Godman  of the Birds in the British Museum 
Volume VIII 
1883 
eBooks von / from Digitalisiert von / Digitised by 
Humboldt-Universität zu 
Berlin
CATALOGUE 


BIRDS 


BRITISH MUSEUM. 

VOLUME VIII. 


LONDON: 
PRINTED BY OEDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 
1888. 


CATALOGUE 


OP THE 

PASSERIFORMES. 


OK 

PERCHING BIRDS, 


I S THE 

COLLECTION 

OF THE 

BRITISH MUSEUM. 


CICHLOMORPH^: PART V. 

OOfff AINIHG THE FAMILIES 

PABIBJE Amy LANIIBJE 

(TITMICE ANE> SHRIKES), 
AND 

CEBTHIOMOEPHJ 

(CREEPERS AND NUTHATCHES). 


LONDON: 
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 
1883. 

PKINTED BY TAYLOR AND FBANCIS, 
SED LION COURT, MEET STREET 

PEEFACE. 

THE Eighth Volume of the * Catalogue of Birds in the British 
Museum ? contains an account of all the species of Titmice, Shrikes* 
Creepers, and Nuthatches known at present. It was prepared by 
Dr. H. Gadow, who has also completed the manuscript of the 
succeeding volume, which will contain the Cinnyrimorph.se and is 
already in the press. The total number of species described 
amounts to 402, of which no less than 337 are in the British 
Museum ; they are represented by 2944 examples. 

Of the principal donors I have to mention BE. I- and IL Highness 
the Crown Prince Budolph of Austria, B. H. Hodgson, Esq., F. D* 
Godman, Esq., 0. Salvin, Esq., Capt. Stackhouse Pin will, IV. E. and 

C. G. Oates, Esqrs., H. Seebohm, Esq., Lord Walsingham, Capt. 
Shelley, and Lieut.-CoL Irby. 
In consequence of the author's departure from London, it was 
found necessary to intrust the correction of the proof-sheets, and 
especially the revision of the lists of specimens, to the experience 
of Mr. Sharpe; but all corrections were submitted to the author 
for his approval before the sheets were sent to press. 

ALBERT GIINTHEB, 

Keeper of the Department of Zoology. 

British Museum, 
June 28,1883. 


INTRODUCTION. 

TWE systematic arrangement followed In the present volume is, in 
part only, my own. I had to accommodate my views to those held 
and expressed by the authors of the previous volumes, notably in 
vol. iv. p. 0, where the limits of the last two families of the Cichlomorphfle, 
Paiiclce and Laniidee, were defined, and In vol. v., where the 
limits of the family Turdidae'were so much contracted that, in order 
to render a Catalogue of Ciehlomorphous genera complete, I had to 
admit Into the families which fell to my share genera which, in my 
opinion, ought to have "been placed elsewhere. 

It is easy to form a satisfactory diagnosis of so-called typical 
families if we confine ourselves to such forms as we consider taxonomic 
centres; but if we have to include the more peripheral forms, 
which are frequently highly specialized, as well as the more 
generalized forms, where the various groups inosculate with and 
overlap each other, the task of defining the families becomes extremely 
difficult, as was already experienced by the author of the 
fourth volume (p. 6). 

The combination of the Purines with the Begulince seems to me 
artificial, and the latter probably had better have been treated in 
vol. vL Moreover, Megulm and LepfopoedU being apparently closely 
allied to each other, I found it impossible to give a diagnosis of the 
family Paridge. 

A discussion of the probable relationship between the Paridce and 
Stitince had become unnecessary through the establishment of thf 
group Certhiomorphse (Cat. B, vol. iii. p. 3). 

Regarding the Laniidtt I beg to refer to -gj). S8 and 89. 

Vll l rSTKODFCTIO^. 

The intrinsic arrangement of the families contained in this volume 

is my own; and I have tried to justify it by the diagnoses of the 

subfamilies and genera. Besides other characters hitherto not ap


plied to diagnostic descriptions, the pattern of colour has frequently 

been resorted to as a most important taxonomic feature, although 

"not the only character which indicates near relationship.*' 

One single character, no matter whether " structural *' or not, as 

generally used in 'Keys/ hardly ever determines the limit of a family; 

but a greater number, the coincidence of several characters, although 

perhaps unimportant by themselves, Trill suffice for this purpose. 

Regarding the vexed question of species, I have frequently made 

use of the designations subspecies and races; but as their synonymy 

and designations have generally been kept distinct, they can easily 

be restored to specific rank, whenever this be thought necessary, 

the whole question being thus left as a mere matter of personal 

opinion. Besides, it must be borne in mind that the .^pecics of Hie 

various genera are not equivalent. 

I wish to tender my thanks to the following gentlemen, who 
by the loan of specimens, or kindly permitting access to their 
collections, have considerably facilitated the completion of this 
volume;—H. E. Dresser, Esq., 0. Salvin, Esq., Captain Wardlaw 
Ramsay, Dr. Scully, Captain Shelley, H. Sehalow, Dr. Reichenovr, 
and Professor Cabanis. 

Mr. Sclater put his rich collection of Vireomnm at my disposal, 
and permitted me to make the fullest possible use of his descriptions 
and " Keys " to this difficult group. Mr. Seebohm not only gave 
me access to his large series of birds, but also thoroughly worked out 
and revised with me several times the Grey Shrikes, the Xuf hatches, 
and many of the Titmice. 

Finally, I beg Mr. R. B. Sharpe to accept my thanks for his many 
acts of courtesy, not only in guiding me at the beginning of my 
work, but also in lending me throughout his assistance in many 
difficulties, which, without his aid, would have caused me much 
additional labour. 

H. OABOW. 
Cambridge, 
June 1883. 


Order PASSERIFORMES. 

Suborder PASSERES. 

I. AOROMYODL 

a. Passeres normahs. 

SECTION TUBDIFORMES. 

Group II. ClCHLOMQBPHiE. 

Pain. PARIDJE, 

SuMam. PARINJB. 
Page 

1. Paras, Lin a 3 

1. sidtaneiiSj Ilodgs * 6 

2. niger, Bonn. 4" Vieill « 7 

* 3. funereu-, T^/v * 9 

* 4. albh enter, Shelby '10 

5. leuouiiotu^, Gver *10 

0. cyanu^ Pall JO 

7. flaupectus, tieiertz -Jl 
4 h. plesldi, Cab J2 

* 0. cseruleiis, X 12 

a. persicus, Blanf. 14 

* 10. tSKSJiffbe, £ m t. . •1-4 
^ 11. minor, Temm. fy Schleg.,. 15 
r 12.^8Bereus, ifow?. c$* Vieill. . 16 
t 13. major, L 10 
s 14. monticolus, Vig <£0 

-15. amabilis, Sliarpe $.2 

* lO.Hegans, Less £2 
v 17. venustulus, Swinh -\23 

4 18. xanCkogenys, Tiq ,24 

a. liaplonotus, Blyth ... . 425 

* 19. spilonotus, Blyth $6 
19 a. rex, David £67 

1 20. cg&ytfiw, L 27 

* 21. melanolophus, FzV/ ^28 
-22. Tufonuchalis, jBfyift %29 
-23 . rubidiventer, Blyth 30 

* 24. wollweberi, Bonap -SI 
J^x atricxistatus, Cassin 131 
'-26.bieolor, L ^2 

3 27. inornatus, Gamlel., .32 

* 28. dicnrous, Ilodgs. 33 

* 29. mode&tus, Burton 33 

* SO.JjjyjiScens, 
Toivnsend ... . 34 
*81.TmSonicii^, Forster ... . 34 

-32. OTBtus, j&wfc? ,35 

-33. varius; Temm, 8? ScMeg.. »37 
YOL. YnT. 

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 


34. castaneiventer, Gould... 

36. seM2aa%#H>, Salvad.... 

-37. ger7#w 

* 38. runventer, Buc 

<* 39. gri&eiventer, Beichenow .

. *I0 

-40. atgr,:Z . 40 
&. nnchalowskii, Bogdcv 

HOW 

y. pMonotus, Blanf. . . 
^ 41. ledouci, Malherbe 

• 42. atncawllus, L 
oTcarolinensis, And. ... 

* 44. niontanus, Gamlel 
-45. lugnbris, Temm 
~ 46. songarns, Severtz 

-47. p&Lnstris, L •. 

. 44 
.. 44 
. 44 
. 44 
. 46 
. 46 
.*47 
. 47 
.48 

.449 

48. "brandti, Bogdanow

2. PsaKrla, Temm 
~' 1. exilis, Temm 

3. Acredula, Koch 
*" 1. melanosis, Ilartl 
•• 2. minima^ Toivnsend 

* 3. eryllirocepliala, Vigors 

4. colicinna, Gould 

4 5. jouschistos, Ilodgs 

6. liiveogularis, Goidd ... 

7. leucogenys, Moore 

4 8. caudata, L 
» 9. rosea, Blyth 
4 as. trivirgata, Temm, I 
Schleg 

* 11. tephronota, Gthr 

4 12. glaucogularis, Gould ... 

4. 
iEgithalus, Bote 
% 1. pendulinns, Linn 

* 2. coronatus, Severfz 
» ST**castaneus, Severtz 


4. macronyx, Severtz 

5.flammiceps,Burton ... 

4 6. capensis, Gm 
st,> caroli, Sharpe


7. flavifrons; Cass 

8. flayiceps, Sundev....... 


6 

Page 

I 37 

4 33 
. 38 
..39 
.,40 

06. borgalis, Selys Longch.. 51 

. 64 
. 65 
. 66 
. 67 
. 68 
. 68 
. 69 
. 69 
. 70 
. 71 
. 72 
72 

. 53 

. 53 

.^53 

• ^4-* 

. 5(& 
. 56 
.. 56 
. 57 

. 58 
. 58 
. 59 
. 59 
. 01 
S* 

. 62 

10. irbii, Sharjie §* Dresser..03 

SYSTEMATIC 1XDEY.. 

Page 

0. 
XeropMla, Gould ^3 
* 1. leucoj>sisL Goidd 73 
fTpeclbraHs, Gould 74 
6. Sphenostoma, Gould 74 
1. cristatum, Gould 74 
7. 
Certblparus, Be Lafresn... 75 
4- 1. albicillus, Less 75 
" 2. noYse zealandia?, Gm. .. 10 
* 3. ocnrocepbalus, 6-'A/2 * 70 
8. Panurus, Koch 77 
£ 1. biarmieus, L 77 
Subfam. REGULIXJ:. 

9. Eegulus, Xoe/i 70 
1. cristatus, Kofh bl 
2. satrapa, Audub b'2 
3. ignicapillus, Br flu a .... 83 
4. maderensis, F. Hareourt 84 
5. calendula, i 84 
10. Leptopcecile, Severtz bG 
' 1. sopHae, Severtz. . *8t> 
Earn. LAXIIDJT. 

Subfam. GYMNOBHIXIXJF, 

1. Pityriasis, X^ . 90 
1. gymnocepbala, Temm... 90 
2. 
Grymnorbina, fr/v/// , 91 
L tilicen, Lath 91 
2. leuconota, Gray 92 
3. Cracticus, Vieill 93 
1. quoyi, Less 94 
2. nigrogularis, Gould .... 95 
a. picatu*, Gould 96 
3. cassieus, Gray ........ 97 
4. leucopterus Gou7d .... 98 
5. argeiiteus, Gould 99 
(5. destructor, Temm 100 
a. cinereus, Gould...... 101 
7. mentalis, Sahad. 102 
Subfam. MALACONOTIN-33. 

4. Vanga, Vieill 104 
1. eiirvirostris, Gm...... * 104 
2. rufa, Gm. .... 105 
5. Artaniia, Be Lafrrsu 106 
1. leucocephala, Gm 107 
2.bicolor,Z : 108 
3. bemieri, Geoff. St.-IIzl. 108 
6. Xenopirostris, Banap. ... 109 
1. xenopiroatris, BeLafre^i. 110 
2. polleni, Schley 110 
3. damii, Schley 110 
4. pacbycepbaloides, Elliot 311 
7. Ptererytbrius, Strains 112 
1. erytbroptems, Tig 313 
2. afflatus, TkMl 114 
Page 

a. cauif»rauoi, Sahad. ... 115 
3. rufrrenter, Blyfh 115 
4. flaviseapis, Temm 116 
5. (enobarbua, Temm 116 
6. intermedins, Hume .... 117 
7. melanotis, Hodys 117 
8. xantbocbloris, Hodys.. . 118 
8. Calicalieus, Bo nap...",... 110 
1. madagascarieiisK L. ., 110 
9. Telopbonu*, Sicwa* 120 
0 1. erytbropteriiv, $iW* . . 120 
2. triyjq-gatu-, ,SWtf* 122 
a. usslierij Shcuye .... 124 
3. senejgalus, i 124 
f\ 4. cucuHatus, Temm 120 
* 5. blanfbrdi, Sharpe 127 
6. reimgialis,ifr«"#.$"F//«cA 128 
7. imQuTus? Marti 128 
8. ancbfefce, Bocaye 129 
10. Dryoseopus, Bote 130 
1. leucoiiiynchus, Ilarfh.. 132 
2. nigerrimus. lieivht note .. 133 
3. firaebri*, Hard 133 
4. lugubris, Cab . 133 
5. luebderi, Iteirh m*ir. ... 134 
0. angolezibis, llartl. .... 134 
7. rutiventer, Sirahm. 134, 3* >7 
b. sticturus, llartl. ...... 1311 
1). major, llartl 336 
a. guttatus, Ilarii 13/ 
10. birolor. Hart 1 138 
31. a^tbiopicus, Gm 13*9 
12. turatii, 'Verremw 140 
13. sublacteus, Ca^s 140 
14. affiiiisj Gray. 141 
l-"j. bauiatus, limit 142 
10. sabinei, Cirmj 143 
17. atriafattLS Cam. ...... 343 
38. salimse, Cab ,... 144 
39. gaiotaisis. Lieftt 14B 
20. ttSSESoSIiilus, Cab 147 
2l.cmk,Wmw 148 
'22. tricolor, Cab. 4* Jleielmtc. 150 
11. Laiiiariug, Vieill 350 
3. cr^fintu^ Henipr. ^Uhr. 152 
2. atrococcinpus, Burchdl. 152 
3. afrdcroceus, Trimeu, ... 153 
4. barbarus, L. » 153 
5. ervHiroffa^ter, Hifpp, . . 154 
f). liypopyriims, Verr. .... l-» 
7. polioctlamys, Garfow . . 155 
8. poHocepbaius, Liehf. ., 16(> 
a. monteiri, Sharpe .... 357 
9. itjjjiaatithoi ax, Sharpe . . 357 
10. multicolor, Crra;/ 158 
11. sulfureipectutf, Zens..... 159 
SYSTEMATIC IXDEX. 

Page 

12. rubjginosus, Sunder, . . 1U0 
13. olivaceus^ Shaw ...... 101 
014. ballbaTarij Shaw 162 
15. ^Snfifllpr, CAM. 163 
16. ygafliak Vieill lOo 
12. Nicator, Finsch 8f JSartL . 165 
1. cbloris, !>&?. 166 
2. vireoj Ca5 166 
3. gularis, Marti. <| Finsch 167 
13. Nfiaus, Stcains 167 
1. capensis. Shaio 168 
2. ^ Lath 160 
3. affinis, Bocage 170 
14. Xeolestes, Cab 170 
1. torquatus, Cab 171 
Subfam. PACHYCEPHALIXJC. 

15. Falcunculus, Vieill 172 
1. frontatii^ Lafk. ...... 173 
2. leiwagasFer, Gould .... 174 
10. 
Oreoica, Gould ........ 174 
b 1. Qii^tQ^JLeioiii 174 
17. 
Eopsaltria, Swains.. .... . 175 
Q 1. australis, Lath 3-76 
2. gS8^5ana, Q/^//cy Gaim. 178 
3-fiavigaster. Verr. ...... 171) 
4. cucullata, Gray 170 
5. caledonica, Gm. 180 
0. pulverulenta, Bp.. 180 
7« gularis, (??/©// 4'' Gaim. . 181 
I N Pachyeepbala,F»/4*/ior.s/; 182 

1. raelanura, Gould ...... 185 
2. M^^Wall 189 
3. 
vItiensis^6*;T«/........ 190 
SnEanHavensis, Ramsay. 101 
4. Q^tturalis, Lath 102 
5. occi^mOTs, Mammy .. 103 
6. g^aticura, Gould 104 
7. chlorura, Gray 104 
8. sclilegeli, Rosenh 105 
0. fulvotmcta, Wall 106 
10. sSSg^S&at 106 
11. innominata, Ramsay ., 107 
12. collaris, Ramsay 107 
13. calliope, Bonapl 108 
14. litlB^jj^Layarrl 108 
15. i4£»08flfltoi Verr, § Bes 
Murs 109 
] 6. a«*trolabi, llombr. tyjacq. 200 

17. torquata, Lai/ard 201 
IS. ^^^Martl......... 202 
10. jacqiunotj, Bonap. .... 203 
WA<8tmS8k&, Pmle 204 
21. &S88BZVould 205 
22. pallida, Ramsay 206 
Page 

23. xantbervtbrfiea, Forster . 207 
0 24. ifugeja^ 
Lath....... 208 
2o. ruxojnSaris, Gould 209 
ZH.glSSfi^Etonld 210 
27. xantboprocta, Gould .. 211 
2^

 n^aachflf ScUd 211 
2D- SSSTn]/. # llorsf.. 212 

30. albispecularis, Salvod... 212 
31. hyperythra, Salvad..... 213 
S2. orpbeiis, Jard. 213 
33. p]tfaoBatfl>, J/////tt- ... . 214 
34. g"£^J£gPS; #>"«# 215 
, 35. cinerabcens, Salvad..... 216 
i 36. ggdseonota, (?;*fly 217 
37. rSHpennfe, 6-V^ ..... . 21 ?| 
38. clubia, Ramsay 21!* 
30. simplex, Gould 21U 
40. grisola, Blyfh . 22V 
41. bruimeieauda, Salt ad... 22( 
42. pbilippiueu-i^ Waklen,. 22 J 
43. sulfuric enter, Waldm .. 221 
44. monacba, Gray 222 
44 a. arctitewqui^, Svlah'r , . '4ih 
45. IntK-ogaster, Salvad..... 222 
46. ltiueostigma, Sah;ad. .. 223 
47. Muioitrs; Gould 224 
48. cyanea, Hume ......... 224 
40. hattamt*nsirt, Meyrr .... 225 
50. poliosoma, Skarpe .... 22iS 
51. fortis, Gadow , 360 
10. Pacbycare, Gould. 226 
1. iiavogrisea, Meyer 227 
Subfara. LANIINM. 

20. Urulestes, Cab 228 
1. melanoleucus, Jard..... 229 
21. Laniellus, S.vaim 230 
1. leucograrprnjcws, Swains, 230 
22. Corvinelfa, Less 231 
1. corvina, Shaw 231 
23. 
Laniu-s 232 
^ 1. minor, Gm 235 
C 2. excuBlwr, L. 237 
i 3. major, Pall. 230 
0 4, burealis, Vieill......... 240 
5. mollis, Bversm 241 
6. bomeyeri, Cab 242 
7. Lnicopterus, Severfz..... 242 
8. ftpbenocercus, Cab. .... 242 
9. seeBohmi, Gadow...... 24$ 
10. mbu^tus, Baird 243 
"11 . algerien^is, Letts. ...... 244 
12. uncinatufl, Selat. ...... 245 
0 
13. ludovieianiw, Linn 245 
1 14. meridionalis, lemm. .. 246 
su 
sr&Tnrviic INDEX. 

Page 

13. falias, Fimch 247 
16. assimiiis, B re Jim 249 
17. bemileucurus, Fimch § 
mail. 299 
18. grirnini, Bogdcmoio .... 250 
, 10. dealljajus, de Fdippi .. 250 
20. elegant, Swains 251 
)2l. lalitora. Si/kes 2-r2 
4 22. excubitoriup, Bes Murs. 253 
23. SOUZOB, Boc 254 
24. caudatu^ Cah 254 
25. aritizibrii, Salvad 2-")o 
20. collaiifc, L 2oo 
a. simthii, Frasrr .... 258 
27. subcoronatus, Smith . . 2(30 
28. tephronote. Vigors.... 201 
'29. sehacli,Z 261 
30. fuscatus, Less 203 
031. erytlirQiiottis, Vigors . . 203 
a. eardeepfe, BlytJt .... 205 
32. bentet, Horsf. ........ 206 
33. mgricej^j Frank! 208 
* 34. c^Ealomelas, Bonap. .. 209 
35. bucephalus, Temm. fy 
ScWeg. " 270 
:; 36. cristatus, L 271 

37. sujjerciliosus, Lath 273 
38. lucionensi^ L 274 
39. isabellinus, Fhrenb 277 
a. ptdemcuroides,'S5j'i?erfo. 277 
40. speciIKg^rusT!^/^ 279 
t 41. vittatus, Yah 280 
42. nubicus^ Licht 2S2 
'J 43. aunculajfcps, Midler .... 283 
44. bactius, JBLartl 285 
? 45. colluriO; X. 2S6 
"46. collyrioides, Less 289 
47. tigrinus, Brapiez 289 
Subfam. YmEONixiE. 

24. V ireo, Vieill 292 
1. calidns, L 293 
0 
2. oK^fip^X 294 
flSVoviridis, Cass 295 
(sS^rWaa 295 

5. raagister, Lawrence .... 295 
6. pliiladelphicus, Cass 296 
7. %^Bm,Vieffl. 296 
8. josepbas, Sclat 297 
9. ainaufonotus, Sah\ $* 
Godm 298 
10. flayiflafflS, Vieill ...... 298 
11. soHte»,^"& 298 
a. eas>ml, Xantus 2s UJ 
j8. plumbeus, Coues .... 209 
12. yicinior, Coues 300 
13. atricapillus, Woodhouse . 300 
014. noveboracen&is, Gm . 300 
15. beffiTTW. 301 
16. pu&illu^ Couts 302 
17. 
ocliiiUttis, >tdr 3'»2 
aT^Hn^'Srh'. ...... 302 
13. huttoLi, i'o «
19. n^ode-ta», Gu*»e
20. carrulbli, Ba "rd
21. liypuclnyaeu*-, Sclat.
22. 
gmidlachi, Lambege...
0 23. iaSm^Bainl
25. 
Xeocffloe, Sclat
1- bsssBsasiP, Sclat2G. Ilylophiius, Temm.......

1. tboracigjis, Temm
2. (IecuHat^, Bonap
3. iiiiiscicaplniis St /. $Salv. 308 
4. pcecilutid, Temm 303 
5. aiSSuroc* pbalu3, Xordm. 308 
(>. semibrmm« vn>,~Lafr:... 309 
7. 
taiventii*, G/&. " 309 
8. l\i*cica.ialln%S(lat.hSfdi\ 3« 9 
9. aurantiifroiiH, Lawrence . 310 
10. brunneicep«, >Vc*/r// 310 
11. ocbractficeps, Sclat 330 
12. rubrifrons Sclat. ...... 311 
13. ferrugineil'ron^ Sclat. .. 311 
14. luteitrons, Sclat 311 
15. seraieinereu^ Scl. fySalv. 312 
10. flavipes, Lafr 312 
17. dlivaceu^, Tsch $1$ 
27, Laletes, Sclat. 31:3 
1. osburni, Sclat 313 
2*. Vireolaniuf, Bit Bits .... 314 
1. melitoplms; Bonap..... 314 
2. 1GUCO&, Steams. ...... 315 
3. pulckeBus, Sclat. 4* Sah\ 315 
4. eximius, Baird 31(> 
:(J3 
303 
:/)3 
. . 304 
. 304 
304 
305 
305 
305 
307 
307 

29. 
Cyclorbls^ Swains
1. virgjitieegSj Sclat
2. nigrirostris, de Lafresn.,
\ 
3. viridis, Vieill. . ...
aT^Sfpcpjpbala, TscL ..

4. albiventris, Sclat 4* Sab.
5. altirostris7 Salv 
310 
317 
317 
318 
318 

 319 
319 

6. gyaanoiffls, Gm 319 
7. jdavipegjais, Sclat....... 320 
8. fiaviventris, de Lafrem. 320 
9. fflSGSrtf^ Tacz. .... . 321 
SYSTEMATIC IXDEX. Sill 

Group III. CERTHIOITOBPHJB 

Fara. CEETHIID-S. 

»I

Subfam. CERTHIINJS. 

1. Certhia, X. 323 
» 1. familiaris, X 323 
a. mexicana, Glog 326 
* 2. Mmalayana, Vig 327 
. 3. discolor, Rlyth 328 
- 4. nipalensis, Iloclgs 329 
2. Salpornis, Gray 329 
1. spilonotus, Gray 330 
* 2. &&h-a.(loTn, Socage 330 
3. TTicEoiaiWa, 111. 331 
* 1. muraria, L 331 
4. Climacteiis, Temm 333 
1. melanura, Gould 334 
2. nielanonotus, Gould. .. . 334 
3. placens, 6'clat 335 !
* 4. ruf a, Gould 335 !
* 5. leucopheea, Latham .... 330 !
•* 6. scandens, Temm 337 
7. efytlirops, Gould 33 3 
8. pyrrlionotuSj Gould ... . 339 
* 9. mystacalis, Temm 339 
Subfam. SITTING. 

5. Sitta, Linn 341 
1. e^iropasa, Linn 342 
a. nagaensis, Godwin-
Austen 344 
2. amurensis, Swirih 34o 
3. magna, Ramsay 345 
4. neumareri, Michah 345 
5, svriaca, JBhrenb 340 
C. cjesia, Wolf 347 
7. limialavensis, Jard. <f* 
SIGy~~ 349 
8. neglecta, Walden 349 
CLkyiieperi, von Pelzeln .. 350 
10. ca^taneoventris, Franklin 
351 
^ 11, cimmmonieoventris, 2?/. . 351 

1 12. leucop^is, Gould 352 
13. carulinensis, Wits 353 
14. canadensis, J3ri&*... 354 
a. T, illo<8.2 Verr 355 
15. pvsrmaea, Vig o-^o 
It). puSlla, Lath 350 
17. azurea, Le<s 357 
18. fJrmoa. Rlyth ........ 357 
19. frontalis, Ilortf. 358 
20. cynoclilamys Sharpe . . 359 
G. Sittella, Svaim . 300 
1. chr^opte.a. Lath 300 
2. leucocephala, Gould. .. . 301 
3. allMi^Iiamsay. 302 
4. pileata, Gould t)i'd 
a. temiirotri*, Gotdd . . 303 
5. leucoptero, Gould 303 
6. striata, Gould 304 
7. papuen:;is? Sekl. 305 
7. IXypoitta, A* Xewion.,.. ?A*o 
k 1. coi\tlliro*tri>. A. Xachn 300 
VOL. vin. 

CATALOGUE 

0¥ 

BIRDS. 


Order II. PASSEMFORMES 

(Cat. B. vol. iii. p. 1). 

Suborder I. PASSERES 

(Cat. B. vol. iii. p. 6). 

Group II. CICHLOMORPEUE 
(Cat. B. vol. iv. p. 6). 

Family PARID^E. 

Synopsis of Subfamilies. 

A, Bin without a notch; tarsus less than twice 
the length of the hallux without nail PAItlNM, p. 1. 

B. Bill slightly notched; tarsus more than twice 
and a half the length of the hallux without 
naH MEGULINsE, p. 79. 
Subfamily PARING. 

Bill shorter than the rest of the head, generally conical, and 
without a notch; nostrils lateral or basal; wings rounded, their 
tip generally formed by the 3rd to 5th primaries; first primary always 
present, although short; tail varying in length and shape; toes 
and tarsi comparatively short, the latter being less than double the 
length of the hallux without nail; outer toes coalesced at the base 

VOL. VIII. B 

PABID.dE. 

only. Plumage soft, woolly and lax. The principal colours of the 
plumage are white, black, yellow, and blue ; red and green (except 
olive-yellow) do not occur. Spots on the back and wings are often 
met with, but transverse bands are never found on any part of the 
plumage. The sides of the head are frequently coloured differently 
from the rest of the head ; the feathers of the crown are often prolonged 
into a crest. Sexes generally alike in plumage. 

The Parinse are small, non-migratory, mostly insectivorous birds, 
inhabiting the whole world, with the exception of the Neotropical 
Eegion and the Pacific islands. They comprise 7 genera with about 
80 species. 

Kty to the Genera. 

A. 
PAHISLE TYPiaas. Nostrils mostly round 
and entirely devoid of any coriaceous 
operculum; always hidden by little 
feathers and bristles. Tongue obtuse, and 
beset at the tip with horny bristles. 
a. Culmen curved; first primary long. 
a\ Tail rounded or square; with many 
scales in front of the tarsus j often 
with a crest .. 1. PAECS, p. S. 


b'. 
Tail rather long and graduated; tarsus 
covered anteriorly with one scutum, 
or with the scales almost fused into ,0 T>„ , _ --,-. * m *« 
one; no crest <« ACRFDITL\ n M 

b. 
Culmen straight; bill very much pointed; ' * * • ? P*f * 
tail short, square, or emarginated; tarsus 
anteriorly covered with many scales; 
no crest 4. JEGITHAMS, p. 66. 
33. 
PAMXJE AUSTBALES. Nostrils in a groove, 
longitudinal, operculated; not covered "by 
feathers, but quite free and exposed. 
Tongue without bristles {?). Confined to 
the Australian Region. 
[e. 
First primary wanting; second primary 
very long \ OEEOCHABIS t.] 
d. First primary well developed. 
c\ Bill higher than broad; tail square; 
no crest; secondaries equal to four 
fifths of the wing; nostrils partly 
covered 5. XBROFHJXA, p. 73. 

d\ Bill not higher than broad; nostrils 
exposed. 
a!'. With a crest; secondaries equal to 
sixth or seventh primary 6. SFHEKOSTOMA, p, 74 

b'\ 
"Without a crest; secondaries equal 
to fourth or fifth, or third or fourth 
primaries , 7. CBBTBXPABVS, p. 75. 

* PsaHHa Is intermediate between AcreMa and Partis. Tail graduated; 
tarsi anteriorly covered with scales; no crest; first primary longer than half 
the second primary. 
t Oreocmris, although referred to in this key, will be included in the account 
of the Meli^hagincs (Cat. B. vol. ix.). 

1 . PARTIS. 
3 
C. 
PANURIN^E. Nostrils ovate, with a large 
operculum, the nasal opening situated posteriorly 
; hidden by small plumes. Tongue 
horny, obtuse, divided at the end, terminating 
in a few horny bristles. One 
genua PANURUS*, p. 77. 
1. PARUS. 
Type. 

Parus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 341 (1766) P. major. 
Lophophanes, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 92 (1829) P. cristatns. 


I Cyanistes, id. op. cit. p. 99 P. cyaneus. , 
Pcecile, id. op. cit. p. 114 P. ater. - -, 
Melanochlora, Lesson, Rev. Zool. p. 42 (1839) P. sultaneus. 
Crataionyx, JEyton, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 104 P. sultaneus. 
Ptilobaphus, Reichenb. Nat. Syst. pi. lxii. (1850) P. sultaneus. 
Penthestes, Reichenb. I. c P. niger. 
Machlolophus, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 91 (1850) P. spilonotus..__ 
Bseolophus, id. L cit. (note) P. bicolor. 
Pentheres, id. op. cit. p. 92 P. niger. 
>Ielaniparus (!), JBp. Omsp. Av. i. p. 228 (1850) P. sultaneusu .
Poekilis, Blasius, List of B. of Eur. p. 8 (1862) P. ater. 

Head of Parus major, with bill to show nostrils (exposed). 

Bill short, subulate, more or less conical, blunt at the tip, hardly 
notched, or without any notch at all; nostrils always round and 
small, hidden, like the base of the bill, by recumbent little feathers 
of the forehead, never opercnlated, the margins being ossified; first 
primary well developed, but less than half the next one in length; 
tip of wing formed by 3rd to 5th primaries; tail varying in length 
and shape; tarsus comparatively short, less than double the length 
of the hallux, anteriorly covered with many transverse scales, which 
in some species, in old birds, tend to fuse into one another; many 
species have a feather-crest. Plumage often beautifully coloured, 
the principal colours being black, yellow, and blue, whilst green 
and red are excluded; back and wings frequently spotted, but 
streaks and cross markings do not occur. Most of the North-
American species are plain and dull in colour; African Tits principally 
black. 


Range. About 46 species in the Indian, Ethiopian, Patearctic, 
and Kearctic Eegions. 


* Panurus does not belong to the Paridce, but perhaps to the Fringillidcz. 
The nostrils are nearer to the culmen than to the edge of the maxilla, the 
culmen curved, and thefirst primary very short. 
B2 

I**' V4"*" 

PAKID^I. 

Key to the Species. 

A. 
Only colours black and yellow,-high, crest. 
(MELANOCHLOEA.) ... .
B. General colour black 5 no crest. 
a. All the upper parts uniform black. 
a\ Breast and abdomen blackish. 
a". Primaries and wing-coverts edged with 
white
b". No trace of white on the quills; all the 
upper and under parts uniform blackish 
slaty

b'. Breast and abdomen white

b. Centre of mantle dull creamy
C. 
Principal colours white and blue; entire throat 
and most of the underparts white. 
Cs Crown of head pure white; all the underparts 
white

a. A light yellow crescent on the fore neck ... .
B. 
Principal colours black and yellow, with blue 
or white in the plumage. 
e. Crown and wing-coverts blue. 
c'. Mantle and back olive-grey
d'. Mantle and back yellowish green
e\ Mantle and back greyish blue
/ . 
Brown; the whole throat, fore neck, m& 
centre of breast black. 

f. 
No crest. 
c". Sides of neck and ear-coverts white....
d". Sides of neckrahd ear-coverts yellow. 
a'". No white spots on the mantle, back, 

and quills. 
a\ "Wiaag-coverts bluish ,.. .
¥. Wing-coverts black

b"\ Large white spots on mantle and 
quills. 
c4. Ear-coverts black like the head....

dK Ear-coverts yellow ..............
/ . With a high black crest ; sides of neck andear-coverts yellow. 

e". Feathers of crest plain Mack.

/" . 
Feathers of crest with yellow tips ... .

E. 
Bull-coloured birds, with a high crest. (LOPHOPHANES.) 
aultaneusj p. 6. 

niger, p. 7. 

funereuS) p. 9. 

aibiventer, p. 10. 

leuconotus, p. 10. 

eyanugj p. 10. 

YkMi^^Z U" 

persfcus, p. 14. 

cmideim7 p. 1'2. 

temriffm, p. 14. 

minor, p. 15. 

major, p. 10. 

monticolm. p. 20. 

amabilis, p. 22. 

j &9°»*>V• 22. 

* *««"*«««> P* 28. 

] xan&ogenys, p. 24. 
j kaphmius, p. 25. 
spilonotus, p. ?t£ 

g. Crest black, all its feathers edged with white eristatus, p. 27, 
h. Crest black, without any edgings of white. 
h\ Throat black. 
cf\ Entire crown and crest black; no frontal 
band. 
<?'" Wing-coverts tipped with fawnd'". No tips to the wing-coverts. 
B4-, Abdomen dark grey. 
a5. Larger: wing 3-0 inches ..... .
b5. Smaller: wing 2*2 inches ......

/4. Abdomen tawny ochraceous

 melanolophus, p. 28, 

rufomchafo, p. 29. 
beavani, p. 20. 
rubidiventer, p. SO. 

1. PAEtrS. 
h". Centre of crown grey; crest black; a 
narrow white frontal band; two narrow 
black bands to the auricular region; 
breast grey woMweberi, p. 31. 

i\ Throat and breast entirely white; a narrow 

white frontal band. 
t". Crest black atricristatus, p. 31. 
k". Crest brown bicolor, p. 32. 

L Crown and crest greyish brown; no trace of 
black in the whole plumage; throat grey or 
dull whitish. 


k\ All the underparts uniform dull whitish 
grey inomatus, p. 32. 
l\ Underparts fawn-coloured; throat darker, 
more of a dull brownish grey dichrous, p. 33. 

F. Neither yellow nor blue in the plumage; no crest. 
k. 
Throat and fore neck uniform with rest of 
underparts, dull whitish greyish oliTe; all 
above dull olive brownish grey modestus, p. 33. 
L Crown brown; npper breast white. 
m\ Throat dark reddish brown; mantle and 
flanks dark chestnut,,.., rufescens, p. 34. 
I hudsonims, p. 34. 
ri. Throat black -J oMeetus, p. 35. 

m. Crown black. 
(cznctus, p. 35. 
o'. 
A fawn-coloured frontal band; throat 
black; breast and abdomen chestnut-red. 


V. Larger: wing 3*1 inches varius, p. 37. 
m". Smaller: wing 2*4 inches castcmeirmter, p. 37. 
p'. No frontal band. 
n". Throat black, the black colour extending 
down the centre of the breast. 
em. Ear-coverts pure white. 
g^. Mantle and back glossy black. 
e5. Forehead black nuehalis, p. 38. 
d5. Forehead white semilarvatus, p. 38. 

h\ Mantle and back blue-grey. , cin£rem 16 
es. Sides of breast and flanks white. -j locchar^h p; ia 

f5. Sides of breast and flanks grey.. afer, p. 39. 

/'" . Ear-coverts black; belly rufous.... j r^mtJ A 

o". The black of the underparts restricted 10* *«»«KW» , p. *u-
to chin and throat; general colour 
above grey. 

g"\ "Whole of the chin, throat, and upper 
part of the fore neck deep black; 
line of demarcation of the black 
colour strongly expressed. 


i\ The black of the upper parts extending 
down the whole of the 
hind neck. 

g*. Wing-coverts with white tips; 
secondary quills not edged with • aier ^ 
white. britanniem. p. 41. 
a6. Ear-coverts and nape - spot j peJdnemi8^ 41. 

wlllte

 * 
| michakwmm, p. 43. 
{^'phcecmotmj f. 44. 
PARIDJE. 

h*. Ear-coverts and nape-spot 
yellow kdoucif p. 44, 
h5. Wing-coverts and secondaries 
edged not tipped, with white. , atrkapilhm7 p. 44. 
e6. Flanks fawn-colour \ septenirimwIis^A^ 
j __ , \ mmtanus, p. 47. 
d\ Elanks grey j meridimmlL p. 46. 
h\ The black of the upper parts re-f btgvhris. p. 47. 
stricted to the crown and nape .. \ songarvs. p._48. ^ 

hf". Only the chin black; upper throat I i!***"+*t'?7.*L';9 ^"' 
mottled or edged black and white .. / m^mtn-s B 49 
Throat without any blackish patch; ' ^ ??**-•> 
crown of head blackish brown........ hrandti, p. 53. 

1. Parus sultanens. 
Parus sultaneus, Hodgs. Ind. Bei\ p. SI (1831)• id. in Grafs Zm»L 
Misc. p. 83 j Gh-ai/y Gen. B. i. p. 192 ; id. Cat. Mamm. etc. Xepal 
pres. Hodgs. p. 72; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiiL p. 043; Horsf. $ 
Moore, Cat. B. B.I. Co. Mm. i. p. 300. _ 

Parusflavocribtatus,Lafresn. Mag. Zod. 1637, pi. 80; Horsf. P. Z. «9. 
1830, p. 102; Bhjtk, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 1*4, xii p. 105 ; Strieki. 

P. Z. 6'. 1846, p. 100; Blyth, Cat B. Mm. A*. & e. p. 102; id. in 
Jard. Contr. Orn. p. 48; Gould, B. Asia^ pi xx. pi. 10. \ 
Melanochlora sumatrana, Less. JRev. Zool. p. 42 (IdoO); Sundes. A v. 
Meth. Tent. p. 20. 
Crataionyx flava, Eyton, P. Z. S. 18%% p. 104. 
Crataionyx ater, Eyton, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 104. 
Melanochlora sultanea, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 282 (1803) ; Wmldm, 

P. Z. S. 18GG, p. 551; Hume $ Davison, 8t F 1878. vol. i p. 37*; 
Hume, 8t F. 1870, pp. 04, 105. -* * , s * ; . 1 
Melanochlora flavocristata, €&&. Mm. Hem. i. p. (12 {1850); Bigik 
$ Walden, B. Burmak, p. 111. 

Adult male. Head aboye and a long pointed crest, the breast, 
abdomen, the under tail-coverts, and the axillaries bright yellow; 
the under wing-coverts blackish at base, tipped with yellow, and 

•with a subterminal white band ; all the other parts of the body are 
glossy green-black, the quills internally edged with whitish; the 
line of demarcation between the black of the fore neck and the 
yellow breast is strongly marked; u bill Mack; feet slaty; iris 
dark brown" (Jerdon). Total length 7-8 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 
4-4*2, tail 3-4-3-6, tarsus 0-95-1. 
Adult female. All the parts which are black in the male are 
brownish black, with a peculiar olive-green tinge; chin, cheeks, 
throat, and fore neck blackish, strongly washed with yellowish, la 
all the other parts the female closely resembles the male. Wing 
3-7 inches, tail 3*3. 

Young birds resemble the females, but want the yellow crest. 
Obs. Several specimens in the British Museum have some of the 
outer tail-feathers slightly tipped with white. 
Hob. Prom the Himalayas through Assam. Burmah, and Malacca 
to Sumatra. 

1 . PARTIS. 
a, b, c. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
(Types of the species.) 
«W<J1/;M? ] Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
ad. sk. 
h, *".[<?] ad.? k.[(S Assam. Gould Collection. 
juv.] sk. 

I. Ad. sk. Assam (McClelland). India Museum. 
m. 
2 ad. sk. Western Pegu hills, Eugene W. Oates, Esq. [0.1. 
lat. 19° N., April 
7,1873. 
n. 
g ad. sk. Malewoon, Tenas- Eugene W. Oates, Esq, [0.1. 
serim,Dec.8,1876. 
o. Ad. sk. Malacca. Eyton Collection. 
p. Juv.sk. Malacca. Eugh Cuming. 
°> r> [6 $ ].a&-sk- Malacca. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
s, t. $ ad., juv.sk. Malacca (Cantor). India Museum. 
u. Ad. sk. Penang. India Museum. 
v. Bones of body. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
2. Paras niger. 
La Mesange noire, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. iii. pi. 137. figs. 1, 2. 
Parus niger, Bonn, et Vieill. JEnc. 314th. p. 508 (1823); Gray, Hand-l. 


B. i. p. 233, no. 3383; Gurney, in Anderss. B. JDam. Zd. p. 81; 
Sharps, ed. Laijard B. S. Afr. p. 331; Ayres, Ibis, 1880, p. 103; 
Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 285. 
Parus leticomelas, Rupp. Neue Wirb. Taf. 37. fig. 2 (1835); HeugL 
Syst.Uebers. p. 252; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 234, no. 3387; Eeitgl 
Orn. N.O.~Afr. i. p. 407. 

Parus leucopterus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 246 (1837); id. B. W. 
Afr. ii. pi. 42; Marti Orn. W.-Afr. p. 70; Monteiro, Ibis, 1862, 

p. 338; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 113; Gray, BCand-l B. i. p. 234, 
no. 3385; Blanf Geol.fy Zool Abyss, p. 356. 
Melaniparus leucopterus, Bp. C. A. i. p. 228 (1850); Bocage, Jorn. 
Lisb. 1867, p. 333, 1868, p. 22,1874, p. 51. 
Melaniparus leucomelas, Bp. C. A. i. p. 228 (1850). 
Melaniparus niger, Bp. C. A. i. p. 228 (1850). 
Pentheres niger, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 92 (1850). 
Pentheres leucopterus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 92 (1850). 
Pentheres leucomelas, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 92 (1850). 
Penthestes melanoleucus, Pr. Paid Wurttemberg, Icon. ined. 
Parus luctuosus, Licht. Nomencl. p. 36 (1854). 


A. Northern Race (P. leucopterus, Swains.). 
Adult male. Above and below glossy blue-black, less glossy on the 
abdomen, tail, and under tail-coverts; quills black, the primaries 
narrowly, the secondaries broadly edged with white; primary wing-
coverts black and white; the greater and median series almost pure 
white, the blackish colour being restricted to the basal or to the 
central parts of the feathers; lesser wing-coverts black; quills below 
dusky, with broad white edgings to the inner web; edge of wing 
and under wing-coverts white, mottled with blackish at the base of 
the feathers; bill, feet, and claws black. 

Female. Less glossy below; the white edgings to the quills are a 
little narrower, and the upper wing-coverts more blackish brown, 
than the male. 

O PARIDJE. 

Ols. Some of the Gambia specimens have the tail-feathers slightly 
tipped, and one specimen has the outer pair of the feathers narrowly 
edged with white; thighs and under wing-eoveits in another (river 
Yolta) slightly tipped with white. 

B. Southern Race (P. niger, VieilL). 
Advli male. Underparts of the body black, but with a strong 

brownish tinge; the abdomen, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts 

dark grey, tipped with whitish; most of the tail-feathers are tipped, 

and the outermost pair externally broadly edged, with white; bill arid 

claws black; iris dark hazel (Oates). 

Adult females from South Africa resemble the males closely 
in their upper parts; cheeks, throat, breast, abdomen, and flanks 
dusky brownish black or dark ashy brown; tail, under tail-coverts, 
and thighs with white or whitish tips, the outer feathers broadly 
edged with white. 

Obs. Two adult males from Daniara Land, shot by Andersson in 
the months of August and September, differ but slightly from the 
Northern race: greater wing-coverts black, broadly tipped and narrowly 
edged with white; tail-feathers with narrow white tips, the 
outer pair (in one specimen) broadly edged with white ; thigks and 
under tail-coverts black, with whitish tips; throat, breast. Hanks, 
and greater part of abdomen glossy black. 

In order to find out whether there are any differences in size between 
these two or three races, I have measured a large series of 
these birds from different parts of Africa. The north-eastern and 
the southern specimens are absolutely the same in size: those from 
the Gambia and the river Yolta seem to be a little smaller. 

Wing. Tail. Tarsus 
in. m. in. 
$. Angola . 3*2 2-9 0-8 

(S. Bamara 3*15 2-75 
i 0*85 

S. Damara 8*3 3-0 
<$. River Chalumna 3*3 3-0 
| 0*8 

tf. Pine Town ........ 3*12 2-82 


<?. Elands Post 3-3:2 3-02 y to 

S. River Raraaqueban.. 3*2 3-02 J 0*82 
2 . Natal 2*92 2-6 
2 . Grahams Town ... . 3*07 2-8 
$ . Tete 3-15 2*85 
d. River Anseba 3*15 2*55 
<?. Kokai 302 3*45 08 
<$. Bard el Mancleb ... . 3*3 2*9 0*78 
Ad. [ 6 ]. River Volta .. 3-0 0*75 
2-m

Ad. [d J Biver Volta .. 2*92 2*51 

Ad. River Gambia. 2-85 2*5 

Ad. River Gambia...... 3*0 2*7 > 0*75 

Ad. River Gambia 3*ll> 2*7 

Ad. River Gambia 3*12 2*8 

Hob, The whole of the Ethiopian Region from Abyssinia to the 
Gambia and southwards to the Cape. 

1 . 
PAEUS. 
Northern Race (P. leucopterus). 

fy b. Ad. sk. Africa, 

c. Ad. sk. River GamHa. 
d. Ad. sk. River Gambia. 
e. Ad. sk. Hirer Gambia. 
/, g. Ad. sk. River Volta {Governor 
Ussher). 

h. 
$ ad. sk. Congo (JDr. Lucari). 
i. 
Ad. sk. Angola. 
k. 
<$ ad. sk. River Anseba, 4000 feet, 
July 17, 1868. 
I. Ad. sk. Bard el Mandeb, Bogos 
Land (JEJsler). 
m. S ad. sk, Kokai, Bogos, July 12, 
1868 (Jesse). 

Purcliased. 

Purchased. 

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
J. Gould. Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R.B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [0.1. 
W.T.Blanford,Esq.[C.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [0.]. 
F.D.GodmanandO.Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 

Southern Race (P. niger). 

a. Ad. sk. 
b. Ad. sk. 
c. $ ad. sk, 
d. <$ ad. sk. 
e. Ad. sk. 
/ . <? ad. sk. 
g. (S ad. sk. 
i. Ad. sk. 
k. <$ ad. sk. 
1, m. 3 $ ad. sk. 

n. Ad. sk. 
o. <$ ad. sk. 
p. 3 ad. sk. 
South Africa. 
South Africa. 
Grahanih Town 

(T. C. Atmore). 
Elands Post (T. C. 
Atmori). 

Eing William's Town. 
River Chalumna. 
Pine Town, Natal, May 


28 (T. L. Ayres). 
Natal (T. Ayres). 

Natal. 

Tati, Matabele Land, 
Oct. 3, 1874 (F. 
Oates). 

River Ramaqueban, Sept. 
4, 1873 (F. Oates). 
Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. 
Kirk). 

Elephant Vley, Damara 
Land (Andei'ssoii). 
Otjirnbinque, Sept. 29, 
1866 (Andersson). 

Purchased. 
Gould Collection. 


R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Capt. H. Trevelyan [P.], 
Capt. H. Trevelyan [P.]. 

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
F.D. GodmanandO.Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.], 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
C. G. and W. Oates, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
C. G. 
and W. Oates, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
Livingstone 
Expedition 
[C.]. 

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
3. Paras fonereus. 
Melanoparus funereus, Verr. J. f. 0. 1855, p. 104. 
Parus funereus, Earth Orn. W.-Afr. p. 70 (1857); Gray, Hand-L B. 


i. p. 234, no. 3356. 
Adult (type of species). General colour of upper and under 
parts slaty'black, inclining to dark grey on the flanks, abdoir— 
and under tail-coverts; head with a slight greenish tinge; qi 
and most of the wing-coverts narrowly edged with greyish; ii 
web of quills pale; "bill black; feet dark lead-colour" (Eau 

10 PAEIB.2E. 

The sexes are alike in plumage. Total length, about 5*5 inches, 
culmen 0*5, wing 3*4, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*7. 

Rah. Gaboon. 
a. Ad. sk. Gaboon. Purchased. (Type of 
the species.) 
4. Parus albiventer. 

Parus albiventris, Shelley, Ibis, 1881, p. 116 - id. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 578. 
General plumage black; median wing-coverts white; greater 
wing-coverts and the quills edged with white on their outer webs ; 
the white edges of the inner primaries and outer secondaries shaded 
with ashy olive ; primary-coverts with almost obsolete pale edges ; 
the outer tail-feathers with the greater portion of the exterior weh 
and the ends of the feathers white, the next pair ha\ ing the end 
half of the outer webs very narrowly edged with white; centre of 
the chest, abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts white; under 
wing-coverts white; inner margins of the quills cream-colour; bill 
black; legs slate-colour. Total length 7*75 inches, culmen 0*4, 
wing 3*3, tail 2*75, tarsus 4*8. 
Hab. TJgogo, Central East Africa. 

5. Parus leuconotus. 
Parus leuconotus, Guerin, Rev. et Mag. Zool 184,% p. 162; Ileugl 
Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 408, iv. p. cix ; Gal §• Ferret, Voy. en Abys$, 

iii. p. 222, t.-9. fig. 1; Blanf. Geol.fy Zool Abyss, p. 358. 
Parus dorsatus, Bupp. Syst. * Uebers. p. 42, pL 18 (1845); Heugl 
System. Uebers. no. 253. 
Melaniparus leuconotus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 228 (1850). 
Pentheres leuconotus, Cab. Mus. Hem. i. p. 92 (1850). 

Adult male. Glossy blue-black, with the exception of the mantle, 
which is dingy or creamy white; outer pair of tail-feathers with a 
narrow white edge; the outer web of the terminal half of the 
primary-quills in some specimens slightly edged with whitish ; inner 
margin of quills whitish ; edge of wing and under wing-coverts jet-
black, the greater series greyish with dark tips; bill black; feet 
lead-colour; iris fuscous. Total length under 5 inches, culmen Wo, 
wing 3-3*2, tail 2*4-2*55, tarsus 0*8, 

The females and immature birds are mostly dull black ; the mantle 
white, with a vinous-brown tinge. 

Hab. Highlands of Abyssinia. 

a. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. Agula, Tigre", 7000 feet, W. T. Blanford, Esq. TO 1 
May 16, 1868. ^ L J 
6. Parus cyanus. 
Parus cyanus, Pallas, JV. Comm. Acad. Sd. Imp. Petrop. adv. p. 588 
tab.13.fig. 1(1770); Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 538 (1781-85); Rdzfml 
Faun. Suec. p. 267 * Temm. Man.cPOrn. p. 295(1820) • VieilLGaL 
Ois. i. p. 87, pi. 68; Naum. Vog. Deutschl iv. pi. 95.fig. 3 ; Pallm 

1. PARUS. 11 
Zoogr. Boss.-As. i, p. 552; B?-ehm, Handb. Vog. Deutschl p. 463 ; 
Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 318; id. Traite cFOm. p. 456; Werner•, 
Atlas (Grranivores), pi. 15 j Niks. Skandin. Faun. l. p. 342 ; Gould, 

B. Eur. iii. pi. 153; Sehinz, Bur. Fauna, p. 218; Sundev. Svensk. 
Fogl. pi. 68, fig. 5 ; Wright, Finlands Foglar, i. p. 183 ; Fritsck, 
Vog. Bur. pL 27; Holla?id. Wirbelth. Pommems, p. 60; Hume and 
Headers. Lahore to York, p. 167; Dresser, B. Bur. iii. p. 143, 
pi. 114; Blanf. Bast. Persia, p. 231; Seebohm, Ibis, 1880, p. 189. 
Azure Titmouse, Penn. Arct. Zool. p. 426 (1785). 
Azure Tit, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 189 (1787). 
Parus saebyensis, Sparrm. Mus. Carls, tab. 25 (1786-88). 
Parus knjaescik, Gm. Sijst. Nat. i. p. 1013 (1788). 
Cyanistes cyaneua, Kaup, Nat. SysL p. 99 (1829). 
Parus cyaneus, Schleg. Rev. Crit. p. xlvi (1844); Bp. Consp. p. 229; 


Kjcerboll. Danm. Fugle, pi. xxiv. 
Cyanistes elegans, Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 285. 
Cyanistes cyanus, Taczan. J. f. 0. 1872, p. 442 
Parus cyanus tianschanicus, Severtz. J. f. 0.1873, p. 347. 


Adult male. General colour above white, with a greyish-blue 
tinge on the mantle; head all round white, with the exception of a 
black streak through the eye; occiput separated from the hind neck 
by a dark-blue irregular band, which gets broader behind the ear-
coverts ; upper wing-coverts blackish, strongly washed with blue; 
the greater wing-coverts and scapulars blackish at base, the terminal 
half white, forming a broad alar band of that colour; primary-quills 
blackish, the basal half of the external web blue, the rest whitish; 
secondaries externally blue, with large white tips which become 
larger and larger towards the innermost secondaries; central tail-
feathers dark blue, with irregular white tips; the outer tail-feathers 
are almost entirely white, with a greyish spot only at their basal 
quarter; the other tail-feathers are bluish grey at their inner web, 
blue at their outer web, and largely tipped with white; upper tail-
coverts grey and blue, with whitish tips; all the underparts are 
white, with the exception of a dark greyish-blue spot in the middle 
of the breast; under surface of quills pale grey, with whitish 
edgings to the inner web ; bill blackish. Total length 5*6 inches, 
culmen 0*4, wing 2*6-2*8, tail 2'5, tarsus 0*7. 

Hah. Northern Palsearctic Eegion. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Europe. Purchased. 

c. Ad. sk. Siberia. Purchased. 
d. Ad. sk. Omsk. Dr. Finsch [C. 
e. Ad. sk. Omsk. Dr. Finsch [0 
i 

7. Parus flavipeetus. 
Parus flavipectus, Seve?*tz. Turk. Jevotnie, p. 133 (1873); id. J.f.O. 
1873, pp. 346, 371; id. Str. F. 1875, p. 423; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, 

p. 92. 
Cyanistes flavipectus, Severtz. Turk. Jevotnie, pi. viii. fig. 7 (5). 
Adult male. Tipper parts of head white, with a slight bluish hue 
on the occiput; greater wing-coverts, secondaries, and about the 
terminal half of most of the tail-feathers pure white; lower part of 

12 
PABID.3B. 

fore neck and chest rich sulphur-yellow; throat pure white. In all 
other points of coloration and in the form of the tail this species 
resembles P. cyanus, whilst P . pleshii is nearer allied to P. c-mrvltm. 

Oulmen.
in. 
Wing. 
in. 
Tail. 
in. 
Tarsus. 
in. 
<j5 
0-38 
0-40 
2*65 
2-65 
2*55 
2-80 
0-08 
0*70 
a. J ad. sk. Fer^hana^ Turkestan, Dr. Severtzow '€."". 
20th October. 
8. Pams plesMi 

Paras pleskii; Cab. J.f.O.1877, p. 213, pi. -3. %. 1; 1678, p. 109. 

Adult male. Nearest allied to P. cyanus and P. carulms, hut differing 
from the former in the four following points:—Greater part of 
crown strongly washed with pal© Blue; throat and chin blackish, 
the single feathers slightly tipped with white; part of fore neck and 
upper part of breast washed with lemon-yellow; the white on the 
tail confined to the outer web of the outermost pair, and very narrow 
edgings and tips to the next pair; " bill horny colour; legs grey ; 
iris dark brownJ> (Pleske). Total length 4*5 inches, culmeu 0*4, 
wing 2'67 tail 2'2o, tarsus 0*65. 

The female has the chest only very slightly tinged with yellow. 

Bab. "Western Siberia and Northern Russia. 

a. § a<l* sk» Moscow, 12th Oct. Purchased* 
9. Parus eaeruleus. 
Blue Titmouse, Penn. Arctic Zool p. 427 (1785). 
Paras eseruleus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 341 (1700) ;* Lath, Gen. Syn. ii. 


p. 543* Beseke, Yog. Kwrlajids, no. 193; Beizius, Faun. Saee. 
p. 209 * Koch, System, baier. Zool p. 205: Ttmm. Man. 4fOrn, 
p. 290; Roux, Orn. Prov. p. 190; Less. Trade dTOrn. p. 456; 
Pall Zoogr. Boss.-As. i. p. 554; Naum. Tog. JDeuUekL IT. j)L 95; 
Mlsson, Skandin. Faun. i. p. 341 (1835), i. p. 408 f185811 ScMnzy 
JEurop. Faun. p. 217; Gould\ B. Fur. ii. pL 154; Moquitt-Tandvn, 
Om. Canar. p. 18 * YarreU, Brit. B. i. p. 330; Sefys-Lont/ch. Orn. 
Beige, p. 104; Blyth, Cat. B. M. A. S. B. p. 104; Bp. C A. p. 229; 
Naceyro, Cat. Av. Galizia, Mem. B. Acad. Madrid, p. 30i> {1850); 
Kj^rbdUmg, JDanmarhs Fugle, pi. xxviii; Harsf. Sr Mmret C*aL 
B. M. F.L Comp. p. 372; Schleyel, Tog. Kederl pi. 120; Smdev. 
Svemh. Foal pi. XYL fig. 1; Wright, Finl Foglar, L p. 181; 
Fritsck, Tog. Eur. pi. 17. fig. 20; D"OrMgnyf Oh. £Eur. pi. 
xxviii.; Gould, B. Gr. Brit. YOL ii. pi. 24; Keukmaum, Onze Tagels^ 
j)l. 14; Holland. Wirbelth. Pommems, p. 60; Salvad. Faun. ItaL 
ii. p. 66; Danford <$• Brown, Ibh71875, p. 303; Dresser, &. Bur. 
iii. p. 131, pi. 113; Moore, Brit. Birds, ordoii.no 55; Tamil', 
Brit. B. ed. Neioton, p. 483. 
Cyanistes 
cseruleus, Kaup, Faturl Syst. p. 99 (1829); Cab, Mm. 
Bein. i. p. 90. 

Adult male in summer plumage. Mantle, back, and scapulars yellowish 
green; upper tail-coverts greyish blue ; cheeks, ear-coverte, 

1. PABTJS. . 13 
and forehead white, "which colour gradually passes into Prussian 
blue on the crown; from each side of the forehead .a white streak, 
passing over the eye and meeting with its fellow on the occiput, 
thus isolating the blue cap from the dark blue band which surrounds 
the hinder part and the sides of the neck; this band then 
passes forwards under the cheeks and joins a triangular patch of 
blackish colour on the chin and upper throat; a narrow streak of 
blackish blue runs from the nostrils through the eye and over the 
ear-coverts, meeting the dark blue neck-band; smaller wing-coverts 
dark blue, the greater ones tipped with white; primary-quills 
blackish, external web pale blue, with whitish edgings to the terminal 
half; the inner secondaries with rather large white tips, the 
external web bluish, and edged with yellowish; tail blue, the outermost 
pair of feathers with a narrow white edge; quills below dark 
grey internally, with conspicuous whitish edgings; edge of wing 
blue; under wing-coverts white; breast, flanks, and under tail-
coverts sulphur-yellow; the breast with a longitudinal irregular 
patch of dark blue; abdomen whitish; feet and claws bluish black; 
bill dark horn-colour. Total length about 4*5 inches, culm en 0*4, 

wing 2*5-2*7, tail 2*3, tarsus 0*65. 

The sexes are alike in plumage. 

In tuinter the plumage is more fluffy, the blackish feathers of the 
throat are edged with whitish, and the white edging to the outer 
web of the outermost pair of tail-feathers is remarkably broader. 

Nestling. General colour above dingy olive-green; crown of head 
and neck-band dull blackish, with an olive tinge; all the parts 
which are white in the adult bird are yellow in the nestling, like 
the whole underparts of the body; secondary quills and greater 
wing-coverts with whitish-yellow tips, and, like the tail, with only 
a slight trace of bluish. 

Ohs. The Blue Titmice of the British Islands are always somewhat 
more dingy coloured than the continental, which, again, attain 
their richest coloration in Spain. 
Hah. Found all over Europe and Asia Minor, with the exception 

of Russia. 
a. Pull. sk. 
b. Pull. sk. 
c. Ad. sk. 
d. Ad. st 
e. Ad. sk. 
/ , g. Ad. sk. 
h, L Pull. st. 
m. <$ ad. sk. 
n. <$ ad. sk. 
of p. Ad. sk. 
England. 
England. 
Suxbiton. 
England. 
Leicestershire. 
Cambridgeshire. 
Cambridgeshire. 
Cambridgeshire, Jan. 
1866 (0. &). 
Cambridgeshire, Jan. 
1857 (X Baker). 
JEIaddenham, Cambridgeshire, 
May 21, 1856 (0.i).
Avington, Hampshire, 
Nov. 25, 1872. 
J. Gould, Esq. [C.]. 
Purchased. 
Dr. Giinther [P.]. 
Purchased. 
Th. Walker, Esq. fP.l. 
Mr. J. Baker. 
Mr. J. Baker. 
P. Godman & 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
P. Godman & 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
F. Godman & 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
Capt. Shelley [P.], 
q, r. Ad. sk. Devonshire. Col. Montagu [P.]. 

14 
PAEID^. 

s. 
<$ ad. sk. Borregaard, Norway, F.Godman&O.Salvin, 
March 20,1859 (P. Esqrs. [P.]. 
Go&man). 
t Ad. sk. Belgium, Hay 1876. Purchased. 


u. Pull. sk. Belgium, May 15,1872. Purchased. 
v Ad. sk. Leiden. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
w. Ad. sk. Leiden. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. T?.">. 
*. Ad. sk. Holland. ^ M. KuM, Esti. ~P." "* 
y, 2, a'. Ad. sk. ATongeron, near Paris. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. ^P.". 
&', </, d', e'. Ad. sk. longeron, near Paris, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. "P.*4. 
Feb. 11, 1S75. " "* 
/' . Ad. sk. Bordeaux. Gould Collection. 
a'. 9 ad. sk, * Asia Minor, Feb 16, Gould Collection. 

1805 (Robson). 
h'. tf ad. sk. Asia Minor. Purchased. 
*', k' l\ <$ 2 ad. sk. Ortakeuy, Turkey, NOT. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P. \ 

5,1871 (Robsm). 

m'. [ 6 ] ad. sk. Ortakeuy, Nov. 4,1871 R. B. Sharpe,Esq. [P.> 

(Robson). 
n\ oT. Ad., in spirit, Prussia. Dr. H. Gadow. 
p'-t'. Skulls. S. Germany. Br. Gtinther. 

Subspecies a. Panis persicus. 
Parus (Cyanistes) persicus, Blanf. Ibis} 1878, p. 89; id. East. IV;>w» 

p. 230, pi. xvi. %. 2 (1876). 
The differences between this Persian species and the common 
Blue Titmouse are only differences of degree. The general colour 
of the Persian specimens is duller; the mantle, hind neck, and upper 
back are grey, with a slight tinge of olive, which colour becomes 
more pronounced on the lower back; the greater wing-coverts are 
tipped with white, the tips themselves are broader than is generally 
the case in P. caruleus; breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts 
are yellowish buff, instead of the strong greenish-yellow colour of 
these parts in the common Blue Titmouse; the dusky black feathers 
on the lower breast are the same in both species, but the bine of 
the crown and of the hind neck is rather dull in the Persian form. 
The measurements, as given by Mr. Blanford, are;—cnlmen 0*200*
32 inch, wing 2-4-2*65, tail 1-98-2*02, tarsus 0*62-0-03. 

Hah* Southern Persia. 

a. d ad. sk. Oak-forest, near Shiraz. Sir Oliver St John [P.], 
10. Paras teaeriffe. 
Parus cseruleus, var. teneriffse, Less. Traiti eTOrn. i. p. 456 (1881). 

Parus ultramarinus, Bp. Rev, ZooL 1841, p. 146. 

Parus caeruleanus, Mcdh. Rev. Zod. 1842, p. 76; Gray, Gem. B« 

pi. #2; Zevaill, jun.f Expl. Seieni. Alg.f Atlas, Ow. pi. 7. %-% 
Cyanistes ultraniarinus, Bp. C. A. I p. 220 (1860) j Gab, Mm. item. 
i p. 9QL; Locke, Cat. Mamm. et Ois. Ah. p. 77 ; Locke. Expl. AIG* 

p. 300, pi. 7.fig. 1. 
Parus violaceus, BoUe, J. f. O. 1854, p. 455. 
Parus teneriffse, Dresser>, B. Eur. iii. p. 1*39. 
1 . PARXTS. 15 
A. Continental or Eastern Race (P. ultramarinus). — Adult. 
Mantle, back, and scapulars greyish blue; crown of bead deep 
blue, -shading almost into black towards the occiput; the collar 
round the neck is perfectly black on the fore neck and on the sides 
of the neck, blue-black on the hind neck; in all the other parts this 
species resembles the European P. cceruleus closely, but is generally 
of a darker and richer coloration. Culmen 0*35-0*4, wing 2-252*
40, taH 1-8-2, tarsus 0*65. 
B. Insular or Western Race (P. tenerifxae).—Specimens from the 
Canary Islands have the secondaries and greater wing-coverts 
without white on the tips, or at least this colour is reduced to a 
small whitish edging. 
Hal. Represents P. cmruleus in Northern and N.W. Africa, including 
the Canary Islands. 

a. Ad. sk.
b, c. Ad. sk.
d, e. Ad. sk.
/ . Ad. sk.
g, h. £ ad. sk.
i Ad. sk.
h. ? ad. sk.
I, m, n. d ad. sk. 
Tangiers. 
Tangiers. 
Algeria. 
Algeria. 
Souk Harras, Algeria,
April 1857 (O. 8.). 
Tunis. 
Teneriffe (F. <?.). 
Teneriffe (P. <?.). 
Purchased. 
Col. Irby [P.], 
Purchased. 
Gould Collection. 
F. D. Godman & 0. SalYin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
L. Fraser, Esq. [C.]. 
F. D. Godman & 0. Sal-
Tin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
F. D. Godman & 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 

11. Paras minor. 
Parus minor, Temm. 8f Schley. Faun. Jap., Aves, p. 70, pi. 33 (1850); 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 229; Gould, B. Asia, pt. x. \ Swinh. Ibis, 1860, 
pp. 55,131; id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 437 * Dyboicsky, J. f. 0. 1875, 

p. 249 * Taernn. Bull. Soe. Zool. France, i. p. 162 (1876) * Bjevahhy, 
in Dawson Rowley's Orn. Misc. 1877, p. 187; JDavid 8f 
Oustal Ois. Chine, p. 278; Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 33. 
In the eastern part of the Palaearctic Eegion, in Japan and 
China, P. major is represented by a smaller and closely allied species. 
The general distribution of colour is the same as in the European 
species ; but the Japanese and Chinese species has the sides of the 
breast and the flanks white instead of sulphur-yellow, with a faint 
greyish creamy hue; on the occiput there is constantly found a 
little white patch between the black of the crown and the yellow 
hind neck. 

The female is a little less bright in colour than the male. 
Immature birds are much like those of P. major, but have the 
underparts dingy white with a slight creamy tinge. 
Total length about 5 inches, culmen 0*47-0*5, wing 2*55-2*7, 
tail 2-3-2*45, tarsus 0*75. 
Hah. Japan, Eastern Siberia, Manchuria, and the greater part 
of China, where it gradually changes into P. cinereus* 

16 
PAEIDJE. 

a. Ad. sk. Hakodadi, Oct. 21,1864 Gould Collection. 
(J5T. Whitely). 
b. $ 
ad. sk. Yokohama, Feb. 20,1870 R. B. Sharpe, Baq. 
(Capt. Conrad). T.". 
c. <$ ad. sk. Hakodadi, Jan. 28,1865. HenrTlVMtelT'Cf. 
* d. c$ ad. sk. 
Hakodadi, Feb. 12, I860. Henry WhitelV'C.I. 
e. Ad. sk. Japan. Purchased. 
/, g. Ad. sk. China. Gould Collection. 
h. Ad. sk. China. 
Purchased. 
i. d ad. sk. Chekiang, May. Purchased. 
k. 
Ad. sk. Sanda valley/3Iay 19, 1868, Dr. Andeison ~€V. 
1700 feet elevation. 
12. Paras einerens. 
La Mesange a poitrine- noire, Zevaill Oh. d'Afr. iii. pL 150. fig. 2 

(1802). 
La Me*sange grise a joue blanche, Zevaill. Ois. d'Afr. Hi. pl.J39. fig.!. 
Parus atriceps, Horsf. Tr. Zinn. 80c. xiii. p. 160 (lfe2<f^ Horrf. 

Zool. Research. Jam, pL (1824); Temm. PL Col. 207. %. 2; 
Lesson, TraiU dOm. p. 456; Bykes, P. £. 8. 1832, p. Ci2 ; AtfCfc/ta<
Z, P. Z & 1839, p. 162; Jerdon, Madr. Jtarrn. 1*40, p. 7; 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 192; J5^A? Journ. As. 80c. Beng. xiii. p. if 43; 
Walden, Ibis, 1877, p. 304; Nicholson, Ibis, lb70, p. 167; Ligg?, 
Birds of Ceylon, p. 557. ^ 

Parus 
cinereus, *Bow.>et VieilL Tabl. Cmii. Meih. p. 500 {Ifi'jfy, 
ex Zevaill.; Blyth, XA.\%. Beng. xvi. p. 460; id. Cat. B. 31. A. «V. 
^ew<7. p. 103; Bp. Consp. Ai\ p. 229; Cab. Jfus. Hem. L p. *.*2; 
Blyth, %n Jard. Contr. Orn. p. 48; Kdaart, Prodr. Cat. p. 121; 
Horsf. <$• Mom*e, Cat. B. Mus. EJ. Co. p. 370; Zaymrd, Arm. 4Jffir^. 
iVr. IT. 1853, xii. p. 267; Gould, B. Asia, p i x. pL; Jerdtmf 

B. Bid. ii. p. 278; Zaxjard, B. 8. Afr. p. 112; u-rag, Hand-L B. I 
p. 231, no. 3335; Walden, Ibis, IfeOO, p. 315; HdiMe. R Z. & 
1872, p. 460; Hume § Menders. Zah*re to Yarkand, p. 1117; 
Cock 8f Marshall, Sir. F 1873, p. 384;^ Ball, Sir. F. 1*74. p. 417; 
David $* Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 270; Wardiaw Bamsag, Ibi», ltt^O, 
p. 62. 
Parus nipalensis, Hodgs. Ind. 22et\p. 31 (1838); (rr^, Ctef. Mamm. 
etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 72; i?/////i, J*. ,A 8. Beng. xi. p. 43i>, 
& xii. p. 182; Blyth % Walden, B. Burnt, p. 112; Scully, Sir. 

F. 1879, pp. 329, 367 5 Stanford, J. A. S. Beng. 186% ii. p. Ul; 
Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 73; Scully, op. eit p. 568. 
Parus cajsius, Tick. J. A. S. B. (fide auctt.); Swinhoe,P. & 8. 1871, 

p. 361; Hume, Nests <$* Egos Ind. B. ii. p. 405; Brooks, 8tr. F. 
1875, p. 253; Butler, ibid. 1875, p. 491; Hume, ibid. 187% p. 402, 
1878, i. p. 376; Butler, ibid. 1877, p. 221; Ball, Mi. 1878, ii 
p. 220; Hwme 8r Davison, ibid. 1878, p. 376; Davidson f Wemkn* 
ibid. 1879, p. 95. 
Parus schistiaiotes, Hodgs. in Grafs Zool, Mise.f, 83 (1844). 
Parus commixtus, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1868, p. 63, & 1871, p. 361; Blyth 

$ Walden, B. Burm. p. Ill; David f Oustal. Ois. Chime, p. 280: 
Hume, 8tr. F. 1878, i. p. 376. 
Parus eommixus, Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 231, no. 334L 

North-western Bace (P. boceharensis). 

Parus bocchariensis, Zicht, Eversm. Beise ZooL p. 131; Jmd&% Bull. 
Sci. Hist Nat. ix. p. 77; Severtz. J.f. 0.1873, pp. 346, 385. 

1 . PARTJS. 
Adult. Entire mantle and back bluish grey instead of yellowish 
green. In all the other parts this species resembles P. minor perfectly. 
Total length about 5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*5-2'6, 
tail 2*3, tarsus 0'7-0*75. 

Young birds have the mantle and rest of the back dull grey, and 
the parts which are black in the adult dull black or brownish 
black; below dingy whitish. 

Bab. The Grey Indian Titmouse has a very extensive range, 
being found all over India from the Himalayas to Ceylon, and the 
southern half of China, as well as in Hainan, Java, Lombock, Hores. 

Obs. In the collection of the British Museum there is one specimen 
from the N.W. Himalayas (moulting), one from Behar, one 
from Ceylon, one from Eokien, another from Eastern Java, three 
from Lombock, which have the tips of some of the feathers of the 
mantle just visibly washed with yellowish green—an interesting 
indication of the close affinity between the Japanese species (P. 
minor) and P. cinereus. Some of the typical specimens labelled by 
Mr. Swinhoe's own hand as P. commixtus, now in Mr. Seebohm's 
collection, are really intermediate between the olive- and the grey-
backed form; others, again, from the same localities (South-eastern 
China) are scarcely distinguishable from P. cinereus, and only on 
close examination is a faint olive tint visible on some parts of the 
mantle. As these seven slightly aberrant specimens in the British-
Museum collection were obtained from the most varied localities of 
the Indo-Malayan and Chinese regions, it seems to me to prove that 
this modification of colour is not an indication of geographical race. 

The occurrence of the olive tint on the mantle of P. cinereus may 
be nothing but the sign of an immature male, especially as the 
young birds of both species, P. cinereus and P. minor, have the 
mantle more or less dull olive-green. This, however, is a mere 
supposition, as of all the specimens examined by me, and more 
than thirty in number, only a few are sexed by the collectors 
themselves. 

North-western Race (P. boccharensis),—In Turkestan and Afghanistan 
P. cinereus is represented by a somewhat larger and paler race. 
General colour above pale or French grey; greater wing-coverts 
and secondaries broadly edged with white; the two outer pairs of 
tail-feathers almost completely white ; the white nuchal spot weE 
developed; throat and centre of breast and abdomen black. 

Culmen.
in. 
Wing. 
in. 
Tail. 
in. 
Tarsus, 
in. 
e. Aral Lake 0-46 2*75 2-9 070 
$ . Kandahar 0-45 2-74 2-7 0*70 
<?. Afghanistan..
3. Turkestan.... 0-45 
046 
3-0 
2*70 
2-65 
2-80 
0*80 
0-67 

a. Ad. sk. Afghanistan {Griffith). India Museum. 
b. Ad. sk. Khooner {Griffith). India Museum. 
c,d. 
3 2 ad sk. Gilgit, March 10, 1878, Major Biddulph [0.]. 
5000 ft. 


VOL. VIII, 

13 PAETD2E. 

e. <$ pull, sk. Gilgit, June. 
f' [ 6 J && ? y* I^im * Cashmere, 
sk. 
£-&. Ad.sk. 
1^ m. Ad. sk. 


n, o. <$ ad. sk. 

p. [c?] imm. sk. 
£. Juv. sk. 

r. Ad. sk. 
5. Ad. sk. 
t, u. Ad. sk. 
vT w. Ad. sk. 
&t V* 6 2 ad. sk. 

s. Ad. sk. 
a\ Ad. sk. 
&'. Ad. sk 
er, d'. Ad. sk. 
e\ <$ ad. sk. 
/ . Ad. sk. 
g\ Ad. sk. 
h' i\ Ad. sk. 
*'. Ad. sk. 

/'. Ad. sk. 
m\ Ad. sk. 

n\ S ad. sk. 

o'. Ad. sk. 
p\ Ad. sk. 
#', r'. Ad. sk. 
*'. Ad. sk. 
t\ u'. <$ J ad. sk. 
v'f w\ <$ 2 ad. si 
x\ (S ad. sk. 
y'. $ juv. sk. 
*', a". Ad. sk. 
6", c". Ad. sk. 
d". Skeleton. 

a. <? ad- sk.
5. d1 ad. sk.
c. d ad. sk.
d. ? ad. sk.
Peshawur. 

N.W. Himalayas. 
N.W. Himalayas. 
N.W. Himalayas. 
Mussoorie. 

Simla. 

Kumaon (Sirachet/), 

Nepal. 
Nepal. 


Behar. 
Kandeisli. 
Godavery valley. 
Madras. 
Madras. 
Travancore. 
Ceylon (Thwaites). 
Ceylon. 
Bootan (Pemherton). 
Nazeerah, Upper Assam 


(Dr. fieid). 
Assam (McClellanS). 
Bhamo, Buraiah, No


vember. 
Foot of Arrakan Mils, 
Dec. 0. 
Fokien, China. 

E. Java. 
W. Java (JS. C. Buxton). 
Java. 
Loniboek. 
Lombock ( WaUaee)* 
Fiores. 
Flores. 
N.W. India. 
Himalayas. 
Java. 
a. P. boccharmsis. 
Aral lake. 
Ferghanah, Turkestan,
Dec. 2. 
Kojuk, Afghanistan, 
April % 1881. 
Kandahar, Jan. 9,1881.


Major Biddulph [C.]. 
Gould Collection. 

Colonel Way [P.]. 
Capt Siackfiouse Pinwili 
[Pr. 
Capt/Stackhouse Pinwili 

fp.:. 

Capt. Stacknouse Pinwili 

Capt Stackhouse Pinwili 

Capt. G. F L. Marshall 
India Museum. 

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. FP.I 
B. H. Ho%son,Esq/^](
Types of P. nijMknms.) 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. ~P.j. 
India Museum. 
W.T.Blanfoid,E8q.[C.3. 
Dr. Jerdon rP. ]. 
Bey. H. II."Baber 'P.]. 
Major Biddulph [€".]. 
Purchased. 
Major V. Legere [P.]. 
India Museum. 
R. B. Sharpc, Esq. [P.]. 
India Museum. 
E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.]. 
E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.]. 
Gould Collection. 

A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C/J. 
F. Nicholson, Esq. LP.]. 
Gould Collection. 
A. B. Wallace, Esq. [C,]. 
Gould Collection. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [O.I 
A. R Wallace, Eaq. fa} 
Oapt.R>ys[O.J. 
India Museum. 
Purchased. 
Purchased, 
Dr. Severtzoff 

OoL Swinhoe [P.]. 

 Col. Swinhoe [P.J. 

1 . PABTJS. 
19 

13. Paras major. 
Great Titmouse, Perm, Arctic Zool. p. 425 (1785). 
Paras major, ZMWI. S. N. i. p. 341 (1766) ; Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 536 ; 
Beseke, Vog. Kurlands, no. 192; Bechstein, Vog.Deutschl iv. p. 713; 
Betzius, Faun. Suec. p. 268; Lrumpelmann, Tht'err. Bussl., Lief., 
JEsth- u. Kurlands; p. 22, pi. iii. <} (1811); Koch, System, baier, 
Zool. p. 204; Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 287; JRQUX, Orn. Provene. 

p. 186, pis. 117 & 118; Less. Traite, p. 456; Nilsson, Skandin. 
Faun. p. 331; Schinz, Europ. Faun. p. 331; Selys-Longch. Faune 
Belg. p. 104; Moquin-Tandon, Ornith. Canarienne, p. 17; Thompson, 
Pat. Mist. Ireland, p. 201; Naceyro, Cat. Av. de Galicia, 
in Mem. It. Acad. Madrid, 1850, p. 105; Bp. C. A, i. p. 229; 
Cab. Mus. Hein, L p. 90; Kjcerbolling, Danm. Fugle, pi. xxiii.; 
Sundev. Svensk. Fogl. pi. xvi. &g. 3; Wright, Finl. Foglarf i. 
p. 174; Locke, Expl. Alger., Ois. i. p. 296; Keulemans, Onze Vog. 
pi. 12 ; Holland. Wirbelth. Pommerns, p. 61; Salvad. Faun. Ital. ii. 
p. 67 ; Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 17; Dresser, B. Fur. iii. pi. 106; 
Newton, ed. Tarr. Br. B. i. p. 479; Malm, Fauna, p. 180 ; Vanford 
$ Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 313; Blanf. Fast. Persia, p. 227; Booth, 
Bough Notes, pt. ii. pi. 
Parus ignotus, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 537 (1781-85); Less. Man. 

cPOrn. i. p. 322; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 103. 
Parus stromei, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. p. 504 (1823). 
Parus fringillago, Pall. Zoogr. Boss.-As. I. p. 555 (1831). 
Parus robustus, Brehm, Vog. Beutsehl. p. 461 (1831). 


Adult. Mantle, scapulars, and upper back yellowish green, shading 
off into pale yellow on the hind neck; lower back, upper tail-
coverts, and the centre tail-feathers bluish grey; rest of the tail-
feathers dusky, externally bluish grey, the two outer ones tipped 
with white, which extends up the outer web of the external feather; 
crown of head and sides of neck glossy blue-black; the middle part 
of the breast and the whole abdomen black; thighs and under tail-
coverts black at base, the rest white; under wing-coverts white, 
with a little blackish patch near the edge of the wing; edge of 
wing itself black, with white edgings; all the rest of the underparts 
sulphur-yellow ; wing-coverts greyish blue, the greater series with 
white tips; quills blackish, the primaries narrowly edged with bluish 
or whitish; the secondaries broadly edged with dirty yellow; feet 
bluish black or lead-colour; iris aud bill dark brown, or black. 
Total length about 5'5 inches, culmen 045-0*52, wing 2*75-3, 
tail 2-45-2-5, tarsus 0*73-0-8. 

The female has the black parts less glossy and the longitudinal 
black stripe on the breast less developed than in the male. 

Immature birds have the head above and the throat dull black; 
ear-coverts pale yellow or whitish; no black on the abdomen ; wing-
coverts grey with olive edgings; underparts pale dingy yellow. 

Nestling. Head dark grey; underparts of the body, including the 
thighs and under tail-coverts, pale yellow; throat dark grey, extending 
down the central line to about the middle of the breast; 
tail dark grey, outer pair of feathers nearly entirely white. 

Obs. Some of the specimens obtained by Mr. Blanford in Southern 
Persia have the margins of the webs of all the quills bluish grey, and 
c2 

20 
PAEIBJE. 

the colour of the back and mantle is more grey than in the European 
birds; the yellow of the underparts is much paler. 

In some old specimens of this species from various parts of Europe 
there are a few white feathers on the hind neck, just between the 
yellow of the latter and the black crown of the head, sometimes producing 
a small, though rather conspicuous white spot on the occiput. 

Hob. Whole of the Western Palaearttie Region, from Ireland to 
Siberia, and from Norway to Algeria, Palestine, and Persia. 

<z? b. Pull. st. 

c, d, e. <3 ad. sk. 
f,g. d5ad.sk 

h-~p, S $ ad. sk. 
& 6 pull. st. 

q. £ ad. sk. 
r. 
<$ ad. sk. 
s. <^ ad. sk. 
t, u. J ad, sk. 
v, w. (5 ad. sk. 

®>y» 6 2 &&•&&. 

z. S ad. sk. 
a', djuy. sk. 
b\ Ad.; c'. Pull. 
sk. 
d\ $ ad. sk. 


e'J'. 6 ad. sk. 

England. 
Cambridgeshire. 
Cambridgeshire, Jan. 

1866 (J. Bakei*). 
Norfolk, June. 

Cookham, Berks. 
Cookham, Aug. 2% 1870. 
Maidenhead, Berks. 
Surrey (F. <?.). 

Ayington, Hants, NOT. 25, 

1872. 
Avington, Nov. 1873. 
Stockholm; Oct. 10,1872. 
Stockholm, July 15,1873. 
Belgium. 

Seville. 

Gibraltar. 

g', h1* 6 $ ad. sk. Haskeuy, Turkey (W. 

i'. $ ad. sk. 
k*. 6 ad. sk. 
/'. [rf] ad.sk. 
m'. [d] ad. \ 

ri\ PuU. sk. 
o\f\ <$ ad. sk. 

q'. $ ad. sk. 

r'. <5 ad. sk. 

s'. Ad. sk. 

t\ u\ In spirit, 

v\ Skeleton. 

to1. Skeleton. 

x\ Skull. 

y'-e". Skulls. 

Pearce). 

Sidon. 
Gennesareth. 
Erzeroom (Dickson tyltoss). 
Persia. 


Shiraz, 4750 feet. June 
1879. 
Shiraz lake, 4700 feet, 
June 8,1872. 

N.W. of Shiraz, 5000 feet, 
June 22,1872. 
Algeria. 
Prussia. 
England. 
England. 
England. 

S. Germany. 
Mr, J. Baker. 
Mr. J. Baker. 

F. D. Godman and O. Sal-
Yin, Esqrs. rP/\ 
Lord "W&Mngnam IP.]* 

Mr. "W. Briggs rPA 

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.^P.]. 
Gould Collection. 
F. B. Godman and O.Saivin, 
E^qrs. [P."". 
E. Shelley, Esq. y.\ 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. HP.\ 
W. Me^es, Esq. "(\*\ 
W. Meves, Esq. hL(\\ 
Brussels Museum [P.]. 
Howard Saunders, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Major Jrhy [P.]. 

R.B. Shaipe,£sq. [P.]. 
Rev. Canon Tristram £C.J. 
Rev. Canon Tristram JQ.% 
Gould Collection. 

C. Darwin, Esq. ^C.]. 
Sir O. St. John [CA 

W.T.BIanford^Esq.XA 

W.T.BIanford,Epq^C.]. 

M. Veixeaux. 
Dr. H. Gadow [PA 
G. Ingali, Esq. [P^. 
Purchased. 
Purchased. 
Dr. Giinther [C.]. 
14. Parns monticolus. 
Parusmonticolus, 
Viffors, P. Z. & 1830, p. 22; Gould, Cent Him. B. 
pi. 29.fig. 2; mmtMfJML A IBS!, <pr«§$ J5&*fo». i« {?m/« 2W. 
Mm, p, 83 • ^rat/, Cat, Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. *Hodgn. p. 72 ; id. 

L PARUS. 21 

Gen.en. B. 
B.B. L p. 192; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 103; id. in 
ird. Conir. Orn. 1851, p. 49 j Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. M. B.L Co. 

p. 369-Gould, B. Asia, pt. x.; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 277 (1863 J ; 
Hume 4* Senders. Lahore to • Yarkand, p. 167; Brooks, Sir. F. 
18755 p. 253, & 1879, p. 487; Scully, op. cit. 1879, p. 323. 
Paras monticola, Bp, C A. I. p. 229 (1850); Baud et Oust. Ois. 
Chine, p. 280. 
Parus hisperatus, Swinh. Ibis, 1866, p. 308• id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 301 -
DamdiSf Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 281. 

Adult. General distribution of colour very similar to that of P. 
major> from which species P. montkolus differs as follows :—1st, the 
Himalayan birds are much smaller* 2nd, they are much brighter 
coloured ; 3rd, the greater and median series of upper wing-coverts 
are black, edged and tipped with pure white; smaller series edged 
with bluish grey. 

Head above, sides of neck, chin, throat, upper part of breast, 
centre of the breast, and the abdomen glossy blue-black; rest of the 
xmderparts beautiful sulphur-yellow, with a slight greenish tinge 
on the flanks; under tail-coverts, thighs, and some of the feathers 
of the lower abdomen black, with large white tips or edgings ; part 
of the loral region, the ear-coverts, and a patch on the occiput 
pure white; hind neck yellow, shading off into the yellow-green 
mantle; lower back grey; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers 
blackish, with a strong blue tinge; the tail-feathers with white 
tips, the outer pair with the tip and greater part of the outer web 
white, the rest black ; quills black, externally edged wi^h blue and 
white, the white tips to the secondaries rather large; upper wing-
coverts black, the greater and median series with large white tips 
and edgings, the smaller ones with bluish-grey edgings ail round; 
edge of wing and under wing-coverts black and white; bill blackish ; 
feet and claws leaden grey; iris black. 

Thefemale resembles the male in colour and in size. 

Immature and young birds are coloured like those of P. major. 

Total length about 4*5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*5-2-62, tail 

2*2-2*4, tarsus 0*75. 
Eab. Himalayas and mountain-regions of Assam and Southern 
China from 5000 feet upwards. 

Obs. Specimens from Formosa are said to be a little smaller in 
size, and to have a little less white on the inner secondaries; the 
white, being restricted to the tips of these feathers, does not extend 
over the outer web. There are, however, several specimens from 
the continent of Asia which show every intermediate state between 
the typical P. monikolm and the supposed Eormosan species (P. 
impemtus, Swinh.). Adult specimens from Formosa measure—wing 
2*45 inches, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*7, culmen 0*45. 

a. [<£]ad. sk. Cashmere (Dr. BelIndia 
Museum. 
b. Ad. sk.
c. <J ad. sk.
d,e,f. Ad. et 
Cashmere. 
N.W. Himalayas. 
X.W.Himalayas. 
E. M. Langworthy, Esj. [P.l 
Gapt.StackhousePinwill|P.1. 
Capt.StackhousePinwill[P.j. 
juv. sk. 

22 PABIDJE. 
g. Ad. sk. Simla, Sept Capt. 0. H. T. Marshall [P.]. 
h. [ $ ] ad. sk.
i. Ad. st.
ife-p. Ad. sk.
q. Juv. sk.
r. Ad. sk.
5. Ad. sk.
t, u. Ad. sk.
v. Ad. sk. 
Murree, August. 
Nepal. 
Nepal. 
Nepal. 
Nepal (Hodgson). 
Darjeeling (Pearson). 
Bootan (Pemberton). 
Ftmgshan, Formosa,
Dec. 1865. 
Colonel Way [PA 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.1 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.l 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. LP.J. 
India Museum. 
India Museum. 
India Museum, 
B. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.]. 

15. Parus amabilis. 
Parus amabihs, Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. new ser. i. p. 3-39, 
pi. 53. fig. 2 (1876) ; Wardlcao Bamsmj, Orn. Works. Txeedd. 

p. 658„(1881). 
Adult fmiah (type of species). Head all round with the jugular 
region shining blue-black; hind neck and interscapnlary region 
bright sulphur-yellow; remainder of the back beautiful ashy grey ; 
upper tail-coverts blue-black; tail black, the centre tail-feathers 
tipped with white, the remainder also white along their outer web; 
wings blue-black, the wing-coTerts broadly tipped with white, 
forming alar bars ; quills tipped with white, the primaries externally 
washed with ashy grey, the innermost secondaries also white towards 
the tip of the inner web; rest of the under surface of the body 
bright yelLow; under wing-coverts white, with a black spot near 
the margin of the lower coverts; bill black. Total length 4*5 
inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-85, tail 1*75, tarsus 0*75, (Sharpe, I. c.) 

Young. Very different from the adult. It is brown above, with 
an olive-greenish tinge, the head and face browner. Below it is 
yellow, duller than in the adult, the throat olive; wings and tail 
browner than in the adult, with the same white spotting, but not 
so pronounced. (Sharpe, I* c.) 
Hah. Island of Balabac, Philippines (Jl B. Sieere). 

a. Juv. sk. Balabac. Pro£ Steere [C.]. 
16. Partis elegans. 
Parus elegans, Lesson, Traite d'Orn. p. 456 (1831); JPueAeran, Bern 
et Mag. Zool 1854, p. 68; Bp. C. R. xxxviii. p. 63; Blyth, Ibu, 
1867, p. 34 (note) ; Walden, Tr. Z. S. 1875, p. 109; id. P. Z. & 
1877, pp. 688, 696, 756, & 732, 1878, p. 286; Warsaw JRamsay. 
Orn. Works Tweedd.v. 658 (1881). 

Parus quadrivittatus, Lafresn. Bev. Zool. 1840, p. 129; Bp. C, A. 

i. p. 229. 
Adult. Head above, hind neck, part of cheeks, chin, throat, and 

BPPer Part

 °f breast glossy black; ear-coverts, region below the eye, 
sides of neck, and an irregular spot on the centre of the hind neck, 
the breabt, abdomen, under tail-coverts, and thighs lemon or bright 
yellow, the flanks washed with greenish; mantle with numerous 

1 . PABUS, 23 
large spots of Mack, pale yellow, or white ; lower back and rump 
olive-green, towards tlie rump more yellow ; upper tail-coverts and 
tail-feathers deep Mack, all the tail-feathers with broad white tips; 
the three outer pairs besides these tips with large wMte sub terminal 
spots to the outer web; lesser wing-coverts entirely black; the 
greater and median series and the quills deep Mack; the former and 
the secondary quills with very large wMte tips; the primary-quills 
and the primary wing-coverts with narrow tips and with narrow 
whitish-yellow edgings to the outer web; under wing-coverts white, 
edged with yellow and mottled with blackish; quills internally 
edged with wMte ; bill black; feet bluish black. 

Ohs. Immature birds and females have the back more yellow and 
olive-grey, the wMte spots and the white wash getting more pronounced 
in old birds, sometimes giving the back a nearly white 
appearance. 
Total length about 7*3 inches. 

Oulmen.
in. 
Wing. 
in. 
Tail. 
in. 
Tarsus, 
in. 
Immature >. 0-44 2*45 1*55 0*7 
Adult 0-48 2-65 1*85 075 
Adult (Palawan) 0*5 2*48 1*52 0*08 
Adult (Manila) 0-5 2-45 1*52 0-68 

Hah. Philippine Islands ; hitherto found in Luzon, Guimaras, and 
Palawan only. 

a, bj a Ad. sk. Philippine Islands. Purchased. 

df, e. Imm. or £ sk. S.Luzon. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [0.]. 
/. [2]ad. sk. Manila, Luzon. Gould Collection. 

g. Imm. sk. Guimaras. Prof. J. B. Steere [C.1 
h. [tf] ad. sk. Palawan. Prof. J. B. Steere [C.J. 
17. Paras veirastulns. 
Parus venustulus, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 133,1871, p. 361 ; Gould, 
B. As. pt. xadii.; Dav. fy Oust. Ok. Chine, p. 281. 
Adult (type of species). Intermediate in coloration between P. 
montkdm and P. elegam. Crown of head, cheeks, chin, throat, 
sides of neck, and sides of the mantle glossy blue-black; nape and 
centre of mantle with irregular large white spots; a stripe below 
the eye and ear-coverts white; lower back, rump, and scapulars 
bluish grey, the former washed with white, the scapulars broadly 
edged with black and washed with yellowish green; wing-coverts 
black, the greater and median series with large pale whitish-yellow 
tips; quills brownish black, narrowly edged with greenish olive, 
the innermost secondaries nearly Mack with white tips; quills 
below broadly edged with white; upper tail-coverts glossy black; 
tail black, deeper and richer on basal half, edged with greenish grey 
on apical portion, and tipped with yellowish; the fifth rectrix with 
white on inner edge, this colour increasing outwardly to the first 

24 
PARID^. 

or outermost, which has the greater part of basai half of outer web 

white; underparts, with the exception of the throat, bright sulphur-

yellow, no black along the centre of the breast: flanks a little 

greenish ; under wing-coverts and edge of wing Hack at base, rest 

white with narrow yellow edgings ; " bill indigo-Mack; iris blackish 

brown; feet and claws deep lead-colour " (Swinhoe I Total length, 

according to Swinhoe, about 4 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2-4, tail 

1-3, tarsus 0-64. 

Hal. Central China, mountainous districts of Szechuen, in the 

valley of the Blue River between Xweifoo and Ichang 

Obs. The only specimen I have been able to examine was collected 
by Mr. Swinhoe near Hweifoo, May 1869, and is now in Mr. 
Seebohm's possession. The bill, as Swinhoe remarks, tk is typical, 
but large and thick for so small a species." 

18. Paxils xanthogenys, 
Parus xanthogenvs, Vigors, P. Z. $Jy8g|L p. 23; GWW, Cent, Iliin, 
B. pi. 29. %. 1; Sijkes, P.^SlTSSTp. 92; Jerd. Madr. Jmrn. 
xL p. 7; Hodgs. in Gray's Zoof."ffifoc. p. 83; Gray, (W* Mmmm, 
etc. Nepalpres. Hodgs. p. 72; id. Gen.'B. i.jx IU"2; Bbjth, Cat. 
B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 103; Bp. C A. i. p. 228; Wyth in Jtml < Wr. 
Orn. 1851, p. 50, pi. 1; Button, J. A. S. Beng. xviL pt li. p. 1*00 
(1848) ; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat B. Mm. RL Comp. p. 371 f ISJ4); 
Goidd, B. Asia, pt. ix. pi. 14. 
Parus griffithii, 
Btyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 444 (1847); Mmne7 
Sir. F. 1878, p. 405. 
Machlolophus xanthogenys, Cab. Muz. Hein. 1. p. 91 (1850); Jerirmf 

B. Ind. ii. p. 279; Brinks, Ibis, 1875, p. 253. 
Adtdt Mantle, back, and rump olive-green; scapulars black, with 
broad edgings of the same eolour as the back: upper tail-coverts 
and edges of the outer web of some of the tall-feathers bluish grey; 
tail black with white tips, the outer pair of feathers with the whole 
outer web white ; wing-coverts black, broadly tipped with white or 
pale yellow; quills black, the innermost secondaries largely tipped 
and edged with white, rest of the secondaries with smaller tips and 
externally edged with bluish grey; primaries externally edged with 
white • the basal third or quarter of both inner and outer web of 
the primaries is pure whit-e, producing thus a conspicuous alar band ; 
crown of head glossy black, with a long erest of feathers; a superciliary 
stripe, the occiput, lores, cheeks, and sides of the neck and 
breast bright yellow; the chin, throat, and a broad irregular lino 
down the centre of the breast, occupying the whole offcb© abdomen, 
deep black; flanks and axillaries dull greenish yellow; under wing-
coverts and under tail-coverts pale yellow; edge of wing yellow. 
or white, and, like a spot on the under coverts, mottled with blackish; 
thigh-feathers whitish or yellow, blackish at base; bill black ; feet 
plumbeous; iris light brown. 

There is no difference between the sexes in colour. 

Immature birds have the throat dingy greyish yellow, and the 

1. PAEUS. 25 
black on the abdomen is not developed; flanks, sides of breast, and 
abdomen dull yellow. 
In order to compare this species with the so-called P. hajplonotus, 
I here give the measurements of a series of specimens:— 

Ying. Tail. Tarsus. 
m. m. in. 
Adult. Nepal 
Adult. Nepal 
Adult. N.W. Himalayas 
Adult 
25 
2-7 
2-65 
2-
2-2-7 
77 
2-05 
2*15 
2-0 
2-1 
0-7 
0"75 
0-7 
0-67 
Adult 2-7
2-72-76 
66 2*15 0-76 
Adult c?. N.W. Himalayas.. 2-95 2-25 0-75 

Total length about 5*5 inches, oilmen 0-46-0*52. 
Hal. N.W. Himalayas to Nepal. 


a, b. <$ J a<l-sk N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
CP.]. 

c. [ <$ ] ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. 
Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 

d. <$ ad. sk. Simla, July 1866 fp.]. 
(Beavan). Gould Collection. 
e. $ ad. sk. Mtirree, August 1878. Colonel "Way [P.]. 
/ . [ d ] ad. sk. Mussoorie. E. W. Oates, Esq. 
g. $ ad.; h. Juv. sk. Behar. B.H.Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
*. Ad. sk. Nepal. B.H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
h. S ad. sk. Nepal (P. JET. Hodgson), India Museum. 
/, m. S 2 a(i-sk-Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
n, o. 6 $ ad. sk. Nepal. B. H.Hodgson, Esq. [P.\ 
p. Juv. sk. Nepal. B.H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
#, r, a. Ad. sk. India. Purchased. 
£. Skeleton. India. Purchased. 
Subspecies a. Paras haplonotus. 

/m

Parus xanthogenys, Jerd. (nee Vig.) Madr, Journ. xi. p. 7: Blyth. 

J, A. 8. Bmig. xi. p. 59. /***-
Parus aplonotus, Bh/tk, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 44. &ty 
Parus jerdoni, Blyth, J. A. S. Bern. xxv. p. 445; Gould, B. Asia. 

pt. ix.'^ 7 ^ 
Machlolophus jerdoni, Jerdon, B. 2nd. ii. p. 280 (1863) ; Ball, 8tr. 
F 1874, p. 417; Butler, 8tr. F. 1875, p. 402; Hume, 8tr. F. 1876, 

p. 200; Fairhank, Sir. F. 1877, p. 407. 
Machlolophus aplonotus, Hume, 8tr. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 405, 1879, 
p. 105. 
P. xanthogenys is replaced, southwards of its range, by a larger 
and less brightly coloured race. The general colour above is olive-
grey, darker than it is as a rule in P. xanthogenys; the tips of the 
greater and median wing-coverts are pure white, never yellow 
(yellowish in immature birds); the yellow of the head and on the 
sides of the neck and breast is pale; the flanks and part of the 
abdomen are greenish yellow, sometimes with a strong tinge of 
grey. Jerdon mentions, as another difference, that in P. jerdoni the 
yellow superciliary stripe is not continued forward over the eye; 
26 
ZAXIDM. 

this, however, is not always the case, as in some specimens from 
Ootacamund and Travancore this stripe, although less bright than 
in P. xcmbliogmys, extends as far as the nostrils. Total length 
from 5*75-6 inches, cnlmen 0*5-0*55. 

"Wing. 
in. 
Tail. 
m. 
Tarsus. 
m. 
Adult S • Ootacamund 3*15 2*5 0*8 
Adult (S.
Adult $ . 
Travancore 
Travancore 
3*0 
2*8 
2*3 
2-2 
0*73 
0*7S 
Adult 2*9 2*25 0-76 

Hah. Southern and Central India. 

a. [ <3 ] ad. * h. Juv. S. India. Purchased. 
c. Juv. sk. 
Madras. T.C.Jerdon,Esq. 
d. 
[d1] ad. sk. Western Ghats. Gould Collection. 
Saugorfl^.r.JBoqper). India Museum. 
e. [djad.sk. 
Mynall, Travancore, Nov. F. W. Bourdfflon. Esq. 

f,g. 6 2 ad. sk. 

12,1878. [C.l. 
k [<S] adsk, Ootacamund, April 26, Gould Collection. 
1867. 
i, k 6 ad. sk. Ooonoor, Nilghiries, Kov. W. Davison, Efaq. [P.]. 
10,1881. 

19. Parus spilonotns, 
Parus xanthogenys, Myth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 445 (««? Vigors); 
^?. G .4. i. p. 228. i^# 
Parus spilinotus, Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 103; id. in Jard. 
Contr. Orn. p. 49, %. 2 • jSbr^. £ JHbw*, Orf. P. If. P.Z 6b. L 

p. 371. 
Machlolophus spilonotus, Cab. Mm, Hem. L p. 91 (1850) ; Gould* B» 
Asia, pt. ix. pi. 15; Blyth 8f Waldenf B. Burnt, p. 112; Hume 
$ Davison, Sir. F. 1878, p. 377. 

Parus suhviridis, Tickell3 J. A, 8. Beng. xxiv. p. 207, xxviii p. 413. 
Machlolophus spilinotus, Jerdon} B. Ind. i i p. 281 (1863). 
Machlolophus subvrridis, Blyth fy Waldenf B. Burm. p. 112 (1875). 

Intermediate in size "between P . xantTwgmys and P. jerdmii^ but 
much brighter coloured than the former. Mantle with broad Mack 
longitudinal spots, the yellowish-green colour being restricted to the 
centre and to the tips of the feathers; lower back olive-green or 
olive-grey; crest very long, some of the feathers broadly tipped with 
bright yellow; the occiput, part of the hind neck, the lores, the 
region in front of and all round the eye, a broad superciliary stripe, 
cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of neck bright yellow; bill black; 
feet pjumbeous; iris light brown. Total length (adult male from 
Kepal) about 5-5 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2-8, tail 2*15, tarsus 
0-72. 

Hah. Eastern Nepal, Bootan, and Assam, extending into Tenasserim. 


1 . PABTTS. 
27 

iM\sh , S W J. Gould, Esq. [P.l 
&. [ c? ] ad. sk. fcepaL B. H. Hodgson. Esq. [P.]. 
c Imm.sk. 1 Nepal. Gould Collection. 
A [djadsk. Nepal. Gould Collection. 
«»/> ^ [ c? ] ad. sk. Nepal (B. S. Mode/son). India Museum. 


h. Ad. sk. Tenasserim (TichelT). Gould Collection. 
20. Paras cristatus. 
Paras cristatus, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 97 (1761)• Beseke, Voq 
Airlands, no. 191: Bechst. Vog. Deutschl. iv. p. 738; Betziw, 
Faun. Suec. p. 268; Koch, Syst. bakr. Zool. p. 207; Temm. Man. 
d>Om.V. 290; Roux, Orn. Prov. p. 192, pi. 121; Fall. Zoogr. 
Moss.-As. l. p. 555; Nilsson, Skandin. Faun. i. p. 836 (1835) i 

p. 418 (1858); Fegland $ Gerbe, Orn. Fur. i. p. 563: SeMnz, 
Fiirop. Faun. p. 218; Selys-Zongch. Faune Beige, p. 105: Bp 
Comp. i. p 228; Naceyro, Cat. Av. Galic,Mem.M. Acad. Madrid, 
18o0,p. 106; Sundev. Svensh Fogl. pi. 16. fig. 2; Wright, Fid 
Fogl. i. p. 1/7; FeuUmans, Onze Vog. pi. 13; Holland. Wzrbelth. 
Pommerns, p. 60; Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 17: Newton ed 
Yarr Br. B p. 409; Banford $ Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 304; 
Booth, Bough Motes, pt. u. pi. r ? 
Crested Titmouse, Za&. <?«i. %z. ii. pt. ii. p. 545; Penn. Arctic 

Zool, p. 4z7. 
Lophoplianes cristatus, Kaup, Katurl. Syst. p. 92 (1829) • Cab Mm 
Hehu i. p. 90; Salmd. Faun. Ital. ii. p. 70; Dress. B Fur iii' 
pi. 115 ; Malm, Fauna, p. 182; Giglioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 195. 
Parus mitratus, Brehm, Vog. Beutsclil. p. 467 (1831). 

General colour above greyish olive-brown, with a slight rufous or 
ochraceous tinge on the rump; wing-coverts, quills, and tail greyish 
bfown ; quills internally edged with whitish; crown of head of a 
mottled black and. white appearance, all the feathers of the head 
being black at their bases and more or less broadly edged and tipped 
with white, the result of this being that on the occiput the black is 
the more prevailing colour; the occipital feathers are much elongated 
and form a rather high crest; nasal region, ear-coverts, and 
greater part of the sides of the neck white, these white parts being 
crossed by several black lines ; a narrow black streak running from 
the loral region through and behind the eye, then forming an angle 
on the hinder margin of the ear-coverts; chin, throat, and fore neck 
sooty black, this colour extending as a narrow band round the neck 
behind the white parts, and meeting on the nape with that of the 
other side; breast, centre of belly, axillaries, and under tail-coverts 
dull white; flanks and rest of underparts washed with fulvous * 
bill black; feet lead-colour; iris brown. ' 

There _ is no difference between the two sexes in coloration. 
Young birds have the crest somewhat shorter. 
This bird is subject to great variation in size. Total length more 

than 4 inches. 
Cuhnen.
in. 
Wing. 
in. 
Tail. 
in. 
Tarsus, 
in. 
c?. Wermland 0-47 2-15 1*85 0*72 
c?. Berlin 0*5 2*50 2*12 0*75 
$. Gibraltar 0*44 2*45 2*05 0*68 

28 
PAK1DJS. 

Hab, All over Europe. 
a, b. Ad. st Scotland. J. TVolley, Esq. "F.\ 

c. Ad. sk. Scotland. F. D. Godman and O. Salvin, 
E*qrs. I?.]. 
d. Ad. sk. Europe. 
Gould Collection. 
e. Ad. sk. Europe. 
Purchased. 
/. 
(S ad. sk. Weriuland, Sweden, Jan. W. Meves, E*q. XV. 
1873. 

g. 2 ad sk. Wermland, Sweden, Dec. W. Aleves, E»q. C. . 
20,1872. 
h, i. S 2 ad. sk. Gibraltar. Colonel Irbv "P.". 

A. Ad. sk. 
Berlin. F. D. Godman and G. Sal-
Yin, Esejr^. ~P.". 
J. Ad. in spirits. Mark Brandenburg. Br. H. Gadow ~Pr. 
m. Skeleton. 
Purchased. 
21, Paxus melaaoloplms. 
Parus melanolophus, Vigors, P. Z. S, 1830, p. 22; Gould, Cent Himah 

B. pi. 30. fig. 2; Jmi Jfa^r. Journ. xL p. 8; <Vrtfy, Cat 
Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs, p. 73; Cr/v^, 6%/i. B. i. p. 192; 
j?Zy&, Cfcrf. 5 . iJftw. -4s. &w.p. 104; J9>. C<»wp. i. p. 22t*; /icw^f. 4~ 
Moore, Cat. B. M. B.I. Co. i. p. 372; Gould, B. Asia, pt. xl. 
(1859) ; Biddidph, Ibis, 1881, p. 72. 
Parus melalopbus, Hodgs. in Grmfs Zool. Misc. p. 83 (iNU). 

Machlolophus melanolophus, Cab. JIus. Hem. i. p. 91 (I^JOJ. 

Lophophanes melanolophos, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 273 (l^t>>); Brooksf 

JStr. F. 1875, p. 253; Wardlaw Bamsay, Ibis, 1680, p. 01. 

Adult male. Mantle, back, upper tail-coYerts, and lesser wing-

coverts bluish or iron-grey; quills and tail ashy grey, externally 

edged or washed with the bluish-grey colour of the back, secondaries 

with narrow white tips; greater and median wing-covert* like 

the quills, but with round whitish or pale 
buff-coloured terminal 

spots ; orown of head and hind neck glossy blue-black, the former 

with a long and somewhat recurved crest of the same colour; lores, 

region below the eyes, ear-coverts, cheeks and part of the sides of 

the neck, and a large patch on the nape pure white: chin, entire 

throat, and upper part of breast deep black; rest of breast, ab


domen, and flanks iron-grey; sides of breast, axillaries, under wiiig


and under tail-coverts rufous; inner web 
of quills edged with 

whitish; bill blackish; feet plumbeous. Total length about 4*5 

inches, culmen 04, wing 2-3-2-5, tail 1*75, tarsus 0*88. 

Immature birds have the general colour above dull ashy grey; 

crown of head black, with a short crest, and the white patch on the 

nape little developed ; cheeks and ear-coverts dingy white; under 

surface of body dull ashy with a slight wash of fulvous, which 

becomes more distinct on the abdomen and under tail-coverts; 

flanks with a tuft of fawn-colour. 

Hah. N".W. Himalayas, ranging into Eastern Afghanistan. 

«. Ad. sk, Cabul {Griffith). India Museum. 
k Ad. sk. Oilgit, 10,500 ft., Major J. Biddulph [P.]. 
June 3. 

L PAEUS. 
29 

c, d, e. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill [P.]J, 
g. Ad. et JUT. sk. N.W. Himalayas'. Capt. Boys [C,]. 

k. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. India Museum. 
i. 
Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Purchased. 
h. Ad. sk. Simla. * Eugene W. Oates, Esq. 
L Ad. sk. Simla. Purchased. 
m. [ $ ] ad. sk. Murree. Colonel Way [P.]. 
n. [ S ] ad. sk. Sikkim. Purchased. 
22. Paras rufoauclialis. 
A. Western Race (P. rufonuchalis). 
Parus rufonuchalis, 
Blyth, J. A & ifewy. xviii. p. 810 ; «?. Cat. B. 
Mus. As. Soc. p. 103; id. Jard. Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 50; Bp. C. A. 

i. p. 229; Gould, B. Asia, pt. xi.: Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 72: 
Sculhj, Ibis, 1881, p. 568. 
Lophophanes rufonuchalis, Jerdon, B. Ind. ii. p. 273 (1863) ; Hume 
|- Menders. Lahore to Yarkand, p. 167 (1873); JfrooJfo, #&\ P. 
1875, p. 253 ; Waralaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1880, p. 62. 

B. Eastern Race (Parus beavani). 
Lophophanes beaTani, 
Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 275 (1863, ex Blyth MS. 
m Mus. As. Soc.); David fy Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 285 (1877). 
Parus beavani, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 233, no. 3376 (1869) * 
Brooks, Sir. P. 1879, p. 487. 
Parus melanolophus, Dav. N. Arch. Mus., Bull, vii.. Cat. Ois. Chine, 
no. 211 (1871). 
Parus atkinsoni, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 276 (1863) ; Gray, Hand-L B. i. 

p. 231, no. 3343 (1869); Blanf. J. A. S. Beng. xii. pt. ii. p. 57 
(P. atkinsoni=P. beavani juv.); id. Sir. P. 1879, p. 183; Hume, 
t. c. p. 189. 
Adult Similar to P. melanolophus in coloration, but much larger 
in size, and wanting the buff tips to the wing-coverts. General 
colour aboTe dark grey, sometimes with a bluish, sometimes with an 
olive tinge; wing-coverts, wings, and tail uniform ashy grey, externally 
washed with iron-grey, especially on the wing-coverts; 
crown of head and hind neck jet-black, with a crest of black feathers, 
which are shorter and less recurved than in P. melanolophus; on 
the occiput and nape a large patch of white, usually with a strong 
wash of ferruginous colour; cheeks, ear-coverts, and part of the 
sides of the neck white; chin, throat, and upper half of breast 
jet-black; rest of breast, abdomen, and flanks dark grey; axillaries 
and under tail-coverts ferruginous; most of the under wing-coverts 
blackish, edged with whitish; quills with whitish edgings to the 
inner webs; " bill black ; feet plumbeous; iris brown " (Jerdon). 
Total length about 5 inches, culmen 0*52, wing 2*2-3, tail 2-2-1, 
tarsus 0#8. 

Immature birds have the crown and throat dull brownish black; 
all the rest of the underparts and the back dull olive-grey. 
Hah. Prom Samarcand to Afghanistan, and thence throughout 
the Himalayas to Kokonoor and the mountains of Southern China. 
Nepalese specimens constitute a smaller race, P. beavani. The 

30 
PAEID^. 

black colour does not extend so far down on the throat, and the 
general colour above is darker, the blue tinge of the grey being more 
pronounced. We do not consider these differences sufficient for 
specific distinction. 

a. P. rufonuchalis. 
a. Ad. sk. Gilgit, 10,500 ft., June. Ma}or Biddulph "P.". 
h. 
Juv. sk. Nulter valley, Gilgit, 9,500 Major Biddulph "P.*. 
ft, July 20. 
e. $ 
ad. sk. Valley of Astor, Cashmere^ Major Biddulph TP.~. 
October. 
d. Ad. sk. Cashmere. E. B. Skarpe, Esq. "P.]. 
e. Juv. sk. Cashmere (Dr. Belleic). India Mu>eum. 
/• [$ ] Juv- s L Ohird. J. Gould, £«q, 
#. [dj ad. sk. Child. J. Gould, Esq. 
/3. P. beavani. 
a, b. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, E&q. ~P.]. 
c, <?. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
«. Puh. sk. Sikkim. "W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.". 

f. Ad. sk. Darjiling. ~W. Fotheringham, E«q. 
g« Ad. sk. Eiasia hills (Jerdori). Gould Collection. 

23. Parus rubidlventer. 
Parus melanolophus, 
Hodgs. (nee Vig.) in Gray^s Zool. Misc. p. hZ 
(1844) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm, tie. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 73. 
Parus rubidiventris, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 445 (1847) ; id. 
Cat. B. Mus. As. 8oc. p. 104; id. in Jard. Contr. Orn. p. oO, 

f. 1 (1851) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 9; Bp. C. A. i. p. '22^; Hurnf. 
8f Moore, Cat. B. Mus. B.I. Co. i. p. 372; Gould, B. Asia, pi. xi.; 
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 233, no. 3877. 
Machlolophus rubidh entris, Cab. Mus. Hem. i p. 91 (1850). 

Lophophanes rubidiventris, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 274 (1^>3); Przew. 

in Batcson Botcley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 190, sp. 88: David 4* Omial 

Ois. Chine, p. 284. 

Adult male. Above pale olive-grey, rump and the upper tail-
coverts washed with sandy buff; wings, tail, and wing-coverts 
uniformly ashy grey, with no spots whatever; head much like that 
of P. melanolophus; breast, abdomen, flanks, under wing- and under 
tail-coverts buff, with a greyish tint; throat dull black, never so 
dark as in P. melanolophus. Total length less than 5 inches, culmen 
0-43, wing 2*45-2*55, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*75. 

Obs. One might perhaps suppose that this bird is the female of 

P. rufonuchalis; but in the British Museum are specimens which were 
distinctly marked as males, and show the colours above described. 
Hah Nepal; Kansu? (cf. David & Oust. Lc). 

a, I, c. Ad. sk, Nepal B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 

d. $ ad. sk. N.w. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
£*•]• 

e. Ad, sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
LP-]
1 . PAEUS. 31 
24. Pants wollweberi, 
Lophophanes wollweberi, Bp. C R. xxxi. Sept. 1850, p. 478 ; Westerman, 
Bijdr. Dierkunde, iii. p. 15, pi. (1851) ; Cassin, N. A. B. 

p. 19; Baird, Cass, $ Lawr. B. N. Am. p. 386, pi. 53. fig. 1; 
Sclat. P.Z.&18S8, p. 299; Cooper, Birds Calif, i. p. 43,-Coues, 
Key N. A. B. p. 80; Sclat 8? Salv. Nomenel. Av. Neotr. p. 5; 
Baird, Brew, fy Ridgw. N. A. B.i. p. 93; Coues, B. Colorado Vail. 
p. 117 ; Salv. Sf Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, p. 56. 
Partis annexus, Cass. Br. Ac. N. So. Phil v. Oct. 1850, p. 103, pi. i. 
Lophophanes galeatus, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. 1850, p. 90 (1850), 
Adult male. General colour above, including the hind neck, scapulars, 
and most of the wing-coverts grey, with an olive tinge; 
primary-coverts, quills, and tail greyish brown, externally edged 
with the same colour as the back; forehead and central portion 
of crown ashy grey, sides of crown and crest black; frontal region 
white, bases of the feathers black; ear-coverts, cheeks and the 
region behind and above the eye, and parts of the sides of the neck 
pure white; this white colour is bordered behind, on the sides of 
the neck and on the nape, by a black semicollar; another black 
band runs through the eye, bordering the ear-coverts behind and 
uniting with the sooty black of the throat and fore neck; underpays 
dull whitish, with a greyish or fulvous tinge, the fulvous 
being principally pronounced on the flanks, abdomen, and under tail-
coverts ; " bill black; feet dark hazel" (Salvin). Total length 
about 4*5, culmen 0*37, wing 2*55, tail 2*35, tarsus 0*65. 

Rah. Mexico, l^ew Mexico, Arizona, and "Western Texas. 

a. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
b} c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk. 
Mexico. 
Mexico. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
25. Partus atricristatus. 

Parus atricristatus, Cass, Pr. Acad. N. Se. Phil 1850, p. 103, pi. ii. 

Lophophanes atricristatus, Cass. III. B. Calif,fyTex. i. p. 13, pi. iii. 
(1853) ; id. N. A. B. p. 19; Baird, Birds N Am. p. 385; Cooper, 
Birds Calif i. p. 43; pclat. $* Salv. Nomenel. Av. Neotr. p. 5; 
Baird, Brew, fy Ridgw. N. A. B. i. p. 90; Salv. § Godm. Biol 
Centr.-Amer., Aves, p. 55. 

Lophophanes atrocristatus, Coues, B. Color ad. Valley', p. 116 (1878). 

General colour above, including scapulars and most of the wing-
coverts, ashy grey with a slight olive tinge; greater wing-coverts, 
quills, and tail dark brown, edged with the same colour as the back; 
crown and crest sooty black; nape and sides of neck pale grey, 
this colour passing through the whitish ear-coverts; a narrow 
frontal band, cheeks and whole throat, fore neck, breast, and 
centre of abdomen white; flanks pale reddish chestnut; lower 
abdomen, axillaries, and under tail-coverts cream-colour; under 
wing-coverts and inner edges of quills whitish. Total length more 
than 5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*80, tail 2*55, tarsus 0*8. 

The female has the crest duller black. " Iris dark brown; feet 
hazel; bill dark lead-colour " (Salvin). 

32 PAEIB^S. 

Hab. Texas and Mexico, especially in the valley of the Bio 
Grande; southwards as far as Yera Cruz. 

a. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
26. Pants bicolor. 
La Mesange hupe*e de la Caroline, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 561; Buff. H. X. 

Ois. v. p. 451. 
Crested Titmouse, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carol, i. pL 57. 
Parus bicolor, Linn. 3. N. i. p. 340 (1766); Bona, ei Tieill. Em. 

MM. p. 507 j Less. Traite a" Orn. p. 450: Nuttall, Man. Orn. 

p. 236 (1832), with woodcut; Audub. Orn. Biogr. i. pi. 301; 
Wilson, Am. Orn. i. p. 137, pi. viii. %. 5; Audubon, Am. B. ii. 
p. 143, pi. 125; Giraud, B. Long Island, p. 78 (lb44|; Be Kmj, 
New York Fauna, Birds, p. 59, pi. 45. fig. 101 (lb43); Nmwkd, 
J.f 0.1858, p. 118; Baird, Birds N. Am. p. 364. 
Toupet Titmouse, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. ii. p. 544. 
Baeolophus bicolor, Cab. Mm. Hein. i. p. 91 (1850). 
Lophophanes bicolor, Bp. C. A. i. p. 2'2% (1850); Sclat Cat. Am. 
B. p. 14, no. 87; Maynard, B. Florida, p. 32 (1872); Coues, Key 
N. A. B. p. 80; Cones, B. N.-West, p. 19; Baird, Brew. $ Rulgw. L 
p. 87 ; Cones, B. Colorad. Valley, p. 113. 
Lophophanes missouriensis, Baird, B. N. Am. p. 384 (185b). 
General colour above as in P. airier i$tatus9 but crown and cre^t 
brown; forehead and frontal band dark sooty brown ; underpart* 
dirty yellowish white, tinged with brownish; " bill dark lead-coI<»ur, 
blackish at the tip; feet bluish lead-colour; iris dark brown" 
(Neuivied). Total length about 6 inches, wing 3*15, tail 2*3, tarsus 
0*9. (Baird, Br. Sf B.) 

Hab. North America eastwards of the Missouri river. 

a. Ad. sk. North America. Purchased. 
27. Paras inornatus. 
Parus inornatus, Gambel, Pr. A. N. Se. Phil 1845, p. 265; id. J. Acad. 
N. Sc. Philad. n. s. i. p. 35, pi. vii. (1847). 
Lophophanes inornatus, Cassin, HI. B. Calif. $* Texas, p. 19 (1853 J; 
Baird, B. N. Amer.f. 386; Sclat. Cat. Am. B. p. 14, no. 88; 
Cooper, B. Californ. i. p. 42; Corns, Key N. Am. Birds, p. 80; 
Baird, Brew. $ Ridgw. N. Am. B. i. p. 91; Coues, B. North- West, 

p. 20; id. B. Colorad. Vail p. 114. 
General colour above, including the crest and crown of the head, 
greyish olivaceous brown; wing-coverts, quills, and tail brown, externally 
tinged with the colour of the back; nostril-feathers and 
loral region dirty yellowish; ear-eoverts, sides of head, and all the 
underparts dirty or creamy white, slightly more fulvons on the 
flanks, lower abdomen, and under tail-coverts ; the bill of this 
species is remarkably strong and high, its colour is leaden like the 
feet. The sexes are alike in coloration. Total length less than 
5 inches, culmen 0*46, wing 2*6-2*7, tail 2-2-2*35, tarsus 0*78. 

Hab. California, Southern Pacific States, and southern parts of the 
Eocky Mountains. 

1 . PABTTS. 33 
a. Ad. st.
b. Ad. sk.
c. S ad. skd. e. Ad. sk. 
California. 
California. 
Colorado Valley, California. 
Western N. America. 
Purchased. 
Purchased. 
A. Forrer, Esq, 
Purchased. 
. [C.]. 

28. Paras dichrous. 
Parus dichrous, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. (1844), p. 83; id. 
J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 943 ; id. Ann. K H xv. p. 326; Gray, Cat. 
Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 73; id. Gen. B. i. p. 192 j Blyth, 
Cat. B. Mus. As. Soe. p. 104; Bp. C. A. i. p. 228; Blyth in Jardine 
Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 51; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. M. EJ. Co. 
i. p. 372 ; Gould, B. Asia, pt. xi.; A. David, N. Arch. Mus.} Bull 
Til., Cat. Ois. no. 210 (1870). 
Lophophanes dichrous, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 273 (1863). 
Lophophanes dichroides, Brjev. in Dawson Bowleg's Orn. Misc. pt. vi., 

B. of Mongol p. 189 (1877) ; David et Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 284. 
Adult Above uniform dull "brownish grey with an indistinct olive 
tint; crown with a long and somewhat recurved crest of the same 
colour; forehead and sides of head dirty creamy white; behind 
the ear-coverts a band of creamy or whitish colour on the sides of 
the neck; all the underparts, including the under wing-coverts, 
pale ochraceous, slightly washed with greyish on the flanks and on 
the throat; "bill dusky bluish; feet plumbeous; iris brick-red" 
(Jerdon)* Total length about 4*5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2-8, 
tail 2, tarsus 0*8. 

Hah. The Brown-crested Tit is a rather rare bird, although its 
range is a very wide one; it is found throughout the Himalayas 
from Cashmere eastwards, and, again, in the hilly parts of Elansu 
and Moupin (PrjevalsM and David). 

Ohs. Prjevalski separated his single specimen obtained in Kansu 
from P. dichrous under the name of P. dichroides, because of a 
whitish semicollar on the sides of the neck. All the specimens, however, 
from Nepal (which is the real habitat of the typical P. dichrous 
of Hodgson) have the collar mentioned in the above description. 

a. $ ad. sk. Between Simla Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill [P.]. 
and Mussoorie. 
b~e. S $ ad. et juv. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill [P.]. 
sk. 
/. c? ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill [P.]. 
g-h. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.^ [P.]. 

(Types o? the species.) 

I. Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodgson), India Museum, 
m. [cf ] ad. sk. Darjiling. W. Fotheringham, Esq. [P.], 
29. Paras modestus. 
Sylviparus modestus. 
Burton, P. Z. $. 1835, p. 154; Blyth, Cat. B. 
Mus. As. Soc. p. 104; Bp. C. A. i. p. 333 (1850); Blyth, in Jard. 
Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 51; Horsf. $ Moore. Cat. B. M. JEJ.L Co. i. 

p. 373; Jerdon, B. Ind. ii. p. 267; Swinh. P. Z. S.1871, p. 362; 
David 8f Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 277. 
Parus sericophrys, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng, xiii. p. 942 (1844), Blyth, 
VOL. vni. D 

34 
PAEIBSB. 

op. tit. xvi. p. 446 (1847); id. in Gray's ZooL Misc. p. 83; Gray, 
Cat Mamm.etc. Nepal pres. Hoclgs. p. 73; id. Gm. B. i. p. 192. 
iEgithalus modestus, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 237, no. 3430 (1809). 

General colour above light olive-green, inclining to yellowish, on 
the ramp; wing-coverts, quills, and tail dusky brown, edged with 
greenish yellow; forehead more greyish and less olive than the 
crown and hind neck; above the eye a faint yellowish streak ; sides 
of head and all the nnderparts dingy yellowish, with a faint 
greenish tinge to the flanks and the lower abdomen ; 44 bill and feet 
lead-colour; iris light brown" (Jerchn). Total length about 
8-5 inches, culmen 0-35, wing 2*15-2*3, tail 1*3, tarsus 0*6. 


Rah. Himalayas. 

a} b. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
e, d. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. HP.\ 
(Types of P. sericopfrys'.) 
e7f. Ad.- g, h. Juv. sk. Nepal. B. £L Hodgson,Esq. [P.\ 


30. Parus nrfescens. 
Parus 
rufescens, Townsend, J. A. N. 8c. PMlad. vii. p. 190 (1857); 
Audub. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 371, pi. 353; id. B. Am. ii. p. L>, 
pi. 129; dawn, N.Am. B. p. 18; Baird, Bird* X A. p. 304; 
8dat. Cat. Am. B. p. 14, no. 80; Cooper* Birds of Cvhforn. p. 47 ; 
Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 81* id. B. N. West, p. 22; Baird, Brac.f 

•f- Mdgw. N. A. B. i. p. 104. 
Pceeila rufescens, Bp. C. A. i. p. 280 (1850). 
Parus sitehensis, Kittlitz (fide Giebel, Tk. Orn. iii. p. 32). 
Entire crown of head, hind neck, interscapular region, throat, 
and fore neck sooty brown; back, rump, scapular**, and outer 


% margins of some of the wing-coverts brownish chestnut; wing-
coverts and quills blackish grey, with whitish edgings to the outer 
webs ; tail blackish grey, externally slightly lighter; cheek*., ear-
coverts, sides of neck, and breast white, more dull towards the 
abdomen and the flanks; sides of breast and flanks ehebtnutcoloured; 
under wing-coverts and internal margins of webs whitish; 
bill and feet horny brown. Total length about 4 inches, culmen 
0*39-0*4, wing 2*3-2-37, tail 1-9-2-0, tarsus 0-02-0-64. 

Hob. Pacific States of North America. 

«. Ad. sk. [Alaska.] 
Purchased. 

h. Ad. sk. West side of Eocky Mountains. J. K. Lord, E&q. [C.l 
c. Ad. sk. Vancouver Island. J. 3L Lord, E&q. £C.j. 
d, e, (S 2 &cL sk. Vancouver Island. A. Forrer, Esq. [0.1 
/, o* ad. sk. Upp©r Klamath Lake, Oregon. A. Forrer, Esq. [0. J. 

g. Ad. sk. California. 
Purchased. 
h. Ad. sk. California. 
Lord WaJsmgb&ni [P.], 
31. Parus hudsonicns. 
Parus hudsonicus, Forster, PhU. Trans. 1772, pp. 383, 430; Penti. 
Arctic Zool p. 425; Bonn, tir VieilL ETW. MM. p. 509; Audub. 
Orn. Biog. ii. p. 543, pi. 194; id. B. Am. ii. p. 155, pi. 12*>j 
Camn, N. A. B. p. 18; Baird, B. N. Am. p. 395,- id. Memm? 


1 . PARUS. 35 
p. 82 ; Samuels, Orn. New Engl p. 185 (1867); Corns, Key N. A. B. 
p. 81; Baird, Brew., $ Pidgw. N. A. B. i. p. 105. 
Hudson's Bay Titmouse, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 557. 
Paras hudsohieus, Tar. littoralis, Bryct7it. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. U. ix, 
p. 868 (186-3). 
General colour above yellowish brown with a slight olive tinge; 
crown of head and hind neck a little purer light brown; wing-
coverts, tail, and quills dark grey, with paler greyish edgings to 
the outer webs ; cheeks, ear-coverts, and breast white; sides of neck 
light grey; throat and fore neck sooty brownish black; abdomen, 
sides of breast, flanks, and under tail-coverts rusty brown. Total 
length 5 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2-4, tail 2'6, tarsus 0-65. 

IIah. Pound all over the more northern parts of North America. 

Ohs. The " specimens from the most northern localities seem to 
"be larger than those from Maine and ISfova Scotia (P. littoralis, 
Bryant), with proportionally longer tails " (Baird, Br., 8r R.). 

a7 h. d 2 ad. sk. Port Simpson, April 20,1862. B. R Boss, Esq. [P.]. 

e. [5 1 ao^-s^* North America. J. G-ould, Esq. 
d. "Skeleton. Purchased, 
32. Parus ductus. 
La Mesanpre a ceinture blanche, Month. K. N. Ois. v. p. 446 (1778). 
La Mesanjre de Siberia, Daubent. PL Enl vi. pi. 708. fig. 3 (1783). 
Siberian Titmouse, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 556 (1781-85). 
Parus ductus, Bodd. Tahl PL Enl. p. 40 (1783, ex JDauhent.) ; Gray, 


Gen, B. i. p. 192; id. Hand-l. B. i. p. 232, no. 3352; Cab. J.f O. 
1871, p. 237; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. pL 112; Finsch, Bis, 1877, p. 64. 

Parus sibirieus, Gmel Syst Nat. i. p. 1013 (1788, ex Lath.) j Temm 
Man. dfOrn. p. 204; Schinz, Europ. Faun. p. 220 ,* Niks. Skandin-
Faun. i. p. 337, i. p. 414; Blyth, Cat B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 104: 
Sundev. Svensh. Fogl pi. 10. fig. 5. 

Parus lugubris, Zetterst Pes. Sver. och Non\ Lapp. p. 120 (1821, 
deser. orig., nee Natter er,Jide Dresser). 
Parus lapponieus, Lmidahl, Notis. Faun, et Flor. Fenn. Fo'rh. Heir 

sim/f 1848, pt. i. p. 1, pi. 1. %. 1; Wright, Finl Fogl i. p. 178. 
Pcecila sibirieus, Bp. C. A. i. 5. 230 (1850). 
Precile sibirica, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 91 (1850). 
Pteeile sibirica vera (Kaup), Brehm, Naumannia, 1856, p. 369. 

Synonymy of P. ohtectus, Cab.:— 
Poecile 8»bmiefe*&y»eJttis, Brehm, Naumannia, 1856, p. 369. 
Parus blbiricus (non Gm.), Padde, Peis. in8.0. Sibir. ii. p. 198 (1861). 
Pcecile cancta, Sicinh. P.Z.S. 1871, p. 302 5 G4ebel,J.f. 0.1873, 

p. 4219 Heugl. J.f.O. 3874, p. 396; Malm, Fauna, p. 182 j David 
# Oust. Ois! Chine, p. 288. 
Parus (Poecile) ohtectus, Cab, J.f O.1871, p. 237. 
Parus grisescens, Sharpe $ Dress. B. Eur. iii. sub P. cinetus (1871). 
Poecile obtecta, Cab. J.f 0.1872, p. 443. 
Poecile affinis, Prjev. in Dawson Bowley's Ornith. Misc. pt. vi. p. 188, 

sp. 85 (1877) ;' David $ Oust Ois. Chine, p. 289. 
Parus cinetus, subsp. grisescens, Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 2. 
Poecilia obtecta, Taczan.J.f 0.1872, p. 443. 
Poecile sibirica, Taczan. Bull Soc. Zool France, i. p. 363 (1876). 

n 2 

36 PABED-2E. 

A. Western Race (P. cinctus).—Crown of head and Mnd neck 
dusky brown; mantle, scapulars, and back earthy brown with an 
ochraceons tinge; wing-coverts, quills, and tail blackish; most of 
the wing-coverts and the inner secondaries rather broadly edged 
with fulvous; the primaries and the tail edged with greyish white ; 
lores, cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of head white; throat dull 
brownish black; on the lower parts of the fore neck the feathers 
more or less tipped and edged with white : upper part of breast 
and centre of belly whitish; rest of underparts pale ochraceons; 
under wing-coverts paler; quills internally margined with whitish ; 
bill black ; feet bluish grey; " iris dark brown?? (Finscli). 
There is no conspicuous difference in coloration between the two 
sexes. Tn autumn chess the whitish edgings to the feathers of the 
throat are larger and more numerous, causing these parts to have a 
very mottled appearance. Total length about 5 inches, culmen 

( s) 0*48, wing 2*76, tail 2-76, tarsus 0*7; culmen ( J ) 0-47, wing 
2-5, tail 2-5, tarsus 0*65. 
Sab. The Lapp Titmouse has a rather large range. It is found 
all over the most northern parts of Europe, Russia, and Northwestern 
Asia, extending eastwards as far as the Jenesei river. 
Eastwards of this river, especially in the region of the Lake Baikal, 
the Lapp Titmouse is represented by the following race. 

B. Eastern Mace (P. obtectus).—In the British-Museum collection 
there are specimens from Lake Baikal which slightly differ 
from two specimens of the true P. ductus (<S and 5 ) from the Ob 
district, in autumn dress; and these differences agree tolerably with 
those pointed out by Prof. Cabanis. 
General colour above slightly duller and less distinct than P. 
cinctus, mantle more greyish, breast white; sides of breast, flanks, 
and thighs slightly washed with ochraceons fawn-colour. Culmen 
0*48 inch, wing 2*63, tail 2-63, tarsus 0-GS*. 

Hob. Siberia, eastwards from the Jenesei river, especially near 
Lake Baikal. 

a, <$ juv. sk. Finland. F. D. Godman and O. Sal


vin, Esqrs. fP.]. 
b,e. S 2 a(i' s&* Bolschoi LTstram,Sept.lL Br. Finsch [<£]. 
d, e. c? $ ad. sk. Langiofskaja? Ob river, Br. Finsch [C.j. 

Sept. 7. 
/. S ad. sk. Parawatzki; Jurti, Sept.5. Br. Finsch [C.]. 
(moulting). 

* Besult of the examination of 26 specimens in Mr. Seebohm's collection:— 
a. Birds from Sweden, Archangel, and Lower 0b have the mantle, beck, and 
flanks deeper reddish or ochraceous brown. 
b. Nine specimens from the Jenesei (&>\ north lat.) are much greyer abOY© 
and paler below. 
c. Two specimens from Lake Baikal agree perfectly with the Jenesei birds. 
d. Three birds from Krasnoyarsk agree with Jenesei birds. They were shot 
in November and December, and consequently haye the fore neck more mottled 
with white, the black extending further down than in the Jenesei birds, which 
were shot in spring (April and May). 
Intermediate forms very probably occur westwards from the Jenesei river. 

1 . PAKUS. 37 
g. <$ ad. sk.
(moulting). 
h, i. <$ ad. sk.
k. d ad. sk.
I. Ad. sk.
m. Ad, st. 
Obdorsk, September 4. 
Jenesei river, April 1877. 
Krasnoyarsk, NOT. 1878. 
Lake Baikal (Dybowski). 
Siberia. 
Dr. Ehisch [C.]. 
H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.], 
H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.j. 
Warsaw Museum [E.J. 
Purchased. 

33. Paras varius. 
Parus varius, Temm. <§* SeU. Faun. Jap. p. 71, pi. 35 (1850); Bp. 
C. A. i. p. 229 ; Schleg. JSancU. Dierk. p. 350 ; Gray, Sand-l B. i. 
p. 281, no. 3332 j Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 33 j jB/afo& $ Bryer, B. 
Japan, p. 151. 
Adult. Forehead, loral region, cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of 
neck cream-colour; chin and throat, crown of head and hind neck, 
with the exception of an irregular white longitudinal spot on the 
occiput and on the nape, deep black; upper part of the mantle 
chestnut or bright red-brown, forming a comparatively narrow band 
between the hind neck and the upper back; wing-coverts, middle 
and lower back, upper tail-coverts, tail, and wings uniform bluish 
grey; quills internally edged with white; breast, abdomen, and 
flanks chestnut-red, more fawn-colour towards the centre of the 
abdomen and on the tail-coverts; the black of the throat separated 
from the upper breast by an irregular cross band, or sometimes by a 
patch of creamy buff; axillaries and thighs pale buff, grey at base; 
under wing-coverts and edge of wing grey with buff edgings; bill 
horn-brown; feet dark lead-colour. Total length about 5 inches, 
culmen 0*5, wing 3*10, tail 2*25, tarsus 0*72. 

The female is slightly smaller in size, and has the upper parts not 
quite so brightly coloured as the male. 
Hob. Japan. 

a. Ad. sk. Japan. 
Purchased. 
I. 
Ad. sk. Japan. C. Maries, Esq. [C.]. 
c. Ad. sk Japan. J. Gould, Esq. [O.l. 
d, e. Ad. sk. Hakodadi. H. Pryer, Esq. [C.J. 
34. Parus castaneiventer. 
Parus 
castaneoventris, Gould, B. Z. S. 1862, p. 280 • id. B. Asia, 
pt. xvi. 
Parus castaneiventris, Sioinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 295 • id. P. Z. S. 1871, . 

p. 361 -yTDamd 8f Ousted. Ois. Chine, p. 282., bvt,.$:*k&»~f T-<&cu^eJil fat**. >|>fV^ 
In the island of Formosa P. varius is represented by a bird closely 
resembling the former in coloration, but of considerably smaller 
size. The chestnut-brown band across the hind neck is but little 
developed; breast and flanks rich chestnut colour, without the 
creamy or buff colour along the centre of the breast and abdomen; 
bill bluish black. Total length less than 4 inches, culmen 0*5, 
wing 2*4, tail 1*55, tarsus 0*6. 

Hah. Confined to the island of Formosa. 

a. Ad. sk. Formosa. E. Swinhoe, Esq., [C.]. 
38 
PASID-ffi. 

35. Paras nuchalis. 
Tarns nuchalis, Jerd. xiii p. 131 (1844); id. Mustr. Lid. Orn. pi. 46; 
JBp. C. A. i. p. 230; Blyth in Jard. Contr. Orn. 1651, p. 49 ; Jerdon, 
B. Ind. ii. p. 279; Adam, Sir. F. 1873, p. 335: ^//w, $?r. 
J1. 1875, p. 292, & 1877, p. 221. 

Adult. General colonr above and below black and white: head 
above, hind neck, mantle, and back glossy black; on the mpe a 
white spot; tail-feathers black, some with narrow white tips ; the 
outermost pair almost entirely white, the next pair more white than 
black; wing-coverts brownish black; quills brownish black, the 
primaries having the basal third of the outer web pure white, tiie 
wing thus showing a broad conspicuous alar band of that colour; 
the inner secondaries with large white tips, and externally broadly 
edged with white; chin, throat, and a broad line extending down 
the centre of the breast and abdomen Mack; cheeks, ear-coverts, 
sides of neck, breast, flanks, thighs, and under tall-coverts white ; 
most of the under wing-coverts white; near the edge of the wing 
a black patch; quills internally edged with white; e» bill black : 
feet plumbeous; iris red-brown" (Jerdoa). Total length about 
4*5 inches, culmen 0-42, wing 2*3 to 2*5, tail about 2, tardus tj-7. 

&ab. Tableland of Indian Peninsula. 

a. Ad. sk. India, 
PurehaF^L 
b. $ 
ad. sk Koochamun (Adam), E. W. 0«ite<, E*?|, 
April 28,1873. 
c. [cf]ad. sk. [Bootan.] 
Purchased. 
36, Pants semilarvatus. 

Melaniparus semilarvatus, Scdead. Atfi She. Hal Se. XftK viii p. 375 
(1865) ; id. J.f.O. 1808, p. OS ; id. Ibis, 1870, p. 3U0, pi is. 

Adult. General colour black; upper parts and breast with a 
bluish gloss; abdomen and flanks inclining to sooty brown or black; 
forehead, nasal plumes, preoeular region, and part of the cheeks 
pure white. 

Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 

in. in. in. in. 

0*45 2-8 1-9 0-C3 

0*50 3-1 2*2 0-07 

Ohs. Great uncertainty still prevails as to the habitat of this 
species, only a few specimens being known. The two typical specimens 
are in the Turin Museum ; but the British Museum came ii,to 
possession of two more than twenty-live years before Solvation 
described his types. One of the British-Museum birds is labelled 
" Philippine Islands f the other one, "3ST. China, Fortune Coll.* This 
and the circumstance that P. semilarvatus is closely allied to the 
Indian P. nuchalis, makes it probable that its home is somewhere in 
the Indo-Chinese region: this is supported by the fact that the 
Turin birds are said to have come from the Himalayas. Salvador!, 

1 . PAj&rs. 
on the other hand5 suggests Central Africa as their home, OIL account 
of the great resemblance of P. semilarvatus to the black 
African Tits. 

a. [ S ] ad. sk. Philippine Islands. 
b. Ad. sk. ~Js, China.] 
Fortune Coll.* 
37. Parus afer. 
Parus afer, Orn. 8. K i. p. 1010 (1783); Gray, Gen. B. I p. 192; 
Jard, 8? Selby, Must?'. Orn. pi. 117; Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 92', 
Monteiro, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 95; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 231, 
no. &331; Gurney in Anderss. B. Damara Ld. p. 81 \ Sharpe, ed. 
Layard B. 8. Afr. p. 329,* Ayres, Ibis, 1880, p. 103; Boeage, Orn. 
Ang. p. 28Q. 

La Mesange grisette, Levaill. Ois. dHAfr. hi. pi. 138. 
La Mesange brune, Levaill. Ois. cFAfr. hi. pi. 139. i.g. 2. 
Parus cinerascensj Vieill. Kouv. Diet. xx. p. 316 (1818) ; Bonn, et 


Vieill. JEnc. Meth. p. 507 ; Hartlaub, Orn. W.-Afr. p. 70; Layard, 

B. South\Afr. p. 113 ; Chairman's Trav. in 8. Afr., Append, p. 398. 
Parus fuscus, 
Bonn, et Vieill. Mac. Meth. p. 505; 8undev. (Efu. L. 
Vet.-Akad. Foth. Stockh. 1857, p. 30. 

Adult male. Back, upper tail-, and lesser wing-coverts grey; rest 
of the wing-coverts and the quills brownish black, the former and 
the secondaries broadly, the primaries narrowly, edged with dingy 
white; tail black, with small white tips and a white edge to the 
outer pair; crown of head, chin, cheeks, throat, and fore neck glossy 
black, the black extending down the middle of the breast; lores, ear-
coverts, and centre of hind neck white; from the ear-coverts the 
white extends down the sides of the neck, then passing into dingy 
white and bordering the black triangular patch on the throat and 
fore neck; sides of breast, flanks, abdomen, thighs, and under tail-
coverts pale ashy grey; under wing-coverts whitish; quills below 
with white edgings along the inner web; bill black; feet leadcolour 
; iris brown. Total length about 5-7 inches, culmen 0*550-
6, wing 2-9-3-1, tail 2-4, tarsus 0-75-0-85. 

There is no difference in colour between the two sexes. 

Immature birds are ashy brown where the adult is grey; tail, 
throat, and crown of head blackish brown; wings and wing-coverts 
dark brown, with dingy white edgings; flanks, abdomen, thighs, 
and under tail-coverts pale ashy brown and dingy whitish. 

Hah. South and S.W. Africa. 

a. <$ ad. sk. S. Africa (Layard), E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
b. Ad. sk. Cape Town. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J. 
c. S ad. sk. Orange river. Dr. Bradshaw [P.], 
d. d ad. sk. Modder river. Dr. Exton [P.l 
e. <$ ad. sk. Transvaal (Ayres), B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
f. 3 ad. sk. Semokwe, Oct. 1873 W. E. & C.G. Oates,Esqrs. 
(P. Gates). [P.]. 
* It is to be observed that many of Mr. Fortune s birds came from Luzon. 
40 PAKIDJ2. 
g. 6 ad. sk. Inyati, Sept. 27,1873. W. E. & 0. G. Oates, Esqrs. 
h. S ad. sk.
i. $ ad. sk.
k. Ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk. 
DamaraLand, Nov. 16,1866 (Andersson). 
Damara Land, June 4,1866 (Andersson). 
Benguela. 
Cape of Good Hope. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
J- J- Monteiro, Esq. [C.]. 
Purchased. 

38. Parus rufiventer. 
Parus rufiventris, 
Bocage, Jorn. Ac. Lisb. xxii. 1877, p. 161; id. Orn. 
Angola, p. 287. 

Adult. Entire mantle and back slaty grey; upper tail-coverts 
slightly darker; tail black, with narrow white tips and edges to 
some of the feathers ; wings and wing-coverts blackish brown, externally 
edged with white; crown black, with a slight gloss ; sides 
of head, chin, and throat dull black, gradually passing over into the 
slaty-grey of the fore neck and upper chest; breast and abdomen 
reddish fawn-colour; thighs paler; bill and feet black. Culmen 
0*5 inch, wing 3*35, tail 2*6, tarsus 0*8. 

Hah. Angola. 

a. Ad. sk. Caconda, Benguela {Anchietti). Lisbon Museum [P.]. 
39. Parus griseiventer. 
Parus griseiventer, Peichenow, J. f. O.1882, p. 210. 
Allied to P. rufiventer. Head and neck black all round, with the 
exception of a grey subocular streak extending from the gape along 
the sides of the head; entire back and sides grey; abdomen steel-
grey ; under wing- and under tail-coverts white; wings and tail 
black, edged with white; bill black; feet lead-colour ; iris brown. 
Wing 3-13 inches, tail 2-36. 

Hah. Eastern Africa : Lake Tanganyika. 

