID^. 

remains of indistinct dusky bars on the base of the feather; lower 
flanks and thighs dull olive-brown; the under tail-coverts olive-
brown with pale Mvescent tips; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
olive-brown, the lower series dusky like the under surface of the 
quills, which are more ashy along the margin of the inner web. 
Total length 10 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 3*85, tail 4-5, tarsus 1-5. 
{Mm. M. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.) 

Hab. Hill-ranges of Xorth-eastern Bengal 

14. Irochalopterum ellioti. 
Troclialopteron ellioti, J. Terr. Nouv. Arch, du Jim. vi. Bull. p. 36 
(1870); id. op. cit. Til Bull. p. 44 (1871): Gould, B. Asia, part 

xxv. (1873): Prjev. in Roideifs 0m. Misc. ii. p. 2Q:i no. 117 
(1877); David $ Oust Ois. Chine, p. 202, pi. 57 (1877). 
Male (not quite adult). General colour above earthy brown washed 

with olive, the head a little lighter than the back, the forehead and 

eyebrows pale lavender-brown; wing-coverts like the back, the 

greater coverts slightly tinged with rufous, the bastard-wing feathers 

shaded with ashy; primary-coverts black ; quills dusky, externally 

golden olive, brighter golden colour near the base of the primaries, 

which are bluish ashy tow arcls the ends of the outer webs; the 

secondaries also ashy at the tips and along the outer webs; the 

innermost secondaries entirely bluish a^h-colour; centre tail-fea


thers golden brown, ashy at the tips; all the oilier tail-feathers 

dark ashy on the inner web, golden brown for the greater part of 

the outer web, tipped with white, increasing in extent towards the 

outermost feather; Icres and nasal plumes blaeki&h; ear-coverts 

chocolate-brown, with narrow edges of hoary white to the tips of 

the featheis; cheeks lighter brown; throat chocolate-brown, with 

the same obsolete tips to the feather* as on the ear-coverts; remainder 

of under surface earthy brown, fading into dull vinous red on the 

abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts dull 

vinous brown, the lower series dusky like the inner lining of the 

quills : " bill black ; feet rufous ; Iris* yellowish white'' (A. David). 

Total length 10 inches, culmen 0*7, wing J>0, tail o, tardus 1-45. 

The specimen described is not quite adult; but an old bird in 

Capt. "Wardlaw Itamsay's collection only differs in being rather 

clearer in coloration, the upper tail-coverts being ashy and the fea


thers of the mantle being tipped with white, before which is a sub


terminal dusky bar; underneath, the colours are brighter, especially 

as regards the vinous red colour of the abdomen and under tail-coverts. 

The iris in the adults is clear yellow. 

Hah. Mountains of Western China, at Moupin, in Xorthern 

Setchuen and at Chensi, as far as Houngho. It also occurs In Kansou. 

a. 6 imm. *k, Moupin, Oct. 28, 1*1,0, Abbe David X1.]. 
12 . TEOCHALOPTEEUM. 
37 1 
15. Trodialopterton phceniceum. 
lanthocinela phcenicea, Gould, Icones Avium, pi. 3. 
Orateropus puniceus, Blyth, J. A. & Beng. si. p. ISO (1842). 
Garrulax phrenic-ens, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 951 (1843). xiv. 

p. 599 (1845); id. Cat B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 97 (1849). 
Trochaiopteron 
phcenieeum, Gray, Cat Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. 
Hodgs. p. 83 (1840); id. Gen. B. i. p. 220 (1846) *. Bp. Consp. I 

p. 372 (1850); Horsf. § Moore, Cat B. E.l. Co. Mm. i. p. oio 
(1854); Jerd. B. Lid. ii. p. 48 (1803); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p, 282, 
no. 4178 (1869); Hume, Xests «§• Bggs Bid. B. p. 202 (1873): id. 
r V ;? 

Mr, F. 1879, $. 97.
Adult. General colour above dark fulvous-brown, inclining to 
dark rufous-brown on the upper tail-coverts, as also the wing-
coverts, most of which are tinted on the outer web with crimson; 
bastard-wing feathers dusky fulvous-brown washed with crimson 
t externally; primary-coverts black; quills black, externally edged 
with crimson, inclining to reddish buff towards the tips; the outer 
secondaries margined with grey in the middle and with crimson 
towards the tip, which is narrowly edged with reddish buff; inner 
secondaries black, externally fulvous-brown near the base, with a 
large patch of crimson near the end of the outer, web, this being 
separated by a line of black from the fulvous-brown of the outer 
web, the tips rather more broadly edged with reddish buff: the innermost 
secondaries like the back; tail-feathers black tipped with 
reddish, increasing in extent towards the outermost; head a little 
more olive-brown than the back, the forehead washed with crimson 
at base ; lores, cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of face crimson, as well 
as a narrow line above9 the eye, separated from the crown by a 
broader streak of black : entire under surface of body dark earthy 
brown, washed with crimson on the chin; centre of breast dull 
ashy; long upper tail-coverts bright crimson with black bases; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries like the breast, the edge of the 
wing crimson ; quills dusky brown below, reddish along the outer 
web, more ashy brown along the inner one; " bill black; legs 
livid brown; iris red-browrn" (Jerdon). Total length 8m5 inches, 
culm en 0*85, wing 3*5, tail 4*25, tarsus 1*5. 
Young birds differ from the adult in being duller brown, and in 
having the crimson on the wings much less vivid, and especially on 
the sides of the face, where the red is not nearly so extended as in 
the old birds. 
Hah. Eastern Himalayas. 

a. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
b. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.J. 
c. d. Ad. sk. Nepal (Bodgwn). India Museum. 
e. Ad. sk. Darjiling (Becks). F. D. G-odman and 0 Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
/. 
Imm. sk. Darjiling. Capt. E. G. Wardlaw 
Kamsay. 


g. $ ad. sk. Darjiling. A. O. Hume, Esq. 
//, *. Ad. sk. Sikiimi. HfinrySeebohro,E&q.rp.l 
*. Ad. sk. Rikhim. Major J. Biddulph [0.]. 
I. Ad.; m. Juv. sk. Himalayas. Gould Collection. 
2*2 
372 TIHELItDJE. 

16. Trochalopternm fomostun. 
Trochalopteron formosum, J. Terr. Xour, Arch, du 31us. v. Bull 
p. 35 (1869) ; id. op. tit. vii. p. 43; pi. 2 (1871); Sicinh. P. Z. & 
1871, p. 372; Gould B. Asia, part xxiv. (1872); David 8f Oust 
Ois. Chine, p. 19% pi. 59 (1877). 
Adult female ("Western Szeehuen, Jan. 20; A. David). General 
colour above rufous-brown, the lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts dark olive-brown; wing-coverts like the back, the greater 
series Y, ashed with crimson: bastard-wing feathers and primary-
coverts crimson, streaked with ashy grey near the tips : quills black, 
externally bright crimson except the innermost secondaries, which 
are entirely black; centre tail-feathers dull crimson, the remainder 
blackish on the inner webs, dull crimson on the outer, becoming 
brighter crimson on the margin of the feathers; forehead and 
sinciput ashy grey, streaked with black centres to the feathers ; the 
hinder part of the crown rufous-brown, all the feathers broadly edged 
with ashy grey; lores and extreme base of forehead, as well as 
a line along the sides of the crown, black ; ear-coverts hoary grey, 
streaked with black down ihe centre of the feathers ; sides of neck 
bordering the ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, and fore neck black ; 
breast reddish brown, a few of the feathers adjoining the chest edged 
with black ; abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts olive-brown ; 
thighs dark ashy, slightly washed with olive; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries like the breavt, the lower series dusky like the under 
surface of the quills, which are paler along the margin of the 

inner web. Total length 10*8 inches, culmen 1, wing 4, tail 4*5, 
tarsus 1*G. (21ns. H. G. Wardlaiv Mammy.) 
Hab. "Western Szechtien. 


17. Trochalopterum milai. 
Trochalopterum inilni, David, Ami. ScL Sat. fo) xix. art. 9 (1874) : 
id. Journ. Sme Rvpl. Chine, ii. p. 271 <lfc7G); id. k Oust. Ois. 
Chine, p. 200, pi. 58 (1877). 

Adult male. Crown of head and upper part of neck of a bnffy 
rufous colour ; ear-coverts pure white; throat and lores black; back 
olive, with the large feathers edged with a darker border; rump and 
upper tail-coverts of a golden olive tint; lower parts ashy olive, 
passing to greenish on the neck, breast, flanks, under tail-coverts, 
and tibial plumes ; upper surface of the tail bright red, lower surface 
blackish ; quills above brilliant and glossy red, with the inner webs 
of the innermost secondaries white; bill and feet black; iris brown. 

(David 4' Oustalet.) 
Adult female. Like the male. (lid. L t\) 
Youmj. "Want the rufous cap on the head, and have not any white 

on the ear-coverts or inner secondaries, {lid. L e.) 
Hah. "Wooded mountains of Western Fokien. 

12 . TEOCHALOPTEETJM. 
373 

18. Trockalopterum cacMnnans. 
Orateropus eachinnans, JercL Maclr, Jour. x. p. 255, pi. 7 (1839). 
Crateropus delesserti, Lafr. 
Garrulax eachinnans, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 952 (1843), xiv. 


p. 599 (1845); id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc, p. 97 (1849). 
Pterocjclus eachinnans, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 226 (1846); Bp. Camp. 
i. p. 372 (1850) ; Horsf. § Moore, Cat. B. EJ. Co. Mus. i. p. 263 
(1854) j Gray, HaacU. B. i. p. 283, no. 4184 (18G9). 
Trockalopteron 
eachinnans, Jerd. B. hid. ii. p. 48 (1863); id. Ibis, 
1872, p. 806; Kume, J\7ests $ Eggs Ind. B. p. 263 (1873) ; id. Str. 

F. 1879, p. 97. 
Adult. General colour above olivaceous brown, a little more ashy 
on the mantle and back; wing-coverts like the back; quills brown, 
externally olivaceous brown, lighter brown on the outer web of the 
primaries ; tail brown, washed with olivaceous brown; crown of 
head and nape ashy, the base of the forehead black, as also the 
lores; a very distinct white eyebrow, bordered both above and 
below by a streak of black; eyelid white; ear-coverts light rufous; 
base of cheeks, chin, and upper throat black; remainder of under 
surface of body deep orange-rufous, lighter towards the abdomen; 
the sides of the body and under tail-coverts olive-brown, the thighs 
dark olive-brown; axillaries olive-brown; under wing-coverts rufous 
; quills dusky brown below, fulveseent along the edge of tho 
inner web; " biH black; legs dusky greenish; iris fine red " (Jerdon). 
Total length 2*8 inches, oilmen 0*8, wing 3*5, tail 3*9, tarsus 1*35. 
Adult female. Like the male in plumage. 
A pair measure:— 


0ulmen WinS TaiL Tarsus

length--in. 
in. in. in. in. 

a. S. Nilghiris (Morgan) 8-0 0*8 3-15 3*5 1-85 
b. $ . „ „ 8-0 0-8 3*4 3-7 1*35 
Hah. j^ilghiri hills in Southern India. 

a. Ad. sk. Kilghiris {F. Bay). India Museum. 
b. Ad. sk. Kilghiris. 
Gould Oollectioi}. 
c. d. d 
? ad. sk. Kilghiris (B. W. Morgan). Capt. E. G. Wardlaw 
Kamsay. 
e. Ad. sk. Ootacamund, Aug. 1870. Capt. E. G. Wardlaw 
Bamsay. 
/. <$ ad. sk. Kotergherry, June 18,1877. A. O. Hume, Esq. 

g. Ad. sk. Madras (Wright). India Museum. 
h. 
Ad. sk. Coonoor, Nilgliiris, April 2; W. Davison, Esq. [P.]. 
1882. 
19. Troclhaloptenim jerdoni. (Plate X.) 
Garrulax jerdoni, Blyih, J. A. S. Beng. xx. p. 522 (1851). 
Trochalopteron jerdoni, Jerd. B. Bid. ii. p. 49 (1863) ; id. Ibis, 1872, 

p. 366 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 97. 
Adult male. General colour above olive-brown, a little darker 

374 HMELIIDJ3. 

on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; head slaty blackish ; hind neck 
ashy grey, shading off on the mantle; -wing-coverts olive-brown 
like the back; primary-coverts dusky brown, edged with olive; 
quills dark brown, externally deeper olive-brown, the inner secondaries 
entirely of the latter colour; tail-feathers rather deeper-coloured 
and more ruddy olive-brown : lores black, as also a patch behind the 
eyes; over the latter a broad superciliary streak of white, commencing 
at the base of the bill and extending a little behind the 
eye, being continued above the ear-coverts in a streak of light ashy 
grey ; eyelid white above and below, black before and behind; fore 
part of cheeks dusky ashy grey : ear-coverts hoary whitish washed 
with ashy; chin and upper throat black ; remainder of throat hoarv 
whitish, strongly washed with ashy ; fore neck and chest ashy grey, 
forming a band; remainder of under surface of body orange-rufous, 

the sides of the body and flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts olive-
brown ; axillaries olive-brown; under wing-coverts light orange-
buff washed with olive, the lower series dusky ash-brown ; quills 
dull brown below, pale rufous along the inner web; " bill black; 
legs hoary; iris red" {Juxloti). Total length 8 inches, culm en 0*8, 
wing 3.3, tail 3-05, tarsus 1*3. 

Hah. Wynaad district. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Brahniaprherries, Coorir, A, 0. Hump, E^q,"?.1. 
April" 18, 1-81 (7T. 
Dariso/i I 
20. Trochalopterxun fairbaiiM. 
Trochalopteron falrhanki. Blanf. J. A. S.Butf/. xxx\iii. pp. 175,177, 
pi. 17 (1809); Jenl IbX 1^72, p. 30C; Hum^Sir.F, 1^73, p. 413: 
Fairb. Sir. F. 1877, p. 404; Hume, Sir. F. 1-79, p. 07. 

Pterocyclus fairbaiild, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 2-3, no. 41 S3 (18G9). 

Adult. General colour above olive-brown; wing-coverts like the 
back; bastard-wing feathers and primary-coverts dusky brown, 
narrowly edged with olive-brown ; quills dusky brown, externally 
olive-brown, the secondaries almost entirely of the latter colour; 
tail-feathers brown, edged with olive-brown ; crown of head brown, 
the sides of the crown darker; hind neck washed with ashy grey ; 
over the eye a broad band of white; lores dusky brown ;** eyelid 
white ; ear-coverts and sides of face dull ashy, blackish along their 
upper margin ; sides of neck bluish grey ; cheeks ashy, clearer than 
the ear-coverts; throat dull white; fore neck and chest ashy grey, 
paler in the centre, with dusky stripes down the feathers; remainder 
of under surface orange-rufous, paler in the centre of the body; 
thighs fulvous-brown; under wing-coverts and axillaries orange-
rufous ; quills dusky below, pale ashy bxown along the edge of the 
inner web. Total length 9 inches, culmeri O'bo, wing ;j*4o, tail 
3*7, tarsus 1*4. 

There is no difference in the colouring of the sexes. A pair in 
Capt. Wardlaw Ramsay's collection measure as follows:— 

12. TBOCHALOPTERTOr. 
375 

length. Culmen * Wing. Tail. Tarsus, 
in. in. in. in. in. 
a. <$. Palani Mils (Fairlanh) .. 8*7 0*85 3*5 3*7 1-35 
h. $. Palani Mils (Fairhank) .. 8-7 0*85 3-45 3-7 1-8 

Young. Similar to the adults, but duller in colour and haying the 
head of the same colour as the hack, the upper tail-coverts rufous-
brown, the white eyebrow tinged with rufous above, the ear-coverts 
light rufeseent brown; breast entirely ashy, with no appearance of 
dusky streaks. (31u$. R. G. Wardlaiv Ramsay.) 
Hub. Palani hills in Southern India. 

a. 
Ad. sk. Palani hills (Fairbarik). "W. T. Blanfoid, Esq. [P.]. 
(Type of species. Spec. fig. I. c.) 
21. Trochalopterum meridionale. 
Trochalopteron fairbanM (non Blanf.), Hume, Str. F. 1878, p. 36. 
Troclialopteron meridionale, Blanf. J. A. S. Beug.i&x. p. 142 (1880); 
mtme, St>\ F. 1-bO, p. 500. 

Adult male (type of species). General colour above slaty grey 
washed with olive, the lower back and rump being perceptibly more 
olive ; wing-coverts like the back, but also washed with olive; quills 
dusky brown, externally ashy grey with a tinge of olive; tail-
feathers dark brown, washed with olive on the outer webs and 
barred with dusky under certain lights : crown of head slaty brown, 
darker than the back; lores sooty blackish, relieved by a spot of 
white just in front of the eye; ear-coverts and sides of face light 
slaty brown, the sides of the neck more ashy; under surface of body 
dull white, the fore neck washed with ashy; the throat and breast 
streaked with ashy-brown centres to the feathers; sides of breast 
and flanks bright chestnut; thighs olive-brown; under tail-coverts 
darker chestnut; under wing-coverts and axillaries light rufous, 
the lower series of the coverts ashy brown like the under surface of 
the quills, which are pale rufous along the margin of the inner web. 
Total length 8*5 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 3*5, tail 3*6, tarsus 

14. 
Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 7'5 inches, 
culmen 0*9, wing 3*25, tail 3*4, tarsus 1*25. 
Hah. Highlands of Travancore, where it is found at an elevation 
of 4000 feet. 

a. 
(5ad.sk. Tinevelley boundary, F. W. Bouxdillon, Esq. [C.]. 
Travancore, 4000 (Type of species.) 
feet, April 3,1880. 
b. $ ad. sk. Travancore. F. W. Bourdillon, Esq. [0.1 
c. Ad. sk. Travancore. F. W. Bourdillon, Esq, [C.J. 
376 TI3TELIID-SE. 

22. Trochaloptenun canorum. 
Turdus chinensis, Osbeek, Itin. p. 309. 
La Grive de la Chine, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 221, pi. 23. fig. 1 (1760j. 
Lanius faustus, Linn, Syst. Xat. i. p.JL38 (1768). 
Turdus canorus, Linn. t. e. p. 293 (1766). 
L'Hoarnv de la Chine, Month. H. X. Ois. iii. p. 316 (1775). 
Chinese Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn: ii. pt 1, y^G (1783). 
Turdus sinensis, Gm. Syst. Xat. i. p. 32G Q7^B). 
Garrulax sinensis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 225 (184G . 
Leucodioptron canorum, Bp. C. B. xxxyiii. p. 55 (1854). 
Leucodiopteron sinense, Sicinh. P. Z. S. 15G*J? p. 27S ; id. Ibis, 1870, 


p. 250. 
Pterocvclus canorus, GrayrHand-l B. I. p.233,no. 4193 (1869). 
Leucodioptron chinen-e, Sicinh. P. Z. S, 1671, p. 371. 
Leucodiopteron hoamv, Dacid 4* Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 189, pi. 56 
(1877). 

Adult. General colour above dark rufescent or deep olivaceous 

brown, the head a little more rufous than the back; this and the 

hind neck streaked with black shaft-lines to the feathers ; -wing


coverts like the back; quills sepia-brown, externally like the back, 

the primaries rather more rufescent olive on the outer web ; tail-

feathers olive-brown at the ba«e and on the margin, clunky brown 

towards the tips, and barred with dusky under certain liahts ; fore


head brighter rufous than the crown and having distinct hi ick shaft-

streaks, so as to appear somewhat scaly in appearance ; lor<?&, ^ides 

of face, and ear-coverts dusky brown washed with tawny buff; 

cheeks, sides of neck, throat, and underpays tawny buff, with black 

shaft-streaks on the three former; the under surface uniform from 

the chest downwards ; sides of body darker fulvous-brown and more 

olivaceous; centre of body ashy grey ; lower abdomen, thighs, vent, 

and under tail-coverts deep tawny buff; axiilaries like the sides of 

the breast; under wing-coverts tawny butf, the lower series ashy 

brown ; quills dark brown below, rufescent along the margin of the 

inner web ; "* bill brown, with the base of the lower mandible yel


lowish, becoming almost entirely yellow in old birds; feet and claws 

yellowish; iris yellow'" {David). Total length 8*5 inches, culmen 

0*9-5, wing 3*95,* tail 4, tarsus 1*5. 

Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male. (David 4' Ovstalet.) 

Hah. China. 

a, b. Ad. sk. China. 
c, d. Ad. sk. Fokien? China. Gould Collection. 


e. ? ad. sk. Shanghai, April 1351. J. Webb, E-q. 
f. Ad. sk. Amoy. JR. Swinhoe, Esq. [P.]. 
*y. Ad. sk. China (Beeves). India Museum. 
k, i. 3 2 ad.sk. Chekiang Province. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
23. Trochalopternm taivamim. 
Garrulax taewanus, Sicinh. Joitm. JV.- China branch Ah. Soe. 1859, 
p. 228. 
Malacocercus taivanus, Sicinh. Ibis, 1865, p. 540. 
12 . TEOCHALOPTERmr. 
377 

Pterocyclus taivanus, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 283, no. 4194 (1869). 
Leucodiopteron taivanum, Sicirih. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 371; David & 
Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 190 (1877). 
Adult, General eolonr above olivaceous brown, more fulvescent on 
the rump and upper tail-coverts, the mantle somewhat washed with 
ashy; wing-coverts like the back; quills brown, externally olivaceous 
brown, lighter on the outer web of the primaries; tail-feathers 
dark sepia-brown, barred across under certain lights, and washed 
with ashy olive on the margins of the feathers; crown of head 
dusky black, the feathers edged with ochraceous buff, much brighter 
on the forehead and over the eye, the feathers being narrowly edged 
with black and having a scaly appearance; hind neck a little more 
ashy fulvous than the back, the feathers mesially streaked with 
black; lores and base of cheeks tawny; ear-coverts brown, with 
obscure longitudinal markings of black; cheeks, throat, and fore 
neck tawny buff, narrowly streaked with black shaft-stripes; centre 
of body ashy grey; lower abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts 
fulvous-brown; sides of breast and flanks ochraceous brown; axillaries 
like the breast: under wing-coverts light tawny buff; quills 
dusky brown below, tawny buff along the inner web, Total length 
9 inches, culmen Q'Uo, wing 3-0, tail 4-3, tarsus 1*5. 
Hah. Island of Formosa. 

a. Ad. sk. S.W. Formosa, 18G1 (P. Gould Collection. 
Swinhoe). 
b. Ad. sk. S. W. Formosa. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.l. 
c. Ad. sk. N. Formosa, 1862. E. Swinhoe, Esq. [0.1. 
d. Ad. sk. 2s. Formosa. H. C. Hobson, Esq. [P.]. 
6-.Ad.sk. Formosa, December 1863 H. Seebohm, Esq. 
(P. Swinhoe). 
f. 
Ad. sk. X. Formosa, 1862 (P. F. D. Godman and 0. SalSm'nhoe). 
vin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
g. Ad. sk. Choi oskan, Formosa, Xo- EL Seebohm, Esq. 
vember 1865 (P. S.). 
24. Trochalopterum lineatum. 
Cinclosoma lineatum, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 56. 
Cinclosoma setiferum, Hodgs. Asiat. Research, xix. p. 148 (1886) ; 
id. Icon. ined., Passeres, pis. 171,173 a. fig. 3 (no. 817). 
Garrulax lineatus, Blyth, J. A. S. Peng. xii. p. 951 (1843), xiii. 

p. 391 (1844), xiv. p. 599 (1845). 
Garrulax setifer, Blyth, J. A. S, Beng. xii. p. 951 (1843). 
Trochalopteron setifer, Hodgs. in Gray's ZooL Misc. p. 83 (1844) * 
Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 84 (1846). 
Pterocyclus lineatus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 226 (1846) ; Bp. Consp. i. 

p. 372 (1850) ; Sorsf. $> Moore, Cat B. 'E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 209 
(1854) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. I. p. 283, no. 4187 (1869). 
Garrulax lineatus, Blyth, Cat B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 97 (1849). 
Trochalopteron lineatum, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 368 (1863); id. Ibis. 

1872, p. 308; Cock $ Marsh. Sir. F. 1873, p. 352; Hume $ Senders. 
Lahore to Yark. p. 195, pi. 8 (1873); Hume, Nests # JSggs Ind. 

B. p. 264 (1873); Brooks, Str. F. 1875, p. 238; Hume, Str. F. 
1879, p. 97 j Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 34; Scully, t. c. p. 440. 
TIMELIID^. 

Adult. Head, neck, and mantle dull ashy grey, with central 
streaks of reddish brown relieved by a blackish shaft-stripe, and 
imparting a pointed appearance to the feathers; middle of back 
reddish brown, the feathers edged with ashy grey at the tip, with a 
white shaft-streak; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back, 
with white shaft-lines, the greater series with fulvous shaft-streaks; 
quills light brown, externally bright tawny brown, the primaries 
somewhat ashy towards the ends of the outer webs : lower back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts dull ashy grey, washed slightly with 
olive; centre tail-feathers ashy, washed with olive and barred with 
dusky under certain lights, the tips light ashy grey ; remainder of 
the feathers fulvous or dull tawny brown, broadly tipped with ashy 
grey, before which is a subterminal shade of blackish, the outer 
feathers blackish brown on their outer webs ; lores and feathers in 
front of the eye ashy, with white" streaks: over the eye a very 
narrow line of bright rufous, the superciliary plumes being tipped 
with the latter colour ; ear-coverts uniform bright rufous ; sides of 
neck like the head, and streaked in the same manner; cheeks, 
throat, and breast ashy grey, with bright rufous centres to the 
feathers, larger and more pronounced on the chest and breast; remainder 
of under surface dull ashy, slightly washed with olive, the 
centre of the abdomen and thighs fulvous-brown ; under tail-coverts 
ashy washed with fulvous-brown; axillaries like the breast; under 
wing-coverts and inner lining of quills dull fulvous-brown, lighter 
along the edge of the inner web. Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 
0*7, wing 3*1, tail 3*8, tarsus 1. 

Young. Similar to the adult, but the plumage rather more fluffy, 

and the upper surface not so distinctly streaked, the feathers being 

dark brown in the centre, edged with ashy. The throat and breast 

are also more rufous, with less ashy on the former. 

Hal. Himalayas, from Gilgit to Nepal. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Himalavas. India Museum. 

c. ? ad. sk. Gilgit, Dec. 1877. Major J. Biddulph [C.l 
cl $ ad. sk. Gilgit, Jan. 1881. Major J. Bipdulph ^0.1 
e. ? ad. sk. Gilsit, March 1879. Major J. Biddulph. \C."|. 
/. S ad. sk. Ballistan,May29,1876. Major J. Biddulph fC]. 
V, k $ $ ad. sk. Cashmere, May 1876. Major J. Biddulph [C.]. 
i. Ad.; k. Juv. sk. Cashmere (Bellew). India Museum. 
I <$ ad. sk. Samgurh, May 1875. Henry Seebokm, Esq. [P.]. 
m,n. o. Ad. sk. N.W.Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pin will 
|T.]. 

p. Ad. * q. Juv.sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt." Stackhouse Pinwill 
r. £ ad.; s. Ad. sk. Simla (Beavati). Gould Collection. 
t Ad. sk. Kumaon (Strachey). India Museum. 
u. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson Esq. [P.]. 
(Type of Q. setifer.) 
v, w, x, Imm. sk. Nepal. B. if. Hodgson, 'Esq. [P.]. 

y. Ad.; z. Imm. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
12 . TKOCHALOPTEILTTM. 
379 

25. Trochalopterum imbrication. 
Garrulax imbricatus, Bh/th, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 951 (1843). xiv. 
p. 599 (1845); id. Cat B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 98 (1849). 
Pterocvclus imbricatus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 226 (1846) ; Bp. Con&p. 
i. p. 372 (1850) ; Horsf. £ Moore, Cat. B. EX. Co. Mus. i. p. 208 
(1854): Gray, Hand-l B. I p. 283K no. 4180 (1^69), 
Trochalopteron setifer, Jerd. B. Inch ii. p. 51 (18<>3). 
Trochalopteron imbricatuin, Hume, Setts and Bggs hid. B. p. 266 

(167SJ; id. Sir. F. 1579, p. 97. 

Adult male. General colour above dark chestnut-brown, the crown 
with blackish shaft-streaks; the feathers of the mantle and back 
edged with ashy brown, the latter mesially streaked with dull 
whitish shaft-lines; wing-coverts rufeseent brown, the least series 
with fulvous shaft-streaks; quills dark brown, externally dark 
fulvous-brown, the inner secondaries deep nifous-brown, the primaries 
ashy grey towards the end of the outer web; lower back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts dark ashy olive-brown, with nearly 
obsolete tiny tips of fulvous at the ends of the shafts; tail-feathers 
rufous-brown above, blackish towards the ends of the feathers, 
which have a narrow tip of buffy white, the black increasing towards 
the outermost feathers, and extending along the outer web of the 
external one; lores and feathers round the eye dull white; feathers 
over the eye lighter brown with small whitish tips, not sufficiently 
pronounced to form an eyebrow; ear-coverts lighter brown, with 
pale shaft-lines; cheeks and under surface of body dark rufous-
brown, with pale fulvous shaft-lines on all the parts except the 
throat; flanks and thighs somewhat washed with ashy olive; under 
tail-coverts dark olivaceous brown, with indistinct whitish spots at 
the end of the shaft; under wing-coverts rufous-brown; quills 
brown below, dusky brown along the inner web. Total length 
8*5 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3, tail 4, tarsus 1*15. 

Hab, Bootan. 

a. S ad.; b. Ad.sk. Bootan (Pemberton). India Museum. 
c. Ad. si. Bootan (Pemberton), Gould Collection. 
26. Trochalopterom virgatum. 
Trocbalopteron virgatum, Godwin-Aitst P. Z. S. 1874, p. 43; Gould, 
B. Asia, part xxvii. (1875). 
Adult male (Xaga hills; H. H. Godwin-Austen: type of species). 
General colour above striated, the back olive with dusky margins 
to the feathers, all of which have very distinct white shaft-streaks, 
the upper tail-coverts a little more reddish olive; scapulars olive, 
with very distinct white shaft-lines; lesser wing-coverts dark olive 
streaked with white, a few of them slightly tinged with rufous at 
the base ; primary-coverts very conspicuous, ashy olive, with a broad 
central streak of white ; median and greater coverts rich chestnut, 
tipped with fulvous, and with distinct shaft-lines of reddish buff; 
quills sepia-brown, the primaries externally ashy grey, the secon


380 TIMELIID.E. 

daries deep chestnut, the innermost edged with olive-brown and 
having distinct shaft-lines of whitish like the back ; quills dark 
olive-brown near the base, inclining to dull ashy brown towards 
their ends, all crossed with dusky cross bars; head and hind neck 
dark chestnut, with distinct white shaft-streaks, the feathers on the 
neck tipped with dusky margins ; lores orange-chestnut, extending 
below the eye; from the base of the bill a broad white eyebrow of 
lanceolate feathers; eyelid also white; ear-coverts chestnut with 
fulvous centres, producing a broadly streaked appearance; cheeks 
and feathers below the eye fulvous white, somewhat mottled with 
dusky or chestnut margins to the feathers; throat deep chestnut, 
separated from the cheeks by a black moustachial line ; lower throat 
and fore neck chestnut, with distinct shaft-streaks of yellowish 
white; remainder of under surface of body and thighs yellowish 

buff, with white shaft-lines; sides of the body and flanks olive, with 
whitish shaft-lines; under tail-coverts deeper orange-buff; axillaries 
pale orange-buff, the under wing-coverts duller fulvous, the 
outer ones washed with olive ; quills dusky brown, edged with paler 
brown along the inner web; "lairs and feet dull grey; iris dull reddish 
brown " (A. W. Chennell). ^Total length 9 inches, culmen 0-75, 
wing 3*75, tail 4*75, tarsus 1-3. (Mus. II. H. Godwin-Austen.) 

Hab. Naga hills and Munipur. 

13. ACANTHOPTILA. 
Acanthoptila, Blyth, J. A. S. Beny. xxiv. p. 478 (1865) . . A. ni 
Head of Acanthoptila nipalensis. 

Range. Nepal. 

1. Acanthoptila nipalensis. 
Timalia nipalensis, Hodgs. As. Research, xix. p. 182 (1836). 

Timalia peliotis, Hodgs. As. Research, xix. p. 182 (1836); id. Icon. 
ined. in Brit. 3fus., Passeres, pis. 172 a, 172 b (no. 316); Gray. 
Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepalpres. Hodgs. p. 8*5 (1846). 

Timalia leucotis, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mm. pis. 172 a, 172 b 
(no. 315) : id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844) ; Gray. Cat. Mamm. 
etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 85 (1846). 

Malacocercus nipalensis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 370 (1844) • id 
Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 140 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 373 (1860V 
Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 222 (1854) : Gray] 

Hand4. B. i. p. 280, no. 4123 (1869). " 

13 . ACANTHOFIILA. 
381 

Acanthoptila nipalensis, BIyth, J. A. S. Beng. xxiv. p. 478 (1855); 
Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 57 (1862) ; id. Ibis, 1872, p. 309: Hume, Str. 

F. vii. p. 459 (1878) ; id. Str. F. 1870, p. 97. 
Malacocercus pellotis, Bk/tk, J. A. S. Beny. xiii. p. 370 (1844); 
Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 461 (1878); id. Str. F. 1879, p. 97. 

Adult. General colour above brown, slightly olivaceous in shade, 
the feathers of the head and mantle with stiffened black shafts, 
which are not seen on the rump and upper tail~coverts; upper wing-
coverts like the back; quills brown, externally like the back; tail-
feathers brown, edged with olive near the baseband having indistinct 
dusky cross bars under certain lights; lores and a distinct eyebrow, 
sides of face, and throat pure white ; the ear-eoverts white, with 
brown longitudinal streaks; remainder of under surface dull white, 
washed with reddish brown on the breast and sides of body; the 
flanks brown; feathers of the under surface with brown longitudinal 
centres and blackish shaft-lines; thighs ashy brown; under tail-
coverts dark brown, margined with ochraceous; under wing-coverts 
dark brown, the lower series tinged with rufous ; quills light brown 
below, ashy along the edge of the inner web; " bill and legs dark 
plumbeous; iris hoary blue" (Hodgson). Total length 9 inches, 

culmen 1*05, wing 3-3, tail 4-2, tarsus 1*25. 

Obs. Mr. Hume (cf. Str. F. vii. p. 459) hesitates to believe that 
Hodgson's Timalia pdlotis and T. leucotis are identical; but I have 
little doubt that T. jjelhtis is the young of T. leucotis or T. ni$alensis. 
The type of the latter does not seem to be in the Museum : 
and I must remark with regard to Mr. Hodgson's drawings, that 
they are not so accurate as is usually the case; for the ear-coverts 
in the young birds are not so entirely uniform brown as he represents, 
nor is the old bird's face so entirely white. From an examination 
of the skins in the British Museum it is evident that the 
younger birds are much more rufous underneath than the old ones, 
and this rufous colour gradually disappears. This may happen 
irregularly, as Hodgson's plate of T. leucotis represents that bird 
with a bright rufous breast, whereas in the adult white-eared skins 
in the museum this colour has almost disappeared. The white ear-
coverts always retain a few brown feathers, as far as our specimens 
prove; and in the young birds, instead of being uniform, they are 
mixed with white. 

Hah. Nepal and Eastern Kumaon. 

a. Juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
(Type of Timaliapellotis.) 
I. Ad. sk. Nepal (B. H. Hodgson), India Museum. 
cy d, e. Ad. et juv. sk. Nepal B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
/ . Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
g. Ad. fck. Loohoo Ghat, N.W. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
frontier of Nepal. [P.]. 
38 2 
TIMELIIDiE. 

14. IANTHOCINCLA 
Type. 
Ianthocincla, Gould, P. Z. & 1835, p. 47 ... I. ocellata. 

Bill of Ianthocincla ocellata. 

Range. Eastern Himalayas, extending into the hills of China. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Ear-coverts nifous ; lores orange-rufous or whitish. 
a'. Smaller: wing 6*25 inches; lower throat black . ocellata, p. 382. 
b'. Larger: wing 5'7 inches; entire throat rufous. . maxima, p. 383. 
b. Ear-coverts black like the throat; lores and chin 
orange-buff artemisice, p. 384. 
c. Ear-coverts and throat ashy brown; lores and feathers 
round eye white lunulata, p. 385. 
1. Ianthocincla ocellata. 
Cinclosoma ocellatum, 
Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 55; Gould, Cent. 
Himal.B. pi. 15(1832). 
Crateropus ocellatus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 179 (1842) j Hoclgs. 
in Grays Zool Misc. p. 83 (1844). 
Garrulax ocellatus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 951 (1843), xiv. 

p. 599 (1845) j Gray, Gen. B. i. p." 225 (1846) ; id. Cat, Mamm. 
etc. Nepal pres. Hodqs. p. 82 (1846); Blyth, Cat, B. Mm. As. Soc. 
p. 96 (1846); Horsf. §• Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 205 
(1854) ; Jerd. B. Lid. ii. p. 41 (1863) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 282, 
no. 4169 (1869); Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 304; Hume, Nests & Bags 
Ind. B. p. 257 (1873). 
Ianthocincla ocellata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 371 (1850). 
Adult. General colour above chestnut-brown, the hind neck and 
mantle paler ochraceous brown, the feathers of the latter part 
tipped with yellowish buff, before which is a distinct subterminal 
bar of black; the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts with a 
large triangular spot of white at the tip of each feather, preceded 
by a large bar of black; wing-coverts like the back and spotted in 
the same way; bastard-wing feathers and primary-coverts black, 
with a white spot at the tip of each feather; quills blackish, all 
tipped with white, the primaries more or less grey along the outer 
web, the remainder of the quills chestnut externally, grey towards 
the tip; the innermost secondaries rather more olivaceous brown, 
tipped with white, with a subterminal bar of black ; centre tail-
feathers chestnut-brown, with a narrow white tip, before which 

14 . IANTHOCIXCXA. 
383 

is a broad subterminal band of black, this band, as well as the 
white tip, gradually increasing in size towards the outer feathers, 
which are also more or less ashy grey in the middle and np the 
inner web; head and nape black j lores, eyebrow, feathers round 
the eye, and base of cheeks tawny buff; ear-coverts chestnut; cheeks 
black, the hinder part chestnut with narrow black bars; throat 
black, tawny near the base of the chin; lower throat, fore neck, and 
chest abhy fulvous, with subterminal cross bars of black before a 
very pale fulvous tip; remainder of under surface ochraceous buff, 
deeper and more tawny on the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries dusky blackish, tipped with fulvous 
; quills dusky blackish below, with the margin of the inner 
web ashy, the primaries conspicuously white at the tip; " bill 
yellowish, dusky on the ridge and tip; legs dull yellow; iris 
yellow-brown" (Jerrion). Total length 12-5 inches, culmen 1-25, 
wing o'25, tail Q*2i^ tarsus 1*85. 

Young. Reproduces the colours of the adult bird, but is more 
fluffy in plumage and much duller everywhere; the bars and tips 
to the feathers of the hind neck not nearly so pronounced ; crown 
dusky black ; ear-coverts and sides of face chestnut; throat tawny 
buff, only the lower throat blackish. 

Hah. Eastern Himalayas. 

a. Ad. sk. Himalaya's. Gould Collection. 
b. Ad. sk. Darjiliug. Gould Collection. 
c. Ad. hk. Purpling (Pearson). India Museum. 
d. e. Ad. &k. Sikliim (Maaddli). 11. Seebohm, Esq. [P.J. 
f, ff, h. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. LP.]. 
V. Juv.; k. Ad.sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.J. 
I. Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodgson). India Museum. 
m. Ad. sk. Nepal." B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
2. lanthoeinela maxima. 
PterorhinuK maximus, /. Vtrr. K Arch. Mtts. vi. Bull p. 36 (1870). 
Ianthocincla maxima, J. Verr. N. Arch. Mits. vi. Bull. pi. 3.fig.1 
(1870); id. op.m cit. vii. Bull p. 38 (1871). 
Cinclosoma maxim una, David <$* Oust. Ok. Chine, p. 190; pi. 55 
(1874). 

Adult male. General colour above fulvous-brown, the feathers 
rufescent towards their tips, which are ornamented with rounded 
spots of white, with a broad subterminal mark of black; the hind 
neck and mantle more ashy, the terminal spots and bars smaller 
and less pronounced; the rump and upper tail-coverts chestnut-
brown, with the same subterminal spots and bars as the back; wing-
coverts rufous-brown spotted with white? and subterminally barred 
with black at the tips; bastard-wing feathers and primary wing-
coverts black, with a large white spot at the tip ; quills blackish, 
tipped with white, the primaries very broadly so, the latter externally 
washed with ashy grey; the secondaries externally rufous-
brown, ashy grey towards their ends ; the two centre tail-feathers 
brown, washed with ashy grey on their margins, tipped with white 

384 TmELHD-3L 

and subtemiinally shaded with black, the remainder ashy grey at 
the base, blackish at the end before the white tip, the black increasing 
in extent towards the outermost feathers ; crown of head 
and nape black, with obsolete ashy tips to the feathers; lores ashy 
grey; over the eye an indistinct streak of fulvous-brown mixed with 
ashy grey; nasal plumes black; cheek, sides of face, ear-coverts, 
and throat chestnut-brown, the feathers of the latter meslally 
streaked with black, those on the lower throat tipped with creamy 
buff, before which is a subterminal bar of black; remainder of under 
surface tawny buff, deeper on the flanks, thighs, and under tail-
coverts ; the chest with more or less concealed bars of black ; under 
wing-coverts and axiUaries blackish, tipped with a spot of white 
or iulvuus; quills blackish below, with large white tips to the 
primaries; 4t bill horny brown, with the lower mandible clearer; 
feet whitish ; iris clear yellow *: (David). Total length 14*5 inches, 

culmen 1*3, wing 5*7, tail 7*4, tarsus l*s. {Mvs. E. G. Wanllaw 
Eamsai/.) 
Hal. Highland forests of Moupin and Taotehy. where it is resident 
between 9000 and 10,0u0 feet above the sea-level. 

3. lanthocincia artemisiae. 
Oinclosoma artemi-ia?, Land, Ann. $• Mag. Xaf. Il^f. $ 4) vii. p. 256 
(1871) jtiwiiHi. P. Z. & 1*71. p. o7*i. 
Yantkocincla artkeuiisite, Bacid, Nunc. Arch. Mm. \ ii. Bull. pp. 6 

14(1671). 
Ianthocincla artemiske, Gould, B. Asia* part xxv. (1^7;jj. 
Cinclosoma arthemi&ia;, Land §• Oud, Ok. Chine, p.' 197, pi. 54 

(1877J. 

Adult male (Western Szechuen, Feb. 16, 1S7<»: A. David), 
General colour above chestnut-rufous, a little brighter on the upper 
tail-coverts, the back mottled all over with terminal spots of light 
ochreous buff, before each of which is a broad subterminal bar of 
black; the upper tail-coverts tipped with white, with a narrower 
subterminal black bar; wing-coverts chestnut, tipped with white 
and subterminally barred with black ; feathers of bastard wing and 
primary-coverts black, tipped with white; quills black, externally 
chestnut and tipped with white, the primaries for the most part 
lavender-grey on the outer web. excepting the first two, which are 
entirely black with a white tip, the innermost secondaries with a 
well-marked subterminal bar of black before the white tip ; centre 
tail-feathers chestnut, tipped with white, the remainder dull brown 
with a broad white ending, before which is a distinct subterminal 
band or shading of black, the outer feathers chestnut near the base 
of the outer web, and shaded with lavender-grej a little higher up 
the feather; head slightly crested and jet-black; hind neck ochraeeous 
brown, with paler ochreous tips to the feathers, before which 
is a bar of black; lores, feathers below the eye, base of cheeks, and 
chin rufescent buff; a ring of feathers round the eye, ear-coverts, 

hinder cheeks, and throat black, descending to the fore neck; above 
the ear-coverts an ill-defined streak of ashy, and behind the ear


14 . IJLXTHOCIXCLA. 
383 

coverts a spot of creamy white, adjoining the sides of the rteck, 
which are ochraceous buff with dusky black cross bars, enlivened 
by a grey shade near the hinder ear-coverts ; fore neck ochraceous 
buff, with distinct black cross bars; breast more ashy ochraceous, 
with the black bars less distinct; the flanks slightly more rufescent, 
with pale tips, before which is a narrow subterminal bar of black; 
abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts pale fawn-colour, rather 
deeper on the latter; under wing-coverts and axillaries black with 
white tips, the carpal edge of the wing white ; quills blackish below, 
with broad white ends to the primaries; " bill blackish brown, the 
base of the lower mandible greenish grey; feet whitish rufous ; iris 
yellow ,? (David). Total length 13*5 inches, culmen 1*25, wing 4*75, 
tail 6, tarsus 1*9. (Afus. E. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.) 

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length 
13 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 4*6, tail 5*7, tarsus 1-85. 
Hab. Forests on the hills of Szechuen, and the frontiers of that 
province and Kokonoor. 


a. $ ad. sk. Western Szechuen, Feb. 16, 1870. Abbe David [0.]. 
4. lanthocincla lunulata. 
Ianthocincla lunulata, /. Terr. Xouv. Arch. Mus. vi. p. 38, pi. 3. 
fig. 2 (1S70) : id. op. dt. vii. Bull. p. 41 (1871) j Gould, JB. Ask, 
part xxv. (1^73). 

Cinclosoma lunuktum, David § Oust. Ois. Hri/ie, p. 195, ph 53 (1877). 
Adult male {iSouthern Shensi; A. David). General colour above 
light brown, the feathers tipped with ochraceous buff, before which 
is a broad black bar; on the rump and upper tail-coverts these pale 
tips are less marked and the black subterminal bars are narrower; 
wing-coverts coloured like the back and marked in the same manner; 
bastard-wing plumes lavender-grey; primary-coverts black, tipped 
with white; quills blackish, tipped with white, the primaries externally 
lavender-grey, the secondaries light brown like the back, the 
innermost secondaries tipped with white, with a subterminal black 
bar; centre tail-feathers olivaceous brown, with a narrow white 
tip, before which is a black bar^ the remainder of the feathers 
lavender-grey, more or less washed with brown near the base, 
broadly tipped with white, before which is a broad subterminal 
band of black; crown of head and nape uniform mouse-brown, as 
also the feathers concealing the nostrils; lores white, extending 
under the eye, and also forming an indistinct eyebrow mixed with 
mouse-brown; feathers round the eye mouse-brown; cheeks, ear-
coverts, throat, and fore neck mouse-brown, and the feathers varied 
with white at the tip; sides of neck ashy, with white tips to the 
feathers; breast ashy, the feathers tipped with white; abdomen 
uniform white ; sides of body pale rufescent brown or fawn-colour, 
with a few black cross bars; thighs and under tail-coverts fawncolour, 
the latter sparsely barred with black; axillaries and under 
wing-coverts light fawn-brown, the lower series ashy, black at the 
tips; under surface of quills ashy, dusky toward the tips, which 
VOL. vn, 2 c 

TIMKLIID-B. 

are white. Total length 11-2 inches, culmen 1% wing 4-15, tail 
5, tarsus 1-7. (MM. & ®> Wardlaw Ramsay.) 

Adult female. Resembling the male in general coloration hut 
slightly smaller, and differing only in the colour of the head, which 
is dusky fulvous-brown, a little deeper than the colour of the back. 
Total length 11 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 3-95, tail 5, tarsus 1-7. 

Bab. Hills of Western Szechuen, Moupin, W estern Xokonoor, 
and extending to Southern Chensi and Tsinling. 

15. GAMPSOKHYNCHUS. T 
Gampsorhynchus,5^A,/.^. & E^.xiii. p. 370 (1844) G. torquatus. 
Bill of Ganvpsorhynchus rvfidus. 

Range. Eastern Himalayas, extending into the hills of Burmah 
and Tenasserim. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Tail-feathers edged along the inner web and tipped 
with golden buff rufuhts, p. 386. 
b. Tail-feathers edged along the inner web and tipped 
with white torquatus, p. 387. 
1. Gampsorhynchns rufulus. 
Gampsorhynchus rufulus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 371 (1844), 

xiv. p. 596 (1845), xvi. p. 452 (1847), xviii. p. 813 (1849); id. 
Cat. B. Mas. As. Soc. p. 150 (1850); Bp. Consp. I p. 358 (1850) ; 
Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 14 (1863); Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 95; Oates, 
B. Brit. Burm. p. 40 (1883). 
Garrulax rufulus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 10 (1849); id. Hand-1. B. i. 
p. 282, no. 4176(1869). 
Thamnocataphus senilis, TickeU MSS. 
Adult. General colour above golden brown, including the scapulars 
; lesser and median wing-coverts white, forming a shoulder-
patch ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts dusky, externally golden 
brown, the greater series also of the latter colour; quills dark 
brown, externally golden brown, more hoary on the edge of the 
primaries; upper tail-coverts like the back; tail-feathers golden 
brown, duskier on the inner web, edged along the latter and at the 
tips with pale yellowish buff; entire head and hind neck pure 
white; throat and breast also pure white; remainder of under 
surface of body pale yellowish buff, whiter on the lower abdomen 
and lower flanks; under tail-coverts also yellowish buff; 

15 . GAMPSOBJBLrNCHUS. 
axillaries and under wing-coverts yellowish buff with, white 

bases; quills dusky brown below, yellowish buff along the inner 

web ; " bill dusky horny above, pale beneath; legs reddish horny; 

irides orange-yellow in some, straw-yellow in others" (Jerdon). 

Total length 8*3 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 3*85, tail 4*5, 

tarsus 145. 

You tig, More reddish brown than the adult, the outer aspect of 

the wings and tail deeper golden buff; head and hind neck bright 

chestnut; ear-coverts rufous; cheeks and under surface of body 

yellowish buff, more reddish on the fore neck and chest; the white 

shoulder-patch absent. 

Intermediate specimens are often met with, having the white 

head intermingled with a few reddish feathers, the remains of 

young plumage. 

Hob. Eastern Himalayas, extending into the hills of Arakan. 

a} h, c. Ad.; d. Juv. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
sk. 

e. Ad.; /, g. Juv. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
sk. 
h. $ imm. sk. Arakan hills, lat. 19° N. E. W. Oates, Esq. [0.]. 
2. Gainpsorhynchus torquafras. 
p. 95. 
Gampsorhynckus rufulus, Wald. lhis} 1875, p. 460 (nee Blyth). 
Adult. Similar to G. rufulus, but more fulvous in general appearance, 
and having an orange shade round the neck forming an indistinct 
collar ; but the most striking difference is in the white tips 
and edgings to the tail-feathers, instead of the golden-buff colouring 
of these parts in 67. rufulus; the underparts are also much brighter 
golden buff in colour, and there seems to be some slight mottling of 
black spots on the sides of the fore neck; " bill greyish horny or 
fleshy white, with, in some cases, a dusky line on the culmen; the 
legs and feet greyish white, slaty white, or fleshy white, with a 
blue tinge; irides pale to bright golden " (W. Davison). 

Ohs. None of the specimens in the Museum are quite adult, all of 
them having a few remains of the immature plumage visible in the 
white head. 

The pair shot by Capt. Bingham measure as follows:— 

Culmen* TaiL Tarsus*

Wto w^8in. 
in. in. in. in. 

a. S ad. Meplay, Nov. 24... . 9*0 0*85 3-8 4-75 1-15 
b. ? ad. Meplay, Nov. 24... . 9-6 0-9 4-05 4-9 1-16 
The sexes are alike in plumage; but the female is a trifle larger 
than the male, 
2o2 

388 TIM ELI ID JE. 
Eab. Hills of Tenasserim, ranging north Into the Karen hills in 


Burmah. 
a. J ad. sk.
b, c. S2 ad. si. 
Karen-nee {Lloyd). 
Meplay, Thoungyeen river,
Tenasserim, Nov. 24, 1879* 
E. W. Oates, Esq. 
Capt. Bingham [C.]. 

16. 
ABGYA. 
Type. 

Argya, Lesson, Traite d'Orn. p. 402 (1831) A. squarniceps. 
Chatorha^a, BIyth, J". A, S. Beng. xxiv. p. 478 (1855) A. gularis. 
Layardia, BIyth, t c. p. 478 (IBoo) A. subrafa. 
Malcolmia, Bhjtft, t. c, p. 47rf (18oo) A. malcolmi. 

Mange. Indian peninsula and Ceylon, extending eastwards to the 
Burmese countries, and westwards through Seinde and Afghanistan 
to Persia, reoeurring in the Jordan valley in Palestine, and extending 
throughout the whole of Xorth-eastern Africa and Arabia as far 
south as Zanzibar; also found in Tripoli and Algeria. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Tail uniform, the outer feathers sometimes with 
paler tips. 
a'. Throat rufous; bill yellow on the lower 
mandible. 
a". Mantle uniform. 
a'". Entire bill yellow; head grey; back 
chestnut-brown, as also the tail ,. rufescens, p. 889. 
h'". Upper mandible horn-brown or blackish. 
a4. Lores dusky blackish; forehead grey ; 
ear-coverts brown, contrasting with 
the rufous throat. 

#5. Upper surface olive-brown, the tail 
also of this colour , subntfa, p. 390. 
h5. Upper surface reddish browo? the 
tail chestnut-brown .. . .. . hyperyfhra} p. 890. 

¥. Lores vinous chestnut like ear-coverts^ 
which resemble the under surfkee; no j mhigimm, p. 391. 
grey on forehead | rufescens, p. 389. 

b". 
Mantle light brown, streaked with dark 
brown like the head; bill horn-brown, yellow 
at base of lower mandible earlii9 p. 392. 

bf 

. Throat white; bill horn-brown. 
e". Upper surface distinctly streaked with dark 
brown centres to the feathers. 

<?'". "Ko ashy grey on base of forehead; ear-
coverts and sides of body pale isabel-j caudata, p. 393. 
line ...... ... i eelipesf p. 394. 

«?'". Base of forehead ashy, the feathers edged j kutUmi, p. 394. 
with this colour and scaly in appearance 
; ear-coverts ll«ht; sides of body 
pale ashy tinged with isabelline; chest 
and throat streaked with black shaft-
lines* squamiceps, p. 395. 

16. ARGrA. 
389 


e 
. Base of forehead ashy grey contrasting1 
with the reddish head; ear-coverts 
chestnut-red; sides of body deep fawncolour 
, gularis, p. 396, 
d". Upper surface uniform, without dark central 
streaks to the feathers, or at least scarcely 
perceptible ones. 


f". Head and neck sandy brown, scarcely 
darker than the rest of the upper surface 
fulcctj p. 397. 

grtt. Head and neck ashy brown, contrasting 
with the rest of the upper surface ... . acacics, p. 397, # 

b. Outer tail-feathers entirely white; rump and 
upper tall-coverts pale ashy: base of forehead 
ashy grey; throat very pale vinous muhohni, p. 398. 
L Axgya rnfescens. 

Malacocercus rufescens, Myth, J. A S. JBeng. xvi. p. 453 (1847); id* 
Cat. £. Mus. As. Soc. p." 141 (1849); Bp. Cornp. i. p. 373 (1850) j 
Kelaart, Prodr. Cat p. 122 (1852); Zayard, Ann. $ Mag. Nat. 
Hist xii. p. 271 (1853); Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 279, no. 4122 
(18C9); Zegge, B. Ceylon, p. 497, pi. xxi.fig. 2 (1879). 

La^ardia rufescens, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 67 (1863); Ifoldsiv. P. Z. 8, 
1872, p. U9;Bfytk, Ibis, 1867, p. 300; Legge* op. cit. 1874. p. 18: 
id. Sir. F. 1875, p. 308 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 97. 

Adult. General colour above warm earthy brown, the wing-
coverts like the back; quills reddish brown, externally edged with 
olive-brown, the inner secondaries like the back; tail-feathers 
rufous-brown edged with olive, and with indistinct dusky cross 
bars under certain lights, the feathers olive on their edges; head 
and nape light ashy; lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts rufous, the 
latter rather darker with paler shaft-streaks; throat and breast 
rufous; sides of body, abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts 
rufous-brown; under wing-coverts and axillaries light tawny; 
quills pale brown below, light tawny along the inner web; " bill 
orange-yellow, deepest on the basal half; legs and feet dull chrome-
yellow, claws yellowish born ; orbital skin and eyelid pale greenish 


yellow; iris white, yellowish white, or greenish white " (W. V. 
Legge). Total length 10-5 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4*05, tail 4*85, 
tarsus 1*4. 


The sexes are alike in plumage, and when adult measure as follows 
:—Length 9*3-10*8 inches, bill to gape 1*0-1*1, wing 4*0-4*2, 
tail 4*2-4*6, tarsus 1*3-1*4 (W. V. Legge). 

Young, Birds of the year have the chin and gorge greyer than 
adults, and the lower parts are pervaded with a brownish hue ; iris 
as in adults (W. V. Legge). 

Though Capt. Legge does not state the fact, the species appears to 
me to have a winter plumage, when the feathers of the npper 
surface are edged paler. 

£fab. Ceylon, where its range is rather restricted, according to 

TranxEDJE. 

Le^ge, extending over the western and damp portion of the southern 
province, and through the western highlands to the main range. 

a b. Ad. sk, Ceylon. Purchased. 
c. Ad. sk. Ceylon. Marquis of Tweeddcde [P.], 
L Ad. sk, Ceylon. F. 1). Godinan and 0, Salvin, 
Esqvs. JPT. 

2. Argya subrnfa, 
Timalia subrafa, Jerd. Madr. Jom-n. x. p. 259 (1839). 
Malacocercus subrufus, Blyth, J. A. S. Be tig. xiii. p/3C9 (1844) ; id. 


Cat. B. Mm. As. &>c. p. 141 (1840 j; Jerd. III. Ora., text to pi. xix, 
(1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 373 (18o9f; Sorsf. $ Mvore, €Ytf. i?„ 
J?.J. Co. Jiws. i. p. 217 fISo4); {?;•«?,, Haad-L B. i. p. 279, 

no. 4121 (18C9); Flices, Ibi% 1*70, p. 5L'7. 
Timalia poecilurhyncha. Lafr. Bee. ZooL lv40, p. Co. 
Layardia subrufa, i?///^, J*. A. tf. ^;^. xxh. p. 47^ (1853) ; Jerdon, 

B. India, ii. p. 60 (1883j; JF«/r£. &/r. P. 1^70, p. 258 j Hume. 
Str. F. 1879, p. 97. 
Achrft. General colour above olive-brown, a little lighter on the 
ramp and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts like the back; primary-
coverts and primaries brown, externally paler brown, the secondaries 
externally olive-brown : tail-feathers brown btrongly washed 
with olive (especially the centre ones), and crossed with numerous 
dusky bars under certain lights; forehead hoary grey, extending 
backwards a little over the eye; loreb and fktthtTb round the e\e 
dusky grey; ear-coverts light olive-brown like the head; cheeks 
dull ruious; remainder of under surface of body bright rufous or 
tawny, the flanks browner; the lower throat and chest slightly 
streaked with hair-like blacki>h shaft-lines ; under wing-eoverfs 
and axillaries like the breast; quills light brown below, light rufous 
along the margin of the inner web; " bill dtibky above, yellow 
beneath; legs dull yellow ; iris light yellow *? (J< rrfoa). Total 
length 9 inches, oilmen 0*9, wing 3-fj, tail 4-4, tarsus KJ-3. 

Hah. Higher wooded regions of Southern India, along the erects 
of the Western Ghats from the southern Mahratta country to Coorg, 
the TVynaad, and Malabar, descending cometiines, but rarely below, 
the Ghats in the latter country. 

a. Ad. sk. South India. 
b. Ad. sk. Madras ': ( Wight). Ii.dia Museum. 
c. Ad. sk. Malabar. Horace Jrlower, Esq. rG.~\. 
d. Ad. sk. S. India. Ma^sena Collection. 
8. Argya hyperyihm 
Malacocercus subrufu^ 
Ilorsf. fy Moore, Cat B. EJ. Co. Mm* i. 
App. p. 420; no. 315 (nee Jerd.). 

Adult Similar to A. subntfa* but reddish brown instead of olive-
brown; the upper tail-coverts and tail dark reddish brown; ear-
coverts like the head; cheeks and under surface bright chestnut, 

16 . ABGYA. 
much deeper than in A. subrufa; forehead dull ashy with black 
shaft-lines, not distinctly hoary grey as in the last-named species. 
Total length 10 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 34, tail 4*3, tarsus 1-35. 

Hob. Replaces the foregoing species in Madras, 

«. Ad. sk. Madras (J. Gould), India Museum. 

b. Ad. sk. Madras. Gould Collection. 
4. Argya rubigiaosa. 
Crateropus rubiginosus, Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 47, Taf. 19 (1845); 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 224 (1840) j Bp. Consp. I p. 278 (1850) 
JSevgl Syst Uebers. p. 30 (1856) ; id. J.f.O. 18Q2, p. 300. 

Chatorhea rubigino.*a, Myth, Ibis, 1807, p. 6. 
Malacocercus rubiginosus, Gray, Eand-L B. i. p. 272, no. 4120 
(1869). 
Argya rubiginosa, Heiigl Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 390 (18G9). 

Adult. Above brownish ashy with an olivaceous shade, the rump 
slightly paler; underneath rufous-buff, the middle of the throat 
^iici under tail-coverts purer white; under wing-coverts brighter 
rufous ; shafts of the frontal plumes and of the breast-feathers rather 
rigid, ashy white; lores smoky grey; primary quills washed with, 
smoky brown on the inner web, all edged with rufous-buff on the 
inner web, and rather broadly on the outer one towards the base; 
bill and feet apparently horny rufous; iris yellowish; 4th quill 
longest, 3rd and 5th subequal. Total length about 8 inches, bill 
from front 7'", wing 3" 41'", tail (moulting) 3" 6'", tarsus 1" 1'". 
(Eeuglin.) 

Hah. Shoa. ? Thite 2file (Hetujlin). 

5, Argya heuglinL 

Crateropus rufescens, HeugL Syst Uebers, p. SO (1856, me Layardia 

rufescens, Blyth, 1847); id. J. /. 0. 1862, p. 301, 1863, p. 24; 

Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 280, no, 4140 (18(59). 

Argya rufescens, Keugl. Orn. K.O.-Afr. I p. 389 (1869), 

Crateropus rubiginosus, Cab. J. f. O. 1877, p. 22Q. 

Argya rubiginosa, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 575. 

Adult. General colour above dark brown, with a slight tinge of 
olive, rather lighter on the rump and upper tail-coverts; frontal 
feathers rather stiffened and pointed, the shafts glossy and black, 
the feathers of the hind neck and mantle having also glossy black 
shafts ; wing-coverts olive-brown like the back ; quills dark brown, 
externally lighter brown, ochraceous towards the ends of the primaries, 
the inner secondaries entirely dark olive-brown; tail-
feathers dingy olive-brown, with numerous cross bars under certain 
lights, the outer feathers with a narrow edging of pale brown at the 
tip; lores and sides of face rufous; eyelid and a narrow line separating 
the lores from the crown pale fulvous; remainder of under 
surface rufous, the feathers of the throat and fore neck ""with paler 
shaft-streaks; throat and sides of face slightly paler rufous and 

392 
TiltELIID-E. 

more vinous red than the underparts; under tail-coverts lighter 

than the abdomen; under wing-coverts and axillaries like the 

breast; quills light brown below, pale rufous along the inner web 

of the same colour as the lower under wing-coverts. Total length 

9 inches, wing 3*3, tail 44 , tarsus 1*1. 

Hah. Discovered near Gondokoro (5° X. lat.); where it was very 

rare. It appears to extend down the east coast of Africa, if I am 

correct in my identifications of the specimens in the Museum. The 

differences between A. liatglini and A. rv¥nji,iosa, as set forth by 

Heuglin (t. c.\ do not seem to me particularly clear. 

a. Ad. sk. Zanzibar. Jl. B. Sharpe, Esq. "R1. 
b. Ad. sk. ATombasa. He v. F. A. Buxton ""PA 
0. Argya earlii. 
Malacoeercus earlii, Blyth, J. A, S. Benq. xiii. p. 309 (1544); Jerd 
111 Inch Orn. text to pi. 10 (1S47J : Myth, Cat B. Mus. As. Soc. 

p. 141 (1849); Gray, Gen. B. ill. App!f. 10 |1649); Bp. Camp 
i. p. 373 (1-.J0J : Jlorsf. ty Moor**, Cat. B. E.I. Co, *Af//«. i. p. •>>->" 
(1&O4); Gray, Hand-l. B. I p.'270, no. 4LI- {1-i <Jj. 
Malacoeercus geocliri.u*", Iloclys. Ietr/i. inert, ia Brit. JIns. Passeres, 
pi. IbO (no.fcb'SJ; id. in Gray\ Zu*A. 3h\e. p. t>;j (1*44). 
Chatorhea 
earlii, Blyih, J. A. S. Betty, xxlv. p. 47- (I-C6*)-Jerd 
Ibis, IbCd, p. 19: ul IJ. Lid. W. p. i< »1-iy /; Blanf. ~Jfa\ 1^70" 

p. 4(JG; Jerd. Ibi\ h-7*2, p. 310 ; Ilvmr, Sir. I\ 1-73. p. 1*0; ?>/! 
Jfo/s <$• Eyys Lid. B. p. 27o (1-7;)} ; Jam^\ Sir. F. 1 *73 p 400 ! 
.H ^ tf*V. P. 1^73, p. 1:H, l-7fi. p. 41, 1-77, p. 34, 1-7U, p. ^7:? 
Ifatf/'r, Cto. I>\ Stiidttv. p. *iU (l-7i^; 0«/^ B. Brif. Burm p 30 
(1&-3). ^ ' ' *' 
Crateropus earlii, Blyth § Wald. B. Burm. p. IIS (l-7»j). 

Adult. General colour above dull fulvous-brown, thickly mottled 
on the head and mantle and back with blacki&h-brown centres to 
the feathers; rump and upper tail-coverts more uniform fulvousbrown, 
with darker longitudinal centres to the latter feathers * 
wing-coverts light earthy brown, with blackibh slnft-lines; quills 
light brown, externally ashy brown, the inner secondaries with 
blackish shaft-lines; tail-feathers light brown, with indistinct dusky 
cross bars under certain lights, the outer feathers paler on their 
edges and tips; base of forehead and feathers over the eye ashv, 
with minute blackish centres; lores dull whitish; ear-coverts dull 
brown, with a vinous tinge; cheeks and throat light vinous, with 
ashy margins to the feathers, the fore part of the cheeks light ashy 
along the gape ; fore neck darker brown washed with vinous, and 
having blackish shaft-lines; remainder of under surface of'body 
light fulvous-brown, more earthy brown 021 the flanks and thighs; 
under tail-coverts darker fulvous-brown; under wing-coverts °and 
atillaries light tawny buff; quills pale brown below, fulvescent 
along the edge of the inner web ; « bill pale greenish yellow, dusky 
above and at the tip ; legs dirty greenish horn; iris bright yellow5' 
{Jerdon). Total length 8*7 inches, culmen Q-(J, wing 3-45, tail 4*3, 
tarsus 1-3. 

18 . AEGYA. 
393 
Hal. Found from Sindh eastwards through Lower Bengal, but 
does not extend into Central or Southern India; it is very common, 
however, in the Burmese countries as far as Thayetmyo. 

a, b, c. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Staekhouse Pinwill 
[P.]. 
d, e. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 

(Types of Malaeocereus geochrous, Hodgs.) 
/ q, h. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
i, 3b. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 

I. Ad. sk. Bengal (As. Soc). India Mu&eum. 
m, Ad. sk. Dacca (Tytler). India Museum. 
n. 9 ad. sk. Calcutta. Major J. Biddulph [0.1 
o. Ad. sk. Near Ava. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.l. 
p. 
<$ ad. sk. Pegu, July 8. E. W. Oates, Esq. [0.1 
q. J ad. sk. Lower Pegu, Jan. 13. E. W. Oates, Esq, [O.j. 
r. Ad. sk. India. Purchased. 
7. Argya caudata. 
Cossvplius caudatus, Brapiez, Diet Class. d'Hist. Nat x. p. 219. 
Timalia cliatorhcea, Frankl. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 118; id. J. A. S. Beng. 

i. p. 313 (183*2): St/Ices, P.Z.S. 1832, p. 80; Jerd. Madr. Journ. 
x. p. 2('0 (1839). 
Malacocircus chattarkcea, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 3G9 (1844) ; 
Jerd. III. Lid. Onu text to pi. 10 (1847). 
Timalia caudata, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 228 (1845). 
Makcueeieu* caudatus Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 141 (1849); 

Bp. Consp. i. p. 373 (IKOO) ; Ilorsf. $ Moore, Cat B. JEJ.I. Co. 
Mus. i. p. 223 (1854); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 279, no. 4110 (1869). 
Chatorliea caudata, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xxiv. p. 478 (1856) * Jerd, 

B. Bid. ii. p. 67 (1863); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 6; Beav. t <s.p. 438; 
Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 310 ; Lloyd, Ibis, 1872, p. 310; Butler, Str. F. 
1872, p. 472; Hume, Xests fy Eggs Ind. B. p. 274 (1873); id. Str. 
F Ifc73, p. 180; Adam, t. c. p. *378; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 409, 
1875, p. 206; Fairb. Sir. F. 1876, p. 258; Hume, t. c. p. 458, 
1879, p. 97; Butler, Cat B. Sind etc. p. 29 (1879). 
Oateropus 
caudatus, Blanf. Ibis, 1874, p. 76; Blyth fy Wald. B. 
Burm. p. 118 (1875) ; Fairb. Str. F 1876, p. 258 ; Oates, B. Brit 
Burm. p. 32 (1883). 

Adult. General colour ahove light earthy brown, broadly streaked 
with blackish brown down the centres of the feathers, these streaks 
less distinct on the ramp and under tail-coverts, which are more 
ashy brown; wing-coverts ashy brown with darker brown shaft-
lines, which are also seen on the inner secondaries ; the primaries 
brown, with ashy-brown margins; tail-feathers light brown, edged 
with ashy brown and very plainly barred with dusky brown, the 
outer feathers fulveseent along the outer web and at the tips ; lores 
ashy white, surmounted by a line of fulveseent white, with narrow 
blackish shaft-lines; ear-coverts uniform brown with a reddish 
tinge ; the sides of the neck also tinged withrufous; feathers below the 
forepart of the eye and at base of lower mandible, cheeks, and throat 
white, the latter washed with isabelline on the lower part; fore 
neck, breast, and centre of body light isabelline, as also the thigha 


TiMELIID^. 

394 

and under tail-coverts ; the sides of the body reddish fawn-colour, 
with a few brown central streaks on the sides of the breast; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries pale fawn-colour; quills light brown 
below, pale fawn-colour along the edge of the inner web : 4i bill pale 
brownish horny; legs dull yellow; iris red-brown'" {Jtnlou). Total 
length 8-5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3, tail 4*4. tarsus 1, 

Hah. Spread over the whole of the Indian peninsula, ranging westwards 
into Scinde and eastwards into Assam and British Burmah. 

a. Ad. sk. Kurrachee, Swede (Dr. U". India Museum. 
Gould). 
b. Ad. sk. Eajkote, Kattiawar, Xov. Major Haves Llovd "P.". 
1871. * J 
c. d> e, f. Ad. bk. X. India. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
1 ' 7* -p g. 
Ad.sk. Behar. 
B.TEL Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
h. $ ad. sk. Rawul Pindi. Major J. lilddtilpli [U~? 
i. J ad. sk. Saharunpuor. Major J. Biddulph "CJ. 
L Ad. sk. Kamptee. Br. 11 IHole [P.". " " 
I Ad. sk. Deecan (St/Ice*). India Muslim. 
m. Ad. fet. Nilffhirk. 
Ma>&ena Collection. 
n. Ad. sk. India. 
Ii "Wilson, E>q. ~P.]. 
8. Argya eclipes. 
Chattarhcea 
caudata, Ilimw <§* Hendent. Lahore to Turk, p. 107, 
pi. ix. (nee Dum.)> 
Chatorhfea eclipes, Hume, Str. F.l^TT, p. #37; id, titr. F. 1879, 

p. 97. 
*' Like Chaiorhm candnta, but much larger; the upper surface 
darker and more strongly striated : tail more strongly banded ; feathers 
of breast and sides dark-shafted.'3 (Hume.) 

Bah. Punjab, Trans-Indus and the lower valleys of the surrounding 
hills. 

9, Argya huttonL 

Malacocercus huttoni, Blyth, J. A, S. Bent;, xvi. p. 470 (1347); id. 
Ibis, 18157. p. 0; Jerd. Ibis, lfc"2, p. #10; Hume, 8tr. F. 1677, 

p. 3:J73 IbT'Jj p. 1)7. 
Chattorhsea eaudata f pt.)? Jerd. B, I fid, ii. p. 07 (1803). 
Crateropus salvadorii, Be Filip/ri, Vmgy. Fers. p. ;J4U (1805). 
Malacocercus huttoni. Gray, HatvJ-L JJ. i. p. 27Ut no. 4117 (1869). 
Crateropus huttoni, Blanf. Ibix, 1^74; p. 7Z; id. Fast. Fers. ii. p. 203, 
pi xiii. fig. 1 (1570). 

Adult female. General colour above very pale ashy brown, streaked 
with broad eeutres of dark brown; lower back, rump, and upper 
tail-coverts more greyish brown, with obscure brown centres; wing-
coverts like the back, with narrow brown longitudinal centres ; primary-
coverts and quills light brown, externally margined with a^hy 
brown; tail-feathers ashy brown, with dusky crossbars under certain 
lights, the outer feathers distinctly paler-edged along the outer web 
and at the tip; lores dusky; ear-coverts uniform pak* brown; cheeks 

16. AHGtA. 395 
and throat dull -white; remainder of under surface of body pale 
isabelline fulvous, longitudinally streaked with dark brown on the 
sides of the fore neck and breast, which are ashy brown ; the sides of 
the body entirely ashy brown; flanks fulvous-brown; under tail-
coverts light ashy; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale tawny 
buff; quills light brown below, isabelline along the margin of the 
inner web. Total length 9*4: inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*25, tail 5, 
tarsus 1-1. 

Hah. Afghanistan westwards to Persia. 

a. J ad. sk. Ispidan, near Aftan, east of W. T. Blanford, Esq. [0.]. 
Barnpur, Baluchistan, 
[March 31,1872. 
h. $ ad. sk. Iiazerum, west of Shiraz, Ool. St. John [0.1 
2800 feet. 
c. Ad. sk. Near Shiraz (Keith Abbott). Gould Collection. 
d. Ad. sk. Bagdad. K Loftus, Esq. [P.]. 
e. Ad. sk. Candahar. Oapt. Hutton [P.]. 
f. cS ad. sk. Candahar, Dec. 30,18S0. Col. C. Swinhoe [P.]. 

10. Argya sqiiamiceps. 
Malurus squamiceps, Cretzscfon. in Hupp. Atlas, p. 19, Taf. 12 (1826). 

Sphenura squamiceps, Hempr. 8f Ehr.tiynib.Phys. fol. cc, dd (1828); 
Jti'ipp. Syst. Utters, p. CO (1845) • Reugl. Syst. TJebers, p. 30 
(1850). 

Argya rueppelli, Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 402 (1831). 

Crateropus &quaniatus, Gray, Gen. P. i. p. 224 (184G). 

Argya squamiceps, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 84 (1850); Dresser, P. 
Pur. iii. pi. 23 (1875). 
Crateropus squamiceps, Pp. Consp. i. p. 278 (1850) j Gray, P[and-l 

P. i. p. 279, no. 4114 f 18U0). 
Crateropus chalvbeus, Pp. C. R. xlii. p. 765 (1856) ; Tristr, Ibis, 
1859, p. 30, 1862, p. 278, i860, p. 79. . fi ^ _. 
Chatorhea chalybeius, Plyih, Ibis, 1867, p. 6. 'U if.c ,&u& &-Ow •#-?s ' ^ 

Adult male. General colour above pale ashy brown, with indistinct 
shaft-streaks of dark brown on the head, mantle, and back, but 
absent on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, which 
are lighter ashy; head more broadly streaked with blackish brown, 
the forehead greyer, the feathers being edged with ashy grey, likewise 
those of the superciliary line and sides of neck; wing-coverts 
pale ashy brown with narrow darker brown shaft-lines ; quills light 
brown, externally ashy brown, lighter along the outer edges of the 
primaries ; tail-feathers light ashy brown, the outer ones paler along 
the edges and at the tips; lores dusky whitish; ear-coverts pale 
brown, somewhat mottled with ashy margins to the feathers; cheeks 
a little paler ashy; throat whitish ; remainder of under surface of 
body pale ashy brown, somewhat washed with isabelline on the 
flanks, the breast faintly mottled with dusky centres to the feathers, 
with dark shaft-lines; centre of abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts 
light ashy fulvous; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale sandy 
buff; quills light brown below, ashy fulvous along the edge of the 

396 
TIMELIIBJS. 

inner web; bill horn-brown, yellowish at base; feet light brown ; 
iris reddish brown. Total length 11 inches, eulnien 1*1, wing 4-4, 
tail 5*9, tarsus 1*4. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in coloration. Total length 
11 inches, oilmen 1*05, wing 4*2, tail 5-75, tarsus 1*3. 
Hah. Jordan valley in Palestine, but is also found hi Arabia 
Petrsea. 
a} b. $ $ ad. sk. Jericho, Palestine. Canon Tristram [C.]<?. 
Ad. sk. Palestine (Tristram). F. D. GodmanlmcL 0. 
Salvin, E^rs. [Pf. 

d. Ad. sk, Jericho, Jan. 1, 1864 Gould Collection. 
(Tristram). 
11, Argya gnlaris. 

Chatorliea gularis, Blyth, J. A. B. Beng. xxiv, p. 478 (1855J; Jerd. 
Ibis, 18C2, p. 19j Blanf. Ibis, 1870, p. 406; Bume, Str. F. 1875, 

p. 124; Anders. Zool. Bxped. W. Yunnan, Avts, p. 03'J, pi. xMIL 
%. 1 (1678); JSume, Sir. F 187% p. 07. 
Malacocercus gularis, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 279, no. 4115 (1809). 
Crateropus gularis, Blanf. this, 1874, p. 7<>; iV/. *S'/r. F. 1874, p, 329; 

jfffy^ 4' Wald. B. Burm. p. 117, no. 870 (1675); Oates, B. Brit 
Burm. p. 31 (1883). 

Adult female. General colour of upper surface ashy brown, the 
head more rufous, all the feathers of the upper surface medially 
streaked with dull brown; the rump uniform sandy brown, the 
upper tail-coverts olive-brown ; wings pale brown, the greater series 
of wing-coverts and secondaries rather greyish, the primaries externally 
washed with olive, the outermost plainly margined with 
whity brown ; tail ashy brown, crossed with numerous dusky bars, 
the outermost feathers externally washed and tipped with sandy 
buff; frontal feathers extending backwards over the fore part of the 
eye greyish white with narrow black centres; lores black; ear-
coverts rufous; cheeks, throat, and fore neck pure white; rest of 
under surface rich sandy buff, deeper on the flanks ; sides of upper 
breast vinous; under wing-coveifs sandy; lower surface of wing 
dull brown, edged along the inner webs with pale sandy buff. Total 

length 10 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3*4, tail G, tarsus 1-25. 
Adult male. Similar to the female. Total length 11 inches, culmen 
0*8, wing 3*35, tail 6*3, tarsus 1*15. 
Hah. Upper Burmah, ranging southwards into Pegu, being very 
common in these countries. 

a. Ad. sk. Upper Burmah. Dr. Jerdon [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Upper Burmah (Jerdon). Gould Collection. 
c. d, e. Ad. sk. Upper Burmah. W. T. Blanford, E*q. [P.]. 
/. 
S ad. sk. Bhamau. Upper Burmah, lir. J, Anderson [C.J. 
Feb. 6,1868. 

g. 
J ad. sk. Palow, Upper Pegu, R W. Oates, Esq. [C.]. 
. March 13,1873. 
16 . AKGYA. 
307 

12. Argyafulva. 
Tardus fulvus, Besfont. Mini, de VAcad. Roy. Sci 1787, p. 498,pl.xi. 
(1789). 
Malurus numidicus, Levaill. jun. Fxpl. JSeientif. Alger., Atlas Ois. 
pi. 9 bis. %. 1 (1850); Malh. Faun. Orn. Alger, p. 11 (1855). 
Crateropus acacise, Malh. Faun. Orn. Alger, p. 18 (1855). 
Crateropus fulvus, Bp. Cat. Barzud., App. p. 18, sp. 23 (1856); 

Crateropus numidicus, Locke, Cat. Mamm. et Ois. Alger, p. 75(1858) ; 

id. Fxpl Set. Alger., Ois. i. p. 286 (1867). 
Chatorheafulvus, Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 6, 
Axgya Mm, Dresser, B. Fur. part xlv. (1875). 


Adult male. General colour above pale sandy brown, with indistinct 
shaft-lines on the feathers of the back; the lower back, rump, 
and upper tail-coverts lighter fawn-colour than the back; head 
slightly more rufous fawn-colour than the back, like which it exhibits 
dusky shaft-lines; wing-coverts and quills very pale fawncolour, 
the quills ashy brown on the inner webs; tail-feathers pale 
brown, with dusky cross bars under certain lights, the feathers 
rather paler on their edges, especially the outermost, which is 
margined externally with sandy white; lores dusky ashy, as also 
the feathers below the front part of the eye ; ear-coverts pale sandy 
rufous, as also the cheeks, the base of which are shaded with ashy; 
moustachial line and throat white, shading off on the lower part of 
the latter into sandy buff, which pervades the whole of the under 
surface, being paler on the centre of the abdomen and deeper on the 
flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts and axillaxies 
light fawn-colour; quills pale ashy brown below, pale fawncolour 
along the inner web; " bill horny black; feet yellowish 
brown ; claws brown; iris hazel" (Locke). Total length 10inches, 
culmen 0*95, wing 3*75, tail 5, tarsus 1*25. 

Adult female. Like the male. Total length 10 inches, culmen 1, 
wing 3*7, tail 5, tarsus 1*3. 

Hab. Pound in the oases of the Algerian Sahara and also 
between Morocco and Mogador; it was originally discovered in 
Tunis, and extends into Tripoli. 

a. § ad. sk. Fezzan (Gagliuffi). Gould Collection. 
I. $ ad. sk. Algeria. 
M. Verreaux. 
<?# 2 ad sk

- 
Algeria, April 28,1870. J. H. Gurney, Esq., 
Jun. [P.]. 
13. Argya acaciae. 
Sphenura acacias, Licht Verz. JDouhl. p. 
40 (1823); Hupp. Syst. 

Uehers. p. 30 (1845) ; Heugl Syst. Uebers. p. 30 (1856). 
Malurus acacias, Cretzschm. in Hupp. Atlas, p. 28, Taf. 18 (1826). 
Crateropus acacia*, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 10 (1849) ; Bp, Consp. 

39S 
TIMELlIIXaE. 

i. p. 278 (1850); Gray, Band-l.B. i. p. 279, no. 4113 {1869V 
Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 69, yl. 1 (1872). } ' 
Argya acaciae, Cab. Mtts. Hein. Th. i. p. 84 (1850). 
Malacocercus acazise, Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 325 (1870). 
Malacocercus (Chatarrhsea) acacise, j&to/. G'eoZ. <£• jfcoj ^ifo/s* 

p. 372 (1870). ^ * 
Adult male. General colour above sandy brown, paler on the 
lower back and rump, the mantle with, a slight shade of ashy 
purplish brown ; wing-coverts pale sandy brown; quills pale earthy 
brown, externally sandy brown, rather rufous on the primaries the 
inner secondaries entirely sandy brown : tail-feathers light sandy e 
brown, externally lighter sandy colour, the outer feathers decidedly 
paler on the outer webs and at the tips; the tail-feathers with 
dusky cross bars under certain lights; head and neck ashv brown 
the feathers marked with blackish shaft-lines, imparting a^streaked' 
appearance, which is less distinct on the hind neck; forehead 
washed slightly with hoary giey, the feathers acutely pointed; lores 
and feathers below the fore part of the eye dull ashy ; ear-coverts 
ashy brown or earthy brown, like the head in shade, 'and uniform • 
cheeks pale ashy; throat dull white, shading off on the lower part 
into the fawn-colour of the under surface of the body, the centre of 
the breast and abdomen being creamy buff; axillaries and under 
wing-coverts like the breast and sides; quills pale ashv brown 
below, light fawn-colour along the inner webs, the lower under 
wing-coverts being of the same tint; " bill yellowish flesh-colour 
darkest on the culmen; legs pale brown; "iris hazel*' (Shelley)] 
Total length 9-5 inches, cubneii 0*95, wing o-S-3, tail 5-5 
tarsus 1*3. 
Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male. u Bill dusky 
paler along edges of mandibles; legs greenish homy x (IF*. T. Blanford). 
Total length 10 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 3*5, tail 5*2, 
tarsus 
1*2. 
Hab. North-eastern Africa. 

a. 3 ad. sk. Nubia. 
b. <£ ad. sk. Nubia. R. B. Sfaarpe, Esq. 
c. Ad. sk. Nubia (S. 8. Allen). B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
d. $ ad. sk. Zoulla, Annesley Bay, W. T. Blanford, Esq. fCLI 
Jan. 7, 1808. > 1 L J 
e. Ad. sk. White Nile. F. Galton, Esq. [P.]. 
14. Argya malcolmi 
Timalia malcolmi, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 88; id. J. A. S. Beng. iii. 
p. 536 (1834) ; Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 257 (1839) : Gray, Gen. 
B. i. p. 228 (1846) ; Eraser, ZooL Typ. pi. 41 (1850). 
Garrulus albifrons, Gray 8f Hardw. III. Lid. ZooL ii. pi. 36. fie- 1 
(1834). F & 
Malacocercus malcolmi, Bh/tk, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 309 (1844); id. 
op. tit. xvi. p. 454 (1847); Jerd. III. Lid. Orn. text to pl? 19 
(1847); Blyih, Cat. B. Mus. As. Sac. p. 141 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. 

i. p. 373 (1850); JEorsf. 8f Moore, Cat B. E.I Co. Mm. i. p. 218 
(1854); Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 64 (1863) j Bcavan, Ibis, 1867, pf 438; 
16 . AKGYA. 
399 
Gray, Eand-l B. i. p. 279, no. 4112 (1869) ; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, 

p. 810; Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 410; Adam, Str. F. 1873, 
p. 378; Butler, Str. F. 1875, p. 472 ; Fairb. Str. F. 1876, p. 258; 
Ball, Str. F. 1877, p. 416 ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 29 (1879). 
Malcolmla albifrons, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xxiv. p. 476 (1855). 
Argya malcolrai, Hume^ Str. F. 1879, p. 97. 

Adult (Decean; Sykes: type of species). General colour above pale 
brown, mottled on the bead, neck, mantle, and scapulars with darker 
brown; rump and upper tail-coverts ashy grey, lighter than the back; 
wing-coverts pale brown, the quills dark brown, externally pale brown 
like the back, the primaries having a narrow paler whity brown 
edging near the tip ; tail-feathers brown, wifth dusky cross barrings 
under certain lights, the three outside feathers ashy whitish, a 
narrow edging of which appears also on the outer web of the fourth ; 
base of forehead and lores hoar}- grey, with white shaft-lines, this 
grey shade extending a little over the eye; below the fore part of 
the eye a dusky brown spot; ear-coverts light brown; cheeks pale 
vinous buff, the feathers at the gape and base of lower mandible 
ashy; under surface of body light fulvous, including the thighs and 
under tail-coverts, the throat and breast pale vinous buff shaded with 
ashy ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale fawn-buff; quills dull 
brown below, lighter brown along the margin of the inner web ; 
" bill horny ; legs dirty yellow ; iris light yellow " (Jerdon). Total 
length 11 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 4*35, tail 5*4, tarsus 1*25. 

Young. Coloured like the adult, but much more fluffy and rather 
more ashy, the upper surface more uniform, and having none of the 
dark centres to the feathers of the back. 

Sab. Sindh and throughout the whole of I^orth-westeni India, 
whence it ranges down the western coast as far as the slopes of the 
Xeilgherries, becoming apparently more and more local and not so 
generally distributed. It extends from the Decean to Allahabad; 
but east of this line it is by no means so common. 

a. Juv. sk. Madras. Sir W. Elliot JT.]. 
b. <$ ad. sk. Western Ghats (Couss- Gould Collection. 
maker). 
c. Ad. sk. Decean (Sykes). India Museum. (Type 
of species.) 
d. Ad. sk. Decean (SyTces). India Museum. 
e. Ad.; f. Juv. sk. Saugor (IZoope?*)* India Museum. 
g, h. Ad. sk. Bahar. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [PA 
i. 
Ad. sk. N.W. Provinces. P. D. Godman and O. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
k. 
Ad. sk. N.W. Provinces. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwul 
[P.]. 
I. Q ad. sk. KW . Provinces. Capt. Stackhouse Pin-
wiU[P.]. 
m. 
Ad. sk. Gondul, Kattiawar, Major Hayes Lloyd [P.]. 
March 15, 1871. 
400 
TIMELIID-E. 

17. 
ME0ALIJEULFS. 
Type. 
Megalurulus, /. 
Terr. xV. Arch. Mus. v., Bull. p. 17, pi. vi. 
%. 2 (1889) 31. marlei. 

Range. Kew Caledonia. 

1. Megalurulus maris! 
Megalurulus mariae, J". I'm*. X. Arch. Mus. v., 2?*/#. p. 17? pj# T ^ 
fig 2 (1869); Marie, Aetes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, xxvli. p. 307 
(1870). 

Megalurulus mariei, JS. L. § L. C. Layard. Ibis, 1852; p. 511. 

Adult male. General colour above warm brown, a little more 
rufeseent on the rump; leoser arid median wing-coverts like the 
back, the greater series a little more rufous on their margins; quills 
sepia-brown, externally rufous-brown, the secondaries with indistinct 
dusky cross bars under certain lights; upper tail-coverts 
reddish brown; tail-feathers reddish brown, margined with rufous 
and with dusky cross bars under certain lights ; crown of head 
rufous-brown, slightly contrasting with the back; lores dusky 
blackish, as also the feathers below the eye ; a white eyebrow, very 
distinct, extending from the base of the nostril and tinged with 
grey above the ear-coverts; eyelid dusky, except where it adjoins 
the eyebrow, where it is white; ear-coverts dark brown; cheeks 
and throat pure white: sides of neck brown washed with ashy; 
fore neck and chest light tawny buff; breast and abdomen white; 
sides of breast washed with light tawny bulf and brown: flanks 

fulvous-brown; thighs fulvous-brown externally, white internally; 
under tail-coverts fulvous-brown; under wing-coverts white, mottled 
with blackish bases; axillaries white, washed with fulvousbrown 
; quills ashy brown below, the inner edge of the quills paler 
ashy; 4i bill dark horn-colour: legs reddish brown ; iris brown " 

(E. L. Li yard). Total length 7*5 inches, culm en 0*75, wing 2*75, 
tail 3*6, tarsus 1. 
Adult female. Tery like the male in colour, but paler, especially 
on the fore neck, which is very light Mvous ; the back also tinged 
with olive, and the inner tail-coverts brown edged with whitish; 
"legs light brown; iris reddish brown *y (E. L. Layard). Total 
length 7-2 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 2-55, tail 3*3, tarsus 0*05. 

Hah. ISTew Caledonia. 

a. $ 
ad. sk. Moindu. Xew Caledonia, E. L, Lavard, Esq. fC.l 
Nov. I, I860. " 
b. $ ad. sk, Moindu, Oct. 1% 1881. E. L. Lavard, Esq. [C.]. 
1 A PIXAKORXIS. 

is . PHTAROENIS. 

Type. 

Pinarornis, Sharpe, eel Layards B. 8. Afr. p. 230 (1875) P. plumosus. 
Bangs. Zambesi region. 

1. Pinarornis plumosus. (Plate IX ) 
Pinarornis plumosus, 8harpe, ed. Layards B. 8. Afr. p. 230 (1875) ; 
Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 251. 
11 
Adult (type of species). General colour above and below sooty-
brown, a few of the frontal plumes, the lores, and the throat edged 
with greyish white; wings and tail darker than the body, and 
approaching to black, the primaries with a very large spot of white 
on the inner webs, and the three outer tail-feathers with a large 
spot of white at the tip; b&t, and legs black. Total length 10*2 
inches, culmen 0*95, wing 4*2, tail o-o^ tarsus 1*25. 
Hah. Zambesi and Mashoona country in S.E. Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. Victoria Falls, Zambesi. Purchased. (Type 
of species.) 
19. SIBIA. 
Type_ 
Sibia, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. viii. p. 37 (1839; S. picoides. 
Alcopus, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. x, p. 27 (1811, mm. emend.) S. picoides. 
Heterophasia, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 187 (1842) S. picoides. 


Range. Eastern Himalayas, extending to Eootan and the hills of 
Assam, Burmah, and Tenasserim, reappearing in Sumatra. 

Key to the Sjyecies. 

a. Flanks slaty grey like the rest of the under surface 
of body, the under tail-coverts of the same colour; 
wing-spot longitudinal, nearly as long as the tarsus picoides, p. 401. 
b. Flanks browner than the throat, which is slaty grey; 
vent and under tail-coverts dull whitish; wing-
spot smaller and oblong, about half the length of 
the tarsus simillima, p. 402. 
1. Sibia picoides. 
Sibia 
picaoides, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pis. 195. 
19G (no. 246) ; id. J. A. S. Beng. viii. p. 38 (1839) ; Gray, Cat 
Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 88 (1846); id. Gen.B. i. p. 238 
(1847) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Miis. As. Soc. p. 98 (1849): Horsf $ 
Moore, Cat. B. JS.L Co. Mus. i. p. 216 (1854); Jerd. B. Ind. ii. 

p. 55 (1803); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 273, no. 3998 (1869) ; Hume, 
Nests 4'Hggs Ind. B. p. 268 (1873); Blyth § Wald. B. Burm. 
p. 108 f 1875) ; Hume & Damson, Str. F. 1878, p. 294; Hume, Str. 
F. 1879, p. 97 ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. p. 43 (1883). 
Heterophasia cuculopsis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 187 (1842). 
Actinodura picaoides, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 958 (1843). 
Alcopus picaoides, Hodys. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844); Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 260 (1850). 
VOL. vrr. 2 n 


TIMLLIIIX3E. 

Adult. General colour above slaty grey, the wing-coverts like the 
back ; the greater series inclining to slaty black; quills black, the 
primaries narrowly edged with grey, four of the secondaries externally 
white in the middle, forming a wing-patch; tail-feathers 
blackish brown with broad grey ends ; lores blackish ; sides of face 
and under surface of body light slaty grey, inclining to greyish 
white on the centre of the abdomen ; under wing-coverts and asillaries 
slaty grey; quills ashy brown below, whitish along the 
margin of "the inner web; "bill horny black: feet greyish dusky, 
claws horny black; iris scarlet '* {tiddly). Total length 13*5 inches, 
culmen 1, wing 4*9. tail b'5, tar&us 1-1. 

Bab. Eastern Himalayas, extending into the hills of Assam, 
jBurmah, and Tenasserim. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Xepal. B. II. Hodgson. E*q. "P."*. 
c, d, e. Ad. sk/, y. Ad. sk.
h, i. Ad. sk.
k. Ad. sk.
/, m. Ad, sk. 
Xepal. 
Xepal (£. H. Hodgson), 
Darjiling (Eccks). ' 
Darjiling (MandelU). 
Bootan {JPtnibtrtoa). 
B. II. Hodg-un'. E-q. "P.". 
(T\ pes uf specie%. f 
• India Museum. 
F. IL Godn.an and 0. Salvin, 
E-qr.-. "P.". 
H. Setbolmi, E^qT ~P.]. 
India Museum. 

2. Sibla simillima. 
Heterophabia simillima, Sahwl. Ann. Mus. Chic. Genou. xiv. p. 232 
(lb7i)l 

Adult. General colour above dull slaty grey, slightly washed with 
brown on the rump, the head rather more dusky than the back; 
least and median coverts like the back, the greater series and primary-
coverts brown edged with slaty brown; quills dark brown, 
with a white spot on four of the inner secondaries, slightly shaded 
with ashy near the base, and forming a wing-patch ; tail-feathers 
brown, broadly tipped with light ashy; lores, feathers in front of 
eye, and base of cheeks blackish ; rest of cheeks and ear-coverts dull 
slaty grey; throat and breast light slaty grey; centre of abdomen 
and under tail-coverts dull white shaded with ashy ; sides of body, 
flanks, and thighs brown, as also the asillaries and under wing-
coverts, the latter shaded with ashy grey : quills dark brown below, 
yellowish white along the basal margin of the r u er web. Total 
length 11 -o inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4"S, tail 6*75, tardus 1*15. 

Hub. Mountains of Sumatra. 

a. Ad. sk. Sumatra (C. Bock), Capt R. (i. Waidlaw Ramsay. 
20. 
MALACIAS. 403 
20. MALACIAS. 
Type. 
Malacias, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. ii. p. 113 (1850) M. capistratus. 

Range. Himalayas and the hills of Assam, Burmah, and Tenasserim 
; Southern China and Formosa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Rump and upper tail-coverts orange-rufous. 
a'. 
Xo white tuft above the ear-coverts; centre 
tail-feathers orange-rufous, paler than rump j 
throat orange-rufous like rest of under surface 
; inner secondaries orange-rufous with 
grey edges; a white bar across the wing-
coverts capistrata, p. 403. 

V. 
A large white tuft of feathers on the ear-
coverts ; lores white: centre tail-feathers black 
with grey tips ; throat and fore neck dark ashy 
grey, contrasting with orange-rufous abdomen 
; inner secondaries black ; no white bar 
on the wing-coverts, which are black aurioularis, p. 405. 
b. Rump and upper tail-coverts grey or brown. 
c'. Central tail-feathers uniform, without any black 
subterminal band; remainder of tail-feathers 
tipped with white; entire under surface pure 
white; back chocolate-brown, contracting 
with the black cap melanoleuca, p. 405. 

d'. Central tail-feathers with no subterminal black 
band, the feathers simply tipped with grey; 
inner secondaries entirely black desgodinsi, p. 406. 

e'. Central tail-feathers grey, with a grey tip, before 
which is a broad black band; inner secondaries 
edged with black. 


a". Cap black, becoming less defined on the nape gracilis, p. 406. 
b". Above ashy grey, bluer on the head; a 
narrow frontal band and lores black pulchetta, p. 407. 

1. Malacias capistrata. 
Cinclosoma capistratum, Vig. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 56. 
Sibia nigriceps, JEodgs. Icmi. ined. in Brit Mus., Passeres, pis. 197, 
198 (no. 258) ; id, J. A. S. Beng. viii. p. 38 (1839); Blyth, op. tit 

xiv. p. 600 (1845). 
Cinclosoma melanocephalnm, Boyle, 111. Bot Eimal. p. Ixzv (1839). 
Alcopus nigriceps, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 182 (1842). 
Actinodura nigriceps, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 958 (1843). 
G-arrulax capistratus, Blyth, t c. p. 951 (1843). 
Sibia capistrata, Gray, Cat Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Kodgs. p. 88 
(1846) ; id. Gen. B. i. p. 238 (1847) ; Blyth, Cat B. Mus. As. 8oc. 

p. 98 (1849); Horsf. <$• Moore, Cat B. KL Co. Mus. i. p. 217 
(1854); Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 55 (1863); Gray, Kand-l. B. i. p. 273, 
no. 3999 (1869) ; Eutne, Xesfs $ Eggs Ind^B. p. 267 (1873). 
Alcopus capistratus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 260 (1850). 
Malacias capistratus, Ilmne, Str. F. 1879, p. 97. 


Adult Head much crested, black, overhanging the nape; hind 
neck and sides of neck rufous; middle of the back and scapulars 
2D2 

riMELIIILE. 

ashy brown; lesser and median wing-coverts blackish, washed with 
ashy brown, the greater coverts bluish grey tipped with black, and 
white at the base, forming a bar across the wing ; primary-coverts 
bine-black; quills blackish, externally bluish grey, paler on the 
enter webs of the primaries : _ inner secondaries chestnut-rufous, 
externally rather broadly margined with bluish grey ; lower back' 
rump, and upper tail-coverts chestnut-red; tail-fe .thers black' 
broadly tipped with dull bluish grey, the centre feathers rufous-
brown, with a broad subterminal band of black before a broad grev 
band ; checks, ear-coverts, and sides of face black: malar line'and 
base of chin white: under surface of body intUi>, including the 
thighs and under tail-coverts: the centre of the ab lumen fulve^cent * 
under wing-coverts like the breast; quill- blackish below, a*hy 
along the margin of the inner web; - bill black: legs yellowish 
brown; iris brown" (Jwchn). Total length 7*7 inches", oilmen 
0-95, wing 3-45, tail 3-5, tarsus 1*1. 

Obs. In N.TT. India the bird* are much paler than Nepal or 
Bootan specimens, especially on the hinder neck, and the ear-
coverts are browner hla^k than the head. 
The sexes are alike in plumage. 

Total 
length. Oilmen. Wmjf, XtiL Tardus. 
$. Be *tan (Pemh-rtm), 
? . Nepal {Xculy) 
in. in. 
CKi 
0 ^ 
iii. 
3-">j 
VI. in. 
1*1> 
1-0 

Young. Differs from the adult in beinsr more dinqrv in colour 
and in having the head k ^ sdo&>y black, the white bar on the 
wing less distinct and washed with rufous, asd the back rufous, a 
little duller than the neck and rump, and not showing a distinct 
mantle-patch as in the adults. 

Hab. Himalayas from Cashmere to Bootan. „ 

a. Ad.sk JN.W. Himalayas." 
& Ad. sk. Cashmere I Bifleitf. India Mti-eiim. 
c. 2 acL ^- MuiTtv. Major J. BitMulph [C.\ 
d,e,f. Ad.sk. N.W. Himalaya^. Capt. Staekhou»e Pinwill 
-pr. 

g. Ad. sk. Kuznaon {SiravJietf). IndiaMu-enm 
h, i, k. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
(Tj-peN of S. nigricepsS 
I Ad. sk. Jiepul (Mvdf/son). India Mn-etnn. 

m. 
2 juv. sk. Talley of Nepal, July 2% Br. Scullv ~P,]. 
1H77. 
n. 
2 a& &• Vallev of Nepal, Dee. 11, Br. Scullv ~PA 
1*
77. * "
o. Ad. sk. Talley of Nepal, Feb. 14. Br. Scully "PA 
p. tf ad. sk. Khatu, May 17,1S75. II. Sa-bolim, R-q. fPA 
q, r. Ad. sk. Darjiling {ManrMi). II. Seebohm, Esq. fp.j. 
$, t. S ad. sk. Bootan {Pemberton). India Mti-etmi. 
20. MA Li CIAS. 
405 
2. Walacias auricularis. 
Kittacincla auricularis, Swinh. Ibis, 1804, p. 361. 
Sibia 
auricularis, Sclater, Ibis, 1806, p. 109, pi. iv. j Swinh. t. c. 
pp. 400, 401; Gray, Hancl-l B. L 273, no. 4003 (1809); Siemh. 

P. Z. S. 1871, p. 370; David $ Ousted. Ois. Chine, p. 182 (1877), 
Adult. General colour above slaty grey, the lesser wing-coverts 
like the back; greater, median, and primary-coverts glossy black; 
quills blackish, externally edged with blue-black, the inner secondaries 
entirely of the latter colour, the primaries externally margined 
with hoary grey, except the two outermost, which are black; rump 
and upper tail-coverts orange-rufous, lighter on the latter; tail-
feathers black, all but the two centre ones tipped with a spot of 
white on the inner web, which is greyish on the outer one; crown 
of head glossy black; lores, feathers round the eye, and a broad 
band on the upper part of the ear-coverts pure white, the latter 
produced into a tuft, which reaches to the sides of the neck; chin, 
cheeks, and remainder of ear-coverts black; throat, breast, and sides 
of neck slaty brown; remainder of under surface of body vinous 
fawn-colour, the centre of the breast whitish; under tail-coverts 
orange-rufous; edge of wing, under wing-coverts, and axillaries 
wfaite; quills ashy blackish below, whitish along the margin of the 
inner web. Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4, tail 4, 
tarsus 1*25. 

Hah. Island of Formosa. 

a. Ad. sk. Formosa. 
It. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.l 
b. Ad. bk. Fung-kan, Formosa, Dee. 18G5 R. Swinhoe, Esq. [O.J. 
c. Ad. sk. Funjrshan, Formosa, Dec. 1805 Gould Collection. 
{li. Swinhoe). 
d. e. Ad. sk. Fungskan, Formosa, Dec. 1865 H.Seebohm,Esq.[P.]. 
(B. Swinlwe). 
3. Malacias melanoleuca. 
Sibia melanoleuca, Ticket! MSS., undb 

Sibia melanoleuca, Blyth, Jour. As. Soc. Beng. xviii. p. 413 (1859); 
Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 273, no. 4002(1809); Hume $ Davison, 
Str. F Ib78, p. 293; Goidd, B. Asia, part xxxiii. 

Sibia 
picata, Tickell, Jour. As. Soc. Beng. xx\iii. p. 451; Walden, 
Ibis, 1860, p. 355. 
Malacias melanoleucus, Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 97. 

Adult female. General colour above blackish chocolate, washed 
with grey on the rump and upper tail-coverts; wing-coverts jet-
black; quills blackish, externally washed with glossy greenish 
black, and having a concealed white patch at the base of the inner 
web; the inner secondaries blackish brown„like some of the adjoining 
greater coverts ; centre tail-feathers brown, the rest blackish 
at the base, browner towards the tips, which have a conspicuous 
white terminal spot, increasing towards the outermost feather; 
crown of head and nape glossy jet-black; sides of face also black; 

TMEIIIDJ:. 

the ear-coverts slightly browner ; entire under surface of body pure 
white, excepting a small black chin-spot; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries also white, the edge of the wing mixed with, black ; quills 
dusky blackish below, white at the base of the inner web: '-bill 
black; legs, feet, and claws very dark horny brown; iris lake * 


(W. Davison). Total length 8inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*35, tail 
3-95, tarsus 1*15. (JIvs. R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.) 
Hah. Hills of Tenasserim. 


a. 2 
ad. sk. Mooleyit, 5000 feet, Jan 29, A. 0. Hume, Eaq. 
1&77 (TV. Daiisunl 
4. Malacias desgodiasi. 
Sibia desgodinsii, Oust, fy Dam'd, Bull, Soc. Phihm Puns (7') i. 
p. 139 (1877); David t? Oust. Ok. Chin*, p. 0o«j {1ST). 
Adult. Head and nape deep black, with Hue reflect ions, this tint 

descending on the cheeks as far as the chin and stopping abruptly 

on the sides of the throat; back grey slightly wash* d with rufous; 

rump and upper tail-coverts of a clearer grey ; primary and secon


dary quills of nearly the same shade as the head, with the inner webs 

whitish at the ba^e; a little "white spot on the carpal joint: median 

tail-feathers black with blue or greenish reflections and broadly 

bordered with ashy grey at the tip*.; lateral tail-feathers* blackish 

brown, with clearer and broader bordeio than tho^e of the centre 

tail-feathers, the grey traversing the greater part of the outer 

feathers; chin and under tail-coverts pure white; lower parts 

white slightly washed with reddish, washed with grey on the 

flanks. Total length & inches, wing #-J*5, tail 3*35, tardus 1*25, 

bill from forehead 0*7. (David <f-Omtnht.) 

Hah. China : Yer-ka-lo, on the Me-Kong river, 2Q'~ 2' 3if X. lat, 

5. Malacks gracilis, 
Hypsipetes gracilis, McClell P. Z. S. 183i>, p. 100. 

Actinodura gracilis, Blyth, J. A. K Be ay. sii. p. 90^ (Is40). 

Sibia gracilis, Blytft, J. A. S. Bern/, svi. p. 44'J (l£47), xx. p. 521 

(1851); id. Cat. B. Mm. As. Son.* App. p. viii (IS4.U) ; Gray, Gen. 

B.l p. 238 (1847); Eorsf. 4* Moore, Cat B. E.I. Co. Mm. i. 
p. 216 (18-34): Jenl 
B. Ind. ii. p. 00 (1SG3); Gray, Rand-l B. i. 
p. 273, no. 400^ (IfctO); Godwin-Austen, J, A. £j. Beng. xxxix. 
p. 105 (lb70j ; Hume, titr. F. 1875, p. 413. 
Alcopus gracilis, Bp. Consp. L p. 200 (1800). 
Malacias gracilis, Ifume, &tr. P. 187% p. 07. 
Adult. General colour above slaty brown, the rump and upper 
tail-coverts ashy grey; lesser and median wing-coverts black, the 
greater series slaty grey, edged with black at the tip, the basal 
portion whitish, forming a conspicuous band across the upper part 
of the wing; the outer greater coverts black, with only a small 
basal part whitish ; primary-coverts Hack; quills black, the primaries 
margined with hoary grey ; the innermost secondaries ashy 

20 . MAXA.CIA8. 
grey, with black margins to both webs; tail-feathers black, broadly 

tipped with ashy grey, increasing in extent towards the outermost, 

two centre feathers ashy grey, with a broad subterminal band of 

black, the next feathers ashy grey at the base, this grey colour 

gradually disappearing on the outside tail-feathers; crown of head 

black, shading into blackish brown on the nape ; lores and sides of 

face black, as also the fore part of the ear-coverts, which shade off 

into brown on the hinder part, and resemble the sides of the neck, 

which are slightly washed with slate-colour; cheeks, throat, and 

centre of belly whitish, the lower throat and breast washed with 

yellowish buff; the sides of the breast and flanks beautiful lilac-grey 

with a vinous tinge; thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts sandy buff; 

under wing-coverts and axillaries, as well as the edge of the wing, 

white; quills blackish below, white along the edge of the inner 

web. Total length 9 inches, culmen 0'95, wing 3*65, tail 4*25, 

tarsus 1*15. 

Hah. Hills of Assam. 

a. Ad. sk. Assam {McClelland). India Museum. (Type of 
species.) 
b,c,d. Ad. sk. Assam (McClelland). India Museum. 

e. Ad. sk. Shillong. Col. Godwin-Austen [P.]. 
f,g. Ad.; h. Juv.sk. Khasia hills (Jerdori). Gould Collection. 
6. Malacias pulchella. 
Sibia pulchella, Godicin-Aust. Ann. fy Mac/. Nat. Hist. (4) xiii. 
p. 160; id. J. A. S. Beng. xliii. pt. 2, p. 1(34 (1874). 
Malacias pulchellus, Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 97. 
Adult. Above ashy grey, bluer on the head, the two centre tail-
feathers umber-brown, terminating (each colour | inch) in rich 
black followed sharply by dark grey; the outer tail-feathers are 
tipped in like manner with grey, but the black increases on each 
feather outwards, and on the last extends to its base ; shoulders of 
wing blue-grey, with a bar of pale chocolate-brown coming in at 
the base of -the black primary- and secondary-coverts. Quills grey-
black, the primaries edged with pale hoary blue, the secondaries with 
blue-grey; the last three are umber-brown, and the last two are edged 
narrowly on the outer web with black. A narrow frontal band and 
lores black, extending both over and below the eye to base of the 
ear-coverts. Beneath ashy blue, with a vinous-brown tinge upon 
the lower breast and abdomen. Bill black; legs horny brown. 
Length 9*5 inches, wing 4-1, tail 4*85, tarsus 1-3, bill at front 0*75. 
( Godwin-A listen.) 

Hah. Naga hills, 8000 feet. 

TIMELIID^C. 

21. 
POMAXOKEIFUS. 
Poniatorhinus, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Sac. xiii. p. 164 
(1820) P. montanus. 
Qrthorhinus, Blyth, J. A. S. Btng. xiii. p. 371 (1844) . P. hypoleucus. 
Pomatostomus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. bB (1850) .. P. temporalis. 
Cf. Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1878, pp. 1:29-145. 

Range. The hill-countries of India and Ceylon, extending 
throughout the Himalayas to the mountains of China, Formosa, and 
Hainan; southwards through the Burmese and Tena^erim hills, 
down the Malayan peninsula, to Java. Sumatra, and Borneo, reappearing 
in 2\ew Guinea and in Australia. 

Key to the Sjpecits, 

a. With a distinct white eyebrow. 
a'. Chest uniform, not streaked. 
a". Throat and breast of the same colour, 
white or creamy white. 
a'". Tail-feathers not tipped with white. 
a4. Mantle chestnut, contesting with 
head, which is dark ^late-colour , , iin 
and forms a cap montanus, p. 410. 
b\ 
Mantle olive, fulvous, or rufecent < **""*'»«> P-4U broun, 
the head slightly darker, 

not forming a c£g>. 
a*. Under tail-coverts dark olive-
brown or rufous-brown j back 
dark olive-brown; the head 
darker-coloured than the back, 
being blackish, or blaty grey, or 
deeper olive-brown. 
ae . Sides of neck and sides of 
breast rufous or rufeseent 
brown with white streaks.
a\ Head slaty grev 
, , . .. 
scIii^ffj P- 411, 

 aad QUles'

b\ Head dark olive-brown or 'blaekLk, 
deeper in colour 
than the back ?nelanurus, p. 414. 

bQ 

. Sides of neck and sides of breast . 7 -,7. ._ 
black streaked with white .. ^rsfieldi, p. 41p. 

 P<416

b\ Under tail-coverts ochraceous Iobscurmibrown; 
upper surface bright 
ochraceous brown; the head a 
little richer in colour, but otherwise 
like the back. 

eh. Flanks oqferaceous ockraceicejJSj p. 417. 
dG. Flanks olivaceous austeni, p. 418. 
//". Tail-feathers broadly tipped with white. 
c4. With no white wing-bar. 

c5. Larger; wing4*03 inches,: lower 
breast rufebcent; forehead paler 
brown than the nape temporalis, p. 418. 

cP. Smaller; wing 3*0o inches: lower 
breast whitish, without any 
rufous; forehead like the rest 
of the crown , ,,, si/percih'osus, p, 419. 

21 . PCftLLTORHINTTS. 
d4. With two bars of white on the wing*; 
head chestnut. ruficeps, p. 420. 
b". Throat white, but the breast of a dif


ferent colour, bright rufous or fulvous. 
c'". Tail-feathers tipped with white ... . rubeculus, p. 421. 
d"r. Tail-feathers uniform, with no white 

tips. 

eK Lores white, tipped with rufous, 
forming a tuft of the latter colour; 
crown of head black «, ferruginosits, p. 422. 

/*. Lores white, with no tuft of rufous j 
head of the same colour as the 
back. 


e5. Under surface of body bright 
orange-rufous, extending onto 
the throat, and leaving* the chin 
white ..... phayrii, p. 422. 

/5. Under surface of body pale 
ochraceous buff. 


e°. Side» of crown with a distinct 
line of black, fringing the 
white eyebrow albigularis, p. 423. 

f*. Sides of crown without a black 
fringe to the white eyebrow . stenorhynchiis, p. 424. 
b'. Che-t streaked with black or brown. 
c". Head slaty grey, separated from the 
olive back by a rufous collar ., musicus, p. 424. 

d". Head olhe-brown or rufous-brown, the 
collar round the neck only slightly pronounced, 
and the back rufescent olive-
brow n. 


e"\ Streaks on the lower throat, fore 
neck, and che&t black, succeeded by 
rufous centres to the feathers of 
the breast ?iigrosteUatu$, p. 425. 

f". Central streaks to the feathers of the 
lower throat, fore neck, and breast 
light fulvous-brown ruficollis, p. 426. 

b. With no white eyebrow. 
c\ "With broad black streaks on the fore neck 
and chest; thighs chestnut erythrocnemis, p. 427. 
d'. With no streaks on the fore neck, or with 
only a few dusky spots. 
e". Breast white; tail-feathers warm brown 
or olive-brown. 
gn\ Ear-coverts dusky or ashy brown; 
flanks olive-brown or ashy; side or 
breast ashy with arrow-shaped marks 
of white. 


<74. Sides of neck uniform. 
g5. No line of rufous behind the ear-
coverts , hypokucus, p. 428. 
7i5. A thin line of rufous behind the 
ear-coverts inylisi, p. 429. 
7i4. Sides of neck numerously streaked 
with triangular spots of creamy 
buff j behind the ear-coverts a 
large patch of bright chestnut iickelH, p. 429. 

410 
TXMELIID.32. 

/*'". Ear-coverts briglit rufous ; flanks also 
bright rufous. 
i4. Breast uniform white, or white 
shaded with ashy grey erytkrogenys, p. 430. 
hl. Breast white, with triangular du&ky 
spots maclellandi, p. 431. 
/" . Breast and under surface also rufous; 
tail-feathers rufous isidorii, p. 432. 

1. Pomatorhiiras montanus. 
Pomatorhinus 
montanus, Horsfi Trans. Linn. ftoc. xiii. p. 1(55 
(1820) ; id. Zool Research, in Java?ipl. 51 (lb'2-L); Blyth, J. A. S. 
Beng. xi. p. 175 (1842), xii. p. 946 (1*43; { Gray, Gen. B. i" 

p. 229 (1846); Blyth, Cat B. 3Ius. As. Soc. p. 147 (1849); Bp 
Consp. i. p. 220 (1850); Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. ,^4 (1850) • 
Horsfi $ Moore, Cat B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 233 (1854); Gray 
Hand4. B. i. p. 277, no. 4081 (1869); Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis 
1878, p. 131; Xichols. Ibis, 1881, p. 140. ' 
Adult male. General colour above rufous, crown of head and 
nape dark slate-colour, rather blacker on the forehead; lores, 
feathers below the eye, and ear-coverts slaty Mack ; a distinct white 
eyebrow drawn from the base of the nostrils over the eye, and 
becoming a little broader towards the sides of the nape; lest-er 
wing-coverts ashy grey, the inner ones washed with rufous ; median 
and greater coverts, as well as the secondaries, dark brown, externally 
fulvous-brown ; primary-coverts and primaries dark brown, 
externally slaty grey with, a slight wash of fulvous-brown ; tail-
feathers blackish brown, externally washed with rufous-brown, the 
two centre ones washed all over with the latter colour; cheeks and 
under sufaee of body white, the sides of the neck and sides of 
breast rufous, the iianks rufous-brown, as ako the under tail-
coverts ; thighs and feathers of lower abdomen dark s-laty grev ; 
under wing-coverts slaty grey, with a white patch near the upper 
band of the wing, the axillaries washed with rufous; quills ashy 
brown below, slightly rufescent along the edge of the inner welf; 
"iris pale straw-colour r (H. <9.Forbes); 4* bill yellow, with a black 
mark at base of upper mandible; legs brown with a plumbeous hue, 
the claws pale horn-colour ; iris yellow ish white *' (Horsfield). Total 
length 8*7 inches, culmen 0*95, wing 3*5-5, tail 3*8, tarsus 1*3. 

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length 
7*2 inches, culmen 1*05, wing 3*65, fail 3*7, tarsus 1*35. 

Touwj. Similar to the adults in colour, but the plumage more 
fluffy, the head duller, the nape and ear-coverts slightly washed 
with rufous, the grey on the wings and on the thighs "and vent 
washed with rufous. 

Hah. Java. 

a. Ad. sk. Java (Horsfield). India Museum. (Type of 
species.) 
b. <$ ad. sk. West Java. A. It. Wallace, Esq. [CM. 
c. d. Ad. sk. West Java. A. R. Wallace, Esq. ; CM. 
«>/• 6 S ad. sk. Java (Leyden Museum). F. J). OodmanandO.'Salvin, 
Es.qrs. [P.1. 

g. Imm. sk. Java. 
Gould Collection."" 
h. Ad. sk. *" Java (Horsfield). India Museum. 
21 . TOMATORHlXrs. 
411 

2. PomatorMnns borneensis. 
Pomatorliiiius montanus (non Horsf.), S. Midi Natnurl Gesch. 
Zand-# Volkenk. p. 405 (1889-44). 
Pomatorhinus borneensis, Cab. Mus. Hem. Th. i. p. 84, note (1850); 
Bp. C. R. xxxviii. p. 5(5 (1854); Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xxiv. 

p. 274 (1855); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 278, no. 4091 (1869) ; 
Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 210 (1874); Ramsay, Ibis, 1878, p. 131 : 
Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 61. 
Adult male. Similar to P. montanus, but smaller and of a brighter 
chestnut: the wings greyer, with less rufous-brown on the outer 
webs; ** bill black, the mandible pale lead-colour; legs greenish 
lead-colour; iris lemon-yellow" (A. Everett). Total length 
7-5 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 3-25, tail 3*25, tarsus 1*1. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, and only a little lighter in 
colour. Total length 7-4 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 3*15, tail 3*2, 
tarsus 1*1. 

Hah. Replaces the foregoing species in Borneo and in the 
Malaj-an peninsula, but does not extend into Tenasserim. It has 
not as yet been discovered in Sumatra. 

a. Ad. sk. Malacca. 
b. Ad. bk.
c. Ad. sk. 
Malacca. 
Malacca.
Capt. Stackhouse Pin will 
[P.]. 
Gould Collection. 
rf.Ad.sk.
e. *$ ad. sk.
/ . Jad.sk .
g. j ad. sk. 
Malacca {Griffith). 
Malacca. 
Sarawak. _ * 
Jambtisan, Sarawak, Sept.
1874. 
India Museum. 
A. R. Wallace, Ehq. [C." 
A. R Wallace, Esq. \C] 
Alfred Everett, Esq. [0.' 

3. PomatorMuus scMsticeps. 
Pomaiorhinus sckisticepc, Ilodgs. Asiat. Research, six. p. 181 (1836),* 
id. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mm., Basseres, pi. 183. fig. 2, 184. fig. 2 
(no. 238); Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 175 (1842), xii. p. 940 
(1843); Hodr/s. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844) * Blyth, J. A. S. 
Beng. xiv. p.'598 (1845); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 229 (1846) ; id. Cat. 
Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Ilodr/s. p. 80 (1846) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. 
As. Soc. p. 140 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 220 (1850); Horsf. $ 
Moore, Cat.B. B.I. Co. Mus. I p. 234 (1854); Jerd. B. hid. ii. 

p. 29 (18153); Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 433; Bulger, Ibis, 1869, 
p. 1G3 ; Gray, Sand-l B. i. p. 278, no. 4086 (1869); Hume, JStr. F. 
1875, p. 121; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1878, p. 133, pi. iii.figs. 1, 2; 
Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 96; Sadly, t. c. p. 288; Oates, B. Br. Burm. 
p. 72 (1883). 
Pomatorhinus leucogaster, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 137; Blyth, Cat, 
B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 146 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 220 (1850); 
Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 277, no. 4083 (1869). 
Pomatorhinus montanus, McClell. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 166 (nee Horsf.). 

Adult. General colour above dark olive-brown ; wing-coverts 
like the back; the bastard wing and primary-coverts a little more 
ashy brown; quills dusky brown, externally dark olive, shaded 

412 TIMELIDAE. 

with grey near the base of the primaries ; tail-feathers dusky brown, 
washed with olive-brown on the outer webs and barred across under 
certain lights, the centre tail-feathers washed with olive for nearly 
their whole length ; crown of head and nape dark slate-colour ; the 
hind neck a little brighter olive-brown than the rebt of the back ; 
from the base of the bill a broad white eyebrow; lores, feathers 
below the eye, and ear-coverts black; the feathers of the neck 
rich ferruginous or chestnut: cheeks, throat, and breast white; 
sides of breast ferruginous streaked with white, some of the feathers 
on the sides of the chest being pure white, with rufous margins or 
tips; flanks fulvescent olive-brown, tinged with rufous on the upper 
flanks; thighs ashy olive; under tail-coverts olive-brown; axillaries 
olive-brown, slightly tinged with rufous; under wing-coverts 
light rufous, those near the edge of the wing ashy grey; quills 
dusky below, light rufous along the edge of the inner web ; " bill 
horny yellow, base of upper mandible dusky : feet plumbeous, 
claws horny; iris reddish cream-colour" {Scully) : u bill orange-
yellow, base of lower mandible and gape dusky; inside of mouth 
flesh-colour; eyelid and naked skin behind eye pale yellow " ( Oates). 

Total length 10 inches, oilmen 1*2, wing 4, tail 4*5, tardus 1*4. 

Total length. Culmen. Wmi. Ttil. Tarsus, 

in. in. in. in. in 
S ad. (Darjiling) .... 0 1-L5 ;i-*w 44 1-4 
$ ad. (Darjiling) .... 0 1-2 ;;••>> ;>9 l-*>5 

There is no perceptible difference in the colour of the sexes, 
beyond the fact that the ft male appears rather duller and has the 
crown shaded with olive; she is also slightly smaller. 

Young birds also have the head shaded with olive and the wings 
externally more reddish brown ; the sides of the breast and flanks 
are dull brick-red, with which colour also the breast is washed. 

