Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum 
Volume XII 
1888 
eBooks von / from Digitalisiert von / Digitised by 
Humboldt-Universität zu 
Berlin
CATALOGUE 

OF THE 

BIRDS 


IN TEE 

BRITISH MUSEUM. 

VOLUME XII. 


LONDON: 
FEINTED BY ORDER OE THE TRUSTEES. 
1888. 


CATALOGUE 

OF THE 

PASSERIFORMES, 


OE 

PERCHING BIRDS, 


IN THE 

COLLECTION 

OF THE 

BRITISH MUSEUM. 

FRINGILLIFORMES: PART ITT. 

CflNTAINIMS THE FAMILY 

FRING-ILLIDJE. 

(It-^ 

R. BOWDLER SHARPE.\ .T "^X' ^ ' 
$>Llt 

LONDON: 
PRINTED BY ORDER OE THE TRUSTEES, 
1888. 

PTUNTJET) BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, 
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. 


PREFACE. 

"WIIH the remarkable increase of the collection of Birds this volume 
of the 4 Catalogue' has assumed a bulkier shape than any of its 
predecessors. In fact, since the commencement of the work in 
1874 the collection has been nearly trebled, so that the species 
described in the present volume are represented on an average by 
a series of about seventeen examples each. 

In the Preface to Yolume X. it was my pleasing duty to place 
on record the acquisition of two most important collections of 
South-American Birds. These accessions were quickly followed 
by the equally valuable gifts of two celebrated collections of Birds 
of the Old World—both formed by ornithologists who thoroughly 
understood the requirements of modern Ornithology as to the 
methods and principles of collecting. 

The first of these donations is the collection formed by Allan 

0. Hume, Esq., C.B., beyond comparison the most extensive, complete, 
and important that has ever been formed of the birds of the 
British Asiatic Empire. Beside the specimens obtained by the 
donor himself and the collectors employed by him, this collection 
embraces the Mandelli collection from Sikkim and Tibet, Brooks' 
Korth-Western and Central-Indian Birds, Bingham's collection 
from DelM and Tenasserim, Scully's collection from Turkestan, and 
others. It consists of 03,000 bird-skins, 18,500 eggs, and 500 nests. 
Many of the species, the number of which has been computed at 
2000, are represented by bug series very completely illustrating 
their geographical dibtribution and variation according to age, season, 
or locality. 
PBBFACIJ. 

The secoud collection is that formed by the late Marquess of 
Tweeddale and bequeathed by him to Capt. R. G. Wardlaw Bamsay, 
who has now deposited it in the British Museum. The value of this 
collection for the British Museum consists chiefly of the Birds 
obtained in countries of Asia beyond the limits of the British 
Empire; it thus supplements in most important points the Hume 
collection, and it is calculated that, after the elimination of duplicates, 
some 25,000 specimens will be added to the British Museum. 

The removal of the Natural History Department into a new 
and more commodious building has no doubt had much to do with 
tho almost simultaneous accession of collections for the reception of 
which there would not have been room in the old building. But 
the chief causes by which the donors of these magnificent collections 
were moved to deposit them in the Xational Museum 
are to be sought in the scrupulous care bestowed on the preservation 
of the specimens as well as in the rigorous adherence by the 
Trustees to the principle of rendering them subservient to scientific 
use as far as this is compatible with safe custody. 

I believe a ' Catalogue' like the present to be the best instrument 
for attaining this latter object. It renders necessary a thorough 
examination of the specimens, and communicates the results of 
such examination to students in every part of the Globe; whilst by 
the carefully compiled lists of the specimens their orderly arrangement 
is secured, and their existence in the Museum permanently 
placed on record, so that the loss of any of them could not fail 
to be discovered. Ornithologists will therefore learn with great 
satisfaction that H.M. Treasury has recently sanctioned proposals 
by which the progress of this work will be much accelerated. 

ALBEItT GUXTHEB. 
Zoological Department, 
0 Jan, 18SS. 

INTRODUCTION. 


THE number of specimens of FringillidcB recorded in the present 
volume is 9443, exceeding by several thousands the contents of any 
previous volume of the i Catalogue of Birds.' The number of species 
recorded is 559, of which only 30 are unrepresented in the Museum 
collection, which contains likewise the types of no less than 125 
species. 

The line of demarcation between the families FringillidcB and 
TanagrklcB seems to be an extremely arbitrary one, and many genera 
included by me as Pinches are just as likely to be Tanagers, if there 
is really a definable character for the separation of the two families. 
I allude more especially to such forms as Piezorhina, Ohamceospiza, 
Coryphospingus, &e. Some distinctive characters may ultimately 
be discovered in the anatomy of the Fringillidce and Tanagridce 
which will serve to separate them ; but at present the whole classification 
of these birds is highly unsatisfactory. 

Equally difficult is it to arrive at a satisfactory conclusion with 
regard to the value of the various subspecies and varietal forms 
found in North America. It is probable that these can only be 
properly studied in American museums, although, thanks to the 
liberal donations of the United States National Museum, Mr. G. B. 
Sennett, Mr. H. K. Coale, and other correspondents, I have had a 
better series of North-American birds at my disposal than has ever 
been my lot before. Some of the races recognized by the American 
Ornithologists' Union in their authoritative 'Check-list' I have 
been able clearly to recognize. In other cases the series of skins has 
been sufficient to show an absolute connection between several forms 
of Xearctic Finches; whilst some of the differences put forward bj 
American ornithologists appear to me to be insufficient to recognize 
many of their subspecies. "When the British Museum possesses a 

VUl tNTKODirCTIOK. 

series of North-American skins of equal extent to the Hume Col


lection of Indian Birds, then I shall be able to speak with more 

confidence on the relations of Nearctic species. 

The value of the recent donations of their great collections by 

Mr. Allan Hume, Capt. Wardlaw Ramsay, and Messrs. 0. Sarvin and 

E. Du Cane Godman is amply illustrated in the following pages, 
and needs no words of mine to enhance it. 
The Museum has recently received some very important gifts 
from other quarters, which have been of the utmost assistance in 
the preparation of this volume of the ' Catalogue.' Amongst these 
may be mentioned the following:— 

A collection from Xado and the Monbuttu country in Equatorial 
Africa, presented by Emin Pasha. This collection added several 
species to the British Museum; but they unfortunately arrived too 
late to be incorporated in the body of the work, and are included in 
the Appendix. 

Many interesting species of Finches and Buntings from various 
parts of the Russian Empire, received in exchange from the Imperial 
Museum of St. Petersburg. 

The collection of Fringillklce formed by the late Mr. W. A. 

Eorbes, and bequeathed by him to the British Museum. 

I likewise desire to express my sincere thanks to the following 
gentlemen who have materially assisted me in the preparation of the 
present volume either by the loan or donation of specimens to the 
Museum :—Capt. Bingham, W. Davison, Esq., Prof. Giglioli, E. 
Hargitt, Esq., J. E. Jackson, Esq., G. Erean Morcom, Esq., Capt. 
Stackhouse Pinwill, Henry Seebohm, Esq., Captain Shelley, Colonel 
Swinhoe, and Canon Tristram. 

The same symbols are employed as have been customary in previous 
volumes of the 6 Catalogue.' " [P.] " means " Presented by ; " 
" [C ] " = " Collected by; " " [E.] " = " Received in Exchange." 

R. ROWDIER 8HASPE. 
Dec. 10, 1887. 
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 


Order P ASSERIFORMES. 

Suborder PASSERES. 

I. ACBOMYOBI. 

a. Passeres normales 

(continued). 

SECTION FRINGILLI FORMES. 

Fam. FEINGILLID^. 

Subfam. I. COCCOTHBATJSTIN^E. 
Page 

1. Geospiza, Gould 6 

1. magnirostris, Gould.... 7 

2. afeenua, Gould 8 

3. dubiaj Gould 9 

4. fortis, Gould 10 

5. nebuiosa, Gould 11 

6. denlirostris, Gould .... 11 

7. difficilis, Sharpe 12 

8. fuliginosa, Goidd 12 

9. paryula, Gould 13 

2. Cainarhynchus, Gould .... 14 

1. variegatus, Scl. 8f Salv. . 15 

2. crassirdatris, Gould .... 16 

3. psittaculus, Gould .... 16 

4. liaisli, Sell $ Salv 17 

5. prosthemelas, Scl. 8f Salv. 17 

3. Cactornis, Gould 18 

1. assimilis, Gould 18 

2. scandens, Gould 19 

3. abmtrdom, Scl. Sf Salv... 20 

4. pallida, Scl. $ Salv 20 

4. Chloris, Cuv 21,817 
Q Ym 1. chloris (X.) 21 
a/chlorotica (Licht.) .. 26 

2. siinc77ZXT 26,817 
JS.8. kawarahiba(7,4>S.) 28,818 

5. 
Eopliona", Gould 28 
rb 1. m^laaura. Gm 28, 818 
^ 2. personata (T. §S.) . .30,818 

6. Chaunoproctus, Bp 31 

1. ferreirostris (Vig.) .... 31 

7. Hesperiphona, Bp 32 

1. v^pgrtipfl. (Cooper).... 32 

2. abeillsei (Less.) 34 

8. Coccothraustes, Briss 36 

0 1. coccothrauates 
(L.) . .36,818 
a.^ajomcus, T. Sf S. 39,818 

2. hvaaa^Marpe 40, 818 

9. Mycerobas, Cab 41 

lA 1. melanoxanthus (TIdgs.) \ Q-IO 

10. Pycnorliampbus, Hume .. 43 

1. icteroides (Vig.) 44, 819 

2. *ffia5£TBh/&) 46, 819 
il-S* ^B^E^ 8 (Hodgs.) . .47,819 

11. Pneucticus, Reichenb 50 

a. bonapartii, Salvad. .. 50 

1. chrysopeplus (Vig-). ... 51 

2. chrysogaster (Less.).... 52 

3. ti|)iaji8^ j^gtw 53 

4. 
aureivenjais, jyOrb. # 
YtafrrZT. 54 

5. uropygialis, £cZ. $• ^a/y.. 55 

6. crissafis7>SW. fy Salv. .. 56 

12. 
Hedymeles, Cab 58 

• 1. ludoyicianus (L.) 58 

2. meIanocephalu8.($w.) .. 62 

13. Guiraca, Sw 65 

1. caeruleaji 66,819 
2.parellina(^.)-. 69,819 

a. indigotica (Bidgw.).. 819 

3. cyanea (X.) 71 

a. argentina, Sharpe.... 73 

4. cyauoides (Lafr.) 73 

•;i." 5. concreiEaX-Dti^^) 74 

6. giaucocaorulea (D'Orb.). 75 

14. OryzoBorus,Uctb 76 

1. torridus (Scop.) 77 

2. rnaxrmTIiaui (Cab.) .... 78 

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 

Page 

3. crassirosiiis (Gm.) .... 79 
4. occidentalism Scl SO 
5. nuttingi, RiJgiv bO 
*b 6. funereugj.aw 81, 819 

7. atrTrosiris, Scl. $• Salv. . 81 
15. Loxigilla, Less 82 
^ !• violaceajX.) 82 
2. i^gsXr.) 84 
3. propinqua, Lawr So 
4. anoxantha (Gosse) .... 85 
5. portoiicensis {Baud.) .. 87 
* - 6. grandly'{Xaicr.) 87 
16. Neorhynclius, Set 87 
1. nasesus (Bp.) 88 
2. devronis (Verr.) 89 
16*. Piezorhina, Lafr 89 
1. cinerea, Lafr 89 
17. Spermophila, Sw 90 
1. albigularis (SpLv) .... 93 
" 2- Eypjoleuca (Licht) 94 
(^ 3. gnsea(c7?w.) 96 
4. pTtTmbea (Neiiicied) .... 97 
a. Vhitefeyana, Sharpe . 98 
/3. colombiana, Sharpe . 5 9 
5. snperciliaris, Pelz 99 
6. simplex,?^ 100 
7. obscura, Tacz 101 
8. pauper, Berl. fy Tacz. . . 102 
9. telasco (Less.) 102 
10. fnornata (Lafr.) 104 
11. libnibchroa, Scl 105 
12. analis {I)'Orb.) 106 
13. analoides {Lafr.) 107 
14. castaoeiventris (Cab.) .. 108 
n, 15. mmutTIirr.7.... 109,820 

16. liYPQxantba (Cab.) 111 
17. paTustris, Barrows .... 112 
18. nigroaurantia (Bodd.) . 113 
19. mgYoru?Z(T)'Orb.$Lafr.) 114 
20. pileaia^&c/ 115 
21. cucullata (Bodd.) 116 
a. policnota, Sharpe.... 118 
22. melanoeepliala ( V.) 118 
23. toimieola, Bp. .... 119 
24. albitorquis, Sharpe .... 120 
25. oj&thaMc^Stf. 120 
26. lineata (Gm.) 121 
0 27. moffiMjBp.) ... . 123,820 
28. parva, Lawr 124 
29. cjerulescens, Bonn, et 
mfirr.::: 126 

0 rt> 30. gutturalis (Licht.) 128, 820 

31. ocellataT&7. cy Salr. .. 130 
32. lmeolajk 131 
a. trmitatis, Sharpe .... 132 
j8. amazonica, Sharpe . . 132 
Page 

33. aurita., Bp 133 
34. fuctiui^a, Lafr 135 
. 35. cpryma, Scl. 137 
" 36. bicolor (UOrb. $ Lafr.) 138 
17 a. Dolospingus, Elliot .... 141 

1. nuelialis, Elliot 141 
176. Melopyrrha, Bp 141 
1. nigra\L.) 141 
18. CataniBlyrhynchus, Lafr. 142 
1. diaderna^Zfffr 142 
19. Pbonipara, Bp 143 
0 1. canora ( Gm.) 144 
• 2
' 
- le^ida (^<?..) 145> ^~° 

a. pusjUaiSic.) 147 
3. 
bicogrJX.) 149 
armarchii, Baird 150 
4. fuliginosa (Xeincied) 151,820 
20. Volatinia, Reichenb 1^2 
01. jacarini jL.) ...... 152. 820 
21. Amaurospiza, Cab 15r> 
1. concolor. Cab 156 
2. dSqtTaTSrialis, Sharpe . . 157 
3. axillaris, Sharpe 157 
22. Pyrrliuloxia, Bp 158 
1. sinuata (Bp.) 358 
2S. Cardinalis, Bp 100 
1. cardinalis (X.) 161, 820 
a. eoecineus Laird IH3, 820 
/3. igpeus, Baird 104 
$>'. yueatanieus, Ridyw. 820 
y. 
carneus (L.) I(K> 
d. superbus, Ridyic 165 
2. phoeniceus, Bp. ...... 160 
Subfam. II. FHINOILLINJE. 

24. Fringilla,i 170 
1. tesdaa, W. $ B 170 
2. cgelej^, L. 171 
3. maderensia, Sharpe 175 
a. moreleti, Pitcher 176 
.' p. canarieusis, Vieill. . . 177 
4. spodioprenvsj Bp. .. 1-77, >2\ 
5. motTtirnngilia, L.. . 178. >2\ 
2o Procafcfuelis, Ilodgs 1>2 
1. nip^alensis (Hodgs.) .... \>"2 
2. 
rubescens, Blanf. 184 
Carduelis, Bit's*. ". 185 
1. carduelis (L.) 185,821 
2. 
canieeps, Vig 1-9, 821 
Chfyioiniiris, Bote 192 
1. triads (Z.) 105,821 
2. jrnSH (Aud.) 198 
3. sjDinescens(Xft7//.J ... . 199 
4. ^s^ert^Sharpe 200 
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 

0. atuceps, Salv 200 
. 2- syinoifea (H W > • 2>01,821 
7. psaltiiaJjS'«y) 204 
aTanzuntB, &z/es 200 
K naexicaiiaJC *S'*^-) • • 210, <^22 
^* c^Q^Sai (Lafr.) . , . . 208 

10. xStEoga^Jer, 2)« Z>Vd\ . 209 
11. "sffffnegeii, Sharpe .... 210 
12. 
ujcy^iaJK 6'^ 211 
1:3. atiatu (1TO&. # X<*/>.). 212 
14.s555s(X.) ^212,b22 
- 15- bagEak (Jiofo^) 210 
10. icterira (ZicM.) 217 
a. capitajib, Cah 210 
/3. boln lana. Sharpe .... 2i0 
y. longirustris. Sharpe . . 
220 
6. 
siemiradzkii, Iterlepsek 
tV Tacs 221 
17. ixotata.,(Dv Bus) 221 
IS. iorren, Salving Godman 222 
19. ni^nc^b(Hupp.) 222 
20. laSSacif ( CMS.) 223 
21. cucullataj Stc.) 225 
22. tlnTletanaT Hume 22(5 
2:J. pious ( Wite.) 2-27 
24. cifrmelloideb (Tin pp.) 
.. 221) 
25. melanops (Ileur/l) 229 
m 20. cigguati (X.;: 2fio 
* 27. totta (Sparrm.) 231 
28. Callacanthis, lieicheub. .. 202 
1. burtoiii (6WAZ) .. 2S2,^22 
29. Loxiuiitrls, Bryant 233 
1. dominicensi^, Bryant.. 234 
30. Acanthidops, Iltiigw 234 
1. bairdi, liithjw 234 
31. Aeanthife, BeJist. 235 
1. flauro-tris (L.) 236 
2. brevirobtrib {Bp.).. 2:\B, S22 
3. eaiinalisa. (X.).... 240, fe22 
a. iyiairilliro^tri-{Bp. cS',
SV/</.) 244,822 
4. linaria (X.) 245,822 
a. liolhodlK Brehm) 250,823 
,:*. rp^tratci ( Coites) 251 , h23 
y. rule&censf Tieill.) 252, .^23 
5. exllipes { daws) .. 254, ^2*) 
a. homemimnii IlolhoeU) 250 
32. Muntifemfrilla, Pr^ n .. 257 
1. nivalis (X.) 259 
2. alpicula (IW.) 200 
3. adamai, Moure ... . 201,823 
4. mundellii, Hume 2V/2 
5. rufieollis, Blanf. .. 203,823 
0. blanfordi. J/www .26 4 
7. davidiaua ( Terr.), . 205,823 
8. fcordida (Stol.) ... . 200,823 
9. nemoricQla (Eoch/s.) .. 208 
10. branJEf '(Bp.) ..'.. 209, 824 
ll.aSafPrt/^) 272 
11«. robojwsldi, PnVtf 824 
12. gigliolii„(^«/i>«f/.)., 273, 824 
13. teghrocotis (Sw.) 273 
34. s&ta'pftfdf/io.) 274 
15. australis (Allen) 275 
16. gtkdiwcl^a (Brandt) .. 275 
17. littoxdis (Baird) 277 
18. brunneimiclia (Brandt) < gL 
33. Rhodopechys, Cab 280 
1. sanguinea (Gould). .280,824 
34. 
RhvncEostruthus, Scl. fy 
Hartl 281 
1. socotranus, Scl Sf Hartl 282 
35. Rliodospiza, Sharpe 282 
1. obaoleta (Zicht.) .. 282, 824 
30. Erythrospiza, Bp 284 
„ 1. gijhaginea (ZicM.) 284 
2. moDffofica {Swinh.) 287,824 
37. Petronia, Kaup 288 
\ 1. petronia (X.) ... . 289, 824 
1 2. bractydactyla, Bp. 292, 825 
i 3. flificulUs (Frank!.) 293,825 
4. deutata (Sundev.).. 295,825 
5. pyrgita (Hevgl.) 290 
6. pelrsneUa {LicM.) 297,825 
38. Pasber, Brm 298 
1. montanus (X.) ... . 301,825 
2. saturatus, Sfejneyer 307,825 
3. domesticua (X.) .. 307,826 
a. griseiprularis, Sharpe 313 
4. itali» (Vietfl) 315 
5. 
pyrrbonotus, Blyth .... 316 
f 317 
6. hisjganiolenfeis (Temm.) 
«j Q9(> 
7. insularis, Scl. Sf Hartl 
. 321 
8. moabiticus, Tristr 321 
9. vatii, Sharpe 322 
10. jagoen&is (Gould).. 322,826 
11. uioStensis, Smith 324 
12. ruficinctus, Fisch. <§* 
) 
) 
Xeich 325, 826 
325 

14. castanopterus, Blyth .. 328 
15. rutilans, Temm. .. 329,827 
16. aasimiHs, Walden.. 329,827 
17. flaveolus, Blyth .. 330,827 
• 18. ejpini (Hartl) ... . 332,827 
f 19. arcuatua {Gm).. .. 333,827 
20. Mvaiiwoni (Riipp.) 334,827 
21.diffusu6(^»Y/i) .. 330,827 
'- 22. aBimodenilrv^m-fe. 337,828 


Xll 
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 

Page 

23. tinridus, Prjevalski .... 339 
24. simplex (Licht.) ...... 339 
25. luteus {Licht.) 340 
26. eucElorus (Licht) .... 341 
39. PoUoSpIzaT^ 342 
0 1. gularis (Smith) 348 
2. tristriata (Btipp.) 345 
40. Al^io^Bp.. '. 346 
1. alario (L.) 346 
41. Sennus, Koch 348 
^ ft 1. cajnicollis (Sic.) 350 
2. flaviv§it£X (Blanf.).... 351 
v 3. sulphurates (L.) 352 
^ 4. flaviYentns (/Sto.) 353 

5. imberbis (Cab.) 355 
V 6. icterus (Bonn. $ Vieill) j g9g 

7. capistratus (Finsch) .. 359 
8. aTfeguTafjs (&m£A) ... . 360 
9. crccopygius (Sharpe) .. 360 
10. leucopterus (Sharpe) .. 361 
11. scotops (Sundev.) .362 
12. stnclaTus(^%4.. 363,828 
13. burtoni (Gray) 364 
14. xanthopygius, JRiipp. 365,828 
15. leucopygius (Sundev.). . 360 
16. aDgoTeD5s""'(6^.).. 367,828 
17. sermus (L.) 368,828 
a. canaria (L.) 370 
18. cmo^^^I)resser. .372, 829 
19. pectoralis^ Murray .... 372 
20. pusillus (Pall.).... 373,829 
42. Sycalis, Sow 376 
ft 1. fl&yja^(Z.) 377 

a. janiaicse, Sharpe.... 379 
2. eolombiana, C'«5 379 
3. pelzylnj, Scl. 380 
K 4. arvensis (Kittl.) .. 382, 829 
a. lutt'iventris (Meyer) . 383 
/3. minoiyCtfS 384 
y. cbrysops, Scl 384 
5. taczanowskii, Sharpe . . 385 
43. Pyrrboplectes, Hodgs. . . 386 
1. epauletta (Hodgs.) 386 
44. CarpocTaciis, Kaup 387 
•i ; 1. erjthrmug(Pa/Z.).. 391,829 
" ' 2. sipabi (Hodgs.) 397 
h 3. rfcilla (Giild.) .. 399, 829 
r" 4. severtzovi, Sharpe. . 400;829 

5. rtrMcilloIcles, Prjev 402 
6. stoliczkse (Hume) .... 403 
7. sinaiticus, i>^. 4* SchL. . 403 
8. trifasciatus, Verr 404 
9. gxiiwK^JJlyth ... . 404,830 
10. iliodochlainys(P^#.)406,830 
Page 

11. roseus (Pall.) .... 407,830 
<*;12. purpSeus (Gm.) .. 409,830 
13. CRmmT^Bau'd 412 
14. rHbiflocjirous ( Vig.) .... 413 
15. Yerreauxi, David 415 
. 16. vinaeeus, Ve?-r 416 
» V:-17. rho^eplus (Viff.) 417 
18. ecFwardsi, Verr 418,830 
. 19. frontalis/^*/) 
... . 420, 830 
19a. mbernraus, Ridgiu. . . . 830 

20. 
roexicanus (P. L. S. 
Midi) 422 
21. roseipectus, Sharpe .... 424 
22. ampins, ~Riflnm 424 
23. thura, Bp. f Schl, 425, 830 
24. ILuhiusf Prjev 427 
25. ambiguus (Hume) .... 428 
26. pulcbemraus (Hodgs.) \ QQ-I 
45. Pyrrbospiza, Hodgs 431 
1. punieea, Hodgs 431 
a. lmmii, Sharpe 433 
2. longirostris, Prjev 433 
3. olivacea, (Fraser) .... 434 
46. Loxia, L~: /. 435 
) 
'>'- 1. curvirostra, L 435, 831 
,' 2. bifasciata (Brehm) 442, 831 

a. leucoptera, Gm. 443, 831 
47. 
Pyrrbula, Briss 445 
l^EJixkiila (L.) ... . 446,831 
a. kanrtscbatica, Tacz... 4A7 
: 2. ejjrogaea, Vieill .. 447, &32 
3. griseiventris, Lafr. 449,832 
a. kurilensis, Sharpe 450, 832 
4. rosacea, Seebohm .. 451, 832 
• 5. caBSH&TBaird 451 
6. murina, Godman 452 
7. mpalensis, Hodgs... 453,832 
8. erithacug. Blyth ...... 455 
9. aurantiaca, Gould.. 455, 832 
10- erytbrocepbala, Vig. 457, 832 
48. Pinicola ( Vieill) 459 
1. epucleator (Z.) ... 459,832 
" 2. kodiaca, Ridgw 832 
49. Propyrrbula, Hodgs 462 
1. subbimalaven^is, Hodgs. 462 
50. 
Vr^us^^eysT^Blas 464 
C 1. sibiricjis (Pall.) .. 4^,4, 833 
2. .<aiiL!iiinolentus (Temm. 
$ Sc¥.f~77? 466,833 
3. lepidus, David § Oust. . 467 
Subfaui. III. EMBHRIZINJE. 

51. 
Urocyncbramus, Prjev. . . 472 
1. pylzowi, Prejv 472 
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 

xiii 

Page 

52. 
Pyrrhulorbyneha, Giyl. .. 473 
L palustrUj(&m) .! 473,833 i 
2. pYTrhuloidfis (PallA 474 833 
3. pyrrhuliiia (Swinh.). .. . 475 
53. Emberiza, Briss 476 
1. schoeniclus, L 480,833 i 
2. passerina, Pall 485, 833 
'"""" 3. yessoensis (Swinh.) .... 480 
n 4. pusIIlaTPrt// 487, 834 
<*: 5. ixESca, Pall 400,834 
GAuZS^Pali: 493,834 
y~ 7. eleyans, Temm 497,834 
" 8. cErysophrys, Pall 498, 834 
! 
9. flaviveutris (Bonn, et 
VlM.):: ....... 499,834 

10. forbesi (Hartl) 502 
11. major. (Bocaye) 502 
12. bnentalis {Shelley) 502 
13.. caTnolsi (Reichen.) 503,835 
S14. n^Ianocepliala, Scop. . . 503 

15. luteola^ Sparrm. .. 506,835 
16. alireT^a, Pall 509,835 
17. xuffl^all * 514, 835 
r, yv 18. citrinella, L{. 515, S'36 
" 19. sulphurkta>4^... 519,836 

20. personata, Temm... 521,836 
0J121. sp^epliala, Pall 522,836 
22. eirlus, L. :. 525,836 
23. cmerea, ff/ne£/. .. 529,836 
24. librtulana, X. 530, 837 
V 25. buchaoaai, 2?/^A.. 533, 837 
26. caeaia, Cretzschm.,. 535,837 
0 r 
27 537

.-ffjjp'>8^7 

a. straehevi, Moore 539, 837 
28. gotflewsfrii, Twos 542 
29. cioides, Brandt .. 542,838 
30. eastaneieeps, Moore 544,838 
31. cippsis, Bp 544 
Y 32. tristrami, Swinh. .. 545,838 
33. steward, iWgtf/*.... 547, 838 
34. leucQcephala, G-'w. 549,838 
54. Miliaria, Erehm .... 552 
1. luilian&XE.) 552,*839 
55. 
Fringillaria, Sw 557 
V* 1. tabapisi (Swinh.) 558 
2. septemstriata (Riipp.) Igog 
3. slriolata, Licht. . . 561,839 
4. saliarseV Tristr 563 
5. impetuani (Smith) .... 563 
- 6. cajiexiais (L.) 565 
7. variabilis ( Temm ) 5M, 839 
56. MeTophus, Sic 568 
0 vv l.in<iajud£jfe^ 568,839 
57. Plectrophenax, Stejn 572 
I \\ 1- nivalis (Z.) 572, 839 
Page 
la. townsendi, Ridyio. .. 840 

2. hyperboreu.s, Ridyio. . . 577 
58. 
Calcarius, Bechst 579 
U.lappoaicus (Z.) . . 579,840 
2. jffijua. (Aiulub.) 584 
3. ornatus (Towns.) 586 
59. RHyncophaues, Baird. ... 589 
1. maccowni (Later.) .... 589 
60. Cliondestes, Sw 590 
1. grammica (Say) 591 
61. Calamospiza, Bp 593 
1. bicolor (Towns.) 593 
C>'2. Zonotricrna, Sw 596 
1. qu&rute,(Nidt.) 597 
2. ateoffis (Gm.) . . 598, 840 
3. coronata(Pa//.) 600 
4. vuEbil Boucard 502 
5. leucophrys (Forst) . f.. 603 
4 Q arpmFeli (Nutt.)' .... 608 
6. striglceps, Gould 608 
7. whitii, Sharpe 608 
8. canicapilla, Goidd .... 609 
9. fte^jBodd.) 610 
63. 
Oya'Sospiza, Baird 613 
l/ciii§(Z.) 614 
2. cvanea (L.) 617 
Q 3. anioena (Say) 620 
4. fbsitre, Lawr 620 
64. Porpbyrospiza, Scl. $ Salv. 625 
v 1. pulchra, Sharpe .. 625,840 
"65. Haplospiza, Cab 626 

1. unicolor (Licht.) &2(S 
2. uniforniis, Scl. ty Sab. . 627 
66. Atnpbispiza, Coues 627 
1. bilineata (Cass.) 628 
2. bellTT^s.) 629 
a." nevadensis (Ridyio.) . 630 
3. quinquestriata (Scl fy 
Salv.) 632 
Q>7. Poospiza, Cab 632 

1. tlioracica (Nordm.) .... 634 
2. l)olIvTarfa, Sharpe 634 
3. csesar, Scl. $ Sale 635 
4. liypocbondiiaca (D'Orb. 
8f Lafr.) 636 
5. bonapartii, Scl 637 
6. meTanoTeiica 
(UOrb. ^r 
Lafr.).....'. 638 
7. cinerea ( Cuv.) ,. 639 
8. persqaata (Sw.) 640 
9. wliitiiTJw 641 
10. erythrophrys, Sol 642 
11. ornata, Landb 643 
12. superciliosa (Sw.) , 643 
13. assirnilis, Cab 644 
14. torqu^D'Orb. $ Lafr.) 645 
xiv SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 

Page Page 

68. J unco, Wagl 64(3 2. cassiui ( Woodh.) 712 

1. hieiyalis (L.) 647,840 3. Sleeps (Cass.) 712 

a. carolinensis, Breicst. . 649 a. bonioehlamvs, Sharpe 713 

2. aikeni, Ridgw.649 (3. boucardi, Scl 714 

3. Oregon us (Toivns.) ... . 650 y. notosticta, Scl. fy Salv. 715 
3a. shufeldti, Coale 840 4. carpalis, Coues 715 

4. annectens, Baird 651 75. Passerella, Sio 716 

5. insularis, Ridgw.052 0 1. iliac^ (Merr.) 717 

6. bairdi, Ridgw 653 2. itualaschensis (Gm.) . . 71s 

7. cinereus, Sto 653 a. schistacea, Baird.... 720 

8. camceps (Woodh.) ... . 654 3. niegarhyncha, Baird . 72>) 

9. palliatus, Ridgw 655 76. Hseniophila, Sic 721 

10. clorsalis, Henry 655 1 • superciliosa (Sw.) 722 

11. alticola, Salv 606 2. acuminata (Licht.) .... 723 

69. S^izS^ijBp 657 3. la'wrenen, Salv. <5* Godm. 723 
0 •*•• *£2£J2£&1& (Gm.) 657 4. ruficauda (Bp.) 724 

a. ocliracea, Breicst 659 "j 5. rufey;en"s*(&e.) 724 
2.socialis (TVils.) 660 6. suimchrasti, Lawr 726 

3. pmetorum, Salvin ... . 663 7. stolznianni, Taez 727 

4. pusilla ( Wils.) 664 8. huiriexalis* Cab 727 

5. wortlieni, Ridgw.666 9. injstacalis (Hartl.) 72^ 

6. pallida (Sw.) 666 10. pulcbra, Scl. 729 

7. breweri, Cass 668 77. Cliamaeospiza, Scl. 730 

8. ajrigularis (Cab.) ... . 669 1. torc[Liai& [Bubus) 730 

70. Pocecetes, Baird. 670 78. Pyrgisonia, Bp 731 

1. grauiineus (Gm.) ... . 670 1. rubricatum (Licht.) . . 731 
n.^miifirr^ Rm'rd 672 2. kiemen^Bp 732 

71. Passerculus, Bp 674 3. biarcuatum (Prer. $ Des 

1. sandwifibensisfG-Vw.) 674,840 Wtrs) 733 

2. princeps, ISTayn 679 4. cabanisi, Scl. $ Salv. . . 734 

3. rostratus (Cass.) 680 5. oceipitale, Salv 735 

4. bairdi (Audub.) 681 6. leucote (Cab.) 736 

72. Amniodromus, Sw 683 7. nations, Scl. 736 

1. niaritimus_( Wik.) ... . 683 79. Saltatricula, Burm 737 

2. nigrescens, Ridgw.685 1. multicolor, Burm. .... 737 

3. caudacutu^ (Gm.) ... . 685 80. Atfapetes, Wagler 738 

4. savannarum (Gm.) 687, 840 1. cblorurus (towns.) .... 738 

5. hensloYfi (Audub.) ..... 690 2- pfleatus ( Wagl.) 740 

6. manimbe (Licht.).. (.591,840 81. Pipilo, Vieill. ... 740 

7. ppruanug (Bp.) 693 1. ervtbropbthalma (L.) . . 744 

8. petenicus, Salv 694 a. alleni, Coues 746 

9. lecontei (Audub.) 695 2. maculatus, Sw 746 

73. Melospiza, Baird 696 a. arcticu?, Sic 747 

3 1. georgiana (Lath.) ... . 697 0. megaionvx, Baird .. 748 
t 2. l^coHnTAudub.) 698 y. oregoims, Bell 749 

3. fasciata (Gm.) 701 0. consobrinus, Ridgw.. . 750 
al'lallax (Baird) 703 e. submaculatus, Ridgw. 750 

3. heermanni, Baird . . 704 £. carmani, Laivr 751 

y. samuelis {Baird) ... . 705 3. macronyx, Sw 751 

d. guttata (Gambel) 706 4. virescens, Hartl. 752 

4. cinereaX^w.) 707 5. fus£us, Sm 752 

74. Peucaea, Audub 708 a. crissalis (Vig.) 753 

1. aestivalis (Licht.) 709 /3. nTesoIeucus, Baird .. 754 
oTH^Sjoiaai (Audub.) . . 710 6. albigula, Baird 755 
ft. anzonae, Ridqw 710 7. YuinusJLicht) 755 

y. botterii (Scl) 711 () 8. shevtT/Baird 750 

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 

Page 

82. Eiiibernagra, Less 757 
1. platensis (G?n.) 758 
2. Q^^a^pOi'b^Lafr) 759 
& ^iiYn^aSj Laicr 760 
O 4. crassirostris, Ltidgio... . 761 

5. superciliosa, Salv 761 
6. striaticepSj Lafr 762 
7. (fDnirostns (Bp.) 763 
8. cEWsorqa^jS^ 764 
9. c"STorog^a, &z/p 764 
10. ^riicSn^"J2iV7y <c 765 
83. Corvphospiza, GVtf?/ ... . 765 
1. aibifrons (Vieill.) 766 
2. lafelauotis (Temm) .... 767 
84. Einbenzoides, Temm 768 
h 1. raacrmisJfcVM.) 768 
a. herbicola (Vieill.) .. 769 
85. Spiza, Bp 770 
v; 1. americaoa (Gm.) 770 
2. townsendi (Audub.).... 774 
86. Pseudochloris, Sharpe.... 774 
1. lutea (D'Orb. $ Lafr.). . 775 
2. 
IEeocephala (D'Orb. $ 
Lafr.\ 776 
3. uropvgialis (D'Orb. §~ 
•ftrfnfrry.. 776 
4. 
aureiventris (Phil. fy 
LandL) 777 
5. mendozae, Sharpe 778 
6. citrina (Pelz.) 779 
7. pjalensis, Cab 779 
87. Nesospiza, Cab / ... 779 
1. acunhae^ Cab 780 
SS. Ph^plus '. 781 
l.?m(Eyd.8rQerv.).... 781 
2.jaldunatii (Gay.) 783 

3. caniceps, Burm 784 
a. pimeusis, Itidgw:l\.-. 785 
oA^A /3. boludam^s-Sharpe . . 785 
4. atriceps (D'OrM-Wr.) "36 
5. melanoderus (Q. # G.) 786 
6. xantbo^rammus (Grai/) 789 
7. frnticeti (Kiftl.) ...... 790 
Page 

8. carbonarius, jffww 791 
'•• 9. unicsior (B'Orb.tyLafr.) 792 
' 10. alauduius (Kittl). .\ .. 793 
11. plebeius,, Cab 795 
12. ocularis, Set. 790 
13. 
ervtlironotua, Ph. fy 
-Landh .'. 796 
89. Idiopsar, Cass 797 
T. hragbguxu&r Oass 797 
90. Spodiornis, ScL 798 
1. jardinii, ScL 793 
2. j'elskii, Taez 798 
91. Xenospingus 799 
1. concolor(D'Orb.fyLafr.) 799 
92. 
Biucd^Peichenb 800 
0 1. grisea (Less.) 800 
2. wuwy Bp 801 
3. speculifera (D'Orb. Sc 
Lafr.) 802 
93. 
Corrphospingus 802 
' 1. cristatus (Gm.) 803 
2. pileatiis (Xeuwied) .... 804 
94. 
Lopliospingus, Cab 805 
1. iugm&Jtab 805 
95. Scbistospiza, Sharpe .... 806 
I. griseocristata (I)'Orb. fy 
Lafr.) 806 
96. Tiaris, Sio 807 
1. ornata (Neuivied) 807 
97. Rhodospingus,/S##r^e.... 808 
1. craentus (Less.) 808 
v 2. mentalis, Sharpe 809 
98. Paroaria 809 
1. cucullata (Lath.) 809 
2. larvata (Bodd.) 811 
3. 
c&pltaia (D'Orb. § 
Lafr.) 812 
4. gularis (X.) 813 
5. cervicalis, Scl 814 
6. nigrigenys (Lafr.) .... 814 
99. 
Gubernatrix 815 
1. cristata(F.) 815 
ft 

CATALOGUE 

OF 

BIRDS. 


Order II. PASSERIFORMES 

(Cat. B. vol. iii. p. 1). 

Suborder I. PASSERES 

(Cat. B. vol. iii. p. 6). 

Section B. FR1NGILLIFOBMES 

(NINE-QUILLED PASSERES) 

(Cf. Cat. B. vol. x. pp. 1, 2). 

Family FRINGILLIDiE. 

The present volume of the Catalogue treats of the Fringillklce, 
a family closely allied to the Tanagridce, described by Dr. Sclater in 
the preceding volume, and also connected through the Buntings with 
the Larks (Alaudidce). 

Fo one has as yet propounded a satisfactory classification of the 
Fringillidm, the difficulty consisting in the complete connection 
which exists between the various genera of Pinches and Buntings; 
and such ornithologists only who have not entered into a detailed 
study of this family will speak of the Finches, Buntings, and 
their allies as if they constituted well-denned families. Any 
one who has worked upon a large or small fragment of the 
family must acknowledge that the definition of the genera is 
difficult and the recognition of subfamilies almost impossible. The 
Fringillidce naturally group themselves into three divisions—Grosbeaks, 
Pinches, and Buntings: but numerous forms connect them, 
being referable to the confines of any of the three groups. Thus 

Cardinalis will probably be found from its osteology to be a 

VOL. XII. I* 

FRIXGILLIDJE. 

Bunting with the aspect of a Grosbeak; while Urocyncliramus is 
certainly a Bunting with the aspect of a Eose-Finch, or, if it be preferred, 
a 3Jose-Finch with the bill of a Bunting. 

Every division of the family is therefore to be accepted on the 
score of convenience rather than as having a foundation of solid 
structural characters; and it would not be unreasonable to treat the 
whole family as constituting one great genus Fringilla, with various 
sections or subgenera, as was once done for the family Picidce by the 
late Professor Sundevall. 

It is quite possible that when all the genera have been osteologically 
and anatomically examined, additional generic characters 
may be discovered ; but even then little confidence can be felt in the 
classification of the family, unless every single type of Finch has 
been examined; for, so far as my experience goes, every Fringilline 
form at present known is closely connected with some other form, 
which in turn leads on through a perfectly complete gradation to 
the most distant genus of the family. The series of skeletons in 
the Museum is not sufficient for a comparison of the osteology of 
all the genera of Finches ; and therefore it has been impossible for 
me to attempt a classification from these characters alone. Nevertheless 
one can recognize three apparently well-defined types, which, 
for convenience' sake, I shall regard as subfamilies,but with a caution 
to the student that, however different a Hawfinch, a Chaffinch, and a 
Bunting may look at first sight as centres of large groups of Finches, 
there is no difficulty in discovering the links which join them all 
together in one series. 

The following are the characters which, though slight, appear to 
me to be fairly typical of the main divisions alluded to above :— 

a. Nasal bones (see fig.) produced backwards beyond the anterior Hue 
of the orbit; mandible very powerful and deep posteriorly; angle 
of genys very slight .. Subfam. COCCOTIIRAUSTIN^ p. 3. 
a. Skull of Coccothraustes coccothraustes, from above. 
b. Skull of Coccothraustes coccothraustes, lateral view. 
FEINGILLIDiE. 

b. Nasal bones not produced beyond the anterior line of the orbit. 
a'. Cutting-edges of mandibles conterminous or nearly so; mandibular 
angle at the chin very slightly indicated. 
/ 
Subfam. FRINGILLINJE, n. l// 


b'. Cutting-edges of the mandibles not conterminous, leaving a gap in 
the outline of the closed bill; mandibular angle at chin very 
acute Subfam. EMBERIZINJS, p. 468. 

c. Skull of Fringilla Calebs, from above. 
d. Skull of Fringilla Calebs, lateral view. 
/. 

e. Skull of Emberiza citrinella, from above. 
/. Skull of Emberiza citrinellat lateral view. 
Subfamily I. COCCOTHRAUSTINJE. 

A general stoutness of bill is the leading characteristic of the 
Grosbeaks, accompanied, as we see in the skull (anted, p. 2), by an 
immense development of the thickness of the posterior end of the 
lower jaw; but that this character will be found to run through all 
the genera which I have arranged in this subfamily is extremely 
doubtful. As before stated, I have been able to examine so few 
skeletons, that the present arrangement represents rather a general 
idea than an actual classification of the Grosbeaks, and is liable to 
future modifications. 

Phonipara and Volatinia are probably Buntings, and Gardinalis 
certainly from the skull alone (see fig. on p. 160) seems very Buntinglike. 
It is doubtful whether Pyrrliuloxia is rightly placed, and it 
may be found ultimately to be nearer the Bullfinches. 

B2 

FRINGILLIDJiJ. 

Key to the Genera, 

a. Tail short, equalled or exceeded "by the 
outstretched feet. \Geospizce.~\ 
a'. Bill very stout and thick, the eulnien 
much less than the tarsus in length. 
a". Bill massive, but gently ieurved, the 
direction of the curve n "both culmen 
and genys about equal; the 
depth of the mandible greater than 
that of the maxilla, measured at the 
nostrilsb". Bill strongly curved, the direction of 
the curve of the culmen arched, and 
not so straight as the line of the 
genys} the depth of the mandible 
equal to that of the maxilla, measured 
at the nostrils

b'. Bill long and slender, the culmen about 
equal to the tarsus in length

b. Tail long, far exceeding the outstretched 
feet. [ Coccofhraustm.] 
c'. Tail square, or only slightly forked. 
c". Cutting-edge of maxilla nearly 
straight; no tooth in the posterior 
half of the maxilla. 

a'". Inner primaries and outer secondaries 
ordinary, not quadrated. 

a4. Wings much shorter, falling 
short of the tail by more than 
the length of the tarsus. 

a5. Bill moderately stout and 
rather acute; the distance 
between the nasal apertures 
about equal to the depth of 

the mandible

b5. Bill very stout and massive, 
the distance between the 
nasal apertures much greater 
than the depth of the mandible


c5. Bill enormous, the distance 
between the nasal apertures 
less than the depth of themandible

W. Wings very long, and falling 
short of the tail by less than 
the length of the tarsus......
b"\ 
Inner primaries and outer secondaries 
with quadrated ends ... .

drr 

. Cutting-edge of mandible with a distinct 
tooth behind the line of the 
nostrils. 

c". Chin-angle nearly square. 

c4. Tail short, falling short of the 
length of the wing by much 
more than the length of the 
tarsus

 1. GEOSPIZA, p. 8. 
[p. 
% CAMAHHYNCHUS, 
3. CACTORNIS, p. 18, 
4. CHLOBIS, p. 21. 
5. EOPHONA, p. 28. 
[p. 
6. CHAUISOPIIOCTUS, 
7. HE&PERIPHONA, 
[p. 
8. COCCOTHEAUSTES, 
[p. 
9. MTCEEOBAS, p. 41. 
FEINGILLIDiE. 

d4. Tail longer, the difference between 
its length and that of 
the wing not exceeding thelength of the tarsus

d'". Chin-angle rounded. 

ei. Wing rounded, the secondaries 
falling short of the primaries 
by less than the length of the 
tarsus ; secondaries rounded at 
the ends

f4. Wing more pointed, the secondaries 
falling short of the primaries 
by more than the length 
of the tarsus; secondaries 
squared at the ends

d'. Tail quadrated, generally rounded. 
e". Without a long crest. 
el". Bill short and massive, the culmen 
exceeding the length of the 
tarsus/"' . Bill of varying strength and massiveness; 
the culmen always less 
than the length of the tarsus. 
gK Bill swollen and rounded; the 
upper mandible overlapping 
the under one at the tip. 
d\ Bill very stout and rounded, 
the space between the nasal 
orifices equal to the length 
of the genyses. Bill smaller, the space between 
the nasal orifices less than the 
length of the genys. 
aR. Depth of lower mandible 
equal to the depth of the 
maxilla. 
a7. Bill much less curved, the 
breadth across the gape 
much less than the 
depth of the billb7. Bill very much curved, 
the breadth across the 
gape equal to the depthof the bill6s. Depth of lower mandible 
less than the depth of the 
maxilla. 
c1. Tail shorter than the wing 
aH. Nostrils exposed in front 
of the nasil plumes; 
upper mandible with 
the tomium festooned 
near the tipb\ Nostrils nearly hidden 
by nasal plumes, no 
festoon on the tomium 
of mandible

 [p, 43. 

 10. PYCNOBHAMPHTJS, 
11. PHEUCTICUS, p. 50, 
12. HEDYMELES, p. 58. 
13. GUIEACA, p. 65. 
14. OBYZOBOBUS, p. 76. 
15. LOXIGILLA, p* 82. 
[p. 87. 
16. NEOBHYNCHUS, 
PIEZORHINA, p. 89. 

 17. SPEBMOPHILA, p. 00. 
d\ Tail equal to the wing.. 18, CATAMBLYBHYNCHILS, 

[p. 142. 
FRINGILLIDJE. 

hA. Bill more pointed and Buntinglike, 
the upper and lower mandibles 
meeting- at the tip. 


f5. Middle toe and claw very long, 
and equal in length to the 
tarsus 19. PHONIPARA, p. 143. 

g6. Middle toe and claw less than 

the tarsus. 
c\ Plumage glossy black 20. VOLATINIA, p. 152. 
cP. Plumage iron-grey without 

gloss 21. AMAUEOSPIZA, p. 156. 
/" . With a long crest. 

g'". Bill swollen and curved, with a 
notch in the cutting-edge of the 
maxilla in advance of the line of 
the nostril 22. PYRRHULOXIA, p. 158. 

h'". Bill pointed, and with no notch 
on the maxilla 23. CARDINALIS, p. 160. 

Section <x. GROUND-FINCHES. 

1. GEOSPIZA. Type 
Geospiza, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 5 G. magnirostris. 

Head of Geospiza magnirostris. 

Range. Confined to the Galapagos Islands. 

No " key to the species " of this genus can be drawn up, as there 
is no difference between them, except that of size, and the way in 
which one form graduates into another is shown by Mr. Salvin in 
his illustration of the heads of this species (Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 484). 

I must confess that I am not entirely satisfied with regard to the 
changes of plumage in the Galapagos Pinches, nor do I believe that 
these will be properly understood until some naturalist resides on 
the islands for at least a year, discovers the breeding-haunts of the 
various species, and traces the development of the plumage from the 
nestling to the adult stage. My own belief is that there is a distinct 
winter or cold-weather (? rainy season) plumage, and that with the 
seasonal plumage the colour of the bill changes. This would correspond 
with the changes undergone by other Grosbeaks and Finches. 

Dr. Habel writes as follows (Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 478):—" The 

1. eEOSPIZA. 
colouring of all the species of this genus exhibits three styles—a 
black, a brown, and a grey. This is the case both in male and 
female birds, except that the plumage of the females is of a dirty 
brownish colour, whereas in the males it is black. It would seem 
reasonable to divide each species into three varieties, as besides the 
plumage the colour of the feet, as well as of the beaks, is different 
in these three varieties. The colour of the feet varies from a light 
grey to black, and that of the beak from yellow to brownish black." 

Mr. Salvin's opinion is as follows (I. c. p. 478):—"The different 
states of plumage, on which Dr. Habel remarks, are to be attributed to 
the different ages of individuals. The younger birds are the lightestcoloured 
and present the most mottled appearance; as they get 
older they become darker, until at last in old males the plumage is 
almost uniform black. The colour of the bill appears to vary irrespective 
of age, as some black birds have light-coloured bills, though 
in the majority of birds in this dress it is black. Younger mottled 
birds have light-coloured bills, but in old females, just as in the 
males, the bill is usually black/' 

1. Geospiza magnirostris. 
Geospiza magnirostris, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 5; Dartoin, Voy. 
« BecufU; Birds, p. 100, pi. xxxvi. (1841); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 359 
(1844); Bp. Consp. i. p. 542 (1850); Gray, Band-l. B. ii. p. 88, 
no. 72D7 (1870); ScL et Sak. Nommcl Av. Neotr. p. 27 (1873) 
Sah'in, Tram. Zool. Soc, ix. p. 479 (1870). 

Adult male. Entirely black above and below; quills and tail-
feathers blackish brown; under tail-coverts black, broadly edged 
and tipped with white. Total length 5*2 inches, culmen 1, wing 
3*55, tail 2*1, tarsus 1. 

In what I take to be the seasonal plumage a browner shade pervades 
the black, the feathers having edges of obscure brown; these pale 
edges are lighter and more conspicuous on the abdomen; under tail-
coverts white with black bases. 

Adult female. Different from the male; general colour above 
brown, the feathers edged with ashy olive, especially on the rump 
and upper tail-coverts; wing-coverts like the back, edged with pale 
ashy, the greater coverts whiter on the margins; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, edged with pale ashy, 
clearer whity brown on the margins of the primaries; tail-feathers 
pale brown, with ashy-brown margins ; crown of head rather darker 
than the back, blackish, with slightly indicated pale edges to the 
feathers; lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts ashy olive-brown, 
darker brown along the upper edge of the latter: cheeks a little 
darker brown; throat dark brown, streaked with ashy margins to 
the feathers; remainder of under surface whity brown with a slight 
olive tinge, the fore neck and chest streaked with dark-brown centres 
to the feathers; the sides of body and flanks brown, also streaked 
with darker brown; thighs and under tail-coverts, under wing-
coverts, and axillaries whity brown, slightly tinged with olive: 

FRINGILLID^. 

quills below dusky brown, ashy white along the inner edge. Total 
length 6 inches, culmen 1, wing 3*35, tail 2, tarsus 1. 

None of the seven specimens in the Museum have the sexes or 
dates of capture marked, but the brown birds, which I take to be all 
females, have shorter wings than the black males. In the latter 
the length of wing is 3*55-3*7 inches, and in the females 3*25-3*45. 
The bill in the females varies in colour, probably with season, 
becoming much blacker, and the increase in colour of the bill is 
accompanied by a blacker tone of plumage, the upper surface having 
the ashy margins less pronounced, while the under surface of the 
body is thickly mottled with black spots. 

Mr. Salvin has " little doubt that a large series of the skins of this 
bird would show that the dimensions of the species graduate into 
those of G. stremia" 

Hob. Chatham and Charles Islands, Galapagos. 

a,b, <$ $ ad. sk. Chatham Island (C.
Darivin). 
Zoological Society [P.]. 
(Types of species.) 
c, d. c?ad. sk. Galapagos (C.DarSalvin-
Godman Coll. 
e- 6\ f 9-?a( ^ sk«
win). 
Galapagos. Sir W. Burnett and 
Admiral Fifzroy [P.]. 
2. Geospiza strenua. 

Geospiza strenua, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. o; Darwin, ZooL Toy. 
'Beagle,' Birds, p. 100, pi. xxxvii. (1841)* Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 359 
(1844) j Bp. Consp. i. p. 542 (1850)• Scl. $ Sab. P. Z. S.1870, 

p. 323; Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 88; no. 7298 (1870); Sunder. 
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 124; Scl. $ Sab. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 27 
(1873) j Salv. Tram. Z. S. ix. p. 480 (1876). 
Adult male (type of species). Similar to <r. magmrostris, but 
smaller: " bill brown -or black or yellowish brown; tarsus black or 
grey, the underpart of the foot light brown or light grey; iris brown 
or dark brown " (Dr. A. Halel). Total length 5*75 inches, culmen 
0-85, wing 3-15, tail 1*9, tarsus 1. 

An adult male from Indefatigable Island has the wing 3*05 inches, 
tarsus 0*95. 
Adult males from ibingdon Island measure:—"Wing 3*2-3*3inches, 
tarsus 0*95-1. 
Adult males from Bindloe Island measure:—"Wing 3*2-3*3 inches, 
tarsus 0*9-1. 

Adult female. Differs from the female of G. magnirostris only in 
size. Total length 4*7 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 2-9, tail 1-7, 
tarsus 0*9. 

The female bird from Abingdon Island has the wing 3-1 inches 
and the tarsus 1. Those from Bindloe Island measure;—Wins 
2*9-3*2 inches, tarsus 0*9-0*95. & 

Immature males resemble the old females, but have rather darker 
mottling of the black centres to the throat- and breast-feathers and 
have the bill yellowish below (in skin). 

1. GEOSPIZA. 
A young male from Abingdon Island has the wing 3*2 inches, the 
tarsus 1 ; and a series from Bindloe Island measure:—Wing 2*98-
25, tarsus 0-9-1. 

Dr. Habel collected on Bindloe Island from the 2nd to the 16th 
of November, 1868, and the birds were apparently in full plumage, 
as in most of the males the bill is black, in one case entirely so. 
Those that have the lower mandible more or less yellow have also 
evident traces of ashy-olive margins to the feathers. These may be 
young birds of the previous year, if these light edges be not remains 
of winter plumage. We have no proof that these birds vary with 
the season, and It is possible that the brown edgings to the feathers 
are a sign of immaturity only, in which case it is evident that the 
pure black plumage is not gained for at least a year or two. 

Quite a young bird, apparently a female, has the bill entirely 
reddish horn-colour with yellow on the under mandible; it is also 
very small, and has been figured by Mr. Salvin (I. c). 

The very old birds show an inclination to develop a culminal 
ridge. 

Hah. Chatham, James, Indefatigable, Abingdon, and Bindloe 
Islands, Galapagos. 

a, <$ad. ;b}c. § Chatham Island (C. Darwin). Zoological Society [P.]. 
ad. ek. (Types of species.) 

d. 
<$ ad. sk» Indefatigable Island, Sept. 24, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1868 (A, Habel). 
e)ffff* <$i &' ? Abingdon Island (A. Habel). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ad. sk. 

i. S ad. sk. Abingdon Island (A. Habel). Sclater Coll. 
h. S imm. sk. Abingdon Island. Dr. A. Habel f C.]. 
I, m, n. d ad.; Bindloe Island, Nov. 1868. Dr. A. Habel [C.]. 

o. Sad.;j>,2. 
$ imm. sk. 
r, 8, t, u. S ad.; Bindloe Island, Nov. 1868 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
r, w. § ad.; (Dr. A. Habel). 
a\ y. 2 imm. 

sk. 

z. 
(S i™m. sk Bindloe Island, Nov. 1868 Sclater Coll. 
(Dr. A. Habel). 
a'. 
(S ad. sk. Galapagos Archipelago. Sir W". Burnett and 
Admiral Fitzroy [P.], 

3. Geospiza dubia. 
Geospka 
dubia, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 6; Darwin, Zool. Foy. 
'Beagle? Birds, p. 103 (1841) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 359 (1844) $ 
JBp. Comp. I p. 543 (1850) ; Gray, Hand4. B. ii. p. 88, no. 7304 
(1870); tSahm, Tram. Z. S. ix. p. 480 (1876). 

Female. Top of head and upper surface of body dusky, each feather 
margined with ashy olive; a superciliary streak, cheeks, throat, and 
lower surface of body ashy olive, each feather with a central dusky 
mark; wings and tail brown, each feather margined with olive-
ashy; bill dull white; feet dull dusky brown. Total length 

PRINGILLIDiB. 

3f inches, wing 2f, tail If, tarsus £, bill 4, height of bill f. 

(Gould) 

ffab. Chatham Island, Galapagos. 

I have carefully examined all our series of Geospizre in the hope 

of finding the type of this species, which is undoubtedly missing 

from the collection. As the name appears in small print in Gray's 

'Hand-list,' it is evident that he considered it to be wanting in 

1870, and it is doubtful if it was ever received from the Zoological 

Society. It is much to be regretted that the types of several birds 

were not transferred from the old Museum of the Society to 

the British Museum ; a part of the • Beagle' collection was un


doubtedly retained by Mr. Gould, from whom the specimens passed 

into the possession of other naturalists. Some fell into the hands of 

Messrs. Salvin and Godman, by whose munificence they have once 

more become national property. 

4. G-eospiza fortis. 
Geospiza 
fortis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 5; Darwin, Zool. Jr<n/. 
'Beagle] Birds, p. 101, pi. xxxuii. (Ls41); Gray, Gen, B. ii. 

p. 33) (1844); Bp. Omsp. i. p. US (ISoOj; ticl. £ tiah. 1\ Z. tf. 
1870, p. 323; Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 8t>? no. 72U9 < Ls70); tiundtc. 
1\ Z. 8 1871, p. 124; 8cL # Salv. Nomenci Ao. Xeutr. p. 27 (1K73) j 
tialvin, Trans. Z. 8. ix. p. 481 (1&70). 
Adult male. Similar to G. streaua, but much smaller. Total 

length 5 inches, culmen 0*05, wing 3, tail 1*05, tar&us u*^5. 

Adult female. Similar to the female of G. stream, but smaller. 

Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3, tail 1*75, tarsus* 0%H5. 

The descriptions are from a pair of birds from Indefatigable Island 
in the Salvin-Godrnan collection. Young males seem to resemble 
the old females, but to be darker, with blacker mottlings below. 
Immature birds of both sexes have the edges of the wing-coverts 
sandy buff. 

Adult males from Indefatigable Island have the wing 2*7-3 inches, 

and the tarsus 0*8-0*85. 

Adult females from the same island have the wing 2*7-3 inches, 
the tarsus 0*8-0*85. 
Young males measure:—Wing 2-Go-2'8 inches, tarsus 0*8-0*85. 
Two males, not quite adult, from Abingdon Island, measure :— 

Wing 2-5-2-55 inches, tarsus 0*75-0*8. 
Adult males from Bindloe Island measure; —Wing 2*55-2*7inches, 
tarsus 0*75-0*8. 
Adult females from BincHoe Island measure:—Wing 2*5-2*55 
inches, tarsus 0*75. 
Young males from Bindloe Island measure:—Wing 2'5~-2'55 
inches, tarsus 0*75. 

The birds from Bindloe Island are decidedly smaller than those 
from Indefatigable Island, and have somewhat smaller bills than the 
average of the individuals from the last-named island. The present 
fcpecies is, however, very variable in size of bill, and £>ome specimens 

1 . GEOSPIZA. 
show a distinct approach to the dimensions of G. strenua, which, being 
found on the same islands, not improbably interbreeds with it. 
Hab. Chatham, James, Charles, Indefatigable, Abingdon, and 
Bindloe Islands, Galapagos. 

a. 
$ ad. sk. Charles Mand (C. DarZoological 
Society [P.], 
win). (Type of species.) 
b. J ad. sk. Galapagos Inlands. Capt. Kellett and Lieut. 
Wood [P.]. 
o, d. S 2 imm. sk. Abingdon Island, Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
18(38 (Dr. A. Habel). 
e,f. 
S ad.; g. $ Indefatigable Island, Sept. Dr. A. Habel [0.1. 
ad. sk. 1868. 

h. 
$ imm. sk. Indefatigable Inland, Sept. Sclater Coll. 
1808 (Dr. A. Hahel). 
i, k, 2, m. $ ad. ; Indefatigable Island, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
n, o. J ad. j p, q, 1808 (Dr. A. Habel). 
(S imm. sk. 

r, s. 
$ ad. j t, u. Bindloe Island, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
$ ad.,-v,w. <5 1808 (Dr. A. Habel). 
6 imm. sk. 

x. 
<$ ad. sk. Galapagos (Dr. A. Habel). Sclater Coll. 
5. Geospiza nebtilosa. 
Geo.spiza nebulosa, 
Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 5; Darwin, Zool. Voy. 
'Beagle; Birds, p. 101 (1841); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 359 (1844); 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 543 (1850); Gray, Han 14. B. ii. p. 88, no. 7300 
(1*70) ; Sundev. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 125 ; Scl $ Salr. Nwnenel. Av. 
Keotr. p. 27 (1873); Salvin, Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 4b2 (1870). 

Adult female (type of species). Similar to the female of G. fort is. 
Total length 4-8 inches, culmen 0'05, wing 2-9, tail 1*6, tarsus 0*95. 

Mr. Salvin doubts if this is really distinct from 67. fortis, and it is 
quite possible that connecting-links between the two species will 
ultimately be discovered. 

Hab. Chatham and Charles Islands, Galapagos. 

a. 
Jad.sk. Chatham Island (C.Danuin). Zoological Society [P.J. 
(Type of species). 
0. Geospiza dentirostris. 
Geospiza dentirostris, Goidd, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 0; Darwin, Zool. Voy. 
'Beaqle; Birds, p. 102 (1841); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 359 (1844;; 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 543 (1850) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 88, no. 7302 
(1870); ScL ~8c 8ah. Komencl. Av. Neotr. p. 27(1878); Salvin, 
Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 482 (1870, pt). 

Geospiza fortis, Saldn, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 421 (pt.). 

Aiidt male. Similar to the male of G. fortis, but with a differently 
shaped bill, bowed in towards the end of the upper mandible, and 
slightly toothed on its cutting-edgo. Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 
0-55, wing 2-65, tail 1*45, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female (type of species). Similar to the female of G. fortis, 

FRINGILLIJXaS. 

but differing in the form of the hill. Total length 4*9 inches, 
culmen 0*6, wing 2-65, tail 1*55, tarsus 075. 
Hah. Charles Island, Galapagos * ? Chatham Island. 

a, 2 ad. sk.
b. <$ ad. sk. 
Galapagos Archipelago (C. Darwin). 
Charles Island, Feb. 1880 (A. H.
Marhharri). 
Zoological Society. 
Salvin-Godman Coll 
7. G-eospiza difficiBs. 

Geospiza dentirostris (nee Gould), Scl. § Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 323• 
Salvin, Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 482 (1876, pt.). 
Geospiza fortis, Salvin, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 421 (pt). 

Adidt male. Similar to G. fortis, but much smaller and with a 
more pointed bill. Total length 4*1 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 1*45, 
tail 1*35, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Similar to the female of G. fortis, but very much 
darker and more uniform brown above, and more thickly mottled 
below. Total length 3*8 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*4, tail 1*3, 
tarsus 0*75. 

In the adult males the wing measures 2-45-S-5 inches, and the 
tarsus from 0*75-0*8. An immature male has the wing 2*35, and 
the tarsus 0*75. 

Dr. HabePs specimens were collected in the month of December 
and Captain Markham's in February, and in the whole series the 
bill is entirely black. The bill, moreover, is not the same shape as 
in the thick-billed Geoqrizce, and were it not for the absolute gradation 
in form from G. magnirostris downwards, it is doubtful whether 

G. dentirostris and its allies ought to be placed in the same genus as 
the thick-billed Geosjoizce. 
The present species was referred by Mr. Salvin to 67. dentirostris, 
but the smaller size and the differently shaped bill induce me to 
believe that the two birds are distinct. 

Bob. Abingdon and Charles Islands, Galapagos. 

a. Imm. sk. Galapagos Islands (C Dar* Zoological Society 
win). [s. n. S. strenua]. 
b,c. $ $ ad.; d. $ Abingdon Island, Dec. 1868 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
imm. sk. (JDr. A. Habel). 

e. 3 ad. sk. Abingdon Island, Dec. Dr. A. Habel 
/, g [ d> ] ad. sk. Charles Island (A. HMarh- Dr. A. Habel. 
ham). 

8. G-eospiza Migiaosa. 
Geospiza 
ftiliginosa, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 5* Darwin, ZooL Voy* 
<Beagle; Birds, p. 101 (1841)- Gray, Gen. B. il p. 359 (1844); 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 543 (1850); Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 323; 
Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 88, no. 7301 (1870); Sundei\ P. Z. S. 1871, 

p. 125,-Scl $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 27 (1873); Salvin, 
Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 482 (1876) j SJiarpe, P. Z. & 1877, p. 66, 
Adult male. Similar to G. fortis, but much smaller, and having 

1. GEOSPIZA.. 
the vent and under tail-coverts black, the latter only tipped with 
white. Total length 4*1 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2-5, tail 1-5, 
tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Resembles the female of G. fortis, but is much 
smaller. Total length 3*9 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*4-, tail 1*25, 
tarsus 0*75. 

Adult males(types) from Chatham Island have the wing 2-5 inches, 
the tarsus 0*8. 
A female from the same place has the wing 2*4 inches, the 
tarsus 0*75. 
Adult males from Indefatigable Island measure:—Wing 2*5-2*6 
inches, tarsus 0*75-0*8. 
Adult females from Indefatigable Island measure:—Wing 2*4-2*45 
inches, tarsus 0*7-0*75. 
Young males from Indefatigable Island measure:—Wing 2*35-2-45 
inches, tarsus 0*75. 
Hah. Chatham, James, Albemarle, and Indefatigable Islands, 
Galapagos. 

a. 
tf ad. sk Chatham Island (<?. Geological Society. 
Darzoiri). (Type of species.) 
b. $ 
ad. sk. Chatham Island (C. J. Gould, Esq. 
Darwin). 
c. 2 
ad. sk. Chatham Island (C. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Darioin). 
d. e. d1 $ ad. sk. James Island. Sir W. Burnett and 
f, g, h. Juv. sk. Admiral Fitzroy [P.], 
Albemarle Island. Commander Cookson 
ij k. £ ad. sk. [P.], 
Indefatigable Island. Br. A. Habel [0.1. 
I, m. <$ $ jun. sk. Indefatigable Island. Dr. A. Habel [C.J. 
n, o. $ ad.; p. $ ad. * Indefatigable Island Salvin-Godman Coll. 

q, r. $ J jun. sk. (Dr. A. Habel). 

9. Geospiza parvnla. 
Geospiza parvula, 
Gould, P.Z.S. 1837, p. 6; Darioin, Zool. Voy. 
'Beagle? Birds, p. 102, pi. xxix. (1841); Gray, Gen, B. ii. 

p. 359 (1844); Bp. Consp. i. p. 543 (1850); Scl $ Salv. P. Z. S. 
1870, p. 323; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 88, no. 7303 (1870) ; Sundev. 
P. Z. k 1871, p. 125; Scl et Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 27 
(1873) * Salvin, Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 483 (1876); id. Cat. Strickl. 
Coll. p. 219 (1882). 
Adult male. Similar to G. fuliginosa^ but smaller. Total length 
3*9 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*35, tail 1*4, tarsus 0*7. 

Adult female. Similar to the same sex of G.fuliginosa, but smaller. 
Total length 3*7 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*35, tail 1*3, tarsus 0*65. 
Young males resemble the adult females, but are rather more 

thickly mottled with brown underneath. 

The very young birds of both sexes are nearly uniform whity 
brown underneath, with pale rufous-brown edgings to the wing-
coverts. 

FlUNGILLIDiE*. 

The type specimen would seem to be immature, as it has the uni


form breast and abdomen of a young bird, but is black above and 

has a black throat and chest. This is not the plumage of the young 

male, as determined by Dr. Habel; and it is by no means improbable 

that the birds from Chatham Island, the true G. parvula^ are a 

distinct species from the entirely black males of Abingdon and 

Bindloe Islands. In fact, even with the large series in the British 

Museum, it is impossible to trace the plumages of this or any other 

species of Geospiza, as all the specimens have been collected at the 

same season of the year. Thus, along with entirely black individuals 

from Bindloe Island, with black bills, there occur other black males 

with reddish bills and grey edgings to the feathers. In any other 

group of Pinches these characters would be sufficient to account 

for the summer and winter plumage of the species; but in the 

Galapagos Finches the grey margins seem to be a sign of imma


turity. 

The male (type) from Chatham Island has the wing 2*4 inches, 

the tarsus 0-75. 

Two females have the wing 2*35 inches, the tarsus 0*7. 

The males from Abingdon Island have the wing 2'2b-2-2>b inches, 

and the tarsus 0-65-0-7. 

The females measure :—Wing 2-3-2*35 inches, tarsus 0-65-0-7. 

The young males measure:—Wing 2*2-2-3 inches, tarsus 0*65


0-75. 

The adult males from Bindloe Island measure :—Wing 2*35-2-4 

inches, tarsus 0*65-0-7. 

The females measure:—Wing 2'lo-2'2 inches, tarsus 0*6-0*65. 

Young males measure:—Wing 2*3-2*35 inches, tarsus 0*7. 

Bab. Chatham, James, Abingdon, and Bindloe Islands, Galapagos. 


«.<•?•&•? ad. sk. Chatham Island (C. Darwin). Zoological Society. 
(Types of species.) 

c. 2 ad. sk. [James Island.] Sir "W. Burnett and 
Admiral Fitzrov. 
d, e. <$ ad. ; / . $ Abingdon Island, Dec. 1868. Dr. A. Habel [C.]. 
ad. sk. 
g, h. tf ad. * i, k, Abingdon Island, Dec. 1868 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

I. 2 ad.; m, n. (Dr. Habel). 
c?imm. sk. 
o. $ imm. sk. Abingdon Island, Dec. 1868 Sclater Coll. 
(Dr. Habel). 
p. J ad.: q. gad.; Bindloe Island, Nov. 1868. Dr. A. Habel [C.]. 
r. c? juv. sk. 
8} t. (S ad.; u. $ Bindloe Island, Nov. 1868 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ad.; v, w. tf $ (Dr. A. Habel). 
imm. sk. 

2. CAMAEHYITCHUS. 
Type. 
Camarhynclms, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 6 C. psittaculus. 

Range. Confined to the Galapagos Archipelago. 

2 . GAMARHTNCHXJS. 1 5 
As with the genus Geosjnza, the difference between the various 
species of Camarliynchus is simply one of size, and so no "key to the 
species " can be tabulated. 

1. CaHiarhyiichus variegatus. 
Camarhynchus variegatus, 8cl. £ 8alv. P. Z. S. 1870, pp. 323, 324 ; 
id. Nomencl Av. Keotr. p. 29 (1873) ; Salvin, Trans. Z. 8. ix. 

p. 489, pi. lxxxv. (Ib76), 
Adult male. General colour sandy brown, the upper back and 
mantle darker brown, the feathers mottled with sandy-brown edges; 
upper tail-coverts blackish brown, edged with olive brown; wing-
coverts blackish brown, with pale sandy margins to the greater 
coverts and bastard-wing; primary-coverts and quills dark brown, 
edged with pale olive-brown, the inner secondaries uniform dark 
brown; tail-feathers dark brown, edged with dark olive-brown like 
the upper tail-coverts; the outer feathers edged with sandy buff 
along the tip of the inner web; crown of head and nape, sides of 
face and sides of neck, cheeks, throat, and chest black, the chest-
feathers broadly edged with sandy buff; remainder of the under 
surface of body sandy buff, the breast and sides of the body mottled 
with blackish centres to the feathers; centre of abdomen and under 
tail-coverts uniform sandy buff; thighs blackish; axillaries and 
under wing-coverts greyish olive with black centres, the greater 
coverts white at the ends • quills dusky below, ashy whitish along 
the inner web. Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*35, 
tail 2-05, tarsus 1*1. 

Adult female. General colour above brown washed with ashy 
olive, the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts slightly mottled 
with darker brown centres to the feathers; lesser wing-coverts like 
the back; median and greater coverts dark brown, edged with pale 
sandy olive ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, 
edged with ashy olive, paler on the primaries; tail-feathers dark 
brown, margined with olive and edged with whitish round the end 
of the inner web ; crown a little deeper brown than the back ; lores 
ashy bnff; sides of face and ear-coverts brown; cheeks and under 
surface of body sandy yellowish with a slight olive tinge, the throat 
and chest mottled with dark-brown centres to the feathers, forming 
narrower streaks on the breast, a little broader on the sides of the 
body and flanks; abdomen and under tail-coverts uniform sandy 
yellowish; thighs yellowish, mottled with dark-brown centres to 
the feathers; axillaries pale yellowish; under wing-coverts yellowish, 
mottled with brown bases ; quills dusky below, whitish along 
the inner webs. Total length 5'5 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3-05, 
tail 2, tarsus T05. 

The immature male resembles the female in plumage. 

Adult males from Abingdon Island measure ;—Wing 3-35 inches, 

tarsus 1"1. 

16 

FRING1LLI1LE. 

Adult females from Abingdon Island measure :—Wing 3*05-3*1 
inches, tarsus 1*05. 
Young males from Abingdon Island measure:—Wing 3*15 inches, 
tarsus 1*05. 
Adult females from Bindloe Island measure :—Wing 3*15 inches, 
tarsus 1*05. 

The bill in both the specimens from Bindloe is yellowish, the birds 
having been shot in November, and being probably young or in 
winter plumage. The Abingdon examples, procured in December, 
have dark bills, those in the male being entirely black. 

Hab. Abingdon and Bindloe Islands, Galapagos. 

a, b. c? $ ad. sk. Abingdon Island. Dr. A. Habel [C.]. 
c, d. S ? ad.; e. Abingdon Island, Dec. (Dr. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c? juv. sk. A. Habel). (Types of species.) 
/ . $ ad. sk. Bindloe Island, Nov. (Dr. A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Habel). 
g. ? ad. sk. Bindloe Wand, Nov. 4. Dr. A. Habel [C.]. 

2. Camarhynchus crassirostris. 
Camarhynchus 
crassirostris, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 6; Darwin, 
Zool. Voy. 'Beagle,' Birds, p. 103, pJ. xli. (1841) -Gray, Gen. B. 

ii. p. 359 (1844) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 542 (1850); Gray, 'Hand-1 B. 
ii. p. 89, no. 7306 (1870); Scl. $ &alv. Mmencl. Av. Neotr. p. 29 
(1873); Salvin, Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 489 (1876). 
The type specimen is apparently a young male. It differs from 

O. variegatus in its uniform under surface not being mottled with 
brown streaks. It has a slight indentation in the cutting-edge of 
the upper mandible answering to G. dentirostris in the genus Geospiza. 
Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*05, tail 1*9, 
tarsus 0*9. 
Eab. Charles Island, Galapagos. 

«• [cf juv.jsk. Charles Island. Sir W. Burnett and Admiral 
Fitzroy [P.]. (Type of species.) 

3. Camarhynchus psittaculus. 
Camarhynchus psittaculus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 6 ; Danoin, Zool. 
Voy. 'Beagle/ Birds, p. 102, pi. xl. (1841); Gray, Gm. B. ii. 

p. 359 (1844); Bp. Consp. i. p. 542 (1850); Scl. # Salv. P. Z. S. 
1870, p. 323; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 89, no. 7305 (1870) ; Scl \ 
Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 29 (1873); Salvin, Trans. Z. S. ix. 
p. 488 (1876), 
Adult female (type of species). Similar to C. crassirostris, but a 
little smaller and without any indentation in the bill. Total length 
4*6 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 2*75, tail 1*65, tarsus 0*9. 

Another bird, also a supposed female (Darwin), has the wing 2*7 
inches, the tarsus 0*9. 

2 . CAMABHYFCHUS. 
The female from Indefatigable has the wing 2*6 inches, the tarsus 
0-85. 
Hah. James and Indefatigable Islands, Galapagos. 

a7 b. [ § ad.] sk. James Island (C.Darwin). Zoological Society [P.l. 
c. 2 ad. sk. Indefatigable Island, Sept.
14,1868 (Dr. A. Habel). 
(Types of species/) 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

4. Camarhynclms habeli. 
Oamarhyiiclius liabeli, Scl # Sato. P. Z. S. 1870, pp. 323, 325 ; iid. 
Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 29 (1873); Salvin, Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 490, 
pi. lxxxvi. (1875). 

Adult male. Similar to the male of G. variegatns, but with the 
breast uniform black, not mottled with black spots. Total length 
4*5 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-8, tail 1*7, tarsus 0-85. 

Adult female. Similar to C. psittacultis, but smaller. Total length 
4-4 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2*7, tail 1*5, tarsus 0*85. 
The males from Abingdon Island measure:—Wing 2*75 inches, 
tarsus 0-8-0-85. 
The females from Abingdon Island measure:—Wing 2-6-2-7, 

tarsus 0*85. 
The male from Bindloe Island measures:—Wing 2-8, tarsus 0-85. 
Hah. Abingdon and Bindloe Islands, Galapagos. 

a. $ 
ad. * h. § Abingdon Island, Dec. Salvin-Godman Collection. 
ad. sk. 1808 (Dr. A. Habel). (Types of species.) 
c9 d. S $ ad. sk. Abingdon Island, Dec. Dr. A. Habel [O.l. 
1868. 

e. (S ad. sk. Bindloe Island, Nov. Salvin-Godman Collection. 
lS6S(Dr.A.Hahel). 
5. Camarhynchus prosthemelas. 
Camarhynchus prosthemelas, Scl fy Sah. P. Z. S. 1870, pp. 323,325; 
iid. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 29 (1873) ; Sundev. P. Z. S. 1871, 

p. 125 5 Salvin, Tram. Z. S. ix. p. 490 (1876). 
Adult (?) female. Similar to the female of C. haheli, but very much 
smaller. Total length 8-8 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*35, tail 1-4, 
tarsus 0*75. * 

A second female has the wing 2*45 inches. 
A young male resembles the female. Wing 2-35 inches, tarsus 0*8. 
Hah. Indefatigable, Chatham, Charles, and James Islands, Gala


pagos. 

a. h. J ad. sk. Indefatigable Island, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
12,1868 (Dr. A. Habel). (Types of species.) 
c. $ imm. sk. Indefatigable Island, Aug. Dr. A. Habel [C.]. 
26, 1868. 
d. r? ad. sk. TJames Island.l Oapt. Kellett and Lieut, 
Wood [P.]. 
VOL. XII.

 C 

IS FEINGILLIDJE. 
3. CACTORNIS. 
Cactornis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 6Type. 
C. scandens. 

Head of Cactornis scandens. 

Range. Confined to the Galapagos Archipelago. 

1. Cactornis assimilis. 
Cactornis assimilis, 
Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 7; Darwin, Zool. Vox/. 
'Beagle? Birds, p. 105, pi. xliii. (1841); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 359 
(184-4) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 542 (1850) ; ScL # Sah. P. Z. S. 1870, 

p. 323; Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 89, no. 7308 (1870); ScL 8r Salv. 
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 29 (1873); Salvin, Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 486 
(1876). 
Adult male. General colour above blackish, slightly varied with 
ashy-olive margins to the feathers, especially on the lower back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts; lesser wing-coverts like the back; 
median and greater coverts blackish, with sandy margins to the 
feathers ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, narrowly 
edged with ashy olive, the primaries margined with hoary 
grey; tail-feathers blackish brown, edged with paler brown externally, 
and with sandy brown near the tips of the inner webs ; head 
and neck rather browner than the back, the sides of the face, ear-
coverts, throat, and breast blackish brown, the latter slightly mottled 
with sandy-brown edges; centre of abdomen buffy whitish, strongly 
mottled with blackish-brown centres to the feathers ; sides of body, 
Hanks, and thighs blackish brown, washed with ashy brown ; under 
tail-coverts blackish brown, conspicuously edged with buffy whitish; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries blackish brown, edged with ashy 
olive. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 2*75, tail 1--4, 
tarsus 0*95. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 5 inches, culmen 
0-85, wing 2*75, tail 1*5, tarsus 0*85. 
Hab. Bindloa Island and probably Charles or James Island. Mr. 
Darwin did not indicate the exact habitat of his specimen. 

a. 
<$ imm. sk. Galapagos Islands (C. Zoological Society. (Type 
Dancin). of species.) 
5. [ J ] ad. sk. Galapagos Islands. Sir \V. Burnett & Admiral 
Fitzroy [P.]. 
c, d. <$ 5 imm. sk.; Bindloe Island, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

e. 9 ad. sk. (Dr. A. Mabel). 
3 . CACTOiisris. 
2. Cactornis scandens. 
Cactornis scandens, 
Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 7 ; Darwin, ZooL Voy.
i Beagle] Birch, p. 104, pi. xlii. (1841); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 359 
(1844); Bp. Consp. i. p. 542 (1850) ; Sol $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, 
p. 323; Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 89, no. 7307 (1870): Sundeo. 
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 124; Scl, $ 8ah. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 29 

(1873); Salvin, Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 485 (1870). 
Tisserin des Gallapagoes, Neboux, Rev. ZooL 1840, p. 291. 
Cactornis grimpeur, Brevost et Des Mars, Voy. Venus, Ois. v. p 204 

(1855). 

Adult male (type of species). Similar to O. assimlUs, but smaller. 