40. Parus ater. 
Parus ater, Linn. S. N. i. p. 341 (1766) ; JBeselce, Vog. Kurlands, 
no. 194 j Bechstein, Vog. Deutsehl. p. 729; Petzius, Faun. Suecic. 

p. 270; Koch, System, later. Zool. p. 205; Temm. Man. tfOm. 
p. 288; Bonn, et Vieill. Fnc. Meth. p. 502; POXLV, Ornith. Prov. 
p. 188, pis. 119 & 120; Nilsso?i, Skandin. Faun. p. 334 (1835) & i. 
p. 411 (1858); Schinz, Furop. Faun. p. 217 ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. 
As. Soc. p. 104; Thompson, Nat. Hist. Ireland, i. p. 207 ; Naceyro, 
Cat. Av. Galicia, in Mem. P. Acad. Madrid, i. p. 105 (1850) ; Bp. 
C. A. i. p. 229; Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 92 j Kjarbblling, Banmarks 
Fugle, pi. 24 (1854); Sundev. S»e?isk. Fogl pi. 16. fig. 4; Wright, 
Finlands Fogl. i. p. 176; Salvad. Faun. Pal. ii. p. 68; Holland. 
Wirbelth. Pommerns, p. 61; Dresser, B. Fur. iii. p. 87, pi. 107. 
fig. 3 ; Banford § Broivn, Ibis, 1875, p. 303; Malm, Faun. p. 180 ; 
Newt. ed. Yarrell Brit. B. i. p. 489; Giglioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 194; 
Booth, Pough Notes, pt. ii. pi. 

1 . BAETJS. 4 1 
Colemouse, Penn. Aj*ciic Zoology, p. 424 (1785) ; Lath. Gen. Syn, ii. 

pt. 2, p. 540. 
Poecile ater, Kaup, Mdturl. Syst. p. 114 (1829). 
Parus carbonarius, Pall. Zoogr. Ross.-As. i. p. 556 (1831). 
Partis abietinuni, Brehm, Vdg. Deutschl. p. 466 (1831). 
Parus pinetorum, Brehm, Naumannia, p. 285 (1855). 


(English Race,) 

Parus ater auctt. Britt. {nee Linn.). 
Parus britannicus, Sharpe 8f Dresser, Ann. fy Mag. N. H, viii. p. 437 
(1871) ; Dresser, B. Bur. iii. p. 93, pi. 107. fig. 2. 

(Chinese Race.) 

Parus pekinensis, David, Ibis, 1870, p. 155; Verr. N. Arch, du Mus. 
Bidl. vi. p. 38; id. vii. p. 54; id. viii. pi. 5 ; Taczan. J. f. 0.1874, 

p. 3285 Swinh. Lbis, 1870, p. 155; id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 361; David 
Of Oust. Ois. de la Chine, p. 283, pi. 34. 
(Himalayan Race.) 

Parus Eernodius, Hodgs. Joitm. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 943 (1844) $ 
id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83; Gray, Cat Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. 
Hodgs. p. 72; Blyth, in Jard. Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 51; Jerd. B. Ind. 

ii. p. 276 * Swinh. Lbis, 1870, p. 155; Blanf. J. A. S. Beng. 1872, 
ii. p. 57 ; Brooks, Str. F. 1870, p. 4b7. 
A. Typical, Central Race (P. ater).—Adult male in summer plumage. 
ITantle slaty blue, passing towards the lower back and on the rump 
into fulvous-brown; tail and quills greyish black, the latter externally 
margined with silvery grey, the secondaries narrowly tipped 
with white; wing-coverts blackish, with broad margins of the 
colour of the back; the median and greater series with roundish 
terminal spots of white* crown of head and hind neck glossy black, 
on the occiput and nape a large patch of white; cheeks, ear-coverts, 
and sides of neck white; chin and throat dull black, this colour 
not uncommonly uniting with the black of the hind neck; centre 
of breast dull white; the rest of the underparts, especially the flanks 
and the sides, pale buff; under wing-coverts and edge of wing 
whitish; bill dark brown; feet and claws dark lead-colour; iris 
brown. Total length about 4*2 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*2-2*4, 
tail 1*7-1*8, tarsus 0*65. 
Adult males in whiter plumage have the underparts a little more 

dingy and the bluish colour on the mantle slightly less pronounced. 
Female like the male in winter plumage. 
Young. Above dull greyish olive; crown dull black ; ear-coverts 

and sides of neck pale yellow; underparts pale yellow, with a 
strong greyish-buff wash to the flanks; throat dusky; tips of 
wing-coverts and a patch on the nape yellowish white; bill brown ; 
feet pale brown. 

Hah. Pound nearly all over the Palsearctie region with the exception 
of Northern Africa, extending eastwards as far as Japan and 
Northern China. 

B. Miglish Race (P. britannicus).—In the British Islands the typical 
Coal Tit is only an occasional visitor, but is represented by a 
42 PARIDJ3. 

differently coloured resident form. These differences seem to me to 
be strong enough to treat the British Coal Titmouse as a separate race, 
as has been done before by llessrs. Sharpe and Dresser. General 
colour above, especially in winter, dull olive-grey; rump and part of 
flanks fawn buff; tail-feathers and quills externally margined with 
greenish olive. In all the other details of coloration and of size 
the British specimens are like P. ater. 

This well distinguished race seems to be confined to the British 
Islands. 

C. Chinese Race (P. pekinensis) is a form of this species which is 
found in Eastern Asia from the valley of the Jenesei to China inclusive. 
It is distinguished by having the occipital feathers slightly 
more elongated into a crest than is seen in European specimens. 
In the same locality examples without the crest are also found; 
but it has not yet been determined whether these are typical P. aUr 
or not fully adult P. pekinensis. 
This elongation of the crest-feathers takes place in birds from 
Krasnoyarsk and Jeneseisk as well as from the Ussuri river; examples 
from Japan and the Amoor country are intermediate between 

P. ater and P. pekinensis; two specimens from Askold have also 
long crest-feathers *. 
B. Himalayan Pace (P. semodius).—Bill much more slender and 
more compressed laterally than in P. ater; the specimens in the 
national collection agree with Hodgson's remark I. c. 
A specimen, labelled by Mr. W. T. Blanford Lophopliaties n,iwdins 
is precisely like many specimens of P. britannivus; but the 
black of the throat extends over the whole fore neck, and the 
rest of the underparts is dull ochraceous, which colour is much more 
pronounced than in any P. ater or P. hritaunions I have been. This 
specimen is apparently an old bird. Culmen 0*37 inch, wing 2Sf 
tail 1*8, tarsus 0*74. 

Hah. JSepal. 

P. ater. 
a. Pull. sk Europe. Purchased. 
b. $ ad. sk. Sweden, Xov. 24, 1807. H. E. Dresser, Esqc. 
<3 ad. sk. Borregaard, Norway, March 20, F. D. Godman 'and 0. 
d. Ad. sk. 
1859 (P. <?.). * 
Antwerp, Oct. 1872. 
Salvia, Esqrs. T. \ 
R.B. Sharpe, Esq. P.]. 
e. Ad. sk. 
/ . Ad.sk. 
g. S ad. sk. 
h. $ ad. sk. 
France. 
France. 
Yosges. 
Pyrennees, April 25,1872. 
R.B. Sharpe, Esq. ^P.]. 
Gould Collection. 
E. Hargitt, Em. "IV. 
A. B. Brooke, E^ . "C.> 
i, 3 ad.sk. 
j . Ad. sk. 
Saxony. 
Moravia. 
Gould Collection. 
II. E. Dresser, E.-q. 

* The figure of P. peHnemis in David et Oustalet, Oiseaux de la Chine, 
pi. 34, exaggerates the supposed differences; the mantle also is incorrect I j 
coloured, suiting neither the Chinese specimens nor the original description 
of these hirds. 
k Ad. sk. 
/,?«,«. Ad. at. 

o. Juv. sk. 
p. Pun. *k, 
gr. S ad. sk. 
r. Ad. sk. 
*. Ad.sk. • 

£ 2 ad. sk 

u. £ ad. »k. 
r-.t\ Ad. sk 
y. Ad. sk. 
z,a'-c". Ad. in 
spirit. 
d\ e. fcfkulls. 

a. 
(S ad. sk. 
&ttf. Pull St. 

d. Ad. -t. 
f,/,^.Pu!L sk. 
//. Jin. -k. 
i. 
P ad. ^k. 
A. Ad. sk. 
/, m. $ ad. sk. 

«-s. Ad. sk 

/, #. c? S ad. 
sk. 


v. <$ ad. sk. 
w9 x. Ad. sk. 

?/. Skull; c. 
Skeleton. 


a1. Ad. sk. 

b'9 c\ Ad. sk. 

1 . PABCS. 
Bord%hera, X Italy. 
Austria. 
Cedars of Lebanon. 
Cedars of Lebanon. 
Samarova, Oct. 1,1876. 
Hakodadi, Oct. 2(5, 1864 (S. 


Whitely). 
Hakodadi, Xov. 22, 1865 (H. 

WJu'teh/). 
Hakodadi, Feb. 4, I860. 
Hakodadi, Jan. 4, I860. 
Yokohama. 
Yokohama. 
Prov. of Brandenburg, Prussia. 

Rauhe Alp. 

P. britannicus. 
Pre-ton Hall, Shropshire, Jan. 
1 ^5S. 
Cambridgeshire. 
Cambridge 4iire. 
Taplow, Berks. 
Taplow. 
Formosa, Berks (J. Gould), 
Middlesex. 

Surrey, Jan. 1857. 

Avinprton, Hants, Nov. 25, 
lbf'2. 

Avington, Hants, May 1876. 

Colebrooke, Ireland, March 
1870 (A. B. Brooke). 
Colebrooke, Ireland, Dec. 1871 

(A. B. Brooke). 
England. 

P. cemodius. 
SikMm, 12,000 feet, Sept. 23, 
1870. 
Xepal. 

A. B.Brooke, Esq. [C.]. 
Vienna Museum [P.1 
Canon Tristram ! O.J. 
Canon Tristram[G.~|. 
Dr. Finsck [O.]. 
'Gould Collection. 
Gould Collection. 

H. Whitely, Esq. [0.]. 
H. Whitely, Esq. [0.]. 
H. Pryer, Esq. "~ " 
H. Pryer, Esq. 
Dr. H. Gadow 
Dr. Giinther. 


Gould Collection. 


Mr. Baker. 
Mr. Baker [P.]. 
Gould Collection. 
Gould Collection. 
India Museum. 


F. D. Godman and 0. 
SaMn, Esqrs. [P.]. 
F. D. Godman and 0. 
Salvin, Esqrs. IP.]. 
Capt. Shelley [P.]. 


Capt. Shelley [P.]. 

B. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Purchased. 


W. T. 
Blanford, Esq. 
[P.]. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
(Types of P. cemodius.) 
Subspecies a. Parus michalowskii. 

Paras mlchalowskii, Bogdanow, Tr. Soc. Kazan, viii. p. 87 (1879). 

Like P. ater7hut larger; upper parts (mantle and back) brownish 
instead of blue-grey, but riot so brown as P. britannicus. A female 
shot in November 1870, measures as follows:—culmen 0-45inch, 
wing 2*7, tail 2*03, tarsus 0-73. This seems to be the representative 
of the Coal Tits in the Caucasus. 

44 P1EID2B. 

Subspecies /3. Paras rufipectus. 
Paras ater, var. rafipectus (asiatiea, Catalogue), Severts. Faun. Turk. 
pp. 66,134 (1873) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 93. 
Parus picese, Severtz. J. f. O. 1873, pp. 346, 373,1875, p. 172; id. 
Sir. F. 1875, p. 423. 

In size and colour like P. ater, Y&r.pekinen&is; but the underparts 
show no white. Breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, and flanks 
huffish ochraceous, inclining to pale cream-colour towards the upper 
and central part of the breast. 

$. Culmen 0-40 inch, wing 2-35, tail 1*65, tarsus 0*70. 
$ . „ 0-42 inch, „ 2-34, „ 1-9, „ 0-70. 
Hob. Eastern Turkestan. 

Subspecies y. Parus phseonotns. 

Parus pkseonotus, Blanf. Ibis, 1873, p. 88; id. Fast. Pers. p. 228, pi. 16. 
%. 1 (1876). 

Closely allied to P. ater, from which this species differs by its 
greater size and by the colour of the back. Hind neck, mantle, and 
entire back olive-brown. The bill much stronger than that of P. 
ater. Total length about 2-6 inches, culmen 0*4-0*45, wing 2*6, 
tail 1*8, tarsus 0*75. 

This Titmouse has hitherto been found only in the oak-forests 
west of Shiraz, in Southern Persia. 

a. $ ad. sk. Oak forest near Shiraz, June 1870,7000 feet elevation. 
Sir Oliver St. John 
[C], (Type of 
the species?.) 
41. Parus iedouci. 

Paras ledoucli, Math. Cat Ois. Alq. in 'Mem. de la Soc. cTHist. JTat. 
de la Moselle, 1842; id. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 45; Bp. C A. L p. 229; 
id. Cat. Parzud., Append, p. 18; Locke, Cat. Mamm. ei Orn. Air/. 

p. 78; id. Expl. de VAlg., Ois. p. 298; Tacsan. J.f.O. 1870, p. 4i ; 
Gurney, Ibis, 1871, p. 86, pi. 3* Dress. B. Fur. iii pi. 107; Dixon7 
Ibis, 1882, p. 569. 
Adult male. Mantle and back olive-grey; cheeks, ear-coverts, 
sides of neck, and breast sulphur-yellow; abdomen, flanks, and under 
tail-coverts dingy yellow. In all other respects like P. ater. Culmen 
0*4 inch, wing 2*3, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*6. 

Hah. Algeria. 

a. Ad. sk. North Africa. Purchased. 
b. (S ad. sk. Cedar forests, W. of Batna, H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
May 11,1882 (Dixon). 
42. Parus atricapillus. 
La Me*sange a teste noire de Canada, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 553. pi. 29. 

fig. 1 (1760). fi 
Parus atricapillus, linn. S. N. i. p."%4J1766), * ' 
Parus atricapillus, Pennant, Arctic Zool. p. 424 (1785); Auduk Orn. 

1 . Pi^TTS. 45 
Biog. ii. p. 146, pi. 126 ; Wilson, Am. Orn. i. p. 134, pi. viii. fig. 4; 
Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. p. 508 ; Less. Man. dOrn. i. p. 320 ; 
Swains. Faun. Bor.~Am. Birds, p. 226; Lesson, TraiU (POrn. p. 
466; Nuttall, Man. Orn. p. 241; BeKay, Fauna New York, p. 60, 
pi. 45. fig. 100; Bp. C. A. i. p. 230; Cassin, N. A. B. p. 17; Sclat. 
Cat. Am. B. p. 13, no. 80; Samuels, Orn. Neiv Engl, p. 182 ; Gray, 
Hand-l. B. i. p. 232, no. 3354 ; Maynard, B. Florida, p. 30; Cones, 
Key N. A. B. p. 81 ,• id. B. N. West, p. 20; Baird, Brezo., $ 
Bidgw. N. A. B. i. p. 96. 

Parus palustris, Nuttall, Man. Orn. p. 79 (1832). 
Parus septentrionalis, Harris, Fr. A. N. So. ii. 1845, p. 300 ; Cassin, 
Lll i. pi. xiv. (1835) (teste Baird, Br. 8f B.) ; Ctam, JV. Am. B. 

p. 17 (1856); Baird, Cass. $ Lawr. B. N. Am. p. 389; Gray, 
Hand-l. B. I p. 232, no. 3353 (1869)• Baird, Br., $ Bidgw. N. 
A. B. i. p. 99 (1874); Coues, B. Colorado Vail. p. 120; Sclat. 
Cat. Am. B. p. 14, no. 82 (1862). 
Pcecile atricapilla, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 90 (1850). 
Parus septentrionalis, var. albescens, Baird, B. N. Am. p. xxxvii. 

(1858). 

Parus occidentalis, Baird, Cass., <§* Lawi\ B. N. A. p. 391 (1858) ; 
Sclat. Cat. Am. B. p. 14, no. 85; Elliot, N. Am. B. i. pi. viii. {ex 
Baird); Cooper, Birds Calif, i. p. 45: Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 232, 
no. 8355 (1869). 

Parus atricapillus, var. septentrionalis, Coues, Fey N. A. B. p. 81 
(1872); id. B. N. West, p. 21 (1874). 
Parus atricapillus, var. occidentalis, Coues, Key N. A. B. p. 81 (1872) ; 
Baird, Brew., fy Ridgw. N. A. B. i. p. 101. 

Adult. Mantle and upper back light olive-brown or brownish 
ashy; rump inclining to yellowish brown; wings dark brown, the 
primaries narrowly, the secondaries broadly edged with white 
or whitish; greater wing-coverts broadly edged like the secondary 
quills, the rest edged with grey: tail dark grey, outer webs 
edged whitish; entire crown, occiput, and hind neck jet-black, 
this colour extending backwards to the middle of the back; lores, 
cheeks, ear-coverts, sides of neck, and space between mantle and 
the black parts pure white; chin, throat, and fore neck deep 
black ; greater part of breast and middle of abdomen dull white; 
rest of underparts pale buff or light fawn-colour. Total length 
about 4*5 inches, culmen 0*42, wing 2-45-2*5, tail 2*3-2*5, tarsus 
0*65. 

Hah. Greater part of North America north of 39th parallel. In 
the Pacific States it is represented by a somewhat differently coloured 
race (P. occidentalis). 

Obs. After the examination of seven specimens of this Tit from 
the Boeky Mountains and from the Pacific States, I find that the 
slight differences pointed out by Messrs. Baird, Brewer, and Eidgway 
for the separation of P. occidentalis do not hold good. According to 
these authors, P. occidentalis may be looked upon as simply a long-
tailed western variety of the common species. 

Specimens from the Upper-Missouri region seem to form a larger 
and slightly differently coloured race (P. septentrionalis); the whitish 
edgings to the feathers of the wings, tail, and greater wing-coverts 
are certainly broader and more conspicuous. 

46 TABIDS. 

Adult ? . Fort Simpson. Total length about 5*3 inches, oilmen 
0*42, wing 2-6, tail 2*65, tarsus 0*65. 

a. Ad. sk. North America. Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. North America. Gould Collection. 
c. Ad. sk. Hyde Park, Illinois, 
Mar. 18,1876. 
H. K. Coale, Esq. [C.]. 
d, e. Ad. sk. 
/. Ad. sk. 
Fort Simpson. 
FortDuffeiin({?. 
Dawson). 
Bernard S. Ko«, Esq. "P.". 
N.A. Boundary Commission. 
g, h. Ad. sk. 
i,k.l,m,($ $ad. 
Sumass, British Columbia. 
West side of Rocky 
J. K. Lord, Esq. ~C/. 
J. K. Lord, Esq. I1 .]. 
sk. Mountains. 
n. Ad. sk. California. John Gould, Esq. 
o. Skeleton. Purchased. 

Subspecies a. Parus carolinensls. 

Parus earolinensis, Aud. Orn. Biog. ii. p. 474, pi. 160 (IBM); id. 

Birds Am. ii. p. 152, pi. 127; DeKcn/, Xeiu York Fauna, p. 01, 

pi. 54. fig. 123; Cassin, K A. B. p. if; Baird, B. K Am. p. 3it>; 

Scht. Cat. Am. B. p. 13, no. 81; Coues, Key X. A. B. p. hi; 

Baird, Brew,, § Ridgw. K. A. B. i. p. 102. 

Poecile carolinensis, Cab. Mm. Hein. i. p. 90 (1650) 5 Bp. C. A, 

i. p. 230. 
Parus atricapillus, Maynard, B. Florida, p. 30 (1872). 
This bird, according to Messrs. Baird, Brewer, and Biclgway, is 

a very near ally of T. atricapillus. The chief points of difference 

are :—" the black of the throat extends much further back, is more 

dense and more sharply defined behind than in P. atrkajpillvs; the 

tail is considerably shorter tban the wing, instead of longer ; no 

conspicuous white edgings to wings and tail.J? Total length about 

7*5 inches, wing less than 2*50, fail 2*40. 

Obs. The measurements given above (copied from the above-
named authors) do not show a considerable difference between the 
length of the tail and wing. However, in the key to the species 
(op. cit.) I find the following measurements given: culmen 0*35, 
wing 2*55, tail 2*30, tarsus 0*53. 

ffab. " Eastern Province of United States south of about 4if.n 

a. Skeleton. N. America. Purchased. 
43. Parus meridionalis. * ^ -* ' 
Parus meridionalis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 203,1857, p. 81, IBBB 
p. 299; Baird, Cass.,fy Lawr. B. W. Am. p. 392; Selat Cat Am. 
B. p. 14, no. 8»S; id. $- Salv. Komencl Av. Neotr. p. 4; Bairdf 
Brew., $ Mdgw.N. A. B. i. p. 94 • Salv. Cat Striehl Coll. p. 63; 
id. $* Godm. Biol Cenir.-Amer., Ams, p. 57. 
Crown of head, hind neck, the whole throat and fore neck jet-
black ; cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of neck pure white; middle 
line of breast and. abdomen whitish, like the under wing-coverts ; 

1 . PARUS. 47 
all the rest of underparts asliy grey; mantle and back dark ashy 
grey, -with a slight olive tinge; tail and wings like those of P. atricajnllus, 
but without the conspicuous white edgings; bill black, 
feet lead-colour. Total length about 5 inches. 

Oulmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 
in. in. in. in. 
Ad. J . . . 0-4 2-63 2*4 0-67 
Ad. rf 
Ad 
. .
. . 
0-4 
0-41 
2*7 
2-7 
2-4 
2-35 
07 4 
0-7 
Hah. Mexico. 
a, b, c, d. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
e. $ ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
/ . Ad. sk. Mexico. Gould Collection. 
g. (S ad. sk. El Jacale, , Mexico, May M. A. Salle [C.]. 
1857. 
h. Ad. sk. Mexico. Hr. Mann [0.]. 

44. Parus moutanus. 
Parus montanus, Gambel, Br. A. N. 8c. Bhilad. 1843, p. 259; id. 
Journ. A. N. So. 2nd. ser. i. 1847, p. 35, pi. yiii. fig. 1; Cassin, N 

A. B. p. 18; Baird, Cass., Sf Lawr. B. N. Am. p. 394; Sclat Cat. 
Am. B. p. 14, no. 84; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 82 ; Cooper, Birds 
Calif, p. 46; Coues, B. N. West, p. 22; Baird, Brew., ty Mdgw. 
N. A. B. i. p. 95; Coues, B. Colorado Valley, p. 122. 
Yery similar to P . vneridionalis in size and colour, but easily di


stinguished from all the other black-capped Tits by a conspicuous 

white superciliary stripe and white forehead; as this white band 

extends backwards as far as the occiput, a black stripe runs through 

the eye, uniting on the hind neck with the black of the head. 

General colour above a little lighter grey than in P. meridionalis^ 

and the underparts more whitish ashy. Total length about 

4-5 inches, culmen (ad. <$) 0*43, wing 2-65-2*82, tail 2*4-2*5, 
tarsus 0*7. 
Hah. Eocky Mountains and Western £T. America. 

a,b, S $ ad. sk. "West side Eocky Mountains. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 

c. Ad. sk. West side Eocky Mountains. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.J. 
d, e. $ ad.sk. Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. A. Forrer, Esq. [0.]. 
f-h. Ad. sk. California. Lord Walsingham [J?.]. 
45. Parus lugubris. 
Parus lugubris, il Natter er," Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 292 (1820); 
Less. Man. cFOrn. i. p. 318; Schinz, Europ. Faun. p. 219; Dress. B. 
Eur. iii. pi. Ill; JDanf. 8? Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 303; Blanf. East 
Persia, p. 229. 
Poecila lugubris, Bp. C A. i. n. 230 (1850). 
Pcecile lugubris, Cab. Mus. Hem. i. p. 91 (1850); Degl.fyGerbe, Orn. 
Europ. p. 569; Giglioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 194. 
Penthestes lugubris, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. pi. 62 (1850). 
Pcecila lugens, Brehm} Naumannia, 1856, p. 369. 


48 PABIDJE. 

PcBcila melanocephala, Brehm, I. c. 

Poikilis lugubris, Bias, List B. Europ* p. 8 (1862). 

Adult male in spring. Crown of head, nape, throat, and fore neck 
deep sooty black; cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of neck pure white; 
rest of underparts dull white; mantle, back, and lesser wirjgcoverts 
pale ashy brown ; primary-coverts and bastard wing blackish 
brown, with narrow light edgings; rest of wing-coverts, quills, and 
tail greyish brown, with conspicuous white edgings to the outer 
webs • bill and feet lead-colour; iris dark brown* 

Male in winter* General colour above ashy, with a strong olive-
brown tinge; crown of head, nape, and fore neck dull blackish brown; 
flanks and sides of breast tinged with fulvous; outer web of secondaries, 
of the tail, and of the greater wing-coverts edged with light 
fulvous instead of whitish. 

Female, in spring. Like the male in winter plumage: throat dull 
blackish. In winter the coloration of the female is a little duller. 

Immature birds have the general colour above and the throat pale 
olive-brown; head a little darker; quills and tail brown, edged 
with fulvous; underparts, ear-coverts, and sides of neck dull white; 
bill and feet horn-colour. Total length 5*5 inches. 

Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 
in. in. in. in. 
0-5 2'8 2*3 2*75 
0-5 2-82 2-6 2*8 
0*5 2*82 2*47 2*78 
0-47 2-95 2*52 2-8 

Ohs. One male specimen from Shiraz has the mantle and back 
much paler, the breast and rest of the underparts clearer white than 
in the European specimens. 

Bab. South-eastern Europe, extending eastwards through Asia 
Minor into Syria and Persia. 

a. Juv. sk.
b. J ad. sk.
c. Immat. sk.
d,e. S $ ad. sk.
f. g ad. sk. 
S.E. Europe. 
Smyrna, May 1875. 
Smyrna, June 1875. 
Mount Olympus, Oct. 10,1869 (Dr. Kriiper). 
Anascba, Taurus, AsiaMinor, March 21,1876(C. G.Danford). 
Purchased. 
Br. Kriiper [C/j. 
Dr. Kriiper \Q.}. 
F. D. Godman and O. SalTin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
F. D. Godman and O. Salvim 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
g. cJ (moulting). Shiraz, 7000 feet, June Sir Oliver St. John [0.]. 
1870. 

46. Parus songarus, 
Parus songarus, Severtz. Turk. Jevotn. p. 134 (1873); id. J.f. 0,1873, 

pp. 346, 386; id. 8tr. F. 1875, p. 423. 
Paras sibiricus, Badde, Meis. S. 0. Sib. il. p. 198 (1863, nee GmeL). 
Pcecila sibirica(6rm.?)? Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 163 (1876), 

(teste David $• Oustal). 
Poecile affinis, Brim, in Dawson Roicletfs Ornith. Misc. II. p. 188 
(1877). 

1 . PARTTS. 
Entire crown of head, nape, and centre of hind neck sooty black; 

mantle, scapulars, and entire back bullish brown; quills, tail-

feathers, and wing-coverts brown, with narrow paler edgings; lores, 

cheeks, and ear-coverts white, passing through pale cream-colour 

on the sides of the neck into the colour of the mantle ; chin, throat, 

and fore neck dull blaek, each feather narrowly tipped with white, 

giving the throat a mottled appearance; sides of breast, flanks, 

abdomen, and under tail-coverts bullish ochraceous, inclining to pale 

cream-colour or whitish towards the centre and upper part of 

breast; under wing-coverts reddish brown like abdomen; " culmen 

black; feet dark lead-colour; iris dark brown" (Prjzew.). Total 

length 5 inches, culmen 0-52, wing 2-7, tail 2*3, tarsus 0*72. 

Hub. Pine-forests of Central Asia, from the Thian-Shan mountains 

to Kan-Su. 

47. Parus palustris. 
La Mesange de Marais ou la Xonnette eendre"e, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 555. 
Paras palustris, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 341 (17G6) ; Bechst. Fog. JDeutsckL 

iv. p. 741; Betzius, Faim. Suec. p. 270; Koch, System, baier. Zool, 
p. 200; Temm. Man. cT'Om. p. 291; Bonn, et "Vieill Enc. M4th. 
p. 502; Roux, Orn. Prov. p. 189, pi. 120; Ball. Zoogr. Bosso-
As. i. p. 557, tab. 34. f. 2; Nilsso?i, Shandin. Faun. i. p. 339 (1835); 
Selt/s-Longch. Faune Beige, p. 104; Thompson, Nat. Hist. Ireland, 
p. 200; Bp. C. A. i. p. 230; Kjatrbdll Banmarhs Fugle, pi. 23; 
Sunder. Svenska FogL pi. 10. fig. 6; Wright, Finlands Foglar, j. 
p. 180 ; Holland. Wirbelth. Bommerns, p. 01; Salvad. Faun. Ital. 
ii. p. 08; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 108; Banford fy Brown, Ibis, 
1875, p. 303; Irby, Ibis, 187% p. 344; Newton, ed. Tarrell Br. B. 
p. 495; Booth, Bough Notes, pt. ii. pi. 
Marsh Titmouse, lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 541 (1783). 
Parus cinereus communis, Baldenst. Neue Alpina, p. 30, t. 2 (1829). 
Pcecile palustris, Kaup, Naturl. Syst p. 114 (1829) ; Cab. Mus. Hedn. 
i p. 91; Malm, Fauna, p. 181; Dai\ $• Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 288. 
Parus salicarius, Brehm, Vd'g. Deutschl. p. 4G5 (1831). 
Poikilis palustris, Blasius, List B. Eur. p. 8 (1862). 
Pogcile communis, DegL 4 Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 507 (1867). 
Parus palustris, suhsp. japonicus, Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 32. 
Parus palustris japonicus, BlaUst. fy Fryer, B. Japan, p. 150. 

Adult male in summer. Mantle and upper back greyish brown, 
with a very perceptible olive tinge, paler on the lower back and 
rump and more yellowish instead of olive; tail grey-brown, with 
whitish tips and margins to the outer pairs of feathers; most of the 
wing-coverts with the external web coloured like the back, the inner 
one darker; greater wing-coverts, secondaries, and primaries dark 
greyish brown, with light olive-brown margins, especially to the 
outer webs of the innermost secondaries; crown of head and occiput 

jet-black; cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of neck pure white; feathers 
of chin and upper throat black; lower down the feathers become 
more and more edged with whitish, passing into the dull white 
colour of the breast and middle of abdomen ; sides of breast, flanks, 
and under tail-coverts more or less washed with buff; quills below 

VOL. vni. ^ 

50 
PAEIDJ3. 

greyish.; asillaries and under wing-coverts dull white; biH black; 
iris dark brown ; feet lead-colour. 

Male in autumn. General colour above more olive-brown instead 
of greyish* the black patch on the throat smaller, and the white 
tips and edgings to the single feathers a little larger; rest of underpays 
more buff than in spring. 

Adult female. Mantle and underparts slightly paler than in the 
male. 

Young. Similar to the male in autumn plumage, but still darker 
olive-brown on the upper back : crown of head dark brownish bl'ick 
or sooty black, never glossy or jet-black: lump rosy buff; wing-
coverts, secondaries, and tail edged with a kind of olive-brown 
instead of whitish; throat dull black: rest of underparts whitish, 
with a strong rosy tinge, especially on the flanks, instead of buif; 
feet paler than in the adult. 

Hah. The Marsh-Titmouse is rather common during 'the whole 
year in Western and Central Europe, being al&o found in South 
Europe and Asia Minor in winter. In the mountainous parts of 
Central Europe and in the north it is represented by the following 
subspecies or race, P, borealis.—Total length about 4 inches. 

Parvs pal listris. 
Culm en.
in. 
Wing, 
in. 
Tail. 
in. 
T.M'MiS. 
m. 
S. England<?. Kent 
04 
045 
2-27 
2*4 
1*9 
2-05 
0lj5 
0-CI7 
tf.
? . 
Stockholm 
Stockholm 
042 
042 
2*3 
24 
•«. 
2*2 
(j-m 
0-7 

Paras borealis. 

2 • Norway 042 243 2'2o 0*65 
o • Norway 043 2*75 24 

ow

J . Norway 04:5 2*27 2*1 0*05 
<?. Alps 048 2*05 24 0-08 
2. Archangel 045 2*35 2*25 0 05 
<*? &• 6 $ ad. sk. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker [P.". 

c. Nestling st. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker [P/. 
d,e< [ 6 ] $ &d. st. Devonshire. Mr. J. Baker [P.]. 
/ . Ad. sk. Great Britain. Purchased. 
ff. Ad. sk. Great Britain. Gould Collection. 
h. Ad. sk. Colebrooke, Ireland B. B. Skarpe, Esq. "JP. 
(Sir V. Brooke). 
i, Jc. Ad. sk. Middlesex. F. D. Godman and 

0. 
Salvin, E&qrs. [P.]. 
l7 m. Pull. sk. Maidenhead, Berks. Gould Collection. 

n. 
cS ad. sk. Pieston Hall, ShropGould 
Collection. 
shire, Jan. 180G. 
o. Ad. sk. Avington, Hants. Capt Shelley [P.J. 
p. 
<$ ad. sk. Avington, Hants, E. Shelley, Esq. [P.]. 
May 12. 
g, 
c? ad. sk. Avington, Hants, E. Shelley, Esq, [P.]. 
Nov, 25. 

1 . 2AETTS. 
r. J ad. *k. 
s. $ ad. =k. 
t. Ad. sk. 
u. Ad. sk. 
c, xc. Ad. sk. 
X. Ad. sk. 
y. Ad. sk. 
2 ad. sk. 
a' $ ad. sk. 


¥. c? ad. sk. 

c', d'. Skeletons. 
e1. Skull. 

/'• Skull. 

Stockholm, Nov. 9. 
Stockholm, Oct. 18. 
Belgium, May 17. 
France. 
France. 
Mongeron. 
Bordeaux. 
Wallachia. 
Turkey, April 20, 


1808. 
Asia Minor, Guiksu, 

November (Robson). 
England. 
England. 

S. Germany. 
Purchased. 
Purchased. 
Purchased. 
Purchased. 
Pt. B. Sharpe, Esq. [p.i. 

E. B. Sharpe, Esq. LP.]. 
Gould Collection. 
H. E. Dresser, Esq 
H. E. Dresser, Esq. 
Gould Collection. 

Purchased. 
Purchased. 
Dr. Gunther. 

Subspecies a. Parus borealis. 

A. Western Race. 
Parus cinereus montanus, Baldenst. Feue Alpina, ii. p. 217 (1820). 

Parus borealis, Selys-Lmgeh. Bull. Ac. Roy. Bmxelles, 1843, p. 2; 
Sunder. Svensh. Fogl. pi. 10. %. 7 ; Wright, Finl. Fogl. i. p. 180; 
Xilsson, Skandin. Faun. i. p. 410; Salmd. Faun. Ital. ii. p. 69; 
Dresner, B. Fur. iii. pi. 100 ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1870, p. 32. 

Pcecila borealis, Bp. C. A. i. p. 230 (1850). 
Parus lugubris, Fairmaire, Rev. Zool. 18-30, p. 276 (nee Xatterer,Jide 


Dresser). 
Parus fruticeti, Walhngr. Kaumannia, p. 141 (1854). 
PariiN alpe^tris, Bailly, Bull. Sac. Hist. Nat. Savuie, 1851, p. 22; 

Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 232, no. 3350. 
Pcecila alpefctris, Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 286. 
Pcecila asninnlis, Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 286. 
Pcecila salicaria alpina, ) 
Pcecila salicaria borealis, i Brehn, Naumannia^ 1856, p. 370. 
Pcecila salicaria a-similis, j 
Paru^ baldensteinii, De Salt's, Mem. Soc. II. N. Orisons, p. 106 (1861). 

S SS35! m<™> **B-**-p-8 «• 

Pcecile palustris, Degl. §• Gerbe, Orn. Fur. i. p. 565 (1807). • 

B. Eastern Race (P. kamtschatkensis). 
Pcecila kamtschatkensis, Bp. C. A. i. p. 230 (1850). 
Parus borealis, Middend. Reis. N.O.Sibir. ii. p. 115 (1851, neeSelys). 
Parus palustris, var. borealis, Schreneh, Reise im Amurl. i. p. 307 


(1800, nee Selys). 
Parus palustris, Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 331. 
Parus kamtschatkensis, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 207, 1870, p. 437, 

1871, p. 302; Dresser, B. Fur. iii. pi. 110 (1873). 
Poecile baicalensis, Swinh. Ann. fy Mag. N. II. 1871, p. 257. 
Poecile brevirostris, Taczanowski, J.f. 0.1872, p. 444. 
Paras palustris, subsp. camtschatkensis, Seebohm, Ibis, 1871, p. 32. 
Pcecila kamtschatkensis, Taczan. J.f.O. 1872, p. 443. 

A. Western Race (P. borealis). 
Crown of head never so glossy black as in P. palustris, but always 
E2 

52 
PAKID-2B. 

sooty or even brownish, black, this colour extending somewhat farther 
down on the hind neck than in P. jpalusiris: general colour more 
greyish and scarcely inclining to olive; the margins to the secondary 
quills generally more greyish, broader, and more distinct; bill 
brownish black; feet leaden brown. 

P. borealis seems to be slightly larger in its dimensions than the 
common Marsh-Titmouse. 
For measurements see above. 
Hah. In Sweden and Norway P. borealis is more common than 

P. palustris. The specimens found in Switzerland and Savoy are 
intermediate both in size and colour between the two forms in 
question. Birds from Galicia agree with P . borealis. The Switzerland-
Savoy race (the P. algestris) is another proof of the well-known 
fact that alpine species resemble northern ones although geographically 
they may be widely separated. 
B. Eastern Race (P. kamtschatkensis). 
General colour above rather paler than In P. borealis. The black 
of the cap and hind neck in old males seems to extend a little further 
down, to the interscapular region ; iris brown. 

The following measurements of specimens from Siberia show that 
there is really no difference in size of the wings and tails between 

P. borealis and P. Jcamtschatlcensis:— 
Wing. Tail. 
in. in. 
<$ ad 2-4 2-3 
c? ad. 2-4 2-25 
c? ad 2*52 2*t> 
6 ad 2*57 2-4 
<$ ad 2-8 2*2o 

Hab. Represents P. borealis in Siberia, Eamtschatka, and Japan, 

Parus borealis ("Western Race). 

a. Ad. sk. Europe. Purchased. 
h $ ad. sk. Norway, May 24. R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. "P.I. 
c,d. o* $ ad. sk. S. Norway, July 1. F. D. Godman and 6. 
Salvin? Esqis. [F.J. 

e. Ad. sk. Sweden (Wheelwright). Gould Collection. 
/ . 
Ad. sk. lluoniovara, Lapland, Gould Collection* 
April 1% 1855. 

g. Ad. sk. France. Gould Collection. 
A. Ad. sk. 
Savoy. Purchased. 
<S ad. sk. Alps." Purchased. 
h. J ad. sk. Central Europe. Purchased. 
I Ad. sk. Archangel. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Parus hamUchathensis (Eastern Race). 

a, k Ad. sk. North Russia. Br. Giinther "P.!. 

c. tf ad. sk. Kondinsky, Sept. 18. Dr. O. Frascfi [C.l 
d, e. $ ad. sk. Bolskoi Ustram, Ob Br. 0. Finsch [C.j. 
river, Sept. 11. 

2. PSALTRIA. 
53 

f. $ ad. sk. Krasnojarsk, Oct. 7,1878. Henry Seebohm, Esq. 
g. S ad. sk. Krasnojarsk, Dec. 3,1878. Henry Seebohm, Esq. 
h, i <$ J ad. sk. Ussuri river. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
k. $ ad. sk. Lake Baikal. Purchased. 
I. Ad.sk. Hakodadi, Japan, Nov. 22 Gould Collection. 
(H. Whitely). 
m. tf ad. sk. Hakodadi, Nov. 15. Henry Whitely, Esq. [CI. 
n, o, p. Ad. sk. Hakodadi. H. Pryer, Esq. [O.J. 
q. Skeleton. N. Russia. Dr. Giinther [P.J. 
48. Parus brandti. 
Pcecile brandtii, Bogdanow, Aves Caucas. p. 89; Schalow, J. f. 0. 
1880, p. 268; lieichenoio $ Schalow, J.f. 0. 1882, p. 220. 

" Very similar to P. palustris, but with, the bill thicker and 
stronger; crown of head blackish brown instead of black, and not 
extending backwards as far as the nape; throat without any 
blackish patch. 

" Hob. Caucasus " (Reichenow § Schalow), 
Obs. I have not seen a specimen of this species ; it may possibly 
belong to the P. lugubris group. 

2. PSALTEIA. 
Type. 
Psaltria, Temm. PI. Col. pi. 600. fig. 4 (1836) , P. exilis. 


Head, bill, and tail of Psaltria exilis. 
Bill rather broad, short and curved; nostrils situated in a groove, 
and thickly covered with small feathers ; first primary longer than 
half the second primary ; secondaries equal to five sixths of whole 
wing; tail graduated, slightly longer than wing; tarsus anteriorly 
covered with scales. No crest. Plumage very dull-coloured. Sexes 
alike. Length of wing about 1*6 inch. 
One species, confined to Java. 

1. Psaltria exilis. 
Psaltria exilis, Temm. PI. Col. 600.fig. 4; Gould, B. Asia, pt. vii.; 
Pp. C. A. i. p. 231 j Licht. Nomencl. p. 37; Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. 

p. 17. 
Parus exilis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 192 (1846) j id. Hand-l. B. i. p. 234, 
no. 3390. 
Adult male. Crown and sides of head, wing-coverts, quills, and 
tail uniform brown; mantle and back ashy grey, slightly washed 

54 
PARIDJE. 

with brownish; all the underparts dull dirty whitish, palest on the 
abdomen and tinder tail-coverts; breast washed with fulvous; across 
the breast a faint collar of brownish ; bill dark brown; feet fleshy-
yellow. Total length about 3*3 inches, culmen 0*25, wing 1*61-
95, tail 1*5-1-65, tarsus 0*54. 

Adult female. General colour above a little paler than in the 
male ; quills and tail-feathers with faint lighter margins to the 
outer webs. 

Hah. Java. 

a. Ad. sk. Java. J. Gould, Esq. 
b. Ad. sk. Java. Purchased. 
c. 2 ad. sk. W. Java. A. Ft. Wallace, Esq. T\] . 
3. ACBIDU1A. 
Type. 
Orites, Moeliring, Gen. Av. p. 45 (1752) A. eauikta. 
Acredula, Koch, St/d. better. Zool. p. 11M (1810) .. A. eaudata. 
Mecistura, Leach, Cat. Mamm. $• B. Brit. Mm. 


p. 17 (1810) A. candita. 
Paroides, Brehm, Yog. Beutschl. p. 40S (1831) .. A. ciai-lata. 
^Egithaliscus, Cab. Mm. Rein. i. p. 00 (1<S50) .. A. erythroe »phala. 
Psaltriparus (pt.), Bp. C. It. xxxi. p. 478 (1850J . A. melanotic. 
" 
Acanthiparus, Gould, B. Av'a. pt. vii. {1<<>5).... A. niveugulaiis, 
Psaltrites, Cab. J. /. O. 1881, p. 333 (nomen 
emendaf. pro Psaltriparus). 
Bill extremely short and stout; culmen strongly curved; nostrils 
completely bidden by small recumbent feathers * first primary i\ ell 
developed, but shorter than half the length of the next primary ; 
tip of wing formed by the fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries; tail 
generally much longer than the wing, and much graduated; the 
scales covering the tarsus in front inclined to fuse into one long 
scutum. Xo crest. Plumage very soft, and of light colours. 
Range. Pahearctic and Xearctic Eegions. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Crown uniformly coloured. 
a'. Crown grey * underparts dull whitish, with 
a tinge of fawn melanotisy p. 55. 
I'. Crown brown. 
a'\ Crown light brown; underparts dull. .. . 
a'". Throat white .. \ ™m>™> P- 66; 
{jHumoea, p. 06. 
b1". Throat black leucogenys, p. 50. 
b". Crown blight reddish brown- throat 
black. 
c'". Upper breast reddish chestnut, rest 
of underparts whitish concinna, p. 57, 
d"'. Breast and abdomen pale &,wn vinous erythrocephala, p. 50. 

b. Centre of crown, from nostrils to nape, pale, 
either fawn-coloured or white. 
c' 
Abdomen and breast rich reddish fawn; 
from nostrils to nape a broad fawn-coloured 
band; sides of crown black; throat dull 
white ... » jouschstos, p. DB. 

3 . ACREDULi,. 
Abdomen and breast pale vinous fawn, 

c". Sides of crown black or blackish brown. 
e'". Centre of crown brown; throat white niveogularis, p. 58. 
f". Centre of crown whitish or pale fawn • 

throat greyish or blackish grey. 

aK Across the upper breast faint longitudinal 
spots; whole mantle and 
back bluish grey tephronota, p. 64. 

bl. No spots across upper breast...... glaucogularis, p. 65. 

g"'. Centre of crown white• throat white, 
with much rose and vinous on "the 
shoulders and lower back. 

cA. Prseocular and loral region blackish trivirgata, p. 62. 

dl. Prseoeular and loral region white. 
a5. Centre of mantle grey irbii, p. 63. 
b5. Centre of mantle black rosea, p. 61. 

d". Sides of crown pure white like the 
whole head caudata, p. 59. 

1. Acre&ula melanotis. 
Parus melanotis, Hartlaub, Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 216* Zicht. Nomencl 

p. 37; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 234, no. 3391, 
Pceeile melanotis, Bp. C. A. i. p. 230 (1850). 
iEgithaliscus melanotis, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 90 (1850). 
Psaltria melanotis, Westerman, Bijdrag. Dierk. p. 16, pi. (1851); 
Cassin, N. Am. B. p. 20. 
Psaltriparus personatus, Bp. C. R. xxxi. p. 478 (1850). 
Psaltriparus melanotis, Baird, Cass.,fy Later. B. N. A. p. 306, pi. 53. 

jig. 3 (1860) 5 Solat. Cat Am. B. p. 13, no. 78 j id. $ Sah. Nomencl 
Av. Neotrdp. p. 4; Baird, Brew., fy Ridgw. N. A. B. i. p. 108; 
Sah. Cat. Striekl Coll. p. 60; id. 8f Godm. Biol. Centr.-A?ue?\yAves, p. 58. 

Adult male. Entire crown of head and occiput pale grey; sides 
of head, including the loral region, and the cheeks glossy black, this 
colour extending backwards so as to form a narrow collar round the 
hind neck; wings and tail brown, externally edged with pale grey; 
mantle and back yellowish brown, with a slight olive tinge ; outer 
pair of tail-feathers with a whitish margin to the outer web ; chin 
blackish; throat and sides of neck white, gradually passing into 
dull pinkish white; abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts pale 
ochraceous or fulvous; bill and feet black• " iris pale straw-colour " 
(Salvln). Total length about 4 inches, culmen 0*3, wing 1*95, tail 
2-2, tarsus 0-6. 

Adult female. Sides of head pale brown instead of black; sides of 
neck a little blackish; throat whitish; rest of underparts fulvous. 
Hah. Mountainous regions of Mexico and California. 

°" [S ] or juv. sk. 
b, c. <S~ 2 ad. sk. 
Mexico. 
Parada, Mexico. 
Dr. Kaup [P.]. 
Purchased. 
d. $ ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
e,f. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
g! $ ad. sk. California. Lord Walsingham [P.], 

56 
PAKIDJE. 

2. Acredula mMma. 
A. Western Race (A. minima), 
Parus minimus, 
Toumsend, J. A. X. 8c. Philad. vii. 1837, p. 190; 
Audub. 0/72. Biogr. iv. p. 382, pi. 382. figs, 5 & 0; Ami B. Am. 

ii. p. 160, pi. 130; Gray, Haad-l. B. i. p. 234, no. 3392. 
Poecile minima, Bp. C. A. i. p. 330 (lttoO). 
Psaltria minima, Cassi/z, X. A. B. p. 20 {18-30). 
Psaltripaius minimus, Bp. C. P. xxxL p. 02 (1854); Baird, Cass.. 4* 
Laur. X. A. B. p. 397; 8clat. Cat. Am. B. p. 13. nu. 70: Cuoper, 
Birds Californ. p. 4S: Coues, Key X. Am. B. p. 52. 
Psaltripaius minimus, var. nanimus, Baird, Brett., ty Badgic. X. A. B. 

i. p. 109 (1874). 
JB. Eastern Race (A. plumbea). 

Psaltria plumbea, Baird, Pr. Acad. X. 8. Phil. vii. 1854, p. 118. 

Psaltriparus plumheus, Baird, Cass., 4* Later. B. X. Am. p. 308, 
pi. 33. fig. 2 (1800); Selat. Cat. Am. B. p. 13, no. 77; Cooper, 
Birds Calif p. 49; Coues, Key X A. B. p. 82; id. B. X. West, 

p. 23; id. B. Colorado Vail. p. 125. 
Paras plumbeus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i p. 234, no. 3393 (1SJ9). 
P&altriparus minimum, var. plumbeus, Baird, Brew., 4* Bidqir. X. A. 
B. i. p. 110 (1*74). 
Psaltrites hehiveutris, Cab. J.f 0. 1881, p. 333, pi. 4. fig. 1. 
Western Race (A. minima). 

The whole crown and nape dull brown; general colour above 
ashy grey, with a slight olive tinge; wings and tail dark brown, 
externally narrowly edged with pale grey; sides of head and flanks 
dull fulvous or brownish ivhite; rest of underparts and throat dull 
white; bill and feet black. Total length under 4 inches, eulmeii 
0*32-0*35, wing 3*75-1-85, tail 2*1-2*2, tarsus 0*55. 

Hab. Pacific States of Xorth America. 

a. Ad. sk Pupret Sound, John Gould, Esq. 
b. Ad. sk. California. Purchased. 
Eastern Race (A. plumbea). 

Slightly larger than A. minima, and having the crown of the head 
uniformly coloured with the back instead of brown. Total length 
about 4*20 inches, wing 2-15, tail 2*50. (Baird, Brewer, $ Rhlrjway, 
I.e.) 

" Represents A. minima in the Southern Rocky-Mountain region 
being found in Arizona, ¥ew Mexico, Nevada, Wyoming"(iid. I.e.). 

3. Acre&ula erythrocephala. 
Parus erythrocephaltiSy 
Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 23; Gould, Cent. B. 
Him. Mts. pi. xxx. fig. 1 (1832) j Iiodgs. in Gray78 Zool. like. 1**44, 

p. 83 j Gray j Cat. mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Iiodgs. p. 7$; Bp. C. A. 
I p. 230; Gould, B. Asia, pt. vii. p. 11; Brooks, 8tr. Fflt-W, p. 487. 
Orites erythroeephalus, Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. 8oc. p. 104 (1849) j 

3 . ACREDTTLA. 
id. in Java. Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 51; Mors/, fy Moore, Cat B. E.I. 

Co. Mus. p. 374 ; Stmdev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 17. 

iEgithaliscns erytkrocephalus, Cab. Mus. JETein. i. p. 90 (1850); 
Jerdon, B. Lid. ii. p. 270; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 234, no. 3423; 
Blyth Sf Walden, B. JBurmah, p. 112; Brooks, Sir. F. 1875, p. 252. 

Adult. Eorehead, crown, and nape rich rufous chestnut; sides of 

head, ear-coverts, and part of the sides of the neck, and a large 

patch on the throat deep black; between the crown and the ear-

coverts a more or less conspicuous white superciliary stripe; general 

colour above, including scapulars and most of the wing-coverts, 

bluish grey; quills and tail ashy brown, externally slightly edged 

with grey; the two outer pairs of the tail-feathers broadly edged 

and tipped with white; chin, sides of throat and neck pure white; 

rest of underparts ochraceous, deepest and sometimes with a vinous 

tinge on the flanks and abdomen ; " bill black; feet fleshy yellow ; 

iris brown" (Jerdon). Total length about 4 inches, culmen 0*3, 

wing 2*05, tail 2, tarsus 0-6. 

The sexes are alike in plumage. 

Young. Crown fulvous, mixed with grey; sides of head dull 

black; throat greyish; back grey, with brownish tinge; underparts 

whitish and ochraceous. 

Bab. Himalayas. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Himalayas. Purchased. 
c-g. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Oapt. Stackhouse Pinwill [P.]. 
h, i. Ad. sk. Murree, Aug."l878. Col. Way [P.l 


k. Juv. sk. Simla. E. W. Oates, Esq. [C.]. 
I. Ad. sk. Nepal. Gould Collection. 
m-o. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [O.l 
p,q,r. Pull.sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [C.J. 
s. Ad. sk. Nepal. Purchased. 
t, u. Ad. sk. Nepal (B. IT. Hodgson). India Museum [P.]. 
. v. Ad. sk. Darjiling. W. Fothermgham, Esq. [P.]. 
w, x,y. Ad. sk. Bhootan (Pemberton). India Museum [P.]. 
js. Ad. sk. Assam. Gould Collection. 

4. Acredxtla concinna. 
Psaltria concinna, Gould, B. Asia, pt. vii. (1855) *. A. David, 2V". Arch, 

Mus., Bull, vii., Cat. Ois. Chine, no. 214. 
iEgithaliscus anophrvs, Swinh. Ibis 1878, p. 64. 
JEgithalus anophrys/flray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 234, no. 3425 (1869). 
./Egithalus concinnus, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 234, no. 3426 (1869). 
^Egithaliscus concinnus, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 362. 
Acredula concinna, David 8f Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 293 (1877). 

Closely allied to A. erythrocephala, but lighter-coloured, and remarkably 
different in the coloration of the underparts: the white 
superciliary stripe, so conspicuous in A. erythrocephala, is indicated 
only by some slight white filaments; rump reddish fulvous ; breast 
pure white, crossed by a richly-coloured chestnut semilunar band, 
which becomes broader towards the sides of the breast, and extends 
backwards on the sides and flanks; centre of abdomen and under 
tail-coverts white, mottled with rufous chestnut; under wing-coverts 


5 8 PARIDiE. 

pure white; mantle and scapulars dark slaty blue; quills and tail-
feathers blackish brown, externally edged with bluish grey: outer 
pair of tail-feathers broadly edged and tipped with white; bill black, 
feet fleshy yellow* " iris vellow " (Swuilioe), Length of eulnien 0*3, 
wing 1-8-1-9, tail 1-9-2/tarsus 0*6. 

The young bird has the quills externally broadly edged with rusty 
red ; general colour below whitish, strongly washed with fulvous. 
Hah. China. 

a. Ad. sk. Tingehow, Dec. R. Swinhoe, E-q. "C. 
b. Ad. sk. 
e. cS ad. sk. 
Tingehow, Aug. 
Tingchow, Oct. 
R. Swinhoe. E-q. 
Gould Collection. 
~€Y 
d. Ad. sk. 
(B. Swinhoe).
Clmsan, Feb. Gould Collection. 
of sj ecie.«.) a 
e9f. S ad. sk. Chekiang. Purchased. 

5. Acre&ula jouschistos. 
Parus jouschistos, Hodgs, in Grm/s Zool: Misc. p. S3 (1 ^44) ; id. J. A. 
8. Beng. xiii. p. 943 ; id. Ann. $* Mag. X, II. xv. p. •3-)t»: Gray, ('at. 
Mamm. etc. Nepal prcs. Hodgs. p. 7'4; id. Gr/i. L*.i. p. 1H2: />'/////, 
CVtf. J5.3/ws. -.46*. »Sbr*. p. 104*; id. in Jard. Omfr. Oni. \<>\, p. 51. 
JEgitkaliscus jouschistos, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. U0 < 1*50); Jrrdon* IL 
Ind. ii. p. 271. 
Orites jouschistos, Horsf. *$' Moore, Cat. B. B.I. Co. Mm. L p. <*i"5 
(1854). 
iEgitkalus jouehistos, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 237, no. 3432. 

Adult. Crown of head jet-black, except a broad band of fawncolour, 
which extends from the nasal plumes over the centre of the 
crown to the nape ; sides of head, including1 the ear-coverts, the M<1IS 
of the neck, and the under \\ ing-covert.s pale fawn-colon r; chin and 
throat greyish vt bite; all the re^t of underparts deep reddish tawn 
or rufescent• general colour above ashy, with a more or le^< pronounced 
olive tinge ; upper part of mantle and the rump iiielinms: 
to fulvous; wing-coverts like back; quills and tail dark brown 
with grey edgings ; most of the tail-feathers tipped with dull white. 
Bill black; feet fleshy yellow; iris brown. Sexes alike in plumage. 
Total length a little above 4 inches, culmen 0*34, wing 2*2, tail 2, 
tarsus 0*65. 

Hah. Central and Eastern Himalayas. 

a7 b. Ad. sk. Kepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk.
e,/. Ad. sk. 
Kepal (Hodgson). 
Darjiling. ' 
Bbootan (Pemberton).
(Types of specks.) 
India Museum. 
W. Fotheiingbam, Esq. [P.]. 
India Museum, 

6. Acredula niveogularis. 
Orites ? niveogularis, Moore, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 140 (ex Gaidd, M88.). 
Acanthipaius niveogularis, Gould7 B. Asia, pt vii. (1855), 
./Egithaliseus niveogularis, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 272 (1803). 
yEgithalns niveogularis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 237, no. ;i431 CMtflf. 


3 . A.CEEDULA. 
59 

Adult male. Eoreliead and centre of crown white, gradually passing 
into pale buff on the occiput and nape; sides of crown brownish 
black, extending as a broad band from the lores over the eye to 
the sides of the nape; mantle, scapulars, and back ashy grey, with 
an olive or fulvous tinge; tail, quills, and wing-coverts brownish 
grey, narrowly edged with grey; most of the tail-feathers broadly 
tipped with whitish; cheeks, chin, throat, fore neck, and sides of 
neck white; across the upper breast a rather indistinct brownish 
band ; ear-coverts brownish buff, with darker longitudinal stripes ; 
all the rest of the underparts reddish fawn or pinky isabelline; bill 
black, feet fleshy yellow, iris brown. Total length about 4*5 inches, 
culnien 0*37-04, wing 2'-1-2*Q, tail 2*3-2-5, tarsus 0*65. 

Females and immature birds have the underparts pale isabelline, 
the throat, flanks, and abdomen with a strong pinkish tinge; the 
semicollar across the breast very slightly pronounced. 

Hah. Northern and North-western India. 

a. Ad., b. Imm. North India. J. Gould, Esq. [C.]. (Types 
sk. of species.) 
c-e. <$ sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. 8taekkouse Pinwill [P.], 
ffff. Ad.sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill [P.J. 
h. [<$] ad. &k. N.W.Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill [P.J. 

. Acredula leucogenys. 

Orites leucogenvs, 3£oore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 139 ; Horsf. <§• Moore. 

Cat. B. B.I. Co. Hits, p. 374. 
yEgitkalus leucogenys, Gray% Hand-l B. i. p. 236, no. 3424 (18G9). 
yEgithaliscus leucogenys, Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 567. 

Intermediate in coloration between A. niveogularis and A. jouschistos. 
Grown of head reddish brown, passing into olive-grey on 
the rest of the upper parts; from the lores a broad black band 
through the eye, extending to the sides of the hind neek, where it 
is mottled with whitish; ear-coverts greyish brown; cheeks and 
sides of neck pure white; chin and throat deep black, passing into 
blackish chestnut on the fore neck and ending rather abruptly; 
rest of underparts like A. niveogularis; bill black; feet fleshy 
yellow. Gulmen 0-35 inch, wing 2-1, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*65. 

Hab. Afghanistan and Upper Cashmere. 

tf.Ad.sk. Afghanistan {Griffith). India Museum, 
(Type of species). 
bf e. Ad. sk. Pushut (Griffith). India Museum. 

d. 6 ad. sk. Darel, July 1880. Major Biddulph [0.1 
e. 6 juv. sk. Darel; July 1880. Major Biddulph |C.j. 
8. Acredula caudata*. 
La Me*sange a longue queue, Briss. Dm. iii. p, 570. 
Parus caudatus, Linn. #. N. i. p. 342 (1700) $ BeseJce, Yog. Kurlands, 


* Some of the following references, especially the French ones, belong most 
probably to the Central form, A. rosea. 
60 
PAJRHLE* 

no. 196-Beehstein, Fog. Beuischl. iv. p. 745; Fetzius, Faun. Suecic. 

p. 271; Illiger,Prodroj7i.^.220', Temm.Man.cTOni.-p.2&6; Bonn. 
et Vieill. JEnc. Meth. ii. p. 499; Hoiix, Orn. Prov. p. 193, pi. 122 ; 
Less. Man, cPOrn. i. p. 319 j id. Traite cTOm. p. 457; PalLZoogr. 
Rosso-As. i. p. 551; Siuains. Class. B. ii. p. 250; SeMnz, Bur op. 
Faun. p. 220; jfflkson, Skandin. Faun. i. p. 34*3 (1835), i. p. 425 
(1858): Bp. C. A. i. p. 230; Kjcerbolling, Danmarks Fugle, pi. xxiii.; 
Wright, Finlamh Foglar, i.p. 18(3; Sif<emi?tl} Tog. Burop. v.Taf.3 ; 
Schleg. Ilandl. Dierk. p. 350; Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 234, no. 3395 * 
Barling, B. Middlesex, p. 68 • Kmlemans, Onze Vogeh, pi. 15 ; 
Holland. Wirbelthiere Pommems, p. CO. 
Long-tailed Titmouse, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 550 (1783). 
Acredula caudata, Koch, tiysfem. baier. ZooL p. 199. Taf. v. fig. 42 
(181(5); Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 90; Sharpe, Ibis, 18(18, p. 300; Brtsstr, 

B. Eur. iii. p. 104; Salvad. Faun. Ital. ii. p. 06; Danford 4* Brown, 
Ibis, 1875, p. 303; Seebohm, Ibis, 1880, p. 189; Gigliuli, Ibis, 18&1, 
p. 194; BlaJzist. §* Fryer, B. Japan, p. 151. 
Mecistura caudata, Selys-Longck. Faime Beige, p. 103 (1842); Iw R 
Nomencl. p. 37. 
Orites caudata, 
Mors/. 8r Moore, Cat. B. Mus. B.I Comp. i p. 373 
(1854) ; Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent p. 17; Malm, Fauna, p. 180 j 
Frjew. in Dawson Roicleys Orn. Misc. 1877, p. 190, sp. 89. 

3fa/<?. Head all round, nape, sides of neck, throat, breast, tinder 
wing-coverts, and edge of wing snowy white, this colour becoming 
duller towards the abdomen; the feathers of the abdomen, flanks, and 
under tail-coverts pale vinous at their terminal half; hind neck and 
interscapular region deep black; scapulars and sides of mantle deep 
vinous red; middle of back having a mottled appearance of black, 
white, and rosy • rump and sides of back vinous rosy with whitish 
tips; upper tail-coverts and the two outer pairs of tail-feathers 
entirely black, the others more and more edged and tipped with 
white ; on the outermost pair the black is restricted to part of the 
inner web; most of the wing-coverts and the quills brownish Hack ; 
the secondaries internally and externally broadly edged with white ; 
bill and feet black; iris brown- eyelids bright yellow. Total length 
5'5-Q inches, oilmen 0*3, wing 2*3-2-55, tail 3*3-3-8, tarsus 0-650*
7. Sexes alike in plumage. 

Immature birds have the sides of the crown, loral and nasal 
regions more or less washed with dark brown. 

Young birds. General colour above sooty brownish black; centre 
of crown white; most of the wing-coverts and the secondaries 
blackish, with broad white margins; nnderparts duller than in the 
adult bird; bill dark brown, lighter at tip ; feet pale brown. 

Obs. Specimens from Central Siberia are often remarkable for 
their somewhat longer tails and brighter coloration. 

The White-headed Long-tailed Titmouse has a very wide range, as 
it is an inhabitant of Northern and Central Europe. It is found in 
Scandinavia, Germany, Austria, and Russia, extending across Siberia 
to Japan. In Denmark, Holland, Belgium, France, and the western 
parts of Germany it changes into the north-western form A. rosea. 
It has occurred a few times in the British Isles. 

3 . ACREDULA. 
61 

a. JUT. sk. 
k Ad.sk. 
c. $ ad. sk. 
d. 2 ad. sk. 
e. $ ad. sk. 
/, g. Ad. sk. 
h. Ad. sk. 
i. Ad. sk. 
A, J. <J $ ad. sk. 
??*. S ad. sk. 

Bergen, Norway, July 8. 
Sweden. 
Sweden. 
Stockholm, autumn. 
Stockholm, March. 
Austria. 
Ain, France. 
River Irtisch. 
Krasnoyarsk, autumn, 


1880. 
Dauria, March 19,1872. 

Gould Collection. 
Gould Collection. 
Gould Collection. 

H.E. Dresser, Esq. [P.]. 
H.E. Dresser, Esq. [P.]. 
Vienna Museum [P.] 
RB.Sharpe,Esq.[P.]. 
Moscow Museum. 
H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.], 
Warsaw Museum [E.]. 

9. Acrednla rosea. 
Mecistura vagans, Leach, Cat. Mamm. fyc. Brit. Mu$. p. 17 (1816), 
descr. nulla. 
Mecistura rosea, Blxjth^ ed. Whites Nat Hist, of Selhorne, p. Ill, note 
(1830J. 
Mecistura longicaudata, Macgill. Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 454 (1839). 
Acredula rosea, Sharpe, Ibis, 1868, p. 800; Salvad. Faun. Ital. ii. 

p. 65; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. pi. 103; Ctiglioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 194. 
Mecistura eaudata, Btrlepscli, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 552. 
Parus roseus, Gray, Eand-l. B. i. p. 234, no. 3396 (1869). 
Parus caudatus auctt. Britt. passi?n. 
Acredula eaudata, Neict. ed. Tarr. Br. B. p. 304 (1871). 
Terr similar to A. eaudata; but both sexes have the sides of the 
crown of the head and the occiput more or less brownish black, the 
white colour being restricted to the centre of the crown, the frontal, 
loral, and nasal regions; the underparts are never pure white, but 
always show a slight dull tinge; and the breast and sides of neck 
have a few little brownish spots. Sexes exactly alike in plumage. 
The measurements are the same as those of A. eaudata. Eyelids 
orange. 

The Common Long-tailed Titmouse is the representative of the 
long-tailed Titmice in the British Isles, the Netherlands, Prance, 
and parts of Western Germany; in Northern Italy it meets with 

A. irbii. 
English Specimens. 

a. S ad. sk. 
b. [?]ad.sk . 
Ireland, Mar. 31, 1870 
(Sir Victor Brooke). 
Aboyne, Aberdeenshire, 
Nov. 1871 (R. B. 
R, B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
H. E. Dresser, Esq. [P."|. 
c. [<J]ad. sk. 
Sharpe). 
Hawkstone, Shropshire, 
Jan. 1855. 
Gould Collection. 
df e. 3 ad. sk. Avington, Hants, Nov. 
1872. 
E. Shelley, Esq. [P.*]. 
f,ff. rf,a. ?ad. 
sk. 
Avington, Hants, Nov. 
1872. 
Capt. Shelley [P.]. 
I [ cJ ] ad. sk. 
k, I £ull. St. 
mt n. J pull. sk. 
o, pf q. & ad. sk. 
Berkshire. 
Maidenhead, Berks. 
Maidenhead, Berks. 
Oookham, Berks, Feb. 
1874. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
Gould Collection. 
Gould Collection. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 

62 
PAKIDJE. 

r. 5 ad. sk. Cookliani, Berks, Feb. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
1874. 
s. Pull. sk. Cookham, Berks. Gould Collection. 
t, u. <$ 2 ad. sk. Hampstead. F. D. Godman and 0. 
Salvia, E>qrs. [P.". 
Vj ID. ($ $ ad. sk. Hampstead. F. D. Godman and 0. 
Salvm, Esqrs. jP. \ 
x. (S ad. sk. SuiTey, Jan. lfco7. F. D, Godman and 0. 
^ Salvin. E-qrs. [P.". 
y, z, a\ J ad. sk. Surrey, Feb. 1857. F. D. Godman "anil O. 
Salvin, Esqi'b. ~P._. 
h\c'. $ ad.st, 
d',e'. J ad.st Drinkstone, Suffolk. T. Hareouxt Powell. E>rj. 
f'-p' Pull. St. "P." 
*qr , r'. Ad. sk. C ambridgreshire. MrT J.'Biker [P. \ 
$', t'. Skeletons. Purchased. 
u'. Sternum. G. Ingall, Esq. [P/ . 

Continental Specimens. 

a. Ad. sk. Antwerp, Oct. 1873. Ft. B. Sharpe, E-q. 'F.\ 
b, c. c? § ad. sk. TalkensvaardjJHolland, C. B. Wharton, ENJ^PV . 
May 18,1876. 
clj e. Ad. sk. France. 11. B. Sharp. E-q. "P.". 
/, ff9 h. Ad. sk. Monger on, Seine-et-It. B. iSharpe, E^. J\[. 

Oise, Feb. lf*72. 
i-o. Ad. sk. Monaeron, Reine-et-It. B. Sharps, I>q. ^P.]. 
Oise, Feb. lb7J. 
1?, q. 6 2 ad-sk« Piedmont, Xov. 1 and Pu B. Sharpe. Ksq. 1\]. 
Dec. ]**74. 
r, s. S S Pu^< &kPiedmont,May20,1870. B. E. Dm-er, E^i. "P.". 

£ $ ad. sk. PiedmonOIay 4.^70. II. E. Dre^r, ]>q. "P.\ 
u7 v. d 2 ad- sk. Tmin, Maich*187;i Count Sahaduri P. \ 
wr%\ S 2 ad. sk. La Tour, Fribourg, M. L*'on Olphe-Galliard 
April 1870. [PA 

y. 
Ad. sk. La Tour, Fribourg, M.'LHUII OIphe-Gi*lliard 
April 1876. [P.]. 
s. [d ] ad.sk. Bremen. Gould'Collection. 
Subspecies a. Acredula trivirgata. 

Paras triyirgatus? Temm. $ ScMeg. Faun. Jap. p. CO. pi. 34; Bp. C.A. 

i. p. 23; Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 234, no. SZU6. 
Acredula trftirgrata, 
Cab. Mm. Mein. i. p. 90(18-50); Sharpe, Ibis 
1868, p. 301; Blaldst. § Pnjer, B. Japan, p. L31. 

Smaller than A. rosea ; yerj much like the latter in coloration ; 
but the brownish-black band of the sides of the crown in adult 
specimens is said to extend oyer the 3oral and nasal regions, whilst 
in A. rosea the latter parts are white. There are, however, specimens 
from Japan, and apparently old birds, which have the feathers 
of the parts in question white with dark brown tips. 

Wing. Tail. Tarfciw. 
in. in. in. 

2*15 2-0 0*00 

!2-25 3-1 

o-no 

2-4 3-2 0-05 

3 . ACEEDUIA. 
Hah. Eepresents the European Long-tailed Titmouse in Southern 

Japan. 
a, b. Ad. sk. 
c. Ad. sk. 
cl Ad. sk. 
Japan. 
Japan. 
Yokohama. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
H. Pryer, Esq. [0, 
H. Pryer, Esq. [0, 

10. Acredula irbii. 
Parus caudatus, Naceyro, Cat. Av. Galizia, in Mem. R. Acad. Madrid, 
p. 126 (1850). 
Parus caudatus auctt. Hisp. et Ital passim. 
Acredula caudata, Salvad. Faun, d'ltal., Ucc. p. 67 (1871). 
Acredula irbii, Sharpe ty Dresser, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 312 j Di-esser, B. 
Eur. iii. pi. 105. 
Acredula irbyi, Giglioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 193. 

Differs from A. rosea in its smaller size and by the coloration of 
the back. Hind neck and sides of crown black ; the line of demarcation 
between the black semicollar and the mantle well marked; 
back without any black; all the feathers of the mantle, the back, 
rump, and scapulars pale bluish grey at their bases, the rest of the 
feathers vinous, sometimes with faint whitish tips; the amount of 
vinous colour varies much on the different parts, the scapulars and 
the sides of the rump appearing almost entirely vinous, wThilst the 
middle of the back inclines more to blue-grey; upper tail-coverts 

black with greyish tips. Total length under 5*5 inches. 
Wing. Tail. Tarsus 
in. in. in. 
2'4 3-3 0-65 
2-45 3-4 0-68 
2-1 3-0 0-65 

Ohs. The three specimens from Piedmont in the British Museum 
are intermediate between A. irbii and A. rosea. 

Hah. This bird is found in Spain, Sicily, and in the southern half 
of Italy. In northern Italy it gradually changes into the northwestern 
species (A. rosea). Mr. Sharpe shot a beautiful typical 
specimen of A. irbii at Mongeron near Paris. 

a. Immat. sk. Gibraltar. Colonel lrby [P." 
b. Ad. sk. Gibraltar. Colonel lrby [P.' 
c. 3 ad. sk. Gibraltar, May 2. Colonel lrby [P." 
d. Nestling sk. Gibraltar. Colonel lrby [P.1 
e. $ ad. sk. Gibraltar, Feb. 7 (lrby). J. Gould, Esq. 
/. $ ad. sk. Piedmont. H. E. Dresser, Esq. [P.]. 
g. 
$ ad. sk. Piedmont, Dec. 14, Count Salvador! [P.J. 
1873. 
h. <$ ad. sk. Sicily. 
H, Saunders, Esq. [P.]. 
i. 
Ad. sk. Mongeron, Seine-et-R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Oi«e, France, Feb. 
1875. 
64 
PABID^E. 

11. Acredula tephronota. 
Oiites tepkronotus, Giinther, Ibis, 1865, p. 96, pi. 4. 
Parus tepkronotus, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 234, no. 3397 (1869). 
Mecistura poeltzami, Severtz. Turk. Jevotn. p. 135, pi. 8. %. 1 (1873) • 


Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 172. 
Acredula tephronota, Sharpe, Ibis, 1868, p. 302; Blanf. East Persia, 

p. 231 (1876; - Dresser, B. Bur. iii. pi. 105. fig. 2. 
Closely allied to A. 
irlii, but with a large blackish or greyish 

patch on the centre of the throat; sides of the crown black* centre 

of crown dull white 
with a brownish tinge, this colour extending 

over the occiput; hind neck pale brownish grey without any black ; 

the whole mantle, upper back, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts 

pure grey without any black ; sides of lower back and rump vinous* 

wings and wing-coverts black-brown with whitish margins• sides 

of head and ear-coverts pale brownish; chin white; breast and 

middle of abdomen dingy white, with faint longitudinal brownish 

streaks; flanks, under tail-coverts, and lower abdomen pale vinous; 

bill and feet black ; 
" iris of a light brownish red colour, with an 

outer bluish-white ring; " eyelids orange. Total length about 

5-5 inches, wing 2*25-2*5, tail 2*7-3*2, tarsus 0*7. 

-Hah. Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor, and extending into Persia 

and Turkestan. 

Ohs. One specimen 
from Buyukdere (February 1874) has the 

general colour above exactly like A. rosea; but it shows clearly 

the grey patch on the throat, and little brownish spots arranged 

in a broken-up semicircle across the upper breast. 

a,b. d $ ad. sk. Belgrade, Bee. 1874 E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
(J[\ Bobson). 
c, cl Ad. sk. Havankoi, Turkey (T. Br. W. Hoyland J[P.]. 
Bobson). (Types of species.) 

e. $ 
ad. sk. Buvukdere, Feb. 1, R. Bl Skarpe, Esq. [P.]. 
1874 (T. Bobson). 
f. tf ad. sk. Bagschakeuy, Bee. 10 Gould Collection. 
(T. Bobson). 
g. 
$ ad. sk. Near Constantinople, Gould Collection. 
A-pr.2S(T. Bobson). 
h. <$ ad. sk. Constantinople, Nov. F. B. Godman and O. 
18 (T. Bobson). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.I 
i h. S 2 ad. sk. Guiksu, Asia Minor, H. E. Bresser, Esq. fP.l 

Nov. 26, 1870 (T. 

Bobson). 

I 
Juv. sk. Smyrna, May (Dr. It. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
lEruper). 

m. 
§ ad. sk. Jamanear Bagh, Asia F. B. Godman and 0. 
Minor, Apr. 25 (C. Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
E. Danford). 
n. 
$ ad. sk. Taurus, Asia Minor, F. B. Godman and O. 
Bee. 23 (C. E. D.). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
o. Ad. sk. Shiraz, June, 6000 feet. Sir 0. St. John [C.]. 
p. Ad. sk. Caspian Sea. Sir 0. St. John [C.J. 
„3 . ACREDULA. 

m 

12. Acredula glaucogularis.* 
Orites glaucogularis, Gould, P. Z, S. 1854, p. 140; Sioinh. P. Z. S. 

1871, p. 362. 
Partis trivirgatus, Swinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 131. 
Mecistura caudata, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 270. 


v^i- Mecistura swinhoei, von Pelzeln, Peis. d. JYovara, Vog. pi. iii. (1865). 

J Parus glaucogularis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 234, no. 3399 (1869). 
«^S^iSfee«^Wiginosnsr, Srvmh. P„Z, S* 18£lyp. 362. 
Orites caudatus, Pjev. in Dawson Boielei/s Ornith. Miso. ii. p. 190. 
Acredula glaucogularis, Dav. fy Ousted. Ois. Chine, p. 291 (1877). 
r & Meeistura fuliginosa, Verr. Nouv. Arch. If us. viii. Bull. p. 36. ? 
Orites ouratensis, David, MS., teste Swinh. P.Z.S. 1870, p. 430 j 
id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 362. 
? Acredula vinacea, David & Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 292. 

• ? Acredula fuliginosa, David fy Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 292. 
This biid resembles A. tephronota, from which it differs by the 
distribution of the colours of the head. Lores, nasal region, and 
a narrow frontal band white with an ochraceous tinge; greater 
part of crown glossy black, only the centre and occiput dull 
brownish white, which colour, however, is widely separated from 
the whitish frontal band by the black of the forehead, whilst in all 
the other species of Acredula the whitish central part of the crown 
is united with the whitish frontal and nasal regions; patch on 
the throat grey, each feather with a whitish tip. Total length 
5 inches. 

Wing. Tail, 

in. in. 
<J 2-25 2-6 
$ 2T 2-5 

This species is the representative of A. tephronota in China. 

a. S ad. sk. Ningpo, March. E. Swlnhoe, Esq. [O.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Ningpo. 
R B. Sharpe, Esq. 
c. Ad. &k. China. 
J. Gould, Esq. [0.]. 
d. 
J ad. sk, Ningpo, April 29,1850. Oapt. J. Ince [0.]. 
* It seems probable that A. rosea is the central stock of the palasarctic species 
of Aercdida, which have been divided as follows:— 
A. 
caudata (Northern forai), 
Scandinavia to N. Japan. 
A. trivirgata (Eastern 
form)> JaPan

A. ROSEA, 
« 
England to Austria. 
A . glaucogularis (Southeastern 
form), China. 

A. 
irhii (South-western A. tephronota (Southern 
form), Spain and form), Turkey and 
Italy. Asia. 
VOL. vin. 
* 

66 
PARID-2E. 

4. JEGITHALUS. 
Type. 
.^Egithalus, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 556 -dE. pendulinus. 
Pendulinus, Brehm, Vog. Veutsohl. p. 475 (1831, 

nee Vieillot) ^E. pendulinus. 
Paroides (pt.), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 193 (1847, nee 

Brehni). 
Anthoscopus, Cab. Mm. BCein. i. p. 89 (1850) M. capensis. 
Cephalopyrus, Bp. 1853, teste Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 267 

(1863) J&- nammiceps. 
Auriparus, Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 85 (1864) -<3E. flavin^ 
\ 

Head and bill of Mgithalus pendulinus. 

Bill short and straight, very much pointed; tail and wings 
short; tip of wing formed by third, fourth, and fifth primaries; 
first primary spurious or very short in the Palsearctic species, well 
developed in the American and African species : tarsus in front 
covered with transverse scales. Crown without a crest. Plumage 
containing very plain colours only. 

Range. Europe, Africa, and North America. 

Key to the Species. 

A. 
First primary long ( = about half the length 
of tie second primary). Subgeneric group 
^EeiTHALrs. 
a. 
Mantle and back fawn and chestnut; underpays 
creamy. 
a'. Throat white, or nearly so; bill pointed; 
sides of head black. 
a". Crown of head greyish white pendtdinus, p. 67. 
b". Occiput and centre of crown mottled 

black and white coronatus, p. 68. 
c". Crown of head chestnut castaneus, p. 68. 
6f. Throat blackish ; bill blunt; crown of head 
pale brownish maeronyx, p. 69. 

b. 
Mantle and back olive-green; forehead crimson-
red ; all the underparts bright yellow Jlammiceps, p. 69. 
B. 
First primary very short. Subgeneric group 
ANTHOSCOPUS. 
a. 
Head all round yellow; chestnut-red patch 
on shoulder flaviceps, p. 72. 
b. Forehead only bright yellow 
jlavifrons, p. 72. 
4 . J2GITHALUS. 
c. Crown pale brownish grey. 
a'. 
Chin and upper throat whitish; all the rest 
of underparts yellow capensis, p. 70, 

V. 
Whole throat and breast whitish; flanks and 
abdomen pale fawn caroli, p. 71. 
1. iEgithalus pendulinus. 
Parus polonicus s. pendulinus, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 5®o (1760). 
Parus pendulums, Linn. S. N. i. p. 342 (1706) ; Bechst. Vog. Beutschl. 


iv. p. 751 j Temm. Man. cVOrn. i. p. 800; Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. 
Meth. p. 50-3; Vieill. Gal. Ois. i. p. 91; Bou.v, Orn. Provengale, 
p. 196, pi. 124 a (ad.) & 124 b (Juv.) ; Less. Man. d'Orn. i.p. 819; 
id. Traite d'Orn. p. 457; Schinz, Europ. Faun. p. 220; Schleg. 
Handl. Dierk.^. 350; Holland, Wirbelth. Pomm.ip. GO; Danford 
§ Brown, Ills, 1875, p. 803 ; Irhj, Ibis, 1879, p. 344. 
Le Remiz, Month. Hist. N. Ois. v. p. 423 (1778). 
LaPenduline, Month. Hist Nat. Ois. v. p. 433 (1778). 
Penduline Titmouse, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p„ 547 (1783). 
Parus narbonen&is, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 1014 (1788). 
iEgithalus pendulums, Bote, Lsis, 1822, p. 556; Bp. C. A. i. p. 231 


Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 89; Madde, Beis. 8. 0.-8ibirien, ii. p. 165 
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 236, no. 4016; Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent p. 30 
SevertzoWj Turkest. Jevotn. p. 185; Blanf. Bast Persia, p. 232 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 83 {cf for M. consobrinus) ; Dresser, B, 
Ear. iii. pi. 116. 

iEgithalus polonicus, Brehm, Yog. Beutschl p. 476 (1831). 
PenduLnus medius, Brehm, Vog. Beutschl. p. 477 (1831). 
Pendulums macrourus, Brehm, Vog. Beutschl. p. 477 (1831). 
iEgithalus pendulinus, vai\ jaxartica, Severtzoiv, Turkest. Jevotn. 

p. 135, pi. 9. fig. 2 (1873); Bresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 175. 
iEgithalus consobrinus, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1870^ p. 183 ,• ibid. 1871, 
p. 362 ; Bavid fy Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 294. !{\ > * 
Adult male. Ear-coverts, region all round the eye, and a narrow 
frontal band black; greater part of crown white, separated from the 
black by a few rufous feathers on the forehead; nape, hind neck, 
and sides of neck while, with a greyish tinge; cheeks, chin, and 
throat pure white; mantle chestnut-brown, deepest towards the 
neck, gradually passing into ochraceous on the back and rump; 
npper tail-coverts light greyish; tail-feathers dark brown, with 
broad whitish-yellow edgings to the outer and inner webs; lesser 
wing-coverts chestnut-red, the greater ones dark brown, with deep 
chestnut-coloured margins and with pale tips; quills brown, 
with whitish edgings, which are very broad on the innermost 
secondaries; underparts cream-colour or ochraceous, slightly deeper 
on the flanks and thighs ; the feathers of the breast with half-concealed 
sub terminal chestnut spots; bill horn-colour ; feet bluish 
black; iris brown. Total length about 3*6-4 inches. 

Adult female. Slightly paler in coloration, the black frontal band 
and the rufous colour on the forehead less pronounced. 
Young. Less richly coloured than the adult bird, and having the 
whole hind neck and the crown ochraceous with a grey tinge; 
F2 

68 
PAEIDiE. 

ear-coverts rufous; no black on the sides of the head or on the 
forehead. 
Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 
in. in. in. in. 
c?. China 0-40 2-23 1*75 0*56 


S. Japan 037 2-22 1-74 0*57 
3. Piedmont 0-40 2-15 1-80 0-36 
o. Asia Minor 0*41 21)5 1*75 0v56 
Hah. Southern Europe, Asia Minor, Persia. Turkestan. China, and 
Japan. 

a, h. Ad. sk. Europe. 
Purchased. 

c. $ 
ad. sk. Piedmont? April 3, lc76. F. D. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.], 
d. Q ad. sk. Piedmont. April 20,1876. F. D. Godman and O. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
e. Juv. <k. Genoa (A. B. Brooke). R. B. Sliarpe, E«q. "P.], 
/ . Juv. sk. Astraehan, April 1872. Baron von Hiigel [P.]. 
g. (j1 ad. sk. Kaisarziah, Asia Minor H. Seebohm, Esq. ~Pt]. 
(C. E. Danford). 
2. JSgithalus coronatus. 
JKg-ithalus coronatus, Severtz. Tvrkesi. Jevofn. p. 130, pi. 9. fig. 3, S <*d» 
tn spring (1873): Dresser, Mis, 1670, p. 175. 
iEgithalus atricapilius, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 137, pi. 0. fig. 4, 
5 «<"?.«« spring; fig. 8, juv. (1873 j ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 174. 
iEgithalus stoliczkse, Hume, Sir. F. 1874, p. 521. 

Apparently slightly smaller than JE. jjtudvlinvs, to which it is 
very closely allied by the distribution of its colours. It chiefly differs 
from the latter species by the colour of the head, the forehead, lores, 
and region round the eyes and the ear-coverts being deep black, 
getting more and more mottled with white towards the occiput and 
nape, leaving only the centre of the crown near the forehead white; 
behind the black occiput and nape a brownish-white crescent. Total 
length about 3*7 inches. <J; culmen 0**37-0*40, wing 2*05-2*1, 
tail 1-60-1-63, tarsus 0*56. 

Female. Like the male in size and colour. 

Hah. Western Turkestan. 

3. JBgithalns castanem 
iEgithalus 
castaneus, Severtz. Turk. Jevotn. p. 136, pi. 9 (1873); 
Dresser, B. Mir. iii. p. 105, pi. 117. 
JEgitnalus caspius, Bogdanow, Tr. Soc. Kazan, viii. p. 91 (1879). 

Adtdt mate. Differs from 2E. jpendulinus in having the crown of 
the head, the hind neck, and the sides of the neck of the same rich 
chestnut colour as the mantle; the amount of white on the edges of 
the tail and wing is greater, and the chestnut part of the feathers on 
the breast more conspicuous than in M. penrfvlinus. This subspecies 
is slightly larger than the common European bird. Total length 

4 . JSG-ITHALTTS. 
about 4-2 inches, oilmen 0-40, wing 2-20-2-30, tail 1-90-1-95, 
tarsus 0-58-0-60. 
Adult female. Occiput and nape dull isabelline; forehead, ear-
coverts, and region round the eye black as in the male. 

Ohs. The amount of chestnut colour on the crown and hind neck 
varies greatly, and it does not extend all over these parts before the 
bird is quite adult. In the British Museum is a male specimen, 
shot in April near Astrachan, which has the greater part of the 
crown and the sides of the neck behind the ear-coverts deep chestnut-
brown, each feather slightly tipped with white, but the nape and 
hind neck are almost white. 

Hah. Confined to the delta of the Wolga. 

a. $ ad. sk. Astrachan, April. R B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
4. JBgithalus macronyx. 
iEgitkalus macronyx, Severtz. Turk. Jevotn. p. 187, pi. 9. fig. 8, ad. $ 
in winter (1878); Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 175. 
iEgitlialus rutilans, Severtz. Turk. Jevotn. p. 137 (1878); Dresser, 
Ibis, 1876, p. 175. 
jEgithalus rutilans, var. cucullata, Severtz. op. cit. pi. 9.fig. 6, ad. g 
in xointer (1873). 
iEgithalus rutilans, var. pectoralis, Seve?iz. he. cit. fig. 7, ad. g in 
tointer (1873). 

"The black on the head covers the forehead, sides of the 
head, and fore parts and sides of the crown ; centre of the crown, 
nape, and hind neck pale brownish yellow, this colour being 
separated from the pure brown of the back by a narrow light chestnut 
band ; throat greyish white ; margins of the quills not whitish, 
but pale brownish ; beak nearly black; legs plumbeous." {Severtz. 
in Dresser's Notes.) The following description is taken from specimens 
in Mr. Seebohm's collection :— 


Adult male. Nearest allied to 2E. coronatus. Chin, throat'and sides 
of neck, and fore neck blackish grey; rest of underparts pale 
ochraceous, but distinctly more richly coloured than in 2E.jpendulinus 
or JE. coronatus; claws, and especially the hind toe with its claw, 
decidedly stronger than these parts in the allied species. Total 
length 4 inches. 

Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus, 

in. in. in. in. 
c? 0-38 2-18 185 0-6 
tf 040 . 2-10 1-85 0-6 

The young birds of 2E. macronyx and 2E. coronatus much resemble 
the young ones of M. joendulinus. 
Hah, North-western Turkestan. 

5. -Egithalus flammiceps. 
iEgithalusflammiceps, Burton, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 153 j Blyth, Cat-B. 
Mus. As. Soc. p. 104; Bp. C. A. i. p. 231; Blyth, in Jard. Contr, 
Orn. 1851, p. 52,- Gray, HandA. B. i. p. 234, no. 3427. 

70 
PARIDJE. 

Dicseum sanguimfrons, Say, TV. -4s. Soc. Beng. xv. p. 44 

Paroides flaniraiceps, Strickl. Confr. Orn. 1850, p. 148, pi. Q6. 

Cephalopyrus flamrniceps, Jerdon, B. Ind. ii. p. 267 (18(33). 

Adult male. General colour above yellowish green, inclining to 
brighter yellow on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts, 
quills, and tail brown, externally rather broadly edged with greenish 
yellow ; forehead, top of head, and chin bright orange-red; sides of 
neck, throat, fore neck, and breast bright golden yellow; under 
wing-coverts white, edge of wing and asillaries yellow; under 
wing-coverts white; bill and feet bluish horn-colour. Total length 
about 3*5 inches, culmenO-35-0 "38, wing 2*3-2-4, tail 1*4, tarsus 0*47. 

The female has the whole crown and throat greenish yellow; and 
it is duller and paler in coloration than the male. 
Hob, North-western India, extending from Kashmere into 
Afghanistan. 

a, S ad. sk. India, J. Gould, Esq. [0.]. 
(Specimen figured in Contrib. Orn. 1850, pi. 60.) 

b. S ad. sk. India. Purchased. 
e. (S ad. sk. Candahnr. Capt. Hutton [P.]. 
d-g. 6 ? ad, sk. Near Simla, N.W. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
Himalaya. [P.]. 
h. Ad. sk. [Nepal.] " Purchased. 

6. JEgithaltis capensis. (Plate I. fig. 2.) 
La Petite Mesange du Cap de Bonne Esperance, S'onn. Voy. hides* 
ii. p. 206, pi. 115. 
Parus capensis, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 1011 (1788); Bonn, et Tieill. JEnc. 
Meth. 1823, p. 509. 
Le becque-fleur, ZevailL Ois. dAfr. pi. 134. figs. 1 & 2. 
Cape-Tit, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 552 (1781-85). 
Sylvia minuta, Slum, Natur. Misc. xxiii. pi. 9J7 (1813). 

-Parus fuscus, Bonn, et VieilL Eric. Meth. ii. p. 507. 
Sylvia anthophila, Boie, Isis (teste Giebel). 
iEgithalus capensis, Swains. Class. B. ii. p. 246 (1837) ; Bp. C. A. i. 


p. 230 • Licht. Noynencl. p. 37,- Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 236, no. 3418; 
Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 35. 
Gryllivora capensis, Swains. Class. B. ii. p. 238 (1S37). 
iEgithalus smitlii, Jard. et Selby, III. Orn. pi. 1J3. %. 1 * Bp C. A 

i. p. 231; StriehlSfScl. Contr, Orn. 1852, p. 149: Sundeu. (Ehers 
Vetensh.-Ah. 1850, p. 106. 
iEgithalus pensilis, IIa?*tl. Verz. Mas. Brem. p. 34 (1844) -Gray 
£Cand4.B.Ly.<236, no. 3119. JJ 
Prymoiea minuta, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 103 (1846). 
Paroides smithi et pensilis, Gray, Gen. B. L p. 193 (1846). 
Anthoscopus minutus, Cab. Mm Hein. i. p. 89 (1850); 6'undev. Av. 

Meth. Tent. p. 30: Gurmy in Anderss. B. JDamara Ld. p. 79 "• 
Sharpe, ed. Layard B. 8. Afr. p. 327. J 
Anthoscopus capensis, Cab. Mus. Hem. i. p. 89 (1850) j Ayres Ibis 
1880, p. 103. 

iEgithalus 
punctifrons, Sundev. CBfmrs. Vet.-Akad. 1850 p p>9 * 
Heugl Orn. MO.-Afr, i. p. 410 j Gray, Sandal. B. L p. 236 
no. 3420. ' 

4 . .aEGITHALITS. 
iEgithalus minutus, Sundev. (Efvers. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. 1850, vii. 

p. 107; Gray, HanaU. B. i. p. 236, no. 3417. 
Parus srnithi, Jard. Edinb. Journ. Nat. Sc. new ser. i. pi. 5. 
JEgitkalus? parvulus, Heugl. J.f.O.1864, p. 260; id. Orn. NO.-
Afr. i. p. 409 j id. Peterm. Geogr. Mittheil. 1869, p. 414. 
Eremoniela parvula, Heugl. Cab. Journ. 1867, p. 300. 
^Egithalus pensilis, Verr. in Brem. Mm, (teste Heuglm). 
Paroides capensis, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 114. 
JSgithalus papvulus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 236 , no. 3421 (1869). 
Parus sundevalli, Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 33 (1877). 
^Egithalus museums, Hartl. Oniith. Centralbl 1882, p. 91 j id. J. 

f. 0. 1882, p. 326. 
General colour above pale olive-grey, more yellowish on the rump 
and on the upper tail-coverts; crown of head more grey ; feathers 
of forehead and loral region blackish brown, with white tips; 
quills, wing-coverts, and tail light brown, with scarcely any lighter 
edgings ; chin, sides of neck, ear-coverts, and under tail-coverts dull 
whitish; all the rest of the underparts yellow with a faint dull 
hue; bill and feet horny or lead-colour. Total length under 
3-5 inches, culnien 0-4, wing 1*9-2, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*52. 

Female slightly duller in coloration. 
Hah. South Africa, ranging into the Transvaal and Damara Land, 
extending through Central Africa into Sennaar and Abyssinia. 

a. $ ad. sk Ondanga, March 27,1867 E. B. Sharpe, Esq.. [P.]. 
b. Pull. sk.
c. d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk/ . Ad. sk.
g. Ad. sk.
h. S ad- sk(C 7. A.). 
Damara Land. 
Damara Land. 
Damara Land (C. J. A.). 
Matalko, Damara Land, 
16,1866 (C. J. A.), 
Swakop river, Sept 18,1(C.J.A.). 
Elephant Vley, Aug.
July863 
22, 
O. J. Andersson, Esq. [0.1 
C. J. Andersson, Esq. [C.J. 
E, B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.j. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P. j . 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
C. J. Andersson, Esq. [C.]. 
1850. 
i. J ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk. 
Transvaal (Ayres). 
Kingwilliamstown, May1877. 
15, 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Capt. H. Trevelyan [P.]. 

Subspecies a. JEgithalns caroli. (Plate I. fig. 1.) 

^Egithalus minutus, Bharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 35 (1871, nee Shaw). 
iEgithalus caroli, Sharpe, Ibis, 1871, p. 415. 
Anthoscopus caroli, Gttrney in Anderss. B. Damara Zand, p. 80 

(1872); Sharpe, ed. Layard B. 8. Afr. p. 327. 

Adult. Similar to M. capensis in coloration, but altogether paler; 
tipper tail-coverts ferruginous; throat, fore neck, breast, and under 
wing-coverts dull white, gradually changing into the ferruginous 
colour of the flanks, abdomen, and under tail-coverts ; bill and feet 
blackish. Sexes alike in coloration. Total length about 3*5 inches, 
culmen 0*35-0-40, wing 2-2*1, tail 1*25, tarsus 0*55. 

Hah. Damara Land. 

72 PAEIDJE. 
a, b.
c, J 
d,e, 
$ Sad. sk. 
tf$ 
ad. sk. 
ad.sk. 
Ovaquenyania, May 30,1867 ( C. J. Andersson). 
Ovaquenyania, June 6,1867 ( C. J. Andersson). 
Elephant Yley, Oct. 8,1859 ( C. J. Andersson), 
Pt. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(Type of species.) 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(Type of species.) 
R. B." Sharpe, Esq. [C.~. 

7. JEgitlialns flayifroiis. 
iEsithalus flavifrons, Cass. Pr. Ac. Xat. 3c. Philad. 1555, p. 325, & 
1858, pi. i. fig. 2 -, Hartlaiib, Orn. Wedafr. p. 71. 

Male. Forehead bright yellow ; entire plumage of the upper parts. 
olive-green tinged with yellow, lightest on the rump; quills and 
tail dark brown, the feathers of both edged with yellowish green on 
their outer webs; entire underparts pale yellow tinged with green ; 
inferior wing-coverts white; bill and feet light horn-colour. Total 
length 3^ inches, wing 2J, tail 1|. 

Hab. Gaboon. 

8. JSgithalus flaviceps. 
iEgithalus flaviceps, Sundeo. (Efcers. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Htwkh, 
1850, p. 129. 
Conirostrum ornatum, Lawrence, Ann. X. Y.Lyc. X. LI. 1851, p. 113, 

pi. v. fig. 1. 
Psaltria flaviceps, Sclat P. Z. S. 1856, p. 37. 
Paroidesflaviceps,Laird, Cass., $* Laicr. p. 400, pi. 53. fig. 2 (1^60) 

(called zEgithalus flaviceps on the plate). 
Psaltriparus fla\iceps. Sclat Cat. Am. B. p. 13, no. 79 (ISf >2). 
Auripaius flaviceps, Baird, JRev. Am. B. p. 85 (1664}; Cooper, Birds 

Calif, p. 51; Cones, Key X.Am. B. p. b"2; Baird, Brnr.< ty 
Midgio. i. p. 112; Coues7 B. Colorado Vail. p. 12*J; Salt in $• Godtnaa, 
Biol. Cent-Amer.^ Aves, p. 59. 

Partis flavifrons (Sundev.) (1), Gray, JSand-l. B. i. p. 234, no. 3304 
(1869). 

Head all round, throat, and fore neek golden yellow, slightly 
darker on the occiput; lesser wing-coverts deep chestnut; rest of 
wing-coverts, quills, and tail brown, with paler greyish edgings; all 
the rest of the upper parts pale ashy brown; underparts uniform 
dull white; many of the feathers of the back and of the underparts 
washed with yellow on their middle parts; bill and feet black. 
Total length about 4 inches, culmen 0*43, wing 1-JMH, tail 2, tarsus 
0-55-0-58. 

Rah. Northern Mexico, Lower California, and Texas. 

a. 2 ad. sk. La Paz, Lower California. A. Forrer, E^q. [CV. 
h Ad. sk. California. Purchased. 
5 . XEROPHILA. 
5. XEROPHILA. 
Xerophila, Gould, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 175 X. leuoopsis. 
Bill higher than broad; the nostrils are situated in a semi-
operculated groove, round, and are partly hidden by feathers; first 
primary longer than half the second ; secondaries equal to four fifths 
of the whole wing ; tail square; the three anterior toes comparatively 
short. No crest. Plumage very plain. 

Head of Xerophila leitcopsis. 
Xerophila seems to form a link between the true Parince and 
those forms which I propose to distinguish as Aiistro-Parince. 
Range. Australia. 
Key to the Species. 

a. Under surface white j no pectoral band leucopsis, p. 73. 
b. Under surface white, with a pectoral band of cinnamon-
brown pectoralis, p. 74. 
1. Xerophila leucopsis. 
Xerophila leucopsis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 175; id. B. Austr. 
fol. iii. pi. 67; id. Ilandb. B. Austr. p. 382; Bam&ay, Proc. Linn. 
Soc. N. 8. W. ii. p. 186 (1878). 

Sphenostoma leucopsis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 194 (1847); id. Hand-l. 

B. i. p. 235, no. 3410 (1869). 
General colour above greyish brown, the brown more pronounced 
on the hind neck and on the crown of the head; quills brown; tail 
dark brown with white tips; the upper tail-coverts of the same 
colour as the back, and very long, so as to cover more than half of 
the tail; loral and nasal regions, sides of head, and the breast dull 
white, washed with fulvous or yellowish; some of the feathers of 
the underparts with faintly darker subterminal cross bars; under 
tail-coverts and abdomen dull yellowish white ; under wing-coverts 
reddish brown; inner web of quills edged with pinkish isabelline ; 
bill and feet brown. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*4, 
tail 1*8, tarsus 0*7. 
Bob. South Australia, Victoria, and New South Wales, occurring 
also, according to Mr. Ramsay, at Port Denison and in S.E. New 

Guinea. 
a, b. Ad. sk.
c. d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk.
f Ad. sk.
J' 
South Australia. 
River Darling {Dr.
Pechey). 
Queensland. 
Queensland. 
Sir G. Grey [PA 
J. Gould, Esq. [O.]. 
J. Gould, Esq. [C.]. 
E. D. Godman andO. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
g, h. Ad. sk. Australia. J. Gould, Esq. [0.]. 

74 PAEIB-E. 

2. Xerophila pectoraHs. 
Xerophila pectoralis, Goidd, Aim. #• Mag. XiT. 3871, vol. vili. p. 192 * 
Ramsay, JProc. Linn. Soe. X. S, W. ii. p. 168. 

The bill of this species, according to Gould, is c" almost as thick as 
that of a Pinch/' " Face and throat white, passing into greyi&h 
white on the ear-coverts; crown and nape hair-brown, mottled with 
blackish bruwn, the darker tint occupying the centre of each feather ; 
back chestnut-brown, becoming much darker and richer on the 
rump• upper tail-coverts hair-brown; two central tail-feathers 
hair-brown, with lighter edges ; the five lateral feathers on each 
side black tipped with white ; across the chest a well-defined band 
of cinnamon-brown ; under surface white, with a mark of chestnut 
down the centre of each of the flank-feathers; wings dark brown, 
the secondaries broadly margined with dull buff; under tail-coverts 
huffy white; bill and feet black. Total length 3£ inches, bill ~, 
wing 2|, tail If, tarsi f/' (Gould.) 


Hah. Port Augusta, South Australia; Port Denison, 2u>rth 
Australia. 


0. SPHEHOSTOHA. 
lipe, 
Sphenostoma, Gould, P. Z. & 1837, p. 149 8. eri-jtatum. 
Pill slightly protracted, compressed and curved; nostrils ba-al, 

operculated, quite exposed; first primary well developed; secondaries 
long, being six sevenths the length of the whole wing; tip of 
wing formed by fourth and fifth primaries ; tail graduated and longer 
than wing. Plumage very plain ; crown with a crest. 


Mange. Australia. 

1. Sphenostoma cristatxtm. 
Sphenostoma crMatum, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 150; Gna/f Gen. B. 
I p. 194, pi. 52. £ 5 (1&47); Reiehrnb. #. At: t ti± fig,; G,,u/d, 
Handb, B. Austr. i. p. 310; Gray, Hartd-l B. i. p."2'4*% no. #409 
(lb09). 

Splienostoma cristata, Gould, B. Austral, iii. pi. 17, i.Introd. p. xliii.; 
jSturtj Bxped. Ceutr. Austr. ii. p. 25. 

General colour above, including the central tail-feathers, uniform 
earthy brown, with a more or less strongly pronounced ferruginous 
tinge; rest of tail dark brown, with large white tips ; wings greyibh 
brown, primaries with narrow whitish edges on outer webs; underparts 
dingy white, washed with greyiah or with ferruginous brown ; 
under tail-feathers brown with white tips ; feathers of occiput prolonged 
into a long crest. Total length about 0*5 inches, culmen 
0-5-0*58, wing 3*2-3*4, tail 3*7-3*8. tarsus 0*9. 

The sexes are alike in plumage. 
Hab. $"ew South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia. 


7. OERTHIPAEUS. 75 
a, b. Ad. sk. S.E. Australia. Oapt. Start [P.]. 
c, d. Ad. sk. S.E. Australia. F.D.Godmau and O.Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
e, f. Ad. sk. S. Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.]. 

7. CERTHIPARUS*. 
Type. 
Mohoua, Less. Compl Buff. ix. p. 139 (1837) C, ochrocephalus. 
Certhiparus, De Lafresnaye, Revue Zool. 1842, p. 69. C. albicillus. 
Clitonyx, Reichenb. Handb. spec. OrnitJt. I. p. 167 

(1851) 
C. ochrocephalus 

Head of Certhiparus ochrocephalus. 

Bill similar to that of Sphenostoma ; nostrils operculated and exposed 
; first primary quill well developed, in 0. ochrocephalus even 
louger than three fourths of the next primary, which again is comparatively 
short; secondaries short, only three fourths to four fifths 
of the whole wing; tail about equal to the wing in length, either 
graduated or square (O. ochrocephalus) \ tip of wing formed by fourth, 
fifth, and sixth primaries. Without a crest. 

Range. Confined to JNTew Zealand. 

1. Certhiparus albicillus. 
Fringilla albicilla, Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 662 (1826). 
Parus senilis, Dubus, Bull. Ac. Roy. Brux. vi. p. 297 (1839). 
Certhiparus senilis, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 69. 
Certhiparus albicillus, Gray, Voy. JSreb. <$ Terr. p. 6, pi. 5. fig. 2 


(1844; j id. Gen. B. i. p. 194; Bp. C. A. p. 228 j id. C. R. 1854, 

p. 60. 
Certhiparus cinerea, Ellmann, Zool. 1861, p. 7465. 
• 
Mohoua? albicilla, Gray, Ibis, 1862, p. 220. 
Orthonyx albicilla, 
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 185, no. 2535 (1869); 
Finsch, J.f. 0.1870, p. 253; Button, Cat. B. New Zeal. p. 9 (1871) ; 
Buller, B. New Zeal. p. 101, pi. 12. fig. 1 j id. Man. p. 16, pi. 9. 
fig. 2. 

Adult. Head and neck all round, breast, and middle of abdomen 
white; rest of underparts dull white, with a vinous brown tinge ; 
mantle, back, and quills brown; the wing-coverts and outer edges 

* Regarding the systematic position of the species included in this genus see 
Forbes, ' Ibis,' 1882, p. 544. 
76 "BA.BIDM. 

of quills paler; tail light yellowish brown, quills internally edged. 
with pale yellow ; " bill black ; feet bluish black, with paler soles and 
brown claws; iris black'* (Bidler). Total length about 5%5 inches, 
culmen 0*55, wing 2*75-2*9, tail 2*7-2*9, tarsus 1. 

Young. Underparts and crown of head dull white ; general colour 
above pale brown. 
Hah. North Island of New Zealand. 

a, b, c. (S 2 ad. sk. New Zealand. Capt. Stoke- ~P.~. 
d, e. Ad. bk. Bay of Inlands, New Antarctic Expedition ~_C.\ 
Zealand. 
/ . Ad. &k. New Zealand. Purchased. 

2. CertMparus novse zealandise. 
New-Zealand Titmou-e, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. o53 (1751). 
Paras nova? seelandise, Gm. Syst. Xai. i. p. 1013 i\~*z$). 
Paras novffi zeaiandiae. Lath. Ind. Oru. ii. p. -571 (1700); Vieill. Sou?. 


Diet xx. p. 330. 
Parus zelandicus, Quoy et Gainu Voy. AsiroL i. p. 210. pi. 2. hg. 3 

(1830). 
CertMparus novas zelandiee, Be Lafresn. Rev. Zool. 1542, p. f»9. 
CertMparus novae seflandi», Gray in DUffinb. Travel*, ii. App. p. 150 

(1843); id. Voy. Enbm ^ Terror, Birds, p. G, pi. 3. ±ijr- 1: id. Gm. 

B. i. p. 194; id. Ih\ ler>i>, p. 221; /£ Hand-L B. i. p. r2;«t n«». 3407. 
CertMparus novae zeaiandiae, Fiasch, J. f. 0.1*570, p. 2-*>4; Hntton, 
B. X. fe//. p. 11* ZWfer, B. X Zeal p. 105: id. Man. B. Xtw 
Zeal p. 21. 
CertMpanib maeulicaudus, #>*#*/ in Di^ffmb. Trav. ii. ^I^/J. p. Ib9 
(lt*43): i>f. Gen. B. i. p. 194; id. Ibh, 1*>02, p. 221 • <tf. J2W-7. 

5 . i. p. 235, no. 3405. 
Parus urostigina, Font. Dfscr. Am'm. p. 90 |1S44). 
General colour above and crown of head red-brown : tail brighter, 
all the feathers but the central pair with a large blackish brown 
subterminal patch on the inner web ; wing-covert^ and quills dark 
brown, externally washed with the colour of the back ; sides of neck 
and hind neck dark grey; all the underparts dull white with an 
isabelline tinge, especially on the abdomen and on the under wing-
coverts ; under tail-coverts pinkish isabelline ; bill and feet brown ; 


 iris grey7!(F. Stranr/e). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 

2*4-2-5, tail 2*4, tardus 0*9. 
The sexes are alike in plumage. 
Hah. New Zealand. 

a, b. d 2 ad. sk. New Zealand (F. StrangeY Capt. Stoke? ~P.~. 

c. [c?] ad, sk. South Inland, New Zealand. J. White, E«*q" "P.], 
d. Ad. bk. New Zealand. Dr. A. Sinclair"'Pi], 
3. Certhiparns ochrocephalns. 
Yellow-headed Flycatcher, Lath. Gen. fiyn. ii, p. 342 (1753). 
Muscicapa ochrocephala, Gin. S. X. i. p. 944 f 1768, ex Lath ). 
Certhia heteroclites, Quoy et Gainu Voy. AitroL L pL 17. fig. 1 

(1830). 

8. pANmairs, 
77 

Mohoua hua, Less. Compl. Buff. ix. p. 139 (1837). 
Orthonyx icterocephalus, Lafr. Bev. Zool. 1839, p. 257. 
Orthonyx heteroclitus, Lafr. Mag. Zool. 1839, pi. 8. 
Mohoua oclirocepliala, dray, List Gen. B. p. 25 (T841); id. Voy. 


JSreb. $ Terr., Birds, p. 5; id. Una, 1862, p 226. 
Muscicapa chloris, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 87 (1844). 
Orthonyx ochrocephala, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 151, pi. 46 (1847); id. 

Hand-l. B. i. p. 185, no. 2234; Button, Cat. B. New Zeal p. 8; 
Bidler, B. New Zeal p. 103, pi. 12. fig. 2 (1873); id. Man. B. N. 
Zeal. p. 16, pi. 9. fig. 1. 

Adidt male. Head and neck all round and the whole breast 
bright golden yellow; flanks washed with brownish grey ; abdomen 
and thighs greyish white; mantle, scapulars, and back yellowish 
brown with an olive tinge ; feathers of hind neck washed with the 
same colour; tail uniform dark olive-yellow; quills brown, edged 
with olive-yellow; wing-coverts more yellow than brown; edge 
of wing, under wing-coverts, and inner web of quills lemon-yellow ; 
bill, feet, and iris black (Bidler). Total length about 6 inches, culmen 
0*6, wing 3-3*3, tail 2-7-3, tarsus 1-1. 

Adult female like the male, but with the wing-coverts more like 
the back. 
Young birds have the yellow parts strongly washed with olive-

brown. 
Hah. South Island of Few Zealand. 
Observation. All the adult specimens I have been able to ex


amine have the tips of the tail-feathers more or less abraded, so that 
the pointed shafts project. 

a. Ad.; b. $ ad. sk. New Zealand. Capt. Stokes [P.]. 
c. Ad. sk. South Island, N. Z. J. White, Esq. [P.]. 
8. PANURUS. w 
Type. 
Panurus, Koch, System, d. baier. Zool i. p. 202 (1816).. P. biarmicus. 
Calamophilus, Leach, Syst. Cat. M. fy B. Brit. Mus. p. 17 

(1816) .* P. biarmicus. 
Mystacinus, Bote, Lsis, 1822, p. 556 P. biarmicus. 
Hypenites, Gloger, Handb. Naturgesch. p. 281 (1842) .. P. biarmicus. 
Paroides (pt.), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 193 (1847). 

Nostrils ovate, with a large operculum, the nasal opening situated 
posteriorly, hidden by small plumes. Tongue horny, obtuse, divided 
at the end, terminating in a few horny bristles. 

Range. The same as of the single species. 

1. Panurus biarmicus. 
Parus 
biarmicus, Linn. S. N i. p. 342 (1766) • Penn. 'Arctic 
Zool p. 428; Bechst. Vbg. Deutschl. iv. p. 754; Betzius, Faun. 
Suec. p. 272; Temm. Mm. d'Orn. p. 298; Bonn, et Vieill Enc. 
Meth. p. 503; Vieill Gal Ois. p. 89, pi. 69; BotLV, Orn. Brov. 

p. 195, pis. 123a & 1295 ; Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 319; Less. Traits 
tfOm. p. 457; Sioains. Class. B. ii. p. 256; d'Orbigny, Ois. d'Eur. 
78 PARID^. 

pi. 32 ; Schinz, Europ. Faun. p. 221 ; Kjcerbolling, Danmarhs Fugle, 
pi. 23; Keulemans, Onze Vogels, pi. 16; Booth, Hough Notes, 

pi. — • 
Parus russicus, 6r?w. ifezse ^wrcA Russl. ii. p. 165, t. 10 (1774). 
Bearded Titmouse, Lath. Gen, Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 552 (1783). 
Calamophilus biarmicus, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. fyc. Brit.Mus.y. 17 

(1816) ; Licht. Komencl. p. 37; Selys-Lvngck. Faune Beige, p. 103; 
Thompson, Nat. Hist. Ireland, p. 213; Butler, Sir. F. 1876, p. 154; 
Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 49, pi. 102. 

Panurus biarmicus, Koch, System, baier. Zoo!, p. 201, Taf. v. fig. 43 
(bill and tongue fgared); Bp. C. A. p. 231 (1850); Cab. Mus. 
Hein. i. p. 89; Salvad. Faun. Ital. ii. p. 64; Sundev. Av. Meth. 
Tent. p. 30 ; Danford # Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 303 ; David <§• Oustalet, 
Ois. Chine, p. 295• JPrjev. in Bowl. Orn. Misc. p. 191, sp. 91 
(1877). 

Mystacinus biarmicus, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 556. 
^Egithalus biarmicus, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 975: Gray, Hand-l. B. i. 


p. 237, no. 3428 (1869). 
Mystacinus russicus, Brehm, Vbg. Deutschl. p. 474 (1831). 
Mystacinus arundinaceus, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 474 (1831). 
Mystacinus dentatus, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 474 (1831). 
Parus barbatus (Briss.), Pall. Zoogr. Mosso-As. p. 549 (1831) ; Holland. 
Wirbelthiere Bommems, p. 60 (1871). 
Calamophilus barbatus, Keys, fy Blasius, Wirb. Eur. p. xliii (1840). 
Hypenites barbatus, Gloger, Handb. Naturg, p. 281 (1842). 
Mystacinus barbatus, Schleg. Handl. Dierk. p. 350 (1857). 
Paroides biarmicus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 193 (1847). 
Panurus barbatus, Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 208. 

Male. Head above pale bluish grey; lores, region in front of the 
eye, and cheeks deep black; the feathers of the latter are elongated 
and, being directed backwards, form a long moustache; hind neck, 
mantle, and entire back burnt sienna ; tail-feathers like the back but 
rather darker, except the two outermost pairs, which are blackish at 
their basal half and pale grey at the rest; scapulars white tinged 
fulvous ; lesser wing-coverts greyish, the greater and median ones 
black, edged with rusty red ; the primary-coverts and primary quills 
dark brown, with broad white margins to the outer webs; secondaries 
brown, with broad rusty-red edges; chin, throat, and upper breast 
white, with a slight bluish-grey tinge; sides of neck and breast 
with a pink tinge ; middle of abdomen, under tail-coverts, and thighs 
whitish creamy, sides and flanks like the back; under tail-coverts deep 

black ; bill pale orange; feet black ; iris orange-yellow. Total 
length 6 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 2-35, tail 3*3, tarsus 0-75-0*8. 

Female. Head above greyish fawn ; no moustache; under tail-
coverts fawn-colour. All the other parts coloured as in the male, 
but not so bright; feathers of the back with dark-brown longitudinal 
central streaks. 

Young. Centre of back and part of the mantle dull black; rest 
of upper back and hind neck pale buff; the central tail-feathers 
have the basal two thirds pale buff, the rest black-brown ; the other 
pairs tipped with white ; underparts pale buff, whitish on the throat, 
centre of breast, and abdomen. 

9. REGULUS. 
70 

Young males have a blackish stripe along the sides of the crown 
and a blackish spot in front of the eye ; bill and feet brown. 
Rub' All over Europe (except in Sweden, Norway, and Northern 
Russia), extending into Turkestan. 

Obs. Specimens from Turkestan (June 2) are very pale above and 
below, almost creamy whitish; but the new feathers of the tail are 
of the ordinary rusty-red colour. They represent probably the 
Calamophilus sibiricus of Bonaparte (C. E. xliii. p. 414). 

a. Pull. sk.
b. Juv. sk. 
England. 
Norfolk. 
J. Gould, Esq. [0.]. 
Gould Collection. 
c. (S ad. sk.
d-i. <S $ ad. sk.
k, I. 6 9. ad. sk. 
Norfolk. 
Norfolk, April 4, 1856(0. 8.). 
France. 
Gould Collection. 
F. D. Godinan and 0. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
Gould Collection. 
m, n,o. 6 6) 2 ad.
sk. 
Turkestan, Saissan-Nor, 
June 2,1876. 
Dr. 0. Finsch [C.]. 

Subfamily EEGULIN^E. 

Bill shorter than rest of the head; culmen straight, not rounded 
but keeled, slightly notched. Nostrils basal, with an oval opening in 
front of a coriaceous groove, indistinctly operculated, covered with 
a small stiff and peculiarly shaped feather. Nasal and rictal bristles 
hardly developed. First primary equal to half the second in length; 
tip of wing formed by fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries. Tail square, 
or slightly emarginated, the feathers pointed at their tips. Tarsus 
long, more than twice and a half the length of the hallux without 
claw, anteriorly covered with one long scutum. Male with a vividly 
coloured crown; rest of the soft and lax plumage dull olive. 

Birds of very small size, inhabiting the entire Palsearctic and 
Nearctic regions, and extending to the Himalayas. 
One genus, with about four species. 

9. EEGULTJS. 
Type. 
Kegulus, Koch, Syst. baier. Zool. p. 199 (1816) R. cristatus. 
Phyllobasileus, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 33 (1850) R. calendula. 
C orthylio, Cab. J. f. 0. 1853, p. 83 R calendula. 

Head of BegultLS cristatus (magnified), to show feather covering the nostril. 

80 
PARIDJL 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Centre of crown and crest vermilion-red calendula, p. 85. 
b. 
Centre of crown and crest orange-red and yellow. 
a\ Orange-yellow patch on sides of neck. j »f*f™™is> P- 84 
V. 
No patch on sides of neck. . » igmcapihus, p. 83. 
a". Centre of crest reddish orange; a whitish 
superciliary line safrapa, p. 82. 
b". Whole crest yellow ; no white superciliary 

cristatus & hima


line 

layensis, p. 80. 

1. Regulus cristatus. 
Motacilla regulus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 338 (1706); Gm. S. N. i. p. 905 
HKB&). 

Sylvia regulus, Scop. Ann. I. Hist. Nat. p. 1G1 (17(59); Lath. Inch 

~Um. ii. p. 548, pi. 2. (1790); JBechsi. Omith Taschenb. p. 189 
(1802) ; Meyer Sf Wolf, Taschenb. JDeutschL Vog. p. 250; Temm. 
Man. d'Orn. p. 229. 

Regulus cristatus, Koch, System, d. baler. ZnoL p. 199 (1816) ; Vielll. 

N. Diet d'Hist Nat. p. 420, t. 29; id. Faune Frang. p. 229; 
Temm. Man. dOrn. p. 157; id. PL CoL 031. fig. 3 ; Namn. 
Vog. JDeutschL pi. 93. figs. 1, 2 ; Werner, Atlas, Inseciivures, pi. ("0; 
Gould, B. JEur. pi. 148 ; Keys. Sf Lias. Wirb. Eur. p. Iv ; ScMegel, 
Revue, p. sliv ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 175 ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus, uis. 
Soc. p. 186; Temm. fy Schl. Faun. Jap., Aves, p. 70 ; JBp. Consp. i. 
p. 291; Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 34; Kjcerbdlling, Danmarks 
Fugle, iA.M; Sunder. Svensk. Fogl. pi. 15.'fig. 2 ; Fritzsch, Vog. 
Fur. pi. 19. figs. 5, 6; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. ii. pi. 09; Degl. $ 
Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 553; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 218, no. 3100 ; 
JDroste, Vogelw. Borkums, p. 89 ; Perini, Ornitol. Veronese, p. 210; 
Bettoni, Ucc. Lomb. pi. 106; Alium, Forstzoologie, p. 193; New* 
ton, ed. Yarr. Brit. B. p. 449 ; Dresser, B. Eur. ii. pi 71. 
Regulus vulgaris, Steph. Gen. Zool. x. pt. 2, p. 758 (1817). 
Eegulus japonicus, Bp. C. R. Ac. Sc. xliii. p. 767 (sine descript., 
1856); Swinh. P. £ A 1808, pp. 38^451, 602, & 1871, p. 358; 

Dav. $* OustaTT'Ois, Chine, p. 276. 
Regulus aureo-capillus, Meyer, Taschenb. deufsch. Vogelk. iii. p. 108 