Obs. Having examined a large series of the true P. scliisticeps In 
the collection of the British Museum and that of Captain TTardlaw 
Bamsay, I And it extremely difficult to separate P. miehdis and 

P. olivaceus as has been done by the last-named gentleman in his synopsis 
of the genus (7. c). I agree with him in uniting P. leiieoyaster 
of Gould to P. scliisticeps; and though Goulds name has been employed 
for the Burmese bird, his specimen originally came from 
Darjiling, and there is every reason to believe that it was the 
ordinary species of that locality, of the description of which in the 
previous year by Mr. Hodgson Gould was Ignorant at the time he 
wrote. As with most of the Pomatorhhd^ the present species differs 
in size and to a certain extent in colour, many of the specimens 
being more rufescent olive and having the head shaded with olive 
also. The amount of white striping on the sides of the breast is 
also more pronounced in some than in others, nor is an indication of 
a rufescent collar always absent. Thus I consider that P. nuehalis, 
Tweedd., is nothing more than a race of P. scMstkeps, and P. olivaceus 
is also not deserving of specific rank. I therefore separate 
them as subspecies merely, adding the bird from the Xorth-western 
Himalayas as another rufous-collared race. 
21 . POMATOEKINUS. 
Hal. Eastern Himalayas from Nepal, extending through Sikhim 
to Bootan, Assam, and the Tipperah hills to Burmah and Upper Pegu. 

a. Ad. sk. Almorali. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
h c. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
(Types of species.) 
d e. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. 'Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 

f. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
"a. Ad. sk. Darjiling. Gould Collection. 
\ i cS $ ad. sk. Darjiling. A. 0. Hume, Esq. 
k. Ad. sk. Darjiling. India Museum. 
/.Ad. sk. Assam {McCMlancI). India Museum. 
in. £ ad.; n. d Caehar, April and May J. Inglis, Esq. [C.]. 
jiiv.; o. $ ad. 1870. 

p. Ad. sk. Upper Assam (Held). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
a Ad sk. Aracan (As. Soc). India Museum. 
r. d ad. sk. Thayetmyo, Sept. 7, 1872. E. W. Oates, Esq. [C.]. 
Subsp. a. PomatorMmis pinwilli. 

Adult. Similar to P. scliktkeps^ but very small, and having a distinct 
ferruginous collar separating the head from the mantle ; sides 
of neck and sides of chest ferruginous, distinctly streaked with 
white. Total length S inches, culmen 1, wing 3*25, tail 3*7, 
tarsus 1*2. 

Hah. This is a rufous-necked race of P. scliisticeps, representing 
that species in the North-western Himalayas. 

rt.Ad.sk. N.W.Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill [P.]. 

b. Jim. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill [P.J. 
Subsp. (3. PomatorMuns nuchalis. 

Pomatorhinus leucogaster, Walden in Blythh B. Burm. p. 113 (1875, 
nee Gould); Hume % Davis. Sir. F. 1878, p. 282 ; Hume, Str. F. 
1879, p. 96. 

Pomatorhinus nuchalis, Tweed. Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 535 
(1877) ; Wardlaio Ramsay, Ibis, 1878, p. 134* Hume §* Davison, 
Sir. F. 1878, p. 282; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 96; Oates, B. Br. 
Burm. p. 71 (1883). 

Adult male (Karen-nee, March 25, 1874; R. G. Wardlaw 
Ramsay: type of species). Similar to P. schistkeps^ but of a warmer 
olive-brown, and having the crown of a duller brown than the 
back, and separated from the latter by a distinct rufous collar; 
" bill orange, black near the nostrils; legs slaty; iris straw-yellow" 

(B. G. W. R.). Total length 7*7 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 3-15, 
tail 3*3, tarsus 1*25. (Mus. R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.) 
Adult female (Thayetmyo, Sept. 1874). Similar to the male in 
colour. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 3*4, tail' 3*9, 
tarsus 1*2. (Mm. R. G. W. R.) 

TIMELIIDJE. 

Hah. Represents P. schisticeps in the hills of Karen-nee and the 
north-eastern portion of Tenasserim. 


a. $ ad. sk. Karen hills, April 17, 1875. Capt. E. G. Wardlaw 
Eamsay [C.]. 
Subsp. y. PomatorMnus olivaceus. 

Pomatorhinus olivaceus, Blyik, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 451 (1847); 

Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 137; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1878, p. 133* 

Hume c| Dams. Str. F. 1878, p. 283; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 96. 

Pomatorhinus leucogaster, Horsf. 4* Moore, Cat. B. F.I. Co. Mus. i. 

p. 234 (nee Gould). 
Adult male. Very similar to P. nuchalis, and having a rufescent 

collar tolerably well pronounced, but having the whole head dark 

olive-brown like the back, or only a little darker on the latter; 

"bill deep yellow; legs and feet greenish plumbeous; iris light 

yellow " (Bingham). Total length 9 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 3*65, 

tail 4, tarsus 1*35. 

Hob. Lower hills of Central and Southern Tenasserirn. 

a. Ad. sk. Tenasserim (Heifer). India Museum. 
b. Ad. sk. Meetan, British Buraiah, Feb. 26, .V. O. Hume, Esq. 
1877 (IF. Davison). 
c. <$ ad. sk. Zamu river, Tenasserim, Jan. 2, Capt. Bingham TCI 
1879. 
4. Pomatorhinus melanums. 
Pomatorhinus 
melanurus, Blyth, J.A.S. Bene/, xvi. p. 451 (1847); 
id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soo. p. 146 (1849); Bp. Consp. I p. 220 (1850) ; 
Kelaart, Prodr. Cat. p. 122 (1852); Lat/ard, Ann. $ Mag. Kat 
Hist. xii. p. 271 (1853); Bh/th, Ibis. 1667, p. -301; Gray, Hand-l 

B.i. p. 278, no. 4087 (1869); Leqge, J. A. S. Benq., Ceylon Bnrnch, 
1870-71, p. 41; Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 447; Leqge, Sir. F. 
1873, p. 437; id. Sir. F. 1876, p. 245; Jlliyte, Sir. F. 1877, 
p. 202; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 187*, p. 132; Hume, Sfr. F. 1878, 
p. 383; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 9-5; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 501 (1879). 
Adult male. General colour above dark olive-brown; the wing-
coverts like the back, washed with ashy on the edge of the wing 
and on the bastard wing and primary-coverts ; quills dusky brown, 
externally washed with dark olive-brown like the head; tail-feathers 
blackish brown, washed with olive-brown on the margins anda 
barred with dusky under certain lights; crown of head darker" 
olive-brown than the back; the base of the forehead and a line 
along the side of the crown black, succeeded by a broad eyebrow of 
white, as also is the upper edge of the eyelid 1 the remainder of the 
eyelid, lores, and ear-coverts black; sides of neck washed with 
rufous; cheeks, throat, and underparts white; the flanks, thighs, 
and under tail-coverts olive-brown like the back; the sides of the 
breast and sides of chest obscurely streaked with white, many of 
the feathers being white on their outer webs; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries like the sides of the breast, the former somewhat 
more ashy; quills dusky brown below, ashy fulvous along the 

21 . POiTATOHHINUS. 
415 

margin of the inner web ; u iris brownish red, dull red, or reddish 
brown; orbital skin and eyelid dull bine; bill gamboge-yellow, 
more or less blackish from the forehead to a short distance in front 
o£ the nostril; legs and feet plumbeous or greenish plumbeous; feet 
generally more bluish than tarsi; claws dusky, pale horn at base " 
(TK V. Legge). Total length 8 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 3*5, 
tail 3*6, tarsus 1*2. 

Young. A bird in nest plumage, shot at 2sTuwara Elliya, is very 
ferruginous above, and likewise on the sides of the chest and flanks; 
the head and ear-coverts are not so black as in the adult; and the 
white of the chest is very much contracted, and does not exteud so 
far down on the breast. The bill is much straighter than in the 
adult. 

The sexes are alike in plumage, according to Captain Legge, who 
states, however, that the bill varies in length and curvature according 
to age. Captain Wardlaw Eamsay, in his paper on the present 
genus, published in the ' IbisJJ for 1878, calls attention to the difference 
in colour which is shown by specimens of the present species ; 
and on looking over his series, as well as that in the collection of 
the British Museum, it would seem that two races, one olivaceous 
in tint and the other rusty-coloured, can be distinguished; but 
Captain Legge enters fully into this subject in his book on the 
Birds of Ceylon, and finds " that a gradation from the plumage of 
the most ferruginous birds, which come from the damp districts of 
the south, where moist climate and heat are combined, to that of 
hill birds from the upper zone is very perfect, a complete sequence 
being obtainable on going up " through the wilderness of the Peak 
from the low-lying portion of Saffragam to the Horfcon plains.1' His 
remarks on this subject are well worthy of perusal. 

Bab. Peculiar to Ceylon, where it is distributed throughout the 

central and southern hills. 

a, h. Ad. sk. Ceylon. Hugh Cuming, Esq. 

c. Ad. sk. Ceylon. E. L. Lavard, Esq. [C.J, 
d. Ad. sk. Ceylon. Dr. Kelaart [P.J. 
e,f. Ad. sk. Nuwara Eliya. Mr. E. Boate [C.J. 
ff. <S ad. sk. Pusiwella, Dec. 19,1865 Marquis of Tweeddale [P.J 
(Chapmari). 

k. Ad. sk. Ceylon (Laurie). Capt. Vincent Legge fP.]. 
t. 5 ad. sk. Buddyamma,Dec.l2,1871. Capt. Vincent Legge [P.]. 
k. (S ad. sk. Saffragam, Aug. 19,1876. Capt. Vincent Legge [P. 1. 
I. <$ ad. sk. Bandarawella,Mayl8,1876. Capt. Vincent Legge [P.J. 
m. $ ad. sk. South Ceylon, June 29,1872. Capt. Vincent Legge [P. J. 
5. Pomatorhinus Iiorsfieldii. 
Pomatorhinus horsfieldi, Sykes, JP. Z. S. 1832, p. 89 • id. J. A. S. Beng. 
iii. p. 537 (1834) • Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 256 (1839); Blyth, J. 
A. & Beng. xi. p. 175 (1842), xii. p. 946 (1843) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. 
p. 229 (1846); Blyth, Cat B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 146 (1849); Bp. 
fbw^.Lp.220(1850); Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 84 (1850); Eorsf. 
# Moore, Vat. B. E.L Co. Mus. i. p. 234 (18C4); Jerd. B. Lid, iL 
410 TIMELIIDJE. 

p. 31 (1863); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 277, no. 4084 (1860); Ball, Str. 
F. 1874, p. 409; Morgan, IUs, 1875, p. 320; Bourd. Str. F. 1876 
p. 399 j Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1878, p. 137; Hume, Str. F. 1879' 
p. 96. 
Adult. General colour above dark olive-brown, the wing-coverts 
like the back; bastard-wing feathers and primary-coverts a little 
more aslry than the back; quills dark brown, externally dull olive-
brown ; tail-feathers dark brown, washed with olive-brown near 
the base and on the outer web, with indistinct dusky bars under 
certain lights; head darker than the back, being dark umber-
brown, the feathers with blackibh tips; on each side of the crown 
a line of black, succeeded by a very distinct white eyebrow, which 
extends from the base of the bill to the sides of the hind neck; 
upper edge of eyelid white, the remainder black like the adjoining 
lores and ear-coverts, the hindermost of the latter slightly browner; 
sides of neck behind the ear-coverts black, narrowly streaked with 
white ; cheeks and under surface of body pure white, except on the 
lower abdomen, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts, which are 
dark olive-brown ; the sides of the fore neck and of the chest and 
breast black, fringing the white neck and breast, the feathers 
either externally white or streaked with white ; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries dark olive-brown ; quills dusky below, rather more 
ashy along the margin of the inner web ; " bill yellow, basal half of 
maxilla dark brown; legs dusky green; iris red-brown " (It G. Ward-
law Ramsay). Total length 9*2 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 3'75, tail 

4, tarsus I'd. 

Hab. Southern India; breeding on the Isilgherries and in the 
Travancore hills. It extends into Central India, having been 
procured in Cuttack, but was not found by Mr. Ball in Chota 
Nagpore. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Deccan (Sykes)*. India Museum. (Types of 
species.) 
c, d. Ad. sk. Nilgherris. India Museum. 


e. 9. ad. sk. Mynall, Travancore, F. C. Bourdillon, Esq. [0.1 
Dec. 15,1879. 
/. $ ad. sk. Mynall, Apr. 20,1880. F. C. Bourdillon, Esq. [Q.]. 

g. Ad. sk. South India. 
Subsp. a. Pomatorlmms obscurns. 

Pomatorlmms obscuras, Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 7; Butler, Str. F. 
1875, p. 471; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1878, p. 137; Butler, Cat 

B. o/Sind $c. p. 29 (1879) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 96. 
Pomatorhinus horsfieldi, Fairb. Str. F. 1876, p. 205 {nee Syhes). 
Adult male. Similar to P. horsfieldi, but lighter and more ashy 
olive-brown; the black on the head and on the sides of the breast 
and sides of neck not so strongly marked, and the flanks rather 
lighter ashy than in that species; " bill ivory-yellow, horny at base 

* See note to P. obscurns. 
21 . POMATOKHXtfTTS. 
of upper mandible ; legs olivaceous slate; iris dark reddish brown " 
(Butler). Total length. 8-8 inches, culnien 1-25, -wing 8*7, tail 3*8, 
tarsus 1*3. 

Obs. The types of P. Jwrsfieldii of Sykes appear to me to belong 
to the pale race (P. obscurus, Hume), in which case the dark Travancore 
birds would require a new name. The typical specimens, 
however, are so faded from long exposure to the light that I do 
not like to refer ihem positively to the pale form. 

Obs. Although Mr. Hume has separated this species as distinct 
from P. horsfieldii, I cannot see that it is any thing more than a 
race; and occasionally specimens come so close to the typical P. Jiors


fieldii that it is difficult to find any ground for separating them. 
The Travancore specimens of the latter vary almost as much in the 
direction of a dark race as P. obscurus does towards a light one. 

Hob. Replaces the foregoing species in South-western India, 
ranging from the neighbourhood of Xhandala as far northwards as 
Mount Aboo. 

a, b. Ad. sk. [S.W. India.] T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.]. 

c. Ad. sk. [S."W. India (Jerdon).] Gould Collection. 
d. 
<$ ad. sk. Itfatheran, Bombay, Jan. 21, Major Hayes Lloyd [P.], 
1872. 
6. Pomatorhintis ockraceiceps. 
Pomatorhinus ochraceiceps, Wahlen, Ami. <§* Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 
xii. p. 487 (1873); id. in Blyths B. Burm. p. 113 (1875); Hume, 
Str. F. 1875, p, 282 ; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis,1877, p. 465, pi. xiii.; 
id. Ibis, 1878, p. 130; Hume $ Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 281 j 
Hume, Str. F. 1870, p. 96; Oates, B. Br. Burm. p. 73 (1883). 
Adult male (Karen-nee, March 1874; R. GL "Wardlaw Eamsay). 
General colour above bright ochraceous brown, richer and inclining 
to reddish ochre on the head and nape; wing-coverts like the back; 
quills dusky brown, externally reddish ochre; tail-feathers dark 
brown, with dusky cross bars under certain lights, washed on the 
outer webs with olive-brown, the centre feathers almost entirely of 
the latter colour; a distinct white eyebrow extending from the base 
of the bill to the sides of the nape ; lores and extreme base of forehead, 
feathers around and below the eye black, extending onto the 
fore part of the ear-coverts, which are otherwise chestnut-brown; 
cheeks and under surface of the body white ; the sides of the breast 
and flanks, as well as the thighs, light ochraceous brown; under 
tail-coverts olive-brown; axillaries and under wing-coverts pale 
reddish; edge of the wing ashy grey; lower series of wing-coverts 
more dusky; quills dusky brown below, light rufous along the 
inner web; " bill coral-red, with a considerable tinge of orange; 
legs greenish; iris pale straw-yellow" (B. G. Wardlaw Ramsay). 
Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 1*45, wing 3*C>, tail 4*4, tarsus 1*3. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little lighter on the 
back; " legs, feet, and claws pale dingy green or greenish brown; 
VOL. vn. 2 B 

TDIELIIDJS. 

bill pale bright vermilion-red; shelf of nostrils black; irides 
varying from pale greyish brown, very pale yellowish red, light 
Indian red and pinkish yellow " (Davison). Total length 8°5 inches, 
dolmen 1-25, wing 84, tail 4-2, tarsus 1-3. (Mus. B. G. W. JR.) 

Hob. Karen hills in Burmah, and llooleyit, further south in the 
same range of hills in Tenasserim. 

a. Ad. sk. Karen-nee. E. "W. Gates, Esq. [0.]. 
h. rj ad. sk. Karen-nee, March 14, Capt. B. G, Wardlaw Ramsay 
1874. |C.]7. 
Pomatorhinns austeni 
Pomatorhinus austeni, Hume, Sir. F. 1881, p. 152. 
Lores, cheeks, and ear-coverts black, brownish on the latter; a 
long narrow pure white supercilium from the nares nearly to the 
nape; entire upper surface a dull earthy olive-brown, only on the 
head and just behind the ear-coverts a faint ochraceous tinge; 
chin, throat, breast, and abdomen pure white; flanks, sides, vent, 
and lower tail-coverts the same dull earthy olive-brown, with a 
faint buffy tinge on the sides of the breast; legs and feet pale grey-
brown with a dull green shade, or greyish olive; claws light brown 
or horny yellow, brownish towards tips; soles yellowish ; bill coral-
red to orange-vermilion; irides pale buff, or very pale orange, or 
white with an orange tint (Hume.) 

Male. Length 10*2 inches, tail 4*5, wing 3*66, tarsus 1*26. 

Female. Length 10 inches, tail 4*75, wing 3*5, tarsus 2*3. (Hume.) 

Hab. Ifunipur hills. 

8. Pomatorhinus temporalis. 
? Frivolous Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn., SuppL ii. p. 186 (1801), wide 
? Turdus frivolus, Lath. Lid. Orn. p. xliii (1801); Gray, Ann. fy 
Mag. JSTat. Hist. xi. p. 102 (1843). 
Pomatorhinus temporalis, Vig. 4" Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 380 
(182G); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 229 (1846) ; Sturt, Exp. Centr. Austr. 

ii. App. p. 32 (1849); Gould, B. Austr. fol. iv. pi. 20 (1848) ; Blyth, 
Cat. B. litis. As. Soc. p. 146 (1849); Rekhenb. Yog. Neuholl 
p. 217 (1850); Bp. Consp. i. p. 220 (1800) ; Gray. Hand-l. B. i. 
p. 278, no. 4097 (1869). 
Pomatorhinus trivirgatus, Temm. PL Col. iv. pi. 443 (1828), 
Pomatorhinus frivolus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 220 f 1846). 
Pomatostomus temporalis, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 83 (1850); 
Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 479 (1865); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. 
Soc. W. S. W. ii. p. 188 (1878). 

Adult male. General colour above greyish brown, deepening into 
blackish brown on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts; 
centre of crown very light greyish, bordered on each side by a very 
broad band of dull white drawn from the base of the forehead to 
the sides of the nape; wings brown, the lesser coverts ashy like the 
back, the remainder of the coverts and the quills with obscure edges 
of paler brown or ashy brown, the inner webs rufous for a great 

21 . POKA.TOEHIKFS. 
419 

part of their extent, dark brown at the ends ; tail blackish brown, 
tipped with white, increasing in extent towards the outer feathers' 
which have very broad ends; lores, eyelid, and ear-coverts dull 
ashy brown^ greyer on the latter; cheeks, throat, and breast dull 
white, the sides of the breast dull rufous, deepening into brown on 
the flanks and thighs, and becoming blackish on the under tail-
coverts, which have white ends; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
rufous-brown slightly washed with grey; wing-lining rufous; 
" bill blackish olive-brown, except the basal portion of the lower 
mandible, which is greyish white; feet blackish brown; iris straw-
yellow M {Gfjvlcl). Total length 10 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 4-65, 
tail 4*9, tarsus 1*4. 

Acbrlt female. Similar to the male in coloration, but smaller in 
the bill and tarsus. Total length 10 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 4*65, 
tail 4-7, tarsus 1-25. 

Young birds have the iris brown {Gould). 

IlaL The whole of "Western Australia, from Eockingham Bay 
down to Xew South Wales, and is found also in South Australia and 
Victoria. Though not yet recorded from Cape York, it occurs in the 
Gulf of Carpentaria. 

a. Ail, &k. Australia. Linnean Society [P.]. 
b. £ atL -k.
c. Ad. >h<f. Ad. fek.
e. 5 ad. sk.
f„ Ad. sk 
Australia. 
Australia. 
Australia. 
Dobbo, Xew SouthJuly 1876 (mam). 
New South Wales. 
Wales.
(Type of species.) 
J. Gould, Esq.. [P.], 
Sir D. Cooper [P.]. 
Sir T. Mitchell [P.]. 
Australian Museum [P.l 
Gould Collection. 
g. Ad. sk.
As i. Ad. sk. 
Moreton Bay (F. Stra 
Queensland (J. T. Conge).
ckerelt). 
Gould Collection. 
F. D. Goduian and 0. Sal-
Yin, Esqrs. [P.]. 

9. Pomatorhiaus superoilosus. 
Pomatorhinu^ superciliosus, Vig. fy Sbrsf. Trans. Linn. Soe. xv. 
p. 830 (1625); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 229 "(1840) j Gould, B. Austr. 
fill. IT. pi. 22 (1848); Sturt, Exp. Centr. Austr. ii., App. p. 82 
(1*49); Bp. Conqy. i. p. 220 (1850); Heichenh. Yog. Neuholl. 
p. 120 tlS5U): Horsf. # Moore, Cat. B. E.L Go. 3Ius. i. p. 236 
iVite); Graft Hand-l B. i. p. 278; no. 4099 (1809). 
Poiiiatoitoiniis "superciiiosus, Cab. Mas. Hem. Tli. i. p. 84 (1850) ; 
GouM, Ilandb. B. Austr. i. p. 482 (1805) ; Ramsay, Broo. Linn. 
8oc. JV. & W. ii. p. 188 (1878). 

Adult male. General colour a"bovo dull ashy brown, the feathers 
being brown with ashy margins; tail-feathers brown, tho middle 
ones narrowly tipped "with white, gradually increasing in extent 
towards the outermost*, which have broad white endings; wings 
brown, the coverts and quills edged with ashy brown, a little more 
rufoscent on the quills; head like the back, the forehead slightly 
mottled with paler tips of fulvous-brown; from the base of the 
nostrils to the sides of tho nape a broad white eye-streak, fringed 

2 E 2 

TIMMJJ3M* 

on its upper margin by a narrow border of black; lores, feathers 
round the eye, and ear-coverts dark brown, blackish in front of 
the eye; cheeks, throat, and breast -white, more or less washed 
with brown on the latter; sides of body ashy brown, more or 
less tinged with fawn-colour, the lower flanks, under tail-coverts, 
and vent darker brown; under wing-coverts ashy brown, the 
greater serie& slightly washed with rufous: quills dark brown 
below, ashy fulvous along the edge of the inner web; u bill blackish 
brown, the lower part of the under mandible greyish white; feet 
blackish brown; his straw-yellow*J (Gould). Total length 7*5 
inches, culmen 1, wing 3*05, tail 3, tarsus 1. 

The sexes, as well a^ the young, so closely resemble each other 
that they can only be distinguished by the aid of dissection. In the 
young the iiis is brown (Gould). 

Hob. Southern Australia, Victoria, and Xew South Wales, extending 
into the interior. It ranges up the east coast as far as 
Boekiiigham Bay, though it hab not yet been recorded from the 
Eichmond and Clarence-river district, nor from the Cape-York 
peninsula. It appear*, again in the Gulf of Carpentaria and reaches 
as far as Port Darwin and Port Essington ; and it is found also in 
Western Australia. 

a. Ad. sk, '" South cua&t of New Holland," Linnean Society [P.]. 
l&UJ. (Type of species.) 
I, <$ ad. sk. Murray river, South Australia. Sir Georsre Grev "P."]. 
c.Ad.sk, Australia. ^ Sir T. Mitchell '[P.*.


d. Ad. s=k, Ne>\ fcoittli Wale*. J. Gould, E-q. 
e. Juv. sk. New South "Wale*. Guuld C Election. 
/, Ad. sk. Australia. Gould Collection. 
g. Ad. sk. South Ausaaiia. J. Gould, E^q. ~C.]. 
h, i,k. Ad. sk. South Australia. F. D. Godinan and 0. Sal-
Yin, Eaqrs. [P.]. 

10, Pomatorhinus rnficeps. 

PoinatLrliinu* miicep^ Hartl. J.f.O. jb33, p. 31; Gould, B. Austr., 
Suppl. pi. ob; Gray, Iland-L B. i. p. 27^, no. 4101 {JdJD). 
Poraatoetoiau* mneep^ Gould, ITandb. B. Austr, i. p. 464 (1865) ; 
Ramsay, Proc. Linn, 8oe. 2V". 8. W. ii. p. Is^ (lsTo). 

Adidi. General colour above ashy grey, slightly mottled in 
appearance, the feathers being brown with a<hy-grey margins; 
upper tail-coverts brown, narrowly edged with, grey; wing-coverts 
like the back and margined with grey in the same manner; the 
median and greater series with white margins, forming two narrow 
barb across the wing ; quills brown; tail-feathers blackish, tipped 
with, white, more broadly towards the outer ones, the centre feathers 
browner and not tipped with white; head chestnut, bordered with 
a narrow line of black along the side of the crown, this being 
separated from the ear-coverts by a broad white eyebrow extending 
from the base of the bill to the sides of the hind neck; eyelid white 
above, blackish brown on the remainder of the circlet where it 
adjoins the lores and ear-coverts, which are also blackish brown; the 

21 . POUATOKHINTTS, 
421 

ear-coverts rather lighter brown, extending onto the sides of the 

neck ; cheeks and under surface of body white, with a line of black 
fringing the fore neck and chest, the sides of the breast washed with 
rufous ; sides of body ashy brown, greyer on the flanks, which are 
obscured with white tips to some of the feathers; under tail-coverts 
dull ashy, tipped with white; axillaries and under wing-coverts 
ashy, the lower series tipped with chestnut, those near the edge of 
the wing ashy brown edged with white; quills light brown below, 
ashy along the edge of the inner web. Total length 9*3 inches, 
culmen 1*2, wing 8*5, tail 3-75, tarsus 1*15. 

Hah. Interior of South Australia, Victoria, and New South 

Wales. 
a, b. Ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk. 
Interior of Victoria (M'Coy). 
Burke, river Darling (fir.
Pechey), 
Gould Collection. 
Gould Collection. 
d, e,f. Ad. sk. South Australia. F. D. Godrnan and 0. 
Salvia? Esqrs, [P,]. 

11. Pomatorhiniis rubectdtis. 
Pomatorkinus rubeculus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 144; Gray, Gen. 
B. i. p. 220 (184G); Gould, B. Austr. fol iv. pi. 21 (1848); Beichen. 
Voq. KeuhoU. p. 121 (1850); Bp. Consp. i. p. 220 (1850); Gray. 
Hand-l B. i. p. 278, no. 4098 (1809)^ 
Poniatostonms rabeculus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 88? note (1850) j 
Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 481 (1803) j Ramsay, Broc. Linn. 
Soc. K 8. W. ii. p. 188 (1878). 

Adult. Above dark chocolate-brown, gradually deepening into 
blackish on the lower back and rump; the upper tail-coverts and 
tail black, the latter tipped with white, which increases in extent 
towards the outermost feathers; wings brown, with slight remains 
of rufescent edges to the wing-coverts and near the tips of the outer 
webs of the primaries; all the quills fawn-coloured on the inner 
webs, this colour more extended on the primaries, which are brown 
only at the tips of the inner webs; centre of the crown having a 
narrow longitudinal band of chocolate-brown, bordered on each side 
by a very broad band of creamy white; lores, feathers round the 
eye, and ear-coverts blackish brown, the latter somewhat washed 
with ashy; cheeks and upper throat white, the lower throat gradually 
inclining to rusty rufous on the fore neck and chest, which 
deepens into rufous-brown on the breast and into blackish on tbe 
lower abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts, the latter being 
obscurely margined with rufous; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
rufous-brown with darker brown tips; quill-lining deep fawncolour 
below; " bill blackish grey, becoming paler at the base; 

legs and feet greenish grey; iris straw-yellow " (Gould). Total 
length 9*5 inches, culmen 1, wing 3*7, tail 41 , tarsus 1*15. 
Hob* Northern and North-western Australia, and extending 
down the western coast as far as Champion Bay. 

TEMELIID^I. 

422 

a, Ad. sk. Champion Bay, "W. AusPurchased. 
tralia. 
b, c. $ $ ad. sir. Depot, "Victoria river, Dec. J. E. Elsey, Esq.. [P.]. 
1855. 

d. 
<$ ad. sk. N.W. Australia, Jan. 14, J. E. Elsey, Esq. [P.], 
1856. 
e <* ad. sk. N.W. Australia, Oct. 16, J. E. Elsey, Esq. [P.]. 
1856. 
/. Ad. sk. N.W. Australia. J. E. Elsey. Esq. [P.]. 

q. Ad. sk. Port Es&insrton. Cipt. Chambers l?.1. 
\ 
i Ad. sk. N. Australia (J. T. Cockerel! I F. 1). Godman aiid~0. 
SalTin, Esqrs. IP.]. 

12. Pomatorlitras ferruginosus. 
Pomatorhinns ferruginous, Jlodqs. Icon, ititd. in Brit. 3£?(s., Passeres, 
App. pi. i)2 fno."007): Bhftf>, J. A. S, Beag. xiv. p. 507 (1845) ; 
id. op. cit. xvi. p. 45:i (1&47); id Cat. B, Mu*t An. Soc. p. 146 
(1849); Bp. Comfh i. p. ±20 fl-54); Jrrd. B. lad. ii. p. 29 
(181 ;J); 67/w/, 2iV//?f/-/. 2?.i. p. 27% no. 4090 (1800); Wardlmo 
Bamsaij, Ibis 187-, p. 134, pi. iv. %. 1; Ilvme, Mr. F. 1879, 

p. 00; Scid'y. f. r. p. 288. 
Pomatorhinns 
ruLi^musu5-, Bhjtlt, J. A. S. Bmq. xxiv. p. 278 
(1855). 

Adult. General colour above dark olive-brown ; wins-coverts like 
the back ; quills brown on the inner web. drill reddish brown externally; 
tail-feathers liffht brown, with dt*>ky bars under certain 
lights, and washed with olive-brown on the edges; crown of head 
and nape black, relieved by a broad white eyebrow extending to the 
sides of the nape, and ornamented above the lores by a tuft of 
chestnut-tipped plumes; lores, feathers below the eye, and ear-
coverts black; cheeks chin, and upper throat white ; lower throat, 
fore neck, and chest bright orange-chestnut, fa ding-off paler in the 
centre of the breast; side^of body, abdomen, thisjhs and under tail-
coverts olivaceous brown slightly tinged with rufous; under wing-
coverts and axillaries olive-brown: quills dusky brown below, pale 
rufous along the margin of the inner web; ** bill coral-red; legs 
greenish brown; iris red-brown" {Jet-do ii). Total length 7*5 inches, 
culmen 1*2, wing 8*4, tail 3*7, tarsus 1*35. 

Eah. Eastern Himalavas. 

a. Ad. sk. Barjiliiig. Gould Collection. 
5, c. Ad. sk. Darjilinsr. A. 0. Hume, Esq. 
d. Ad. sk. Native Sikhim (Jlandelli). A. 0. Hume, Esq. 
e. Ad. sk. Native Sikhim (Jlandelli). H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
f. 
Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
13. Pomatoriiiiras phayrii. 
Pomatorhinns 
phavrii, Blyfh, J, A. 8. Beng. xvi. p. 452 (1847); id. 
Cat. B. If us. As". Soc. p.' 146 (1849); Bp. Comp. i. p. 220 (1850); 
Gray, Hand-h B. i. p. 278, no. 4102 (1800); Godwin-Austen, J. 

A. 8. Beng. xxxix, p. 103 (1870); Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. iiOl; Ward
21 . POilATOEHBTO'S. 
423 

law Bamsay, Ibis, 1878, p. 135, pi. iv. %. 2'; Hume $ Davison, 
Sir. F.1878, vol i pp. 27% 515: Same, Sir. F 1879, -p. 96 • Oates 

B. Br. Burm. p. 78 (1838). 
* ' 
Adult. General colour above olivaceous "brown, the head of the 
same colonr as the hack; wing-coverts also like the hack; quills 
dusky, externally like the hack; the secondaries slightly washed 
with rufous : tail-feathers light brown, washed with olive-brown on 
their margins ; extreme base of forehead black, as also a line along 
the bides of the crown, separating* from the latter a very broad and 
distinct eyebrow ; .lores also white, surrounded with black; eyelid, 
feathers below the eye. and ear-coverts black ; cheeks white; under 
surface of the body light tawny rufous, except the chin and upper 
throat, which are white slightly washed with yellow; flanks and 
under tail-coverts olive-brown; thighs like the breast, but duller; 
axillaries and under wing-eoverts pale olive-brown; quills dark 
brown below, fulvous along the edge of the inner web; " iris pale 
yellow" (Godwia-Avstfii). Total length 9 inches, culmen 1-2, 
wing 3*6, tail 4*1, tarsus 1*3, 

Hah Arakan, extending to the Khasia hills and Munipur. Its 
occurrence, as reported, in the Eastern Himalayas and in Tenasserim 
is very doubtful, 

a. Ad. sk. KJiasia hills (Jerdon). Gould Collection. 
14. Pomatorhinxts albigularis. 
Pomatorhinus alboGrulari^ Bb/th, J. A. ft Benq. sxiy. p. 274 (1855) j 
Gray, Hand-l 1). i. p. '11% m». 4894 {1800); Blyth § Wald. B. 
Burm. p. 113 (1875); Hume3 Sir. F. 1877, p. 136; Wardlaw 
Mambay, Ibis, 1878, p. 13o, pi. v. fisr. 1; Hume fy Davison, Stir. F. 
1878, vol. i. p. 281; Hume, Sir. jfl879, p. 98 Oates, B. Brit. 
Burm. p. 74 (1883), 

Pomatorhinus mariae, 
Wald. Ann. # Mag. Xat. Hist. (4) xv. p. 403 
(1875) ; id. B. Burm. p. 113 (1875); Hume, Sir. F. 1875, p. 404; 
id. $ Damon, Sir. F. I87&, i. p. 280. 

Adult female (Karen hills, April 1875; E. G. Wardlaw Ramsay). 
General colour above Mvescent olive-brown ; the wing-coverts like 
the back; the quills dusky brown, externally reddish brown, paler on 
the outer webs of the primaries ; upper tail-coverts slightly darker 
than the back; tail-feathers umber-brown, barred with dusky under 
certain lights and shaded with reddish brown on their margins; 
crown of head a little more reddish brown than the back; extreme 
base of forehead black, continued in a narrow line along the sides of 
the crown to the nape, and skirting a conspicuous white eyebrow; 
lores also white; feathers round the eye, eyelid, and ear-coverts 
black; cheeks and throat white; remainder of under surface light 
ochraceous buff; the sides of breast and flanks olivaceous brown; 
thighs pale tawny; under tail-coverts olivaceous brown; axillaries 
like the sides of the breast; under wing-coverts pale tawny buff; the 
lower series brown; edge of wing ashy grey; lower series of quills 
dusky brown, pale rufous along the edge of the inner web; "bill 

424 TIM3UIDM, 

vermilion-red; legs and feet pale greenish brown, sometimes a 
dingy brownish green ; iris creamy white?? (Davison). Total length 
9 inches, culmen 1-15, wing 3-7, tail 4-1, tarsus 1-3. (JIus. R. G. 
Wardlaw Ramsay.) 

Hah. Tenasserini hills at 5000 to 6000 feet, extending to the 
Karen hills. 

15. PomatorMmis stenorhyuchns. 
Pomatorhinus stenorhynclins, Godwin-Austen. J. A. S. Reng. xlvi. 
p. 43 (1877): IZttme, Sfr. F. 1877, p. 342: Wardlov: Ramsay, 
Ibis, 1S78, p^ 133, pi. v. fijr. 2; Hum*, Sfr. F. 1879, p. 96. 
Adult male. General colour above light oehraceous olive-brown ; 
the head like the back, but rather richer oehraceous ; wing-coverts 
like the back, those near the edge of the wing somewhat washed 
with ashy; quills dusky, externally like the back; tail-feathers dark 
olive-brown, obscurely barred with dusky under certain lights and 
washed on their margins with the same colour as the back; a broad 
white eyebrow from the base of the forehead reaching nearly to the 
occiput, but not fringed above by a line of black on the sides of the 
crown ; lores, feathers below the eye, and ear-coverts black, not extending 
onto the sides of the neck; cheeks and throat white, fading on 
the latter into the light fulvous of the underparts; the abdomen whiter; 
the sides of the body a little deeper than the breast, and inclining to 
tawny; flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts olive-brown; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries very light reddish; the edge of the wing 
ashy; quills dark brown below, with a light margin along the edge 
of the inner web; " legs and feet horny grey ; bill bright orange-redJ? 
(Godwin-Austen). Total length 8*5 inches, culmen 1*5, wing 3*7, 
tail 4-1, tarsus 1-2. (21ns. R. G. Wafdlaw Ramsay.) 

Hob, Upper Assam. 

16. PomatorMnns musicus. 
Pomatorknms musicus, Swinh, Jouni. JY1 China Branch As. Soc. ii 
p. 228 (1859); id. Ibis, 18(50, p. SCO, 1803, p. 284, pi. vi : Gray. 
HmuU. R. i. p. 278, no. 4056 {1509); Swhilt. P. Z. S.1871, p. 370; 
Wardlaw Ramsay. Ibis. 1878, p. 139; David fy Onstaht. Ois. Chine, 
p. 185 (1877). 
Adult male. General colour above olive-brown; the head ashy 
grey, separated from the back by a bright rufous collar, which occupies 
the nape and hind neck; the wing-coverts like the back, the bastard-
wing feathers and primary-coverts dull ashy brown ; greater coverts 
and quills ashy brown, edged with the same colour as the back, a 
little more rufescent-brown on the margins of the secondaries; tail-
feathers dusky brown, washed with olive-brown near the base ; forehead 
dusky blackish, slightly streaked with white; a very distinct 
eyebrow extending from the base of the bill to the sides of the nape ; 
lores, feathers round and below the eye, as well as ear-coverts 
black; the upper edge of the eyelid, adjoining the eyebrow, white; 
cheeks and throat white; fore neck white, with broad central streaks 

21. poarATOBimrs. 
425 

of brown; centre of breast and abdomen -white, the latter streaked with 
reddish brown; the sides of the body tawny buff, shading off into olive-
brown on the flanks; thighs ashy brown; under tail-coverts olive-
brown; axillaries and under wing-coverts olive-brown, the latter a 
little more reddish; the lower series dull ashy brown like the under 
surface of the quills, which are ashy fulvous along the edge of the 
inner web; "upper mandible brownish black, under and apical 
edge of upper half flesh-white with a wash of lemon, inside of 
mouth pale lemon flesh-colour ; legs dusky leaden grey, whitish on 
edge of scales, and claws and toes dingy ochreous grey?? (Swinhoe). 
Total length 7*3 inches, eulnien 1, wing 3*35, tail 3*4, tarsus 

1-35. 

Considerable difference is shown in the plumage of this bird in a 
series of specimens. Some are more ashy on the head and back 
than others ; and certain individuals have the latter rufous-brown, 
while the head is also washed with rufous-brown. Again, the black 
streaks vary very much in breadth on the breast, and are much 
browner in some individuals than in others. 

Hah. Formosa. 

a. Ad. sk. Takow, Formosa. E. Swhxhoe, Esq. [0.1. 
". Takow'Takow {J. 
{J.{J. JJ, Mw/e)^titeere).% E 
EE.
.. B 
BB.
.. Sharpe,
,, Esq 
EsqEsq.
.. [P.]Skarpe [PJ
h. Ad 
AdAd.
.. sk 
sksk.
.. Ji,
c. d. Ad. sk. X. Formosa {JR. Swmhoe). F. D. Godrnan d 0. Sal"". 
D. Ciodman an 
anand 0, 

vin, Esqrs. [P.], 

e,f. Ad. sk. N. Formosa (It Swmhoe) Gould Collection. 

g7 h. Ad. sk. X. Formosa (It Suinhoe). HenrySeebokin,Esq,[P.], 

17. Pomatorhiiras nigrostellatus. 
Poxnatorhinus nigrostellatus, Swmhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 250; id. F. Z. $. 
1871, p. 371; WarcUaw Ramsatj, Ibis, 1878, p. 139; David $ 
Omfalet, Ois. Chine, p. 186 (1877). 

Adult. General colour above reddish olive-brown, the head like 
the back, from which it is separated by a tolerably well-marked 
rufous collar; wing-coverts like the back, but slightly more olive-
brown; the bastard-wing feathers and primary-coverts somewhat 
more ashy; quills dusky brown, externally like the back, the margins 
to the primaries somewhat paler; tail-feathers dusky brown, 
with indistinct cross bars under certain lights, the middle feathers 
washed with olive-brown, as also the others on their margins; a 
very distinct white eyebrow from the base of the bill to the sides of 
the nape; lores and lower margin of eyelid black; cheeks and throat 
white; lower throat, fore neck, and chest white, thickly streaked 
with blackish centres to the feathers; breast chestnut with whitish 
margins to the feathers, broader on the abdomen, where the centres 
of the feathers are reddish brown; flanks, thighs, and under tail-
coverts olive-brown, the former washed with rufous; axillaries 
rufous, margined with white; under wing-coverts ashy brown; 
quills dusky brown below, ashy fulvous along the edge of the inner 
web; " bill pale yellow, brownish black on the basal half of the 

TXHELirDJEl. 

culmen; legs and feet leaden grey; iris yellowish " (Swinhoe). Total 
length 6-1 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 2-9, tarsus 1-1. {Mus. R. G. 
Wardlaw Ramsay.) 

Hah. Island of Hainan. 

18. Pomatorhiiras ruficollis. 
Poinatoihinus ruficollis, Hodgs. Asiat. Research, six. p. 182 (1880); 
id. Icon. vied. in. Brit. Mvs.9 Passcres, pi. 153 (no. 239), 184. 
fio-. 3 ; Rhjth, J. A. S. Reng. xi. p. 175 (1342); Hodgs. in'Gray's 
Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1644); Gray, Cat. Mainui. etc. Xtjml pres. 
Hodgs. p. 86 (1840): id. Gen. B. i. p. 229 (1840j; Blyth, Cat. 

B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 147 (lb4£>>; Bo. toasp. i. p. '2z0 11^50); Cab, 
Mm. Heiih Th. i. p. 84 (16-30) ; Iiorsf. ^ Moore, Car. B. EJ. Co. 
Mus. i. p. 230 (lfcj4); Jrrd. B. 2nd. ii. p. 30 {lSi'S); Gray, 
HaadA. B. I. p. 278, n. 4065 (1509); Bavid & CW. Ois. Chine, 
p, 180 (1^77); Wardlaw Ramsay, His, 1^78, p. 138; Hume, 
Str. F. Ib7& p. 90; Scully, t. e. p. 237. 
Pomatorhinu* stridulus, 
Siciaft. 2b>\ 1501, p. 2U5; id. P. Z. S. 
1803, p. 278; Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 278, no. 4090 {1509) ; Sicinh. 

P. Z. S. 1671, p. 371. 
Adult male. General colour above fulvous-brown, rather olivaceous 
in tint, the head more dusky brown, the neck chest nut-rufous all 
round, especially on the rides forming an Indistinct collar; wings 
resembling the back, the outer coverts slightly areyi<hu the primaries 
washed with olive externally ; tail brown, waved w itk du«-ky bars 
under certain lights, and washed with olive on the outer margin; 
a very broad white eyebrow from the base of the bill to the sides of 
the nape ; lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts black; cheeks and 
entire throat white, the former tipped with yellowish-brown edgings 
to the feathers ; breast also whitish, broadly streaked with yellowish 
brown, the bhaft-slreak of each plume very distinctly white; sides 
of body olive iulvous-brown, as well as thighs and under tail- and 
wing-coverts, the latter slightly more rufoiib; u bill horny yellow, 
paler at tip, and the base of the maxilla and basal three ioiirths of 
culmen brownish black; feet grey or greenish plumbeous; claws 
brownish horny; eyelid plumbeous; Iris varying from pale red to 
crimson r (Sadly). "Totallength 8*5 inches, culmen ti-Q5, wing3-15, 
tail 3*7, tarsus 1*2. 
Young. Much yellower and more tawny than the adult, the head 
rufescent, and the sides of the neck bright foxy red; forehead also 
foxy red; cheeks and chin white; the throat and breast tawny 
fulvous, inclining to olive-brown on the abdomen and sides of the 
body; a broad white eyebrow ; ear-coverts blackish, inclining to 
tawny rufous on their hinder margin; lores and feathers under the 
eyes black. 
Hah. Eastern Himalayas, extending into Bootan and the Eaasia 
hills; throughout the hills of Southern China to the river Hoang-ho. 

«, b. Ad. sk. Nepal. B, II, Hodgson, E*q. [P.]. 
(Types of species.) 
c, d, eff. Ad.; Nepal. B. if. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
g. Juv. sk. 

21 . P03£1T0EHIOTS. 
427 

h, z, fa Ad. sk, Nepal {Hodgson). India Museum. 
I Ad. sk. Nenal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 

m. n. Ad. sk. Darjiling. Major 0. H. T. Marshall 
o. Ad. sk. Darjiling {Mandelli). EL Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
p,q. d § Sikkim. A. 0. Hume, Esq. 
a^-s^r, 
s. Ad. sk. Boot an (Pemberton). India Museum, 

f. 
Ad. sk. Chungking Szechuen, H. Seebohm, Esq. fP.1 
May 29,1^09 (R. 
Sicialtoe). 
19. PomatorMnus erythrocnemis. 
PomatorMnus 
erythrocneniis Gould, P. Z. S. 1802, p. 281• id. B. 
Asia, part xvi.; forink. Ibis, 1803, p. 286; 6-7w/, JETcmd-l. B. i. 

p. 27G. no. 40SD il^X)); Sirinh. P. Z. & 1871, p. 370; Xta ^ 
O^sf. Oi&. Chine, p. 1^2 (lb77)$ Wardlaw Mamsay, Ibis, 1878, 
p. 144. 
Adult. General colour above chestnut-brown, a little more dusky 
and tinged with olive on the hind neck and sides of neck; wing-
coverts like the hack; quilk brown, externally chestnut-brown like 
the back ; tail-feathers brown, washed with chestnut-brown on the 
outer webs; head dull a»hy brown, slightly washed with olive, the 
base of the forehead chestnut, forming a patch on each side of the 
bill; lores fulvous, tipped with black; eyelid and cheeks black, as 
well as the feathers h< low the eye; ear-coverts ashy "brown, with a 
red patch on the basal portion; throat white; fore neck and chest 
white, very broadly streaked wiih black ; centre of breast and abdomen 
dull white; the sides of the body olive-brown, strongly tinged 
with fulvous on the sides of the breast; the lower flanks rather 
more reddish brown ; thighs olive-brown on the upper part, bright 
chestnut on the lower; under taii-coverts bright chestnut• asillaries 
olive-brown, the under wing-coverts more fulveseent• lower series 
ashy brown like the inner lining of the quills, which are slightly 
rufescent along the margin of the inner web ; " bill blackish grey 
with pale edges; legs leaden grey, claws brownish* iris light reddish 
brown "7 (tiwlnhoo). Total length 8*0 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 3*8, 
tail 4, tarsus 1*5. 

Hab. Island of Formosa. 

a. Ad. sk. Noith Formosa, April 1862. R Swinhoe, Esq. [0.]. 
b. Ad. sk. North Formosa (J2. Sicinhoe). F. D. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
£, d. Ad. sk. North Formosa (R. Swinhoe). II. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 

20. PomatorMnus swinhoii 
PomatorMnus swinhoii, 
David, Ann, Set. Nat xix. art. 9 (1874); 
id. & Oustalef, Ois. Chine, p. 184 (1877); Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 
1878, p. 144. 

Upper part of head olive-brown, with the centre of the feathers 
dark brown; upper part of neck and nape olive-rufous ; back and 

428 
TOIELIID-E. 

upper surface of the wings very bright chestnut-red; tail rufous, 
lightly shaded with olive; forehead, eyebrow, and ear-coverts bright 
rufous : lores and cheeks spotted with Mack: ocular region white 
on the hinder part, black anteriorly; throat white, with some black 
hairs on the middle, and at the sides of the Mack spots, not forming 
a well-defined moustache; upper part of the chest white or whitish, 
with large black triangular spots which end higher n-p than in P. 
macclellaadi; lower part of chest and abdomen ashy grey, with the 
flank-feathers shaded with olive-rufous at the extremities; under 
tail-coverts dark chestnut-red; tibial plumes greyish, shaded with 
brown and rufous : bill blackish brown, grc\i*h at base ; feet brown, 
claws grey with brown tips ; iiis pale yellow. (David $• Oustalet.) 

Obs. Capt. Wardlaw Ramsay remarks:—*«" Of this species I have 
not seen specimens ; but, judging from the plate and description in 
the £ Oiseaux de la Chine/ it is doubtfully distinct from P. erythrocnemis, 
Gould (Ibis, 1S7S, p. 144), from which it appears to 
differ chieflv in the iris being pale yellow.*' 

Hab. S.E. China. 

21. PomatorHnns hypoleucns. 
Orthorhinus hvpoleucu*, Blyth, J. A. S. Butg. siil. p. 371 (1844): 
Hume, Mr. F. IN 7, p. «1, 1-70. p. OU, 1-0, p. 253. 

Poinaturhiuu-s hvpnleueu3, Blyth, J. A. S. Buvj. xiv. p. 597 (1845); 
id. Cat. B. Mvs. As. 8*e. p. 14'> <W.h: Bp. Cony. i. p. 220 
(1850); Horsf. $• Monre. Cat B. Z.I. £ \ J/*/*. I. p. i>:)0 (J654); 
Jerd. B. Lid. iL p. &2 (1^'Oj: Cray, IIand-1. B. i. p. 278, no. 4103 
(1869); Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 301; BIgiL B. Barm. p. 113 (1875); 
Godivin-Avsteti, IJr. A. 8. Be tig. 1H77, p. 147 : Wardlaw Ramsay, 
Ibis, 1878, p. 140• Oates, B. Br. Barm. p. 75 (l^.j). 

Pomatorhiniib albicalli-, 
Gray §* Hitch. Gen. B. L p. 229, pi, 57 
(1840, <u* Hortf. M88.), 

Adult. General colour above brown, the head like the back; 
wing-coverts also like the back, the greater coverts a little more 
rufous; quills dusky brown, externally dull rufous-brown; tail-
feathers diibky brown, dull rufous-brown along the outer webs; 
lores dull ashy; sides of face and ear-co vei rs clunky brown; aline 
of dull rufous feathers running behind the latter on the sides of the 
neck, where it is a little more distinct; cheek**, throat, and underpays 
white; the sides of the cheat and o3c the breast slaty grey, 
varied with arrow-shaped longitudinal streaks and markings down 
the feathers; flanks olive-brown; thighs dark a^hy; under tail-
coverts ferruginous; axillaries and under wing-coverts ashy; quills 

ashy brown, lighter ashy along the margin of the inner webs; 
" culmen and basal portion of the upper mandible horny blackish 
brown; tip and lateral portion of upper mandible (except at the 
base) and greater portion of lower mandible pale whity brown or 
greyish; legs, feet, and claws pale" {lima ). Total length 10*5 
inches, culmen 1*75, wing 4-15, tail 4, tarsus 1*05. 

06s. Mr. Hume separates the Oachar bird as distinct from P, hypo-
UucuS) and calls it P. inglisi, chiefly on account of the absence of 

21 . POlfATOKBEXNTTS. 42 9 
the rufous line behind the ear-coverts, no mention of which is made 
by Br. Jerdon either in Ms description (' Ibis/ 1872, p. 801). The 
rufous line is mentioned by Blyth in his original description of P. 
liyjpoleucus, and is present in all specimens examined by me from 
Aracan, Cachar, and the Ehasia hills; but in one bird from the 
Graro hills it is absent, and this is the P. hypoleiicus of Jerdon (nee 
Blyth)*. The Cachar specimen in the Museum has the rufous line; 
but this is feebly developed in several others, and I doubt whether 
the two species will be ultimately found to be distinct. 

Hob. The Xhasia hills and Cachar, extending to Aracan. 

rt.Ad.sk Ehasia Mils (Griffitlifi. India Museum. 
b. Ad. sk. Aracan (As. Soc). India Museum. 
c. d ad sk. Dilkovsha, Cachar, Feb. 28,1879. J. Jhglis, Esq. [0.]. 

Subsp. a. Pomatorhinus inglisi 
Orthorhinus inglisi, Hume, Sir. F. 1877, p. 31,1879, p. 96. 

Similar to P. hjpohucus described above, but withont the rufous 
band behind the ear-coverts. Total length 10*5 inches, wing 4*1, 
tail 3*9, tarsus 1*0. (JIus. E. E, Godiv in-Austen.) 

Hah Sikhim (?) to the Garo hills. 

22. Pomatorhinus tickelii 
Pomatorhinus hypoleucus, Blyth, J. A, S. Beng. xxiv. p. 273 (1855). 
Pomatorhinus tickelii, Blyth, MSS.; Tichell, Ibis, 1863, p. 118; 

Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 278, no. 4095 (1869); Wardlaw Ramsay, 
Ibis, 187S, |>. 142; Gates, B. Brit Barm. p. 76 (1883). 

Orthorhinus tickelii, Hume, Sir. F. 1877, p. 82; id. §* Davison, Sir. 

F. 1878, p. 253; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 96; Bingham, Str. F. 
1880; p. 181; Hume, i. c. p. 258. 
Adult male. General colour above warm olive-brown, the lesser 
wing-coverts like the back, the greater series more distinctly rufous 
externally; primary-coverts and quills blackish, externally rufous, 
the inner secondaries entirely reddish brown; rump slightly more 
ashy than the rest of the back; upper tail-coverts reddish brown; 
tail-feathers deep chestnut-brown; head and nape a trifle more olive 
than the back, with a very distinct superciliary streak of ferruginous 
feathers, mesially streaked with creamy white; lores and the feathers 
round the eye ashy ; ear-coverts pale creamy brown, with a 
large patch of bright ferruginous behind; on the sides of the neck 
a number of ovate longitudinal spots of creamy white, the hindermost 
being edged with black; cheeks and under surface of body 
creamy white, the flanks and thighs olive-brown, narrowly streaked 
with buffy whitish, the sides of the breast ashy grey, with a long 
mesial streak of white laterally bordered with black; some of 

* qfm Wardlaw Eatosay, /, c. 
t Erroneously stated to be from Afghanistan (Horsf. & Moore, I c). 
430 
TDnrr»HDiE. 

the adjoining breast-feathers edged with ashy grey ; thighs some


what more ashy olive, with narrow white shaft-streaks; under tail-

coverts bright chestnut; axillaries ashy grey ; under wing-coverts 

a 
little more olive-brown, the inner ones streaked with white; 

quills sepia-brown below, edged with ashy along the inner web • 

" bill horny, darker at base of upper mandible : legs and feet fleshy 

white; iris dark reddish brown'5 {Bjrujluui 3ISS.). Total length 

12 inches, culmen 1*85, wing 4-3, tail 1*45, tarsus 1*75, 

Hah. Tenasserim. 

a. 8 ad. sk. Houndraw valley, Tenasserim, Capt Bmu-ham FC.1 
Feb. 23,1632. ° u J 
23. PomatorMnus erythrogenys. 
Pomatorhimis ervthrogenys, 
Vigors, P. Z. S. IS'Jl, p. 173; Gould. 
Cent Hhnal B. pi. oo (1S32|; Blyth, J. A. S. Baig. xl p. 175 
(1842), xii. p. 940 (lQ40j; Hodys. Iron. intd. id Brit 3Ius., Passeres, 
pis. 1G3, 164. tig. 1 {WJ.'J-JT i: 1*1. id Gro*fs ZJOL Mho. 

p. S3 (lfe44); Gray, Gin. B. i. p. 220( 1-4U, ; id. Cat. Mamm. etc. 
Nepal pres. Hodt/s. p. ^7 Wtj); IBituti* J. A. X. Bear/. x\ii. 
pt. 2, p. 10 C1S1-4): Myth Vat B. M»*. A,, N,r. p. 14*) (1^49); 
Bp. Cony. i. p. 220 (IvJO); Lab. 3Iit->. 1L id. Hi. i. p. -4 * l^oO) ; 
Jercl B, Bid. i. p. 31 * 1^03); Graft, Hand-l. B. L p. 277, no. 4Cb2 
(1809J; Jercl Ibis. 1^72, p. 301 ; Ilu,m\ Nrsf, «„ I E<jch Jtld. B. 
p. 231 (1572); Wald. in Blyth B. Buna. p. 113 \ 1 -7~;j • Warsaw 
Ramsay, Ihis, 1S7&, p. 142 : Audir*. Zuol. JCjptd. Yiftitiaa} Aves, 
p. 034 (1S7&); Hume, Sir. F 1-70, p. 00; Scully, t. c. p, 288: 
Oates7 B. Brit Buna. p. 7o (1**<J> 
Pomatorhinus 
ferrugilatus, Hodys. Asiat. Research, xix. p. ISO 
(183G). 

AM*. General colour above dark olive-brown, the head of the 
same colour as the hack ; wing-coverts like the hack, the primary-
coverts a little more dusky ; quills dusky brown, externally like the 
back, the primaries a little paler on the outer edge; tail-feathers 
dusky brown, barred acro&» under certain lights, the edges of the 
feathers olive-brown ; base of forehead bright elicit nut-red, extending 
as a slightly paler eyebrow along the >idt& of the crown; lores 
ashy whitish; eyelid dusky; cheeks and ear-coverts bright chestnut-
red, rather whiter near the ba^e of the former, which is separated 
from the throat by an indistinct mou^tachial streak of dusky 
blackish; throat and fore neck dull a<by, mottled with whitish 
centres to the feathers; centre of breast and abdomen whitish; the 
sides of the body orange-rufous, the flanks more olive-brown; 
thighs and under tail-coverts bright chestnut-red; axillaries pale 
orange-rufous; the under wing-coverts a little deeper in colour, the 
lower series light ashy brown, like the inner lining of the q tails, 

which are ashy fulvous along the margin of the inner web; *• bill 
dingy grey horny; base of maxilla blackish, and ba^e of mandible 
greenish; feet brownish fleshy; claws brown horny; iris yellowish, 
white or horny" (Scully). Total length 8*8 incheb, culmen 1*3, 
wing 3-55, tail 3*3, tarsus 1*35. 

21 . POMATOEHIHirS. 
Young, More rufous than the adult, especially on the head, sca


pulars, and upper tail-coverts; the under surface is dull rufous, 

except on the throat and centre of breast and abdomen, which are 

whiter. 

The specimen described is from Darjiling; and on comparison with 

examples from the N.TT. Himalayas it appears at first sight to 

be different on account of the greyish shade on the throat, this 

being white in the latter. Although some of the birds from the 

north-west occasionally show an ashy shade on their throat, there 

can be no doubt that their general character is rather lighter than 

those from the eastern Himalayas; but Nepalese specimens show 

great variation in the amount of ashy shading on the throat; and so 

it becomes impossible to separate them even into two races. 

Hal. Entire range of the Himalayas, throughout the hills of 

Eastern Bengal; reaching to Tenasserim. 

a. <$} h,c. 2 N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Staekhonse Pinwill 
ad. sk. [P.]. 
d. 6 ad. sk, Mun-ee, Oct. 27,1872. Major C. H. T. Marshall 
[P.l. 
e,f. (S $ ad.sk. Simla, Sept. and Oct. A. O.'Hume, Esq. 
g,k. Ad. sk. Kumaon (Strackey). India Museum. 
i. (S ad. isk. Near Koieaizrk, Dec. 4. A. 0. Hume, Esq. 
k. Ad. sk. Nepal valley, Aug. 2,1877. Dr. Scully [P.]. 
I, m, n. o. Ad.; Nepal. B. U. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
2). JUT. sk. 

q. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum, 
r. Ad. sk. Darjiling, 
Major C. H. T. Marshall 
s. Ad. sk. Barjiling. 
India Museum. 
t. <$ ad. sk. Darjiling. A. 0. Hume, Esq. 
u, v. Ad. sk. Bootan {PembeHon). India Museum. 
24. Pomatorhiaiis macclellandi 
Pomatorhinus rnaeclellandi, Jerd. B. Lid, ii. p. 82 (1863, deso\ 
nulla)*, Gray, HCLMI-I B. I p. 278, no. 4092 (1869),-Godwin-
Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. p. 104 (1870, descr. princ.) j Jerd, 
Ibis. 1S72, p. 30$; Wardlaw Bamsay, Ibis, 1878, p. 143; Hume, 
Sir. F. 1875, p. 412,1879, p. 00. 

Pomatorhinus 
gravivox, David, Ami. 8ci. Mit. xviii. art. v. p. 2 
(187tf) j id. § Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 183, pi. 49 (1877). 

Adult. General colour above dull olive-brown, a little clearer 
brown on the head; wing-coverts like the back; quills brown, externally 
a little more fulvous-brown than the back; tail-feathers 
light brown, washed with olive-brown near the base; lores dull 
whitish, surmounted by a bright rufous base to the forehead; eyelid 
and feathers below the eye dusky; ear-coverts and cheeks bright 
rufous, the base of the cheeks mottled with white bases to the 
feathers; a tolerably broad moustachial streak of dusky blackish; 
throat and underparts white, the sides of the body olive-brown, 
the thighs and under tail-coverts bright rufous; fore neck and 

432 
TIMELIIDJB. 

chest with triangular spots of dusky olive-brown, becoming smaller 
on the breast, the flanks somewhat varied with white outer webs 
to some of the feathers • under wing-eoverts and axillaries like the 
sides of breast; quills dusky brown below, light rufous along the 
margin of the inner web. Total length 8 inches, culmen 1-15, 
wing 3, tail 3, tarsus 1*35. 

Hah. Assam and the hill-ranges of Forth-eastern Bengal, extending 
into Szechuen in Western China. 

a. Ad. sk. Debrughur, Assam (Jerdon). Gould Collection. 
(Type of species.) 
2D. PomatorMnus isi&orii. 

Pomatorhinus isidorii, Less. Voy. Coqidlle, Zool. i. p. 680, pi, 29. 
&g. 2 (1826) j id. TraitS d'Om. p. 309 (1831); Midi. Nat. 
Gesch. Land- en Volkenk. p. 22 (1839-44); Bp. Consp. i. p. 220 
(1850); Sclater, Proc. Linn. 8oc. Zool. ii. p. 158 (1858); Gray, 

P. Z. S.1858, p. 192; id. Cat. B. New Guinea, pp. 27, o? (1859) ; 
id. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 156, I860, p. 134; FinscA, Neu- Guinea, 
p. 168 (1865); Salvad. <§• J)'Albert. Ann. Mas. Civic. Genov. yii 
p. 826 (1875), x. p. 146 (1877); UAlbert. $> 8alvad. op. eit. xiv! 
p. 83 (1879); 8alvad. op. eit. xvi. p. 187 (1880); id. Orn. Papuasia 
<yc. ii. p. 410 (1881). 
Pomatorhinus geoffroyi, Less. Compl. Buff. p. 542 (1838); Gray, 
Gen. B. i. p. 229 (1846); id. Hand-l. B. i. p. 278, no. 4100 (1869). 
Pomatostomus isidori, 
Bp. C. P. xxxviii. p. 56 (1854); Ramsay, 
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. i. p. 391 (187GJ, iii. p. 112 (1878), iv. 

p. 99 (1879). 
Adult male (Dorey). General colour above dull earthy brown, the 
upper tail-coverts and entire tail chestnut-red; wings light rufous-
brown, the outer greater coverts, primary-coverts, and primaries 
externally tawny rufous *. lores pale fulvous-brown ; entire sides of 
face, a ring of plumes round the eye> and a slight superciliary 
streak above the ear-coverts tawny buff; throat light tawny rufous, 
deepening on the lower throat towards the breast, which is deeper 
tawny rufous; the under tail-coverts chestnut; sides of lower flanks 
and thighs dusky brown; under wing-coverts like the breast; quills 
rufous below, inclining to dull brown towards their ends. Total 
length 8-3 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 4*2, tail 4*7, tarsus 1*3. 

Adult female (liysol). Not to be distinguished from the male. 
Total length 10 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 4*55, tail 4*5, tarsus 1*35. 

Hab. New Guinea and the adjacent islands. 

a. Ad. sk. New Guinea. A. E. Wallace, Esq. \GX 
b. $ ad. sk. Dorey, New Guinea. A. E. Wallace, Ebq. [O.J. 
c. Ad. sk. Port Moresby, S.E. New Mr. Kendall Broadbent [O]. 
Guinea. 
d. Ad, sk. Astrolabe Mountains, Mr. A. Goldie [O.]. 
S.E. New Guinea. 
e. Ad. sk. New Guinea (8. Midler). Gould Collection. 
/. Ad. sk. Waigiou. ' A. E. Wallace, Esq. ["0.1 
g, h. $ ad. sk. Mysol. A. E. Wallace, Esq, [0.j. 
22. xiPHORBfAarPHrs. 
433 

22. 
XIPHORHAMPHXJS. 
Type. 
Xiphorhynchus, Blyth} J. A. S. Being, xi. p. 175 (1842, 
nee Swainson) X. superciliaris. 
Xiphorhamphus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 947 
(1843) X. superciliaris. 

Range. Eastern Himalayas. 

1. Xiphorhamphus superciliaris. 
Xiphorhynchus superciliaris, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 175 (1842). 

Xiphorhamphus superciliaris, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 947 (1843); 
id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 147 (1849); Jerd. III. Bid. Orn. pi. 49 
(1849); Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit 3Ius., Passeres, App. pi. 93 
(no. 910); Bp. Consp. i. p. 220 (1850) 5 Horsf. 8? Moore, Cat B. 

E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 238 (1854); Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 33 (1803) ; 
Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 96 
Pomatorhinus 
superciliaris, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 229 (1846); id. 
HamU. B. i. p. 278, no. 4105 (1869). 

Adult General colour above olivaceous brown; bead and sides 
of face dark slaty grey, rather blacker on the forehead and sides of 
face; over the eye a superciliary streak of white, composed of 
white-tipped feathers; wing-coverts ashy brown, the leathers edged 
narrowly with rufous-brown; quills dull brown, the primaries 
externally ashy browTn, the secondaries rufous-brown on the outer 
webs ; tail-feathers dark brown, slightly washed with rufous-brown 
near the base of the feathers; throat dark ashy grey, slightly 
mottled with white, some of the feathers being edged with whitish; 
lower throat and remainder of under surface of body rusty rufous; 
under tail-coverts dark ochraceous brown ; thighs dark slaty grey; 
under wing-coverts dusky brown slightly washed with rusty, like 
the breast, the axillaries more strongly washed; quills dnsky 
brown below, rufescent along the inner web; " bill dusky black, 
plumbeous at tip; legs leaden brown; iris red-brown?J (Jerdon). 
Total length 7*4 inches, culmen 2*1, wing 2'9^ tail 3*3, tarsus 1-1. 

Hah. Sikhim. 
a, 5, c. Ad. sk.
d, e. Ad. fek. 
Sikhim. 
Sikhim (Hodgson). 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]*. 
India Museum. 
/, g. Ad. sk. Sikhim. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 

* Registered from " Kepal;" but the specimens probably came from Sikhim. 
VOL. VII. 
2F 

TLEELIID^E. 

23. GABRULAX T 
Garrulax, Lesson, Treated1Orn. p. 647 (1831)Type. 
G. belangeri. 
Garrulaxis. Lafr. Eev. ZooL 1840, p. 200 (Japsu). 
Range. Hills of Ceylon and Southern India. Entire range of the 
Himalayas, extending into the hills of Assam. Barman. Tenasserim, 
Siani and Cochin China; Formosa; Sumatra; Java. 

Km to the SfJtcles. 

a. With a lar<re white cre^t, grey behind. 
a'. Flanks rufous or reddish oli\e; &ides of neck 
rufous. 
a". Back and rump olive-brown,, separated from 
the head by a rufou& collar hucolophusi p. 43o. 
b". Back and rump of the same rufous ass the 
hind neck 
a'". Throat and fore neck pure white; breast 
rufous hdangeri, p. 430. 
b"'. Throat, fore neck, and brea-t whitp, the 
flanks ruf< >us diardi, p. 437. 
b\ 
Flanks deep maroon-brown like the brea-t and 
upper surface ....... lie vlort p. 4;28. 

b. With no white on the cre&t. 
e'. With white or rufe&ceut tip* to the tail-feathers. 
c". Crown of head bright rufous mjictpa, p. 438. 
d". Crown olive-brown, nut rufous. 

c"\ 
No black band across the forehead. 

a4. Hind neck uniform with the back; a 
lufous band across forehead ; abdomen 
yellowish buff, fore neck and breast dull 
olive-ashy albiguhris7 p. 430. 

/A Hind neck, bright rufous, forming a 
collar. 
a5. A distinct black collar across the fore 
neck. 


a!\ Black pectoral collar continued upwards 
arid joining-a black patch 
beyond the ear-eovtrts; eyebrow 
wfiite. 

a1. Larger: bill about 1-45 inch; 
tail-feather^ always tipped with 
white ." pectw(disf p. 441. 

b7 

. Smaller: bill about I'lo inch; 
tail-feathers often tipped with 
fawn-bur? moniliger, p. 442. 

ti\ Black pectoral collar not joint-d to 
the ear-coverts, but separated hj 
the bright rufous of the sides < >f the 
neck; eyebrow white, surmounted 
by a streak of grey; tail-feathers 
broadly tipped with fawn-buff.... naAthoti, p. 444. 

23 . 
GrAKKULAX. 435 
P. 
Across the fore neck a broad band of 
&W picikollis, p. 444. 
d'". A. black band across the forehead extending 
over the eyes; ear-coverts and chin 
black j throat yellow galbanns, p. 445. 
d'. With no pale tips to the tail-feathers, which 
are quite uniform. 
e". Ear-coverts black, contrasting with head; 
feet yellow; thighs ferruginous. 
e"f. Outer tail-feathers rufous, the centre ones 
dark brown; throat yellow gularis, p. 445. 
f". Outer tail-feathers blackish like the centre 
ones; throat white , delesserti, p. 446. 
/" . Ear-coverts dark ashy or blackish; head and 
throat ashy grey like the under surface of 
body; feet dark brown palliaUs, p. 446. 
g". Ear-coverts grey, a little lighter than the 
head, and contrasting with the vinous-red 
under surface; feet dark cinereifrons, p. 447. 
h". Ear-coverts brown like the tipper surface; 
lores and forehead rufous as well as the 
chin; feet dark ruffrons, p. 448. 


1. Graxxulax leucolopims. 
Corvus leucolophus, Hardic. Trans. Linn. 8oc. xi. p. 208, pi. 15 

(1813). 

Pica leucolophus, Wagler, Syst.Av., Pica, sp. 19 (1827). 

Garruliib leucolophus, Gould. Cent. B. Himal Mis. pi. 18 (18-32). 

Cinclosoma leueolophum, Gould, Chit. B. HimaL Alts, text (1832). 

Orateropus leucolophus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 179 (1842); 

Hodgs. Icon. hied. Passeres, pis. 165, 1G6 (no. 205); id. in Gray's 
Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844). 
Garrulax leucolophus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 948 (1843), xiv. 

p. 598 (1845); Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Ilodgs. p. 82 
(1846); Myth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 95 (1849); Bp. Consp. 
i. p. 370 (1850) ; Cab. in Ersch $ Gruber, Ally. Enctjcl Band 54, 
p. 61 (1852); Morsf. § Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 201 
(1854); Jerd. B. hid. ii. p. 35 (1863); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 281, 
no. 4152 (1869); Hume, Nests and Eggs Bid. B. p. 253 (1873); 
Blyth, B. Bnrm. p. 107 (1875): Brooks, Mr. E. 1875, p. 238; 
Hume. Sir. F. 1879, p. 96; Scully, t c. p. 289; Oates, B. Brit. 
J?«rm'p..34(1883). 
Garrulax leucocephalus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 225 (1846). 
Garrulax belangeri, Blanf. Ibis, 1870, p. 4C7 (nee less.). 


Adult. General colour above dark olive-brown, the wing-coverts 
like the back; quills dark brown, externally olive-brown like the 
back; tail-feathers blackish brown, washed with olive-brown near 
the base; head, which is much crested, pure white; the occiput 
grey, and separated from the back by a band of rufous round the 
hind neck, the rufous shade slightly overspreading the mantle ; 
nasal plumes, lores, feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts black ; 
cheeks, throat, and fore neck pure white ; chest chestnut, the breast 
also shaded with this colour; abdomen, flanks, sides of breast, 

2F2 

430 
TIUTELUD-E. 

thighs, and under tail-coverts dark olive-brown, with a slight wash 

of rufous on the latter and on the abdomen: 
under wing-coverts 

and axiHaries also dark olive-brown : u bill blacky legs plumbeous; 

iris red-brown, or brownish yellow in some" (Jerdon). Total 

length 11 inches, eolmen 1*2, wing 5*15, tail 5*3, tarsus 1-8. 

Young. Reproduces the colour of the adult, but is more rufous-

brown on the back and underparts. the rufous 
breast very slightly 

indicated, all the feathers being white at their bases. The general 

appearance of the young bird is very fluffy. 

Ohs. I notice that Mr. Gates does not give Pegu as a locality for 

the present species in his ' Birds of British liurmah ; * but Itr. Man


ford's specimen from Bassein is certainly this bpecies and not 

G. htlanrjeri Both the Pegu specimen and the Araean bird are not 
quite typical, however, having the rufous on the hind neck and bides 
of the neck much broader and more pronounced. 
Hah. Himalayas, extending into Araean and l\gu . 

a. Ad. sk. S.'SV. Himalaya-( Griffith,. India MU-KUJI. 
b. Ad.sk. 2s.AY. Himalayas ( Griffith). Capt. StarUiouse Pin* 
* will IV. 
r, d, e. Ad. sk. Kumaon (StracJiei/}, India Alu-eiim. 
/-//. Ad.: i Juv. Nepal. ' IS. H. Ilufe-on, EHJ. 


sk. 
'P.". 

k. Ad.sk. Nepal {llwhjbon j, India MH-HIM. 
I Ad. sk. Araean {As. *Soe.u India MII-HIM. 
m. 
Ad. sk. Bassein. IViru. AY. T. Uhmibrd, Esq. 
"P.". 
2. flarrulax belangeri. 
Garrulax belangeri, Zess. Tra'di rTOrn. p. KWi (1*31 i; id.in Btlcuiq. 
Voy. hide, p.^oS, pL 4 il<}A\; JBhith, J. A. S. iJeur/. xii. p. 948 
(1&43), xiv. p. 598 (1845); Gray, Yh>n. B. i. p, ±1?> (184r>); Blyth, 
Cat B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 92 (1B4M|; Bp. CUsji. I p. 37011 -50j.; Cab. 

in Ersch 4* Grubery Alfrf. EneifcL Band oo. p. Gl f 18*>2i; Hornf. § 
Moore, Cat. B.E.I. Co. Mn^i. p. 201 U<34): Width n. P. Z. & 
184U5, p. 548; Gray, 22?^/-/. J?. L p. 281t no. 4130 f 1^09); Blyth 
cy JJ'ald. B. Burm.y. 107 118751; Hum** Sit. F. Iv^p. 122; 
Oates, Sir. F. 1877, p. loO; /f/. »Y iJav^Mi, b'fr. F. Ib78, p. 260; 
J/z««c, Sfr. P. 1879. p. 96, I860, p. 202; 0«/e*T if. Brit Burm. 

p. 33(1*83). 
Ianthocincla leucolopha, var.? I>/?///^ J". -L & 2?e/z$. x. p. 024 (1841). 
Adult. General colour above rufous, inclining to deeper chestnut 
on the mantle and back; least wing-coverts like the hack; median 
and greater coverts olive-brown, with rufous-brown margins; quills 
dark sepia-brown, externally rufous-brown* washed with olive-
brown, towards the tips ; tail-feathers blackish brown, washed with 
olive-brown near the base; head much crested, the feathers light 
pearly grey tipped with white; the nape more distinctly pearly grey, 
as also the feathers of the hind neck and siles of neck, which are 
broadly tipped with chestnut, merging thus into ihe chestnut 
mantle; forehead and feathers over the eye pure white; the lores 

23 . GAEEULAX.
and nasal plumes, as well as a ring round the eye, and the ear-coverts 
black; cheeks, throat, breast, and upper abdomen white, shaded 
with pearly grey on the sides of the breast, the feathers being 
tipped with chestnut like the flanks, which are bright chestnut; 
thighs rufous-brown; under tail-coverts rufous; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries rufous-brown, the lower series dusky brown; quills 
dusky brown, ashy along the inner web ; " bill black; gape yellow; 
legs and feet dark plumbeous; iris deep wood-brown; eyelids 
greenish" (Davison); " inside of mouth flesh-coloured; iris pinkish 
hazel; eyelids purplish grey; legs plumbeous; claws pale horncolour" 
(Gates). Total length 10*5 inches, cnlmen 1*15, wing 5, 
tail 4*6, tarsus 1*7. 

The sexes are alike in plumage; but one of the female skins has 
some reddish spots on the white breast. 

lenHh. Culmen' Wm$- TaiL Tarsu 

in. 

in. m. in. in. 

a. $. Lower Pegu (Oates) 10-8 1*3 5*1 4-7 1-65 
b. $. Lower Pegu (Oates) 10'6 1-25 5-05 4-5 1-65 
Young. Like the adult, but the plumage more fluffy and duller, 

with the sides of the body and flanks dull brick-red, the white of 

the breast occupying the abdomen also. 

Hah. Pegu and Tenasserim. 

a. Ad. sk. Tonghoo, Burniah. Gould Collection. 
b. $ 
* <?, d. 5 ad. Lower Pegu, December. E. W. Oates, Esq. [C.]. 
sk. 
e. £ juv. sk. Lower Pegu, Oct. 28. E. W. Oates, Esq. [0.]. 
3. G-arrulax diardi 
Turdus 
diardi, Less. Traite dOm. p. 408 (1831); Pucker. Arch. 
3Ius. vii. p. 376 (1855). 
Garrulax leucogaater, Wald. P.Z.S. I860, p. 549; id. Ibis, 1867, 

p. 887; Hume, Sfr. F. 1880, p. 292. 
Garrulax diardi, Gray, Iland-L B. L p. 281, no. 4151 (1869); Oates, 
B. Brit. Burm. p. 34 (1883). 
Adult. General colour above bright chestnut from the hind neck 
to the rump ; least wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater 
coverts light brown, edged with rufous-brown; quills dark brown, 
externally olivaceous brown margined with rufous-brown, the innermost 
secondaries entirely rufous-brown; upper tail-coverts olivaceous 
biown ; tail-feathers blackish brown, washed with olivaceous brown 
near the base; forehead and crown pure white; the hinder feathers 
of the crest tipped with grey, resembling the nape and hind neck, 
which are entirely grey, the latter slightly washed with rufous; 
nasal plumes, lores, feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts black; 
sides of neck grey; cheeks, throat, and underparts white, the sides 
of the breast slightly washed with ashy; the flanks rufous-brown, 

the thighs olivaceous brown; under tail-coverts light reddish brown, 

TIMELIEDiE. 

with ashy-white bases to the feathers; under wing-coverts and 
axillaiies dull reddish brown, the coverts near the edge of the wing 
whitish, the lower series dusky brown, like the inner lining of the 
quills, which are slightly fulvescent along the inner web. Total 
length 11*2 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 5'05, tail 4*75, tarsus 1*8. 

Bab. Siam and the hills separating Tenasserim and Siam, extending 
into Cochin China. 

a. Ad. bk. Siam (Sthomburgk). Gould Collection. 
b. Ad. sir.
e, d, e. Ad. sk. 
Siam. 
Saigon, Cochin China. 
M. Mouhot [C.]. 
M. E. Pierre [P.] 

4. G-arrulax Mcolor. 
Garrulax bicolor, Hartl Rev. Zool 1844, p. 402 (ex MillL MS8.); 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 225 (184G); Bp. Consp. i. p. 370 (lboOj ; Gray, 
Hand-l. B. i. p. 281, no. 4150 (IfeOO) ; tialuad. Ann. Mus. Civic. 
Genov. xiv. p. 229 (1879). 

Garrulus 
coronatus, Fj-eliny, Jahre^b. naturf. Geselhcli. Bmden, 
1852, p. 20; Reichenb. J.f.O. 1854, p. 149. 

Adult. General colour above deep chocolate-brown, the wing-
coverts like the back; quills blackish brown, externally edged with 
chocolate-brown; rump slightly browner than the back; upper 
tail-coverts and tail-feathers blackish brown; head much crested, 
white, washed with ashy grey on the hinder crown and nape; base 
of forehead and lores black; feathers in front of and below the eye 
black, as also the ear-coverts, the white of the crown descending on 
the sides of the face between the lores and the black plumes round 
the eye ; cheeks, throat, and chest white ; rest of under surface of 
body deep chocolate-brown, blacker on the breast on the borders of 
the white chest; under wing-coverts and axillaries blackish like the 
breast; quills blackish below, ashy on the margin of the inner web ; 
"bill, legs, and feet black; iris sooty brown7' (H. O. Forbes). 
Total length 10*8 inches, culmen 1*05, wing 4*9, tail 4-6, tarsus 1-8. 

Obs. A female, obtained by Mr. H. O. Eorbes at Hoedjong, 
Sumatra, measured as follows:—Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 
1-2, wing 4-75, tail 4*2, tarsus 1*75. Another specimen had the 
wing 4*9 and the tarsus 1*9. (Mus. F. Nicholson.) 

Hab. Sumatra. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Sumatra. 
Purchased. 

c. Ad. sk. 
Sumatra. Purchased. 
5. G-arrulax ruficeps. 
Garrulax ruficeps, Gould, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 281; id. B. Asia, part 
xvi. (1864); Sicinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 282; Gray, Eand4. B. L p. 282, 
no. 4161 (1869); Siomli. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 371; David 8? Oud. Ois. 
Chitw, p. 194 (1877). 
Adult. General colour above olivaceous brown, a little paler on 
the lower back and rump ; wing-coverts like the back, the greater 

23 . GABEDLAX, 
439 

series more ashy brown; quills dark brown, externally olivaceous 
brown; the inner secondaries entirely like the back; upper tail-
coverts a little more Mveseent than the back; tail-feathers brown, 
the central tail-feathers ashy brown, the others washed on the edges 
with the latter colour and broadly tipped with white, increasing in 
extent towards the outermost feather, where the white extends 
some distance up the inner web; crown of head and nape orange-
chestnut ; lores and feathers below the eye black; ear-coverts dull 
reddish brown; cheeks and entire throat white; centre of body 
ashy whitish, becoming purer white on the abdomen and under tail-
coverts ; sides of body olivaceous brown, darker on the sides of the 
breast, and paler and more fulvescent on the lower ilanks and thighs; 
under wing-coverts ashy brown washed with Mvescent brown, the 
axillaries white at the base ; quills dusky brown, ashy fulvous along 
the margin of the inner web; "bill black; loral space round eye 
and chin black " (Swiiihoe). Total length 10-2 inches, culmen 1*05, 
wing 4*9, tail 5, tarsus 0*8. 

Hah. The central wooded range of mountains in the island of 
Formosa, very rarely descending to the lower hills. 


a. Ad. sk. Formosa. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [0.]. 
6. Grarrulax albigulaxis. 
Iantlioeincla albigularis, Gould, P. Z. $. 1835, p. 187. 
Cinclosoma albigula, Hodgs. Asiat. Research, xix. p. 146 (1836) ; id. 


Icon, ined., Fasseres, pis. 163,164 (no. 204). 
Crateropus albogularis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 179 (1842). 
Garrulax albogixlaris, Lesson, Rev. ZooL 1840, p. 163; Myth, J. A. S. 

Bern/, xii. p. 949 (1843), xiv. p. 598 (1844); Gray, Cat. Mamm. 
etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 82 f!846) ; id. Gen. B. i. p. 225 (1846); 
Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 95 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 371 
(1850); Cab. in Ersch Sf Gruber, Alia. Encycl. Band55, p. 61 (1852) ; 
Horsf. & Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 202 (1854); Jerd. B. 
Ind. ii. p. 39 (1863); Gray, HanM. B. i. p. 281, no. 4155 (1869); 
Stvinh, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 371; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 303; Cock fy 
Marsh. 8tr. F. 1873, p. 354; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. 

p. 255 (1873); David fy Oust. Ois. Chrne, p. 193 (1877); Hume, 
Sir. F. 1879, p. 96; Scully, t c. p. 289. 
Adult. General colour above warm olive-brown, a little duller on 
the head; across the rump an indistinct bar of orange-buff; least 
wing-coverts like the back; the median, greater, and primary-coverts 
rather more ashy brown, washed externally with the same olive-
brown as the back; bastard-wing feathers decidedly shaded with 
ashy; quills dark brown, externally olive-brown, the^ inner secondaries 
almost entirely of the latter colour, the primaries more or 
less ashy grey externally, olive-brown near the base of the outer 
web; tail-feathers ashy olive, all but the four centre ones very 
broadly tipped with white; the feathers of the crown with obsolete 
dusky margins; lores and nasal plumes, as well as the feathers 
below the eye, black, with a large mark of dull orange-rufous ex


440 TIMELIID.E. 

tending above the lores from the base of the forehead to above the 

eye; ear-eoverts olive-brown like the upper surface; cheeks and 

throat white; a spot at base of chin black; fore neck and che.st 

olive-brown, dividing the white throat from the rest of the under 

surface, which is bright orange-rufous; under wing-coverts and 

axillaries light orange-rufous; quills ashy brown below, lighter ashy 

along the margin of the inner web ; " bill horny black, brownish at 

tip; gape and orbital skin plumbeous ; feet pale leaden grev, claws 

pale horny; iris bluish white'5 (tiddly); "orbital skin"greenish " 

(Jerdon). Total length 11-5 inches, culmen l'2o, wing 5*4, tail DS 

tarsus 1*8. 

The sexes do not appear to differ in colour; but the female is 
a little smaller. A pair presented by Dr. Scully measure as 
follows:— 

C>lmen

length.- Wing. Tail. Tardus. 

in. in. 

in. in. in. 

a. tf. Nepal valley.. . 11-0 l-Oo 5-05 5-2 1-7-j 
b. 2- Nepal valley., . lO-o 1-1 44*5 4-0 1-7 
Young. Similarly coloured to the adult, but everywhere much 
paler, and the whole plumage more fluffy. The olive-brown chest-
band not very distinct, the feathers being white with olive-brown 
tips. 

Specimens from all parts of the Himalayas appear to be identical; 

but some of the Nepal skins have the che^t-band rather more ashy 

brown than those from other localities. 

Hab. Himalayas from Cashmere to Boofan, at an elevation of 

about 6000 feet, extending to the wooded mountains which separate 

Szechuen from Thibet and Xokonoor. 

a. Ad. sk. 
Cashmere. E. M. Langworthy, Esq. 
b, c} d. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhoube Pin will 
HP.-. 

e. Ad. sk. Murree. 
Col Way [P.]. 

/. <$; g, h. J ad. sk. Ranigurh, May (A. An


Henry Seeffohni, Esq. [P.], 

derson)* 

i. Ad. sk. Kumaon (Strachey). India Museum. 
k,l c? $ ad sk. Valley of Nepal. 
Dr. Scully [P.I. 

?nfn,o. Ad.; p. Juv. Nepal. 

B.H.Hodgson; Esq. [P.]. 

sk. 

q. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson), India Museum. 
r. Ad. sk. Nepal.' B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
C. Bvgrave Wharton, Esq. 
s. Ad. sk. Darjiling (Jerdon). 
[p.]. 

t. Ad. sk. Darjiling (Pearson). 
India Museum. 

it. Ad. sk. 

Bootan (Pemberton). 

India Museum. 

441 

23 . GARRUXAX. 
7. Garrulax pectoralis. 
lantkocincla peetoralia, Gould, P. Z. S, 188-5, p. 186. 
CincloQixta grisaure, Ilodgs. Asiat. Research, xix. p. 14G (1830); 

id. Icon. hied, in Brit. Mus., Basseres, pi. 103 (no. 193). 
Crateropus pectoralis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 170 (1842). 
Garrulax melanotis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 949 (1843), xiii. 

p. 391 (1844) • Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 255 (lb40) ; Cab. in Ersch $ 
Gruber, Ally. Encycl. Band 55, p. 61 (1852). 
Garrulax pectoral!^ Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 949 (1843), xiv. 

p. 59b (1845), xsL p. 450 (1847) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 225 (1846) ; 
id. Cat. Mamm. etc. Xepalpres. Hodgs. p. 83 (1846); Blyth, Cat. 
B. Mus. As. 8oc. p, 95 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 371 (1850) j Cab. 
in Ersch $ Grueher, Ally. Encycl. JJand 55, p. 62 (1852); Ilorsf. § 
Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. JIus. i. p. 204 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. 
p. 39 (lb03) ; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 281, no. 4156 (1869) ; Hume, 
Sebtb $ Eggs Ltd. B. p. 250 (lb/3); id. 8tr. F. 1875, p. 122; Blyth 
# Wald. B. Burm. p. 108 (1&75); Oates, Sir, F. 1877, p. 150; 
Wardlaw Bamsay, His, lb77, p. 463 ; Hume fy Davison, Btr. F. 
Ib7^ p. 291; Hume, 8tr. F. 1^79, pp. 90, 169; Bingham, Str. F. 
1880, p. l&l; Oates, Str. F. lbSl, p. 208; id. B. Brit Burm. V.W 
(lfcS3). 

Ganulax itropygialis, Cab. in Ersch $ Gruber, Ally. Encycl. Band 55, 

p. 02 (1852); Bp. Consp. i. p. 371 (1850); Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 41 
(l&Otf); Gray, IlamU. B. i. p. 262, no. 4104 (1804). 
Adult. General colour above ashy olivaceous brown, the crown of 
head and mantle of the same colour, the lower back and rump more 
fulvescent brown ; wing-coverts like the back, the bastard wing 
and primary-coverts dusky blackish washed with ashy grey; quills 
dark brown, externally fulvous-brown, edged with olive-brown, the 
primaries externally hoary grey; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers 
olivaceous brown, all but the two centre feathers with a distinct 
white tip, before which is an extensive shade of black; head like 
the mantle, but separated from it by a broad band of orange-rufous ; 
lores and a distinct eyebrow ashy white, edged below with a broad 
line of black feathers from above the eye to the sides of the nape; 
feathers below the eye silvery whitish, varied with black shaft-
streaks ; a line of black running below the ear-coverts; moustache 
and throat white, separated from the rest of the under surface by a 
broad black collar running across the fore neck from the sides of 
the neck; remainder of under surface creamy white, washed with 
fulvous on the under tail-coverts; sides of body orange-buff, the 
thighs more ashy,- axillaries orange-buff like the sides of the 
breast; under wing-coverts dusky brown; quills brown, ashy fulvous 
along the inner web ; " upper mandible dark horn-colour, lower 
one bluish horn at the base and tip and darker horn in the middle; 
mouth bluish; iris orange-brown; eyelids and orbital skin dusky 
blue; edges of the eyelids orange-yellow; legs light plumbeous; 
claws pale horn" (Oates). Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 1*4, 
wing 5*6, tail 5*2, tarsus 1*85. 

The ear-coverts in this species are often quite black; and between 
these and the silvery white ear-coverts there seems to be every gradation. 
My impression is that the ear-coverts get blacker with age, 

442 TIMELIIDJB. 

as young birds have entirely white car-coverts. In Eurmah the 
specimens aro very much paler than the Himalayan examples, and 
have! he tips of the tail-feathers more or loss fawn-buff in tint; 
the colour of the orange-rufous flanks is also reduced to a pale fawn-
buff. These characters, however, seem to vary in intensity ; and I 
think it best therefore not to consider them of specific value, but 
as indicating a pale Burmese race. 

Ilab. Eastern Himalayas, extending throughout Assam and Arakan 
to Pegu and Tenasserim hills. 

a. Ad. st.
b. Ad. sk.
c. d. Ad. sk.
e. Juv. sk.
/ . Ad. sk. 
Nepal. 
Nepal. 
Nepal. 
Darjiling (Eccles). 
Darjiling. 
B. II. Hodgson E^q. fP.]. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
(Type of C. qrisaure ) 
B. H. .Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
F. D. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
Major 0. H. T. Marshall 
g, h. Ad. sk. Darjiling. Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
i. Ad. sk. Garo hills. Oapt. E. G. Wardlaw 
h. Ad.sk.
I Pad.sk.
m. c?ad.sk.
n. Ad. sk. 
Aracan (As. Soc). 
Aracan hills, lat. 19° N. 
Eastern slopes of Pegu hills. 
Thayetmyo.
Eamsay. 
India Museum. 
Eugene W. Oates, Esq. 
[0.]. 
Eugene W. Oates, Esq. 
[0.]. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.]. 

8. Garrulax moniliger. 
Cinclosoma moniliger, Hodgs. Asiat. Research, xix. p. 147 (1836); 

id. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 161 (no. 192). 
lanthocincla pectoralis (non Gould), MeCiett. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 1G0. 
Orateropus moniligerus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 179 (1842). 
Garrulax maclellandi, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 949 (1843), x"\i. 

p. 451 (1847) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 225 (1846) ; Cab. in Frsch $ 
Gruber, Allg. Encycl Band 55, p. 62 (1852). 
Garrulax moniliger, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 949 (1843), xiv. 

p. 598 (1145) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 225 (1846); id. Cat. Mamm. 
etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 82 (1846) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. 
p. 96 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 371 (1850) ; Horsf. § Moore, Cat. 
B. B.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 204 (1856); Jerd. B. Bid. ii. p. 40 (1863); 
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 281, no. 4157 (1869) ; Godwin-Austen, J. 
A. S. Beng. xxxix. p. 104 (1870J; Hume, Nests fy JEggs Ind. B. 
p. 257 (1873); id. Sir. F. 1874, p. 476,1875, p. 123; Blyth # Wald. 
B. Burm. p. 108 (1875); Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 34; Oates, t. c. 
p. 156; id. $ Davison, Str. F. 1878, pp. 291, 515; Hume, Str. 
F. 1879, pp. 96, 169; Bingham, Str. F. 1880, p. 181; Oates, Str. 
F. 1881; p. 208; id. B. Brit. Burm. p. 35 (1883). 
Adult General colour above fulvous olive-brown, the wing-coverts 
like the back, the bastard wing and primary-coverts somewhat 
washed with ashy; quills dark brown, externally olive-brown, the 
innermost secondaries entirely of the latter colour, the primaries 
ashy on the outer webs; four centre tail-feathers olive-brown washed 
with fulvous-brown near the base, the others olive-brown with a 

23. GAEEULAX. 
443 
broad subterminal band of black before the white tip, which is very 
well marked and increases in extent towards the outer feathers; 
crown of head like the back, but separated from it by a broad collar 
of orange-rufous ; a broad white eyebrow extending from the base of 
the nostrils to the sides of the occiput, and separated from the crown 
by a dusky line ; lores, feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts ashy 
black, with a white patch on the fore part of the latter ; cheeks and 
throat white, with a circular collar running from the hinder cheeks 
down across the fore neck, and the throat round this collar becomes 
gradually orange-rufous ; remainder of under surface white, tinged 
with fulvous on the under tail-coverts ; the sides of the body light 
tawny, washed with brown on the inner flanks; thighs ashy brown; 
axillaries light fulvous-brown; under wing-coverts ashy brown, the 
lower series light tawny; under wing-eoverts dusky brown, light 
fulvous along the edge of the inner web ; " iris bright yellow* eyelids 
dull purple ; bill dark horn, the tip and margins pale horn; 
legs light plumbeous; claws pale horn-colour; the iris is sometimes 
greenish yellow, which probably indicates immaturity" (Gates). 
Total length 11 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 4*55, tail 5, tarsus 

1*65. 

As a rule the ear-coverts in the series I have examined have not 
varied much, having been mostly blackish with a large patch of 
white; the latter, however, often becomes quite obscured. The 
wing ranges from 4*4 to 4*8 inches. 

In Burmese specimens the tips to the tail-feathers are constantly 
buff; but in examples from the eastern Himalayas they are white * 
so that this colouring of the tail-feathers cannot be considered a 

specific character. A pair shot by Mr. Oates measure :— 
S. Lower Pegu
§ . Lower PeguWt hin. 
11*3 
11*5 
Culmen. 
in. 
1*15 
1*15 
Wing. 
in.
5*154*85 
Tail. 
in. 
5-2 
5*0 
Tarsus. 
in. 
1*6 
1*55 

Hob. The same as that of G. j>ectoralis. 

a. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
(Type of species.) 
b. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
Cj d, e. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.l. 
/, g. Ad. sk. Darjiling. Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P. j . 
h, i. Ad. sk Boo tan (Pemberton). India Museum. 

h. 
$ ad. sk. N. Khasia hills (Chennell). Capt. R. G. Wardlaw 
Kamsay. 
1 
Ad. sk. Tonghoo. Capt. E. G. Wardlaw 
Eamsay. 

m. S ad. sk. Thayetrnyo, Sept. 15. E. W. Oates, Esq. [CI 
n. $ ad. sk. Near Pegu, July 4. E. W. Oates, Esq. 
"c: 

of p. S ad. sk. Lower Pegu, Dec. 1877. E. W. Oates, Esq. "O." 

q. § ad. sk. Lower Pegu, Jan. 3, 1878. E. W. Oates, Esq. 
"o: 

444 TIMELIID.TT. 

9. Garrulax mouhoti. 
Adult. General colour above pale olive-brown, slightly more fulvescent 
on the rump and upper tail-coverts; wing-coverts olive-brown 
like the back, with somewhat of an ashy shade on the bastard wing 
and primary-coverts; quills dark brown, externally olive-brown, 
the innermost secondaries almost entirely of the latter colour; tail-
feathers fulvous-brown with an olivaceous tinge, the two central 
feathers with a small tip of tawny buff, the remainder broadly tipped 
with the latter colour and having a very broad subterminal band of 
black; crown of head olivaceous brown ; nape and hind neck bright 
orange-rufous, a shade of which spreads over the upper part of the 
mantle ; a broad white eyebrow extending from the base of the nostrils 
to above the ear-coveits, and separated from the crown by an indistinct 
stripe or shade of grey, becoming blackish above the e\ e; lores, 
feathers round the eye and the upper edge of the ear-coverts black ; 
remainder of the latter as well as the cheeks and throat white, the 
lower part of the latter orange-rufous, separated from the white 
chest by a collar of black; breast and abdomen white, the sides of the 
body bright orange-rufous; thighs and under tail-coverts fulvousbrown, 
the latter merely fulvescent; axillaries whitish ; under wing-
coverts orange-rufous, the lower series dusky blackish ; quills dull 
brown below, fulvescent along the edge of the inner web. Total 
length 12 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 4-95, tail 4*0, tarsus 1 -S. 

Hab. Cambodia. 
a. Ad. sk. Cambodia. M. Mouhot [C.]. 
b. Ad. sk.
o. Ad. sk. 
Cambodia. 
[Cambodia.]
(Type of bpecies). 
M/E. Pierre [P.], 
Purchased. 
10. G-arrulax picticollis. 

Garrulax picticollis, SwinJwe, P. Z.S. 1872, p. 554; Gould, B. Asia. 
part xxvi. (1874); David $• Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 194 (1877). 

Adult. General colour above fulvous-brown, inclining to ashy 
olive-brown on the mantle and scapulars, the forehead fulvousbrown 
with paler shaft-streaks; the hinder head darker brown, and 
separated from the mantle by a broad collar of orange-rufous; wing-
coverts resembling the mantle; quills dark brown, externally fulvous-
brown, the innermost secondaries entirely like the mantle; 
upper tail-coverts like the rump, the longer ones washed with ashy 
brown; centre tail-feathers ashy fulvous-brown, the remainder fulvous-
brown, very broadly tipped with pale fawn-colour, before which 
is a broad band of black; lores buffy white ; a narrow eyebrow of 
white extending to the sides of the nape; the feathers round the 
eye and a streak skirting the white eyebrow black; feathers below 
the eye white; ear-coverts black streaked with white; sides of neck 
bluish grey; cheeks and throat buffy white, surrounded by a broad 
prepectoral band of bluish grey extending up the sides of the neck; 

remainder of under surface of body orange-rufous ; the centre of the 
body whitish, inclining to buffy white on the under tail-coverts; 

23 . GARFuUIAX. 
445 

thighs orange-rufous ; axillaries and under wing-coverts light orange-
rufous ; quills dusky brown below, light rafous along the margin 
of the inner web; " bill brown, with the base of the lower mandible 
whitish : feet leaden blue, claws whitish ; iris chestnut" (A. Bjvkl). 
Total length 11 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 5*15, tail 5-1, tarsus 1-75. 

The adult female resembles the male, according to Abbe David, 
who also notices that the ear-coverts are sometimes more or less 
black, as is usual in this section of the Laughing Thrushes. 

Hah, The well-wooded mountains of the Chinese provinces of 
Chekiang and Fokien. 

a. Ad. sk. Xoith China. — Fortune, Esq. [C.]. 
h, c. Ad. bk. Xingpo. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [O.j. 
11. Garrulax galbanus. 

Garrulax sralbanus, Godwin-Austen, P.Z.8. 1874, p. 44, pi. 10; 
id. J. A. S. Beng. xliii. p. 162 (1874) j Hume, Str. F. 1875. p. 804: 
id. Sir. F. 1879, p. 90. 

Adult. General colour above olive-brown, with a tinge of ochraccous 
on the mantle and rump ; wing-coverts like the back ; quills 
brown, externally like the back, the inner secondaries entirely of 
the latter colour, the primaries externally edged with ashy olive; 
four centre tail-feathers ashy washed with olive, with a broad 
blackish-brown band, beyond which is a narrow ashy tip; all the 
other feathers broadly tipped with white, before which is a shade of 
blackish brown, the basal portion being ashy; head light ashy 
brown, extending onto the hind neck and sides of neck, the latter 
washed with ochreous; forehead and feathers over the eye black, 
separated from the crown by a narrow line of hoary grey; lores, 
feathers below the eye, ear-coverts, feathers at base of lower mandible 
and chin black; remainder of cheeks, throat, and fore neck 
ochreous buff; remainder of under surface of body yellowish buff, 
becoming paler towards the thighs and under tail-coverts, which 
are white; sides of body and flanks ashy brown; under wing-
coverts and* axillaries like the sides; quills light brown below, 
whitish along the basal edge of the inner web; " bill black; legs 
ash-grey; iris red-brown" (Godwin-Austen). Total length 7*75 
inches, culmen 0*9, wing 3*6, tail 3*8, tarsus 1*3. 

Hab. Munipur hills. 

a. Ad. sk. Stinting, Munipur. Col. Godwin-Austen [P.], 
12. G-arrxilax gnlaris. 
Ianthocincla gnlaris, McClelL JP. Z. S. 1839, p. 159. 
Crateropus gularis, Bh/tli, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 179 (1842). 
Garrulax gularis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 949 (1843); id. Cat. 


B. Mm. As. Soc, App. p. 337 (1849); Cab. in Ersch § Gruber, 
AUq.Fnci/cl Band 55, p. 61 (1832); Horsf. c$* Moore, Cat. B. E.I. 
Col Mus.'l p. 203 (1854); Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 413; Hume, Str. F. 
1875, p. 412, 1879, p. 96. 
Pterocvelus gularis, Gray, IIand4. B. i. p. 283, no. 4188 (18G9). 

TIltELtLDJE. 

Adult. General colour above reddish brown, the wing-coveris 
like the back; quills brown, externally reddish brown, the innermost 
secondaries entirely of the latter colour; centre tail-feathers 
dark brown, reddish brown at the base, the remainder of the feathers 
rufous with black shafts, and shaded with^ blackish brown on the 
inner web as they approach the centre; entire head, hind neck, and 
sides of neck dark slaty grey; lores, nasal plumes, feathers in front 
of the eye, ear-coverts, and a spot at the ba^e of the lower mandible, 
as well as another at the chin, black: entire cheeks, throat, and 
chest yellow, becoming whiter on the lower breast and abdomen ; 
sides of breast dark slaty gre\ ; lower flank-, thiorhb, and under 
tail-eoveits chestnut, deeper on the Litter: under wing-cDverts and 
axiHaries chestnut; quills dusk} brown below, ruiescent along the 
margin of the inner web. Total length 9*3 inches, culmen 1*2, 
wing 3*85, tall 3-7, tarsus 1*5. 

Hob. Assam and hills of Xorth-eastern Bengal. 

a. Ad. sk. Khasla kllk (Jcrdoa). GuuLl Collection. 
h. Ad. sk. A^s&m {31iCklkmd}. India Museum. (Type 
of spf'Ck'H.) 

13. Garxulax delesserti. 
CrateroptH d<4u«-erti, Jerd. Madr. Janm. x. p. SJO (1530); id. III. 

hid. Oni. pi. xii. (1*47). 
Tardus (Crateropus trri^IcFp, Ikh^. Ute. Z*>o7. l^iO, p. 101. 
Pterocyclu* dele^rti. Gray. Gut. IJ. I p. "2'Jb 11^4*»}. 
Gamilax dele»-erti, Jtrd. B. hid. ii. p. 37 llHb'3h Gould, B.Asia, 

part xix. (1^70); Hi'mi, Sir. F. WU, p. tMk 
Adult. General colour above chestnut-brown, lighter on the upper 
tail-coverts, the wing-coverts like the back ; primary-coverts dark 
brown with reddish margins ; quill* clunky brown, externally edged 
with rcddlbh brown, the Inner secondaries entirely chestnut-brown; 
tail-feathers black, washed with reddish brown near the base : head 
and neck dull slaty brown, extending a little onto the mantle, the 
head more dusky; ba*e of forehead mottled with a few white 
streaks; lores, feathers round the eye. and ear-coverts black; 
cheeks and throat white, the fore neck washed with ashy; breast 
ashy grey, lighter In the centre: remainder of under surface of body 
chebtnut, paler in the middle of the abdomen ; axillaries and under 
wing-coverts chestnut, those near the etkreof the win a: ashy brown; 
quills dusky brown below, more ashy along the margin of the inner 
web; "bill dusky, yellow at the ha^e beneath; lesr-^ fleshy; iris 
dull red'* (Jerdon). Total length i)-3 inche>, culmen 1*2, wing 4, 
tail 4*1, tarsus 1*5. 
Hah. The Wynaad and Xilghiri hills in Southern India. 

a. Ad. sk. Xilghiris. Gould Collection. 
14. Garrulax palliatus. 
Cincloboma pall latum, Temm. 3188. in 3fns. Lvtjd. 
Iantkoemcla palliata, Bp. Co/isp, i. p. 371 (lS30? cr Temm. 31S&). 


i* 

23. GAEKT7LA2. 
447 
Garrulax palliatus, Gray, Hand-L B. i, p, 282, no. 4162 (1869); 

Salvad. Ann. Jlus. Civic. Genov. xiv, p. 230 (1879); Nicholson, 

Ibis, 1882, p. 61. 

Garrulax poliocephalus, Blyth, Ibis. 1870. p. 171 (nee Blyth, Bis, 

1865, p. 46). 

Garrulax frenatus, Salvad. Ann. Mas. Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 230 (1879). 

Adult. General colour above chestnut-brown, rather more olivaceous 
towards the back and rump; wing-coverts like the back, the 
bastard-wing feathers and primary-coverts dusky brown, slightly 
washed with ashy; quills blackish brown, reddish brown on the 
outer web ; the primaries more narrowly margined than the secondaries 
; tail blackish brown, margined with rufous-brown; crown 
of head and hind neck slaty grey, extending a little onto the mantle ; 
nasal plumes, lores, feathers in front of and below the eye, fore part 
of cheeks, and chin black; remainder of cheeks, ear-coverts, sides of 
neck, throat, and breast dark slaty grey; remainder of the under 
surface reddish brown, including the thighs and under tail-coverts ; 
the abdomen washed with slate-colour; under wing-coverts dusky 
brown washed with rufous ; quills below dusky brown, inclining to 
ashy along the margin of the inner web; " bill, legs, and feet 

black; irides dark mahogany-red: skin below the eye blue with 
white streaks " (IL 0. Forhs). Total length 9*7 inches, culmen 1-1, 
wing 4*65, tail 4*5, tarsus 1*75. 

A pair procured by Mr. Porbes in Sumatra, and lent to me by 
Mr. P. Kicholson, measure:— 

0ulmen* Tail Tai'sus

length, w*ng.-


in. In. in. in. in. 

<$. Hoedjoeng.. 10*0 1*15 5*0 4*6 1*75 

$. Hoedjoeng.. 10*0 1*0 5-1 4*75 1*7 

Hat. Sumatra. 

a. Ad. sk. Sumatra. Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. Sumatra (C. Bock). Capt. B. G. "WardlawPiamgay. 
15. Garrulax cinereifrons. 
Garrulax 
cinereifrons, Bhjih, J. A. S. Bmuj. xx. p. 176 (1851); 
Kelaart, Brodr. Cat p. 122 (1852); Bayard, Ann. § Mag. Nat. 
Hist. xii. p. 270 (1853) $ Blyth, Ibis, 1807, p. 800; Holdsio. P. Z. S. 
1872, p. 448; Ber/ge, Ibis, 1874, p. 20; id. B. Ceylon, p. 499, 
pi. xxii. ftg. 2 (1879). 

Adult. General colour above rufous-brown, the wing-coverts like 
the back, the ones near the carpal bend of the wing edged with 
ashy grey; quills dark brown, externally rufous-brown, the primaries 
paler, the innermost secondaries almost entirely rufous-
brown ; tail-feathers dark brown, washed with rufous-brown near 
the base ; head and nape grey, as also the lores, sides of face, and 
ear-coverts ; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body light rufous-
buff, paler on the abdomen, the cheeks and chin slightly washed 
with grey; sides of body darker rufous-brown, also the thighs; 
under tail-coverts light rufous-brown, with fulvous bases to the 

448 IIMEL1ID-T3. 

feathers ; under wing-coverts and axillaries light rufous-huff; quills 
dusky brown below, fulvescent along the edge of the inner web ; 
" hill black, the inside of the mouth greenish yellow; legs and feet 
plumbeous brown, the claws dusky horny, posterior part of tarsus 
bluish; eyelid plumbeous; iris white" (W. V. Legge). Total 
length 10 'inches, culmen 1*05, wing 4-2, tail 4, tarsus 1-5. 

Young. Lis dull grey, with a dark outer circle; bill black, the 
gape and base of lower mandible yellowish ; eyelid greenish yellow; 
legs and feet olivaceous brown, soles yellowish fleshy, claws yellowish 
brown ; forehead and head as in the adult, the nasal plumes 
dark, and the grey of the crown not continued so far back; the 
back is deeper rufous than in the adult, and the wing-coverts likewise 
are more intense; chin not so white, and the throat and under 
surface more fulvescent. In the first plumage the feathers of the 
chest and breast are fluffy. This dress appears to be quickly put 
off; and in the next or yearling plumage the iris is pearly grey, or in 
some white with a tinge of recldish; gape and eyelid yellow; legs 
and feet bluish brown. There is scarcely any perceptible difference 
in the grey of the occiput; but the fore neck is paler and more 
fulvescent. (W. V. Legge.) 

Hah. Peculiar to the island of Ceylon, where it occurs up to an 
elevation of 3500 feet in humid and inaccessible jungles. It seems 
only to be found in the central province, as, according to Legge, it 
is not known from the jungles of the south-eastern, eastern, or 
northern divisions of the island. 

a. Ad. sk. Ceylon. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Du&iwella, Ceylon, Dec. 19, Marquis of Tweeddale 
1805 {Chapman). [P.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Ceylon. F. D. Godman and O. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.], 

16. (jarrulax ntfifrons. 
Gamilax rufifrons, Less, in Belang. Voy. Inch, p. 26, pi. 5 (1834); 
id. Rev. Zool 1840, p. 163 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 225 (1846); Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 371 (1850) ; Cab. in Erseh fy Gmber, Allg. Bncxjd. 
Baud 55, p. 61 (1852) ^ Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 281, no. 4160. 

Crateropus rufifrons, Swains. An. in Menag. p. 290 (1837). 
Pterocyclus rufifrons, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 22Q (1846). 

Adult male. General colour above dark olive-brown, the wing-
coverts like the back; quills dark brown, showing the rufous bases 
when spread, the outer margins narrowly edged with olive-brown, 
the innermost secondaries entirely of the latter colour ; tail-feathers 
brown with olive-brown margins; head and neck rather lighter 
olive-brown than the back, and having a slight shade of ashy brown ; 
forehead, lores, feathers extending above and below the fore part 
of the eye, a spot at the base of the under mandible and another on 
the chin, chestnut; ear-coverts and sides of face light ashy brown; 
a faintly indicated greyish shade over the eyebrow, not sufficient 
to form an eyebrow ; throat pale whity brown, slightly washed with 

24c. MACTOCICHLA. 

449 

rufous; remainder of under surface from the fore neck downwards 
deep fulvous-brown, the sides of the body darker and more olive-
brown, including the thighs and under tail-coverts; axillaries like 
the sides of the breast; under wing-coverts pale rufous ; quills 
brown below, rufous at the base of the inner webs and for some 
distance up the latter. Total length 11 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 5*1, 
tail 4-75, tarsus 1*7. 

Hah. Java. 
a. 6 ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk.
c. Ad. fck. 
West Java. 
Webt Java. 
Java. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.1. 
A. 11. Wallace, Esq. |_0.j . 
Gould Collection. 
d. Ad. sk. Java. Purchased. 

24. STACT0CJCHLA, 
Garrulax auci. recent. 
Range. Hill-ranges of Xorth-eastern Bengal. 
1. Stactocichla merolina. 
Garrulax raerulmiib, Bhjtk, J. A. tf. Beng. xx. p. 521 (1851); id. 
Cat B. Jfits. As. >S'oc, App. p. 7 (1831); Jercl, Ibis, 1872, p. 303; 
Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 394, 1879, p. 06. 

Trochalopterum meruiiaum, Horsf. |* Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. 

i. p. 403 (1854). 
Pterocyclus merulinus Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 283, no. 4191 (1860). 
Adult. General colour above rufescent brown; the wing-eoverts 
a little duller than the back; quills brown, rufescent brown on the 
outer webs; tail brown, the feathers margined with the same colour 
as the back ; lores dull ashy; feathers in front of and below the 
eye, as well as the fore part of cheeks, dusky blackish; hinder part 
of cheeks, and ear-coverts rufescent brown, separated from the 
crown by an ill-defined streak of white ; throat, fore neck, and chest 
yellowish buff, broadly streaked with central triangular spots of 
black; breast rufous buff, becoming paler on the abdomen ; sides of 
the body rufous-brown; thighs and under tail-coverts rufescent; 
under wing-coverts like the breast, the lower series dull ashy brown 
like the under surface of the quills, which is pale fulvous. Total 
length 8*2 inches, culmen 15 wing 3*55, tail 3*5, tarsus 1*5, 

A second specimen, apparently younger, is of a rather more 
olivaceous tint both above and below, and has the throat paler buff, 
inclining to white on the chin. The amount of spotting on the 
throat varies greatly in this species, as does also the extent of the 
orange-buff tinge on the fore neck. 
Hah. Khasia and Naga hills, extending into Munipur. 

a. Ad,; b. Juv. sk. Khasia hills (Jerdon). Gould Collection. 
G. Ad.sk. Khasia hills. India Museum. 
d. Ad. sk. [Darjiling (Pearson).'] India Museum. 
VOL. vii. 2e 
450 
TIMELIED^. 

2o. GRAMMATOPTILA. 

Keropia, pt., auct. recent., nee Gray. Type. 
Turnagra, pt., auct. recent., nee Less. 
Grauamatoptila, Beichenh. Syst. Av. pi. Ixxxv. fig. 8 

(1850) G. striata. 
Kittasoina, Blyth, 1855 {teste Gray) G-, striata. 

Range. Himalayas, extending to the hills of Eastern Bengal. 

1. (Jrammatoptila striata. 
Garmlus striata, 
Vigors, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 7 ; Gould, Cent. B. Himal. 
Mts. pi. 37 (1832) ; Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Basseres, 
pis. 181,182 (nos. 2Q6, 207). 
Keropia striata, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844J ; Gray, Libt 
Gen. B. 1840, p. 28; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 178 (1842); Bp. 
Cotisp. i. p. 374 (1850) ; Ilorsf. $ Moore, Cat B. E.l. Co. Mus. i. 

p. 209 (1854). 
Turnagra striata, 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 227 (lb40) : id. Cat. Mamm. 
etc. Nepalpres. Hodgs. p. 85 (1840) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A*. Soc. 

p. 95 (1849); Gray, Band-l B. i. p. 284, no. 4203 (1809). 
Grammatoptila 
striata, Beichenh. Syst Av. Nat. pi. Ixxxv. fig. h 
(1850) ; Jerd. B. 2nd. ii. p. 11 (16(33) ; id. Ihh, 1S72, p. 298; 
Hume, Nests §• Eggs hid. B. p. 237 (1873); Godwin-Austen, 

J.A.S. Beng. xhii. p. 15 (1878); Ball, Sir. F. 1878, vol ii. 
p. 234; Scully, Sir. F. 1879, p. 2b7 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 95. 
Kittasoina striata, Blyth, 1855 {teste Gray). 
Adult General colour above rufous-brown, with a slight olive 
wash, especially on the rump and upper tail-coverts, every feather 
having a distinct white streak clown the centre, this central white 
streak having an obscure marginal shade of dusky; wing-coverts 
rather more reddish than the back, with fulvous shaft-streaks; primary-
coverts reddish brown, dusky at tip ; quills dull reddish brown, 
dusky towards the tips, externally rufous-brown, the primaries 
more or less ashy grey on the outer webs, rufescent towards their 
bases; the innermost secondaries washed with olivaceous and having 
white shafts like the back; tail-feathers reddish brown, externally 
rufous-brown, lighter at their tips, the outermost margined at the 
end with pale ashy; head very much crested; crown of head and 
nape brighter rufous-brown than the back, with white shaft-lines; 
lores rufous buff, with white shaft-lines; ear-coverts, cheeks, and 
throat dark rufous-brown, with distinct shaft-streaks of wThite; 

remainder of under surface of body light ashy brown, with broad 
dull white streaks down the centre of the feathers, these streaks 
relieved by a dusky lateral margin and a narrow shaft-line of 
pure white, the streaks becoming more and more obscure towards 
the abdomen, which has a more uniform appearance ; under tail-
coverts light ashy brown, streaked with dull white like the breast; 
thighs dark olive-brown, with ashy-white mesial streaks ; axillaries 

26 . 3JDESLAN0CICHLA. 
like the breast, -washed with fawn-colour at the tips; under wing-
coverts deep fawn-colour with paler shaft-streaks, the lower outer 
coverts dusky ; quills dusky "brown below, rufescent along the inner 
margin; " bill horny black, base of lower mandible plumbeous; feet 
grey-plumbeous; claws brownish horny; iris deep red or crimson " 
(Sadly). Total length. 11*5 inches, culmen 1*25, wing 5*8, tail 54, 
tarsus 1*8. 

"Sexes alike. All the specimens from Nepal are darker than 
examples from the Himalayas further to the west • the streaks on 
the body-feathers above pure white, or slightly sullied white, not 
yellowish " (Scully). Specimens from the Dafla hills are decidedly 
darker than Himalayan examples. The rufous-brown colour is 
more intense, and the black band on the sides of the head more 
pronounced, while the ear-coverts are rufous-brown streaked with 
white, without any admixture of black as in typical G. striata. 
The light shaft-streaks on the crown are almost obsolete in the 
Dafla bird. (3£us. H. H. Godwin-Austen,) 

Young. Plumage more fluffy than in the adult, reproducing all 
the colours of the old bird, but everywhere paler and not so rufous; 
the light central streaks to the feathers not so strongly pronounced, 
either on the upper or under surface of the body. 

Hah. Himalayas from Simla to Bootan, extending into the hill-
ranges of Eastern Bengal. 

a. Ad. st.
b. c. Ad. sk. 
Himalayas. 
N .TV. Himalayas. Oapt. Stacklionse Pin-
d. Ad. sk. Near Simla.
will [P.]. 
Oapt. Stackhoiibe Pine,/. 
Ad. sk.
g. $ imm. sk,
h} i, k, I Ad. jm. Juv. sk.
n. Ad. sk.
o. Ad. sk. 
Kumaon (Stracheij). 
Nepal valley, June 26. 
Nepal. 
Nepal (Hodgson), 
Darjiling.
will HP.], 
India Museum. 
Dr. J. Scully [P.], 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
[P.]. 
India Museum. 
Henry Seebohm, Esq. 
p, q. Ad. sk.
r. Ad. sk. 
Darjiling (Bodes). 
Bootan (Pemherton). 
F. D. Godman and 0. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
India Museum. 

• • 26. MELANOCICHLA. 

Grarrulax, pt.; auet. recent. 

Range. Sumatra. 

1. JfelanocicMa lugubris. 
lanthocincla lugubris, S. Mill Nat Tijdschr. 1835, p. 344, pi. 5. 
ftg. 2; Bp. Consp. I p. 372 (1850). 
Garrulax lugubris, Gray, Hand-l B. L p. 281, no. 4158 (1869). 
Adult. 
General colour above and bclow'blackish slate-colour; the 
2<*2 

TIMELIID2E. 

crown, lores, sides of face, feathers below and round the eye, cheeks, 
ear-coverts, and throat deeper black, the ear-coverts paling off into 
blackish slate-colour like ihe sides of the neck; wing-coverts like 
the back, the quills externally blackish brown ; tail-feathers black; 
" iris dark brown; bill light red ; legs and feet green " {R. 0. 
Forbes). Total length 10 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 4*8, tail 4*8, 

tarsus 1*5. 
Hob. Sumatra. 
a. Ad. sk. Sumatra {Leyden Museum). Gould Collection, 
h, c. Ad sk. Sumatra. 
d. Ad. sk. Sumatra. Purchased. 

27. RH1H0CICHLA. 
Garrulax, pt., auct. recent. 

Range, Sumatra and Northern Borneo, 

Key to the Species. 

a. Ear-coverts dark grey, as also the chin; no light 
streaks on the throat and chest T.. mitrata, p. 452. 
b. Ear-coverts bright chestnut like the cheeks and 
chin; throat and chest ochraceous with whitish 
shaft-streaks freacheri, p. 453. 
1. EhinocicMa mitrata. 
Timalia mitrata, S. Mull Nat. Tijdschr. 183~>, p. 345, pi. 5. tig. 3; 
Gray, Gen. JB. iii. App. p. 10 (1849). 
(xarrulax mitratus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 225 (1846). 
Garrulax vittatus, de Filipjn, Mus. Medial p. 81 (1847); Salvad. 
AttiR. Accad. Sei. Torino, 1861, p. 270. 
Ianthocincla mitrata, Rjp. Consp. i. p. 371 (1850); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 
1879, p. 248. 

Adult General colour above bluish slate-colour, the wing-coverts 
like the back; quills blackish brown, externally bluish slate-colour, 
the innermost secondaries entirely of* this colour; the primaries 
externally white towards the base, forming a conspicuous wing-
stripe ; upper tail-coverts slightly shaded with olive; tail-feathers 
blackish brown, more or less ashy towards the base : crown of head 
chestnut; the nape, sides of neck, ear-coverts, and cheeks bluish 
slate-colour; base of forehead ornamented with some pointed hoary-
grey feathers; lores, nasal plumes, feathers in front of the eye and 
below the fore part of the latter, as well as a superciliary streak, 
darker chestnut, the feathers tipped with black; a spot at base of 
lower mandible and another on the chin black ; remainder of under 
surface of body ashy grey, including the flanks ; centre of abdomen, 
vent, and under tail-coverts orange-rufous; thighs grey; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries like the breast; quills dull brown, ashy 

27 . RHXNTOCICBXA. 
along the margin of the inner web; " bill yellow, as also the legs 
and feet, but the latter slightly lighter ; irides reddish brown ; skin 
below the eye creamy white with a flush of blue w (R. 0. Forbes). 
Total length 9 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4*1, tail 4*1, tarsus 1-45. 

The female is like the male in plumage. A pair obtained by Mr. 

H. 0. Forbes in Sumatra measure as follows :— 
Total 
length Culmen. Wing, Tail. Tarsus. 
in. in. in. m. in. 
a. cf. Hoedjonsr... 8*7 0-85 4-1 4-1 1*35 
b. g . Mt. Kaba"... 8-1 0-8 3-8 3*7 1-8 
Hob, Sumatra. 

a. Ad. sk. Samatra {Raffles). Zoological Society. 
b. Ad. sk. Sumatra. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Sumatra. 
el Ad. sk. Sumatra (Leyrlen Mwwm). Gould Collection. 
e. Ad. sk. Sumatra. Purchased. 
/• Ad. *t. Sumatra. Dr. Lidth de Jeude. 
2. EMnocichla treacheri. 
Ianthocincla treacheri, Sfiarpe, P. Z. &'. 1879, p. 245. 
Adult (type of species). General colour above dark ashy grey, with 
a very slight shade of ochraceous under certain lights; the wing-
coverts slightly more bluish grey than the back; quills blackish, 
externally bluish grey; the primaries white along the basal part of 
the outer web, giving the wing a conspicuous white outer aspect; 
tail-feathers dark slaty grey, shading into blackish at the end of the 
feathers* entire crown and nape, as well as the sides of face, ear-
coverts, and fore part of cheeks, deep chestnut-red, the hinder cheek-
feathers slightly tipped with ochraceous; frontal plumes with lanceolate 
tips of light ashy grey or hoary whitish• under surface of 
body dull ochraceous brown, with lighter shaft-stripes of pale ochraceous, 
imparting a striped appearance to the throat and breast; the 
sides of the body more ashy grey *. chin chestnut, like the sides of 
the face; thighs dark grey, with a few chestnut feathers near the 
tarsal bend ; under tail-feathers chestnut; under wing-coverts ashy 
grey, slightly marked with ochraceous; quills sepia-brown below, 
paler along the edge of the inner web. Total length 10 inches, culmen 
0*85, wing 4*15, tail 4-5, tarsus 1*5. 
(21us. Oocoi%.) 
Hob. KW . Borneo. 

a. Ad. sk. N.W. Borneo. Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. Kina Balu mountain, H, Treacher, Esq. [C»]. 
3N\W. Borneo. 
TniELIIDJE. 

23. BUTONASTES. 
Garrulax, pi, avct recent, 

Banr/e. Himalayas, extending to the Mils of Assam, Burmah, 
and Tenasserim, and thence through China to Formosa and Hainan. 