Colour entirely black. Total length 4*8 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 

2-65, tail 1-6, tarsus 0-8. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in the same way as the 

female of O. assimilis. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*65, win°


2-85, tail 1-6. 
° 

Young males resemble the adult females, but are generally darker 

and more sooty, the throat especially being sooty black. 

Only one male in the series from Indefatigable Island has the bill 

entirely black, and this specimen has the base of the mandible horny 

yellow. The plumage is deep black, except on the lower back and 

rump, where there are still some greyish tips to the feathers. The 

under tail-coverts are also broadly margined with ashy white. 

Another adult male has the bill reddish horn-colour, paler on 

the under mandible and black near the nestrils, as if the bill were 

gradually turning black. This specimen has the black plumage 

more sooty and obscured with ashy margins to the feathers on the 

back and breast, the abdomen being whitish. 

It is difficult to determine whether these ashy edges to the black 

plumages of the males are the evidence of immaturity or of a seasonal 

plumage. It is, however, quite evident that the males take a con


siderable time before they attain the adult dress, and the way in 

which a blacker bill accompanies the fully black plumage seems to 

show that it is a sign of the breeding-season. 

The adult males from Indefatigable measure:—Culmen 0*75-0-85, 
wing 2*9-3, tarsus 0*8-0*85. 
The adult females from the same island measure:—Culmen 0*750*
8, wing 2*7-2*8, tarsus 0*8-0*85. 
The young males from the same island measure:—Culmen 0*750*
8, wing 2*75-2 8, tarsus 0*8-0*85. 

An adult male from Bindloe Island measures :—Culmen 0*8, wing 
2*9, tarsus 0*9. It will be noticed that the tarsus is longer than in 
any other specimen in the series; but wrhether this slight difference 
would be borne out by a larger number of specimens from this 
island remains a question. 

The variation in size in this species is somewhat remarkable, and 
the typical specimens from James Island are decidedly smaller than 
those from Indefatigable. 

Bob. James, Indefatigable, and Bindloe Islands in the Galapagos 
Archipelago. 
c2 

 EKINGILIIDJ3. 

a.b. <? $ ad. sk. James Island (C. Bar-
win). 
Zoological Society 
(T JPe s °f species.) 
[P.]. 
cJ . (Jad.; Indefatigable Island, Sabin-Godman Coll. 
e,f, g. $ ad.; Sept. and Oct. 1868 
h, i. S imm. sk. (Br. A. Habel). 
h, L c? imm. sk. Indefatigable Island Sclater Coll. 
(Br. A. Habel). 
m, n. S 2 ad. sk,
o. *<? ad. sk. 
Indefatigable Island. 
Bindloe Island, Nov. 7, 
Dr. A. Habel [C.]. 
Salvhi-Godman Coll. 
1868 (Br. A. Habel). 

3. Cactornis abingdonl. 
Cactornis abingdoni, Scl. $ Sab. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 326; iid. Komencl 
Av. Neotr. p. 29 (1873) ; Salmn, Tram. Z. 8. ix. p. 486 (1876). 

Adult male (type of species). Entirely sooty black, with the exception 
of some ashy margins to the feathers of the upper surfaces, 
these edgings broader and more distinct on the abdomen and under 
tail-coverts ; the primaries distinctly margined with hoary grey; bill 
very narrow and entirely black. Total length 5*1 inches, culmen 
0*85, wing 2*8, tail 1*6, tarsus 0-85. 

The second male has the wing 2*75 inches, culmen 0*8, tarsus 
0*8. 
The black bill, which separates this species from O. scandens, may, 
after all, be-only a sign of the breeding-season. 
Bab. Abingdon Island, Galapagos. 

a. [c?l ad. sk. Abingdon Island, Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1868 (Br. A. Habel). (Type of species.) 
b. [tf] ad. sk. Abingdon Island, Dec. Dr. A. Habel [C], 
4. Cactornis pallida. 
Cactornis pallida, 
Scl. fy Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 327; iid. Komencl 
Av. Neotr. p. 29 (1873) ; JSahm, Trans. Z. 8. ix. p. 487 (187G). 

Male. (? In seasonal plumage.) General colour above pale olive-
brown, with ashy margins to the feathers; lesser wing-coverts like the 
back; median and greater wing-coverts brown, edged with whity 
brown, more broadly on the former series; primary-coverts and quills 
dark brown, edged with ashy olive or paler olive-brown on the 
secondaries; tail-feathers brown, margined with olive-brown; head a 
little duller than the back; lores, eyelid, and feathers below the eye 
whitish tinged with olive-yellow; ear-coverts light olive-brown, 
with whitish shaft-lines; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body 
white, slightly washed with olive-yellow, with a few dusky streaks 
on the chest; flanks and sides of body pale fulvous-brown; under 
wing-coverts white, tinged with olive-yellow. Total length 4*8 
inches, culmen 07, wing 2*7, tail T7, tarsus 0-85. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 5 inches, culmen 
0-65, wing 2-85, tail 1-7, tarsus 0-9. 

4 . CHLORTS. 
21 

The pale colour of the bill accompanies, as might be expected, 
the pale coloration of the plumage. The male described is either 
not an adult bird or it is in seasonal plumage; and I confidently 
expect that the adult males of G."pallida will turn out to be black. 
The smaller size and stouter and more arched bill will serve to distinguish 
the species. 

Hal, Indefatigable Island, Galapagos. 

a. S 
ad. sk. Indefatigable Island, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
9,1868 (Dr. A. Hdbet) (Type of species.) 
b. 9 ad. sk. Indefatigable Island, Sept. Dr. A. Habel [C.l. 
14, 1868. 
Section j3. GROSBEAKS. 

4. CHLORIS. ™ 
Type.^ 
Chloris, Cuvier, Zegons d'Anat. Comp. i. tab. 2 (1800) ... . C. chloris. 
Ligurinus, Koch, Si/st. Bai&>\ ZooL i. p. 229 (1816) -. C. chloris. 
Serinus, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 555 (nee Koch) C. chloris. 
Chlorospiza, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. and N. Amer. p. 30 

(1838) 
0. chloris. 

Range. The whole of Europe, including also Worth-west Africa, 
Palestine, eastwards to the Caucasus and Turkestan; reoccurring in 
Eastern Siberia, Japan, and China. 

Key to the Species. 

a. With no yellow at base of outer web of secondaries. 
a'. Larger: no bright yellow eyebrow; head ashy 
or brown. 
a". Outer tail-feathers yellow at base of both 
webs chloris <S, p. 23. 
b". Outer tail-feathers edged with yellow on outer 
web chloris § , p. 23. 

V. Smaller: a yellow eyebrow; bead yellow chlorotica, p. 26. 
b. Secondaries yellow at base of outer web. 
c\ Larger: wing 3*5 inches kawarahiba, p. 28. 
d\ Smaller: wing 3*5 inches simea, p. 26. 
» 

1. Chloris chloris. 
The Greenfinch, Albin, Wat. Mist B. i. p. 56, pi. 58 (1738); Bern. 
Brit ZooL p. 107, pi. 105. fig. 5 (1766). 

Le Verdier, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 190 (1760); Bauhent Bl Ml iv. 
pi. 267. fig. 2 (fig. pess.) j Month. Hist. Nat Ois. iv. p. 171 
(1778). 

Loxia chloris, Linn. Si/st Nat i. p. 304 (1766); Yarr. Brit B. i. 

p. 479 (1843). 
Le Bruant de France, Month. Hist. Nat Ois, iv. pi. xv. (1778). 
Green Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 134 (1783). 
Coccothraustes chloris, Ball Zoogr. Mosso-Asiat ii. p. 13 (1811}; 
Steph. in Shaw's Gen. ZooL adv. p. 87 (1826); Minitr. Cat Bats. 

PPvIffGILLIDJE. 

Cam. p. 42 (1832); Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 200 (1807) ; Ilezaits. Eggs 
Brit. B. i. p. 157, pi. 43. fig. 1 (1846); Thumps. B. Irel. i. p. 2-57 
(1849) j JR. Gray,B. W. Scotl. p. 143 (1871); Harting, Handb. 
Brit. B. p. 29 (1872) ; Newt. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 105 (1876). 

Pringilla chloris, Temm.Man. cVOrn. p. 346 (1815) ; Meyer, Tog. Eiv


u. Esthl. p. 76 (1815); Roitx, Orn. Prov. pis. 77, 78 (1825); Xaum. 
Vog. Deutschl. v. Taf. 120 (182(5); Werner, Atlas, Granivores, pi. 38 
(1827); Crespon, Orn. Gard. p. 241 (1840); Kegs. u. £/«*. JT7r&. 
22W\ p. xlii (1840) ; Kordm.iu Demid. Vol/. Buss. Merld. iii p. Ib4 
(1840); Selys-Eongch. Faun. Belq. p. 74 (1842); &hl Bev. Crit. 
p. lxi (1844); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p 371(1849); Kjcerb. Damn. 
Fugle, pi. 26. fig. 2 (1852); ScM. TV/. J\«fer7. pi/1(54 (1854); 
Sundev. Svensk. Fogl. pi. v. fig's. 3, 4 (1856); Binder m. Vog. 
Griechenl p. 01 (1860); /ScM. D?er. Nederl. Vog. pi. 16. figs. 5,6 
(1861) ; Gray, Zwrf Brit. B. p. 96 (1803); Sperling Ibis, 1864, 
p. 280 ; More, Ibis, 1865, p. 127 ; Bowleg, t. c. p. 178; Borggr. 
Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 76 (1800) ; Keu'lem. Onze Vog. i. pi. 35 
(1869); Gray, Hand-l. BAi. p. 83, no. 7219(1870); Frttsch, Vog. 
Eur. pi. 17. fig. 12 (1870) ; Ehces $ Buckley, Ibis, lb70, p. 193 ; 
Hutton, t c. p. 397 ; Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 247 ; Bilfot d, Ibis, 1875, 

p. 10; Danf. $ Hawie-Brown, t. c. p. 413; Fallon, Ois. Belg. 
p. 97 (1875) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 218 ; Dixon, t. c.p. 576 ; Seebohm, 
Ibis, 1883, p. 9; id. Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 74 (18&4). 
Ligurinus chloris, Koch, Syst. Baier. Zool. p. 230 (IMC); Salvin, Ibis, 
1859, p. 313; Degl. <$• Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 269 (1H37) ; GWtf, I?. 
<2t j&r. iii. pi. 39 (c. 1870); Salvad. Faun. Ital, Uce. p. 152 (1*71) ; 
Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 219; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 567, pi. 174 
(1875); Wharton, Ibis, 1876, p. 25; J>/»/". Ibis, ls7b, p. 23; 
J?. 0. CT.Zwtf i?nzJ. J?, p. 49 (1883); Irby, Ibis, 18*:$, p. 83; 
Clarke, Ibis, 1884, pp. 142, 375; Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 39. 

Serinus chloris, Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 555. 
Chloris pinetorum, Brehm, Vog. Beutschl. p. 259 (1831), 
Chloris hortensis, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 260 (1831). 
Chloris septentrionalis, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 261 (1831). 
Chloris fiavigaster, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 281 (1837). 
Linaria chloris, Macgill. Brit. B. i. p. 365 (1837). 
Chlorospiza chloris, Bp. Comp. list B. Eur. § K. Amer. p. 36 


(1838); id. Consp. i. p. 514 (1850); Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 33; 
Jaub. 8f Barth.-Eapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 115 (1859); Wright, 
Ibis, 1864, p. 51; Filippi, Viagg. Pen. p. 349 (1865) ; Betioni, 

Ucc. nidif. Bomb. i. pi. 21 (c. 1865) ; Giglioli, Ibis, 1865, p. 57; 
Loche, Ripl Sci. Alger., Ois. i. p. 149 (1867); Tristr. Ibis, 
1868, p. 206; Severtz. Turkest Jevotn. p. 64 (1873) ; Irby, B. 
Gibr. p. 120 (1875); Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 241; Badde, Orn. 
Cauc. p. 178 (1884). # 

Ligurinus aurantiiventris. Cab. Mus. Hein. Tn. i. p. 158, note 
(1850).# 

Chloris viridis, C. flavigaster, C. montana, C. braehyrhynchos, C. curvirostris, 
Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 276; id. Vogelf. p. 95 (1855). 
Chlorospiza aurantiiventris, Drake, Ibis, 1867, p. 427; Gurney. Ibis, 
1871, p. 293. 

Chloris viridis, DoderL Avif. Sicil. p. 27 (1869). 

Fringilla aurantiiventris. Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 83, no. 7218 

(1870). 
Ligurinus chloroticus, Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 219. 
Chrysoniitris chloris, Brooks, Ibis, 1872, p. 469. 

4 . CHLOBIS. 
Nestling. Kesembles the old female in being brown above with 
scarcely any yellow; the whole upper surface streaked with dusky 
brown; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and greater 
coverts dusky brown, externally pale brown and fulvous brown at the 
tips, forming a double wing-bar, the outer greater coverts edged with 
olive-yellow; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish 
brown, edged with olive-yellow, the secondaries with pale brown; 
tail-feathers dusky brown, edged with pale brown; lores and feathers 
over the eye saffron-buff; sides of face brown, washed with yellow; 
under surface of body pale yellow, brighter on the chin ; the throat, 
breast, and sides of body streaked with dusky brown, the sides of the 
body and flanks more fulvescent. 

The full-grown young bird resembles the nestling-plumage, but is 
broadly streaked with dusky below, and has bright yellow edges to 
the quills and a distinct yellow line to the tail-feathers. 

AclaJt male. General colour above olive-yellow, overshaded with 
ashy grey, the feathers being edged with the latter colour; lower 
back and rump brighter olive-yellow; scapulars, lesser and median 
wing-coverts olive-yellow like the back; greater coverts ashy grey; 
bastard-wing bright yellow, ashy grey at the ends; primary-coverts 
dusky, edged with olive-yellow, ashy towards the tips; quills dusky, 
the primaries edged with bright yellow, the secondaries externally 
ashy grey, the inner ones broadly edged and tipped with the latter 
colour; upper tail-coverts olive-yellow, broadly edged with ashy grey; 
tail-feathers yellow at the base, blackish at the ends and edged with 
ashy grey; crown of head like the back but strongly washed with 
ashy; lores blackish ; forehead and eyebrow brighter yellow; sides 
of face yellow ; ear-coverts ashy grey ; cheeks yellow, washed with 
ashy ; under surface of body yellow, slightly washed with ashy grey ; 
lower abdomen whitish ; sides of body and flanks browner, washed 
with ashy; thighs and under tail-coverts yellow, the latter margined 
with ashy wrhitish; under wing-coverts and axillaries bright yellow, 
with ashy bases ; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge; bill 
fleshy pink; legs, toes, and claws pale brown ; iris hazel. Total 
length 6 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3*35, tail 2*25, tarsus 0*7. 

The winter plumage of the adult male is distinguished by being 
browner than the summer plumage, the olive-yellow being entirely 
concealed. The yellow base to the tail and the yellow on the primaries 
reaching to the shaft of the feather will always distinguish an 
old male. 

Adult female. Browner than the male. General colour above 
brown, with paler edges to the feathers of the mantle; lower back 
and rump greenish yellow; lesser wing-coverts dull olive-yellow ; 
median coverts dusky, washed with olive-yellow at the ends ; greater 
coverts brown, washed with ashy and inclining to ashy whitish at 
the ends ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, 
edged with olive-yellow, the primaries brighter yellow on the outer 
web ; the secondaries brown externally, the inner ones ashy towards 
the ends like the greater coverts : upper tail-coverts dull ashy; tail-
feathers blackish brown, edged with yellow near the base and with 

FKINGILLID^l. 

ashy towards the ends, the inner web yollowish towards the base; 
crown of head like the back, slightly washed with yellow on the forehead 
and over the eye ; lores ashy whitish; ear-coverts and cheeks 
brown, with a faint tinge of yellow; chin whitish; under surface 
of body brown, washed with yellow on the throat and breast; 
abdomen whitish; sides of body and flanks brown, faintly streaked 
with darker brown ; thighs whitish ; under tail-coverts brown, 
with ashy-whitish edgings; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
yellow, with ashy bases; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner 
edge. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 34 , tail 245, 

tarsus 0*65. 

The female Greenfinch can always be distinguished from the male 
by the yellow on the primaries being merely a margin and never 
reaching to the shaft; the base of the tail also is not yellow, nor 
is there any yellow base to the bastard wing. 

The young male, after its first moult, resembles the old female, 
but has more yellow on the under surface ; and it can always 
be told by the wings and tail, which are like those of the adult. 

The South-European form, (7. aurantiiventris, is similar to G. 
cMoris, but is, as a rule, smaller and brighter coloured, with much 
less ashy grey on the upper surface and brighter yellow on the 
abdomen. The female bird seems to be different from the ordinary 
female of the North-European Greenfinch, being much more 
ashy brown, with faint dusky streaks below. It is a mistake to 
suppose that the bright form is confined to South Europe, for Mr. 
Hargitt has presented a specimen to the Museum from the vicinity 
of Havre, which is almost entirely yellow above, and approaches the 
Palestine race. The true distribution of the Greenfinches and their 
various races, if such exist, requires the study of a larger series of 
skins than I have been able to meet with at present; and I have not 
attempted to separate the synonymy of G. cMoris and G. aurantiiventris. 
It may be also noted that there is considerable difference 
in English specimens, the birds that visit us in spring and migrate 
in the autumn being altogether paler and brighter in colour than 
the resident birds. 

Hah. Europe generally; the countries bordering the Mediterranean 
; accidental in Madeira; extending eastwards to Persia and 
North-western Turkestan. 

a,h. $ 2 ad. sk. Orkneys (Dwiri). E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
c. S ad. sk.
d. e. c? ad. sk. 
Hawkstone, Shropshire. 
Leicestershire. 
Gould Collection. 
Theodore Walker, Esq. 
/ ; g. Pull.; h.i.
Juv.; V . tf? 
Cambridgeshire.
[P.]. 
Mr. J. Baker. 
ad. st. 
m. S ad. sk. Cambridgeshire, April Salvin-Godman Coll. 
n, o. <$ $ ad. sk17,1850 (O. &)• 
Cambridgeshire, Jan.
1856 (J. Baker). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

4 . CH10EIS. 
p. 5 var. sk. 
q, r. <$ ad. sk. 

s. (5 ad. sk. 
t, zt* Pull. sk. 
v, w. ($ 2 ad. sk. 

x. <$ ad. sk. 
y, z; a' $ ad. sk. 

V. $ ad. sk. 
c'. $ ad. sk. 

61. <$ ad. sk. 
<?'. (S ad. sk. 
/'. 6i9',h',i. $ 
ad. sk. 
&\ J ad. sk. 
/', m'. (S 2 ad. sk. 
n'. (S ad. sk. 
o'. Ad. sk. 
p\q\ 61 r',s'. § 

ad. sk. 

P. 2 ad. sk. 
u', v'. <$ $ ad. sk. 

to', c? ad. sk. 

#'. $ ad. sk. 

?/'. $ ad. sk. 
«'. d ad. sk. 


a. $ ad. sk. 
j3. Juv. sk. 

y. $ ad. sk. 
5. d1 ad. sk. 
e. S ad. sk. 
f. d acl. sk. 
rj. d ad. sk. 

#. d ad. sk. 

t. d ad. sk. 
K. d ad. sk. 
X. 2 var. alb. sk. 
p. 2 ad. sk. 
v. 2 ad. sk. 
Cambridgeshire, Nov. 

1855 (0. &). 
Suffolk. 
Iffley, near Oxford, Nov. 

1,1877. 
Cookham, Berks, June. 
Cookham, Jan. 1879 

(22. B. S.). 
Harnpstead, Feb. 1885 
(JR. B. &). 
Taplow, April (J. G.). 
Harnpstead, April 8, 

1870 (JR. B. &). 
Surrey, Jan. 1857 

(KB. G.). 

Brighton, summer. 
Brighton, March 1882. 
Brighton, Oct. 1883. 


Brighton, Oct. 1883. 
Brighton, Nov. 1883. 
Brighton, Dec. 1883. 
Brighton. 
Lancing, Sussex, April. 


Avington, Hants, Oct. 
15, 1866. 
Avington, Hants, Nov. 
21, 1865. 
Avington, Hants, Nov. 
11, 1873. 
Avington, Hants, May 

12,1877. 
Devonshire. 
Norway, March 25,1881 

(R. Collett). 
Norway, April 1873 
(JR. G). 
Norway, June 1866 (P. 

Godman). 
Denmark, Feb. 1871 (A. 
Benzori). 


Heligoland. 
France. 
Havre, Oct. 27,1873 ( F 


JPluche). 

Havre, June30,1873 (F. 

JBluche). 

Havre, May 9,1876 ( F 

Phehe). 
Gibraltar (X. E. Irby). 
Morocco. 
Oonstantine, Algeria. 
Asia Minor (T. JRobson). 
Smyrna, April 1875 (Br. 

JKruper)* 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Dr. Giinther [P.]. 

J. T. Mallam, Esq. [P.]. 
Gould Coll. 

E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq.. [P.]. 
Gould Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Capt. Shelley [P.]. 

Capt. Shelley [P.], 

E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Montagu Collection. 
Christiania Museum 
[p.]. 
Christiania Museum 
[P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

L. Gatke [P.], 
Gould Coll. 
E. Hargitt, Esq. [P.]. 
E. Hargitt, Esq. [P.]. 
E. Hargitt, Esq. [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 

E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
Purchased. 
Hume Coll. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
26 PEINGIILILJB. 
g. ? ad. sk.
o. <J ad. sk. 
Smyrna, Nov. 8, 1876(Dr. Kriiper). 
Erzeroiim (Dickson fy 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Gould Coll. 
7T, p. Skeletons,
Boss). 
England. Purchased. 
mounted. 
or, r. Skeletons,
unmounted. 
England. Purchased. 
v. Skull.
cjy, X) ^Skulls. 
England. 
S. Germany. 
Purchased. 
Dr. Gunther. 

Subsp. a. Chloris chlorotica. 

Ligurinus chloroticus, Cab. 3Ius. Hein. Th. i. p. 158, note (1850). 
Chlorospiza chlorotica, Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 206. 
Fringilla chlorotica, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 83, no. 7218 (1870) ,• See


bohm, Hist Brit. B. ii'. p. 74 (1884). 
Coccothraustes chloroticus, Tristr. Faun, fy Flor. Palest, p. 6Q 
(1884). 

Adult male. Similar to C. clitoris, but everywhere much brighter 
yellow, without any grey on the head and back (or at the most only-
faint traces of it); forehead, eyebrow, cheeks, and under surface 
clear olive-yellow, bright yellow on the breast and abdomen. Total 
length 5*7 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3-25, tail 2, tarsus 0*7. 

Adult female. Besembles the female of O. chloris, but is yellow 
underneath, without any dusky-brown stripes. Total length 5'2 
inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3, tail 1*85, tarsus 0*6. 

Hah. Syria and Palestine, probably wintering in Arabia. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Mount Tabor, Palestine. Canon Tristram [C.X 
b. § ad. sk. Caiffa. Canon Tristram [C.J, 
2. Chloris sinica. 
Le Pin con de la Chine, BHss. Orn. iii. p. 175, pi. vii- iig. 2 (1760). 
Fringilla sinica, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 321 (1766) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i. 

p. 910 (1788); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 371 (1840) ;tiicinJi.Ibis, lb7l, 
p. 385 • Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 83, no. 7222 (1870); Seebohm, His, 
1884, p. 267 5 id. Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 75 (1884). 
L'Olivette, Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 144 (1778). 
Chinese Finch, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 277 (1883). 
Ligurinus sinicus, Blyfli, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 124 (1849): Siuirilu 

Ibis, 1860, p. 6 ^ Blahist. Ibis, 1862, p. 327. 
Fringilla kawarahiha, var. minor, Temm. fy Schl. Faun. Jar>., Aves, 
pi. 49 (1850) ; Radde, Beis. Sibir. p. 189 (1863). 
Chlorospiza sinica, Bp. Consp. i. p. 514 (1850) ; Whiteh/, Ibis, 1867, 

p. 202; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool France, i. p. 181 (1876); Blahist. 8f 
Fryer, B. Japan, p. 133 (1882); Blahist. Amended List B. Japan. 
p. 18 (1884) j Jouy, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 294 (1884). 
Adult male. General colour above chocolate-brown, washed with 
olive-yellow; rump clear olive-yellow ; lesser wing-coverts like the 
back, the outer ones near the edge of the wing bright yellow; median 
coverts like the back; greater coverts dusky, ashy at the ends, the 

/ 


4 . CHL01US. 
27 

outer ones yellow OIL the inner web ; bastard-wing black, yellow at 
the base and on the outer web ; primary-coverts black; quills black, 
tipped with hoary white, the inner secondaries broadly edged and 
tipped with pale ashy, all golden yellow at the base, the shafts black 
to the base; upper tail-coverts ashy grey; centre tail-feathers 
blackish, edged and tipped with ashy grey, the rest black for the 
terminal half, edged with ashy grey, the basal half bright yellow; 
crown of head ashy grey, tinged with olive, more dusky on the base 
of the forehead; lores and eyelid dusky; cheeks and throat olive-
yellow, shaded with grey; breast, sides of body, and flanks chocolate-
brown, washed with ashy ; centre of abdomen brighter yellow, whitish 
towards the vent; thighs ashy, washed with yellow; under tail-
coverts bright yellow ; under wing-coverts and axillaries bright yellow 
; quills below dusky, yellow along the iuner webs. Total length 
5*3 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3*35, tail 1-9, tarsus 0*65. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in being much duller in 
colour, and browner above, the head being brown like the back, and 
the rump and upper tail-coverts also pale brown ; wing-coverts like 
the back; the greater series black, externally edged with brown, and 
with yellow near the base ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black; 
quills black, edged with brown, the inner secondaries very broadly 
margined and tipped with pale brown, all but the latter quills bright 
yellow at the base; tail as in the male, but the yellow basal portion 
more restricted; sides of face brown, wth a slight tinge of olive-
yellow on the ear-coverts and above the eye ; cheeks dusky brown; 
throat ashy brown ; fore neck, breast, and sides of body chocolate-
brown, tinged with yellow, the abdomen and thighs whitish ; under 
tail-coverts ashy white, washed with yellow; under wing-coverts, 

axillaries, and inner lining of quills bright yellow. Total length 
5-3 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*65. 

The adult mede in winter plumage only differs from the summer 
plumage in being browner, the grey portions of the plumage being 
shaded with brown, and the quills tipped and edged with pale brown; 
the yellow on the bend of the wing also not so bright. 

Young malts in first winter plumage resemble the old female, but 
are more ashy on the head and hind neck, and show some dusky 
streaks, especially on the latter; there is a little more yellow on the 
under surface than in the adult female. 

Hob* Eastern Siberia, Japan, and China. 

a,b. £ $ ad. sk.
c,d. d2 ad. sk.
e. $ ad.sk. 
Amoor Land, May. 
Yohohama, Japan. 
Yokohama, Japan,Feb. 12,1870 (Capt. Conrad). 
Purchased. 
Prof. Milne [C.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
f. cS ad. sk.
g. <? imm. sk.
A. 0 ad. sk.
i-m. £ ad. sk.
n, $ ad. sk.
o. <$ ad. sk. 
Hakodadi, April 1,1865(1L WiUely). 
Nagasaki. 
Nagasaki, Dec. 17,1876. 
Nagasaki, Jan. 7, 1877. 
Nagasaki, Nov. 25; 1870. 
China. 
Gould Coll. 
Capt. St. John [C.]. 
F. .Ringer, Esq. [P.]. 
F. Ringer, Esq. [P.]. 
F. Ringer, Esq. [P.] 
J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.]. 

2 8 
PBIN<HL"LII>.2E. 

p. ($ ad. sk. China. J. R. Peeves, Esq, [P.], 
q, r. (S imm. et g Fokien, China. Gould Coll. 
ad. sk. 

3. Chloris kawarahiba. 
Fringilla 
kawarahiba, Temm. § ScU. Faun. Jap., Aves, pi. xlviii. 
(1850) ; Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 202: Seebohm, Hist Brit. B. ii. 

p. 75 (1884). 
Chlorospiza kawarahiba, Bp. Consp. i. p. 514 (1850) ; Blahist. fy 
Fryer, B. Japan, p. 173 (1882) ; id. Amended List B. Japan, p. 17 
(1884). 

Fringilla kawariba, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 83 (1870). 

Adult male. Similar to G. sinica, but larger, and the colours not 
quite so vivid. Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3-5, 
tail 2*1, tarsus 0*7. 

Adult female. Similar to the female of C. sinica, but somewhat 
larger. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3-4, tail 2*05, 
tarsus 0*75. 

Hab. Japan. 

a. $ ad. sk. Hakodadi, Oct. 13,1865 Gould Coll. 
(M. WhiUly). 
b. tf ad. sk. Japan. * Gould Coll. 
c. S ad. sk. Nagasaki, Japan. F. Ringer, Esq. [P.]. 
d. $ ad. sk. Nagasaki. F. Itinger, Esq. [P.J. 
e,f. Ad. sk. Japan. Leiden Museum. 
5. E0PHONA. 
Type. 
Eophona, Gould, B. of Asia, part iii. (1851) ? E. personata. 

Range. Eastern Siberia, Japan, and China. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Primaries tipped with white for about an inch. melanura <$, p. 29. 
b. Primaries black. 
a\ 
Primaries edged with white at the tips, the 
secondaries more broadly tipped melanura $, p. 29. 

V. 
Primaries black, with no white tips, but a 
broad white bar across the middle; no white 
tips to the secondaries personata <$, p. 30. 
1. Eopbona melanura. 
Le Grosbec de la Chine, Sonn. Voy. Ind. Orient, ii. p. 199 (1782). 
Grey-necked Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 143 (1783). 
Loxia melanura, Gm. Syst. Wat. i. p. 853 (1788). 
Coccothraustes melanura, Jard. fy Selby, III. Urn. ii. pi. 03 (1837); 


Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 358 (1844); Swinh. Ibis, 1800, p. 61, 1801, 

p. 45, 18G7, p. 370; Gray, Fasc. B. China, p. 5, pi. iv. (1871); 
David, N. Arch. Mus. vii. Bull p. 10 (1871) ; Blah. 8f Fryer, Ibis, 
1878, p. 246 j iid. B. Japan, p. 175 (1882) ; Blakist Amended List 
B. Japan, p. 30 j Seeboh?n, Ibis, 1884, p. 266. 
5 . E0PJBL03STA. 
29 

Hesperipliona melanura, Bp. Consp. i. p. 506 (1850). 
Eophona nielanura, Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 19 (1851); Sorsf. §• 
Moore, Cat B. El. Co. Mus. ii. p. 462 (1854); Gray, Eand-l. B. 

ii. p. 88, no. 7293 (1870); Swinh. P. Z. S.1871, p. 386; id. Ibis, 
1873, p. 372,1875, p. 121; Dyboivsh', J.f. 0. 1876, p. 199; Tacz. 
Bull. Soe. Zool. France, i. p. 181 (1876): David <§• Oust. Ois. Chine, 
p. 347, pi. 92 (1877). 
Adult male. General colour above pale chocolate-brown, lighter 
and more ashy on the ramp, becoming ashy whitish just before the 
upper tail-coverts; lesser wing-coverts dark brown; median and 
greater coverts glossy purplish black; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts blackish brown, the latter with a small subterminal spot of 
white, forming a speculum; quills blackish brown, the primaries with 
a broad subterminal band of white; inner primaries tipped with 
white; secondaries externally glossy purplish black, and broadly 
tipped with white; upper tail-coverts and centre tail-feathers glossy 
purplish black, the rest of the tail-feathers black, externally glossy 
black; crown of head glossy black, as well as the lores, sides of 
face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat; the latter separated from the 
breast by an indistinct whitish line ; sides of neck brown ; fore neck 
and breast brown, with a slight tinge of tawny ; abdomen white, with 
a slight ashy tinge; sides of body and flanks deep tawny; thighs 
dark ashy; under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
black, narrowly tipped with white; quills below dusky, ashy 
on the inner edge, with the same white streaks as on the upper 
surface: " bill yellow, with the tip green ; feet white; iris rufous " 

(A. David). Total length 6*7 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*85, tail 
2-75, tarsus 0*85. 
Adult female. "Wants the black head and face of the male, the 
whole head and throat being ashy or drab-brown; wing-coverts ashy 
brown, the greater series black at the ends; primary-coverts and 
bastard-wing dusky brown, the former blackish: quills black, edged 
with white near the ends of the primaries, the secondaries tipped 
with white, the innermost pale brown, edged with purplish black, 
fringed with white; rump and upper tail-coverts drab-grey, as also 
the centre tail-feathers, the remainder brown, black externally and 
at the ends ; throat and breast drab-brown, the latter tinged with 
ochreous; abdomen and under tail-coverts white; sides of body 
ochreous or tawny buff; thighs dark ashy grey; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries dark drab-brown : quills dusky below, ashy along the 
inner web. Total length 6*4 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*75, tail 2'6, 
tarsus 0*75. 

Old specimens have the tips of the primaries white, this colour 
being gradually assumed. 

Hab. Southern and Central China, ranging northwards in summer 
into North China and Eastern Siberia; of doubtful occurrence in 
Japan, according to Blakiston. 

a. <$ ad. sk. China. Gould Coll. 
b, c, d. <? ad. sk.; North China. C. Maries, Esq. [C.J. 
e,f. $ ad.sk. 

3 0 
FBIKTGILLIDiE. 

<7> h. £ $ ad. sk. Fokien, China. Gould Coll. 
i. S ad. sk. Shanghai. Gould Coll. 
k,l. 
(S $ ad. sk. Amoy^ Nov. 1866 (22. Hume Coll. 
Swinhoe). 


m. Ad. sk. China. 
J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.]. 
2. Eophona personata. 
Coccothraustes personatus, Temm. fy SchL Faun. Jap., Aves, pi. lii. 
(1850); Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 201; David, X Arch. Jim. vii. 
Hull. p. 11 (1871); Blahist. S> Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 245 $ wd .#. 
Japan, p. 175 (1882). 

Hesperiphona personata, ^ . Consp. i. p. 506 (1850). 
Eophona personata, Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 18 (1851) ; Gray, Uaad-l. 


B. ii. p. m, no. 8294 (1870)• Swinh. P. Z. 3. 1871, p. 380; Dyboioshi, 
J.f. 0.1870, p. 109 $ Tacz. Bull. Sue. Zool. France, i. p. 181 
(1876) j David <§• Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 846, pi. 91 (1877); Siuinh. 
Ibis, 1877, p. 145; Blahist. § Fryer, B. Japan, p. 175 (1882); 
Jouy, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mas. vi. p. 295 (1888)• Blahist. Amended 
List B. Japan, pp. 18, 68 (1884). 
Adult mule. General colour above pale drab or ashy grey, slightly 

washed with drab-brown on the scapulars; lesser wing-coverts 

blackish, externally glossy steel-black ; median and greater coverts 

glossy steel-black, the inner ones like the back, or black with a 

median streak of drab-grey; bastard-wing and primary-coverts 

black• quills black, the primaries with a bar of white across them, 

not seen on the outermost, and only found on the outer web of the 

two innermost; secondaries externally glossy steel-black, except 

the innermost ones, "which are drab with a broken tinge like the 

scapulars; upper tail-coverts like the back; centre tail-feathers 

glossy blue-black, velvety black at the ends; the remainder black, 

externally glossy blue-black; crown of head black as far as the 

feathers round eye, and a bar down the fore part of the face black, 

joining the chin, which is also black* ear-coverts pale drab, sepa


rated from the black of the face by a narrow line of whitish; hinder 

cheeks like ear-coverts ; throat white in the centre, the chin and 

upper throat black• 
sides of throat, sides of neck, fore neck, and 

breast pale drab-grey; abdomen whiter; sides of body and flanks 

pale drab-grey : thighs grey ; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-

coverts and axillaries white; quills below blackish, the white bar on 

the primaries showing below : " bill yellow * feet greyish reddish ; 

iris reddish » (A. David); "iris light hazel" (II. Whitely). Total 
length 8*5 inches, culmen 0*95, wing 4*4:5, tail 3*1, tarsus 0*9. 
Eab. Eastern Siberia, Japan, extending to Northern and Western 
China. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Hakodadi, Nov. 2,1864. Mr. Henry Whitely [0.1. 
b,c. 3 2 ad. sk. Nagasaki, Oct. 29, 1879. F. Ringer, Esq. [P.1 J 
d. d ad. sk. Nagasaki, Dec. 31, 1879. F. Ringer, Esq. [P/l. 
e. Ad. sk. Japan. 
Gould Coll. 
6. CHATTJSTOPROCTTTS. 
31 

6. CHAUNOPEOCTUS. w 
Type. 
Chaunoproctus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 526 (1850) C. ferreirostris. 
Range. Bonin Islands, Japanese Sea. 

1. Chainioproctus ferreirostris. 
Coccotliraustes 
ferreirostris, Vig. Zool. Jour. iv. p. 851 (1823); id. 
in Beecheys Toy, 'Blossom] p. 22, pi. 8 (1839); Gray, Gen, B. ii. 

p. 358 (1844).^ 
Fringilla papa, Kittl. Mem. pres. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersh. i. p. 239 
pL 15 11630; ,* id. Kupf. Vog. p. 24, p]. 32.fig.2 (1632). 
Mveerubas ferreirostris, Cab. in Wieym. Arch.f. Natury. xiii. p. 350 

Chaunoproctus papa, !?/>. Consp. i. p. 520 (1850) ; id. § Schl. Monogr. 
Loxiens, p. 32, pis. 37, 38 (1850); Blahxst. Amended List B. Japan. 

p. 03 (1884). 
Coccotliraustes papa, Gray, Iland-l B. ii. p. 88, no. 7290 (1870). 
Adult male. General colour above brown, with darker centres to 
the feathers of the back, which have a reddish tinge; wing-coverts 
brown ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, 
washed externally with lighter brown, rather more ashy on the 
primaries; upper tail-coverts like the back; tail-feathers dusky 
brown ; crown of head and hind neck brown, washed with crimson ; 
the forehead, lores, eyebrow, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and 
under surfaces of body crimson, paler on the throat and breast; 
abdomen ashy whitish ; sides of body and flanks brown, with a slight 
reddish tinge ; thighs brown ; under tail-coverts ashy brown; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries ashy brown, with a slight rosy tinge; 
quills below dusky, ashy brown along the inner edge. Total length 
7 inches, culmen 0*95, wing 4*25, tail 2'8, tarsus 1-1. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
brown, the dorsal feathers darker-centred and slightly washed with 
olive; the wing-coverts like the back; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with brown like the back, 
paler on the primaries; upper tail-coverts like the back; tail-
feathers dusky brown, externally like the back; crown of head like 
the back; lores dusky brown; eyebrow pale ashy brown ; ear-
coverts and cheeks brown ; throat and under surface of body light 

ochreous brown, the abdomen rather paler; sides of body and 
flanks brown; thighs brown; under tail-coverts pale brown with 
whitish edges ; under wing-coverts and axillaries light brown; 
quills below dusky, ashy on the inner edge. Total length 7*5 inches, 
culmen 1-15, wing 4-2, tail 2*9, tarsus 1*1. 

Bab. Island of Bonin-Sima. 
*, , 

a,b. d $ ad. sk. Bonin-Sima. Voy. H.M.S. ' ^Aw ' 
(Types of species.) 

FEINGILLIDJ3. 

7. HESPERIPHONA. Type-
Hesperiphona, Bp. C. E. xxxi. p. 424 (1850) H. vespertina. 
Range. Rocky Mountains, and eastwards to Lake Superior, north 
to the Eur Countries, and southward to Mexico and Guatemala. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Crown black. 
a'. A yellow forehead and eyebrow vespertina <? ad., p. 32. 
b'. No yellow forehead. 
a". No white alar speculum. 
a'". Sides of face and throat black ... . abeillcei <$ ad.5 p. 34. 
V". Sides of face greenish yellow; 

throat ashy brown abeillcei S imni., p. 35. 
b". A white alar speculum at base of 
middle primaries abeilleei $ ad., p. 35. 

b. Crown yellowish olive or brown; upper tail-
coverts yellowish or ashy white vespertina $ ad., p. 33. 
1. Hesperiphona vespertina. 
Fringilla 
vespertina, Cooper, Ami. Lye. N. Y. i. p. 220 (1825); Bp. 
Amer. Orn. ii. p. 75, pi. xv. fig. 1 (1828); Nuttall, Man. Orn. i. 
p, 52iS (1832); Audub. B. Amer. pis. 373, 424; id. Orn. Biogr. iv. 

p. 515 (1838), v. p. 235 (1839). 
Loxia bonapartii, Less. Bull. Scienf. t. xxv. (teste Bess.). 
Coccothraustes bonapartii, Bess, ML Zool. pi. 31 (1831). 
Coccothraustes vespertina, Swains. § Biehards. Faun. Bor.-Amer., 
Birds, p. 269, pi. 68 (1831;; Jard. ed, Wilson's Amer. Orn. iii. 

p. 432, pi. 15. fig. 1 (1832) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. $ N. Amer. 
p. 30 (1838) ; Audub. B. Amer. iii. p. 217, pi. 207 (1841) ; Gray, 
Gen. B. ii. p. 358 (1844); Sol P. Z. S. 1860, p. 251; id. Cat. 
Amer. 3. p. 123 (1862); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 87, no. 7288 
(1870); Sal. $ Sah. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 34 (1873) ; Safo. Cat. 
Strickl. Coll. p. 211 (1882); id. $• God?nan, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 
i. p. 426 (1886); A. O. U. Check-list A7*. Amer. B, p. 255 (1886). 
Hesperiphona vespertina, Bp. C. B. xxxi. p. 424 (1850); id. Consp. 
i. p. 505 (1850) j Baird, B. M. Amer. p. 469 (1858) ; Blakist. Ibis, 
lb62, p. 5,1863, p. 69; Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 266; Siwiie/tr. Mem. 
Bost. doe. N. H. i. p. 550 (1869) ; Cooper, B. Calif, p. 174 (1870); 
Coues, Key A7". Amer. B. p. 127 (1872) ; Baird, Brewer, SfMidgtcay, 
Hist Ar. Amer. B. i. p. 449 (1874),- Coues, B. N.-We$t, p. 104 
(1874) ; Hennh. Bep. BJa.pl. 100th Merid. p. 239 (1875) ; Coues, 
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv. p. Go (1879) ; May, op. cit. vi. p. 179 
(1881) ; Brewster, op. cit. vii. p. 227; Coues, t. c. p. 250 (1882) ; 
Mclhuraith, op. cit. viii. p. 146 (1883); Coues, Key K. Amer. B. 
2nd ed. p. 342 (1884); Brexo, Auk, i. p. 15 (1884) ; Scott, t. c. 
p. 174; Agersb. t. e. p. 279,- Seton, t. c. p. 334: Cooke, Auk, ii. 
p. 244 (1885). 
Hesperiphona vespertina, var. vespertina, Baird, Brewer, & Ridgw. 
Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 449 (1874). 
Hesperiphona vespertina, var. montana, iid. t. c. p. 449 (1874). 

Adult male. General colour above brown on the back and mantle, 
the scapulars, lower back, and rump dull golden yellow, the latter 

7 . HESFEKIPHONA. 
rather brighter; lesser wing-coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 
and quills black, the primaries fringed with ashy; the innermost 
greater coverts and secondaries pearly white fringed with yellow, 
the latter brown on the inner web; upper tail-coverts black, the 
lower ones tipped with yellow; tail-feathers black, with a shpde of 
hoary whitish along the tip of the inner web ; crown of head black 
as far as the occiput, the nape and hind neck like the mantle; lores, 
nasal plumes, and eyelid black; a broad eyebrow and band across 
the forehead golden yellow; oar-coverts sooty brown, as also the 
cheeks and chin ; throat, sides of neck, and fore neck brown, more 
or less washed with yePow, this colour predominating gradually on 
the breast, abdomen, sides of body, and flanks, which are golden 
yellow shaded with brown; thighs blackish, tipped with yellow; 
under tail-coverts bright yellow ; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
yellow, those near the edge of the wing black; quills below dusky 
blackish, ashy along the inner edge: "bill greenish yellow" 
{Richardson):" "bill yellow; legs and feet flesh-colour; claws 
brown ; iris hazel" {Audvbo*i). Total ^ngth 7 inches, culmen 08, 
wing 4*3, tail 2-43, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Lacks the black head of the male, the crown being 
a little darker brown than the back, the hind neck and sides of 
neck washed with yellow ; the rump paler drab-brown ; upper tail-
coverts black, broadly tipped with white spots; tail-feathers black, 
with a large white spot at the end of the inner web; wing-coverts 
and quills blackish, the primaries edged with hoary white, the 
middle ones white at the base of the outer web, forming a speculum; 
secondaries plainly edged with white near the end of the outer web, 
the inner ones drab-brown towards the end of the outer web, the 
inner greater coverts similarly coloured and externally whitish 
washed with yellow; sides of face brown; the under surface of the 
body drab-brown, with a half-concealed malar streak of black; under 
tail-coverts white, washed with brown. Total length 5*5 inches, 
culmen 0-8, wing 4-2, tail 2-45, tarsus 08 . 

Young. Quite different from the adults. Brown above and below, 
paler and more drab on the lower back and rump; wing-coverts and 
quills blackish brown, the quills edged with white, broader on the 
secondaries, the innermost of which have also a broad white margin; 
the innermost greater coverts are ashy for their terminal half; 
the inner primaries are white at the base of the outer web, exhibiting 
a large alar speculum, and there is a good deal of white 
towards the base of the inner web also; the under wing-coverts and 
axillaries are primrose-yellow; under tail-coverts white; head 
brown like the back; upper tail-coverts black, tipped with pale 
drab-brown; tail-feathers black, with a spot of white at the end of 
the inner web, increasing in extent towards the outermost feather. 

The above specimen, procured by Capt. Bendire in September, is 
already beginning to moult, and to show the approach of the black 
crown. A specimen .from Mexico in the Salvin-Godman collection 
shows that the male after the first moult resembles the adult male 
in plumage, bat has the yellow everywhere of a duller and more 

VOL. XII. *> 

 FMffGIIXIDJS. 

greenish shade; the inner secondaries are brownish white, with a 
broad longitudinal centre of blackish brown, of irregular shape; 
the upper tail-coverts and tail are also minutely tipped with white; 
the yellow forehead and eyebrow are mixed with black-tipped 
plumes. 

The differences of plumage which have induced Mr. Ridgway to 
recognize two forms of this species seem to me to be due to age. 
Several American ornithologists have also expressed their opinion 
that the differences recorded are due to individual variation. 

A specimen from British Columbia, the sex of which has unfortu


nately not been ascertained by Mr. Lord, is brown with a yellowish 

tinge, and has black wings very much as in the adult male, but 

without any alar speculum, showing that it is not an old female, 

which in other respects it greatly resembles. It may be the young 

male after its first moult still retaining traces of the female plumage ; 

but this supposition scarcelyfits" in with the description of the } oung 

birds given above. Altogether the changes of plumage in the pre


sent species require much further study. 

Hab. Western North America east to Lake Superior, and casually 

to Ohio and Ontario; from the Eur Countries south into Mexico. 

a. 
<$ ad. 5 b. [ § ] British Columbia (west side J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
ad. sk. of Rocky Mountains). 
c. [cflad. sk. Oregon. Lord Walsinghain 
[p.]. 
d. (S ad. sk. Linkville, Oregon, March 20, U. S. National Mu1883 
(Capt. Bendire, Sm. seum [P.]. 
no. 94865). 
e. 
$ juv.sk. Fort Klamath,Oregon, Sept.5, IT. S. National Mu1885 
(Capt. Bendire, Sm. seum [P.]. 
no. 94869). 
f. 9' 6 
2 ad.; h. Mexico. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
S imm. sk. 
i. 
$ ad. sk. Vera Cruz, Mexico (A.SalU). Sclater Coll. 
k. $ ad. sk. Mexico (A. Boueard). Sclater Coll. 
I. (S ad. sk. N. Mexico. Sclater Coll. 
2. Hesperiphona aheillsei. 
Guiraca abeillii, Less. Rev. Zool. 1889, p. 41. 
Hesperiphona vespertina, juv., Bp. Consp. i. p. 505 (1850). 
Hesperiphona abeillii, Bp. Consp. i. p. 505 (1850) • Smnichr. Mem. 


Bosi. Soc. N. H. i. p. 550 (1869) ; Baird, Brewer, <$• Bidgiv. Hist. 

N. Amer. B. i. p. 449 (1874); Coues, Bull Nutt Orn. Club, iv. 
p. 67, note (1879). 
Coccothraustes abeillii, 
Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 865; id. fy Salv 
Ibis, 1859, p. 19; Salv. Ibis, 1861, p. 852; Scl Cat. Amer. B. 

p. 128 (1862) ; Gray, Hand~l. B. ii. p. 87, no. 7289 (1870). 
Coccothraustes macullpennis, Scl. F. Z. S. 1860, p. 251, pi. clxrii • 
Solum, Ibis, 1866, p. 206. 
Coccothraustes abeillsei, Scl.fySalv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 84 (1878); 
Salvin Sf Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 426 (1886). 

Adult male. General colour above yellow, the mantle and upper 

7. HESPERIPHONA. 
35 
back a little more olive than the rest of the back; wing-coverts, 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, excepting the innermost 
greater coverts and secondaries, which are pearly white, fringed 
with yellow externally ; upper tail-coverts black, some of the lower 
ones edged with yellow at the tip; tail-feathers black; crown of 
head, sides of head, and hind neck black, as well as the ear-coverts, 
cheeks, and throat; sides of neck and under surface of body from 
the fore neck downwards yellow * thighs black, edged with yellow; 
under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillaries yellow, the 
feathers near the edge of the wing black; quills below blackish, 
ashy tinged with yellow along the inner edge. Total length 
7 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4*25, tail 2*65, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Bitters from the male in being ashy brown above, 
washed with olive-yellow; the black on the head confined to the 
crown and nape, so as to form a cap ; upper tail-coverts and outer 
tail-feathers tipped with white; wings as in the male, but the 
inner primaries with a white mark at the base of the outer web, 
forming a speculum; sides of face and ear-coverts dull olive-greenish, 
the sides of the neck clearer yellow; feathers at the base of the 
bill and at the base of the cheeks, as well as a line along the upper 
chin, black; remainder of the under surface of body pale drab-
brown, washed with yellow, the abdomen and under tail-coverts 
dull whitish ; axillaries and under wing-coverts yellow, those near 
the edge of the wing blackish, edged with yellow. Total length 
6-o inches, culmen 0*8, wing 4*1, tail 2*5, tarsus 0*75. 

The young male resembles the old female in having only the 
black cap, but the sides of the face and the upper surface of the 
body are brighter and more yellowish green ; the white speculum is 
present on the wing, but is smaller than in the old female; the 
throat also is more ashy, and the under surface of the body more 
distinctly wTashed with yellow. 

Hob, Central America from Mexico to Guatemala. 

a. Ad. ; b. Juv. Mexico. Purchased, 
st. 
c. [ tf jun.] sk. Near the City of Mexico. Salvm-Godman Coll. 
d. <$ ad. sk. 
Valley of Mexico. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e. <$ ad. sk. 
Jalapa {Be Oca). Sclater Coll. 
f. 
J ad. sk. Vera Cxuz, Mexico (A Sclater Coll. (Type of 
SallS). C. maadipennis, Scl.) 
g. $ jun. sk. Guatemala. Sclater Coll. 
K **. 8 2 ad. sk. Coban, Guatemala, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Aug. 1860 (JR. Owen), 
fa <$ ad. sk. 
San Geronimo, Guate- Salvin-Godman Coll. 

mala, June 1882 {JR. 

Owen). 

I 
S hum. sk. Volcan de Fuego, Guate- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
mala, Nov. 1801 (0. 8. 
$ F. D. O.). 

m. 
S ad. sk. Guatemala (67. XT. Skin- G. U. Skinner, Esq. 
ner). 
B2 

36 FBIffGILLID^. 
8. COCCOTHRAUSTES. ^ 
Coccothraustes, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 218 (1760) 0. eoccotliraustes. 

Wing of Coccothraustes coccothraustes. 

Range. The whole of Europe and Central Asia to North-western 
India ; E. Siberia; Japan and Northern China. 

Key to tlie Species. 

a. 
With the crown tawny rufous. 
a1. With the sides of the body vinous. 
a". Median and greater wing-coverts tipped 
with white , coccothraustes $, p. 37. 
b". 
Median and greater wing-coverts tipped 
with pale drab ... japonictts tf, p. 40. 

V. With the sides of the body tawny or 
orange-buff humii tf, p. 40. 
r Txr-iT. xi i I coccothraustes 9»P- 38. 

b. With the crown brown 
\japonicus $ , pTM. 
c. With the crown ashy grey humii §, p. 40. 
1. Coccotliraustes eoccotliraustes. 
The Common Grosbeak, Albin, Nat. Hist. Birds, i. p. 54, pi, lvi. 
(1738). 
The Grosbeak or Hawfinch. Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, iv. p. 188, 
pi. 188 (1751). 
Le Grosbec, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 219 (1760); Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 

iii. p. 444 (1775) ; Daubent. PL Enl. iv. pis. 99,100. 
Loxia coccotliraustes, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 299 (1766) ; Penn. Brit. 
Zool. p. 105, pi. 105. tig. 1 (i766) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 844 (1788). 
Hawfinch, Lath. Gen. Syn, ii. pt. i. p. 109 (1788). 
Coccothraustes vulgaris. Pall. Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. ii. p. 12 (1811) ; 

Vieill. N Diet. dHisi. Nat. xiii. p. 519 (1817); Roux, Orn. Prov. 
pi. 76 (1825) ; Selby, Brit. B. i. p. 324 (1838); Gould, B. Eur. iii. 
pi. 199 (1837) ; Bp. Camp. List B. Eur. <$• N. Amer. p. 30 (1838) ; 
Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xlii (1840); Selys-Longch. Faune 
Beige, p. 75 (1842) ; Schl. Bev. Grit. p. Ixv (1844); Gray, Gen. 

B. ii. p. 358 (1844) ; Hewits. Eggs Brit. B. i. p. 158, pi. 43. fig. 2 
(1846); Thomps. B. Irel. i. p. 259 (1849) ; Cab. Mus. Hein.Th.l 
p. 158 (1850); Schl. Vog. Nederl. pi. 172 (1854); Horsf. 8f 
Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. ii. p. 463 (1854): Jaub. $ BaHh.
8. COCCOTHRAUSTES. 
37 

Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 113 (1859) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 113; 
Lindenn. Fog. Griechenl p. 63 (1860) ; Poivi/s, Ibis, 18G0, p. 137; 
Schl. Dier. Nederl, Tog. pi. 17. figs. 1, 2 (1861); Gray. List Brit 

B. p. 92 (1863); Wright, Ibis, 1SU,^. 51-, Filippi, Vzagg. Persia, 
p. 349 (1865) j Giglioli, Ibis, 1865, p. 57; More, t c. p. 128; 
Zilford, Ibis, 1866, p. 178; Begl. $ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 266 
(1867); Tristr. Ibis, 1867, p. 369; Brake, t c. p. 427; Loche, 
Evpl. Sci. Alger, i. p. 240 (1867); Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 445; 
Borggr. Fogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 77 (1869); Doderl Avif. SiciL 
p. 97 (1869); Ehoes <$• Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 193; Gray, Hand-l 
B. ii. p. 87; no. 7286 (1870); Bettoni, Uce. nidif. Lomb. x>l. 71; 
Gould, B. Gt. Brit iii. pi. 40 ; Fritsch, Tog. Ear. pi. 27. lg. 8$ 
Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 220; Gurney, t. o. p. 293; Salvad, Faun. 
Ital, Ucc. p. 149 (1871); R Gray, B. W. Scotl. p. 144 (1871); 
Sorting, Handb. Brit B. p. 29 (1872); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 150 
(1872); Keulem. Onze Vofjels, ii. pi. 47 (1873); Brooke, Ibis, 
1873, p. 247 ; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 575, pi. 175 (1875); Zilford, 
Ibis, 1875, p. 5; Danf. $ Mar vie Brown, t c. p. 414; Irby, B. 
Gibr. p. 124 (1875) ; Jesse, Ibis, 1876, p. 303; Newt. ed. Yarr. Brit 
B. ii. p. 98 (1876); Danf. Ibis, 1878, p. 25; Bogd. B. Caue. p. 62 
(1879J ; Seeb. Ibis, 1880,' p. 187 ; Gigl. Iconogr. Avif. Ital. part ix. 
(1880); Seeb. Ibis, 1882, p. 219; Dixon, t c. p. 57Q-, Sah. Cat 
Strickl. Coll. p. 211 (1882); B. 0. U. List Brit B. p. 50 (1883); 
Irby, Ibis, 1883, p. 183; Eagle Clark, Ibis, 1884, p. 143; Seeb. 
Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 57 (1884); Tristr. Faun. $ Flor. Palest, p. 66 
(1884); Radde, Orn. Cane. p. 179 (1884); Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, 
p. 39 ; Reid, t c. p. 245; Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. — (1886). 
Fringilla coccothraustes, Meyer, Tog. Liv~ u. Esthl. p. 73 (1815); 
Temm. Man. d'Om. i. p. 344 (1820); Naum. Tog. Deutschl. iv. 
pi. 114 (1824); Werner, Atlas, Granivores, pi. 36 (1827); Crespon, 
Orn. Gard. p. 240 (1840) ; Nordm. in. D4mid. Toy. Russ. Merid. 

iii. p. 181 (1840) ; FZjmrb. Danm. Fugle, pi. xxv. fig. 1, Suppl. 9, 
fig. 6 (1852); Simdev. Sv. Fogl. pi. v. tigs. 5, C; Fallon, Ois. 
Belg. p. 90 (1875). 
Coccotliraustes deformis, Koch, Syst Baier. Zool. p. 226 (1810). 
Ooccuthraiibtes fagoruni, Brehm, Fog. Deutschl. p. 256 (1831). 
Coccotliraustes cerasororum, Brehm, Tog. Deutschl. p. 256 (1831). 
Coccothraustes planiceps, Brehm, Fog. Deutschl. p. 258 (1831). 
Coccotliraustes atrigularis, Macgill. Hist Brit. B. i. p. 356 (1837). 
Coccotliraustes europseus, Sioains. Classif. B. ii. p. 227(1837). 
Coccotliraustes coccotliraustes, Bp. Consp. i. p. 506 (1850); Lichi. 

Nomencl. Av. Berol. p. 46 (1854); Sharpe, P. Z. & 1880, p. 96. 
Coccotliraustes minor, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 27G; id. Fogelf. 

p. 94 (1855). 
Adult male. General colour above chocolate-brown, with a broad 
collar of ashy grey separating the crown of tho head from the 
mantle; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts cinnamon-brown, 
rather deeper on the latter; lesser wing-coverts blackish; median 
coverts ashy white with black bases; greater coverts blackish brown, 
externally ashy white like the median coverts, the inner ones 
cinnamon-brown ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills velvety 
black, glossed with purplish or steel-blue at the ends of the inner 
primaries and outer secondaries, all of which have quadrate ends; 
primaries with a large spot of white about the middle of the inner 

38 FRINGILLIDJE. , 

web; inner secondaries chocolate-brown; tail-feathers blackish, 
edged with brown, the centre ones cinnamon-brown externally, ashy 
towards the ends, which are white; the remainder blackish brown, 
ashy towards the end of the outer web, and broadly tipped with 
white on the inner; crown of head pale cinnamon-buff, inclining to 
chestnut on the occiput and nape; a narrow line along the forehead, 
lores, feathers round eye, and at base of upper mandible, and a 
narrow line at base of lower mandible, black; ear-coverts and 
cheeks cinnamon-buff; throat black, with an indistinct line of ashy 
whitish on either side ; sides of neck ashy grey like the hind neck ; 
rest of under surface of body from the fore neck downwards pale 
vinaceous brown ; lower abdomen white; sides of body and flanks 
like the breast; thighs ashy; under tail-coverts white; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries white, with dusky bases to those near 
the edge of the wing; quills below blackish, white at base of 
inner web, and with a white patch on inner web of primaries ; 
bill leaden blue, the base of the lower mandible fleshy; feet and 
toes greyish brown; iris white or greyish white. Total length 
7 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 4*2, tail 2-15, tarsus 0*85. 

The winter plumage of the adult male only differs from the 
summer plumage in having the bill fleshy white, with some distinct 
indications of ashy-whitish fringes to the feathers of the throat. 

Individuals vary much in the depth of colour on the head, the 
crown being almost entirely buff in some specimens, with only the 
forehead cinnamon-buff. The underside of the mandible seems 
never to get blue like the rest of the bill in summer. 

A specimen sold to the Museum by 1he late If. Parzudaki as 
C, alpinus seems to me to be only an ordinary 0. coccothraustes in 
worn breeding-dress, with the bill blue, and the head bleached to a 
yellowish buff, the sides of the face, occiput, and nape being chestnut. 


The adult female is much duller in colour than the male, and has 
the head ashy brown, chocolate-brown on the hinder sides of the 
crown, occiput, and nape ; forehead and sides of faces dull oehreous 
brown ; the remainder of the upper surface is like that of the male, 
except that the secondaries are edged with drab-grey, and the 
primaries edged with the same colour towards the tip ; the under 
surface of the body is oehreous brown, the throat black, the sides of 
the body and flanks washed with vinaceous brown as in the male. 
Total length 6*7 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*9, tail 2-1, tarsus 0*75. 

Young, General colour above more dingy than in the adults; the 
back chocolate-brown, with dusky tips, ashy bases, and whitish 
shaft-lines ; lower back and rump paler, the feathers tipped with 
dusky; wings as in the old female, but with a yellowish tinge at 
the end of the median and greater coverts, the outermost of the 
latter being ashy grey externally; upper tail-coverts and centre 
tail-feathers pale oehreous brown, the rest blackish, washed externally 
with oehreous brown, with a large white spot at the tip of 
the inner web; crown of head olive-yellow, the feathers tipped 
with dusky, brighter yellow on the forehead, which has a narrow 

8 . COCCOTHKATJSTES. 
39 

black line across the base, the lores also blackish; ear-covcrts and 
sides of face, as well as the cheeks, olive-yellow, with a few dusky 
spots along the latter; throat pale yellow; fore nock and breast, 
as well as the sides of the body, light brown, the feathers tipped 
with dusky; centre of breast and abdomen white; thighs dusky 
brown ; under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillaries white; 
quills below dusky, with a white spot on the inner web of the 
primaries, the secondaries white at the base. Total length 6*7 inches, 
culmen 0*6, wing 3*8, tail 2*1. tarsus 0*8. 

A young male has the wing of the adult male, more yellow on 
the head and throat than in the female, and a black throat, the 
feathers of the latter tipped with yellow. 

Hab. Europe generally, extending eastwards to Asia Minor and the 
Caucasus, perhaps to Northern Persia and Turkestan, though the 
species from the last-named localities may prove to be C. humii. 

a, J ad. sk. Norfolk. 
Lord Walsingham 

rp.i. 

b,c. 3 $ a<l-> &> Norfolk. 

Lord Walsingham 

e,f9 g. Juv. st 
k Pull. sk. Norfolk. [p.]. 
Lord Walsingham 
i, k. Juv. st. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker [C.I 

I, m* 3 $ ad. sk. Turnham Green, Middlesex. Mr. J. Baker [C.J. 
nf o. 3 J ad. sk. Hampstead, Middlesex Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(O.S.). 
p, q. 3 ad. ,* r, Cookham, Berkshire. Mr. W. Briggs [P.]. 

s. 5 ad. sk. 
t, u. <•? § ad. sk. Cookham, Berkshire (/. G.). Gould Coll. 
v. Juv. sk. Cookham, Berkshire (/. G.). Gould Coll. 
w. 
3 ad. sk. Cookham, Berkshire, Dec. 10, E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
1807 (M. B. S.). 
x. 
3 ^d. sk. Cookham, Berkshire, Jan. 20; R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
1873 (JB. B.S.). 
y. 3 ad. sk. Maidenhead, Feb. 10,1880 Gould Coll. 
(J. G.). 
z. 5 ad. sk. Maidenhead, May (J. G.). Gould Coll. 
a'. 3 ad. sk. Belgium. Gould Coll. 
b', d. 3 $ ad. sk. Vosges Mountains, Jan 1877 E.Hargitt,Esq. [P.]. 
(Mot/gel). 
d\ 3 ad. sk. [France.] M. Parzudaki 


[s. n. C. alpinusJ] 
e'. 3 juv. sk. Denmark (Kjmrbolling). Gould Coll. 
f,g'. 3 2 ad.sk. Taurus, Asia Minor, Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(C. G.Danford). 
h'. $ ad. sk. Erzeroum (Dickson §* JRoss). Gould Coll. 
Subsp. a. Coccothraustes japouicus. 

Coccothraustes vulgaris, pi, Pall Zoogr. Fosso-Asiat. ii. p. 12 (1811). 
Coccothraustes vulgaris japonicus, Temm. § Schl Faun. Jap. pi. 51 
(1850) ; Swinh. P. Z. & 1871, p. 386 ; Blakist. $ Fryer, B. Japan, 

p. 175 (1882); Jouy, Froc. U.S. Nat. Mm. vi. p. 294 (1883); 
Blakist Amended List B. Japan, p. 18 (1884) ; Seebohm, Bid. 
Brit. B. ii. p. 57 (1884). 
FRIN-Gi-ILLID^. 

Ooccotliraustes japonicus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 506 (1850) ; Horsf. fy 
Moore, Cat. B. EX Co. Mus. ii. p. 463 (1856); Gray, Hancl-l B. 

ii. p. 87, no. 7287 (1870) ; Sivinh. Ibis, 1874, p. 160; Tacz. J.f. 0. 
1874; p. 331; Sioinh. Ibis, 1875, p. 121; Tack Bull Soc. Zool 
France, i. p. 181 (1876) ; Blahist. $ Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 245 ; Tacz. 
Bull. Soc. Zool France, 1879, p. 138 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S.1886, p. 97. 
Ooccotliraustes vulgaris, Middend. Sibir. Reis. p. 154 (1851); Schmidt, 
Beis. Amurl p. 300 (1859); Swinh.'Ibis, 1861, p. 336; Blahist. 
Ibis, 1862, p. 328; Badde, Beis. Sibir., Tog. p. 193 (1803) ; Whitely, 
Ibis, 1863, p. 193; Dyboivski, J. f. O.1868, p. 335; Swinh. P. Z. S. 
1870, p. 448; David, N. Arch. Mus. vii. Bull p. 10 (1871); id. 
$ Oust Ois. Chine, p. 348 (1877). 

Adult male. Only differs from the same sex of C. coccotTiraustes 
in having the wing-coverts ashy whitish or pale drab at the ends 
instead of whitish: " bill horn-colour; legs and toes flesh-colour " 

(H. Whitely). Total length &5 inches, cnlmen 0-8, wing 3*85, tail 2. 
Adult female. Differs like the male from the corresponding sex of 
C. coccothraustes. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 4-1, 
tail 2*1, tarsus 0*85. 
Hah. Eastern Siberia and Japan, extending into Northern China 
as far west as the Ichang gorge, according to the late Consul 
Swinhoe; Mongolia and Thibet (A. David). 

a. $ ad. sk. Japan. India Museum. 
b. e. <$ J ad. sk. Japan. Gould Coll. 
d. 5 ad. sk. Yokohama, Japan. Prof. Milne [C.]. 
e. $ ad. sk. Nagasaki, Japan. F. Einsrer, E^q. [P.]. 
f. $ ad. sk. China. J. R. Kee\es, E^. [P.]. 
g. Ad. sk. Chusan (Capt. Ince). Gould Coll. 
2. Coccothraustes hixmii. (Hate I.) 
Coccothraustes vulgaris (nee L.), Hume, Ibis, 1861), p. 456; id. Sir. 
F. vii. pp. 413, 462 (1877), viii. p. 108 (1879) : h Barnes, Str. F. 
ix. p. 456 (1880). 
Coccothraustes humii, Sharpe, P. Z, S. 1886, p. 97. 
Adult male. Differs from C. coccothraustes in its paler coloration, 
and in the side of the body being pale* tawny or orange-brown 
instead of vinaceous. Total length 6*9 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3-8, 
tail 2-1, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Differs from the female 0. coccothrausks in being 
ochreous-brown above, pale ashy ochreous on the lower back, rump, 
and upper tail-coverts; crown of head ashy grey like the hind neck; 
sides of face also ashy grey, washed with ochreous ; breast and sides 
of body ochreous buff, instead of vinaceous brown; centre of breast 
and abdomen white. Total length 6*75 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 
3*9, tail 2*35, tarsus 0-8. 

Hah. North-western Punjab; ? Afghanistan. 

a, b. $ ad. sk. Attock, N.W. Punjab, March Hume Coll. 
1869 (Col Dehni Badcliffe). (Types of species.) 

c. $ ad. sk. Attock, Feb. 1870 (D. B.). Hume ColJ. 
9 . MYCETtOBAS. 
4 1 
9. 
MYCEROBAS. 
Type. 
Mycerobas, 
Cab. in Wiegm. Arch. xiii. p. 350 
(1847) M. melanoxanthus. 

Bill of Mycerobas melanoxanthus from below, to show form of chin-angle. 

Range. Throughout the Himalayas to Manipur and Western 
China. 
1. Mycerobas melanoxanthus. 

Coccothiaufctes melanoxanthus, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., 
Bassere8,jpl. 279. figs. 1, 2 (nos. 326, 327), pi. 279 A. figs. 1, 1*; 
id. Asiatic Researches, xix. p. 150 (1836); id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. 

p. 84 (1844). 
Coccothraustes fortirostris, Lafr. Bev. Zool. 1840, p. 228. 
Coccothraustes melanoxanthus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. 1844, 
'p. 950, cum fig. 3 (bill); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 358, pi. 88 (1844); 
id. Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 105 (1846); Blyth, Cat. 

B. Mas. As. Soc. p. 125 (1849) ; Gray, Hand-l. J5. ii. p. 88, 
no. 7295 (1870); David, N. Arch. Mus. vii. Bull p. 11 (1871) j 
Salvin, Cat. StricJcl. Coll. p. 212 (1882). 
Mycerobas melanoxanthus, Cab. in Wiegm. Arch. f. Naturg. xiii. 

p. 350 (1847); Bp. Consp. i. p. 505 (1850) ; Gould, B. Asia, 
vol. v. pi. 20 (1851); Horsf. # Moore, Cat. B. JS.I. Co. Mus. ii. 
p. 401 (1850) ; Jerd. B. Bid. ii. p. 38G (1863) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, 
p. 43; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 386; David $• Oust, Ois. Chine, 
p. 345 (1878); Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 107; C. H. T. Marshall, 
Ibis, 1884, p. 420. 
Adult male. General colour above slaty black, the feathers black 
in the centre with slaty-grey margins; lesser wing-coverts like 
the back; remainder of the coverts black, greater coverts edged with 
slaty grey, the inner ones tipped with a pale sulphur-yellow spot on 
the outer web; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, 
edged with ashy brown, the secondaries with a small mark of pale 
yellow at the end of the outer web, larger and more sulphur-yellow 
on the inner secondaries; the inner primaries with a concealed 
white spot at the base ; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers black; 
head, sides of face, and entire throat black; remainder of under 
surface of body, from the fore neck downwards, bright yellow; sides 
of body spotted with black, the lower flanks edged with black ; 
thighs black, edged with yellow; under tail-coverts yellow; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries black, edged with yellow; quills below 

PEIN-eilLIDiE. 

black, ashy along the inner edge, whitish towards the base : " bill 
leaden blue; feet leaden grey, claws brown; iris brown" (B. H, 
Hodgson). Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 1, wing 5-05, tail 3, 
tarsus 0-85. 

The bill in the male certainly gets darker in summer. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
black, mottled with yellow, the feathers being edged with yellow, 
those of the mantle and upper back being yellow with a black 
spot in the centre; wing-coverts black, edged with yellow, more 
broadly on the median and greater coverts, which are white towards 
the end of the outer web ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
black, edged with dull olive-yellow, clearer on the primaries, which 
are white at the extreme base of the outer web, forming a small 
speculum; the inner secondaries more broadly edged with yellow, 
white towards the ends, resembling the inner greater coverts ; upper 
tail-coverts and tail-feathers black, edged with dull yellow; crown 
of head black, varied with whitish bases and yellow edges to the 
feathers; lores and a distinct eyebrow yellow, the latter posteriorly 
streaked with black; feathers round eye and a broad streak along 
the upper ear-coverts black, followed by a broad band of yellow, the 
fore part of the cheeks with a broad black streak from the angle of 
the mouth : the hinder cheeks yellow, streaked with black like the 
sides of neck ; throat yellow, separated by a black malar band from 
the cheeks; remainder of under surface yellow, streaked with black 
mesial spots, except on the abdomen, which is uniform yellow ; sides 
of body and flanks like the breast, the black spots a little smaller; 
thighs black, edged with yellow; under tail-coverts yellow; 
under wing-coverts black, edged with yellow, the lower ones ashy 
whitish, washed with yellow and centred with black; axillaries 
yellow; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge, whitish 
towards the base of the inner web: "bill, legs and feet, and iris as 
in the male, but duller " (JB. E. Hodgson), Total length 7 inches, 
culmen 1, wing 5, tail 2*7, tarsus 0*85. 

Young male. Eesembles the old female, but is whiter below, and 
has the spots much smaller and more linear, the throat and fore 
neck having a reddish tinge. One procured by Capt. Unwin on the 
4th of May is commencing to moult into the black and yellow 
plumage of the adult, and another specimen, shot by Col. Delme 
Eadcliffe in September, has all but completed its moult. Mr. Hodgson 
states that the young males retain the plumage of the female 
till after the second moult, taking the adult plumage gradually. 

Hab. Throughout the Himalayas from the far i^orth-west to 
Sikhim, and ranging into Manipur in winter, and also occurring in 
the wooded mountains of "Western Szechuen in Western China. 

a, b. d ? aa"-5c, d. $ imm. sk.
e. k iuv. sk.
f. <? ad. sk. 
Thundiani, Ilazara, Sept. 1870 
(Col. Delmi-Radcliff'e). 
Abbotabad, Hazara, May 4,1871 (W. W. Unwin). 
Chamba, Feb. 21, 1881 (C. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
II. T. Marsha!/). 
g. Juv. sk. Chamba, Feb. 1&82. Colonel 0. H. T. 
Marshall [!>.]. 

9. MYCEROBAS. 10. PYC^ORHAMPHUS.
Z>, t. d ad. sk. 

k. <$ ad. sk. 
l1 m. $ ad. sk.; 
n, o. 2 ad. sk. 

p.d 
ad. j q. $ 
imm. sk. 
r. 
$ ad. sk. 
8, t. J ad.; 

it. Juv. sk. 
2?, «?. Juv. sk. 
.r, ?/, z. <$ ad. sk. 

a'-er. J ad. et 
juv. sk. 
f3mff\cS;h'.$ ad.; 
f\ Juv. sk. 
k'. $ ad. sk. 

7, tn\ $ ad.; 
w', o'. Juv. sk. 
jp\ (5 ad. sk. 

q'. S ad. sk. 

r*,*, ($;?.$ ad.sk. 

w.'. c? ad.; v', «?'. 

Juv. sk. 
.%•'. $ ad. sk. 
y', z'. Juv. sk. 

a. 
J ad. sk. 
J3, y,fl, 6. tf ad.; 
& V- 2 ad.; 
6, t, K. Juv. sk. 


X, fi. 6 ? ad. st.

v. $ ad. sk.
Kotegurh, April 1871. 
Simla, 1869. 
Between Simla and Masuri. 


Masuri, March 1869. 


Middle range of hills north 
of Masuri. 
Kumaon. 

Nepal (Hodgson). 
Nepal. 

Nepal. 

Native Sikhim, Jan. 1873-76 

(L. Mandelli). 
Native Sikhim, Feb. 1875 

(L.M.). 

Native Sikhim, May 1873-75 

(X. M.). 
Native Sikhim, Oct. 1878 

(L.M.). 

Native Sikhim, Dec. 1878 

(i. M.). 
Interior of Sikhim, Aug". 1873 

(Z. M.). 
Sikhim, Feb. 1873 (L. M.). 
Sikhim, Aug. 18, 1879 (L. M.). 
Sikhim. 
Sikhim ( W. E. Brooks). 
Darjiling. 


 Darjiling. 
Limatol, Manipur, Mav 20, 1881


(A. O. H). 
10. PYCNOKHAMPHUS.
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Capt. Stackhouse 

Pinwill [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 

Hodgson Coll. 

(Types of species.) 

Hodgson Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

m 

Type. 

Hesperiphona (pt.), and. 

Pycnorhamphus, Hume, Nests and Eggs hid. B. p. 409 
(1873) P. icteroides. 

Head of PycnorTiamphuscarneipes. 

4 4 
FKIKG-ILIIDJE. 

Range. Throughout the Himalayas, extending into Thibet and 
Western China. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
With no alar speculum. 
a'. Crown and throat black, as also the wings 
and tail. 
a". Thighs black ieteroides $, p. 44. 
b". Thighs yellow affinis <$, p. 46. 

b'. Crown and throat grey. 
c". Under surface from the fore neck downwards 
olive-yellow affinis J , p. 46. 
d". Throat and chest a&hygrey; rest of under 
surface pale fawn-colour ieteroides $ , p. 44. 


b. With a white alar speculum on the primaries. 
&. Throat and breast blackish like the head .. cameipes $ . p. 48. 
d'. Throat and brea>t ashy grey, streaked with 
dull white 
cameipes § , p. 48. 

1. Pycnorhamplms ieteroides. 
Coccuthrauste* ieteroides. Vigors, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 8 ; Gould, Cent 
B. Ilimal. Mis. pi. 45 (1832); Blyth, J. A. IS. Beng. xiii. 1844, 
p. 950, cum fig. (bill) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 358 {1844) ; Ilodgs. Icon, 
inecl. in Brit. Mas., Pat&eres, pi. 281 (no. 6:29); id. in Gray's 
Zool. Misc. p. ^4 (1844); Gray, Cat. Ilamm. etc. Nepal pres. 
Ilodgs, p. 105 (1&4G) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mas. As. tioc. p. Uo (1849); 
Gray, Iland-l B. ii. p. 68, no. 7290 (lb70); tialvin, Cat. titricld. 
Coif. p. 212 (18b2). 
Mvcerobas ieteroides, 
Cab. in Wiegm, Arch. f. Naturg. xiii. p. 350 
(1847). 
Hesperiphona ieteroides, Bp. Consp. 5. p. 505 (1850); Gould, B. Ada, 

v. pi. ±2* (1851;; Horsf. £ Moore, Cat. B. El. Co. Mus. ii. 
p. 402 (1850); Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 385 (1863); HumetyHenderson, 
Lahore to Yarh. p. 257 (1873); Cock § Marshall, &r. F 1873, 
p. 358: Wardlauo Ramsay, Ibis, 1880, p. 06; C. H. T. Marshall, 
Ibis, 1884, p. 420. 
Pycnorhamphus ieteroides, 
Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 409 
(1873); id. Sir. F. 1879, p. 107. 

Adult male. General colour above yellow, the centre of the back 
yellow, the feathers yellow on the outer web, black on the inner one ; 
scapulars, entire wings, upper tail-coverts, and tail black; crown of 
head and nape, sides of head, cheeks, and throat black; rest of 
under surface from the lower throat yellow; thighs black ; axillaries 
and under wing-coverts black ; quills black below, a little browner 
on the edge of the inner web : " bill apple-green ; legs carneous ; 
iris reddish brown " {Ii. G. Wardlaw Ramsay). Total length 8 
inches, culmen 1, wing 5, tail 3*2, tarsus 1-05. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
ashy grey, the head a little duller than the back; lower back and 

* Excepting the lower figure, which is H. affinis J. 
10 . PYCNOEHAMPHTJS. 4 5 
rump a pale sandy buff slightly washed with ashy; upper tail-
coverts ashy grey : wing-coverts ashy grey, the greater scries black 
internally ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, slightly 
edged with ashy near the end of the outer web, the secondaries 
broadly edged with ashy grey; tail black, except the centre feathors, 
which are ashy grey with black shafts; crown of head, sides of face, 
sides of neck, throat, and chest ashy grey ; breast and abdomen, as 
well as the under tail-coverts, fawn-buff; thighs ashy; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries ashy grey; quills blackish below, 
browner on the inner web : " bill greyish blue, yellowish at the 
tip and on the edges ; legs and feet pale fleshy: iris brown " (A. 0. 
Hume, MSB.). Total length 8*5 inches, oilmen 0-95, wing 5*1. 
tail 3*55, tarsus 1. 

Young male. Eesembles the adult female, but with the yellow 
rump and black wings and tail of the adult male; the back interspersed 
with many black feathers; the fawn-coloured under surface 
rather brighter than in the adult male, the feathers of the fore neck 
and chest obscured with dusky tips ; throat ashy grey, as in the old 
female, but mottled with the black feathers of the approaching adult 
plumage: " bill waxy green ; legs and feet palo fleshy ; iris hazel. 
Total length 9*2 inches, wing 5, tail 3*4, tarsus 145, bill from gape 
0-78." (O. T. Bingham.) 

ISTo perceptible difference is observable between specimens killed 
in winter and summer, excepting that the bill is much paler in the 
former season, when it is more yellowish with less blue in both 
mandibles. A male killed near Simla, on Sept. 11, according to 
Mr. Hume, had the " legs yellowish fleshy" and the bill " pale 
horny greenish;" and a second male from Simla, procured on the 
8th of October, also had the bill " horny greenish," but the legs 
were fleshy pink and the " hides reddish brown." 

Old males often have the yellow on the hind neck intensified into 
orange, and this deeper tint also occasionally pervades the fore neck 
and chest. The yellow on the back is so arranged that it forms a 
continuous streak down the mantle, but on examination the feathering 
will be found to be particoloured, the exterior portion being black, 
the inner portion yellow. 

Hob. Himalayas, " breeding in the pine-forests south of the 
first snowy range and west of the Granges, from 5000 to 9000 feet" 

(A. O. Hume). 
a. 2 ad. sk. [Himalayas.] Zoological Society. 
I.e. S 2 ad. sk. Ruttun Pir, Cashmere, May10, 1871 (W.E.Brooks). 
(Type of the species.) 
Hume Coll. 
d. $ ad.sk. Gulnrurg", June 6, 1871 (W. Hume Coll. 
e,f6 
2 ad. sk.
<7,7*. d 2 ad. sk.
•" .
JE. Brooks). 
Dhurmsala, May 1870. 
Above Dhurmsala. 
Hume Coll. 
Capt. Stackhouse 
Pinwill [P.]. 
L j . S 2 ad. sk. Between Dhurmsala and Capt. Stackhouse 
Chamba. Pinwill [P.]. 