(1822). 
Regulus crococephalus, Brehn, Beitr. Vogelk. ii. p. 120 (1822); id. 
~~~Lehrbuch, D. 275 (lb28). 
Regulus fla\ icapillus, Namn. Vog. Beutschl. iii. p. 968 (1823) 
'~~~Schinz, Eur. Faun. p. 207 (1840) ; Roux, Orn. Provenc. pi. 234 

Bouteil, Orn. Dauphin, pi. 27. 
Regulus septentrionalis, Brehn, Vog. Beutschl. p. 479 (1831). 
Regulus chrysocephalus, Brehn, op. cit. p. 481. 
Regulus auricapilliis, Selby, Brit. Orn. i. p. 229 (1833). 


a. R. himalay&nsis. 
Regulus himalayensis, Jerd. B. Lnd. ii. p. 206 (1863); Gould, B. Asia. 

ii. p. 206 (1869); Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 218, no. 3102; Swinh 
P.Z.S. 1871, p. 358; David, Noiw. Arch. Mus. Bull., Cat Ois. 
Chine, sp. 196 (1871) ; id. 8? OmtaL Ois. Chine, p. 276; Prjev. in 
Daioson Rowley's Orn. Miscell. ii. p. 57; Stoliezka, Sir. F. 1875, 
p. 246. 
Regulus cristatus, v. Pelz. Ibis, 1868, p. 308 (nee Koch). 
9 . REGULirS. 
Adult male. General colour above dingy or olive-green, passing 
into yellowish on the ramp and on the upper tail-coverts• wing-
coverts and secondary quills dark brown with whitish terminal spots, 
and externally edged with the dingy green colour of the back; primary 
quills brown, externally edged with yellowish green; basal 
part of the secondaries white, middle part blackish without any sign 
of yellowish edgings, rest of the secondaries brown, with yellowish 
edgings to the outer web and with whitish tips; the wing therefore 
shows a large blackish patch in the middle, anteriorly bordered 
by the white tips of the greater wing-coverts; under wing-coverts, 
edge of wing, axillaries, and inner margin of quills whitish; tail-
feathers brown, externally bordered with yellowish green; all 
the underparts dingy white, more or less strongly washed with 
greenish yellow or creamy colour• centre of crest bright orange-
yellow, bordered on either side and in front by a narrow bright 
yeEow streak, this again bordered by a black or blackish streak; 
side» of head and ear-eoverts dingy greenish grey; region round the 
eye, lores, and chin whitish; bill blackish brown; legs and claws 
pale horny brown. Total length about 3*75 inches, culmen 0*4, 
wing 2*1, tail 1*5, tarsus 0*7. 

Adult f* male. Very much like the adult male in colour; but the 
centre of the crest is simply bright yellow with no orange colour. 
Youtvj birds have the crown of the head without any yellow, and 
the general colour above is a dusky grey with a dingy olive tinge. 
Hah. The Golden-crested Wren is found throughout the Palsearetic 
Region. 

Obs. In the N.W. Himalayas and Western China it is represented 
by a somewhat larger race (H. Mmcdayensis, Gould). The 
differences in size between the Himalayan and the European birds 
are but slight, if we compare the former with a large series of E. 
cnstatus* The flame-coloured interior of the crest is scarcely more 
developed in the Asiatic form than in old birds of the European 
species. The two specimens in the British-Museum collection from 
the Himalayas measure as follows:— 

c?. Wing 2-3 inches, tail 1*64, tarsus 0*7. 

$ (Nepal). Wing 2*03 inches, tail 1*45, tarsus 0*7, 

Megidus eristatus. 

a. Ad. sk Cork, Ireland. W. Mahony, Esq. [P.]. 
b, Juv. sk. Colebrooke, Aug. (A. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
B. Brooke), 
e. Ad. sk. Saffron Walden. J. Clarke, Esq. [P.]. 
d. <$ ad. sk. Shropshire, Jan. Gould Collection. 
e. Ad. sk. Devonshire. Col. Montagu [P.l 
/ . Ad. sk. (albino). Devonshire. Col. Montagu [P.T. 
g, h. Ad. sk. Avington, Hants. E. Shelley, Esq. [P.]. 
*, & 6 2 ad. sk. Avington, Hants, Nov. 25. Capt. Shelley [P.], 
I [ 61 pidl. sk. Isle of Wight. T. Butler, Esq. [P.]. 
m. Pull. sk. Maidenhead, Berks. Gould Collection. 
n. 
2 ad. sk. Middlesex (O. &). F. D. Godman and O 
Salvia, Esqrs .[P."|. 
VOL. VIII 

82 
PAEIDJE. 

o. Ad. sk. 
p. 
$ ad. sk. 
q, r. c? ad. sk. 

s. Ad. sk. 
t. Ad. sk. 
u. 
$ ad. sk. 
#, w, x. <$ J ad. 
& juv. sk. 
?/, s. (5 5 ad. sk. 

&'. [ § ] ad. sk. 

5'. $ ad. sk. 
e'. $ ad. sk. 
d', e'. tf $ ad. sk. 
Z',<7'. c?$ ad. 

sk. 
h', Ad. in spirits. 

a, [ g ] ad. sk.

6.[c?lad. sk. 
c, d. 2 ad. sk. 


e. (S ad. sk. 
Middlesex. 

Surrey, Jan. 1857. 

Surrey. 
Paris. 
Mongeroii; Soine-et-Oise. 


S. Norway, March 20, 1859. 
Teneriffe, May 1871 (F. D. 
G.). 

S. 
Michaels, Azores, April 
18G5 (F. D. G.). 
Fayal, Azores, March I860 

(F. I). G.). 
Japan. 
Japan. 
Hakodadi. 
Hakodadi, Oct. & Nov. 1864 


(H Whitely). 

Prussia. 

Himalayan Race. 

 Nepal. 

Nepal. 
As tor, Kashmere, Oct., 
11,000 feet. 
Native Sikkini (MandelU). 

E. Churton, Esq. 
P. 
D. Godrnan and 0. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
Gould Collection. 
Gould Collection. 

P. B. Sharpe, E.q. [P.]. 
F. 
I). Godrnan and 0. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
P. 
D. Godrnan and 0. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
P. 
D. Godrnan and 0. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
P. 
J). Godrnan and 0. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
Gould Collection. 
Purchased. 

H. Pryer, Esq. [C.]. 
Gould Collection. 
Dr. PI. Gadow [P.]. 

B. II. Hodgson, E.sq. 
[P.]. 
Gould Collection. 
Major Biddulph [P.]. 

Eugene W. Gates, Esq.1 

2. Regulus satrapa*. 
Sylvia regulus, Wils. Am. Orn. pi. 8. fig. 2 (1808). 

•Regulus cristatus, Audub. B. Am. ii. pi. 132; id. Or/i. Biogr. ii. 
pi. 183. 
Regulus satrapa, IAcht. Verz. Doahl. no. 410 (1823); Gray, Gen. B. 

i. p. 175; Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 34 j Baird, B. N. Am. p. 227; 
IScUiter, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 212; Badeker, J.f. 0. 1856, p. 33, pi. 1. 
fig. 9 ; Neuioied, J. f. O. 1858, p. iii; Dresser, Ibis, I8G0, p. 476; 
Gray, Hand-l. B. \. p. 218, no. 3104; Scl §• Salv. Komencl Ai\ 
Neotr. p. 4 \ Cooper, B. Calif, i. p. 32; Baird} Breiver, Sf Bidgicay, 

* REGULUS CUVIERI. 
Regulus cuvieri, Audub. Orn. Biogr. L p. 288, pi. 55 (1832); Gray, Gen. 

B. 
i. p. 175 ; Baird, B. N. Am. p. 228 ; id. Bev. Am. B. p. (JO; Baird, 
Brew., $ Ridgw. K A. B. I p. ^75. 
Corthylio cuvieri, Cab. J.f. 0. 1853, p. 83. 
Sylvia cuvieri, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 216, no. 3070. 


Messrs. Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway make the following remarks on this 
bird: "This species continues to be unknown, except from the description of 
Mr. Audubon. It appears to differ mainly from B. satrapa in having two black 
bands (not one) on the crown anteriorly, separated by a whitish one; the extreme 
forehead being black instead of white as in B. satrapa. The specimen 
was killed in June 1812 on the banks of the Schuylkil River in Pennsylvania." 

9 . REGULUS. 
83 

X. A. B. i. p. 73; Cones, B. Color ad. Vail. p. 90 (cf. for American 
references): id. Key X. A. B. p. 78. 
Reguluacribtatus, Vieill. Ois. Am. ii. pi. 106 (1807). 
Regains tricolor, Audub. Orn. Biogr. ii. p. 470 (1831-39). 
Regains reguloides, Jardine, Wilson1 s Am. Orn. i, p. 127 (1832). 
Regains satrapa, var. olivaseens, Baird, Bev. Am. B. p. 65 (1864). 

This species, although very similar to B. ignkctpillus in general 
colour and appearance, can always be distinguished by the following 
differences:—1. The old male of B. satrapa has the hind neck and 
the sides of the neck grey, with only a very slight olive hue, whilst 
in 11. irjiiieajpilhts these parts are of the same intense olive-green 
colour as the mantle, gradually passing into olive-yellow on the sides 
of the neck; 2. The forehead is white instead of buff or creamcolour 
; 3. The centre of the crest is no doubt brighter-coloured. 
The females of both species are alike in colour; and the young birds 
are without the coloured crown. Length of wing 2-1-2-25 inches, 
tail 1*75, tarsus 0*65. 

If ah. The American Fire-created "Wren is found throughout 
Xorth America, extending thence into Mexico. 

Ohs. Professor Baird remarks that " the western specimens are 
much brighter and more olivaceous above, especially on rump and 
tail, than (he eastern, and may possibly constitute a different race, 
or variety olivact its" The British Museum has no specimens of 
ll.satrifjta from Eastern Xorth America. 

a, b. d 2 a<l. st. N. America. Purchased. 
c. J ad. i>k. Chicago, April 12, II. K. Coale, Esq. [P.], 
187K 
d, e. d 2 ad. sk. W. side ofMountains. 
Rocky J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
/ , (1- d ? ad. sk. W. side of Rocky J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
Mountains. 
h, L [d ] ad. sk.
Ii. [ cJ] ad. sk.
I. m. [ $ ] ad. skw. F d ] a"d. hk.
o. Juv. sk. 
Vancouver's Island. 
Vancouver's Island. 
British Columb 
N. America. 
Mexico.
ia. 
Br. Lyall fC.]. 
Gould Collection. 
J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.]. 
Gould Collection. 
Gould Collection. 
p, q. 2 ad. sk. Mexico. Gould Collection. 

3. Begulus ignicapiHus. 
Souci ou Poule, Buff. PI. Bnl pi. 051.fig. 3. 
Svhia regains, Bechsteiyi, Ornith. Taschenb. p. 189 (1802). 
Byl\iaignicapilla, Brelun, in Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 231 (1820); 
^Xaum. Tog. Deutsehl. iii. pi 93. figs. 4, 5, 6. 
Itesulus ignicapillus, Meyer, Taschenb. Bei(tse7d. Vogelh. iii. p. 109 


(1822)* Werner, Atlas, Inseetivores, pi. 61; Roux, Orn. Provenc. 

I 

Bur. p. _. 7 . „ , , x , v. . . -, 

C. A. i. p. 291; Cab. Mus. Hem. Th. i. p. 34; Kjcerbdll Banmarhs 
Fuqle, pi. 54. fig. 5; Frifsch, Fog. Bur. pi. 19. figs. 1,2 : Begland 
8f Gerbe, Ois. Bur. i. p. 555 • Gould, B. Gt. Br. ii. pi. 70; Sehlegel, 
Q2 

84 
3>A.RID.E. 

Vog. Nederl. pi. 124; von Droste, Vogeho. Borkums, p. 90; Per ini, 
Omit. Veronese, p. 212; Album, Forstzooiogie, p. 194; Newton, ed. 
Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 456; Dresser, B. Eur. ii. p. 459, pi. 72.fig-. 1. 

Regulus pyocephalus, Brehm, Beitr. Yogelk. ii. p. 130, pi. L iig. 1 

(1822); id. Lehrbuch, p. 276; id. Vog. Beutsehl p. 4S& 

Regulus mybtaceus, F^w/. Faun. Franc, p. 281 (1822). 

Regulus nilsonii, Brehm, Vog. Beutsehl. p. 4^2 {1S31J. 

Regulus brachyrhynchus, Brehm, f. c. p. 4b3 (1&31 j . 

-4c?w?i m«Ze?. General colour above olive-green, sometimes with a 
strong yellow tinge, especially on the sides of the neck ; hear! above 
much the same in colour as that of B. cristaius; but the forehead 
is cream-colour, from which pas&es a pure white rather broad 
streak over the eye and over the ear-coverts ; lores and a streak 
through the eye greyish black; ear-coverts grey; the middle of the 
crest generally more reddish and less yellow than in B. eristatus 
; underparts dingy white, scarcely washed with cream-colour. 
In all the other parts this species closely resembles R. eristatv*. 
Total length about 3'7o inches, culmen 0*4, whig 2-2*1, tail 1*7, 
tarsus 0*65-0*7. 

The female has the crown of the head simply sulphur-yellow, 
hind neck and sides of neck pale ding}* grey, rest of the upper parH 
grey, with a strong olive tinge. 

Young birds have the whole head grey, mottled with blackish 
terminal spots, the underparts dingy white, with a creamy tin^c. 
Bab. Europe and Asia Minor. 

a. S ad. sk. England. Gould Collection. 
b. Ad. sk. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker P.". 
e, d. S 
ad. sk. Europe. F. 1). Gud.wii and O, 
Salvin, E-qr-. "!*._,. 

e. $ ad. sk. Europe. Purcha-td. 
f. <$ ad. tk. Heligoland, October E. W. Odtt^E-q. 'PA 
KQ(Gatte). 
g,h. <$2 ad. sk. Gibraltar. Ctl. Irby "P.". 

i. Ad.sk. Maritime Alp-. Gould Collection. 
h, I. S ad. & pull. sk. Sardinia, May IbTl 1L B. SLaipe, Esq.rP."; 
(A. B. Brooke}. 
m. Ad. *k. Malta. Gould Collection. 
n. (S ad. sk. Asia Minor. T. Ilohmn T. J. 
4. Eegnlus maderensis. 
Regulus ftf Vernon Sarconrf, Ann. fy Mag. N II. l*Z3f p. .>, 
Regulus maderensis, Vernon Hareourf, P. Z. if. 1854, p. L>3; Bollr 

J.f. 0.1867, j>. 284; Gray, Iland-L B. i. p. 21b, no. 3103'; God 
man, Ibis, 1872, p. 178; Dresser, B. Eur. ii, p. 405? pi, 7$. %, 2, 
Adult male. General colour above yellowish green; sides of neck 
almost entirely orange-fellow; ear-coverts and a small irregular 
band round the hind neck grey; forehead, the region immediately 
round the eye, and a superciliary streak white; centre of crown 
orange-yellow, bordered in front and on the sides by black feathers; 
breast washed with orange-yellow. In all the other parts this 

9 . BEGULTTS. 8 5 
species closely resembles R. ignicapillus. Total length about 3*7 
inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*1, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*8. 

Hab. Madeira. 
a. Ad. sk. Madeira. E. Vernon Harcourt, Esq. 
[P.]. (Type of species.) 
b, c} d, e. tf $ ad. sk.
/ , g, h. S $ ad. skiy lx. Ad. in spirits. 
Madeira, June 1871. 
Madeira. 
Madeira. 
F. D. Godman and 0. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
F. D. Godman and 0. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
Purchased. 

5. Regulus calendula. 
La Poule ou Souci de Pensilvanie, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 584 (1760). 
Motacilla calendula, Linn. 8. K i. p. 337 (1766) • Audub. B. Am. 

pi. 133; id. Orn. Biogr. ii. pi. 195. 
Parus griseus, Gmel. S. AT. i. p. 1010. 
Sylvia calendula, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 549 (1790); Wilson, Am. Orn. 

pi. 5. fig. 3; Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 216, no. 3068. 
Regulus calendula, Licht. Verz. DoubL no. 408 (1823) ; Gray, Gen. 

B. i. p. 175; Baird, B. K Am. p. 2*26; Sclat. P. Z.8. 1857, 
p. 202, 1858, p. 300, 1859, p. 362, 1864, p. 172; Gould, P.Z.8. 
1«58, p. 290 (Scotland); Cooper, B. Calif, i. p. 33; Bernhardt, 
Ibis, 1861, p. 5 (Greenland)-, Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 475; Coues, 
Key N. A. B. p. 78; Sol. § Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 4; 
Baird, Brew., fy Ridgw. N. A. B. i. p. 75 ; Coues, B. Colorado Vail. 
p. 92 (of. for American references). 
Regains rubineus, Vieill Ois. Am. Sept. ii. p. 49, pis. 104 & 105 (1807). 
Phyllobasileus calendula, Cab. 3Ius. Hein. i. p. 33 (1850). 
Reguloides calendula, Bp. C. A. i. p. 292 (1850). 
Corthylio calendula, Cab. J.f.O. 1853, p. 83. 
In this species the small peculiarly shaped feather which overlaps 
the nostril is either rudimentary or entirely absent. 

Adult male. General colour above dingy olive-grey, passing into 
olive-green on the lower back and on the upper tail-coverts; the 
centre of the crest vermilion-red, and not bordered by yellow or black, 
the whole of the rest of the crown of the head being of the same 
dull colour as the mantle and hind neck; sides of head, forehead, 
and ear-coverts somewhat paler and more yellowish; lores and the 
immediate region round the eyes whitish; all the utderparts are 
dingy creamy white. Total length about 4 inches, culmen 0*4-0*5, 
wing 2*3-2*4, tail 2*8, tarsus 0*7-0*8. 

Young birds are without the coloured crown. 

Eab. Nearly the whole of the Nearctic Region, ranging from 
Repulse Bay and Greenland in the north, southwards to Guatemala. 

a. Ad. sk. K America. Purchased. 
b. S ad. sk. N America. Gould Collection. 
e. Ad. sk. California. Purchased. 
d,e.d2 ad. sk. West side of Rocky Mts. J. K Lord, Esq. f P.]. 
/ . <? ad. sk. West side of Rocky Mts. J. K Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
g. cS ad, sk. 49th Parallel (G,JDawson). N. A. Boundary Commission. 
h. Ad. sk. Chicago, Sept. 30, 1874 II. K. Coale, Esq. [P.]. 
i, h. 6 ad. sk. Repulse Bay. Dr. Rae [P.]. 
/. S ad. sk. Loch Lomondside, 1858 Qould Collection. 
(Dr. Dewar). 

10. LEPTOPCECILE. 
Type. 
Leptopoecile, Severtzow, Turhest. Jevotn.ta. 66 (1873) .. . L. sophi.e. 
Stoliczkana, Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 135 (1874) . . L. sophue. 

Details of structure of Leptopoecile sophice. 

Bill straight, slender and rounded at the culmen, like that of Phi/lloscopus. 
Nostrils longitudinal, with a well-developed coriaceous operculum, 
half protected by very fine bristles. Pirst primary comparatively 
long, second primary short; tip of wing formed hy fourth, 
fifth, and sixth primaries. Tail graduated, and equal to wing in 
length. Tarsus anteriorly covered with one long scutum (in old 
birds), and more than twice and a half the length of the hallux 
without claw. Plumage soft and rather thick. Coloration very 
peculiar. 

Range. Central Asia. 
This bird does certainly not belong to the Paridce, but is most 
closely allied to Phylloscojpus (see Cat. E. vol. v. pp. 2, 37). 

1. Leptopcecile sophiae. 
Q. 
m, Leptopcecile sophiae, Sevei~tz. Turk. Jevotn. pp. QQ, 135, pi. viii. figs. 
8 & 9 (d ?) (1871) ; Dresser, Ibis, 187(5, p. 171; Gould,'B. As. 
pt. xxviii.; Butler, Str. F. 1876, p. 153; David # Oust. Ois. 
C7iine,y.290 ',Prjev.Omith.Misc.^t.vi.p. 191,sp.92Q877); Scully, 
Ibis, 1881, p. 116. 
Stoliczkana stoliczkae, Hume, Str. F. 1874, pt. ii. p. 513. 

Adult. Porehead and a broad band over eyes and ear-coverts 
yellowish white; crown of head, nape, and chin vinous brown; 

10 . LEPTOP0ECILE. 
throat, fore neck, sides of breast, flanks, under and upper tail-
coverts, and rump vinous brown, strongly washed with cobalt-blue, 
especially the rump and flanks, the bluish colour being hardly perceptible 
on the crown ; mantle, back, wing-coverts, and quills narrowly 
edged with pale whitish olive; tail black-brown, with a 
greyish tint on the outer web of the inner pairs• outer web of outermost 
pair, and outer edge of next pair white; edge of wing, under 
wing-coverts, and a broad margin to inner web of quills pale creamcolour 
; centre of breast and abdomen cream-colour• " bill black; 
feet horny blackish brown; iris bright red" ($tolicz7ca). Total 
length 4*5 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 2*1, tail 2, tarsus 0*72. 

Female. Generally duller-coloured, the reddish-blue colour being 
confined to the rump; underparts pale brownish white or creamcolour 
; in size not differing from the male. 

Hal. Upper Cashmere, extending into Turkestan. 

a-c. Ad. sk. Kashsrar (Dr. Belleio). India Museum [P.], 
d, e. <$ 2 a<*-sk« Astor, Kashmere, lQ,000feet, Major Biddulph [P.], 
Oct. 3. 

88 LAmiBJE. 

Family LANIIDJE. 

Bill either strong, with the culmen curved, ending in a hook with 
a notch, in which case the bill is black or dark brown, or, secondly, 
oilmen straight, with hardly any hook and notch, and then of a 
bluish-white colour. Form of nobtrils very variable. Wings with 
ten primaries, the first at lea^t half the length of the second {except 
in Lanius minor) ; tip of wing formed by third, fourth, and fifth, 
or fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries. Tail very variable in shape, 
consisting of twelve feathers, not emarginated (except in Calicalieus). 
Tarsus on both sides covered with one long scutum (except in 
Mlaus), anteriorly generally scutellated. Toes four in number, 
middle toe the largest; nail of hind toe longer and stronger than 
that of the others. Insectivorous birds; with a few exceptions 
non-migratory, cosmopolitan; monogamous ; nest containing a few 
coloured eggs, and built in a tree. 

This family, the typical birds of which are described under the 

heading Laniince, includes some very aberiant forms, which, like 

Gymnorhina, Eopsaltria, Artamia, Xenopirostris, Nil aits, Xeolesks, 

and Calicalieus, render it quite impossible to give a concise diagnosis 

of what we have to understand by " Laniidce." The diagnosis of 

the Lantidw, as well as that of Paridce, as given by ITr. Sharpc in 

vol. iv. p. 7, is, for instance, applicable to the genera Lanius and 

Parus only. 

In the present case we have to consider Lanius as the taxonomic 
centre of the group, since all that is common to any two or more 
of the -QNO subfamilies of the Laniidce is typical of Lanius. In 
other words, the genus Lanius (and through this the subfamily 
Laniince), as defined on page 228, links the five subfamilies together; 
whilst, on the other hand, any attempt to trace the relationship between 
Lanius and other non-Laniine birds will show that some, or 
at least one, of the genera belonging to the other four subfamilies are 
the necessary intermediate forms. Thus, for instance, from Lanius we 
have one fairly continuous series leading through Oracticus and Gymnorhina 
to Strepera, Lycocorax, and the Corvince; again, through. 
Pachycephalia and Eopsaltria to the Muscicapince; through Calicalieus 
and Neolesies to the Pycnonotince. 

The Laniidce, as described in this volume, form neither a group 
complete in itself, nor are the lines of distinction always drawn 
closely enough. Thus Neolestcs and Eopsaltria ought, perhaps, 
to be left out; Strepera ought to stand with GymnorMna. Lastly, 
how many of the Gampephacjidce and of the so-called Timeliidae had 
better be joined, as a sixth subfamily, with the Laniidce, I am at 
present unable to tell. 

LANIIDJE. 80 

Synopsis of the Subfamilies. 

a. Nostrils placed almost midway 
between base and tip of the bill, 
formed by a longitudinal slit, 
quite bare of feathers or bristles. GYMNORIIlNI]STsE, p. SO. 
b. No.strils basal; either round and 
ossified, or oval and situated in 
a partly coriaceous groove. 
a', Feathers of back fluffy, forming 
a thick and soft cover 
of the rump; nostrils free, 
uncovered by bristles or feathers 
" MALACOXOTINJE, p. 103. 

b'. Feathers of back not flulFy; 
nostrils partly covered by 
feathers or bristles. 


a". Bill laterally compressed, 
strongly hooked and 
notched; culmen straight 
at basal half; nostrils 
round and completely ossified 
LANIlNsE, p. 228. 


b". Culmen curved downwards 
throughout its length, 
or the bill considerably 
flattened near the base; 
nostrils in a coriaceous 
groove, with an imperfect 
operculum PACHYCEPHALIA'ull, p. 172 

c". Bill generally laterally compressed 
; nostrils in front 
of a semiossified or coriaceous 
groove, circular, 
non-operculated. Principal 
colours green and yellow. 
Length of wing from 2 to 
3 inches. (American.) .. FIHEONINsE, $.202. 


Subfamily I. GYMNORHININJE. 

Pattern of colour Crow-like. Bill long and straight, broad and 
slightly rounded across its base. Nostrils completely bare, situated 
a long way from tho feathers of the face, margins quito ossified. 
Hallux with claw equal to middle toe and claw in length. First 
primary equal to two thirds of the second in length; tips of wing-
formed by third and fourth or fourth and fifth primaries. 

Sexes alike in plumage; the young birds brownish, with cross 
markings on tho feathers. The only colours occurring are black, 
white, grey, and red. 

Australian region, extending into Borneo. 

9 0 
LANI1DJE. 

Key to the Genera. 

a. Head partly bare; plumage red and black.. 1. PITYKIASIS, p. 00. 
b. 
Head covered with feathers; colours black, 
white, and grey. 
a'. Bill very straight and pointed, scarcely 

hooked; tail little shorter than half the 

length of the wing 
2. GYMNORHINA*, p. 91. 

b'. 
Bill rather curved at the culmen and 
gonys, strongly hooked; tail little shorter 
than wings 3. CRACTICTJS, p. 93. 


1. PITYRIASIS. 
Type. 
Pityriasis, Less. Compl. Buff. ii. p. 397 (1839) ... . P. gymnocephala. 
Pityriopsis, Reichenb. Si/st. Av. pi. lxxxix. fig.l9 (1850) P. gymnocephala, 

Head of Pityriasis gymnocephala. 

Bill very strong, the culmen completely rounded, and flat at 
the top, strongly hooked and notched. Nostrils formed by a longitudinal 
slit, quite free. Bill without any feathers, rictal or nasal 
bristles. Feathers of the crown, ear-coverts, and lower throat transformed 
into very peculiar structures. First primary very long, more 
than two thirds of the second, which is likewise long; wings 
very long, covering the whole tail, tip formed by third, fourth, and 
fifth primaries. Tail much shorter than wing, square. Tarsus 
anteriorly covered with one long scutum and one transverse scale; 
claws sharp and strong. Only colours black and red. 

Range. One species in Borneo. 

1. Pityriasis gymnocephala. 
Barita gymnocephala, Temm. PI. Col. ii. pi. 572 (1835); Sold. 
Handl. Bierh. i. p. 292. 
. Pityriasis gymnocephala, Less. Compl. Buff. ii. p. 397 (1838); id. 
Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 198; Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 36; Bp. 

C. A. i. p. 366 ; Chemi, End. Ois. v. p. 79, pi. 16. fig. 3 ; Sclater, 
P. Z. S. 1863, p. 206; Walden, Ibis, 1872f p. 371; Salvad. Ucc. 
Born. p. 159, tav. frontisp. 
* Hereto belongs, in ray opinion, Strepera of Cat. B. vol. iii. p. 57. 
2. GranfoitniNA. 
91 

Cracticus gymnoceplialus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 300 (1845) ; Schl. Mas. 
P.-B., Ooraces, p. 130. 
Gymnorhina gynmocephala, Gray, lland~l B. ii. p. 2, no. GOGS. 

-4cZwZi male. General colour above greyish Mack, all the feathers 
with a marginal edging of deeper black ; quills black, the primaries 
white at the middle of the inner web, increasing in extent 
in the inner ones ; head bare, of a yellow colour in life, and covered 
with little stiff bristles, many of them scarlet at base ; ioral plumes, 
sides of face, entire throat, and a collar round the hind neck brilliant 
scarlet; ear-coverts and a patch on the fore neck covered with 
dingy-brown bristly plumes, the bases of these feathers scarlet; 
thighs scarlet; bill black; feet pinkish white; iris dark brown. 
Total length between 9 and 10 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 5*9, tail 
3*35, tarsus 1-3. 

Adult female. Similar to the male; but some of the feathers of 
the flanks edged with scarlet. Total length 9-10 inches, culmen 
1-4, wing 0, tail 3*3, tarsus 1*35. 

Hab. Borneo. 
a. [c?] ad. st.
b. f ? J ad. at.
c. d. [<$] ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk. 
Borneo. 
Borneo. 
Sarawak. 
Borneo. 
Hugh Cuming, E^q. [C.]Hugh 
Cuming, Epq. I C.]. 
A. l l Wallace, E*q. [C.j. 
Gould Collection. 

2. GYMMOEHIMA. 
Type-
Gymnorhina, Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 37 G. tibicen. 
Gymnorrhina, Heicherib. Kandb. Kattirg. p. 281 (1850). 
Bill considerably longer than rest of head, straight and pointed, 

slightly notched, not hooked; culmen rounded and flattened. .Nostrils 
longitudinal slits, quite bare of feathers; a few rietal but no nasal 
bristles present. Wings very long and pointed, covering the whole 
tail; first primary long, half the length of the second; tip of wing 
formed by third and fourth primaries. Tail square, less than half the 
length of the wing. Tarsus anteriorly covered with many transverse 
scales, which have a tendency to fuse with one another. 

The sexes are alike in plumage ; the only colours black and white* 
Mange. Australia and Tasmania. 

1. Grymnorhina tibicen. 
Piping Boiler, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl p. 122. 
Coracias tibicen, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. xxvii. 
Barita tibicen, Temm. Man. d?0m. i. p. Ii: Le$s. Traite, p. 345


Bp. C. A. i. p. 367. 
Cracticus tibicen, Vig. 8? JKorsf. Tr. Linn. 8oc. sv. p. 200; Gould, 
8yn. B. Austr. part i.; Schl, Mas. P.-B., Coraces, p. 125. 

Gymnorhina 
tibicen, Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 50; id. § Mitch, 
Gen. B. ii. p. 302, pi. 73; Gould, B. Austr. ii. pi. 46; Cab. Mm. 
-Hhw.Th.i.p.226; Gould, JIandb..B.Avstr.i.^.l75; Gray,Hand4. 

B. ii. p. 2, no. 6062; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. ii. p. 180. 
GymnoiThina tibicen,* Beiclienb. Ilandb. Naturg. no. 214 (1850), 
U2 
LANTI1LT1. 

Adult (ilossy blue-black, with a decided shade of greenish on 
the uuderparts ; thighs blackish; on the nape and hind neck a largo 
pure white patch ; lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail also 
wliito, the latter with a very broad terminal band of black ; outer 
web of the outer pair also black ; all the wing-coverts except tho 
primaries pure white, forming a very conspicuous shoulder-patch; 
edge of the wing also white; bastard wing and primary-coverts 
black, the latter white at base; under wing- and tail-coverts and 
vent-feathers white ; the axillaries black. 
Total length 15 inches, culm on 2- 1, wing 10-6, tail 6-5, tarsus 2-3. 

15-5 „ „ 2-2, „ 10-8, „ G'S, „ 2-40. 

Another specimen is apparently younger, and has the neck-patch 
less defined, the feathers on the hinder part mottled with black; 
feathers of the back with white edgings ; rump-feathers with black 
bases, only the tips being white, producing a strongly mottled 
appearance. 

Founcj. Top of the head, wings, and terminal part of tho tail 
brownish black; the feathers of the back blackish, narrowly tipped 
with grey ; the whole under surface of the body brown, mottled 
with darker brown and whitish. 
Ilafh The whole of Australia, excepting tho north coast and 

Tasmania. 
a. Juv. ht. Australia. 
ke. 
Ad.sk. 
Acl.sk 
New South Wales. 
New South Wale*.. 
J. Gould, Esq. [C.]. 
Gould Collection. 
d. (S ad. sk, Goulbura, Dec. 1^76. A iihtralian M useimi 
e. Ad. sk. Queensland (CocJcerell). F. D. Godinan and 0. 
/ .
)/. 
Juv. sk. 
d ad. bk. 
Queensland. 
Sutton Biver, N.W. Australia, 
Nov. 2, 1850. 
Salviu, Esqrs. [P.]. 
Purchased. 
J. It. Elsoy, Esq. [P.], 
h. Ad. at. 
/, hj I. Skeletons. 
New South Wales. J. Gould, Esq. 
Purchased, 

2. Crymnorhina lenconota. 
A. Larger Mace. 
Barita titocen, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de TUran., Zool p, 100, pi. 20 
(nee Lath.); Less. Traite d'Orn, p. 345. 

Gymnorhiiia lenconota, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 802, pi. 73 ; Cab. Mtrs. 
Hein. Th. i. p. 226; Reichen.. Handb. Nature/, no. 215; Goidd, 
Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 176; Gray, Hand4. Z?. ii. p. 2, no. 0063; 
JRamsay, Proa. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. ISO. 

Barita lenconota, Bp. C. A. i. p. 367. 

B. Smaller Race. 
Cracticus hypoleucus*, 
Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 106; id. JSyn. B. 
Austr. part i. 
Gymnorhma oxganicum, Gould, B. Austr. ii. pi. 48; id. Handb. B. 

* Austr. i. p. if 8; Mam&ay, Proc. Linn. Soc, N. S. IF. ii. p. 180. 
The name hypokucus was evidently a lapsus for hyperteueiis. 

3. csACTicrs. 
Baiita organieiun, Bp. Qmsp. i. p. 867. 
G-ymnorhina leuconota, Cab. Mus. Hein. Til. i. p. 226 j Gray, Hand-L 
"B. ii. p. 2. 

Adult male. Like the adult male of G. tibicen, but differing from 
that species in having the whole hack pure white like the neck 
and rump; u hill bluish lilac, passing into black at the tip; feet 
blackish grey ; iris light hazel" (Gould). Total length 14*5 inches, 
culmen 2, wing 10*2, tail 6, tarsus 2*3. 

The sexes are exactly alike in plumage. 

Yomig. One specimen in the collection, marked " a young female," 
is brown-black where the adult is black; the back is greyish, not 
white, the lower back mottled, with greyish bases to the feathers ; 
lower abdomen whitish. Another specimen, collected by J. Olive, 
Esq., has got its full glossy black plumage, but has the middle of 
the back still mottled with pale silvery grey. 

Hah. South Australia, Victoria, and Xew South "Wales. 
Ohs. In Tasmania G. lowomta is represented by a somewhat 
smaller form (6-'. liyjjtrhvca). 
The adult males of the latter measure as follows:—culmen 
1*7 inch, wing ii*3, tail 5-fe, tarsus 2*1. 

A. GymtiorJtina levamota. 
a. Ad. *t. Alitalia. Major-Gen. Ilardwieta* 
b. Imm.sk. Australia. J. Gould, E^q. 
v. 
J juv.; d. 2 Houth Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.], 
ad. sk. 
e. 3 ad. sk. South Ai^tralia. J. Gould, Esq. 
/. Ad. sk, Mount Macedon, S. Aus- J. Gould, Esq. 
tralia. 
,g. 
Ad. sk. 2sewSoutliWalea (Cocke- F. D. Godman and O.Salre//), 
vin, Esqrto. [P.]. 

h. Ad. sk. Australia. Purchased. 
E. Gyuxnorhuia liyperlaica. 
a. Ad. *-t. 
Tasmania. MaJGr-Gen.IIaid\vickejC.\ 
h. Inmi. sk. Tasmania. J. B. Juke^ Esq. {C.l. 
c. Jin. sk Tasmania. J. B. Jukes, Etq. [CA 
d. J ad.; e. Irani. >k. Tasmania. Antarctic Expedition*[G.]. 
/. Ad. sk. Ta-mania. J. Gould, Esq. [0.]. 
7/. Imm. sk. Itiehmoiid, Tasmania. Antarctic Expedition [C.~. 
h. Juv. ^t. 
Near Ilobart Town J. Gould, Esq. 
{F. Strange). 
3. CEACTICUS. 
Ciat'ticn**, ViriU. AnahfM) p. '3/ (1H.(S); id. S. Dwt. 

d Hid. Sat v. p. *>>J (IblCi) C. ea^siai*-. 
Barititj Cuo. IthjM* An. i. p. 34.0 (lhl7) 0. cassicua. 
Buleattv, Cub. Mm. Hein. Th. i. p. 60 (IfeoO) 0. destructor. 

Bill like that of GymnorJuna, but stouter and strongly hooked. 

LA.NIIILE. 

Nostrils longitudinal slits ; rictal bristles. First primary long', two 

•thirds of tlio second; tip of wing formed by fourth and fifth primaries 
; wings covering only the first half of the tail, which again 
is slightly rounded and not much shorter than the wing. Tarsus 
covered with scales, which often fuse into one long scutum. 
Sexes alike in plumage, the only colours of "which are black, white, 
and grey. 
llatu/e, Australian region, extending into the Austro-Malayan 
subregion : seven species. 

Kit] to (lie 8j>ecies. 

a. Belly black, like the rebt of the bird Quol/h P- 94. 
h. 
Belly while. 
a'. Throat black. 
a". 
Centre of back black, separated from the 
head by a broad white collar; tail-coverts 
short, covering less than half the length , . . , . ^ 

of the tail.. . 
?.. >«try^*,v-9^ 

b". Centre of back pure white in the adult, »i>w«"«>P- **>• 
more or leos mottled with the black bases 
of the feathers in immature birds; tail-
coverts long, covering two thirds of the 
length of the tail cassicus, p. 07. 

//. Throat white. 

c". Back black, separated from the black 
feathers of the head by an irregular 
broad band of white feathers ; chin 
black mentalis, p. 102, 

d". Back grey. 
a'". Flanks pale brownish or grey. 
a1. Back dull brownish grey; sides of , 7 , , nnr. 
upper breast brownish. .\ . destructor, p 100. 

Back bluish grey; sides of upper breast (cinereus> P-w±grey, 
contrasting with the head, 
which is deep black kucqpteriis, p. 98. 

b'". Flanks and sides of breast pure white, 
like the rest of the under surface; back 
silvery grey argenteitSj p. 00. 

1. Cractlcus quoyi. 
Barita quoyi, Less. Voy. Coquilfc, Atl. Zool. p. 630, pi. xix. (1828) j 
id. Man. cVOm. i. p. 140 ; id. Trail e cFOrn. p. 345. 

Cracticus quoyi, Gray, Gen. B. ii. pi. 72. fig. 3 (1845); Gould, B. 
Austr. foi. ii. pi. 53 (1848) j Bp. C. A. i. p. 367; Rosenb. Nat Tijdschr. 
Ned. Lid. 1803, p. 235; id. J. f. O. 1864, p. 121; Finsch, Neu-
Guinea, p. 172 (1865); Gould, llandb. B. Avstr. i. p. 183; Schleg. 
Mis. P.-B., Coraces, p. 124 (1807) ; Gray, Iland-L B. i. p. 386, 

n. 5*50; Meyer, Sitzb. l\ Ah. Wiss. Wien, lxix. p. 506 (1874) ; 
Salvad. Ann. Mits. Civ. Gen. vii. p. 772 (1875), x. p. 138, xv. p. 42 
(1870); Sharpe, Proc. Linn. JSoc. xiii. p. 409 (1878); Ramsay, 
Proc. Linn. Sac. N 8. W. ii. p. 180; Ro&enb. Malay. Archip. p. 395 ; 
Salvad. Orn. Papuasia e Molueche, ii. p. 100. 
Cracticus crabsiro&tiis, Salvad. Attili. Ace. 8c. Tor. ix. p. 430 (1874) ; 

3 . CRACTICUS. 
Meyer, 8itzb. l\ Al\ Wiss. Berl. xxix. p. 500 (1874); Becc. Ann. 
Mas. Civ. Gen. -\ii. p. 710 (lb75). 
Yanga qnoyi, Ramsay, Tr. Linn. 8oc. A7. 8. fT. i. p. 302 (187G). 

Adult male. Above and below blue-black, slightly duller below, 
all the bases to the feathers dusky blackish, the tips only blue-
black ; quills and tail jet-black, edged with blue-black ; under 
surface of quills dusky black; under wing-coverts, axillaries, and 
edge of wing black, edged blue-black. Total length 14*5 inches, 
culmen 2*3, wing 7*65, tail G-5, tarsus P65. 

Obs. Australian birds seem rather greener in tint, and a little 
smaller. 
Young. Smoky-black, with very slight gloss ; bill ivory-white, 
blackish at base of both mandibles. 
Hah. Papuan Islands,"Waigiou, Aru, Mysol, Salwatti, New Guinea, 
and northern coast of Australia. 

a, h. J 2 ad. sk. Am Island*. A. It. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 
c. tf ad. sk. Aru Islands,. A. R. Wallace, J&q. | O. |. 
d. Ad. sk. Mysol. ^ A. 11. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
e. Ad. sk. Now Guinea. Purchased. 
/. Ad. sk. Port Moresby. Kendal Broadbent [0.]. 
g, h. Ad. sk. P<»rt Albuii))N. AusPurchased. 
tralia. 
' i. S ad. sk. Port Iwngtun. Dr. Sibbald [P."|. 
I-. <S ad. sk. Cape York. J. Gould, Esq. [C.]. 
/. Ad. sk. Cape York. J. Gould, Esq. [C.]. 
m-p. Ad. sk. Cape York (J. T. F. D. Godman and 0. Sal(
Jocherell). vin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
q. JUT. sk. PortBowen,N.E.AusPurchased. 
tralia. 

2, Cracticus nigrignlaris. 

Cracticus varius, Tig. § Ilorsf. Tr. Linn. 8oe. xv. p. 201 (nee Gm.). 
Vanga nigrogularis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 143 ; id. 8yn. B. Austr. 
part i. 
Cracticus nigrogularis, Goidd, B. Austr. ii. pi. 49; Gray, Gen. B. i. 

p. 300; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. /Sue. p. 105 ; Gould, Handb. h. 
Austr. i. p. 180; Biggies, Orn. Austr. pi. —. fig. 1; Ramsay, 
P. Z. S. 1875,?. 583. 
Cracticus melanoleucus*, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 300. 
Cracticus robustus*, Bp. C. A. i. p. 367 ; Gray, Hand-1. B. i. p. 386, 
no. 5848 ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. 8oc. N. 8. W. ii. p. 180. 

Adult. Head and neck all round, throat, and chest glossy black ; 
remainder of under surface, including thighs, edge of wing, under 
wing- and tail-eoverts pure white ; round the hind neck a distinct 
white collar; back itself black, as also the scapulars, the uppermost 
of the latter with grey bases to the feathers; lower back greyish ; 
rump and upper tail-coverts pure white; central pair of tail-feathers 

* Both these names are taken from Latham, whose descriptions seem to me 
quite, unrecognizable. 
96 1ANI1DIE. 

entirely black, the others broadly tipped with white and having 
also a large basal spot of white on the outer web of some of the 
feathers ; wing-coverts pure white, most of them black at the base; 
the bastard wing black ; the greater coverts black, with most of the 
outer webs white; primal-coverts black on the inner, pure white 
on the outer web ; quills black, with a large spot of white near the 
base of the outer web of the primaries; the secondaries black 
externally, white on the inner web, three of the inner ones entirely 
pure white, forming a longitudinal streak clown the wing; bill 
lead-colour at base, black at the tip ; feet black; iris brown. 
Total length 13 inches, culmen 1-9, wing 7*1, tail 5-9, tarsus 145. 

Ohs. The amount of black on the inner secondaries varies much, 
sometimes the shaft only being black, while in other specimens the 
black forms a large longitudinal central patch. 
Female. Like the male in coloration. 

Young. The young birds differ from the adult in having the black 
parts of the plumage replaced by brown feathers, with dark central 
streaks and pale margins; the chin, throat, and chest pale sandy, 
each feather with two narrow (one of them subterminal) trans-
verso brown bars ; the white collar round the hind neck often 
merely indicated by a slight greyish shade, 

Ilab. Southern and Eastern Australia, as high as Rockingham 
Bay, Gulf of Carpentaria. 

a. Ad. st.
b, c. Juv. st.
d. Juv. sk. 
New South Wales. 
New South Wales. 
New South Wales. 
J. Gould, Esq. [C.1 
J. Gould, Es,q. [C.J. 
Gould Collection. 
e. Ad. sk.
f. Juv. sk.
'g. Juv. sk.
h. Juv. sk. 
New South Wales. 
New South Wales. 
Interior of S. Australia. 
Shot to the north of theBarrier Range, between 
31° and 29° S. lat. 
J. Gould, Esq. [CJ. 
It. Brown, Esq. [C~]. 
Capt. Sturt P.]. 
Capt. Sturt [P.J. 
i. Ad. sk7c, I Ad. sk. 
Queensland (Cockerell). 
Queensland. 
P. D. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.], 
Purchased. 
m. Ad. sk. Queensland. Purchased. 
n. Ad. sk.
o. <$ juv. sk.
p. S ad. sk. 
Cape Upstart. 
Burnett River, Queensland, 
August 1870. 
Wide Bay, Queensland,
October 1867. 
J. B. Jukes, Esq. [Pf. 
Australian Museum [P.]. 
Australian Museum [P.1 . 
q. J juv. sk.
r. Ad. sk.
s. Juv. st. 
Lake Elphinwtone. 
Lake Elphinstone. 
Tasmania. 
Godeflroy Museum. 
Purchased. 
Ronald Gunn, Esq. [P.J. 

Subsp. a. Cractieus picatus. 

Cracticus picatus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1848, p. 40; id, B. Jmfr. fol. ii. 
pi. 50; Bp. Consp. i. p. 3G7 ; Reich. Vog. NmhoU. p. 2S(>; Gould, 
Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 181; Gh-ag, Hand-l. B. i. p. 3fc0, no. 5849 ; 
Biggies fim. Austr. pi. j Ramsay,Proc. Linn. Sac. JV.& W. ii. p. 180. 

This bird is like C. nigrigidaris in colouring, but smaller in size. 

3 . CKACTICUS. 
" Bill ash-grey, the tip black; feet dark greenish grey; iris dark 
reddish brown " (Gould). Total length 11 inches, culmen 1-5, wing 
6r5, tail 5, tarsus 1*3. 

Sexes alike. 
Rah. Northern Australia. 


a. Ad. stf Port Essington. Oapi Chambers, R.N. [P.], 
b. <$ ad. sk. Port Essington. J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.]. 
3. Cracticus cassicus. 
Le Cassican de la Nouvelle Guhie*e, d'Aub. PI, Enl 628. 
Pied Roller, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 415. 
Rhamphastus cassicus, Bodd, Tabl PL Enl. p. 38 (1783). 
Ooracias varia, Gm. S. N. i. p. 381 (1788); Lath, Ind, Orn. i. r>. 173 


(1790). y 
Gracula varia, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 464 (1809). 
Cracticus varius, Vieill N. Diet v. p. 355 (1810) ; Bonn, et V. Enc. 

Meth. p. 901, pi. 142. f. 3 (1823); Bp. Consp. i, p. 306: Bosenb. 
Nat. Tijdsch. Ned. Ind. p. 235 (1863) ; id. J. f. O. 18(54,' p. 121; 
Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 172. 

Barita sonnerati, Less. Traite d'Om. p. 346 (1831). 
Barita varia, Cuv. Regn. An. i. p. 340 (1817); Temm. PL Col pt. 46 
(1824) ; Mull Naturl Gesch. Land-en Volkenk. p. 22 (1839-44). 
Cracticus cassicus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 300 (1845); id. P. Z. S.1858, 

p. 193; Scl. Pr. Linn. Soc. ii. p. 162 (1858); Finsch, Neu-Guinea, 
p. 172 (1865) ; Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Coraces, p. 127; Gray, Hand-l 
B. i. p. 386, no. 5851 ,• Meyer, Sitzb. k Ah Wiss. Wien, kix. 
p. 506 (1874) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gm. vii. p. 823 (1875); 
Sharpe, Pr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 82 (1876), 317 (1877), adv. p. 687 
(1879) ; Salvad. Orn. Pap. e Molucche, ii. p. 185. 
Cracticus personatus, Temm. Mus. Lugd.; Scl, Pr. Linn. Soc. ii. 

p. 162 (1858) ; Gray, Cat. B. New Guin. p. 38: Bosenb. Nat. 
Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. p. 235 (1863); id. J. f. O. 1864, p. 121 ; 
Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 172; Schleg. Ned. Tijdschr. Bierk. iii. 
p. 342 ; Gray, Kand-l B. i. p. 386, no. 5847 ; Meyer, Sitzb. k.Ak. 
Wien, lxix. p. 506 (1874) ; Bosenb. Malay. Arch. p. 395. 
Cracticus varians {errore), Gray, P. Z. S.ll&58, p. 180; id. Cat. B. 
Neio Guin. p. 34. 
Cracticus personatus, var., Gray, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 430. 
Barita personata, Temm.y Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Coraces, p. 127 (1867). 

Adult male. Head and neck all round, throat, and chest glossy 
black ; rest of under surface, including the thighs and under tail-
coverts, axillaries and under wing-coverts, pure white, the outer 
ones of the latter with black bases;. entire upper surface pure white 
except in the middle of the back, where it is broken by the mottling 
caused by the black bases of the feathers; scapulars and wing-
coverts pure white, with concealed blackish bases; all the outer 
wing-coverts of each series, bastard wing, and primary-coverts 
black; quills black; some of the inner secondaries pure white, 
excepting a mesial black streak, the innermost ones black internally, 
with a gradually varying amount of white, increasing 
towards the centre of the wing; tail black, all but the two centre 

VOL. VIII. H 

98 
LA2TIID-S5. 

feathers broadly tipped with white; bill whitish Hue. Total 
length 13*5 inches, culmen 2*05, wing 6-85, tail &8, tarsus 1*4. 

Adult female. Very similar to the male, but differing considerably 
in the back, which is black with more or less distinct spots of pure 
white, larger near the scapulars. Total length 13 inches, culmen 2, 
wing 6*3, tail 5-3, tarsus 1*35. 

Young. Like old female, but browner, and haying many of the 
feathers edged with white or whity-brown; the back nearly entirely 
black, with a few triangular spots of white. 

Obs. There is no doubt that, as Dr. Meyer has stated, the increase 
of white on the back is a sign of age in these birds. There is little 
variation in the specimens from different localities, excepting in a 
very old male from Waigiou, a male from Port Moresby, and one 
from New Guinea, which have a little black spot near the base of 
the outer tail-feathers. Two specimens from New Guinea have the 
terminal half of the tail-feathers white, except the central pair. 

Hab. New Guinea and adjacent islands. 

a. Ad. sk. New Guinea. Purchased. 
b. Juv. sk. New Guinea. A. R. Wallace, Esq. "C." 
e. Ad. sk. Porey. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.j. 
d. Ad. sk. Salwati (IToedt), Gould Collection. 
e. <$ ad. sk. Port Moresby. Rev. J. Macfarlane fCl 
f,ff-62 ad. sk. Aru Islands. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.l. 
h, i. S ? ad. sk. Aru. Islands. A. R. Wallace, Esq. 
[oJ


h. Juv. sk. Aru Islands. A. R. Wallace, Esq. C.]. 
I $ ad. sk. Wokan, Aru Islands. Voy.of H.M.S.'Glial eno*er. 
m, n. <S $ ad. sk. Waigiou. A. *R. Wallace, Esq. 
o. Juv. sk. Waigiou. A. R. Wallace, Esq. rc^ „ 
p. Ad. sk. 
~c. 
Waigiou. A. R. Wallace, Esq. "C.l . 

q. J ad. sk. Mysol. A. R. Wallace, Esq. "0." 
r. Ad. sk. Mysol. Purchased. 
4. Cracticus leucopteras. 
Cracticus leucopterus, 
Gould, B. Austr. fol Introd. p. xxxv; Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 367 ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 187; Gray, Hand-l 

B. i. p. 386, no. 5854 • Bamsag, Proc. Linn. Soc. 2V7.8, W. ii. p. 180. 
Cracticus destructor, Biggies, Orn. Austr. pi. —. &g. 2. 
Bulestes leucopterus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Tli. i. p. 67. 
Adult, Above, including the scapulars, some of the wing-coverts, 
and the rump, silvery grey with faint blackish shaft-streaks; the 
greater wing-coverts somewhat tinged with brown, strongly mottled 
with white, especially on the outer web, where they form a conspicuous 
wing-patch; quills and primary-coverts blackish ; some of the 
inner secondaries pure white all round, the white on the outer webs 
forming a longitudinal streak down the wing; upper tail-coverts 
pure white; all the tail-feathers black and tipped with white; 
base of the tail-feathers shaded with grey to greyish white; head,' 
middle of hind neck, and ear-coverts jet-black, this colour extending 
downwards from the ear-coverts onto the sides of the neck ; a large 
loral spot, the cheeks, part of the sides of the neck, chin, throat, and 

3 . CEACTICUS. 
99 

the remainder of the under surface of the body, including axillaries, 
under wing- and under tail-coverts, and edge of wing pure white, 
slightly tinged with silvery grey on the sides of the breast; flanks 
silvery grey; thigh-feathers leaden grey, with white tips; " iris hazel 
( $ ), reddish brown (<? ) " {Gould). 

Obs. One adult male from Perth has the base of the tail-feathers 
entirely black. 

Young. Wings more brownish; the whole under surface of the 
body, under wing-coverts, and axillaries dull white, with faint 
greyish subterminal cross bars. 

Obs. In order to show that there is no difference in size between 
the specimens from Queensland and those from Perth, I give the 
measurements of a series of specimens : — 

Total length. Oulmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 
Queensland.. 
Perth 
(about 10 in.
J « „
1 „ „
( „ „
) „ „
» » 
1-52 
1-5 
1-8 
l'8o 
1*3 
1-3 
5-965 85-555-75-7 
4-6 
4-6 
45 
4-3 
4-5 
4-5 
1-25 
1-26 
1*25 
1-2 
1-22 
1-2 

Hob. Forth-eastern and Western Australia. 

a-f. Ad. sk. Queensland. Purchased. 

g. Ad. sk. Queensland. Gould Collection. 
h. Ad. sk. Australia. Sir T. Mitchell [P/|. 
i. Ad. sk. Australia (Cockerel!). RD. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 

k. Ad. sk. Port Bowen. Purchased. 
1. $ ad. sk. Near Perth, W. Australia, J. Gould, Esq. [0.]. 
Mar. 27, 1889. 
w. 2 j uv * sk* Perth, April 15,1839. J. Gould, Esq. [C.J. 
n. § ad. sk. W. Australia, Nov. 3,1842. Eyton Collection. 
5. Cracticus argenteus. 
Cracticus argenteus, Gould, P. Z. S, 1840, p. 126; Gray, Gen. B. i. 
p. 300; Gould, B. Austr. fol. ii. pi. 51$ Bp. C. A. i. p. 367; 
JReich. Yog. Keuholl. p. 237; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 182 ; 
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 386, no. 5852; Mamsay, Froc. Linn. Soc. 2V. 
& W. ii. p. 180. 
Adult. Differing from G. leucojpterus in having the back light 
silvery grey, the white on the scapulars, on the upper tail-coverts, 
and on the tips of the tail-feathers more extensive, and the whole 
under surface of ethe body, including the flanks and sides of the 
breast, entirely pure white; " bill horn-colour; feet blackish brown " 
(Gould). Total length 10-5 inches, culmen 1-43, wing 5*9, tail 4*7, 
tarsus 1*2. 

Obs. That the above differences are not simply the result of age 
is shown by a very young specimen (the type of Gould's 0. argenteus), 
which has the entire under surface of the body pure white, including 

H2 

100 LANIID-E. 

the flanks, sides of breast, axillaries, under wing-coverts, and edge 
of wing. 
Hab. North Australia. 


a. JUT. sk. N.W. Australia. J. Gould, Esq. (Type 
of species.) 
6. Cracticus destructor*. 
Vanga destructor, Temm. Man. dJOrn. p. lix; Gould, Syn. B. Ausfr. 

part 1. 
Barita destructor, Temm. PI Col 273. 
Btilestes toiquatus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. Q&. 
Cracticus torquatus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 800; Bhrih, Cat B. Mus. 

As. Soc. p. 105; Bp. Consp. i. p. 367 ; Gould, Mandb. B. Austr. 

i. p. 184 j Schl Mus. P-B., Coraces, p. 129; Gray, Band-l B. i. 
p. 386, no. 5853; Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1875; p. 583 ; id. Proo. Linn. 
Soo. N. S. W. ii. p. 180. 
Cracticus destructor, Gould, B, Austr. fol. ii. pi. 52; Beichenh. Vog. 
NeuhoU. p. 236. 

Adult male. Similar to C. leucojpterm, but differing from it in the 
following points :—The general colour above, including the scapulars 
and lesser wing-coverts, is dull brownish ashy grey, varied 
with darker brown streaks to the centres of the feathers; thighs 
dull brown; quills dark brown; three of the inner secondaries 
narrowly edged on the outer and inner web with white, forming a 
longitudinal bar down the wing; this bar is much smaller than 
that on the wings of C. leucqpterus, even in young birds of the 
latter; instead of the conspicuous scapular patch of C. leucqpterus 
only a few of the scapular feathers in C. destructor are patched with 
whitish, the white being invisible when the wings are folded; bill 
bluish lead-colour at the base, passing into black on the tip ; feet 
blackish lead-colour ; iris very dark reddish brown (Gould). 

Female. Rather browner than the male, and generally of a more 
dingy appearance; body below more uniformly tinged with pale 
brownish grey on the sides of breast; flanks pale brownish grey. 

Young. Brown; the head uniform with the back; the feathers 
of the upper parts mesiaily streaked with ochraceous, much broader 
on the forehead and the ear-coverts; sides of the neck burly white, 
with broad brown centres; wings brown, the coverts edged with 
pale ochraceous, the median series broadly streaked and tipped with 
white ; the inner secondaries broadly edged with creamy buff; 
upper tail-coverts creamy buff, mottled and tipped with brown; 
tail dark brown, tipped with buff on the inner web; lores and 
cheeks dull white; chin, throat, and under tail-coverts white; remainder 
of the under surface of the body more or less ochraceous, 
especially on the axillaries and under wing-coverts; every one of 
the feathers of the breast and flanks has several faint brownish 
cross bars. 

* The name torquatus, of Latham, founded on his " Clouded Shrike * 
(G-en. Syn. Suppl. p. 73), has been generally employed for this species. The 
original description, however, appears insufficient for recognition. 

3 . CEACTICUS. 101 
Total length. Oulmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 
in. in. in. in. in. 
10*5 1-5 5-6 4-6 1-2 
10-0 1-3 5-4 4-4 1-2 
10-0 1-25 5-4 4-5 1-2 

Hal. South Australia. 

a, b. Ad. sk. New South Wales. Major-Gen. Hardwicke [P,], 

c. Juv. sk. New South Wales. J. Gould, Esq. [0.]. 
d. 2 a<3- sk. S. Australia. Sir George Grey [P.l 
e. Juv. sk. S. Australia. Sir George Grey [P. j. 
/. Juv. sk. Port Lincoln. J. Gould, Esq. [0.]. 
g. J ad. sk. Australia ( Chandler). J. Gould, Esq. 
h. $ ad. sk. Australia. J, Gould, Esq. 
Subspecies a. Cracticus cinereus. 

Vanga cinerea, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 143; id. Syn. B. Austr. 
part 1. 
Cracticus cinereus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 300; Gould, B. Austr. fol. i. 
Introd. p. xxxv; Bp. C. A. i. p. 367; Gould, JHandb. B. Austr. 

i. p. 186 j Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 386, no. 5855; Bamsay, Free. Linn. 
JSoc. N. S. W. ii. p. 180. 
Bulestes cinereus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 66, note. 


Four specimens from Tasmania are in their general appearance 
very similar to C. destructor, but differ from this species in some 
particulars. One specimen with a black head has the general colour 
of the back still more brownish ashy than C. destructor. The white 
on some of the secondaries and the scapulars is still less developed; 
and the white tips to the tail-feathers are also smaller, the central 
pair being without any tips; the basal third of all the tail-feathers 
is shaded with grey, white near the base. 

Another specimen has the head, except the white lores, dark 

brownish grey, and looks like the adult female of G. destructor. 
The young bird is like that of C. destructor. 
Total length 10 inches, culmen 1*45, wing 5'5, tail 4*6, tarsus 

1-24. 
Obs. According to Gould this species " may be distinguished from 

O. destructor by its much larger bill, and when fully adult by its 
grey back." Some specimens obtained from Mr. Gould's collection 
show certain differences from the Australian bird; but none of them 
have the* back as blue-grey as it is represented in Mr. Gould's 
' Synopsis.' If the adult male is as blue on the back as it is there 
figured, the species is closely related to G. leucopterus; but from 
this bird it differs in the almost entire absence of white on the wing, 
as well as by its browner coloration above and pale brownish-grey 
flanks. 
Bah. Tasmania; " also occurring on the shores of the opposite 
part of the continent" (Gould). 

a. [ $ ] ad. sk. Tasmania. Gr. MacLeay, Esq. [P.]. 
102 LAFIID^. 

b. [ $ ] ad. sk. Tasmania. X Gould, Esq. [0.1 
c. Imm, sk. Tasmania. J. Gould, Esq. [C.]v 
d. Imm. sk. Tasmania. Konald Gunn, Esq. [P.]. 
7. Cracticus mentalis. 
Cracticus mentalis, Salvad. <$• D'Alb. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. vii. 
(1875), p. 824; Sharpe, Pr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 317 (1877), 409 
(1878), 687 (1879); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. 3r. A W. iii. p. 281 
(1879), iv. p. 99 (1879) ; Salvad. Orn. Pap. e Molucche, ii. p. 189. 

Vanga mentalis, Ramsay', o/>. c#. i. p. 392 (1876). 
Cracticus spaldingi, Masters, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. ii. p. 27 
(1877). 

Somewhat like 0. argentem, but differing from this species in the 
following points:—1. The middle of the back in 6r. mentalis is 
black; 2. The deep black of the head extends down on the sides of 
the head over the cheeks, and the base of the chin is also black; 

3. The black of the hind neck is separated from the middle of the 
back, which is likewise black, by a large and broad white (although 
indistinct in the middle) band, the black feathers being broadly 
margined with white. "Bill grey, black towards the tip; legs and 
iris black" (d'Albertis). Total length 10 inches, culmen 1*4, tail 
4*4, tarsus 1*2. 
Obs. In the British-Museum collection is another specimen, also 
from Port Moresby, which has the same plumage as the specimens 
described above, but wants the black spot at the chin, only a very 
few blackish feathers being just visible in the angle between the 
two nnder jaws. Besides this the specimen is somewhat smaller. 
Total length 9 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 5-5, tail 4*2, tarsus 1*15. 

Young birds are like the adult, but show traces of the immatnre 
plumage, having the head and hind neek brown, each feather 
with whitish central streaks • the white feathers of the sides of the 
mantle and the upper tail-coverts tipped with brown; the chin-
spot is developed. 

Hab. South-eastern New Guinea. 

a. Ad. sk. Port Moresby, 0. 0. Stone, Esq. [C.]. 
6, e. Ad. sk. Port Moresby. Kendal Broadbent [C.]. 
d. $ juv. sk. Nicura. Dr. James [C.]. 
e. Ad. sk. Astrolabe Mountains. Mr. A. Goldie [0.]. 
MALACOtfOTDOE.

 103 

Subfamily II. MALACONOTIN.E. 
Feathers of the back very broad and lax and soft, forming a very 
thick and almost woolly covering. Bill strong; culmen rather straight, 
but bent at the apex, toothed and notched. Nostrils free, uncovered 
by feathers. First primary at least half the length of the second 
primary; tip of wing formed by primaries 4,5, 6. Tail about equal 
in length to wing, except in L. cruentus, in which tail = | wing in 
length. No crest. First secondaries about rive sixths or more of the 
length of the whole wing. 
Sexes mostly alike in plumage; young birds without cross 
markings. 
Range. Africa; Madagascar; India. 

Key to the Genera. 

a. Tarsus posteriorly covered with large scales. 
a'. Second primary equal to the secondaries 
in length ; nostrils round and open, margins 
completely ossified j bill laterally 
very much compressed. 


a". Bill long and strongly hooked j nasal 
bristles and small feathers approaching 
the hinder margin of the nostrils ... . 4. VANGS-A, p. 104. 


b". Bill without a hook at the tip ; nostrils 
quite free, not approached by any nasal 
plumes; bill bluish white. 


a"'. 
Maxilla fitting completely into (or 
over) the mandible 5. ARTAMIA, p. 106. 
&'". Mandible bent upwards, so as to leave 
a space between it and the maxilla 6. XENOPIROSTRIS, 

V. Second primary very long, exceeding the [p. 109. 
secondaries in length; nostrils m a 
groove, the posterior part of which remains 
coriaceous and forms an operculum 
7. PTERERYTHRIUS, 
c'. Second primary decidedly shorter than the [p. 112. 
secondaries, which are nearly as long as 
the innermost primaries. 

c". Tail square or slightly emarginated, the 
central tail-feathers being the shortest; 
tail much shorter than wing 8. CALICALICTJS *, 

d!\ Tail rounded or graduated, the outer [p. 119. 
tail-feathers always being shorter than 
the rest. 

c"\ 
Always a great deal of chestnut 
colour in the plumage; wing-
coverts always chestnut; wings 
very much rounded 9. TELOPHONTTS, p. 120. 

* Here may be mentioned Neolestes (p. 170), which has been placed by 
Cabanis near Caticalicus; it does not appear to be a Bush- Shrike, but to be 
allied to the Bulbuls or J?ycnonotin<B. Bill not laterally compressed, but considerably 
broader than high ; genys decidedly curved downwards, and not upwards 
as in all the Laniidce; nostrils with a -very well developed coriaceous 
operculum; strong rictal bristles; tail rounded and slightly shorter than wings. 
104 LANIID-2B. 

d'". Wing - coyerts never brown or 
chestnut. 


a4. Plumage black, white, or oehraceous 
; feathers of back white or 
grey, and extremely fluffy 10. DBYOSCOPUS, 

b4. Ked or green in the plumage. [p- ISO. 
a5. Toes free at their base 11. LANIAEITS, p. 150. 
b5. The first two phalanges of the 

fourth toe united with the third 
toe ; nostrils with a very clearly 
developed operculum 12. INICATOE, p. 165. 

b. Tarsus posteriorly reticulated at the upper 
half; the remainder covered with many 
small scales; nostrils with a very well 
developed operculum 13. NiLArs, p. 167. 
4. YAmA. 
Type. 
Vanga, Vieill Analyse, p. 41 (1816) V. curvirostris. 
Spasornis, v. d. IToeven, Handb. Zool. ii. p. 530 (1858) V. curvirostris. 
Lantzia, Hartl Vogel Madagascar, p. 194 (1877) ... . V. rufa. 

Bill strong, broad at base; culmen slightly curved but deflexed, 
strongly hooked, and notched, section triangular. Nostrils round, 
ossified, non-opereulated, covered by strong nasal bristles, rietal 
bristles likewise strong. Pirst primary well developed, second short; 
tip of wing formed by fourth and fifth primaries; secondaries short, 
only f to | of the whole wing. Tail square, shorter than wing. 
Tarsus very short, hardly longer than the middle toe, anteriorly 
covered with scales, which, especially in V. rufa, sometimes fuse 
into one scutum. Anterior claws short. 

Range. Madagascar. 

1. Vanga curvirostris. 
Collurio madagascariensis, Briss, Orn. ii. p. 101, pi. 19. fig. 1. 
Ecorcheur de Madagascar, Dauhmt PI Enl. 228. 
Hook-billed Shrike, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. pt. i. p. 171. 
Lanius curvirostris, Gm. Syst, Nat. i. p. 299 (ex Zath,). 
Vanga curvirostris, Cuvier, Regne Anim. p. 339 (1817) ; Gray, Gen. 


B. i. p. 299; Hartl Faun. Madag. p. 51; Rock ty E. Newton, Ibis, 
1862, p. 274; JB. Neiot. Ibis, 1862, p. 348; A. Newt. P. Z. & 1865, 
p. 835 j Grandid. Rev. et Mag. de Zool 1867, p. 387; Schl §• Poll 
Faune Madag., Ois. p. 99 (1868); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 896, 
no. 6005; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 318; Milne-Edwards $ 
Grandid. H. N. Madag., Ois. pi. 166 : HaHl Yog. Madag. p. 188 
(1877). 
Vanga leucocephala, Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 346 (1831). 

Adult Back, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts black, with a 
somewhat glossy lustre; primary-coverts entirely black; the other 
wing-coverts black, externally broadly edged with white, forming a 
distinct transverse band on the wing when folded; quills black, the 
primaries narrowly, some of the secondaries more broadly edged 
with white; tail—the basal two thirds uniform grey, the terminal 

4 . VAET0A. 105 
part black, every feather with a white tip; front of the head and 
lores white, top and hack of the head glossy black, separated from 
the black of the back by a very distinct white collar, which is united 
with the white sides of the neck; cheeks, chin, and the whole 
under surface of the body, including the under wing-eoverfcs and 
the edge of the wing, pure white; under surface of quills blackish, 
inner web edged with white; bill black; feet leaden grey; iris 
brown. Total length 9-3 inches, culmen 1/07, wing 4-4, tail 4*5, 
tarsus 1*2. 

Obs. Two other specimens, obtained by Crosslcy, are like the 
adult bird described above, but have the collar round the hind neck 
and the whole body below silvery grey; the under wing-coverts, 
axillaries, and inner margin of quills, however, pure white; the 
front of the head is grey. They are probably younger birds. 

Hah. Madagascar. 

°" E^J a(*-st- Madagascar. Sir A. Smith [C.]. 

b. [ <$'_ ad. sk. Mohambo, Madagascar. Mr. Gerrard [0.]. 
c, d. Ad. sk. Saralalan (Crossley). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
e. Ad. sk. Madagascar. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
f* $ ad. sk. Analatsoi. Rev. W, Deans Cowan [C.]. 
2. Yanga rufa. 
Lanius madagascariensis rufus, JBriss. Orn. p. 178, pi. 18. fig. 4. 
Pie-grieche rousse de Madagascar, Daubent PL Enl. 298.fig. 2. 
Rufous Shrike, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. pt. i. p. 180. 
Lanius rufus, Gm. S. JST. i. p. 303 (1788). 
Schetba rufa, Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 374. 
Artamia rufa, Zafresn. [ubi ?]; Bp. C. P. xxxviii. p. 533; Hartl. 


Faun.Maday. p. 48; A. Newt. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 855; Verr. in 

Vinson, Voy. Maday., Ann. B, p. 2 (1805). 
Oalicalicus rufus, Grandid. Pev. et May. Zool. 1867, p. 387. 
Artamus rufus, Gray, HandA. B. i. p. 290, no. 4288. 
Pachycephala rufa, Schley, ty Pollen, Faun. Madag. pp. 86, 158, pi. 

26. figs. 1, 2. 
Vanga rufa, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 319. 
Lantzia rufa, Hartl. Voy. Madag. p. 194; Milne-EdwardsfyGrandid. 
Hist. Maday., Ois. pis. 160, 161. 

Adult male. Back, rump, upper tail-coverts, the whole tail, and 

the wing-coverts reddish chestnut-brown; greater wing-coverts and 

quills brown, the outer web of the same colour as the back; head 

and neck all round, chin, and chest glossy black; remainder of the 

body below pure white; axillaries white; edge of wing whitish, 

spotted with chestnut-brown and grey; under surface of quills dull 

brown, internally rufous; "bill lead-colour, lighter on the tip ; feet 

fuscous " (Hartlaub). Culmen 0*7 inch, wing 3*8, tail 2*7-3-3, tarsus 

0-75-1. 

Adult female. Above reddish brown; tail light reddish chestnut, 

outer web edged with pale brown; wing-coverts and quills light 

umber-brown, some of the secondaries strongly washed with reddish 

brown; crown and sides of the head glossy black, separated from the 

106 
LANIID^:. 

back by a grey collar; chin, cheeks, ear-coverts, abdomen, under 
tail- and wing-coverts pure white ; fore neck and breast and flanks 
silvery grey; under surface of quills light umber, internally edged 
with white. 

Hah. Madagascar. 

a. S ad. sk. Madagascar. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
b. J ad. sk. E. Madagascar (Pollen). R B. Sharpe, Esq. 
c. 
$ juv. sk. Forest of Ancaya, Purchased. 
Madagascar. 
5. ARTAMIA. 
Type. 
Artamia, Lafresn. Diet, Univ. cPHist. Nat. ii. (1832). A. leucocephala. 
Leptopteryx, Wagler, Syst. Av. (1827) A. leucocephala. 
Oriolia, Geoffr. St.-Hil. Mem. Acad, des Sciences, April 

2, 1838 A. bernieri. 
Cyanolanius, Bp. Coll. Delattre, p. 75 (1854) A. bicolor. 
Cyanolestes, nom. emend, pro Cyanolanius, Sundev. 


Av. Meth. Tent. p. 21 (1872) 
A. bicolor. 

Head of Artamia bicolor. 

Bill laterally compressed; culmen slightly curved, toothed, but 
slightly notched; nostrils round, completely ossified, quite exposed, 
without any nasal or rictal bristles. Eirst primary longer than half 
the second; tip of wing formed by fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries ; 
wings rather long; secondaries five sixths of the whole wing. Tail 
square, shorter than wing, each feather slightly pointed. Tarsus 
anteriorly covered with transverse scales. Underparts of body pure 
white, upper parts glossy green-black or cobalt-blue. 

Range. Madagascar. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Breast without transverse bars. 
a'. Head white; back greenish black.... leucocephala, p. 107. 
b'. Head blue like the back bicolor, p. 108. 
c'. Head greenish black like the back and 
rest of under surface bernieri, p. 108. 

b. 
Breast with transverse bars. 
d'. Underneath rufous, the transverse bars 
blackish and distinct bernieri juv., p. 109. 
e\ 
Underneath fulvescent with ashy cross 
markings ; throat and chest ashy .. leucocephala juv., p. 107. 

5. ARTAMIA. 107 
1. Artamia leucocephala. 
Lanius madagascariensis major viridis, JBriss. Orn. p. 193, pi. 19. 

%. 2 (1760). 

Grande pie~grieche verdatre de Madagascar, Daubenton, PL Ed. 374. 

White-headed Shrike, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. pt. i. p. 180. 

Lanius leucocephalus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 307 (1789). 

Leptopteryx leucocephalus, Wagl. 8yst. Av. p. 169 (1827). 

Artamia leucocephala, Zafresn. Diet Univ. ii. p. 166 ; Bp. C. A. i. 

p. 344: Hartl. Faun. Madag. p. 47; Mat. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 102; 
U. Newt. Ibis, 1863, p. 348; A. Mwt. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 834; 
Grandid. Rev. et Mag. Zool 1867, p. 355; Schleg. fy Pollen, Faun. 
Madag., Ois. p. 83; 8harpe, P. Z 8.1871, y. 318, 1875, p. 77; 
Hartl Vdg. Madag. p. 151; Milne-JEdw. fy Grandid. Hist. Madag., 
Ois. pis. 154,155. 
Adult male. General colour above, wing-coverts, scapulars, upper 
tail-coverts, and the whole tail deep black, all the feathers externally 
with a strong glossy green lustre ; the head all round, all the under 
surface of body, axillaries, and the rump pure white; under wing-
coverts and edge of wing like the back; under surface of quills 
deep black ; thighs white ; bill bluish silvery grey ; feet blue-grey; 
iris light chestnut-brown. Total length 7'5 inches, culmen 0-96, 
wing 4*7, tail 3*25, tarsus 0-98. 

Adult female. Like the male, but the whole head and hind neck, 
the throat, fore neck and breast, flanks and rump silvery grey; 
middle of breast, abdomen, and axillaries white. 

Immature. General colour above olivaceous grey, more or less 
greenish glossy ; wing-coverts and quills brownish black, externally 
very narrowly edged with reddish brown; tail and upper tail-
coverts of the same colour as the back; head ashy grey, with a very 
faint darker spot immediately in front of the eye; sides of the 
head and ear-coverts pale ashy grey; throat and chest dull grey; 
flanks, breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts light buff; every 
feather of the under surface of the body marked with two very faint 
cross bars of brownish grey; edge of wing and quills below brownish \ 
black; axillaries whitish grey. 

Young birds, especially females, are more crossbarred, and the ful


vous or brownish colour is more prominent on the upper and under 

parts of the body, thus approaching in general appearance to the 

specimen figured and described by Schlegel and Pollen as A. bernieri. 

Obs. Two specimens, collected by Yan Dam, are intermediate in 

colouring between the adult female and the adult male, having 

the silvery-grey head and hind neck of the former and the white 

rump and under surface of the body of the latter. Both these spe


cimens have a large dark grey spot in front of the eye, of which 

spot no trace can be seen in the adult male. In the adult female 

this spot is just indicated by a somewhat duller tinge of the grey 

of the head. 

Hab. Madagascar. 

108 LANHD^. 
a,b. d $ ad. sk.
c. $ ad. sk.
d. J ad. sk.
e,f. Juv. sk.
g. Ad. sk.
A. c? ad. sk.
i. S luv. sk, 
N.E. Madagascar {VanBam). 
N.E. Madagascar (Van Bam). 
N.E. Madagascar. 
Madagascar. 
Madagascar. 
Madagascar. 
Analatsoi. Nov. 1880. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. 33. Sharpe, Esq. 
Hr. Van Dam [0.]. 
Mr. Oossley JT).]. 
Mr. Crossley [_0.j. 
Purchased." 
Rev. TV. Deans 
&. cT ad. sk. Ankafana forest.
Cowan [C.]. 
Rev. TV. Deans 
Cowan [0.]. 
2. Artamia bicolor. 

Lanius madagascariensis cseruleus, Briss. Ornith. ii. p. 197, pi. 10. 
ftg. 3; id. 8vo edit, i. p. 212. 
Loxia madagascarina, Linn, S. iV, ed. 12, i. p. 306, nee Loxia bicolor, 

ibidem, p. 307. 
Lanius bicolor, Linn. Mantiss. 1771. 
Pie-grieche bleue de Madagascar, Buff. PL Bril. i. pi. 298. fig. 1. 
Pie-grieche bleue, Levaill. Ois. cFAfr. pi. 73. 
Laniarlus bicolor, Gray, Gen. i?. i. p. 299. 
Dryoseopus bicolor, Bp. C. A. i. p. 361; id. Eneyel. p. 730. 
Cyanolanius bicolor, Bp. Collect. Del. p. 75 (1854); I)7Orbigny,Biet. 

Univ. dlllst. Nat. fig.; BLartl. Faun. Madag. p. 49; id, Vog. Madag „ 

p. 157; Milne-Edw. 8f Grandid. Hist. Madag., Ois. pis. 150, 157. 
Artamus bicolor, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 290, no. 4289. 
Artamia bicolor, ScMeg.fyPoll. Faun. Madag. p. 85, pi. 24 j Grandid. 
Rev. et Mag. Zool 1867, p. 386. 
Cyanolestes bicolor, Sundev. Av. MetJi. Tent. p. 21 (1872). 

Adult male. Head, hind neck, scapulars, and the whole back and 
upper tail-coverts of a beautiful cobalt-blue colour, deepening into 
ultramarine on the head; wing-coverts and quills black, externally 
broadly margined with ultramarine, excepting the first two primaries 
; the central pair of tail-feathers blue, but with the shafts 
and tips broadly black; the other tail-feathers are black, only the 
outer web blue, the outer pair almost entirely black ; lores, a small 
ring round the eyes, and the chin black; all the remainder of the 
under surface of the body pure white ; axillaries and under wing-
coverts white; edge of wing blue; quills below entirely deep black; 
"bill blue-grey with a black tip; feet black; iris bluish white." 
Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3*5, tail 2*9, tarsus 0*7. 

Adult female. Less bright and of a duller, more greenish tint; the 
black of the wings and tail-feathers more brownish; the tail-feathers 
internally narrowly margined with white; chin almost entirely 
white; body below creamy white. 

Hah. Madagascar. 
a,5. c?$ ad.sk N.E. Madagascar, Nov. 1865. MM. Pollen and Van Dam 

c. $ 
ad. sk. Noce Vola (Crossley). F. D. Godman and O. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.], 
3. Artamia bernieri. 
Oriolia bernieri, Geoffroy St.-Hil. Mem. Acad. Sci. Avril 2, 1838; id. 
Bevue de Zool. 1838, p. 50 • GuSrin, Mag. de Zool 1839, Ois. pi. 4; 

6. XENOPIKOSTEIS. 
109 

Hartl. Faun. Madag. p. 43; Grandid. Mev. et Mag. de Zool. 1867, 

p. 386,1868, p. 48; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 290, no. 4291; Milne-Edw. $ 
Grandid. Hist. Madag., Ois. pi. 162. 
Artamia bernieri, Schleg.fyPollen, Faun. Madag. p. 86, pi. 25', Hartl, 
Vog. Madag. p. 153. 

The adult of this bird is in the Leiden Museum; and the specimen, 
as figured in Grandidier's work, is entirely greenish black above 
and below. 

The young bird in the Paris Museum is described by Dr. Hartlaub 
as follows :—" Eufous, banded across with black on upper 
parts ; quills uniform rufous; under wing- and under tail-coverts 
banded with fulvous and black ; bill and feet pale lead-colour; oilmen 
0*73, wing 4-85, tail 2'6, tarsus 0-92." {Hartlaub.) 

Hob. Madagascar. 

6. XENOPIROSTRIS. 
Xenopirostris, 
Bp. C. A. i. p. 366 (1850) (ex Type. _ 
Lafresn.) X. xenopirostris. 
Clytorhynchus, Elliot, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 242 X. pachycephaloides. 

Heads of X. polleni and X. pachycephaloides. 

Bill strong, laterally much compressed, very peculiarly shaped; 
gonys and whole mandibula strongly curved upwards, so as to leave 
a narrow space between it and the maxilla, not hooked, but with a 
notch; nostrils oval, ossified, quite exposed; nasal and rictal bristles 
present but not strong. Pirst primary well developed ; tip of wing 
formed by fourth to sixth primaries; secondaries comparatively 
long. Tail nearly square, each feather pointed, shorter than wing. 
Tarsus covered with transverse scales. Claws very sharp and well-
developed. 

Range. Three species in Madagascar, a fourth in New Caledonia*. 

Key to the Species. 

a. With black on the throat. 
t 
a'. Throat entirely black polleni, p. 110. 
b'. Chin only black xenopirostris, p. 110. 


b. With no black on the throat. 
d. Underneath white %. ,t, damii, p. 110. 
d'. Underneath brown like the upper surface . pachycephaloides, p. 111. 
* I am unable to find any external characters by which to separate the New-
Caledonian form Clytorhynchus from this genus. 
* 

110 LANIIDJS. 

1. Xenopirostris xenopirostris. 
Vanga xenopirostris, Lafresn. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1850, p. 107, pi. i.; 
Schleg.tyPollen, Faun, Maclag. pp. 158, 173,* Gray, Hand-l B. i, 

p. 396, no. 6006. 
Xenopirostris lafresnayi, Bp. C. A. i. p. 366 (1850) ; id. C. JR. xsxviii. 
1854, p. 533; Hartl. Faun. Madag. p. 52 • Grandid. Rev. et Mag. 
Zool 1867, p. 387; Hartl. Vo'g. Madag. p. 191 ,• Milne-Edw. § 
Grandid. H. K Madag., Ois. pi. 168. 

Adult male. Head and hind neck deep black, with a bluish lustre; 
general colour above, including the whole tail, scapulars, and the 
outer edge of the secondary quills, uniform grey ; wing-coverts, edge 
of wing, and primary quills jet-black• chin and cheeks black; all 
the remainder of the under surface of the body pure white ; the 
black of the head separated from the grey of the back by a white 
collar; bill near the base bluish, towards the tip pale horn-colour; 
feet lead-colour. Total length 9*25 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 5*9, 
tail 3-55, tarsus 0*93. (Lafresnaye, op. cit.) 


Hah. Madagascar. 

2. Xenopirostris polleni. 
Vanga polleni, Schleg.fy Boll. Faun. Madag. p. 174 (1868); Gray, 
Hand-l B. i. p. 396, no. 6008 ; Shatpe, P. Z. S. 1872, p. b67. 
Xenopirostris polleni, Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 193; Milne-Edtc. $• 
Grundid. H. K Madag., Ois. pi. 169. 

Adult male. Head all round, chin, and the whole throat deep black 
with a bluish lustre ; on the sides of the neck and on the hind neck 
the black separated from the grey of the upper surface of the 
body by a very narrow white collar; all the upper surface, including 
the scapulars, the whole tail, and the outer web of the secondary 
quills, is uniform grey; primaries and inner web of the secondaries 
and the wing-coverts jet-black; breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, 
and axillaries pure white ,* flanks and thighs silvery grey; under 


wing-coverts and edge of wing black; quills below uniform blackish; 
"bill black" (Schlegel). Total length 8*7 inches, culmen 0*95, 
wing 4*7, tail 3*7, tarsus 0-95. 

Adult female. Like the male, but having the body below ochraceous 
instead of white; the black of the throat does not extend down so 
far as in the male. (Schlegel, op. cit.) 

The young bird has all the quills externally bordered with grey; 
the young female has the lores almost naked. (Schlegel.) 
Hah. Madagascar. 

a. <J ad. &k. S.E. Madagascar. Mr. A. Orossley [0.]# 
3. Xenopirostris damn. 
Vanga damii, Schleg. Contrib. Nederl. Tijdschr. vii. p. 82 : id. & Poll 
Faun. Madag. np. 100,158, 174, pi. 30. 
Vanga albifrons, Schleg. Contr. Ned. Tijdschr. p. 82 (female). 

6. XEN0PIK0STRIS. H I 
Xenopirostris damii, Hartl. Fog. Madag. p. 192; Grandid. Rev. etMag. 
Zool 1867, p. 387 ; Milne-Edw. $ Grandid. JET. K Madag., Ok 
pi. 170. 

Adult male (type of species). General colour above dark slaty-
grey, with a wash of glossy green on the back; on the rump a few 
silky white feathers; tail-feathers dark slaty grey; wings black, 
the least wing-coverts black, with a narrow edging of glossy green; 
greater coverts and quills grey like the back, with black bases 
and inner webs; head and hind neck glossy black, with a dark 
steel-green gloss; cheeks, ear-coverts, and entire sides of face 
like the crown; entire under surface of body white, as also the sides 
of the neck, the white extending backwards and almost forming a 
half collar; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the coverts 
near the edge of the wing greenish black; quills black below; 

" bill black; feet lead-colour; iris brown " (Schlegel). Total length 
7*4 inches, culmen 1, wing 4-35, tail 3, tarsus 0*95. (Mus. Lugd.) 


Young male. Differs from the old bird in being entirely grey 
above, the head alone glossy black; a frontal band, lores, feathers 
in front of the eye, cheeks, sides of neck, and entire under surface 
of body white, with an ochraceous tinge on the breast, belly, and 
under tail-coverts ; feathers round the eye and upper part of oar-
coverts black; rump-feathers and upper tail-coverts also slightly 
washed with ochraceous; wing 4*5 inches, tarsus 10. 


Bab. Madagascar. 

4. Xenopirostris pachycephaloides. 
Clytorhynchus pachycephaloides, D. G. Elliot, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 242, 
pi. 19; Layard, Ibis, 1879, p. 110; Tristram, Ibis, 1879, p. 183 j 

E. L. Layard, Ibis, 1880, p. 291. 
Adult male. General colour above, head, and scapulars dark rufous-
brown ; wing-coverts and quills brownish black, with the outer 
web margined with lighter reddish brown; primaries a little more 
blackish, and the outer edge less margined; upper tail-coverts reddish 
brown ; the four central tail-feathers entirely blackish brown, the 
outer ones just tipped with white, the other four pairs more and 
more tipped white, so that the terminal third of the outer pair 
has both the outer and inner web entirely white; head rufous-
brown, a little brighter nearer the bill and on the ear-coverts; the 
whole under surface of the body lighter rufous-brown, which colour 
becomes more reddish nearer to the flanks, abdomen, and under 
tail-coverts; under wing-coverts light greyish brown; under surface 
of wings and tail dark silvery grey. " Bill strong, upper mandible 
slightly hooked, lower with a decided upward curve, lead-colour 
at base; the cutting-edges of both mandibles and point horn-colour; 
feet lead-colour, claws horn-colour " (Elliot). Bill of male bluish 
white ; feet silvery grey, soles yellow; bill of female fawn-coloured " 

(Layard). 

The sexes are alike in plumage 

112 
LAJSTIDJE. 

Male. Total length 7-8 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 3*6, tail 34, 
tarsus 0*8, 

Mr. Layard's " two specimens differ somewhat from the type 
described by Mr. Elliot; both are larger, and then, again, only two, 
instead of four, central tail-feathers are immaculate, the others being 
all more or less tipped with white, which in the female is tinted with 
isabelline colour," But this whitish terminal tip on the outer 
central pair of tail-feathers would have been worn off in a short 
time, as is, in fact, the case in the specimens in the British Museum. 

Edb. New Caledonia and New Hebrides. 

a. $ ad. sk. Dombea, June 20, 1868. E. L. Layard, Esq [0.1. 
b. J ad. sk. New Caledonia. E. L. Layard, Esq. |_G.j. 
7. 
PTEEERYTHRIUS. 
Type. 
Pteruthius, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 491 
(1831) P. erythropterus. 
Allotrius, Temm. PL Col. iii. pi. 589.Hg. 1 (1838) . P. fiaviscapis. 
Ptererytkius, Strickl. (1841). 
Pterythrius, Cab. (1847). 

Bill short and straight; culmen with a prominent ridge, curved 
downwards at the last third, hooked and notched • base of bill somewhat 
broadened and flattened out, the transverse section through maxilla 
being therefore triangular. Nostrils wide, oval, pervious, in front 
of a coriaceous groove, non-operculated, partly covered by the long 
nasal bristles ,* rictal bristles weak. Pirst primary shorter than half 
the second• tip of wing formed by fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries; 
outer secondaries equalling the second primary in length. Tail 
graduated or square, equal to or much shorter than the length of 
the wing. The scales covering the tarsus anteriorly frequently 
fuse together so as to form one long scutum. The sexes differ in 

plumage. 
Range. The hilly and mountainous districts of the Indian Eegion. 

Key to the Species. 

A. Length of wing about 3*5 inches. 
(PTERERYTHRIUS.) 
a. Back grey. 
a'. Innermost secondaries rich chestnut ... . erythropterus, p. 113. 
\ CBralatuh

V. Innermost secondaries dull golden P- H4. 
G J earner anoi, p. 1 lo. 
b. Back chestnut,* secondaries black rwfimnter, p. 115. 
c. Back black flaviscapis} p. 116. 
B. Length of wing under 2-5 inches. 
(ALLOTRIUS.) 
a. Abdomen bright yellow. 
a'. Dark brown frontal band • occiput olive. 
a". Centre of breast yellow mndbarbus, p. 116. 
b". Centre of breast red-brown intermedins, p. 117. 

V. Forehead yellowish; occiput grey melanotis, p. 117. 
b. Underparts dingy white; crown grey xantlwcMoris, p. 118. 
113 

7. PTERBRTTHRIXTS. 
1. Ptererythrius erythropterns. 
Lanitis erythropterus, Vig. P.Z.S. 1831, p. 22; Gould, Century 
Him. B. pi. 11. 
Pteruthius erythropterus, Swains. Class. B. i. p. 249 (1837) ; Blyth, 

J. A. S. Beng. xi. pjp. 106, 183 j id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. 
p. 99* Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 270; id. Cat. Mamm. tyc. Nepal pres. 
Hodgs. p. 95* Bp. C A. i. p. 362; Horsf. § Moore, Cat. B. Mm. 
U.I. Co. i. p. 172; Gould, B. Asia, pt viii.* Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 245 ; 
Hume, Sir. F. 1873, p. 356, 1879, p. 104. 
Adult male. General colour above plumbeous grey, but the upper 
tail-coverts edged with black; wing-coverts and quills black, with 
white tips on the inner web, the three innermost secondaries rich 
chestnut-brown; tail black* head black, with a long white superciliary 
stripe*. cheeks and all the underparts of the body white; 
flanks washed with vinous colour ; under tail- and under wing-coverts 
white, with a grey patch near the edge of the wing ; under surface 
of the quills blackish, with a great deal of white for more than 
the basal half of the inner web; bill black• feet " pale fleshy;" 
iris " dark brown." Total length 6mQ inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*13-
4, tail 2-2-2-5, tarsus 1-1-1. 

Adult female. General colour above, scapulars^ and upper tail-
coverts light olive-brown; lesser wing-coverts black, edged with grey, 
the median and greater ones olive-green *. the primary wing-coverts 
black ; quills black, with white tips to the inner web ; secondaries 
conspicuously margined with olive-green ; the first two or three of 
the primaries without white tips• the three innermost quills entirely 
chestnut-brown as in the male; outer web of the outer pair of the 
tail-feathers olive-green, with a large greenish-yellow tip, inner 
web black; central feathers olive-green, with a black tip; head 
plumbeous grey, with a darker superciliary stripe; under surface 
white, inclining on the abdomen and flanks to fulvous, like the 
thighs and under tail-coverts * under wing-coverts and axillaries 
white, with the larger coverts dusky blackish like the under surface 
of the quills, which are white along the edge of the inner web. 
Total length 6*3 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*2, tail 2*45, tarsus 
1*03. 

Hah. Himalayas to Assam. 

a. 2 ad. sk. Assam (McClelland). India Museum. 
h. $ ad. sk. Bootan (Pemberton). India Museum. 
c, d. (S 2 ad.sk. Nepal (B.H.Hodgson). India Museum. 
ad sk


e,f. 6 $- Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
g, h. $ 2 ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
%i. [ 2 ] juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 

a<3-s-fc*

Jo. 2 Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
/. 2 ad. sk. Darjiling. H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 

m. cf ad.sk. KWXL&OII (Strachey). India Museum. 
n. 2 3UV-sk- Mussoorie. E. W. Oates, Esq. [0.]. 
o-q. $ ad.sk. Simla. Capt.StackhousePinwill[P.l. 
r s, [2 ] a(l« sk* Simla. Capt.StackhousePmwill[P.J. 
tl <$ ad. sk. Murree. Col. Way [P.]. 
w. c? ad. sk. 
Kashmere (Br. Bellew). India Museum. 
VOL. VIII. 
i 

114 IANI1DJ3. 

v. § ad. sk. Himalayas. Major-Gen. Hardwicke. 
w. tS ad. sk. Himalayas. J. Grould, Esq,. (Type of species.) 
2. Ptererythrras seralatus. 
Pteruthius seralatus, Ticked, Jour. As. Soc. Beng. 1855, xxiv. 
p. 267; Blyth, Ibis, 1807, p. 3'2; Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 314, 
no. 4088; Blyth § Walden, Birds of Burmah, p. 109; Gould, B. 
Asia, foL, pt. xxviii.; Anderson, Zool Exp. Yun-nan, Aves, p. 0:28, 
pi. 47 ; Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 479, v. p. 114, vi. p. 808, 1879, p. 104. 
Adult male. Yery like the adult male of P. erytlirofjterns, but 
differs from it in having the outer web of the three innermost secondaries 
not entirely chestnut-brown, but dull golden yellow and with 
narrow black tips as in P.jlavisceipis; under surface, except the abdomen 
and flanks, light ashy grey ; lower mandible and basal edges of 
upper mandible along commissure pale blue, rest of bill black; feet 
fleshy white; claws pale brown to black; "irides varying considerably, 
slaty grey, pale greenish blue, and deep brown " (Hume), 
Total length 6*3 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*4, tail 2*4, tarsus 1*05. 

Of the female Mr. Hume gives the following description from a 
specimen procured in the forests of Mooleyit:—" The stripe over and 
behind the eye is less marked, and greyish white ; the lores are very 
pale grey; the forehead and crown are pure clear grey, shaded on 
the occiput with olivaceous; the entire back, scapulars, and lesser 
wing-coverts pale greenish grey, faintly fulvous on the rump, and 
generally purer grey on the longest upper tail-coverts. The females 
vary a good deal in the shade of the upper surface, which is greyer 
in some, greener in others ; the wings are black ; the primaries and 
most of the secondaries narrowly tipped with white; all but the first 
three primaries margined with golden olive, the third to the seventh, 
however, being margined with white below the emarginations; primary 
and greater coverts blackish brown; both webs of tertiaries and 
a portion of the outer webs of secondaries and their greater coverts 
greenish golden olive; the tertiaries usually with a more or less 
distinct chestnut spot at their tips; tail-feathers black, tipped with 
dull yellow, the central ones very narrowly (in some obsoletely), the 
lateral ones more and more broadly ; almost the whole of both webs 
of the central tail-feathers, except just inside the yellow tippings, 
and the greater portion of the outer webs of the lateral tail-feathers 
and sometimes of both webs of the pair next the central feathers, 
suffused with the same greenish golden olive as the wings. The 
lower parts are greyish white on chin, throat, and fore neck, and 
very pale fulvescent white on breast, abdomen, vent, and lower tail-
coverts, generally more or less shaded browner, or even slightly 
olivaceous on the sides and flanks. The colour of the lower surface 
varies a good deal in different specimens: in some it is browner and 
more fulvescent than I have described, and the brownish fulvescent 
shade extends over the fore neck right up to the throat." " Bill 
above black, below lavender; legs dull white; claws dark brown ; 
iris deep lavender" (Ward!aw Ramsay), 

Eab. Burmah. 

7. PTEREJOTHRIUS. 115 
a. S ad. sk. Ponsee, Kakhyen hills, 3300 Dr. J. Anderson [0.]. 
feet, March 1868. 

Ohs. Since writing the above account of the female, Capt. Ward-
law Kamsay has kindly lent me two females obtained by himself in 
the Karen hills; I find that these agree with Mr. Hume's description. 

Subsp. a. Ptererythrius cameranoi. 
Pteruthius cameranoi, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv. (1879), 

p. 233; Wardlaw Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1880; p. 16. 
Adult male. Differing rom P. ceralatus by the absence of the 
vinous tinge on the flanks ; it therefore partly resembles P. flaviscapis, 
but has a grey back. 

Female (according to Salvadori) above olive-grey; underparts 
ochraceous white, paler on the throat; wings black, with olive-
yellow margins; tail olive-yellow, blackish towards the tip; the 
three outer pairs tipped with yellowish white. Length of wing 
3 inches, tail 1'8, tarsus 0*92. 

Hab. Mount Singalan, Sumatra. 

3. Ptererythrius rufiventer. 
Pteruthius ruflventer, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 183, xii. p. 954; id. 
Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 28; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 270, pi. Q7 • 
Gould, B. Asia, pt. ix.; Bp. C. A A.-p. 3G2 ; Sorsfield fy Moore, Cat. 

B. Mus. B.l. Co. i. p. 173 ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 245; Gray, Band-l 
B. L p. 314, no. 4G83; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 104. 
Adult male. General colour above, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts 
chestnut-brown; wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers shining black, 
the primaries with a very narrow whitish margin on the terminal 
half of the outer web; the secondaries and tail-feathers with chestnut-
brown tips; the whole head, cheeks, and hind neck entirely 
black; chin, throat, and fore neck pale grey; sides of the breast 
light yellowish brown; centre of breast, abdomen, and under tail-
coverts vinous brown, flanks a little darker; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries white, but the outer under wing-coverts dusky grey; 
under surface of quills dusky grey with a large whitish margin on 
the inner edge of the web; bill black; feet flesh-coloured in the 
skin. Total length 7*7 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3-5, tail 3*6, 
tarsus 1*2. 

The female has the mantle and back, including the wing-coverts, 
dark olive-green; primary-coverts black; quills blackish, externally 
margined with olive-yellow; the innermost secondaries tipped 
with chestnut-brown; upper tail-coverts and rump also chestnut-
brown ; head greenish black, except the forehead, which is grey 
and mottled with black; sides of head, cheeks, chin, throat, fore 
neck, and part of the breast grey; lower part of breast and rest of 
under surface, including the under tail-coverts, thighs, and axillaries, 
vino as brown; sides of upper breast in the adult female as in the 
male, tinged with light yellowish brown. Total length 7*5 inches, 
culmen 0*8, wing 3*5, tail 3-5, tarsus 1*2. 

i2 

116 LAWIIDJE. 

The British-Museum collection does not possess young birds of 
this species, except one which I suppose to be a young male in its 
second or third year; it is like the adult male, but still with remains 
of the olive-green colour on its back, and some of the upper 
wing-coverts are tipped with olive-yellow, forming a band. 

Hah. Eastern Himalayas. 

a. $ ad. sk. Darjiling. India Museum. 
b, o. [c? 2 ] ad. sk. Nepal. B. II. Hod&bon [P.]. 
d> *> r 6 ¥ J ad. sk. Nepal. B. EL Hodgson [P. I 
f, [si jun. &k. Nepal. B. H. Hudg>un JP.]. 
9-1 ? ] a<^-s^' Nepal. India Museum. " 
)i, § ad. sk. Sikkina, Dec. 1878. Eugene W. Gates, Esq. 

4. Ptererythritis flaviscapis. 
PterutMus flaviscapis, Temm, PL CoL iii. pi. 589. &g. 1; Gray, Gen. 
3. i. p. 270; Bp. C. A. i. p. 362 j Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 314, 
no. 4684. 
Adult male. Yery similar to the adult male of P. avcilatits, but 
differing from it by its smaller size as well as by the following characters 
:—The back is jet-black instead of grey, flanks entirely white; 
secondaries without white terminal spots; feet fleshy white ; bill 
bluish black. 

Achdt female. Above olive-green; wings without the golden 
yellow colour of the three innermost secondaries ; head ashy brown, 
with a large isabelline superciliary stripe ; neck ashy grey ; underpays 
white, but breast and flanks isabelline. 

Young or immature male. General colour above dark olive-grey ; 

lesser and primary-coverts black, the rest brown; wings blackish 

brown, narrowly edged with white ; the three innermost secondaries 

golden yellow, and slightly tinged with brown on the inner web; 

tail black, with small yellowish terminal spots : head, cheeks, and 

ear-coverts ashy grey; a long superciliary stripe and the under


pays of the body are white. Total length about 5 inches, culmen 

0-6, wing 2-8, tail 24 , tarsus 0*95. 

Hob. Java. 

<$ 1 imim st. Java. Purchased, 

t.i
c? J imm. st. Java. 

5. Ptererythrius senobarbiis. 
Allotrius senobarbus, Temm. PL CoL iii. pi 589. fig. 2 (<?) ; Gray, 
Gen. B. I p. 270; Bp. C. A. L p. 362 j Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 456. 
PterutMus senobarbus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 314, no. 4685. 

Adult male. General colour above, including the head, hind 
neck, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts, yellowish green; wing-
coverts black, the median and greater ones with white terminal 
spots forming two parallel bands; quills blackish, the outer web of 
the primaries with a narrow white margin; the secondaries with 
more yellowish-green colour on the outer web and with a small 
white terminal spot; central tail-feathers uniform yellowish green, 

7. PTERBRXTHRIUS. 
• the others green, blackish towards the ends and tipped with white, 
which increases in extent towards the outermost, the white being 
confined to the inner web ; forehead near the bill reddish brown; 
eyebrows white, lores black, ear-coverts greenish-yellow, and a 
rather large superciliary stripe grey; chin and throat reddish 
brown, the line of demarcation between this colour and the yellow 
of the neck sharply defined ; cheeks and the whole under surface 
of the body, including the under tail-coverts, bright yellow: fianks 
tinged with greenish ; inner edge of quills, the under wing-coverts, 
and the edge of the wing white ; bill blackibh, feet yellowish grey. 
Total length 4 inches; culmen 0*45, wing 2-3, tail 1*9, tarsus 073. 
The sexes seem to be alike in plumage. 

Hab. Java. 
a. S ad. sk. W. Java. A. R. Wallace, Es^. [0.]. 
b, <$ ad. sk. Java. Purchased. 
6. Ptererythrius intermedins. 

Allotrius intermedins, Hume, 8tr. F. v. pp. 112 & 115 : vi. p. 370 ; 
1879, p. 104. 

Like A. melanotis, Blyth, but has a larger bill and a deep-chestnut 
frontal band, and wants the broad slaty nuchal half-collar and the 
black band behind the ear-coverts. Like A. cenobarbus, Temm., 
but has a smaller bill, a much deeper chestnut frontal band, the 
chestnut of the throat descending to the abdomen, and the grey 
superciliary stripe prolonged as a wide band over the ear-coverts 
and completely round their ends. (Hume.) 

" c?. Total length 4*7 inches, bill from gape 0*55, wing 2-45, tail 
1-0, tarsus 0*75. Lower mandible and edge of upper mandible pale 
blue; rest of upper mandible black ; irides brown; feet and claws 
fleshy." ("FT. Davison.) 
Hab. Tenasserim. 

7. Ptererythrius melanotis. 
Allotrius melanotis, Hodys. J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 448 (1847) ; Gray, 
Gen. B. iii. App. p. 13; Gould, B. Asia, pt. viii.; Bp. C. A. i. p. 362; 
Gray, Hand4. B.i. p. 314, no. 4686; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 104. 

Pteruthius eenobarbus, Horsf. fy Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. i. 

p. 172 (nee I'emm.). 
Allotrius senobarbus, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 246 (<$) (nee Temm). 
Adult male. Closely resembling P. wnobarbus, but differing from 
this species as follows :—(1) forehead olive-yellow, without a reddish 
brown band; (2) occiput and hind neck light grey; (3) ear-
coverts yellow, bordered posteriorly by a black line ; (4) outer pair 
of tail-feathers entirely white; (5) the reddish brown colour on 
the throat not sharply defined, but passing gradually into the yellow 
of the breast; (6) the least wing-coverts and quills edged 
with pale grey. Culmen 0-44 inch, wing 2-3-2*4, tail 1-60-1*80, 
tarsus 0-75. 

Adult female. Like the male, but the greater and median wing


118 LANIIDJE-

coverts tipped with reddish isabelline instead of with white ; chin 
and upper throat washed with reddish brown; rest of fore neck 
yellow. Wing 2*3-2*4: inches, tail 1-40-1-60. 

Young birds resemble the female, but have no trace of the grey 
colour on the occiput. Underparts white, tinged with yellow; throat 
pale cream-colour. 

Hah Eastern Himalayas. 
a, b. tf ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 

c. d. (S ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. (Types of 
species.) 
e,f. 2 ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
g, h, i. S ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. HP. J. 

h. $ ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
I. Juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
m. $ ad. sk. Darjiling. H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.j. 
n. $ ad. sk. Sikkim, Nov. 1876. E. *W. Gates, Esq. 
ad sk

o»l21-- Sikkim, April 1875. E. W. Oates, Esq. 

p. 12 J ad. sk. Bootan (Pemberton). India Museum. 
8. Ptererythrius xanthochloris. 
Pteruthius xanthochloris, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 448 (1847) ; 
Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 13; id. Cat. Mamm. tyc. Nepal pres. 
Hodgs. p. 95, App. p. 155; Gould, B. Asia, pt. viii. j Gray, 
Hand-l. B. i. p. 314, no. 4687. 

Allotrius xanthochloris, Bp. C. A. i. p. 362; Hume, Str. F. vii. 

p. 456, 1879, p. 104. 
Allotrius senobarbus, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 246 (2) (nee Temm.). 
? Allotrius xanthochloris; var. pallida, David, K Arch. Mus. \ii. Bull. 
p. 14. 
? Allotrius sophise, Verr. N. Arch. Mas. viii. p. 64. 
? Allotrius galH&iia, David § Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 215. 
Adult. General colour above dusky olive-green ; wings with their 

coverts and the tail blackish, externally washed with the colour of 

the back; tail and some of the secondaries with paler tips; crown 

of head slaty grey ; ear-coverts pale greyish olive; throat and upper 

breast dingy white tinged with isabelline; rest of underparts dingy 

white and strongly washed with pale greenish yellow; inner edge 

of quills, edge of wing, and under wing-coverts whitish yellow. 

Total length about 4 inches, culmen 0'45, wing 2-35-2-50, tail 1*95


2*05, tarsus 0-75-0-81. 

Young birds have the upper parts uniform pale olive-grey; wings 
and tail brown; underparts dingy yellowish white. The female 
seems to be intermediate in colour between the young and the adult 
male. 

Hob. Himalayas. 

a. [(S] ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
(Type of species.) 
b, c. [tf] ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgso7i). India Museum. 

d. [ 61 ad. sk. Nepal. B. H Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
ad gk.

e. [91- N.W.Himalayas. Capt.StackhousePinwill[P.], 
/. Juv. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill [P.t 
g. Ad. sk. Sikkim. Henry Seebohm, Esq, [P.j. 
8. CALICALICUS. 11 9 
8. CALICALICUS. 
Type. 
Calicalicus, Bp. C. B. xxxviii. p. 535 (1854) C. madagascariensis. 
Hylopliorba, Mater, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 320 C. madagascariensis. 

Head of Calicalicus madagascariensis <$. 

Bill like that of a typical Lanius; nostrils oval, in front of a 

coriaceous groove, partly covered by bristles. First primary some


what longer than half the length of the next one; tip of wing 

formed by fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries. Tail square, shorter 

than wings, the latter just covering the upper tail-coverts. Tarsus 

anteriorly covered with transverse scales. The two first proximal 

phalanges of the third and fourth toes joined together; inner toe 

much shorter than the fourth. Feathers of back and rump very 

woolly. The sexes are different in plumage. 

Mange. Madagascar. 

1. Calicalicus madagascariensis. 
Lanius madagascariensis minor, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 164, pi. 16. 

Lanius madagascariensis, Linn. S. N. 1766, i. p. 137; Schley, fy 

Pollen, Faane Madag. p. 99, pi. 27, <$ & $ (1868). 

Pie griecke calicalic, Buff. PL Enl. pi. 299. 

Sclietba madagascariensis, Less. Traite dOrn. p. 374(1831). 

Dryoscopus madagascariensis, Bp. C. A. i. p. 361 (1850). 

Calicalicus madagascariensis, Bp. C. B. xxxviii. p. 535 (1854); Hartl. 

Vog. Madag. p. 50; Grandid. Bev. et Mag. Zool. 1867, p. 386; 

Milne-Edw. fy Grandid. Hist. Madag., Ois. pis. 164, 165. 
Tiylophorba ruticilla, Scl, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 326, pi. 13 ($). 
Pachvcephala madagascariensis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 389, no. 5910 

(1869). 

Adult male. Top of the head and back ashy grey; scapulars, 
median and lesser wing-coverts, rump and upper tail-coverts chestnut-
red ; primary- and greater wing-coverts and the quills blackish 
brown, edged with grey; tail—the terminal three quarters of the 
central pair, the terminal half of the outer web of the outermost pair, 
and the tips of the other three pairs brownish grey, the remainder 
of the tail chestnut-red; forehead, lores, and a narrow superciliary 
stripe deep black, separated from the grey of the head by a very 
narrow white band; cheeks and lower part of the ear-coverts white; 
chin, throat, and fore neck jet-black ; remainder of the under surface 
of the body white, washed on the sides of the breast and especially 
on the flanks with light chestnut-red; edge of wing chestnut-red; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries white; under surface of quills 
blackish grey, internally edged with creamy white; feathers of the 

120 LAN1ID3E. 

thighs light chestnut-red, edged and tipped with white; bill black, 
feet dark ashy in the skin. 

Adult female. Above like the adult male, but the head and hind 
neck lighter; tail like that of the male, but having the central pair 
almost entirely chestnut-red, only just tipped with grey; undersurface 
creamy white, more reddish on the breast and flanks, wanting 
the black of the male entirely ; under wing-coverts and thighs 
light rufous; " bill black, nearer the base whitish; feet obscure 
ashy" (Sclater). 

Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*75, tail 2*2, tarsus 0*8. 

Eab. Madagascar. 

a. $ ad. sk. Noce Vola, Nov. 13,1869 B. B. Sharpe, E^q. [P.]. 
(A. Crossky). 
b. Ad. sk. Saralalan, N. Madagascar, E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Nov. 18,1869 {A. Crossley). 
c. 2 ad. sk. Saralalan (Crossky). B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
d. Ad. sk. Saralalan, Nov. 18, 1869 F. D. Godman and 0. Sal( 
Crossky). \ in, E^qr^. [P. ]. 
e. 2 &d. sk. Madagascar. Purchased. 
/. c? imm. sk. Madagascar. 
g^h. J ad. sk. Ankaiana forest, March 9, Bev. W. Deans Cowan [C.]. 
i. 5 ad. sk. Analatsoi, Nov. 18, 1880. Bev. W. Deans Cowan [C.]. 
9. TELOPHOFUS. 
Tj pe. 

Pomatorhynchus, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 973 {nee 

Horsfield!) T. erythrupterus. 

Telophonus, Sioains. Class. B. ii. p. 219 (1887) .. T. erjthropteius. 

Telephonus (pt.), JBp. C. A. p. 861 (1850) ..... . T. senegalus. 

Harpolestes, Cab. Mus. Hein, i. p. 70 (1850) T. eiytnropterus. 

Bill strongly bent, hooked and notched ; nostrils oval, non-operculated, 
in front of a coriaceous groove, quite exposed, but the groove 
covered with short feathers; no nasal, but a few strong lictal bristles 
present. Pirst primaiy well developed; whole wing short and 
much rounded, the tip being formed by the fourth, fifth, and sixth 
primaries (in T. senegalus 3, 4, 5). Tail equal to or somewhat 
longer than wings, much graduated. Tarsi in front covered with 
transverse scales. Colour of bill always jet-black. Principal colours 
black, whitish, and chestnut-brown, the latter always being the 
colour of the wing-coverts. Most of the species have a longitudinal 
black streak through the eye. Bed, green, blue, and yellow 
colours are not found in the plumage. No external difference bet^ een 
the two sexes. 

Hange* Africa. 

Key to the Species, 

a. Crown of head black. * 
a' Central pair of tail-feathers black; underpays 
ochraceous 
a". Black patch on each shoulder mintdus, p. 128. 

121 

9. TELOPHONUS. 
h". Mantle and scapulars uniformly chestnutcolour, 
with no patch anchietai, p. 129. 
br. Central pair of tail-feathers ashy grey, with 
numerous dark cross hands. * * 


c". Both the inner and outer wehs of the 
quills almost entirely chestnut-red; 
underparts creamy white remigialis, p. 128. 


d". The greater part of the inner web of the 
quills dark brown j the reddish colour 
confined to the inner edge. 


Underparts washed with grey; , ; USlV.m. 

' j se 

' r

under tail-coverts white or ochraceous. < •/« --


I ™™llatus 126

V". Under tail-coverts ashy grey with> P-


11«

whitish tips 
blanfordi, p. 127. 

b. Crown of head brown. 
c'. All the underparts, including the under 
wing-coTerts and the edge of the wings, 
dark ashy grey; length of wing about 
3*25 inches ; bill very slender and much 
curved erythropterus, p .121. 


d'. Under wing-coverts and edge of wing 
ochraceous or white; length of wing not 
exceeding 3 inches. 


e". All the underparts ochraceous buff trkirgatus, p. 122. 

f". 
Throat, abdomen, and edge of wing 
almost pure white; under tail-coverts , , • • , /-o , 
creamy.1. '. Urmrgatm (Eastern 

< mce) p* U6m

g". Sides of breast and flanks ashy grey;>
under tail-coverts grey and white ussheri, p. 124. 


1. Telophonus erythropterus. 
Le Tchagra, Levaill Ois. oVAfr. ii. p. 81, pi. 70. figs. 1 & 2 (1799). 
Lanius erythropterus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 801 (ex Levaill) 

(1809) j Bilppell, Nme Wirbelth. p; 32. 
Thamnophilus tchagra, Vieill. N. Diet*. Hi. p. 317 (ex Levaill.). 
Lanius senegalus, Lath. Gen. Mist. B. ii. p. 23. 
Potamorhynehus tchagra, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 973. 
? Lanius coronatus, Bonn, et Vieill. Fnc. Meth. p. 732 (1823). 
Tchagra senegalensis, Less. Traite, p. 373 (1831). 
Telophonus longirostris, Swains. Class. B, ii. p. 219; id. Anim. in 

Menagr. p. 283. 
Telophorus erythropterus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 292 (1846). 
Telephonus longirostris, Bp. C. A.i. p. 361; Licht. Nomencl. p. ii j 

Finsch $ Hartl.og. Ostafr. p. 340; Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. 

p. 472. 
Telephonus erythropterus, Bp. C. A. i. p. 361 j Marti. Orn. Westafr. 
p. 106; Monteiro, Ibis, 1862, p. 335; Finsch § Ilartl. Vog. Ostafr. 
p. 336; Reichenow, Corr. Afr. Gesellsch. Berlin, 1874, p. 178 ; 
Socage, Jorn. £is&.1867,p. 137, & 1870, p. 343 ,* id. Omith.dAngola. 
p. 223. 
Harpolestes longirostris, Cab. Mm. Hein. i. p, 70. 
Telophorus longirostris, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 399, no. 6057, 
Telephonus tschagra, Sliarpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 51. 
122 LANIID^. 

Poinatorhynchus ervthropterus, Gurnet/ in Anderss. B.DamaraLand, 

p. 149. 
Laniarius ervthropterus, Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 397. 
Adult. General colour above, including the scapulars, brown 
with a slight olive tinge, passing into ashy grey on the rump and on 
the upper tail-coverts ; least wing-coverts brown, edged with grey; 
rest of wing-coverts, and a broad edge of the outer web of most of 
the primary quills chestnut-brown; rest of outer web, especially 
the basal part, and the whole of the inner web uniform brown; 
central pair of tail-feathers ashy brown, with numerous but faintly 
marked dark cross bars; all the other feathers of the tail black, 
and largely tipped with white ; crown of head rufescent brown; a 
broad fulvous white streak extends from the nostrils over the eye 
onto the occiput, and is separated from the pale ashy-brown ear-
coverts by a black streak, which begins at the hinder corner of the 
eye; loral region black; all the underparts are ashy grey, darker 
on the breast, flanks, under tail- and under wing-coverts, lighter on 
the middle of the abdomen, and gradually passing into dingy white 
on the throat, chin, and cheeks; edge of wing grey, mottled with 
whitish; under surface of quills uniform sepia-brown, without any 
light or reddish edging to the inner web ; colour of the bill and of 
the feet dark horny brown or black; " eyes black" (Atmore). 
Total length 8 inches, culm en 1*05, wing 3*25, tail 3*75, tarsus 

M. 
Young. Very similar to the old bird, but generally paler; the 
wing-coverts more buffy red instead of the deep chestnut colour of 
the adult birds ; the broad superciliary streak washed with rufous ; 
underparts, especially the under tail-coverts, washed with fulvous 
grey. 

Hah. Cape Colony. 

a, b. Ad. sk. South' Africa. Sir A. Smith [P.l 

c. Juv. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [P. J. 
d. Ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope. F. Campbell, Esq. [P.]. 
e. Ad. sk. Grahamstown (T. C. Atmore), It. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
2. Telophonus trivirgatus. 
Malaconotus australis, Smith, Hep. Expl. JSxped. p. 44 (1836). 
Telophorus trivirgatus, Stnith, Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pL xciv. (1849); 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 292; id. Hand-l B. i. p. 399, no. C053. 
Telephonus trivirgatus, Bp. C. A. i. p. 361; Marti Orn. W.-Afr. 

p. 106; Bianc. Spec. Zool. Mosamh. p. 400; Marti P. Z. S. 
1865, pp. 88 & 93; Meugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 471; Fmsck $ 
Marti Vb'g. Ostafr. p. 338; JReichenow, J. f. 0. 1875, p. 27, & 
1877, p. 23; Bocaye, Orn. d'Angola, p. 224. 
Telephonus frenatus, Licht. Nomencl. p. 12 (1854). 
Telophonus trivirgatus, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 160. 
Pomatorhynchus trivirgatus, Gum. in Anderss. B. JDamara Land, 


p. 151. 
Laniarius trivirgatus, Sharpie, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 396 (1881). 
9. TEL0PH0NTTS. 
123 

Adult Upper parts, including occiput and crown of the head, ashy 
brown, passing into grey on the lower back and rump • upper tail-
coverts dark grey with very narrow whitish tips; central pair of 
tail-feathers very dark ashy brown, distinctly marked with cross 
bars; the creamy superciliary streak bordered on its upper and lower 
margin with black; all the underparts of the body, including the 
edge of the wing, the under wing- and under tail-coverts, and the 
thighs, light ochraceous buff, passing into dull white on the throat ; 
all the other parts are exactly as in T. senegalus; " eyes bluish 
hazel" (Atmore). Total length about 7 inches, culmcn 0*75-0-8, 
wing 2-8-3-05, tail about 3-7, tarsus 1-02. 

Hab. Southern Africa with the exception of the Cape. 

Obs. In a female specimen in Capt. Shelley's collection the two 
black stripes almost meet across the occiput, some of the feathers 
being mottled with blackish. 

a, b. Ad. sk.
c. (S ad. sk.
d. e. Ad. sk.
/ . Ad. sk.
g. Ad. sk.
h9 i c? ad. sk.
h. 5 ad. sk. 
South Africa. 
Griqualand (T. C. AtmoMay 5,1871. 
Crocodile river (F. OatesJuly. 
Shoshong, Mitle river,
Aug. 10. 
Makalaka Country. 
Otjinibinque, May 1866(Andersson). 
Onani's river, April 11,186(Andersson). 
re),
). 
5 
Sir A. Smith [0.]. 
(Types, of species.) 
R. B. SharpeEsq. \QX 
"W.E. & O.G. Oates.Esqrs. 
[P.]. 
W. E. & C. G. Oates.Esqrs. 
[P.]. 
Dr. Bradshaw [C.]. 
E. B. Skarpe, Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
I Ad. sk. Benguela. J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [O.]. 

Obs. Two birds collected by Sir John Kirk at Tete, and a third 
collected by him opposite Zanzibar, in Capt. Shelley's collection, 
differ very remarkably from all the other species of Telophonus; 
and any one could distinguish them at once from T. trivirgatus, 
to which species they seem nearest allied. These three specimens 
have all the lower parts whitish instead of ochraceous; the throat 
and the greater part of the breast, the abdomen, and edge of wing 
almost pure white; sides of breast and flanks washed with creamy 
grey • thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts pale creamy; crown 
of head dark ochraceous brown, much mottled with black, therefore 
very much resembling T. ussheri. The general colour of the 
upper parts cannot be of much importance, as in T. trivirgatus it is 
subject to great variation. The three specimens, however, have 
the back, mantle, and hind neck more ochraceous and less ashy than 

T. trivirgatus. Thus we cannot but feel surprise that Einsch and 
Hartlaub (7. c.) expressly state that the specimens from the Zambesi 
in the British Museum entirely agree with specimens of T. trivirgatus 
from Damaraland The measurements do not show any reliable 
difference. Total length about 7 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 0*7
124 
LA2UIJ>JE. 

2*9, tail 2*8-3*5, tarsus 1. These birds seem to represent an eastern 
or paler race of T. trivirgatus. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Tete; Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Expedition. 

Subsp. a. Telophonus ussheri. (Plate II. fig. 1.) 

Laniarms ussheri, Sharpe, eel. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 397 (1882). 

Adult. Yery similar to T. trivirgatus, but differing from the 

latter as follows:—All the underparts, except the throat and the 

middle of the abdomen (which are whitish), are ashy grey, especially 

dark on the sides of the breast and the flanks; the under tail-coverts 

are whitish, with dusky bases; edge of wing white; under wing


coverts—primaries brownish grey, secondaries white with a slight 

reddish tinge; bill entirely black in the adult bird, in the young 

and immature bird brown or horn-colour, with the under mandible 

very pale at base. Total length about 7 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 

2-8, tail 3* 35, tarsus 1. 

Ohs. In both the specimens of this species in the British-Museum 

collection the two black stripes bordering the creamy white super


ciliary stripe almost meet across the occiput. In the adult speci


men the crown of the head is very much mottled with black, whilst 

the immature bird (with the pale bill), has the whole crown 

uniformly a&hy brown with an ochraceous tinge like the mantle¥. 

Hah. (xold Coast. Is a Western race of T. trivirgatus, linking 

together the latter and T. senegalus. 

a. 
Ad. sk. River Volta, Aug. 1870 E. B. Sharpe, Esq. (Tjpe 
(Ussher). of species.) 
h. Imm. sk. Fantee (A. Swanzy). It. B. bharpe, E&q. 
3. Telophonus senegalus. 
Pie-grieche grise du Senegal, JBriss. Orn. ii. p. 107, pi. xvii. fig. 1. 

Pie-grieche rousse a tete noire du Senegal, Daubent. PL JSnI. pi. 470. 

%.L 
Lanius swiegalus, Linn. S. AT. i. p. 137 (176G) ; Gm. S. N. i. p. 304. 
Senegal Shrike, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 162. u 
Telophorus senegalus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 262 j id. Manam B. i. 

p. 399, no. 0050 & (5052, pt. 
* It may be concluded from the above description that T. ussheri differs from 
T. senegalus only in its brown crown, a specific difference wMch is open to 
doubt if we take the black mottled crown of the specimen described above as 
a sign of immaturity. But even if compared with immature specimens of T. 
senegalus, which have the crown of the head brown or mottled with black, the 
two species (T. senegalus and T. uhsherl) differ from each other as follows:—T. 
senegalus is larger in size (of. wings and tail); the under tail-coverts and the 
vent are pale ochraceous with no trace of grey; the primary under wing-coverts 
are pale reddish, not brown; the white tips to the tail-feathers are much larger 
than those of T. ussheri. These differences are observable e\en in the two 
specimens from the Biver Tolta, Aug. 1870, where both species occur. 
9 . TJDLOPELCWtrs. 
125 

Teleplionus senegalus, Bp. C. A. i. p. 301; Lieht. Nomencl. p. 11; 

Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 105. 
Pomatorhynchus erythropterus, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 69. 
Poniatorhynchus orientals, Cab. in V. d. Decked8 Reis. iii. p. 27. 
Teleplionus erytliropterus {non Sliaw), Hewjl. Si/sf. Uebers. p. 33; 

Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 100; Gurnet/, Ibis, 1800, p. 211, 1805, 

p. 273; Monteiro, Ibis, 1802, p. 335; Kirk, Iks, 1804, p. 319 ; 
Fbisch 8f Hartl. Voq. Ostafr. p. 320; Fimch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 254 ; 
Sliarpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 51; Reichenow, J.f O. 1875, p. 27, 1877, 

p. 23 j FiscJier, J.f O. 1879, p. 347. 
Telopkonus erytliropterus, Layard, B. South Afr. p. 100. 
Laniarius senegalus, Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 397 (1882). 
Adult. Hind neck and mantle ochraceous brown, passing into ashy 
brown with, an olive tinge ; scapulars brownish black, with a broad 
rufous margin to the outer and inner webs; all the wing-coverts 
almost entirely chestnut-red, except the basal part of the feathers 
which is blackibh; the greater part of the outer web of the primary 
and a broad edge to the secondary quills chestnut-colour, rest of 
the quills black-brown; the innermost secondary quills margined 
with rufous on both the inner and outer webs ; central pair of 
tail-feathers ashy brown, with numerous dark but faintly marked 

cross waves ; the other feathers are black, and broadly tipped with 
white, which colour extends up the outer web of the outermost pair; 
a broad and very pronounced streak extends from the nostrils backwards 
over the eye and the ear-coverts, almost meeting at the hinder 
margin of the black occiput with its fellow from the other side; 
this streak is white from the nostrils to the eye, the rest is ochraceous; 
the black postocular streak, bordering the ear-coverts5 is very 
distinctly marked; lores black; ear-covcrts and sides of the neck 
ochraceous brown, a little paler than the neck; chin, cheeks, and 
middle part of throat white ; under tail-coverts cream-colour; breast, 
flanks, and abdomen ashy grey as in T. erythropterus; under 
wing-coverts and a broad margin to the inner webs of the primary 
and secondary quills pale rufous ; edge of wing pure white ; thighs 
cream-colour or pale ochraceous, sometimes washed with grey; 
" feet pale slaty, claws rather darker ; bill black, base of upper and 
a good deal of under mandible light slaty" {Oates). Total length 
about 8-5 inches, carmen 0-85-1, wing 3*20-3*6, tail 3*75-4*5, 
tarsus 1-1-1 *2. 

In order to show that these great differences in size are merely 
local variations, I give the length of the wings of all the adult 
specimens of T. senegalus at present in the National collection. 

Length of wing, 

inches. 
a. Imm. sk.
b. Ad. sk.
c. Ad. bk.
d. Ad. sk. 
3*3 
3*15 
3*25 
3*2 
W. Africa, 
"W. Africa 
Gambia. 
Beulah Road, GoldCoast, Nov. 25,1871 
Oapt. Sabine, R.N. [P.]. 
Oapt. Sabine, R.N. [P.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(Blissett). 
e. Ad. sk. 3*2 Accra {Smith). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

126 LANIIDJE. 

Length of wing. 

/ . Ad. sk. 
g. Ad. sk. 
h, Ad. sk. 
i. $ ad. sk, 
k. Ad. sk. 
inches. 
3-15 
3-4 
3-3 
3-5 
3-6 
Eiver Volta ( Ussher), 
Aug. 1870. 
Cambambe, Angola. 
Kabinda, Congo, 
August. 
Oimene River, June 
25, 1867 (Andersson). 
Elephant Vley, Sept. 
29, 1859 (Anders-
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [C.]. 
Commander Sperling 
B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
/. Ad. sk. 
m. Ad. sk. 
fL Ad sk. 
o. § ad. sk. 
p. $ ad. sk. 
q. Ad. sk. 
r. Ad. sk. 
s. $ ad. sk. 
t. Ad. sk. 
3-4 
3-55 
3-4 
3-6 
3-5 
3-5 
3-45 
3*45 
3-25 
son).
Kingwilliamstown. 
Kingwilliamstown. 
Kingwilliamstown. 
British Caffraria, 
Sept. 17,1876. 
Elands Post, May 27, 
1870 (T.Atmore). 
Elands Post, June 
1870 (T. Atmore). 
Natal. 
Natal (Ayres).
2nd Makalaka Kraal, 
Lieut. Anstey [P.]. 
Capt. H. Trevelvan [P.], 
Capt. H. TrevelyanfP.t 
Capt. H. Trevelyan [P.j. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
T. Ayres, Esq. [C.]. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
W. E. & C. a. Oates, 
u. J ad. sk. 
v. Imm. sk. 
20. Ad. sk. 
x. Ad. sk. 
y. Imm. sk. 
z. 5 ad. sk. 
a' Ad. sk. 
6' Ad. sk. 
c\ Ad. sk. 
d'. Ad. sk. 
3-4 
3-3 
3-3 
3 
3-45 
3-15 
3-25 
3-2 
September (F. 
Oaks). 
Pantamatanka, Jan. 
18 (F. Oates). 
Shupanga, Zambesi, 
April 1862 (Sir 
J. JSSrk). 
Makalaka Country. 
Makalaka Country. 
Makalaka Country. 
Mozambique. 
Mombasa (Wakefield), 
Mombasa (Wakefield). 
Mombasa, June. 
Mombasa. 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
W. E. & C. G. Oates, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
Livingstone Expedition. 
Dr. F. Bradshaw [C.J. 
Dr. F. Bradshaw [C.I. 
Dr. F. Bradshaw [C.J. 
Purchased. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J. 
J. M. Hildebrandt [C.J. 
Eev. T. Fowell Buxton 
<?'. c? ad. sk. 3-2 Kitui, Ukamba, April 
1877. 
rp.]. 
J. M. Hildebrandt [0.]. 

4. Telopiioinis cucullatiis. 
Lanius cucullatus, Temm. Man. d'Om. iv. p. 600 (1840) (ex Andalusia-, 
Boissoneau). 

Lanius tchagra, Schleg. Rev. Crit. p. xxi (1844); Dubois, Ois. Fur. 

xviii. pi. 37; Bree, B. Europe, i. p. 171. 
Telophorus cucullatus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 292 (1846); id. JSand-l. 
B:i. p. 398, no. 6051 (1869). 
Telephonus cucullatus, Bp. C. A. i. p. 361; Tristr. Ibis, 1860, 
p. 150. 
Telephonus erythropterus (non Shaid), BreJim, Naumamiia, 18*55, 
p. 275; Dress. B. Eur. iii. p. 423, pi. 154. 
9. TELOPHONCTS127 


Teleopliontis tchagra, Lilford, Ibis, 1866, p. 380 (nee V.). 
Teiepkonus tsckagra, (non V.) Begl.fy Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 230; Bp. 
Cat. Ois. Eur. Parzud. p. 8 (1856); Locke, Cat. Mamm. Ois. Alg. 

p. 80, sp. 172 (1858); id. Expl. Scient. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 44. 
Laniarius eueullatus, Sharpe, ed. Laijard B, S. Afr. p, 397 (1882). 
In Algeria and Morocco T. senegahis is represented by a brightercoloured 
race, which differs from the former in the following points:— 
IJnderparts dark ashy grey, whitish on the middle of the abdomen 
and the upper throat; ear-coverts pale ashy brown, not ochraceous, 
distinctly paler than the mantle and hind neck, which parts in this 
northern race are of a dark ashy-brown colour; thighs ochraceous, 
sometimes mottled with grey. 

Four specimens in the British Museum show the following measurements 
:—Total length 8-9 inches, culmen 0*9, wings '3-55, 
tail 4*7, tarsus 1*2. 

Bab. Algeria and Morocco. 

a. $ ad. sk. Tangiers. 
Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. Tangiers. 
Colonel Irby [P.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Algeria. 
ft. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
d. 
d ad. sk. Algeria (H. B. Tristtwm), E. D. Godman and 0. 
May 5,1856. Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
5. TelopiLonus Manfordi. (Plate II. fig. 2.) 
Laniarius erythropterus, Blanf. Geol. <$• Zool Abyss, p. 343 (nee Shaw). 
Lanius senegalus, var., Mempr. 8f Ehrenb, Si/mb. Phys. foL E. 
Telephonus erythropterus, pt.? Hevgl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 468. 
Laniarius blanfordi. Sharpe, ed. Layard B. South Afr. p. 397 

(1882). 

Adult. The Tchagra Shrike which inhabits Abyssinia and the 
adjacent southern countries differs from the common African Tchagra, 
T. senegalus, in the following points :—1 , smaller size; 2, under 
tail-coverts ashy grey with large whitish tips; 3, ear-coverts 
generally whitish cream-colour, paler than in T. senegalus. 


Young. A very young bird, collected by Mr. "W. T. Blanf ord in the 
Anseba valley in the month of July, has the crown of the head 
dark brown instead of black, the hind neck and mantle more 
ochraceous instead of brown, and the underparts more fulvous 
and dingy-coloured instead of grey. Bill and feet pale horny brown. 


Measurements :—Total length about 7*5-8 inches. 

Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus, 
in. in. in. in. 

a. Anseba valley (type) .. 0-73 3-0 3-9 1-1 
b. Senaft* 
0'8 3'1 4-0 11 
c. Bogos 
0 8 3-0 3-8 11 
d. Bejook 0*82 3-0 3-4 1-12 
Bab. Abyssinia. 
a. 
6 ad. sk. Anseba valley. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. 
(Type of species.) 
b. ? ad. sk. Senaf£; Feb. 25,1868. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. 
128 LAKTID-E. 
c Ad. sir.
d. $ juv. ske. d ad. sk. 
Bogos Land (JEsler). 
B*jook, Anseba valley. 
Bejook, July 10, 1863 
B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. 
B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(Jesse), 

6. Telophonus remigialis. 
Lanius erythropterus, Bupp. Xeue WirMth. p. 32 fpt). 
Telephomis senegalus, SiricM. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 216 (nee L.). 
Telephonus remigialis, Hartl. $• Finseh, Vog. Ostafr. p. 340 (note)* 


Heugl. Oni. X.O. Afr. i. p. 471. 
Telopliorus remigialis, Gray, Ilund-l. B. i. p. 399, no. 60-55. 
Laniarius remigialis, Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 3i)7 (1882). 

Adult. Hind neck and mantle sandy brown, passing into ashy 
brown on the lower back, rump, and the upper tail-coverts ; upper 
tail-coverts narrowly margined with whitish; scapulars almost 
entirely rufous, only the inner web with a dark-brown patch; all 
the wing-coverts rufous or reddish chestnut-colour, which colour 
likewise occupies more than the basal half of the primary quills 
(both the inner and outer webs) and all but the terminal quarter of 
the secondaries; tail like that of T. Senegalns, but the cross waves 
very indistinct and in some birds almost invisible; underparts, 
including the under tail-coverts and thighs, uniform white, slightly 
washed with cream-colour on the chest; ear-coverts cream-colour; 
edge of wing and the smaller under wing-coverts white, the remainder 
pale rufous, like the greater part of the under surface of the quills. 
Head like that of T. senegalus. Total length about 9 inches, 
culmen 0*85-0*9, wing 3*4-3-6, tail 4*6-4*75, tarsus 1*15. 
Hah. North-eastern Africa. 

a. Ad. st White Nile. F. Galtom E^q. ,'P.". 
b. Ad. sk. White Nile. F. Galton, E*q. fP.^ 
c. Ad. sk. Seimanr (Hedenhorg). E. B. Sbarpe, Esq. 
d. Ad. sk. Kordofan (JIus. Hohn.). E. B. Sharpe, Es-q. 
e,f. S $ &d. sk. Abyssinia ( Verreaux). B. B. Sliarpe, E«q. 
7. Telophonus minutns. 
Telephomis minutus, Hartl. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 292; JReicTienow, Con*. 
Afr. Gesellsch. Berlin, 1874, p. 179; Finsch § Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. 

p.4 340 (note) ; Reiehenoio, J. f. O. 1877, p. 23 • Boeage, 6m. d7Angola, 
p. 225, pi. iv. 
Telophorus minutus, Gray, Hand-l. B. I. p. 399, no. 6053. 
Laniarius minutus, Sharpe, ed. Layard B. 8. Afr. p. 397 (1882). 

Adult (type of species). Nearly allied to T. trivirgaius, but smaller, 
and chiefly distinguished from the latter species in the following 
points:—1. The whole crown of the head is jet-black, with a pure white 
and very distinctly marked superciliary streak, which in front occupies 
the whole loral region. 2. Some of the scapulars and of the adjacent 
feathers of the mantle are either entirely black or have the whole 
outer web black, thus forming on the mantle two large irregular 
patches of this colour. 3. The central pair of the tail-feathers are 

9. TELOPHONTJS. 
129 

"black like the others (not ashy brown or grey), showing, however, 
obsolete remains of the numerous dark cross bands; all the tail-
feathers are tipped, and the outermost pair also bordered, with fulvous. 

4. Back, rest of mantle, and hind neck ochraceous. 5. The bill is 
very stout and extremely high on the culmen, which is strongly 
curved; and besides this the upper mandible is furnished with a very 
strong notch and hook. Bill black; feet brown. Total length about 
7 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 2*8-3, tail 3"2-3-4, tarsus l-05-l*l. 
Obs. Two specimens (a and b) have no trace of a white supercilium, 
and the loral region is entirely black; two others agree with the 
type specimen described above. In all other respects the birds agree 
perfectly with each other, and are sharply distinguished from T. 
ancliietce. Besides these I have had the opportunity of examining 
the specimens in Capt. Shelley's collection ; and I find that some 
of his specimens collected in the same locality have a white supercilium, 
whilst others show no trace of it. In T. ancliietce we have 
precisely the same. I therefore conclude that the presence or absence 
of a white supercilium in the genus Telophonus is not a specific 
character. It cannot be due to age, because we find specimens with 
pale bills and with black bills both possessing and wanting the 
white supercilium. 

The presence of a light superciliary streak may be said to be 
characteristic of the genus Telophonus. We should therefore expect 
that the female (and of course the young birds) would be less specialized 
and would preserve the common generic character. The bird 
without the supercilium is no doubt the most specialized one, and is 
therefore probably the male • but I have seen no sexed specimens. 

Hab. West Africa, from the Gold Coast to the Congo. 

a. [ 2 ] ad. sk. W. Africa. L. Eraser, Esq. [C,]. 
(Type of species.) 
6. [ d ] ad. sk. Ashantee. J. Gould, Esq. 
c. [tflad. sk, Accra {Hayes). K. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
d. [d j ad. sk. Fantee (Ussher). E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
e. [ J jad. sk. Fantee. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

8. Telophonus ancMetse. 
Telephonus anckietse, Bocage, Jovn. Lisb. 1870, p. 344 • Shelley, P. Z. S. 

1881, p. 579. 
Telephonus minutus, Bocage, Orn. $ Angola, p. 225, pi. iv. 
Laniarius anchietse, Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 397 (1882). 

Adult. Yery similiar to T. minutus, but a trifle smaller, and 
especially distinguished from the latter species by the entire absence 
of any black or even dark brown colouring on the scapulars and the 
mantle, the whole mantle beiug of a uniform chestnut-red colour, 
not ochraceous as in T. minutus. Culmen 0*75 inch, wing 3, tail 
3-2, tarsus 0-65. 

Obs. The above description is taken from specimens in the 
collection of Capt. Shelley, some of which have a very distinct 
white superciliary streak, whilst in the others the loral and 

VOL. VIII. K 

LA.NIID.E. 

superciliary region is entirely black; thus one of the points marked 
by du Bocage as differences between T. minutus and T. ancMetce 
is of no importance. The absence of black on the mantle, however, 
separates T. anchietce sufficiently; and this separation is again supported 
by the geographical distribution of the two species. 

Hah. Anchieta's Bush-Shrike was first discovered in Angola 
(Pungo-Andongo), but has since been found on the east coast of 
Africa, opposite Zanzibar. Thus this species probably ranges from 
Angola right across the continent to the Zanzibar coast. 

10. DRYOSCOPUS*. 
Type. 
Dryoscopus, Bote, Isis, 1826, p. 973 D. cubla. 
Hapalolophus, G. B. Gray, in CharleswortW s 


Mag. Nat. Hist, new ser. i. p. 480 (1837) D. cubla. 
Channonotus, id. op. cit. p. 487 I>. sabinei. 
Rhynchastatus, Bp. C. B. xxxviii. p. 535 (1854).. D. leucorhynchus. 

Bill of Dryoscopus cubla. 

Bill considerably bent, hooked and notched; the proportion of 
height to breadth varying much even in one and the same species, 

e.g. in D. cubla, leading thus to the broad-billed D.sabinei, for which 
the generic term Chaunonotus was invented. Xostrils oval, in front of 
a coriaceous groove, which is overgrown with little feathers ; nostrils 
themselves exposed ; bristles weakly developed. First primary between 
half and three quarters of the length of the next primary. 
Wings rounded, fourth and seventh primaries forming the tip. Tail 
rounded, equal to or slightly shorter than wings. Tarsus covered 
* Among the doubtful species belonging to this obscure and difficult genus 
may be mentioned the following:— 
DRYOSCOPUS SOMALICUS. 

Lanius somalicus, Hartl. Ibis, 1859, p. 342; Finsch § Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. 

p. 333 (1870); Heuglin, Faun. roth. Meer. no. 125. 
Dryoscopus somalicus, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. pp. 460, cxvii. 
"Above fine black, excepting the middle of the back being transversely variegated 
-with grey and whitish; below white, without any rose-tint; tail much 
like that of L. minor. Hah. Somali Land." 

If correctly described, this Dryoscopus would be distinct from the rest; but as 
we are informed that the only two birds obtained were " lost during a fight," 
tjbe species must have been described from memory. 

10 . DKY0SC0PTJS. 
with transverse scales. Feathers of the back and rump extremely 
fluffy, and, like the underparts of the body, generally white; rest of 
the plumage black, sometimes with an additional ochraceous tinge. 
Neither red, green, blue, or yellow in the plumage, which is alike 
in both sexes. The amount of white on the primary quills and the 
tips of the tail-feathers is very variable and of no safe specific value. 

Range. About 22 species confined to Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Under surface of body black or blackish like 
rest of the body. 
a'. Rump and lower back uniform dull black, 
without any white spots. 
a". General colour dull black with a brown 
tinge leucorhynchus, p. 132. 
h". 
General colour slaty black with a bluish-
grey tinge nig errhum, p. 133. 

V. Rump and lower back slaty grey, mottled 
with large white subterminal spots. 
c". "Wing 3-5 inches funebris, p. 133. 
d". WTing 3 inches lugubris, p. 133. 

5. Under surface of body white, fawn-colour, or 
grey. 
c'. Head chestnut-colour like the throat and 

breast luehderi, p. 134. 
d'. Head glossy black. 
e". Tail grey like the mantle and back ... . angolemis, p. 134. 
/" . Tail deep black. 

a'". Lower back black, mottled with concealed 
subterminal spots of greyish 
white. 

a4. Some of the wing-coverts always 
broadly edged with white. 

a5. Secondary quills internally margined 
with white,* abdomen and 
under tail-coverts fawn-buff: , ^ . . -,„, 
breast creamy white .' *fl™*™> P-*f 4. 

¥. Quills internally without any lighter (stlcturus> P--^ 
margin. 
a6. Body below pure white. 
a7. Quills entirely black Ucohr, p. 138. 

W. Two or three secondaries externally 
broadly margined 
with white, forming a con-. . im 
SplCUOUS bar . , < n«ri-+nlJe ^ 1 Q>7 
l\ Body below with a strong rosy l9uuazus>V-l6/* 
tinge; quills entirely black .. cethiopicus, p. 139. 

54. Wing-coverts and scapulars entirely 
black; quills without any white 
edges. 
c5. Body below rosy isabelline: larger turatiij p. 140. 
d5. Bodv below isabelline: smaller .. sublacteus, p. 140. 
K2 

132 LANXTJDJE. 

V", Lower back pure white or pale grey. 

c4. All the upper wing-coverts, scapulars, 
aud quills entirely black; body 
below pure white. 


e5. Under wing-coverts white. 
Crimen at base ridged and , ~ . U 1 
slightly compressed . \£imall^ p. 142. 
Culmen at base broad and much l > l 
roundecl sabinei, p. 143. 
f3. Under wing-coverts black atrialatus, p. 143. 

d*. Only the head, neck, mantle, and tail 
glossy black; scapulars, most of the 
wing-coverts and quills externally 
edged with white. 


g5. Whole under surface of body, 
lower back, and rump pure white salimcs, p. 144. 
h3. Body below greyish white. 
c6. Lower back and rump grey: 
larger. Female quite different 

oXac'u?5 be W reddishj.^^Sjp.l4C. 

< ihamnoPMl^>

*. Lower back and Vump'aimo'.t P-" 7 white: 
smaller. Female similar 
to the male eulla *, p. 148. 

1. Bryoscopus leucorhynchxis. 
Telephonus leucorhvnchus, Haril. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 108; Bp. Cmsp. 
i. p. 301; Verr. Rev. et Mag. 1855, p. 470. 
Lamarius leucorhvnchus, Hartl. Beitr. Orn. Westafr. p. 51, Taf. 0; 
V. Mihlkr, J. f. O. 1855, p. 453; Gray, Iland-l B. i. p. 31)7, 
no. 6036; Rewhen. J.f O. 1874, p. 28, 1875, p. 28. 
Laniarius carbonarius, Cass. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1851, p. 347 * Finsch «§• 
Hartl. Vog. 04afr. p. 352, note. 