Key to the Sjyechs. 

a. Throat black or blackish brown. 
a'. Uncle: tail-coverts bright rufous like lower 
abdomen: sides of neck alsu bright rufous; 
ear-coverts black: head dark slaty grey .. nifiroUh* p. 454. 

b' Under tail-coverts olive-brown like the 
lower abdomen. 


a1'. Ear-coverts white, as well as hinder cheeks, 
forming a large patch : head dark grey, 
separated from black forehead by a narrow 
line of silvery white; fore neck and 
chest greyish. 


a'". Hind neck olive-brown washed with 
crey fMaeasfo, p. 455. 
b"'. Hind neck bright rufou**, forming* a 
collar nuchalis, p. 45G, 

b". Ear-coverts chestnut-brown, succeeded 
by a patch of white on &ides of neck; 
head and nape olh e-brown, succeeded by 
a grey mantle strepiians, p. 457. 

c". Ear-coverts black like cheek* and throat; 
head bluish grey, separated from forehead 
by narrow whitish line; breastrufescent 
olive-brown like upper surface ?nonacftifsi p. 4-37, 

b. Throat a^hy grey like cruwn of head; ear-
coverts black like the eyebrow and cheeks; 
abdomen fulve«cent, deeper on under tail-
coverts perspieillaivs* p. 458. 
c. Throat brown, rufescent, or olh e-brown. 
r'. Lores while, as al«o an eyebrow and fore 
part of cheeks and feathers below the eye; 
abdomen Mve^eent sannio, p. 450. 


d'. Lores rufous; cheeks rufescent; abdomen 

slaty grev; mandible yellow. 
d". Tips to'outer tail-feathers Mvescent.... pceeUorhjM-hm^. 400. 
e". Tips to outer tail-feathers white btrthemyi, p. 4f>I. 

d. Throat white like the brea&t and centre of ab-J candaftts^ p. 4<>1. 
domen; bill black , | mhcmridaim, p. 462. 
1. Bryoaastes nxilcollis. 
lanthocincla ruficollis, Jard. # Selbt/, III Orn. 2ndaer. pi. 21 (1838); 

Bp. Consp. I. p. 871 (1850). 
lanthocincla lunaris, McClell. P, Z. S. 1830, p. 1G0. 
Garrulax xiificollis, Blyth, /. A. & Beng, xii. p. 950 (1848), xiii. 

28 . DRYO^ASTES. 
455 

p. 391 (1844), xiv. p. 599 (1845) • Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 225 (1846) • 
id. Cat Mtnmti. etc. Xepal pres. Hodgs. p. 82 (1340); Blyth, Cat. 
B. Mm. As. Son. p. 97 (1849); Sorsf. £ 2Ioore, Cat B.EL Co 
Jenl R Ind iL 38

3£us\\' l ~°H\ 55^ ;-P-(18^3); Gray]

Hand-l. p. i. p. 2-2, no. 4172 (1309); Hume, Xests §• Eggs Ind 

B. p. 254 (1373}; id. Sfr. F. 1879, p. 96. J9 
Advlt. General colour above ashy olive-brown, the wing-coverts 
like the back, the primary-coverts slightly more ashy ; quills brown, 
externally olive-brown like the back, "the primaries ashy on the 
outer web; tail-feathers black, banded across with dusky under 
certain lights, and slightly washed with olive-brown near the base; 
head and nape dark slaty grey; a broad frontal band, lores and 
nasal plumes, feathers over the eye. ear-coverts, sides of face, cheeks, 
throat, and fore neck black, somewhat blackish brown on the latter; 
sides of neck bright rufous, extending behind the ear-coverts to 
above the latter; remainder of under surface of body from the 
fore neck downwards a-hy olive-brown like the back ; the centre of 
the abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts bright ferruginous; thighs 
ashy olive-brown washed with ferruginous; under wing-coverts 
and asillaries oshy olive-brown, slightly washed with rufous; quills 
dusky brown, pale rufc^cont along the margin of the inner web; 
'•bill black; legs livid brown; iris dull red,J (Jerdon). Total 
length 9 inches, culmen 0-i), wing 3*75, tail 4*3, tarsus 1-4. 

Hah. Himalayas from Xepal to Assam, and hills of Upper 

Burmah. 

a. Ad. sk. Sikhim. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.]. 
h. Ad. sk. Sikhim. Henry Seebohm, Esq, [P.], 
c. Ad. sk. Darjiling. Gould Collection. 
d. Ad. sk. Darjiling (Eeeles). F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-
Tin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
e. Ad. sk. Xepal. B. I I Hodgson, Esq. [P.1 
/, g. Ad. -k. Xepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
h, i, k. Ad. sk. Xepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
/. Ad. &k. Aa^am (JfrCMland). India Museum. (Type of 

G. lunaris.) 
m. Ad. *k. Upper A^am (Br. Beid). 11 B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J. 
n. Ad. sk. Bhamo, X. Burmah. E. W. Gates, Esq. [O.J. 
2, Bryonastes chinensis. 

Petit Geay de la Chine, 8<mn. Toy. Ind. Orient ii. p. 188, pi. 107 

(1782)/ J F 

Black-faced Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 37 (1783). • 

Lanius chinen«ib, Scop. Del Fhr. ef Faun. Instdr. ii. p. 86 (1786). 

Turdus shanhu, Gm. Sysi. Xat. i. p. 814 (1788). 

Tardus melanopsia, Gm. 8y*L Xat. i. p. 829 (1788, ei Lath.). 

COITUS auritus, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 230 (1800). 

Crateropus kucogenys, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 180 (1842). 

Garrulax chinensis, Bhfth, J. A. S. Be?u/. xiv. p. 508 (1845); Blyth, 
Cat B. Mm. As. Soe. p. 93 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 870 (1850); 
Horsf. £ Moore, Cat. B. EI. Co. Mm. i. p. 202 (1854); Waldm, 

P. Z. 8, 18GG, p, 549 ; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 281, no, 4153 (1869); 
TIMUJLIIDJG. 

456 

Oust Ois. 

Garriilax slianhu, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 225 (1846), 

Adult male. General colour above olive-brown, the wing-coverts 
like the back, I lie bastard wing washed with ashy; quills blackish 
brown, externally olive-brown, the primaries ashy grey on the outer 
web; tail-feathers olive-brown, black at the ends, the outer webs 
entirely black, washed with olive-brown near the base; head and 
nape slaty blue ; nasal plumes, lores, and base of forehead black, 
separated from the grey crown by a frontal line of hoary white; 
feathers round the eye and a streak above the ear-coverts white; 
ear-coverts and hinder cheeks silvery white: sides of neck light 
drab-brown; feathers at gape, fore part of cheeks, throat, and fore 
neck black, the latter washed with reddish brown on the lower 
part; breast and sides of fore neck ashy grey, fading away on the 
abdomen, which, like the sides of the body and thighs, is olive-
brown, deeper on the under tail-coverts; axillaries and under wing-
coverts olive-brown, the lower series of the latter dusky ; quills 
dusky brown below, ashy along the edge of the inner web; " bill 
black; legs dusky brown ; iris lake *' (R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay). 
Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 4-6, tail 4-7, tardus 1-65. 
(JLfits. B. G. Wardlaiv Ramsay.) 

Adult fatvde. Similar to the male. Total length 11 inches, 
culmen 1*1, wing 4*9, tail 5, tarsus 1*8. 
Bed). Extreme south of China on the borders of Tonkin, ranging 
into Eurniah and Tenasserim. 

a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. st.
e. Ad. sk. 
China. 
China. 
Karen liill^ August 1875. 
J. II. Reeves, Esq. [P.]. 
Zoological Society." 
Capt. E. G. XVardlaw 
d. $ ad.sk. Kyeikpadein, Lower Pegu,
'March 0.
Eam-ay [C."\ 
E. vV. Gates, Esq. rC.]. 
" " 
e. J ad. sk. Shwavsheen, Pegu,
187a 
May E. W. Oates, Esq. [G.l. 
/. Ad. sk. Meetan, Tena«serim (Limborg), 
Captain E. 
Ramsay. 
G. Wardlaw 

3. Dryonastes niichalis. 
Garriilax nuchalis, Godwin-Austen, Ann. $• May. Xat. Hist. (4) 
xviii. p. 411 (1870) ; id. J. A. & Beng. slvii. p. 17, pi. s. (1878) ; 
Hume, Sfr, F. v. p. 58 (1877); id. Sir. F. 1871), p. 00. 
Adult female. General colour above rufescent olive-brown, the 
hind neck and mantle bright chestnut; wing-coverts like the back; 
the bastard-wing feathers ashy; primary-coverts dusky, washed 
externally with the colour of the back; quills dark brown, externally 
like the back, the primaries ashy on the outer web; tail-feathers 
dusky brown, blackish towards their ends and washed with olive-
brown on both webs; crown of head and nape slaty grey; the 
lores, nasal plumes, and feathers in front of and round the eye black, 

28. BEY0XASTE3. 
as also the base of the forehead, which Is separated from the grey 
crown by a narrow line of pointed silvery-white feathers ; cheeks, 
ear-coverts, sides of throat, and sides of, neck white: the base of 
the cheeks, the chin, and centre of the throat black; chest light 
ashy, inclining to ashy grey on the breast; abdomen, flanks, thighs, 
and under tail-coverts olive-brown; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
also olive-brown; quills below dusky brown. Total length 
10 inches, cnlmen 1*05, wing 4*2, tail 4*3, tarsus 1*55. (Jfm. B. G. 
Wardlaw Ramsay.) 

Hah. Lboh-Xaga hills m Xorth-eastem Bengal. 

4. Bryonastes strepitans. 
G-arrulax atrepitans, TicMl M88.; Bhjih^ J. A. S. Beng. xxir. 
p. 268 (1855); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 2B2, no. 4165 (1809); Bh/th, 
B. Bunn. p. 107 (W5); Hume § Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 288 ; 
Hume, Sfr. F. 1870, p. 0G; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. p. 87 (1883). 
Adult female. General colour above olive-brown, the wing-coverts 
like the back; bastard-wing feathers blackish brown; primary-
coverts and quills blackish, the outer webs edged with olive-brown, 
broader on the secondaries ; tail-feathers blackish, washed with 
olive-brown on the edge and obscurely barred with dusky under 
certain lights ; mantle slaty grey, separated from the nape by a 
shade of hoary grey, culminating in a white spot on the sides of 
the neck; crown of head and nape reddish brown, with some of the 
feathers margined with ashy; nasal plumes black, as also the basal 
portion of the forehead and lores; the fore part of the crown dark 
chocolate-brown, shading off into the rufous-brown of the head; 
feathers over and round the eye, cheeky, and fore part of ear-coverts 
black, the hinder part of the latter chestnut; chin and edge of throat 
black; the centre of the throat and fore neck blackish chocolate, the 
feathers of the latter tipped with reddish brown; breast and centre 
of abdomen slaty grey, inclining to hoary white where the grey 
skirts the dark fore neck and chest • sides of body, flanks, thighs, 
and under tail-coverts olive-brown ; axillarles olive-brown edged 
with grey; under wing-coverts olive-brown, the lower series dusky 
brown like the quills below, these being more or less ashy along 
the edge of the inner web; " bill black; legs and feet very dark 
brown, sometimes brown-black, claws paler; iris generally lake-red, 
sometimes crimson " (Davison), Total length 11*5 inches, culmen 
1*15, wing 5*25, tail 0*1, tarsus 1*8. 

Hab. Tenasserim


a. 
$ ad. sk. Halfway between Mooleyit and A. O, Hume, Esq. 
Paraauba, British Burmah, 
Jan. 27, 1877 (IF, Davison). 
5. Bryouastes monachus. 
Garrulax monackus, Swinh Ibis, 1870, p. 248; id. P. Z. S. 1871, 
p. 372; David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 198 (1877). 
Adult General colour above dark olive-brown; the wing-coverts 
458 TIMELIID2E. 

like the back; the bastard-wing feathers washed with grey; primary-
coverts olive-brown; quills sepia-brown, the primaries externally 
ashy, the secondaries olive-brown like the back; tail-
feathers dull ashy, washed on the margins with olive-brown and 
blackish at the tip, this black narrowing in extent towards the 
centre feathers, which are olive-brown for three fourths of their 
length; hind neck and sides of the neck rufous-brown, contrasting 
with the back and extending a little way onto the mantle ; crown 
of head and nape slaty grey, separated from the black forehead by 
a narrow band of hoary white formed by lanceolate plumes of this 
colour; nasal plumes, lores, feathers in front of and below the eye, 
cheeks, ear-coverts, and throat black; remainder of under surface 
from the fore neck downwards rufous-brown, inclining to dark olive-
brown on the lower flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts ; axillaries 
dull rufescent brown; under wing-coverts olive-brown, the lower 
series sepia-brown like the under surface of the quills, which are 
lighter brown along the margin of the inner web. Total length 
9*6 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 4*05, tail 4\5. tarsus 1*6. 

Hah. Hainan. 

a. Ad. sk. Hainan, Feb. 1868. It. Swinhoe, Esq, rC.~. 
h. Ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk. 
Hainan, April 1808 (i?.
Swinlioe). 
Hainan, Feb. 1868 (M.
Sivinhoe). 
F. D. Godman and 0." Salvin, 
Eaqrs. "P.l. 
Gould Collection." 

6. Dryonastes perspicillatus. 
Merle de la Chine, Daabent, PL Bid. iv. pi. 604; Buff. Hist. Hat. 

Ois. iii. p. SOS. 
Spectacle Thrush, Lath. Gen. Sijn. ii. jt. i. p. 61 (1783). 
Turdus perspicillatus, Gm. 8yst. Xat. i. p. 830 (1788, ex Lath.). 
Garrulax perspicillatus, Blyth, J. A. S. Bene/, xii. p. 048 (1843), xiv. 

p. 508 (1845); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 22o (1846); Bp. Omsp. I 
p. 370 (1830)'; Horsf. £ Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mm. i. p. 204 
(1854); Sioinh. Ibis. 1861, p. 38; Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 281, no. 
4154 (1869); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p.'371; David $ Oust. Ois. 
Chine, ?. 191, pi. 52 (1877). # 
Garrulax rugillatus, 8icinh. Ibis, 1860, pp. 57, 358. 

Adult female. General colour above brown, somewhat more tinged 
with olive on the rump and upper tail-coverts; wing-coverts brown ; 
quills light brown, the secondaries externally like the wing-coverts, 
the primaries somewhat lighter brown on the outer web; the two 
centre tail-feathers earthy brown, the rest light brown, blackish at 
the tip, this black ending increasing toward the outer feathers, which 
have only the basal part brown; head ashy greyish, as also the hind 
neck and sides of neck, the feathers of which have obsolete dusky 
tips; forehead, eyebrow, lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts blackish, 
the latter slightly washed with brown; streaks and throat dull ashy 
grey, the rest of the under surface from the fore neck downwards 

23 . DHYOXASTES. 
459 

being pale fulvous, washed with ashy on the chest and deepening towards 
the vent and thighs, which, with the lower flanks and under 
tail-coverts, are tawny buff; under wing-coverts pale tawny buff; 
quills brown below, fulvescent along the margin of the inner web; 
"bill brown, horn-coloured at tip; feet greyish; iris rufous-brown" 
(David). Total length 12 inches culmen 1*1, wing 5-05, tail Q-6, 
tarsus 1*65. 

Adult feuiale. Bather brighter than the male in colour, but otherwise 
similar. Total length 12*5 inches, wing 5-1, tail 6-1, tarsus 
1-65. (Jftfs. 2?, G. Wnr<J7*nv Rauxmi}*) 

Taunt/. Similar to the adult but duller in colour, and the head not 
so ashy but inclining to brown; the plumage more fluffy, especially 
on the under tail-coverts, which are shorter than in the old bird. 

Hah. South China. Siam. 

a. g ad. bk Shanghai. March 0, lb7o. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. {T.J. 
b, e. Ad. sir. China. J. E. Iieeve&, E&q. [P.1. 
d. Ad. sk China. Gould Collection. 
e,f. Ad. sk. Folden, China. Gould Collection. 
g* Ad. sk. Amoy, China, April (I?. Henry Seebokm, Esq. [P.J. 
tivinhoi). 

h. ? ad. sk. Chu-an, May, 1S30 (Papf, Mrs. luce [P.]. 
Itierj. 
«, Ad. «>k &mm {Fiakn/stui i India Museum. 

7. Dryonastes saanio. 
Garrulax sannio, 
Sianh. Ibis, 18G7, p. 403; Gray, Rand-l B. i, 
p.2b2, no. 4103 {18i>9); tiwinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 371; David § 
Oust. Ois. Ckme}\x 1H2 (I&77); Anders. Zool. JELvp. West Yunnan, 

p. 027 (1878|; Hume, Sir. F.l>7% p. 06. 
Garrulax alhosupTciliaris, Godicin-Amten, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 45; id. 
J. A. S. Beng. xliii. pt. % p. 101, pi. vi. (1874); Hume, Str. F, 
1875, p. SO-4); Godivitt-Amtea, Ann. fy Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xvii. 
p. 34 (1870); Hume, Str. F. 1&7G, p. 502. ' 
Adidt. General colour above dull olivaceous brown; the wing-
coverts like the back; the primary-coverts rather more dusky brown; 
quills light brown, externally olivaceous brown like the back; centre 
tail-feathers rufous-brown, the remainder rufous-brown, inclining to 
dusky blackish towards the ends of the inner webs, all transversely 
barred with dusky under certain lights; crown of head chestnut-
brown ; the hind neck slightly rufescent brown with dusky shaft-
streaks, evidences of which are seen on the feathers of the back; 
nasal plumes blackish; a conspicuous loral spot, as well as a broad 
band below the eye along the sides of the face, yellowish white; 
above the ear-coverts an eyebrow of purer white; ear-coverts dark 
chestnut-brown; the cheeks and throat lighter chestnut-brown; 
centre of body pale ochraceous buff; the sides of the breast and 
flanks ashy olive-brown, relieved by a tuft of fawn-coloured feathers 
on each side of the lower back; thighs olivaceous brown; under 
tail-coverts deep fawn-colour; under wing-coverts light yellowish 

460 
TIMELITD2B. 

buff, the outer ones mottled with blackish streaks; axillaries like 
the sides of the breast; lower under wing-coverts ashy brown like 
the under surface of the quills, which are clearer ashy along the 
edge of the inner web ; u bill horn-brown; feet greyish ; iris chestnut-
reel " (David). Total length 8-2 inches, culmeii 1, wing 4*05, 
tail 4-05, tarsus 1%3. 

Hob. Southern China from Chensi to Yunnan, and the hills of 
North-eastern Bengal. 

a. Ad. sk. Foochow, Jan. 1867. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.]. 
h. $ ad. sk. Ichang, Hoo-pih, _ R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.]. 
e. Ad. sk. Ichang gorge, Yangtze river. (J. Maries, Esq. 0.1 
(I 
Ad. sk. 31iinuia^Sanda valley, 3000 Dr. J, Anders. uffC.l 
feet, July 1868. * J' 

8. Dryoaastes pcecilorliynclitis. 
Garrulax pcecilorhyncha, 
Gould', P. Z. S. 1862. p. 231; id. B. Asia, 
part xvi. (1864). 
Garrulax pcecilorlivnehti-, Swiah Ibis, 1863, p. 28o; Gray, IIand4, 

B. i. p. 2-2, no. 4174(1809). 
lanthocincla 
pcecilorhyncha,tiirinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 372; David 
$ Oust. Ok Chide, p. 198 (1877), 

Adult. General colour above rufous olive-brown, with a slight 
wash of olive; wing-coverts rather more rufous than the back ; primary-
coverts washed with olive externally; quills dark sepia-brown, 
the outer primaries externally ashy; the secondaries rufous on the 
outer webs, the innermost entirely rufous; upper tail-coverts like 
the back, but inclining to rufous at their ends ; centre tail-feathers 
chestnut-brown, the remainder dark sepia-brown on the inner web, 
chestnut on the outer, the two outermost tipped with white, the 
third with pale rufous : crown of head and nape brighter chestnut-
brown than the back, the feathers narrowly edged with black ; nasal 


plumes and lores deep chestnut; cheeks, ear-coverts, throat, and 
chest rufous olive-brown, with a spot of black on the chin; breast 
and remainder of underparts slaty grey, the flanks and outer aspect 
of thighs washed with rufous-brown; vent and under tail-coverts 
white, the latter washed with pale fulvous; under wing-coverts rufous 
olive-brown, the axillaries ashy, tipped with olivaceous; the lower 
series of coverts clusky brown, like the inner lining of the quills, which 
are paler brown along the margin of the inner web ; " bill black with 
the tips yellow; feet greenish grey ; iris blackish " (David). Total 
length 10*5 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 4*35, tail 4*05, tarsus 1*65. 

Hah. Formosa, where it inhabits the wooded mountains, never 
descending to the lower unsheltered hills. 

a. Ad. sk. Formosa. 
R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Formosa (M. Swinhoe). F. D. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
28. DBYosrisiEs. 
461 

9. Dryonastes fcertkemyi. 
Ianthocincla 
bertkenivi, Dav. fy Oust. BulL Soc. Philom. Paris, «?er. 
6? vol. xii. p. 01 (1870): iid. Ois. Chine, p. 199, pi. 60 (1877). 

Adult. Plumage in general similar to that ox lanthoeinela pvecilorliijtttlicu 
but having the shades of colour clearer and somewhat differently 
distributed. Head, neck, chin, and upper part of breast of 
not so dark a shade as, but much more of a golden brown than In 
the Formo&an bird; grey tint of the abdomen commencing much 
higher and being purer in tint, with a slight shade of greenish; 
tail-feathers, excepting the four middle ones, ornamented with a 
distinct spot at the tip, white, and not fulvous as in I. poecilorJiyncha, 
and tinged with grey on the outer web; lower part of 
forehead and the region between the eye and the base of the bill 
deep black, and not purplish black, this black mark forming a sort 
of mask, and being prolonged a little below and behind the eye ; 
bill black, with a spot of yellow at the tip: feet green; iris 
blackish. Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4'oo, tail 4*75, 
tarsus 1*7. (Davvf &f Oirstalei.) 

Hob. "Wooded mountains of Fokien, China. 

i o. Dryonastes cserulatus. 

CinelosoBia CiWiiLduiu, Hudf/a. Asiat. Mesearrh. xix. p. 147 (1886) ; 
id. Icon, i/ied. in Brd. Mn>.9 Passeres, pi. 107 (nob. 493-494). 
Orateropu-s coeruleatus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 179 (1842); 
J&odgs. in Grat/s ZooL Mibc. p. 83 (1844). 
Gamilax aerulatu-, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 051 (1843), xiv. 

p. 590 (W5) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 225 (1840); id. Cat. Mamm. 
etc. Xepal prts. Hudgs. p. 82 (184(5) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soe. 
p. 90 (184*3) ; Mornf. c\-Moore, Cat. B. E.L Co. Mus. i. p. 205 
(1824); Jerd. B. Tad. ii. p. 30 (1803) ; Gray, Hand-1. B. i. p. 282, 
no. 4171 (ifcOU) ; Jerd. Ibis, 1872? p. 302 • Hume, Xests § Eggs 
Ind. B. p. 254 (1873); Godivin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xliii. 
p. 100 (1874; ; Mime, Sfr. F. 1870, p. 96. 
lanthoeinela cgerulatum, Bp. Comp. i. p. 377 (1850). 
Adult. General colour above rufous-brown, the lesser and median 
wing-coverts like the back ; the greater coverts brighter rufous; 
quills dusky brown, externally brighter rufous, the innermost 
secondaries entirely of this colour, the primaries externally fulvousbrown 
; rump a little more olivaceous than the back, washed with 
grey; upper tail- coverts reddish brown; tail-feathers chestnut, the 
inner webs somewhat browner; head like the back, but varied with 
blackish margins to the feathers; base of forehead, lores, and 
feathers round the eye black, as are also the nasal plumes, the 
feathers at the base of the lower mandible, and a streak below the 
eye along the upper edge of the ear-coverts; ear-coverts greyish, 
tipped with reddish brown, forming a patch; cheeks reddish brown, 
the feathers narrowly edged with black; throat and under surface 
of body white, with the base of the chin and the edge of the throat 

462 TBCRLTTD-SB. 

black; the sides of the body ashy grey slightly washed with brown ; 
the thighs like the flanks; under tail-coverts white; under wing-
coverts and axillaries reddish brown, like the sides of the upper 
breast, with ashy-grey bases; quills pale brown below, clearer 
along the margin of the inner webs^; <• bill dusky, livid at base; 
legs fleshy white; orbital skin livid ; iris red-brown" (Jerdoii). 
Total length 10 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 4*1, tail 4*8, tarsus 1-85. 

Hah. Eastern Himalayas, extending to Assam and the Naga hills. 

a. Ad. sk.
b, c. Ad. st.
d, e. Ad. sk.
ft g. Ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk.
L Ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk. 
Hiuialayab. 
Nepal. 
Nepal. 
Nepal (Hodgson). 
Nepal (Hodgson). 
Darjilmg. 
Darjiling* (Pearson). 
Gould Collection. 
B. H. Hod-son, E*q. ["P.], 
(Types of species.)" 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
India Museum. 
Gould Collection. 
Gould Collection. 
India ilu-eum. 
I Ad. sk. Sikiiim. Henry Seebokru, Esq. [P.". 

11. Dryonastes subcserulatiis. 
Garrulax subcajrulatu*, Hume, £»//*. F. 1^ , vol ii. p. 140; id. Str. 
F. 1879, p. m. 
Like G. umdatvs, but more olivaceous and les* lufescent above, 
and with the car-coverts, feathers behind the eye, and posterior 
portions of cheeks silvery white, more or less tipped with black, and 
with the three exterior tail-feathers on either side broadly tipped 
white. (Hium, I c.) 

This markedly distinct but yet closely allied species replaces 

G. ewndatus of Nepal, Sikhim, &e. on parts of the Efaiibia hills, 
near Shillong. (Hiuac, 1. c.) 
On the difference of the colour of the upper parfc>, marked as it 
is, I lay no stress, because Sikhim and Nepal birds of this class are 
always deeper-coloured and more rufeseent than specimens of the 
same species from the Khasias. But 1 have examined over thirty 
specimens of G. umdatus; and not one exhibits a trace of the broad 
and conspicuous white tippings to the three external lateral fail-
feathers characteristic of the present species, nor does one of them 
show a trace of the large pure white patch on either side of the 
head that distinguishes G. suhearidatus, (Ilihne, 1. c.) 

The following dimensions are taken from the skin:—Length 10 
to 11 inches, wing 4*2-1*0, tail 5-5*8, tarsub 1-48-1*6, bill at 
front from frontal bone 11*1)0-1 *< *3. (Ifinne, I. e.) 

Obs. Colonel Godwin-Austen's specimens from the Naga hills are 
true G. ccemlatus. 

29. ACTINODUEA. 
463 

29. 
ACTINODUBA. 
Type. 
Actinodura, Gould, P. Z. S.1836/ n. 17 A. egertoni. 
Leiocincla, Blyth, J. A. S, Bene/, xii. p. 953 (1843). 
Ixops, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844) ... . A. nipalensis. 

Bill of Actinodiira 

Range. Himalayas, extending into the hills of Assam, N.E. 
Bengal, and Bnrmah. 

Key to the Sj^ecies, 

a. A black spot on the wing formed by the black primary-
coverts ; ear-coverts ashy or fulvescent 
brown. 
a'. Throat rufescent or fulvous. 
a". Bill yellow; chin and forehead chestnut, contrasting 
with the ashy-brown head and neck egertoni, p. 463. 
b". Bill dark horn-brown or dusky ; no chestnut 
contrast on the chin and forehead, which are 
sandy buff or brown. 
a'". Crown of head uniform; forehead sandy 
buff; back olive-brown ramsayi, p. 464. 
b'". Crown of head streaked, the feathers dusky 
brown with ashy whitish edges; back 
rufous toaldeni, p. 465. 

b'. Throat ashy or hoary whitish. 
c". Feathers of crown mesially streaked with. 
paler brown nipalensis, p. 466. 
d". leathers of crown uniform, without pale 
mesial streaks daflaensis, p. 467. 

b. No black spot on the wing; ear-coverts black; 
throat white oglei, p. 467. 
1. Actinodura egertoni. 
Actinodiira egertoni, 
Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 18; Hodgs. Icon. ined. 
in Brit Mus., App. pi. 82 (no. 882); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 226 
(1846); id. Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 84 (1846); 
Fraser, Zobl, Typ. pi. 40 (1849); Blyth,Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc.p. 98 
(1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 373 (1850); Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. E.I. 
Co. Mus. i. p. 212 (1854); Jerd. B. hid. ii. p. 52 (1863); Gould, 

B. Asia, part xviii. (1866) ; Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 283, no. 4195 
(1869) ; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. p. 105 (1870), xlv. 
p. 76 (1876) ; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 308 ; Hume, Nests 8f Eggs Ind. 
B. p. 266 (1873) ; id. Sir. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 153, 1879, p. 97. 
Leiocincla plumosa, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 953 (1843), xiv. 
p. 600 (1845). 
Actinodura rufifrons, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 24, 
Adult. General colour above fulvous-brown; wing-coverts bay, 

T1MELI1D2E. 

the inner ones fulvous-brown like the back; bastard-wing feathers 
fulvous-brown, dusky on the inner webs; primary-coverts brown, 
inclining to blackish at the ends; qnills sepia-brown, externally 
ashy, barred with black towards the ends, bright bay near the base 
of the outer web; inner secondaries ashy olivaceous, nanowly barred 
across with dusky black; upper tail-coverts and tail rufescent 
brown with dusky cross bars under certain lights; remainder of 
the feathers fulvous-brown, becoming dusky brown towards the 
ends, which are tipped with white: head, which is strongly crested, 
ashy brown, with slight indications of rufou& edges to the feathers ; 
forehead and sinciput, nasal plume*, lores, feathers round the eye, 
and fore part of checks chestnut-rufous; ear-coverts and sides "of 
neck ashy brown; chin chestnut, fading off on the throat into 
fulvous-brown somewhat washed with ashy, which extends onto 
the upper breast; side* of body fulvous-brown; thighs earthy 
brown; centre of body dull white; under tail-coverts light fulvous-
brown, tipped with white; axiHaries and tinder wing-coverts 
like the sides of the breast, but a little more tawny in tint; quills 
dusky brown below, tawny or light chestnut along the inner web ; 
" bill light horny; legs pale brown : hides brown ,J {Jerrion}, Total 
length 8 inches,"culmen 0*7, wing 3##5, tail 4-5, tarsus 1*15. 

Young. Differs from the adult in being more rufous and more 
fluffy in character of plumage; the whole head is rutous-brown, 
slightly vinous in cast; the bar& on the wings much more coarsely 
denned. 

Hab. Himalayas, extending into the hills of X.E. Bengal. 

a. Ad. sk. Himalayas. Zonlo^ical Society. (Type 
of ^p-eie>.) 
b. Ad. sk. Himalavab. Gould Collection. 
c. d, e, f. Ad.; y. Nepal. * B. IL Hodgbon,Esq. ;P.]. 
Juv. sk. 
k, iy k. Ad. sk.
I Ad. sk.
m. Ad. sk. 
Xepal (Hodtpou). 
Sikhim. ' 
Xatn e Sikhim. 
India Xiia-um. 
H. Seebohm, E^rp [P.]. 
Gould Collection. 
%, o. Ad. sk. Khasia kills* (Griffith). India Museum. 

2. Actino&ura ramsayi. 
Actmura ram^ivi, 
Wahhn, Aan. 6c Mag. Xaf. IIi<t. |4) xv. p. 402 
(1^75); Bum*, htr. F. l*>7o, p. 401;* Wakhti hi Blyth, B. Burm. 

p. 106(18/0}; Gofhcifi-Av^teni Ann. t_y J%. X H. (4) xvi. p. 340 
(1&73); Ilambtirj, Ihh, 1^77, p. 404. pi. xii. 
Actinodura raiu^ayi, Hume, titr. F. Ih7i)} p. U7. 

Adult male /Karen-Xee, March 219 lh74; It. G. "Wardlaw 
Ramsay : type of species). General colour above ashy olive-brown, 
indistinctly barred across with dusky ; lesser and median wing-
coverts like the back and narrowly baried with dusky ; greater 
series fulvous, tbe inner ones ashy brown, all distinctly barred 

* These birds are marked as from Afghanistan (/. c); but they are evidently 
from North-eastern Bengal. 
29 . ACTIXODUEA. 
across with, black; bastard-wing feathers and primary-coverts 
black ; quills blackish brown, chequered externally with bright bay 
barred with black, the outer primaries barred on the outer web 
with black and ashy fulvous; innermost secondaries ashy brown 
barred acrobS with black; tail-feathers ashy fulvous, narrowly barred 
with dusky black, the outer feathers inclining to dusk}- blackish 
towards the ends, which are tipped with white ; forehead sandy buff; 
the crown and nape pale sandy brown; sides of crown, lores, sides 
of face, and ear-coverts ashy brown, blacker on the lores and 
below the eye; round the latter a conspicuous ring of white 
feathers; cheeks and under surface of body sandy buff, a little 
more dusky on the flanks, which have indistinct narrow bases of 
dusky; thighs and under tail-coverts more olivaceous, the latter 
tipped with white; axillaries and under wing-coverts fawn-colour ; 
quills dusky brown below, pale fawn-colour along the inner web; 
"bill horny brown; legs slaty brown; iris light hair-brown" 

(JB. G. IF. jff.). Total length 9*0 inches, oilmen 0*7, wing 3*8, 
tail o, tarsus 1*1. (31us. It G* Wardlaw Ramsay.) 
Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 
8*4 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*4, tail 4*7, tarsus 1*1. 
Hah. Hills of Karen-nee in Burmah at a height of 3500 feet. 

a. Ad. sk. Karen-nee. Capt. K. G. Wardlaw Ramsay [P.]. 
3. Actinodura wal&eni 
Actinodura wakleni, Godiuin-Ausi. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 46; Gozdd, B. 
Asia, part, xxvii. (1875) ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 97, 

Adult (Munipur hills). General colour above rufous-brown, a 
little clearer rufous on the rump and upper tail-eoverts; wing-
coverts rufous-brown like the back, the greater series edged with 
lavender-grey near the tips of the outer webs; bastard-wing 
feathers dull ashy with a tinge of rufous, and barred across with 
black; primary-coverts black, forming a conspicuous wing-spot; 
quills black, externally rufous, brighter towards the base of the 
primaries, all barred with black on the outer web, the secondaries 
dull brown and barred with black right across, the outer primaries 
edged towards the tips with lavender-grey; tail-feathers black, all 
but the centre ones tipped with white, bright rufous towards the 
base barred with black, this coloration much more extended on the 

central rectrices; hind neck dull ashy brown, overspreading the 
mantle; crown of head much crested, dusky brown, the feathers 
edged with ashy whitish; lores and cheeks dusky ash-brown, the 
latter washed with rufous; ear-coverts hoary grey; entire under 
surface of body rufous, paler on the throat and chest, which are 
slightly mottled with dark rufous-brown centres to the feathers * 
flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts darker and more of a mahogany-
brown; under wing-coverts and axillaries rufous-brown like the 

breast; quills dusky brown below, rufoas-brown along the inner web. 
Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*65, tail 3*4, tarsus 1*3. 

(3Ius. 11, Id. Godwin-Austen.) 
Hah. Munipur, N.E. Bengal. 
VOL. VII. 2 H 

466 
miELIIDJE. 

4. Actinodura nipalensis. 
Cinclosoma nipalensis, Hodgs. Asiat. Research, six. p. 145 (1836). 
Ixops nipalensis, Hodgs. Icon. hied, in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 201 
(no. 257) ; id. in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 84 (1844). 

Actinodura 
nipalensis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 220 (1846) ; id. Cat 
Mamm. etc. Nepalpres. Hodgs. p. 84 (1846); Blyth, Cat. B.' Mus 
As. Soc. p. 98 (1840) ; Horsf. 8? Moore, Cat. B. *J2.I. Co. Mm

p. 212 (1854); Jerd. B. 2nd. ii. p. 53 {181*8); Gould, B. Asia 
part xuii. (I860); Gray, Haad-l. B. i. p. 283, no. 4195 (1869) • 
Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 308; Godwin-Austen, Ann. 4* Mag. Nat. Hist 
(4) x\i. p. 340 (1875) ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 97. 
Adult. General colour above reddish brown, the head, neck, and 
mantle more chocolate-brown than the back, the feathers mesially 
streaked with whity brown; rump and upper tail-coverts more 
rufous than the back, the latter with indistinct dusky cross bars • 
wing-coverts like the back, but the central streaks obsolete, the 
greater series washed with grey at the tips : bastard-wing feathers 
grey, barred and tipped with black; primary-coverts black ; quills 
blackish brown, externally bright rufous, chequered hy narrow 
cross bars of black, the primaries narrowly edged with grey towards 
the tips ; the inner secondaries fulvous-brown, inclining to ashy at 
the ends and regularly barred across with black ; tail-feathers black. 
barred with rufous and black near the base, and tipped with white 
the latter increasing as the rufous base diminishes in extent towards 
the outer feathers; lores like the crown and streaked with white in 
the same manner; ear-coverts dark ashy brown; cheeks black ; 
under surface of body pale ashy brown, rather Mveseent on the 
throat, the lower flanks and thighs more fulvescent, deepening to 
tawny on the under tail-coverts; axfflaiies ashy fulvous; under 
wing-coverts light rufous, the edge of the wing whitish; quills 
blackish below, rufescent along the inner web ; te bill dusky horny; 
legs pale fleshy brown; irides brown " (Jtahn). Total length 
7*5 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3*6, fail 3*7, tarsus 1*25. 

Young. Differs from the adult in being much paler brown and 
more rufescent on the head, where the white streaks are broader 
and more plainly marked; ear-coverts light vinous brown ; cheek-
stripe brown ; barring on the wings coarse as in the old bird; and 
the under surface light ashy. 

Hah. Eastern Himalayas, extending into the hills of North-eastern 
Bengal. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Himalayas. Gould Collection. 
c, d. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
„ 4 1 Y ^ , {Types of species.) 

<?, /. Ad.; g. Juv. Nepal B. II. Hodgson, Esq. rp.". 
sk. J

* L
h. Ad.; i. Juv. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
k. Ad. sk. Darjiling (Pearson). India Museum! 
I Ad. sk. Dappling. Gould Collection. 
m,n. Ad. sk. Darjiling. H. Seebolim, Eb£. [P.]. 
29 . ACTIXODl'BA. 4H7 
5. Actinodura daflaensis. 
Actinura dafiaeiibis, Godwin-Austen, Ann. Ǥ* Mag. Nat Hist. (4) xvi. 
p. 339 (1675) j id, J. A. S. Beng. xlvi. part 2, p. 77, pi. iv. (1876); 
J2zww, Sir. F. 1876, p. 219. 
Actinodura daflaensis, Hume, Sir, F. 1879, p. 97, 


JkZwZi female (Dana Mils, Eebruary). General colour above dark 
rufous chocolate, becoming lighter rufous on the rump and upper 
tail-coverts; wing-coverts rufous-brown, the greater series edged 
with lavender-grey near the tips of the outer webs; bastard-wing 
feathers ashy grey barred with black; primary-coverts black, 
forming a wing-patch; quills black, externally sandy brown, inclining 
to bright rufous near the base of the primaries, the outeimost 
of the latter being margined with grey; all the quills 
chequered with black bars on the outer web, these bars more distinct 
on the secondaries and continued right across to the innermost 
of the latter, which are al&o browner; tail-feathers black, bright 
rufous towards the base, with a few black bars, the rufous colour 
extending for half the distance of the centre feathers, and diminishing 
towards the outer ones, all but the centre feathers tipped 
with white : head strongly crested, dusky brown, the frontal feathers 
narrowly fringed with greyish white; hind neck and mantle dull 
earthy brown; lores arid feathers below the eye dusky; over the 
latter a shade of ashy not sufficient to form an eyebrow; ear-
coverts dull ashy grey, slightly blacker towards the eye; cheeks, 
throat, and entire breast ashy greyish, a little whiter on the throat, 
all the feathers obscurely centred with dusky brown; flanks and 
thighs dull rufous, the latter washed with grey like the abdomen; 
under tail-coverts rufous; under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy, 
the latter browner; quills dusky brown below, rufeseent along the 
inner web. Total length 7*4 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 5*15, 
tail 3*1, tarsus 1*25. (2Tus. H H. Godwin-Austen.) 

Hah. Dana hills. 

6. Actinodura oglei 
Actinura oglei, Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xlvi, part 2. p. 42. 
pi. xi, (1877) ; Hume, Sit: F. 1877, p. 341. 
Actinodura oglei, Hume, Sir. JP. 1879, p. 97. 

Adult male (type of species). General colour above fulvescent 
brown, with tine dusky cross markings on most of the feathers; 
wing-coverts like the back, the greater series a trifle more rufeseent; 
quills dusky brown, externally fulvous-brown, barred with blackish, 
these bars being continued across the inner secondaries ; upper tail-
coverts a little more fulvous than the back and with the same dusky 
cross markings; tail-feathers brown, externally washed with dull 
fulvous-brown and regularly barred across with dusky cross lines ; 
head and hind neck golden brown, slightly overspreading the mantle, 
many of the feathers edged and tipped with black, which appears fco 
form a bar separating the head from the white-spotted plumes on the 

2u 2 

468 
T1MELIII)JE. 

eyebrow and sides of neck; base of forehead and lores with blackish 
shaft-lines; a broad white eyebrow continued onto the sides of the 
nock and behind the ear-coverts in the form of ovate white drops 
bordered with black; ear-coverts black; cheeks and throat pure 
white; sides of neck and breast ashy grey; sides of body and 
abdomen rufescent brown, clearer on the under tail-coverts and 
thighs; under wing-coverts and axillaries fulvous-brown, more or 
less washed with ashy; quills dusky brown below, ashy fulvous 
along the inner web; " bill black above, grey below ; legs and feet 
umber-brown; iris crimson-lake v (Ogle). Total length 6 inches 
culmen 0*85, wing 2*7, tail 2-5, tarsus 1*05. (Mus. H. H. Godwin'
Austen.) 

Hab. Sadiya, Assam. 
This species is rather aberrant in form, having a thicker bill and 
shorter tail than the other Actinodnrce. 

30. 
NEOOICHLA. TJPe-
Neocichla, Sharpe, ed. Layard'sB. S. Afr. p. 215 (1875) X. gutturalis. 

Range. S.W. Africa. 

1. Eeociehla gutturalis. 
Crateropus gutturalis, Boeage, Jam. Lisb. xii. p. 272 (1871), 
Neocichla gutturalis, Sharpe, ed. Layards B. 6\ Afr. p. 215; Boeage, 
Orn. Angola, p. 253, tab. 1. %. 1 (1877). 

Adult female (type of species). Head and neck grey; back and 
scapulars brown, with straw-coloured margins to the feathers; lower 
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ashy, somewhat inclining to 
creamy brown; wing-coverts brown glossed with purple-, the outer 
ones purplish black; quills purplish black, shading off into brown 
at the tips, the secondaries externally white, forming a Jbroad longitudinal 
bar down the wing, the innermost brown, edged with 
fulvous inclining to white at the tip ; tail purplish black tipped with 
white, more broadly on the outer featheis, the two centre ones paler 
brown, a shade of this colour being also apparent on the inner webs 
of most of the others ; entire sides of face and throat light grey, 
rather paler than on the crown and shading off into a black patch on 
the fore neck, the lower feathers of which are edged with fulvous; 
rest of under surface orange-buff, inclining to white in the centre of 
the abdomen and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts like the 

breast; bill black; iris bright yellow. Total length 8 inches, culmen 
0*8, wing 4-2, tail 3-6, tarsus 1-2. (JUTw*. Lisb.) 

Obs. Professor Barboza du Boeage says that specimens not quite 
adult have the fore part of the neck and breast with transverse bars 
of a pale brownish rufous, which disappears later on in life. 

Hab. Provinces of Benguela and Mossamedes in South-western 
Africa, 

31. CRATEBOPUS. 
469 

31. CBATEEOPUS. 
Type. 
Orateropus.Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer.9Aves, p.487 (1831) 0. reinwardti. 
Malacocercus, Swains. ZooL lilustr. 2nd ed. series iii. 

pi. 127 (1832) C. aM^eanis. 
Lehyropodus, Beit-heal. Syst. Ac. pi. Iv. fig. 3 (1850) .. C. atripennis. 
Cf. Biijtli, J. A. S. Beng. xxiv. p. 478 (1856). 
Range. The whole of Africa below the Sahara Desert; Indian 
Peninsula and Ceylon. 

I see no rea&on why the Indian species of Malacocercus should be 
kept apart from the African Craterojji. It is true that the latter, as 
a rule, have the wing and tail equal in dimensions, and in the Malacocerci 
the tail is a trifle longer than the wing: but this is not invariably 
the case, and the difference is too small to be of generic 
importance in this instance, llore marked is the excess in the length 
of wing over that of the tail in the two African species 0. atripennis 
and Q. Iiayaesii, which are also aberrant in their style of colouring, and 
further resemble the Indian Jlalacocerci in their yellow bill; but I 
can perceive no advantage in separating them from Orateropus, which 
they otherwise resemble in form. 

Keij to the Species. 

a. 
With the bill horn-brown or black, 
a'. Without white rump. 
a". Head not white, brown or blackish or 
ashy. 
a"'. Breast uniform light ashy brown like 
the rest of the tinder surface; head and 
ear-coverts black, forming a distinct 
cap, which contrasts with the ashy-
brown back reinwardti, p. 470. 

b'". Breabt with rounded ashy margins to « the 
feathers; these edges still more 
distinct on the throat. 


a4 . Lores white; crown of head blackish 
brown, with lighter-brown edges to 
the feathers platucerms, p. 471, 

Z>4. Lores black, contrasting with the 
crown, which is ashy grey on the 
forehead and over the eye j rest of 
head light brown like the back ... . melanops, p. 472. 

c'". 
Breast with white lanceolate tips to 
the feathers. 
cA . Larger: cheeks and ear-coverts 
streaked with grey jardiniij p. 472. 
d4. Smaller; ear-coverts uniform dark' ,7T • „ ^ Ano

, \pleyeius, p. 47o. 
asny I hypostictus, p. 474. 
d"'. Breast white btcolor juv.? p. 476. 
b". Head white. 
e'". Back bilown; crown, sides of face, and 
chin white , leneocephaluSn p. 474. 

470 TI^IELIID^E. 

/'". Entire body white excepting tlie wings 
and tail, which are brown blcQhr7 p. 475, 

V. With a distinct white rump. 
e". Crown of head, sides of face, and upper 
throat white leucogygius, p. 476. 
d". Crown of head brown: forehead brown, 
with grey eds-es to the feathers. harilauhi, p. 478. 

b. With the bill yellow. 
e'. Abdomen pale, ashy or oehraceous. 
e". Tail-feathers brown or ashy brown, not 
rnfescent. 
g"'. Belly ashy whitish or light buff; throat 
not more dusky than the breast, the 
feathers not mottled with blacki>h 
bases; back distinctly streaked with , A„^ 
whitish centres to the feathers cannrus,^. 4,6. 

/*'". Belly oehraceous buff; the throat dingy ' m™ha™™< P- 4/9. 
and mottled with blackish bases to the 
feathers. 

eK Head creamy whitish, in strong contrast 
to the back, which is distinctly 
streaked with broad centres to the 
feathers grisem, p. 480. 

f*. Head ashy brown, scarcely different 
from the rest of the upper surface ; 
streaks on back indistinct and confined 
to the shaft-lines alone sfrmfm. p. 481, 

/". Tail-feathers light ruflms-brown, with 
pale tips to the outer ones; upper tail-
coverts al«o pale sandy buff and contracting 
with the back somervilh'i, p. 4S2. 

dK Abdomen maroon-brown; throat pearly grey. 
g". Head, throat, and breast pearly grey ... . atripennis, p. 488. 
h". Head black; sides of face and throat 

only pearly grey hmpmiL p. 4^3. 

Crateropus reinwardti. 

Buckley, Ills, 1872, p. 287 
Turdus melanocephalus, Ciaier7 Mm. Paris.; Puefar. Arch du Mm. 

vii. p. 342. 
Adult. General colour above ashy olive-brown, the least wing-
coverts like the back; median and greater coverts darker brown 
with only a slight wash of olive; primary-coverts and quills dark 
brown, the inner secondaries washed with the colour of the back ; 
tail-feathers dark brown; head, nape, cheeks, and ear-coverts black, 
the sides of the neck also inclining to blackish brown; lores slightly 
ashy; feathers of crown not pointed, but having glossy black shaft-
lines ; throat pale yellowish white, shading off on the lower part 

31 . CRATEEOPXTS. 
into light ashy brown with somewhat of an ochraceous tinge ; fore 
neck and chest slightly mottled with brown centres to the feathers; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries light fawn-bufT, except the coverts 
near the edge of the wing and the lower series, which are dark brown 
and form a bar* quills brown below, ashy brown along the edge of 
the inner web; "iris white" (Shelley). Total length 9 inches, 
culmen 1, wing 4*7, tail 4*5, tarsus 1*4. 

Nothing is known of the plumage of the sexes or of that of the 
young birds. Another Garnbian specimen has the chin blackish and 
the whole throat- as well as the fore neck mottled with blackish 
centres to the feathers. The Eantee birds are greyer on the throat, 
and have the cheeks dark ashy and not so black as the Senegambian 
examples. 
Hab. West Africa, from Senegambia to the Gold Coast. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Senegambia. Governor Kendall [C.]. 
c. Ad. sk. River Gambia. R. B. Sharpe, E^q. 
d. Ad. sk. Fantee. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
e. Ad. sk. Fant^e (Governor Ussher). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

2. Crateropus platycercus. 
(Jrateropus 
platvcercus, Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 274 (1837); Gray, 
Gen. B. i. p. 224 (1840) • Bp. Consp. L p. 278 (1850) • llartl J. f. 

O. 18."34, p. 23 ; id. Orn. W. Afr. p. 79 (1857); Gray, Hcmd-l JS\ 
i. 
p. 280, no. 41;J1 (1809;; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 24 (1871): 
Shelley $ Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 201. 
Tardus testaceus, Temm. in Mus. Paris. 
Ischyropodus testaceus, Reichenb. Syst Av. pi. Iv. fig. 3 (1850). 
? Crateropus plebeius, Hartl. Orn. W. Afr. p. 70 (1857, nee 

Hupp.). 

Adult. General colour above brown with indistinct paler edges 
to the feathers, the mantle rather darker in the centre of the 
feathers; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ashy brown, 
contrasting with the back; wing-coverts like the back; the greater 
series and the quills rather darker brown ,• tail-feathers dark brown, 
with obscure dusky cross bars under certain lights; head dark 
brown, decidedly darker than the back and appearing scaly, the 
feathers being edged with ashy and having black shaft-streaks; no 
distinct eyebrow, but the feathers above the eye obscurely tipped 
with grey; lores dull white; ear-coverts uniform greyish brown* 
cheeks, throat, and breast light brown, varied with ashy fulvous 
edgings to the feathers, the chin washed with ashy grey; remainder 
of under surface of body uniform light ashy brown somewhat washed 
with ochraceous, the under tail-coverts light ochraceous brown; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries brown, the greater series washed 
with fawn-colour ; quills brown below, ashy along the edge of the 

inner web. Total length 8*7 inches, ctilmen 0*9, wing 4*25, tail 4*1, 
tarsus 1*4. 
Hah. "Western Africa, from Senegambia to the Gold Coast, 

472 
TIMELIIDJE. 

a. Ad. sk. River Gambia. Governor Kendall [0.]. 
b. $ ad. sk. Senegambia. M. Verreaux. 
c. d, e. Ad. sk. River Gambia. ^ R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
f. 
Ad. sk. Bathurst, river Gambia R. B. Sharpe, E&q. 
(Qirin). 
g, h. Ad. sk. River Gambia. Gould Collection. 

3. Crateropus melanops. 
Orateropus 
melanops, Hartl P. Z. S. 1866. p. 435, pi. 37; £>«?/ 
ifowd-/. B. i. p. 281, no. 414-5 (1809); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 24 
(1871); Gumey in Amiens. B. Dam. Ld. p. VIZ (lb72) ; Sharped. 
LayardB. S. ^4/)\ p. 214 (1875) ; Bocaye, Orn. Angola, p •o.jl 
(1877). 

Adult. General colour above brown, with obsolete lighter edo-in^s 
to the feathers, the wings and tail much darker brown; the lower 
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts inclining to sandy brown the 
latter dark; crown of head, sides of face, and throat hoary oTGy 
the feathers tipped with the latter colour, the grey shade especially 
distinct over the eye and on the ear-coverts; lores and plumes 
below the eye black; plumes of the throat and fore neck brown 
margined with hoary grey; rest of under surface of body pale 
fulvous-brown, inclining to white near the vent; thighs and under 
wing-coverts brown; " bill black ; feet blackish ; iris yellow" 
(Anchieta). Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 4-4, tail 4-7 
tarsus 1*4. 

Hab, The northern parts of Damara Land as far as the Cunene 
river. 
a, <$ ad. sk. Elephant Vley, Sept. 23, R. B. Sharpe, ESQ 
ISm(aJ.Andersson). ±# 
b, c, d. Ad, sk. Cunene river, June 1867 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

(C. J. A.). 
tf.Ad.sk. 
Cunene river, June 25, C. J. Andersson, Esn 
1867. [C.J q* 

4. Crateropus jardinii. 
Gumey, Ibis, 1868, pp. 266 (note), 461; Gray, Hand-l. B i p^si 
no. 4144 (1869) j Finsch $ Hartl Vog. Ostafr. p. 289 '(1870) 
Sharpe, Cat Afr. 2?. p. 24 (1871); Gumey in Anderss. B Dam 
Ld. p. 123 (1872); Sharpe, ed. Bayard, B. S. Afr. p. 212 (1875) 
Barratt, Ibis, 1876, p. 201; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 250 (1877) 
Sharpe in Oates, Mafahele Land, App. p. 309 (1881) 

CrateiopuEJ offinis, Bocage, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 436; ill Jom. Acad 
Lisb. 1870, p. 342 ; Gray, Eand-l B. i. p. 280, no. 4143. 

Adult male. Olivaceous brown, the feathers of the head pointed 
and edged with ashy brown, imparting a streaked appearance, which 
is increased by the black shaft-lines ; hind neck, mantle, and back 
generally slightly varied by pale brown spots on the 'tips of the 

31 . CRATEROPUS. 
473 

feathers; lower back and rump rather more ashy olive-brown• 
upper tail-coverts light brown, many of the shorter ones ashy ; 
•wing-coverts rather more ashy brown than the back, with small 
spots on the tips of the feathers, less distinct on the greater series ; 
quills dark brown, externally edged with paler brown; tail dark 
brown, waved with dusky cross lines under certain lights; forehead 
slightly greyer than the crown, the margins to the feathers 
being ashy grey ; lores and feathers below the fore part of the eye 
dusky blackish; ear-coverts brown, streaked with ashy; cheeks 
ashy brown, the feathers with pointed tips of dull white, producing 
a streaked appearance; throat and breast brown, very plainly varied 
with white tips to the feathers, these streaks disappearing on the 
lower breast and abdomen, which are nearly uniform ashy brown 
washed with pale ochraceous ; throat-feathers marked with blackish 
sub terminally, as well as streaked; under tail-coverts ashy brown, 
tipped with dull white; under wing-eoverts and axillaries pale 
tawny buff; quills dark brown below, deeper tawny along the edge 
of the inner web; -'bill and feet black; iris dark red " (T. E. Buclcley), 
u light red " (F. Gates), or " bright reddish yellow " (T. Ayres). 
Total length 10 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4-35, tail 4-3, tarsus 1*25. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 

10 inches, culmen 0*1)5, wing 4*25, tail 4*2, tarsus 1*25. 

Young. Much paler and more ochraceous brown than the adults, 

with pale brown spots at the tips of the feathers; throat and 

breast greyish brown, with smaller white spots than in the adult, 

these spots with distinct subterminal markings of darker brown ; 

remainder of under surface light ochraceous brown. 

Hah. Resident in South Africa, from about 26° S. lat. (Potchefstroom 
and Xurrichaine) northwards to the Zambesi on the east 
coast and Damara Land on the west. 


a. $ ad. sk. Kurrieliaine. Sir Andrew Smith [0.]. 
(Type of species.) 
5. JUT. sk. S. Africa. Sir A. Smith [0.]. 
c. Juv. sk. Potchefstroom. F. A. Barratt, Esq. [0.]. 
d. £ ad. sk. Transvaal (Ayres). R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. 
e. 9 ad. sk. Maiico river, Transvaal, W. E. & 0. G. Gates, 
Nov. 18,1873 (F. Oates). Esqrs. [C.]. 
f,g. 
6$ ad. sk. Tati, October (F. Oates). W. E. & C. G. Oates, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 

h. Ad. sk. Victoria Falls, Zambesi. Purchased. 
i. Ad. sk. Cunene river, June 25, R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. 
1869 (0. J". Andersson). 
5. Crateropus pleberas. 
Ixos plebejus, CretzscJmi. in Bvpp. Atlas, Taf. 23 (1826). 
Crateropus plebeius, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 224 (1846); Bp. Consp. i. 

p. 278 (1850): Kirk, this, 1864, p. 318; Antin. Cat descr. p. 44 
(1864); Hartm. J.f.O. 1864, p. 148; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 280, 
no. 4133 (1869); Finsch $ Eartl Vog. Ostafr. p. 287 (1870); 
Hmgl Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 303 (1870). 
474 TniEums. 

Orateropus jardinii (non Smith), Hartl P. Z. S. 1863, r> 10o • SM 

P. Z S. 1864, p. 108; Heugl Orn. K.O.-Afr. i. p. 394 (1870). 
Crateropus cinereus, Heugl Syst, Uebers. p. 30; id. J. f O imo 
p. 300. "* ' > 
Crateropus kirlrii, Sharpe, eel LaijanTs B. 8. Afr. p. 213 (1875) • 
Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 230 (lS77): Cab. J. V. O. 1878 n 99ft ! 
Shelley, P. Z. S. Ib81, p. o7o. ; *' "* ' 

Adult. Similar to 0. jardinii, but with the ear-eoverts uniform 
dark ashy brown, as well as the cheeks, which are not tipped with 
grey streaks; the feathers of the crown and neck are also tipped 

;™ •rkrt

^nore plainly with grey t1^^ -^—^ - * • - - eel" 
(£irl>)) « bill black :: 
'otal length 7*8 inches, cul 

Sexes similar {lllq^ell). 

Hab. Xorth-ea^tern Africa from Eordofan to the Gazelle river 
and probably down the whole of Eastern Africa to the Zambesi. I 
think that Capt. Speke's specimens from 17/inza must haye belonged 
to this species, and not to C. jardinii. C. cine mis is now considered^ 
Heuglin to be a small race with a pearl-coloured eye. 
A specimen in the Bable lluseum, obtained by Pais at A^aapim* 
has been kindly lent by Prof. Pditirneyer. I believe it to^be the 
true C. jjlebtins of Ruppell; it is very much darker than the type 
of C.h'rl'ii, the only specimen T haye to compare with it. Whether 
the bird in the Basle 3Iuseum has become bleached, and looks paler 
on that account, I cannot say; but if it is of the normal colour of 
O.plebeius, then C. lirlcii will certainly be a recognizable dark race. 

a. Ad. .sk. Zambesi. Dr. Kirk '"P.". (Type 
of C. fa'fknl) " 
6. Crateropus hypostictus. 
Crateropus hypostictus, Cab. $ Reichen. J.f.O. 1S77, pp. 2o, 103. 
Very like O. plebeius, but smaller and having blackish lores 
(Cabanis 4' Reichen.) 
JIab. Loango coast, W. Africa. 


7. Crateropus leucocephalus. 
no. 281 (1656); id. J. f. O. 1802, p. 300; Antin. Cat descr. p. 43 

(1864); Hartm. J. f. O. 1864, p. 148; Heuglin, Orn. y.O.-Afr. 

p. 391 (IriGS)); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 2fe0, no. 4134 (I860); 
Blanf. Geol £ Zool Abyss, p. 372 (1870) ; Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. 
p. 244 (1870); Sharpe, Cat Afr. B. p. 24, no. 222 (1871); Antin. 
§* Saluad. Viagg. Bogus, p. 106 (1875}. 
Adult male. General colour above pale earthy brown, the lower 
back and rump rather lighter and more ochraceous, and the upper 

31 . CEilTEROPrS. 
tail-coverts somew hat more ashy brown; lesser and median wing-
coverts like the back; greater series and quills rather darker brown, 
margined with pale brown; tail-feathers brown, with obscure dusky 
cross bars under certain lights, the feathers edged with reddish 
brown near the base; head pure white, as also the ear-coverts, 
cheeks, and chin, the hinder cheeks light brown like the sides of the 
neck; under surface of the body, from the middle of the throat 
downwards, light brown, inclining to pale ochraceous on the breast, 
abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts; the throat and fore neck 
rather washed with ashy, and having pale Mvescent margins and 
lighter shaft-lines down the feathers ; the brown of the throat 
rather darker where it adjoins the white ; under wiog-coverts and 
axillaries pale fawn-buff, those along the edge of the wing light 
brown; quills brown below, pale reddish along the edge of the 
inner web; u bill horny black ; legs dusky lead-colour; iris orange-
yellow r (Hvifglin); " leg* purplish horn-colour" (IF. T. Blanford). 
Total length 9*6 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4-3, tail 4*3, tarsus 1*35. 

Adult female. Does not differ from the male in plumage. Total 
length 8*5 inches, culmen 1, wing 4*2, tail 4, tarsus 1*25. The specimen 
is moulting • and the new feathers seem to be very much darker 
brown, the plumage doubtless fading from exposure after a time. 
As is usual with these white-headed Babbling Thrushes, the young 
birds have brown heads, and remains of the immature brown 
plumage are often seen in white-headed individuals. 

Hah. "Widely distributed in North-eastern Africa, being resident 
in Nubia from about 17° X. lat. to the Lower White Nile, and 
occurring throughout Eogos Land, Abyssinia, and Sennaar, but not 
higher than 5000 feet. The specimen enumerated below from 
Benegambia is the first instance of this bird's capture in West 
Africa; and though by no means an improbable bird to find there, 
its occurrence will require confirmation. 

a. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. 
Dr. Ruppell [C.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Anseba river (lisle?-). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
c. 6 
ad. sk. Anseba vallev, Feb. 27,1868 W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. 
(4000 feet). 
d. 
? ad.sk. Ain, Samhar, July 7, 38C8 W.T.Blanford,Esq. [CJ. 
(1200 feet). 
e. f. Ad. sk. White Nile. R Galton, Esq. [P.]. 
g. Ad. hk, Hiver Gambia. Purchased. 
8. Crateropus bicolor. 
Crateropus bicolor, Jard. in Bdinb. Journ. Sci. iii. p. 97, pi. 3 ; Gray, 
Gen. B. i. p. 224 (1846) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 278 (1850) ; StrickL$ 
Set. Contr. Orn. Ife52, p. 145; Anderss, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 7; Layard, 
JB. 8. Afr. p. 133 (1807) j Gray, Eand-l B. I p. 280, no. 4129 
(1809) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 24 (18711; Gurney in Anderss. 

B. Dam. Ld. p. 
121 (1872); Sharpe, ed. Layards B. S. Afr. 
p. 210 (1875); id. in Oates, Mataheh Land, App. p. 308 (1881). 
Crateropus hypoleucus, Cab. J.f 0.1878, pp. 205, 226. 
Adult wale. Entirely white, with the exception of the quills and 

476 
TIMELnDiB. 

tail, which are dark brown ; least wing-eoyerts white, as also some of 
the bastard-wing feathers ; median and greater series brown like the 
quills ; " bill and feet black ; iris reddish orange " (T. E. Bucldeij). 
Total length 9*6 inches, enlmen 1*05, wing 4-55, tail 4-6, tarsus 1*45. 

Adult female. Exactly Eke the male. Total length 9*3 inches, 
culmen 1*05, wing 4*5, tail 4*5, tarsus 1*4. 

Many specimens have their white plumage interspersed with 
brown feathers. These are the remains of the young plumage, 
which is quite different from the adult. 

Young. Light brown, with darker brown wings and tail; forehead 
with dark shaft-stripes; sides of face ashy brown, as also the 
ear-coverts; throat and breast greyish brown, with a few dark 
bhaft-streaks to the feathers of the throat; remainder of under 
surface pale fulvous-brown, lighter in the centre of the abdomen. 

Ohs. The change from the brown plurnage of the young to the 
white livery of the adult bird appears to me to fake place somewhat 
irregularly. Some specimens seem to get their white head 
and back before they have lost their brown under surface; while 
others, like the type of 0. lujpoleiws in the Berlin Museum, get 
the white throat and breast while the back is still dark brown. It 
may be that two or three seasons elapse before this species completes 
its perfect white-and-hrown dres**, which would account for 
the number of half-and-half-coloured individuals which are seen 
in collections. 

Hah. Interior of South Africa from northward of the Orange 
river to the Zambesi, and along the east coast as far as the Zanzibar 
district. 

a. Ad. • b. Juv. sk. South Africa* Sir A. Smith [C I 
c. Imm. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith "C.J. 
d. Ad. sk. Tran&vaal. 
Capt. H. Trevelyan 
e. Ad. sk. Transvaal (Aijres). EfBrSliarpe, Esq. 
f,ff. 
6 ? ad. sk. Tati, Matabele Land, Oct. C. G. & E. W. Gates, 
1874 (F. Otitis). Esqrs. [P.]. 

h. Ad. sk. Lake Xgarai (Chapman). "R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
h &• d $ ad. sk. Otjimbinque, Damara Land, II. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
July 18 J(J ( C.J. Amkrs$o?i). 
I Imm. sk. Otjimbinque, March 12,1803 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

(C. J. A.). 
m. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [0.]. 
9. Crateropus lextcopygius. 
Ixos leucopygius, Hupp. Keue Wirh. Taf. SO. fig. 1 (1835). 

Crateropus 
leucopygius, Hupp. 8i/st Uebers. p. 00 (1845); Gray, 
Gen. B. i. p. 224 (lfc46); Bp. (Jonnp. i. p. 278 (1850); Cab. Mm, 
JT«»,Th.L p.85(l&60); Heugl SysL Uebers. p. 30 (1856); id. 

* This is the specimen noticed in my edition of Layard's * Birds of South 
Africa' as killed not far from Kingwillmmstown. Cap 1. Trevelyan, lioweFer, 
tells me that it really came from the Transvaal 
31 . CBATEROKTS. 
J. f. 0. 1802, p. 300: Brehm, Beis. ». Habesch, p. 302 (1863); 
EeugL Orn. K.O.-Afr. i. p. 300 (I860),- Gray, Hand-l. B. I 
p. 280, BO. 4132 (1869); Blanf. Geo!. $ ZooL Abyss, p. 371 (1870) ; 
Finsch, Tr. Z. 6\ vii. p. 243'(1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 24 
(1871). 
Orateropus limbatus, 
B'upp. Syst Uehers. pp. 48, 60 (1845); Bp. 
Cunsp. i. p. 378 (18-50) ; Horsf. § Moore, Cat. B. F.I. Co. Mm. i. 

p. 214 (1854); Gray, Mami-l. B. i. p. 280, no. 4135 (1809) : 
Beugl Orn. XO.-Afr. i. p. 392 (1869); Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. 
p, 243 (1870). 
Adult female (Aiiseba valley, July 30, 1868; W. T. Blanf ord). 
General colour above dark umber-brown, with obscure paler edges 
to the feathers; the hinder neck and sides of the latter mottled with 
dark ashy centres and paler edges to the feathers; wing-coverts 
like the back; quills dark brown; rump pure white; upper tail-
coverts brown, tipped and edged with ashy grey, the outer ones 
washed with the latter colour; tail-feathers dark brown with dusky 
cross bars under certain lights ; lores, forehead, and a broad eyebrow 
white, the frontal plumes pointed and slightly washed with hoary 
grey, which increases on the crown, the hinder part of the latter 
being ashy grey or brown in the centre of the feathers, which 
are margined with hoary grey ; cheeks and throat pure white; the 
under surface from the centre of the latter brown, the feathers 
margined with hoary grey, before which is a subterminal shade of 
darker brown ; flanks slightly tinged with pale ochreous brown ; 
lower abdomen, vent, thighs, and under tail-covcrts pure white; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries fawn-coloured, those near the 
edge of the wing mottled with brown centres, as are also some of 
the greater series; quills brown below, tawny along the margin of 
the inner web ; " bill black; feet dusky greyish; iris crimson " 
(Heuylhi); " feet olivaceous ; iris orange-yellow, almost scarlet" 

(W. T. Blanf ord). Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 1, wing 4-75, 
tail 4*75, tarsus 1*4. 
The bird described, though in fine plumage, is probably not quite 
ad alt, as the head becomes pure white washed with hoary grey in 
the very old bird. A male with white head from Adigrat {Blan


ford) measures—total length 10*5 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4*65, 
tail 4*7, tarsus 1-45. 

Young. Differs from the adult in being more fluffy in plumage, 
which is more reddish brown, having also the feathers edged with. 
light rufous; the rump dull \\ hite; the head dull ashy brown, with 
only the lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, and chin dimly indicated by 
dull white; under surface pale brown, more or less washed with 
ashy, and inclining to whitish on the vent and under tail-coverts. 

In the full-grown young bird (C. limbatus, Riipp.) the general 
plumage is darker brown, and more like that of the adult, excepting 
that the head is dusky brown, leaving only the lores, eyebrows, 
cheeks, ear-coverts, and throat white, the frontal feathers washed 
with hoary grey; the centre of the throat and hinder surface 
brown with narrow lighter edges to the feathers, the thighs also 

TIMELIIDJ3. 

brown, the under tail-coverts and vent dull white ; under wingeoverts 
&e. as in adult. 
Hal. Xorth-eastern Africa, Abyssinia^ and Bogos Land. 

a. Juv.• b. Imm. sk, 1ST.E. Africa. Purchased. 
c. <$ imm. sk. Ali-Amba, Schoa, Feb. India Museum. (Type 
1845 (Si?-TT. C. Harris). of Crateropus limbr/
tm, Eiipp.) 
el Ad. sk. Abvssinia. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

e. Ad. bt. Abvssinia. Dr. Hliupell T/|. 
/". J ad. sk. Adiarrat, Ticrre, April 20; vV. T. BlanfordfEsq 
1868 (8U00 feet). "CM 
#. 
? ad. bk. Anseba vallev, Julv 30, "vV; T.'Blanford, Esq 
1-03 (4000 feet)." ~C.\ *' 

10. Crateropus hartlanbi. 
Crateropus hartlaubi. Boeage, Jor/i. Acrtrh Linb. W8, p. 48; Gray, 
Hand-l B. i. p. 2*0. no. 4142 {18U1M: *Sk/r^, CW. ^/>-. i?. p. 24 
(1871); «/. ^/. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 214 (1&73): Socage, Orn. 
Angola, p. 252, tab. 1. lis-. 1 f 1877}. 

Crateropus &enex7 Fittbch $ Hartl.og. Ostc/fr. p. 200 (1868). 

Adult. General colour above earthy brown, with paler margins to 
most of the feathers; wing-coverts like the back, the median and 
greater series not so plainly edged ; quills dark IJIYTO n, the primaries 
somewhat lighter on their margins ; lower back more ashy brown ; 
rump white ; upper tail-coverts light a>hy ; tail-feathers dark brown, 
with indistinct wavy lines of dusky under certain lights; fore part of 
crown lighter than the head, the feathers edged with hoary grey, as 
also those above the eye ; lores and feathers below the fore part of 
the eye blackish ; ear-coverts brown ; cheeks and feathers below the 
eye brown, edged with giey ; ba^e of chin hoary ; remainder of 
under surface of body brown, the featheis edged vath ashy white, 
those on the breast and sides more broadly fringed ; feathers of the 
throat and fore neck \tith dark brown shaft-lines: lower abdomen 
and flanks slightly tinged with oehraeeous ; vent, thighs, and under 
tail-coverts white, the latter with light-brown centres; axillaries 
brown with light fawn-coloured or whitish edges; wing-coverts 
brown, excepting the greater series, which are pale fawn-colour; 
quills light brown below, very pale fawn-colour along the inner 
webs. Total length 0-3 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 4*5, tail 4-5, 
tarsus 1*5. 

The sexes are alike (Bocayt). 
Hah. ^outb-western Africa: Bengueia and ITo&samedes, as far 
south as the neighbourhood of the Cunene river. 

a. Ad, sk. Cunene river, June 25, 1807 IL B, Sbarpe, Es^. 
(£'. J. Aitdtnson). 
11. Crateropus canorus. 
Brown Indian Thrush, Edward*, Xat lint B. iv. p. 1*4, pi. 184. 
> he Merle de Bengale, Brims. Orn. ii p. 210 (17t07 ex Aibin). 

31. CKATEKOPUS. 
479 

Turdus eanorus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 293 (1766, ex Eckoards). 
Pastor terricolor, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. v. p. 771 (1863, deser. 
nulla), 
Pengia terricolor, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 178 
(no. 371). 
Malacocercus griseus Y. temecolor, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., 
App. pi. 86 (no. 371); id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844). 

Malacocercus terricolor, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 367 (1844); 
Jerd. III. Ind. Orn. text to pi. 19 (1847); id. B. hid. ii. p. 59 
(1863) ; Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 279, no. 4108 (1860) ; Jerd. Ibis, 
1872, p. 309 j Hume, Sir. F. 1873, p. 180; Ball, Sir. F. 1874, 

p. 409; id. op. cit. 1875, p. 206; Butler, t c. p. 472; Hume, Str. 
F. 1879, p. 97: Scully, t. c. p. 293; JDok/, t. c. p. 371; Broohs, 
t c. p. 471; Butler, Cat. B. Sind #c. p. 27 (1879). 
Malacocercus malabaricu>, Jerd. Ill Ind. Orn. text to pi. 19 (1847); 
Bp. Consp. 1. p. 373 (1850) ; Jerd. B. Bid. ii. p. 62 (1863) ; Gray, 
Hand-l B. i. p. 279, no. 4107 (1869); Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 309; 
Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 410; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 97. 

Malacocercus orientalis, Jerd. III. Ind. Orn. text to pi. 19 (1847). 
Malacocercus bengalensis, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 140 
(1849). 
Malacocercus canorus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 373 (1850): Horsf. 8c Moore, 
Cat. B. F.I. Co. Mus. I p. 220 (1854). 
Malacocercus somervillei, pt, Horsf. §• Moore, Cat. B. El. Co. Mus. 

i. p. 219 (1854). 
Adult. General colour above brown, slightly rufescent, the feathers 
with whitish shaft-lines; head more ashy than the back ; rump and 
upper tail-coverts ashy brown, the latter decidedly paler; wing-
coverts ashy brown; quills dark brown, externally ashy brown, 
broader on the secondaries; tail-feathers dark brown, with dusky 
cross bars under certain lights; the centre tail-feathers more ashy 
brown, the outer tail-feathers distinctly paler brown at the tips; 
lores dull white, surrounded by a narrow dusky line; sides of face 
ashy brown, the cheeks and throat clearer ashy, the bases dusky, 
producing a somewhat mottled appearance; under surface of body 
pale ashy fulvous, the breast and sides of the body ashy brown, all 
the feathers with white streaks; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
pale fulvous ; quills dark brown below, ashy fulvous along the margin 
of the inner web; " bill horny brown; legs dingy or fleshy 
yellow ; iris pale yellow " (Jerdon). Total length 9 inches, oilmen 
0*9, wing 3*9, tail 4*2, tarsus 1*35. 

Hah. The greater part of the Indian peninsula from the Himalayas 
southward, and extending into Scinde. In Central and Southern 
India a darker race occurs, which has been generally separated as a 
distinct species on account of its smaller size and darker coloration, 
the mesial light streaks on the mantle being generally wider and 
plainer. There appears to me to be such a gradual transition between 
the two birds that I do not believe any definite specific 
characters can be found to separate them. It should be noticed, 
however, that Jerdon gives the bill in the southern race as being 
entirely dark yellow. 

480 
TIMEL1IDJS. 

a. Ad. bk. Gooja, Seinde (Br. II India Museum. 
Gould). 
b, c. (S 5 ad. sk. N.W. India. Capt. Staekliouse Pm~ 
will [P.]. 
cl Ad. sk. N.W. India. Capt. Staekliouse Pin-
will [P.]. 

e. Ad. sk. Bengal (Jk &><?.). India Museum. 
f. Ad. sk. Bengal (Lloyd). India Museum. 
g. 
Ad. sk. Beliar. B. II. Hodgson, E-q. 
[P.]. l 
h. Ad. sk. Beliar. B. II. Hodffcon, Ebq. 
[P.]. -* 
i. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. II. Iloda-son, Esq. 
[P.]. ^ 4 
(Type* of 31. terricolor.) 
&-o. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. II. Ilodgteon. E^q. 
[P.]. X 
p, q. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 

r. $ ad. sk. Dlioon. 
Gould Collection. 
Subsp. a. Craterojpus mcdabaricus. 

a. Ad. sk. Kamptee, C. Prov. 
Dr. B. Hincle \Y.\ 
6. Ad. sk. 
Madras. T. C.Jerdon, E ^ [P.]. 
(T}pe of J/, oriental ib.) 
c. Ad. sk. Madras. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. fp.]. 
<£ Ad. sk. Madras (As. Soe,). India Museum. 
e. Ad. sk. S. India (As. Soc). India Museum. 
f, g. Ad. sk. Madras. India Museum. 
A. Ad. sk. Madras (J. Heath). 
Gould Collection 
i. Ad. sk. S. India. 
Gould Collection. 
k. Ad. sk. S. India (W.Eiuer). 
Gould Collection. 
12. Crateropus griseus. 
Le Merle gris de Gingi, Sonn. Yoy. 2nd. Orient, ii. p. 103 (1782). 
Grey Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 07 (1783). 
Turclus griseus, Gm. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 824 (17bb, ex Sonn. et Lath.). 
Malacocercus gri&eu&, Blyth, J. A. S. Bene/, xiii. p. 3G8 (1^44) j Jerd. 


III. 2nd. Orn. pi. 19 (1847); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 141 
(1840) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 873 (IboQ); Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. E.I 
Co. Mus. L p. 220 (1654) ; Jerd. B. 2nd."ii. p. GO (1803); Gray, 
Hand-l. B. i. p. 279, no. 4106 (18G9); Jerd. Ibis. 1872, p. 207: 
Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 97. 
Timalia grisea, Jerd. Madr. Jour. x. p. 258 (1839); Gray. Gen. B 

i. p. 228 (1846). 
Malacocercus 
striatus (nan Swains.), Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 85 
(1850). 

Adult. General colour above earthy brown, streaked on the 
mantle and scapulars with dull white, the feathers obscurely edged 
with ashy brown; rump and upper tail-coverts light ashy brown, 
paler than the back, and having whitish shaft-lines; lesser and 
median wing-coverts like the back and having whitish shaft-lines, 
the bastard-wing feathers and greater coverts more ashy on the 
margins; quills dark brown, ashy on the outer webs, the innermost 

31 . CKATEBOPTTS. 
secondaries lighter brown; tail-feathers dark brown, ashy at their 
bases and for a considerable distance up the centre feathers, the 
outer ones with pale ends; head creamy buff, fading off on the hind 
neck into the brown of the back; lores and feathers round the eye 
like the crown; cheeks and ear-coverts dark brown washed with 
fulvous-brown, with which colour the feathers are edged; throat 
blackish brown, obscured by fulvous-brown margins ; remainder of 
under surface ashy brown, the centre of the body clear pale fulvous, 
the chest mottled with dark-brown bases to the feathers; all the 
feathers of the chest and sides of the body with white shaft-streaks, 
as also the under tail-coverts, which are ashy fulvous; under wing-
coverts and axillaries isabelline buff; quills dark brown below, isabelline 
along the margin of the inner web ; " bill yellowish; legs 
fleshy yellow; iris yellowish white" (Jerdon). Total length 8*5 
inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*8, tail 4, tarsus 1*3. 

Eab. South India, extending as high as the Godavery valley. 
Capt. "Wardlaw Ramsay possesses a specimen said to have been obtained 
near Tonghoo; but this locality is extremely doubtful. 

a. Ad. sk. India. Dr. Burn [P.] 
b. Ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk.
/ . Ad. sk.
g. Ad. sk. 
India. 
S. India (As.Soc). 
Madras. 
Madras (Jerdon). 
Travancore. 
Deccan (Sykes). 
Major-Gen. Hardwicke[P.], 
India Museum. 
T. G. Jerdon, Esq. [P.]. 
Gould Collection. 
Major Biddulph [0.]. 
India Museum. 

13. Crateropus striatum 
Malacocercus 
striatus, Swains. Zool. Illusir. n. s. pi. 127 (1831): 
Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 59 (1803); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 300; Gray, 
Eand-l. B. i. p. 297, no. 4109 (1869); Eoldsw. F.Z.S. 1872, 

p. 449; Hume, Sir. F. 1878, p. 385; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 97; 
Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 494 (1879). 
Malacocercus bengalensis 
(non Myth), Kelaart, Prodr. Cat. p. 122 
(1852); Bayard, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Eist. (2) xii. p. 271 (1853). 

Adult male (KUlopana, Colombo, July 17, 1870; "W. Y. Legge). 
General colour above earthy brown, washed with greyish brown on 
the head, mantle, and back, the feathers of the latter having obscure 
central paler streaks; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
light earthy brown and entirely uniform, the latter slightly washed 
with fulvous; wing-coverts ashy brown with pale shaft-lines, the 
greater series narrowly edged with pale ashy; quills brown, ashy 
on the outer webs of the secondaries, which are obscurely barred 
with dusky, the primaries externally margined with pale ashy or 
whity brown; tail-feathers dark brown, ashy near the base and for 
a considerable way up the middle feathers, all of them barred under 
certain lights ; lores and feathers round the eye dull white * cheeks 
and ear-coverts light ashy, with narrow pale shaft-lines to the 
latter; throat and chest ashy, washed with fulvous-brown on the 
latter and on the breast and flanks; the centre of the body and 

voi. vn. 
21 

TXMXJXDJS. 

abdomen, as well as the under tail-coverts, fawn-buff; thighs also 
of the latter colour, but somewhat washed with brown; under 
wing-coverts and axiUaries fawn-colour; quills dark brown below, 
light fulvous along- the margin of the inner web; " bill fleshy white 
or yellowish white; legs and feet sickly yellow or whitish in some, 
tinged in parts with yellowish; eyelid yellowish; iris white, or 
white faintly tinged with green " (Legge). Total length 9*8 inches, 
culmcn 0-05, wing 3-95, tail 4-25, tarsus 1*25. 

The adult female resembles the male in plumage. 
Immature birds are very similar to adults (Legge). 
Hah. Ceylon and Eamisserum island. In the former locality it 


is common in the low eourtry from the Jaffna peninsula and the 
north-west coast down both sides of the island to the extreme south 
(cf. Legge, I.e.). ft is said to occur on the peninsula of India; but 
the evidence appears to me to be at present doubtful. 

a. Ad. sk. Ceylon. Hugh Ouniing, Esq. 
b, c. Ad. sk.
d. Var. sk, 
Eamisserum island. 
Ceylon, 
Major Vincent Legge [P.]. 
Major Vincent Legge [P.J. 

14. Crateropus somervillii. 
Tirnalia somerrillei, Syhes, P. Z. S. 183i7 p. SB; id, J. A. S. Beng. 
iii. p. 33G (1834); Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 267 (1839); Gray, 
Gen. B. i. p. 228 (1840). 
Malaeocercus somen illei, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 3G8 (1844) : 
Jerd. III. Lid. Orn. text to pi. 19 (1847); Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. 

B. B.I Co. Mus. I p. 219 (1854; : Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 03 (1863) ; 
Blyth, Ibis, 1807, p. 0; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 279, no. 4111 
(1869); Fairbank, S r. F. 1870, p. 2o8; Hume, t. e. p, 456 ; id. 
8tr. F. 1879, p. 97; Tidal, Sir. F. 1879, p. G4. 
Malacocercus syke^ii, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 03 (1803). 
Makcocercus griseus, 8win7i. Ibis, 1865, p. 41G (nee Gin.). 

Adult General colour above light brown, the head a little more 
dusky than the back, and uniform, the feathers of the back with 
whitish shaft-lines ; rump and upper tail-coverts sandy buff, with 
pale shaft-lines to the feathers, these parts contrasting with the back ; 
wing-coverts ashy brown with pale shaft-lines; quills dark brown, 
the innermost paler brown, externally ashy brown : tail-feathers 
rufous-brown, the outer feathers paler towards their ends; lores 
dull whitish ; sides of face light ashy brown ; throat dusky bro mi, 
with ashy margins to the feathers, producing a somewhat mottled 
appearance; the fore neck and chest also ashy, with fulvous shaft-
streaks : remainder of under surface light tawny buff, the under 
wing-coverts deeper and more fawn-coloured; quills dark brown 
below, paler brown along the edge of the inner web ; ik bill horny 
yellow; legs dirty yellow; iris pale yellow,? (Jerdon); "iris 
yellowish white" (Vidal). Total length 9-5 inches, culmen 0-95, 
wing 4*1, tail 4, tarsus 1*45. 

Hah. Bombay, and has been obtained at Matheran, ranging 

31 . CRATEROPUS. 
483 

southwards to the Goa frontier. It occurs above the "Western Ghats, 
but becomes gradually less common. 

a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk. 
Deccan (Syhes). 
Matheran, Bombay, Feb. 4, 
India Museum.
of species.) 
Major Hayes Lloy 
(Type 
d [P.], 
c. Ad. sk. Western Ghats {Comsmaker). Gould Collection, 

15. Crateropus atripennis. 
Orateropus atripennis, Sioains, B. W. Air. i. p. 278 (1837); Gray, 
Gen. B. i. p. 224 (1S4G) j Bp. Com/, i. p. 278. 
Phyllanthus capiizinus, Less. Echo du Monde Savant, 1844, p. 1165; 
id. Deser. Mamm. et Ois. p. 303 (1847). 
Garrulax poliocephalus, Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 46 (nee Blyth, Ibis, 
1870, p. 171) ; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 282, no. 4168 (1860). 

Adult. General colour above purplish brown, inclining to maroon-
brown on the lower back and rump; scapulars and lesser wing-
coverts purplish brown washed with maroon, the median and greater 
coverts more plainly washed with the latter colour; bastard wing 
and primary-coverts plain sepia-brown; quills dark brown, the primaries 
externally reddish brown, the inner secondaries more broadly 
edged and the innermost almost entirely of a reddish-brown shade; 
tail-feathers dusky brown, washed with maroon near the base; 
head and neck all round, throat, and chest hoary grey, the feathers 
of the forehead and crown edged with paler hoary grey; lores, eyelid, 
and feathers below the fore part of the eye black, as also a 
small spot at the base of the lower mandible; remainder of under 
surface of body maroon-brown, purplish brown on the breast, thighs, 
and under tail-coverts; axillaries maroon-brown; under wing-
coverts purplish brown, slightly washed with maroon; under surface 
of quills brown, narrowly edged with lighter brown along the 
inner web. Total length 9 inches, culmen 0*95, wing 4-85, tail 
3*7, tarsus 1*4, 

Hob. West Africa, where it ranges from Senegambia to Cape 
Pahnas. 

a. Ad. sk. Senegambia. 
b. Ad. sk. Senegambia. Purchased. 
c. d. Ad. sk. Casamanco ( Verreaux). It. B. Sliarpe, Esq. 
e. Ad. sk. Cape Pahnas. P. Nicholson, Esq_. 
/ . Ad. sk. West Africa. Gould Collection. 
16. Crateropus haynesii (Plate XI.) 
Crateropus atripennis 
(non Sw.), Hartl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 79 (1857); 
Gray, Mand-l B. i. p. 280, no. 4131 (I860). 
? Garrulax rubiginosus, Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 46; Gray, Hand-l. B, 

i. p. 282, no. 4167 (1869) j Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p, 171 (nee Cratero 
pus rubiginosus, Mipp.). 
Crateropus kaynesii, Bliarpe, Ibis, 1871, p. 415, 

Adult 
(type of species). Similar to G. atripennis, but distinguished 
2i2 

TTTVrRT.TTTt M.

484 

by its black crown, only the eyebrow, cheeks, and ear-coverts bein<» 

hoary grey, contrasting with the black crown and lores ; the throat 

is also hoary grey, which does not extend onto the fore neck. Total 

length 7*5 inches, culmen 1, wing 4*5, tail 3*4, tarsus 1*45. 

Another specimen, apparently fully adult, differs from the type in 

being much brighter and more chestnut-brown, this colour beino 

carried up the entire throat, and leaving only the base of the chin 

and the sides of the throat hoary grey. This may p>robably be the 

adult female, though such a difference in the colour of the sexes is 

unusual in the genus. Some other birds, however, in the collection 

have the throat grey washed with chestnut, as if they were younq 

males gaining the fully adult grey-throated plumage. 

Eab. Eeplaces the foregoing species on the Gold Coast. 

a. Ad. sk. Accra (Copt Haynes). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(Type of species.) 
b. Ad. • c. Jun. sk. Accra. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
d. Ad. sk. Farttee (Auhinn). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
e. Ad. sk. Denkera, February 1872 R. B. Sharpe, Esa 
(J21 F. Blissett). * 
f. Ad. sk. Asliantee. J. Gould, Esq. 
g. Ad. sk. Gold Coast. L. Fraser, Esq. [C.]. 
32. JETHOCICHLA. 
^Ethocichla, Sharpe, eel LayarcUs B. S. Afr. p. 215 7P6" 

^1875)

 • •. • A. gyninogenys. 
Range. South-western Africa. 

1. JEthodchla gymnogenys. (Plate XII.) 
Crateropus gymnogenya, Hartl P. Z. S. 18C5, p. 8G; Gray, Hand-l 
B L p. 280, no. 4138 (1800) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. lh * 
iEthocichla gyninogenys, Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 215. 

Adult (type of species). Crown of head and nape white • hinder 
neck and the sides of the same tawny rufous ; upper surface of 
body dark brown, with indistinct rufous-buff edgings to the feathers 
inclining to whitish on the outer wing-coverts; wings blackish 
brown; lower back greyish brown; rump white: upper tail-coverts 
brown with greyish tips; tail blackish-brown; sides of face, region 
round the eye, and ear-coverts bare; cheeks and chin white• rest 
of under surface creamy white; the sides of the body, under win<*coverts, 
and inner webs of quills tawny rufous; the throat and 
fore neck with transverse bars of dusky brown. Total length 
9-3 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4-2, tail 4-3, tarsus 1*25. 

Hal. South-western Africa; Benguela and Mossamedes. 

a. Ad. sk. Benguela. J. j . Monteiro, Esq. [0 ] 
fc$ ad.sk. Maconjo Oct. 1870 ( ^ JLS^S^ 
33 . C0H0ST01&A. 
485 

33. COLOSTOMA. 
Type. 

Conostoma, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 856 (1841) ,,, , C, SBmodium. 
Range, Eastern Himalayas, 

1. Conostoma aemodiiim. 
Conostoraa seniodius, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 857, cum &g. (1841) ; 
id. Icon, ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 263 (no. 661) j Blyth, 

J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 578 (1845); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 312 (1845): 
Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 101 (1849). 
Conostoma 
semodium, Hodgs. in. Gray's Zool Misc. p. 84 (1844); 
Gray, Cat Mamm. etc. Nepal presl Hodgs. p. 102 (1846) j Bpl 
Consp. i. p. 368 (1850) ; Gould, B. Asia, part 5 (1853); Horsf. $ 
Moore, Cat. B. B.I. Co. Mus. i. pp. 213/377 (1854); Jerd. B. 'ind. 

ii. p. 10 (18G3); Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. Ill, no. 7668 (1870); 
Hume, Nests # Eggs Lid. B. p. 237 (1873); id. 8tr. F. 1879. 
p. 95; David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 207 (1878). 
Adult. General colour pale earthy brown, rather more ashy on 
the upper tail-coverts; wing-coverts like the back, the bastard-
wing feathers pale ashy brown ; primary-coverts light ashy brown, 
externally washed with the same colour as the back; quills dusky 
brown, externally ashy on the primaries, which are more or less 
hoary towards the ends of the outer webs; secondaries externally 
rufescent brown; tail-feathers ashy, washed with light rufous-
brown along the centre of the feathers; crown of the head like the 
back, the forehead creamy white, as also the nasal plumes, the 
latter blackish brown at their bases like the lores and feathers 
below the eye; sides of face and ear-coverts dull earthy brown, as 
also the throat; the chin dusky; remainder of under surface of 
body light ashy from the fore neck downwards, the flanks slightly 
washed with olive-brown; axillaries and under wing-coverts like 
the breast, the lower series of the latter creamy buff; quills ashy 
brown below, creamy buff along the inner web; " bill dull orange; 
legs slaty grey; irides brown " (Jerdon). Total length 10*5 inches, 
culmen 1, wing 4*9, tail 4*9, tarsus 1*5. 

m Ohs. Some specimens seem to be rather more reddish brown than 
others on the head and upper surface; this colour may be the 
remains of immaturity. 

Young. Dull reddish brown, without any grey on the throat and 
breast; the pale frontal patch nearly obsolete. 
Hah. Eastern Himalayas, Nepal and Sikhim, extending to the 
forests on the high mountains on the frontiers of China and Thibet, 

Moupin. 
a. Ad. j b. Juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
c, d, e. Ad. sk.
f. Ad. sk.
g, h. Ad. sk.
i Bones of trunk. 
Nepal. 
Nepal {Hodgson). 
Nepal (Beeles). 
Nepal,
(Tvpes of species?) 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.J. 
India Museum. 
Gould Collection. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 

TBfF}TiIID.ZB. 

34. SUIH0RA. 
Type. 
Suthora, Bodgs. hid. Review, ii. p. 32 (1888) S. nipalensis. 
Temnoris, Bodgs. J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 29 (1841) S. nipalensis. 
Heteroniorpha, Bodgs. J. A. S. Beag. xii. p. 448 (1843) 8. unicolor. 
Hemhhynchus, Bodgs. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 31 S. unicolor. 

Range. Himalaya mountains, extending eastwards through the 
Assam and Burmese hills to those of China and Formosa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Size small: wing not exceeding 2*15 inches. 
a'. Throat blackl plumage particoloured. 
a'1. Crown of head bright yellowish brown or 
light cinnamon, uniform witli the rest of 
the upper surface. 


a'". Ear-coverts bright tawny, succeeded by 
a grey shade onlhe sides of the neck; a 
broad black streak un each side uf the 
crown froni the ba-e of the bill to the 
occiput hitmii, p. 487. 

b"'. Ear-coverts grey like the sides of the 
neck; an eyebrow of white, as well as a 
white streak aionir the top of the ear-
coverts ; a line of black along each side 
of the crown ^K>lioiis7 p# 487. 

c'". Ear-coverts resembling the crown, but 
without any grey shade on the neck; 
over the eye only a small indication of a 
black line m*remm\ p. 488. 

b". Crown of head smoky grey, with a lateral 
black band from the base 'of the bill to the 
occiput; ear-coverts and sides of neck entirely 
grey ., nipcdensis, p. 488. 

b1 

. Throat uniform with chest. 
c". Wings and tail not bright externally, without 
particoloured edges to the feathers. 
d'". With a ring of white feathers round the 
eye con&pidllata, p. 489. 
e'". With no ring of white round the eye. 
a4. Ear-coverts and sides of neck grey; 
crown and wings chestnut-brown ... . alphmmana^ p. 489. 

irK Ear-coverts and sides of neck vinaceous 
like the head and throat; wings brown, 
without any rufous ,. brunnea, p. 490, 

d". Wings externally chestnut, contrasting with 
the wing-coverts. 


f". Larger: bill stouter; on the fore neck 
and'throat some dusky streaks; head 
deep vinous chestnut bidomachns, p, 490. 

g't!. Smaller: no streaks on fore neck and 

throat. 
c4. Head deep vinous red webbiana, p. 490. 
d*. Head pale rufous suffusa7 p. 491. 

34 , STJTHOEA. 

487 

6, Size larger: wing 3*3-3*6 inches. 
c'. Head not of the same colour as the hack; below 
white. 
e". Head bright rufous, as also the cheeks; no 
black eyebrow j no black on chin ... . nificeps, p. 491. 
/". Head clear grey, the cheeks paler; a distinct 
black superciliary streak; chin black gidaris, p. 492. 
d'. Head of the same colour as the back ; below 
vinous brown wiicolor, p. 493. 

1. Suthom hxonii. 
Temnorhis 
v. Suthora pictirrons, Hodgs. Icon, hied, in Brit, Mm., 
Basseres, Ajty. pi. 65 (no. 918). 
Suthora nipaien«is (aon Hodgs.). Gould, B. Asia, part iv. (1852, two 
lower figures). 
Suthora poliotw (non Blyth), Horsf. § Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mm. 

i. p. 379 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Bid. li. p. 9 (1863) ; Gray, Ifand-l B. 
i. p. 235, no. 3403 {1809); Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 95. 
Adult General colour above yellowish brown, paler on the head, 
but brighter and inclining to orange-brown on the rump and upper 
tail-coverts; tail-feathers brown margined with chestnut, deeper 
and more conspicuous near the base; wing-coverts like the back, 
the outer greater coverts externally shaded with grey, the primary-
coverts black; quills blackish, externally golden chestnut, the outer 
primaries edged with white; over the eye a broad black band 
drawn from the bill to the sides of the occiput; feathers at base of 
bill and cheeks white, extending above and below the eye; ear-
coverts bright orange, surrounded by a wash of light ashy grey on 
the sides of the neck; throat blackish, the feathers edged with 
white; rest of under surface buffy white; the sides of the body 
tawny buff, as well as the thighs and under tail-coverts; under 
wing-coverts white, as also the inner margins of the quills; " bill 
blackish; legs fleshyJ> (Jerdon). Total length 3*8 inches, culmen 
0*35, wing 1*75, tail 2, tarsus 0-75. 

Hob. Eastern Himalayas. 
a, b, c. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
d, e,f,g. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 

h. Ad. sk. Sikhim. * . Major J. Biddulph. 
i. Ad. sk. Sikhim. H. Seebokm, Esq. [P.], 
k. Ad. sk. Himalayas. Gould Collection, 
2. Suthora poliotis. 
Suthora poliotis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xx. p. 522 (1851). 

Suthora munipurensis, Godwin-Aust. fy Wold. Ibis, 1875, p. 250 • 

Gould, B. Asia, part xxix. (1877) ; Hume, Sir. K 1876, p. 216; 

id. Str. F. 1879, p. 95. 

Suthora daflaensis, Godwm-Amt. Ann. fy Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xvii. 

p. 32 (1870); id. J. A. S. Beng. xlvi. pt, 2, p. 70, pi. iii (1876)• 
Hume, Str. F. 1876, p. 489,1877, p. 138 j Godwin-Austm, J. A, 8. 
Beng. xlvii p. 15 (1878). 

Adult male. Similar to 8. humii, but distinguished at a glance 

TT\rRT,Tm Ma 

by its grey ear-coverts and by the very distinct -white eyebrow, 
which extends above the ear-coverts. Total length 8*75 inches' 
culmen 0*3, wing 1*75, tail 2, tarsus 0*65. 

Adult female. Coloured like the male. Total length 3*7 inches, 
culmen 0*3, wing 1*85, tail 2, tarsus 0*7. 
Hob. Naga, Dafla, and llunipur hills. 

a. 
r? ad. sk. Sanirna, Eastern Xaga hills, Col H. H. Godwin-Austen 
March. ~Pr. 
b. 
J ad. sk. Samma, March (Godwin- Gould Collection. 
Austen). 
3. Suthora verreauxi 
Suthora gularU 
{no a Gray), J. Terr. N. Arch. Mus. vi. Bull. p. 85 
(1870)l/vii. p. 35 dS7lJ/yiii. pi. vi. fig. 2 (1872) ; David, op. eit. 
Tii. Bull. p. 9 (lbTl) : Vtrr. t c. p. 30; Swink. P. Z. S. 1871. 

p. 373; David fy Oust. Ois. Chide, p. 212 (1677). 
Adult. Upper parts ochraeeous yellow, blighter on the vertex, 
sides of neck, rump, and under tail-coverts ; chin and middle of 
the throat deep black; a small superciliary streak above the eye; 
lower part of the cheeks, breast, centre of the abdomen, and under 
tail-coverts pure white; flanks strongly washed with rufous; tail-
feathers brown at the tip* and on the inner webs, bordered with 
crimson rufous on their outer webs ; primaries and secondaries 
brown, the former bordered with white and irrey, the latter with 
very bright ochre; bill grey; tarbi grey; claws a«?hy; iris dark 
chestnut. Total length 3*9 inehe>, culmen 0*15, wing 1*93, tail 
2*15, tarsus 0*7. (David Sf Omtald.) 

Sexes alike (David). 

Hob. Hills of "Western Szechuen and lloupiu. 

4. Suthora nipalensis* 
Suthora 
nipalensi*, Hodgs. Lid. Review, ii. p. 32 (1838); id. Icon. 
ined, in Brit. J/w<?., Pas^eres. pi. 109(no. 470)- Gray, Cai.Mamm. etc. 
Kepalpres. Hodgs. p. 73 (pt, 1540); id. Gen. B. L p. 193 (1847); 
Bhfth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 579 (1845): Bp. Camp. i. p. 834 
(1850); Goidd, B. ofAsia; part iv. (\H2'2. upper figure); Horsf. § 
Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus, i. p. #75 (1*>54) ; Jerd. B. Ink. ii. 

p. 5 (1M33); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 233, no. 3401 (1809); Jerd, 
Xbu,187-?; p. 297 ; Hume, Str. F. 157% p. 05. 
Temnoris nipaleiiRis, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 450 (1843). 
Temnorito atrifrons, Hodqs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 109A. 

%s. 1,1* (no. 470) {id. in Grays Zml Misc. p. 83 (1844) j id. 
#££1643, p. 31. 

Adult. Above yellowish brown, rather brighter on the lower 
back; head smoky grey, slightly washed with yellowish brown on 
the nape; frontal plumes dusky blackish; from the base of the 
bill to the occiput a broad black stripe; lores, a small eyebrow, 
and cheeks pure white, all the rest of the sides of the face grey; 
throat blacky with a few of the lower feathers edged with fulvous 
* rest of under surface of body bright golden buff, especially 

34 . STTTHOKi.. 
489 

on the sides; thighs fulvous; centre of body white • both upper 

and under tail-coverts "bright orange-chestnut; tail ashy brown, 

deeper in colour at the tip, all the feathers distinctly edged with 

orange-chestnut, especially near their bases; wing-coverts resembling 

the back, the greater series brown on the inner webs, the primary-

coverts black; quills black, the primaries edged with white, near the 

base with golden chestnut, the secondaries broadly edged with the lat


ter colour, inclining to white near the tips ; under wing-coverts and 

edge of wing silky white, as well as the inner webs of all the quillls; 

" bill black, bluish at base; legs bluish white; iris brown " (Jerdori). 

Total length 4-2 inches, culmen 0*3, wing 1*8, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*7. 

Hah. Nepal. 

a. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
(Type of species.) 
h. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
c. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson), India Museum. 
5. Suthora conspicillata. 
Snthora conspicillata, David, N. Arch. Mm. vi. Bull, p. 14 (1870), 
vii. p. 0 (1871) $ id. fy Oust Ois. Chine, p. 211 (1877). 
Adult. Upper part of the head and neck chestnut-brown, and not 
yellow or reddish as in most of the other species; round the eye a 
ring of white feathers ; back, wing-coverts, and rump olive; throat, 
sides of neck, and breast of a very clear vinous brown, with some 
longitudinal brown streaks on the feathers of the throat; rest of the 
lower parts olive-brown, a little clearer than the tint of the back; 
tail brownish grey; quills brown, bordered with olive, and not with 
cinnamon-rufous as in S. alphonsiana; bill yellow; feet brown ; 
claws greyish; iris brown. Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0*15, 
wing 2*35, tail 3*15, tarsus 0*9. (David $ Oustalet) 

Hah. Frontiers of Kokonoor and in South Tsinling, China. 

6. Snthora alphonsiana. 
Suthora alphonsiana, Terr. N. Arch. Mus, vi. Butt, p. 35 (1870), vii. 
p. 35 (1871) • id. op. cit. viii. Bull. pi. v.fig. 4. (1872); David, op.
cit. vii. p. 8 (1871) • id. $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 210 (1877). 
Adult. Upper part of the head, nape, and external margin of the 
quills cinnamon-rufous, darker on the latter; remainder of the 
upper parts olivaceous brown, slightly glossed with cinnamon-rufous, 
excepting on the tail; lores, sides of head, neck, and thorax grey 
with a slight rosy tint, the ear-coverts with a slightly darker tint; 
remainder of lower parts olive-rufous, passing into whitish on the 
middle of the abdomen; under wing-coverts and a part of the inner 
web of the quills white washed with rose-colour; bill yellowish; 
feet and claws clear brown ; iris yellow. Total length 4-45 inches, 
culmen 0*25, wing 1*95, tail 1*95, tarsus 0*8. (David Sf Oustalet.) 

Hah. "Western China (Yunnan, Szochuen, and Kouy-teheow). 

490 TJMELUDM. 

7. Siithora brniDiea. 
Suthora brunnea, Anderson, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 211; 8icinh. t. c. 
p. 373; Gould, B. Asia, part xxviii. (1876); Anders, Zool. Exp. 
Yimnantv.63S,ipL slix. fig. 2 (1878); David $ Oust. Ok. Chine, 
p. 212 (1877). 
Adult male. General colour above brown, the wing-coverts like 
the back ; quills dark brown, externally edged with the same colour 
as the back, the primaries margined with fulvous-brown; tail-
feathers brown, washed with paler brown on fee margins; head 
light rufous, fulvescent above the eye: sides of face and ear-coverts 
dark vinaceous ; throat and fore neck lighter vinaeeons, the former 
streaked with central lines of rufous: remainder of under surface 
light fulvous, as also the thighs; the sides of the body and under 
tail-coverts browner; under wing-coverts and axiHaries pale yellowish 
buff; quills brown below, pale yellowish along the edge of 
the inner web. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*3, wing 1*95, 
tail 2-6, tarsus 0-8. 

Hab. Western frontiers of Yunnan. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Momien, Yunnan, June 18B8f Dr. J. Anderson [C.]. 

8. Suthora bulomachus. 
Suthora bulomaehus, Sicinft. Ibis, ISiW, p. 300, pi. ix.; Gray, HamM. 
B. i. p. 285, no. 3405 (1800) ; SwinL R Z, S. 1*71, p. 372; Baud 
§ Oust Ois. CIrine, p. 208 (1877). 
Adult (type of *species). General colour above pale olivaceous 

brown; wing-coverts like the back, with a slight reddish tinge on 

the greater series ; quills dark brown, externally deep vinous chest


nut, slightly greyer towards the ends of the primaries; the inner 

secondaries with fulvous edges along the inner web ; tail-feathers 

dusky brown, lighter brown on the edges; entire head and neck 

light chestnut, overspreading the mantle; lores, sides of face, and 

ear-coverts paler and more vinous; throat and breast very pale 

vinous, with mesial streaks of dull reddish brown; abdomen pale 

sandy buff, the sides of breast, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts 

light brown; axillaries and under wing-coverts paler sandy buff; 

quills dusky below, pale sandy buff along the inner web; " bill 

livid brown, with the edges and the tip slightly purplish; feet red


dish grey; claws horny brown ; iris bright brown " (Siuinhoe), Total 

length 4*2 inches, culmen 0'4, wing 2, tail 2% tarsus 0*85. 

(Mus. B. 8eebohm.) 

Hab. Formosa. 

9. Suthora webbiana. 
** Suthora webbiana, Gray, P. Z. S. 1852. p. 70, pi. xlix.; * Gould, B. 
Asia, part iv. (1852) -^Horsf. f^Mmre, Cat. B. Mus. E.L Co. I 

p. 380, note; Gray, Hand~l B, i. p. 235 $ Swmk. P. Z. S. !§& 
34 . STJTHOBA.. 
491 
p. 372; id. Ibisrl%f% p. 372-"Pmw. in Rowley's Orn.Misc.il 
p. 191 (1877); David § Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 208 (1877). 
Adult. Head, neck, and mantle pale fulvous-brown, the back and 
rump ashy brown, shading into whity brown on the upper tail-
coverts ; sides of face, throat, and fore neck very pale vinous, with 
a few darker streaks of rufous on the latter; sides of the body 
clear brown, the abdomen and centre of the body fulvescent; under 
wing-coverts silky white: inner lining of quills greyish brown, 
edged with whitish along the inner web and inclining to rufous at 
the tips of the same; scapulars and wing-coverts ashy brown, the 
greater series and primary-coverts dull chestnut with brown tips; 
quills ashy brown, washed with chestnut on the outer web, much 
more broadly on the secondaries; tail pale brown, inclining to ashy 
brown on the margins ; " iris varying from reddish brown to clear 
yellow; bill brown at base and yellow at tip; feet and nails 
greyish brown " (David). Total length 4*8 inches, culmen 0-35, 
wing 2*15, tail 2*75, tarsus 0*85. 

Hal. All over China except the most southern part; common 
from Fokien and Chekiang to Szechuen and even at Pekin, and in 

Mongolia. 
a. Ad.sk. North China. J. Webb, Esq. [P.]. (Type 
of species.) 
10. Siithora suffiisa. 

Suthora suffusa, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 372 ; David # Oust. Ois. 
Chine, p. 208. 

Adult male (type of species). Very similar to S. webhiana, from 
which it differs in its slightly smaller size and in the shade of 
rufous on the head and hind neck, these being light rufous instead of 
deep vinous red. Total length 4*2 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 1*95, 
tail 2*3, tarsus 0*8. (Mus. H. Beehohn.) 

Hab. Upper Yangtze river. China. 

11. | Suthora ^uficeps. 
Paradoxornis rttSceps, Blyth, J. A. S. Bene/, xL p. 177 (1842), xii. 

p. 1010, cum %. (1843) ; Gray § Mitch. Gen. B. ii. p. 389, pi. 94. 
tig. 1 (1845) • Bp. Consp. i. p. 500 (1850) • Gould, B. Asia, part vi. 
(1854) ; Horsf. % Moore, Cat B. KL Co. Mm. i. p. 377 (1854); 
Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 5 (1803); Blyth $ Wold. B. Burm. p. 117 
(1875); Hume $ Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 257; Hume, Str. F. 
1879, p. 95; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. p. 139 (1883). 
Heteromorpha ruiiceps, 
Blyth, J. A. S. Bene/, xiv. p. 578 (1845) • 
Tiehell, op. at. xvi, p. 440 (1847); Blyth, Cat B. Mm. As. Soc. 

p. 102 (1849). 
Adult General colour light olivaceous brown, the lesser and 
median wing-coverts like the back; the greater series, as well as the 
bastard wing and primary-coverts, darker brown, externally washed 
with olivaceous buff; quills brown, externally sandy buff or red


492 TIHELima). 

dish brown, lighter towards the ends of the primaries ; upper tail-
coverts slightly tinged with rufous ; tail-feathers pale brown, olivaceous 
brown on the outer webs and having reddish shafts; head 
and hind neck light foxy rufous, a shade of which colour overspreads 
the mantle ; lores, cheeks, and ear-coverts light foxy rufous 
like the head; entire underparts from the chin to the vent white, 
the breast and flanks washed with pale fulvous ; thighs pale brown 
behind; under wing-coverts and axillaries light yellowish buff; 
quills dusky brown below, reddish along the inner web; "upper 
mandible and tip and edges of lower mandible along commissure 
light horny brown; rest of lower mandible fleshy pink; legs and 
feet clear plumbeous blue; iris deep wood-brown; orbital skin 
bright smalt-blue " (W. Davison). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*6, 
wing 3*45, tail 3-2, tarsus 1*15. 

Ohs. A specimen from Debraghur in Colonel Godwin-Austen's 
collection is yellowish buff below, whiter only on the abdomen; and 
the same remark applies to an example from Karen-nee in the 
British Museum. 

Hal. Eastern Himalayas, extending into Burmah and Tenasserim. 


a, b, c. Ad. sk. Nepal. B.H.Hodgson, Esq, IT.]. 
d, e. Ad. sk. Barjiling. W. Fotherintrliani, Esq. 

/ . Ad. sk. Bootan, (Pemhtrton). India Museum. 
g, $ ad. sk. Karen-nee (Lloyd). E. W. Gates, E«q. 

12.(Sxitliora gularis. 

Paradoxornis gularis. Gray, Gen, B. ii. p. 359, pi. 94. %. 2 (1845) j 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 500 (1550J; Gould, B. Asia, part' vi (Ib54) ; 
Horsf. § Moore, Cat. B. E.L Co. Mm. i. p. 377 {1S54); Jerd. B. 
Lid.*ii. p. 5 (1863j; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xxxlx. p. 103 
(1870); Wald. inBlyth, B. Brit. Burm. p. 117 (1875); Hume § 
Damson,titr. F. Ib7sf p. 131; Hume, Sir, F. 1879, p. do; Oates, 

B. Brit. Burm. p. 131. 
Paradosornis caniceps, Blyfh} J. A. S. Beng. xviii. p. 810 (1849). 
Heteromorplia {1* Paradoxornis) caniceps, Blyfk, Cat. B. Mus. As. 
Soc. p. 102 (1849). ^ 
Heteromorplia fokiensis, David, Ann. Sei. Sat (o) xix» art. no. 9 
(1874). 
Heteromorpha gularis, David 4* Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 2QQ, pi. 61 
(1877). 

Adult. General colour above light fulvous-brown, the wing-
coverts like the back, the primary-coverts and bastard-wing feathers 
browner on the inner web ; quills dark brown, externally deep fulvous, 
brighter than the back, the primaries paler fulvous towards 
the end of the outer web; upper tail-eoverts dull brown, washed 
with fulvous-brown on the edges; tail-feathers olive-brown, with 
paler fulvous-brown edges; head light ashy grey; lores and feathers 
above and below the eye white, separated from the crown by a 

34. SUTHOBA. 
493 

superciliary line of black, which commences very distinctly above 
the lores, almost disappears above the eye, and reappears with 
increased breadth above the ear-coverts; the latter ashy grey, with 
indistinct whitish shaft-lines; cheeks and under surface of body 
white, with the chin and upper throat black as far as the rami of 
the jaws extend; the flanks slightly tinged with light yellowish 
buff; axiHaries and under wing-coverts white; quills dusky brown 
below, yellowish white along the inner web; "bill orange-yellow; 
feet green, with the claws greenish grey; iris nut-brown " (David). 
Total length 6-6 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3*3, tail 3-15, tarsus 0*95. 

Hab. Eastern Himalayas from Sikhim eastwards into the hill-
ranges of North-eastern Bengal and Western Fokien in China. 

a. Ad. sk. DaTjiling. A. 0. Hume, Esq. 
b. Ad. sk. Sikhim. H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
13. Suthora unicolor. 
Heteromorpha unicolor, Hodgs. Icon, ined. in Brit Mus., Passeres, 
pi. 204 (no. 843;; id. J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 448 (1843); id. in 
Grays Zool Misc. p. 84 (1844); Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 578 
(1845); Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 6. (1863); Bamd # Oust Ois. Chine, 

p. 200 (1877); Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 95. 
Paradoxornis unicolor, Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. 
p. Il l (1S40); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 18, App. (1849); Bp. Consp. 
I. p. 500 (1850) ; Gould, B. Asia, part vi. (1854) ; Horsf. <§r Moore, 
Cat B. E.L Co. Mus. i. p. 37G (1854); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, 
p. 372. 
Adult General colour above light brown, the head differing in 
colour from the back, being dull vinous brown, obscured by fulvousbrown 
edges to the feathers; wing-coverts like the back; quills 
brown, the secondaries externally like the back, but the primaries 
reddish brown; tail-feathers light brown, washed on the outer webs 
with fulvous-brown, with a very narrow whitish edging to the tips 
of the outermost feathers; feathers over the eye slightly hoary 
with darker centres ; sides of hinder crown with a black streak to 
the sides of the nape; ear-coverts and sides of face vinous brown, 
with paler or more hoary tips to some of the feathers; throat and 
fore neck ashy brown, washed with vinous brown on the chin; 
remainder of under surface light fulvous-brown, the sides of the 
body and thighs a little more reddish brown; axillaries like the 
breast; under wing-coverts pale tawny buff like the inner liniug of 
the quills below; " bill orange-yellow; legs slaty grey; iris brown " 
(Jerdon). Total length 7*2 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*65, tail 4*3, 
tarsus 1*2. 

Hab. Eastern Himalayas, ranging into the hills which separate 

China and Thibet. 
a, b, c, d. Ad. sk.
e,/. Ad. sk.
g. Ad. sk. 
Nepal 
Nepal (Hodgson). 
Darjiling. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
India Museum. 
W. Fotheringham, Esq. 
h. Ad. sk. Sikhim. H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 

494 
TIMELIID2E. 

35. 
CHLBUASICUS. 
Type. 
Ohleuasicus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 578 (1846)...... 0. ruliceps. 

Range. Eastern Himalayas, extending into the hill-ranges of 
Forth-eastern Bengal and Southern China. 

Keg to the Species. 

a. Size larger: wing 2*95 inches; outer aspect of 
quills and tail plain, the wing not appearing 
particoloured j head "bright rufous, contrasting 
with the olivaceous-brown back rujieeps, p. 494. 
b. Size smaller: wing 2*25 inches; outer aspect of 
quills and tail bright orange-buff, the wing appearing 
particoloured; crown of head a little 
more fulvescent than the back. 
a'. A superciliary streak of ashy olive fiduifrons, p. 494. 
b'. A superciliary streak of bluish grey cyanophrys, p. 495. 

1. (Chleuasicus nificeps. 
Ohleuasicus ruficeps, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 578 (1845); Jercl 
B. Bid. ii. p. 7 (1863); Anderson, Zool. Fxped. Yunnan, Aves 
p. 038, pi. xlvii. fig. 2 (1878) ; Hume, Sir. F. Ib79, p. 95. ; 
Suthora ruliceps, 
Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soe. p. 102 (1849); Bp 
Consp. i. p. 334 (1850;; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. 

i. p. 380, note (1854); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 235, no. 235 (I860). 
Paradoxornis sphenura, Hodgs. M88n teste Jerdon, Ibis, 1872, 
p. 297. 
Ohleuasicus ruficeps, var. atrosuperciliaris, Godwin-Austen, Proe. A. 
8. Beng. 1877, p. 147; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 499. 
General colour of upper surface sandy brown slightly washed 
with olive; the wings much more rufous than the back; the quills 
dull brown broadly washed with rufous; the tail dull brown, with 
indistinct cross barrings under certain lights; head (very much 
crested) and hind neck bright sandy rufous, the sides of the face 
rather paler rufous, the cheeks inclining to sandy buff; round the 
eye a little ring of buffy-white feathers; -entire under surface of 
body buffy white, inclining to pure white on the throat; the under 
wing-coverts pale fulvous; the inner lining of the quills pale brown, 
inclining to fulvous on the inner webs, rather more rufous on the 
secondaries; " bill whitish horny; legs greenish plumbeous; iris 

red-brown" (Jerdon). Total length 6*5 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 
2*95, tail 34, tarsus 0*95. 
Hab. Eastern Himalayas, extending into Upper Assam and 1ST. 
Cachar. 

a. Ad. sk. Sikhim. Henry Seebohm, Esq, [P.]. 
2M Chleuasicus tftQvifrons. 

Temnoris fulvifrons, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, 
pi. 109 A. figs. % 2* (no. 684); id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 
(1844) ; id. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 31. 

35 . CHXEUASICTTS. 
495 

Suthora fulvifrons, Bhjtli, J. A. S, Beng. xiv. p. 579 {deser. princeps) 
; id. Cat. B. Hits. As. Soc. p. 102 (1849); Bp. Consp. I 

p. 334 (1850); Gould, B. Asia, part iv. (1852); Horsf. $ Moore, 
Cat. B. E.L Co. Mm. i. p. 378 (1854); Jercl. B. 'inch ii. p. 9 
(1809) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 235, no. 3402 (1869); Hume, Str. F. 
1879, p. 95. 
Adult. Above yellowish brown; the crown, cheeks, throat, and 
breast tawny buff, inclining to deeper and more orange buff on the 
ferehead and chin; behind the cheeks a half-concealed spot of ashy 
whitish; sides of the under crown dusky, forming an indistinct 
lateral streak ; least wing-coverts resembling the back, the greater 
series edged with golden buff, like the quills—which are ashy brown, 
externally golden buff, and edged with white towards the tips; 
upper tail-coverts also golden buff; tail-feathers ashy brown, margined 
with the same golden buff, much brighter near the base of the 
feathers; sides of body light grey, the centre of the abdomen 
whitish; thighs fulvous; under tail-coverts buffy whitish; under 
wing-coverts whitish, as also the inner edge of the quills; "bill 
pale; legs light brown " (Jerdon). Total length 5 inches, culmen 
0*8, wing 2-25, tail 2*7, tarsus 0-8. 

Rah* Eastern Himalayas. 

a. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
(Type of species). 
b. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
c. Juv. sk. Nepal {Hodgson) India Museum. 
d. Ad. sk. Darjiling. W. Fotheringham, Esq. [0.1 

3.^ Chlenasicns iByaaxophrys. 
Suthora cyanophrys, David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 212, pi. 00 (1877). 

Adult Upper part of the head, feathers round the eye, and throat 
clear ochre-yellow, passing into whitish on the forehead; a broad 
superciliary streak of bluish grey extending backwards as far as the 
nape; back yellow shaded with olivaceous; rump and outer webs 
of secondaries and tertiaries very bright ochraceous yellow; breast 
clear yellow, with an irregular transverse band of white occupying 
the base of the throat; under tail-coverts and tibial plumes of a 
yellowish tint; quills brown bordered with white; tail-feathers of 
the same tint, with a broad border of bright ochre-yellow ; upper 
mandible brown, flesh-coloured on the edges and on the lower mandible 
; feet and toes plumbeous blue; claws brown; iris chestnut. 
Total length 4*15 inches, culmen 0*2, wing 2*05, tail 2*35, tarsus 0*7. 
{David and Oustalet) 

Bab. South-eastern Chensi, China. 

496 TB1HL1X0JE. 

36. PABADOXDBKIS. 
Type. 
Paradoxornis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 1/ P. flavirobtris. 
Bathyrhynchus, McClell Ind. Hev. 1838, p. 513 P. flavirostris. 
Range. Eastern Himalayas. Hills of X.E. Bengal, extending 

into Western China and to the Nanking district on the river Yangtze-
Kiang. 

Key to the Species. 
a, Head rufous; ear-coverts black. 


a'. Chin black; across the lower throat a band of 
black, separated from the black chin by a 
band of white Jlavh'ostris, p. 496. 

b\ Chin black; rest of throat pale fulvous or 
whitish, with blackish streaks on the lower 
throat gutiaiicollis, p. 497. 

b. Head grey, with a black streak along the sides of 
the crown,* ear-coverts light ashy ......... . keudii, p. 497. 
1. Paradoxornis flavirostris. 
Paradoxomis flavirostris, Gould, P. Z. >$'. 1*30, p. 17; id. leones 
p. 4 (1803); Hume, Sir. F. 1S74, u 437; id Wr. 11 1*79, p. 95. 
Bathyrhynchus brevirostris, McClell Ltd. Ilec\ 1833, p. 513, cum 
Adult (type of species). General colour above fulvescent olive-
brown, a little lighter on the rump; wing-coverts brown margined 
with fulvous-brown, the outer lesser coverts entirely fulvous or 
slightly rufescent; quills brown, externally rufous-brown, lighter 
on the outer webs of the primaries; tail-feathers brown, slightly 
edged with fulvous-brown; entire head and hind neck rufous; 
lores, as well as a spot above the eve. fore part of ear-coverts, 


feathers below the eye, and cheeks white, barred with dusky blackish 
at the tips of the feathers; hinder part of ear-coverts jet-black, 
forming a large patch; chin black: remainder of throat white, 
broadly barred at the tip with black; the fore neck entirely blackish; 
remainder of under surface pale yellowish buff, including'the thighs 
and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts and axillaries like the 
breast; quills dusky brown below, yellowish buff along the inner 
web; "bill bright yellow; legs plumbeous; iris* red-brown" 
(Jerdon). Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*7-5, wing 3*4, tail 3*9, 
tarsus 1*2. 

Hob. Hills of North-eastern Bengal* Assam, ranging into the 
Sikhim and Nepal Terai 

a. Ad. 8k. N.E. India, Zoological Society. (Type 
of species.) 
b. Ad. sk. Nepal Terai. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
c. Ad, sk. Assam (McClelland). India Museum. 
36 . PARADOXORNIS. 
497 

2. Paradoxornis guttaticollis. 
Paradoxornis guttaticollis, A. Band, K Arch. Mm. vii. Bull, p. 14 
(1871); id.$ Oust Ois. de la Chine, p. 203, pi. 64 (1877). 
Paradoxornis austeni, Gould, B. Asia, part xxvi. (1874); Godwi?i~ 
Austen, J. A. S. Being, xliii. p, 159 (1874); Hume, Sir. F. 1875, 

p. 392,1879, p. 95. 
Adult. General colour above sandy brown, the wing-coverts like 
the back, but washed slightly with sandy rufous ; quills dark brown, 
externally sandy rufous, paler towards the ends of the primaries; 
tail-feathers light brown, margined with sandy buff; head and hind 
neck light rufous; lores and feathers below the eye white, the 
latter mottled with dusky bases to the feathers; ear-coverts black; 
under surface of body whitish, washed with pale sandy buff on the 
throat, breast, and sides of body, as well as the under tail-coverts ; 
lower throat with some large blackish spots ; thighs dusky fulvousbrown 
; under wing-coverts and axillaries light sandy buff, the 
lower series rather more fulvous; quills brown below, sandy buff 
along the inner web; " biU yellow; feet greenish, claws greenish 
grey; iris chestnut-rufous " (David). Total length 6 inches, culmen 
0-6, wing 3-05, tail 3-2, tarsus 1*05. 