FE.INGILL1DJE. 

k, 1. <$ g ad. sk. Chamba, 3:300 feet, Jan. 1880 Hume Coll. 

(C. H. T.Marshall). 
m . ? ad. sk. Murree, March 27, 1873. Hume Coll. 
n, o. <$ ad.; p. $ Murree, May, lb72-73. Hume Coll. 
ad. sk. 
?• 


c? ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse 
Pinwill [P.]. 

r. 
Juv. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse 
Pinwill [P.]. 
s, t, u. $ ad. sk. Kotegurh, near Simla. Hume Coll. 
V, &?. cJ ad. sk. Kotegurh, Dec. 1868. Hume Coll. 


X. $ ad. sk. Kotegurh, April 1871. Hume Coll. 
y$ 
ad. sk. Duwaulee, in Kotekhaie, Feb. Hume Coll. 
21,1871. 


z. $ ad. sk. Duwalee, Feb. 21,1871. Hume Coll. 
a',. b'. cJ J ad. sk. Fagoo, near Simla. Hume Coll. 
c\ c? ad. sk. Fagoo, Sept. 11, 1868 (A. Hume Coll. 
0. H.). 
d'., c? ad. sk. Near Simla, Oct. 8,1868 (A. Hume Coll. 
0. H.). 
e'. $ ad. sk. Mahasu, near Simla, Aug. 15, Hume Coll. 
1868 (A. 0. H.). 
c? juv. sk. Mashobra, Aug. o, 1870 (C. T. Hume Coll. 


f. 
Bingham). 

(j'-c? ad. sk. Bunkooti, near Simla, April Hume Coll. 
11, 1819. 
(S ad. sk. Middle range of bills north of Hume Coll. 

v. 
Masuri. 

2. Pycnorhamphus affinis. 
Hesperiphona affinis, 
Bh/th, J. A. S. Beng. xxiv. p. 179 (1855); 
Jerd. B. 2nd. ii. p. 385 (1863) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 43; Gould, 

B. Asia, v. pi. 23 (1868); David % Oust. Oi$. Chine, p. 345 
(1878). 
Coccothraustes affinis, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 88, no. 7291 (1870); 
David, K Arch. Mus. vil Bull. p. 11 (1871). 
Pycnorhamphus affinis, 
Hume, Nests and JEggs Ind. B. p. 469, note 
(1873) • id. Str. F. 1879, p. 107. 

Adult male. General colour above black and orange; hind neck 
and upper mantle, lower back and rump orange-yellow; scapulars 
and centre of back black, streaked down the centre of the back with 
orange-yellow, the feathers being mostly black on the inner web, 
yellow on the outer one; entire wing, upper tail-coverts, and tail 
black; crown of head and nape, sides of head and throat black; 
remainder of the under surface bright yellow, including the thighs; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries black; quills black below, browner 
along the inner web. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1, wing 5*05, 
tail 3*5, tarsus 1*05. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above dark 
olive-greenish; the hind neck, lower back, rump, and upper .tailcoverts 
dull olive-yellow; wing-coverts dark olive-yellow, a little 
lighter towards the end of the greater coverts; bastard-wing black, 

10 . PYCNORHAMPHITS. 4 7 
edged with ashy olive; primary-coverts and quills black, the secondaries 
externally olive-yellow, greyish towards the ends of the outer 
webs ; tail-feathers black ; crown of head, ear-coverts, cheeks, and 
throat dark ashy grey, paler on the latter; sides of neck and remainder 
of under surface from the fore neck downwards olive-yellow, a little 
greener on the sides of body and flanks; thighs and under tail-
coverts olive-yellow with a greenish tinge; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries dark ashy, edged with dull olive-yellow; quills below 
blackish, more ashy along the inner edge. Total length 8*3 inches, 
culmen 0*85, wing 4-85, tail 3*5, tarsus 1*05. 

The adult males vary in the depth of colour on the hind neck and 
lower back and rump, which is much more orange in some than in 
others, the richly tinted birds being no doubt the older ones. 

A young male in the Hume collection, procured by Mr. Mandelli 
in Aug. 1873, has the head more sooty black, the hind neck paler 
orange-yellow, much less yellow in the centre of the back, the feathers 
of which part have narrow yellow fringes; otherwise the rest of the 
upper surface is black and yellow, as in the fully adult bird. Underneath 
the colour is dull saffron-yellow, the sides of the face being 
brown as well as the throat, mixed with black. 

Hah. Eastern Himalayas and adjoining portions of Thibet, ranging 

into Moupin in Western China. Capt. Pin will's collection contains 

several examples from the North-western Himalayas, and one speci


men is marked from " Dhurmsala," but we are not aware cf any 

other naturalist having found it in the north-west. 

a. S ^d. sk.
h &'. 6 ; c> ? adsk. 
Dhurmsala. 
N.W. Himalayas. 
Capt. Stackhouse 
Pinwill [P.]. 
Capt. Stackhouse 
PhrwilljP.]. 
d. Ad.; e. Juv. Nepal. 
Hodgson Coll. 
f. S ad. sk. 
g. § ad. sk. 
A. J ad. sk. 
Native Sikhim, Jan. 1874 (L. 
Mandelli). 
Native Sikhim, April 1875 
(L. M.). 
Native Sikhim, 12000 feet 
(i . M.). 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

L h. <3 ad. et juv. Interior of Sikhim, Aug. 1873 

Hume Coll. 

sk. (X. M.). 
L m. r? ad. sk. Interior of Sikhim. June 1874 

Hume Coll. 

(L.M.). 
n,o,p. d; $,r. Darjilmg. 

Hume Coll. 

$ ad. sk. 

s. S ad. sk. Sikhim. Hume Coll. 
t. J ad. sk. Thibe^ Aug. 1874 (X. Man-Hume Coll. 
u, <$ ad. sk. Himalayas. Gould Coll. 

3. Pycnorhamphus carneipes. 
Coccothiaustes carneipes, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Fasseres, 
pi. 279 A. fig. 2 (no. 328), pi. 280. figs. 1, 2; id. Asiat. Research. 
six. p. 151 (1836); id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844) $ Blyth, 

FRHSTG-ILLIDJS. 

J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 950 (1844); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 358 (1844) ; 
id. Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal Coll Hoclqs. p. 105 (184=6) •/Blyth, 
Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 125 (1849) ; Gray, Kand-l. B. ii. p. 88, 
no. 7292 (1870); Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 241; Salv. Cat. StrickL 
Coll. p. 212 (1882). ^ 
Ooccotliraustes speculigerus, Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. St. Betersb. ix. 

p. 11 (1842); Severtz. Turhesf. Jemtn. p. 04 (1873). 
Hesperiphona speculigera, Bp. Cons}), i. p. 500 (1850). 
Loxia albispeeularis (of dealers), teste Bp. I. c. (cf. also Salvin, Cat 
StrickL Coll. p. 212). 
Mycerobas carneipes, Gould, B. Asia, vol. Y. pi. 21 (1851) ; Horsf. c§* 
Moore, Cat. Birds EX Co. Mus. ii. p. 402 (1858) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. 

p. 387 (1863); Brjevalski, in Rowley1 s Orn. Misc. ii. p. 290 (1877) ; 
Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1879, p. 448, 1880, p. 06 j Biddulph, Ibis, 
1881, p. 81; Scully, t. c. p. 577. 
Pycnorhampbus earaeipes, Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 108 (1879). 

Adult male. General colour above sooty black; the lower back 
and rump olive-yellow; wing-coverts black, the greater coverts 
with a spot of olive-yellow at the end of the outer web; bastard-
wing and primary-coverts black; quills black, the primaries edged 
with ashy grey and white at the base of the outer web, forming a 
large speculum; the inner secondaries with a spot of olive-yellow 
at the end of the outer web, tinged with ashy ; upper tail-coverts 
black, fringed at the tips with olive-yellow; tail-feathers black; 
crown of head, sides of face, throat, and breast sooty black like the 
back; abdomen, sides of body, and ilankb olive-yellow ; thighs dark 
ashy grey; under tail-coverts olive-yellow : under wing-coverts 
and axillaries ash-grey, slightly fringed with olive-yellow; quills 
below black, ashy along the inner edge: u upper mandible brownish, 
the lower one whitish horn-colour; legs pale fleshy brown ; iris 
hair-brown" (Wardlaw Ramsay). Total length S*5 inches, oilmen 
0*85, wing 4*65, tail 3*75, tarsus 1. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
dark slaty grey, the feathers of the back slightly mottled with dusky 
centres; lower back and rump olive-yellow; lesser and median 
coverts black, edged with ashy olive, yellower on the latter; greater 
coverts black, edged with olive-yellow, the inner ones broadly tipped 
with the latter colour; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black, 
fringed with ashy; quills blackish, edged with olive-yellow, the 
inner secondaries with a spot of olive-yellow washed with ashy at 
the end of the outer web; the primaries with white bases to the 
outer web, forming a large alar speculum ; upper tail-coverts dark 
olive-yellow, with blackish shaft-streaks; tail-feathers black, edged 
with olive-yellow : crown of head like the back; lores and a slight 
streak over the eye ashy, with whitish shaft-streaks; eyelid whitish; 
ear-coverts and cheeks blackish, streaked with white shaft-lines, 
very distinct below the eye; the cheeks greyer, blacker on the 
malar line; throat and under surface of body dark slaty grey, with 
a few whitish shaft-lines on the throat and fore neck; abdomen 
paler ashy; flanks olive-yrellow; thighs ashy grey: under tail-
coverts olive-yellow, with ashy bases; under wing-coverts and axil


10 . PYfmORHAMPHTTS. 
laries light slaty grey, edged with ashy whitish.; quills below dusky, 
ashy along the inner edge. Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*8, 
wing 4*4, tail 4, tarsus 1. 

Young male. Kesembles the old female in general appearance, 
but is brighter olive-yellow on the abdomen and flanks as well as 
on the rump; the upper surface is distinctly washed with olive, and 
is paler than in the old female; the throat and breast are thickly 
spotted with dull white centres to the feathers. 

The bird described was obtained by Colonel Biddulph at Gilgit on 
the 27th of June, and is already moulting. Prom other specimens 
in the Hume collection, it is evident that the young male moults in 
its first winter into a plumage only a little darker than that of the 
old female, and that it does not gain the fully adult dress for some 
time. Colonel Biddulph found males breeding in June and July 
which were still in the female plumage, which, he thinks, li is not 
doffed till after the first breeding-season." 

The white streaks on the breast of the old females are much more 
developed in some specimens than in others, and the difference in 
size of bill in a series is very remarkable. 

Hob. Altai Mountains; Turkestan • Afghanistan, and throughout 
the Himalayas, from 6000 to 8000 feet, seldom coming lower, 
even in winter, according to Colonel Biddulph. Extends eastwards 
to the Ala-shan Mountains, Kansu, and the mouDtains of South 
Kokonoor. It may extend as far westwards as Lenkoran, if this 
locality is intended for the " mountains of Northern Persia," recorded 
by Prof. Brandt (I. c). 

a. $ 
ad. sk. Above Dhurmsala. Capt. Stackhouse 
Pinwill [P.]. 
5, c. £ ; d § ad. Gilgit, June 1829 (X Biddulph). Hume Coll. 
sk.;e. cJjuv.sk. 

/. <$ ad. sk. Middle range of hills north of Hume Coll. 
Masuri. 

g. S ad. ; h, i. Nepal. 
Hodgson Coll. 
2 ad. sk. (Types of species. 
"k. Juv. sk. Nepal (B. XT. Hodgson). India Museum. 

1. $ ad.; m, n, o. Native Sikhim, March 1873-74 Hume Coll. 
$ ad. j jp. <$ (X. Mandelli). 
juv. sk. 


q. 
c? ad.; r, s. Native Sikhim, April 1875 (X. Hume CoU. 
S ad. sk. Mandelli). 
t. 
<$ ad. sk. Native Sikhim, July 1878 (X. Hume Coll. 
Mandelli). 
u. $ juv. sk. Native Sikhim, Oct. 1879 (X. Hume Coll. 
Mandelli). 
% w. <$ $ ad. sk. Native Sikhim, Nov. 1879 (X. Hume Coll. 
Mandelli). 
x9 y. 6 ? ad.; Interior of Sikhim, Oct. 1873 Hume ColL 

z. S juv. sk. (X. Mandelli). 
a\ 
? ad. sk. Interior of Sikhim, Feb. 1873 Hume Coll. 

(X. Mandelli). 
b'. 2 
ad» sk. Sikhim, April 1873 (X. ManHume 
Coll* 
delli). 

VOL. XII. 
E 

50 FErffG-ILLrD-E). 
c',d'. tfad.; e\ Sikhim, Aug. 1,1879 (X. Hume Coll. 
f. J ad. sk. Mandelli). 
g',h'. 6 $ ad.sk. Sikhim, Oct. 1872 (L. Mandelli). India Museum. 
i'yk',1'. $ ad.jm', Sikhirn, 1872 (J. Gammie). India Museum. 
n',o',p'. § ad. 
sk. 
q'. c? ad. sk. Darjiling, winter of 1869-70 India Museum. 
(H. J. Mwes). 
r\ S ad.; s'. Darjiling. India Museum. 
imm. sk. 
t\ $ ad. sk. Thibet, Apr. 1875 (L. Mandelli). India Museum. 

11. PHEUCTICUS*. 
Pheucticus, 
Reichenb. Syst. Nat. Taf. lxxviii. 
fig. 15 (1850) Typo haud indicate. 

Bill of Pheucticus chrysopeplus from below, to show chin-angle. 

Range. Central America, from Mexico to Panama, and thence 
through Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru to Salta in the Argentine 
Eepublic. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Head golden yellow ; thighs yellow; tail tipped 
with white. 
a'. Larger: primaries edged with white chrysopeplus, p. 51. 
b'. Smaller: no white edging to the primaries ckry soy aster} p. 52. 

* Bonaparte described in 1837 a Guiraca magnirostris, which in 1850 he 
referred with doubt to the genus Pheucticus; but it is so badly diagnosed that 
I have not been able to identify the species, nor has Mr. Salvin been able to 
make it out. As Swainson had already described a Guiraca magnirostris, Bonaparte's 
name became untenable, and in 1869 Count Sahadori re-named the 
species Pheucticus bonapartii, which name it will bear when any one is able to 
identify it. The synonymy is as follows:— 
PHEUCTICUS BONAPARTII. 

Guiraca magnirostris, Bp. P. Z. S. 1837, p. 120 (nee Swains.). 

Coecoborus magnirostris, Bp. Consp. i. p. 504 (1850); ef. Salvin §God/nan, 

Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 334, note (1884). 

Goniaphea magnirostris, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 104, no. 7549 (1870). 

Pheucticus bonapartii, Salvad. Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino, iv. p. 178 (1869). 

11 . PHETrCTICTJl 
b. Head golden yellow ; thighs black; tail entirely 
"black tibialis, p. 53. 
c. Head black like the back. 
c\ Bump black aureiwntris, p. 54. 
d'. Kurnp yellow, varied with black. 
a". Tliroat black uropygialis, p. 55. 
b". Throat yellow mssalis, p. 56. 

1. Pheucticus chrysopeplus. 
Coccothraustes chrybopeplus, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 4. 
Pitylus chrysopeplus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 862 (1844). 
Coecoborus chrysopeplus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 504 (1850). 
Pheucticus chrysopeplus, Cab, Mus. Hem. Tli. i. p. 153, note (1850); 


Finsch, AbhandL nat. Ver. Bremen, ii. p. 889 (1870); Scl. # Salv. 
Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 27 (1878); Laiur. Mem. Bost. 800. Nat 
Hist. ii. p. 274 (1874); Salvin fy Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., 
Aves, i. p. 185 (1884). 

Adult male. General colour above deep golden yellow, the feathers 
of the mantle more or less black on the outer web ; scapulars black, 
margined at the tip with dull yellowish; lesser wing-coverts black, 
with a patch of golden yellow along the bend of the wing; median 
coverts black, with a broad white spot at the tip; greater series 
black, tipped with white, mostly confined to the outer web ; bastard-
wing and primary-coverts black; quills black, the primaries white at 
base, the secondaries with a spot of white at the end of the inner 
web; upper tail-coverts black, spotted with white at the ends ; tail-
feathers black, fringed with ashy white at the tips, the three outer 
ones with a large white mark at the end of the inner web, decreasing 
towards the centre of the tail; crown of head golden yellow, a little 
brighter than the hind neck and mantle; lores, eyebrow, sides of 
face, and entire under surface of body golden yellow, the under tail-
coverts white; under wing-coverts and axillaries golden yellow; 
quills black below, with a large white Tbase: " bill and feet blackish 
lead-colour" ($. § G.). Total length 9 inches, culmen 1*05, wing 
4*6, tail 3-7, tarsus 1. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
ashy brown, mesially streaked with darker brown on the mantle; 
scapulars, lower back, and rump uniform dull yellowish; lesser 
wing-coverts dull olive-yellow, with dusky bases; median and 
greater coverts ashy brown with dusky bases, and with small white 
spots at the tip, diminishing with abrasion; bastard- wing and primary-
coverts dusky, edged with ashy brown; quills dusky brown, 
externally edged with ashy olive, with a small white speculum at 
the base of the primaries ; upper tail-coverts ashy grey; tail-feathers 
pale brown, edged with ashy, the outer ones with a slight edging of 
white at the tip; head and hind neck yellowish washed with olive, 
and mesially striped with black; lores and a streak over the eye 
golden yellow; in front of the eye a spot of dull ashy; eyelids 
yellow; ear-coverts dull yellow washed with olive; cheeks and 
under surface of body golden yellow, washed with ashy olive on the 

E2 

FKINGILLTDJE. 

sides of the body and flanks; sides of neck golden yellow, streaked 
with black like the hind neck; thighs ashy; under tail-coverts 
white; under wing-coverts and axhlaries pale golden yellow; quills 
below dusky, ashy along the inner web. Total length 9*5 inches, 
culmen 1*05, wing 4*5, tail 3*45, tarsus 1. 

Young male. Similar to the old female, but more yellow above; 

wings and tail as in the adult female, but with larger white spots 

at the end of the wing-coverts and secondaries; the white base to 

primaries also larger; under surface brighter yellow, as well as the 

eyebrow and sides of face. 

Eab. Western Mexico. 

a. $ 
ad. sk. Mexico (H. Cuming), Zoological Society. (Type 
of species.) 
I. S ad. sk. Mazatlan {Grayson). Sclater Coll. 
c. § ad. sk. Mazatlan (Grayson). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d. S juv. sk. Mazatlan, Dec. 5 (A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Forrer). 
e. $ ^d. sk. Presidio, Mexico, Jan, 7 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(A. Forrer). 
f. <$ ad, sk. Presidio, Mexico, June 12 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(A. Forrer). 
2. Pheucticus chrysogaster. 
Pitylus chrvsogaster, Less* Cent. ZooL pi. Q7 (1830); Gray, Ge?i. B. 
ii. p. 362 (1844). 
Pitylus dorsigerus, Jard. $ Selby, HI. Orn. iv. (n. s.) pi. 44 (c. 1840). 
Coccoborus chrysogaster, Tschudi $• Cab. Faun. Peruan., Aves, p. 222 
(1855). 
Pheucticus chrysogaster, 8cl P. Z. S. 1858, pp. 450, 454, 1850, 

p. 140, 1860, p. 87; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 100 (1862); id. § Solo. 
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 27 (1873) ; Laiur. 3Ie?n. Post 8oc. iVT. H. 
iv. p. 275 (1874); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 199; JSalv. Cat. 8tricM. 
Coll. p. 218 (1882); Berl § Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 549, 1884, 
p. 292; Salvin fy Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves3 i. p. 335 
(1884) ; Tacz. Orn. Perou, ni. p. 335 (1884). 
Goniaphea chrysopeplus, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 104, no. 7550 
(1870). 
Pheucticus chrysopeplus (nee Fig.), Tacs. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 519, 1879, 

p. 229. 
Adult. Similar to P. chrysopeplus, but much smaller, and not 
showing the white edging to the ends of the primaries ; the back 
also is more uniform black, slightly broken up by a few golden 
marks on the inner webs of the feathers of the mantle, instead of 
being golden, mottled with black on a few of the mantle-feathers: 
" upper mandible blackish, the lower yellow; legs and feet leadcolour, 
claws brown; iris dark hazel " (L. Fraser). Total length 
7*7 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4-05, tail 3-2, tarsus 0*95. 

Adult female. Similar to the female of P. chrysopeplus, and differing 
in the same way from the male: " bill dark horny grey, the 
lower mandible ashy horny with black edges; feet leaden " (JelsJci). 

11 . PHEXrCTICFS. 
Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 3-8, tail 2-9, tarsus 
0*95. 
Peruvian specimens are rather larger (wing 4-2). Berlepsch and 
Taczanowski point out other slight differences (P. Z. S. 1884


p. 292). 
The descriptions are taken from a pair of birds from Pallatanga, 
out the characters which separate this species from P. cJirysopephs 
are not so constant as the above notes would seem to indicate, for 
the mantle and upper back are often mottled with golden yellow, 
and are occasionally golden yellow, largely spotted with black, while 
the primaries are in many specimens margined with white, as in 

P. chrysop&plus, so that the two species are really very closely allied. 
On the peculiar geographical distribution of the two, it is scarcely 
necessary to enlarge, P. chrysojp&phts being a Mexican bird, while 
between its range and that of its near ally interposes the very 
distinct P. tibialis fcf. Salvin 3f Godman, Biol. Gentr.-Amer., Aves, 
p. 
335). 
Hob. From Venezuela to Ecuador and Peru. 
a. Ad. sk. South America Purchased. 
b. $ imm. sk. Caracas, Venezuela {A, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c. c$ ad. sk. 
Goering). 
Venezuela. Sclater Coll. 
d. $ ad. sk. 
Sical, Ecuador (C. Buckley). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e. (S ad. sk. 
f,g. tf ? ad. sk. 
h. $ &d. sk. 
*'. c? ad. sk. 
&, I-6 $ ad. sk. 
nij n. $ $ ad. sk. 
o} p. $ ad.sk. 
q. tf juv. sk. 
Santa Rita, Ecuador ( Villagomei). 
Pallatanga, Ecuador (L. 
Fraser). 
Cuenca, Ecuador (L. 
Fraser). 
Quito. 
Guayaquil. 
May, Peru, Sept. 
Islay, Peru, May 16 (K 
WMtely). 
Islay, Peru, June 11 (R. 
W.\. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
Capt. Kellett & Lieut 
"Wood [P.]. 
H.Whitely,Esq.[C.]. 
Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
r. (S ad. sk. Arequipa, Peru (H. W.) Salvin-Godman Coll. 

3. Pheucticus tibialis. 
Pheucticus tibialis, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. JSf. Y. viii. p. 478 (1866, ex 
Baird, MSS.); id. op. cit. ix. p. 102 (1861); Salvad. Atti R. 
Accad. Sci. Torino, iv. p. 177 (1869) ; Frantz. J.f. 0.1869, p. 300; 
Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 189 j Sol $ Salv. t c. p. 840; iid. Nomencl. 
Av. Neotr. p. 25 (1873); Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 58; Salvin $ 
Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, I p. 335 (1884). 

Goniaphea tibialis, Gray, ffand-l B. ii. p. 104, no. 7551 (1870). 

* Adult male. General colour above black, slightly varied with 
olive-yellow margins to the feathers of the mantle and upper 
back; lower back golden yellow, streaked with black; rump golden 
54 
FBIST&IXIJMS. 

yellow, slightly washed with, olive; wing-coverts, bastard-wing, 

and primary-coverts black; quills black, the primaries white at 

the base, forming 
a large alar speculum; upper tail-coverts black, 

broadly edged with white at the ends; tail-feathers black; entire 

head and hind neck, sides of face, sides of neck, and entire under 

surface of body golden yellow, with concealed subterminal dusky 

bars on the throat; abdomen and under tail-coverts paler yellow, 

the long ones of the latter whitish; lores and feathers below the eye 

dusky blackish; thighs black, with obsolete remains of olive margins 

to the feathers; asillaries and under wing-coverts golden yellow; 

quills black below, white at base of quills: " bill and feet leaden 

black" {Salvin and Godman). Total length 7*75 inches, culmen 

0*95, wing 4*2, tail 3, tarsus 0-95. 

Adult female. Not very different from the male. Bather duller 
on the head and underparts, the dusky subterminal marks on the 
throat-feathers a little more distinct; the black mantle rather more 
mottled with broader margins of yellow. Total length 7*75 inches, 
culmen 0-95, wing 4-25, tail 8*05, tarsus 0*9. 

Hal. Central America, from Costa Rica to Panama. 

a. S 
ad. sk. Irazu district, Costa Eica (H. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Mogers). 
b. 2 
ad. sk. Eancko Redondo, Costa Eica, Salvin-Godman Cull. 
March 2 (F. Carmiol) Sni. 
no. 47422). 
c. S 
ad. sk. Yalza, Costa Eica, Feb. 23 (.7". Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Carmiol). 
d. e. $ $ ad. sk. Costa Eica (Canniol). Sclater Coll. 
/. tf ad. sk. Veragua, Panama. E. Arce [C.]. 
g. J ad. sk. Calovevora, Panama. E. Arce [C.J. 
h, i <$ ; k. J Calovevora, Panama (E. Arce), Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ad. sk. 
I <S ad. sk. Veragua (E. Arce). Sclater Coll, 


4, Pheucticus aureiventris. 
Pitylus aureiventris, D'Oi-b. fy Lap. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 1837, 

p. 84 (1837); D'Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid, Ois, p. 365, pi. 49. fig. 2 
(1835-44); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 302 (1844). 
Coccoboras aureiventris, Bp. Cons?), i. p. 504 (1850); Licht. Nomencl. 

p. 45 (1854). 
Plieucticus aureiventris, 
Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 99 (1802, pt.) ; 
Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 221 (1871) ; Sal $ Sab. Nomencl Av. Neotr. 

p. 27 (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 077,1879, p. 004; Tacz. P. Z. S. 
1874, p. 518 j White, P, Z. S. 1882, p. 598; Salvin § Godman, Biol 
Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 334 (1884); Tucs, Orn, Perm, iii. p. 1 
(1886). 
Goniaphea aureiventris, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 103, no. 7548 (1870). 

Adult General colour above black, with a few concealed subterminal 
marks of white or yellow on the mantle; lesser wing-coverts 
golden yellow; median coverts black, the inner ones white for their 
terminal half; greater coverts black, with a larger spot of white 

11 . PHEXJCTICXTS. 
55 

towards the outer web ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black; 
quills black, with a large white mark on the base of the primaries; 
inner secondaries with a white spot on the inner web; upper tail-
coverts black, tipped with white, the lateral ones with yellow; tail-
feathers black, with a large white mark at the tip, decreasing 
gradually in extent towards the centre of the tail; crown of head, 
hind neck, lores, feathers round the eye, ear-coverts, cheeks, sides of 
neck, throat, and fore neck black, some of the lower feathers black 
tipped with yellow; breast, abdomen, sides of body, and flanks 
yellow ; thighs yellow with black bases; under tail-coverts white, 
edged with yellow; under wing-coverts and axillaries golden yellow, 
the lower coverts black; quills below black, with a large white patch 
at the base of the inner web: " bill horny blackish above, the lower 
mandible dark at the base and pale at the extremity; feet blackish 
brown; iris dark brown;? (Jelslci). Total length 8 inches, culmen 1, 

wing 4*4, tail 3*5, tarsus 1. 

The adult male appears to take some time in getting his full 
plumage, and the amount of white on the outer tail-feather varies 
greatly; there is also a considerable amount of black spotting. 
None of the specimens in the collection have their sexes determined, 
and I am unable to say if the adult female resembles the adult male 
in plumage, but this is most probably the case. 

The young bird has the wing and tail brown, and the whole upper 
surface appears to be duller black, mottled with yellowish edges to 
the feathers; lores and a faint eyebrow yellow; ear-coverts and 
sides of face black; cheeks and sides of neck yellow, mottled with 
black spots; entire under surface of body yellow, with black spots 
on the throat and black bars on the lower flanks; under tail-coverts 
white. 

Hal. Bolivia, extending to the vicinity of Salta in the Argentine 
Bepublic, and Upper Paraguay and the province of Matogrosso in 
Brazil. 

a. S ad. sk. Interior of Bolivia. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b. <$ ad.; c. Juv. Bolivia, Sclater Coll. 
sk. 
d. $ 
ad. sk. Sorata, Bolivia (C. Sclater Coll. 
Buckley), 
e,f, 
<$ ad. sk. Sorata, Bolivia (C. Salvin-Godman Ook 
Buckley). 

5. Pheucticus xtropygialis. 
Pheucticus aureiventris (nee D'Orb. fy Lafr.), Cab. Mus. Eein. Th. i. 
p. 153 (1850) ; Sol P. Z. S.1855, p. 154 
Pheucticus uropygialis, Scl fy Sah. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 840; nd. 
Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 27 (1873); Salv. Cat Strickl Coll. p. 218 
(1882) ; id. 8f Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 334 (1884); 

Taez. Orn. PSrou, iii. p. 2 (1886). 

Adult (type of species). General colour above black ; the lower 
back and rump golden yellow, mottled with black spots at the end 


ERINGILLID2E. 

of the feathers; upper tail-coverts black, with subterminal spots of 
yellow; lesser wing-coverts yellow, the remainder black, the median 
series tipped with large white spots, and the inner greater coverts 
similarly spotted; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black; quills 
black, the primaries with a conspicuous white basal mark, the inner 
secondaries with remains of white spots; tail-feathers black, the 
outer feather white for nearly the terminal half, with a tiny black 
spot at the end; the next three feathers with a white mark at the 
end of the inner web, decreasing in size towards the centre of the 
tail; crown and sides of head, sides of neck, and entire throat and 
fore neck like the back; remainder of under surface of body golden 
yellow, the sides of the body and flanks mottled with black bars at 
the ends of the feathers; thighs yellow, with black bases; under 
tail-coverts yellow, the larger ones white, washed with yellow and 
narrowly tipped with black; axillaries and under wing-coverts 
yellow; quills black below, with a large patch of white at the base 
of the primaries: " bill brownish black, lower mandible paler and 
lead-colour at base; feet horny; iris dark brown" (Jelslti), Total 
length 7'5 inches, culmen 0*95, wing 4-4, tail 3*65, tarsus 0*95. 

The only variation of adult specimens that I can perceive in a series 
lies in the greater or less amount of black spotting on the sides of 
the body, which is sometimes very faint and at other times is 
strongly developed. The specimens with the less pronounced black 
spots on the flanks may turn out to be females. 

The adult specimens from Ecuador differ from Colombian specimens 
in having a pale yellow subterminal bar to the feathers of the 
mantle, which is slightly mottled in consequence. 

Young specimens are browner than the adults, and have a yellow 
patch on the lower throat, the fore neck being black, spotted with 
yellow. 
Hab. Colombia, extending to Ecuador and Peru ; ? Guiana. 

a. Ad. sk.
b, e. Ad. sk. 
[Guiana ?] 
.Bogota. 
Sclater CoU. 
Sclater Coll. 
d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad.; f9 g. Juv.
sk. 
Bogota. 
Bogota. 
Sclater Coll. (Type of 
species.) 
Purchased, 
h. Ad. sk.
i Ad. sk.
k. Ad. sk. 
Bogota. 
Bogota. 
Pasto, Ecuador 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
J. Purdie, Esq. [P.]. 
I Ad. st.
(Zehmann). 
[S. America.] Zoological Society. 

6. Ekeucticus crissalis. 
Pheucticus aureiventris {nee I)1 Orb. fy Lafr.). 8cL P, Z, 8. 1858, 
p. 551,18G0, p. 87. 
Pheucticus crissalis, 8cl <§* 8ah. T. Z. 8. 1877, p. 19; Tacz, & Ber^ 
lepsch, P. Z. S. 1885; p. 84. 

11. PHETTCTICTJS. 
Pheucticus liemiclirysus (lapsu), Salvin § Godman, Biol Centr.-
Amer., Aves, i. p. 334 (1884). 

Adult. General colour above black, slightly mottled on the mantle-
feathers with concealed bases of yellow; rump and lower back golden 
yellow, spotted with black tips to the feathers; lesser wing-coverts 
black; median and greater coverts black, the inner ones with broad 
white ends, confined to the outer web of the outer greater coverts; 
bastard-wing and primary-coverts black; quills black, the primaries 
with conspicuous white bases; secondaries with small white tips at 
the end of the inner web, increasing in extent towards the back; 
upper tail-coverts black, with a largo white spot at the ends ; tail-
feathers black, with a large white patch at the end of the inner 
web, increasing in extent towards the outermost; crown of head, 
hind neck, lores, feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts black; 
cheeks black, mottled with yellow bases; entire under surface of 
body golden yellow, with a little black on the chin; sides of neck 
also mottled with black tips to the feathers; sides of body and 
flanks with a few black spots; under tail-coverts white, washed 
with yellow near the vent; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
golden yellow, with a patch of black near the white base of the 
primaries; quills below black, with a conspicuous white base to the 
primaries. Total length 7*8 inches, culmen 0*95, wing 4*4, tail 3'4, 
tarsus 1. 

The sexes in this species are apparently alike, but none of th6se 
in the British Museum are correctly determined, Some of them, 
apparently immature, have the head and back strongly mottled with 
golden-yellow bases to the feathers, and have likewise olive-yellow 
edgings to the dorsal plumage. There is also in these mottled 
examples a strongly pronounced eyebrow of golden yellow. 

Young. Differs from the adult in being much more dingy, and 

is washed with pale fawn-colour on the lower back and rump, and 

also on the under surface of the body, which is yellow only on the 

throat and centre of the breast and abdomen; sides of body and 

lower abdomen and under tail-coverts dull white, slightly washed 

with fawn-colour; crown of head and ear-coverts black, the former 

with a mesial streak of orange-buff, mottled with black tips to the 

feathers; a broad eyebrow of orange-buff. 

Hob. Ecuador. 

a. Ad.; b. Imm. sk. Kiobarnba, Ecuador Sclater Coll. (Types 
(L. Fraser), of species.) 
c, d. Ad.; e. Juv. sk. Ecuador. Sclater Coll. 
/, g. Ad. sk. Sical, Ecuador (C, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Buckley). 

FRINGILLID^S. 

12. 
HEDYMELES. ™ 
Type. _ 
haud 
mdi

Habia, Reichenb. Syst. Nat. Taf. lxxviii. fig. 14 (1850) j T ^ a ° to ~ 
Hedymeles, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 152 (1851) 
{nee Hedymela, Sund.) H. ludovicianus. 
Zainelodia, Corns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v. p. 98 
(1880) H. ludovicianus. 
Cf. Stejneger, Auk, i. p. 367 (1884) ; Salvhi $ Godman, Biol. 
Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 336 (1884). 

^ 

Head of Hedymeles ludovicianus. 

Range. North America generally, ranging throughout Central 
America to Colombia, Ecuador, and the Antilles. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Head black, as well as the back and 
throat; fore neck and chest rosy; 
axillaries rosy ludovicianus <3 ad., p. 59. 
b. Head black, as well as sides of feet 
and chin ; throat and breast tawny ; 
axillaries yellow melanocepJialustf ad., p. 63. 
c. Head blackish, with pale centre to 
the crown; axillaries yellow. 
a'. Uniform pale tawny below, yellow 
in the centre of the breast melanocephalus $ juv., p. 64. 
b'. Streaked below. 
a". No yellow in the centre of the [p. 60. 
breast ludovicianus 5 ad. & $ juv., 
b". 
Centre of breast washed with 
yellow ?nelanocephalus § ad., p. 63. 

1. Hedymeles ludovicianus. 
Le Gros-bec de la Louisiane, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 247, pi. xii. fig. 2 

(1760); Baubent. PI. JEnl. iv. pi. 153. fig. 2. 

Loxia ludoviciana, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 306 (1766). 

Le Rose-gorge, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 460 (1775). 

Loxia rubricollis, P. L. S. Midi. Syst. Nat, Anhang, p. 151 (1776) ; 

Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 252. 
Red-breasted Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 126 (1783); 
Penn. Arctic Zool. ii. p. 350 (1785). 
Spotted Grosbeak, Latli. t. c. p. 126; Penn. t. c. p. 350. 

12 . HEDYMELES. 
59 

Dusky Grosbeak, Lath. t. c. p. 127 ; Penn. t. c. p. 351. 
Ked-breasted Finch, Lath. t. c, p. 272; Penn. t. c. p. 372. 
Loxia rosea, Wils. Amer. Orn. ii, p. 135, pi. xvii. fig. 2 (1810). 
Pyrrkula ludoviciana, Sabine in Franklin7s Journ. i. A pp. p. 075 


(1823). r * 
Coccothraustes rubricollis, Vieill. Gal. Ois. i. p. 07, pi. 58 (1825). 
Guiraca ludoviciana, Swains. Phil. Mag. n. s. i. p. 438 (1827); Jard. 

ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 277, pi. 17.fig-. 2 (1832); Bp. P. Z. S. 
1837, p. 116; id. Comp. List B. Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 30 (1838); 
Gray, Ge?i. B. ii. p. 357 (1844); Gosse,B. Jamaica, p. 259 (1847); 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 501 (1850); Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 497 (1858) ; 
Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 491. 

Fringilla ludoviciana, Bp. Amer. Orn. ii. p. 79, pi. xv. fig. 2 (1828); 
Audub. B. Amer. pi. 127; id. Orn. Biogr. ii. p. 166 (1834), v. 

p. 513 (1839). 
Fringilla rliodocampter, LicM. Preis-Verz. mex. Vog. p. 1 (1830); 
Cab. J.f.O. 1863, p. 56. 
Coccoborus ludovicianus, Audub. Syn. p. 133 (1839); id. B. Amer. 
8vo, iii. p. 209, pi. 205 (1841) ; Qiraud, B. Long hi. p. 133 (1844); 
Lembeye, Av. Cuba, p. 59, pi. viii. fig. 1 (1850); Neuwied, J f. 0. 
1858, p. 267. 

Hedynieles ludovicianus, Cab. Mus. Hein. TL i. p. 152 (1850): Scl 

P.Z. S. 1856, p. 301, 1859, p. 58 ; id. # Sab. Ibis, 1859, p. 17; 
Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 365 5 Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 293 ; Cab. J.f. 0. 
1861, p. 7; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii. p. 297 (1861) ; Scl. Cat. 
Amer. B. p. 100 (1862) ; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. pp. 102, 200 
(1868) 5 Frantz. J. f. O. 1869, p. 300; Sumichr. Mem. Bost. Soe. 
N. m i. p. 552 (1869) j Sol. $ Salv. P.Z.S. 1870, p. 836 j Salv. 
t. c. p. 189; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 328 ; Scl. $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. 
Neotr. p. 27 (1873) ; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soe. N. H. i. p. 275 
(1874); Baird, Brewer, fy Ridgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 70 
(1874); Lawr. Btdl. U. S. Nat. Mis. no. 4, p. 19 (1876); Scl. Sf Salv. 
P. Z. S. 1879, p. 506 ; Salv. $ Godman, Ibis, 1880, p. 122; A. $ JS. 
Neioton, Handb. Jamaica, 1881, p. 104; Salvin, Cat. Stricld. Coll. 
p. 218 (1882); Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 444; Salvin $ Godman, 
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 336 (1884). 
Goniaphea ludoviciana, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 103, no. 7546 (1870); 
Allen, Btdl. Harv. Coll iii. p. 177 (1872); Coues, Key N Amer. B. 

p. 149 (1872); id. B. N.-West, p. 166 (1874) : Gundl. Orn. Cuba. 
p. 95 (1876). 
Zamelodia ludoviciana, Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v. p. 98 (1880); 
Bidgio. Bull U. S. Nat. Mm. no. 21, p. 27 (1881); Coues, Checklist 
Amer. B. p. 59 (1882); id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 389 
(1884). 

Habia ludoviciana, Stejneger, Auk, i. p. 367 (1884) ; Cory, List B. 

W. Indies, p. 12 (1885); id. op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 12 (1886); A. O. V. 
Check-list, p. 287 (1886); Cory, Auk, iii. p. 202. 
Adult male. General colour above black, the lower back and 
rump pure white, slightly mottled with black tips to a few of the 
lateral feathers; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median coverts 
black, the inner ones white, forming a patch; greater coverts black, 
with a white spot at the tip of the outer web, increasing in extent 
towards the innermost coverts ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts 
black; quills black, with large white bases to the primaries; 
secondaries with a white spot at the tip; upper tail-coverts black, 

ERiNanxn)^. 

•with, a large white spot at the tip; tail-feathers black, the three 
outer ones with a large white mark near the end of the inner web, 
decreasing towards the centre of the tail; crown of head, lores, 
feathers round the eye, ear-coverts, cheeks, sides of neck, and throat 
black; fore neck and chest with a large patch of beautiful rosecolour 
extending in a line down the centre of the breast; sides of 
fore neck mottled with black; breast, abdomen, sides of body, 
flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts white, the sides of body and 
flanks washed with ashy, spotted with black, as also the thighs; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries beautiful rose-colour, those near 
the edge of the wing black; quills below dusky, with white bases 
to the primaries; inner edge of quills white at base : " bill white ; 
feet greyish blue; iris hazel" {Audubon). Total length 7*4inches, 
culmen 0*7, wing 4*1, tail 3*9, tarsus 0*4. 
Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 

ochreous brown, streaked with black centres, the mantle-feathers 

with slightly lighter edgings ; rump and upper tail-coverts uni


form ashy brown; lesser wing-coverts ochreous brown; median and 

greater coverts dusky, externally lighter brown, with a white spot 

at the ends; bastard-wing dusky brown; primary-coverts dark 

brown; quilLs dusky brown, externally pale ashy brown, with a 

small white speculum formed by white on the base of the primaries; 

inner secondaries with white spots at the end of the inner web; 

tail-feathers light brown, edged with ashy brown; crown of head 

blackish brown on the sides, with a mesial streak of white or 

ochreous white: round the hind neck an indistinct whitish-brown 

shade ; lores ochreous ; a broad white streak above the ear-coverts ; 

feathers below the eye spotted with white ; ear-coverts blackish 

brown, with pale shaft-lines ; cheeks and under surface of body dull 

white, with a tinge of yellowish buff on the cheeks ; throat, fore 

neck, and chest with broader triangular spots of blackish brown ; 

breast and centre of abdomen dull white; sides of body and flanks 

longitudinally streaked with blackish brown; thighs dull white; 

under tail-coverts dull white, with dark-brown centos ; under wing-

coverts and axillaries pale orange-yellow; quills below dusky ashy 

brown; inner edge of quills ashy: " biH brown above, paler beneath ; 

feet as in the male; iris hazel" {Audubon). Total length 7*2 inches, 

culmen 0*7, wing 3*84, tail 2*9, tarsus 0*85. 

Young male. Similar to the old female, but much deeper ochreous 
brown, the upper tail-coverts and scapulars with pale ochreous tips; 
wing-coverts and inner secondaries with large terminal spots of 
ochreous white; otherwise the quills and tail as in the old female ; 
head as in the latter sex, but rather more ochreous; facial 
markings as in old female; under surface of body as in old female, 
but rather more deeply tinged with ochreous buff, and less strongly 
streaked and spotted with blackish ; the centre of the fore neck and 
breast with a concealed rosy tinge; axillaries and under wing-
coverts pale rose-colour. 

The slight tinge of rose-colour on the breast of the young male 
greatly develops when the bird is in its winter-quarters, and the 

12 . HEDYMELES. 
streaks on the breast and throat gradually disappear as the red 
colour spreads upwards, and the adult plumage appears to ho gained 
by a change of feather and not by any moult. As the black spreads 
on the upper surface the streaks disappear, and at last the ochrcousbrown 
colour, which is characteristic of the young bird, remains 
only in the shape of edgings to the mantle, back, and scapulars; 
the white rump remains much mottled with black tips to the 
feathers, which often obscure the whole of it. 

In the British Museum series, large as it is, there is no specimen 
which proves to my satisfaction that the old male goes through 
a complete winter plumage. If it does so, it must entirely lose 
the black head and black throat. Apparently the wing-coverts 
and quills are renewed in the spring by a moult; but whether this 
is the case with the young birds only in their first spring, or with 
old birds as well, I have been unable to determine. 

A specimen from Ecuador in the Salvin-Godman collection shows 
that the black dorsal plumage is assumed by a direct moult, as 
weU as the black throat. The question is whether both old and 
young birds gain their summer dress by a moult or by a change of 
feather. 

Hah. Canada and Eastern United States to plains of Missouri 
Eiver; Texas; throughout Central America to Colombia and 
Ecuador; Cozumel; Cuba; Jamaica. 

a,"b. 6 2 a^- st. North America. Purchased. 

c, d. S ? ad. sk. Arctic America. Sir George Back [P.]. 

e. c? ad. sk. Pembina, Dakota, June 2 (Dr. Salvin-Godman Coll 
JE. Cones; Sm. no. 63947). 
f,g. 
tf$ad. Fort Dufferin, Manitoba, June N. A. Boundary Comsk. 
(G. Dawson). mission [P.]. 

h. <5 ad.; Lake of Woods, July (G. DawN, 
A. Boundary Comi. 
<$ juv. sk. son). 
mission [P.]. 
k. $ ad. sk. Poughkeepsie, New York (Dr. U. S. Nat. Museum. 
Shufehlt; Sm. no. 88076). 
L 6 2 ad. sk. Albany, New York (J. Hurst). Sclater Coll. 

m. 
Juv. sk. Cooperstown, New Jersey, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1 (G. S. Allen; Sm. no. 70353). 
n. § ad. sk. Englewood, Illinois (E. W. U.K. Coale, Esq. [P.]. 
Nelson). 
o. J ad. sk. Hvde Park, Illinois, May 16, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
1883 (H. K. Coale). [P.I. 
p. 
J ad. sk. Michigan. Prof.J.B.SteereTP.]. 
q. S ad. sk. St. Louis, Missouri, May 15 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(W.S. Wood; Sni.no. 7017). 
r. S ad. sk. Knox Co., Indiana, May 6 U. S. Nat. Museum 
(22. Midgwaij; Sm. no. 82247). 
s. S imm. sk. Knox Co., May 4 (R. Ridgway; U. S. Nat. Museum 
Sm. no. 82245). [P.]. 
t. <$ imm. sk. Tonala (Chiapas), Mexico, Mar 3. Salvin-Godman Coll 
(F. Sumichrast). 
u. S imm. st. Mexico. 
Purchased. 
v. tf ad. sk. Northern Yucatan (G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Gatimer). 
6% 
FRIN6KELLID3!!. 

w. cJ iniin. sk Northern Yucatan (G. F. 
#. cJ imm. st. 
Gaumer). 
Northern Yucatan (G. F. 
Gaumer), 

y, z. <S ad.; «', Cozumel Island, April (G. F. 
6'. $ad.; e',d' , Gaumer). 
e'. $ imru. sk. 

/.tfad. sk Jolbox Island, Dec. (G. F. 
Gaumer). 
^7% 7i'. c?ad.; *'. Euatan Island, Dec. (G. F. 
c? imm. sk. Gaumer). 
k\ $ ad. sk. Cache, Costa Eica, Feb. 17 

(H. Rogers). 
I'. $ ad. sk. San Jos6, Costa Eica, Jan. 
24 (F. CannioT). 
m'. c?ad. sk. Angostura, Costa Eica, March 
20 (F. Carmiol; Sm. no. 
41363). 

w'. J imm. sk. Calderas, Volcan de Fuego, 
Guatemala, Oct. 30 (O. &). 
o', p'. S ? imm. Duerias, Guatemala, Oct. 

sk. (0. &). 
#'. c? imm. sk. Tactic, Vera Paz, Jan. (O. 8.). 
r'. $ imm. sk. Choctum,Vera Paz, Jan. (O. &.). 
s'. <$ imm. sk. Coban, Vera Paz, Nov. (0. 8.). 
t'. J juv. sk. Guatemala. 

?^'. $ imm. sk. Southern slope of the Volcan de 
Chiriqui, Panama {E. Arce). 

v'. 5 imm. sk. Minca, Sierra Nevada of Santa 
Marta, U. S. Colombia, 3000 
feet, Jan. 29 (F. Simons). 

to'. S imm. sk. MedeHin, Antioquia (T.K. Sal


mon). 
tv'. <$ imm. sk. Bogota. 
y'. <$ imm. sk. Intaj, Ecuador (C. Buckley). 
z'. $ imm. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (C Buckley). 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman CoU. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

G. U. Skinner, Esq. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

2. Hedymeles melanocepialus. 
Guiraca melanocephala, 
Swains. Phil. Mar/, n. s. i. p. 438 (1827); 
Bp. P. Z. S. 1837, p. Ill; id. Comp. List B. Fur. § JV. Amer. 

p. 30 (1838); id. Comp. i. p. 502 (1850); Baird, B. N. Amer. 
p. 498 (1858); Duges, La Nat. i. p. 139 {1868); Sumichr. Mem. 
Bost. Soe. i. p. 551 '(1809); Cooper, B. Calif, p. 2'28 (1870). 
Fringilla epopaea, Lieht. P'eis-Verz. mex. Tog. p. 2 (1830); Cab. 

J.f. 0.1863, p. 56. 
Fringilla xanthomaschalis, Wagler, Lsis, 1831, p. 525. 
Pitylus guttatns, Less. Bev. Zool. 1839, p. 182. 
Ooccoborus melanocephalus, Audul. Syn. p. 133 (1839); id. B. Amer. 
8vo, iii. p. 214, pi. 206 (1841). 
Pitylus melanocephalus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 362 (1844). 
Hedyraeles melanocephalus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. L p. 153 (1850); 

ScL P. Z. S. 1857, p. 213, 1858, p. 303, 1859, p. 365; id. Cat. 
Amer. B. p. 100 (1862); id. P. Z. S. 18G4, p. 174; Sd. $ 8ate. 
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 27 (1873); Laivr. Mem. Bost. Soc. u. 

12 . HEDYMELES. 
63 

p. 
275 (1874); Baird, Brewer, $ Bidgw. Hist K Amer. B. ii. 
p. 73 (1874); Hensh. Bep. Zool. Expl. IQQthMerkl p. 296 (1875): 
8alv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 218 (1882) ; id. # Godm. Biol Ce>itr.~ 
Amer., Aves, i. p. 338 (1884). 
Goniaphea 
melanocephala, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 103, no. 7547 
(1870) j Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 149 (1872): id. B. N.-West 

p. 167(1874). 
Hedyineles rnelanocephalus, var. capitalis, Baird. Brewer, &• Bidgio. 
Hist. K Amer. B. ii. p. 70 (1874). 
Zamelodia melanocephala, Corns, Bull. Matt Orn. Club, v. p. 98 
(1880); Ridgw. Bidl. U.S. Nat. Mus. ii. p. 27 (1881); Corns, 
Chech-list, p. 59 (1882); id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 389 
(1884). 

HaTbia melanocephala. 
Stejneger, Auk, i. p. 367 (1884); A. 0. TJ. 
Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 287 (1886). 

Adult male. General colour above black, the mantle mottled, 
the feathers having black spots at the tips, with a subterminal "bar 
of white and a bar or mark of pale fawn-colour between the latter 
and the black spot; lower back and rump uniform fawn-colour; 
upper tail-coverts black, with pale fawn-coloured tips; scapulars 
and wing-coverts black, the inner lower coverts tipped with white 
and the inner median coverts entirely white, forming a wing-patch; 
greater coverts with a white spot at the tip of the outer web; , 
bastard-wing and primary-coverts black; quills black, the secondaries 
spotted with white at the end of the outer web ; the outer 
primaries edged with white near the end of the outer web and all 
white at the base, forming a large white patch ; tail-feathers black, 
the outermost with a large white mark near the end of the inner 
web, slightly reduced on the penultimate feather, the third with a 
mere fringe at the tip of the inner web ; head black, separated from 
the back by a broad collar of orange-buff or fawn-colour, which 

encircles the entire hind neck; sides of face, ear-coverts, and fore 

part of cheeks black, as well as the chin and the anterior half of 

the malar line ; hinder cheeks, sides of neck, and underparts deep 

orange-buff or fawn-colour; the centre of the breast yellow; the 

centre of the abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts white; axil


laries and under wing-coverts clear tine yellow ; quills black below, 

with a large white basal patch: ci bill, with the upper mandible 

dusky, the lower white; feet and claws wood-brown; iris hazel" 

{Audubon). Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 8*95, tail 

2-95, tarsus 0-95. 

Males in full plumage vary considerably in the markings of 

the upper parts. In some the mantle and upper back are entirely 

tawny, streaked with broad lines of black ; these appear to be very 

old birds. Others have the back much mottled, the feathers being 

broadly edged and spotted with black; and in winter plumage the 

adults seem to have the dorsal feathers very plainly edged with 

tawny buff, while the white spots on the inner secondaries are 

larger and more pronounced. These spots seem to get nearly worn 

off in the breeding-season. 

Adult female. Different from the male, and not so brightly 

FRtffGILLEDA 

coloured. General colour above ashy brown, streaked with black 
down the centre of the feathers ; the feathers of the mantle mottled 
with broad whitish or fulvous edges ; rump like the back, slightly 
washed with pale fawn-colour, and mottled with black bases to the 
feathers; upper 1 ail-coverts ashy, tipped with dull white, before 
which is a subterminal shade of blackish; lesser wing-coverts 
ashy ochreous with dusky bases; median and greater coverts ashy 
brown with dusky bases, both series tipped with spots of white; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, externally 
edged with ashy brown, the primaries white near the extreme base 
and towards the end of the outer web, the inner secondaries with a 
white spot at the end of the outer web; tail-feathers uniform 
dusky brown, edged with ashy brown ; crown blackish on the &ide&, 
mottled with ashy-brown margins to the feathers ; along the centre 
of the crown a light streak of white or ochreous feathers, minutely 
streaked with black; feathers below the eye, lores, and a narrow 
eyebrow white, more developed above the ear-coverts : eyelid, sides 
of face, and ear-coverts blackish brown; cheeks and under surface 
of body pale fawn-buff, light fulvous on the sides of the breast and 
flanks, slightly mottled with black streaks on the former, the flanks 
with distinct linear streaks of black; centre of breast slightly 
washed with yellow; the abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts 
whitish, washed with pale fawn-colour; axillaries and under wing-
coverts bright lemon-yellow; quills dusky, ashy whitish along the 
edge of the inner web: " bill olive, fleshy white at ba^e; feet slatecolour; 
iris brown " (Cooper). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*8, 
wing 0-9, tail 2*9, tarsus 0'95. 

Young male. Similar to the adult female, having the head blackish, 
with the same pale mesial streak; the under surface somewhat 
brighter fawn-buff. 

Young females resemble the old female, but have more streaks on 
the under surface, the fore neck and breast being narrowly streaked 
with blackish. 

The specimens from* California (H. capitalis) have the rufous 
streak on the hinder crown and the line behind the eye, which are 
said by Mr. Ridgway to be characteristic of that race. As, however, 
he states that intermediate specimens are sometimes met with, 
I have not separated the two races. 

Hah. High central plains of North America from Middle Kansas 
to the Pacific, ranging into Mexico. 

a. H. melanoeephalus. 
a. $ ad. sk. Canrp Sheridan, Nebraska (J. A.
Leigh ; Sm. no. 70501). 
U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
b. S ad. sk. Fort Bridger, Utah, May 22(C. Dexler; Sm. no. 11244). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c. c?pv. sk. Camp Crittenden, Arizona, Sept.2(if. W. Henshaw: Sm. no. 
69652). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

13 . GUIRACA. 
d. J ad. sk. Fuller's, Arizona (E. W. Nelson ; 
U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.], 
Sm. no. 98929). 

e. 
$ juv. sk. Arizona (JE, W.Nelson: Sin. no. U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.] 
99698). 
/. S ad. sk. Northern California (C. II U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.] 
Townsend ; Sm. no. 9193]). 
ff. 2 ad. sk. Jalapa, Mexico (Be Oca). Sclater Coll. 
h, i. $ J a(i- sk. Jalapa (Be Oca), Salvin-Godman Coll 

j. S ad. sk. Oaxaca (Fenochio). Salvin-Godman Coll 
&,/. cS $ ad.sk. Orizaba (Boft.eri), Sclater Coll. 
m. <$ ad sk. Presidio, Mexico, Dec. 2o Salvin-Godman Coll 
(A. Ferrer). 
n. $ ad. sk. 
Presidio, Mexico, Feb. 25 Salvin-Godman Coll 

(A. Fairer). 
o. $ ad. sk. Mexico (J. Taylor). Zoological Society. 
(Type of species.) 
Pi ?• 6 2 ad. sk. Mexico Purchased. 

/3. H. capitalis. 

r. $ ad. sk. San Bernardino, California, E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
June 14. [p.i. 
California. Lord Walsinghani 

ad. sk. 

[p.]. 

w. 
Juv. sk. Nevada, California, Oct. (E. W. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Nelson). [P.]. 
13. GUIRACA*. 
Type. 
Guiraca, Sivains. Zool. Journ. Hi. p. 350 (1827) G. cserulea. 
Coccohorus, Sicains. Classif. B. ii. p. 277 (1837) G. cserulea. 

. Head of Guiraca ccsrulea. 

Range. North America; Central America; and South America 

except the southern portions, Chili and Southern Patagonia. 

Two well-marked sections exist in the present genus, characterized 
by a strong differential peculiarity in the assumption of 
the spring plumage. So far as the series examined by me goes to 
testify, G. ccerulea assumes the spring plumage by an abrasion of the 

* The late Mr. Gf. E.. Gray restored for this genus the name of Goniaphea 
of Bowditch (Trav. Madeira, p. 29); but, while admitting the characters of the 
latter genus to have been taken in all probability from one of the species of 
Guiraca, there is so much uncertainty about it that it is not advisable to resuscitate 
Bowditch's name. 
YOL. XII. 
F 

5 6 
FKIN-GILLID^. 

pale margins which the feathers assume in winter. This species is 
likewise distinguished hy a richer variety of colour than the more 
southern forms, G. cyanea and its allies. All the latterapparently 
differ in no wise in colour, and the young Lirds moult directly 
from the immature brown plumage into the full blue plumage of the 
adults. G. parellina, however, resembles the G. cyanea group in 
its style of coloration, but yet possesses a seasonal plumage like 

G. ccerulea, and assumes the breeding-dress through the abrasion of 
the pale edges of the feathers, thus forming an interesting link 
between the two sections of the genus. 
Key to the Species. 
Males. 


a. With a chestnut wing-patch formed by the 
median coverts ccerulea, p. (>0. 
b. With no chestnut on the wirtgb. 
a'. Smaller; wing not exceeding 2*65inches : 
lower back and rump conspicuously 
brighter blue than the mantle parellimt, p. HU. 


V. 
Larger; wing at least 2*7 inches: lower 
back and rump slightly, if at all, brighter 
than the mantle. 
a . 
Purplish blue, with a distinct bright 
frontal band and wing-patch formed , ,-, 
by the lesser coverts \ /^/J^J^' 1 Vj 
b. Duller blue, frontal patch and shoulder-J i ,]. to. 
patch less distinct cyanoidct,, p. 73. 
c". Bull indigo-blue or blackibL, with a very 
faint frontal band and shoulder-patch concreta, p. 74. 
d". Entirely greenish blue above and below glaucoco whet, p. ' 

1. Guiraca csernlea. 
Blue Grosbeak, Catesby, Nat Mist. Carol, i. p 39, pi. 39 (1731); 
Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 116 (1783) ; Fenn. Arctic Zool. in p. 351 
(1785). 

Le Bouvreuil bleu de la Caroline, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 323 (1760). 
Loxia cserulea, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 306 (1760;; Wagler, Isis, 1831 

p. 525; Wilson, Amer. Orn. iii. p. 78, pi. xxiv. %. 6 (1811). 
Fnngilla caerulea, Licht. Verz. BoiibL p. 22 (1823); Audub. B. Amer. 
pi. exxii.: id. Orn. Biogr. ii. p. 140 (1834), v. p. 508 (1839). 
Guiraca cserulea, Swains. Phil. Mag. i. p. 438 (1627); Jard. ed. Wils. 
Amer. Orn. i. p. 307 (1832); Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. $ N. Amer. 

p. 30 (1838) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 357 (1844) ; Baird, B. N. Amer. 
p. 499 (1858); ScL P. Z. S. 1859, pp. 365, 378; Salvin, Ibis. 1861, 
p. 352; Sol. Cat. Amer. B. p. 10 (1862) ; id. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 174; 
JDresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 491; Lator. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viiL p. 286 
(1866); Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 276; Dur/es, La Nat i. p. 139 (1868); 
Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. T. ix. p. 102 (1868), p. 200 (18(39); Sumiehr. 
Mem. Bost Soc. N. H. i. p. 552 (1869) ; Von Frantz. J. f. O. 1869, 
p. 301; Cooper, B. Calif, p. 230 (1870) ; Scl $ Salv. Nomencl 
Av. Neotr. p. 27 (1873) ; Scl. Ibis, 1873, p. 373; Baird, Brewer, $ 
Bidgw. Hist. K Amer. B. ii. p. 76 (1874;; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soe. 
13 . GUIRACA. 
67 

ii. p. 276 (1874) j id. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 20 (1876); 
Hensh. Pep. Zool. Expl. p. 298 (1875); Merrill, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus 
i. p. 128 (1878) j Gundl Orn. Cuba, p. 95 (1868) ; Belding, t c 
p. 419 (1879) ; Cooper, op. cit. ii. p. 248 (1880); Brewster, Bull. 
Nutt. Orn. Club, vii. p. 13 (1883) ; Coues, Chech-list, p. 59 (1882): 
Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 444; Nutting Sf Ridyw. Proc. U.S. Nat 
Mus. vi. p. 392 (1883) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 390 
(1884) ; Sab. ty Godm. Biol. Centra Amer., Aves, i. p. 344 (1884): 
A. 0. U. Check-list, p. 287 (1886). 
Coccoborus casmleus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 277 (1837); Audub. 
B. Amer. iii. p. 204, pi. cciv. (1841) ; Cab. Mus. Kein. Th. i. p. 152 
(1850); Lembeye, Av. Cuba, p. 61, pi. viii. %. 2 (1850); Cab. 
J.f. 0. 1856, p. 9: Finsch, Abhandl. nab. Ver. Bremen, i. p. 339 
(1870). r 
Cyanoloxia ceerulea, Bp. Consp. i. p. 502 (1850). 
Goniaphea ceerulea, Scl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 301 j Gray, Mand-l. B. ii. 

p. 103, no. 7535 (1870) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 149 (1872): 
id. B. N.-West, p. 169 (1874) j Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. 
p. 19 (1878), v. p. 392 (1879); Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv. 
p. 9 (1879); Loomis, t. c. p. 214: Allen, op. cit. v. p. 184 (1880); 
Nehrl. op. cit. vii. p. 13 (1882). 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above glossy 
greyish cobalt, rather darker and mixed with blackish bases on the 
feathers of the mantle, scapulars, and upper back; the lower back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts much more brilliant than the mantle; 
lesser wing-coverts bright cobalt; median coverts deep bay or chestnut 
; greater coverts blackish, externally greyish blue (with generally 
some slight remains of chestnut edges, the remains of winter 
plumage); bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, externally 
greyish blue, lighter and more hoary grey on the primaries; 
tail-feathers blackish, margined with greyish cobalt, and fringed at 
the tip of the inner web with white, increasing in extent towards 
the outermost feathers; head and neck bright greyish cobalt, lighter 
than the mantle, and of the same shade as the lower back and rump; 
sides of the face, cheeks, and ear-coverts like the head; in front of 
the eye a black patch, extending from the base of the nostrils, and 
occupying also the base of the cheeks and base of the throat; entire 
under surface of body bright cobalt, duller on the thighs and abdomen 
and under tail-coverts, the latter fringed with white as well as 
the vent; axillaries and under wing-coverts of the same colour as 
the breast, with ashy bases; quills dusky below, ashy along the 
inner webs : " bill pale greyish blue beneath and on the edges of 
the upper mandible, the rest of which is dusky " (Audubon); " legs 
brownish black; iris dark brown" (Dresser). Total length 6*4 
inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*65, tail 2-85, tarsus 0*85. 
The breeding-plumage of the adult male is always accompanied by 
a dark bill, the upper mandible being blackish in the skin, the lower 
one blackish with cutting-edges and tips of yellowish horn-colour 
As the season advances the blue margins to the feathers of the mantle 
and upper back get worn off, and thus these parts assume a darker 
appearance than the head and lower back and rump. The blue 
edges 
to the wing-coverts and quills almost disappear, but the 
J2 

FBINGILLIDuE. 

chestnut tips to the greater coverts never seem to become entirely 
lost. Great variation takes place in the size of the bill, the 
older birds appearing to have larger bills than the more immature 
ones. 

Adult male in winter plumage. Ochreous brown above, entirely 
concealing the blue plumage, excepting on the lower back, rump, 
and upper tail-coverts, where the blue is apparent, but all the feathers 
are tipped with ochreous brown; scapulars and lesser wing-
coverts like the back; median coverts chestnut, with paler fulvescent 
margins ; greater coverts and inner secondaries broadly edged with 
ochreous buff; quills externally margined with ashy ochreous, the 
tail-feathers with blue, the white tips to the outer feathers being 
very distinct; sides of face and under surface of body ochreous 
brown, concealing the underlying blue plumage ; the abdomen, vent, 
under tail-coverts, axillaries, and under wing-coverts broadly 
margined with ashy white ; bill pale horn-colour in skin, browner 
along the crest of the upper mandible. 

The adult male gains the summer plumage by the wearing off of 
the pale tips to the feathers, and not by a spring moult. Thus 
many full-plum aged birds show traces of the winter dress in the 
shape of light edges to the feathers, especially on the under surface 
of the body. 

Adidt female in heeding-plumage. Different from the male. 

Brown above, slightly mottled with darker brown bases on the 

mantle and upper back; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 

ashy brown, contrasting slightly with the mantle ; lesser wing-

coverts bluish grey ; median and greater coverts dark brown, tipped 

with ochreous buff, forming a double wing-bar; bastard-wing, 

primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, edged externally with ashy, 

the inner secondaries with ochreous buff; tail-feathers brown, 

shaded with greyish blue on the edges, and with small fringes of white 

at the ends of the inner webs of the outer feathers ; head and neck 

clearer ochreous brown, as well as the sides of the face, cheeks, and 

ear-coverts; feathers round the eye lighter ochreous brown, the 

lores whitish; under surface of body pale ochreous buff, a little 

deeper on the fore neck and chest, and whiter on the throat and 

on the under tail-coverts, the latter slightly mottled with dark-brown 

bases; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale ochreous buff; quills 

dusky below, ashy along the inner webs. Total length 6-2 inches, 

culmen 0*7, wing 2*3, tail 2*4, tarsus 0*75. 

Young males after the first moult resemble the adult female, but 
have the head and back of a uniform dark ochreous brown; the 
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts dull blue, more or less 
obscured by sandy-buff edges to the feathers ; the wings, tail, and 
under surface of the body resemble the same parts in the old female, 
and the lores are white. 

The young female after the first moult is similar to the young 
male, but is browner on the lower back and rump, which show no 
trace of blue, while the upper tail-coverts are broadly margined 
with ashy whitish. The young male may generally be distinguished 

13 , GUIRACA. 

by traces of blue feathers about the bead and neck, and, as the 
spring advances, by blue beneath the oehroous buff of the under 
surface. 

Audubon says that the male does not attain the full plumage until 
the third year, 

Bab. Southern portions of United States from Atlantic to Pacific, 
breeding throughout its U.S. range; rarely north to Massachusetts 
and even Maine (Coues); throughout Mexico and Central America 
to Nicaragua and Costa Eica. Cuba. 

a, b. S ad. sk. 
North America. Purchased. 
Texas, lat. 32° (Br. Benry; Sm. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

c. $ ad. sk. 
no. 6385). 
Fort Cobb; May 20, 1SC0 (G Salvin-Godman Cull. 

d. $ ad. sk. 
8. McCarthy; Sm.no. 19100). 
Near the City of Mexico Sclater Coll. 
e. S ad. sk. 
(Bhves).
/. $ ad. sk. Oaxaca, W.Mexico (FenocJiio). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

g. 
S ad.; h. ? Mazatlan, W. Mexico, Dec. 12 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
juv. sk. (A. Forrev). 
e. $ ad.; k $ 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Presidio, Dec. 27 (A, Forrer). 

juv. sk. 
I (S ad. ; m. $ Izamal, N. Yucatan, Jan. 1G Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ad. sk. (G. F. Gaumer). 

n, o, 2>, q, r. J Cozumel Island (G. F\ GauSalvin-
Godman Coll. 
ad.; 8. <$ mer) . 
imm. sk. 

t. 
$ ad. sk. Guatemala. G. U. Skinner, Esq. 
[0.]. 
u. $ 
ad. sk.; v. <$ Choctum, Vera Paz, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
imm. sk. (0. 8). 
w. $ juv. sk. Chisec, Vera Paz (0. 8.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
a\ § ad. sk. Vera Paz (0. 8.). Sclater Coll. 
y. 
tf imm. sk. Angostura, Costa Rica, March Salvin-Godman Coll. 
17 (J. Carmiol) Sm.no.39789). 
z. (5 ad. sk. 
Chontales, Nicaragua (T.Beit). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
a'. 
cS ad. sk. Chenandega, Nicaragua (F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Hicks ; Sm. no. 53184). 

2. Ghiiraca parellina. 
Fringilla parellina, LicM. in Mus. Berol, undh 
Cyanoloxia parellina, Bp. Consp. i. p. 502 (1850). 
(ioniaphea parellina, ScL P. Z. S. 1850, p. 302, 1857, p. 228; Gray, 


Iland-l. B. ii. p. 103, no. 7541 (1870). 
Guiraca parellina, Scl P. Z. S. 1859, pp. 3G5,378; id. Cat. Amer. B. 

p. 101 (1802); id. 8f Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 27 (1873); 
Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat Bist. ii. p. 276 (1874); id. Bull. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 20 (1870); Barnard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 444; 
Salvin 8f Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 347 (1885). 
Cjanospiza parellina, Baird, B.N Amer. p. 502, pi. lvi. fig. 1 (1858) ; 
id. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii., Birds, p. 17 (1859); 8umichr. Mem. 
Bost. Soc. Nat. Bist i. p. 551 (1809). 

Cyanocompsa parellina, Cab. J. f. 0.1801, p. 4. 
Passerina parellina Bidyw. Bull. U.S. Nat Mus. no. 21, p. 27 
(1881), 

-EnmGiLzmm. 

Adult male. General colour above deep indigo-blue, with, ochreous-
brown margins to the feathers (remains of winter plumage) ; lower 
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts deep cobalt-blue; the long 
feathers on the side of the rump with concealed subterminal bars of 
silky white; lesser and median wing-coverts deep blue, the former 
glistening with cobalt ; greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills blackish, externally edged with deep blue• tail-
feathers black, with deep blue margins; head deep cobalt like the 
lower back, with a silvery-cobalt lustre on the forehead extending 
over the eye ; lores, feathers round the eye, ear-coverts, cheeks, and 

sides of face blue-black, with a lustre of bright cobalt forming a 
patch at the base of the cheeks extending below the eye; entire 
under surface of body deep blue, including the under wing-coverts 
and axillaries; on the latter as well as on the under tail-coverts and 
vent-feathers some remains of whitish terminal bars; quills blackish 
below, edged with ashy along the inner web: " bill and feet 
greyish brown ; iris brown " (Sumichrast). Total length 5 inches, 
culmen 0*45, wing 2-55, tail 2, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. General colour above earthy brown, with conspicuous 
subterminal bars of white on the long feathers of the sides 
of the rump; wing-coverts dusky brown, edged with the same 
colour as the back; quills dusky brown, edged with ashy, the inner 
secondaries with the same colour as the back; tail-feathers dusky 
brown, with narrow edges of paler brown; head like the back; 
sides of face, cheeks, and ear-coverts also like the back ; the lores 
dull whitish * under surface of body dark ochreous brown, paler on 
the throat and on the abdomen, as well as on the axillaries and 
under wing-coverts. Total length 4*7 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 
2*65, tail 2*15, tarsus 0*75. 

The young male in first winter plumage resembles the adult 

'female, but is darker and more reddish brown, especially on the 
rump and under surface of the body. One in the Salvin-Godman 
collection is beginning to assume the full blue plumage by a moult, 
and not by the abrasion of the brown tips to the feathers as in 

G. ccerulea. 
Hah. Mexico and Northern Yucatan, with the adjacent islands of 
Meco and Mugeres. 

a. <£ad. sk. Mexico. Sclater Coll. 
b. [$ ] ad. sk. Presidio, W. Mexico, Jan. 28(A. Forrer). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d<[<$] juv. sk.
c. $ ad. sk.
e. $ ad. sk.
/ . is ad. sk.
g. 6 ad. sk. 
Orizaba, Mexico. 
Jalapa, Mexico (de Oca). 
Jalapa (de Oca). 
Merida, Northern Yucatan,
Jan. 4 (G. F. Gaumer). 
Meco Island, Nov. 1885 {G. 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Salvin-GodmanCoU. 
h. cJ ad. sk.
F. Gaumer). 
Mugeres Island, Dec. 1885 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ifk. cfad. at.
(G. F. Gaumer). 
Mexico. Purchased. 

13 . GTJIRACA. 
71 

3. G-uiraca cyanea. 
The Blue Grosbeak from Angola, Edwards, N. E. Birds, iii. nl. 125 

(1750). F 
Le Grosbec bleu d'Angola Btiss. Orn. vi., App. p. 88 (1760). 
Loxia cyanea, Linn. Sysf. Nat. i. p. 303 (1766); Lath. Ind. Orn. i. 

p. 374 (1790). 
Blue Grosbeak, var. P, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 117 (1783). 
Loxia cserulea, var. ft, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 863 (1788). 
Loxia cserulea, var. A, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 374 (1790). 
Pico grueso azulejo, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 438 (1802). 
Ooccotbraustes cyanea, Vieill. Ois. Chant, pi. 64 (1805): Bonn. & 
Vieill Enc. Mith. iii. p. 998 (1823). 
Fringilla brissonii, Licht. Verz. JDoubl. p. 22 (1823) ; Neuwied, Beitr. 
Naturg. Bras. iii. p. 561 (1830). 
Pitylus brissonii, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 362 (1844): Hartl. Ind. Azara, 

p. 8(1849). 
Cyanoloxia cyanea, Bp. Consp. i. p. 503 (1850). 
Coccoborus cyaneus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 152 (1850); Burm. 
Th. Bras. iii. p. 237 (1856). 
Coccoborus brissonii, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Berol. p. 45 (1854). 
Oyanp^onipgajniaQ^ Cab. J.f.O. 1861, p. 4. 
Guiraca cyanea, Sol. Cat. Amer. B. p. 101 (1862); Pek. Orn. Bras. 

pp. 221, 446 (1871); Scl. fy Salv. P.Z.S. 1868, p. 627; FinscL 

P. Z. S. 1870, p. 582; Scl. $ Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 27 (1873); 
iid. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 204; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 604; Forbes, Ibis, 
1881, p. 335; Salvin, Cat. Strickl Coll. p. 219 (1882); id. Ibis, 
1885, p. 213; Berlepschfy Ihering, in Maaardsz, Zeitschr. yes. Orn. 
ii. p. 121 (1885). 
Guiraca cyanoides (nee Lafr.), Scl. 8f Sah. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 566, 
1867, p. 750; Pek. Orn. Bras. p. 222 (1871). 
Goniaphea cyanea, Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 103, no. 7536 (1870). 
Goniapbea minor, Gray, t. c. p. 103, no. 7539 (1870). 

Adult male. General colour above deep blue, the lower back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts being a little brighter blue than the 
mantle; lesser wing-coverts deep cobalt, forming a patch which 
contrasts with the back ; median and greater coverts, as well as the 
quills, blackish, edged with blue like the back, a little greyer on the 
primaries, bastard-wing, and primary-coverts; tail-feathers black, 
margined with greyish blue; crown of head and neck like the back; 
the forehead and fore part of the crown glistening bright cobalt, 
extending laterally a little way above the ear-coverts; lores and 
feathers in front of and below the eye black, forming a conspicuous 
spot before the latter; cheeks and ear-coverts black, washed with 
blue, with a broad mark of brighter cobalt below the eye across the 
sides of the face; entire under surface of body deep blue, rather 
greyer on the flanks, the throat decidedly blacker and only slightly 
washed with blue ; axillaries and under wing-coverts like the breast, 
with a distinct appearance of brighter cobalt near the edge of the 
wing; quills dusky below, ashy along the inner web: " bill horn-
black, somewhat brownish at the tip; feet dark violet-brownish 
grey; iris brown" (Burmeister). Total length 6 inches, culmen 
0-6, wing 3, tail 2-55^ tarsus 0*75. 

FBI.NGILLIDJE. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above dark 
ochreous brown, slightly more reddish on the lower back, rump, and 
tipper tail-coverts; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back, the 
greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky 
brown, edged with ochreous brown, a little paler on the margins of 
the primaries; tail-feathers dusky brown, edged with ochreous 
brown; head and neck like the back, the sides of the face a trine 
more reddish, especially on the ear-coverts; lores and feathers round 
the eye deep ochreous buff; entire under surface of body deep 
ochreous buff, rather paler on the under wing-coverts and axillaries. 
Total length 6*2 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2*95, tail 2-55, tarsus 0*85. 

The females from Bahia and Pernambuco, collected by Mr. W. A. 
Forbes, are undoubtedly paler and have the rump eonspieuou&ly 
tawny. The size of the males is rather smaller, but I cannot see 
any other differences in plumage. 

Specimens from Guiana, Amazonia, and Venezuela and Ecuador 
seem to be rather smaller than Brazilian birds, and the female is 
dark brown. So far as the Museum specimens are concerned, the 
females from Pernambuco are peculiar, those from other localities 
being alike in their uniform dark chocolate-brown plumage. 

Hal. Brazil, Amazonia, Guiana, Venezuela, and Ecuador. 

a. <$ imm. sk. S.E. Brazil. Sclater Coll. 
hjC. d 2 ad- sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll. 
d. 2 ad. sk. Brazil. J. Gould, Esq. 
e+ <5 imm. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll. 
/. S ad. sk. Brazil. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
g. S 
ad. sk. Novo Fribourgo, Prov. of Bio de Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Janeiro,S.E.Brazil (J. Yoads). 
h, i <$ 5 ad, sk. Pelotas, Bio Grande do Sul Salvin-Godinau Coll. 
(Joynet*), 

h. 
<$ ad.; I § Ypanenia, July 17 (J. batterer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ad. sk. 
m. <$ ad. sk. Bahia. Sudbury Museum. 
n, o. <$; p. $ Pernambuco (W. A. Forbes). Sclater Coll. 
ad. sk. 
q, r. <$ $ ad. sk. Pernambuco { W. A. Forbes), Salvin-Godman Coll. 

s. S ad. sk. Cayenne. 
Sclater Coll. 
t,u. d $ ad. sk. E. Oyapoek, French Guiana Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Jelski). 

v. tf ad. sk. British Guiana. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
w. S 
ad. sk. Bartica Grove, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sept. 28 (JET. Whitehj). 
x. 
5 ad. sk. Bartica Grove, Dec. 30 (II Salvin-Godman Coll. 
WJiiteh/). 
y. 
3 ad. sk. Bartica Grove, Jan. 20 (H. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Whitehj). 
z. (J juv. sk. Camacusa, March 12 (JET. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
WJiiteh/). 
a'. <$ ad. sk Camacusa, June 7 (II W/iifely). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b'. S ad. sk. Caracas, Venezuela, Nov. (A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Goering). 

d. S ad. sk. Caracas (A, Goering), Sclater Coll. 
d', S ad. sk. Trinidad. Purchased. 
13 . GUIRACA. 
e'. cS ad. sk. Borba (J. Natterer). Sclater Ooll. 
/'. (S imm. sk. River Ucayali. J. Hauxwell, Esq. [0.]. 
g'. $ ad. sk, Nauta, Peruvian Amizons, E. Bartlett, Esq. [0.]. 

Nov. 34. 
h1, *'• 6 $ ad. Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. Buck- Salvin-Godman Cull, 
sk. ley). 


Subsp. a. Guiraca arge&tina. 

Adult male. Similar to G. ci/anea, but much, larger, and having 
a more extended frontal patch of silvery cobalt, which extends in a 
narrow eyebrow to the sides of the nape. Total length 6-8 inches, 
culmen 0-7, wing 3-6, tail 3*5, tarsus 0*9. 


Adult female. Similar to the female of G. cyanea, but much 
larger, and altogether a paler bird with the rump light ferruginous 
brown, in strong contrast to the back. Total length 6*9 inches, 
culmen 0*75, wing 3*45, tail 3*1, tarsus 0*9. 


Hah. Argentine Republic. 

a, h. c? $ Fuerte de Andelgala, Oatamarca, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ad. sk. Argentine Republic, Sept. (JS. 


w. mate). 
c. 2 ad. sk. Cosquin, Cordova, Argentine Re- Sclater Coll. 
public, Julv 21 (JE. W. White). 
d. c? ad. sk. Cosquin, Aug. 3 (JE. W. White). 
Sclater Coll. 
e,f. S 
ad. sk. Salta, June 1878. Henry Durnford, Esq. 
[C.]. 

g. $ ad. sk. Tucuman, June 1878. Henry Durnford, Esq. 
[0.]. 

4. Guiraca cyanoides. 
Coccoborus cyanoides, Lafr. Rev. ZooL 1847, p. 74. 
Cyanoloxia cyanoides, Bp. Consp. i. p. 502 (1850); Laior. Ann. Lyc. 


N. Y. vii. p. 297 (1861). 
Guiraca, sp., Sel. JP. Z. S. 1860, p. 293. 
Guiraca cyanoides, Scl $ Sab. B. Z. S. 1864, p. 352, 1879, p. 506; 
Berl Sf Toes. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 549. 

Adult male. General colour above dark indigo-blue, a trifle 
brighter towards the rump and upper tail-covercs * lesser wing-
coverts dark cobalt • remainder of the wing-coverts, bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, quills, and tail blackish, edged with the same 
colour as the back, the primaries margined with greyish blue; head 
like the back, the forehead dull cobalt, extending backwards over 
each eye; lores and feathers round the eye black; sides of face, 
cheeks, and ear-coverts, as well as the entire under surface of the 
body, dark indigo-blue, with a mark of somewhat brighter blue 
below the eye and on the fore part of the cheeks; axillaries and 
under wing-coverts like the breast, the edge of the wing brighter 
blue. Total length 6:2 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*15, tail 2:6, 
tarsus 0-85. 