Ehynchastatus leucorhynehus, Bp. C. P. xxxviii. p. 535. 
Rhy nch as tatus carbonarius, Bp. C. P. xxxviii. p. 535. 
Drvoscopus carbonarius, Heine. J.f O. 18'JO, p. 135: Haril op.cit. 

1861, p. 172. 
Dryoscopus leucorhvnchus, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 112; Heine7 J. f. O. 
1800, p. 135 j Hartl P. Z. 3. 1871, p. 211; Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, 

p. 55; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 47; Reichen. J.f O. 1877, p. 24. 
Adult male. Entirely black above and below. Total length. 
8 inches, culmen 0*95, wing 3-65, tail 3*5, tarsus 1*25. 

Adalt female. Similar to the male, but rather shaded with chocolate, 
especially on the wings and the throat. Total length 7*5 inches, 
culmen 0*95, wing 3*4, tail 3*5, tarsus 1*25. 

Ohs. Dr. Keichenow (I. c.) states that the young birds of both 
sexes have the bill black, the colour of the bill becoming white, with 
a faint reddish shine, in the third year of age in the males as well 
as in the females. The colour of the bill is not dependent on the 
season. Iris reddish brown in both sexes; dark brown in young 
birds. Feet bluish grey. 

According to this, three specimens in the British-^Iuseum col-

Here may be mentioned B, tricolor, p. 150, the type of which is a female I 

10 . DRYOSCOPUS. 
133 

lection would be immature males, although they are jet-black and 
fully grown, like a specimen in the Berlin Museum collected and 
marked by Dr. Boichenow as a young male. 

Hah. "West Africa, from the Gold Coast to the Gaboon. 

a,b. [cT]ad.st. Gaboon. Purchased. 
c [ 61 juv. sk.
d. [c? Jjuy.sk.
e-[ 6 ] jnv. sk.
$ ad. sk. 
Fantee. 
Camaroons Mountains, Jan. 1,1871 (Crossley). 
Camaroons Mountains, March 8,1871 (Crossley). 
Gaboon (Walker). 
K. B. Skarpe, Esq. 
E. B. Skarpe, Esq. 
R. B. Skarpe, Esq. 
E. B. Skarpe, Esq. 

2. Dryoscopus nigerrimus. 
Drvoscopus nigerrimus, 
JReichen. J. f. 0. 1879, p. 392 j Fischer Sr 
Meichen. ibid. 1879, p. 346. 

Very similar to D. funebris, but with the rump and lower back 
entirely black, without any white subterminal spots on the feathers. 
Total length 8 inches, wing 3*3, tail 3*5. 

Hab. Kipini, East Africa. 

3. Bryoscopus funebris, 
Dryoscopus funebris, Hartl. P. Z. S. 1863, p; 105; Scl. ibid. 1864, 
p. 109; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. pp. 46, crvii. 
Laniarius funebris, Finsch Sf Hartl.og. Ostafr. p. 352, Taf. iv.fig. 2. 
Laniarius atrocasruleus, Rupp. in Mus. Brit. 
General colour slaty black; wings, wing-coverts, and tail glossy 
black, with a greenish lustre; the long fluffy feathers of the rump 
slaty grey, mottled with large white subterminal spots; feet and 
bill black. Total length about 8 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 3*4, tail 
3-5, tarsus 1*25. 
Hab% Interior of East Africa (Sjoejce); Abyssinia (Ruppell). 

a. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Dr. Kiippell [0.]. (Named 
Laniarius atrocceruleus. 
4. Bryoscopus lugubris. 
Bhynchastatus lugubris, Cab. in Von der Dechens JReis. iii. p. 26, 
t. vii. 
Laniarius lugubris, Finsch $• Ilartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 356. 
Dryoscopus lugubris, FischerfyHeichmi. J.f.^O. 1878, p. 259; 1879, 
p. 346. 
The four specimens of this species in the Berlin Museum are 
exactly like D. funebris in colour, but differ from the latter by being 
of a considerably smaller size. Total length about 6 7 inches, culmen 
0*8, wing 3, tail 2*7, tarsus 1*6. 
Hah East Africa (V. d. Declceri). 

134 
LAinmaB. 

5. Dryoscopus lTiehderi, 
Laniarius luehderi, Reiehen. J.f. 0.1874, p. 101; id. Jf 0.1875, p. 28. 
Dryoscopus coronatus, Sharpe, P. Z. & 1874, p. 205, pi. xxxiii. fig. 2. 
-4cMtf morZe. Above black, with a glossy greenish lustre; scapulars 
and quills entirely black, except two or three of the inner 
secondaries, which are externally edged with white; the greater 
wing-coverts broadly tipped with white, forming a wing-band, 
which is continued down the wing; upper tail-coverts and tail 
entirely black; head and nape chestnut; forehead and a narrow 
superciliary line fulvous; lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts 
glossy black; cheeks and entire throat and breast clear chestnut-
fawn colour; abdomen, thighs, sides of body, and under wing-coverts 
and tail-coverts pure white; bill and feet black; " iris dark reddish 
brown". (Beichenoio). Total length 7*2 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 
3-65, tail 3-6, tarsus 1-3. 

Hah. Camaroons and Gaboon. 

a. S 
ad. sk. River Danger, Gaboon. H. T. Ansell, Esq. [P.], 
(Type of D. coronatus.) 
6. Dryoscopus angolensis. 
Dryoscopus angolensis, Hartl P. Z. S. I860, p. Ill; id. J.f O.1861, 
p. 172. 
Laniarius angolensis, Gray, Hand-l.' B. i. p. 397, no. 6027; Finsch 
$ Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 342. 
Adult [?] (type of species). General colour slaty grey, rather lighter 
than the rump; upper tail-coverts slaty grey; tail-feathers brown, 
the centre feathers grey, with numerous very faint dusky cross bars ; 
wing-coverts rather browner than the back, but shaded with the 
same slaty grey; quills dark brown, edged with lighter brown, 
some of them with grey; entire crown, nape, hind neck, and sides 
of the latter blue-black; throat, cheeks, and ear-coverts white, the 
upper edge of the latter blue-black; rest of under surface of body 
pale ashy, inclining more to pale blue-grey on the flanks, the thighs 
and under tail-coverts whiter; under wing-coverts whitish ashcolour, 
as also the inner lining of the quills; bill black; " feet 
light reddish ; iris dark blue, the pupil dark blue or black " (Monteiro). 
Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*2, tail 2*9, 
tarsus 0*92. 
Hah. Interior of Angola. 
a, Ad. sk. Bembe, Angola, J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [C.1 
May 5, 1858. (Type of species.) 

7. Dryoscoptis rufiventris. 
Le Boubou, Levaill Ois. dAfr. pi. 68 (nee Boulboul, Lath.). 

Malaconotus rufiventris, Swains. Class. B. ii. p. 220 (ex Levaill.). 

Laniarius boulboul, Gray, Gen. B.i.-p. 299; id. Handel. B.i.-p. 398, 

no. 6040; Ayres, Ibis, 1864, p. 351; Gurney, Ibis. 1868, p. 159; 

Ayres, Ibis, 1876, p. 430, & 1879, p. 400. 

Laniarius ferrugineus, 
Sundev. Krit. Framst., Levaill. p. 31 (1857) ; 
Layard B. S. Afr. n. 325 (see also Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 160' 
note) ; JSharpe, id. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 393. 

10 . DRYOSCOPITS. 
135 
Malaconotus boulboul, Cab. Hits. Ilein. i. p. 60 (pi). 

Dryoscopus boulboul, JBp. Consp. i. p. 301 j iShaiye, Cat. Afr. B. 

p 48 ; Shelky, Ibis, 1875, p. 77 ; Barraft, oj>. cit. 1876, p. 204. 
Malaconotus ferruginous, Grill, Zool. Antech. p. 32. 
Laniarius rufiventris, Finschfy Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 344. 
Dryoscopus rufiventris, Ileugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. pp. 344, cxvii. 

Adult male. General colour above black, with a very slight 
greenish gloss; the lores, feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts 
black, uniform with the crown; wing-coverts black, the median 
series and some of the greater inner coverts externally broadly edged 
or tipped with white, forming a bar across the wing, two of the 
secondary quills having likewise white edges, forming a longitudinal 
bar down the wing; remainder of quills black; lower back fluffy, 
mottled with subterminal oval spots of whitish; the rump-f eathei s 
tipped with light orange-buff; upper tail-coverts and tail black; 
cheeks and under surface of body creamy white with a pinkish 
tinge, deepening into fawn-buff on the abdomen, flanks, thighs, and 
under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts and axillaries light fawn-
buff, edge of wing and the smaller coverts near the edge of the 
wing black ; " bill dull black ; legs grey; iris dark brown." (Shelley). 
Total length about 8 to 9 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 3*8 to 4, tail 
3-8 to 4-1, tarsus 1-45. 

Adult female. Dark ashy brown where the male is black; under 

surface of body deep fawn-colour, paler on the throat. Total length 

7*7 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 3*70, tail 3-7, tarsus 1-35. 

Young. Dark ashy brown, like the old female, but mottled with 
cross bars of blackish and sandy buff; wing-coverts mottled like the 
back; quills externally brownish, the secondaries edged with buffy 
white; tail-feathers brown, tipped with sandy buff, the feathers 
subterminally mottled with narrow dark brown zigzag markings ; 
ear-coverts blackish, streaked longitudinally with sandy buff; under 
surface of body orange-buff; the throat whitish, barred across with 
dusky greyish brown, as also on the breast and flanks; under wing-
coverts orange-buff, the quills ashy below, fulvous along the edge of 
the inner webs ; " bill horn-colour, fading into white at base of 
lower mandible " (Shelley). 

Hab. South Africa, ranging through Natal into the Transvaal. 

a. S ad. sk. South Africa. South-African Museum. 
b. 9. ad. &t. South Africa. Ma}or-Gen. Hardwicke 
pp.]. 

c. 2 ad. sk. South Africa. Dr. Kness [P.]. 
d. Pull. st. South Africa. Rev. H. T. Phillips [P.]. 
e. 
<$ ad. sk. * South Africa E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(Layard). 
/ . cJ ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope Voy. of H.M.S.' Rattle


(J. Macgillwray). snake.' 
g. $ ad.; h. Juv. Knysna, Dec. 1865 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
sk. (Andersson). 
I Juv. sk. S.E. Africa. John Rocke, Esq. [P.] 


h. 
Juv. sk. Eland's Post (T. C. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Atmore). 
1. $ ad. sk. Kingwillianistown. Capt. H. Trevelyan [P.]. 
136 
LAjsriiD^:. 

m. 
S juv. sk. Chahmma river, British Capt. H. Trevelyan [P.]. 
Caffraria, June 11, 1877. 
n. 6 ad. sk. Natal. 
Br. Gueinzius [0.1 
o. 
Ad. sk. Crocodile Kiver, July (F. W. E. and 0. &. Oates, 
Oates). Esqrs. [P.]. 
8. Dryoscopus sticturus. 
Laniarius, n. sp., .2M, 2fo*<s,1864, p. 818. 

Laniarius sticturus, Hartl. $ Finsch, Fog. Ostafr. p. 342, Taf. v. 
fig. 1; Gray, Hand-l. B.i. p. 398, no. 6042 ; Gurney in Anderss. 
JB. Bam. Lcl p. 146 ; JBocage, Jbrn. Lish. 1875, p. 104,1877, p. 67; 
Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 391. 

Drvoscopus sticturus, SharpefyJBoumer, Bull. Soc. ZooL France, 1876, 

p. 46. 
? Dryoscopus neglectus, Socage, Orn. Angola, p. 230 (1877) ; Sharpe, 
L c. p. 391. 
Yery similar to D, rufiventris in general distribution of colours ; 
but the following differences suffice to separate this form:— 
All the- tipper parts glossy are black, most of the feathers of the 
lower back and rump with conspicuous white subterminal spots ; 
rump scarcely tipped or washed with fawn-colour; lower parts paler 
than in D. rufiventris, of a creamy buff colour, paler and more pinkish 
on the cheeks and throat; abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts 
rather more richly coloured, like the under wing-coverts ; some 
feathers near the edge of the wing forming a black spot like the edge 
itself. 
A young male, almost adult, moulting, has all the brownish-black 
feathers of the upper parts narrowly edged with buff; chest and 
throat white, variegated with very irregular faint grey bars. 


Culnien. VTing Tail. Tarsus. 
in. in. in. in. 
0-9 3-7 4-0 1-25 
1-0 3%5o 8-8 1-35 
0-9 3-50 3-6 1-80 

Hah. Replaces the foregoing in the Eastern Transvaal up to the 
Zambesi and on the west from Damara Land to the Congo. 

a. 6 ad. sk. Lvdenburg, Oct. 6, 1874. F. A. Barratt, Esq. "P."1. 
5. 
[ $ ] ad. sk. Lydenburg. F. A. Barratt, Esq. [P.*. 
c. 
S ad.; d, e. Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Exped. [C.*9 
$ imm. sk. 
f. 
Ad. sk. Shupanga, Zambesi, Livingstone Exped. [C.1. 
Bee. 1QG2 (Sir J. Kirk). 
g. 
Ad. sk. Makalaka country. Dr. Bradshaw [C.]. 
h. 
tf imm. sk. Landana,Congo." M. L. Petit [0.]. 
9. Dryoscopus major. 
Laniarius 
major, Hartl. Beitr. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 51, pi. 5 (1848); 
Gray, JBandJ. JB. i. p. 398, no. C041; Finsck $ Hartl. Yog. Ostafr. 
p. 344, note; JReichen. J. f. 0. 1874, p. 26, 1875, p. 24, 1877, 

p. 24; Bocage, op. tit. 1876, p. 715; Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. 
p. 391. 
Teleplionus major, Hartl. JRev. ZooL 1848, p. 108: Bp. Consp. i, 
p. 361. 
137 

10 . DEYOSCOPUS. 
Dryoserpus major, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. Ill; id. J. f. 0. 1861, 

p. 172; Seine, op. cit. I860, p. 131; Sharpe, Ibis, I860, p. 100; 
Shelley, op. cit. 1872, p. 288; Ussher, op. cit. 1874, p. 08; Boc 
Onz. ^%.p. 228 (1877). 
Dryoscopus mossanabicus, Beichen. J.f. 0,1880, p. 141, 

Adult. General colour above glossy blue-black, the scapulars and 
feathers of the lower back and rump mottled with largo ovate spots 
of white; basal half of all the feathers grey; least wing-coverts like 
the back, the median series pure white, with blackish-brown bases, 
as also the innermost of the greater series ; all the rest of the wing-
coverts and primary-coverts entirely black ; quills black, with two 
of the inner secondaries externally edged with white, forming a 
narrow white line down the wing; upper tail-coverts and tail entirely 
black; lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts black; cheeks and 
under surface of body pure white, with a faint pinkish blush on the 
breast and flanks; under tail-coverts always white; under wing-
coverts white, the small ones and the edge of wing black; quills 
ashy black below; "bill and feet black; iris dark7' (Beichenoiu). 
Total length 8*5 inches, culmen 0*95, wing 4*15, tail 4, tarsus 1-4. 

Obs. Specimens not fully adult have the sides of breast, flanks, 
and thighs more creamy white ; quills blackish brown; scapulars and 
wing-coverts narrowly tipped with whitish. One specimen from the 
Gaboon has one of the outer tail-feathers, a specimen from Fantee 
the two outer pairs of the tail-feathers, conspicuously tipped with 
white. The amount of white on the outer web of the secondaries is 
subject to much variation in B. major and in the allied species. 

Hab. West Africa, from the Gold Coast to the Congo, and extending 
across the continent to East Africa. 

a. Ad. &k. West Africa. F. D. GodmanandO. Sal-
b. Ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk.
d. e. Ad. sk.
/ . Ad. &k.
g. Ad. sk.
A. Ad. sk.
i, h. Ad. sk.
/, m. Ad. sk. 
Ashantee. 
Fantee (Ussher). 
Fantee (Aubinri). 
Accra (Smith). 
Abeokuta. 
Gaboon. 
Landana, Congo. 
Quilorabo, Angola, June1878 (A. Heath). 
vin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
P. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Pi. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
F. Nicholson, Esq. [P.J. 
M. Marche [C] 
Dr. Lucan [O.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 

Subspecies a. Dryoscopus guttatus. 

Dryoscopus guttatus, Hartl. JP. Z. S. 1865, p. 86 ; Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 
] 867, pp. 138,338,1808, p. 43; Sharpe, ed. Layarcl B. S. Afr. p. 392. 
Laniarius guttatus, Finsch $ Hartl. Vdg. Ostafr. p. 345, note; Gray, 
Hand-l B. I p. 397, no. 6030. 

Dryoscopus major (pt), Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 47; Bocage, Jorn. 
Lisb. 1875, p. 104, 1877, p. 67; Sharpe §• Bouzier, Bull. Soc. Zool. 
France, i. p. 46 ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 228. 

Laniarius major, Oumey, in Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 145. 
Dryoscopus, sp., Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 1875, p. 104. 
? Dryoscopus neglectus, Boc. Orn. dAng. p. 230 (1877). 

138 LANIIDJE. 

Adult. This form seems to represent D. major in the southwestern 
parts of Africa. All the specimens from Benguela and 
Angola are very similar to D. major, but differ from this species in 
the following points;—(1) The fluffy feathers of the rump have very 
large pure white tips, which together form a cospicuous white patch 
on the sides of the rump; the fluffy feathers of the lower back have 
subterminal white spots, but rather broad black tips, as in B. major. 

(2) In almost all the southern specimens there are three of the secondaries 
externally edged with white, though the specimen described 
by Hartlaub as the type has only two secondaries edged with white ; 
whole under surface of body pure white. 
Obs. The typical specimen is not fully grown, as is shown by the 
state of the quills. 

Total length. Oulmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus, 

in. in. in. in. in. 

Capangombe.... 8>8 10 3-8 4*1 1-45 

LakeN'gamL... 8-3 0-87 4-0 4-2 1-40 

Benguela 8-6 0-9 3-7 3-8 14 

Cunene 8-3 0*9 4-1 4-2 l*3o 

Hah. S.W. Africa: Congo and Angola as far as Damara Land, 
and eastwards to Lake EPgami. 

Obs. One fully-grown male specimen from the Cunene river and 
another from Lake N'garni have the two feathers of the outermost 
pair of the tail-feathers just tipped with white. Of two others, 
however, collected by Dr. Bradshaw near the Zambesi, one has the 
outer pair of tail-feathers slightly, the other one conspicuously edged 
with white on the outer webs. 

a. Ad. sk. Benguela. J. J. Monteiro, Esq. 
[C.J. (T\pe of species.) 
h. £ ad. sk. Capangonibe (Anchirtd). fL B. Sharpe, Esq. 
c. (S ad. sk. Benguela (Anchieta). 11. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
d. $ ad. sk. Cunene river, June 26, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
1867 (Anderssoti). 
e,f,g. Ad. sk. LakeX'gami (Chapman). R B. Sharpe, Esq. 
h, i Ad. sk. Makalaka country. Dr. E. Bradshaw "C.\ 

10. Dryoscopus bicolor. 
Dryoscopus bicolor, Hartl Orn. Westafr. p. 112 (ex Verr. MS); id* 
Zf. 0. I860, p. 102. 
Dryoscopus major, Cass. Fr. PMlad. Acad. 1859, p. 54 (nee Hartl) : 
Hartl /./ O. 1801, p. 172. 
Dryoscopus picatus, Hartl P. Z. S. 1867, p. 826; Finseh 8c Harth 
Vdff. Ostafr. p. 355, note. 
Laniarius bicolor, Gray, Hand-1. B. i. p. 397, no. 6026; Finseh §• 
Hartl. t c. p. 344, note ; Peichenoiv, J.f.O. 1877, p. 24. 
Laniarius picatus, Gray, t. c. no. 6032. 

Adult. Above glossy blue-black, the scapulars uniform black; 
the feathers of the rump mottled with concealed subterminal 

10 . DRYOSOOPTTS. 
spots of white; upper tail-coverts, tail, greater wing-coverts, and 
quills entirely black ; median coverts pure white, as also the outer 
web of the inner greater coverts; lores, sides of face, and ear-
coverts black; cheeks and entire under surface of body pure white; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries white, those near the edge of the 
wing and the outermost of the lower coverts black; quills ashy 
black below ; bill and feet black. 

Total length. Oulmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 
in. in. in. in. in. 
7-5 1-0 3-7 3-6 1-3 
8-0 1-05 3-9 3*6 1-45 


Hah. Gaboon. 
, 

Obs. As in the case of the allied species of Dryoscopus, such as D. 
major and D. gitttatus, there is some slight variation; one specimen 
from Gaboon has a whitish tip to the outer tail-feather, and this is 
accompanied by a single white-edged secondary : these peculiarities 
are either signs of immaturity or remains of winter plumage. 

a. Ad. sk. Gaboon (Du Chattlu). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
h. 
Ad. sk. Gaboon ( Walker). R B. Sharpe, Esq. 
11. Dryoscopus sethiopicus. 
Merle noir et blanc d'Abyssinie, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 406. 
Ethiopian Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 78; id. Ind. Orn. p. 537. 
Turdus sethiopicus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 824. 
Lanius sethiopicus, pt., Bonn, et Vieill. JEnc. MUh. p. 731; Bilpp. 

Abyss. Wirhelth. p. 32. 

Telephorus sethiopicus, Biipp. Neue Wirhelth. p. 32; id. Sijst. 
Uehers. no. 222, p. 50, Taf. 23; Heugl Syst. Uehers. p. 34; Brehm, 
Beis. nach Hahesch, pp. 215,312. 

Lanius boulboul, 
Des Murs, in Lefehvr. Voy. Abyss., Zool. p. 100 (nee 
Latham); Heugl. Faun. roth. Meer. no. 184. 
Dryoscopus sethiopicus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 3G1; Horsf. 8f Moore, Cat 

B. Mus. F.I. Co. i. p. 173; Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 255; Kirk, Ibis, 
1864, p. 319; Blanf. Geol. and Zool. Abyss, p. 340; Sharpe, Cat. 
Afr. B. p. 48; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. pp. 458, cxvii; id. J.f.O. 
1864, p. 254. 
Malaconotus sethiopicus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 69; Bp. C. Ii. 

xxxviii. p. 534. 
Dryoscopus cubla, Antin. Cat. descr. Ucc. p. 55 (nec ^jia ) ; Salvad. 
Bivist. Cat. Antin. p. 737. w 
Laniarius sethiopicus, 
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 397, no. 6022; Finsch 
fy Hartl. Vb'g. Ostafr. p. 343; Salvad. 8f Antin. Ann. Mus. Civic. 
Genov. iv. p. 445. 

Adult. Above glossy blue-black, scapulars and the rump-feathers 
mottled with large but concealed spots of white; upper tail-coverts 
and tail entirely black; least wing-coverts like the back, the median 
series white; primary and greater coverts black, the innermost of 
the latter pure white, with a certain concealed amount of black on 
the inner web; quills entirely black; cheeks and under surface of 

140 
LAMIDJ3. 

body white, with a distinct pinkish tinge on the breast and flanks ; 
under wing-coverts white, those near the edge of the wing black, 
like the edge itself; " bill black ; feet dusky lead-colour; Iris chestnut 
" (Heuglln). 

Total length. Oilmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 

in. in. in. in. in. 

9*2 0*95 4-0 4*0 1-35 

<$ 87 0-85 4-0 4-0 1-35 

2 8*2 0*90 3*8 4*0 1*35 

Ohs. The female specimen from the Anseba has a few pure white 
feathers on the forehead near the bill and the nostrils ; the outer 
web of one of the secondaries on the right wing Is moreover very 
faintly edged with white. The fine fully grown specimen from 
Bogos has also one of the secondaries of the right wing edged with 
white on the middle third of the outer web. 

Hah. BT.E. Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. Bogos Land (Ester). It. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
h. $ ad. sk. Anseba valley, July 30, W. T. Blanford, Esq. ~C/\ 
1808. 
c. <$ ad. sk. Senate, Tigre', May 27, "W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. 
1803. 
d. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Purchased. 
e. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Sir "W. C. Harris [C.]. 
12. Dryoscopus turatii. 
Drvoscopus turatii, 
Verr. Rev. et Mag. cle Zoot. 1858, p. 304, pi. 7 j 
"Hartl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 172. 
Laniarius turatii, Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 397, no. G029; Finsch <§• 
Hartl Vbg. Ostafr. p. 348. 

Adult. General colour above, including the scapulars, hind neck 
and head, and the whole back, black; wings, wing-coverts, and tall 
entirely black ; the long fluffy feathers of the rump with white oval 
subterminal spots; chin, cheeks, throat, and breast whitish isabelline, 
with a slight rosy tinge; abdomen, flanks, thighs, and under 
tail-coverts pure white; " bill black; feet lead-colour, claws dark 
olive " (Verreausc). Total length 8*5 inches, culmen 0*95, whig 4-1, 
tail 4*1, tarsus 1*5. 

Hah. Seneganibia. 

13. Dryoscopus suMacteus. 
Drvoscopus 
sublacteus, Cass. Br. PMIad. Acad. 1851, p. 240 (nee 
Verr.); Bp. C. R. xxxviii. p. 535; Hartl Orn. W.-Afr. p. Ill 
(pt., teste Hartl); id. P. Z. S.1867, p. 825 ; Fischer, J. f. 0. 1877, 

p. 207; id. # Reictienoiv, op. cit. 1878, p. 259, 1879, p. 346. 
Malaconotus sublacteus, Cab. in Ton der JDccketi's Reise, iii. p. 20, 
Taf.fr. 
Laniarius 
sublacteus, Finsch # Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 347 ; Gray, 
Hand-l. B. i. p. 397, no. 6021. 

Adult male. Above, including the head, wings, and tail glossy 

10 . DRYOSCOPUS. 
141 

black; the long fluffy feathers of the rump with white subterminal 
concealed spots ; no trace of white on the wing-coverts or scapulars ; 
the whole under surface of the body slightly isabclline; under 
wing-coverts white, slightly tinged with isabelline; near the edge of 
the wing black, forming a patch • quills below dusky black; " bill 
black ; feet lead-colour." 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but having the rump ashy grey. 

Young. Above dusky black; quills externally with narrow brown 
margins ; feathers of the lower back and rump with concealed 
white spots; the hindermost feathers of the rump rusty colour; 
the upper tail-coverts and wing-coverts narrowly edged with the 
same colour, forming a kind of transverse band; outermost tail-
feathers tipped with pale rusty; chin, throat, and middle of abdomen 
white; breast, flanks, vent, thighs, and under tail-coverts 
somewhat rufescent. (Finsch Sf Ilartl.) 

The description and measurements are taken from specimens in 
the collection of Capt. Shelley. 

Total length. Culmen.
in. in. 
Wing. 
in. 
Tail. 
in. 
Tarsus. 
in. 
Juv 7-5 1-0 3-54 8-6 ]*2 
6 7-6 0-95 3-5 3-7 1-25 
Hob. East Africa 

14. Dryoscopus affinis. 
Hapalophus affinis, Gray in CJiarlesworth1 s Mag. i. p. 489, 
Laniarius affinis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 299 (1846) j id. Hand-l B. i. 

p. 397, no. 6019; Finsch $ Ilartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 348; Feichenow, 
J. f. 0. 1875, p. 28. 
Dryoscopus affinis, Bp. C. A. i. p. 36; Cass. Pr. Fhilad. Ac. 1831, 
p. 246; Bp. C. It xxxviii. 1854, n.534; Marti. P. Z. S. 1867, 
p. 825; Cab. in v. d. Deckers Feisen, iii. p. 25 ; Ilartl. Vog. Madag. 
p. 196. 
Dryoscopus orientalis, Cab. Mas. Hein. i. p. G8 (1850) (teste Cab.). 
Dryoscopus sublacteus (nee Cass.), Verr. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1855, 
p. 420; Earth Orn. W.-Afr. p. Ill (teste Finsch $ Eartl). 
Drvoscopus affinis (non Gray), Ilartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. Ill ; Cass. 
Froc. Fhilad. Acad. 1859, p. 53 ; Ilartl. J. f. 0. 1861, p. 173. 
Dryoscopus bojeri, v. Feb., Ilartl. Faun. Madag. p. 50. 
Dryoscopus verreauxii, Cab. in v. d. Deckers lieis. iii. p. 26. 
Laniarius boyeri, Gray} Hand-l. B. i. p. 397, no. 6032. 

Eastern Race.—Adult male (type of B. affinis). Above glossy blue-
black ; scapulars also black, but some of them with concealed subbasal 
white patches on the inner web; wings entirely black; upper 
tail-coverts and tail black, the latter with narrow white edges; 
lower back and rump pure white and extraordinarily fluffy ; lores, 
feathers round the eye, and upper edge of ear-coverts black; cheeks 
and all the underparts of the body, including edge of wing and 
basal half of the inner web of the quills pure white; near the edge of 
the wing a small patch of blackish under-coverts; feathers of thighs 

14:2 
lAMTDJS. 
white in front, those on hinder aspect frequently with blackish bases ; 
bill and feet black. 
Female. Like the male, but with white lores and with the lower 
back faintly tinged with silvery grey. 
Mob. Eastern Africa. 

Western Eace.—Specimens from the Gaboon and Congo district 
want the white subbasal markings on the scapulars; " feet leaderi 
grey, iris red" (Eeichenow). 

Measurements :—Total length about 6 inches. 

Culinen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus, 
in. in. in. m. 
c?. Zanzibar 0*85 3-15 2*8 0-9 
tf. Zanzibar 0*85 3*15 2*7 0*9 
$. Zanzibar 0-8 3-1 2*7 0*9 
d • Gaboon 0*8 3*15 2*8 0-9 
S. Gaboon 0*75 3-0 2*7 0*9 
$. Gaboon 0*70 2-95 2'6 0*9 

A. Eastern Eace. 
Zanzibar. 
Baron Laugier. (Type 
of species.) 

b. $ ad. sk. Zanzibar. R B. Sharpe, Esq, 
e. [ $ ] imm. sk. Zanzibar. Sir J. Kirk [C.]. 
B. Western Eace. 
a. [$] ad. sk. Eiver Danger, Gaboon. H. T. Ansell, Esq. [P.]. 
cTjad. 
Gaboon. MM. Marche et De 
Compiegne [C.]. 

c. \<$~\ ad.sk. Gaboon. 
d. [ 61 ad. sk. Congo. 
Dr. Lucan "0.]. 
e. [" c? J ad. sk. West Africa. Purchased." 
15. Dryoscopus hamatns. 
Dryoscopus hamatus, Marti P. Z. S. 1863, p. 108 ,* Sel T. Z. 8.1864, 
p. 109; Meiigl Orn. K.O.-Afi\ pp. 460, cxvii 
. •- «... i x— „ n xr 
7 / T> i -~ orvr .

Laniarius hamatus, Gray, Hand-B. i. p. 397, no. 0028; Finseh fy 
Marti Yog. Ostafr. p. 350. 

This bird, of which only one specimen is known (collected hj 
Capt. Speek at Uniamesi), is very similar to D. affitii^ but differs 
from it in two points :—The white colour is restricted to the rump, 
and does not extend over the lower back; the wing-coverts and 
most of the quills are edged with white. "Above black, with a 
certain steel gloss; feathers of the rump long and silky white; 
all the underparts are pure white; upper wing-coverts and quills, 
the first and second excepted, are edged with white; bill slender, 
gradually compressed, notched and toothed; bill and feet black. 
Bill 0*8, wing 3, tail 2*5, tarsus 0*9 inch." (Hartlauh.) 
Hal. Uniamesi. 

10. DRYOSCOPUS. 
16. Dryoscopus sabinei. 
Thamnophilus sabinei, J. E. Gray, Zool. Misc. i. p. 6. 
Chaunonotus sabinei, J. E. Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist, new series, i. 

p. 487; Jard. Ilhistr. Orn. iv. pi. 27 j Hartl. Orn. Westafr. 
pp. 113, 273; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 396, no. 6004 j Sharpe, Ibis, 
1869, p. 190; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 48. 
Hapalolopjms melanoleucus, 
Verr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1851, p. 312 ; 
Stricld. Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 132. 

Adult male. Head, neck, mantle, and upper tail-coverts glossy 
black, all the feathers with grey bases; wings and tail entirely 
black ; lower back and rump pure white, the feathers of the former 
long and fluffy ; lores, feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts black 
like the head ; cheeks and entire under surface of body pure white, 
including the under wing-coverts; quills blackish below, the inner 
web broadly edged with white; '' bill bluish black; feet lead-colour; 
iris vermillion " {Hartl.). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*95. wing 
3-35, tail 2-8, tarsus 0-9. 

Adult female. General colour above, including the tail and the 
upper tail-coverts, ochraceous brown; the scapulars and least wing-
coverts uniform with the back; greater series paler ; quills dark 
brown, externally reddish ochre ; crown of head and nape light 
grey, the ear-coverts also with white shaft-streaks; round the eye a 
ring of bufly-white feathers ; those in front of the eye dusky grey; 
cheeks and whole under surface of body, under wing-coverts, axillaries, 
edge of wing, and inner web of quills deep rufous ochre, duller 
on the flanks. Total length 6'5 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 3*05, 
tail 2*7, tarsus 0*9. 

Obs. In the Museum collection there is an immature bird which 
is otherwise like the adult male, but has some of the white feathers 
of the back strongly washed with ochraceous, and the wing-coverts 
and secondary quills mixed with light-brown feathers. 

Hab. "West Africa. 

a. 
$ ad. sk. Sierra Leone. Capt. Sabine [P.]. 
(Type of species.) 
b. S imm. sk. Sierra Leone. Capt. Sabine [P.], 
c. d, e. $ 5 ad. sk. Fantee. 
R. JB. Sharpe, Esq. 
f. 
cf wiv-ek, Enimill, Wassau, March R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
W2 (Blmeti). 
M, O ad. sk. L R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
h; <3 ad. sk. ; , ( R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

i. 
^ ciu. sk. , Dr. Lucan. 
k. S ad. sk. uauLn>n. 
I. $ ad. sk. West Africa. Purchased. 
17. Dryoscopus atrialatus. 
Dryoscopus atrialatus, Cass. Br. BMlad. Acad. 1851, p. 246; Bp. 
C. E. xxxviii. p. 535,-Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. Ill, note. 
Laniarius atrialatus, 
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 397, no. 6024; Finsch 8f 
Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 350. 

Generally similar to D. affinis, but is larger, being about the size 

LANIIDAE. 

of D. gambensis, and has the under wing-coverts black; entire upper 
surface, except the rump, deep black; underparts and rump white; 
wings clear black, with no white edgings or tips to either quills or 
coverts; tail black, shafts of feathers white at base beneath ; bill 
black; tarsi brown ; inferior wing-coverts black (white in D. affims). 
Total length 7^ inches, wing 4, tail 3J- (Cassin, I c.) 

Hob. Eastern Africa ? 

18. Dryoscopus salimse. 
Drvoscopus affinis, Hartl P. Z. S. 1867, p. 825 (teste Finsch $ 
Laniarius'orientalis (nee Swains, nee Gray), Finschfy Hartl.Voy. Ostafr 
p. 851 (1870) tab. v. fig. 2. 

Drvoscopus orientalis, Cab. in v. d. Decked s Reis. iii. p. 25 (1869) 

(Drvoscopus leueopsis, Cab. MS.). 

Laniarius salinue, Finsch $ Hartl. Fog. Ostafr. p. 349, tab. v. fig. 3 

(is probably the male of D. leueopsis, Cab.); Gray, Hand-l. B. l. 

Dryoscopus salimse, Fischer $ Reichenoic, J.f. 0.1878, p. 258; Fischer, 

t. c. p. 274. 
Dryoscopus leueopsis, Fischer, J. f. 0. 1878, p. 274 \ 

Adult male. General colour above glossy blue-black, the scapulars 
pure white, the longer ones black on the inner web, forming a large 
shoulder-patch; least wing-coverts black, the median and greater 
series edged with white; quills black, very narrowly edged with 
white so that the primaries on their terminal half look almost 
entirely black; lower back and rump pure white, without any 
terminal greyish tinge ; upper tail-coverts black ; tail-feathers black, 
with very narrow whitish tips, the outer web of the outer pair very 
narrowly edged with this colour ; lores, feathers round the eye, and 
upper edge of the ear-coverts blue-black ; rest of the ear-coverts, 
cheeks, sides of neck, and entire under surface pure white, including 
the under wing-coverts and the edge of wing and the inner edge of 
the quills, which are dusky black below ; near the edge of the 
wing below a small patch of blackish feathers; " bill black, feet 
blackish " (Finsch 4' Hartl.). 

Adult female. Differs from the male in having the lores white, 

leaving a black spot in front of t1• I *>ok 

grey with whii -> *w*c-^ l 

band across tb- ramp; sho U the ^.pu*«8' 

 iI1Ilcr woD under sur

being dull whi t 5


face pure white. —_ 

* The following references I am unable to make out:— 
Malaconotus orientalis, Swains. Class. JB. ii. p. 220 (1837). 
And consequently also 
Laniarius orientalis, G. R. Gray, Gen. J3. i. p. 292. 
Dryoscopus orientalis, JBjp. C. A. p. 361; id. C. R. xxxviii. p. 534. 


10 . DRYOSCOPUS. 
Measurements:—Total length 6 to 7 inches. 

Oulmen. Wing Tail. Tarsus, 
in. in. in. in. 
<J. Momhas OS 8-1 2'6 0-95 
5 . Momhas 0*75 3*05 2*7 0-95 
<$. Lamo 085 3-05 2'90 0*90 
2. Lamo ....... . 0-80 3-05 2*90 O90 

Obs. From specimens now in the Berlin Museum I have made 
the following notes:—The typo specimen of D. leucopsis, Cab., was 
obtained by Baron v. d. Beckon near Zanzibar. Ft has the wing-
coverts totally black, the primary and secondary quills faintly edged 
with whitish ; the lower back, rump, ear-coverts, cheeks, orbital, 
precocular region, nostrils, and all the undcrparts are pure white; 
a small grey spot in front of the eye. 

A nestling, obtained by Br. Fischer near Malindi, June 9th, is 
pure white below, and all the quills of the wings have broad whitish 
margins; supraorbital, loral, and auricular regions white. 

Another bird, marked by Br. Fischer " fern, juv.," has the loral 
region white, but with a faint greyish prseocular spot. 

An adult male (Witu : Fischer) has the loral region quite black. 

The following notes are taken from birds in Capt. Shelley's collection 
:— 

Hale, moulting (from Mombas, July 4, 1877: Br. Fischer). 
Wings and their coverts entirely black, except the bases of the 
inner webs, all the older quills being visibly abraded and showing 
no white margins whatever ; scapulars white at base and outer web, 
forming a conspicuous white shoulder-patch; iris red; bill and 
claws black; feet leaden grey. Length of culmen 0*8 inch, wing 3, 
tail 2-8, tarsus 0-92. 

Adult male (Lamo : J. Kirk). Like the specimen from Mombas, 
but the outer webs of the primaries are just visibly edged with 
white, so that the wing, when closed, shows a whitish hue. If we 
compare this bird with the old bird in moult, mentioned above, it 
seems that the absenco or presence of these narrow white margins 
in the male is only a question of age of the feathers. 

Female (Lamo). Has the lower back, rump, and flanks washed 
with grey; white lores, with a black prseocular spot; most of the 
wing-coverts and quills are narrowly, the secondary quills and 
median coverts somewhat more broadly, margined with pure white. 

In all these three specimens the under wing-coverts are pure 
white, with the exception of those near the edge of the wing, which 
are blackish and form a small patch. 

Hab. East Africa. 

djb. d $ ad. sk. Mombas (Wakefield). R B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 

c. Ad. sk. 
Dar-es-Salaam, near Messrs. Moir [C.]. 
Zanzibar. 

VOL. VIII. 

146 LANIIDJB. 

19. Dryoscopus gambensis*'. 
Lanius gambensis, Zicht Yerz. JDoiihl p. 48. 
Malaconotus mollissimus, Simins. II IK Afr. i. p. 240, pi. 23 (1837;. 
Hapalophus gambensis, Gray in Charlesicortlis Mac/. Xat. BLt. new 


series, i. p. 490; Sundev. (Efvers. K Tei.-Ahcd. Fork StocM. 1849, 

p. 158. 
Laniaritis srambensis, Gray^ Gen. B. i. p. 299; id. lla/id-l B. i. p. rS97; 
no. 0020"; Reichnw. J.f O. 1877, p. 24. 
Dryoscopus gambensis, 'Bp. C. A. i. p. SCO; Harih Or a. W.-Afr. 

p. 110 ; id. J.f.O. 1801, p. 172; Mart maun, op. cif. 1^04, p. 149 ; 
Sfiaiye, Ibis, 1870, p. 5o; Heitgl. Orn. X.O.-Afr. i, p. 4-JG, iv. 
p. exvii \ Sharpe, Cat Afr. B. p. 48. 
Dryoscopus cubla, UeugJ. Syst. Uebers. p. 34; Iii»pp. Sijsf. Uebers, 
p. 02; JBrehm, Itezse nach Habeseh, p. 814. 
Malaconotus malzacii, Ueugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 34 (teste Hzuglhi). 
Adult male. Mantle and upper part of back, hind neck, and bead 

above blue-black; tbe lower back and rump grey, with, white bases 

to the feathers ; upper tail-coverts and tail black; scapulars greyish 

white, with dusky blackish inner webs; least wing-coverts blackish 

brown, edged with grey; median and greater series black, with broad 

greyish-white edgings ; primary-coverts and quills blackish brown, 

narrowly bordered with white, broader on the secondaries; lores, 

feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts black; cheeks and under 

surface of body white, slightly shaded with grey on the flanks; 

thighs white ; under wing-coverts, edge of wing, and inner margin 

of the quills below white; smaller under wing-coverts ashy brown, 

like the quills underneath : "bill black or lead-blue, with a horny 

black tip; feet lead-colour; iris vermilion" (ILnglin). Total 

length 6*7 to 7 inches, culmen O'S, wing 3*0, tail 3*3, tardus 0-95. 

Adult female. Different from the male. Above ashy brown, the 
head, nape, and sides of face gray, with white shaft-streaks to the 
ear-coverts ; lores dull white ; wing-coverts edged with whitish or 
sandy buff; quills brown, edged with sandy colour, deeper on the 
secondaries ; tail brown, with narrow lighter-brown edges; cheeks 
and under surface of body reddish ochraeeous, rather lighter on the 
abdomen and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts reddish ochre, 
as also the broad edge to the inner webs of the quills. Wing. 3*5 
inches, tail 2*9, tarsus 0*95. 

* DEYOSCOPUS CWERARCEXS. 
Dryoscopus cinerascens, HartL J.f. 0.1880, p. 212. 

Adidt male. General colour above fuscous grey, somewhat darker on the head, 
which is marked with a few indistinct dark streaks; lower back paler and more 
grey ; tail and primary quills uniform brown, the inner margin of i he latter 
whitish; wing-coverts fuscous, the lesser and greater ones margined with white 
externally; throat, abdomen, and under tail-coverts pure white; breast, middle 
of abdomen, and under wing-coverts whitish, washed with fulvous; feet and bill 
leaden blue, the tip and the edges of the latter whitish , iris orange. Wing 
8*5 inches, tail 3, tarsus 0*85. Only one specimen known (Mm. Btim.). 

Hah. Lado, Sudan. 
Obs. This specimen, although described as an adult male, is very probably 
either the female or the immature male of D. gambensis. 

10, DRroseopirs. 

147 

Young male. Intermediate between the adult male and female. 

Head and mantle and hind nock dark brown; quills brown; the 

white edges of the quills and the wing-coverts strongly suffused 

with ochraceous yellow; tail brownish black; body below white, 

washed with pale ochraceous; lores whiiibh. 

Young female. More like the adult female, but generally paler 

and more indistinctly coloured. Back paler grey, and brownish; 

tail brown; under surface of body strongly washed with ochraceous. 

Hah. West Africa and North-east Africa. 

a. 5 ad. sk. West Africa. 
b}c,d. <S 2 ^d. sk. River Gambia. B. B. Sharpe, E^q. 
e, <$ ad. sk. Sierra Leone (Fraser). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
/ . c? ad. sk. Fantee. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
g. $ ad. sk. Ashantee. J. Gould, Esq. 
k 
$ ad. sk. River Volta, Aug. 1870 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(Ussher). 

i. <$ ad. sk. Abeokuta. F. Nicholson, Esq. 
k £ ad. sk. River Niger (Baikie). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
A w. <S 2 ad. sk. Laudana, Congo. Dr. Lucan [0.]. 
n. 
$ imm. sk. Quilombo, Angola {A. II. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
Heath"), 
o. £ ad.; p. (S Bejook, Bogos, July IB, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
juv. sk. 1808 [Jesse), 
g, r. c? juv. sk. Bogos Land (JEsler). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
%\ rf ad. bk. Anseba valley, Julvl8C8. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [0.1. 

t. Juv. sk. Ansebavalley, July 1868. W.T. Blanford, Esq. [C. |. 
H. (S ad. sk. Maragaz, July 27, 1868 F. D. Godman and 0. Sal(
IV. Jesse). Vm, Esqrs. [P.]. 
20. Dryoscopus thamnophilus. 
Dryoscopus thamnophilus, Cabjn v. d. DecJcen's JReis. iii.p. 26, t. viii. 
(1869); Finsch cy Hartl Vdg. Ostafr. p. 858 (1870). 
Laniarius tbamnophilus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 807, no. 6035. 

Yery similar to, 
and perhaps identical with, D. gamhensis. 

General colour grey, palest on the rump, abdomen, and under 

tail-coverts• centre of crown blackish; wings and wing-coverts 

black, tipped or edged with white, especially the greater coverts; 

centre of back slightly mottled with dingy white and blackish; 

tail-feathers black, the three outer pairs with narrow white tips. 

Length of culmen 0*8 inch, wing 2*9, tail 2*4, tarsus 0*9. 

Prof. Cabanis thinks that this specimen is an immature male ; and 

he suggested to me Madagascar as its possible home. Finsch and 

Hartlaub are wrong in declaring this bird to be an American 

Thamnophilus. The bill, it is true, is slightly more compressed 

than in the most typical forms of Dryoscopus; but the bill in this 

genus is subject to considerable variation in shape and size, as 

may bo proved by the examination of a series of D. cvbla alone. 

Moreover the bird in question has a well-developed first primary, 

as in the other species of Dryoscopus, and its tarsus is covered behind 

with one long scutum, whilst in Tliamnopldlus the tarsus is covered 

in front and behind with transverse scales. I fail to understand 

i2 

148 LANTID.E. 

how, with this important character, Einsch and Hartlaub could say 
that, after closer examination, all the generic characters are decidedly 
more in favour of TJiamnophilus than of any other group of the 
genus Laniarins {Dryoscopus). 

21. Dryoscopus cuMa. 
A. Larger Race. 
Le Cubla, Levaill Ois. cFAfr. ii. pi. 72; Sund. Krit. Framst, Levaill. 
p. 32. 
Lanius cubla, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 328; Licht. Verz. JDoubl. 
p. 48. 
Dryoscopus cubla, Bote, Isis, 1826, p. 973; Bp. Consp. i. p. 360; id. 
C. R. xxxviii. p. 534; Cab. Mm. Mein. i. p. 68; Strickl. Edinb. New 
Phil. Jour. ii. p. 243; Horsf. § Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. i. 
p. 173; Grill, Zool. Antechi. p. 10; Gurnet/, Ibis, 1802, p. 31; id. 
in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 146; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 48; 
BucMey, Ibis, 1874, p. 576; Shelley, op.cif. 1875, p. 76; Reichnw. 
J.f.O. 1877, p. 24; Ayres, Ibis, 1879, p. 400. 
Malaconotus similis, Stvains. {nee Smith), Two Cent, and a Quarter, 
p. 342 (1838, 2 of I), cubla, Boie). 
Hapalolophus cubla, Gray in Charlesw. Mag. i. p. 489 (1837). 
Laniarius cubla, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 299; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 163; 
Sperling, Ibis, 1868, p. 290; Finsch fy Hartl. Tog. Ostafr. p. 345 ; 
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 397, no. 6018; Sharpe, ed. Bayard B. S. 
Afr. p. 392. 

Dryoscopus orientalis, Marti. J.f. G. 1860, p. 180. 
Thanmophilus leucopygus, Zaivr. Ami. Lye. N.T. viii. p, 401, teste 
Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 316. 

E. Smaller Race. 
Dryoscopus cubla (?wn Shatu), Boeage, Jorn. Lisb. 1868, p. 44,1874, 
p. 38, 1876, pp. 151 & 253, 1877, p. 67; Gurnet/, i?i Anderss. B. 
Dam. Ld. p. 146; Sharpe, P.Z.S. 1873, p. 714; Boeage, Orn. 
dAngola, p. 227. 
Laniarius cubla, Einsch 8/ Hartl. Vo'g. Ostafr. p. 345; Boeage, Jorn. 
Lisb. 1874, p. 56. 
Dryoscopus sp., Boeage, Jorn. Lisb. 1872, p. 67, & 1873, p. 197. 

A. Larger Race. 
Adult male. Head, hind neck, mantle, and upper part of the back 
blue-black; the rump and lower back extremely flurry, pure white 
except the tips of the feathers, which generally show a slight tinge 
of grey; upper tail-coverts and tail black, the outer tail-feathers with 
slight whitish tips; scapulars black, the whole outer webs white; least 
wing-coverts and primary-coverts black, the median series tipped and 
the greater series edged and tipped with white; quills black, narrowly 
edged with white; lores, feathers round the eye, and upper 
edge of ear-coverts black; cheeks, rest of ear-coverts, and the entire 
under surface of body greyish white, the grey shade always strongly 
marked; thighs grey, with dusky bases to the feathers; flanks 
silvery grey; edge of wing and under wing-coverts pure white, 
with a small patch of black feathers; quills ashy below, with white 

10 . DRY0SCOPUS. 
edgings to the inner web; "bill black; feet lead-colour; iris 
fuscous " (Finscli Sf Hartl.). 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but not so glossy black, the 
lower back grey instead of pure white, and distinguished at once by 
its white lores; the shoulder-patch of white not so distinct, the 
inner webs of the feathers having more black on them; under 
surface of body ashy white, tinged with ochraceous. 

Young. Like the adult femalo, but browner; the rump and under 
surface of the body washed with ashy fulvous. 
Measurements:— 
Total 
length. Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus 
in. in. in. in. in. 

6 • 6'5 0-72 3-2 3-0 0-92 
6 • 6-3 0-75 3-25 3-0 0-95 
6 • 6-5 0-75 3-3 2-95 0-9 
6 • 6-4 0-77 3-2 2-95 0-9 
$ . 6-5 0-8 3-15 8-1 0-94 
$ . 6-4 0-78 3*1 3-05 0-95 

6-4 0-8 3*15 3-0 0-90 

ib. south Africa. 

B. Smaller Race. 
In the more northern parts of South Africa B. cubla seems to be 
represented by a smaller and whiter race. 

Adult male. Very similar to D. cubla; but besides its smaller size, 
as shown by the following measurements, it differs from D. cubla in 
the following points :—The primary quills are very distinctly, the 
secondaries and greater wing-coverts rather broadly, edged with pure 
white; entire under surface of body almost pure white, very slightly 
tinged with grey on the flanks and sides of breast; under wing-
coverts, axillaries, and edge of wing pure white, without the small 
patch of black near the edge of the wing. 
Measurements:— 

Total 

length. Culmen. Wing, Tail, Tarsus. 
in. in. in. in. in. 
tf. Damara Land , . 6-1 0-7 3*2 2-7 0-85 
6Tete 
. C-0 0-8 3-05 2-45 0-95 
<?. Tete . 6-0 0-8 3-05 2-75 0-92 
<?. Tete . 6-0 0-75 3-05 2-7 0-85 
6. Mosambique . . 6-0 0-7 3-0 2-G5 0-85 

Hab. South-western Africa, ranging across into the Zambesi and 
Mosambique. 

Obs. The specimen from Damara Land has the long wing and the 
more greyish tinge of D. cubla, but all the other marks characteristic 
of the species described above. 

A. Larger Race* 
a. [J ] ad. sk. S. Africa (Layard). "R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
b. $ ad. sk. Knysna, Jan. 16, 18G6 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(Anderson). 
150 LANIULE* 
c. [ 2 ] ad. (S acl. 
*». [ c? ] af, </. f^ld. sk.
sk.
cl. sk. 
ad. sk. 
Port Elizabeth. 
Eland's Post {T.
^frno?^). 
Port Natal. 
Crocodile RiverCtafes). 
C. 
(F. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Eaq. 
R. B. Sharpe, E^q. 
W. E. & (J. G. Oatts, 
Esqrs. ;P.]. 
B. /Smaller Race. 
a. <$ ad. sk. Elephant Yley,
mora Ld., Sept. 
18511(6'. J. Andeson ). 
Da16, 
rsR. 
B. Sharpe, E*q. 

b, c, cl. [<$~]acl. sk. Tete, Zambesi {Sir J. Livingstone Expedition 
Kirk). "JO.I. 

e. (S ad. sk. Mosanihique. Purchased. 
/. $ ad. sk. Makalaka country. Br. R. F. Bradahow ~L\~ 
22. Dryoscopus tricolor. 
Laniarius (Dryoscopus) tricolor, Cab.tyReiehen.J.f.O.1877, p. 103; 
Reiclien. op. cif, lb77, p. 24. 

Adult female (Chinchoxo ; Falkenstein : type of species). Entire 
head and hind neck glossy blackish, extending onto the mantle and 
scapulars, which are dusky grey; least wing-coverts du^ky grey; 
median and greater coverts ashy brown, edged with blaekihh, some 
of those near the centre of the series externally margined with 
whitish ; quills dusky brown, with narrow margins of hoary grey, 
not very pronounced; entire back below the mantle, and rump, pure 
white ; upper tail-coverts ashy grey, tipped with white ; tail-feathers 
blackish, tipped with a narrow line of white on some of the outer 
ones; nasal plumes, lores, feathers round the eye, and sides of face 
white, the ear-coverts tipped w iih black like the adjoining sides of 
the neck; rest of under surface of the body white, including the 
thighs, under wing-coverts, and inner edges to the quills, which 
are otherwise ashy brown below ; " iris clear red " (Ftdhensttiii). 
Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3#05$ tail 2*7, tarsus U'U. 
{Hits. Berol) 

Hab. Congo district, Western Africa. 

11. LANIAEIUS. 
Type. 

Laniarius, Vinll. Analyse, p. 41, no. 128 (1810).,. . L. barbarus. 

Pelicinius, JBoie, Isis, lfc20, p. 973 L. oacbakirL 

Malaconotus; Strains. Zool. Jour. iii. p. 163 (1^27).. L. poliocepbalu*. 

Telophorus, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Am. p. 481 (1831).. L. baebakiri. 

Merivfces, Itciehb. {nee Rp.), Ac. Syst. Xai. pi. L\x. 

(1850) L. olivaeetts. 
Arcliolesteb, Cab. Mas. Ilein. i, p. 71 (1830) L. olhaeeiis. 
Chlorophoneus, Cab. op. cit "..,..., . L.iYibidiiesii^. 
Rkodopkoiieus, Heugl. MS. L. ciueiitu^. 

Bill generally very stout, strongly hooked and notched; nostrils 

1 i . LANIAEIUS. LSI 

non-operculated, oval, in front of a more or loss coriaceous groove, 
exposed; rictal bristles present, but hardly any nasal bristles, First 
primary two thirds of the next one in length; wings much rounded, 
the tip being formed by Iho fourth to sixth, or even fifth to seventh 
primaries. Tail equal io or slightly longer than wing, graduated. 
Tarsus covered with transverse scales anteriorly. Colour of bill jet-
black. The sexes are coloured alike. Always either rod or green 
in the plumage, the principal colours being green, red, and yellow, 
whilst blue is excluded. Length of wing from 3*4 to 4*5 inches. 

Range. Confined to Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Lower back pink, rest of back light brownish . . cruentus, p. 152. 
h. Tail, back, and wniigs black. 
a'. Wings with a longitudinal white bar ; head 
black. 
a". Body below crimson atrococcineus, p. 152. 
b". Body below orange-red atrocroceus, p. 153. 

b'. Wingto entirely black; under tail-coverts buff. 
c". Head yellow barbarus, p. 153. 
d". Head black erythroyaster, p. 151. 

d Lower back and outer webs of quills green. 
e'. Tail and secondaries with large yellow tips. ' 
e". Wing exceeding 4 inches in length; size 
large. 
a'". Underparts orange; tail with a black 

subterminal band. 
a\ Upper back green hypopyrrhus, p. 155. 
b\ Upper back grey poliochlamys, p. 155. 

b"'. Underparts yellow ; tail without a black \poliocej)hahis, p. 156. 
^subterminal band J monteiri, p. 157. 
/" . Wing less than 4 inches in length; size 

small. 
c'". Breast and throat black melanotJiorax, p. 157. 
cV", Breast and throat washed with crimson, multicolor, p. 158. 
e'". All the underparts lemon-yellow, a faint 

orange band across the chest sulfureipectm, p. 150. 

d'. Central pair of tdl-feathers black; quills 
without yellow tips; wing about 3 inches 
in length • small birds. 


y". Abdomen white; head grey rubigmoans, p. 160. 
)i". Abdomen yellow ; head green olivaceus, p. 101. 
e\ With a sharply defined black crescent on the 

chest. 
i". Head grey ; throat and breast yellow bahbahiri, p. 102. 
k". Head green; throat crimson. 

/"'. Breast, abdomen, and vent yellow 1 qimdricolor, p. 164. 
y"'. Vent and middle of abdomen and of 
breast chestnut-red, rebt of breast green, riridis,]}. 165 

152 LANIIDJK. 

1. Laniarius crnentus. 
Laniua cruentus, Hempr. § JEhrenb. Symb. Phjs. fol. 0. tab. iii. 
Laniarius cruentatus, Rupp. New Wirbelth. p. 82; Gray, Gen B. I. 

p. 298; Bp. C. A. i. p. 359; Heugl. Syst Uebers. p. 34; Blyth, 
Hep. Coll. Somali Co. 6; Scl Ibis, 1800, p. 247; Brehin, Reis. 
Habesch, pp. 215, 317 ; Eeugl. J.f.O. 1867, p. 293. 
Melacoiiotus ruseuo, Jard. et Selby, III. Oru. iv. pi. xxx. 

Telepkonus cruentus, Licht. Nomend. p. 11. 

Teleplionus pictus, Licht. t. c. p. 11. 

Telephonus cruentatus, Bp. C. R. xxxviii. p. 534. 

Laniarius cruentus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 390, no 6010; Finsch et 

Hartl. Vo'g. Ostafr. p. 354; Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 250; Blaaf. 

Geol fy Zool. Abyss, p. 342. 
Dryoscopus cruentatus, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. L p. 402. 
Dryoscopus emeritus, Heugl. I. c. iv. p. cxvi. 
Ithodopkoneus cruentus, Antinori et Salvad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 85. 

Adult male. General colour light ashy brown, slightly washed 
with rose-colour on the head; lower back bright pink; wing-coverts 
and quills light ashy brown, edged with grey; two central tail-
feathers like the back and the upper tail-coverts, rest of the tail-
feathers black with large white terminal spots; lores white ; round 
the eye aring of whitish plumes ; cheeks whitish; throat and fore 
neck bright pink colour; rest of under surface bright fawn-colour, 
the centre of the breast and abdomen wThite: under wing-coverts 
fawn-colour like the sides of the body; quills underneath litrht 
brown, internally edged with fulvous ; edge of wing white; " bill 
blackish; feet light lead; iris greyish violet/' Total length 9 
inches, culmen 0*85, wing 3-6^ tail 4*8, tardus 1*25. 

Ad alt female. Similar to the male, but distinguished by its black 
gorget, a line of black feathers running down the cheeks on each 
side, and united to a large patch on the lower throat, below which 
is a patch of rose-colour. Total length S%5 inches, wing 3*8, tail 4*5, 
tarsus 1-25. 

Hah. Noith-eastern Africa. 

a,b. <3 $ ad. st Abyssinia. Br. Riippell rC."|. 

c. $ ad. sk. Koomavlee, Feb. 2,1808. "W. T. 3Jlanford/Esq. [C.\ 
d. <$ ad. sk. Amba/Sambar, Aug. 18, W. T. Blanford, E*q. ^0.1. 
2. Laniarius atrococcinens. 
Lanius atrococcineus, Burchell, Zool. Journ. i. p. 461, pi. 28. 
Malaconotus atrococcineus, Swains. Zool Illustr. 2nd series, pi. 70 • 
Cab. Mus. Hem. Th. i. p. 09. ' 
Laniarius atrococcineus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 298; Bp. Camp. L 

p. 359; Layard,B. S. -4/r. p. 163; Finsch Sf Hartl. Vog. Ostafrl 
p. 353; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 369, no. 6011; Gumey, in Anderss. 
B. Dam. Ld. p. 144; BueMey, Ibis, 1874, p. 370; Barratt, op. ciU 
1870, p. 204; Bocage} Orn. d''Angola, p. 220; Sharpe, ed. Lauari 
B.S.Afr.y.md. i \ J 
Adult male. General colour above glossy blue-black, the rump 

11 . LANIARIUS. 
153 

with concealed subtcrminal spots of greyish white; sides of face and 
sides of neck blue-black like the head; wings black, the median 
and some of the greater coverts white, the innermost greater coverts 
and three of the secondaries white on their onter webs, forming a 
conspicuous longitudinal bar down the wing; tail entirely black; 
entire under surface of body brilliant scarlet, the thighs and under 
wing-coverts black ; " bill and legs black; iris dark hazel" (T. E. 
Buckley). Total length 8-2 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 4*05, tail 4, 
tarsus 1-3. 

Adult female. Similar to the male but not so richly coloured. 
Total length 8 inches, wing 3*7, tail 3*7, tarsus 1*3. 
Young. Mottled with bars of ashy grey and blackish below, many 
of the feathers of the back edged with sandy buff. 
Hab. South Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. South Africa. Earl of Derby [P.]. 
b, c, d. Ad. sk. South Africa. South-African Museum. 
e. Juv. sk. South Africa. South-African Museum. 
/ . Ad. sk. Kurunian {Layard). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
g. Ad. sk. Natal. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
h. <$ ad. sk. Eland's river, Transvaal. W. E. & C. G. Oates, Esqrs. 
DP.]. 

i. 
S ad. sk. Crocodile river, Trans-W~. E. & 0. G. Oates, Esqrs. 
vaal. [P.], 
h. I <3 ad. sk. Tati (F. Oates). "W. E. & C. G. Oates, Esqrs. 
[P.]. 
m. <3 ad. sk. Tati (F. Oates). W. E. & 0. G. Oates, Esqrs. 
n. 
Ad. sk. Shoshong, Makalapsi W. E. & 0. G. Oates, Esqrs. 
river. [P.], 
o. 
$ ad. sk. Otjimbinque, Damara R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Land, Slay 30, 1866 
(C. J. Andersson). 
p. 
2 ad. sk. Otjimbinque, Jan. 12, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
1867 (C. J. A.), 
q. Juv. sk. Otjimbinque, April 5, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
1864 (CI J. A.). 
3. Laniarius atrocroceus. 
Laniarius atrocroceus, Trimen, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 623, pi. lix. 
Laniarius atricroceus, Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 300. 


All the underparts of the body rich orange-yellow, in every other 

respect exactly like L. atrococcineus; " bill and feet black* iris 

lavender " (B. F. BradsJiaiv). Length of culmen 0*8, wing 3-5, 

tail "3*9, tarsus 1*25 inch. 

One single specimen was obtained on the Upper Limpopo river 

(Mus. Cctp.). 

4. Laniarius barbarus. 
La Pie-grieche rouge du Senegal, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 185, pi. 17.fig. 2. 
Lanius barbarus, Linn. S. N. i. p. L'i7. 
Pie-grieche du Senegal, Buff. PL EnL no. 56. 


154 
XAXI1M3. 

Le Gonolek, Levaill Ois. d'Afr. ii. p. 78, pi. 69; Sundev. Krit. Framst, 
Levaill. p. 31. 
Laniarius barbarus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. cVHi^t. Nat. xv. p. 298; Gray, 
Gen. B. i. p. 208; Bp. Comp. i. p. &J9; JE&wtf. 0r«. W.-Afr. 

p. 107; a& J", f. 0. 1801, p. 171; Gray, JStfHtW. i?. i. p. 59*3, 
no. 0009 j Sharpe, Ibis, 1809, p. 190; id. Cat Afr. B. p. 4&; 
Shelley $ Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 288; Ussher, Ik's, 1874, p. 04. 
Tchagra baibarus, Less. Traite, p. 373. 

Malaconotus barbarus, Swains. Zool. Illnstr. 2nd seiie&, ii. pi. 71; 
id. B. W. Afr. i. p. 243, pi 29 ; Gordon, Corttr. Oni. 1850, p. 8 ; 
Cab. Mu.. Ilein. i. p. 00. 

Adult. General colour above glossy black, the feathers greyish at 
base; lower back and rump mottled with white subterminal spots 
on the feathers ; wings and tail black; crown of head and nape 
dull yellow, brighter above the eye ; lores, feathers round the e\ e, 
ear-coverts, and sides of neck glossy black ; cheeks and entire under 
surface of body scarlet* thighs and under tail-coverts pale fawn-
brown ; under wing-coverts black, as also the under surface of the 
wings; bill black. Total length 8-8 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4*25, 
tail 4*4, tarsus 1*3. 


YQVWJ, Coloured like the adult but duller, the feathers of the 
back and the wing-coverts edged with pale ochraceous brown; 
under surface light oehraceous brown, mottled with dusky cross 
bars ; many of the scarlet feathers tipped with whitish. 


Hah. Vest Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. Senegal. 
JL B. Sharpe, E>c[» 
b. Pull. sk. River Gambia. II. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
c. Ad. sk. Fantee. 
II. B. Sharpe, E*q. 
d. Ad. sk. Ashantee. 
J. Gould, E-q. 
e. Juv. sk. Denkera (Vssher). IL B. Sharpe, Esq, 
/. Ad. sk. River Volta, Aug. 1870 11. B. Siiarpe, E.q. 
(Ussher). 

5. Laniarius erytkrogaster. 
Lanius erytkrogaster, Cretzsehn. in Hupp, Ail. pi. 29 (1820), 
Laniarius erytkrogaster, liupp, Sysi. Uebers. p. 228; DetsMvrs, in Lt febv. 
Voi/. Abyss., Ois. p. 98; Vierth. Naum. Ib527 i. p. SO; Ilrehm. 

J.f.O.1850, p. 481; JKeitgL Syst Uebers. p.34 ; id. J.f.O. l^i 
p.%294,181)0, p. 270* Antin. Cat. descr. Uec. p. 53; Gnrnrif, Ibis9 
1808, p. 100; Gray, Hand-l B. i, p. 390, no. 0012; Fimck $> 
Hart!. Vog. Ostafr. p. 354. 
Malaconotus 
wernei, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 69, note; Wenie, Eeise 
in Tahah, p. 205. 
Malaconotus erythroprastra, LicM. Nomend. p. 12; Brehm, Hahesch^ 

p. 312, note; id. ThierL ii. p. 704. 
Laniarius chrysogaster, Bp. C. A* i. p. 300. 
Dryoscopus erythrogabter, Heiujl Or a. N.O.-Afr. pp. 403, cxvii. 
Adult. General colour above glossy black, all the feathers of the 
rump greyish white with black edges; the scapulars also with 
concealed whitish bases; wings and tail black; cheeks and breast 
brilliant scarlet; the lower abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts 

155 

11 . LANIARIUS. 
ochraceous buff; under wing-coverts black; "bill black, feet loadcolour; 
iris pale yellow" (Ilew/lin). Total length 8-3 inches, oilmen 
0*9, wing 4*1, tail 40 , tarsus 1*35. 

Bah. North-eastern Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. White Nile. Sir Samuel Baker [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. White Nile (Mas. Holm.). E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
c. $ acl. sk. Abyssinia. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
6. Laniarins hypopyrrhus. 
Vanga omenta, Less, in Belanger Voy. hide, p. 256; id. Cent. Zooi. 
pi. (JO (wee llempr. $• Ehrcnb.). 
Laniarins cruentus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 3G0 ; Harik Orn. W.-Afr. 

p. 109; Cass. Pr. Phikal Acad. 18)89, p. 53; JTrmJ. J!/. 0. 1861, 
p. 172. 5* 
Harcolestes hypopyrrkus, J", e£ I?. Verreaux, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 
1855, p. 419 (wee .Hio-tf.). 
Laniarins hypopyrrhus, Sharpe, P. Z. & 1871, p. 611 (wee Hartl). 

Adult. Head and neck blue-grey, as also the sides of the face; 
lores, eyebrows, and a ring round the eye white; back rich olive-
green, the wing-coverts green like the back ; bastard-wing and primary 
coverts blackish on their inner webs; quills black, externally 
olive-green, the secondaries with conspicuous yellow tips and having 
a subterminal bar of black ; all the tail-feathers olive-green, tipped 
with yellow, with a rather broad subterminal bar of black right 
across the tail; under surface of body gamboge-yellow, strongly 
washed with bright scarlet on the throat and breast; lower abdomen, 
thighs, under tail-coverts, and edge of wing gamboge-yellow; 
flanks olive-green, slightly streaked with scarlet; under wing-
coverts sulphur-yellow, like the edge of the inner web of the quills, 
which are dusky brown below; " bill black ; iris grey" (Crossley). 
Total length 9 to 10 inches. 

Oilmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 
in. in. in. in. 
1-2 4-2 4-4 1-3 
1-1 4-25 4-3 P25 
1-2 4-4 4*4 1-4 
llab. Gaboon and Camaroons. 
it. Ad. sk. Gaboon. M. J. Verreaux. 
b. Ad. sk. Gaboon. K. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
c. Ad. sk. Oamaroon moimtains R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(-4. Crossley). 
d. Ad. sk. W. Africa. Eyton Collection. 

7. Laniarins poliocMamys. (Plate III.) 
Laniarins kypopyrrhus, Sharpe, Cat, Afr. B. p. 49 (nee Ferr.) ; id. 
Ihis71872, p. H; Usshtr, op. cit. 18/4, p. 04. 

Adult. Yery similar to L. hypopyrrhus, but distinguished by the 
blue-grey colour of the head and neck extending over the whole 

156 LANIIDiE. 

mantle, this part being green in the last-mentioned bird. Besides 
this the primary wing-coverts of L. poliochlamys are almost entirely 
black like the bastard quill; the subterminal black bars on the 
secondary quills are very strongly developed; the tail is more 

greenish olive than olive-green; bill black. Total length 9 to 10 
inches. 
Culmen.
in. 
Wing. 
in. 
Tail. 
in. 
Tarsus, 
in. 
1*2 4-5 4-5 1*35 
1-15 4-1 4-4 1*3 
Hob. Gold Coast. 
a, b. Ad. sk. Fantee (Aubinn). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
c. Ad.sk. Fantee (TJsshei*). It. B. Sharpe, E-q. 

8. Laniarius poliocephalus. 
La Pie-grieche Blanchot, Levaill. Ois. cFAfr. Hi. p. 122, pi. 285 ; Simdev. 
Krit. FramuL, Levaill. p. 55. 
Lanius olivaceus, Vieill. M. Diet. d'Hisi. Nat. xxvi p. 135 (nee 

Shaw) ; id. Gal. Ois. pi. 139. 
Lanius poliocephalus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 45. 
Malaconotus blanekoti, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 1CL 
Vanga ietera, Cuvier, JRegne Animal, 1829, p. 352 (exLevaill.); Zeatt. 

Traite cVOm. p. 346. 
Malaconotus olivaceus, Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 237, pi. 22; Biipp* 

Syst. TJebers. p. 02. 
Malaconotus hypopyrrhus, Hartl. Verz. Brem. Samml. p. 01. 
Laniarius icterus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 29i); Bp. Consp. i. p. 3G0; 

Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 110; id. J. f. O. 18«U, p. 172 ; Zaijanl B. 

S. Afr. p. 104; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 148, pi. 13, %. 2 ; Shelley, 
Ibis, 1877, p. 70. 
Laniarius hypopyrrhus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 299; Bp. Cunsp. L p. 360. 
Archolestes icterus, Cab. 31m. Hein. Th. i. p. 71. 
Archolestes hypopyrrhus, Cab. t. c. p. 71; id. in von dtr Decked8 

Beisen, iii. p. 27. 
Malaconotus poliocephalus, Licht. Nomencl. p. 12. 
Malaconotus icterus, Hexigh Syst. TJebers. p, 34. 
Archolestes approxirnans, Cab. in von der Deckens Beisen, iii, p. 27. 
Laniarius olivaceus, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 49. 
Meristes olivaceus, Finsch 8f Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 3G1; Heugl. Orn. 

N.O.-Afr, pp. 406, exviii; Bocage, Orn. d}Angola, p. 235. 
Laniarius poliocephalus, Sharpe, ed. Zayard B. S. Afr. p. 387. 

Adult. General colour above pale yellowish green; wing-coverts, 
the whole tail, and the outer webs of the secondary quills of the 
same colour as the back, and every feather tipped with pale yellow; 
inner web of quills brownish ; outer web of the primaries broadly-
edged with yellow; upper tail-coverts greenish, with yellowish tips ; 
head, neck, and ear-coverts bluish grey; a large loral spot and 
a very narrow ring round the eye white ; the whole under surface 
sulphur-yellow, more or less strongly washed with orange on the 
chest and upper breast; axillaries, under wing-coverts, edge of wing, 
and a broad margin on the inner web of the quills pale sulphur-
yellow ; thighs greenish yellow or yellow; bill black; feet ashy 

11 . LANIAKIT3S. 
iris yellowish orange (Heuglin), bright yellow (Kirk). Total length 
(J-8 inches, culinen 1*15, wing 4*8, tail 4*6, tarsus 1*5. 

Ohs. According to von Heuglin specimens from North-eastern 
Africa never havo the breast washed with orange • the only specimen 
from Abyssinia in the British-Museum collection, labelled a female, 
agrees with the above remark, whilst the specimens from Natal and 
South-eastern Africa have the chest deeply coloured with orange; 
specimens from Western Africa are intermediate. 

Hal. N.E. Africa; "Western Africa, from Senegambia to the 
Niger; S.E. Africa, Natal to the Zambesi. 

a, b. Ad. st.
c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk. 
„ 
S.E. Africa. 
Natal. 
Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). 
G. Campbell, Esq. [P.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Livingstone Expedition 
e. Ad. sk.
/ . Ad. sk.
g. J ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk.
i. Ad. sk.
k. Ad. sk.
I. Ad. sk. 
Makalaka country. 
Mombasa. 
Abyssinia, June 2. 
* River Niger (Baikie). 
" Casamanze. 
River Gambia. 
W. Africa.
[C.]. 
Dr.R.F. Bradshaw[C.l. 
Rev. E. A. Buxton |_P.J. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Purchased. 

Subsp. a. Laniarius monteiri. 

Laniarius monteiri, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 145, pi. xiii. fig. 1; 
Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. cxviii, note. 
Meristes monteiri^ Socage, Orn. $ Angola, p. 235, note. 

Adult female (type of species). Entire head and neck bluish grey • 
back and scapulars rich olive-green, the feathers of the upper tail-
coverts margined with yellow; wing-coverts whitish yellow at 
the tips; quills black, margined externally with rich olive-green, 
some of the primaries being edged with whitish yellow, the innermost 
secondaries broadly tipped with a bar of the latter colour; tail 
olive-green, tipped with yellow; lores, feathers round the eye, a 
broad superciliary stripe, a spot behind the ear-coverts and on the 
sides of the neck pure white; entire under surface rich lemon-
yellow ; " bill black; feet leaden blue ; iris white." Total length 
9 inches, culmen 1*25, wing 4-2, tail 4*2, tarsus 1*25. 

Obs. This race may be distinguished from L. poliocephalus by 
the very broad superciliary stripe and the white spot behind the ear-
coverts and on the sides of the neck. The very strongly bent and 
hooked and therefore apparently fully-grown bill speaks against this 
specimen being a young one, as was supposed by von Heuglin. 

a. § ad. sk. Loando, Rio Dande, April 28, J. J. Monteiro, Esq. 
1869 (Sala). (Type of species.) 
9. Laniarius melanothorax. (Plate 1Y.) 
Laniarius nigrithorax, Sharpe, Ibis, 1871, p. 417; id. op. cit, 1872, 
p. 71. 
Laniarius melanothorax, Sharpe, Ibis, 1881, p. 605 (nomen emend.). 
158 
LANIIDJE. 

Adult (type of species). Head, neck, and mantle and upper part 
of back grey, lighter on the fore part of the crown adjoining the 
black forehead; scapulars, lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
olive-green, the latter with brighter yellow tips ; wing-coverts green 
like the back, with yellow tips to the greater series; quills black on 
the inner web, olive-green externally, very plainly tipped with yellow 
; tail-feathers olive-green, with broad tips of deep orange, the 
inner webs of some of the feathers shaded with black : forehead, sides 
of face, eyebrow, entire throat and chest glossy black ; remainder of 
under surface bright orange-red, the sides of the body yellowish 
green; under wing-coverts and inner lining of the quills bright 
yellow; bill black. Total length 7*6 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*9, 

tail 3*8, tarsus 1. 
Hob. Gold Coast. 
a. Ad. sk. Accra (Capt. llaynes). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
of species.) 
(Type 

10. Laniarius multicolor. 
Varied Shrike, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. ii. p. 53. 
Laniarius multicolor, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 299, pi. 72; Bp. Consp. i. 


p. 360; Cass. Br. BMlacl. Acad. 1855, p. 439 ; Ilartl. Orn. W.-Afr. 
p. 
108 j id. J. f. 0. 1861, p. 172 j Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 48; 
Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 64. 
Adult male (type of species). Head, neck, and mantle light blue-
gre}T; a frontal line, lores, feathers above and below the eye, and 
the ear-coverts black; between this black and the grey is a stripe 
of white along the forehead and over the eye; back, rump, and 
upper tail-coverts olive-green, as also the wing-coverts; quills 
blackish, externally olive-green, edged with yellow along the inner 
webs ; all the quills tipped with pale yellow on the outer web, the 
secondaries more broadly; the innermost of the latter are green, 
tipped with yellow; tail olive-green, broadly tipped with orange-
yellow, with a subterminal shade of blackish brown; cheeks, throat, 
and fore neek scarlet; the rest of the under surface of the body bright 
yellow, washed with scarlet on the breast and with orange on the 
under tail-coverts ; flanks somewhat washed with greenish ; thighs 
and under wing-coverts yellow; quills blackish below, internally 
edged with yellow; bill black; feet fleshy brown in the skin. 

Total length 7*6 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*1, tail 3*6, tarsus 1. 

Yery old males have the tail tipped with orange-red, and the crown 
of the head is greyish white, becoming almost pure white near the 
black of the forehead. 

Adult female (?). Differs from the male in having the throat and 
chest vermilion instead of scarlet, but chiefly in having the lores and 
sides of face grey like the mantle, without any black facial mark or 
appearance of an eyebrow. 

Obs. Two other specimens, probably very old birds (one from the 
~€amaroon mountains, the other one from Yancoomassie), are like 

11 . LANIARIUS. 
the adult raalo, but havo the tail-feathers largely tipped with pure 
yellow, and tho whole body below is brilliant orange; forehead, 
lores, and ear-coverts deep black. 

Ilctb. West Africa. 

a. f <$ ] ad. sk. West Africa. (Type of species.) 
h. \ S\ ad. sk. Fantee. 11. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
c- [cf] juv. sk. Yancoomassie, Dec. 1871 ( IF. F. 11. 13. Sharpe, Esq. 
Blmett). 

d. [ J ] ad. sk. Denkera, Dec. 1871 (IV. F. II. B. Sliarpe, Esq. 
Blisseft). 
e,f. [cJ] ad. sk. Accra (Capt. Haynes). R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. 
9- [c?] ad. sk. Camaroon mountains (O'ossZey). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

11. Laaiarins sulfureipectus. 
Yellow-browed Shrike, Lath. Gen. Hist B. ii. p. Q6. 
Tchagra sulfureopectus, Less. Traite, p. 87:1 
Malaconotus similis, Smith, Itep. Expect. Centr. Afr., App. p. 44 (nee 

Sioains.); id. Illustr. Zool. S. Afr., Birds, pi. 46; 'llengl Syst. Uebers. 

p. 34. 
Malaconotus superciliosus, Swains. B. W. Afr. p. 239. 
Malaconotus ehrysogaster, Swains. B. W. Afr. p. 244, pi. 25; Riipp. 
Syst. Uebers. p. 55, pi. 24; Bp. C. B. xxxviii. p. 534; Heugl. J. 

f. O. 1804, p. 254. 
Malaconotus aurantiopectus, Less. Bev. Zool. 1839, p. 101. 
Malaconotus affinis, Less. Echo du Monde Savant 1844, p. 1164. 
Laniarius similis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 298 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 359; Antin. 
Cat. descr. Ucc. p. 54; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 163; Shelley, Ibis, 
1875, p. 77. 
Laniarius superciliosus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 298; Bp. Consp. i. 

p. 360; Haril. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 108. 
Chlorophoneus similis, Cab. Ahis. Hein. Th. i. p. 71; Gurney in 
Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 148. 
Malaconotus sulphureopectus, Jard. Bdirih. Neiv PJriZos. Jour. Hi. 

p. 242 (1856). 
Chlorophoneus sulfureipectus, Bp. C. B. xxxviii. p. 534; Bocage, 
Om. Angola, p. 234. 
Laniarius chrysogaster, Haril. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 107; Sharpe, Ibis, 
1869, p. 190. 
Laniarius modestus, Boeage, Jorn. Lish. i. p. 151; id. J. f. 0.1876, 

p. 415 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 396, no. 6013. 
Dryoscopus sulfureipectus, Heugl. Orn. N. O.-Afr. I pp. 464, cxviii. 
Telophorus similis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 398, no. 6047. 
Telopkorus superciliosus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 398, no. 6050. 
Laniarius sulfureipectus, Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 190 ; Finsch § Hartl 
Vdg. Ostafr. p. 356; Shelley § Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 288: Ussher, 
Ibis, 1874, p. 64; Buckley, t. c. p. 376; Sliarpe <$- Bouvier, Bull. 
Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 46; Reichen. J.f.O. 1877, p. 24; Sharpe, 
ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 384. 

Adult male. Crown of the head, hind neck, sides of neck, and mantle 
blue-grey ; back, scapulars, and outer web of the wing-coverts, and 
quills yellowish green; the wing-coverts and the quills tipped with 
pale yellow, the inner webs of the latter greyish brown; upper tail


100 
UNiiDJe. 

coverts and tail like the back, but more inclining to greenish orange ; 
every tail-feather broadly tipped with pale orange, which colour 
extends on the edge of the inner web almost to the base of the tail; 
forehead and the "superciliary region bright yellow; lores, region 
behind the eye, and ear-coverts black; chin, cheeks, and the entire 
under surface of the body bright yellow, the chest washed with 
orange ; under wing-coverts, axillaries, and inner edge of quills sulphur- 
yellow; under surface of quills dark brownish ; thighs yellow ; 
bill and feet black. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*45, 

tail 3*5, tarsus 0*95. 

Adult female. Like the male; but the lores and ear-coverts are grey 
instead of black, and the yellow of the head extends only over the 
adjacent part of the forehead. 

Young. Similar to the adult male, but without yellow on the 
forehead or eyebrow; underneath very pale yellow, the breast 
marked with dusky cross bars ; wing-coverts tipped with light 
yellow, the quills broadly edged and tipped with this colour; ear-
coverts grey, with narrow whitish shaft-streaks. 

Hat. Whole of the Ethiopian region. 

a, h. J ad, sk. Africa. F. D. Godman and 0. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 


c. (J ad. sk. West Africa. Purchased. 
d. J ad. sk. Senegal. 
e. $ ad. sk. Eiver Gambia. Pt. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
/ . ? ad. sk. River Gambia. Purchased. 
g. S 
ad. sk. Fantee. F. D, Godman and O. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.], 
h. J ad. sk. Fantee (Ussher). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
i. $ ad. sk. Accra (Ilaynes). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
k. $ ad. sk. Accra (Smith). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
1. 5 ad. sk. Cunene river (C. J. An-R. B. Sharpe, E^q. 
dersson). 
m, n. J ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Livingstone Expedition 
JSJirk). [0-]. 

o. (S ad. sk. Motloutsi (F. Oates), W. E. & a G. Oates, 
Oct. 15, 1873. Esqrs. [P.]. 
p* 
5 juv. sk. South Africa. South-African Museum. 
(Type of M. similis.) 

12. Laaiarius raMgiuosus. 
L'Oliva, 
Levaill. Ois. dAfr. ii. pi. 75. fig. 2 (nee pi. 75. fig, 1); 
Sundev. Krit. Framst., Levaill. p. 32. 
Malaconotusrubiginosus, Sundev. (Efmrs.K. Vet.-Akad. Fdrh. Stockh. 
1850, p. 106; Bp. C. M. xxxviii. p. 534; Grill, Zool Anteckn. p. 10. 
Laniarius rubiginosus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 359; Zai/ard, B. S. Afr. 

p. 164; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 49; Ayres, Ibis, 1876, p. 430; 
Sharpe, edt Layard B. S. Afr. p. 383. 
Ohlorophoneus rubiginosus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 70. 
Telephorus rubiginosus, Gray, JSand-h B. i. p. 398, no. 0046. 


Adult male. General colour above, including the upper tail-coverts 
and the outer webs of the quills and wing-coverts olive-green; 

11. lAKIiEIUS.
remainder of quills blackish ; inner web of the secondaries and the 
wing-coverts dusky; tail-feathers black, with yellowish tips to 
the two outer pairs; tho tips of the others simply paling from 
black into more or loss greenish grey; the outer web of all the 
feathers strongly washed with olive-green; head above and hind 
neck bluish grey; lores and a stripe behind the eyes, above and 
just below the 'car-coverts, white ; spot in front of the eye and the 
ear-coverts, and extending somewhat clown on to the sides of the neck, 
black; checks, chin, and upper throat 'isabclline; lower part of 
throat and chest pale fawn-colour; remainder of tho breast, tho 
abdomen, and under tail-coverts dull white; flanks and thighs 
greyish washed with olive, showing very faint cross bars of darker 
olive; edge of wing, axillaries, and under wing-coverts, and broad 
inner edge of quills bright yellow; quills below blackish brown; 
bill black; " feet slate-colour ; iris light brown." Total length Q'5 

inches, culnien 0*55, wing 3'4, tail 3*55, tarsus 1. 

Adult female. Like the male in coloration, but having the ear-

coverts blackish grey, and the tail uniformly olive, washed with 

brownish and green. 

Young. The cross bars are very numerous and more distinct than 

in the female, and extend all over the under surface of the body. 

A young bird, from 
Panmure, has the whole body above, including 

the head and neck, olive; ear-coverts brownish grey; wings and 

tail much as in the old female, the greater and primary-coverts with 

distinct pale edges. In front of the eye a dusky white spot; 

under surface of body dull whitish, washed with yellow; throat, 

breast, and sides of the body with dusky cross bars. " Bill pale ash


colour, dusky at tip; feet as in adult; iris dark hazel" (T. 

Ay res). 

Hah. South Africa. 

a, I. $ ad. sk. South Africa. Purchased. 

c. $ hum. sk. South Africa (Layard). R B. Sharpe, Esq. 
d. <5 juv. sk. Knysna, Feb. 21, 1866 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(Andersson). 
e. $ ad. sk. Knysna, Feb. 21,1866 B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(Andersson). 
f. 
cS acL sk. Grahamstown (T. C. R B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Atmore). 
g. 
<$ ad. sk. Kingwilliamstown, June 4, Capt. H. Trevelyan 
1877. [P.]. 
h. 
J j uv -s^- Panmure, July 9, 1877. Capt. H. Trevelyan 
P.]. 
i. $ ad.sk. Macamac, Dec. 9,1874.A.Bi 
F.A.Barratt,Esq.[0.1. 

k. $ ad.sk. South Africa. RB . Sharpe, Esq. [P.* 
13. Laiiiarius olivaceus. 
L'Oliva, LevaUl Ois. tfAfr. ii. p. 105, pi. 75. fig. 1, pi. 76. fig. 1 

(nee plate 75. fig. 2) ; Stmdev. Krit. Framst., Levaill p. 32. 

Lanius olivaceus, Shaiv, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 350 ; Less. Tratte, p. 373. 

Laniarius olivaceus, Vieill. N. Diet. d?Hist. IS at. xiii. p. 299 ; Gray, 

VOL. vni. 
M 

162 LANIID2E. 

Gen. B. i. p. 298; Bp. Consp. i. p. 359; Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 77 

Sharpe, eel Layarcl B. S. Afr. p. 382. 

Ohlorophoneus olivaceus, C«5. i¥«s. i&m. Tli. i. p. 71. 

Malaconotus olivaceus, Bp. C. P. xxxviii. p. 534. 

Malaeonotus oleaginus, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 12. 

Telephorus olivaceus, Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 398, no. 6049. 

Adult male. General colour above, including the crown of the 
head and the upper tail-coverts, uniform olive-green; wing-coverts 
and quills blackish brown internally, olive-green externally; tips 
of the secondary quills with very narrow pale margins; the four 
central pairs of the tail-feathers black, with very faint and narrow 
yellowish tips; the two outer pairs have the basal half of the 
outer web and the basal two thirds of the inner web black, and the 
remainder yellow or yellowish ; lores yellow; region all round the 
eye and the ear-coverts black ; chin, cheeks, throat, and chest dull 
yellow, passing into lemon-yellow on the middle of the breast, on 
the abdomen, and the under tail-coverts; flanks and thighs olive-
yellow ; under wing-coverts and a broad edge on the inner web of 
the quills sulphur-yellow; axillaries and edge of wing richer yellow ; 
quills dark brown below; bill black; feet brownish in the skin. 
Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 3*2, tail 3*4, tarsus 
1-05. 

Adult female. Like the male, but less brightly coloured; ear-
coverts brownish olive; tail uniform olive, only the outer pairs 
narrowly edged with yellow on the inner web ; the flanks and sides 
of the breast are olive-yellow, and show numerous but extremely 
faint cross bars of a somewhat darker or more olive hue; bill 
brownish. 

Eab. South Africa. 

a, b. $ $ ad. sk. Port Natal, June (Waklbery). ~R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

c. cT ad. sk. South Africa. Purchased. 
d. $ ad. sk. South Africa. Purchased. 
14. Laniarius bakbakiri. 
Turdjas^zeylonus, Linne, S. N. no. 28 (1760). 
? Merle a collier du Cap de Bonne Esperance, d'Aub. PL JEJnl. 272. 
Turd as gutturalis, P. L. S. 3 f idler, Natursyst., Anhang, p. 144. 
Le Bacbakiri, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. ii. tab. 67; Sundev. Krit. Framst. 


Levaill, p. 31. *? 
Lanius baekbakiri, SJiaio, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 319. 
Laniarius bacbakiri, Vieill. JST. Diet. xiii. p. 298 (1817); Bp. C A i 

f. 360 ; Monteiro, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 93 ; Boc'age, Jorn. Lisb. xiii! 
p. 67. 
Tchagra bacbakiri, Less. Traite, p. 373 (1831). 
Telophorus collaris, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 481 (1831) 
Lanius ornatus, Licht. Vera. Doubl. no. 486. 
Telophorus zeylonus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 292. 
Telephonus bacbakiri, Cab. Mus. Hein. pt. i. p. 70 (1850). 
Pelicinius zeylonus, Bp. C. P. xxxix. p. 534 (1854). 
11. LVNIABIUS.
Malaconotus ornatus, Licht. Nomencl. p. 12 (1851). 

Malaconotus bakbakiri, Grill, Zool. Anfeclm. p. 10 (1857). 

Telepliorus gutturalis, Gray, Iland-L B. i. p. 580, no. 6043', Gumey, 

in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 147. 

Lamarius gutturalis, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 49 (nee Baud.); Shelley, 

Ibis, 1875, p. 77 ; Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. A. p. 385. 

Chloropkoneus bacbakiri, Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 232. 

Adult male. General colour above, including' scapulars, wing- and 

upper tail-coverts, green, with a slight tinge of yellowish olive; 

quills brownish black, externally broadly edged with green, the 

innermost secondaries almost entirely of the same colour as the 

back ; the central pair of tail-feathers uniform dull olive-green, the 

rest deep black with very large yellow tips; crown of the head and 

nape, sides of neck, and ear-coverts grey; a bright yellow stripe 

extending from the nostrils over the eye ; lores black; throat, chin, 

and cheeks bright yellow, separated from the sides of the neck by 

a narrow black band on each side, which unites on the chest with a 

deep-black semicircular broad crescent; breast, middle of abdomen, 

under tail-coverts, and edge of wing yellow; sides of the body, 

flanks, under wing-coverts, and axillaries pale olive-grey; thighs 

olive; quills below greyish; bill black; feet bluish black in the 

skin; " iris dark grey" (Oates). Total length 8*7 inches, culmen 

0*95, wing 3*9, tail 4'2, tarsus 142. 

The sexes are alike in plumage. 

Ohs. In the single specimen from Benguelathe grey colour extends 

slightly further over the mantle and scapulars; the flanks and 

under wing-coverts are clear slaty grey, the 
thigh-feathers being 

bright yellow. The Damara specimens, however, do not differ from 

those from the Capo; and it is scarcely probable that a distinct 

species exists in Benguela. 

Ilab. Southern Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. South Africa. 
b. Ad. sk. South Africa (Layard). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
c. 
Ad. sk. South Africa. F. D. Godman and 0. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
d, e. (S ad. sk. Mossel Bay, April 11, 1873 W. E. and 0. G. Gates, 

(F. Oates). Esqrs. [P.]. 
/ . Ad. sk. Cape colony. J B. Jukes, Esq. [P.], 
g. 2 ad. sk. Eland's Post, June 1870 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(T. C.Atmore). 
h. Ad. sk. Natal. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
i. Juv. sk. Ilykomkap, Swakop river, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Nov.25,1863 (Andersson). 

h. Imm. sk. Ilykomkap, April 16, 1865 R. B. Sharpe, Esq 
(Andersson). 

1. Ad. sk. Walvisch Bay, Damara Land R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(Andersson). 

m. Ad. sk. Cirio Bay, 13° S. L. J, J. Monteiro, Esq. [C.]. 
i2 

164 mmiDJE. 

15. Laniarius quadricolor, 
Laniarius gutturalis, Hartl. Faun. Westafr. Kustenl 1850, pp. 27 

40 (nee Baud, nee Miill); id. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 108, note. 

Telephonus gutiuralis, Cab. Mm. If em. i. p. 70 {nee Daud.). 

Laniarius quadricolor, Cass. Tr. Thilad. Acad. 1851, p. 24=5; Sundev. 

Krit. Framst., Levaill. p. 56 j Gumey, Ibis, 1860, p. 210; Layard, 

B. S. Afr. p. 165; Finsch § Hartl. Fog. Ostafr. p. 355; Sharpe, 
Cat. Aft: B. p. 49; Shelley', Ibis, 1875, p. 77; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's 
B. S. Afr. p. 381, pi. 11. 
Malaconotus viridis, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 12. 
Pelicinius quadricolor, Bp. C. R. xxxviii. p. 534. 
Laniarius gutturalis, var., Bianc. Spec. Zool. Mosamb. fasc. xviii. 
p. 321. 
Adult male. Crown of the head, hind neck, the whole back and 

the upper tail-coverts, the outer webs of the wing-coverts, and the 

quills uniform green; inner web of quills blackish; tail deep black 

above and below, but the basal half of the central pair strongly-

washed with green; forehead orange-yellow; lores and a stripe 

below the eye and on the lower margin of the green ear-coverts 

deep black; this stripe on the sides of the neck passes into a broad 

and very distinct black crescent on the chest; chin, cheeks, and the 

whole throat scarlet; remainder of the under surface of the body, 

gamboge-yellow, the upper part of the breast and the under tail-

coverts washed with orange-red; sides of breast, flanks, and thighs 

pale green; under wing-coverts greenish; quills below greyish; 

" bill black; legs and claws horny brown'? (Finsch Sf Hartl.). 

Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*2, tail 3*5, tarsus 1*1. 

Adult female. All the underparts are green; the tail uniform 
olive-green; the head wanting the black loral and lateral stripes, 
the black crescent being likewise absent; throat vermilion; remainder 
of the underparts of the body olive-yellow; under tail-
coverts dull yellow; sides of breast and flanks green; the black 
collar on the chest of the male is represented merely by a few 
blackish tips on some of the feathers (not a sign of moulting); " bill 
and feet brown; lower mandible paler." 

Young. The young male is like the adult female: but the central 
pair of the tail-feathers and the outer webs of the other pairs are 
more or less green; black crescent absent; throat yellow, with 
scarlet tips to the feathers, rest of the body below green, more 
yellow in the middle line. The young female resembles the young 
male, but has the whole tail olive-green. 

Hah. South-eastern Africa. 

a, h. $ J ad. sk. Natal. Purchased. 

c. [ ? 1 jnv. sk. Natal. Sir Andrew Smith [P.]. 
d.l(S 1 juv.sk. Natal Purchased. 
e Natal R B

-L ? J Juv*sk---- Sharpe, Esq. 
/. <S ad. sk. Natal. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
g. <$ ad. sk. Transvaal (Ayres). E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
k cJ ad. sk. Island of Mombasa. J. Hildebrandt [0.]. 
12. NICATOR. 165 
16. Laniarius viridis. 
La Pie-grieche Perrin, Levaill. Ois. cPAfr. vi. p. 124, pi. 286; Sundev. 

Krit. Framst., Levaill. p. 56. 

Lanius gutturalis, Baud. Arm. Mus. iii. p. 144, pi. 15 (nee Muller) ; 

Shaw §• Nodder, Nat. Misc. xvi. pi. 637. 

Laniarius viridis, Vieill. N. Diet, d'llist. Nat. xiii. p. 300,-id. Gal. 

Ois. i. pi. 143. 
Tckagra gutturalis, Less. Traite, p. 373. 
Laniarius gutturalis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 298; llartl. Orn. W.-Afr. 

p. 108; Sharpe 8f Bouv. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 46; Beichnw. 
J.f. 0.1877, p. 24. 
Pelicinius gutturalis, Bp. C. B. xxxviii. p. 534. 
Malaconotus gutturalis, Sundev. Krit. Framst., Levail. p. 56. 
Telepliorus viridis, Gray, lland-l. B. i. p. 398, no. 6044. 
Olilorophoneus gutturalis, Bocage, Orn. dAnyola, p. 233. 
Adult male. General colour above and wings uniform green ; 
tail entirely deep black; forehead and superciliary region orange ; 
lores and stripe along the sides of the neck black, passing gradually 
into a very distinct black crescent; chin, cheeks, and throat deep 
crimson-colour; on the upper part of the breast the black crescent 
is followed by another narrower crimson crescent; sides of breast, 
flanks, and thighs rich green; middle line of the breast and the 
whole abdomen chestnut-brown, basal half of the feathers yellowish; 
under tail-coverts maroon-colour; " bill black." Total length 7*8 
inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*25, tail 3-4, tarsus 1*12. 

Hah. South-western Africa. 

a. (S ad. sk. Landana, Congo. Dr. Lucan and M. Petit [C.]. 
12. NICATOR. 
Type. 
Nicator, Finsch £ Hartl. Fog. Ostafr. p. 359 (1870) N. cliloris. 

Head of Nicator gitiaris. 

Bill like that of Laniarius, but much more slender. Nostrils in a 
coriaceous groove, semilunar, with a very clearly developed operculum, 
partly exposed; nasal and rictal bristles present. Pirst primary 
about two thirds of the next one, which is very short; tip of 
wing formed by fifth, sixth (seventh) primaries; outer secondaries 
rather long. Tail rounded and slightly longer than wing. Tarsus 
covered with many transverse scales; the two proximal phalanges 
of the fourth toe united with the third toe. Plumage greenish and 
yellow, with light yellow spots to the tips of all the wing-coverts 
and secondaries. Length of wing about 4 inches. 

Range. Africa 

* 


160 
LAN1IELE. 

1. Hicator chloris*. 
Tchagra chloris, Less. Traite cTOm. p. 373 (1831). 
Laniius chloris, Vaienc. Diet. Sc. Ar. xl p. 220; Less. Compl. Buff. vu. 


p. 432; Fucker. Arch. Mm. vii. p. 325. 
Laniarius peli. Bp. Consp. i. p. 360; IlartL Orn. W.-Afr.-pip. 109, 
273; id. J. f. O. 1855, p. 358, 1861, p. 172. 
Trichopliorus chlorib, Ilartl. J.f. 0. 1854, p. 2o. 
Ixonotus chloris, Bp. C. 11. xxiviii. p. 533 (1854). 
Laniarius lepidus, Cass. Pr. PJdlad. Acad. 1855, p. 327. 
Nicitor chloris, Finsch 8f Ilartl. Yog. Odafr. p. 360 (1870); 
Sharpe, Cat.Afr.B.'pAO; id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 611; Ussher, Ibis, 
1874, p. 04; Reichmo. J.f.O. 1877, p. 24; Boc. Orn. d'Ang. 
pp. 230, 550. 

Laniarius chloris, 
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 390, no. 0014; Sharpe, Ibis, 
1870, p. 55; Cass. Pr. PJdlad. Acad. 1859, p. 53; Ilartl. J.f.O. 
1801, p. 172. 

Adult. General colour above and head, olive-green, more inclining 
to yellow on the rump and upper tail-coverts : wings brown, all the 
feathers edged with olive and yellow, all the wing-coverts and most 
of the quills with a whitish-yellow spot at the tip ; tail yellowish 
green, tipped with brighter yellow; sides of face olive-yellow, 
brighter than the head; round the eye a ring of bright yellow 
plumes; lores dingy grey; in front of the eye a whitish spot; 
cheeks and entire under surface of body pale ashy grey, lighter on 
the throat, and inclining to white on the centre of the abdomen; 
flanks olive-yellow; thighs and under wing- and under tail-coverts 
bright yellow; quills below brown, yellow along the inner web; 
"bill black; feet lead-colour" (Ilartl.). Total length 8*5 inches, 
culmen 0'85, wing 3*95, tail 4, tarsus 1*15. 

The sexes are alike in plumage. 
Ilab. West Africa, from the Gold Coast to Gaboon. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Ashantee. J. Gould, Esq. 
c, d. Ad. sk. Fantee. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
e. Ad. sk. Oamaroons mountains, Feb. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
9,1871 (A. Crossley). 
f. Ad. sk. Gaboon (DuCJiaillw). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
g. Ad. sk. Gaboon ( Walker). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
/*. <$ ad. sk. River Moonda (DuCJiaillu). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
i. Ad. sk. Gaboon. Purchased. 

2. Mcator vireo. 
Nicator vireo, Cabanis, J. f. O. 1876, p. 333, Taf. ii.; Peichenow, 

J.f.O. 1877, p. 24; Sharpe § Bouvier, Bull. Soe. Zool. France, 
1877, p. 308; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 236, note, & p. 550. 
* Bonaparte never called N. chloris by the generic name of Meristes. The 
first who did this was Gray, in his Hand-}. B. i. p. 396, no. 1489, although he 
quotes it "Meristes, Bp. 1854." 
13 . NIXATJS. 1G7 
Adult. Very similar to N. chloris, but- differing from it in the 
following points. JV. vireo is much smallor in size, has the forehead, 
cheeks, and ear-coverts ashy grey ; a bright yellow loral and 
superciliary stripe and a big patch of yellow on the throat; " bill 
light horn-colour, culmen darker; feet bluish grey; iris clear 
brown " (FalJcenstdn). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 
3-05, tail 3-4, tarsus 0-97. 
Ilab. Congo district. 

a. Ad. sk. Chissambo, Congo. Dr. Lucan [C.]. 
3. Nicator gularis. 
Laniarius, n. sp., Gray, Iland-l. B, i. p. 396, no. G015. 

Nicator gularis, FinschfyHartl, Tog. Odafr. p. 360 (1870). 

Adult. Of the same size and of almost the same colour as N. 
cldoris; but with the forehead olivaceous brown, the hind neck and 
top of the head olive-green, with a slight orange tinge ; cheeks, ear-
coverts, and the whole throat pale ochraceous or buff; the yellow 
ring round the eye and also the white spot in front of the eye 
wanting; " bill and feet greyish horny brown " (Finsch <$• Hartl.). 
Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4*2, tail 4-3, tarsus 1-15. 

Toung. Without the yellow tips on the tail-feathers and quills, 
while the tips of the wing-coverts are white instead of yellow. 
Hub. Zambesi district, Eastern Africa. 

«.Ad.sk. Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk), Livingstone Expedition. 
(Type of species.) 
b. Ad. sk. Shupanga, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Expedition. 

13. NILAUS. „ 
Type. 
Nilaus, Swains. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 1G2 (1827) N. capensis. 

Head of Nilaus capensis. 

Culmen strongly curved downwards, ending in a strong tooth 
and a notch. Nostrils oval, operculated, partly hidden by the few 
bristles ; hardly any rictal bristles. Eirst primary long and narrow; 
tip of wing formed by third, fourth, and fifth primaries; secondaries 
four fifths of length of whole wing. Tail square, shorter than 
wing. Tarsus anteriorly as well as laterally covered with transverse 
scales; the scales on the distal two thirds of the inner side have a 

168 LANIlDiE. 

tendency to fuse with one another. Back spotted. The young 
birds have dark cross marking's on their light underparts, like a 
typical Shrike. Length of wing about 3*3 inches. 

Mange. Africa. 

Kty to the Species. 

a. Sides of body rufous. 
a'. Kufous sides uniform; lores, eyebrow, and patch 
ou mantle white capensis, p. 108. 
b'. Sides of body white, with rufous patches; lores, 
eyebrow, and patch on mantle rufescent afei'iV' 1^9. 


b. No rufous on sides of body ctffinis, p. 170. 
1. Nilaus capensis. (Plate Y. fig. 1.) 
Le Brubru, L&caill. Ois. dAfr. ii. pi, 71; Sundev. Krit. Framst, 
Levaill p. 31 (1857). 
Lanius brubru, Lath. Ind. Orn., Suppl. ii. p. 78 (1801, ex Levaill.); 

Vieill, N. Diet xxvi. p. 138 ; Licht. Verz. JDoubl. p. 48. 
Lanius capensis, Shaw, Gen. Zool. p. 327 (1811). 
Nilaus capensis, Swains. Zool. Journ. p. 48 (1827); id. Class. B. ii. 

p. 219 (1837); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 291; Bp. Consp. i. p. 3G2; 
Gumey, Ibis, 1862, p. 31, 1868, p. 159; Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 159. 
Lanius frontalis, Forster, Descr. Animalntm, p^Jti. > 
Nilaus brubru, Finsch 8f llartl. Vdg. Ostafr. p. 333; Gumey in 

Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 139; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 48; Buckley, 
Ibis, 1874, p. 376; Bocage, Orn. d'Angola, p. 220; Sharpe, ed. 
Layard B. S. Afr. p. 397. 

Adult male. Crown of head and napo glossy black; lores and 
feathers in front of the eye white ; below the fore part of the eye 
a black spot; round the eye a ring of whitish feathers; sides of 
face and ear-coverts white, the sides of the neck glossy black, separated 
from the crown of the head by a broad white line running 
from the lores over the eye as far as the sides of the nape; ear-
coverts separated from the eyebrow by a streak of glossy black, 
which skirts their upper margin from the eye to the sides of the 
neck; centre of the back and mantle white or creamy; lateral 
feathers externally black; the scapulars entirely glossy black ; lower 
back and rump mottled with black and white, the feathers being 
mostly of the latter colour, with dusky blackish bases and edged 
with black; upper tail-coverts black, some of them with a large 
oval white subterminal spot; least and outer wing-coverts glossy 
black, the median series creamy, forming a bar across the wing, 
continued down it by means of the creamy outer web of the inner 
greater coverts and three of the secondaries; primary-coverts black; 
primaries blackish brown, externally edged with whitish; secondaries 
black, edged and tinged with whitish ; tail black, all but the 
central feathers tipped with white, the three outermost marked with 
white on the outer web, increasing in extent on the outermost 
feather, where it occupies nearly the entire outer web and also 
appears on the inner web • under surface of body white with the ex


13 . NILAITS. 109 
ception of the sides, which arc chestnut fawn-colour ; thighs white, 

with blackish bases to the feathers, more conspicuous on tho hinder 

aspect; under wing- and tail-coverts white, as also the inner edges 

of the quills, which are otherwise dusky brown below; " bill black, 

under mandible leaden grey at base; feet blackish" (Fbiscli Sf 

HartL). Total length 5*6 inches, culinen 0*05, wing 3*4, tail 2*4, 

tarsus 0-92. 

Adult female. Brown whore tho male is black, and consequently 

of a more dingy appearance. Total length 5*6 inches, oilmen 065, 

wing 3-3, tail 2'25, tarsus 0-9. 

One immature bird in the collection is like the old female, but 
has the cheeks, throat, and chest streaked with black, most of tho 
feathers being edged with black. 

Hal. South Africa. 

a. Imm. st. South Africa. S.-African Museum. 
h, Imm. sk. South Africa. S.-African Museum. 
c. Ad. sk. Natal. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
d. J imm.sk. Transvaal (T. Ayres). H. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
e. <j ad. sk. Swakop river, Daraara Land, June "R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
23,1663 (C. J. Andersson). 
f. $ ad. sk. Otjimbinque, June 8, 1866 (C. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
J. A.). 
2. Nilaus afer. (Plate Y. fig. 2.) 
Lanius afer, Lath. Ind. Om., Suppl. ii. p. xix (1801); Vieill, N. Diet. 
B. N. xxvi. p. 138. 
Nilaus capensis, Hempr. <$* Ehrerib. Symb. Fhys. Av. i. fol. e; Riipp. 
Si/st. Uebe?-s. p. 62 (?iec Shaw) ; Lefeb. Abyss., Ois\ p. 169; Ileugl. 
Faun. Moth. Meer. No. 122,- id. J.'f. O. 1864, p. 254,* Antin. Cat. 
descrr. TJcc. p. 55. 

Nilaus brubru, Ileugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 467; Finsch c§-Hartl. Vb'g. 
Ostafr. p. 333 (pt.); Salvad.tyAntin. Viagg. Bogos, p. 86. 

Adidt male. This northern form differs from the species described 
above in the following points, in addition to its smaller size:—The 
eyebrows, back, markings on the wing and wing-coverts are fawn-buff, 
not white as in the South-African bird; the mantle is more thickly 
mottled with broad black edgings to the feathers ; the upper and 
hinder parts of the ear-coverts are black; the markings on the sides of 
the body dark chestnut-red, and not so continuous as in N. capensis, 
but distributed in deep vinous-chestnut streaks along the sides 
of the body; "bill bluish-black; feet lead-colour; iris chestnut" 
(Heuglin). Total length 5 4 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3, tail 2-2, 
tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Similar in markings to the male, but browner. Total 
length 5-4 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3*05, tail 1*9, tarsus 0-8. 

Young. Differs from the adult by its thickly mottled plumage, all 
the brown portions of the bird being tipped with white, while the 
white feathers have a distinct subterminal brown line ; the under 
surface of the bodv is white, with a few red streaks on the flanks ; 

170 LANIIB^:. 

the throat and sides of the body rather broadly barred with dark 
brown. 
Hah. Northern Africa, from Senegambia to Abyssinia. 

a. Juv. st. River Gambia. African Museum. 
b,c. Ad. 
d. <$ ad. sk. 
e. $ juv. sk. 
/ . $ ad. sk. 
Eylet, Bogos (Esler). 
Bogos-land (Esler). 
Aflat, March 30, 1868. 
Rairo, Habab, Aug. 13, 
18G8. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. 
W.T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. 
g. S ad. sk. Waliko, Anseba valley, 
July 21, 1868. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. 

3. Nilaus affinis. 
Nilaus brubru(P), Boc. Jorn. Lisb. no. xxii. pp. 154, 196. 
Nilaus affinis, id. op. cit. no. xxiii. pp. 204, 213, 271, xxyiii. p. 239 
(1880); id. Orn. d'Ang., Append, p. 549 (1881). 

Adult male. General coloration of plumage black and white. All 
the nnderparts, a narrow frontal band, and narrow superciliary 
stripe are pure white ; a black spot just in front of the eye ; rest 
of upper parts black, mottled with white; crown and occiput jet-
black ; wings black; secondaries and their coverts broadly edged 
with white; tail black, with small white tips; outer web of the 
three or four outer tail-feathers with large white patches on their 
middle third. Total length 5*8 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3*4, 
tail 2-2, tarsus 0-85. 
Hob. Angola. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Caconda (Anchieta). Lisbon Museum [P.]. 
NEOLESTES. 

Type. 
Neolestes, Calanis, J. f. O. 1875, p. 237 .. N. torquatus 

Head of Neolestes torquatus. 

Culmen and genys curved downwards; no tooth, but a slight 
notch near the tip of the maxilla. Nostrils semilunar, with a well-
developed coriaceous operculum, quite exposed ; rictal bristles. Eirst 
primary more than half of the next one in length; tip of wing 
formed by fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries ; secondaries comparatively 
long. Tail equal to wing in length, slightly rounded. Tarsus 
in front covered with transverse scales. Eeathers of back and rump 
fairly woolly. Length of wing about 2-7 inches. " 

West Africa. 

NEOLESTES. 
171 

1. Neolestes torquatus. 
Neolestes torquatus, 
Cab. J.f. 0. 1875, p. 237, pi. i. fig. 1 j Sharps 
$• Bouvier, Mull.tioc.'Aool.France, 1870, p. 308,* Meiehniv. J.f 0. 
1877, p. 24 • Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 230. 

Adult. General colour above olive-green, the wing-coverts like iho 
back, the edge of the wing bright yellow; quills dusky brown, externally 
margined with olive-yellow; tail-feathers brown, washed 
with dull olive; head and hind nock ashy grey, washed with 
yellow; lores and a streak running down the sides of the head 
blue-black; sides of face and under surface dull white, washed with 
yellow ; across the breast a broad band of blue-black colour running 
along the sides of the neck; sides of the body washed with 
ashy grey; under tail-coverts dusky fawn-brown; thighs olive-
brown ; quills dusky below, edged with pale fawn-colour along the 
inner web ; under wing-coverts fawn-colour, washed with yellow; 
"bill and feet dark" (Cabanis). Total length 5-5 inches, culrnen 
0*57, wing 2*7, tail 2-4, tarsus 0*8. 

Hub. Congo district in Western Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. Landana Congo, Dr. Lucan [C. j. 
172 
IANIIDJ3. 

Subfamily III. PACHYCEPHALIA. 

Bill rather strong, culroeii slightly curved, notched. Nostrils in 
a groove, the greater part of which remains unossifled, forming an 
imperfect operculum, and beset with small feathers, -which, like the 
nasal bristles, partly cover the nostrils. First primary large, i. e. 
equals two thirds of the second in length. Tip of wing chiefly 
formed by primaries 4, 5(, 6)*. Tail generally shorter than the 
wings (generally equals two thirds of wing), round, square, or emarginated, 
never graduated. Sexes generally different in colour. 
Neither red or blue, but frequently yellow in the plumage. The 
young birds are very plainly coloured. 

Austro-Malayan and Polynesian subregions. 

Kty to the Genera. 

a. With a crest of feathers. 
a'. Secondaries gradually getting shorter, equal 
in length to the last primaries j underpays 
yellow 14. FALCTTNCTTLTTS, 


5'. 
The first two secondaries are as long as the [p. 172. 
second primary, while the last four primaries 
are very short, like the rest of 
the secondaries 15. OBEOICA, p. 174. 

b. Without a crest of feathers. 
c'. Bill at nostrils broader than high. [p. 175. 
a". Tail longer than two thirds of wing .. 16. EOPSALTBIA, 
b". Tail shorter than two thirds of wing .. 18. PACHYCARE, 

[p. 226. 
d'. Bill at nostrils equal in height and breadth 17. PACHYCEPHALA, 
[p. 182. 
14. FALCTOTCITLFS. 
Type. 
Falcunculus, Vxeillot in Analyse etc. p. 40 (1816) F. frontatus. 

Bill strongly curved and toothed, laterally much compressed. 
Nostrils basal, in a half-ossified groove, roundish, hidden by small 
feathers; rictal or nasal bristles hardly developed. First primary more 
than half the length of the nest one; tip of wing formed by third, 
fourth, and fifth primaries; wings a little shorter than the tail, 
which is nearly square; secondaries very short, being only three 
fourths of the length of the wing. Tarsi anteriorly furnished 
with transverse scales, with a tendency to fuse; hallux with its 
claw strong. Sexes alike in plumage, which contains much yellow 
colour. Crown with a well developed crest. 

Range. Australia. 

* In Pacftycarefiavogrisea the 3rd, 4th, and 5th primaries are the longest • 
the tail is only about one half to two thirds the length of the wing. ' 
173 

14 . FALCUNCULXTS. 
1. Falcunculus frontatus. 
Frontal Shrike, Lath. Gen. Syn. 8iq>pl. p. 75, pi. 12:2. 
Lanius frontatus, Lath. InchOrn., Huppl. p. xviii.; Temm. PL Col. 
77 j Shaio, Gen. Zool vii. p. 312. 
Falcimculus frontatus, Vieill Analyse, p. 40; id. Gal. des Ois. i. 
pi. 188; Vig. Sf Ilorsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 212; Siuains. Class. 

B.ii. p. 226; Leioih, B. K S. Wales, pi. 20 (1838); Steph. in 
Shaio's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 149, pi. 50; Goidd, B. Austr. folio, pi. 79 ; 
Gray, Gen. B. i. pi. 71, p. 293; Bp. Consp. i. p. 305; Gould, 
Handh. B. Amtr. i. p. 228; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 387, no. 5857; 
Ramsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. ii. p. 181. 
Falcunculus flavigulus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 144. 
Falcunculus gouldi, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 00; Bp. Consp. i. p. 3G5. 


Adult male. General colour above greenish yellow, more or less 
tinged with grey; wing-coverts and quills dark grey, the outer 
web rather broadly margined with white, so that the wing when 
folded looks rather whitish; upper tail-coverts yellow, tinged 
with greenish ; tail-feathers grey, with largo white tips, the white 
increasing towards the outer pairs ; forehead, sides of the head 
above the eyes, and occiput white ; the feathers of the crown of the 
head deep black, forming an erectile crest; a broad black stripe 
runs from the outer edge of the eye over the ear, and ends a little 
further down towards the wing; the deep-black throat and fore 
neck are divided from the black stripe just mentioned by a broad 
white stripe coming down from the mandibula, the lines of demarcation 
being very strongly marked• the whole under surface of 
the body bright yellow, the breast shining yellow; axillaries light 
grey; under wing-coverts white like the margin of the inner web 
of the quills, the under surface of which is grey; bill black; feet 
bluish black. 

<$. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*7, tail 3*4, tarsus 
0-85. 

5 . Totallength 6*3 inches, culmen 0*7,wing3*4, tail3,tarsus 0*75. 
The female differs from the adult male simply in having the general 
colour above a little darker, more olive-coloured; the throat and fore 
neck are grey washed with yellow. 

The young bird is more like the female; but the yellow colour is 
not so brilliant. 
Hob. South Australia, extending to "New South Wales and along 
the east coast to the "Wide-Bay district. 

a. S ad. sk. S. Australia. Purchased. 
h. [$ ] ad. sk. S. Australia, W. Cunningham, Esq. [P.], 
c. [ J J ad. sk. S. Australia. Purchased. 
d, e. $ 2 ad. sk. S. Australia. Sir G-. Grey [P.]. 
f) 9-[ c? S ] ad. sk, S. Australia. Gould Collection. 
h. <$ ad. sk. Brisbane, -Queensland F. D. Godman and O. Salvin, 
(J. T. Cockerell). Esqrs. [P.], 
17-J LANIIILaS. 

2. Falcuncnliis leucogaster. 
Faleuncuius leucogaster, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 144 ; id. B. Austr 
fol. ii. pi. 80; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 293 ; Bp. C. A. i. p. 365 * GWe? 

/iflwft. 2?. -dhflrfA l. p. 229 j <?;•«#, Hand-L B. i. p. 387, no. 5858. 

Adult male and female. Very like those of T. frontatus, but differing 
in having the lower part of breast, the whole abdomen, and the 
flanks entirely white instead of yellow * the outer webs of the tail-
feathers except those of the outer pair are greenish yellow like the 
outor web of the quills, these parts in T. frontatus being uniform 
grey. 


c?. Total length 6*8 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*65, tail 3-4, 
tarsus 0*85. 
$ . Total length 6*4 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*3, tail 3*2, 
tarsus 0*8. 
Hah. Western Australia. 


a. <$ ad. sk, W. Australia, June 1839. J. Gould, Esq. 
b. $ ad. sk. W. Australia, May 1835. J. Gould, Esq. 
c. Skeleton. Eyton Collection. 
15. OREOICA. „, 
Type. 

Oreoica, Gould) JProc. ZooL Soc. 1837, p. 151 O. enstata. 

Culmen very convex, but without a tooth and with hardly a notch, 

subcorneal. Nostrils oval, in front of a semiossified groove, half ex


posed, with a few nasal and rictal bristles. Eirst and second pri


maries long, the former more than two thirds of the second. Tip 

of wing formed by third, fourth, and fifth primaries; the last 

three primaries very short, and considerably surpassed in length 

by some of the secondaries, the longest of which equals the long-

second primary. Tail shorter than wing, square. Tarsus anteriorly 
covered with transverse scales; anterior claws very short. Crown 
with a crest of feathers. Sexes slightly differing in plumage, which 
is principally dull-coloured. 

Range. Australia. 

1. Oreoica cristata. 
Turd us cristatus, Leioin, Birds ofN. Moll. pi. 9 (fern.). 

Ealcuuculus gutturalis, Vig. $* Horsf in Linn. Trans, xv. p. 212. 

Oreoica gutturalis, Gould, in Proc. ZooL Soc. 1837, p. 151; Sturt, 

Exp. Cent, dustr., Append, p. 23 (1849). 

Oreiea cristata, G. Ii. Gray, Ann. c§* Mag. Nat. Hist. xi. p. 190, note. 

Oreoica cristata, Gould, B. Austr. fol. pi. 81; Bp. C. A. i. p, 365; 

Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 231; Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 387, 

no. 5856; Biggies, Orn. Austr. pi. 35. 

Adult male. General colour above reddish brown ; wing-coverts, 
upper tail-coverts, and quills, including the hind neck and the 
scapulars, of the same reddish-brown colour, but the outer web 
edged with a sort of whitish brown; tail-feathers equally dusky 
reddish brown, the under surface shining yellowish green; head 
light grey, but the forehead and loies white and the long feathers in 

175 

16 . 
EQPSALTKLIu 
the middle of the head deep "brownish black, forming a considerable 
erectile crest; eyebrows, ear-coverts, and sides of neck light grey a 
little tinged with brown; a black loral stripe extending over the 
cheeks and uniting with the black of the lower throat* chin and 
upper part of throat white, enclosed by the above-mentioned black 
stripes; lower part of throat, fore neck, and upper part of the breast 
deep brownish black• lower part of the breast and abdomen white ; 
sides of breast light reddish brown; flanks and under tail- and 
under wing-coverts isabelline ; thighs and axillaries darker ; under 
surface of quills light greyish brown ; bill black. 

The adult female differs from the male in being everywhere a little 
lighter-coloured, and in having the lower throat and upper breast 
reddish brown instead of black and white; the bill light horny 
brown; feet light fleshy brown ; iris " brown." 

Two young males in the British-Museum collection are like the 
female, but show the white commencing on the upper part of the 
throat. 

c?. Total length 8*4 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 4*1, tail3*5, tarsus 
1*1. 

2 . Total length 8*3 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 4*1, tail 3*5, tarsus 
1*1. 
Hah. Southern and Western Australia. 

a. (S ad. sk. Australia. Linnean Society. (Type of 
Falcunculus gutturalis.) 
b. $ ad. sk. 
c, d. S ad. sk. 
e. <$ juv. sk. 
f.[6~\ juv. sk. 
g. [ $ ] juv. sk. 
Australia. 
S. Australia. 
S. Australia. 
Port Lincoln. 
S. Australia. 
Sir T. Mitchell [P.], 
Sir G. Grey [P.]. 
Sir G. Grey [P.I. 
J. Gould, Esq. fC.]. 
Capt. Sturt [P.]. 
h. $ ad. sk. 
*• [c?] juv. st. 
h. <S ad. sk. 
Australia. 
Australia. 
W. Australia, March 
1839. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
J. Gould, Esq. [0.]. 
1. J ad. sk. Perth, Swan river, J. Gould, Esq. [C.]. 
W. Australia. 
m. 2 ad. sk. W. Australia. Purchased. 
n. 2 ad. sk. W. Australia ( CockF, 
D. Godman and 0. Salerell). 
via, Esqrs. [P.]. 
o. Skeleton. Purchased. 

16. EOPSALTRIA.* 
Type. 
Eopsaltria, Swainson, Faun, Bor.-Am&ric, p. 402 (1831).. E. australis. 
Bill across the nostrils broader than high, flattened, straight, of 

the length of the rest of the head, ending with a small tooth ; maxilla 
and mandibula slightly notched. Nostrils in a coriaceous groove, 

* The following species are doubtfully referred to the genus Eopsaltria:— 
(1) Eopsaltria (?) brunnea, 
Bamsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. JV. 8. W. vol. i. p. 391, 
1877. ("Obtained near Port Moresby.) 
"All the upper surface rich brown with an olive tir.ge, a little darker on the 
head; inner webs of wings and tail dark slaty brown, base of the quills whitish, 

17(5 
LANIIDJ3. 

opcrculatccl, partly covered by feathers; nasal and rictal bristles 
fairly developed. Pirst primary half the length of the second; 
wings long and pointed, the third to the sixth primaries being sub-
equal in length, while the rest, like the secondaries, are very short. 
Tail squaro, shorter than the wing; each leather pointed. Tarsus in 
front covered with transverse scales which have a tendency to fuse. 

The genus Eopsaltria is intermediate between the Pachycephalince 
and the Muscicapince. 
Range. Australia and Polynesian snbregion. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Abdomen bright yellow. 
a'. Only the upper throat whitish australis, p. 176. 
V. Forehead and upper chest grey. 
a". Back grey georgiana, p. 178. 
b". Back olive-brown , flavigastra, p. 179. 

b. Abdomen dingy yellowish white, 
c. Crown of head reddish brown cucullata, p. 179. 
d'. Crown olive-grey caledonica, p. 180. 
c. 
Underparts white, rest of plumage black. [p. 180. 
e'. Basal half of tail-feathers white pulmrulenta, 
f. Tips of tail-feathers white 
gulcms, p. 181. 
1. Eopsaltria australis. 
Motacilla australis, White's Journ. pi. at p. 239. 
Southern Flycatcher, Lath. Gen. 8upp. vol. ii. p. 219. 
Mu&cicapa australis, Lath. Inch Orn., Stqipl. p. 1. 
Todus flavigaster, Lath. Lnd. Orn. vol. i. p. 108. 
Sylvia flavigastra, Lath. Lnd. Orn., 8upp. p. liv. 
Yellow-breasted Thrush, Lewxn, Birds of JV. LIoll. pi. 23. 
Pachycephala australis, Vig. § ILorsf. Linn. Trans, vol. xv. p. 242. 
Muscipeta australis, Less. Traite d'Om. p. 385. 
Eopsaltria fiavicollis, Sicains. Class. B. vol. ii. p. 250. 
Eopsaltria australis, Gray, List of Gen. Birds, 2nd edit. p. 45: 


id. Gen. B. i. p. 272; id. Hand-l B. i. p. 3b9, no. 5913; Bp. C.A. 
I p. 327; Gould, Handb. B. Axistr. p. 293 ; llamsay, Proc. Linn. 
8oc. Ar. 8. W. ii. 1878, pp. 183, 208. 

under surface white; lores dark brown, a faint light-brown line over the eye; 
throat tinged with ashy grey, becoming browner on the chest, which is crossed 
with a brownish band; sides of chest and flanks brown ; abdomen, under tail-
and wing-coverts silky white ; tail above brown, tinged with olive-brown like 
the wings, the sbafts black, on the under surface of a clearer ashy brown, the 
shafts of the feathers being white. 

" This species in general appearance resembles Pachycephala simplex of Gould, 
but bas no stripes on the breast or on the under surface; the bill is also longer." 
"Total length 5'5 inches, wing 3-3, tail 2*5, tarsi (shot away), bill 0 55." 
(Bamsay.) 
See also with regard to this very doubtful bird, "Pachycephala dtibia" p. 219. 

(2) Lanius gambieranus, Less. Echo du Monde Savant 1844, p. 232; id. 8uppl. CEuvr. 
*deBuff. 1837, p. 329 (teste Finsch and Bartlaub). 
Eopsaltria 
gambierana, Hartl. Wiegm. Jrchiv /. Natitrg. 1852, p. 133; 
Gray, Cat .B. Prop. M. Pacif. Ocean, p. 21; Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 390, 
no. 5920. 

16 . EOPSALTRIA. 
177 

Eopsaltria parvula, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 144 {female). t 
Eopsaltria clarysorrlious, Gould, Ann, ty Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) iv. 

p. 109 *; G. R. Gray, Hand-l, Birds, p. 390, no. 3923; Ramsay, 
Proc. Linn. 8oc. N. 8. TV. ii. pp. 184, 206. 
Eopsaltria magnirostris, Ramsay; Gould in Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist. 

(4) iv. p. 109 f; Gray, Hand-l. B. p. 390, no. 5921; Ramsay, Proc. 
Linn. 8oc. N. 8. W. ii. pp. 183, 206. 
Eopsaltria inornataj, Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 604; id. Tr. Linn. 8oc. 

N. 8. W. ii. p. 183 (1878). 
Adult male. General colour above and scapulars olive-grey, except 
the hind neck, which is simply grey; wing-coverts blackish grey, 
edge of the wing whitish; quills blackish groy-brown, with the outer 
web lighter, the secondaries margined with greenish yellow; upper 
tail-coverts bright yellow; tail-feathers uniform dark greyish brown, 
their outer web slightly margined with olive-colour; except the two 
central pairs, the feathers have narrow white tips to the end of the 
inner web; head, hind neck, ear-coverts, and cheeks grey; the whole 
under surface of the body, excepting the chin and the uppermost 
part of throat, which are greyish white, is bright yellow; thighs 
and sides of breast slightly washed with light grey; edge of wing 
whitish; under wing-coverts whitish, intermingled with grey; under 
surface of quills grey, with a little white on the margin of the inner 
web ; bill black; feet brown; iris "brown." 

Young male. Like the adult male, but has the back and wings 
more brownish and wants the olive tinge on the back and outer web 
of the quills. In the collection of the British Museum are two 
nestlings. They have the whole head and neck, back, scapulars, and 
under surface of the body uniform reddish brown; wings blackish 
brown, with the outer web lighter-margined; wing-coverts blackish 
brown, with large reddish-brown margins ; bill and feet pale yellow-
brown in the skin. Culmen 0*38 inch, tarsus 0#75. 

Total length about 6 inches. 

Adult <5. Culmen 0*7, wing 3*7, tail 2*9, tarsus 1*0. 

Adult tf. „ 0*7, „ 3*5, „ 2*9, „ 0*9. 

Adult female (according to Gould's description of his E. parvula). 
General colour above, head, ear-coverts, and hind neck ashy grey; 
upper tail-coverts olive-yellow; throat and fore neck grey; breast 
and under surface of the body yellow. 

Hah. Erom Queensland to New South "Wales and Victoria. 

a. S ad. sk. Australia, July 3,1846. Sir T. L. Mitchell [P.]. 
b. cS ad. sk. Australia. Sir D. Cooper [P.J. 
* " This bird is rather larger than K australis, and is similar in colour, except 
that the rump as well as the breast is of a beautiful jonquil-yellow." 
"Hab. Eastern parts of N. S.Wales and southern portion of Queensland.'* 
(Goidd, loc cit.) 
t "Like E. chrysorrhous (Gould) in colour, but having a conspicuously larger 
bill and shorter wings." (Gould, loc. cit.) 
J The description is taken from an apparently young bird obtained at Rockingham 
Bay. 
VOL. VIII. K 

c. Juv. sk. (moulting) 
d-f. Ad. sk. 
g. <J ad. sk. 
A, i. Nestlings. 
h. 5 ad. sk. 
I. (S ad. sk. 
m. $ juv. sk. 
w, o. (J $ ad. sk. 
_p. c? ad. sk. 
g'. c? ad. sk. 

r. (S ad. sk. 
s. S juv. sk. 
LANlIDiE. 

Australia. 
New South Wales. 


Richmond river, Oct. 23, 
1878. 
Richmond river, Oct. 23, 
1878. 
Rockingham Bay (JE. P. 

Ramsay). 

Port Bowen. 
Lake Elphinstone. 
Moreton Bay. 


Moreton Bay, Feb. 
1850 (F. Strange). 

Burnett river, Queensland, 
Aug. 1870. 
Queensland {Cockerell). 

Mackenzie river, lat. 23° 
30'S., Nov. 16,1856. 

Purchased. 
Gould Collection 
[0.]. 

A. Goodwin [0.]. 
A. Goodwin [0.]. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
(Sub 
nom. JE. magnirostris, 
Ramsay.) 
Museum Godeffroy. 
Museum Godefiroy. 

J. Gould, Esq. [C.]. 
(Types of JE. chrysorrhous.) 

28,

 J. Gould, Esq. 
Museum Godeffroy. 

F.D.GodmanandO. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
Dr.J.R.Elsey[P.]. 

2. Eopsaltria georgiana. 
Gobe-mouche ge'orgien, Quoy et Gaim. Toy. de VAstrol., Atlas, pi. 3. f. 4. 
Muscicana georgiana, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de VAstrol, Ois. p. 175. 
Eopsaltria griseogularis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 144; Gould, JB. 

Austr. fol. iii. pi. 12; Gray, Gen. B. p. 272; JBp. C. A. i. p. 328; 
Gould, Handb. B. Austr. p. 294. 
Eopsaltria georgiana, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 390, no. 5919. 

Adult male. General colour above ashy grey; upper tail-coverts 
and lower back more olive-yellow; quills dusky brown, margined 
with grey on the outer web ; tail-feathers like the quills, but the three 
or four outer pairs with white terminal spots; terminal third of the 
inner web margined with whitish; the two central pairs uniform 
dusky brown, but the outer web margined with olivaceous; head light 
ashy brown, with paler edges to the feathers of the forehead; ear-
coverts, cheeks, and eyebrows paler; chin, throat, fore neck, and 
upper part of breast white, more ashy towards the sides; rest of 
breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts bright yellow; thighs brownish 
grey; under wing-coverts and edge of wing greyish white ; under 
surface of quills pale greyish brown, the inner web rather broadly 
margined with white; bill black; feet brownish. 

The sexes are precisely alike in outward appearance. 
cJ. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*5, tail 2-5, tarsus 
0*9. 
Hab. Western Australia. 

a. <$ ad. St. Swan river. Purchased. 
b. J ad. sk. 
c. S imm. sk. 
King George's Sound. 
West Australia. 
Sir G. Grey [P.]. 
Gould Collection. 
d. S ad. sk. West Australia. F. D. Godman and O. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 

16 . E0PSAX.TR1A. 
3. Eopsaltria flavigaster. 
Eopsaltria flavigastra, J. Verr. et 0. des Murs, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 
1800, p. 392; Gray, Kand-l B. i. p. 390, no. 5918; Tristram, Ibis, 
1879, p. 183. 

Adult. General colour above olive-brown; upper tail-coverts 
and lower back more olive-yellow; quills dark dusky brown, edged 
with olive; tail-feathers like the wings, their terminal margin a 
little lighter, outer web of the outer pair whitish, like the margin 
of the whole inner web of all the tail-feathers; head light ashy 
brown, with paler edges to the feathers of the forehead; ear-coverts, 
cheeks, and eyebrows a little lighter; chin, throat, and fore neck 
white, more ashy on the sides; breast, abdomen, thighs, and under 
tail-coverts bright yellow, like the under wing-coverts and the edge 
of the wing ; under surface of quills pale greyish brown, the inner 
web rather broadly margined with white; " upper mandible horncolour, 
the lower one orange; feet and claws orange-brown; iris 
black-brown " (Layard). 

No difference exists between male and female in plumage. 
$ . Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2*7, tail 2-2, tarsus 
0-8. 
Hob. New Caledonia. 

a. J ad. sk. New Caledonia. Purchased. 
b. $ ad. sk.
c. <$ ad. sk. 
Noumea, Nov. 27,1870. 
Isle of Pines, Oct. 3,1853 
E. L. Layard, Esq. [C.]. 
Gould Collection. 
(G. Macgillivray). 

4. Eopsaltria cucullata. 
Eopsaltria cucullata, Gray, Cat. B. Trop. IsL Pacif. Ocean, p. 21; 
id. Hand-l. B. i. p. 390, no. 5917; id. in Brenchley's Cruise of the 
Curaqoa, p. 378, pi. xiii. fig. 2; Layard, Ibis, 1878, pp. 273, 280. 

Adult female. General colour above, scapulars, upper tail- and 
wing-coverts brownish olive; wings uniform dark brown, but the 
outer web margined with light reddish brown, so that the whole 
wing when folded shows a reddish-brown colour; tail-feathers uniform 
brownish olive; head and ear-coverts rufous-brown ; feathers 
on the hind neck a little lighter and somewhat more olive, forming 
an indistinct and scarcely visible band ; chin and throat white, every 
feather narrowly margined with rufous-brown; breast, abdomen, 
flanks, and thighs yellowish white; the upper part of the breast, 
having the feathers narrowly margined with rufous-brown, has a 
rather darker colour; under wing-coverts white, edge of wing yellowish 
; under surface of quills light greyish brown, the inner web 
margined with isabelline; bill black ; feet "pale plumbeous." 

$ . Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*3, tail 2-6, tarsus 1. 
Hab. New Hebrides. 

a. $ ad. sk. Aneiteum, Oct. 26, 1858. J. Macgillivray, Esq. [C,]. 
(Type of species.) 
N2 

180 
LANIIDJE. 

5. Eopsaltria caledonica. 
Olive Flycatcher, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 342. 
Muscicapa caledonica, Gmd. S. N. i. p. 944. 
Muscicapa olivacea, G. Forst Deser. Anim. p. 271. 
Eopsaltria variegata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 162. 
Eopsaltria ? caledonica, id. torn. cit. p. 102. 
Eopsaltria ? caledonica, Very, et 0. des Mtirs, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 


I860, p. 392. 
Eopsaltria caledonica, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 390, no. 5916 j Layard, 
Ibis, 1878, p. 255 j Tristram, op. cit 1879, p. 183. 

Adult male. General colour above, scapulars, and upper tail-
coverts olive-brown; wing-coverts and quills dusky, margined with 
rufous-olive; the innermost secondaries with almost the whole 
outer web rufous-olive; tail-feathers uniform rufous-olive; crown 
and sides of the head ashy; chin, cheeks, throat, and fore neck 
white, each feather just margined with blackish brown; breast and 
sides of abdomen pale brownish grey; abdomen and thighs yellowish 
white; under tail-coverts yellow; edge of the wing yellowish 
white; under wing-coverts greyish brown, with the basal 
half whitish, and the inner web of the secondaries broadly margined 
with rufous-white ; bill " black-brown;" feet brown in the 
skin. 

Adult female *. Similar to the male, but has the head and hind 
neck olivaceous brown like the back. The outer web of the secondaries, 
the whole greater wing-coverts, and the terminal half of the 
three or four innermost secondaries are rufous, so that the greater 
part of the wing when folded shows this colour; chin and throat 
pale yellow, the feathers slightly margined with blackish brown; 
breast and sides of abdomen rufous-grey, middle of abdomen rufous-
white ; under tail-coverts yellow. 

S. Total length 5*7 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*3, tail 2*8, tarsus 1. 
?. 
„ 5-6 „ „ 0-7 „ 3-2 „ 2-7 „ 1. 
Hab. New Caledonia. 

a,b. c? S ad. sk. Nu, Port de France, May 8, J. Macgillivrav, Esq. 
1858. [O.]. (Types of A 
variegata.) 

6. Eopsaltria pulverulenta. 
Myiolestes pulverulentus, Bp. (ex Mull. Mus. Zitgd.) C. A. i. p. 358. 
Eopsaltria leucura, Gould, Ann. §• May. Nat. Hist. (4) iv. p. 108 • id. 

B. Austr. Suppl fol. v.; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 390, no. 5922 • 
Mamsay, Broc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. (1877) pp. 52, 380; id. op 
cit ii. (1878) p. 184. 
? Oolluricincla pulverulentus 
(Mull), Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 386 
no. 5844. 
Eopsaltria pulverulent a, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xii. (1878) 

p. 333. J 
Poeeilodryas pulverulenta, Sakad. Orn. Bapuas. e Molucche, ii. p. 88. 
* According to Gray, the specimen described above is an adult female; but 
Canon Tristram, in 'Ibis,' 1879, p. 183, says "The adult of both sexes seem 
exactly alike, and have the throat white with the faintest tinge of yellow." 
181 

16 . EOPSALTRIA. 
Very similar to E. gularis, but distinguished from that and every 

other known species by the white at the basal portion of the lateral 

tail-feathers. 

This is a very aberrant species of Eopsaltria, and should probably 

bo referred to the genus Pcecilodryas, as has been done by Salvadori 

I c. It is, according to the latter author, P. cinerea of Sharpe (Cat. 

B. iv. p. 243). 
Adult male. General colour above dark leaden grey; wing-coverts 
and quills of the wing uniform blackish brown, which colour becomes 
a little lighter on the outer web and the terminal half of the quills; 
upper tail-Hovorts black; central pair of the tail-feathers entirely 
blackish brown like the terminal half of the other pairs, the basal 
half of which is quite white; bill black; feet black-brown. 


The sexes are alike in plumage. 

S. Total length 6*1 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*2, tail 2-8, tarsus 0*9, 
Bab, Cape York, New Guinea, and the Aru Islands. 
a. $ ad. sk. Somerset, Cape York. J. Gould, Esq. 
b~g. Ad. sk. Cape York (Cockerell). F. D. Godman and 0, 
SaMn, Esqrs. [P.]. 

7. Eopsaltria gularis. 
Gobe-mouche a gorge blanche, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. Astrol, Atlas, pi. iv. 
fig. 1. 
Muscicapa gularis, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. Astrol., Oiseaux, p. 176. 
Eopsaltria leucogastra, Gould, P. Z. S. 1846, p. 19 ,* id. B. Austr. 
fol, iii. pi. 13; id. Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 226; Bp. C. A. i. p. 328. 
Eopsaltria gularis, Gray, Band-l. B. i. p. 389, no. 5914; Bamsay, 
Broc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. ii. (1878) p. 183. 

Adult male. General colour above, head, hind neck, scapulars, and 
upper tail-coverts uniform dark slaty grey; wing-coverts and quills 
brownish black, terminal half of the quills somewhat lighter and 
the terminal end of the secondaries narrowly margined with whitish; 
tail-feathers like the quills, the central pair entirely uniform, the 
other pairs with larger white tips to the end of the inner web ; 
lores and a small spot immediately in front of the eyes black; ear-
coverts grey• chin, throat, and the whole under surface of the body 
white, the breast just slightly tinged with grey; edge of the wing 
white, under wing-coverts blackish grey; under surface of quills 
blackish, with the basal part white, forming a patch; bill and feet 
black (Gould)• iris " dark brown." 

The sexes are alike in plumage. 
d\ Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0*72, wing 3*2, tail 2*7, 
tarsus 0*95. 
$ . Total length 5'5 inches, culmen 0*62, wing 3*1, tail 2*7, 
tarsus 0*95. 
Bab. "Western Australia. 

a. <$ ad. sk. "W. Australia, near the Vasse, J. Gould, Esq. ["C.1 
Nov. 25, 1842. 
b. 5 ad. sk. W. Australia, near the Murray, J. Gould, Esq. ["CI. 
Nov. 4, 1842. J 
c. <5 ad. sk. W. Australia, Nov. 30,1842. Gould Collection. 
d. Ad. sk. "W. Australia. Gould Collection. 
1S2 LANIIDJE. 

17. PACHYCEPHALA. TypQ 
Pachycephala, Tig. § Horsf. Tr. linn. Soc. xv. p. 238 
(18^0) P. gutturalis. 
Bylocharis"/ "' Boie," Mill. Tijdschr. Nat. Ges. 1835, 

p. 331 P. philoniela. 
Hyloterpe, Cab. Ornith. Not. in Arch. f. Naturgesch. 
p. 321 (1847) (nomtn emendat. pro Plylocharis) ... . P . philomela. 
Muscitrea, Blyth} Jour. As. Soc. Beng. xvi. p. 121 
(1847) P. grisola. 
Puclierania, Bp. C. R. xxxviii. p. 536 (1854) P. spinicauda. 
Pachycephalopsis, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genova, 

xv. p. 48 (1879) P. hattaniensis. 
Bill rather strong, culmen slightly curved, toothed and notched. 
Nostrils situated in a groove, the greater part of which remains unossiiied 
and forms an imperfect operculum; the groove is beset with 
small feathers, which, like the rictal bristles, partly cover the nostrils. 
Pirst primary long, equalling two thirds of the next one, 
which again is short; tip of wing formed by 4th and 5th (to 6th) 
primaries ; secondaries short. Tail always shorter than wing (generally 
equal to two thirds of its length), rounded or square, never 
graduated ; the tail-feathers rather pointed. Tarsus covered with 
transverse scales anteriorly, except in P. Tiattamensis and P.poliosoma. 
Sexes generally differing in plumage, the principal colours of which, 
in the male, are earthen brown, yellow, olive-green, and black ; 
red and blue are not found to occur. Head without a crest. The 

1. Quite uncertain is 
PACHYCEPHALA SPINICAUDA. 

The type of this " species" is a young bird, and came somewhere from 
Papuasia (New G-uinea or Warrior Island ?). The feathers of the tail show 
no peculiar stiffness. 

The literature contains the following references:— 

Pie-grieche a queue <§pineuse, Bbmhr. et Jacq. Voy. JPdle Sud, Atlas, 

pi. 6. fig. 2 (1834) (type examined by Salvadori). 
Pachycephala, sp,, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 271 (1845). 
Pteruthius spinicaudus, Jacq. etPuch. Voy. Bole Sud, Zool. i. p. 58; Hartl. 

J.f. 0. 1854, p. 162; Bp. 0. B. xxxviii. p. 536; Meyer, Sitz. k. Ahad. 
Wissensch. Wien, lxix. p. 391 (1874) ; Otistal. Bidl. Soc. Bhil. Paris, 1877. 
Pucherania spinicauda, Bp. C. B. xxxviii. p. 536; Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 389, 