Hab. Western Szeohuen, extending into the JSTaga and ELhasia 

hills. 
a. Ad. sk. Nasja hills, 5000 feet. Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen 
[P.]. 

3. Paradoxornis heudii. 
Paradoxornis heudii, David, C. B. Ixxiv. p. 1449; id. N. Arch. Mus. 
ix. Bull pi. 4. fig. 2 (1873); Goidd, B. Asia, part xxvi. (1874); 
David §• Oust Ois. Chine, p. 204, pl. lxiii. (1877). 
Adult male (Nankin, Dec. 1872; Pere Heude). Head pearly 
grey, this colour extending onto the mantle, where it is slightly 
streaked with dusky blackish and washed with vinous ; the back a 
little more chestnut; lower back and rump paler and more sandy 
buff; upper tail-coverts and centre tail-feathers pale vinous, a little 
more rufous towards the ends; remainder of the tail-feathers black, 
ashy at the ends of the outer webs, white towards the ends of the 
inner ones, the white increasing towards the outer feathers, the 
outermost white along the outer web; wing-coverts chestnut like 
the back ; on the edge of the wing a patch of white; primary-
coverts black, externally chestnut; quills black, pale chestnut along 
the outer webs and round the tips ; the secondaries black, washed 
externally with sandy buff, the innermost broadly white along the 
inner web; lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts pale greyish or hoary 
whitish, separated from the grey crown by a very distinct superciliary 
streak of black extending to the sides of the nape; throat 
greyish white, changing to pale vinous on the lower throat and fore 
neck; rest of the under surface deep sandy buff, washed with chest-

VOL. VII. 2 K 

498 
TIMELIIDiE. 

nut on the breast; thighs vinous brown; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries yellowish white; quills dusky brown below, rufescent 
along the edge of the inner web; -' bill yellow ; feet greenish grey, 
claws grey " (David), Total length 7 Inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2-5o' 
tail 3*75, tarsus 1*05. (Mus. H. Seebohm.) 

Hob. Nankin District, China. 

37. 
CHOLOEEIS. 
Type. 
Cholornis, /. Verrecmx, Koui\ Arch. Mas. vi. Bull. p. So 
(1870) C. paradoxic 

Range. Western China. 

1. Cholornis para&oxa, 
Cholornis paiadoxa, J. Terr. Xouv. Arch. Mus. vi. Bull. p. 35 (1870) 
vii. Bull. p. 34, pi. 1. tig. 1 (1871) ; David 8f Oust Ois. Chine 
p. 205, pi. 62 (1877). 
' 
Adult Back and rump olivaceous ; upper aspect of the tail and 
the wings strongly washed with ashy : top of the head earthy 
brown, with a grey tinge on the forehead and a superciliary streak 
of brown extending from the lores to the nape ; a white ring round 
the eye; upper part of the throat covered with a band ot brown 
colour; feathers of the cheeks brown, bordered with grey ; rest of 
the underparts earthy brown, slightly shaded with violet on the 
breast; "bill yellow; feet greenish grey; iris whitish. Total 
length 7*9 inches, tail 3*95, wing 3*55, tarsus 1*3. {David § 
Oustalet.) 

Hob. Moupin, Western China. 

38. CIHCLORHAMPHUS. 
Type. 

Cinclorhamphus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 150 0. cruralis. 
Ptenoedus, Cab. Mus. Eein. Th, i. p. 39 (1850) C. rufescens. 

Range. Australia. 

Key to the Specie^. 

a. Larger: throat and belly blackish; upper tail-coverts * 
ashy brown cruralis, p. 498. 
b. Smaller: throat and belly whitish; upper tail-coverts 
rufous rufeseensj p. 500. 
1. Cinclorliamplnis cruralis. 
Megalurus cruralis, Vig. fy Horsf. Trans. Zinn. 8oc. xv. p. 228 
(1826). 
Cinclorhamphus cruralis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 150; Gray, Gen. 

B. i. p. 168 (1848); Gould, B. Amtr. fol. iiL pi. 74 (1848); Bp. 
Consp. I p. 279 (1850); Reiehenb. Voq. Neuholl. p. 82 (1850); 
Gould, Handh B. Amtr. i. p. 394 (1865); Gray, Hand-l. B. I 
38 , eiNCLOEHAMPHUS. 49 9 

p. 20o, no. 2903 (18tfi)); Biggies, Orn. Austr. text to pi. 46 
(1869); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. tioe. N. S. TV, ii. p. 186 (1878). 
Cinclorhaniphus cantatoris, Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 135. 
Ciuclorhamphus cautillans, Gould, B. Austr. fol. iii. pi. 75 (1848) ; 

Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 168 (1848); Bp. Oonsp. I p. 279 (1850); 
Rekhenb. Fog. Xeuholl p. 83 (1850) ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. 

i. p. 895 (1805); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 205, no. 2904 (1869); 
Biggies, Orn. Austr. pi. 46. fig-. 2 (18C9) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. 
JV". S. W. ii. p. 180 (1878). 
Adult. General colour above brown, the feathers slightly mottled 
with fulvous-brown margins; head distinctly more hoary than the 
back; wing-coverts like the back, and edged in the same manner, 
those near the margin of the wing hoary whitish; quills light brown, 
edged with fulvous-brown and with whitish at the tips; upper 
tail-coverts ashy brown, with darker centres to the feathers; tail-
feathers brown, with dusky cross bars under certain lights, margined 
with whity brown, the outermost whitish along the outer web, 
on the centre feathers a slight shade of ashy; lores, feathers above 
the eye, and eyelid hoary; below the eye a black spot; ear-coverts 
fulvescent, the hinder portion brown with hoary centres to the 
feathers; cheeks and throat blackish brown, with a few whitybrown 
feathers intermixed; remainder of under surface dusky 
brown, with whity-brown margins to a few of the feathers; the fore 
neck and chest more broadly edged with whity brown, and consequently 
lighter in appearance; thighs and under tail-coverts whity 
brown, the latter with dark brown centres to the feathers; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries dusky brown, the edge of the wing whity 
brown; quills pale brown below, creamy white along the inner 
web; " bill, inside of mouth and tongue black ; feet flesh-brown; 
iris hazel" (Gould). Total length 9*2 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4*25, 

tail 4, tarsus 1-45. 

Ob$. The specimens with the sooty-black under surface have the 
bill black, and appear to be in breeding-plumage. In winter dress 
the under surface is overspread with ashy, which gradually disappears. 


Young birds are much more mottled above and of yellowish buff 
colour, being pale fulvous below, with the throat white and a tinge of 
deeper sandy buff on the chest; in the centre of the abdomen a 
blackish patch. 

The female, according to Gould, is less than half the size of the 
male, is similar in colour; but the feathers being more broadly margined 
with brownish white impart to her a paler hue than her mate; 
the under surface is also much lighter, and the patch in the centre 
of the abdomen is much smaller. 

As the size of the abdominal patch seems to me to vary in proportion 
to the amount of remains of winter plumage, I cannot believe 
that C. eantiUam is really distinct. 

ffah. South Australia and Victoria to New South Wales, and 
along the east coast as high as Rockingham Bay. 

2K2 

500 TIMELIDAE,. 
a b. Ad. sk. Australia. Linnean Society. 
' ' " (Types of species.) 
c cl Ad. sk. Adelaide. C. D. E. Eortnmn, Esq. 
e. Ad. st.
f. Ad. sk. 
S. Australia. 
Melbourne. 
Sir George Grey [P.]. 
Gould Collection. 
a. Ad. sk. i^ew South Wales Gould Collection. 
li Ad*, sk. S. Australia. Gould Collection. 
i\& - k I Juv.sk.
*? 
Queensland (J. 
Cockered). 
T, F. D. Goclman and 0, 
Pah in. Esqrs. [P.]. 

2. Ciiiclorhamphns rufescens. 
Anthus rufescensj Tig. # -Hbrs/*. JVAMS. Z/*H. SOL: XV. p. 230 (1820). 
Cinclorhamphus ruftscens, Gould, B. Avstr. fol. iii. pi. 70 (1848j ; 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 279 (1*50;* Itriehenb. Tog. KeuholL p. 82 


(1850); Diqyles, Orn. Amir, pi. 40. fig. 8 (lb09); Tow Mueller, 

P. £. & lfc&), p. 279. 
Megalurus rufe&cens, 6Vay, Gen. B. i. p. 109 (1848); id. Iland-l. B. 
i. p. 206, no. 2915(181 9). 
Ptenoedus 
rufescens,' Cab. Mm. Hein. Tli. i. p. 39 (18o0); 6-Wf/, 
Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 397 (IbCoj; llam&ay, Pr. Linn. Soc. 

K.S. IF.ii.p. 186{lfc7b). 
Adult. General colour above dark brown, the feathers edged with 
fulvous-brown, the hind neck and sides of neck a little more whity 
brown ; wing-coverts and quills like the back and margined in the 
same manner, the primaries slightly rufeseent near the base of the 
outer web ; rump and upper tail-coverts light rufous ; tail-feathers 
brown, margined narrowly with whity brown, a little more plainly 
on the outer feathers, with a whitish tip also ; lores dusky, as also 
the feathers below the eye; a tolerably distinct eyebrow of ashy 
whitish from the base of the bill to above the ear-coverts, the latter 
being brown; eyelid dull whity brown; cheeks and under surface 
of body dull ashy whitish, more fulvescent on the thighs and under 
tail-coverts ; lower throat and fore neck browner, forming a band 
across with obsolete remains of brown spots; axillaries and under 
wing-coverts fulvous or whity brown, those near the edge of the 
wing mottled with blackish bases; quills pale brown below, ashy 
fulvous along the inner web; " bill dark lead-colour in summer, 
fleshy brown in winter; tarsi yellowish grey; feet bluish ashy 
grey; iris hazel" (Gould). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*7, 
wing 3*7, tail 3*5, tarsus 1*1. 

The specimen described has a black bill, whereas some of the 
others examined by me have yellow bills, as well as more numerous 
and distinct streaks or spots of brown on the fore neck and chest. 
In the black-billed specimen the plumage is more or less worn*and 
the chest uniform, and it is evident that the dark bill is a sign of 
breeding-plumage. The pale-billed birds have also a more fulvous 
appearance, which indicates the winter dress. 

There is considerable difference in the size of the specimens, the 

39. CALAMANTHUS.
wing varying from 3*1 inches to 3"8 inches, the smaller bird 
being doubtless females. 
Hob. The whole of Australia, but not occurring in Tasmania. 

a. Ad. sk. Australia. Linnean Society [P.]. 
(Type of species.) 
b. Ad. sk. Australia. Purchased. 
c. cl [ J $ ] ad. sk. South Australia. Sir George Grey [P.], 
e. Ad. sk. River Darling. Gould Collection. 
/. 
$ ad. sk. Gould Island, May 23. Capt. Stanlev fP.l. 
1848 (J. Macgillivraij). 


g. Ad. sk. Queensland (Cockerel!). F. D. Godman and 0. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.], 
h. Ad. sk. N. W. Australia. J. R. Elsey, Esq. [P ] 
hk- [<? 2 3 «w3L st. West Australia. J. Gould, Esq. [C.J. " 
/. Ad. sk. West Australia. Sir George Grey [P.]. 
39. CALAMANTHUS. 
Type. 
Oalaniantbus, Gould, P. Z. S.1837, p. 150 C. fuliginosus. 
Praticola, Swains. Classif B. ii. p. 243 (1837) C. fuliginosus. 
Range. Confined to Australia. 

Key to the Species, 

a. 
Head olive greenish; streaked with black like the 
back fuliginosus, p. 501. 
b. Head rufous, nearly uniform, or with narrow black 
streaks > campestris, p. 502. 
1. Calamautlras fuliginosus. 
Anthus fuliginosus, Vig. $• Uorsf. Trans. Linn. Soc, xv. p. 230 
(1826). 
Calamanthus fuliginosus, Goidd, P. Z. S. 1837, p, 150 ; id, B. Austr. 
fol. iii. pi. 70 (1848) ; G?-ay, Gen. B. i. p. 163 (1848); Bp. Consp. 

i. p. 280 (1850) ; Beieherib. Vog. Neuholl p. 86 (1850) ; Gould, 
Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 388 (1865); Gray, BCand-L B. i. p. 203, 
no. 2872 (1869) ; Von Mueller, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 279; Bamsay, 
Broc. Linn. Soe. K S. W. ii. p. 186 (1878). 
Praticola anthoides, Sioains. An. in Menag. p. 343 (1737); id. Classif 
B. ii. p. 244 (1837). 

Adult. General colour above greenish brown streaked with black, 
the feathers being broadly centred with this colour; rump more 
uniform and less plainly streaked, but the upper tail-coverts again 
broadly streaked with black and somewhat tinged with rusty; 
wing-coverts greenish with black centres, the margins to the 
greater series rather paler; quills brown, externally edged with 
olive-brown or greenish; tail-feathers russet-brown, edged with 
olive, streaked with black near the shaft in the centre feathers, the 
remainder subterminally barred with black and tipped with ashy 
brown ; forehead slightly washed with rufous; lores dusky; eyelid 

TIMELIIBJE. 

and a narrow eyebrow white ; ear-coverts pale "brown with fulvous 
streaks, more distinct below the eye; cheeks dullwhite^streaked 
with black; throat purer white, very plainly streaked with black 
down the centre of the feathers ; remainder of under surface olive-
yellow, brighter on the flanks, the breast, sides of body, flanks, and 
under tail-coverts streaked with black; abdomen uniform; thighs 
.reddish brown; axillaries olive-yellowish tinged with brown; 
under wing-coverts pale reddish buff; quills light brown below, 
ashy fulvous along the edge of the inner web ; " bill and feet 
brownish flesh-colour ; iris light sandy burP5 (Gould). Total length 
5 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2*3, tail 2*1, tarsus 0-95. 

Eah. Tasmania and South Australia. 

a. Ad.sk.
b. Ad. sk. 
Australia. 
Australia. 
Liimean Society [P.], 
(Type of species.) 
Gould Collection. 
c. Ad. sk. Melbourne. Gould Collection. 
d. Ad. sk. Mount Gainbier, South Gould Collection. 
Australia. 
e. /. Ad. st.
g, h. Ad. sk.
i, k} I Ad. sk. 
South Australia. 
South Australia( Cookerell). 
Tasmania. 
Sir George Grey [P.]. 
F. I). Godman and "0. 
Salvin, E.-qrs. [P.]. 
Eonald€tunn3Efeq.[l3.]. 

2. Calamanthus campestris. 
Praticola campestris, Gould, P. Z. S. 1840, p; 171. 
Calamanthus campestris, Gould, B. Austr. ill. pi. 71 (3848) ; Gray, 


Gen. B. i. p. 163 (1848); Bp. Comp. i. p. 280 (1850); JReichenb. 

Tbq. NeuJwll. p. 2i'5 (1850); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 389 
(1865) ; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 208, no. 2871 (1869); Bamsay, 

Proc. Linn. Soc. 2V. >SY. W. ii. p. 186 (1878). 

Adult. General colour above light ashy brown, with longitudinal 
streaks of darker brown down the centre of each feather; rump 
uniform, and tinged with isabelLine; wing-coverts browner than 
the back, especially the greater series and the primary-coverts, 
which are edged with paler brown; quills brown, externally edged 
with paler brown, inclining to whity brown on the margins of the 
primaries, and the inner secondaries edged with white near the 
tips; tail-feathers light reddish brown, with a broad subterminal 
bar of black before the tip, which is light brown in the centre 
feathers and white in all the others; forehead and sinciput light 
rufous or bay, obscurely streaked with dusky brown, more distinct 
on the nape, where the rufous colour fades away; lores and a tolerably 
plain eyebrow white; in front of the eye a rufous spot; ear-
coverts light rufous, very narrowly streaked with white shaft-lines; 
cheeks and throat white, the lower throat and remainder of the under 
surface pale yellowish, the sides of the body and flanks deepercoloured 
and inclining to isabelline brown; thighs light rufous, as 
also the under tail-coverts, which are shaded with brown before the 
tips,,which are white ; the centre of the throat, fore neck, and 

3S~). CALAJUANTHUS. 

rm 

breast distinctly streaked with dusky brown, broader on the latter; 
the flanks also obscurely sbreaked; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
clear isabelline brown; quills light brown below, ashy fulvous 
along the edge of the inner web : "bill blackish brown, lighter at 
the base of the under mandible ; feet blackish brown ; iris rufous-
brown " (Gould). Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2*05, 
tail 1*8, tarsus 1*9. 

Rah. South Australia, Victoria, and West Australia. 

a. Ad. sk. Australia. 
b. Ad. sk. Australia. Purchased. 
c. Ad. sk. Australia. J. Gould, Esq. 
d. Ad. sk. Australia. Eyton Collection. 
etf. Ad. sk. South Australia. Sir George Grey [P.]. 
504 TIMKLIIPiE. 

Group Till. TIMELIJE. 

In the present group I place all the species which I consider to be 
the most typical Timeliine birds. They are closely connected with 
some of the other groups recorded in the present volume ; but many 
of them are very Museieapine in appearance, and resemble the Ply-
catchers so closely that it is almost impossible to draw a definite 
line between some of the broader-billed Timeliulce and some of the 
narrower-billed Mwcicapicfa. The genus Tata-re having been omitted 
by the author of the fifth volume, is included here ; but it is manifestly 
out of place in the Timeludcp, and in a future rearrangement 
of the genera should be classified with AcrocepJialm. 

Key to the Genera. 

a. Tail moderately long, the outstretched 
feet either falling short of the tip of 
the tail, or at any rate not exceeding 
it. 
a'. Tail equal to or exceeding the wing 
in length. 


a". Tail strongly graduated, the difference 
between the tip of the outer 
and the tip of the centre feathers 
as much as or more than the length 
of the tarsus. 


a'". Distance between anterior angle 
of nostril and tip of bill greater 
than length of hind toe (without 
claw) 1. TIMELIA, p. 507. 

h"f. Distance measured as above 
equal to or less than length of 
hind toe (without claw), 


a4-. Billwfth no subterminal notch. 2. PYCTQBHIS, p. 510. 
¥. Bill "with a subterminal notch. 

a5. Frontal feathers stiffened, 
with rigid shafts; no nuchal 
plumelets 3. DTMETIA, p. 514. 

h5. Nuchal plumelets trifid and 
very distinct 4. ELAPHBOBNIS, p. 517. 

b". Tail less graduated, the distance 
between the tips of the outer and 
the tip of the centre feathers less 
than the length of the tarsus. 


c'". Distance between anterior nostril 
and tip of bill more than 
the length of hind toe (without 
claw); tarsus with four 
distinct scutes , 5, PELLOHNETM, p. 518. 

TIMELLE. 505 

d"\ Distance measured as above less 
than length of hind toe (without 
claw J ; tarsus uniform. 


e4. Hind claw less powerful, not 
more than half the length of 
the hind toe; nostrLs shut 
in with a membrane, in the 
anterior portion of which the 
rounded nasal aperture is 
pierced 0. SCOTOCICHLA, p. 522. 

dx. Hind claw powerful, equal 
to two thirds of the length 
of the hind toe; nostrils a 
large open slit without any 
overhanging membrane 7. CROSSLEYIA, p. 523. 

b\ Wing longer than the tail, generally 
conspicuously so. 
c". Culmen longer than tarsus or equal 
to it; rictal bristles strong. 

e'". Nasal aperture ovate, shut in for 
its entire extent by a membrane 
; gonys nearly straight; 
bill as broad at nostrils as it is 
high 8. TATARE, p. 524. 

f". Nasal aperture an oval opening 
shut in by a superior membrane 
not attached to the anterior 
part of the nostril; gonys di


m stinctly curved; bill higher at 
nostrils than it is broad 0. BEBNIERIA, p. 529. 
d". Culmen shorter than tarsus; no J10. MACBOSPHENUS, p. 530. 
pronounced rictal bristles {11. MYSTACOBNIS, p. 531. 
e". Culmen shorter than tarsus; rictal 
bristles more or less evident. 

g'". Feet very strong and rather 
clumsy, falling short of tail by 
less than length of culmen. 


c*. Bill higher than broad at 
nostrils. 


c5. Bill much curved; the cutting 
edge of mandible decurved 
12. STACHYBIS, p. 532. 

d5. Bill more slender and 
straight; cutting-edge of 
mandible straight. 


a6. Nostril shut in by a membrane, 
the nasal opening 
being round and pierced 
in anterior portion of 
membrane. 13. TURDINUS, p. 539. 

¥. Nasal openings linear, 
shut in by a longitudinal 
superior membrane 14. DBYMOCHJEBA, p. 550. 

/*4, Bill as broad at nostrils as it is 
high; cutting-edge of mandible 
straight. 


TIlTELIID-aS. 

e5. First primary very large, 
more than half the length 
of the longest quills. 


cG. Rictal bristles large and 
very strong, reaching to 
two thirds of the length 
of the bill 15. ERYTHROCICHJLA, p. 551. 

dG. Rictal bristles very small, 
not reaching beyond the 
nostrils*. 


a7. Wing very much 
rounded, the inner secondaries 
about equal 
in length to the primaries 
16*. DRYMOCATAPBUS, p. 552. 

b~. Wing less rounded; the 
inner secondaries perceptibly 
shorter than 
the primaries 17. ORTYGOCICHLA, p. 56]. 

/ \ First primary smaller, less 
than half the longest quills. 


/'. Rictal bristle?* weak and 
not reaching to the in >strils 
18. (TYPSOPHILA, p. 501, 

f°. Rictal bristles very strong, 
reaching beyond the 
nostrils 10. TRI<*HOM*OMA, p. 5<>2. 

'/". Feet weaker, falling >hovt of the 
tail by a*» much as the length 
of the culnien, or even more. 

gA. Back without spinous plumes. 

</\ Rictal bristles long, exceeding 
the length of the hind 
toe (without claw). 


;/. Tarsal envelope with very 
strongly marked scutellse; 
bill stout 20. MALACOFTEBZJM, p. 56;]. 

A6. Tarsal envelope entire;bill 
feeble 21. XANTHOMIXIH, p. 570, 
h5. Rictal bristles scarcely perceptible. 


i6. Bill about equal in height 
and breadth or higher 
than broad. 


c". Head not crested; nasal 
opening a pierced aperture 
with no distinct 
operculum; fir?»t primary 
equal to the third. 


«\ Tara scutellated.... "tl. OXYLABBS, p. 571. 
b\ Tarsi entire........ 23. KKNOPIA, p» B7ik 
d7. Head tufted; nostril 
with swollen operculum; 
first primary 
half the length of the 
second or not much 
exceeding that..... . 2 4 I>ASYrR<vroi»iiA, p. 574. 

1. Till ELI A. 
507 
kG. Bill broader than high at 
nostrils 25. MIXOBNIS, p. 575. 
A4. With spinous shafts to the 
long feathers of the back. .. 26. MACEONUS, p. 583, 

b. 
Tail very short, far exceeded by the outstretched 
feet. 
c\ Culmen shorter than the tarsus. 
f". Tail of moderate length, not hidden 
by the plumes of the rump. 
i'". Bill stout, deeper than it is broad 
at the nofetrils 27. PTILOPYGA*, p. 585. 
h!". Bill more slender, broader than 
deep at nostrils 30. ANTJEOPSIS, p. 588, 
/"'. Bill equal in height and depth. 
i4. Rictal bristles scarcely perceptible 
31. CEATEEOSCELIS, p. 590. 
A*4. Rictal bristles well developed 32. COEYIHOCICHLA, p. 592. 
g". Tail so short as to be hidden by the 
plumes of the rump 33. TTTEDINTTLUS, p. 593. 
' d'. Culmen'longer than the tarsus 34. RIMATOR, p. 594. 

1. TIMELIA. 
Timalia, Ilorsf. Trans. Limi. Soc. xiii. p. 150 (1820) T. pileata. 
Napodes, Cab. Mm. Hein. Th. i. p. 77 (1850) T. pileata. 
Tirneiia, Sundev. Ac. Meth. Tent. p. 11 (1872, nom. emend.). 

Range. From the lower hills of the Himalayas and the plains of 
Eastern Bengal through Assam and Burmah to Tenasserim and 
Cochin China, down the Malayan peninsula; Java. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Smaller: crown chestnut, contrasting with the 
back, which is olivaceous brown; throat white, 
with black shaft-streaks pileata, p. 507. 
b. 
Larger: head rufous-brown like the back; chin 
white j throat rufous-buff like the rest of the 
under surface longirostris, p. 509. 
1. Timelia pHeata. 
Timalia pileata, 
Ilorsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 151 (1820) ; id. ZooL 
Research. Java, pl/43. %. 1 (1824); McClell. P. Z. S.1831, p. 161; 
Hodgs. Icon, tried, in Brit. Mm., Passeres, pi. 175 a (no. 835); id* 
in Gray's ZooL Misc. p. 83 (1844); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 228 
(1846); id. Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 85 (1846); 

* Here must probably be located 28. PtUocicUa, the unique type of which 
genus, P. falcata, is in America, and I have not been able to assign its certain 
position. 
29. Malia.—I have not seen an example of this genus; but I think it probable 
that it must be placed near Ptllopyga also. 
60S TIJIELIID-E. 

Blyth, Cat B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 149 (1850); Horsf. § Moore, Cat 

B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 227 (1854): Jerd. B. hid. ii. p. 24 (1863) ; 
Blyth, Ibis, 1805, p. 43 j Oay, Hand-L B. i. p. 314, no. 4602 
(1869); Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. p. 103 (1870); 
Blyth, Ibis, 1872, p. 90; Hume, Xests § Eggs Ind. B. p. 216 
(1873); id. Sir. F. 1874, p. 476,1875, p. US; Armstrong, Str. F. 
1876, p. 323; Oafes, Str. F. 1877, p. 152: Hume, t. c. p. 153Anders. 
Zool. Exped. Yunnan, Aves, p. 634 (1878); Hume § 
Davison, Str. F. 1878, TOI. i. p. 267. 
Nanodes pileata, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 77 (1850). 
Timalia lungirostris, Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 31b, no. 4715 (1869, nee 
Moore). 
Timalia bengalensis, Godicin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xlL pt. 2, p. 143 
(1872) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 95; Ingtis, Str. F. 1880, p. 250. 
Timelia'jerdoni, Walden, Ann. %~ Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) x. p. (31 {'187*?) • 
Blyth % Wold. B. Burm. p. 114 (1875)• Hume, Str. F. 1875 

p. 119. 
Tinielia pileata, Sundeu. Ac. Meth. Tent. p. 11 (1872); Gates, B. Brit 
Burm. p. 44(1883). 

Adult General colour above fulvous-brown, the wing-coverts 
like the back ; quills light brown, externally fulvous-brown; tail-
feathers light brown, with dusky cross bars under certain lights, 
and washed with ashy fulvous; crown of head bright chestnut, 
relieved by a creamy-white band across the forehead, extending over 
the eye, and separated from the chestnut crown by a narrow line of 
black; lores and feathers between the nostrils and the eye black; 
cheeks, sides of face, and ear-coverts white, the latter fringed on the 
extreme hinder margin with grey; sides of neck ashy grey, extending 
upwards onto the sides of the nape; throat and breast white, 
the sides of the latter ashy grey, all but the chin lined with mesial 
shaft-streaks of black; centre of the belly ochreous buff, the sides 
of the body fulvous-brown, as also the thighs and under tail-
coverts ; axillaries light fulvous-brown, the under wing-coverts pale 
tawny buff; quills light brown below, ashy fulvous along the edge 
of the inner web; " bill black ; eyelids dark bluish grey; inside of 
mouth black; legs purplish brown, claws horn-coloured; iris dark 


red" (E. Gates). Total length 5-8 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2*o, 
tail 2-SD, tarsus 0*95. 

The male is larger than the female according to Mr. Hume, the 
wing in the latter being as small as 2S inches, while the male 
reaches to 2*6 inches in length. 

05s. I fail to see any specific difference between the Javan birds 
and those from India or Burmah; and I think that the larger bill 
mentioned by the late Lord Tweeddale as a character for the Javan 
Timelia is only the sign of the male bird, as suggested by Mr. A. O. 
Hume. Whether it extends "down the Malayan peninsula seems 
doubtful; but the specimen in the British Museum from Malacca 
bears Capti. PinwilTs label, with his own handwriting on it. Mr. 
Jerdon has also stated that its range extended down the Malayan 
peninsula, but he does not give his authority. 

Hah. From the lower hills of Xepal and Sikhim throughout the 

1 . TIMELI4. 509 
plains of Eastern Bengal, Burmah, and Pegu to the neighbourhood 
of Saigon in Cochin China; rare in the Malayan peninsula; Java. 

a. Ad. sk. 
h. Ad. sk. 
c, d. Ad. sk. 
e. Ad. sk. 
f. Ad. sk. 
g. Ad. sk. 
'h. <3 ad. sk. 
i. $ ad. sk. 
k. Ad. sk. 
L Ad.sk. 

m, n. Ad. sk. 

o,p. Ad. sk. 

q. Ad. sk. 
Bengal (As. Soc). 
Nepal (Hodgson). 
Nepal. 
Assam (McClelland). 
Bkotan Dooars {Mandelli). 
Khasia hills (Griffith). 
Near Pegu, May 6, 1876. 
Iv\ eikpadein, Lower Pegu, 


June 26, 1876. 
Yayleymau, Upper Burmah, 
Jan. 5, 1875. 
Malacca. 

Java {Horsfidd). 

Saigon, Cochin China, 
April 1S67. 
Saigon, Cochin China, 
August 1867. 

India Museum. 
India Museum. 

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
India Museum. 
Major Biddulph. 
India Museum. 
E. W. Oates, . [C]
•b, Esq
EsqEsq. [CI. 
E.W.Oates~
s, Esq. [C.j. 

Dr. J. Anderson [C.]. 

Capt. Staekhouse Pinwill 
[P.]. 
India Museum. (Types of 

species.) 

M. E. Pierre [P.]. 
M. E. Pierre [P.]. 
2. Timelia longirostris. 
Pyctorhis longirostris, Moore, P. Z. S. 18-54, p. 104 (ex Hodgs. MSS.); 
"Horsf. £ Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 408 (1854); Jerd. B. 
2nd. ii. p. 16 (1863); Hume, Sfr. F. 1878, vol. 2, p. 154. 
Malacocercus (Layardia) ruhiginosus, Godivin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1874, 

p. 47; id. J. A. S. Beng. xliii. pt. 2, p. 164, pi. v. (1874); Hume, 
8tr. F. 1875, p. 397; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xlvii. part 2, 
p. 24(1878). 
Malacocercus ruhiginosus, Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xlvii. 
part 2, p. 24 (1878). 
Layardia ruhiginosa, Hume, 8tr. F. 1878, vol. 2, p. 153. 
Pyetoris longirostris, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 95. 


Adult (type of species). General colour above deep rufous-brown, 
the head a little more dusky, and the lower back and rump slightly 
clearer than the rest of the upper surface; wing-coverts like the 
back; quills dusky brown, the primaries externally light rufous, 
the secondaries darker rufous, the innermost entirely rufous-brown; 
tail-feathers dull rufous-brown ; lores and a very narrow eyebrow, 
as well as the ear-coverts, pale tawny buff; lores, feathers round the 
eye, fore part of cheeks, and feathers below the eye and throat 
white; remainder of body bufTy whitish; the flanks, thighs, and 
under tail-coverts tawny buff, the sides of the body richer in colour; 
under wing-eoverts pale tawny; quills dusky brown below, light 
rufous along the inner web; "bill black; legs pale corneous 
or dull grey-brown; iris nearly white" (Godwin-Austen). Total 
length 8 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 2*8, tail 4*4, tarsus 1*1. 

The Oude specimen is not quite so rufous on the upper surface 
as the example from Nepal; but below it is of a much richer tawny 
buff on the sides of the body. This may be due partly to the 

510 XIMELIIDJE. 

typical specimens haying been mounted in the India Museum, and 
their consequent fading from exposure to the light. 
Hab. The Terai country below the Himalayas from Oude to 
Bootan, as well as round the hills of Munipur and Cachar, Khasia 

hills, &e. 
a, b. Ad. sk. ]NTepal (B. H. Hodgson). India Museum. (Types of Pycc. 
Ad. sk.
d. Ad.sk. 
Oude Terai. 
Bootan Dooars, Feb. 1378{Mandelli). 
torhis longirosfris, Moore*) 
Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill ~P 1 
Major J. Biddulph TCI u 

2. PYC10BHIS. 
Type. 
Erytlirops, Hody*. MSS. 
Pvctoris, Hodgs. in Grays Zooi. Misc. p. S3 t 1^44); id. 

"P. Z. S. 1845, p. 24.. \ ../..... P. sinensis, 
Chrysomina, Blyth, J. A. & Bmg. xh. p. 002 {1*45) ... . P. sinensis. 
Range. The whole of the Indian peninsula and Ceylon, extending 
westwards into Hcinde and eastwards through As.sam and the Burmese 
countries to Pegu. 

Kttf to thr Sjhcus. 

a. Bill blackish; lores conspicuously w hite. 
a'. Xasal operculum jellow siitrnsis, p. 510. 
b'. Nasal operculum black, like the bill namlis9 p. 512. 
b. Bill pale horn-brown; eyebrow and lores ashy grey. altirostns, p. 512, 
1. PyctorMs sinensis. 
Chinese Titmouse, Lath. Gen. Sign. iL part 2T p. D~J5 (1783). 
Paras >inen-is, Gm. Syst. Xai. i. p. 1012 f 17*?.>, ex Lath.). 
Timalia bvpoleuca, Franklin, P. 2. S. 1*3 i, p. 11*>; id. J A. S. Beng. 


i. p. 313 (1832); Jerd. Madr. Jmirn. x. p.-2CQ{1830); Blyth, Ami. * 
%• Mag. XaL Hist xiL p. 07 (1843); id. J. A. *V. Btng. xL p. 705 
(1842), xii. p. 1*1 11843}; Gray, Gt/u B. i. p. 22* (1&4G). 
Timalia bicolor, Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1835, Ois. text to pi. xxxix. 
Timalia hor&fieldiij J<ird.'$ Selby. HI. Orn. pi. 119; Blyth, J. A. & 
Beng. xi. p. 199 (1842); Gray, Cat. 3Iamm. tie. Sepal pres. Hodgs. 

p. m (1840). 
Ervthrops melodius, Hodgs. Icon, ined. in Brit. Mm.f Passeres, 
pi. 172 c (no. 740). 
Pyetorhis hypoleuca, Hodgs. in Gray's Zooi. Misc. p. 8-3 (la44). 
Chrysomma hypoleueo*, Btyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 602 (1845). 
Chrysomina smense, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 454 (1847); id. 

Cat B. Mm. As. Soc.y. 150 (1849); Bp. Cwmp. i. p. 210 (1850): 
Horsf. <§* Moore, Cat A E.I. Co. Mm. I p. 230 {1*34). 

. -J. -.A".... - • -r - r— J r> r.. -7 :: ~ IK/I UL**» , . rj.. ; 

# Eggs hid. B. p. 237 {1873); id. Wt\ F. 1*573, p. 179; Adam, t c. 

p. 378; Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 410; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. 
xliil pt. 2, p. 100 (1874) ; Ball, Sir. F. 1874? p. 408; Hume, t c. 
2. PYCTORHIS. 511 
p. 475; id. Str. F. 1875, p. 115, 1870, p. 34; Fairb. t. c. pp. 258, 
265; Blyth $ Walden, B. Burm. p. 117 (1875) ; Godwin-Aust 
J. A. S. Beng. xlv. pt. 2, p. 74 (1876); Oates, Sir. F. 1877, p. 151; 
Anderson, ZooL Exp. Yunnan, Aves, p. 637 (1878); Hume fy 
Davison, Str. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 258 ; JDavison <§-Wenden, Str. F. 
1878, vol. 2, p. 84; Ball, t. c. p. 213; Butler, Cat B. Sind etc. 
p. 29 (1879); Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 95; Boig, t. c. p. 371; Vidal, 
Str. F. 1880, p. 63 ; Butler, t. e. p. 3£9; id. B. S. Bombay Bres. 
p. 41 (1880) ; Oates, B. Brit Burm. p. 46 (1883). 
Timalia'sinensis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 316, no. 4714 (18C9). 
Adult. General colour above rufescent brown, more ruddy on the 
head and neck; wing-coverts tawny brown; quills light brown, 
externally rufous, the inner secondaries entirely of the latter colour; 
tail-feathers brown edged with rufous; lores and a small line above 
the ear-coverts white; round the eye a narrow ring of white 
feathers; ear- coverts brown like the head, excepting the fore part 
of them, which is white like the cheeks and feathers below the eye; 
throat and chest pure white; remainder of under surface of body 
creamy white, as well as the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts; 
under wing-coverts fulvous, the axillaries whitish, the outer coverts 
light reddish; quills pale brown, light rufous along the inner web; 
"bill black, with the nostrils deep yellow; legs orpiment-yellow; 
irices dark brown, with an outer circle of buff; orbits bright 
orange " (Jerdon). Total length 6*5 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2'b, 
tail 3*5, tarsus 1. 

The female does not differ in colonr from the male. 

Young (Coonoor; E. G. Wardlaw Eamsay). Coloured like the 
adult, but more fluffy in plumage; a slight shade of olivaceous above, 
and the head and wings somewhat less rufous than in the old birds; 
underneath somewhat whiter; "bill dark brown; legs yellowish 
brown; iris pale brown " (B. G. W. B.). 

Captain Legge was uncertain whether the bird from Southern 
India was the same as the black-nosed race from Ceylon or the 
yellow-nosed race of continental India, A series in Captain Wardlaw 
Eamsay's collection shows that the South-Indian bird is identical 
with true P. sinensis from other localities, and P. nasalis must be 
held to be peculiar to Ceylon. 

Birds of the year will probably be found to be paler and more 
fulvescent in tone of plumage than adults. 

Specimens from Nepal seem to be darker than those from 
Southern India, which are not only paler in general plumage, but 
have also the head nearly uniform in colour with the back. Independently 
of the fact that we know nothing of the changes of 
plumage (if any) of the present species, and therefore cannot say if 
these slight differences are due to age only, it appears that examples 
from Behar and Calcutta are intermediate; and therefore the question 
of there being two species cannot be entertained. 

Hab. The whole of the Indian peninsula from Sindh eastwards, 
not ascending the hills, extending into the Burmese countries as far 
as Moulmein in M". Tenasserim, and ranging into Siam. 

512 miELlIDJE. 

a, b. Ad. bk. N.AV. India. ^apt- Stackliouse Pinwill 

c. Ad. sk. Sursai, Kattiawar, May Major Hayes Lloyd [P.]. 
5, 1871. 
fZ, e. Ad. sk. Meerut, Jan. 1880. ITajer John Biddidph 
f,g. Ad. sk. Dehra Doon {G. King). Dr. J. SciiUy "P.], 
h,i,k. Ad.sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.1 
I, m, n. Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodgson). India Museum. 
o, p. (S $ ad. sk. Behar. B. H. Iludgs :>n, Esq. [P.]. 

q. Ad. sk. Dacca { Tytler). India Museum. 
r,s. Ad. sk. Bengal (As. Sue). India Museum. 
t. $ ad. -sk. Maunbhoora, Dej. 10, Gutild Collection. 
Lb 74 (R. C. Beavan). 
u, v. Ad. sk. Kamptee, C. India. Dr. B. Hinde ~P.]. 
w, x. $ $ ad. sk. Khanleish. India Muslim. 


y. Ad. sk. Mahabaleshw ur MIR Col. Sturt X'."1. 
%. Ad. sk. Pegu. Feb. 24, Ib^l. E. W. Oate\ Esq. rC\ 
a'. Ad. sk. Wau, near Pegu, April E. "W. Oate», E-q. "C". 
8, 1877. 

2. PyctorMs nasalis. 
Chrysomma sinen>i> (non Om.)9 Kelaart 4* Layard. Pn/dr., App. p. 58 
(1N>3) ; Zagat d, Ann. 8r Mag. Xat. Hist, xii p. 272 (1853). 
Pvctorhis sinensis (non G?n.), Hohhic. P. Z. S. 1^72, p. 448; Legqe, 
"Ibis, 1875, p. 290. 
Pvctorhis nasalis, Legge ^ Ann. ty Mug. Xat. IIi*f. (o) iii. p. 169 
"(1879); id. B. of* Ceylon, p. r>12 lb?,!); Hume, tit r. F. 1879, 

p. 95. 
Adult. Very similar to P. sinensis* but distinguished at once by 
its black nostrils. Smaller differences are also seen in the less 
amount of rufous on the wing in Ceylonese birds. *' Loral skin, 
perceptible through the feathers, greenish yellow; bill and nostril 
black ; legs and feet dull yellow, extremities of toes dusky; claws 
dusky horn-colour; eyelid chrome-yellow; iris golden yellow 7> (V. 
Legge). Total length 6-5 inches*, culmen 0*6, wing 2*65, tail 3*3, 
tarsus 1*05. 

The adult female resembles the male in colour. Some examples, 
probably immature birds, are more deeply tinged on the lower parts 
than others, and some have a brownish spot immediately below the 
gape. (F. Legge.) 

Hob. Peculiar to Ceylon, where it is generally distributed, being, 
however, somewhat local, and commoner in the southern parts. 

a. Ad. sk. Ceylon. E. L. Layard, Esq. [C], 
b. Ad. sk. Kuwara Elliya. Mr, O. Boate [CJ. 
3. PyctorMs altirostris, 
Chrysomnia altirostre, Jerd. lbisf 1862, p. 22; Godwin-Aitsteri) Ann. 
§ Mag. Xat. Hist (4) xvii. p. 34 (1876); Hume} Sir. F. 1876, 

p. 505. 
2 . PYCTOEHTS. 
513 

Tmialia altirostris, ^GVm/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 316, no. 4716 (1869). 
Pyctorliis altirostris, Godivin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xlv. part 2, 

p. 197, pi. ix. (1876) j Blanf. Str. F. 1877, p. 225 ; Oafcs, &. J. 
1877, p. 249 ; Hume, t. c. p. 829; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng, 
xlvii. part 2, p. 24 (1878) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879. p. 95: Oates. Str. 
F. 1881, p. 206; id. B. Brit Burm. p. 47 (1883). 
Pyctorliis griseigularis, Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 116: id. Str, F 1879. 
p. 95. 
Adult (type of species). General colour above dark fulveseent 
brown, the bead darker and rather more rufous-brown; wing-coverts 
like the back ; quills brown, externally rufous, the inner secondaries 
almost entirely rufous; tail-feathers (mostly much worn) brown, 
with paler and more rufous edges; feathers at base of forehead, 
lores, and a narrow eyebrow whitish, some of the feathers with black 
shafts; ear-coverts fulvous-brown with a slight rufous tinge; cheeks 
yellowish white ; rest of under surface dull white; the sides of the 
breast, flanks, abdomen, and under tail-coverts yellowish buff; the 
thighs slightly tinged with rufous ; under wing-coverts tawny buff, 
washed with rufous ; quills light brown below, lufous along the edge 
of the inner web; " upper mandible pale horn-colour, under one 
pinkish; eyelids yellow, but not tumid as in P. sinensis ; iris brown, 
surrounded by a pinkish ring; inside of mouth flesh-colour; legs 
brownish flesh-colour; claws pinkish horn" (Eugene W. Oates)• 
" iris pale sienna w (Godwin-Austen). Total length 5*7 inches^ culmen 
0*5, wing 2-35, tail 3, tarsus 1. 


Culmen WinS« Tail

Wh .-- Tarsus, 

in. in. in. in, in. 

Adult male (Oates) ... . 6-5 0-5 2"4 8-5 0-95 

Adult female (Oates) .. 5*5 0'45 2'85 2-8 0-9 

The present species is evidently liable to get its plumage much 
worn : it was one in such a condition that Dr. Jerdon originally 
obtained; and this may account for his description of the type not 
quite agreeing with Mr. Hume's specimens, whence the latter gentleman 
redescribed the species as P. griseigularis. Jerdon's type is 
in the British Museum, to which he presented it in 1862, along with 
the types of other species described in the ' Ibis' for that year. 

Mr. Blanford's bird, procured in Scinde, was kindly lent to me by 
that gentleman. It is so closely allied to P. altirostris that I should 
not like to separate it specifically without seeing a larger series; but 
the Scinde bird appears to me to have the ashy white colour confined 
to the throat, whereas in Burmese specimens this colour pervades the 
throat and breast. 

Hal. Burmah and Pegu, ranging through the low country of Assam 
to the Bhootan Booars, probably ranging westwards into Scinde. 

a. Ad, sk. Island in Irawady river, T. O. Jerdon, Esq. [P.]. 
off Thayetmyo. (Type of Pyctorliis aU 
tirostris, Jerd.) 
VOL. VII. 2 L 


514 
TJOEELin)^. 

h. <$ ad. sk. Mvitkyo, Pegu, Feb. 21,1878. E. W. Gates, Esq. [C1 
e, d. $ ad. sk. Paghein, Pegu, Aug. 15, 18S0. E. "W. Oates, Esq. [C.J. 
3. 
DUMETIA. 
Type. 
Dumetia, Bhjtlx, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 140 (1650).. D. kyperythra. 

Range. Indian peninsula and Ceylon. 

Key to the Sjptcies. 

a. No superciliary streak; forehead only rufous j crown 
like back. 
a'. Throcit «ienua-buff like the rest of the under 
surface of body kyperythra^ p. 515. 
b'. Throat white, contrasting wirh the re^t of the 
under an face albigularis, p. 514. 

b. A broad Miperciliary streak of tawny buff: hf-ad 
and nape rufuus-brown, contracting with the 
back bitittata, p. 516. 
1. Dumetia albigularis. 
Malac*ocercu^ (?) albotrularK Blyth, J. A. #. Beng. xvi. p. 453 
Dumetia annularis Blyth, Vat. B. 3Ji^.A\ *Soe. p. 140 (1849); 
Bayard *V Xtlaari, Prodr. Cut.* AJJJJ. p. 5^ f 1N>2) ; Bernard, Ami, 
ty Mag. Xtd. JIU. {2\ xii. p. 272 (!-5;Js; UoM\ ^ Moore, CatB. 

B.2. Co. 3/>s. i. p. 403 {1NJ4}; Gould, B. Ash, part 12 (I860); 
Jerd. B. Lid. ii. p. 26 fl**03); Ilohhtr. I\ Z. S. 18727 p. 447; 
Myme, Xe^is itfJOf/g* Ltd. B. ii, p. i47 11^74j; Butler, Sir. F. Ib75, 
p. 471; Fcu'rb. sh\ F. 1N0, pp. 27^n !>(>">: ^wrf, /. e. p. 309; 
Butler, btr. F. 1N s. \ ol. ii. p. iJ4; Zer/r/e< B. Crf/lon, p. 505 (1879); 
2ZW, »SVA F, 1570, p. 00; nVfe/. i'/r. I\ 1^0, p. 03; Butler, 
t. c. p. 4(10; id. Cat. B. #. Bombay Pres. p. 42 tl^O). 
Tinialia hvpervthra (//we FratdzL), Jerd. Madr, Jour a. x. p. 261 
Pellorueuni aibngnlare, Blyth* J. A. *V. liW/. x.\i. p. 357 (1852). 
Tinialia albouulails, Gray, Haud-l B. i. p. t>15, no. 4703 (1509). 

Adult. General colour above ashy olive-brown, slightly more fnivescent 
on the rump; the back with fairly indicated paler shaft-
lines ; ks-tr and median wing-coverts like the back, the pale shaft-
line^ rather inure distinct; greater coverts and quill* light brown, 
externally edacd with the same colour as the back, a little darker 
olive-brown on the outer web of the primaries; tail-feathers light 
brown, indistinct waved with dusky under certain lights, bhaded 
with ashy, and tipped with a narrow edging of whity brown, a little 
more distinct on the outer leathers ; featherb of the crown of the 

head stiffened and forehead rufescent with blackish shafts; lores 
and eyelid whitish; ear-coverts ashy olive, with a slight shade of ashy 

8. DU1IETIA. 
515 
on the anterior ones; cheeks and under surface of hotly bright sienna-
buff ; throat and centre of breast and abdomen white; thighs rather 
paler fulvous; axillaries sienna-buff, with white bases; under wing-
coverts bright sienna-butf; quills light brown below, fulvescent 
along the inner web ; " iris greenish white or white; bill, upper 
mandible dusky or pinkish brown with fleshy margin, lower mandible 
fleshy, tip dusky; legs and feet reddish fleshy, toes slightly 
dusky, claws brownish" (W. V. Legge). Total length 5-9 inches, 
culmen 0*6, wing 2*15, tail 2-45, tarsus 0;S. 

Captain Legge says that " the rufous of the lower surface seems 
to be brighter in the breeding-season, with the white of the throat 
and breast more sharply defined against it." In the young bird, 
according to the same naturalist, the forehead wants the ferruginous 
tint and is eoneolorous with the head, while the iris is pale olive-
greyish. 

Rah. All over the low country of Ceylon in all parts of the island; 
and on the peninsula of India ranging from Travancore along the 
west coast as high as Candeish, occurring again on Mount Aboo. 

u5 a 

a, h. Ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk. 
Madras. 
Madras. 
T. C. Jerdon, Esq,. [P.]. 
India Museum. 
d, e. Ad. sk. Ceylon. F. D. Gfoclman and 0. 
/, g. Ad. sk. Ceylon.
Salvin, E&qrs. [P.]. 
E. L. Layard, Esq. [C], 

2. Bumetia nyperjrfclhxa. 
Timalia hyperythra, FranMn, P. Z. S.1831, p. 118; Lafr. Mag. de 
Zool 1835; pi. 40; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 228 (1840); id. SatuM. B. 

i. p. 315, no. 4705 (1809). 
Dumetia 
hvperythra, Bh/ih, Cat. B. Mas. As. Soc. p. 140 (1849); 
Jerd. B. "ladl ii. p. 20 (1603) ; Gould, B. Asia, part 12 (1800) ; 
Blanf. J. A. 6\ Btnq. ad. p. 273 (1871) ; Hume, Nests <$• JSt/gs Ind. 

B. p. 240 (1873); Ball, 8tr. F. 1874, p. 409; id. Sir. F. 1878, vol. ii. 
p. 213; Hume, tttr. F. Ib79, p. 90; Butler, 8tr. F. 1880, p. 399; 
id. Cat B. S. Bombay Fres. p. 42 (1880), 
Pellorneum kyperythrani, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xxi. p. 357 (1852). 

Adult female. General colour above ashy olive-brown, rather 
more fulvescent on the rump; the mantle with obscure dusky brown 
shaft-streaks; wing-coverts like the back; greater coverts and 
quills light brown, margined externally with the same colour as the 
back, the primaries externally fulvescent brown; upper tail-coverts 
and tail-feathers ashy brown, with dusky cross markings under 
certain lights; fore part of crown ferruginous, the feathers rather 
stiffened and with blackish shaft-streaks; lores and feathers round 
the eye whitish; sides of face, ear-coverts, and tinder surface of body 
sienna-buff, more rufous on the cheeks and throat, which have paler 
shaft-lines; ear-coverts also pale-shafted and somewhat washed 
with ashy; under wing-coverts and axillaries like the breast; quills 
dusky brown, edged with fulvous along the inner web; " bill horny; 

2i,2 

516 
TOLELIIM]. 

legs fleshy yellow; iris pale yellow-brown " (Jerdon). Total length 
5-6 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-2, tail 2-4, tarsus 0*8. 

Hab. The Central provinces of the Indian peninsula from the 
Midnapoor jungles westwards to Nagpoor and south to the Godaveri 
valley. Is also said to breed at Khandala on the west coast and to 
be numerous in South Konkan * but it is doubtful whether in these 
latter localities the species is not solely B. albigularis. 

a. Ad. sk. India. 
Gould Collection. 
b. 
P ad. sk. Below Darjiling, May 20, E. W. Oates, Esq. 
IS79 (W,K Brooks). * 
3. Dumetia bivittata. 
Napothera bivittata^ Bp. Consp. i. p. 359 (1850). 
Drymocataphus bivittatus, Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 489. 
Timalia bivittatus, Gray, Hand-h B. i. p. 315, no. 4704 (1869). 


Adult male. General colour above dusky olive-brown, the lower 
back dull chestnut-brown, the rump and upper tail-coverts deeper 
chestnut-brown ; wing-coverts like the back, the greater series and 
the quills dusky brown, margined externally with dull rufescent 
brown, rather more olivaceous on the outer webs oi the secondaries; 
tail-feathers dull rufescent brown ; head and nape rufous-brown or 
deep bay, bordered by a brood stripe of buffy fawn-colour on each 
side, these streaks running from the nostril to the side of the nape, 
being rather more rufous anteriorly, and forming a broad eyebrow ; 
lores dusky ash ; sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, and breast 
buffy fawn-colour or pale sienna-buff; along the upper part of the 
ear-coverts and extending to the sides of the nape a band of rufous-
brown ; ear-coverts narrowly streaked with fulvous; centre of 
breast and abdomen whitish ; sides of body fulvescent olive-brown; 
thighs and under tail-coverts rufous : under wing-coverts and axillaries 
sienna-buff like the breast; quills dusky brown below, ashy 
along the edge of the inner web; " bill dark olive ; feet pale olive• 
iris dark" (A. R. Wallace). Total length 6-Q inches, culmen 0*75, 
wing 2*45, tail 2-85, tarsus 0*95. 

Adult female. Like the male {Wallace). 

Young male. Differs from the adult in having the head dull earthy 

brown instead of rufous. Total length 7*3 inches, culmen 0*75, 

wing 2-6, tail 3*3, tarsus 0*95. 

Obs. There is a certain difference in tint to be observed in the 

coloration of the specimens in the Museum. Some are more ashy 

olive-brown with less rufous on the rump, and this is accompanied 

by a strong ashy shade on the sides of the breast. 

Hah. Island of Timor in the Malay archipelago. 

a, b. S ad. sk. Timor. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.1 

c. Ad. sk. E. Timor. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.J. 
d. Ad. sk. Timor (Wallace). Gould Collection. 
4 . ELAPHEOKNIS. 
517 

4. ELAPHEOBNIS. 
Type. 
Elaphrornis, Zegge, B. Ceylon, p. 514 (1879) E. palliseri. 

Range. Ceylon. 

1. Elapkromis palliseri. 
Brackvpteryx 
palliseri, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xx. p. 178 (1851)* 
Keiaartj Prodr. Cat p. 102 (1852); Layard, Ann. # Mag. Nat Eist 

xii. p. 269 (1853) ; Gray, Kand-l B. i. p. 312. no. 4608 (1869): 
Holchw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 443, pi. xviii. 
Elaphrornis palliseri, Zegge, B. Ceylon, p. 514, pi. xxiv. tig. 2 (1879). 

Adult. General colour above dark brown, rather more olive on 
the head and neck; wing-coverts brown, externally washed with 
the same colour as the back; quills dark sepia-brown, externally 
like the lower back, rather less olive than the wing-coverts ; upper 
tail-coverts ruddy brown; tail-feathers brown, with obsolete dusky 
cross lines under certain lights; lores whitish ashy; over the 
eye a faintly indicated ashy eyebrow; sides of face and ear-
coverts ashy brown, streaked with whitish shaft-lines* cheeks and 
throat pale fawn-colour; remainder of under surface from the throat 
downwards ashy olive with a tinge of green; centre of abdomen 
pale yellowish; under wing-coverts and axillaries dull olive-brown; 
quills light brown below, ashy along the edge of the inner web; "bill 
black, slate at the base beneath; legs and feet deep neutral brown 
or purplish brown; claws pale brownish horn; iris clear red1? (W. 

F. Zegge). Total length 6*2 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 2*45, tail 
2*7, tarsus 1*05. 
Captain Legge says that the female is smaller than the male, and 
has the iris buff. The measurements of the species are given by 
him as follows:—Length 6*4-6*75inches, wing 2*35-2*65, tail 2*52*
7, tarsus 1-1*1, middle toe and claw 0-8-0*85, bill to gape 0*730*
87. 

Young. Yery similar to the adults on the upper surface, but differing 
in its olive-green colour underneath, the throat being rather 
more yellowish, but without any of the fawn-coloured shade of the 
adults. In the young male, according to Captain Lcgge, the iris is 
pale reddish buff, and in the young female it is white. He does 
not know whether the female bird at any age has a red eye like the 
male, thougn he procured one specimen of a female which had a 
faint reddish inner circle to the iris. 

Hah. Confined to the higher mountain-ranges of the island of 
Ceylon, above 5000 feet. 

a. Ad. sk. Ceylon. Br. Kelaart [C.T. 
b. Ad. sk. Ceylon. Hugh Cuming, Eaq. 
518 TriiELimai. 

5. PELL0EMEU1L 
Type. 
Pellorneum, Sicains. Fawn. Bor.-Amer., Aces, p. 487 


(1831) P. ruficeps. 
Oincliclia, Gould, P. Z, S. 1837, p. 137 .^ ^... ; P. ruficeps. 
Hemipteron, Hoclgs. in Grays Orn. Misc. p. 83 (1844).. P. nipalense. 

Range. Indian peninsula excepting the Xorth-west provinces, and 
not ascending the Himalayas to any extent, ranging through the 
Burmese countries to the upper part of the Malay peninsula and 
the Salanga Islands. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Centre of the feathers of the hind neck and 
mantle black, giving a -streaked appearance; 
sides of neck also very distinctly streaked "with 
brown and whitish. 
a'. Larger: eyebrow ashy white, anteriorly spotted 
with black; forehead streaked with shaft-
lines of black ... t nipa'ense, p. 518. 

b'. Smaller: eyebrow light tawny buff, not spotted 
with black j lores and extreme base only of 
forehead streaked with black shaft -lines ,. intermedium, p. 519. 

b. Hind neck uniform, not streaked with black. 
o\ Head rufous or rufous-brown, contrasting with 
the olive-brown back. 
a!'. Larger: head rufous-brown; eyebrow and 
ear-coverts vinous buff rirficeps, p. 520. 
b". Smaller: head bright chestnut; eyebrow 
yellowish white., spotted with black anteriorly 
; ear-coverts rufous, washed with 
dusky on hinder marjrin subuchraceum9 p. 521. 

d'. Head dark olive-brown like the back, slightly 
washed with rufous on the forehead \ paiusfre, p, 522, 


1. Pellomeum nipalense. 
Hemipteron nipalense, Ilodgs. Icon, hied, in Brit 3Ius., Passeres, 
pi. 170. tig. 1 (no. #77) ; id. in Grays Zml. Misc. p. S3 (1844). 

Pellorneum ruticep-(non Sicains), Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Xepal pres. 
Hodqs. p. 224 11840); Jml'IMs, lb72, p. SCO; Hume. Sir. F. 
1873, p. 493. 

Pellorneum niandelln, Bkmford^ Br. A. S. Beng. p. 215 (1871) ; id. 

J. A. S. Beng. xli p. 105, pi. vii fig. 2 (1&72); Hit me, Sir. F. 
1873, p. 298, note; Blauford, Sir. F. 1870, p. 181; Hume, t. c. 
p. 188. 
Pellorneum pectoralis, Godic in-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xlvi. pt. 2, p. 41 
(1877) ; Mane, Sir. F. 1877; p. 341, note; id. op. cit. p. 90. 
Pellorneum nipalense, Hume, 8tr. F. 187% p. 06; id. Sir. F, 1880, 

p. 250. 
Adult. General colour above dark olive-brown, with more or less 
concealed fulvous bases to the feathers of the mantle; wing-coverts 
like the back, with pale shaft-lines to the lesser and median series; 

5 . PELLOBSTCra. 
519 

greater coverts with narrow fulvescent margins ; quills sepia-brown, 
externally dark olive-brown, more ashy on the outer webs of the 
primaries; tail-feathers dark olive-brown, narrowly fringed with 
whitish at the tips ; head and nane dull rufous-brown, with narrow 
fulvous shaft-stripes; hind neck broadly streaked with blackish 
brown; base of forehead streaked with blackish shaft-lines ; lores 
and a tolerably broad eyebrow ashy whitish, with minute tips 
of black to the feathers, this eyebrow continued to the sides of the 
neck in a uniform creamy-white band; ear-coverts rufous-brown, 
dusky on the hinder margin; eyelid yellowish white; cheeks 
white: bides of neck very distinctly streaked, the feathers brown, 
the inner web being more or less entirely creamy white; throat 
white ; remainder of under surface of body oehraceous buff, broadly 
streaked with blackish brown down the centre of the feathers, 
the streaks on the flanks broader, paler, and more olive-brown 
in tint• centre of abdomen creamy white; thighs fulvous-brown; 
under tail-coverts olive-brown, edged with creamy white, the 
outer ones entirely of the latter colour on the inner web• under 
wing-coverts and axillaries light oehraceous buff; quills dusky below, 
light oehraceous along the edge of the inner web. Total length 6'6 
inches, culmen 0*7*J. win** 2*7*3, tail 2*75, tarsus 1*05. 

Sab. Lower MIL of Nepal and Sikhim, extending eastwards to 
the Bhootan Do oars and the Khasia hills. 

a. Ad. ?k. r OuuV. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
rp.i 
b9.5. Ad. ^k.
d, e. Ad. sk 
Nepal. 
Nepal,
(Typ 
" 
B. 11. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
es of llemiptemn nipaknse.) 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 

/ , <7, 7i. Ad. 4\. Nepal (B. H. Hcdgmn). India Museum. 

i. Ad. sk. Darjiling. Purchased. 
k. Ad. sk. Darjiling. Henry Seebolim, Esq. 
I, Ad. sk. Lower hill*, Bhotan Dooars, E. W. Gates, Esq. 
Dee. 1S72 (Z. Mandelli), 

m. Ad. sk. Kha&ia hUls (Jerion). Gould Collection. 
2. Pellorneum intemedixun. (Plate XIII. fig. 1.) 
Adult ft male. Similar to P. nipalense, but smaller and having the 
eyebrow creamy buff or light tawny instead of ashy white, and 
with only the extreme base of the forehead and lores streaked with 
black shaft-lines. Total length (H inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2-55, 
tail 2%3, tarsus 1. 

Young. Uniform rufescent brown, rather more olive on the wings 
and tail; the head slightly more rufous than the body, with narrow 
fulvous shaft-streaks; sides of face tawny; under surface of body 
white, washed with tawny buff on the breast, sides of body, flanks, 
and thighs. 

Eab^Fmm Cachar to the neighbourhood of Thayetmyo. (Mus. 
J5. G. Wardlaw llamsay.) 

a. 2 ad. sk. Dilkooska, Cachar, Mar 11,1878. J. Inglis, Esq, [0.1 
b, $ juv. sk. Dilkoobha, June 0,1878. J. Inglis, Esq.. [0.]. 
TJQEELIID^:, 

8. Pdlorneum ruficeps, 
Pellomeum ruficeps, Swains, Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 487 (1831) ; 
Birth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 883 (1842), xiii. p. 372 (1844) ; Gray. 
Gen. B. i. p. 227 (1846); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 145 
(1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 219 (1850) ; Horsf. £ Moore, Cat. B. F.I. 
Co. 3£us. i. p. 224 (1854); Jerd. B. Lid. ii. p. 27 (1863) ; Beavan, 
Ibis, 1867. p. 432; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 283, no 4107 (1869) : 
Ball. Sir. F. 1874, p. 409; Fairb. Sir. F. 1876, p. 258; Bourd. 

t. c. p. 399; Fairb. Str. F. 1877, p. 404; Hume, Str. F. 1878, 
vol. i. p. 277; Ball, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 214; Hume, Str. F. 
1879, p. 96 ; Tidal, Sir. F. 1880, p. 63; Butler, U c. p. 400; id. 
B. S. Bengal Bres. p. 42 (1880). 
Megalimis * ruficeps, St/hes, F. Z. S. 1832, p. 91. 
Motacilla dunietitola, TicJceJl, J. A. S. Beng. ii. p. 576 (1833). 
Cinclidia punctata, Gould, F. Z. S. 1837, p. 137. 
Pellorneum olivaceum, Jerd, Madr. Joiirn. x. p. 255 (1841). 
Adult male. General colour above dull olive-brown, the feathers 
being brown and olive on the margins; lower back and rump a 
little more uniform brown, as aho the upper tail-coverts: shaft-
streaks lighter on the feathers of the mantle and upper back ; wing-
coverts like the back, with the same paler shaft-lines ; quills dusky 
brown, externally olive-brown, the innermost secondaries rather 
more reddish brown; tail-feathers uniform ashy brown, slightly 
washed with olive-brown on the edges; head and nape dull rufous, 
with fulvescent shaft-streaks, more distinct on the forehead; lores 
and a broad superciliary streak extending to the sides of the nape 
oehraceous buff, as also the feathers round the eye; superciliary 
feathers tipped with black ju>t above the eye; a dusky spot in front 
of the eye, and ear-coverts dull rufescent brown, the latter with 
fulvous shaft-lines ; cheeks huffy white, with narrow hair-like black 
shaft-streaks to the featherb; entire throat uniform huffy white; 
remainder of under surface of body oehraceous buff, whiter on the 
centre of the abdomen; the fore neck narrowly and the breast 
more broadly streaked with dark brown; sides of body olive-brown, 
darker in the centre of the feathers, which are more or less distinctly 
margined with oehraceous buff: thighs rufescent ochre; 
under tail-coverts whitish, with dusky brown centres; axillaries 
and under wing-coverts rufescent ochre ; quills dusky brown below, 
oehraceous buff along the edge of the inner web. Total length 
6*9 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 2*8, tail 2*8, tarsus 1*1. 

Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male* but smaller in 
size. Total length 6*4 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 2*65, fail 2'65y 
tarsus 1*05. 

Some specimens appear rather more rufous than others, and have 
the rufous crown very strongly defined. In a Madras specimen 
the general cast of the plumage is ashy and the crown is only 
slightly more rufescent than the back, the superciliary streak is 
whitish, and the under surface also very pale, with light-brown 
streaks on the breast. 

Hah. The hills of Southern India, but not found in the plains of 
the Deccan ; extending as high as Mathoran on the west coast and 

5 . PELE0EETBIT2I. 
521 

Madras on the east, occurring also in Maunbhoom and the Eajniehal 
hills. 

a. Ad. sk. ? Mahabaleshwur hills India Museum. 
(Sykes). 
bfo. S S ad. sk. Mahabaleshwur hills, April E. W. Oates, Esq, 
and Hay 1878 (Fairbank). 

d. Ad. sk. Madras. " * Dr. Jerdon [P.], 
e. Ad. sk. Malabar. 
Eyton Collection. 
/ . 
Ad. sk. Matlieran, Bombay, Jan. 25, Maior Hayes Lloyd 
1872. ['p.], 

g. Ad. sk. Nilghiiis. 
Gould Collection. 
4. Pellomenm snTbochraceiiHL 
1878, vol. i. pp.'271, 514; Hume. Str. F. 1879. pp. 61, 96 ; Bingham, 
Str. F. 1.-80, p. 180. 
Pellorneum tickelli, Blanf. Ibis, 1872, p. 87 (nee Blyth); JFalden in 
Blyth, B. Burm. p. 115 (1875). 
Pellorneum minor, Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 298 ; Oates, Str. F. 1875, 

p. 120; Hume, t c. p. 121; Blyth $ Wald. B. Burm. p. 114 
(1875) ; Oates, Sir. F. 1877, p. 154. 
Pellorneum ruiiceps (non Sykes), Blyth, B. Burm* p. 114 (1875). 
Adult male. Above dingy olive-brown, with faintly indicated palo 
shalt-lines to the leathers of the mantle, the lower back and rump 
perfectly uniform and rather more fulvesccnt; wing-coverts like 
the back, but edged with fulvous ; bastard-wing feathers washed 
with ashy; quills brown, externally edged with ashy olive, more 
grey on the outer webs of the primaries and more fulvous on the 
inner secondaries; upper tail-coverts tinged with rufous; tail-
feathers dull olive-brown, washed on the outer webs with clearer 
olive, barred across with dusky under certain lights, and narrowly 
fringed with fulvous at the tip; crown of head rufous, narrowly 
streaked with fulvous shaft-lines; lores rufescent, with blackish 
shaft-streaks ; ear-coverts rufous, washed with dusky olive on the 
hinder margin; cheeks buffy white, slightly mottled with dusky 
margins to the feathers; sides of neck slightly streaked with ashy-
olive margins to the feathers; throat pure white; under surface of 
body light ochreous buff, whiter in the centre of the abdomen; the 
breast streaked with dusky olive-brown, these streaks widening 
somewhat towards their ends ; they commence on the lower throat 
and become broader and less distinct on the flanks, which are 
washed with brown; thighs tawny buff; under tail-coverts light 
olive-brown, margined with yellowish white; axillaries and under 
wing-coverts light tawny buff; quills light brown below, fulvescent 
along the edge of the inner web; " upper mandible dark brown, 
paling towards the tip; lower mandible yellow from base to angle 
of gonys, and thence to tip fleshy or fleshy white; legs, feet, and 
claws pinkish fleshy; irides varying from red-brown to pinkish red 
or light pinkish red?? (K W. Oates). Total length 6 inches, culmen 

0*7, wing 2*55, tail 2-45, tarsus 0*95. 

522 TniELiiD^. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 
5-8 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 2-5, tail 2*35, tarsus 0*95, 

Mr. Hume says that in a series the length of the wing in the 
male varies from 2-5 to 2*75 inches and the tarsus 0-95 to 1*05 
and in the female the wing varies from 2*37-2-5 inches, while the 
tarsus he gives as 1 inch in length. 

Hah. Burmese provinces, extending over the whole of Pegu, and 
ranging through Tenasserim to Tonka in the llalay peninsula and 
the Salanga Islands. 

a. 5 ad. sk.
b, c. $ ad. sk.
d. S ad. sk.
e. S ad. sk.
/*, 6 ad. sk.
g. $ ad.sk.
h, Q ad.sk.
i. <$ ad. sk.
k Ad. sk. 
Rangoon, July 7? 1S76. 
Pesru, Xov. 1>77. 
Pegu, Axvj. 27, F-0. 
Peju, Maick 27, 1&-1. 
Mjawadee. Tena^Krini,
Jan. 24.1877 ( 71". Baci^oa). 
Footof31t.2s^alaho,Apiill,
ls7& ( 77~ Bauson), 
Ea^ka-oon, April 17, IS77(W.D.). 
Eaukan it, June 10, 1^78(7T. Xu. 
Salauga Elands ( Tl'-hcr),
E. W. Gates. Esq. rC.l 
E. TT. Gate., Esq. ~C.{ 
E. TV. Gales' Esq." TcT 
E. \X. Gates E-o C i 
A. O. Home, Esq.* " 
A. 0. Hume, Esq. 
A. O. Hume, E*a 
J ~1' 
A. 0. Hume, E«a. 
H 
*e Linnaea " Societv 
Frankfort. 

o. Pellornenm palustre. 
Pelloraeum palu-tre, Gould, B. A»ia, parted v. (1^72, tr-Jerd. 3IS.) * 
Hume, Str. F. IS?,1], p. 4; id. Sir, F, 1^70, p. lit;: Jerd. Ibis, 1>72? 

p. 300; Z?to/?/. Zb'%1^ p. 21o. " ' 
Advlt. General colour above uniform dark olive-brown, a little 
lighter on the forehead; wing-coverts like the hack ; quills dusky 
brown, externally dark olive-brown like the back; upper tail-
coverts and tail darker brown than the back ; extreme base of forehead 
and a streak above the lores to above the eye light rufous • 
lores white ; ear-coverts brown, streaked with fulvous shaft-lines; 
fore part of cheeks white, washed with ochraceous buff and tipped 
with blackish brown ; hinder cheeks deep ochraceous buff or fawncolour, 
extending onto the sides of the neck ; throat white, as also 
the centre of the abdomen : fore neck and chest white, washed 
with ochraceous and very broadly streaked with blackish brown; 
sides of body rich ochraceous buff, streaked broadly with lighter 
brown ; thighs and under tail-eoveits rich fawn-buff * under win°-coverts 
and axillaries deep fawn-colour; quills light brown below, 
fulvcscent along the edge of the inner web. Total length 5-7 inches' 
culmen 0-6, wing 2*35, tail 2-05, tarsus 0*95. (Jlvs^lt Q. Ward-
law Ramsay.) 
Hah. Assam and the foot of the Khasia hills. 

0. SCOT OCICHLA. 
Drymocatapkus, pt., ancf. recent. 
Pellornenm; pt.j aucf. recent 
Range. Ceylon. 

6. SCOTOCICHLA.. 
523 

1. ScotocicMa fuscicapUia. 
Drvnioeataphus fuscocapilhis, Bh/th, J. A. JS. Beng. xviii. p. 815 
(1840) ; id. Cat. B. Mvs. As. hoc. p. 340 (1849) ; Kelaart, Prodr. 
Cat. p. 122 (1852J ; Layard, Ann. ty Mag. Kat. Eht. xii. p. 2G9 
(18->j). 

Pellorneum fu&Gocapilliirm Bh/th, Ibis, 18G7, p. 301; Hume, Str. F. 

1871), p. 9G. 
Macronus fWocapillu*, Gray, Hand-1. B. i. p. 819, no. 4772 (18G9). 
Drvnioeataphus fu-cicapillus, llokhiv. P. Z. S. lb7o, p. 447; Hume, 

'Str. F. 1873, p. 29U, note ; Lcyge, Ibis, 1874, p. 19,187«5, pp. 393, 

410. 
Pellorneum fuseicapiHimi, Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 509, pi. sxiii. %. 1 
(1879). 
Adult. General colour above brown, with fulvous shaft-lines to 
the feathers of the mantle and back : lower back and rump uniform 
brown; wing-coverts like the back and with fulvous shaft-streaks, 
some of them edged with reddish buff; quills light brown, externally 
edged with reddish brown, the primaries rather more fulvous-
brown on the outer web; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers 
olive-brown, the latter tipped with rufous; head blackish brown, 
with shait-streaks of rufous-buff ; lores, a narrow eyebrow, sides of 
face, and sides of neck vinous brown; entire tinder surface of body 
sieniia-])iown, the flanks, abdomen, and under tail-coverts rather 
paler and more fulveseent; under wing-coverts and axillaries like 
the breast; quills dusky brown below, light sienna-brown along the 
edge of the inner we]); " iris varying from light reddish to dark 
red; eyelid olivaceous; bill, upper mandible deep brown, with a 
pale margin, lower flesh-colour; legs and feet brownish fleshy; toes 
darker than tarsi; claws pale brownish " (TF. V. Legge). Total 
lenath 6 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2*8, tail 2*5, tarsus 1-1. 
The female is smaller than the male. Dimensions given by 
Capt. Legge for this species are as follows:—Length 6*4-6*8 inches, 
wing 2-5-2-8, tail 2-4-2*0, tarsus 1-1-1, middle toe 0-7-0*75. 
He also observes:—" There are two races of this little bird in 
Ceylon, a dark and a pale—the latter inhabiting the north of the 
island only, the former being found in the south-west and central 
portions of the island/5 

Young. Birds of the year have the iris browner than adults, and 
the rump paler than the back ; the drop-marks on the sides of the 
chest are likewise more distinct, and the tail but faintly tipped 
fulvous. (Ltggt-.) 

Sab. Ceylon, where it is widely distributed. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Ceylon. Hugh Cuming, Esq. 
c. Ad. sk. Kandy. J. Inglis, Esq. 
d. Ad. sk. Nuwara Elliya. Mr. E. Boate [C.]. 

7. 
CROSSLEYIA. " ? ,Type. 
Crossleyia, Hartl. Fog. Madag. p. 168 (1877) C. xanthophrys. 
Range. Madagascar. 

524 
TnyOBLIEDJE. 

1. Crossleyia xaiithophrys, 
Oxylabes xanthophrys, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 76. 
Crossleyia xanthophrys, Hartl. Yog. Madag. p. 168 (1877) ; Sharpe, 


P. Z. S. 1881, p. 196; Milne-Edwards $ Grandid. Mist. Nat. 
Madag., Ois. p. 361, pis. 126 & 126 A (1831). 
Above dull olivaceous brown, the head duller brown, all the 
feathers of the crown margined with dusky blackish; wing-coverts 
coloured like the back, the greater series clearer brown and more 
resembling the secondaries ; quills blackish, washed with clear and 
somewhat rufous-brown, the primaries inclining to olive-brown 
near the base• upper tail-coverts and tail dull reddish brown, 
waved with numerous cross bars of dusky brown; lores and a 
very broad eyebrow bright yellow, extending backwards to the 
sides of the neck * feathers in front of the eye blackish • ear-coverts 
dull brown, washed with olive like the head; under surface of 
body bright yellow, the sides of the neck and of the breast washed 
with brown, the flanks and under tail-coverts brown, as also the 
under wing-coverts ; the edge of the wing bright yellow ; bill light 
yellowish Drown, dark brown at the base of the culmen; feet pale 
fleshy brown. Total length 6*5 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 2*75, tail 
2*75, tarsus 1*05. 
The adult female does not differ from the male in plumage • and a 
pair procured by the Eev. Deans Cowan measure as follows;— 


Clllmen Win£ TaiL

length.-- Tarsus. 
in. in. in. in. in. 

(S. Ankafana 6*4 055 27 2-8 1*0 
$. Ankafana 08 0-55 2*7 2-7 1*1 
Young, Differs from the adults in being more olive-brown, a little 
darker on the head; underneath olive-brown, the ear-coverts dark 
like the head, the cheeks and an indistinct eyebrow pale yellow. 

Hah. Central Madagascar. 
«. Ad. sk. 0. Madagascar. Mr. A. Crossley [0.]. 
(Type of species.) 

h. 
c. Juv.; d. Fianarantsoa, Betsileo. Rev. Deans Cowan fC.1. 
Pdl.sk. L J 
e. Juv. sk. Betsileo. Eev. G. A. Shaw [0.]. 
/. (S ; g, h. J Ankafana forest, Bet- Rev. Deans Cowan [C.]. 
ad. sk. sileo, March 1881. 
*. 
$ juv. sk. Ankafana forest, Bet- Rev. Deans Cowan [C.]. 
sileo, March 1881. 

8. 
TATARE, 
Type. 
Tatare, Zesson, Traite cPOm. p. 317 (1&31) T. longirostris. 
Hybristes, Reichenh. Syst. Av. pi. 57. tig. 7 (1850) * .. T. mariannse. 
Epametes, Reichenh. torn. oil. pi. 57. fig. 12 (1850) * .. T. syrinx. 
Tatarea, Reichenh. Handh. Scansorite, p. 207 (1853) .. T, longirostris. 

Of. Tristram, Ibis, 1883, pp. 38-46. 

Ranne. Islands of the Pacific Ocean. 

* Of. Bp. C. R. adi, p. 1111 (1853). 
8 . TATARE 525 
Key to the Species. 

a. Tail-feathers without dusky cross bars. 
a'. Feathers of upper surface paler-edged, so as to 
give a mottled appearance. 
a". Outer tail-feathers "browner, with white or 
yellowish-white ends. 
a"r. Larger : culnien 1*4 inch; general colour 

olive-brown, with yellow edgings to the 

feathers; below yellow longirostris, p. 525. 

&'". Smaller: culm en 0*75 inch; general colour 

above ashy grey with whitish margins; 

below whitish pistor, p. 527. 

b". Outer tail-feathers entirely pale yellow ... . mendance, p. 526. 
( syrinx, p. 527. 
b'. Upper surface uniform brown ..... < rehsei, p. 528. 
( cequinociialis, p. 528, 

b. Tail-feathers with dusky cross bars mariannce, p. 528. 
Canon Tristram has recently shown that the genus Tatare ought 
to be placed with the Warblers and not with the Timeliine birds as 
it is here located; and he goes so far as to refer all the species of 
Tatare to the genus AcrocepJialus; but on comparing the species of 
Tatare with Aerote/)Jirtlus turdoides, the type of the latter genus, 
although I rind that they closely resemble each other, yet I think 
they are not generically identical. Acrocephalus, for instance, 
besides having a much shorter bill, possesses a very much more 
pointed wing, the distance between the primaries and the secondaries 
being much more than the length of the hind toe and claw; whereas 
in Tatare the wing is much more obtuse, and the distance between the 
primaries and the secondaries is less than the length of the hind toe 
and claw. 
Mr. Seebohm having admitted that he was wrong in leaving out 
the members of the genus Tatare from the fifth volume of the present 
work, I include it here near Bernieria, the most Acrocephaline of 
the Timeliidas, in order that the species may be recorded in the 

* Catalogue of Birds.' 
1. Tatare longirostris. 
Long-billed Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 67 (1783). 
Sitta cafira, Sparmian, Mzis. Cartes, i. pi 4 (1786). 
Turdus longirostris, Gm. Syst Nat i. p. 823 (1788, ex Lath.). 
Sitta otatare, Less. Voy. Coquilte, i. p. 660, pi. 28. fig. 2 (1823). 
Tatare otaitensis, Less. Trade oVOrn. p. 317 (1831) ; Bp. Consp. i. 


p. 224 (1850) ; Cass. U.S. Bxpl Bxped. p. 159 (1858); Gray, Cat. 
B. Trop. 1st. Pacific Ocean, p. 13 (18.59); ScL P.Z.S. 1864, p. 9. 
Tatare fuscus, Less. Mev. Zool. 1842, p. 210,1845, p. 449. 
Oriolus musse, Forster, Deser. Anim. p. 163 (1844). 
Thryothorus otatare, Feale, US. Bxpl Exped. viii. p. 88 (1848); 
Eartl Arch. Natnrg. 1854, p. 99. 
Tatare longirostris, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 8 (1849) j id. Cat B, 
Trop. Isl. Pacific Ocean, p. 14 (1859); Pelz. Nomra-Beise, Vog. 

p. 60 (1865) ; Fimch § Harti. Faun. CeMrcdpolyn. p. 66 (1867) ; 
Von Pelz. Ibis, 1873, p. 24. 
I:QEELIII>^}. 

526 

Tatarea longirostris, Reichenb. Handb.9 Scansoria, p. 207. pi. dxxxiv. 

tigs. 3009-70 (1853), 
Tatarea fusca, Reichenb. t. c. p. 208 (1S6:J). 
Hybriates longirostiis, Sundtv. Ac. Meth. Tent. p. 1G (1572). 

Adult. General colour above brown, mottled with. oliTe-yellowish 
margins to the feathers, the rump more distinctly olive-yellow; 
wing-coverts brown, with broad yellowish margins, inclining to 
white at the tips ; bastard wing and primary-coverts brown, narrowly 
edged with olive-yellow; quills dark brown, margined with 
pale olive-yellow, tipped also with yellowish-white borders on the 
secondaries; upper tail-coverts brown, margined with pale olive-
yellow; tail-feathers brown, bioadly tipped with yellowish, white, 
extending along the margin of the inner web ; crown of head brown, 
more narrowly edged with pale olive-yellow ; lores, a narrow eyebrow, 
feather^ round the eye, and the ear-coverts pale yellow, with 
brown on the upper margin of the latter ; cheeks and entire under 
surface pale yellow; sides of neck yellow, streaked with blown; 
flanks slightly washed with brown ; thighs, yellow, with dark brown 
bases; under tail-coverts, under wiug-eoverts, and axiilaries yellow; 
quills light brown below, the inner edge yellowish white. Total 
length 8-3 inches, cidmen 1*4, wing 3*05, tail 3*4, tardus 1*25. 

Hab. Society Islands and Paumotou group in the 1'aeiiic Ocean. 

a. Ad. sk.
b, c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk. 
Society Wand*. ZooL eieal Society. 
Si iciety Island*. _ PurchWd. 
[Society Islands.] Sir E. Belcher [B.\ 
2. Tatare mendanae. 

Acrocephalus mendana), Tristr. Ibis, 1^3, p. 4:j? pi. 1. 
Adult female. General colour above olive-yellowish, mottled 
with the dark brown bases to the feathers and showing very 
distinct margins of paler olive-yellow; lower back, rump, and 
upper tail-coverts rather paler olive-yellow; upper tail-coverts 
a little more dingy olive-brown, with paler olive-yellow tips; 
wing-coverts dark brown, edged and tipped with olive-yellowish, 
rather more ashy on the bastard wing and primary-coverts : quills 
dark brown, edged with olive-bellow, brighter on the primaries, the 
secondaries more broadly margined and tipped with yellowish white; 
tail-leathers dark brown, edged and tipped with pale olive-yellow, 
the two outermost with the base and the entire inner web olive-
yellow, the next one with a broad shade of brown on the inner web; 
lores and a distinct eyebrow lemou-yellow ; wsides of the face and 
ear-coverts lemon-yellow, the latter with an olive shade on the-
upper margin ; checks and entire under surface of the body lemon-
yellow, including the thighs, under tail-coverts, axiilaries, and under 
wing-coverts ; quills blackish below, with the base of* the inner web 
and a great part of its extent pale yellow. Total length 7*75 inches, 
admen 1, wing 3*75, tail 8*5, tarsus 1*2. (Mus* II. B. Tristram.) 
Canon Tristram states that the male is a little larger than the 
female, but is similar in colour. 
Hab. Marquesas Islands. 

8. TATABE. 
527 

3. Tatare pistor. 
Acroceplialus pistor, Tristram, Ibis, 1883, pp. 44, 47, pi. ii. 
Adult male. General colour above ashy grey, with a slight olivaceous 
tinge, the feathers mottled with margins of hoary white, more conspicuous 
on the mantle and back, and again on the upper tail-coverts• 
wing-coverts like the back, with broad whitish margins like the 
latter; bastard-wing feathers, greater coverts, and quills dark 
brown, with whitish edges to the feathers, broader on the greater 
series of coverts than on the secondaries ; tail-feathers dark brown, 
with ashy margins and white tips ; lores and an indistinct eyebrow 
yellowish white; ear-coverts ashy brown, with obscure greyish-white 
edges ; sides of the neck lighter ashy • cheeks and under surface of 
body white, slightly washed with yellow on the breast and abdomen• 
sides of body and flanks light ashy, as well as the thighs; under 
tail-coverts white * under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy whitish, 
with dusky bases to the latter; quills below dusky brown, with 
broad white inner edges to the feathers. Total length 7*2 inches, 
culmen (imperfect) 0-75, wing 3-25, tail 2*9, tarsus 1*15. (Mus. H. 

B. 
Tristram.) 
Hah. Fanning Islands, in the Pacific Ocean. 
Ohs. Canon Tristram has kindly lent me the type of this species 
to describe. I think that the grey colour of the bird is probably due 
to fading of the plumage, the specimen having apparently been in 
spirits. All the species of Tatare appear to be liable to fade, as far 
as my experience goes of specimens in Museums. 

4. Tatare syrinx. 
Acroceplialus &yrinx (Kiftl.)} Seebolim, Cat. B. Brit Mas. v. p. 100; 
Tristr. lbis} 1*5;}, p.' 44. , 
Calamoherpe byrinx, Finsck, Ibis, 1681, pp. 112,115. 

Afhtlt female General colour above uniform ruddy brown, becoming 
paler and more fulvous-brown on the lower back and rump* 
upper tail-coverts like the back ; wing-coverts dusky brown, externally 
like the back, becoming paler near the ends of the median, 
greater, and primary-coverts ; quills dusky brown, externally edged 
with ruddy brown like the back, the primaries margined with fulvous 
or whity brown, with which colour also the longer secondaries 
are narrowly tipped ; tail-feathers dusky brown, edged with fulvousbrown 
and rather broadly tipped with whitish ; lores and a distinct 
eyebrow yellowish buff; ear-coverts pale sandy buff; cheeks, throat, 
and under surface of body yellowish white, sanely buff on the flanks 
and sides of body and thighs; under tail-coverts yellowish white; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries white, washed with yellow; quills 
dusky brown below, sandy along the edge of the inner web. Total 
length 0*3 inches, culmen. 1-0*95, wing 3-2e9, tail 2-75-2*55, 
tarsus 1*05. 

Hob. Island of Ponape. 

a. $ ad. sk. Ponap£ (Kuban/). Godeflroy Museum. 
528 TTilllLITDiE. 

5. Tatare rehsei. 
Calanioherpe syrinx (non Kitth), Fin&ch, Ihi\ 1881, p. 246. 
Calanioherpe relisei, Finsch, His, 1883, p. 143. 
Upper parts rufescent brown, more vivid on the rump and upper 
tail-coverts ; a well-defined longitudinal stripe from the nostrils 
above the lores to behind the eyes light rufescent, the same as the 
sides of the head and neck and all the lower parts, which are brightest 
on the flanks, lower tail- and under wing-coverts; chin and throat 
lighter, passing into yellowish white ; wings and tail umber-brown, 
faintly margined externally with rufescent; tail-feathers tipped 
faintly with the same colour ; bill horn-brown, basal half of the 
lower mandible yellowish horn-colour; legs and feet dark brown. 
In life the bill is dark horn-brown, basal half of lower mandible 
flesh-coloured; les:s and feet lead-coloured ; iris brown; inside of 
mouth orange. Total length about 0 inches, wing 2'r 9 "-2" 10'", 
tail 2" 4"'~2" 6m, culmen 0i"?-7''. tardus 12' '. t Finsch. I c.) 

Adult fe> mle. Like the male. Total length about 0 inches, wing 2" 
8"'-2" 9'"", tail 2" 3"'-2" 4'", culmen G\"\ tarsus 12'/r. (Fiusch, L c.) 
Hal. Island of Xawado or Pleasant Island, in the Pacific. 

6. Tatare mariannae. 
Tatare luscinia, Quo?/ et Gaim. To?/. Abtrol, Zool. i. p. 202, pi. 5.fis:.2 
(1830) j Gray, Gen. B. m. APp. y. 8 (1-49 j ; vh Cat. B. Trop. 
1st. Pacific Ocean, p. 14 ( 18-JO). 
Tatare luscinius, Bp. Consp. i. p. 224 (ISJOJ J Gray, Hand-l B. i. 

p. 194, no. 2Ubl (16G9j. 
Hybristes luscinia, Jleicltenh. Sy\f. Ar. pi. o7. fig. 7 (1550). 
Acrocephaius mariannae, Trisfr. Ibi^ Is^'l, p. 4-5! 
Length, from the tip of the bill to the tip of the tail, 7 inches. Bill 
brown above, yellow below, and about 14'' long. Tongue long and 
a little pointed; iris black; entire upper surface of body, wings, 
and tail greenish rufous; ramp yellowish; cheeks throat, breast, 
and belly pale yellowish. The tail, which is somewhat long and 
slightly rounded, shows, under certain lights, transverse bar* slightly 
indicated, as is usual in Wrens. The wings are short and scarcely 
reach beyond the base of the tail. Under surface clear buff; the 
primaiies with their outer webs rufous. Feet black, large and 
strong*. Hind claw very large. (Qnoy 4' Gaiuiard.) 

Hab. Marianne Islands. 

7. Tatare aeqrmioctialis. 
Equinoctial "Warbler,, Lath. Gen. Syn. SuppL p. 1S7 (1787). 
Sylvia u.quinoctiali% Lath. Lid. Oni. li. p. 553 {17901. 
Tatare ? aiqiim(ji-tiak>, Gray, Cat. B. Trap. Js/. Farific Ocean7 p. 14 
(1659; ; id. Haad-L B. i. p. 194. no. 2fJ-0 (IblJOj. 
Acrocephaius sequinoctialib, Tristram, Ibis, IbSi, p. 40. 


Sizo nearly that of a Sparrow. Bill dusky; general colour testaceous 
brown, palest on the rump ; underparts of the body white; 
quills and tail brown ; the rest a trifle round and crossed with obsolete 
bars. (Latham.) 

Hab. Christmas Island, Pacific Ocean. 

9. BEEXTEEIA. 529 
9. BEBHIERIA. 
Type. 
Bernieria, Bp. C. P. xxxviii. p. 11 (1854) B. madagascariensis. 

Range. Madagascar. 

1, Bernieria madagascariensis. 

Le Grand Figuier de Madagascar, Briss. Orn. hi. p. 482, pi. xxiv. 

fia. 5{17b0> " m 
Le Yira-unibe de Madagascar, Sonn. Voy. Inde, ii. p. 198 (1782). 
Madagascar Flycatcher, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 833 (1783). 
Muacicapa niaddgd^cariensis, Gm. Sijsi. Xat. i. p. 940 (1788); Gray, 

Gen. B. i. p, 2153 {l^M). 
Rhamphocuiuus viiidK Zest. Traite cTOni. p. 377 (1831); Pucker. 
Arch. Mas. iii. p. 309 (1854-55). 
Bernieria major, Bp. C M. xxxyiii. p. 10 (1854) ; Schl. P. Z. S. 1866, 

p. 421. 
Bernieria minor ( = 2), Bp. C. P. xxxviii. p. 10 (1854). 
Macro-phemt^ Yiihli^Ca^. True. Phlad. Acad. 1859, p. 41. 
Bernieria mada^a-caiien^, JZartl. Benin. Madog. p. 35 (1861); 
E. Xuitutt, lbi>,\^jZ, p. 343 ; Sehitir, Ibis, lb04,p. 299 ; Grandid. 
lta\ it May. d» Zjtjl 1M>7, p. 35S, 18b^, p. 50; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 
1*271, p. 311; Ilarfl. Tog. Mariar/, p. 144 (1877) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 
lbKl, p. ]{)o; MihiL-ZIdinnds 4* Grandid. in, Grandid. H. J\r. 
Maday., <M. p. 350, pk. 123, 123ff, 1236, 124 (l^SlJ. 
Berai* rid minor, llartl. Faun. Madag. p. 30 (Ibtil); E. Ketoton, 
Ibt\ 1*3 33, p. 343; Stithy?!, P. Z. S. 1*200, p. 421; Grandid. Bev. 
et May. de ZooK 1^67, p. 35S. 

Tatdiv madacra-carienais, Schl. ty Poll, Faun. Madag., Ois. p. 89 

(lHb> 
Tatare minor, Si hi bf Poll op. cit. p. 90 (1808). 
Criniger niinjr, Gray3 Hand-l. B. i. p. 275, no. 4043 (1869). 
Crinigtr uuadaga^earieL^, Gray, t. e. p. 275, no. 4044 (1869). 

Adult male. General colour above dark olive-green, the head a 
trifle more dusk} , the feathers being du-aky brown with, olive-green 
margins; v>ing-coveib like the back ; quills light brown, the primaries 
externally lighter olive-green than the back, the secondaries 
like the latter; tail-feathers olive-green, with faintly indicated 
paler margin^ to the tip-* of the outer ones; lores dusky, surmounted 
by a narrow streak of yellow scarcely visible above the 
eye ; eyelid yellowish ; ear-coverts yellowish olive, with indistinct 
yellowish shaft-lines; feathers below the eye, cheeks, and under 
surface of body pale } ellow ; the sides of body, flanks, thighs, and 
under tail-coverts olive-green, the latter slightly mottled with oliveycdlowish 
margins; axillarie^ yellowish olive ; the under wing-
coverts light fulvous, edge of wing greenish yellow; quills dusky 
below, ashy fulvous along the inner web. Total length 0*5 inches, 

culmen 1 *1, wing 3*35, tail 2*9, tar&us 0*9. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but very much 
smaller; *u upper mandible dark brown, lower one horn-colour ; legs 
and claws brown; soles yellowish; his light brown1J (E. Xewton). 
Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 2*8, tail 2*5, tarsus 0*85. 

VOL. vn. 2 ii 

TIHJDLIIDJ3. 

Young. Similarly coloured to the adult, but the character of the 
plumage more fluffy and the whole bill horn-broTrn; the general 
colour is a trifle duller than in the old bird, and the sides of the 
chest strongly washed with olive-green. 
Hab. Madagascar and the Comoro islands (ATohilla). 

a. b. <$ ; c. 2 ad. N.E. Madagascar. J. C. Van Dam [0.]. 
sk. 
d. cS ad. sk. 
e. <$ ad. sk. 
/,#. d*ad.; h. $ 
juv. sk. 
£ $ ad. sk. 
Madagascar. 
Ea»t of Antananarivo, 
July XSSI. 
Ankaiana forest, Betsileo. 
March 1881. 
Betsileo. 
Purchased. 
Rev. Deans Cowan [C], 
Eev. Deans Cowan [C.]. 
Rev. G. A. Shaw [C.]. 

10. MACROSPHENUS. 
Type. 

Macrosphenus, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1850, p, 41 . ... M. flavicans. 

This genus is unknown io me; but it is stated by Cassin to 
be nearly allied to Bernieria. As it is unlikely that a species from 
Gaboon will be generically the same as one from Madagascar, I have 
kept Macrospliuius distinct from B^rnUrw, and have reproduced 
Cassin s original descriptions. 

General aspect of Odlwtomns (0. tc/>cus. Tenini. u ind Eha,nphoccenus 
(B. vielaiinrus, Yieill.), but with the bill stronger, wider 
laterally, and more compressed, and with the legs and (eei stronger. 
Bill long, rather strong, straight, wide at base, compressed towards 
the end; upper mandible carinated. curved and distinctly notched 
at the tip; nostril in a lar^e membrane; under mandible rather 
thick, somewhat curved in its outline, ascending towards its tip. 
Wing moderate; first quill purions ; fourth, fifth, and sixth longest 
and nearly equal. Tail moderate or rather short. Legs moderate; 
claws rather strong, curved. (Cassia, 1. c.) 

Range. Gaboon, West M\ ica. 

1. Macrospheus flavicans. 
Macrospheus flat ican^ C ass. Proc. Philacl. Acad. 18-39. p. 42; Marti 
J.f. 0. 1801, p. 162. 
Criniger flavicans, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 275, no. 4045 (1809). 
Bill long, straight, curved at the tip, and with a distinct notch; 
head above dark greenish cinereous ; throat and neck in front light 
cinereous; bodj- above light olive-green, below Greenish, yellow, 
inclining to saffron-yellow on the flanks ; tibia yellow, mixed with 
cinereous in its lower third; under wing-coverts silky white; quills 
brownish black, edged externally with ashy olive; tail olive-green, 
darker on the inner webs; bill bluish horn-colour; under mandible 
white at base, and, viewed from below, having a longitudinal stripe 
of white throughout its length; legs light-coloured. Total length 
about 5 inches, wing 2|, tail 1|, bill from gape g, tarsus g. (Cassin.) 

Hab. Camma river, Gaboon. 

11 . MYSTACORNIS. 531 
11. MYSTACORNIS, 
Bernieria, jit., Grandid. 
Mystacornis, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 892 „ „
Type. 
M. crossleyi. 
Range. Madagascar. 
1. Mystacornis crossleyi. 

Bernieria crossleyi, Grandid. Rev. et Mog. de Zool 1870, p. 50. 
Mvstacornis crossleyi, Sharpe^ P. Z. 8, 1670, p. 892, pi. xxix,; id. 

"Cat Aft\ B. p. 20 t 1671; ; id. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 860 • Marti. Fog. 

Madag. p. 100 (1577J : Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 196; Milne-

Edicards %• Grundid, in Grundid. Mist. Madag. p. 34o, pis. 121c, 

122,124(15^1). 

Adult male. Above olive-brown; wing-coverts like the back; 
quills dark brown, externally olive-brown like the back, the primaries 
a little more russet-brown; tail-feathers brown, olive-brown 
on the edges; forehead bluish grey, extending on the sides of the 
crown to the sides of the nape, whence it spreads a little on the 
sides of the neck; lores, eyebrow, and upper half of ear-coverts 
blue-black, forming a band which is continued onto the sides of 
the neck; upper and under edge of eyelid white; a broad streak 
commencing at the base of the lower mandible, embracing the 
cheeks, and extending across the lower half of the ear-coverts to 
the sides of the neck, also white; moustachial line, throat, and 
fore neck slaty black, ^hading off into bluish grey on the breast; 
flanks olive-brown ; cent re of abdomen white ; thigh-feathers olive-
brown edged with white: under tail-coverts dull white, washed 
with olive"brown ; under wing-coverts like the sides of the body; 
quills dark brown below, lighter along the edge of the inner web. 
Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 2*7, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*9. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the black throat. 
The base of the forehead and eyebrow are bluish grey; sides of 
face and ear-coverts white, the cheeks washed with olive-brown ; a 
broad streak of black above the ear-coverts extending to the side 
of the neck; upper ear-coverts tipped with black; throat white, 
somewhat washed with dingy brown; fore neck and chest light 
ashy grey, shading off info white on the abdomen. Total length 
6 inches,* culmen 0*8, wing 2*9, tail 2*7, tarsus 0*9. 

Young. Differs from the adults in being rufous above, except on 
the wings and tail, which, however, are more russet than in the 
old birds"; head and neck chestnut; lores and a broad streak above 
the ear-coverts black; sides of face and ear-coverts white; cheeks, 
throat, and underparts light chestnut, except on the centre of the 
breast and abdomen, which are white. 

Hah. Madagascar. 

a. d1 j h1 c. 2 ad. Saralalan, Madagascar. Mr. A. Crossley [O.]. 
'sk. 
d 9 ad.; e. Juv. sk. Noce Tola (A. Crossley). R, B. Skarpe, Esq. 
/ J ad sk. Noce Tola, Xov. 20, 1869 F. D. Godman and 0, 

(A. 
Crossley). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.l. 
2m2 
532 
TIMELIID-aE. 

a A ad sk Saralalan, Nov. 18, 1869 F. D. Godman and 0. 
y' ° " {A. Crossley). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
h r? ad • i t?imm. Ankafana forest, Betsileo, Eev. Deans Co wan [O.J. 

sk 
'' ' March 1881. 

k. S* ad. sk. Betsileo. 
Rev. G. A. Shaw [0.]. 
12. STACHTEIS. 
Type. 
Cilathora, Hodgs. 31$. 
Stachyris, Hodgs. J. A. S, Beng. xiii, p. 378, note (1844) S. nigriceps. 

Mange. Himalaya mountains; hills of the Indo-Chinese region' 
Burmah and Tenasserim, extending down the Malayan peninsula 
to the mountains of Sumatra. Southern China and Pormosa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Chin ashy or white, not black. 
a'. Under .surface light ochraceous brown or pale 
rufous; ear-coverts rufescent brown; throat 
greyish or inclining to blackish in the centre. 


a". Rump and bides of body liffht olive- or 
ochraceous brown ; chin whitish; upper-
throat black, forming a more or le^ distinct 
spot nigriceps, p. 532. 

h". Rump and side* of body dull chestnut; chin 
and upper throat dull gi\ y larvata, p. 0*34. 
b'. Under surface of body bright chestnut; ear-


coverts dark giey. 
c". Throat dark grey, streaked with white ... . poUocephala, p. 534. 
d". Throat pure white , -guttata, p. 535. 

b. 
Chin or throat bLck. 
c'. Breast uniform, not spotted. 
e". Brea&t leaden arey. 
a'". No pale tips to wing-coverts; a white 
spot ou the f re part of the checks; 
forehead btreaked with black and white; 
black throat-patch bordered with a 
crescentie band of white feathers tipped 
with black nigricoliis, p. 535. 

b'". "Wing-eoveits tipped with pale rufl us 
spots; U3 white &put pn the cheek*; 
forehead not streaked; sides of neck 
black with ovate spots of white leitcotis, p. 537. 

/". Breast bright chestnut like the upper surface 
thoracica, p. 537. 

d'. 
Breast mottled like the throat, the feathers of 
the latter black edged with white; the breast-
feathers white with black centres maculata, p. 538. 

1. Stachyris nigriceps. 
Stachyris 
nigriceps, Ilodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. 31%$., Passeres, App. 
pi. S7 (no. 351)) ; id. in GraysZool Misc. p. 83 (1*44): id. J. A. S. 
Beng. xiii. p. 378, note (1844); JSlyth, I c. p. 378 (1844); Ilodgs. 

P. Z. S. 1845, p. 22; Gray, List Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs, 
p. 74 (1846); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 150 (1849); Bp. 
Consp. I p. 332 (1850); Horsf. $ Moore, Cat B. JEJ.L Co. 31m. i. 
12 . STACHTEIS. 533 
P Jerd Bt Incl il 21

r <S1oQ?^5-P- (1863); Godw.-Autfen, 

J. A. S.Zenff. xxxrx. p. 103 (1870); Hume, Wests # J%s. Zwtf. 
i/. p. 242! (Ibi3); .%^ - Wald.B. Burm. p. 116 (1875); Hume 
4' Offfea, &/\ F. 1570, p. 117; Oata, Sir. F. 1877, p. 152; Anderson, 
ZQ<JL 1 u menu p. 636 (lb7S) ; Hume b Davison, Sir. F. 1878, 
loi. i pp. L^4, 513: Hume,8tr. F. Ib79? p. 95; Ramsay, Orn. 
U arA-s i wraafc*. p. 433 (1881); O^es, B. Brit. Burm. p. 48 (1883). 
iinuiia Lio-in eps Gray, Gen. B. iii. .%>. p, 10 (1849) : *& JTawflW. 

B. i. p. 315, no. 4707 (1869). V " 
J//?//f. General colour above brown, the wing-coverts like the 
back; quills dusky brown, externally rufous-brown, the inner 
secondaries being entirely of the latter colour; tail-feathers reddish 
bruTsn. oVolettly barred with dusky under certain lights ; crown of 
k^ad blaeki-j, tho feathers edged" with hoary white, imparting a 
^trt kel abearance; fore part of cheeks white, forming a spot 
sep j-atcd frum the oar-coverts by a hue of blackish; eyelid white : 
ear-cowrU rerldi-h brown, blackish anteriorly; chin and malar line 
bony whitish, deepening into ashy; centre of throat blackish, 
foiriiing a H[jot; .sides of neck and under surface of body light 
oramre-rufbu^, whih brown on*the centre of the abdomen; sides of 
bod} ijiovui, u-5 well a*, the thighs and under tail-coverts; on the 
brt »-t -onie slight indications of whitish streaks; under wing-coverts 
anil axillaris lkrht orange-nrfoiis; quills dusky brown below, light 
a-Ly IUJJU> alonci the edge of the inner web ; " bill bluish black on 
tlit upper mandible, pale bluish on the lower, the anterior half of 
tin* margin* du-k] ; mouth llesh-coloiir; iris orange-brown; legs 
pah <i oky gmn ; claws yellowish '' (R. W. Oaies). Total length 
0 inelie-, culmen 0*7, wing 2*3, tail 2, tarsus 0*85. 

Of**. There is* a considerable variation in the colour of the eareovert* 
in the present species, as, for instance, in the male from the 
Kakhyen hills, where they are entirely bright orange. I was at 
iir-t inclined to separate this bird as a distinct species; but I find 
an approach to these brightly coloured ear-coverts in some of the 
Xepales.e series, and I notice that the brighter ears are accompanied 
by a more pronounced black chin-spot and by a richer colour on the 
brea&t. It is probable, therefore, that the brighter coloration indicates 
the adult male. 

Htth. Eastern Himalayas from Nepal to Bootan, and thence 
through the Ehasia hills and Burmese ranges to Tenasserim, as far 
south as Tenasserim town. 

a. Ad. ak. Himalayas. Gould Collection. 
L c. Juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
(Types of species.) 
d, e, f. Ad. sk Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum, 
1 A(l. sk. Sikhim, Jan. 1874. L. Mandelh, Esq. [C. J. 
\ t\ k, L Ad. sk. Sikhim (MandslU). H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 

m. Ad. bk. Bootan (Femberton). India Museum. 
/*, t>. Ad. sk. Khasia hills (Jerdon). Gould Collection. 
a rf ad. sk. Pon.ee, Kakhyen hills, 3300 Dr. J. Anderson [C.j. 
feet, April 24,1808. 
a 9 ad. sk. Eastern slopes of Pegu kills, E. W. Oates, Esq. 
April 29,1873. 


TTMBUIDM.

534 

2. Stachyris larvata. 
Timalia larvata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 217 (1850, ex Mull MS. in Mus. 
Liu/el); Gray, HancU. B. i. p. 815, no. 4711 (1809). 
Stacliyris larvata, Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 170. # 
Tmiel'ia larvata, /SW/md Ann. Mies. Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 222 (lo/9). 
^«Z*. General colour abovo rufous-brown, dusky on the mantle; 
wing-coverts and quills dusky brown, margined with chestnut-brown, 
lighter on the edges of the primaries; tail-feathers dusky brown 
with margins of the same colour as the baek, and with cross lines 
visible under certain lights; head and nape dingy black, streaked 
with hoary white, more distinctly on the forehead; lores ashy grey ; 
round the eye a ring of white feathers ; ear-coverts rufous-brown, 
streaked with whitish shaft-lines; feathers below the eye ashy • 
fore part of cheeks whitish, tipped with dusky brown ; chin light 
ashy, deepening into dark ashy on the tipper throat; remainder of 
under surface orange-brown, with slight indications of yellowish 
shaft-streaks on the lower throat and fore neck ; sides of body rufous-
brown or dull chestnut, as also the under tail-coverts ; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries orange-brown, brighter on the edge of 
the wing; quills dull brown below, ashy fulvous along the etl^e of 
the inner web. Total length 4*8 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2% 
tail 1*95, tarsus 0*9. 
Eab. Represents the foregoing species in the mountains of 
Sumatra. 


a. Ad. sk. Sumatra. Purchased. 
8. Stachyris poliocephala. 
Timalia poliocephala, Temm. PI Col ii. pi 593. fig. 2 (1880); Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 217 (1850) ; Gray, Hand-L B. p. 815, no. 46913 (1869) ; 
Salvad. Ucc. Bom. p. 212 (1874); Htmie, Sir. F. 18797 p. 00. 

Timalia striolata, S. Mull. Tijdsehr. 1338, p. 32; Bp, Consp. i. 

p. 217 (1850); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. SIS, no. 4699 (1869). 
Adult. General colour above dull rufous-brown, rather brighter 
on the rump; upper tail-coverts chestnut; tail-feathers rufous-
brown with brighter chestnut edges; wing-coverts like the baek; 
greater coverts and quills brown, externally chestnut-brown ; forehead 
and top of head dusky ashy black, the feathers edged with 
whitish, causing a streaked appearance, the hinder head and nape 
dull reddish brown, with dusky edges to the feathers; lores and 
entire side of face and ear-coverts ashy black; sides of neck deep 
chestnut; throat dull ashy, streaked with btrffy white, the feathers 
being edged with the latter colour; rest of under surface, com


mencing from the lower throat downwards, deep chestnut, including 
the thighs and under tail-coverts: axillaries like the breast; 
under wing-coverts dull brown; quills brown below, light rufous 
along the edge of the inner web. Total length 5*3 inches, 
culmen 0-8, wing 2'653 tail 2, tarsus 0-9. 

Hah. Malacca, Sumatra, and Borneo, 

12 . STACHYEIS. 
a. Ad. sk, [Java.]* Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. Malacca. A. "R. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 
o. Ad. sk, [Sumatra.] Gould Collection. 
4. Stacliyris guttata. 
Macronus guttatiis, Gray, Ilcmd-l B. i.p. 310, no. 4778 (1800). 
Stacliyris guttatus, Oates, 8tr. F. 1877. p. 2ol: w7. 5. Brit. Burm. 

p. 49 (1888). 
Adult male. General colour above rufebcent brown, with small 
triangular spots at the end of the feathers; lower back, rump, and 
upper tail-coverts rufous ; lesser and median wing-coverts ruibscont 
brown like the back; greater coverts and quills more rufous, the 
latter dusky brown on the inner web; tail reddish brown, externally 
brighter rufous; head and hind neck lighter rufescent 
brown than the mantle, the forehead obscurely mottled with obsolete 
blackish markings on the ends of the feathers ; lores hoary 
white, varied with black streaks in the centres of the feathers; in 
front of the eye and feathers below the latter black, followed by a 
large white spot at the base of the ear-coverts, the remainder of 
which are dark ashy, browner on the upper margin ; below the ear-
coverts a line of white feathers mottled with black centres ; a tolerably 
distinct eyebrow of white plumes edged with black; sides of 
neck black, the feathers mottled with ovate white centres, imparting 
a distinctly spotted appearance; cheeks black, the hinder portion 
orange-chestnut, forming a large spot; malar lino also black like 
the cheeks; throat white; remainder of under surface of body 
orange-chestnut, lighter in the centre of the body, and a little 
browner on the flanks; under tail- and wing-coverts orange-chestnut, 
the latter paler; quills ashy brown below, rufescent along the 
edge of the inner web; " legs and feet pale dingy green; lower 
mandible and edge of upper mandible along commissure plumbeous; 
rest of bill black; hides crimson-lake" (Damson). Total length 
6*1 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 2*7, tail 2-15, tarsus 1. 
Hah. Tenasserim. 
a 
<$ ad. sk. Malewoon, S. Tenasberim, E. W. Oates, Esq. 
Dec. 29,1876. 

b. Q ad. sk. Thoimgyeen valley, Tenas-fc Capt. Bingham [0.]serim, 
March 28,1882. 
5. Stacliyris uigricollis. 
Timalianigricollis, 
Temm. PL Col ii pi. 594. fig :2 (1836); Gray, 
Gen. B. I p. 228 (1846) ; Strickl. P. Z. S. 1846, p. 103; Blyth, 

* It was on this specimen that Mr. O. B. Gray founded his belief that this 
species inhabits Java. Count Salyadori (lice. Born. p. 213) very properly 
doubts its correctness: the specimen is apparently a native Malaccan skin. 
536 
TIMELIIB^. 

1870, p. 60. 
Tiinalia erythronotus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 793; id. xv. p. 10 
(1846). " 
Bracliyptoryx nigrogularis, Eijton, Ann. ty Mag. Xat. Hist. xvi. p. 228 

(1845) ; "Hartl. Itev. Zool 1846, p. 4. 
Stachyris nigricollis, StolicJca, J. A. S. B. xxxix. p. 290 (1870). 
Dumetia nigiicollis, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 10 (1872). 
Timelia nigiicollib, tiahad. Ucc. Burn. p. 212 (1874); XJiarpe, Ibis, 

lb77, p/10; id. l570; p. 2o7. 
Adult male (Malacca). General colour above chestnut-red, the 
wing-coverts like the hack ; primary-coverts and quills dusky brown, 
externally margined with the same chestnut as the hack, the innermost 
secondaries entirely chestnut; tail-feathers dark sepia-brown, 
with chestnut edges to the feathers; crown of head black, the 
nape and hinder crown washed with rufous; forehead streaked 
with white, with which the feathers are edged; lores, feathers 
below the eye, ear-coverts, and side*> of face black, with a large 
spot of white on the fore part of the ehceka, and a broad white 
streak above the car-coverts : sides of neck slaty grey; throat 
and fore neck black; remainder of under surface ?laty grey, separated 
from the black throat by a half collar of black-tipped feathers, 
many of which have conspicuous siibteiminal spots and bars; 
flanks and under tail-coverts washed with rufous ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries light rufous with ashy liases, those near the 
edge of the wing ashy ; quills brown below, pale ashy rufous along 
the edge of the inner web. Total length 5-5 inches, cuiruen 0*75, 
wing 2*75, tail 2'19 tarsus 0*9. 
The sexes are alike in colour: but the female is smaller, measuring 
2-5 inches in the wing, 1-0 in the tail, and 0-9 in the tarsus. 
Hab. Malayan peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo. 


a, b. Ad. sk. Malacca. - Andrew Charlton, Esq. 

c. Ad. sk. Malacca (Cantor). India Museum. 
d. $ 
ad. sk. Malacca. A. IL Wallace, Esq. 
[OX 
e. Ad. sk. Malacca. Capt. Stackhouse Pin-
will rP.~. 
f,0-d2 
ad. sk. Klang, Salangore, Malayan A. O. Hume, Esq. 
peninsula, March 1*870 


(W. Damson). 
h. Ad. sk. Singapore. Gould Collection. 
I Ad. sk. Sumatra. Eytun Collection. 
(Type of Braeliypteryl nigrogularis, Eyton.) 
A,/. Ad.sk. Sumatra. '* A. P.. Wallace, Esq. 

[C.J. 
m. Ad. sk. Labuan. 
Hugh Low, Esq. [C.J. 
n. c? ad. sk. Bintulu;W. Borneo. Alfred Everett, Esq. 
[C.J. 
o. Ad. sk. Banjermassing. J. Motlev, Esq. [C.J. 
p. Ad. sk, Borneo, 
Gould Collection. 
12 . STACHYEIS. 
6. Stachyris leucotis, 
Tirualia leucotis, Strickl. Coatr. Or/2. 1848, p. 63, pi. 12 j Gray, 
Eaiid-l B. i. p. 315. no. 4097 <1S09); Walden, Ibis. 1876, p. 354: 
Hume, Str. F. 1850. p. 110. r 

Macronus leucotis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 213 (1850). 
Timelia leucoti-, >%arpe. Ibis. 1578, p. 418. 


Adult. General colour above rufous-brown, inclining to chestnut 
on the lower back and rump, the upper tail-coverts chestnut with 
obsolete tips of lighter rufous; head duller brown than the back 
and somewhat olivaceous brown, with obsolete dusky margins to 
the feathers ; wing-coverts rufous-brown like the back," with rufous 
or pale fulvou- Lara near the end of the feathers, producing a 
spotted appearance: quilL du-ky brown, externally dark chestnut 
or rufous-brown, the feather^ tipped with a bar of lighter rufous; 
like the wing-covert*, the^e paler bars or spots have a narrow terminal 
edging of black : tail-itatheis chestnut-brown5 with a narrow 
bar of pale iiifoiis ju-t before the tip of the feather; loral plumes 
bristly, ytliowi-h white tipped with dusky and having a shaftstrtdk 
of du-ky al-o ; linir of feathers round the eye yellowish 
white : feather- below the eye and cheeks black; a distinct eyebrow 
of white, the plains < nmpo^ing it being white along the centre 
broadly edjred w itli blue!:: ear-coverts dark slaty grey with a patch 
of while on the lower edcre behind: sides of neck black, with 
several very distinct ovate spots of white; throat and fore neck 
bla*k. the rcmniiub r of the under surface dark slaty grey with indistinct 
pakr ^lialt-lincs; lower Hanks, abdomen, and under tail-
coverts rufous-brown, the latter margined with paler rufous ; under 
wine-coverts and axillixi^s light ochraceous buff mottled with dusky, 
the lower coverts dusky brown ; quills dusky brown below, scarcely 
paler alonp: the e&ize of the inner web, the shafts white below. 
Total length o inches, culmen 0*65, wing 2*5, tail 1*95, tarsus 0-9. 

The specimen from Sarawak differs from all three Malaocan skins 
in the Museum in having the head dark slaty grey instead of brown. 
I do not, however, like to separate the Bornean bird as distinct 
^ ithout seeing more specimens. 

Hah. Malayan peninsula and Borneo. 

a. Ad. sk. [Java.] Purchased. 
b, c. Ad. sk. Malacca. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [0.1 
d. Ad. sk. Sarawak, Borneo. Henry Everett, Esq. [O.J. 
7. Stachyris thoracica. 
Pitta thoracica, Te7nm. PI Col ii. pi. 7G (1823). 

Timalia thoracica, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 705, note (1842); Gray, 
Gen, B. i. p. 223 (1846) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 217 (1850) ; Ilorsf. $ 
Moore, Cat. B. BJ. Co. Mm. i. p. 22S (1854); Gray, Hand-l B. 

i. p. 3]5,no. 4702(1809). 
Napodes thoracica, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 77 (1850). 
Adult. General colour above uniform bright chestnut, duller and 
more chestnut-brown on the head; wing-coverts like the back 

TIMELIID-aS. 

538 

quills light brown, externally chestnut like the back; tail-feathers 
chestnut-brown, margined with brighter chestnut; lores white, 
obscured with dusky margins ; over the eye a tiny spot of white; 
ear-coverts, sides of face, and cheeks, as well as the throat, 
black; lower throat and fore neck pure white, the upper part 
with black bases to the feathers, causing a slightly mottled appearance; 
remainder of under surface of body bright chestnut, separated 
from the white neck-patch by a slight shade of brown not 
distinct enough to form a band; under wing-coverts and axil-

lanes like the breast; quills light brown below, pale ashy rufous 
along the edge of the inner web. Total length 7*7 inches, culmen 0*9, 
wing 3*05, tail 2-8, tarsus 1*2. 

Hah. Java and Sumatra. 

a. Ad. sk. Java. India Museum. 
I. Ad. sk. Sumatra. Purchased. 
8. Staciiyris maculata. 

Timalia maculata, Temm. PL Col 598.fier. 1 (1830) ; Gray, Gen. B. 

i. p. 228 (1840); Bp. Consp. i. p. 217 (1850/; Moore, P. X S.1854, 
p. 276; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1803, p. 215; Gray, Haad-l. B. i. p. 314, 
no. 4094 (1809); Hume, Str. F. 1^79, p. 00. 
Timalia pectoralis, Bh/th, J. A. S. Be ay. xi. p. 793 (1842); id. Cat. B. 
Mm.As.Soe. p. 149(1849). 
Malacopteron squamatum, Byton. Ann. § May. Xat. Hist. xvi. 

p. 228 (1845). 
Macrornis inaculatus, Bp. Compt. Rend, xxxviii. p. 59 (1854). 
Timelia maculata, Sahad. Ucc. Bom. p. 211 (1874) ; Sharpe, Ibis. 
1877, p. 10; id. 1879, p. 257. 
Adult male. General colour above olivaceous brown; lower back 
and rump ferruginous; lesser, median, and greater coverts like the 
back; bastard wing and primary-coverts more ashy brown than 
the back and washed with olive ; quills sepia-brown, externally 
olivaceous, more ashy on the primaries; upper tail-coverts bright 
ferruginous; tail-feathers brown, margined with dull ferruginous; 
crown of the head like the back, the forehead ashy, broadly streaked 
with black; lores blackish; feathers round the eye dark ashy; ear-
coverts and cheeks dark ashy: sides of the neck like the back; throat 
and moustachial line black; the lower throat black, distinctly margined 
with ashy white; fore neck and breast ashy whitish, with 
ovate spots of black in the centres of the feathers; abdomen white, 
more narrowly streaked with dusky-blackish central streaks; sides 
of the body and thighs fulvous-brown; under tail-coverts clearer 
fulvous-brown; under wing-coverts white, slightly mottled with 
blackish bases; axillaries light fulvous-brown; quills below dusky 
brown, inner edges ashy; "tarsus lead-blue; iris naples-yellow?? 

(A. Everett). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 3*25, tail 
2-8, tarsus 1. 
Female. Bill black; tarsus lead-grey; iris yellow (A. E.). Total 
length 7 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 3*5, tail 2*8, tarsus 1. 
Hah. Malayan peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo. 

13. TntDrsns. 539 
a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk.
c. d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk. 
Malacca. 
Malacca (Charlton). 
Malacca (Br. Cantor), 
Malacca.' 
A. Charlton, Esq. [P.], 
(Type of M. squamatum.) 
Eyton Collection. 
India Museum. 
W. Harvey, Esq. [P.]. 
f. Ad. sk.
'</. Ad. sk.
7i, i. <S ad. sk. 
Malacca. 
Singapore. 
Sumatra. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
Gould Collection. 
Gould Collection. 
h. Ad. sk. Sumatra {Raffles). India Museum. 
/. Ad. sk.
;«. Ad. isk.
;?. <?. c? 2 ac^ £ ^
/ . Ad. sk. 
X.W. Borneo [HughZozc). 
Suuth Borneo. 
Eintulu, "W. Borneo. 
Banjermassing. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Gould Collection. 
Alfred Everett, Esq.£C.]. 
J. Motley, Esq. [C.].* 

13. TURDIHTJS". 
Type. 
Turdinus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. siii. p. 232 (1844).. T. macrodactylus, 
Mdacocincla, j%tf*, J. A. ,S. Beng. si v. p. 000 (1845) T. abbotti. 
Caeopitta, Bp. Coasp. I. p. -57 (leoOj T. atrigularis. 
Illadup-i*, liana, J.f. 0. Ib50, p. 4UU .......... T. fulvescens. 
Xannutlitiia? Smifiev. Ac. -Ittli. Tad. p. 11 (lt>72).. T. sepiarius. 
Hadropezua, Xunchv. t, c. p. 11 (1872j "... T. macrodactylus. 

Eange. Forest-regions of the west and cast coasts of Africa. 
Eastern Himalayas and kill-range* of Xortli-eastern Bengal, throughout 
the Burmese countries, Malayan peninsula, Java, Sumatra, 
Borneo, Celebes, and the Philippine island of Palawan. 

Ety to the Species, 

a. Plumage uniform above. 
a'. Under tail-coverts tawny buff or fulvescent. 
a". Forehead ashy or like the head. 
a"\ Head like the mantle. 
a4. Flanks tawny or fulvous like the 
under tail-cm erK 
a5. Throat and breast white, shaded 
with ashy. 
aG. An athy-grey eyebrow; head 
with narrow pale shaft-lines; 
colour above olive-brown; 
under tail-coverts bright 
tawny abbotti, p. 541. 

* The following species have been referred either to Turdhms or Trickosfoma 
and have nut been seen by me. Some of them may prove to belong to other 
genera:— 
1. TUEDIXTS LEPIDOPLEURUb. 
Cacopitta iepidopleura, Bp. Con&p. i. p. 2o7 (ex Temm. MS 8. in Mus. 
LvgcL).
Macronus lepidopltiurus, Gray, Iland-L B. i. p. 318, no. 3751 (1869). 

Of large size: rufous, with the feathers margined with black; lores black; 
throat white. (Bp. L c.) 
Hob. Java. 