Adult female. Different from the male. Above uniform rufous-
brown, the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts like the back; 
lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and greater coverts dusky 

PEINGILXIM:. 

brown, edged with, the same colour as the back; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with dull rufous-
brown, the inner secondaries more broadly washed with the latter 
colour; tail-feathers dark brown, washed externally with reddish 
brown; sides of face and under surface of body deep ferruginous 
brown, the under wing-coverts and axiHaries like the breast. Total 
length 6-5 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3, tail 2'b, tarsus 0*9. 

Young males at first resemble the old female, and gain the blue 
plumage by a moult. 
This species shows a tendency to merge into G. eoncreta. 
Hub. Panama to Colombia and Ecuador. 

#,&.(£$ ad. sk.
c, d. S ad. et juv.
sk.
e, <$ ad. sk.
/ . <$ ad. sk.
g. $ ad. sk.
h. <$ ad. sk. 
Panama (McLeannan). 
Lion Hill Station, Panama 
{McLeannan). 
Bogota, U.S. Colombia. 
Bogota, U.S. Colombia. 
Remedios, Antioquia (T. K. 
Salmon), 
Balzar Mountains, Ecuador 
Sclater CoU. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Purchased. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
i. 5 ad« sk.
(Illingworth). 
Esmeraldas, Ecuador Sclater Coll. 
(L. Fraser). 
5. Guiraca eoncreta. 

Cyanoloxia eoncreta, Dubus, Bull. Acad. Brux. xxii. p. 150 (1855). 
Groniaphea eoncreta, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 802, 1857, p. 228; 
Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 103, no. 7540 (1870). 
Guiraca eoncreta, Scl P. Z. S. 1859, p. 378; Scl. § Sah\ Ibis, 18G0, 

p. 32; Scl Cat. Amer. B. p. 101 (18G2); Salvin, P. Z. & 1807, 
p. 141 ; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. p. 102 (1808) ; Sumichr. Mem. 
Bast. Soc. N. H. i. p. 551 (1809); Sah. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 189; 
Scl. 8? Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 83G; Salv. Ibis, 1872, p. 317* Sal. % 
Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 27 (1873)• Salv. §* Godm, Biol. 
Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 345 (1885). 
Adult male. Blackish with an indigo shade, with scarcely any 
indication of bright blue on the forehead, cheeks, or wing-coverts. 
Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 3*2, tail 2*7, tarsus 0*9. 

Adult female. Similar to the same sex of G. cyamides, but rather 
more rufous, especially below. Total length 0*3 inches, culmen 0*8, 
wing 3*05, tail 2*7, tarsus 0*85. 

Mexican specimens are much the darkest, and Guatemalan intermediate 
between those from Mexico and Yeragua. As Messrs. 
Salvin and Godman remark, specimens from Panama, Colombia, 
and Ecuador show much more blue on the forehead and cheeks; 
but I feel, in common with those gentlemen, that a perfect series 
of intermediate links is likely to be found to connect G. eoncreta 
and G. cyanoides (cf. Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 

i. p. 346). 
Eab. Central America from Mexico to Yeragua. 
a. $ ad. sk. Orizaba, Mexico. Sclater Coll. 
b. <$ ad. sk. Orizaba, Mexico. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
13 . GU1RACA. 
a& s^

c, d. d2-British Honduras (Blan-Salvin-Godman Coll 
eaneaux). 

e. 
$ iinm. sk. Guatemala. G. U. Skinner. Esq. 
[C.]. 
/. ? ad. sk. Vera Paz, Guatemala (0. S.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

g. j$ ad.; h. <$ Choctum, Vera Paz (0. &). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
JUV« SJJ. 

Choctum. 
Osbert Salvin, Esq. 

i. 
(S ad. sk. 
[0.]. 

h. <$ ad. sk. Yzabal, Guatemala. June 21 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(0. &). 
1, m. <$ J ad. sk. Tempate, Nicoya, Costa Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Rica, March (E. Arce). 

n. $ ad. sk. Tucurriqui, Costa Rica Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(E. ArcS). 
o,p. <$ ? ad. sk. Costa Rica (J. Carmiol). Sclater Coll. 
£. 
c? ad.; r. S Bugaba, Ohiriqui, Panama Salvin-Godman Coll. 
inim. sk. (E. Arce). 

5. 
c? ad. sk. Calovevora, Panama (E. Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Arce). 
£. (5* ad. sk. Santa F6, Panama (E. ArcS), Salvin-Godman Coll. 

u. <$ juv. sk. Chitra, Panama (E. ArcS). Sclater Coll. 
6. Gruiraca glaucocaerulea. 
Pico grueso azul, Azara, ApuntA. p. 440, no. 19 (1802, teste Buvm.). 

Pyrrhula glaucocaerulea, I? Orb. Voy, Amer. Mind., Ois. pi. 50.fie*.2 

(1835-44). 
r b 

Pitylus cyaneus, HarU. Ind. Azara, p. 8 (1847, ex Azara). 

Cyanoloxia glaucocasrulea, Bp. Consp. i. p. 503 (1850). 

Sporophila glaucocaerulea, Cab. Mus. Bern. Th. i. p. 152, note (1850). 

Coccoborus glaucocaeruleus, Burm. Beis, La-Plata St. ii. p 488 

(1861). 
* 

Goniaphea glaucocaerulea, Gray, Rand-l. B. ii. p. 103, no. 7538 

(1870). 

Guiraca 
glaucocaerulea, Hudson, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 114; Feb. Orn. 
Bras. p. 222 (1871) *; Scl. $ Salv. Nomenct Av. Neotr. p. 27 
(1873) j Bumf. Ibis, 1877, p. 170 j Berkpsch $ Ihering in 
Madardsz, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1885, p. 122*. 

Adult male. General colour above greyish blue; lesser wing-
coverts brighter cobalt, but still of a greyish cast, the median wing-
coverts slightly duller; greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, quills, and tail-feathers dusky, edged with greyish blue; 
head like the back, brighter greyish cobalt along the forehead and 
over the eyes, reaching to above the ear-coverts, which are greyish 
blue like the upper surface of the body, with a vertical line of 
greyish cobalt below the eye; lores and a narrow line across the 
base of the forehead black; entire under surface of body greyish 
blue; axillaries and under wing-coverts like the breast; quills 

* In both these cases the birds examined were immature, and some doubt 
exists as to the identification. The specimens were from Engenbo do Q-ama 
and Bio Grande do Sul. 
 FRINGILLID^. 

dusky below, asliy along the inner web. Total length 5*5 inches, 
culmen 0*45, wing 2*9, tail 2*5, tarsus 0*7. 
Hab. Southern Brazil, re-occurring in Guiana. 

a. £ ad. sk. River Oyapock, French Sclater Coll. 
Guiana [Jelshi). 
b. $ ad. sk. Punta Lara, Buenos Ayres, Henry Durnford, Esg^. 
Nov. 1875. [C.]. 

14. ORYZOBOKTTS* Typ e 
Oryzoborus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 151 (1850) O. torridus. 
Head of Oryzoborus crassirostris. 

Range. Throughout Central America and South America to 
Brazil, Amazonia, and Peru. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Breast chestnut, contrasting with the black throat, torridus, p. 77. 
b. 
Breast black like the rest of the under surface. 
a'. Bill yellowish white. 
a". Size larger; wing 2*6-2-95 inches : under 
wing-coverts white, with a blackish patch 
formed by the outer coverts near the base 
of the primaries. 


a'". Culmen 0*7 : axillaries entirely white .. maximiliani, p. 78. 
b'". Culmen 0 6-0*G5 : axillaries white, those 
nearest the breast black crassirostris; p. 79. 

b". 
Wing 3 inches: axillaries black, as also 
the under wing-coverts, the lower series 
of the latter with whitish bases: alar r ., , 7. ork 

, i • • m occtaentalis. p. 80. 
speculum nearly invisible < _ ... . ' £A 

6'. Bill Mack. f _ ]«uXmghV.8Q. 
c". Size smaller; wing 225 inches: axillaries 
and under wing-coverts entirely white... . funereus, p. 81. 
d". Larger; wing 2*9 inches: axillaries and 
under wing-coverts black atrirostris, p. 81. 

* LOXIA REGULUS. 
Loxia regulus, Shaw, Lev. Mies. ii. p. 47, pi. 
Goniaphea regulus, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 104, no. 7559 (1870). 


Gray considers that this species is an Oryzoborus. It has a crimson crest, 
and looks as if it were made up of Oryzoborus crassirostris with a red crest 
inserted. 

14 . OKYZOBORUS. 
77 

1. Oryzoborus torridus. 
Black Grosbeak, Edwards, Gleanings, iii. pi. 852 (1764). 
Loxia angolensis, Linn, Syst. Nat i. p. 303 (1766); Gm. Syst. Nat 

i. p. 853 (1788). 
Loxia torrida, Scop. Ann, i. p. 140 (1769); Gm. Syst. Nat. i. 
p. 854 (1788). 
Bouvreuil a becblane, Monti. Hist Nat. Ois. iv. p. 388 (1778). 
Angola Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Si/sf. ii. pt. 1, p. 145 (J783). 
White-billed Gro&baik, Lath. he. p. 140 (1783). 
Pico fpueso negro y canela, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 444 (1802). 
Prinoilla torrida, Licht. Verz. JDoubl. p. 26 (1823); Nemoied, Beitr. 
Naturg. Bras. iii. p. 507 (1830). 
Coceothraustes mfiveiitris, Bonn, et Vieill. JEnc. Meth. iii. p. 1014 

(1823). 
Loxia nasuta, Spiv, Av. Bras. ii. p. 45, tab. 58. figs. 1, 2 (1824). 
Coccoborus rnagnirostris, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. Il l (1837). 
Guiraca ma<rnirostm, Gray, Gen. B. ii.'p. 357 (1844). 
Pitvliis torridus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 362 (1844): Hartl. Lnd. Azara, 

p. 8 (1847). 
Spermopliila nasuta, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 385 (1844). 
Sporopliila torrida, Bp. Consp. i. p. 499 (1850). 
Orvzoborus torridus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 151 (1850) ; Burm. 
Th. Bras. iii. p. 238 (1856); ScL P. Z. S. 185S, p. 455; id. Cat 
Amer. B. p. 102 (1862); Sol $ Salv. P. Z. S. I860, p. 181, 1867, 
pp. 572, 750, 977, 1868, p. 167; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 583 ; 
Pelz. Om.Bras. p. 222 (1871); Sol. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, pp. 185, 
264; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 28 (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1879, 

p. 604; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 16; Salv. Cat Sirichl. Coll. p. 220 
(1882); id. Ibis, 1885, p. 214; Berl $• Ihering, in Madardsz, Z, 
yes. Orn. ii. p. 122 (1885). 
Coccoborus torridus, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Berol. p. 44 (1854) ; Tschudi 
$* Cab. Faun. Peruan., Aves, p. 223 (1855). 
Goniaphea torrida, Gray, Hand-L B, ii. p. 105, no. 7552 (1870). 

Adult male. General colour above glossy black; all wing-coverts 
black, the lesser coverts round the bend of the wing white ; quills 
black, with a white speculum formed by the extreme base of the 
outer web of the primaries; tail-feathers black; head all round 
black; throat and fore neck black; breast and abdomen deep chestnut, 
as also the sides of body and flanks; thighs black; under taiicoverts 
chestnut, the long ones black, externally more or less chestnut 
; under wing-coverts and axillaries white ; quills below blackish, 
the inner edge of the quills conspicuously white: " bill horn-black, 
with paler edges; feet blackish brown ; iris greyish brown " (Neuwied). 
Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2-35, tail 2*1, tarsus 
0-6. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above dark 
olive-brown, becoming more reddish brown on the lower rump and 
upper tail-coverts; wing-coverts dark brown, edged with reddish 
brown; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown, 
narrowly edged with dark olive-brown, a little more reddish on the 
secondaries; tail-feathers dark brown, edged with dull reddish brown; 
crown of head like the back; lores fulvescent; eyelid dull whitish; 

FKIXGILLIDiE. 

ear-coverts dark brown like the head; under surface of body pale 
reddish brown or light cinnamon, rather darker brown on the cheeks, 
fore neck, and chest; centre of abdomen and sides of body paler and 
more fulvescent; chin huffy whitish; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
white, with a tinge of olive-yellow; quills below dusky, ashy 
along their inner edge. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 
2-35, tail 2-15, tarsus 0-55. 

Bob. Brazil, Amazonia, Guiana, Yenezuela, and Ecuador. 

a. £ ad. sk. South America. Sclater Coll. 
b. g ad. sk. 
c. cJ ad. sk. 
Brazil. 
Ypanema, Brazil, July 1821 
Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d. e. <£ ad. sk. 
/ , g. 6 ; h, i 2 
ad. sk, 
k. $ ad. sk. 
(J. Natferer). 
Bahia. Brazil ( Wuchere?-). 
Permmbuco, Brazil (W. A. 
Forbes). 
Para, Oct. 1848 (A. R 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
I. (J ad. &k. 
m. cJad. sk. 
n. <$ ad. sk. 
Wallace). 
Para. 
Pebasj E. Peru, April 2,1867 
(/. Hauxioett). 
Koraima, British Guiana, 
E. Graham, Esq. [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
3500 feet, Dec. 21,1883 
o. 2 ad. sk. 
(II. Whitely). 
Koraima, Jan. 23, 1884 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
p. S imm. sk. 
q. (S ad. sk. 
(II. IF.). 
Bartica Grove, British Guiana, 
Nov. 27,1879 (H. W.). 
Bartica Grove, Dec. 21,1879 
Salvin-Godman Cull. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
r. (J ad. sk. 
(H. W.). 
Camacusa, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
s. [$ ] ad.sk. 
June 9, 1882 (JET. TV.). 
Pilar, Venezuela, March 1867 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
t. J ad. sk. 
u. S ad. sk. 
(A. Goering). 
Bogota. 
Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Buckley). 

2. Oryzoborus maximiliani. 
Ermgilla crassixostris, Nemoied, Beitr. Ffaturg. Bras. iii. p. 564 (1830, 
nee Gm.). 

Oryzoborus maximiliani, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 151, note (1850); 
"Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 238 (1856); Scl. Cat Amer. B. p. 102 
(1862); Feb. Orn. Bras. p. 222, note (1871); Set. <§* Safo. 
Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 28 (1873); Sah. Cat. Strickl Coll. p. 220 
(1882). 

Goniaphea maximiliani, Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 104, no. 7554 (1870). 

Adult male. Entirely glossy black above and below; wings also 
black, a little browner towards their ends; a large alar speculum 
formed by the white base to the outer webs of the primaries, 0*3 
inch in length; axillaries and under wing-coverts white, the edge 
of the wing black, and a small spot of blackish formed by the outer 
greater series below, and occurring at the base of the primaries; 

14 . OKYZ0B0RTJS, 
79 

quills blackish below, white along the inner web: "bill greyish 
brown, the lower mandible paler; feet dark brownish flesh-colour; 
iris greyish brown" (Nmwied). Total length 5-8 inches, bill from 
gape 0*6, culmen 0*7, wing 2-95, tail 2*55, tarsus 0-75. 

Hah. Southern Brazil. 

a. 2 ad. &k. [Brazil] Sclater Cull. 
b. cf ad. sk. liio. Sclater Coll. 
c. (S ad. sk. Rio. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
3. Oryzoborus crassirostris. 
Thick-billed Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 148 (1783). 
Loxia crassirostris, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 862 (1788, ex Lath.). 
Spermophila crassirostris, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 385 (1844). 
Coccoborus ater, Cab. in Schomb. Beis. Guian. iii. p. 678 (1848). 
Sporophila crassirostris, Bp. Consp. i. p. 499 (1850). 
Oryzoborus crassirostris, ScL Cat Amer. B. p. 102 (1862) j ScL fy 


Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 181, 1867, p. 750 j Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 223 
(1871) ; ScL $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 28 (1873) ; Salv. Cat. 
Strickl. Coll. p. 220 (1882); id. Ibis, 1885, p. 214; Salv. §* Godm. 
Biol. Cmtr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 348 (1885). 

Oryzoborus melas, ScL $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 979, 1869, p. 233, 

1873, p. 264 j iid. Nomend. Av. JVeotr. p. 264 (1873). 
Goniaphea crassirostris, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 104, no. 7553 (1870). 
Goniaphea melas, Gray, t. c. p. 104, no. 7558 (1870). 
Oryzoborus occidentalis (nee ScL), ScL fy Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 506. 

Adult male. Entirely glossy black, the quills somewhat browner 
at the tips, with a large alar speculum, 0'25 inch long, at the base 
of the primaries; under wing-coverts white; the edge of the wing 
black, and a spot of dusky black on the lower greater coverts at the 
base of the primaries; axillaries white, a few nearest the body black 
like the breast. Total length 5'5 inches, culmen 0*65, bill from gape 
0-6, wing 2-85, tail 2-25, tarsus 0*65. 

Adult female. Umber-brown with an olive shade; under surface 
of body deep ochreous, rather paler on the throat; the sides of the 
breast more ashy olive; under wing-coverts butTy white, with a 
strong tinge of yellow along the edge of the wing. Total length 
5*3 inches, culmen 0'6, wing 2*6, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*7. 


Sab. Amazonia, Guiana, Venezuela, and Colombia. 

a. 
<$ ad. sk. Georgetown, British Guiana Sclater Coll. 
{Brown). 
b. $ 
ad. sk. Bartica Grove, British Salvin-Godinan Cull. 
Guiana, April 28,1880 
(H. WUtely). 
c. 2 ad. sk. Bartica Grove, June 5,1880 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(II. Wliitely), 
d,e. S ? ad. sk. Trinidad. Sclater Coll. 
/. ($ ad. sli. S. Esteban, Venezuela (A Sclater Coll. 
Goenng). 
</, h. <S 2 acl. sk. Medellin, U. S. Colombia Salvin-Godman Coll. 

{T. K. Salmon), 
i. <$ ad. sk. Bogota. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
80 
FEIKGILLIDJE. 

h. 
S ad. sk. Lamalonga, Brazil, Dec. 7, Salvin-G-odman Coll. 
1830 (J. Natterer). 
I 
d ad. sk. Pebas, E. Peru, April 2, Sclater Coll. (Type 
1867 (J. Hauxioell). of 0. melas.) 

m. 
$ ad. sk. Pebas, Feb. 27, 1867 (J. Sclater Coll. 
JUau.vwelf). 
n. 
<3 ad. sk. Pebas, April 2, 1867 (J. Salvin-Godinan Coll. 
Hauxwell). 
o. 5 ad. sk. Nauta, Peruvian Amazons, E. Bartlett [C.]. 
April 11, 18(35. 
4. Oryzohoras occidentalis. 
Oryzoborus occidentalis, Sal. F. Z. S. I860, p. 276; id. Cat. Amer. B. 
p. 102 (1862),-Sd. <$'* Salv. F. Z. S. 1873, p. 28. 
Goniapkea occidentalis, Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 104, no. 7557 (1870). 
Adult male (type of species). Entirely glossy black above and 
below, with a tiny white speculum at the base of the primaries, 
almost concealed by the coverts; axillaries black; under wing-
coverts for the most part black, the lower series ashy white at the 
base, black at the ends. Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*65, 
wing 3, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*7. 

Female. Unknown. 

Hob. Colombia and Ecuador. 

a' [ d ] ad. sk. Bogota. 
Sclater ColL 

b. <$ ad. sk. 
Babahoyo, Aug. 1859 Sclater Coll. (Type 
{L. Fraser). of species.) 
5. Oryzoborus nutting! 
? Oryzoborus othello, Bp. Consp. i. p. 498 (1850). 
Oryzoborus nuttingi, Ridgw. Froo. 77. S. Nat. Mm. vi p. 401 (1884); 
Salv. fy Godm. Biol. Ce?itr.-Amer,, Aves, L p. 343 (1885). 

Adult male. Black; quills greyish white at the base of the inner 
web; under wing-coverts black; bill stout, whitish * feet leaden 
black. Total length 5*5 inches, wing 2*7, tail 2*7, tarsus 0*7. (S. 
S> G.) 

Adult female. Bark umber-brown above ; below cinnamon-
brown; under wing-coverts fulvescent; bill dusky blackish; feet 
dusky. (S. Sr &•) 

Messrs. Salvin and Godman, who have examined the typical 
specimens of O. nuttingi, write as follows (and I quite agree that 
the species will in all probability prove to be O. occidentalis):— 
" Except that the bill is decidedly large, the male only differs from 
that sex of O. occidentalis in the almost total absence of the white 
wing-speculum, a little white being still visible on raising the coverts. 
In O. occidentalis from "Western Ecuador, the speculum is quite 
small, and in an example from Colombia it is still smaller; hence 
we doubt if O. nuttingi will prove a definite species when a larger 
series of specimens are examined." 

Hob. Nicaragua. 

14 . ORYZOBOBTJSo 
6. Oryzoborus fuuereus. 
Oryzoborus funereus, Scl. P. Z. S.1859, p. 378; id. $ Salv. Ibu. 1860, 
p. 898 j Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 102 (1802); Solo. P. Z. S.1807, p. 141, 
1870, p. 189 ; 8cl. $ 8alv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 28 (1873); iid. 
P. Z.8. 1879, p. 506; Ridgw. Sf Nutting, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mm. vi. 
p. 400 (1883): 8ah. $ Godm. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 349 
(1886). 
Oryzoborus aethiops, Scl. P. Z. S.1860, pp. 88, 276; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. 

N. Y. vii. p. 333 (1861); Scl Cat. Amer. B. p. 102 (1862). 
Goniapliea funerea, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 104, no. 7556 (1870). 
Goniapkea sethiops, Gray, t. c. p. 104, no. 7555 (1870). 
Oryzoborus salving Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mm. vi. p. 400 (1883). 
Adult male (type of 0. funereus). Glossy black above and 
below, with a small alar speculum 0*1 inch long, formed by the 
white base to the outer web of the primaries; axillaries and under 
wing-coverts white, as well as the edge of the wing; quills blackish, 
white along the inner web. Total length 4*8 inches, culmen 0-5, 
bill from gape 0*45, wing 2-25, tail 2, tarsus 0*65. 

Adult female. Scarcely to be distinguished from the female of 0. 
torridus, except by its somewhat deeper rufous underneath. Total 
length 4*5 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2-15, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*7. 

Hab. Central America from Mexico to Panama, extending to 
Colombia and Ecuador. 

a. (S ad. sk.
b. $ ad. sk.
c. <$ ad. sk.
d. (S ad. sk.
e. Q ad. sk. 
Oaxaca, Mexico, April 1859 (A.
Boucard.) 
Honduras. 
Guatemala. 
Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala, 
Jan. 1860 (O. 8.). 
Choctum, Feb. 1862 (O. 8. # 
Sclater Coll. 
(Type of species.) 
Mr. C. Dyson [C.]. 
O. Salvin, Esq. [U."|. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
/ .
g.
h. 
S ad. sk. 
S ad. sk. 
A ad. sk,
F. B. (?.). 
Veragua, Panama {E. Arce). 
Santa F6, Veragua (JEJ. Arce). 
Minca, U. S. Colombia. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 
i S ad. sk. Medellin, U. S. Colombia (T. K. Sclater CoU. 
Salmon), 

h, I. <$ $ ad. sk. Medellin, U. S. Colombia (T. K. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salmon). 

m. 
c? ad. sk. Nanegal, Ecuador, Feb. 1859 (L. Sclater Coll. (Type 
Frasei'). of O. cethiops.) 
n. S ad. sk. Babahoyo, Ecuador, Sept. 1859 Sclater Coll. 
(L. Fraser). 
o. 2 ad. sk. Babahoyo, Ecuador, Aug. 1859 Sclater Coll. 
(X. Fraser). 
p. 
J ad. sk. Balzar Mountains, Ecuador Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Illingworth). 
7. Oryzoborus atrirostris. 
Oryzoborus atrirostris, Scl. $ 8ak. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 136. 

Uniform black, with a steel gloss; primaries white at base, forming 

VOL. XII. 
G 

82

 FRINGILLH)^. 

a small speculum nearly hidden by the coverts; hill short, black ; 
tail slightly rounded. Total length 6 inches, wing 2*9, tail 2*7, 
tarsus 0*75. (Scl. <5f Salv. 1. c.) 

Hob. Moyobamba, Peru. 

15. LOXIGILLA. 
Type. 
Loxigilla, Less. TraiU, p. 443 (1831) L. noctis. 
Pyrrhulagra, Bp. Consp. i. p. 492 (1850, ex Schiff. 


MSS.) L. portoricensis. 
Loxipasser, Bryant, Proc. JBost. Soc. N. H. x. p. 254 
(1866) L. anoxantha. 

Head of Loxigilla violacea. 

Range. Greater and Lesser Antilles, and (according to Mr. G. X. 
Lawrence) the mainland in the vicinity of the Essequibo River and 
Berbice. 

Key 
to the Species. 

a. 
Back black. 
a'. Crown of head black; throat rufous. 
a". Larger* wing over 3 inches: loral region 
black; over the eye a broad mark of 
rufous violacea, p. 82. 

b". 
Smaller; wing 2*4r-2*9 inches: loral 
region black, surmounted by a spot of \ noctis, p. 84. 
rufous I propinqua, p. 85. 

b'. Crown of head chestnut* forehead black ]^an&s^8^' 

b. 
Back yellowish olive * head black like the entire 
throat and breast anoxaniha, p. 85. 
1. Loxigilla violacea. 
The Purple Grosbeak, Cateshj, N. H Carol, i. p. 40, pi. 40 (1731) ; 

Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 117 (1783). 
Le Bouvreuil violet de Bahama, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 326 (1760). 
Loxia violacea, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 306 (1766). 
Bec-rond violet a gorge et sourcils rouges, Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. 

. p. 396 (1778). 
CA kA \AA Rufous throated Tanager, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 241 (1783). 
TljtJlAy^*^*- Janagra ruficollis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 894 (1788). 
Pyrrhula superciliosa, Vieill. N. Diet oVHist. Nat. iv. p. 300 (1816) : 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 386 (1844). 

15 . LOXIGILLA. 
Pyrrhula aurantiicollis, Vieill. Gal. Ois. i. p. 62, pi. 55 (1855). 
Pyrrhula violacea, Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 254 (1847). 
Pyrrhula rufobarbata, Hahn # Kilster, Vdg. am Asien etc. Lief. vii. 

Taf. 6 (1850). 
Pyrrhulagra violacea, Bp. Consp. i. p. 403 (1850). 
Loxigilla" violacea, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 231, 1861, p. 74; id. 

Cat. Amer. B. p. 102 (1862) j Ridgw. Proc. U. S. Nat Mas. i. 

p. 250 (1878); A. fy E. Newt. Handb. Jamaica, p. 104 (1880): 
JSalv. Cat. Strickl. Coll p. 219 (1882)• Tristr. Ibis, 1884, p. 168 j 
Cory, List B. W. Indies, p. 12 (1885) ; id. Auk, iii. p. 203 (1886). 
Goniapliea violacea, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 104, no. 7652 (1870). 
Sporopliila violacea, Giebel, Tlies. Orn. iii. p. 523 (1877). 
Loxigilla violacea, 8. bahaniensis, Ridgw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i. 

p. 250 (1878). 
Loxigilla bahamensis, Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 69 (1880)• id. List B. 
W. Indies, p. 12 (1885) • id. Auk, iii. p. 203 (1886). 
Adult male. General colour above and below black, the quills and 
tail-feathers a little browner on the inner webs; over the eye a lino 
of bright brick-red; throat, vent, and under tail-coverts also brick-
red or deep chestnut; axillaries white, tinged with sulphur-yellow; 
under wing-coverts white, except those round the edge of the wing, 
which are black; quills blackish, below, ashy along the inner web. 
Total length 6*4 inches, culmen 0*6, bill from gape 0*6, wing 3*2, 
tail 2*75, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Different from the male. Entirely ashy brown 
above, tinged with olive; wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers 
dusky brown, edged with the same colour as the back; sides of face 
and entire under surface of body olive-brown, ashy in the centre of 
the abdomen ; a line of pale rufous above the eye; centre of throat 
also washed with pale rufous; under tail-coverts also pale rufous; 
axillaries and under wing-coverts white tinged with olive-yellow. 
Total length 6'2 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*7, tail 2-4, tarsns 0*75. 

Young males at first resemble the adult female and gradually 
assume the black plumage. 

Mr. Eidgway has separated the Bahama bird as a distinct race, 
characterized by its more lustrous black plumage and by the more 
restricted throat-patch. In the Museum series I cannot detect the 
first of these characters, and the second is not well-marked enough 
to distinguish the two supposed races. Mr. Cory writes:—" The 
Jamaica bird differs from the Bahama form in being somewhat 
small; the red of the throat is lighter, and the under wing-coverts 
are grey, instead of dull white. It seems to represent a fairly good 
geographical race." 

Bab. Bahamas, Jamaica, Haiti, and San Domingo. 

a. <$ imm. sk. Panama (McLeannan). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b. c? ad. sk.
c. 3 ad. sk. 
S. Domingo. 
Jamaica. 
Sclater Coll. 
Purchased. 
d. Juv. sk. Jamaica. Sclater Coll. 
e. § ad. sk.
f. S ad.: a. Juv.
sk. 
St. Ann's, Jamaica, Aug. 26. 
Spanishtown, Jamaica (W. 
T. March) Sm. no. 38060). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
G 2 

FKDSTGILLIDJS. 

h. 
tf ad. sk. Moneague, Jamaica, Feb. 20, Bryant Coll. 
1865. 
i. $ ad. sk. Moneague, Feb. 1865 (Dr. Sclater Coll. 
II. Bryant), 
k. <$ ad.; I, m, 5 
Bahamas (Blale). Sclater Coll. 
imm. sk, 
n, S juv. sk. Bahamas. Bryant Coll. 


o. 
c? ad. sk. Bahamas (Dr. H. Bryant ; Salvin-Godman Ooli. 
Sm. no. 11944). 
2. Loxigilla noctis. 
The Black Sparrow, Sloane, J\Tat, Hist. Jamaica, ii. p. oil (1725). 
Le Pere noir, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 118, pi. Tii. fig. 1 (1760). 
Fringilla noctis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 820 (1766). 
? Le Pere noir de la Martinique, Dauhent. PL Eul. iv. pi. 201. %. 1. 
Biifous-ehinned Finch, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 267 (1788). 
Fringilla rufobarbata, Jacq. Beitr. p. 11 (1784). 
Fringilla martinicensis, Gm. Sysi. Nat. i. p. 900 (17b8). 
Loxia haitii, Bicord, Bev. ZooL 1888, p. 167. 
Spermophila haitii, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 386 (1844). 
Spermophila noctis, Gray, Gm. B. ii. p. 886 (1844); Gosse, B. 


Jamaica, p. 247, pi. 62 (1847). 
Pyrrhula robinsonii, Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 259 (1847). 
Pyrrhulagra noctis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 498 (1850). 
Loxigilla noctis, Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 102 (1602); JE. C. Taylor, 

Ibis, 1864, p. 167 j Scl. P. Z. S. 1871, pp. 267, 270; Semper, 

P. Z. S. 1872, p. 648; ScL P. Z. S. 1874, p. 175; Lawr. Proc. XI. S. 
Nat Mm. i. pp. 57,191, 288, 289, 269, 355, 457, 487 (1878-79) • 
Scl P. Z. S. 1879, p. 764; Lister, Ibis, 1880, p. 40; Cory, B. 
Bahamas, p. 87 (1880); Grisdale, Ibis, 1882, pp. 486, 487 ; Com, 
List B. West Indies, p. 12 (1885); id. Auk, iii. p. 204 (1886). 
Goniaphea noctis, Gray, Sand-l. B. ii. p. 104, no. 7561 (1870). 
Sporophila noctis, Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 520 (1877). 
Loxigilla noctis sclateri, Allen, Bxdl. Nutt. Orn. Club, v. p. 166 

(1880); Cory, List B. West Indies, p. 12 (1885) • id. Auk, iii. 

p. 204 (1886). 
Adult male, Entirely black both above and below, including 
the wings and tail; a small supraloral spot of dull brick-red; throat 
bright brick-red; under tail-coverts black; axillaries black; under 
wing-coverts white except those near the edge of the wing, which 
are black: quills blackish below, ashy along the edge of the inner 
web : tc bill and legs black " (Cory). Total length 5 inches, culmen 
0*5, wing 2-9, tail 2, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Different from the male. Above olivaceous brown, 
rather more reddish on the upper tail-coverts, and slightly tinged 
with reddish on the forehead; lesser wing-coverts like the back; 
median and greater wing-coverts dusky brown, edged with pale 
rufous ; quills dusky brown, the primaries margined with olive, the 
inner secondaries with pale rufous like the greater coverts; tail-
feathers dusky brown, edged with pale reddish brown; lores reddish 
buff; ear-coverts olive-brown; chin ashy whitish; cheeks, sides of 
neck, throat, and breast ashy grey, a little browner on the sides of 

15 . LOXIGIIXA. 
the body and flanks ; thighs dull ashy ; abdomen pale ashy ; under 

tail-coverts light ochreous rufous ; axillaries light olive; under wing-

coverts white slightly tinged with buff; edge of the wing pale rufous; 

quills dusky below, ashy along the inner web. Total length 4*2 

inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2-3, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*75. 

The female from Martinique is much darker everywhere than the 
female from S. Lucia, while those from Barbadoes are extremely 
pale. 

Mr. Allen has separated the form from Santa Lucia as Loxigilla 
sclateri, on account of the smallness of the rufous supraloral mark, 
which is almost entirely absent in some examples, and on account 
of the under tail-coverts being black. One specimen, collected by 
Mr. Semper in the above-mentioned island, shows these characters ; 
but another bird has the supraloral mark well pronounced, and has 
also some rufous on the under tail-feathers, so that I do not think 
there is any finality to the characters selected by Mr. Allen. This, 
too, seems to be Mr. Cory's opinion. 

Hah. Lesser Antilles. 

a. S ad. sk. Antilles. Sclater Coll. 
h7 c. 2 ad. &k. Barbadoes. Sir R. Schomburgk 
PP.]


d. g ad. sk. Barbadoes (Sir G. Briggs). Sclater Coll. 
e. d ad. sk. Guadeloupe, Sept. (F. A. Ober). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
/, g- d 2 acl. sk. Dominica (F A. Ober). Sclater Coll. 
h. 2 ad. sk. Martinique (F. A. Ober). Sclater Coll. 
L $ ad. sk. Martinique (F. A. Ober). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
k, I <$ 2 ad. sk. Santa Lucia (G. Sem2^er). Sclater Coll. 
m, n. c? $ ad sk. Santa Lucia (G. Semper). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
o. $ ad. sk. Montserrat (Sturge). Salvin-Qodman Coll. 
p, q. $ ad. sk. Antilles. Purchased. 
3. Loxigilla propinqua. 
Loxigilla noctis, var. propinqua, Later. Proc. TI, 8. Nat. Mus. i, p. 58 
(1878). 

" Similar to L< noctis, but very much smaller. Length 4 | inches 
(instead of 5±), wing 2§ (3), tail 2 (2|), tarsus f (f). The bill of 
the Guiana bird is much smaller, the under mandible of a brownish 
horn-colour, being black in the West-Indian bird • the under tail-
coverts are of a paler rufous ; the rufous of the throat is more restricted, 
and the superciliary line extending beyond the eye." 
(Zmvrence.) 

Hah Essequibo River and Berbice, Guiana. 

4 Loxigilla anoxantha. 

Spermophila anoxantha, Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 247, pi. 62 (1847). 

Loxigilla anoxantha, Sol P. Z. S. 1861, p. 74; zd Cat Amer.B. 

p. 102 (1862) j March, Pr. PMlad. Acad. 1863, p. 207 ',A.JfF. ISewton, 
Haridb. Jamaica, 1881, p. 104; Salvin,Cat StrieMColl p. 219 
(1882) ; Cory, List B. W. Indies, p. 12 (1885); id. AuJc, m. p. 203 
(1886). 
86 
FRIFGILLIILE. 

Losipasser anoxantha, Bryant, Proo. Bost. Soc. aV. R. x. p. 254 

(1800). 

Goniaphea anoxantka, Gray, Hancl4. B. ii. p. 104, no. 7563 (1870). 

Sporophila anoxantka, Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 518 (1877). 

Adult male. General colour above yellowish green, glossed with 

golden yellow on the mantle, upper back, and upper tail-coverts ; 
lesser wing-coverts bright golden yellow, forming a large shoulder-
patch ; median and greater coverts dusky, washed externally with 
yellowish green; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky, 
edged with yellowish green, the secondaries more broadly ; tail-
feathers dusky, externally washed with yellowish green ; crown of 
head and nape sooty black, forming a hood; lores, feathers round 
the eye, ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, and breast sooty black, deseend. 
ing on to the abdomen, which is ashy grey, tinged with olive ; sides 
of body and flanks ashy, washed with yellowish green; thighs dull 
yellowish green; under tail-coverts chestnut; under wing-coverts 
yellow ; axillaries yellowish-green like the sides of the body ; quills 
below dusky, whitish along their inner edge: abiH black; feet 
blackish flesh-colour; iris hazel" (P. H. Gosse). Total length 

4*6 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2-5, tail 1*8, tarsus 0-6. 

Adult female. Wants the black head of the male, and otherwise 

differs. General colour above yellowish green, with a golden gloss 

on the mantle ; wings and tail as in the male; crown of head green 

like the back, slightly more dusky; sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, 

throat, and under surface of body dull ashy grey, slightly washed 

with olive, the abdomen paler; sides of body and flanks like the 

breast; under tail-coverts pale rufous, the longer ones fulvescent; 

under wing-coverts and axillaries yellow, whitish at the base ; quills 

below dusky, ashy whitish along the inner edge. Total length 4 

inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2*3, tail 1*65, tarsus 0*6. 

The extent of the black on the abdomen varies with individuals, 

as it sometimes extends down to the vent, while in other specimens 

the abdomen is ashy olive, with a blackish shade down the centre of 

the body. In the latter specimens the black of the head is some


what washed with olive, and the back is uniform yellowish green, 

without any golden gloss, and thus more resembling the female. 

Such specimens are probably young males in their first full plumage, 

which doubtless grows blacker with age. 

Hah. Jamaica. 

a, I. <$ J ad. sk. Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.]. 
(Types of species.) 

e. S ad. sk. Jamaica. 
P. H. Gosse, Esq. [O.]. 
d. S ad. &k. Jamaica (Gosse). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e. $ ad.sk. Jamaica (XT. Osburn). Salvin-Godrnan Coll 
/. 
<$ ad. sk St. Anne's, Jamaica, March Salvin-Godman Coll. 
l&m (W.March). 

g. <$ ad. sk. Jamaica. 
Sclater Coll. 
h. 
J ad. sk; Jamaica ( W. Mareli). Sclater Coll. 
i> 5 juv." sk. 
16. NEOEHTtfCHUS.
5. Loxigilla portoricensis. 
Loxia portoricensis, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 411 (1809). 
Pyrrhula aurantiicolis, Vieill. N. Diet, d'ffist. Nat. iv. p. 300 (1816). 
Pitylus portoricensis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 362 (1848). 
Pyrrhulagra portoricensis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 493 (1850). 
Loxia (Pyrrhulagra) portoricensis, Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat 


Hist. x. p. 254 (1866). 
Sporophila portoricensis, Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 522 (1877). 
Loxigilla portoricensis, Cory, B. W. Indies, p. 12 (1885): id. Auk, 

iii. p. 205 (1886). 
Adult male. " A narrow line of black on the forehead; top of the 
head chestnut rufous, separated at the nape by the black of the back, 
the black colour dividing it like a ridge; throat and tinder tail-
coverts chestnut rufous, rest of plumage black; under wing-coverts 
dull white; bill and feet black." {Cory.) 

" Female. Similar to the male, possibly somewhat duller in coloration." 
{Cory.) 
"Length of skin 75 inches, wing 3*5, tail 3*0, tarsus 0-95."" 

{Cory.) 
Rah. Porto Rico. 

6. Loxigilla grandis. 
Loxigilla 
portoricensis, var. grandis, Later. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 
vol. iv. p. 204 (1881). 
Loxigilla portoricensis grandis, Cory, List B. W. Indies, p. 12 (1885) j 
id. Auk, iii. p. 206 (1886). 

Male. Larger than Loxigilla portorieen&is, and having the rufous-
chestnut colouring darker. Length 8 inches, wing 4*25, tail 3*25, 
tarsus 1. 

Hob. Island of St. Christopher. 

16. NEOKHYNCHUS*. 
Type. 
Callirhynchus, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 822 (1856, nee Less.) .... 
Neorhynchus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 147 (nom. emend.).. N. nasesus. 

This genus is closely allied to Spermophila, and is in fact little 
more than a thick-billed form of that large genus. 

Head of Neorhyiichus nasesus, $. 

Range. Peru and Ecuador. 

* Two other species which I have not succeeded in identifying are given by 
Bonaparte, and by Gray in the ' Hand-list,' as follows:— 
N. rufescens (V.); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 107, no. 7622 (1870). 
N. peruvianus {Less.); Gray, t.c. p. 107, no. 7623 (1870). 
ERINGILIIDJE. 

1. Neorhynclras nasesus. 
Callirhynchus masesus, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 822 (1856). 

Neorhynchus nasesus, Scl P. Z. S. 1869, p. 147, pi. 12; Tacz. P. Z. & 

1874, p. 520; 1877, p. 320; Salv. Cat. Sirickl. Coll. p. 223 (1882) • 

Berlepsch 8f Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883, pp. 537, 550.^ 

Gyrkinorhynckus 
niasesiis, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 107, no. 7625 
(1870). 
Sporophila masesus; Giehel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 521 (1877). 

Adult male. General colour above ashy brown ; lesser wing-

coverts like the back; median and greater coverts blackish brown, 

edged with whity brown and tipped with white, forming a double 

wing-bar, broader on the median coverts ; bastard-wing, primary-

coverts, and quills blackish brown, edged with ashy brown, hoary 

towards the end of the primaries ; upper tail-coverts dark ashy ; 

tail-feathers blackish brown, edged with ashy brown; crown of head 

and hind neck dark ashy grey, contrasting slightly with the back ; 

lores, feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts also dark ashy grey, 

with an indistinct spot of white below the eye; cheeks ashy grey, 

the hinder part white, forming a broad streak, which extends on to 

the sides of the neck ; fore neck and chest ashy brown, black on the 

sides; breast and abdomen white, the sides of the body and flanks 

ashy brown ; thighs and under tail-coverts white ; under wing-

coverts and axillaries white, the latter tinged with yellow; quills 

below dusky, ashy whitish along the inner edge : " bill horn-colour; 

feet clear horn-colour; iris dark brown" (Jelsld). Total length 

4*3 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*5, tail 1*75, tarsus 0*65. 

The male in fresh plumage (December and January) is distinguished 
by the complete absence of the dark spots on the top of 
the head * by the grey rather than the ashy shade of the upper 
part of the body taking a slightly brownish tint on the back and 
rump; by the bands on the wings being less pronounced and 
isabelline colour, instead of being white ; the black of the throat 
less intense and of a sooty colour; the white of the underparts 
more or less washed with isabelline," upper mandible slightly 
brownish. (TaczanowsTci.) 

Adult female. General colour above uniform brown; lesser wing-
coverts like the back; median and greater coverts dark brown, edged 
with whity brown; bastard-wing, primary-eoverts, and quills dark 
brown, narrowly edged with whity brown, the inner secondaries 
with warmer brown like the back; upper tail-coverts like the back; 
tail-feathers dark brown, edged with whity brown; crown of head 
brown like the back ; lores and an indistinct eyebrow of pale brown; 
ear-coverts and cheeks pale brown; throat very pale fulvous brown, 
like the fore neck; breast and abdomen dull white ; sides of body 
and flanks pale fulvous brown ; thighs and under tail-coverts white, 
slightly tinged with fulvous ; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
white; quills below dusky brown, ashy whitish along the inner 
edge. Total length 4*4 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*2, tail 1*5, 
tarsus 0*65. 

PIEZORHINA. 

Young birds in fresh plumage have the grey of the upper parts of 
the body inclining to olive-buff; underneath much more isabelline 
than in the female, without any trace of black on the throat; lesser 
and greater wing-coverts broadly edged with isabelline, as well as the 
innermost secondaries; alar speculum less distinct; margins of the 
primaries and secondaries very narrow, clearer than in the adult bird 
and surrounding the tips of the feathers. (Taczanowshi.) 

Hab. Peru. 

a,b. S 2 ad. sk. Lima, Peru ( W. Nation). Sclater Collection. 

2. Keorhynclms devronis. 
Callirhynckus devronis, J. Verr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1852, p. 315. 
Oallirkynchus drovoni, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 822 (1856). 
Gyrhinorhynchus drovoni, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 107, no. 7624 

(1870). 
Sporophila devronii, Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 503 (1877). 
Neorhynchus nasesus, Berl. § Tacz. P. Z. 8, 1883, p. 550 (nee Bp.). 

Adult female. Similar to the female of N. nasesus, but darker 
brown, and with the bill not much more than half the size. Total 
length 3*7 inches, culmen 045, wing 2-15, tail 1*5, tarsus 0*55. 

Hob. Ecuador. 
a,b. [ J ] ad. sk. Guayaquil. Capt. Kellett and Lieut. 
Wood [P.]. 

PIEZ0KHINA. Type 

Piezorhina, Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1843, text to pi. 20 P. cinerea. 

Head of Piezorhina cinerea, to show exposed nostril. 

I am extremely doubtful as to the present genus being a Pinch 
at all, and might suggest that it ought to be placed with the 

Tanagridce. 
Range. Peru. 

1. Piezorhina cinerea. 
Piezorhina cinerea, Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1843, pi. 20; Scl. fy Salv. 

P. Z. S. 1878, p. 137; Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 23 (1886). 
Guiraca cendre, PrSv. et Des Murs, Voy. Venus, v. p. 209 (1855). 
FBESTCILLID-aS. 

Caniarhynchus cinereus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 359 (1844)- Bp. Consp. 

i. p. 542 (1850); Salvin, Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 491 (1876) : Tacz. 
P. Z. S. 1877, p. 321. 
Gyrinorhynchus 
cinereus, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 107, no. 7627 
(1870). 

Adult male. General colour above ashy grey; lesser and median 
coverts like the back; greater coverts dusky, externally ashy grey, 
a little lighter than the back ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and 
quills blackish brown, externally edged with ashy grey, the primaries 
margined with paler ashy, the inner secondaries lighter ashy 
on the outer webs, resembling the greater coverts; rump and upper 
tail-coverts a little paler than the back ; tail-feathers dusky brown, 
edged with ashy, the outer feathers fringed with white round 
the end of the inner web ; crown of head like the back; lores and 
base of forehead blackish; eyelid whitish; ear-coverts ashy grey, 
with whitish shaft-lines; cheeks ashy grey, blackish at the base 
and below the eye; throat white; fore neck, breast, and sides of 
body pale ashy grey; abdomen and under tail-coverts white; thighs 
also white; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale ashy grey, with 
hoary margins; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge : 
"bill citron-yellow; legs dirty yellow, with claws of the same 
colour; iris clear brown " (Jelslci). Total length 6*4 inches, culmen 
0*65, wing 3*45, tail 2-6, tarsus 0*95. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, and only distinguished by 
the clear grey colour of the upper parts of the body and on all the 
margins of the quills and tail-feathers ; the under surface is whitish, 
slightly inclined to isabelline washed with grey on the breast and 
flanks ; lores blackish, slate-colour only on the anterior portion. 
Bill dirty yellow, as well as the feet. (Taczanowski.) 

Hob. Peru. 

a. Ad. sk. Payta, Peru, Jan. 1880 (Capt. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
A. H. Markham). 
b. Ad. sk. Tumbez, Peru {Jelski). Sclater Coll. 
17. SPERMOPHILA. 
Type. 

Spermophila, Sicains. Zool. Jour. iii. p. 348 (1827). S. hypoleuca. 

Sporophila, Cab. in Wiegm. Arch.f. Naturg. 1844, 

P- 291 
S. luctuosa. 

Catamenia, Bp. Consp. i. p. 693 (1850) S. analis. 

? Gyririorhynchus, Reiclienb. Syst. Av. Taf. Ixxix. 

^. 7 (1850) 
Typo liaud indicate 

Head of Spermophila lineata. 

17 . SPEKM.OPHILA. 
Range. From Texas, throughout Central America and all over 
South America, except the extreme southern portions of Chili and 
Patagonia. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
With no black on the crown; forehead only-
black ; ear-coverts black albigularis, p. 93. 
b. With no black whatever on the crown. 
a'. No chestnut on the abdomen. 
a". No chestnut on the throat. 
a'". With a white alar speculum at the base 
of the primaries. 
a4. No white bands on the tips of the 
wing-coverts; general colour ashy. 
a5. Throat white, as well as the 
cheeks; no grey on the throat .. hxjpoleuca, p. 94. 
b5. Throat dark slaty grey; no white 
on the cheeks or chin; eyelid 
dusky grisea, p. 96, 

c5. Chin and entire throat light ashy 
grey; a white spot at the base of 
the cheeks ; eyelid white plumbeq, 'p. 97. 

d5. Throat light ashy grey; chin and 
base of cheeks white; eyelid 
white wMteleyana, p, 98. 

e5. Similar to the foregoing, but with 
the entire throat white as well as 
the fore part of the cheeks colombiana, p. 99. 

£>4. A white tip to the wing-coverts, 
producing a double wing-bar; 
general colour brown or olive-
brown. 


f3 

. Head greyer than back, with a 
white supraloral spot in adult 
bird; a narrow eyebrow and 
cheeks white; sides of face dark 
ashy superciliaris, p. 99. 

g5. Smaller: head like the back; ear-
coverts like the crown; no white 
on the eyebrow or cheeks simplex, p. 100. 

b"'. No alar speculum; general colour 
brown, especially on the wings and 
tail. 


c4. Larger: wing 2*1-2*25 inches; wing-
coverts* edged with olive-brown .. obseura, p. 101. 
dK Smaller: wing 2 inches; wing-
coverts edged with reddish brown., pauper, p. 102. 
6". Chin and upper throat chestnut telasco, p. 102. 
b'. Abdomen grey or whitish; under tail-
coverts chestnut. 
c". No white spot on the tail. 
c'n. Larger: back streaked; colour light 
grey inornata, p. 104. 

dm 

. Smaller: back uniform; colour blackish 
grey • • • homoch'oa, p. 105. 

FRIffGTLLID.2E. 

d". A large white mark on the outer tail-
feathers. 
e"'. A white speculum formed by the white 
bases of both webs of the primaries .. anatis, p. 106. 
f". Primaries merely edged with white at 
the base of the outer web only analoides, p. 107. 
c'. Abdomen chestnut or cinnamon-rufous. 
e". Flanks slaty grey, contrasting with the 
chestnut throat and breast castaneiventris, p, 108. 
/ " Flanks deep cinnamon-rufous, like the 
breast. 
g"r. Brown above,- ear-coverts brown like 
the head minuta, p, 109. 
h'". Ashy grey above; ear-coverts rufous 
like the breast hi/pozantha, p. 111. 
i'". Ashy grey above; sides of face and 
throat white pahistris, p. 112. 

c. Crown black. 
d'. Underneath chestnut; no black collar on the 
fore neck; size small. 
g"r. Back chestnut, like the underparts and 
rump , nigroaiirantia, p. 118. 
h". Back black; rump chestnut, like the 
underparts nigrorufa, p. 114. 
e\ 
Underneath whitish, like the sides of the 
face; back brown; cap black; bill black., pileata, p. 115. 


f. 
Underneath with some black on the throat 
or fore neck. 
i". With the rump rufous or ochraceous buff; 
under surface of body the same, or huffy 
white; a black collar across the fore 
neck. 


&"'. With a white loral spot, 

e*. Lower back ashy grey, like the upper 
back; mantle blacMsh; rump with 
a whitish band ; under surface of 


body whitish 
polionota, p. 118. 

/4, Lower back ashy grey, with a creamy 
buff band across the rump; under 
surface of body creamy bull mmiUaia, p. 116. 

g*. Lower back chestnut as well as the 
rump, forming a broad band melanocepkala, p. 118. 

/"'. With no white loral spot. 
A4. No white collar round the hind neck, torqueola, p. 119. 
ft. A white collar round the hind neck . albitorquis, p. 120. 

fr". With no rufous on the rump or under 
surface of body. 
mw. Throat white. 


k*. Wing-coverts entirely black; a white 
patch on the sides of the neck 
separated from the throat by a black 
collar joining the ear-coverte; below 
the eye a white spot ophthalmica, p. 120, 

P. 
Wing-coverts tipped with white; the 
white patch on the sides of the neck 
joined to the white throat. 
17 . 
SPERMOPHILA. 
hs. Lower eyelid "black; lower back 

and rump grey, contrasting with 

the black mantle lineata, p. 121. 

i5. Lower eyelid white; entire back 

black. 

a6. No white band across the rump, parva, p. 124. 

56. A white band across the rump.. morekti, p. 123. 
n'". Throat black, or with the chin white 
with the centre of the throat black. 
?ni. Back dull ashy, not glossy black. 


k5 

. Cheeks white, with a white band 
across the throat, followed by a 
black collar across the fore neck; 
no yellow on the lower parts ... . ecerulescens, p. 126. 

I5 

. Cheeks black, as also the entire 

throat and fore neck; the breast 

and abdomen yellowish guttwalis, p. 128. 

w4. Back black. 

m5. Abdomen white. 

c6. The black confined to the chin 

and upper throat; cheeks white; 

no black collar across the fore 

neck; lower throat white. 

a1. Lower throat and fore neck 

mottled with black ooellata, p. 130. 

b~. 
Lower throat entirely white. 

a8. Centre of crown with a 

white streak lineola, p. 131. 

58. Crown with a few tiny 
white spots trinitatis, p. 132. 
c8. Crown entirely black, with 
no white spots at all amazonica, p. 132. 
de. The black extending over the 
throat and fore neck, 
c7. A white patch on the sides of 
the neck. 
d8. The white patch on the 
sides of the neck separated 
& 
by the black of the throat, aurita ad., p. 134. 

e 
. The white patch on the sides 
of the neck united by a 
white band across the 
lower throat aurita yar. vel imm., 
cT. No white on the sides of the [p. 134. 
neck, which are entirely 
black, like the throat and 
fore neck luctuosa, p. 135. 

ns. Entire under surface black corvina, p. 137. 
'. Entire under surface of body pure white .. bicolor, p. 138. 

1. SpermopMla albigularis. 
Loxia albigularis, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 46, pi. 60.figs. 1, 2 (1824). 
Spermophila albigularis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 386 (1844); Bp.Consjh 

 p. 477 (1850); Felz. Orn. Bras. p. 437 (1871); SeL $ Salv* 
Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 28 (1873). 
PBIXGILLID-BS. 

Sporophila albigularis, Cab. Mm. Eein. Th. i. p. 149 (1850) * Burm. 
Th. Bras. ii. p. 243 (1855). 
Gyrinorhynchus albigularis, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 106, no. 7588 
(1870). 

Adult male. General colour above dull slaty grey, the mantle 
slightly mottled with dusky subterminal markings on the feathers; 
lesser wing-coverts like the back; median coverts and greater 
coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, with 
ashy margins, a little more distinct on the inner secondaries; the 
middle primaries white at the base of the outer web, forming a 
small speculum; upper tail-coverts blackish, broadly edged with 
ashy; tail-feathers black, with narrow ashy margins; crown of 
head slaty grey like the back, the hinder crown and occiput 
mottled with black bases to the feathers; fore part of the crown 
entirely black ; lores black, with a narrow white line above : feathers 
round eye and ear-coverts blaek, the latter washed posteriorly 
with slaty grey ; cheeks, throat, and sides of neck white, followed 
by a broad band of black across the fore neck*; sides of the latter, 
as well as the sides of the chest and breast, sides of body and 
flanks light slaty grey; the centre of the breast and abdomen, as 
well as the under tail-coverts, white; thighs white, blaek posteriorly 
; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the lower coverts 
forming a dusky patch near the edge of the wing; quills below 
blackish, white at the base of the inner \\ eb, which is edged with 
ashy. Total length 4*3 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2-2, tail 1*8, 
tarsus 0*6. 

In seasonal plumage the grey colour is very much lighter on the 
upper parts, also pervading the head, so as to leave only the forehead 
black; the wing-coverts and quills, especially the inner 
secondaries, are broadly margined with ashy ; the tiny white mark 
on the lores is more distinct; the black collar has the feathers 

edged with ashy. 
Hab. Brazil. 
a. $ ad. sk.
b. $ ad. sk.
c. <$ ad. sk. 
Bahia (WucJierer). 
Bahia ( Wucherer). 
Bahia (coll. BerlepscJi). 
Salvin-GodmanColl. 
Sclater Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 

2. SpermopMLa hypoleuea. 
Pico triqueno, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 447 (1802). 
Fringilla hypoleuea, Licht. Verz. Doubl p. 26 (1823). 
Pyrrhula cinereola, Temm. PL CoL iii. pi. xi. fig. 1 (1824). 
Fringilla rufirostris, Keuwied, Beitr. Katurg. Bras. iii. p. 581 (1830). 
Spermophila hypoleuea, Hartl. Bid. Azara, p. 8 (1847); Gray, Gen. 


B. ii. p. 386 (1844) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 497 (1850); Scl Cat.Amer. 
B. p. 103 (1862) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 223, 437 (1871) ; ticl Ibis, 
1871, p. 17; id. fy Salt. Komencl Av. Neofr. p. 28 (1873) : IF. A. 
Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 336. 
Sporophila hypoleuea, Cab. Mus. Eein. Th. i. p. 148 (1850); Licht 

17 . SPERMOPHILA.. 
95 

Nbmencl Av. Berol p. 45 (1854) : Burm. Tk Bras. iii. p. 241 

(1856). * 
Gyrinorhynchus hypoleucus. Gray, lland-L B. ii. p. 105, no. 7579 

(1870). * 

Adult male. General colour above slaty grey; lesser wing-
coverts like the back; median and greater coverts dusky blackish, 
edged with slaty grey; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
blackish, fringed with ashy grey, hoary whitish on the primaries, 
the inner ones of which have white bases to the outer webs, forming 
a large alar speculum; upper tail-coverts a little more ashy than 
the back; tail-feathers blackish, edged with ashy grey, and tipped 
with ashy; crown of head like the back, slightly mottled with 
obscure dusky centres to the feathers; sides of face, lores, feathers 
round the eye, and ear-coverts slaty grey; cheeks, throat, and 
under surface of body white; sides of neck slaty grey; lower throat 
and fore neck washed with ashy grey; sides of body and flanks also 
ashy grey ; thighs white, grey posteriorly; under tail-coverts white; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries white, with a dusky spot near the 
edge of the wing; quills below dusky, edged with ashy along the 
inner web, which is white at the base: "bill reddish grey-brown" 
(Heuwied), ei fleshy red?J ( W. A. Forbes); " legs greyish brown; iris 
greyish brown" (Neuwied), "iris brown" ("FT. A. Forbes). Total 
length 4*65 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2-3, tail 2, tarsus 0*7. 

I believe that two species are confounded under the heading 
of S. Jiypohuca, for some male birds are entirely white below 
without any grey on the fore neck. The only argument against 
the existence of two species is that both forms occur in the same 
locality, Mr. W. A. Forbes having met with them near Pernambuco. 
I would mention, however, that two forms of females, one 
reddish brown and the other more olive-brown, also occurred in 
his collection. In one of his white-breasted males the secondaries 
are also white at the base of the outer web, forming a second alar 
speculum, which is, however, concealed by the greater coverts. 

Bob. Brazil. 

«. $ ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll. 

Sclater Coll. 
<?, d. 6 ad.; e, f, ff. Bahia ( Wucherer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
$ ad. sk. 

b. <$ ad. sk. Rio. 
h. $ ad. sk. Bahia (Wucherer). Sclater Coll. 
i. ^ ad. sk. Bahia (coll. Berlepsch). Sclater Coll. 
Jc, I $ ad. sk.; Pemambuco (W. A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

m. $ ad. sk. Forbes). 
Sclater CoU. 

n, o. $ ? ad. sk. Pernambuco (W, A. 
Forbes). 

K. Graham, Esq. [C.]. 
p. S ad. sk. Para. 
PBINGHLLID2E. 

3. SpermopMla grisea. 
Gros-bec de Virginie, Dauhent. PL Mil. iv. pi. 393. fig. 1 *. 
Le Grisalbin, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 467 (1775). 
Grey Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 134 (1783). 
Loxia grisea, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 857 (1788). 
Spermophila grisea, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 386 (1844); Scl. Ibis, 1871, 


p. 18; id. $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 28 (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 
1879, p. 507 • Salv. & Godman, Biol. Centr.-A?ner.} Aues, i. p. 3-56 
(1884); Sakin, Ibis, 1885, p. 215. 
SporopMla cinereola, Pp. Consp. i. p. 499 (1850). 
Sporopliila intermedia, Cab. Mus. Kein. Th. i. p. 149 (1850). 
Spermophila cinerea, Laivr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii. p. 474 (18U1). 
SpermopMla plumbea, Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 103 (1862, nee 


Neuwied). 
Spermopbila intermedia, Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 103 (lb&2). 
SpermopMla scbistacea, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. yiii. p. 10 (1&06). 
Gyrinorhynchus griseus, Gray, Hand~l. B. ii. p. 106, no. 7609 (1870). 

Adult male. General colour above dark slaty grey, a little tinged 

with brown on tbe upper tail-coverts; lesser wing-coverts like the 

back* median and greater coverts blackish, externally edged with 

slaty grey, the latter slightly washed with brown; bastard-wing, 

primary-coverts, and quills black, edged with ashy grey, the secon


daries more broadly, the inner primaries white at the base of the 

outer web, forming an alar speculum, almost concealed by the primary-

coverts ; tail-feathers blackish, edged with ashy grey, the centre 

feathers washed with ashy; crown of head dark slaty grey• lores 

blackish• sides of face and ear-coverts, cheeks, entire throat, and 

sides of neck dark slaty grey, blackish on the base of the cheeks; 

fore neck, breast, and abdomen wMte; sides of body and flanks dark 

slaty grey • tMghs dark slaty grey* under tail-coverts white; under 

wing-coverts and axiUaries white, with a black patch near the edge 

of the wing• quiHs below dusky, edged with, ashy along the inner 

web, wMch is wMte towards the base. Total length 4*4 inches, 

culmen 0*4, wing 2-5, tail 1*55, tarsus 0*5. 

In some of the males the grey colour of the throat extends over 

the breast. 

Panama skins have the lower edge of the eyelid white, and an 

ill-defined white patch on the sides of the neck ; the alar speculum 

is very large, and the inner greater coverts are tipped with white. 

The female is dark ashy washed with olive, grey below, with an 

olive-yellow tinge* centre of breast and abdomen wMte, tinged 

with yellow. 

Were these characters constant, it would be necessary to keep 

the Panama birds distinct, but they certainly are not, one specimen 

being identical with Colombian and Guianan specimens, and another 

* This is the figure on which Gmelin founded his Loxia grisea. This specific 
name has been adopted by so many writers, and the species is so well 
understood under its modern name of Bpermophila grisea, that I do not intend 
to alter it; but the figure, ii" ever intended for the species, is as inaccurate as ib 
fche locality. 
17 . SPEBMOPHILA.. 
97 

intermediate between them and the adult male from Panama 
described above. 

Adult female. General colour above light olive-brown; leaser 
wing-coverts like the back; median and greater coverts, bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with olive-
brown, the primaries with ashy; upper tail-coverts like the back; 
tail-feathers brown, edged with olive-brown; crown of head a little 
more dusky than the back; lores, feathers round eye and above the 
latter yellowish olive; ear-coverts, cheeks, and under surfaces of 
body also pale yellowish olive, the centre of the breast and abdomen 
olive-white ; sides of body and flanks pale olive-brown; thighs and 
under tail-coverts like the breast; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
white, slightly tinged with yellow; quills below dusky, edged with 
ashy along the inner web. Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0*4, 
wing 2-1, tail 1*65, tarsus 06. 

Hah. Prom Guiana to Venezuela; Trinidad, and Colombia, extending 
to Panama. 

a. <$ acl. sk. 
b. § ad. sk. 
c. $ ad. hk. 
d. e. <$ ad. sk. 
[Brazil.] 
II. Amazon. 
Cayenne. 
Itoraima, 3500 feet, Jan. 24, 
J. Gould, Esq. 
Sclater Ooll. 
Sclater Ooll. 
Salvin-Godman OolL 
f. cS ad. sk. 
1884 (II. Whitely). 
Venezuela. Sclater CoU. 
\j. S ad. sk. 
h, i. S ad. sk. 
k. J ad. sk. 
/. c? ad. sk. 
m. $ ad. sk. 
Trinidad. 
Trinidad. 
Santa Marta. 
MedeUin, Sept. 1878 (T. K 
Salmon). 
Envigado, Antioquia (T. K. 
Purchased. 
Zoological Society. 
W. Wilson Saunders, 
Esq. [PJ. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sclater CoU. 
n, o. $ $ ad. sk. 
p, q. $ ad. sk. 
r, s.$) ?5.$ ad.sk. 
u. $ ad. sk. 
v. <$ ad. sk. 
Salmon). 
Bogota. 
Bogota. 
Bugaba, Ohiriqui (R Arce). 
Chiriqui (E. ArcS). 
South America. 
Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 
Purchased. 

4. Spermophila plumbea. 
Fringilla plumbea, Neuwied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iii. p. 579 (1830). 
Pyrrhula cinerea, flOrb. fy Lafr. Syn. Av., Mag. de ZooL 1837, 

p. 87. 
Spermophila cinerea, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 386 (1844). 
Sporophila cinerea, Bp. Consp. I p. 499 (1850). 
Sporophila plumbea, Cab. Mm. Hem. Th. i. p. 149 (1850); Burm. 
Th.Bras. iii. p. 242 (1856), 
Pyrrhula vetula, Natterer, MSS. 
Spermophila plumbea, Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 223, 437 (1871); Scl 

Ibis, 1871, p. 18: id. $ Salu. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 28 (1873) ; iid. 

P. Z. S. 1879, p. 605 j W. 0. Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 336. 
Gyrinorhynckus 
plumbeus, Gh-ay, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 105, no. 7578 
(1870). 

VOL. XII. 
H 

FKHSTGIILIDJe. 

Adult male. General colour above ashy grey, a trifle lighter on 
the lower rump; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and 
greater coverts and bastard-wing blackish, edged with ashy, paler 
on the latter ; primary-coverts and quills blackish, edged with ash}-, 
broader on the secondaries, the primaries margined with hoary 
whitish, the inner ones white at the base of the outer web, forming 
an alar speculum; upper tail-coverts dusky blackish, edged with 
ashy; tail-feathers blackish, edged with abhy brown and fringed 
with pale ashy at the end of the feathers; crown of head like the 
back ; lores black, extending to the base of the nostrils ; ear-coverts 
and cheeks dark ashy, the former with whitish shaft-lines : at the 
base of the cheeks a small white streak : lower eyelid white; throat 
and breast uniform ashy grey, the centre of the breast and abdomen 
white; sides of body and flanks ashy grey; thighs white, ashy 
posteriorly ; under tail-eoveits white like the abdomen; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white, with a blackish patch near the edge of 
the wing; quills below dusky, ashy along the edge of the inner web, 
which is white towards the base ; bill blackish ; legs* dark brownibh 
grey; "iris bright greyish brown " (Xeuwled). Total length 4*5 
inches, culmen 0#4, wing 2*45, tail 1*75, tarsus 0*8. 

The specimen described was procured by Xatterer at Curytiba in 
November, and has the bill yellow. A male obtained by the same 
traveller at Ytarare in February is similar, but has the bill black; 
wing 2*5. The Guiana specimen is paler coloured, has a white 
band across the chin, and the female is a much redder bird. The 
Colombian further differs in some smaller pailicularb, so that I have 
separated both these forms as subspecies. 

Hab. Brazil, extending into Bolivia. 

a. 
cjad.sk. Curytiba, Nov. 2&, 1&2Q (J". fcsahin-Godman Coll. 
batterer). 
I. $ ad. sk. Ytarare, Feb. 24; 1821 (J". Salvin-Gcdman Coll. 
batterer), 
c, d. J § ad. sk. Ytarare^ Feb. 1821 (/.A tf^em-). Sclater Cull. 

Subsp. a. Spermophila whiteleyana. 
Spemiophila plumbea (nee Neimied),tiedtmin}Ibk* lbSo} p. 2lo. 


Adidt male. General colour above pale ashy grey, rather lighter 
on the lower rump ; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and 
greater coverts dusky blackish, edged with hoary ashy on the latter; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky blackish, edged 
with ashy, the primaries margined with hoary grey, the inner ones 
white at the base of the outer web, forming an alar speculum ; tail-
coverts ashy grey ; tail-feathers blackish, edged with ashy, and pale 
brown at the tips of the feathers; crown of head like the back; lores 
dusky ashy; lower eyelid white ; ear-coverts and cheeks dull ashy; 
fore part of cheeks and upper throat white; centre of throat and 
under surface of body pale ashy grey ; centre of breast and abdomen 
white: thighs and under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts 

17 . SKBKMOPHlLA. 
and axillaries white, "with an ashy patch near the edge of the wing; 
quills below dusky, edged with ashy along the inner web, which is 
white towards the base. Total length 4 4 inches, culmen 0-35, 
wing 2*35, tail 1*75, tarsus 055. 

Other males, apparently younger birds, procured at the same 
season of the year, are much browner above and on the margins of 
the wing-coverts and quills ; the underparts are also suffused with 
brown, which colour likewise deadens the white on the throat and 

abdomen. 
Hah. Guiana. 
a. <$ ad. j b, c. $ . Roraima, Nov. 1883 (H. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ad. ; d.tf juv. sk. Whitely). 
ej. <$ J ad. sk. Roraima, Nov. 1883 (H. W.). Sclater Coll. 
g, k <$ ad. sk. Roraima, Dec. 1883 (H. W.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Subsp. /3. SpermopMla colombiana. 
Sperinophila plumbea (nee Mmvied), Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1880, 

p. 122. 
Adult male. Similar to the male of S. plumbea, but a little paler 
grey, and distinguished by the feathers below the eye, the fore part 
of the cheeks, and the entire throat being white. Total length 4*5 
inches, culmen 0*35, wing 2-25, tail 1*65, tarsus 0-55. 

Hah. U.S. of Colombia. 

a, b. <S $ ad. sk. Bogota (J. Crowther). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

5. Spermophila superciliaris *. 
Spermophila superciliaris. Pels. Orn. Bras. pp. 223,330 (1869) j Gray, 
Hand-L B. ii. p. 107, no. 7615 (1870); JScL Ibis, 1871, p. 22; 
Berlepsch Sf Ihemig, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. ii. p. 122, pi. vii. (1885). 

Sporophila euleri, Cab. J.f.O. 1874, p. 84. 
Sporophila superciliaris, Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 523 (1877). 


Adult male. General colour above olive-green; lesser wing-
coverts like the back; median and greater coverts dusky brown, 
edged with olive and tipped with ochreous white, forming a double 
wing-bar; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, 
edged with olive like the back; upper tail-coverts like the back; 
tail-feathers brown, edged with olive; crown of head a little more 

* Without seeing the type specimen it is difficult to say for certain, but at 
all events S. frontalis (J. Verr.) must be closely allied to S. superciliaris, if not 
identical with it. The synonymy is as follows:— 
SPERMOPHILA FRONTALIS. 
Callyrhynchus frontalis, J. Verr. N. Arch. Mm. v. Bull, p. 15, pi. i.fig.1 

Gyrhinorhynohufl frontalis, Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 107, no. 7626 (1870). 

100 FRXNGHLLID.ai. 

dusky olive than the back ; lores and a narrow eyebrow yellowish 
white, as also the eyelid; ear-coverts olive-brown, streaked with 
white; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body white, washed 
with yellow; sides of neck olive-green; fore neck and chest more 
ashy, washed with yellow : lower breast and abdomen white, sides 
of body and flanks ashy brown washed with olive; thighs brown 
washed with olive ; under tail-coverts isabelline, with brown bases 
and washed with olive; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, 
edged with olive-yellow ; quills below dusky, ashy whitish along the 
inner edge. Total length Q-Q inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2-DO, tail 
1-95, tarsus 0*6. 

Adult female. Darker olive-green than the male ; the median and 
greater wing-coverts tipped with ochreous bull:', forming a double 
wing-bar ; the margins of the quills more reddish brown than in the 
male; eyelid and lores olive-yellow; ear-coverts and sides of face 
dull olive-green; throat olive-yellow; fore neck, breast, and sides 
of the body olive-brown washed with yellow; centre of abdomen 
white, washed with olive-yellow; under tail-coverts pale brown, 
washed with olive-yellow at the ends, which are dull whitish. 
Total length 4*7 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2-o, tail 1*0, tarsus 0*05. 

A young male which died in the Zoological Garden^ ha- the buff 
tips to the wing-coverts as in the old female, and has the base of 
the forehead white. The adult male described above is from 
Pelotas, and shows no sign of this white forehead, which is apparently 
only assumed when the bird is very old. It is present in 
a Brazilian specimen in the Salvin-Godman Collection, this specimen 
being white below with scarcely any tinge of yellow, the sides of the 
body ashy brown. 

Eah. Brazil. 
a. Ad. sk.
5, o. <$ J a<i-®b. 
Brazil. 
Brazil. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
Selater Coll. 
d, e. § ad. sk. Pelotas, Bio Grpnde do Sul(Jorpier), 
Salvin-Godman Cull. 
f. o* Ad. sk. San Paulo (Joyner). iSalvin-Godraan Coll. 
g. Ad. fck. Brazil. Sah in-Godman Coll, 

6. SpermopMla simplex. 
Sperrnopkila simplex, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, pp. 182, 510; Xation, t. c. 
p. 329; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 109; id. Orn. Ptrov, iii. p. 16 
(1886}. 
Sporophila simplex, Giebel7 Tim. Orn. iii. p. 523 (L877). 

Adult nude. General colour above light olive-brown, strongly 
washed with ashy; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and 
greater coverts dusky brown, edged with olive-brown, blackish at 
base, and rather broadly tipped with white, forming a double wing-
bar ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged 
with olive-brown, the inner secondaries whitish at the ends, the 
inner primaries 'white at the base of the outer web, forming a 
speculum; upper tail-coverts like the back; tail-feathers brown, 

17 . SPEBMOPHILA. 
edged with olive-brown; crown of head like the back; lores and 
feathers round eye ashy whitish; ear-coverts dull ashy brown; 
cheeks and under surface of body whitish, washed with yellow • 
the fore neck and sides of body light ashy brown; thighs pale ashy 
brown, internally white; under tail-coverts white, with an olive-
yellow tinge; under wing-coverts white, tinged with yellow; 
axillaries olive-yellow; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner 
web, which is whitish towards the base: " bill brownish, with the 
lower mandible greyish horn-colour, fleshy underneath; feet dark 
lead-colour; iris dark brown " (Jelslci). Total length 4-3 inches, 
culmen 0*35, wing 2-35, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*6. 

The sexes, as determined by Prof. Nation, are alike, The female 
measures:—Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2*25, tail 1-8, 
tarsus 0-6. 

Young specimens, according to Dr. Taczanowski, differ from the 
adults in having a faint tinge of brownish on the upper parts, this 
tint being also apparent on the whitish under surface; .the white 
bands on the wings are less pronounced and have a reddish tinge, as 
well as the margins of the scapular plumes. 

Hab. Peru. 
a, b. S $ ad. ;
e. Juv. sk. 
d. 3 ad. sk. 
Lima, Peru {Prof, Nation). 
Callacate, Peru {J. Stohmann). 
Sclater Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 

7. Spermophila obscura. 
Spermophila obscura, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 519; id. Orn. Pirou, 
iii. p. 17 (188G). 
Spermophila ornata, ? {nee LicM.), Salvin, Ibis, 1880, p. 353. 
Adult male. General colour above uniform brown, slightly washed 
with olive; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back; greater 
coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, 
edged with lighter brown, somewhat reddish brown on the quills; 
tail-feathers brown, washed externally with olive-brown ; head a 
little more ashy brown than the back; lores and eyelid pale ashy 
whitish; sides of face dull ashy brown ; cheeks, throat, and under 
surface of body ashy, a little washed with olive-brown on the 
flanks; centre of breast and abdomen dull whitish; thighs ashy 
fulvous; under tail-coverts dusky, edged with fulvous; axillaries 
like the breast; under wing-coverts dusky, broadly edged with pale 
fulvous; quills dusky below, ashy fulvous along tho inner web; 
" upper mandible blackish brown, the lower one paler and approaching 
fleshy yellow; feet fleshy; iris dusky brown" {JelsJd). Total 
length 3-8 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2*1, tail 1*55, tarsus 0*65. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little browner grey: 
" bill brown, the upper mandible darker; legs and feet flesh-colour; 
iris wood-brown" (H. Dwrnford). Total length 4 inches, culmen 
0-4, wing 2-25, tail 1*75, tarsus 0-65. 

Both specimens have slight traces of a wing-bar formed by lighter 
brown tips to the median wing-coverts. The Salta specimen is a 

102 
ESUTGILLID^. 

little larger than that from Peru; but I do not think there can be 
any doubt of their both belonging to the same species.^ 
Hab. From Peru to the Western Argentine Bepublic. 

a. Ad. sk. Callacate, Peru (Stohmann). Sclater Ooll. 
b. $ ad. sk. Salta, Argentine Eepublic, H. Durnford, Esq. [C.]. 
June 28, 1878. 

8. Spermophila pauper. 
Spermophila obseura (nee Tacz. 1874), Tacz. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 199. 
Spermophila pauper, Berlepsch § Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 550; Tacz. 
Om. Perou, iii. p. 18 (1886). 

Adult male. General colour above brown, with a slight olive 
tinge; lesser and median coverts like the back; greater coverts, 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with 
the same colour as the back, the greater coverts and inner secondaries 
rather more reddish on the margins ; upper tail-coverts like the back; 
tail-feathers brown, edged with paler brown ; crown of head slightly 
more ashy than the back; the lores and feathers round eye ashy 
whitish ; ear-coverts dull ashy brown; cheeks and throat pale ashy; 
sides of neck like the bead ; fore neck and breast dark ashy brown, 
washed with olive; abdomen whitish; sides of body and flanks 
olive-brown; thighs olive-brown ; under tail-coverts pale fulvous ; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries whitish with a fulvous tinsce, 
those near the edge of the wing dusky brown; quills below dusky, 
ashy along the inner edge: " iris dark brown " (/. Stohmann). 
Total length 3*5 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 2, tail 1*5, tarsus 
0-65. 

Hab. Ecuador to Peru. 

a% b. c? ad. sk. Chimbo, Ecuador, Nov. 1882 Sclater Coll. 

(J. Stohmann). 
9. Spermophila telasco. 
Pyrrhula telasco, Less. Voy. Coquille, I p. 663, pi. 15. fig. 8 (1820). 
Pyrrhula alaudina, cTOrb. 8f Lafr. Syn. Av., Mag. de Zool. 1887, 

p. 88. 
Spermophila 
telasco, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 386 (1844); Scl. His, 
1871, p. 7; id: P. Z. S. 1871, p. 407; id. § Sah. Xomencl. Av. 
Keotr. p. 28 (1873); Nation, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 329; Tacz. t c. 

p. 519, 1877, p. 320; Berlepseh $ Tacz. P. Z. S. Ib83, p. 550; 
Sah. t c. p. 421; Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 14 (1886). 
SporopMla alaudina, Bp. Consjh i. p. 490 (1850); Tschudi fy Cab. 
Faun. Peruan. p. 222 (1855). 
Sporopliila telasco, Tschudi 8f Cab. Arch. f. Naturg. 1844, p. 291, et 
Faun. Peruan. p. 221 (1855). 
Gyrinorkynchus telasco, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 105, no. 7570 

Adult male. General colour above ashy grey, washed with brown, 
and mottled with blackish centres to the feathers of the mantle and 

17 . SPEEMOPHILA. 
back; rump ashy grey, slightly mottled with black spots, with a 
white band across the lower rump ; lesser wing-coverts ashy brown, 
with blackish bases; median and greater coverts and bastard-wing 
blackish, edged with lighter brown, whitish towards the ends of 
the latter; primary-coverts uniform blackish; quills blackish, edged 
with ashy, hoary whitish on the margins of the primaries and inner 
secondaries; both the inner primaries and the inner secondaries 
white at the base of the outer web, forming a double speculum; 
upper tail-coverts ashy grey; tail-feathers blackish, edged and 
tipped with ashy brown, with more or less white at the base, 
extending some distance up the margins of the centre feathers; 
crown of head dark ashy grey, minutely centred with blackish 
streaks; the nape sandy brown, with minute blackish centres, as 
also the hind neck, which is ashy grey like the back : lores dusky ; 
ear-coverts dark ashy grey, as also the cheeks, which are separated 
by a narrow white line from the throat, which is maroon-chestnut; 
sides of neck light brown ; remainder of under surface of body 
white, slightly washed with sandy brown on the breast, sides of body, 
and flanks, the latter with dusky blackish streaks; thighs and 
under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts and axillaries also 
white, with a blackish patch near the edge of the wing, which is 
likewise blackish; quills below dusky blackish, white along the 
inner web : " bill blackish ; feet greyish brown; iris dark brown " 
(Stohtnami), Total length 4 inches, culmen 0-35, wing 2-15, 
tail 1*55, tarsus CH>. 

In winter plumage the adult male is altogether browner than in 
the breeding-plumage, with darker brown centres to the feathers; 
head brown like the back: the light edges to the wing-coverts and 
quills broader and more hoary ; the chestnut spot on the throat 
obscured by sandy margins to the feathers. 

The alar specula vary in development, and in some specimens 
the white bases of the secondaries are hidden by the greater coverts. 

Adult female. Different from the male and altogether browner; 
the white rump-band and the under surface of the body washed 
with sandy buff; no chestnut spot on the throat; no white base 
to the tail-feathers. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0-35, wing 2-15, 
tail 1*0, tarsus 0*4. 

Hob. Western Peru to Ecuador. 

a. T $ acl.l sk. Guayaquil. 
Or. Barclay, Esq.[P.]. 
5. $ imm. sk. Balzar Mountains, Ecuador Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Illhiqiuortli). 
c 
d ad. sk. Tanibo Valley, Peru, Oct. 21, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1867 (II Whitely). 

d. 
J; «,/ S Lima, Peru (W. Nation). Sclater Coll. 
ad. sk. 
q. d'ad. sk. Oallao, Peru, Dec. 1881 (Copt Salvin-Godman Coll. 
A. II Markkam), 
104 
PRINGILLID-ZB. 