no. 5909. F 
Ptererythius spinicauda, Scl. Pr. Linn. Soc. ii. p. 161 (1858). 
Pachycephala spinicauda, Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 192 ,* id. Cat B. Isew 

Guinea, p. 31; id, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 435; Boserib. J. f. 0. 1864, p. 120; 
Finsch, Mu-Guinea, p. 175; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xii. p. 331 
(1878), xv. p. 48 (1879); id. Orn. Pap. e Molucche, ii. p. 235 (1881). 

2. The following bird is not a species of Pachycephala, but nearest allied to 
Pmilodryas UmaculaU (see Oat. B. vol. iv. p. 244):— 
POSCILODRYAS CYANA. 

Myiolestes ? cyanus, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. vi. (1874) p. 84. 
Pachycephala cyana, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. vii. (1875) p. 934 ; 
id op. cit.i. (1877) p. 143. 

17. PACHYCEPHALA. 
183 

young of many species have faint cross-markings on the underparts 
of the body. About 50 species. 
Range. Indian and Australian regions (except New Zealand). 

Key to the Species. 

I. 
Under surface rich yellow. 
Ia. Pectoral collar jet-black; above olive-yellow. 
a. 
Throat white. 
a'. Head black. 
a". Tail black. 
a'". Chin black , mentalis, p. 189. 
b'". Ohin white. 

aA. The black pectoral collar and a yellow 
band round the hind neck 
very distinct. 

a5. Breast orange-yellow schlegeli, p. 195. 
b5. Breast gamboge-yellow fulvotincta. 
a\ Total length 6-7 inches; fe- [p. 196. 
male below isabelline-yellow. melanura, p. 185. 
¥. Total length 6 inches; female 
below cinnamon-colour ... . vitiensis, p. 190. 
bA. Pectoral collar very narrow; no 
yellow band round the hind neck, soror, p. 196. 
b". Only the terminal part of the tail 
black. 
c'". Basal part of tail grey, washed with 
olive gutturalis, p. 192. 

d'". Basal part of tail simply grey occidentalis, p. 193. 
c". Tail entirely grey glaucura, p. 194. 
d". Tail olive, but inner web dark brown; 

total length 6 inches chlorura, p. 194. 

Pcecilodryas cyana, Salvad. op. cit. xiv. p. 502 (1879); id. Orn. Papuas. e 
Molucche, ii. p. >nrv 

Head of Pcecilodryas cyana. 

Scales in front of the tarsus fused into one scutum. Foot and bill differing 
from those of Packycephala. 

Adult male. Q-eneral colour above, including the upper tail-coverts, dark 
bluish slate-colour; head darker, inclining to black on the forehead. Sides of 
the head and the whole under surface of the body uniform bluish slate-colour, 
a little paler than the back; wing-coverts and quills black externally, very 
narrowly tinged with slaty bluish ; tail entirely black; " iris, bill, and feet 
black " (UAlbertis). Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3'05, tail 2*55, 
tarsus 1. 

Hab. North-western New Guinea. 
<$ ad. sk. Karons, April 1877. M. L. Laglaize [C.]. 

184 
LANIIDJS. 

e". Tail entirely olive. 
e'". Total length 6 inches; length of 

bill 0-7-0-9 inch. 
c4. Female above earthy brownd4. Female above olive-brown

/'" . Total length 7 inches; length of bill 
0-9-0-93 inchb'. Head grey; tail olive

b. 
Throat yellow; head, collar, and tail black.
c'. Pectoral collar very broadd'. Pectoral collar narrowe\ Pectoral collar represented only by a few 
feathers on each side of the neck

c. Throat deep black
P. 
No pectoral collar; above and head dusky 
olivish brown ; throat greyish ; forehead and 
lores white or yellow
II. 
No trace of yellow in the plumage ; black pectoral 
collar ; general colour above ashy grey; head 
ashy grey or brown. 
a. 
Throat white. 
a'. Under surface creamy, pale isabelline; 
collar broadb'. Under surface white, tinged with creamcolour 
; collar narrowc'. Under surface orange-brown. 
a". Collar narrow, joining the black ear-
coverts ; lores grey
b". 
Collar broad; lores and ear-covertsblack

b. Throat rusty red.
d'. Head ashy grey; the whole throat rusty 
red; under surface sandy buff; chest 
washed with brownish grey. 

c". Lores and cheeks rusty brown; under 
wing-coverts greyish buff in male, 
dull white in female

d". 
Lores black; under wing-coverts sandybuff in both sexese'. Head brown; upper throat pale rufous, 
lower throat and fore neck whitish ... .

HI. No black pectoral collar; mostly plain colours;
neither black nor much bright yellow in the 
plumage. 

a. 
Throat with a yellow patch; occiput deep 
chestnut-red
b. Throat whitish, freckled with brown. 
«'. Total length about 7*5 inches: body below 
dull fawn; upper surface and tail olive-
brown

b\ 
Total length about 6*5 inches: body below 
dull yellow; under tail-coverts yellow. .

c. Throat white.
c'. 
Head ashy grey. 
a". Wings with a white speculum ..... .

 collaris, p. 197. 
calliope, p. 198. 


littayei, p. 198. 
morariensis, 


 [p. 199. 
astrolabi, p. 200. 
torquata, p. 201. 
graeffei, p. 202. 
jacquinoti, p. 203. 

icteroides, p. 204. 

falcata, p. 205. 

pallida, p. 206. 

x antherythr&&, 

 [p. 207. 
nifiventris, 

 [p. 208. 
rufogularis, 

 [p. 209. 
gilberti, p.~210. 
leucostigma, 
In *^23 
L^* 

rufinucha, p. 211. 

oliracea, p. 212. 

xanthoprocta, 

 [p. 211. 
albispeeularis, 

[p. 212. 
17. PACHYCEPHALA.
o". Wings without a speculum. 
a"lf, Upper surface and tail olive-brown. 
aK <The whole under surface pale 
fawn. 

«5. Undertail-coverts bright yellow, orpfieus, p. 213. 
55._ Under tail-coverts white p7t<sonottcs9 
&4. Under surface pale whitish yellow; [p. 214. 
breast dull ." griseieeps, p. 215. 
^ £4. Under surface bright rufous kyperythra, 
b"\ Above ashy grey^ below white ; ^ [p. 213. 
wings and tail fuscous cinerascens, 
€'",t. Above ashy grey, slightly tinged [p. 216. 
with olive; below "pale fawn; 
wings and tail blackish grey griseonota} p. 217. 

d'n. Above olive-green; under surface 
dull yellow; tail reddish brown; 
lores white hattamensis, 

e'*\ Abo\e dark grey, below pale slaty _ [p. 225. 
frrvy '. poUosoma, p. 226. 

<V. Head brown; client shaded with umber 
or brownish. 
/*'\ Hiwl faintly tinged with gny- or r grvwla, p. 220. 
brown. -* 1 hruiitwieauda, 
f"\ Underparts white ^ [p. 220. 
J himphx, p. 219. 
t fhtbia, n. 219. 

g"\ Underpaid tinged with yellow ... . nrfijtenms, p. 218. 
d\ Head olive-brown; breast*and abdo


men sulphur-yellow. [p. 221. 
//". Upper parts"olive-brown mlfurirenter, 
i"s. Upper parts olive-green pMIippinensis, 

pp. 221. 

IV. 
Plumage blacky white, and grey; back dusky 
Mack. 
a1. Breast and abdomen only white .. monaeha, p. 222. 
b\ Throat, breast, and abdomen white leucogaster, 

[p. 222. 
V. 
Head and breast black; hind neck with a black 
collar bordered with a chestnut band; upper 
parts ashy; throat, abdomen, and flanks white .. lanioides, p. 224. 
\ X 
Plumage slaty blue and black only eyanea, p. 224. 

1. Pachycephala melairara. 
Saxlrola merula *, Less, Toy. Coq.f Zooh L p. 662 (1828) (type examined 
by Sahadmi); id. CompL de Bny, Ois. p. 513 (1838); 
Gray, Cat. Trop. Isl JPaeif. Oe. p. 14 (1850), 

Lanius moluccanus, Less. Tr. d?Om. p. 373 (1831) (desertpt nulla); 
I^hen Arch. Mus. vii. p. 368 (1854); Marti J. f. O. 1854, 

p. 4211 
Pachyeephata nielanura, Gould, P. Z» S. 1842, p. 134, I860, p. 353 ; 
id*B» Austral fob ii. pi. 66; id. Randh. B. Amtr. i. p. 211; Gray, 
Gen, B. I p. 271; Bp. C A. i. p. 328 (pt.J; Cab. Mm. Sein. L 

* Is the female of P. macrorhynckus, StricH. 
186 LANHDJE. 

p. G6; Reichenb. Vog. Neuholl. pp. 229 & 284; llartl. Rev. et 
Mag. Zool. 1851, p. 182; Macgillivray, Narr. Voy. Rattlesnake, 
ii. p. 356 (1852) ; Rosenb. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. 2nd. xxv. p. 233 
(1863) ; id. J.f. 0.1804, p. 120; Finsch, Neu-Guin. p. 175 (1865); 
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 387, no. 5871; Diggles, Orn. Austr. text to 
pi. 33; Layard, Ibis, 1880, p. 290; JRamsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. 
8. W. i. pp". 48 & 380, ii. p. 181, iv. p. 99 ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. 
Gen. viii. p. 28; id. Orn. Pap. e Molucche, ii. p. 220 (1881). 
Pachycephala macrorhyncha, Strichl. Contr. Orn. 1849, p. 91, pi. 30; 
Lafr. Rev. et Mag. "Zool. 1851, p. 71; Bp. C. R. xxxviii. p. 537 
(1854); Wallace, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 30; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 388, 
no. 5898 ; Rosenb. Malay. Arch. p. 322 (1879); Ramsay, Pr. Linn. 
Soc. N. 8. W. i. p. 77; Salv. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xii. p. 330 (1878), 

xv. p. 45; id. Orn. Pap. e Molucche, ii. p. 218 (1881). 
Pachycephala albicollis, Lafr. (nee Vieill.) Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1851, 
p. 73. 
Pachycephala xanthocnemis *, Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 353 ; id. 

Hand-l. B. i. p. 389, no. 5899; Finsch, Neu-Guin.^. 175 ; Salvad. 

Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. viii. p. 377, xii. p. 330. 

Pachycephala clio, Wall. P. Z. S. 1862, pp. 335 & 341, 1863, p. 30; 

Finsch, Neu-Guin. p. 175; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 388, no. 5881; 

Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. viii. p. 377, xii. p. 330. 

Oreicola merula, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 227, no. 3272. 
Pachycephala merula, Salv. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xii. p. 330 (1878). 
Pachycephala citreogaster t, Ramsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. i. 


p. 6Q (1876); Salv. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xv. p. 48. 
Pachycephala robusta, Masters, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 49 
Ramsay, op. cit. ii. p. 181. 
Pachycephala obiensis, Salv. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xii. p. 330 (1878), 

xv. p. 45; id. Orn. Pap. e Molucche, ii. p. 219. 
Pachycephala sp. inc., Fbrbes, P. Z. S. 1878 p. 122 (young). 
Adult male. General colour above and scapulars olive-green; 
wing-coverts and quills of the wing black, the primaries narrowly, 
the secondaries broadly margined with olive-green ; tail deep black; 
upper tail-coverts either black (P. clio, "Wallace) or olive (P. melanura, 
Gould), or (and this is the case with most specimens) black 
with more or less olive; crown and sides of the head deep shining 
black; of the same colour is a band commencing from behind the 
eye and running over the ear-coverts, along the sides of the neck, and 
crossing the upper part of the breast, forming a crescent, the line of 
demarcation of which is strongly marked. A rich yellow-coloured 
nuchal collar on the sides of the neck passes over uninterruptedly 
into the deep rich gamboge-yellow of the breast, abdomen, the 
flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts ; edge of wing and under wing-
coverts yellow and white; under surface of quills blackish grey, 
with the basal part and the margin of the inner web whitish; bill 
black, feet brownish; iris brown. 

The young male resembles the adult male; but the head is not 

* Is the female of P. macrorhyncha. 
t The typical description is taken from a female specimen, preserved in 
spirit of wine, and collected in New Britain. 

17 . PACHYCErHALA. 
quite so black, as the occiput and the band round the fore neck are 
intermingled with a few ashy-coloured feathers; primary quills more 
brownish black; some of the upper tail-coverts are uniform olive-
brown, the inner web of the outer pairs is blackish, with narrow 
light tips. 

In another young male the general colour above is more brownish; 
only a few feathers on the forehead, on the sides of the head, and on 
the fore neck are black, the other parts which are black in the adult 
males being ashy brown; upper part of breast yellowish brown ; 
upper tail-coverts olivaceous; throat and chin white, but every 
feather slightly tipped with pale brown. 

Another young male, from Bouru, is still in the plumage of the 
female. 

Adult female. General colour above, scapulars, and under tail-
coverts olivaceous brown; wings blackish brown, the secondaries very 
broadly margined with rufous-brown, which colour is deeper in 
younger specimens; tail-feathers rufous-brown, tinged with an 
olivaceous wash; head dark olivaceous brown, in older specimens 
more ashy; ear-coverts pale rufous-brown ; the yellow nuchal collar 
of the male is represented in the female by an indistinct band, somewhat 
lighter than the general colour above; chin, throat, and fore 
neck pale rufous-white, which colour becomes a little darker on the 
upper part of the breast; breast, flanks, and abdomen more yellow, 
almost isabelline; under tail-coverts and thighs yellowish; under 
wing-coverts white, slightly tinged with rufous, like the margin of 
the inner web of the secondaries; under surface of quills silvery 
grey. 

Total length between 6 and 7 inches. 

Oulmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 
in. in. in. in. 

<5. Obi 0-88 3-8 8-0 0-92 
<5. Amboyna 0-81 375 2-8 0-9 
<3. Celebes 0*8 3*70 2-9 0-95 
&. Sula 0-71 3*50 2-85 0-87 
6' Ar |^ ^ 075 3-50 2-60 0-90 
c?. CapeYork.'.'.'.'.'. *'.'.. 0-60 3-60 2-90 0-89 
d1. Bouru 0-70 3-72 2*90 0-94 
? 0-65-0-80 3-40-3*50 2-80-3-00 0 90-0-92 

Observations.—1. Wallace (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 30) says that 
" the Bouru specimens have a more yellow tinge on the back, and 
the black pectoral band is generally broader than in those from 
Sula." 

2. Salvadori distinguishes between P. macrorhyncha, in which the 
black crescent across the chest is separated from the black of the 
head by the yellow band around the hind neck, and P. melanura 
in which the black of the head is continuous with the crescent on 
the sides of the neck. This, however, is variable; in the British 
Museum only three specimens have the black on the sides of the 
18 8 
LANIIDiE. 

neck disconnected by yellow—one adult male from Celobes, a second 
from Amboyna, and a third from Obi. In all the other birds from 
Sula, Bourn, and Coram, where P. macrorliyncha and not P. melanura 
is said to occur, the black is continuous, although sometimes 
limited to only a few black feathers on the sides of the neck. 

3. The colour of the upper tail-coverts is of no specific importance 
as Wallace thought when he named his birds from the Sula 
and Bourn. Islands P. clio, because in the collection of the British 
Museum there are now several specimens from these islands 
which have the upper tail-coverts black and broadly margined 
with olive, or even the whole terminal half of the feathers olive. 
The same remark applies to specimens from other islands; for instance, 
in the very specimen which has the crescent separated from 
the black of the head by yellow, the upper tail-coverts are more 
olive-yellow than black. As all the birds with " olive npper tail-
coverts " have every tail-feather more or less narrowly tipped with 
yellowish brown (the same colour as the whole tail in yonog birds), 
we might suppose that the appearance of olive on the upper tail-
coverts is a case of a retention of the young plumage. 
4. The bill varies considerably in length and strength. 
Hcib. From the Moluccas to New Guinea and the Louisiade archipelago, 
New Britain, and adjacent islands, as well as Northern 
Australia. 

a. 
S juv. sk. Somerset, Cape York. Gould Collection. 
Cape York (Cockerell). F. D. Godman and 0. 
b. Ad. sk. Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
Booby Island, Torres Straits Voy. of H.M.S.' Chalc. 
J juv. sk. (J. Murray). lenger.' 
Booby Island, August 1881 Voy. of BUMS. 
d. S 
ad. sk. (Dr. Coppinger). ' Alert.' 
West Island, September Voy. ofH.M.S. 
e. <$ ad. sk. 1881 (Dr. Coppinger). 
/. <$ ad. sk. Oairncross Island. Capt. Stanley [P.]. 
g. S ad. sk. Arden Island. Capt. Stanley [P.]. 
h, i. $ ad. sk. Teste Island, Louisiade Sir J. Ingham IP.]. 
archipelago. 
Jc, I <$ ad. sk. Palakiiru Island, New BriKev. 
G. Brown [C.]. 
tain. 
m, n. S ad. sk. Palakiiru Island. Rev. G. Brown [C.]. 
o, J juv. sk. Palakiiru Island. Rev. G. Brown [CJ. 

p. 
<S ad. sk. Saibai, S.E. Guinea. Rev. J. Macfarlane 
[C.]. 
q, r. (S $ ad. sk. Amboina. A. R. Wallace, Esq. 
[0.]. 

s. 
<$ juv. sk. North Ceram. A. R. Wallace, Esq. 
[C.]. 
t, u. S ad. sk. Bouru. A. R. Wallace, Esq. 
[0.]. 
vf to, .v. $ ad. sk Bourn. A. R. Wallace, Esq. 
[0.]. 

y. 
2 juv. sk. Bourn A. R. Wallace, Esq. 
[0.]. 
z. <$ ad. sk. 
Obi, August 9, 1862. Leiden Museum [P.]. 
17 . TACHYCEPHALA. 189 
a',6'. <$: c'. $ juv. Sula Mauds. A. R. Wallace, Esq. 
#. tf iuv. sk.
J 
Sula Islands. A. R. Wallace, Esq. 
[C.]. 
<?'. 2 ad. sk.
f,</. tfad.sk./,J 
Sula Islands. 
Sula Islands. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. 
[0.]. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. 
[C.]. (Types of P. 
clio.) 
h'. cJad.sk. Sula Islands (A.R.Wallace). Gould Collection. 
i'. J ad. sk. Sula Bessie {Bernstein). Leiden Museum [P.], 
k\ <3 ad. sk. Celebes. Gould Collection. 

2. Pachycephala mentalis. 
Pacliycepliala melanura 
(non Gould), Bp. C. A. i. p. 328 (1850); 
Gray, P. Z. S. 1800, p. 353 ; Schlegel, Ned. T.D. iv. p. 44 (1871) ;. 
Rosenberg, Heist, naar Geelvinkb. p. 7 (1875) ; id. Mai. Arch. 

p. 406 (1879). 
Pachycepliala albicollis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 328 to Temm. MS. Mus. 
Lugd., descr. nulla) j Finsch, Neu-Gui?iea, p. 175 (1865). 
Turdus armillaris, Bp. 1. c. (ex Temm. MS., descr. nulla). 
Lanius cucullatus, Bp. I. c. (ex Liclit. MS., descr. nulla). 
Pachycepliala macrorhyncha, Hartl. {non Jard.) Rev, et Mag. Zool. 

1851, p. 181. 

Pachycepliala mentalis, 
Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 30; Finsch, Neit-
Guinea, p. 145 (1865) ; Gray, Kand4. B. i. p. 389, no. 5902; 
Salvad. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 78; id. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genev. vii. 

p. 774; id. Orn. Pap. e Molucche, ii. p. 216 (1881). 
Pachycepliala 
nigrimentum, Gray, Hand-l, B. i. p. 388, no. 5880 
(descr. nulla). 

Adult male. General colour above olive-yellow; wings with their 
coverts black, externally edged with olive; upper tail-coverts black, 
faintly edged with yellow ; tail-feathers entirely black to the tip ; 
head jet-black; chin and angle of mouth black, likewise a narrow 
pectoral band, which is entirely disconnected from the black of the 
head; across the hind neck a gamboge-yellow band, which, on the 
sides of the neck, passes into the gamboge-yellow of the breast; 
flanks and thighs yellow, but slightly shaded with greenish ; throat 
pure white; under wing-coverts yellowish white; edge of wing 
yellow. 

Female. Above brownish olive; tail slightly browner; head ashy 
to brown; fore neck, lores, and ear-coverts a little lighter; chin, 
throat, and fore neck with a greyish appearance, since every feather 
is white and has several dark cross-markings; rest of underparts 
dull yellow, the yellow being clearest on the abdomen and on the 
under tail-coverts ; axillaries greyish, edged with yellow; edge of 
wing mottled yellow and brownish. 

In another female (from Ternate) the tail-feathers are more 
brownish, and the feathers of the wings are broadly edged with 
reddish brown. 

Young males resemble the adult female, but have the throat and 
fore neck more inclining to white, and the yellow of the rest of the 

J 90 
LANIIDJG. 

unclerparts is clearer and more pronounced; the black crescent of 

the chest is indicated by a few blackish feathers, whilst the yellow 

nuchal collar is still undeveloped. 

Total length about 7*5 inches. 

Largest S • Culmen 0*75 inch, wing 3*8, tail 3-0, tarsus 0*95. 

2. „ 07 „ 3-5 „ 2-S „ 0-90. 
Obs. The above description shows that the male of P. mentalis 
differs but slightly from the male of P. melanura, namely by its 
black chin and angle of mouth, again by the yellow nuchal collar 
separating the black of the head from the black pectoral crescent, 
which crescent itself is much narrower than that of P. melanura. 
The female, however, is totally different in colour from that of 
the last-named species. 

Hab. Ternate, Gilolo, Batchian, Morty Island, and Timor. 

a, b. S $ ad. sk. Ternate (?) Purchased. 

c. <$ ad. sk. Ternate (J, Murray). Voy. of H.M.S. ' Challenger.' 
d. 2 ad. sk. Ternate, Oct. 1876. M. Leon Laglaize [O.]. 
«»/• <S > ff- 2 ad. sk. Ternate. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 
h. 2 ad. sk. Ternate (Wallace). Gould Collection. 
i. tf ad. sk. Gilolo {Wallace). Gould Collection. 
k} I. S ad. sk. Batchian. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
(Types of species.) 

m. $ ad. sk. Batchian. A. R. Wallace, Esq. fC.]. 
n. 
$ ad. sk. Morty Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.J. 
(Type of species.) 
o. $ juv. sk. Timor. Purchased. 
3. Pachycephala vitiensis. 
Pachycephala vitiensis, Gray, B. Trop. Ish Pac. Oc. p. 20. 
Pachycephala ? optata, Earth Ibis, 18(36, p. 172 ($). 
Pachycephala vitienisis, Finsch 8f Earth Faun. Centr. Polyn. 1867, 


p. 73 (nee 5, nee tab.); Gray, Eand-h B. p. 388, no. 5885; Layard, 
Ibis, 1876, pp. 146, 392; id. op. cit. 1879, p. 147. 
Adult male. Resembles P. melanura, Gould, but has the general 
colour above dark olive, and the greyish-olive tips of the tail-
feathers are rather broad, forming a band. 

The difference of this species from P. melanura is shown by the 
adult female. General colour above, scapulars, upper tail- and 
wing-coverts dark olivaceous brown ; quills black, the primaries on 
the outer web margined with greyish, the outer web of the inner 
secondaries more reddish brown. Tail blackish, outer web margined 
with olive; head and hind neck slaty or plumbeous grey; ear-
coverts reddish brown; chin, throat, and the whole of the under 
surface of the body uniform cinnamon-brown; under tail-coverts 
and edge of wing a little paler; under surface of quills pale grey, 
with the basal part and the margin of the inner web pale whitish 
cinnamon. "Bill black; feet homy grey, claws black-brown" 
(Eartlaub). 

Obs. The bird described by Finsch and Hartlaub, and figured 

17 . PACHYCEI>HALA. 
pi. viii. fig. 3, op. cit., as has been already supposed by Dr. Pinscb, 
is the female of P. torquata. 

S . Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3*5, tail 2-5, tarsus 1. 
5 . Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3-4, tail 2'5, tarsus 1. 
Hab. Piji Islands. 
a. <$ ad. sk. Ngau (Br. Rayner), H.M.S.{Herald.' 
(Typeofspecieb.) 
5. $ ad. sk. Ngau (Br. Rayner), Oct. 1858. H.M.S. ' Herald.' 
c. <$ ad. sk. Kandavu, June 19, 1876. Mus. Godeffroy. 
a. $ juv. sk. Kandavu, Sept. 1876. Mus. Godefiroy. 
e,f. $ ad. and juv. Kandavu. Voy. of H.M.S. 
' Challenger.' 
Obs. Specimens c to / are intentionally placed here, and not under 
the following subspecies, as I cannot rind any difference from the 
birds from Ngau, whilst Mr. Ramsay's description of his P. Icandctvensis 
does not apply to them. 

Subsp. a. Pachycephala kandavensis. 
Pachycephala kandavensis, E. P. Ramsay', Proe. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 

ii. 1877, p. 65. 
Adult male. The whole of the head, ear-coverts, and a narrow 
crescentic band, widest on the sides and extending across the chest 
from the lower ear-coverts, jet-black; a narrow collar round the 
back, widest on the sides of the neck, and a patch joining it to the 
chest, bright yellow; the throat, inside the black pectoral band, 
pure white ,* the breast and remainder of the under surface bright 
gamboge-yellow, of a slightly deeper and duller tint on the abdomen 
and under tail-coverts ; under surface of the wings dark brown, the 
margins of the inner webs of the quills towards the base buffy 
white; the under wing-coverts white, tinged with yellow• interscapular 
region, back, and remainder of the upper surface yellowish 
olive; wings blackish brown, the coverts and scapulars broadly, and 
the quills narrowly, margined with yellowish olive ; tail dark brown 
above, paler below, the two centre feathers and outer webs of the 
remainder tinged with olive-yellow; bill black; feet greyish brown; 
iris reddish brown. Total length (exclusive of bill) 5-5 inches, wing 
3*5, tarsus 1, tail 2-6 ; bill from forehead 0*7, from nostril 0*4, from 
gape 0*8. 

The male of this species may be recognized by the narroiv line of 
black across the lower part of the chest, and by its being of a nearly 
even width throughout, or, if any thing, wider on the sides than in 
the centre of the chest, and by the large extent of white on the 
throat. 

^Female (not quite adult). Above olive-brown, slightly tinged 
with olive-yellow; wings and tail blackish brown; the upper wing-
coverts and inner secondaries broadly margined and tipped with rich 
cinnamon or rufous-brown, the remainder of the quills narrowly 
margined on the outer webs with the same colour; a few feathers of 
the upper tail-coverts cinnamon-brown; the head dark brown, 

19:2 
LANIIDJE. 
washed with cinnamon; sides of the head, an ill-defined line over 
the eye, the ear-coverts and sides of the neck, the throat, and all the 
under surface cinnamon-brown, a little paler on the throat ; under 
surface of the wings brown, the inner webs of the feathers towards 
the base whitish; under wing-coverts whitish; margins of the 
quills below tinged with cinnamon; tail below dark brown, the 
tips of the feathers tinged with cinnamon ; bill dark brown, paler 
at the base of the lower mandible ; legs and feet light brown ; iris 
reddish brown. Total length 5'5 inches, wing 3*2, tail 2-6, tarsus 1; 
bill from forehead 0-65, from nostril 0*4, from gape 0*8. 

Hah. Kandavu. 

4. Pachycephala gutturalis. 
Guttural Thrush, Lath. Gen, Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 182. 

Black-breasted Flycatcher, Lath, t. c, p. 222. 

Musicapa pectoralis, Lath. Lnd, Orn. Suppl. ii. p. xli, no. 6. 

Turdus gutturalis, Lath. t. c. p. Ii. 

Black-crowned Thrush, Lewin, B. Nexo Holland, pi. 10. 

La cravatte blanche, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. iii. pi. 115; Sundev. Krit. 

Framst, Levaill. p. 37. 

Motacilla dubia, Shaw, Nat. Misc. xxii. pi. 949 (ex Levaill.). 

Pacliycephala fusca, Vig. § Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 240 ; Gray, 

Gen. B. i. p. 271. ' 

Pacliycephala gutturalis, 
Vig. fy Ho?-sf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 239 j 
Goidd, B. Austr. fol. ii. pi. 64; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 271; Cab. 
Mus. Hein. i. p. 65; Reichenb. Vo'g. Neuholl. pp. 228, 284; Gould, 
Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 207; Higgles, Orn. Austr. text & pi. 33 j 
Ra?nsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N, S. TV. i. p. 49 ; id. op. tit. ii. pp. 181, 

212. 
Pacliycephala fuliginosa, Vig. § Horsf. t. c. p. 241. 
Turdus lunulaiis, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 200 (ex Levaill?). 
Pacliycephala meruloides, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 176. 
Pacliycephala pectoralis, Bp. C. A. i. p. 328. 
Adult male. Like P. melamora, but has the basal two thirds of 
the tail grey instead of black, and the apical third blackish brown, 
tipped with grey; a small black spot at the angle of the chin; "iris 
dark brown; bill black; feet blackish grey " ( Gould). 

Adtdt female (type of P. fusca, Yigors). General colour above, 
head, neck, upper tail-coverts, and tail olive-brown; wing-coverts 
and secondaries blackish brown, broadly edged with reddish brown ; 
primaries edged with grey; chin and throat pale brown, freckled 
with white; underparts fulvous, tinged with light greyish brown; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries dull whitish; under surface of 
quills grey, with the base and inner edge brownish. 

The type of P. fuliginosa, Vig., suits the description of the female 
given by Gould:—" The whole of the upper surface and tail greyish 
brown; primaries and secondaries brown, margined with grey; 
throat pale brown, freckled with white ; remainder of the under 
surface pale brown, passing into deep buff on the abdomen." 

Touny male. Yery much like the female of P. mentalis, but has 
the breast, abdomen, and flanks pale fulvous; under tail-coverts 
yellow. Total length about 6-2 inches. 

17 . PAOHXCEPHALA. 
Oulmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 

in. in. in. in. 
Ad. 6 0-6 S'75 3-3 0*9 
Juv. 6 062 3'75 3-0 0-8 
Type of P. fidiginosa ( Q ) .. 058 35 S'5 0'88 
TypeofP.>sm($). 0-58 3*5 3'1 088 

Hob. Few South. Wales, Victoria, and South Australia, extending 
along the east coast as far as Eockingham Bay; Lord Howe's 
Island; Tasmania. 

a. 
$ sk. Australia. Linnean Society [P.], (Type 
of P.fusca, Vig.) 
b. J sk. Australia. Limieaii Society [P,1. (Type 
of P. fidiginosa, Vig.) 
c. cJjuy.sk. Australia. Purchased. 
d. Juv. sk. Australia. Gould Collection. 
e. Juv. sk. Port Bo wen, Mus. Godeftroy. 
f. g. S 
ad. et Richmond River. A. P. Goodwin [0.]. 
? ad. sk. 
h. $ ad. sk. South Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.]. 
i, S ad. sk. South Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.J. 
k. 
g ad. sk. South Australia. F. D. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
1. <$ ad. sk. New South Wales. Gould Collection, 
m. [ 61 imm. sk. West Australia. J. Gould, Esq. 
n 
L ? J ac*-s^


- West Australia. Capt. Sturt [P.]. 
o. $ ad. sk. Swan River. Purchased. 
pj q. <$ ad. sk. Tasmania. F. D. Godman and 0, Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
r, 8. <S $ ad. sk. Lord Howe's Island. J. Gould, Esq. 


t. 
J skeleton. West Australia. 
Obs The amount of grey on the tail varies much, and is sometimes 
replaced by olive-yellow. This is especially the case in examples 
from Lord Howe's Island and Tasmania. I have copied Ramsay's 
description of P. occidentalism although the specimens from Western 
Australia in the Museum do not agree with his diagnosis. 

5. Pachycephala occidentalis, 
Pachycephala occidentalis, Hamsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. K S. W. ii. 1878, 
pp. 181 & 212. 
Pachycephala gutturalis, Gould, B. Austr. fol. vol. ii. p. 64; id, 
Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 207. 
"Adult male. Like P. gutturalis, Lath., but distinct in having the 
tail grey without any wash of olive on the margins of the basal 
portion of the feathers, the blackish subterminal band in width 
less than one third of the total length; the yellow neck-band very 
indistinct or broken on the back of the neck, the olive of the upper 
surface of a more greenish tint, and the yellow of the under surface 
slightly paler. 
"'Adult female. Like that sex of P. gutturalis, Lath., but having 
the lower part of the chest, flanks, the abdomen, and under tail-
coverts rufous-buff; under wing-coverts light rufous-buff. 
" Sexes alike in size. Total length 6 4 inches, wing 3*55, tail 3*1, 
tarse 0*9, bill from forehead 0-6. 
VOL. vni. o 

194 
LAMIIM!. 

" 111 P. guttiiralis, Lath., of N. S. Wales, the male has the basal 
half of the tail grey and always of the same tint as the back, and 
the subterminal blackish band extends towards the base for at least 
one half of the total length; the yellow neck-band is well defined 
on tho back of the neck. In the females the lower part of the 
chest is ashy grey, becoming white on the abdomen and under tail-
and wing-coverts. These differences will at once serve to distinguish 
the two species.11 (Ramsay.) 

ffab. Western Australia. 

6. Pachycephala glaucura. 
PaclrycepkaLi glaucura, 
Gould, P. Z. S. 1845, p. 19; id. B. Austr. 
fol. ii. pi. 65 j Gray, Gen, B. i. p. 271 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 328; 
Reichenb. Vog. Neuholl. pp. 103, 284; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. 

p. 209; Biggies, Orn. Austr. text to pi. 33 ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. 
Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 181; Masters, op. cit. i. p. 49. 
Adult male. Like tho male of P. gutturalis, but differing from it 
in having the under tail-coverts white, or very slightly washed with 
yellow, and in having the whole tail entirely grey; " bill black ; 
feet dark brown; iris reddish brown" (Godid). Total length 
7 inches, bill 0*6, wing 4, tail 3*6, tarsus 1 (Gould). 

Hab. Tasmania, and the islands in Bass Straits; and opposite 
coast of Australia. 
«.[(?] ad. sk. South Australia. J. Gfould, Esq. [0.]. 

7. Pachycephala cMorura. 
Packycepkala cklorura, Gray, Cat. B. Prop. Isl. Pacif. Ocean, p. 20; 
id. Kand-l. B. i. p. 388, no. 5884; id. in Brenohle{fs Cruise of the 
' Curagoa,' App. Birds, pi. xi. p. 374; Bayard, Ibis, 1878, p. 272. 

Adult mcde (type of species). Very similar to the adult male of 

P. vitiensis or P. gutturalis, but having a light brown tail strongly 
washed with yellowish green; the inner web of the feathers is 
rather dark brown, more greyish towards the tip. The tail of 
another adult male (somewhat younger) is entirely yellowish green, 
without any blackish brown colour on the inner web, thus resembling 
P. littayei, from which it differs by its much smaller size. General 
colour above olive-green, separated from the black head by a yellow 
collar ; wings and their coverts black, externally edged with olive; 
tail-feathers olive-yellow with a brown tinge, inner web blackish 
brown, lighter towards the tip ; chin, cheeks, and throat pure white, 
separated from the deep yellow of the rest of the under surface by a 
narrow black crescent, which is connected with the black of the 
head; under wing-coverts white, with a tinge of yellow; under 
surface of quills greyish, inner web edged with reddish brown, 
especially in younger birds ; " iris dark brown " (Brenchley); " bill 
black, feet ashy " (Layard). 
Female. Crown and sides of head reddish brown, a good deal of 
which colour is also seen on the outer webs of the secondaries 
and their coverts; rest of quills brown, with light reddish inner 


195 

17 . PACHYCEPHAIA. 
edges; mantle, back, and tail "brownish olive; chin and throat 

white, slightly freckled with brownish; breast and flanks dingy 

yellow, palest on the abdomen; under tail-coverts yellow. 

Total length about G inches. 

c?. Culmen 0-7-0-75, wing 3-45, tail &65, tarsus 1-0. 

2. „ 0-75, „ 3-2-3-3, „ 245, „ 1-0. 
Hah. Few Hebrides. 
a. tf ad. sk. Erromango. J. Macgillivray, Es<£. [O.]. 
(Type of species.) 
b. 3 ad. sk. Aneiteum. J. Macgillivray, Esq. [0.]. 
c,d. <$ $ ad. sk. Aneiteum. J. JBrencMey, Esq. [P.]. 
e, f. <5 ad. et Aneiteum, Nov. 28,1853 Gould Collection, 
juv. sk, (J. Macqillivrmj}. 

8. Pachycephala scHegeli. 
Pachycephala schlegelii, Rosenb. in Schleg. Nederl. Tijdsch, Dierk. iv. 
p. 43 (1871) ; Sclat. P. Z. S.1873, p. 697; Rosenberg, Heist, naar 
Geelvinhbai, pp. 102, 142, pi. xvi. (1875); id. Malay, Archip. 
pp. 555, 588; Sahad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. x. (1877) p. 141; 
id. Orn. Papuas. e Moluoche, ii. p. 223. 
Pachycephala affinis, Meyer, Sitzber. h. Ah. Wiss. Wien, Ixix. p. 392 
(1874) ($); Gould, B. New Guin. fol. ix. (1879). 

Adult male. General colour above, including the upper tail-coverts, 
olive-green; wing-coverts and quills entirely deep black, outer web 
of the primaries very narrowly edged with light grey; tail entirely 
black; head and a broad band covering the whole fore neck and chest 
deep black, connected with the black ear-coverts and sides of head, 
and separating the white chin and throat from the bright yellow 
nuchal collar of the hind neck; breast, flanks, abdomen, and under 
tail-coverts yellow, the whole breast strongly tinged with orange-
brown; under wing-coverts white, edge of wing black, spotted with 
yellowish white; under surface of quills black, the inner web 
broadly margined with whitish; "bill black; iris dark greyish 
brown; feet bluish grey " (Rosenberg)• bill black; feet " ashy f iris 
" chestnut" (D'Albertis). 

Adult female. Like the adult female of P. soror. 

(S. Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*70, wing 3*2, tail 2-6, 
tarsus 0-9. 
$ . Total length 5*4 inches, culmen 0-68, wing 3-1, tail 2-6, 
tarsus 0-88. 
Prof. Schlegel, op. cit. says :—" P. schlegeli has the bill short, like 

P. gutturalis; the tail, on the other hand, is black, as in P. melanurus; 
but it is distinguished from all its allies by its small size, by 
its pectoral band of black three times as large as usual, its black 
wings, and finally by the yellow of the breast and abdomen passing 
into brownish orange." 
Hab. New Guinea. 

«, b. S $ ad. sk. Karons, Arfak mountains, M. L6on Laglaize 
April 1877. [O.]. 

o2 
lANHDai. 

9. Pachycephalia Mvotincta. 
Pachycephala fulvotincta, 
Wall, in P, Z. S. 1863, pp. 486, 492; Gray, 
Iland-l B. i. p. 388, no. 5883. 

Both male and female of this species are similar to P. melanura; 
but, besides its much smaller size, the male differs from that of 

P. melanura by having the breast rich fulvous yellow. 
Adult male. General colour above, with the lesser wing-coverts, 
olive-yellow; the greater and median coverts blackish, edged with 
olive-yellow; quills black, edged with greyish olive; upper tail-
coverts deep black, some of the feathers slightly tipped with yellow ; 
tail black, with narrow olive tips; crown and sides of head and a 
band passing round the fore neck deep black; chin and throat white; 
hind neck yellow, which colour on the sides of the neck is in connexion 
with the rich golden yellow of the rest of the underparts 
of the body; breast strongly washed with orange-brown; under 
wing-coverts white ; edge of wing interspersed with yellow; under 
surface of quills greyish, with whitish edges; iris dark; bill and 
feet black (Wallace). 

Adult female. Above dusky olive; primaries with greyish, the 
secondaries with broader reddish-brown edges; upper tail-coverts 
and tail uniform olive-yellow; head ashy, slightly tinged with 
olive; sides of head, cheeks, and upper breast reddish brown ; 
chin and throat whitish ; rest of underparts white, with a rufescent 
tinge; thighs and under tail-coverts pale yellow; under wing-
coverts white; edge of wing yellowish; "bill black; feet dusky" 

{Wallace). 
Obs. The orange colour on the chest is not equally well developed 
in every male specimen, and is probably a sign of age. 
Total length about 6 inches. 
c?. Culmen 0-65, wing 3-1, tail 2-45, tarsus 0-82. 

? . „ 0-6, „ 3-0, „ 2-45, „ 0-82. 
Hah. Flores. 
a, 5. c? $ ad. sk.
c, d. c?;*,/. ?
ad. sk. 
Flores. 
Flores. 
A. It. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
(Types of species.) 
A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
g. S ad. sk.
h. [ J ] ad. sk. 
Flores* 
Flores ( W allaee). 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [O.]. 
Gould Collection. 

10. Pachycephala soror. 
Pachycephala soror, Scl P. Z. S. 1873, p. 692; Salvad. Ann. Mm. 
Civic. Genov. x. p. 141 (1877), xv. p. 45 (1879) ; id. Orn. Pap. e 
Molucche, ii. p. 222 (1881;. 

Pachycephala (? , sp. ign.), Sol. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 697, no. 16. 

Adult male. Somewhat similar to P. melanura, but distinguished 
by the more blackish-brown-eoloured tail and by the absence of a 
yellow band across the hind neck; the tail-feathers are blackish 
brown, the outer webs strongly washed and tipped with olive


197 

17 . PACHXOEPHAXA. 
green; head, lores, and ear-coverts jet-black, this colour extending 

further back on the nape than in P. melcmura; the yellow collar 

of the latter species being indicated only by a narrow olive band; 

chin and throat white; a black crescent across the fore neck ex


tending up to the oar-coverts ; rest of nnderparts gamboge-yellow; 

bill and feet black. 

Adult female. Yery differently coloured from the females of all 

the other species of Pachycephala except those of P. schlegelL 

General colour above, including the tail, olive-brown; wings blackish 

brown, edged with olive; head ashy brown with an olive tinge ; 

chin, throat, and cheeks white ; fore neck and upper chest yellow, 

but washed with dull olive-brown; rest of undorparts gamboge-

yellow ; thighs brownish; under surface of wings dusky grey; 

inner wrebs edged with white; under wing-coverts white ; edge of 

wing yellow mottled with brown. 

Total length about 6 inches. 

6. Culmen 0-65, wing 2-70, tail 3-6, tarsus 0-9. 
$. „ 0-60, „ 2-75, ,,3-35, „ 0-9. 
Obs. There are two specimens in the British Museum which 
have the head deep rusty brown; wing-eoverts and secondaries 
edged with reddish brown; the yellow on the underparts less pronounced. 
They seem to be immature males. 

Hah. New Guinea. 

a-f. d1 $ ad. sk. Arfak mountains, February. M. Lagiaize [0.1. 

g. Juv. sk. Arfak mountains, February. M. Lagiaize f 0.". 
#, £ d1 $ ad. sk. Astrolabe mountains, S.E. Mi\A.&oldie[0.j. 
New Guinea. 

11. Pachycephala innomiaata. 
Pachycephala sp., Ramsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. iii. p. 282 
(1870). iv. p. 99 (1879); Salvad. Ami. Mus. Civ. Gen. xv. p. 45 
(1879). 

Pachycephala 
innominata, Salvad. Orn. Pap. e Molueche, ii. p. 222 
(1881). 

Male. Very similar to that of P. concern,and P. melanura, but 
with the tail ashy grey ; forehead and ear-coverts jet-black; crown 
black, inclining to slaty colour on the occiput; the black crescent 
on the hind neck is interrupted by yellow. Bill strong; pectoral 
crescent strong. (Ramsay.) 

Hob. Teste Island, Papuasia. 

12. Pachycephala collaris. 
Pachycephala collaris, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. iii. p. 74 
(1878); ibid. iii. p. 281 (1879), iv. p. 99 (1879); Salvad. Ibis, 1879, 

p. 324 j id. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xv. p. 45 (1879) ; id. Orn. Pap. 
e Molucch. ii. p. 221 (1881). 
Adult male. Closely allied to P. chlorura, and differs only from the 

198 
LANIIDJE. 

male of this species by tlie colour of its tail, which is " without any 
trace of black, and quite uniform in colour, even to the very tips; 
the bill is comparatively larger and stronger than in any other species." 
(E. P. Hamsay.) 

Adult female. " Crown, sides of the head, neck, and all the upper 
surface dull earthy-brown; wing blackish brown, margined with, 
lighter brown; tail dull earthy-brown above, lighter below; ear-
coverts rich earthy-brown, which colour, becoming lighter, extends 
to the sides of the chest and forms an indistinct band across it; 
throat to the chest white; breast and abdomen deep yellow; under 
tail-coverts pale yellow; under wing-coverts white, washed with 
yellow; bill black; feet lead-grey." (Ramsay.) 

Total 

Bill. Wing. Tail.

length, 
in. in. m. m. 
c? .... 6 0*9 3-5 2-6 
$ .... 6 0-9 3-7 2-7 

Hob. Louisiade Islands and New Ireland. 

13. Pachycephala calliope, 
Pachycephala 
calliope, Bp. C. A. i. p. 328 (ess Mull., Mus. Lugd.); 
Wallace, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 486; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 388, no. 
5882. 

Adult male. Yery similar to P. melanura (var. P. macrorliyyicha, 
Strickl.), but differing from it in having the whole tail entirely 
greenish olive. 

Adult female. Yery similar to P. melanura, but generally a little 
paler, and having the under wing-coverts white. 

Young birds are like the adult female; but the ear-coverts and 
the under tail-coverts are very tawny or rufous-brown in colour; 
thighs and flanks pale yellow ; throat almost white, only a very little 
tipped with dark brown ; bill brown. 

Total 

Oilmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus.

length, 

in. in. in. in. in. 
(?... .
$ ,.. . 
7-0 
6-9 
0-8 
0-78 
3-5 
3-4 
2-9 
2-8 
0-92 
1*0 
? ... . 6-8 0-76 3-3 2-8 0-98 
Hal. Timor. 
-d. $ sisa-d. <J 5 
55 ad 
adad.
.. sk. E. Timor. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.l 
«>/• cJ? juv.sk. E.Timor. A. E. Wallace) Esq 

14. Pachycephala littayei. 
Pachycephala littayei, 
Layard, Ibis, 1878, p. 255; Tristram, Ibis, 
1879, p. 190, pi. vi. (<S $ ) ; id. Ibis, 1880, p. 228, 

199 

17 . PAOHYOEPHALA. 
Adult male. Like tho adult malo of P. calliope, but larger and 

much stouter than any other species known at present of the white-

throated and yellow-bellied PacJiycepJialce. " Bill black; legs purple-

brown ; iris dark crimson." 

Adult female. Canon Tristram says " the female is little less 

brilliant in colour than her mate." Tho differences from the male 

are the total absence of the black crescent on the fore nock, which 

in the females is dusky yellow; the head is slaty brown instead of 

black; tho ear-coyerts darker brown. The yellow collar on the 

hind neck is merely indicated by a faint olive-yellow band; outer 

web of secondaries broadly edged with olive-brown. Some of the 

white feathers of the throat arc slightly tipped with brownish, giving 

the throat a faintly freckled appearance. 

The young bird is darker olive-brown, and has the head more ashy


coloured. 

Total length over 7 inches. 

Oulmen. Wing, Tail. Tarsus, 
in. in. in. in. 
<$ ... . 0-9 3-9 3-2 1-05 
$ .... 0-93 3-8 8-1 1-05 

Hab. Loyalty Islands. 

a9h. <$% ad. sk. Lifu, Aug. 1878. E. L. Layard, Esq. [0,]. 
(Types of species.) 


c. Juv. sk. Loyalty Islands. Rev. J. K. Whitmee [0."|. 
15. Pachycephala morariensis. 
Pachycephala morariensis, Verr, # JDes M. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. I860, 
p. 11 j G. It. Gray, IIan&4. B. i. p. 389, no. 5906 ; Layard, Ibis, 
1877, pp. 357,362; Tristram, op. A1879, p. 183,- Gray in Brenchley, 
Cncise of the < Curacoa,' 1873, p. 376, pi. 12. 
Adult male. Above greenish olive, rather yellow on the upper tail-
coverts and the tail-feathers; wing-coverts olive-green; primary-
coverts dark brown, with a slight tinge of green on their outer webs; 
quills dark brown, edged with olive-green; head ashy grey, ear-
coverts blackish grey; chin, cheeks, and throat pure white; across 
the fore neck a very narrow black crescent, which is not connected 
with the grey behind the ear-coverts; rest of the under surface 
of the body bright yellow, tinged with orange; thighs and under 
tail-coverts yellow; under wing-coverts and axillaries yellowish 
white; edge of wing yellow; quills below silvery grey or darker, 
the inner web edged with white like the basal portion of the quills; 
"bill black; legs pale brown; eyes brown" (Brenchley). Total 
length 6 inches, oulmen 0*65, wing 3*4, tail 2*85, tarsus 0-95. 

Sab. New Caledonia. 

a. 
(S ad. sk. Port de France, New Gale J. Brenchley, Esq. [P.], 
donia, Oct. 1865. 
b. ? ad. sk. Isle of Pines, Oct. 3,1853 Gould Collection. 
(J. Macgillivray,) 
LANJLTJDiE. 

16. Pachycephalia astrolabi, 
Pie-griecke loriot, Eombr. et Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud, Atlas, Ois. pi. 5. 

fig. 3 (1843). 
Pachycepliala, sp. 15, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 271 (1845). 
Pachycepliala astrolabi, Bp. Consp. i. p. 329, note; id. C. R. xxxviii. 

p. 587 (1854) j Salvad. Ann. Mas. Civ. Gen. xv. p. 44 (1879); id. 
Om. Bap. e Mohwch. ii. p. 215 (1881). 
Pachycepliala orioloides, Jacq. et Pucker. Voy. Pole Sud, Zool. i. p. 57 
(1853); Bp. C. R. xxxviii. p. 537 ; Marti. J. f. O. 1854, p. 162 ; 
Gray, Cat. B. Trop. 1st. Pacific Oc. p. 20 (1859) ; Scl, P. Z. S. 
1869, pp. 118; 124 ; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 388, no. 5886; Ram-
say, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. iv. p. 70 (1880) ; Salvad. Ibis, 1880, 
p/126. 

Pseudorectes cinnamonieum, Ramsay, Nature, 1879, p. 125 {female, 

teste Salvad?). 

Pachycephalias christophori, Tristram, Ibis, 1879, p. 441. 

Pachycepliala chrystophori, Salvad. Ibis, 1880, p. 131; id. Orn. Pap. 

e Molucch. ii. p. 216 (1881). 

Adult male. General colour above yellowish olive-green; head 
jet-black, separated from the back by a collar of rich yellow; lores, 
feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts black ; chin black; cheeks 
and throat bright yellow; rest of the under surface of the body bright 
orange-yellow, with a very broad black gorget occupying the lower 
throat and fore neck, and joined on each side to the black ear-coverts ; 
wing-coverts and quills blackish or black; the lesser and median 
coverts and the secondary quills broadly, the primary and greater 
coverts very narrowly margined with yellowish olive; upper tail-
coverts and tail-feathers black, the latter with very narrow tips of 
yellowish ; thighs and under tail-coverts bright yellow, the former 
with black bases near the tibial joint; flanks slightly washed with 
green; under wing-coverts bright yellow, the greater series white, 
very faintly washed with yellow; quills blackish below, edged with 
white along the inner web. 

Young male. Similar to the adult, but duller olive-green, the 
head only rather darker than the back; aU the wing-coverts and 
the outer webs of the secondary quills broadly margined with olive-
green, and uniform with the back; upper tail-coverts olive-green, 
slightly more yellow; tail blackish, strongly washed with olive, 
especially on the margins and at the tips; the black spot on the chin 
absent; the black collar round the fore neck not so broad and not 
so deep black as in the adult male. 

Young male (one of the types of P. christophori of Tristram). 
Like the young male described above, but yet having the ear-
coverts olive-brown, and with only a few faint traces of the black 
collar. 

Female. According to Tristram, like the male, but wants the 
black collar. 
Ohs. The diagnosis given by Tristram for his P. christophori (3) 
agrees with an immature male of P. astrolabi, Bp. 

17. PACHYCEPHALA. 201 
Tail. Tarsus. 
in. in. in. in. in. 
<$ ad. 7-7 0-9 4-2 3-0 1-0 
5 juv. 
6 juv. 
tophi 
(type of P. chrisori, 
Tristr.). 
6-8 
6-0 
0-8 
0*75 
3'35 
3-4 
2-6 
2-5 
1-0 
1-0 

Fab. Solomon Islands. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Solomon Islands. 
Purchased. 
b. 
cJiuv.sk. Becherehe Bay, San Julius Brenchley, Esq. [P.]. 
Christoval, Sept. 1865. 
c. 
<$ juv. sk. Solomon Islands. Lieut. Bichards [0.]. (Type 
of P. christophori, Tristr.) 
d. $ 
juv. sk. San Christoval, Solomon Lieut. Bichards [0.]. 
Islands, May 21, 1879. 
17. Pachycephala torquata. 
Pachycephala torquata, & L. Layard in P. Z. S.1875, p. 150 ; id. in 
Ibis, 1876, pp. 146,154, 892; liamsay in Proc. Linn. Soc. N, 8. W. 

i. (1877), p. 77; Boioley, Orn. Misc. ii. (1877), p. 395, pi. lxxiv. 
(tf ? ) ; Layard, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 147. 
Pachycephala vitiensis (pt.), Finsch fy HartL Faun. Centr.-Polyn. 

p. 74, tab. viii. £3(5 tantum). 
? Pachycephala intermedia*, Layard, Ibis, 187'6,p. 154; id. P. Z. S. 
1879, p. 147. 

Adult male (type of species). General colour above dull yellowish 
olive ; wing-coverts black, with olive-coloured edges; quills black, 
margined with brown ; upper tail-coverts brownish olive; crown, 
sides of the head, and ear-coverts deep shining black; cheeks, chin, 
throat, and the whole under surface of the body brilliant orange-
yellow, with a narrow black collar across the chest connected with 
the black ear-coverts; tail entirely black, with the tip a little 
paler; under wing-coverts white, edged with bright yellow; edge 
of wing bright yellow ; quills below blackish brown, internally edged 
with pale rufous; " bill black; feet horny brown; iris brown" 

(E. L. Layard). 
Adult female (type of species). General colour above, including 
the head* and upper tail-coverts, dull chocolate-brown tinged with 
olive; wing-coverts dark brown, externally washed with rufous; 
quills also dark brown, the primaries narrowly edged with pale 
rufous, the secondaries broadly edged with rufous-brown; tail 
blackish brown, the tips of the feathers a little lighter ; lores dusky 
greyish; ear-coverts dull rufous-brown ; cheeks and throat uniform 
pale rufous-buff, with dusky centres and edges; chin whitish; rest 
of the under surface of the body fawn-colour, deepening on the breast 
into pale reddish brown, paling into buff on the abdomen and flanks; 

* P. intermedia, Layard, described from Viti Levu, with. " a perfect though 
narrow black ring round the neck,1' is very probably the same as P. torquatat 
Layard. 
202 
LANIlDiE. 

thighs slightly tinged with yellow; under wing-coverts pale fawn-
buff, with dusky basos to the feathors; quills dark brown below, 
internally edged with whitish; " legs slate ; iris dark orange " (E. 

L. La yard). 
YQUMJ female. Has the upper surface, head, and tail more brown, 
the outer web of the quills more chestnut-brown, and the under 
surface of the body pale buff, freckled with dusky-brown towards 
the abdomen, and the flanks more uniformly buff-coloured. 

length. Culmen-Win S-Tail-Tarsus-
in. in. in. in. in. 
Ad. d 07 0-7 3'85 3-85 1*05 
Ad. $ « 6-9 0-7 3-5 3*9 1-1 
Juv.J 6-5 0-7 3-45 8*8 1-01 

Hah, Island of Taviuni, Fiji group. 

a. 
£ ad. sk. Ngila, Taviuni, Fiji, E. L. Layard, Esq. [0.1. 
Aug. 2, 1875. 
b. $ ad. sk. Taviuni, April 16,1875. E. L. Layard, Esq. [0.]. 
c. 
Qjuv.sk. Somo-Somo, Oct. 16, Dr. KleinschmidtTC.l. 
1875. 
d-f. $ ad. sk. Taviuni (Liardet). } F.D.Oodman and 0. Salvin, 
I Esqrs. [P.]. 
g.Ji. $ ad. sk. Taviuni (Liardet). ) (Types of species.) 

18. Pachycephala graeffei. 
Pachycephala 
graeffei, Hartl Ibis, 1866, p. 172; Finsch <§• Hartl. 
Faun. Centr.-Polyn. 1867, t. viii. f. 2; Gray, Hand-l P. i. p. 389, 
no. 5905; Layard, Ibis, 1876, pp. 146, 391, 392 ; id. op. cit. 1879, 

p. 146 ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. 8oc. JS>. S. TV. i. pp. 72, 77. 
Pachycephala neglecta, Layard, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 147,* JEteidhn. fy 
Schaloiv, J.f. 0.1879, p. 323. 

Adult male. General colour above dark olive-green, slightly more 
yellow on the upper tail-coverts; wing-coverts black, washed 
externally with yellowish green; quills black, externally edged 
with greenish olive, more particularly on the secondaries; tail black, 
tipped with ashy brown; crown, sides of head, and nape shining 
black, in old specimens with a faintly defined yellowish crescent-
line on the hind neck; lores bright yellow; the whole under surface 
of the body rich yellow; on the sides of the fore neck and chest a 
few entirely black feathors (in some specimens the black confined 
to the outer web) forming a patch (this patch being very well developed 
in one specimen, which has the region near the lores and the 
lores themselves almost entirely black, only a very few feathers being 
tipped with yellow); thighs yellow, with blackish bases; under 
wing-coverts white, slightly margined with yellow, especially on the 
edge of the wing; quills ashy brown below, with white edges along 
the inner web; "bill black; feet livid brown; iris red-brownn 

(E. L* Layard). 
Young male (in moult). General colour above olive-brown ; head 
and neck spotted with single black feathers; primary and lesser 

17 . PACHYCEEHALA, 
203 

wing-coverts "black, tho others like the secondary quills, dark brown, 
broadly margined on the outer web with reddish brown; primary 
quills black, narrowly edged with greyish; some of the new secondaries 
havo already the outer web edged with olive-green; tail dark 
brown, tinged externally with olive-brown, with the tips somewhat 
lighter ; under wing-coverts and axillarics white, edged with 
bright yollow ; edge of wing yellow; under surface of the body very 
similar to that of the female described below, but more rufous on 
the chest and upper breast; the throat intermingled with single 

yellow feathers. 

Adidt female. General colour above, including the head and the 
upper tail-coverts, uniform chocolate-brown; wing-coverts and 
quills dusky brown, the primaries narrowly, the secondaries very 
broadly edged with rufous, so that the wing when closed seems 
almost entirely rufous ; tail dark chocolate-brown; under surface 
of body dull white, thickly mottled with reddish or dusky bars on 
the throat, and streaked with dusky on the breast; the sides of the 
body reddish; lower abdomen purer white; thighs dusky brown; 
under tail-coverts yellowish, with longitudinal dusky brown centres; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries pale ashy rufous; quills below 
greyish brown, lighter and rufescent on the inner web. 

Total 

length. Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 

in. in. in. in. in. 

Ad. c? &6 0-75 3-7 2'9 1-05 

Ad. <$ 0*5 0-7 3-65 2*7 1*05 

Juv. d ... . 6-3 0-7 3-55 2*6 1-05 

Ad. $ 6-5 0-7 3-6 2-9 1-05 

Hab. Fiji Islands. 

a, b, (S ? ad. sk. Viti Levu (Kleimchnidt). Mus. Godefiroy. 

c. <$ ad. sk. Viti Levu, Aug. 1875 Mus. GodeiFroy. 
(Xleinschmidt), 
d. 3 juv. sk. Kandavu, Aug. 31,1874. E. L. Layard, Esq. [CI. 
e. d ad. sk. Ovalau, March 20,1875. E. L. Layard, Esq. [O.J. 
/ . tf ad. sk. Savu Savu Bay, Fiji, Dr. Smith [0.1. 
Jan. 19, 1877. 
g, $ ad. sk. Fiji, April 7. Dr. Smith [0.]. 

19. Pachycephalia jacquinoti. 
Pie-grieche a masque noir, JELombr. et Jacq, Voy. Pole Stid, Atlas, 

pi. 5. f. 2. 
Paclrycepkala jacquinoti, Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 329. 
Eopsaltria melanops, Jacq, et Pucker, Voy, Pole Sud, Oiseaux, p. 56 

(18o3). 
Pachycephala melanops, Gray, Hand~l. B. i. p. 389, no. 5907. 

Yery similar to P. astrolabi^ Bp., but differing from that species 

in having the whole throat and fore neck deep shining black. Total 

length &5 inches, bill 0-7, tail about 2-75, tarsus L 

Bab. Yavao, Tonga Islands (Jacq. et Pucher,). 

LANIIDA 

204 

20. Pachycephala icteroides. 
Eopaaltria icteroides, Peak, TJn. St. Exph Exp. p. 97, pi. x. f. 3 
(1848). 

Pacliyceplialaflayifrons,Peak, Tin. St. Exph Exp. p. 96, pi. x. f. 1; 

Gray. B. Trop. Isl Pac. Oc. p. 20 j id. Eand-h B. i. p. 388, 

no. 5888; Layard, Ms, 1876, p. 505; id. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 147. 

Pie-grieche a diademe, Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud, pi. v. f. 1 

(young).

Pachycephala icteroides, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 217, sp. 15; Finsch 8f 
Earth Beitr. Faun. Centr.-Polyn. p. 76 (1867) ; Gray, Kand-l. B. 

i. p. 380, no. 58^7; Whitmee, Ibis, 1875, p. 440; Layard, op. cit. 
pp. 5, 146, 392, 504; id. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 140. 
Pacliycepliala hombroni, Bp. C. A. i. p. 329 (1850). 
Eopsaltria icteroides, Earth Wiegm. Arch. f. Ffaturg. 1852, p. 100. 
Pachycephala albifrons, Earth Wiegm. Arch. Natitrg. 1852, p. 101; 

Gray, B. Trop. Isl Pac. Oc. p. 20; id. Hand-l B. i. p. 389, no 
5904; Layard, Ibis, 1876, p. 505; id. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 147. 
Eopsaltria diademata, Jacq. et Pucher. Voy. Pdle Sud, Zool. iii. p. 55, 

t. v. f. 1 (1853). 
Eopsaltria icteroides, Bp. C. R. 1854, p. 537 ; Cassin, Tin. St. Expl. 
Eip. p. 161, pi. x.f.3(1858). 
Pacliycepliala diademata, Gray, B. Trop. Isl. Pac. Oc. p. 20 (1859). 

Adult male. General colour above, including the crown of the 
head and the upper tail-coverts, deep olive-brown; wings and tail-
feathers black, the outer web of the quills edged with grey; every 
one of the tail-feathers narrowly tipped with whitish yellow; forehead 
shining yellow, the feathers forming a band on each side from the 
nostrils to the upper margin of the eye; lores, cheeks, and ear-
coverts black: chin, throat, and fore neck yellow, tinged with grey; 
breast, abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts deep bright yellow; 
thighs deep olive-yellow; edge of the wing and under wing-coverts 
yellowish; under surface of quills blackish grey, with the basal 
half and the margin of the inner web whitish; " maxilla bluish 
black; mandible, feet, and claws horny brown; iris yellow" 
(Graeffe), "iris brown" (Peale). 

Two young specimens are like the adult male described above, 
but differ from it in having the forehead black, just tinged with 
yellow; chin, throat, and forehead greyish brown intermingled 
with yellow; the outer web of the secondaries and greater wing-
coverts margined with reddish brown. 

Another specimen ( tf ), from Upolu, received from the Museum 
Godcffroy, is exactly like the adult male, but has the chin, throat, 
and upper part of breast greyish white, only the terminal half of a 
few feathers tinged with yellow; the forehead is deep shining yellow 
like the whole under surface. 

A young female, from Upolu, is like the young male, but has 
the edges of the quills and ends of inner webs of the tail-feathers a 
little lighter; chin and throat and upper part of breast ashy brown, 
intermingled with whitish; the whole head uniform blackish 
brown and without any sign of a yellow frontal band; but a few 
feathers in this region are slightly paler, 

205 

17 , PACHYCEPHALA. 

Specimens in the plumage described by Poale as P. albifrons are 
like the adult male, but have the frontal band white, the chin 
blackish grey, the throat pale greyish white; the upper part of 
breast and throat are divided by a semicircular white band, which 
band is the result of the terminal half of the feathers of the upper 
breast being white; thighs dark olive-brown. 

A younger specimen from Samoa is of the same colouf, but has 
the throat and chin still blackish brown-grey, only a few feathers 
boing tipped with greyish white, but the white semicircular band is 
already visible. 

They are apparently female birds. 

The supposed females of this species in the collection of the 
British Museum are of a somewhat larger size than the males; and 
this would induce one to believe that they belong to a different 
species; but their size is of no importance, because the measurements 
of this species given by Peale himself show that his P. albi


. frons are the smallest and P. ieteroides the largest, whilst those 
specimens in the British-Museum collection which agree with P%. 
albifrons of Peale are the largest. 

Total length. Oulmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 
in. in. in. in. in. 
Ad. S 6-0 0-8 3'3 2-6 0*9 
Juv, $ 5*6 0-7 3-2 2-5 0*9 
Ad. $ (albifrons). 6-2 0-8 3-5 2-7 TO 
Ad. $ 6*0 0-72 3-5 2-6 TO 

Mab. Samoa Islands. 

a. <$ ad.; b. [c?J juv. sk. Samoa. Rev. J. S. Whitmee, 
c. <$ ad.; d. $ juv. sk. Upolu. Godenroy Museum. 
e. [c?l juv. sk. 
Samoa. Godenroy Museum. 
f. [d^.juv, sk. . Samoa. J. Gould, Esq. 
g. [J ] juv. sk. Samoa. Mr. Cuming, 
h. J ad. sk. 
Samoa. Purchased. 
21. Pachycephala falcata. 
Pachycephala 
falcata, Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 134; id. B. Austr, 
fol. ii. pi. 68; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 271; Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 328 j 
Reichenb. Vog. Neuh, pp. 227, 284; Finsch, Mil-Guinea, p. 175; 
Gould, Handb. B. Austral, i. p. 213; Gray, Kand-l. B. i. p. 388, 
no. 5873; Biggies, Orn. Austr. text & pi. 33; Ramsay, Tr. Linn. 
Soc. N. S. W. 1877, i. p. 380; id. op. cit. ii/"p. 181; Masters, 
ibid. pp. 224, 271. 

Adidt male. Very like the adult male of P. ruflventris, but having 
the ear-coverts, the lores, and the region round the eyes grey or 
ashy grey; " iris reddish brown ; bill black; feet blackish brown " 

(Gould). 

Adult female. Differs somewhat fr^mthe female of P. ruflventris 
according to Gould, who describes it as follows :—" Crown of the 
head and all the upper surface grey; ear-coverts brownish grey; 

206 
LAOTID^E. 

throat bufty white, passing into light buff or fawn-colour on the 
chest, flanks, abdomen, and under tail-coverts; the feathers of the 
throat and chest with a narrow dark line down the centre; wings 
and tail as in the male. Total length &5 inches, bill 0*3, wing 3*5, 
tail 2-75, tarsus 0-75." (Gould) 

Young male. Similar in colour to the female, but with the throat 
whiter, and the markings on the chest much more distinct and 
extending over the abdomen also. In very young individuals a rich 
colour or tawny tint pervades the greater part of the upper surface* 

(Gould.) 
Ohs. The longitudinal brown streaks on the shafts of the feathers 
are much narrower in one of the females of the British-Museum col


lection than in P. rufiventris. 
Adult dAdult d 
Adult $
Total length. Oulraen.
in. 
6-0 
6-0 
5-6 
in. 
0-64 
0-6 
0-6 
Wing. 
in. 
3-6 
3-51 
3-45 
Tail. 
in. 
2-7 
2*7 
2-6 
Tarsus, 
in. 
0-9 
0-9 
073 

Hob. Northern Australia. 

a. d ad. sk. Port Essington. Oapt. W". Chambers, R.N. 
b. d ad. sk. Port Essington. Oapt. W. Chambers, R.N. 
c. 5 ad. sk. Port Essington. J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.]. 
d,e. $ 
J ad. sk. Port Essington. F. D. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 

f. $ ad. sk. N.W. Australia, May 1856. G. R. Elsey, Esq. [P.]. 
22. Pachycephala pallida. 
Pachycephala pallida, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. ii. 1878, 
pp. 181, 224. 

Adult male. " All the upper surface dull slate-grey, lighter on the 
upper tail-coverts and base of the outer webs of the tail-feathers ; 
the wings and tail-feathers blackish brown, margined with ashy 
white, a little broader on the secondaries and upper wing-coverts, 
the feathers of the crown of the head and forehead with a narrow 
line of blackish brown down the centre; throat to the chest white ; 
lower portion of the ear-coverts, a line down the side of the neck, 
joining a narrow band of the same colour across the chest, black ; 
remainder of the under surface white, faintly tinged with light 
cream-colour. 

" The female has the same upper plumage as the male, with a 
faint tinge of olive; under surface white, washed with a light 
creamy tint on the breast and sides; all the throat, sides of the 
face from the angle of the mouth, the chest, breast, and flanks 
strongly striated down the centre of the feathers with blackish 
brown; under tail-coverts white, with a narrow line of brown down 
the centre of each feather. 

17 . PACHYCEPHALA. 
207 

" Both sexes are of the same dimensions. Total length 5*5 inches, 
wing 3*5, tail 2*8, tarsus 0*8, hill from forehead 0-5, from nostrils 
0*35, from gape 0*7. 

" This species is undoubtedly closely allied to P. falcata of Gould • 
it is, however, slightly smaller, and wants the rufous under surface 
of that species, and may at once he distinguished from it by having 

the pectoral band extending upwards to the base of and joining to 
the ear-coverts, which Mr. Gould distinctly states is not the case in 
his P falcata" 

Besides the differences pointed out by Eamsay, P. pallida has 
the lower portion of the ear-coverts black, those parts being in 

P. falcata brownish grey. 
Hab. "Gulf of Carpentaria and southward to Georgetown" 
(Ramsay, op. cit.). 

23. Pachycephala xautherythraea. 
Muscicapa xantketreea, Forst. Bescr. Anim. p. 268 (1844). 

Pachycephala xanthetrsea, Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 102 • id. B. Trop. 

Isl. Pacific Ocean, p. 21 * id. H.and-1. B. i.. p. 388, no. 5889; Layard, 

Ibis, 1877, pp. 357, 362. 

Pachycephala assimilis, Verr. et JDes Murs, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1860, 

p. 394; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 388, no. 5890. 
Adult male. Besides its smaller size, this species differs from 

the male of P. falcata only by the colour of the plumage of the 

chest and fore neck • it has on the fore neck a rather narrow cres


cent of black: which runs across the lower throat and joins the 

black ear-coverts; below this black collar is a second but indi


stinct band of pale grey, and the flanks are also slightly washed 

with grey; upper border of the eyes and lores bluish grey, like the 

top of the head * " eyes reddish brown " (Brenchley). 

Adult female. I cannot find any difference in plumage between 

the females of P. oc antherythr ma and P. falcata. " Maxilla horn


colour ; mandible orange; feet silver-grey; iris dark fawn" 

(Layard). 

$. Total length 5'5 inches, culmen 0*60, wing 3*3, tail 2-6, 

tarsus 0*85. 

$ . Total length 5*7 inches, culmen 0*60, wing 3*25, tail 2*55, 

tarsus 0*85. 

Hab. New Caledonia. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Nu, Port de Prance, NewCale- J. Macgillivray, Esq. [C.]. 
donia, April 20,1858. 
b. $ ad. sk. Nu, June 28,1858. J. Macgillivray, Esq. [C.]. 
c. S ad. sk. New Caledonia. Purchased. 
d. <S ad. sk. Port de France, Oct. 1865, Julius Brenchley, Esq. 
[P.]. 
e. 2 ad. sk. Noumea, Feb. 20, 1877^J. L.T 
E. L. Layard, Esq. [CI. 
/. $ ad. sk. Noumea, March 10,1877. E. L. Layard, Esq. 
208 LANimaE. 

24. Pachycephala rufiventris. 
Rufous-vented Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 248 (female). 

Sylvia rufiventiis, Lath. Lid. Orn. Suppl. ii. p. liv. 

Rufous-vented Honey-eater, Lath. Gen. Hist, vol. iv. p. 183. 

Orange-breasted Thrush, Leivin, B. New Holland, pi. 8. 

Pachycephala pectoralis, Vig. § Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 239 

(wc Lath.); Gould, B. Austr. fol. ii. pi. 67 ; Reickenb. "Fog. Neu


holl pp. 158, 284 j Diggles, Orn. Austr. text & pi. 33. 

Pachycephala striata, Fig. # Horsf. t. c. p. 240. 

Lanius macularius, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de VAstrol., Zool. i. p. 257, 

pi. 31. f. 1 {young); Diggles, Orn. Austr. pi. 33. figs. 3, 4. 

Pachycephala Vufiventris, Gray, Ann. N. H. xi. p. 193; id. Gen. 

B. i. p. 271; Bp. C. A. i. p. 328 ; Cab. Mm. Hein. i. p. 66; Gould, 
Handb. B. Austr. i, p. 212; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 388, no, 5872; 
Ramsay, Fr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. 1877, p. 380; id. ibid. ii. 
r i8i. 

Adult male. General colour above, including the hind neck, 
scapulars, and upper tail-coverts, uniform grey; head also grey, 
but every feather with a dark centre; wing-coverts and quills blackish 
brown, the primaries narrowly, the secondaries broadly margined 
with light grey on the outer web ; tail blackish, brown, edged and 
tipped with grey; lores, eyebrows, and ear-coverts black; chin, 
cheeks, and throat pure white, enclosed by a black crescent on the 
fore neck and upper chest, which collar is connected with li e black 
of the ear-coverts; breast, abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts 
orange-brown, strongly washed with pale grey near the black 
collar; under wing-coverts, axillaries, and edge of wing pale orange-
brown ; under surface of quills blackish, with whitish margins on 
the inner web; " bill black; feet olive-black; iris reddish hazel" 

(Gould). 

Young male. Similar to the adult male, but having the upper 
surface more ashy grey, the throat not yet pure white, the collar 
only represented by a faint dusky tinge on the feathers of the fore 
neck, the centres of the feathers of the under surface being pale 
orange-brown, and with dark-brown central streaks. 

Adult female (type of P. striata, Yig. & Horsf.). Upper parts 
like those of the male, but very slightly tinged with ashy brown; 
wings and tail as in the male; lores and ocular region and ear-
coverts ashy brown ; chin, throat, and cheeks white, with dark 
brown shaft-streaks; underparts pale isabelline, with conspicuous 
dark brown shaft-streaks on the breast, less distinctly streaked on 
the abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts. 

There is a specimen in the British-Museum collection (procured 
by Capt. Sturt in South Australia) which is very pale or creamy 
buff below, without any streaks on the abdomen and under tail-
coverts. Another specimen has the underparts more tinged with 
yellow instead with rufous. " Bill flesh-brown ; corner of the 
mouth yellow; feet lead-colour ; iris blackish brown " (Gould). 

17. PACIirCEPHALA. 
Total 
length. Gulmeru 

Adult S
Adult $
$ (type)
Adult ? (pale spec.)


Hab. Australia. 


in. in. 

 6-8 0-62 

 6-7 0-6 

 6-3 0-61 

 6-0 0-5 

a. $ ad. sk. Australia. 
b,c. 3 2 ad. sk. Australia. 

d. $ juv. ? sk. Australia. 
e. <$ ad. sk. * Australia. 
fi 9: 6 2 ad. sk. 8outli Australia. 
h, i. $ J ad. sk. South Australia. 
k. [3~] ad. sk. South Australia. 
I 2 ad. sk. New South Wales. 
m.mg ad. j n. <$ Port Lincoln, 
juv. sk. 

o. <5 ad. sk.
P> 2-d j r' ? a#sk.
s,t. <$ 2 ad. sk.

u. 2 ad. sk.
v. S ad. sk. 
Richmond river. 
Brisbane, Queensland 

(Cockerell). 

 Lake Elphinstone. 
Port Molle, Queensland, 
May 3, 1881 

(Dr. Coppinger). 

 Port Darwin, Oct. 1881 

(Dr. Coppinger) < 

Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 
in. in. in. 
8-75 3-0 0'83 
3-9 3-1 0-9 
3-6 3-1 0-85 
3-6 2-9 0*81 

Linnean Society [P.]. (Type 
of P. striata, Vig. & Ilorsf.) 
J", B. Jukes, Esq. [P.]. 

J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.I. 
Sir T. Mitchell IP.], 
Sir G. Grey [P.J. 
Oapt. Sturt [P.J. 
Gould Collection. 
Gould Collection, 
Gould Collection. 
Mr. A. P, Goodwin [C,]. 

F. B. Godrnan andO, Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
Mus. Godeffroy. 
Voy.of H.M.S.'Alert. 

Voy. of H.M.S. ' Alert' 

25. Pacliycepliala rufogularis, 
Pachycephala inornata, Gould, JP. Z. S. 1844, p. 164 (young). 

Pachycephala ruf ogularis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 104 ; id. B. Austr. 
fol. ii. pi. 70; id. Handb. B. Austr. p. 215; Bp. C. A. i. p. 328; 
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 388, no. 5893; Bamsay, Proc. Linn. 8oc. 

N. 8. W. ii. p. 181. 
Adult male. Very similar to P. gilberti, but differing in the following 
points :—General colour above deep brownish grey; lores 
and cheeks rusty brown liko the chin and throat; the whole under 
surface, except an irregular band of greyish on the chest, reddish 
sandy brown; under wing-coverts pale greyish buff; "bill black; 
feet blackish brown; iris reddish brown." (Gould.) 

Adult female. Differing from the male in having the throat and 
under surface greyish white, the chest being crossed by an obscure 
mark of greyish brown, and with a line down the centre of each 
feather; under wing-coverts dull white. Total length 7 inches, 
culmen 0-75, wing 4-25, tail 3*5, tarsus 1. (Gould.) 

Hab. South Australia and Tasmania. 
Obs. The specimens in the collection of the British Museum are 
hot in good condition; and I cannot state with certainty to what 
VOL. VIII. P 

L.1NIID2E. 

species (either P. mfogularis or P. gilberti) they belong, or if they 
are young males or females of P. ?*ufogularis. 

a. 9 ad. sk.
b 2 i LIV. sk 
South Australia. 
South Australia. 
Sir G. Grey [P.]. 
Purchased. 
cd. 
3 luv. sk.
2 ad. sk. 
New South Wales. 
W. Australia. 
J. Gould, Esq. [C], 
F. D. Godman and 0. 
* Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
Ad. sk. Tasmania. Bonald Gunn, Esq. [P.]. 

26. Pachycephala gilberti. 
Pachycephala gilberti, 
Gould, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 107; id. B. Austr. 
fol. 1848, ii. pi. 71; id. Handb. B. Austr. p. 216; Gray, Kand4. 

B. i. p. 388, no. 5874; Ramsay', Proe. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. 
p. 181. 
Pachycephala inornata, Bp. C. A. i. p. 328. 
Adult male. General colour above, scapulars, and upper tail-
coverts dark greyish brown washed with olive ; wing-coverts, quills, 
and tail-feathers uniform dusky brown, the secondaries and the 
coverts externally edged with pale olive; head and ear-coverts 
dusky grey, some of the feathers slightly tipped with blackish; 
lores black; cheeks and throat rusty red, fulvescent on the chin ; 
centre of the breast, the whole abdomen, and the under tail-coverts 
sandy buff; chest, sides of the breast, and flanks washed with 
brownish grey; under wing-coverts, axillaries, and edge of wing 
rusty red ; thighs dusky grey; under surface of quills dusky grey, 
internally edged with whitish; "bill and feet black; iris light 
brown55 (Gould). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 4*1, 
tail 3*5, tarsus 1. 

Adult female. Upper surface like the male, but wanting the black 
lores and the rusty red on the throat, the throat and fore neck being 
grey, gradually passing into the buff of the rest of the under surface 
; under tail-coverts, edge of the wing, and axillaries pale buff. 

Bab. Western and Southern Australia. 

a. c? ad. p-k. South Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.]. 
b. J ad.ortfjuv. South Australia. Gould Collection. 
c. $ ad. sk. Port Lincoln. J. Gould, Esq. [C.l 
d. [ d1 ] ad. sk. River Darling (Dr. Pechey). J. Gould, Esq. [0 J. 
e. S1 ad. sk. Brisbane (Oockerell). F. I).* Godman and 0. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
/, g. <$ ad. sk. "West Australia. F. 1). Godman and O. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.J. 
A, i. Imm. sk. West Australia. F. D. Godman and 0. 
S'alvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
k, L <$ imm. sk. King George's Sound. Gould Collection. 

17 . PACEYCEX^nALi* 
211 

27. Pachycephala xanthoprocta. 
Pachycephala xanthoprocta, Gould, Bi/n. B. Austr. 1837, fig. 2 (Juv.) j 
id. P. Z. S.1837, p. 149; Bp. a A. i. p. 329 • Gray, Ibis, 1862, 

p. 226; id. Hand-l. B, i. p. 388, no. 5894. 
The two specimens of this bird in the British Museum are labelled 
male and female. 

They seem to be very similar to the female of P. menialis; but 
their bills have quite a different shape, and they differ, besides, 
from the female of that species in the following points :—The general 
colour above is less yellowish and more olivaceous, and the whole 
under surface is pale fuscous, only the under tail-coverts yellow, 
but nowhere so glossy as in P. mentalis; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries white, washed with fulvous; edge of wing more yellowish; 
" eyes reddish brown; bill black, on the base brown; feet fuscous " 

(Gould). 

Thus, as far as the colour of the plumage is concerned, these birds 
might be young females of P. mentalis; but, besides the shape of their 
bill, their wings and tails are somewhat longer. 

<$. Total length 6-8 inches, culmen 0*73, wing 3*7, tail 3*2, 
tarsus 1-2. 
$ . Total length 6*7 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*7, tail 3*2, 
tarsus 1*2. 
Sab. Norfolk Island. 

a, b. S $ ad, sk. Norfolk Island, June 1865. J. Brenchley, Esq. [P.]. 

23. Pachycephala rufinucha. 
Pachycephala rufinucha, Set. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 692; Sahad. Ann. 
Mus. Civic. Genov. x. p. 141 (1877), xv. p. 46 (1879). 
Pachycephala (?) rufinucha, Salvad. Orn. Pap. e MoluccJie, ii. p. 225 
(1881). 

Adult male. General colour above, including the scapulars, outer 
edge of the quills and wing-coverts, and the upper i ail-coverts dull 
yellowish olive, deepening into brown on the tail-feathers; quills 
blackish brown ; front half and sides of the crown ashy grey, occiput 
maroon-red, separated from the olivaceous colour of the back by a 
narrow grey band ; cheeks grey ; chin dull white; throat yellow ; 
breast and abdomen white, changing into fuscous olive on the sides 
of the body and the flanks ; thighs fuscous; " bill and feet black; 
iris chestnut-brown " (d'Albertis). 

Another specimen, labelled a male, has the head spotted with 

olive-brown feathers, and the maroon-red on the occiput is not yet so 

well developed as in the other male. Some of the wing-coverts 

are externally edged with deep rufous; centre of breast white, but 

most of the feathers more or less strongly washed or edged with 

fulvous, olive-brown, or rufous. 

P2 

212 
LA.NIIDJE. 

c$. Total length 6-2 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*25, tail 2-9, 
tarsus 1"2. 
Obs. Neither of the specimens in the collection of the British 
Museum is, I think, a fully aduLt bird. 
Hab. Arfak mountains, N.W. New Guinea. 

a. $ ad ? sk. Arfak mountains; Jan. 30,1870. 
M. L. Lagiaize [C.]. 
b. cS jar. ? sk. Arfak mountains, Feb. 16,1870. 
M, L. Lagiaize [C.]. 

29. Pachycephala olivacea. 
Pachycephala olivacea, Vig. fy Horsf. Linn. Tr. xv. p. 241; Gould, 
Syn. i?. Austr. pt. viii. ; id. B. Austr. fol. ii. pi. 73, tf $ ; id. 
Jttandb. B. Austr. p. 218; Bp. C. A. i. p. 329; Gray, Hand-l. B. 
I p, 389, no. 5908; Ramsay, Broc. Linn. Soe. N. S. W. ii. p. 181. 

Timixos nieruloides, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi. 1842, p. 195. 

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and tail uniform brownish olive, 
a little lighter and yellowish on the upper tail-coverts ; wing-
coverts and quills blackish brown, the secondaries externally broadly 
edged with chestnut-olive; head greyish brown; ear-coverts blackish 
brown; chin and throat greyish white, each feather tipped with 
brown ; under surface of the body fnlvous-brown, deepening on the 
breast, becoming paler on the under tail-coverts; thighs fulvousbrown 
; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale fulvous. 

The female is like the male, but has the head olive-brown instead 
of greyish brown; the general colour above chestnut-olive. According 
to Gould the young resembles the female, and assumes the 
adult colouring at an early age. 

S. Total length 8 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*8, tail 4, tarsus 
1-35. 
$ . Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*7, tail 3*8, tarsus 
1*2. 
Hab. Tasmania and South Australia. 

a. $ 
ad. sk. Tasmania. Linnean Society [P.]. 
(Type of species.) 
b. <S ad. sk. Tasmania. 
Purchased. 
c. J ad bk. Tasmania. Ronald Gunn, Esq. [P.], 
d. Ad. sk. Tasmania, Eyton Collection. 
e. Ad. sk. Tasmania, Gould Collection. 
/, g. Ad. sk. Tasmania. F. D. Godman and O. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.], 

h. Ad. sk. Upper Yarra. Gould Collection. 
». c? ad. sk, South Australia. J. Gould, Esq. 
h. Skeleton. 
Purchased. 
30. Pachycephala albispecularis, 
Pachycephala 
albispecularis, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic, Genov. vii. 
(1875), p. 931. 
Pachycephalopsis (?) albospecularis, Saluad. op. cit. xv. p. 48 (1879) ; 
id, Orn, Bap. e Molucdie, ii. p. 237 (1881). 

17 . PACHYCEPITALA. 
213 

Adult male. General colour above olivaceous grey; week ashy 
grey, a little deepening on the top of the head, the lores, and the ear-
coverts ; lesser wing-coverts ashy grey, the greater and primary ones 
fuscous black, the others fuscous olivaceous; wings fuscous, externally 
edged with olivaceous brown, except the first three and the 
last three feathers of the wing, which become blackish near the base 
of the outer web, and have a white patch on each web ; the last 
three secondaries uniform olivaceous brown; tail-feathers fuscous, 
externally washed with brown ; under wing-coverts fuscous, edged 
with white; chin grey; throat, cheeks, and abdomen white; on the 
breast a pale ashy crescent; flanks and under tail-coverts rufescent; 
bill fuscous, pale at the tip; feet pale in the skin. Total length 
7*6 inches, culmen 0-63, wing 3-65, tail 245, tarsus 1*32. 

Hob. Arfak mountains. (One male, collected by Mr. Bruijn, in 
Mus. Civic. Genova.) 

31. Pachycephala hyperythra. 
Pachycephala hyperythra, Salvad. Ami. Mus. Civic. Genov. vii. p. 932 
(1875), x. p. 142 (1877), xv. p. 47; id. Orn. Pap. e Mohcche, ii. 

p. 232 (1881). 
Male. Back, wings, and tail warm olivaceous brown, the outer 
aspect of the quills and tail-feathers more yellowish olive; crown of 
head and lores dark slaty-grey, the feathers below the eye blackish; 
ear-coverts dusky brown; cheeks and throat white ; rest of under 
surface bright rufous; under wing-coverts rufescent; wings below 
dusky, internally margined with ashy fulvous; " bill black; feet 
fleshy colour ; iris chestnut" (d'Alh.). f* 
Female. Similar to the male, but a little smaller in size, and with 
the forehead and the lores somewhat rufescent. (Salvadori.) 
$. Total length 6*1 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*5, tail 2'45, 
tarsus 0*8. 
$ . Total length 5-9 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*35, tail 2*3, 
tarsus 0*8. 
The young birds differ from the adult by the chestnut-red colour 
of the external margin of the wings and the wing-coverts, They are 
therefore similar to the young bird of P. griseiceps. Gray. (Salvadori.) 
Bab. New Guinea. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Astrolabe mountains. Mr. A. Goldie [O.]. 

32. Pachycephala orpheus. 
Rylocharis orpheus, Verreaux MS. (teste Jardine). 

Pachycephala orpheus, Jard. Contr. Orn. 1849, p. 129, pi. 30 (female); 

Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 389, no. 5912; Finsch, Neur Guinea, p. 175 

(1865). 

Hyloterpe orpheus, Bp. C. A. i. p. 329 (1850). 

Adult General colour above greenish brown, passing into dull 
yellow on the rump and the upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts and 
quills umber-brown, externally edged with pale olive-brown; tail 

214 LANIIIL32. 

umber strongly washed with yellow, somewhat darker than the upper 
tail-coverts ; head dull ashy grey: lores, forehead, and superciliary 
stripe whitish grey; ear-coverts reddish brown; chin and throat 
white; breast pale fawn-but?, paler on the abdomen and flanks; 
under tail-coverts bright yellow; thighs pale brownish, terminal 
half yellow; under wing-coverts and axillaries whitish, tinged with 
pale fawn-colour; under surface of quills dusky brown, edged with 
whitish on the inner web; bill dark umber-brown ; feet grey or 
lead-colour. Total length 5'5 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2-S5, tail 
2-4, tarsus 0-8. 

Hab. Timor. 

Obs. Two specimens from Eastern Timor differ from the specimens 
described above by having the head of the same colour as the 
back, and the bill horny brown : they may be young birds. 

a,b, ($) c. $ ad. sk. Eastern Timor. A. E. Wallace, Esq. rc.\ 
d, e, f. JUT. ? sk. Eastern Timor. A. &. "Wallace, Es<j. *"C."\ 

g. Ad. sk. Timor, May 28. J. Gould, Etq. ~C\ . *" 
h. Ad. sk. E. Timor (A. E. Wallace). Gould Collection. 
33. Pachycephala phseonotus. 
Myiolestes phaionotus, Mull.Mus.Lxigd. (type examinedhy Sahadori); 
Bp„ Consp. i. p. 358 ; Sahad. P. Z S. 1878, p. 84 ; id. Ann. Mm. 
Civ. ix. p. 65 (1876) ; id. Orn. Papitaaia e Molueehe, ii. p. 230 
(1881). 

Pachycephala brunnea, Wall. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 478; Gray, Hand-1. 

B. i p. 389, no. 5903 -Sahad. Ann. Mm. Civ. Gen. ix. p. Qo 
(1876). 
Pachycephala senex, von Pelzeln, Verli. 7c. zool.-hof. Ges. Wien, xxii. 

p. 429 (1872); Meyer, Sitz. k. Akad. Wiss. Witn} Ixix. p. 393 
(1874); Mater, Ibis, 1874, p. 417. 
Pachycephala pkasonota, Salvad. in Voy.c Challenger/ Aves. pi. xyiiL 
fig." 1; id. Ann. Mns. Civ. Gen. xv. p. 47 (1879)• id. Orn. Pap e 
Molueche, ii. p. 230 (1881). 

Adult. Hale and female are alike in plumage. General colour 
above, scapulars, the outer web of the secondary quills, and the 
tail-feathers uniform earthy brown; wing-coverts and. quills dark 
brown, externally edged with the colour of the back; head ashy 
grey ; lores blackish; ear-coverts brown; chin, cheeks, and throat 
white; rest of underparts dirty brownish white, more washed with 
pale brown on the breast and flanks; middle of abdomen and under 
tail-coverts almost white; under wing-coverts, axillaries, and edge 
of wing white; under surface of quills dusky, internally edged with 
white; " bill black; feet pale brown " ( Wallace). 

Young female. Like the adults, but with the head olivaceous 
brown (Meyer). 
Total length 6*3 inches, culmen 0*72, wing 3*4, tail 2*7, tarsus 
0-87. 
Hah. Jknda, Ceram-laut, llysol, Salwatty, "Waigiou, ilafor, Ternate, 
Dammar, Mareh, Motir, Tifore (Balvqdori). 

17 . PACHYCEPHALA. 
215 

a. 
<$ ad. sk. Salwatty. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. (Type 
of P. bnmnea.) 
b. 5 ad. sk. Banda. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [CI. 
c. d. <$ 2 ad. sk. Banda. Voyage of H.M.S. ' Challenger.' 
34. Pachycephala griseiceps. 
Pachycephala 
vireseens, Mull, in Mus. Lugd. {type examined by 
Salvadori); Scl. Pr. Linn. Soc. ii. 1858, p. 161 (ex Mull MS. in 
Mus. Lugd., sed descr. mdld); Grmj, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 192,1861, 

p. 435; id. Cat. B. New Guinea, p. 31; Posenb. Wat. Tijdsch. Ned. 
Ind. xxv. p. 223 (1863); id. J.f. 0.1864, p. 120; Finsch, Neu-
Guinea, p. 175 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 388, no. 5897; Sedvad. 
Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xii. p, 330 (1878); Posenb. Malay. ArcHp. 
p. 555 (1879). 
Pachycephala griseiceps, Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 178; id. Cat. B. 
New Guinea, p. 30 ; id. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 435 ; Posenb. Nat. Tijdsch. 
Ned. Ind. 1863, p. 223; id. J.f. 0. 1864, p. 120; Finsch, Neu-
Guinea, p. 174; Gray, Hand-l. i?. i. p. 388, no. 5876; Pek. Verh. 
zool.-bot. GeseU. Wien, 1872, p. 429, pt.; Meyer, Sitz. h. Ahad. 

Wien, 1874, lxix. p. 394; Sclat. Ibis, 1874, p. 417; Salvad. Amu 
Mus. Civ. Gen. viii. p. 399, ix. p. 29; Salvad.fyDAlb, op. cit. xiv. 
(1879) p. 71; Salvad. Orn. Pap. e Molucche, ii. p. 225 (1881). 

Hyloterpe griseiceps, Walden, Tr. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 179 (1875). 
Pachycephala squalida, Oustalet, Bull. Soc. Philom, de Paris, Dec. 
1877; Salvad. Ibis, 1879, p. 106 {young). 

Pace of Jobi Island. 
Pacnycephala griseiceps, pt., Meyer, Sitz. h. Ahad. Wiss. Wien, lxix. 

p. 394 (1874); Scl. Ibis, 1874, p. 417. 
Pachycephala griseiceps, var. jobiensis, Meyer, I. c. 
Pachycephala jobiensis, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xv. p. 46 
(1879) ; id. Orn. Pap. e Molucche, ii. p. 227 (1881). 

Pace (?) of Miosnom Island. 

Pachycephala miosnomensis, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xv. p. 46 
(1879) ; id. Orn. Pap. e Molucche, ii. p. 227 (1881). 

Adult male. General colour above, including the hind neck and 
scapulars, uniform olive-brown, on the upper tail-coverts inclining to 
somewhat lighter brown; wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers fuscous 
brown, externally washed with olive-yellowish ; head brownish 
grey; a line from the nostrils extending over each eye dull white; 
ear-coverts reddish brown; chin, cheeks, and throat dull white, 
slightly tinged with light brown, which colour becomes more prevalent 
on the chest; breast, abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts 
whitish yellow, becoming browner towards the flanks; a line of 
demarcation between the colour of the chest and breast not well 
defined; under wing-coverts white, like the inner margin of the 
quills, which are dusky brown below. 

In younger males the white feathers of the throat have pale-
brown central streaks, and the terminal parts of the feathers are 

216 LANIID2B. 

more tinged with brown, although very slightly; "bill black; feet 

dusky olive; iris dark" (Wallace). 

Obs. In the collection of the British Museum is" a specimen, col


lected by "Wallace and marked a female, which has the outer webs 

of the secondary quills strongly edged with rufous-brown, and the 

bill in the skin rather pale brown. It is apparently a young bird. 

Total length. Oulmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 

in. in. in. in. in. 

tf (type) 6-0 0-62 S'2 2-5 7-5 

? , o-9 0-6 3-1 2-5 7'3 

Hah. Aru Islands, Waigiou, Mysol, Salwatti, New Guinea. 

a. <5 ad. sk. Aru Islands. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 
(Type of species.) 
I, c. (S ad. sk. Aru Islands. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 

d. $ ad, sk. Aru Islands (Wallace). Gould Collection. 
e. Juv.sk;/.Ad. Aru Islands. R D. Godman and O. 
sk, Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
g, h. £ $ ad. sk. New Guinea. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 

i. <5 juv. sk. Amberbaki, May 1877. M. Laglaize [0.1. 
k. Ad. sk. Arfak mountains. M. Laglaize [C*. 
I Ad. sk. Port Moresby. K. Broadbent, Esq. [C.]. 
m. Ad. sk. Aleya, South-east Papua, Dr. James [C.]. 
April 1876. 
n, Ad. sk. Salwatti. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 

o. Ad. sk. Lobo Bay, New Guinea. Gould Collection. 
p. 5 ad. sk. Waigiou. A. R. Wallace, Esq, [0.]. 
q. Ad. sk. Mysol. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.1. 
r, s. § ad. sk. Mysol. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.J. 
Obs. (1) In the island of Jobi P. griseiceps is represented by a 
slightly differently coloured race, P. jobiensis. The breast is only 
slightly tinged with brownish, whilst the yellow colour of the underpays 
is more pronounced on the abdomen and on the under tail-
coverts, and extends up to the lower breast. This race is slightly 
smaller than P. griseiceps. 

Ad. sk. Ansoes, island of Jobi, M. Laglaize ["CI. 
Feb. 3,1876. L J 


(2) Specimens from the island of Miosnom, according to Salvadori, 
are slightly larger in their dimensions than P. jobiensis. 
35. Pachycephala cinerascens. 
Pachvcephala lineolata, Salvad. (nee Wall). Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen vii 
p. 989 (1875), xv. p. 47. 
Pachycephala cinerascens, Salvad. op. cit. xii. p. 332 (1878), xv p 47* 
id. "Orn. Pap. e Molucche, ii. p. 230 (1881). ' 

Male. Above ashy; wings and tail fuscous ; sides of the head 
ashy; under surface of the body white; upper breast and flanks 
washed with grey; bill black; feet lead-colour. 

17 . PACHYCEPHALA, 
217 

Female. Above dull grey, somewhat olive; secondary quills near 
the end margined with, white; body below rufescent; feathers of 
fore neck and chest with dusky shaft-streaks; bill dusky; feet 
lead-colour. 

Total length 5*7 inches, culmcn 0-2, wing 3*15, tail 2-18, tarsus 

0-75. 

Hah. Islands of Ternate, Tidore, and Morotai. 

36. Pachycephala griseonota. 
Pachycephala 
griseonota, Gray, P. Z. S. 1801, p. 429; Finsch, Neu-
Guinea, p. 175 (1805) ; Gray, Hand-1. B. i. p. 388, no. 5877; von 
Pelzeln, Verh. h. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1872, p. 429; Meyer, Sits, h 
Ah. Wien, lxix. p. 393 (1874) ; Salvad. Ami. Mus. Civ. Gen. xii. 

p. 331 (1878;, xv. p. 46; id. Orn. Pap. e Molucche, ii. p. 229 
(1881) ; Posenb. Malay. Arolxip. p. 395 (1879). 
Pachycephala rufescens, Wall. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 341, 1863, p. 30; 
Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 175 ; Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 389, no. 5900; 
Salvad. Ami. Mus. Civ. Gen. xii. p. 331 (1878). 

Pachycephala lineolata, Wall. P. Z. S. 1862, pp. 335, 341, 1863, 

p. 30; Finsch, Neu-Chimea, p. 175; Gray, lland-l. B. i. p. 389, 
no. 5901; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xii. p. 332 (1878). 
Adult male (P. rufescens, Wall., from Bouru). General colour above 
dull brownish ashy ; crown and sides of head uniform ashy grey, with 
darker central streaks ; wing-coverts and quills dusky; the secondaries 
broadly, the primaries narrowly margined with light brownish 
grey ; upper tail-coverts like the back; tail-feathers uniform dusky, 
with ashy tips; chin and throat dull white, slightly shaded on the 
fore neck with pale ashy, passing into light reddish buff on the underpays, 
without any longitudinal streaks; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries creamy buff or a little more like the chest; thighs grey; 
" bill and feet black; iris dark " (Wallace). 

Adult male (typo of P. rufescens, Wall., from the Sula Islands). 
General colour above exactly like that of the male above described, 
only the outer margin of the secondary quills and the inner margin 
of the tail-feathers a little browner and less dusky than in the male. 
The whole under surface of the body and the thighs are nearly uniform 
cream-colour, dull white on the chin and throat. It is very 
likely not quite adult. 

$. Total length 6*1 inches, culmen 0*58, wing 3*2, tail 2*43, 
tarsus 0*85. 
$ . Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*56, wing 3*1, tail 2*43, 
tarsus 0*80. 

Adult female (type of P. lineolata, Wall.). Above uniform ashcoloured, 
or, as Wallace says, more or less tinged with olive-green, 
which colour becomes more distinct on the upper tail-coverts and 
the outer web of the tail-feathers, wThich are brownish; wings 
dusky brown, externally rather narrowly margined with olivaceous; 
lores and ear-coverts light ashy; chin almost white; throat pale 
cream-colour or, as Wallace says, pale ochraceous yellow, deepening 
on the chest and breast and middle of abdomen more into light 

21S 
LANIIDiE. 

creamy buff; flanks, under tail-coverts, and thighs paler, like the 
under wing-coverts and the axillaries ; the feathers on the throat 
and breast with dusky shaft-streaks; " bill and feet blackish; iris 
dark" (Wallace). 

The specimen from the Sula Islands is a little smaller, and the 
general colour above is more grey, and the olivaceous tinge extends 
only over the head and the upper tail-coverts; the under surface 
of the body is pale, and the feathers of the chin and throat are more 
streaked. 

Total length. Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 

in. in. in. in. in. 
.. . 6-0 0-6 3-1 2-5 0-87 

2. 
... 5-6 0-6 2-9 28 075 

?. 

The specimen described by Gray as P. griseonota is in the Museum. 
Prom an examination of this type it is evident that it is an immature, 
but not particularly young male. 

Hab. Bouru, My sol, and the Sula Islands. 

a. 3 ad. sk. Bouru. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [CI. 
b. $ ad. sk. Bouru. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.J. 
(Type of P. lineolata.) 
c. <$ juv. (?) sk. Bouru, Oct. 18,1870. Baron von Rosenberg [C.]. 
d. $ ad. sk. Sula Islands. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.J. 
(Type of P. rufescens.) 
e. J juv. ? sk. Sula Islands. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.l. 
f. d juv. ? sk. Mysol. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.J. 
(Type of P. griseonota.) 

37. Pachycephala rufipennis. 
Pachycephala 
mfipennis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 178; id. Cat. B. 
New Guinea, p. 31 ,• id. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 435 j Finsch, Next-Guinea, 

p. 174 (1865); Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 388, no. 5878; Bosenb. 
Malay. Arch. p. 336 (1879); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen.xiv. 
p. 653 (1879), xv. p. 46 (1879); id. Orn. Pap. e Molucche, ii. 
p. 228 (1881). 
? Myolestes, sp., Bosenb. Beis. naar Zuidoostereil, p. 80 (1867) (teste 
Saluad.). 

Adult female. Somewhat similar to the female of P. melanura. 
General colour above, including the scapulars, greater wing-coverts, 
and the tail-feathers uniform olive-brown ; wing-coverts and quills 
dark brown, edged with the same colour as the back; crown of 
head dark brown; lores and superciliary region brownish white; 
ear-coverts reddish brown; chin, cheeks, and throat white, with 
faint pale longitudinal stripes; remainder of the under surface 
yellowish white, strongly tinged on the chest with pale brown; 
under wing-coverts, axillaries, and edge of wing white; under 
surface of quills dusky silvery grey, internally edged with white; 
bill black in the skin; feet brownish. Total length &5 inches, 
culmen 0-7,,wing 3*3, tail 2*7, tarsus 0*84. 

17. PACHYCEPHAIA. 
219 

Obs. The type of this species described by Gray is in the collection 
of the British Museum, and has the secondaries externally 
broadly edged with reddish. It is undoubtedly a young bird. 

Hab. Ke Islands. 

a. $ juv. sk. K6 Islands. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. (Type 
of species.) 
b. 2 ad. sk. K6 Islands. A. R Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 
38. Pachycephala dubia. 
Eopsaltria 
brunnea, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 391 
(1876). 
Pachycephala brunnea, Ramsay (nee Wall), op. cit. iii. p. 382 
(1879), iv. p. 99 (1879)• Salvad.Ibis, 1879, p. 324. 
Pachycephala dubia, Ramsay, op. cit. iv. p. 99 (note) (1879); Salvad, 
Ann. Mits. Civ. Gen. xv. p. 46 (1879) j id. Orn. Pap, e Molucohe, 

ii. p. 228 (1881). 
" This species in general appearance resembles Pachycephalia 
simplex of Gould, but has no stripes on the breast or on the under 
surface ; the bill is also longer. Total length 5 | inches, wing 3*3, 
tail 2*5, bill 0*55." (Ramsay, I. c.) 

Eab. Port Moresby, S.E. New Guinea. 
Obs. This bird is, perhaps, nothing but the adult of P. simplex. 
See also p. 175 (footnote). 

a, b. Ad. sk. Astrolabe mountains, S.E. New Mr. A. Goldie [0.]. 
Guinea. 

c. Ad. sk. Astrolabe mountains, S.E. New Mr. A. Goldie [C.]. 
Guinea. 
39. Pachycephala simplex. 
Pachycephala 
simplex, Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 135* id. B. Austr. 
fol. ii. p. 72; Bp. C. A. i. p. 328; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 217; 
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 388, no. 5875; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. 

N. S. W. i. p. 391; id. op. cit. ii. p. 181; Masters, op. cit. ii. p. 271. 
Adult male and female. All the upper surface, including the head, 
wing-coverts, tail, and the outer margin of the quills, uniform 
fuscons brown; quills plain brown; lores and ear-coverts somewhat 
paler; chin, cheeks, and the rest of the under surface white, 
only tinged on the breast with pale fuscous, with a very faint 
stripe of brown down the centre of each feather; thighs fuscous; 
under wing-coverts, axillaries, and edge of wing white. The only 
specimen in the British-Museum collection has the lower breast, 
the abdomen, the flanks, and under tail-coverts entirely white. 
Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2*9, tail 2-35, tarsus 0*83. 

Hob. North Australia. 

a. Ad. sk. Port Essington. Capt. Chambers [P.]. 
220 LANHD2E. 

40. Pachycephala grisola. 
Muscicapa philomela, Temm. Mm. Beroh 
Tephroclornis superciliaris (Swains.), var., Blyth, J, A. S. Beng. xi. 


p. 799 (1842). 
Tephrodornis grisola, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 180 (1843) j id. op. 
cit. xiv. p. 573; id. Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. no. 886 (1849) ; Jerdon, 

B. hid. i. p. 411 (1802) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 367. 
Muscitrea cinerea, Blyth, Journ. A. S. B. 1847, p. 121. 
Hyloterpe philomela, Cab. Arch. f. Naturg. 1847, ii. p. 322 (ex Boie, 
MS.) ; Bj). C. A. i. p. 329; Cab. Mus. Hem. i. p. 64. 
Pacliycepliala grisola, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 217. 
Hylocharis pliilomela, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 389; no. 5911. 
Hyloterpe grisola, Walden, Ibis, 1874, p. 141. 
Muscitrea grisola, Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 102. 

Adult. General colour above more or less rufous umber-brown ; 
wing-coverts and quills greyish, umber; the primaries narrowly, 
the secondaries very broadly edged with rufous umber; tail umber; 
head dull ashy brown; forehead and lores light grey; throat and 
cheeks white, faintly mottled with brownish; chest whitish, slightly 
washed with umber ; remainder of the under surface white; feathers 
of the thighs brown, terminal half white; under wing- and tail-
coverts, axillaries, and edge of wing white ; under surface of quills 
dusky brown below, edged with white on the inner web; " bill 
black ; feet dark slaty; iris brown " (Wardlaw Ramsay). Total 
length 6-2 inches, culmen 0-63, wing 3*2, tail 2*7, tarsus 0*77. 

The sexes seem to be exactly alike in plumage. 

Obs. Two specimens in the collection of the British Museum 
have the whole outer web of the wing-coverts and of the secondary 
quills rufous ; the bill horny brown. They are apparently young 
birds, and are labelled females. 
Hab. Java, Sumatra, "N.W. Borneo. 

k, I. <$ 2 ac*-s^*

a. $ ad. sk.
b. 2 imm. sk.
c. 2 ad. sk.
d. S ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk. 
Pegu, July 10, 1877. 
Tenasserim. 
Malacca. 
Eastern Java. 
Java. 
Eugene W. Gates, Esq. [O.l 
Eugene W.Oates, Esq. [C. J. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [O.l 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.J. 
Purchased. 
/ . Ad. sk.
g, h. Ad. sk.
i 2 ad. sk. 
N.W. Borneo. 
Lumbidan, N.W. Borneo. 
Sarawak. 
Hugh Low, Esq. [C/. 
Governor IJssher [O.J. 
A. K. Wallace, Esq. [O.]. 

 Eombock (A. It. Wallace). Gould Collection. 
M, n. [2 ] juv.; Lombock. A, R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 

o. <$ ad. sk. 
41. Pachycephala bruimeicaTtda. 
? Hylocharis luscinia, S. Mull. Tijdseh. Nat. Qesch. en Phys. ii. p. 331 
(1835) (Sumatra) (descr. nulld). 
Hyloterpe brunneicauda, Salvad. Ann. Mm. Civic. Genov. xiv. (1879) 

p. 210. 
Above olivaceous brown ; head ashy ; tail brown j under surface 

221 

17 . PACHYCEPHALA. 
of the body white; fore neck and breast greyish; wings dusky, margined 
with the colour of the back; bill dusky; feet grey. Total 
length 5-2 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2'S5, tail 24, tarsus 0*85. 

Hah. Ajer Mantcior, Sumatra (one male, collected by Beccari, 
Aug. 6th). 
06s. Similar to //. grisola (Temm.) from Java, but differing from 
it in being smaller and in having the tail more reddish. (SalvadorL) 

42. Pachycephala philippinensis. 
Hyloterpe philippinensis, Walden, Ami. $ May. 2V. H. 1872, vol. x. 
n. 252; id. Tr. Z. S. 1877, viii. p. 170, pi. xxxi. fig. 2, ix. p. 250; 
id. P. Z. S.1870, p. 100; Wardlaw Ramsay, in Tiveeddalds Omith. 
Works, Append, pp. (556, (366; Gould, B. Asia, part 33. 
Adult male (Luzon, Jan. 1872). Head above greyish brown, with 
a slight olive tinge; the rest of the npper parts olive-green; ear-
coverts and cheeks and the region round the eye slightly reddish 
brown ; chin and throat dingy white; " an indistinct obscure zone 
crossing the breast and bordering the upper breast-plumage, consisting 
of feathers which are dark ashy at their base, then pure 
white, tipped with dirty yellow; the remainder of the under 
plumage, with the flanks and under tail-coverts, sulphur-yellow, 
each feather, however, being iron-grey at the base and then white " 
(Walden, I. c.) ; edge of wing yellow; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
white, washed with yellow; inner web of quills edged with 
yellowish white. Two specimens, male and female, from Dinagat, 
June, 1877: " iris dark brown; bill black; legs bluish grey." 
Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3*25, tail 2*8, tarsus 0-75. 

Hob. Islands of Luzon and Dinagat, Philippine archipelago. 

The description is taken from the type specimens in Capt. Wardlaw 

Bamsay's collection. 

43. Pachycephala sulfuriventer. 
Hyloterpe sulfuriventer, Walden, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1872, ser. 4, 
ix. p. 390 ; id. Tr. Z. 8. 1874, vol. viii. p. 117; Wardlaxo Ramsay, 
in TweeddaWs Orn. Works, Append, p. i)GQ. 
Adult All the npper parts olive-brown, darker on the head, but 

more ferruginous on the tail and lower back; quills dark brown, 

their outer edges and the greater part of the wing-coverts being of 

the same colour as the back; chin and throat dingy white, shading 

off on the upper part of the breast into pale brown, which again 

gradually changes into sulphur-yellow towards the centre of the 

breast; lower abdomen, under tail-coverts, and thighs bright sul


phur-yellow ; edge of wing yellowish; under wing-coverts and axil


laries white with a yellow tinge; bill and legs black in the skin. 

Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3*25, tail 2-5, tarsus 0*75. 

Hah. This well-marked species seems to be restricted to Celebes. 

222 
LANIID23. 

Obs. The description is taken from the type specimens in Capfc. 
Wardlaw Ramsay's collection. The tail in both of the typical specimens 
is 2-5 inches in length, and not 3 inches as is stated in the 
original description of these birds. 

44. Pachycephala monacha. 
Pachycepliala 
monacha, Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 179; id. Cat. B. 
New Guinea, p. 31; id. P. Z. S.1861, p. 435; Rosenb. Nat Tijdsch. 

xxv. p. 235 ; id. Malay. Arch. p. 366 (1879); id. J. 'f. O. 
1864, p. 120; Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 175; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. 
p. 388, no. 5879 ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xii. p. 332 (1878), 
xv. p. 47. 
Pachycepliala 
lugubris, Scl. Proa. Linn. Soc. ii. 1858, p. 161, spec. 
72 (ex Midler MS. in Mus. Lugd., descr. nulla) (type examined 
by Salvadori); Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 192; id. Cat. B. New 
Guinea, p. 81; id. P.Z.S. 1861, p. 438; Rosenb. Nat. Tijdsoh. 
Ned. Lid. xxv. p. 233 (1863); id. J.f. 0.1864, p. 120 ; id. Malay. 
Arch. p. 555 (1879) ; Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 175; Gray, Kand-l. 

B. i. p. 388, no. 5895; Salvad. Ann. Mm. Civ. Gen. xii. (1878) 
p. 332; id. Orn. Pap. e Molucche, ii. p. 233 (1881). 
Adult male (type of species). General colour above sooty black; 
rump and upper tail-coverts grey; head all round, throat, and 
chest deep sooty (not shining) black; remainder of the under surface 
pure white, the sides faintly washed with grey; thighs dusky, 
edged with white ; wing-coverts, wings, and tail blackish brown; 
the secondaries narrowly edged with lighter blackish brown; the 
tail-feathers with narrow greyish tips ; quills below dusky, internally 
edged with white; under wing-coverts, axillaries, and edge 
of the wing white. Total length 6*5 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*4, 
tail 2-6, tarsus 0*8. 

Female. Upper parts dull grey; underparts white; sides of head, 
fore neck, and breast grey, the latter with delicate brown streaks. 
Rah. Aru Islands. 

a. $ 
ad. sk. Aru Islands. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 
(Type of species.) 
b. d ad. sk. Aru Islands. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 
45. Pachycephala leucogaster. 
Pachycephala leucogastra, Salvad. et cDAlb. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. vii. 
j). 822 (1875), xv. p. 47 (1879) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 

lii. p. 34 (1878); Sharpe, Proc. Linn. Soc, Zool. xiv. p. 631 (1879) ; 
Salvad. Orn. Pap. e Molucche, ii. p. 232 (1881). 
Pachycephala fuliginata, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. iii 

p. 174 (1878), iv. p. 99 (1879); Salvad. Ibis, 1879, p. 324. 
Adult male. Above, including scapulars and upper tail-coverts, 
bluish ashy grey; feathers of the back with faint brownish vermicnlations; 
wing-coverts black, \erj narrowly edged with grey ; 
quills tlackish or dusky brown, the primaries narrowly, the secon


17 . PACHYOBPHALA. 
223 

claries broadly edged with, grey; tail blackish brown, the central 
pair slightly tipped with grey; crown and sides of the head, and a 
crescent on the chest deep black, separating the white chin and 
throat from the entirely pure white remainder of the under surface, 
including the under wing-coverts, the axillaries, and the edge 
of the wing; under surface of quills blackish, internally margined 
with white ; thighs grey, edged with white. Total length 5-5 inches, 
culmen 0*6, wing 3*4, tail 2-6, tarsus 0*77. " Bill, feet, and iris 
black" (Salv. Sf d'Alb.). 

Adult female. As P. fuliginata of llamsay is apparently the same 
as P. leucogaster, Salvad., I give the following description of the 
female of P.fuliginata (Kamsay). "All the upper surface greyish 
ashy brown, with faintly darker striae down the centre of the 
feathers on the head, interscapular region, and upper tail-coverts; 
wing and tail dark brown, lighter below ; the primaries very narrowly, 
and the secondaries and coverts margined with ashy ; throat 
white, with short brown shaft-lines; the chest shaded with light 
ashy brown, forming an indistinct cross band, and, like the throat, 
the feathers are centred with brown shaft-lines; breast creamy 
white ; abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts white; under wing-
coverts and axillaries creamy white • inner margin of the primaries 
and secondaries whitish. Total length 5*2 inches, bill 0*6, wing 
3-15, tail 2-4, tarsus 0-7." 

Hal. S.E. New Guinea. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Port Moresby. K. Broadbent, Esq. [C.]. 
46. Pachycepliala leucostigma. 
Pachycephala leucostigma, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. vii. p. 933 
(1875), xv. p. 47 • id. Orn. Pap. e Molucche, ii. p. 234 (1881). 

Adult male (type of species) (Atam, July 2, 1875 * Beccari). 
General colour above olive-brown, the mantle and hind neck varied 
with longitudinal ovate streaks of white along the shaft of the 
feathers; the head rather darker brown, and the streaks indistinct 
on the crown, but plainer on the forehead; wing-coverts olive-
brown, the least series tipped with pale ochre; median, greater, 
and primary-coverts brown, externally edged with reddish ochre; 
quills brown, edged with ochraceous brown, inclining to fulvous on 
the outer webs of the primaries ; tail-feathers brown, margined with 
olive-brown and narrowly edged with dull whitish at the tips; 
over the eye a narrow rufous line; feathers in front of the eye 
whitish; sides of face and ear-coverts rufous; the throat rather 
paler rufous; rest of underparts mottled; the lower throat and 
fore neck dull white, with olive-brown edgings to the feathers; remainder 
of under surface pale fulvous-brown, white on the abdomen, 
the* feathers barred across with dusky olive-brown; under wing-
and tail-coverts dull rufous; quills brown below, fulvous along the 
inner web; " bill black; feet ashy grey ; iris dull yellow " (Beccari). 

224 1ANIIDJE. 

Total length 5-8 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3*5, tail 2-6, tarsus 0*75. 
(Mas, Civic. Genova.) 

Adult female (Atam, June 26, 1875; Beccari). Like the male. 
Total length 5-8 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3*4, tail 2*4, tarsus 0*75. 
(Mus. Civic. Genova.) 

Hah Arfak mountains, North-western New Guinea. 

47. Pachycephala lanioides. 
Pachjcephala lanioides, Gould, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 142; id. B. Austr. 
fol. ii. pi. 69 • id. Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 215; Bp. Consp. i. p. 328 ; 
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 388, no. 5892 j Eamsay} Proc. Linn. Soo. N. 

8. W. ii. p. 181. 
"Pach. vertice, plumis auricularibus et pectore nigris; dorso 
posteriore fascia castanea ornato; gutture, abdomine medio, crissoque 
albis; dorso, lateribus, humeris, necnon primariis secundariis 
tectricibusque externe cinereis; cauda, rostro, pedibusque nigris ,J 
(Gould). Long. tot. "7*5 poll., rostri 1, alse 3*75, caudas 3*25, 
tarsi 1. 

Hab. North-west coast of Australia. 

48. Pachycephala cyanea *. 
Muscitrea cyanea, Hume, Str. P. 1877, p. 101 (June); id. Str. F. 

1878, vi. p. 207. 
Niltava leucura, Tweed. Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist. 1877,p. 95 (Aug.). 
Trichastoma leucoproctum, Tioeedd. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 366 (read in 

April, female); Ilimie, Str. F. vii. 1878, p. 318. 

Mr. Hume gives the following description of this interesting 
bird:—" Adult male. Lores and a narrow band on the forehead 
black; rest of forehead and a broad band from forehead over the 
eyes cobalt-blue; crown and occiput in one specimen the same, but 
rather duller, in the other very much duller, being much intermingled 
with the colour of the back; the entire mantle deep indigo-
blue, a little brighter and inclining to cobalt on the shoulder of the 
wing: on the rump the greyish-white bases of the feathers show 
through a little; but I doubt if this would be the case in life. The 
quills, greater coverts, and four central tail-feathers deep hair-
brown ; all the feathers edged externally with, the colour of the 
back ; four outer pairs of tail-feathers similar, but with more or less 
of the inner webs pure white, the outermost of all with only a 
marginal band; the next two pairs with nearly the whole inner 
webs white, and the fourth with the central portion of the feather 

* Mr. Hume says that P. grisola, Blyth, is structurally closer to P. cyanea 
than it is to P. orphans, Verr., or P.philippensis, Walcl. I therefore let P. cyanea 
follow here amongst the other Pachyccphalm ; and as P. cyana of Sahadori 
has been referred to Pcecilodryas, the objection to having a Pachycephala 
cyaiia and a P. cyanea is remo\ ed. 
17 . PACHYCEPItALA. 
225 

white, the white at the base on both webs, but not extending to 
either margin, and on the outer web only occupying the basal half, 
while on the inner it reaches to within one fifth from the tip ; chin, 
throat, cheeks, ear-coverts, sides of neck, breast, and sides of the same 
colour as the back, but duller and a triilo more slaty ; greater portion 
of abdomen and flanks white, shaded, streaked, and overlaid 
with dusky slate-colour or slaty blue ; vent and lower tail-coverts 
pure white ; tibial plumes slaty; edge of wing blue; axillarics and 
wing-lining silky grey; bill black, whitish at the gape; the logs, 
feet, and claws pale Ho&hy brown; hides deep brown. Total length 
745-7-8 inches, tail 2-7-2-9, wing 3-6-3-72, tardus 0-9, bill from 
gape 1-0-1-02." 

Female. Above olivaceous ruddy brown, more rusty at the tip of 
the upper tail-coverts, greyish on head, a tinge of pale rufous on a 
narrow frontal band, passing to the pale lores ; tail very similar to 
that of the male; shoulder of wing rusty olive, the primaries dull 
rusty brown; blotch of white on the upper breast, which is dull 
pale olive-brown, fading into the pure white of the under tail-
coverts ; feet grey, iris dark brown. Wing 3*5 inches, tail 3, 
tarsus 0-9. (Tiueeddale.) 

Hah. Tenasserim (Mooleyit) and Siarn. 

/3. Subgcnoric group PACHYCEPHALOPiSIS. w 
Pachycephalopsis, Salvad. Ann. Mas. Civ. Gen. xv. 


p. 48 (1879) P. liattamonsk 
Tarsus anteriorly covered with one long scutum. Tarsus and 
toes comparatively longer than in the true PaeliyeephaJce. 

49. Pachycepktla hattamensis. 
Pachycephala hattamensis, Meyer, Sits. Afatd. Wuaensoh. Wien, 
Ixix. p. 391 (1874); Owtalet, Bull Soc. Phihm. 1877 j Salvad. 
Ann. Mm. Civic. Genov. x. p. 142 (1877). 

Pachycephalopsis hattaineii&is, Salvad. Ann. Mas. Civic. Genov. xv. 

p. 48 (1879); id. Orn. Pap. e Molucche, ii. p. 236 (1881); Gould, 
JJ. Xtto Guinea, pt. xiii. 
Male. Forehead, head, nape, checks, and oar-coverts grey ; lores 
white; back and rump olivaceous green; chin and upper throat 
white; rest of throat, breast, and abdomen dull yellow, somewhat 
darker on the throat and breast; quills brownish, with the margins 
of the outer web reddish brown; wing-coverts grey, edged with 
olive-colour; under surface of quills brownish grey; under wing-
coverts light grey; tail and upper tail-coverts reddish brown; under 
tail-coverts light brown; the tips of the tail-feathers having 
the shaft pointed and without web [which seems to me the 
sign of a young bird]; bill and feet black; iris chestnut-brown 
(d'Albcrtis). Total length 6-9 inches, culmen 034, wing 4-1, tail 2-45. 

VOL. VI ri. Q. 

22$ 
LANIID^J. 

Young birds like the adult, but with a few greenish-yellow feathers 
in the plumage. 
Hab. KW. New Guinea. 

a. 
<5 ad. sk. Mount Arfak, May 13,1875 Mus. Civico, Genova. 
(Beccari). 
b. J ad. sk. Mount Arfak, April 30, 1875 MIL?. Civico, Genova. 
(Bruijri). 
50. Pachycephala poliosoma. (Plate IX.) 
Pachycephalopsis 
poliosoma, Skarpe, Journ. Linn. Soc.} Zuol. xvi. 
(1882) p. 381; Gould, B. Neic Guin. pt. xiii. 

Adidt. General colour of upper parts dark, that of underparts pale 

slaty grey ; head tinged with brownish ; wings, tail, and ear-coverts 

uniform blackish brown; chin, cheeks, and upper throat white, lower 

throat washed with rufous ; under surface of quills, and under wing-

coverts brownish grey. 

Younger birds have the head, fore neck, wings, tail, and under 

tail-coverts strongly washed with brown. 

Total length about 6 inches. 

S. Culmen 0*76 inch, wing 4*1, tail 2*7, tarsus 1*1. 
Type, (J. „ 0-77 „ 4-35, „ 2-85, „ 1-12. 
Hab. S.E. New Guinea. 
a, b. Ad. sk. Astrolabe mountains. Mr. A. Goldie [C.l 
< Types of species.) 

c. Imm. sk. Astrolabe mountains. Mr. A. Goldie [C.j. 
18. PACHYCARE. 
Type. 
Pachycare, Gould, B. New Guinea, pt. iii., 1876 P. flavogrisea. 

Head of Pachycare flawgruea. 

Culmen straight and ridged; nostrils in a groove, covered by a 
coriaceous operculum, half exposed; rictal and nasal bristles present, 
but feebly developed. Tip of wing formed by primaries 3-6. The 
scales in front of the tarsus fuse early into one scutum. Tail very 
short, less than two thirds of the wing. The pattern of the plumage, 
especially the black superciliary streak and the white tips on the 
secondaries, would alone suffice to remove this species from Pachycephala. 


Range. New Guinea. 

18 . PACHYCARE. 
227 
1. Pachycare flavogrisea. 
Pachycephala flavogrisea, Mei/er, Si fob. k. Ak. Wiss. Jfic?i, lxix. 
p. 4<,)5 (1874); Mat. Ibis, 1874, p. 418; Salvad. Ann. Mus, Civ, 
Genov. vii. p. 774 (1875). 
Pachycare flavogrisea, Gould, B. Neio Gum. pt. iii. pi. x. (1876); 
Ousted. Bull. Soe. Philom. Paris, 1877; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. 
Genov. xv. p. 48 (1879); id. Orn. Pap. eMolucehe, ii. p. 238 (1881), 

Adult male. General colour above blue-grey; bastard-wing feathors 
black, with pure white tips ; wing-coverts black; quills dusky brown, 
almost black, the outer web of the primaries narrowly, that of the 
secondaries broadly edged with blue-grey; the three innermost secondaries 
with white tips; upper tail-coverts blue-grey; the basal half 
of the tail-feathers and the central pair bluish grey, the terminal half 
dusky brown with light tips ; head above blue-grey; forehead, lores, 
feathers round the eyes, and ear-coverts like the whole under surface 
of the body, deep shining yellow, the yellow on the forohoad 
and the sides o£ the head and neck being separated from the blue-
grey of the head by a broad dark stripe; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries white slightly tinged with yellow; edge of wing black; 
" bill black; feet brownish, claws paler " {Meyer). Total length 
4*5 inches, culmen 0*68, wing 2-6, tail 1*65, tarsus 0-85. 

Obs. Another specimen in the collection has the ear-cavorts dashy, 
tinged with yellow. A third specimen wants tho black stripe 
round the forehead and above the eyes, only a few feathers being 
tipped with black; but behind the ear-coverts and on the sides of the 
occiput the black feathers are well developed; the ear-coverts are 
yellow, but tinged with dusky. I suppose that this is a young bird, 
whilst the other specimen is the female. 

Hab. New Guinea. 

a. $ 
ad. sk. Arfak mountains, Jan. 31, M. L. Laglaize [C.]. 
1876. 
b. Juv. sk. Morfi, Dec. 14,1875. M. L. Laglaize [0.] 
c. Ad. sk. New Guinea. Dr. A. B. Meyer [0.]. 
d. Ad. sk. New Guinea. », Gould Collection. 
e. Ad. sk. Astrolabe mountains, Mr. A. Goldie [0.]. 
S.E. New Guinea. 
a2 

228 LANIIDiE. 

Subfamily IV. LANIIN.E. 

Plumage lax and never gorgeous, without cither red, green, or 
blue. 13111 strong and stout, laterally slightly compressed ; culmen 
bent and ending in a hook, and with a conspicuous, always well 
developed tooth. Nostrils half covered with feathers and bristles ; 
rictal bristles present; the nostrils non-operculated, in front of a 
slight groove, which, as a rule, is completely ossified. Tail graduated 
or square. First primary always present, but variable in length ; tip 
of wing chiefly formed by third, fourth (fifth) primaries; secondaries 
about four fifths or less of length of whole wing. No crest. 

Young birds with cross markings to the feathers. Sexes, with 
few exceptions, alike in plumage. 
Paloearctic, TSTearctie, Indian, and African regions. 

Key to the Genera. 

a. Feathers of crown and neck lanceolated; 
tail more than double the length of the 
wings 19. UEOLESTES, p. 228. 
b. Feathers of crown and neck of ordinary 
shape; tail equal to wings, or somewhat 
longer (not exceeding wings by half of 
their length). 
a'. Plumage never spotted in the adult.. \%l' 9™™T^»»$i2Sl 

° r \2>£. JJANIUS, p. Jo J . 

h\ Plumage spotted 20. LAKIELLUS, p. 230. 

19. UEOLESTES. 
Tj pe. 
Basanistes, Licht. Vera. Saw/, u. Yog, Ketffemland, 


p. 12 (1842), nee Burm. 1836 U. melanoleucus. 
Urolestes, Cab. Mm. Hem. i. p. 75 (1850) U. melanoleueus. 
Eill like that of Lanius. Nostrils round, ossified, covered by 
bristles; rictal bristles very well developed. First primary more 
than half the second; tip of wing formed by third, fourth (fifth) 
primaries; secondaries short, only little more than three fourths of 
length of whole wing. Tail much graduated, the central pair of 
feathers excessively long and more than double the length of the 
wing. Tarsus anteriorly covered with transverse scales. All the 
feathers of the head and neck lanceolate in shape. 

Sexes alike in plumage, which is only black and white. 

The feathers of the sides of the breast, covering the iianks, are 

very long and fluffy (being apparently ornamental). 
Closely allied to the Fiscus-grouy of Lanius. 
Range. Africa. 

* Corvinella is perhaps only subgenorically distinct from Laniiib, approaching 
Urokbtes in some respects. 
19 , TJR0LI3STES. 
229 

1. Urolostes molanoleucus. 
Lanius melanoloucus, Jard. § Selby, III. Orn. iii. pi, 115 (1835); 

Lafresnaye, Mag. do Zoo/. 1830, pi. 01. 
Lard us melnnurus, Licit f, Verz. Voy. Kaffernl. p. 12. 
IJasauistos cissoides, Li'cht. f. c. p. 12. 
Lanius eibsoide^ Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 291 (nee Vieill.) ; Layard, B. 

8. Afr. p. 158. 
ConmolU cissoidos, Bp. C. A. i. p. 805. 
Urolofcta melanoleucus, Cab. Mas. Ilein. p. 75; Finsch $ IlaHL 
Vor/. Obtafr. p. 335; Gamey in jindens. B. Damar. Ld. p. 138; 
Ay ret, Jim, 18(59, p. 293; JTiw//. Orn. KO.-Afr. pp. 490, exxii ; 
Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 219; 8harpe7 ed. Layard B. 8. Afr. 

p. 380. 
Basanistey cissoides, Ilartl. P. Z 8a 1803, p. 105. 
Uiolestes cissoides, Bo(age, Jom. Lisb. 1808, pp, 48, 315 ; Gumey. 
Ibis, 1809, p. 293; /?/«?/,%, Ibis, 1874, p. 377. 

.UH7£ male. The lower back and rump (except the upper tailcoveits, 
the scapulars, the tips of all the quills, and the middle 
fifth of the primaries) pure white; throat and fore neck blackish 
brown; all the remainder of the body glossy black; " iris hazel; 
bill, foot, and claws black" (Oates). Total length 19 inches, culmen 
0*7, wing 5-5, tail 13, tarsus 1*37. 

Adult female. Like the male, but distinguished by the pure white 
eolour of the long flank-plumes, some of the longest of which are 
white internally and black on the outer web. Total length 17*5 
inches, culmen 0*7, wing 5*3, tail 12*6, tarsus 1*3. 

Young. Blackish brown, with edgings of clearer brown to most of 
the feathers, especially on the wing-coverts; scapulars white, washed 
with brown at the tips • quills blackish, their tips and basal half 
white; lower back and rump greyish white; tail black; sides 
of face and under surface of body brown, with narrow fulvous 
edges to the feathers * on the flanks a brownish-whito patch. 

Hah. Southern and Eastern Africa. 

Obs. A case of partial albinism is represented by a female specimen 
collected by Mr. Oates near the Crocodile river. It has all 
those parts which are black in the typical specimens rusty brown, 
each feather with lightor edges • " iris ochraceous hazel " (Gates). 

Another variety is like the typical form, but has the first primary 
of one side pure white instead of black. 

a. Pull. st. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.]. 
b. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [O.J. 
c. Juv. sk. Damara Land. 0. J. Anders&on, Esq. [C], 
d. Ad. sk. Natal. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq 
e. c? ad. sk. Transvaal. A. Foresman, Esq. [P.], 
f. S &k«; Q> Var. Crocodile river, Trans- W. E. and 0. Gk Gates, 
' vaal, July 1874 (F. Oates). Esqrs. [P.]. 
h. 
? ad. sk. Tali, March 25,1874 (F/ W. E. and C. G. Oates, 
Oates). Esqrs. [P.]. 
i 
[ d ] ad. sk. Tati (F. Oates). W. E. and C. G. Oates. 
Esqrs. [P.] 

23 0 1VNIID JE. 
A. 
r 21 ad. sk.
L *
7. Ad. sk.
wi. $ Juv. sk.
w. 2 ad. sk, 
Makakka kraal, Zambesi 
(F. Oates). 
Lake Ngami (Chapman). 
Lat. 18° S., Feb 24,1859(<?. J". Andersson). 
Ontfonga, Oct. 20, 1805(C. J. A.). 
"W. E. and 0. G. Oates, 
E*qrs. [P.]. 
U. B. Sharpe, Esq, 
li. B. Sliarpe, Esq. 
It. B. Sliarpe, Esq. 

20. 
LAMELLUS. rp 
T} pe. 
Laniellus, Sioains. Faun. Bor.-Amer. p. 481 
(1831) L. leucogrammicus. 
Crocias, Temm, PL Col. ii., and text to pi. 592 
(1830) L. leucogrammicus. 
Culmen ridged at base. Nostrils basal, oval, placed in a largo 
groove, which, is half filled by a coriaceous membrane, exposed, 
not covered by nasal plumes ; nasal bristles entirely absent. First 
primary longer than half the second; wings short, their tip being 
formed by the fourth to sixth primaries. Tarsus scutellated in front. 
Tail graduated. Principal colour brown ; upper parts spotted with 
light spots. 

Range. Java. 

1. Laniellus leucogrammicus. 
Lanius leucogrammicus, Reinwardt (teste Swains,). 
Laniellus leucogrammicus, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer. p. 481, Append, 


(1831). 
Lanius albinotatus, Less, (teste Gray). 
Crocias guttata, Temm. Fl. Col ii.pl. 592 (183G). 
Telophonus leucogrannnicus, Swains. Class. B. ii. pp. 12,219 (1837) ; 

Bp. C. A. i. p. 301. 
Telophorus leucogrammicus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 292. 
Lanius leucogrammicus, Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 391, no. 5948. 

Adult. Head, region round the eye, and ear-coverts dark ashy 
grey, which colour gradually passes into brownish towards the hind 
neck; the hind neck, mantle, back, upper tail-coverts, and the 
scapulars dark chestnut-brown, each feather with a subterminal 
oval spot, which gives the upper parts a very spotted appearance; 
wing-coverts and secondary quills brownish grey, with whitish 
margins on the outer web • primary quills blackish, most of them 
with white subterminal edges ; tail grey, with an olive-brown tinge, 
all the feathers with small white tips, and very faintly cross-banded; 
chin, cheeks, and throat white • rest of the underparts of the body 
cream-colour, with irregular brown spots on the sides of the reast 
and flanks ; thighs greyish brown ; edge of wing dark grey ; axillaries 
whitish ; quills below dark grey, with white margins on the 
inner web ; bill and.feet horn-colour. Total length about 8*5 inches, 
culmen 0-7, wing 3**4, tail 4, tarsus 1*2. 

Eab„ Java. 

21 . COBVINELLA. 
281 

a. c? acl. ale. W. Java. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.1. 
^ Ad. sk. Java. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.]. 
<*. Ad. Ht. Java. Leiden Museum [E.J. 
21. CORVINELLA. 
Typo. 
Corvinella, Lesso?i, Traite d'Ornith. p. 372 (1831) C. corvina. 

1. Corvinella corvina. 
La grande Pie-grieche, Lev. Ois, d'Afr.-pl. 78; Simdev. Krit. Framst.^ 

Lemitt, p. 32. 
Lamas corvinus, Shaio, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 357. 
Lanius cissoidos, Vieill JEne. Meth. ii. p. 734. 
Lanius mellivorus, Licht. Verz. Doubt, p. 49. 
Corvinella corvina, Lesson, Traite aVOm. p. 372; Cab. Mm. Hein. i. 

p. 75; Bp. C. A. i. p. 305; llartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 104; Sharpe, 
Cat.Afr. B. p. 51; id. Ibis, 1875, p. 71; Ifssher, Ibis, 1874, p. 65; 
Antinori, Cat. p. 57; Salvad. Riv. Cat. Antin. p. 738; lleutjl. 
Peterm. Geoc/r. Mittheil. 1809, p. 414. 
Lanius flavirostris, Swains. Class. B. ii. p. 219; id, B. West-Afr, i. 

"p . 233. 

Corvinella affinis, Heiu/l. Si/st. Uebers. p. 34; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr, 

pp. 488, cxxii; id. f.f. 0. 1863, p. 271, 1804, p. 254. 
Corvinella corvina nubioe, llartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 104, note; FilippL 
Mev.fyMag. Zool. 1863, p. 290. 
Collurio corvinus, Gray, JZand-l, B. i. p. 392, no. 5963, 

Adult General colour above fulvescent grey, "with rather broad 
dark brown shaft-streaks to the feathers; scapulars whitish grey; 
rump paler, and the shaft-streaks less visible; top of the head, 
hind neck, and upper tail-coverts fulvous, every feather with a 
very distinct dark-brown shaft-streak; lores and ear-eoverts dark 
brown; wing-coverts and quills brown, with lighter margins, the 
middle third of the primaries pale chestnut-buff; the central pair 
of tail-feathers brown, the others paling into sandy buff, the outer 
ones marked with a darker line running round the feather near the 
margin of the inner and the outer web; chin, throat, and breast 
dull white, slightly tinged with pale reddish brown, the feathers 
with brown shaft-streaks; remainder of under surface, and sides of 
the body and the thighs dull white, the shaft-streaks very faint; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries and edge of wing like the breast; 
under surface of quills brownish for the terminal half, the remainder 
light rufous; bill yellow; feet fuscous brown. Total length 11*5 
inches, culmcn 0*65, wing 4*5, tail 6'8, tarsus 1*2. 

Young. Darker and more ashy brown on the upper surface of the 
body; scapulars marked with a narrow dark brown line near the 
margin of the inner and the outer web ; under surface of the body 
dull reddish white, every feather marked with a narrow shaft-streak 
and several subterminal cross bars; sides of the breast with a large 
patch of light rufous. 

Obs. Two other specimens, also from the river Gambia, have the 
same colouring as the young bird described above; but the basal half 

232 
LANTTPJE. 

of the feat/hers on the sides of the breast is dark cinnamon, forming 
a half-concealed patch. 

Two others, from the same place, are of a much smaller size, and 
differ considerably from the other specimens. The scapular feathers 
are almost white, with a brown central patch and a subtenninal 
transverse bar; the head whitish; the feat] i or s with no longitudinal 
shaft-streaks, but every one with a dark-brown centre and whitish 
edgings; a very distinct whitish superciliary stripe continues backwards, 
and separates (ho head from the neck. One of these specimens 
has the undcrparts almost uniform dull white, the breast and 
sides of the bod} only variepatcd with very faint transverse bars ; 
the reddish colour on the btv-cs or the lateral leathers is just visible. 
These two specimens seem to DIG birds in their first plumage, Total 
length 9*5 inches, culmen G, wing 4*3, tail 5*4, tarsus 1-2. 

Hah, Western and North-eastern Africa. 

a. Very old sk. Sudan (luwhlecher). It. B. Sharpe, Et~q. 
b. Act. sk. Fantee (UssJter). It. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
e, d, e. Imm. sk. River Gambia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
/ . Young sk. River Gambia, April 23, 1865. I*. B. Sharpp, Esq. 
y. Young sk. Sierra Leone (Fraser). It. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

22. 
LAMUS. 
Type. 
Oollyrio, Moelmny, Av. Gen. p. 28 (1752) L. excubitor. 
Lanius, Linne, Syst. Nat. I. p. 134 (176(1) L. excubitor. 
Enneoctonus, Bote, Isis, 1826, p. 973 L. collurio. 
Collurio, Brkson, Ois. ii. p. 151 (1700) L. excubitor. 
Phoneus, lump, JEnhrickl. europ. TMencelt, p. 38 

(1820) L. rums. 
Phoneus, Bonap. C. B. xxxviii. p. 3<SG (1854) L. bucephalus. 
Fiscus, Bonap. C. B. xxxviii. p. 386 (1854) L. collaris. 
Leucometopon, Bonap. C. B. xxxviii. p. 380 (1854) .. L. nubicus. 
Otomela, Bonap. C. B. xxxviii. p. 380 (1854) L. cristatus. 
Cephaloplionetts, Fitting w, Sitz. IC Ahacl. Wien, xlvi. 

p. 205 (1864) ' 
, L. bucephalus. 
Range. Palaoarctic, Indian and African Regions in the Old World. 
Ecarcfic Region, extending into the northern parts of the Neotropical 
Region. 

Key to the 8_pecies. 

I. Plumage black, tvhite, and grey. 
A. First primary extremely short, less than one 
third of the second. Tail square, and shorter 
than wing minor, p. 235. 
B. First primary short, more than one third of 
the second. Tail quadrate. 
a. Lesser wing-coverts entirely grey. 
a'. Some of the secondaries white at the 
base of both webs, the feathers being 
more white than black. 

a". 
Tail (5*5 inches) much longer than 
wing (4*7 inches) splienocercus, p. 242. 

22. LVNitrs.
//'. Tail not exceeding* 1*7, wing not exceeding 
4"i) inches in length. 
a'". Upper (ail-covortsandbatal quart or 
ot tsiil-iValluTrtwhite; largo white 
alar speculum. 
ft1. Inner "\\ ob of homo of the secondaries 
entirely while; wing 1'74*
8, tail 4*5-4*7 inchesZ>'. Inner web of becondtries never 
entirely -white; wing 4*0, tail 
4*7 inchesb'". Upper tail-coverts g ivy; basal part 
of tail blackish 
c1. One large alar speculum; flanks 
whiterll. Alar speculum broken up into 
two alar bars in the folded 

lettcopferw*, p. 212. 
hniHi/cri, p. 2-12. 

eh'f/ans. p. 251. 

wing*; thinks tinged witli grey ercubitor, p. 237. 
b'. Ease of botli webs of all the secondaries 
blackish. 
(". Plumage white; very small alar speculum 
major, p. 231). 
d". Rump grey. 

c'". Underpart ^ of body white strongly 
washed witli '\ inousd'". Underparts strongly washed witli 
grey. 

e4. Bill slender; wing not exceeding* 
8*8 inches in length. (NorthAmerica.) ... .

/>. Bill (.tout; wiff more than 4inches in length. 
ar\ Length of bill about 0*75 inch. 
(Algeria.)

b". Length of bill about 0*85 inch 
and strongly hooked. (Socotra.)


c'. Some of the secondaries black at the 
base of the outer web, whilst the inner 
web is white throughout or broadly 
margined with white. 
e". Underparts vermiculoted. 
e'". Rump and upper tail-coverts white 
or creamy whitef". Upper and under tail-coverts 
creamy buff; rump buff/" . Underparts not vermiculated. 

merkliomdis, p. 240. 

,7 , . . .,l(* 
Moimami*, p. 2-15 
^ulnloraul^^aib. 

afr/eriensi,^ p. 214. 

imcmatits, p. 245. 

borealis, p. 240. 
mollis, p. 241. 

f/". Rump and upper tail-coverts white deedbatus, p. 250. 

h'". Rump and upper tail-coverts i&abelline 
white; upper parts very 
palo grey, washed with isabelline 
(/rimmit p. 250. 

?'". Rump and upper tail-coverts grey. 
//. Four or six of the central tail-

feathers entirely black. 
e\ Length of wing 4*2 inches . . robustus,^ p. 243. 
cV, Length of wing 4*8 inches .. seebohmi, p. 243, 

234 
LANTID.T3. 

hK Not more than two of the tail- f*^4//?ih?" p 249 
featheis entirely black / hpmifrunsnn n "->4<J 

 the Vu>mkucu) us

 "4J

b. All the wing-coverts jet-black, but> P-lesser 
coverts tipped with grey; crown 
of head grey, with a black frontal band; 
underparts entirely white

c. Lesser wing-co\ erts black like the median 
and greater seriestf. Whole crown and mantle light <yrey , .
e'. Whole crown and hind neck black.

//". Scapulars like the manile, black ..
A". Scapulars pure white. 
k'". Mantle and centre of back grey; 

lahtora, p. 252. 

( exeMtoriu 9,53. 
\ 9-V 

I souzes

> p' -°4* 
caudatus, p. 254. 

secondaries with large white tips antinorii, p. 2-55. 
/'". Mantle and centre of back black; 

no white tips to the quills. 
iK All the underparts grey; rump 
greyh\ All the underparts white. 
e\ "White frontal and superciliary 
bandf5. No white frontal or super


ciliary band. 
aG. Rump whitebG, Rump grey

II. Plumage broionish red, grey, ivhite, and bladi. 