540 TIMEIIIDJ3. 

h6. No perceptible eyebrow; bead 
uniform, "without pale shaft-
lines j colour above rufous-
brown ; under tail-coverts 
fuh ous-brown celebensis, p. 542. 

b5. Throat white: fore neck and breast 
light fulvous-brown. 
c6. Breast and bides of body dull 
fulvous-brown gidaris, p. 543. 
dG. Breast and sides of body bright 
tawny * jftnschi, p. 543. 
bK Flanks ashy grey ntfescens, p. 5-J4. 
V". Head dusky, contrasting with the 

mantle. 
c4. Ear-coverts light brown sepiarhis, p. 544. 
d4. Ear-coverts ashy grey fidve&cens, p. 545. 

b". Forehead ruioas, contrasting with remainder 
of head nififrons, p. 546 
b\ Under tail-covert^ pure white like the 
abdomen. 
e". Under surface white with brownish 
flanks j a whitHi eyebrow leptorhyacJais*, p. 546. 

d". Under surface whit^. the breast -hodec! 
with ashy, the flanks light brown; 
eyebrow dull a^lry grey magairostrk, p. 547. 

2. TURDINU-s PPESPICILIATt>. 
Cacopitta perspicillata, Bp. Comp. i. p. 257 (ex Ttmuv. 2ISS. in Mm. 
Lityd.). 
Macronas perspicillatus Gray, Ha,id-I B. i. p. 2.77, no. 47.12 (1S00). 

Of medium size: brownish olivaceous cheeks and breast plumbeous grey 
streaked with white; chin and lores white ; bill short. (Up, I r.) 
Hah. Java, 

3. TUEDIXUS EPILEPIDOTt>. 
Myiothera epilepiclota, Tcm'uu PI Col ii. pi. 448.fig.2 (1827). 
Macron us epilepidofus, Gray, Ge/i. B. i. p. 210 (1S40); id. Eaiid-l. B. i. 


p. 319, no. 4774 _(1S<>9). 
Tnrdirostris epilepiclota, Dp. Cunsp. i. p. 218 (1850). 
Braehypteryx epilepidotusj Balcad, lrce. Bom. p. 224 (1874L 
Hob. Borneo. 

4. TKICHOSTOMA LEUCOPROCTUM. 
Trichostoma leucoproctum, Twecdd. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 366. 
Is the female of a Niltava. Cf. Oates, B. Brit. Barm. p. 298. 


5. TUPJHNUS NAGAENSIS, Godwin-Austen. 
Is a Drymocataphus (vide infra). 
G. TURDINUS GAROExsrs, Grodwin-Austen. 
Is Drymocataphus tickelli (vide infra). 
* I have placed Tnrdirostris leptorhynchvs of Fischer and Eeichenow in 
the genus Ti'rdinvs, supposing that Dr. Keichenow had some reason for associating 
it with the West-African species of 'Jardlrosfris or Trichotfouia. I have 
never seen the species, and therefore cannot judge from personal observation ; 
but the fact of the wing and tail being given as equal in length would remove 
it from the true members of the genus Ti'fdiaus, 
13. TTEDLSTS. 
541 

b. Upper surface mottled, the feathers being 
rather broadly margined with black. 
c\ Upper surface with pale fulvous shaft-lines 
to the feathers. 
e". Throat white, with dusky spots or tips 

to the feathers, or ashy grey mottled 

with dusky centres to" the 'featkeis; 

general euluiir rule-cent above, mottled 

with paler Centres and hlaeki-h margins . , , 

to the feather.: no distinct eyebrow .. \ macrodactylus} p. 548. 

I rvjipectus, p. 549. 

/". Throat black, a- al-j the ear-overt. . . atrigularis, p. 549. 

cf. Upper surface with black sh^ft-line-* to the 
leathers; ear-coverts and *i<le> of neck 
chestnut; throat and breast thickly barred 
with black and white \ loricatus, p. 550. 


1. Tnxdinus abfaotti. 
Malacocinela abbotti, B!yih7 J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 001 (1845); 
Sahacl Uce. Born. p. 2:J0 (1874). 

Trichastuma abbotti, Blyth, J. A. & Beag. xvi. p. 462 (1847); id. 
Cat. B. 3///s A*. &>c. p. 147 (1^49); Bp. Consp. i. p. 259 (IboO) ; 
ITorsf. LV Moure. Cut B. El, Co. Jim. i. p. 405 (Lb54); Jerd. B. 
Inrl'ii. p. 17 i 1H )>*); ILune, Str. F. 1^74, p. 505; Blyth fy Wald. 

B. Bursa, p. 115 {l^Toj; Gates, htr. F. 1677, p. 151; Tioeedd. 
Ills, I N 7, p. 452, pi. xL liir. 2 ; Hume § Davison, Str. F. 1878, 
p."J.JJ;Cripp*, Mr. F. 1^7^ \ol. ii. p. 277 ; Hume, Mr. F. 1879, 
pp. r>ot 95. 
MAie jpttron olh actjuia, MrickL Ann. fy Mag. Kent. Hist. six. p. 132 
(1-47). 
Maiacopterjn abbutii, Gray, Gtit. B. iii. App. p. 9 (1849). 
Trieiiostuina iimbratLe Knon MrklL), ticlater, 2J. Z. & lb03, p. 215. 

Macronus abb jtti, Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. ol*5, no. 4755 (1809). 
Trichostoma olivaeeuin, Hume, Mr. F. 18b0, p. 108. 
Turdinus abbotti, Oate% B. Brit. Burnt, p. 58 (1&83). 


Advlt tiialt. General colour above olivaceous brown, with faintly 
indicated pale shalt-streaks on the feathers of the head and mantle; 
the rump uniform : upper tail-coverts more ferruginous or tawny ; 
tail-feathers brown, with du>ky cross bars under certain lights, the 
feather * margined with fulvous-brown; wing-coverts olivaceous 
brown like the back; greater series and quills sepia-brown, esternallyfulvescent 
olive-brown; lores and feathers round the eye 
ashy whitish, forming a slight eyebrow; sides of face and ear-
coverts fulvous with wiiitibh shaft-lines; cheeks and throat dull 
white, as also the centre of the breast and abdomen; fore neck 
and chest fulvescent brown, becoming* deeper on the sides of the 
body and inclining to ochreous buff on the flanks and thighs; the vent 
and under tail-coverts deep rufous ochre; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries light fulvescent brown; quills ashy brown below, fulvescent 
along the edge of the inner web; " upper mandible dark 
brown, except the tip and the terminal third of the margins, which, 
together with the lower mandible, are pale bluish; mouth yellow ; 
legs and feet pinkish fleshy ; claws pale horn-colour; iris reddish 

542 
TBTELUDiE. 

brown ; eyelids plumbeous " (K W. Oaies). Total length 5-6 inches, 

culmen 0*85, wing 2*95, tail 2, tarsus 1. 

On comparing a series of this species, it will be seen that the 
Malayan and Bornoan specimens are rather paler than those from 
Burmah and Assam, and do not acquire the rich colour of the 
under tail-coverts which the last-named birds exhibit. The shade 
of colour, however, is too slight to found a specific difference upon. 
In some individuals the dusky tint on the throat and breast takes 
the form of ashy streaks. 

Bab. Prom North-eastern Bengal and the Eastern Himalayas, 
through Burmah and Tenasserim, down the Malayan peninsula to 
Borneo. 

a. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
I. Ad. sh j&w&crah, Upper Assam R.B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
^ 
(Br. Beid). 
c,d. Ad. sk. Dacca (Tytler). India Museum. 
e, J jn 7. 4 . Zeinganeffi, Pegu, June 28, E. W. Oates, Esq. [C.]. 

/. <$ ad. sk. Pegu', July 2,1875. E. W. Oates, Esq. [0.1. 

g. $ ad. sk. Pegu, Aug. 17,1875. E. W. Oates, Esq. [C.j. 
h. Q ad. sk. Bankasoon, Tenasserim, May A. 0. Hume, Esq. 
28,1877 ( W. Bauson), 
i. (S ad. sk. Meetan, Tenasserim, Feb. 26, A. 0. Hume, Esq. 
1877 (W. Damon). 
k. $ ad. sk. Malacca. 
A. R Wallace, Esq. 
[0.]. 
l,m. $ 2 ad. sk. Malacca ( Wallace). Gould Collection. 

n. Ad. sk. Malacca. 
Purchased. 
o. Ad. sk. Singapore. Gould Collection. 
p, q. Ad. sk. Banjerinassing, S. Borneo. J. Motley, Esq. [C.]. 
2. Turdinus celebensis. 
Trichostoma celebense, Strickl. Contr. Orn. 1849, p. 127, pi. 35 
(front figure); Briiggem. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, v. p. 63 
(1878) \ Wold. Ibis, 1876, p. 378, pi. xi. tig. % 

Macronus celebensis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 318, no. 4763 (1869). 

Adult. General colour above reddish brown, a little more dusky 
on the head, and rather more rufescent towards the rump, the upper 
tail-coverts being ferruginous; wing-coverts like the back, the 
greater series and the quills dusky brown, externally a little more 
rufous than the back; tail reddish brown, washed with ferruginous 
along the outer webs; lores and feathers round the eye ashy 
whitish; sides of face and ear-coverts, as well as the cheeks, dusky-
ashy brown, the latter whitish near the base of the lower mandible 
; throat, breast, and abdomen white shaded with ashy, especially 
on the sides of the breast; flanks and sides of body fulvousbrown, 
becoming brighter and more tawny on the thighs and under 
tail-coverts; under wing-coverts deep fulvous or reddish brown; 
quills dusky brown below, pale rufous along the edge of the inner 

13. TUEDrxus. 
543 
web. Total length 5*7 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3, tail 2*3, tarsus 1. 
(Mus. -5. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.) 
Hob. Northern Celebes. 

a. Ad. sk. X. Celebes. Capt. E. G. Wardlaw Eamsay. 
3. TurdiiiTLS gnlaris. (Plate XIV *j 
Eladopsis gularisj Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 474; Ussker, Ibis, 1874, 
p. 57. 
Tiicliastoma gularh, Sharpe, Ann. ty Mag. Nat, Hist (4) x. p. 451 
(1572). 
Trichostoina 
Mveseens (aon Cass.), Ska pe # JBouvier, Bull Soc. 
Zool. France, 18775 p. 479. 

Adult. General colour above dark fulvous-brown, the head like 
the mantle, with an ashy shade on the forehead; the lower back 
and rump, as well as the under tail-coverts, rather more reddish 
brown; wing-coverts a little deeper fulvous than the back, the 
greater series more reddish brown on their outer edges; quills 
dusky brown, externally fulvous-brown, rather more reddish on the 
outer web of the secondaries: tail-feathers^olive-brown, with reddish-
brown marpiiis; lores a&hy whitish; feathers around and 
below the eye light ashy grey; ear-coverts pale fulvous-brown; 
cheeks white, washed with ashy; throat ashy white, as also the 
centre of the abd< •men; fore neek and breast, as well as the sides 
of the body, pale Myotic -brown, deepening into rich fulvous or 
reddish brown on the flanks and under tail-coverts ; thighs ashy; 
under wing-coverts pale fulveseent brown, with ashy-whitish bases; 
quills sepia-brown below, fulveseent along the edge of the inner 
web. Total length 0*5 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 2*95, tail 2*5, 
tarsus 1. 

Obs. The specimen from the Congo is not typical, as it is rather 
larger, has the head uniform with the mantle, and the ear-coverts 
darker ashy grej'. Total length 0*9 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 3, 
tail 2*b^ tarsus 1. 

Hah. Forests of Benkera in the interior of the Gold Coast, 
extending into Aguapim, and occurring also in the Congo district. 

a. Ad.sk. Denkera (Gov. Ussker). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
b, c. Ad. sk. Denkera (Auburn). R. B. Sharpe, Ebq. 
dAd.sk. Denkera (AvMnri). R. B, Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
etf. Ad. sk. Abokobi, Aguapim. Governor tlssher [C.]. 
g. Ad. sk. Chissambo, Congo. Dr. A. Lucan [C.J. 

4. Turdinus fiascM. 
Triehostoma celebense, Wald. Trans. Z. S. viii. p. 62 (1872, nee 
Sirickl). 

Triehostoma finsclii, Wald. Ibis, 1876, p. 378, pi. xi. fig. 1. 

Adult male (type of species). General colour above dark olive


* Lettered Triehostoma gulare on the plate by mistake. 
TIMEUID^J. 

brown, becoming more fulveseent on the lower back and rump, the 
upper tail-coverts being rufous; wing-coverts like the back, the 
greater series and quills dusky brown, externally rather more reddish 
brown than the back, the primaries rather more ashy olive on 
the outer web ; primary-coverts and bastard-wing feathers ashy 
brown, washed externally with olive; tail-feathers brown, washed 
with dull ferruginous on'both webs : head pnd neck dusky and more 
umber-brown, contrasting with the back; lores a^oy whitish; 
feathers round the eye fulvous ; ear-coverts du>ky brown, with 
faintly indicated fulvous shaft-lines; cheeks and throat whitish 
slightly washed with fulvous : lower throat, breast, sides of body, 
thighs, and under tail-coverts rich tawny buff, the centre of the 
breast and abdomen whitish; under wing-covert* and axiUaries 
like the breast, and slightly shaded with brown like the sides of the 
breast; quills ashy brown below, pale ash} fulvous along the edge 
of the inner web. Total length 6*2 inches, culmen 0*75,, wing 2*85, 
tail 2*2, tarsus 1*05. 

Eab. Makassar, Celebes. 

a. c? ad. sk. ¥aka-«ar. A. It. Wallace, E*q. [C.~. 
(Typp of species.) 
b. d ad. sk. Makassar (Wallace). Gould Collection. 
5. Tnrdiiiiis rufescens. 
Turdirostri^ rufe&cens, Tundica. J. f. 0. 1^75, p. 290. 

Adult. General colour above fulvous-brown lightly tinted with 
olive, the upper tail-coverts rather more rafe^eeiit; head uniform 
with the back; wing-coverts like the back; quills &epia-brown, 
externally rather more ruibiib than the back; tail-ieathers brown, 
washed on the margins of thri featheiN with rufe^eent brown; lores 
ashy fulvous; ear-covert^ dusk} brown, with a streak of ashy 
fulvous above them; cheeks and throat a4iy whitish; remainder 
of under surface oi body purer white; the sides oi the body ashy 
grey, as also the thighs; the ^ide^ of the breist slightly browner; 
under tail-coverts a^liy whitish, the longer ones fulvous ; axiUaries 
ashy grey; under wing-coverts ashy brown; quills clunky brown, 
pale rufoub alone? the edge of the inner web. Total length 
6'6 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*8, tail 2*75. tardus 1*15. 

Hob. Forest* of lienkera in the interior of the Gold Coast, 
"W. Africa, ranging as high as Liberia. 

#,ft,c. Ad. sk. Denkera (Aubitm). It. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

G. Turdinus sepiarins. 
Brack vpteryx sepiaria, Morsf. Trans. LinA. SOO. xiii. p. 153 (1320); 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 200 (1846); id. Hand-l B. L p. 312, no. 4664 
(1869). 

Alcippe sepiaria, Blyth, J. A. & Bern/, xiii. p. 384 (1844); id. Cat. 

13 . TUEDiyCS. 
545 

B. Mus. AS. SOC. p. 148 (1549); Bp. Consp. i. p. 260 (1856); 
Horsf. $• Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 226 (1854). 
? Myiothera hypoid^s, Temm. in Mus. Lugd. 
Mviotkera concreta, Midler; MSS. in Mus. Lugd., unde 
Turdirostris concrete, Bp. Consp. i. p. 21S (1850). 
Bes-etkera pyca, Cab. Mus. Htin. Th. i. p. 78 (ex Temm, MSS.). 
MacrODus coneretus, Gray, Hand-I. B. i. p. 318, no. 470 (1869). 
Nannothera sepiaria, Sunder. Ai\ Meth. Tent. p. 11 (1872). 
Tricliostoma pyca., Xicholson, Ibis, 1879, p, 168. 

Very similar to T, allotti, but lias a much smaller bill, and the 
head is dusky ashy brown contrasting with the back. Total length 
5*5 inches, eulnien 0*65, wing 2*8, tail 2, tarsus 1. 

Hah. Java and Borneo. The specimen of Myiothera concreta 
sent by the Leiden Museum appears to me to be inseparable from 
our Javan specimens. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Java (Honjield). India Museum. 
c. Ad. sk. Java. Purchased. 
d. Ad. sk. ~W. Java (E. C. Buxton). F. Nicholson, Esq. [P.]. 
e. Ad. sk. Borneo. Leiden Museum [P.]. 
f. Ad. sk. Borneo.
(h. n. Myiofhera concreta). 
Eyton Collection. 

7. Tnrdinus falvescens. 
Turdirostris ftdvescen?, Cass, Broc. BMlad. Acad. 1859, p. 54 j Heine, 
J.f.O. 1809, p. 4:J0; IlariL J.f.O. 1861, p. 17ii. 
Alethe fulve&cen*, Gray, IIaad4. B. i. p. SVJ, no. 4784 (1869). 
Trichastoma rutipennis; Sharpe} Ann. ty Mag. Sat, Hist. (4) x, p. 451 
Trichastoma fulvescens, Sliarpe, Ann. $• Mag. Nat, Hist. (4) s. 

p. 451 (1872). 
Adult. General colour above olive-brown, becoming more fulvescent 
on the lower back and rump, the upper tail-coverts rufescent 
brown; wing-coverts like the back; quills dusky brown, 
externally olive-brown, a little more fulvous than the back; bastard-
wing feathers and primary-coverts dusky brown, externally ashy 
olive; tail-feathers light reddish brown, externally washed with 
rufeseent brown like the upper tail-coverts; head dull ashy, contrasting 
with the back, slightly washed with olive-brown; lores 
ashy whitish; feathers over and round the eye, sides of face, and 
ear-coverts ashy grey, the latter slightly washed with olive ; entire 
throat whitish, overshaded with ashy grey; chest and breast, as 
well as the sides of the body, pale fulvous-brown; centre of breast 
and abdomen ashy whitish; thighs ashy ; under tail-covens deeper 
fulvcscent brown; axillaries and under wing-coverts ashy whitish 
washed with fulvous; quills ashy brown below, pale fulvous along 
the edge of the inner web. Total length 6-2 inches, culmen 0*8, 
wing 2-95, tail 2'65^ tarsus 1. 

Obs. I have united, with some hesitation, Trichastoma rufipennis 
VOL. vn, 2 N 

HMELimSS. 

with, this species, notwithstanding its rufous wings and smaller size, 
as I believe it may turn out to be the young bird. 
Hdb. West Africa: Gaboon. 

a, 5 [juv.]sk. Gamma river, Gaboon. P. B. Du Chaillu |"C.]. 
(Type of T. rufipemis.) 
h, c. Ad. sk. Gaboon. P. B. Du Chaillu [0.]. 

8. Tttrdimis rnfifrons. 
Trichostoma rufrfrons, Tweed. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 616, pi. xxxviii. 

Adult male (Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Dec. 10, 1877; A. 
Everett: type of species). General colour above ashy fulvous-brown, 
the lower "back and rump becoming more and more rufous, the 
upper tail-coverts bright rufous or chestnut; wing-coverts fulvousbrown, 
the greater series more olive-brown, narrowly edged with 
fulvous-brown; primary-coverts ashy brown, externally washed 
with olive * quills dark sepia-brown, externally fulvous-brown, the 
primaries rather more olive along the outer web: tail-feathers 
umber-brown, somewhat shaded with rufous and margined with 
brighter rufous, the outer feathers narrowly fringed at the tip 
with whitish; head fulvescent brown, brighter on the forehead, the 
feathers with narrow dusky margins and shaft-lines, producing a 
slightly scaly appearance; lorc^, feathers round the eye and over 
the latter ashy grey, forming a tolerably dibtinet eyebrow; ear-
coverts pale ashy fulvous washed with a^ky grey; cheeks whitish, 
washed with ashy grey; entire throat white; a few dusky streaks 
on the throat and client; remainder of under surface pale ochraceous 
buff, except the abdomen, which is pure white ; sides of 
breast slightly washed with dull ashy ; axillaris and under wing-
coverts light ochraceous buff, whiter at the base of the feathers, the 
edge of the wing brighter tawny buff; quills ashy brown below, 
yellowish white along the edge of the inner web, which is more or 
less tinged with fulvous; -* bill dark plumbeous ; feet paler 
plumbeous; iris pale Xaples yellow n (A. Everett). Total length 
7*4 inches, oilmen 0*85, wing 8*35, tail 3*2, tarsus 1*05. (Mm. 

B. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.) 
Adidt female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length 
7*1 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 3*05, tail 2*95, tarsus 1. (Mm. 

R. 
G. Wardlmu Ramsay.) 
Hah. Island of Palawan in the Philippine archipelago. 
a. S ad. sk. Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Bee. Capt. E. G. Wardlaw 
1877 (A. Everett). Bamsay. 
9. luraiiras leptorhynchus* * ic l^^^ 
Turdirostris leptorhyncha, Fischer $ Reichen. Orn. Centmlbl 1879, 
p. 155; iid. J. f O.1879, p. 847,1880, p. 142. I ^ ) | m Jp , u }. 
* See footnote, anieh, p. 540. 
13 . TUEBnnjs. 
547 
Adult. Upper surface with, the wings and tail olive-brown, the 

lower back and rump rufescent; under surface of body white, the 

flanks brownish; a whitish superciliary streak; upper mandible 

dusky, the mandible pale; feet greyish brown; iris fulvous. Total 

length 5-5 inches, bill from gape 0*75, wing 2*4, tail 2*4. (Fischer 8f 

BeicJienoiv.) 

Hah. Tschara in Eastern Africa. 

10. Turdinus magnirostris. 
Alcippe magrdrostris, Moore, P. Z. S. 1854. p. 277 : Horsf. $ Moore. 

Cat. B. B.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 407 (1854). 

Malacopteron magnirostris, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 817, no. 4744 

(18G9); Hume 8? Davison, Sir. F. 1878, p. 274; Humef Str. F. 

1879, pp. 61, 9t>. 

Malacopterum magnirostre, Gates, B, Brit. Burin, i. p. 56 (1883). 

Adult (type of species). Head, neck, mantle, and upper back dull 

olivaceous brown, the lower back and rump more rufescent brown, 

with some long plumes on the latter of yellowish white, forming a 

narrow band which is concealed by the long feathers of the rump ; 

lesser and median wing-coverts like the back, the greater series and 

the quills dusky brown, externally olivaceous brown, with a slight 

shade of rufous ; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers uniform 

rufous, the latter a little browner towards the ends; lores and 

feathers round the eye ash}^ white; over the eye a shade of grey ; 

ear-coverts ashy brown, with dull whitish shaft-lines ; cheeks dull 

ashy, forming a broad and distinct moustachial streak; throat and 

abdomen white, as well as the under tail-coverts; breast and sides 

of the body washed with ashy brown, with a few streaks of ashy 

on the lower throat and fore neck; axillaries and under wing-

coverts burly white, or white edged with pale fulvous ; quills dusky 

brown below, fulvescent along the edge of the inner web; " legs, 

feet, and claws pale bluish, sometimes a little darker and more 

plumbeous; upper mandible dark horny brown, almost black in 

some; lower mandible bluish white, pale blue, or plumbeous ; gape 

dull yellow; irides red, varying from cinnabar to lake, and from 

lake to crimson " ( W. Davison). Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*75, 

wing 3, tail 2-6, tarsus 0-9. 

The sexes are alike in plumage; but the female is smaller, having 

the wing 2*82 to 2*9 inches, as against 3*1 to 3*35 inches in the 

male (Hume, I. c). 

Hah. Malayan peninsula, extending into Southern Tenasserim 
and Cochin China. 


a. Ad. sk. Malacca (Cantor). India Museum, (Type 
of species.) 
5, c. Ad. sk. Malacca (Cantor). India Museum. 


d. Ad. sk. Malacca (Cantor). Purchased. 
e. $ 
ad. sk. Klang, Salangore, Malayan pen- A. O. Hume, Esq. 
insula, April 14, 1879 (W. 
Davison). 
f. Ad. sk. Sumatra. 
Purchased. 
2N2 

548 
TQEELIEDJE. 

11. Tnrdiiras macrodactylus. 
Malacopteron macrodactyluni, Strichl Ann. fy Mag. Xat. Mist, xiii 

p. 417 (1844); id. P. Z. S. 1846, p. 103. 
Turdinus'macrodactvlus, 
BIt/th, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xiii. p. 382 
(1844); id. Cat B. Mas. As. Soc. p. 147 (1849); Bp. Consp i 

p. 219 (1850); Morsf. $ Moore, Cat B. Mus. B.L Co. i, p. 2->5 • 
Mime, Str. F. ISrO/p. GO. 
Macronusmacrodact\lus, Gray, Gen. B.L p. 210; id. Mand-L B i 

p. 319, no. 4776. " 
Bracliypteryx albogularis, Marti. Bev. ZooL 1644, p. 401. 
Hadropezns macrodactylus, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 11 (1872). 
Adult (Malacca; A. E. Wallace). General colour above reddish 

brown, more fuivescent on the back and duller on the head, the 

upper surface mottled with distinct pale centres and yellowish 

shaft-Hues to the feathers, which are also distinctly edged with 

black; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back, the greater 

coverts rather duller brown, with yellowish shaft-lines; primary-

coverts and quills externally rufous-brown, dusky brown on the 

inner webs; rump a little lighter than the back and not so di


stinctly black-edged; upper tail-coverts and tail dull chestnut-

brown ; lores white, obscured by blackish tips to the feathers ; 

eyelid black; car-coverts rufous, narrowly streaked with black; 

cheeks white, mottled with blackish edgings to th<» feathers : throat 

white, the lower part slightly mottled with a few triangular spots or 

edgings of ashy blackish; remainder of under surface of body light 

fulvous-brown with white ,-haft-lines ; the thighs and flanks uniform 

fulvous-brown ; centre of the breast and abdomen pale ashy, mottled 

with white centres to the feathers and dusky markings and bars; 

under wing-coverts and axiilaries light fuivescent brown; lower 

series of under wing-coverts ashy-brown: quills dull brown below, 

ashy fulvous along the edge of the inner web. Total length 

6*7 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 3-2, tail 2-5, tarsus 1*2. 

In the specimen described the ear-coverts are rufous: and the 
bird may therefore only be the female. Xone of the specimens in 
the British Museum have the sex marked. Host of them, however, 
have black ear-coverts and are very much darker in plumage, with 
more distinct black spots and edgings on the feathers of the throat 
and fore neck. Behind the ear-coverts, too, is a patch of fuivescent 
feathers, each of which is edged with brown. 

In one bird the ear-coverts are rufous, changing into blacjs;; and 
this specimen appears to show that the young male has -rufous ear-
coverts like the old female, and then changes into the black coverts 
of the adult. 

Mah. Malayan peninsula, ranging as high as Province Wellesley. 

*>&.[<? 23ad.sk. Malacca. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. 


cr. 

o, d. [ c? ad. <J juv.] Malacca. 
W1.
* Harvey, Esq. [P.]. 

sk. 
e,fA<$ ad.] sk. Malacca (Dr. Cantor). India Museum. 
ffjh.16 ad, J sk. Malacca {Park ExMbJ). India Museum. 

13 . TUB DIBITS. 549 
i. Ad. sk. Malacca. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [0.1 
h. Ad. sk. Malacca. Purchased. 
LIS imm.] sk. Singapore. Gould Collection. 

12. Tnrdinus rafLpectiis. 
Turdimis rafipectus, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov xiv T> 224. 
(1879). ' ' F* 

^cfa& male. Brown, with, blackish margins to the feathers of the 
upper surface; throat white; breast rufous; abdomen greyish; 
wings dusky brown; tail and under tail-coverts dark brown; bill 
and feet dusky iris chestnut-brown. Total length 7*5 inches 
bill 1, wing 3*75, fail 2*75, tarsus 1*4. (Solvation, I. c.) 

The ft male does not differ sensibly from the male (jSalvadori). 
Hah. Sumatra. 
This species is said by Count Salvador! to differ from Turdinus 


macrotiactylvs principally in the rufous colouring of the breast. 

13. Turdinus atrigolaris. 
Cacopitta atrigularis, Bp. Omsp. i p. 2o7 (1850). 
Macronus atrigulari-, (tray, HanJ-l. B. i. p. 318, no. 4750 (1869). 


Adult. General colour above light brown, slightly rufescent, the 
head with narrow blackish margins to the feathers, broader on the 
mantle and back, the feathers of which have very pale centres and 
white shaft-btreaks; rump uniform rufous-brown; upper tail-
coverts chestnut-brown; wing-coverts like the back, with pale 
centres and whitish shaft-lines to the feathers, the greater series 
and primary-coverts edged with chestnut-brown; quills light brown, 
externally chestnut-brown, the inner secondaries almost entirely 
of the latter colour; tail-feathers brown, washed externally with 
chestnut-brown; lores Mveseent, tipped with black ; feathers round 
the eye and ear-coverts black, the latter succeeded by a patch of 
pale fulvous-brown on the sides of the neck, the feathers with 
paler shafts; a narrow streak of white from the base of the lower 

mandible to below the eye; hinder cheeks and entire throat black, 
slightly mottled with white bases to the feathers; fore neck and 
breast fulvous or buffy white, all the feathers broadly edged with 
black except on the centre of the breast and abdomen, which are 
whiter with very narrow blackish margins to the feathers; lower 
flanks, vent, and under tail-coverts pale ferruginous buff; axillaries 
and under wing-coverts pale ferruginous buff, the former with 
whitish bases; quills ashy brown below, pale ashy rufous along the 
inner webs; " iris chocolate r (A. Everett). Total length 6*7 inches, 
culmen 1, wing 3*95, tail 3, tarsus 1*35. 

Sab. Borneo. 

a. Ad. sk. Borneo. Purchased. 
b. 2 ad.sk. Santubong; Sarawak (A. Everett). Gould Collection. 
550 TBEEXUD-aB. 

14 Turdinus loricatns. 

Myiotheraloricata, MiiU. Tijdsehr. Nat. Gesch. Amsterd. 18355 p. 348. 

Macronus loricatns, Gray, 'Gen. B. i. p. 210 (1846). 

Cacopitta loricata, Bp. Consp. i p. 257 (1850, ex Mutt. MS. in Mus. 

Litgd?). 

Macronus loricatns, Gray, Eand~l. B. i. p. 318, no. 4750 (1869), 

Turdinus niarmoratus, Wardlaio Ramsayf P. Z. S. 1880, p. 15. 

Adult (Sumatra; 0. Boek). General colour above rafous-brown, all 
the feathers mottled with "black margins, a little less distinct on the 
head; wing-coverts like the back, but a little less broadly margined 
with black; quills dark brown, externally dull chestnut; rump and 
upper tail-coverts more distinctly rufous than the back, the dark 
edges to the feathers scarcely distinguishable; tail-feathers dark 
chestnut-brown; a distinct loral spot of white ; feathers round the 
eye dark brown; ear-coverts bright rufous, extending onto the 
sides of the neck; cheeks and throat white, mottled with broad 
black edges to the feathers; lower throat, fore neck, and breast 
black, mottled with white on the body of the feathers, each of which 
has a subterminal crescentie bar of white ; abdomen more ashy and 
less distinctly barred or mottled with white ; sides of body, flanks, 
and under tail-coverts rufous-brown, the latter slightly tipped with 
fulvous margins; axillaries and under wing-eoveiis like the breast; 
the outer and lower wing-coverts brown like the inside of the quills, 
some of them showing narrow ashy margins. Total length 8 inches, 
culmen 0*0, wing 3*6, tail 3*1, tarsus 3/3. (Mus. B. G. Wardlaw 
Bamsay.) 

Ols. The specimen described is the type of T. marrmratus; but 
I afterwards discovered in the Museum a specimen of T. loricaius, 
received from the Leyden Museum; and there can be no doubt of 
the latter being the older name for the species. % 

Hah. The mountains of Sumatra. 

a. Ad. sk. Sumatra. Leyden Museum, 
14. DBYJCOCKffiEA. 
Type. 
Drymochara, Finsck, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 19 33. badiceps. 
"Vitia, JRamsay, Pr. Linn. SOG. N S. W. i. p. 41 (1876) .. 33. badiceps. 

Range. Confined to the JTiji Islands. 

1. Drymoclaera badiceps. 
Drymoehgera badiceps, Finsch, P. Z. S. 1876? p. 20. 

Vitia nificapilla, Bammj, Pr. Linn. Sac. N. S. W. i. p. 41 (1876). 

Adult male. General colour above dull reddish brown; wing-
coverts like the back, the lesser and median series with ashy bases; 
quills dark sepia-brown, edged with rufous-brown; tail-feathers 
dark brown, margined with reddish brown; crown of head and nape 

15. EETTHEOCIOHXA. 
551 

rufous, forming a cap; a distinct eyebrow of greyish white; feathers 
in front of the eye dusky; ear-coverts light ashy grey, as also the 
hinder part of the cheeks; fore part of cheeks and throat white, extending 
onto the fore neck and breast, where, however, it is tinged 
with grey; sides of neck and sides of breast ashy grey, the flanks 
light fulvous-brown; thighs ashy, washed with fulvous-brown ; 
under tail-coverts light fulvous-brown; under wing-coverts, axillaries, 
and edge of the wing pure white; quills dusky below, white 
along the edge of the inner web; " bill dark brown; feet pale 
brown " (EldtiscTimirJt). Total length 4*7 inches, culmen 1*65, wing 
2-25, tail 2-1, tarsus 0*95. 

Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male. Total length 
4*75 inches, wing 2-15, tail 2, tarsus 0*9. 
Hah. Yiti Levu, Fiji Islands. 

a,b. <$ $ ad. sk. Interior of Yiti Levu. Dr. Kleinschmidt [0.]. 

15. EETTHEOCICHLA. 
Range. Malayan peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo. 

1. ErythrocicMa hicolor. 
Brachypteryx bicolor, Less. Ren. Zool. 1830, p. 138. 
Alcippe ? bicolor, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 885 (1844). 
Malacopteron ferraglnosum, Blyth, t c. p. 383 (1844); Salvad. Ucc. 

Bom. p. 2'2S (1874); Hume § Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 58; Hume. 
Str. F. 187% p. 96. 
Macronus bicolor, Gray, Gen. B. L p. 210 (1846); id. Hand4. B. 

i. p. 318, no. 4764 (1809). 
Trichostoma bicolor, Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soo. p. 147 (1849) • Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 259 (1850); Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. El. Co. Mus. i. 

p. 226 (1&54) • Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 536. 
Napothera rubicauda, Bp. Consp. I. p. 359 (1850, ex Mull. MS. in 
Mm. Lugd.). 
Napothera rubicunda, Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc.,App. p. xxi (1852, 
exMidl.MSS.). ^ V ' 
Napothera rubricauda, Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 47 {ex Mull. MS. in Mus. 
Lugd.). 
Trichostoma 
ferruginosum, Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 47; Oates, B. Brit. 
Burm. p. 58 (1883). 

Adult male. General colour above rufous-brown, more rufescent 
on the forehead and crown, with light shaft-lines, the latter scarcely 
distinguishable on the back ; on the rump a narrow band of silky 
white plumes, almost concealed by the long feathers of the rump * 
upper tail-coverts and tail uniform bright ferruginous; lesser and 
median wing-coverts like the back or edged with the same colour as 
the latter; greater coverts, bastard wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
dusky brown, externally rufous • lores and feathers round the eye 
buffy white; feathers below the eye silky whitish; ear-coverts pale 
brown; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body white, with a 

552 mrEEHD-ZE. 

fulvous tint across the fore neck and chest, forming a faintly indicated 
hand; sides of hody and flanks also washed with light brown 
or ashy fulvous; thighs tawny; under tail-coverts very pale buff, 
as also the under wing-coverts and axillaries; quills light brown 
below, very pale rufous along the edge of the inner web; " upper 
mandible dirty white; lower mandible dark brown; legs and feet 
fleshy white; iris pale wood-brown " (Davison). Total length 6*3 
inches, culmen 0*8, wing 2*95, tail 2*65, tarsus 145. 

Hah. From Southern Tenasserim down the Malayan peninsula to 
Sumatra and Borneo. 

a. c?. ad. sk, Malacca (A. E. Wallace). Gould Collection. 
5. Ad. sk. Malacca. A. E. "Wallace, Esq. 
[C.]. 
c. Ad.; d. c? ad. Sumatra. A. Bf. Wallace, Esq. 
sk.
e. Ad. sk. Sumatra. 
[C.". 
Purchased. 
f, g. Ad. sk.
7?, Ad. sk. 
Borneo. 
Lumbidan, X.W. Borne 
Purchased. 
o. Governor Cssher \OX 
i. Ad. sk.
7c. S ad. sk.
I, m,n. Ad. sk. 
Lawas river. 
Paku, Sarawak. 
Malacca (Griffith). 
Governor Ussher 
Henrv Everett,
[C.\ 
India Museum. 
[C.J. 
Esq. 

16. DBYKOCATAPHIJS. 
Type. 
Drymocataphus, Blyth, J. A. $. Beng. xviil. p. 815 
(1849) D. nigroeapitatus. 
Bessethera, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 76 (1850) .. D, capistratus. 

Range. From the hills of jSbrth-eastern Bengal, throughout Btirmah 
and Tenasserim and the Malayan peninsula, to JarSj Sumatra, 
and Borneo. 

Key to the Species. 

a, Crown black. 
a'. Breast tawny or orange-rufous; legs dark 
brown in skin. 
a". Superciliary streak orange-rufous; ear-
coverts brown capistraius^ p. 558. 

I". Superciliary streak white or ashy whitish. 
a'". Lores and ear-coverts a-hy grey nigricapitatus, p. 554. 
V". Lores and ear-covertb black capisiratoides7 p, &55. 

b'. Breast white like the throat; legs pale yellowish 
in skin deaveri, p. 556. 

b. Head brown with faint shaft-lines, or uniform 
brown. 
c\ Flanks olive-brown. 
c". Throat white, not streaked; head uniform 
"brown without paler shaft-lines ignotusf p. 556. 
d". Throat fulvous, longitudinally streaked 
with dusky; head with distinct pale shaft-
lines assamensis, p. 557. 

16 . DETHOCATAPHTrs, 
553 

d't Flanks pale fulvous-brown, only a little more 

deeply coloured than the breast; bead pale 

olive fulvous-brown, streaked with lighter 

shaft-lines like the back tickeUi, p. 557. 

e\ Elanks bright ferruginous like the under 

tail-coverts rubiginosus, p, 560. 

1. Drymocatapiras capistratus. 
Mviothera capistrata, Temm. PL Col ii. pi. 185. fig. 1 (1823); JStrickl. 
'Contr. On?. 1840, p. 128. 
Macronus capistratus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 210 (1846) ; id. Sand-l B. 
i.p.819,no.4773(l&G9). 
Turdirostris capistrata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 217 (1850); id, C. R. xxxviii. 

p. 59 (1S54). 
Bessethera capistrata, Cab. Jlus. Eein. Th. i. p. 70 (1850), 
Bessothera capistrata, Sundev. Av. Mefh. Tent, p. 10 (1872). 
Drymoeataphus capistratus, Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 219 (1874); 
Nicholson, Ibis, 1679, p. 168. 

Adult male (East Java; "Wallace). General colour above earthy 
brown, with scarcely pronounced light shaft-streaks on the mantle; 
wing-coverts like the back, the greater sexies with clearer fulvescent 
margins; quills blackish brown, externally fulvescent brown, the 
innermost secondaries uniform and slightly more olivaceous brown; 
upper tail-coverts rather more reddish brown than the back ,* tail-
feathers brown, more fulvescent on their edges, and paler at the 
tips of the outer ones ; crown of head black, narrowing in a point 
down the nape ; a distinct eyebrow of tawny buff or orange; lores 
dull white, with black-tipped plumes in front of the eye; ear-
coverts brown, with narrow whitish shaft-lines; eyelid and a line 
of feathers above the ear-coverts ashy grey, extending in a less 
marked manner to the sides of the nape; sides of neck brown like 
the back; fore part of cheeks white, slightly washed with orange; 
the hinder part of the cheeks, the malar line, and the under surface 
of the body orange-rufous or tawny, the under tail-coverts and flanks 
washed with brown; throat white; thighs orange-rufous; under 
wing-coverts a little lighter than the breast, and of a rather more 
ochraceous brown colour ; quills light brown, pale fulvous along the 
edge of the inner web ; bill horn-black, browner towards the tip; 
edges of upper mandible and lower mandible pale ; legs, feet, and 
clavis brown. Total length $•& inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2*7, tail 
2-4, tarsus 1-25. 

I have not met with an example of an undoubted adult female; 
but specimens probably of this sex are in Capt "Wardlaw Ramsay's 
collection, as they have the ear-coverts orange-rufous instead of 
brown. 

Young. Differs from the adult in being everywhere more rufous, 
especially on the wings and tail; the underparts are of a deep orange-
rufous, and the white throat is scarcely perceptible; the eyebrow, 
which is very distinct, and the ear-coverts and sides of the face are 

554 TDIDSUXDM, 

of the same colour as the underparts; the crown is blackish brown 
instead of jet-black, and forms a cap, instead of extending down 
the nape as in the adult. The bill and feet are also paler. 

Hah. Java. 

a. (S ad. sk. East Java. A. E. Wallace, Esq. i~C 1 
b. Ad. sk. West Java (E. C. Buxton). F. Nicholson, Esq. |P.]. 
c. (S ad. sk. Java (Diard). F. D. Godman and I). Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
2. Drymocataphus nigricapitatus, 
Brackypteryx nigro-capitata, Eyion, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 103; Bh/fh, 
J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 385 (1844); id. Cat B. Mus. As. 8oc. p. 178 
(1849). 
Goldana nigrocapitatus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beag, xi. p. 796 (1842). 
Drymocataphus nigrocapitatus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beag, xviii. p. 815 

(1849); Moore, P.Z.8. 1854, p. 273; Iforsf. $ Moore, Cat B. EI. 
Co. Mus. i. p. 396 (1854); Bp. C JR. xxxviii. p. 59 (1854) ; Salmd. 
Ucc. Born. p. 219 (1874): Tweedd. Ibis, 1677, p. 308; Hume $• 
Davis. 8h\ F. 1878, p. 275; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 01, 96; Kel-
Jiam, Ibis, 1881, p. 511: Gates, B. Brit. Burm, p. G4 (1883). 

Bessethera barbata, Cab. Mus. Hem. Th. i. p. 70, note (1550). 
Turdirostris nigrocapistratus, Verr. M88.; Bp. C. B. xxxviii. p 59 

(1854). 
Macronus nigrocapistratus/''Eyton,v Bp. t, c. p. 59 (1854, necEijton). 
Macronus capistratus (pt.), Pel;:. Beis. Xuvara, Tog. pp. GO, 101 

(13C5, nee Temm.), 
Drymocataphus capistratoides, pt.; Gray, Hand-L B. I. p. 318, 

uo. 4769 (1809, nee Striehl). 
Drymocataphus barbatus, Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 319, no. 4775 (1869). 
Myiothera capistratoides, BIyih, Ibis, lb70, p. 170 (nee StrickL). 

Adult male. General colour above rufous-brown, with indistinct 
pale shafts to the feathers of the mantle; wing-coverts like the 
back, the greater series with brighter chestnut margins ; quills 
sepia-brown, externally rufous-brown, the inner secondaries uniform 
rufous-brown; upper tail-coverts deep chestnut• tail-feathers dull 
rufous-brown, with chestnut margins to the feathers; crown of 
head and nape black; lores, feathers round the eye and eyebrow, 
sides of face, and ear-coverts ashy grey, streaked with white shaft-
lines, the ear-coverts washed with rufous; sides of neck orange-
rufous, as also the hinder part of the cheeks and under surface 
of body; the fore part of the cheeks and the whole of the throat 
white; flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts more olive-brown, 
washed with orange; under wing-eoverts light orange, shaded with 
brown, Mvous-white along tho edge of the wing; quills brown 

below, fulvescent along the margin of the inner web; " npper 
mandible black, lower one fleshy white ; legs and feet fleshy white, 
slightly tinged with brown (in one specimen reddish horny) ; iris 
rhubarb-red" (W. Davison). Total length 6-o inches, culmen 0*7, 
wing 2*65, tail 2*25, tarsus 2*2. 

Hal. Sumatra and the Malayan peninsula, ranging, as a rare 
straggler, into the extreme southern portions of Tenasserim. 

16 . DBYMOCATAPHTTS. 
555 

a. Ad. sk. Malacca. Purchased. 
b, c, d, e. Ad. sk. Malacca (Dr\ Cantor). India Museum. 
/ . Ad. sk. Malacca. Ejton Collection. (Type 
of species.) 

g. Ad. sk. Malacca. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
[P.]. 
h. <$ ad. sk. Singapore. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [0.1. 
i. S ad. sk. Sumatra. A. B. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 
3. Drymocataplras capistratoides. 
Myiotkera capistratoides, Temm. in JIus. Lugd. 
Goldana capistratoides, StHeld, Contr. Orn. 1849, p. 128, pi. 36. 
Turdirostris capistratoides, Bp. Consp. i. p. 218 (1850); id. C. R. 


xxxviii. p. 50 (1654). 
Drymocaraphus capistratoides, StHcJd. Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 16; Sal


vad. Ucc. Born. p. 218 {1S74J j Skarpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 11$ Skarpe, 

Ibis, 1570, p. 25^. 

Macronub capistratu«, Pelz. Heis. Kovara, Yog. pp. 69,161 (pt., 1865). 

Macronus capistratoides, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 318, no. 4769 (1869, 

pt/). 

Myiotliera capistrata, Bh/tli, Ibis, 1870, p. 170 (nee Temm.). 

Arhdt male (Dintulu, Bee. 1, 1875; A. Everett). General colour 
above rufous-brown, deepening into chestnut on the lower back and 
rump, the mantle with inconspicuous pale shaft-lines; wing-coverts 
like the back; quills dark sepia-brown, externally rufous-brown, 
the primaries rather paler; tail-feathers dark brown, externally 
chestnut; crown of head and nape jet-black ; lores, feathers above 
and below the eye, and ear-coverts ashy black; a distinct white 
eyebrow extending from the base of the bill to the sides of 
the hinder neck, and skirting the black crown ; lower edge of 
hinder ear-coverts rufous-brown; sides of neck rufous-brown, with 
orange-rufous shaft-streaks; cheeks and entire throat white; fore 
neck and entire breast bright orange-rufous or tawny, the sides of 
the body, flanks, lower abdomen, vent, thighs, and under tail-
coverts deep rufous-brown ; under wing-coverts rufous-brown, paler 
near the edge of the wing; quills deep sepia-brown below, narrowly 
edged with fulvous-brown along the inner web; " bill black; 
mandible pale lead-colour; legs leaden brown; iris orange-brown " 


(A. Everett), Total length 5*7 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 2-6, 
tail 2-2, tarsus 1-15. 
A male, labelled Sibu, and procured by Mr. Everett on the 28th 

of February 1875, has the iris " crimson." I can discover no dif


ference in colouring from the male above described, excepting that 

the ear-coverts are somewhat blacker. 

Adult female (Paku, Dec. 1878*. H. Everett). Apparently iden


tical with the male in colour, but is a little smaller ; " iris crimson" 

(if. E.). Total length 5*4 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 2% tail 1*9, 

tarsus 1'2. 

Hah. Borneo. 

a. Ad. sk. N.W. Borneo (JET. low). K. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
bj c. Ad. sk N.W. Borneo. Hugh Low, Esq. [0.]. 
556 TiMEiams. 
d. S ad. sk.
e. S ad. sk.
/ . ? ad. sk. 
Bintulu, W. Borneo, Dec. 1,1875. 
Sibu, Sarawak. Feb. 28,1875. 
Palm, Sarawak, Dec. 1878. 
Alfred Everett, Esq. [C.]. 
Alfred Everett, Esq. [0.1. 
Henry Everett, Esq. [0.]. 

4. Drymocatapkis cleaveri. 
Drymocataphus cleaveri, Shelley, Ibis, 1874, p. 89. 
Adult General colour above rufescent brown, the wing-coverts 
like the back, the greater coverts more rufous on. the outer margins ; 
quills brown, externally rufescent brown, the innermost secondaries 
more olive-brown; upper tiil-coverts dull chestnut; tail-feathers 
rufescent brown; crown of head and nape black, slightly washed 
with grey on the latter and on the sides of the occiput; lores and 
a broad eyebrow ashy white, the eyelid tinged with rufous; in 
front of the eye a few dusky feathers ; cheeks and ear-coverts dull 
white, the upper edge of the latter blackish; sides of neck dull 
ashy; throat and under surface of body dull white, the breast 
somewhat ashy white; sides of body and under tail-coverts tawny 
buff, the thighs inwardly whitish, outwardly fulvescent; under 
wing-coverts light tawny buff, with a few whitish feathers near the 
edge of the wing, which is mottled with blackish brown; quills 
brown below, fulvescent along the edge of the inner web; legs pale 
yellowish in skin, the claws also; bill blackish brown, yellow at 
the base of the lower mandible. Total length 5*8 inches, culmen 0*7, 
wing 2*7, tail 2-2, tarsus 1*05. 

Hob. Interior of the Gold Coast, West Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. Denkera (Aiibinn). B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
5. Drymocataplras ignotus. 
Pelfbrneuni ignotum. Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 334; id. Str. F. 1878, 
vol. ii. p. 143; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 98. 
Turdinus nagaensis, Godicin-Ausfen, Ann. fy Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. 

p. 519 (1877); Hume, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 143, note. 
Adult male (Naga hills, April 13, 1876 ; type of T. nagaensts). 
General colour above uniform dark brown, of rather a reddish tint, 
the lesser and median wing-coverts like the back; greater coverts 
and quills dusky brown, externally like the back ; tail-feathers 
brown; over the eye apparently a paler shade of ashy whitish; 
ear-coverts and sides of face brown; throat conspicuously white, 
with scarcely perceptible dusky tips to some of the feathers ; fore 
neck and breast olive fulvous-brown, with slight fulvescent shaft-
streaks ; centre of breast and of abdomen white; sides of bod}r 
more fulvescent brown, inclining to tawny on the lower flanks and 
thighs and deepening perceptibly on the under tail-coverts ; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries fulvous-brown; quills dusky brown 

16 . 35RY3EOCA.TAPBTS, 
557 

below, pale ashy rufous along the inner web. Total length 4*4 
inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2-2, tail 2, tarsus 0*9. (2£us. H. S. 
Godwin-Austen,.) 

Sab. Hills of Xorth-eastern Bengal. 

6. Drymocataplras assamensis. 
PeUorneum tickelli (mn Blyth \, Sume $ Davis. Sir. F. 1878, vol. i. 

pp. 277. 514; Sume, &f/\ F. IS78, vol. ii. p. 143, note; id. Ibis, 

1^7S? p. 114; id. Sts. F. 1S70, p. 96. 

Turdinus sraroensis, o ad., Godw.-Austen, J, A. S. Feng. xlv. p. 75 

(B70). 

Adult male (Dikrang valley, Dec. 1874;. General colour above 
dark brown, with pale shaft-streaks to the feathers of the head and 
mantle; fore part of crown rather lighter, with distinct yellowish 
buff shaft-streaks; rump more uniform, with scarcely perceptible 
shaft-lines: lesser and median wing-coverts like the back, the 
greater series externally more fulvous-brown; bastard-wing feathers 
light fulvous-brown; primary-covertb blackish, externally washed 
with fulvous, forming a small wing-patch; quills blackish, externally 
deep fulvou^-brown, darker on the primaries, the inner 
secondaries entirely deep fulvous-brown, with pule shafts like the 
back ; upper tail-covert*» a little lighter brown than the back ; tail-
feather* dusky brown, externally washed with dark fulvous-brown ; 
lores ashy fulvoiib. mottled with du-k\ tips to the feathers; plumes 
round the eye a-sliy fulvous, ashy turey on the hinder margin; a 
slight shade of aJiy grey above the ear-coverts, not pronounced 
enough to form an eyebrow; ear-cover is dark brown with paler 
fulvous shalt-lines; cheeks pale fulvous-brown, slightly mottled 
with dusky tips to the feathers; under surface pale fulvous-brown, 
with dusky brown streaks on the throat and cheeks; centre of 
breast and abdomen creamy white ; flanks and sides of body dark 
olive-brown, the thighs a little more fulvescent; under tail-coverts 
pale fulvous ; under wing-coverts and axiUaries light fulvous-brown ; 
quills dusky brown below, creamy buff along the inner web^ '* bill 
dark brown above, pale grey below; legs and feet very pale fleshcolour 
; iris brown." Total length D-D inches, culmen 1*6, wing 2-5, 
tail 2*1, tarsus 1*15. (31ns. S. S. Godwin-Austen.) 

Sab. Hills of Assam and Xorth-eastern Bengal. 

a. $ ad. sk. Bhollah, Assam {Cockhim). E. W. Oates, Esq. 
7. Drymocataphiis tickelli*. 
PeUorneum 
tickelli, Blyth, J. A. S. Beag. xxviii. p. 414 (1859); 
Ticket!, Sis, lbtJ3, p. 113; Sume, Sir. F. 1873, p. 290, note; 
Oates, Sir. F. 1875, p. 110, 1870, p. 406; Godto.-Austen, Ibis, 
1878, p. 115. 

* This species has been the subject of much discussion among ornithologist; 
and I have found it very difficult to settle all the disputed points. It was first 
described by Blyth in 1859; and I am inclined to agree with the late Lord 
558 
TOOSLIIDJB. 

Trichastoma minor, Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 535; Wald. in Bh/th, B 
Burm. p. 115 (1875); Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 59; id. $ Bamsori, 
Str. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 259; id. Ibis, 1878, p. 114; Godio.-Austen, 

t. c. p. 115. 
Turdinus garoensis, Godio.-Austen, J. A.S.Beng. xliii. p. 160, pi. vlii. 
(1874); Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 396, 1878, p. 514, 1879, p. 95. 
Drymocataplius fulvus, 
Wald. Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xv. p. 401 
(1875); id. in Blyth, B. Burm. p. 115 (1875) ; Hume, Sir. F. 1875, 

p. 403. 
Alcippe tickelli, Godio.-Austen, Pr. A. S. Beng. xlvi. p. 146 (1877). 
Trichastoma minus, Tioeedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 385 ; Godio.-Austen, Ibis. 
1878, p. 115 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 95. 
Drymocataplius tickelli, Tioeedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 451, pi. xi. fig. a: Gates 

B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 64 (1883). 
Adult female. General colour above fulvous-brown, the head like 
the back, but streaked with light fulvous shaft-lines which extend 
to the mantle; feathers of the rump lighter fulvous, forming a concealed 
band under the long feathers of the lower back; wing-

Tweecldale as to the identification of Birth's species, and to dissent from the 

view afterwards taken by Mr. Hume. The original specimen was discovered 

by the late Colonel Tickell at Amherst in Tenasserim, and was forwarded bj 

him to Blyth at Calcutta. Colonel Tickell's paper describing the species arrived 

by a later mail than his specimens ; and in the meantime Bh th bad given names 

to them. This circumstance is explained by Colonel Tickell in the l Ibis' for 

1863, pp. 111-113. 

The further history of the species appears to be as follows :—In 1873 Mr. 

Hume, when describing a supposed new Pellomenm, from Thayetmyo as 

P. minus, reproduced in a footnote the original description of P. tickellL In 
1874 the same gentleman described a new Trichastoma as T. minor from Tenasserim 
; and in the succeeding year the late Lord Tweeddale described a Bnrmocataphus 
fidvus from Iiarennee. In the ' Birds of Burma' Biyth identified his 
Pellomeum tickelli as a true Pelfonieitm, and placed as a synonym P, subochraceum 
of Swinhoe. This was evidently a mistake, and Mr. Biyth's memory must 
have failed him when uniting these two species. P. 'minus of Hume is also 
admitted by Blyth into his ' Birds of Burma ;' and Lord Tweeddale, in editing 
the latter book, followed Blyth in stating that it was a synonym of P. tickelli. 
In the same work Lord Tweeddale suggests that Trichastoma minor of Hume 
is probably the same as T. abbo*fi; but this is also an error on Lord T^eeddale's 
part. In the first' List of the Birds of TTpper Pegu,' a bird is identified 
by Mr. Oates and Mr. Hume as Pellomenm tickedi. Mr. Oates brought a specimen 
of the same bird home to England, which is now in the British"Museum, 
and is duly recorded below; so that in this year the species may be said to have 
been rightly identified by Mr. Oates, and his conclusions ratified by Mr. Hume 
as editor of 'Stray Feathers/ In 1S7G Mr. Oates published a note on Pellorneum 
minor of Hume and P. tickelli of Blyth, in which he animadverts on Lord 
Tweeddale's identification of these two species ; but the matter is fully explained 
by the latter ornithologist in a letter to the * Ibis' fur 1877 (p. 3<35); and at 
p. 451 he contributes a " 'Note on the Pellomeum tickelli of Blyth," in which he 
shows that Pellomeum minus of Hume is P. svbochraeeum of JSwinhoe. and that 
Drymocatcvphtts fulvus of Walden is the same as Pellomenm tickelli of Blyth, 
but points out that it is a true Drymocataphus, and should sfuid as I), tickelli 
(Blyth). A figure is given which cannot be said to be very characteristic, as 
the delicate shaft-stripes on the upper surface and the faint dusky markings on 
the throat and breast are omitted. Mr. Hume had published independently in 
the same year (' Stray Feathers,' 1877, p. 59) his opinion that Brymocataphus 
fulvus of Walden and his own THckastoma minor were one and the same species. 
16. DRYMOCATAPinrS. 
559 

coverts like tlio back and showing tko same light shaft-streaks; 
quills dusky brown, externally fulvous-brown like the back, paler 
on the primaries, the secondaries slightly edged paler at the tips; 
tail-feathers light brown edged with fulvous-brown, and with reddish-
brown shafts ; lores and feathers round the eye fulvous, the former 
with whitish shaft-streaks; ear-coverts light brown, obscurely 
streaked with narrow fulvoas shaft-linos; feathers above the ear-
coverts paler fulvous-brown with whitish shaft-lines, scarcely sufficiently 
marked to be called an eyebrow; cheeks and under surface 
of body fulvous, the centre of the breast and abdomen whitish ; on 
the breast a few indications of slightly darker fulvous-brown streaks; 
flanks and sides of body rather deeper fulvous; thighs and under 
tail-coverts fulvous, as also the under wing-coverts and axillaries ; 
quills dusky below, fulvous along the inner web; " bill dusky 
above, pale fleshy beneath ; inside of mouth yellow; irides reddish 
brown ; eyelids greenish fleshy; legs fleshy white, toes of a slightly 
paler colour " (E. W. Oates). Total length 4*1 inches, culmen 0*6, 

wing 2-25, tail 1*8, tarsus 1. 

Adult male. Resembles the female in colour, but is rather larger. 

Total length 5*2 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 2*45, tail 2, tarsus 

1*05. 

Hob. Hills of Karen-nee, Pegu, and Tenasserim. 

To the ' Ibis' Mr. Hume sent a farther note on these species, in 1878, accom


panied by specimens of the bird which he identified as Pellomeum tichelli, and 
also examples of his Trichastoma minor, asking if the Editors would find out if 
the latter was identical with Tar dimes garoensis of Goclwin-Austen. The Editors 
of the ' Ibis' submitted the specimens to Colonel God win-Austen, who identified 
Pellomeum tichelli (Blyth apud Hume) as the same as his Turdimis garoensis, 
" male." from the Dana hills. Trichastoma minor of Hume ho shows to be the 
same as D. fulvus, Walden, and also identifies it with the true Pellomeum 
tichelli of Blyth: he further considers it to be distinct from his Turdinus garoensis, 
though closely allied to it. In the same year (Sir. F. 1878, p. 259) Mr. 
Hume allows the identity of D. fulvus with his Trichastoma minor, and suggests 
that T. garoensis, GS-odwin-Austen, is really the same species. In this conclu.
sion he is quite right, as I am abloto affirm from an examination of the type of 

T. garoensis, which Colonel Godwin-Austen has kindly lent to mo. Further 
on, in his account of the ' Birds of Tenasserim,' Mr. Humo writes of Pellomemn 
tichelli, and does not agree with Colonel Godwin-Austen's identifications, and 
reiterates his previous opinions. Mr. Oates's collection, however, contains a 
poor specimen from Dhollab, in Assam, which was given to him by Mr. Hume, 
and which I believe to be the bird which the latter gentleman considers to 
be true P. tichelli of Blyth. This specimen, which is now in the British 
Museum, is really the same as the male of Turdinus garoensis from the Dikrang 
valley in Colonel G-odwin-Austen's collection; but it is not the same species as his 
Turdinus garoensis, according to my views, after an examination of both the 
specimens referred to ; and it is this mistake which has puzzled Mr. Hume. The 
latter gentleman, at p. 514 of vol. vi. of ' Stray Feathers,' says that he has obtained 
a specimen of the true Turdinus garoensis of G-od win-Austen; but I do 
not feel certain, from reading his remarks, that he has really obtained GodwinAusten's 
species. In 1879 Mr. Hume, in his ' List of the Birds of India,' still 
adheres to his belief that Pellomeum tichelli is distinct from his Trichastoma 
minus, and refers them to two different genera; but I trust that, after reading 
my remarks, he will be able to agree with my conclusions. Mr. Oates, who 
examined the subject with me, has, I am glad to say, adopted my views. 

|560 TBCELITDJ3. 
a. 6 ad. sk.
b P ad. sk. 
Pabyin, Mergui District,
TenasseriiB, Xov. 15, 
1874 (W. Davison). 
Evergreen forests, easternslopes of Pegu hills, 
April 16,1873. 
E. W. Gates, Esq. 
E. W. Gates, Esq. [0.]. 

8. Brymocataphus rabigmosus. 
Trichostonia rubiginosa, Waklen, Ann. § Mag. Kat. Hist. (4) xv. 
p 402 (1875j; id. in Blyth B. Burm. p. 11-5 (187o) ; Hume <§• 
Davison, Sir. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 260; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 95. 

Adult female. (Karen-nee, March 23, 187-4; B. CL "Wardlaw 
Bamsay: type of species). General colour above fulvous-brown, the 
head a little duller than the back, slightly washed with tawny on 
the forehead; upper tail-coverts somewhat washed with rufous; 

•wing-coverts like the back, the greater series and the quills light 
brown, externally like the back, rather more tawny on the outer 
web and on the primaries; tail-feathers brown washed with olive-
brown, and narrowly fringed with reddibh at the tips; lore*5*, a 
narrow eyebrow, sides of face and cheeks, as well as the sides of 
the throat and under surface of body, ferruginous or deep tawny; 
chin and centre of throat, as well as the centre of the breast and 
abdomen, white; under wing-coverts and axillaries like the breast; 
quills ashy brown below, pale tawny along the edge of the inner 
web; " bill blackish brown above, paler below, yellowish at gape; legs 
dull pinkish white ; iris light brown." Total length 0*3 inches, 
culmen 0*75, wing 3, tail 2*55, tarsus 1*35. (M*?s, It G. Wardlaw 
Ramsay.) 
Young female. Similar to the adult, but more fluffy in plumage ; 
the latter also duller in colour. (3Ius. R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.) 
Hah. Hills of Karen-nee, Burmah. 

17. OETYGOCICHIiA. 
Xvpe. 
Ortygocichla, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 452. , 0. rubiginosa. 

Range. E*ew Britain, 

1. Ortygocichla rubiginosa. 
Ortygocichla rubiginosa, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 4u2, pL 89. 
Adult female. General colour above brown; lesser wing-coverts 
and median coverts like the back, outer lesser coverts edged with 
rufous; greater coverts, bastard wing, and primary-coverts dusky 
brown, externally edged with dull rufous; quills sepia-brown, externally 
edged with rufous-brown; upper tail-coverts and tail-
feathers rufous-brown; crown of head a little more dusky than the 

* The specimens are somewhat damaged about the head, and it is difficult to 
make out exactly the distribution of the mfous colour. 
IS . GYPSOPHILA. 

back; lores and a broad eyebrow chestnut rufous; sides of face also 
chestnut, with a dusky streak along the upper edge of the eareoverts 
; cheeks and under surface chestnut; sides of body, flanks, 
and thighs brown ; under tail-coverts deeper chestnut* under wing-
coverts and axillaries light chestnut; lower greater coverts and 
quills below ashy brown : inner edge of quills paler• " bill dark 
horn-colour above, almost black, beneath brighter; legs, feet, and 
claws dark horn-colour ; iris bright grey with a light brown tinge " 
(Klehischmidt). Total length 6*3 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 2-95, 
tail 2*7, tarsus 1*05. 

Hab. Xew Britain. 

a. $ ad. sk. Xew Britain. Br. Kleinschmidt [C.]. 
18. GYPSOPHILA. 
Type. 
Turdinus, pt, Blyth, et anct. recent 
Gypsophila, E. W. Gates, B. Brit. Burm. p. 61 (1883).. G. crispifrons. 

Range. Tenasseriin. 

1. (xypsophila crispifrons. 
Turdinus crispifrontf, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xxiv. p. 269 (1855) • id 
B. Burm. p. 114 (Ibid) * Hume, Sir. F. Ib77, p. 87 ; id. § Davison, 
Ktr. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 202; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 95 ; Bingham, 
Mr. F. 18K), p. 179. 
Macronub eri&pifrons, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 319, no. 4779 (1869). 
Turdinus darw ini, Hume, Mir. F. 1877, p. 90. 
Gypsophila crispifrons, Gates, B. Brit. Barm. i. p. 61 (1883). 


Adidt female. General colour above ashy olive-brown, mottled 
with narrow blackish margins to the feathers of the upper surface, 
producing a scaly appearance, the feathers having also narrow 
whitish shaft-lines; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform 
ashy olive, the latter very slightly rufescent; lores ashy, with 
whitish shaft-Hues; a distinct eyebrow ashy grey, with indistinct 
white shaft-streaks; feathers round the eye ashy whitish • ear-
coverts darker ashy grey, with narrow whitish shaft-lines • lesser 
and median wing-coverts like the back; greater coverts dusky olive-
brown ; quills dark sepia-brown, externally dusky olive, the innermost 
secondaries with narrow whitish shaft-lines, and showing a 
small spot of white at the tip; tail-feathers dark brown, externally 
olive-brown, very slightly rufescent in shade - cheeks dull white, 
mottled with dusky tips to the feathers; throat and breast dull 
white, with broad dusky brown centres to the feathers, giving a 
broadly streaked appearance, less pronounced on the chin and upper 
throat; abdomen slightly washed with ochraceous, the centre 
whitish; sides of body dark ashy olive, with a somewhat reddish 
tint on the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts; under wing-
coverts ashy olive; quills dusky brown below, somewhat lighter 
along the inner web; " irides deep red, rhubarb-red, or light red • 
upper mandible dark brown or black; lower one pale plumbeous; 
legs dark brown, always tinged with red or purple of varying 

VOL. VII. 2 o 

502 
nUELIlDM. 

shades" (W. Davison). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 

2-95, tail 2*7, tarsus 1-15. 

In the two specimens from "Wimpong in the British Museum, the 

lores, eyebrow, sides of face and chin are pure white; and in Mr. 

Hume's examples from the same locality the same curious diffe


rence of plumage is exhibited, and some of them even had a broad 

white collar on the back of the neck. This difference in coloration 

is probably seasonal; and any one studying the species should con


sult Mr. Hume's paper on T. crispifroas (Str. P. 1877, pp. 87-90). 

Cf. also Oates, B. Br. Burm. p. 61. 

Hal. Isolated limestone-rocks in the central portions of Tenas


serim. 

a. 5 ad. sk. Thoungscha Gvne river, March 9, A. O. Hume, Esq. 
1877 (W.Davison). 
b, e. (S ad. sk. Wimpong, Bee. 23, 1S7C ( W. D.)- A. O. Hume, Esq. 

19. 
TEICHOSTOMA. 
Type. 
Trichastoma, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 795 (1842).... T. ro&tratum, 
Range. From Southern Tenasserim down the Malayan peninsula 
to Sumatra and Borneo. 


1, Trichostoma rostratum*. 
Trichastoma rostratum, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 70o {1842), xiiL 

p. 383 (J 845), xvi. p. 462 (184b); id. Cat. B. Mia, As, Sac. p. 147 
(1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 259 (IboOj; Hume, »Str. F. 1S79, pp. 60, 
160, 1880, pp. 109, 127; Oates. B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 50 (18feS). 
Malacopteron rostratum, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 209 (lb4S). 
Napothera timbratilis, Temm. 3ISS.; Strkli. Contr. Orn. 1849? 

p. 128, pi. 31 (hind figure). 
Myiothera umbratilis, Midi, Mas. Zugd., zmde 
Turdirostris umbratilis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 218 (1850). 
Brachypteryx macroptera,tialvad. Atti B. Ac. Torin. iii. p. 528 {1868). 
Maeronus umbratilis, Gray, Kand-l. B. i. p. 319, no. 4771 (1&U9). 
Brachypteryx buxtord, Walden, P. Z. 3.1877, p. 3t>7; id. Ibis, 1&77, 
p. 308, pi. 6.fig. 2. 
Adult female. General colour above brown, lighter on the forehead, 
where the feathers are pale-shafted; the head like the back, 
and with nearly obsolete lighter shafts to the feathers; the bases to 
the feathers of the back conspicuously ashy or greyish white, forming 
streaks when the plumage is disarranged; on either side of the 
rump a large tuft of silky white plumes, more or less concealed by 
the long brown feathers of the lower back; upper tail-coverts rufous; 
tail-feathers dark brown, with somewhat of a reddish tint; wing-
coverts like the back, with obsolete shaft-lines; quills dusky brown, 
externally reddish brown, the innermost secondaries entirely of the 
latter colour; lores dull whitish, obscured with ashy-brown tips to 
the feathers ; feathers over and round the eye pale fulvescent 

* In the absence of an examination of Mr. BIyth*s types, I have carefully 
compared our specimens with the description of the species, and agree with Mr. 
O ates as to his identification. 
20. KALACOPTEECT.
brown; above the ear-coverts a slight shade of ashy; ear-coverts 
brown with whitish shaft-lines; cheeks dull ashy with white bases, 
indicating a tolerably distinct monstachial line ; throat and under 
surface of body white, ashy on the sides of the body from the sides 
of the fore neck downwards, the sides of the breast slightly 
washed with brown; thighs reddish brown; under tail-coverts 
white; under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy brown washed with 
fulvous, resembling the sides of the breast; quills dusky brown 
below, ashy whitish along the edge of the inner web; "legs and 
feet leaden blue; iris Indian red *? (A. Everett). Total length 4*9 
inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2-60, tail 2*1, tarsus 1. 

The male is doubtless larger than the female, as is usual in this 
group of TiimUklm; and a Lumbidan specimen of Governor 
UssherX though not so marked, is, from its size, no doubt a male. 
It measures:—Total length 5*5 Inches, culmen 0*8, wing 2*95, tail 
2, tarsus 1*05. 

The same variation from olive- to rufous-brown exists in this 
species as In allied ones; and this Is especially the case in the colour 
of the flanks and under wing-coverts, which are sometimes much 
browner than at others, the latter varying from rufous-brown to 
light fulvous-brown. 

Hal. From the extreme south of Tenasserim down the Malayan 
peninsula to Sumatra and Borneo. 

a. 2 &&* &. Malewoon, Tenasserim. E. W. Oates, Esq. [C.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Sumatra. Purchased. 
e. Ad. sk. Lumbidan,X.W.Borneo. Governor Ussher [0.]. 
d. Ad. sk, Lumbidan, N.W.Borneo R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
(Hugh Low). 
e. 2 ad. sk. Labang, Bintuin, W. Alfred Everett, Esq. [C.]. 
Borneo. 
/, y, h. Ad. sk. Sarawak. Henry Everett, Esq. [C.]. 


20. MALACOPTEEUM. 
Type. 
Malacopteron, Eyton, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 102 M. magnum. 
? Napothera, Bote, Ids71835 ? 
Setaria, Blyth, J". A. S. Being, xiii. p. 38-5 (1844) M. albogulare. 
Range. Erom Southern Tenasserim through the Malayan penin


sula to Sumatra and Borneo. 

MALACOPTERCM CIHE1EICAPILLUM. 
Alcippe cinereicapilla, Safaad. AUi B. Acead. Torino, iii. p. 530 (1868). 
Brachypteryx cinereicapilla, Giehel, TTies. Orn. i. p. 476 (1872). 
Setaria cinereicapilla, Salmd. Uce. Born. p. 234 (1874). 

Head, neck, and sides of head grey; back and wings olivaceous; upper tail-
coverts and tail rafescent; under surface of body whitish; sides ashy olive, the 
under tail-coverts tinged with rufous; bill dusky; feet ashy in skin ; iris pale 
brown. Total length 5*3 inches, wing 2*9, tail 2*3, culmen 0*5, tarsus 0*75. 

(Salvadori.) 
Hab. Sarawak, Borneo. 
Obs. Not having examined this species, I do not know if it should be placed 

here or with Setaria pectoralis, Salvad., in the genus Rhinomyias (Oat. B. vol. iv. 

p. 367). 
2o2 

XIMDIUD-E, 

Key to the Species. 

a, Fore part of head rufous, with black tips to the 
feathers. 
a'. Nape with a black patch. 
a". Larger: throat and chest with dusky 
streaks magnum, p 5(34. 
I". Smaller: no streaks on the throat eiiiereum, p. 565. 
£'. Nape olive-brown; no black on this part..., kpidocepha!u?}i9y£Q7, 
b> No rufous on fore part of crown. 

c'. Ear-coverts tawny rufous, as also sides of 
breast and band across breast; head dull 
ashy brown with narrow pale shaft-lines . . eryf/irute, p. 587. 

d'. Ear-coverts ashy brown j head uniform blackish 
brown; upper tail-coverts and basal 
shade of tail ferruginous; on breast a few 
dusky ashy streaks affiae, p. 5G9. 


t\ Ear-coverts black; distinct white eyebrow; 
throat white; bar across breast ashy grey .. albigidare, p. 508, 

1. Malacoptenim magnum. 
Malacopteron magnum, Fyton, P. Z. S. lS3i), p. 103; Gray, Gen. B, 
I p. 202 (1846): Bp. Cmsp. i. p. 250 (1850); HorsK A* Moore, 
Cat B. E.L Co. Mus. i. p. &>o (lfe54); Gray, Iland-LB, I p. 317. 
no 4730 (1809); Hume 4* Dads. Str. F. 1878, p. 270 : Hume, Sir. 

F. 1879/pp. 01, 95; Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 25^; Kdhanu 'ibis, 
1881, p. oil; Nicholson, Ibis, lbb'2, p. CI; Gates, B. Brit. Burm. 
i. p. 55 (l£83). 
Malacopteron majus, Blyth, J. A. S. Btng. xvL p. 461 (1847): id. Cat. 
B. Mus. As. Sac. p. 148 (1849), App. p. xxi < 1^52); tialvad. Ucc. 
Born. p. 225 (1874); Ticeedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 309. 
Adult. General colour above brown, more rufescent on the lower 
back and rump, the upper tail-coverts bright chestnut; wing-coverts 
a little deeper brown than the back, the greater series dusky, externally 
somewhat rufescent brown ; quills dusky brown, externally 
light brown, the secondaries rufous on their outer webs ; tail-feathers 
reddish brown, lighter brown at their ends, the outer ones 
more distinctly reddish towards their bases ; forehead and crown 
rufous, the hinder crown and nape black, the adjoining feathers of 
the crown black at base, rufous at tips; lores and a faintly indicated 
eyebrow ashy grey, with tiny whitish streaks on the latter; 
feathers round the eye ashy white; feathers below the eye ashy 
grey, minutely streaked with white; ear-coverts pale brown, with 
indistinct fulvescent shaft-lines; cheeks white, washed with ashy; 
throat and under surface of body white, with a shade of ashy on the 
breast, more distinct on the sides, the flanks also washed with ashy 
brown; under tail-coverts white; on the lower throat and fore 
neck some more or less distinct spots of dull ashy; under wing-
coverts and axillaries ashy white; quills dusky brown below, narrowly 
margined with white along the inner web; t4 bill horny, the 

lower mandible yellowish ; legs pale slate ; iris pale brown " (JR. G. 
Wardlaw Ramsay); " legs and feet and claws blue, varying in 

20. afALAcoPTEauar. 
shade from pale plumbeous to pale smalt-blue; upper mandible 
dark horny brown, lower mandible and often the edges of the upper 
mandible plumbeous blue, or white tinged with blue, fading to bluish 
white at the tip ; irides varying from carmine to orange-red, apparently 
according to age, as a younger bird has them pale sienna-
brown w (Davison). Total length 6*5 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*2, 
tail 2-8, tarsus 0*85. 

The amount of spotting on the throat varies with individuals, and 
extends sometimes up the whole of the chin, and downwards as 
far as the breast, giving a distinctly streaked appearance. Some 
birds, too, are much more dusky than others, less fulveseent brown 
on the back, and having less rufous on the rump and tail. This is 
especially noticeable in one of Capt. Wardlaw Ramsay's specimens 
from Sarawak (H Everett). 

According to Mr. Hume the males are larger than the females, 
having the wing 3*35 to 3*7 and the tarsus 0*9 to 0*95 inches, as 
against wing 3*2 to 3*25 and tarsus 0*8 to 0*9 in the hen bird. 

I could only find in Mr. Eyton's collection the single type of 

M. mayMIm (no. 2577 of his Catalogue, p. 194). The supposed 
female bird described by him was no longer in his cabinet at the 
time of his death: but there can be no doubt that it was a specimen 
of the small species M. cineream, as pointed out by Mr. Hume. 
See my remarks {infra, p. 500j on the latter species. 
Hab. Prom Southern Tenasserim down the Malayan peninsula to 
Sumatra and Borneo. 

a. S ad. >k.
h. c? ad. sk.
c. £ ad. sk.
d, e. Ad.; / .
ad. sk. 
2 
Malacca. 
Malacca ( Wallace). 
Klang, Salango^e,
layan peninsula, 
15, 1879 (W. Davi 
Sumatra. 
• 
Ma-
April 
son). 
A. R. Wallace, Es 
Gould Collection. 
A. O. Hume, Esq. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 
q. [0.]. 
g. Ad. sk.
h. cf ad. sk. 
Sumatra. 
Borneo. 
Eyton Collection.
of species.) 
Gould Collection. 
(Type 
*, h $ j ad. sk. Sibu, Sarawak, Feb.
28,1875. 
A. H. Everett, Esq. [0.]. 

2. Kalacopterum cinereum. 
Malacopteron cinereus, Eyton, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 103 * Gray, Gen. B. 
i. p. 209 (1846). 
Malacopteron magnum (nan Eyton), Blyth, J. A. S. JBeny, xvi. p. 461 
(1847). 
Napothera coronata, Bp. Consp, i. p. 358 (1850) * Blyth, Ibis, 1870, 

p. 170. 
Malacopteron corouatum, Strickl. in Blyth, Cat. B. Mm, As. Soc. 
p. xxi (1852); Ilorsf $ Moore, Cat. B. Mm. E.I. Co. p. 226 
(1854) * Moore, P. Z. & 1854, p. 275 * Motley 8f Dillw. Nat. Hist 
Labuan, p. 21, pi. 5 (1855). 
Malacopteron cinereum, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 317, no. 4731 (1860); 
Hume, Sir. F. 1878, p. 271, 1879, p. 01; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. 

i. p. 55(1883). 
T13LELIID-5E. 

Adult male. General colour above brown, rather more dusky on 
tbe mantle and upper back, lighter and more fulvous-brown on the 
lower back and rump; upper tail-coverts light rufous; tail-feathers 
entirely rufous-brown, with lighter rufous edgings; wing-coverts 
like the back, tbe greater coverts dusky, externally like the back; 
quills dusky brown, externally dull olivaceous brown, the secondaries 
entirely of the latter colour; forehead and crown deep orange-rufous 
the feathers tipped with distinct spots of black: hinder crown and 
nape black; lores, feathers round the eye and above the ear-coverts 
ashy white, mottled with blackish margins to the feathers, the 
hinder part of the eyebrow fulvescent with paler shaft-lines; ear-
coverts pale fulvous with lighter shaft-streaks; cheeks, throat, and 
underparts pure white, with a slight ashy shade on the chest; thighs 
fulvous-brown; axillaries and under wing-coverts white, with ashyfulvous 
edges: quills dusky brown below, ash}- whitish along the ed^e 
of the inner web; " bill black, the mandible whitish lead-colour; legs 
and feet pale pinkish lead-grey; iris Indian red " {A. Everett). Total 
length 6 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3, tail 2*5, tarsus 0*b. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, and having the soft 
parts the same. Size rather smaller. Total length 5-3 inches, 
culmen 0*6, wing 2*8, tail 2*2, tarsus 0*8. 

This species is a diminutive of 3L magnum, from which it differs 
in its smaller size, somewhat paler coloration, more rufous tail, and 
in the lighter rufous of the forehead, the feathers of which are very 
distinctly tipped with black, scarcely any trace of which is visible 
in the larger species. The under surface wants the ashy spots on 
the throat, which are conspicuous in At. magmtm. 

In the Eyton collection were two types marked " original specimen 
" of Alalacoptiron cinereum of E) ton. One of these birds is 
fSctaria affinis (Blyth); and the other Is a Propartm or Aleippe> 
usually so called. It is impossible that either of these can be the 
actual type of if. cinereina; for Evton describes the species as 
being similar to the female of his AI. magnum, but much smaller. 
The iemale of 2L magnum he describes as fct smaller than the male 
with the head and nape ferruginous, spotted with Mack;' As Mr* 
Hume has surmised, the descriptions are taken from poorly prepared 
Malaccan skins. The male of AI. magnum is recognizable both 
from Eyton's description and his type; but the female (the type 
of which was missing from the Eyton collection) was evidently 
nothing but a male of the smaller species of rafbus-he&ded Afalacopteron; 
or it might be a specimen of the allied AI. Itpifi&eepkahm. 
This is quite probable, as the latter bird comes from Sumatra, and 
has the " head and nape rufous." Bad as the descriptions are, it is 
doubtful if Eyton would have overlooked the black nape of AL cineremn. 
I think, however, that Mr. Hume's explanation is the most 
feasible, \iz. that E}ton guessed at the sexes of AI. magnum, and 
that his supposed female was really a wale of the smaller kind; and 
thus the latter should stand as At. cinereum, the description of which 
is referable to the smaller species also. 

Eal. Malayan peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo. 

20 . MALACOPTEEmr. 
567 

a. S ad. sk. Malacca. A. R. Wallace, Esq.. [C.]. 
b-e. Ad. sk Malacca {Cantor). India Museum. 
/, g. Ad. sk. Malacca. India Museum. 
k. Ad. sk. Sumatra. A. It. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
i, h. Ad. sk. Lumbidan, N.W. Borneo. Hugli Low, Esq. [0.]. 
I. Ad. sk. Borneo. Gould Collection. 
m. <S ad. sk. Sarawak. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.l 
n} &. 3 $ ad. sk. Tagora, Sarawak. Alfred Everett, Esq. [C.j. 
3. Malacoptenun lepidocephalum. 
? Fourmillier a calotte rousse, Rombr. & Jacq. Vou. Pole Sud. 

Atlas, Vl. 19. %. 1. 
Lanius rurifrons, Lickt 31m. BeroL 
Malacopteron ruiifrons, Cab. Mus. Hem. Th. i. p. 65 (1850) ; IAcht. 

Xomend. p. 11 (1854) ; Sahad. Ucc. Born. p. 227 (1874)! 
? Timalia ruficapilla, Jacq. $• Puehe?\ Voy. Pole Sud, Ois. iii. p. 89 
(1S53J. 
Timalia scmamifrons, Bp. Comptes Bend, xxxviii. p. 59 (1854, ex 

Pucker. 1188.). 
Macronus rufifrons, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 318, no. 4792 (1869). 
Macronus ruticapilius, Gray^ t. c. p. 318, no. 4766. 
Macronus lepidocephalus, Gray, t. c. p. 318, no. 4767. 
Napothera lepidocephala, Blyt'h, Ibis, 1870, p. 170. 

Adult. General colour above fulvescent brown, slightly duller on 
the mantle ; wing-coverts like the back, the bastard wing and primary-
coverts a little more rufous ; greater coverts and quills dusky 
brown, externally like the back, with a slight shade of rufous on 
some of the outer webs; upper tail-coverts tawny rufous along the 
margins; crown of head orange rufous, tipped with black spots; the 
nape like the back, with obsolete dusky fringes to the feathers; lores 
and feathers round the eye ashy white ; above the eye some small 
scaly feathers of fulvous, tipped with black; ear-coverts pale fulvousbrown, 
with yellowish-buff shaft-lines; cheeks very pale fulvous, 
with scarcely perceptible dusky edges to the feathers; throat and 
under surface of body white; the fore neck and chest light fulvous, 
as also the flanks and sides of the body; thighs fulvous-brown; 
under tail-coverts white; axillaries and under wing-coverts fulvous 
with white edges- Total length 5*7 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2*75,. 
tail 2*6, tarsus 0*8. 

The female from Java is rather more olivaceous brown than the 
Sumatran bird above described; and the under surface is more fulvescent, 
so that the white throat does not stand out so conspicuously. 

Hob. Sumatra and Java. 

a. Ad. sk. Sumatra. Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. Sumatra. Purchased. 
c. ? ad. sk. East Java. A. R Wallace, Esq. [C „]. 
4. Maiacopterum erythrote. (Plate XIII. fig. 2.) 
Adult General colour above deep ochreous or fulvescent browny 
with indistinct pale shaft-lines on the feathers of the hind neck,, 
mantle, and back; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back, 

56 8 TIiIELIlDJ2. 

and having similar pale shaft-lines; greater series and quills sepia"
brown, externally ochreous brown ; rump slightly more rufeseent 
than the back, with half-concealed long white plumes, forming a 
narrow bar, which is nearly concealed by the long plumes of the 
rump; upper tail-coverts light tawny rufous ; tail-feathers light 
reddish brown, washed with tawny rufous on the edges ; crown of 
head dull olivaceous brown, contrasting with the back but yet not 
forming a cap, the feathers streaked with whitish shaft-lines; the 
forehead lighter brown streaked with fulvous; lores buffy white, 
mottled with dusky tips to the feathers; feathers round the eye 
reddish buff, with an indistinct eyebrow of the same colour; ear-
coverts light chestnut; sides of neck tawny rufous; cheeks white 
anteriorly, tawny behind; throat and under surface of body pure 
white, with a band of light tawny rufous across the fore neck, joining 
the sides of the breast, which are also tawny rufous; sides of the 
body and thighs fulvescent washed with tawny; under wing-coverts 
and" axillaries tawny buff; quills ashy brown, light rufous along 
the edge of the inner web. Total length 5-2 inches, culmen 0*7, 

wing 2*65, tail 2, tarsus 1*05. 

Hob. Borneo. 

a. Ad. sk Borneo. Purchased. 
5.ffialacopterujoi albignlare, 
Setaiia albogulari^ Blyth. J. A. & Iktuj. xiii. p. HSo {I844J, x\i. 
p. 462 (1847); k'tdvad, Uce. Bom. p. 232 11*74). 
Macronus albogulaii^ Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 210 {1*46). 
Alcippe albogulaii", Blyt/t, Cat. B. MKK AS. Soe. p. 14* I lfe49 ?; Bp, 
Contp. i. p. 260 (IfctjOj; tialcad. Atti JR. Accad. &i. Twim^iiL 

p. oSl (1868}. 
Alcippe h fiibcipes, J. Verr. in Cat Lafr. CulL p. 77 (eu. Lufr* 3/>S"tf.). 
Malacopteron albigulari», Gray, JZand-L B. L p. 317," no. 4789 
(18W. 
Brack} pteryx alkogukris, Gieiel, Tkes. Orn. i. p. 473 (1^72). 
Adult male. General colour above dull olivaceous brown, becoming 
ratber more rufeseent on the lower back, rump, and tipper tail-
coverts: wing-coverts light brown, somewhat cashed with abhy and 
narrowly edged with the same olivaceous brown as the back; quills 
dusky brown, externally olivaceous brown; tail-feathers dusky 
brown, margined with rufeseent brown, the outer feathers narrowly 
fringed with whitish at the tip; crown of head dark slaty grey; 
lores and a narrow eyebrow white, the feathers pointed and stiffened 
; feathers round and below the eye as well as the ear-coverts 
blacky the latter washed with grey posteriorly; sides of face and 
cheeks, as well as the throat, pure white; across the chest a broad 
band of ashy grey, with a few dusky streaks in the centre; centre 
of breast and abdomen white, the sides of the body, flanks, thighs, 
and under tail-coverts pale fawn-buff; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries light fawn-buff or ashy, washed with the latter colour; 
edge of wing white ; quills light brown below, ashy along the inner 
web; "bill black ; legs leaden grey: iris bright red or crimson" 

20 . IEALACOPTERUM. 
509 

(Alfred Everett). Total length o*6 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2*95, 
tail 2*2, tarsus 0*8. 
Hab. llalayan peninsula and Borneo. 

a. Ad, sk. Malacca. Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. Borneo. Purchased. 
c. d. Ad. sk. Lumbidan, X.W. Borneo. Hugh Low, Esq. [C.l 
e,f. <$ ad. sk. Bintulu, VT. Borneo. Alfred Everett, Esq. [C.]. 
g. S ad. sk. Paku, Sarawak, Dec. 1878. Henry Everett, Esq. [C.]. 
6. Malacopteram affine. 
Tricbastoma afBne, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng: xi. p. 795 (1842). 
Alcippe affmis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 384 (1844), xvi. p. 462 
(1&47); id. Cat. B. Mus. As. JSoc. p. 148 (1849;; Bp. Consp. i. 

p. 259 (IfcoO); Mors/. $ Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 406 
(1854); Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 277. 
Malaeupteron affine, Gray, Gen.B. i. p. 209 (1846): id. Hand-l B. 

i. p. 317, no. 473:3 (lb(J9). 
Xapothera atricapilla, Bp. Consp. i. p. 359 (1850, ex Mull MSS. in 
Mm. Litdg.) ; Blyth, Ibis, I860, p. 47. 
Set aria aiiuib, tialvad. Uec. Bom. p. 281 (1874) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, 

p. 253. 
Malaeopteruni afhnis, Hume, Str, F. 1879, p. 61. 
Adult malt*. General colour above dark fulvous-brown, more 
rufescent on the lower back and rump, the latter with a narrow 
band of silky white pluine&, concealed by the long feathers of the 
lower back; upper tail-coverts bright ferruginous; tail-feathers 
dull brown, edged with ferruginous on both webs, the feathers 
appearing duller brown towards their ends; wing-coverts dusky 
brown, margined with the same colour as the back; quills dusky 
brown, externally like the back, the inner secondaries washed with 
ferruginous on the outer webs, the primaries externally edged 
with ashy ; crown of head and nape blackish brown, more or less 
washed with olive-brown; base of forehead washed with ashy; lores 
and feathers round the eye ashy whitish; ear-coverts ashy, with 
indistinct whitish shaft-lines; above the ear-coverts a slight shade 
of ashy; cheeks whitish, mottled with ashy tips to the. feathers ; 
throat and under surface of body white, shaded with ashy grey on 
the fore neck and chest, forming an indistinct pectoral band; sides 
of body also washed with ashy brown; thighs externally brown, 
internally white; under wing-coverts and axillaries pure white; 
quills dusky brown below, ashy along the edge of the inner web, 
inclining to white near the base; "legs dark or bluish lead-colour; 
iris bright brown or dark raw sienna; bill bluish lead-colour, the 
culmen darker " (A. E. Everett). Total length 6-2 inches, culmen 
0*65, wing 2*8, tail 2'8^ tarsus 0*85. 
Adult female* Similar in colour to the male, but smaller. Total 
length 5-8 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 2-65, tail 2-4, tarsus 0*8. 
The colour of the brown cap varies, and it is often so light as to 
be very little darker than the back; nevertheless the cap is always 
present, more or less distinct, and forming the chief characteristic 

570 
miELIIBJE. 

of the species. In some specimens the grey on the chest takes the 
form of dusky ashy streaks. 
Hob. Malayan peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo. 

a, b. 2 a&-sk- Malacca (Wallace). Gould Collection. 

c. S a(i- sk. Malacca. A. R. Wallace, Esq, [<X1 
d. <$ ad. sk. Klang,Salangore,Malayan A. 0. Hume, Esq. 
peninsula; April 9, 1879 
(W, Damon). 

e. Ad. sk. Malacca (Cantor). India Museum. 
/. ad. sk. Pinang. India Museum. (Type of 
A. cantori.) 
g, k 
Ad,; i. 6 Sumatra. A. B. Wallace, Esq. X1.1. 
ad. sk. 

h. Ad. sk. Borneo. Purchased. 
I Ad. sk. Labuan. Governor Ussher "O."7. 
m, n, o. Ad.; p, q. Labium. Hugh Lowf E&q. T?/. 
Juv. sk. 

r. d ad. sk. Bintulu, W. Borneo. A. Everett, Esq. X.1. 
s. 5 ad. sk. Sibu, Sarawak, Aug. 1674. A. Everett, E^ . X\ \ 
t9 u. (S ad. sk. Jambusan, Sarawak, A. Everett, Esq. "C. 1. 
Sept. 1674. 


v. Ad. sk. Sarawak. Henry Everett, Esq. ~C.]. 
w. Ad. &L Malacca. Eyton Collection*. 
21. 
XAHTHOMIXIS. 
Type. 
Xanthombris, Sharpe, P. Z S. 16S1? p. IU& X. zubterops. 
Range. Madagascar. 

1. XaathoioMs zosterops. 
Bemieria zosterops, Sharjx, P. Z. S. I87t% p. 7% figs. % 3 (heads); 
Hartl Vog. Madag. p. 14ii (ld77). 
Xantliomixis zo^teropSj Sharp*, P. Z. & IS81, p. l(Hj. 
ul^Zttft (type of species; supposed female). Above dull olive-green, 
more dingy on the head; a loral stripe and a circlet of feathers round 
the eye bright yellow; feathers between the bill ant! the eye black; 
ear-coverts dark greets with bright yellow shaft -stripes; eatlre 
under surface of body bright yellow* the sides of the body and 
thighs olive-green; under wing-coverts yellowish buff, the edge of 
the wing bright yellow; wings and tail brown, margined with greenish 
olive, the inner secondaries dull olive-brown, the inner webs fulvescent 
on their interior margin ; bill horn-brown, the lower mandible 
yellowish; feet light fleshy brown. Total length 0 inches, 
culmen 0*tf, wing 2-05, tail 2*7, tarsus 0*8, 
Ko carefully dissected specimens have as yet been examined bj 
me; but it is probable that, as in the ease of the allied genm JBernieria, 
the sexes do not differ in colour, bat only in size, and that 
the male is larger than the female. A bird collected by Mr. Crossley 
is probably a male, m it measures 0*7 in the culmen and 2*75 in 
the wing. 

* No. 2575 of Ejyton't) Oat, (p. 184). Marked " Mafacnpfrroa rintnuut, original 
specimen;* but it is evidently not the tvpe (ndi *v/>M, p. Ml), 
22. OXYLABES. 
571 

Young. More fluffy in plumage than the adult, and rather greener 
in tint, the bill lighter horn-brown, yellower on the edge of the 
upper mandible; the throat and chest are also shaded with olive-
green. 


Eab. Central Madagascar. 

a, 121 ad. sk. Central Madagascar. Mr. A. Crossley [C.]. 
(Type of species.) 


b. [ £ ] ad. sk. Central Madagascar. Mr. A. Crossley [0.]. 
Cjd. [2~ ad. sk. Noce Vola, Madagascar. Mr. A. Crossley fa.]. 

e. r $ ] aiL sk. Betsileo. Eev. W. Shaw [C.]. 
/.£? : ad.sk. Fianarantsoa, Betsileo. Rev. Deans Cowan [C.]. 
#. J ; £, *> A Ankafana forest, Feb. and Hev. Deans Cowan [i\ . 
$ ad. sk. March 1881. 
7, m. $ juv.; Ankafana forest, Feb. and liev. Deans Cowan [t1.]. 
». <£ juv. sk. March 1881. 

22. OXYLABES. 
Oxylabes, Sharpe, P. J£. & 1870, p. 386 0. madagascariensis. 
Mange. Madagascar. 
Key to the Species. 

a. Throat white. 
ar. Head rufous; breast pale rufous madagascariensis ad., p. 571. 
h\ Head grey ; breast yellow einereiceps ad., p. 572. 
b. Throat yellow. 
c". Breast dusky olive or pale reddish; 
head like the back or mixed with 
rufous n>adaga$cariensisj\ir,,j}. 572. 

d'. 
Breast yellow; head ashy black contrasting 
with the olive-green back ,. einereieeps juv., p. 572. 


1. Oxylabes madagascariensis. 
Rosbignol de Madagascar, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 401, pi. 22.fig. 1 (1760). 
Le Foudi-jala, Buffi Mist. Nat, Ois. v. p. 116. . 
Motacilla madagascariensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. pt. 2, p. 952 (1788). 
Sylvia madagascariensis, Lath, Gen. Mist. vii. p. 96. 
Ellisia P madagascariensis, Marti Faun. Madag. p. 87 (1862). 
Drymoica ? madagascariensis, Gray, Kand-l. B. i. p. 202, no. 2848 


(1869). 

Oxylabes madagascariensis, 
Sharpe, P. Z. S, 1870, p. 386; id. Cat. 
Afr. B. p. 20; id. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 866, pi. lxxiii.; Hartl Tog. 
Madag. p. 165 (1877); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 197; Milne-Edwards 
8? Grandid. H. N Madag., Ois. p. 357, pis. 126,126 a, 1266 
(1883). 

Adult. Head rich sienna, obscurely fringed with brown on the 
forehead ; lores and a spot behind the eye pure white; ear-coverts 
duller sienna; upper surface of the body olive-green, inclining to 
rufous on the sides of the neck; quills pale greyish brown, margined 
exteriorly with olive-green, especially the secondaries, the innermost 
of which are entirely of a dull olive-green colour; tail 
dull olive-green, rather lighter on the under surface : throat pure 

572 
TIMELIIDJE. 

white; tipper part of the breast and centre of the abdomen pale 
rufous, becoming lighter on the latter ; Hanks olive-green ; bill 
dark horn-brown, nearly black on the upper mandible and on the 
basal half of the lower mandible; the tips of the latter and the edge 
of the former pale yellowish white; legs dark horn-brown, claws 
light brown. Total length 6*3 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 2-65, tail 
2-25, tarsus 0*9. 

The adult female does not differ from the male in plumage. 
Young birds resemble the ad alt, but differ in having the crown 
mu^h paler and more dingy chestnut, the under surface of the body 
olive-brown, inclining to yellowish along the breast, while the throat 
is yellowish instead of white; the upper mandible is dark horn-
brown, the lower one whitish ; the white eye-mark is wanting. 
The lurd when quite young is still more different, the upper surface 

• being entirely dingy olive without a trace of the rufous 
cap ; while 
underneath the colour is also dingy olive, with a broad yellow streak 
down the centre of the throat, the breast having a few rufous feathers 
intermixed. 
The specimens in the Museum vary in their measurements as 
follows:—Total length 6-6'5 inches, culmen 0*65-0-75, wing 2*42-
55, tail 2-25-2-6, tarsus 0*9-1. The smaller birds are probably 
the females, as the pair marked by Mr. Deans Cowan show a certain 
disparity in the size of the sexes. 

Hah. Madagascar. 

a, b. Ad. sk.
c. Juv. sk.
d. Ad. sk. 
Madagascar. 
Madagascar (Crossley). 
Betsileo. 
Mr. A. Crossley [C.]. 
K. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Mr. G. A. Shaw. 
e Ad. sk. Fianarantsoa, Betsileo. Rev. Deans Cowan 
faJ,J r? 2 ad. sk. Ankaf ana forest, 
March 21, 1881.
[O.]. 
Rev. Deans 
[C.]. 
Cowan 
h. $ imm. * Ankafana forest, Eev. Deans Cowan 
i J juv. sk. March 1881. [C.]. 
2. Oxylabes cinereiceps. . 

Oxylabes cinereiceps, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 197 • Milne-Edwards 
$ Grandid. H. N. Madag., Ois. p. 300, pis. 113a, 123a (1883). 

Adult Olive-green, with narrow pale shaft-lines ; wings and tail 
olive, the edges to the primaries olive-yellow; head and nape slaty 
grey, lores dull white ; cheeks and sides of face creamy white ; ear-
coverts slaty grey ; throat and fore neck white ; rest of under surface 
of body yellow, olive on the sides ; under tail-coverts olive-yellow ; 
thighs olive-brown; under wing-coverts olive-brown washed with 
fawn-colour ; edge of wing yellow; quills light brown below, fulvesceut 
along the edge of the inner web. Total length 5-6 inches, 
culmen 0*55, wing 2-75, tail 2-3, tarsus 0*85. 

Young. Differs from the adult in having the throat yellow shaded 
with olive-green ; head sooty black, contrasting with the olive-green 
back. 
Other specimens in the Museum measure as follows :—Total 

23 . KEXOPIA. 
573 

length S-'S-fr® inches, oilmen 0*55, wing 2-75-3*1, tail 24-2*5, 
tarsus 0*85-0-9. 

Rah. Central Madagascar. 

a. Ad. sk. Fianarantsoa, Betsileo, Rev. Deans Cowan [C.]. 
(Type of species.) 
b, c. Ad. sk. Fianarantsoa, Betsileo. Rev. Deans Cowan |"C 1 

d. Ad. sk. Betsileo. Mr. G. A. Shaw [C.]. 
e,f. 
2 ad.sk. Ankafana forest, March Rev. Deans Cowan PC."]. 
1881. 

g. Ad.; h. § juv. Ankafana forest, March Rev. Deans Cowan TCI. 
sk. 1881. L J 
23. 
EEHOHA, 
Type. 
Kenopia, BIyth, 1835 (teste Gray) 
K. striata. 

Rang*. Malayan peninsula and Borneo. 

1. Kenopia striata. 
Timalia striata, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 793 (1842). 

Braehvptervx maculatus, Eyton, Ann. Sf Mag. Nat Mist. xvi. p. 228 

(1845); Blyth, 7. A. & Beng. xv. p. 10 (1845). 

Macronus striatum, Gray, Gen, B. i. p. 210 (1846). 

Ak-ippe striata, BIyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Sac. I p. 149 (1849); Bp. 

Comp. I p. 260 (1850) ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 277; Horsf. & 

Moore, Cat B. E.L Co. Mus. i. p. 407 (1854). 

M\ iothem leueostiprma, 6'. Mutt., in Mm. Lttgd., unde 

Turdlro&tris leucostigma, Bp. Comp. i. p. 218 (1850, desc. nulld). 

Malacopteron leucustigma, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 317, no. 4732 

(IbOO). 

Braehypteryx striata, Giebel, Tim. Orn. i. p. 477 (1872). 

Kenopia striata, Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 223, tav. v. fig. 2 (1874); 

Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 258,-Htme, 8tr, F. 1879, p. 61. 

Adidt male. General colour above foxy rnfons, prettily varied 
-with longitudinal white streaks down the centre of the feathers, 
these markings being broader and more ovate on the hind neck 
and mantle, gradually becoming narrower on the rest of the upper 
surface; rump rather lighter rufous than the back; wing-coverts 
darker brown than the back, with very distinct oval spots of white 
near the tip of each series; primary-coverts uniform dusky brown; 
quills brown, the primaries lighter brown externally, the inner 
secondaries more rufous-brown, the shafts faintly streaked with 
white near their ends; upper tail-coverts chestnut, with lighter 
shaft-lines; tail brown, with dusky cross-barrings under certain 
lights, the feathers margined with rufous on the outer web, and the 
outer feathers with a very narrow edging of white at the tip; 
crown of head black, with large ovate spots of white in the centre, 
apparently disposed in two lines; base of forehead and lores orange-
buff, forming a conspicuous spot in front of the eye, the feathers 
round which are also washed with buff; a tolerably distinct superciliary 
streak of white feathers edged with blackish; ear-coverts 
and sides of neck dull ashy white, the feathers edged with dusky 

TIHE1IIDJ2. 

57-1 

black; cheeks and throat yellowish, white; rest of under surface 
purer white: the flank-feathers reddish brown on their edges, 
causing a streaked appearance; the fore neck and breast slightly 
varied by a few blackish edges to the feathers ; the sides of the fore 
neck mottled with blackish feathers with large ovate white centres; 
under wing-coverts dull white, mottled with dusky margins to the 
feathers, blacker and more distinct on the edge of the wing: quills 
brown below, ashy along the edge of the inner web; <* iris brown " 
(Dona). Total length d'5 inches, oilmen 0*05, wing 2*0. tail 2, 
tarsus OS. 

Mai. Malacca and Borneo. In the latter island it has been found 
in the north-western part of the country, as far south as Sarawak. 

a. S ad. sk. Mt Ophir, Malacca. A. R. Wallace, E-tj. X\\ 
b. Ad. sk.
c,d. Ad.sk.
e,f. Ad.sk. 
Malacca. 
Malacca (Dr. Can 
Malacca. 
Capt.Stackkm-ePinwtor). India Mu-eimi icf.
Moore, /. o. 
India Muslim. 
iirp."'. 
Hors'f. k 
g. Ad. sk. Malacca. Eyton CoIWtlon. 
h. Ad. sk. Malacca. Capt. Charlton ~P.~. (Type 
I Ad. sk.
k Ad.sk. 
N.W\ Borneo. 
Sarawak.
of Brnvhypterys 'maevluta, 
E}tun.j 
Huili Luw, E=q. ~C~. 
Henry Evivtt, E^|. Q,\ 

24. 
DASYCB0TOPHA. 
T\pe. 
Dasycrotopha, Ticeedd. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 114 .......... D. &ptciosa. 
Range. Confined to the Philippine Islands. 

1. Dasycrotopha speciosa. 
Dasycrotopha speciosa. Twtt-dd. P. Z. S. lr?7$, p. 114, pi. ix. p. 280; 
Wardlaw Rummy, Orn. Mem. Ticeedd. p. Ii»i7 11^1;. 

Adult male (Valencia, Xegros, Aug. 1&77; A. H. Everett: type 
of species). General colour above ashy tinged with olive, and marked 
with white shaft-lines down each feather of the back; lower back 
arid rump olive-yellow, a little browner on the upper tail-coverts ; 
wing-coverts brown, externally washed with olive-} ellow. the shaft-
lines whitish or yellowish white; primary-coverts and quills dusky 
brown, externally edged with olive-yellow, the secondaries more 
broadly washed on the outer web, the innermost with white shaft-
lines ; tail-feathers light brown, externally edged with olive-brown 
or yellowish olive; lores, forehead, and feathers round the eye 
orange-yellow; crown of head black, with a tuft of deep orange 
plumes on each side springing from above the eye; occiput, nape, 
and hind neck olive-yellow, the nape slightly mottled with black, 
the hind neck with yellow shaft-lines; ear-coverts covered with 
white hair-like feathers; base of cheeks and chin orange-yellow; 
hinder cheeks and upper throat black, with almost imperceptible 
yellowish-white shaft-lines; sides of neck, lower throat, and for© 
neck yellow spotted with black; centre of body pale yellow, the 

25. MixoHNis.
sides of the body yellowish, olive, the under tail-coverts tinged with 
brown; under wing-coverts and axillaries yellow or white, washed 
with yellow, the edge of the wing yellow; quills dusky brown, 
yellowish white along the edge of the inner web; " hill orange-
yellow ; iris crimson " (A. H. Everett). Total length 5*4 inches, 
culmen 0*65, wing 2-65, tail 2-3, tarsus 0-8. (Mas. R. G. Ward-
law Ramsay.) 

Hab. Island of Negros, Philippine archipelago.


25. MIXORNIS. 
Type. 
Mixornis, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 23 M. rubricapilla. 
Cyanoderma, Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 213 (1874) M. bicolor. 

Range. Himalayan mountains and Central India; Burmese 
countries ; Malayan peninsula; Java; Sumatra ; Borneo. Islands 
of Palawan, Basilan, Panaon, Dinagat, and Leyte in the Philippine 
archipelago. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Tail-feathers not tipped wit* w\a\ 
a'. Underneath j -'" 
freaked with 

a'". Throat tawny, wv tee black 
ider 
^jBwfcniffii, ]\ 676. 
... ,vxtn olack; 
„.. c^inurnily greenish. 
a1. Entire head chestnut; wings also 
deep chestnut. 

M. 
Lores and feathers over the eye yellow 
; cheeks also yellow.. ,, gidaris, p. 576. 
c4. Fore part of crown rufous, the hinder 
part inclining to the same colour as 
the hack. 


a5. Wings externally deep rufous; 
cheeks and a faint eyebrow white ; 
lores and sides of face and ear-
coverts ashy grey woodi, p. 577. 

b5. Wings externally pale rufous; 
lores, ear-coverts, eyebrow, and 
sides of face yellow rubricapilla, p. 578. 

c'". Throat yellowish white; flanks obscurely 
streaked with dusky; frontal 
plumes and sides of face greyish ... . javanica, p. 579. 

b". Abdomen streaked with black like the 
breast and throat, the latter pure white; 
forehead, lores, and sides of face dark 
grey bornensis, p. 580. 

b'. Under surface of body dark slaty grey. 

c". 
Above rufous-brown, the head like the 
back ; throat and breast light slaty grey; 
the flanks pale fulvous-brown erythroptera, p. 580. 

TIMELIIIl^. 

576 

d". Above deep chestnut, the head deep slaty 
grey; throat and breast deep slaty grey; 
flanks rufous-brown bieolor, p. 681. 

b. Tail-feathers tipped with white; upper surface 
grey broadly streaked with white ; head 
rufous * capitalist p. 562. 
1. Miiomis flavicoilia. 
Timalia flavicollis, MiiU. MS. in Mas. Lagd.; Gray, Haad-I. B. I 

p. 316, no. 4722 (1869). 
Mixomis flavicoilia, Bp. (hasp, i. p. 217 (1850, *r Mull. MS.); 
Wold. Ibis, 1*72, p. ?7fc 

Adult male. General colour aliove yellowish brown with a slight 

wash of olive, the head and upper taU-corerta light rufous; wing-

coverts yellowish brown, the quills sepia-brown, externally washed 

with yellowish brown, the margins of the primaries inclining to 

greyish towards the tips; tail reddish brown* wared under certain 

lights and washed with light rufous, especially near the base; lores, 

to then round the eye, and the ear-coverts light grey, with narrow 

k*: entire throat and cheat pale tawny, 

with very ti iah sh&i M*g the rest of 

th? Ufider 

«f the b r*wny 

uie enter «• 

wing; qui!is uu*t*, ntti whJUris* 

Total length 5*2 inchee, cnlmen " . 

Hab. Java. 

a, b. S ad. sk. East Jam A. R. Wallace, Esq. [Q.\ 

2. Miiomis gnJaris. 
Motarilla gularis, Raffl. Tram. Lam. Soc. -dii. p. 313 (189)0); WMm, 
P.Z.S.18M1?.li7. ( *~*~ <—J~ ^^ 

Timalia gularis, Horsf. Zoot. Besmrtkm m Jam, pi. — (1824). 

Prima pileata, Biyth, J. A. S. Bemj. xL p. 304 (1643). 

Mixornis gularia, BfyiA, Cat. B. Mas. As. Sac. p. 140 (184B); C*. 

Mus. Mem. Th. i. p. 77 (1*60); Horsf. Sf Moan, Cat. B. EX OK 

Mus. i. p. 229 (1864); Wold. Ibis, 18/2, p. 876; JBmme * T 

&r. F. 1878, vol i. p. 266; limine, Str. T. 1870f pp. 60,95; KM 

ham, Ibis, 1881, p. 510; Dates, J5T. Brit. Barm. I o. 61 (1888). 

Mixornis Bumatrana, Bp. Coosa. L p. 217 (I860). 

Mixorois similis, Bfytk, Ibis, 1866, p. 47. 

Timalia sumatrana, Gray, Hand4. Ai a 316, no. 4790 (1360). 

Timalia similis, Gray, HanaU. B. L p. 316, no. 4723 (1609). 

Adult male. Above reddish brown, the head and aides of node 
deep chestnut, as also the upper tail-coverts; lores and frontal 
plumes dusky lead-colour, the ear-coverta also dusky with a distinct 
wash of reddish brown ; over the eye a alight iiMJieatikm of yellow 
feathers; wing-coverts chestnut; the quills sepia-brown, the 

25. MISOENIS. 
577 
margins chestnut, and the inner secondaries entirely chestnut like 
the back; tail chestnut, rather lighter reddish on the margins ; 
entire under surface of body bright yellow, the throat and fore neck 
rather broadly streaked with black, the sides of the body and under 
tail-coTerts greenish; flanks internally yellowish, externally rufous-
brown ; under wing-coverts yellow, with a few dusky markings on 
the outer and greater series; inner lining of quills dull brown, the 
inner web yellowish at base, shading into pale rufous towards the 
tips of the quills; "bill bluish slate-colour; legs greenish; iris 
brown,: (R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay). Total length 5%3 inches, culmen 
0*55, wing 2-35, tail 2-4, tarsus 0*7. 

Hah. From Cochin China and Southern Tenasserim down the 
Malayan peninsula to Sumatra. 

a. <$ ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk.
c-e.Ad.sk. 
Sumatra. 
Malacca. 
Malacca (Cantor). 
A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C I 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.j. 
India Museum. 
f. Ad. sk,
g. Ad. sk.
h. $ ad. sk. 
Singapore. 
Singapore. 
Malewoon, Tenasserim,
Jan. 1,1877. 
Gould Collection. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
E. W. Oates, Esq. [C.]. 

3. Mxorais woo&i. 
Mixornis woodi, 
Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc. new ser. Zool. i. p. 331 
(1870); Turedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 617; Wardlaw Ramsay, Orn. 
Works Tiueedd. p. 657 (1881). 

Adult male (type of species). General colour above ashy grey 
with an olivaceous wash, the latter colour a little more clear on the 
sides of the neck, which resemble the mantle, the lower back 
shading into olive-brown washed with rufous; upper tail-coverts 
chestnut-brown; tail-feathers dark brown, deeper towards the tips 
and margined with chestnut; wing-coverts light rufous, the quills 
dark brown, externally rufous; the innermost secondaries entirely 
of the latter colour; frontal plumes and lores hoary white with 
narrow black shaft-streaks ; feathers round the eye and ear-coverts 
ashy grey, the latter slightly washed with olive; cheeks whitish, 
with dusky shaft-lines ; chin white ; rest of under surface of body 
sulphur-yellow, the sides of the body and under tail-coverts greenish 
olive, the throat narrowly lined with black hair-hke shaft-streaks ; 
under wing-coverts and inner margin of quills sulphur-yellow; 
"bill dark grey, the mandible paler; legs greenish olive; iris 
ochreous orange"" {A. H. Everett). Total length 5*2 inches, culmen 
0*6, wing 2S5, tail 2-25, tarsus 0*8. 
Hah. Island of Palawan, Philippine archipelago. 

a, h. Ad. sk. Puerto Princesa, Palawan. Prof. J. B. Steere [C.]. 

c. $ 
ad. sk. Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Carat. R. G. Wardlaw 
Jan. 1878 (A. Everett). Bamsay. 
2P 

VOL. vn. 

578 TJMELUBJE. 

4. Mixornis rubricapilla. 
Motacilla rubricapilla, Tick. J. A. S. Beng. 1833, p. 576. 
Iora chloris, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 794 (1842). 
Mixornis ruficeps, Sodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844) ; id. 


P. Z. S.1845, p. 23. 
Timaiia gularis, Gray, Cat. Ilamm, etc. Nepal pres. Sodgs. p. 85. 
Mixornis chloris, Bp. Consp. i. p. 217. 
Timaiia chloris, Bp. C. R. xxxvhi. p. 59. 
Mixornis rubricapilla, Horsf. 4* Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. i. 
p. 229; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 23; Wa'd. P. Z. S. 1606, p. 547; 
Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 3; JBeav. t. c. 1807, p. 432; Blanf. Ibis, 1869, 
p. 467; Godicin-Ausi. J. A. S. B. 1870. p. 103 ; Blyth, Ibis, 1870. 
p. 170; Wolden, Ibis, 1872, p. 376; Hume, Sir. P. 1873, p. 118 ; 
Ball, 8tr. F. 1874, p. 409; Hume, t. e. p. 476; id. Xests $ Eggs 
Ind. B. p. 245; Godtcin-Aust. J. A. S. Beng. xlv. pp. 75, 409 
(1876); Anderson, Zool. Exp. Yunnan p. 635 11878); Mmm fy 
Davison, 8tr. P. 1878, vol. i. p. 260; Xw/ie, 8tr. P. 1879, p. 95; 
Oates, B. Brit. Burm. p. 50 (1883;. 
Timaiia rubricapilla, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 310, no. 4718 (1809). 

Adult male. Above ashy brown with a slight wash of reddish or 
olive, the rump and upper tail-coverts rather more yellow; head 
light chestnut-red, with a bright yellow streak from the base of the 
bill above the eye; lores dusky ; ear-coverts and sides of neck dull 
yellowish; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body bright sulphur 
yellow, with narrow blackish-brown streaks on the cheeks, throat, 
and breast, the sides of the body greenish; under wing-coverts 
yellowish white, inclining to bright yellow near the edge of the 
wing; wings above reddish brown; the quills brown, externally pale 
reddish brown, much lighter than the coverts and slightly inclining 
to yellow; tail dull reddish brown, the shafts of the feathers decidedly 
reddish; bill horny; legs pale horny brown ; iris reddish hazel. 
Total length 4-3 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2-15, tail 1*95, tarsus 
1-75. 

Obs. Considerable difference is exhibited in specimens from Burmah 
and Pegu, the back being more reddish brown, and the 
underparts lighter. This is contrary to Mr. Hume's experience 
(Str. E. iii. p. 118); but it is to be noted that Mr. Gates's account of 
the colouring of the soft parts is different from that given by Jerdon 
and quoted in my description. Mr. Oates writes :—" The irides are 
a sickly white; the eyelids plumbeous; the bill horny brown; the 
inside of the mouth fleshy brown; legs and feet fleshy horny; claws 
yellowish horny." Specimens examined by me from Pegu (Blanford) 
and Bhamo (Anderson) were decidedly brighter yellow than Xepalese 
examples, and had the gular streaks plainer as well as a certain 
tinge of rufous on the back, thus approaching the Malayan M. 
gularis. The pale winprs, however, show affinity to the Himalayan 
bird, of which the Pegu bird is a slightly aberrant form, as far as my 
experience goes. Mr. Hume has found that the specimens from 
Southern Tenasserim are the Malayan M. gularis, though some are 
intermediate between that species and M. rubricapilla. 

26, MIX0RNIS. 

The iris appears to vary la colour, being marked by Capt. Ward-
law Eamsay as " pale yellow " and " straw-yellow/' 
Hah Himalayas, extending into the Burmese countries. 

a. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pin-
will [P.], 
b. Imm. sk. ]STepaL B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
[P.]. 
c. d. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. EL Hodgson, Esq. 
e,f. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
g. Ad. sk.
h. S ad. sk. 
Bootan (Pemherton). 
Dilkoosha, Oachar, March 19,1879. 
India Museum. 
J. Inglis, Esa. rO.l. 
° U L J 
£ Ad. sk. Pegu. W. T, Blanford, Esq. 
&. $ ad. sk.
l. $ ad. sk.
m. <$ ad. sk.
n. Ad. sk. 
Pegu, Aug. 29, 1880. 
Pegu, NOT. 27, 1880. 
Peyu, Dec. 2,1880. 
Saigon, Cochin China. 
E. W".*Oates. Esq. [0.1 
E. "W. Oates, Esq. TC. 
E. W. Oates, Esq. [0/ 
M. E. Pierre [P.], ** 

5. Mxornis javaaica. 
Myiothera gularis, Temm. PI Col ii. pi. 442.fig.1 (nee Horsf.). 
Mixornis gularis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 217. 
Mixorms javanica, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 77, note; Bp. C, B. 


xxxviii. p. 59 5 Wold. Ibis, 1872, p. 376; Nicholson, Ibis, 1881, 
p. 149. 
Timalia gularis, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 317, no. 4719 (1869). 
Adult Above reddish brown, the head and sides of neck only 
slightly more chestnut than the back; the wings, however, decidedly 
chestnut; the quills sepia-brown, externally chestnut, the margins 
to the primaries much paler rufous ,* tail dark brown washed with 
chestnut, especially near the base; frontal plumes rather dusky; 
sides of the face grey, especially the cheeks, the ear-coverts slightly 
washed with rufous on- the hinder margin; throat and chest pale 
yellowish white, inclining to greenish on the sides of the upper 
breast, distinctly streaked with blackish down the centre of each 
feather ; centre of the body dull yellow, the sides greenish as well 
as the under tail-coverts, some of the latter being slightly washed 
with rufous; on the flanks some faint indications of dusky streaks \ 
tinder wing-coverts yellowish, the outermost and the greater series 
with mesial dusky streaks; "iris straw-colour" (H. 0. Forbes). 
Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 2*3, tail 2-35, tarsus 0*8. 

Hah. Java. 

a. Ad. sk. W. Java. A. B. Wallace, Esq. [C]. 
b, c. Ad. sk. Java. Purchased. 
d. 
<$ ad.; e. $ juv. Java (Lei/den Mus.). F. D. Grodman and 0. Salsk. 
' vin,Esqrs. [P.], 
* This specimen is apparently not of the same species as Himalayan ones, 
but it is in too poor a condition for me to determine for certain. 
2P2 

580 TIMELIIILE. 

6. Mixomis bornensis. 
Mixornis bornensis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 217; Hombr. $ Jaeq. Toy. Vole 
Sud, Zool iii. p. 90, pi. 19. fig. 2; Scl P. Z. S. 1863, p. 215; 
Walden, Ibis, 1872, pp. 375, 376; Sahad. Ucc. Born. p. 215; 

" Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 105; id. Ibis, 1879, p. 257. 
Timalia bornensis, Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 316, no. 4721 (18G9). 

Adult male. Above deep chestnut, the forehead leaden grey with 
glossy black shafts, which are also visible on many of the feathers 
of the crown; feathers ronnd the eye and on the sides of the 
face grey, with a slight wash of reddish on the hinder ear-coverts; 
throat white, with very broad longitudinal spots of black, collecting 
on the cheeks and forming there a rather broad streak; rest of 
the under surface of body sulphur-yellow, broadly streaked with 
black on the chest, more narrowly on the breast, the sides of the body 
greenish with obscure streaks of blackish; thighs and under tail-
coverts streaked with reddish brown ; under wing-coverts sulphur-
yellow, the outermost streaked with dark brown, the lower series sepia-
brown like the inner lining of the quills, these being sepia-brown 
below with yellowish margins to the inner webs ; wings chestnut 
like the back, the quills dark brown, externally chestnut, the 
primaries lighter-edged; tail black, with wavy cross bars under 
certain lights, the base of the tail chestnut, with which also all the 
feathers are narrowly margined; bill lead-brown; orbital space 
blue; legs red-brown; iris Naples yellow. Total length 5-6 inches, 
culmen 0*65, wing 2*3, tail 2*45, tarsus 0*8. 

Hab. Borneo. 
a, b. o* ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk.
d, e, f. Ad. sk. 
Sibu, Sarawak. 
Banjermassing. 
Labuan (H. Low). 
A. Everett, Esq. [C.]. 
J. Motley, Esq. [0.1 
B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 

7. Mixornis erythroptera. 
Timalia erythroptera, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 794 (1842); id. 
op. cit. xv. p. 10 (1846); Striehl P. Z. S. 1846, p. 103; Blyth, 
Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 150 (1849) ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 276; 
Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. pp. 229, 420 (1854) ; 
Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 322. 

Timalia- pyrrhophaea, Hartl Mei\ Zool 1844, p. 402; Bp. Notes Coll 
Delattre, in C. P. xxxviii. p. 417 (1854). 
Brachypteryx acutirostris, Eyton. Ann. $• Mag. Nat Mist xvi. p. 228 
(1845); Marti. Bev. Zool 1848, p. 4. 
Timalia pyrrhoptera, Bp. Consp. i. p. 217 (1850, ex Bote MS. in Mus. 
Lugd.). 

Timalia acutirostris, Gray, Hand~l B. i. p. 315, no. 4695, 

Cyanoderma erythropterum, Sharpe•, P Z. S. 1875, p. 105; Tweedd* 

Ibis, 1877, p. 308 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 60, 95. 
Cyanoptera erythroptera, Hume $ Davis. Str. F. 1878, p. 269. 

Adult male (Sumatra; A. B. Wallace). General colour above 
rufescent brown, a shade brighter on the back; wing-coverts 

25. MIXORXIS. 
brighter chestnut; quills sepia-brown, externally rufous, the inner 

secondaries entirely of this colour; tail-feathers brown with rufous 

margins; base of forehead, feathers over the eye, sides of face, sides 

of neck, throat, and entire breast dark slaty grey, shading off into 

ashy on the middle of the abdomen, the flanks, vent, thighs, and 

under tail-coverts being light fulvous-brown; under wing-coverts 

and axillaries pale fulvous: quills dusky brown below, fulveseent or 

pale rufous along the edge of the inner web; " bill dark plumbeous 

blue; visible skin of cheeks and orbits from pure light to dull dirty 

smalt-blue; legs, feet and claws very pale, almost white, tinged 

greenish or yellowish green; iris madder-red to deep brown (W. 