10. SpermopMla inornata. 
Linaria inornata, Zafr. Rev. Zool. 1847, p. 75. 

Fringilla inornata, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 372 (1849). 

Sporopliila rufirostris, Landh. J. f. 0. 1865, p. 404. 

Gyrinorliynchus rufirostris, Gray, Hand-l, B. ii. p. 106, no. 7(503 

'(1870). 

Spermophila rufirostris, Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 21. 

Catarnenia inornata, 8c!. § 8alv. Nomencl Av. Xeotr. p. 31 (1873); 

Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874), p. 229,1880, p. 199; 8cl. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 4b6; 
Berlepsch $ Tacz. B. Z. 8. 188o, p. 85. 
Catarnenia rufirostris, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 521; id. Orn. Berou, 

iii. p. 21 (1880). 
Catarnenia 
homochroa, Berlepsch § Tacz. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 293 {nee 
Sclater). 

Adult male. General colour above bluish, grey, streaked with 
blackish on the mantle and back, less distinctly on the crown; the 
rump and upper tail-coverts uniform bluish grey ; lesser wing-
coverts uniform bluish grey; median and greater coverts dusky, 
externally bluish grey, the latter series whitish at the ends ; bustard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with ashy grey, 
hoary on the primaries; tail-feathers dusky brown, edged with ashy ; 
sides of face and under surface of body light ashy grey, whitish on 
the lower abdomen; under tail-coverts chestnut; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries light ashy grey; quills dusky below, ashy along the 
inner web, which is not white towards the base : •* bill reddish; feet 
brownish flesh-colour; iris dark brown1' (J. ktohiaaun). Total 
length 5'8 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 3*1, tail 2'5, tarsus 0*8. 

The adult male from Acancocha is much smaller than Bolivian 
birds; wing 2*7. This is, however, equalled by the specimen 
collected by Mr. Forbes in Bolivia and the onejrom Lima (Nation). 

Younger males are brown on the head and back, which parts are 
distinctly streaked with blackish ; rump and upper tail-coverts more 
uniform ashy grey. The grey of the under surface is washed with 
brown. 

The skins here considered to be young males may be adult birds 
in seasonal plumage, the series in the Museum not being sufficient to 
determine all the changes of plumage. 

Hal. Bolivia and Ecuador. 

a. $ ad. sir. Bolivia. 
Mr, C. Bridges [C.]. 
b. [ (S juv.] sk. Bolivia (Forbes). Sclater Coif 
c. cT ad. sk. Mendoza, Feb. 1871 (Weiss- tSalvin-Godman Coll. 
haupt). 
d. [cS juv.] sk. Andes of Lima, Peru (Prof. Sclater Coll. 
Nation). 
e. $ 
ad. sk. Acancocha, Peru, May 1873 Sclater Coll. 
(JelsJci). 
17. SPEEMOPmLA. 
105 

11. Spermopnilalioinocliroa*. 
Catanienia kornoekroa, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 552,18G0, p. 88; id 
Cat Amer. B. p. 106 (1862); id. # Sah. Nomencl AD. Neoir 

p. 31 (1873) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 521, 1879, p. 229; Berlepsch 
$ Tacz. P. Z. & 1885, p. 85. ' 
Gyrinorhynchus liomocliroiis, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 107, no. 7021 
(1870). 
Spuropliila homochroa, Giehel, Tlies. Orn. iii. p, 520 (1877). 
Catanienia, sp.; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 21G f. 

Adult male (type of species). Uniform dark slaty grey above and 
below, slightly washed with olive-brown on the lower surface, and 
particularly on the sides of the body; the forehead, lores, fore part 
of the cheeks, and ear-coverts somewhat blacker; under tail-coverts 
chestnut; quills blackish below, edged with ashy along the inner 
web, which is not white at the base: " bill pale yellow; feet 
brownish fiesh-colour; iris dark brown " (JelsJci). Total length 4-7 
inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2-6, tail 2, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Different from the male ; general colour above 
brown, the feathers mcsially streaked with blackish brown; rump 
and upper tail-coverts uniform and more olive-brown; lesser and 
median coverts rather more ashy than the back; greater coverts 
dark brown, with fulvescent-brown tips • bastard-wing and primary-
coverts dark brown ; quills dark brown, edged with lighter brown, 
more ashy on the primaries : tail-feathers dark brown, edged with 
ashy brown; crown of head darker brown than the back and less 
distinctly streaked; lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts uniform 
brown; eyelid whitish; ear-coverts and sides of neck somewhat 
washed with ashy; throat and fore neck pale ashy olive-brown; 
breast and abdomen light olivaceous; sides of body and flanks 
olive-brown, the latter broadly streaked with dusky brown; thighs 
olive-brown; under tail-coverts chestnut; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries ashy olive, washed with fulvous near the edge of the wing; 
quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total length 4*8 
inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*3, tail 2*05, tarsus 0*8. 

Young male, Eesembling the old female, but more ashy grey on 
the head, neck, and breast. 
Ifab. Northern Peru and Ecuador, and probably Guiana. 

a. $ ad. sk. Matos, Ecuador, June 1858 Sclater Coll. 
b. 2 ad. sk.
(L. Fraser). 
Calaoali, Ecuador, March 1859 
(Type of species.) 
Sclater Coll. 
(£. Fraser). 

* As has also been pointed out by Dr. Taczanowski and Count von Berlepsch, 
the bill in this species is more pointed and is longer than in the allied species. 
If is in fact more of a Bunting's bill, and once more raises the question whether 
Spermophila is not rather a Bunting than a Grosbeak. 
t The birds procured by Mr. Whitely on Eoraima were all immature. 
Mr. Salvin noticed that they were closely allied to 8. homochroa, and I am inclined 
to think them identical. 

106 mnrOtlULTDM. 

c. <$ ad. sk. Puellaro, Ecuador, April 1859 Sclater Coll. 
(L, Fraser). 
d. tf ad. sk. Sical, Ecuador (C. Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e. $ ad. sk. Intaj, Ecuador (C. Buckley). Salvin-Godman CoH. 
/. [c? juv-1 sk. Bogota, Colombia. Purchased. 
g. \<$ juv.] sk. Bogota, Colombia. Sclater Coll. 
h. [ 2 ad.] sk. Bogota, Colombia. SalYin-Godman Coll. 
i. S juv. sk. Roraima, British Guiana, Aug. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
22,1883 (II Whitehj). 
h,l. cf ? juv. sk. Eoraima,Sept. 7,1883 (JST. TV.). Salrin-Godrnan Coll. 

12. Spermophila analis. 
Linaria analis, D'Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. p. 3G4, pi. 48. fig. 1 

(1847). 
Fringilla analis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 371 (1849). 
Catamenia analis, Bj). Consp. i. p. 493 (1850) ; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. 

p. 105 (1862); id. § Scdv. Nomencl. Av. Keoir. p. 31 (1873); Scl 
P. Z. S. 1873, p. 780 • Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 521; ScL $ Salv. 
P.Z.S. 1874, p. 677 j White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 599; Tacz. Orn. 
Perou, iii. p. 19 (1886). 
Gviinorhynchtife analis, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 107, no. 7019 (1870). 
Sporophila analis, Giehel, Th.es. Orn. iii. p. 517 (1877). 

Adult male. General colour above uniform slaty grey ; lesser 
wing-coverts like the back* median and greater coverts, bastard-
wing, and primary-coverts black, edged with slaty grey; quills 
black, margined with hoary grey, the primaries white at the base of 
both webs, forming a large alar speculum; upper tail-coverts slaty 
grey, with longitudinal black centres; tail-feathers black, edged with 
ashy, the outer feathers tipped with white at the end of the inner 
web, all but the centre ones with a large rounded spot of white near 
the middle of the inner web; crown of head slaty grey like the back; 
the forehead black, extending a little on to the crown; lores, feathers 
round eye, fore part of ear-coverts, and cheeks black; hinder cheeks 
and ear-coverts slaty-grey like the throat and sides of neck; chin 
black; remainder of under surface slaty grey ; centre of breast and 
abdomen white ; sides of body and flanks slaty grey; thighs ashy ; 
under tail-coverts deep chestnut, tipped with white; under wing-
coverts and axiUaries dark slaty grey; quills below dusky, edged 
with ashy along the inner web, which is white at the base. Total 
length 4*8 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 2-5, tail 2, tarsus 0*65. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
light brown, streaked with blackish centres to the feathers ; lower 
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ashy grey, washed with brown 
and narrowly streaked with black; lesser wing-coverts ashy grey; 
median and greater coverts blackish brown, edged with pale fulvous 
brown, whitish on the extreme margins ; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills dark brown, fringed with pale brown, more ashy 
on the primaries, which are white at the base of the outer web, 
forming a large alar speculum; tail-feathers brown, fringed with 
paler brown, with a large patch of white about the middle of the 
inner web; crown of head like the back and similarly streaked; 

17 . SPEBHOPBZLA. 
107 

lores ashy; eyelid whitish; ear-coverts and cheeks light brown, 
streaked with dusky brown • throat and under surface of body ashy 
whitish, narrowly streaked with blackish shaft-lines; centre of 
breast and abdomen uniform whitish; sides of body and flanks 
washed with ashy and streaked like the breast; thighs white; 
under tail-coverts fulvescent; under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy 
with whitish margins; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner 
edge, white towards the base of the latter. Total length 5 inches, 
culmen 04 , wing 2*55, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*6. 

Eab. Argentine Eepublie and Mendoza to Bolivia and Peru. 
Dr. Taczanowski records specimens of this species from Lima and 
Carumas^and Dr. Sclater identifies Whitely's skins from Paucatambo 
as belonging to the present species. Those obtained at Tinta are, 
however, 8. analoides (vide infra). 

a. <$ ad. sk. Bolivia {Bridges). Sclater Coll. 
h. <$ ad. sk. Bolivia. Sclater Coll. ( 
c,d. d2 ad. sk. Bolivia. Mr. H. Bridges [0.]. 
e. $ 
acl. sk. Mendoza, Feb. 1871 (Weiss- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
haupt). 
f. 
? ad. sk. Cosquin, Cordova, Argentine Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Eepublie, June 1% 1882 
(E. W. White). 
13. SpermopMla analoides. 
Fringilla analis (nee cTOrb.), Lafr. Rev. Zool 1843, p. 291. 
Linaria analoides, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1847, p. 75. 
Fringilla anatoides (!), Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 372 (1849). 
Catamenia analoides, Bp. Consp. i. p. 49;) (1850); ScL P. Z. S. 1858, 


pp. 455, 552 ; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 105 (1802); id. fy Sah. Nomencl. 
Av. Neotr. p. 31 (1873); BerlepschSf Tacz. P. Z. S. 1885, 

p. 85 ; Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 20 (1886). 
Catamenia analis (nee a"* Orb.), Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 159 ; id. fy 
Sab. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 606; Berlepsch §• Tacz. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 293. 
Gyxinorhynchus analoides, Gray, Hand4. B. ii. p. 107, no. 7620 
(1870). 
Sporophila analoides, Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 517 (1877). 


Adult male. Differs from S. analis in having less black on the 
chin and less white on the abdomen, which is more ashy; it is 
further distinguished by the absence of the large white speculum at 
the base of the primaries ; these are margined with white, but the 
latter does not extend across the base of the feathers, as it does in 


S. analis. Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0-3, wing 2'Q, tail 1*95, 
tarsus 0*65. t 
Adult female. Yery similar to the female of 8. analis, but ditfering 
in the wing, the base of the primaries being merely edged 
with white, which does not occupy the base of both webs. Total 
length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-35, wing 2*6, tail 2-1, tarsus 0-65. 


Eab. From Colombia to Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. 

108 
FRBSTGILLTDJE. 

ct, b. S $ ad. sk. Bogota, Colombia (G. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Crowther). 

e. 
J ad, sk Ouenca, Ecuador, Nov. 1857 Sclater Coll. 
(£. Preiser). 
d. $ ad. sk. Ecuador. 
Sclater Coll. 
e, $ ad. sk. Ecuador. C. Buckley [C.]. 
/, g. <$ ad. sk. Sical, Ecuador (C Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

h. 
(S ad. sk. Tint a, Peru, May 6, 1868 (H. Salvin-Godman CoU. 
WJiitely). 
i. $ juv. sk. Tinta, Peru, Jan. 1,1868 (JT. Sclater Coll. 
Whitehj). 
!x, L <$ ad. sk. Sorata, Bolivia. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

m. <$ ad. sk. Sorata, Bolivia (C. BucMey). Sclater Coll. 
14. Spermophila castaueiveutris. 
Sporophila 
castaneiventris, Cab. in Schomb. Beis. Guian. iii. p. G79 
(1848); Zicht Nomencl Av. Berol p. 46 (1854). 
Sperniophila castaneiventris, Bp. Consp. i. p. 495 (1850) ; Scl. Cat. 
Amer. B. p. 104 (1802); id. § Salv. P. Z. S. 1800, p. 181,1869, 

p. 597; Feb. Orn. Bras. p. 225 (1871); Scl. Mis, 1871, p. 7; 
Scl. $ Salv. Komenel Av. Iseotr. p. 28 (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1873, 
pp. 185,204 ; Salv. Cat. Striehl. Coll. p. 221 (1882) ; Taczan. P. Z. S. 
1882, p. 17; Salv. Ibis, 1885, p. 214; Taczan. Orn. Perou, iii. 
p. 12 (1886). 
Gyrmorkynchus 
castaneiventris, Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 106, no. 
7610 (1870). 

Adult male. General colour above blue-grey; lesser wing-coverts 
like the back; median and greater coverts black, tipped and edged 
with blue-grey; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, edged 
with blue-grey, the inner secondaries broadly edged and tipped with 
ashy grey; the inner primaries with a tiny white spot at the base of 
the outer web, forming an almost obsolete alar speculum; upper tail-
coverts like the back; tail-feathers blackish, edged with grey; 
crown of head blue-grey like the back, but a little more dusky, as 
also are the ear-coverts, cheeks, and sides of face; at the base of 
the mandible a small white spot; throat, breast, and abdomen deep 
chestnut; entire sides of body and flanks blue-grey; thighs also 
blue-grey; under tail-coverts deep chestnut; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries white, the coverts near the edge of the wing slaty 
grey ; quills below dusky, white towards the base of the inner web: 
" bill and feet brown; iris dark brown " (Stohmann). Total length 
3*2 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 1*9, tail 1*4, tarsus 0*55. 

The alar speculum in this species is nearly always hidden by the 
coverts. The depth of the chestnut colour on the miderparts varies 
slightly in intensity, and in one male from Tquitos the wing-coverts 
and quills are washed with olive-green, probably the remains of 
immature plumage. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
brown, a little lighter and more ruddy on the lower back and rump; 
lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and greater coverts dusky 

17 . SPERMOPHILA. 
109 

brown, edged with, the same colour as the back, the greater series 
rather paler at the ends ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
dusky brown, edged or narrowly fringed with olive-brown; upper 
tail-coverts like the back; tail-feathers brown, edged with olivobrown; 
crown of head like the back; lores, feathers round eye, ear-
coverts, and under surface of body paler olive-brown than the back; 
the breast and abdomen pale ochreous buff; sides of body and flanks 
more olive-brown: thighs and under tail-coverts pale ochreous buff; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries white, tinged with olive-yellow; 
quills below dusky, ashy whitish along their inner edge. Total 
length 3'5 inches, culmen 0-3, wing 1*9, tail 1*4, tarsus 0*5. 

Hab. Guiana and Colombia to Lower Amazonia and Peru. 

a. 
§ ad. bk. Bartica Grove, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Feb. 10, 1880 (JET. 
Wldtely). 

b. 
<$ ad. sk. Bartica Grove, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Kov. 18, 1879 (-Hi TV.). 
c. <$ ad. sk, British Guiana (H. W.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d. <$ ad. sk. Guiana. 
Sclater Coll. 
e. <$ ad. sk. Pebas, E. Peru, Feb. 3, 1867 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(J, Hanxwell). 
f. $ 
ad. sk. Yquitos, Upper Amazons, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sept. 2, 1878 (JT. IP.). 
f/i h' 6 2 ad. &k. Nauta, Upper Amazons, April E. Bartlett [0.1. 
1805. 


i. 9 ad. sk. Lower Ucavali (E. Bartktt). Sclater Coll. 
k, I. 8 ? ad. sk. Cosnipata, Peru, Oct. 1868. H. Whitely [0.]. 
15. SpermopMla mintLta. 
Loxia minuta, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 807 (1766). 
Bouvreuil a ventre roux de Cayenne, Daub. PL Enl. v. pi. 319.fig. 3*. 
Bec-rond a ventre roux, Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 390 (1778). 
Minute Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 158 (1783). 
Loxia fusciventer, Bodd. Tall PI. Enl p. 20 (1783). 
Pyrrkula minuta, Vieill N. Diet d'Hist. Nat, iv. p. 209 (1816) ; id. 


$ Bonn. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1026 (1823). 
Spermophila minuta, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 886 (1844) j Bp. Consp. i. 

p. 495 (1850); SeL P. Z. S. 1855, p. 160 ; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 104 
(1862) ; id. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 352 ; Later. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 
vii. p. 333 (1861); E. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1804, p. 83; Wyatt, Ibis, 
J", f! 0. 1884, p. 294 j id. # Godm. Mol Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. 

p. 351 (1884); Salv. Ibis, 1885, p. 214. 
Spermophila fusciventris, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 886 (1884). 
Sporophila minuta, Cab. Mus. Hem. Th. i. p. 150 (1850); Licht. 
Nomencl. Av. Berol p. 45 (1854). 
Gyrinorhynchusminutus, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 105, no. 7567 (1870). 

* Not a very accurate drawing, the wing-spot being omitted. 
110 ^EnrarLLiD-as. 

Adult male. General colour above brown, with, a slight wash of 

ashy olive, the lower back and rump chestnut: lesser wing-coverts 

like the back; median and greater coverts blackish, edged with 

ashy olive, paler on the ends of the greater series ; bastard-wing, 

primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown edged with ashy, whitish 

on the margins of the primaries, the inner ones of which have a half-

concealed spot of white at the base; upper tail-coverts ashy olive, 

slightly washed with chestnut on the edges; tail-feathers blackish 

brown, the centre ones shaded with ashy, all the feathers margined 

with paler brown, the tips also paler ; crown of head like the back, 

with a slight reddish tinge on the forehead ; lores dusky brown ; 

ear-coverts light olive-brown, with paler shaft-lines: cheeks and 

entire under surface of body chestnut; a small spot of white at the base 

of the cheeks; thighs brown washed with chestnut; under tail-coverts 

chestnut; under wing-coverts ashy, with whitish edges; axiliaries 

creamy white, slightly washed with rufous; quills below blackish 

brown, creamy white along the inner edge. Total length 4 inches, 

culmen 0*35, wing 2*05, tail 1*5, tarsus 0*55. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 

uniform earthy brown with a slight olive tinge, the rump like the 

back; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts, 

as well as the bastard-wing, dark brown, edged rather broadly with 

ochreous buff, the bastard-wing more narrowly ; primary-covertb and 

quills dark brown, edged with olive-brown, the secondaries broadly 

margined with ochreous buff like the greater coverts; upper tail-

coverts like the back; tail-feathers dark brown, paler at tips, and 

edged with olive-brown; crown of head like the back; lores, eyelid, 

sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and under surface of body pale 

ochreous brown, the throat a little paler and shaded with ashy, as 

also the fore neck; abdomen creamy buff; sides of body, flanks, 

thighs, and under tail-coverts ochreous buff; under wing-coverts 

and axiliaries ochreous buff with ashy bases; quills below dusky, 

whitish along the inner edge. Total length 3*8 inches, culmen 0*35, 

wing 1*95, tail 1*55, tarsus 0*5. 

The size of the white wing-spot varies greatly, and is very con


spicuous in some specimens, and hardly perceptible in others. 

There is apparently a seasonal plumage, when the bill is brown 

instead of black, the pjlurnage browner, and the brown edges to the 

wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers broader and more conspicuous. 

The skins from Panama appear to be somewhat smaller and to 
lack the white spot at the base of the cheeks; at least this is the 
case in the two males in the Salvin-and-Godman collection. The 
wing in these two birds is 2 inches, in Colombian examples 2*05, 
in those from Guiana 2*05-2*15, and from Tobago 1*95 inch. 

The difference in intensity of the rufous colouring of the under 
surface is probably due to age, and has apparently nothing to do 
with locality (cf. Berlepsch, Z. c, and Salvin and Godman, Biol, 

p. 351). 
The young male at first resembles the adult female, but is more 
decidedly olive above, and has traces of cinnamon colour on the 

17 . SPEEMOPKILA.. Il l 
rump and on the under surface. There is considerable difference in 
the depth of the chestnut colour in a series of males, and the pale 
coloration of the young* male tends to prove that the richness of tint 
increases with age, the younger birds inclining to cinnamon rather 
than chestnut. 

Rah. From Panama through Colombia and Venezuela to Guiana; 
Trinidad ; Tobago: Para. 

a, b. S ad.; c 
e. $ ad. 4v. 
/,//. dSad . 
,*, 
sk. 
Lion Hill Station, Panama 
(JfcLpcmtiau),
Medellin, Colombia (T. K. 
Salmon). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
h. <$ ad. sk. 
I. S ad. sk. 
Bogota, Colombia. 
Georgetown, British Guiana 
Sclater Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 
(Brown). 
A\ £ ad. sk. 
/. <5juv. sk. 
m. <$ ad. sk. 
British Guiana (H. Whitehj). 
Rorainia, British Guiana, 
June 19,1888 (II. W.). 
Eoraima, Jan. 11, 1883 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(II. TV.). 
n. J ad. sk. lioraima, Nov. 30, 1881 Salvin-Godman Ooll« 
(M. W.). 
o, tf ad. sk. 
p, q. 6 $ ad. bk. 
Ca\ enne. 
Tobago (Kirk). 
Sclater Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 
r. <5 ad. sk. Para. R.Graham, Esq, [P.]. 
s. S ad. sk. S. America. Purchased. 

10, SpermopMla hypoxantha. 

Pico grueso pardo y canela, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 444 (1802). 
Pyrrhula minuta (nee Z.), d'Orb. <Sf Lafr. 8yn. Av., Mag. de Zool 

'1837, p. 8. 
Spermophila minuta (nee L.), Hartl. Incl Azara, p. 8 (1847). 
Sporophila kypoxantha, Cab. Mtib. Ilein. Th. i. p. 150, note (1850); 

Lichi. No-mend. Av. p. 45 (1854); Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 249 
(1856, nt). 

Spermophila hypoxantha, Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 225 (1871) ; Scl Ibis, 
1871, p. 3; id. Sr Sah. Komencl Av! Nsotr. p. 28 (1873); iid, 
RZ. S. 1879, p. 604; Sate. Cat. Strickl Coll p. 221 (1882). 

Gvrinorhvnchus hvpoxantkus, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 105, no. 7584 
"(1870); 

Adult male. General colour above pale slaty grey, the lower back 
and rump pale cinnamon-rufous, washed with ochre, a tinge of the 
latter colour being visible on the scapulars; lesser wing-coverts 
ochreous brown; median and greater coverts blackish brown, edged 
with ochreous brown, whitish near the end of the outer web; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown, edged with paler 
brown, more ochreous on the inner secondaries, the rest of the 
secondaries distinctly edged with hoary white, the primaries narrowly 
fringed with the same; the inner primaries white at the base 
of the outer web, forming a speculum ; upper tail-coverts slaty 
grey ; tail-feathers blackish, edged with ashy or ashy brown, and 
margined at the tip with whity brown ; crown of head like the 

112 JFEIHaiLLID^l. 

back; lores a little paler ashy ; sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, 
and entire under surface of body bright cinnamon-rufous, a little 
paler in the centre of the body ; thighs whitish, washed with cinnamon, 
and ashy grey externally ; under tail-coverts cinnamon-
rufous • under wing-coverts whitish, washed with cinnamon; 
axillaries pale cinnamon; a large dusky patch near the edge of the 
wing, formed by the lower wing-coverts ; quills below dusky, ashy 
whitish along the inner edge and towards the base. Total length 
3*7 inches, culmen 0*3, wing 2*2, tail 1*5, tarsus 0*45. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
olive-brown, a little more sandy on the lower back and rump ; lesser 
wing-coverts like the back; median and greater coverts, as well as 
the bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, edged 
with olive-brown, the primares fringed with hoary grey, the inner 
ones white at the extreme base of the outer web, forming a small 
speculum ; upper tail-coverts like the back ; tail-feathers dark 
brown, fringed with olive-brown, and edged with whity brown at 
the tips ; crown of head and sides of face like the back, the latter a 
little paler and more ochreous ; throat and under surface of body 
pale ochreous buff, paler and more yellowish in the centime of the 
body; the thighs browner, and the under tail-coverts with a slight 
reddish tinge; under wing-coverts whitish washed with ochre, with 
a dusky patch formed by the outer coverts ; axillaries white, washed 
with olive-yellow; quills below dusky, whitish along the inner edge 
and towards the base of the inner web. Total length 3*8 inches, 
culmen 0*35, wing 2*05, tail 1*5, tarsus 0*5. 

Hub. Brazil. 
a, b. $ $ ad. sk. Curytiba, Brazil, Nov. 1820 Sclater Collection. 
(J. Natterer). 
c. $ ad. sk. Bahia. Sclater Collection. 

17. SpermopMla palustris. (Plate n.) 
SpemiopMla palustris, Barrows, Btdl. Nutt, Orn. Club, viii. p. 92 
(1881). 

Adult male. General colour above blue-grey, with slight indications 
of dusky centres on the feathers of the back ; lowrer back and rump 
bright bay; wing-coverts blackish, edged with slaty grey; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, edged with slaty grey, 
more hoary on the primaries, and broader on the inner secondaries, 
where the margins are white ; the inner primaries white at the base 
of both webs, forming an alar speculum: upper tail-coverts blue-
grey ; tail-feathers dusky blackish, edged with slaty grey ; crown of 
head like the back and lores : upper edge of eyelid also grey; lower 
eyelid, ear-coverts, cheeks, sides of neck, throat, and fore neck 
white ; remainder of under surface bright chestnut; thighs ashy 
grey; under tail-coverts like the breast* under wing-coverts whitish 
with dusky bases; axillaries like the breast; quills below dusky, 
ashy along the inner edge, white at the base. Total length 3*9 

inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*15, tail 1*55, tarsus 0*55. 

17 . SPERMOPHILA. 
118 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
dull olive-brown, slightly mottled with dusky bases to the feathers 
of the back : lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and greater 
coverts blackish, edged with pale brown ; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills blackish brown, edged with ashy brown, with a 
tiny white speculum formed by the white base oi' the inner primaries, 
the inner secondaries more broadly edged with pale brown; 
tail-feathers dusky brown, edged with olive-brown; crown of head 
like the back and slightly mottled with dusky centres; lores and 
lower eyelid ochreous buff; ear-coverts liko the head; cheeks and 
under surface of body pale ochreous buff, including the thighs and 
under tail-coverts; sides of body and flanks washed with brown ; 
under wing-coverts whitish, washed with yellow; axillaries like the 
breast but edged with olive-yellow; quills below dusky, white at 
base of inner web. Total length 3-8 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*15, 
tail 1-45, tarsus 0*5. 

Halt Argentine Republic. 

#j &• 6 $ a(3-s^' Concepcion, Argentine .Republic Sclater Coll. 
(Barrows). 

18. Spermophila nigroaurantia. 
Bouvreuil de lisle de Bourbon, Daubent. PL Enl. v. pi. 204. fig. 1. 
Bouveret, Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 387 (1778). 
Loxia bourbonensis, P. L. S. Mull Syst. Nat, Anhang, p. 154 (1776); 


Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 253. 
Orange Growbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 146 (1783). 
Loxia nigroaurantia, Bodd. Tail. PI Enl. p. 12 (1783). 
Loxia aurantia, G?n. Syst. Nat. i. p. 853 (1788). 
Pyrrhula pynhomelas, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. MUh. ii. p. 1027 (1823). 
Loxia brevirostris, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 47, pi. 59.figs. 1, 2 (1825). 
Pyrrhula capistrata, Vigors, Zool. Journ. v. p. 273 (1830). 
Loxia fraterculus, pt., Cuv. Mus. Paris.; Less. Traite, p. 451 (1831). 
Spermophila rubigmosa, Sioains. Classif. B. ii. p. 294 (1837). 
Spermophila nigroaurantia, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 386 (1844); Sclater, 

Ibis, 1871, p. 4 j id. $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 28 (1873) ; W.A. 
Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 335 j Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 221 (1882). 
Spermophila pyrrhoinelas, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 386 (1844); Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 495 (1850). 
Sporophila aurantia, Cab. Mus. Hein. Tli. i. p. 151 (1851); Burm. 
Th. Bras. Hi. p. 250 (1856). 
Spermophila aurantia, Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 104 (1862); Pelz. 
Orn. Bras. p. 226 (1871). 
Gyrinorhynchus nigroaurantius, Gray, Kand-l. B. ii. p. 105, no. 7568 
(1870). 
Adult male. General colour above cinnamon-rufous, a little deeper 
in tint on the lower back and rump : the scapulars slightly mottled 
with black bases; wing-coverts black, the lesser series odged with 
ashy, the median and greater coverts margined with ashy reddish, 
the latter more broadly; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
blackish, edged with hoary brown, whitish on the primaries, the 
inner secondaries broadly margined with pale brown; the middle 
VOL. xn. * 

114 
FRIKGILLIBJE. 

primaries white at the base of the outer web, forming a speculum ; 
upper tail-coverts black, tipped with brown; tail-feathers black. 
narrowly tipped with whity brown and margined with pale brow n ; 
crown of head glossy black as far as the occiput; nape, hind neck, 
and sides of neck like the back: lores whitish* eyelid black above. 
cinnamon below; ear-coverts, cheeks, and under surface of body 
cinnamon-rufous, washed with ashy; the sides of body, flanks, thighs. 
and under tail-coverts deeper cinnamon; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries white, with a blackish patch near the outer edge of the 
wing; quills below dusky, the inner edge ashy, whitish at base. 
Total length 3*8 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 2, tail 1*55, tarsus 0*5. 

In winter the male will probably be found to have the feathers of 

the crown always edged with brown, one specimen from Bahia in 

the Sclater collection showing this peculiarity. 

The only male in the collection from Bio has the black crow n 

continued to the hind neck, the black ending somewhat in a point 

on the nape in all the Bahia specimens. 

Adult female. General colour above olive-brown ; lesser wli g-

coverts like the back; median and greater coverts brown, edged 

with olive and tipped with yellowish white; bastard-wing, pzimary


coverts, and quills brown, edged with olive, a little more a<hy towaifis 

the end of the inner secondaries : upper tail-coverts like the bad ; 

tail-feathers brown, edged with olive, and paler at the end& of the 

outer feathers ; crown of head like the back ; loies, feathers round 

eye, ear-covcrts, cheeks, throat, and fore neck ochrcous buff with an 

olive tinge; centre of breast and abdomen yellowish white ; sides of 

body and flanks olive-brown ; thighs yellowish white; under tail-

coverts ochreous buff, slightly tinged with olive : under wing-

coverts and axillaries white with a slight olive-yellow tinge; quills 

below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total length 3*9 inches, 

culmen 0*35, wing 2*05, tail 1*0, tarsus 0*55. 

The young male resembles the old female, but is rather darker 

brown, the quills blacker with a large white wing-spot. The under 

surface of the body also is more tawny in colour. 

Bah Southern Brazil. 

a, h c? ad. sk. Pernambuco (W. A. Forbes). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

e. <$ juv. sk. Pernambuco ( TV. A. Fortes), Sclater Coll. 
f7.cJad.sk. Para. It. Graham, Esq. rP.]. 
e d ad. sk. Bahia. Sclater Coll. 
/, g, h. c? ad. sk. Bahia (Wuclierer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
i <$ ad. sk. Brazil {Natferer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
h, I <5 $ ad. sk. Rio de Janeiro. Sclater Coll. 

m. 
S juv. sk. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Joipier). 
n. cJ ad. sk. South America. Purchased. 
19. SperaopMla Mgrorufa. 
Pyrrhula nigrorufa, UP Orb. 4" Lafr. Syn. Av. p. 87 (1837). 
Speimuphila nigrorufa, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 388 (1844); Bp. Consp. 

I. p. 495 (1850); Fete. Orn. Bras. p. 226 (1871); Sel Ibis, 1871, 
17 . SPERHOPHILA. 
115 

p. 6, pi. i. figs. 1, 2; id. $ Safo. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 28 (1872) ; 
iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 604. ^ K }l 
SporopHla nigrorufa, Cab. Mus. JTein. Tk. i. p. 150, note (1850). 
Gyrinorkynckus nigrorufus, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 105, no. '7583 

(18/0). 

Adult male. General colour above black, the mantle, back, and 
scapulars with remains of sandy-coloured tips to the feathers; lower 
back and rump cinnamon-rufous; wing-coverts black, with sandy 
margins to the feathers, white on the tips of the greater coverts ; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, the inner primaries 
white at the base of the outer web, forming a speculum, the inner 
secondaries edged with white or ashy white ; upper tail-coverts and 
tail-feathers black, fringed with sanely buff or whity brown at the 
tip ; crown of head black; hind neck black in the centre, the sides 
of the neck pale cinnamon-buff, almost forming a collar; lores 
white; feathers round eye black; ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, and 
under surface of body cinnamon-buff, deeper and richer in colour on 
the breast, sides of the body, and flanks ; centre of abdomen slightly 
paler; thighs pale cinnamon with black bases; under tail-coverts 
like the breast; under wing-coverts white, with black bases, with a 
patch of black near the edge of the wing; axillaries like the breast; 
quills below dusky, white at the base of the inner web. Total 
length 3*8 inches, culmen 0*3, wing 1-95, tail 1-5, tarsus 0*55. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
brown, slightly mottled with darker centres to the feathers of the 
back; rump more fulvescent and slightly tinged with tawny ; lesser 
wing-coverts like the back; median and greater coverts blackish, 
edged with paler brown, fulvescent on the margins; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills blackish, edged with brown, the inner 
primaries white at the base of the outer web, forming a small alar 
speculum, the inner secondaries margined with whity brown; upper 
tail-coverts and tail-feathers brown, edged with lighter brown, 
much paler at the ends of the latter; crown of head like the back, 
minutely mottled with dusky centres to the feathers *. lores whitish; 
ear-coverts like the crown, but slightly washed with ochre; cheeks 
and under surface of body ochreous buff, inclining to pale tawny 
on the sides of body and flanks; thighs and under tail-coverts 
ochreous buff, the latter centred with cinnamon; under wing-coverts 
dusky brown, edged with ochreous buff; axillaries like the breast; 
quills below dusky, white towards the base of the inner web. Total 
length. 4 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 2, tail 145, tarsus 0*5. 

Hal. Bolivia and Southern Brazil. 

a b. g ? ad. sk. Matogrosso, Brazil, Oct. 1826 Sclater Coll. 
' (J. batterer). 
20. Spermophila pileata. 

Loxia fraterculus, Ouv. MSS. in Mus. Paris.; Less. TraiU, p. 451 

SporShxia nritrata, Lieht. Nomencl. Av. p. 44 (1854, descr. miM).# 
Spoxophila alaudina (nee D'Orb. 8f Lafr.), Burm. Th. Bras. u. 


p. 251 (1856). 
116 
FEINGTLLIDiB. 

Pyrrhula pileata, Natterer, MSS.} unde 
Spermophila pileata, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1864, p. (507; id. Oni. Bras. 

p. 226 (1871) ; 8d. Ibis, 1871, p. 5, pi. i. fig. 3 ; id. $ Sate. 
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 28 (1873). 
Gyrinorhychus pileatus, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 106, no. 7598(1870). 
Sporophila pileata, Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 522 (1877). 

Adult male. General colour above pale brown, -with concealed 

blackish centres to the feathers, which have ashy-whitish margins ; 

rump more uniform fulvous brown; wing-coverts blackish, edged 

with pale brown ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish 

brown, fringed 
vuth paler brown, the secondaries edged with 

whitish, the inner primaries white at the base of the outer web, 

forming a distinct speculum; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers 

blackish brown, edged with paler brown and fringed with whitish 

at the tips; crown of head and nape black, forming a cap, the latter 

with ashy edges 
to the feathers; hind neck like the back; lores 

and eyelid black,* ear-coverts, cheeks, and under surface of body 

isabelline with a reddish tinge, especially on the sides of body and 

flanks ; centre of abdomen white; thighs like the breast, with 

blackish bases; under tail-coverts pale reddish like the flanks: 

under wing-coverts and axillarics white, with a patch of black near 

the edge of the wing; quills below dusky, with a large patch of 

white at the base of the inner web. Total length 3*8 inches, culmen 

0*3, wing 2-1, tail 1-5, tarsus 0*5. 

The male procured by batterer in March has evidently been breeding 
and is in very worn plumage. The abrasion of the light 
margins of the feathers of the hind neck leaves the black cap more 
strongly defined, and the white edges to the inner secondaries have 
been worn off. 

Hah. Brazil. 

a. 
<$ ad. sk. San Paulo, Brazil, Nov. 21,1822 Sclater ColL 
(J". Natterer) (TjPe °f species.) 
b. <$ ad. sk. Ytarare, Brazil, March 3,1821 Salvin-Goclman ColL 
(J. Natterer). 
21. Spermophila cucullata. 
? Loxia collaria, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 805 (1766) #. 
? Gros-bec appe!6 la Nonette, JDaubent. PL Enl. iv. pi. 393. fig. 8. 
Gros-bec d'Angola, Daubent. op. tit. iv. pi. 659. fig. 2. 
? Loxia nonette, P. Z.S. Mull S. N. Anhang, p. 151 (1776) ; Cass. 


JProc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 253. 
Black-breasted Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 148 (1783). 
Loxia cucullata, Bodd. Tabl PI. Enl p. 24 (1783). 
Loxia collaris, Bodd. t. c. p. 40. 

* A name inadmissible, as it is extremely doubtful whether it refers to this 
species, as has already been remarked by Mr. Salvfn. Where the birds are so 
closely allied, it is doubtful whether any of the ancient descriptions and figures 
are accurate enough for any identification which can be more than mere guesswork. 
17 . SPEBMOPHTXA. 
117 

? Loxia americana, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 863 (1788). 

Loxia pectoralis, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 390 (1790). 

Fringilla pectoralis, Licht Verz. Doubl p. 26 (1823). 

Fringilla atricapilla, Nenwied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iii. p. 569 (1830). 

Spennoplxila collaria, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 386; id. Eand-l B. ii. 

p. 106, no. 7595 (1870); Scl Ibis, 1871, p. 9 ; id. & Salv. JSfomenol 
AD. Neoir. p. 28 (1873); Salv. Ibis, 1885, p. 214. 
Spermophila pectoralis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 386 (1844). 
Sporopliila americana, Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 678 (1848): 

id. Mm. Ilehi. Th. i. p. 150 (1850). 
SpermopMla americana, Bp. Consp. i. p. 496 (1850). 
Sporopliila pectoralis, Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 246 (1856). 
SpermopMla cucullata, Peh. Orn. Bras. pp. 223, 437 (1871). 

Adult male. General colour above black, the scapulars and lower 
back ashy grey, the latter washed with ochre; across the rump a 
band of deep ochre; wing-coverts blackish, edged with ashy grey, 
the inner lesser coverts bright ochre, and the inner median coverts 
also tipped with bright ochre; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and 
quills blackish, edged with ashy, the secondaries with hoary grey, 
the inner primaries externally white at the base, forming a large 
speculum; upper tail-coverts blackish, broadly edged with dark ashy; 
tail-feathers blackish, edged with brown and narrowly tipped with 
paler brown; crown of head, nape, and hind neck black like the 
mantle; lores with a creamy-buff spot; feathers round eye and 
ear-coverts black; a patch below the fore part of the eye creamy 
buff; cheeks and throat creamy buff, washed with ochre; sides of 
neck rich ochre, extending backwards so as almost to form a collar; 
fore neck with a broad black band; chest and under surface of body 
pale tawny buff; thighs white, black posteriorly; under tail-coverts 
rather deeper tawny buff; under wing-coverts and axillaries white ; 
quills below dusky, wMte towards the base of the inner web; bill 
greyish horn-colour; base of bill greyish black, the point yellowish. 
Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2*35, tail 2*05, tarsus 0-6. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
brown, slightly washed with olive on the head and back; lesser 
wing-coverts like the back; median and greater coverts dusky 
brown, edged with lighter brown; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 
and quills dusky brown, margined with olive-brown; upper tail-
coverts and tail-feathers dark brown, with paler brown margins; 
lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and under surface of body 
light tawny buff, paler on the abdomen; under tail-coverts deep 
tawny buff; under wing-coverts and axillaries whitish, washed with 
yellowish buff. Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2% 
tail 1*85, tarsus 0*6. 

Hob. Forthern Brazil to Guiana. It is, however, impossible to 
give the exact ranges of any of these allied species, as the synonymy 
has been so confused, and the series examined has been extremely 

small. 
a. <J ad. sk.
b. S ad. sk. 
Cuyaba, Brazil (Natterer). 
Brazil. 
Sclater Coll. 
Purchased. 
c. ? ad. sk. Bahia, Sclater Coll. 

118 
FRINCHLLID-a:. 

Subsp. a. Spermophila polionota. 
Sporophila collaria, Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 246 (1856, nee auct.). 
Spermophila cucullata, Scl. Cat Amer. B. p. 103 (1862, nee Bodd.). 
Spermophila atricapilla, Feb. Ow. Bras. pp. 223, 437 (1871, nee 
Nemoied). 
Adult male. Similar to S. cueidlata, but wanting the ochreous 
buff on the underparts, rump, and sides of neck, all of which are 
whitish; lower back and thighs ashy grey. Total length 4*5 
inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*35, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*6. 
Adult female. General colour above brown, the lower back and 
rump rather paler and more sandy; lesser wing-coverts like the 
back ; median and greater coverts blackish brown, edged with paler 
brown, the inner ones tipped with tawny buff; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, edged with paler brown, 
the inner primaries yellowish white at the base of the outer web, 
forming a speculum; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers dark brown, 
edged with paler brown, especially the outermost feather ; crown of 
head like the back ; lores whitish; ear-coverts pale olive-brown ; 
sides of neck yellowish buff, recalling the half-collar of the male; 
cheeks, throat, and under surface of body yellowish buff, more tawny 
on the abdomen, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries like the breast; quills below dusky, white 
along the inner edge. Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 
2-25, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*6. 

Rah. Brazil. 
a. $ ad. sk. Brazil. Maison Verreaux. 
b. (S ad. sk.
c. $ ad. sk. 
Rio. 
Rio (Natterer). 
Sclater Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 

22. Spermophila melanocephala. 
Pico grueso cejita "blanca, Azara, Apimt i. p. 448 (1802). 
Ooccothraustes melanocephala, Vieill. N. Diet. d?Hht. Nat. xiii. p. 542 
(1817). 
? Pyrrkula melanocephala, B'Orh, & Lafr. Sun, Av. in Mag. de Zool. 
1837, p. 85. 
Spermophila melanocephala, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 386 (1844); 
Marti. 2nd. Azara, p. 9 (1847). 
Spermophila lafresnayii, Bp. Consp. i. p. 496 (1853); Gray, Handrl. 

B. ii. p. 105, no. 7571 (1870). 
Adult male. Similar to 8. cucullata, but distinguished by the 
broad band of deep cinnamon or chestnut which occupies the lower 
back as well as the rump; the sides of the neck and the underparts 
are also deep cinnamon, becoming chestnut on the lower flanks 
and under tail-coverts. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 
2*45, tail 2, tarsus 0*6. 

Hob. Southern Brazil, extending to Corrientes and probably to 
Bolivia. 

a. 
<J ad. sk. Punta Lara, Buenos Ayres, Henry Durnford, Esq. [O.]. 
Oct, 19,1875. 
17 . SPERMOPHILA. 
119 

23. SpermopMa torqueola. 
Spermophila 
torqueola, Bp. Consp. i. p. 495 (1850); Sol. P. Z. i$. 
1858, p. 303; id. Cat Amer. B. p. 105 (1862) ; JDuc/es, La Nat 

p. 351 (1868); $cl Ibis, 1871, p. 6; Sd. # tfafo. Nomencl. Av. 
Neotr. p. 28 (1873); Lawr. Mem. Bost Soc. N. II. ii. p. 276 
(1874) ; Salv. $ Godm. Biol Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 351 (1885). 
Fringilla ochropyga, Licht. 3ISS. in Hits. Berol. 

Sporopkila ochropyga, Licht Nomencl. Av. Berol. p. 45 (1854): 
Cab. J.f. 0.1861, p. 5. J 
Gyrinorhynckus torqueolus, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 105, no. 7586 

(1870).' 
Gyrinorhynclius atriceps, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 106, no. 7587 
(1870). 
Sporophila torqueola, Giebel, TJies. Orn. iii. p. 523 (1871). 

Adult male. General colour above black, the lower back and rump 
light cinnamon-rufous; wing-coverts and quills black, the median 
coverts with a few sandy-buff tips to the feathers (probably remains 
of winter plumage); the inner primaries white at the base of the 
outer web, forming a distinct alar speculum; upper tail-coverts and 
tail-feathers black, the latter fringed with pale brown at the ends; 
crown of head black like the back, as also the lores, sides of face, 
and ear-coverts ; behind the latter a large patch of white on the 
sides of the neck, forming a half-collar; cheeks and under surface 
of body tawny rufous, the throat rather paler; fore neck black, 
forming a collar; thighs white, black posteriorly ; under tail-
coverts like the breast; under wing-coverts and axillaries white; 
quills below dusky, edged with ashy, white at the base: " bill and 
legs blackish; iris brown" {Grayson). Total length 4-7 inches, 
culmen 0*4, wing 2-8, tail 2, tarsus 0*55. 

The seasonal plumage of the adult male is brown, all the black 
feathers of the upper surface having sandy-brown edges, which are 
doubtless shed at the breeding-season; the white patch at the sides 
of the neck is also tinged with sandy buff. 

The yoantj male resembles the adult male in seasonal plumage, 
being brown instead of black. At first the black collar on the fore 
neck is altogether absent, and when assumed it is much narrower 
than in the adult male. The reddish colour of the underparts is 
also much paler. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
very pale olive-brown, rather more ashy olive on the head and 
neck; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and greater 
coverts dusky brown, edged with olive-brown, rather more ruddy on 
the ends of the latter series; bastard-wing and primary-coverts 
dusky brown, obsoletely fringed with olive-brown; quills dusky 
brown, edged with olive-brown, a little ruddy in tint on the inner 
secondaries; upper tail-coverts like the back; tail-feathers dusky 
brown, with pale olive-brown margins; lores, sides of face, and 
under surface of body paler olive-brown than the upper surface; 
the abdomen, lower flanks, and under tail-coverts pale sandy buff; 

FRnraiLIIDJE. 

under wing-coverts and axillaries whitish, washed with pale olive ; 
quills below dusky, edged with ashy, whitish towards the base. 
Total length 4*25 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 1*95, tail 1*7, tarsus 

0*6. 
Hab. Mexico. 
a,b. c? $ ad. sk. Mexico. Sclater Coll. 
c. $ imm. sk. Silao, Mexico. Sclater Coll. 
d. J ad. sk. Mazatlan, Dec. 8 (A. Forrer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e. (5 ad.sk.
/ . c? ad. sk. 
Mazatlan, Jan. 4 (A. Forrer). 
Presidio, Mexico, Dec. 22 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(A. Forrer). 
g. <$ ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 

24. SpermopHla albitor<pis. 
Adult male. Similar to S. torqueola, but distinguished by a white 
collar round the hind neck. Total length 4-4 inches, culmen 0*35, 
wing 2-25, tail 1*85, tarsus 0*6. 

Hab. Mexico. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Mexico. 
Sclater Coll. 
b. S 
ad. sk. Oapulalpam, S. Mexico, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
I860 (A. Salle). 
25. SpermopMLa ophthalmica. 
Spermophila ophthalmica, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1800, pp. 270, 203; id. 
Cat. Amer. B. p. 103 (1802); id. Ibis, 1871, p. 11; id. # Salv. 
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 28 (1873); Berlepsch § Tacz. F. Z. S. 
1888,. p. 550 j Tacz. $ Berlepsch, F. Z. S. 1884, p. 84. 

Gyrinorhynchus ophthalmicus, 
Gray, Hand~l B. ii. p. 100, no. 7599 
(1870). 

Adult male (type of species). General colour above glossy black, 
the lower back and rump whiter, but mottled with black and grey, 
the bases of the feathers being grey, the tips pure white with a subterminal 
bar of black ; lesser wing-coverts black, edged with white, 
the median and greater coverts black, the latter with a linear streak 
of white at the ends; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
black, with a white base, concealed on all but the middle primaries, 
which have the base of the outer web white so as to form an 
alar speculum ; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers black ; crown of 
head, lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts black, with a tiny spot of 
white below the eye : cheeks, throat, and sides of neck white ; fore 
neck crossed by a black band, widening out on the sides of the chest; 
breast and abdomen white, as well as the sides of body and flanks, 
the latter slightly mottled with black bases to the feathers ; thighs, 
under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and asillaries white, with a 
small patch of black near the edge of the wing; quills below 
blackish, the inner c&gq white, increasing towards the base. Total 
length 4 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*25, tail 1-65, tarsus 0-6. 

17 . SPEEMOPHILA. 
121 

Adult female. General colour above lightfar own, somewhat ashy 
on the head and mantle, the lesser wing-coverts like the hack; 
median and greater coverts hlackish, edged with light brown, tinged 
with rufous : hastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, 
edged with pale hrown, the primaries fringed with ashy; upper 
tail-coverts and tail-feathers light hrown, with paler hrown margins• 
lores fulvous; eyelid buify white; ear-coverts, cheeks, and under 
surface of "body light fulvous hrown, whiter along the centre of the 
breast and abdomen; sides of body and flanks pale hrown, as also 
the thighs and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts white, faintly 
washed with brown; axillaries white; quills below dusky, white 
towards the base of the inner edge. Total length 4*3 inches, 
culmen 0*4, wing 2-15, tail 1*75, tarsus 0-6. 

Hob. Ecuador. 

a,b. (S $ ad. sk. Babahoyo, Ecuador (L. Sclater Coll. 
Fraser). (Types of species.) 

c. <$ ad. sk. Esmeralclas, Ecuador, Dec. 1859 Sclater Coll. 
(L. Fraser). 
d. <$ juv. sk. Esmeraldas, Nov. 1859. L. Eraser, Esq. [0.]. 
e. S ad. sk. Ecuador (0. Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
/ . 
<J ad. sk. Santa Eita Mountains, Salvin-GodmanColl. 
Ecuador ( Villagomez). 

g. <$ ad. sk. Choco Bay. 
Capt. Kellett and 
Lieut. Wood [P.]. 
/^. <J ad. sk. Ecuador. Gould Coll. 

26. Spermophila lineata. 
Radiated Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 156 (1783). 
Loxia lineata, Gm. S. JSf. i. p. 858 (1788) *. 
? Pico grue&o negro y bianco, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 458 [1802) f. 
? Coccothraustes leucoptera, Vieill N. Diet. cTHist. Nat. xiii. 


p. 521 (1817, ex Mara). 
Pyrrhula misya, Vieill. Ois. Chant, pi. 46 (1805). 
Loxia leucopterygia, Spiv, Av. Bras. ii. p. 45, pi. lviii. fig. 3 
(1825). 
? Spermophila leucoptera, Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 9 (1847). 
Spermophila inysia, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 386 (1844); Bp. Consp. i. 

p. 496 (1850) • Sol. Cat. Amer. B. p. 104 (1862). 
Spermophila leucopterygia, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 386 (1844); Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 496 (1850). 
Sporophila lineata, Barm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 245 (1856). 
Spermophila lineata, Sel. Cat. Amer. B. p. 104 (1862); id. $ Salv. 

P. Z. S. 1867, p. 572; JPelz. Orn. Bras. p. 438 (1871) ; 8cl Ibis, 
1371, p. 11 ; id. & Salv. Nomenol. Av. Neotr. p. 28 (1873) j Salv. 
Ibis, 1885, p. 214. 
* The description is bad, and is very doubtfully referable to the present 
species. Traditional usage, however, has sanctioned its application, and no 
change in these present days is desirable. 
t According to Sclater, but the locality places some doubt on the identification. 


122 
PEHSTGHLLIDJE. 

Gyrmorhynchus lineatus, Gi*ay. Hand-l B. ii. p. 105, no. 7569 
(1870). 
Gyrmorhynchus mysia, Gray, t. c. p. 105, no. 7577 (1870). 

Adult male. General colour above glossy greenish black, the lower 

back and rump ashy grey, with remains of dusky blackish sub


terminal markings, producing a mottled appearance; lesser wing-

coverts black, with ashy-whitish edges; median and greater coverts 

black, tipped with white, the former very distinctly, so as to form a 

patch; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, the inner 

primaries white at the base of the inner web, forming a speculum ; 

upper tail-coverts greenish black, fringed with ashy; tail-feathers 

black, with a narrow ashy edging on the tips; crown of head 

greenish black, as also the lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts; the 

lower eyelid with a tiny spot of white; cheeks, throat, and sides 

of neck white, followed by a black band across the fore neck, the 

sides of the upper 
breast being also black: centre of breast and 

abdomen white ; sides of body and flanks ashy grey ; thighs du^k} 

blackish; under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts and axil


laries white, with a blackish patch near the outer edge of the wing; 

quills below blackish, ashy along the inner edge and towaivk the 

base of the quills. Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*35, 

tail 1*85, tarsus 0-0. 

Some specimens have the feathers of the lower back and rump 

tipped with ashy whitibh, but I am unable to say whether these 

white-rumped specimens are in seasonal plumage or not. Borne of 

them have ashy edges to the upper tail-coverts and certain of the 

dorsal plumes. Several specimens, apparently quite adult, have the 

black collar interrupted in the centre, but whether this indicates 

immaturity I have not been able to discover. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above olive-
brown, a little more fulvescent on the rump; lesser wing-coverts 
like the back; median and greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with pale brown, a little 
more olive on the primaries ; tail-feathers dusky brown, margined 
with olive-brown ; crown like the back : lores and feathers round 
the eye ashy whitish; ear-coverts pale olive-brown, streaked with 
ashy whitish; under surface of body ochreous buff, browner on the 
flanks and sides of the body; centre of breast and abdomen dull 
white, tinged wich yellow; axillaries and under wing-coverts white, 
edged with yellow; edge of wing yellow ; quills below dusky, ashy 
whitish along the edge of the inner web. Total length 4*2 inches, 
culmen 0*45, wing 2'2o, tail 1*05, tarsus 0*7. 

Bab. Guiana and Amazonia. 

a. ^ ad. sk. Cayenne. 
Purchased. 
b. $ ad. sk. Cayenne. 
Sclater Coll. 
c. 
<$ ad. sk. Georgetown, British Guiana Sclater Coll. 
{Brown), 
d. e. <S J ad. sk. Bartica Grove, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman OoIL 
Feb. 20, IbbO {II. IVhitely). 
17 . SPEEM0PHI1A. 
/>£•<?? ad. sk. Bartica Grove, Sept. 25,1879 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(J5T. JF.). 
k S ad. sk. Albina, Surinam, March 27, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1866 (C. BaHlett). 

i. cJ ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll. 
A?. (J ad. sk. Island of Mexiana, Jan. 19, Sclater Coll. 
1849 (A. B. Wallace). 
S juv. sk. Island of Mexiana, Jan. 1849, Salnn-Godrnan Coll. 

(A. E. W.). 
m. S ad. sk. North side of R. Amazon Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(A. R. W.). 
n. § ad. sk. Para, Oct. 1848 (A. R. W.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
o, p. <$ ad. et Para. Sclater Coll. 
JUT. sk. 
q, r. 
<$ $ ad, sk. Para. R. Graham, Esq. 
[P.]. 


s. S ad. sk. Brazil. 
Gould Coll. 
27. SpermopMla moreleti. 
Spermophila morelleti, Bp. Consp. i. p. 497 (1850): Lawr. Ann. 
Lye. N. T. ix. p. 102 (1868) ; Frantz. J.f. 0. 1869, p. 381. 

Spermophila moreleti, Scl 8f Sal. Ibis, 1859, p. 17 ; Salv. t. c. p. 468 : 
Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 105 (pt.) ; Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 36; 
Scl. Ibis, 1871, p. 10 (pt.); id. $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 28 
(1873, pt.); Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 222 (1882); Boucard,P. Z. S. 
1883, p. 444: Salv, & Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer.. Aves, i. p. 352 
(1885, pt). 

Sporophila morelleti, Cab. J.f 0. 1861, p. 4. 
Gyrkiorhynchus morelleti, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 105, no. 7572 (1870). 


Adult male. General colour above black, with a broad band of 
white across the rump; wing-coverts black, tipped with white; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, the middle primaries 
white at the base of the outer web, forming an alar speculum; upper 
tail-coveits and tail-feathers black; crown of head black like the 
back i lores, feathers round eye, ear-coverts, and cheeks black; 
malar line, throat, and sides of neck white, the latter extending 
backwards and forming a half-collar: fore neck black, forming a 
broad collar; remainder of under surface white, with a slight tinge 
of ochreous buff; thighs black, tipped with white ; under tail-coverts 
creamy white; under wing-coverts and axillaries white; quills 
below black, white at the base of the inner web. Total length 8*6 
inches, culmen 0-35, wing 2*05, tail T6, tarsus 0-6. 


Adult female. Similar to the female of 8. parva, fully described 
below. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 1*85, tail 1*55, 
tarsus 0*6. 

Young male. At first resembling the adult female and then 
gaining the full black plumage by a moult. Both the black head and 
the black collar across the fore neck are developed under the brown 
or buff feathers, but notwithstanding this fact they seem to make 
their first mature appearance by a direct moult and not by the 
shedding of the light edges to the feathers. 

Hub. Prom Yucatan to Guatemala, Honduras, and Costa Rica. 

124 
FRINGII.LID.ffi. 

a, b. (J ad. et juv. Merida, N. Yucatan ((9. JF1 Salvin-Godrnan Coll. 
sk. Garner). 
ey d. Juv. sk. Mugeres Island, Yucatan (G. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

P. Gaumer). 
e. 
J juv. sk. Meco Island, Yucatan (G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Gaumer). 
/, g. <$ $ ad. sk. Coronal, British Honduras Salvin-Godman Coll. 
{Roe). 
/^, £ 
$ ad. sk. 5 &. Guatemala (G. U. Skinner). J. Gould, Esq. 
5 ad. sk. 


1. (S ad. sk. Guatemala. 
Sclater Coll. 
m. <$ ad. sk. Vera Paz, Guatemala Salvin-Godman Coll. 
{Hague). 
n, o. (J 2 a^. sk. Honduras. Sclater Coll. 
j9. cJ ad. sk. Medina, Honduras (G. M. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Whitehj). 

q. 
<$ ad. sk. San Pedro, Honduras (G. M. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Whitehj). 
r. 
2 ad. sk. Belize, Honduras (0. 8.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
s. 
c? ad. sk. San Jose*, Costa JRica (J. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Carmiol; Sm. no. 38353). 
*. $ ad. sk. Grecia, Oosta Rica (/. CarSalvin-
Godman Coll. 
miol; Sm. no.41389). 
«, 0. d $ ad. sk. Turrialba, Costa Rica (E. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Aree). 
«7; #. <£ ad.; Irazu district, Costa Eica (J. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

y. 
c? JUT. sk. Rogers). 
28. SpermopMla parva. 
Sporophila morelleti, Cab. Mm. Hein. Th. L p. 150 (1850, nee Bp.). 
SpermopMla morelleti, Scl P. Z. S. 1850, p. 302 (nee Bp.). 
SpermopMla moreleti (nee Bp.)} Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 506 (1858) : 

id. U. S. $ Mex. Bound. Surv., Birds, p. 17 (1858); Scl P. Z. S. 
1859, pp. 365, 378; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 105 (1802, pt.) ; Suniiehr. 
Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. I p. 551(1809); Scl. Ibis, 1871, p. 10 
(pt); Coues, Keg N. Amer. B. p. 150 (1872); Scl. § Sale. 
Rfomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 28 (1873); Baird, Brewer, fy Ridgw. 
Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 91 (1874); Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. 
Surv. v. p. 393 (1879); Ridgw. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mm. iii. p. 
182 (1883) ; Coues, Keg N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 392 (1884). 

SpermopMla albigularis (nee Spix), Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. v. p. 124 
(1851). 
SpermopMla parva, Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. ii. p. 381 (1883) *; 
Salv. fy Godm. Biol. Centr-Amer., Aces, i. p. 357 (1885). 

Adult male. General colour above black, the rump and lower 
back brown, as well as other scattered feathers on the upper surface 
(indications of seasonal plumage); wing-coverts black, with small and 

* The type of this species, lent to Mr. Salvin by the U.S. National Museum, 
has been shown to me by him. The specimen is a female, and is undoubtedly 
of the same species as the Texas and Mexican SpermopMla, generally called 
S. moreleti. In the British Museum is a very old skin marked " type of S. mexicanco, 
Sw.," but I have not been able to discover where Swamson published this 
name, and I have therefore adopted that given by Mr. Lawrence. 
17 . SPEKMOPHILA. 
125 

nearly obsolete white tips to the median and greater series ; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, the inner primaries and the 
secondaries white at the base of the outer web, forming a double 
speculum, the latter concealed by the greater wing-coverts: upper 
tail-coverts and tail-feathers black, the tips fringed with ashy grey ; 
crown of head, lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts black; lower 
edge of eyelid, cheeks, throat, and sides of neck white; a black 
collar across the fore neck: remainder of under surface white, tinged 
with yellowish buff, especially on the lower abdomen, flanks, and 
under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts and axillaries whitish, mottled 
with dusky bases; quills below dusky blackish, edged with ashy, 
and white at the base of the inner web. Total length 4 inches, 

culmen 0*35, wing 1*95, tail 1*65, tarsus 06 . 

The male in seasonal plumage more resembles the female, being 

generally of an ochreous-brown shade, through which the underlying 

black plumage is perceptible. The full plumage is gained by the 

shedding of these brown ends to the feathers. The under surface of 

the body is rich ochreous buff and the black collar is completely 

hidden, but can be discovered underneath the light overlying plumage. 

The white wing-bars are very broad and distinct, as also are the 

broad ashy-brown ends to the tail-feathers. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 

dull ochreous brown with a slight olive tinge; lower back, rump, 

and uj>per tail-coverts clearer ochreous brown : lesser wing-coverts 

like the back; median and greater coverts dusky brown, edged with 

the same colour as the back, and tipped with yellowish white, forming 

a double wing-bar ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky 

brown, fringed with paler brown, the innermost secondaries edged 

with yellowish white at the ends ; tail-feathers brown, margined with 

ochreous brown; crown of head like the back; lores and feathers 

round eye ochreous white; ear-coverts and sides of neck pale 

ochreous brown; cheeks and under surface of body ochreous buff, 

paler and more isabelline on the centre of the breast and abdomen; 

sides of body, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts pale ochreous 

buff, as well as the under wing-coverts and axillaries; quills below 

dusky, ashy along the inner web, and ashy white towards the base 

of the latter. Total length 4*15 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 2*1, 

tail 1*7, tarsus 0-55. 

Hob. Prom Texas to Mexico. 

a. 2 ad. sk. Loniita Ranch, Texas, April G. B. Sennett, Esq. 
11,3878. [0.]. 
b. <$ imm. st. Mexico. Purchased. 
c. <$ imm. sk. Mexico. ("Typeof S. mexicana, Sw.") 
d. e. £ $ imm. sk. Cordova. M. A. Salle' [C.]. 
/. (S ad. sk. Jalapa, S. Mexico (de Oca). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
g,h. <$ ad. etjuv. Orizaba, Mexico (Botferi). Sclater Coll 
sk. 

126 PKI2TGILLIDJ3. 

29. Spermophila caeruleseeiis. 
Pico gruei»o gargantilla, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 452 (1S02). 
Pyrrhula cterulescens, Bonn, et Tieill. JEnc. Meth. iii. p. 1023 (1828). 
Pvrrhula nigricollis, iid. t. e. p. 1027 (1823). 
Fringilla ornata, Lieht. Verz. DouU. p. 26 (1820). 
Fringilla leucopogon, Neuwied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iii. p. 572 (1880). 
Pyrrkula omata, D'Orb. § Lap. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool, 1837, p. 86. 
SpermopMla nigrogularis, Gould in Dancins Voy. Beagle, Birds, 


p. 88 (1841) ] Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 8^(1844). 
Sperm.oph.ila Ccerulescens, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 380 (1844): Bp. Cony). 
i. p. 498 (1850); Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 104 (1802); id. Ibi*, 1871, 
p. 12; Hamilton, t. e. p. 303 ; Sd. 4* Salr. Xomend. Av. Xeotr. p. 26 
(1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. (334; White, Ibis. 18*2, p. 598. 
Spemiopkila nisrricollis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. S&0 (1844); Bp. Consp. 

i. p. 498 (1850); ticl. Cat Amer. B. p. 104 (1602). 
SpermopMla ornata, Marti. Lid. Azara, p. 9 (1847) ; Bp. Consp. i. 
p. 497 (1850) ; ScL $ Salv. P.Z.S. 1800, p. 032; Feb. Orn. Bras. 
pp.224, 438(1871). 
Sporophila ornata, Cab. Mas. Rein. Tli. i. p. 149 (1850) ; Burm. TJL 
Bras. iii. p. 243 (185G) ; id. Reis. La Plata-St.ii. p. 488 (1801). 
Gyrinorlrynchus csBrulescens, Gray, Rand-l. B. ii. p. 195, no. 7575 
(1870). 

Adult male. General colour above dark ashy grey, with obsolete 
du^ky centres to the dorsal feathers; lesser wing-coverts like the 
back ; median and greater coverts and bastard-wing dusky blackish, 
edged with aJiy grey ; primary-coverts and quills brow ner, edged 
with ashy ; upper tail-coverts a little browner than the back ; tail-
feathers brown, margined with ashy; crown of head ashy grey, 
rather darker than the head; forehead blackish, this shade overspreading 
the crown almost to the occiput; eyelid white above and 
below ; lores, feathers below the eye, and ear-coverts black, the 
latter washed with ashy posteriorly ; cheeks and throat white, with 
a black patch on the chin and upper throat; rest of under surface 
white, with a black band across the fore neck; sides of upper breast 
mottled with black centres to the feathers; sides of body and flanks 
washed with ashy grey, the latter mottled with dark ashy-grey 
bases to the feathers; thighs and under tail-coverts white ; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries white, with a dusky patch near the 
edge of the wing; quills below dusky, ashy along the edge of the 
inner web: " bill yellow; feet flesh-colour; iris greyish brown" 
(Muivied). Total length 4*3 inches, culrnen 0-35, wing 2-25, tail 
1*85, tarsus 0*55. 

The male in seasonal plumage is washed with olive-brown on the 
back, wings, and tail, and the head and ear-coverts are ashy grey, 
the black being visible only on the base of the forehead, lores, and 
fore part of the ear-coverts. It is evident that in the full plumage 
the ashy-grey colour becomes abraded and the black spreads over 
the crown. The black spot on the throat and the band on the fore 
neck are both overshaded with grey. 

The two specimens from Simacu in the Salvin-Godman collection 
appear to me to belong to a different species, not having any black 
whatever on the forehead or lores; but as they are in seasonal 

17 . SPERMOFHTLA. 
plumage, and the feathers of the head are rather damaged, I prefer 
to wait for more perfect specimens before deciding on tho distinctness 
of the Bolivian bird. 

Young males are brown like the old females, but arc rather more 
ashy, and have the breast and abdomen whiter, being in this respect 
like the adult male. The chin has a blackish spot, strongly obscured 
by ashy margins to the feathers, followed by a large white throat-
spot, and below this there are indications of a band on the fore neck, 
obscured by ashy grey. There is no trace of black on the forehead 
or lores, and the white streak on the cheeks is obscured by ashy 
tips to the feathers. 

Adult female* Different from the male. General colour above 

olive-brown; wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers dusky-brown, 

edged with olive-brown like the back; crown of head, lores, and 

sides of face like the back ; eyelid and feathers below the eye dull 

whitish ; cheeks and under surface of body ochreous brown, washed 

with olive-yellow, the throat whiter in the centre; sides of body and 

flanks somewhat browner, the abdomen yellowish white; thighs 

brown ; under tail-coverts ochreous white; under wing-coverts and 

axillaries olive-yellowish, the former white at the base; quills below 

dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 

04 , wing 2*05, tail 1*0, tarsus 0*55. 

Hah. Southern Brazil, Paraguay, Argentine Eepublic, and Bolivia. 

a. d ad. sk. Brazil. 
Lord Stuart de 
Rothesay [P.]. 
5, c. d ad. sk. Brazil. J. Gould, j&q. 
d e. (S ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll. 
/. d ad. sk. Baliia (Wucherer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

g. $ ad. sk. Baliia. Sclater Coll. 
L $ ad. sk. Rio cle Janeiro. Sclater Coll. 
i. 2 ad. sk. Rio de Janiero (J. Natterer). Sclater Coll. 
h. 
d ad. sk. Rio de Janeiro, Dec. 8, 1817 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(/. Natterer). 
/. 
d ad. sk. Rio de Janeiro, April 18,1875. H. Durnford, Esq. 
[C.]. 

m. 
9 &d. sk. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Joyncr). 
«, o. d S ad. sk. Monte Video (C. Darwin). Zoological Society. 
(Types of 8. nigrogularis, Gould.) 
p, 
q. d ad. sk. Conchitas, Buenos Ayres Sclater Coll. 
(TV. II. Hudson). " 


r. d ad. sk. Conchitas, Oct. 1868 (W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
H. II). 
s. d jun. sk. Barracas, near Buenos Ayres, H. Durnford, Esq. 
Dec. 27,1875. rc.]. 
t $ ad.sk. Flores, Buenos Ayres, Nov. 26, Sclater Coll. 
1881 (K W. White). 
u, v. d 2 ad. sk-Pampas Argentina® (Ley-Salvin-Godman Coll. 
bold). 

Mendoza, Feb. 1871 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

x. d ? ad. sk. 
w, 

(Weisshaupf). 

z. d2 ad. sk. Mendoza. Mr. Weisshaupt[C.l. 
, b'. d ad. sk. Simacu, Bolivia (C. Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
128 PRINGHLIBJB. 

30. SpermopMla gutturalis. 
? Black and Yellow Frizzled Sparrow, Edwards, Gleanings, ii. p. 128, 

pi. 271. fig. 1 (1760). 

? Fringilla crispa, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 324 (1706, ex Edioards). 

? Loxia crispa, P. L. S. Midi. Syst. Nat., Anhang, p. 258 (1776); Cass. 

Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 253. 

Fringilla gutturalis, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 20 (1823). 

Loxia ignobilis, Spiv, Av. Bras. p. 46, pi. 60. fig. 3 [1824). 

Loxia plebeja, Sjriv, t.c. p. 46, pi. 50. fig. 3 (1824). 

Fringilla melanocephala, Neuwieel, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iii. p. 577 

(1830). 

Speimophila olivaceofiava, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 291,1846, p. 207. 

Spermophila gutturalis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 386 (1Q44); Scl. P. Z.S. 

1855, p. 160, 1860, p. 298; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 105 (lfe62) ; Scl. 
$ Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 352, 1867, p. 572 ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. 
pp 22o, 438 (1871),- Scl. Ibis, 1871, p. 15; Wyatt, t.c. p. H2S; 
Scl. $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 28 (1873); Layard, Ibis, 1873, 

p. 380; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 519; Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, 
p. 16; iid. P. Z.S. 1879, p. 507 ; Tacz. t. c. p. 229 ; id. P. Z. S. 
1880, p. 199; Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 336; Salv. Ibis, 1885, p. 215 ; 
id. Sf Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 854 (1885)• Tacz. 
Om. Perou, iii. 5. 18 (1886). 
SpermopMla plebeia, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p, 386 (1844). 
Spermophila ignobili&, Gray, Gen, B. ii. p. 886 {1844). 
Phonipara gutturalis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 494 (1850) • Later. Ann. Lyc. 


N. Y. vii. p. 298(1861). 
Sporophila gutturalis, Cab. Mus. Hem. Th. i. p. 149 (1850); Burnt. 
Th. Bras. iii. p. 244(1856). 
Passerina gutturalis, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 98, no. 7454 (1870). 
Spermophila gutturalis olhacea, Berlepsch 6f Tacz. P. Z.S. 1883, 

p. 537, 1884, p. 293. 
Spermophila gutturalis pallida, Berlepsch, J*./. O. 1884, p. 294. 
Adult male. General colour above dull olive-greenish, blackish 
towards the mantle and head ; lesser wing-coverts like the back; 
median and greater coverts dusky blackish, edged with olive-green : 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky blackish, fringed 
with olive-green, broader on the secondaries ; a small alar speculum 
of yellowish white, formed by the white bases to the outer webs of 
the inner primaries; upper tail-coverts like the back ; tail-feathers 
dusky brown, edged with olive-greenish; crown of head dull black, 
as also the entire sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, sides of 
neck, and fore neck ; breast and abdomen pale sulphur-yellow ; sides 
of body and flanks pale sulphur-yellow, mottled with blackish bases ; 
thighs yellow, black posteriorly; under tail-coverts pale yellow; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries white, washed with yellow, dusky blackish 
near the edge of the wing; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner 
edge, whitish towards the base: " bill blackish ; legs dark brownish 
grey; iris clear greyish brown " (Neuiuied). Total length 4*5 inches, 
culmen 0-4, wing 2-1, tail 1'6, tarsus 0*55. 

In seasoned plumage the male is much more olive-green than in 
its full plumage, and the head is like the back, the black showing 
only on the forehead, and being overshaded with olive-green on the 

17 . SPERMOPHILA. 
sides of the face. This is the stage of plumage described by Count 
von Berlepsch as a distinct species, 8. olivacea, supposed to inhabit 
Ecuador. Similar birds are, however, found in other countries, and 
the one described above is from Pernambueo. Ecuador skins are 
certainly brighter in colour below, and the female is more saffron-
yellow underneath; the wing-spot, always small, is also obsolete in 
specimens from Ecuador, but it is such an inconstant character that 
every intermediate grade is found in the Museum series. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
olive-brown; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and greater 
coverts dusky brown, edged with olive-brown, and tipped with 
whity brown, forming an indistinct double bar ; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with olive-brown, 
broader on the secondaries; tail-feathers dusky brown, margined 
with olive-brown ; crown of head and sides of head like the back; 
lores and feathers round eye buffy white; ear-coverts olive-brown 
streaked with whitish; cheeks and under surface of body ochreous 
buff: breast and abdomen buffy white with a yellow tinge; sides of 
body and flanks olive-brown; thighs and under tail-coverts whitish 
tinged with ochre• under wing-coverts and axillaries white, washed 
with ochreous yellow; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner 
edge, whitish towards the base. Total length 4-1 inches, culmen 
0*35, wing 2, tail 1*6, tarsus 0*55. 

Youtyj males at first resemble the adult female, but show a good 
deal of black on the throat and crown, all, however, concealed by 
the overlying greenish plumage. 

Uab. Brazil, Guiana, Yenezuela, Colombia, extending into 
Panama; Ecuador and Peru. 

a. $ ad. sk. S. America (C Darwin). Zoological Society. 
Brazil. Zoological Society. 
€.. SBrazil. J. Gould, Esq. 

b. $ ad.si 
ad.sk. 

Pernambueo (W. A. Forbes). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

d, e. (S ad. sk. 

Pernambueo ( W. A. Forbes). Sclater Coll. 

f. (S ad. sk. 
Bahia, 
Sclater Coll. 

g. (S ad. sk. 
Bahia ( Wucherer). Sah in-Goduian Coll. 

h. 
6 ad.; i. S 
juv. sk. 
Para (A. R. Wallace). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

k, /. $ ad. sk. 

Para. 
Sclater Coll. 

m. (S ad. ><k. 
Itoraama, Jan. 8,1882 (H. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

n, $ ad. sk. 

Whitely). 

0. (S ad. sk. Roraima, June 22,1883 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(H. W). 
P-c? ad. sk. Trinidad. Zoological Society. 
<1-cJ ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll. 
r. $ ad. sk. Bogota. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
s. S ad. sk. Medellin {T. K. Salmon). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
t. 
cf ad. sk. Lion Hill Station, Panama Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(McLeannam). 
u, v. d ; w. $ ad. Quito, Ecuador. J. Gould, Esq. 
Ecuador. Salvin-Godman Col 

X. cS ad. sk. 
$ ad. sk. Nanegal, Ecuador, Feb. Sclater Coll. 

y* 

(X. Fraser), 
VOL. XII. 
130 PEESTGILLID^l. 
a. $ juv. sk.
a\ S ad. sk.
b'. cJ ad. sk. 
Puellaro, March (X. Fraser). 
Esmeraldas, Nov. (X. F.). 
Cayandeled, Ecuador, April13 {J. Stohmann). 
Sclater Coll. 
Sclater OolL 
Sclater Coll. 
d\ £ § ad. sk. Tambillo, Peru, Sept. (J. Sclater Coll. 
jStofamann). 

31. Sperrnophila ocellata. 
Spermoplilla 
ocellata, && £ &tfi\ P. Z. S. 1866, p. 181; ScL Ibis, 
1871, p. 14, pi. ii. fig. 3 ; &?/. §• &?/i>. Komencl Av. Neoir. p. 28 
(1873) ; «R P. Z. 6'. 1873, p. 264; Tacz. $ Berlepsch, P. Z. S. 1885, 

p. 84; Tacz. Oni. Perou, iii. p. 15 (1886). 
Adult male (type of species). General colour above glossy greenish 
black; a -white baud across the rump; wing-coverts like the 
back; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, edged with 
greenish black, the inner primaries and inner secondaries white at 
the base of the outer web, forming a double speculum, the inner one 
being concealed by the greater coverts; upper tail-coverts and tail-
feathers black, edged with glossj' greenish black; crown of head 
like the back, with a few white spots forming a streak in the centre 
of the forehead; lores, feathers below the eye, and ear-coverts 
glossy black like the crown; the cheeks white, forming a broad 
stripe; throat and sides of neck glossy black; fore neck mottled, 
the feathers being black at the base, with a round white spot at the 
tip; breast and abdomen white; sides of body and flanks white, 
slightly mottled with black bases to the feathers; thighs black 
externally, white internally ; under tail-coverts white; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white; edge of wing mottled with black; 
quills below blackish, edged with ashy, and white at the base: " bill 

black; feet dull black; iris dark brown" (A. Goering). Total 
length 4*2 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 2*1, tail 1*65, tarsus 0*55. 

The white streak in the centre of the forehead is not a positive 
character in this species. In some of the Kauta specimens there 
are a few traces of white, but in two individuals it is altogether 
absent. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
dull olive-brown, a little lighter on the rump and upper tail-coverts; 
wing-coverts like the back, the median and greater coverts with 
paler ends, forming an obsolete double wing-bar; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with pale oHvebrown, 
broader on the inner secondaries ; tail-feathers dusky brown, 
edged with olive-brown; crown of head like the back; lores and 
feathers round eye ochreous buff; ear-coverts paler olive-brown than 
the head; cheeks, throat, and fore neck pale ochreous buff; breast 
and abdomen buffy white : sides of body, flanks, thighs, and under 
tail-coverts ochreous buff; under wing-coverts and axillaries buff, 
with an olive-yellow tinge ; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner 
edge, whitish towards the base: " iris dark brown" (A. Goering). 
Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0-3, wing 2*1, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*55. 

17. SPEEltOPHILA. 
131 

Eab. Upper Amazonia, Guiana, Venezuela, and Colombia. 

a. 
S JUT. sk. Santa Marta, U.S. Colombia, Salvin-Godman Coll 
April 5, 1879 (F. Simons'). 
6. $ 
ad. sk. Valencia, Venezuela (A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Goering). 
c. <5 ad. sk. Valencia (A. Goering). Sclater Coll. 
d. $ ad.sk. Merida,Venezula(^.<?omV^). Sclater Coll. 
e. 2 ad. sk. Merida (A. Goering). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
f. 
d ad. sk. Canmang River, British Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Guiana, June 19, 1885 (£[.
Whitely). 
g. <$ ad. sk. River Ucayali. J. Hauxwell, Esq. 
[0.1 
h. d ad. sk. Yquitos, E. Peru, May 21, Sclater Coll. 
1878 {H. Whitely). 
h k. 6 ? ad. sk. Nauta, Peruvian Amazons Sclater Coll. 


(E. Bartlett). (Types of species.) 
I. $ ad. sk. Nauta, May 13,1865 (B. B.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
m, n. <$ ad. sk. Nauta. E. Bartlett, Esq. [C. 
o. £ ad. sk. Nauta, April 1865. E. Bartlett, Esq. [0.' 
#. $ ad. sk. Nauta, Jan. 1866. E. Bartlett, Esq. |_C. 
32. SpermopMla lineola. 
Loxia lineola, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 304 (1766). 
Loxia cribpa, P. L. S. Mull. Syst. Nat, Annans-, p. 154 (1776); Cass. 


Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 253. 
Pyrrhula crispa, Vieill. Ois. Chant, p. 76, pi. 47 (1805). 
Pyrrhula bouvronoides, Less. Traite, p. 450 (1831). 
f Pyrrliula lineola, I)'Orb. fy Lafr. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 1837, 

p. 86. 
Spermophila lineola, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 386 (1844) ; JSp. Consp. i. 
p. 497 (1850) j Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 104; Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 
1866, p. 181, 1867, p. 595, 1869, p. 252; Finsch, P.Z.S. 1870, 
p. 583; Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 224, 438 ; Scl. Ibis, 1871, p. 13; id. 
§• Sab. R Z. S. 1879, p. 604; Salv. Ibis, 1885, p. 214. 
Spermophila bouvronoides, Bp. Consp. i. p. 497 (1850); Scl. Cat. 
Amer. B. p. 104 (1862). 
Sporophila lineola, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 150 (1850); Burm. Th. 
Bras. iii. p. 248 (1856). 
SpermopMla lineata 
(lapsu), Scl. fy Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 28 
(1873). 