a. Throat, head, and mantle smoky grey....
b. 
Throat white. 
«'. Central pair of tail-feathers black; seapulars 
red, like the lower back.
a". Crown and mantle light grey

b". 
Whole crown and hind neck black..

V. 
Central pair of tail-feathers brown; 
whole crown, mantle, and scapulars 
ashy grey
c. 
Lower back, like the whole of the back 
and mantle, ashy greyj no black or white 
frontal band; tail short, slightly graduated, 
without white tips, uniform blackish grey; 
whole crowm and nape rich reddish 
brown; a white speculum
III. 
Plainly coloured birds; general colour reddish 
brown, without any black beyond the blackish 
brown ear-coverts; tohole tail moderately 
graduated, reddish brown, not tipped with 
white, 
a. 
Narrow white frontal and superciliary band ; 
flanks rich reddish fawn: throat and 
fore neck pure white. 
collaris, p. 255. 

$uheo?*onatus, p. 200. 

smithii, p. 258. 

humeralis, p. 257. 

fuscaius, p. 263. 

(schach, p. 261. 
| erythronoti/s, p. 263. 

 <( caniceps, p. 265. 

J bentet, p. 2G6. 

^cephalometas, p. 269, 

nigrice})s, p. 268. 

tephronotus, p. 260. 

bmephalus, p. 270. 

a!. Whole crown, mantle, and back deep , .7. *>->* 

> — d • • SSSW. 

22. 
JAN UTS. 233 
//. Grown light grey, shading off into a 
delicate earthy brown on the hind neck 
and mantle lucionensis, p. 274, 

b. 
No frontal hand; Hanks pale; all the 
underparts slightly linked or washed with 
fawn, cream-colour, <!t<\ 
c'. Whole tail rich brownish red; a rather 
large alar speculum formed by the 
white bases of the primaries ....... . specuUyerus, p. 271). 

d'. Tail dull brownish red; little or no 
white at base of primaries; no pure 
white colour in the whole plumage. 


a", 
Underparts pinkish creamy; ear-
coy erts black isabellinus, p. 277. 
b". Underparts not pinkish; ear-coverts 
brown phonicuroides,^. 278. 

IV. 
Richly coloured birds; principal colour* blade, 
white, and rich broun. 
a. 
Tail much graduated, with large white tips. 
a'. Large white shoulder-patch; forehead 
black; mantle chestnut. 
a". Crown and hind neck blackish grey . collyrinides, p. 289. 
b". Crown and hind neck light grey. . . . vittalus, p. 280. 

b'. 
Shoulder white; mantle deep black; 
forehead white mtbictis, p. 282. 

b. Tail nearly square, with narrow white tips. 
<?'. Scapulars white, forming a large white 
patch; centre of crown and hind neck 
chestnut; forehead black. 


c". Basal half of primaries white auriculatns, p. 283. 
d", No white on primaries badius, p. 285. 
d'. Scapulars uniform with the back j crown 
and hind neck grey. 
e", Mantle chestnut-brown, without any 
cross bars to the feathers colhm'o, p. 28(\ 
f". Mantle reddish brown, each feather 
cross-barred tiyrinus, p. 289. 

1. Lanitis minor. 
Pie-grieche d'ltalie, Daub. PL Enl. 32 (1770). 

Lanius minor, Gm. S. N. i. p. 308 (1788, e.v Daub.); Temm. Man. 
d? 0/7?. p. GO j Werner, Adas, Insectwares, pi. 4; Bechst. Nat. 

Deutschl. ii. p. 1319; id. Omith. Taschenb. i. p. 101; Meyer 8? 
Wolf, Taschcnb. Voy. Dcutschl. i. p. 88; Meyer, Toy. Lied-u. 
Estfdaudes, p. 41 ; Koch, Si/st. baier. Zool. i. p. 102 ; Naum. Voy. 
Deutscld. ii. p. 15, Taf. 50 (1822); Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 08; 
Rouse, Orn. Prov. pi. 154; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. pt. xiii.; Frisch, 

Vbg. Europ. pi. 21. fig. 28; Bouteille, Orn. du Dauphine, pi. 18. 

f. 3; Riipp.Neue Wirbelth. p. 33; Bp. C.li.p. 363 (1850); 
DeylSr Gerbe, Orn. Europ. p. 224 (1807); Ileuyl Orn. N.O.-
Afr. i. p. 470; Gurney in Anderss. JJ. Damara Ld. p. 134; 
Finsch $ Ilarfl Vot). Ostafr. p. 330; Bree, B. Eur. i. p. 165; 
Blanf. East. Pers. p. 137; Shelley, B. Eyypt, p. 115 (1872); 
Dresser, B. Eur. iii. pi. 149. (1873); Anting ty Salvad. Viayy. 
Bo(jos, p. 78; Berlepscli, J. f. O. 1876, p. 380; Schalow, ibid. 
p. 131; Severta. J. f. O. 1873, p. 344; Bocaye, Jam, Lisb. 1870, 
pp. 152,253 j id, Orn. Anyola, p. 214, 
230 LANIID-E. 

Lanius it aliens, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 71 (1700). 
LaniiLs vigil, Pall. Z'HHJV. Eosso-As. i. p. -10:) (1811). 
Lanius Ihuescens, Ehreuh. Si/mb. PJti/s., utves, i. fol. e. 
Lanius longipoiinis, i>Y//M, /. .1. 6'. B. xv. p. 300 (1810). 
Eimeoctoiiiiri minor, Blyth, Oat. B. Mas. As. Soc. p. 11)3 (1840); 


Cah.Mm. Ilein. i.p. 7.') (1850); Gray,Hand-l B. i.p. 3<,)3, no. o$)00. 
EunooctouuM italicub, i»/>. ifoi\ ^ Jiff//, tfc Zool. 1853, p. 438. 
Laiiius luseus, Badly, Orn. de la Savoie, ii. p. 20 (1N33). 
Lanius pin<itoruni, 
Lanius nigiifrons, 

Brehnij Xawncninia, 1355, p. 275. 

Lanius wdmius, 
Lanius giTecus, 
Adult male. Above light bluish grey, generally a little paler en 
the crown of the head, and less clear grey on the mantle ; forehead, 
feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts black; wing-coverts dull 
black, shading into grey on the lesser wing-coverts ; basal half of the 
primary quills pure white, forming a very conspicuous speculum; 
terminal half of primaries and the whole secondaries brownish black 
the latter with narrow whitish tips; quills below greyish ; axillaris 
and most of the under wing-coverts white, the remainder blackisi 
grey, forming a large patch ; four centre tail-feathers black-brown, 
with scarcely any white tips, the outermost two pairs entirely white, 
the next ones for the most part white, the base of all the feathers 
white except the central ones, which have their bases blackish grey ; 
cheeks, chin, throat, and under tail-coverts pure white; rest of the 
belly rosy pink, especially during the brooding-season ; lower flanks 
washed with grey; iris dark brown; bill and feet black. Total 
length 8-2 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 4-6, tail 8*7, tarsus 0-U5. 
Adult ft male. Can always be distinguished from the old male by 
the smaller amount of black on the fore part of the head; the forehead 
is slightly varied by a few blackish feathers, which are preceded 
by a narrow whitish frontal band. 
Young. Ashy grey, waved with narrow transverse bars of brown ; 
the scapulars lighter and with creamy-white tips; wings blackish 
brown, the coverts tipped with white, as also the quills; the secondary 
alar speculum caused by the white bases to these quills; tail-feathers 
blackish, the central pair narrowly tipped with white, these white 
ends increasing in extent towards the outermost pair, which is pure 
white; no black forehead; feathers in front of the eye dusky black; 
car-coverts black; cheeks and entire under surface of body creamy 
white. 
Ohs, The difference between old and young birds is seen at a 
glance by the absence of the black frontal band in the latter. The 
young birds appear to lose their mottled plumage before reaching 
South Africa, and seem to put on the black frontlet of the adult 
dress in the following spring. The Museum possesses a young 
female killed in Damara Land on the 10th of February 1864, which 
is just assuming the pink breast, and has the forehead mixed with 
black feathers. 
Hab, Central and Southern Europe, extending eastwards into 
Siberia ; migrating in winter to South Africa. 

a. JILV. sk. 
ft. Ad. «k. 
c\ c3 ad. bt. 
rf. d ad. sk. 

?, cJ ad. sk. 
/. 2 imm. sk. 
#. $ ad. bk. 
/*. £ imm. sk. 

«. $ ad. sk. 

k. <$, /. $ ad. sk. 
m. tf ad. bk. 
w. d ad. sk. 
o. Ad. sk. 
/>, (/. Ad. sk. 
v, c?ad.; s. $ juv. 
sk. 

25. Ad. bk. 
K, r. Ad. sk. 
w. c? ad. sk. 
a.\ Imm. sk. 
y. Ad. sk. 
as. Imm. sk. 
<?'. Ad. sk. 

ft'. Ad. sk. 

c'. $ ad. sk. 

d',e\ J ad. sk. 

/' . 2 ad. felt. 
(/'. Moulting, sk. 
/,'. Ad. bk. 
%'. Sternum, ad. 
k'. Ad.(inspirit). 

22. LxmxiH. 
Europe. 

Milan. 
Piedmont. 
Ortakeuy, Turkey (Rob


son), May (j, 1807. 
Ortakeuy, Turkey (Robson), 
April 29, 1807. 
Constantinople, Feb. 2S, 

1878. 
Sweet Waters, Constantinople, 
Sept. (IF. Retiree). 
Constantinople, Aua*. 18, 

1877. 
Clriek Salem, Ma) 3,1^77. 
Kan liana, Ma) 0,1877. 
Kara Ilissar, May 2, lb70 

(C G. Danford). 

Asia Minor, May 22? 1805 

(T. Robson). 
'Evzeioum.(I)kJcso}iSj'Ross), 
Pei sia. 
Sliiraz, June. 


Siberia. 
Russia. 
Kandahar, April 14,18bl. 
Egypt. 
Sennaar. 
Elephant Vley (Ayiders


SO)l). 

Otjiiiibinque, Feb. 10, 
JMU (Andersson). 
Otjhubinque, April 1, 
1801-(Andershon). 

Ondonga, Nov. 2S, 1800 
(Andersson). 
Tati, Matabele Land (F. 
Gate*). 

Conde, Congo. 
South Africa, 
South Africa. 
Shiraz. 
Italy. 


.1.11. (Jurnoy, E.sql., .Tun. 
LP.]. 
Gould Oolleetion. 

M. liaillon [P.l 
J. Gould, Esq.[C.]. 
J. Gould, Esq. [C.]. 
Mr. J. Pcarce [C.]. 

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J, 
Mr. J. Peaive [C.]. 

UK Sharpe, Esq. [P|. 

11. B. Sharpe, Esq. | L\ J. 
F. I). Godimui and O. Sal^
ill, Esqi-h, [P.]. 
F.l). GodmanandO.Salvin, 
Esqi\s, [P.]. 
Zoological Society. 

C. Darwin, 1>«. [P.l 
Sir O. St. John [C.j. 
Purchased. 
Moscow Museum fE."|. 
Lieut.-Col. S^inhoe [P.j. 
Dr. J. Christie [P.]. 
Purchased. 


11. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
P.. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
11. B. Shaipe, Esq. 
W. E. and C. 0. Gates, 
E>qrs. [P.]. 
Br. Luean fC1."|. 
S.-Alricau Museum. 
S.-Afritun Museum. 
India Museum. 

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
2. Lauras excubitor* 
Lanius cinereub, Brisson, Orn. p. Ill, pi. ii. (1700) ; Leach, Cat. 
Mamm. and Birds in Brit. Mus. p. 19 (IhlO). 
Pie-grieche giise, Daub. PL Enl pi. 445; id. Ois. i. p. 290, pi. 20 

id. ed. aux Bat Apouts, ii. pi. 5. %. 1. 
Great Cineieoiis Shrike, Lath. >$yu. i. p. 100. 
Lanius excubitor, Linn. Sytt. Nat. i. p. RJ5 (1700); Ret:Jia>, Faun, 

Suec. p. 87; Nitsson, Orn. Siwc. i. p. 74; Tunm. Man. tVQrn. p. o9; 
Beehd. Vdy. BeuUchl. ii. p. loOO; id. Ornithol. Tawlienb. i. 

p. 100; Meyer § Wolf, Taselmd). i. p. 87; Meyer, Vot/.Zitv-u. 
Esthlandes, p. 41; Koch, Sy^t. baier, Zool. i p. 102 (lblO); Frist h, 
238 LANXIDJE. 

For/. Bur. Taf. 59 & 60; Kainnann, Nat. Vdg. Deutseh. ii. p. 7, pi, 40 
t (1822); Gould, B. Bur. pi. 66; Bp. C. A. i. p. ({63; id. Bev. et 
Mag. de -Zool. 1858, p. 202 ; Cab. Mas. Hem. i. p. 73; M'upp. Neue 

Wlrbelth. p. 33; id, Syst. Uebers. no. 210: Ifeugl. Syst. TJebers. 
no. 312; Von d. Muhle, Grieehenl. no. 171; Lindvrm. Vog. 

Grieehenl. p. 112 ; Malherhe, Faun. Sicil. p. 48 ; Savi, Orn. Toscan. 

I. p. 04; Cam, Orn. Sardegna}s]). 47 ; Salvad. J.f. 0.1865, p. 132; 
Tristram, Ibis, 1867, p. 364; iJegh ty Gerbe, Orn. Europ. i. p. 221 
(1867) ; Wright, Ibis, 1864,p. 50'; Ileur/l Orn. K.O.-Afr. i. p. 478; 
Cab. J.f. 0. 1873, p. 75; Sharpe $ Dresser, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 390 ; 
Dresser, B. Eur. hi. pi. 145, p. 375 (1873); Sehalow, J.f. 0. 1876, 
p. 132; Seehohm, Ibis, 1878, p. 333; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 114 
(1872); v. Droste, Vogelw. Borlann, p. 80; Doderlein, Avifaun, 
Sicil. pp. 67, 327 ; Boydanoiu, Russian Shrihes §c. p. 130. 
Lanius rapax, Brehm, J, f 0. 1854, p. 147; id. Naumamiiafl&oS 

p. 275. 
Collyrio excubitor, Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 390, no. 5027. 
Adult male. General colour above liglit bluish grey, passing into 
pale whitish grey on the rump and upper tail-coverts; forehead 
and a line extending over the eye white; ear-covcrts and a spot in 
front of the eye black; greater part of scapulars pure white, rest 
silvery grey; quills black, the secondaries tipped with white (this 
colour, extending over part of the outer web of both the secondaries 
and primaries, produces two conspicuous white alar bars on the 
wing when the latter is folded up); primaries externally narrowly 
edged with white; wing-coverts black, except the lesser ones, which 
are entirely grey; basal part of tail-feathers and greater part of 
the outer pair white—this colour decreasing in extent towards the 
central pair, which is merely tipped with white; unclerparts of body 
pure w'hite except the flanks, which are slightly tinged with silvery 
grey; under wing-coverts white, with a small grey patch near the 
edge of the wing ; maxilla horny black, mandible paler ; feet black. 

Female. Very similar to the male, but showing faint greyish 
vermiculations on the neck and breast. 

Immature birds are like the female, but have the black wing-
coverts bordered with brownish grey, and the underparts of the body 
dull white; upper tail-coverts grey. 

Young birds in their first plumage are grey above, slightly tinged 
with tawny brown, secondaries with large white tips; underparts 
dull white, with faint dark vermiculations extending over the whole 
belly; bill and feet pale horn-brown. 

~-)tal length about 9 inches. 
Oilmen.
in. 
Wing. 
in. 
Tail. 
in. 
Tarsus. 
in. 
ssia)....
Qgel) ..
Qnor). .. 
0-76 
0-80 
0-75 
4*5 
4-50 
4*50 
4-7 
4*60 
4'65 
1-0 
1-12 
1-15 

at of black on the outer pair of the tail-feathers 
derable extent. In some specimens the whole 
kite, only a small part of the shaft being brown; 

22. LANltJS. 
230 
in others the whole shaft is white, the black boing reduced to a 
large patch on the basal third of the inner web; in others, again, 
the whole shaft and greater part of the inner web aro black. 

Hah. Europe, ranging into Aaia. 

a. Imm. st. 
b. Ad. sk. 
G. Ad. sk. 
d J imm. sk. 
e,f. Ad. sk. 
g. (S ad. sk. 
h. Ad.; i. Juv. sk. 
k. S ad. sk. 
/. Iinm. st. 

m. Juv. sk. 
n, o. Imm. st. 
p. 
cT ad. sk. (moulting). 
q. Skeleton, 
r, s. Sterna. 
t. 
Skull. 
England. 

Wiltshire. 

Europe. 
Sweden. 
Geneva. 
Wermland, Sweden, 
April 12,1873. 
Valkenswaard, Holland 

(J. Baker). 
Transsylvania, May 20, 
1874. 
Heligoland. 

Quiekiok, July 31, 1802. 

Archangel. 

Parawalsky, Sept. 6, 
1876. 
South Germany. 
South Germany. 
South Germany. 

Col. Montagu [P.]. 

Purchased. 

A. W. Malm, Esq. [P.]. 
J. Gould, Esq. [0.]. 
F. D. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esf|i\b. [P.]. 
Ilarvie Brown, Esq. [P.]. 

Henry Seebohm, Esq. 

J. Gould, Esq. [0.]. 
R. B. Sbarpe, Esq. [P.I 
Dr. Finbch [0.]. 
Dr. Giinther 
Dr. Guntuer 
Dr. Giinther 


3. Lamus major. 
Lanius major, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As. i. p. 402 (1831) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 
1808, p. 333 ; Cabanis, J. f. 0.1873, p. 75 ; Sehaloio, op. cit. 1875, 
pp.232 & 346,1870,pp. 132 & 232; id. Bericht uberdie pi. Termmml 
deutsch. ornith. Geselhch. 1875, pp. 13, 14; Tschusi Schmidhofen, 

J.f. 0. 1878, p. 90 j Sfcjneger, Orn. Cenfralbl. 1878, p. 108. 
Lanius 
excubitor, Ileves, (Efvers. K. Vet.-Ah Fdrh. 1871, p. 762; 
von Nordmann, Demid. Voy. ii. p. 113; von Middend. Sibir. Heis. 

ii. p. 188. 
Lanius borealis sibiricus, Bogdanow, Russian Shrikes §c. p. 102 
(1881). 
Lanius borealis europasus, id. op. cit. p. 103. 
Lanius latkora (Sykes), Bauid $ Oustalet, Ois. Chi?ie, p. 03 

(1877). 

Differs from L. excubhor in having tho lower rump and npper 
tail-coverts white, and in having the white at tho base of the 
secondaries almost obsolete, producing therefore only one alar speculum 
(viz. on the primaries). 

Culmon. Wing. Tail. Tarsus; 
in. in. in. in. 
Ad. S (Wermland)d)... . 0'80 4-40 4-35 1-08 
Ad. (S (ArchangelJI)
)) .. 0-80 4-40 4-00 1-08 
Acl. <$ (Pendik) 0-80 4-45 4-90 110 

Hah. Breeds in Scandinavia, Worth Russia, and throughout Siberia, 
occasionally wandering into Western Europe and Asia Minor, where 

240 LANIIDJ3. 

lis range moots with that of L. e.vculitor; they occasionally interbreed, 
producing intermediate forms. 

a. J ad. sk. Plumstoad, England,
Oct 5, 1878. 
Mr. H. Whitely [P.]. 
k 2 ad. sk. "Wennland, Nov. 1872. Purchased. 
e. ? ad. ak.
d, e. Ad. bt.
/'. <$ ad. &k.
^.?od.fak. 
Quiekiok, May 11, 1862. 
Archangel. " 
Pendik, A4a Minor, Oct.
10, 1871 (T. Ilolson). 
Pendik, Nov. 1871 (T. 
J. Gould, Esq. [C.~|. 
U. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.1 
It. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
k $ ad. sk.
Robson). 
Lake Baikal, Oct. 18GU. Dr. Djbowsky [C.]. 

4. Lanius borealis. 
Lanius oxcubitor, Forster, Phil. Trans. 1772, p. 382 (nee Linn.) ; 
Wilson, Am. Orn. pi. 5. fig. 1 (1808). 
Lanius borealis, Vieill. Ois. Am. p. 90, pi. 1 (1807); And B. Am. 

iv. p. 130, pi. 236 (1842); Nemoied, J. f. O. 1850, p. 100; 
Jones, Nat. Bermuda, p. 51 (1857) ; Dresser 8f Sharpe, B. Z. S. 
1870, p. 500 ; Brewer, Ball NutL Orn. Club, 1870, p. 120. 
Lanius septentrionalis, Bp. (nee Gmeh), O. A. i. p. 883 ; Cassin, Br. 

A. N. So. Bhilad. 1857, p. 213; Cooper, Orn. Calif, i. p. 137 
(1870). 
Cullyiio borealis, Baird, B. 2V. Am. p. 324 (1858) ; Ball § Bannister, 
Alaska, p. 280; Samuels, B. N. Engl p. 208; Gray, lland-l. B. i. 

p. 391, no. 3534. 
Oollurio borealis, Baird, Brew., # Ridr/w. N. A. B. i.p. 415 (1845). 
Lanius borealis americanus, Bogdanoto, Russian Shrikes §c. p. 102 
(1881). 

Adult male (summer plumage). G-eneral colour above, including 
the crown of the head, pale slaty grey, changing into pure white on 
the rump and upper tail-coverts, the lower back being silvery grey ; 
a narrow and indistinctly marked lino of white extending from the 
forehead backwards over the eye; in front of the latter a blaekishgrey 
spot; ear-coverts black ; quills blackish, brown, with the basal 
part of the inner web white; basal half of outer web of the primaries 
puie white, producing a conspicuous alar bar; secondaries 
narrowly tipped with white ; greater and primary-coverts black, the 
latter externally washed with brown; lesser coverts rusty grey; 
scapulars pale grey, tipped with white; tail-feathers black, whitish 
at their base ; the whole outer web and the terminal third of the 
inner web of the outer pair of feathers pure white, this colour 
decreasing towards the central pair; underparts of body dull white, 

with narrow transverse vermiculations on the fore neck and breast: 
throat, sides of neck, abdomen, and under tail-coverts white; flanks 
and thighs.often pure white; under wing-coverts and edge of wing-
white, with a brownish patch; bill dark horn-brown, paler at base; 
feet black. 

Female. Eesembling the male; but the general colour of the upper 
parts is grey with a strong tawny-brown tinge ; ear-coverts black


22 . JUNIUS. 
241 
brown; the vermiculations on the underparts extending over the 
sides of the neck. 

Winter plumage of the adult birds.—Lores and praoocular region 
whitish instead of black; the vermiculations or bars on the underparts 
darker and more numerous, and extending further down the 
belly; upper parts, especially in immature birds, strongly washed 
with tawny brown. 

Yowig. birds resemble the female; but the vermiculations extend 
over the whole of the underparts of the body, as well as over the 
rump and upper tail-coverts; wing-coverts edged with brownish 
fawn-colour; mantle, hind neck, and crown of head entirely tawny 
brown. 
Total length about 9 inches. 

Culraen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus, 
in. in. in. in. 
Ad. <3 075 4-35 4-4 1-05 
Ad. 2 0-75 4-55 4-5 1-10 
Ad. J 0'80 4-35 4*45 1-10 
Ad. tf 0-80 4-55 4'60 1-02 

Hah. North America. 

a. Ad. sk. North America. 
b. Ad. sk. British N. America. Hudson's Bay Co. [P.]. 
c. d. Ad. sk. Arctic America. Dr. Rae [C.j. 
e. Ad. sk. Canada. Gould Collection. 
/ . Ad. sk. Niagara. Gould Collection. 
*g. Ad. sk. 49th parallel, April 20, N.A. Boundary Commission. 
l874:(G.Datoson). 

h. Ad. sk. 49th parallel, April 24. N.A. Boundary Commission. 
i. ^d. sk. 49th parallel. N.A. Boundary Commission. 
k, Juv. sk. Michigan. Prof. J. B. Steere [P.]. 
/, m. S ad. ,* West side of Rocky J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
n. $ ad. sk. mountains. 
o. 1mm. sk. Columbia river. Gould Collection, 
p, q. Ad. sk. British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [0.1. 
r. 2 ad. sk. Fort Simpson. B. R. Ross, Esq. [P.J. 
s. Ad. sk. Fort Good Hope. B. R. Ross, Esq. [P.], 
t. Ad. sk. Texas. 
Purchased. 
u. [Ad.] sk, California. Lord Walsingham [P.] 
5. Lanius mollis. 
Lanius 
mollis, Euersmann^ Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, xxvi. p. 498 
(1853); Bogdanow, Russian Shrikes §-c.p. 97 j Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, 

p. 374, pi. 11. 
Differs from the tawny specimens of L. lorealis in having the 
tipper and under tail-coverts sandy buff instead of creamy greyish-
white or white; the rump fulvous. Bogdanow describes the male, 
female, and young at length. The following measurements are 
taken from a specimen in Mr. Seebohm's collection, obtained by 
Severtzow in Turkestan:—Culmen 0*8 inch, wing 4*65, tail 4*5, 
tarsus 1*15. 

Bab, Dzungaria and Turkestan. 
VOL. VIII. » 

242 LVNfllUtf. 

6. Lauras homeyeri. 
Lanius homeyeri, Cab. J. f. Orn. 1873, p. 75; Scully, Str. F. 1876, 
p. 130; Bogdanow, Fmh'an Shrikesfyc. p. 142. 
Lanius leucopterus X excubitor, Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 421. 
Adult male. In general coloration very similar to L. excubitor, but 
differing from the latter species in the following points :—The white 
of the secondary quills extends, both, on the inner and on the outer 
web, over more than the basal half, the blackish-brown colour being 
thus reduced to the terminal two fifths of the quills; upper tail-
coverts and the basal third or fourth of all the tail-feathers pure 
white ; the two outer pairs and the basal fourth of the rest of the 
tail-feathers generally pure white, the others largely tipped with 
this colour; bill and feet horny blue-black, the former with lighter 
margins. Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 4*6, tail 4*65, 

tarsus 1*15. 
Bab. Extends from AYestern Siberia to the Volga and eastwards 
throughout Turkestan, where it meets and interbreeds with L. leucojpterus* 


a, h. Ad. sk. Lepsa river, Siberia, July 1841. Purchased. 

c. <$ ad. sk. Belo Kamene, Irtisch, April 28, Dr. Brehm ["0.1 
1870. 
d. Ad. sk. ? England (F. Fond). Gould Collection. 
7. Lanius leucopterus. 
-Lanius leucopterus, Severtz. Turk. Jevotn. p. 67 (1873) ; Seebohm, 
Ibis, 1882, p. 421. 
Lanius przewalskii, Bogdanoio, Fussian Shrikes §c. p. 147 (1881). 

In general coloration resembling L. eoccubitor, but slightly paler. 
Forehead and a broad superciliary stripe white ; lower rump, upper 
tail-coverts, and basal third of tail-feathers pure white; the three 
outer pairs of tail-feathers almost completely pure white ; the wings 
are white at the base of the primaries and secondaries for two 
thirds of their length, so that the two alar bars become confluent; 
on the inner web of the secondaries the white is still more developed 
than on the outer web ; on some of the feathers the inner web is pure 
white, wjiieb is never the case in L. liomeyeri • all the underparts 
are pure white, without any trace of vermiculations. 

Culmen. Wing, Tail. Tarsus, 
in. in. in. in. 
d 0-95 4*7 4*5 1*2 
d 0*85 4*85 4*65 1*15 

Hob. Turkestan and Southern Central Siberia. 

8. Lanius sphenocercus. 
Lanius major, Siuinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 375. 
Lanius sphenocercus, Cab, J. f. 0.1878, p. 76 ; Tacz. Bull. Soe. ZooL 
France, 1876, p. 165; Schalotv, J. f. O. 1876, p. 215: Band & 
Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 92, pi. 76 (1877)1 
Adult male. Very similar to L. homey (ri in colour, but differing 

22. LAN! US. 
213 
from this species, besides its longer tail, in the following points:— 
The blackish-brown colour of the primary quills is confined to 
their terminal third, the basal two thirds, including the shafts, 
being pure white ; on some of the secondaries the black colour is 
reduced te-a large sub terminal patch, the greater part of the outer 
web and the whole inner web of some being white; the scapulars 
also show more white in this species than in L. Jiomeyeri; upper 
tail-coyerts distinctly light grey like the mantle and back. The 
white colour on the tail is reduced to the two middle pairs of tail-
feathers, these being simply tipped with white, but black at base, 
whilst in L. homeyerl the basal third of the whole tail is pure 
white; the three outer pairs of tail-feathers are entirely, the fourth 
pair a little less, pure white. Bill black, except at the base of the 
under mandible, which is brownish red ; feet and claws ashy black; 
iris black. Total length 11 inches, culmeu 0-8, wing 4*75, tail 5*6, 

tarsus 1*3. 

Hab. Southern China. 

a. 
J ad. sk. Tanyan, Chinkeang, Jan. 28, Shanghai Museum [P.]. 
187(1 
9. Lanius seebohmi. 
The whole of the upper parts, including the scapulars and lesser 
wing-coverts and upper tail-coverts, uniform pale slaty grey; a 
narrow frontal band, lores, and ear-coverts black; wing-coverts and 
quills black, with the basal half of the primaries and the tips of 
the secondaries white; the six central tail-feathers entirely black, 
the three outer pairs tipped with white, which, even on the outermost 
pair, does not exceed three quarters of an inch ; outer web of 
outside feather narrowly margined with white; all the underparts 
of the body dingy white; under wing-coverts grey; inner margin 
of remiges whitish ; bill and feet black, Culmen 0*85 inch, wing 4*8, 
tail 4*7, tarsus 1-15. 

Hab. The type of this species (an adult female) was obtained by 
Dr. Maack in the valley of the Amoor, and was received in exchange 
from the St.-Petersburg Museum by Mr. Swinhpc, and is now in 
Mr. Seebohm's collection. 

10. Lanius robustus. 
Collurio ludovicianus, var. robustus, Baircl, Brew.,fyMidgw. N. A. B, 
i. p. 420 (1874). 
This species resembles L. ludovicianus in its general coloration, 
but differs from it in having no trace of an eye-stripe, and in having 
the white on the inner web of the secondaries very largely developedi 
whilst that of the tail is scarcely developed at all; all the 
tail-featheis are black to the baseband the four central feathers 
entirely black. "Culmen 1 inch, wing 4-2, tail 4-4, tarsus 1-2" 
(Baird). 
Hab. 
California, 
E2 


244 LAN1TB.E. 

This species differs from L. seehohni principally by its smaller 
size, and by the much larger amount of white on the inner web of 
the secondaries. II is only known from a single example in the 
collection of the Philadelphia Academy, " labelled as having been 
collected in California by Dr. Gambel." 


11. Lauras algeriensis. 
Lanius algerien&is, Leas. Rev. ZooL 1839, p. 134; Bp. C. A. i. p. 363 

(1850) ; Bp. in Cat. Parzitd. 1856, p. 19; Loche, Cat. Mamm. et 

Oh. Alger, p. 86; id. Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 47; JELeugl. Orn. 

N.O.-Afr. i p. 479, note ; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. pi. 148, p. 391 

(1873)/ 

Lanius meridionalis, Malh. Cat. Mais. Ois. de VAlger, p. 9 (1846, nee 

Temm.). 

Enneoctonus algeriensis, Strickl. Ann. fy Mag. N. JSC. 1852, p. 345 ; 

Bp. Rev. ZooL 1853, p. 293. 

Collyrio algeriensis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 390, no. 5930. 

Adult male. General colour above, including the lower back and 
upper tail-coverts, dark slaty grey; crown of the head, and occiput 
in old males, still darker, the line of demarcation being rather well 
marked; scapulars paler grey, and with large white tips, especially 
to the outer web; lesser wing-coverts grey; all the rest of the 
wing-coverts and the bastard wing deep black; basal half of both 
the inner and outer web of the primary quills pure white, forming 
a very distinct speculum, the terminal half black with very narrow 
white tips; secondaries entirely black, except the tips and the 
margin of the inner web, which are white; tail black, blackish 
grey at the base, never white ; the two central pairs of tail-feathers 
almost entirely black, just tipped with white, this colour predominating 
towards the external feathers so much that the terminal half 
of the outer pair is more white than brownish black; a narrow line 
over the forehead, loral region, and the ear-coverts jet-black; chin 
and throat white ; rest of under surface and flanks grey, paler along 
the middle line of the body and on the under tail-coverts; edge of 
wing white; under wing-coverts dull white, but like the axillaries 
mottled with greyish ; bill and feet black. 

The sexes are exactly alike in plumage. 

This bird is closely allied to L. meridionalis from Spain; but can 
be easily distinguished from the latter species, as it has neither the 
white superciliary stripe nor the strong pink tinge on the under 
surface of the body. 

cJ. Total length 9*3 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 4*25, tail 4*75, 
tarsus 1-25. 
$ . Total length 9 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 4, tail 4*25, tarsus 1*2. 
Hal. From Morocco to Tunis. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Tangiers. Colonel Irby [P.]. 

c. Ad. sk Tangiers. M. Favier fC.]. 
d. Ad. sk. Tunis. L. Fraser, Esq. [C.]. 
22 . LANIOU 245 
12. Lanius uncinatus, 
Lanius uncinatus, Sclaterty Harllaub, P. Z. S, 1881, p. 168. 
Adult. Birds from the island of Socotra aro intermediate between 

L. algeriensis and L.falLur. The general colour above is a little darker 
than in L. falhcc, and paler than in L. algerimsis ; underparta just 
as grey as in L. algeriensis: but the Socotra specimens more resemble 
L. fallaoc in having a faint indication of the white superciliary stripe, 
and in having the narrow black frontal band still more developed. 
The most remarkable point in which these birds differ from their 
allies is the great development of the bill, which is both longer and 
stouter, and unusually hooked. Bill and feet black. 
Total length about 9 inches. 

Curmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus, 
in. in. in. in. 

0*76 3-75 4-0 1-1 
0-8 3-7 4-0 1-15 
0-9 3*9 4-2 1-18 
1*0 3-9 4-3 1-18 

Hob. Socotra. 

t, b. cS ad. &k. Socotra, Feb. 1880. Prof.I.BayleyB* 
(Types of the species.) 
c, d. S ? ad. sk. Socotra, March 1880. Prof. I. Bayley Balfour [C.]. 

13. Lanius ludovicianus. 
Lanius ludovicianus, Linn. S. N. p. 134 (1760, ex Brisson, ii. p. 162, 
pi. xv. fig. 2) j Wilson, Am. Orn. pi. 22.fig. 1; Audiib. Orn. Bioq. 

i. 1831, p. 300, pi. 37; id. Birds Am. iv. pi. 237 j Casbin, Br. A. N. 
Sc. Philad. 1857, p. 213; Bp. C. A. i. p. 363; Prinz Max. J.f.O. 
1858, p. 191 • Dresserfy Sharps, P. Z. S.1870, p. 595; Baqq, Bidl. 
Nutt. Orn. Club, 1879, p. 237 ; Purdie, I. c. p. 186 j id. Forest $ 
Stream, 1879, p. 265. 
Lanius ardosiaceus, Vieill. Ois. Am. pi. 51 (1807). 
Lanius carolinenbis, Wils. Am. Orn. iii. pi. xxii. f. 5 (1811). 
Lanius excubitoroides, Sioains. Faun. B.-Am. ii. p. 115 (1831); Cas


*in, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. 1857, p. 213; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 173. 
? Lanius moxicanus, Brehm, J. f. 0.1854, p. 145 j Sclat. Cat. Am. B. 

p. 46 (1861). 
Laniua elegans (nan Swainsonl), Cassin, Pr. A. N". Sc. Philad. 1857, 
p. 213; Baird, B. iVr. Am. p. 327 (1858). 
Oollyrio ludovicianus, Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, p. 325 ; Gray, Hand-l. 
B. i. p. 391, no. 5935. 
Oollyrio excubitoroides, Baird, B. iV". Am. p. 327, pi. 75. fig. 2 
(1858) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 391, no. 5940. 
Collurio excubitoroides, Cooper, Orn. Cal. i. p. 138 (1870). _ 
Collurio ludovicianus, Baird, Bretv., ty Ridgw. JV. A. B. i. p. 418 

(1874). 
Collurio ludovicianus, var. excubitoroides, Baird, Brew., fy Ridgw. 

B. K Am. i. p. 421 (1874). 
This American species differs from L. uncinitus merely by its 

246 LANIJDJE. 

smaller dimensions. Its bill is more slender and shorter than that 
of any other of the L. algeriensis group. 

Adult. The general coloration of the upper parts seems to vary a 
little, as there are specimens, from the same locality, which are 
either darker blue-grey or paler than L. iincinatus. A narrow black 
frontal band and a faintly indicated white superciliary stripe are 
always present; base of central tail-feathers blackish grey. The 
breast is frequently washed with pinkish grey; this colour, however, 
does not seem to be characteristic either of the breeding- or 
the winter plumage. 

Young birds are paler grey above, and have the wing-coverts 
edged with whitish; underparts dull greyish white, slightly tinged 
with cream-colour and marked with numerous faint darker cross 
bars on the breast. 
Total length 8-8*5 inches. 

Oulmen.
in. 
Wing. 
in. 
Tail. 
in. 
Tarsus. 
in. 
I 0-75 3-8 3-9 IT 
North America ^ 0'70 3*8 3*95 1-07 
J . 46th parallel<J. 49th parallelcJ. Mexico( 0-70 
0'G5 
0-67 
0-67 
3-8 
3"75 
8'8 
3-8 
4-0 
3.8 
3-8 
3*7 
IT 
TO 
1-0 
0-98 

Hob. Prom Canada to Mexico and Louisiana. 

Obs. Examples from Canada are paler grey on the upper parts 
and purer white on the lower parts, and have the white on the wing, 
the superciliary stripe, and especially on the rump and upper tail-
coverts more developed {L. excubitoraides). They are very distinct 
from the extreme southern form, which is confined to the southern 
States and Mexico (L. hidovicianus); but in the intervening localities 
intermediate forms occur. 

a. Ad. sk. N. America. Purchased. 
b. Juv.sk. Louisiana. Purchased. 
c. Ad. sk. 49th parallel, N. A. N.A. Boundary Commission [P.]. 
d. Ad. sk. 49th parallel, N. A., N.A. Boundary Commission [P.J. 
May 23, 1874. 
e. <$ ad. sk. 49th parallel, N. A. N.A. Boundary Commission [P.]. 
/, g. Ad. sk. California. Purchased. 
h. Ad. sk. California. Purchased. 
i. Ad. sk. Jalapa, Mexico. M. de Oca [C.]. 
&.[c£] ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
I. Juv. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
14. Lanius meridionalis. 
Lanius meridionalis, Temm. Man. d'Oni. i. p. 143 (1820) j id. PI Col 
pi. 143 ; Susemihl, Vog. Eur. ii. pi. 15; Keyserling 8? Bias. Wirbeltl. 
Eur. no. 251; Gould, B. Eur. ii. pi. 07; Bree, B. Eur. i. p. 159; 
Cab. Mus. Eein. i. p. 74; Cara, Ornith. Sardin. p. 48; Rmx, 
Om. Proveng. pi. 153; Lindermayer, Vog. Griechenl. p. 113,* 
Bp. C. A. i. p. 3*53 ; Boutetlle, Ornith. du Dauphhie, pi. 18. tig. 2; 

22. MNITJK 
247 
Frilseh, Yog. Eur. pi. 21. f. 13; Ilew/l. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 480 
(1871); id." Peterm. Geoqr. Mittheil 1809, p. 407; Briber $ 
Sharpy P. Z. S. 1870, \\ 504; Driver, P. Bur. iii. pi. 147(1873); 
Lilford, Ibis, 1800, p. L35; Maunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 200. 

Collyrio meridionalis, Werner, Atlas, Inseetivores, pi. 3 (1827); 
Gray, Iland-L B. i. p. 300, no. {50:28. 

Adult. Above dark plumbeous ; a narrow lino of white feathers 
runs along* the base of the forehead, and extendi backwards over the 
eyes as an indistinct superciliary streak ; loral region and ear-coverts 
black, "the latter having the shafts rather distinct, which gives them 
a somewhat hoary appearance;,J cheeks, chin, upper throat, vent, 
under wing- and under tail-covorts white ; all the rest of the underparts 
rosy colour, except the Hanks, which are grey ; on all the other 
parts this species is coloured exactly like L. algeriensis. Total length 
0 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 4-2, tail 4*8, tarsus 1-2. 

The sexes are alike in colour, except that in the female the white 
edgings of the scapulars arc perhaps not quite so broad as in the 
male. 

flab. Confined to the south of France, to Spain and Portugal. 

a. Ad. sk. Spain. Capt. Cook [0.1. 
b. Ad. sk. Spain. E. B. Sliarpe, Esq. [P.]. 
c. Ad. &k. • Malaga. Gould Collection. 

15. Lanius fallax, (Plate YIIT.) 
Lanius 
pallidirostris, Cass. Pr. Ac. So. Phil. 1851, p. 244 (pt.) j 
Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 51; Heuglin, Orn. NO.-Afr. p. 482; 
Sharpe $ Dresser, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 598; Severtzoiv, X f. 0. 1873, 

p. 345; Salwd. Ibis, 1879, p. 104. 
Lanius auclieri, Pp. liev. et Mag. ZooL 1853, p. 204. 
Lanius pallidus, de Filippi, Pev. et Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 433; Prelim, 
J.f O. 1854, p. 140; Antinori, Cat. p. 50; Salmd. Rimst. Cat. 
Antin. p. 738. 
Collyrio pallidirostris, Gray, Iland-L B. i. p. 30], no. 5031. 
Oolljrio pallidus, Gray, IlamU. B. i. p. 391, no. 5037. 
? Lanius dealbatus, Fimch ty Ilartl. Vdg. Ostafr,, Nachtrag, p. 860 

(teste Heuglin). 
Lanius lahtora, Syhes, apud Heuglin. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 483. 
Lanius fallax, Finseh, Trans. Z. S. Vii. 1872, p. 240, pi. xxv. 

The birds which, according to Hartlaub and Finsch's description, 
are to be referred to L. fallax might be looked upon as a paler and 
more eastern race of L. algeriensis. After a careful examination 
of a great number of these birds, I have come to the conclusion that 

L. fallax differs from L. algeriensis as follows:— 
1st. The general colour of the head, neck, and mantle and back is 
pale grey. 2nd. The white tips to the secondary quills are a little 
larger ; and as this white colour narrowly borders the terminal half 
of the outer web, and as the basal half of the inner web is rather 
broadly edged with white, the whole secondaries have a whiter 
appearance than those of L. algeriensis. 3rd. The underparts are 

generally much whiter, the gic\i»h tinge which is so well developed 

24 8 
LAN1IDJ5. 

in L. algeriensis being confined to the upper breast and the flanks 
in some examples (as e. g. in Jesse's specimen), whilst in others the 
underparts are almost white. 4th. There is a superciliary stripe, 
which, although narrow, is never wanting. Bill and feet horny 
colour. 

The young birds are much paler than the adult, and tinged above 
with pale tawny colour; underparts dull white; loral and frontal 
region dull white instead of blackish; ear-coverts, quills, and tail-
feathers brown instead of black; all the wing-coverts are brown 
and broadly edged with dull white; bill and feet pale horny yellow. 
These are the birds which have been called L. pallidirostris by some 
authors. 


Oulmen. Wing. Tail Tarsus. 
in. in. m. in. 
Adult tf. Rairo 0-75 425 4-1 1-2 
AdultJ. Nubia 070 4'15 415 1-2 
Adult 2 . Abyssinia 0*90 4*1 4*1 1*15 
Adult S. Palestine 0-80 415 4'25 115 
Ohs. In the British-Museum collection are two specimens from 
Palestine, one from Mesopotamia, and a fourth from Abyssinia which 
have a well developed black frontal band; and the three males show a 
rather conspicuous grey tinge on the upper breast and on the flanks. 
The bills and feet are black; and the general colour above is a shade 
darker than in the other specimens of L. fallacc. Consequently these 
four specimens are intermediate between L. fallacc and L. uneinatus 
from Socotra, from which, however, they further differ by their more 
slender bill (except the male specimen from Gennesareth, which has 
a bill just as much developed as in most of the Socotra birds), and 
much more white on the inner web of the secondaries. 
Hab. Prom Abyssinia and Nubia to Afghanistan and the Punjaub, 
Palestine birds being intermediate between L, fallacc and 

L. uneinatus. 
a. Ad. sk. Nile (/. Uawhshaw). J. Gould, Esq. 
b. 
§ ad. sk. Rairo, Bogos Land, E-. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Aug. 14,1868 (W. Jesse). 
c. 5 ad. sk. 
Nubia. Purchased. 
d. J juv. sk. 
Nubia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
e. S ad. sk. 
Ain, Habab, Abyssinia, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [CI. 
Aug. 16,1868. 
/. § ad. sk. Jericho. Canon H. B. Tristram [C.]. 

The following specimens are intermediate between L. fallax and 

L. uneinatus. 
a. Ad., sk. Mesopotamia. Euphrates Expedition. 
b. Jjiiv.sk.; Mesopotamia (Jones). India Museum. 
c. <$ ad. sk. 
d. (S ad. sk. Jericho. 
Canon H. B. Tristram [C.l. 
e. 
<$ ad. sk. Gennesareth, April 1,1864 F. D. Godman and 0. Sal(
Tristram). vin, Esqrs. [P. ]. 
f. ? ad. sk. Anneslev Bav, Eeb. 1,1868. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [0-1. 
g. cS ad. hk. Baluchistan, Dec. 187L W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. 
22. LANIUS. 249 
16. Lanius assimilis. 
Lanius assimilis, Brehm, J. f. 0. 1854, p. 140 j Bogdanow, Russian 
Shrikes, p. 100. 
Lanius pallidirostris auetorum pt. 

Tail a little shorter than wiog, this being due to the central tail-
feathers not projecting so far out as in L. hemileucurvs ; outer web 
of secondaries black at base ; inner web white throughout or broadly 
bordered with white ; upper parts, including the rump, pale grey; 
scapulars broadly edged with white, or white throughout their terminal 
half; basal half or two thirds of most of the primaries pure 
white on the outer and inner web, thus producing a large speculum; 
secondaries broadly edged with white round their tips ; lesser wing-
coverts and ulnar bend grey like the back; all the other wing-
coverts black; the central pair of tail-feathers entirely black, the 
next pair narrowly tipped with white, the two outer pairs entirely 
white but for the shafts, which are black; a broad black band extends 
from the nostrils, through the eye, including the ear-coverts ; 
sometimes joining its fellow of the other side at the base of the 
culmen, producing thus a very narrow black frontal band; supercilium 
white ; all the underparts are generally pure white, frequently 
with a slight rosy tinge on the breast; under wing-coverts near the 
base of the primaries not pure white, but pale silky grey. Wing 
4-4-2 inches, tail 3-1-4-1. 

Hab. Sennaar and the "White Nile, ranging through Turkestan to 

the Amoor. 
a. Ad. sk.
b. [c?] ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk.
e. Imrn. sk.
/. Imm. sk. 
Punjaub. 
Deccan, July 81 (Burgess). 
Scinde (Dr. Gould). 
Kurrachee, Scinde (Dr.
Gould). 
Ghiznee (Dr. Gould). 
East Africa. 
General liearsey [P.], 
Gould Collection. 
India Museum. 
India Museum. 
India Museum. 
Purchased. 

17. Lanius hemileucurns. _ 
Lanius hemileucnrus, Finsch $ Kartl. Voy. Ostafr. p. 329 (1870). 
Lanius dealbatus, de Filippi, apud Tristram, Ibis, 1859, p. 433; 
apud Loche, Cat. Mamm. Ois. Alg. p. 87; id. Expl. Sci. Algir., 
Ois. ii. p. 49 ; apud Gumeg, Ibis, 1871, p. 76. 

Western race.—In Algiers, Tunis, Eezzan, and Kordofan L. assimilis 
is represented by a slightly different race. The tail is always 
longer than the wing, which, again, is nearly the same length as that 
of L. assimilis; inner web of most of the secondaries almost entirely 
white, the blackish colour being restricted to a broad subterminal 
patch. This race consequently closely resembles L. elegans, but 
differs from the latter in having no white on the basal half of the 
outer web of the secondaries. Every intermediate stage in coloration 
occurs between L. hemileucurus and L. fallax; and we may look 

250 
lANIIDiE. 

upon L. hemileucurus as a western, more intensely coloured and 
whiter race of L. assimilis. 

Cuhnen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 

in. in. 
in. in. 

Tunis 
0-8 41 4'4 1-0 

tf. Tunis 
0-85 4-2 4-6 1-2 

Mourzouk 
0-8G 4*2 4-55 1-lS 

c$. Kordofan 
0-88 4*45 4-5 P2 

a. Ad. sk. Tunis. 
L. Fraser, Esq. [O.]. 
b. 
tf ad. sk. Tunis, March 2, 1857 (Sal- F. D. Godman and 0. Salvhi). 
vin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Mo\iTzoiik}Aipnl(Gagliuffi). Gould Collection. 
d. Imm. sk. Nile Cataracts, Feb. 1805 Gould Collection. 
(J. Ilcnvkshaw). 
e. <£ ad. sk. Kordofan. T. C. Eyton, E&q. 
/ . Ad. at. "East Africa." Purchased. 
18. Lanius grimmi, 
Lanius grimmi, Bogdanow, Russian Shakes, p. 151, pi. 4. 
Desert form. Upper part very pale grey, suffused with isabelline; 

lores white, without a prseocular dark spot; lower rump and upper 

tail-coverts isabelline white; scapulars white; under tail-coverts 

entirely white ; rest of underparts white with a rosy tinge. 

Adult $ . Culmen 0*9 inch, wing 4*2, tail 4-2, tarsus 1-12. 

Bah. Turkestan, ranging into Baluchistan. 

a. P 9 juv. sk. Baluchistan (Baku Xelat), W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. 
Feb. 3, 1872. 
19. Lanius dealhatus. (Plate YI.) 
Lanius leucopygus, Hempr, § Ehrenb. Symb. PJtys., Av. i. (1828), 

{sine diagnos.) ; Bogdanow, Russia?i Shrikes, p. 169. 
Lanius pallens, Cassin, Pr. Ac. N. Sc. Phil 1851, p. 2-45. 
Lanius orbitalis, Licht. Nomencl. p. 12; Hempr. Sf Ehrenb. Sijmb. 

Phys. (1828, sine diagnos.) : Heuglin, Orn. N. O.-Afr. i. p. 484. 
Lanius dealbatus, de Filippi, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 289; Bp. ibid. 

p. 294; id. op. cit 1857, p. 61; Zoche, Cat. Mamm. Ois. Alg. p. 87; 
Jerdon, op. cit. 1872, p. 114; Taylor, op. cit. 1878, p. 370. 
Lanius leuconotus, Brehm, J.f. 0. 1854, p. 147. 
Collyrio pallens, Gray, Hand~l. B. i. p. 391, no. 5932. 


A narrow frontal band and a broad stripe through the eye, including 
the ear-coverts, are black; superciliary region pale grey 
like the crown, hind neck, mantle, back, and lesser wing-coverts; 
scapulars and basal half of both webs of the primaries pure white; 
greater part of the inner web of secondaries and a broad border 
round the tips pure white; lower back and upper tail-coverts, all 
the underparts without any exception, and the two outer pairs of 
tail-feathers pure snowy white; the central pair of tail-feathers 
entirely black; the nest pair slightly tipped with white. Culmen 
0-73 inch, wing 3*95, tail 4-5, tarsus 1*1. 

22. LVNItTS. 251 
An immaturo bird in the collodion has the unclerparts, rump, 
and upper tail-coverts alroady pure white; but the white on the 
secondaries is a little less developed, and the black colour far less 
intense than in the adult; greater wing*-coverts tipped with pale 
brown ; bill and feet yellowish horn-colour in the skin. 

Obs. This species is oasily distinguished from L. hemileucurus by 
its white rump. 
Ifab. Prom Egypt, Nubia, and Sennaar to the White Nile. 

a. Ad. sk. N. Africa. Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. Seminar. II. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
20. Lanius elegans. (Plate YII.) 
Lanius elegans, Swai?is. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 122 (1881). 
Collyrio elegans, Gray, IIand-1. B. i. p. 391, no. 51)86. 
Lanius lalitora, pt., Sykes, apud Sharpe § Dresser, P. Z. & 1870, 
pp. o9?>, 508. 

Adult (type of species). Above very pale grey, paler on the rump 
and on the upper tail-coverts; loral space and the feathers just 
above the nostrils black, this colour extending round the eye and 
over the ear-coverts, but not over the sides of the neck; chin, 
throat, thighs, and the whole rest of the unclerparts pure white; 
axillaries, all the under wing-coverts, and edge of wing pure white: 
the two outer pairs of tail-feathers pure white, of the third pair the 
whole outer web and the tip white, the two central pairs black at base 
and just tipped with white, whilst all the other tail-feathers are white 
at the base ; scapulars white, but with a greyish shade towards the 
base and on the inner web; lesser wing-coverts grey ; all the other 
wing-coverts brownish or dull black, with very small paler tips; 
primary quills pure white at the two basal thirds (the white extending 
over both webs and shafts), terminal third brownish black, 
with very narrow whitish tips ; the innermost primaries arc almost 
entirely white, the blackish colour being reduced to a subterminal 
patch; the secondaries have the w hole of the inner web pure 
white; outer web entirely white at the basal third or half, the rest 
largely bordered and tipped with white, the white decreasing in 
extent toward the inner secondaries, so that the innermost quills 
are almost wholly blackish brown and only just tipped with white ; 
bill and feet dark horn-colour. Culmen 0*7 inch, wing 4-5, tail 
4*4, tarsus 1*2. 

Ifab. Algeria and Tunis. The type specimen was presented to 

the British Museum by the Hudson-Bay Company, and was alleged 

to have come from the fur-countries. Two examples (adult and 

young) are in the collection of Canon Tristram, and an adult also 

from Algeria in the collection of H, E. Dresser. 

Obs. This species is intermediate in coloration between L. spfienocercus 
and L. fallal, but differs from each of these forms in well-
marked subspecifio characters. Certainly it has nothing to do with 
the well defined Indian species (L. laftto ra); and we cannot 

252 
LANIID^. 

understand how Messrs. Dresser and Sharpe came to the conclusion 
that " this hird seems to be nothing more or less than L. lahtora." 


L. elegans of the American authors appears to be L. luchvicianus, var. 
robustus, to judge from the diagnostic description of the latter species 
as given by Baird, Brewer, and Eidgway. 
a. 
Ad. sk. Hudson-Bay Company [P.]. 
(Type of species.) 
b. Immat. sk. Tunis. L. Fraser, Esq. 
21. Lanius lahtora. 
Lanius excubitor, var. 3; Lath. Gen. Hist. ii. p. 7 (1822 j teste Sharpe 
8c Dresse?*\ 
Collurio lahtora, Syhes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 86 5 id. J. A. S. Beng. iii. 

p. 423. 
OoUyrio lahtora, Gray fy Hardtvicke, 111. Ind. Zool. ii. pi. 31 (183034) 
; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 391, no. 5933. 
Lanius burra, Gray fy Rardw. op. cit. pi. 32 (1832). 
Lanius minor, Btlpp. Keue Wirbelth. p. 33 (1835, nee GmeL). 
Lanius lahtora, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 290 (1846) ; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. 

xv. p. 300, et xvi. p. 473; id. Cat. B. M. As. Soc. p. 151 (1849); 
Jerdon, Madr. Jour. x. p. 235 j Bp. C. A. i. p. 364; JECorsf. q-
Moore, Cat, B. M. K L Co. i. p. 103 (1854); Bhit\ Ibis, 1866, 
p. 267 ; Heuglin, J. f. 0.1867, p. 285 ; linsch fy Hartl. Vog. Odafr. 
p. 327 j Beavan, Ibis, 1870, p. 310; Swinh. B. Z, S. 1871, p. 375 ; 
Dresser §• Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 595; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. 
pi. 146, p. 381; David $ Oustal Ois. Chine, p. 93 (1877). 
Adult. Head, neck, and mantle pale grey, somewhat paler grey 
on the rnrnp and the upper tail-coverts; scapulars grey at base, the 
larger ones almost pure white; all the wing-coverts jet-black, 
except the lesser wing-coverts, which are broadly edged with grey; 
primaries with the basal half of both the inner and outer web pure 
white, terminal half black; the two or three innermost secondary 
quills are jet-black, just tipped with white, all the others being white 
and black, terminal third of outer web broadly margined with 
white, and with large white tips, whilst the inner web is almost 
entirely white, the black being reduced to a narrow part near the 
shaft; the two central pairs of tail-feathers entirely jet-black, the 
tips only showing narrow white markings ; the two outer pairs of 
tail-feathers are generally quite white, but have the shaft still black ; 
rest of tail-feathers white at base, and externally broadly margined 
and largely tipped with white; a very distinct and well-developed 
deep-black frontal line extends over the loral space, passing round 
the eye over the ear-coverts, and backwards onto the sides of the 
neck ; above the black superciliary stripe a narrow indistinct line 
of white; all the underparts, including the under wing-coverts, 
edge of wing, and thighs are pure white; bill black; feet dark horncolour. 


Obs. The above description is taken from fully grown birds from 
Kamptee. They do not differ from the type of this species, which 
is also in the British Museum, except that the type has the bill and 

22. LANITTS. 25 8 
feet horn-colour. The lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts are 
grey, and not white as stated by Messrs. Dresser and Sharpe. 

Total length 9*5 inches. 

Oulmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 
in. in. in. in. 
Deccan (type)
KampteeKamptee 
... . 0*83 
0*81 
0*85 
4-2 
4-0 
4-2 
4-4 
4-25 
4-6 
1-12 
1-2 
1-2 

Hob. This species seems to be confined to India and Afghanistan, 
and does not extend northwards beyond the great mountain-ranges. 

a. Ad. sk.
5, c. Ad. sk.
d,e,f. Ad.sk.
g, h. Ad. sk.
i, h. Ad. sk.
I, m. Ad. sk. 
Deccan. 
Madras. 
Kamptee. 
Deccan (Burgess). 
Saugor (Hooper). 
Kandeish. 
India Museum (Sykes). 
(Type of species.) 
T. C. Jerdon, Esq. f P.]. 
Dr. R. B. Ilinde [P.]. 
Gould Collection. 
India Museum. 
India Museum. 
n. J ad. sk.
o. Ad. sk. 
Sambhur, June 1870 (B. M.
Adam). 
Umballah. 
E. W. Oates, Esq. 
Major C. H. T. Marshall 
p. Ad. sk.
q, r. Ad. sk.
s, 3 ad. sk.
t (S ad. sk.
u. Ad. sk. 
N.W. Prov. of India. 
N.W. Himalaya. > 
Kattiawar, Sept. 2, 1871. 
Sindh. 
Shikarpore (Griffith).
LP-]. 
F. D. Godman and O. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
Capt. Stackhouse Pin-
will [P.]. 
Major Hayes Lloyd [P.], 
J. Gould, Esq. [C.]. 
India Museum. 

22. Lanius excubitorius. 
Lanius excubitorius, Des Murs in Zefebvre, Voy. Abyss, pp. 90 & 170, 
pi. 8 ; Heugl. Orn. X.O.-Afr. i. p. 478 ; Dresser $ Sharpe, B. Z. S. 
1870, p. 599,-Heugl Beterm. Geogr. Mittk 1869, p. 407; Sharpe, 
Cat. Afr. B. p. 50. 

Collyrio excubitorius, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 390, no. 5929. 
Lanius princeps, Cab. Mus. Hein, i. p. 73 (note). 
Laniuskiek, Vierthal. in Naumannia, 1852, p. 5/, 1857, p. 103, c. tab, 
Lanius macrocercus, de Filippi, Bev. et Mag. ZooL 1853, p. 290 ; 


Heugl Syst. Uebers. no. 314; id. J. f. 0.1863, pp. 163 & 270, 
1864, p. 254; Antinori, Cat. p. 56. 

Adult. Above very pale grey, which colour passes into white on 
the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts; most of the upper 
tail-coverts are slightly tipped with blackish brown, not only in 
young birds but also in fully grown specimens in full plumage; 
scapulars, all the upper and under wing-coverts, the axillaries, and 
secondary quills are entirely brownish black; all the primary quills, 
including the bastard wing, are pure white at the basal half of both 
outer and inner web, the terminal half blackish brown; this white 
colour produces a conspicuous patch on the wing when closed; the 
basal third of the central pair of tail-feathers and basal half of all 
the other tail-feathers pure white, all the remainder of the feathers 

25 t 
LYNJIDJ:. 

uniform black, some of the outer paiivs just tipped with white; 
across the forehead a very broad brownish-black band, which 
includes the loral space, and extends backwards around the eye 
over the car-coverts and even to the shoulders; behind the e} e and 
above the car-coverts an indistinctly defined but conspicuous white 
patch; all (he underparts, except the under wing-coverts, are pure 
white; bill and feet black. The sexes are alike in colour. 

c?. Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 4*5, tail 5*4, 
tarsus 1*15. 

2 . Total length 9*7 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 4-25, tail 5-15, 
tarsus 
1-12. 
Hob. North-eastern Africa. 


a, b. Ad. sk. N.E. Africa. 
Purchased. 

c. Ad. sk. White Nile. 
11 B. Sharpe, Esq. 
d. Ad. sk. Soudan (Knoblecker), R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
23. Lauras souzse. 
Fiscus souzse, Socage, Jom. Lisb, xxiii. 1878, p. 213, xxiv. p. 270, 
xxviii. p. 239; *Sclialoiv, J. f. 0. 1879, p. 212, 1880, p. 220; 
Bocage, Ornith. d1Angola, p. 549. 
The type specimen was a young male. Upper parts grey, wing-
coverts edged with rufous; no alar speculum; quills fuscous, 
internally edged v\ ith rufous ; some of the tail-feathers tipped and 
edged with white, the outer pair white for the greater part of their 
length; under wing-coverts white; rest of underparts greyish 
white; forehead and superciliary region white; scapulars partly 
white ; bill and feet blackish ; iris fuscous. Culmen 0*55 inch, wing 
3*35, tail 3*56, tarsus 0*85. 

Hub. Angola. 

a. Sk. fjuv. ?). Caconda, Benguela (AncJueta). Lisbon Museum [P.], 
24. Lauras caudatus. 
Lanius caudatus, Cab. in V. d. Deckerfs Reis. Ostafr. iii. pi. v.; Gray, 
Hand-l B. i. p. 391, no. 5946; Cab. J.f.O. 1869, pi. iii. 

Adult male. Head, hind neck, all the wing-coverts and secondary 
quills uniform dull brownish black, shading into greyish brown 
on the mantle and scapulars ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts white; basal quarter of all the tail-feathers white, all the 
rest black, except a very narrow white tip to some of the feathers ; 
basal two thirds of primary quills pure white both on the inner and 
outer web, rest brownish black, the first and second quills having 
the whole outer web black ; edge of wing and all the underparts of 
the body white; axillaries and greater under wing-coverts blackish ; 
bill and feet black; iris brown (Hilclehrandt). Total length 10*5 
inches, culmen 0*85, wing 4*3, tail 5-8. tarsus 1*15. 

The young bird is dark dusky brown above, with fuscous and dark 

22. LUNTOJS. 
255 
cross bars, especially on the shoulder and on the upper wing-coverts ; 
rump and upper tail-coverts fuscous, with narrow blackish cross 
markings ; quills narrowly bordered with brown ; underparis white, 
with faint dark cross markings on thosides of Iho breast and flanks ; 
bill brownish black; base of under mandible paler. 

Hah. East Africa. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Kitui, in Ukambaui (March J. M. Hildebrandt [C.]. 
Is77). 
/;. Ad. sk. Zanzibar. Purchased. 

c. Imm. sk. Mombasa. 
Rev. E. A. Buxton [P.]. 
25. Lanius antinorii. 
Lanius 
antinorii, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xii. (1878) p. 310 ; 
id. Ibis, 1879, p. 10-4. 

Adult (type of species). The whole of the upper parts and the sides 
of the head, nape, and hind nock jet-black; mantle and upper back 
pale grey; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, scapulars, large 
tips of the secondary quills, basal two thirds of both webs of the 
primaries, edge of wing, under wing-coverts, and all the underparts 
pure snowy white; upper wing-coverts and quills jet-black where 
they are not white; central pair and the two next pairs of tail-
feathers jet-black, but tipped with white ; tho two outermost pairs 
almost entirely pure white, the black being restricted to the shafts ; 
basal and terminal quarters of third pair white, rest black; " bill 
black; feet dark horny colour; iris dark" (Antinori). Total 
length about 8*5 inches, culmen 0*71, wing 4*1, tail 4, tarsus 
1-05. (Mus. Torin.) 

Hah. Danakil. 

26. Lanius collaris. 
A. South-western Race. 
Lanius collaris, Linn. S. Ar. i. p. 135; Temm. PL JSnl.^. 477; Bp. 
C. A. i. p. 3(53; Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 70; Barratt, Ibis, 1870, 
p. 205 ; Grill, Zool. Anteckn. p. 10. 
Le Fiscal, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. ii. pis. 01, 02 (1799). 
CoUyrio collaris, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 391, no. 5942. 
? Oollyrio smithii, Boo. Jorn. Lisb. 1870, p. 343. 
Fiscus collaris, Gwney in Anderss. B. Damara Ld, p. 136; Bocage, 
Orn. Angola, p. 215; Ayres, Ibis, 1876, p. 429. 

B. Eastern Race (L. humeralis). 
Lanius humeralis, Stanley, Salt's Travels, Append, p. 51 (1814); 
Henglin, Peterm. Geogr. Mittheil 1809, p. 413; Ileugl. Orn. 
N.O.-Afr. i.p. 480 (1809); Blanford, Abyss, p. 338; Sharpe, Cat. 
Afr. B. p. 50; Antinori fy Salvad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 80. 

Lanius senegalensis, Rilppell, Neue Wirbelth. p. 33; Lefebvre, Abyss., 
Ois. p. 97; Ferret et Galin, Voy. Abyss., Ois. p. 20(*); JRiipjp, Syst. 
Uebers. no. 230; Ileugl. System. Vebers. no. 325. 

256 LA.NIIDJE. 

Lanius fiscus, Cab. Mus. Ileui. i. p. 77 (18oO); Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. 

p. 253. 
Lanius arnandi, Des Murs. 
Fiscus arnaudi, JBp. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 434; HeugL Fauna 
roth. Meer. no. 128. 
Collyrio fiscus, Gray, Kand-l. B. i. p. 391, no. 5945. 

A. South-western Face. 
Adult male. Head, hind neck, and mantle dull brownish, black; 
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts grey; tail-feathers black, 
with large white tips to the outer pair, the black being sometimes 
reduced to a comparatively small patch on the basal half of the 
inner web; greater part of scapulars pure white, except the base, 
which generally is pale grey; scapulars and some of the lesser wing-
coverts black, externally bordered with whitish; wing-coverts and 
secondary quills uniform brownish black, the latter with very narrow 
white tips ; the first and second quills entirely brownish black, 
the others with the basal half or third throughout pure white, the 
terminal half brownish black; edge of wing white; under wing-
coverts blackish, margined and intermingled with white ; axillaries 
greyish black on inner web, white on the outer web ; chin, throat, 
lower abdomen, and under tail-coverts white; all the rest of underparts 
greyish, as every feather has numerous very faint and narrow 
dark cross bars; feathers of the thighs blackish at base, with the 
rest white; bill and feet black ; iris dark brown. 

Adult female. Generally with a more greyish tinge above, and 
distinguished from the male by a more or less conspicuous chestnutcoloured 
patch on the flanks. 

Young bird. Ashy brown, waved with dusky bars across the whole 
of the upper surface, the scapulars dull white, slightly washed with 
rufous externally, the cross bars wider apart; wing-coverts dark 
brown, with subterminal rufous bars; quills dark brown, the 
primary-coverts and primaries tipped with rufous, the secondaries 
broadly edged, the innermost mottled with that colour; alar speculum 
at base of primaries not so large as in the adult; tail dull 
brown, washed with rufous on the edge of the feathers, the tips of 
which are paler, with a subterminal narrow band of dusky blackish; 
the outer tail-feathers buffy white externally and at the tip, sub-
terminally mottled with brown ; lores slightly whitish ; cheeks and 
throat dull white, thickly barred across with dusky brown, the 
white spaces being wider on the abdomen and on the under tail-

coverts. 
Total length. Culmen.
in. in. 
Wing. 
in. 
Tail. 
in. 
Tarsus, 
in. 
e 8 0-75 4-1 4-8 1-1 
6 8 0-75 3-8 4-2 1-1 
$ 8 0-8 3-9 4-4 1-0 

Hah. South Africa, from the Cape to the Congo. 
Obs. One female, apparently fully adult, shot at Bull's Post 
in Great Namaqua Land, May 13, 1862, has the rump grey; 

22. LA^iirs. 
the underparts, except the abdomen and under tail-coverts, greyish, 
which colour is produced by the minute transverse vermiculations. 
The chestnut-coloured spot on the flanks as in L. collaris, but the 
loral feathers and some feathers above the eye are whitish. Culmen 
0*8 inch, wing 3-8, tail 4-35, tarsus 1*05. 

Two white feathers just in the middle of the forehead support 
the opinion that this specimen is a hybrid between L, collaris and 
the true Namaqua bird. 

E. Eastern Race (L. humeralis). 
Adult male. Distribution of colour very similar to that in 

L. collaris. The birds from Eastern Africa, from Abyssinia to 
Fatal, are generally darker above than L. collaris^ old males showing 
a slight glossy shine on the head, neck, tail, and wing-coverts; 
greater part of scapulars pure white, forming a very conspicuous 
large shoulder-patch; rump and upper tail-coverts grey; all the 
underparts pure white,with the exception of the axillaries and most of 
the under wing-coverts, which are blackish, or only bordered with 
white on the outer web ; iris dark brown ; bill and feet black. 
Total 

length. Oulmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 
<$ ad. Natalin. 
8'4 
m. 
0-75 
in. 
3-65 
in. 
4*5 
in. 
1'08 
<$ ad. Sennaar . v.. 8*4 0-7 3-65 4'9 09o 
$ ad. Durban (moulting) 
8-4 0*63 3-60 4-9 1-05 

Adult female. Like the male in colour and size, but, as in the female 
of L. collaris, showing a chestnut spot on the sides above the thighs. 
The young bird in first plumage is very similar to the young of 

L. collaris of the same ago ; but the underparts, especially the abdomen 
and lower breast, are whiter and less cross-barred. 
Ohs. One adult male from Natal and one female from Maritzburg 
appear to be almost pure white underneath; but on very careful 
examination they show on the breast very faint and narrow greyish 
cross markings, which give a very slight greyish tinge to the white 
breast. Another male from Durban, however, has the underparts 
pure white. 
Hal. Eastern Africa, from Abyssinia to Natal. 

The birds described as L. liumeralis and L. collaris are to be 
looked upon as only one species, represented in the eastern part of 
Africa, from Abyssinia to Natal, by a slightly smaller and more 
brightly coloured form, and in the western region, from the Congo 
river to the Cape, by a more greyish and rather larger race. In 
Natal both these forms run into each other as regards colour and in 

size. 
a. L. collaris. 
a. Ad. sk.
b. [ $ ] ad. sk.
VOL. vin. 
. South Africa. 
South Africa. 
J. Grould, Esq. [C.I. 
J. Gould, Esq. [O.J. 
s 

c, d. Nestling. 

e. Nestling. 
/, g, k 2 ad. sk. 

i. 
Imm. sk. 
(moulting). 
7c, I. Imm. sk. 
(moulting). 


m. Juv. sk. 
n, o, p. Ad. sk. 
g. Id] ad. sk. 
r, s. d ? ad. sk. 

£. Juv. sk. 

w, ». [<£] ad. sk. 

w. $ ad. sk. 
x. 2 ad* sk. 
a. [d] ad. sk. 
b,c. [c??]st. 
d. d ad. sk. 
e. [ d ] ad. sk. 
/. d ad. sk. 
(moulting). 

g. J ad. sk. 
7i. d ad. sk. 

i. 
d ad. sk. 
h. d Imm. sk. 
I. d ad. sk. 
m. d ad. sk. 
n. d ad. sk. 
o. 2 ad. sk. 
p. Juv. sk. 
LAKIIDJE. 

South Africa. 
South Africa. 

South Africa (Layard). 
South Africa (Layard). 

British Kaflraria. 

Kingwilliam's Town. 
Gold-fields, S. Africa. 
Knysna, Dec. 12,1865 

(Andersson). 

Cape Town, July 1,1865 

(Andersson). 

Cape Town, Nov. 8,1865 

(Andersson). 

Cape. 
Mossel Bay, April 11,1873 


(F. Oates). 
Bull's Post, Great Namaqua 
Land, May 13,1862 (Andersso7i). 


/3. L. humeralis. 

Abyssinia. 

S. Africa. 
Natal. 
Natal (Ayres). 
Durban (F. Oates). 

Maritzburg, May 21,1873 

(F. Oates). 
Kitui (E. Africa), April 

1877. 
Kitui, April 1877. 
Bejook, Bogos, July 13,1868 

( W. Jesse). 
Efat (Sir W. C. Harris). 
Geddem, Dec. 1841 (Sir W. 
C. Harris). 
Senaf<§, 7500 feet, Feb. 26, 

Adigrat, 8000 feet, April 3, 
1868. 
Abyssinia. 

Subsp. a. Lanins smithii. 

Dr. Lee HP.]-

Eev. H.T.Phillip 
[P.]. 

E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Capt. Trevelyan [C.]. 

Capt. Trevelyan [C], 
Purchased. 

B. B. Sharpe, E*q. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Capt. Kellett [0.]


W. E. 
& C. G. Oates, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Purchased. 
Purchased. 

T. Ayres, Ebq. [C.]. 
F. D" Godman and 0. 
Salvia, Esqrs. r P. l 
W.E. 
& C. G. Gates, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
W. E. & C. G. Oates, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
J. Hildebrandt [C.]. 
J. Hildebrandt rCA 
F. D. Godman and'O. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
India Museum. 
India Museum. 

"W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[0.]. 

"W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[C.]. 
Purchased. 

Collurio smithii, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 16; VerreaiLV, Rev. et 
Mag. Zool. 1851, p. 312 j Hard. Orn. W.-Afr. pp. 103 & 273; 
Monteiro, Ibis, 1862, p. 337. 

Lanius smithii, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 291 (1846) ; Bp. C. A. i. p. 364; 
id. Hev. et Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 434; Eeugl. Orn. MO.-Afr. i. 

22. 1AKIUS. 
259 
p. 487 (1869-71); Sharpefy Bouvier, Bull Soc. Zool Fr. i. p. 308; 
Skarpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 19; id. Cat Afr. B. p. 50; id. P. Z.&. 
1873, p. 717; Beichmow, Corr. Afrih. Geselkch. 1874, p. 179. 
Collyrio smithii, Gray, Band-l B. i. p. 391, no. 5944 (1869)• Bocage, 
Jorn. Zisb. 1870, p. 343. 
Fiscus smitMi, Brelmi, Babesch, p. 310; Bocage} Orn, Angola^ 

p. 216. 
Adult male. Distribution of colours exactly the same as in 

L. humeralis, from which L. smithii, besides its smaller size, differs 
merely in two points: first, the head, hind neck, and mantle are 
constantly glossy black; secondly, most of the upper tail-coverts 
have their terminal halves white, forming a white patch across the 
rump. 
Adult female. Like the male but less glossy, some of the feathers 
of the flanks and sides of breast washed with chestnut-colour. 
Young birds like those of L. humeralis. 

Total length. Cnlmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 
In. in. in. in. in. 

6-Congo.... about 8*5 0-7 3-6 4-6 1-0 
<?. Congo.... » 0-7 3-5 4*45 0-9 
<?. Fantee .. ?; 0-7 3-5 4*6 1*0 
c?. Accra.... j? 0-7 3-5 4*5 0-95 
6-Ashantee . about 7-7 0-65 3*22 4*1 0-95 
6-Abeokuta. )j 0-61 3*3 4*1 0-92 


Congo }) 0-67 3*2 4*1 0*87 

?• 

Bab. "Western Africa, from the Congo river to the Gold Coast. 

As the Congo specimens form a perfect link in size between the 
eastern L. humeralis and the western L. smithii, the latter cannot 
be considered more than a still more brightly coloured representative 
of the L. coUaris group in Tropical Western Africa; in other words, 

L. humeralis gradually passes into a more intensely black and purer 
white-coloured and somewhat smaller form towards the western 
parts of Tropical Africa. 
a. 
[ S ] ad. sk. West Africa. L, Fraser, Esq. [C], (Type 
of species.) 
b,c,d. 
[ tf ] ad. sk, Fantee. F. D. Gtodman and O. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 


e. \($~\ ad.sk. "W. Africa. Purchased. 
f. Irani, moulting sk. Ashantee. J. Gould, Esq. 
ff,h. [tf] ad.sk. Fantee. R. B. Skarpe, Esq. 
i. Juv. sk. Fantee. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
k,i Inim.moultingsk. Fantee. A. Swanzy, Esq. [P.]. 
m. [ S ] ad. sk. Accra {Smith). E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
n. Imm. moulting sk. Abeokuta. F. Nicholson, Esq. [P.]. 
V [ <3 ] ad. sk. Abeokuta. F. Nicholson, Esq. [P.J. 
p, q. 6 ad.; r. § Congo. Commander E-. M. Sperad. 
sk. 
ling [P.]. 

s. [$]acL sk. Angola. J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [C.]. 
s 2 

260 lANimaB. 

27. Lanius siihcoronatus. 
Lanius subcoroiiatim, Smith, HI Zool S. Afr., Aves, pi. 68: Bp. C. A. 

i. p. 359; Strichl. $ Sclater, B. Damara Ld., Contr. Gnu 1852, 
p. 154; Andersson, P. Z. S. 18747 p. 1: Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 157 ; 
Sharpe, Cat Afr. B. p. 50; id. ed. Layard B. South Afr. p. 377. 
Oollyno subcoroiiatus, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 301, nu 5943. 
Fiscus subcoionatus, Gumey in Andersson, B. Damara Ld. p. 138; 

Socage, Jom. List. 1872, p. 07; id. Orn. Angola, p, 217 ; Chapman's 
Travels in S. Afr., App. p. 393, 
Fiscus capelli, Socage, Jom List. xxvi. p. 93 (1879) ; id. Orn. 
aVAngola, p. 549 ; Beichen. §• Schalow, J. f, O. 1880, p. 97. 

Adult male. Easily distinguished from L. cottaris by a white 
frontal band and a large superciliary stripe. Rump and under 
surface of body pure white, as in L. humeralis, from which it 
differs by xhe colour of the upper parts, which are still more dull 
and more tinged with brownish grey than in L. collaris. BiH and 
feet horny black. Total length 8-5 inches, oilmen 0*65, wing 3*65, 
tail 4*1, tarsus 1*05. 

Adult female. Very large chestnut spot on the flanks ; in younger 
specimens the breast slightly tinged or waved with ashy. Total 
length 8-5 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3-8, tail 4*4, tarsus 1. 

Young bird. More or less like those of the allied species, but 
always having the rump and terminal half of some of the upper 
tail-coverts and the frontal and superciliary region white. 
Hal. ^outh-western Africa, from Eenguela to Xamaqua Land. 

a. Ad. sk. S.W. Africa. Purchased. 
h. Ad. sk.
c. 5 imm. sk.
d. Imm. sk. 
Damara Land. 
Swakop river, Jan. 30, 1864(Andersson). 
Swakop river, Nov. 25,1863 (Andersson). 
C.J.Andersson,Esq. [C.j. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
e. cJ imm. sk.
(moulting). 
Kamis river, Gt. Naniaqua 
Land, May 22 1862 (Andersson). 
R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. 
f. $ ad. sk. GtNamaqua Land, June 18,1862 (Andersson). 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

28. Lanius tephronotus. 
Collurio tephronotus, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 43; Bp. Bev. et 
Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 435: Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 171 
(1873). 

Lanius nipalensis, Hodgs. hid. Review, i. p. 445 (1837). 

Collurio obscurior, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool Misc. 1844, p. 84. 

Lanius tephronotus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 290 (1846); Blyth, J. A. S. 

Beng. xv. p. 301; %d. Cat B. Mus. As. Soc. p. ] 51 (1840) : Bp. C. A. 

i. p. 364; Horsf. fy Moore, Cat. B. M. E.L Co. i. p. 160 (1854) : 
Jerd. B. Ind. i.p. 403 (1862); Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. 1870 
p. 99, and 1875, p. 473 ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 375; Hume, Str. 
F. 1874, p. 475; David et Oustal. Gis. Chine, p. 94; Schalotu, J. f O* 
1878; p. 151; Anderson, Zool Exped. Yunnan, Aves, p. 643 (187*8). 
22. LAJHUS. 261 
CoUyrio tepkronotus, Gray, HancU, B. i. p. 392, no. 5954; Kume, 
Nests $ Eggs Bid. B. I p. 171. 

Adult. Crown of head, hind neck, and scapulars dull grey; ^ the 
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts dull orange-buff; wings 
blackish brown, with no visible alar speculum, as the wing-coverts 
completely hide the whitish basal fifth of the primaries; the least 
coverts broadly washed with grey like the back, the greater scries 
and the quills narrowly margined with buffy white ; the edge of the 
wing and the outer margin of the bastard quills white ; tail-feathers 
dull brown, the central pair darker and obscurely tipped with fulvous, 
this colour increasing in extent on the outer feathers, which 
are also obscurely margined with fulvous on the outer web ; a 
narrow frontal band, feathers round the eye, and the oar-coverts 
black; an indistinct superciliary stripe; cheeks, throat, and centre 
of the body below white; the sides of the body and under tail-
coverts orange, inclining to buff on the latter; thighs ashy white; 
under wing-coverts creamy white, the lower ones inclining to 
ashy brown; inner surface of quills also ashy brown, inclining to 
white near the inner webs ; bill and feet black ; iris brown. Total 
length about 9 inches, culinen 0*75, wing 4*05, tail 4-8, tarsus 1*12. 
The sexes are alike in plumage. 

Young. Similar to the adult in coloration, but duller, and wanting 
the black frontal band; ear-coverts dark brown; under surface 
whitish, numerously barred with zigzag bars of ashy brown; and 
upper tail-coverts also barred with black-brown; some of the 
scapulars and most of the wing-coverts edged with reddish brown, 
with submarginal blackish longitudinal bars. 
Hah. Himalayas, from Cashmere to Assam ; and Upper Burmah. 

a. [$ ] ad. sk.
h. $ juv. sk. 
India. 
Valley of Astor, Cashmere,
10,000 feet. 
Purchased. 
c-f. Ad. sk.
gjh. Imm. sk.
V, k. $ ad. & 
Nepal. 
Nepal. 
Nepal {Hodgson). 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.1 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.J. 
India Museum. 
juv. sk. 
I Juv. sk.
MI. Imm. sk.
n. Ad. sk.
o. Ad. sk.
p, q, r. Ad. sk.
s. c^ad.sk, 
Sikkim, December 1874. 
Sikkim, November 1874. 
Bootan (Pemberton). 
Assam {McClelland) 
Upper As^am. 
Sawaddy, Burmah,Jan. 21875. 
Major J. Biddulph [O.l 
Major J. Biddulph [C.]. 
India Museum. 
India Museum. 
It. B. Shaxpe, Esq. [P.]. 
8, Dr. J. Anderson. 
t. Skeleton of Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
trunk. 

29. Lauras schach. % 
Lanius a-seaek, Osbeek, Ostind. Mesa, p. 227 (1757). 
Lanius schach, IAnn. 8. N. i. p. 94 (1758); Gm. 8. N. i. p. 303 j 
Vieill Enc. Meth. ix. p. 737 ; Less. lYaite cPOm. p. 372; Blyth, 

J. A. 8, Beng. xv. p. 301; id. Oat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 151 $ Bp. 
262 LA>"HD.3!. 

C. A. i. p. 364 (1850); Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. 31. E.L Co.L 
p. 163 (1854): Cassin, Xarrat. of Exped. Amer. Squadr. ii. p- 233 
(1856); Swiiih. Ibis, I860, p. 43, and 1871, p. 5U; id. P. ^ & 
1863, p. 286, and 1871, p. 375: Serertz. Turk. Jevotn. (1^7Sj ; 
Walden, Tr. Z. Soc. 1675, p. 170: Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 1B4; 
Da??. 4* Oust. Ois. CJiine, p. 95, pi. 75 (1877),* Schalozv, J.f-^* 
1878, p. 139. 
Chestnut-backed Shrike, Lath. Gen. 8ijn. i. p. 150 (1781). 
Lanius castaneus, Gm. 8. K. xiii. p. 297. no. 5 (1788): Lath. Ind. 
Orn. i. p. 67. 
Lanius maerourus, Citv. 31ns. Par. i testa Pucker, Arch, du Mm* 

d'JSist. nat. vii. p. 325,1854). 
Lanius elimeiisis, Gray, 2o**l. Misc. p. 1 (1531,. 
CollTiio sekaeh, Bp. Per. et Mar/. Zml 1853, p. 434; Gtmj, 

Iland-l B. I p. 392, no. 5040 (15('9j -id. Fa*r. B. Clam, p. 4. 
Lanius longicaudatus, Gould, P. Z. & 1850, p. 151. 
Lanius sehach, var. formosce, Sichih. IU% ls03, p. 270 ; w7„ P. #. #* 

1863, p. 335. 

AdvlL The sexes are alike in plumage. Forehead, ocular rocion, 
und ear-coverts black ; rest of head, and hind neck prroy, <*!• »*r» r 
where it adjoins the back, but gradually becoming tinned with 
sandy colour as it approaches the back, which is deep orange ferruginous 
like the scapulars and upper tail-coverts; *wiiig-cov<*rta 
black, the lesser ones slightly shaded with greyish; edge d wing 
white; general colour of quills brownish black; the primaries 
externally narrowly edged with burl}' white, five of them with 
white bases, which colour, extending over generally not more or 
even less than the basal third of the quills, is completely hidden by 
the wing-coverts, rarely producing a distinct alar speculum; the 
secondaries with broad rufous margins; tail black, tipped with 
rufous buff, the outer feathers greyer and more broadly tipped an<I 
margined all round with rufous buff; cheeks, throat* and breast 
white, shading off into creamy buff on the centre of the body, the 
sides of which are deep orange-ferruginous like the back ; under 
tail-coverts a little paler; thighs buffy white; most of the un«l<*r 
wing-coverts near the edge of the wing, as well as the edge of the 
inner webs, buffy white ; some of the under wing-coverts form a 
blackish patch; bill and feet black. 

Iragth Culmm' WinS* Tai L T^xma. 
in. in. in. in. in, 
c?. Hankow 10*6 0-&5 4*3 5*7 1 -25 
<$. China 10*0 0*8 4*05 5-5 1-2 
c?. Amoy 10-0 0*85 4*05 5*45 1-28 

Immature birds resemble the adult, but want the Mack forehead ; 
the whole head, hind neck, mantle, and breast are fawn-buff, 
each feather with a dark sub terminal cross bar; ear-coverts and wing-
coverts dark town, the latter rather broadly tipped with reddish 
brown ; bill and feet horny brown. 

Hal. China and Formosa. 
Obs. About the birds from the island of Formosa (L. sehach, var„ 

22. LAimrs. 
263 
formosce, Swinhoe), cf. Swinhoe's excellent account of L. schach 
iin
nn This? 1££5* ^ O^A 0>70

 <
<< Ibis/ 1863, pp. 270-272. 

<z. -c? ] ad. sk. China. 
General Hardwicke [P.], 
5. Ad. sk. N. China. Mr, Fortune [0.]. 
c-e. Ad. sk. China. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [0.1. 
/. Ad. sk. China. G. T. Lay, Esq.. [0.]. 
y,^. c? $ ad. sk. Amoy, China, April F. D. Godman and 0, 
1862 (Swinhoe). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 

i. 
Ad.sk. Amoy, December 1859 Gould Collection. 
(R. Swinlwe).
A. Ad. sk. China (Swinhoe). F. D. Godman and 0. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
I [ $ ] ad. sk. Hankow. 0. Maries, Esq. [C.]. 
»2, w. Ad. sk. China. Gould Collection. 

o. Ad. sk. Fokien. 
Gould Collection. 
p. Ad. sk. Shanghai (J. R. Beeves). Gould Collection. 
£. Ad. sk. Formosa, Nov. 1865. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
r. 
Ad. sk. Formosa (Swinhoe). F. D. Godman and 0. 
Salvin, Ejsqrs. [P.]. 
30. Lanius fascatus. 
Lanius fuscatus, Less, Traite, p. 373; Bp. Rev. et Mag. Zool 1853, 
p. 434; Tucker. Arch. Mus. vii. p. 368 ; Walden, Ibis, 1868, p. 69, 
WO, p. 241; Swinh.P.Z.S. 1870, p. 241, and 1871, p. 375; 
Jerdon, Ibis, lb72, p. 115: Dav. et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 96; Schalow, 
J.f.O.1878, p. 150. 
Lanius lugubris, Marti. Jf O. 1855, p. 361 (ex Temm. MS.). 
Lanius melanthes, Swinh. Ibis, 1867, p. 405; Walden, Ibis, 1868, 
p. 68. 
Oollyrio fuscatus, Gray, Mand-l B. i. p. 392, no. 5961 (1869). 
u Erontal band, over eye, whole face, and throat black ; thighs, 

axillaries, wings, and tail black; remiges lighter and browner; bill 

and claws black; iris deep brown; rest o£ plumage deep dusky 

smoke-grey, tinged with buff on back, rump, and underparts; reddish 

chocolate on vent. "Wing 4 inches, tail 5*3. In form very similar 

to L„ scliach" (Swinhoe.) 

Hah. Amoy, South China. 
Th.e type specimens of L. melanthes are now in the collection of 
Mr. H. Seebohm. 


31. Lanius erythronotus. 
Collurio 
erythronotus, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 42; Gould, Gent. 
Kim. B. pi. 12. fig. 2; Bp. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 435; Frank!. 

P. Z. S. 1831, p. 117; Hume, Sir. F. 1873, p. 174; id. Nests 
and JEggs hid. B. p. 167. 
Collurio jounotus, Modgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844). 
Lanius erythronotus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 290 (1846); Blyth, J. A. S. 

Beng. xv. p. 302 (1846); id. Cat. B. Mus. As. tfoc. p. 151 (1849); 
Bp. C. A. i. p. 364; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. M. F.I. Co. i. p. 164 
(1854); Jerdon, B. Bid. I p. 402 (1862); Menders. $ Mime, 
Lahore to Yarh. pp. 166 & 182; Beavan, Ibis, 1870, p. 311; 
Jerdon, Ibis, 1872, p. 114; Schahw, Jf 0. 1878, p. 148. 

26 4 lAMTCDiB. 

Enneoctonus erytlironotus, Tytler, Bis, 1868, p. 200; IToIdstvorth, 

P. Z. 3. 1872, p. 436. 
Collyrio erytlironotus, Gray, Hand-l JB. i. p. 392, no. 5950. 
Collyrio caniceps, Gray, Mand4. B. i. p. 392, no. 5961 (nee Myth), 
Adult Crown of head, neck, and mantle grey; lower part of the 
mantle washed with sanely as it shades off into the back, which is, 
along with the rump and upper tail-coverts, light orange-rufous; 
scapulars rufous like the back but paler, many of them washed 
with grey near the base; wing-coverts black, the lesser series 
round the bend of the wing margined with ashy grey, the edge of 
the wing white; quills brownish black, the secondaries rather 
broadly margined with fulvous, the primaries more narrowly, the 
latter white at basal third of either web, forming a small alar 
speculum; tail black, all the feathers tipped with light rufous buff; 
this light terminal spot increasing in extent on the three outer 
feathers, which are likewise margined with fulvous, not only on 
the outer but also on the inner webs, forming a narrow border to 
these feathers, broader and more distinct on the outermost rectrix ; 
across the forehead a well-defined black band, which colour extends 

over the lores, around the eye, and over the whole ear-coverts; the 
sharp narrow black superciliary streak bordered with white; 
cheeks and throat white; rest of underparts buffy white, sides of the 
body and under tail-coverts orange-rufous, paler on the latter and 
on the thighs; under wing-coverts and axillaries creamy white; 
some of the feathers near the bastard wing slightly washed with 
greyish ; bill and feet black, base of under mandible pale horny. 

Young. Head, neck, and mantle ashy brown; the back, scapulars, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts pale orange-rufous, all the feathers of 
the upper surface paler at tip, and barred with dusky brown; wings 
blackish, all the feathers edged with dull rufous, the primaries with 
pale fulvous; tail ashy brown, with wavy cross lines under certain 
lights, the two centre feathers blackish, the outer ones with a pale 
border of fulvous all round; forehead and lores fulvous, barred 
with dusky brown; over the eye a distinct buffy-white streak; ear-
coverts dull brown; cheeks and throat pure white; rest of under 
surface pale fulvous, inclining to white on the centre of the abdomen; 
breast and flanks varied with zigzag cross lines of dusky 
brown. 

The following are the measurements of a series of L. erytlironotus 
now before'me:—Culmen about 0*75 inch. 

Total 

9 length, 
in. 
Wing. 
in. 
Tail. 
in. 
Tarsus. 
in. 
$ ad. Kokand 8*5 3-75 4-7 1-05 
<$ ad. Sind valleyAd. Kamptee 
8*8 
9*8 
3-7 
3-6 
4-7 
4-8 
1-05 
1-1 
Ad. Behar 9-0 3-55 4*5 1-1 
Ad. KampteeAd. KampteeAd. BeharAd. Nepal 
9*8 
8'0 
8-5 
8*5 
3-55 
3-4 
3-4 
3-3 
4-6 
4-5 
4*4 
4-2 
1-1 
1-1 
1-1 
1-05 

22. LANIUS. 
265 
Hal. Indian Peninsula, extending through the N.W. Provinces 
and Sindh to Central Asia; replacod in Southern India by I. 
caniceps. 

a. (5 ad. sk. Kokand. Dr. Severtzow [C.]. 
6. $ ad. sk. Afghanistan {Griffith), India Museum. 
c. Ad. sk. Afghanistan {Griffith). India Museum. 
d. Ad. sk. Kabul (Griffith). India Museum. 
e,/. 6 $ ad. sk. Kandahar, April 6, 1881. Lieut.-Col. Swinhoe 
g. 5 ad. sk. Quettah, May 5, 1881. Lieut.-Col. Swinhoe 
[P.]. 
h, i. Ad. sk. Peshawur. Colonel Way [P.l 
k, J. d1 S ad. sk. Gilgit, June. Major Biddulph fC.]. 

w. Ad. sk. Kashmere, July 30,1874. Major Biddulph [0.1. 
w. Ad. sk. Kashmere. B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [R]. 
o. Ad. sk. 
Kashmere. E. M. Langworthy, 
Esq. [P.l. 
p. 5 ad. sk. Srinags;ar, May 1876. Major Biddulph [C.]. 
2? *'• cT ? ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse rinwill 
[P.]. 
5, t. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pin-
will [P.]. 

w. Ad. sk. N.W. India. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
v. Ad. 5>k. Murree. Major Biddulph I P.]. 
w. Juv. sk. Kotegurh. E. *W. Oates, Esq. 
x. Ad. sk. Eajkote, Nov. 10, 1871. Major Hayes Lloyd 
[P.]. 
y, z, a\ V. Ad. sk. Kamptee, Central ProDr. 
B. Hinde [P.], 
vinces. 
c'. Juv. sk. Deccan (Si/kes). India Museum. 
<f, e'. Ad. sk. Behar. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. 

[P.J


/"'. Ad. j g\ Juv. sk. Kumaon (Strachey). India Museum. 
A'. Ad. sk. Darjeeling-. W. Eotheringbam, Esq, 
[P.] 
%'. Ad. sk. Darjeeling. 0.1 13. B. Wharton, Esq. 
[p.]. 

k'. Ad. sk. Assam. 

Gould Collection. 

I'. Ad. sk. India. 
m'. Ad. sk. India. 


Subspecies a. Lanius caniceps. 

Lanius caniceps, BIyth, J. A. S. Beng. rv. p. 802 (184C); id. Cat. B. M. 
As. Soc. p. 151 (1849) ; Gray, Gen. B. hi. Append, p. 14; Bp. C. A. 

i. p.-364; Horsf. # Moore, Cat B. M. B.I. Co. p. 164 (1854); 
Blanford, J. A. S. Beng. 1871, p. 272; Jerdon, Ibis, 1872, p. 114; 
Fairbank, Str. F. 1877, p. 400; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 383 (1870). 
Lanius tephronotus(F^.), Kelaart, Brodrom. Cat. p. 124 (1852, teste 
Legge). 
Collyrio caniceps, Bp. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 435; Hume, Nests 
and Eggs Ind. B. i. p. 169 (1873). 
Lanius erythronotus (Vuf.),Layard, Ann. Sf Mag. N. II1854, xiii. 

p. 130 i pt.); Jerdon, B. Ind. i.p. 402 (1802); Holdsioorth, P. Z. S. 
1872, p. 436; legge, Str. F. 1876, p. 243. 
Lanius affinis, Legge, Str. F. 1876, p. 243. 


266 LANIIDJB. 

If Lanius ccmiceps of Myth is to be treated as a separate species, 

this name should be restricted to the birds from Southern India with 

grey scapulars. The whole colouring* of the birds from this part of 

India is clearer, and the grey extends further down the back. 

Adult. The grey colour above occupies the whole of the mantle, 
upper back, and the scapulars; the orange-rufous colour is restricted 
to the rump and upper tail-coverts, the change from this 
colour to the grey of the mantle taking place on the lower back; 
generally some of the larger scapulars are slightly washed with 
rufous. In all the other parts, especially in the colour of the head, 

L. cankeps most closely resembles L. erythronoins. 
The following are the measurements of those specimens in the 
British Museum which I consider to be typical L. ccmiceps of Blyth ; 
they do not differ from those of L. erytJironotus in any part. 

Total 

length.
in. 
Culmen. 
in. 
Wing. 
in. 
Tail. 
in. 
Tarsus. 
in. 
a, b. Ad. Malabar 9 abt. 0-75 3-05 4-75 1-18 
c. Ad. N.W. Ceylond. cS ad. Godavery River.. 
8-5 
8 
3-4 
3-4 
4-2 
4-2 
1-07 
1-01 

Eab. Southern India and Ceylon, ranging into the Godavery 
valley in Central India. 

a. Ad. st.
J.AdLst. 
India. 
India. 
Gen. Hardwicke f P.]. 
L J 
c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk.
e,f. Ad. sk.
g. Juv. sk.
h, i Ad. sk.
k. Ad. sk. 
Madras (Jerdon). 
Madras {Jerdon). 
Deccan (Burgess). 
Deccan (Syhes). 
Deccan (Sykes). 
Malabar. 
Gould Collection. 
India Museum. 
Gould Collection. 
India Museum. 
India Museum. 
Purchased. 
I Ad. sk. Malabar. Purchased. 
m. Ad. sk.
n. ($ ad sk.
o. Ad. sk.
p. $ ad. sk. 
Kampiee. 
Godavery river, Dec. 16,1870. 
Deyra Doon. 
N.W. Ceylon, March 13,1876. 
Dr. R B. Binde [P.]. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[P.]. * 
Gould Collection. 
Capt "W. V. Le<re;e fC.1 

32. Lauras bentet. 
Lanius bentet, Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 144 (1821); Raffles, ibid. 
p. 004; Lath. Gen. Hist. ii. p. 54; Less. Cent. Zool. pi. 72 ; Salvad. 
Uccell. Borneo, p. 158; Schalotv, J.f O. 187%8, p. 141: Nicholson, 
Ibis, 1879, p. 170. 
Lanius pyrrhonotus, Vieill. Gal. Ois, pi. 135. i. p. 219 (1825). 
Lanius sckach (pi), Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. M. E.I. Co. i. p. 163 
(1854). 
Collyrio pyrrhonotus, Bp. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 435; Gray. 

Hand-l. B. i. p. 392, no. 5952. 
Collyrio bentet, Bp. t. c. p. 435, 
? Lanius suchii, Bp. 

22 . LANJT78. 207 
Adult. The birds belonging to L. belief (Java, Lombock, and 
Timor) may briefly be described as a small form of L. sehneli, with 
the black frontal band extending to the lowl of the p)cs and 
gradually passing into the grey of the crown of the head. The blade 
superciliary streak is generally broader than in L. schaeJi, and extends 
a little backwards over the ear-coverts to the bides of tho 
neck. In all the other parts these insular birds resemble the large 
continental Chinese form in the minutest details. 

Tho sexes are perfectly alike in plumage ; and the young birds 
have the same colours and markings as those of the allied species. 

Obs. Two specimens from Sumatra and one specimen from Java 
differ from all the others in having the scapulars of a very light buiicolonr, 
and the terminal half shading oil' into creamy A\bite. In 
the Java specimen mentioned above and in a second from Lombock 
the black colour occupies tho greater part of the head, gradually 
passing into brownish black and then into ashy brown on the occiput 
and hind neck. 

Measurements :—Total length 9-9*5 inches ; culmen about 0*75 

inch. 
Wing.
m. 
Tail. 
iu. 
Tarsus. 
in. 
Ad. Java 3-4 44 1-1 
S ad. Timor 8*6 5-2 1-18 
J ad. Timor 3'45 5-0 1-1 
c? ad. Lombock 3*4 4'oo 1*1 
Ad. Lombock 3-46 4-8 1*08 

Hab. Sunda Islands, from Sumatra to Timor. 

a. Ad. sk. [Java.] J. Insldpp, E>q. [P.]. 
b, c. Ad. sk. Java (JZorsfielcZ). India Museum. (Typos 
of species.) 
d, e. Ad. sk. Java. 
/, g. Ad. sk. Java. F. D. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
E^qis. [P.], 
k Ad. sk. W. Java (E. C. Buxton). F. Nichobon, E.sq. [P.]. 
i Ad. sk. W. Java. A. II. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 
h, I. Ad. sk. Sumatra. Mr. Carl Bock [P.J. 
m,n, o. (Sact. & juv.j Lombock. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [0]. 

p. 9 ad. sk. 
q. Ad. sk. Lombock. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.], 
r. Ad.; s. $ ad. sk. Lombock (Wallace). Gould Collection. 
t, u, v. Ad.; E. Timor. A. 11. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 
w. Juv. sk. 
x, y. <$ ad.; E. Timor. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 
z. 2 ad. sk. 
a'. Ad. in spirit. Java. R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. [P.]. 
268 LAmWM. 

33. Lanius nigriceps. 
Pie-grieehed'Antigue,Sonner. Voy. Nouv. 6rwm.p. 114, pi. 70 (1776). 
Lanius antiguanus, Gml. S. N. i. p. 301, no. 29 (1788, ex Sonnerat). 
Lanius nasutus, Scop. Del. Fl. Faun. Insiibr. ii. p. 85, no. 13 (1780, 

ex Sonn.); Walden, Tr. Z. S. ix. p, 169. 
Collurio nigriceps Frank!. F.Z. S. 1831, p. 117; Bp. Mev. et Mag. 
Zool 1853, p. 435; Hume, Nests $ Eggs Ind. B. p. 172. 
Lanius tricolor, Hodgs. Ind. Rev. i. p. 446 (1837); id. in Gray's Zool. 
Misc. p; 81. 

Lanius nigiiceps, Jercl Madr. Journ. x. p. 236; id. III. Ind. Orn. 
pi. 17. ng. 1 (1830-34); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 290, pi. 71; Blyth, 
Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 151; Bp. C. A. i. p. 364 (1850) ; Mors/. 
$ Moore, Cat B. M. El, Co. i. p. 106 (1854); Jercl B. Ind. i. 

p. 404 (1863); Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 164; Jerd. Ibis, lb72, p. 115; 
Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 473 ; David § Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 95 (1877); 
Schalow, J. f. 0.1878, p. 153 ; Anders. B. Yun-nan, p. 044 (1878) ; 
Scully, Str!F. 1879, p. 264. 
Collyrio pyrrhonotus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 392, no. 5952 (1809). 
Collyrio nigriceps, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 392, no. 5955. 
Collyrio nasutus, Gray, Hand-l, B. i. p. 392, no. 5958. 
Lanius pileatus, Temm. (in Mus. Luga\),fide Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 164. 


Adult. Entire crown, bides of head, and the hind neck black ; 
mantle, scapulars, rest of back, and upper tail-coverts rufous-chestnut 
colour; (younger birds have the mantle less chestnut-coloured and 
more or less strongly washed with grey;) wing-coverts black, except 
some of the lesser series near the corner of the wing, which are externally 
bordered with pale buff; quills brownish black, the secondaries 
bordered with fawn-colour, basal third of primaries white ; 
the tail is much the same in colour as that of L. schach or L. bentet, 
which species are the nearest allies to L. nigriceps; bnt the basal 
third of the tail-feathers in this species is generally paler, greyish 
brown, or even, especially on the outer tail-feathers, fawn-colonr. 

All the other parts are like those of L. bentet in colour. Bill and 
feet black. Iris grey. 
The measurements show great variation. Total length about 
10 inches. 

Oulmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus, 

in. in. in. in. 
Nepal 0-75 3'85 5*1 1-12 
Nepal 0-75 3-65 4-85 1*10 
Beliar 0-8 3*55 4*7 1-13 
Ponsee 0*72 3'70 4-6 1-10 

$ . Bangkok 0-82 3-75 5*7 1*12 
c7. Siam 0*82 3*75 6-0 1*12 

Obs. The female specimen from Bangkok and the male from 
Siam (Gould Collection) are remarkable for the bright chestnut 
colour on the back and for the length of their tail. "Whilst in the 
Bangkok specimen the whole tail is almost uniformly brownish black, 
except the fawn-coloured tips and outer margins to the outermost 

22. IAOTCTS. 
269 
pair of feathers, scarcely becoming lighter near tho base, the tail 
in the JSiam specimen is deep Mack, but a littlo more than tho 
basal third of the tail-feathers (especially on the outer webs) is pale 
isabellino, the shafts of the quills at their basal third being pure 
white. 

Hah. Eastern Himalayas; Burmese and Tenasserim hills to Siam. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Himalayas. India Museum. 
c, d. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Oapt. Stackkouse Pin-
will [P.]. 
e-l. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. 

m, n. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 

o. Ad. sk. Nepal {Eccks). Gould Collection. 
p. Ad. sk. Nepal. 
Purchased. 
q. 
? ad. sk. Kabulia, Nepal valley, Dr. J. Scully [P.]. 
June 23,1878. 
r, 5. Ad. sk. 
Darjiling. W. Fotheringham, Esq. 
[P.]. 


t. 
Ad. sk. Darjiling (Dccles), F. D. Godman and 0. 
Salvm, Eaqrs. [P.]. 
u. Ad. sk. Khasia hills (Griffith). India Museum. 
v, to. $ $ ad. sk. Bhamau, Upper Burmah, Dr." J. Anderson [0.]. 
Feb. 1868. 


x. 
<$ ad. sk. Ponsee, Kakkyen hills, Dr. J. Anderson [0.]. 
March 16,1868. 
y. c? ad. sk. Pegu, Feb. 1881. Eugene W. Oates, Esq. 
z. § ad. sk. Bangkok, Siam, April E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
1873 (Copt. Conrad). 
a\ Ad. sk. Siam (Schomburgh). Gould Collection. 
b'. Ad. sk. Cochin China. 


34. Lanius cephalomelas. 
Lanius cephalomelas, JBp. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 436. 
Lanius nigriceps (pt.), Walden, Ibis, 1868, p. 70; Bchcdoio,J.f. 0, 
1878, p. 153, et auctt. plurim. 
Collyrio cephalomelas, Gray, Hand~l B. I p. 392, no. 5959. 

A specimen from Leyte (Philippine Islands) and a second from 
Sandakan (K. Borneo) are truly intermediate between L. henUt and 

L. nigriceps. Head, sides of head and neck, and tho hind neck 
dull black as in L. nigriceps. Mantle, upper back, and scapulars 
grey as in. L. bentet, but the line of demarcation between the black 
and grey strongly marked. All the other parts are coloured exactly 
as in L. bentet. 
The two specimens from Lombock and Java, mentioned on page 
267, form a link between L. bentet and L. cepJialomelas, through 
the large extension of brownish black on their heads. 

Total length about 9 inches. 

270 LANIIDiE. 
SanckkanCulnien.
in. 
0-8 
Wing. 
in. 
3-25 
Tail. 
in. 
5-1 
Tarsus, 
in. 
1-05 
5 . Philippine Islands (Leyte) ... . 0-75 3'26 5-1 1-08 

Hob. Southern Philippines, Northern Borneo, and Java. 

a. Ad. sk East Java. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 
b. f c?] ad. sk Sandakan. Purchased. 
c. 2 ad. sk. South Leyte (Sept. 1877). Alfred Everett, Esq. [C.]. 
35. Lanius bucephalus. 
Lanius bucephalus, Temm.fySchley. Faun. Jap. pi. 14 (1850); Szvinh. 
Ibis, I860, pp. 00, 132; Blaldston, Ibis, 1862, p. 317; Gray, 
Ilcmd-l B. i. p. 894, no. 5981; Sioinh. P. Z. 3. 1871, p. 375,1875, 
pp. 115, 450; Dav. $ Ousted. Ois. Chine, p. 98 (1877). 

Enneoctonus bucephalus, Bp. C. A. i. p. 363 (1850). 
Phoneus bucephalus, Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool France, i. p. 167 (1876). 


Adult male. Crown of head and nape deep reddish brown, which 
colour passes into dark grey on the mantle, scapulars, back, rump, 
and upper tail-coverts; tail slaty grey, the two central feathers 
darker, sometimes almost black; all the rest with small whitish or 
fulvous tips; least wing-coverts of the same colour as the back; 
the others and the secondary quills brownish black, externally 
margined with fulvous; primary quills blackish brown, with very narrow 
fulvous edges ; basal half of the webs pure white, forming an 
alar speculum, which is not entirely hidden by the greater wing-
coverts ; loral region and ear-coverts black; a very distinct white 
superciliary streak extending from the nostrils onto the hinder 
margin of the ear-coverts; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, 
with a blackish patch near the edge of the wing, which is also white; 
chin, cheeks, throat, middle part of the breast and abdomen, and 
the under tail-coverts creamy white; all the rest of the underparts 
more or less rufous, or sometimes, like the flanks, deep reddish 
brown; breast and sides of neck always with dark-brown vermieulatious, 
which, however, become very faint in old birds; thighs 
greyish; bill bluish black, paler at base; feet and claws black-
brown; "iris brown" (Gapt P. Conrad). Total length 8 inches, 
culmen 0-75, wing 8*4, tail 3*65, tarsus 1. 

Adult female. More reddish brown than the male, instead of grey; 
the whole upper surface strongly washed with reddish brown; upper 
tail-coverts with rufous edgings and tips of this colour; some of the 
innermost secondary quills and the greater wing-coverts broadly 
edged with rufous, and in some birds with a submarginal blackish 
line; primaries and tail brown ; underparts dingy whitish and less 
rufous than the male, but with the numerous brown vermiculations 
extending over the whole undersurface of the body; ear-coverts 
dark reddish brown; the superciliary streak less distinct and more 
creamy colour; bill horny brown. "Wing 3*3 inches, tail 3*6. 

Young birds resemble very much the adult female, but are still 
browner above and have more numerous vennieulations below. 

22. LANIUS. 271 
Hah. Japan and the opposite parts of China and Siberia; in winter 
visiting the southern parts of the Chinese Empire. 

a. c? ad. sk. Japan. Purchased. 
b, c. Ad. sk. Japan. Purchased. 
d, e. Ad. sk. Japan. Purchased. 
f>ff-62 ad. sk Japan. Gould Collection. 
h. <$ ad. sk. Yokohama, Feb. 15,1870 JR. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(Capt Conrad). [P.]. 
i, k, I, m. [ <? ? ] sk. Yokohama. H. Pryer, Esq. [0.]. 

n. Ad. sk. Yokohama. H. Pryer, Esq. [C.J. 
36. Lanius cristatus. 
Lanius cristatus, Linn. Syst. Nat i. p. 134 (1766) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. 
P- . . , Ball, 
Str. F. 1873, p. 65; Hume, t c. p. 65; id. # Menders. 
Lahore to Tark. p. 182; Hume, Nests 8f Eggs Inch B. p. 175; id. 
Str. F. 1874, p. 198,1875, p. 91; Blyth $ Wold. B. Burm. p. 121; 

Walden, Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 172; Fairb. Str. F. 1870, p. 256 ; Armstrong, 
t. c. p. 316; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 29; Butler, Str. F. 
1877, p. 228; David fy Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 09 (1877) ; Anderson, 
Zool. Exped. Yunnan, p. 645 (1878) ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 377. 

Laniu& phcenicums, Pallas, Zoor/r. Bosso-As. i. p. 405 (1810); Simdev, 
Bhys. Selsh. Tidskr. 1837, p. 36, 1838, p. 64 ; id. Zool. Anteckn. 
till Skand. Om.,in Vetensk. Akad. Fork. Stoekh. 1840; Sivinh. 
Ibis, 1863, p. 286; Walden, Ibis, 1867, pi. 5. fig. 2, p. 216, 1871, 

p. 173; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 186; Dybowski, J. f. O. 1872, 
p. 446; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 393, no. 5969; Taczan. J. f. 0. 
1872, p. 445. 
Enneoctonus lucionensis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 291 (1845) ; Swinhoe, 
Ibis, 1864, p. 420. 
Enneoctonus cristatus, Bp. C. A. i. p. 362 (1850) ; Horsf. § Moore, 
Cat B. Mus. E.I Co. i. p. 167 (1854). 
> Otomela cristatus, Bp. Bev. et May. de Zool 1853, p. 437. 
Otomela phoenkwa (Ball), Bp. t c. p. 436. 
Lanius superciliosus (non Lath.), Layard, Ann. §• Mag. Nat Hist. 


1854, p. 130. 
Lanius lucionensis, Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 304. 
Otomela cristata, Schalow, J.f. 0,1875, p. 130. 


Adult male. General colour above brownish rufous, more or less 
washed on the mantle with ashy or with a certain grey tinge; rump 
and upper tail-coverts always brighter rufous ; tail-feathers uniform 
brownish rufous, with very faint pale tips and edgings to the outer 
pairs ; wing-coverts and secondary quills brown, with rather broad 
margins; primaries brown, with neither edgings nor bases of 
whitish; a narrow indistinct whitish frontal band extends over the 
loral region and over the eye, forming a generally well-marked 
superciliary white spot; some of the loral feathers and the ear-
coverts are brownish black; all the underparts whitish, more or 
less tinged with creamy colour or even with rufous buff on the 

272 LASttlDJS. 

sides of the breast, flanks, and under tail-coverts; under wing-

coverts, edge of wing, and thighs creamy white, the bases of the 

feathers dusky; " iris dark brown, sometimes hazel-brown" (Leyye); 

" iris, feet, and claws bluish; bill black at tip, light horny brown 

at the base of the mandibles" (E. Pierre). 

Adult female. Superciliary streak less distinct and more creamy; 

oar-coverts dark brown ; underparts cream-colour, more rufous buff 

on the flanks; sides of breast and the flanks generally with faint 

brown zigzag vermiculations. 

Immature birds are very much like the female in coloration; 
but the vermiculations are much more numerous and extend over 
most of the underparts, especially across the chest and the sides of 
the body; some of the scapulars, the feathers of the rump, and 
the upper tail-coverts are also marked with dark subterminal cross 
waves; wing-coverts and secondary quills with subterminal dark 
lines along the outer web, which again is broadly margined with 
fulvous or rufous. 

In the nestling or first plumage the feathers of the head and upper 
surface are rufescent fulvous, each with a dark terminal edging and 
ray across the centre. (Leyge.) 

Total length about 7*5 inches, culmen about 0*7. 

Wing, Tail. Tarsus. 

in. in. 

m. 
Adult tf. Nepal 3*5 3-6 1*0 

Adult c?. Saigon ._ 2*25 3-0 1*0 

Adult c? • Tenasserim 3*4 3-4 1*15 

Adult $ . Colombo 8-8 37 1-0 

Ohs. I may mention here that the amount of rufous colour on the 
upper parts in this species varies to a very great extent. Thus many 
specimens, young and old and of both sexes, have the crown of the 
head, the rump, and upper tail-coverts perceptibly more rufous than 
the back. All the upper parts frequently show a strong brown tint, 
whilst other specimens have the reddish or rufous colour confined to 
the upper tail-coverts, and the whole back, mantle, and head are 
earthy brown, and often with a grey hue. 

After a careful examination of more than fifty specimens in the 
British Museum, and in the collections of Messrs. Seebohm, Dresser, 
and Scully, from all the parts of Asia where this species occurs, I am 
unable to connect the more reddish coloration cither with the age 
of the bird, or with the season, or with its geographical distribution. 
I therefore agree with Dr. Anderson, who (I. c.) makes the following 
remarks :—" Among nineteen specimens of L. cristatus from the same 
locality (Yunnan) the rufous is not alike in two ; and in one specimen 
the head and the back of the neck are marked off distinctly 
from the rufous-olive of the back." 

Hub. The Brown Shrike has a very wide distribution, ranging 
from Lake Baikal to the Malayan peninsula, and from Yarkand 
to the east coast of China. .From about September till March this 
species lives in India, Ceylon, the Andamans, and in the Indo-Chinese 
region, which countries it leaves for the north during the hot and 

22 . LANITJS. 
273 
rainy season, breeding all over tho Chinese Empire and in Southeastern 
Siberia. Many instances, however, are known of the birds 
staying in the more southern places throughout tho year, e. g. in 
Thibet, Calcutta, Tenasserim, &e. 

a. $ ad. sk. Ceylon. Hugh Cuming, Esq. 
b. § ad. sk. Colombo. Capt. V. Legge [P.]. 
e, d. Juv. sk. Kandy. Mr. A. WhytefC.]. 
e. tfad.; /. Juv.sk Nuwara Eliya. Mr. E. Boate [0.1 
g. 2 ad/sk. Madras. Dr. Jerdon [P.]. 
h. Juv. sk. Deccan (Sykes). India Museum. 
t. 2 ad. sk. Muddapoor, Doc. 1880 E. W. Oates, Esq. 
(W. KB rooks). 
h. 
5 ad. sk. Mussoorie. Capt. Stackhouse Pin-
will [P.]. 
I, m. Juv. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pin-
will [PA 
n, o, p. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq, 
[P.] * 


q. 2 ad.; r. Juv. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
s. j imm. sk. Bootan (Pemberton). India Museum, 
f. [ cJ ] ad. sk. Burmah. Capt. Stackhouse Pin-
will [P.]. 
w, v. [ $ ] ad. sk. Assam (McClelland). India Museum. 


w. Juv. sk. 
Pegu. W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[P.]. 
x, y, z, <$ ad.; a'. <$Pegu, Jan. 1881. E. W. Oates, Esq. [C.]. 
imm. sk. 
b', e'. <$ imm. sk. Pegu, Feb. 1881. E. W. Oates, Esq. [0.1 
d', e'. (S $ imm. Pegu, Sept. 1880. E. W. Oates, Esq. [0.]. 
sk. 


/', g'. <$ ad. et juv. Pegu, Nov. 1880. E. W. Oates, Esq. [C.]. 

sk. 
/*', i'. 6 5 imm. sk. Pegu, Dec. 1880. E. W. Oates, Esq. [C.]. 
h'. [ <5 ] ad. sk. Tenasserim. J. C. D. Packman, Esq. 

Cp-1 

V. [ <$ ] ad. sk. Penang (Cantor), 
India Museum. 

m', n'. [ S ] ad. sk. Saigon, Cochin China. 

M. E. Pierre [P.], 
o', p'. [ § ] ad. sk. Saigon, Cochin China. 

M. E. Pierre [P.J. 
q', r', s'.[<$ ] ad. sk, Kalgan, 2000 feet. 

Gould Collection, 

37. Lanius superciliosus. 
Le Rousseau, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. pi. 66. fig. 2 (1796-1808). 

Lanius superciliosus, Lath. And. Oni., SuppL 20, no. 14 (1801); 
Walden, Ibis, 1867, p. 218 ; Gray, Kand4. B. i. p. 393, no. 5971; 
Swinh. P. Z. S.1871, p. 375; id. Ibis, 1875, p. 450; Vian, Rev. Zool 
1872, p. 327; Dav. $ Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 100 (1877); Legge, B. 
Ceylon, p. 379, note (1879), 

Enneoctonus superciliosus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 291 (1846) ; Bp. C. A. 

i. p. 363(1850). 
Otomela supercihosa, Bp. Bev. Zool 1853, p. 437; Schaloto, J. f. O. 
1875, p. 140. 
Lanius phoenicurus (non Pall),ftchrenck,Beis. Amur. i. p. 384 0860), 
teste Schalow et Lav. fy Oustal.; Sundev. Phys. Sells. Tidsslc. 
VOL. VIII. I 

274 L1NIIBJS. 

1837-88, p. 04; id. Ann, Nat. Hist. 1846, p. 160 ,-Blashis, Nachtr. 
Naum. Vwj. Deuischl xiii. p. 30 j Walden, Ibis, 1867, pi. 5. fig*. 2. 
Although L. crisiafvs ranges as far as to the eastern coast of China 
and over parts of the Indo-Chinese region, it seems in the East to be 
represented by the present much brighter and more rufous-coloured 
species. 
In the adult male all the upper parts are deep cinnamon-brown; 
crown of head, nape, and upper tail-coverts generally still more intensely 
coloured ; tail-feathers sometimes more brownish but still 
more rufous than in the specimens described as L. cristatus. A 
narrow frontal band extending over and beyond the eye is pure 
white ; the white or whitish colour of the forehead in some very old 
birds extends as far back as the hinder extremity of the eyes ; loral 
and orbital regions and the ear-coverts black; chin, cheeks, throat, 
under wing-coverts, and edge of wing white; all the re^t of the 
underparts creamy buff. Male in winter with delicate vermiculations 
on the underparts. 
The female is a trifle less brightly coloured, and generally shows a 
few delicate brown cross vermiculations on the sides of the breast and 
on the flanks. One of these specimens, from Malacca, is very pale 
below, or creamy, the rufous-buff being restricted to the sides of the 
body. 
Three old birds from Malacca show the following measurements :— 
wing 3-5-8-6 inches, tail 3'5-3-7, tarsus 0-9-0-02. 
Hah. The "White-fronted Shrike inhabits Eastern Asia; it lives 
during the winter in the Malayan peninsula, island of Java, and the 
Philippines; in spring it migrates northward through China and 
breeds in Japan, Sf anchooria, and in the northern parts of Mongolia, 
southward of Lake Baikal. 
There can be but little doubt that this eastern form in China is 
found together with the less brightly coloured L. eristatus, and that 
these two frequently interbreed ; hence the many intermediate forms 
found in Northern China, for instance near Iialgan. 

a, b. Ad. sk.
c. [JJad.sk.
d, e. <3 ad. sk. 
Malacca. 
Malacca (Griffith). 
Malacca. 
A. R Wallace, Esq [O.]. 
India Museum. 
Purchased. 
f. Imm. sk. Malacca. Purchased. 
g. Juv. sk.
'h. Imm. sk. 
Malacca. 
Malacca. 
W. Harvey, Esq. [P.]. 
Capt. Stackhouse Pimvill 
i, h. Ad. sk. Malacca (Capt. Piniodl).
[P.]. 
Gould Collection. 
I Ad. sk. Malacca. E.D.GodmanandO.Salvin, 
m} n. [$ ] ad sk. Penang, April (Cantor).
Esqrs. [P.]. 
India Museum. 

38. Lauras lucionensis. 
Lanius lucionensis, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 185 (1766); SwinJi. Ibis, 1860 
p. 50,1863, p. 272 j Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 304,1875, p. 116: Walden, 
Ibis, 1867, p. 215, 1873, p. 309,- Gray, Hand-L B. I p. 303, no! 
5070 j Jerdon, Ibis, 1872, p. 115; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, pp. 286 & 
22. LANIUS. 275 
335, 1871, p. 87(5; Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 434, 1874, p. 190: 

Walden, Tr. Z. & ix. 1875, p. 171, pi. 20. %. 1; id. P. Z. & 1877, 

pp. 002 & 758; Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 10, 3 870, p. 43; Dav. # 

Ousted. Ois. Chine, p. 09 (1877) ; Leqge, B. Ceylon, p. 378 (1870) ; 

Oates, B. Brit. Burm. p. 251 (1883). 

Lanius plicenicurus (non Pall), Mei/en, Act. Acad. Cces. Leopold. 

xvi. p. 74 (1834) (teste Schalow); id. Beise win d. Erde, p. 108 
(ex Philippin. ins., teste /Schalow). 
Otomela schwaneri, Bp. Bev. Zool. 1853, p. 437. 
EnneocloniLs schwaneri, Bp. C. A. i. p. 303. 
Lanius jeracopsis, Do Fit Mm. Medial p. 31; Bp. Bev. Zool. 1853, 

p. 437, note; Salvad. Atti Ace. So. Torino, 18G8, p. 272. 
Lanius sclrwaneri, Walden, Ibis, 1807, p. 223; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. 
p. 303, no. 5074; Swinh. P. Z. ti. 1871, p. 370. 
Otomela lucionensis, Sehaloiv, J.f.O. J 875, p. 137. 
Adult male in breeding-plumage (Southern China). Back, scapulars, 
mantle, and sides of neck earthy brown slightly shaded with 
grey, which colour on the hind neck gets gradually lighter till, on 
the frontal half of the head, it is replaced by greyish white ; it is 
still lighter near the base of the bill and the immediate superciliary 
region; loral space, a streak under and a narrow one over the eye, 
and the ear-covcrts are brownish black; on the lower back and 
rump the earthy colour passes gradually into rusty brown; upper 
tail-coverts rufous-brown; tail uniformly light brown, with pale 
tips to the outer pairs; wing-coverts and secondaries brown, with 
fulvous edgings to their outer webs; primary quills uniform dark 
brown, with no trace of a white alar speculum, but at the extreme 
base and on the basal third of the inner web the quills are whitish ; 
wings below silvery grey; chin, cheeks, and throat white; all the 
rest of the undorparts, including the under tail-coverts and under 
wing-coverts, rufous buff, middle of abdomen generally a little paler; 
edge of wing white ; bill blue-black; feet blackish. 

The adult female differs from the male in having the car-coverts 
and lores more brownish ; the whitish grey of the forehead is less 
developed, and the underparts of the body are paler. 

This is the colour of the birds found in China during the month of 
April till tho beginning of August. All the other specimens from the 
northern coast of Borneo and from the Philippine Islands, where the 
bird is found from autumn till spring, have the general colour above 
much dingier, that is to say more tinged with greyish, the secondaries 
edged with faded whitish instead of fulvous, and the underparts, 
including tho under wing-coverts, dull white, washed with buff on 
the flanks and sides of the breast, whilst the breast and abdomen 
show a faint creamy tinge. The females, when in winter dress, have 
nearly lost their greyish coloration of the head and have quite lost 
the dark loral spot, the underparts being still paler than in the male, 
but showing faint dark-brown cross-vermiculations on the sides of the 
neck, flanks, and upper tail-coverts. " Iris dark chocolate; bill dark 
purplish brown; feet bluish lead-colour." 

Young. All the upper parts are brownish rufous, brighter on the 
upper tail-coverts; no grey on the head; loral region and a super-
i 2 

276 LANIID-E. 

ciliary streak dingy white or cream-colour; head, hind neck, mantle, 

and upper tail-coverts showing faint dark vermiculations; wing-

coverts and secondary quills brown, broadly edged with rufous, each 

feather with a dark-brown submarginal line; ear-coverts and a small 

spot in front of the eye dark brown; chin, throat, middle of abdo


men, and the under wing-coverts, axillaries, and edge of wing pale 

creamy white; all the rest of the underparts more strongly washed 

with creamy or even with rufous, and marked with numerous dark-

brown cross-vermiculations; bill brown, lighter at base. 

Obs. I cannot but perfectly agree with what Capt. Legge, in his 

' Birds of Ceylon,7 says about the vermiculations on the underparts, 

which are found on birds of different ages. He writes:—" In what 

is probably the plumage of the second year the upper surface is a 

ruddy brown with a tinge of grey in it, the rump and upper tail-

coverts rufous with blackish-brown bars, and the quills and wing-

coverts less conspicuously edged; the forehead is still concolorous 

with the head, and the crescentie margins of the lower parts less 
pronounced and faded from off the chest. Some examples (for 
instance one shot in May) have the forehead pale, the upper surface 
pervaded with greyish, and yet the under surface is well-marked with 
the brown bars, but the sides of the chest and flanks have a rufous 
adult look about them." 

" In some instances these under-surface markings do not vanish for 
several years; a specimen before me is fully adult on the upper 
surface, but has most of the lower surface and even the sides of the 
neck crossed with brown pencillings ; and out of twenty-three, adult 
as regards the forehead and back, nearly half of them have some few 
bars on the flanks." 

Hah. The Grey-headed Shrike ranges from Northern China to 
Borneo. It stays in China from April to August, and during this 
time breeds; for the winter it migrates southwards to the Philippines, 
the Moluccas, and Borneo. It is likewise found in the 
Andaman Islands, where it seems to be a permanent resident. 
Occasionally it may straggle as far as Ceylon, and may certainly be 
expected to occur in Siam and the Malayan peninsula. 

The following specimens, except /, are without any vermiculations 
on the underparts:— 

a-e. Ad. S sk. China. Capt. Blakiston [C.1 

f. Imm. $ sk. China. Capt. Blakiston [C.J. 
g, k Ad. <$ sk. Arnoy, May 1881 (JR. F.D.GodmanandO.Salvin, 
Swinhoe). Esqrs. [P.], 
Ad. (S sk. Zebu, Nov. 20,1873. A. Everett, Esq. [C.J. 
k, I. Ad. $ sk San Mateo, Luzon, Feb. A. Everett, Esq. [C.J. 
1877. 

All the following specimens from m to y, young and old, have more 
or less numerous brown cross-vermiculations on their underparts: 

m} n. Ad. sk. China. J. ft. Reeves, Esq. [P.]. 

o. S imm. sk. China. Capt. Blakiston [C.J. 
p. Ad. sk. Amoy. R, Swinhoe, Esq. [C.]. 
22. LANIUS. 
277 

q. Ad. sk. Amoy, May 18G1 (JR. Gould Collection. 
Ad. sk. 
t 2 ad. sk. 
v. Juv. sk. 
Imm. sk. 
? J#uv. J y. 6 
ad. sk. 
Swinhoe). 
Fokien. 
Labium. 
Labium. 
Brunei, N. W. Borneo. 
N.W. Borneo. 
(iould Collection. 
Governor Usslier [C.J. 
Governor Usslier [C.J. 
Governor Usslier [0.1. 
Hugh Low, Ebq. |_C.J. 
«'. 6 2 ad. sk. 
, Ad. sk. 
. c? imm. sk. 
, $ imm. sk. 
e'. $ imm. sk.
Biiitulu, W. Borneo. 
Minclanao; Philippines. 
Panaon. 
Zebu, January. 
Andamans. 
Alfred Everett, Esq. [0.]. 
Baron Laugier. 
Alfred Everett, Esq. [0.1. 
Voy. of II.M.8. ' Challenger.' 
Purchased. 

39. Laniiis isabelliims. 
Lanius isabellinus, JEhrenb. Symb. Phys. i. fol. e,note ; Strivld. P. Z. S. 
1850, p. 217 ; Waklen, Ibis, 1807, pi. v. f. 1, p. 224; Ilewjl. J. f. 0. 
1861, p. 195 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 302, no. 3077 ; Ileuf/L Peterm. 
Geof/r. Mitth. 1809,p. 407 ; id. Oni. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 475l(187J), iv. 

p. cxiv; Blanf. Geol. § Zool, Abyss, p. 339; Dreiser, B. JEur. iii. 
pi. 152 ; Jerdon, Ibis, 1872, p. 110; Severtz. J. f. 0.1873, pp. 348, 
300; Blanf. Ibis, 1874,p. 81; Sehalow, J.f 0.1875, p. 145; Drawn, 
Ibis, 1876, p. 185 ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1877, p. 164; Schaloio, Ibis, 1877, 
p. 308; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 379, note (1879). 
Lanius arenarius, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xv. p. 304 (184(5); Strield. 
P. Z. S.1850, p. 217 ; Bp. Rev. Zool 1853, p. 437; Jerdon, B. Ind. 
i. p. 407 (1802) ; Walden, Ibis, 1807, p. 223, 1809, p. 213; Gray, 
Iland-l.B. i. p. 393, no. 5973; Jerdon, Ibis, 1872, p. 115; Severtz, 
J.f. 0.1873, p. 348; Seebohm, Ibis, 1877, p. 164; Haiders. Sfllume, 
Lahore to Yarh. p. 183, pi. iii.; Hume, Str. P. i. p. 174; Scully, 
Str. F. 1876, p. 137. 
Lanius ruficaudtis, Brehm, J.f. 0.1857, p. 79. 
Lanius, sp.?, Vierth, Naumannia, 1852, p. 31 (teste Sehalow). 
Lanius isabeJlinus, pt., Blanford, East. Bers. ii. p. 139. 
Otomela arenaria, Sehalow, J. f. 0. 1875, p. 143. 


Adult male. All the upper parts except the uropygium are uniform 
pale brownish, grey; quills and wing-coverts light brown; the 
latter and the secondary quills with the usual paler (here fulvous) 
margins; some of the primaries have their basal end white (this 
colour, as it sometimes extends further than the wing-coverts go, 
often forms a very visible alar speculum, whilst on the other hand 
it is often almost wanting); rump and upper tail-coverts rufous, the 
tail-feathers themselves generally somewhat darker and often barred 
with very faint darker waves; frontal, loral, and superciliary regions 
creamy, but never white ; ear-coverts and a very small spot just in 
front of the eye brownish black; throat, under wing-coverts, and 
under tail-coverts very pale creamy; all the rest of the underparts 
more or less strongly washed with cream-colour (combined with a 
slight rosy tinge), especially on the flanks and across the breast; 
feet black-brown ; bill horny brown, paler at the base. 

Adult female. Ear-coverts brown; loral and superciliary streak 
sometimes almost invisible. 

27 S 
L VNIIDJE. 

Obs. Old birds seem to get a more greyish tinge on the upper 
parts. 
Total length about 7 inches ; culmen about 0-08. 
"Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 
in. in. in. 


Ad. 2 • Abyssinia 3-9 3-8 1*0 
Ad. c?. Besk Tereh ... . 3*55 0-5 1-0 
Adult. Kattiawnr 3-4 2-8 0*95 
Adult. N.W. India .... 3-5 3'55 095 

Young birds in their first plumage have all the upper parts 
barred with numerous dark-brown cross-vermiculations; the general 
colour of the upper parts being a dingy yellowish brown. Underpays 
3rellowish dingy white, with very few cross-vermiculations. 


Ilab. The Pale-brown Shrike breeds in Turkestan and winters in 
Scinde, the Punjab, Persia, Arabia, and Abyssinia. 


a. Ad. sk. N.W. India. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
b, e, d. Ad. sk. N.W. deserts of India. Gould Collection. 
e. Ad. sk. Peshawur. Colonel Way [P.]. 
/. 6 ad. sk. Besh Tereh. Major J. Biddulph [C.]. 
(/. Ad. sk. Kutch {Griffith). India Museum. 
h. Ad. sk. Kattiawar. Major Hayes Lloycl [P.]. 
i. 
[ $ ] sk. Behar. B. II. Hodgson, £sq_. [C.J. 
k. $ ad. sk. Kandahar, April 14,1881. Lieut.-Col. Swinhoe [P.J. 
1. J ad. sk. Kandahar, Jan. 18, 1881. Lieut.-Col. Swinhoe [P.J. 
m. Ad. sk. Afghanistan (Griffith). India Museum. 
n. 
2 sk. S.W. Afghanistan, 5000 ft. India Museum. 
{Griffith), 
o. £ juv. sk. Shiraz. 
Sir Oliver St. John [C.]. 
p. 
$ad.;<?. Zoulla, Annesley Bay, W. T. Blanford,Esq.[C.]. 
Ad. sk. Abyssinia, Jan. 1808. 
Subspecies a. Lauras phcenicuroides. 

Lanius phoenicuroides, Severtz. J.f.O. 1873, p. 347. 
Lanius isabellinus (non fflirenb.), Walden, Ibis, 1807, p. 224, p3. 5. 


f. 1 (teste Schaloio). 
Lanius plioenicurus (?io?iPalL), Gaethe, Naumcmnia, 1853, p. 425 (e.c 
Heligoland); J. Vicm, Rev. Zool. 1872, p. 330. 
Otomela phoenicuroides; Schcdow, J. f. 0. 1875, p. 148; id. J. f. 0. 
1876, p. 145. 

Although 1 have examined several specimens which it seems 
impossible to refer either to L. isahellinus or L. pJioenicuroides, as 
intermediate forms occur, we must, after the examination of about 
30 specimens, allow L. plioenicuroides, Severtz., to stand as a brightercoloured 
race of L. isahellinus. In addition to the structural differences, 
it may be distinguished from the latter by the following 
points:— 

1. General colour above dingy reddish brown, always with a strong 
grey hue, darker than L. isabellinus but not nearly so rufous as L, 
cristatus. In old males, especially when in breeding-plumage, the 
grey tinge is more strongly developed. 
2. Crown of head contrasting w;th the back, being always reddish 
22, LA.NIUS. 
270 

brown, " almost as rufous as the tail, which with the rump is dark 
reddish brown, with a chosinut tinge in fresh plumage " (tiawrfzow). 

3. Primary quills much darker than in L. isabeflinus; in old 
specimens in breeding-plumage blackish brown; 3rd to 8fch with 
white basal parts, forming a speculum whicli is just hidden by the 
wing-coverts. This amount of white is subject to great variation 
both in L. isuhellhnis (= aremirius) and L. phtmicuvahles. 
4. Old males have the underparts almost white, only the flanks 
and sides of breast washed with rusty colour, and the underparts 
never show the strong creamy tinge of L. imhdlinm. 
5. White superciliary stripe well developed; ear-coverts deep 
black; the whole loral region blackish, instead of the small spot bcon 
just in front of the eye in L. isahdlinw. 
Adult fern ales are paler, more isabelline grey, and have the underparts 
more dingy ; sides of neck, the flanks, and the whole breast 
slightly tinged with isabelline and with frequent dark but faint cross-
vermiculations ; oar-coverts dark brown ; superciliary streak creamy 
and less distinct. 

Another difference is given by the coloration of the young bird. 

The young of X. jpJiosnicuroides in their first plumage have very 
numerous dark cross-vermiculations on tho under and upper parts 
of the body; they remain longest on the head, tho uropygium, 
the wing-coverts, and of course on the flanks and on the breast; 
general colour above brown, mingled with reddish brown, much 
darker than the young of L. isabellinus. 

Total length about 7 inches. 
Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Oilmen, 
in. in. in. in. 
Ad. <£. Abyssinia .. S-G2 3-4 O0G C-0c> 
Ad. rf. Persia ... . 3-4 3-15 0-91 0-7 
Ad. $. Perbiat .... 3'3 3'3 0*92 0"<>5 


Hah. This Shrike breeds in Turkestan and migrates in autumn to 
Baloochistan, Persia, Arabia, and oven Abyssinia. Its geographical 
distribution is consequently almost the same as that of L. isabelline. 

a. $ 
ad. sk. Anneslev Bay, Abvs- W. T. Tflanford, I^q. [C.]. 
ftiuia,l?eb.'l8(>8/ 
b. Ad. sk. Bagdad. Kenneth Loftu«i, T<>q, [P.]. 
c. 
S ad. sk. E. of Skiraz, May 30, W. T. Planum!, E^q. [C1.]. 
1872. 
d. 
P ad. sk. Kazerum, W. of Shiraz, Sir Oliver St. John [_C.]. 
May 181 9. 
e. 5 imm. sk. Shiraz. Sir Oliver St. John [C.]. 
f. P ad. sk. Kattiawar. Major Hayes Lloyd [P.]. 
V Ad.sk. Umballoh. Major O. II. T.Marshall [P. 1 
L Ad. sk. Ilissar, Oct. 8, 1878. Major C. II. T. Marshall [P.]. 
40. Lanius speculigerus. 
Lanius speculigerus, Taczan. J.f. 0. 1874, p. 322. 
Otomela speculigera, Schahnv, J. f, O. 1875, p. loO. 
Adult male. Crown of head, neck, scapulars, and the whole back 
uniform fulvous grey, very much as in L. isabellinvs; tail and uro


280 
LANIIDJTC. 

pygium like those 
of the latter species; primaries as dark as in 

L. phcenicuroides; four of the quills have the whole basal half 
white, thus forming a very visible speculum; loral region and ear-
coverts black, as in L. phamimroides; superciliary streak indistinct, 
creamy; all the underparts uniform isabellme with a well-marked 
rosy tinge; flanks washed with rusty colour; " iris dark brown " 
(Finsch). 
Female. More creamy below, and with a few faint cross-vermiculations. 
Total length about 7 inches. 

Oulmen. 
in. 
Wing. 
in. 
Tail. 
in. 
Tarsus. 
in. 
Ad. tf • Turkestan 0-68 3-55 3-33 0-95 
Ad. <$. Dauria 0'7 3-7 3-3 0-95 
Ad. 2 • Mteza's country 0'7 3-6 ' 3-2 0-93 

Uab. The specimens which agree with, the description of L. speculigerus 
as given by Taczanowsky, are found in Dauria, Turkestan, 
Afghanistan, and in Abyssinia. 

a. 
<$ ad. sk. Dauria, May 27, 1873 Warsaw Museum [E.]. 
(Dybowski). 
b. <$ ad. sk. Turkestan, Bagty, May 20, Dr. Finsch [O.]. 
c. S ad. sk. Kandahar, April 1, 1881. Lieut.-Col. Swinhoe [P. 
d. $ ad. sk. Kandahar, Dec. 12, 1881. Lieut.-Col. Swinhoe [P. 
e. $ ad. sk. Kokeran, Feb. 28, 1881. Lieut.-Col. Swinhoe [P. 
/. 
$ ad. sk. Mteza's country, Central Signor Piaggia [0.]. 
Africa. 

41. Lanius vittatns. 
Grey-backed Shrike, Lath. Gen. Hist. ii. p. 13 (1821). 
Lanius vittatns, Valenciennes, Diet. 8c. Nat. xl. p. 227 (1826) ; 
Walden, Ibis, 18G7, p. 220; Beavan, Bis, 1870, p. 311; Blanf. 

J. A. S. B. 1871, p. 272 : Jerdon, Ibis, 1872, p. 115; Lloyd, Iks, 
1873, p. 408; Ball, St/. F. 1874, p. 398; Hume, Nests § Fggs 
Ind. B. p. 173; Schalow, J.f.O. 1878, p. 145. 
Collurio hardwickii, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 42; Gotdd, Cent. Him. 

B. pi. 12. fig. 1; FranJcL P. Z. S. 1831, p. 117; id. J. A. S. B. i. 
p.265; Syhes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 86. 
Lanius margaritaceus, Lesson (teste Giebel, Thes. Orn.). 
Lanius hardwickii, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 290 (1846); Blyth, J. A. S. B. 

xv. p. 304; id. Cat. B. Mus. As. 8oc. p. 152 (1849) ; Jerd. Madr. 
Jou?-n. x. p. 235; Gray, Cat B. Nepal pres. Hodr/s. p. 100; Bp. 
C. A. I p. 364; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. M. El. Co. i. p. 165 
(1854) ;B Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 495 (1862); id. His, 1872, p. 115. 
Collyrio vittatus, Bp. Bev. etMag. Zool. 1853, p. 436; Gray, JSand-l. 

B. L p. 392, no. 5956; Mime, 8tr. F. 1873, p. 174. 
Otomela hardwickii, Bp. Bev. et May. Zool. 1853, p. 437. 
Enneoctonus hardwickii, Tytler, Ibis, 1868, p. 200. 
Adult male. Crown of head greyish white, shading off into pure 
grey on the hind neck, which again becomes tinged with reddish as 
it approaches the mantle, the latter as well as the scapulars being 
maroon; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts grey, inclining 
to white; wings black, the least coverts broadly margined with 


22. LAjsrius. 281 
greyish; the basal half of the primary quills is pure white, forming 
a distinct alar speculum; the secondaries narrowly tipped with 
whitish; tail black, tipped with white, all but the four central 
feathers white at the base, the black portion of the feathers decreasing 
in extent towards the outermost rectrix, which is almost 
entirely white ; a very broad frontal band and the sides of tho face, 
including the feathers round the eye and ear-coverts, black; checks 
and throat buffy white; rest of the under surface orange-buff, paler 
in the centre of the body, and inclining to chestnut on the flanks ; 
under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts white, with dusky 
black bases, the lower ones near the edge of the wing black ; quills 
below blackish at tho terminal third, rest white; bill and feet black ; 
iris hazel-brown. Total length 7 inches, culmcn (H>, wing 3*45, 
tail 3*7, tarsus 0*85. 

Female (Ivattiawar). Head ashy grey, shading off into dull rufous 
on the back and scapulars ; upper tail-coverts ashy grey ; tail dull 
brown, the feathers edged and tipped with rufots buff, the tips 
broader on the outer feathers, the outermost pair entirely pale 
rufous buff; quills blackish, rather broadly edged with sandy 
rufous, nearly obsolete on the primaries, which have the same 
white speculum as the male; no black frontal band; forehead 
whitish, the lores tipped with dusky brown ; ear-coverts dull brown; 
cheeks and under surface of body creamy white, washed with rufous 
on the flanks. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 34, tail 
3*55, tarsus 0*85. 

Young male. Similar to the old female in not having the frontal 

band, but otherwise more richly coloured, the back inclining to 

maroon ; tail-feathers fulvescent, as in the adult female; breast-

feathers with remains of dusky edgings. 

Obs. Two fully adult males, collected in Baluchistan and at 

Kattiawar, differ from the males described above by their almost 

entirely white under surface, the orange-buff being restricted to a 

few feathers on the flanks. 

Hah. Indian Peninsula, extending westwards into Afghanistan 

and Baluchistan. 

a. \<$~\ ad. sk. India. W. Sothehy, Esq. [P.]. 
India. Purchased. 
b. \~S 1 ad. sk. 
c. [ d j acl* 8^-Madras (Jerdori). Gould Collection. 
d,e. [ <$ ] ad. sk. North Deccan (Burgess). Gould Collection. 
f. Juv. sk. Seetapore. Gould Collection. 
g. [ 6 ] ad- sk. Deccan (Sykes). India Museum. 
h. Ad. bk. Kandeish. India Museum. 
i, h. c? ad. sk. Kamptee. Dr.B. B. Hinde [P.l 
I. <$ ad. sk. Kattiawar, Sept. 15,1871. Major Hayes Lloyd [P.~|. 
m. § ad. sk. Rajkote, Nov. 11,1871. Major Hayes Lloyd [P.]. 
n, o. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pimvill 
p. Juv. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
q,r. [c?] ad. et Behar. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P*.]. 
juv. sk. 

s. [ 6 ] ad. sk. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
t. Ad.sk. India Museum. 
Kumaou (Strachey). 

282 
IANIIDJE. 

n. 2 ad. sk. Baluchistan, April 10,1^72. W, T. Blanford, Esq. [C. 
v. d 
ad. &k. Baluehiblan, Mai-ch 27, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [0/ 
1872. 
w. tf ad. sk. Chaman, April 28, 1881. Lieut-Col. Swinhoe [P/ 
.r, ?/. $ ad. sk. Kandahar, April 1, 1881. Lieut.-Col. Swinhoe [P.' 
s. $ pull. sk. Kandahar, April 0, 1881. Lieut.-Col. Swinhoe [P.^ 
a'. Skeleton of India. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.] 
trunk. 


42. Lanius nubicus. 
Lanius nubicus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 47 (1823) ; Temm. PL Col. 
pi. 21G (1824) ; HartL Pev. Zool. 1843, p. 1-59; Deql. Orn. Pur. i. 

p. 390 (1849); Pp. C. A. i. p. 363 (1850); id. Per. et Mag. Zool. 
1853, p. 438; Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 73; Peql. et Gerbc, Orn. Pur. 
i. p. 227 (1807) ; Kruper, J.f 0.1809, p. 30'; Skarpe, Cat. Afr. P. 
p. 50; Blanford, Geol. §* Zool. Abyss, p. 340; Poche, Cat Ah/. 
p. 54 j Saunders, Pis, 1871, p. 207; Press. B. Eur. lii. pi. 417 (1873). 
Lanius personalis, Temm. PL Col. pi. 250. f. 2 (1824) ; Ilempr. § 
Ehrenb. Symb. P/iys., Ares ; Susemihl, Yog. Pur. ii. pi. 17 ; HartL 
Om. West afr. no. 317; ffilpp. Syst. Ucbers. no. 218 ; Sclileg. Pev. 
Grit Ois. Pur. p. xxi (1844); Pree, Birds of Europe, i. p. 1G8, c. 
tab.; Prelim, J. f. O. 1854, p. 75, and 1856, p. 338; Tristram, 
Ibis, 1867, p. 305 ; Ileugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 485. 

Lanius leucometopon, Von der MilMe, Orn. GrieeJi. p. 78 (1844). 
Enneoctonus nubicus, Cab. Mm. Hem. i. p. 73 (1850). 
Leucometopon nubicus, Pp. Pev. et Mag. Zool. 1853, pp. 293 & 438 ; 


Poche, Cat. Mamm. et Ois. Alger., Supplem. p. 159 (1858); icL 

Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. i. p. 51. 
Lanius leucopterus et albicollis, Pr. Wilrttemb. Icon, inecl. pi. 36. 
Oollyrio nubicus, Gray, PLaiuU. P. i. p. 391, no. 5947 (1809). 

Adult male. Crown of head, hind neck, mantle, the whole back, 
and tipper tail-coverts glossy blue-black; scapulars pure white; 
least wing-coverts brownish black, broadly edged with grey; rest of 
the wing-coverts and the quills black, with narrow white edges to 
the outer web and with white tips to the secondaries; basal half of 
primaries pure white, forming a large alar speculum; the four 
central feathers of the tail entirely black, the outermost pair quite 
white, the next pair more white than black; the lateral upper tail-
coverts have the outer web and the tip broadly edged with white ; 
a broad frontal band, extending to the level of the eyes, and a conspicuous 
superciliary stripe are pure white; spot in front of the 
eyes blackish • ear-coverts black ; chin, cheeks, throat, thighs, and 
under tail-coverts white ; rest of body cream-colour, with the sides 
of the breast and the flanks rusty red ; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries white; a blackish spot near the edge of the wing; bill 
and feet blackish; iris fuscous. Total length 7 inches, culmen 
0-6, wing 3-5, tail 3-7, tarsus 0-9. 

Adult female. Similar to the adult male in coloration; but the hind 
neck and mantle are dull ashy brown, the lower back and rump 
more greyish. 

-The young birds, especially the nestlings, are very much like 
those of P. rufus, but generally with less rufous on the wing-
coverts and quills. 

22. LANIUS.
Hal). The Masked Shrike broods in Souih-eastern Europe and in 
Asia Minor; it winters in North-eastern Africa and Senogambin. 

a. 
<$ ad. sk. Smyrna, May 2:3, 1803 L\ B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(Kriiper). 
6. Juv.; 
f. Pull. Smyrna, July, 1871 II. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
sk. (Kriiper). 
d. S ad. sk. Mt. Tabor. Uanon Tiislram [0.1. 
e. g pull. sk. Mt. Tabor (F. Bartlelt). Gould Collection. 
f. 
J ad. sk. Mt. Ilermon. Canon Tristram [0.]. 
//. [tf] ad. sk. 
Mt. Carmel, March 20, F. J). Godman and 0. Sal1804 
(Tristram), \in, Rsqrs. [P.]. 

h. [ 5 ] ad. sk. Banias, May 5,1804 F. 1). Godman and 0. Sal(
Tristram*). vin, li^qrs. [P.], 
i, k. Juv. sk. Egypt. Dr. T. Christie [0.]. 


I. Ad. sk. Siout, March 5,1875. J. II. Guinoy, Esq. [P.]. 
™. c? ad. sk. Egypt, March 11, 1870. Capt. Shelley [P.J. 
n. 
[ $ 1 ad. sk. Am, Ilabab. Aug. 16, W. T. Blauford, Esq. [0.1. 
18G8. 
o. Ad. sk. Bejook (Fsler). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
£>. c? ad. sk, Koomaylee, Abvs&inia, W. T. Blauford, Esq. [0.1. 
Feb. 23, 1808." 
r/. Ad. sk. Senegal. Purchased. 


43. Lauras auriculatus. 
Pie-grieche rousse du Senegal, Daubent. PL Fnl. pi. 477. fig. 2; 
Levaill. Ois. cVAfr. ii. pi. 03. 
Lanius rufus, Br'iss. Omith. ii. p. 147 (1700); Betzius, Faun. Suec. 

p. 89 ; GtozeJ. Syst. N. i. p. 302; Bechst. Orn. Tasehenh. p. 101; 
Meyer § Wolf, Taschenb. Yog. Deutschl. p. 80; Koch, byst. baier. 
Zool. i. p. 103; Frischy Vog. pi. 01. fig. 1; Naumann, Vog. JDeutsehl. 
ii. p. 22, pi. 51 (1822); Buppell, Neue Wirbelth, p. 31;' Gould, B. 
Fur. pi. 70; Swains, Orn. West Afr. p. 231 ; Bp. C. ^L i. p. 3012; 
Ilartl Orn. Westafr.-p.WJ; Ilartl.J.f. 0.1801, p. 171; Kriiper, 
J.f. 0.1809, p. 30; Lindermayer, Tog. Grieclanland<xi.\\'k\ Cant) 
Om. Sard. p. 50; Malherbe, Faun. Sicil. p. 50; TJ right, Malta, 
p. 10 ; Blanf Geol. $ Zool. Abi/ss. p. 310; Layard, B! South Afr, 
no. 311; I)egl § Gerbe, Orn. Eur. p. 22o ; lleugl. Om. N.O.-Afr. 
i. p. 473. 
Lanius senator, Linn. S.N. ed. x.; #;•#?/, HamUL B. i. p. 393, no. 5978. 
Lanius pomeranus, Sparrm. Mas. Carls, pi. i. (1780); Saunders, 
Ibis, 1883, p. 83. 

Lanius 
auriculatus, Midi. Natursyst. Suppl. p. 71 (1770) ; Saunders, 
Ibis, 1871, p. 207; Gurnet/, Ibis, 1871, p. 77; lleugl. hi Peterm. 
Geogr. Mittheil 1869, p. 407; Antin. § Salvad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 70; 
Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 50 ; Blanf. Fad. Pers. ii. p. 138; JDrebs. 

B. Fur. iii. pi. 151; Newton, ed. Yarrell Brit. B. i. p. 215; id, 
Ibis, Jan. 1883; Addendum. 
? Lanius castaneus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 297 (1788). 
Lanius collurio, Tar. y. rufus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 300. 
Lanius collurio senegalensis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 300. 
Lanius rutilus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 70 (1790). 
Lanius ruiiceps, Bechst. Naturg. Vog. Deufschl. ii. p. 1327 (1805); 

Brehm, Naumannig, 1855, p%275. 
Lanius ruficollis, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 310 (1809). 
Lanius superciliosus, Licht. Verz. JDoubl. p. 47 (1823). 
Phoneus rufus, Kaup, Natiirl Syst. p. 33 (1829), 


284 TANITD;E. 

Lanius melanotis, Brefon, Viig. BeutscJil p. 238 (1831). 

EunooctoniiH rufus, Bp. List Birds Em-op. § N. Amer. p. 2G (1838) ; 
id C A. i. p. ;J<>2 (18~>0) ; Locke, Cat. Mamm. Ois. Alger, p. 87; 
Taczan. J. f. 0. 1870, p. 48. 

Lanius rutilaua, Temm. Man. cTOrn. iii. p. 601 (1840); Bp. C. A. i. 