Davison). Total length 5*2 inches, oilmen 0-65, wing 2-35, tail 

2*15, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male. Total length 
5 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 2-2, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*7. 
Hab. From Southern Tenasserim down the Malayan peninsula 
to Sumatra. 

a. 
$ ad. sk. Malewoon, S. Tenasserim, E. W, Oates, Esq. [C.]. 
Jan. 9, 1877. 
b. $ ad. sk. Mt. Ophir, Malacca. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
e, d. Ad. sk. Malacca (Cantor). India Museum. 
e. Ad. sk. Malacca. Andrew Charlton, Esq.jT.]. 
(Type of B. aciitirostris, Eyton.) 
/ . Ad. sk. Singapore. Gould Collection. 
g9h. 6 2 ad. sk. Sumatra. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [0.1 

i. Ad. sk. Sumatra. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.J. 
h. Ad. sk. [Java.] Purchased. 
8. Mixornis bicolor. , 
Timalia, sp., Sclater, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 215. 
Timalia bicolor, Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. -46 j Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 315, 
no. 4701 (1860). 
Oyanoderma erythropterum, Salmd. Uce. Born. p. 213 (1874, nee 
Blyih), 
Oyanoderma bicolor, Shdrpe, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 105; id. Ibis, 1876, 

p. 40,1877, p. 11; id. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 339 j id. Ibis, 1879, p. 257; 
Eume, Str. F. 1879, p. 60. 
Adtdt male. General colour above bright chestnut on the centre of 
the back, shading into fulvous-brown on the lower back and rump ; 
wing-coverts bright chestnut; quills dark sepia-brown, externally 
bright chestnut, the innermost secondaries entirely of the latter 
colour; tail rufous-brown, the feathers margined with slightly 
brighter chestnut; head and neck all round dark slaty grey, extending 
onto the mantle, where it becemes dull grey washed with rufous 
; entire throat and breast dark slaty grey, gradually shading off 
on the belly; the abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts pale fulvousbrown, 
as also the thighs, the latter being slightly tinged with 
rufous; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale tawny rufous with 
greyish bases; quills dull brown below, rufescent along the edge of 
the inner web; " bill dark bluish black; legs pale grey-brown ; 

TBIELIID^l. 

skin of neck and about the eyes blue; iris crimson" (A. Everett). 
Total length 5*2 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2*2, tail 1*85, tarsus 0*8. 

The adult female is like the male, but differs in having the crown 
of the head only dark slate-colour, the nape being washed with, 
chestnut and the hind neck entirely chestnut; "bill blacky dusky 
below at base; feet pale olive; iris red-brown" (A. B. Wallace). 
Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2*25, tail 1*95, tarsus 0*7. 

Young birds differ from the adult in having the whole plumage 
lax and fluffy. There is no grey on the upper surface, which is 
dull reddish brown, a little more dingy on the head; wing-coverts 
and quills dusky brown with rufous edgings; the entire under 
surface ashy, washed with fulvous-brown on the sides of the body. 
Hal. Borneo, where it seems to be generally distributed. 

a9 b. Ad. sk. Labuan (Hugh Zoto). B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
o. Juv.'sk. Labuan. Hugh Low, Esq. [C.]. 
d. 3 ad. sk. Bintulu, W. Borneo. Alfred Everett, Esq. [C.l 
e. J ad. sk. Sarawak. A. B. Wallace, Esq. [O.J. 
f. Ad. sk. Banjermassing. J. Motley, Esq. [O.j. 

9. Wxorms capitalis. 
Mkornis capitalis, Tweedd. Ann. «|- Mag. Nat. Hut. (4) xx. p. 535 
(1877); id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 110, pi. vii. fig. 2 ; id. t c. pp. 842, 
380 • id. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 71 ; Wardlaw Maimag, Orn. Works 
Tweedd. p. 657 (1881). 
Adult female (Dinagat, June 1877; A. BL Everett: type of 
species). General colour above dull ashy, streaked with white down 
the centre of the feathers; rump uniform and sightly tinged with 
olive *. lesser wing-coverts like the back, and streaked with white 
in the same manner; the median and greater coverts browner and 
the white shaft-lines not quite so distinct; quills brown, externally 
ashy olive, the primaries greyer, the innermost secondaries with 
white shaft-lines; tail-feathers dark brown, edged with olive-brown, 
all but the centre tail-feathers tipped with white, increasing in extent 
towards the outermost, the external one having the outer web 
entirely white; crown of head rufous, the feathers with fulvous or 
whitish shaft-streaks, forming a cap extending as far as the occiput; 
the nape and occiput like the back; lores dull whitish ; ear-coverts 
ashy, streaked with dull white centres to the feathers; cheeks 
similarly coloured, but a little tinged with rufous on the fore part; 
throat fight rufous, obscurely streaked with yellowish white; remainder 
of under surface of body pale yellowish, including the 
under tail-coverts ; sides of breast and flanks slightly more ashy; 
thighs ashy brown; axiUaries and under wing-coverts yellowish 
white; quills dusky below, yellowish white along the inner web; 
" bill blackish; legs light oHve-green ; iris orange/' Total length 
5-3 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 2-7, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*75. (Mus. B. 

G. Wardlaw Ramsay.) 
Adult male (Basilan ; A. H. Everett). Similar in plumage to the 
female, but a little brighter on the head and throat; soft parts as 

26. KJLCEOOTS. 
583 

in the male. Total length. 5*8 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 2-7, tail 
2*2, tarsus 0-75. (Mus. R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.) 
Hal. The islands of Basilan, Panaon, Dinagat, and Leyte in the 
Philippine archipelago. 

26. MACEOFUS. 
Type. 

Macronus, Jard. $* Selby, III Orn. test to pi. 150 (1835) . M. ptilosus. 

Range. Malayan peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo, as well as the 

island of Palawan, Philippine archipelago. 
Key to the Species. 
a. Head ferruginous .1. Head black, streaked with white , 
ptilosus, p. 583. 
striaticeps, p. 584. 
1. Macronus ptilosus. 

Macronus ptilosus, Jard. fy Selby, III. Orn. pi. 150 (1835) ; Blyth, 
J A. S. Bern/, xi. p. 795 (1842); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 210 (1846); 
Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 149 (1849); Bp. Camp. i. p. 218 
(1850); Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 275; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat B. 
EI Co. Mus. I p. 22o, App. p. 420 (1854); Scl P. Z. S. 1863, 

p. 215 ; Peh. Rets. Kovara, Fog. pp. 69,101 (1865); Gray, Hand-l. 
£. i. p. 317, no. 4747 (1869); Wald. Ibis, 1872, p. 375; Salvad. 
Ucc. Bom. p. 210 (1874); Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 40, 1877, p. 10; 
Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 308; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv. 
p. 224 (1879); Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 258; Hume, Str. F. 1879, 
p. 01,1880, p. Ill; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 797. 
Timaha trichorrhos, Temm. PL Col. ii.pl. 594.fig. 1 (1836) ; S. Midi 
Verh. Nat. Gesck. Land- en Volkenk. p. 396 (1839-1844); Low, 
Sarawak, p. 410 (1848). 

Macronyx! ptilosus, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 340 Qapsu calami). 

Adult male. General colour above fulvous-brown, the dorsal 
plumes blackish, long, and hairy in structure, with conspicuous white 
shafts; upper tail-coverts reddish brown; tail-feathers blackish 
brown; wing-coverts like the back, the greater series dark brown, 
margined with the same colour as the back; quills deep brown, the 
secondaries externally margined with dull fulvous-brown; crown of 
head and nape bright chestnut; lores, eyelid, feathers below the eye, 
fore part of cheeks, and throat black; ear-coverts, hinder part of 
cheeks, sides of neck, and fore neck in front fulvous-brown, somewhat 
lighter on the fore neck and forming a partially pronounced collar, 
the ear-coverts and sides of neck faintly washed with rufous; behind 
the cheeks a half-concealed spot of white; remainder of under surface 
of body fulvous-brown, the flank-feathers elongated and with 
white shafts; centre of body ashy; axillaries and under wing-coverts 
like the breast, the lower series of the latter dusky brown; quills 
dusky brown below, paler along the edge of the inner web; " bill 
black; preorbital naked skin blue ; legs brown; iris crimson" (A. 
Everett) ; " iris red-brown " (Wardlaw Ramsay). Total length 5-8 
inches, culmen 0-75, wing 2'65, tail 2*4, tarsus 0-85. 

584 TIMELITDJE. 

Adult female. Does not differ in plumage from the male; " bill 
black; legs blackish brown ; iris crimson " (Alfred Everett). Total 
length 6 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 2*65, tail 2*6, tarsus 0*9. 

In the young birds the plumage is not so deeply coloured as in 
the adults, the throat is dingy black, and there is little or no trace 
of the lighter golden-brown patch on the fore neck, which almost 
forms a collar in the adult. 

In some old birds the black throat extends on each side of the 
fore neck, forming as it were an elongated moustache. 
Hob. Malayan peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo. 

a. (S ad. sk.
b. Jad.sk.
c. d. Ad. sk. 
Malacca. 
Malacca (Wallace). 
Malacca (Cantor). 
A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.l. 
Gould Collection. 
India Museum. 
e,f Ad.; g.
Jun. sk. 
Sumatra. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
h, i. Ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk.
I. Ad. sk.
m. Ad. sk. 
Lumbidan, N.W. Borneo(Hugh Low), 
Bintulu, West Borneo. 
Sarawak. 
S. Borneo. 
B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.] 
Alfred Everett, Esq. rG.l 
A. B. Wallace, Esq. [C,j! 
Gould Collection. 

2. Macrontts striaticeps. 
Macronus striaticeps, Sharpe, Trans. Linn. See. new series, Zud. i 
p. 331 j Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 827, 1&78, pp. 110, 949 ; Jl ardlaw 
Ramsay} Orn. Works Tweedd. p. 057 (1881 J. 
Adult male (type of species). Above fulvescent brown, the shafts 
of the feathers pale fulvescent; plumes of the rump long and 
loose, the shafts white at the base; wing-coverts uniform with the 
back, and streaked in the same manner, the greater series uniform 
fulvescent brown* quills brown, externally chestnut; tail brown, 
externally washed with chestnut; head and nape black, cleatrly 
streaked with white down the middle of the feather; sides of face 
white, the feathers margined with black on both sides, givin r a 
streaked appearance; throat pure white* remainder of under surface 
whitish, the feathers of the breast margined with olivaceous so 
as to appear streaked; the sides of the body, thighs, and under tail-
coverts olive-brown, streaked with whitish; under wing-coverts 
olive-brown; quills ashy below, internally rufescent: " bill black ; 
legs purplish grey ; iris white " (A. H. Everett). Total length 5*2 
inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2*15, tail 2*15, tarsus 1*8. 

The sexes are alike in size and colour. Young birds are rather 
more rufescent below and have the streaks on the head tinged with 
rufous. Both specimens collected by Dr. Steere had the iris hazel 
but Mr. Everett gives the iris as white in all those obtained by Mm. 

Bab. Confined to the Philippine archipelago, where it has been 
met with in the southern islands Mindanao, Basilan, Binagaf, and 
Surigao. 

a. $ ad. sk. Island of Basilan. Prof. J. B. Steere [C.l. 
27 . 
PTILOPYGU. 585 
27. PTILOPYGA. 
Malacocincla, Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 229 (1874, nee Blyth). 
Range. Borneo. 
Key to the Species. 

a. 
Underneath uniform ; sides of body tawny buff; 
abdomen creamy whitish; throat white, somewhat 
shaded with ashy, which takes the form 
of dusky streaks on the lower throat rufiventris, p. 585. 
b. Underneath flamrnulated; throat white, with 
narrow black edges to the feathers; rest of 
under surface streaked with black and white, 
the feathers being white in the centre with 
broad black margins Uucogramrmca, p. 586. 
1. PtHopyga rufiventris. 
Malacocincla rufiventris, Salvad, Ucc. Born. p. 229 (1874). 
Adult male. General colour above dusky olive-brown, becoming 
more reddish brown on the lower back and rump; mantle with 
indistinct pale shaft-lines ; upper tail-coverts rufous ; upper wing-
coverts like the back, the greater series somewhat washed with 
rufous on their margins ; quills sepia-brown, externally olive-brown, 
a little more rufescent on the secondaries; tail-feathers brown, 
slightly rufescent on the margins ; head dull ashy grey, contrasting 
with the back, and slightly washed with olive-brown; lores and 
eyelid ashy whitish; feathers over the eye ashy grey, extending 
above the ear-coverts; the latter pale fulvous with light shaft-lines; 
cheeks and entire throat dull white, with a few dusky streaks on 
the lower part of the latter; sides of breast washed with olive-brown; 
centre of breast and abdomen whitish; flanks, thighs, and under 
tail-coverts bright tawny buff; axillaries and under wing-coverts 
pale fulvous; quills dusky brown below, ashy along the edge of the 
inner web. Total length 4*7 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 2-65, tail 
1*35, tarsus 1*05. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but not quite so 
bright on the flanks; " bill smoky black, the lower mandible leaden-
grey; legs pale horn-brown; iris yellow-brown" (A. Everett). 
Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 2*7, tail 1*4, tarsus 1*05. 

Obs. The streaks on the throat and chest vary very much in intensity, 
being sometimes very broad and of a dark slaty-grey colour. 
This species so closely resembles Anuropsis malaccensis, that it can 
easily be mistaken for it; but although it has the short tail of the 
latter species, it has the stout bill of a Turdinus, and the streaks 
on the throat are never seen at all in A. malaccensis. 

Hah. Borneo. 

a. $ ad. sk. Tagora, Sarawak, May 1875. Alfred Everett, Esq. [C.l 
h. $ ad. sk. Tagora. 
Henry Everett, Esq. [O.J. 
c. Ad. sk. Sarawak (A. Everett), Gould Collection. 
d. 3 ad. sk. Sarawak. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 
586 
TlilELUD^E. 

2. Ptilopyga leucogrammica. 
Cacopitta leueogranimlca, Bp. Consp. i. p. 257 (ex Temm. MSS. in 
Mus. Lugd.). 
Macronus leueograminicus, Gray, IEand-1 B. L p. 318, no. 4753 
(1869). 
Turdinus leucogranimicus, Sakad. Uce.Bom.%. 217 (1874) * Sharpe, 
Ibis, 1877, p. 11. 

Adult male. General colour above rufous-brown, brighter and 
more chestnut-brown on the lower back; wing-coverts dull chestnut, 
the lesser and median series with indistinctly indicated pale 
shaft-lines, traces of which are seen on the mantle; quills dark 
brown, externally chestnut; tail-feathers dark rufous-brown, dusky 
on the inner webs ; head more dusky than the back, the feathers 
with obscure blackish edges, producing a slightly scaled appearance 
• base of forehead streaked with white; lores white, as also 
the feathers round the eye; an eyebrow, as well as the ear-coverts 
and sides of neck, dull white, mottled with ashy blackish margins 
to the feathers; the fore part of the ear-coverts black, forming a 
spot; cheeks and throat white, with very narrow blackish edges to 
the feathers; remainder of the under surface of body flammulated, 
the feathers being white in the centre with distinct black margins, 
giving the appearance of very broad streaks; thighs ashy brown 
washed with rufous ; under tail-coverts rufescent brown, with white 
shaft-streaks; under wing-coverts dusky brown, with paler shaft-
lines ; the edge of the wing mottled with a few white plumes margined 
with blackish; quills dusky below, with a faintly indicated 
shade of ashy rufous along the inner web; " legs very dark leadcolour 
• iris dark brown" (A. Everett). Total length 0*2 inches, 
wing 2*9, tail 1*9, tarsus 1*3. 

Hah. Borneo. 

a. $ ad. sk. Bintulu, TV. Borneo. Alfred II. Everett, Esq. X1.], 
28. 
PTILOCICHLA. 
Type. 
Ptilocichla, Skarpe, Trails. Linn. Soc. 2nd series, i. p. 332 
(1876) P. falcata. 

Range. Palawan Island, Philippine archipelago. 

1. Ptilocichla falcata. 
Ptilocichla falcata, Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Sac, ZooL 2nd ser. i. p. 332 
(1876) \ Wardlaw Ramsay, Orn. Works Tweedd. p. 6-57 (1881). 

Adult male. Top of the head and nape rufous-brown; sides of the 
forehead and a stripe behind the eye fawn-rufous ; lores narrow and 
white; spot before the eye and ear-coverts black; cheeks and throat 
white, with a narrow malar streak of blackish; entire back blackish 
brown, the feathers broadly centred with fulvous; the feathers of 
the lower back long, but somewhat sickle-shaped and hanging over 

29. MALIA. 
587 
on each side, brown or black In colour, broadly streaked with white ; 
wings rufous-brown, the quills internally blackish; tail entirely 
rufous-brown; under surface of body blackish, the feathers broadly 
streaked with white down the middle; thighs, under wing-coverts, 
and under tail-coverts brown, streaked with fulvous ; bill yellowish 
horn-colour, the mandible more yellow; feet dark brown. Total 
length 6-8 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 3*2, tail 24, tarsus 1-3. (Mus. 

J. B. Steere.) 
Mai. Island of Palawan, Philippine archipelago. 
29. 
MALIA. ^ 
Type. 
Malia, Schlegely Notes Leyden Mus. ii. p. 165 (1880) M. grata. 
Bill moderate in size, sensibly curved, with the point somewhat 
more bent downwards, slightly notched behind this point; the 
compression reaches beyond the middle of its length, afterwards 
becoming gradually more large than high. Nostrils basal, forming 
an oval aperture, in no way covered, opening into a tolerably large 
nose-groove. 
Wings short and rounded. First of the primaries 21 lines shorter 
than the fifth, which is the longest of all; sixth almost as long as 
the fifth, seventh only 2, tenth 4 lines shorter than the fifth. 
Secondaries increasing In length from the first to the third, which is 
only 4 lines shorter than the fifth of the primaries; they decrease 
afterwards in the direction of the tertiaries. 
Tibia very long and robust. Tarsi long, robust, covered on the 
fore side with eleven shields; on the hinder side above with one 
entire shield, beneath with five shields and small scales. Nails 
very robust, with the under curve divided into two semilunar excisions* 
Tail strongly rounded. (ScMegel.) 
Range. Celebes. 

1. Malia grata. 
Malia grata, Bclilegelj Notes Leyden Mus. ii. p. 165 (1880). 
Upper mandible black, but its margins, like the whole under 
mandible, light ochraceous; whole upperside of the bird of a pure 
olive-colour, washed on the neck, mantle, and angle of wing with 
lemon-yellow, with a shine of rufous-brown on the tail-feathers and 
tinged with light yellowish brown on the outer webs of the primaries 
; chin, throat, and chest of a dirty greenish lemon-yellow, 
spreading also over the breast and abdomen, but strongly washed 
with olive; underside of wings and tail greyish olive; flanks, under 
tail-coverts, and feathers of legs olive; tarsus, toes, and nails dark 
brown. Total length 11" 6"', wing 5", tail 5", tarsus 23'", culmen 
12'". (Schlegel) 

Hah. Celebes. 

588 TME1IID3S. 

30. AFUEOPSIS*. 
Range. Malacca, Sumatra, and Borneo, extending into the Philippine 
archipelago. 

Key to the Sjpecies. 

a. Top of head brown; sides of face grey malaccemis, p. 588. 
b. Top of head grey like sides of neck ; ear-co-* erts 
grey cinerekeps, p. 590. 
1. Anxoropsis malaccensis. 
Brachypteryx malaccensis, Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 402: Grav 
Gen. B. i. p. 209 (1S46J ; Bp. C. R. xxxviii. p. 60 {1854} ; Salmd 
Ucc. Born. p. 223 (1874] ; tihurpe, Ibis, 187% p. 258 ; id. F. Z 8 
1881, p. 797; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 59. 

Brachypteryx poliogeiuS Strickl Contr. Or a. 1849, p. 98, pi. 31. 
Myiothera poliogenys, Mull. 3I8S. in Mm. Lugd.7 imde 
Turdirostris poliugenys, Bp. Cbnsp. I p. 218 (18*30). 
Trichostoma poliogenys, Blyth, Ibis7 18U5, p. 47. 
Macronus poliogenys/tfray, JIand-l. B. i. p. 313, no. 4770 (1889). 


Adult. General colour above dark brown, rather more rufescent 
on the ramp; upper tail-coverts and tall-feathers reddish brown, 
the latter more rufous on the edges of the feathers ; wing-coverts 
like the back, the lesser and median series with paler shaft-lines 
the greater series somewhat darker brown; quills dark brown, externally 
olivaceous brown; crown of head dark brown like the 
back; base of forehead and eyebrow ashy grey; lores whitish ; ear-
coverts and feathers below the eye dark ashy grey, lighter behind 
the ear-coverts ; throat and centre of body pure white, the sides of 
the neck, sides of breast, and flanks, as well as the thighs and under 
tail-coverts, light tawny buff, the axillaries and under wing-coverts 
of the same colour; u legs pinkish white; iris crimson " (A, H. 
Everett). Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2-35, tail 1*2, 
tarsus 1*1. 

Very great variation in the colour of this species seems to take 
place; but at present I am unable to account for the differences in 
colour except on the score of age. The sexes do not seem to differ 
in plumage; but the Bornean < birds are always richer hi tint 

* ?lNCEOP5fS py&BKOGESYS. 
Myiothera pyrrhogenys, Tcmm. PL Col. ii. pi. 442.fig. 2 (1827). 
Macronus pyrrbogenys, Gray, Gin. B. i p. 210 (IBM){id. Hand-l. B. I 

p. 318, no. 4757 (1869). 
Turdirostris pyrrbogenys, Bp. Co/up. I p. 218 (1850). 
? Brachypteryx pyrrbogenys, Salmd. Ctv. B^m. p. 221 (1874). 
Eak Java. 
I have not been able to identify this species, which appears to resemble my 


Malacoftemm, erythrote. 

30 , ANXJROPSIS. 

589 

than the Malaccan. The tint of the upper surface varies from a 
strong olive-brown to fulvous-brown or even rufous-brown, the latter 
phase accompanied by a chestnut tail. I imagine that these rufous 
birds may be the young, as I have specimens before me both 
from Malacca and Borneo, and it is impossible to believe that 
they represent a distinct species. The bill is much paler in the 
rufous-coloured birds, and the under mandible conspicuously yellow, 
which appears to be another sign of nonage in a Timeliine 
bird. 

Another point of difference between specimens is to be seen in 
the distribution of the colour of the underparts. In some the white 
of the throat is continued unbroken to the abdomen; in others there 
is a faint shade of rufous on the chest ,* while in others the whole 
chest is orange-rufous, cutting off the white throat from the white 
abdomen. 

A pair of birds collected by Mr. Wallace in 
Malacca measure as 

follows:— 

Total length. Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 
in. in. in. in. in. 
a. $ . Malacca 5*2 0 7 2-55 1-5 1-15 
5. $ . Malacca.... 5*0 0-65 2-85 i-55 1-15 

It seems doubtful, however, whether the sexes of these examples 
are correctly determined ; for two birds collected in Borneo by Mr. 

A. H. Everett measure:— 
Total length. Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus, 
in. in. in. in. in. 
a. tf. Bintulu ... . 5-3 0-8 2*65 1*45 1-2 
5. J.Kucbing.... 4-5 0*65 2*45 1-25 1-1 

Hab. Malayan peninsula and the islands of Sumatra and Borneo. 

a} b. $ 2 a<^« sk* Malacca (Wallace). G-ould Collection. 

c. <$ ad. sk. Malacca. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
d, e,f* Juv. sk Malacca (Cantor), India Museum. (Trichastoma 
rostrattm,1!!. & M. 
Oat. p. 405.) 

a 
Ad sk. Malacca. Capt. Staekhouse Pinwill 
[P.]. 

h. Ad. sk. Sumatra. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
*, k. Ad. sk. Borneo. Purchased. 
I Juv. sk. LumMdan, N.W. Bor- R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
neo (Hugh Low), 

m. Ad. sk. Lumbidan. Hugh Low, Esq. [C], 
n. S ad. sk. Sarawak. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
o. <$ ad. sk. Paku, Sarawak, Dec. Henry Everett, Esq. [O.]. 
1878. 
p. <$ ad. sk. Bintulu, W. Borneo. A. H. Everett, Esq. [0.1. 
q. 
P ad. sk. Kuching, Sarawak, A. H. Everett, Esq. [C.J. 
Aug. 1874. 
590 TEHELITD^. 

2. Anuropsis ciaereiceps. 
Drymocataphus cinereicepSj Tweedd. P. Z. S.1878, p. 617. 

Adult femah (Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Jan. 1878; A. Everett: 
type of species). General colour above dark fulvous-brown, with, 
faintly indicated pale shaft-stripes to tlie feathers of the mantle; 
the plumage of the lower back and rump very fall and las, with 
dusky or silvery-grey bases; lesser and median wing-coverts like 
the hack, with the same pale shaft-lines; greater series dark fulvous-
brown ; quills dark brown internally, externally dark fulvousbrown, 
somewhat ashy on the outer webs of the primaries; 
tail-feathers dark fulvous-brown; crown of head dark ashy grey, 
the hind neck and sides of neck lighter ashy grey; lores arid 
feathers round the eye ashy whitish; ear-coverts light ashy grey 
with whitish shaft-lines; cheeks white, with a narrow Hne of 

black along their upper margin; entire throat pure white, as 
also the entire abdomen; breast and sides of the body^ thighs, and 
under tail-coverts light fulvous-brown, with paler shaft-lines on the 
feathers of the breast; axillaries fulvous with white bases ; under 
wing-coverts fulvous; quills dusky brown below, ashy fulvous along 
the edge of the inner web ; " bill brownish grey, the mandible 
white; legs pallid, the front of the tarsi tinged brown ; iris burnt 
sienna-orange " (A. H. Everett). Total length 4%3 inches, culmen 
0*7, wing 2-35, tail 1*05, tarsus 1*1. (Mus. R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.) 


Bab. Island of Palawan. 

31. CEAT1BOSCELIS. 
Range. Kew Guinea, "Waigiou, Mysol, Aru Island. 

Key to tlie Species. 

a. Breast and sides of body vinous rufous............ murina, p. 590. 
b. Breast light brown; sides of body mouse-brown.. *. monacha, p. 591, 
1. Cratexoscelis murina. 
Myiothera murina, Temm. MS, in Mm. Lugd. {nee 3lyth9 Ibis,1865, 
Turdirostris muxina, Bp. Consp. i. p. If 8 (185$, desen nufld): Finsek. 
NeurGuima, p. 166 (1865). ' 1 
Brachypteryx murinus, t&latei; Journ. IAim. Soc. ii p. 158 (1858); 
Grayf Cat. Mamm. etc. W. Guin. pp. 25, 56 (1860) j Meyer. Sits. 

h. Akad. Wien} lxiz. p. 497 (1874). 
• Turdixostram imirmum, Gray, P. Z. S.1858, p. 191. 
Alcippe minina? Grayf P.Z. S. 1861, p. 434. 
Turdirostris murinus, Rosenb* Nat. Tijd&chr. Ned. Ind. xxv. p. 231 
(1863); id. J. f. 0, 1864, p. 119; id. Mekt. naar GeelmnMb. 

p. 114 (1875). 
31 . CKATEB0SCEL1S. 
591 

Maiacopteron muiinum, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 317, no. 4746 (1869); 
Rosenh. Malay. Arch. p. 554 (1879). 
Brachypteryx brunneiventris, Meyer, 8itz. k. AJcad. Wien, lxix. 

p. 497 (1874): Sclater, Ibis, 1874, p. 418 ; 8alvad. Ann. Mus. 
Civic. Genov. xii. p. 343 (1878). 
Brachypteryx muxina, 8ahad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. x. p. 146 

(18*7), xvi. p. 186 (1880) ; id. Orn. Rapuasia7 ii. p. 406 (1881) ; 

8harpe, Journ. Linn. 8oc. xyi. p. 440 (1882). 
Sericornis fulvipeetoris, Ramsay, Pr. Linn. 8oc. iV. 8. W. iv. p. 5 

(1879). 
Sericornis fulvopectoralis, Ramsay, t. c. p. 5 (1879). 
Sericornis Mvipectus, Sahad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xvi. p. 187 

(1880); id. Orn. Rapuama, ii. p. 409 (1881). 

Adult. General colour above dark earthy brown, with somewhat 
of an ashy tint on the back; wing-coverts like the back, the greater 
series externally slightly washed with fulvous-brown; quills dusky 
brown, externally dull fulvous or olivaceous brown; lower back and 
rump, as well as upper tail-coverts, slightly paler brown than the 
back; tail-feathers dull reddish brown; head and nape dusky 
blackish, including the lores and sides of the head, the ear-coverts 
slightly lighter brown; cheeks and upper throat white with a slight 
fawn-coloured tinge; lower throat, breast, sides of body, and under 
tail-coverts fawn-coloured; thighs browner; centre of body and 
abdomen whitish washed with fawn-colour; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries fawn-coloured with dusky bases, lower series dusky; 
quills dull brown below, fulvescent along the edge of the inner 
web ; " iris dark brown v (Beecari). Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 
0-6, wing 2-25, tail 1*45, tarsus 0*95. 

Hah. Kew Guinea; Salawati; Waigiou; Mysol. 

a. Ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk. 
New Guinea. 
Astrolabe range, S.E. NewGuinea, 
A. JL Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
Mr. A. Goldie [C.j . 
c. <$ ad. sk. Waigiou. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 

2. Crateroscelis monacha. 
Alcippe monacha, Gray, R. Z. 8.1858, pp. 175,191; id. Cat. Manim. 
etc. K Guin. pp. 26, 56 (1859) ; id. R. Z. 8.1861, p. 434; Rosenb. 

J.f. 0.1864, p. 119; FinscJi, Neu-Guinea, p. 166 (1865). 
Maiacopteron monacha, Gray, JLand4. B. i. p. 317, no. 4738 (1869). 
Brachypteryx monacha, Gielel, Tkes. Orn. i. p. 476 (1872); 8alvad. 
Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xvi. p. 186 (1880); id. Orn. Rapuasia. 

ii. p. 407 (1881). 
Adult male. General colour above dark earthy brown, a little 
clearer and more fulvous-brown on the lower back and rump; wing-
coverts like the back, the edges of the median and greater series 
somewhat tinged with fulvous-brown; primary-coverts darker 
brown ; quills dark brown, externally dull fulvous-brown, lighter 
on the primaries; upper tail-coverts reddish brown; tail-feathers 
brown with reddish-brown margins; head blackish, as well as the 
nape, the shaft-lines distinctly indicated; lores and feathers round 
the eye blackish; ear-coverts ashy blackish; cheeks, throat, and 

TlMELm)^!. 

under surface of body white, with a tinge of fawn-colour on the 
lower throat; sides of body light brown, ashy on the sides of the 
breast; thighs white internally, brown externally; under tail-
coverts white; under wing-coverts and axillaries brown washed 
with fulvous ; quills brown below, fulvescent along the edge of the 
inner web. Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0*5-5, wing 2*15, tail 
1*55, tarsus 0*9. 

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male, but a little larger. 
Total length 4*6 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2*35, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*85. 
Hah. Aru Islands. 

a, h. S $ ad. Aru Islands. A. R. Wallace, Esq_, ~C.]. 
sk, 
c. Ad. sk. Aru Islands {Cockerel!). F. D.(xodrnan and 0. Sal-
Yin, Esqr-.. ~P.~. 

32. 
C0EYTH0CICHLA. 
Range. Hills of North-eastern Bengal to Tenasserim. 

Key to the Sanies. 

a. 
Breast rufescent wa-hed with ashy; abdomen 
creamy buff hi the centre; throat a*liy, with broad 
dusky*centres to the feathers................ brteieaudata? p. 502. 
b. Throat and breast ashy, with broad dusky centres 
to the feathers ". *. striata, p. 593. 
1. 
CorythocicHa brevicaudata. 
Turdinus 
brevicaudatus, Blyih, J. A. S. Bttig. xxiv. p. 272 {1655); 
Walden, Ibis, 1676, p. 34o; Hume § Davison, Sir. F. l*re>, pt/i. 

p. 262; mime, Str. F 167S, p. 4G2, 1*570, p. 95; Bingham, Sir. 
F. I860; p. 170 • Oates, B. BnL Burm. p. 00 f 16*3). 
Maeronus brevicaudatus, Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. "ilO, no. 4777 (1669). 
Adult female. General colour above brown, the feathers of the 
head and mantle grey in the centre, with white shaft-streaks and 
margined with black; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
uniform brown, slightly shaded with ashy on the lesser and median 
series, with narrow pale shaft-lines, the greater series darker brown 
with tiny white spots at the tip ; primary-coverts and quills dark 
brown, externally washed with brown of a slightly olivaceous shade, 
the inner secondaries with a white spot at the tip; tail-feathers 
dark brown, externally olivaceous brown ; lores and a distinct eyebrow, 
as well as the cheeks, sides of face, and ear-coverts ashy grey, 
with indistinct shaft-lines of white; throat streaked, the feathers 
white on the edges with broad centres of dusky blackish; fore neck, 
breast, aud under surface of body light tawny; centre of breast and 
abdomen creamy buff; sides of body and Hanks browner; the 
feathers of the sides of the fore neck delicate ashy in the centre 
with whitish shaft-lines, this ashy shade less distinct on the flanks 
and sides of the body, the shaft-lines being also less distinctly indi


33 . TCBDISTLT7S. 
cated; thighs dusky brown washed with tawny ; under tail-coverts 
tawny tipped with creamy buff, the centre of the feathers dusky; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries dull tawny, with whitish shaft-
lines and clubky centres to the feathers ; the lower series dusky near 
the edge of the wing; quills dusky below, ashy along the edge of 
the inner web ; " upper mandible very dark brown, the lower 
mandible plumbeous to pale plumbeous"; legs and feet and claws 
pale brown to pale fleshy brown; iris deep brown, red-brown, or 
cinnamon-red M ( W. Davison). Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 06 , 
wing 2-4^tail 1-5. tarsus 0*9. (Mus. R. G. Wavdlaw Ramsay.) 

Hah. Tenasserim. 

2. CorythocicMa striata. 
Turdinus 
striatus, Walden, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) vii. p. 241 
(1871); Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xlvii. p. 16 (1878). 
Turdinua william^oni, Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xlvi. pt. % 

p. 44 (1^77) ; id. op. at. xlvi. pt. 2, p. 16 (1878). 
Adult. General colour above ashy olive-brown, mottled with 
blackish margins to the feathers and whitish shaft-lines; rump and 
upper tail-coverts uniform; wing-coverts like the back, but the 
dusky black mai jins not so pronounced, the greater coverts with 
small triangular spots of rufous buff; quills sepia-brown, externally 
olive-brown, with distinct spots of rufous buff at the tips, larger on 
the inner secondaries, the outer primaries ashy along the outer 
web; tail-feathers sepia-brown, externally edged with olive-brown 
and minutely tipped with rufous buff; base of forehead, lores, and 
feathers over the eye ashy grey, slightly mottled with blackish 
margins to the feathers ; ear-coverts dull ashy washed with brown; 
cheeks and throat whitish, mottled with obscure central markings 
of dusky brown ; fore neck and chest, as well as the sides of body, 
pale fulvous-brown, becoming bright tawny on the lower flanks, 
vent, and under tail-coverts; centre of breast whity brown, the 
feathers with white shaft-streaks ; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
light tawny, the outer greater coverts and lower surface of the quills 
ashy brown, lighter ashy along the edge of the inner web. Total 
length 5-o inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2*47 tail 1*4, tarsus 1. 

Hab. HUls of North-eastern Bengal. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Khasia hills (Jerdon). Gould Collection. 

33. TUBDINULUS. 
Type. 
Turdinulus, Hume, Sir. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 235. .. T.munnus. 

Range. Erom North-eastern Bengal, through Tenasserim, down 
the Malayan peninsula to Sumatra. 

1. Tnrdinulus murfrms. 
Myiothera 
murina, Blyih, Ibis, 1865, p. 47 {ex Mull M8. in Mus. 
Lugd.). 

\OL. VTI. 
2(i 

594 
TIMELIID^. 

Pnoepyga, sp., Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. p. 101 (1870). 

Pnoepyga roberti, Godioin-Austen 4' TTald. Ibis, 1875, p. 253; 

Hume, Sir. F. 1876, p. 218. 

Turdinulus roberti, Hume §• Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 235; Hume, 

Str. F. 1879, p. 93; Gould, B. Asia, part xxxiii. 

Turdinulus rauxina, Hume, Str. F. 1880, p. 115. 

Turdinulus ruurinus, Gates, B. Brit. Bi/rm., p. 62 (1883). 

Adult (type of species). General colour above brown, mottled 
with blackish edges to the feathers, the mantle and upper back 
varied with whitish shaft-streaks; rump and lower back uniform 
brown, rather more fulvescent; wing-coverts rather more reddish 
brown than the back, with a small triangular spot of white at the 
tips; quills dusky brown, externally dull rufous-brown, the inner 
secondaries with a small spot of white at the tips; tail-feathers 
reddish brown; lores and base of forehead whitish, the feathers tipped 
with dusky, producing a somewhat scaly appearance ; a pale fulvous 
superciliary streak, the feathers slightly mottled with dusky edges; 
ear-coverts dull brown; cheeks rufous buff, mottled with blackish tips 
to the feathers; throat white, thickly mottled with triangular blackish 
spots in the centres of the feathers; breast whitish or creamy buff, 
rather mottled with dusky edges to the feathers ; centre of abdomen 
whitish; sides of body fulvescent brown, the plumes on the side of 
the breast with whitish shaft-lines ; thighs and under tail-coverts 
more fawn-coloured ; axillaries and under wing-coverts fulvescent; 
quills dusky below; " bill sepia-brown ; legs burnt umber ; iris van-
dyke brown" (O.Limhorg). Total length 4 inches, culmen 0*05, 
wing 2*05, tail 1, tarsus 0*8. (JIMS. If. IL Godwin-Austzn.) 

A female in Capt. TVardlaw Ramsay's collection is rather paler 
in colour and has the spots on the throat dusky brown inbtead of 
black. 

Hah. Munipur hills, extending to Mooleyit in Tenasserim, and 
probably found throughout the mountains of the Malayan peninsula, 
as it reappears in Sumatra. 

34. 
RIMATOR. 
Type. 
Rimator, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi p. 154 (Feb. 
1847) R. malacoptilus. 
Caulodromus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 144 (April 
1847) ./.... . R. malacoptilus. 
Merva. Hodgs. Oak. Jovrn. Nat. Hist. 1847, p. 96 
(April) », R. malacoptilu.s. 

Range. Eastern Himalayas ; Sumatra. 

1. Rimator malacoptilus. 
Riniator malacoptilus, 
Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. pp. 155, 864, 878 
(1847); id. Cat B. Mm. As. Soe. p. 33* (1*49); Horsf. $ Moore, 
Cat. B. Mus. F.I. Co. ii. p. 717 (1856); Jerd. B. hid. L p. 493 
(1802); Gmdd, B. Asia, part 22 (1870); Hume, Sir. F. 1870, 

p. 93. 
Caulodromus gracei, Gray 4* Mitch. Gen. B. i p. 144, pi. 44. fig, 2 
34. EIMATOK. 595 
Adult. General colour above brown, the feathers mesially streaked 
with whity-brown shaft-streaks ; the mantle and back blacker, the 
feathers brown on the outer web, black on the inner one; lesser 
and median coverts brown, with narrow pale shaft-lines; greater 
coverts brown, externally washed with rufous; bastard wing and 
primary-coverts dusky brown, externally edged with lighter brown ; 
quills dusky, externally brown, the innermost secondaries entirely 
brown with pale shaft-streaks; upper tail-coverts reddish brown 
with pale shaft-lines; tail-feathers dusky brown, washed with 
reddish brown externally; crown of the head like the back and 
streaked in the same manner* lores reddish buff, with dusky tips 
to the feathers; feathers round the eye and ear-coverts reddish 
brown, with a few pale shaft-lines on the upper edge of the latter; 
cheeks light fulvous, separated from the ear-coverts by a distinct line 
of black ; sides of neck like the mantle; throat pale fulvous-brown 
mottled with light centres; remainder of the under surface streaked, 
the feathers ashy fulvous or white along the shafts, with dusky 
bases and margins to the breast-feathers; sides of the body deep 
fulvous-brown, with whity-brown shaft-streaks; thighs tawny 
brown ; under tail-coverts deep tawny buff with paler shaft-lines ; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries pale tawny buff, with a little 
blackish patch on the lower wing-coverts; quills below dusky brown, 
more ashy along the inner web ; " bill dark horny, fleshy at the 
base; legs brownish red; irides light brown" (Jerdori). Total 
length 4*25 inches, culmen 1*05, wing 2*2, tail 1*05, tarsus 0*9. 

Hah. Eastern Himalayas. 

a. Ad. sk. Barjiling. — Grace, Esq. (Type of 
Caulodronms gracei.) 
6, c, d. Ad. sk. Barjiling. H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
e,/, g. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
h. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 

2. Eimator albostriatus. 
Riniator albostriatus, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 224 
(1879). 

Above dusky brown, below paler; the feathers of the back, breast, 
and abdomen with a median white shaft-streak; the rump uniform; 
throat white, margined with two lines on each side, the intervening-
space being greyish ; wings and tail dusky ; bill dusky horn-colour, 
feet dusky, iris brownish chestnut. Total length 5*7 inches, wing 
2*65, tail" 1*3, tarsus 1*2. (Salvad.) 

Hah. Sumatra. 

2 0,2 

596 
TQIElimaS. 

Group IX. LIOTBICHES. 

The Hill Tits, as these birds are popularly called, are universally 
recognized bj writers on Indian ornithology as representing a distinct 
family of biids. I believe, however, that they are more 
correctly placed as aberrant Timeliiae forms, showing great affinities 
with the Paridce, the true Timeliidcf-, and even with the Wrens (Troglodytidce) 
; in SL less degree they are also allied to the Flycatchers. 

Key to the Genera. 

a. Rictal bristles scarcely perceptible, or 
absent altogether ..." . . 1. STACHTBIDOPSIS, p. 597. 
5. Rictal bribtles evident. 
a\ Tail very short, hidden by the covert* 
and not reaching beyond the tip of 
the closed wing; tar>al envelope 
without scutes . . . 2. OLIGITBA, p. €03. 


b'. Tail moderately long, always surprising 
the tips of "the "wingbj tarsus scutellated. 


a"„ Outer tail-feathers round* d or 
pointed at the ends. 


a'". Bill moderately stout, the culmen 
not exceeding the length 
of the hind toe and claw. 


a4. Tall neaily even. 
a5. Head crested, but not very 
perceptible \ 3. MIXLA, p. 000. 

b5. With a large Hunt cre«»t, 
somewhat fan-like, the long 
feathers exceeding the culmen 
in length 4. IX"CLFS? p. 612. 

¥t Tail strongly graduated, the 
outer feather falling short of 
the middle one by as much as 
or more than the hind toe (without 
claw). 


c5. A blunt crest, very conspicuous, 
the feathers* exceeding 
the cnlnien in length; rictal 
bristles very feeble and extending 
no further than anterior 
edge of nostril ..... . 5. STA.PHXBIA? p. 615. 

d5* Head created, but not lery 
distinctly, the feathers only 
as long as the culmen .....**. 6. AXCIPPE % p. 818. 

$'". Bill lengthened 
and blender, exceeding 
in length the hind toe 
and claw; tarsus scutellated. 


* Here must probably be placed the following genera, specimens of which 
have not been at handfor me to determine their exact position:—7. Ftttvefta ; 
8. Moupinia; 9. Dmirobla$te$t 
1. STACHYBIDOPSIS. 
c4. Bill broader than high at nostrils; 
the latter linear, shut 
in hjT a superior membrane. 


€5. Crest highly developed, its 
feathers lengthened and exceeding 
the length of the 
culmen 10. YUHINA, p. 631. 

f5. Crest only moderately developed, 
its feathers not reaching 
more than half the length 
of the culmen 11. MYZORNIS, p. 635. 

d*. Bill higher than broad at nostrils,- 
nasal opening a somewhat 
rounded aperture shut in 
by a superior membrane...... 12. HEBPOKNTS, p. 636. 

h". Tail-feathers more or less squared 

at the ends. 
c"\ Wing equal to tail 13. SIVA, p. 637. 
d'". Tail longer than wing 14. LIOCICHXA, p. 641. 
e'", Wing longer than tall. 

eK Upper tail-coverts moderate 
and falling bhort of the tip of 
the tail by much more than the 
length of "the arc us 15. MESIA, p. 642. 

fK Upper tail-coverts very long, 
reaching nearly to the end of 
the tail4 falling short of the tip 
of the latter by lets than the 
length of the taivus. 


gh. Tarsus long and slender, exceeding 
middle toe and claw 
by length of hind toe; wings 
falling short of tail by more 
than the length of the"tarsus. 16. LIOTHKIX, p. 644. 

k5. Tarsus stout and clumsy, not 
exceeding middle toe and 
claw by as much as the length 
of the hind toe; wings falling 
short of tail by only a trifle 
over the length" of the tarsus. 17. CXJTIA, p. 646. 

1. STACHYEIBOPSIS * 
Stachyris, pi, auet (nee Hodgs.). 
Range, Himalayas and Burmese countries ; throughout Southern 
China and Pormosa; Malayan peninsula and Sumatra. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Forehead rufous. 
a'. Under surface of body yellowish or light brown j 
sides of face the same. 
a". 
Crown of head rufous, extending to nape j 
under surface oily yellow ruficeps, p. 598. 

* Type S. pyrrhops. 
TIMEUTD-E. 

I". Forehead and sinciput rufous, not extending 
to the occiput; under surface light fulvescent 
brown tinged with yellow"'. ritfifrons, p. 599. 

b'. Under surface of body grey, with a pale olive-
brown band across" the breast; sides of face 
grey poliogaster, p. 599. 

b. No rufous on forehead. 
c'. Lores and chin black pyrrhops, p. 600. 
*. No black on chin, the latter yellow [ SS§ & «» . 

1. Stachyridopsis rutceps. 
StachvrL ruficeps, Blyfh, J. A. S. Btug, xvi. p. 452 11847): id. Cat 
B.Mus. As. Soc. p. 150 (164U); Up. Consp. L p. 232 (1S50) • 
Moore, P. Z.S. 1^54, p. 141: Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. 
Mm. i. p. 409 (1N54|; Gray, Cat. JIamm. +t>: Xtpal pros. Hodgs. 
p, 45 (1863, ex Eodgs. Icon. hied. App. pi. ^t no. O'JZ); Hume 
§ Davis. Sir. F. 1878, vol. I. p. 205; Hume, &tr. P. 1*70, p. 95. 

Timalia ruficeps, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 10 (1^4rJ^; id. Hand-L 

i?.i. p. 315, no. 4710 {!*#>. 
Stachyri> prsecognirus, Sivmk. Ibis, l*0b\ p. 310; id P. Z. S. 1871, 

p. 373; GoukIf B. Ama, part xxv. (1873/; Daeid ty Oust. 0&. 
Cfciwe, p. 224 (1877). 
Timalia prajeognitua, 6-Vr/j/, Hand-L B. i. p. 3J5, no. 4712 (1609). 

Adult. General colour above olive-brawn, the wing-eoverfs like 
the back ; greater coverts, quills, and tail-feathers brown, washed 
with olive on the outer webs; crown of hear! bright rufous, the 
nape also slightly tinged with a rufesceut shade ; fruntal feathers 
with slightly indicated black shaft-lincb; lores and an indistinct 
eyebrow light yellow; ear-coverts olive-brown ; sides of face and 
under surface of body light yellow, the sides of body, thighs, and 
under tail-coverts olive-brown; on the throat and tore neck there 
are slight indications of blackish shaft-lines; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries white slightly tinged with yellow ; quills brown below, 
white along the ed(^e of the inner web ; tfc bill plumbeous brown, 
reddish beneath; legs pale yellow-brown; irides light brown "'(Jwdon). 
Total length 4-7 inches, culmea 0*05, wing 2-1, tail 2*1, tarsus 0'bo. 

Some specimens are browner than others, while some are more 
distinctly olive on the upper surface. 
After comparison of specimens, I have come to the conclusion that 

S. prcecognitm of Swinhoe cannot be distinguished specifically from 
S. ruficeps. 31r. Swinhoe, when he described the species, compared 
it to S. ckrystea, to which it presents very little resemblance. 
Hab. Nepal, throughout the Eastern Himalayas and the Ehask 
hills ; thence it probably ranges throughout Southern China (as it 
has been found by Abbe David in Szechueii and Eaangsi) to the 

island of Formosa. 
a, b. Ad. sk. Nepal. II iL Hodgson, Esq. [P.l 
e, d, e,f. Ad. sk. Nepal B. H. Ih4^mih ]&q. [p.], 
gy h. Ad. sk.
I Ad. sk. 
Nepal \II»dt}»on). 
Sikhiw, Nov. W 2 
India Museum. 
Major J. Biddulpii. 
(Manddli). 

1. STACHY&IDOPSIS. 59 0 
k. $ ad. sk. Sikhini, March 1878 Major J. Biddulph. 
(Mandelli). 
I £ ad. sk. Sikhim, Dec. 15, 1879. Eugene W. Oates, Esq. 

(L. Mandelli). [0.]. 
mjn.Ad.sk, Sikhini (X. Mandelli). Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
o,p. Ad. sk. Formosa. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [P.J. 
q. Ad. sk. Ftrngshan, Formosa, Gould Collection. 
Jan. 1866. 
r. Ad. sk. Formosa, Jan. 1866 H. Seebohni, Esq. [P.]. 
(H. Swinhoe). 
2. Stachyridopsis rufifrons. 
Stachyris rufifrons, Hu?ne, Sir. F. 1873, p. 479; id. $ Oates. Sir. F. 

1875, p. 117; id. Str. F. 1876, pp. 274, 501; id. $ Davis. Str. F. 

1878, vol. i. p. 2u5; id. Sir. F. 1879, p. 95. 

Stachyris ruficeps {non Blyth), Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 476; Wald. in 

Blyth, B. Burm. p. 116 (1875). 

Adult. Lores and a streak over (but not extending beyond) the 
eye pale mouse-brown; forehead and anterior half of crown pale 
brownish rufous; occiput, nape, and the rest of the upper surface 
pale brown, with a very faint olivaceous tinge on the occiput, back, 
and rump; upper tail-coverts just perceptibly more rufous; inner 
webs of primaries pale hair-brown ; outer webs and tail very pale 
brown, with a scarcely perceptible olivaceous tinge; chm and centre 
of throat white, the feathers just perceptibly dark-shafted; the rest 
of the throat, cheeks, ear-coverts, and the rest of the lower surface 
dull, pale, slightly fulvoA brown (if raised, it will be seen that only 
the terminal third of fhe feathers are of this colour; above this 
they are albescent; and the basal portions are dusky); the wing-
lining and axillaries are a very pale grey or greyish white ; " bill 
blue; inside of mouth flesh-colour; iris deep red; eyelids plumbeous; 
legs fleshy "brown; claws pale horny" (E. Oates). Total 
length 4*5 inches, bill from gape 0-56, wing 1*9, tail 1*95, tarsus 
0*67. {Hume.) 

Hab. The forests in the Tenasserim and Pegu hills, ranging 
through Karennee to the Bhootan Dooars. Mr. Hume states that 
it is smaller than 8. ruficeps, and the rufous of the head is duller 
and does not extend to the occiput. The under-mentioned specimens 
appear to be referable to this species or, rather, race; for it 
is very difficult to separate it as a distinct species. 

a. Ad. sk. BootrnDooazs (L.MandelU). H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Bootan Dooars, Jan. 1876 Eugene W. Oates, Esq. [O.]. 
(£. Mandelli). 
e. d ad. sk. Caehar, May 25, 1878. J. Inglis, Esq. [0.]. 
d. S ad. sk. Tenasserim, Feb. 3, 1875 Eugene W. Oates, Esq. [0.]. 
(W. Davison). 
8. Stachyridopsis poliogaster. 
Stachyris poliogastex*, Hume, Str. F. 1880, p. 116. 
Adult The entire lores, extending quite to the nostrils and 

TiMELIIDJ-;. 

GOO 

cloning over the culmen so as to form a frontal hand, the feathers 
above mid below Hie eye, and the chocks (lull grey or greyish white, 
a lit lie browner on the cheeks; chin and throat white, with ;i grey 
shade, most of the feathers black-shafted ; a pale olive-brown hand 
across the breast; lower breast, abdomen, sides, thinks, arid tibial 
plumes grey, darker and bluer on the sides, and the tips of some* of 
the llank-feathors with, a brown tinge ; lower tail-coverts pale fawny 
brown ; wing-lining and axillaries pure white ; the posterior portion 
of the forehead and the crown bright ferruginous chestnut, the 
feathers dark-shafted; nape, hack, and lesser wing-coverts dull 
brownish olive ; wings and tail hair-brown, with the visible portions 
in the closed wing everywhere suffused with a faintly rufescent 
olive shade; the tail faintly and obsolctely barred ; the edge of the 
wing white ; '* hides a deep brown ; lower mandiblo fleshy pink; 
upper mandible plumbeous brown ; legs, feet, and claws dark fleshy 
tinged with green '' ( W. Davison). Total length 4*0 inches, bill 
at front 0*52, wing 2*05, tail 1*7, tarsus 0'65. (Maine, I. c.) 

Hah. Known at present from the single specimen collected by 

Mr. Davison at the foot of Gunong Pula, Johore, Malay peninsula, 

and now in Mr. Hume's collection. 

4. Staclryridopsis pyrrhops. 
Stachyris pyrrhops, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mm., Passeres^l. 78. 
tigs. 4, 44 (nos. 410, 411); id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844); 
id. J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 379 (1844)f ; Gray,List Mamm. etc. Nepal 
pres. Ilodgs. p. 75 (1846) ; Blyih, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 150 
(1840); Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mas. i. p. 232 (1854); 
Jerd. B. hulii. p. 21 (18(53); Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 95. 

Timalia pyrrhops, Gray, Gen. B. iii., App. p. 10 (1849). 
Stachvris pyrops, Ilodgs. JP. Z. S. 1845; p. 23; Bp. Consp. i. p. 332 


(1850). 
Prinia sp. no. 132, Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 488. 
Timalia pyrops, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 315, no. 4708 (1809). 

Adult. General colour above ashy olive-brown, a little more dingy 
on the mantle; wing-coverts like the back; quills brown, externally 
olive-brown ; tail-feathers light brown, narrowly edged with olive-
brown ; crown of head ochraceous brown, much lighter on the forehead, 
the shafts of the feathers black and stiffened, producing a 
bristly appearance; sides of face light ochraceous brown, the ear-
coverts somewhat ashy; a spot in front of the eye and chin black; 
remainder of under surface light ochraceous brown, the sides of the 
body washed with ashy; under tail-coverts ochraceous like the 
abdomen; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, washed with 
ochre near the edge of the wing; quills light brown below, white 


t This description occurs in a paper of Blyth's; and although the latter 
refers to the species as Mr. Hodgson's, the diagnoses would appear to be his 
own. Elyth, however, always seemed to regard the names as ha\ing been given 
by Mr. Hodgson in the passage referred to; and so it seems right to credit them 
to the latter. 

1. STACHYRIDOPSIS. 
601 

along the edge of the inner web ; "bill sordid sanguine ; legs pale 
fleshy brown; iris blood-red" (Jerdon). Total length 4*8 inches,' 
culmen 0*65, wing 2*1, tail 2, tarsus 0*8. 

A considerable diffeienee in the tone of colour in this species is 
observable, some individuals being so much more olive and others 
more rufeseent in shade. The palest examples are those from the 
North-west Himalayas. 

Young. Coloured like the adult, but much more fluffy in appearance 
and everywhere paler; the black shaft-lines on the head nearly 
obsolete. 

Hub. Himalayas. 

a. Ad. ?k. X/W. Himalayas (Br. A. L. Gould Collection. 
Adams). Capt, Stackhouse Pinwill 
b, c, d. Ad. tek. X.W. Himalayas. [p.]. 

e. Ad. sk. Delira (G. King). Dr. J. Scully [P.]. 
f,ff,h. 
Ad. hk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
(Types of species.) 

i, h. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgsmi). India [Museum. 

5. Stachyri&opsis chryssea. 
8taelm*k chrypsf*a, Hmlgs. Icon. ined.,Aj>p. pi. 88 (no. 869) • id. in 
Gray's Zoof. Mw. p. fe3 (1&44); id. J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 379 
(1 ^44); /</. P. Z. H. 1&45, p. *>;J • G*m/T to. Ilamm. etc. Nepal pres. 

Ind. B. p. 245 (lhTtf); ii/^A 4* Wald. B. Burm. p. 115 (1875) • 

Godwin-Austen, J. A. tf. ito#. xlv. p. 7o (1876); Anders, ZooL 

Yunnan, p. Cjtj (lb78) ; 2ZMTK«, Sir. F. 1879, p. 95. 

Timalia chrv^iwi, Grat/3 Gen. B. iii.; App. p. 10 (1849); id. Hand-l. 

B. i. p. 315, no. 4709 (1869). 
Adult. General colour above yellowish plive; wing-coveris and 

quills dusky brown edged with greenish, 4% little more yellowish 

on the primaries ; tail-feathers ashy brown, edged with yellowish 

olive; crown golden yellow, broadly streaked with black centres to 

the feathers ; forehead and a line over the ef e bright golden ; lores 

and feathers above and below the eye black; 
ear-coverts yellowish 

olive; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body golden yellow, 

paler on the breast and abdomen and under tail-coverts; under 

wing-coverts yellow, with silky white bases; quills dusky brown 

below, yellowish white along the edge of the inner web * " bill 

plumbeous ; legs pale brownish yellow; irides light brown " (Jerdon). 

Total length 4*3 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 1*95, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*75. 

Young. Differs from the adult in being browner and wanting the 

yellow tint of the upper surface, while the golden yellow of the fore


head and tmderparts is paler and only faint 
yellow. In the very 

young birds the under surface is ashy whitish washed with yellow. 

The Golden-headed Wren Babbler inhabits the Himalayas from 

602 
TIMELHD-E. 

3000 to 5000 feet, and extends into the hills of Arrakan and the 
Ehasia hills, 


a, b. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
JP._.(Typeb of species.) 
c,d. A&.; e,f. JuY.sk. Xepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 


ffjh. Ad.* i,h. Juv. sk. Xepal (B. H. Hodgson). India Museum. 
I, m> n, o. Ad. sk. Sikhim (Manddli). EL Seebohni, Esq. ~¥.~\. 

6. Stachyridopsis assinailis. 
Stachyris a^similis, Wald. uiBlyfKs B. Buna. p. 116 (1*75; • Hume, 
Sir. F. 1877, pp.57, 113; Hume § Bads. Sir. F 1S7S, vol. i. 


p. 
26o; Stone, Sir. F. 1870, p. 9-J ; Ramsay, in Ticeedd. Ora. 
Works, p. 601 (1861;. 
Stachyrisbocagii, Sakad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 223 (1870)*: 
Hume, Sir. F lfcdO, p. 117. 

Adidt female (Karen-nee ; R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay ; type of 
species). Above ashy greenish olive, a little yellower on the rump ; 
wing-coverts ashy brown, narrowly margined with the same colour 
as the back; quills dusky brown, externally margined with olive-
yellow, brighter on the primaries; tail-feather* light ashy brown, 
edged with olive-greenish ; head pale golden yellow, brighter on the 
forehead and lores; the crown and nape streaked with du*>ky down 
the centres of the feathers ; sides of fate dusky \ olio wish, a*hy on the 
ear-coverts, which have indistinct streaks; cheeks*, throat, and 
under surface of body light golden yellow, a little greener on the 
sides of the breast and flanks; under wing-coverts white or }*eliowish 
white, brighter on the edge of the wing; quills dusky below, 
yellowish white along the edge of the inner web; •• iris brown ; 
bill dark plumbeous, pinkish at base of lower mandible ; legs light 
greenish brownM (R. G. W. R.); " legs and feet fleshy yellow; 
upper mandible brown, lower mandible pale plumbeous, fleshy at 
base; iris deep red-brown *' ( W. Davison). Total length 4*1 inches, 
culmen 0*5, wing 1-9, tail liJo, tarsus 0*7. (21its. R. G. Wardlaw 
Ramsay,) 

Adult male (Karen-nee; R. G. W. R.). Similar in plumage to the 
female Total length 4*3 inches, culmen <H>5, wing 1*0, tail 1-65, 
tarsus 0*7. (Mus. R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.) 

* The following is a translation of Count SalvadorFs description of 8, 
bocagii:— 
Above greenish olive; head yellowish, the crown streaked with dusky; lores 
dusky; under surface of body yellow, the throat brighter; thesidt'b tinged with 
green; wings and tail dusky ashy grey, the outer margins of the feathers 
greenish olive; bill and feet du>ky; iris chestnut. Total length 4*3 inches, 
bill 045, wing 2, tail 1-75, tarsus 0*6*»>. (Halv^don.)

Inhabits the mountains of Sumatra. It w described by Count Salvador! as 
being allied to & chrysma, from which it differs in the greener shade of the 
upper surface, the du.sky streaks on the crown being le&s pronounced, the colour 
of the head greenish, le&s verging towards golden }el!ow, the lores dusk} instead 
of black, the less brilliant jellow of the belly, which is slightlyfi-reeniah, and by 
the tail being longer and duller in colour. 

2. OLIGTJBA. 
603 
Hal). A dull-coloured race of the Himalayan JY. cliryscea, from 
which it differs in the less vivid colour of the head and underparts, 
the back and wing-coverts being more of an ashy olive-colour, and 
the margins to the quills and tail-feathers much duller. I have not 
seen a specimen from Sumatra; and thus I cannot tell for certain 
whether the species from the hills of the latter island is identical 
with that of the Burmese and Tenasserim hills ; but it seems highly 
probable that this will prove to be the case. The Khasia birds in 
Colonel Godwin-Austen's collection also appear to be S. assimilis. 

2. OLIGURA. 
Type. 

Tesia (pt), Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. vi. p. 101 (1837). 

Oligura, Hodgs: P. Z. S. 1845, p. 25 0. castaneocoronata, 

Mierocercus, Fitz. Sitz. k. Ahad. Wien, xivi. p. 215 

(180o) 
0. superciliaris. 

Of. Shaipe, Brit. Mus. Cat. B. vi. p. 301. 

Ranye. Eastern Himalayas, ranging into Assam and the Munipur 

and Mishmi hills. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Head chestnut; under surf ace blight yellow, castaneocoronata, p. 603. 
b. Head yellow or olive-green; under surface 
slaty blue cyaniuentris, p. 604. 
c. Head black, t\ ith a broad grey eyebrow; abdomen 
v> hiti&h superciliaris, p. 605. 
1. Oligura castaneocoronata. 
Sylvia castaneocoronata, Burton, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 152. 
Te<da flaviventer, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. vi. p. 102 ; id. Icon. ined. in 
Bnt Mus. pi. xlviii. fig. 1, etApp. pi. 28 (no 490). 
Oligura flaviventer, Hodgs. in Gratfs Zool. Misc. p. 82 (1844) : id. 

P. Z. S. 1845, p. 25. 
Tesia 
castaneocoronata, Blyth, J. A. S. $eng. xiv. p. 586 (1845); 
Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 62 (1846); id. Gen. 

B. i. p. 156, pi. 47. fig. 1 (1847); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. 
p. 179 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 257 (1850); Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. 
B. ML Co. Mus. i. p. 179 (1854) ; Gould, B. Asia, pt. 10 (1858) ; 
Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 487 (1862); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 188, no. 2556 
(1869); Godwin-Aust. J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. p. 101 (1870) ; 
Hume, 8tr. F. 1879, p. 93. 
Adult. General colour above dark green, the wing-coverts like 
the back ; quills dusky brown, externally edged with olive-green ; 
tail-feathers dull olive-green; crown of head as far as the occiput, 
entire sides of face, and ear-coverts deep chestnut; the lores slightly 
mottled with yellow bases to the feathers; cheeks and under surface 
of body bright yellow, with the sides of the body dark green, some 
of the feathers on the chest also with slight indications of green 
margins; thighs green, with a spot of yellow above the tarsal joint; 
under tail-coverts greenish yellow; under wing-coverts dark green; 

604 
TIMELIIB^:. 

" bill dusky, yellowish beneath; legs pale brownish yellow; iris 
dark brown" (Jerdon). Total length 3-5 inches, culmen 0-55, 
wing 1*9, tail 0-05, tarsus 0*85. 

Some specimens show more of the greenish mottling on the breast. 
Theso may be females or younger birds, as the general colour is not 
so bright. 

Young, Different from the adult, the general colour being very 
dull olive-green; sides of face also dark olive-green, tinged with 
rufous on the ear-coverts; cheeks and under surface of body dull 
chestnut, yellow down the centre of the breast and abdomen. 

Ilab. Eastern Himalayas, extending into the hills of Northeastern 
Bengal. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 

(Types of Tesiafiaviventer.) 
c, d, e. Ad.;/, g. Juv. Nepal. B. EL Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
sk. 
h, i. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 

h. Juv. sk. Darjiling. C. Fotheringham, Esq, [P.]. 
2. Olignra cyaniventris. 
Tesia cyaniventer, 
Hodgs. Jotirn. A. 8. Beng. vi. p. 101 (1837); id. 
Icon. hied, in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. xlviii. fig. 3 (no. 489) ; 
Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xi. p. 182 (1842); id. op. eit. xiv. 

p. \586 (1845); Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodqs. p. 0*2 
(184(3); id. Gen. of B. i. p. 150 (1847); Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. 
Soc. p. 178 (1840); Bp. Consp. i. p. 257 (1850); Horsf. $ Moore, 
Cat. B. B.I. Co. Mm. i. p. 179 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 487 
(1862); Gould, B. Asia, pt. 10 (1858) ; Godwin-Aust. J. A. S. 
Beng. xxxix. p. 101 (1870); Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 93. 
Saxicola ? olivea, McClett. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 161. 
Oliprura (Tesia) cyaniventer, Hodgs. in Gray's ZooL Misc. p. 82 
(1844). 
Tesia auriceps, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, App. pi. 29 

(no. 939) ; id. J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 137; Blyth, t. c. p. 474. 
Oligura cyaniventer, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 25. 
Tesia cyaniventris, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 188, no. 25o6. 

Adult. General colour above dark olive-greenish; wing-coverts 
and quills dusky brown, externally dark green like the back; tail-
feathers dull green; head glistening yellow, more or less obscured 
with dull oily green, the bases to the feathers being dusky greenish; 
lores, sides of face, and sides of neck dark slaty blue, blackish above 
the eye and the ear-coverts, so as to form a black line separating 
the face from the crown ; entire under surface of body slaty blue, 
a little lighter on the abdomen, where the feathers have hoary grey 
edges; thighs olive-green; under wing-coverts dull green ; quills 
dusky brown below, narrowly edged with lighter brown along the 
margin of the inner web; " bill dusky above, reddish beneath; legs 
pale reddish brown; iris brown " (Jerdon). Total length 3-5 Inches, 
culmen 0*55, wing 2*05, tail 0*65, tarsus 0*9. 

In many specimens the head, instead of being yellow, is coloured 

2 . 0LIGTJKA. 
605 

like the back. This is apparently a sign of immaturity, probably 
the dress of the young bird after its first moult, as Col. Grodwin-
Austen has specimens of both sexes correctly determined, and the 
hen bird shows scarcely any difference in plumage, the head bein<* 
yellow like the male. b 

Yotunj. Differs froin the adult in its nearly uniform dull coloration. 
The upper surface is olive-brown with a greenish tinge; 
the ear-coverts like the back, with a light olive-greenish streak 
separating them from the crown; under surface of body lighter 
olive-green. 

Hah. Eastern Himalayas and hills of 5orth-eastern Bengal. 

a, h. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
c, d, e,f. Ad.; g h, i.
Juv. >k. 
Nepal.
(Types of species.) 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
kf I m. Ad. sk. Xep tl {Hodgson). India Museum. 
n, o,p. Ad. sk. Sifchim (MandeZli). W. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 

3. Olignra superciHaris. 
M\ iothera leptura, Kuhl 
Micrura bupereiliaiis, 8. Mull, in Mm. Lugdn undh JBp. Consp. i. p. 258 
(ltfoO). 
Microcercus superciHaris, Fitz. Siiz. h. Akad. Wien, xlvi. p. 215 

asm). 

Braclrvpteryx lepturus, Grayx Hand-l B.\. p. 312, no. 4669 (1869). 
Tebia superciHaris, Myth, Ibis, 1870, p. 167. 
Adult male. General colour above olive-brown, with a slight 
greenish tinge on the back; wing-coverts like the back; quills ashy 
brown, externally edged with the same colour as the back, much 
ligher on the edge of the primaries,* tail-feathers like the back; 
crown of head black; a streak of ashy grey from the base of the 
bill to the sides of the nape, forming a broad eyebrow,* lores, 
feathers below the eye, and a streak along the upper ear-coverts 
black; sides of facfe and ear-coverts ashy grey; throat dull ashy 
brown, slightly mottled with whitish bases to the feathers, the 
markings nearly obsolete; chest ashy brown; abdomen white; 
sides of body olive-greenish, more dusky on the thighs; under wing-
coverts and axillaries ashy grey, with a shght olive tinge; quills 
dark brown below, Hghter brown along the edge of the inner web. 
Total length 3-4 inches, culmen 0*5o, wing 1*95, tail 0*75, tarsus 1. 
Adult female. Similar to the male, but a trifle smaller. Total 
length 3*4 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 1*85, tail 0*6, tarsus 0*9. 
Hah. Java. 

a, b. S $ ad. sk. West Java. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [P.]. 

c. Ad. sk. Java. Leyden Museum. • 
606 TIMELIDAEL 
3. mmLA. 
Minla, Hodgs, Ind. Benezc, lb38, p. 33Schoeniparus, Hume, Str. F 1874? p. 449Type. 
M. igneotincta. 
M. riiiio-olaris! * 

Range. Himalayas and tlie lulls of Xorth-eastern Bengal, Bunnah 
and Tenasserim. 

Key to the Species. 

a, Wing-feathers externally bordered with orange 

or vermilion. 
a'. Head black; quills and tail-feather* edsred , . 

with vermilion t.. 'ff^p.fiOa 
b'. Head chestnut, streaked with whitish; U*™t»ti<v. 6Ui. 

wing-feathers bordered with orange ex


ternally. 

a". Tail dark ashy <rrey casttmeireps, p. (XR 
h". Tail dull brown brimueirai/da, p. 009. 
k With no bright colours on the edges of the 
quills or tail-feathers. 
e'. Eyebrow yellow; general colour above srrey; 

centre of crown streaked with yelitj\\i4i; 

sides of crown black ri/iereti, p. W ijj. 
d'. Eyebrow white; general colour ahow 
brown; head more rufous; 4des yf CT«twn 
black. 
c". With a distinct ch^tnut band acr«**« the 

lower throat n/figul/rrt\ p. 1*10. 
d". With no chestnut band on the throat .. j »*«'«** ®t\ p «;io. 

[dubia, p. Oil. 

1. ttiala igneotincta 
Minla 
ignotinca. Hodg*. Ind. Rnitic, l*3>f p. 33. Oray, Cat 
Mamm. etc.' Nepal pres. Hudtjs. p. cM(l^Ml; Jenl B /»//»* 

p. 234 {1863}; Hwnef Str. F. }»7lK p. 104. " 
Leiothrix ornata, McCklL P. Z. »V. l*a%K p. IH± 
Proparus ignotinctu-, JEfodgs. X A. 8. Btng. x. p. 29 f 1841 \. 
Certhiparus ignitinctus, H*»dg$. J. A. & Beng. xiii, p. H3fj (2"K44) 
Certhiparus (Mink) ignitineta, Kodgs. lum. itud. in Brit Mm 
Passeres, pL 08. %. 2 < no. 3131; «/. i« <?W/> J2W, 3/iV D 84 
(1844). * * i% 

Leiothrix ignitincta, 6'rai/. 6toj. J5. L p. 2lj0 | lsl»j) -Bh/ik Cat B 
Mm. As. Soc. p. 100 (lMt>); % . flaw/*, i. p. 3:13 f 1830*; jy w 
£ Moore, Cat B. EI. Cb. Mm. I p. 3CMJ (1K>4) ; Ormj,Hmu2~l B 
I p. 313, no. 4670 (1*09). •" 

.4<faft. General colour above dark chocolate-, almost chestnut-
brown, paler and more fulveseent on the rump; lesser wing-coverts 
black, washed with the brown of the back; median and greater 
series black, edged with white; primary-coverts black; quills 
black, edged with vermilion, inclining to yellow towards the fin of 
the outer web; secondaries tipped with white and tiged with white 
for some distance from the hme; npper tail-coverth Mack; tail-
feathers black, edgetl with vermilion, and tipped with white tinged 

3 . MINLA. 
607 

with vermilion; all the tail-feathers white along the inner web, 
the centre ones conspicuously so; head and hind neck black^ 
bordered by a broad white eyebrow, which extends also along the 
sides of the nape and hind neck; eyelid white; lores, feathers 
below the eye, and ear-coverts black; cheeks and under surface of 
body white, shaded with ashy on the sides of the breast and flanks• 
centre of breast and abdomen yellow; under tail-coverts yellow; 
under wing- and tail-coverts white; quills blackish below, white 
along the edge of the inner web; " bill blackish; legs horny yellow; 
iris brown" (Jrrdou). Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0*6^ 
wing 2*45, tail 0*95, tarsus 0*75. 

The female is white beneath, and the colour somewhat duller 
(Jerdon). I have not seen a properly identified female skin; but 
from the very evident way in which the colours of the present 
species become dim, I should have fancied that the paler birds were 
only faded specimens, and that the difference in colour mentioned 
by Jerdon was not sexual. 

Hah. Eastern Himalayas, extending into the hills of Forth-
eastern Bengal. 

a, h. Ad, st. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 

(Types of species.) 
c, d. Ad. sk. Nepal B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
e7f. Ad. sk. Nf*pal (Hodgson). Gould Collection. 
ff9 h, i, k* Ad. hk. Nepal {Hodgson). India Museum. 
/. Ad. *Jt. liarjiling {jerdon). C. Bvgrave Wharton, Esq 

[P.J. 
?n9 n} o. Ad. bk. Sildiini (Mandetti). H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 

2. Minla jerdoni. 
Mink jerdoni, /. 
Verreaux, NOUD. Arch. MusM. Butt.]). 38 (1870) j 
id. op. tit. vii. p. 52 (1871), viii. pi. %fig. 2 (1872) ; David \ Oust. 
Ok. Chine, p. 224, pi Ixviii. (1877). 

Iris light yellow; bill blackish, tinted with blue at the base of 

the lower mandible ; feet and claws yellowish green; vertex and 

nape black; a broad superciliary stripe of white extending as far as 

the back ; a black band from the lores to the posterior region of 

the neck; back and rump olive- upper tail-coverts black• throat 

whitish; chest and rest of the under surface yellowish white, 

having on the sides of the neck and chest, as well as on the flanks, 

obscure flakes of olive; under tail-coverts yellowish; rectrices 

black, terminating with a band of reddish white, and edged with 

red on the outer webs; upper wing-coverts blaek, bordered with 

white; quills black, the first ones variegated exteriorly with a 

particoloured edging of red and yellow, the latter ones marked at 

the points with a white spot, which increases in size on each 

feather. Total length 0*14 metre, tail 0*046, tarsus 0-021, bill 

from front 0*011. (David Sf Oustalet) 

Hah, Replaces the foregoing species in the hills of Western 
Setchuen, where it passes the summer. 

608 TIMEMIDM. 

3. Jfinla castaneiceps. 
Minla castaneceps, Hodgson, 2nd. Revieic, 1838, p. 33. ^ 
Proparus castamceps, Hodgs. J. A. S. Bern/, x. p. 20 ( 1^411. 
Certliiparus castaneceps, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xm. p. 1)30; id, ui 


Gray's Zool Misc. p. 84 (1844). 
Minla castaniceps, Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 94 
(1846). 

Leiothrix castaniceps, Gray, Gen. B. i. p.20i> (1S45); Blyth, Cat. B. 
Mm. As. Soc. p. 100 (1849); Bp. Con«p. i. p. 333 a>"3'M: ^/f. 
# ikfoore, Cto. B. E.L Co. i. p. 307 (l*so4); Jml B. Iml ii. p. 2oo 
(I860) ; Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 313, no. M77 (IsTO); JKuuie, Sir. 

F. 1879, p. 104. 
Adult. General colour above warm olive-brown, the le^er and 
median wing-coverts like the back; greater wing-covert* and 
primary-coverts black, the innermost of the former with olive-
Drown margins; quills dusky brown, edged with olive-brown, 
the innermost secondares entirely of the latter colour, the primaries 
margined with orange for a great part of their length, tin* outfr 
secondaries orange at their extreme base, the outermost primarh'S 
margined with grey near their bases; upper tail-coverts and f*d!~ 
feathers du ' slaty grey, the latter dusky on their inner webs; crown 
of head and nape chestnut, with paler centres of reddish huff, thont* 
on the fore part of the crown with broad centres of white ; hi ml 
neck washed with chestnut and streaked with pale fulvuiLs cent re**; 
lores yellowish white ; eyelid and a broad superciliary streak white, 
extending to the sides of the nape, and succeeded by a broad Mack 
stripe above the ear-coverts, which are silvery white streaked with 

black ; sides of neck warm olive-brown mottled with white ; feuthera 
round the eye and below the latter yellowish white ; in front of the 
eye a spot of dusky blackish feathers; cheeks yellowish buff, streaked 
with black and washed with warm olive-brown ; throat, fore neck, 
and centre of body yellowish white, purer white on the abdomen and 
under tail-coverts, the latter with olive-brown bases ; sides of hmly 
and flanks warm olive-brown, as also the thigh-feathers, which have 
pale tips; axillaries and under wing-eoverts white, the latter sbllghtly 
tinged with yellow; quills dusky below, white along the edge of the 
inner web ; " bill dusky brown; legs fleshy; iris brown " \jtrdon). 
Total length 4*15 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2-2, tail 1-8, tarsus 0-8. 

Hab. Eastern Himalayas. 

a. Ad. sk. Nepal. 
B. H. Hodgson, Enq. rP.n.
b} c. Ad. sk Nepal. 

B. II. Hodgson, Esq. £i\j. 
(Tvpe« of specie*.) °" 
d-f. Ad. sk. Nepal. 

B. & Hodgson, E«|. [P.]. 
g. Ad.; h. Juv. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
z, k. Ad. sk. Nepal. ' 
Gould Collection. 

I, m. Ad. sk. 

Sikhim (MandeM). H. Seebohniy JKbq. [P#]. 

3 . MINLA. 609 
4. Mrnla brmmeicauda. 
Mmkcastaneiceps (non Hodgs.), Wold, in BlyWs B. Burm. p. 110 
•Eume $ Bavison
v;*\'i&:> Mr. F. 1878. vol. i. p. 372: Hume, Str. 

F. 1880, p. 104; Oates, B. Brit Burm. i. p. 146 (1883). 
Similar to 31. castaneiceps, but distinguished by its olive-brown 
tail. The wing is much duller in colour, being externally orange-
brown like the wing-coverts, without the brilliant orange aspect of 
the above-named species ; " legs, feet, and claws pale greenish brown; 
bill dark brown, base of lower mandible plumbeous ; irides deep 
brown " (Davison). Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-2, 
tail 1*7, tarsus 0*9. 

Eah: Eeplaces the foregoing species in the Khasia hills, probably 
extending into Tenasserim. 

iz. Ad. sk. Khasia hills (Jerdori). Gould Collection. 

5. Minla cinerea. 
Minla cinerea, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 449 (1847); Jerd. B. 2ndii 
p. 255 (1883); Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 104. 
Leiotnrix cinerea, Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 100 (1849); Moore, 

P. Z. S. 1854, p. 142; Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. El. Co. Mus. I 
p. 307 (1854) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 313, no. 4678 (1869). 
Adult General colour above dark ashy grey, streaked with black 
on the mantle and upper back ; wing-coverts and quills brown, the 
primaries with faier brown margins ; tail-feathers brown ; head and 
nape ashy brown/with black edges to the feathers, producing a 
mottled appearance ; a distinct streak of yellowish white running 
from the base of the bill to the sides of the occiput and succeeded by 
a black streak above the ear-coverts; the latter ashy brown, streaked 
with white; round the eye a ring of whitish feathers; in front of 
the eye a dusky black spot; cheeks white, slightly mottled with 
black tips to the feathers; throat and under surface of body yellowish 
white, the sides of the body ashy brown, with a large tuft of white 
on the ianks; thighs brown externally, white on their inner aspect; 
under tail-coverts dull white, with dusky centres; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries white ; quills dusky brown below, whitish along their 
inner web; " bill dusky; legs fleshy yellow ; iris brown " (Jerdon). 
Total length 3*7 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2, tail 1-45, tarsus 0*85. 

Young, k little more yellow below than the adults, the eyebrow 
also tinged with light yellow. 
Hah. Eastern Himalayas, extending into the hills of North-eastern 

Bengal. 
a Ad.; K Juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
c Ad sk. Nepal (Hodgson). Gould Collection. 
A e Ad ; k a. Juv. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
t l Ad sk Sikhim (MandeUi). IL Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
VOJC. VII . 
2 E 

TIMELIID-2E. 

6. Minla rufignlaris. 
Mink mfigiilaris, Mandelli, Str. F. 1873, i. v A16;Sumef Str, & 
1874 P 447 ; Godwin-Aust. Ann. fy Mag. IS at. Mist. (4) xvn. p. do 
(1876) j Hume, Str. F 1877, p 118,1879, p. 104. ^ 
Alcippe collaris, TFaJto, .4*m. 8? Mag. Nat. Hist- (4) nv. p. lo6 
^1874) 
Schoemparus rufogularis, Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 113, note. 
Minla castaneiceps (wow Hodgs.), Davison, Str. F, lo/7, p. 4oJ. 
_4cMtf waZ<? (Sibsagar, Assam). General colour above brown ; 
wing-coverts like the back ; primary-coverts and quills dusky brown* 
externally a little more reddish, brown than the back; upper tail-
coverts like the back; tail-feathers reddish brown : crown of head 
and hind neck dull tawny rufous, with pale shaft-streaks to the 
feathers of the crown, which have also faint indications of dusky 
mottlings ; sides of crown bordered by a broad band of black, which 
meets on the forehead and extends down the sides of the hind neck ; 
lores and a broad eyebrow white, the latter extending to beyond the 
ear-coverts ; eyelid white; ear-coverts dusky brown ; cheeks, throat, 
and underparts white, with a broad band of ferruginous across the 
lower throat; sides of neck ochraceous buff; breast washed with 
ashy; sides of body and flanks olive-brown ; thighs ^and under tail-
coverts tawny, the latter with paler tips; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries pale tawny buff, washed with olive-brown ; quills below 
brown; inner edge of quills ashy fulvous. Total length 4*7 inches, 
cuhnen 0-55, wing 2-35, tail 2-85, tarsus 0*9. (Mus. H, E. Godwin-
Austen.) 
Hah, Prom the Ehootan Dooars throughout th e hill-ranges of 
North-eastern Bengal. 

7. Minla maadellii 
Minla mandellii, Godwin-Austen, Ann. §• Mag. 2*at. Mist, (4) xviL 
p. 33 (1876) • Hume, Str. F. 1876, p. 490; Godwin-Austen, Ibis, 
1878, p. 116. 
Proparus mandellii, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 104. 


Adult male (Naga hills). General colour above brown ; wing-
coverts like the back; primary-coverts and quills dark brown, externally 
a little more rufescent than the back; upper tail-coverts and 
tail-feathers rufous-brown, indistinctly barred with dusky under 
certain lights; crown of head and nape of an ochraceous rufescent 
brown, the feathers faintly mottled with dusky margins; forehead and 
crown with pale shaft-lines; the forehead brighter rufous than the 
rest of the head; sides of crown bordered by a broad line of Hack, 
which starts from above the eye and extends down the sides of the 
hind neck; a distinct eyebrow of pointed white feathers ; lores and 
feathers round eye black; ear-coverts dusky brown ; cheeks fulvous, 
more rufous near the base of the lower mandible ; sides of neck 
varied with lanceolate feathers of ochraceous huff, margined with 
black; throat and under surface of body light ochraceous buff, a 

3 . MINIA. 611 
little whiter on the throat; sides of body and flanks olive-brown ; 
thighs rufescent; under tail-coverts dark olive-brown; under wing-
coverts and axilaries light tawny buff; quills below dusky ; inner 
edge of quills fulveseent. Total length d'6 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 
2*3, tail 2*6, tarsus 0-9. (Mas. H. H. Godwin-Austen.) 

Adult female, Simikr to the male in colour. Total length 5 inches, 
wing 2*25, tail 2*3, tarsus 0*9. (Mus. H H. Godwin-Austen.) 
Hob. Hill-ranges of Forth-eastern Bengal. 

8. Minla dubia*-
Proparus dubius, Hume, Proc. A. S. Beng. xliii. part 2, p. 107 (1874); 
id. Sir. F. 1874, p. 447 ; Wald. in BlytWs B. Burm. p. 110 (1875): 
Damson, Str. F. 1877, p. 459; Godwin-Austen, Ibis, 1878, p. 116; 
Hume $ Damson, Str. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 373 ; Hume, t. c. p. 519; 
id. Str. F. 1879, p. 104; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 148 (1883). 

Schoeniparus dubius, Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 447; id Sir. F. 1877, 

p. 113. 
Minla dubius, Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 113. 
" The forehead is a clear pale rufous; the crown, occiput, and 
nape a rich rufous olive-brown, each feather narrowly (so narrowly 
as to be barely perceptible) fringed with dark brown so as to impart 
a slightly scaly appearance ; anterior portion of lores pale rufescent, 
paler and duller than the forehead; posterior portion of lores, ear-
coverts, and an indistinct ring round the eye brown ; eyelid-feathers 
white; over the eye, beginning halfway between the anterior angle 
and the upper margin, a pure white streak runs backwards over the 
ear-coverts and a little further back; above this, but only commencing 
opposite the posterior angle of the eye, a velvet-black stripe runs 
backwards right to the base of the nape, where, although a little 
broken, it meets the corresponding stripe from the other side; the 
entire mantle, tertiaries, coverts, and outer webs of secondaries and 
primaries (the inner webs are dark hair-brown), and tail a rich 
rufescent olive-brown, most rufescent on the wings and tail; the 
chin, throat,* sides of neck behind ear-coverts, breast, middle of 
abdomen, and wing-lining uniform pale rufescent; tibial plumes 
darker; sides, flanks, and lower tail-coverts somewhat rufescent 
olive-brown; legs, feet, and claws fleshy pink; bill black, tip albescent 
horny; irides pale yellowish red. Length 5-5 inches, tail from vent 
2*35, wing 2*05, tarsus 0*9, bill from gape 0*6, bill at front 0*4 ; 
weight 0-5 oz." (Hume.) 

Similar to Minla mandellii, but white beneath and wanting the 

streaked black-and-white feathers behind the ear-coverts; also 

smaller, more rufous, and less striated on the head. (Godwin-

Amtm.*) 
Hah. Tenasserim. 


2E2 

(}12 
TIMELIIDJB. 

4. 
IXULITS. 
Type, 
Ixulus, Hodgs. B. Z. 8. 1845, p. 23 • I. flavicollis. 
Eange. Himalayas and hill-ranges of !Nbrth-eastern Bengal to 
Tenasserim. 


Key to the Species. 

a. Crown of head brown ; ear-coverts and nape paler 
and more ashy brown; sides of neck orange-
rufous, forming a distinct patch,- no white occipital 
spot flamcollis, p. 612. 
b. Crown of head and hind neck of a dull orange-brown 
colour, with a half-concealed occipital patch of 
white • • • occipitalis, p. 613. 
e. Crown of head uniform with the rest of the back ; 
no rufors on side of neck; no occipital spot of 
white; below white streaked with brown humilis, p. 614. 
1. Imlxis flavicollis, 
Yuhina flavicollis, Hodgs. Asiat. Research, xix. p. 167 (18S6); id. 
Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 68. %. 3, pi. 69 (no. 312) ; 
id. J. A. S. Beng. vi. p. 232 (1837); Gray, Cat. Mmnm. etc. 
Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 74(1846); id. Gen. B. i p. 199(1848); 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 397 (1850); Gray, Hand-L B. I p. 2767 no. 4065 
(1869). 

Ixulus flavicollis, Hodgs. in Gray's ZooL Misc. p. 32 (1844); id. 

P. Z. S. 1845, p. 24; id. J. A. S. Beng. adv. p. 562 (1845); Blythf 
Cat. B. Mus. As. 8oc. p. 100 (1849); Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. 
B.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 262 (1854); Gould, B. Asia, part adv. (1862); 
Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 258 (1863); Godtoin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. 
xxxix. p. 109 (1870); Brooks, Stn F. 1875. p. 252; Hume, Sir. K 
1879, p. 104. 
Adult male. General colour above dusky brown, with a slight 
fulvescent tinge on the rump; wing-coverts like the back; qmBs 
dark brown, externally dusky brown, the primaries edged with 
white towards their tips, the innermost secondaries with shaft-
streaks of white; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers dusky brown 
with olivaceous margins; crown of head brown and strongly 
crested, the occipital plumes grey and separated from the back by 
a collar of pale orange-brown, which occupies the sides of the neek^ 
and spreads a slight shade over the mantle; lores and ear-coverts 
brown, the latter with a patch of silvery brown on the hinder part 
of their lower aspect; round the eye a ring of white feathers; 
plumes in front of and above the fore part of the eye black, as well 
as the cheeks, forming a black moustache ; throat white; remainder 
of under surface of body light yellowish buff, with a few narrow 
brown streaks on the lower throat and fore neck; sides of body 
fulvous-brown with distinct yellowish streaks; the vent and im&er 

4 . IXULTIS. 613 
tail-covert^ ochraceous buff; axillaries and under wing-coverts 
white; quills dusky brown below, white along the edge of the 
inner web ; " bill fleshy brown ; legs fleshy yellow; iris brown " 
(Jerdon). Total length 5 4 inches, culmcn 0-55, wing 2-5, tail 2-05, 
tarsus 0'8. 

The two specimens from the Khasia hills in the British Museum 
belong to what is apparently a richly-coloured race. I have seen 
a bird from the Khasias and another from Assam in Capt. WardlawBamsay's 
collection, which agreed with the Museum birds in the 
much deeper and richer tint of the orange on the sides of the neck, 
without the straw-coloured shade which is conspicuous in Himalayan 
examples. The sides of the body, too, are more fulvescent 
brown, with more distinct whitish streaks, and the throat is purer 
white with the blackish shaft-lines well pronounced. 

Hah. The whole of the Himalayas from Simla to Bootan, extending 
also to the Khasia hills. 

a, I. S ? ad. sk.
c, d. Ad. sk. 
Between Simla andMussoorie. 
N.W. Himalayas. 
Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
[P.]. 
Capt. Stackliouse Pine. 
<$ ad. sk.
/ . Ad. sk. 
Sheopuri Ridge, Nepalvalley, May 22,1878. 
Nepal.
will EM Dr. J. Scully [P.]. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
g, h. Ad. sk.
i, Jc, I Ad. sk. 
Nepal. 
Nepal. 
B.H.Hodgson,Esq.[P.]. 
(Types of species.) 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
m, n, oy p. Ad. sk.
q. Ad. sk.
r. s, Ad. sk.
t. w, v, Ad. sk.
w,x. Ad. sk. 
Nepal (B. H. Hodgson). 
Darjiling. 
Darjiling (Tearson). 
Sikhim (Mandelli). 
Khasia hills (Griffith). 
India Museum. 
Gould Collection. 
India Museum. 
H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
India Museum. 

2. Ixulus occipitalis. 
Siva occipitalis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 937 (1844). 

Ixulus occipitalis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 652 (1845); id. op. 
cit xvi p. 448 (1847); id. Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 100 (1849); 
Moore, JP. Z. S. 1854, p. 141; Horsf. 8? Moore, Cat. B. JE.L Co. 
Mus. i. p. 411 (1854); Gould, B. Asia, part xiv. (1862); Jerd. 
B Ind ii. p. 259 (1863); Godwin-Aust. J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. 
p.*109 (1870) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 104. 

Yuhina occipitalis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 276, no. 4066 (1869). 

Adult male. General colour above dusky olive-brown, with the 
back streaked with narrow white shaft-lines, the rump uniform and 
slightly washed with Mvous; lesser and median wing-coverts like 
the back and similarly streaked; greater and primary-coverts, as 
well as the quills, dusky brown, edged with yellowish olive, somewhat 
ashy towards the ends of the primaries; upper tail-coverts 
light brown, margined with yellowish olive; head crested, of a dull 
orange-brown colour, the long feathers dusky brown in the centre, 

#1 4 TIMELI1DJE. 

those on the occiput largely tipped with white, so as to form an 

occipital patch; lores and feathers above and below the eye dusky 

blackish; ear-coverts streaked with white, the feathers being white 

in the centre, brown along the margins; sides- of crown and sides 

of neck bright orange-chestnut; hind neck and mantle lighter 

orange-brown; cheeks mottled, the feathers being orange-brown, 

with white bases and dusky spots; throat dull white; fore neck 

and breast pale vinous, streaked down the centre with dusky brown; 

centre of upper abdomen a little whiter, streaked with dusky; sides 

of body brown ; vent and under tail-coverts ochraceous buff, deeper 

on the latter; axillaries and under wing-coverts white; quills 

dusky brown below, white along the edge of the inner web. Total 

length o-2 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*75, tail 2*15, tarsus 0*8. 

Hob. Eastern Himalayas, extending into the hills of North


eastern Bengal* 

a, b. Ad. sk. NepaL B, H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 

e. Ad. sk. Sikhini (Mandetli). H. Seebohni, Esq. [P.], 
d} e. Ad. sk. Khasia hills (Jerdon)* Gould Collection, 
8« Ixulus immilis, 

Ixulus humilis, Hume^ Sir. F. 1877, p. IOC; id. 4* Davison, Str, F, 
1878, vol. i. p. 374; Oatea, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 140 (1883), 
Stapkidia humiMa, Hume, Str. F« 1679, p. 104. 

Upper mandible black; lower mandible pale brown; legs and 
feet fleshy brown; irides red-brown. The forehead, crown, occiput 
and full broad occipital crest, back, entire visible portions of closed 
wings and tail, cheeks, ear-coverts-, a nearly uniform brown; the 
upper tail-coverts similar, but with a slightly more olivaceous 
tinge; lores and an obscure stripe on either side from the gape, 
under the cheeks and ear-eoverts, a richer and darker brown ; chin, 
throat and sides of neck, and entire lower surface of body silky 
white, everywhere (except on the middle of the abdomen) with 
longitudinal brown streaks, very narrow (as in J, flavicollis) on 
chin and throat and breast, broader on sides, flanks, and lower 
abdomen, and occupying nearly the whole feather on lower tail-
coverts. Tibial feathers brown. Wing-lining and inner margins 
of quills silky white. Length 5'2 inches, bill from gape 0-6, wing 
2-5, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*8* {Hume, t c.) 

Mr. Hume described this bird as a typical Lculus, but he afterwards 
transferred it to the genus Siaphidia. The absence of white 
tips to the tail-feathers and the non-graduated tail would show, 
however, that it cannot be referred to the latter genus. 

Hah. Mooleyit in the central Tenasserim hills. 

5 . STAPHIDIA, 
615 
5. STAPHIDIA. T 
Staphida, Swinh. in Gonitis Birds of Asia, part xxiii. (1871). S. torqueola. 
r 

Range. Eastern Himalayas. Hills of Assam, Burmah, and Tenasserim, 
reoccurring in Western Pokien in China. 


Key to the Species. 

a. Chestnut collar round the hind neck, streaked 
with white shaft-lines; head ashy grey; back 
olive-brown, with white shaft-lines on the 
mantle torqueola, p. 615. 
b. Hind neck brown like the back, with pale shaft-
stripes ; no chestnut collar. 
a'. Hinder crown chestnut; frontal feathers dark 
brown, with ashy margins to the feathers .. eastaneic&ps, p. 616. 
bf. Entire crown ashy grey, with no chestnut on 
the hinder crown; ear-coverts chestnut ... . ruflgenis, p. 617. 
c\ 
Crown of head greyish brown like the back ; 
no chestnut on ear-coverts striata*, p. 617. 


1. Staphidia torqueola. 
Siva torqueola, Swinh. Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) v. p. 174 (1870). 
Staphida torqueola, Swinh. in Gould's B. Asia, part 23 (1871) : id. 
JP. Z. S. 1871, p. 373 j David fy Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 223 (1877). 
Staphidea torqueola, Godw.-Aasten, J. A. S. Beng. xlvii. part ii. p. 20 


(1878). 

Adult (Tingehow, December 1867; B. Swinhoe : type of species). 
G-eneral colour above dark earthy brown, the mantle and back relieved 
by white shaft-lines to the feathers; wing-coverts exactly 
like the back and streaked in the same manner; bastard wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown, edged with the brown 
colour of the back; the greater coverts and inner secondaries similarly 
coloured but having white shaft-streaks ; tail-feathers blackish 
brown, lighter brown on the middle ones and near the base of the 
others, all but the four central feathers tipped with white, increasing 
in extent towards the outermost, up the outer web of 
which it extends for some distance; head dusky slaty brown, a 
little greyer on the nape; lores dusky; ear-coverts chestnut, slightly 
streaked with whitish shaft-lines, this chestnut colour extending as 
a collar round the hind neck, where, however, it is not so strongly 
streaked with white as on the sides of the neck, which are also 
chestnut; cheeks dark chestnut, minutely streaked with white; 

* Not having seen an example of this species, I have assigned its position 
in the Key from the description alone, which is given in full (infra, p. 617). 
TIMELIID-E. 

under surface of body white, washed with dingy olive-brown on the 

sides and flanks, the sides of the upper breast reddish brown, streaked 

with white; thighs brown ; under tail-coverts white at the ends, 

with concealed light brown bases, the shafts white; axillaries and 

under wing-coverts white, the latter with dusky bases near the 

edge of the wing; quills ashy brown below, whitish along the edge 

of the inner web. Total length 4*9 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2-6, 

tail 2-3, tarsus 0*65. (Mus. H. Seebohm.) 

The female is similar to the male in plumage, (David fy 

Oustalet.) 

Hah. Mountains of Western Fokien; but Abbe David believes 

that it goes south on the approach of winter. 

2. Staphi&ia castaneiceps, 
Ixulus castaniceps, Moore, P. Z. & 1854, p. 141 ; Horsf. <J-Moore, 
Cat. JB. B.I. Co. Mus. i p. 411 (1854; ; Gould, B. Asia, part xv. 
(1863). 

Yukina castaneiceps, Gray, Hand-l B. I p. 276, no. 4067 (I860;. 
StapMda castaneiceps, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 374. 
Staphidea castaneiceps, Godic.-Austen, J". A. 8. Beng, xlvii. pt. ii. 

p. 20 (1878); Hume, Mr. F lfe7b, vol. ii. p. 403; id, Str.F. 1879, 
p. 104. 
Adult (type of species). General colour above dusky brown, relieved 
by white shaft-streaks on the mantle and upper back ; wing-
coverts exactly like the back and streaked in the same way; 
bastard wing and primary-coverts blackish brown; quills dark 
brown, edged with lighter brown, the inner secondaries with white 
shafts; tail-feathers blackish brown, shaded with lighter brown 
near the base, all but the four centre feathers tilled with white, 
which increases in extent towards the outermost, where the white 
also extends some distance up the outer web; forehead and top 
of head rufous-brown, mottled with ashy-brown margins to the 
feathers ; hinder part of crown chestnut-brown, becoming brighter 
chestnut on the occiput and nape; lores and feathers round the eye 
whitish; ear-coverts chestnut, streaked with pale shaft-lines; an 
indistinct superciliary streak of ashy whitish above the ear-coverts; 
cheeks and under surface of body dirty white, washed with brown 
on the flanks; under tail-coverts dull white, with dusky-brown 
bases to the feathers; under wing-coverts and axillaries bufry 
white; quills dusky brown below, whitish along the edge of the 

inner web. Total length 5'5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*3, tail 
245, tarsus 0*65. 
Eab. Hills of North-eastern Bengal. 

a.Ad.sk. Khasia hills (Griffith)*. India Museum. 
(Type of species.) 

* Erroneously recorded from Afghanistan. 
5. STAFHIMA, 617 
3. StapMdia rafigenis. 
Ixulus striates, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 260 (1863, nee BlytK). 
Ixulus rufigenis, Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 106. 
Staphidea plumbeieeps, Godivin-Austen, Ann. fy Mag. Nat. Hist (4) 


xx. p. 519 (1877); id. J. A. S. Beng. xlvii. part ii. p. 20 (1878): 
Hume, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 143; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 104. 
Staphidea rufigenis, Godio.-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xlvii. part ii. p. 20 
(1878); Hume, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii, p. 145: id. Str. F. 1879, 

p. 104. 
Adult General colour above brown, with rather distinct whitish 
shaft-streaks ; wing-coverts like the back; bastard wing and primary-
coverts blackish brown; quills dark brown, edged with the 
same colour as the back, the primaries with ashy or whity-brown 
margins towards their tips, the inner secondaries with white shafts; 
upper tail-coverts a little more reddish brown than the back; tail-
feathers blackish brown, washed with lighter brown near the base 
of the feathers, all but the centre ones being tipped with white, 
which increases in extent towards the outermost feather, on which 
it occupies also a little portion of the outer web ; head crested, the 
feathers dusky brown, edged with grey, and having whitish shaft-
lines ; nape ashy grey; lores whitish ; sides of crown behind the 
eye rufous with whitish shaft-streaks; ear-coverts rufous with 
indistinct paler shaft-lines; cheeks whitish, the feathers mottled 
with rufous edgings, especially on the hinder portion; a slightly 
indicated moustachial line of ashy grey; under surface of body 
whitish, more or less tinged with fulvous, especially on the sides, 
the flanks being fulvous-brown; under tail-coverts white, with dusky 
bases to the feathers ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white with 
a slight fulvous tinge ; quills dull brown below, slightly fiuVescent 
along the edge of the inner web ; " bill dusky brown, fleshy yellow 
at the base ; legs pale brown ; iris light brown" (Jerdon). Total 
length 5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*35, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*65. 

Hah. Eastern Himalayas, extending into the hills of Northeastern 
Bengal. 

a. Ad. sk. Sikhim (Mandelli). Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
4. Staphidia striata. 
Ixulus striatus, Myth, J. A. S. Beng. xxviii. p. 413 (1859). 
Pycnonotus nanus, Tickdl, J. A. S. Beng. xxviii. p. 452. 
Yuhina striata, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 276, no. 4068 (1869). 
Staphidea striata, Blyth <$• Wold. B. Burm. p. 110 (1875) • Godwin-


Aust J. A. S. Beng. xlvii. part ii. p. 20 (1878); Hume, Str. F. 
1879, p. 104; Oates, B. Brit Burm. i. p. 150 (1883). 

Allied to L castaniceps, Moore, and, like that species, with graduated 
outer tail-feathers ; bill moderately stout, as in Ixulus occipitalis. 
Length about 5 inches, of closed wing 2 | inches, and of tail the 
same; bill to gape |, and tarsi f inch. Colour greyish brown above, 
each feather with a white mesial streak; below albescent through


(318 
TOfELITDJE, 

out; outermost tail-feather f inch shorter than the middle pair, and 
largely tipped with white, as is also the next and the antepenultimate, 
and next within gradually less so, the outer four feathers 
successively graduating. (Blyth, 1. c.) u Iris Mood red-brown; bill 
dark horn ; legs reddish horn " (TieJceU). 

Eab. This species was discovered on Mooleyit mountain in 
Tenasserim by the late Col. Tiekell, but has never been procured 
since. On the differences between the type specimen and S. riifigenis 
of Sikhim, see Mr. Blanford's note to Col. Godwin-Austen, 
quoted by the latter gentleman (I. c). 

6. 
ALCEPPE. 
Type. 
Alcippe; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 384 (1844) ..... . A. cinerea. 
Proparus, JSodgs, J. A. S. Beng. xiii, p. 9%8 (1*544) ... . A. vinipectus, 
Sehceniparus, Mume, Str. F* 1874? p. 447 (pt.j. 
Range. Hills of Southern and "Western India and Ceylon; Himalayas 
and hills of North-eastern Bengal, through the Burmese 
countries and the Malayan peninsula to Borneo; Southern China 
and Pormosa. 


Key to tlit Sjjecies, 

a. Forehead light, of the same colour a^ the rest of 
crown, and generally with a {streak of blackish 
running down the sides of the Deck (A, 
phmcepliala and A. cinerea excepted *). 
a'. With a white superciliary streak; wings 
brighter than the back, orange-brown, the 
primaries edged with grey vinipectus, p. 610, 

V, With no white eyebrow; wings not bright, 
all the quilL edged with brown. 
a". Crown uniform. 
a"1. Ear-coverts grey. 
a*. Round the eye a conspicuous ring" of 
white feathers. 


a5. Larger: paler in colour; bill yellowish; 
flanks and under tail-coverts 
light fulvous-brown nipalensis, p. G2G* 

¥'. Smaller : darker; bill blackish 
brown; flanks and under tail-coverts 
fawn buff. , .... tmrri&miam7 p. 621, 

&4. Region of the eye entirely grey. 
c5. Under surface of body pale fulvescent? 
a little deeper on the sides .. pImocepIialaf p. 622. 

<p. 
Under surface oi body ashy grey, 
whiter in the centre of the abdomen, cinerea7 p. 622. 
br". Ear-coverts fulvescent like the under 
surface of the body phayrii, p. 623. 

* I do not insist much on these blackish lines in the Key, as they are sometimes 
difficult to distinguish ; but they are very characteristic of some of the 
Proparus section of the genus. 
6. ALOTm 
619 

b". Crown mottled, fnlvous-brown,. somewhat 
scaly in appearance from the blackish margins 
to the feathers; under surface whity 
brown, the sides of the body dull fulvousbrown 
brunnea, p. 624„ 

b. Forehead dusky or blackish *. 
c". Quills and tail-feathers plain brown externally. 
c"1. Entire crown Mack as well as the aape africeps, p. 625", 
d"\ Duhky forehead not extending beyond 

the sinciput* 
C4. Forehead deep black .. , , nigrifrom, p. 625. 
d\ Forehead only dusky bourdillmi, p. 626. 

d". 
Quills and tail-feathers bright golden ex-J chryscea, p. 627, 
ternaEy .., . ) swinhoii, p. 628. 

1* Alcippe raripectus, 

Siva vinipectus, Hodgs. Ind. Review, 1838, p. 89; Gray, Cat Mamm, 
etc. Nepalpres. Hodgs. p. 94 (1846). 

Leiothrix vinipectus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 262 (1845); Blyth, Cat B, 
Mas. As. Soc. p. 100 (1849); Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat B. E.I. Co, 
Mas. I p. SG8 (1858) ; Gray, Hand-l. B, L p. 313, no. 4679 
(lb79). 

Proparus vinipectus, Hodgs, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 938 (1844) ; Jerd* 

B. India, ii. p. 257 (1863) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 104. 
Proparus (Siva) vinipectus, Hodgs. in Grai/s Zool. Misc. p. 84 
(1844). 
Pcecila vinipecta, Bp. Comp. i. p. 230 (1850) f, 


Adult. General colour above dull orange-brown from the mantle 
and scapulars downwards; wing-eoyerts like the back; quills blackish, 
the secondaries externally like the back, the primaries lavender-
grey for half of their outer web ; tail-feathers brown, washed with 
orange-brown on the outer webs; mantle and sides of neck dull 
vinous-brown, the crown of the head and hind neck darker vinous-
brown ; lores and feathers round the eye blackish; ear-eoverts dark 
vinous-brown, with a broad streak of white running from above 
the eye to the sides of the hind neck, and separated from the 
crown by a streak of black which extends down to the upper 
mantle; cheeks and throat white, the latter with dusky streaks of 
vinous-brown ; breast vinous or dark brown, lighter in the centre j 
abdomen, thighs, flanks, and under tail-coverts dull fulvous-brown•. 
under wing-coverts light fulvous; axillaries white, washed with 
vinous at the base; quills dusky below, white along the edge of the 
inner web-, " bill and legs fleshy brown " (Jerdon). Total length 
4*9 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*15, tail 2-15, tarsus 0*85. 

* The three succeeding species are distinguished by their more squat body 
and longer and stouter bill, which is much broadened towards the base. I consider 
them, however, to be only aberrant members of Alcippe. 
t What JProparus vinipectus of Bonaparte (Oonsp. i. p. 333) is, I have not 
yet been able to determine. 

TIMELIID^. 

Young. Coloured like the adult, but a little more fluffy in plumage, 

the characters of the eyebrow and black stripe on the sides of the 

head not so strongly pronounced, the general colour being also some


what duller. 

There is considerable variation in the strength of the brown 
striping on the breast, and in some birds it is scarcely visible. 
Specimens from the North-west Himalayas are paler than ^Tepal 
examples. 

Hob. Himalayas, extending into the hill-ranges of North-eastern 
Bengal. 

a. Ad. j h. Tram. Between Simla and Mus- Capt. Stackkouse Pinsk. 
soorie. will ^P.]. 
c. d, e. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. ""Hodgson, Esq. 
' [P.]. 
/, g. Ad.; h. Juv. Nepal. B.^IL Hodgson, Esq. 
sk. pP-ji, 
k, I Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
m, n, o, p. Ad. sk. Darjiling (Mandelii). Henry Seebohm, Esq. 

[P. 
2. Alcippe nipalensis. 
Siva nipalensis, 
Hodgs. Ind. Bedew, p. 89; Gray, Cat Mamm. etc. 
Nepal pres. Hodgson, p. 0-5 (1840), 
Leiotkrix nipaknhis, Gray, Gen.B.i.^. 209 (1843); id* Iland-l. 

B. i. p. 313, no. 4tS7o (lSt5U). 
Ioropus nipalensis, Hodgs. J. A. S. Btng. xlii. p. 037 (1844). 
Alcippe nipalensis, Blytlu J. A. S. Beng. xvi. pp. 448, 402 (1847); 
p. 18 (Id53); Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. 
xxxix. p. 103 (1870); Jerd. Ibis, 187i, p. 208 : Hume, Str. F. 1874, 
p. 476; id. Str. F. 1875, p. 117; David 4' Ousiaki, Ok. Chine, 
p. 218 (1877): Hume 4* Darison, Sir. F. 1878, pp. 200, 513 j 
Hume, Str. F. 1870, p. 9»>; Scully, t c. p. 287; Brooks, i. c. p. 471; 
Hume, Str. F. 1881, p. 200; Gates, B. Brit B'urm. i. p. 68 (1883). 
Alcippe cinerea {nee Eyton), Damd, Nuuv. Arch. Mus. vii.BidL p. 14 
(1871). 
Alcippe hueti, Damd, Ann. Sci. Nat. (o) xix. art 9, p. 4 (1874). 

Adult General colour above fulvous-brown, duller on the upper 
back, the wing-coverts dull fulvous-brown; primary-coverts and 
quills dusky brown, externally fulvous-brown like the lower back, 
the innermost secondaries entirely of the latter colour; tail-feathers 
light brown, externally fulvous-brown; entire head and neck dull 
ashy grey, extending onto the mantle; a streak of dusky blackish 
running along the sides of the crown; lores, feathers in front of the 
eye and round the latter white; ear-coverts and sides of face ashy 
brown, a little dusky below the eye; fore part of cheeks with a-
hoary shade; chin whitish; remainder of under surface light 
ochreous buff, deeper on the flanks and sides of the body ; centre of 
the breast and abdomen white ; under tail-coverts ochreous buff; 

6. ALCTPPE. 
621 
thighs light ashy fulvous ; axillaries and under wing-coverts buffy 
white; quills dull brown below, ashy fulvous along the edge of the 
inner web; " bill grey or livid horny, the base of the upper mandible 
and a line along the culmen black ; feet livid fleshy; claws grey 
horny ; iris hazel-brown " (Scully). Total length 5 inches, culmen 
0-55, wing 2-4, tail 2*35, tarsus 0-8. 

Bab. Eastern Himalayas, hills of North-eastern Bengal, ranging 
into Tenasserim. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
(Types of species.) 
c, d. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 

e. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). Gould Collection. 
/, g. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
h. Ad. sk. Darjiling, Dec. 1873 (L. Man- Major Biddulph. 
delli). 
L h. I. Ad. sk. Darjiling, Dec. 1873 (L. Man- Henry Seebohm, Esq. 
delli). [P.l. 


m. Ad. sk. Darjiling. W. Fotlieringham, Esq. 
[0.]. 
n <$ ad. sk. Dilkoosha, Oachar, May 28, J. Inglis, Esq. ("CI. 
1878. 
o, p. Ad. sk. Ectasia hills (Jerdon). Gould Collection. 


q. Ad. sk. Bootan (Pemberton). India Museum. 
3. Alcippe morrisoniana. 
Alcippe morrisonia, Swirih. Ibis, 1863, p. 296, 1865, p. 107; id. 
P. Z.8. 1871, p. 374; David $ Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 219 
(1877). 
Malacopteron 
morrisonia, Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 317, no. 4736 
(1869). 

Adult. General colour above dark sandy brown, clearer on the 
lower back and rump, and duller on the mantle and upper back; 
wing-coverts like the back, the primary-coverts and greater series 
dusky brown, margined with- the same eolour as the back; quills 
dusky brown, externally fulvous-brown like the back; tail-feathers 
brown, fulvous-brown on the edges; head and hind neck dark 
ashy, with slight indications of dusky blackish streaks on the side 
of the head and nape, scarcely sufficient to form a superciliary 
streak; lores dusky grey, whitish at base of feathers; round the 
eje a ring of white feathers; ear-coverts and sides of face ashy 
grey, the base of the cheeks whitish; throat buffy whitish, slightly 
varied with dusky streaks; remainder of under surface of body 
fawn-buff, paler and more fulvous on the breast, whiter on the 
centre of the abdomen, and deepest in colour on the flanks, thighs, 
and under tail-coverts; axiHaries and under wing-coverts light 
fawn-buff; quills dusky brown below, light fawn-colour along the 
edge of the inner web. Total length 4*6 inches, culmen 0*55, 
wing 2*5, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*8


Hab. Formosa. 

$ 

622 TISTELIIDJS. 
a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk. 
Formosr.. 
Formosa, March 1866 (A 
R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.]. 
Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
iSiWWeOg). 
c. Ad. sk. Tinge-how, Form(B. Swinhoe). 
osa, Jan. 1866 Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 

4. Alcippe phseocephala* 
Timalia poiocephala, Jerd. Madr. Journ^ xiii. p. 169 (1844). 
Macronus poliocephalus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 210 (1846J. 

Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 95; Blanf. t c. p. 181; Tidal, Sir. F. 
1880, p. 83 ; i?w&?r,tf.c. p. 899. 
Malacopteron poiocepliala, Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 317, no. 4740 
(1869). 

Adidt female. General colour above fulvous-brown, the mantle 
ashy brown washed with fulvous; wing-coverts fulvous-brown, the 
primary-coverts dusky brown edged with fulvous-brown; quills 
blackish brown, externally deep fulvous-brown, the inner secondaries 
entirely fulvous-brown; upper tail-eoverts deep fulvous-brown, inclining 
to rufous-brown; tail dark reddish brown, washed externally 
with rufous ; head and nape light ashy grey, with no blackish band 
down the sides of the crown; lores dull whitish; sides of face and 
ear-coverts light brown, with whitish shaft-lines to the latter; 
under surface of body light tawny buff, ashy whitish on the chin, 
and white down the centre of the breast and abdomen ; under wing-
eo verts and axillaries tawny buff; quills sepia-brown below, light 
reddish along the edge of the inner web. Total length. 6-2 inches, 
culmen 0*6, wing 2*7, tail 2'5, tarsus 0*85. 

Adult male. Similar in colour to the female. Total length 5*8 
inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2*7, tail 2*35, tarsus 0*8. 
The Travancore birds are the richest in colour, and the Bajkote 
specimen is by far the palest in tint. 
Hah. Hills of Southern India, extending as high as Kattiawar. 

a. 
<J ad. sk. Eridge, Travancore, April 4, F. W. Bourdillon, Esq. 
1879. [C.l 
b. $ ad. sk. Mynall, Travancore,Dec. 12, F. W."*Bourdillon, Esq. 
1878. [C.l 
c. 2 ad. sk. Mahabaleshur, April 4,1870. E. WI" Gates, Esq. 
d. Ad. sk. Eaikote,Kattiawar,Juiie24, llaior Hayes Lloyd 
1867. [JP.]. " * 
5. Alcippe ciaerea, 
Alcippe cinerea, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 884; id. Cut. B. Mm. 
As. JSoc. p. 148 (1849); Bp. Consp. I p. 260 (1850); Horsf. &> 
Moore, Cat. B. B.I. Co. Mm, i. p. 406 (1854) ; Hume, Sir. F 
1879, p. 60; id. Sir. F. 1880, p. 128. 

Adult. General colour above fulvous-brown, slightly lighter on 

6. ALCIPPE. 
the rump, and rufescent on the upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts 

like the back; quills brown, externally Eke the back; upper tail-

coverts light rufous-brown ; tail-feathers rufous-brown, a little 

lighter on the outer margins, the outermost feathers with a scarcely 

perceptible pale tip ; head and hind neck ashy with a faint shade of 

fulvous-brown; lores dull whitish; ear-coverts and sides of face ashy; 

fore part of cheeks whitish, washed with ashy margins to the feathers; 

throat and under surface of body whitish, more or less overshaded 

with ashy, the fore neck and sides of breast more particularly ashy; 

sides of body ashy shaded with fulvous-brown; axillaries and under 

wing-coverts white, as also the edge of the wing; quills dusky brown 

below, ashy along the edge of the inner web; " bill blackish; feet 

reddish grey, the soles dirty orange; iris grey" (Cantor). Total 

length 5-1 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*55, tail 2-3, tarsus 0*8. 

Hah. Malayan peninsula and Borneo. 

a. Ad. sk Malacca* Eyton Collection. 
b. 6 ad. sk. Malacca. A. B,. "Wallace, Esq. [P.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Malacca. India Museum. 
d. Ad. sk. Malacca (Br. Cantor). India Museum. 
e. Ad. sk Sandakan, XE. Borneo. W, B. Pryer, Esq. [C.]. 
8. Alcippe phayrii. 
Alcippe phayrii, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 601 (1845); id. Cat. 
B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 148 (1849); Bp. Consp. I p. 260(1850); 
Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 470; id. $ Gates, Sir. F. 1875, p. 116; 
Blyth, B. Bunn. p. 115 (1875) ; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 60; Anderson, 
Zool Exp. Yunnan, p. 635, pi. xlviii. (1878); Hume § 
Davison, Str. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 260; id. Sir. F. 1879, p. 95; 
Bingham, Str. F. 1880, p. 179; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 69 
(1883). 
Malacopteron phayrii, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 317, no. 4741 (1869). 
Alcippe magmrostrisj Wold, in Blyth B. Burm. p. 115 (1875); id. 
Ibis, 1877, p. 467 ; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 96. 
Alcippe fusca, Godw.-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xlv. p. 197 (1876); 
Hume, Str. F 1877, p. 55, 1879, p. 95. 

Adult male. General colour above fulvous-brown, the mantle 
slightly shaded with ashy, the upper tail-coveits deeper and richer 
fulvous-brown; wing-coverts like the back ; quills dusky brown, externally 
fulvous-brown, a little brighter than the back; tail-feathers 
dusky brown, barred with dusky under certain lights, the feathers 
edged with fulvous-brown; head and hind neck dark ashy grey, with a 
line of blackish feathers running from behind the eye down the sides 
of the hind neck; lores, base of cheeks, and feathers below the fore 
part of the eye dull whitish, obscured with dusky ends to the feathers 
; ear-coverts and cheeks ochraceous brown; entire under surface 
of body deep fulvous, the centre of the breast and abdomen 
bufiy whitish; axillaries and under wing-coverts deep fulvous, 
almost fawn-coloured; under wing-coverts dusky brown below, fulvescent 
along the edge, of the inner web; " bill yellow at gape, 
brown on upper mandible; lower mandible also brown, but the tip 

624 
TIMELHD.2B. 

yellowish; inside of mouth yellow; iris whitish brown to pale 

blue; eyelids yellowish green or plumbeous, yellowish at the 

edges ; feet and claws flesh-brown " (E. W. Oates). Total length 

5-5 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2*6, tail 2 5, tarsus 0-85. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length 5-5 

inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2*5, tail 2-45, tarsus 0*85. 

I 
have not seen a Tenasserim specimen of A. nipalensis, but 

Mr. Hume says that it occurs in that province. The specimens 

enumerated below are all referable, I believe, to A. phayrii; but 

in the Tenasserim 
birds there is scarcely a trace of the blackish 

streak on the sides of the crown which is very apparent in the 

specimens from Upper Burmah collected by Dr. Anderson : it never 

extends, however, so far down the sides ol the neck as in A, nipa-

Jensis. The ear-coverts are browner in A. phayrii than in the last-

named bird. 

Hob. Hills of Eorth-eastem Bengal, extending through the 

ranges of Burmah and Pegu to Tenasserim. 

a. 
S ad. sk. Bhaniau, Upper Burmah, Dr. J. Anderson ("C.1 
Sept. 20,1868. J 
b. 
<3 ad. sk. Sawady, Upper Burmah, Dr. J. Anderson [0.1, 
Jan. 25,1875. 
c. 
S ad. sk. Bankasoon, British Burmah, A. O. Hume, Esq. 
June 13,1877( W.Davison). 
d. Ad. sk. Bankasoon, Dec. 24,1875 A. 0. Hume, Esq, 
(W.D.). 
e. 
J ad. sk. Younzaleen creek, Salween A. 0, Hume, Esq. 
district, Dec. 20, 1873 
(W.D.). 

f. 
$ ad. sk. Male^oon, Tenasserim, A. 0, Hume, Esq. 
Feb. 14,1875 (JF.D.). 
g. h. <$ § ad. sk. 
Malewoon, Dec. 1876. E. W. Oates, Esq. [C.]. 
7. Alcippe brannea. 
Alcippe 
brunnea, Gould, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 280; id. Birds of Asia, 
part xvi. (1864); Swinh. Ibis, 1871, p. 297; id. P Z. S. 1871, 

p. 216; David %* Omialet, Ois. Chine, p. 217 (1877). 
Malacopteron brunneum, Gray, Hand~l B. i. p. 317, no. 47S7 (1869). 
Ixulus superciliaris, David, Ann. Sci. Nat. (&) xix. art. 9, p. 4 (1874). 
Adidt. General colour above warm fulvous-brown, the head a 
little brighter than the back and slightly mottled with dusky margins 
to the feathers; wing-coverts like the back; quills dusky brown, 
the secondaries like the back, the primaries edged with slightly 
paler fulvous-brown; tail-feathers brown, washed with fulvousbrown 
on the edges; lores buff, slightly mottled with blackish 
tips to the feathers; round the eye a ring of bright fulvous feathers; 
ear-coverts fulvous-brown, obscured with dusky blackish 
tips to tbe feathers ; sides of neck ashy fulvous, with a broad and 
distinct line of black feathers running from behind the eye down 
the side of the neck; cheeks and under surface of body whity brown, 
tinged with buff on the chin ; the sides of the breast with an ashy-
brown shade; centre of body lighter ashy; sides of body dark 

t>. ALCIPPE. 
625 

fulvous-brown, as also the under tail-eoverts; thighs rufescent; axillaries 
and under wing-coverts fulvous, edge of wing paler; quills 
light brown below, rufescent along the edge of the inner web; " biH 
black; feet yellowish grey; claws whitish; iris chestnut" (David). 
Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2*25, tail 1-8, tarsus 0*9, 

Hah. Formosa and in China in Kiangsi and Fokien. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Formosa. E. Swinhoe, Esq. [0.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Formosa, March 1866 (R. Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.], 
Sivinhoe). 

8, Alcippe atriceps. ^^t^T"' ®°^ 
Brachypteryx atriceps, Jerd. Madr. Jour. x. p. 250 (1839). 
Macronus atriceps, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 210 (1846). 
Alcippe atriceps, Blyth, Cat B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 148 (1849); Bp. 
Gmsp. i. p. 260 (1850); Jerd. B Lid. ii. p. 19 (1863): Hume, 
Str. F. 1879, p. 95; Butler, Sir. F. 1880, p. 399. 
Malacopteron atriceps, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 317, no. 4735 (1869). 
Adult. General colour above dark sandy brown, the lesser and 
median wing-coverts like the back; greater coverts and quills sepia-
brown, externally fulvous-brown, a little brighter than the back; 
tail-feathers brown, with very indistinct bars under certain lights ; 
head and nape black, including the feathers round the eye and ear-
coverts ; lores whitish; cheeks and under surface of body white, 
streaked with ashy on the breast, the flanks washed with fulvous, the 
under tail-coverts fulvous-brown; thighs fulvous-brown, internally 
ashy; axillaries and under wing-coverts pale tawny buff; quills 
brown below, fulvescent along the inner web ; " bill horny brown ; 
legs plumbeous; iris pale orange or buff" (Jerdon). Total length 
4*7 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2*15, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*9. 
Hal. Hills of Southern India. 

a. Ad. sk. Malabar. 
Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. Coorg. 
India Museum. 
9. Alcippe nigrifrons. 
Alcippe 
nigrifrons, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xviii. p. 815 (1849) j id. 
Cat B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 340 (1849) ; Kelaart, Prod. Cat. p. 122 
(1852); Layard, Ann. §• Mag. Nat Hist. xii. p. 269 (1853) ; Blyth, 
Ibis, 1867, p. 302; Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 446; Legge, Ms, 
1874, p. 18; id. Str. F. 1875, p. 367; Hume, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. 

p. 383; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 95; Legge, Birds of Ceylon, p. 507, 
pi. xxvii. figs. 2, 3 (1879). 
Malacopteron nigrifrons, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 317, no. 4734 (1869). 

Adult. General colour above fulvous-brown, the lower back and 
rump slightly brighter; wing-coverts like the back; quills dusky 
brown, externally fulvous-brown like the back; tail-feathers brown, 
with dusky cross bars under certain lights, and margined with fulvous-
brown ; crown of head like the back, the forehead black with 
stiffened glossy shafts to the feathers; lores, feathers round the eye, 

VOL. vn. 
2 s 

TIWELIIDM.

62ij 

and ear-coverts black; cheeks and under surface of body white, 
the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts fulvous-brown; axiUaries 
light tawny buff, whitish at base; under wing-coverts light tawny; 
quills ashy brown, fulvous along the edge of the inner web; " bill, 
gape, and" culmen dark brown, the margins of the upper and lower 
mandible fleshy; legs and feet fleshy lavender, claws dusky; iris 
yellowish white or very pale yellow" (Legge). Total length 4*7 
inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2-05, tail 1-95, tarsus 0-85. 