Adult male. General colour above glossy greenish black, with a 
band of white feathers across the rump, which is also a little mixed 
with grey ; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and greater 
coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, edged 
with glossy greenish black, the inner primaries white at the base of 
the outer web, forming a speculum, the secondaries also with a 
similar white speculum concealed by the greater coverts; upper tail-
coverts greenish black; tail-feathers black : crown of head like the 
back, with a broad longitudinal band of white reaching far on to 
the crown from the base of the bill; feathers round eye and upper 
part of ear-coverts black: the cheeks and lower ear-coverts white, 

K2 

132 ^EINGlLLrD^l. 

forming a broad band; throat black, connected with, the sides of the 
neck and separating the cheek-band from the rest of the under surface, 
which is pure white ; the sides of body and flanks washed with ashy 
grey ; thighs black, white internally; under tail-coverts white; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries white, with a black spot near the 
edge of the wing; quills below blackish, white at the base of the 
inner web. Total length 4*4 inches, culmen 0*3, wing 2-2, tail 1*85, 
tarsus 0*55. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 

olive-brown; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and greater 

coverts dusky brown, edged with olive-brown; bastard-wing, 

primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, fringed with olive-brown, 

more broadly on the secondaries; upper tail-coverts a little lighter 

olive-brown than the back; tail-feathers brown, margined with 

olive-brown ; crown of head like the back; lores and eyelid ochreous 

buff; ear-coverts paler olive-brown than the head; cheeks and throat 

pale ochreous buff, browner towards the fore neck; breast and 

abdomen buffy white with an ochreous tinge; sides of body and 

flanks olive-brown ; thighs ochreous brown ; under tail-coverts like 

the abdomen; under wing-coverts and axillaries dull white, washed 

with yellow; quills below dusky brown, edged with ashy, whitish 

towards the base: " bill horn-black; feet fleshy brown ; iris greyish 

brown " (Bwmeister). Total length 4 inches, culmen 0*3, wing 2*1, 

tail 1*0, tarsus 0*55. 

Young males at first resemble the old females, but are generally 

more fulvous below, and may be detected by a little black on 

the wings and tail-feathers, or under the throat-feathers, which 

form a dusky patch, followed by a whitish patch on the lower 

throat. 

Although competent authorities assert that specimens from Brazil 

are absolutely identical with others from Trinidad, from an exam


ination of the fine series of specimens in the British Museum 

I have arrived at a different conclusion, viz., that there are three 

well-defined races, perhaps good species, confused under the heading 

of $. lineola. The typical form with the white streak on the crown 

is found in Brazil (Bahia), and extends to Guiana and Venezuela. 

In Trinidad it is represented by a race which I call 8. irinitatis 

(fully expecting that a larger series will confirm my determination), 

which has the white streak on the head represented by a few white 

spots only. The Amazonian form, which I call 8, amazonica^ has 

no white streak and no white spots on the forehead. 

A male of 8. amazonica measures :—Total length 3*9 inches, 

culmen 0*35, wing 2f25, tail 1*65, tarsus 0*55. 

The female of 8. arnazonica is much browner than the female of 

typical 8. lineola, without the olive shade of that species, and is 

decidedly browner below. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0*35, 

wing 1*95, tail 1*6, tarsus 0*55. 

Hah. Brazil, Amazonia, Guiana, and Venezuela. 

17 . SPERMOPHILA. 
133 

a. Spermophila lineola. 
a. d ad. sk. South America. 
Purchased. 

b. d ad. sk. Bahia. 
Sudbury Museum. 

c. ^. c? ad. sk. JBaliia (Wucherer), Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e,f> 6 ad. sk. Pernambuco ( W. A. Forbes). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
g. 6 ad. sk. Cayenne. 
Sclater Coll. 
A. $ ad. sk. British. Guiana (Schomburgk). Zoological Society. 
2. c? imni. sk. Herume* British 
Mountains,Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Guiana, June 13, 1881 (JET. 

Whitely).

k,l. 6 2 ad. sk. Oamacusa, July 10, 1882 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(H. w!). 
m. 
d juv. sk. Camacusa, June 22, 1882 Salvin-Godman Coll, 
(JBJ. W.). 
w,o. <£ ad.etjuv. Carimang Eiver, July 13,1885 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. 


(jy. w.y. 

p. 
6 ad. sk. Lake of Valencia, Venezuela Sclater Coll. 
(A, Goering). 
/3. Spermophila trinitatis. 

q. S ad, sk. Trinidad. 
Sclater Coll. 
r. <$ ad. sk. S. Vincent (Guilding). Gould Coll. 
8. <$ ad. sk. S. America. 
Sclater Coll. 
y. Spermophila amazonica. 
L <$ ad. sk. North side of River Amazon Sclater CoU. 
{A. JR. Wallace), 
u. 
§ ad. sk. Island of Mexiana (A. JR. Sclater CoU. 
Wallace), 
v. J ad. sk. Paver Amazon (A. JR. W.). Salvin-Godman ColL 
w. $ ad. sk. River Tocantins, Sept. 1848 Salvin-Godman ColL 
(A. M. W.). 
33. SpermopMla aurita. 
Spermophila aurita, JBp. Consp. i. p. 497 (1850); Lawr. Ann. Lyc. 
N. Y. vii. p. 333 (17(31); Frantz. J.f. 0.1809, i. p. 301; Set. Ibis, 
1871, p. 14, pi. ii. figs. 1, 2; id. fy Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 28 
(1873) j Salvin $ Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 354 
(1885). 
Spermophila lineata (nee Gm.), Lawr. Ann. Lijc. N. Y. vii. p. 474 

(1861). 
Spermophila hoffmanni, Cab. J. f. 0.1861, p. 6. 
Spermophila semicollaris, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 10 (1863) : 

Srt. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 352; Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 141, 

1870, p. 189. 
Spermophila hicksi, Lawr. Ann. Ltyc. N. Y. viii. p. 170 (1865). 
Spermophila fortipes, Lawr. t, c. p. 171 (1865). 
Spermophila collaris, Lawr. t c. p. 177 (1865). 

Adult male. General colour above glossy greenish black, the 
thers of the rump tipped with white, forming an irregular b 

134 FBINGILLID^E. 

across; wing-coverts like the back; quills black, the inner primaries 
white at the base of the outer web, forming an alar speculum; 
upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers black; crown of head, lores, 
sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, fore neck, and chest black; 
sides of neck with a white crescentic patch; breast and abdomen 
white; sides of body and flanks black, tipped with white; thighs 
black, internally white; under tail-coverts white, the longer ones 
with black bases ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, with a 
black patch near the edge of the wing; quills below black, edged 
with ashy, white towards the base of the inner web. Total length 

4-1 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2* 15, tail 1*75, tarsus 0*55. 

In some males the white spot on each side of the neck is con


nected by a white band across the lower throat, and the base of the 

chin is white: the lower back and rump are also white, forming a 

broad band. Between this and the form described there is every 

intermediate link in the Salvin-Godman collection—as, for instance, 

a male with a white throat-band and the rump black; another 

with the rump white and the entire throat black, with scarcely any 

sign of the white neck-patch; another with a white band on the 

throat, the neck-patch obsolete, and the rump marked by a few 

white-tipped feathers. How these variations have been brought 

about, whether by hybridization or not, it is impossible to deter


mine ; but I quite agree with Messrs. Salvin and Godman that only 

one species can be recognized. 

In the seasonal plumage the whole of the upper surface is brown, 

with which colour the feathers are broadly tipped ; the white rump 

is overshaded with ochreous buff, and the white tips to the wing-

coverts and inner secondaries are also tinged with ochreous buff; 

the white on the sides of the neck and the whole of the breast and 

abdomen are entirely obscured by brownish ochre, and the black 

band on the chest is shaded over with ochreous tips to the feathers. 

"With the shedding of the ochreous tips to the feathers, the buff tinge 

on the white parts disappears, and these parts gradually become 

pure white. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 

olive-brown ; lesser wing-coverts like the back : median and greater 

coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dull brown, edged 

with olive; upper tail-coverts like the back; tail-feathers brown, 

edged with olive ; crown of head like the back : lores pale olive, as 

also the feathers round and below the eye; ear-coverts pale brown 

washed with olive; cheeks and under surface of body pale olive-buff, 

lighter on the abdomen, which is yellowish white; sides of body 

and flanks olive-brown; thighs and under tail-coverts olive-buff; 

under wing-coverts and axillaries dull whitish, washed with 

olive-yellow; quills below dusky, edged with ashy along the inner 

web. Total length 3*7 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2, tail 1-65, 

tarsus 0*55. 

Hah. Central America, from Guatemala and Costa Eica to 

Panama. 

17 . SPERMOPHILA. 
135 
a. $ ad. sk. Panama (Chambers). Sclater Coll. 
b. $ ad. sk. Panama (J. McLeannan). 
Sclater Coll. 

<*• 6; d} e. 2 ad. Lion Hill Station, Panama Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. (J. McLeannan). 
fiff'S'rh-Q Paraiso Station, Panama Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ad. sk. (A. Hughes), 

i. <S ad. sk. Santa Fe, Veragua (E. Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
k. cf ad. sk. Calovevora, Veragua (E. Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
I 8 juv. sk. Mina Chorcha, Chiriqui Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(E. ArcS). 
m,n. 
8 2 ad. Volcan de Chiriqui (E. Arce). Salvin-Q-odman Coll. 
sk. 


Salvin-Godman Coll. 

o. cf ad. sk. Bugaba, Chiriqui (E. ArcS). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

p. cS . sk. Chitra, Veragua (E. Arce). Capt. Kellett and
q. $ 
ad 
adad. sk 
Lieut. Wood [P.] 
r. 
$ imm. sk. JJuenas, Guatemala (0. Salvin). Sclater Coll. 
s. S ad. sk. Duefias (0. 8. $ F. D. G.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
t. (S ad. sk Retalhuleu, Guatemala (0. 8. & Salvin-Godman Coll. 
F. B. G.). 
u. 
<$ imm. sk. Totanicapam, Guatemala (0. 8. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
£ F. A G.). 
34. Spermophila luctuosa. 
Spermophila luctuosa, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 291; Gray, Gen. B 
ii. p. 388 (1844); Bp. Consp. i. p. 497 (1850) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1855, 
p. 160, 1858, pp. 72, 455; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 105 (1862); id. $ 
Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 750,1869, p. 597; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 224, 
note; Scl. Ibis, 1871, p. 15; Scl $ Salv. Nomencl Ad. Neotr. p. 28 
(1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 204; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 519; 
Scl $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, pp. 507,005; Salvinfy Godm. Ibis, 1880, 
p. 14 j Tacz. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 17; id. fy Berlepsch, P. Z. S. 1884, 
p. 293; iid. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 84; Tacz. Orn. Perou. iii. p. 10 
(1886). 
Sporophila luctuosa, 
Cab. in Wiegm. Arch. 1844, p. 291; Tschudi <§* 
Cab. Faun. Peruan. p. 221 (1845-46); Cab. Mm. Hem. Th. L 

p. 150 (1850). 
Adult male. General colour above entirely black; wing-coverts, 
"bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills like the back, the inner 
primaries white at the base of the outer web, forming a large alar 
speculum; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers black; crown of head, 
sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, sides of neck, fore neck, 
and chest black; breast and abdomen white; sides of body and 
flanks black, the latter slightly varied with white tips to the feathers 
; thighs black, white posteriorly; under tail-coverts white, the 
long ones with black bases; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
black, the edge of the wing black, with a black patch on the lower 
coverts; quills below black, edged with ashy, the base of the inner 
web conspicuously white; " bill ashy whitish, the lower mandible 
more or less lead-colour; feet greyish lead-colour; iris dark brown" 
(Jelski). Total length 4'7 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 2-1, tail 1-6, 
tarsus 0*65. 

136 
FRIKGILLTD2E. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
olive-brown, a little clearer brown towards the rump and upper tail-
coverts; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and greater 
coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, 
edged with olive-brown, the ends of the greater coverts whity brown; 
tail-feathers brown, edged with olive-brown; crown of head like the 
back ; lores and feathers round eye ochrcous buff: ear-coverts light 
brown, with paler shaft-streaks; cheeks, throat, and breast ochreous 
brown, shaded with olive; abdomen white, washed with olive-
yellow ; sides of body and flanks brown with an olive tinge; thighs 
and under tail-coverts ochreous buff; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
whitish, washed with olive-yellow ; quills below dusky, ashy 
along the inner web, which is whitish towards the base : ^ bill pale 
brown, the lower mandible as in the male ; feet and iris as in the 
male " (JelsJci). Total length 4*4 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 2*05, 
tail 1*75, tarsus 0*6. 

Young male. At first brown, like the old female, with the black 

of the throat concealed, and to all appearance not half so extended 

as in the old male, the black appearance confined to the throat; but 

on lifting the feathers the black plumage will be found more or less 

developed on the fore neck. 

In seasonal plumage the male is dull olive-brown instead of 

black, the black plumage being obscured by olive-brown tips to 

the feathers, which are shed when the full plumage ib assumed. 

The abdomen and under tail-coverts are white, as in the adult bird, 

but the sides of the body are brown. 

Hal. Prom Colombia to Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Colombia. Purchased 
*,c. S ad. sk Bogota. Purchased. 
d,e. d $ ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll. 
f. 2 ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godruan Coll. 
9-S ad. sk. Bogota (G. Crowther). Sarvin-Godman Coll. 
*,t. 6 S ad. sk. Medellin (T. K. Salmoti). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
k7l. tf $ ad. sk. San Sebastian, U, S. Colombia, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
July 29,1879 (F A. Si?no?2s). 
m. <$ ad. sk. Ecuador. 
Gould Coll. 
n. $ ad. sk. Ecuador (L. Fraser), Salvin-Godman Coll. 
0. 3 ad. sk. Intac, Ecuador (C. Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
p. <S ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
q. 
$ ad. sk. Cosnipata, Peru, Oct. 31, 1«68 Sclater Coll. 
(II Whitely). 
r. S ad. sk. Cosnipata, Oct 1, 1868. H.Whitelv,Esq.fC.l. 
s. $ ad. sk Cosnipata, Sept. 17, 1808. H. Whitely,Esq.' C."1. 
t. 6 ,FV-, «• Xeberos, Peruvian Amazons, E.Bartlett,Esq.["C.t 

ad. sk. 
L J

Oct. 18G6.

V. $ juv. sk. Simacu, Bolivia (C. Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
w,. $ ad. sk. S. America. Zoological Society. 
17 . SPBEMOPHTLA. 
137 

35. SpermopMa corviaa. 
Spermophila corvina, Scl P. Z. S. 1859, p. 379; id. # Sah. Ibis, 1860, 
p. 33; Scl. Cat Amer. B. p. 105 (18(32); Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 
viii. p. 179 (1805) • Scl. $ Sah. P. Z. S. 1867,p. 278: Lawr. Ann. 
Lye. N. T. ix. p. 102 (1868); Frantz. J.f. 0. 1869, p. 301; Sumichr. 
Mem. Bost. Soc. N. M. i. p. 551 (1800) ; Scl fy JSalv. P. Z. S. 
1870, p. 836; Scl. Ibis, 1871, p. 16; Sah. Ibis, 1872, p. 317; Scl 
§ Sah. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 28 (1873); Nutting #• Ridgw. Pr. 
U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. 
p. 401 (1884); Salv. 8? Godm. Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, i. p. 355 (1885). 

SporopMla corvina, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1865, p. 169. 

Spermopliila badiiventris, Laivr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 171 (1865); 

Baird, Trans. Cliicago Acad. i. p. 319, pi. 28. fig. 3 (1869). 

Adult male (type of species). Entirely black, both above and 
below; inner primaries white at the base of the outer web, forming 
a speculum; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the coverts 
along the edge of the wing black; quills blackish below, ashy along 
the edge of the inner web, and white towards the base of the latter. 
Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 2-2, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*65. 

The males from all localities, except the Mexican bird described 
above, have a few white-edged feathers on the centre of the breast, 
forming a linear streak. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 

dark olive-brown ; lesser wing-coverts like the back: median and 

greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky 

brown, edged with the same colour as the back; upper tail-coverts 

like the back; tail-feathers brown, edged with olive; crown of head 

and sides of neck like the back; lores and feathers round eye ful


vous ; ear-coverts, cheeks, and under surface of body olive-brown, a 

little paler on the abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts ; under 

wing-coverts and axillaries white, washed with olive-yellow ; quills 

below dusky, ashy white along the edge of the inner web. Total 

length 4*4 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2-1, tail 1*75, tarsus 0*6. 

The young male is at first brown like the adult female, and 
gradually assumes the black plumage by a complete moult. 
Bab. Central America, from Mexico to Costa Rica. 


a. cJad.sk. Oaxaca, Mexico, April 1859 Sclater Coll. 
{A. Boueard). (Type of species.) 
b, c. <5 $ ad. sk. Vera Paz, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.J. 
d, e. 6 ad.; Choctum, Vera Paz, Feb. 1862 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
/ . g ad. sk. (O. S. $ F. D. G.). 

g. $ ad. sk. Honduras. 
Sclater Coll. 
A. c? jun. sk. Honduras (G. Wliitely). Sclater Coll. 
i. $ ad. sk. Chontales, Nicaragua (J. Belt). Sclater Coll. 
k, I. 6 ad. sk. Chontales, Nicaragua (J. Belt). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
m, n. $ $ ad. sk. Costa Rica (/. Carmiol).' Sclater Coll. 
o. 3 ad.sk. Pacuare,Costa Rica, Apr. 5,1867 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(J. Carmiol-, Sm. no. 47425). 
p 
Pad.sk. Angostura, Costa Rica, Jan. 11, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1867 (J. Carmiol). 

a. dad.sk. Turrialba, Costa Rica (F.Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll, 
r. <$ ad. sk. Turrialba, Costa Rica (JE. Arci). Sclater Coll. 
138 ZRiKarLLED-s:. 

36. SpermopHla bicolor. 
Pyrrhulabicolor, D'Orb. fyZafr. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 1837, p. 86 
(nee Gosse, 1847); BOrb^Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois. pi. 50. &g. 1 
(1835-44). 

Spermophila tricolor, Gray, Gen, B. ii. p. 386 (1844); Sol. Cat. Amer. 

B. p. 103 (1862); id. ibis, 1871, p. 17; id. fy Salt). Komencl. Av. 
Neotr. p. 28 (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 605. 
Sporophila bicolor, Bp. Consp. i. p. 499 (1850). 


Adult male. General colour above black, -with a -white band across 
the rump; wing-coverts black, the median and greater coverts with 
small white spots at the ends, larger on the ends of the inner coverts 
forming a white patch; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
black, the bases of the inner primaries and inner secondaries white 
externally, forming a double alar speculum; upper tail-coverts and 
tail-feathers black, with a tiny spot of white at the end of the latter; 
crown of head, sides of face, and ear-coverts black; cheeks and 
under surface of body white, the sides of the upper breast mottled 
with black bases to the feathers ; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
white, with a black patch near the edge of the wing; quills below 
black, edged with ashy, and white at the base of the inner webs. 
Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3*45, tail 2*1, tarsus 
0*65. 

Hab. Bolivia. 

a, b. <$ ad. sk. Bolivia. Sclater Coll. 

ADDENDUM TO THE GENUS Sjiermophila. 

There are still several species of SjoermojpMla which I cannot 
determine, most of them being also left undetermined by Dr. Sclater 
when he monographed the genus in 1871. 

Spermophila caboclinho. 

Spermophila caboclinho, Pelz. Orn. Bra8. pp. 224, 331 (1871, ex NaW. 
MSS.); Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 19. 
Young male and female. Similar in colour to the female of 
£. ornata (i. e. JS. ccerulescens), but with the base of the quills broadly 
white and the wing-coverts black, edged with the colour of the 
back. Total length 4£", wing 2", tail 1" 9"', bill from gape 4"', 
tarsus 6'". (Pelzeln.) 
Hob. Eio Janeiro. 

Spermophila ciniiamomea. 

Pyrrliula cinnamomea, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 99. 
Spermophila cinnamomea, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 386 (1844) ; Pelz, 
Orn. Bras. pp. 226, 438 (1871) ; Scl Ibis, 1871, p. 20. 
Sporophila cinnamomea, Cab. Mm, Hein. Th. i.p. 150, note (1850). 

17 . SPERMOPHILA. 
139 

Similar to 8. minuta^ but entirely brownish cinnamon, with the 
head grey ; quills and tail-feathers blackish, margined with grey; 
a white wing-spot. (Bonaparte.) 

Hah. Brazil. 
I should have thought that this species would be identical with 


8. Tiypoxantha, but Yon Pelzeln keeps the two distinct. 
Spermophila falcirostris. 

Pyrrhula falcirostris, Temm. PL Brd. iii. pi. ii. fig. 2 (1824). 
Fringilla falcirostris, Neuwied, Beitr. Naturq. Bras. iii. p. 584 
(1830). 
Spermophila falcirostris. Gray. Gen. B. ii. p. 386 (1844): Sol. Ibis, 

1871, p. 20. 
? Sporophila olivascens, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Berol. p. 45. 
Sporophila falcirostris, Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 252 (1856); Cab. 

J.f. 0. 1874, p. 84, note. 
Dr. Sclater says that this species would appear to be the female 
of a species allied to 8. hypoleuca, but he never met with a specimen 
of it. Dr. Cabanis, however, says that the Berlin Museum possesses 
three examples of it from Bahia, and that it is a good species, allied 
to 8. supereiliaris. 

Spermophila flabellum. 
Gros-becs appelles queue en erentail de Virginie, Baubent. PL JEnl. iv. 
pi. 380. 
Loxia laticauda, P. L. 8. Mull. Syst. Nat. SuppL p. 151 (1776) ; 
Cass. Proc. PMlad. Acad. 1864, p. 252. 
Loxia flabellum, Bodd. Tall. PL EnL p. 23 (1783). 
Loxia flabellifera, Gm. Syst Nat. i. p. 850 (1788). 
Spermophila flabellum, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 386 (1844); ScL Ibis, 
1871, p. 20. 
Sporophila flabellifera, Bp. Consp. i. p. 499 (1850); Burm. Th. Bras. 

iii. p. 249 (1856). 
Daubenton's figures probably represent a female and young male 
of Guiraca ccerulea; but I agree with Dr. Sclater that it is impossible 
to determine them for certain. 

Spermophila inornata. 

Pyrrhula inomata, Vig. Zool. Beechey's Voy. u. 83 (1839). 
Spermophila inomata, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 386. 
Dr. Sclater writes :—" This may be a female Spermophila or Guiraca 
; but without examination of the type (which has disappeared) 
it would be impossible to determine the species. No locality is 
given." 

Spermophila leucopsis. 
Spermophila leucopsis, Cab. J.f. 0.1861, p. 5; ScL Ibis, 1871, p. 20. 

Similar to 8. moreleti, but larger and with a conspicuously larger 

140 PEnrarLLiBJs. 
bill (Mm. Berol). Probably not to be distinguished from S. 
moreleii. 

SpermopMa melanops. 

Spermophila melanops, Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 224, 331 (ex batterer, 
MSS.); Scl. Ibis, 1871, p. 21. 

Head, neck, ear-coverts, and throat black, strongly defined ; back 
yellowish dusky ash-colour; belly brownish white, the Hanks washed 
with ochreous; quills with a white spot on the base. Total length 
4|", wing 2" 1'", tail 1" 7"', bill from gape 4'", tarsus 0]'". {Pelzdn.) 

Bab. Brazil. 

Nearly allied to S. ccerulescens. 

SpermopMla melanogaster. 

Spermophila melanogaster, Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 225, 332 (1871, ex 
Naiterer, MSS.) j Scl Bis, 1871, p. 21. 

Upper surface of body and sides of neck, as well as of the breast 
and abdomen, ashy grey; rump a little clearer; the underparts 
black from the throat, except the anal plumes and the thighs, which 
are whitish; quills dusky brown, white at the base (except the 
first four); tail-feathers dusky brown, margined with ashy. Total 
length 4" 3"', wing 2" 2"', tail U"> bill from gape 4"', tarsus Ci'". 
(Pelzeln.) 

Bab. Brazil. 

SpermopMla ruficollis. 

Spermophila ruficollis, LicM. MSS. in Mm. Berol 

Sporophila ruficollis, Cab. Mus. Bein. Th. i. p. 150, note (1850). 

Spermophila ruficollis, Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 225; Scl Ihs, 1871, p. 21. 

Bab. Brazil. 

Allied to 8. "hypoxantha, of which it is perhaps the young bird, 
but differing in its whitish breast and abdomen, these parts only 
tinged with rufous. (Cf. Sdater. I. c.)* 

* Besides these species there are several enumerated in the * Hand-list of 
Birds' which we> have not heen able to determine:— 
(7585) SPERMOPHILA SUPERCILIOSTJS. Florida. 
(7608) SPERMOPHILA MOESTUS. Brazil. 
(7611) SPERMOPHILA CORALLINUS. Brazil. 

To these must be added— 

SPOROPHILA OTHELLO, Bp. Consp. i. p. 498, 

which is either Oryzobori® funereus or SpermopMla corvina (cf* Salv. & Godm 

Biol. Centr.-Jmer,, Aves, i. p. 357). 

DOLOSPINGUS.—MELOPYRKHA. 14 1 

DOLOSPBTCHJS. 

Type. 

Dolospingus, Elliot, Ibis, 1871, p. 402 D. nuchalis. 
Range. Eiver Orinoco. 

1. Dolospingtts nuchalis. 
Dolospingus nuchalis, Elliot, Ibis, 1871, p. 402, pi. xi. 
Adult male. Head, throat, and entire upper parts black, with 
slight bluish reflections upon the back; a conspicuous white spot in 
the centre of the neck behind; primaries brownish black, smaller 
coverts tipped with white, forming an alar bar; rump white ; upper 
tail-coverts black; tail blackish brown, the feathers rather pointed; 
entire underparts and flanks white; bill very thick at the base, 
converging to a sharp point of horn-colour ; the base of the mandible 
and sides of maxilla blackish ; feet and tarsi black. Total length 
5 inches, wing 2§, tail 2|, tarsus g. (Elliot.) 

Hab. E. Orinoco. 

MELOPYEKHA. 
Type. 
Melopyrrha, Bp. C. R. xxxvii. p. 924 (1853) * ? 


The bill in this genus is rather higher than in Spermophila, but 
in reality there is scarcely any difference between the two genera. 
Even the black coloration of Melopyrrha is approached by Spermophila 
corvina and other species. 

Range. Confined to Cuba. 

1. Melopyrrha nigra. 
Loxia nigra, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 306 (1766). 
Le Bouvreuil on Bee Bond noir et blanc, Montb. Mist. Nat. Ois. iv. 


p. 394 (1778). 
Pyrrhula crenirostris, Vieill Ois. Chanteurs, p. 77 (1805). 
Pyrrhula nigra, Vieill Galerie des Ois. i. p. 65, pi. 57 (1825) ; Vig. 
Zool Jour. iii. p. 440 (1827) ; D'Orb. in Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. 

Nat. Ois. Cuba, p. 87, pi. 18 (1838). 
Spermophila nigra, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 3S6 (1844). 
Sporophila nigra, Bp. Consp. i. p. 499 (1850)1 
Melopyrrha nigra, Cab. J. f. O. 1856, p. 8; Scl Cat. Amer. B. p. 103 

(1862); Scl $ Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 28 (1873) ; Gimdl 

* Although custom has now restricted the genus Melopyrrha to the Black 
Seed-Finch of Cuba, it seems that this was hardly the intention of Bonaparte, 
who writes :—*' Je cr6e le genre Melopyrrha pour les soi-disant Bouvreuils 
noirs d'Anierique non encore d£termin6s d'une maniere satisfaisante." 
142 
PEIKGILLID^:. 

J.f 0. 1874, p. 125 j Cory, List B. West Ind. p. 12 (1885) ; id. 
Auk, iii.-p. 206 (1886). 
Goniaphea 
nigra, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 104, nos. 7560, 7566 
(1870). 

Adult male. Everywhere glossy black, except on the bastard-
wing, which is pure white, as also are the base of the primary-coverts 
and the margin of the inner primaries, forming a narrow line down 
the wing : axillaries and under wing-coverts pure white; a spot of 
black on the lower greater coverts near the base of the primaries; 
quills black below, white along the base of the inner web. Total 
length 5*4 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2-55, tail 2*3, tarsus 0*7. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but duller in colour (Cory). 

Hah. Cuba. 
a, b. Ad. sk.
c, d. Ad. sk.
e. <J ad. sk. 
Cuba. 
San Cristobal, Cuba (G. F.
Gaumer). 
Tuabeque, Cuba, Nov. 11 (C.
Wright] Sm. no. 21664). 
Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 

18. CATAIOLYRHYNCHUS. ^ 
Type. 
Catamblyrbynchus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1842, p. SOI C. diadema. 
Bustamentia, Bp. Atti Soc. Ital. vi. p. 406 (1844) C. diadema. 

Head of Catawiblyrhynchus diadema. 

Range. Colombia and Ecuador to Peru. 

1. Catamblyrhynclius diadema. 
Catamblyrbynchus diadema, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 301; id. Mag. 
de Zool. 1843, pi. 34; Gray $ Mitch. Gen. B. ii. p. 325, pi. 93 
(1844) j Bp. Consp. i. p. 524 (1850); Scl P. Z. S. 1855, p. 159; 
id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 106 (1862); Gray, Hand4. B. ii. p. 108, 
no. 7631 (1870); Scl. fy Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 29 (1873); 
Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 520; Scl. $ Salv. B. Z. S. 1879, p. 507; 
Berkpsch 8? Tacz. F. Z. S. 1884, p. 293. 

Bustamentia capitaurea, Bp. Atti Soc. Ital. vi. p. 406 (1844). 

Adult male. General colour above dark bluish grey ; wing-coverts 
like the back; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky 

18 . CATAMBLYHHYNCHTTS.—19. 
PHONIPARA. 14 3 
blackish, edged with, the same colour as the hack; upper tail-
coverts like the back; tail-feathers blackish, washed with bluish 
grey on the outer web; crown of head and nape black; forehead 
and sinciput bright golden, the feathers stiffened and crisp; lores 
and feathers round eye black, extending in a short line above the 
ear-coverts, which, with the sides of the hind crown and the entire 
under surface of the body, are deep chestnut: thighs dark bluish 
grey : under tail-coverts chestnut; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
dark bluish grey ; quills below dusky blackish, ashy along the inner 
web : " bill black ; feet blackish horn-colour; iris dark brown " 
(Jelsli). Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-35, wing 3, tail 3, tarsus 
0-85. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, with the rufous colour of the 
underparts less intense and without a rufous band on the rump. 

(TaczayiowsJci.) 

Young. Olive-brown, a little darker on the head; the forehead 
dusky grey; quills and tail-feathers dusky brown edged with olive, 
the primaries margined with ashy, grey; ear-coverts and sides of 
face dark brown; under surface of body deep tawny buff, browner 
on the throat and breast. 

Hah. The same as that of the genus. 

a. Ad. sk. Bogota. 
Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. Bogota. 
Purchased. 
c. d. Ad.; e,f. Bogota. Sclater Coll. 
Jun. sk. 
g. Ad.; h. Juv.sk. Bogota. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
i. Ad. sk. Medellin (T, K. Salmon). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
k. $ 
ad. sk. San Sebastian, Colombia, 7000 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
feet (F. A. Simons). 
I. Ad. sk. Intac, Ecuador (C. Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
7w.Ad.sk. Sarayacu,Ecuador(C.Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
19. 
PH0NIPARA. 
Type. 
Euetbeia, Reichenb. Syst. Nat. pi. lxxix. fig. 13 
(June 1,1850) Typo haud indicato. 
Phonipara, Bp. Comp. i. p. 494 (July 30, 1850) . P. canora. 

Head of Thonipara pusilla. 

Range. All the Antilles. Central America from Mexico to 
Colombia, Venezuela, Guiana, and Brazil. Accidental in Florida. 

144 
PRING-ILLIDJB. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
With yellow on the throat. 
a1. A yellow eyebrow and a yellow collar across 
the lower throat; lores and chin black canora, p. 144. 
b', A. yellow eyebrow as well as a loral spot and 
the chin ; lower throat black. 
a". Black on the throat restricted to the fore 
neck, and never extending on the face as 
far as the region below the eye lepida, p. 143. 

b". Black on the throat extending on to the 
breast and nearly to the abdomen, on the 
side of the face extending* over the region 
of the eye and often over the ear-coverts.. pusilla, p. 147. 

b. With no yellow on the throat. 
c\ With the black of the breast extending down 
to the vent; under tail-coverts blackish, edged 
with dull white bicolor, p. 149. 

d'. With the black not extending further than the 
breast; under tail-coverts "yellowish white, 
with dusky centres marchii, p. ICO. 

e\ 
Underparts dull sooty grey; the under tail-
coverts edged with ashy fulvous fidiginosa, p. 151. 

1« Phonipara canora. 

Brown-cheeked Grosbeak, Brown, III. ZooL p. 56, pi. xxiv. fig. I 
(1776); Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. jot. 1, p. loo (1783). 

• Loxia canora, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 80S (1783). 
Phonipara canora, Bp. Coiisp. i. p. 404 (1850); Set. fy Salv. NomencL 
Av. Neotr. p. 29 (1873); Baird, Brewer, §• Ridgmay, Hist. N. Amer. 

B. ii. p. 93 (1874). 
Euetheia canora, Breicer, Proc. Bosi. Soe. vii. p. :507 (1800); GundL 
Om. Cuba, p. 92 (1878); Cory, List B. West Indies, p. 12 (1885) ; 
id. Auk, iii. p. 209 (188(3). 

Passerina canora, Gray} Hand-L B. ii. p. 98, no. 7453 (1870). 

Adult male. General colour above yellowish green, a little brighter 
round the hind neck ; wing-coverts like the back ; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills dusky, externally yellowish green, brighter 
yellow on the primaries; upper tail-coverts like the back; tail-feathers 
dusky, externally olive-yellow ; crown of head slaty grey, shading off 
into yellowish green on the occiput and nape; the base of the forehead, 
lores, feathers round the eye, ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat black, 
with a narrow superciliary streak of golden yellow; sides of neck 
and a collar across the lower throat golden yellow ; fore neck black; 
chest and remainder of under surface slaty grey, the breast more 
ashy in the centre, and the abdomen whiter; sides of body and flanks 
slaty grey; thighs slaty grey ; under tail-coverts yellowish white, 
with ashy bases to the feathers; under wing-coverts white, washed 
with olive-yellow, the edge of the wing olive-yellow; axillaries 
ashy, washed with olive-yellow; quills below dusky, ashy whitish 

19 . PHONIP.VRA. 
145 

along the inner edge. Total length 3*7 inches, oilmen 0*35, wing 
1*84, tail 1*45, tarsus 0*55. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the black on the 
face and throat, which is replaced by chestnut• the crown dull ashy 
brown ; no black on the breast, which is pale ashy brown like the 
rest of the under surface; the sides of the neck yellow, but not 
forming a collar across the fore neck as in the male. Total length 
3-4 inches, culmen 0*3, wing 1*75, tail 1*2, tarsus 0*55. 

Hah. Cuba. 
a, h. 6 $ ad. sk. Cuba. Sclater Coll. 
c. S ad. sk. Cuba. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d. e. tf ad. sk. San Cristobal, Cuba Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(6\ F. Gaumer). 

2. Phonipara lepida. 
Le Bruant de S. Domingue, Brim. Orn. iii. p. 300, pi. xiii. fig. 5 

(1760). 
L'Olive, Month. Hist Nat. Ok. iv. p. 363 (1778). 
Olive Bunting, Lath. Geti. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 195 (1783). 
Fringilia lepida, Jacq. Beitr. p. 7, pi. ii. (1784). 
Emberiza olivacea, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 870 (1788). 
Passerina olivacea, D'Orb. in Ramon de la Sagrds Hist. Nat. Cuba, 

p. 24, pi. xv. (1838). 
Spermophila olivacea, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 386 (1844) ; Gosse, B. 
Jamaica, p. 249 (1847). 
Spermophila adoxa, Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 253, pi. Ixv. (1847). 
Euetheia lepida, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 146 (1850) • id. J. f. O. 

1856, p. 7 ; Sundev. (Eh. K Vet.-Akad. Fork Stockh. 1869, p. 597 ; 
Gmidl. Orn. Cuba, p. 91 (1878). 
Phonipara olivacea, Scl P. Z. S. 1855, p. 159; Salle, P. Z. S. 1857, 

p. 232; Sol. Cat. Amer. B. p. 107 (1862) ; March, Proc. Philad. 
Acad. 1863, p. 297; Bryant, Proc. Post. Soc. N. H. xi. p. 93 
(1866) ; Scl 8r Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 29 (1873); Baird, 
Brewer, §* Ridgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 93 (1874); Cory, Bull. 
Nutt. Orn. Club, vi. p. 152 (1881) j A, § F. Newt. Handb. Jamaica, 
1881, p. 104; Salv. Cat. StricH. Coll. p. 224 (1882); Cory, B. 
Haiti §• S. Domingo, p. 65 (1884). 
Phonipara adoxa, March, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1863, p. 297. 
Passerina adoxa, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 98, no. 7456 (1870). 
Euetheia olivacea, Cory, List B. West Indies, p. 12 (1885); id. Auk, 

iii. p. 208 (1886). 
Euetheia adoxa, Cory, Auk, iii. p. 210 (1886). 
Phonipara pusilla (nee 8w.), Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 190. 
Phonipara intermedia, Itidgw. Descr. Cozumel B. p. 2; id. Proc. U.S] 
Nat. Mus. viii. p. 568 (1885) * Salvin fy Godman, Biol. Centr,-
Amer., Aves, i. p« 360 (1885). 

Adult male. General colour above olive-green; lessor and median 
coverts rather brighter and more yellowish green; greater coverts, 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky, externally edged 
with olive-green, more olive-yellow on the primaries; tail-feathers 
dusky, edged with yellowish green, the centre ones entirely of the 

VOL. xn. " L 

14G 
FRINGILLIDJE. 

latter colour; crown of head like the hack, with a line of dusky 

black across the forehead, extending above the eye; lores and a 

narrow eyebrow deep orange-yellow, as well as the eyelid; feathers 

in front of and below the eye dusky blackish, as also the cheeks; 

ear-coverts olive-green like the crown; upper throat orange-yellow, 

lower throat blackish ; fore neck and chest ashy olive; the centre 

of the breast and abdomen yellowish buff, whiter towards the vent; 

sides of body and 
flanks ashy olive; thighs whitish ; under tail-

coverts pale yellow with dusky centres: under wing-coverts and 

axillaries pale olive-yellow, brighter along the edge of the wing: 

quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge : '* bill horny black ; 

feet purplish; iris dark hazel" (P. II. Gosse). Total length i inches, 

culrnen 0*4, wing 2*05, tail 1*5, tarsus 0*6. 

Adult female. Different from the male, and not so brightly 

coloured. Above entirely olive-green; wing-coverts, quills, and 

tail-feathers dusky, washed externally with the same colour as the 

back, the edges of the primaries brighter yellow: lores and sides of 

face like the back; the upper and under margin of the eyelid 

whitish, and surmounted by a pale yellowish eyebrow running from 

the base of the bill; chin pale yellow ; under surface of body light 

ashy, the lower throat mottled with black bases to the feathers; 

centre of breast and abdomen ashy whitish, as also the thighs ; 

under tail-coverts yellowish white, with dusky centres. 

Only fully adult birds seem to acquire the black on the throat. 

It is absent in young birds also, the latter being browner and having 

the eye-streak very pale yellowish buff. 

Hob. Greater Antilles. 

a. J ad. sk. Kingston, Jamaica, June 5, Salvm-Godinan Coll. 
1859 (0. S.). 
b, c. $ J ad. sk. Jamaica. Sclater Coll. 

d. Juv. sk Jamaica. P.H.Gosse,Esq. [C.]. 
(Type of &. adoxa.) 
e. $ ad. sk. Jamaica. 
P. Ef.Go«se,Esq. ~0.]. 
/. 
$ ad. j g. Moneasrue, Jamaica, Aug. Salvin-Godrnan toll. 
Juv. sk. 18Gl\0. S. # F. D. G.). 

h. 
$ ad. sk. Moneague, Jamaica, Feb. Salvin-Godinan Coll. 
1860 (Dr. H. Bryant). 
i. 
J ad. sk. Moneague, Jamaica, Feb. Sclater Coll. 
1865 (Dr. H. Bryant), 
k. 3; l,m. 
5 San Cristobal, Cuba (67. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ad. sk. F. Gaunter). 
n,o. 
<$ o ad. Cuba (ex Mus. G. F. Law- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. rence). 

p. £ ad. sk. San Domingo (A. Salle). Eyton Coll.* 
q. <$ ad. sk. San Domingo. Sclater Coll. 
r. 
(S ad. sk. Porto Rico (Dr. H. Bryant). Sclater Coll. 
s. <$ ad. sk. Porto Rico (Dr. S. Bryant). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
t, ti. J ? ad. sk. Porto Rico. Dr. H. Bryant [PA 
i\ $ imm. sk. Porto Rico (JR. Swift: Sm. U.S. Nat "Mus. \1K\ 
no. 30483V 

19 . PHQNIPAKA. 
147 

Subsp. a. Phonipara pusilla. 

Tiaris pusilla, Swains. Phil. Mag. new series, i. p. 438 (1827). 

Fringilla lepida, Licht. Preis-Verz. mex\ Voc/. p. 2 (1830); Waaler 

Isis, 1831, p. 525; Cab. J. f. 0. 1803, p. 50. 

Tiaris olivacea (nee Gm.), Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1848, p. 91. 

Euetheia pusilla, Cah. Mas. JSem. Th. i. p. 146 (1850); id. J.f. 0. 

1861, p. 1. 

Pkonipara pusilla, Scl P. Z, S. 1855, p. 159, 1856, p. 304, 1859, 

pp. 365, 379; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii. p. 298 (1861); Scl. Cat. 

Amer. B. p. 106 (1862); id. P. Z. S. Ib04, p. 174; id. 8? Solo. 

t. c. p. 352; Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1865, p. 169; Sab. Ibis, 
1866, p. 193; id. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 142 ; Lawr. Ann. Zyc. N. Y. 
ix. pp. 103, 201 (1868); Frantz. J. f. 0. 1869, p. 301; 'Swnichr. 
Mem. Post. Soc. K H. i. p. 552 (1869) ; Solo. P. Z. S. 1870, 
p. 190; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 328; Scl. $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. 
p. 29 (1873) ; Baird, Brew , # Ridyw. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 93 
(1874); Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 20 (1875); Sol. 8? Salu. 
P. Z. S. 1875, p. 237 ; Barnard, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 58; ScL $ Salv. 
P. Z. S. 1879, p. 507; Salvin, Cat Strickl. Coll. p. 224 (1882); 
Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 444; Bidc/iv, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. 
p. 495 (1883); Salvin $ Godman, Biol. Centra Amer., Aves, i. 
p. 359 (1885). 
Adult male. General colour above yellowish green : lesser wing-
coverts rather brighter and more olive-yellow; median and greater 
coverts yellowish green like the back : bastard-wing and primary-
coverts dusky, externally edged with yellowish green; quills dusky, 
externally edged with yellowish green, the secondaries entirely of 
the latter colour; upper tail-coverts like the back; centre tail-
feathers yellowish green, the remainder dusky, edged with yellowish 
green; crown of head more dusky than the back, the forehead 
blackish, shading gradually off on the crown; lores and a narrow 
eyebrow golden yellow, as well as the upper and under margin of 
the eyelid; feathers round eye, ear-coverts, and cheeks black; chin 
and upper throat golden yellow ; sides of neck olive-green ; lower 
throat, fore neck, and breast blackish, extending a little down the 
centre of the abdomen, which is dark ashy, slightly shaded with 
olive ; sides of body and flanks olive-yellowish, as also the thighs ; 
under tail-coverts olive-yellowish with dusky centres; under wing-
coverts and axillaries olive-yellow, the latter duller like the sides 
of the breast; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. 
Total length 4*4 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*05, tail 1*65, tarsus 
0-65. 

Adult female. Different from the male, and wanting the black on 
the head and face. Above uniform olive-greenish, the wing-coverts 
like the back; quills and tail-feathers dusky, externally olive-
greenish like the back; sides of face and under surface of body also 
olive-greenish, yellower in the centre of the abdomen; chin pale 
orange-yellow. Total length 3*8 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*1, 
tail 1*6, tarsus 0-7. 

i2 

148 FBINGILLIDJE. 

The Cozumel bird, separated by Mr. Eidgway as P. intermedia, 
appears to me, judging from the large series recently presented to 
the Museum by Messrs. Salvin and Godman, to be inseparable as a 
species from P. jpusilla. The Cozumel specimens have the ear-
coverts green, as in P. olivacea, but the black on the fore neck more 
extended, though not to the same extent as in P. pusilla. At first 
sight these differences appear well marked and justify the name 
given by Mr. Eidgway; but when a large series is examined, it 
is found that some individuals are not to be distinguished from 
P.pusilla from the mainland, i. e. Costa Eica and Colombia. Hence 
it appears that P. pusilla and P. olivacea merge into each other; 
and it is certain that they cannot be regarded as more than subspecies, 
as has already been pointed out by Messrs. "Baird, Brewer, 
and Eidgway. 

Hah. From Mexico, throughout Central America to Panama and 

Colombia. 
a. $ ad. sk. 
b. $ ad. sk. 
c. <$ ad. sk. 
d. J ad. sk. 
Orizaba, Mexico (JBoUeri). 
Jalapa, Mexico (de Oca). 
N. Yucatan (G. P. Gaumer), 
Saklak Peten, Guatemala, 
Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e. <S ad, sk. 
April 1802 (O. 8.). 
San Jose*, Costa Eica (J. Car-Salvin-Godman Coll. 
fj g. J ad. sk. 
h. J ad. sk. 
i cT imm sk. 
K cf ad. sk. 
/. $ ad. sk. 
miol\ Sm. no. 33355). 
Tiirrialba, Costa Eica (P. 
Arce). 
Sachi, Costa Eica (J. Carmiol) 
Sm. no. 41387). 
Chitra, Panama (P. ArcS). 
Santa Fe, Panama (P. 
ArcS), 
Lion-Hill Station, Panama 
Sah in-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Gudinan Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Gudinan Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
m. $ ad. sk. 
n. <$ ad. sk. 
(McZeannan). 
Panama {McLeannari). 
Paraiso Station, Panama {A. 
Sclater CoU. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
o. S ad. sk. 
p. $ ad. sk. 
q. $ ad. sk. 
r. tf ad. sk. 
Hughes). 
Bogota, U.S. Colombia. 
Bogota. 
Bogota. 
Medellin, Antioquia, U.S. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 
Purchased. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Colombia (T. K. Salmon). 

a. P. intermedia. 
a. <$ ad. sk. Cozumel Island (C. J. P. Sah in-Godman Coll. 
Devis). 
b-h. tfad.; l,?n. Cozumel Island, April 1885 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
[ $ ad.] sk. ( G. P. Gammer). 
n, o,p. S ad. ,• Jolbox Island, Dec 1886 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
q} r. $ad. sk. (G. P. Gaumer). 

19 . PHONTPA.IU. 
149 

3. Phonipara "bicolor. 
The Bahama Sparrow. Catesbu, N. H. Carolina, i. p. 37, pi. 37 

(1731). 
l 

Le Terdier de Bahama, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 202 (1760). 

Fringilla bicolor, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 324 (1706). 

Tiaris omissa, Jard. Ann. Nat. Hist, xx.-p. 332 (1847). 

Phonipara hicolor, Bp. Consp. i. p. 106 (1850); A. §• & Newt. Ibis, 

1859. pp. 147, 370, 378, pi. xii.fig". 2; COBS. Proc. Philad. Acad. 
1800, p. 370; Sundev. (Efr. K Vet.-Akad. Fork Stockh. 1869, 
pp. 583, 596 ; Scl. § Salo." Nomencl. Ar. Neotr. p. 29 (1873) ; Scl. 

P. Z. S. 1874, p. 175, 1876, p. 14; Zaivr. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mm. i. 
pp. 58, 191, 233, 239, 270, 278 (1878); id. torn. cit. pp. 355, 457, 
487 (1879) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 705; Lister, Ibis, 1880, p. 41; 
Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 91 (1880) ; id. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi. 
p. 152 (1881); Tristr. Ibis, 1884, p. 168. 
Spermophila bicolor, Bryant. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 119 
(1801). 
Phonipara omissa, Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 106 (1862) ; JE. C. 
Taylor, Ibis, 1884, p. 107. 
Phonipara zena, yar, portoricensis, Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. x. 

p. 254 (1800). 
Phonipara zena, Baird, Brewer, <§* Mdgic. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. 
p. 93 (1874) ; Maynard, B. Bast/ N. Amer. p. 87, pi. ii. (1879); 
Midqiu. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iii. pp. 218, 221 (1880) ; Coues, 
Check-list, p. 59 (1882); id. Key N. Amer. B. p. 392 (1884) ; 
Cory, B. S. Domingo, p. 63 (1884). 
Euetheia bicolor, 
Gundlach, J. f. O. 1874, p. 312; Cory, List B. 
West Indies, y.V2 (1885); id. Auk, iii. p. 209 (1886); A. O. U. 
List N. Amer. B. p. 289 (1886). 

Adult male. General colour above dull olive-green, more dusky 
on the mantle and upper back; lesser and median coverts olive-
green like the back; greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills dusky brown, externally edged with dull olive-
green ; upper tail-coverts like the back ; tail-feathers dusky brown, 
edged with dull olive-green, the centre ones washed with the latter 
colour ; crown of head dingy black, washed with olive and gradually 
shading off into the dusky olive of the back ; lores, feathers round 
eye, ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, and breast sooty black; the abdomen 
and under tail-coverts rather more ashy, and margined with ashy 
whitish; sides of body and flanks olive-greenish; thighs dusky 
olive: under wing-coverts and axillaries sooty black like the breast; 
quills below blackish, ashy along the inner edge. Total length 
4 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*15, tail V7, tarsus t)*6. 

Adult female. Different from the male and lacking the black. 
General colour above olive-greenish, including the head; wing-
coverts like the back; quills and tail-feathers dusky brown, edged 
with olive-greenish; sides of face dull ashy brown, washed with 
olive; throat sooty grey, extending on to the chest and down the 
sides of the breast, and slightly washed with olive; centre of breast 
and abdomen whitish, slightly tinged with yellow; sides of body 

150 PRINGILLIDiE. 

and flanks olive-brown. Total length 3*5 inches, culrnen 0*4, wing 
1*8, tail 1-3, tarsus 0-6. 

An adult male from Colombia has the black extending down the 
centre of the abdomen, bnt not reaching* to the vent; sides of body 
and flanks very pale grey ; upper surface lighter olive-green. Total 
length 4 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2, tail 1*5, tarsus 0*65. 

If ah. Lesser Antilles generally ; Yenezuela and Colombia. 

a. S ad. sk. Antilles. Sclater Coll. 
b. $ ad. sk. Montserrat (Sturge). Sclater Coll. 
c. <$ ad. sk. Dominica (F. Ober). Sclater Coll. 
d. <$ ad. sk. Inagaa, Bahamas (Dr. H. Sclater Coll. 
e. J ad. sk.
/ . c? ad. sk.
g. <$ ad. sk.
h, i £ J ad. sk.
k. <$ ad. sk.
L $ ad. sk.
Ifr ifant). 
Bahamas. 
Bahamas (Dr. H. Bryant). 
Bahamas (Blake). 
Tobago (Kirk). 
Carupano, Venezuela(A. Goering). 
Caracas, Venezuela 
Dr. H. Bryant [P.". 
Salvin-Grodman Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(A. Goering). 
m. S ad. sk.
n. (S ad.sk. 
Bogota. 
Bogota (G. Croicther), 
Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Subsp. a. Phonipara marchii. 

Spermophila bicolor (necL.), Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 252, pi. 64 (1847) ; 
Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 100 (1802). 
Spermophila adoxa, Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 258 (1847}; Bryant, Proc. 
Bost. Soc. AT. S. Vn. p. 119 (I860). 

Pkonipara marchii, Baird, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1803, p. 297• ScL 
<£• halv. Nomencl. Av. Keoir. p. 29 (1873); A. 4* B. Newton, 
Uandb. Jamaica, p. 104 (lb81); Salmi, Cat StrickL Coll. p. 224 
(18b-2). 

Pkonipara zena, var. marchii, Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. AT. U. xi. p. 93 

(1807). 
Passerina marchii, Gray, Uand-l. B. ii. p. 98, no. 7457 (1870). 
Gvrinorhynclms portoricensis, Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 107, no. 7617 

'(1870). 

Adult male. Similar to P. bicolor, but with the black much less 
extended on the chest, the abdomen pale ashy, the under tail-
coverts yellowish white with dusky centres, the under wing-coverts 
olive-yellowish : " bill dusky brown, the lower mandible lighter; 
legs and claws dusky brown ; iris dark brown " (E. Newton). Total 
length 3*8 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2*05, tail 1-6, tarsus 0*0. 

The series in the British Museum seems to prove the existence of 
a race of P. bicolor worthy of separation as P. marcliii; but Mr. Cory 
believes that there is only one species, and he unites the birds from 
all the islands. 

Hah. Jamaica, San Domingo, S. Croix, Santa Lucia, S. Thomas, 
and Barbadoes. 

19 . PHONIPARA. 
a. 3 ad. sk. 
West Indies (R C Taylor). Sclater Coll. 
b. $ ad. bk. Jamaica. Sclater Coll. 
Jamaica. P. Il.Gosse,Esq.[C.]. 
ad. hk. 
/ . tf ad. sk. Spanislitown, Jamaica, Aug. U.S. Nat. Museum 
10, 18G1 (W. IV. Marsh) 
Sm.no. 24393). 

g. 
? juv.sk. Spanislitown, Jamaica (IF. J7. U.S. Nat. Museum 
_ Jlfo-cA; Sm.no. 24398). [P.]. 
#, /. 
6 ? ad. sk. Spanislitown, Jamaica (IF. 2". Sclater Coil. 
March; Sni. nos. 24398 and 
22198). 


h. 6 ad. bk. 
S. Andrews, Jamaica, "March Salvin-Godman Coll. 
o, 1879 (K Newton). 
/. J; m. cfjuv. sk. Jamaica (TV. Osbarn), Sclater Coll. 


w. J ad. sk. 
Samana, San Domingo, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
10,1883 (C. G. McGregor). 
o. $ ad. sk. 
S. Thomas, Dec. 1, 1857 (0. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin). 
p. <S ad. bk. 
Santa Lucia {Semper). Sclater Coll. 
<7> >'. d $ ad. sk. S. Croix (A. Newton). Sclater Coll. 
*'. (51 ad. sk. Barbadoes (Briggs). Sclater Coll. 
t $ ad. sk. Barbadoes. Sir B. Schomburjfk 
[P.]. 

5. Pkmipara Miginosa. 
Fringilla fuliginosa, Neuivied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iii. pt. 1, p. 629 

(1830). 

Sporopliila unicolor, Lieht. Nomencl. Av. p. 45 (1854). 

Orvzoboras unicolor, Bnrm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 240 (1856) j Peh. Orn. 

Bras. pj). 222,329 (1871). 
Amaurospiza unicolor, Cab. J.f. 0. 1866, p. 307; Salv. Ibis, 1886, 

p. 503. 
Amaurospiza fuliginosa, Cab. J.f 0.1874, p. 85. 
Pkonipara fumosa, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x. p. 396 (1874) ; Ridgw. 
Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 172 (1881); Salv. Ibis, 1885, 

p. 215. 
Pkonipara phseoptila, Salvin §-Godman, Ibis, 1884, p. 445. 
Adult male. General colour above sooty black with a slight wash 
of olive, the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts washed with 
grey; lesser and median coverts like the back and similarly tinted 
with olive; greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, quills, 
and tail-feathers black, very slightly glossed with olive externally; 
crown of head, sides of face, and under surface of body black, washed 
slightly with olive on the crown and ear-coverts; the breast and 
abdomen dull sooty grey9 as also the sides of the body and flanks ; 
under tail-coverts dull sooty grey, with ashy-fulvous margins; under 
wing-coverts sooty blackish, with whitish bases ; axillaries also sooty 
black, ashy internally; quills below dusky, the inner edge ashy: 
<* bill blackish horn-colour ; feet greyish fleshy-brown " (Neuivied). 
Total length 4v5 inches, eulrnen 0*45, wing 2*35, tail 1*8, tarsus 
0-65, 

15 2 FRINGILLIDJE. 

A specimen from Pernambuco, collected by Hr. Craven, is probably 
the adult female. It differs from the bird described in being 
entirely sooty black, without any ashy on the breast and abdomen. 
Total length 4*3 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*3, tail 1*75, tarsus 
0-65. 

Hah. Guiana and Brazil. 

a. (S ad. sk Eoraima, 8500 feet, Nov. 29, Salvin-Godinan Coll. 
1888 (H. Whitehj). (T\peofP.phaopfita.) 
b. $ ad. sk. Brazil. ' Selater Coll. 
c.Ad.sk. Pernambuco ( W. A. Forbes). Sclater Coll. 
d. rVd.sk. Pernambuco (Craven). Sclater Coll. 
20. V0LATINIA. 
Volatinia, Reichenb. Syst. Av. tab. lxxix. fig. 16 
(1850; " .. . Typo baud indicate. 

Range. Throughout Central America and South America to 
Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia. 

1. Yoiatinia jacarini 
The Jacarini, Edwards, Gleaning*, ii. p 202, pi. 80(1 (1700). 
Le Tangara noir du Bre\>il, IJriss. Orn. hi. p. 2* /1700). 
Tanagra jacarinjf, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 814 (170p). 
Le Jacarini, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 293 (1775) j Tieill Ois. 


Chant, pi. 33 \ 1805). 
Moineau cle Cayenne, Daubent. PL Bnl. iv. pi. 224. fig. 3. 
Jacarini Tanager, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 238 (1783). 
Yolatin, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 518 (1802). 
Fringilla splendens, Yieill. N. Diet d^Hist Nat. xii. p. 173 (1817, ex 

Bl&)' ...... 
Passerina jacarini, Vieill op. cit. xxv. p. 14 (1817). 
Euphone jacarina, Zicht. Verz. Doubl. p. 80 (1823). 
Embeiiza jacarina, IXOrb. § Lafr. Syn. Av. in Mag. tie ZooL 1887, 

p. 81. 
Spi7a jacarina, Hartl. hid. Azara. p. 0 (1847) ; Tschudify Cab. Faun. 
Peruan. p. 220 (1855). 
Tiaris jacarina, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. S7o (1849); Leot. Ois. Trinid. 

p. 312 (I860); Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 07, no. 7483 (1870). 
Yoiatinia jacaiina, Bp. Consp. i. p. 478 (1850); Cab. 3£us. Hem. Th. 
i. p. 147 (1850); Sal. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 160, 1856, p. 304; Burm. 
Th. Bras. hi. p. 234 (1856) ; ScL P. Z. S. 1859, p. 805 ; id. $ Salr. 
Ibis, 1859, p. 17; Cab. J.f. 0.1861, p. 2; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 
vii. p. 332 (1861) ; ScL Cat. A?ner. B. p. 106 (1862); B. C Taylor, 
Ibis, 1864, p. 83; ScL P. Z. S. 1864, p. 174; id. § Salr. Lc. 
p. 352 j Later. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. \iii. p. 176 (1SQQ) ; ScL P. Z. S. 
1866, p. 97 ; id. $ Salv. f. c. p. 181 ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 142 ; 
ScL 8f Salv. t. c. pp. 572, 750; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. pp. 103, 
201 (1868) j ScL $ Salr. P. Z. S. 1868, pp.*168, 173. 56it Wi9, 
20. VOLATINIA. 
153 

p. 597; Frantz. J. /. O. 1869, p. 301; Sumichr. Mem. Bast. Soc. 
N. H. i. p. 55i (1869) ; Solo. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 190; Finsch, t. e. 
p. 582; ScL fy Salv. t. c. p. 886; Pelz, Orn. Bras. pp. 226. 438 
(1871); Wyatt, Ibis. 1871, p. 828; ScL $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. 
Keotr. p. 29 • iid. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 264 ; Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 880; 
Zaicr. Mem. Bost. Soc. K. H. ii. p. 276 (1874); Tacz. P. Z. S. 
1874, p. 520; Lator. Bull. TJ. S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 20 (1876); 
Boucard, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 57 ; Salv. $ Godman, Ibis, 1879, p. 200; 
ScL § Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, pp. 507, 605; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 199; 
Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 836; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 17; Said. Cat. 
Strickl. Coll. p. 228 (1882); id. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 421; Boucard, 
t c. p. 444; Nutt. $ FiMgvo. Pr. TJ. S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 383 
(1883); Salv. Ibis, 1885, p. 215; Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 25 
(1886). 
Volatinia splendens, Bp. Consp. i. p. 474 (1850); ScL P.Z. S. 1859, 

p. 140, 1860, p. 275; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 438 (1871); Salv. Ibis, 
1885, p. 215; id. 8c Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 357 
r(1885)f m 
Volatinia 
jacarina splendens, Berl. 8f Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 551, 
1884, p. 294,1885, p. 84. 

Adult male (Bahia; WucJierer). Glossy blue-black above and 
below ; the upper scapulars white at the base, forming a silky spot 
which covers the bend of the wing and is contiguous to the white 
under wing-coverts ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, quills, and 
tail-feathers blackish brown, edged with glossy steel-black; axillaries 
and under wing-coverts entirely silky white, with a patch of 
glossy blue-black feathers, formed by the outer greater coverts near 
the base of the primaries; quills blackish below, white near the 
base of the inner web, this white scarcely visible on the primaries, 
but very distinct on the secondaries: " bill blackish, the lower 
mandible clearer grey; feet whitish horny; iris dark brown" 
(JelsJci). Total length 4-1 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*15, tail 1*7, 
tarsus 0*65. 

The adult male in seasonal plumage differs from the summer 
plumage in being entirely brown above; the sides of the face and 
under surface of body are black, obscured by whity-brown edges to 
the feathers. The full plumage is gained, not by the shedding of 
the pale edges to the feathers, as might have been expected, but by 
a direct moult. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
uniform earthy brown, a trifle more ashy on the rump ; wing-coverts 
blackish brown, margined with whity brown, slightly tinged with 
rufous ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown, 
margined with reddish brown, the primaries with ashy ; upper tail-
coverts dusky brown, washed with reddish brown; tail-feathers dark 
brown, edged with lighter brown, paler on the outer feather, which 
has a white spot at the tip ; crown of head a trifle more ashy than 
the back ; lores and feathers round the eye ashy whitish; ear-
coverts uniform brown ; cheeks paler brown ; throat dull white, 
slightly mottled with dusky bases to the feathers: fore neck, breast, 

154, FRINGILLIDJG. 

sides of body, and flanks pale yellowish brown, streaked with blackish 
brown, more narrowly on the latter; abdomen dull whitish; thighs 
and under tail-coverts pale yellowish brown, with darker brown 
shaft-streaks; under wing-coverts and axillaries buffy white, the 
edge of the wing mottled with dark-brown bases to the feathers; 
quills below dusky, ashy whitish along the inner edge: " bill 
brownish horn-colour; feet horn-colour ; iris dark brown*' (Jdski), 
Total length 4-3 inches, culmen O'-A, wing 1*9, tail 1*5, tarsus 

06. 
The adult female in seasonal plumaye is more olive-brown than in 
summer, and has more of an olive-yellowish tinge on the breast and 
sides of the body, the dark streaks being very distinct and the abdomen 
pure white. 

The young female resembles the adult female, but is umber-brown, 
with a rufescent tinge on the fore part of the crown and on the 
edges of the greater wing-coverts and inner secondaries ; the under 
surface deep ochraceous buff, almost uniform, with only a few dusky 
centres to the feathers of the fore neck and breast, 

Peruvian and Brazilian specimens have white axillaries, white 
under wing-coverts and quill-lining: the white shoulder-spot is very 
large and distinct. 

Central-American specimens have black axillaries and under wing-

coverts and black quill-lining ; the white shoulder-spot is very small 

and difficult to distinguish. Specimens from Trinidad and Tobago, 

also some from British Guiana, Eio Xegro, and Bogota, have the 

same characters. 

It seems certain, from an examination of a large series, that some 
specimens from the above localities occasionally show an admixture of 
white on the axillaries, and also have the quill-lining more or less 
white; and as these will generally be found to be more or less in 
seasonal plumage, it would appear that the male, in its first winter, 
still retains sufficient of the characters of the adult female (which 
it at first greatly resembles) to account for a certain amount of 
white under the wing. This seems the more probable, as these 
intermediate specimens do not agree in the amount of white, which 
bears every indication of passing into a completely black underwing. 


If, therefore, it could be proved that the above reasoning were 

correct and the characters constant, we should have two species 

with well-defined ranges; but some specimens from Colombia and 

Para, fully adult males, appear to be intermediate as regards 

the amount of white; and therefore it seems better to recognize 

but one species, varying to the south in the direction of a white 

quill-lining, and to the north in the direction of a perfectly black 

one. The specimens obtained by 3Ir. "Whitely on the Carimang 

Eiver in different months also confirm this last suggestion. 

11ab. The same as that of the genus. 

20 . VOLA.TINIA. 
a. § ad. sk. 
b,c. tf % ad- sk. 
cl <$ ad. sk. 

e. <£ ad. sk. 
/>#• 6 $ acl.sk-
Zt. c? ad. sk. 
?. cJ ad. sk. 
h, I. tf ad. sk. 
wi, w. d1 ad. sk. 

o. J juv. sk. 
p, q. $ ad. sk. 
r, s. cT imm. sk. 
t. (S ad. sk. 
M. $ ad, sk. 
v. tf ad. sk. 
iv. [ $ ] imm. sk. 
x. (S imm. sk. 
y. c? ad. sk. 
s. <S ad. sk. 
«'. c? ad. sk. 

b\ c'. <5 ad. sk. 
d'. £ ad. sk. 
«',/. c??ad.; 
#'. c? imm. sk. 
/i\ c? adt sk. 

%\ k'. S ? ad. sk. 

V. (S ad. sk. 
?n'. c? juv. sk. 
w'. c? ad. sk. 
o',^'. $ 5 ad. sk. 

^'. <5 ad. sk. 

r\ J ad. sk. 
s'. $ imm. sk. 

t'. S ad. sk. 
u\ $ ad. sk. 

a(-^ s^


v'j to'. tS $

Lima, Peru, Jan. 1 (W. Nation). 


Tambo Valley, Peru, Oct. 1867. 
Tambo Valley, Oct. 28. 1867 

(II. Wliitely). 
Callao, Peru, Dec. 1881 (A. H. 
Marhliam). 
Consata, Bolivia (0. Buckley). 
Brazil. 
Brazil. 
Bahia, Brazil (0. Wucherer). 
Pernambuco (W. A. Forbes). 
Pernambuco ( W. A. Forbes). 
Para (A. It. Wallace). 
Para. 
Guia, Upper Rio Negro (A. E. 

Wallace). 

Barra do Rio Negro, Jan. 1850 

(A. JR. Wallace). 
Ca}Tenne. 
Roraima, British Guiana, Nov. 
28, 1881 (II. Wliitely). 
Roraima, Dec. 17, 1881 

(H. W.). 
Bartica Grove, British Guiana, 
Feb. 21, 1880 (H W.). 

Carimang River, British Guiana, 
March 27,1886 (H. W.). 
Carimang River, May 6,1886 

(II. W.). 
Carimang River, July 1885 
(jr. w.). 
Trinidad. 
Tobago (J. Kirh). 

San Jose, Santa Marta, U.S. 
Colombia, 5000 feet (F. 
Simons). 

Medellin (T. K Salmon). 
Bogota, U.S. Colombia. 
Pallatanga, Ecuador, Aug. 

1858 (X. Fraser). 
Guayaquil. 
Paraiso Station, Panama (A. 

Hughes). 

Lion Hill Station, Panama 

(MeLeannan). 
Chitra, Panama (F. Arce). 
Barranca, Costa Rica, April 19, 

1864 (J. Carmiol). 
Guatemala ( Constancia). 
Duenas, Guatemala, Aug. 12, 

1869(0. iS'.). 
Retalhuleu, (Guatemala (0. S. 
$ F. D. G.). 

Sclater Coll. 

H. Wliitely [0.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
M. Claussen [P/j. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
R.Graham, Esq. [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Sclater Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 

Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 


G.Barclay, Esq. [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 


Salvin-Godman Coll. 


Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 


Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 


Salvin-Godman Coll. 


156 FRISGILLIPJE. 
x'. $ ad. sk. Belize, British Honduras. Salvin-Godman Cull. 
y\d. $ ad. sk. Izamal, N. Yucatan (6-'. F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
a. $ ad. sk.
Gaumer). 
Presidio, Mexico, May 18 (A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
/3. <$ imm. sk.
Forre?'). 
Presidio, June 1 (A. Forrer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

21. 
AMAUK0SPIZA. 
Type. 
Amaurospiza, Cab. J.f. 0. 1801, p. 3 A. concolor. 

Mange. Central America, from Costa Pica to Panama ; Ecuador; 
Brazil. 

Key to the Species** 

a. Axillaries and under wing-coverts like the 
breast. 
a'. Above slaty bluish, the head like the back . concolor, p. 150. 

V. 
Above slaty bluish, but the forehead and 
eyebrow slightly paler bluish grey ceqaatorialis, p. 157. 
b. Axillaries, under wing-coverts, and quill-lining 
white axillaris, p. 157. 
1. Amaurospiza concolor. 
Amaurospiza concolor, Cab. J.f 0. LQC>|, p. 3; Franfz.J.f. 0.1809, 
p. 301; Sah\ Ibis, 1800, p. 313* id. §• Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., 
Aves, i. p. 350 (1885). 
Adult male. General colour above slaty black, or blackish washed 
with slaty blue, more apparent on the lesser wing-coverts, where, 
however, it is not sufficiently pronounced to form a shoulder-patch ; 
quills browner, the secondaries blackish, washed externally with 
slaty blue like the greater wing-coverts ; tail-feathers blackish, 
washed externally with slaty blue; sides of face, ear-coverts, and 
throat blackish; rest of under surface of body dull slaty bluish; 
axillaries and under wing-coverts like the breast; quills dusky below, 
ashy along the edge of the inner web. Total length 4 inches, culmen 
0*4, wing 2*25, tail 1*7, tail 0*7. 
Hal. Costa Rica to Panama. 

a. 
cJ ad. sk. - Paraiso Station, Panama Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Iluyhes). 
b. <$ ad. sk. Chiriqui, Panama (ArcS). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
* So closely allied are these species that I have omitted from the Key those 
which I have not seen, as it is impossible to determine them from descriptions 
alone. 
21 . AMAUROSprZA. 
2. Amaurospiza sequatorialis. 
Adult male. Similar to A. concolor, but with, a somewhat lighter 
bluish shade on the upper parts, especially on the head, which is 
paler slaty blue on the forehead and eyebrow, these parts contrasting 
with the black lores and ear-coverts. Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 
04 , wing 2*45, tail 1*85, tarsus 07 . 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
light tawny brown; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and 
greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky 
brown, externally like the back; the primaries edged with whity 
brown; rump and upper tail-coverts a little clearer tawny brown 
than the back: tail-feathers blackish, edged with tawny brown; 
crown of head, sides of face, and ear-coverts dull tawny brown, a 
little lighter above the eye; cheeks and under surface of body 
tawny, a little paler on the breast and abdomen; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries pale tawny; quills below dusky brown, ashy along 
the inner edge. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 2-25, 
tail 1-65, tarsus 0*65. 

Hah. Ecuador. 

a. 
$ ad. sk. Pallatanga, Ecuador (X. Sclater Coll. (Type 
Fraser). of species.) 
b. J ad. sk. Balzar Mountains, Ecua- Salvin-G-odman Coll. 
dor (Illinyworth). 
3. Amaurospiza axillaris.* 
Adult male. Similar to A. concolor, but darker, the general colour 
being black with a slaty-grey wash, but the crown of the head, sides 
of face, and under surface of the body are entirely black, the flanks 

* AMAUROSPIZA CJ2RULATRA. 
Amaurospiza caerulatra, Cab. J.f. 0.1866, p. 3&f. 

Goniaphea cserulatra, Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 103, no. 7545 (1870). 

Hah. Hio, Brazil. * 
The description reads very much like that of A. axillaris, but no mention is 
made of the white under wing-coverts and axillaries. 

AMAUROSPIZA FBINGILLOIDES. 
Oryzoborus ? fringilloides, Pete. Orn. Bras. p. jjgd (1870). 
Goniaphea fringilloides, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. J5.l03, no. 7543 (1870). 

Adultfemale. Cinnamon-brown; throat, middle of lower breast, and abdomen 
rufescent white; bill similar in shape to that of O. unicolor, elongated and 
Finch-like, dull ashy; feet also dull ashy. Total length 5" 9'", wing 2" 4'", 
tail 2" 4'", bill from gape in a straight Hue 6'", tail 7£'". (Pekteln.) 

Hah. River Xie\ Brazil. 

Judging from the coloration of the sexes in the Ecuador species, A. fringil


loides is most probably the female of my A. axillaris, but direct comparison is 

necessary. 

158 PRIXGILLID-E. 

and lower abdomen sooty blackish ; axillaries and under wing-coverts 
white with black bases ; a blackish patch near the edge of the 
wing; quills blackish below, white along the edge of the inner web. 
Total length 5-1 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2'DD, tail 2*15. tarsus 0*7. 

Bah. Brazil. 

a. <S ad. sk. Brazil. J. Gould, Esq. 
22. PYERHtJLOXIA. Tvpe. 
Pyrrhuloxia, Bp. Consp. i. p. 500 (1850) P. sinuate. 
Head of Pyrrhuloxia sinuata. 

Range. Southern border of United States, from the valley of the 
Rio Grande westward and southward into Mexico. 

1. Pyrrlmloxia simiata. 
Cardinalis sinuatus, Bp. P. Z. S. 1837, p. Ill; Gray, Gen. B. ii. 
p. 358 (1844) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 500 (1850); Cass. B. Calif, p. 204, 
pi. 33 (1856); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 103, n. 7534 (1870). 
k Pyrrhuloxia sinuata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 500 (1850) ; Baird, B. N. Amer. 

p. 508 (1858) ; id. Mex. Bound. S'uru., Birds, p. 17 (1859) ; Dresser, 
Ibis, 1865, p. 491; Duges, La Nat. i. p. 130 (1868); Cooper, B. 
Calif, p. 236 (1870); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 150 (1872); 
Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soe. N. H. ii. p. 275 (1874); Baird, Brewer, fy 
Ridgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 95 (1874); Hensh. Rep. Zool. 
Expl. 100th Merid. p. 302 (1875) ; Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. 
iv. p. 4 (1878), v. p. 393 (1879) ; Merrill. Pr. U. S. Nat Mus. i. 
p. 129 (1878); Ridgw. Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 27(1881); 
Coues, Check-list, p. 60 (1882); Belding, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mm. v. 
p. 541 (1883), vi. p. 343 (1883) ; Coues, Ket/ N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 
p. 393 (1884); Salv. 8c Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 343 
(1884); Brown, Auk, ii. p. 122 (1884); A. O. U. Check-list N. 
Amer. #. p. 286 (1886). 
22 . PYRRHTJLOXIA. 
Adult male. General colour above ashy brown ; wing-coverts dull 
crimson, more or less obscured by the ashy-brown margins and 
dusky tips to the feathers ; the outer lesser wing-coverts brighter 
crimson, like the edge of the wing ; the inner secondaries ashy brown 
like the back, with only a mesial tinge of dull crimson ; upper tail-
coverts pale ashy, with crimson bases ; tail-feathers deep crimson or 
maroon, becoming dusky towards the ends of the feathers ; crown 
of head ashy like the back, mottled with crimson centres to the 
feathers, the long crest-feathers deep crimson with blackish centres; 
sides of face, ear-coverts, and sides of neck dull ashy, washed here 
and there slightly with crimson; feathers round the eye and lores, 
as well as the base of the cheeks, crimson; throat and breast fine 
crimson, the latter slightly obscured wdth ashy margins to the 
feathers; the abdomen slightly paler crimson and mixed with white ; 
the under tail-coverts crimson with pale ashy margins; thighs 
crimson; sides of breast and flanks pale ashy ; under wing-coverts 

and axillaries fine crimson; quills dusky below, pale crimson along 
the inner webs: "bill yellowish" (Cooper). Total length 7*75 
inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3*6, tail 3*9, tarsus 0*9. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 

dull ashy brown with a slight ochreous tinge; the long crest-

feathers blackish, or dark crimson with blackish centres ; lesser and 

median wing-coverts dull ashy with dark crimson centres ; bastard


wTing and greater coverts dusky brown, externally ashy, paler at 

tips; primary-coverts and quills dusky, with ashy margins, the 

secondaries with concealed crimson near the bases, the primary-

coverts and primaries externally washed with crimson towards the 

base; tail-feathers blackish brown, slightly edged with ashy, with 

more or less of a concealed shade of dark crimson, increasing in 

extent towards the outer feathers; ear-coverts, sides of face, and 

sides of neck dull ashy; feathers in front of the eye, lores, and fore 

part of cheeks dusky blackish; the base of the forehead with a slight 

wash of crimson ; chin w7hitish, slightly mottled with dusky ; throat, 

breast, and sides of the body dull ashy, washed with ochreous; the 

lower breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts clearer ochreous buff; 

thighs ochreous, washed with crimson; under wing-coverts and 

axillaries light crimson ; quills dusky below, crimson along the 

inner web. Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3-6, tail 

3-85, tarsus 0-95. 

Ilab. Same as that of the genus. 

a. 9 ad. sk. California. 
b. <$ ad. sk. Tuczoft, Arizona, Feb. 2, 1884 (R R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
W. Nelson; Sm. no. 98935). [P.], 
c 
r? ad. sk. Tuczon, Arizona, May 28 (JE. W. TJ. S. Nat. Museum 
Nelson; Sm. no. 98938). [P.]. 

d. S ad. sk. Eagle Pass, Texas, Dec. 15 (H. E. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Dresser). 

e. $ ad. sk. Eagle Pass, Feb. 3 (H. E. D.). Salvin-Godman Coll 
160 
FRIXGILHD^. 

/. £ ad. sk. Eagle Pass, Dec. (H. E. D.). 
Sclater CoU. 

g. d juv.sk. Rio Grande, Texas, July 27 (Dr. H. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
B. Butcher; Sm.no. 45361). [P.]. 
h. 0 ad. sk. Rio Grande, Texas, July 22 (Dr. JEL. U. S. Nat. Museum 
B. Butcher; Sm. no. 45357). [P.]. 
i. $ ad. sk. Laredo, Rio Grande, Dec. (Dr. H. U. S. Nat. Museum 
B. Butcher ; Sm. no. 46994). [P.]. 
7c. £ ad. sk. Ring-gold Barracks, Texas. Sclater Coll. 
I. 
^ad. sk. El Paso, Mexico, Jan. (Br. C. B. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Kennerly; Sm. no. 6368). 
m,n. $ 2 Mexico. Purchased. 
ad. sk. 
o,p. 
<$ 2 Mexico. Purchased. 
ad. st. 


q. 
$ ad. sk. W. Mexico. Zoological Soc. [P.]. 
(Type of species.) 
23. 
CARDINALIS. Type 
Cardinalis, Bp. 
P. Z. S. 1837, p. Il l C. cardinalis. 

a. 
a. Skull of Cardinalis cardinalis, from above, b. Ditto, lateral view. 
Range. United States generally to Mexico, Tres Marias Islands, 
Yucatan and neighbouring islands, British Honduras, reappearing 
in Venezuela and Trinidad. 

Key to the Species. 

Males. 
[pp. 161-166. 

a. Bill red; lores and throat black cardijialis and allies, 
I. Bill blackish; lores red ; chin only black .. phceniceus, p. 160. 
Females. 
c. 
Bill red. 
a'. A black mark on the face; throat black 
or dusky, as well as the lores. 
a". 
Facial mark dusky blackish or ashy 
black cardinalis, p. 161. 

23 . CARDINALIS. 161 
b". Facial mask entirely black coccmeus, p. 163. 
b\ No black mask on the face; lores and \ igneus, p. 164. 
chin ashy whitish j superbus, p. 165. 

d. Bill blackish horn-colour phceniceus, p. 166. 
The red Cardinals offer an instance, not very common among 
birds, of a genus wherein the males are all nearly alike, and the 
specific characters depend upon the female sex. The ordinary species 
of America, 0. cardinalis, is the typical form, and the others can 
hardly be considered worthy of more than subspecific rank, as in 
the males the difference consists in intensity of colour and a slight 
variation in size. Those from more tropical localities appear to 
want the grey margins to the feathers, which are always observable 
in 0. cardinalis, according to American writers, though I 

Head of Cardinalis cardinalis. 

suspect that they are entirely lost in summer, when the feathers 
become abraded, and it is then that an exact comparison of the males 
should be made. There can be no question, however, about the difference 
of the females, as set forth in the " Key." 

1. Cardinalis cardinalis. 
The Red Bird, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carol i. pi. 38 (1731). 
The Red Grosbeak, Aibin, Nat. Hist. B. i. p. 55, pi. 57 (1738). 
The Hen Grosbeak from Virginia, Albin, N. H. B. iii. p. 57, pi. 61 


(1740). 
LeGrosbec de Virginie dit vulgairement le Cardinal hup6, Briss. 
Orn. iii. p. 253 (1760); Daubent. PI. Enl. iv.'pl. 37. 
Loxia cardinalis, Linn. Syst Nat. i. p. 300 (1766) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. 

i. p. 847 (1788); Wils. Amer. Orn. ii. p. 38, pi. xi. figs. 1, 2 
(1810). 
Loxia rubra, Scop. Ann. i. p. 139 (1769). 
Le Cardinal hup<5, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 458 (1775). 
Cardinal Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 118 (1783). 

VOL. in. M 

162 FEITCILLIDJE. 

Coccothraustes cardinalis, Vieill. N. Diet, d?Hist> Nat xiii. p. 526 
(1817). 
Fringilla (Coccotliraustes) cardinalis, Bp. Obs. Wits. no. 79 (1825, 
teste Coues). 
Erinsrilla cardinalis, Bp. Syn. p. 118 (1828); Auclub. B. Amer. 
pLl59; id. Orn. Biocjr. ii. p. 336 (1834). 
Gruarica cardinalis, Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 188, pi. xi. figs. 1, 
2 (1832). 