p. 362; IlarH. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 103; Gray, JECand-l B. i. p. 393, 
no. 5979. 
Enneoctonus ratilans, Cab. Mas. Hem. Th. i. p. 73 (1850). 
Enneoctonus pomeranus, Cab. Mas. Hein. Th. i. p. 73 (1850). 
Enneoctonus nilotieus, Bp. Mev. et Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 439. 
Enneoctonus frenatus, Licht. Berlin Mas. 
? Lanius paradoxus et cognatus, Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 275. 
Enneoctonus pectoralis, v. Mutter, J.f O. 1855, p. 450 ; Heugl. Orn. 

NO.-Afr. i. p. 474. 
Enneoctonus jardinei, v. Midler, J.f.O. 1855, p. 450; Heugl. Orn. 
N.O.-Afr. i. p. 474. 
Lanius nilotieus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 393, no. 5980. 

Adult male. Crown of head, hind neck, and a small part of the 
mantle chestnut-brown ; rest of mantle, the wing-coverts, and all 
the quills blackish brown; some of the secondaries with narrow 
whitish tips, and with paler margins to the outer web; the basal 
half of both webs of the primaries pure white, forming a conspicuous 
speculum on the expanded wing; scapulars white; some of 
the least wing-coverts broadly margined with whitish; lower back 
grey; rump and upper tail-coverts and basal half of all the tail-
feathers pure white; rest of the tail blackish brown with white tips, 
which become larger on the outer feathers; a very broad frontal 
band, the region around the eye, the ear-coverts, and part of the 
sides of the neck are deep black; loral region and often a spot on 
the upper and hinder angle of the eye white; all the underparts of 
the body and the thighs creamy white; some of the under wing-
coverts blackish. Total length about 7 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*7 
-4-1, tail 3-1-3-5, tarsus 0-95-1. 

The immature male is less intensely coloured than the adult; 
the chestnut colour extends further down on the mantle; the 
middle of the back and the wings are more ashy brown; all the 
wing-coverts and especially the secondaries are broadly bordered 
with cream-colour ; forehead mottled with whitish and brown ; ear-
coverts brown; bill and feet light horny brown. 

Adult female: Similar to the male in colour; mantle, back, and 
wings ashy brown; the quills always edged with cream-colour; 
upper tail-coverts and rump dull creamy white; crown and hind 
neck lighter and more reddish than in the male ; front of head and 
ear-coverts dark brown with whitish tips; loral region and a narrow 
band across the base of the bill cream-colour; bill and feet horny 
brown. 

Young. Scapulars and rump decidedly cream-colour; head, sides 
of neck, and breast with numerous dark-brown vermiculations. 

Nestling. General colour above, including head and scapulars, pale 
ochraceous, the wing-feathers with a" well-marked blackish-brown subterminal 
cross bar; wing-coverts and quills brown, externally broadly 
edged with rufous-brown, tipped with pale fulvous; tail brownish 

22 . LANIUS. 285 
black, the midcllo feathers tipped with rufous, the others with fulvous 
white; undorparis palo fulvous, and, except on the chin and 
the under tail-coverts, thickly barred with brown vermiculations. 

IFab. The Woodchat Shrike inhabits the whole of Southern and 
Central Europe, occurring as an occasional visitor in the British 
Islands; to the oast it ranges as far as Persia. It arrives in 
Europe in April, and stays till August or September, then migrating 
to Africa for its winter-quarters, extending from the river 
Gambia to Arabia. This bird moults in autumn, when it acquires 
the cream-coloured margins of the quills, which, however, at the 
time it comes to Europe are rather abraded; consequently they 
have no real breeding-plumage. 

a. [ $ 1 ad. sk. Europe. R. B. Sharp©, Esq. [P.]. 
k [$ ] ad.sk. Europe. F. D. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
c,d. [tf$]ad. at. France. M. Baillon [P.]. 
<*;/• 6 2 ad. sk.; Valkenswaard, HolF. 
D. Godman and 0. Sal


g. Pull. sk. land. via, Esqrs. [P.]. 
h. 2 ad. sk. Germany. Gould Collection. 
i Pull.sk. Westphalia, June 1870. Purchased. 
k. $ ad. sk. Haskeui, Turkey, April R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
5,1877. 
I [Si ad. sk. Smyrna. Gould Collection. 

m. 2 ad. sk. Mount Carmel. Canon Tristram [0.]. 
n. c? ad. sk. Safed. Canon Tristram [C.J. 
o. S ad. sk. Persia. C. Darwin, Esq. TP.l 
p. Pull. sk. Persia. C. Darwin, Esq. [P.1. 
q. Ad. sk. Mohammerah. K Loftus, Esq. [P.t 
r. 2 juv. sk. Shiraz, July 1870. Sir Oliver St. John [0.1 
s. $ ad.; t. Juv. sk. E. of Shiraz, June 1872. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [0.]. 
u. <$ ad. sk. Tangiers (Favier). Gould Collection. 
?;, w. <$ ad. sk. Prov. Constantine, F. D. Godman and 0. SalAlgeria 
(0. &). via, Eteqrs. [P.l 
x> y-6 $ ad. sk. Tunis.^ L. Eraser, Esq. [0.]. 

s. $ ad. sk. Tripoli. Zoological Society. 
a'. Juv. sk. Bogos Land. Mr. Esler [0.]. 
h'. [tf] ad. sk. Ab} ssinia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[moulting]. 
c'. $ ad. sk. Halai, Abyssinia, Feb. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. 

29, 1868. 
d'. [c?] ad. sk. [West Africa.] Sir A. Smith [C.]. 
er. Pull. sk. North Africa. Purchased. 

f',g'. Moulting, sk. Gambia. Purchased. 

h'. Juv. sk. Gambia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
i',k'. [c?l ad. sk. Gambia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

l'\ [2 ] juv.sk. Gambia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
m'. Skull. S. Germany. Dr. Gunther [0.]. 

44. Lanius badiixs. 
Lanius badius, Hartl J. f. 0. 1854, p. 100; SMley, Ibis, 1875, 
p. 381. 
Lanius rufus, pt., Hartl Orn. Westafr. p. 103. 
Lanius auriculatus (non Muller), Shettey # BucUey, Ibis, 1872, p. 292. 
" This is undoubtedly a distinct species, easily distinguished from 

286 
LANIID-3E. 

L. auricula!us, Mull., by the absence of white on the primaries. Dr. 
Hartlaub's original description is very clear. The measurements of 
two specimens, collected by myself between Accra and Aguapim, 
give the following result;— 
Oulmen. Wing. Tarsus. 
m. in. in. 
a. Adult *05 4-2 -95 
b. Juv '60 3-9 1 0 : 
(G. E. Shelley.) 
Hah. Gold Coast. 

45. Lauras collnrio. 
Collurio, Brisson, Ois. ii. p. 151 (1760). 

Lanius 
collurio, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 188 (17C6) j Retains, Faun. 
Suec. p. 88; Gmel. S. N. p. 800 ; Lath. Inch Orn. p. 69; Meyer 8f 
Wolf, Taschenb. Vog. Deutschl. p. 90; Bechsfein, Taschenb. p. 102; 
Meyer, Vog. Esthland u. Livl p. 42; Koch, Syst. baier. Zool i. 

p. 104; Frisch, Vog. pi. 01. fig. 2; Ternm. Man. cTOni. i. p. 147; 
Levaill Ois. d Afr. ii. pi. 64 ; Naumann, Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. ii. 
p. 30, pi. 52; Vieill. Enc. Meth. p. 725; id. Faun. Franc, p. 153, 
pi. 6Q. f. 1-3 ; Savi, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 98; NUsson, Om. Suec. p. 72; 
Pallas, Zoogr. Bosso-As. i. p. 404 j Yarrell, Brit. B. i. p. 154; Keys. 
fy Bias. Wirbelth. Eur. p. 195; Schleg. Bev. Critique, p. xxi; id, 
Vog. van Nederl Lnd. p. 232; Gould, B. Eur. pi. 69; Lindermayer, 
Vog. Griechenl. p. 114; Malh. Faun. Sicil. p. 57; Von Wright, Fin-
lands Foglar, p. 72; Naum. Vog. Deutschl. ii. p. 30, pi. 52; Wright, 
Ibis, 1864, p. 291; Filippi, Viagy. in Bers. p. 824; Itadcle, J.f.O. 
1854:, p. 75; Gurney, Ibis, 18G5, p. 208 ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 158; 
Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Europ. i. p. 228; Fmsch $ Hartl Vog. O.-
Afr. p. 331; von Nordm. in Demid. Voy. ii. p. 114; FLeuglin, Fetermanrfs 
Geogr. Mittheil. 1869, p. 407; Blanford, East. Persia, ii. 

p. 137; Finsch, Tr. Z. S. yii. p. 251; Heugl Orn. X.O.-Afr.i. p.474; 
Meves, GEfvers. p. 702; Colktt, Norg. Fugle, p. 13; Blanf. Geol. # 
Zool. Abyssin. p. 340; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 117; Serertz. J. f. O. 
1873, p. 435; Bocage, Jam. Lisb. 1876, p. 254; Aniin. 8f Salvach 

Viagg. Bogos, p. 79; Dress, B. Eur. iii. pi. 150, p. 899. 
Red-backed Shrike, Lath. Gen. Syst. i. p. 107. 
Lanius spinitorques, Bechst. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. ii. p. 1385(1805); 

Keuglin, Ibis, 1859, p. 342. 
Enneoctonus collurio, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 973; Cab. Mus. Hein. i. 

p. 72; Bp. C. A. i. p. 362; Hupp. Syst. Uebers.p.62; Gray, Hand-l 
B i. p. 393. no. 5965; Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 1868, p. 48,1870, p. 344, 
1874, p. 37,1876, p. 152. 
La pie-grieche e*corcheur, Daubent. Fl Ed. pi. 31. &g. 2; Levaill 
Ois. dAfr. ii. p. 64. 

Lanius dumetorum, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 234 (1831). 

? Lanius cognatus, Brehm, Naumamiia, 1855, p. 275. 

? Lanius paradoxus, Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 275. 

Lanius anderssoni, Strichl. fy Scl Conir. Orn. 1852, p. 145; Gray, 

Hand-l B. i. p. 393, no. 5974. 
Lanius seruginosus, Klein (teste Heuglin). 

Adult male. Crown of head, hind neck, and part of the upper back, 

22. LANITTS. 287 
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts bluish grey; mantle and 
scapulars chestnut-brown; the secondary quills and all the wing-
coverts brown, with large chestnut-brown margins; primaries 
brown, with very faint lighter margins; central pair of tail-
feathers black, the others pure white at the basal half and tipped 
with white, which colour on the outermost pair occupies the whole 
outer web ; a narrow frontal band, narrow region round the eye, 
and the ear-coverts black; an indistinctly defined whitish superciliary 
stripe ; chin, cheeks, throat, and under tail-coverts pure 
white; rest of under surface uniform vinous; most of the under 
wing-coverts and edge of wing white; quills below blackish 
grey, passing into whitish on the inner margin; thighs whitish, 
mottled with blackish grey; feet black; bill dark horn-colour or 

black, or " dark slate, violet at base ;" iris brown. 

As all the specimens from Africa have the greater part of the bill, 
especially the base and the under mandible, pale horny brown 
and only the tip of the bill darker, it seems that the colour of this 
organ changes with the season ; and in this way the bill is uniformly 
dark at the breeding-season, whilst in winter it gets paler. 
Total length about 7 inches, culmen 0*72, wing 3-65, tail 3*3, 
tarsus 1. 

Adult female. General colour above dull brownish grey, washed 

on the head and mantle with dull chestnut-brown; scapulars often 

with subterminal blackish cross bars like the upper tail-coverts; 

quills and upper wing-coverts brown, the latter and the secondaries 

broadly margined with fulvous or with reddish brown; frontal 

region, loral space, and region round the eye dull white; ear-coverts 

brown; behind the upper margin of the eye a well-marked white 

spot; throat, abdomen, and under tail-coverts dull white; rest of 

underparts dull white, with numerous broad dark-brown zigzag 

cross bars; bill and feet horny brown, the former paler at base. 

Measurements the same as those of the adult male. 

Nestling. Rufous above, the head, neck, lower back and ramp 

ashy grey, all the upper surface mottled with dusky and whitish 

bars; ear-coverts dark brown, with whity-brown shaft-streaks; 

throat white; remainder of under surface dull yellowish white, 

barred across with dusky brown on the breast and sides of the 

body. 

Fall-grown young bird. Plumage as in the foregoing, the quills 

broadly edged with rufous ; tail as in the adult, the white edgings 

to the outer feathers very broad and distinct; bill and feet pale 

horny brown. 

In the course of the second or third year the immature birds show 

every intermediate gradation between the plumages described above. 

Hub. Breeds in Europe and Asia Minor, wintering in Africa. 

a, b, c. Pull. st. Cambridgeshire. Mr. Baker [0.1. 

<*,«• c?[?]ad.st. Cambridgeshire. Mr. Baker [0.]. 

/. Pull. sk. Cambridgeshire. Mr. Baker [0.]. 

ac^* s^


g, h. $ JBerkshire. Mr. W. Briggs [P.]. 
i7 k. 6 $ ad. sk. Berkshire. Could Collection. 

288 LANIIDJE. 
Hampstead, Middlesex. F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-

I. Pull. sk. 
vin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
Hainpstead, Middlesex. F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-

m, n. <$ 2 &&-s^« 

Yin, Esqrs. [P.]. 

o. J ad. sk. 
f p. $ ad. sk. 

q. $ ad. sk. 
r, s. $ ? ad. sk. 
t [J] ad. sk. 
w, i>. Pull. st. 
w, x. S ad., J juv. 

sk. 

y. (5 ad. sk. 
s, a'. $ J ad. sk. 
6'. (J ad. sk. 

<?'. $ ad. sk. 

d'. $ ad. sk. 

e'. $ ad. sk. 
/'. Irnm. sk. 
gm'f ti. <$ $ ad. sk. 
i'. 2 ad. sk. 

k'. [tf] ad.sk. 
/'. [c?]ad. sk. 
m'. § juv. sk. 
n'. [$ ] ad. sk. 
o'>P'- [J ] ad.sk. 
q', <$ ad. sk. 

r'. J ad. sk. 

s', tf. & $ ad. sk. 

u'. [cJ] ad. sk. 

v\ [ cT ] ad. sk. 

w'. [ c? ] ad. sk. 

x'. tf ad. sk. 

y\ tf ad. sk. 
a', [tf] ad. sk. 


a. Juv. sk. 
/3. Juv. sk. 

y. 2 ad. sk. 
d. Skeleton. 
€-8. Skulls. 
t,K. Skeletons. 
Pagham, Sussex, Mar. 
9, 1874. 
Avington, Hants, May 

17,1876. 
Wiltshire. 
Monmouthshire, July 

10,1873. 
Devonshire. 
France. 
Stockholm, July 20, 

1873. 
Russia, May 1841. 
Belgium, July 10,1871, 

and June 3,1872. 
Bogat, Transylvania, 
May 20,1874. 
Haskeui, Turkey, April 

2o,lS77 (W.Pearce). 

Chik es Salem, May 9 

(W. Pearce). 
Smyrna. 
Erzeroum. 
Hernion. 
Amba, Sanihar, Aug. 


22, 1868. 
Mossambique. 
Potehefstroom. 
Potchefstroom. 
Lydenburg, Dec.1,1874. 
Tete, Zambesi. 
Sibanane, Dee. 11,1874 

(F. Octtes). 
Marico river, Nov. 18, 
1873 {F. Oates). 
Tati, March 21, 1873 

(F. Oates). 
Natal. 
Colesberg (A. F. Ortlepp). 


Kingwilliamstown. 
British Kanraria (At


more). 
Ondonga (Andersson). 
Damaraland (Anders


son). 
Elephant Vley (Andersson). 


? 
South Africa. 

S. Germany. 
S. Germany 
England. 
R. B. Skarpe, Esq. [P.]. 
E. Shelley, Esq. [P.I. 
Col. Montagu [P.1. 
Rev. A. Morgan [P.]. 


Col. Montagu fP.]. 

M. BaillonVP.]. 
Mr. Meves [C.]. 
Purchased. 
Brussels Museum [P.]. 


Capt. Feilden and J. A. 
Harvie Brown, Esq. [P."1. 

R. B. Skarpe, Esq. [P.]. " 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
C.W.L. Merlin, Esq. [P.] 
Gould Collection. 
Canon Tristram, Esq. [0. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C " 
Purchased. 

F. A. Barratt, Esq. [C.1 
J. PL Gurnev, E*q. hP.l 
F. A. Barratt, E*q. [C.I. 
Sir J. Kirk [C.]. 
"W. E. and C. G. Oates, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 

W. 
E. and C. G. Oates, 
Esqrs. [P.l 
W. 
E. and~C. G. Oates, 
Esqrs. [P.l 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P j . 
Capt. H. Trevelvan [P.]. 

R. B. Sharpe, E,q. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Eyton Collection. 
Sir A. Smith [0.]. 
Dr. Giinther. 
Dr. Giinther. 
Purchased. 


22. LAfflTJS. 269 
40. Lauras collyrioides. 
Lanius collurioides, Less, in Belanyer's Voy., Zool. p. 254 ; Wahlen, 
Ibis, 1807, p. 220; God win-Austen, J. A. S. B. 1874, p. 157; 
Andersson, B. Yunnan, p. 040 (1^7h)* Gates, B. Brit. Burin, p. 250. 

Lanius h\ puleucus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvii. p. 240; id. Cat. B. JIus. 
As. Soc. p. 152; Bp. C. A. i. p. 3G4; Jerdon, Ibis, 1H>2, p. 19; 
Blanford, Ibis, 1870, p. 408; Hume, 8tr. F. 1874, p. 473, 1875, 

p. 90; Schahiv, J.f. 0. 1878, p. 143. 
Collyrio hypoleucus, Bp. Mev. et Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 43G; Gray, 
ihmd-l/B. i. p. 392, no. 5957. 
Collyrio eolluiioides, Bp. 1. c. p. 430. 

Similar to L. collurto, but more intensely coloured; crown of 
head and hind neck dark slaty grey, which colour becomes gradually 
darker towards the front of the head, the region round the eye, and 
the ear-coverts; none of these parts are so decidedly black as in L. 
collurio; mantle, scapulars, the whole back, and the upper tail-coverts 
deep chestnut-brown; quillb and wing-coverts daik brown, the Litter 
as well as the secondaries externally broadly margined with chestnut 
colour ; basal halt' of the inner primaries pure white, which 
colour diminishes in extent on the outer primaries;" the large alar 
speculum is therefore only seen iu the expanded wing; the three 
middle pairs of the tail-feathers are uniform black, with very small 
creamy tips, the next pair with large white tips, and the outermost 
one is nearly all white, the blackish-brown colour being restricted to 
the immediate neighbourhood of the shaft; under wing-coveiis dusky 
grey at base, white at tip; quills below with a large patch of white, 
rest dusky, inner margins creamy or fulvous; under surface of body 
creamy white; '* bill black, the gape and greater portion of the 
lower mandible fleshy grey; feet plumbeous, claws horny; hides 
pale reddish brown ; eyelids bluish grey " ( Oates). Total length about 
0*8 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*25-3*5, tail 3-5-4, tarsus 0*85-0-95. 

Hah. Burmah and Pegu. 

a, h. Ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk. 
>* 
Burmah. 
Ava. 
Tavoy (Briyyt). 
Burmah. 
E. Blyth, Esq. [P.]. 
W. rl\ Blanford, Esq. [P.], 
G-ould Collection. 
Gould Collection. 
f. a. 6 S ad. sk.
'h. $ ad. sk.
i. <S ad. bk.
kt 5 ad. sk. 
Pegu, Dec. 
Pegu, Nov. 1880. 
Pegu, March 1878. 
Lower Pegu, Dec.
1878. 
E. W. Oates, Esq. 
E. W. Gates, Esq. 
E. \V. Oates, Esq. 
E. W. Oates, Esq. |C.]. 
/. Ad. in spirit. Burinak. It. B. Sliarpe, E^q. [P.]. 

47. Lanius tigrinus. 
Lanius tigrmus, Drajriez, Bid. Class. Ilibt. Nat. xiii. p. 523 (1828J* 

Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 152; Jerdon, Ibis, lb72, p. 11(5. 
Lanius ferox, Drapiez, Diet. Class. II. iV. xiii. p. 523 (1828). 
Lanius magnirostris, Less. Toy. Belany., et Compl. Buff. ii. p. 415 

(lb34) ; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. U(J3; no. 5972 ; Walden, Ibis, 

VOL. VI1T * U 

290 LA.NIIDJE. 

1867, p. 220, pi. 6. figb. 1 & 2; «6ta 1869, p. 242; £W/z/L P. Z. S. 

1871, p. 375 j id. Ibis, 1875, p. 115; Dai), fy Oustalet, Ois. Chine, 

p. 97, 
Lanius strigatus, JEyton, P. Z. S.1839, p. 103. 
Enneoctoims crassirostris (Kuhl), Bp. C. A. I p.^362 (1850). 
Otomela crassirostris, Bp. Bev. Zool. 1853, p. 437. 
Enneoctoims tigrinus, Horsf. 8? Moore, Cat B. M. EX Co. i. p. 168 
(1854). 

Lanius waldeni, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 131. 

Lanius incertus, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 376; 1875, p. 115. 

Otomela magnirostris, Taczan. Bull. Sac. Zool. France, 1871>7 i. p. 167; 

id. J.f. 0. 1876, p. 197 j Schalow, ibid. p. 217. 

Adult male (summer phiinage). Crown of head, hind neck, and 

upper part of the mantle clear bluish grey; mantle, scapulars, the 

whole hack, and the upper tail-coverts reddish brown, each feather 

with several transverse black bars ; lesser wing-coverts like the back, 

the rest and the secondary quills chestnut-brown with submarginal 

black lines; primary quills uniform brown, with no white at the 

base whatever ; tail uniform chestnut-brown, with faint subterminal 

bars and whitish tips to the outer rectrices; a frontal band, the 

loral and ocular region, and the ear-coverts deep black ; all the 

underparts white, washed with cream-colour, especially on the throat, 

breast, and edge of wings; some of the under wing-coverts with 

submarginal blackish-brown bars; "bill bluish black; feet pale 

leaden, with a fleshy tinge; iris blackish brown,? (Sivinhoe). 

Winter plumage. The grey of the head and neck is washed with 
brownish; the frontal band and ear-coverts are brownish black, so 
that the head has lost its beautiful appearance: cheeks, sides of breast, 
and flanks with a few subterminal brown vermiculations ; bill and 
feet horny brown. Total length 6'6 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*2, 
tail 3, tarsus 0-9. 

Adult female. Very similar to the adult male in winter plumage, 
but generally with " a large creamy patch on the lores, and a white 
half-eyebrow in rear of the eye-line " (SwinJwe); bill bluish black. 
The measurements are the same as in the male. 

Obs. Consul Swinhoe observes " that the sexes are alike, the 
males being more richly coloured." This, however, holds good 
only with old females in breeding-plumage, since in winter (as 
proved by all the specimens from Malacca and Borneo) the female 
closely resembles the young and immature birds, the black frontal 
band and the grey of the head and neck being replaced by the 
reddish-brown black-barred coloration of the back, while the region 
above the ear-coverts and above the eye is creamy instead of reddish 
brown. 

Immature bird. General colour of the whole upper surface of 
the body reddish brown, which colour is more fulvous and greyish 
on the head and neck, passing into chestnut-brown on the rump 
and upper tail-coverts ; each feather has several very distinct black 
or dark-brown cross bars, and is mottled with small creamy or 
almost white spots; again, the shaft of the feathers being white, the 
upper parts of the body, especially the mantle and neck, exhibit a 

22. LANIUS. 291 
rather densely spotted aspect, thus differing from the adult female 
in summer plumage; no frontal band ; the forehead, the region round 
the eye, and ear-coverts whitish mottled with brownish ; throat, 
middle of abdomen, under tail- and under wing-coverts uniform 
cream-colour; all the rest of the underparts and sides of the neck 
densely marked with blackish-brown vermiculations ; bill pale horny 
brown; feet more bluish. 

Ilab. Erom Eastern Siberia and China to Malacca and Sumatra. 

a. Pull. sk. Malacca. Purchased. 
b. $ ad. sk. (moulting). Malacca. Eyton Collection. 
(Type of L. strigatus.) 
e. Pull. sk. Malacca. Evton Collection. 
(1. $ ad. sk. Malacca. Msf. Harvey, Esq. [C.l. 
e. Juv. sk. Malacca. Purchased. 
/ . [c?] ad. sk. (moulting). 
g. $ ad. sk. 
Malacca. 
Malacca. 
Purchased. 
A. R. Wallace. Esq. 
[0.]. 
h. Pull. sk. Malacca. Purchased. 
i. c? ad. sk. Malacca. Purchased. 
A\ S imm. sk. 
/. $ juv. sk. (moulting). 
Malacca (Griffith). 
Malacca. 
India Museum. 
Capt. Stackliouse 
Pinwill [P.]. 
m. J or juv. sk. 
w, o. [d1] ad. et juv. sk. 
2h h r-2 *mm-&k* 
Malacca (Wallace). 
Peuang (Canto?'). 
Sumatra. 
Gould Collection. 
India Museum. 
A. E. Wallace, Esq. 
s, t 2 ad. sk. Sarawak. H. Everett, Esq. [C.]. 

v2 

992 
LANIIDJE. 

Subfamily V. VIREONIN/E * 

23. VIREO. 
Type. 
Vireo, Vieillot, Ois. de TAmer. Septentr. i. p. 83 
(1807) V. noveboracensis. 
Vireosylvia, Bonap. Comp. List Birds Europe and 

N. Am. (1838) V. olivacea. 
Phyllomanes, Cab. ArcMv f. Naturg. 1847, p. 321 (No type.) 
Lanivireo, Baird, Rev. Am. Birds, i. p. 326 (1864) V. flavifrons. 
Vireonella, Beard, Rev. Am. Birds, i. p. 326 (1864) V. gundlaclii. 
Bill much more slender than in Cyclorhis or Vireolanius, abruptly 
curved at the end. Legs slender, lateral toes unequal. The shape 
of the wings various. The first plumage of the young resembling that 
of the adult, and being destitute of spots either above or below (Salvin). 
Length of wing about 2*5-3 inches. Pattern of plumage 
very plain, the only colours being olive, yellowish, white, and 
black, with their combinations. 


'<yy 

*f»| 

Heads of Fireoflavifrons and Vireo flavoviridis. 

Range. North America, extending through Central and Southern 
America to Brazil and Peru. Antilles. 

Key to the Species. 

A. 
Wings elongated, pointed, longer than tail ,* 
first primary extremely short, sometimes 
obsolete ^ (Subgeneric group VIBEOSYLYIA.) 
a. Figure slender • bill rather slender, laterally 
compressed, straight; £eet slender. 
a'. First primary obsolete. 
(calidns, p. 293. 
a". Crown of head grey, bordered with a \olivaceus, p. 294. 
line of fuscous fc,. 1 chivi, p. 295. 
{flavoviridis, p. 295. 
b". Crown of head not margined with a \ magister, p. 295. 
differently coloured line | philadelphims, p. 296. 

V. Mrst primary present \GSH&. 
b. Figure robustj bill short and robust; feet 
rather robust (Subgeneric group LANIVIBEO.) 
c'. First primary obsolete ; ocular region and 
throat yellow flavifrons, p. 298. 

* The characters on which the " genera " of this subfamily are based are 
too indefinite to be shortly expressed in a " Key," as has been attempted in the 
other subfamilies. 
23. 
VIREO. 203 
(solitarius, p. 208. 
d'. First primary present; ocular region and J cassini, p. 299. 
throat white jplumleiis, p. 299. 
(vicinior, p. 300. 

B. 
Wings short, hardly longer or slightly shorter 
than tail; first primary large, about half 
the^length of the second (Subgeneric group VIREO. ) 
a. 
Wings rather pointed. 
a'. Crown black , atricapittus, p. 300. 
b'. Crown olive or grey; wings with two 
bars, produced by the light tips of the 
greater and median coverts. , 7 . OAA 
«". Middle line of underpaid white; ab- j f^-acenm, p. 300, 

feV' S0\m

domen yellowJ (pimllus, p. 302. 
b". Underparts almost uniformly coloured. 
a". Bill stout \ "oJf-acms, p 302. 
J pattens, p. o02. 
huttoni, p. 303. 
b"'. Bill slender I modestus, p. 303. 
( carmioli, p. 303. 

b. Wings rounded, without pale bars; tail elon-hypochryseus, p. 304, 
gated ; bill very stout and high; crown grey < gimdlachi, p. 304. 
(latimeri, p. 304. 

1. Vireo calidris. 
- 
Motacilla calidris, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 329 (17G6). 
Phyllomanes barbatulus, Cab. J.f.O. 1855, p. 467; Gundlaeh, J. f. 
O.1861, p. 324. 
Vireosylvia barbatula, Baird, Rev. Am. B. 1864, p. 331. 
Vireo altiloquus, Gambel, Pr. A. N. So. Philad. 1848, p. 127; Baird, 

Birds N. Am. 1858, p. 354. 
Vireosylvia altiloqua, Cassin, Proc. A. N. Se. Philad. 1831, p. 152 j id. 
Illustr. 1854, pp. 8, 221, pi. xxxvii.; Bryant, Proc. Host. Soc. v. 

p. 113 (1859); Newton, Ibis, 1859, p. 145; Sclat $ Salvin, P. Z. S. 
1864, p. 348. 
Vireosylvia calidris, Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 329 (1805); Sclat. § 
Salvin, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 234; iid. Nomencl. p. 11. 
Vireosylvia calidris, var. barbatula, Baird, Brew., fy Ridqw. N. A. B. 
I p. 359 (1874). 
Vireosylvia calidris, var. barbadensis,fcZ?«e><#, Brexo., $• Ridgw. N. A. B. 

i. p. 359 (1874). 
Vireosylvia calidris, var. dominicana, Lator. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mm. i. 
pp. 55, 486. 
Vireo calidris, 
Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 381, no. 5761 (1869); Sah. <$• 
Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aces, p. 186 (1881). 

Upper parts uniform olive; crown of head grey, narrowly bordered 
with, fuscous ; a dingy yellowish white streak extending from the 
nostrils over the eye, along the sides of the occiput; lores, a spot 
behind the eye, and a rictal stripe fuscous; underparts yellowish 
white, strongly washed with olive on the sides and flanks; axillaries 
and under tail-coverts whitish yellow; bill and feet horn-colour. 
Culmen 0-8 inch, wing 3-1-3-2, tail 2-25-2'35; tarsus 0-72. 

Hah. Florida; Antilles; South America from Guiana to Venezuela, 
extending into PanamaB 

294 
LANIIDJ3. 

a. V. calidris. 
a. Ad. sk. San Domingo, May Smithsonian Institution 
1866 (Yoimglove). [P.]. 
h, Ad. sk. San Domingo. Mr. A. Salle [C.]. 

/3. V. harbatula. 

c. (S ad. sk. , Central America. J. Gould, Esq. 
d. Ad. sk. * Guatemala, Gould Collection. 
e,f,g.A&.ak, Trinidad. Zoological Society "P.". 
h Ad. sk. Chamicuros, E. Peru Gould Collection" 
(Hauxwell). 

i. Ad. sk. Guiana. Mr. Brown [C.]. 
2. Vireo olivaceus. 
Muscicapa olivacea, Li mi. Syst. Nat. i. p. 827 (1766). 
Lanius olivaceus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 40 (1828). 
Vireo olivaceus, Vieill. Ois. de VAm. Sept. i. p. 83 (1807); TVUs. Am. 


Orn. pi. 12 ; Audnb. Am. B. pi. 150; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 881, 
no. 5762; Samuels, B. Netu England, p. 270; Baird, Birds N. 
Am. p. 331 (1858); Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 48; Coues, B. Color. Vail. 

i. p. 495; Salv. fy Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, p. 188. 
? Vireo vireseens, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept i. p. 84, pi. 53 (1807); Gray, 
Gen. B. i. p. 267, pi. 65. 
Vireosylvia 
olivacea, Bp. C. A. i. p. 329 ; Bernhardt, Vidensh. 
Meddel. 1853, p. 82; id. Ibis, 1861, p. 7; Sclat. P.Z.S. l&oo, 

p. 151, 1859, pp. 137, 363; Neioton, Ibis, 1859, p. 145; Sclat. # 
Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 12; iid. P. Z. S. 1870, p . 836, 1879, p. 495; 
Laiurence, Ibis, 1864, p. 394 {England) ; Baird, liev. Am. B. 1^04, 
p. 333 ; v. Frantzius. J. f. 0.1869, p. 295; Baird, Brew., 4* Pdclgw. 
N. Am. B. i. p. 363; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 505; Scl 6f Salv. 
Nomencl. p. 11. 
Phyllonianes olivacea, Cab. Mus. Hem. i. p. 63 (1850) ; id. J. f. O. 
1860, p. 404; Gundlach, op. cit. 1861, p. 324. 
Vireo bogotensis, Bryant, Proe. Post. Sue. N. II. vii. p. 227 (1800). 
Vireosylvia bogotensis, Laiorence, Ann. Lyc. N. T. viii. p. 0. 

Upper parts olive; crown grey, narrowly bordered with fuscous 
brown or blackish brown; a whitish streak extending from the 
nostrils over the eye, along the sides of the occiput; pra2ocular 
region or lores, and a few feathers behind the eye, dull grey ; cheeks 
and ear-coverts whitish tinged with pale yellowish olive; underpays 
white, tinged with pale yellow on the under tail-coverts, 
axillaries, and under wing-coverts; no rictal streak; bill and feet 
horn-colour. Culrnen 0-54-0*64 inch, wing 3-3*4, tail 2-2*3, 
tarsus 0*7. 

Eab. North America, throughout Central America to Panama; 
Cuba. 

a. Ad. sk. Bogota. 
— Purdie, Esq. [C.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Guatemala. J. Gould, Esq. 
c. d. S S ad. sk. Michigan, Prof. Steere. 
e,f. 6 ? ad. sk. Port Simpson. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
y. Ad. sk. W. side Itocky Mountains. J. K. Lord, Esq. I P.t 
h. Ad. sk. North America. Sir G. Back [P ]. J 
23. VIREO. 205 
3. Vireo flavoviridis. 
Vireosylvia flavoviridis, Cassfn, Proc. A. N. Sc. PJdlad. 1851, v. p. 152, 
vi. pi. 2; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 298, 1859, p. 375; id. Cat Am. 
B. p. 44(1861); Sclat. <$• Sahm, Ibis, 1859, p. 12; Baird, Rev. 
Am. B. p. 336 ; Laiur. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii. p. 323 ; Salvin, P. Z. S. 
1867, p. 137, 1870, p. 184; v. Frantzitis, J. f. 0. 1869, p. 509; 
Baird, Brew., Sf Ridyio. N. A. B. i. p. 366; Sumichrast, Mem. Post. 
JSoe. N K I p. 547*; TaczanoxvsH, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 509; Merrill, 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i p. 125; Sol. # Salv. Nomencl. p. 11. 
Vireo flavoviridis, Baird, Birds N. Am. p. 332 (1858); Coices, B. 
Colorado Vail, i.p.490; Salvin § Godman, Biol. Ccmtr.-Amer., Aves, 

p. 189. 
Phyllomanes flavoviridis, Cab. J.f.O. 1861, p. 93. 
Vireosyhia agilis flavoviridis, Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 19. 
Differing from V. olivaceus in having the sides of the breast and 
flanks strongly washed with bright olive-yellow, whilst the axillaries, 
the edge of the wing, the under wing-coverts, and under tail-
coverts are sulphur-yellow ; the inner margin of the remiges and of 
the tail-feathers is pale yellow instead of white. Culmen 0*55-0*65 
inch, wing 2*9-3, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*7. 

Hob. .From Texas to Bolivia, Peru, and Upper Amazonia. 

a. Ad. sk.
b. S ad. sk.
c. $ ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk. 
Guayango, Peru. 
Rio Napo, Ecuador. 
Veragua (Arce). 
Panama (Hughes). 
Bolivia. 
Mr. Ilolzmann [C.J. 
Purchased. 
O. Salvin, Esq. 
O. Salvin, Esq. 
Mr. Brydges [0.]. 
4. Vireo eMvi. 

Sylvia chivi, Vieill Nouv. Bid. xi. p. 174 (1817). 

Lanius agilis, Liehtenst. Verz. Doubt, p. 526 (1823). 

Vireosylvia agilis, Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 338; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 73 
(1868). 
Vireosylvia chivi, Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 327 (1865). 
Vireosylvia olivaceus, var. chivi, Baird, Brew., ty Ridgiu. N. Am. B. 

i. p. 359. 
Vireosylvia flavoviridis, var. agilis, Baird, Brew., §• Ridgxo. N. Am. 
B. i. p. 359. 
Intermediate in colour between V. olivaceus and V. flavoviridis. 
The outer primary is shorter than the fifth, whilst in V. olivaceus 
the outer primary is about equal to or a little shorter than the 
fourth. Inner webs of remiges with pale-yellow margins; axillaries, 
under wing- and under tail-coverts almost sulphur-yellow; 
rest of underparts as in V. olivaceus. Culmen 0*52 inch, wing 
2*5-2*6, tail 1*6-1*7, tarsus 0*66. 
JIab. Northern half of South America. 

a. Ad. sk. Para. R. Graham, Esq. [P.], 
b. Ad. sk. Brazil. Mr. Glausaen [0.]. 
5. Vireo magister. 
Vireosylvia magister, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x. p, 20 (ex Baird MS.); 
Baird, Brew., $ Ridgw. N. Am. B. i. p. 359. 
Vireo magister, Salv, $• Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aues, p. 191. 

LVJS'IIDJE. 

m 

Upper parte dusky olive, more greenish on the lower back; 
crown slightly tinged with grey, not bordered with fuscous, superciliary 
streak'dingy white; underparts whitish, washed with pale 
olive on the sides"and flanks; under tail-coverts and under wingcoverfs 
whitish yellow; inner margin of quills white. Wing 3*05 
inches, tail 2-25. 

7fab. British Honduras. 

"This species differs from V.pliUadelplikus in its larger size and 
in not having any ashy tinge on the crown. In some respects it 
resembles V. calidris, from which, however, it may be known by 
the absence of the rictal streak and the browner tint of the under 
surface." (JSalvin and Godman.) 

6. Vireo philadelpMcns. 
Vireosylvia pkiladelphica, Cassin, Proc. A. K. Sc. Philad. v. p. 153 
(1857), vi. pi. 1. fig. 1; Selat. § Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 12; Lawr. 
Ann. Lyc. K T. ix. p. 90 ; Baird, JRn\ Am. B. p. 340; von Frantzms, 
J.f. 0. m% p. 295; Sato. P. Z. S.1870, p. 184; Sel. $ Sale. 
Nomenel. p. 12; Baird, Brew., <§• Itidgio. K. Am. B. i. p. 307. 

Vireo pliiladelphicus, Baird, Birds -A1". Am. p. 335, pi. 78. fig. 3 
(1858) ; Cones, Birds Color ad. Vail i. p. 492; Salw fy Godm. Biol 
Centr.-Amer., Aves, p. 191. 

Vireosylvia cobauensis, Sel. P. Z. S. I860, p. 463; id. Ann. & Ma a. 

N. II 1861, p. 328. 
Upper parts greyish olive, changing into leaden grey on the 
crown ; a narrow frontal band, extending on each side over the eye 
and along the sides of the occiput, dingy white; a small spot in 
front and behind the eye grey; ear-coverts and cheeks brownish 
white; underparts yellow, inclining to white on the centre of the 
breast and abdomen; inner margin of remiges white ; " bill horncolour 
* feet leaden grey " (Salvin). Culmen 0*45-0-5 inch, wing 
2-6-2-75, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-60-0-7. 

Hab. Eastern North America and Central America. 

a, I, c. Ad. sk. Guatemala. Gould Collection. 
d, e. Ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk. 
Vera Paz, Guatemala. 
Carlton, K. Am. 
O. Sal vim Esq. [P.l 
J*. B. Sharpe, Esq. ~P.\ 
7. Vireo gilvns. 

Muscicapa gilva, Vicill. Ois. Am. Sept. p. 05, pi. 34 (1807). 
Muscicapa melodia, Wils. Am. Orn. v. p. 85, pi. 42.fi<*\ 2 (1812) 
Vireo gilvus, Bp. Obs. Wils. no. 123 (1825); id. C.°A. i. p. 330; 

Andub. Orn. Biog. ii. pi. 118; id. Birds Am. iv. pi. 241; Baird 
Birds N. Am. p. 335; Selat. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 302; Dresser, Ibis 
1805, p. 480; Samuels, Birds New Engl. p. 273; Salv. fy Godm. 
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Ares, i. p. 192. 

Vireo bartramii, Szoains. Faun. Bor,-A?n. ii. p. 235 (1831). 
Vireosylvia gilva, Cassin, Pr. A. Ar. Sc. Philad. 1851, p 153 • Selat 

P. Z. S. 1856, p. 298, 1858, p. 302; Baird, Bev. Am. B. 'p. 342 • 
Sumiehrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. W. II. i. p. 548; Baird 
? 
Brew, & 
Midgw. i. p. 308. " 
Vireo' swainsoni, Baird, B. M. Am. 1858, p. 330: Elliot, Illustr. 

Birds N. A. i. pi. 7. 
Vireosylvia swainsoni, Baird, Bev. Am, B. p. 843 (1858). 

23 . VIREO. 297 
Vireosylvia gilva, var. swainsoni, Cooper, Orn. Califom. i. p. 110 
(1870); Baird, Brew., ty Rirfgw. N. Am. B. i. p. 371; Scl. $* Sah. 
^JVomencl. p. 12 ; Lawr. Bull. 'U.S. Nat. Mm. i. p. 17. 
Yireo gilvus swainsoni, Cones, Birds Color ad. Vail. p. 501. 

Upper parts pale olive-grey ; crown of head leaden grey, without 
any olive tinge; superciliary line and lores whitish, with no greyish 
spot in front of the eye; cheeks and ear-coverts brownish white; 
all the unclerparts dull white, slightly tinged with yellowish on the 
chest and under tail-coverts ; flanks tinged with olive-yellow; edge 
of wing, under wing-coverts, and inner margin of quills white ; hill 
horn-colour, with the mandible paler; feet lead-colour. Culmen 
0-45-0-55 inch, wing 2*8, tail 2, tarsus 0-63. 

Bab. Temperate North America and Mexico. 

Ohs. A specimen from the western side of the Rocky Mountains 
shows no difference in colour and size from the other specimens. 
The western specimens are supposed to be a little smaller and greyer 
above, the unclerparts being slightly wrhiter (var. swainsoni); but the 
supposed differences are not sufficient to distinguish between an 
Eastern and Western race of V. gilvus. 

a. Ad. sk. Fort Dufierin. N. A. B. Commission. 
b. 2 ad. sk. Fort Simpson. B. R. Ross, Esq. [P.], 
c. Ad. sk. ColviUe, ^West of Rocky J. K. Lord, Esq. [P. j . 
Mountains. 
d. Ad. sk. Michigan. Prof. Steere [P.]. 
8. Vireo Joseph®. 
Vireo Joseph®, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 137, pi. 154; Sah. $ Godm. 
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, p. 194. 

Vireosylvia josephee, Baird, JRev. Am. B. p. 844 (18G5) ; Laivr. Ann. 
Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 96; v. Frantzius, J. f. O. 1809, p. 295; Taezanotoski, 
P. Z. S. 1874, p. 509; Scl. ty Sah. Nomencl. p. 12; iid. 

P. Z. S. 1879, p. 495; Sah. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 112. 
Vireosylvia gilva, var. josephse, Baird, Breio., §* Mdgxo. 2V. Am. B. 
i. p. 360. 
Upper parts brownish olive, the brown colour becoming gradually 
more predominant on the hind neck, whilst the entire crown of the 
head is dark brown -without any olive tinge; superciliary line, 
chin, and throat white; ear-coverts and part of the cheeks whitish 
brown; all the rest of the underparts, including the inner margin of 
the quills, uniform light sulphur-yellow; " bill horn-brown, paler 
towards the base of the mandible; iris dark hazel" (Sclater). 
Culmen 0-51 inch, wing 2-4 (2-6\ tail 1*7 (2*05), tarsus 0-65. 


The figures in brackets are the measurements of the male type 
specimen as given by Mr. Sclater. The female, according to Sclater, 
is paler on the underparts, more inclining to whitish. A specimen 
in the British-Museum collection, one of the typical ones, has 
the crown of the head only a little darker brown than the mantle; 
the wings and tail are externally washed with pale olive-grey 
instead of olive; all the underparts are white, only very shghtly 
tinged with yellow. "Wing 2*3. This is undoubtedly the female of 

Y. josejrfice, and at the same time is strikingly like V. amauronotus. 
298 LANIID2E. 
Hah. Costa Pica to Panama, and from Colombia to Peru. 


a,b. [<$ J ] ad. sk. Fallatanga, Ecuador. L. Fraser, Esq. [C.]. 
c. [J] ad. sic. Quito. J. Gould, Esq. [0.]. 
9. Vireo amauronotns. 

Yireo gilva, var. Josephs, Bidgxo. in Baird, Breic, 4' Bidgw. X. 
Amer. B. i. p. 300, note. 
Vireo amauronotus, Salv. § Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, p. 193. 

" Similar to F. gilvus, but with the top of the head not grey, 
but almost of the same colour as the back ; and also differing from 

V. josephce by the head being of the same colour as the back, and 
by the abdomen being almost whitish." 
(Salvin $ Godman.) 
Hah. Orizaba, Mexico. 

10. Vireo flavifrons. 
Vireo flavifrons, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. i. p. 85, pi. 54 (1807); Aiuluh. 
Orn. Biocjr. ii. pi. 119 ; id. Birds Am. iv. pi. 238: Bp. C. A. i. 

p. 330; Cassin, Proa A. N. Sc.Philad. 1851, p. 149 > Selaf. # Salvin, 
Ibis, 1859, p. 12; Cab. J. f. 0. 1855, p. 408, 18150, p. 405 ; 
Sclat.P.Z.S. 1857, p. 227,1860, p. 251; Later. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 
vii. p. 323; Gundlach, J. f. 0. 1801, p. 324; Gray, Ilarnhl B. 
i. p. 381, no. 5757 ; Cones, Birds Cohrad. Vail. i. p. 493 ; Gimdl 
Orn. Cab. p. 56; Salv. # Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, p. 194. 
Muscicapa syivicola, Wilson, Am. Orn. ii. p. 117, pi. 7. fig. 3 (1810). 
Vireo (Lanivireo) flavifrons, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, p. 341. 
Vireosylvia (Lanivireo) flavifrons, Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 346 (1858). 
Lanivireo flavifrons, Lawr. Ami. Lye. N. T. ix. p. 96; v. Frantzhtf, 

J. f. O. 18G9, p. 29o; Baird, Breic, $ Bidgw. W. Am. B. i. p. 379 
(1874). 
Vireosylvia flavifrons, Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 184; Scl. <§* Salv. J\V 
mencl p. 12; Salv. fy Godm. Ibis, 1880, p. 118. 
Crown of bead, hind neck, and mantle rich yellowish olive, passing 
into olive-grey on the shoulders, lower back, and upper tail-
coverts ; wings and tail brownish black, externally narrowly edged 
with whitish grey; the innermost secondaries, the median and 
greater wing-coverts broadly edged with white, so as to form two 
distinct alar bars on each side; superciliary line and region below 
the eye, chin, throat, fore neck, and upper breast rich shining yellow ; 
rest of underparts, including the edge of the wing and the inner 
margin of the quills, pure white; bill and feet lead-colour. Culmen 
0-55 inch, wing 2*0-3-1, tail 2, tarsus 0*7. 
Hah. Eastern half of North America; Central America from 
Mexico to Panama and Colombia. Cuba. 

a. Ad. sk. Niagara Falls. Gould Collection. 
b. Ad. sk. North America. Zoological Society. 
e. S ad. sk. Illinois, Aug. 1877. H. K. Coale, Esq. [P.]. 
d, e,f. Ad. sk. North America. 
g. A'cl. sk. Guatemala. Gould Collection. 
11. Vireo solitarius. 
Muscicapa solitaria, Wils. Am. Orn. ii. p. 143, pi. 17. fig. 0 (1810). 
Vireo solitaria, Audub. Am. Orn. pi. 17; Bp. C. A. i. p. 330; Cab. 

23 . YIEEO. 299 
J. f. O.1855, p. 408; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 298, 1859, pp. 303, 
375; Sclat. Sf 8alv. Ibis, 1860, p. 31; Gundlaeh, J. f. O. 1861, 
p. 324; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 481; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 381, 
no. 5758; Samuels} Birch Neio JEngl. p. 277; Cones, Birds Colorad. 
Vail i. p. 505; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. II. ii. p. 272; Baird, 
Birds N. Am. p. 329; Salv. $ Godm. Biol Cent r.-Amer., Aves, i. 

p. 190. 
Lanius solitaries, Licht. JPreis-Verz. mei\ Tog. p. 2 (1830); Cab. 
J.f. 0.1863, p. 58. 
Vireosylvia (Lanivireo) solitaria, Baird, Rev. Amer. B. p. 347 (1864). 
Vireosylvia solitaria, Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. II. i. p. 548; 
Sel. 8f Salv. Xomencl. p. 12. 
Lanivireo solitaria, Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nut. Mus. no. iv. p. 18; Baird, 

Brew., § Ridgw. N. Am. B. i. p. 373. 
Vireosylvia prcpinqua, Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 348 (1865). 
Vireosylvia solitarius, var. propinquus, Baird, Brew., fy Ridgw. i. 

p. 373. 
Mantlo, back, and upper tail-coverts rich olive ; crown of head, 
nape, cheeks, and ear-coverts lcaden-grey; wings and tail blackish-
brown, narrowly edged with olive, or broadly edged with whitish, 
as is the case with the innermost secondaries and the outer pair of 
tail-feathers; greater and median series of wing-coverts tipped with 
yellowish white; feathers surrounding the eye and nasal region 
white; a spot in front of the eye blackish; chin, throat, middle of 
breast, and abdomen pure white, strongly washed with olive-yellow 
on the flanks; sides of breast washed with olive; under wing-
coverts and inner margin of quills whitish; bill and feet leadcolour 
; the under tail-coverts white, with or without a yellowish 
tinge, in some specimens uniform pale yellow. Culmen 0*52 inch, 
wing 2*9-3, tail 2, tarsus 0*73. 
Hob. North America from Canada to Texas; Central America 
from Mexico to Guatemala. Cuba. 

a. Ad. sk. Guatemala. Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. Guatemala. Gould Collection. 
Subsp. a. Vireo cassini. 

Vireo cassini, Xantus, Broc. Acad. N. Sc. Philad. 1858, p. 117; Baird, 
Birds N. Am. p. 340, pi. 78. fig. 1; id. Rev. Am. B. i. p. 347; 
Salv. ty Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, p. 197. 

Lanivireo solitarius, var. cassini, Baird, Breio., 8f Ridgw. N. Amer. 

B.i. p. 376 (1874). 
Vireo solitarius cassini, Coues, Birds Colorad. Vail. i. p. 514. 
Vireosylvia solitaria, Salv. Cat. StricJd. Coll p. 112 (pt.) (teste Salmi). 
Very similar to V. solitarius, but having the leaden-grey crown 
a little more tinged with olive than is usually the case with the 
typical species; breast slightly tinged with pale fawn-colour. Many 
intermediate forms occur. 

Hub. North America, California, Nevada and Arizona to Northern 
Mexico. 

Bubsp. /3. Vireo plumbens. 

Vireo plumbeus, Coues, Br. A. N. Sc. Philad. 1866, p. 74; id. Birds 
Colorad. Vail. i. p. 515 ; Cooper, Orn. Cal. i. p. 119 (1870) ; Elliot, 

300 
LANIIDJS. 

Illustr. B. N.Am. i. pi. vii. ; Laiur. Mem. Bost. Soc. iV.H. ii. p. 272; 

Salv. Sf Qoclm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, p. 198. 

Vireosylvia (Lani vireo) plimibea, Baird, Bet. Am. B. p. 349 (1805). 

Lanivirco plimibeus, Ridyway, Bep. Exp. JExpl. 4Dth parall p. 451 

(1877). 

Laimireo solitarius, Tar. plumbeus, Baird, Brew., § Ridgw. JSf. Am. 

B. I. p. 377 (1874). 
Vireosylvia plumbea, Scl. § Salv. Nomencl. p. 12. 
Closely allied to V. solitarius, but having the upper parts tinged 
with leaden grey; imderparts white, washed with leaden grey on 
the 
flanks. Wing 3*3 inches, tail 2'3, tarsus 0*72. (Salvin.) 
Eab. Arizona to Northern Mexico. 

12. Vireo vicinior. 
Vireo vicinior, Coues, Proc. A. 2T. Sc. Philad. 1866 ; Baird, Rev. Am. 
B. p. 361; Elliot, lllustr. Birds N. Am. i. pi. vii.; Cooper, Orn. 
Californ. i. p. 125; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 381, no. 5755; Baird, 
Brew., $ Ridgw. N. Am. B. i. p. 393. 
Closely resembling V. plumbeus. " Above bluish ash, below ashy 
white, scarcely more ashy laterally; lores entirely ashy white; 
flanks and inside of wings showing a faint trace of yellow ; an obsolete 
line from bill to eye white; no bands on the wing except a 
faint edging of whitish on the greater coverts; the quills edged 
internally with white; bill and legs plumbeous. Wing 2*50 inches, 
tail 2-60, tarsus 0*72." (Baird.) 

Bab. Arizona. 

13. Vireo atricapillus. 
Vireo atricapillus, Woodhouse, Rroc. A. N. Sc. Philad. 1852, p. 60; 
Cassin, Illuttr. p. 153, pi. 24 (1S54) ; Baird, Birds N. Am. p. 337; 
id. Rev. Am. B. p. 353; Cooper, Orn. Californ. i. p. 121 (1870); 
Baird, Brew., § Ridgw. JV, Am. B. i. p. 383; Laim\ Mem. Bost. 
Soc. if. H. ii. p. 272 • Deane, Bull. Kutt. Orn. Club, iv. p. 58; 
Breicster, op. cit p. 99; Coues, op. cit. p. 193, pi. 1; Salv. <$-Godm. 
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, p. 199. 

Crown and sides of head black; rest of upper parts olive-green; 
wings and tail blackish brown edged with olive; greater and median 
series of wing-coverts tipped with greenish white; prseocular region 
whitish; imderparts white, washed with olive on the flanks, and 
inclining to yellow on the under wing- and under tail-coverts; bill 
black; feet lead-colour. Wing 2*12 inches, tail 1-95; first primary 
long. Some specimens (probably females or immature) have the 
crown and sides of the head dark slaty grey and the underparts 
tinged with ochraceous. (Baird, Brewer, §* Ridgway.) 

Hab. South-western Texas to Mexico. 

14. Vireo noveboracensis. 
Muscicapa 
noveboracencis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 947 (1788); Pennant, 
Arctic Zool. ii. p. 389. 
Vireo noveboracensis, Bp. Obs. Wils. 1825; Audub. Orn. Biogr. 
pi. 63-, id. Birds N. Am. iv. pi. 240; Bp. C. A. i. p. 330; Cab. 

23 . YIEEO. 30J 
J.f. 0. 1855, p. 469 j Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, p. 338; id. Rev. 
Am. B. p. 354; Select. P. Z. S. 1857, pp. 204, 228; id. Sf Salvin, 
Ibis, I860, p. 274; Jones, Nat. Bermudas, p. 71 (1859); Baird, 
U. S. Bound. Sarv., Zool, Birds, p. 12; id. Rev. Am. B. p. 354; 
Gundlach, J.f. 0. 1861, p. 324; Samuels, Birds N. Engl. p. 275 ; 
Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 481; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 380, no. 5750; 
Scl. ty Salv. Nomencl. p. 12; Baird, Breio., 8f Ridgw. N. Am. B. i, 
p. 385; Laxor. Bull. U. S. Nat. 3Ius. p. 17; Gundlach, Ornith. 
Cab. p. 56 • Coues, Birds Colorad. Vail. i. p. 520• Salv.fyGodm. 
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, p. 200. 
Vireo nrusicus, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. p. 83, pi. 53 (1807). 
Muscicapa cantatrix, Wilson, Birds N. Am. ii. p. 266, pi. 18 (1810). 
Lanius noveboracensis, Licht. Preis-Verz. mex\ Vog. p. 2 (1830); 


Cab. J.f. 0.1803,^.58. 
Lanivireo crassirostris, Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. Hist. vii. 1859. 
Vireo crassirostris, Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 368; Scl. fy Salv. 

Nomencl. p. 12. 

All the upper parts of the body, including the crown, uniform 
olive-green ; remiges and roctricos brown, narrowly edged with pale 
olive; under surface of the quills silky grey; the remiges edged 
with white internally; wing-coverts brown, tipped with yellowish 
white, so as to form two bars on each wing; feathers surrounding 
the eye yellowish• underparts dull white, washed with fuscous on 
the breast, inclining to creamy yellow towards the flanks, abdomen, 
and under tail-coverts; edge of wing, under wing-coverts, and inner 
margin of remiges white; " bill and feet load-colour; iris white " 
(Salvin). Wing 2*3 inches, tail 1*85, tarsus 0*75. 

Hal. Eastern Forth America and Central America, from Mexico 
to Guatemala and Honduras. Bermuda ; Cuba. 

a. Ad. sk. North America. O. Salvin and RD.G-odb, 
c. Ad. sk. North America. 
man, Esqrs. [P.]. 
d. Ad. sk. North America. Purchased. 
e. Ad. sk.
f. Skeleton. 
Bahamas. 
[Jamaica.] 
Dr. Henry Bryant [P.]. 
15. Vireo "belli. 

Vireo belli, Audub. B. Am. p. 333, pi. 485 (1844); Bp. C. A. 1850, 

p. 330; Cassin, Proc. A. N. Sc. Phil. 1851, p. 150; Baird, B. N. 
Am. p. 337 ; id. Rev. Am. B. p. 385 ; Sclat. Cat Am. B. p. 42 ; 
Cooper, Orn. Californ. i. p. 123; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 481; Baird, 
Breio., fy Ridgw. N. Am. i?. i. p. 389 ; Coues, B. Colorado Vail. i. 
p. 526; Salv. fy Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, p. 200; Salv. 
Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 113. 
Closely resembling V. noveboracensis in general coloration and 
size, but the prseocular and superciliary region whitish instead of 
yellowish; the upper parts dull olive-green, inclining to greyish 
on the nape and crown ; quills narrowly edged with whitish olive; 
only the greater series of wing-coverts perceptibly tipped with whitish, 
the rest being only very faintly edged with pale olive; thus only 
one alar band is developed; underparts from chin to vent pure 
white, tinged with very pale yellow on the under wing-coverts and 
under tail-coverts, stronger yellow inclining to ochraceous on the 

302 LANIIDJB. 

sides of the breast and the flanks; edge of wing and inner margin 

of rcmiges white; " bill and feet lead-colour " (Salvin). Ciilnien 

0*5 inch, wing 2'2, tail 1*9, tarsus 0-7-0*8, 

Hob. Mexico and southern half of North America. 

a. Ad. sk. Mexico. Gould Collection. 
b. Ad. sk. Missouri. Purchased. 
16. Vireo pnsilliis. 
Vireo pusillus, Corns, Proc. A. Ar. So. Philacl. 1860, p. 75 ; Baird, Rev. 
Am. B. p. 360; JEUiot, Illustr. B. JV. Am. i. pi. vii. * Cooper, Orn. 
Californ. i. p. 124; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 381, no. 5756 ; Baird, 
Brew., § Ridgw. JV. Am. B. i. pp. 383, 391. 

Closely allied to V. belli and V. jpallens. "Above ashy grey, very 
slightly tinged with olive on rump ; below dull white, ashy laterally, 
the flanks with the slightest possible tinge of yellow; eyelids and a 
short line from the nostrils to the eye whitish, no other stripe apparent 
; a dusky loral spot; primary-coverts indistinctly edged with 
whitish, producing an obscure band, second band hardly perceptible • 
quills and tail-feathers edged with pale greyish olive, the innermost 
secondaries with whitish. "Wing 2*25 inches, tail 2*25, tarsus 0*73." 

" Bab. Arizona," California." (Baird.) 

17. Vireo ochraceus. 
Vireo ochraceus, Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 188 ; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. 
p. 366; Later. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. B. ii. p. 272; Sclat. Sf Salv. 
Nomencl. p. 12; Salv. fy Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, p. 201, 
tab. 12.fig. 1. 
Vireo seiniflavus, Salv. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 188. 

General colour above, including the tail and crown, uniform olive 
with a slight ochraceous tinge, this tinge being more developed in 
the immature bird and in the female; prseocular region yellow; 
remiges narrowly edged with whitish; greater and median series of 
wing-coverts tipped with whitish, forming two alar bands* underpays 
ochraceous yellow, inclining to whitish on the throat; maxilla 
pale horn-colour; mandible white. Wing 2'2 inches, tail 1*8 
tarsus 0*8. (Salvia.) 

Hob. Central America from Mexico to Guatemala. 

Subsp. a. Vireo pallens. 

Vireo pallens, Sah. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 188; id. Ibis, 18C6, p. 103 ; 
Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 365 * ScL fy Salv. Nomencl. p. 12; Salv. 
$ Godm. Biol Centr.-Amer., Aves, p. 202, tab. 12. fig. 2. 

Upper parts uniform grey, with only a slight tinge of olive; 
underparts dull white slightly tinged with yellowish; prseocular 
region pale yellowish; greater and median series of wing-coverts 
with conspicuous whitish tips. Wing 2*3 inches, tail 1*9, tarsus 
0*85. (Salmi.) 

Hab. Central America, Nicaragua and Costa Eica. 

23. VIREO. 303 
18. Vireo huttoni. 
Vireo huttoni, Cassin, Proc. A. N. Sc. Phil. 1851, p. 150,1852, pi. i.; 
Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, p. 339, pi. 78. fig. 2; Sclat. P. Z. S. 
1858, p. 302, 1862, p. 19; id Cat. Am. B. p. 358; Bawd, Rev. 
Am. B. p. 357; Gray, JBand-L B. i. p. 380, n. 5751; Cooper, 
Orn. Calif, i. p. 121 (1870); Baird, Brew., $ Ridqio. N. Am. B. 

i. p. 387; Scl $ Salv. Komencl p. 12; Salv. Ibis, 1874, p. 99; 
Cones, Birds Color ad. Vail. i. p. 525; Salv. $* Godm. Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, p. 203. 
Upper parts dull olive with an earthy brownish tinge on the 
hind neck and crown; wings and tail blackish brown, externally 
edged with pale olive-yellow; the innermost secondaries are broadly 
edged, and the greater and median wing-coverts broadly tipped with 
yellowish white, thus forming two conspicuous alar bands; edge of 
wing, under wing-coverts, and inner margin of remiges white; sides 
of head and all the underparts of the body are pale ochraceous, 
rather dull on the chest and flanks, clearer, inclining to creamy 
yellow, on the abdomen and under tail-coverts; a few feathers 
behind the eye of the same colour; bill horn-colour; feet leaden. 
Culmen 0*5 inch, wing 2*5-2-6, tail 2, tarsus 0*75. 

Hah. North America, California; Central America from Mexico 
to Guatemala. 

a. $ ad. sk. Mexico. Gould Collection. 
b. 2 -A^cL sk. La Parada, Mexico. M. Boucard [C.]. 
19. Vireo mo&estus. 
Vireo noveboracensis, Gosse (nee Gmel.),B. of Jamaica,^. 192 (1847). 
Vireo modestus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 462; 1861, pi. xiv. fig. 1; id. 
Cat. Am. B. 1861, p. 43; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 362; Gray, 
Hand-l. B. i. p. 382, no. 5772; Scl. <§• Salv. Nomencl. p. 12. 
Closely 'allied to V. huttoni, but differing from the latter by a 
slightly larger bill and by shorter wings; lower back and rump 
considerably brighter than the head and interscapular region; the 
first primary is barely half, or not half as long as the second, instead 
of more than half as in V. huttoni, (Baird.) "Wing 2*3 inches, 
tail 2 (Sclater), 2-21 (Baird), 
Hah, Jamaica. 

a. Ad. sk. Jamaica. O. Salvin and F. D. Godman, 
Eaqrs. [P.]. 
20. Vireo carmioli. 
Vireo carmioli, Baird, Bev. Am. i?. i. p. 356; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 
ix. p. 97; v. Frantzius, J.f. 0.1869, p. 295; Baird, Brew., § Ridgw. 
K Am. B. i. p. 383; Scl. fy Salv. Nomencl p. 12; Salv. ty Godm. 
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, p. 203, tab. 12. fig. 3. 
Upper parts, including the crown and the outer edges of the 
remiges and rectrices, olive; prseocular region and long superciliary 
stripe yellowish; the greater and median series of upper wing-coverts 
with large whitish yellow tips, forming two conspicuous alar bars. 

304 LANIIDJE* 

innermost secondaries broadly edged with whitish; underparts 
yellow, passing into whitish on the throat; hill and feet lead-colour* 
(Salvin.) Culmen 0*5 inch, wing 2-25, tail 1*85, tarsus 0*75. 


Bab. Central America, Costa Eica to Panama. 

21. Vireo hypochrysens. 
Vireo kypochryseus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1802, p. 3G9, pi. 40; Baird, Rev. 
Am. B. i. p. 370; Grayson, J?roc. BosL Soc. X. H. xiv. p. 281; 
Laivr. Mem. Bost. Soc. X II ii. p. 272; id. BvlL U. S. Xaf. Mus. 
no. 4, p. 18 ; Scl. $ Salv. Xomencl. p. 12; Salv. ty Godru. BioL Centr.-
Amer., Aves, p. 204. 

Crown, hind neck, and back yellowish olive, changing into paler 
olive on the lower back and upper tail-coverts; wings and tail 
brown; the primaries narrowly edged with yellowish olive; wing-
coverts without any paler tips ; a conspicuous yellow stripe extending 
from the nostrils over the eye along the sides of the occiput; ear-
coverts dull yellow; all the underparts rich yellow, slightly washed 
with olive on the sides of the breast and flanks; t4 bill horncolour; 
feet lead-colour." (Salvia). Culmen 0*6 inch, wing 2*52-
25, tail 2*2-2-4, tarsus 0*8. 

Hal. Mexico and Tres Marias Islands. 

22. Vireo gtmdlachi. 
Vireo gundlachi, Lembeye, Aves de la Cuba, p. 20, pi. v. fig. 1 (INJO) ; 
Cab. J.f.O. 1855, p. 468; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 382, no. o77l ; 
Scl. 8f Salv. Xomencl. p. 12. 

Vireonella gundlachi, Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 300 (1604); Baird, 
Brew., $r Bidgio. X. Am. B. i. p. 382. 

Upper parts of an olivaceous plumbeous; the underparts, with 
the loral region and a circle around the eye (the latter brighter), 
dull yellow as in V. pJiiladetyhicus; sides tinged with olivaceous; 
two narrow very conspicuous pale bands on the wing; the tail and 
wing-feathers brown, edged with the colour of the back (without 
any whitish), the outer edge of the outer tail-feathers not paler 
than in the others; quills edged internally with white; bill pale 
horn-colour above, a little lighter beneath; legs plumbeous. Wing 
2-10 inches, tail 2-20. 

Hah. Cuba. 

Obs. The wings of this species are extremely short and much 
rounded, the secondaries being very long and nearly all of the same 
length, as in V. Jiypochryseus and in Xeochloe. 

a. Ad. sk. Cuba. O. Salvin and F. D. Godman, 
Escprs. [P.]. 
23. Vireo latimeri. 
Vireo latimeri, Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 304 (1864); Gray, Hand-L 
B. i. p. 382, no. 5773; Gundlaclt, Anal, de Hist. Xatur. vii. pp. 135, 
343 (1878); Scl. § Salv. Xomencl. p. 12. ' 
" Upper parts 'olivaceous, brightest and greenest on lower back 

25. HYLOPHILUS.
and rump, passing anteriorly into almost clear grey on the head; 
the interscapular region soiled with reddish olive; no light bands 
nor edgings of the wings, excepting the olive-green borders of the 
quills, becoming paler towards the edge of the wing; chin and 
throat, with a line from bill to eye, and eyelids white ; sides of head 
grey; breast and remaining underparts yellow, palest ventrally, 
tinged with greenish on sides; inside of wings pale yellowish; inner 
edges of quills tinged with the same; bill light horn-colour, paler 
below; feet plumbeous; iris hazel. Wing 2-20 inches, tail 1*10. 
"Wings short, though longer than tail, much rounded; tail nearly 
even." (Baird.) 

Hah. Porto Eico. 

a. Ad. &k. Porto Rico. Dr. Henry Bryant [P.]. 
24. NE0CHLOE. 
Type. 

Neoehloe, Sclat. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1857, p. 218 N. brevipennis. 

Wings very rounded, the second primary being much shorter than 
the secondaries, and the third primary only about equal to them; 
the tail is about the same length as the wing, and also rounded. 
Bill slender. 

The chief reason for separating N. hrevipennis from the rest of 
the Vireonince is its peculiar pattern of coloration. 
Range. Southern Mexico. 

1. BeocMoe brevipennis. 
Neochloe brevipennis, Scl P. Z. S. 1857, p. 213; Baird, Bev. Am. B. 
i. p. 372 j Sumichrast, Mem, Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 547; Scl fy Salv. 
Nomencl. p. 12 ; Salv. cj* Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, p. 205, 
tab. 13.tig. 2. 
Entire crown and nape olive-yellow; wmgs and tail blackish brown, 
externally broadly edged and washed with olive-yellow; rest of 
upper parts, sides of head, neck all round, chest, flanks, and thighs 
dark bluish grey, tinged with olive on the lower back; chin, lower 
breast, abdomen and under tail-coverts, and inner margin of remiges 
white; edge of wing yellow; bill and -feet blackish. Culmen 0*5 
inch, wing 2*2, tail 24 , tarsus 0*8. 

Eab. Mexico. 

a. [ S ] ad. &k. Orizaba. Matteo Botteri [C], 
(Type of species.) 
25. HYLOPHILUS. 
Type. 
Hylophilu,, Tmm. PI. Col. 173. fig. 2 (1823) ) |; *£* _ 
Pachysylvia, Bonap. Consp. Av. i. p. 309 (1850) H. decurtatus. 

Bill more conical than in Vireo, the culmen being but slightly 
curved towards the tip. The feet aie stronger and longer in proportion 
than those of Vino, and the hinder toe is longer. Wings short 

VOL. VIII. x 

LANIIDiE. 

and rounded. Tail narrow, and of about the same length as the 
wings. (Salvin.) Length of wing 2-2-5 inches. 

Head of Hylophilus luteifrons. 

Range. About 20 species, closely allied to each other in structure 
and coloration, inhabiting Central and South America. 

Key to tlie Species. 

a. 
Colour of crown grey, terminating abruptly; 
back olive. 
a'. Breast yellow. 
a". Forehead olive thoracieus, p. 307. 
b". Forehead grey pectoralis, p. 307. 


b'. Breast white deeurtahis, p. 307. 
o'. Breast rufescent muscicapinus, p. 308. 

b. 
Crown rich rufous, terminating abruptly; back 
olive. 
d\ Loral and ocular region whitish; breast 
dull olive-yellow pcecilotis, p. 308. 
e'. 
Lores rufous like the crown; breast dull 
creamy amaurucephalus, p. 308. 

c. 
Crown rufous, grey, brown, or ochraeeous, 
gradually passing into the colour of the 
back. 
/' . 
Crown and hind neck rich rufous. 
c". Back olive semibrunneus, p. 309. 
d". Back olive-brown fuscicapillus, p. 309. 

(J. Crown ashy grey ; hind neck fuscous grey Jlaviventris, p. 309. 
ti. Crown brown. 
e". Forehead orange; underparts yellowish aurantiifrons, p. 310. 
/" . Forehead uniform with crown; under


parts dull white brunneiceps, p. 310. 
i'. Crown rufous-ochraceous; mantle rufous-
brown ochraceiceps, p. 310. 

d. 
Crown coloured uniformly with back; forehead 
rufous or yellow. 
k'. Forehead with a narrow red frontal band; 
underparts ochraeeous rubrifrons, p. 311. 


V. 
Whole forehead rich rusty rufous; underparts 
dingy grey ferrugineifrons, p. 311. 
m'. Forehead yellowish; crown fuscous olive; 
breast tinged with fuscous luteifrons, p. 311. 
g". Underparts olive-yellow olivaceus, p. 313. 

e. 
Whole of plumage olive. 
?i'. Feet ashy grey; underparts whitish grey . semicinereus, p. 312. 
o\ Feet yellow. 
h". Underparts pale ochraeeous flavipes, p. 312. 
i". Underparts yellow viridiflavus, p. 312. 

25. HYLOPHILUS. 
1. Hylophilus thoracicus. 
A. H. tlwracicus. 
Hylophilus thoracicus, Temm. PI Col 173. fig. 1; Bp. C. A. i. p. 329 
Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 44; Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 375; Pelzeln, 
Ornith. Brasil. p. 70 j Scl. fy Salv. Nomencl Au. Neotr. p. 12; Scl 
Ibis, 1881, p. 207. 

B. H. pectoralis. 
Hylophilus pectoralis, Scl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 321; Peheln, Ornith. 
Brasil p. 70; Scl. § Salv. Nomencl p. 12; Scl. Ibis, 1881, p. 298. 
Sylvia thoracica, Brim Max. Beitr. iii. p. 717 (1831?). 

A. Northern Race (H. thoracicus). 
Centre of crown ashy grey, passing into olive on the forehead and 
the sides of the head; hind neck and nape olive-grey; rest of upper 
parts yellowish olive; wing-coverts uniform with hack, without 
lighter tips; chin, cheeks and throat, abdomen, and under tail-
coverts dull reddish ; breast, under wing-coverts, and inner margin 
of remiges lemon-yellow; flanks washed with olive-grey; hill horncolour 
; feet brown. Wing 2*3 inches, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*7. 
Immature birds have the whole crown of the head washed with 
olive. 
Hah. Northern half of South America. 

a. 
S ad. sk. Bartica grove, British Guiana, 0. Salvin and F. D. God-
Oct. 2 (II. WhitehJ). man, Esqrs. [P.]. 
B. Southern Race (H. pectoralis). 
Birds from the interior of Southern Brazil have the whole crown 
of the head ashy grey, the flanks more uniform with the breast 
and not washed with olive. Wing 2-3 inches, tail 1*9, tarsus 0-7. 

(Sclater.) 

These birds seem to form a brighter-coloured race of H. tlioracicus, 
representing the latter in Brazil. 

2. HylopMlus decurtatus. 
Sylvicola decurtata, Bp. P. Z. S. 1837, p. 118. 
Pachysylvia decurtata, Bp. C. A. i. p. 309. 
Hylophilus decurtatus, Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 380 (1864); Salv. 


P. Z, S. 1867, p. 137, 1870, p. 184; id. Ibis, 1869, p. 313, 1872, 
p. 314; Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 836 ; Lawr. Bull U.S. Nat 
. Mus. No. 4, p. 18; Scl. Ibis, 1881, p. 298; Salu. Sf Godm. Biol 
Centr.-Amer., Aves, p. 206. 
Hylophilus cinereiceps, Scl $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 299,1864, p. 384; 
id. Ibis, 1860, p. 397. 
Hylophilus pusillus, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii. p. 323, viii. p. 179, 

ix. p. 97 ; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 381. 
Hylophilus plumbiceps, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. T. vii. p. 323. 
Helmintheros ? Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 291. 
Crown of head and nape pale leaden grey; all the rest of the 
upper parts rich olive-yellow; primaries blackish, narrowly edged 
with whitish grey ; loral region and a few feathers around the eye, 
chin, cheeks, throat and centre of breast, and abdomen silky white; 
sides of breast, flanks, and under tail-coverts strongly washed with 

x2 

308 LANTIDJE. 

olive-yellow; ear-coverts and part of cheeks brownish white; under 

wing-coverts yellowish; inner margin of remiges white. Culmen. 

0-5-0-55 inch, wing 1*95-2-15, tail 1-4-1*6, tarsus 1-6. 

Hah. Central America. 
a, b. [tf] ad. sk. Guatemala. Purchased. 


c. Ad. sk. Vera Paz; Guatemala. 0. Sal vim Esq. [C.]« 
3. Hylophilus muscicapiiius. 
Ilvlophilus muscicapinus, Scl $* Salv. Nomencl. p. 156 (1873); Scl. 
'Ibis, 1881, p. 290, pi. x. fig. 1. 
General colour above olive-green; crown grey; forehead, lores, 
and sides of head pale brown; tail and outer webs of remiges and 
upper wing-coverts olive; under wing-coverts, inner margin of 
remiges, lower abdomen, and under tail-coverts pale lemon-yellow; 
rest of underparts dull white, washed with pale rufous on the chest 
and sides of the fore neck; bill horn-eolour. Culmen 0-62 inch, 
wing 2-4, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-68. 
Hah. Guiana. 
Ohs. This species is remarkable for its long and rather strongly 
hooked bill. It differs from allied species through the pale rufous 
colour of the sides of the head. 

a. Ad. sk. Bartica grove, British Guiana O. Salvin and F. D. God(
H. Wliitely). man, Esqrs. [P.], 
4. Hylophilus poecilotis, 
Hylophilus pceciJotis, Temm. PI Col. 173. fig. 2 (1823); Bp. C. A. 
i. p. 329 • Cab. Mm. Hem. i.p. 64 ; Scl Cat. Am. B. p. 44; Baird, 
Bev. Am. B. i. p. 375; Pelzeln, Ornith. Brasil. p. 70; Scl fy Salv. 
Nomencl. p. 14; Sol. Ibis, 1881, p. 300. 
Sylvia poecilotis, Norchnann, Verz. cl Thiere in Erman's Beise. p. 13, 
pi. ix. fig. 3 (1835). 

Entire crown of head and nape rich rufous-brown; all the rest of 
the upper parts, including the entire tail and wing-coverts, and the 
outer webs of the remiges rich olive-green ; loral and ocular region, 
cheeks, and upper throat whitish ; ear-coverts blackish, with broad 
white central streaks and dull yellowish tips; under wing-coverts, 
axillarics, inner margin of remiges, thighs, and under fail-coverts 
lemon-yellow; rest of underparts dull yellow, washed with olive on 
the breast and flanks and inclining to pale ochraceous on the abdomen ; 
" bill dark flesh-colour; mandible whitish ; feet hazel" (Sclater). 
Culmen 0*5 inch, wing 2*2, tail 2*2, tarsus 0*7. 

Hah. Southern Brazil. 
a, h. Ad. &k. Brazil. J. Gould, E&q. 

5. Hylophilus aniauroeeplialus. 
Sylvia amaurocepkala, Nordmann, Verz. d. Thiere in Erman's Beise. 
p. 14 (1835). 
Sylvia poecilotis, Prinz Max. Beitrcige, iii. p. 715. 
Hylophilus poecilotis, Burmeist. Sysb. TJebers. iii. p. 110 (?). 
Hylophilus amaurocephalus, Scl Ibis, 1881, p. 301. 
25 . HYLOPHILUS. 
309 

Crown of head and nape rich rufous ; rest of upper parts, wings, 
and tail olive-green as in H. jocecilotis, passing into grey on the hind 
neck and sides of the neck: sides of head and cheeks and throat 
greyish white; ear-coverts brownish; fore neck, chest, and breast 
dull cream-colour ; abdomen white ; flanks washed with pale olive-
yellow ; edge of wing, under wing-coverts, and inner margin of 
remiges lemon-yellow; " bill dark flesh-colour ; feet lead-colour " 
(Sclater). Culmen 0 5 inch, wing 2, tail 2, tarsus 0-7. 

Sab. Eastern Brazil. 

a. Ad. sk. 
Brazil. Purchased. 
6. Hylophilus sennbrixirsieus. 
Hylophilus semibrunneus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 341; Bp. C. A. 
i. p. 329; Scl. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 144; Baird, Pev. Am. B. i. p. 374 ; 
Scl. 8r Salv. Nomencl p. 14; lid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 495 ; (Scl. Ibis, 
1881, p. 302. 
" Hylophilus castaneiceps, Verr." MS., Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 383 ? 

Entire crown, hind neck, sides of neck, and part of the ear-coverts 
rich rufous, gradually changing into olive on the mantle; tail entirely 
olive; wings and their coverts blackish brown, externally broadly 
edged and washed with the olive of the back; under wing-coverts, edge 
of wing, and inner margin of remiges whitish yellow; loral and ocular 
region, cheeks, chin, and throat dull white; rest of underparts yellowish 
white, strongly washed with oehraceotis across the chest, and 
with olive-yellow on the sides of the breast and flanks ; under tail-
coverts sulphur-yellow; " bill flesh-colour, whitish on the mandible; 
feet hazel" (Sclater). Culmen 0*6 inch, wing 2-5 (not 3*3), tail 2, 
tarsus 0-67. 

Hah. Colombia. 

a. Ad. sk. 
Colombia. Purchased. 
7. Hylophilus flaviventris. 
Hylophilus flaviventris, Cab. J. f. O. 1873, p. 64; Tacza?i. P. Z. S. 
1874, p. 509; Scl. Ibis, 1881, p. 302. 

General colour above olive-green, passing into fuscous grey on the 
hind neck; crown ashy grey ; ocular region whitish; wings externally 
edged with olive, internally with white; underparts pale yellow 
; throat white with a grey tinge ; under wing-coverts yellow ; 
bill horn-colour ; feet grey. "Wing 2*4 inches, tail 1*9. (Sclater.) 

Hob. Central Peru. 

8. Hylophilus fuscicapillus. 
Hylophilus fuscicapillus, 
Scl #• Salv. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 155; Scl Ibis, 
1881, p. 303; pi. x. fig. 2. 

Most nearly allied to II. semibrunneus. Upper parts olive, strongly 
washed with pale reddish brown on the mantle, hind neck, crown, 
and sides of head ; throat fuscous white ; rest of underparts uniform 

310 L1NHDJE. 

yellow with, an olive tinge ; inner margin of quills whitish yellow, 
Culmen 052 inch, wing 2-3, tail 1-7, tarsus 0-7. 
Hab. Ecuador. 

9. Hylophilus aurantiifrons. 
Hylophilus aurantiifrons, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. T. vii. p. 824 (1861) ; 
Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 877 ; Scl. Ibis, 1881, p. 303 ; Salv. § Godm. 
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, p. 207. 

Hylophilus insularis, Scl. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 128; Baird, Rev. Am. B. 

i. p. 879 ; Leotaud, B. of Trinidad, p. 186; Scl. $ Salv. Nomencl. 
p. 12 j Scl. Ibis, 1881, p. 295 j Salv. & Godm. Biol Centr.-Amer., 
Aves, p. 207. 
Hylophilus hypoxanthus, Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 136; Scl §• Salv. P. Z. S. 
1868, p. 629. 
Hylophilus acuticauda, Lawr. JPr. A. N. So. PMlad. I860, p. 37 ; 
Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 378. 
Hylophilus acuticaudus, Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 170, 1809, 

p. 252 j iid. Nomencl. p. 12; Scl. Ibis, 1881, p. 304. 
General colour above olive, passing into brown on the nape and 
crown, which colour again changes into orange on the forehead; 
underparts pale yellowish, inclining to whitish on the throat and 
chin, slightly washed with fulvous on the chest; under wing-
coverts, inner margin of remiges, and under tail-coverts yellow; bill 
hazel; feet fuscous. Culmen 0*6 inch, wing 2-1-2-25 (female 2), 
tail 1-55-1-7, tarsus 0-62-0-70. 
Obs. The typical specimen of H. insular is (from Trinidad) has the 
first primary slightly longer and the bill a little stouter than the 
specimens from the continent, but Mr. Sclater himself is now inclined 
to consider these peculiarities merely individual. 
JIab. Guiana to Panama. 


10. Hylophilus branneiceps. 
Hylophilus brunneiceps, Scl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 322; Peh. Orn. 
Bras. p. 70; Scl. § Salv. Komencl. p. 12; Scl. Ibis, 1881, p. 305, 
pi. xi.fig. 1. 
Entire crown, nape, and sides of head light brown ; rest of upper 
parts, including the whole tail and the outer webs of the remiges 
and upper wing-coverts, olive; inner webs of remiges dark brown, 
edged with yellow like the under wing-coverts; underparts dull 
white, washed with light brown on the throat, cheeks, and especially 
on the chest; bill and feet fuscous. Culmen 0*6 inch, wing 
2-2, tail 1-6, tarsus 0*65. 
Habt Guiana. 

11. Hylophilus ochraceiceps. 
Hylophilus ochraceiceps, Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 375; Scl. $ Salv. 
Ibis, 1860, p. 397; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 376; Lawr. Ann. 
Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 97; Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 184; Salv. $ Godm. 
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, p. 207 ; Scl Ibis, 1881, p. 306. 

All the upper parts are rich rufous-brown, strongly shaded with 

25. HYIOrHILTTS. 
311 

olive on the hind neck and on the long fluffy feathers of the lower 

back; crown of head inclining to rufous ochraccous* tail uniform 

reddish brown• outer web of remiges pale reddish brown; inner 

web blackish brown, broadly edged with sulphur-yellow; under wing-

coverts and edge of wing and axillaries sulphur-yellow; chin, cheeks, 

and throat dull whitish• ear-coverts brownish; chest and rest of 

underparts dull yellow tinged with olive ; " bill horn-colour• feet 

hazel" (Salvin). Culmen 0*6 inch, wing 2*2-2'3, tail 1-8, tarsus 

0*65. 

Hah. Mexico to Panama. 
a, b, c. Ad. sk. Vera Paz, Guatemala. 0. Salvin, Esq. [P.]. 

d. d ad. sk. Mexico, Oct. 1850. Mr. A. Salle [C.]. 
12. Hylophilus rubrifrons. 
Hylophilus rubrifrons, Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 569, pi. xxx. fig. 1 • 
iid. Nomencl. p. 12 ; Scl. Ibis, 1881, p. 307. 
General colour above greyish olive, inclining to green on the 
mantle ; forehead with a narrow but very distinct frontal band of red; 
secondaries edged with yellowish rufous• tail uniform rufous; under 
wing-coverts and inner margin of remiges pale yellow ; rest of underparts 
pale ochraeeous, tinged with grey on the abdomen and with 
greenish on the flanks; maxilla hazel; mandible and feet paler. 
Culmen 0*58 inch, wing 2*13, tail 1*5, tarsus 0*6. 
Hah. Lower Amazons. 

13. Hylophilus ferrugineifrons. 
Hylophilus 
fermgineifrons, Scl. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 110-Baird, Rev. 
Aon. B. i. p. 377 • Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 71 • Set ty Salv. Nomencl. 

p. 12; Taczan. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 509 • Scl. Ibis, 1881, p. 307. 
Male. Forehead rich rusty rufous, palest towards the nostrils, 
passing into rufous-olive on the crown; rest of upper parts olive ; 
entire tail uniform rufous; wings blackish brown, the outer webs 
olive; inner margin of inner webs, and under wing-coverts sulphur-
yellow • sides of head, cheeks, and throat dull whitish grey; rest of 
underparts dingy grey washed with olive-yellow • bill lead-colour, 
with paler edges; feet fuscous. Culmen 0*6 inch, wing 2'2-2-2oP 
tail 1*6, tarsus 0*65. 

Hah. Northern half of South America. 

14. Hylophilus luteifrons. 
Hylophilus luteifrons, Scl Ibis, 1881, p. 308. 
Adult (type of species). Most closely allied to H. fernigineifrons. 
Crown almost of the same colour as the back, which is olive and 
strongly washed with fuscous, whilst the superciliary region and a 
narrow frontal band are yellowish; under wing-coverts and inner 
edge of remiges less bright than in the other species; wing-coverts, 
in some specimens, edged with rufous; chest slightly tinged with 

312 
LANIID.33. 

fuscous, producing a very indistinct collar. Culmen 0*58 inch, 

wing 2-23, tail 1-6, tarsus 0-04. (31ns. P.L.S.) 
The sexes are alike in plumage. 
Hah. Guiana. 


a. b. <$ ad. sk. Koraima, British Guiana, July H. Whitely, Esq. [C.~. 
14 & April 15, 1882. 
15. Hylophilus semiciaereus. 
Ilylophilus semicinereus, Scl. # Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 570, pi. xxx. 
fig. 2; iid. Nomencl. p. 1*2; Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 377; Scl. Ibis, 
1881, p. 308. 

Upper parts pale yellowish olive ; hind neck and occiput grey, but 
strongly washed with the colour of the back; edge of wing, under 
wing-coverts, and inner edge of remiges bright sulphur-yellow; 
rest of underparts, including the under tail-coverts, whitish grey; 
sides of upper breast washed with olive-yellow; ear-coverts and 
sides of head pale brownish grey, Culmen 0*5-0*55 inch, wing 
2*1-2-2, tail 1*75, tarsus 0*70. 

Hah. Lower Amazons; Para. 

16. Hylophilus flavipes. 
A. Southern Race. 
Hylophilus flavipes, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 342; Bp. C. A. i. p. 320 * 
Scl. P Z. S. 1855, p. 144; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 375; Scl. § 
Salv. Nomencl. p. 12 ; Scl. Ibis, 1881, p. 309. 

B. Northern Race. 
Hylophilus viricliflavus, 
Laior. Ann. Ltjc. N. T. vii. p. 324; Scl. $ 
"Sa?v. P. Z. S. 18G4, p. 348 ; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 380; Salv. 

P. Z. S. 18G7, p. 137,3870, p. 184 ; Scl. Ibis, 18*1, p. "309 ; Salv. § 
Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, p. 208, pi. xiii. fig. 1. 
A. Southern Recce (H. flavipes). 
All the upper parts are olive-green, darkest on the crown and 
upper back; entire tail greyish olive; inner web of remiges blackish, 
broadly edged with the sulphur-yellow colour of the under wing-
coverts and the edge of the wing; rest of underparts pale whitish 
ochraceous, dull whitish on the throat; bill pale horn-colour ; feet 
yellow. "Wing 2*2 inches, tail 2. 

Hah. Colombia and Venezuela. 

B. Northern Race (H. viridiflavns). 
All the underparts, with the exception of the whitish throat, are 
pale sulphur-yellow, slightly tinged with olive on the flanks. The 
only difference between the two races is therefore the slight difference 
in the colour of the underparts. Intermediate specimens are known 
from Venezuela. 

Hob. Veragua and Isthmus of Panama. 

313 

25. HYLOPHILUS. 
17. Hylophilus olivaceus. 
Hylophilus olivaceus, Tscliudi, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 1844, p. 284; id. 
Faun. Peruan. pp. 28, 195 ; Scl Ibh, 1881, p. 310. 
All the upper parts uniform olive, passing into olive-yellow on the 
forehead; -wings and tail brown, externally strongly washed with 
olive ; sides of head pale brownish yellow; chin whitish; all the 
rest of the underparts uniform yellow tinged with olive; under 
surface of rectrices yellowish, shafts white; inner margin of remiges 
and under wing-coverts and under tail-coverts bright yellow; " bill 
rosy; feet flesh-colour ; iris fuscous " (TscJmdi), "iris ochraceous " 
(Stohmann). Oilmen 0*6 inch, wing 2*4, tail 2, tarsus 075. 
Hab. Eastern Peru. 
The above description is taken from an adult male in Mr. Sclater's 
collection, obtained by Stolzmann at Huanibo, February 1880. 

The following specimens are undeterminable from the descriptions 
:— 

(18) SYLVIA FIAVEOLA, Prinz Mace. Beitrdge, iii. p. 719. 
Hylophilus flaveolus, Burmeist. Syst. Uebers. iii. p. 110; Baird, Rev. 
Am. B. i. p. 37o; Scl Ibis, 1881, p. 310 (note). 

Upper parts pale greyish brown, reddish brown on the back; 
lower back ochraceous ; wings and tail rusty brown ; throat whitish ; 
all the underparts ochraceous (reddish yellow), darker and more 
vividly coloured towards the under tail-coverts. 

Hab. Bahia (Prinz Mace.). 

(19) HYLOPHILUS FRONTALIS, TscJmdi, Wiegm. Arch. f. Katurg. 
1844, p. 284; id. Faun. Peruan. pp. 28, 194, pi. xiii. fig. 4. 
" H. supra virescens, fronte helvola; tectricibus alarum superioribus 
dorso concoloribus, inferioribus olivaceis ; remigibus nigrofuscis 
pogonio externo olivaceo, interno albicanti marginatis; rectricibus 
brunneis ; subtus ex viridi flavescens, gula latiore; pectore 
crissoque subrufis; rostro fusco ; pedibus cairiileis ; iride brunnea. 
Long. tot. 6" 3'". Hab. East Peru." (TscJmdi.) 

26. LALETES. Type> 
Laletes, Scl Proc. Zool. Soc. 1801, p. 72 L. osburni. 
The single species constituting this genus is intermediate between 

Vireo and Vireolanius, resembling the former in colour, the latter 

in structure. Eirst primary present. Length of wing about 

3 inches. 

Mange. Jamaica. 

1. Laletes osburni. 
Laletes osburni, Scl P. Z. S. 1861, p. 72; id. Sf Sah. Nomencl p. 12. 
All the upper parts uniform dull greyish olive; wings and tail 
brown, narrowly edged with the colour of the back; sides of head 

LANIIDJ5. 

314 

brownish grey, with, whitish shafts to the feathers; underparts of 
the body dull yellow, palest on the fore neck and throat; under 
wing-coverts and inner margin of reiniges yellowish white; bill 
blackish brown; feet light brown in the skin. Oilmen 0*6 inch, 
wing 2-9, tail 2*3, tarsus 0*82. 

Hob. Jamaica. 

a. tf ad. sk. Jamaica, April 28, 1859. P. L. Sclater, Esq. [P.], 
27. VIREOLANIUS. 
Type. 
Vireolanius, JDu Bus, Esquisses Ornith. pi. 26 (1850) j 
Bonaj). Consp. Av. i. p. 330 V. melitophrys. 

Head of Vireolanius melitophrys. 

The birds of this group are only subgenerically distinct from 

Cyclorhis. Culmen a little less curved and bill not so high. Tail 

slightly rounded, and a little shorter than wing. Principal colours 

green, yellow, blue, and white. 

Range. South America. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Underparts white; chest and sides chestnut melitophrys, p. 314. 
b. Underparts yellow and green. 
a'. Crown of head grey leueotis, p. 315. 
b'. Crown of head blue. 
a". With a yellow superciliary stripe exi?nius, p. 316. 
b". No stripe on sides of head pukhellus, p. 315. 

1. Vireolanius melitophrys. 
Lanius chrysophrys, Licht. Mus. Berol. {teste ScL), 

Vireolanius 
melitophrys, Bp. C. A. i. p. 330 (ex Du Bits, Esquisses 
Omithol. pi. 26); Scl. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 213,1859, p. 363 ; ScL $ 
Sato. Ibis, 1860, p. 31; Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 396; Scl. Cat. Am. 

B. p. 45; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 382, no. 5780; Scl. # Salv. 
Exotic Ornith. pi. 7 ; iid. Nomencl. p. 13 ; Salv. Ibis, 1878, p. 443; 
Salv. fy Godm., Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, p. 209 (1883).J 
Crown of head, nape, and hind neck light grey ; a broad stripe 
from the nostrils over the eye and sides of the occiput orange-yellow 
; a stripe of black extending through the eye, and a second one 
along the sides of the throat; cheeks, throat, fore neck, breast, and 
abdomen pure white; across the chest a narrow band of maroon-
red ; sides of breast and flanks washed with the same colour ; under 
wing-coverts and inner margin of remiges pale yellow; mantle, 
back, and outer webs of wings and tail uniform rich olive-green ; 

315 

27 . VIREOLANIUS. 
inner webs blackish, narrowly edged with white on the tips; bill 
blackish-brown; feet flesh-colour. Culmen 0*7-0'8 inch, wing 
3-3-2, tail 2-7-2-8, tarsus 0*9-1-02. 

Hab. Mexico and Guatemala. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 

c. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
d. Ad. sk. Cohan, Guatemala. 0. iSalvin, Esq. [0.]. 
e. Ad. sk. Guatemala. 0. Salvin and ¥. D. God-
man, Esqrs. [P.]. 
2. Vireolanius leucotis. 
Malaconotus leucotis, Swains. An. in Menag, p. 841 (1838). 

Vireolanius icterophrys, Bj>. C. li. xxxviii. p. 380 (1854); Baird, 
Bev. Am. B. i. p. 399- Scl. fy Salv. Exot. Ornithul. note to pi. 8 ; 
Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 382, no. 5783. 

Vireolanius chlorogaster, Bj). C. B. xxxviii. p. 381; Scl. Cat. Am. B. 

p. 45; Baird, Bev. Am. B. i. p. 899; Scl. $• Solo. Exotic Or/iith. 
note to pi. 8; iid. Komencl. p. 18; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 382, 
no. 5781. 
11 Vireolanius dubusi, Verr."fide Gray, Handd. B. i. p. 382. 
Vireolanius leucotis, Salv. Ibis, 1878, p. 443, pi. xi.; id. $ Godman, 
Ibis, 1882, p. 77. 

Crown of head and nape bluish grey; stripe from nostrils, over 
the eye and along the occiput, and subocular patch orange-yellow ; a 
streak through the eye and part of the ear-ooverts and cheeks grey ; 
rest of ear-coverts and of cheeks dull white; mantle and back rich 
green; throat and fore neck orange-yellow; rest of underparts 
yellow strongly washed with green ; under wing-coverts and inner 
edge of remiges sulphur-yellow, with a blackish patch near the base 
of the first primary. Culmen 0-7-0*75 inch, wing 2*6, tail 2*72-
9, tarsus 0-75-0-85. 

Hah. Eio Negro to Ecuador and the Upper Huallaga. 

Immature on female birds (V. chlorogaster) have the white colour 
beneath the ear-coverts hardly indicated, the grey feathers being 
simply a little paler; the subocular patch is likewise less bright than 
in the adult male. 

a. Juv. st. [Peru.] Purchased. (Type of V. 
icterojph?ys.) 
b. Ad. sk. [Cayenne.] Purchased. (Type of V. 
chlorogaster.) 
3. Vireolanius pulcMlus. 
Vireolanius pulchellus, Scl. § Salv, Ibis, 1859, p. 12; Salv. Ibis, 1861, 
p. 147; Laior. Ann. Lyc. N. T. vii. p. 468; Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 45 ; 
Baird, Bev. Am. B. i. p. 397; Scl. $ Salv. Exotic Ornith. pi. 8; 
iid. Nomencl. p. 13; Salv. Ibis, 1878, p. 443. 

All the upper parts, including the whole tail, the wing-coverts, 
and the outer webs of the remiges, and the sides of the head and 
cheeks rich emerald-green; crown of head and nape tinged with 
light blue in position A, rich greenish blue in positions B and C; 
chin and throat, under wing-coverts, and inner margin of remiges 

LANIIDiE. 

rich yellow; rest of underparts rich greenish yellow. Culmen OT 
inch, wing 2-7-2-9, tail 1*9, tarsus 08 . 

Young birds have hardly any trace of blue on the crown. 

Hob.'Central America. 
a. Ad. st.
b c Ad sird. Ad. sk. 
Guatemala. J. Gould, Esq. # 
(lype oi species.) 
Ckoctuni, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.]. 
Vera Paz, Guatemala. O. Salvm, Esq. [C.]. 
4. Vireolanius eximius. 

Vireolanius icterophrys, Scl (nee Bp) P. Z. S. 1855, p. 151, pi. 103. 

Vireolanius eximius, Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 398 (1864); Scl. $ 
Salv. Exot. Ornitli. note to pi. 8; iid. Nomencl. p. 13; Gray, 
Iland-l. B. i. p. 382, no. 5784; Salv. Ibis, 1878, p. 443. 

Like V. pulcJiellus; but a stripe from the nostrils, over the eye and 
along the sides of the occiput, and a small subocular patch are bright 
yellow. Culmen 0*8 inch, wing 2-8. 

Bab. Colombia. 

28. 
CYCLORHIS. T 
Cyclorhis, Swains. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 162 (1828) C. guianensis. 
Laniagra, VOrMgny, Synops. Av. p. 9 (1837) C. guianensis. 

Head of Cyclorhis flavipectus. 
Bill shorter than rest of head, very strong, laterally compressed, 
high, notched; culmen curved. Nostrils nearly circular, in front of 
a semiossified hole, partly covered by a few bristles; gonys curved 
upwards ; rictal bristles hardly developed. Tail shorter than wing, 
slightly emarginate. Wings rounded, tip formed by primaries 4-7 ; 
first primary present, about half the length of the second; secondaries 
about six sevenths of length of whole wing. Lateral toes 
nearly as long as middle toe; claws much curved and sharp. 
Plumage generally very bright, the principal colours being green, 
chestnut, and yellow. Length of wing about 3-3-5 inches. 
Range. Central and South America. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Crown of head green. 
a'. Base of mandible black, rest of bill flesh-colour virenticeps, p. 317. 
b'. Base of mandibleflesh-colour, rest of bill black nigrirostri*, p. 317. 
b. Crown of head pale brownish, or ferruginous; 
sides of head grey. 
c\ 
Entire bill flesh-colour; an ochraceous-brown 
superciliary stripe not extending backwards 
from the eye. 


28 . CTOLOEHIS. 
317 
a". Crown slightly washed with reddish brown viridis, p. 318. 
b". Crown strongly washed with reddish brown ochrocephala, p. 318. 

d'. Base of mandible black; a strongly pronounced 
superciliary stripe extending along the sides 
of occiput. 

c". Crown strongly washed with ochraceous; 
breast and abdomen fulvous white albiventris, p. 319. 
d". Crown grey slightly washed with ochraceous. 
a'". Fore neck and breast yellow ; abdomen 

white flavipectus, p. 320. 
U". Fore neck only yellow; bill very high .. altirostris, p. 319. 
e". Crown grey; abdomen and breast white .. guianensis, p. 319. 

c. 
Crown rich chestnut-red; sides of head grey; all 
the underparts rich yellow flaviveniris, p. 320. 
d. 
Crown of head rich chestnut-brown; sides of head 
yellow, base of mandible black; breast and abdomen 
white contrerasi, p, 321. 
1. Cyclorhis virenticeps. 
Cyclorhis virenticeps, Scl. P. Z. S. I860, p. 274; id. Cat Am. B. 
p. 46 ; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 393; Scl $• Salv. Nomencl p. 13. 
A narrow frontal band, extending backwards on each side over 
the eye and along the sides of the occiput, deep chestnut-brown ; 
crown and rest of upper parts rich yellowish green; ear-coverts, 
part of cheeks, fore neck, chest, and under surface of wings rich 
yellow; upper throat, breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, and thighs 
white ; flanks washed with greyish green ; " iris hazel; feet fleshcolour; 
bill brown, base of mandible black" (Sclater). 
Culmen 0*70 inch, wing 2-90, tail 2-4. tarsus 0-92. 

<J. „ 0-70 „ „ 2-90, „ 2-4, „ 0-90. 
Hob. Ecuador. 
2. 
Cyclorhis nigrirostris. 
Cyclorhis nigrirostris, de Lafresn. Bev. Zool. 1842, p. 133; id. Mag. 
Zool 1843, pi. 33; Bp. C. A. i. p. 330j Scl P. Z. S.1855, p. 151; 
id. ibid. 1858, p. 448; id. Cat Am. B. p. 46; Baird, Bev. Am. B. 

i. p. 394; Scl fy Sab. Nomencl p. 13 ; Gray, Kand-l. B. i. p. 384, 
no. 5815. 
Laniagra nigrirostris, d'Orbigny, Voy. Am. Merid. p. 160. 

Crown of head and rest of upper parts rich olive-green ; a narrow 
frontal band and short superciliary streak chestnut-brown; a few 
feathers on the forehead, around the eye, and part of cheeks grey ; 
underparts of body dingy fulvous white; fore neck and sides of 
breast washed with olive-yellow; under surface of wings bright 
yellow ; feet flesh-colour ; bill black, base of mandible flesh-colour. 

Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus, 
in. in. in. in. 
0-75 3*0 2-5 0-88 
0-70 3-05 2-6 0-84 
0-68 3-12 2-65 0*90 
Hah. Colombia. 

318 
LANIIDJE. 

3. Cyclorliis viridis, 
Habia verde, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 801. 
Saltator viridis, Vieill N. D. xiv. p. 108 (1817); id. Encycl Metli. 


ii. p. 793. 
PLaniagra guianensis, dtOrhiqmj § Lafresn. Rev. Zoo!. 1842, p. 133. 
Cyclorliis viridis, Scl. P. Z. S. \%o% p. 448 ; id. Cat. Am. B. p. 46 ; 
Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 892 ; Scl. § Salv. Xomencl p. 13; Bum-
ford, Ibis, 1878, p. 58. 

Crown of head grey slightly washed with ferruginous ; this colour 
passing into iron-grey on the hind neck, part of the sides of the neck, 
ear-coverts, and cheeks; chin whitish; feathers between nostrils 
and upper margin of eyes rich rusty red; this colour, however, 
does not extend beyond the eye as is the case in 0. altirostris; rest 
of upper parts rich yellowish green; fore neck, chest, sides of body, 
and under surface of wings rich yellow ; breast, abdomen, and under 
tail-coverts white washed with fulvous, or creamy; entire bill "light 
yellowish brown, under mandible lightest (without black basal spot) ; 
feet lavender, soles flesh-colour" (Dumfovcl). 

<$. Culmen 0*78 inch, wing 3*3, tail 3*15, tarsus 1*05. 

? . „ 0*70 „ „ m 3*08, „ 2*90, „ 0*96. 
Hah. Paraguay and Argentine Eepublic. 
a, b. Ad. sk. Brazil. J. Gould, Esq. 
c, d. Ad. sk. Brazil. Mr. Claussen [P.]. 

Subsp. a. CyclorMs ochrocephala. 
Cyclorliis guianensis, Swains. Orn. Bras. pi. 58 (fide Baird). 
Cyclarhis oekrocepkala, Tschudi, Arch. f. Satary. 1845, p. 362. 
Cyclorliis oclirocephala, Petzetn, Orn. Bras. pp. 78,138; Scl. P. Z. S. 

1858, p. 448 ; id. Cat. Am. B. p. 45 ; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 391; 
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 384, no. 5811; Scl. fy Salv. Numeric!, p. 13; 
Salv. Cat. Stride!. Co!!, p. 114. 

The following references belong to specimens distinguished by the 

name of C wiedi:— 
Thamnophilus guianensis, Prinz Max. Beitr. iii. p. 101(5. 
Cyclorliis viridis, Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 392 (1844) (partim.). 
Cyclorliis wiedii, v. Pelzehi, Orn. Brasii. pp. 74,137 j Gray, Hand-!. 

B. i. p. 384, no. 5817; Sel fy Salv. Nomencl. p. 18. 
Entire crown and nape ochraceous brown, the grey feathers of 
these parts being strongly washed with that colour, which again 
abruptly ends on the nape; prseocular region, cheeks, ear-coverts, 
and part of the sides of the neck pale leaden grey ; chin paler grey; 
feathers of nasal region reddish brown, this colour not extending beyond 
the upper corner of the eye; mantle, back, tail, and outer webs of 
remiges and upper wing-coverts olive-green ; lower throat, fore neck, 
and sides of breast dingy greenish yellow; rebt of underparts buffy 
white, palest on the centre of the abdomen ; under wing-coverts and 
inner edge of remiges bright yellow; bill horn-colour • lower mandible 
paler, without trace of plumbeous black spot; feet dusky 
plumbeous, almost black. Culmen 0*70-0*75 inch, wing 2*95-3, 
tail 2-65-2*85, tarsus 
0*9-1, 
Hal. Southern Brazil. 

319 

28 . CYCLOHHIS. 
4. Cyclorliis albiventris. 
Cyclorhis albiventris, Scl # SaU. Nomencl. p. 13 (1873). 
Description of type. Grown of head, occiput, and nape grey, 
washed with ochraceotis brown, this colour deepening into rusty red 
on the sides of the crown, thus forming a strongly pronounced 
superciliary streak; cheeks and ear-coverts and a narrow band across 
the hind neck pale grey ; rest of upper parts rich yellowish green ; 
upper throat, breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts white (in 
two specimens from Eahia and Pernambuco washed with fulvous, 
in the third specimen, from S.E. Brazil, almost pure white); forehead, 
chest, and under surface of wings bright yellow; bill flesh-colour, 

base of mandible black. 
Oulmen.
in. 
Wing 
in. 
Tail.
in. 
Tarsus. 
in. 
$. Pernambuco 0*7 2*95 2-4 0-85 
S.E. Brazil Ol>8 2-8 2-3 0-80 
Bahia (type) 0-66 2*78 2-3 0-88 
Hab. Brazil. 
a. Ad. sk. Para. Pi-. Graham, Esq. [P.], 
b, c. Ad. sk. Amazons. Purchased. 

5. Cyclorliis altirostris. 
Cyclorhis viridis, Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 40, no. 280. 
Cyclorhis altirostris, Salv. Ibis, 1880, p. 352. 
Adult This species somewhat resembles O. albiventris, but is 
much larger in size; the bill is considerably higher than in the other 
species (3*4 inches) ; maxilla reddish flesh-colour ; mandible black 
at base- It is likewise closely allied to 0. viridis. A sharply 
defined stripe of rusty red extending from nostrils over the eyes 
and along the sides of the occiput; crown iron-grey, very slightly 
tinted with reddish brown; rest of upper parts greyish green; 
sides of head grey; under wing-coverts and inner edges of remiges 
yellow ; breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, and upper throat white, 
slightly tinted with fulvous; fore neck, chest, and sides of body 
washed with pale greenish yellow. Culmen 0-76 inch, wing 3*02, 
tail 2-7, tarsus 0-96. 
Hob. Bolivia and Argentine Republic. 

6. Cyclorhis guianensis. 
Tanagra guianensis, Gm. S. N p. 893 (1788) ; Lath. Inch Orn. p. 427. 
Sourciroux, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. pi. 76. fig. 2. 
Lanius superciliosus, Bonn, et Vieill. JEncycl. p. 737 (nee Lath.). 
Lanius guianensis, Licht. Doubl. no. .527. 
Falcunculus guianensis, Stoains. Nat. Hist. B. ii. p. 14. 
Cyclarhis poliocephala, Tschudi, Arch.f. Naturg. 1845, p. 362. 
Cyclorhis poliocephala, Bp. C. A. i. p. 330 (1850). 
Cyclorhis guianensis, Cab. Mas. Hein. i. p. 04 j Bp. C. A. i. p. 330 ; 


Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. iii. p. 100(1856); Scl P. Z. S. 1858, 

p. 448; id. Cat. Am. B. p. 45; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 3b9; Gray, 
Hand-l. B. i. p. 383, no. 5808; v. Pelzeln, OJ n. Brasil pp. 74, 138; 
Scl 8f Sab. Nomencl p. 13. 
320 
LANIIDJE. 

Crown and nape, cheeks and ear-coverts leaden grey; frontal 
band and a long superciliary stripe orange-brown; all the rest of 
the upper parts uniform olive-green, this colour changing into yellowish 
olive on the sides of the chest and sides of the neck; chin 
pale grey; throat and sides of chest dingy yellow ; breast and abdomen 
white, strongly washed with olive-grey on the sides and flanks; 
under wing-coverts and inner margin of remiges sulphur-yellow; 
lower mandible blackish at base, rest brownish horn-colour ; feet 
" dusky plumbeous." 

Culmen. "Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 

in. 
in. 

m. m. 
Cayenne 0-68 2-&2 2-15 0-72 
Para ... 0-68 2-70 2-15 0-85 

ffab. Guiana and North-eastern Brazil. 

7. Cyclorhis flavipectus. 
Cyclorhis flavipectus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 448; id. Cat, Am. B. 
1861, p. 45; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 81; Baird, Bev. Am. B. i. 

p. 389; Scl. fy Salu. Nomencl. p. 13; Salv, Cat. SirichL Coll. 
p. 114. 
Cyclorhis subflavescens, 
Cab. J.f.O. I860, p. 405,1861, p. 03; Scl. 
Cat. Am. B. 1862, p. 359; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 388. 

Differs from C. guianensis in the following points:—Crown of 
head faintly washed with ochraceous brown ; underparts much paler 
and brighter-coloured, the whole of the throat, fore neck, chest, and 
sides of the breast being rich lemon- or greenish yellow, whilst the 
breast and abdomen are white, and only slightly washed with yellow 
on the flanks; feet always flesh-colour. Intermediate forms occur 
in Guiana. 

Oulineu. Wing. Tail. Tarsus, 

in. in. in. in. 
Trinidad, type 0*80 2S0 2"2o 0*86 
Santa Marta 0*70 2-85 2*10 0-88 
Costa Rica 0-76 2-90 2-22 0*85 
Costa Rica 0*72 2*95 2*20 0*82 
Caracas 0*78 2*90 2*20 0*88 

Hob. Costa Rica, Trinidad, and northern countries of South 
America. 

a. Ad. sk. Costa Rica. Mr. Hoffman |"C.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Honduras. Mr. Dyone [G\l ~* 
c. Ad. sk. Guatemala. Gould Collection. 
8. Cyclorhis flaviveiitris. 
Cycloris flaviventris, Lafr. Bev. Z00L 1842, p. 183; Bp. C. A. L 
p. 330. 
Cyclorhis flaviventris, Tschudi, Arch.f. Naturg. 1845, p. 363: Cab. 
Mus. Hein. i. p. 64; Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 99,1858, p. 448, 3859, 

p. 363,1864, p. 173; Scl. £ Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 13; Scl Cat. Am. 
B. 861, p. 45; Baird, Bev. Am. B. i. p. 386; Scl & Salv. Xomencl. 
1. 13; Salv. Cat. Strickland Coll p. 114. 
28 . CXCXOBHIS. 321 
Crown and nape, ear-coverts, cheeks, and chin grey; a more or 
less broad stripe of maroon-red extending from the nostrils over the 
eyes and along the sides of the occiput; crown in old birds frequently 
tinged with the same colour; rest of upper parts olive-green; all 
the underparts uniform bright yellow, brightest on the under wing-
coverts and on the inner edge of the remiges; base of mandible 
black; rest of bill, and feet, pale horn-colour; iris cherry-red. Culmen 
0*7 inch, wing 3*2, tail 2*4, tarsus 0*95. 

Hob. Southern Mexico and Guatemala. 

9. CyclorMs contrerasi. 
Cyclorliis contrerasi, Taczan. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 224, pi. 21; Reichen. $• 
Schalow, J.f. 0. 1S80; p. 97. 

Entire crown of head deep rusty brown, a few feathers on the 
centre of the crown with greenish centres ; rest of upper parts rich 
yellowish green, this colour changing into rich yellow on the sidos 
of the neck, ear-coverts, fore neck, chest, and under surface of wing; 
chin, breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, and thighs jrare white; 
Hanks slightly tinged with fulvous ; bill and feet flesh-colour ; base 
of mandible black. 

$ ad. (Oallacater, March 30, 1873) :—Culmen 0*65 inch, wing 
3*1, tail 2*65, tarsus 0*96. 
Hob. Peru. 


VOL. VIIT. 

322 
CE&THIIDJE. 

Group III. CERTHIOMOKPH^ 

(Cat. B. vol. iii. p. 3). 

Family CERTHIID^. 

Bill either straight and subulate, or slender, long, and curved. 
Nostrils basal. Wings with 10 primaries ; like the tail, very variable 
in shape and structure. Tail never cmarginated. Tarsi comparatively 
short, anteriorly covered with transverse scales, which only 
in Tichodroma and Climacteris early fuse together; both sides of 
tarsus covered with one long scutum. Hallux with claw longer 
than middle toe, its first phalanx at least half the length of the 
tarsus; claws laterally compressed, strongly curved and sharp, that 
of the hallux by far the longest. Fourth toe coalesced at first 
phalanx with the middle toe. Tongue simple, pointed, neither cleft 
nor beset with bristles. Sexes generally alike in plumage, or differing 
only slightly. JSTo crest. Principally insectivorous; breeding 
in holes. 

Ramje., Cosmopolitan with the exception of South America and 
New Zealand. 

Synopsis of the Subfamilies. 

A. Bill curved downwards 
CEUTRIIN^E, p. i%>22. 
B. 
Bill straight and simulated; tail soft, 
short, and rounded SITT1XJE, p. ;J40. 
Subfamily I. CEJ&THIINA 

Bill slender, generally longer than the rest of the head, curved 
downwards; culmen keeled, without a tooth or a notch at the tip. 
Nostrils basal, longitudinal, operculated, exposed. Nasal and rietai 
bristles absent. Wings and tail variable in size and structure; first 
primary always present, although sometimes spurious. Tarsus anteriorly 
covered with transverse scales in JSalpornis and Certhia* 
with one scutum in Tichodroma and GUmaeteris. Hallux with its 
claw longer than the longest toe; claws, especially the hind claw, 
long, much curved, and very sharp. Tongue not cleft. 

Sexes generally alike in plumage, which, with the exception of 
the grey-and-red Tichodroma, is very plain, brown and spotted; red 
(but for Tichodroma), green, blue, and yellow colours are absent. 

The Certhiince are small, non-migratory, mostly insectivorous 
birds; they lay many eggs, generally in holes. They comprise four 
genera, with about 10 species, which are distributed all over the 
world with the exception of South America, New Zealand, and 
Madagascar. 

1. GEETH1A. 
323 
Key to the Genera. 

a. 
Tail graduated, its feathers stiff and pointed; 
plumage always spotted and brown 1. CERTIIIA, p. 328. 
b. 
Tail rounded, short and soft. 
a'. Bill much longer than head. 
a". Hind claw much shorter than hallux; 
plumage brown with white spots ... . 2. SALPORNIS*, p. 320. 
b". Hind claw much longer than hallux; 
plumage blue-grey with red 3. TICIIODHOMA; p. 331. 
b'. 
Bill shorter than head; claws shorter than 
hallux 4, OLIMACTEEIS, p. 333. 

1. CERTHIA. Ty],o 
Certhia, Linne, Syst. Nat i. p. 184 (17GG) 0. familiaris. 

Heads of Certhia familiaris and C. nipalcnsis, to show lengths and shapes of bills. 

Bill generally longer than rest of the head, curved downwards, 
neither toothed nor notched; culmen keeled. Nostrils basul, longitudinal, 
opcrculated, exposed, without any nasal or rictal bristles. 
First primary broad, almost half the length of the second; secondaries 
short; tip of wing formed by the 3rd to Oth primaries. Tail 
stiff, the feathers much pointed, generally longer than wing. Tarsus 
anteriorly covered with transverse scales. Hallux shorter than 
middle toe; claws very much curved, long and sharp; that of the 
hallux by far the longest. Sexes alike in plumage, the only colours 
of which are a rusty brown with light spots, and white. 

Range. Asia, Europe, and North America. 

Key to the Species. 

a, Tail of the same length as the wing. 
a'. Tail with numerous distinct bars; underparts \ himalayana, p. 327. 
pale creamy | taniura, p. 327. 
b\ Tail without distinct bars; underparts silky \ familiaris, p. 328. 
white ) mexicana, p. 826. 

b. 
Tail decidedly longer than the wing. 
c\ Throat and breast dull buff; flanks much like 
the abdomen in colour discolor, p. 328. 
d'. 
Throat and breast pale creamy yellowish; 
flanks and under tail-coverts chestnut nipalemis, p. 320. 

1. Certhia familiaris. 
Certhia familiaris, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 184(1766); Gnvl. Syst. Sat. i. 
p. 469 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 2*0; Beseke, Vbyel Kurlands, 
* Hereto belongs Eylypsornis, which differs from Salpornis only by having a 
comparatively short second primary ( = seventh primary). 
>324 
CERTHIIDJ3. 

p. -40; Bechst Nature/. Beutschl. ii. p. 550 • Retzius, Fauna Suec. 
p. 108; Koch, Syst. baier. Zool. p. 82; Meyer fy Wolf, Taschenb. 
p. 130 j Werner, Atlas Anisod. pi. 2; Roux, Orn. Prov. pi. 239; 
Temm. Man. oVOrn. i. p. 410; Less. Traite oVOrn. p. 311; Gloger, 
Handb. p. 381; Temm. Man. tfOrn. Hi. p. 288; Kaum. Vog. Devischl 
pi. 140. figs. 1-4 ; Gould, B. Eur. pi. 237; Macgill Brit. BA. p. 214 ; 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 224; Kjcerb. Orn. Ban. pi. 10; Radde, J. f. O. 
1854, p. 62; Sundev. Svensk. Fogl. pi. 9.fig. 2; Miss. Skand. Fauna, 
i. p. 181; Schleg. Vog. Nederl. pi. 63; Wright, Finlands Fogl. 
p. 282; Jaub. 8f Lapomm. Rich. Orn. midi France, p. 297; Schrench, 
Amur. Reise, p. 330; Radde, Reise Ost-Sibir. p. 217; Gould, 
B. Great Brit. pi. 64; Harting, B. Middlesex, p. 114; DegL fy 
Gerbe, Orn. Fur. i. p. 186; Homeyer, J.f O. I860, p. 172; 
Bettoni, TIcc. Lombard, pi. 88; Sanders, Ibis, 1871, p. 203; Jerdon, 
Ibis, 1872, p. 19; Taczan. J.f. 0. 1872, p. 353; Altum, Forstzoologie, 
p. 276; Neioton, ed. YarrelVs Brit. B. i. p. 468; Sidnhoe, 
Ibis, 1874, p. 152; Dresser, B. Fur. p. 195, pi. 122. 
Le Grimpereau, Montbeill. PI Fnl. 681. fig. 1 (1783). 
Oerthia majoj, et minor, Frisch, Vog. Teutschl. pi. 39 (1817). 
Certliia scandulace5J*Pa& Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 432 (1831). «, 


» Oerthia rnaerodactyla, brachpdactyla, septentrionalis, niegarhynchus, 

Brehm, Vog.Vci&hl pp. 208-211 (4881* 
Oerthia nattereri, Bp. Comp. List, p. 11 (1838); id. C. A. i. p. 224. 
Oerthia costEe, Bailly, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Savoie, 1852, January; 

Sundev. J.f O. 1855, p. 60. \ 
. Oerthia brachyrhynehfs et paradoxa, Brehm, Nauma)mui} 1855, 

p. 274. ^— 
Oerthia rufidorsalis, Brehm, Naum. 1851, p. 274. 
Motacilla scolopacina, Strom, Norshe Vidensh. Selsh. ni/e Shrift ii. 
p. 367 (teste Nifaori); Collett, Norg. Fugl p. 16 (1868). 
Oerthia hodgsoni, Brooks, J. A. S. B. 1872, p. 74; id. Str. F. iii. 
p. 233; Eume, Str. F. 1877, pp. 73, 78; Biddulph, Str. F. is. 
(1881) p-^f5. 
Oerthia britannica, Ridgway. 


References to the Amerieaji specimens. 

Certhia fusca, Bartmi, Fragm. Rat. Hist. Pennsylvania, 1799, p. 11. 
Certjria familiaris, Vieill. Ois. d'Amer. p. 70 (1807) ; Wils. Am. Orn. 

i. p. 122, pi. 8. fig. 1; Audub. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 158; id. B. Amer. 
pi. 115; Corns, Key, p. 84; id. B. N.-West, p. 26; id. B, 
Colorado Vail. p. 145^ 
Certhia americana, Bp. Comp. List, p. 11 (1838) ; Reichenh. Handb., 
spec. Orn. no. 265, pi. 615; Baird, B. K Am. p. 372 (1858): Pr. 
Max. J.f Orn. 1858, p. 105. 

Oerthia familiaris, 
var. americana, Baird, Brew., # Ridgw. B. K 
Amer. i. p. 125 (1874). 

Crown, sides of head, neck, mantle, centre of back, upper wing-
coverts, and scapulars mottled with yellowish brown, dark brown, 
white, and grey, the white being restricted to the centre of the 
feathers; the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts much 
more uniform and rufous-brown; tail uniform brown, with rufous 
shafts; seen in a certain light, the tail shows innumerable indistinct 
bars; the first three primaries uniform brown without any light 
spots; the rest and the secondaries tipped with whitish, and* showing 
a bufty white bar across the middle of either web; super


1. CEETHTA. 
325 
ciliary region whitish; all the underparts, including the under wing-
coverts, silky white, suffused with buff on the flanks and under tail-
coverts ; bill dark horn-brown, mandible pale; legs light brown, 
claws still paler; iris brown. Total length about 4*75 inches. 

The sexes are alike iu plumage. 

Nestlings and birds of the year are much like the old birds; the 
flanks and sides tinged with pale creamy white; many of the 
feathers with faint darkish tips, which give these parts and the 
throat a somewhat barred appearance. 

Measurements:— 
Culmen.
in. 
Wing. 
in. 
Tail. 
in. 
Tarsus, 
in. 
S ad. France 0-7 2-55 2*50 065 
<5 ad. Surrey$ ad. Cookham 
0*65 
0'68 
2'50 
2-50 
2'20 
245 
060 
0-68 
<5 ad. Hakodadi 0-66 240 240 0-60 
cJ ad. Hakodadi 0-66 2-50 2-65 0-60 
d ad. West-Rocky Mts. 0-60 248 2-30 0*56 

This table shows that in the Common Creeper the tail is of nearly 
the same length as the wing, and may even be shorter than the latter. 
The central pair of feathers does not project far beyond the rest. 

ffab. The Common Tree-Creeper has a very extensive range, as it 
inhabits nearly all the Palasarctic and Nearctic regions. It is found 
from Ireland and Spain to Norway, Palestine, Persia, Eastern Turkestan, 
and Western China, being likewise found throughout Eussia and 
the greater part of Siberia. Still more to the eastwards it gradually 
loses much of the dark colours, so that the white becomes predominant 
and all the underparts, including the under tail-coverts, become 
pure white. "We may therefore look upon the birds of Amoorland, 
Eastern Siberia, and Japan as a pale race. I have, however, 
seen specimens from Piedmont and South France (0. costce) in Mr. 
Dresser's collection which are nearly as pale as the eastern birds. 

The Tree-Creepers in Canada, and in the United States eastward 
of the Eoeky Mountains, are like our European form. In the Pacific 
States and in Texas they gradually become darker and more richly 
coloured, thus leading to the Central-American form G. mesckancu 

a. G. familiar is. 
a„ft [ (J $ ] ad. sk. Cambridgeshire. Mr. Baker [P.]. 
g-n. (S ? ad., and 5 England. Lord WalsingEam [P.], 
nestlings, group st. 

o.p. S $ ad. sk. Cookham, March. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
q, r. Ad. sk. Avington, Nov. 25,1872. E. Shelley, Esq. {P.]. 
s. Ad. sk. Hampstead. Gould Collection. 
t. Juv. sk. Berkshire, June 20,1866. Gould Collection. 
u, v. $ 
ad. sk, Surrey, Jan. 1857. F. I). Godman and 0. 
Salvin, Esqjrs. [P.]. 

w. S 
ad. sk. Middlesex, Mar. 20,1856. F. D. Godman and 0. 
Salvin,Esqrs. [P.]. 
x. 
Ad. sk. Norway, July 18G6. F. D. Godman and 0. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
y. Pull. sk. Belgium, June 25,1872. Brussels Museum [P71. 
z. Ad. sk. Belgium, Dec. 13, 1870. Brussels Museum [P.J. 
320 CERTJIITDJ3. 

a, b\ Ad. sk. Montgeron, Feb. 18, 1875 R.B.Sharpe,E^q.;P.j. 

(Seine-et-Oise). 
c'. S ad. &k. France, April lb52, Gould Collection. 
d'. Ad. sk. Paris. GoukJ Collection. 
e'. J ad. sk. Luz, Ilautes Pyrenees, A. K Brooke, Esq. [C.]. 

May 22, lb72. 
/W. $ ad. sk. Borditrhieia, March 1872. A.B.Biooke,E^.rC.1. 
JJ. Ad. sk. Switzerland, Mar. 24, lb74. M. Leon Olph-Uaf


liard [P.]. 
/'. Ad. &k. Savoy. Purchased. 
on'. 2 ad. &k. Belgrade, Turkey, Jan. 17, P. B. Sharpe, E^q [P.". 

lb6S (T. Robson). 
n'. <$ ad. bk. Asia Minor. TV $ob~onf Esq. [C._\ 
o'. 2 ad. sk. Alumdagk, Asia M., Dec. F. 1). Godnum and~l). 

27, 1805 (J. Eolson). Sahiii, E^qr«. P.". 
//. Ad. sk. N.W. Iliinalaja-. Capt. Pin* ill K , 
q'. Ad. sk. Ilakodadi, Nov. 14, 1805 Gould Collection. 

(II Wlritefy). 

r'. Ad. sk. Ilakodadi, Oct. 20, 18G4. II. Whitelv "TV. 
$'. Ad. in spirit. Prussia. Br. II. GucW "P n 
t'. Skeleton. England. 

ft. C. americana. 

a. Ad. &k. Cape May, New Jersey. Gould Collection. 
b} c. 2 ad. sk. "West side of liocky J. K. LordyEsq. [P.]. 
Mountains. 
rf, e. Ad. sk. Vancouver Island. J. K. L.rd, ILsq. [C". 
/". Ad. sk. British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. I (1. . 
#. cJ ad. sk. Chicago, April 7. II. K. Coale, E\q. [P. I 
L Ad. sk. Mexico. Gould Collection. 

Subsp. a. Certhia mexicana. 

Certhia mexicana, Glower, Handb. p. 381, note (1884, ex Licht.); 

Reichenb. Handb. spec. Orn., Scans, p. 200. pi. 012; Sdater, P. Z. S, 

1856, p. 290 j id. ib. 1859, pp. 3Q2, 372; Salvin, Ibis, 1HJ0, p. 190. 

Certhia americana, Baird, B. iV". Amer. p. 373, pi. 83. tig. 2. 

Certhia mexicana, Cooper, Orn. Calif, p. 58 (1^70). 

Certhia familiaiis, var. mexicana, Baird, Brew., fy liidgic. B. X A?n 

p. 128 (1874). 
Adult (Mexico). Lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts rich 
ferruginous rufous; the rest of the upper parts contains very little 
ferruginous but more blackish brown, so that the white longitudinal 
spots become more pronounced than in the European birds: the 
under tail-coverts are decidedly more ochraceous yellow. Culmen 
0*68 inch, wing 2-00, tail 2-Q5, tarsus 0*G0. 

Hab. The Mexican Creeper inhabits the greater part of Central 
America, from the Isthmus, through Mexico and California, as far as 
Oregon; the latter habitat is proved by two very typically coloured 
specimens in the British Museum. The birds from Vancouver's 
Island are like those from Canada. 

a. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
b, e. Ad. sk. Mexico. J. Gould, Esq. 
d. Ad. j *.$ ad. sk. Upper Klamath lake, A. Forrer, Esq. [C.]. 
Oregon, Bee. 

1. CEBTHIA. 
327 
2. Certhia himalayana. 
Oertliia himalayana, Vig. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 174 ; Goidd, B. of Asia, ii. 
pi. 17; Jerdon, B. hid. i. p. 380; id. Ibis, 1872, p. 19; Hume, 
Str.F. 1877, p. 78; Biddulph, Str. F. ix. p. 315. 

Certhia vittacaucla, James. Mem. Wem. N. II. S. vii. p. 49. 
Oertliia asiatica, 8wains. 2\ Cent. p. 353. 


North-western Race, 
Certhia taeniura, Severtzoio, Turk. Jevotn. p. GG (1873); Dresser, His, 
1675, p. 17G. 

The tail is of about the same length as the wing; the central 
pair of tail-feathers are slightly elongated; all the tail-feathers are 
brown, with numerous and distinct dark brown bars; underparts 
whitish suffused with creamy yellowish, but not greyish as sometimes 
in 0. familiaris. As a rule the first io\ir "primaries are wHhr 
out light spots. Oilmen 0-65-0-90 inch, wing 270, tail 2-60-2-70, 
tarsus 0-60-0-70. 

Hah. The Himalayan Creeper is a true inhabitant of the mountains; 
it is found in the Himalayas, from Cashmere to Assam, 
extending eastwards into the mountainous parts of South-westefn 
China. 

Obs. This species is subject to considerable variation in size, 
especially of the bill and wing; the tail is often much worn and 
abraded. 

Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 
in. in. in. in. 
Ad. Pushut {Griffith). 0-90 2-70 2-75 0-65 
Ad. Cashmere 0*65 2-70 2-60 0 62 
Ad. N.W. Himalaya 
(Pinicill) 0-70 2-70 2-60 0-70 

North-ivestem Race (Certhia tseniura). 
A larger race of G. himalayana, from which it differs by its 
larger dimensions, and by the paler, more greyish-buff-coloured 
upper parts, whilst all the underparts are white, with only a slight 
tint of cream-colour. Some specimens from Gilgit, in Major Biddulph's 
collection, are almost as large as those from Samarkand. 

Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus, 

in. in. in. in. 

Samarkand.. 0-98 • 2-95 2-80 0-66 

„ .. 0-87 2-75 2-70 0-62 

.. TO 2-95 2-80 0-67 

Hal. Prom Turkestan to Afghanistan, and extending all along 
the Himalayas to Assam. 

a. Ad. sk. Himalayas. 
b. Ad.sk. Pushut, Afghanistan [Griffith). India Museum. 
c. Ad. sk. Jellalabad {Griffith). * India Museum. 
d. 9 ad. sk. Gilgit, Feb. 3, 1879. Di\ Scullv [P.], 
e. 
2 Tad.! sk. Gilgit, 5000 feet, Oct. 10, Major Biddulph [C.]. 
1880. 
CERTHIID2E. 

f. 
6 ad. sk. Gilgit, 5000 feet, March 3, Major Biddulph [C.]. 
1879. 
g. 
S ad. sk. Gilgit, 5000 feet, Oct. 15, Major Biddulph [C.]. 
1880. 
h. 
S ad. sk. Chitral, 6000 feet, Nov. 10, Major Biddulph [0.1 
1878. 
Major Biddulph [C.]. 

h k. 8 ? I'UV. sk. Hunza, 5000 feet, Aug. 21, 
1876. 


R.B.Sharpe,Esq..[P.]. 

I 
Immat. sk. Cashmere. 

India Museum. 

m. Ad.sk. Cashmere {Br. Belleiti). 
n. Ad. in spirit. Kashmere. 
Schlasintweit "C I 
Col. WavrPX 

o. Ad. sk. Peshawur. 
p. Ad. sk. Simla. 
E. W. Gates, "Esq. 
q. $ ad. sk. Simla, 8000 feet, Sept. 1875. Major Biddulph [C.l 
r. Immat. sk. N.W. Himalaya. Capt. Stacldiouse Pin-
Will [P.]. 
s, t,v. <$ J&&-sk- N.W. Himalaya. Capt. Stackhou>e Pin


tail [P.l 

v. 2 ad. sk. Dehra, Feb. 12, 1870 {King). Dr. Scully~[P.]. 
w. 
d ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
[P.]. 
x. Immat. sk. Nepal. 
B. 11. Hodgson, Esq. 
[P.l. 
y. Ad. sk. Assam. 
Could Collection. 
a. North-western Race (C tseniura). 
z, a'. Ad. sk. Samarkand. H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.l. 
3. CertMa discolor. 
Certhia 
discolor, Blyth, J.A.8.B. 3845, p. 580, 1847, p. 8G4; 2V/. 
Ami. fy Mag. N. H. 1847, p. 317; Jerdon, B. 2nd. I p. 831. 
Certhia nipalensis, Hodgs., var. ?, apud Gould, B* As. ii. pi. 16 (lower 
figure), July 1850 (teste Hume). 
Certhia nipalensis, 2Todgs., vera, apud Brooks, J. A. S, B. 1873, 

p. 255 (teste Hume). 
Certhia stoliczkse, Brooks, X A. 8. B. 1873, p. 256; 22ttme, Str. F. 
1877, p. 78. 

The tail of this species is decidedly longer than the wing 
because the tips of the central pair of tail-feathers (if not abraded) 
extend beyond the rest; general colour of the upper parts darker 
and browner than in C. familiaris; the rump, upper tail-coverts, 
and the tail are rufous ferruginous; the tail without bars; chin, 
throat, and breast dull buff; rest of underparts suffused with 
yellowish ochraceous; flanks scarcely darker; under tail-coverts 
rusty ochraceous; the first four primaries without spots. Wing 
about 2*65 inches, tail 3. 

Young birds have the underparts washed with brownish and 
yellowish; the dull buff-colour being not yet developed, but with 
numerous faint darkish bars. 

Obs. O. stoliczlece is, I think, the young of G. discolor; its immaturity 
being indicated by the shortness and straightness of the bill 
and by the coloration of the underparts, which perfectly agrees with 
that of the young of O. discolor. 

2 . SALPOHNIS. 329 
Culmen.
in. 
Wing. 
in. 
Tail. 
in. 
Tarsus. 
in. 
Darjiling(0-63 
\ 0-66 
2-5 
2-65 
3-0 
3-05 
O-GG 
0-7 
Darjiling (Blyth)
Sikhim {Scully)
Immature(0-7 
0*71 
0'66 
0-00 
2*75 
2'64 
2"65 
2-00 
3-0 
3'15 
3-0 
3*0 
073 
0-70 
0*05 
0-75 
Nagthull (C. stoliczlce) 
(Scully) 0-48 2-41 .. 0-03 
Ladakh (C. stoliczka) 
(Mus. Tristram) 055 2*70 3-0 0*75 

Hab. Himalayas from Bootan to Nepal, extending into Cashmere 
and Ladakh. 

a. Ad. sk. Darjiling. India Museum. 
b. Ad. sk. Darjiling. Gould Collection. 
c. d. Ad. sk. Nepal. Gould Collection. 
e-g. Ad. sk. Sikkim. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
h-l. Ad. sk. Sikhim {Hodgson). India Museum. 
m. Immat. sk. Sikhim {Hodgson). India Museum. 
n. Ad. sk. Bootan (Pembe7'to?i). India Museum. 
4. CertMa nipalensis. 
Certhia nipalensis, Ilodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mas., Passeres, nos. 289; 
598 (1825); Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1845, p. 581, 1847, p. 864; id. 
Ann. Sr Mag. Nat Hist 1847, g. 317; Gould, B. Asia, ii. pi. 16 
(upper figure) ; Jerdon, B. 2nd. i. p. 381; Hume, Str. F. 1877, 
pp. 74, 78. 
Certhia mandellii, Brooks, J. A. S. B. 1873, p. 256. 
Central pair of tail-feathers much elongated and longer than the 
wing; the whole tail without any bars; hill straighter and shorter 
than in O. discolor; four unspotted primaries; in the coloration of 
the underparts much resembling O. discolor, but the throat is white, 
the breast creamy or pale ochraceous, and the flanks and under tail-
coverts are deep rufous ferruginous like the rump. Culmen 0*530-
60 inch, wing 2-60-2-85, tail 2-9-3-1, tarsus 0-65-0-85. 
Hab, Himalayas, from Nepal to Bootan and Assam. 

a. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
(Type of species.) 
b-c. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
d, e. Ad. sk. Nepal. Gould Collection. 
/. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum, 

g. Ad. sk. Darjiling. Major C.H. T.Marshall [P.]. 
h. Juv. sk. Sikhim. E. W. Oates, Esq. 
i. 2 &&• sk. Bootan (Pemberton). India Museum. 
2. SALP0RNIS. 
Type. 
Salpornis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 7; id. Gen. B. i. 

p. 144 S. spilonotus. 
Hylypsomis, Boc. Jorn. Acad. Lisb. 1878, p. 211 S. salvadorii. 
Bill much longer than rest of the head, slender, considerably 

330 
CERTHIID:E. 

curvod downwards, laterally compressed; culmen sharp, pointed, 
without any tooth or notch. Nostrils longitudinal, in a coriaceous 
groove, with an indistinct operculum, quite exposed; without nasal 
or rictal bristles. Wings long and pointed, falling little short of 
the tail; first primary spurious, very small; second primary very 
long; tip of wing formed by third, fourth, and fifth primaries; 
secondaries very short, only two thirds of length of whole wing. 
Tail square or slightly rounded, soft and short. Tarsus thick, 
covered in front with transverse scales, short, being slightly longer 
than hallux without claw and equal to middle toe ; second toe considerably 
shorter than fourth toe. Claws sharp and much curved : 
claw of hallux about 0*7 of the length of the tarsus. Sexes alike in 
plumage, which is brown and much spotted. 


lianye. Central India. Africa from Benguela to the Ma^hoona 
country. 


1. Salpornis spilonotns. 
Cerlhia spilonota, Franhlln, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 121. 

Salpornia spilonota, 
Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 7; id. Gen. B. i. p. 144 ; 
Iteiehenb. N. Syst. pi. xxxviii.; id. Handh. spec. Orn., Scans, pi. 504; 
Jerdon, B. Ltd. i. p. 3^2; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 184, no. 2510: 
Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 397, 1870, p. 232, 1878, p. 2(39; Butler, Sfr. 

F. 1875, p. 402, 1870, p. 37, 1877, p. 228. 
Salpornis spilonotus, Blyth, Cat, B. Mas. As. Soc. p. 338; id. Ifo's, 
1805, p. 48. 
All the upper parts dark brown, with numerous white spots; 
crown with central streaks; wings with about half a dozen white 
transverse spots on the webs; on the tail-feathers, except on the 
central pair, which is much paler and less marked, the white colour 
forms rive to six very distinct bars ; throat and sides of head pure 
white; all the rest of the underparts pale huffish or whitish, with 
numerous dark brown bars; maxilla dark brown; mandible and 
feet paler. Total length under 5 inches, culmen 1, wing 3*5, tail 2, 
tarsus 0*0. 

The sexes are alike in size and plumage. 
Hah. Central India. 


a, b. Ad. sk. Behar. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 

c. Ad sk. Oude. Oapt. Stackhouse Pin-will 
[P.]. 
d. Ad. sk. South of Chanda. Gould Collection. 
2. Salpornis Salvador!!. 
Hylypsornis salvadorii, Boc. Jorn, Acad. Lish. 1878, pp. 198, 211; id. 
Orn. d'Any. p. 289, pi. x. fig. 2: Shelley, Ibis. 1882, p. 255. 
Adult. Above varied with rufous, white, and black ; throat dull 
whitish with small black spots; breast and abdomen more rufescent, 
with scaly black margins ; upper tail-coverts, as well as the 
under tail-coverts, whitish banded with black ; ear-coverts blackish; 
wing-coverts and quills black, marked on both margins with rufous-
white spots; three outer primaries with a slight whitish edging on 

3 . TICHODROMA. 
331 

the outer web; tail-feathers black, marked with three interrupted 
bands of white, and with a white apical spot; " bill dusky brown : 
tarsi and feet ashy brown " (T. Ay res). Total length 5 inches, bill 
0*55, wing 2-85, tail 1-65, tarsus 0*6. (Bocaye, I. c.) 

Hab. Bengucla, in South-western Africa, extending across to the 
Ma&hoona country in South-eastern Afiica. 

3. TIOHODEOMA. 
Type. 
Tichodroma, Illif/er, Prodrom. Syst p. 210 (1811) T. muraria. 
Petrodroma, Vieill. Analyse, p. 45 (1810, part.) T. muraria. 

Bill much longer than rest of head, very slender, and very little 
cutved. Nostrils quite exposed, longitudinal, with a very distinct 
and large operculum; neither nasal nor rictal bristles. First primary 
well developed ; wings long, tip being formed by 4th, 5th, (Oth) primaries, 
falling little short of the tail; secondaries four fifths of whole 
wing in length. Tail square or slightly rounded, soft, short. Tarsus 
slender, anteriorly covered with one long scutum; hallux (without 
claw) shorter than middle toe and shorter than even the fourth toe ; 
nail of hallux very long. Principal colours grey and reel. Sexes 
differ slightly in plumage. 

llcuvje. The alpine districts of Europe and xisia. 

1. Tickodroma muraria. 
Certhia muralis, Brisson, iii. p. 007, pi. SO (1700). 
Oerthia muraria, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 184 (17G0) ; Bechst. Tasclienb. 


p. 78; Meyer $ Wolff] Tasclienb. p. 131. 
Le Grimpereau cle muraille, Buff. PL Enl. 372. figs. 1 & 2 (1770). 
Promerops de muraille, LevailL Ois. Bar ad. iii. pis. 20, 21 (1807). 
Tickodroma muraria, Illiq. Prodrom. p. 211 (1811); Naum. Yog. 
Dmttschl. v. Taf. 141; Lesson, Traite d'Om. p. 310, Atlas, pi. 77. 
fig. 2; Roux, Orn. Prov. pi. 238; Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 239; v. 

d. Muehle, Griechenl. no. 110; Bupp. Syst. Uebers. no. 114; Gray, 
Gen. B. i. p. 144; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 189; Bp. Consp. 
i. p. 225; Reichenb. Syst. Av. Taf. 38 ; id. Handb. spec. Om., Scans. 
p. 2G9; Bailly, Orn. de Sav., Atlas, iii. pi. 1. figs. 1-5 ; Bree, B. Eu?\ 
iii, pi. 158; Dcql # Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 190; Jerd. B. Lnd. I 
p.383; Gray,Ifand-lB.Ly.lU,no.2520; Fritsch, Vog.Eur.Tnl 
22. fig. 21; Dresser, B. Eur. p. 207, pi. 123; Shelley, B. Egypt, 
p. 118; Sivinli. P.Z.S. 1871, pp. 270, 356; Altum, Forstzoologie, 
p. 278; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 236; Perini, Omitol. Veronese, 
p. 418 (1874); Dresser, IHs/l876, P- 1^G? David fy Oust. Ois. de 
la Chine, p. 88; Scully, Str. F. 1879, p. 262. 
Tichodroma alpina, Koch, Syst. baier. Zool. p. 80 (1816). 
Petrodroma muraria, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. xxvi. p. 106 (1818). 
Tichodroma pkoenicoptera, Tmnm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 412 (1820), iii. 

p. 260, et iv. p. 647; Iieiehenb. Handb. spec. Om., Scans, p. 270; 
Severtzoiv, Turk. Jevotn. p. 60. 
Tichodroma europsea, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 187 (1826). 
Tichodroma brachyrhynchus et T. macrorhynchus. Brehn, Yog. 

Deutschl. p. 214. 
Tichodroma subhemalavana, Ilodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82 
(1844). 

332 
CEKTHIID^). 

Ticliodroma nepalensis, Hodgs. Journ. A. S. B. xiv. p. 581 (1845); 
Bp. C. A. I p. 225 (1850). 
Ticliodroma hoffmeisteri, Reichenb. Handb. spec. Om.7 Scans, p. 27 
(1851). 

Adult male (in winter). Hind neck, mantle, and back pale asliy 
grey; upper tail-coverts darker; entire crown of head grey, strongly 
washed with pale brown; the whole shoulder, edge of wing, and the 
basal half of the outer web of most of the quills are carmine-red ; 
rest of quills black-brown with narrow greyish tips ; the second to 
fifth primary each with two large conspicuous white patches on the 
inner web; tail brownish black ; the outer pairs with large subterminal 
white patches; all the feathers with pale greyish tips ; sides 
of head and ear-coverts brownish white ; chin, throat, sides of neck, 
and upper part of breast white • rest of under surface dark ashy 
grey; under wing-coverts blackish, edged like the axillaries with 
carmine-colour; under tail-coverts tipped with white; "bill, feet, and 
claws black; iris brown " (0. King). 

Summer plumage. Throat and fore neck blackish instead of white. 

Adult female. The last primaries and the first secondary quills 
with a yellow patch on the middle of the inner web. These patches 
vary much in size; and I have found indications of them in specimens 
which were apparently adult males; in most females, however, and 
in the young bird they are generally very conspicuous. 

Young birds are very much like the adult in plumage, but have 
the mantle and back paler and, like the breast, more or less washed 
with pale brownish. 
The Wall-Creeper is much subject to variation in size. Total 

length about 6 inches. 
Culmen.
in. 
Wing. 
in. 
Tail. 
in. 
Tarsus, 
in. 
(3. Kandahartf. Pushut 
1-10 
1-15 
4-10 
4-0 
2-30 
2-30 
0*85 
0-90 
c?. Yarkand 1*35 4*15 2-40 0'90 
5 . Basses Alpes5 . Switzerland 
1-38 
1-20 
4-0 
3*75 
2*30 
2*15 
0-92 
0*91 

Eab. The Wall-Creeper has a very extensive range, as it inhabits 
the Alpine regions of Central and South Europe, Asia, and North 
Africa, being found in the Alps, Carpathians, in Abyssinia, and in 
the Himalayas. 

a,b. rf $ ad-st- TyroL His I. & E. Highness 
the Crown Prince 
of Austria [P.]. 

c. Ad. sk. Switzerland (summer). 
d. (S ad. sk. Switzerland (winter). 
e. S 
ad. sk. Switzerland (Howard Gould Collection. 
Saunders). 
f. 
$ ad. sk. Basses Alps. J. E. Harthg, Ej>q. 
[P.]. 
g. 
Ad. st. India. J. R. Reeves, Esq. 
[P.]. 
h. 
3 ad. sk. Yarkand. R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. 
[p.]. 
4 . CLIMACTEBIS. 
333 
I d ad. sk. Tasehkend, Oct. 28 Gould Collection. 
(Severtzow). 

h. 
$ ad. sk. Kandahar. Jan. 30. 1881. Lieut.-Col. Swinhoe 
[P.]. 
I, m. S 
2 ad. sk. Kandahar, Dec. 1880. Lieut.-Col. Swinhoe 
[P.]. 

n. $ ad. sk. Afghanistan {Griffith). Gould Collection. 
o. <$ ad. sk. Pushut, Nov. 1839 India Museum [P.]. 
(Griffith), 
p. tf ad. sk. Gilgit, Oct. 22, 1879. Dr. J. Scully [P.]. 
q. 6 
ad. sk. Gilgit, 5000 feet, Feb. 24, Major Biddulph [O.l. 
1878. 
r. 
5 ad. sk. Kangra. Capt. Stackhouse 
Pinwill [P.], 
s. 5 ad.sk. KumwTi (Capt. Strachey). India Museum [P.], 
t 
<5 ad. sk. Banks of Ganges near Dr. J. Scully [P.], 
Rai walla (G, King), 

u. $ 
ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
[P.]. (Types of J7. 
subhemalayana.) 
v. $ ad. sk. North India. India Museum [P.]. 
w. <$ ad.sk. (moulting). Persia (?). 
4. CLIMACTERIS. Type< 
Olimacteris, Temm. M^m^LQpsJ^. lxxxv (1820) ... . C. scandens. 
Rhabdornis, Heichenb,~J2andfi>. spec. "Ornitli., Scans, i. 

p. 16 (1851) 
C. mystacalis. 
Bill plightly longer than the rest of the head and slightly curved; 
culmen keeled. Nostrils longitudinal, basal, pervious, operculated, 
free; without nasal or rictal bristles. Pirst primary about half the 
length of the second; tip of wing formed by the third and fourth 
primaries ; secondaries short, about three fourths of whole wing in 
length. Tail square, soft, shorter than wing. Tarsus anteriorly 
covered with one long scutum; hallux (without claw) long, but 
shorter than middle toe; its nail very long. A slight difference 
of plumage in the sexes. General coloration brown and frequently 
spotted. 

Range. Australia, New Guinea, and Philippine Islands. 

Key to the Sjpecies. 

a. A fawn-coloured band across the wing. 
a'. 
All the upper parts uniform brownish black. 
a". Throat black, with white lanceolate stripes melanura, p. 334. 
b". Throat dull white, without stripes melanonota, p. 334. 

V. Above dusky greyish olivaceous; feathers of 
head rufous, with paler shafts and a blackish 
margin; under surface paler and more ashy, 
the belly spotted with ochraceous placens, p. 335. 
c1. Mantle olive-brown or red-brown. 
c'\ Central pair of tail-feathers, lower back, 
and upper tail-coverts olive-brown. 
a'". Under surface rusty red, flanks without 
any stripes rufa, p. 335. 

331 
CEHTriTIDJE. 

b'". Under suiface pale buff or fawn, much 
striated laieophcea, p. 336. 
d". Central pair of tail-feathers dark grey. 
c ". Lo"wer back and upper tail-co^erts dark 
grey. 
a4.'Orbital region brown; whole fore neck 
white ."". sca/idens, p. 337. 
hi. Orbital region rich rusty red; dull buff 
ciescent across upper chest erythrops, p. 333. 
d'". Lower back and upper tail-covertb rich 
rusty red * pyrrhonota, p. 309. 

b. No light band across the wing; crown and hind 
neck sooty black, with many white shaft-btreaks my statute, p. 330. 
1. Climacteris mslanura. 
Climacteris meknura, 
Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 13^, 1KJ7, p. U70; id. 
Handb. B. Amir. i. p. 004; id. B. Austr. pi. 97; Gray, Gtn. B. i. 

p. 145; Bp. C. A. i. p. 225; ReicJtenb. Handb. spec. Orn., Means. 
no. 638, pi. 560; R P. Ramsay, Pr. Linn. Soe. Ar. S. H\ 1*7^, 
pp. 191, 274. 
Adult male. Forehead, all the upper surface, the whole tail, and 
all the wing-coverts brownish black ; quills dark brown ; the middle 
third of all the primaries and most of the secondaries pale buff, 
forming a broad conspicuous band across the wing when expanded ; 
chin and throat white, each feather broadly edged with black, giving 
the throat a striped appearance; under wing-coverts brown, edged v>ith 
fawn and whitish; breast, abdomen, and thighb ferruginous brown, 
deepening into chocolate-brown towards the sides, of the breast and 
flanks ; some of the feathers of the breast with darker brown, 
longitudinal central streaks; under tail-coverts brownish black, 
with huffish cross markings; u bill and feet blackibh brown ; iris 


red-brown or dark brown" (Elsuj). 
Total length 0-7 inches, culmen 0*7-0-8, wing 3'7£~4, tail 2*8-3, 
tarsus 1. 

Adult fthiale. Throat white, most of the feathers edged with red-
brown or chestnut-colour; under tail-coverts black with very small 
whitish tips. 

Hub. North Australia. 

a, b. S $ ad. sk. N.W. Au>tralk. J. II. Ehev, E^ . "P.". 
c, d. S ad. sk. N.W. Australia. J. It. Ekev, Ewj. J>Jt 
e,f. 6 $ ad. sk. North Australia (h) F. I). Godman and O. Sal


via, Esqrs. [P.] 

2. Climacteris melanonota. 
Climacteris melanota, Gould, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 100,1667, p. 970; 
Bp. C. A. i. p. 225. 
Climacteris melanonota, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 145; Gould, B. Austr. 
pi. 96; id. Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 003 (1605). 
Climacteris nielanotus, ReieJienb. Handb. spec. 0m., Scans, no. OtfO, pi. 
500 (1851); R P.Ramsay, Proe. Linn. Soe. N. S. W. 1678, p. 191. 

Adult male. Most nearly allied to O. melanura, but destitute of 
the lanceolate marks on the throat. Superciliary line and throat 

335 

4 CLIMACTJEEIS. 

burly white; at the base of the throat several irregular spots 
of black; under surface pale vinous brown; the feathers of the 
abdomen with two stripes of black running parallel and near the 
shaft, the space between dull white ; under tail-coverts burly white, 
crossed by broad bars of black; iris brown. Bill 0*75 inch, wing 
3-5, tail 2-25. {Gould.) 

Female. Differs from the male in having the markings of the abdomen 
larger and more conspicuous, and in having the spots at the 
base of the throat chestnut instead of black. (Gould.) 

Hob. Gulf of Carpentaria, Port Darling, and Port Essington. 

3. Climacteris placens. 
Climacteris placens, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 093 ; iSahacl Ann. MILS. 
Civ. Genova, vii. p. 935, x. p. 143 ; Gould, B. Neio Guinea, pt. 1; 
Salvad. Ann. Mm. Civ. Genova, xvi. p. 63 ; id. Oni. Papuasia e delle 
Molueche, ii. p. 241. 

Adult male. Above dusky greyish olivaceous; feathers of the 
head rufous, with paler shafts, and sometimes with a terminal 
edging of black; under surface of body paler, more ashy, with the 
whole of the belly spotted with pale ochraceous, the spots margined 
with black; under tail-coverts banded with ochraceous and black; 
\\ ings dubky, with a broad band across the base of the quills, and the 
under wing-coverts ochraceous-buff; tertiaries uniform with the 
back; tail dusky black, the base and the two centre tail-feathers 
uniform with the back ; bill black; feet brownish olive ; iris reddish 
vinaeeous. Total length 6 inches, wing 3*2, tail 2-5, bill 0*5, 
tarsus 0*8. (SahadorL) 

Female. Similar to the male, but distinguished by a broad malar 
band of rufous. 
Hab. Atam, North-west New Guinea. 


4. Climacteris rufa. 
Climacteris rufa, Gould, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 149; id. P. Ausfr. pi. 94; 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 145 (1847); Bp. C. A. i. p. 225; Cab. Mm. 
Ilein. i. p. 94 (1850); Peiclienb. Ilandb. spec. Oni., Scans, no. 0^5, 
pi. 504 (1851); Gould, Ilandb. B. Austr. i. p. 000 (1805) j Ramsay, 
Proc. Linn. Soc. JST. S. W. 1878, p. 191. 