The female is smaller than the male, according to Capt. Yincent 
Legge. 
Captain Legge writes in his < Birds of Ceylon':—" There is a 
marked difference in the tint of the upper surface of this species 
according to the locality it inhabits. Examples from the south of 
the island and from the Western Province are rusty brown, while 
those from the colder climate of the upper hills are decidedly olivaceous 
on the back and wing-coverts; specimens from the north of 
Ceylon are, as a rule, intermediate between the two. Although 
individuals vary inter se in the amount of ferruginous tint present 
on the back, the up-country race will be found, as a whole, to be 
decidedly less rust-coloured than the low-country birds. The same 
character is exemplified in the Scimitar-Babbler (PomatorMaus mela


nurus)" 
Hal. Ceylon. 
a. Ad. sk. Ceylon. F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-
b. Ad. sk.
c] d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk. 
Ceylon. 
Kandy. 
Ceylon. 
Ceylon.
Yin, Efeqrs. 1?.]. 
Gould Collection. 
A. White, Esq. [C.]. 
E. L. Layard, Esq. [C.]. 
Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.]. 

10. Alcippe bonrdilloni 
Alcippe bonrdilloni, Hume, Sir. F. 1876, p. 485; id. Sir. F. 1878, 
vol. ii. p. 36 ,• id. Sir. F. 1879, p. 95• Bourdillon, Str. F. 1880, 

p. 300. 
Adult male. General colour above dark fulvous-brown, the head 
like the back, but dusky on the forehead, which is washed with 
fulvous-brown; wing-coverts like the back, the median and greater 
series dusky, edged with light fulvous-brown; quills dark brown, 
externally margined with reddish brown; tail-feathers dusky brown, 
washed with deep fulvous-brown on their margins ; sides of crown 
and ear-coverts, as well as the lores and feathers under the eye, 
black; cheeks, throat, and chest ashy white; remainder of under 
surface of body fulvous-brown, paler in the centre of the body and 
a little deeper on the under tail-coverts; thighs slightly washed 
with ashy; axOlaries and under wing-coverts fulvous-brown; quills 
dusky below, fulvescent along the edge of the inner web; " bill 
above black, below pale slaty; legs and feet dull brown; iris white" 
(Bourdillon). Total length 5*2 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2*3, tail 
2*1, tarsus 0*9. 
Hal. Travancore. 

6. ALCIPPE. 
627 

a, b. Ad. sk. Travancore. Major J. Biddulph [0.1 
c d ad. sk. Mynall, Travancore, 3500 F. JBourdillon, Esq. FCU 
feet, Sept. 6,1878. L J 

1L Alcippe chrysaea, 

Siva chrysotis*, Hodgs. Icon, ined. in Brit Mus., App. pL 122 (no. 
591); Gray, Cat Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 94 (1846). 
Proparus chrysotis, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 938 (1844) • Blyth, 

op. ci& xvi. p. 448. 
Proparus (Siva) chrysseus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 84 (1844), 
Leiotkrix chrysotis, Gray, Gen. B. Hi. App. p. 12 (1849) : Bp. Consp. 

i. p. 333 (1850); Gray, Hand-l B. I p. 313, no. 4680 (1869). 
Leiothrix chrysotis (chrysopterus ? vel leucotis ?), Blyth, Cat B. Mus. 
As. Soc. p. 100 (1849). 
Leiothrix chrysseus, Horsf. # Moore, Cat B. B.I. Co. Mus. I p. 367 
(1854). * 
Proparus chrysseus, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 256 (1863) ; Hume, Str. F. 
1879, p. 104. 

Adult. General colour above ashy grey, washed with olive-green 
on the lower back and rump• lesser and median wing-coverts ashy 
grey like the back; primary-coverts and greater series black, the 
former with a narrow yellow margin on some of the feathers; 
quills black, the outer primaries margined with yellow, becoming 
paler towards the end of the quills, the inner primaries not margined 
with yellow, the secondaries edged externally with golden yellow 
and tipped with white, the innermost broadly margined with white 
along the inner web ; tail-feathers ashy blackish, margined with 
golden yellow, broader near the base ; head a little darker than the 
back, blackish on the forehead and lores; ear-coverts and hinder 
cheeks silvery grey; base of cheeks and throat dusky, the feathers 
margined with silvery grey; under surface of body bright yellow, 
the inner aspect of the thighs dusky; axillaries and under wing-
coverts dusky with yellowish-white margins, the lower series white 
slightly tinged with yellow; quills blackish below, yellowish white 
along the edge of the inner web ; " bill plumbeous; legs pale fleshy; 
iris brown " (Jerdon). Total length 4 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*1, 
tail 1*9, tarsus 0*85. 

Like many of the Liotriehes, the present bird loses much of the 
brightness of its plumage from fading. Some of the examples in 
the Museum are nearly white below, and have lost the greater part 
of the yellow shade on the wings as well. One specimen has a 
streak of white running down the centre of the crown to the hind 
neck; but as none of the others in the collection of the Museum ro 
of Capt. Wardlaw Eamsay exhibit any peculiarity, I presume that 
it is a case of individual variety. 

Hah. Eastern Himalayas. 

* The name chrysotis is inapplicable to this species; and I think it must 
have been given by mistake for chryscBus, to which it was corrected later on by 
Mr. Hodgson. I have adopted the latter name in consequence, following 
Jerdon and others. 
2s2 

TIMELIIDJE. 

628 

a. h c Ad. sk Nepal. B H Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
i e f a Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
h Ad. sk. Darjiling, Dec. 1874 Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
(L. MandeUi). 
12. Alcippe swinlioiL 
Proparus swinhoii, /. 
Verr. Xouv. Arch. Mus. vi. Bull p. 38 (1870); 
id. op. eit. vii. p; 51 (1871), viii. pi. 2. %. 2 (1872); David $ 
Oustakt, Ois. Chine, p. 287, pi. 35 (1877). 

Crown of head black, with a narrow median streak white at the 
beginning, then passing into yellow and prolonged onto the nape ; 
throat black, slightly ashy; sides and back of the neck black, washed 
with green or olive-green ; back and ramp olive-green : chest, belly, 
and under tail-coverts of a fine orange-yellow; auricular feathers 
silky white; rectrices brown, edged on the outer web with bright 
orange for a third of their length; wing-coverts black; remiges 
black, the first four edged exteriorly with yellow, the following four 
with black, and the rest with bright orange ; secondary quills and 
tertiaries black, bordered with white, the secondaries at the ends 
only, the tertiaries from the bases and along the inner webs. The 
plumage of the female does not differ from that of the male, except 

that the colours are not quite so bright. Iris bluish brown ; bill 
blue, with the point darker ; nostrils white ; feet and claws whitish. 
Total length 4-8 inches, tail 2'5, wing 2*5, tarsus 0*85, bill from 
nostril 0-25. (David £ OustahL) 

Hah. Western China: mountains of Moupin and "Western Sze~ 

chuen to the frontiers of Kokonoor, extending into Central TsinKng. 

7. ETJLVETTA. 
Type. 
Fulvetta, Baud § Oust. Ois. Chine, p, 220 (1877) .... F. cinereiceps. 

Range. China. 

1. Folvetfca cmereiceps. 
Siva cinereiceps, J. Verr. K Arch, 31m. vL Bull. p. 37 (1870). 

Proparus cinereicepsj J. Verr. op. eit. vii. Bull. p. 48 (1871). 

Alcippe cinereiceps, J". Verr, op. eit. viii. Bull, pi. 5. %. 3 (1872). 

Fulvetta cinereiceps, David 4* Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 220> pi. 73 

(1877). 

Crown of heed and nape ashy grey, with silky reflections ; back 
rufous; rump and upper tail-coverts olive-yellow; throat whitish 
grey, with several indistinct longitudinal streaks of brown ; chest 
and middle of the abdomen grey; flanks and under tail-coverts 
ochraceous; parotid region silky grey; tail-feathers brown, edged 
with olive on the outer webs ; quills also brown, with ashy edgings 
to the primaries which are blackish on the secondaries, and rufous or 
of an olive shade on the tertiaries. Iris light yellow ; bill black ; 

7 . FTTLVETTA. 
629 

mouth, yellow; feet ashy rufous; claws grey. Total length 5*15 

inches, tail 2*5, wing (closed) 2% tarsus" 0*85, hill from chin 

0-25. 

Female similar to the male. 

Hah, China: Western Szeehuen and Southern ChensL 

2. Fulvetta riLficapilla. 
Siva ruficapilla, J. Verr. 3r. Arch. Mus. vi. p. 37 (1870) • id. op. tit. 
viii. pi. 5. fig. 2 (1872). 
Proparus ruficapilla, J. Verr. iVr. Arch, Mus. vii. Bull. p. 49 (1871). 
Fulvetta ruficapilla, David $ Oast. Ois. Chine, p. 221, pi. 72 (1877). 
Crown of head and nape rufous, bordered on each side with black; 

back olive; rump and upper tail-coverts bright olive-rufous * middle 

of the chest and belly whitish, as is the throat, but with several 

indistinct brown stripes; sides of the chest violaceous; flanks and 

under tail-coverts olive-rufous; forehead, feathers round the eye, 

and sides of the neck ashy grey, with two white spots, one above 

and the other below the eye ; auricular feathers silky violet• a broad 

ashy eyebrow, bordered with black, extending from the eye onto 

the nape; tail brownish, shaded with golden rufous on the upper 

surface ; quills brown and edged on the outer webs, the first with 

ashy grey, the succeeding ones with black, and the tertiaries with 

olive-rufous. Iris hazel; bill light brown, yellowish at base; feet 

and claws obscure grey. Total length 4-8 inches, tail 2*5, wing 

2-5, tarsus 0-85, bill from front 0*25. (David Sf Oustc&et.) 

Bah. Western Szeehuen and Southern Chensi. 

3. Fulvetta striaticollis. 
Siva striaticollis, J. Ven\ N. Arch. Mus. vi. Bull p. 38 (1870). 
Proparus striaticollis, J. Verr. op. tit. vii. Bull. p. 50 (1871). 
Fulvetta striaticollis, David $ Oust. Ois. CJiine, p. 222, pi. 71 (1877). 

Upper parts of the body olive-brown, becoming greyish on the 
neck, and marked with blackish stripes on the head and nape • lower 
surface of body silky grey, striped with blackish on the throat, and 
with, an olive shade on the flanks; lores black; tail greyish, slightly 
rounded; wings brown, edged with ashy grey on the remiges, with 
black on the secondary quills, and with olive on the tertiaries. Iris 
yellowish white; bill brownish grey on the upper mandible and 
whitish on the lower one• feet and claws grey. Total length 4*8 
inches, tail 2-5, wing 2*5, tarsus 0*9, bill from front 0*25. (David 
$ Oustalet.) 

Hah. Moapin. 

TIMZUXDJE* 

8. 
MOUPXEIA. 
Type. 
Moupmia, David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 219 (1877) ... . 31. pceeilotis. 
Mange. Western China, 

1. Moupinia pcecilotis. 
Alcippe pceeilotis, /. Verr. K Arch. Mus. vi. p. S5 (1870), vii. Bull 
p. 37 (1871), viii. pi. 2. fig. 4 (1872). 
Moupinia poecllotis? David § Oust Ois. Chine, p. 219. 
Crown of head, nape, and upper part of the hack chestnut-brown; 
lower hack and rump rufous; throat, middle of the chest and of 
the belly pure white ; sides of the chest very light rufous ; flanks 
and under tail-coverts darker rufous; an eyebrow of silky grey, 
ending in black, starting from the lores and extending beyond the 
eyes; on each side of the head a moustache of alternate grey 
and black feathers * several slightly developed black silky bristles 
at the sides of the bill; tail chestnut-rufous• quills brown above 
and rosy below, with an edging of chestnut-rufous on the outer 
webs, and a salmon-coloured border on the inner web. "Iris 
red; bill brown on the upper mandible and whitish on the lower 
one; feet and claws grey." Total length 5*7 inches, tail 2-95, 
wing 2-5, tarsus 0*9, bill from rictus 0-45. 
The female is similar to the male in size and coloration. 
Hah. Moupin. 


9. 
DEIOmOBIASTES. 
Type. 
Dendrobiastes, Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc, new series, Zool. 
vol. i. p. 382 (1876) D. basilanica. 
Mange. Philippine Islands. 

1. Dendrobiastes basilanica. 
Dendrobiastes basilanica, Sftarpe, Tr. Linn. Sue., new series, Zool 
i. p. 332, pi. liii. fig. 1 (187G). 
Adidt female (type of species). General colour above rufous-
brown • the wing-coverts coloured like the back; bastard wing and 
primary-coverts sepia-brown or blackish, only washed with fulvousbrown 
near the base of the outer web * quills dark brown, externally 
edged with rufous, the upper tail-coverts deep chestnut, the lower 
rump also washed with this colour; tail-feathers dark brown, washed 
with rufous on the outer web; head rather more ashy brown than 
the back, washed with fulvous-brown; lores and an indistinct eyebrow 
bufiy whitish; round the eye a ring of fulvous feathers; rest 
of the sides of the face fulvous-brown, narrowly streaked along the 
shafts with whitish; throat buffy white, rest of under surface of 
body white • the breast fulvous-brown, as well as the sides of the 
body, the latter slightly inclining to olive-brown; thighs fulvousbrown 
; bill blackish brown, the under mandible paler * feet pale, 
yellowish (in skin); iris hazel. Total length 4*2 inches, culmen 
0*55, wing 2*4, tail 1*6, tarsus 0*8. {Coll. J. B. Stetre.) 
Hah. Island of Basilan, Philippine archipelago. 

10 . YUHIJSTA> 
10. YimmA* 
Type 

Yuhina, Hodgs. As. Research, six. p. 165 (1836) Y. pilaris 
Polyodon, Hodgs. J. A. S, Seng. z. p. 28 (1841, nee 
Lafr. 1832) ............ Y. gularis. 
Odonterus, Cab. Mus. Bern. Th. I. p. 113 (1850) Y. occipitalis. 

Range. Himalayas from ]STepal to Bootan, and occurring also in 
the hills of Western China. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Throat streaked with black ; crown of head ashy 
brown; secondaries margined with orange gidaris, p. 631, 
b. Throat uniform. 
a'. Throat brown or vinous-brown ; a white eyelid 
; ear-coverts streaked. 
a". Eing round the occiput white; shafts to 
tail-feathers white diademata, p. 632. 
b". Eing round the occiput orange-rufous; 
shafts to tail-feathers brown occipitalis, p. 633. 
h\ 
Throat white, with a black spot on chin ; no 
white eyelid; ear-coverts uniform ashy grey ; 
crest-feathers black edged with grey nigrimentum, p. 633. 

1. Yuhina gularis. 
Yuhina gularis, Hodgs, Asiat Research, xix. p. 166 (1836); id. 
J. A. & Beng. vi. p. 231 (1837) ; Gray, Cat, Mamm. etc. Nepal 
pres. Hodgs. p. 74 (1846); id. Gen. B. i. p. 199 (1848); Blyth, 
Cat B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 100 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 397 (1850); 
Horsf. $ Moore, Cat B. El. Co. Mus. I. p. 261 (1854) ; Jerd. B. 
Ind. ii. p. 261 (1863); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 276, no. 4062 (1869) ; 
Hume, Nests § Eggs Ind. B. p. 396 (1873); Blyth <§» Wald. B. 
Burm. p. 110 (1875); Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 104; Scully, t.c. 

p. 321. 
Polyodon gularis, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Pass^es, pi. 68. 
fig. 1 (no. 309); id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82 (1844). 
Odonterus gularis. Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 113 (1850), 


Adult General colour above brown, fulvous-brown on the lower 
back and rump; least wing-coverts like the back; median and 
greater coverts dusky brown, externally rufescent brown; bastard-
wing feathers and primary-coverts black; quills blackish, the primaries 
narrowly margined with ashy near their ends, the secondaries 
externally edged with orange, the innermost brown like the back; 
tail-feathers dull brown, dusky on their inner webs and towards 
their tips ; head much crested, brown washed with ashy, especially 
on the nape and tips of the long crest-plumes; lores mottled 
with fulvous; ear-coverts ashy brown; cheeks, throat, and chest 
pale vinous-brown, the throat streaked with black; remainder of 
under surface of body orange-brown or fawn-colour, including the 
under tail-coverts, the sides of the body and thighs slightly duller 
brown; axillaries and under wing-coverts white, the outermost of 
the latter ashy ; quills dusky brown below, whitish along the edge 

032 MMELIIDJS. 

f the inner web; " upper mandible black ; lower mandible horny 
brown; feet deep buff or orange ; claws dusky; iris brown or dark 
brown" (Scully). Total length &6 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3-0, 
tail 2-3, tarsus 0*9. 

Young birds are much browner than the adult, especially on the 
crest, and the streaks on the throat are much narrower, smaller, 
and more indistinct. 

In the Museum series a good deal of variation is shown in the 
depth of colour in different individuals. Some of them have the 
orange on the wings and the fawn-colour of the abdomen duller 
in shade than others : they may be female birds. 

Hah. Eastern Himalayas from Nepal to Bootan, extending to 
Aracan, and was once observed by Abbe David in lloupin. He 
believes that it breeds in the latter locality, retiring south in winter. 

a. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [PA 
b, c. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.J. 
(Types of species.) 
d, e,f. Ad.; g. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
Juv. sk. 
h, ij k, I Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 

m. Ad. sk. Sheopuri Ridge, Nepal val- Dr. J. Scullv [P.1. 
ley, Feb. 16, 1878. " " . 
n. 2 ad. sk. Sheo'puri Ridere, Jan. 18, Dr. J. Scullv [P.]. 
1878. 
o, p, q. Ad. sk. Sikhim (L. Mandelli), H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.], 

2. YuMna diademata. 
YuMna diademata, J. Terr. Kouv. Ai*ch. du Jfus. v. Bull, p. 35 
(1869) j id. op. tit. vii. p. 53 (1871), viii. pi. 3 (1872); Gould, B. 
Asia, part xxiv. (1872) j David § Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 138, pi. 6$ 
(1877). 

Adult male (Moupin, March 4, 1869 ; A. David). General colour 
above uniform earthy brown, the crest of the same colour, with 
lighter shaft-streaks and separated from the nape by a broad line 
of silky white feathers, which encircles the occiput, starting from 
above the eye; wing-coverts like the back; bastard wing and primary-
coverts darker brown; quills black, with brown shafts, 
becoming white towards their ends, the primaries edged with 
whitish towards their tips; tail-feathers brown, dusky on the inner 
web and towards the ends, the shafts white; forehead darker brown 
than the crown; lores black ; eyelid white ; sides of face and ear-
coverts brown, the latter with whity-brown shaft-streaks, the 
anterior part of the cheeks darker brown; under surface of body 
earthy brown, paler on the flanks, the chin and upper throat darker 
brown; centre of- abdomen and under tail-coverts white; axillaries 
and under wing-coverts white, those near the edge of the wing 
brown, forming a patch; quills blackish below, white along the 
edge of the inner web; " bill and feet yellow ; iris clear chestnut" 
(David). Total length 6-6 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3, tail 2-0, 
tarsus 0*95. (Mus. H. Seebohm.) 

10. TUHIKA. 
633 
Hab. "Western China, where it inhabits Szechuen and Southeastern 
Chensi, as well as Eastern Thibet. It is a resident in all 
these countries. 

3. Ynhina occipitalis, 
Yuhina 
occipitalis, Hodgs. Asiat. Research, xix. p. 167 (1836) ; id. 
Journ. A. S. Beng. vi. p. 231 (1837) ; Gray, Cat Mamm. etc. 
Nepal, p. 74 (1846) ; id. Gen. B. L p. 199 (1848) ; Blyth, Cat B. 
3Ius. As. Soc. p. 100 (1849); Bp. Ccmsp. i. p. 397 (1850, pt.) ; 
Horsf. fy Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 261 (1854); Jerd. 

B. Bid. ii. p. 261 (1863) ; Gould, B. Asia, part xv. (1863) ; Gray, 
Hand-l B. i. p. 276, no. 4064 (1869) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 104; 
Scully, f.G. p. 321. 
Polyodon occipitalis, Ifodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. Q8. 
fig. 7 (no. 310) ; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82 (1844). 
Odonterus occipitalis, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 113, note (1850). 

Adult General colour above brown, the rump slightly fulvescent; 
wing-coverts like the back; the greater series and secondaries 
dusky brown, externally like back; primaries black, narrowly edged 
with olive-brown, ashy towards the end of the outer web; bastard-
wing feathers and primary-coverts dusky brown, with a narrow 
dull brown margin; tail-feathers brown, dusky on the inner webs 
and towards the tips ; crest dark ashy brown, each feather tipped 
with ashy grey, and separated from the grey hind neck by a band 
of orange-rufous, surrounding the occiput and nape from the hinder 
portion of the eye ; lores dull orange-rufous; ear-coverts pale ashy 
brown with whitish shaft-streaks ; cheeks black, mottled with brown 
bases to the feathers; throat and breast pale vinous-brown; the 
abdomen and under tail-coverts orange-buff; lower breast and sides 
of body very pale ashy brown; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
white; quills dusky blackish below, white along the edge of the 
inner web; " bill reddish brown; feet orange-buff, claws horny 
brown; iris deep brown " (Scully). Total length 5 inches, culmen 
0-65, wing 2-5, tail 2-1, tarsus 0*65. 

Hab. Eastern Himalayas, where it is only met with from Nepal 
to Bootan. 

a. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.l 
b,c. Ad.sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.J. 
(Types of species.) 
d, e. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
/. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 

a. Ad. sk. Sheopuri Ridge, Nepal valley, Dr. J. Scully [P.]. 
Feb. 16, 1878. 
h. Ad. sk. Lachiing, Sikhim, 10,000 feet, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.]. 
Sept. 26,1870. 
i, h. Ad. sk. Sikhim (L. Mandelli). H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 

4. Yuhina nigrimentum. 
Yuhina nigrimenta, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus,, Passeres, pi. QQ. 
figs. 1, $ (no. 697). 

634 TIHELIID^. 

Polyodon nigrimentum, Eodgs. in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 82 (1844). 
Yuhina nigrimentum, Eodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 562 (1845); 
Gray, Cat Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Eodgs. p. 74 (1846): id. Gen 

B. i. p. 199 (1848); Bp. Consp. i. p. 397 (1850); Eorsf. & Moore 
Cat B. JE.L Co. Mus. i. p. 262 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 262 
(1863); Gray, Eand4. B. i. p. 276, no. 4063 (1869); David &> 
Oust Ois. Chine, pt 140, pi. lxx. (1877); Eume, Str. F. 1879 
p. 104. 
Adult. General colour above dull olive-brown, a little more ashy 

on the mantle; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back; 

greater coverts, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with 

the same colour as the back, paler towards the ends of the primaries • 

tail-feathers dusky brown, edged with olive-brown; head and nape 

ashy grey, with a distinct crest, the feathers of which are black 

edged with grey; lores black; ear-coverts ashy grey; cheeks and 

throat white, with a small black spot at the base of the lower 

mandible and on the base of the chin; remainder of under surface 

of body light fulvous-brown, washed with ashy on the sides of the 

breast; under tail-coverts like the abdomen; under wing-coverts 

fulvous; quills dusky below, fulvous along the edge of the inner 

web; "bill dusky above, the lower mandible red; feet reddish 

yellow; iris brown" (Jerdon). Total length 4*1 inches, culmen 

0-55, wing 2-2, tail 1*55, tarsus 0*6. 

Young. Differs from the adult in its much browner colour, the 

upper tail-coverts being somewhat rufeseent; quills and tail-feathers, 

as well as the upper wing-coverts, dusky brown, margined with 

rufeseent brown; head ashy brown, much duller than the adult, 

the crest-feathers being dingy black with dull ashy margins ; lores 

and chin-spot black; cheeks and throat white; rest of under surface 

whitish, slightly washed with fulvous, 

Eab. Himalayas, extending eastwards into the Naga hills and 
the wooded hills on the borders of Moupin and Szetchuen. Here 
Abbe David believes that it breeds, retiring south in winter. 

a. Ad.sk. K7W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pin-
will FP.]. 
I. Ad. sk. Nepal. Gould fcollection. 
c> Ad. ak. Nepal. B.H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
(Type of species.) 
d, e. Ad.; /. Juv. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.l 
sk. 

g. Ad. sk. Nepal (Eodgson). India Museum. 
h. Ad. sk. Sikhim, Jan. 1879 E. W. Gates, Esq. 
(X. Mandelli). 
1,7c, I, m. Ad. sk. Sikhim (£. Mandelli). H. Seebohm, Esq. 
11 . MXZORKIS. 635 
11. MYZOKNIS, 
Type. 
Myzornis, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng, xii, p. 984 (1843) ... . M. pyrrlmra, 

'Range, Confined to the North-eastern Himalayas. 

1. Myzornis pyrrhura. 
Mrzornis pyrrhoura, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 984 (1843) • id. in 
"Grafs Zool. Misc. p. 82 (1844) ; id. J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 561 
(1845}; Gray, Cat. Mamm, etc. Nepal pres. Eodgs. p. 74 (1846) } 
Myth, Cat. B. Mas. As. Soc. p. 101 (1849) • Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. 

B. B.I. Co. Mm. i. p. 263 (1854)• Gould. B. Asia, part viii, (1856); 
Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 263 (1863). 
Yuhina pyrrhoura, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit, Mils., Passeres, pi. 67, 
figs. 1, 2 (no. 694); Gray & Mitek Gen. B. i. p. 199. pi. liii. 
(1848); Bp. Camp. i. p. 397 (1850)* Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 276. 
no. 4069 (1869). 

Myzornis pyiThuxus, Htime1 Sir. F. 1879, p. 104. 

Adult General colour above grass-green, the head a little brighter 
than the back and scale-like in appearance, the feathers having an 
ovate black spot in their centre; wing-coverts green like the back; 
primary-coverts green with a bluish-white tip, forming an alar 
speculum; quills black with a white spot at the tip, the secondaries 
edged with chestnut, fading into orange and then into white at the 
end of the margins, the innermost secondaries green like the back* 
tail-feathers dark ashy with black tips, all of sthem red on their 
outer webs, the two centre feathers green on the inner web ; lores 
and eyelid black; over the eye a faint indication of a yellowish-
green eyebrow; sides of face and under surface of body grass-green, 
washed with rufous or saffron on the throat and centre of the body; 
under tail-coverts saffron-yellow; axillaries and under wing-coverts 
green washed with yellow, the bases ashy• quills blackish below, 
tipped with white and edged with white along the inner web ; 
" bill dusky brown; legs fleshy; iris brown" (Jerdon). Total 
length 4*6 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2*4, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*95. 

Although nothing is published respecting the difference of the 
sexes, there is little doubt that the females are duller coloured 
than the males. Some specimens have the under surface of a 
dingy bluish green, with a brownish tinge on the throat and chest. 

Hub. Eastern Himalayas. 

a, 5. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
(Type of species.) 
c, d, e. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. fl. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
/. Ad.; g, h, l Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
Juv. sk. 
h, I Ad. sk. Sikhim (£. Mandelli). H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 

TDiELUDiE, 

12. HEKPOENIS. 
Type. 
Erpornis, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 379 (1844) .. H. xantholeuca. 
Herpornis, Agassiz, Nommcl. Aves, Add. p. 10 (1846). 

Range. Eastern Himalayas, throughout the Burmese countries 
and the Malayan peninsula to Borneo. Formosa, Hainan. 

1. Herpornis xantholeuca. 
Iora zantholeuca, Eodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 177. 
figs. 1, 2 (no. 7U0> 

Erpornis xantholeuca, Eodgs* J. A, S.^Bmg. xiil. p. 380 (1844) j 
BWi. CatTB. Mus. As. Soc. p. 101 (1849; * Eorsf. %• Moore, Cat. 
B.BX Co. Mus. i. p. 232 (1854); Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 264 (1863) j 
Hums, Sir. F. 1874, p. 479, 1875, p. 142. 

Erpomis xanthochlora, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844) ; 
id. P.Z.S. 1845, p. 23; Bp. Consp. i. p. 2-39 (1850); Hume $ 
Gates, Str. F. 1875, p. 142. 

Timalia xanthochlora, Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Xepai pres. Eodgs. 

p. 83 (1846) ; id. Gen. B. iii. App. p. 10 (1849) ; id. Hand-l B. I 
p. 315, no. 4713 (lfeC9). 
Herpornis xantholeuca, Bhjih § Wald. B. Burnt, p, 110 (1875); 
Godwin-Aust. J. A. S. Beng. xlv. p. 83; Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 41; 
Anderson, Zool Eip. Yunnan, Aves, ]>.GS1 (187b); Hume $ Davison, 
Str. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 374; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 104, 157; 
Bingham, Str. F. I860, p. 190; Gates, B. Brit Burm. i. p. 151 

(1883). 

Adult. General colour above yellowish olive, the head much 
crested and coloured like the back; wing-coverts like the back; 
bastard-wing feathers ashy brown, externally edged with yellowish 
olive; quills dusky brown, externally edged with yellowish olive, 
but brighter than the back, the innermost secondaries like the back; 
tail yellowish olive, a little brighter yellow than the back; lores 
ashy white; ear-coverts light ashy brown; cheeks and under 
surface of body ashy white, the lower flanks, xent, and under tail-
coverts yellowish olive; thighs externally yellowish, ashy white on 
their inner aspect; axillaries ashy white washed with yellow; 
under wing-coverts yellow; quills dusky brown below, yellow 
along the edge of the inner web; " upper mandible fleshy horncolour, 
the edges and the whole lower mandible light flesh-colour; 
gape yellow; mouth yellow ; eyelids plumbeous; legs and feet 
pinkish flesh-colour; iris brown n (Gates). Total length 4*8 inches, 
culmen 0*55, wing 2*5, tail 1*85, tarsus 0*65. 

Young. Similarly coloured to the adult, but rather more dingy 

yellowish-olive above, the under surface a little whiter. 
The sexes appear to be alike in plumage. 
Hab. Eastern Himalayas, throughout the hills of North-eastern 

Bengal, the Burmese countries to Tenas&erim, and down the Malayan 
peninsula. 

13. SIVA. 
637 
a. Ad. sk. Sikhim (L. Mandelli). H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
b. Juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
(Type of species.) 
c. d, e. Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodgson), India Museum. 
£ a, 9 ad. sk. Sheetee Mi, Kakhyen hills. Dr. J. Anderson l"C.l. 
Jiy 
L J

* Feb. 20,1875.
h. 2 ad. sk. Yoma, Eastern Pegu. E. W. Oates, Esq. [0.]. 
i. Ad. sk. Tenasserim {Heifer). India Museum. 
h. Ad. sk. Malacca. 
India Museum. 
I. $ ad. sk. Mount Ophir, Malacca. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 
Subsp. a. Herpornis brunnescens. 
Herpornis brunnescens, Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 41 ,* id. op. tit 1879, 

p. 257. 
Yery similar to H. xantholeum, but olive-brown above, especially 
dingy on the bead, lighter and more yellow on the lower back and 
rump; ear-coverts and lores more dingy brown; a bill wood-brown; 
legs and feet purplish white; iris dark brown " (A. Everett). Total 
length 4*8 inches, c-ulmen 0*55, wing 2*7, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*65. 

Hah. Represents the foregoing species in the island of Borneo. 

a. Ad. sk. Labuan. Hugh Low, Esq. 
b. S 
ad. sk. Sarawak, A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 
(Type of species.) 
c. J juv. sk. Bintulu. Alfred Everett, Esq. [C.]. 
Subsp. (3. Herpornis tyraniralus. 
Herpornis xantholeuea, Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 208 (nee Hodgs.). 
Herpornis tyrannulus, Swinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 347, pi. 10 • id. P, Z. S. 
1871, p. 373; David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 216 (1877). 

Only separable from H. ocantholeuca by its smaller size. The 
brighter yellow colour of the npper parts, which Mr. Swinhoe insisted 
upon, when comparing the Hainan type with Nepal specimens, 
has now quite disappeared, if indeed it ever was very strongly 
marked. The type specimen, lent me by Mr. Seebohm, measures as 
follows:—Total length 4 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*45, tail 1*7, 
tarsus 0'6. 

Hal. The Chinese islands of Formosa and Hainan. 

13. SIVA. „. 
Type. 
Siva, Hodgs. Ind. JRev. ii. p. 88 (1838) S. cyanuroptera. 
Hemiparus, Hodgs. J. A. S. Bmg. x, p. 29 (1841) .. S. cyanuroptera. 
Ioropus, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 937 (1844) .. S. cyanuroptera. 

Range. Himalayas, throughout the hills of Assam and Burmah, 
to Tenasserim. 

638 TIMELIIDJS. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Outer aspect of quills bright orange or vermilion 
; crown orange. 
a'. Chestnut-colour on tail very dark, and confined 
to the basal portion of the inner web 
of the two centre feathers strigula, p. 638. 


b'. Chestnut-colour on tail much more extended, 
and having the greater portion of both 
webs of central tail-feathers and inner 
webs of next feathers pure rich chestnut.. castaneioauda, p. 639. 

b. Outer aspect of quills blue; crown blue {Zdida^^L ^ 
1. Siva strigula. 
Siva strigula, Eodgs. Lid. Rev. 1838, p. 89; id. Icon, ined. in Brit 
Mus., Passm*es, pi. 68. fig. 5 (no. 314); Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. 
Nepalpres. Eodgs. p. 95 (1846); Gould, B. Asia, part xiv. (1802); 
Jerd. B. hid. ii. p. 252 (1863); Brooks, Str. K 1875, p. 252; 
Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 104; Scully, t. c. p. 319. 

Garrulax felicise, Less. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 164. 
Hemiparus strigula, Eodgs. J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 29 (1841). 
Muscicapa (Siva) strigula, Deless. Toy. Ind. ii. p. 24, pi. 8 (1843). 


Mus. As. Soc. p. 99 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 333 (IfeoO); Eorsf. 
$ Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mm. i. p. 36o (1854); Gray, Eand4. 

B. i. p. 313, no. 4674 (1869). 
Adult male. General colour above dull ashy olive; the wing-
coverts like the back, the greater series washed with olive-yellow; 
primary-coverts black, forming a wing-spot; quills black, margined 
with scarlet or deep orange, becoming yellow towards the end of 
the feathers; secondaries washed with olive at base and tipped 
with white, the innermost black, with the outer web lavender-grey 
tipped with black; on some of the exterior of the so-called tertiaries 
or inner secondaries the feather is entirely lavender-grey 
tipped with white, before which there is a subterminal spot of Mack, 
with a large black patch on the inner web; tail-feathers black, 
tipped with yellowish white, the centre ones chestnut-brown towards 
the basal portion of their inner web; the other feathers margined 
on both webs with yellow, tinged with scarlet on the outer one, the 
external feather for the most part yellow, with a black patch along 
the basal portion of the inner web, increasing on each feather 
towards the centre of the tail, where black is the dominant colour; 
head orange-brown, crested; lores dull white, mottled with black 
bases; ear-coverts and sides of face light ashy, varied with white 
shaft-streaks and dusky cross bars; over the ear-coverts an indistinct 
streak of white tinged with yellow; cheeks black, slightly 
mottled with whitish tips; round the eye a whitish ring; chin 

yellow; throat white, varied with black cross bars; under surface 

13. SIVA. 
of body and under tail-coverts yellow, the sides slightly washed 

with olive; tinder wing-coverts and axillaries white, washed with 

yellow; edge of wing bright yellow; quills dusky below, yellowish 

white along the inner web; " upper mandible dusky or blackish; 

lower mandible very horny; feet dull grey, or greyish plumbeous; 

claws brown horny; iris brownish red " (J. Scully). Total length 

6-1 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2-7, tail 2*75, tarsus 0*95. 

Birds from the North-western Himalayas are decidedly paler than 

Xepalese birds, and constitute a light race. 

Sab. Eastern Himalayas. 

a,b,c,d. Ad.sk. N.W.Himalayas. Capt. S. Pinwill [P.], 

e. Ad. sk. Hills near Mussoori E. W.Oates.Esq FC1 
(A. 0. mime), L J* 
f}g. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
(Types of species.) 
h, I Ad.; k. Juv. sk. Xepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
I, m, n. Ad. sk. Xepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 

o. <$ ad. sk. Sheopuri Ridge, Nepal Dr. J. Scully fP."|. 
valley, May 22,1878. 
p. Ad. sk. Barjiling. Gould Collection. 
q. Ad. sk. Darjiling (Pearson). India Museum. 
r, s. Ad. sk. Sikhim (Mandelli). H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.], 
2. Siva castaneicauda. 
? Muscicapa variegata, Deless. Mag. de Zool. 1840, pi. 19. 
Liothrix strigula (nee Hodgs.), Wald. in Blyth B. Burm. p. 110 
(1875); Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 464. 
Siva castanicauda, Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 100; id. fy Davison, Sir. 

F. 1878, vol. i. p. 371; Hume, Sir. F 1879, p. 104. 
Siva castaneicauda, Oates, B. B)it. Burm. i. p. 145 (1883). 
Like 8* singula^ but rather larger and the bill considerably 
larger, and with the greater portion of both webs of the central 
tail-feathers and of the inner webs of the next feathers a pure rich 
chestnut; " upper mandible dark brown, the lower fleshy; legs and 
feet dingy glaucous green; iris deep brown " ( W. Davison). Total 
length 6*6 inches, bill from gape 0*75, wing 2'8, tail 2-9, tarsus 1*05. 

(A. O. Hume, I. c.) 
Hah, Replaces 8. strigula of the Himalayas in Boo tan and the 
Burmese hills, ranging into Tenasserim. This is not so distinct a 
species as some of the Burmese representatives of Himalayan forms ; 
for the Bootan specimen in the British Museum is decidedly intermediate, 
having the chestnut extended, as in $. castaneicauda, on 
the centre tail-feathers but not on the next pair, while the rufous 
is of the deep tint of the Himalayan bird. I have examined Capt. 

"Wardlaw Ramsay's specimens of 8. castaneicauda from the Tonghoo 
hills, and also a skin from Tenasserim in his collection ; they agree 
with Mr. Hume's diagnosis, and are distinct enough from 8. strigula. 

a. Ad. sk. Bootan (Pembertori). India Museum. 
640 TIMELIID.ffi. 

3. Siva cyanuroptera. 
Siva cyanouroptera, Hodgs. Ind. Rev. ii. p. 88 (1838) j Gray, Cat. 
Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 95 (1846); Gould, B. Asia] 
part xiv. (1862) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 253 (1863) ; Hume, Nests St 
Eqgs Ind. B. p. 393 (1874); Scully, Str. F 1879. p. 319. 

Leiotkrix lepida, McClell. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 162. 
Hemiparus cyanouropterus, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 29 (1841). 
lor opus cyanouropterus, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Br if. Mus., Passer es 


App. pi. 124 (no. 358); id. J. A. S. Beng. siii. p. 937 (1844). ' 
Ioropus (Siva) cyanouropterus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool Miso p 84 
(1844). 
Leiotkrix cyanouroptera, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 269 (1845) ; Blyth, Cat. 

B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 99 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 332 (1850)' 
Horsf. $> Moore, Cat. B. B.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 366 (1854); Gray\ 
Hand-l B. i. p. 313, no. 4673 (1869). *' 
Liothrix cyanuroptera, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 105. 

Adult. Above ochraceous brown, rather lighter on the lower back 
and rump; wing-coverts like the back; bastard-wing feathers blue, 
with a small white tip; primary-coverts black, forming a wing-
spot; quills black, externally blue, the secondaries narrowly margined 
with lavender-grey and tipped with white; the innermost 
secondaries lavender-grey, ochraceous near the base of the outer 
web, and blackish towards the end of the inner webs; tail-feathers 
blackish on the inner webs and at the tips, which are narrowly 
fringed with white; the outer webs blue, the centre feathers lavender-
grey shaded with blue; the outer tail-feathers edged with white 
along the inner web, which has also a very broad white patch at 
the tip, the outermost feather white, except the outer web, which 
is black; head and hind neck ashy brown, the forehead streaked 
with black centres to the feathers and washed with blue; lores, 
feathers round the eye, and a distinct eyebrow white; ear-coverts 
ashy brown, with paler shaft-lines; cheeks and under surface of 
body pale vinous-grey • centre of the breast, abdomen, and under 
tail-eoverts white; axillaries and under wing-coverts white, the 


latter slightly tinged with vinous; quills blackish below, white 
along the edge of the inner web; " bill grey horny, brownish about 
the nostrils, and the base of the lower mandible yellow; feet fleshy ; 
claws horny brown; iris brown" (J. Scully). Total length 5*£ 
inches, culmen 0*65, wing 2-4:5, tail 2*45, tarsus 0*9. 

Young birds differ from the adult in being altogether paler below 
and much lighter on the head, which has no blue shade on the forehead, 
where the streaks are also much fainter. 

Hah. Himalayas, extending into Assam. 

a, b. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. S. PinwillJP.]. 

c. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
(Type of species.) 
d,e. Ad,;/. Juy.sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 

g, k Ad.; L Juv. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
%} I. Ad. sk. Sikhim (Mandelli). H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.J. 

m. Ad. sk. Assam. Gould Collection, 
14 . LIOCICHLA. 
641 
4. Siva sordida. 
Sivacyanouroptera,^?/^# Wald. B.Burm. p. 110 (1875,neeI£odgs.). 
Siva sordida, Hume, Sir. F. 1877, p. 104; id. fy Davison, Sir. F. 
1878, p. 371; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 104: Oates, B. Brit Burm. 

i. p. 144 (1883J. 
Adult male. Lores and orbital space greyish, brownish white; 

ear-coverts pale earthy brown, the feathers finely tipped with pale 

fulvous and greyish, white; entire under surface white, the sides of 

the throat, breast, sides, and Hanks faintly tinged with a shade of 

pale sullied dove-brown ;* wing-lining, axularies, and basal portions 

of the inner webs of the quills silky white; entire cap, back of 

neck, back, scapulars, wing-coverts, and outer webs of tertiaries 

earth-brown, darker on the first four, palest on the last; rump and 

upper tail-coverts fulvous-brown, but not nearly so bright as in 8. 

cyanuroptera; quills deep hair-brown, the outer webs of the pri


maries and the winglet deep dull blue; some of the feathers of the 

forehead and over the eye centred darker, and with a barely per


ceptible purplish tinge; tail blackish dusky, inner webs paler, outer 

webs suffused with a blue tinge, duller and deeper than in the 

Himalayan bird; exterior tail-feathers and the whole of the inner 

webs white; next pair with an 0*2 white tipping and a good deal 

of sullied white running down the edge of the inner web; next 

pair with an 0*07 white tipping; next with a barely perceptible 

tip; none to central feathers; " lower mandible, legs, feet, and 

claws whity brown; upper mandible darker, but still pale brown ; 

iris creamy yellow " ( W. Davison). Total length 6-2 inches, bill 

from gape 0*75, wing 2*45, tail 2*7, tarsus 0-89. (Hume, t. c.) 

Hab. Represents S. cyanuroptera in the Karen-nee hills and 
those" of Tenasserim. Capt. "Wardlaw Earns ay has lent me a female 
bird procured by him in Karen-nee, and I find that it bears out the 
characters given by Mr. Hume. It is much duller brown, and is 
only slightly brighter on the rump, showing none of the bright 
fulvous-brown of the Himalayan bird. The streaks on the head are 
scarcely perceptible, and there is no pronounced tinge of blue. The 
blue winglet shows no white tip, and the under surface is white 
instead of vinous-brown. 

14. 
LI0CICHLA. 
Type. 
Liocichla, Sicinh. IUs} 1877, p. 473 L. steerii. 
Range. Confined to the mountains in the interior of Formosa. 

1. Liocichla steerii. 
Liocichla steerii, SmnJioe, Ibis, 1877, p. 474, pi. xiv. 
Adult. General colour above olivaceous brown, the rump dark 
ashy; wing-coverts yellowish olive, rather brighter yellow on the 

VOL. VII. 
2 T 

642 miELiipas. 

margins of the bastard-wing feathers ; quills blackish, externally 
olive-yellow ; secondaries blackish, with a terminal fringe of white, 
the outer ones olive-yellow for two thirds of the outer web, velvety 
black for the remaining third, the innermost dusky chestnut, with a 
slight wash of olive-yellow and a black subterminal bar; upper tail-
coverts and tail-feathers olive-yellow, tipped with white, before which 
is a broad subterminal bar of black, which colour also extends a 
good way up the outer web of the external feathers ; crown of head 
and nape dusky ashy, with pale shaft-streaks to all the feathers, 
more distinct on the forehead, which is tinged with olive-yellow ; 
lores and a narrow eyebrow black ; in front of and below the eye a 
large spot of orange-yellow ; ear-coverts dull olive, the feathers 
above the latter and the sides of the neck olive-yellow, streaked 
with brighter yellow shaft-lines; cheeks and throat dusky slatecolour 
; remainder of under surface of body olive-yellow, brighter in 
the centre of the breast and abdomen ; the sides of the body, flanks, 
and thighs slaty grey, the latter washed with olive-yellow ; under 
tail-coverts bright golden yellow, with black centres to the feathers; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries slaty grey, edge of wing yellow. 
Total length 7*2 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 2*7, tail 3*25, tarsus 

1-15. (Mus. J. B. Steere.) 

Hah. Formosa. 

15. MESIA. Tjpe_ 
Mesia, Hodgson, Ind. Bev. ii. p. 88 (1838) M. argentauris. 
Plrilocalyx, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 20 (1841) . . M. argentauris. 
Fringilloparus, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 935 {1844) M. argentauris. 

Range. Himalayas and the hills of Burmah and Tenasserim; Su


matra. 
Key to the Sjpecies. 
a. Breast bright orange argeyitaum, p. G42. 
b. Breast fiery orange washed with crimson laurince, p. 043. 

1. ITesia argentauris. 
Mesia argentauris, Hodgs. Ind. Bev, ii. p. 88 (1838); id. Icon. ined. 
in Brit. Mus., Basseres, pL 68. %. 4 (no. 307); Gray, Cat.Mamm. 
etc. Nepal pres. Hodgson, p. 94 (1846); Hume, Nests $• Eggs Ind. 

B. p. 39L> (197$);'id. Str. R 1879, p. 104; Scully, t. c. p. 318: 
Oaten, B. Brit Bur?n. I p. 143 (1883). 
Ph loralyx argentauris, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 29 (1841). 
Fringilloparus ai gentauris, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 935 (1844); 

id. in Gray's ZooL Misc. p. 84 (1844). 
Leiothrix argentauris, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 269 (1846); Blyth, Cat 

B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 99 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 332 (1850); Horsf. 
4 Moore, Cat. B. B.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 365 (1854); Gould, B. Asia, 
part iii.; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 251 (1863) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. L 
15 . ifESlA. 
643 

(!&<&) ; -Eume $ Damson, Sir. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 370. 

,W«fe. General colour above ashy olive, the head Hack, separated 
from the neck by a collar of orange feathers round the hind neck • 
wing-coveris like the back, the greater and primary-coverts narrowly 
fringed with yellow; quills dusky blackish, margined with golden 
yellow, inclining to paler yellow towards the ends of the primaries • 
the bases of the feathers washed externally with crimson forming 
a wing-patch; innermost secondaries dull ashy; upper tail-coverts 
crimson ; tail-feathers dusky ashy brown, blacker towards the ends 
of the feathers, which are margined with olive-yellow, brighter on 
the outer ones, the centre ones with a dusky edging towards the 
base; base of forehead bright yellow ; remainder of lores, feathers 
round the eye, cheeks, and a line below the ear-coverts black; ear-
coverts silvery white ; throat and chest bright orange; remainder of 
under surface olive-green, yellower down the centre of the body; 
under tail-coverts crimson; axillaries and under wing-coverts light 
olive, whitish at base, with a dark olive patch near the outer ed«-e 
of the wing, which is bright yellow; quills dusky brown below 
yellowish white along the edge of the inner web. Total length ' 
(> inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2*9, tail 2-65, tarsus 1. 

In \ery old males the throat has often a vermilion tint and the 
plumage is at all times brighter than in the females. The latter 
always seem to have the upper and under tail-coverts dull orange 
instead of crimson. The young birds resemble the females in their 
pale coloration, and have the upper and under tail-coverts coloured 
like the hen birds, but the head is dusky blackish or blackish brown 
washed with olive-yellowish. 

The colours in this species fade on exposure to the light, the olivecolour 
of the back shading into grey, the underparts into ashy white, 
while all the brilliancy of the bright portions of the wing and of the 
tail-coverts disappears. 

Hah. Eastern Himalayas, throughout the hills of North-eastern 
Bengal and Bunn ah to Tenasserim. 

a. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
b-e. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. PL Hodgson, Esq. [P;J. 
/ . Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
ff,h. Ad.sk. Sikhim(Mandelli). H, Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
i. Ad. sk. Khasia hills (Griffith). India Museum. 
k. <$ imm. sk. Sheetee Mt., Kakhyen Dr. J. Anderson ["0.1 
hills, Feb. 20,1875. 

2. llesia laurinae. 
Leiothrix laurinse, Salvad* Ann. Mm, Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 231 (1879). 
Adult male. General colour above greenish olive, the wing-coverts 
like the back, washed with olive-yellow, somewhat tinged with 
2T2 

644 
TIMELIIDiE. 

crimson on the greater series; the latter coverts are ashy on the 
inner webs, externally olive• primary-coverts ashy brown, externally 
olive tinged with crimson, and with half-concealed black bases • 
quills black, externally margined with golden yellow, crimson near 
the base, the inner secondaries entirely ashy black; upper tail-
coverts crimsom.: tail black, the outermost feather with an edging of 
olive-yellow to the outer web ; head and nape black, separated from 
the back by a collar of dark crimson, more distinct on the sides of 
the neck; feathers in front of the eye and below the latter, as well 
as the cheeks, black ; a loral spot of fiery orange ; ear-coverts hoary 
grey, silvery white along the upper margin• throat and chest fiery 
orange overshaded with crimson; centre of breast and abdomen 
olive-yellow, the sides of the body, flanks, and thighs greenish olive • 
under tail-coverts crimson; axillaries and under wing-coverts greenish 
olive; quills dusky below, yellowish along the edge of the inner 
web. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*3, tail 3*05, tarsus 
1*1. (Mm. R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.) 

Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male. Total length 
7*3 inches, wing 3*25, tail 3*1, tarsus 1*2. (2Ius. R. G. Wardlaw 
Ramsay.) 

Hab. Confined to the higher ranges of the island of Sumatra. 

16. 
LIOTHEIX. 
Type. 
Leiothrix, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 490 (1831).. L. luteus. 
Furcuria, Less. TraiU d'Orn. p. 467 (1831) L. luteus. 
Bakila, Rodgs. Ind. Rev. ii. p. 88 (1838) L. luteus. 
Calipyga, Rodgs. J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 29 (1841) L. luteus. 

Range. Himalaya Mountains and Ehasia hills, extending throughout 
the mountains of Southern China. 

1. Liotihrix lutea. 
Le Me*sange de Nankin, Scop. Voy. Ind. ii. pL 114. fig. 2 (1782). 
Sylvia lutea, Scop. Del Flor. et Faun. Insuhr. ii. p. 96 (1786). 
Turnagra sinensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 897 (1788). 
Parus furcatus, Temm. JPL Col. pi. 287. fig. 1. 
Furcuria malabaricus, less. TraiU cEOrn. p. 457 (1831). 
Leiothrix furcatus, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 490 (1831). 
Bahila calipyga, Rodgs. Ind, Rev. ii. p. 8^> (1838). 
Oalipyga furcata, Rodgs. J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 29 (1841). 
Leiothrix calipyga, Rodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 934 (1844) • id. Icon. 


ined, in Brit. Mus., Fasseres, App. pi. 117 (no. 354-5) ; Gray, Cat. 
Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Rodgs. p. 84 (1846) ; Gray, Rand-l. B. i. 

p. 313, no. 4671 (1869); Rume, Nests $ Eggs Ind. B. p. 390 
(1874); Ga?nmie} Str.F. 1875, p. 266 • Anders. Zool Bxp. Tun-nan, 
p. 629 (1878). 
Leiothrix calipyga ml furcatus- Rodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 
(1844). * 

16 , LI0THRIX. 6±5 

Leiothrix sinensis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 269 (1845); Bp. Camp. i. 

D. 332 (1850). 
Leiothrix luteus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 552 (1845) ; id. Cat. 
B. Mas. As. Soc. p. 99 (1849) ; Gould, B. Asia, part iii. (1851); 
Horsf. 8r Moore, Cat B. Mas. As. Soc. i. p. 364 (1854) ; Jerd. B. 
Ind. ii. p. 250 (1863) ; David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 214, pi. 67 
(1877). 
Liothrix lutea, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 298; Gray, Hand4. B. i. 

p. 313, no. 3670; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 373; Blyth, B. Burm. 
p. 109 (1875) j Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 104. 
Liothrix luteus, Oates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 142 (1883). 
Adult. Above dull olive greenish, the wing-coverts like the back? 
the bastard wing and primary-coverts a little tinged with yellow; 
quills blackish, externally margined with golden yellow, inclining 
to fiery orange and tinged with vermilion towards the base; secondaries 
glossy black externally, orange at the base of the outer webs, 
some of the others orange-yellow towards the tip of the outer web, 
and some margined for their whole extent with vermilion, the innermost 
secondaries olive-greenish like the back; upper tail-coverts 
browner than the back, tipped with white, before which is a bar of 
ashy grey; tail-feathers ashy brown, glossy black at the ends and 
on the outer web, and washed with olive near the base; head more 
yellowish green than the rest of the upper surface; lores and 
feathers round the eye yellowish white; ear-coverts dull grey, extending 
onto the sides of the neck; cheeks dusky, forming a dark 
line which separates the sides of the face from the throat, which is 
bright yellow, deepening into orange-yellow on the lower throat and 
fore neck; remainder of under surface of body pale yellow, deeper 
on the nnder tail-coverts; sides of body, flanks, and thighs light 
ashy brown washed with olive-greenish, the inner aspect of the 
thighs dull yellowish ; under wing-coverts and axillaries light ashy, 
the outer greater coverts dusky; edge of wing yellow; quills dusky 
brown below, yellowish white along the edge of the inner web; 
" bill red, with the base blackish; feet and claws yellow ; iris reddish 
brown " (David). Total length 6-2 inches, culmen Q-55, wing 2*8, 
tail 2-3, tarsus 1*05. 

Considerable allowance must be made for the fading of colours in 
this species, for the way in which the green and yellow colours* 
vanish is most remarkable, the former changing to grey and the 
latter becoming very pale. 

Hah. Throughout the Himalayas to the hills of North-eastern 
Bengal and throughout Southern China. 

a, Ad. sk.
b, Ad. sk.
c, d. Ad. sk.
e,f,g. Ad. sk. 
? Afghanistan {Griffith). 
N.W. Himalayas. 
Dehra Doon, Jan. 1871(G. Zing). 
Nepal. 
India Museum. 
Capt. St. Pinwill [ 
Dr. J. Scully [P.]. 
B. H. Hodgson,
P.]. 
Esq. 
h, i, fa Ad.; I, m. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
Imm. sk.
n-f. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). 
[P.]India 
Museum. 

m TI3IELIIDJ3. 
r. Ad. sk.
s. Ad. sk.
t, u. Ad. sk.
v. Ad. sk.
w, x. cT 2 ad. sk. 
Himalayas, 
Darjiling. 
Sikhim [Mandelli). 
Bootan (Pe?nberto?i). 
Pongee, Kakkven hills,
April 1868/ 
India Museum, 
India Museum. 
H. Spebohrn, Esq. [P.]. 
India Museum. 
Dr. J, Anderson , rC. I. 

17. CUTIA. ~ 
[ -Type. 
Cutia, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng v. p. 772 (lfc3tf) C. nipalensis. 
Heterornis, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 27 (1&41) C. nipalensis! 

Range. Himalayas, extending into the hills of North-eastern 
Bengal as far south as Xaren-nee. 

1. Cutia nipalensis. 
Cutia nipalensis, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. v. p/ 7


 774 (18SI}) ; id. op. tit. 
»• P 

Ti. p. 113 (1&37); Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 1&3 (1*43); 6W* 
CVrf. Mamm. etc. Xepai prts. Hodgs. p. 9t> (1^46); 2>iW*, 6W. .#! 

b46); Blyth, 

54) 

8tr. F. 1879, p. 104 • Oates, B. Brit. Bnrm. ifp. I4O (I8tt3)t 

Heterornis nipalensis, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus.7Passeres, pi. 236 
(nos. 254-6); id. J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 27 (184J) ; Sundev. Ac. Sleth 
Tent p. 41 (lb7'2). 

Heterornis (Gutia) nipalensis, Hodgs. in, Grays Zool Misc n 84 
(1844). * F' 

Adidt nude. General colour bright orange-chestnut from the hind 
neck to the upper tail-coverts: scapulars light oehraceous brown 

•washed with orange ; wing-coverts black, edged with glossv black ; 
quills black, with a tiny white spot at the tips of the primaries and 
inner secondaries (otten abraded and lost), all the quills externally 
edged with slaty grey, broader on the inner secondaries, which are 
black at the tip; tail-feathers black, the outer ones narrowly ed°-ed 
with white at the tip, the centre ones orange for more than half 
their length, but this colour concealed by the upper tail-coverts • 
crown of head and nape slaty bine, surrounded by a band of blue-
black, which occupies the lores, the feathers above and below the eye, 
and the ear-coverts, extending round the hinder neck ; a spot of black 
at the base of the lower mandible; cheeks and under surface of body 
pure white, tinged with yellowish buff on the flanks, lower abdomen, 
and under tail-coverts, the latter very long and uniform ; sides of 
breast and flanks barred with black, more broadly on the latter: 
under wing- and tail-coverts white, dusky blackish near the edge of 
the greater series, forming a patch; quills blackish below, white 
17. CUTU. 047 
along the inner web ; " bill blackish above, plumbeous beneath; 
legs orange-yellow; iris brown " (Jerdon). Total length 6*5 inches, 
culmen 0-85, wing 3*55, tail 2-3, tarsus i*05. 

Adult femah. Differs from the male in having the back oehraceous 
brown, marked with large ovate spots of black, the rump and upper 
tail-coverts orange-chestnut, and the hind neck also slightly washed 
with orange ; wings and tail as in the male • head and nape slaty 
blue, but instead of the black border of the male, there is only a 
patch of black on the sides of the neck behind the ear-coverts; lores 
dusky blackish, extending above the eye ; ear-coverts brown ; under 
surface as in the male, but the bars somewhat narrower and more 
frequent. Total length 7 inches, culmen U'8o, wing 3*4, tail 2*4, 
tarsus 1*05. 

Hab. Himalayas to Bootan and the Dana hills, extending into 
Karen-nee. 

a, b, c. <$ sk. Nepal. B. Ii. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
d, «,/. ? ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.. [P.]. 

g. J ad. sk. Xepal {Hodgson). India Museum. 
h. 9. ad. sk. Darjiling. India Museum. 
e, k7 L (S ad. sk. Sikhim {Mandelli). H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
m. S ad. sk. Bootan (Pemberton). India Museum. 
TIMELIID-a:. 

Group X. ACCENT GEES. 

The position of the Accentors in the Order Passer i formes is by no 
means easy to define; they certainly have no relations with the 
Timeliidae, as they possess a very small first primary. Mr. Seebohm, 
however, has not*admitted them into his volume of the Turdidw, and 
in his latest work, the < History of British Birds/ he has placed them 
with the Paridce, from which family they are excluded by Dr. 
Gadow. I have been compelled, therefore, to place them in the 
present volume, although, like the Bradypteri and Thamnohicei they 
should, in my opinion, have been associated with other families. 

I follow Mr. Salvin (Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 60) in placing Ephthianura 
with Accentor, to which it is most closely allied in external 
form, although the habits of the birds and the colour of their eggs 
differ in toto. 

Key to the Genera. 

a. Bill rather broad at base, broader than high 
at nostrils 1. ACCENTOK, p. 648. 
K Bill more slender, about equal in height and 
breadth at nostrils 2. EPHTHIAXTRA, p. 66(5. 

1. ACCEUIOB. 
Type. 
Accentor, JBechst. Orn. Taschenh. i. p. 191 (1802) ... . A. alpinus. 
Prunella, Vieill Analyse, p. 43 (1816) A. modularis. 
TharrhaJeus, Kemp, Skizz. KatilrL Syst, p. 137 (1829) A. modularis. 
Spermolegus, Kaap, i. c. p. 152 (1829) A. montanellus. 
Laiscopus, Ghger, Handb. Natury. p. 267 (1842) A. alpinus. 

Range. The whole of the Palsearctic Eegion including the countries 
to the south of the Mediterranean, eastwards through Palestine and 
Asia Minor to Persia. Himalayas and mountains of "Western and 
Southern China, but not found in the peninsula of India nor in any 
of the Burmese countries. 

Key to the Species. 

a. With no white spots at the end of the tail-
feathers. 
a'. With no pectoral band of rufous. 
a". Throat grey or fulvous, not black. 
a'". Back streaked. 
a4. With no creamy buff eyebrow; ear-
coverts streaked. 
as, Throat and breast grey: abdomen , , 7 . a in 
white ; head greyer Aan backr J .. ^f*>3 P• «*> * 

(orientates, p. ®o2, 

1 . ACCEPTOR. 649 
b5. Tin oat and breast a*hy "brown, 
greyer on the abdomen; head 
rufous-Wn; back rufous, with , j. r f ^ 

black streaks < fervidus t> 653 
b4. With a broad creamy buff eyebrow; ' •* >*' 
ear-coverts uniform Hack. 
c5. Back rufescent; flanks broadly 
streaked with rufous montanelhis, p. 653. 

db. Back pale fulvous-brown; flanks 
uniform or only slightly streaked 
with dusky fuloescens, p. 655. 

b'". Back uniform rufous-brown ; head uniform 
grey; breast also uniform grey 
like the throat; abdomen and flanks 
uniform chestnut immcusidatus, p. 656. 

b". Throat black like the ear-coverts atrigularis^ p. 656. 
b\ With a broad pectoral band of rufous or pale 
cinnamon, 
c". Throat uniform ashy grey; no rufous eyebrow 
rubecuhides, p. 657. 
d". Throat white, spotted with black; a rufous 
eyebrow. 
c'"/Head streaked like the back, which is 
rufous-brown strophiatus, p. 658. 
d"\ Head uniform; back more ashy jerdoni, p. 660. 


. Tail-feathers with, a white spot at the end; 
wing-coverts spotted with white; throat white, 
spotted with black. 

c\ Fore neck, breast, and sides of body white, 
broadly streaked with rufous; lower abdomen 
white altaicus, p. 660. 


d'. Fore neck and breast uniform ashy. 
e". Flanks broadly streaked with dark brown , « . QQ-I 
or rufous-brown ] erva^giul>^ 663 


f". JFlanks uniform rufous rvfilatm, p. 664 

1. Accentor modularis. 
Hedge Sparrow, Albin, Nat, Hist. Birds, p. 55, pi. lix. (1738)* 
La Fauvette de Haye ou La Passe-Buse, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 394 

(1760). 
Motacilla modularis, Linn, Syst. Nat. i. p. 329 (1766). 
La Traine-Buisson ou Mouchet ou La Fauvette d'Hiver, Montb. Mist. 

Nat. Ois. v. p. 151, pi. 9 (1778). 
Le Mouchet, Daubent. PL Bnl. vi. pi. 615. fte. 1. 
Hedge Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 419 (1783). 
Sylvia modularis, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 511 (1790); Yarr. Brit. B, 

i. p. 223 (1843). 
Accentor modularis, Bechst. Orn. Tasehenb. i. p. 191 (1802) ; Temnu 
Man. tfOrn. p. 250 (1815) ; Koch, Syst. baier. Zool. p. 196 (1816); 
Naum. Vda. Betdschl iii. p. 951, pi. 92. figs. 3, 4 (1823); Hour, 
Orn. Prok pi. 205 (1825) ; Werner, Atlas, Insectivores, pi. 70 

650 TIMELI1DJS. 

(1827); Strickl P. Z. S. 1836, p. 98; Gould, B. Eur. ii. pi. 100 
(1837); Macg. Brit. B. ii. p. 251 (1889); Xord?n. in Demid. Toy. 
Muss. mend. 'iii. p. 171 (1840); Selys-Longch. Faune Beige, p. 96 
(1842); Hewits. Eggs Brit. B. i. p. 70, pi. 21.fig.2 (1846) ; Gray, 
Gen. B. i. p. 187 (1848); Thotnps. B. Irel. i. p. 156 (1849) ; Blyth, 
Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 131 (1849); Bp. Omsp. i. p. 305 (1850) ; 
Kjcerb. Damn. Fugle, tab. 24 (1852); Schl. Vug. Xederl. pi. 122 
(1854) j Horsf. § Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 360 (1854) ; 
Brehm, Xainn. 1855, p. 285; Sundev. Sroisk. Fogl. pi. 16. fisr. \ 
(1856-72) ; Jaub. § Barth.-Lipomm. Rich. Or a. p. 228 (1859) ; 
Linderm. Vdg. Griechenl. p. 67 (1600); Poicys, Ibis. 18(30, p. 228; 
Sc/d. Uier. Nederl. Tog. pi. 12. iig>. 15, 15 a (l&Ol) : .F. $ P. God-
man, Ibis, 1861, p. 81; Gould, B. Gt. Br. ii. pi. 55 (1^62-73) ; 

Avif.Sicil. p. 114(1869); Gray, ffaiid-l. B. i. p. 280, no. 3324 
(1869); Xeid. Onze Vug. pi. 24 (1869-73); Elwes fy Buckley, Ibis. 
1870, p. 197; Heugl. Orn. X.O.-Afr. i.' p. 232 (1869); Fritsch, 
Tog. Eur. tab. 25. fig. 15 (c 1870); Salvad. Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 91 
(1871); Newt. ed. Yarr.Brit B. i. p. 301 (1671); Saunders, Ibis, 
1871, p. 212; Harting, Ilandb. Brit. B. p. 12 (1*72J; Shelley, B. 
Egypt, p. 67 (1872); Brooke, lbi% 1*73, p. 240; Dresser, B. 
Eur. iii. p. 39, pi. 101 (1^73) ; Da/if. ^* liar tie-B rown, Ibis, 1*75, 

p. 307; Irby, B. Gibr. p. 84 (1875); Bygrave Wharton, Ibis, 
1876, p. 22 ; Danf. Ibi\ 1678, p. 18; Seebu/un, Bi% 18*2, p. 870; 
Sah. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 60 (18*2) ; Seebohm, Hist. Brit B. i. 
p. 497, pi. 12 (1683^; B. 0. V. List Brit. B. p. 22 < ]b83). 
Prunella modularis, Vieill. Analyse, p. 43 (Lbl6); Degl. $ Gerbe, 
Orn. Eur. i. p. 466 (1867); Loche, Evpt. Sci. Alger., bi<*. i. p. 284 
(1867) ; Beitoni, Ucc. Nidif. Lomb. pi. 52 (166)9). 

Ourruca elliotae, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. etc. Br if. litis, p. 24 (1816). 
Tharrhaleus modularis, Kaup, Skizz. Xaturl. Sytf. p. 137 (1829). 
Accentor pinetorum, Brehm, Vdg. JUeutscht. p. 457 (1831); id. Xaum. 

1655, p. 28o. 

Adult General aspect of upper surface streaked; the back reddish 
brown, the feathers somewhat paler-edged and broadly streaked 
down the centre with blackish brown ; rump and upper tail-coverts 
nearly uniform olive-brown, with faint dusky centres to the latter; 
lesser wing-coverts reddish brown ; the median and greater coverts 
dusky, externally reddish brown, and with narrow pale fulvous tips ; 
bastard wing and primary-coverts dusky, edged with ashy fulvous : 
quills dusky brown, externally reddish brown, the primaries margined 
with whity brown towards the tips, and the inner secondaries 
also tipped with whity brown ; tail-feathers brown, margined 
with paler brown; head and nape much greyer and contrasting with 
the back, slightly washed with olive, the feathers having dusky 
brown centres; lores and a distinct eyebrow dull grey ; ear-coverts 
and feathers below the eye ashy, streaked with bufty white, the 
former browner; sides of the neck and under surface of the body 
ashy grey ; the throat rather more hoary ; fore neck and chest with 
a very slight shade of brown ; abdomen white: sides of the body 

1 . ACCENTOR. 651 
browner, the flanks streaked distinctly with reddish brown ; thighs 
reddish brown; under tail-coveits white, with distinct centres of 
pale brown; under wing-coverts ashy, mottled with brown bases, 
the greater series whitish at their ends ; axillaries ashy grey ; quills 
below dusky brown, inner edges rufescent. Total length 5*8 inches, 
culmen 0*5, wing 2-8, tail 2-45, tarsus 0*9. 

jXestlinr/. General colour above ochraceous buff, thickly mottled 
with black centres to the feathers, the hind neck and sides of the 
neck paler ; lesser and median coverts like the back ; greater coverts 
dusky brown, externally rufous and tipped with bright yellow-ochre; 
bastard wing and primary-coverts dusky brown, edged with olive ; 
quills dusky brown, externally rufous, the inner secondaries tipped 
with ochre; rump a little more dingy than the back, but mottled 
with black centres in the same manner ; upper tail-coverts ochreous 
brown with blackish centres • tail-feathers dusky- brown, edged and 
tipped with reddish brown, paler on the margins; crown of the head 
dingy brown, slightly wrashed with fulvous-brown; lores ochreous, 
as also the eyebrow, which is distinctly marked out and mottled 
with black centres to the feathers ; eyelid dull ochreous ; ear-coverts 
dusky, streaked with ochraceous white, and with a spot of bright 
ochraceous on the hinder edge; cheeks and throat ashy whitish, 
mottled with dusky spots; sides of the neck dull ochraceous, also 
mottled with dusky spots ; fore neck and che^b, as well as the sides 
of the body, brighter ochraceous, with triangular spots of dusky 
black; breast and abdomen dull white; thighs and under tail-
coverts ochraceous, the latter with distinct dusky centres; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries pale ochraceous buff. 

The sexes are alike in colour; and a pair of birds measure as 
follows:— 

Clllmen WillS-

Wth .- Tail. Tarsus, 
in. in. in. in. in, 
c? ad. S.Sweden, Sept. 23.. 5-8 0*5 2-65 2-25 0*75 
2 ad. S.Sweden, Sept. 23.. 5*8 0*5 2'G 2*1 07 

Obs. I can perceive no actual difference in specimens from the 
British Isles and those of the continent of Europe. A male from 
Malta, killed in February 1854, is remarkable for its white throat 
spotted with dusky brown, and it has the breast dull ashy washed 
with brown. Whether it is a pale variety or merely the ordinary 
winter plumage of the young bird of the previous year, I am unable 
to define with certainty. 

The autumn plumage, after the moult, differs from the breeding-
plumage in being everywhere more rufous-brown. This is especially 
the case with the head, which is nearly of the same colour as the 
back and as distinctly mottled with blackish spots ; the grey shade 
on the eyebrow and sides of neck is also obscured by brown * the 
feathers below the eye and on the fore part of the ear-coverts are 
very distinctly streaked with white, and on the hinder part of the 
ear-coverts there is a distinct patch of rufous ; the under surface is 
more hoary grey, and the fore neck and chest arc both obscured by 

TIMBLTIDJB. 

rufescent margins to the feathers; the sides of the body and flanks 
are very broadly streaked with black. 

Sab. The whole of Europe, ranging south to North Africa and 
Arabia Petnea. Specimens from Asia Minor (Danford) in Mr. 
Seebohm's collection are the true A. modularis and not the Persian 

form. 
a,b. S 2 ad.; c, Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker [C.]. 
d, e. Pull. sk. 
f. Pull. sk.
a. c? j h, i § ad.
sk.
k Ad.sk.
I, m. c? 2 ad. sk.
w. Ad. sk.
o. Ad. sk.
jp.Ad.sk.
a. 9 ad. sk.
* *
r. S ad. sk. 
Berkshire, May 8 {J. G.). 
Surrey, Jan. 1857 {F. G.). 
Hampshire (P. L.Selater). 
S. Sweden, Sept.23,1873. 
Germany. 
Belgium, Dec. 13. 
Sivoy (Bailly). 
Vilkcidio, Sardinia. 
March 10. 
Malta, Feb. 
Gould Collection. 
F. D. Godman and O. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
Gould Collection. 
Mr. Meves [C.]. 
Gould Collection. 
Brussels Museum. 
Gould Collection. 
A. B. Brooke, Esq. 
[C.]. * 
Gould Collection. 
s. J ad. sk. Sidon. Canon Tribtram [C.]. 

Subsp. a. Accentor orientalis. 
Accentor rubidus, Blanf. Eastern Persia, ii. p. 202 (lb76, nee T. $ 

Mr. Blanford remarks on the differences exhibited by a specimen 
from Persia, and considers it nearly allied to A. rubidus of Japan. 
I have not had the pleasure of examining Mr. Blanford's specimen, 
but it is probably the same as a bird in the Museum Collection from 
Batoum, which is remarkable for its uniform brown head. Unfortunately 
there is no date of capture attached to the specimen ; but it 
is in otherwise abraded plumage, and may be in worn breeding-garb. 
In this ease, however, the head should be grey, whereas it is brown* 
As this appears to indicate the existence of an Eastern race of the 
Common Hedge-Sparrow, I have thought it better to classify it as a 
distinct race, and perhaps the receipt of further specimens may demonstrate 
its claim to full specific rank. 

Hob. Apparently represents the Common Hedge-Sparrow from 
the eastern shores of the Black Sea to Persia. 

a. Ad. sk. Batoum, Black Sea {Suet de Gould Collection. 
Pavilion). 
2. Accentor rubidus. 
Accentor modularis rubidus, Temm. $-Sehl. Fcmn. Jap. p. 69 (1850). 
Accentor rubidus, iid. t e.pl. 32 (1850) ; Pp. Consp. i. p. 305 (1850) ; 

Gray, Sand-l P. i. p. 231, no. 3326 (1869); BlaMst $ Pryer, 
Ibis, 1878, p. 236; iid. B. Japan, p. 152 (1882). 

Mr. Seebohm has remarked on the discrepancies between the 
specimens of the Japanese Hedge-Sparrow as figured by Gould and 

1 . ACCENTOR. 653 
that figured by Temminck and Schlegel. The latter bird is greyer 
below, and has no stripes on the flanks. He suggests that there 
may be two species in Japan, which appears very probable; andhave therefore separated the Hakodadi bird, as it seems to differ 
from the true A. rubidus of the c Eauna Japonica.' 

Eab. Japan. 

Subsp. a. Accentor fervidus. 

Accentor rubidus (non T. # &), Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 198; Gotdd, 

B. Asia, yaxt 2$ (1871). 
Adult. General colour above chestnut-brown, the feathers of j;he 
back with ashy-whitish edges and broadly streaked with black 
down the centre; rump and upper tail-coverts nearly uniform 
earthy brown, with faintly indicated dusky centres; lesser and 
median coverts like the back; greater coverts dusky, externally 
chestnut-brown, with fulvous tips to some of them; bastard wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills dusky, externally chestnut-brown, the 
inner secondaries edged all round with this colour; tail-feathers 
brown, with dull reddish-brown margins; crown of the head and 
hind neck uniform smoky brown, as also the sides of the crown and 
lores; no eyebrow; feathers round the eye and ear-coverts reddish 
brown, with narrow shaft-lines of reddish white; cheeks and entire 
under surface of the body dull ashy brown, a little overshaded with 
rufescent brown on the throat and fore neck ; lower flanks reddish 
browH, broadly streaked with chestnut in the centre of the feathers ; 
thighs reddish brown ; under tail-coverts ashy with reddish-brown 
centres, the edges slightly fulvescent; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
ashy, very slightly tinged with reddish ; quills below dusky, 
inner edges ashy; " bill brownish black; legs, toes, and claws 
brownish flesh-colour; iris yellowish hazel" (H. Whitely). Total 
length 6 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*65, tail 2-15, tarsus 0*8. 

Hub. Japan. 

«. <? ad. sk. Hakodadi, Nov. 14, 1865. Henry "Whitely, Esq. [0.1 

b. Ad. sk. Hakodadi, Oct. 28, 1865. Henry Whitely, Esq. [C.j. 
3. Accentor moutanelliLS. 
Motacilla montanella, Pallas, JReis. Buss. Beichs. iii. p. 695 (1776); 

id. Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. i. p. 471 (1811). 

Siberian Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 456 (1783). 

Sylvia montanella, Lath 2nd. Orn. ii p. 526 (1790). 

Accentor montanellus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 251 (1815) ; Naum. 

Vog. BeutscU. pi. 92. fig. 2 (1822); Werner, Atlas, Insectivores, 
pi. 71 (1827) ; Gould, B. Eur. ii. pi. 101 (1837); Gray, Gen. B. 
I p. 187 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. I p. 305 (1850) ; Middend. Sibir. Beis., 
Zool p. 172 (1851); Badde, Beis. Sibir., Vog. p. 243 (1863) • Bree, B. 
Eur. ii. p. 115, pi. (1867); Dybowskify Parvex, J.f.O. 1868, p. 334; 
Gray, Uand-l. B. I p. 233, no. 3322 (1869); Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 

18. fig. 16 (c. 1870); Tristr. Ibis, 1870, p. 494; Gould, B. Asia, 
part 23 (1871) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 361; Taczan. J.f.O. 
654 TIMELIIDJS. 

1872, p. 434, 1874, p. 335; Dresser, B. Eur. hi. p. 35, pi. 100 
(1875) j Severtz. Turkest Jevotn. p. (56 (1873); Hume, Str. F. 
1874, p. 458; Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool France, i. p. 144 (18/6); 
Frjev. in Dawson Rowley's Orn. Misc. iL p. 186 (1877); David 
fy'Oust Ois. Chine, p. 180 (1877); Seebohm, Ibis, 1879. p. 16Qiglioli, 
Ibis, 1881, p. 186. 

Sperinolegus montanellus, Kemp, Xat'url Syst. p. 152 (1829). 

Accentor temmiiicM, Brandt, Bull Acad, X. Sci. St. Fetersb. ii. p. 39 
(1848); Bp. Coiisp I p. 306 (1850); Gray, FLand-l B. i. p. 230, 
no. 3323 (1809). 

Prunella montanella, Bp. Cat. Coll Farzud. p. 7 (1856): Deal. & 
Gerbe, Orn. Fur. i. p. 170 (1867). 

Male. General aspect of upper surface streaked ; the back rufous, 
with paler margins to the mantle-feathers, all of which are mesially 
broadly streaked with blackish brown; lower back aud rump uniform 
brown, rather more ashy on the upper tail-coverts; wing-
coverts brown, the median and greater series dusky, externally 
reddish brown, with moie or less distinct tips of ashy white; 
bastard-wing feathers dusky brown, edged with ashy whitish; primary-
coverts dusky brown, externally margined with ashy; quills 
brown, externally edged with reddish brown, paler towards the ends 
of the feathers, the secondaries narrowly fringed with whitish at 
the tips; the primaries margined along the outer web with whity 
brown; tail-feathers light brown, edged with ashy, and fringed 
along the edge of the inner web with the latter colour; crown of 
head dark ashy brown, with a blackish line skirting the sides of the 
crown, succeeded by a broad eyebrow of creamy buff or ilight 
ochraceous; lores, feathers round and below the e}Te, and ear-

coverts black ; sides of neck ashy grey; cheeks, throat, and breast 
ochraceous buff; the abdomen creamy white; sides of the breast 
chestnut-brown, the flanks also streaked with reddish brown; thighs 
ashy; under tail-coverts creamy white; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries pale cream-colour with ashy bases; quills ashy brown 
below, hoary whitish along the edge of the inner web. Total 
length 6 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*75, tail 2*o, tarsus 0*7. 


Adult female. Similar to the male, but with the colours a little 
duller, especially on the head, which is somewhat browner. Total 
length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2-S, tail 2'b, tarsus 0*7. 


The summer plumage is very much paler than that of autumn. 
In the latter the crown is much darker brown, the eyebrow and 
the throat are rich ochraceous, and the sides of the neck clear 
bluish grey, extending down towards the breast so as to form a 
sort of half-collar. The chestnut centres to the feathers on the sides 
of the breast are very strongly pronounced, so that this part appears 
mottled, and the stripes on the flanks are much more distinct. 
Breeding-birds obtained by Mr. Seebohm in the valley of the 
Yenesei have the plumage much worn and faded, the eyebrow and 
underparts being almost whitish. 
, Fab. Siberia, from Amoor Land to the valley of the Yenesei s 
occasional in Europe. . 

1. ACCENTOR. 655 
a, b. (S ? ad. sk. Amoorland. Purchased. 
c. <$ ad. sk. Kultuk, south side-of Lake Gould Collection. 
Baikal, April (Dybowski). 

4. Accentor fulvescens. 
Accentor 
fulvescens, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. pp. 66, 132 (1873)* 
id. Str. F. 1875, p. 428 ; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 75 : Scully> t. c. 

p. 569 ; Biddidph, Ills, lb82, p. 281, pi. 8. 
Accentor montanellus 
{?io?i Pall), Stoliczka, Str. F. 1875, p. 220; 
Scully, Str. F. 187(5, p. 155 ; Dretoer, Ibis, 1870, p. 91: Hume, 
Str. F 1879, p. 105. 

Adult male. General colour above very pale ashy brown, slightly 
mottled with darker brown centres to the feathers; rump and 
upper tail-coverts uniform ashy brown ; lesser wing-coverts like the 
back; median and greater coverts dusky, externally ashy fulvousbrown, 
and slightly tipped with whitish ; bastard wing, primary-
coverts, and quills dusky, narrowly edged with ashy fulvous, the 
primaries and inner secondaries with ashy whitish, the tips of the 
latter also fringed with this colour; tail-feathers dusky brown, 
margined with light fulvous-brown ; crown of head more dusky 

browrn than the back, with a blackish line along the sides of the 
crown, followed by a very distinct eyebrow of creamy white ; lores, 
feathers below the eye, and ear-coverts black; cheeks and under 
surface of the body rich oehraceous buff, whiter on the throat and 
down the centre of the abdomen ; sides of neck bluish grey; sides of 
the breast ashy olive-brown, the flanks slightly fringed with this 
colour; thighs ashy, whitish behind; under tail-coverts creamy 
white; the sides of the body nearly uniform, with only a few narrow 
shaft-streaks of dark brown on the lower flanks; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries ashy; quills dusky below, ashy fulvous along the edge 
of the inner web; "bill black, brownish at base; legs and feet fleshy; 
claws dusky, yellowish at tips; iris very dark brown" (Scully). 
Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3, tail 2*6, tarsus 0*8. 

A specimen from Irkutsk in Mr. Seebohm's collection appears to 
belong to the present species and not to A. montanellus. It is not 
so dark as the latter and has not the back rufous, but it is much 
darker than any specimen of A. fulvescens which I have seen, being 
rufescent underneath. It may be the young bird in its first 
autumn plumage. 

Eab. Central Asia, from Turkestan and Yarkand to the hills of 
Northern Cashmere. 

It appears to me to be probably this species, and not A. montanellus, 
which is said to have occurred in Sikhim. If this should 
prove to be the case, the latter bird will be found not to occur 
within Indian limits. 

a. S ad. sk. Gilgit, Feb. 14. Dr. Scully [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Gilgit, Dec. 15. Major J. Biddulph [O.l 
c. Ad. sk. Yarkand (Chapman). R B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 

656 TBCELIIDJE. 

o. Accentor immaculate. 
Accentor immaculate, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres 
pi. 101 a (no. 487); id. in Grays Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844); id[ 

P. Z. S. 1845, p. 34; Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs* 
p. 71, App. p. 153 (1846) ; Horsf. 8? Moore, Cat. B. El. Co Mus. 
i. p. 361 (1854); Gould, B. Asia, part 7 (185-5) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii* 
p. 286 (1863); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 230, no. 3317 (1869); David 
Sf Ousted. Ois. Chine, p. 181 (1877); Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 105. 
Accentor mollis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 581 (1845) ; id. Cat. 

B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 131 (1849); Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p 8 
(1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 306 (IboO). 
General colour above olive-brown on the mantle, chestnut-brown 
on the back, and shading off again into olive-brown on the rump 
and upper tail-coverts; wing-coverts slaty grey with dusky bases, 
the inner greater coverts slightly washed with chestnut near the 
base ; bastard wing and primary-coverts black; quills blackish, the 
primaries externally pearly grey, the secondaries externally chestnut-
brown; tail-feathers dusky brown, externally edged with lighter 
brown, ashy near the base; head and hind neck slaty grey, faintly 
mottled with dusky bases to the feathers; lores and feathers round 
the eye dusky blackish ; ear-coverts dark slaty grey, slightly washed 
with olive-brown like the sides of the neck; cheeks, throat, and 
breast dull ashy grey, slightly washed with olive-brown, more 
especially on the sides of the bieast; flanks and abdomen bright 
chestnut-brown, the centre of the abdomen creamy white tinged 
with ashy; under wing-coverts and axillaries abhy grey; quills 
dusky brown below, ashy along the edge of the inner web- Total 

length 5 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2-95, tail 2-1, tarsus 0*8. 
Hah Eastern Himalayas, ranging into Moupin and Western 
Szechuen in China. 


a-e. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum* 

6. Accentor atrigularis. 
Accentor atrigularis, Brandt, Bull. Acad. Si. Petersb. ii. p. 40 (1844): 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 187 (1848); Htttton, J. A. S. Beng. xviii. 


p. 811 (1849); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 131 (1849); Bp. 
Consp. i p. 305; Gould, B. Asia, part 10 (1858); Pelz. Ibis, 1868, 
p. 311; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 230, no. 3320 (1869); Severtz. 
TurJcest. Jevotn. p. 66 (1873); Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 91; Hume, 
Str. F. 1879, p. 105; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 75; ScttUy, t.c. 
p. 569; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 423. 
Accentor huttoni, Moore, P. Z. S.1854, p. 119; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. 
B. E.I. Co. Mm. I p. 360 (1854); Jerd. B. Ind. il p. 288 (1863); 
Severtz. Str. F. 1875, p. 428; Scully, Str. F. 1876, p. 155. 
Adult male. General aspect of the upper surface striped; back 
and scapulars light brown, slightly shaded with ashy, and with dark 
centres of blackish brown; rump and upper tail-coverts dull ashy, 
only slightly mottled with dusky bases to the* feathers when the 

1. ACCENTOR. 657 
plumage is disturbed; wing-coverts dusky, externally ruddy brown 
slightly shaded with ashy, and with more or less distinct margins 
of buffy-whitish endings to the greater and median series; bastard 
wing and primary-coverts dusky, narrowly margined with light 
brown; quills dusky brown, with pale margins of reddish brown, 
ashy on the primaries, much broader on the secondaries, which are 
ashy whitish round the ends; tail-feathers dusky brown, narrowly 
margined with ashy; crown of head and nape ashy brown; a narrow 
frontal line of black extending above the eye along the sides of 
the crown; lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, fore part of cheeks, and 
throat black; from above the hinder part of the eye a distinct streak 
of creamy white extending to the sides of the nape; sides of neck 
ashy ; hinder part of cheeks, lower throat, fore neck, and chest pale 
ochreous buff; remainder of under surface white; sides of the body 
browner, relieved by narrow streaks of blackish brown; under tail-
coverts white, with longitudinal centres of dusky brown; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries ashy, with longitudinal dusky centres; 
quills dusky below, ashy along the inner web; "bill black, yellowish 
at gape; legs and feet fleshy ; iris brown " (Scully). Total 
length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2-9, tail 245, tarsus 0*7. 

Obs. In the winter dress the black throat is very much obscured 
by the whitish margins to the feathers; the crown is altogether 
browner and not so grey as it is in summer; and the oehraceous 
colour of the fore neck and breast seems to vary considerably in 
richness and extent. 

There can be no doubt as to the identity of A. huttoni and A. 
atrigularis. I have compared a specimen from Kotegurh with 
others in Mr. Seebohm's collection from Samarcand and Turkestan. 


A female in Captain Wardlaw Eamsay's collection, collected by 
Dr. SevertzofT in Turkestan, on the 1st of November, has the black 
throat entirely obscured by whitish margins, so that it can only be 
discovered by lifting the feathers; the ear-coverts and head are 
much browner than in the male, but the fore neck and breast are 
much richer in colour and of a more rufous-ochre than in the latter, 
this bright colour extending also over the flanks. Total length 
5-5 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-8, tail 2*4, tarsus 0*7. 

Hab. The Altai mountains, Samarcand, and Turkestan, ranging 
into Afghanistan and the North-western Himalayas in winter. 

a. [ d ] a<l- sk.
b. S ad. sk. 
Central Asia. 
Tashkend, March 8,18G6, 
Gould Collection. 
Gould Collection. 
(Severtzoff), 
c. d. Ad. sk. Afghanistan (Griffith). India Museum. 
(Types of A. huttoni.) 

7. Accentor rubeculoides. 
Accentor rubeculoides, Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 118 (ex Hodgs. 
MSS.): Sorsf. $ Moore, Cat JB. E.L Co. Mm. i. p. 361 (1854); 
Gould, B. Asia, part 7 (1855); Jerd. JB. Ind. ii. p. 28S (1863); 

VOL. VII. ^ IT 

TIMELIIDJE. 

m 

Pek. Ibis, 1868, p. 811; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 231, no. 3327 
(1869); Hume $ Headers. Lahore to Yark. p. 234; Hume, Sir. F. 
1879, p. 105. 

Adult male. General aspect above broadly streaked, except on 
the head; mantle and back ruddy brown, all the feathers broadly 
streaked with black down the centre; rump and upper tail-coverts 
more uniform ruddy brown, the latter with indistinct dusky bases; 
lesser and median wing-coverts ashy grey, the latter tipped with 
a bar of hoary white; greater coverts blackish brown, externally 
broadly edged with ruddy brown like the back, inclining to whitisb 
at the tips; bastard wing and primary-coverts dusky, externally 
ashy brown, inclining to greyish on the edges ; quills dusky brown, 
the primaries edged with ashy greyish, the secondaries more broadly 
with ruddy brown, and fringed with whitish at the tips; tail-
feathers brown, with dus>ky cross bars under certain lights, margined 
with fulvous-brown, the outermost feather narrowly edged and 
fringed at the tip with whitish; head and hind neck, as well as the 
entire side of the face, throat, and fore neck uniform ashy brown, 
very slightly mottled with dusky bases to the feathers of the crown, 
which shows when the feathers are disturbed; the lores, cheeks, and 
throat rather paler ashy than the crown; chest and breast bright 
chestnut, forming a broad band; remainder of under surface creamy 
white; the flanks fulvous, broadly streaked with blackish brown"; 
thighs ashy grey; under tail-coverts creamy buif; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white, the greater series more ashy; quills 
dusky brown below, ashy along the edge of the inner web. Total 
length 5*8 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2*9, tail 2-5, tarsus 0*9. 

Obs. The specimen from Cashmere, collected by Br. Bellew, is 
much paler rufous on the breast than Sikhim examples. 
Hab. Throughout the Himalayas, extending into Ladakh. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Cashmere (Dr. Bellew). India Museum. 

c. <S ad. sk. Native Sikhim (Mandelh), A. O. Hume, Esq. 
8. Accentor strophiatus. 
Accentor 
strophiatus, Hodgs. Icon, tried, in Brit. Mm., Passeres, 
pi. 101 (nos. 413, 414) ; id. J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 959 (1843) ; id. 
in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844); id. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 34; Gray, 
Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 72 (1846); id. 8r Mitch. 
Gen.B. I p. 187, pi. 51 (1848); Bh/th, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. 

p. 131 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 305 (i850); Horsf. $ Moore, Cat 
B. B.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 360 (ia54) ; Gould, B. Asia, part 7 (1855); 
Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 287 (1863); Pek. Ibis, 1868, p. 311; Gray, 
Hand-l. B. i. p. 231, no. 3325 (1869) ; Hume, Nests £ Eggs hid. 
B. p. 408 (1873); Brooks, Str. F. 1876, p. 278; Hume, Btr. F. 
1879, p. 105. 
Accentor multistriatus, David, Ann. fy Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) ^ii. 

p. 256 (1871); Swinh. RZ.S. 1871, p. 3G0; Prjev. in Dawson 
Rowley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 187 (1877); David & Oust Ois. CJiine, 
p. 179 (1877). 
Adidt male. General aspect of upper surface streaked; the entire 
1. ACCEKTOE. 659 
head and back rufeseent brown, broadly streaked with black down 
the centre of the feathers, the dorsal plumes slightly paler-edged; 
rump and upper tail-coverts more uniform, the feathers with slightly 
indicated dusky centres; lesser wing-coverts like the back• median 
and greater series dusky blackish, externally rufous, with pale 
ochraceous spots at the ends; bastard wing, primary-coverts, and 
quills blackish, externally edged with rufous, the inner secondaries 
on both webs; tail-feathers brown margined with rufous ; 
crown of head like the back, and streaked in the same manner with 
black; lores dull whity brown, surmounted by a narrow streak of 
creamy buff, which is succeeded by a broad band of bright cinnamon 
above the ear-coverts; eyelid creamy buff; ear-coverts black, with 
a few whitish streaks on the lower ones, the hinder ones streaked 
with cinnamon, a shade of which colour pervades the hinder ear-
coverts and the hinder cheeks; sides of neck ashy grey streaked 
with black; cheeks and throat white, mottled with triangular spots 
of black, especially along the malar line; fore neck and breast bright 
cinnamon, forming a broad pectoral band; centre of breast and 
abdomen ashy or creamy whitish, the sides washed with cinnamon-
rufous and broadly streaked with black; thighs brown; under tail-
coverts creamy buff washed with cinnamon, and strongly mottled 
with dark-brown bases; axillaries ashy; under wing-coverts also 
ashy, mottled with brown bases; quills dusky brown below, margined 
with ashy rufous along the inner web. Total length 4*7 inches, 
culmen 0*5, wing 2*45, tail 1*85, tarsus 0*8. 

An adult female, in Capt. "Wardlaw Ramsay's collection, from 
Sikhim, differs in having the breast-band paler and streaked with 
black. Total length 5 inches, wing 2-65, tail 2*15, tarsus 1*75. 

Young. Entirely mottled. Above brown, with broad black centres 
to the feathers; the head more dingy than the back, but similarly 
streaked with black, and separated from the latter by a shade of 
ochreous buff on the sides of the neck and hinder neck; wing-
coverts conspicuously spotted with ochreous at the ends, the greater 
coverts and quills externally edged with rufous; ear-coverts dusky 
blackish ; on the sides of the neck behind the ear-coverts a whitish 
patch; throat ashy whitish, mottled with black streaks; the pectoral 
band of the adult indicated by a broad patch of ochraceous 
buff broadly streaked with black, occupying the whole of the fore 
neck and breast; abdomen whitish, faintly streaked with black. 

Hah. Throughout the Himalayas, extending into the hills of 
Western Szechuen, Moupin, Kokonoor, and occurring more rarely 
on the mountains of Tsinling. 

a. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackkouse Pinwill 
b, c. Ad, sk. Kumaon (Strachey). India Museum. 
d, e,f. Ad.; g, h, Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
i. Juv. sk. 
k-m. Ad.,* n. Imm.sk.
o. d ad. sk.
«. Ad. sk. 
Nepal (Hodgson). 
Native Sikhim (Mandelli). 
Western Szechuen. 
India Museum. 
A. 0. Hume, Esq. 
Abbe* David [0.1. 
r ^ „ o 

TIMELIIDJE. 

9. Accentor jerdoni. 
Accentor stropkiatus, 
Hume fy Headers. Lahore to Yark. p. 234 
(1873, nee Hodgs.). 
Accentor jerdoni, Brooks, J. A. S. Bene/. 1872, part 2, p. 327 ; Hume, 
Str. F. 1876, p. 491; id. ibid. 1879, p. 105; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, 

p. 75. 
Adult male. General aspect of upper surface streaked, the back 
ashy brown, with slight reddish edgings to some of the dorsal 
feathers, all of which are broadly centred with black; rump and 
upper tail-coverts more uniform ashy brown ; wing-coverts like the 
back, the median and greater series dark brown, externally edged 
with paler brown and tipped with fulvous ; bastard wing, primary-
coverts, and quills blackish brown, externally margined with paler 
brown, broader on the secondaries ; tail-feathers brown edged with 
ashy ; crown of head dingy brown, darker than the back and washed 
with ashy; sides of the crown black, forming a distinct lateral 
streak; lores black, surmounted by a broad wiiite streak, which 
passes into pale cinnamon above the ear-coverts, which are uniform 
black; sides of neck ashy grey ; cheeks and throat white, with a 
few black spots, chiefly on the malar line; fore neck and breast pale 
cinnamon, forming a broad pectoral band; abdomen white ; sides of 
body washed with pale cinnamon, browner on the lower flanks ; the 
sides of the body streaked with blackish brown ; thighs ashy; under 
tail-coverts white, mottled with dusky bases; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries ashy, those near the edge of the wing mottled with 
dusky bases ; quills dusky below, ashy along the edge of the inner 
web. Total length 5-3 inches, culmen 0#45, wing 2-6, tail 2*15, 
tarsus 0*7. 

Young. Similar to that of A. strophiatm, but rather paler. 
Hah. North-western Himalayas and Cashmere. 

a. Juv. sk. Deosai Plain, July. Major J. Biddulph [0.1. 
b. S ad. sk Cashmere, May 17. Major J. Biddulph [C.l 
c. Imm. sk. Cashmere. * E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.j. 
d. e. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill [P.]. 

10. Accentor altaicns. 
Accentor altaicus, Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. Fetersb. i. p. 365 (1843) ; 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 187 (1848); Bp. Consp. i. p. 305 (1850); 
Gould, B. Asia, part x. (1858) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 287 (1803) ; 
von Pek. His, 1868, p. 311 j Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 230, no. 3319 
(1859); Cab. J. f. O. 1870, p. 456; Sewrtz. Turkest Jevotn. 
pp. m, 133; id. Sir. F. 1875, p. 428; Dresser, Ibis, 1870, p. 91; 
Taczan. Bull Soc. Zool France, 1876, p. 144; Hume, Str.F. 1879, 

p. 105; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 74; Sadly, t. c. p. 569. 
Accentor himalayanus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 187 (1842). 
Accentor variegatus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 960 (1843); id. Cat, 
B. Mm. Ai. Soc. p. 131 (1849); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. B. E.L 
Co. Mm. i. p. 359 (1854), 
1 . ACOENT0J&. 661 
Adult. General aspect of upper surface particoloured, themantle and 
back reddish, brown, with fulvescent margins and broad black centres 
to the feathers ; lower back ashy brown, broadly though indistinctly 
streaked with black; rump uniform ashy; upper tail-coverts ashy, 
with dusky black centres to the feathers, the longer ones rufescent; 
scapulars like the back; lesser wing-coverts ashy brown; median 
series black with a white bar along the tip; greater coverts blackish, 
externally ashy fulvous, rufous towards the ends, which are tipped 
with a white spot; bastard wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
blackish brown edged with ashy fulvous, the secondaries margined 
and tipped with paler buff, the innermost edged with rufous on-
both webs; tail-feathers dark brown edged with ashy, and having 
a conspicuous spot of white at the end of the inner web ; head and 
hind neck nearly uniform dusky ashy brown, with slightly indicated 
darker centres to the feathers; a faint eyebrow of ashy fulvous, 
inclining to greyish white above the ear-coverts; lores, feathers 
below the eye, and ear-coverts dusky, tipped with minute points of 
buffy white, the rest of the ear-coverts earthy brown, with faintly 
indicated pale shaft-lines; cheeks and throat white, plentifully 
mottled with black spots ; sides of neck dull ashy grey; remainder 
of under surface mottled; the fore neck, breast, and sides of the 
body ashy whitish, with light rufous centres; lower breast ashy 
whitish, purer on the abdomen ; thighs light ashy; under tail-
coverts white, mottled with rufescent or black centres to the 
feathers; axillaries and under wing-coverts very pale rufescent, 
edged with ashy whitish, the outer wing-coverts dusky, edged with 
ashy white; quills dusky below, pale ashy rufous along the inner 
web. Total length 5*7 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3*55, tail 2*3, 
tarsus 0*9. 

Obs. Some specimens have the head brown like the back, and 
broadly mottled with blackish streaks. These are probably birds 
killed in winter, the plumage representing the same seasonal change 
as in A. modularis. 

Hob. Altai mountains, and probably across the mountains of 
Southern Siberia as far as Lake Baikal: throughout the Himalayas. 
I have compared a specimen from the Altai mountains in Mr. Seebohm's 
collection with Himalayan examples, and they are clearly 

identical. 
a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk. 
Near Chumba. 
Middle range of hills 
north of Mussoorie 
Capt. St. Pinwill [P.J. 
E. W. Oates, Esq. 
c. Ad. sk.
d. e. Ad. sk.
(Hume), 
Simla, November 1. 
Nepal (Hodgson). 
A. 0. Hume, Esq. 
India Museum. 

11. Accentor collaris. 
Sturnus collaris, Scop. Ann. i. p. 131 (1769). 
Fauvette des Alpes, Baubent. PI. JSnl vi. pi. 668. fig. 2; Month. 
Hist. Nat Ois. v. p. 156, pi. 10 (1778). 

TIMEIIID^. 

m 

Collared Staie, Lath. Gm. Syn. i. part 1, p. 8 (1783). 
Alpine Warbler, Lath, Gen. Syn. ii. part 2, p. 434 (1783). 
Sturcms moritamis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 804 (1788). 
Motacilla alpina, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 957 (1788). 
Accentor alpimis, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. p. 191 (1802); Temm. 


Man. tfOrn. I p. 248 (1815); Naum. Yog. DeutscU. iii. p. 940. 
pi. 92. fig. 1 (1823) 5 Bouz, Orn. Prov. pL 204 (1825); Werner. 
Atlas, Inseetivores, pi. 69 (1827) ; Gould, B. Eur. pi. 99 (1837) ; 
Macgill Brit. B. ii. p. 258 (1839): Nord?n. in Demid. Toy. Buss. 
merid. iii. p. 170 (lb40); Selys-Longch. Faune Beige, p. 95 (1842); 
Yarrell, Brit. B. I p. 219 (1843) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 187 (1848) ; 
Eewits. Brit. Eggs, l. p. 69, pi. 21. fig. 1 (1846) ; Blyth, Cat. B. 
Mus. As. Soc. p. 130 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 305 (1850); Sorsf. # 
Moore, Cat. B. B.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 353 (1854); Jaitb. $ Earth.-
Lapomm. Bich. Orn. p. 227 (1859);. Binderm. Tog. (xriechenl. 

p. 80 (1860); Poicus, Ibis, 1860, p. 140; Gould, B. Gt. Br. ii. 
pi. 54 (1862-73) ; Blasius, Ibis, lb62, p. 71; Gray, List Brit. B. 
p. 60 (1863); Filippi, Viagg. Pers. p. 348 (1865); Giglioli, Ibis, 
1865, p. 53; Bettoni, Uec. nidif. Lomb.L pi. 72 (1865-70); Lilford, 
Ibis, 1866, p. 301; Smith, Ibis, 186S, p. 439 ; JDegL 8? Gerbe, 
Orn. Bur. i. p. 46(5 (1867); Doderl Avif. SiciL p. 114 (1869); 
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 230, no. 3316 (1869); Fritsch, Tog. Bur. 
tab. 20. fig. 14 *(c. 1«70); JElwes £ Buckley; Ibis7 lb70, p. 197 
Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc, p. 91 (1871); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 212 
Harting, Bandb. Br. B. p. 102 (1?>72); Brooke, Ibis, lb73, p. 240 
Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. p. 501 (lb83). 

Laiscopus alpinus, Gloger, Handb. Naturg. p. 267 (1842). 
Accentor major, Brehn, Naum. 1&55, p. 285. 
Accentor subalpinus, Brehm, Naum. 1555, n. 285. 
Accentor collaris, Newt. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 296 (1871); Dresser, 


B. Eur. iii. p. 29 (1873); Irhy, B. Gun: p. 84 (1875) ; C'ordeaux, 
Ibis, 1875, p. 177; JDanf. 8f E[arme-Brownf t. c. p. 307; Bknf. 
East. Persia, ii. p. 202 (1876); SaMn, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 60 
(1881); B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 23 (1883). 
Adult. General colour above light ashy, with paler margins to 
some of the dorsal feathers, all of which are streaked with broad 
black centres; ramp more uniform and not so distinctly streaked; 
scapulars externally rufous, with broad black central streaks, forming 
a conspicuous shoulder-patch; lesser wing-coverts ashy; median 
and greater series black, tipped with white spots, the inner greater 
coverts externally brownish towards the base; bastard wing and 
primary-coverts black, with a white longitudinal spot near the end 
of the outer web ; quills blackish brown, externally edged with pale 
brown, the secondaries tipped with whity brown and margined externally 
with whity brown or rufous; the inner secondaries rufous 
on both webs; tail-feathers dark brown, edged with ashy, all with a 
more or less ruf escent spot at the end, whiter at the tip of the inner 
web (this white spot most distinct on the two outer feathers); head 
and neck a little more ashy than the back, and with indistinct dusky 
centres to some of the feathers; lores and a narrow line over the 
eye ashy whitish; sides of the crown clearer grey, marking a faint 
eyebrow; feathers below the eye and on the fore part of the ear-
coverts dusky, tipped with white spots ; rest of ear-coverts uniform 

1 . ACCENTOK. 663 
earthy brown; sides of neck ashy grey, with a patch of whitish 
feathers behind the ear-coverts ; cheeks and throat white, mottled 
with spots and narrow cross lines of black; fore neck and chest 
uniform ashy brown; centre of breast and abdomen rather lighter 

ashy brown, becoming whiter towards the vent; sides of body and 
flanks uniform cinnamon-brown, the lower flanks edged with horny 
whitish and centred with black longitudinal stripes; thighs ashy 
brown; under tail-coverts white, with large black centres; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries ashy, with a pale rufescent tinge, the 
outer greater coverts white barred with black : quills dusky below, 
ashy along the inner web; "beak blackish brown, yellowish at 
base ; legs and feet cinnamon-brown; claws black; iris brown " 
(Dresser). Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 4*15, tail 2*5, 
tarsus 1. 

Bab. Central and Southern Europe; has occurred in Heligoland, 
and is occasionally seen in Great Britain* 

a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk. 
[England {Gould).'] 
Europe. 
India Museum. 
F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-
c. Ad. sk. Savoy Alps.
vin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
Edward Hargitt, Esq. [P.]. 

Subsp. a. Accentor erythropygius. 

Accentor alpinus (nee Gm.), Midd. Sibir. Reis., Zool. p. 173 (1851) ; 
Schrank, Reis. Amurl., Vog. p. 355 (1859). 
Accentor erythropygius, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 124, pi. 9; Cab. J. 

f. 0. 1870, p. 457 • Gould, B. Asia, part xxih. (1871) ; Swinh. 
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 360 • Tacz. Bull. Soe. Zool. France, 1876, p. 144 • 
David 8r Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 178 (1877); Blakist. $ Fryer, B. 
Japan, p. 153 (1882). 
Accentor, sp., Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 34. 

Head, neck, and breast smoke-grey; lores and under eye mottled 
with white; throat for nearly an inch downwards white, with 
narrow bars of black; lesser and greater coverts and winglet black, 
with a large spot of white tipping each feather; secondary quills 
black, margined for the greater part of their length with yellowish 
brown, and broadly tipped with light chestnut, terminating with 
white; on the tertiaries the chestnut brightens and increases in 
extent, and the terminal white spots are conspicuous; primaries 
blackish brown, edged with light yellowish brown, browner near 
their bases and lightly tipped with white; back light yellowish 
brown, with broad brown centres to the feathers; scapulars brownish 
chestnut, with a median streak of blackish brown and a small white 
tip to each feather; the yellowish brown of the back soon brightens 
into brownish chestnut, which is rich and conspicuous on the upper 
tail-coverts, the longest of which have black centres ; tail brownish 
black, the outer rectrix with the greater part of its outer web 
brownish chestnut, with a broad white tip to the inner web; the 
rest of the rectrices except the two centrals have their outer webs 
tipped with chestnut, their inner webs with white, and they are 

TnTELUD-E. 

narrowly edged with light yellowish brown; the two centrals are 
more broadly edged, and have broad chestnut marks on both outer 
and inner webs towards the tips ; axillaries dusky, the carpal edge 
being barred with black and white like the throat; underparts light 
yellowish brown, many of the flank-feathers being deep chestnut-
brown with white margins, and the abdominal feathers with blackish 
V-shaped bars and white margins; upper tail-coverts blackish 
chestnut, with broad white margins and tips. Bill blackish brown, 
ochreous yellow on the sides of the basal half of the lower mandible; 
iris chestnut; legs and toes ochreous, with light brown 
claws. length about 7*5 inches, wing 4*2, tail 3, bill in front -55, 
tarse *85. (Swvihoe.) 

Hah. Eastern Siberia; Japan. 

Subsp. fi. Accentor rurilatus. 

Accentor rufilatus, SeveHz. 

Intermediate between A. coltaris and A. nipalensis, having the 
pale coloration of the former and the uniform rufous flanks of the 
latter, though the rufous is very much paler. Total length 6-$ 
inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*9, tail 2*5, tardus 0*(J. 

Hah. Turkestan. 

Ohs. The description and measurements are from a specimen in 
Mr. Seebohm's collection. He received it from Dr. SevertzofT, by 
whom it is marked "A. rufilatus;" but -whether this name has ever 
been published I have been unable to find out. The Gilgit bird is 
certainly the same as the Turkestan race; and a specimen from the 
rTorth-west Himalayas is only slightly darken leading on to the 
true A. nipalensis. 

Hah. Prom Turkestan to the neighbourhood of Gilgit and 
Northern Cashmere. 

a. $ ad. sk. Gilgit, Jan. 1878. Major J. Biddulph [0.]. 
12. Accentor nipalensis. 
Accentor nipalensis, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 958 (1843J; Btyth, 
op. cit. xv. p. 42 (1840) ; Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit, Mus., Passeres, 
pi. 101 A. %. 2 (no. 874) ; id in Grays Zvol. Misc. p. 83 (1844); 
id. P. Z. £.1845, p. 34; Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepalpres. Hodgs. 

p. 71 (1840) ; id. Gen. B. i. p. 187 (1848); Blyih, Cat B. Mus. As. 
Soc. p. 130 (1849) ; Bp. Gmsp. I p. 305 (1850); Horsf. $ Moore, 
Cat B. B.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 359 (1854); Gould, B. Asia, part 7 
(1855); Jerd. B. Bid. ii. p. 286 (1863); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. 
p. 230, no. 3318 (1869) j Hume #• Hmders. Lahore to York. p. 234 
(1873); P-jev. in Dawson Rowley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 185 (1877) ; 
David $ Oust Ois. Chine, p. 177 (1877) • Hume, Str. F. 1879, 
p. 105. 
Accentor cacharensia, 
Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 34; id. Icon. ined. in 
Brit. Mtts., Passeres, pi. 101 A. ftp. 1 (no. 873). 

1. ACCENTOR. 
QQ5 
Adult male. General aspect of upper surface mottled; the back 
ochreous brown, with paler edges to the feathers, which are broadly 
centred with black, the hind neck and mantle somewhat shaded over 
with sooty brown; scapulars externally chestnut-brown; lesser 
wing-coverts sooty brown washed with fulvous-brown ; median and 
greater coverts black, tipped with white spots; bastard wing and 
primary-coverts black, with a longitudinal spot of white near the 
tip of the outer web ; quills blackish brown, the primaries externally 
edged with reddish brown, the secondaries broadly washed 
with chestnut on the outer web, the innermost on both webs and 
having a whitish spot at the ends, the other quills showing a pale 
rufous spot near the tip of the outer web; rump and upper tail-
coverts ochraceous brown with black centres, the long upper tail-
coverts chestnut, centred with black; tail-feathers blackish brown, 
edged with pale rufous-brown, with a pale rufous spot at the tip of 
the inner web, and with a larger white spot on the four outer 
feathers; crown of head and hind neck sooty brown, with obscure 
dusky black centres to the feathers, the hind neck washed with dull 
ashy; lores blackish, mottled with pale fulvous tips; eyebrows 
feebly indicated by a slight ashy shade on the sides of the crown; 
feathers round the eye and below it minutely spotted with pale fulvous 
tips to the feathers; ear-coverts and cheeks dusky brown, 
washed with lighter brown, clearer and more ochraceous on the 
hinder part of the latter; sides of the neck sooty brown; throat 

white, mottled with transverse black spots; fore neck and chest 
ashy, washed with chestnut on the sides of the latter; breast and 
abdomen lighter ashy, varied with narrow white cross lines, before 
which is a narrow subterminal dusky line; sides of the body deep 
chestnut, the flanks edged with white and broadly streaked with 
black; thighs ashy brown; under tail-coverts reddish brown, with 
broad white ends; under wing-coverts dull ashy, the lower series 
pale rufous edged with whitish, like the axillaries; the coverts near 
the edge of the wing blackish, narrowly edged with whitish bars ; 
quills below dusky, inner edges ashy. Total length 6 inches, culmen 
0*6, wing 3*65, tail 2*6, tarsus 1. 

Young. Mottled all over as in other species of this genus, and 

much duller in colour than the adults. The black centres to the 

dorsal feathers are very strongly pronounced, the edges being ochra


ceous buff, more distinct on the lower back and rump ; the chestnut 

external margins to the scapulars are not indicated 
in the young 

bird, but the quills are broadly edged and tipped with rufous, and 

the spot near the end of the outer webs is very plainly marked; the 

white spots on the tail are tinged with rufous; the throat is dingy 

brown, mottled with yellowish-buff margins to the feathers; the 

rest of the under surface is dull ochreous, thickly 
mottled with 

blackish centres to the feathers. 

Hab* Himalayan mountains. 

a. 
9. ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Oapt. St. Pinwill 
IP-]
em TDiELIIDJS. 
b, c, d. Ad.; Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
e. Pull. sk. (Types of A. nipalenm 
f, g, h. Ad. sk.
i. Ad. sk.
k. Ad. sk. 
Nepal (Hodgson). 
NativeSikh.im(Man-
Mil). 
Bootan (Peniberton).
end A. eacharensis.) 
India Museum. 
A. 0. Hume, Esq. 
India Museum. 

2. 
EPHTTTTAWUEA, 
Type. 
Ephthianura, Gould, P. Z, S. 1837, p. 148 E. albifrons. 
Range. Confined to Australia. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Throat white. 
a'. Forehead white; hinder crown Hack; below 
white, with a "broad hand of black across the 
chest albifrons, p, 666, 

b\ 
Forehead and crown crimson, as also entire 
breast tricolor, p. 667. 

b. Throat black; crown and breast orange or golden 
yellow aurifronsj p. QQ8. 
c. Throat and under surface of body bright yellow, with 
a band of black across the chest crocea, p. 669. 
1. EphtMannra albifrons. 
Acanthiza albifrons, Jard. <§* Selby, Hi. (h-n. ii. pL 56. figs. 1 and 2 

(c. 1836). 
Ephthianura albifrons, Gould, P. Z. 8, 1837, p. 148; Gray, Gen. B. 
i. p. 205 (1847); Gould, B. Austr. fol. m. pi. 64 (1848); Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 298 (1850); Cab. Mus. Eein. Th. 1 p. 32 (1850); 
Beichmb. Vog. Neuholl p. 88 (1850); Ramsay, Ibis, 1863, p. 178 ; 
Gould, Eandb. B. Austr. i. p. 377 (1865); von MiiU, P. Z. S. 
1869, p. 279; Gray, Haml~l B. I p. 248, no. 3607 (1869); Ramsay, 
Proc. Linn. Soc. K 8. W. ii. p. 186 (1878). 
Cynura torquata, Brehm, teste Cab. 
Fluvicola leucocephala, Less., teste Bjp. 

Adult male. General colour above light grey, slightly mottled 
with brown bases to the feathers of the mantle ; rump clear uniform 
grey, with a tuft of white-tipped plumes on each side; wings entirely 
brown, some of the lesser coverts edged with, grey; upper 
tail-coverts black; tail-feathers dark brown, all but the centre 
feather with a large spot of white at the end of the inner web, increasing 
in extent towards tbe outermost; crown of head, occiput, 
and nape black, which colour extends behind the ear-coverts; lores, 
forehead, eyebrow, and sides of the crown, the feathers round the 
eye, ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat white, separated from the rest 
of the under surface, which is also pure white, by a broad black 
collar across the fore neck and chest: the lateral feathers of this 

2 . EPHTBIANTJRA. 
667 

collar tipped with ashy grey; sides of the body and flanks bluish 
grey ; thighs black• under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries sooty brown; quills sooty brown below, inner edges 
ashy ; " bill and feet black; iris in some beautiful reddish buff, in 
others yellow, with a slight tinge of red on the outer edge of the 
pupil" (Gould). Total length 4*6 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*7, 
tail 1*55, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in its duller colour, the 
upper parts being ashy brown, greyer on the head, which is otherwise 
like the back and does not show the white forehead or black 
crown• wings and tail lighter brown than in the male, the quills 
with paler brown margins, the white spots on the tail-feathers not 
so extended; lores and eyelid dull whitish; ear-coverts light ashy 
brown; cheeks, throat, and underparts dull white, somewhat 
washed with ashy, especially on the sides of the body• on the fore 
neck a poorly-developed black band, not extending across the neck. 
Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*65, tail 1-6, tarsus 0*7. 

* Hah. Australia. 
a. £ ad. sk. S. Australia (J. G.). Gould Collection. 
b. § ad. sk. Murray river (J. G.). Gould Collection. 
c. d. S ad. sk, S.Australia. Sir George Grey [P.]. 
e,f. <$ ad.etjuv.sk. Interior of South Australia, Capt. Sturt [P.]. 
g, ?i.}($ ad. sk. Cape York (Cockerell). F. t). Godman and 0. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 

i. S ad. sk. Hammack Island. J. Macgillivray, Esq. 
h. Ad. sk. Australia. Purchased. 
2. EpMManura tricolor. 
Ephthianura tricolor, Gould, P. Z. S.1840, p. 159; Gray, Gen, B. i. 
p. 205 (1847); Gould, B. Austr. folio, iii. pi 65 (1848) • Sturt, 
Exped. Centr. Austr. ii. App. p. 26 (1849); JReichenb. "Fog. Neuhott. 
p. 89 (1850) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 299 (1850); Gould, Handb. B. 
Austr. i. p. 380 (1865); Gh*ay, Hand-l. B. i. p. 249, BO. 3609 
(1869) ; Ramsay, Froc. Linn. Soc. & 8. W. ii. p. 186 (1878). 
Adtdt male. General colour above dusky blackish brown, the 
mantle-feathers mixed with ashy brown, more distinct on hind neck; 
lower back ashy; wing-coverts dusky blackish brown, slightly mottled 
with dusky; the median and greater coverts margined and tipped with 
dull whitish ; bastard wing and primary-coverts dusky brown, narrowly 
edged with white; quills dusky blackish brown, tipped with 
white and margined with whity brown, margin of secondaries 
broader and tinged with rose-colour; rump and upper tail-coverts 
rich crimson; tail-feathers blackish, edged with whity brown; centre 
feathers margined with whitish along the inner web, all the others 
with distinct spots of white at the tip of the inner web ; crown of 
head bright crimson • lores, feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts 
dusky blackish, with a slight rosy shade on the latter • cheeks and 
throat white; fore neck and rest of the under surface brighter 

668 TIMLLIIDJS. 

crimson or scarlet; the breast, sides of the body, and Hanks blightly 

mottled with white bases to the feathers ; thighs dull white, mottled 

with brown bases; abdomen and under tail-coverts white ; under 

wing-coverts and axillaries white with dusky brown bases; quills 

dusky below, inner edges whitish; " bill and feet blackish brown ; 

iris straw-white" (Gould). Total length 4 2 inches, culmen 0*55, 

wing 2*75, tail 1*55, tarsus 0*75. 

Specimens are very different in the colour of the back, which is 

often nearly uniform ashy, only slightly mottled with blackish brown. 

This is perhaps the winter plumage ; the tints on the head and 

breast are also of different shades of crimson or scarlet. 

Adult female. Browner than the male, and having the head 

ochreous brown; rump and upper tail-coverts less brilliant scarlet 

than in the male ; wings and tail as in the male ; throat white, as 

also breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts: fore neck, chest, and 

sides of body pale ochreous brown. 

Young male. Eesembling the old female, but generally to be dis


tinguished by a slight tinge of rose-colour on the breast and on the 

head. Young females are only distinguished from the old hens by 

the more general ochreous colour of the upper parts, and also of 

the shade of the same colour which overspreads the lower surface of 

the body. 

With increasing age the crimson colour of the head and breast 
extends, but is never so vivid as in old males, nor does it spread so 
far over the breast; the rump-feathers in young birds often incline 
to saffron-yellow. 

Hah. Australia. 

a, I. $ J ad. sk. Australia. G. F. Angas, Esq. [P.]. 
e, d. (S 5 ad. sk. Australia. J. Gould, Esq. 
e,f. <$ J ad.; g. c Australia. Gould Collection. 

juv. sk. 
h, i. <$ ad. • h. c Interior of S. AusCaptain 
Start [P.]. 

juv. sk. tralia. 
/, m, $ ad. et juv. Cape York {Cockerell). F. D. Godman and 0. 

sk. Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 

n. <5 ad. sk. N.W. Australia. Mr. Gregory's Expedition. 
o. $ ad.sk. South Australia. Sir George Grey [P.]. 
3. EphtManura aurifrons. 
Ephthianura aurifrons, Gould, P. Z. S.1837, p. 148; Gray, Gen.B.i. 
p. 205 (1847) ; Gould, B. Amir. fol. iii. pL 65 (1848); Sturt, 
Bxped. Centr. Austr. iii. App. p. 26 (1849); Beicherib. "Fog. 
Neuholl p. 88 (1850); Bp. Consp. i. p. 299 (1850) ; Gould, MandL 
B. Austr. i. p. 380 (1865); Gray, tfand-l B. i. p. 249, no. 3608 
(1869); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. ii. p. 186 (1878). 
Adult male. General colour above light brown washed with yellow, 
the margins of the feathers being of the latter colour; lesser wing-
coverts darker brown with yellowish margins • median and greater 
wing-coverts dark brown edged with white, on which is a yellow 

2 . EPHTHIANUKA. 
069 

tinge ; bastard wing, primary-coverts, and quills brown, edged narrowly 
with whity brown, the secondaries with yellow, and the 
latter broadly whitish at the ends; rump and upper tail-covorts 
bright yellow; tail-feathers blackish brown edged with yellow, the 
two centre tail-feathers tipped with white, the rest with a large 
white spot at the end of the inner web, outer web of the external 
feather whitish; crown of head orange-yellow, with a few brown 
streaks on the nape ; lores and feathers below the eye black ; ear-
coverts orange-yellow; cheeks and throat black; hinder throat, 
sides of neck, fore neck, and breast orange-yellow, paler on the 
abdomen; sides of body and flanks streaked with brown ; thighs and 
under tail-coverts yellow; under wing-coverts and axillaries light 
ashy brown edged with yellow; quills light ashy brown below, 
inner edges paler; "bill black; feet brown" {Gould), Total 

length 4-3 inches, culmen 045, wing 2*45, tail 1*45, tarsus 07. 

Adult female. Browner than the male, with the lower rump and 
upper tail-coverts yellow; no yellow on the head, which is brown 
like the back, with a few dusky centres to the feathers; underneath 
light ashy brown washed with pale yellow; whity brown on the 
abdomen and under tail-coverts; wings and tail as in the male, 
with very distinct tips of light ashy on the secondaries and tail-
feathers. 

Young male. Similar to the old female, but rather brighter 

yellow underneath, and the lores and sides of face washed with 

brighter yellow. 

Eab. New South "Wales, Victoria, South Australia, extending 

into the interior. 

a. <3 juv.; b, J ad. sk. Australia. 'Purchased. 
o. <S ad.; d, e. $ ad. sk. Interior of South Oapt. Sturt [C.]. 
Australia. 
a&

f,g. 6 2-5 &• $ Australia (Cockerell). F. D. Godroan and 0. 
juv. sk. Salvim Esqrs. [P.1 
i, k, $ ad. sk. South Australia. Sir George Grey [P.], 

4. Ephthianura crocea. 
Ephthianura crocea, Casteln. fy Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. _ZV. S. W* 
i. p. 380 (1877); Ramsay, op. cit ii. p. 186 (1878). 
Adult male. Lores, sides of head, chin, throat, and the whole of 
the under surface of the body, under and upper tail-coverts bright 
yellow; across the chest a (lunate ?) spot of black; crown of the 
head, sides and back of the neck, and the sides of the chest olive-
yellow ; back brown, washed with olive-yellow; tail blackish brown, 
the base white, and all (?) the feathers more or less tipped with 
white ; margins of the outer webs, towards the base, yellow ; wings 
brown, darker on the secondaries and upper coverts; primaries narrowly 
edged with yellow on the outer webs, the coverts and secondaries 
rather broadly margined with whitish, and edged with yellow 
on the outer webs; secondaries margined with white at the tips; 

670 TIMELIID.E. 

under wing-coverts whitish, washed with bright yellow like the 
body; under surface of the quills light brown, the inner webs towards 
the base fading into silvery white; legs and bill blackish 
brown. Total length 4*3 inches, wing 2 4, tail 1-65, tarsus 0*7, 
bill from forehead 0*5, from nostril 0*3, from gape 0*6. 

Adult female. All the upper surface dark brown; feathers on 
head mesially shaded with blackish brown; upper and under tail-
coverts yellow, not so bright as in the male; a slight tinge of yellow 
on the abdomen, flanks, and under wing-coverts ; the remainder of 
the under surface dull white, tinged with brown on the sides and 
chest; no pectoral spot; wings above blackish, brown on the secondaries, 
dark brown on primaries, which are tinged with yellow alonothe 
margin of the outer webs ; wing-coverts tipped with dull white, 
tinged with yellow, secondaries tipped and margined with white ; 
tail blackish brown, the tips and the base white, margins of the 
outer webs edged with yellow; legs dark brown; bill brown, whitish 
at base of lower mandible. Total length 4-1 inches, wing 2*3 
tail 1*6, bill 0*5, tarsus 0*7. 