Cardinalis vircrinianus, Bp. P. Z. S. 1837, p. Ill; id. Comp. List B. 
Eur. § N Amer. p. 35 (1838); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 353 (1844); 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 501 (1850) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 302; Baird, B. 
N Amer. p. 509 (1838); Nemcied, J. f. O. 1858, p. 208; Baird, 
Mex. Bound. Surv., Birds, ii. p. 17 (1859); Scl. B. Z. S. 1659, 
pp. 365, 378; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 100 (1802, pt.) ; Dresser, Ibis, 
1865, p. 491; Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 289; Duges, La Nat. i. p. 139 
(1868); 8umichr. Mem. Bost. 8oc. N. JET. i. p. 552 (1869); Cooper, 

B. Calif, p. 239, cum fig-. (1870); Gray, Hand-l. B.'ii. p. 102, 
no. 7531 (1870) 5 Allen, Bull Mas. Comp. Zool. Cambr. iii. p. 178 
(1872) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 151 (Lb72); 8cl. £ Sah. 
Nomencl. Ad. Neotr. p. 27 (1878, pt.) ; Baird, Brexcer, 4* Padgw. 
Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 100, pi. 30. figs. 6, 7 (1874); Coues. B. 
N-West, p. 172 (1874) ; Sennett, Bull U.S. Gtol. Surv. iv. p. 21, 
v. p. 394 (1878) ; Merrill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm. i. p. 129 {1878); 
Eidgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mas. no. 21, p. 2G (Ifcsl); Cows, Checklist 
N. Amer. B. p. GO (Ls82); Salt. Cat. StridcL Coll. p. 218 
(1882) ; id. § Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amcr., Ares, i. p. 840 (1^84, pt.) ; 
Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 393 (1^4). 
Cardinalis cardinalis, Licht. Nomencl. Ai\ Neotr. p. 44 (1854); A. 

O. U. List Amer. B. p. 286 (1880); Brewster, Auk, iii. p. 110 
(1886); Fox, t. c. p. 818. 
Cardinalis ruber, Stejneger, Auk, i. p. 172 (1884;. 


Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above deep 
scarlet vermilion, or deep rosy-red, with more or less remains of ashy 
edges to the feathers; wing-coverts like the back; bastard-wing and 
primary-coverts dusky, externahy pale rosy, particularly light towards 
the edge of the "wing; quills dusky, externally rosy, paler 
towards the ends of the primaries ; tail dark rosy or vermilion, the 
feathers edged internally with roby; head strongly crested, deep 
vermilion, contrasting with the back; a distinct frontal line, lores, 
fore part of eyelid, feathers at gape and base of cheekb, as well as 
the chin and upper throat, black; remainder of under surface from 
the centre of the throat downwards rich vermilion, somewhat 
washed with rosy on the flanks ; under wing-coverts and axiHaries 
paler vermilion, with silky white bases; quills pale brown below, 
with the inner webs vermilion internally : " bill of a tint approaching 
coral-red; feet pale umber* iris dark hazelw (Audubon). Total 
length 8*8 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*75, tail 4*2, tarsus 0*9. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
duU ochreous brown, slightly paler on the lower back and rump • 
wing-coverts and quills dull vermilion, with ashy ochreous margins 
to the greater coverts and inner secondaries; tail-feathers dull vermilion, 
dusky at the ends, edged with ashy; crown of head dull 
ochreous brown, mottled with vermilion bases, the long crest-feathers 

23 . CAEDIN-ALIS.
dull vermilion with ochreous tips ; sides of face and ear-coverts also 

dull ochreous, the latter rather more ashy like the sides of the neck; 

lores dusky or ashy blackish, extending in a line .across the base of 

the forehead, and downwards along tho base of the cheeks on to the 

throat, which is also ashy blackish; remainder of the under surface 

of body ochreous buff, washed with vermilion, the centre of the 

abdomen dull white; thighs washed with vermilion; under tail-

coverts ochreous buff; axillaries and under wing-coverts pale rosy 

vermilion; quills dusky below, pale vermilion along the inner web. 

Total length 8*5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*6, tail 3*9, tarsus 1. 

The pair of birds from Jalapa and a male from Eastern Mexico 

are rather smaller than North-American specimens, and have a much 

narrower frontal line of black; they are therefore intermediate 

between G. cardinalis and G. igneus. The male has the wing 3*4 

inches compared with 3-0-3*8 inches as found in North-American 

specimens. I have included them under the race of G. coccineus. 

Hob. Eastern United States, north to Few Jersey and the Ohio 

Yalley (casually further), west to the plains. (A. 0. U. Ghech'4ist.) 

a,h. d* J ad. sk. North America. Lord Odo Eussell [P.], 

e, d. <$ $ ad. sk.' Washington, D.C. (Sm. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

nos. 252Q6, 25303). 

e. J ad. sk. Virginia, Dec. 25 (D. W. U.S. Nat. Museum [P.]. 
Scott-, Sm. no. 79328). 
f. r? iuv. sk. Mount Carmel, Illinois, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.l 
J 
J July 29, 1875 (E. W. 
Nelson). 

g. $ 
ad. sk. Wheatland, Indiana, April Salvin-Godman Coll. 
18 (It. Ridgway; Sm. 
no. 90310). 
h. 
<$ ad. sk. Knox Co., Indiana, April U.S. Nat. Museum [P.]. 
21 (It. Ridgw.y; Sm. 
no. 8*2238). 
i. 3 
ad. sk. Indian Territory, Dec. 24, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
1884. 
h. d ad. sk. Kendall Co., Texas, Feb. R. B. Sharpe, Esq, [P.l. 
25 (N. C. Brown). 
I m. r7 2 ad. sk. Florida. W. B, Dismore, Esq, 

n. S ad. sk. [N. America]*. Sclater Coll. 
Subsp. a. Cardinalis coccineus. 

Cardinalis virginianus (necL.), Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 193; Lawr. Ann. 
Lye. JST. Y. ix. p. 201 (1868); Sol 8f Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. 

p. 27 (1873, pt.); Boueard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 444; Salvin $ 
Godman, Biol. Centr.-Atner., Aves, i. p. 340 (1884). 
Cardinalis 
virginianus, var. coccineus, Baird, Brewer, fy Ridgw. 
Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 299 (1874) j Coues, B. N.-West, p. 172 
(1874). 

* Prom Trinidad (Lord Harris: Scl Cat no. 591 b). Doubtless a caged bird. 
M2 

164 
FRIHGILLIDJE. 

Cardinalis ruber coccineus, Stejnege?*, Auk, i. p. 172 (1884). 
Oardinalis saturatus, Ridgw. Descr. neto Sp. Cozumel, Feb. 26, 1884, 

p. 4. 
Cardinalis cardinalis saturatus, Ridgic. Fr. V. 8. Nat. Mas, Till. 
p. 568 (1885). 
Cardinalis cardinalis coccineus, Ridgic. t. c. p. 569 (1885). 
Adult male. Similar 
to C. cardinalis, but smaller and rather 

deeper red, being of 
a rich rosy scarlet; the bill much stouter than 

in C. Virginia nus. Total length 7*5 inches, oilmen 0*75, wing 8-4, 

tail 3*7, tarsus 0*9. 

Adult female. Differs from the female of C. cardinalis in being 

smaller, and in having the mark and spot on the throat deep black 

as in the male. Total length 7 inches, oilmen 0*7, wing 3, tail 

3-35, tarsus 0-9. 

The length of wing in male birds varies from 3-35-3*45 inches. 

Some of the specimens have remains of ashy edgings to the feathers 

of the back, being, as I believe, the marks of winter plumage. 

Hab. Eastern Mexico, Mirador to Yucatan and British Honduras. 

I 
cannot separate the Cozumel birds from those of the mainland. 

a, b. S $ ad. sk. Jalapa, Mexico (cle Oca). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

c. <$ ad. sk. Mexico. 
J. Gould, E-q. 
d. (S ad. sk, Chable, N. Yucatan, Dec. 10 Suhin-Gudman Coll. 
(G. F. Gaumer). 
e. J ad. sk. Merida, N. Yucatan, May 7 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(6r. F. Gaunter). 
f,g. c?$ ad.sk. Merida, Feb. 1884 (G. F. Sclater Cull. 
Gaumer). 
7i~o. 
S ; p> ? ad. Cozumel Island, April (G. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. F. Gatoner). 

q. § ad. sk. Mugeres Island, Dec. 1885 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(G. F. Gaumer). 
r, s, t. S ad.; Jolbox Island, Dec. 1885 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
u. J ad. sk. (G. F. Gaumer). 
v, w. $ : x. $ ad. Corosal, British ' Honduras Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. {Roe), 
g, z. $ 
ad. sk. Belize, British Honduras Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Blancaneaux). 

Subsp. ft. Cardinalis igneus^ 

p. 102, no. 7582 (1870); Salvin 4* Gadman. Biol. Ceiitr.-Amer,, 
Aves, i. p. 341 (1884). 
* The Arizona Cardinal has lately been separated by Mr. Bidgway as Cardinalib 
superbus, and it is said to be the form of Western Mexico also, C. igneusbeing confined to Lower California. The series in the British Museum is not 
sufficiently large to enable me to judge of the differences between these two 
forms. 
23 . C1EI>TK-AI,IS. 
165 

Oardinalis virginianus (nee X.), 8cl P. Z. S. 1856, p. 302; Fmsch, 
Abhandl nat. Ver. Brem. 1870, p. 339: Grayson, Troc. Bost. 8oc. 

N. H. xiv. p. 281 (1871). 
Oardinalis virginianus, var. igneus, Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 151 
(1872); Laior. Mem. Bost 8oe. ii. p. 275 (1874); Baird, Brewer, 
fy Ridgw. Hist N. Amer. B. ii. pp. 90, 103 (1874). 

Oardinalis -virginianus igneus, Ridgw. Bull. JJ. 8. Nat Mus. no. 21, 

p. 26 (1881); Belding, Br. U. 8. Nat Mus. v. p. 541 (1883), vi. 
p. 343 (1883); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 394 (1884). 
Oardinalis virginiana ignea, Coues. Chech-list N. Amer. B. p. 60 
(1882). 
Oardinalis ruber igneus, Stejneger, Auk, i. p. 172 (1884). 
Oardinalis cardinalis igneus^ Stejneqer, Auk, i. p. 171 (1804); A. O. U. 

dieck-list N. Amer. B. p. 286 (1886). 

Adult male. Similar to C. virginianus, but with a larger bill, and 
rather smaller in size; the black mask on the face not continued 
across the forehead. Total length 8 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*6, 
tail 4*1, tarsus 0*95. 

The wing varies in a series from 3*4 to 3*6 inches, and the black 
line across the forehead is sometimes complete ; and these specimens 
hold a somewhat intermediate position between O. virginianus and 

C. igneus. In birds from the Tres Marias Islands the bill, already 
longer than that of C. virginianus, attains to still greater dimensions. 
Adult female. Ashy brown above, with an ochreous shade • wing-
coverts dull vermilion, edged with ashy brown, the primary-coverts 
and quills dusky brown, externally washed with dull vermilion, the 
inner secondaries more completely ashy brown: tail-feathers dull 
red with ashy margins, and crossed with dusky bars under certain 
rights • head ashy ochreous, the long crest-feathers dull vermilion 
with ashy ochreous margins and blackish centres; lores paler 
ochreous; ear-coverts ashy ochreous, with whitish shaft-lines; under 
surface of body ochreous buffy whitish on the throat, and paler buff 
on the abdomen; thighs washed with vermilion; axillaries and 
under wing-coverts pale rosy vermilion ; quills dusky below, pale vermilion 
along the inner web. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-75, 
wing 3*5, tail 3*75, tarsus 1. 

Hab. Lower California, probably throughout Western Mexico 
north of the Bio Grande to Santiago (B., B., $ B.); Tres Marias 

Islands. 
a. $ ad. sk.
b. $ ad. sk. 
North America. 
San Jos3, Lower California,
April 20 (L. Belding; 
Sm. no. 87554). 
Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

OARDINALIS SUFERBUS. 
Cardinalis cardinalis superbus, Bidgw, Auk, iii. p. 334 (1886); A. O. U. 
Cheek-list N. Amer. B. p. 286 (18S6). 
" Similar to C. cardinalis igneus, but decidedly larger and the female more 
richly coloured " (Ridgw.ij). 
Full descriptions and measurements will be found in Mr. Bidgwaj's paper. 

16 6 
EEINGILL1DJE", 

c. 
<S ad. sir. San Jose", Nov. 13 (J. Xan- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
tits; Sm.no. 3360). 
d. S 
ad. sk. San Jose*. Capt. Kellett and Lieut. 
Wood [P.]. 
e. S 
ad. sk. CaHf omia. Capt. Kellett and Lieut. 
Wood [P.]. 
/. 
S ad. sk. Cape S. Lucas (J. Xantus; Sclater Coll. 
Sm. no. 530). 

a. Large- billed form. 
a. $ ad. sk. Tres Marias Islands, Feb. 26 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(A. Forrer). 
b. § ad. sk. Tres Marias Islands, Mar. 20 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(A. Forrer). 
/3. (7. saperbus. 

a, b. <$ juv. sk. Camp Lowell, Arizona, Aug. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
1884 (F. Stephens). 

c. $ ad. sk. Western Mexico. G. Barclay, Esq. [P.]. 
d,e. 
<$ J ad. sk. Presidio, Mexico, June 2 (A. Salvin-Godman Cull. 
Fori'er), 

Subsp. y. Cardinalis earneus. 

Coccotliraustes (Cardinalis) earneus, Less. Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 210. 
Cardinalis earneus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 358 (1844); Bp. Consp. i. 

p. 501 (1850); Salvin $* Godman, Biol Centr.-Amer., Ares, i. 
p. 341 (1884). 
Cardinalis virginianus, var. earneus, Cones, B. N.-West, 1874, p. 172; 
Lawr. Mem. Bost Soc. 2V". II. ii. p. 275 (1874); Baird, Brewer} $ 
Ridgw. B. N. Amer. ii. p. 99 (1874) ; Later. Bull. XT. S. Nat. 
Mm. no. 4, p. 20 (1876). 

Cardinalis virginianus (nee L.), Sakin, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 421. 
Cardinalis ruber earneus, Stejneger, Auk, i, p. 172 (1883). 

Adult male. Similar to G. igneus, but of a much more rosy red, 
and without any indication of ashy margins to the dorsal plumage; 
the crest-feathers elongated and stiffened. Total length 7 inches, 
culmen 0*75, wing 8'2, tail '6-55, tarsus 0*85. 

Female unknown. 
Eab. "Western Mexico, from Acapulco to the Colima district. 


a. tf ad. sk. Acapulco, Mexico, March 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(A. II. Markliam). 
2. Cardinalis phceniceus. 
Cardinalis 
phoeniceus, Bp. P. Z. S.1837, p. Ill (ex Gould, M8S.); 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 358 (1844); Bp. Consp. i. p. 501 /1850) ; 

Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 27 (1873): Baird, Brewer, Sr 'Ridgw. 
Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 99 (1874). 

23 . CAEBINALIS. 
167 

Adult male. General colour above deep vermilion, rather clearer 
towards the rump and upper tail-coverts j lesser and median wing-
coverts vermilion, rather brighter than the back, and having dusky-
bases : greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
dusky, externally rosy vermilion; tail deep vermilion, somewhat 
dusky towards the end, the feathers edged internally with pale rosy 
vermilion; crown of head scarlet vermilion, the long crest-foathers 
dusky at the ends ; sides of face and under surface of body rich 
scarlet vermilion; lores and a narrow line above the nostrils along 
the base of the forehead, a small mark at the base of the cheeks, and 
the chin black ; flank-feathers slightly mottled with silky white, the 
feathers with a subterminal bar of this colour; axillaries and under 
wing-coverts vermilion, with silky white bases ; quills dusky below, 
pale rosy vermilion along the inner web ; bill horny white in skin, 
blackish on the upper mandible and at the tip of the lower one: 
" iris reddish brown " (A. Goering). Total length 7 inches, culmen 
0*75, wing 3-15, tail 3*1, tarsus 0-9. 

Adult female. Different from the male. Genera! colour above 
dingy ochreous brown, lighter ochreous on the lower back and rump; 
the whole upper surface washed with ashy • lesser wing-coverts like 
the back ; median and greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 
and quills dusky, externally edged with ashy ochreous, and slightly 
tinged with dull vermilion; tail dull vermilion, dusky at tip, the 
feathers edged with ashy ochreous; crown of head and hind neck 
dull ashy, the crest-feathers dark vermilion, with blackish centres and 
dusky tips ; lores, eyelid, feathers below the eye, and fore part of 
cheeks dull white ; ear-coverts dull ashy; a malar spot and chin 
blackish ; remainder of under surface ochreous buff, paler on the 
abdomen and more ashy on the throat; axillaries and under wing-
coverts pale rosy, washed with ochreous ; quills dusky below, pale 
rosy along the inner web. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 
3*25, tail 3, tarsus 0*9. 

Eab. Venezuela and Trinidad, Colombia. 

a. 3 ad. sk. [Colombia.] " Sclater Coll. 
b. g ad. sk. Carupano, Venezuela (A. Sclater Coll. 
Goering). 
c. cJ ad. sk. Carupano, Jan. 18G7 (A. Salvin-Godman Coll 
Goering). 
el 3 
ad. sk. Venezuela. J. Gould^Esq. (Type 
of species.) 

168 
FRIJSTGILLID^. 

Subfamily II. PRINGILLIN-ffi. 

The woodcuts given above (p. 3) show the shape of the skull in 
the genus Friwjilla; and it "will be noticed that the posterior end 
of the lower jaw is very much weaker, and the nasal bones do 
not extend backwards as in the Grosbeaks, but only reach to the 
frontal line. 

Although I have not been able to examine skulls of every genus 

contained in this subfamily, there is less doubt as to the position of 

the 
genera than was the case with the Grosbeaks, and the true 

Pinches, as here arranged, seem to form a tolerably natural collec


tion of genera. I have not hesitated to recognize^ colour as a cha


racteristic of generic value where it has appeared to me to be 

useful in preserving seemingly natural genera, such as Carduelis, 

but 
it is possible that a larger compression of genera will take 

place with future writers. 

Key to the Genera. 

A. 
Bill rather long and slender; the exposed 
part of the culmen equal to twice the 
breadth at nostrils [True Finches.] 
«. No scarlet about the head and face 24. FRINGILLA, p. 170. 

b. Face scarlet or rosy. 
a\ 
No yellow on Things; throat and breast 
rosy or crimson; sexes different ... . 25. PBOCARDUELIS, 

V. 
Yellow on wings; breast white; sexes [p. 182, 
alike 7. 20. CAEDTTELIS, p. 185. 
B. 
Bill of various forms, swollen and globose, or 
thin and pointed, but the exposed part of 
the culmen never twice the breadth of the 
bill across the nostrils. [Siskins, Linnets.] 
c. Bill pointed, and not swollen or globose ; 
the angles of the culmen and gonys about 
equal; nostrils completely hidden by 
bristles, 
e'. Bill rather long and attenuated, the 

sides proceeding in a straight line to 

the tip, which is very acute; the cul


men as long as the hind toe and claw. 27. CHEYSOMITBIS, 

d'. Bill shorter, the culmen shorter than [p. 102. 

the hind toe and claw. 

a". Wings short, falling short of the tip 

of the tail by more than the length 

of the tarsus. 

a'". Hind claw rather small, much 

less than the hind toe itself; cul


men flattened 28. OALLACANTIIIS t, 

b"'. Hind claw rather large, and about [p. 232. 

equal to the toe itself 31. ACANTIIIS, p. 235. 

b". Wings long, falling short of the tail 

by less than the length of the tarsus. 32. MONTIFBINGILLA, 

dt Bill more or less swollen and globose, the [p. 257. 
lateral edge generally bowed in towards 
the tip; the culmen more gently curved 

t Here must be inserted 29. Loxwiitris and 30. Acanfhidops, which are supposed 
to be allied to C%rysomitri$ (vide infrh, pp. 233, 234). 

FRINGILLINJE. 
169 

towards the tip of the bill than the angle 
of the gonys, which is more abrupt. 


e'. Wings long, falling short of the tail 
by less than the length of the tarsus. 
[Ground-Sparrows.] 


c". Nostrils hidden by bristles. 
c'1'. Bill stout, and like that of a Grosbeak. 


a4. With a slight culminal ridge; 
the ascending angle of the gonys 
more marked and more abrupt u 
than that of the culmen. r [p. 280. 

a5. With red on the wings 33. RHODOPECHYS, 
b5. With no red on the wings 34. RHYNCHOSTRUbl. 
No culminal ridge; angles of the [THUS, p. 281. 
culmen and gonys about equal. 35. RHODOSPIZA, p. 282. 
d'". Bill smaller and more swollen [p. 284. 
(Pyrrhuline); no culminal ridge. 36. ERYTHROSPIZA, 
d". Nostrils exposed 37. PETRONIA, p. 288, 

f. 
Wings short, falling short of the tail by 
more than the length of the tarsus. 
e". Bill somewhat elongated, the maxilla 
rather deeper than the mandible. 
[Sparrows.] 


e'". Head uniform 38. PASSER, p. 298. 
f". Head streaked 39. POLIOSPIZA, p. 342. 

f". Bill swollen, both mandibles strongly 
curved; the maxilla of about the 
same depth as the mandible. 


g"\ 
Bill stout, not half the length of 

the head. 
cK With chestnut back 40. ALAMO, p. 346. 
dl. With yellow in the plumage. 

c5. Tomium deflected towards the 
gape 41. SERINUS, p. 348. 
d5. Tomium straight for its whole 
length 42. SYCALIS, p. 376. 
el. Plumage black, with yellow 
shoulder 43. PYRRHOPLECTES, 
/4. With rosy or scarlet in the [p. 386. 
plumage 44. CARPODACUS,P.387. 
h"\ Bill elongated, more than half the 
length of the head 45. PYRRHOSPIZA, 

0. 
With both mandibles crossed; wings very [p. 431. 
long, and reaching nearly to the end of tail. 46. LOXTA, p. 435. 
D. 
With the bill very much swollen and evenly 
rounded; the breadth of the bill across the 
nostrils equalled by the length of the exposed 
portion of the culmen. [Bullfinches.] 
e. Wing longer than tail. 
g\ With the nostrils completely hidden 
by bristly plumelets; the bill scarcely 
bowed laterally towards the tip 47. PYRRHTJLA, p. 445. 

h'. With the nostrils as in Pyrrhula,^ but the 
bill more distinctly bowed inwards 
laterally towards the tip 48. PINICOLA, p. 459. 

i\ 
With the nasal orifice very tiny, but [p. 462. 
exposed beyond the nasal plumelets .. 49. PROPYRRHULA, 

f. Tail longer than the wing 50. URAGTJS, p. 464. 
170 
PEIKGILLID^:, 

24. FEIUGILLA. Type_ 
Fringilla, Linn. Syst. Nat. (xii.) i. p. 318 (1766) F. ecelebs. 
Cselebs, Cuv. Lemons Anat. Comp. tabl. ii. (1800) F. ecelebs. 

Struthus, Bote, Ist's, 1828, p. 323 F. cceleb*. 
Range. Europe generally, with the countries bordering the 

Mediterranean to the south, eastwards to Western Siberia, Persia 
and Turkestan ; Madeira; Canaries; Azores. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
With no v% hite on rump; no black sputb on 
flanks. 
a'. Eurnp blue-grey like the back; underparts 
blue-grey, white on abdomen and under 
tail-coverts teydea, p. 170. 


b'. Bump oliTe-green or olive-yellow. 
a". Ear-coverts rufescent like the breast. 
a'". Back rufous, contracting with the grey 
head Calebs, p. 171. 


b'". Back slaty blue, or slatv, washed "with IJ 
[Ha(fVlf^} f^* i0' 

v nJ -' moreleti. p . 1*0. 

olive-yellow « i • T~~ 
b". Ear-coverts grey like the head , ,spodiogeuyi>, p. 177. 

b. With a white rump; flanks spotted with black niotif if ringilia, p. 17^. 
1. Fringilla teydea. 
Fringilla teydea, 
Webb §• Berth. Orn. Canar. p. 20, pi. i. fig^. 1, 2 
(1836-44); Bp. Consp. i. p. 507 (1830); Bolle, J. f. 0. 1CJO4, p. 456, 
1857, p. 312; E. Newt Ibis, 1863, p. 1*8; Gray, Iland-L B. ii. 

p. 80, no. 7170 (1870) ; Godman, Ibis, lfe72, p. 210; Bret&er, IJ. 
Bur. iv. p. 25, pi. 185 (1873). 
Passer teydea, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 373 (1849). 


* Adult male in summer plumage* Above leaden blue ; lesser wing-
coverts like the back; median coverts blackish, with broad tips of 
bluish white; greater coverts blackish, externally leaden blue, inclining 
to bluish white at tbe ends ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 
and quills blackish, edged with leaden blue, paler on the primaries, 
the fourth, fifth, and sisth having a tiny white spot at tbe base of 
the outer web, forming an alar speculum; upper tail-coverts like 
the back ; tail-feathers blackish, edged with leaden blue, broader on 
the centre ones, the two outer ones fringed with white along the tip 
of the inner web, which has an ashy wedge-shaped mark near the 
end; crown of head and sides of face leaden blue, with a tiny white 
spot on tbe upper and under eyelid; under surface of body paler 
than the upper, being pale bluish grey, with the centre of the abdomen 
and under tail-coverts white; thighs blue-grey; axillaries and 
under wing-eoverts bluish grey, the lower coverts edged with white; 
quills dusky below, ashy along the inner web : " upper mandible 
clear horn-colour, varied with greyish white at the base ; lower 
mandible almost entirely white; feet horn-colourJ? (Webb and 
Berthelot). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3'953 tail 3*15, 
tarsus 0-9. 
24 . EKINGILLA. 
171 

The male in seasonal plumage is much, duller than in summer, 

all the feathers being obscured with ashy brown, the tips to the 

greater and median wing-coverls being white instead of bluish 

white; the margins of the inner secondaries are also tinged with 

olive. The full plumage appears to be gained by the shedding 

of the brownish tips to the grey feathers and by the moulting of the 

wing-coverts. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in being olive-brown instead 
of blue ; the margins of the wing-coverts and quills olive, greyish 
on the edge of the primaries, the median coverts tipped with greyish 
white* the greater coverts also greyish white at the ends; upper 
tail-coverts ashy ; tail-feathers dusky, with ashy margins; head like 
the back; sides of face and under surface of body pale ashy grey, 
washed with brown on the throat and ear-coverts; abdomen and 
under tail-coverts white; lores ashy whitish; a white spot on the 
upper and under edge of eyelid: "bill horn-colour, the lower mandible 
paler than the upper; feet as in the male " (Webb and Berthelot). 
Total length 6-2 inches, culmen 0#7, wing 3*5, tail 2'9, tarsus 0*9. 

Hab. Canary Islands. 

a} b, e. S ad.; d, e. Pinal de la Guanche, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
$ ad. sk. TenerifFe, April 25 


(F. D. G.). 
/, g. $ ad.; h. $ Villa Flora, TenerifFe, Salvin-Godman Coll 
ad. sk. May 6 (F D. G.). 

2. Fringilla ccelebs. 
The Chaffinch, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. i. p. 60, pi. 63 (1738) ; Penn. 

Brit. Zool. p. 108, pi. 108. figs. 2, 3 (1766); Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. 

pt. 1, p. 257 (1783). 

Le Pinion, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 148 (1760) ; Daubent. PL Enl. iv. pi. 54. 

fig. 1. 

Fringilla caelebs, Linn. Si/st. Nat. I. p. 318 (1766); Koch, Syst. baier. 
Zool. p. 215 (1816); Temm. Man. cTOm. p. 359 (1820) ; Roux, 
Orn. Prov. pis. 85, 86 (1825); Naum. Vog. Deutschl. v. pi. 118 
(1826); Werner, Atlas, Granivores, pi. 44 (1827); MCnUr. Cat. 
Rais. Cauc. p. 42 (1832); StricJd. P. Z. S. 1836, p. 100; Gndd, B. 
Fur. iii. pi. 187 (1837); Macgill Hist. Brit. B. i. p. 329 (1837) j 
Bp. Comp. List B. Fur. § N. Am. p. 31 (1838); Crespon, Orn. 
Gard, p. 251 (1840); Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Buss. Mirid. iii. 

p. 179 (1840) 5 Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Fur. p. xlii (1840); Selys-
Longch. Faun. Beige, p. 74 (1842) ; Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 460 (1843); 
Schl Bev. Crit. p.'bd (1844); Eewits. Fggs Brit. B. p. 149, pi. 41. 
fig. 1 (1846); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 371 (1849); Thomps. B. Irel. 
p. 246 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. I p. 507 (1850); Kjcerb. Damn. Fugle, 
pi. 26. fig. 3, Suppl. 10. fig. 1 (1852); Schl Vog. Nederl pis. 164, 
165 (1854); Sundev. So. Fogl. pi. iv. figs. 5, 6 (1850); Jauh et 
Barth.-Lapomm. Mich. Orn. p. 132 (1859); Tristr, Ibis, 1859, 
p. 33, 1860, p. 137; Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 62 (I860); Schl. 
JDier. Nederl. pi. 16. figs. 7,8 (1861) ; Gotdd, B. Gt. Br.'m. pi. 34 
(c. 1862); Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 54; Sperling, t. c. p. 281; Gray, 
List Br. B. p. 94 (1863) ; More, Ibis, 1865, p. 126; Filippi, Viagg. 
172 FBINGILLID^!. 

Pers. p. 349 (1865); Bettoni, Ucc. Nidif. Lomb. i. pi. 11 (1865); 

LUford, Ibis, 1866, p. 177; Begl et fterbe, Orn. Eur. I. p. 271 

(1867) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1867, p. 369 ; Locke, Evpl Sei. Alger., Ois. 

i. p. 143 (1867) ; Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 77 (1869); 
Boded. Avif Sicil. p. 80 (1869); Keidem. Oaze Fog. i. pi. 32 
(1869); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 87, no. 7281 (1870); Friisch, Fog. 
Eur. tab. 26. figs. 10,11 (1870); Wyatt, Ibis, 1870, p. 16; Ehaes 
fy Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 193; Sahad. Faun. Ital, TJcc. p. 150 
(1871); R. Gray, B. West Scoil p. 134(1871); Saunders, Ibis, 
1871, p. 219; Harting, Handb. Brit. B.-g. 27 (1872); Shelley, B. 
Egypt, p. 151 (1872); Alst. ty Harvie Broicn, Ibis, 1873, p. 64; 
Brooke, t. c. p. 247; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 64 (1673); Dresser, 

B. Eur. iv. p. 3, pi. 182 (1873); Irby, B. Gibr. p. 118 (1875; ; 
Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 101 (1875); LUford, Ibis, 187'5, p. 10 ; Dresser, 
t. c. p. 242 ; Banf $ Harvie Brown, t. c. p. 412 ; Wharton, Ibis, 
1876, p. 24; Newt. ed. Tarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 6*8 (1*70); Blanf. 
East. Pers. u. p. 247 (1876); Banf. Ibis, 1878, p. 22; Bogd. B. 
Cauc. p. 61 (1879): Finsah,Reis. West-Sibir. p. 93 (1879); Sabin, 
Cat. Strickl Coll. p. 207 (1862) ; Seebohm, Mis, 1882, pp. 218, 37b; 
BLvon, t. c. p. 574; B. 0. U. List Brit. B. p. 52 {1*83); Giglioli, 
Avif. Ital fa>c. 24 (1883) ; Homeyer $ Tancre) MT. orn. Ver. 
Wien, p. 89 (1883); Booth, Bough Xotes, pt. v. <1*J8:)}; Seebohm, 
Ibis, 1883, p. 9; Irby, t. c. p. 183; Clarke, Ibis, ls84, p. 143; 
Saunders, t c. p. 376; Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 100, pi. 13 
(1884) ; Tristr. Faun. # Flor. Palest, p. 69 (1*84); Iladde, Orn. 
Cam. p. 174 (1884) ; Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 40 ; Giglioli, Avif. 
Ital. p. 20 (1886); Sahad. ElencL Orn. Ital. p. 171 (1*87). 
Fringilla nobills, Schrank, Fawia Boica, p. 176 (l7Ub). 
Passer spiza, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Ahiat. ii. p. 17 (1811). 
Strutkus ccelebs, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 323. 
Fringilla hortensis, Brehm, Yog. Beuischl. p. 272 (1831). 
Fringilla alpestris, Brehm, JSfaum. 1855, p. 277. 
Fringilla minor, Brehm, t. c. p. 277. 


Adult male. General colour above chestnut-brown on the mantle, 
back, and scapulars, the feathers with greyish bases; lesser wing-
coverts white, grey along the edge of the wing; median coverts 
white; greater coverts black, tipped with white ; bastard-wing and 
primary-coverts black, edged with ashy; quills black, margined 
with pale olive-yellow, the inner primaries white at the base, forming 
a speculum; the secondaries white at the base, forming a 
band with the white tips to the greater coverts; the innermost 
secondaries edged with light brown; lower back and rump olive-
green ; upper tail-coverts and two centre tail-feathers ashy grey, 
the remainder black, with a large wedge-shaped mark of white on 
the inner web of the penultimate one ; this mark more extended on 
the outermost feather, which has also the basal half of the outer 
web white; crown of head, nape, and hind neck slaty blue, paler on 
the two latter, with a black band across the forehead; sides of neck 
slaty blue like the head; eyebrow, lores, eyelid, ear-coverts, sides of 
face, and cheeks pale vinous red, clearer on the centre of the breast 
and abdomen; the lower abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts 
white, the latter washed with vinous near the vent; sides of upper 
breast ashy grey ; axillaries yellowish white, with ashy bases; quills 
dusky below, whitish along the inner web; bill leaden blue ; legs 

24 . FEING-ILLA.. 173 
brown; iris hazel. Total length 6 inches, oilmen 0*45, wing 3*5, 
tail 2*5, tarsus 0*65. 

Adult male in winter plumage. Differs from the summer plumage 
in having the whole of tho feathers obscured by edgings of sandy 
buff on the under surface, head, and neck, whereby the rufous tints 
are rendered duller and the grey of the head and neck hidden, 
though the colour can always be traced on lifting the feathers ; the 
mantle and back are washed with olive; and the wing-bar formed by 
the tips of the greater coverts is olive-yellow. By the shedding of the 
tips of the feathers all over the body the summer plumage is gained. 
The bill is paler in the winter, being pinkish with a dark tip. 

Obs. Two distinct shades of rufous are generally visible on the 
under surface in the breeding-plumage of the male bird, the throat 
and breast being deep rufous and the back and flanks vinous. 
Sometimes the birds are altogether pale vinous and sometimes pale 
salmon-rufous below; while occasionally examples are found which 
may be described as vinous-chestnut on the under surface. In the 
series obtained at Avington in November all these varied styles of 
plumage are represented; and there seems to be no way of accounting 
for the differences in tint in the males beyond the fact of individual 
variation, for they exist both in summer and winter plumage, 
and cannot apparently be put down to the score of age. 

Adult female in breeding-plumage. Different from the male. 
General colour above ashy brown, washed with olive-yellow, the 
lower back and rump yellowish green ; lesser wing-coverts ashy 
grey shaded with brown; median coverts white; greater series 
black, edged with olive and tipped with yellowish white; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, edged with olive-yellow, 
brighter on the primaries, which are greyish towards the ends of 
the outer web, the inner secondaries browner externally; upper 
tail-coverts and centre tail-feathers ashy brown washed with olive-
yellow ; remainder of the tail-feathers blackish, edged with ashy 
olive, the two outer ones marked with white as in the male; 
crowii of head a*shy brown in the centre, with a broad band of 
brown along each side extending to the nape and behind the 
ear-coverts; eyebrow ashy brown, widening out towards the nape, 
fulvescent on the eyelid and below the eye; ear-coverts ochreous 
brown, with pale shaft-streaks ; sides of neck ashy brown ; checks 
and under surface of body pale ashy brown, lighter on the throat, 
and slightly tinged with pink on the throat and breast; abdomen 
and under tail-coverts white, the latter washed with fulvous; on 
the sides of the breast and flanks a tinge of olive-yellow; axillaries 
and under wing-coverts white, the former tinged with yellow; 
quills dusky below, whitish along the inner web. Total length 
6*5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3*4, tail 2-6, tarsus 0*65. 

The winter plumage of the adult female only differs from the 

summer plumage in being much browner and in having the white 

of the wing washed, with olive-yellow; the under surface of the 

body is also browner, causing the white of the throat and abdomen 

to appear in greater contrast. 

174 PEINGILLTD^. 

Some female birds have a white spot on the fore neck, and many 
have a good deal of pink on the under surface, but there is little 
variation in colour in a series. 

Nestlings resemble the old female, but are more dingy in colour; 
the centre of the crown is greyer, and there is a more or less 
distinct spot of white on the nape and another behind the cheeks; 
the rump and upper tail-coverts are olive-brown. 

Hah. Europe generally, as far east as "Western Siberia, Persia, 

and Turkestan. 

a. (S ad. sk, 
b. <S ad. sk. 
c. S ad. sk. 
d. Var. sk. 
e. § ad. sk. 
/, ff- 6 2 ad. sk. 

h, I <$ 2 &&> stk, 
I. $ ad.; m-

p. Juv. st. 
q. $ ad. pull. st. 
r. $ ad. sk. 
8, t. 2 a(i- sk 

u, v. $ ad. sk. 

to. Juv. sk. 

w'. 2 a(l* s^« 

x. S &&* sk. 
y. <$ ad. sk. 
z. $ ad. sk. 
a'. $ ad. sk. 
h\ 2 ad. sk. 
cr. 2 a^-sk« 
d'^e'if. Jad.sk. 
g'-k'. d ad. sk. 
V, m', ri. $ ad. sk. 
o',p'. £ 2 ad. sk. 
q'. 2 a(3-s^r'. 
2 ad. sk. 
sr. c? ad. sk. 

p. $ ad. sk. 
n\ (S ad. sk. 

v' $ ad.; w\ Juv. 

sk. 
x'. $ ad. sk. 
y\z\ d ? ad.sk. 

a. <$ ad. sk. 
England. 

Darlington, Yorkshire, 

Nov. 20. 

Hawkstone, Salop, Jan. 

Shropshire. 

Leicestershire. 

Cambridgeshire, Jan. 

(J. Baker). 
Cambridgeshire, Jan, 

Norfolk. 

Saffron "Walden, Essex. 

Maidenhead, Berks, 

May 12. 
Cookham, Berks, Jan. 27. 
Cookham, Berks, Feb. 23. 
Cookham, Berks, June. 
Cookham, April 1885. 
Godalming, Surrey, Jan. 

(F. D. <?.). " 
Colgate, Su>sex, Dec. 23. 
Lancing, Sussex. 
Lancing, Sussex, Mar. 26. 
Lancing, Sussex, April 6. 
Brighton, Oct. 20. 
Avington, Hants, Nov. 
Avington, Hants, Nov. 
Avington, Hants, Nov. 
Avington, Hants, May. 
Devonshire. 
S. Norway, June (P. 
Godmcm). 

Sarpsborg,Norwav,June 

(J. Baker). 
Norway, Mav 21 {It. 
Collett). 
Norway, March 25 (M. 
Collett). 

Stockholm, Julyl6(TF. 

Meves). 

Belgium, Jul}7 1. 
Havre, France, May 

(KPluche). 
Havre, Oct. 31 (V. 

Pluche). 

Gould Coll. 

Mrs. G. Muitland [P.]. 

Gould Coll. 

Dr. F. Day [P.]. 

Theodore Walter, Esq. 

[p.:. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

J. Baker ~C.\ 
Lord Walsingham [P.]. 
J. Clark, Esq. ~P.l 
J. Gould, E*q." 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. "P.1. 
II B. Sharpe, Esq. "P.1 
Gould Cull. 
B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. "P."1. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. "P.". 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. "P.l. 
It. II Sharpe, E>q. fP.l. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. P.l. 
E. Shelley, Esq. (_ PTl 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [I U 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. P,J. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. >.]. 
Montagu Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Christiania Mus. [P.]. 

Christiania Mus. [P.]. 

E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Brussels Museum [P.l 

E. Hargitt, Esq. [P J. 
E. Hargitt, Esq. [P.]. 
j8. tf ad. sk. 

y, 8. $ ad. sk. 

e. J ad. sk. 
£ (S ad. sk. 

7}. J ad. sk. 
0, i. <3 ad.; *. J 
ad. sk. 

A. $ ad. sk. 
JJL,tf ad. sk. 
i/. $ ad. sk. 
£,o. c? 5 ad. sk. 
7r. c? ad. sk. 

p. S ad. sk. 
cr. J ad. sk. 
r. J ad. sk. 
u. Skeleton, rti. 
<£. Skull. 
X> Sternum. 
^ co', a', jS. Skulls 
24. FRINGILLA. 
Seine~et-Oise; France 

(F. Petit). 
Mongeron,Seine-et-Oise, 
Feb. 18. 
Seville, Spain; Dec. 9. 

Valencia, Spain,Dec.27. 

Ooimbra,Portugal,Nov. 
Malta, Feb. 


Delta, Egypt, Jan. 14. 


Mt. Carmel, Palestine. 
Nazareth, Palestine. 
Erzeroum. 
Anan, Mazendaran, N. 


Persia, Aug. 11. 
Shiraz, 5000 feet, Sept. 
Oak-forest near Shiraz, 

June. 
Karij valley, Elburz 
mountains, Aug. 10, 

1872(W.T.Blanford). 

England. 
England. 
England. 

S. Germany. 
E. Hargitt, Esq. [P.]. 
R. B. Skarpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Howard Saunders, Esq. 

Howard Saunders, Esq. 

[P.]. * 
Dr. L. Vieira [P.1 
Gould Coll. 

J. H. Gurney, Jun., Esq. 
[P.l. 
Canon Tristram [0.1 
Canon Tristram fO."]. 
Gould Coll. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[C.]. 
Sir 0. St. John [0.1. 
Sir 0. St. John [C.j. 

Hume Coll. 

Purchased. 

J. Ray, Esq. [P.l. 
G.Ingall,Esq. [P.]. 
Dr. Gtmther. 
3. Fringilla ma&erensis. 
^[<:ZW7J5 maZe. General colour above dark slate-colour on the back 
and scapulars, the upper mantle and the lower back and rump olive-
yellow : upper tail-coverts slaty grey; lesser wing-coverts glossy 
blue-black, those near the edge of the wing slaty grey; median 
wing-coverts white, forming a broad wing-bar; greater coverts 
black, tipped with white ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black; 
quills black, edged externally with olive-yellow, ashy towards the 
end of the primaries, the fourth, fifth, and sixth of which have a 
tiny white spot at the base of the outer web, forming a small alar 
speculum: centre tail-feathers ashy grey, the remainder black; 
the outermost edged with white near the base of the outer web, and 
having a large wedge-shaped mark of white at the end of the inner 
web, this mark less developed on the penultimate feather and 
reduced to a small spot at the end of the third; crown of head and 
hind neck dark slaty grey, the former glossy and having a distinct 
frontal band of black; lores and a streak over the eye, eyelid, sides 
of face, and ear-coverts pale fawn-colour, the ear-coverts tipped with 
grey like the adjoining sides of the neck; throat and chest pale 
fawn-colour, the breast and sides of the abdomen pale pinkish; sides 
of body and flanks slaty grey, darker on the sides of the upper 
breast; centre of abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts white; 
axiUaries and under wing-coverts white with dusky bases; quills 

176 
XBXKGILLIDM. 

dusky below, ashy whitish, along the inner web. Total length 

5*3 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*25, tail 2*85, tarsus 0*8. 

The winter plumage of the male only differs from the summer 

plumage in the greater amount of olive-yellow on the upper surface, 

the whole of the back being dull olive-yellow; the colours below are 

not so pure, and the under tail-coverts are slightly washed with 

fulvous, and the grey flanks also washed with brown. The bill is 

pale brown, with the under mandible horn-colour, instead of being 

entirely blue. 

Adult female. Different from the male. Above dark ashy olive, 
brighter greenish yellow on the lower hack and rump ; head duller 
ashy than the back, with a slight tinge of olive ; lesser wing-coverts 
like the back : median coverts blackish, broadly tipped with white, 
forming a wing-bar; greater coverts blackish, edged with olive and 
tipped with white; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish, 
edged with ashy olive; quills blackish, edged with olive, the small 
speculum at the base of the jjrimaries less distinct ; tail as in the 
male; lores ashy whitish : eyelid whitish; sides of face and ear-
coverts dull ashy brown; throat fulvous white ; fore neck, breast, 
and sides of body ashy brown, the abdomen and under tail-coverts 
white; axillaries and under wing-coverts white, with dusky bases. 
Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 3, tail 2*45, tarsus 0*8. 

Hah. Madeira. 

a, b, c. <S ad. sk. Madeira, June 20 (F, D. G.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d, e, J $ ad. sk. Madeira, winter {Temple Salvin-GodmanColl. 
Godman). 

Subsp. a. Fringilla moreleti. 

Fringilla nioreletti, Pucker. Bei\ et Mag. de Zool 1859, p. 412, 
pi. 16 • Morekt, Hist. Nat. Acores, p. 84 (I860). 
Fringilla moreleti, Godman, Ibis, I860, p. 97. 
-* Fringilla tintillon (nee Webb $ Berth.), Socage^ Jom. Lish. i. p. 80 
(1867) ; Godman, Azores, p. 26 (1870> 
Fringilla canariensis, var. moreleti, Drouet, Faim. Apr. p. 117. 

Adult male. Similar to F. maderensts, and having a black frontal 
band like that species, but without the pink on the lower breast, 
the under surface of the body resembling that of F. canadensis. Total 
length 6 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*2, tail 2*6, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Kesembles the female of F. canadensis, and like that 
species is fulvescent below, not so ashy on the breast and sides of 
the body. Total length 5*8 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*1, tail 2*45, 
tarsus 0*8. 

Hab. Azores. 

a. $ ad. sk. S. Michael's, Azores, March Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(F. D. GX 
b. 
<$ • e} d. $ S. Michael's, Azores, April Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ad. sk. (F. D. G.). 
e. <J ad. sk. Flores, Azores, May (F. D. 6%). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
24 . PRIN6KLLLA, 
177 
Subsp. /3. Fringilla canadensis. 

Fringilla canariensis, Jleill X. Diet. aVIIist. Nat. xii. p. 282 (1817)*; 
Gray, Iiand-l. B. ii. p. 80, no. 7100 (1870). 
Fringilla tintillcm, Webb § Berth. Orn. Camtr. p. 21, pi. 4. fig. 1 
(183G-44); i?p. C'owp. i. p. 507 (1850); Balk, J.f. 0. 1854, 

p. 457, 18.">7, p. 315; Godmmi, Ibis, 1872, p. 211; Dresser, B. 
Bur. iv. p. 0, pi. 183. tig. 1 (1873). 
Adult male in summer plumage. Differs from F. maderensis in 

having the back dark slaty blue, the lower back and rump yellowish 

green, the crown glossy blue-black with no distinct frontal band; 

under surface of body pale salmon-rufous as well as the facial 

markings, the sides of the breast paler salmon-rufous but without 

the distinct pink tinge seen in F. maderensis. In winter plumage 

the back is evidently washed with olive-yellow, remains of which 

are seen in some spring-plumaged individuals. Total length 5*7 

inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3*3, tail 2-9, tarsus 0*85. 

Adult female. Similar to the female of F. maderensis, but rather 

more fulvous below and not so ashy. Total length 6 inches, culmen 

0-6, wing 3, tail 2*5, tarsus 0*8. 

Hab. Canary Islands. 

a, b. <$ ad.; c, Orotava, TenerifFe, April Salvin-Godinan Coll. 

d. Jad.sk. (F.D. G.). 
e. (S ad. &k. Orotava, May (F. I). G.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
4. Fringilla spodiogenys. 
Fringilla spodiogenys, Bp. Rev. Zool 1841, p. 146; Gray, Gen. B. 
ii. p. 371 (1849).' 
Fringilla africana, Levaill. Expl. Alyfr. pi. 7. figs. 1, 2 (1850). 
Fringilla spodiogenia, Bp. Consp. i. p. 507 (1850) ; Tnstr. Ibis, 
1859, p. 159; Salvin, t. c. p. 313; Tristr. Ibis, I860, p. 152; 
Irfo/, B. Gibr. p. 118 (18G5); Tyrwhitt Brake, Ibis, 18G7, p. 427; 
Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 80, no. 7107 (1870); Gurneij, Ibis, 1871, 

p. 293. 
Fringilla 
spodiogena, Deyl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 273 (3807); 
Loche, EcpL ticL Alger., Ois. i. p. 146 (18G7); Dresser, B. Eur. 

iv. p. 13, pi. 183. figs. 2, 3 (1873); Dixon, Ibis, 1882, p. 574; 
Reid, Ibis, 1885, p. 245. 
Adult male. General colour above yellowish green, the lower 
back and rump being slightly greener than the mantle; upper tail-
coverts groy; scapulars bluish grey; lesser wing-coverts black, edged 
with bluish grey, the lower ones white like the median coverts, 
which form a conspicuous shoulder-patch; greater coverts black, 
broadly tipped with white, forming a wing-bar; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills black, the latter edged with pale yellow, 
the inner secondaries with white or brown on the innermost, the 

* Not to be confounded with the Canary, Cnthagra can ana (L ). 
\OL. XII. 
N 

17b 
PRIXeiLLIDiE. 

primaries margined with ashy towards the ends, the fourth and fifth 
primaries white at base of outer web, forming a tiny white speculum ; 
centre tail-feathers ashy grey ; remainder of the tail-feathers black, 
the two outer ones white along the base of the outer web and 
having a long wedge-shaped mark of white on the inner web, less 
developed on the penultimate feather and reduced to an irregular 
white mark on the third; crown of head slaty blue, with a broad 
frontal band of black; lores and eyelid also black, with a little 
white mark above the hinder part of the eye and on the lower eyelid ; 
ear-coverts and sides of neck slaty blue like the head, the former 
washed with rufous ; feathers below the eye, cheeks, and ear-
coverts like the crown ; under surface of body vinous pink, the 
sides of the body pale ashy grey ; abdomen, thighs, and under tail-
coverts white; axillaries and under wing-coverts white with ashy 
bases, the former with a faint tinge of yellow ; quills dusky blackish, 
white along the inner web. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*51, 
wing 34, tail 2m5o, tarsus 0*7. 

One Algerian specimen seems to be undoubtedly a hybrid between 

F. ccdebs and F. spodiogenys, as it combines the characters of the 
two forms of Chaffinch. 
flab. North-eastern Africa, from Tunis to Morocco. 

a. (J ad. sk. Algeria. Gould Coll. 
b. $ ad. sk. Algeria. Purelia-ed. 
e. $ ad. sk. Algiers, April 23 (II. B. Tristram). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d. (S ad. sk. EflJjem, Tunis, March (O. S.). ' Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e, (S ad. sk. Tunis. L. Fraser, Esq. [CV. 

5. Eringilia moutifringilla. 
The Brainbling, Alhin, Hist. Xaf. B. in. p. 00, pi. 04 (1740); Perm, 
Brit Zool p. 108, pi. 108. fig. 4 (1700); Lath. Gen. 8i/n. ii. pt. 1, 

p. 261 (1783). 
Le Chardonneret de Suede, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 83 (1700). 
Le Pincon d'Ardennes, Briss. t c. p. 152 (17(50;• Daulent. PL Enl 
iv. pi. 54. Hg. 2. 
Fringilla 
montifringilla, Linn. Syst *Xat i. p. 318 (T7C0); Koch, 
Syst. baier. Zool p. 217 (1816); Temm. Man. dOm. I p. 360 
(i820); Roux, Orn. Prov. pis. 87, 88 (1825); yawn. Vug. 
Beutschl. T. pi. 119 (1820) ; Werner, Atlas, Granirores} pi. 45 
(1827); Gould, B. Bur. iii. pi. 188 (1837); Macgill. Hist Brit B. 

i. p. 335 (1837) ; Bj>. Comp.List B.Eur. &X. Amer. p. 31 (1838); 
Schl u. Susem. Tog. Eur. Taf. i. figs. 1, 2 (1839); Crespon, Orn. 
Gard. p. 253 (1840); Fbrdm. in Demid. Voxj. Bum. Merhl iii. 
p. 179 (1840); Selys-Longch. Faune Beige, p. 73 (1842); Yarr. 
Brit B. i. p. 465 (1843); Schl Rev. Crit. p. Ixi (1844); Heioits. 
Eggs Brit B. i. p. 151, pi. 41.fig. 2 (1840); Tkomps. '£. Irel i. 
p. 249 (1849); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 371 (1849); Bp. Camp. i. 
p. 507 (1850); Middend. Beis. SiMr., Zool p. 153 (1851); Ejmlj. 
Damn. Fugle, pi. xxvii. fig. 2, Suppl. pi. 10. fig. 4 (1852) ; 'Schl 
Yog. Nederl. pi. 66(1854) ; Horsf. k Moore. Cat. B, E.L Co. Mm. 

i. p. 491 ( ].N.>4) ; Sundev. 8v. Fogl pi. v.fig-*. 1, 2 (1K>6); Jaub. et 
Barth.-Lapomm, Rich. O/vz.p. 135 (1859); Schmidt, Rek. Amurl 
24 . FKI27GTLTA. 
17D 

p. 299 (1859); Zinderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 63 (1800); tftomA. 
i%, 1801, pp. 45, 385; Schl Bier. Nederl. Vogels, pi. 16.figs. 9, 
10(1861); J1.* P. #<w&w<m, I5w, 1861, p. 84; Gould, B. Gr. 
Brit hi. pi. 35 (1862) ; Jerd. B. 2nd. ii. p. 412 (1863) ; Gray, List 
Brit. B. p. 94 (1863): Radde, Reis. Sibir., Vog. p. 192 (1808); 
Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 54; Simnh. t c. p. 428; Giglioli, Ibis, 1865, 

p. 57; Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 274 (1867); Loche, Expl 
Sci. AlgSr., Oh. i. p. 142 (1867); Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 201; 
Smith, Ibis, 1863, p. 444; Borggr. Vogelf. NorddeutscM. p. 77 
(1869); DoderL Avif. Sicil. p. 80 (1869); Elwes § Buckley, Ibis, 
1870, p. 193; Fritsch, Yog. Eur. Taf. 25.figs. 13,14 (1870);" Gray, 
Hand-L B. ii. p. 80, no. 7168 (1870) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 219; 
Sahad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 151 (1871); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, 
p. 385; It Gray, IJ. West Scot!, p. 137 (1871); Dresser, B. Eur. 
iv. p. 15, pi. 184 (1871) ; Harting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 27 (1872) ; 
Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. pp. 64, 116 (1873) ; Aht. $ Harm 
Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 64; Eeul Onze Vog. ii. pi. 46 (1873); 
Swinh. Ibis, 1874, p. 160,1875, p. 120; Dan/, fy Harvie Brown, 
t. c. p. 413 ; Cordeaux, t c. p. 183; Irbg, B. 'Gibr. p. 118 (1875); 
Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 241; Fallon, bis. Belg. p. 102 (1875); 
Seebohm <§* Harvie Brown, Ibis, 1876, p. 116; Neiot ed Yarr. Brit. 
B. ii. p. 75 (1876); Tacz. Bull. Soc. ZooL France, i. p. 179 (1876); 
Finsch, Ibis, 1877, pp. 57,64, 65; Dan/ Ibis, 1878, p. 22; BlakisL 
8f Fryer, t. c. p. 244; Seebohm, t. c. p. 335 ; David fy Oust. Ois. 
Chine, p. 883 (1878); Hume, Str. F. 1878, p. 465,1879, p. 108; 
Bogd. B. Cam. p. 62 (1879); Finsch, MeU. West-Sibir. p. 93 
(1879); Biddidph, Ibis, 1881, p. B7; Scully, t. c. p. 597; Salvin, 
Cat. Strkkl Coll p. 207 (1882); B. 0. U. list Brit. i?.p. 52 (1883) ; 
Booth, Bough Notes, part v. (1883); Homeyer § Tanore, MT. 
Orn. Ver. Wien, p. 89 (1883) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 9; Severtz. 
t. c. p. 85; Irby, t. c. p. 183; Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 96, 
pi. 18 (1884) | id. Ibis, 1884, p. 266; Saunders, t c. p. 376; 
Blakist. Amended list B. Japan, p. 17 (1884); Radde, Orn. Cam. 
p. 173 (1884); Giglioli, Am/ Ital. p. 21 (1886). 
Fringilla lulensis, Linn. SysL Nat p. 318 (1766). 
Passer montifringilla, Fall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat ii. p. 18 (1811). 
Fringilla flammea, Beseke, Vog. Kurl. p. 79 (1821). 
Struthus montifringilla, Bote, Isis, 1828, p. 323. 
Fringilla septentrionalis, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 274 (1831). 
Fringilla borealis, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 277. 
Fringilla major, Brehm, t. c. p. 277. 


Adult male inbreeding-plumage. General colour above blue-black, 
with generally a few sandy margins to the feathers (remains of 
winter plumage) ; lower back and rump white in the centre, black 
on either side; scapulars and lesser wing-coverts pale orange-
rufous ; median coverts white; greater coverts black, broadly tipped 
with white, here and there washed with orange ; bastard-wing and 
primary-coverts black; quills black, the primaries edged with pale 
yellow, whitish towards their ends, the inner ones white at the base, 
forming a speculum ; the secondaries rather broadly edged with 
white towards their ends; upper tail-coverts black, tipped with 
ashy, the long ones more broadly; tail-feathers black, fringed with 
ashy, the centre ones broadly, the outer feather broadly white for 
more than half its outer web, the inner web with a .slightly incli


$2 

180 FRIK'GrLLrDJS. 

cated white mark and fringed with white near the tip; lores, sides 

of face, cheeks, and ear-coverts black; throat and breast pale 

orange-rufous: abdomen white, the sides of the body and flanks 

sandy buff, with rounded black spots ; thighs white, posteriorly 

black; under tail-coverts white, orange-rufous near the vent; axii


laries primrose-yellow; under wing-coverts white ; quills dusky 

below, white along the inner web. Total length 0*2 inches, cul


men 0*55, wing 3*5, tail 2-45, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult male in winter plumage. Very different from the summer 

plumage, the back of the head obscured by sandy-rufous edges to 

the feathers, the sides of the neck and the hind neck with p*ile 

bluish grey, the dorsal feathers with dark sandy edgings; wings 

and tail much as in summer, but with more orange-rufous on the 

wing-coverts ; orange-rufous of the throat and chest duller and moru 

shaded with sandy buff; flanks more strongly washed with sandy 

buff and the rounded black spots smaller. 

The summer plumage of the male is gradually assumed by the 

shedding of the sandy-coloured edges, and the bluish ashy of the 

hind neck and mantle remains as a spot behind the head, the 

feathers of these parts generally showing ashy-grey bases through


out the summer plumage. 

Female. Different from the male and not nearly so black. Upper 
surface brown, mottled wTith greyish bases to the feathers; head 
brown like the back, with a lateral streak on each side of the crown 
extending to the sides of the hind neck and enclosing a nuchal spot 
of greyish white; lower back and rump white, with the same 
markings as in the male: scapulars and lesser wing-coverts pale 
orange-rufous with black bases : remainder of wings and tail as in 
male but browner; eyebrow pale ashy with a slight tinge of rufous ; 
eyelid whitish ; ear-coverts ashy brown tinged with grey, this being 
more distinct on the sides of the neck, the ear-coverts having a bkr*k 
band posteriorly joined to the black band on the side of the crown ; 
cheeks brown, separated from the throat by a tolerably distinct 
malar line of black; remainder of under surface as in male, but the 
orange on throat and chest not nearly so rich. Total length 0*2 
inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3*4, tail 2*3, tarsus 0*8. 

Nestling. Recalls the plumage of the adult female, but more tinged 
with olive, the nape-patch well developed, and the rump-patch 
tinged with sulphur-yellow; under surface of body washed with 
pale sulphur-yellow, tinged with orange on fore neck, ehest, and 
sides of body. 

Young birds of both sexes after the first moult seem to me to be 
very similar, the males being a little blacker throughout and having 
the scapulars and wing-coverts more distinctly orange. 

Hal. Europe and Northern Asia to Japan and Xorth China, 
breeding in high latitudes and going south to winter; at the latter 
season found in North-western Tndia. 

a, $ ad. sk. England. Montagu Coll. 

b. S ad. sk. Cornwall. Montagu Coll. 
24 . FBINGILLA. 
c. tf ad. sk. 
d. 
<$ ad. sk. 
e. $ ad. sk. 
f. cS ad. sk. 
</, h. S ad. sk. 
«. 5 ad. sk. 
k, I 6 2 ad. bk. 

w. $ juv. bk. 
?*. 2 ad. bk. 

o. (5 ad. hk. 
/>,?. d 5 ad. sk. 

r. Ad. &k. 
«s\ £. J ad. bk. 
w. $ ad. sk. 
i\ $ ad. sk. 
u\ $ ad. bk. 
^;/A -• d ad. sk. 
a', b'. J ad. bk. 

c'. (5* ad. &k. 

d\ e'. c? 2 fld-&k' 
/' . Pull. sk. 
}/. 6 ad. bk. 

//'. d ad. sk. 

i'. (S ad. sk. 

k'. $ ad. sk. 

/', m'. S 2 ac^-sk


«'. 2 a<*. s^« 

o'. 2 ad. sk. 
#>'. $ ad. sk. 
#'. cf ad. sk. 

r'. Juv. sk. 

s'. d ad. sk. 

£'. c? ad. sk 

t^', i?'. d ad.; 

w', A''. 2 a(i- sky'. 
d ad. sk. 

«'. J ad. sk. 

n. Ad. sk. 
Devoiibhire. 
Bibham, Bucks, Jan. 22. 


Epping Forest. 

Middlesex (0. Salvin). 
Cookkam, Berks, Dec. 1804. 
Cookharn, Berks, Feb. 2, 


18S0. 
Maidenhead, Berks, March. 3, 
1885. 
Brighton, Sussex, Nov. 

Avington, Hants, Feb. 2,1880. 

Drinkbtone Park, Suffolk, 

March 4. 
Cambridgeshire. 
Cambridge (Percy Godman). 
Dovrefjeld, Norway, July 4. 
Norway, March 23 (It Collett). 

"Norway, Oct. 3 (It Collett). ' 
(liribtiania. May 1 (JR. Collett). 
Bodo, Noiway, May 14 (P. 

Godman) 
Bodo, Norway, June (P. God-
man). 
Budo, Norway, June (P. God-
man). 

S. Norway, June (J. Baker). 
S. Norway, July 2 (/. Baker). 
Tronibo, June 11) (It Collett). 
Heligoland, May (L. Glttke). 
Havre, W. France, March 27 

(W. Pluche). 
Belgium, Dec. 10. 
Turkey, Oct. (W. Tea ire). 
Erzeroum, Asia Minor (Dickson 
Sf Bosh). 

Persia. 
Persia. 
Sarai Gor, River Ob, July 10 


(Dr. Finsch). 
Above Obdorsk, Sept. 5 (Dr. 

Finsch). 
Kashgar (Dr. Bellew). 
Afghanistan. 
Afghanistan (Griffith). 


Kandahar, Jan. 8,1880 (Sir O. 
St. John). 
Gilgit, March 4,1879 (J. Biddidph). 


Abbotabad Vallev, N.W. Punjab, 
March 9,* 1^'J {Cttpt. 

II. II Unwin). 
Montagu Coll. 

R. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[p.]. 
E. Doubleday, Esq. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Mr. W. Briggs [P.]. 

R. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[p.]. 
R. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[p.]. 
R. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[p.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.J. 
T. Harcourt Powell, 
Ebq. [P.]. 
J. Baker [C.J. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
GouldColL 
Christiania Museum. 
Ckiistiania Museum. 
Christiania Museum. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Gcdman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Chribtiania Museum. 

R. B.,Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.], 
E. Ilargitt, Esq. [P ]. 
Brussels Museum. 

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Gould Coll. 

Purchased. 
Gould Coll. 
Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 


Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 


India Museum. 
Gould Coll. 
India Museum, 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


182 
FRINGILLIDJE. 

0, y. tf 2 ad. sk. Hakodadi, Japan, Feb. 26*. H. Whitely [C.]. 

$, €. <$ 2 ad. sk. Japan. Gould Coll. 
(, g ad. sk. Japan. Zoological Society. 

77. J ad. sk. Chusan {Capt. Ince). Gould Coll. 
6. Sternum. England. 
T. Ingall, Esq. 
t. Sternum. England. 
J. Rav, Esq. 
x. Skull. England. J. Kay, Ebq. 
X, fi. Skulls. S. Germany, Dr. Giinther. 
v. Skeleton. England. " 
Purchased. 
25. 
PROCARDUELIS. 
Type. 
Procarduelis, Hodgson, in Gray's Z00L Misc. p. 84 
(1844) P. nipalensis. 
Range, Himalaya Mountains, extending into Western China. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Head and back velvety blackish, washed with 
crimson, so that the crimson forehead and eyebrow 
stand out in strong contrast *.. nipalensis, p. 182. 
b. Entire upper surface pale crimson, as well as the 
sides or the face, the forehead and eyebrow not 
in strong contrast rubescens, p. 1&4. 
1. Procarduelis nipalensis. 
Carduelis nipalensis, Hodgs. Asiatic Research, xix. p. 157 (lb3ti). 

Procarduelis nipalensis, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mas., Passeres, 
pi. 303. figs. 1, 2 (nos. 400, 401); id. in Grays Zool. Misc. p. 84 
(1844) ; Blyth, J. A. S. Reng. xiii. p. 054 (1844); id. Cat. B. Mm. 
As. Soc. p. 121 (1849) ; id. J. A. S. Beng. xxiil. p. 213 (1854); 
llorsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. RI. Co. Mm. ii. p. 402 (lb50); Jerd. B. 
Ind. ii. p. 405 (1863),* David, K. Arch. Mm. vii. Bull. p. 10 
(1871) ; David # Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 351 (1877); Hume, Sir. F. 
1879, p. 108; Scully, t. c. p. 336 ; Brooks, t. c. p. 4b6. 

Linota saturata, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xL p. 103 (1842), xii. p. 965 

(1843). 
Linota fusca, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. j>. 103 (1*542j. 
Fringilla nepalenfis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p.* 371 (1849) • id. 

IIand4. B. ii. p. 81, no/7175 (1870). 
Pvrrha saturata {ex Cab. MSS. in Mus. BeroL), Bp. § Schl. Jfonogr. 
"Loxiens, p. 23, pi. 29 (1850). 
Pyrrha nipalensis, Cab. in Ersch. u. Grueber, JSnc. 1st sect. vol. 50. 

p. 21G (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 529 (1850); Licht. Kumenel Av. 
Berol. p. 47 (1854). 
Adult male. General colour above sooty black, washed with deep 
vinous, the edges to the feathers being of the latter colour; the 
mantle rather darker, the feathers being blacker in the centre; 
wing-coverts like the back, the reddish edges a little more pronounced 
on the greater coverts; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
blackish, narrowly edged with dull vinous, more ashy on the margins 
of the primaries, the inner secondaries more broadly edged like the 
greater coverts; tipper tail-coverts like the rump; tail-feathers 
blackish brown, with dull reddish-brown margins; crown of head 

25. HiOCARDtJULlS. 
sooty black, washed with deep vinous like the nape and hind neck; 
forehead and sinciput deep vinous crimson; lores sooty blackish as 
well as the feathers round the eye; above the ear-coverts a broad 
band of rosy vinous; upper edge of ear-coverts and sides of neck 
like the back; feathers below the eye, cheeks, and greater part of 
ear-coverts rosy vinous, the throat deeper coloured and more vinous 
crimson; fore neck, chest, and breast sooty black, washed with deep 
vinous; abdomen deep rosy; sides of breast, sides of body, and 
flanks sooty brown, the latter washed with vinous; thighs brown; 
under tail-coverts pale rosy with dusky centres ; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries sooty blackish, washed with vinous, especially on the 
edge of the wing; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge : 
" bill dusky, darker on the culmen and greyish at the base of the 
lower mandible• feet fleshy brown; toes a shade darker than the 
tarsi; claws horny brown• iris dark brown " («/". Scully). Total 
length 5*8 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3*5, tail 2*35, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
dark brown, with black centres to the feathers of the mantle and 
upper back, which are also slightly washed with dull ochreous 
brown on the margins• lesser wing-coverts like the back• median 
and greater coverts dark brown, edged with dull ochreous brown, 
paler at the ends of the outer webs and forming a double wing-bar: 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, edged with 
ochreous brown, the inner secondaries paler ochreous near the end 
of the outer webs, like the greater coverts ; rump and upper tail-
coverts uniform brown, washed with ochreous brown ; tail-feathers 
dark brown, with dull ochreous-brown margins; crown of head 
dusky brown, slightly washed with ochreous ; lores, feathers round 
the eye, ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, and under surface of body dull 
brown, slightly washed with ochreous; the lower breast and abdomen 
paler and clearer whity brown ; sides of body and flanks dull 
brown like the breast; thighs brown; under tail-coverts pale 
ochreous brown with dusky brown centres ; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries dusky, edged with ochreous brown; quills below dusky, 
ashy along the inner edge: " bill dusky, the base of the lower 
mandible paler brownish; tarsi and toes dingy brownish fleshy, 
claws horny brown; iris dark brown" (J. Scully). Total length 
5-0 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3-3, tail 2-25, tarsus 0*8. 

Young male. Besembles the old female, but is a little more reddish 
brown : " bill dusky, darker above and lighter at the base of the 
lower mandible " (J. Scully). Total length 0*3 inches, culmen 0*45, 
wing 3*4, tail 2'5, tarsus 0*85. 

The Western specimens are much paler than those from Sikhim, 
not so black above, and not showing the same dusky patch on the 
chest, the fore neck being brown with a rosy wash. Some of the 
Nepal, and a few even of the Sikhim specimens are so intermediate 
that it is not possible to characterize the Western race even as a 
distinct subspecies. 

Hah. Himalayas, from Cashmere to Bootan, extending into 
Moupin in Western China. 

184 
FRIXGILLID-F. 

a. 3 ad. sk. Dkiirmsala, Cashmere, April1870 (IF. E.Broufa). 
b. § ad. sk. Dhurmsala, May 1870 (TT.
F. Brooks). 
c. <S ad. sk. Lutu, near Borenda Pa&s,
June 14, 1847. 
d. S ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas.
e. f. <3 ad. sk.; Nepal.
7/, h. $ ad. sk.
/, h. 2 ad. bk. Nepal (Hodgson).
/, m. d ; n, o. $ ad.; Sheopuri Ridge, Nepal Valley,
p. (S juv. sk. Feb. Ib78 (J. Sadly), 
q, r, $ J ad. sk. Ascent of Sheopuri, Feb.
1878 {J. Scully). 
s, t. $ ad. sk. Dolaka, Nepal, Aug. 1875(L. Mandelli). 
u, $ juv. sk. Native Sikhim, Jan. 1875(Z. Mandelli). 
L . $ ad. sk. Native Sikhim, Feb. 1878(L. Mandelli). 

w. d ad. j .%, y, z. $> Native Sikhim, March 1878
ad. sk.
a1. Jad.sk.

b', c'. d ad.; d'. djuv.; e\ $ ad. sk.
f'iff'j &'-6 ad.;
I'J h'. $ ad. sk.
V, m'j n'. d ad.;
°\ P'i (?'• 9-a^* &^jr'} s'. d ad. sk.

t\ 
u\ v'. $ ad. sk.

io\ x\ d £ ad. sk.

?/',c', a, j3. d ad. y6, e,f,?j. $ ad.sk. 

6. d ad. sk.
i-r, d ad. sk.; v$ 
ad. sk. 
jS'. d ad. sk.

•/. $ ad. sk. 
(X. Mandelli). 
Nathe Sikhim, Aug. 1873
(Z. Mandelli). 
Sikhim, Jan. 1874 (Z. Mandelh). 
Sikhim, Feb. 1874 (Z. Mandelh). 
Sikhim, March 1874 (Z. 
Mandelli). 
Sikhim, April 1874 (Z. Mandelli). 
Sikhim, Dee. 
1873 (Z. Mandelh). 


 Interior of Sikhim, Aug. 1873

(Z. Mandelli). 
Sikhim.

 Darjiling, winter 18G9-70

(&. J. Flwes). 

 Darjiling, 1872.

 Darjiling, Nov. 1869. 
Bootan (Pe?nberton).

 Hume Cull. 
Hume Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Capt. Stackhom>e 

Pinwiu yr. 
Hodgson Coll."" 

 (T\pe<* of species.) 

 India Museum. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Cull 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume C< 11. 

lluiuv Coll 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 India Museum. 

2. Procarduelis riilbescens. 
Procarcluelis rubebcens, Blanf. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 694, pi. 74 : Hume, 
Str. F. 1879, p. 108. 
Procarduelis mandellii, Hume, Str. F. 1873, pp. 14, 318. 

Adult male. General colour above dark vinous red, the mantle and 
scapulars with somewhat dusky bases; wing-coverts like the hack; 
the greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coven., and quills dusky 
blown, edged with rhubarb-brow 11; upper tail-coverts like the back*; 

26 . CABDUELIS. 
185 

tail-feathers dusky brown, edged with dull red; crown of head 
rather brighter and more crimson; lores dusky; sides of face, 
feathers round eye, ear-coverts, cheeks, and under surface of 
body rosy crimson, the breast slightly varied with ashy bases to the 
feathers ; abdomen ashy grey, whiter towards the vent; sides of 
body and flanks rosy crimson; thighs ashy; under tail-coverts ashy 
grey, edged with greyish white; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
ashy, washed with pale rosy; quills below dusky, the inner edge 
ashy. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3*15, tail 2*1, 
tarsus 0*7. 

Adult female. General colour above brown, washed with crimson, 
rather brighter on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ; 
wing-coverts like the back, the greater coverts rather more ochrcons 
at the ends ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, 
edged with lighter brown, slightly tinged with rosy on the primaries; 
tail-feathers dark brown, edged with lighter brown; crown of head 
like the back, with a slight rosy tinge ; lores and feathers round 
eye ashy; ear-coverts dark brown, with ashy shaft-lines; cheeks, 
throat, and under surface of body brown, the centre of the breast 
ashy, whiter on the lower abdomen and vent• sides of body and 
flanks brown with a slight reddish tinge; thighs and under tail-
coverts ashy, wThitish at the ends ; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
ashy, the latter edged with ochrcous brown; quills below dusky, 
ashy along the inner edge. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*5, 
wing 3, tail 2-1, tarsus 0*65. 


Hah. Nepal and Sikhim. 

a,h. S2 ad. sk. Darjiling, 1870. Hume Coll. 
c, d. $ g ad. sk. Darjiling. Hume Coll. 
(Tvpes of P. mandellii). 
e,f-<S; 9- ? ad. sk. Sikhim, Feb. Ib71 (£. Mandelli). Hume Coll. 

h. 
$ acl. sk. Dolaka, Nepal, Aug. 1875 (£. Hume Cull. 
Mandelli). 
26. CARDUELIS. Type> 
Carduelis, Briss. Orn. hi. p. 53 (1760) C. carduelis. 
Range. Europe generally, including the countries south of the 
Mediterranean and Madeira, eastwards to Central and Eastern 
Liberia, Persia, Turkestan, and the Himalaya Mountains. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Hinder crown and sides of neck black; face crimson 
; back ruddy brown as also the breast carduelis, p. 185. 
b. No black on hinder crown and sides of neck j back . 
ashy as also the breast caniceps, p. 189. 
1. Carduelis carduelis. 
Le Chardonneret, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 53 (1760): Baubent. PI. Enl iv. 

pi. 4. fig. 1; Month. Hist Nat. Ois. iv. p. 187, pi. 10 (1778). 
The Goldfinch, Penn. Brit. Zool p. 108, pi. 108. figs. 1, 2 (1766). 
Fringilla carduelis, Linn. 8ysL Nat. i. p. 318 (1766); Gm. Syst. Nat 

ISO PB1XGILLIDJB. 

i. p. 903 (1788); Temm. Man. eVOm. i.p. 377 (1820) ; Roux, Orn. 
Prov. pis. 97, 98 (1825); Xaum. Yog. BeuiscM. v. pi. 124. figs. 1, 2 
(1826); Werner, Atlas, Granivores, pi. 52 (1827); JMenetr. Cat. 
rain. Caue. p. 43 (1*32); Vrespon, Orn. GarcL p. 203 (1840); 
Keys, u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xli (1840); Xordm. in Bemid. Yog. 
Muss. Mend. iii. p. 180 (lb40); Sely*-Longch. Faune Beige, p. 71 
(1842); Tarrell, Brit B. i. p. 490 (lb43j; Schl. Rev. Or it. p. Ixlii 
(1844); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 371 (1840) ; Kjterb. Danm. "Fugle, 
pi. xxyiii. a. fig. 21 (1852): Schl. Yog. Xederl. pi. 107 (lb54;; 
Sundev. Sverisk^Fogl pi. iy. Has. 1, 2 (IboO); Sc/d. Bier. Xederl. 
pi. 16. fig*. 11. 12 (lbOl); Gray, List Brit. B. p. 05 (1MJ3); Sperling, 
Ibis, 1864, p. 2fc0; More. Ibis, L^65, p. 12b; Borggr. Yogeif. 
Xorddeutschl. p. 75 (1809); Keuleni. Onze Yogeh, i. pi. 34 (icOO); 
Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. bO, no. 7171 (lb70); E/wes $ Buckley, Ibi&, 
1870, p. 193; Fritsch, Yog. Eur. pi. 25. fly. 7 (c. ^70): Marling, 
Handb. Brit. B. p. 27 (1&72); » , Ow. i»W//. i. p. 105 t 1875 j ; 
JDanf. $• Harvie Brawn, Ibis, 1875, p. 413; Seebohm, Hid. Brit. 

B. ii. p. 67 (1884). 
Eniberiza carduelis, Scop. Ann. i p. 144 (1709). 
The Goldfinch, Z«z^. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 2^1 (17b3). 
Acanthib carduelis, BeehsL Xaturg. Dtutschl. 2nd ed. ii. p. 109 
(lb07); Godman, Ibis, 1872, p. 212. 
Falser carduelis, Pall. Zougr. Itowo-Abiat. ii. p. 15 (]>21j. 
Spinus cardueliv, Koch, Syst. baier. Zool. p. 233 (1810). 
Carduelis carduelis, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 554; Luht. XomencL A v. 

p. 46 (1854). 
Carduelis elegan?, Steph. in Shear's Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 30 (1^20;; 
Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 190 (lb37); Macgill. Brit. B. i. p. 303 (1^7); 
Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. § X. Amer. p. 33 (163x); Heicits. Eggs 
Brit B. i. p. 161, pi. 44. fig. 1 (1840); Thomps. B. Irel i. p. 2*1 
(1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. olb (1850); Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. JR.it h. 
Om. p. 148 (1859); Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 34 ; Sakin, t. e. p. 313 ; 
Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 138: Wright, Km, lb04, p. 54; Filippi, 

Viagg. Pers. p. 349 (lb65); Giglioli, Ibis, 1805, p. 57: Lilford, 
Ibis, 1806, p. 170; Brake, Ibis, 1867, p. 427; Loche, EdpL Sei. 
Alger., Ots. i. p. 154 (1867); Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 279 
(1807) ; Tristr. Ibis, lb68, p. 206 ; Smith, t. c. p. 445; Saunders, 
Ibis, 1869, p. 172; Ileugl. Orn. X.O.-Afr. i. p. 040 (1870); 
Gould, B. Gt. Br. iii. pi. 36 (c. 1870) ; Beitoni, Ucc. Xidif Lomb. 

i. pi. 41 (c. 1870); Salvad. Faun. It at., Ucc. p. 154 (lb71) ; 
Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 220; Gurney, t. c. p. 293; R. Gray, B. 
W. Scotl p. 144(1871); Godman, Ibis, lb72, p. 212; G. C. Taylor, 
t c. p. 230; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 152 <lb72); Brooke, Ibis, lb73, 
p, 47; Irby, B. Gibr.y. 122 (lb75); Dresser, His, lb75, p. 423; 
Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 249 (LH70); Bye/rave Wharton, Ibis, 
1876, p. 25; Xeiut. ed. Tarr. Brit B. ii. p. 117 (1870) ; Dresser, 
B. Eur. iii. p. 527, pi. 110 (1877); JDanf. Mis, lb78, p. 23 ; Fimch, 
Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, xxix. p. 205 (]b79); Seebohm, 
Ibis, 1882, p. 219; Dixon, t c. p. 570; B. O. U. List Brit B. 

p. 47 (lb83); Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 9; Irby, t. c. p. 183 ; 
Homeyer fy Tancre, MT. Orn. Yer. Wien, 1883, p. 89; Clarke, 
Ibis, 1884, p. 142; Saunders, t c. p. 375; Tristr. Faun, ty Flor. 
Palest, p. 64 (1884) ; Giglioli, Iconogr. Avif. Ital. part 20 (1884); 
Radde, Orn. Caue. p. 170 (1884) ; Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 38; 
Reid, t c. p. 245 ; Giglioli, Avif. Ital. p. 30 (1886). 
Carduelis septentrionalis, Brehm*, Yog. Beutschl. p. 288 (1831). 
Carduelis germanica, Brehm) t. c. p. 289 (lK)l). 

2()» CARDUELIS. 

Carduelis aurata, Eytot^ Cat. Brit. B. p. 20 (1830). 

Carduelis communis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 554 (1845). 

Carduelis accedens, Brehn, Namn. 1855, p. 277. 

Carduelis meridionalis, Brehm, t. c. p. 277. 

Carduelis aurantiipennis, Brehm, t. c. p. 277. 

Carduelis vulgaris, Doderl Avif. Sicil. p. 81 (1869). 

Carduelis europaeus, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 04 (1873). 

Carduelis major, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 072; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, 

^ pp. 424, 547 ; id P. Z. S. Ib62, p. 134. 

Frmgilla major, Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 87 (1884). 

Friogilla albigularis, Madardsz, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 145 (1884). 

Carduelis alLigularis, Madardsz, t. c. pi. iii. 

Adult male. General colour above pale chocolate-brown, lighter on 
the rump, the feathers of which have whitish bases; wing-coverts 
black, with obscure margins of pale brown; greater coverts golden 
yellow, the outer ones black externally, the inner ones pale ashy or 
fulvous, brown towards their ends; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts black; quills black, tipped with white, the primaries golden 
yellow for the basal half of the outer web, the secondaries with 
golden-yellow bases, the inner secondaries tipped with pale fulvous 
brown like the innermost greater coverts; upper tail-coverts white, 
shaded with fulvous brown, the long ones with black bases; tail-
feathers black, with a white spot at the end, diminishing in size 
towards the outer feathers, the two outer feathers with a large white 
patch on the inner wreb, reduced to a small spot of white on the 
third feather; crown of head black down the centre and descending 
on each side in a broad line behind the ear-coverts ; nape whitish, 
separating the black crown from the back; forehead crimson, extending 
above the eye; lores and eyelid black; sides of crown, ear-
coverts, and hinder cheeks white, descending to the lower throat; 
forepart of cheeks and upper throat crimson ; fore neck pale fulvous 
brown ; breast and abdomen w^hite; sides of upper breast pale 
fulvous brown, like the sides of body and flanks; thighs wiiitish; 
under tail-coverts white, shaded with fulvous brown; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white: quills below dusky, whitish along the 
inner edge. Total length 5*2 inches, cujmen 0*55, wing 3*2, tail 
1*85, tarsus 0'6. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 4*7 inches, 
culmen 0*5, wing 2*95, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*55. 