Adult male. All the upper parts coloured as in C. seandens, but 
the feathers of the rump and upper tail-coverts rufous-brown; 
superciliary region, sides of head, ear-coverts, cheeks, chin and upper 
throat, edge of wing, under wing-coverts, and axillaries uniform 
rusty red ; feathers of throat and centre of upper breast whitish at 
centre, with two longitudinal dark brown streaks to each feather ; 
from the sides of the neck across the chest an indistinct crescent of 
greyish fawn-colour; centre of breast and abdomen rusty red, with 
pale central tips to the feathers ; sides and flanks deep rusty ; under 
tail-coverts like abdomen, but with a few narrow cross bars of dark 
brown, and with lighter tips; " iris dark reddish brown; bill and 
feet blackish brown " (Gould). 


CERTHIIDiE. 

336 

Adult female. Smaller in size• feathers on fore neck bordered with 
dark rusty red instead of blackish brown. 
Immature. Feathers of flanks with pale tips; feathers of throat 

pale buff, with small blackish-brown tips. 
tf ad. Oilmen 0*7 inch, wing 3*55, tail 2'79 tarsus 1-0. 
$ ad. „ 0-63 „ „ 3-40, „ 2-3, „ 0-9. 

Hub. West Australia. 

a. cJad.sk. West Australia, Aug. 11,1842 (J. Gould). 
Eyton Collection. 
b. $ ad. sk. Webt Australia (J.
Gould). 
Eyton Collection. 
c. d. S ? ad. sk. West Aubtialia. F. D. Godman and O. Sale. 
Imm. sk. West Australia.
vin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
F. D. Godman and O. Sal/. 
(S imm. sk. King* George's Sound.
vin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
31. Boucard [C.]. 

5. Climacteris leucophaea. 
Certhia leucophsea, Lath. Ind. Orn. SuppL p. xxxvi (1801). 
Certhia leucoptera, Lath, (teste Gray). 
Certhia picumnus, III. Mtts. Bert 
New-Holland Nuthatch, Lath. Gen. Hist. iv. p. 78 (1822). 
Climacteris picumnus, Vig. 8f Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. 1820, p. 295; 


Temm. PL Col. 281. fig. 1 (1838) (Gould, B. Austr. pi. 98. 
GlycipMla ocularis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 154, 1867, p. 970. 
The Common Creeper, Leicin, Birds Neio Soil. pi. 25. 
Climacteris leucophsea, Strickl. Ann. § Mag. Xat. Hist. xi. p. 336 

(1843); Peiehenb. Handb. spec Om., Scam. no. 634, pi. 565 ; Gray, 
Gen. B. i. p. 145; id. Hand-l. B. i. p. 184, no. 2521; Gould, Handb. 

B. Austr. i. p. 605 ; E. P. Bamsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. JV. S. 7T. 1878, 
p. 191. 
Climacteris scandens, Gould, B. Audr. pi. 94 (cf. Eekhenb. I. <?.}. 
Adult male. All the upper parts rufous or earth-brown ; hind neck 
and centre of head shading into dark brownish grey; quills brown 
with a central band of buff, which is succeeded by a dark brown 
broad subterminal one; tail brown, all the feathers except the 
central pair with a broad subterminal band of dark brown; lores 
blackish; sides of head, including a conspicuous superciliary stripe, 
fawn-colour; feathers of ear-coverts pale brown, broadly edged with 
brown; chin, cheeks, and upper throat pale buff; feathers on centre 
of throat whitish, with irregular subterminal cross markings of 
blackish brown; sides of neck and upper breast greyish buff; under 
tail-coverts and axillaries reddish buff, each feather with three or 
four irregular dark brown cross bars: under tail-coverts pale brown, 
edged with reddish buff; all the feathers of the breast, sides, flanks, 
and abdomen having a longitudinal central stripe of dull white, this 
stripe bordered on either side by a line of black-brown, the whole 
feather broadly edged with pale buff; kC iris, bill, and feet blackish 
brown" (Gould). Length 6 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*5-3-7, tail 
2-5-2-7, tarsus 0*9. 

Adult female. Feathers of centre of throat white, with broad 
edges and tips of rufous or pale chestnut. 

4 . CXXMACTERIS. 337 
Hab. From Port Denison south.wards along the east coast of Australia, 
and ranging through New South Wales to Yictoria and South 

Australia. 
a. Ad. sk. S.E. Australia. 
b. $ ad. sk. S.E. Australia. Sir D. Cooper [P.]. 
e, d. d $ ad. sk. S.E. Australia. F. D. Godman and 0. Sale.
f.
g.
h. 
d ad. sk. 
d1 ad. sk. 
5 ad. sk. 
<s ad. sk. 
N. S. "Wales. 
Eiver Darling. 
S. Australia. 
S. Australia.
via, Esqrs. [P.]. 
Gould Collection. 
Gould Collection. 
Gould Collection. 
Sir G. Grey [P.]. 

6. Climacteris scandens. 
Buff-winged Honey-eater, Lath. Gen. Mist. iv. p. 178 (1822). 
? Petrodroma Bailloni, Vieill Nouv. Bid. ed. 2, xxvi. p. 107 (1819) ; 
id. Gal. Ois. pi. 172; Less, Traite cTOm. p. 810. 

Climacteris scandens, Temm.Pl. Col. 281.fig. 2 (1838); Kittlitz, Kupf. 
Vog.^l. 6.fig. 1 ; Reiclienb. Handb. spec. Oni., Scans, no. 637, pi. 565; 
Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 598; id. B. Austr. pi. 93; id. P. Z. S, 
1867, p. 976; Gray, Gen. B. i: p. 145; id. IZand4. B. i. p. 184, 
no. 2523; id. Ibis, 1862, p. 218; v. Pekeln, Sitz. Ahad. Wiss, Wien, 

xli. p. 320; JE. P. Ramsay, Proo. Linn. Soc. K S. W. 1878, 
p. 191. ^ 
Climacteris picumnus, Gould, B. Austr. pi. 98 (cf. Reiclienb. I, c). 
A. Southern Race* 
Adult male. Crown of head dark or blackish brown, most of the 
feathers with, greyish, edgings; hind neck, mantle, and most of the 
upper wing-eoyerts dark olive-brown; rump, upper tail-coverts, and 
tail-feathers dark blue-grey, the latter with a very broad band of 
blackish brown and with narrow whitish, tips; quills brown, with a 
pale fawn-coloured band across the wing; sides of head and ear-
coverts dark brown with whitish central streaks ; chin, cheeks, fore 
neck, and centre of breast white, with a creamy buff tinge on the 
lower breast and centre of abdomen; eacU feather of the sides, 
flanks, and under tail-coverts white, with a subterminal or marginal 
line of dark brown; under wing-coverts and asillaries almost white; 
edge of wing mottled with brown; " bill black, the under mandible 
horn-colour at the base; feet blackish brown" (Goidd). Total 
length about 6 inches, oilmen 0*8, wing 3*4-3*7, tail 2*5, tarsus 0*9. 
Female. Like the male in colour, but distinguished by a small 
orange-red spot just below the ear-coverts. 
Hab, New South Wales to South Australia; Norfolk Island. 

B. North-eastern Race. 
In the British Museum there are two males and one female (obtained 
near Moreton Bay) which have a well pronounced pale grey 
collar across the fore neck; all the other parts are coloured as in G. 
scandens. They are slightly smaller in their dimensions. A third 
male, from the same country, is intermediate in size and colour 
between this smaller race and the typical G. scandens, the greyish 
crescent being only very faintly indicated. 
VOL. vm. z 

338 cERmsmffiu 
Cabmen.
in. 
Wing. 
in. 
Tail. 
in. 
Tarsus. 
in. 
tf ... . 0-7 3-3 2-40 0-78 
rf * . 0-71 3-35 2-45 0*78 
2 !!... . 0-76 3-50 2-50 0-81 
2 0-7 2-30 2-40 0-80 
Habt Queensland. 
a. Southern Race. 

a.b. <$ % ad. sk. S.E. Australia. 
o. <$ ad. sk. S. Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.j. 
d. $ ad. sk. S. Australia. Purchased. 
e,f,g. <$,h.$ ad. sk. S.E. Australia. Gould Collection. 
a^« sk Ne w SoutiL Wales.

i 
6ihl* $- Gould Collection. 

m. 
6 ad. sk. Nanama, Jan. 23, Gould Collection. 
1866 (M P. Ratnr 
say)* 
n< (S ad. sk. 
Tasmania. Ronald Gunn, Esq.. [P.]. 

jS. North-eastern Race. 

a. $ ad. sk. Moreton Bay J. Gould, Esq.. [C.]. 
b,c, d. 
tf}e, $ Queensland. F. D. Godman and O. Salad, 
sk. Tin, Esqrs. [P.], 

7. Climacteris erytlirops. 
Climacteris erytlirops, Gould) P. Z. S. 1840, p. 148, 1667, p. 970; 
id. Handb. B. Austr. i. p. C02 (1805) ; id, B. Amtr. pi. 95 ; Bp. 

C. A. i. p. 225; Reichenb. Handh. spec. Or a.. Scans, no. 030, pi. 005 
(1851) ,• E. P. Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. X S. W. 1878, p. 191 ; 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 145 (1847J ; id. Eand-l B. i. p. 184, no. 2520. 
Climacteris affinis, Blyth, J, A. S. B. 1863, p. 453. 

Adult male. Orbital region and a broad superciliary stripe of a rich 
rusty-red colour ; in the colour of all the upper parts of the body, 
including the tail, this bird perfectly resembles the male of G. leuoopluea, 
whilst the under surface is coloured as in G. scandais; 
throat dull white; a broad crescent of dull buff across the upper chest, 
but without any dark markings to the feathers of centre of fore neck: 
breast, abdomen, and flanks much like those parts in O. scandens, 
but the two dark-brown longitudinal lines on each feather are broader, 
and the broad edges all round the feathers are dark greyish brown 
instead of pale buff. Iris brown; biU and feet black. "Wing 3*5 
inches, tail 2-®. 

Female. Most of the feathers of the base of the fore neck and of 
the upper chest are broadly edged with rich rusty red; the buff' 
cross band is absent. 

Obs. Some feathers of the mantle in some specimens of either sex 
have narrow whitish shaft-lines. 

4. CLMACTEEIS. 
339 

Hal. Prom the Wide-Bay district to New South Wales, ranging 
into the Interior Province. 

a, I. 8 2 ad. sk. New South Wales. Purchased. 
c, d. $ j ad. sk. New South Wales. P. D. Godman and 0. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 

e. $ ad. sk. Liverpool Range. Eyton Collection. 
f> 9-<$ 2 ad. sk Liverpool Kange (N. S. W.), Eyton Collection. 
Oct. 1839 (J. Gould). 

8. Climacteris pyrrhonota. 
Climacteris pyrrhonota, Gould, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 976; Gray, Hand-l 
B. i. p. 184, no. 2522; E. P. Ramsay, Proc. Linn, 8oc. N. 8. W. 
ii. p. 161. 
Adult female (type of species). Most nearly allied to G. scandens, 
from which this species differs by the rich rusty-red colour of the 
rump and the whole of the upper tail-coverts j many of the dark 
olive-brown feathers of the back, especially those of the scapulars, 
show more or leas conspicuous white shaft-lines (in some specimens 
these shaft-lines are wanting). Wing 3*45 inches, tail 2*5. 

The male wants the rusty patch to the cheeks. 
Hah. New South Wales and Interior Province; Tasmania. 

a. 2 ad. sk. Dobroyde, N. S. W. (E. P. Gould Collection. 
b. § ad. sk.
o. 5 ad. sk.
Ramsay). 
S.E. Australia. 
Nanama, Eeb. 19, 1866 (E. 
(Type of species.) 
Purchased. 
Gould Collection. 
d. 2 ad. sk.
P. Ramsay). 
Tasmania. Eonald Gunn, Esq. [P.]. 

9. Climacteris mystacalis. 
Meliphaga mystacalis, Temm. PI Col pi. 335. fig. 2. f'h * % 
Climacteris striolata, Eittlitz, Kupfer. Fog. pi. 6. fig. 2 (1832). 
Climacteris mystacalis, Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 184, no. 2528. 
Bhabdornis mystacalis, Reichenb. Randb. spec, Orn., Scans, no. 640, 

pi. 56G (1851); Wold. Trans. Z. 8. ix. p. 201; Tioeedd. P. Z. 8, 

1878, pp. 113, 951. 

Adult male. Entire crown and sides of head, hind neck, and sides 
of neck sooty black, each feather with a conspicuous pure white 
triangular shaft-streak; ear-coverts without streaks ; mantle, back, 
and quills uniform brown, with shaft-streaks on the mantle; tail-
feathers and primary quills dark brown, the latter broadly edged 
with pale fawn on the inner web; chin, cheeks, throat, fore neck, 
centre of breast, and abdomen pure white; sides, flanks, thighs, 
and under tail-coverts white, each feather broadly edged with black-
brown; under wing-coverts and axillaries creamy, mottled with 
black-brown; " bill black; iris crimson; legs yellowish brown or 
dark grey " (Tweeddale). 

CEETEIIBiB. 
The female has the head and sides of the neck brown instead of 
S°°Total length between 5 and 6 inches. The bills vary considerably 
in length, breadth at base, and in slenderness. 

Oilmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 
in. in. in. in. 
tf from Dinagat8 „ Manila| " „ 
075 
0-95 
0-88 
3*0 
8-10 
3*20 
1-65 
1-86 
1-80 
075 
0-80 
0-80 

Hah. Philippine Islands : Mindanao, Dinagat, and Luzon. 

a. 2 acl. st. Philippine Islands. Purchased. 
b. S ad. sk. Philippine Islands. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [0.]. 
c. J ad. sk. Manila. Gould Collection. 
d. S ad. sk. Dinagat, June 1877. A. Everett, Esq.. [C.]. 
Subfamily II. SITTING. 

Bill straight and subulate, never curved downwards, slightly 
longer than rest of the head, never toothed, but often slightly 
notched. Nostrils in a coriaceous groove, either without any operculum 
and then partly hidden by small bristles and feathers, or operculated 
and quite exposed. "Wings long and pointed, double the 
length of the tail; first primary short; secondaries and wing-
coverts short. Tail rounded or square, short. Tarsi short, anteriorly 
covered with transverse scales; hallux with claw longer than the 
middle toe and longer than the tarsus; claws long, curved and 
sharp. Sexes alike or slightly differing in plumage. Eed, green, 
and bright yellow colours do not occur. They lay many eggs, and 
breed in holes. They feed principally on insects. 

Faiayt. All over the world, excepting the Neotropical and Ethiopian 
regions. 

Key to the Genera. 

Nostrils without any cutaneous operculum, but 

covered with feathers. Bill straight. Hab. 

Europe, America, Asia 5. SITTA, p. 341« 
Bill curved upwards; nostrils with a cutaneous 
valve. Hub. Australia. 6. SITTEJLLA, p. 360. 
Nostrils non-operculated. Bill broader than high 
across the nostrils. Strong rictal bristles.. 7. H3n?osrTTA;p.365. 

5 . S1TTA 
341 
5. SITTA. 
Type. 
Sitta, Lime, Si/st. Nat. i. p. 177 (1766) S. europsaa. 
Dendrophila, Sioains. Class, B. ii. p. 318 (1837) S. azurea. 
Calisitta, Reiclienb. Ilandb., Scans, p. 154 (1851) 0. formosa. 

Bill a little longer than the head, straight, subulate, horizontally 
compressed towards the tip, which is neither notched nor toothed. 
Nostrils basal, in front of a coriaceous groove, but without any valve, 
partly hidden by bristles and feathers; no rictal bristles. "Wings 
long and about double the length of the tail; first primary short: 
tip of wing formed by third, fourth, (fifth) primaries; secondaries 
short. Tail short and square. Tarsi short, covered anteriorly with 
transverse scales ; hallux with claw longor than middle toe and 
longer than tarsus. Sexes alike in plumage, the principal colours 
of which are a light slaty blue and rusty red or brown. 

Range. Europe, Asia, America. 

Key to the Species. 

A, Mantle and back bluish grey. (Subgeneric group SITTA.) 

a. Crown of head grey. 
a'. Entire under surface of body uniform 
cinnamon- or deep chestnut-brown. 
a". Under tail-coverts blue-grey, edged 
with chestnut castaneoventris, p. 351. 
b". Under tail-coverts white, edged 
with chestnut. 
a3. Black stripe from nostrils to eye cinnamomeoventris, p. 851. 
b3. Black stripe from nostrils over 

eye onto upper back cashmirensis, p. 352. 
b'. Under surface of body uniform rich 
ochraceous. 

c". Central pair of tail-feathers white 
at basal half; under tail-coverts 
coloured like abdomen ....... . himalayensisj p, 349, 

d". Central pair of tail-feathers without 
any white basal patch; under I ecesia, p. 347. 
tail-coverts white, edged chestnut j neglecta, p. 349. 

c'. The rich ochraceous colour confined 
to abdomen and flanks, throat and 
breast being white or whitish; no 
chestnut patch on the flanks. 


e". 
Under tail-coverts without any 
white. 
c3. Length of wing not exceeding 
3 inches neumayeri, p. 345. 

(P. Length of wing from 3"3-3*7 
inches syriaca, p. 346. 
f". Under tail-coverts white, edged 
with chestnut amitrensis, p, 345. 
d'. Breast and abdomen almost entirely 
white; a rich chestnut patch on the 
flanks; under tail-coverts chestnut 
for basal, white for terminal half.. 


g". 
Length of wing 4'5 inches magna, p, 345. 

CEKTHJIDiE. 

M2 
( europcaa, p. 342. 
/*". Loiifflh of winff 8-3-5 inches ....] uralensis, p. 842. 

h 
( nagaensis, p. o44. 

A. Forehead Llnrlc, 
rest of crown grey; . 
broad rhoHtrmi crescent on fore neck. . kruepen, p. dou. 
c. Crown of head and nape deep "black; 
no 
patch on fore, neck, 
t\ Ear-eoveris and breast white. 
i". Abdomen and flanks rich chestnut-< 
1XHl leucopsts, p. 35:3. 
/»•". Abdomen white ' 1'.'.'.'.'......... carolinensis, p. 358. 


f. Ear-coverts black ; breast ochraceoxts. # 
' 
/". Sides of neck creamy white ullosa, p. 3o5. 
w?". Sides of neck with a black patch, canadensis, p. 3o4. 


<7. 
Crown of head brown. 
</'. Basal half of central tail-feathers 
white pygmma, p. 355. 
h\ No white at base of central tail-feather pusilla, p. 356. 


B. Mantle and back blue. (Subgeneric group DENDBOPHTLA.) 
a. Crown of head and abdomen black ... . azurea, p. 357. 
b. Crown of head black mottled with cobalt-
blue ; nnderparts rich ochraceons ... . formosa, p. 357. 
c. Crown of head blue; abdomen like 
breast. 
i'. Mantle like back; no white loral band frontalis, p. 358. 
A*'. Mantle vinaceons like the breast j a 


small white loral band miochlamys, p. 359» 

1. Sitta etiropsea. 
A. Western Race. 
Sitta curopraa, Linn. 8. JSf. i. p. 177 (1766) • Gmel 8. M i. p. 440 
(1788); Beseke, Tog. Kurlands, p. 39; (pt.) Lath. Ind, C***n. I. 

p. 201,- Llliger, Trodrom. p. 213(1811); Vieill. N. Diet. xxsi. 
p. 320; Gfoffer, Naturg. Yog. Eur op. p. 376; miss. S7canc7« JFlmrna. 
ii. p. 325; £fwains. Class. B. i. p. 318 ; Gray, Gen. B. I. p. 147 " r J&> 
C. A. i. p. 220 (1850); Reichmb. Hanoi)., /Scans, p. 151, pi J511 ll" 
figs. 4051-52; Lilljeborg, Kgl. Vet.-Ahad. (JEfvers. 1851. p . Lf75* 
flf/wafer. iS^wsA?. Fogl. p, 04, tab. 9. fig*. 1; Collett, (Efve?*s. C7ir>f**?an 
Om, Faun. p. 78; Sdat. Ibis, 1805, p. 309; Degl. <£-rj*>rf* 
Orn. Bur. i. p. 180; Sundev. Meth. Tent. p. 47; Dress 2J? JFur 
iii. p. ICO, pi. 118; Sintemis, J. f. O. 1877, p. 6o: 8e&o7im h*l 
1878, p. 325; Brandt, J. f. 6. 1880, p. 234. ' *«»"*»*, ^ 4 
r Sitta advena, ^re/m, Fo£ Deutschl p. 207 (1831) (R=^ ttrctfan*kt 
P Sitta septentrionalis, JfrvAwi, Po£. Deutschl. p. 206 (1831> /?==* 

Sitta suecica, Brelim, Naumannia, 1855, p. 274. 

B. Eastern Race (S. uralensis). 
Sitta uralends, Zfefe in Qhger, Handb. Vog. BeutsoM. pp. 37T .«- «A 
(1834); Gray &„. J. >. ^ 147. j)%nd Q %?'* ^J# 
UU^orff, Hffl. Vet.-Mad. (Efveraigt, p. 275 (1851); Z&*eeuii 

5 . SITTA. 843 
Komencl p, 65; Sundev. J.f. 0.1854, p. 64; Dubois, Ois. de TEur. 

p. 107, pi. 107: Reii, Simon, europ. BrutvogeL p. 30; Taczan, 
J.f 0.1872, p. 353. ^ 
Sitta asiatica, Temm.; Gould, B. Fur. iii. pi. 236 (1837) Reichenb. 
Handb.K Scans, p. 150, pi. 511. fig. 3548 (1851), 

Sitta sibirica, Brelim, Naamannia, 1855, p. 274. 

Sitta roseilia, Bp. C. A. i. p. 227; Blahiston, Ibis, 1862, p9 322, and 

18G3, p. 99; Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 444. 

Sitta enropsea, WJiitehj, Ibis, 1807, p. 196. 

Adult male. General colour above, including crown of the head, 
neck, mantle, back, scapulars, and the central pair of the tail-feathers, 
pale slaty blue ; quills and wing-coverts brownish, the outer webs 
of the secondaries and wing-coverts strongly washed with a colour 
similar to that of the back; all the tail-feathers but the central 
ones are brownish black with large greyish tips, the two or three 
outer pairs with a large subterminal white patch; a very distinct 
stripe of black extends from the nostrils through the eye along the 
sides of the neck; chin, cheeks, coverts, and nearly all the remainder 
of the underparts are white; flanks rich chestnut-red; under tail-
coverts white, broadly edged with chestnut-red; edge of wing, axillaries, 
and inner edge of quills white; under wing-coverts sooty blaek; 
thighs brownish grey with whitish tips; " bill blue-slate; iris dark 
brown ; legs and claws brown-fleshy'7 (Whitely). 

Adult female. Like the male, but flanks and abdomen creamy 
colour, with the chestnut spots perhaps less pronounced. 

Young. Above dull bluish grey; abdomen, flanks, and under tail-
coverts reddish buff, with no chestnut colour; longitudinal stripe on 
sides of head brownish. 

Measurements. This species is much subject to individual variation 
in size, as will be seen from the following list:— 
Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus, 

in. in. in. in. 
($. Archangel 0*7 3-25 1-7 0-7 
Ad. Archangel 0'7 3-0 1-65 0-7 
tf. Sweden 0'85 3-35 1-9 0-85 

d. Norway 0-86 3-4 2-0 0-85 
cf. Norway 0*80 3-4 1-8 0-8 
($. Sweden 0*85 3-52 1-95 0-85 
<$. Hakodadi 0*66 3-2 1-8 0-75 
eurojpcea,urahnsis,

Length of wing of specimens of 8.?. europcea, var. var. in 
Mr. Seebohm's collection:— 
in. m. 
c?. Krasnoyarsk 3*10 <J. Yenesay, mf N. lat 3'20 

S. Baikal 3-20 2 . Yenesay 3-05 
S. Yenesay, 66^° N. lat 3-22 2 . Yenesay 3*10 
cJ. Yenesay, 66^° N.lat 3-15 J . Yenesay , 2*95 
Obs. 1. The black ocular stripe is often bordered superiorly and 
towards the forehead by hoary grey or whitish feathers, which 
produces a more or less conspicuous whitish superciliary stripe: 
this is found in specimens from Scandinavia as well as in the most 
eastern ones. 


344 
CEBTHimaL 

Ols. 2. The European specimens, i. e. from Scandinavia and 
Northern Eussia In Europe, have the underparts more or less slightly 
tinged with cream-colour, the chestnut on the flanks being very deep 
and rich; whilst eastwards, through Northern Siberia as far as the 
island of Tesso, the birds get purer white and the chestnut on the 
flanks less rich. This has been noticed before by several able naturalists, 
such as Pallas, Eaclde, and Schrenck, and has, later on, given 
origin to names like 8. scptcntrionalis, S. aclveaa, and especially B. 
uralensis* 

Bab. The Northern Nuthatch inhabits the greater part of the 
northern Pala?aretie region, extending from Scandinavia through 
Eussia and Siberia to the northern island of Japan. In Europe its 
southern frontier seems to be the Baltic Sea, as It is not found in 
England, "Western and Central Europe. 

a. S. europcea. 
a. Ad. sk. Europe. 
Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. S. Norway, Aug. 1859. F. B. Godmanand 0. Sal-
Tin, EKJTP. "P.". 
c. S 
ad. sk. S. Norway, May 1866. F.D. Godmanirad0.Salvm, 
E^qrx "IV. 
d. Ad. sk. Sweden. 
Gould Collection."* 
e. c? ad. sk. Sweden, 
Gould Collection. 
•f. Skeleton. Germany. 
Dr. Giinther, 
ft. 8. uralensis. 

a, J ad. sk. Krasnoyarsk, Nov. 3, 1878 H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
(Siberia). 

b. S ad. sk. Tenesay, 66¥ north lat, H. Seebohm, Esq. TP.]. 
April 28, 1877. 
c Ad. sk. Archangel. Gould Collection. 

d. Ad. sk. Hakodadi, Oct. 20,1865 Gould Collection. 
(Wh'tekj). 
e. Imm. sk. N. Eussia. Purchased. 
/ . Ad. sk. Yokohama (IT. &yer). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [0.]. 
Subsp. a. Sitta nagaensis. 
Sitta nagaensis, Godtv.-Aust. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 44. 

Breast dingy greyish white, entire flanks rich chestnut-red; under 
tail-coverts with a large white subterminal spot, edged "and tipped 
with chestnut-red (not rusty chestnut with a white subterminal 
spot, as the original description has it). In every other respect this 
bird is exactly like JS. europcea, var. uralensis, 

Culmen.
in. 
Wing. 
In. 
Tail. 
in. 
Tarsus. 
in. 
a. Ad. <J ... . 0-68 3-1 1-5 0-7 {Brit. Mm.). 
& 3*0 1-75 tym\Godw.-Amten). 

Hal. Hills of BUG. Bengal. 
a, 6 ad. sk. Munipur (Godwin-Austen). Gould Collection. 


5 
SITTA. 345 

2. Sitta amurensis. 
Sitta amurensis, SioinJi. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 3-50 ; Taezan. J. f. 0. 1875, 
p. 244; id. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 136 (1876); Dav. $ 
Omtal Ois. Chine, p. 90; Bolau, J.f. 0. 1880, p. 115. 
The Nuthatches from the Amoor country are Intermediate in 
colour between the northern form ($. europcea) and the southern one 
($. ccesia). The chin, sides of neck, throat, and breast are pure 
white; the asillaries, sides of breast, abdomen, and flanks are 
ochraceous buff, inclining to chestnut on the flanks ; there is, however, 
no pronounced chestnut patch to the flanks; under tail-coverts 
and all the other parts as in S. europcea. 

2 (Ussuri). Culmen 0*75 inch, wing 3*15, tail 1*75, tarsus 0*75. 
Hab. Siberia. 

a. § ad. sk. Ussuri river, 48° N. lat., R. B. Skarpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Nov. 12,1873 {Dyboioski). 
b. S 
ad. sk. Narimskaja, Ob, 5S° N. lat., Dr. Finsch [O.]. 
(moulting). Sept. 16,1876. 
3. Sitta magna. 
Sitta magna, Wardlaw Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 677, pi. lxiii.; id. 
Ibis, 1877, p. 465; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 343; id. §• Davison, 
Str. F. 1878, p. 201; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 90; Oates, B. Brit. 
Burm. p. 133. 

General colour above blue-grey, paler on the nape and crown; 
very conspicuous black stripe from nostrils, over the eye, along the 
sides of the neck; underparts of body " smoky grey, nearly white 
about throat and neck; lower tail-coverts, vent, and thighs brilliant 
chestnut, each feather of the former broadly tipped with 
white" (W. Ramsay): all the other parts are coloured as in 8. 
europcea. Culmen 1 inch, wing 4'5, tail 2*7, tarsus 0*95 

Hab. Burmah. 

4. Sitta aetunayeri. 
• Sitta neumayeri, Micliali. Isis, 1830, p. 814; Powys, Ibis, I860, 
p. 232; Xrilper, J.f. 0.1861, p. 129; Degl. $ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. 
i. p. 183; Dresser, B. Fur. iii. p. 183, pi. 120; Hume, Str. F. 
1878, p. 373; Schahw, J. f. O. 1880, p. 272; Giglioli, Ibis, 1881, 
p. 195. 
• Sitta xufeseens, Gould, B. Fur. iii. pi. 235 (1832). 
. Sitta rupestris, Cantr. in Temm. Man. d'Om. iii. p. 287 (1835). 
• Sitta saxatilis, ScJiinz, Eur. Faun. i. p. 266 (1840). 
8itiQf%T[^ 
-(1835); Gray, 
Gen. B. i. p. 147; Degl. Orn. Eur. i. p. 603; Bp. C. A. I p. 227; 
Cab. Mm. Hein.'l. p. 93; Lindermayer, Yog. Grieclienl. (I860) 

p. 67; Riva, Orn. Tieinese, p. 311; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 181, 
no. 2485; Doderl. Aves Skit. p. 59; Rey, Si/n. europ. Brutvb'g. 
p. 30. 
Sitta rupicola, Blanf. Ibis, 1873, p. 87 ; ? id. East. Pers. ii. p. 225, 
pi. xv. Hg. 2; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 176, note. 

Adult male. General colour above pale slaty blue or lead-colour; 

346 
cEEiHimaE* 

the black stripe from the nasal and loral region passing through the 
eye and along the sides of the neck rather broad; quills light brown, 
their external web and the innermost secondaries and the wing-
coverts more like the back ; tail-feathers like back, outer pairs with 
slight fulvous terminal edgings; throat, sides of head and neck, and 
upper breast white; rest of underparts, including the thighs and the 
whole of the under tail-coverts, rusty ochraceous; under wing-coverts 
black. All the other parts are coloured as in 8. europceo. 

Female and young. Paler in general coloration; underparts less 
white, more tinged with pale cream-colour; rest of underparts 
creamy isabelline; "bill blackish, except below near the base, 
where it is pale grey, almost white; legs horny grey: soles pale 
and slightly yellowish?? (Blanford). 

d. Taurus. Culmen 0*9 inch, wins? 2*9, tail 1*75, tarsus 0-9. 
$ . Taurus. „ 0-86, „ 3-0, „ 1-9, „ 0-9. 
Hah. The whole of the Balkan peninsula, through Asia Minor 
(Cilician mountains), and through the northern half of Persia, 
where its range seems to end. 

a. S ad. sk. Taurus, Jan. 15, 1876 (C. F. D. Goclman and O. Sal-
G. Danfo?xI). vin, Esqrs. ~J?.\ 
h. 
2 ad. sk. Tamaular Dagh, Kov. 25, F. D. (rodmanancl O. Sal1875 
(0. G. Danford). vin, Esqrs. "P.]. 
e. 
$ ad. sk, Elburz Mountains, 6000 ft., W. T. Blanford, Esq. [Of. 
Aug. 16,1872. (Type of 8. rupzcola.) J 
d. Ad. sk. S.E. Europe. Gould Collection, 
^^ 5. Sitta syriaca, 

Sitta syriaca, EJirenh. in Temm, Man. cTOrn. iii. p. 2^6 (1335) ; 
Gray, Gen. B. i.p. 147; Reichenb. Handb., Scans, p. 150, pi. 511. rigs. 
3549-50,-LicM. Nbmencl p. G5; ? v. Midler, J. f. O. 1858, p. 221 
(South France ?) ; Sorsf. § Moore, Cat. B. Mils. E.I. Co. p. 721; 
Tristram, Ibis, 1859, p. 28; Mat. Ibis, 1805, p. 308; Gray, Iland-l. 

B. i. p. 181, no. 2485; Severta. J.f. 0.1873, pp. 345, 387; 'id. Turk 
Jevotn. p. Q6. 
Sitta syriaca, Ehrb. pt., Bp. C. A. i. p. 227 (1850), 
Sitta neumayeri, Dress. Ibis, 1876, p. 176* 

*-~* Sitta tephronota, Sharpe, Ann. fy Mag. Nat. Eisi. 1S72, p. 450; 
Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 176, note. 

General colour above paler" than in 8. neumayeri; throat and 
sides of neck white with a creamy tinge; the Hack stripe along the 
sides of the head and neck seems rather broader than in 8. neumayeri; 
in the colour of all the other parts the Syrian Nuthatch agrees with 
the other form, from which it chiefly differs by its much larger size. 

Total length about 6 inches. 
Oulmen.
in. 
Wing. 
in. 
Tail. 
in. 
Tarsus. 
in. 
(J. SyriaBolan Pass 
1-1 
1-05 
3-75 
3*25 
2-25 
2-0 
1*1 
0-95 
d • Shiraz 1*55 3-45 2*1 1*15 
§. Oandahar$. KashgarCentral Asia 
1-0 
1-01 
1-05 
3*35 
3-25 
3*5 
2-05 
1-95 
2-25 
0*95 
0*97 
1-0 

5. SITTA. 347 
Hal. Palestine, Southern Persia, Afghanistan, and Southern 
Turkestan. It may be looked upon as a large form and southeastern 
representative of 8. neumayeri. 

a. J ad. sk. Shiraz, 4750 ft.. June 1869. Sir 0. St. John [0.1. 
b. Ad. sk. Shiraz, 6000 ft., June 2, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [0.]. 
1872. 
c. [ $ ] ad. sk. Persia. 
d. Ad. sk. Bolan Pass {Griffith). India Museum. 
e. <$ ad. sk, Kandahar, April 28,1881. Lieut.-Col. Swinhoe [P.], 
/. <5 ad. sk. Kojuk. Lieut.-Col. Swinhoe [P,j. 
g. Ad. sk. Kandahar {Griffith), India Museum. 
h. Ad. sk. Kasbgar (Belleio). India Museum [P.]. 
i. $ ad. sk, Turkestan. Gould Collection. 
h. <$ ad. sk. Turkestan (Bode). K. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
6. Sitta csesia. 
La petite Sittelle (Sitta minor), Biiss, Aves, iii, p. 592 (1760). 
Le Torche-pot, Month. PI Enl. yi. p. 811, pi. 88 (1783). 
Sitta europoea. Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 261 (1790, nee linnS) ; Letoin, 


B. Gt. Britain, i. p. 46, pi. 52; Beclislein, Tasclicnb. Vog. 
Beutschl. p. 74; Donovan, Nat. II Brit. Birds, pi. 81; Temm. 
Man. cVOrn. i. p. 407; Brehm, Beitrdge z. VogelLunde, iii. p. 214 ; 
Roux, Ornitli. Provenc, p. 364; Naum. Nat. Vog. Beutschl v. 
p. 35(5, pi. 139; lesson, Traite d'Om. p. 316, pi. 65 (partini) ; Gloger, 
Naturgesch. Vog. Europ, p. 376; Eyton, Hist. Barer Brit. B. 
p. 26; Macgillivr. Brit. B. iii. p. 46; Benoit, Orn. Sicil. p. 30 ; 
Degland, Orn. Eur. i. p. 600; Kjcerbolling, Ban. Fugle, p. 70; 
Bailly, Orn. de la Savoie, iii. p. 22 ; Meyer, Brit. Birds, iv. p. 14, 
pi. 138; Jaub. fy Lajpomm. Mich. Orn. p. 300; Lindermayer, Vog. 
Griecli. p. 08; Riva, Orn. Ticinese, p. 310; Harting, B. Middlesex, 
p. 116; Newman, Bict. Brit. B. p. 209; Cecil Smith, Birds Somerset, 
p. 262 (1869); Borggreve, Vogelf. N.-Beidschl. p. 79; Prev. et 
Lemaire, Ois. Eur. p. 175, pi. 74; Cordeaux, Birds Humber, p. 70 
(1872) ; Fallon, Ois. Belq. p. 115. 
Sitta c*esia, Meyer 8? Wolf, 'Taschenb. deutsch. Vogelh. i. p. 128 (1810); 
Meyer, Vog. Mv-und Esthlands, p. 67 ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. 

p. 189; Bp. C. Ai.p.227; Cab.Mus.Hein.i.-$.93; Reichenb.IIandb., 
Seam. p. 149, pi. 510.figs. 3546-47; Ilorsf. $Moore, Cat. B. M. E.I 
Comp. p. 720; Schleg. Vog. Nederl p. 110, pi. 64 (1858), p. 95, 
pi. 12. tig. 10; Begl Bf Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 182; Saunders, Ibis, 
1871, p. 208; Rey, Synon. europ. Brutvog. p. 29; Keidemans, Onze 
Vog. pi.; Bresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 175, pi. 119; Newton, ed. Tarrell 
Brit. B. p. 478; Rodd, B. CornwallfyScilly Isles, p. 44; Liebe, 
J", f. 0.1878, p. 23; Schalow, J.f. 0.1876, p. 128, 1880, p. 272. 
Sitta'pinetorum, Brehm, Vog. Beuischl p. 205 (1881). 
Sitta foliorum, Brehm, Vog. Beutschl. p. 206. 
? Sitta septentrionalis, Brehm, Vog. Beutschl. p. 206. 
Sitta affinis, Blyth, J. As. Soc. Beng. xv. p. 288 (1846). 
Sitta krueperi, Tristram, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 433. 
Sitta s. Pica cinerea, Boderlein, Avif. Sicil. p. 58 (1869). 
Sitta sinensis, Verr. Nouv. Arch. Mus., Bull. vi. p. 34 (1871), vii. 

p. 28, & ix. pi. 4 (1873); Stoinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 350; Bav. Sf 
Oust. Ois. Clime, p. 90. 
Sitta chinensis, Vieill Nouv. Bict. xxxi. p. 332 (1819). 


348 
CERTHIIDJS. 

Differs from S. eurqpcea in having all the underparts creamy or 
ochraceous instead of white; only the chin, the upper throat, and 
the lower half of the ear-coverts white; flanks and under tail-coverts 
like these parts in S. mroprpa. Total length about 5 inches. 

Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 
in. in. in. in. 

<$. England .. 0-81 3-3 1-75 0-8 
tf. Asia Minor 0-74 S"> 1-74 0-8 
§. Germany 0*8 3-4 1-85 0-85 

Obs. Specimens from Southern Europe and from Asia Minor have 
the underparts more richly coloured than the more northern ones. 

Sab. Represents the northern species in "Western, Central, and 
Southern Europe; it also extends its range into Asia Minor and 
Southern Siberia and China (>$. sinensis). As it is also recorded 
from Algiers and from the Canary Islands, it may be said to inhabit 
the southern half of the Palsearctic region. 

a. 
2 a0^ sk* Avington, Hants, Nov. 25, Capt. Shelley [P.], 
1872. 
1, c. Ad. sk. Avington, Hants, Nov. 25, E. Shelley, Esq. [P.]. 
1872. 


d. Ad. sk, Avington, Nov. 11,1873. B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Cookharn, Berks. B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
e,f. $ $ ad. sk. 

Surrey, Jan. 1857. F. B. Grodrnan and 0. 

g, h. <$ J ad. sk, 

Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
th $ J ad. sk. Surrey, Jan. 1857. F. D. Godman and O. 
Salvin, Esqrs, [P.]. 
5 ad. sk. Middlesex, Sept. 30,1856. F. D. Godman and O. 
Salvin, E«qrs. ~P.]. 

m. c? ad. sk. Egkam, Surrey, October. Gould Collection" 
n. Imm. sk. Berkshire, June. Gould Collection. 
o. Ad. sk. Berkshire, June. X Gould, Esq. [C.I. 
p. Juv. sk. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker JC.j. "* 
g, r, S $ ad. sk. Cambridgeshire, 
5. Nestling st. Cambridgeshire. 
t. <$ ad. sk. France. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
u. 5 ad. sk. Saxonv, Sept. 17,1848. Gould Collection. 
v. 5 ad. sk. Belgium, April 12, 1844. Brussels Museum [P.]. 
w. d1 ad. sk. Paris (J. Gould), India Museum [P."j. 
x. <$ ad. sk. Bordeaux. Gould Collection. 
y. 
<$ ad. sk. Alum Dagk, Asia Minor, F. D. Godman and 0. 
Dec. 27, 1868 (Bobsori). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.l 
z. 
$ ad. sk. Buyukdere, Dec. 29 (Hob-R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
son). 
a'. Ad. sk. Belgrade, Feb. 5, 1873 R. B. Sharpe, Esq, [P.]. 
(Robson), 
b\ J ad. sk. Taurus, Dec. 15, 1875 (C. F. D. Godman and 0. 

G. JDanford). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.J. 
c\ <$ ad. sk. Taurus, April 5,1876 (C. F. D. Godman and O. 
G. Danford). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
d'. Skeleton. England. * Zoological Society. 
e'. Skeleton. England. 
Skull. England. 
Skull. England. Rae, Esq. [P.l.
h'. Sternum. England. Bae, Esq. [P.], 

5. SITTA. 
349 
7. Sitta Mmalayensis. 
Sitta kimalayensis, Jard. et 8elby, III. Orn. iii. pi. 144 (1835) ; Gray, 
Gen. B. i. p. 148; Gould, B. Asia, part i. j i?^. C. A. I. p. 227; 
Horsf. # .Mbore, Ctez!. p. 720; Jerdon, B. Ind. i. p. 385; #cto. 
1^,1865, p. 309; Jerdon, Ibis, 1872, p. 20; Hume, 8tr. F. 1879, 

p. 262. 
Sitta hiinalayana, Blyth, J. A. S. B. six. p. 579 ; ad (M i?. Mies. 
As. Soc. p. 190; Adams, P. Z. & 1858, p. 494, 1859, p. 174. 
Sitta nipalensis, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. v. p. 779 (1836); id. in Gray's 
Zool. Misc. 1844, p. 82 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 148. 
Sitta nepalensis, Bp. C. A. i. p. 227 (1850) ; Licht. Nomencl. p. 65 
^ (1854). 
Sitta hhnalaiensis, JReichenb. Handb,, 8cans.x>. 151, pi. 512, figs. 3551, 
3552 (1851). 

This bird is closely allied to 8. ewsia, from which species it 
chiefly differs by its much smaller size and by the colour of the tail 
and under tail-coverts. General colour above deep slaty blue; the 
greater part of the basal two thirds of the central pair of tail-feathers 
is pure white, the rest coloured like the back; all the outer feathers of 
the tail are black, the outer two pairs having large white subterminal 
patches. Old males have the sides of the breast, the flanks, abdomen, 
and the whole of the under tail-coverts rich rufous ochraceous, 
sometimes almost chestnut-red; ear-coverts and fore neck pale 
ochraceous. " Bill dusky bluish, changing to fleshy grey towards 
the base; iris dark brown, legs fleshy grey" {Hodgson). Culmen 
0-65 inch, wing 2-7-2-9, tail 1-45-1-6, tarsus 0*7. 

Female. Throat, fore neck, and upper part of breast rather whitish 
or pale cream-colour ; the rufous on the sides less pronounced. 
Hal. The higher regions of the greater part of the Himalayas. 

a. (S ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
b) c,d. <$ $ ad. sk. Nepal (B. II. Hodgson), India Museum [P.]. 
(Types of 8. nipalensis.) 
e,f, g, h,i. [<$ ? ] Nepal (B. H. Hodgson). India Museum [P.]. 


ad. sk. 
h, I. <$ ad. sk. Barjiling (Pearson). India Museum [P.]. 
m,n. <$ J ad.sk. Kumaon (CapL~8tra- India Museum [P.J. 


chey). 

o. Ad. sk. Darjiling. Gould Collection. 
p% [ s\ ad. sk. Mussoorie, Aug. 12,1868 Gould Collection, 
(Marshall). 
q, r. Ad. sk. Bootan. Pemberton, Esq. [P.]. 


s. 
[cJ] ad. sk. N.W.Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pin-
will [P.]. 
8. Sitta neglecta. 
Sitta neglecta, Wold. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) v. p. 218 (1870); Hume, 
8tr.F. 1874, p. 473, 1875, p. 87; Mwes, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 661; 
Blyth, B. Burm. p. 112 ; Hume $ Davison, 8tr. F. 1878, p. 201; 
Hume, 8tr. F. 1879, p. 90 j Bingham, 8tr.F. 1880, p. 171; Oates, 

B. BriU JBurm. p. 131. 
350 
CEBTBJXDM. 

Intermediate between 8. ccesia and 8. Mmalayensis, having the 
richly ocliraceous or ferruginous-coloured underparts of the latter 
(no chestnut patch to the flanks) and the tail with the under tail-
coverts of 8. ccesia. Lores, supereilium, cheeks, chin, and base of 
primaries white. 

Oulmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 
in. 

in. in. in. 

3 adult 0*73 3-1 1-6 0-71 
$ adult 0-73 2'95 1-55 0-70 

Hab. Burmah, from the Karen hills to Tenasserim. 

a. Ad. sk. Prome, August 26,1873. E. W. Oates, Esq. [0.]. 
9. Sitta fcrueperi 
Sitfca krueperi, von Pekeln, Sitz. hais. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xlviii. Abth. i. 
p. 149 (1863); id. J.f.O.1860, p. 49; ScM. Ibis, 1805, p. 310, 
pi. vii,; Tristram, Ibis, 1866, p. 285; Mey, 8yn. enrop. JBrutvog, 
1872, p. 30; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 189, pi. 121; Krilper, J. f, O. 
1875, p. 273 j Danford, Ibis, 1878, p. 10; Sckatow, J. f O. 1880, 
p. 272. 
Adult male. General colour above rich slaty blue; forehead jet-
black; a few feathers at the base of the bill and a conspicuous 
superciliary stripe white; a blackish stripe running from the nostrils 
through the eye; sides of head, chin, and throat white; on the fore 
neck and upper breast a largo patch of chestnut-red ; all the rest of 
the underparts pale slaty grey; thighs and under tail-coverts chestnut-
colour, with largo white tips; quills brown; central pair of tail-
feathers like the back, rest black, with grey tips and white subterminal 
spots ; bill dark horny colour, paler at base; legs slaty grey; 
iris brown. Total length about 4*5 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 2*9, 
tail 0*7, tarsus 0*65. 

Adult female. Forehead blackish, the feathers tipped with greyish 
blue; the chestnut colour on the fore neck paler; ail the rest of the 
underparts with a dull fulvous tinge, especially on the abdomen. 

In the young bird the black stripe through the eye is greyish and 
scarcely visible. 

Hab. Asia Minor and Syria. 

a. $ 
ad. sk Tamaular Bagh, Asia Minor, Nov. F. B. Gfodman and 0. 
25,1875 (C. G. Danford). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.], 
b. $ ad. sk Tamaular Bagh, Nor. 25, 1875 H. Seebohm, Esq. 
(C. G. Dcmford). 
I?-]. 

c. 
2 ad. sk, Taurus, Bee. 12,1875 (C. G.DcmF. 
B. G-odinan and 0. 
ford). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.], 
d. $ ad. sk Taurus, Jan. 6,1876 CO. G. Dan-H. Seebohm, Esq. 
ford). [P.J, 
e. $ ad. sk, Lycia, March 23,1874. H.J.Elwes,EsgA.[P.]. 
!>, mm. 
M>1 

10. Sitta costaneoventria. 
l«Wpiigiiuuw-b<»irn»d FNn111st*I«sIi^ Ittflt. ///< h\ \\, p. 71. 

Sittn easiatiemeiifih, 
FniniJu^ l\ / . »N. Is;JI, p. Ii»I; */r/n/. .V *'% , 
i//. O/v/. iil pi. I to; %//i, rtf. II MM% <k Me. p. UK); r»w«/t 
//. *isw, i. pi. 11; //.>/N/*.\S- */»>**/%% (W. i>. 7 if J ; J*rd<>n, li, /w/. i, 

p. 
HNt; litartat, Ibh, Nil*, p. li* 1 ; ,/w/<wt Ik\ 1*72, p. -I; 
^ Drewr, />*. Km\ iil. p, i7t», note* 
Sitta castanoi ventre, ify'. C. «'• i» Is« ~~** iidckaik llmidk} fittins. 

p. 
IfjJ, pK 511*. tigs. iJ«MiUV»; SduL lbis< lN*>, p. JilO; Hume, 
Silt a castanoa, &M . 7W/f» if (MM, p. JUO (1M1). 

Sitta ltaTiigiiieo\ cut ris, (loutd, Atfantfitm, 1M{), p. 11N1. 

Adult hiah, tumoral eolour above slaty blue,lightest on the head; 
a narrow black stripe from the uustsils, through tho iv}<\ along the 
sides of tho neck, leaving the bind region ^hite like the eheeks, 
chin, and upper throat; ear-to verts and part of sides of neek jot-
black; quillrt blackish, external web like the back, inner web edged 
with white; central pair of tail-leather** and outer web of the 
others like the luek, the outermost pairs w itli a subternunal white 
patch on the inner \\ eb ; under *\\ing-eo veils and edge of wing black, 
edged with bluish gre\ ; near the base of the primaries a white patch; 
all the underparts but the upper throat deep chestnut-cinnamon.; 
thighs and under tail-eovert& bluish grey, broadly edged with chestnut; 
bill horny black, paler at base of inaudible; legb lead-colour; 
iris brown. Total length about o inches, oilmen 0*7<3, wing 2*85, 
tail 1*5, tarsus 0*7. 

Females and you'taj hints have the general colour above paler and 
duller, the white spots on the tail larger; all the underparts of the 
body isabellino brown, deeper on the Hanks and tho abdomen; the 
bluish grc\ of the tail-feathers is restricted to part of the inner web. 

1Mb. Afghanistan and the greater part of the Indian peninsula. 

a,b. <Jad.sk. Behai*. Jill.llodgstm, l!k|. [P.J. 
e. <$ ad. hk. Seolapore. Gould Collection, 
d-f. S ad. flk, Liteknow, April l~, 1879. Col Wa;y I I\ |. 
g. cjad.sk. N.W. Himalayas. Cant. Stackhouhti Pinwill 
[IK], 
h. Pad.sk. Is.W. Iliiualava*. Capl, Staekhouse Pim\ill 
t. 9ad.s k Olipore, Afghanistan India Mimami [P. j . 
(fln/fitt). 
h, 2 acl.sk. Bhamwid, Afghanistan India Miibeuni [P.]. 
((iriffith). 

11. Sitta cinnamomeoventrifl. , 
Sitta einnannn entris, lilyth, J, .A, *y. /A«//„M, p. 450; id. Cat, h\ 
Mm. A». Moc. p. ]M>; llvrxfi <S Moore, Cut p. 7t2, 
Sitta castauuoventrib, MvdtjK m (iraifn Zool. J/i>. p. H2 (1*41, me 

FrankL). 
Sitta cnmameovenfrH (*nty9 Hoi* li. L p. 14S (lfciti). 
Sitta ciimanionieoventris, Cak Mtts. JMM, I p. IK) ( INJO) ; (jvuid, li. 

As la} pi. b; Mt k lit nb, llandb,, bctuui* p. 1&2, tigs. o5oO~-58) Jerdon, M. 

352 
CEETHUBiE. 

Itid. I p. 387; Sclat Ibis, 1865, p. 310; Beavan, Bis, 1869, p. 425; 

Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 176, note; Hmne, Sir. F. 1879, p. 2o3. 
Sitta nipalensis, Bp. C. A. i. p. 227. 
Sitta cinnainomeiventris, Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 366; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, 

p. 21. 
The following references tyelong^tp specimens from Kaskniere and 
Afghanistan. I am unable to separate theni from & chmamomeownter 
after an examination of a large series of the latter :— 

Sitta cashmirensis, Brooks, Pr. A. 8. B. 1871, p. 209; id. Journ. 

A. 8. B. 1872, ii. p. 7Q ; W. Bamsay, Ibis^lSSO, p. 51. 
Sitta cinnamomeiventris, W. Bamsay, Ibis, 1879, p. 447. 
Adult male: The under tail-coverts are grey at their base, and are 
broadly edged with cinnamon-brown, each feather with a conspicuous 
white subterminal spot; tail-feathers deep black, tipped with 
grey and with conspicuous white subterminal patches, central pair 
like the back; cheeks, part of the loral region, and the chin white ; 
ealpe throat cinnamon-brown; all the other parts are coloured like 
in S. castaneoventer. Culmen 0*8-0*9 inch, wing 1*3-3*3, tail 1*71*
8, tarsus 1*72. Female slightly smaller in dimensions. 

The female has all the unclerparts vinous brown or fawn-colour; 
sides of head and throat whitish. 
Obs. Yery old males'have the outer web and extreme tip of the 
primary quills and tail-feathers slightly marked with whitish. 
Hub. Himalayas and Burmese 8countries. 

a. [ (S ] ad. sk. N.W. India. Capt. Boys [C.J. 
b,c. 
[ $ § ] ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. \ t Capt. Stackhoube Pinwill 
[P.]. 

d. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Purchased. 
e, f. <$ § ad. sk. Nepal. , . ; , x •, B. H. Hodgson, Esq. HP. 
g, h. <S ad. sk. Nepal.' B. H. Hodgson, E^ . [P, 
i, k, I $ J ad. sk. Nepal {Hodgson). India Museum ~P.^. 
m. S ad. sk. B^eeling. Gould Collection. "* 
n, o. (S $ ad. sk. Bootan (Peniberton). India Museum "P.". 
p. 
S ad. sk. Bhamo, Northern Bur- E. W. Oates, Esq. ~J?.]. 
mah, November 1880, 
q. Ad. sk. , Tonghoo. E. W. Oates, Esq. [P.]. 
12. Sitta leucopsis. 
Sitta leucopsis, Gould, P. Z. S.1849, p. 113 • id, B. Asia, i. pi. 10 • Bp. 
C. A. i. p. 227; Meichenb. Handb. p. 152, pi. 513. figs. 3559, 35(50 ; 
Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. p. 721; Jerdon, B. Lid. i. p. 38o; Selab. Ibis, 
1809, p. 310; Beavan, Ibis, 1809, p. 424 j Jerdon, Ibis, 1872, p. 20; 
Bkves, P. Z. S. 1875, p. Gooj Dresser, B. Bur. iii. p. 170, note ; 
^ct%, 1^,1881, p. 655. ; ? 
Sitta castanilia, Bp. in litt. (teste Gray). 

General colour above dark slaty blue; crown of head and part of 
the sides of the neck glossy black; quills brown; central pair oi 

5. SITTA. 353 
tail-feathers like the back; the others black with greyish tips and with 

white subterminal patches to the inner web; under wing-coverts sooty 

black; flanks, abdomen, and under tail-coverts rich chestnut-red; 

sides of head, orbital region, and the whole of the fore neck and 

breast white; bill dark horny, lighter at base of mandible; legs 

dark lead-colour. Oilmen 0*8 inch, wing 3, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*75. 

Had. North-western Himalayas. 

a. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. India Museum [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Dr. Stoliczka [PJ. 
c. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas (Br. Bellezv). India Museum [P.]. 
d. Imm. sk. Gilgit, 10,000'feet, August 10, Major Biddulph [C.]. 
1879. 
e. $ ad. sk. Gilgit, 10,000 feet, August 10, Major Biddulph [0.]. 
18/9. 
f. d [ad.] sk. Astor, October 2, 10,000 feet. Major Biddulph [C.]. 
13. Sitta carolinensis. 
Sitta europsea, var. y, Gmel. 8. N. i. p. 440 (1788). 
Sitta gftnad(!B*h», Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 202 (1790). 
Sitta carolinensis, Wils. Am. Orn. tab. 2. fig. 3 (1808) ; Nuttall, Man. 


i. p. 581; Zicht. Verz. Donbl. p. 17 (1823); Swains. Faun. Bor.-
Amer. Intr. p. xxxvii; And. Orn. Biogr. ii. p. 299 (1834), v. p. 473, 
pi. 152 ; id. B. Amer. iy. p. 175, pi. 114; Swains. Class. B. p. 318 j 
Bp. C. A. i. p. 227 ; Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 93 ; Reichenb. Handb., Scans. 
p. 153, pi. 513. nos. 3563, 3564 (1851); Prinz Wied. J.f O. 18£8. 
p. 106; Hartl. P. Z. S.1858,* p. 300; Sclat, P. Z. S. 1859, pp. 363 & 
373; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 374; Sclat. Cat. Am. B. p. 15; Baird, 
Rev. Am. B. p. 86 ; Sclat Ibis, 1865, p. 310; Baird, Ibis, 1867, 
p. 270; Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 83; Baird, Brew.. § Bidgw. N. 
Am. B. p. 114; miirling, J.f. 0. 1880, p. 114. 
Sitta melanocephala, Vieill. N. 'Diet. xxxi. p. 336 (1819) ; id. Gal. Ois. 
tab. 171, p. 280(1825). 
Sitta aculeata, Cass. Proc. Phil. Acad. viii. p. 254 (1856); Baird, B. 

N. Amer. p. 375 ; id. Review Amer. B. j . 86 ; id. J. f. O. 1866, 
p. 257; id. Ibis, 1867, p. 270 ; Brown, Ibis, 18G8, p. 421; Cooper, 
Orn. Calif, p. 54 (1870). 
Sitta carolinensis, var. aculeata, Cassin, Baird, Brew, fy R. JSr. Am. B. 

p. 117 (1874). 
Sitta carolinensis aculeata, Coues, B. Color ad. Vail p. 134 (1878). 
Adult male. Crown of head, nape, and hind neck jet-black; loral 
and superciliary region, sides of head, chin, throat, and centre of 
breast pure white, washed with grey towards the sides of the breast 
and flanks; some of the feathers of the flanks broadly tipped with 
reddish brown; thighs chestnut; under tail-coverts white; greater part 
of inner web chestnut; under wing-coverts and edge of wing jet-
black ; a conspicuous white patch on basal part of inner web of primaries 
and primary under wing-coverts; upper wing-coverts and quills 
black, tipped and edged with bluish grey or white; outer web of 
secondaries much like the back; central pair of tail-feathers blue-
grey like the back; all the other feathers black, with large white 
subterminal patches 011 either web. 

VOL. VIII. 2 A 

CEBTHUDiE. 

Adult female. Crown like the back; lower breast and abdomen 
washed with pale buff; flanks greyish buff; greater coverts narrowly 
lipped with buff and whitish. 

Measurements of five males:—Total length about 6 inches. 

Oilmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 
in. in. in. in. 
Michigan 0-7 3-5 1*8 075 
Michigan 0-8 3-55 1-9 0-75 
Western Eocky Mountains 0*9 3%J5 1'8 0*7 
Western Rocky Mountains.... 0-9 3"55 2*0 0-7 
Mexico . 0-85 3'55 1-8 0-73 

Obs. The difference between an eastern form (8. carolinensis) and 
a western variety (S. aculeata) is said to be that the western individuals 
have the bill slightly larger, and that they have the greater 
wing-coverts less black than the true 8. carolinensis. 

Eab. The "White-bellied Nuthatch inhabits nearly the whole of 
the United States and part of British America, extending its range 
southwards into Mexico. 

a,b. S S ad.st. North America. Purchased. 

c. $ ad. sk. Ohio. Dr. Kirtland [P.]. 
d, e. Ad. sk. Michigan. Prof. Steere [P.]. 
/. g ad. sk. Hyde Park, Illinois. H. K. Ooale, Esq. [P.], 
g1 h. S ad. sk. W. side Rocky Mountains. J. K. Lord, Esq. fT-l* 
i-l <j> ad. sk. W. side Rocky Mountains. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P. J. 
m. Imm. sk. California, . Lord Walsingliam [P.]. 
n. f?]&k. California. Lord Walsingham [P.J. 
o. Imm. sk. Mexico. Gould Collection. 
p. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
14. Sitta canadensis. 
Sitta canadensis, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 592, pi. 29. fig. 4 (1760); Linn. 
S. N. i. p. 177; Lath. hid. Orn. i. p. 262; Gm. S. N. i. p. 441; 
Nutiall, Afa?i. i. p. 583; Audub. Orn. Biogr. ii. p. 24; id. ibid. v. 
p. 474, pi. 180; id. B. Amer. iv. p. 179, pi. 248; Swains. Class. B. 
p. 818; Bp. C.A. i. p. 227 ; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 376; Sclat Cat. 
Am. B. p. 15; Blahist. Ibis, 1862, p. 5,-id. ibid. 1863, p. 67; 
Sclat. Ibis, 1865, p. 311 j Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 421; Baird, 
JRevieio Amer. B. p. 87 (1864) ; Cooper, Orn. Calif, p. 54; 
Baird, Brew., # Bidgw. Amer. B. p. 87; Corns, Kexj 5V. Am. B. 
p. 83; id. Birds Colorad. Vail. p. 136; Nehrling, J. f, 0. 1880, 
p. 414. 
La Sittelle du Canada, Daub&nt. PL Mil. vi. p. 311 (1783). 
La Sittelle a tete noire, Daubent, PL JEnl, vi. p. 313. 
Sitta varia, Wik. Am. Orn. t. 2.fig.4 (1808). 
Sitta stulta, Vieill. N. Diet. xxxi. p. 332 (1819). 
? Sitta melanocephala, Less. Traits d'Om. p. 316 (1831). 
Adult male. Crown of head, loral region, and a broad streak 
through the eye, ear-coverts, and part of the sides of the neck jet-
black ; the crown almost completely surrounded by a conspicuous 
white line, which nearly meets with its fellow on the nape; general 

5. SITTA. 355 
colour above rich, slaty blue; quills brownish; central pair of tail-
feathers like the back, the others black, with white subterminal 
patches; chin and cheeks whito, passing on the throat into the 
burnt-sienna colour which occupies the whole of the rest of the unclerparts; 
under tail-coyerts burnt-sienna with whitish tips; under wing-
coverts blackish with whitish tips. Total length about 4 inches, 
culmen 0*6, wing 2-65, tail 1-5, tarsus 0*6. 

Adult female. Crown coloured like the back, but of rather darker 
appearance, as the bases of the feathers are blackish; underparts 
paler than in the male. 

Hab. Nearly the whole of North America. 

a. d ad. sk. Repulse Bay. Dr. Bae [P.]. 
b. 2 ad. sk. Muskoka, Canada. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
c. $ ad. sk. 49th parallel, Oct. 6, N.A. Boundary C'om1874 
(Daivson), mission [P."]. 
d,e. J2 ad. sk. Chicago, Illinois. H. K. Coafe, Esq. [P.]. 
/. 6 ad. sk. Ohio, Dr. Kirtland [P.]. 
g, h. <$ ad. sk. Suniass, British Co- J. K Lord, Ek[. [P.]. 

lumbia. 
t, k. <3 ? ad. sk. West side Rocky J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
Mountains. 


Subspecies a. Sitta villosa. 

Sitta villosa, Verr. Nouv, Arch. Mus., Ball vol. i. p. 78, pi. 5. fig. 1 
(1865)5 id. P. Z. S. 1870, pp. 436,438; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 350 j 
Dress. B. Bur. iii. p. 177, note j JDav. §* Ousted. Ois. CMne, p. 91, 
pi. 13. 

Like S. canadensis in size and colour, but wanting the black patch 

on the sides of the neck, these parts being creamy whitish; under


parts not so bright as in the American species, but more brownish 

cream-colour. 

The female wants the black on the head, the crown being coloured 

like the back. 

Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 

in. in. in. in. 

tf 0-67 2-6 1-4 0-65 

J 0-65 2-5 1-4 0-G5 

Hob. Northern China. It is scarcely specifically distinct from the 
widely ranging North-American S. canadensis. 


a,b. (J J ad. sk. Peking, Aug. 1868 (M. Gould Collection. 
Smnhoe). 


15. Sitta pygmsea. 
Sitta pygmsea, Vigors, Zool Beechey's Voy. p. 25, pi. 4 (18H9)j 
UH Audtib. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 63, pi. 415; id. B. Amet\ iv. p. 184, 
pi. 250; Bp. C. A. i. p. 227; Mat. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 363 ; Baird, B. 

* 2JL2 
35 C) cminnw^. 
*«, 

K. Amer. p. 378; M'lat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 15 ; 27?*m?, Rev. Am. B. 
p. KS ; AV'/Vtf. Ibis, lH'tOf p. 31 1 ; Brown, Jim, l<s<>8, p. 4121 ; Cooper, //£',o/ 
Orn. ("allf. p. 55; /JW/Y/, i>Vw., ^ Rulgw. N. ./Iw. J5. p. 120,- //)/x 
CowA1, i>W.s' Coloratl Vail, p. 130. '*H,Z. /^?,^^ > $#er 
Jc/^/^ >w/Zt\ Entire crown of head, nape, and hind neck greenish 
ashy brown, ear-coverts and lores darker; no white superciliary 
stripe ; general colour above, including the upper wing-coverts, 
rich bluish grey ; quills Mack, both the webs of the primaries white 
at their bases, externally narrowly edged with bluish grey; outer 
webs of secondaries like- the back; terminal half of central pair of 
tail-feathers blue-grey ; greater part of basal half pure white ; the 
other pairs with largo grey tips, larger white subtcrminal patches, 
and the rest black; edge of wing and inner edge of quills white; 
under wing-coverts whitish and blackish ; all the underparts buff, 
inclining to white towards the cheeks and chin, strongly washed 
with bluish grey on the flanks. Total length below 4 Inches, culmen 
0-57-0*65; wing 2*5, tail 1*4, tarsus 0*57. 
Adult female. Like the male in plumage, 
Hab. Western and Middle Provinces of the United States, and 

Mexico. 
a, b. <$ J ad. sk. West side Rocky Mountains. 
J. K. Lord, Esq. TP.]. 
<?, d. d S ad. sk. West side Rocky Mountains. 
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
e. d ad. sk. California. Purchased. 
./. Ad. sk. California. Lord WaWngham [P.]. 

16. Sitta pusilla. 
Sitta carolinensis minor, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 598, pi. 5 (1760). 
La petite Sittclle a tete brime, Daubmt. PL Enl. v. p. 314 (1788). 
Sitta pusilla, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 203 (1790) ; Wilson, Amer. Orn. 


ii. p. 105, pi. 15; Tieilh Nouv. Did. xxxi. p. 385; Less. Trait$ 
a?Orn. p. 31(3; Swains. Class. B. p. 318; Nuttall, Man.i. p. 584; 
Auduh. Orn. Biogr. ii. p. 151, pi. 125; id. B. Amer. iv. p. 181, 
pi. 249; Bp. C. A. i. p. 227; Reichenb. Hanoi)., Scans, p. 153, pi. 514. 
tigs, 'SOT, 35Q8; Baird, B. JST. Amer. p. 377; Mat Cat. Am. B. 
p. J5; Baird, Rev. Amer. B. p. 88; Sclat. Ibis, lb65, p. 311 j 
Cones, Key iV. Am. B. p. 83; Baird, Brew.,fy Ridgw. N. Amer. B. 
p. 122. 
Adult. Crown, orbital region, and hind neck light brown; an indistinct 
white nuchal spot; mantle, scapulars, back, upper tail-coverts, 
and central pair of tail-feathers black, wiih grey tips and white 
subterminal patches to either web ; quills and wing-coverts blackish 
brown; external web of secondaries and of most of the coverts 
washed with the colour of the back ; under wing-coverts greyish ; 
all the underparts, including the sides of the neck, cheeks, and 
under tail-coverts dull white, strongly washed with grey on the 
flanks; bill horny brown; legs paler. Total length under 4 inches, 
culmen 0*65, wing 2-5, tail 1*3, tarsus 0*0. 

O. SITTA. 357 
Sexes alike in plumage. 
11ah. u South Atlantic and Gulf Stales." (B. Br., <J-Ridyway.) 

a, b. Ad. hk. North America, Major-Gen. Ilardwicke [P.]


17. Sitta azurea. 
Sitta azurea, Less* Traite cTOrn, p. 316 (1831) • Gray, Iland-l. B. i. 
p. 182, no. 2500 (I860). 
DendropMla fkmpes, Swain*. An. in Menag. pt. iii. p. 823 (1836) • 
Swains. Class. B. p. 318 ; Gray, Gen. B. i.'p. 148, pi. 45 ; Reichenb. 
Ilandb., Scans, p. 134, pi. 514. i W 3569, 3570; Bernstein, J. f. 0. 
1861, p. 122. 

Dendropliila gymnophrys, JBTM/I/, MSS. • Reichenb. Hanoi)., Scans. 

p. 154. 
Dendropliila symnopsis, ScMeg. MSS. 
Adult male. Entire crown, hind neck, and sicfes of head and neck, 
edge of wing, under wing-coverts, abdomen, flanks, and thighs deep 
black, sometimes with a bluish purple tinge ; mantle and back rich 
cyaneous with a slight shade of purple• upper and under tail-
coverts whitish blue ; most of the upper wing-coverts entirely deep 
black* quills deep black, with broad marginal and submarginal 
edgings to the outer webs of a pale blue colour; the greater coverts 
with large central patches of the same colour* tail-feathers black, 
with large sub terminal patches of light blue, except the central pair, 
which are only tipped with black, the rest light blue; quills below with 
a white patch near the edge of the wing ; chin, fore neck, and breast 
light cream-colour, the line of separation between this colour and 
the black of the abdomen strongly marked. Total length 5 inches, 
culmen 0*65, wing 3*1, tail 1*6, tarsus 0*65. 

Females and immature birds show a more or less brown tinge to 
the black parts of the crown and the sides of the head; abdomen 
dull blackish ; under tail-coverts with irregular edgings and tips of 
cream-colour. 

Hob. Java and Timor. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Java. Gould Collection. 

c. cS ad. sk. West Java. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [O.]. 
c. Acl. bk. Timor. Ley den Museum [P.]. 
18. Sitta formosa. 
Sitta formosa, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 938 (1843); id. Cat. B. Mm. 
As. Soc. p. 189 ; Jerdon, B. hid. i. p. 387 ; Sdat. Ibis, 1865, p. 308 j 
Jerdon, Ibis, 1872, p. 21. 
Callisitta formosa, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 47 (1872) • Reichenb. 
Handb., Scans, p. 154 (no fig.). 

Adult male. General colour above black, splendidly variegated 
with different shades of blue; streaked with cobalt-blue on the head 
and with azure blue on the back, and with whitish mixed with 
lavender on the sides of the neck ; lesser wing-coverts, scapulars, 
lower back, and upper tail-coverts greenish blue; rest of wing


358 CEETHIID2E. 

coverts and tlio quills black, the lowor and the secondary quills 
margined and lipped with white or pale blue, primaries with narrow 
blue edgings; 1 ail-feathers black, externally edged with blue, especially 
the central pair, the outer pairs with white; under wing-
coverts, edge of wing, and quills below black, with a white patch 
near the edge; all the rest of the underparts fulvous ochraceous, 
darker on ihc flanks, passing into whitish on the throat and sides 
of head ; bill dark horn-colour; " legs greenish horny, with yellow 
soles ; iris dark brown " (Jerdon). Total length 6-7 inches, culmen 
0-85, wing 3-05, tail 2*3, tarsus 0-85. 

Hob. Only found in the higher mountainous regions of Sikhim. 

a. Ad. sk. Darjilinsf. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
b, tf ad. sk. BiL'iim/Nov. 1870. H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
19. Sitta frontalis. 
Grtfeorhynchus frontalis, Swaiw. Zool. III. 1st ser. pi. 2 (1820-21). 
Mfttacilla frontalis, PqfflvrTr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 313 (1822). 
Sitta vclata, Temm. PL Col. 72 (1823) ; Less. TraiU cPOrn. p. 316. 
Sitta frontalis, Horsf. Tr.L. 8. xiii. p. 162 (1821); Fig. Mem. Jtaffi. 


p."G70; Tichell, J. A. S. Beng. ii. p. 579; McClell P. Z. S. 1839, 

p. 165; Gray, Gen. B. i. p/148; id. Cat. Hodgs. Coll. B. Mus. 
p. G2; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. p. 134. 
Sitla corallina, llodqs. J. A. S. B. v. p. 779 (1836) ; id. Gray18 Zool. 
Misc. p. S2; Gray, lland-l. B. i. p. 182, no. 2499. t* 
Dendropliila frontalis-, Sioains. Class. B. ii. p. 318 (1837) ; Jerd. 
Matlr. Joimi. xl p. 218; Blyth, J. As. Soc. Beng. xvi. p. 580; 
id. Cat. B. 3Ius. As. 8oc. p. 100; Mason, Bur'mah, p. 280 ; 
Bp. C, A. i. p. 220; Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 93; Beichejib. Handb., 
Scans, p. 154, pi. 514. figs. 3571-72; Kelaart, Prodromus Cat. 

p. 120; Layard, Ann.fy Mag. W. II. xii. p. 176; Horsf. $ Moore. 
Cat. B. 31. U.I. Co. ii. p. 722; Bernstein, J. /. STTEOTTp. 122; 
Jerdon, B. Ind. i. p. 388; v. Pelzeln^lVoiw. Peise, Vo'g. pp. 59,161; 
Beawm, Ibis, 1869, p. 425;" Jerdon, Ibis, 1872, p. 21; Holdsworth, 
P. Z. S. 1872, p. 435; Hume, WestsfyEggs, i. p. 161; -Salvad. Ucc. 
&?mr p.461; Lec/ge, JE&J-1874, p. 16; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 397; 
Bourdilbn, Str. F 1876, p. 393; Fairbanh, Str. F. 1877, p. 399; 
Hume 8f Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 201; Legge, Birds of Ceylon, 
p. 560; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 459. t 
Dendropliila corallina, Peichenb. Handb., Scans, p. 154 (1851); Hume, 
Str. F. 1874, p. 473, 1875, p. 89; Sharpe, Str. F. 1876, p. 436; 
Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yunnan, p. 633. 

Adult male. Porehead, prseocular and loral regions, and a broad 
streak over the ear-coverts velvet-black; all the rest of the upper 
parts of a beautiful blue colour with a purple shade; the purple 
more pronounced on the sides of the neck and on the ear-coverts • 
quills and primary-coverts deep black, broadly edged with blue ; 
contral pai of tail-feathers almost like the back; the other pairs 
black, with large bluish tips and with broad outer edges of the 
same colour; in old males some of the outer tail-feathers have 
white or whitish subterrainal patches to the inner web; edge of 
wing and under wing-coverts deep black; inner edge of quills 

5. SITTA. 359 
white; chin and upper throat white; all the rest of the underparts, 
including the under tail-coverts, pale vinous brown; " bill Irrtgift*" 
«^M*Mjfeie; legs sienna-yellow; orbital skin lemon-yellow; iris 
light straw-yellow " (Jerdori). 

Female. As bright as the male in colour, but wanting the black 
streak above the ear-coverts. Total length about !*5 inches, 
oilmen 0*65, wing 3, tail 1*5, tarsus 0-67. 

Sab. From the Himalayas to Ceylon, throughout the Burmese 
countries; Java, Borneo, and the Philippines. 

a. (S ad. sk. 
ft. [$ ] ad.sk. 
0. [? ] ad.sk. 
d, e. r 6 ] ad. sk. 
/ . [cf] ad.sk. 
Mynall, Travaneore, Oct. 
1878. 
N.W. Himalayas. 
Nepal. 
Nepal {Hodgson). 
Nepal. 
F. W. Bourdillon, Esq. 
[0.]. 
Capt. Staekliouse Pin-
will [P.]. 
B. 11. Hodgson, Esq. 
(Type of S. corallina.) 
India Museum [P.1 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
g,\6} ad. sk. 
h. [<$} ad. sk. 
I <$ ad. sk. 
fa Ad. sk. 
1. $ ad. sk. 
m. 5 acl. sk, 
n,o. [ 5 J acl. sk. 
p. J ad.sk. 
q. $ ad. sk. 
r, s. <$ J ad. sk, 
t. [ <$ ] ad. sk. 
u,v. <$ $ ad. sk. 
to. [J ] ad. sk. 
#• f c? J a#-s^
«/.[?] ad. sk. 
3. Skeleton. 
Assam {McClelland). 
Bassein, Pegu. 
West Pegu, 19° N. lat., 
April 1873. 
Pegu, May 6. 
Right bank of Tapeng, 
Feb, 5,1875. 
Tenasseriin, Dec. 20. 
Java. 
Java. 
Java {Diard). 
West Java {E. Q.Buxton). 
Labuan. 
Sarawak. 
Borneo. 
Philippines {Cuming). 
Palawan. 
Java. 
India Museum. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[P.]. 
E. W. Gates, Esq. [0.]. 
E. W. Gates, Esq. [0.]. 
Dr. Anderson [P.], 
E. W. Gates, Esq. [0.]. 
E. India Co. [P.]. 
(Types of 0. frontalis.) 
Gould Collection. 
F. D.'Godman and G. 
Salvia, Esqrs. [P.]. 
F. Nicholson, Esq. HP.]. 
Hugh Low, Ebq. [0.1 
A.R.Wallace,Esq.[0.]. 
Rajah Brooke [P.J. 
Ey'ton Collection, 
Prof. J. B. Steere [0.]. 
Purchased. 

20. Sitta oenochlamys. 
Dendropkila oenochlamys, 8harpe} Trans. Linn. Soc. 2nd ser. Zool. 
vol. i. p. 338, pi. liii. %. 3 (1876). 

J.cfotZ£ female. Similar to S. frontalis, but everywhere more 
brightly coloured; sides of neck and hinder neck with the interscapulary 
region of the same vinaceous shade as the breast, but particularly 
distinguished by a narrow white loral band and by a small 
white spot at the base of the lower mandible. Total length 5 inches, 
culmen 0-65, wing 3, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*7. (Sharpe.) 

Sab. Island of Guimaras, Philippine archipelago. 

3(50 CIORTniJD-E. 

6. SITTELLA. Type# 
Sittella, Sivaim. Clam. B. ii. p. 317 (1837) S. chrysoptera. 
Noops, VieilL Kouv. Diet. xxxi. p. 337 S. chrysoptera. 

Hill broad at base, laterally comprossed in front of the nostrils ; 
maxilla and manclibula curved upwards, the former with a distinct 
notch near the tip. Nostrils oval, operoulatcd, exposed; hardly any 
bristles at all. Wings very long and pointed, covering the whole 
tail; first primary very short; tip of wing formed by 2nd, 3rd, and 
4th primaries ; secondaries comparatively very short. Tail slightly 
rounded, only half the length of wing. Tarsus with transverse 
scales; claw of hallux much longer than that of the other toes. 
Principal colour brown; basal half of most of the remiges generally 
rusty red. 

Mange. Australia and New Guinea. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Middle third of quills forming a large patch of 
rusty red. 
a'. Breast and abdomen streaked with brown. 
a". Crown of head dark brown chrysoptera, p. 360. 
b". Head and neck all round white leucocephala, p. 361. 

b'. Breast and abdomen without any streaks. 
e". Crown of head black pileata, p. 302. 
d". Crown of head blackish brown; middle third 


of quills half white and half rusty tenuirostris, p. 363. 

b. Middle third of quills pure white. 
c'. Head above black. 
e". Breast and abdomen much streaked striata, p. 364. 
/" . Breast and abdomen without any streaks. . leitcoptera, p. 363. 

d'l Head white all round , albata, p. 362. 

c. Quills perfectly uniform papuensis, p. 365. 
1. Sittella chrysoptera. 
Orange-winged Nuthatch, Lath Gen. Syn. Suppl ii. p. 146, pi. 127 
(1801). iV 
Sitta chrysoptera, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. xxxii (1801); hVig. $* 

Ilorsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 296. 
Sitta ? chrysoptera, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 189. 
Neops chrysoptera, VieilL JSTouv. Bid. xxxi. p. 337 (1819). 
Sittella chrysoptera, Swains. Class. B. ii. p. 317 (1837); Gotdd, B. 

Austr. iv. pi. 101; id. Syn. B. Austr. pt. iv.; id. Lntrod. B. Amtr. 

p. 128; id. Handb. B. Austr. I p. 609; Bp. C. A. i. p. 226; Ztichold, 
J.f.O. 1858, p. 29; Muller, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 279; v. Pelzeln, 
JbiBj 1873, p. 110; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. TV. ii. p. 191. 
Adult male. Crown of head, nape, and wing-coverts dark brown ; 
mantle, back, and scapulars pale brownish grey, each feather with 
a broad central streak of dark brown colour; rump and upper tail-
coverts white, the latter with small subterminal brown cross bars; 

6. SI'lTBLLA. 
361 
quills dark brown, with paler tips; the middle third of the webs 
rich rufous, forming a very conspicuous large patch on the opened 
wing; tail-feathers blackish brown, tho outer pairs with white tips ; 
sides of head and ear-coverts brown, with paler tips to the feathers; 
all the underparts dingy white, most of the feathers with narrow 
longitudinal central streaks of brown ; flanks slightly washed with 
brownish; throat almost white; most of the under wing-coverts 
dull blackish brown ; edge of wing and under wing-coverts white; 
under tail-coverts white, with subterminal brown arrow-shaped 
spots; thighs dark brown ; " iris cream-colour; eyelashes light 
buff; feet yellow " (Gould). 

The female, according to Gould, differs only in having the head 
of a darker tint of brown. 
Total length about 4 inches. 

Culruen.
in. 
Wing. 
in. 
Tail. 
in. 
Tarsus. 
in. 
Imm.bird 0-52 8-04 1-48 OtiG 
Adult 0-0 3-10 1-5 0-7 
Adult 0-G3 3-10 1-5 0-68 

Ilab. Erom Port Benison southwards along the east coast to New 
South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia. 

a. Ad. sk. Australia. B. Brown, Esq. [P.]. 
b, o. [ $ d ] ad. sk. S.E. Australia. Gould Collection. 
(I Ad. sk. S.E. Australia. Gould Collection. 
e. Ad. sk. N.E. Australia. Sir T. Mitchell [P.]. 
/, g. [ <$ S ] inim. Queensland. F. B. Godman and 0. 
sk. Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 

2. Sittella leucocephala. 
Sittella leucocephala, 
Gould, P Z. S. 1837, p. 152; id. B. Austr. iv. 
pi. 102 j id. 8yn. B. Austr, pt. iv. j id. Intr. B. Awtr. p. 128; id. 
Ilandb. B. Amt7\ i. p. 610; Bp. Consp. i. p. 226; Ramsay, Ibis, 
1865, p. 86 ,• id. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 600; id. Proe. Linn. Soc. J\t & W. 

ii. p. 191. 
Adult. Head and neck all round pure white ; all the other parts 
coloured as in S. chrysoptera, except the under tail-coverts, which 
are brown and tipped with white; "base of the bill, nostrils, and 
eyelid orange-yellow ; iris greenish yellow" (Gould). 
Adult. Culmen 0-57 inch, wing 3*08, tail 1*50, tarsus 0-60. 

„ 0-60 „ „ 3-13, „ 1-52, „ 0-62. 
Obs. Immature birds have the white parts of the head less clear; 
the young bird very likely has the head and neck coloured brown 
as in S. cliry'sopteru. 

Eab. New South Wales to North-eastern Australia. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Moreton Bay, N. Australia. Gould Collection. 

c. Ad. sk. N. Australia. Sir T. Mitchell [P.]. 
d, e. Ad.sk. Queensland (Cockerell). F. B. Godman and 0. 
Salvin, Escp-s. [P.]. 

362 OEBTHIIDiB, 

3. Sittella allbata. 
Sittella leacocephala, JRamsaij, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 600 (nee Gould). 
SittolLi albafca. Bamsaij, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 351 j id. Proc. Linn. 8oc. 


N. S. W. ii. p. 192 Q878); Gouhl, B. N. Guinea, pt. xi. (1880). 
Like 8. Uucocepliala, but with a white band through the wing 

instead of a rusty-red one* Wing 3 inches, tail 1*5. Thus this 

bird is intermediate between 8. leucocephala and S. striata. 

Hab. Port Donison and Eockingham Bay. 

4. Sittella pileata. 
Sittolla pileata, Gould, P. Z. S.1837, p. 159 (tf)j id. B. Austr. iv. 
pi. 101j id. 8yn. B. Austr. pt. iv. (d1); «& Intr. B. Austr. p. 128; 
id. Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 612; Bp. Consp.i. p. 226 (1850); Cab. 
Mus. Rein. i. p. 03; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. 8oc. N. 8. W. ii. p. 192. 

Sittella melanocephala, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 151 ( J ). 

Adult male. Crown of head deep black; a narrow band on the 
forehead, prseocular and superciliary regions, and lores white; ear-
coverts, part of occiput, the nape, hind neck, mantle, scapulars, and 
back uniform greyish brown; feathers of rump and lower back 
pure white; upper tail-coverts white, with several blackish-brown 
cross bars; tail-feathers black with white tips; upper wing-coverts 
and quills blackish brown, the middle third of the quills rich rusty 
colour, with the exception of the innermost secondaries; under 
wing-coverts black ; edge of wing white; under tail-coverts white, 
with large subtcrminal blackish-brown cross bars ,- checks, sides of 
neck, throat, breast, and abdomen pure white; sides, flanks, thighs, 
and axillarics greyish brown; " bill yellow at base, black at tip; 
feet beautiful king's yellow; iris buffy hazel; eyelash buff" (Gould). 

Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 
in. in. in. in. 
Adult 0-61 3-42 1-65 0*73 
Adult 0-7 3-52 1-70 0-70 
Adult 0-62 3*40 1-65 0'70 

Adult female. All the upper parts and the sides of the head, 
including the frontal, loral, and orbital regions, the ear-coverts, and 
the nape are black; rest like the male. 

Immature birds have the mantle and back paler, each feather 
darker brown at the centre; head blackish brown. 

Young birds have the crown of the head, the mantle, and back 
greyish brown, mottled with dark brown and white; wing-coverts 
and all the quills edged and tipped with rufous ; the rusty-red 
patch on the quills is very well developed; tail-feathers broadly 
tipped with pale rufous white; all the underparts, except the under 
wing-coverts and the thighs, which are blackish, are pure white 
without any brown streaks. 

Hal. West and South Australia. 

6. SITTELLA. 363 
a. <$ ad. st.
b. Ad. sk.
c. <$ ad. sk.
d,e. $ ad. sk. 
South Australia. 
South Australia. 
S.W. Australia. 
S.W. Australia, 
Sir G. Grey [P.l 
Capt. Sturt [J?.t 
J. Gould, Esq. [0.]. 
F. D. Godman and 0. Sal/ 
. S ad. st.
V, A. [c? $ ] ad. st.
i. Juv. sk. 
Port Lincoln. 
Swan River. 
Australia.
vin7 Esqrs. [P.]. 
Purchased. 
J. Gould, Esq. [0.]. 
Purchased. 

Subspecies a. Sittella teimirostris. 

Sittella tenuirostris, Gould, Eandb. p. 610 (1865, Note to Sittella 
chrysoptera); 'Gray, Haiid-l B. i. p. 182, no. 2506; Ba?7isayr 
Proc. Linn. 8oc. N. 8. W. ii. p. 191. 

The middle third of the quills is pale rusty-coloured, and shows 
a great amount of whitish or even clear white; all the other parts, 
including the bill, agree in colour with 8. pileata. 

The type specimen (locality uncertain) is an immature male, 
haying the crown of the head dull blackish brown. The bill in this 
specimen is certainly very slender and rather long; but the length 
of the bill in the genus Sittella is subject to much variation, as may 
be seen from the measurements given with the different species. 

Adult female (South Australia; Capt. Sturt). Sides and all the 
upper parts of the head and nape black. 

Type. Culmen 0*65 inch, wing 3*01, tail 1*46, tarsus 0*65. 

Adult. „ ^ 0-52 „ „ 3-02, „ 1-5, „ 0-66. 

Hah. This bird seems to be a smaller race of 8. pileata, representing 
the latter in the interior of South Australia. 

a. [<£] imm. sk. S. Australia? (Capt. Stwt). Gould Collection. 
(Type of species.) 
b. [J ] ad. sk. S. Australia {Capt. Sturt). Gould Collection. 
5. Sittella leucoptera. 
Sittella leucoptera, 
Gould, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 144 $ id. B. Austr. iv. 
pi. 103 ; id. Intr. B. Austr. p. 128 ; id. Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 611; 
Bp. C. A. i. p. 226 ; Zucliold, J.f. 0.1858, p. 39. 

Most nearly allied to, and intermediate between, 8. chry softer a 
and 8. pileata. 

Adult male. Top of head deep black; frontal and orbital region 
and lores white; secondary quills uniform blackish brown; the primaries 
have the middle third pure white instead of rusty colour; 
all the quills tipped with white; some of the wing-coverts with 
faint pale tips; all the rest of the upper parts as in 8. chrysoptera; 
underparts white, without streaks, as in 8. pileata; " bill straw-
yellow, tipped with black; feet lemon-yellow; iris ochre-yellow; 
eyelash straw-yellow" (Gould). 

Female has the whole head above and the ear-coverts blackish 
brown. 

3<H 
rrnnniD-P. 

Culinon Q'(> inch, wing* tf-10, (ail ]-tfs, tarsus (W>3. 
„ 0-02 „ „ 3-05, „ 1-42, „ 0-65. 
Hah. North Australia. 


«, i. [c? I ad. hi. Port Ebshu»ion. Oapt. W. Chambers, Ii.N. [P.J. 

c. c? ad. hk. North Australia. J. It. Elsey, Esq, [0.]. 
tf. cT imm. bk. North Australia. Gould Collection. 
e. Jin. fek. North Australia. Gould Collection. 
f, [/• <S 2 ad. sk. North Australia. F. I), Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Ebqrs. [P.]. 

0. Sittella striata. 
Sittella 
striata, Gould, Ann. # Mag. K II. ser. 4, iv. p. 110 ; id. 
Suppl. B. Austr. pi. 54 ; Castelnau $ Ramsay, JProc. Linn, Sac. 

N. 8. W. 1877, p. 382; Mammy, Proc. Linn. Soc. K 8.W. ii. p. 192. 
Sittella leucoptera (juv.), Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1808, p. 387. 
Adult male (type of species). Head all round, sides of neck, 
throat, and upper breast sooty black; hind neck, mantle, scapulars, 
and back greyish brown, each feather with a very broad longitudinal 
central streak of blackish brown; wing-coverts and quills uniform 
blackish brown, with faintly paler edgings ; middle third of primaries 
white; breast, flanks, and abdomen white, each feather with a very 
broad longitudinal dark-brown streak; all the other parts as in 


S. leucoptera. 
Female. Only the top of the head black; sides of head, throat, 
and rost of underparts of body white, and streaked like the 
breast in the males. Some specimens have whitish feathers near 
the base of the upper bill. 

Immature birds have the cap dark brown, the underparts of the 
body dull white and much streaked with dark brown. 

Culnien. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 

in. in. in. in. 

Adult S (type) 
0*5 3*0 1-45 0*135 

Adult J (tVpe) 
0-0 3-03 1-35 0-lil 

Adult tf " 
0v51 3-u3 1-42 O'lio 

Adult J 
0-55 3-12 lv35 Ot54 

01$. In all the other allied species, the female develops a 
greater amount of black on the sides of the head than does the 
male ; and it seems very probable that the same tendency would be 
followed by this species too. and that the black-throated individuals 
are the females. However, Mr. Gould has described such birds as the 
males; and as none of the specimens I have been able to examine 
are sexed, this question remains unsettled. 

Hah. Gulf of Carpentaria; Cape York to Rockingham Bay. 

a, b. <$ g ad. sk. North Australia. J. Gould, Esq. 

c. Juv, st. North Australia. Sir T. Mitchell [P.]. 
d-f. <$ <j> ad. sk. Somerset,Cape York J. Gould, Esq. [C.]. 
(Cockerell). (Types of species.) 
g-i. 
[ d ] ad. sk. Somerset, Cape York. F. D. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 

7. EYP0B1TTA. 365 
7. Sittella papuensis. 
Sitta papuensis, Schl. N. T. I). 8vo, iv. p. 17 (1871) ; JRosenb. Heist. 
n. Geelvinksb. p. I oil; id. Malay, Arch. pp. 553, 585 (1879). 
Sittella papuensis, Sharpc, Zool. Jtec. viii. p. <>3 (1873) ; SalvacL Ann. 
Mas. Civic. Oenov.xvi. p. (53; /r/. Orn. Papuasia e delle Molucche, 

ii. p. 242. 
Above dusky brown, streaked with black and marked with some 
obsolete white spots; head and throat white; upper (ail-coverts 
white, the rump streaked with black; breast and abdomen dusky, 
marked with obsolete white spots ; middle of the abdomen streaked 
with dusky; under tail-coverts marked with triangular black spots, 
terminated with white; feathers of the neck, back, and scapulars 
blackish in the middle, the lateral margins dusky brown; rump and 
upper tail-coverts white, the former longitudinally streaked with 
black; wings dusky, paler below ; anterior lessor wing-coverts of 
the greater series white ; third, fourth, and fifth tail-feathers white 

on the middle portion of the inner web ; tail black, the lateral 
feathers marked with an apical white spot; bill dusky, the tip black; 
feet yellow. Total length 4*75 inches, wing 3*2, tail 1*65, tarsus 
0*65, bill 0-45. (Salvadori, I. c.) 

Female. Above dusky, varied with blackish ; head black; upper 

tail-coverts white; under surface white, streaked with black. (Sal


vadori, I. c.) 

JFab. N.W. New Guinea. 

7. HYPOSITTA. 
Type. 
dfir 

Iiyplierpes,A Newton, P. Z. S. 18G3,p. 85 (nee CJiaud.) II. corallirostris. 
Hypositta, A. Newton, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 438 II. corallirostris. 

Head, bill, and foot of //. corallirostris. 

Bill shorter than rest of head, broader than high across the 
nostrils; culmen sharp and curved downwards, with a small tooth 
and a notch; mandibula curved upwards. Nostrils oval, half 
exposed; nasal and rictal bristles well developed. First primary 
equal to half second primary; tip of wing formed by 4th, 5th, 
and 6th primaries; secondaries HYQ> sixths of whole wing in length. 
Tail square, shorter than wing. Tarsus covered with one long 
scutum anteriorly; hallux and claw very long, surpassing the 
tarsus and the middle toe. Plumage greenish blue. 

This peculiar bird seems to be somewhat intermediate between 
the Sittinoe and the Museieajrince. 
Range. Madagascar. 

866 CERTXtllDiE. 

1. Hypositta corallirostris. 
Tlypherpcs corallirostris, A. Newton, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 85, pi. xiii.; 
"K Neivton, Ibis, 1803, p. 342; Sfaujae, P. Z. & 1871, p. 318; 
Ilart/auh, Vdg. Madagasc. p. 105; Schl. Notes from Ley den Mns. 
I p. 115 (1879)• Milne-Edwards fy Grandid. 'Hist. Nat. Madag. 
2)1. cxxi. 

Silica corallirostris, Schleg. § Pollen, Fatm. Madag. p. 158. 
Hypositta corallirostris, A, Newton, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 438. 


Head all round and all the under/parts of the body, including the 
under tail-coverts, thighs, edge of wing, and under wing-coverts dull 
slaty brown with a tinge of olive-blue (if this combination of 
colours is allowed); lores and prasocular region, as well as the chin, 
white or whitish; hind neck and rest of upper parts dull blue with 
a greenish tinge; quills and tail-feathers black, the outer webs of 
the same colour as the back, without any whitish tips; " the whole 
bill coral-red; legs leaden colour; iris dark red" (Newton). Total 
length under 5 inches, culmen 0-53, wing 2*9-3, tail 2*2, tarsus 0*8, 
first digit (without claw) 0-65. 

Hal. Madagascar. 

a. J ad. sk. Saralalan, Madagascar R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(Crossley). 
b,c. $2 ad. sk. Forest of Ancaya. M. Robillard [C.]. 

ADDENDA. 


The following species was omitted by accident from the body of 
the work:— 
Page 27. Insert:— 

19 a. Pants rex. 

Parus (Machlolophus) rex, David, Ann. Sci Nat. (5) xix. no. 9, p. 4 
(1874). 
Machlolophus rex, David 8f Oustalet, Ois, Chine, p. 286 (1877). 

Crown of head and sides of the neck black with a bluish shade ; 
forehead, lores, superciliary streak, cheeks, parotid region, and nape 
pure yellow; a narrow black stripe from the hinder edge of the eye 
to the nape; upper back black, spotted with bluish ashy, and with 
white in the vicinity of the nape; sides and lower back bluish ashy; 
upper tail-coverts ashy grey, fringed with black; throat and middle 
of the chest and of the abdomen deep black* the feathers of the 
flanks which are near this wide central band at first black, then 
becoming ashy; wing-coverts black, the lesser ones terminated 
with ashy grey, the median and greater ones almost pure white; 
quills black, all showing, with the exception of the remiges, a white 
spot at the ends ; remiges white at the base on the outer webs, and 
edged with white and bluish for the rest of their extent; middle 
quills edged with bluish ashy; under tail-coverts whitish, shaded 
with ashy grey and blackish; the crest, always erect, is of pyramidal 
form, and the feathers of the hinder edge are yellow. 

The female has a somewhat different dress from that of the male: 
the back is green, and not bluish grey; there are no white spots in 
the nuchal region• the fore neck and chest are yellowish green, 
with some traces of black on the throat only; the rest of the lower 
parts are of a greenish tinge, which becomes ashy in the middle of 
the belly; and the yellow of the sides of the head and of the nape is 
a little less pure than in the male. Iris brown ; bill black; tarsus, 
feet, and claws bluish. Total length 0*153 metro, tail 0*063, wing 
(closed) 0-084, tarsus 0*018, bill from front 0-009. {David $ Oustalet.) 


Bah. Mountains of "Western Fokien, China. 

Add:— Page 130. Genus DUT0SC0PUS. 
Thaiimocataphus, Tickett, J. A. S. Beng. xviii. p. 312 
(1849) D. rufiventris. 

Page 134. Bryoscopus rufiventris. 
M d the synonymy of Thamnocataphus plcatus^ Tickell, which has 
been shown by Mr. Sharpe to be the same as the present species 
(<*/. Cat. B. vii. p. 324). 

:*ii,s ADDENDA. 
Page 1*4. Alter 'Key' as follows:—In 
section TIL, 

for uc. Throat white/' read Throat white or dull whitish ashy. 

Page J bo. After *< griseonota, p. 217.1' insert:— 

r/'". Aime olive-green ; lores whitish. 
</\ Tail reddish brown; under tiil-coveits 

lij>ht brown; chin and upper throat 

while; rest of throat, breast, and ab


domen dull yellow hattamensis, p. 225. 
e\ Tail olhe-brown like the back, but a 
little duller; under tail-coverts pale 
yellow ; throat and breast whitish 
ashy fortis, p. 309. 

Page 185. In section IY. of the Key alter as follows :— 

IV. 
Plumage black, white, and grey. 
a'. Throat black; breast and abdomen white ... . monacha, p. 222. 
b'. Throat white, separated from the white breast 
and abdomen by a band of black arctitorquis, p. 368. 

Page 223. Insert :— 

45 a. Pachycephala arctitorquis. 
Pachycephala arctitorquis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 55, pi. 13. 

Adult male. Crown of head, lores, and ear-coverts black, as well 
as a'collar across the fore neck; entire back grey, as well as the 
wing-coverts; quills and tail dusky blackish, externally grey like 
the back; entire throat white ; breast and abdomen fulvous white, 
separated from the pure white throat by the before-mentioned black 
colour; thighs grey; under wing-coverts and axillaries fulvous 
white : " bill, legs, and feet block; iris dark brown" (H. 0. Forbes). 
Total length 6 inches, cnlmen 0*6, wing 3*15, tail 2'b, tarsus 0-9. 

Adult female. General colour above reddish brown, brighter 
rufous on the head and upper wing- and tail-coverts, and also on the 
outer edges of the quills, especially of the secondaries; the lower 
back and rump somewhat washed with olive; tail-feathers dusky, 
reddish brown externally and at the tips; lores whitish ; ear-coverts 
rufous-brown; cheeks and throat white, narrowly streaked with, 
dusky blackish, as also the sides of the body, which are washed with 
yellowish ; thighs brown ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white ; 
" upper mandible soot-brown, lower the same at the tip, but at base 
pale flesh-colour ; legs and feet lavender-pink; irides dark brown " 
(//. 0. Forbes). Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3, tail 2-4, 
tarsus 0*25. 

JIab. Tenimber group of islands. 

369 

JDEJSPDA. 

a. ($;b,c. 
J ad. sk. Larat, Timor Laut, British Association [P.], 
Tonimber Islands (Types of species.) 
(II 0. Forbes). 
d, tf 
ad. sk. Moloe Island, Tenim- British Association [P.]. 
ber group (II. 0. 
Forbes). 

Page 226. Insert:— 

49 a. Pachycepliala fortis. 

Adult. Head and nape dark slaty grey; entire back and wing-
coverts dark olive-green ; quills dusky, washed on the outer web 
with green like the back ; the bastard quills and primaries externally 
grey; tail olive-brown, with dusky cross bars; lores ashy whitish, 
sides of face and ear-coverts dusky grey; checks, throat, and chest 
light ashy; centre of abdomen white, washed with yellow; flanks 
light olive-brown; thighs grey; axillaries and under wing-coverts 
dull olivaceous. Total length 6*7 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*6, tail 
2-8, tarsus 1-1. 

Hah. S.E. New Guinea. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Astrolabe mountains, S.E. Mr. A. Goldie [C.]. 
New Guinea. 

A -,-,. Page 240. Lanius major. 

i. J vix ad. Tschikai R., Transbaikalia. Purchased. 
7c, L <$ 5 ad. sk. Moscow. Purchased, 
VOL. VIII. 
2 B 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 


abietinum (Parus), 41. 
Acantkipams, 54. 
Acredula, 54. 
aculeata (Sitta), 353. 
acuticauda (Hylopkilus), 

310. 
acuticaudus (Hylopkilus), 
310. 
advena (Sitta), 342. 
iEgitkaliscus, 54. 
^Egitkalus, 66. 
cemodius (Parus), 41, 42. 
senobarbus (Allotrius), 
116, 117, 118. 
senobarbus (Ptererytkrius), 
116. 
senobarbus (Pterutkius), 
116, 117. 
asralatus (Ptererytkrius), 

114. 
seralatus (Pterutkius), 

114. 
setkiopicus (Dryoscopus), 

setkiopicus (Laniarius), 

139. m 
setkiopicus (Lanius), 

139. 
setkiopicus (Malaconotus), 
139. 
setkiopicus (Telepkorus), 

139. 
setkiopicus (Turdus), 139. 
afer (Lanius), 169. 
afer (Nilaus), 169. 
afer (Parus), 39. ^ 
affinis (Glimacteris), 338. 
affinis (Oorvinella), 231. 
affinis (Dryoscopus), 141, 

144. 
affinis (Hapalopkus), 


141. 
affinis (Laniarius), 141. 
affinis (Lanius), 265. 
affinis (Malaconotus), 

159. 
affinis (Nilaus), 170. 
affinis (Packycepkala), 


195. 

affinis (Poecile), 35, 48. 
affinis (Sitta), 347. 
agilis (Lanius), 295. 
agilis (Vireo&ylvia), 295. 
agilis navoYiridis (Vireosylvia), 
295. 
albata (Sittella), 362. 
albicilla (Fringilla), 75. 
albicilla (Mokoua), 75. 
albicilla (Ortkonyx), 75. 
albicillus (Oertliiparus), 

75. 
albicollis (Packycepkala), 
186,189. 
albifrons (Packycepkala), 

204. 
albifrons (Yanga), 110. 
albinotatus (^Lanius), 

230. 
albispecularis (Packycepkala), 
212. 
albiventer (Parus), 10. 
albiventris (Oyclorkis), 

319. 
albiventris (Parus), 10. 
albospecularis (Packycepkalopsis), 
212. 
algeriensis (Colly rio), 

244. 
algeriensis (Enneoctonus), 
244. 
algeriensis (Lanius), 244, 
246, 247, 248. 
Allotrius, 112. 
alpestris (Parus), 51. 
alpestris (Poecila), 51. 
alpestris (Poikilis), 51. 
alpina (Tickoclroma), 

331. 
altiloqua (Yireosylvia), 


293. 
altiloquus (Vireo), 293. 
altirostris (Oyclorkis), 

319. 
aniabilis (Parus), 22. 
amaurocepkala (Sylvia), 

308. 
amauroeepkalus (Hylopkilus), 
308. 

amauronotus (Vireo), 

298. 
americana (Certkia), 
324, 32(5. 
amurensis (Sitta), 345. 
aiickietse(Laniarius), 129. 
anckietse (Telepkonus), 

129. 
anckietse (Telopkonus), 

129. 
angolensis (Dryoscopus), 

134. 
angolensis (Laniarius), 

134. 
annexus (Parus), 31. 
anopkrys (iEgitkaliscus), 

57. ' 
anopkrys (JEgithalus), 

57. 
antkopkila (Sylvia), 70. 
Antkoscopus, QQ. 
antiguanus (Lanius), 

268. 
antinorii (Lanius), 255. 
aplonotus (Macklolopkus), 
25. 
aplonotus (Parus), 25. 
approximans (Arckolestes), 
156. 
Arckolesfcos, 150. 
arctitorquis (Packycepkala), 
M%r" 
ardosiaceus (Lanius), 

245. 
argenteus (Cracticus), 99. 
armillaris (Turdus), 189. 
arnaudi (Fiscus), 256. 
amaudi (Lanius), 256. 
Artamia, 106. 
arundinaceus (Mystaceus), 
78. 
a-scack (Lanius), 261. 
asiatica (Certkia), 327. 
asiatica (Sitta), 343. 
assimilis (Lanius), 24 D, 

250. 
assimilis (Packycepkala), 

207. 
assimilis (Poeeila), 51. 


ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

astrolabi (Pachycephala), 

200. 
ater (Orataionyx), 6. 
ater (Parus), 40, 41, 43. 
ater (Poecile), 41. 
ater, > ar. rufipectus 
(Parus), 44. 
atkinsoni (Parus), 29. 
atrialatus (Dryoseopus), 

143. 
atrialatus (Laniarius), 
143. 
atricapilla (Poecile), 45. 
atrieapillus (JEsjithalus), 
08. 
atrieapillus (Parus), 44, 
46. 
atrieapillus (Vireo), 
300. ^ 
atrieapillus, var. occidentalis 
(Parus), 45. 
atrieapillus, %ar. septentrionalis 
(Parus), 45. 
atriceps (Parus), 10. 
atricristatus (Lopho


pkancs), 31. 

atricristatus (Paims), 31. 

atricroceus (Laniarius), 

153.. 
ati*oea3ruleus (Laniarius), 

133. 
atrococcineus (Laniarius), 
152. 
atrococcineus (Lanius), 


152. 
atrococcineus (Malaconotus), 
152. 
atrocristatus (Lopkopliancs), 
31. 
atrocroceus (Laniarius), 

153. 
auclicri (Lanius), 247. 
aurantiifrons (Hylopkilus), 
310. 
aurantiopectus (Malaconotus), 
159. 
aureo-capillus (Eegulus), 

80. 
auricapilltis (Eegulus), 
80. 
Auriparus, 66. 
australis (Eopsaltria), 
176. 
australis (Malaconotus), 
122. 
australis (Motacilla), 
176. 
australis (Muscicapa), 
17C. 
australis (Muscipeta), 

176. 
australis (Pacliycephala), 

176. 
azurea (Sitta), 357. 
BacbaKiri (Le), 162. 
Bceolophus, 3. 
baicalcnsis (Parus), 51. 
bailloni (Petrodroma), 


337. 
bakbakiri (Chloropkoncus), 
163. 
bakbakiri (Laniarius), 


162. 
bakbakiri (Lanius), 162. 
bakbakiri (Malaconotus), 

163. 
bakbakiri (Tohagra), 162. 
bakbakiri (Telepkonus), 
162. 
baldensteinii (Parus), 51. 
barbarus (Laniarius), 
153, 154. 
barbarus (Lanius), 153. 
barbarus (Malaconotus), 


154. 
barbarus (Tchagra), 154. 
barbatula (Vireosylvia), 
293. 
barbatulus (Phyllomanes), 
293. 
ba rbatus (Oalamophilus), 

78. 
barbatus (Hypenites), 78. 
barbatus (Mj staemus), 
78. 
barbatus (Panurus), 78. 
barbatus (Parus), 78. 
Barita, 93. 
bartranui (Vireo), 296. 
Basanistes, 228. 
beavani (Lopkophanes), 
29. 
beayani (Parus), 29. 
belli (Vireo), 301. 
bentet (Collyrio), 266. 
bentet (Lanius), 266,267, 
268, 269. 
bernieri (Artamia), 108. 
bernieri (Oriolia), 108. 
biarmieus (iEgithalus), 

78. 
biarmieus (Oalamophilus), 
78. 
biarmieus (Mystacinus), 

78. 
biarmieus (Panurus), 77, 
78. 
biarmieus (Paroides), 78. 
biarmieus (Parus), 77. 
bicolor (Artamia), 108. 
bieolor (Artarrms), 108. 
bicolor (Bseolophus), 32. 
bicolor (Cyanolanius), 

108. 
bicolor (Oyanolestes), 
108. 
bicolor (Dryoseopus), 
108,138. 
bicolor (Laniarius), 108, 

138. 
bicolor (Lanius), 108. 
bicolor (Loplioplianes), 
32. 
bicolor (Parus), 31. 
blanehoti (Malaconotus), 
156. 
blanfordi (Laniarius), 
127. 
blanfordi (Telopkonus), 
127. 
boccharensis (Parus), 16, 
17,18. 
bogotensis (Vireo), 294. 
bogotensis (Vireosylvia), 

294. 
bojeri (Dryoseopus), 141. 
borealis (Collurio), 240. 
borealis (Collyrio), 240. 
borealis (Lanius), 240, 
241. 
borealis (Parus), 50, 51. 
borealis (Pcecila), 51. 
borealis (Poikilis), 51. 
borealis amencanus (Lanius), 
240. 
borealis europoeus (Lanius), 
239. 
borealis sibirieus (La


nius), 239. 
Bonbou, Le, 134. 
boulboul (Dryoseopus), 


135. 
boulboul (Laniarius), 
134. 
boulboul (Lanius), 139. 
boulboul (Malaconotus), 
135. 
boyeri (Laniarius), 141. 
brachydactyla (Certkia), 
324. 
brachyrkynekus (Eegulus), 
84. 
brachyrhynehus (Tichodroma), 
331. 
brandti (Parus), 53. 
brandtii (Poecile), 53. 
brevipennis (Neockloe), 

305. 
brevirostris (Pceeile), 51. 
britannica (Certkia), 324. 
britannicus (Parus), 41, 
43. 
bruxtnea (Eopsaltria), 
175,219. 
brunnca (Pacbycepbala), 
214, 219. 
bruniieicmida (Hyloterpe), 
220. 
brunneieauda (Paehyccpbala), 
220. 
brmmeiceps (Hylopbi


lns), 310. 
Brubru, Le, 168. 
brubru (Lanius), 108. 
brubru (Nilaus), 108,169. 
buceplialus (Enneocto


nub), 270. 
bucephalus (Lanius), 270, 
buceplialus (Pboneus), 


270. 
Bulestes, 93. 
burra (Lanius), 252. 
cseruleanus (Parus), 14. 
cseruleus (Cyanistes), 12. 
caeruleus (Parus _), 12, 15. 
cceruleus, Tar. teneriffae 


(Parus), 14. 
csesia (Sitla), 347. 
csesiuss (Parus), 16. 
Caldmopbiluh, 77. 
caledonica (Eopsaltria), 

180. 
caledonica (Muscicapa), 
180. 
calendula (Oorthylio), 
85. 
calendula (Motacilla), 85. 
calendula (Phyllobasilcus), 
85. 
calendula (Beguloides), 

85. 
calendula (Eegulus), 85. 
Calicalicus, 119. 
calidris (Motacilla), 293. 
calidris (Yireo), 293. 
calidris (Yireosylvia), 
293. 
calidris, ^ar. barbadensis 
(Yireosylvia), 293. 
calidris, Var. barbatula * 
(Yireosylvia), 293. 
calidris, var. doininicana 
(Yireosylvia), 293Calisitta, 
341. 
calliope (Pacbycepbala), 

198. 
cameranoi (Ptererythrius), 
115. 
cameranoi (Pteruihius), 

115. 
canadensis (Sitta), 353, 
354. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

caniceps (Oollyrio), 2G4, 

205. 
caniceps (Lanius), 205, 
200. 
eantatrix (Muscicapa), 
301. 
capelii (Fisous), 260. 
capensis (iEgithalus), 70. 
capensis (Grjllivora), 70. 
eapensib (Lanius"), 168. 
capensis (Paroides), 71. 
capensis (Parus), 70. 
carbonarius (Drjoscopus), 
132. 
carbonarius (Laniarius), 

132. 
carbonarius (Parus), 41. 
carbonarius (Blvynchastatus), 
132. 
carmioli (Yireo), 303. 
caroli (iEgithalibCus), 71. 
caroli (Aiithoscopus), 71. 
car olinensis (Lanius), 

245. 
car olinensis (Parus), 46. 
carolinensis (Poodle), 46. 
car olinensis aculeata 
(Sitta), 353. 
carolinensis minor (Sitta), 

356. 
cashmiriensis (Sitta), 
352. 
easpius (iEgithalus), 68. 
Oassican de la Nouvolle 
Guinee, 97. 
cassicus (Oracticus), 97. 
cassicus (Ehamphastus), 

97. 
cassini (Yireo), 299. 
castanea (Sitta), 351. 
castaneicops(IIyl opbilus), 
309. 
castanei venter (Parus), 
37. 
castaneiventris (Parus), 
37. 
castaneiventris (Sitla), 
351. 
castancoventris (Parus), 
37. 
castaneoventris (Sitta), 
351. 
castaneus (JSgitkalus), 
08. 
castaneus (Lanius), 262. 
castanilia (Sitta), 352. 
caudata (Acredula), 59, 
60, 61, 63. 
caudata (Mecislura), 60, 
61, 05. 
caudata (Orites), 60. 

373 

caudatim (Lanius), 254. 
cauclatus (Orites), 65. 
caudalus (Parus), 59, 01, 

03. 
cophalomelas (Oollyrio), 
209. 
cophalomelas (Lanius), 
269. 
CcphalophonciiB, 232, 
Oephalopyrus, 00. 
Ccrtbia, 323, 
Ccrlhiparus, 75. 
Chaunonotus, 130. 
Ohestnul-bacWl Shrike, 
202. 
chinensis (Lanius), 262. 
chineusis (Sitta), 347. 
chhi (Sylvia), 295. 
chhi (Vireo), 295. 
chivi (Yireosylvia), 295. 
chloris (Txonotus), 166. 
chloris (Laniarius), 166. 
chloris (Lanius), 160. 
chloris (Muscicapa), 77. 
chloris (Nicator), 166. 
chloris (Tchagra), 166. 
chlorogaster (Yireolanius), 
315. 
Chloropboneus, 150. 
chlorura (Pacbycepbala), 

194. 
christophori (Pacbycepbala), 
200. 
chx'ysocephalus^egulus), 

80. 
chrysogaster (Laniarius), 
154,159. 
chrysogaster (Malaconotus),"
l59. 
clu*ysoptera (Neops), 300. 
chrysoptera (Sitta), 360. 
chrysoptera (Sittella), 

300. 
chrysorrhous (Eopsaltria), 
177. 
cincta (Poecile), 35. 
cinctus (Parus), 35, 36. 
cinerascens (Dryoscopus"* 

146. 
cinerascens (Pacbycepb. 
la), 216. 
cinerascens (Parus), 39 
cinerea (Certhiparus), 7«. 
cinerea (Muscitrea), 220. 
cinerea (Pica), 347. 
cinerea (Poecilodryas), 

181. 
cinerea (Sitta), 347. 
cinerea (Vaneja), 101. 
cinereiceps (Hjlopbilus), 
307. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

cinereus (Bulestes), 101. 
cinereus (Cracticus), 101. 
cinereus (Lanius), 237. 
cinereus (Parus), 15, 16, 

17. 
cinereus communis 
(Parus), 49. 
cinereus montanus 
(Parus), 51. 
cinnamonieoventris 
(Sitta), 351, 352. 
cinnamoineum (Pseudorectes),
200. 
cissoides (Basanistes), 

229. 
cissoides (Oorvinella), 


229. 
cissoides (Lanius), 229, 

231. 
cissoides (Urolestes), 229. 
citreogaster (Pachycephala), 
186. 
Climacteris, 333. 
clio (Pachycephala), 186. 
Clitonyx, 75. 
Clytorhynclms, 109. 
cobanensis (Vireosylvia), 

296. 
Colernouse, 41. 
collaris (Collyrio), 255. 
collaris (Fiscus), 255. ^_ 
collaris (Lanius), 255, 
257, 259, 260. 
collaris (Pachycephala), 

197. 
collaris (Telepkorus), 

162. 
Oollurio, 232. 
collurioides (Collyrio), 

289. 
collurioides (Lanius), 

289. 
Collyrio, 232. 
collyrioides (Lanius), 

289. 
commixtus (Parus),16,17. 
comniixus (Parus), 16. 
communis (Pcecile), 49. 
nna (Acredula), 57. 
.'oncinna (Psaltria), 57. 
innus (JEgitkaliscus), 

'. 

3innus (JEgithalus), 

57. 
consobrinus JEgithalus), 

67. 
contrerasi (Cyclorhis), 

320. 
corallina (Sitta), 358. 
corallirostris (Hypherpes), 
366. 

corallirostris (Hypositta), 

366. 
corallirostris (Sitta), 


366. 
coronatus (JEgithalus), 

68. 
coronatus (Dryoscopus), 

134. 
coronatus (Lanius), 121. 
Corthylio, 79. 
corvina (Corvinella), 


231. 
corvina nubias (Corvinella), 
231. 
Corvinella, 231. 
corvinus (Collurio), 

231. 
corvinus (Lanius), 231. 
costse (Certhia). 324. 
Cracticus, 93. 
erassirostris (Cracticus), 

94. 
erassirostris (Enneoctonus), 
290. 
erassirostris (Lanivireo), 

301. 
erassirostris (Otomela), 

290. 
erassirostris (Yireo), 301. 
Crataionyx, 3. 
Creeper, Common, 336. 
cristata (Oreoica), 174. 
cristata (Otomela), 271. 
cristatum (Sphenostoma), 

74. 
cristatus (Enneoctonus), 

271. 
cristatus (Lanius), 271, 

272. 
cristatus (Lophophanes). 

27. 
cristatus (Otomela), 271. 
cristatus (Parus), 27. 
cristatus (Regulus), 80, 
82, 83. 
cristatus (Turdus), 174. 
Crocias, 230. 
crococephalus (Regulus), 

80. 
cruentatus (Dryoscopus), 

152. 
cruentatus (Laniarius), 

152. 
cruentatus (Telephonus), 

152. 
cruentus (Dryoscopus), 

152. 
cruentus (Laniarius), 
152,155. 
cruentus (Rhodophoneus), 
152. 

cruentus (Telephonus), 

152. 
Cubla, Le, 148. 
cubla (Dryoscopus), 139, 
146, 148. 
cubla (Hapalolophus), 

148. 
cubla (Laniarius), 148. 
cubla (Lanius), 148. 
cucullata (iEgithalus), 

69. 
cucullata (Eopsaltria), 

17.9. 
eueullatus (Laniarius), 

127. 
eueullatus i Lanius i, 126, 

189. 
eueullatus (Telephorus), 

126. 
curvirostris (Lanius), 

104. 
curvirostris (Yanga), 

104. 
cuvieri (Corthylio), 82. 
cuvieri (Eegulus), 82. 
cuvieri (Sylvia), 82. 
evana i Pachycephala), 

162. 
cvana (Pcecilodrvas), 182, 

183. 
cyanea i Muscitrea), 224. 
eyanea (Pachycephala), 
1.L4. 
cyaneus (Cyanistes), 11. 
cyaneus (Parus), 11. 
Cyanolanius. 106. 
Cyanolestes, 106. 
Cyanistes, 3. 
cyanus (Cyanistes), 11. 
cvanus (Mviolestes), 
'182. 
cyanus (Parus), 10. 
cyanus tianschanicus 
(Parus), 11. 
Cyclorhis, 316. 

damii (Vanga), 110. 
damii (Xenopirostris), 

110. 
dealbatus (Lanius), 247, 
249, 250. 
deeurtata(Pachycephala), 

307. 
decurtata (Sylvicola), 

307. 
decurtatus (Hylophilus), 

307. 
Dendrophila, 341. 
dentatus (Mystaceus), 

78. 
destructor (Barita), 100. 

destructor (Oracticus), 

98,100. 
destructor (Vanga), 100. 
diademata (Eopsaltria), 

204. 
diademata (Pachycephala), 
204. 
diehroides (Lophophanes), 
33. 
diclirous (Lopliophanes), 

33. 
diclirous (Parus), 33. 
discolor (Oerthia), 328. 
dorsatus (Parus), 10. 
Dryoscopus, 130,148. 
dubia (Motacilla), 192. 
dubia (Pachycephala), 
219. 
dubusi(Yireolanius), 315. 
Ecorcheur de Madagas


car, 104. 

Enneoctonus, 232. 

Eopsaltria, 175. 

elegans (Oollyrio), 251. 

elegans (Cyanistes), 11. 

elegans (Lanius), 245, 

249, 251, 252. 

elegans (Parus), 22. 

erythrocephala (Acre


dula), 56. 

erythroeephalus (2Egi


thaliseus), 57. 

erythroeephalus (Orites), 

56. 
erythroeephalus (Parus), 
56. 
erythrogaster (Dryoscopus), 
154. 
erythrogaster (Laniarius), 
154. 
erythrogaster (Lanius), 


154. 
erythrogastra (Malaconotus), 
154. 
erytlironotus (Oollurio), 

263. 
erytlironotus (Oollyrio), 
264. 
erythronotus (Enneoctonus), 
264. 
erythronotus (Lanius), 
263, 264, 265, 266. 
erythrops (Olimacteris), 

338. 
erythropterus (Laniarius), 
127. 
erythropterus (Lanius), 
113,128. 
erythropterus (Pornatorhynchus), 
122,125. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

erythropterus (Ptererythrius), 
13. 
erythropterus (Pteruthius), 
113. 

erythropterus (Telephonus), 
125, 126, 127. 
erythropterus (Telopho


nus), 121, 125. 
erythropterus (Telophorus), 
121. 
europcea (Sitta), 342, 

347. 
europosa (Tichodroma), 
331. 
excubitor (Oollyrio), 238. 
excubitor (Lanius), 237, 
238,242,252. 
excubitorius (Oollyrio), 

253. 
excubitorius (Lanius), 
253. 
excubitoroides (Oollurio), 
245. 
excubitoroides (Oollyrio), 
245. 
excubitoroides (Lanius), 
245, 246. 
exilis (Parus), 53. 
exilis (Psaltria), 53. 
eximius (Lanius), 236. 
eximius (Vireolanius), 


316. 
falcata (Pachycephala), 

205. 
Falcunculus, 171. 
fallax (Lanius), 245, 247, 
248,249,252. 
farailiaris (Oerthia), 323, 

324. 
farailiaris, var. americana 
(Oerthia), 324. 
farailiaris, var. niexicana 
(Oerthia), 326. 
ferpx (Lanius), 289. 
ferrugineifrons (Hylo


philus), 311. 
ferrugineoventris (Sitta), 

351. 
ferruginous (Laniarius), 
134. 
ferruginous (Malaconotus), 
135. 
Fiscus, 232. 
fiscus (Oollyrio), 256. 
fiscus (Lanius), 256. 
flaramiceps (iEgithalus), 

69. 
flammiceps (Cephalopyrus), 
70. 
flamioiceps(Paroides), 70. 

375 

flava (Crataionyx), 6. 
flaveola (Sylvia), 313. 
flaveolus (flylophilus), 

oio. 

flavescens (Lanius), 236. 
flavicapillus (Eegulus), 

80. 
flaviceps (iEgithalus), 
72. 
flaviceps (Auriparus), 
72. 
flaviceps (Paroicles), 72. 
flaviceps (Psaltria), 72. 
flaviceps (Psaltriparus), 
72. 
flavicollis (Eopsaltria), 
176. 
flavifrons (iEgithalus), 
72. 
flavifrons (Lanivireo), 
298. 
flavifrons (Pachycephala), 
204. 
flavifrons (Parus), 72. 
flavifrons (Yireo), 298. 
flavifrons (Vireosylvia), 

298. 
flavigaster (Eopsaltria), 
179. 
flavigaster (Todus), 176. 
flavigastra (Eopsaltria), 
179. 
flavigastra (Sylvia), 176. 
flavigulus (Falcunculus), 
173. 
flavipectus(Oyanistes), 11. 
flavipectus (Cyclorhis), 
320. 
flavipectus (Parus), 11. 
flavipes (Dendrophila), 
357. 
flavipes (Hylophilus), 
flavirostris (Lanius), 231. 
flaviscapis (Ptererythrius), 
116. 
flaviscapis (Pteruthius), 


116. 
flaviventris (Oyclorhis), 
320. 
flaviventris (Hylophilub), 
309. 
flavocristata (Melanochlora), 
6. 
flavocristatus (Parus), 6. 
flavogrisea (Pachycare), 

227. 
flavogrisea (Pachycephala), 
227. 
flavoviridis (Phyllomanes), 
295. 


37G 

flavoviridis (Vireo), 205. 
flavoviridis (Vireosylvia), 

295. 
Flycatcher, Black-
breasted, 102. 
Flycatcher, Olive, ISO, 
Flycatcher, Southern, 

"170. 
Flycatcher, Yellow-


headed, 76. 
foliorum (Sitta), 8-17.^ 
formosa (Calisitta), 357. 
formosa (Sitta), 357. 
fortis (Pachycephala), 

360. 
fronatus (Telephonus), 
122. 
fringillago(Parus), 19. 
frontalis (Dendrophila), 
358. 
frontalis (Hylophilus), 
313. 
frontalis (Lanius), 168. 
frontalis (Motacilla), 
35S. 
frontalis (Orthorhyn


chus), 358. 
frontalis (Sitta), 858. 
frontatua (Falcunculus), 


173. 
frontatus (Lanius), 173. 
fruticoti (Parus), 51. 
fuliginata (Pachycephala), 
222. 
fnliginosa (Acrodula), 65. 
fuligiuosa (Meeistura), 65. 
fuliginosa (Pachyce


phala), 102. 
fuliginosus (/Egithaliscua), 
65. 
fulvotincta (Pachycephala), 
106. 
funehris (Dryoscopus), 

133. 
funobris (Laniarius), 133. 
funerous (Melanoparus), 
9. 
funereus (Parus), 0. 
fusca (Certhia), 324. 
fusca (Pachycephala), 
192. 
fuscatus (Collyrio), 263. 
fuscatus (Lanius), 263. 
fuscicapillus (Hylophilus), 
309. 
fuscus (Parus), 39, 70. 

galeatus (Lophophanes), 

31. 
gambensis (Dryoscopus), 
146. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

gambensis (Hapalophus), 

146. 
gambensis (Laniarius), 
146. 
gambensis (Lanius), 146. 
georgiana (Eopsaltria), 
178. 
georgiana (Muscicapa), 
178. 
gilberti (Pachycephala), 
210. 
gilva (Muscicapa), 296. 
gilva (Vireosyhia), 296. 
gilva, var. josephse 
(Vireosylvia), 297,298. 
gilva, MXV. swainsonii 

(Vireos\lvia), 297. 
gilvus (Vireo), 296. 
gilvus swainsoni (Vireo), 

297. 
glaucogularis (Aoredula), 
65. 
glaucogularis (Orites), 65. 
glaucogularis (Parus), 65. 
glaucura (Pachycephala), 
194. 
Gobe-mouche a gorge 
blanche, 181. 
Gobe-mouche ffeorgien, 

178. . 
Gonolek, 154. 
gouldi (Falcunculus), 173. 
grajcus (Lanius), 2oG. 
graeffei (Pachycephala), 
202. 
Grande Pie-grieche, 231, 
Grande Pie-grieche verdatre 
de Madagascar, 

107. 
griffithii (Parus), 24. 
grimmi (Lanius), 250. 
Grimpereau, Le, 324. 
Grimpereau de Muraille, 
331. 
griseiceps (Hyloterpe), 
215. 
griseiceps (Pachycephala), 
215. 
griseiventer (Parus), 40. 
griseogularis (Eopsal


tria), 178. 
griseonota (Pachyce


phala), 217. 
grisescens (Parus), 35. 
griseus (Parus), 85. 
grisola (Hyloterpe), 220. 
grisola (Muscitrea), 220. 
grisola (Pachycephala), 

220. 
grisola (Tephrodornis), 
220. 
guianensis (Cyclorhis), 
ol J. 
guianensis (Falcunculus), 

319. 
guianensis (Laniagra), 
318. 
guianensis (Lanius), 319. 
gularis (Eopsaltria), 181. 
gularis (Muscicapa), 181. 
gularis (JKicator), 167. 
gundlachii (Vireo), 304. 
gundlachii (Vireonella), 
304. 
guttatus (Dryoscopus), 
guttatus (Laniarius), 137. 
gutturalis (Chloropho


neus), 165. 
gutturalis (Crocias), 230. 
gutturalis (Falcunculus), 

174. 
gutturalis (Laniarius), 
103,164, 165. 
gutturalis (Lanius), 165. 
gutturalis (Malaconotus), 

165. 
gutturalis (Oreoiea), 174. 
gutturalis (Pachycephala), 
192, 193. 
gutturalis (Pelicinius), 


165. 
gutturalis (Telephonus), 
164. 
gutturalis (Telephorus), 
163. 
gutturalis (Tsehagra), 
165. 
gutturalis (Turdus), 163, 
192. 
gymnocephala (Barita), 
gymnocephala (Gfyninorhina), 
91. 
gymnocephala (Pityriasis), 
90. 
gymnocephalus (Craeticus), 
91. 
gymnopsis(Dendrophila), 

oo7. 
Gymnorhina, 91. 
Gynmorrhma, 91. 

Habia verde, 318. 
hamatus (Dryoscopus), 

142. l J 
hamatus (Laniarius), 142. 
Hapalolophus, 130. 
haplonotus (Parus), 25. 
Harpolestes, 120. 
hattamensis (Pachyce


phala), 225. 

hattamensis (Pachycephalopsis), 
225. 
helvivontris (Psaltrites), 

56. 
hemileucurus (Lanius), 
249, 250, 251. 
heterocliies (Oerthia), 76. 
heteroclitus (Orthonyx), 

77. 
himalayana (Oerthia), 
327. 
himalayana (Sitta), 340. 
himalayensis (Eegulus), 
80. 
himalayensis (Sitta), 349. 
hoclgsoni (Oerthia), 324. 
hofr'rneisteri (Tichodroma), 
332. 
hombroni (Pachyeephala), 
204. 
homeyeri (Lanius), 242, 


243. 
Honey-eater, Buff-
winged, 337. 
Honey-eater, Eufousvented, 
208. 
hua (Mohoua), 77. 
liudsonicus (Parus), 34. 
hudsonicuq, var. littoralis 

(Parus), 35. 
humeralis (Lanius), 255, 

257, 258, 259, 260. 
huttoni (Vireo), 303. 
Hylocharis, 182. 
Hylophilus, 305. 
Hylophorba, 119. 
Hyloterpe, 182. 
Hylypsorms, 329. 
Hypenites, 77. 
hyperythra (Paehyce


phala), 213. 
Hypherpes, 365. 
hypochryseus (Vireo), 


304. 
hypoleucus (Oollyrio), 
289. 
hypoleucus (Oracticus), 
92. 
hypoleucus (Lanius), 
289. 
hypopyrrhus (Archolestes), 
156. 
hypopyrrhus (Harcolestes), 
155. 
hypopyrrhus (Laniarius), 
155. 
hypopyrrhus (Malaconotus), 
156. 
Hypositta, 365. 
hypoxanthus (Hylophi


lus), 310. 
YOL. Till. 


ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

ictora (Vanga), 156. 
icteroeophalus (Ortho


nyx), 77. 
icteroides (Eopsaltria), 
t 204. 
icteroides (Pachyce


phala), 204. 
ictorophrys (Vireolanius), 

315. 
icterus (Archolefetes), 
156. 
icterus (Laniarius), 156. 
icterus (Malaconotus), 
156. 
ignicapillus (Eegulus), 
t 83. 
ignicapillus (Sylvia), 83, 
ignotus (Parus), 19. 
incertus (Lanius), 290. 
innominata (Tachyeephala), 
197". 
inornata (Eopsaltria), 


177. 
inornata (Pachycephala), 
210. 
inornatus (Lophophanes), 
32. 
inornatus (Parus), 32. 
insperatus (Parus), 21. 
insularis (Hylophilus), 
310. 
intermedia (Pachycephala), 
201. 
intermedials (Allotrius), 


117. 
intermodius (Ptererythrius), 
117. 
irbii (Acredula), 63. 
irbyi (Acredula), 63. 
italicus (Enneoctonus), 


236. 
italicus (Lanius), 236, 
jacquinoti (Pachyce


phala), 203. 

japonicus (Eegulus), 80. 

jaxartica (iEgithalus), 67. 

jerdoni (Machlolophus), 

25. 
jerdoni (Parus), 25, 26. 
iobiensis (Pachycephala), 
215. 
josephie (Vireo), 207. 
josepha3 (Vireosylvia), 
297. 
jounotus (Collurio), 
263. 
jouschistos (iEgithaliscus), 
58. 
jouschistos (iEgithalus), 

58. 
jouschistos (Oritcs), 58. 
jouschistos (Parus), 58, 

kamtschatkonais (Parus), 

51. 
kamtschatkonsis(Pooeila), 
51. 
kandavensis (Pachycephala), 
191. 
kick (Lanius), 2JS. 
knjacseik (Parus), 11. 
krueperi (Sitta), 347, 

350. 
lafresnayi (Xenopiros


tris), 110. 
laktora (Oollyrio), 252. 
lahtora (Lanius), 247, 

251, 252. 
Laletcs, 313. 
Laniagra, 316. 
Laniarius, 150. 
Laniollus, 230. 
lanioides (Pachycephala), 

224. 
Lanius, 232. 
Lanivireo, 292. 
Lantzia, 104. 
lapponicus (Parus), 35. 
lathora (Lauius), 239. 
latimeri (Vireo)| 304. 
ledouei (Parus), 44. 
lepidus (Laniarius), 
166. 
Leptopoecile, 80. 
Leptopteryx, 106. 
leucocephala (Artamia), 
107. 
leucocephala (Sitta), 361, 
362. 
leucocephala (Vanga), 
104. 
leucocophalus (Lanius), 
107. 
leucoeephalus (Leptopteryx), 
107. 
leucogaster (Falcunculus), 
174. 
leucogaster (Pachycephala), 
222. 
leucogastra (Eopsaltria), 

181. 
leucogenys (AcreduL ), 
59. 
leucogenys (iEgithaliscus), 
59. 
leucogenys (iEgithalus). 

59. 
leucogenys (Orites), 59. 
leucogrammicus (Landellus), 
230. 

2o 

ALPHABETICAL DTDEX. 

378 

leucogrammious (Lanius), 

230. 
leucogramniicus (Telephonus), 
230. 
leucogramniicus (Telephorus), 
230. 
leucomelas (Melaniparus), 
7. 
leucomelas (Parus), 7. 
leucomelas (Pentheres), 

7. 
Leucometopon, 232. 
leuconota (Barita), 92. 
leuconota (Gymnorhina), 
92, 93. 
leuconotus (Lanius), 250. 
leuconotus (Melaniparus), 10. 
leuconotus (Parus), 10. 
leuconotus (Pentheres), 

10. 
leucophsea (Certhia), 
336. 
leucoph&a (Olimacteris), 
336. 
leucoproctum (Trichastoma), 
224. 
leucopsis (Dryoscopus), 

144. 
leucopsis (Sitta), 352. 
leucopsis (Sphenostorna), 
73. 
leucopsis (Xerophila), 
73. 
leucoptera (Certhia), 8SQ. 
leucoptera (Sittella), 363, 
364. 
leucopterus (Bulestes), 
98. 
leucopterus (Oraoticus), 
98. 
leucopterus (Lanius), 

242. 
leucopterus (Melaniparus), 
7. 
leucopterus (Parus), 7, 9. 
leucopterus (Pentheres), 

7. 
leucopygus (Lanius), 250. 
leucopygus (Thamnophilus), 
148. 
leucorhynchus (Dryoscopus), 
132. 
leucorhynchus (Laniarius), 
132. 
leucorhynchus (Ehynchastatus), 
132. 
leucorhynchus (Telephone), 
132. 
leucostigma (Pachycephala), 
223. 

leucotis (Vireolanius), 

315. 
ieucura (Eopsaltria), ISO. 
leucura (Niltava), 224. 
lineolata (Pachycephala), 
216, 217. 
littayei (Pachycephala), 

198. 
longieaudata (Meeistura), 
61. 
longicaudatus (Lanius), 
262. 
Jongipennis (Lanius), 
236. 
longirostris (Harpolestes), 
121. 
longirostris (Telephonus), 
121. 
longirostris (Telophonus), 
121. 
longirostris (Telophorus), 

121. 
Lophophanes, 3. 
lucionensis (Enneoctonus), 
271. 
lucionensis (Lanius), 271. 
luctuosus (Parus), 7. 
ludovicianus (Oollurio), 

245. 
ludovicianus (Collyrio), 
245. 
ludovicianus (Lanius), 
245, 246. 
ludovicianus, var. escubitoroides 
(Collurio), 

245. 
ludovicianus, var. robustus 
(Collurio), 243. 
luehcleri (Dryoscopus), 


134. 
luehderi (Laniarius), 
134. 
lugens (Poecila), 47. 
lugubris (Dryoscopus), 
133. 
lugubris (Laniarius), 133. 
lugubris (Lanius), 263. 
lugubris (Pachycephala), 
lugubris (Parus), 35, 47, 

51. 
lugubris (Penthestes), 47. 
lugubris (Poeeile), 47. 
lugubris (Poikilis), 48. 
lugubris (Bhynchastatus), 
133. 
lunularis (Turdus), 192. 
luscinia (Hylocharis), 
220. 
luteifrons (Hylophilus), 
311. 
Machlolophus, 3. 
macrocercus (Lanius), 

253. 
inaerodactyla (Oerthia), 
324. 
macronyx (iEgithalus), 
69. 
macrorhynehus (Pachycephala), 
185,186,189. 
macrorhynehus (Tiehodroma), 
331. 
maerourus (Lanius), 262. 
macrourus (Pendulinus), 

67. 
macularius (Lanius), 208. 
madagascariensis (Calicalicus), 
119. 
madagascariensis (Collurio), 
104. 
madagascariensis (Dryoscopus), 
119. 
madagascariensis (Lanius), 
119. 
madagascariensis (Pachycephala), 
116. 

madagascariensis cieruleus 
(Lanius), 108. 
madagascariensis major 

viridis (Lanius\ 107., 
madagascariensis minor 
(Lanius), 119. 
madagascariensis rufus 
(Lanius), 105. 
madagascarina (Loxia), 


108. 
maderensis (Regulus), 
84. 
magister (Tireo), 295. 
magister (Yireosylvia), 
296. 
magna (Sitta), 345. 
magnirostris (Eopsaltria), 
177. 
magnirostris (Lanius), 
289. 
magnirostris (Otomela), 
290. 
major (Certhia), 324. 
major (Dryoscopus), 136, 
137,138. 
major (Laniarius), 136, 

137. 
major (Lanius), 239,242, 
369. 
major (Parus), 3, 19. 
major (Telephonus), 136. 
Malaconotus, 150. 
malzacii (Malaconotus), 
146. 
mandellii (CertLia), 329. 
Mecistura, 54. 
medius (PenduHnus), 67. 
megarhynchus (Oertliia), 

melalophus (Parus), 28. 
Melaniparus, 3. 
melanocephala (Poecila), 

melanocephala (Sitta), 

353. 
melanocephala (Sittella), 
S62. 

Melanocblora, 3. 
melanoleucus (Cractious), 

95. 
melanoleucus (Hapalolophus), 
143. 
melanoleucus (Lanius), 

229. 
melanoleucus (Penth.estes), 
7. 
melanoleucus (Urolestes), 

229. 
melanolophos (Lophophanes), 
28. 
melanolophus (Maehloloplms), 
28. 
melanolophus (Parus), 
28, 29. 
melanonota (Climacteris), 

334. 
melanops (Eopsaltria), 
203. 
melanops (Pachycephala), 
203. 
melanota (Olimaeteris), 
334. 
melanothorax (Laniarius), 
157. 
melanotis (Acredula), 55. 
melanotis (iEgithaliscus), 

55. 
melanotis (Allotrius), 117. 
melanotis (Parus), 55, 
melanotis (Poecile), 55. 
melanotis (Psaltria), 55. 
melanotis (Psaltriparus), 
55. 
melanotis (Ptererythrius), 
117. 
melanotus (Olimaeteris), 

334. 
melanthes (Lanius), 263. 
melanura (Olimaeteris), 
334. 
melanura (Pachycephala), 
185,189. 
melanurus (Lanius), 229. 
melitophrys (Lanius), 

314. 
melitophrys 
(Vireolanius), 
314. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

mellivorus (Lanius), 231, 
melodia (Musoicapa), 

296. 
mentalis (Cracticus), 102. 
mentalis (Pachycephala), 
189. 
mentalis (Vanga), 102. 
meridionalis (Oollyrio), 
247. V ' 
meridionalis (Lanius), 
244, 246. 
meridionalis (Parus), 46. 
Meristes, 150. 
Merle a collier clu Cap 

de Bonne Esperance, 

162. 
Merle noir et blanc 
d'Abyssinie, 139. 
merula (Oreicola), 186. 
Dierula (Pachycephala), 

186. 
merula (Saxicola), 185. 
meruloides (Pachycephala), 
192. 
meruloides (Timixos), 

212. 
Mesange a ceinture 
blanche, La, 35. 
Mesange a longue queue, 
La, 59. 
Mesange a poitrine noire, 
' La, 16. 
Melange a teste noire de 

Canada, La, 44. 
Melange brune, La, 39. 
Mesange de Marais ou la 

Nonnette cendr6e, La, 

49. 
Mesange de Siberia, La, 
35. 
grise a joue 
blanche, La, 16. 
Mesange grisette, La, 39. 
Mesange huppee de la 

Caroline, La, 32. 
Mesange noire, La, 7. 
mexicana (Certhia), 326. 
rnexicanus (Lanius), 245. 
michalowslm (Parus), 

43. 
minima (Acredula), 56. 
minima (Poecile), 56. 
minima (Psaltria), 56. 
minimus (Parus), 56. 
minimus (Psaltriparus), 
56. 
minimus, yar. plumbeus 
(Psaltriparus), 56. 
minor (Certhia), 324. 
minor (Enneoctonus), 

236. 
minor (Lanius), 235, 

252. 
minor (Parus), 15, 17. 
minor (Sitta), 347. 
minuta (Drymoica), 70. 
mintita (Sylvia), 70. 
minutus (iEgithaliscus), 
71. 
minutus (Anthoscopus), 
70. 
minutus (Laniarius), 128. 
minutus (Telephonus), 
128, 129. 
minutus (Telophonus), 

128. 
minutus (Telophorus), 
128, 
miosnomensis (Pachycephala), 
215. 
missouriensis (Lophophanes), 
32. 
mitratus (Parus), 27. 
modestus (iEgithalus), 

34. 
modestus (Laniarius), 
159modestus 
(Parus), 33. 
modestus (Sylvipaxus), 

33. 
modestus (Vireo), 303. 
Mohoua, 75. 
mollis (Lanius), 241. 
mollissimus (Malaconotus), 
146. 
moluccanus (Lanius), 

185. 
monacha (Pachycephala), 
montanus (Parus), 47. 
monteiri (Laniarius), 157. 
monteiri (Meristes), 157. 
monticola (Parus), 21. 
inonticolus (Parus), 20. 
morariensis (Pachyce


phala), 199. 
mossambicus (Dryoscopus), 
137. 
multicolor (Laniarius), 

158. 
muralis (Certhia), 331. 
muraria (Certhia), 331. 
muraria (Petrodroma), 
331. 
muraria (Tichodroma), 
331. 
muscicapinus (Hylophilus), 
308. 
Muscitrea, 182. 
musculus (-iEgithaliscus), 

71. 
musicus (Yireo), 301. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

mystacalis (Olimaeteris), 

mvstncalifl (TVTcliphaga), 

a:v.i. 
myslaceus (TCcgulus), 
Nl. 
mvs< accus (Ehabdornis), 

330. 
]\l}btacinuH, 77. 
na£>aonsiF (Sitta), 344* 
narboiiensiH (Parus), 

67. 
nasutus (Collyrio), 268. 
nasut UB (Lanius), 268. 
uati ereri (Oerthia), 
324. 
ne&lecta (Pachycephala), 
202. 
noglccta (Sitta), 349. 
ncfflcctus (Dryoseopus), 
136,137. 
Neochloe, 305. 
Neolestes, 170. 
Neopw, 360. 
nepalensis (Tichodroma), 

332. 
nemrayeri (Sitta), 345, 
346. 
Nieator, 165. 
niger (Melaniparus), 7. 
niger (Parus), 7, 8, 9. 
niger (Penthores), 7. 
nigorrinius (Dryoscopus), 
133. 
nigriocps (Oollurio), 268. 
tiigriceps (Collyrio), 268. 
nigriceps (Lanius), 268, 
261). 
nigrilVons (Lanius), 236. 
uigrigularis (Cracticus), 

95. 
nigvimentum (Pachycophala), 
180. 
nigriroslris (Cyclorhis), 

317. 
nigrirostris (Laniagra), 
317. 
nigrithorax (Laniarius), 
157. 
nigrogularis (Cracticus), 
9."). 
nig^pgulavis (Vanga), 95. 
Nilaus, 167. 
nilsonii (Rcgulus), 84. 
nipalensis (Oerthia), 328, 

329. 
nipalensis (Lanius), 260. 
nipalensis (Parus), 16. 
nipalensis (Sitta), 349, 
352. 
niveogularis (Acanthipar 
us), 58. 
niveogularis (Acreclula), 

58. 
niveogularis (iEgithaliscus), 
58. 
niveogularis (iEgithalus), 

58. 
niveogularis (Orites), 
58. 
nova scelandia* (Certhiparus), 
76. 
newe seelanditc (Parus), 

76. 
novo3 zealandise (Certhiparus), 
76. 
novoa zealandiao (Parus), 

76. 
noveboracensis (Lanius), 
301. 
noveboracensis (Muscicapa), 
300. 
noveboracensis (Vireo), 
300, 303. 
nuchalis (Parus), 38. 
Nuthatch, Ferruginous-

bellied, 351. 
Nui hatch, New-Holland, 

336. 
Nuthatch, Orange-winged, 
360. 

obiensis (Pachycephala), 

186. 
obscurior (Oollurio), 260. 
obtocta (Pceeile), 35. 
obtecta (Poecilia), 35. 
obtectus (Parus), 35, 
36. 
occidentalis (Pachycephala), 
193. 
occidentalis (Parus), 

45. 
ochraceiceps (Hylophilus), 
310. 
ochraceus (Vireo), 302. 
ochrocephala (Cyclorhis), 

318. 
ochrocephala (Mohoua), 
77. 
ochrocephala (Museicapa), 
76. 
ochrocephala (Orthonyx), 

77. 
ochrocephalus (Certhiparus), 
76. 
ocularis (G-lyciphiU), 

336. 
cenochlamys (Dendrophila), 
359. 
oenochlamys (Sitta), 359. 

oleaginiis (Malaconotus), 

162. 
Oliva, I/, 160, 161. 
olivacea (Muscicapa), 
180, 294. 
olivacea (Pachycephala), 

212. 
olivacea (Phyllomanes), 
294. 
olivacea (Vireosylvia), 
294. 
olivaceus (Chlorophoneus), 
162. 
olivaceus (Iiylophilus), 

313. 
olivaceus (Laniarius), 
156, 161. 
olivaceus (Lanius), 156, 
161, 294. 
olivaceus (Malaconotus), 

162. 
olivaceus (Meristes), 
156. . 
olivaceus (Telephorus), 
162. 
olivaceus (Vireo), 294. 
olivaceus, var. chivi 
(Vireosylvia), 295. 
olivaceus flavoviridis, var. 
agilis (Vireosylvia), 

295. 
optata (Pachycephala), 
190. 
orbitalis (Lanius), 250. 
Oreocharis, 2. 
Oreoica, 174. 
organicum (Barita), 
93. 
organicum (G-ymnorhina), 
92. 
orientalis (Dryoscopus), 
141, 144,148. 
orientalis (Laniarius), 

144. 
orientalis (Malaconotus), 
144. 
orientalis (Pomatorhynchus), 
125. 
Oriolia, 106. 
orioloides (Pachycepha


la), 200. 
Orites, 54. 
ornatum (Conirostrum), 

72. 
ornatus (Lanius), 162. 
ornatus (Malaconotus), 
163. 
orpheus (Hylocharis), 
213. 
orpheus (Hyloterpe), 
orpheus (Pachycephala), 

213, 
osburni (Laletes), 313. 
Otomela, 232. 
ouratensis (Orites), 65. 

Paehycare, 220. 
Pachycephala, 182. 
pachycephaloides (Clytorhynehus), 
111, 
pachycephaloides (Xenopirostris), 
111. 
Pacbycephalopsis, 182. 
Paehysylvia, 305. 
pallens (Collyrio), 250, 
pallens (Lanius), 250. 
pallens (Vireo), 302. 
pallida (Pachycephala), 

206. 
pallidirostris (Collyrio), 

247. 
pallidirostris (Lanius), 
247, 248, 249. 
pallidus (Allotrius), 118. 
pallidus (Collyrio), 247. 
pallidus (Lanius), 247. 
palustris (Poikilis), 49. 
palustris (Parus), 45, 49. 
palustris (Poecile), 49, 

51. 
palustris, var. borealis 
(Parus), 51. 
palustris, subsp. camtsehatkensis 
(Parus), 

51. 
palustris japonicus 
(Parus), 49. 
Pamirus, 77. 
papuerais (Sitta), 365. 
papuensis (Sittella), 365. 
paradoxa (Certhia), 324. 
Paroides, 54, GG, 77. 
Parus, 3. 
parvula(Eopsaltria), 177. 
parvula (Ereinomela), 

71. 
parvulus (iEgithaliscus), 

71. 
pectoralis (iEgithalus),69. 
pectoralis (Hylophilus), 

307. 
pectoralis (Musoicapa), 

192. 
pectoralis (Pachycephala), 
192, 208. 
pectoralis (Xerophila), 

74. 
pekinensis (Parus), 41, 

42. 
peli (Laniarrus), 166. 
Pelicinius, 150. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

Penduline, La, 67. 
Penclulinus, Q6. 
penclulinus (iEgithalus), 
G7. 
penclulinus (Parus), 67. 
pendulinus, var. jaxartica 
(JEgithalus), 67. 
pensilis (iEgithaliscus), 
70,71. 
pensilis (Paroides), 70. 
Pentheres, 3. 
Penthostes, 3. 
persieus, Parus (Oyanistes), 
14. 
persieus (Parus), 14. 
personata (Barita), 97. 
personatus (Cractieus), 

97. 
personatus (Psaltriparus), 

55. 
Petite Sittelle, La, 347. 
Petrodroma, 331. 
phceonota (Pachycephala), 
214. 
phaeonotus (Pachycephala), 
214. 
phaeonotus (Parus), 44. 
phaionotus (Myiolestes), 

214. 
philadelphica (Vireo), 
296, 
philadclphlcus (Vireo), 

296. 
philippinensis (Hyloterpe), 
221. 
philippinensis (Pachycephala), 
221. 
philomela (Hyloeharis), 

220. 
philomela (Hyloterpe), 

220. 
philomela (Muscicapa), 

220. 
phoenicoptera (Tichodroma), 
331. 
phcenicura (Otomela), 

271. 
phcenicurus (Lanius), 

271. 
Phoneus, 232. 
Phyllobasileus, 79. 
Phyllomanes, 292. 
pieatus (Cractieus), 96. 
picatus (Dryoscopus), 

138. 
picatus (Laniarius), 138. 
picatus (Thamnoeataphus), 
368. 
piceoe (Parus), 44. 
pictus (Teleph.on.us), 

152. 

picumnus (Certhia), 

336. 
picumnus (Climacteris), 
336,337. 
Pie-grieche a diaderne, 

204\
Pie-gi*ieebe h masque noir, 

203. 
Pie-grieche a queue epineusc, 
182. 
Pie-grieche Planehot, 

156. 
Pie-grieche bleue, 108. 
Pie-grieche bleue cle Madagascar, 
108. 
Pie-grieche caliealic, 

119. 
Pie-grieche d'Antigue, 
2G8. 
Pie-grieche d'ltaJie, 235. 
Pie-grieche du Senegal, 

153. 
Pie-grieche, Grand, 231. 
Pie-grieche grise, 237. 
Pie-grieche grise du Senegal, 
124. 
Pie-grieche loriot, 200. 
Pie-grieche Perrin, 165. 
Pie-grieche rousse a t£te 
noire du Senegal, 124. 
Pie-grieche rousse de Madagascar, 
105. 
Pie-grieche rousse du Senegal, 
153. 
pileata (Sittella), 362. 
pileatus (Lanius), 268. 
pinetorum (Lanius), 

236. 
pinetorum (Parus), 41. 
pinetorum (Sitta), 347. 
Pityriasis, 90. 
Pityriopsis, 90. 
placens (Climacteris), 

335. 
plesMi (Parus), 12. 
plumbea (Lanivireo), 

300. 
plumbea (Psaltria), 56. 
plumbea (Vireosylvia), 

300. 
plumbeus (Lanivireo), 

300. 
plumbeus (Parus), 56. 
plumbeus (Psaltriparus), 

56. 
plumbeus (Vireo), 299. 
plumbiceps (Hylophilus), 

307. 
Poecile, 3. 
poecilotis (Hylophilus), 

308. 

Poelrilis, 3. 
poeltzami (Mecistura), 

(54. 
polioecphala (Cyclorhis), 
319. 
polioecphalus(Laniarius), 
156. 
polioccphalus (Lanius), 
15U. 
polioccphalus (Malaconofus), 
3f>(3. 
poliochlamys (Laniarius), 

155. 
poliosoraa (Pachycephala), 
22(1 
poliosoma (Pachycephalopsis), 
226. 
polleni (Vanga), 110. 
polleni (Xenopirostris), 

110. 
polonicus (J3githalus),67. 
polonieus (Partis), 67. 
Pomatorhynohus, 120. 
Poule, 83. 
Poulo ou Souci cle Pensilvanie, 
La, 85. 
prinoeps (Lanius), 253. 
Promerops cle Muraille, 

331. 
propinqua (Vireosylvia), 
298. 
przewalstii (Lanius), 242. 
Psaltria, 53. 
Psaltriparus, 54. 
Psaltrites, 54. 
Ptererythrius, 112. 
Pterutliius, 112. 
Pterythrius, 112. 
Ptilobaphus, 3. 
Pueheninia, 182. 
pulehellus (Yireolanius), 
315. 
pulverulenta(Eopsaltria), 
180. 
puherulenta (Pcecilodryas), 
180. 
pulvcrulentus (Oolluricincla), 
180. 
pulverulentus (Myiolestes), 
180. 
pimctifrons (JEgitlialiscus), 
70. 
pusilla (Sitta), 356. 
pusillus (Hylophilus), 

307. 
pusillus (Vireo), 301. 
pygmsea (Sitta), 355. 
pyocephalus (Eegulus), 
84. 
pyrrhonota 
(Olimacteris), 
339. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

pyrrhonotus (Collyrio), 
2(56, 268. 
pyrrhonotus (Lanius), 
*266. 

quaclricolor (Laniarius), 

164. 
quadricolor (Pelicinius), 
164. 
quaclrivittatus (Parus), 
22. 
quoyi (Barita), 94. 
quoyi (Cracticus), 94. 
quoyi (Vanga), 95. 
rapax (Lanius), 238. 
reguloides (Eegulus), 83. 
Eegulus, 79. 
regulus (Motacilla), 80. 
regulus (Sylvia), 80, 82, 

83. 
remigialis (Telophonus), 
128. 
remigialis (Telophorus), 
128. 
Eemiz, Le, 67. 
rex (Machlolophus), 367. 
rex (Parus), 367. 
Ehabclornis, 333. 
Ehodoplioneus, 150. 
Eliynchastatus, 130. 
robusta (Pachycephala), 
186. 
robustus (Cracticus), 95. 
robustus (Lanius), 243, 
244. 
robustus (Parus), 19. 
Roller, Piping, 91. 
Boiler, Eed, 97. 
rosea (Acredula), 61. 
rosea (Mecistura), 61. 
roseilia (Sitta), 343. 
roseus (Lanius), 236. 
roseus (Malaconotus), 
152. 
roseus (Parus), 61. 
rubidiventer (Parus), 30. 
rubidiventris (Machlolophus), 
30, 
rubidiventris (Parus), 30. 
rubineus (Eegulus), 85. 
rubrifrons (Hylophilus), 

oil. 
rufa (Artamia), 105. 
rufa (Climacteris), 335. 
rufa (Lantzia), 105. 
rufa (Schetba), 105. 
rufa (Yanga), 105. 
rufescens (Pachycephala), 

rufescens (Parus), 34, 

rufescens (Poecila), 34. 
rufescens (Sitta), 345. 
rufidorsalis (Oerthia), 

324. 
rufinucha (Pachycephala), 
211. 
l-ufipectus (Parus), 44. 
rufipennis (Pachyce


phala), 218. 
rufiventer (Parus), 40. 
rufiventer (Ptererythri


us), 115. 
rufiventer (Pteruthius), 

115. 
rufiventris (Dryoscopus), 
134,135,368. 
rufiventris (Laniarius), 

135. 
rufiventris(Malaconotus) 
134. 
rufiventris (Pachycephala), 
205, 208. 
rufiventris (Parus), 40. 
rufiventris (Sylvia), 

208. 
rufogularis (Pachycephala), 
209. 
ruibnuchalis (Lophophanes), 
29. 
ruibnuchalis (Parus), 29, 

30. 
ruf us (Ariamus), 105. 
ruf us (Oalicalicus), 105. 
rufus (Lanius), 105..' fd 
rupestris (Sitta), 345. 
rupicola (Sitta), 345. 
russicus (Mystaceus), 
78. 
russicus (Parus), 78. 
ruticilla (Hylophorba), 
119. 
rutilans (JEgithalus), 
69. 
sabinei (Ohaunonotus), 

143. 
sabinei (Dryoscopus), 
143. 
sabinei (Thamnophilus), 
143. 
saebyensis (Parus), 11. 
salicaria alpina (Pcecila), 
51. 
salicaria assimilis (Poecila), 
51. 
salicaria borealis(Pcecila), 

51. 
salicarius (Parus), 49. 
salimse (Dryoscopus), 
144. 
salimae (Laniarius), 144. 
ALPILU3ETICAL INDEX. 

Salpornis, 329, 330. 
salvadorii (Hylvpsornis), 

330. ^ 
sanguinifrons (Dieajuui), 
70. 
satrapa (Eegulus), 82, 
83. 
satrapa, var. olivascens 
(Eegulus), 83. 
saxatilis (Sitta), 345. 
scandens (Cliniaeteris), 

330, 337. 
scandulacea (Oerthia), 

324. 
schach (Oollyrio), 2G2. 
schach (Lanius), 261,263, 
266, 267, 268. 
schach, var. forinosse 
(Lanius), 262. 
scbistonotus ("Parus), 

16. 
schlegeli (Pachycephala), 
195. 
scolopacina (Motacilla), 
324. 
seebohmi (Lanius), 243. 
semibrurmeus (Hylophilus), 
309. 
seruieinereus (Hylophilus), 
312. 
semiflavus (Vireo), 

302. 
semllarvatus (Melaniparus), 
38. 
semilarvatus (Parus), 
p 
38. 
senegalensis (Lanius), 

255. 
senegalensis (Tchagra), 
121. 
senegalus (Laniarius), 
125. 
senegalus (Lanius), 121, 
124. 
senegalus (Telephonus), 
128. 
senegalus (Telopbonus), 
124, 125. 
senegalus (Telopkorus), 

124. 
senex (Pachycephala), 
214. 
senilis (Certhiparus), 
75. 
senilis (Parus), 75. 
septentrionalis (Oerthia), 
324. 
septentrionalis (Lanius), 
240. 
septentrionalis (Parus), 
45. 
septentrionalis (Eegulus), 

80. 
septentrionalis (Sitta), 
342, 347. 
septentrionalis, var. albescens 
(Parus), 45. 
sericea (Sitta), 342. 
sericophrys (Parus), 33. 
Shrike, Frontal, 173. 
Shrike, Great Cinereous, 

237. 
Shrike, Hook-billed, 104. 
Shrike, Rufous, 105. 
Shrike, Senegal, 124. 
Shrike, Varied, 158. 
Shrike, White-headed, 
107. 
Shrike, Yellow-browed, 
159. 
sibirica (Poecila), 35, 
48. 
sibirica (Pcecile), 35. 
sibirica (Sitta), 343. 
sibirica vera (Poecila), 
35. 
sibiricus (Calaruophilus), 
79. 
sibiricus (Parus), 35, 48. 
sibiricus (Pceeila), 35. 
similis (Cklorophoneus), 
159. , 
similis (Laniarius), 159. 
similis (Malaconotus), 
148, 159. 
simplex (Pachycephala), 

219. 
sinensis (Sitta), 347. 
sitchensis (Parus), 34. 
Sitta, 341. 
Sittella, 360. 
Sittelle a tete bruno, La, 
356. 
Sittelle a tete noire, 354. 
Sittelle clu Canada, 354. 
smithi (JEgithaliscus), 
70. 
smithi (Paroides), 70. 
smithi (Parus), 71. 
smithii (Collurio), 258. 
smithii (Oollyrio), 255, 
259. 
smithii (Fiscus), 259. 
smithii (Lanius), 258, 
259. 
solitaria (Lanivireo), 
299. 
solitaria (Muscicapa), 
298. 
solitaria (Vireo), 298. 
solitaria (Vireosylvia), 
299. 
solitarius (Lanius), 

299. 
solitarius (Vireo), 298. 
solitarius cassini (Vireo), 
299. 
solitarius, var. plumbeus 
(Lanivireo), 300. 
solitarius, ^ ar. propinquus 
(Vireosylvia), 299. 
somalicus (Dryoscopus), 

somalicus (Lanius), 130. 
songarus (Parus), 48. 
sonnerati (Barita), 97. 
sophiffi (Allotrius), 118. 
sophia3 (Leptopoecile), 

soror (Pachycephala), 

196. 
Souci, 83. 
Sourciroux, 319. 
SOUZJE (Fiscus), 254. 
souzoe (Lanius), 254. 
spaldingi (Oracticus), 
102. 
Spasornis, 104. 
sphenocercus (Lanius), 
242,251. 
Sphenostoma, 74. 
spilonota (Oerthia), 330. 
spilonota (Salpornis), 

330. 
spilonotus (Machlolophus), 
26. 
spilonotus (Parus), 26. 
spilonotus (Salpornis), 


p30. 
spinicaucla (Pachycephala), 
182. 
spinicauda( Ptercry t hius), 

182. 
spinicauda (Pucherania), 
182. 
spiuicaudus (Pteruthius), 
182. 
squalida (Pachycephala), 
215. 
sticturus (Dryoscopus), 
136. 
sticturus (Laniarius), 
136. 
stoliczkre (iEgxthalus), 
stoliczkie (Certhia), 328. 
stoliczka3 (Stoliczkana), 

86. 
Stoliczkana, 8C). 
striata (Pachycephala), 
208. 
striata (Sittella), 364. 
strigatus (Lanius), 290. 
r 2S3. s"e.r\d<C? 

384 

striolata (Climactoris), 

331). 
stromei (Parus), 19. 
stulta (Hitla), 354. 
subcoronatus (Oollyrio), 

2(50. 
subcoronatus (Fiscus), 

260. 
subcoronatus (Lanius), 
21)0. 
subflavescons (Oyclorhis), 

320. 
subhemalayana (Tichoclroma), 
331. 
sublaoteus (Drvoscopus), 
140, 141. 
sublacteus (Laniarius), 

140. 
sublacteus (Malaconotus), 
140subinicrorhynchus 
(Poecile), 35. 
subviriclis (Macblolophus), 
26. 
subviridis (Parus), 26. 
sucliii (Lanius), 266. 
suecica (Sitta), 342. 
sulfureipectus (Chloro


phonous), 159. 
sulfureipectus (Dryoseopus), 
159. 
sulfureipectus (Laniarius), 
159. 
sulfureopectus (Malaconotus), 
159. 
sulfureopectus (Tchagx-a), 

159. 
sulfuriventer(IIyloterpe), 
221. 
sulfuriventer (Pachycephalia), 
221. 
sultanea (Melanochlora), 

6. 
sultaneus (Parus), 6. 
sumatrana (Melanochlora), 
6. 
sundevallt (Parus), 71. 
suporeiliaris (Tephro


dornis), 220. 
superciliosus (Laniarius), 

159. 
superciliosus (Lanius), 
271, 319. 
superciliosus (Malaconotus), 
159. 
superciliosus (Telephone), 
159, 
swainsonii (Sylvia), 308. 
swainsonii (Vireo), 296. 
swainsonii (Vireosylvia), 

296. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

swinhooi (Mecistura), 65. 
sylvieola (Museicapa), 
29S. 
syriaca (Sitta), 345, 346. 

tceniura (Certhia), 327. 
Tanagra, 318. 
Tchagra, Le, 121. 
tchagra (Lanius), 126. 
tchagra (Potamorhyn


chus), 121. 
tehagra(Telophonus),127. 
tchagra (Thamnophilus), 

121. 
Telophonus, 120. 
Telophorus, 150. 
teneriffia (Parus), 14,15. 
tenuirostris(Sittella), 363. 
tephronota (Aeredula),64. 
tephronota (Sitta), 346. 
tephronotus (Collurio), 
260. 
tephronotus (Collyrio), 
261. 
tephronotus (Lanius), 
260, 265. 
tephronotus (Orites), 64. 
tephronotus (Parus"), 64. 
Thamnocataphus, 368. 
Thamnophilus, 318. 
thamnophilus (Dryosco


pus), 147. 
thamnophilus(Laniarius), 

147. 
thoracicus (Hylophilus), 
307. 
Thrush, Black-crowned, 
192. 
Thrush, Ethiopian, 139. 
Thrush, Guttural, 192. 
Thrush, Orange-breasted, 
208. 
Thrush, Yellow-breasted, 
176. 
tibieen (Barita), 91, 92. 
tibicen (Coraeias), 91. 
tibieen (Oracticus), 91. 
tibicen (Gyrnnorhina), 91. 
Tichoclroma, 331. 
tigrinus (Enneoetonus), 
290. 
tigrinus (Lanius), 290. 
Tit, Azure, 11. 
Tit, Cape, 70. 
Titmouse, Azure, 11. 
Titmouse, Bearded, 78. 
Titmouse, Blue, 12. 
Titmouse, Crested, 27,32. 
Titmouse, Great, 19. 
Titmouse, Hudson's-Bay, 
35. 
Titmouse, Long-tailed, 

60. 
Titmouse, Marsh, 49. 
Titmouse, New-Zealand, 
76. 
Titmouse, Penduline, 
67. 
Titmouse, Toupet, 32. 
Torche-pot, 347. 
torquata (Pachycephala), 
torquatus (Bulestes), 100. 
torquatus (Oracticus), 

100. J 
torquatus (Neolestes), 
171. 
Trichophorus, 166. 
tricolor (Drvoscopus), 
132,150. 
tricolor (Laniarius), 150. 
tricolor (Lanius), 268. 
tricolor (Regulus), 83. 
trivirgata (Acredula), 62. 
trivirgatus (Laniarius), 

122. 
trivirgatus (Parus), 62, 
m. 
trivirgatus (Pomatorhynchus), 
122. 
trivirgatus (Telephorus), 

122. 
trivirgatus (Telophonus), 
122. 
tschagra (Telephonus), 
tschagra (Telophonus), 


turatii (Drvoscopus). 

140. 
turatii (Laniarius), 140. 
ultramarinus (Cyanistes), 

ultramarinus (Parus), 
14, 15. 
uncinatus (Lanius), 245, 


240, 248. 
uralensis (Sitta), 342. 
Urolestes, 228. 
urostigma (Parus), 76. 
usshen (Laniarius), 124. 
ussheri (Telophonus), 

vagans (Mecistura), 61. 
Vanga, 104. 
varia (Barita), 97. 
varia (Coraeias), 97. 
varia (Gracula), 97. 
varia (Sitta), 354. * 
varians (Oracticus), 97. 

variegata (Eopsaltria), 

180. 
varius (Cracticus), 95,97. 
varius (Parus), 37. 
velata (iSitta), 358. 
venustulus (Parus), 23. 
verreauxii (Dryoscopus), 
141. 
vicinior (Vireo), 300. 
Tigil (Lanius), 236. 
villoaa (Sitfca), 355. 
vinacea (Acredula), 65. 
violaceus (Parus), 14. 
virenticeps (Oyclorhis), 
317. 
Vireo, 292. 
vireo (Nicator), 166. 
Vireolanius, 314. 
Vireonella, 292. 
Vireosylvia, 292. 
virescens (Pachycephala), 
215. 
virescens (Vireo), 294. 
viridiflavus (Hylophilus), 
319 

viriclK (Oyclorhis), 318, 

319. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

viriclis (Laniarius), 165. 
viriclis (Malacouotus), 

164. 
viridis (Saltator), 318. 
viridis (Telephorus), 1(55. 
vitiensis (Pachycephala), 
190, 201. 
vifctacauda (Oerihia), 

327. 
vulgaris (Eegulus), 80. 
waldeui (Lanius), 290. 
Warbler, Rufous-vented, 

208. 
wernei (Malacouotus), 
154. 
wiedii (Oyclorhis), 318. 
wollweberi (Lophophanes), 
31. 
wollweberi (Parus), 31. 

xantkerythrasa (Pachycephala), 
207. 
xanthetrcea (Muscicapa), 

207. 
xanthetrsea (Pachycephala), 
207. 

#85 

santhochloris (Allotrius), 

118. 
xanthoekloris (Ptererythrius), 
118. 
xanthochloris (Pteruthius), 
118. 
xanthochloris, var. pallida 
(Allotrius), 118. 
xanthocnemis (Pachycephala), 
186. 
xantkogonys (Machlolophus), 
24. 
xanthogenys (Parus), 24, 
25, 26. 
xanthoprocta (Pachycephala), 
211. 
xenopirostris (Vanga), 

110. 
zelandicus (Parus), 76. 
zeylonus (Pelicinius), 

162. 
zeylonus (Telephonus), 
162. 
zeylonus (Telophorus), 
162. 
zeylonus (Tardus), 162. 
END OE THE EIGHTH VOLUME. 

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. 

LIST OE PLATES. 

Plate 
iEgithalus caroli, p. 71 , 
capensis, p. 70 J 
Teloplionus usslieri, p. 124 
"blanfordi, p. 127 } -
Laniarius poliochlamys. p. 155 III. 
melanotliorax, p. 157 IT. 
Mlans capensis, p. 168 \ 
afer, p. 169 J Y* 
Lanius dealbatus, p, 250 YL 
elegans, p. 251 YIL 
fallax, p. 247 YIII. 
Pach}rcepliala poliosoma, p. 226 , IX. 

Birds B.M.Vol.m. Fill 

J Snnt.deL.et Iitk. Mmtem Bros. imp. 

IjEgitJiaJiLs axrohu. Z.jEgdkcdjtMs capmsis. 

PI.II.

Birds B.M.Vol.VIIl. 

Smit del.etlith. Mmtera Bros amp 

1. Tebophomjus ussherv. 2. Tehophjorwus blarifordu. 
PL. in.

Birds BM.Vol, VIII. 

Mmtern Bros, imp 

Smit del etlith 

Ztcuuaruis poliochlamys. 

Ph. IV.

Birds BM.Yol.WI. 

' ,i 

Mirrterm Bros, imp • 

Srmt del etlith.. 

Lcmiaruzs indunothoram. 

Ph.V.

Birds B.M.Vol.VIII. 

J Simt del etlitb.. Mintern Bros . imp . 

J.NilaJus capensis. Z.Mlaxis ctfer. 

Birds B.M.Voh.VIJI. Ph. VI. 

J-SnutddetMi. 

Mintern"BTOs iiriT 

•Lanzas de<zZbatas. 
Birds.B.M.Vol.WI. Pl.W 

J. Smit del et litk. Minterri Bros imp 
Locrwas elegocns 

Ph.VIII

Bu-dsBM.Voh.MIL 

Mmtera Bx o s. imp 

J.Smit del.etlitk. 

Lcuzais fcdhcuv. 

Ph. IX.

Birds B.M.Vol. VIII. 

J. Smxt del.etlith. Mmterm Bros. imp. 
PackycephaZopsis poUoscrtwu. 

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