Eab. Norman river, Gulf of Carpentaria. 

ADDENDA. 

^j , Page 9. ICyiophoneus temmincki. 

r. $ ad. sk. Gilgit, July 24, 1880. Major Biddulph [C.]. 
Page 127. Megalurus amboiiiensis. 

I have recently seen two specimens of this species collected in 
Amboyna by Mr. H. 0. Forbes. On comparing them with Australian 
examples of M. galactotes, I consider the two species to be 
identical. 

Addict 
ad. sk. Paso, Aniboyna. H. 0, Forbes, Esq. [C.]. 


Page 259. Cisticola cisticola. 

Add:— 

<p. 
d" ad. sk. Brahmagherries, Co org, W. Davison, Esq. fP.l 
Feb. 14,1883. 
^ , , Page 269. Cisticola exilis. 

o, 7T, p, a. d; Brahinagherries, Coorg, W. Davison, Esq. [P.]. 

r. $ ad. sk. Feb. 1883. 
v, <p> <$ S imm . Brahmagherries, Feb. 1883. W. Davison, Esq. [P.], 
sk. 

In my account of the range of this species (anted, p. 272), I stated 
that Cisticola erythrocephala from Coorg, which I had never seen, 
was " probably identical" with C. exilis. On his return to India 
Mr. Davison, who took great interest in my attempt to elucidate 
the confused synonymy of the Grass-Warblers, despatched a collector 
to the Brahmagherries for the purpose of obtaining a series of 

C. erythrocephala for the British Museum. Unfortunately all the 
specimens he procured were in winter plumage, most of them being 
clean-moulted, but two still retaining portions of the yellow immature 
plumage of the previous autumn. On comparing them with 
ADDENDA. 

672 

the fine series of -winter specimens in the Museum from Australia, 
I find that they appear to be identical in every particular, and 
that I was justified in placing 0. erythrocephala as a synonym of 

0. eocilis. 
Page 331. 

The following species has been accidentally omitted :— 

3. Orthonyx novae gnineae. 
Orthonyx spinicauda, Schley. (nee Temm.), Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. iv. 

p. 47"(1871) ; Rosenb. Malay ArcMp. p. 533 (1879). 
Orthonyx novse guineae, Meyer, Sitzb. k AJcad. der Wissensch. zu 
Wien, Ixix. p. 74 (1874); Becc. Ami. Mus. Civ. Gen. vii. p. 708 
(1875); Sahad. ibid. p. 935 (1875); Sdater, Ibis, 1876, p. 247; 
Gould, B. of New Guinea, pt. vii. pi. 10 (1878); Sahad. Ann. 
Mm. Civ. Genov. xvi. p. 02 (1880) ; id. Orri. Papuasia, ii. p. 240 
(1881). 

Adult male. Above brown, with the rump and upper tail-coverts 
more rufescent; back varied with black ; sides of the head, neck, 
and breast ashy grey; fore part of neck, breast, and middle of abdomen 
white; middle of the throat margined with black on both 
sides; sides of the abdomen and under tail-coverts brown; wings 
dusky black; lesser and median wing-coverts broadly tipped with 
ashy grey; greater wing-coverts tipped with greyish brown ; quills 
blackish, brownish for their apical half; tail blackish brown; bill 
and feet black; iris dull brown. Total length 6*75 inches, wing 
3-6, tail 2-55, bill 0-6, tarsus 1-35. 

Adult female. Like the male but a little smaller, and distinguished 
by its rufous throat. 

Obs. The reddish brown on the chin and throat is much more 
restricted than in 0. spinicauda, scad the remarkable black colour 
on the sides of this reddish brown is altogether wanting; the sides 
of the body, breast, and belly entirely grey, with only a few white 
feathers on the latter. Further, the brown of the upper parts is 
as rich as in 0. spinicauda, and the black colour more strongly 
developed. The white spots on the wing are absent (Meyer). 

Hab. N.W. ~8ew Guinea. 

Page 373. Trodialopternm jex&oni 

A pair of birds recently forwarded by Mr. W. Davison measure 

as follows:— 
Total 
length.
in. 
Culnten. 
in. 
Wing. 
in. 
Tail. 
in. 
Tarsus, 
in. 
a. S ad. Feb. 10,1883 ... . 7-9 0*88 3*25 3-5 T35 
b. $ ad. Feb. 10,1883 ... . 7-5 0*8 3*1 3*3 1-3 

The sexes are exactly alike in plumage. 

ADDENDA. i}73 
Add :— 
b,c. <$ $ ad.sk, Brahrnagherries, Coorg, W. Davison, Esq. [P.]. 
Feb. 10, 1883. 
d. $ ad. sk. Brahmaghemes, Feb. 14, W. Davison, Eaq. fP.l 

A<^. Page 415. PomatorMnus horsfieldl 

h. 
<S ad. sk. Bralimaarlierries, Coorg, W. Davison, Esq. PP."). 
Feb. 12, 1883. 
This specimen belongs to the dark form, and not to the palercoloured 
P. obscurus. Hume. 

A ,, # Page 446. Grarrulax delesserti 

K <$ ad. bk. Brahrnagherries, Coorg, W. Davison, Esq. [P.], 
Feb. 12, 1883. 

The measurements of the above specimen, a fine male in full 
plumage, are as follows:—Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 1*1, 
wing 4*1, fail 4, tarsus 1*5. 

Page 474. Crateroprts pleberas. 

The Basle specimen is much paler, not much darker, than the 
type of C. HrJcii, 

Page 538. Stachyris maculata. 
Under the synonymy, "Macrornis maculatus " should be Macronus. 

2J.

VOL. VII. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 


abeillii (G-arrulax), 359. 
aberrans (Oisticola), 245. 
aberrans (Dryrnoica), 

192,245. 
acacise (Argya), 397,398. 
acacise (Ckatarrkaea), 398. 
acacise (Crateropus), 397. 
acaeiae (Malacocercus), 

398. 
acacia (Malurus), 397. 
acacise (Sphenara), 397. 
Acantliiza, 291. 
Acantlioptila, 380. 
acazise (Malacocercus). 
398. 
Accentor, 648. 
Acroeepkalus, 93. 
Actinodura, 463. 
acutirostris (Brackypteryx), 
580. 
acutirostris (Timalia), 

580. 
adamsi (Drymceca), 196. 
adamsi (Prinia), 196. 
Aedonopsis, 68. 
Imodium (Oonostoma), 
485. 
samodius (Oonostoma), 
485. 
sequinoctialis (Acroeepkalus), 
528. 
sequinoctialis (Sylvia), 

528. 
asquinoetialis (Tatare), 
528. 
JEtkoeickla, 484. 
affine (Malacopteron), 
569. 
affine (Malacopterum), 
569. 
affine (Trickastoma), 
569. 
affine (Troekalopteron), 
357. 
affine (Troekalopteruin), 
357. 
affinis (Alcippe), 569. 
affinis (Orateropus), 357, 
472. 
affinis (Dryniceca), 192. 
affinis (Drymoica), 191. 
affinis (Garrulax), 357. 
affinis (Malacopterum), 

569. 
affinis (Prima), 193. 
affinis (Pterocyclus), 357. 
affinis (Setariaj, 569. 
afra (Museieapa), 95. 
africana (Dasyornis), 95. 
africana (Drymoeca), 95. 
africana (Drymoica), 95. 
africana (Motacilla), 95. 
africana (Sylvia), 95. 
africanus (Malurus), 95. 
africanus (Megalurus), 

95. 
africanus (Spbenceacus), 
95, 96, 97. 
agilis (Sutoria), 216. 
Ajax, 331. 
ajax (Ajax), 337. 
ajax (Cinclosoma), 336, 

337. 
ajax (Eupetes), 336. 
albicapilla (Bessonornis), 
89. 
albicapilla (Cittocincla), 
89. 
albicapilla (Cossypha), 
45, 89. 
albicapilla (Petroctncla), 

45. 
albicapillus (Turdus), 89. 
albiceps (Turdus), 89. 
albicolHs(Pomatorkmus), 
428. 
albifrons (Acanthiza), 
666. 
albifrons (Epktkianura), 
albifrons (Brackypteryx), 

24. 
albifrons (Garralus), 398. 
albifrons (Malcolmia), 
399. 
albifrons (Pentkokea), 
17,18. 
albifrons (Saxicola), 18. 
albifrons (Thamnobia), 

18. 
albigula (Cinclosoma), 

439. 
albigulare (Malacopterum), 
568. 
albigularis (Drymoica), 

148. 
albigularis (Dryodromas), 
144,148. 
albigularis (Dumetia), 

514. 
albigularis (G-arrulax), 
439. 
albigularis (Iantkocincla), 
439. 
albigularis (Malacopteron), 
568albigularis 
(Pomatorkinus), 
422. 
albigularis (Suya), 182. 
albiscapulata (Saxicola), 

49. 
albiscapulata (Tkainnolaea), 
48, 50. 
albiventris (Oallene), 15. 
albiventris (Oercotrickas), 

90. 
albiventris (Cittacincla), 
90. 
albiventris (Cittocincla), 
90. 
albiventris (Copsyckus), 
90. 
albiventris (Buticilla), 15. 
albogulare (Pellorneum), 
514. 
albogularis (Alcippe),568. 
albogularis (Brackypteryx), 
548, 568. 
albogularis (Crateropus), 

439. 
albogularis (Dumetia), 
514. 
albogularis (Garrulax), 
439. 
albogularis (Malacocercus), 
514. 
albogularis (Macronus), 

568. 
albogularis 
(Pomatorkinus), 
423. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX, 

albogularis (Prmia), 253. 
albogularis (Setaria), 568, 
albogularis (Timalia), 

514. 
albolimbatus (Megalurus), 
129. 
albolimbatus (Poodytes), 

120. 
alboscapulata (Sasicola), 
50. 
alboscapulata (Thamnobia), 
50, 
alboscapulata (Thamnolaa), 
50. 
albospecularis (Copsychus), 
66, 67. 
albospecularis (G-eryaisia), 
^(x 
albospecularis (Saxicola), 
66. 
albospecularis (Tbamnobia), 
66. 
albospecularis (Turdus), 

66. 
albospecularis typicus 
(CopsYchus), 66. 
albostriatus (Rimatur), 

595. 
albosuperciliaris (G-arrulax), 
459. ^ 
albosuperciliaris (Rhopophilus), 
116, 117. 
albosuperciliaris (Suya), 

117. 
alboterminata (Stiphrornis), 
174. 
Alcippe, 618. 
Alcopus, 401. 
Aletlie, 57. 
alexins (Splienceacus), 

111. 
Allocoturus, 312. 
alphonsiana (Sutbora), 
489. 
alpina (Motacilla), 062. 
alpinus (Accentor), 662, 
663. 
alpinus (Laiscopus), 662. 
altaicus (Accentor), 660. 
altirostre (Chrysomma), 
512. 
altirostris (Pyctorhis), 
512,513. 
altirostris (Timalia), 513. 
amboinensis (Megalurus), 

127, 671. 
amboinensis (Sphenceacus), 
127. 
aracenus (Copsyclius), 62, 
63, 65. 
^moenus (Turdus), 01. 

ampbilecta (Oisticola), 

280,281. 
Amytis, 106. 
anchietse (Drvmoica). 

349. 
andamanensis (Copsychus). 
62. 
angolensis (Cisticola). 

242. 
angolensis (DrymofeaV 
242. 
amiffi (Calamodyta), 101, 
anna (Psamathia), lUl. 
aimeetans (CutiaV 80, 
annectans (Lfioptila), 80. 
annectens (Lioptila), 80. 
anthuides (Pruticola), 
501. 
antinorii (Cisticola), 242. 
antinorii (DrvnioiLVt>, 
242. 
antinorii (Drvmu-ca), 
242. 
Anuropsis. 588. 
Apalis, 137. 
apicalis (Acanthiza), 
296. * 
apicalis (Catriscu-*), 110. 
apicalis (CVttiaf, 111. 
apicalis ("Drvmoica), 111. 
apicalis (Sekoenieola k 
inun. 

apicalis (Sylvia), 110. 
areuata (Cichladuaa), fit), 

70. 
arfakiana (S'ericomiH, 
300. 
argentauris (Fringilloparusi, 
642. 
argentauris (Leiothrix), 

(542. 
argentauris Glesia), 642. 
argentauris (Pliiloealyx), 
642. 
Argya, 388. 
arrmliaris (Stiplirornis), 
104. 
arnotti (Saxicola), 53. 
arnotti (Thamnolsea\ 53. 
arquata (Cichladusa), 70. 
arquata (Sylvia), 260. 
arquatus (Crateropus),70. 
Arrenga, 6. 
artemisifle (Cinelosoma), 
384. 
artemisi® (Ianthocincla), 
384. _ 
artemisise (Tanthocincla). 
384. 
assamensis (Drymoeataphus), 
557. 

assiniilis (StacliyridotH 

sis), 602. 
assiniilis (Stachyris), 602. 
Atrapbornis, 2l2, 
atrata (Tbamnobia), 17, 
atrieeps (Crateropus), * 

352. 
atrieeps (Alcippe), 625. 
atrieeps (Bracbypteryx). 
025. 
atrieeps (Hypergerus), 
352. 
atrieeps (HypocHoreus), 
352. 
atrieeps (Uaeronus), 
625. 
atrieeps (HalacopteronY 
025. 
atrieeps (Alobo), 352. 
atrifrons (Temnoris), 
4fe*. 
atrigularis (Accentor), 

056. 
atrigularis (Caeopitta), 
549. 
atrigularis (llacronus), 
549. 
atrigularis (Orthotomus), 
220. 
atrigularis (Prinia), 180. 
utrigulans (feiuya), 180, 
1*1. 
atrigularis (Turdinus), 

549. 
atripennis (Crateropus), 
483. 
aurantiacus (Chcetops), 
348. 
aurantiu*, (Chaetops), 348. 
auriceps (Tesia), 604. 
auricularis (Kittaeiuelaj, 
40. 
auricularis Qialacias), 

405. 
auricularis (Sibia), 405. 
aurifrous (Brachvpteryx). 
27. 
aurifrons (Epbthianura), 
668. 
auritus (Coryus), 455. 
austeni (Paradoxornis), 
497. 
austeni (Pomatorlainus), 
418. 
austeni (Trochalopteron), 
369. 
austeni(Trochalopterum), 
360. 
australis (Dasyornis), 
104. 
ayroii {Cisticola), 267, 
ayresii (Drymoica), 

267. 
Babax, 352. 
badiceps (Bseoscelis), 165, 
badiceps (Oamaroptera), 

164. 
badieeps (Drymochsera), 
530. 
badiceps (Drynioica), 
165. 
badiceps (Eremomela), 
164, 
badiceps (Stiphornis), 

164. 
badiceps (Sylvia), 164, 
Basocerca, 153. 
Beeoscelis, 157. 
Bahila, 644. 
bairdi (Burnesia), 207. 
bairdi (Drymceca), 207. 
bairdi (Drymoica), 207. 
bairdi (Herpystera), 207. 
barbata (Bessethera), 
554. 
barbata (Oossypha). 43. 
barbata (Muscicapa),302. 
barratti (Bradvpterus), 
115. 
basilanica (Dendrobiastes), 
630. 
Bathyrhynchus, 496. 
bea-vani (Cisticola), 255. 
beavani (Prima), 255. 
Bebromis, 102. 
beccarii (Drymacedus), 

345. 
beccarii (Sericornis), 305. 
belangeri (G-arrulax), 
435, 436. 
bengalensis (Drymceca), 

234. 
bengalensis (Drymoica), 
234. 
bengalensis (Graminicola), 
234. 
bengalensis (Malacocercus), 
479,481. 
bengalensis (Timalia), 

508. 
bennetti (Orthotomus), 
215. 
Bernieria, 529,531. 
berthemyi (Dryonastes), 
461. 
berthemyi (Ianthocincla), 
461. 
Bessethera, 552. 
Beasonornis, 34. 
bicolor (Alcippe),551. 
bicolor (Bessonornis), 36. 
ALPHABETICAL 1KDEX. 

bicolor (Brachypteryx), 

551. 
bicolor (Oossypha), 36. 
bicolor (Crateropus), 
475. 
bicolor (Cyanoderma), 
581. 
bicolor (Erythrociohla), 
551. 
bicolor (G-arrulax), 438. 
bicolor (Macronus), 551. 
bicolor (Mixornis), 581. 
bicolor (Muscieapa), 36. 
bicolor (Bhipidura), 36. 
bicolor (Timalia), 510, 
581. 
bicolor (Trichastoma), 
551. 
bmttata (Drymceca), 192. 
bmttata (Drymoica), 192. 
bivittata (Dumetia), 515. 
bmttata (Napothera), 
515. 
bivittatus (Drymocataphus), 
515. 
bivittatus (Timalia), 516. 
bizonura (Drymoica), 

275, 280. 
blanfordi (Drymceca), 

196. 
Blanfordius, 176. 
blighi (Myiophonus), 13. 
blighii (Arrenga), 13. 
blighii(Myiophoneus),13. 
blythi (Trochalopteron), 
358, 
blythi (Trochalopterum), 

358. 
blythii(Suya),202. 
bocagii(Bessonornis), 38. 
bocagii (Oossypha), 38. 
bocagii (Stacnyris), 602. 
borneensis (Mixornis), 
580. 
borneensis (Pomatorhiiius), 
411. 
bornensis (Timalia), 580. 
borneonensis (Orthoto


mus), 225. 
bourclilloni (Alcippe), 

626. 
brachyptera (Oalamodyta), 
113. 
brachyptera (Cisticola), 

252. 
brachyptera (Drymceca), 
252. 
brachyptera (Drymoica), 
113. 
brachyptera (Oligura), 
155. 
brachyptera (Sphen ura), 

104. 
brachyptera (Sylvia), 113. 
brachypterus (Bradypterus), 
112,113. 
brachypterus (Turdus), 


104. 
Brachypteryx, 3, 25. 
brachyura( Oamaroptera), 
166,167. 
brachyura (Drymoica), 

166. 
brachyura (Eremomela), 
166. 
brachyura (Sylvia), 166. 
brachyura (Sylvietta), 
153,154. 
Brady bates, 81. 
Bradypteri, 93. 
Bradypterus, 81, 113. 
brevieauda (Burnesia), 

210. 
brevieauda (Ficedula), 
168. 
brevieauda (Prinia), 208. 
brevieauda (Sylvietta), 
154. 
brevicaudata (Oamaroptera), 
168,169. 
brevicaudata (Corythocichla), 
592. 
brevicaudata (Drymoica), 
168. 
brevicaudata (Sylvia), 

168. 
brevicaudata (Syncopta), 
168. 
brevicaudatus (Macronus), 
592. 
brevicaudatus (Turdinus), 

592. 
brevipennis (Calamocichla), 
132. 
brevipennis (Calamodyta), 
132. 
brevirostra (Gryllivora), 

62. 
brevirostris (Bradypterus), 
111. 
brevirostris (Bathyrhynchus), 
496. 
brevirostris (Oalamodyta), 
111. 
brevirostris (Myiophoneus), 
9. 
broadbenti (Sphenura). 

106. 
brunnea (Acanthiza), 
302. 
brunnea (Alcippe), 624, 
brunnea (Suthora), 490. 
(378 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

brunneicauda (Minla), 

609. 
brunneiceps (Cisticola), 
260. 
brunneiceps (Locustella), 
260. 
brunneiceps (Salicaria), 
260. ^ 
brunneiventris (Brachypteryx), 
591. 
brunneopvgia (Drjmcedus), 
343. 
brunneopygius (Drymacedus), 
343. 
brunneopygius (Sericornis), 
304. 
brunnescens (Cisticola), 

267. 
brunnescens (Hemipteryx), 
267. 
brunnescens (lierpornis), 

637. " 
brunneum (Malaeopteron), 
624. 
brunneus (Dromseocercus), 
99. 
brunneus (Dromocercuo), 

99. 
brunneus (Pyrrholasmus), 
302. 
buchanani (Acanthiza), 
291. 
bucbanani (Cisticola), 
246. 
buchanani (Drymoica), 
246. 
buchanani (Franklinia), 
246. 
buchanani (Prinia), 246. 
bulomachus (Suthora), 
490. 
burchelli (Cbatops), 343. 
burnesi (Latioilla), 119. 
Burnesia, 203. 
burnesii (Eurycercus), 
119. 
burnesii (Megalurus), 
119. 
burnesii (Sphenceacus), 
119. 
buxtoni (Brachypteryx), 
562. 
cacbarensis (Accentor), 

664. 
cacbinnans (Crateropus), 
373. 
cacbinnans (G&rrulax), 
373. 
cacbinnans (Pterocyclus), 
373. 
cacbinnans (Trochalopteron), 
373. 
cacbiunans (Troehalo


pterum), 373. 
Cacopitta, 539. 
Cadran, Le, 61. 
cserulatum (Cinclosonia), 

461. 
cserulatum (lanthocincla), 
461. 
easrulatus (Drvonastes), 

461. 
casrulatus (GJ-arrulax), 
461. 
caerulea (Grracula), 9. 
caeruleatus (Crater op us), 
461. 
caerulescens (Eupetes), 
339, 340. 
coeralescens (Xotodela), 

339. 
cseruleus (Mviophoneus), 
9. 
cffisiogastra (Tharnnobia.), 
50. 
ca>siogastra(Thanmo]aja), 
50. 
caffer (Turdus), 39. 
caffra (BebSurnib), 39. 
caffra (%Cossypha), 39. 
caffra (Motacilla), 39. 
caffra (Sitta), 525. 
caffra (iSylria), 39. 
Calamantkella, 235. 
Calamantbus, 501. 
Oalamocichla, 131. 
Calamoherpe, 131. 
Calamonastes, 133. 
caliclus (Drrmoipu-s), 
199. 
Calipyga, 644. 
calipyga (Bahila), 644. 
calipyga (Leiothrix), 
G44. s 
Callene, 2, 14. 
Camaroptera, 166. 
cambaiensis (Sylvia), 55. 
cambaiensis (Thamno


bia), 55. 
campestris (Galanianthus), 
502. 
campestris (Cisticola), 

283. 
campestris (Praticola), 
502. 
canescens (Eremoinela), 
163. 
oaniceps (Camaroptera), 
caniceps (Drymoica), 
164, 


caniceps (Dryodromas), 

164. 
caniceps (Eremornela) 

164.
caniceps (Heteromorpha), 
caniceps (Paradoxornis), 

canorum (Leucodioptron), 
376. 
canorum (Trochalopterum), 
376. 
canorus (Crateropus), 

478. 
canorus QIalacoeercus) 
479. 
canorus (Pterocyclus), 
OIK). 

canorus (Turdus), 376 

479. 
cantans (Cisticola), 284. 
cantans (Drymceca), 284. 
CMitans(Drymoica), 284. 
cantatoris (Cinclorhamphus), 
499. 
cantillans (Cinclorham


phusj, 499. 
cantor (Sjnallaxis), 95. 
capensis (Drymoica), 


capensis Qlalurus), 189. 
capensis (Tanagra), 4. 
capistrata (Bessetkera), 


553. 
capistrata (Bessothera), 
553. 
capistrata (Malaeias), 
403. 
capistrata (Hyiothera), 
553, 555. 
capistrata (Sibia), 403. 
capistrata (Turdirostris), 

553. 
capistratoides (Drymocataphus), 
554, 555. 
capistratoides (Goldana), 

555. 
capistratoides (Macro-
nus), 555. 
capistratoides (Myiothera), 
554. 
capistratoides (Turdirostris), 
555. 
capistratum (Cmclosoma), 
403. 
capistratus (Alcopus), 

403. 
capistratus (Drymocataphus), 
553. 
capistratus (Grarrulax), 

403. 
capistratus (Macronus), 

553, 554, 555. 
capitalis (Mixornis), 582. 
Capocier, Le, 189. 
capuzinus (Phyllantbus), 

483. 
castanea (Alethe), 57. 
castanea (Napothera), 57. 
castaneceps (Certbiparus), 
G08. 
castaneceps (Minla), 608. 
castaneieauda (Siva), 

639. 
castaneiceps (Minla), 60S, 
609, 610. 
castaneiceps (Orthotonus), 
223. 
castaneiceps (Staphida), 

616. 
castaneiceps (Staphiclea), 
616. 
castaneiceps (Staphidia), 
616. 
castaneiceps (Yubina). 
616. 
ca&taneithorax (Cinclosoma), 
835. 
castaneocoronata (Oligura), 
603. 
eastaneocoronata(Syh ia), 

castaneocoronata (Tesia), 

603. 
castaneonotum (Cinclosoma), 
333. 
castaneotborax (Cinclosoma), 
335, 336. 
castaneus (Myiophoneus), 
14. 
castanicauda (Siva), 639. 
castaniceps (Ixulus), 616. 
castaniceps (Leiotbrix), 

608. 
castaniceps (Minla), 608. 
castaniceps (Proparus), 
608. 
castanonota (Aletbe), 59. 
castanonotum (Cinelosoma), 
333. 
castanonoius (Eupetes), 

340. 
castanotborax (Cmclosoma), 
335. 
castanotus (Cinclosoma), 

333. 
Catriseus, 109. 
caudata (Argya), 393. 
caudata (Chatorbea), 
393. 
caudata (Cbattarhcea), 
394. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

caudata (Cbattorbasa), 

394. 
caudata (Timalia), 393. 
caudatus (Crateropus), 
393. 
caudatus (Cossypbus), 
393. 
caudatus (Malacocercus), 
393. 
Caulodromus, 594. 
cauta (Hylacola), 347. 
eautiia (Calamantbus), 
347. 
Cercotricbas, 4, 83, 84. 
Oeropia, 4. 
cerviniventris (Apalis), 
139. 
Cettia, 93. 
ceylonensis (Copsycbus), 
62. 
Ohaetops, 347. 
Chffltornis, 130. 
Chaimarrhornis, 47. 
ohalybeius (Chatorbea), 
395. 
Cbamsea, 331. 
chariessa (Apalis), 139. 
Chatorbea, 388. 
cbatorboea (Timalia), 
393. 
ehattarhcea (Malacocircus), 
393, 
eberina (Cisticola), 262. 
cherina (Drymoiea), 

264. 
Cbimarrborm's, 3, 47. 
chinense (Leucodioptron), 
376. 
cbinensis (Dryonastes), 

455. 
cbinensis (Enicurus), 
313. 
cbinensis (Garrulax), 
455. 
cbinensis (Henicurus), 
314. 
cbinensis (Lanius), 455. 
cbinensis (Turdus), 376. 
cbiniana (Cisticola), 284, 
286, 287. 
chiniana (Drymceca), 284. 
cbiniana (Drymoiea), 283. 
Cbleuasicus, 494. 
ebloris (Cisticola), 278. 
cbloris (Drymoiea), 278. 
ebloris (Iora), 578. 
cbloris (Mixornis), 578. 
ebloris (Timalia), 578. 
Cblorodyta, 140. 
chloropetoides (Dry


moiea), 231. 

071) 

cbloropetoides (Ellisia), 

231. 
cbloropetoides (Prinia), 

231.
cbloropetoides (Thartinornis), 
231. 
Cholomis, 498. 
chrysaea (Alcippe), 627. 
cbrysasa (Stacbyridopsis), 
chrysa?a (Stachyris), 601. 
chrysaea (Timalia), 601. 
cbrysaus (Leiotbrix), 


627.
ehrysaeus (Proparus), 

627.
chrysfeus (Siva), 627. 
cbrysocnema (Sylvia), 
168. J h 
cbrysocnemis (Orthoto


mus), 168. 
Cbrysomma, 510. 
chrysoptera (lantboein


cla), 362. 
cbrysopterum (Troehalopteron), 
362. 
cbrysopterum (Troehalopterum), 
362. 
cbrysopterus (Crafceropus), 
362. 
cbrysopterus (Garrulax), 


362.
cbrysopterus (Leiotbrix), 

627.
cbrysopterus (Pterocyclus), 
362. 
cbrysorrboa (Acantbiza). 

298. h 
cbrysorrboa (Saxicola), 
298. ' 
cbrysorrboea (Geobasileus), 
299. 
cbrysorrbous (Geobasileus), 
299. 
cbrysotis (Leiotbrix), 

627. 
cbrysotis (Proparus),627. 
chrysotis (Siva), 627. 
Cbtbonicola, 290. 
Cicbladusa, 4, 69. 
Cilatbora, 532. 
Oinclidia, 518. 
Cinclidium, 14. 
Cinclorbampbus, 498. 
Cinclosoma, 331. 
cineraceum (Trocbalo# 
pteron), 366. 
cineraceum (Trocbalopterum), 
366. 
cineraceus (Orthotomus), 
219, 225, 

680 

cinerasccns f Cisticola), 
248,249. 
cinerascens (Dryinoica), 

249. 
cinerascens (Eurycercus), 
119. 
cinerascens (Laticilla), 
119. 
cinerea (Alcippe), 620, 
622. 
cinerea (Leiotkrix), 609. 
cinerea (Mmla), 609. 
cinereicapilla (Oisticola), 
273. 
cinereiceps (Alcippe), 
628. 
cinereiceps (Anuropsis), 
590. 
cinereiceps (Drymocataphus), 
590. 
cinereiceps (Fulvetta), 

628. 
cinereiceps (Orthotomus), 
222. 
cinereiceps (Oxvlabes), 
572. 
cinereiceps (Proparus), 
628. 
cinereiceps (Siva), 628. 
cinereifrons (Ciarrulax), 
447. 
cinereocapilla (Prinia), 
cinereum (Malacopteron), 

565. 
cinereum (Malacopterum). 
565. 
cinereus (Malacopteron), 

565. 
cinnarnomea (Calarnodyta), 
114. 
cinnamomea (Calamoherpe), 
114. 
cinnamomea (Salicaria), 

114. 
cinnamomea (Sylvia), 
114. 
cinnamomeiventris (Copsychus), 
49. 
cinnamomeiventris 
(Thamnobia), 49. 
cinnamomeiventris 
(Thamnocichla), 49. 
cinnamomeiventris 
(Tliamnolgea), 49. 
cinnamomeiventris (Turdus), 
49. 
cinnamomeum (Oinclosoma), 
334. 
cinnamomeus (Bradypfcerus), 
114. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

einnarn omens (Cinclo


soma), 334. 
Cisticola, 235. 
cisticola (Carieicola), 260. 
cisticola (Cisticola), 259, 

260,671. 
cisticola (Cysticola), 259. 
cisticola (Drymceca), 2G0. 
cisticola (Drvnioica), 

259. 
cibtieola (Prinia\ 259. 
cisticola (Salicaria), 259. 
cii»ticola(Schcenicola\200. 
cisticola (Sylvia), 259. 
Cisticola?, 175. 
Cistodjta, 235. 
citreogularis (Sericornis), 
302: 
Citrin. Le, L3G. 
citririceps (Tricholais), 
162. 
citrin us (Megalurus), 
123. 
Cittocinela, 4, 84. 
damans (Cisticola), 232. 
damans (Drymceca\ 232. 
daman* (Drymoica), 232. 
damans (Malurus), 231. 
damans (Spiloptila), 231, 
232. 
damans (Orthotomus), 
168. 
cleaveri (Drymocataphus), 
556. 
cleghornise (Franklinia), 


246. 
cleghorniag (Prinia), 246. 
clericalis(Pentholaea), 18. 
collaris (Accentor), 661, 
662. 
collaris (Alcippe), 610. 
collaris (Sturnus), 661. 
collurioceps (Dasyornis), 
130. 
concolor fCaniaroptera), 
170. 
concolor (Cisticola), 249. 
concolor (Drymceca), 
249. 
concolor (Drymoica), 
170, 249. 
conereta (Myiothera), 

545. 
concretus (Macronus), 
545. 
concretus (Turdirostris), 
545. 
Conostoma, 485. 
conspieillata (Suthora), 
4S9. 
Copsychus, 3, 60. 

eordofana (Cisticola), 2<S3. 
eordofana (Drvraoeca') * 

282. ' h 
corclofana (Drymoica), 

283, * ;' 
Coripbee, Le. 73. 
coronata (Napothera), 

565. 
coronatum (Halaeopteron). 
565. 
coronatus (Alloeoturus), 

313. 
coronatus (Enicurus), 
313. 
coronatus (G-arrulus) 
43^. h 
coronatus (Orthotomus"), 


230. J 
coronatus (Phvllergates) 
230. 
coryphsea (Drymoica),73. 
coryplueus (Aedon), 73. 
cori pb£eus(Bradypterus), 
73. 
coryphfPus (Erythropygia), 
73. 
coryphajus (Sylvia), 73. 
coryphaeus (f hamnobia), 
Corythocichla, 592. 
Cossyplia, 3, 21, 34. 
erassirostris (Ceropia), 5. 
erassirostris (Itagon), 5. 
erassirostris (Keropia), 4. 
crassirostris (Lanius), 4. 
crassirostris (Turdus), 4. 
crassirostris (Turnagra), 
Crateropodes, 324. 
Crateropus, 469. 
Crateroscelis, 590. 
crepitans (Muscicapa), 

350. 
crepitans (Psopkodes), 
350. 
criniger (Decurus), 
177. 
criniger (Drymoica), 177. 
criniger (Prinia), 177. 
criniger (Suya), 177. 
crinigera (Prinia), 178. 
crinigera (Suya), 176, 
177,178. 
crispifrons (Gypsophila), 

561. 
crispifrons (Macronus), 
561. 
crispifrons (Turdinus), 
561. 
crocea (Ephthianura), 
669. 
crorubec (Sjlvietta), 153. 
crossleyi (Beruieria), 531. 
crossleyi (Mystacornis), 

OoL, 

Crossleyia, 523. 
Crow, ' White-cheeked, 


350. 
cruralis (Brachypteryx), 
26. 
cruralis (Calliope), 27. 
cruralis (Cinclorhamphus), 
498. 
cruralis (Larvivora), 27. 
cruralis (Megalurus), 

498. 
cucullatus (Orthotomus), 
229. 
cucullatus (Phyllergates), 
229. 
cueulopsis (Heterophasia), 
401. 
cursitans (Oisticola), 184, 
200, 267. 
cursitans (Drymoica), 


260. 
cursitans (Prinia), 259. 
curvirostm (Oisticola), 
242, 278, 279. 
curvirostris (Drymoeca), 


278. 
Cutia, 640. 
cyanea (Airenga), 12. 
cyaneus (Myiophoneus), 
V2. 

cyaneus (Turdus), 12. 
cyaniventer (Oligura), 

604. 
cyanirenter (Tesia), 604. 
cyanocampter (Bessonornis), 
40. 
cyanocampter (Cossy


pha), 40. 
Cyanoderma, 575. 
cyanophrys (Chleuasicus), 

495. 
cyanophrys (Suihora), 
495. 
cyanouropterus (Hemiparus), 
640. 
cyanouropterus(Ioropus), 

640. 
cyanuroptera (Liothrix), 
640. 
cyanuroptera (Siya), 640. 
Cynura, 666. 
daflaensis (Actinodura), 

467. 
daflaensis (Actinura), 
467. 
daflaensis (Suthora), 487. 
VOL. vn. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

Dahila, 60. 
damarensis (Drymoica), 

147. 
damarensis (Dryodromas), 
140, 147. 
damarensis (Eremomela), 

147. 
Daniia, 150. 
darwini (Turdinus), 561. 
Daseocharis, 183. 
Dasycrotopha, 574. 
Dasyornis, 104. 
davidi (Pomatorhinus), 
353. 
dayidi (Pterorhinus), 
353. 
davisoni (Leioptila), 80. 
Decurus, 176. 
delesserti (Crateropus), 
373, 446. 
delesserti (G-arrulax),446, 

673. 
delesserti (Pterocyclus), 
446. 
delicatula (Oisticola) ,'270. 
Dendrobiastes, 630. 
derbianus (Orthotomus), 
224. 
deserti (Rhopophilus), 
118. 
desgodinsi (Malacias), 
406. 
desgodinsi (Sibia), 406. 
diademata (Alethe), 58. 
diademata (Bessonornis), 
58. 
diademata (Oossypha), 
b8. 

diademata (Yuhina), 632. 
diadematus (Enieurus), 

319, 321. 
Dial Bird, 61. 
diana (Ajax), 24. 
diana (Lanius), 24. 
diana (Notodela), 24. 
diardi (Garrulax), 437. 
diardi (Turdus), 437. 
dichroa (Muscicapa), 36. 
dicrorhynchus (Myiopho 

neus), 10. 
diemenensis (Acanthiza), 

295. t 
diemensis (Acanthiza), 
295. 
diophrys (Drymoica), 
184. 
diophrys (Sylvia), 184. 
docilis (Dahila), 62. 
docilis (Polypeira), 62. 
Dromseocercus, 99. 
Drymaccdus, 343. 
Drymocataphus, 522, 

552. 
Drymoehnera, 550. 
Drymochares, 25. 
Drymocichla, 149. 
Drymodes, 343. 
Drymodyta, 235. 
Drymoeca, 235. 
Drymoipus 183. 
Drymos, 343. 
Drymoterpe, 140. 
Dryodroinas, 140, 144. 
Dryonastes, 454. 
Dryoscopus, 325. 
dubia (Minla), 611. 
dubia (Muscicapa), 95. 
dubius (Proparus), 611. 
dubius (Schnoeiparus), 


611. 
Dumetia, 514. 
dumeticola (Motacilla), 
520. 
earlii (Argya), 392. 
earlii (Chatorhaaa), 392. 
earlii (Crateropus), 392. 
earlii (Malococercus), 


392. 
eclipes (Argya), 394. 
eclipes (Cbatorhsea), 394. 
Edela, 219. 
edela (Orthotomus), 216, 
218, 224. 
edela (Sutoria), 218. 
egertoni (Actinodura), 

463. 
Elaphromis, 517. 
elegans (Drymoica), 163, 
273, 274. 
elegans (Eremomela), 

163. 
elegans (Ficedula), 163. 
elegans (Tricholais), 163. 
elliotae (Curruca), 650. 
ellioti (Trochalopterum), 
370. 
Ellisia, 120. 
ellisia (Drymoica), 121. 
Eminia, 137. 
Enicurus, 312. 
Eparnetes, 524. 
Ephthianura, 666. 
epilepidota (Myiothera), 
540. 
epilepidotus (Turdinus), 
540. 
eremita (Drymoeca), 213. 
Eremomela, 157. 
Eremomelae, 136. 
Eroessa, 150. 
Erpornis, 636. 
ALPHABETICAL IKDEX. 

erytbrocopbala (Cisticola), 
269. 

erythrocepbalimi (Trocbalopterum), 
360. 
erytb roceplial us (Cisti


cola), 270. 
erytbrocepbalus (Crateropus), 
3(>0. 
erytbrocepbalus (G-arrulus), 
3(50. 
erythroeephalus (Pfcero


cyclus), 360. 
Erytbrocicbla, 551. 
erythrocnemis (Poinato


rbinus), 427. 
eryfchrogenys (Oisticola), 

275. 
erythrogenys (Drymoeca), 
275, 276. 
erythrogenys (Drymoica), 
258, 275. 
erythrogenys (Graminicola), 
275. 
erythrogenys (Pomatorhinus), 
430. 
erythrogenys (Sylvia), 

275. 
erythredema (Trocbalopterum), 
363. 
erytbronotus (Timalia) 

536. 
erythropleura (Suya), 
182. 
erytbropygius (Accentor), 
663. 
Erytbrops, 510. 
erythrops (Oisticola), 


250. 
erythrops (Drymoeca), 
250. 
erytbroptera (Argya), 83. 
erythroptera (Oercotricbas), 
83. 
erythroptera (Oisticola), 

228. 
erythroptera (Cyanoptera), 
580. 
erythroptera (Drymoeca), 

228. 
erythroptera (Mixornis), 
580. 
erythroptera (Spbenura), 
83. 
erythroptera (Timalia), 
580. 
erythroptera, var. melanoptera 
(Sphenura), 84. 
erytbropterum (Oinclosoma), 
360. 
erythropterum 
(Oyanoderina), 
580, 581. 

erythropterus (Melasnornis), 
83. 
erythropterus (Orthotonus), 
228. 
erythropterus (Podobeus), 
83. 
erythropterus (Turdus), 

83. 
Erythropygia, 4, 72. 
erythrote (Malacopterum), 
567. 
erytbrotborax (Cinclosoma), 
335. 
erythrothorax (Drymoica), 
173. 
erythrothorax (Stiphrornis), 
173, 174. 
erythrurus (Saxicoloides), 

55. # 
eugenii (Myioplioneus), 9. 
Eupetes, 338. 
eupetes (Ajax), 337. 
Euprinodes, 140. 
europoea (Oisticola), 260. 
Eurycercus, 118. 
Euryptila, 116. 
ewingi (Aoanthiza), 295. 
exilis (Oisticola), 260, 
671. 
exilis (Drymoica), 269. 
exilis (Halurus), 269. 
eximia (Oisticola), 267. 
eximia (Drymoeca), 267extensicauda 
(Drymoeca), 
196. 
extensicauda (Drymoipus), 
196. 
extensicauda (Prima), 


196. 
fairbinki (Pterocyclus), 

374. 
fairbanki (Trochalopterum), 
374,375. 
faloata (Ptilocicbla), 586. 
familiaris (Aedon), 72. 
familiaris (Daseoobaris), 

185. 
familiaris (Prima), 185. 
familiaris (Ortbotomus), 
185. 
famula (Curruea), 213. 
fasciata (Cbamaea), 311. 
fasciatus (Parus), 311. 
fasciiventris (Oossypha), 
133. 
fasciolata (Aedon), 133. 
fasciolata (Oisticola), 
133. 
fasciolata (Drymoica), 
133. 
fasciolatus (Oalamonas


tes), 133. _ 

faustus (Lanius), 376. 

Fauvette Oisticole, La, 

259. 
Fauvette des Alpes, 661. 
Fauvette de Haye, La, 
649. 
Fauvette d' Hirer, La, 
649. 
Fauvette oHvert, La, 186, 
Fauvette taebetee du Cap 
de Bonne Esperance, 

La, 95, 189. 

felicise (Garrulax), 638. 

ferrugilatus (Pomatorhi


nus), 430. 
ferruginea (Campepbaga), 
4. 
ferruginea (Oisticola), 


257. 
ferruginea (Drvmceea), 
237.# 
ferraginosum (llalacopteron), 
551. 
ferruginosum (Trichostoma), 
531. 
ferruginosus (Pomatorbinus), 
422. 
fervidus (Accentor), 653. 
Figuier a longue queue 

de la Obine, Le petit, 

215. 
Figuier blond du. Senegal, 
184. 
Figuier brum du Senegal, 
185. 
Figuier taeHete- du Senegal, 
Le, 184. 
filicum (EUisia). 121. 
flaveola (Drymoeca), 258. 
flaveola (Drymoica), 258. 
flavicans (Criniger)f 530. 
flavicans (Drymoeca), 

187,188. 
flavicans (Maerosphe


nus), 530. 
flavicans (Prinia), 186. 
flavicans (Sylvia), 18lL 
flavieollis (Ixulus), 612. 
flavieollis (Mlxornis), 

576. 
flavieollis (Timalia), 576. 
flavieollis (Tuhina), 612. 
flavida (Drymoeca), J42. 
flavida (Bryodroinas), 
144. 
flavidus (Dryodromas), 
flavidus (Euprinodes). 

142. 
flavigularis (Cisticola), 

fo™ostris (Drymoeca), 

flavirostris (Myiopkoneus), 
7. 
flavirostris (Paradoxor


nis), 496. 
flavirostris (Prinia), 196 
flavirostris (Turdus) 7 
flaviventer (OliguraS * 


603.
flaviventer (Tesia), 603. 
flaviventris (Ba^ocerea) 
156. 
flaviventris (Brackypteryx), 
25. 
flaviventris (Burnesia), 

."SU4. 

flaviventris (Calamodyta), 
204. 
flaviventris (Drymoica), 

159. 
flaviventris (Eremoruela), 
157, 159. 
flaviventris (Ortkotomus), 
204. 
flaviventris (PriniaY 


204. h 
flaviventris (Sylvia), 159. 
flaviventris (Sylviella), 

156. 
flavocinetus (Euprinodes), 
144. 
flavogularis (Drymoica), 

244. 
ftavotorquata (Trickolais), 
164. 
flavoviridis (Ortkotoinus), 
221. 
floccosa (Spkenura), 342. 
floccosus (Pycnoptilus), 

342. 
Fluteur, Le, 95. 
Flycatcker, Coack-wkip, 
350. 
Flycatcker, Madagascar, 
529. 
Flycatcker, Soft-tailed, 
100. 
Flycatcker, Spotted Yellow, 
95. 
fokiensis (Heteromorpka), 
492. 
formosum (Trookalopterum), 
372. 
fortirostris (Oisticola), 

277. 
fortirostris (Drymoeca), 
277. 
Foudi-jala, Le, 571. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

? Fourinillier a calotte 

rousse, 567. 
Franklinia, 235. 
franklinii (Drymoica), 

195. ^ y 
frenatus (Oksetops), 348. 
frenatus (Garrulax), 
447. 
frenatus (Malurus), 348. 
Fringilloparus, 641. 
frivolus (Pomatorkinus), 
418. 
frivolus (Turdus), 418. 
frontale (Cinclidiuin), 
15. 
frontalis (Acantkiza), 
303. 
frontalis (Oallene), 15. 
frontaks (Henicurus), 
321. 
frontalis (Hydrociekla), 
ozSl. 
frontaks (Ortkotomus), 

220. 
frontalis (Pentkodyta), 
18. 
frontalis (Pentkolsea), 18. 
frontalis (Ruticilla), 15. 
frontalis (Saxicola), 18. 
frontalis (Sericornis), 
303. 
frontalis (Tkamnokia), 
18. 
fulicata (Motacilla), 54, 
55. 
fulicata (GEnantke), 54. 
fulicata (Tkamnobia), 53, 
54, 55. 
fulicatus (Ixos), 54. 
fuliginosa (Decura), 177. 
fuliginosa (Prinia), 178. 
fuliginosa (Suya), 177. 
fuliginosus (Antkus), 

501. 
fuliginosus (Oalamantkus), 
501, 
fuliginosus (Enicurus), 

317. 
fulva (Argya), 397. 
fulvescens (Accentor), 
655. 
fulvescens (Aletke), 545. 
fulvescens (Drymoica), 
282. 
fulvescens (Trickastoma), 
545. 
fulvescens (Turdinus), 
545. 
fulvescens (Turdirostris), 
545. 
Fulvetta, 628. 
fulvicapilla (Drymoeca), 

144. 
fulvicapilla (Dryodromas), 
140,144,145, 246. 
fulvicapilla (Sylvia), 144. 
fulvifrons (Okleuasicus), 

494. 
fulvifrons (Cisticola), 280, 
281. 
fulvifrons (Drymoica), 
280. 
fulvifrons (Suthora), 495. 
fulvifrons (Temnoris), 
494. 
fulvipectoris (Sericornis,), 
591. 
fulvipectus (Sericornis), 
591. 
fulvopectoralis (Sericornis), 
591. 
fulvus (Okatorliea), 397. 
fulvus (Crateropus), 397. 
fulvus (Drymocatapkus), 

558, 559. 
fulvus (Megalurus), 98. 
fulvus (Spkenceacus), 98. 
fulvus (Turdus), 397. 
furcata (Calipyga), 644. 
furcatus (Leiothrix), 644. 
furcatus (Parus), 644. 
Furcuria, 644. 
fusca (Alcippe), 623. 
fusca (Drymoeca), 196, 
fusca (Prinia), 195. 
fusca (Tatarea), 526. 
fuscata (Drymoica), 185. 
fuscata (Motacilla), 185. 
fuscata (Sylvia), 185. 
fuscicapilla (Cisticola), 

260. 
fuscicapilla (Drymoica), 
2(50. 
fuscicapilla (Scotocickla), 

523. 
fuscicapillum (Pellorneum), 
523. 
fuscicapillus (Drymocatapkus), 
523. 
fuscipes (Alcippe), 568. 
fuscocapillum (Pellor


neum), 523. 
fuscocapillus (Drymocatapkus), 
523. 
fuscocapillus (Macronus), 

523. 
fuscus (Drymoipus), 196. 
fuscus (Tatare), 525. 
gakonensis (Stipkrornis), 

174. 
galactodes (Aedon), 72. 
084 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

galaetotes (Malurus), 127. 
galactotes (Megalurus), 

127. 
galactotes (Sphenceacus), 
127. 
galbanus (Garrulax), "!45. 
Gampsorhynchus, 324, 
gangetica (Prima), 200. 
gaiigotiea (Suva), 200. 
garoensis (Turclinus), 

557, 558, 559. 
Garrulax, 434, 449, 451, 

452, 454. 
Garrulaxis, 434. 
Geay de la Chine, Petit, 

455, 
Geobasileus, 291. 
geochrous (Malococer


cus), 392. 
Geocichla, 35. 
geoffroyi (Pomatorhi


nus), 432. 
Gervaisia, 3, 66. 
glaucina (Arrenga), 12. 
glaucina (Myiophaga), 12. 
glaucina (Pitta), 12. 
glaucinus (Myiophoneus), 

12. 
Gobe-mouche a longue 
queue de Gingi, Le, 85. 
Goldana, 25. 
goldiei (Eupetes), 337. 
goyderi (Amytis), 109. 
gracei (Caulodromus), 

594. 
gracilis (Actinodura), 
406. 
gracilis (Alcopus), 406. 
gracilis (Burnesia), 210, 
212. 
gracilis (Oisticola), 212, 
253. 
gracilis (Ourruca), 210. 
gracilis (Drymoeca), 210, 
212. 
gracilis (Hypsipetes), 
406. . 
gracilis (Malacias), 406. 
gracilis (Malurus), 210. 
gracilis (Prinia), 210, 
253. 
gracilis (Sibia), 406. 
gracilis (Suya), 211, 212. 
gracilis (Sylvia), 210, 
gramineus (Megalurus), 
125. 
gramineus (Poodytes), 
125. 
gramineus (Sphenceacus), 
125. 
Graminicola, 233. 
Grammatoptila, 450. 
Grand Eiguier de Mada


gascar, Le, 529. 
grandiclieri (Orthoto


mus), 231. 
grandis (Oisticola), 243. 
grandis (Drymoeca), 243. 
grata (Malia), 587. 
gravivox (Pomatorhinus), 

431. 
grayi (Chaetops), 349. 
grayi (Oisticola), 2'70. 
grisaure (Cinclosoma), 
441. 
grisea (Timalia), 480. 
griseiceps (Turdus), 446. 
griseigularis (Pyctorhis), 
513. 
griseoflava (Drymoica), 
160. 
griseoflava (Eremomela), 
160. 
griseoviridis (Drymoica), 
168. 
griseus (Orateropus), 
480. 
griseus (Malacocercus), 
480, 482. 
griseus (Turdus), 480. 
Grive de la Chine, La, 

376. 
Grivetin, Le, 74. 
Gryllivora, 60. 
gularis (Argya), 396. 
gularis (Chatorhea), 
396. 
gularis (Orateropus), 396, 
445. 
gularis (Garrulax), 445. 
gularis (Heteromorpha), 
492. 
gularis (Ianthocincla), 
445. 
gularis (Malacocercus), 
396. 
gularis (Mixornis), 576, 
579. 
gularis (Motacilla), 576. 
gularis (Myiothera), 579. 
gularis (Odonterus), 631. 
gularis (Paradoxornis), 
492. 
gularis (Pica), 350. 
gularis (Polyodon), 631. 
gularis (Pterocyclus), 
445. 
gularis (Suthora), 488, 
492. 
gularis 
(Timalia), 576, 
578, 579. 

gularis (Yuliiua), 631. 
guttata (Cichladusa), 70. 
guttata (Stachyris), 535. 
guttaticollis (Paradox


ornis), 497. 
guttatus (Orateropus), 70. 
guttatus (Enicurus), 316.' 
guttatus (Henicurus), 


316.
^ guttatus (Macronns), 535. 
guttatus (Turclinus), 535. 
gutturalis (Orateropus) 

468. L h 
gutturalis (Neocichla) 

468. h 
gutturalis (Sylvia), 138. 
guzurata (Sylvia), 215. 
gymnogenys (jEtho


cichla), 484. 
gymnogenys (Orateropus), 
484. 
Gypsophila, 561. 


habessinica (Oisticola) 

267. h 
habessinica (Drymoica), 

267.
habessinica (Hemipteryx), 
267. 
Hadropezus, 539. 
hasmatocephala (Oisti


cola), 280. 
hsesitata (Oisticola), 265. 
hsesitata (Drymoeca), 265. 
hartlaubi (Oisticola), 243. 
hartlaubi (Orateropus), 

478. 
haynesii (Orateropus), 
483. 
hectori (Turnagra), 5. 
Hedge-Sparrow, 649. 
Hemiparus, 637. 
Hemipteron, 518. 
Hemipteryx, 235. 
Hemirhynchus, 486. 
hemixantha (Eremomela), 
162,163. 
Henicurus, 312. 
Herpornis, 636. 
Herpystera, 203. 
Heteromorpha, 486. 
Heterophasia, 401. 
Heterornis, 646. 
heterurus (Enieurus),322. 
heudii (Paradoxornis), 

497. 
heuglini (Argya), 391. 
heughni (Bessornis), 41. 
heuglini (Oossypha), 41. 
himalayanus (Accentor), 
660. 
Hoamv de la Chine, L\ 

376." 
huamy (Leucodioptron), 

376. 
hoclgsoni (Acroeephalus), 
hodgsoni (Callene), 82. 
hodgsoni (Prinia), 253. 
HocTgsonius, 4, 81. 
holubi (Drymoica), 284. 
homuchroa (Larvivora), 

liorsfieldii (Arrenga), 10. 
horsfieidii (Myiophoneus), 
9, 10. 
liorsfieldii (Pomatorhi


nus), 415, 416, 673. 
horsfieidii (Timalia), 510. 
huegellii (Orthotomus), 

218. 
hueti (Alcippe), 620. 
humeralis (Bessonornis), 
45. 
humeralis (Bessornis), 
45. 
humeralis (Cossyplia), 45. 
humii (Suthora), 487. 
humilis (Ixulus), 614. 
humilis (Prinia), 196. 
humilis (Sericornis), 310. 
humilis (Staphidia), 614. 
huttoni (Accentor), G56. 
huttoni (Argya), 394. 
huttoni (Crateroptis), 394. 
huttoni (Malaeocercus), 
394. 
Hybristes, 524. 
Hvdroeichla, 318. 
Hvlacola, 346. 
Hylia, 171Hypergerus, 
351. 
liyperythra (Argya), 390. 
liyperythra (Bracbypteryx), 
27, 28. 
liyperythra (Dumetia), 


515. 
by pervthra (Pellorneum), 
*515l 
liyperythra* (Timalia), 
\«314*515. 
Hypochloreus, 351. 
typoides(Myiothera),545. 
bypoleuea (Pyetorhis), 

510. 
bypoleuea (Timalia), 510. 
by poleucos (Ohrysomma), 
"510. 
hvpoleucus (Pomatorhi


* BUS), 423, 429. 
hypoleucus 
(Crateroptis), 
*475. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

hypoleucus (Orthorhi"
nus), 428. 
hypostictus (Crateropus), 
"474. 
hypoxantha (Cisticola), 
"252. 
hypoxantha (Drymceca), 

190. 
hypoxantha (Prinia), 190, 
204. 
Ianthocincla, 382. 
icterica (Camaroptera), 
171icterica 
(Chloropeta), 

171. 
icterica (Drymoica), 171. 
icterica (Prinia), 171. 
icteropyga (Oligocercus), 
148. 
icteropygialis(Drymoiea), 
148. 
icteropygialis (Dryodromas), 
148. 
icteropygialis (Sylvietta), 

148. 
igneotinca (Minla), 606. 
ignitincta (Certhiparus), 
606. 
ignitincta (Leiothrix), 
606. 
ignitinetus (Certhiparus), 
606. 
ignotinca (Minla), 606. 
ignotinctus (Proparus), 
606. 
ignotum (Pellorneum), 
556. 
ignotus(Drymocataphus), 
556. 
Illadopsis, 539. 
imbricatum (Trochalopterum), 
379. 
imhricatus (Grarrulax), 

379. 
imhricatus (Pterocyclus), 
379. 
imerina (Copsychus), 35. 
imerina (Cossypha), 22, 
35. 
immaculata (Drymoica), 
267. 
immaculata (Hemipteryx), 
267. 
immaculatus (Accentor), 

656. 
immaculatus(Henicurus), 
314. 
incana (Cisticola), 247. 
incana (Drvmocichla), 
149. 
incertus (Eupetes), 341. 
inglisi (Orthorhinus),429. 
inglisi (Pomatorhinus), 

429. 
inornata (Acanthiza), 293. 
inornata (Drymceca), 196. 
inornata (Prinia), 183, 
195. 
inornata (Suya), 196. 
inornatus (Drymoipus), 
196. 
inquieta (Drymceca), 213. 
inquieta (Prinia), 213. 
inquieta (Scotocerea), 212, 
213,215. 
inquietus (Malurus), 213. 
insignis (Drymceca), 200. 
insignis (Drymoipus),200. 
insularis (Drymceca), 196. 
insularis (Myiophoneus), 

intercedens (Bessornis), 

41. 
intermedia (Bessornis), 
41. 
intermedia (Grylliyora), 
62. 
intermedium (Pellorneum), 
519. 
intermedins (Sphenceaous), 
96, 97. 
interscapulars (Megalurus), 
126. ^ 
iodoptera (Cisticola), 228. 
iodoptera (Drymceca), 

228. 
iodopyga (Drymoeca),267. 
iodopyga (Hemipteryx), 
267. 
iodopygia (Cisticola), 267. 
Ioporus, 637. 
isabellse (Bessonornis), 17. 
isabellse (Callene), 17. 
isabellse (Cossypha), 17. 
Ischyropodus, 469. 
isidori (Pomatostomus),* 
432. 
isidorii (Pomatorhinus), 
432. 
isodaetyla (Cisticola), 
280,281,284,285. 
isodaetyla (Drymceca), 

284. 
isura (Cisticola), 269. 
isura (Drymoica), 269. 
Ixops, 463. 
Ixulus, 612. 
Janfredric, Le, 39. 

jardinei (Crateropus), 

472. 
686 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

jardinii (Crater opus), 

472. 
javanica (Mixomis), 579. 
jerdoni (Accentor), 660. 
jerdoni (Drymoeca), 206. 
jerdoni (Drymoipus),200. 
jerdoni (Grarrulax), 373. 
jerdoni (Merva), 595. 
jerdoni (Minla), 607. 
jerdoni (Suya), 199. 
jerdoni (Timelia), 508. 
jerdoni (Troehalopterum), 
373, 672. 

Kenopia, 573. 
Keropia, 4, 450. 
khasiana (Suya), 181,183. 
Kittacincla, 84. 
Kittasorna, 450. 
Hinesmithii (Lamprolia), 

32. 
lactea (Sylvia), 76. 

ladoensis (Cisticola), 240. 

laevigastra (Sericornis), 

307. 
lais (Cisticola), 284, 286. 
lais (Dryinceca), 284. 
Laiscopus, 648. 
Lamprolia, 3, 31. 
laneeolata (Pterorhinus), 
352. 
lanceolatus (Babax), 352, 
353. 
landanse (Cisticola), 240. 
lantzi (Ellisia), 121. 
lantzii (Drymoica), 121. 
laryata (Sfcachyris), 534. 
Iarvata (Timelia), 534. 
lateralis (Cisticola), 251. 
lateralis (Drymoeca), 248, 
251. 
Laticilla, 118. 
laurina (Leiothrix), 643. 
laurinae (Mesia), 643. 
layardi (Bradypterus), 
112. 
layardi (Calamodyta), 
112. 
layardi (Phlexis), 111. 
Layardia, 388. 
Iieiocmcla, 463. 
DeiopfcOa, 80. 
Leio&rix, 644. 
lepida (Apalis), 140. 
lepida (Burnesia), 211, 
212. 
lepida (Drymoica), 211. 
lepida (llminia), 140. 
fepida (tieiofchrix), 640. 
lepida (£fcinia), 211. 
lepidocepkala (Napothera), 
567. 
lepidocephalum (Malacopterum), 
567. 
lepidocephalus (Macro-
nus), 567. 
lepidopleura (Oaeopitta), 

539. 
lepidopleurus (Macro-
nus), 539. 
lepidopleurus (Xurdinus), 

539. 
lepidus (Drymoipus), 212. 
leptorhynehus (Turdinus), 
64CK 
leptorliynchus (Turdirostris), 
546. 
leptura (Brachypteryx), 

25. 
leptura (Myiothera), 605. 
leptnrus (Brachypteryx), 

605. 
le&ehenaulti (Henicurus), 
313,314. 
lesehenaultii (Tardus), 

313. 
leucocephala (Chaemarrhornis), 
47. 
leucocephala (Chimarrhornis), 
47. 
leucocephala (Fluvicola), 

666. 
leucocephala (Phcenicura), 
47. 
leucocephala (Ruticilla), 

47. 
leucocephala (Torrentariaj, 
47. 
leucocephak/Turdoidesl 

474. 
leucocephalus (Grarrulax), 
leucocephalus (Crateropus), 
474. 
leucoceps (Cossypha), 


leucoceps (Petroemcla), 

89. 
Leucodiopiron, 354. 
leucogasfeer (Garrulaxl 
437. ' 
leucogaster (Pomatorhizras), 
411, 413, 414. 
Ieucogenys (Crateropus), 

455. 
leucogrammica (Caeopitta), 
586. 
leucogrammica (Ptilopyga), 
586. 
leucogrammleus 
(Macro-
nus), 586. 

leucogramniicus (Turdinus), 
586. 
leucolgema (Myrmecociehla), 
52. 
leucolopha(Ianthocincla), 

436. 
leucolophum (Cinclosoma), 
435. 
leucolophus (Corrus), 

435. 
leucolophus (Crateropus), 
435. 
leucolophus (Garrulax), 
435. 
leucolophus (G-arrulus), 
435. 
leucolophus (Pica), 435. 
leucophrys (Aedon), 74, 
76,78." 
leucophrys (Brachypte


ryx), 28. 
leucophn s (Curruca), 74. 
leucophrys (Erj-th.ro-

P}gia)I 72, 74.' 
leucophrys (Ifyiothera), 
leucophrys (Prima), 

185. 
leucophrys (Sylvia), 74. 
leucophrys (Thamnobia), 
74. 
leucopogon (Burnesia), 
207. 
leucopogon (Drymoeca), 
207. 
leucopsis (Sylviella), 155. 
leucoptera (Aedon), 79. 
leucoptera. (Calamodyta), 
79. 
leucoptera (Erythropygia), 
79. 
leucoptera (Salicaria), 79. 
leueopvgia (Cisticola), 


283." 
leueopygia (Drymoeca), 
28a 
leucopygius (Crateropus), 

476." 
leucopygius (Ixos), 476. 
leueoschistus (Henicu


rus), 315. 
leucosticta (Cossypha), 

44. 
leucostictus (Eupetes), 
342. 
leucostigma (Malacopteron), 
573. 
leucostigma (Myiothera), 

573. 
leucostigma 
(Turdirostris), 
573 

leucotis (Leiothrix), 627. 
leucotis (Macronus), 537. 
leucotis (Staehyris), 537. 
leucotis (Timalia), 380, 

537. 
leuciira (Muscisylvia), 23. 
leucura (Myiornela)* 23. 
leucura (Notodela), 23. 
leuctirus (Ajax), 23, 
levaillanti (Cisticola), 
24:2, 284. 
levaillantii (Drymceca), 
273,274,284. 
levaillantii( Graminieola), 

284. 
levaillantii (Myrmecoeim 
chla), 52. 
limbatus (Crateropus), 

477. 
limonella (Sylvia), 186. 
lineata (Acanthiza), 297. 
lineatum (Oinclosoma), 

377. 
lineatum (Trochalopterum), 
377. 
lineatus (Garrulax), 377. 
lineatus (Pterocyclus), 
.377. ^ 
lineicapilla (Cisticola), 

269. 
lineicapilla (Drymoica), 

269. 
lingoo (Orthotomus), 

216. 
Liocichla, 641. 
Lioptila, 4, 80. 
Liothrix, 644. 
locustelloides (Chaetornis), 
130. 
locustelloides (Dasyornis), 
130. 
longicauda (Gryllivora), 

85. 
longicauda (Motaeilla), 

215. 
longicauda (Orthotomus), 

216. 
longicauda (Prinia), 196. 
longicauda (Sylvia), 215. 
longicaudata (Drymoeca), 

196. 
longicaudata (Ellisia), 

122. 
longicaudata (Sylvia), 

195. 
longicaudus (Malurus), 

216. 
longirostris (Dasyornis), 

105. 
longirostris (Hybristes), 

526. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

longirostris (Orthotomus), 
219. 
longirostris (Pyctorhis), 

509. 
longirostris (Spkenura), 

105. 
longirostris (Tafare), 525. 
longirostris (Tatarea), 

526. 
longirostris (Timelia), 

509. 
longirostris (Tardus), 525. 
loricata (Oacopitta), 550. 
loricata (Myiothera), 

550. 
loricatus (Macronus), 550. 
loricatus (Turdinus), 550. 
luctuosa (Argya), 84. 
luctuosa (Oercotriehas), 

84. 
luctuosa (Thainnobia), 

84. 
lugubris (Cisticola), 280, 

281. 
lugubris (Drymosca), 276, 
280, 284. 
lugubris (Garrulax), 451. 
lugubris (Tanthocincla), 

451. 
lugubris (Melanocichla), 

451. 
lugubris (Sylvia), 280. 
lunaris (Ianthocincla), 

454. 
lunulata (Ianthocincla), 

385. 
lunulatum. (Oinclosoma), 

385. 
luscinia (Hybristes), 528. 
luscinia (Tatare), 528. 
luscinius (Tatare), 528. 
lutea (Liothrix), 644. 
lutea (Sylvia), 644. 
lutescens (Drymoica), 158. 
lutescens (Eremomela), 

158. 
lutescens (Sylvietta), 158. 
luteus (Leiothrix), 645. 
luteus (Liothrix), 645. 
luzoniensis (Copsychus), 

91. 
luzoniensis (Oittocincla), 

91. 
luzoniensis (Turdus), 91. 

macclellancli (Pomatorhinus), 
431. 
maclellandii (Garrulax), 

442. 
macrocercus (Eupetes), 

338. 

macrodactylum (Malacopteron), 
548. 
macrodactylus (Hydropezus), 
548. 
macrodactylus (Macronus), 
548. 
macrodactylus (Turdinus), 
548. 
Macronus, 583. 
macroptera (Bracbypteryx), 
562. 
Macrosphenus, 530. 
macroura (Dryinoeca), 


189. 
macroura (Motacilla). 

189. 
macroura (Prinia), 195. 
macroura (Sylvia), 189. 
macrourus (Amytis), 108. 
macrourus, var. /3 (Turdus), 
85. 
macrura (Amytis), 108. 
macrura (Oittocincla), 
86, 87. 
macrura (Ivittacincla), 35. 
macrurus (Oercotriehas), 

85. 
macrurus (Copsychus), 
85, 87. 
macrurus (Megalurus), 

126. 
macrurus (Sphenceacus), 

126. 
macrurus (Turdus), 87. 
macularia (Acanthiza), 

294. 
macularia (Saxicola), 294. 
macularia (Tanagra), 4. 
macularia (Turnagra), 4. 
maculata (Sericornis), 

307. 
maculata (Stachyris), 538. 
maculata (Timeha), 538, 

673. 
maculatus (Brachypteryx), 
573. 
maculatus (Henicurus), 
316, 317. 
maculatus (Macronus), 

538. 
maculatus (Orthonyx), 

329. 
maculatus (Sericornis), 

307. 
maculicauda (Alethe), 58. 
maculicollis (Orthotomus), 
217, 218. 
maculicollis (Sutoria), 

218. 
maculosa (Drymoeca), 
189,190. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

maculosa (Motacilla), 

189. 
maculosa (Prima), 189, 
191. 
madagascariensis (Bernieria), 
529. ^ 
madagascariensis (Cisticola), 
264 
madagascariensis (Criniger), 
529. 
madagascariensis (Drymceca), 
264, 571. 
madagascariensis (Ellisia), 
120, 571. 
madagascariensis (Motacilla), 
571. 
madagascariensis (Muscicapa), 
529. 
madagascariensis (Oxylabes), 
571. 
madagascariensis(Sylvia), 

571. 
madagascariensis (Ta-
tare), 529. 
magna (Acanthiza), 308. 
magna (Cisticola), 283. 
magna (Sericornis), 308. 
magnirostra (Acanthiza), 

305. 
magnirostre (Malacopterum), 
547. 
magnirostris (Alcippe), 
547, 623. 
magnirostris (Gryllivora), 

62. 
magnirostris (Sericornis), 
305. 
magnirostris (Turdinus), 
547. 
magnum (Malacopterum), 
564, 565. 
major (Accentor), 662. 
major (Bernieria), 529. 
major (Plioenicura), 16. 
majus (Malacopteron), 

564. 
malabarieus (Furcuria), 
644. 
malabarieus (Makcocercus), 
479. 
malaccensis (Anuropsis), 

588. 
malaccensis (Brachypteryx), 
25, 588. 
malachura (Muscicapa), 

100. 
malacliurus (Malurus), 
100. 
malachurus (Stipiturus), 
100. 
Malacias, 403, 
Malacocercus, 469. 
Malaeocincla, 539, 585. 
Malacopteron, 563. 
Malacopterum, 563. 
malacoptilus (Bimator), 

594. 
nialcolmi (Argya), 398, 
399. 
malcolmi (Malacoeercus), 
398. 
malcolmi (Tiraalia), 39S. 
Malcolmia, 3SS. 
Mali a, 587. 
malzaci (Drvruoeea), 275, 
276. 
mandellii (Minla), 610. 
mandellii (Pellorneum), 
518. 
mandellii (Proparus), 
010. 
marginalis (Cisticola), 
243. 
marginalis (Cisticola), 
258. 
marginalis (33 rymoica), 
258. 
marginalis (Megalurus), 
123. 
marginafca (Brvmoica), 
258. 
marginatum (Cmelosoma), 
336. 
mari:x;(Slegaiurulus)t40l). 
mariaj (Pomatorhinus), 

423. 
mariannse(Acrocephalus), 
528. 
mariannae (Tatare), 528. 
niariei(Megalurulus),400. 
marmoratus (Turdinus), 
550. 
maxima (Ianthocinela), 
383. 
maximum (Cinelosonia), 
383. 
maximus (Pterorhinus), 
383. 
Megalurulus, 400. 
Megalurus, 93, 122. 
meiaana (Pentholaaa), 19. 
meiaana (Saxicola), 19. 
melasna (Thamnobia), 19. 
melsena (Tliamnolaea), 19. 
melanoeephala (Cisticola), 
270. 
melanocephalum (Cinclosoma), 
403. 
melanocephalus (Cisticola), 
270. 
melanocephalus(T urdus), 

470. 
Melanoeiehla, 451. 
melanoleuca(Kittociucla), 

melanoleuca (Malacias) 


405.
melanoleuca (Sibia), 405. 
melatloleucus (Malacias), 
melanonota (Bessornis), 

46. " 
melanonota (Cossyplia), 
46. 
melanops (Crateropus), 
472. 
melanopsis (T urdus), 455. 
melanoptera (Cercotrichas), 
84. 
melanorhyncha (Drymceca), 
192. 
melanorhyncha (Prima) 

193. 
melanorhyiiclius (Dryin 
oiea), 192. 
melanustigma (Trochalopteron), 
364. 
melanostigmus (Pteroeyelus), 
364. 
melanotis(Grarrulax),441. 
melanutis (Turdus), 36. 
melanura (Arren^a), 12. 
melanura (Dryodromas), 

146. 
melanura (Pratincola), 
35. 
melanurum(Cinelosoma), 
367. 
meknarum (Troehalopteron), 
367. 
meianurus(Drvodromas), 

146. 
melanurus (Myiophoneus), 
12. 
melanurus (Pomatorhinus), 
414. 
melas (Saxicok), 19. 
meksoma (Anthreptes), 

55. 
melasoma (Araclmothera), 
56. 
melasoma (Cinnyricmclus), 
55. 
melasoma (Kecfcarinia), 

55. 
Melocichla, 235. 
melodius (Erythrops), 
510. 
mendana} (Aerocephalus), 
526. 
mend ana* (Tatare), 526. 
mentalis (Cisticola), 241. 
men talis (Drym0ioa),241. 
tnentalis (Melocicbla), 
241, 243, 245. 
nieridionale (Trocbalopterum), 
375. 
meridionalis (Cisticola), 

243. 
meridionalis (Oligura), 
153. 
Merle bleu de la Cbine, 
Le, 9. 
Merle de Bengale, Le, 478. 
Merle cle la Ckine, 458. 
Merle deMindanao,Le,60. 
Merle du Gap de Bonne 

Esperance, 3(1 
Merle du Senegal, appelle 
Podobe, 83. 
Merle gris de Gringi, Le, 

480. 
Merle noir, Le, GQ. 
Merle tricolor a longue 
queue, Le, 85. 
merulina (Stactocicbla), 

449. 
merulinuni (Troebalopterum), 
449. 
merulinus (Grarrulax) 

449. 
merulinus (Pterocyclus), 
449. 
Merva, 594. 
Melange de Nankin, 644. 
Mesia, 641. 
metallicus (Myiopboneus), 
7, 8. 
Microcichla, 322. 
microura (Sylvietta), 156. 
mierura (Oligura), 155. 
micrura (Sylvietta), 154, 

155. 
micrurus (Oligocercus), 
155. 
micrurus (Troglodytes), 
164. 
milni (Trocbalopterum), 
372. 
mindanensis(Copsycbus), 
60, 62. 
mindanensis (Turdus\60. 
minima (Chtbonicola), 

290. 
minimus (Antbus), 290. 
minimus (Sericornis),304. 
Minla, 606. 
minor (Bernieria), 529. 
minor (Criniger), 529. 
minor (Lamprolia), 31. 
minor (Pellorneum), 521. 
minor (Tatare), 529. 
minor (Triebastoma), 
558, 559. 
TOL. VII. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX, 

minus (Triebastoma), 

558. 
mitrafca (Iantkocincla), 
452. 
mitrata (Kbinocicbla), 
452. 
mitrata (Timalia), 452. 
mitratus (Garrulax), 452. 
Mixornis, 575. 
modesta (Cisticola), 241. 
modesta (Drymoica), 241. 
modularis(Accentor),6yg9. 
modularis (Motacilla), 
649. 
modularis(Prunella),650. 
modularis (Sylvia), 649. 
modularis (Tbarrhaleus), 
650. 
modularis rubidus 
(Accentor), 652. 
mollis (Accentor), 656. 
mollissima (Pblexis), 112. 
monacha (Alcippe), 591. 
monaclia (Bessornis), 45. 
monacba (Bracbypteryx), 

591. 
monacba (Grateroscelis), 
591. 
monacba (Malacopteron), 
591. 
monacbus (Dryonastes), 
457. 
monacbus (Garrulax), 
457. 
moniliger (Oinclosoma), 
442. 
moniliger (G-arrulax), 
442. 
moniligerus (Orateropus), 
442. 
montana (Bracbypteryx), 
26. 
montana (Goldana), 26. 
montana(Petrocincla) ,49. 
montanella (Motacilla), 
653. 
montanella (Prunella), 
654. 
montanella (Sylvia), 653. 
montanellus (Accentor), 
. 653,655. 
montanellus (Spermolegus), 
654. 
montanus(Bracbypteryx), 
,26. 
montanus (Pomatorhi


nus), 410, 411. 
montium (Ajax), 24. 
montium (Myiomela), 24. 
montium (Kotodela), 24. 
morelii (Drymoica), 120. 

689 

moritanus (Siurnus), 662. 
morrisonia( Alcippe), 621. 
morrisonia (Malacopte


ron), 621. 
morrisoniana (Alcippe), 

621. 
Moucbet, Le, 649. 
mouboti (Garrulax), 444. 
Moupinia, 630. 
m oussieri(Ery tbacus), 20. 
moussieri (Pinarocbroa), 
20. 
moussieri(Pratincola),20. 
moussieri (Euticilla), 20. 
multi8triatus (Accentor), 
658. 
munda (Erytbropygia), 
76. 
munda (Tbamnobia), 76. 
niunipurenais (Oisticola), 
260. 
munipurensis (Sutbora), 
487. 
murina (Alcippe), 590. 
murina (Bracbypteryx), 
591. 
murina (Orateroscelys), 
590. 
murina (Drymoica), 192. 
murina (Myiotbera), 590, 
593. 
murina (Turdinulus),594. 
murina (Turdirostris), 
590. 
murinum(Malacopteron), 
591. 
murinumfTurdiros* i'' «;, 
590. 
murinus (Brueb*. p» eryx), 
25, 590 
murinus < * F i< f» b n ulub), 
593, 594.' 
murinus (Turdirostris), 

590. 
musae (Oriolus), 525. 
Muscisylvia, 22. 
musicus (Gopsycbus), 62, 
63, Q5. 
musicus (Lanius), 61. 
musicus (Pomatorbinus), 

424. 
Myiomela, 22. 
Myiopbaga, 6. 
Myiopboneus, 2, 6. 
Myiopbonus, 6. 
mystacea (Gysticola), 192. 
mystacea (Drymoica),192. 
mystacea (Prinia), 184, 
191,195. 
Mystacornis, 531. 
Myzornis, 635. 

2z 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

nsevia (Oisticola), 280, 

281. 
naevia (Drymoica), 280. 
nagaensis (TurdinusJ, 

556. 
nana (Acanthiza), 292. 
Nannothera, 539. 
nanus (Pyenonotus), 617. 
Napodes, 507. 
Napotbera, 563. 
nasalis (Pyctorhis), 512. 
natalensis (Bessonornis), 

37. 
natalensis (Bessornis), 

37. 

natalensis (Calamodyta), 

145. 
natalensis (Camaroptera), 

144. 
natalensis (Oisticola), 242, 
278,279. 
natalensis (Cossypha), 37. 
natalensis (Dryinoiea), 

278. 
natalensis (Sphenceacus), 

96. 
neglecta (Drymoeca), 200. 
negleeta (Prinia), 199. 
neglecta (Suya), 199. 
neglectus (Drynioipus), 

200. 
Neociehla, 468. 
f ISfeomixis, 150. 
' ^newtoni (CalamocicLla), 

181. 


w " 4 a1* nodyta), 

ji. 

n«W'ji >i olierpe), 

I >l 

nigra(Myrmecocicbla)552. 
nigra (Saxicola), 52. 
nigra (Sylvia), 52. 
nigra (Thamnolasa), 52. 
nigrieapitatus (Drymocataphus), 
554. 
nigriceps (Actinodura), 

403. 
nigriceps (Alcopus),403. 
nigriceps (Dryodromas), 

165. 
nigriceps (Eremomela), 

165. 
nigriceps (Orthotomus), 

222. 
nigriceps (Sibia), 403. 
nigriceps (Sfcachyris), 532. 
nigriceps (Timalia), 532. 
nigricollis (Dumetia), 

536. 

f NesiHas, 120 

nigricollis (Stachyris), 
535, 536. 
nigricollis (Timalia), 535, 

536. 
nigricrissus (Eupetes), 

339. 
nigrifrons (Aleippe), 625. 
mgrifrons(Enicuros), 322. 
nigriirons (ilalacopteron), 
625. 
nigrimenta (Tuhina), 633. 
nigrimentum (Polyodon), 

634. 
nigrimentum (Yubina), 
033, 634. 
nigrocapilla (Oossypha), 

42. 
nigrocapitata (Brachypteryx), 
554. 
nigrocapitatus (Dryinocataphus), 
551. 
nigrocapitatus (Ooldana), 

554. 
nigrocapitatus (ilacronus), 
554. 
nigrocapitatus (Turdirostris), 
554. 
nigrogularis (Brachypteryx), 
536. 
nigrogularis (Psopbodes), 

351. 
nigrostellatu3 (Pomatorbinus), 
425. 
nipalense (Heniipteron), 

518. 
nipalense (Pellorneura), 

518. 
nipalensis(Acantboptila), 
380, 381. 
nipalensis(Accentor),664. 
nipalensis (Actinodura), 

nipalensis (Aleippe), 620. 
nipalensis (Brachypteryx), 
ipalensi (Cinclosorna),

klensis 
ss 
"466. 
nipalensis (Outia), 646. 
nipalensis (Heterornis), 

646. 
nipalensis (Ioropfts), 620. 
nipalensis (Ixops), 466. 
nipalensis (Malacocercus), 
380. 
nipalensis (Prinia), 196. 
nipalensis (Siva), 620. 
nipalensis (Sutbora), 487, 

488. 
nipalensis (Temnoris), 

nipalensis (Timalia), 380 

nitidus (Myiophoneua), 9. 
nitidus (Orthotomus), 

Xotodela, 3, 22. 
novas guineas (Orthonyx), 

672. 
nuchalis (Dryonastes), 

456. h 
nuchalis (Oarrulax), 456. 
nuchalis (Pomatorhinus), 
413. 
numidicus (Crateropus), 
numidicus (Malurus), 

397. 

obscura (Oisticola), 244, 

284. 
obscura (Drymoica), 244, 

284. 
obscura (Suya), 178, 179. 
obseurus (Pomatorhinus). 

416. 
occipitalis (Ixulus). 613. 
occipitalis (Odonterus), 

633. 
occipitalis (Polvodon), 

633. 
occipitalis (Siva), 613. 
occipitalis (Yuhina), 613, 

033. 
ocellata (Ianthocincla), 

382. 
ocellatum (Oinclosoma), 

382. 
oeellatus (Crateropus), 

382. 
oeellatus (Grarrulax), 382. 
ochraceiceps (Pornatorhinus), 
417. 
ocuLiria (Drymoica), 232. 
ocularia (Sp&optila), 232. 
Odonterus, 631. 
oglei (Actinodura), 467. 
oglei (Actinura), 467. 
Oligocercus, 153. 
Oligura, 153, 603. 
oligura (Drymoica), 267. 
oligura (Hemipteryx), 

olivacea (Oalamodvta), 

169. 
olivacea (Camaroptera), 
. 166, 167, 168. 
olivacea(Cbloropeta),142. 
olivacea (Drymoica), 142. 
olivacea (Motaeilla), 185. 
olivacea (Myiothera),170. 
olivacea (Pica), 350. 
olivacea (Prinia), 142. 
olivacea (Sylvia), 166. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

olivaceum (Pellorneum), 

520. 
olivaceus (Gorrus), 350. 
olivaceus (Euprinodes), 
142. 
oliraceus(pQmatorhinus), 
414. 
olivea (Saxieola), 604. 
Olivert, 166. 
omalura (Cistieola), 260. 
omalura (Dryraoica), 260. 
orientalis (Accentor), 652. 
orientalis (Cistieola), 245. 
orientalis (Malacocercus), 
479. 
Origma, 135. 
orioloicles (Crateropus), 
352. 
ornata (Leiothrix), 606. 
Orthonyx, 329. 
Orthorhinus, 408. 
Orthotomus, 219. 
ortleppi (Drymoica), 187. 
Ortygocichla, 560. 
oryziola (Oisticola), 240. 
oryziola (Dryraoica), 240. 
osculans (Sericornis),309. 
Otagon, 4. 
otaitsnsis (Tatare), 525. 
otatare (Sitta), 525. 
otatare (Thryothorus), 
525. 
Oxylabes, 571. 
pachyrhynclia (Cistieola), 
241, 277. 
pachyrhynclia (Dry


moica), 277. 
paena (Aedon), 76.^ 
paena(Erythropygia), 76. 
paena (Thamnobia), 77. 
palliata (Ianthocincla), 

446. 
palliatum (Oinclosoma), 
446. 
palliatus (Grarrulax), 446, 
417. 
pallida (Drymoica), 186, 
188, 192. 
pallidus (Drymaoedus), 

344. 
palliseri (Brachypteryx), 
517. 
palliseri (Elaphrornis), 
517. 
palustre (Pellorneum), 
522. " 
palustris (Malurus), 100. 
palustris (Megalurus), 
122,123. 
paradoxa(Cholomis),498. 

Paradoxornis, 496. 
parumstriata (Suya), 178, 

179. 
par vulus(Sericornis), 303. 
Passe-buse, La, 649. 
patia (Orthotonus), 216. 
Pavaneur, Le, 113. 
pectoralis (Aedon), 74. 
pectoralis (Oossypha), 39. 
pectoralis (Crateropus), 
441. 
pectoralis (Drymoica), 
186, 188. 
pectoralis(Erythropygia), 

74. 
pectoralis( Grarrulax) ,441. 
pectoralis (Ianthocincla), 
441,442. 
pectoralis (Malurus), 104. 
pectoralis (Pellorneum), 

518. 
pectoralis (Prinia), 253. 
pectoralis (Thamnobia), 
74. 
pectoralis (Timalia), 538. 
pekinensis (Amytis), 117. 
pekinensis (Drymceea), 
117. 
pekinensis (Prinia), 117. 
pekinensis (Rhopophilus),
117. 
pekinensis, Tar. major 

(Rhopophilus), 118. 
Pellorneum, 518, 522. 
pellotis (Malacocercus), 

381. 
pellotis (Timalia), 380. 
Penthodyta, 17. 
Pentholsea, 2, 17. 
periculosa (Oossypha), 
40. 
perspicillata (Cacopitta), 
540. 
perspicillatus (Dryonastes), 
458. 
perspicillatus (Grarrulax), 

458. 
perspicillatus (Macro-
nus), 540.perspicillatus 
(Turdinus), 

540. 
perspicillatus (Turdus), 
458. 
phaeocephala (Alcippe), 
622. 
phayrii (Alcippe), 623. 
phayrii (Malacopteron), 
623. 
phayrii (Pornatorhinus), 
422. 
Philocalyx, 642. 
Phlexis, 111. 
phoenicea (Ianthocincla), 

371. 
phoeniceuxn (Trochalopterum), 
371. 
phoeniceus (Grarrulax), 


371. 
phoenicuroides (Bradybates), 
81. 
phoenicuroides (Bradypterus), 
81. 
phoenicuroides (Calliope), 

81. 
phoenicuroides (Hodgsonius), 
81. 
phoenicuroides (Sylvania), 
81._ 
phoenicurus (Bessonornis), 
39. 
phoenicurus (Bessornis), 

39. 
phoenicurus (Turdus), 
39. 
phragmitoides (Prinia), 
185. 
Phyllergates, 229. 
Phyllolais, 149. 
phyllorrhapheus (Orthotonus), 
216. 
pica (Copsychus), 67. 
pica (Oervaisia), 67. 
pica (Turdus), 67. 
picaoides (Actinodura), 

401. 
picaoides (Ale opus), 
401. 
picata (Sibia), 405. 
picatus (Grarrulax), 
325. 
picatus (Thamnocataphus), 
325. 
picoicles (Sibia), 401. 
picticollis (Garrulax), 

444. 
pictifrons (Temnorhis, 
v. Suthora), 487. 
pileata (Nanodes), 508. 
pileata (Prinia), 576. 
pileata (Timelia), 507, 
508. 
Pinarochroa, 2, 19. 
Pinarornis, 401. 
Pinc-pinc, 266. 
pinetorum (Accentor), 
650. 
pinwilli (Pornatorhinus), 
413. 
pipiens (Turdus), 74. 
pistor (Acrocephalus), 
527. 
pistor (Tatare), 527. 
ALPHABETICAL IS BEX. 

Plastron noir, Le, I3S. 
platycercus (Orateropus), 

471. 
platyura (Atraphornis), 
213. 
platyura (Schcenicola), 
110. 
plaryura (Timalia), 110. 
platyurus (Bradvpterus), 
113. 
plebeius (Orateropus), 
471, 473, 673 
plebejus (Ixos), 473. 
plumbeiceps (Staphidea), 

617. 
plumosa (Leioeincla), 
463. 
plumosus (Pinarornia), 
401. 
pluto (Oopsychus), 62. 
Podobe du Senegal, Le, 
83. 
podobe (Cercotrichas), 
83. 
podobe (Tbanmobia), 83. 
podobe (Turclus), 83. 
pcecilorhyneha (Iantliocincla), 
400. 
pceeilorbyocha (Timalia), 

390. 
pceeilorbynchus (Dryonastes), 
460. 
pcecilorhvnehus (Garnilax), 
460. 
p03cilutis (Alcippe), 630. 
pceeilotis (Moupinia), 

630. 
poensis (Bessonornis), 36, 
poensis (Cossypha), 35. 
poioeepbala (Alcippe), 
622. 
poioeepbala (Malacopteron), 
622. 
poioeepbala (Timalia), 

622. 
poliocepbala (Cisticola), 
257. 
poliocepbala (Prinia), 
257. 
poliocepbalus (G-arruIax), 
447, 483. 
poliocepbalus (Macro-
nus)» 622. 
poliocepbala (Stachyris), 

534. 
poliocephala (Timalia), 
534. 
poliogaster (Stacbyridopsis), 
599. 
poliogaster (Sfcaehvris\ 
599, 

poliogenys (Brachypteryx), 
5S8. 
poliogenys piacronug), 


588. 
poliogenys Qlyiothera), 
oSS. 

poliogenvs'vTrichostoma)j 

583. 
poliogenys (Turdirostris), 
588. 
poliotis (Suthora), 487. 
polioxantha (Ereuioinela). 
100l 
polvcbroa (Drvmoica). 


202. 
polvcbroa (Prima), 202. 
polvcbroa (Suva), 202. 
polvchrous (Drvmoipus), 
202. 
polvchrous (Malurus), 
202. 
Polyodon, 631. 
Polypeira, 60. 
Puiuatorhinus, 408. 
Pomato=tomus. 408. 
Poudytes, 122. 
pravojuitus (Stachyrisl, 
pravosn itus (Timalia), 

5i)rC 
praai^a (Drymoica;. 172. 
prasina (Hjiia), 171,172. 
pragma (SUvia). 172. 
Pratieola, oOl. 
Prinia, 183. 
prinia < Orthotonus), 165. 
problematic us (G »psy


cbus), 02. 
procera (Cisticola). 284, 
procera (Dryinoiea), 284. 
procerula (Drvmoica), 

284. 
Proparus, 618. 
Prunella, 648. 
Psauiathia, psunm 
ochrow ^Aedon), 
72. 
P&eudoeossvphus, 2, 21, 
35. 
Psopbocles, 350. 
Ptenoedus, 408. 
Pteroeyclus, 354, 
Pterorhinus, 353. 
Ptilocichia, 586. 
Ptilopyga, 585. 
ptilosus (Maeronus), 583. 
ptilosus (Macronyx), 583. 
ptygmatara (GEnanthe), 
54. 
ptvmatura (rimmnobia), 
49. 
pulckella(Drymoica), 149, 

pulchella (Halaeias), 407, 

pulchella (Phyllolais), 

149, 150, 

pulchella (Sibia), 407. 

pulehellu3 QIalurus), 


149.
puleher (Eupetes), 340. 
pulchra (Ereniomela), 
162. 
pulehra (Tricholais), 162. 
punctata (Cinclidia), 
520. 
punctata (Svnallasds), 
97. 
pimetatum (Cinclosoma), 
332. 
pu nc tat us fllegalurus), 
07. 
punctatus (Sphenceacus), 
97. 
puncratus (Turclus), 332. 
puniceiis (Orateropus), 
371. 
pu&r.k (Araothiza), 294. 
piibilla 'Damia;, 151. 
pusriila | Jirym jfcaj, 160, 
piiMlIa Ert-uioiiielaj, 
itn 
puMlia ^lutacilla), 294. 
pus*iLu Ojlvia;, 294. 
pyca |Bessethera |, 545. 
pyca, (Triehustomaj, 

545. 
Pyenoptikis, 342. 
pyenypvgius (Chatops), 
349. 
pyenopygi us (iTegal ur usj , 
o4t'. 

pyenopygius (8pheneea


cus), 34i>. 
Pyctorliis. 510. 
Pectoris, 510. 
Pye, Little Indian, 01. 
pyrops (Staebyris;, 60O. 
pyrops (Timalia;, 600. 
pyrrhogenys (Amiropsis), 

588. 
pyrrhogenys (Braehypteryxj, 
58«8. 
pyrrhogenys (Macronus), 

588. • 
pyrrhogenys Qlyiothera), 
588. 
pyrrhogenys (Turdirostris), 
588. 
Pyrrhokemus, 300. 
pyrrhomelanura (Napo


"thera), 32. 
pvrrjionoia fMvioIt^tes). 
'32. ' ' 

p%rrhonota (Ndpothera), 

32. 
pyrrhophss i (Timalia), 
580. 
pyrrhops (Melocicbla), 
243, 250. 
pyrrhops (iStachyridopsis), 
600. 
pyrrhops (Siaehyris), 

600. 
pyrrhops (Timalia), 600. 
pyrrhoptera (Drymoeca), 
228. 
pyrrhopyga (Trichixos), 
"32. 
pyrrhopygia (Acanthiza), 
296, 346. 
pyrrhopygia (Bessonornis), 
91. 
pyrrhopygia (Oossypha), 
01, 92. 
pyrrhopygia (Hylacola), 

346. 
pyrrhopygius (Calamanthus),
k346. 
pyrrhopygus (Macronus\ 

32. 
pyrrhopygus (Trichixus), 
pyrrhoura (Yuliina), 

635. 
pyrrhura (Myzomis), 635. 
guadrivirgata(Cossypha), 

43. 
quadrivirgata (Thanino-a 
bia), 43. 
quartini(Myrmecocichla), 

51. • 
quartini (Saxicola), 51. 
rafflesi (Prima), 204. 
rarasayi (Actinodura), 

464. 
ramsayi (Actinura), 464. 
reclamator (Oossypha), 
36. 
reclamator (Turdus), 36. 
Reclanieur, Le, 36. 
reguloides (Acanthiza), 
209. 
rehsei (Calanioherpe), 
528. 
rehsei (Tatare), 528. 
reinwardti (Grateropus), 
470. 
revocator (Turdus), 36. 
Bhinoeichla, 452. 
rhodoptera (Cisticola), 
228. 
Rhopophilus, 116. 
AIMABETXCAL XNDJIX. 

Eimator3 594. 
roberti (Pnoepyga), 

594. 
roberti (Turdinulus), 
594. 
robusta (Cisticola)* 275, 
276, 
robusta (Drymoica), 199, 
275, 276. 
robusta (Grarainieola\ 

275. 
robusta (Suva), 199. 
rodericana (Dryruoica), 
102. 
rodericana (Thamnornis), 
102. 
rodericanus (Bebrornis), 
102. 
rodericanus (Bradypterus), 
102. 
rodericanus (Orthotonus), 
102. 
rosea (Gryllivora), 62. 
Kossignol de Madagas


car, 571. 
rostratum (Malacopteron), 
562. 
rostratum i^Trichastoma), 

562. 
Rousse-tete, Le, 144. 
rubeeuloides (Accentor), 
657. 
rubeculus (Pomatorhinus), 
421. 
rubeculus (Pomatostomus), 
421. 
rubicauda (Napothera), 

551. 
rubidus (Accentor), 652, 
653. 
rubiginosa (Argya), 391. 
rubiginosa (Chatorhsea), 
391. 
rubiginosa (Layardia), 
509. 
rubigiuo^ v Jrtygocichla), 
560. 
rubiginosa (Trichostoma), 
560. 
rubiginosus (Grateropus), 
391. 
rubiginosus (Drymocataphus), 
560. 
rubiginosus (G-arrulax), 

483. 
rubiginosus (Malacocercus), 
391, 509. 
rubiginosus (Pornatorhinus), 
422. 
rubricapilla (Mixornis), 

578. 
rubricapilla (Motacilla), 

578. 
rubricapilla (Timalia), 
578. 
rubricata (Origma), 135, 
rubricata (Syl\ ia), 135. 
rubricauda (.Napothera), 
551. 
rueppelli (Argya), 395. 
rufa (Cisticola), 252. 
rufa (Drymoica), 252. 
rufescens (Anlhus), 500. 
rufescens (Argya), 389, 
391. 
rufescens fCinclorhamphus), 
500. 
rufescens (Grateropus), 

391. 
rufescens (Dicseum), 153. 
rufescens (Drymceca), 
200. 
rufescens (Drymcepus), 
200. 
rufescens (Layardia), 
389. 
rufescens (Malacocercus), 
389. 
rufescens (Megalurus), 

500. 
rufescens (Oligocercus), 
153, 155. 
rufescens (Oligura), 153. 
rufescens (Prmia), 255. 
rufescens (Ptencedus), 

500. 
rufescens (Sphenceacus), 
98. 
rufescens (Sylviella), 153. 
rufescens (Sylvietta), 
154. 
ruficapilla (Cisticola), 
245, 248, 251, 270. 
ruficapilla (Drymoica), 
248, 251. 
ruficapilla (Fuhetta), 

629. 
ruficapilla (Hydrocichla), 
319. 
ruficapilla (Proparus), 
629. 
ruficapilla (Siva), 629. 
ruficapilla (Sylvia), 216. 
ruficapilla (Sylviella), 
156. 
ruficapilla (Sylviefcta), 
156. 
ruficapilla (Timalia), 
567. 
ruficapilla (Vitia), 550. 
ruficapilliuii (Trochalopterum), 
363. 

ALPHABETICAL I2TDEX. 

694 

ruficapillus (Allocoturus), 

319. 
ruficapillus (Grarrulax), 
363. 
ruficapillus (Henicurus), 
319. 
ruficapillus (ilacronus), 
567. 
ruficapillus (Ortbotomus), 
216. 
ruficapillus (Pterocyolus), 
363. 
ruficauda (Bradvornis), 

71. 
ruficauda (Cicbladusa), 
ruficauda (Erytbropvgia), 

78. 
ruficeps (Ohleuasicus), 
494. 
ruficeps (Cisticola)* 241, 
269, 282, 283. 
ruficeps (Drymoica), 
269, 282. 
ruficeps (Edela), 218, 


224. 
ruficeps (Grarrulax), 438. 
ruficeps (Heteroinorpfra), 
491. 
ruficeps (Malurus), 282. 
ruficeps (Megalurus), 
125, 520. 
ruficeps (Mixornis), 


578. 
ruficeps (Orthotonus), 
224. 
ruficeps (Paradoxornis), 
491. 
ruficeps (Pelloraeuin), 
518, 520, 521. 
ruficeps (Pomatorbinus), 


420. 
ruficeps (Pomatostonius), 
420. 
ruficeps (Staebvridopsis), 
598. 
ruficeps (Stachyris), 598, 
599, 
ruficeps (Sutbora), 491, 

494. 
ruficeps (Timalia), 598. 
ruficollis (Cisticola), 
270. 
ruficollis (Dryonastes), 
454. m 
ruficollis (Granrulax), 
454. 
ruficollis (Iantbocincla), 
454. 
ruficollis (Pomatorbinus), 
426. 
rufidorsalis (Henicurus), 

320. 
rufidorsalis (Hydrocichla), 
320. 
rufifrons (Actinodura), 

463. 
rufifrons (Bracbvptervx), 
27. 
rufifrons (Cisticola), 147. 
rufifrons (Crateropus), 
448. 
rufifrons (Drymoica), 
146. 
rufifrons (Dryodromas), 
146. 
rufifrons (Garrulax), 
rufifrons (Lanius», 567. 
rufifrons (ilacronus), 

567. 
rufifrons (ITalaeopteron), 
567. 
rufifrons {Prinial 146. 
246. 
rufifrons (Pteroevdua), 
448. 
rufifron- fStaehyridopsKf, 
599. 
rufifrons (Sta<\hyrM, 599. 
rufifrons (Tricha&toma), 

546. 
rufifrons (Turdinus), 546. 
rufifrons (Uruhipfaj, 147. 
rufigenis (Ixulus), 617. 
rufigenis (tftapbidea), 
617. 
rufigulare (Trochalopteram 
J, 365. 
ruugularis (Euprinodes\ 


141. 
rufigularis (Minla), 6HI 
rufilata (Cisticola), 2*4. 
rufilafa (Drymoica), 284. 
rufilatus (Accentor), 664. 
rufimenta {Cinclosoma), 
365. 
rufimentum (Crateropus), 
365. 
rufipectus(Tiirdinus)/>49. 
rufipennis (Tricbastoma), 
545. 
rufiventer (Saxicola), 40. 
rufiventer (Tbamnobia), 
54. 
rufiventris (Callene), 16. 
rufiventris (Drvoseopus), 
325. 
rufiventris (Malacocincla), 
585. 
rufiventris (Ptilopyga), 

585. 
rufogularis (Drymoica). 


141.
rufogularis (Drymoterpe). 
141. 
rufogularis (Euprinodes), 

141. h 
rufogularis i Grarrulax), 
365. Jt 
rufogularis (Iantliocincla), 
305. 
rufogularis (Sebceniparua), 
610. 
rufula (Prima), 253. 
rufulua (Grampsorhyn


cbu>(j 386, 3S7. 
rufulua (Garrulax), 386. 
rugillatus (Garrulax), 

458. 
rustiea (Cisticola), 270. 
sagirtata (Chthonicola), 

290.
garjttata (Sylvia), 290. 
fettidttutus (Calaniantbus). 
290. 
sabarae (Drymoica), 214. 
Sahara; (Malurus), 214. 
Kiliara (^eotocerca), 214, 
salvadorae (Caruaropteraj, 
167. 
Salvador® (Drjmoica), 


167. 
Salvador® (Orthotomus), 
167. 
Salvador!! (Crateropus), 
394. 
sannio (Dryonastes), 459. 
sannio (Garrulax), 459. 
saturata (Braebypteryx), 
27. 
saturata (Lioptila), 80. 
saularis (Cop&ycbus), 61, 
64. 
saularis (Gracula), 61. 
saularis (Grvllivora), 
62. 
saularis (Turdus), 62. 
Saucoloides, 53. 
scapularis (Tbamnobia), 
55. 
scbimperi (Thamnobia), 
50. 
scbistacea (Drymoica), 
142. 
«cbistaceus (Euprinodes), 
142. 
scbistaceus (Henicurus), 
315. 
scbistieeps (Poraatorbinus), 
411. 
Sebcemcola, 109, 

scboenicola (Oisticola), 

259. 
Scbceniparus, 606, 618. 
Scotocerca, 212. 
Scotociclila, 522. 
scot ops (Drymoica), 162. 
scotops (Eremomela), 
162. 
scotoptera (Cistodyta), 
283. 
scotoptera (Drymoica), 
282. 
scouleri (Henicurus), 
322. 
scouleri (Microcichla), 
322. 
seebobmi (Dromasoeercus), 
100. 
semirufa (Bessonornis), 

42. 
semirufa (Bessornis), 42. 
semirufa (Oisticola), 270. 
semirufa (Cossypha), 42. 
semirufa (Petrocincla), 
42. 
semirufa (Saxicola), 51. 
semirufa (Tbananobia), 
51. 
semirufa (Tbaninolasa), 
51. 
semitorques (Oisticola), 
248. 
semitorques (Drymoica), 
249. 
senex (Crateropus), 478. 
senilis (Thanmocatapbus), 
386. 
sepiaria (Bracbypteryx), 

28. 
sepiaria (Nannothera), 
545. 
sepium (Motacilla), 218. 
sepium (Ortbotomus), 
225, 227. 
sericeus (Ortbotomus), 

224. 
Sericornis, 300. 
Sefcaria, 563. 
setifer (G-arrulax), 377. 
setifer (Trocbalopteron), 
377,379. 
setiferum (Cinclosoma), 

377. 
seycbellarum (Copsycbus), 
61. 
seycbellensis (Bebrornis), 

103. 
seycbellensis (BUisia), 
103. 
sbanbu (Turdus), 455. 
sbarpii (Cossypha), 22. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

sbarpii (Pseudocossy


phus), 21, 22. 
sbelleyi (Saxicola), 52. 
sbelleyi (Tbamnobia), 

52. 
sbelleyi (Thanmolsea), 
52. 
Sibia, 325, 401. 
signata (Aedon), 69. 
signata (Aedonopsis), 
t 69. 
signata (Cossypha), 69. 
signatus (Bessonornis), 

69. 
simile (Trocbalopteron), 
359. 
similis (Mixomis), 576. 
similis (Timalia), 576. 
similUma (Heteropbasia), 
402. 
simillima (Sibia), 402. 
simplex (Oisticola), 240. 
simplex (Drymoica), 240. 
simplex (JErytbropygia), 
74. 
simplex (Tbamnobia), 74. 
inense (Obrysomma), 

510. 
sinense (Leucodioptron), 
376. 
sinensis (Obrysomma), 
512. 
sinensis (Grarrulax), 376. 
sinensis (Henicurus), 313, 
314. 
sinensis (Leiotbrix), 645. 
sinensis (Parus), 510. 
sinensis (Pyctorbis), 510, 
512. 
sinensis (Timalia), 511. 
sinensis (Turdus), 376. 
sinensis (Turnagra),644. 
Siva, 637. 
smitbii (Drymoica), 245. 
socialis (Burnesia), 208, 
209,210. 
socialis (Ortbotomus), 

208. 
sociabs (Prinia), 208. 
solitaria (Origma), 135. 
soHtaria (Saxicola), 135. 
somervillei (Malacocercus), 
479, 482. 
somervillei (Timalia), 

482. 
somervillii (Orateropus), 
482. 
sonitans (Burnesia), 205. 
sonitans (Prinia), 205. 
sordida (Pinarocbroa), 
.19, 20. 

sordida (Pratineola), 

20. 
sordida (Saxicola), 20. 
sordida (Siva), 641. 
Sourcil, Le double, 184. 
spaldingi (Ortbonyx), 
331. 
Sparrow, Hedge, 649. 
speciosa (Dasycrotapba), 
574. 
speciosa (Motacilla), 
313. 
speciosus (Henicurus), 
313. 
spekei (Bradyornis), 70. 
Spermolegus, 648. 
Spbenoeacus, 93, 94. 
Spbenura, 104. 
spbenura (Paradoxornis), 
494. 
spbenurus (Ortbotomus), 
216. 
Spiloptila, 231. 
spinicauda (Ortbonyx), 
329. 
squamata (Iantbocincla), 
367. 
squamatum (Garrulax), 
367. 
squamatum (Malacopteron), 
538. 
squamatum (Trocbalopterum), 
367. 
squamatus (Orateropus), 

395. 
squamiceps (Argya), 
395. 
squamiceps (Crateropus), 
395. 
squamiceps (Malurus), 
395. 
squamiceps (Spbenura), 
395.. 
squamifrons (Timalia), 

567. 
Stacbyridopsis, 597. 
Stacbyris, 532. 
Stactocicbla, 449. 
Stapbida, 615. 
Stapbidia, 615. 
Stare, Collared, 662. 
steerii (Liociebla), 641. 
stellatus (Bracbypteryx), 
30. 
stellatus (Drymocbares), 
30. 
stenorbyncbus (Pomatoji 
rbinus), 424. 
stewarti (Burnesia), 209, 

210. 
stewarti (Prinia), 208. 
Stipliromis, 173. 
Stipiturus, 100. 
strangei (Cisticola), 276, 

277. . 
strangei (Drymoica), 
276. 
stranger! (Drmioica), 
276 277. 

strepitans (Dryonastes), 

457. 
strepitans (G-arruiax), 

457. 
striata (Alcippe), 573. 
striata (Aim tisj, 10ti, 
107. 
striata (Brachypteryx), 
573. 
striata (Chsetorais), 130. 
striata (Corvthocichla), 
593. 
striata (Grrammatoptila), 
450. 
striata (Kenopia), 573. 
striata (Keropia), 450. 
striata (Kittasonia). 450. 
striata (Prinia), 178. 
striata (Spheiiceacus), 
130. 
striata (Staphiclia), 017. 
striata (Suva), 178.^ 
striata (Timalia), 573. 
striata (Turnagra), 450. 
striata (Yuhina), 617. 
striaticeps (Drymceca), 
214. 
striaticeps (Macronus), 
584. 
striaticoliis (AleOie), 
59. 
striaticoliis (Fulvetta), 
629. 
striaticoliis (Proparus\ 
629. 
striaticoliis (Siva), 629. 
striatigula (Eroessa), 
152. 
striatigula (Neomixis), 
152. 
striatulus (Bknfordius), 
178,179. 
striatus (Amytis), 107. 
striatus (Crateropus), 

481. 
striatus (Basyornis), 107. 
striatus (Garrulus), 450. 
striatus {Ixulus), 017.^ 
hiatus (Macronus), 573. 
striatus (Malacocercus), 
480,481. 
striatus (Megalurus), 

130. 
ALPHABETICAL IN'BEX. 

striatus Qlelkophilus), 

213. 
striatus (Turdinus). 593. 
stricklandi (Cittoeincla), 
83. S9. 
stricklandi (Copsyckus), 
88. 
stricklandi (Kittacincla), 
80. 
striduljs (ToniaturMnus), 
420. 
strisratus 'Olamanthas), 

290. 
strijfula (Hemiparus), 
638. 
strijruia i Ioropus , 038. 
striijula (Leiu'hrixi, 038. 
singula (MiL-cicapaj, 
o;>. 
striLfuIa (Sha , 03^. 
«tri6hta (Drni.ceAi/, 

17*2-4.* 
striulata fPriijai. 17N. 
striolata (Tinrthrw, 534. 
strophantus | AceeLtor*, 

.stulta Dr\ if mien 2^0 
siunis I Cittoeincla » S7. 
Hiaus fCop*y«'Iiu-. 'H7^ 
sua us (Kittaciiiela tt S7. 
aubalpinus (Accentor), 

002. 
subcaerulatus I Brvonas-
tes),4T>2. 
subcaTulatus i Garrulax), 

402. 
subcinnamornea (Aedon), 
116. 
subcihnamoinea (Cisticola). 
110. 
subcinnamomea (Dryinceca). 
116. 
subcinnamomea (Euryptila), 
116. 
subflava (Drvmceca), 
184,18'7. * 
subflava (Motacilla), 
L84. 
subflava (Sylvia), 184, 

160. 
subhemalayana (Cisticola) 
,260. 
subhimalayana (Prinia\ 

259. 
subochraceum (Pellorneuin), 
021. 
subrufa (Argya), 390. 
subrufa (Layardia), 300. 
subrufa (Timalia), 390. 
subrufewens (CossYpha), 

41. 
subruficapilla (Cisticola), 
283, 2^4, 285, 288. 
subruncapilla (Brvmceca\ 
2S3. 284. 
subrnfis (Malacoeereus), 


30u.
sub-triata (Bumesia), 
2< »0. 
subslrLta (Drrmceea), 

10U. 2(»fi 
Sab>lrirt (Priniau 191. 
sLIbanieolor (Garr ulax), 

30>. 
subuiaeulor I Trochalo


pteruixi t, ;jl>S. 
suffusi fSatliur&j, 491. 
sunutrana Olixornis), 

070. 
suimtrana (Timalia), 
070. 
siiiide\alii Camaroptesupereiliaria 
(Baraesia), 
suprreiliark (Caniaroptera/. 
170. 
superciliaris(Chloropeta), 

172. ^ 
eupfrdlbrK (Drymacedn^
L r'U4. 
superciliaris (Drvmodes), 

344. 
superciliaris (Ixulus), 
024. 
superciliaris (3£acronus), 
32. 
superciliaris (Mieroeercus), 
000. 
fuperciliaris (^licrura), 
0u0. 
superciliaris ' Pooiatorhinu
»), 433. 
superciliaris (Prinia), 
21)0. 
superciliaris (Saxi cola), 

39. 
superciliaris (Stipbrornis), 
172. 
superciliaris (Suya), 182, 
superciliaris (Svlvia), 

171. ^ 
superciliaris (Svlvicola), 
171. 
superciliaris (Tesia), 
600. 
saperciliaris rTurdirostris., 
32.# 
superciliaris(Xiphorhamphus), 
43a 
superciliaris (Xiphorhynohm), 
433. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

supereiliosa (Cossypha), 

39. 
supereiliosa (Drymceca), 
192. 
supereiliosa (Museicapa), 
39. 
supereiliosa (Ehipidura), 
39. _ 
superciliosus (Pomatorbimis), 
419. 
supercilioaus (Pomatostomus), 
419. 
Suthora, 486. 
Sutoria, 215. 
sutoria (Motacilla), 215. 
sutoria (Sutoria), 215. 
sutoria (Sylvia), 215. 
sutorius (Orthotomus), 

216. 
Suya, 176. 
swainsoni (Bessornis), 46. 
swainsonii (Bessonornis), 
45. 
swainsonii (Cossypha), 
46. 
swanzii (Drymoeca), 249. 
swartzii (Dryrnceea), 249. 
svinhoii (Alcippe), 628. 
:>wmhoii (Pomatorhinus), 
427. 
swinhoii (Proparus), 628. 
sykesii (Malacocercus), 
482. 
sylvatica (Calamodyta), 
" 115. 
sylvatica (Drymoica), 
'199. 
sylvatica (Prinia), 199* 
sylvatica (Suya), 199. 
sylvaticus (Bradvpterus), 

113,115. 
sylvaticus (Drymoipus), 

199. 
sylvetta (Drymoeca), 150. 
Sylviella, 153. 
Sylvietta, 133. 
Syncopta, 166. 
syrinx (Acrocephalus), 
527. 
syrinx (Calamoherpe), 
527, 528. 
syrinx (Tatare), 527. 

taewanus (Oarrulax), 376. 
taivanum (Leucodiopteron), 
377. 
taivanum (Trochalopterum), 
376. 
taivanus (Malacocercus), 

376. 
taivanus (Pterocyclus), 
377. 
VOL. TIL 
tanagra (Keropia), 5. 
tanagra (Otagon), 5. 
tanagra (Turnagra), 4, 5. 
Tatare, 524. 
Tatarea, 524. 
temmincki (Accentor), 

654. 
temmincki (Myiophoneus), 
7,9, 671. 
temminckii (Orthonyx), 


329. 
Temnoris, 486. 
temporalis (Pomatorhiuus), 
418. 
temporalis (Pomatostomus), 
418. 
tenella (Brymoiea), 151, 

192. 
tenella (JEroessa), 151. 
tenella, var. major (Eroessa), 
152. 
terrestris (Cisticola), 266, 

267. m 
terrestris (Drymoica), 
266. 
terricolor (Drymoipus), 
196. 
terricolor (Malacocercus), 
479. 
terricolor (Pastor), 479. 
terricolor (Pengia), 479. 
testaceus (Iscliyropodus), 
471. 
testaceus (Turdus), 471. 
textilis (Amvtis), 107, 
108. 
textilis (Malurus), 107. 
textrix (Cisticola), 266. 
textrix (Drymoica), 266. 
textrix (Hemiptervx), 
266. 
textrix (Sylvia), 210, 
266. 
Thamnobia, 3, 53. 
Thamnobi®, 2, 173. 
Thamnocataphus, 324. 
Thamnocicbla, 48. 
Thamnolsea, 3,48. 
Thamnornis, 231. 
Tbarrbaleus, 648. 
tboracica (Apalis), 137, 
138. 
tboracica (Drymoica), 
138. 
tboracica (Motacilla), 138. 
tboracica (Napodes), 537. 
tboracica (Pitta), 537. 
thoracica (Saxicola), 138. 
tboracica (Stachyris), 537. 
tboracica (Timalia), 537. 
tboracicus (Regulus), 138. 
Thrush, Black-faced, 455. 
Thrush, Brown Indian, 

478. 
Thrush, Chinese, 376. 
Thrush, Frivolous, 418. 
Thrush, Grey, 480. 
Thrush, Long-billed, 525. 
Thrush, Long-tailed, 87. 
Thrush, Punctated, 332. 
Thrush, Red-tailed, 39. 
Thrush, Rufous-winged, 
83. 
Thrush, Short-winged, 
104. 
Thrush, Spectacle, 458. 
Thrush, Thick-billed, 4. 
tibicen (Spbenura), 95. 
tickelli (Alcippe), 558. 
tickelli (Drymocataphus), 
557, 558, 
tickelli (Orthorhinus), 

429. 
tickelli (Pellorneum),557, 
521. 
tickelli (Pomatorhinus), 
429. 
Timalia, 507. 
Timelia, 507. 
timoriensis (Megalurus), 
128. 
tincta (Camaroptera), 
168. 
tincta (Drymoica), 168. 
tincta (Syncopta), 168. 
tinniens (Cisticola), 273. 
tinniens (Drymodyta), 
273. 
tinniens (Drymoeca), 273. 
tinniens (Malurus), 273. 
tint inn abulans (Calamanthella), 
260. 
tintinnabulans (Cisti


cola), 260. 
Titmouse, Chinese, 510. 
torquata (Cynura), 666. 
torquatus (G-ampsorhyn 

chiis), 387. 
torqueola (Siva), 615. 
torqueola(Staphida), 615. 
tor queola( Staphidea), 615. 
Torrentaria, 47. 
Traine-Buisson, La, 649. 
Traquet a, queue striee, 

Le, 54. 
Traquet Commandeur, 
Le, 52. 
Traquet des Philippines, 
Le, 54. 
treacheri (Ianihocincla), 

453. 
treacheri (Rbinocicbla), 
453. 
Trichixus, 3, 32. 
**A. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

Tricholais, 157


trichorrhos (Timalia), 

583. 
Trichostoma, 562. 
tricolor (Cercotriehas), 85. 
tricolor (Cittocincla), 85, 
86. 
tricolor (Ephthianura), 

667. 
tricolor (Turdus), 85. 
trivirgatus (Pomatorhinus), 
418. 
Trochalopteron, 354. 
Trochalopterum, 354. 
troglodytes (Drymoica), 

257. 
Turdinulus, 593. 
Turdinus, 539, 561. 
Turdirostris, 32. 
turdus (Loxia), 5. 
turdus (Otagon), 5. _ 
turdus (Turnagra), 5. 
Turnagra, 2, 4, 450. 
typica (Ellisia), 120. 
typieus (Ajax), 337. 
typus (Sylvia), 259. 
tyrannulus (Herpornis), 
637. 
tytleri (Cisticola), 270. 
tytleri (Drymoica), 270. 
umbratilis (Macronus), 

562. 
umbratilis (Myiotbera), 
562. 
umbratilis (Xapothera), 
5Li2. 

umbratilis (Turdirostris), 

562. 
undata (Drymoica), 184. 
undata (Motacilla), 184. 
undata (Sylvia), 184. 
undosa (Drymoica), 134. 
undosus (Calamonabtes), 
134. 
unicolor(Heteromorpha), 
493. 
unicolor (Paradoxornis), 
493. 
unicolor (Suthora), 493. 
ITrohipis, 144. 
uropygialis (Aeanthiza), 
298. 
uropygialis (Drvmoica), 
259. 
uropvgialis (Garrulax), 
44l. 
usticollis (Drymoica), 

161. 
usticollis (Eremomek), 
161. 
valida (Drvmoica), 199, 

200, 27f. 

valida (Prinia), 200. 

variegata (Muscicapa), 

639. 
variegatum (Cinclosoma), 
359. 
variegatum (Trochalopterum), 
359. 
variegatus (Accentor), 


660. 
variegatus (Crateropus 1, 
359. 
variegatus (Garrul.ix), 
359. 
variegatus (Pteroevclus), 
359. 
velatus(Allocoturus),320. 
velatus (ITenicunts). 320. 
velatus (Hvdrociclila), 
333. ] 
verreauxi (ilegalurua), 
234. 
verreauxi (Suthora), 48^. 
verticalis (Bessonornis), 
46. 
vertically (Bessornis), 45. 
verticalis f Cossvpha), 45, 
# 46. 
victoria? (Lamprulia), 37. 
victorini (Bradvpterus), 

ill. 
victorini (Calamodvta), 

112. 
victorini (Phlexis), 111, 
112. 
vinipecta (Pcecila), 619. 
vinipectus (Aicippe), 619. 
vinipectus (Leiothrix), 
619. 
vinipectus (Proparus), 
019. 
vinipectus (Siva), 619. 
virgata (Drymoica), 284. 
virgatmxi (Trochalopte_ 
rum), 379. 
violaceus (Turdus), 9. 
Yira-ombe de Madagas


car, Le, 529. 
virens (Bagocerca), 156. 
virens (Drymoica), 156. 
virens (Sylviella), 150. 
virens (Sylvietta), 156, 

157. 
viridiflava (Drymoica), 
(158. 
viridiflava (Eremomela), 
158. 
viridis (Eroessa), 152. 
viridis (Macrosphenus). 
529. 
viridis (Bhamphoecenus). 

529. J 
Yitia, 550. 
vittatus (Garrulax), 452. 
voeifera (Cossypha), 3(y. 
vociferans (Bessonornis), 
36. 
vociferans (Bessornis),36. 
vociferans (Oossypha),36. 
vociferans (Turdus), 36. 
vociferus (Cossypha), 36. 
vohtans (Cisticola), 269. 
volitans (Drymoica), 270. 
vraldeni(Actinodura),465. 

"Warbler, African, 9n. 

Warbler, Alpine, 662. 

Warbler, Catfrarian. 39. 

Warbler, Dusky, 185. 

Warbler, Dwarf, 294. 

Warbler,Equinoctial,528. 

Warbler, Flaxen, 184. 

Warbler, Great-failed, 

ISO. 

Warbler, Hedge, 649. 

Warbler, Long-tailed, 

215. 
Warbler. Rock, 135. 
Warbler, Rudely, 135. 
Warbler, Siberian, 653. 
Warbler, Streaked, 290. 
Warbler, Tailor, 215. 
Warbler, Undulated, 184. 
webbiana (Suthora), 490. 
williamsoni (Turdinus), 
593. 
woodi (Mixorais), 577. 
xanfhochlora (Erpornis), 

630. 
xanfhochlora (Timalia), 
1*36. 
xantholeuea (Herpornis), 
^ 630, 637. 
Xanthomixis, 570. 
xanthophrys (Crossleyia), 

xanthophrys (Oxviabes), 

524. 
Xiphorhamphus, 433. 
Xiphorhynchus. 433. 
Yuhina, 631. 

zambesiana (Erythro-

PJgia), 75, 78. 
zantholeuca (Iora), 636. 
zosterops (Bernieria), 

570. 
zosterops (Xanthomixis), 
570. 
E2JD OF THE SEVENTH T0LU3tE, 

LIST OF PLATES. 
Plate 
Cossypha leucosticta, p. 44 I. 
Alethe castanonota, p. 58 II. 
Apalis cerviniventris, p. 139 III. 
Bradypterus sylvaticus, p. 115 IY. 
Eremomela scotops, p. 162 ) — 
usticollis, p. 161 J 
Stiphrornis ery thro thorax, p. 173 1 V T 
gabonensis, p. 174 J 
. . . J VII. 
Pnnia sylvatica, p. 199 i VTT T 
Pinarornis plumosus, p. 401 IX. 
Troahaloptenim jerdoni, p. 373 X. 
Crateropus haynesii, p. 483 XI. 
iEtboeicbla gymnogenys, p. 484 XII. 
Pellorneum intermedium, p. 519 1 xjjl 
Malaeopterum erythrote, p. 567 J 
Turdinns gularis *, p. 543 XIY. 
Erythropygia zambesiana, p. 78 1 ~*ry 
ruficauda, p. 78 J 
* Trichosfoma gulare on Plate. 

PUT

Birds BM.Vol.VIL 

^Mattbi... T » 

•L 
J.Smit deLetlitk. Muitern Bros. imp. 

Cossyphcu leucostictcu. 

Pl.H.

Birds B.K. Vol. VII. 

Miiitern Bros, nap. 

J.Smit deletMh 

Aletke cCLstajwrtotcv. 

Birds BM.VoL.VlI. PUII. 

J Smii del etHth. 

ApaHs cervirvu/entris 

Birds B.M.Vol.VII. Ph. IV. 

J. Smit del. etEtk. 
Mintern Bros. 

Bradypt£ras sylvaticu^. 

Pl.V.

Bvrds3M.Vol.VIL 

J. Smit del- et lith. Miniern Bros. imp. 
l.ErmwmeLcu scotops. Z.Eremx?Tnelcu ustoccUjLs. 

Birds B.M. Vol. VII. PI MI. 

J.SmitaeLetHh. Mntern Bros. imp. 

1. Stiphrornie erythrcthoraac. Z. Siiphrorrds gahcrwisis. 
PI. VII. 

Birds BM.Voh.YII. 

J.Smit del.etlrth Mintei-n. Bros. imp. 

Prinicu syljvaticxu. 
Adult. 

1. BreedLnxj omxL 2, winter plxmuzge/. 
PI.VIII.

Birds BM.Vol.VE. 

Mrntera Bros .imp. 

J. Sxnit del. et lith.. 
Prijwcu sylvcdzccc. 
Immature. 
I.Before and, Z. after- fust rnxmlty. 

* PI, IX.
Birds B.M.Vol. VII. 

J.SrnxL del el. ,:t.: 

ViibQTorms phzmosus. 

Birds BM.Vnh. VII PI. X 

Mnrtern Bros. imp. 

Trochaloptervn jerdoni. 

Birds BM.Vol.Vll. PI. XL 

,,;.


J. Smrtdel.etlith. 
Crateropus haynesv. 

BirdsB.M. Vol.VII. PI. XII. 

J.Smit del el lith. Mirrtem Bros. jrap. 

Aetlixjcichla, gymnogenis 

Birds B.M.Vol VII PI .Jill. 

J Srmt del.et lith. 

LPettomjmJw ijnlerrrtzcLiium. 2. MaJjirojjtervn, erytlwote. 

Birds B.M. Vol. VII. Ph.XW. 

J. S-mil del et lith. MiTitern Bros. 
Trichostorncu gulccre/. 

Ba-ds B.M. Vol. VII 

PI.XV 

J. Simit del etlith. 
MmternBr 

l.Eryikropygixh mmbesianm 2. Erythrcpygicu iiifwcmdcu. 

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