Young. Differs from the adults in wanting the red on the face, as 
well as the black of the crown and hind neck, the upper surface 
being brown with blackish or dusky tips to the feathers, producing a 
spotted appearance; wings as in the adult, excepting that the lesser 
and median wTing-coverts are tipped with fulvous brown, and the 
greater series, instead of being golden yellow, are black-tipped with 
creamy buff, washed with yellow; under surface of body white, 
washed with brown on the fore neck, breast, and sides of the body, 
all these parts being spotted wTith blackish. 

Although the full plumage is gained after the first moult, the 
colours are scarcely so vivid as in the fully adult birds, and imma


188 FBINGILLIDJE. 

turity is always expressed by the greater coverts, which have more 
or less black at their bases. The white on the tail is also more 
reduced iu size, and is always strictly confined to the two outer 
feathers. In old birds the third feather also has some white on the 
inner web; but this is not a constant character, and is sometimes 
developed on one side of the tail and not on the other. 

The specimens from Teneriffe, collected by lEr. P. D. Grodman, are 
very small, and have the white tips to the quills and tail-feathers 
nearly obsolete ; but this is also somewhat due to the abrasion of the 
feathers during the breeding-season, though it can scarcely be developed 
at any time to the same extent as in the specimens from 
Europe. The single specimen procured by Mr. Godman in Madeira 
has a great deal of yellow on the sides of the breast, which looks 
like a variation in the direction of an incipient species. 

The female specimen procured by Sir 0. St. John near Shiraz has 
the head ashy brown mottled with black; and as it was obtained in 
summer, it looks as if this variation were due to interbreeding with 

0. cankeps. 
As a rule English examples are more dingily coloured than those 
from continental Europe, and the white parts are never so pure. 

Hah. Europe generally, except the extreme north. Canary 
Wands, Madeira, and the countries bordering the Mediterranean. 
A winter visitant to Egypt and Palestine. In Siberia it extends to 
Omsk and Krasnoyarsk and winters in Turkestan. The birds from 
"Western Siberia are larger and whiter, but seem to mo to constitute 
only a larger race (C. major, Tacz.), with which the Goldfinch from 
Eussia will probably be found to be intermediate. 

a. $ ad. sk. Europe. Gould Coll. 
b. S ad. sk. Orkneys (I)imn). 11. B. Sharpe, E>q. 
c. cl. S $ ad.; e,f, Leicestershire. Theodore Walker, Esq. 
g. Pull. &t. 
[p-i


h. Ad. 5 *, k. Pull. Cambridgeshire. 
Mr. J. Bakw ~C.\

st. 

I. $ ad. sk. Cambridgeshire (J. Baker). Salvin-C4odniau Coll. 
m. Ad. sk. Cambridgeshire, Jan. 18bt> Balvin-Godman Coll. 
(J. Baker). 
n. Juv. bt. Saffron Walden, E^ex. J. Clark, E«q. jP.]. 
o, p. J $ ad.; Norfolk, June. Lord WaLiuirhaiii P.l 
q-t. Juv. at. 


u. \m\ mel. London. Br. Leach [F.\ 
v1 iv. Ad. sk. Hampstead, Nov. 18, 180U Hume Coll. 
x. Ad.; y. Iuim. sk. Sydenham, May 3b69. Hume Coll. 
z. <S ad. sk. Surrey, Jan. 1857 (F. B. Salvin-G-odinan Coll. 
a'. Tar. sk. Brighton. Purchased. 

b1 

, Juv. sk. . Brighton, Aug. 1882.^ It. B. Sharpe, Ebq. [P.]* 

o', d'. (S J ad. sk. Lancing, Sussex, Nov. 

U. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.j. 
188a. 
ef. Juv. sk. Sht rehani, July 1884. 11. B. Sharpe, EMS. fP.l 
/'. J ad. sk. Oookham, Berlcs, Bee. 28, li. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
1874. 
g\ 2 ad. sk. Cookham, Beik-*, Nov. 1 7, Hume Coll. 
1860. 

26 . CAKDUELIS. 
h'. Ad. sk. Cookham. Mr. W. Briggs [P.]. 

%'. Ad. sk. 

Avmgton, Hants, Nov. 2o? E. Shelley, Esq. [P.]. 

1872. 
h\ Ad. sk. Devonshire. Montagu Coll. 
/'. Ad.; m'. Pull. Pembrokeshire, June, Dr. Gunther [P.]. 

st 
»', o'. 6 $ ad.; SkSne, Sweden, Dec. 1878 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
pl. ? juv. (jr. ifcfeires). 
q', r'. <$ ad. sk. Havre, N. Prance, April E. Ilargitt, Esq. [P.], 
1873 (V. Fluche). 
s'. Ad. sk. Belgium, Dec. 10, 1870. Brussels Museum [P.]. 

t. Ad. sk. Portugal, Oct. 1880. Dr. L. Vieira [P.J. 
u', v'. J ad. sk. Teneriffe, April 8, 1871 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(F. JD, G.). 
w'. Ad. sk. Maddra, June 23, 1871 Sahm-Godman Coll. 
(F.I). G.). 
x', y'. 6 $ ad. tek. Smyrna, Dec. 20, 1876 R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. [P.], 
(Dr. Kriiper). 
%'. tf ad. sk. Tyre. Canon Tristram [C.]. 

a. 5 ad. sk. Jericho. 
Canon Tristram [C.J. 
0. Sternum. England, J. Ingall, Esq. [P.]." 
y. Skeleton. England. Mr. J. Turner [P.]. 
8. Skull. England. Purchased. 
e. Skull. S. Germany. Dr. Giinther [C.]. 
a. C. major. 
C, 7). Ad. sk. Persia. 
Charles Darwin, Esq. 

[?•]• 

B. 3 ad. sk. 
Near Shiraz, Persia, Jane Sir 0. St. John [C.]. 
18G9. 

i. 
§ ad. sk. 
Near Shiraz, Persia, June Hume Coll. 
1809 (Sir 0. St. John). 

K. 
2 imm. Shiraz, summer. Sir 0. St John [C. |. 
[? hybrid] sk. 
Shiraz, June 12,1872. W. T. Blanford, Esq. 

X. "(S Juv. sk. 
/x, v, £, o. Ad. sk. Krasnoyarsk, Siberia. H. Seebohm,E^q. [P.]. 

/3. Hybrids between C. major and C. cankers. 
7r-r. Ad. sk. Krasnoyarsk. H. Seebohrn, Esq. [P.], 

y. Hybrids between (7. carduelis and Linota cannabina. 
v, <p. Ad. sk. * England. Purchased. 
2. Carduelis caniceps. 
Fringilla carduelis, var., Fall Zoogr. JRosso-Asiat ii. p. 16 (1811). 
Carduelis caniceps, Vigors, F. Z. S. 1837, p. 23 ; Gould, Cent JELvnyxl 

B. pi. 33. rig. 1 (1832); Boyle, 111 Bot. Eimal i. pi. 8. fig. 2 
(1839) ; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 985 (1843), xiii. p. 955 (1844), 
xiv. p. 554 (1845); Sutton, op. tit. xvi. p. 779(1847); Blyth, 
Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 124 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 518 (1850); 
Ilorsf. # Moore, Cat B. E.L Co. Mus. ii. p. 493 (1854) ; Jerri 
L\ hid. ii. p. 408 (1873) ; Feb. Ibis, 1868, p. 318; Brocks, Str.F. 
190 FRINGILLULTI. 

1875, p. 255; Hume, Sir. F 1^79, p. Hta: Finsch, Verh. zool.-bot. 
Geselhch. Wien, xxix. p. 205 (1879); JVardlaiv liamsay, Ibis, 
1880, p. 67; Bidd. Ibis, 1881, p. 85; Scully, t.c. p. 578; Salvin, 
Cat. Stride!. Coll. p. 212 (1882) ; C. Stvinh. Ibis, 18&2. p. 115. 

Fringilla orientalis, Eversm. Addend. Pali Zoogr. p. 1) (1841); G-Vr/?/, 
Gen. B. ii. p. 371 (1849) ; id. Hand-IB. ii. p. SO, no. 7172 (1870). 
Fringilla caniceps, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 371 (1849) ; id. Hand-l. B. 

ii. p. 80, no. 7173 (1870); Finsch, Ibis, 1877, p. 51. 
Carduelis orientalis, Bjx Consp. i. p. olb (1*50); Blanus, Ibis. 1801, 
p. 295; Severtz. Turhest. Jevofn. pp. G4,11(311873 »; l)re*$rr, Ibis, 
1875, pp. 243, 387; 7ta. iV/. Soc. Zooi France, i. p. 180 
(1879); Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 17 (1877); &eW<w, 25z\, 1^0, 
p. 187. 
Carduelis major caniceps, SeeboJim, Ibis, 1882, pp. 424, 547. 
Adult male. General colour above ashy brown, the lower back 
mottled with ashy bases to the feathers, the rump greyish, the 
upper tail-coverts white with black bases : wing-coverts black, with 
a few remains of narrow brownish edges: greater coverts golden 
yellow, the outer ones black externally, the innermost black at base, 
ashy brown at the ends : bastard-wing and primary-coverts black ; 
quills black, externally golden yellow for a considerable portion of 
the outer web, the inner secondaries white at the end of the outer 
web, the innermost white for nearly the whole extent of the latter ; 
tail-feathers black, the four centre ones with a while spot at the 
tip, the outer feather white for the greater part of the inner web ; 
crown of head ashy brown like the back, the forehead crimson ; 
lores and eyelid black : ear-coverts ashy brown, hoary white above 
the eye and behind the red face, joining the throat; fore part of 
cheeks and chin crimson : remainder of throat whitish ; fore neck, 
chest, sides of body, and flanks ashy brown: centre of breast and 
abdomen white; thighs ashy brown ; under tail-coverts white ; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries white, with a tinge of yellow 
near the edge of the wing; quills below dusky, ashy whitish along 
the inner edge. Total length 5-8 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3*2, 
tail 1-95, tarsus 0*55. 

Adult female. Only differs from the male in having the crimson on 
the face not quite so bright, and in having more black at the base 
of the yellow greater coverts. Total length 5*1 inches, culmen 0*55, 
wing 3*2, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*55. 

Young. Like that of C. elegans, but may be recognized by the 
greater extent of white on the outer web of the inner secondaries. 

A young specimen from Shiraz appears to be a hybrid, for the 
amount of white on the inner secondaries is intermediate between 
that of an English nestling and one from Cashmere. The female 
obtained by Sir O. St. John also appears to be intermediate; and 
thus we have a second point of contact in the ranges of the two 
Goldfinches, the other being in the neighbourhood of Krasnoyarsk, 
whence Mr. Seebohm has received several specimens, clearly hybrids 
(cf. Seebohni, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 134, and 'Ibis,' 1882, p.'424) 
between the Oriental Goldfinch and the large form of the European 
Goldfinch (C. major). 

20 . CAKDUELIS. 
191 

After the fir^t moult the full plumage is attained ; but immature 
birds have the yellow greater coverts with conspicuous black bases. 
Bab. From Lake Baikal to Krasnoyarsk in Siberia. Probably 
South Persia, and thence eastwards to Turkestan and the North


western Himalayas. 

a-c. Ad. sk. 

d. Ad. sk. 
e. Ad. sk. 
/. 2 ad. sk. 
g. 2 ad. sk. 
h, i. d 2 ad. sk. 

k. Ad. sk. 
/. $ ad. sk. 
m. $ ad. sk. 
n, o. Ad. sk. 
q. Ad. sk. 
5 a(i* sk


r.
s. Ad. sk. 
t. 2 ad. sk. 
u. Jun. sk. 
v. 2 A&' *&• 
u\ $ ad. sk. 

x. $ ad. sk. 
y. 3 ad. sk. 
z. 3 ad. sk. 
a'. Ad. sk. 
6'. Juv. sk. 
c'. J ad. sk. 
d1. $ ad. sk. * 

fi',/. d ? ad. 

sk. 
g'. Ad. sk. 
A', a7. Ad. sk. 

k'. Ad. sk. 
l\ m\ n'. Ad', sk 
o'. Ad. sk. 

sk. 
*'. Ad. sk. 


Krasnoyarsk, Siberia. 
Altai Mountains. 
Altai Mountains. 
Dftdiasyl Kul, Ala Tait, Tur


kestan, May 14 (Dr. 0. 
Finsch). 

Mountains on the Tschirtsehik 
Hivei'j Western Tian-Sclian 
range, Jan. 19, 1875 (Dr. 
Severtzoff). 

Taslikend, Oct. 18 (Dr. Severt*>
ffh 
Cabul (Dr. Griffith). 
Candahar, Xov. 24, 1879 (Sir 

0. >«. Joint). 
Candahar, Jan. 1, 1881. 
QuettafDr. Griffith). 
Quetta, 5500 ft. (0. T. Duke). 
Sind Valley, Aug. 8, 1873 
(W. E. Brooks). 
Murdan, Punjab, Bee. 1870. 
Boonji, Nov. 1877 (J. Bidduipli). 


Gilgit, Xov. 25, 1879. 
Gilgit Bee. 31,1878 (J. Biddulph) 
. 
Gilgit, Peb, 28, 1879 (J. Biddulph). 
Gilgit, March 28, 1879 (J. 
Biddulph). 
Gilgit, Jan. 8, 1879 (J. Biddtdph). 


Astor district, June 2,1876 

(J. Biddulph). 
Cashmere, Aug. 1870. 
Cashmere. 
Cashmere. 
Srinuggur, July 22, 1873 


(J. Biddulph). 
H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
Gould Coll. 
Purchased. 
Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 
India Museum. 

Gould CoU. 

India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 


Colonel Swinhoe [P.]. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Plume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Br. J. Scully [P.]. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

R. B. Sharpe,Esq,[P.]. 
Pinwill Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hirpore, May 13, 1871 (W. E. Hume Coll. 

Brooks). 
Sutlej Valley (Sir E. Buck). Hume Coll. 
Kotegurh, beyond Simla, Hume Coll. 

Oct. 30, 1869. 
Kotegurh, Bee. 1868. Hume Coll. 
Kotegurh, Jan. 10,1869. Hume Ooll. 
Kotegurh, March 1871. Hume Ooll. 
Kotegurh, April 1871. Hume Coll. 

Kotegurh. Hume Coll. 

192 FRINGILLIDJ5. 
u'>v'. Ad. sk. Simla, Feb. 1673. Hume Coll. 
2V\x'. Ad. sk. Simla, Jan. 1, 1868. Hume Coll. 
y' . Juv. sk. Middle range of kills, north 
of Masuri. 
Hume Coll. 
z'. Ad. sk. Alniora. Pinwill Coll. 
a. $ ad. sk. Derail, May 20, 1874 ( W. E. Hume Coll. 
Brooks). 
$. Var. alb. sk. Himalayas. 

27. CHKYSOMITKIS *. 
Type. 
Carduelis, pt., Briss. Orn. ill. p. 33 (1760). 
Acanthis, pt., Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. p. 125 (1803). 
Spinus, pt., Koch, Si/st. baier. Zool. p. 233 (1816), 
Serinus, pt., Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 555. 
Spinus, Boie, Isis, 1820, p. 974 C. tristis. 
Onrysomitris, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. S22 C. spinus. 

/Citrinella, Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. 3f N. Amer. p. 34 
(1838J C. citrinella. 
Chlorospiza, pt., Keys, fy Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 162 
(1840). 

/Astragalinus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 159 (1850).. C. tristis. 
Hypacanthis, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 161 (1850). . C. spinoides. 
Pyrrhomitris, Bp. Consp. i. p. 517 (1*50) C. cucullata. 
Sporagra, Iieichenb. Syst. Ac. tab. lxxix. fig. 14 . ... ?C. ma^ellanica. 
Melanomitris, Cass. Proc. Phi/ad. Acad. 1805, p. 91. C. astrata. 
Pseudoniitris, Cass. torn. cit. p. 93 C. psaltria. 

Chloroptila, Salcad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 152 (1869).. C. citrinella. 
Cf. Stejneger, Auk, i. p. 300 (1884). 

An examination of the types of the various genera detailed in the 

* Dr. Stejneger has, with his usual care, worked out the question of the 
priority of the generic name to be used for the Siskins, and has adopted Spinus 
of Koch, for which he allows Boie to have fixed the type in 182<>. As, however, 
Boie himself proposed the genus Chrysomitris for these birds in 1828, and the 
name has been in common use, I have not adopted this change, which would 
alter a number of well-known names without any adequate object. I agree 
in this particular case with the arguments of Messrs. Salvin and Godman in 
favour of the retention of Chrysomitris (Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, I p. 427). 
CHRYSOMITRIS PISTACIXA. 

Chrysomitris pistacina, Bp. Consp. i. p. 515 (1850, ex Eversm. M88. in 
Berol.); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 46 (1854); Blasius, Ibis, 1861, p. 295 ; 
Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1805, p. 90. 

Astragalinus pistacinus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 159, note (I8f>0). 
Fringilla psittacina (!), Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 82, no. 7193 (LS70). 

" Of small size ; rufous olive ; underneath olive-yellow ; under wing-coverts 
and under tail-coverts white; wings and tail dusky; all the tail-covert**, 
secondary quills, and tail-feathers whitish at the tip of the inner web" 

{Bp. I.e.] 
Hah. Liberia. 
1 have not been able to determine what this species can be. 

27 . CHBYSOMITBIS. 
193 

above synonymy shows that most of the characters have been founded 
on the variable shape of the bill, but the intermediate links between 
the stoutest and the most slender-billed species are complete when 
all are compared ; and as they appear to mo to be simply modifications 
of the same style of bill, I have not separated them genetically. 


Key to the Species. 

a. 
With the head black or blackish brown. 
a'. With the throat not black [or with only a slight 
blackish shade in C. atriceps], 
a". Hind neck of a different colour to the crown, 
which has always a more or less well-defined 
black cap. 


a1". No yellow at base of primaries ; upper tail-
coverts white; inner web of tail-feathers 
white; under surface of body bright 
yellow like the upper surface tristis, p. 195. 

'". Base of quills bright yellow, forming a more 
or less distinct speculum. 


aK Upper tail-coverts bright golden yellow, 
like the sides of the face and under 
surface of body yarrelli^ p. 198. 

bK Upper tail-coverts greenish,like the back, 
with the rump a little more yellow or 
yellowish green. 


5. No dull blackish shade on the throat; 
under suYface of body rather bright 
yellow. 
w\ 
Feathers below the eye and ear-
coverts greenish, like the sides of 
the neck spinescens, p. 199, 

58. Feathers below the eye and upper 
part of ear-coverts black like the 
crown , sclaUri, p. 200. 
¥. A dull blackish shade on the throat; 
under surface of body dull green or 
grey atricej>s, p. 200, 

c4. Upper xail-coverts black; crown blackish, 
separated from the back, which is 
blackish brown, by a yellow shade on 
the sides of the neck, forming a half-
collar spinoides, p. 201. 

c'". Base of primaries white, forming a speculum; 
inner web of tail-feathers white, 
not yellow; upper surface green; under , { 2Q4 
surface of body yellow j£ nW ; \ m 

h". 
Entire back black, like the head and hind 
neck. 
d"'. Inner web of tail-feathers with a white 
mark mexicana, p. 206. 
e'". No white on inner web of tail-feathers (occasionally 
a small irregular white patch) colombiana, p. 208. 

V. Throat black. 
c". Back black, like the head; rump also 
black. 
VOL. xn. o 


194 FEIUGILLXDJE, 

/"'. Black not extending beyond the fore neck ; 
sides of body yellow, or yellow slightly 
mixed with black. [p. 209. 

dK Thighs black xanthogaster, 
eK Thighs yellow stejnegeri, p. 210. 
g"\ Black of the throat extending over the 
whole of the breast and sides of the body atrata, p. 212. 

d". Back black, like the head, or with narrow 
yellow edges to the feathers ; rump bright 
yellow iamopygiaUs, 

e". Back olive greenish or yellowish, in contrast j). 21L 
to the crown, which is black and forms a 
cap. 

h!". Tail yellow at base. 

/ 4 . Under tail-coverts paler than the breast, 
white or yellowish white, the long ones 
centred with black; sides of face not 
black like the crown. 


cs. Flanks streaked with black bpinus, p. 212. 
ds. Flanks uniform barbata, p. 21(5, 

g*. Under tail-coverts bright yellow like the 
breast; sides of face black like the 
crown. 


e6. Median wing-coverts edged with the 
same yellow as the back; inner secondaries 
yellow at the end of the outer 
web. 

cs. Back nearly or quite uniform, not 
mottled with dusky centres to the 
feathers. 

a7. Larger : green above, bright yellow 
below, green on the sides icterica, p. 217* 
b7. Similar to the foregoing, but bright 
yellow; back greenish siemiradzkii, 
c7. Similar to the foregoing, but with "p. 221* 
a long thin bill longiro&fris, 
d&. Back mottled with dusky blackish ~p. 220. 
centres to the feathers. 
d7. Throat only black; lower throat 
yellow like the breast capitalist p. 219. 
e7. Throat and fore neck both black .. boliviano, p. 220. 
f5. Median wing-coverts and inner secondaries 
entirely black. 

e6. The black of the throat extending on 
to the fore neck; under surface of 
body yellow notata, p. 221. 

fe 

. The black of the throat confined to 
the throat itself; fore neck and 
underparts greenish forreri, p. 2:22. 

i.'" Tail not yellow at base. 
M No white on outer tail-feathers; ear-
coverts black like crown and throat.. nigricepSj p. 222. 

iA. A large white patch on the inner web of 
the outer tail-feather; ear-coverts grey, 
contrasting with the black crown and 
throat latorencii, p. 223. 

/". Back vermilion, like the under surface cueullata, p. 225. 

27. CHRYS0MITRI8.
l. 
With no black on the head and throat. 
c'. With the head uniform, not streaked. 
g". Rump greenish or yellow. 
k"'. Upper tail-coverts ashy grey ; no yellow at 
base of primaries; a white patch on the 
tail-feathers tristis 2, p. 197. 

I'". 
Upper tail-coverts yellow or greenish. 
kA. JBase of tail-feathers yellow. 
g5. Throat and underparts, sides of face, 
and rump bright yellow yarrelli J , p. 199. 
¥\ Throat ashy; head greyish; inner 
secondaries broadly edged with white barhata J , p. 216. 

P. 
No yellow at base of tail-feathers, which 
have a patch of white on the inner 
web lawrencii $, 
m4. With no yellow at the base of the tail; [p. 224. 
no white on tail-feathers. 
i5. Hind neck dull olive-yellow, like the [p. 226. 
head and back thibetana tf, 
k\ Hind neck and sides of neck grey ... . citrinella <$ <j>, 
h". Rump vermilion like the breast; back and [p. 230. 
throat ashy grey cucullata §, 
d\ With the head streaked with dusky brown or [p. 225. 

blackish. 
i". No streaks on the sides of the body icterica J , p. 218. 
k". Sides of body streaked. 

m"\ Base of tail yellow. 
nl. Throat streaked with dusky brown, as 


well as the chest. [p. 202. 
I5. No yellow at base of secondaries spinoides g, 
m5. Secondaries with a broad yellow base . pinus $, p. 227. 

a4. Throat uniform dull white like the centre • „,*WMS o « 2^8 
of the breast and abdomen VsmnusQ t> 214 

*'p'J14*

n "'. No yellow base to the tail. ^ # < spmus

p*. Back olive-green, streaked with blackish; 
wing-coverts black, edged with yellow. 
n5. Abdomen yellow; under tail-coverts 


plain yellow. _ [ d 2» P-229. 
g6. Breast streaked with black citrinelloides 
hs. Breast not streaked with black melanops, p. 229. 

o5. Abdomen white; under tail-coverts 
yellowish white with black centres . thibetana 2, 
q\ Back uniform brown, as also the wing- [p. 226. 
coverts toUa d ?,p. 231


. 1. Chrysopitris tristis. 

Oarduelis americanus, Catesby, N. H. Carol i. p. 43, pi. 43 (1731). 
American Goldfinch, Edwards, Gleanings, ii. p. 133, pi. 274 (1760) ; 

Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. ], p. 288 (1783). 
Le Chardonneret d'Amirique, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 64 (1766). 
Fringilla tristis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 320 (1766); Gm. S. N. i. 

p. 907 (1788); Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 20, pi. i. fig. 2 (1808); JSp. 
Amer. Orn. i. p. 57, pi. 6. fig. 4 (1825) ; Audub. B. Amer. pi. 33; 
id. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 172 (1831), v. p. 510 (1839); Gray, Gen. B. 
ii. p. 371 (1849); id, Kandr-l B. ii. p. 82, no. 7192 (1870). 
Le Chardonneret jaune, Month. Hist Nat. Ois. iv.p, 212 (1778). 
o2 

196 
FKIH&IILIM;. 

Le Chardonneret de Canada, Daubent. PL Enl. iv. pi. 202. fig. 2. 
Oarduelis tristis, Bp. Obs. IVils. no. 96 (1825) ; Aucluh. Syn. p. 110 
(1839) ; id. B. Amer. 8vo, iii. p. 129, pi. lbl (1841). 
Spinus tristis, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 974; Stejneger, AitA; i. p. 3(12 
(1884) j Turner, Br. U. 8. Xat. Mus. yiii. p. 240 {18*o); A. O. 

U. Chech-list X. Amer. B. p. 201 (1886) ; Anthony, Auk, iii. p. 1(53 
(1886) j Seton, t c. p. 322. 
Carduelis amerieaua, Sivavis. 8>* Rich. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, 

p. 268 (1801); Jard. ed. Wits. Amer. Orn. p. 11, pi. 1. fisr. 2 
(1832). 
Chiysornitris tribtis, 
Bp. Camp. Li<t B. Eur. § X. Amer. p. 33 
(1838) j id. Consp. Av. i. p. 517 (IboO); Baircl, B. X. Amer. 

p. 421 (1858); iScl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 123 (1862); Blakist. Ibis, 
1803, p. 70; Dresser, Ibis, I860, p. 486; Baird, Ibis, 1867, 
p. 289 j Cooper, B. Calif, p. 167 (lb70) ; Cones, Ibis, lb72, p. 06 ; 
id. Key X. Amer. B. p. 132 (1874); Men, Bull Mas. C. Z. iii. 
p. 176 (1872) ; Coues, B. X.- West, p. 116 (Lv74j; Baird, Brewer, 
Sf Ridgw. Hist X. Amer. B. i. p. 471, pi. 22. figb. 7, S (1^74); 
Hensh. Rep. Z00L Expl. 100th Merid. p. 24:* (l&75f; Ridgw. Rep. 
Surv. 40th Bar. p. 461 (1877); Cones, Bull. U. S. Geol. b'urv. iv. 
p. 577 (1878); Merrill, Pr. U. S. Xat. Mus. i. p. 126 (1*7*); 
Belding, t. c. p. 413 (1879); Cooper, op. lit. ii. p. 24(3 (1^0) ; 
Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 214 (I8fc2); Rathbun, Bright Feathers, 
pt. iii. (18*2). 
Astragalinus 
tri&tis, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 159 (IKJO) ; Ridgw. 
Pr. U. is. Xat. Mus. iii. p. 177 (18^0); CU/e*, Chefk-libt, p. 50 
(18^2); id. Key X. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 354 (lb84); Duidier, 
Auk, i. p. 329; Beckh. Auk, ii. p. 141 (18v>j ; Ager.sb. t. c. p. 279. 

Adult male in summer plumage. General colour above bright 
lemon-yellow, a trifle more dingy on the mantle and upper back; 
lesser and median -wing-coverts yellow like ihe back, the latter with 
blackish bases; greater coverts black, tipped with white ; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, edged with white towards 
the ends and round the tips; upper tail-coverts white; tail-feathers 
black, the centre ones broadly edged with white, all the rest with a 
large white spot at the end of the inner web; forehead and sinciput, 
as well as the lores and upper margin of eyelid, black; remainder 
of sides of face and entire under surface of body lemon-yellow; 
tbighs and under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts white, the 
edge of the wing black; axillaries white, edged with yellow; quills 
blackish below, ashy along the inner web : " bill and feet yellowish 
brown; iris dark brown" (Audubon). Total length 4-6 inches, 
culmen 0*45, wing 3, tail 1*95, tarsus 0*35. 

Adult male in winter plumage. Earthy brown washed with yellow, 
the head like the back, tbe hind neck rather more greenish, brighter 
yellow on the sides of the neck: rump tinged with lemon-yellow, 
upper tail-coverts ashy white; wings much as in summer, but the 
lesser coverts brown like the back, and the white tips to the greater 
coverts and secondaries tinged with brown; tail as in summer, but 
with the white markings more dingy and shaded with ashy brown ; 
crown of head like the back, and only a little more yellow, without 
any black patch; sides of face and throat yellow; remainder of 

27 . CHRYS03J1TRIS. 
197 
under surface white, washed with yellow; the sides of the hody and 

flanks washed with brown. 

The winter plumage is retained till the following April or May, 

according to Dr. Coues. Specimens in changing plumage in the 

Museum show that the bright summer dress is attained by a direct 

moult, evidencing that this species has both a spring and autumn 

moult. 

Adult female In breeding-plumage. General colour above ruddy 

brown washed with yellow, the rump bright lemon-yellow; lesser 

wing-coverts like the back; mediau and greater coverts dusky 

black, tipped with white; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills 

dusky black, edged with ashy white, the secondaries more broadly 

margined: upper tail-coverts hoary whitish ; tail-feathers blackish, 

the centre ones with a broad margin of hoary white on the inner 

web, the remainder 
with a large whitish mark at the end of the 

inner web; crown 
of head dark olive-yellow, brighter yellow on 

the forehead and eyebrow; lores and feathers below the eye bright 

yellow ; ear-coverts dull olive-brown : cheeks and under surface of 

body bright yellow, greener on the sides of the body; thighs ashy; 

under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy 

whitish, the latter 
edged with yellow; quills below dusky, ashy 

along the inner edge. Total length 4*3 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 

2*75, tail 1*75, tarsus 0*55. 

Young birds resemble the old females, but are much browner, and 

have the tips to the wing-coverts and quills pale ruddy brown; the 

under surface of the body is dull olive, with the abdomen and under 

tail-coverts pale sulphur-yellow. 

Bab. North America generally, especially the Eastern United 

States, wintering as far north as New England and as far south as 

Mexico. 

a, b. <3 ad. sk. Fort Dufferin, Manitoba, June U.S. Boundary Coni1873 
(G. Dawson), mission. 

c. <S ad. sk. S. Louis Co., Missouri, May H. K. Coale, Esq. 
1888. [P.]. 
d. d 
ad. sk. Lake Forest, Illinois, April 8, II. K. Coale, Esq. 
1877. [P.]. 
e. Imm. sk. Lake Forest, Illinois, Nov. 2, It. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
1880. [P.]. 
/, y. § ad. sk. Colehour, Illinois, May 18. It. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

h. 
S ad. sk. Mount Carmel, Illinois, July Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1885 (J. X. Ridgway). 
t. 
Pull.sk. Halfday, Illinois, Aug. 21, K. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
1877 (JST. K. Code). [P.]. 
k. c? ad. sk. Stark Co., Indiana, Jan. 1, It. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
1884 (B. K Coale). [P.]. 
I d ad. sk. Pennsylvania, March 1842 (S. U. S. Nat. Museum 

F. J&aird; Sm. no. 11092). [P.]. 
m. <$ ad. sk. Albany, New York (D. Burst). Sclater Coll. 
n 
2ad.sk. Rock Creek, Distr. Columbia, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Jan. 2,1860 (Dr. Prentiss ; 
Sm. no. 28990). 

108 
FRINGILLIDJE. 

o. 
$ ad. sk. Little Falls, Potomac, B.C. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
July 27, 1859 (JS1 Gww*; 
Sm. no. 28984). 
p. 
(S ad. sk. Smith's Woods, B.C., April 19, U. S. National Mus. 
1861 (K Cones-, Sm. no. [p.]. 
28987). 
q. <3 ad. sk. Haw's Lot, B.C., April 24, Salvin-Godinan Coll. 
1860 (Br. Prentiss; Sm. no. 
29982). 

r. $ ad. sk. California. 
Lord Walsintrkam 
[P.]. 
s, t. S ad- sk« California. Purchased. 

U. (J a<l-S^-Red Bluff, N. California, April U. S. Nat. Museum 
18, 1884 (C. IL Totctmnd; [P.], 
Sm. no.98297). 
y. (51 imni. sk. Jalapa {Be Oca). Sclater Coll. 
w,x. $ 5im1a.sk. Jalapa (Be Oca). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
y. $ ad. sk. Mexico. 
Purchased. 
z. Skeleton, nitd. N. America. 
Purchased. 
2. Chrysomitris yarrelli. 
Fringilla mexicana (nee Sw.)t Auduh. B. Amer. v. p. 282, pi. 433*. 
•Carduelis yarrelli, Auduh. B. Amer. 8vo, iii. p. 130, pi. Ib4 (lfc41, 
<$ nee ?). 
Fringilla yarrelli, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 371 (lx4l>); id. Hand-l IJ. ii. 

p. 81, no. 7194 (1870). 
Chrysomitris 
yarrellii, Bp. Consp. i. p. 517 (ltooO); Baird, B. X. 
Amer. p. 42l (1858); Scl. <§• Hal v. Nomencl. Av. Xeutr. p. 34 (1*731; 
Bawd, Brewer, 4* Bidgw. Hitf. X. Amer. B. i. p. 471, note (lb74) ; 
Ridqio. Pr. U. S. Nat Mus. iii. p. 213 (18«0); Forbes, Ibis, IbSl, 

p. 338. 
Astragalinus yarrelli, Cab. 3£its. Hein. Th. i. p. 159, note (1850) ; 
Ridgw. Pr"U. S. Nat Mus. iii. p. 213 (1880). 
Chrysomitris hypoxantha, Cab. J. f. 0. 180(5, p. 160; Peh. Orn. 
Bras. p. 231, note, p. 440 (1871). 
Fringilla hypoxantha, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 81, no. 7184 (1870). 

Adult male. General colour aboye olive-yellow, paler and clearer 
yellow on the hind neck; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coyerts 
bright yellow; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and 
greater coverts black, broadly tipped with yellow : bastard-wing 
and primary-covert^ black; quills black, edged with olive-yellow 
towards the ends, the secondaries with whitish, all but the innermost 
secondaries bright yellow at the base; tall-feathers black, 
yellow for the basal half; crown of head black, forming a cap ; 
nape like the back; lores and eyelid black;. ear-coverts, cheeks, 
sides of neck, and entire under surface of body bright yellow, a 
little greener on the sides of body and flanks ; under wing-coverts 
and axillarie^ bright yellow; quills below black, yellow along the 
edge of the inner web. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 
2-45, tail 1*4, tarsus 0*5. 

* The male is evidently the Brazilian C. yarrelli, but the female is either 
C. psaltria or 0. mexicana. 
27. CHRYSOMITRIS. 
199 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
olive-yellow; rump and upper tail-coverts bright yellow; lesser 
wing-coverts like the back; median and greater series blackish, 
tipped with yellow; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
blackish brown, all the latter yellow at the base except the innermost, 
which are whitish towards the end of the outer web; tail-
feathers blackish, yellow at the base; head like the back; lores, 
sides of face, and entire under surface of body bright yellow, richer 
on the centre of the breast and abdomen ; under wing-coverts, 
axillaries, and quill-lining paler yellow. Total length 3*7 inches, 
culmen 04, wing 2*3, tail 1*2, tarsus 0-5. 

Rah. Erazil. 
a} b. <$ J ad. sk.
c, d. (S $ ad. sk.
e. <S ad. sk. 
Brazil. 
Brazil. 
Bahia. 
Purchased. 
Sclater Coll. 
Sclater Coll, 
/ .
y. 
c? ad. sk. 
tf ad. sk. 
Bahia {Wucherer). 
Pernambuco (W. A. Forbes). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

3. Chrysomitris spinescens. 
Fringilla spinescens, Liclxt. in Mus. Berol, unde 
Ohrysomitris spinescens, Bp. Consp. i.p.517 (1850); Licht. Nomencl. 
Av. p. 46 (1854); Sd. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 159; id. Cat Amer. B. 

p. 124; Cass. Proc. Bhilad. Acad. 1865, p. 9Q; Cab. J.f 0.1866, 
p. 160; Scl # Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. J4 (1873). 
Fringilla spinescens, Gray, Hand4. B. ii. p. 8|, no. 7178 (1870). 
Adult male. General colour above dull green, the rump greenish 
yellow; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median coverts black, 
yellowish green at the eDds ; greater coverts black, tipped with 
bright yellow; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black; quills 
black, edged with greenish yellow, the inner secondaries margined 
with yellowish green, ending in white towards the ends of the outer 
web ; all but the innermost secondaries yellow at the base ; upper 
tail-coverts dull yellowish green; tail-feathers black, yellow at the 
base: crown of head black, forming a cap; lores and eyelid also 
black; ear-coverts, cheeks, and sides of neck yellowish green, 
washed with lighter yellow on the cheeks ; remainder of under surface 
dull greenish yellow, brighter yellow on the breast and abdomen, 
the lower abdomen white; under tail-coverts bright yellow; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries pale yellow with dusky bases; quills 
below blackish, yellow towards the base of the inner web. Total 
length 4*3 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*6, tail 1*55, tarsus 0*55. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in being greyish green above, 
yellowish green on the lower back and rump, lacking the black cap, 
so that the head is like the back ; sides of face and under surface 
of body greenish grey, white on the lower breast and abdomen ; 
under "tail-coverts white tinged with yellow. Total length 4*3 
inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*6, tail 1-6, tarsus 0*55. 

Hub. U. 8. Colombia. 

200 FRINGILLIDJ5. 
a, h. 6 ad, sk.
c, d. S ad. sk. 
Bogota. 
Bogota. 
Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Grodinan ('oil. 
e,f. cJ 2 ad. sk. Sierra Nevada, Santa Malta, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
g. <$ ad. sk.
Sept. 9,1879 (F. Simons). 
Ban Sebastian, Santa Marta.
Aug. 12, 1879 (F. Simons). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

4. Chrysomitris sclateri. 
Chrysomltris ieteriea, pt., 3d Cat. Amer. B. p. 125 (1862). 
Adult male. General colour above dull yellowish, green, the entire 
mantle and back mottled with dusky centres to the feathers ; rump 
bright yellow; lesser wing-coverts yellowish green like the back, 
with dusky bases; median and greater coverts black, tipped with 
yellow, the latter more broadly ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts 
black; quills black, all yellow at base, the secondaries fringed with 
white at the tips, the innermost margined with yellowish white at 
the ends; upper tail-coverts blackish, edged with yellowish green ; 
tail-feathers black, with a broad yellow base; crown of head black, 
forming a cap, the occiput and nape a little yellower than the 
mantle: lores, feathers below the eye, and upper ear-coverts black ; 
remainder of ear-coverts, cheeks, and sides of neck bright yellow; 
throat and entire under surface of body bright yellow; centre of 
abdomen ashy whitish ; sides of body and flanks slightly washed with 
greenish; thighs ashy whitish: under tail-coverts bright yellow; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries yellow; quills below blackish, yellow 
towards the base of the inner web. Total length 4*3 inches, culmen 
0-4, wing 2*7, tail 1*65, tarsus 0*55. 

Adult female. Different from the male, and wanting the black cap. 
"Upper surface dull greenish, mottled with dusky centres to the 
feathers, the head like the back; rump bright yellow; wings and 
tail as in the male, but the yellow bases to the feathers not so 
bright; under surface of body ashy brown, yellowish on the throat 
and breast; abdomen white ; under tail-coverts deep yellow. Total 
length 4*2 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*35, tail 1*5, tarsus 0*5. 

Hah. Ecuador. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Riohamba, Ecuador, June 1858 Sclater Coll. 
{L. Fraser). 
b. 2 a(h sk- Cuenca, Ecuador (L. Fraser). Sclater Coll. 
5. Chrysomitris atriceps. 
Chrysomitris atriceps, Sah. P. Z. S. 180:J, p. 100; id. Ibis, 1800, 
p. 194 * Scl. § Salv. Nomenel. Av. JSTeotr. p. 34 {1873); Itidgw. 
Ibis, 1884, p. 4;); Salvin fy Godtnan, Bid. Centr.-Amer.. Aves* 
i. p. 429, pi. xxrri. figs. 1, 2. 
Fringilla atriceps, Gray, Hand-l B.i.-p. 81, no. 7180 (1870). 
Adult male. General colour above dark olive-green, scarcely 
lighter on the lower back and rump ; upper taii-coverts dull olive


27 . CHEYSOMITEIS. 
201 

green; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and greater 
coverts blackish, tipped with olive-green, more yellow on the latter; 
"bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, the latter edged 
with olive-yellow, broader on the secondaries; all the quills, excepting 
the innermost secondaries, bright yellow at the base; tail-
feathers blackish, edged with olive-green, all but the two centre 
feathers with the basal two thirds bright yellow; crown of head 
black; sides of face and under surface of body dark olive-green ; 
the lores, feathers round the eye, fore part of cheeks, and chin and 
upper throat dusky blackish ; centre of breast and abdomen rather 
brighter yellow; under tail-coverts bright yellow, centred with 
"black ; under wing-coverts dark olive-green; axillaries brighter 
yellow; quills below dusky, yellowish along the edge of the inner 
web and bright yellow at the base. Total length 4*4 inches, culmen 

0*45, wing 2*6, tail 1*65, tarsus 0 55. 

Another male shot by Mr. Salvin at the same time as the one 
above described is in worn plumage, being dull ashy above, washed 
with olive-yellow; the sides of the face and under surface of the body 
are dark cindery grey, with a slight wash of yellow on the breast; 
crown black; throat blackish. This is probably a male of the previous 
season, which would account for its less brilliant coloration. 

IIah. Guatemala. 
a, b. (S ad. sk. Quezaltenango, Guatemala, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Aug. 1882 (0. S.). (Types of species.) 
i 

6. Chxysomitris spinoides. 
Indian Sibkin, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. vi. p. 84 (1828). 
Carduelis spinoides, Viq. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 44; Gould, Cent. HimaL 

B. pi. 33. fig. 2 (1832); Blyth, J. A. JS\ Beng. xii. p. 985 (1843) ; 
Hodgs. Icon. hied, in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 284. nos. 442-4; id. 
in Grafs Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844). 
Chrysumitris spinoides, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 956 (1844) ; 
Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 106 (1846) ; BIyth, 
Cat. B. Mus. As. SOQ. p. 123 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 514 (1850) ; 
Horsf. § Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. ii. p. 493 (1856) ; Jerd. 

B. Ind. ii. p. 409 (1863) ; Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 138, 1868, p. 278; 
Pelz. t. e. p. 319; Brooks, Ibis, 1869, p. 59; David fy Oust. Ois. 
Chine, p. 337 (1877); Salv. Cat. Strickl Coll. p. 215 (1882). 
Fringilla bpinoide*, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 371 (1849); id. Hand-l. B. 

ii. p. 81, no. 7176 (1870). 
Hypacanthis spinoides, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th, i. p. 161 (1850) ; Hume, 
»s # Eggs Ind. B. p. 472 (1873); id. JStr. F. 1879, p. 108; 
Scully, t. c. p. 336. 

Coccothraustes spinoides, Brooks, tit?\ F. 1875, p. 255. 

Adult male. General colour above blackish chocolate, the feathers 
of the mantle subterminally dull yellowish; lower back and rump 
uniform bright yellow ; lesser wing-coverts bright yellow; median 

.coverts bright yellow, with black bases; greater coverts black, 
.bright yellow along the outer edge and with abroad tip of the same 
colour, forming a band; bastard-wing black, fringed with bright 

202 FRINQILLID^E. 

yellow; primary-coverts black; quills black, fringed with greush 
white at the tip, the secondaries more broadly, the inner ones 
broadly edged with greyish white towards the tip; the primaries 
bright yellow towards the base of the outer web, forming a speculum ; 
the first primary only slightly washed with yellow; upper tail-
coverts dull greenish, ashy grey towards the ends of the outer ones ; 
tail-feathers pale yellow, bright yellow externally, the shafts and 
ends of the feathers black, forming a band when the tail is spread, 
the two centre feathers black, fringed with yellow; crown of head 
dull black; hind neck blackish, slightly varied with yellow; forehead 
and a broad eyebrow bright yellow, with a few black tips to 
the frontal plumes; eyelid black, as well as a spot in front of the eye; 
lower edge of eyelid yellow like a streak below the eye ; ear-coverts 
black, extending below the eye; cheeks bright yellow, separated 
from the throat by a broad streak of black, which crosses the middle 
of the cheeks and joins the black below the eye; the entire 
under surface of body bright yellow; sides of breast olive-greenish ; 
sides of body and flanks browner, mottled with subterminal spots 
of white; thighs yellow; under tail-coverts bright yellow; under 
wing-coverts, axillaries, and edge of the wing bright yellow ; quills 
below blackish, yellow towards the base of the inner edge: " bill 
fleshy pink ; feet pale fleshy brown " (A. 0. Hume). Total length 
4-9 inches, culmen (J-4o, wing 3, tail l*7o, tarsus 0-0. 

The specimen described is one from Fagoo, shot in the end of 
July, and apparently in full breeding-plumage. Specimens killed 
in August are similar, and have the yellow forehead greatly developed, 
but have the plumage more worn. In November the 
birds moult into winter plumage, which is not very different from 
the breeding-plumage, except that the forehead is blackish like the 
head, the lores and eyebrow being yellow. The vividness of the 
latter colour depends more upon age than season, the older birds 
being by far the brightest. The male obtained on the ^;5th of 
October has the plumage much worn, and has a complete frontal 
band of yellow, while the hind neck is so mottled with yellow as 
almost to form a collar. 

The adult female only differs from the male in being rather 
browner above, and never gets the yellow forehead, resembling 
thus the male in winter plumage. The yellow colour is never so 
bright and the sides of the body are dingy brown, many of the 
chest-feathers being tipped with greenish brown : " bill fleshy pink, 
paler at hase of lower mandible; legs and feet fleshy biown " 

[A. 0. Hume). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 3, tail 2, 
tarsus 0*55. 
Young (Masuri, Oct. 1869). Browner than the adults and striped 
with blackish brown, the crown and rump resembling the back ; the 
latter slightly finged with yellow : lesser wing-coverts like the 
back; median and greater coverts black, edged and tipped with 
brownish buff; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black; quills 
black, tipped with brownish buff, broader and more yellowish ashy 
on the ends of the inner secondaries ; primaries externally yellow 

Zi. CHEYS03IURIS. 

at the base ; tail-feathers blackish, brown, all but the centre ones 

edged with yellow, the base yellow, increasing towards the outer 

feather; a slight trace of a yellow eyebrow : cheeks and ear-

coverts light brown ; sides of neck yellow, streaked with pale brown ; 

under surface of the body pale yellow, everywhere streaked with 

brown, excepting on the throat and centre of lower abdomen ; the 

breast and sides of body washed with pale reddish brown. 

Young males seem to be yellower underneath than young females, 

and they are also somewhat darker, and more narrowly striped with 

black below. The Hume collection contains a series of young birds 

in the moult. Two from Cashmere are beginning to assume the 

adult plumage in August, but one killed at Masuri in October shows 

no signs of a moult; but from Xovember to lEareh the moult goes 

on, the males having mostly gained the adult plumage by the latter 

month. The new plumage does not f»eem to be so bright in young 

as in really old birds ; and the immature birds can also be xeaclily 

distinguished by the greater amount of black on the tail. The 

females seem to take longer in acquiring the adult plumage, as two 

birds obtained at Almora in Hay have not yet finished moulting. 

Traces of blacki&h stripes are frequently seen, being the remains 

of the preceding immature stage. 

Hah. Himalayas from Cashmere to Sikkini, extending into the 

province of Szechuen in "Western China. 

a. <5 acl sk. Tlmnnammidi, Cashmere, May 9, Hume Coll. 
1878 (IF. JB. Brooks). 
b. 2 
ad. sk. Bummngallaby Ca^hm^re, June 6, Hume Coll. 
1871 (IV. K Brooks). 
c. d. 1mm. sk. 
Cashmere, Aug. 1870. Hume Coll. 
e. Juv. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Caiit. Stackhouse 
Pinvill [P.]. 
fn //. Acl. et juv. N.W. Himalaya?. Catit. Stackhouse 
Purwill [P.]. 
h, $ ad. hk. Mutiana, near Simla, June 10, Hume Coll. 
1870 (JT. Davison) 
i, k. $ acl. sk. Mahasoo, near Simla, Aii2\ 2, Hume Coll. 


mi8(A.O. IL). 
/. £ ; m, w, o. $ Fagoo, near Simla, Julv 20, Hume Coll. 
ad. sk. 1M)8 (A. 0. II.). 


p. 
<$ ad. frk. Simla, Sept. 28,1870 ( W. Davison). Hume Coll. 
Simla, Sept. 1880 ( W. Davison). Hume Coll. 
'/> r-<$ ; *• 2 

ad. sk. 

Simla, Sept. 187;) (A. 0. JB.). IIume Coll. 

t. d 
ad.; u. 2 
juv. sk. 
Simla, Oct. (IF. Davison). Hume (.'oil. 

r. 
<J ad.; w, 
J imm. ok. 
Simla, Nov. 1880 (JJ*". Davison). Hume Coll. 

.r, ?/. d ad.; 

z. 
2 ad. sk. 
Simla, Dec. 35, 1880 ( JJr. Davison). Hume Coll. 

a\ $ ad. sk. 

Xaliunda, June 18,1870 (A. O. II). Hume Cull.

V< 2 «-d. sk. 

Kotegurh, April 18 10. Hume Coll. 

c'. £ ad. sk. 

&\ e'. Juv. sk. 

Kotegurh, Dec. I8(K Hume Coll. 
/ . tf ad. sk. Surra in Kunaiti, Nov. 8, 1860. Hume Coll. 
g'. $ ad.; h'. Masuri, Oct. 1800. Hume Coll. 

Ioim. sk. 

204 
FRINGILLID.E. 

i', k'. Ad. sk. Masuri. Hume Coll. 
I', c? Imm. sk. Middle range of bills north of Hume Coll. 

Masuri. 
m', n'. <$ J ad. Nairn Tal, Sept. 1866. Hume Coll. 
o',p. J imm. sk. Alniora, May 13,1808. Hume Coll. 
#'. <$ ad. sk. Between Sansoo and Kounansrulla, Hume Coll. 

May 29, 1874 (W. K Brooks). 
r'. ^ ad. sk. Hajgurh, Kumaon, June 20, lfc>68 Hume Coll. 

(A. Anderson). 
s', t'. Imm. sk. Kumaon (JS. Strachey). India Museum. 
to'. [ § ] imm. sk. Kesidency Grounds, KhatmaDdii, Hume Coll. 
Nepal, "March 16,1878 (J. Scully). 
v',w', &',!/'.($&&.•,

Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
z'. Juv. sk. 
«>£• c?;y.?ad. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
sk. 

6, e. $ ad.; £. Native Sikhim, March 1874 Hume Coll. 
S imm.; 77. (X. MandelU). 
5 imm. sk. 

6. 
<$ ad. sk. Sikhim, March 1874 (X. Man-Hume Coll. 
delli). 
1, K. (S ad. et Sikhim, Jan. 1874 (X. MandelU). Hume Coll. 
juv. sk. 
A, /*. J juv. sk. Sikhim, Feb. 1873 (Z. Mandelh). Hume Coll. 
v, £. (51 ad. et Sikhim, Feb. (X. Mandelh). Hume Coll. 

juv. sk. 
o, jr. Juv. sk. Sikkim. Hume Coll. 

p. c? ad. sk. Sikhim. Hume Coll. 
o\ Juv.; r. Sikhim (IF. E. Brooks). Hume Cull. 
<$ ad. sk. 
v, <fi. (S ad. sk. Darjiling, 1871. Hume Coll. 
X, $}co- Sterna Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 

& various bones, 

7. Chrysomitris psaltria. 
Fringilla psaltria, Say in Zongh Exped. ii. p. 40 (1823) ; Bp. Amer. 
Om. i. p. 54, pi. vi fig. 3 (1825); Wutt. Man. i. p. 510 (1832) ; 
Auduh. B. Amer. pi. 400; id. Orn. Biogr. y. p. 85 (1839). 

Carduelis psaltaria, Jard. ed. Wils. iii. p. 311, pi. vi. fig. 3 (1832). 
Ohrysomitris psaltria, Bp. Comp. Zist B. Eur. fy JV". Amer. p. 33 
(1838) ; Ganib. Journ. Philad. Acad. i. p. 52 (1847); Bp. Camp, 

i. p. 516 (1850); Baird, B. K Amer. p. 422 (1858); Scl. Cat. 
Amer. B. p. 124 (1862); Cooper, B. Calif, p. 168 (1870); Allen, 
Bull Mas. Comp. Zool. iii. p. 176 (1873) ; Cones, Key N. Amer. B. 
p. 132 (1872); id. B. K.-West, p. 116 (1874) ; Hensk. Hep. Zool 
Ecpl. \0Qth Merid. p. 244, pi. iv. fig. 2 (1875); Betting, Proc. 
U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 413 (1878); Cooper, op. cit. ii. p. 247 (IbfcO); 
Ridqw. op. cit. iii. p. 177 (1880); Beldiny, op. cit. v. pp. 531, 537 
(1882), vi. p. 347 (1883); Bechh. Auk, ii. p. 141 (1885). 
Chn somitris psaltria, var. psaltria, Baird} Brewer, fy Itidgiu. Hist, 

M. Amer. B. i. p. 574 (1874). 
Astragalinus psaltria, Cones, Check-list, p. 50 (1882); id. Key N. 
Amer.B. 2nd ed. p. 355 (1884). 
Spinus psaltria, 
Stejneger, Aide, iii. p. 362 (1884); A. O. IT. Checklist 
N. Amer. B. p. 261 (1886); Everm. Auk, 1880, p. 182. 

Adult male. General colour above olive-green, slightly mottled 

27 . CHKYSOMITRIS. 
205 

with white bases to the feathers of the lower back and rump; lesser 
wing-coverts black; median and greater coverts blackish, edged 
with olive-green, the ends of the latter series white • bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills blackish, edged with olive-green, the 
inner primaries white at the base and margined with hoary white, 
the secondaries broadly edged with white, especially the innermost; 
upper tail-coverts black, edged with olive-green; tail-feathers black, 
edged with whitish, the three outer feathers with a large white 
patch on the inner web; crown of head black, forming a cap ; earcovertb 
olive-green ; lores and feathers below the eye yellow; cheeks 
and under surface of body bright yellow, greenish on the sides of 
the body and flanks, the latter slightly streaked with dusky; thighs 
ashy whitish; under tail-coverts pale yellow; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries white, with dusky bases, the latter edged with yellow; 
quills below dubky blackish, white on the inner web and at the base: 
" bill flesh-coloured, the "upper mandible dusky towards the end; 
feet and claws reddish brown " {Audubon). Total length 4*2 inches, 
culmen 0*35, wing 2*05, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*5. 

A*htit ft male. Browner than the male and not so green, the head 
without any black and resembling the back ; wing-coverts and inner 
secondaries tipped with dull white, the latter rather broadly margined 
; white wing-spot very small, a few of the inner primaries white 
at the b?w of the outer web : ear-coverts oii\e like the head ; cheeks 
and under .surface of body dull yellowish, a little brighter on the 
throat and abdomen. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 2'd, 
tail 1"6, tarsus 0%>. 

Between C. jysaltria, with its olive-green back, and 0. mesckana, 
with its black back, every intermediate form is said to occur, but 
apparently only in the intermediate habitat of the two species. It 
seems to me that these intermediate forms must be the result of 
hybridization; and I therefore keep the Rooky-Mountain Siskin and 
the Mexican Siskin distinct. Cf. Baird, Brewer, and Eidgway 
(?. c), and Salvin and Godman (Biologia Centr.-Aitier. I. c). 

Hah. Western United States, from the plains to the Pacific, and from 

Colorado and TTtah southward to Sonora (A. 0. U. Check-list, Z. c). 
fi» $ ad. fek. "Western North America. Bclater Coll. 
b,(. Imm.sk. California. Purchased. 

d. 
9 ad. sk. lied Bluff, X. California, U. S. Nat. Museum 
Mavlo, 1^4 (CH [P.]. 
Tommend ; Sm. no. 98300). 
e. <$ imm. sk. Cohuilla Valley, California, G. Frean Morcom, 
March 4,1HW (F Stephens). Esq. f P.]. 
f. $ 
ad. sk. Havwards, California, March E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
27,18&1 (W. 0. Emerson). [P.]. 
g. 
Ad. sk. Pueblo, CaL, July 27, 1874 (C. U. S. Nat. Museum 
JE. Aiken; Sm. no. G9454). [P.]. 
h, Ad.sk. FortTejon, California, Aug. 9, U. S. Nat. Museum 
1875" (IL W. Henshaw; [P.]. 
Sm. no. 72092). 

t, k. § acl. sk. Fort Tejon, July 1857 (J. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Xanttis; Sm. nos. 25040, 
25633.) 

206 
FRmGILUDM. 

Subsp. o. Chrysomitris arizonae. 
Clirysomitris mexicana, var. arizonae, Coues, Proc. Philad. Acad. 

\mth Mend. p. 245, pi. iv. %. 1 (1873;. 
Ohrysoinitiis p&altria arizonse, Bidgw. Proc. U.S. Xat. Mu*. hi. 
pp. 177, 210 (1880). 
Astragalinus p.saltria arizonse, CWs, Chech-list, p. 50 (1^2): />/. 
Key X. A?ner. B. 2nd ed. p. 355 (1884). 
Spinus psaltria arizonse, Stejneger, Auk, ii. p. 302 (1881); .1. 0. V. 
Chech-list X. Amer. B. p'. 2(31 (lfcfeG). 

An intermediate form between the green-backed C. psaltria and 
the black-backed G. mexicana. Dr. Coues says that the olive and 
black on the upper parts are mixed in about equal amounts. 

Bab. Southern Xew Mexico and Southern Arizona southward 
into Northern Mexico (A. O. U. Chech-list). 

8. Chrysomitris mexicana. 
Carduelis 
mexicanus, Swains. Phil. Mag. i. p. 435 (1827) ; Waghr, 
his, 1831, p. 525. 
Fringilla melanoxantha, Lieht Preis-Verz. mex. Vug. p. 2 fLK8Q); 
Cab. J.f.O. 18(Ki, p. 50. 
Clirysomitris mexicana, Bp. Camp. Libt B. Bur. 4* X. Amn\ p. 33 
(1838) ; id. Camp. i. p. 510 (1850) ; ScL P. Z. S. 1^55, p. 05, W>, 

p. 303; Baird, B. X. Amer. p. 423; id. U. S. $ Mej\ Bound. 
Surv. ii. Birds, p. 14, pi. 10. %. 1 (185D); ScL P. Z. S. 1850, 
pp. 805, 3&0; id.§ Sah. Ibis, 1859, p. 10, 3bOO, p. 34: Later. 
Ami. Lye. X. T. \ii. p. 831 (IfcOl); ScL Cat. Amer. B. p. 124 
(1802); id. 8f Sab. P. Z. S. 1804, p. 353 ; Duges, La Xat. i. p. 140 
(1868); Swnichr. Mem. Bost. Soc. X. II. i. p. 550 (1*0$)); ScL 
Ibis, 1809, p. 814; Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 100; Cooper, B. Calif. 
p, 169 (1870); Grayson, Pr. Bost Soc. X. II. xiv. -p. 282 (1872); 
ScL ty Salv. XomencL AT. Xeotr. p. 84 (1873) ; Baird, Brewer, <$* 
Bidgio. Hist. X. Amer. B. i. p. 478, pi. 22. figs. 12, 13 (1874); 
Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 214 (1882); Boueard, P.Z.S. 1883, 
p. 445; Salv. § Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 431 (1880). 
? Carduelis yarrelli § , Audub. B. Amer. 8vo, hi. pi. It4. hV. 2 
(1841). 
Fringilla texensis, Giraud, Descr. Sixteen Xeio Sp, Amer. B. pi. 5. 
fig. 1 (1841). 
Astragalinus mexicanus, Cab. Mus. Jffein. Th. i. p. 159; id. J.f.O. 
1861, p. 7. 
Chrysomitris melanoxantha, Liclxt. XomencL Av. p. 40 (1&54). 
? Astragalinus columbianus, Cab. J. f O. 1801, p. 94. 
Chrysomitris columbianus (nee Lafr.), Later. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. 

p. 103 (1868); Frantz. J. f. O. 1809, p. 802. 
Fringilla columbiana, Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 81, no. 7180 (1870). 
Chrysomitris psaltria, var. mexicana, Cones, Key X. Amer! B. p. 133 
(1872); id. B. X.-TVest, p. 117 (1874); Later. Mem. Bost. Soc. 

X. H. ii. p. 278 (1874). 
Astragalinus psaltria mexicanus, Midgio. Proc. U. S. Xat Mm. iii. 
p. 177 (1880); Coues, Check-list, p. 51 (1882) ; id. Key X. Amer. 
B. 2nd ed. p. 355 (1884). 
27 . CHRYSGMITKIS. 
207 

Spinus psaltria mexieanus, Stejneger. Aitk} ii. p. 362 (1884); A 0. U. 
Check-list X. Amer. B. p. 261 {1880). 

Adult wile. General colour above glossy blue-black, slightly 
varied with, olive-yellow bases to the feathers of the hind neck and 
mantle ; rump also mottled with white bases; wing-coverts and 
quills entirely black, the latter fringed with white at the ends, the 
inner secondaries with a large white spot at the end of the outer 
web, the inner greater coverts also having a small white spot at the 
tip : inner primaries white at the base, forming a speculum; rail 
black, the three outer feathers with a large white mark on the inner 
web ; crown of head, lores, upper edge of eyelid, and ear-coverts 
black, like the head : cheeks, feathers below the eye, and lower edge 
of eyelid, as well as the entire under surface of body, bright yellow, 
,t little paler on the abdomen and under tail-coverts• a black patch 
on each side of the upper breast; thighs yellow; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries black, edged with ashy white, the latter tinged with 
yellow: quills below blackish, white at the base of the inner web. 
Total length 4*4 inches, culnien 0*35, wing 2*5, tail 1*55, tarsus 
0-5. 

Adult ftuvtit*. Different from the male. General colour above 
dull olive-yellow, the lower back and rump a little greener; lesser 
wing-covcrts like the back ; remainder of the coverts and quills 
dusky brown, edged with olive, whitish at the end of the greater 
coverts, and with a large white spot on the outer web of the secondaries 
; a small white alar speculum at the base of the primaries ; 
tail-feathers dusky brown, the two outer feathers with a large white 
patch on the inner web; crown of head like the back; feathers 
round the eye and lores a little yellower : ear-coverts olive-brown, 
washed with yellow; cheeks and under surface of body yellow, 
brighter on the abdomen; sides of body and flanks rather browner; 
under wing-coverts and axiUaries dusky, edged with whitish. Total 
length 4 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 2*45, tail 1*55, tarsus 0*45. 

The male from the Tres Marias Islands has a green back mixed 

with black, thus showing an approach to C. psaltria and C. arizonce. 

Hab. Yalley of Lower Eio Grande in Texas southwards into 

Mexico, and thence through Central America to Panama. 

a. Ad. sk. Mexico. J. Phillips, Esq. [P.]. 
hf c. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
d, e. $ g ad. sk. Mexico. Sclater Coll. 
/ . Ad. sk. Jalapa, S. Mexico (de Oca). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

g. $ ad. sk. Tres Marias Islands, Feb. 21 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(A. Forrer). 
k. 
$ ad. sk. Tres Marias Islands, April Salvin-Godman Coll. 
21 {A. Forrer). 
i. [S ad.] sk. Northern Yucatan {G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Gaumer). 
fa [2 ad.] sk. Mugeres Island, Dec. 1886 Salvin-Godman Coll. 


(G.F. Gaumer). 
I [ $ ad.] sk. Guatemala (Comtaneia). Sclater Coll. 
208 
FRINGILLIDJD. 

m.[(3 ad.] sk. Duefiaa, Guatemala (0. Selater Coll. 
(Salviri). 
n.\($ ad.] sk. Du^fias, Guatemala (0. 8. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
§ F. I). G.). 
o, S ad. sk. Quezaltenango, Guatemala, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Aug. 1862 (O.8.). 

p. [ J ad.] sk. 
Cohan, Vera Paz, Nov. 1859 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(0. A). 
£. [ <fT ad.] sk, Coban, Jan. 1802 (0. &). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
r. [ ? ad.J sk. 
Guatemala. G. U. Skinner, Esq. ~C.~ 
s. [c? ad.] sk. 
Volcan de Cartago, Costa Salvin-Godman Cull. 
Rica (JE. Arce). 
t. [2 ad.] sk. Irazu district (H. Rogers). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
«> v. <$ % a& San Jose, Costa Rica (J. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. 
Carmiol; Sm. nos. 41379, 
41382). 


w. [S ad.] sk. 
Paraiso Station, Panama Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(A. Hughes). 
a\ $ ad. sk. Calobre, Panama (B.Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
y. <$ ad. sk. Lion Hill Station, Panama Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(J. McLeaiman). 
9. Chrysomitris colornbiana. 
Carduelis columbianus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 292. 
Chrysomitris nana, Bp. Consp. i. p. 510 (1850). 
Astragalinus columbianus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 159 (lboO). 
Chrysomitris columbiana, #t/ P. Z. S. 1855, p. 159; Baird, B. X. 


Amer. p. 423 (1858); &>/. Cat. Amer. B. p. 124(1H>2); Cass. 
Rroc. Rhilad. Acad. 18(55, p. 93 ; Sel. $ 8ah\ R. Z. 8. IbHb, p. 107 ; 
Sab. P. Z 8. Ib70, p. 190; ScL tf 8ak\ Xomenci. Av. Ntotr. p. 34 
(1873); iid. R.Z.8. 1875, p. 234, lb797 p. 508: Tatz. R Z. 8. 
1879, p. 230, 1880, p. 199 ; id. Orn. Rerou iii. p. 51 {IbHIj ; Saluin 
fy Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 431 (Ib^O). 

Chrv&omitris mexicana, var. columbiana, Coues, Rroc. RMlad. Acad. 

1866, p. 82. 
Fringilla columbiana, Gray, Hand-1. B. ii. p. 81, no. 7187 (1870). 
Chrysomitris psaltria, var. columbiana, Cones, Key S. Amer. B. 

p. 133 (1872); Baird, Brewer, fy Ridgw. Hist X. Amer. B. i. 
p. 471 (1874) ; Coues, B. X.~West, p. 117 (1874). 
Adult male. Similar to G. mexicana, but distinguished by its 
entirely black tail: *' bill blackish horn-colour, the lower mandible 
pale yellowish; feet horn-colour; iris dark brown " (Stdlzmanii). 
Total length 4 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 2*5, tail 1*5, tarsus 0*45. 

Adult female. Similar to the female of Q. mexicana. Total length 
4 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*45, tail 1*45, tarsus 0*5. 

Specimens from Peru and Venezuela have absolutely black tails, 
as have also most of the Colombian specimens. Among the latter, 
however, are some which show an irregular white mark on the 
outer tail-feathers. This mark is probably due to the interbreeding 
of G. cohmbiana and C. mexicana on the confines of their respective 
habitats. 

Hah. Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. 

27 . CHRYSO^lITRIS. 
209 

a. m£ ad.j sk. Bogota, U. S. Colombia. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b. _d ad.j sk. Bogota. Gould Coll. 
e, d. L 6 § ad.j Bogota. Sclater Coll. 
sk. 

e.ld ad.] sk. Sierra Xevada of Santa Marta Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(F. Simons). 
A ff- 16 2 ad.] XedeHin (T. X. Salmon). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. 

h, i, k. $ ad. sk Eetiro, Antioquia (T. K. Sal- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
mon). 
/. c? ad. sk. Retiro/Antioquia (T. K. Sal- Sclater Coll. 
mon). 

m. 
2 ad. sk. Concordia, Antioquia (T. X. Sclater Coll. 
Salmon).
a<Ksk

n. [ d- Venezuela. 
Mr. C. Dyson [C.]. 
" a^* s^


o. d Merida, Venezuela (-4. Goering). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
p. S ad. sk. Caracas, Venezuela (A. Goering). Sclater Coll. 
q. lo ad.] sk. Ecuador (C Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
r.Juv. sk. 5 ad.: s. Tanibillo, Peru (Stolzmann). Sclater Coll. 
10. Chrysomitris xanthogaster. 
iid.RZ.S. 1670, p. 508. 

C'hn aomitris brvanti, Cfraa. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1865, p. 91; Z#«0/\ 

Xm. Zyr. X"F. viii. p. 103 (18*38); Frantz. J f. 0.1869, p. 302. 

Fringilla Columbiana, pt, Gray, IIand4.B. ii. p. 81, no. 7187 (1870). 

Jbringilla bryanti, Gray, t e. p. 81, no. 7191 (1870). 

Chrvsomitris xanthogaster, Salvin $ Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer,, 

Jm, I p. 430, tab. xxxi. fig. 3 (1886). 

Adult male. General colour above -uniform black, including the 

whole of the wing-coverts, bastard-wing, and primary-coverts ; quills 

black, yellow at the base, with black shafts, the black increasing in 

the region of the shafts on the secondaries, the innermost of which 

are entirely black: upper tail-coverts and centre tail-feathers black, 

the remainder yellow for the basal half; head all round, sides of 

neck, and entire throat black; remainder of under surface yellow, 

greener on the sides of body and flanks; thighs black ; under tail-

coverts yellow; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries yellow, the 

former with blackish" bases; quills below blackish, yellow towards 

the base of the inner web. Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 04, 

wing 2*6, tail 1*5, tarsus 0*6. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 

dull olive-green ; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and 

greater coverts dusky blackish, tipped with pale olive-green, whitish 

at the ends; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky 

blackish, fringed with pale olive-green, whitish at the ends of the 

secondaries ; upper tail-coverts like the back; tail-feathers dusky 

blackish, edged with olive-green; crown of head like the back; 

lores olive-yellow; sides of face olive-greenish, a little yellower on 

VOL. xir.

 v 

210 FRT.NGILLIIU3. 

the fore part of the cheeks: throat and under surface of body 
brighter olive-yellow, paler on the abdomen and under tail-coverts ; 
thighs ashy; under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy, fringed with 
olive-yellow; quills below dusky; ashy along the inner web. 
Total length 4 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*35, tail 1*45, tarsus 
0-45. 

Hah Prom Costa Eica to Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela. 

a. <$ ad. sk. 
b. $ ad. . sk. 
c. <$ i sk. 
d. tf inim. sk. 
e. <5 ad. sk. 
f. 2 mini. sk. 
g. [<$ ad.] ; k 
Juv. sk. 
%,k. [d?]ad. 
sk. 
I 2 ad. sk. 

m. S ad. sk. 
n, o. 3 $ ^ad. 
sk. 

p. (S ad. sk. 
q. J ad. sk. 
r. [ $ ad.] sk. 
Irazu district; Costa Eica (If. 

Rogers). 
Costa Eica {J. Carmiol) 
Costa Eica {Van Fatten). 
Costa Eica {Van Patten). 
Frailes, Costa Eica {J. Carmiol). 
Dota, Costa Eica, June 25, lbl)2 

{J. Carmiol; 8m. no. 35301). 
Bogota. 
Bogota. 

Canuto, Magdalena Valley (C 

W. Wyatt). 
Canuto ( C. W. Wyatt). 
Santa Elena, Antioquia {T. K. 
Salmon). 
Venezuela (C. Rpence). 
Venezuela {A. Goering). 
Ecuador. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 


Selater Coll. 
Selater Coll. 
Sab in-Godinan Cull. 
Salvin-Godman Cull. 
Sab in-Godman Coll. 


Selater Cull. 


Salvm-Godman Coll. 


Selater Coll. 


Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 


Selater Coll. 
Selater Coil. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 


11. Chrysomitris stejnegeri. 
Chrysomitris xanthogastra {nee Du Bus), ScL %-Sah\ P. Z. S. 1879, 
p. 607. 
Adult male. Similar to C. seanthogaster, but rather larger, and 
distinguished by its yellow thighs, larger yellow wing-patch (the 
greater coverts being tipped with yellow), and whitish edgings to 
the end of the outer web of the inner secondaries. Total length 
4 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*7, tail 1*55, tarsus 0*55. 

Adult female, according to Mr. Buckley, is like the male, but with 
the colours not so bright. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 
2-5, tail 1*55, tarsus 0*5. 

If the similarity in the colour of the sexes is really correctly 
determined, it is another proof of the difference between O. stejnegeri 
and C. xantliogaster, with which it has always been united. 

In Dr. Sclater's collection is a Bolivian specimen collected by 
Mr. D. Forbes and marked a female (apparently by Br. Selater 
himself), which is dark olive-green above with some yellow spots on 
the crown ; the head and sides of face are dingy greenish, blacker 
on the lores and region of the eye ; wing-coverts greenish or edged 
with the latter colour; otherwise the wing marked as in the male 
but more dingy black, the greater coverts being tipped with yellow; 
under surface of body yellow, the throat being dull greenish. This 
seems to me more likely to be the plumage of the adult female, and 

27 . CHRYSOailTMS. 
I think Mr. Buckley's identification must be -wrong. In either case 
the plumage of the hen bird is very different from that of the female 
of O. xanthorjaster. 

Rah. Bolivia. 

a, b. <$ $ ad. sk. Bolivia (D. Forbes). Sclater Coll. 

c. s 
ad.; d. [? $ Sorata, Bolivia (C. Buckley). Sclater Coll. 
ad.] sk. 
e. J ad. sk. Sorata, Bolivia (C. Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
/. 6 ad. sk. Nairapi, Bolivia "(C. Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
12. Chrysomitris uropygialis. 
Chrysomitris uropygialis, 
Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 12o (1862); Cass. 
Proc. PMlad. Acad. I860, p. 91; Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 332, 338; 
id. 8? Salv. Nomencl. Av. Keotr. p. 31 (1873) j Tacz. Orn. Perou, 

iii. p. *54 (1886). 
FringiUa uropygialis, Gray, Rand-l. B. ii. p. 81, no. 7190 (1870). 
Adult male. General colour above black, the feathers margined 
with yellow; lower back and rump bright yellow; lesser and 
median coverts like the back, and similarly margined; greater 
coverts black, broadly tipped with yellow; bastard-wing and 
primary-coverts black ; quills black, fringed with white at the ends, 
rather more broadly on the inner secondaries, which are broadly 
edged with yellow towards the ends ; all the quills yellow at base, 
except the innermost secondaries, which are black to the base; 
shorter upper tail-coverts yellow, the longer ones black, fringed 
with yellow ; tail-feathers black, all but the centre ones yellow for 
the basal two thirds; head all round, sides of neck, and throat 
Mack; remainder of under surface of body bright yellow, greener 
on the sides of body and flanks, the latter mixed with blackish; 
thighs yellow with dusky bases; under tail-coverts, under wing-
coverts, and axillaries yellow, the edge of the wing mottled with 
dusky bases; quills below blackish, yellow towards the base of the 
inner web. Total length 4*6 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 3*25, tail 
1-9, tarsus 0*65. 

Kone of the specimens in the Museum have an indication of the 
female sex on their labels, and the sexes are probably alike in colour. 
The extent of the yellow margins to the dorsal feathers varies 
greatly; but I have no evidence to show that this is a seasonal 
peculiarity, and it may be that the younger birds or the females 
have the back more obscured by these pale margins than the fully 
adult males. 

Hah. Chili, extending to Southern Peru. 

a. tf ad. sk. Prov. Santiago, Chili {Ley- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
bold). 
b, c. Ad. sk. Chili. Dr. Leybold [C.]. 

d. Ad. sk. Chili. 
Sclater Coll. (Type 
of species.) 
A Ad. sk. Chili (Bridges). Sclater Coll. 

f. 
Ad. sk. Chili." Mr. Bridges [C.]. 
*2 

212 
FRINGILLIDJB. 

q. [ <$ ad.] st. Chili. Mr. Bridges j_C.l 
\ Ad. sk. Chili. Purchased. 
?*. Ad. sk. Chili (E. C. Reed). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
13. Chrysomitris atrata. 
Carduelis atratus, BOrb. § Lafr. Syn. AD. p. 83 (1837); DJOrh. Voy. 
Amir. Merid. p. 364, pi. 48. fig. 2 (1835-44). 

Chrysomitris atrata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 515 (1850) ; Licht Nomencl 
Av. p. 46 (1854) ; Cass, m Gilliss1 U. S. Astr. JSxped. p. 181 
(1855); Burm. Reis. La Plata-St. ii. p. 490 (1861); Scl Cat. 
Amer. B. p. 125 (1862); Cass. Proc. Pkilad. Acad. 1865, p. 91 ; 
Scl $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 34 (1873)* Tacz. P. Z. S. 
1874:, p. 523; Scl $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 607; Tacz. Orn. 
Perou, iii. p. 53 (1886). 

Fringilla atrata, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 81, no. 7189 (1S70). 

Adult male. General colour above sooty black ; wing-coverts 
black; the greater coverts tipped with yellow; bastard-wing and 
primary-coverts black; quills yellow at base, black at the ends, the 
inner secondaries entirely black ; upper tail-coverts and centre tail-
feathers black, the rest yellow at base, black at the ends ; head 
black all round as well as the entire under surface, excepting the 
abdomen and under taU-coverts, which are yellow; thighs pale 
yellow ; under wing-coverts and axiUaries yellow, the lower primary-
coverts black; quills below blackish, yellow at base. Total length 
4*8 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 3*15, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*6. 

Adult female (?). Differs from the male only in being more 
brownish black; the median as well as the greater coverts tipped 
with pale yellow, and the quills edged with yellowish white near the 
end of the outer web; the yellow on the under surface is rather 
paler and extends up to the fore neck, but is mottled with brown on 
the breast. Total length 4*8 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 3*2, tail 2, 
tarsus 0*6. 

The above may be the young bird, as the Museum does not 
contain any specimens with the female sex identified by the 
collector. 

Bab. From Mendoza to Bolivia and Peru. 

a, b, c. $ ad.; d. Bolivia. Mr. Bridges [0.1 
[2 ? ad.] sk. 


e. <S ad. sk. Bolivia {Bridges). Sclater Coll. 
/. 
$ ad. sk. Mendoza. Mr. Weisshaupt 
re.]. 

g. $ ad. sk. Mendoza (Wezs$hau2>t). Salvin-GodmanColl. 
h. S ad. sk. Pitumarca, Peru, Aug. % 1868 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(H. WTiitely). 
14. Chrysomitris spinus. 
The Aberdivine, Alton, Nat. Mist. B. iii. p. 71, pi. 76 (1740). 
Le Tarin, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 65 (1760); JDaulent PL JBnl iv. pi. 485. 
fig. 1; Monti. Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 221 (1778), 

27. CHRYSOMITRIS.
Fringilla spinus, Linn. Syst Nat i. p. 322 (1766); Tenim. Man. 
d'Orn. i. p. 371 (1820); Roux, Orn. Prov. pis. 95, 96 (1825); 
Nawn. Vog. Deutschl. v. pi. 125 (1826); Werner, Atlas, Granivores, 
pi. 50 (1827); Crespon, Orn. Gard. p. 261 (1840); Keys. u. 
Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xli (1840); Nordm. in Bemid. Voy. Muss. 
Mirid. iii. p. 186 (1840) ; Selys-Longch. Faun. Beige, p. 72 (1842): 
Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 496 (1843) ; Schl. Rev. Crib. p. lxiii (1844) ; 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 371 (1849) ; Kfcerb. JDanm. Fugle, pi. xxviii A. 
%. 1 (1852); Schl. Vog. Nederl. pi. 168 (1854) ; Sundev. Svensk. 
Fogl pi. iv. figs. 3, 4 (1856); Schl. Bier. Nederl. pi. 16. figs. 13, 
14 (1861) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 335; Gray, List Brit. B. p. 96 
(1863); More, Ibis, 1865, p. 128; Borggr. Vog elf. Norddeutschl. 

p. 75; Keulem. Onze Yog els, pi. 33 (1869); Frxtsch, Vog. Fur. 
pi. 17. figs. 10, 11 (1870); Elwes $ Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 193 ; 
Gray, Hand4. B. ii.p. 81, no. 7177 (1870) ; Harting, Eandb. Brit. 
B. p. 27 (1872) ; Banf. <$• Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 413 ; Fallon, 
Ois. Belg. p. 104 "(1875); 8eebohn, Ibis, 1882, pp. 218, 378; 
id, Hist Brit B. ii. p. 92 (1884). 
Emberiza spinus, Scop. Ann. i. p. 145 (1769). 
The Siskin, Be?in. Brit Zool. p. 109, pi. 108. fig. 5 (1776); Lath. 
Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 289 (1783). 
Fringilla fasciata, P. L. S. Mull Syst. Nat, Anhang, p. 165 (1776); 

Cass. Proc. Bhilad. Acad. 1864, p. 255. 
Spinus viridis, Koch, Baier. Zool. p. 235 (1816). 
Linaria spinus, Leach, Syst Cat. Mamm. Spc. Brit Mus. p. 15 (1816). 
Serinus spinus, Boie, Ms, 1822, p. 555. 
Carduelis spinus, Sfeph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 33 (1826). 
Chrysomitris spinus, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 322; Bp. Comp. List B. 

Eur. § N. Amer. p. 33 (1838) ; id. Consp. i. p. 515 (I860) ; Jaub. 
Sf Earth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 147 (1859); Powys, Ibis, 1800, 

p. 138; Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 267; Blakist Ibis, 1862, p. 327 ; 
Giglioli, Ibis, 1865, p. 57; Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 201; Brake, 
t c. p. 427; Beql. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 281 (1867) ; Loche, 
Expl. Sci. Alg6r\, Ois. i. p. 152 (1867) ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. iii. pi. 37 
(c. 1870); Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 154 (1871) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 
1871, p. 385; JR. Gray, B. West Scofl. p. 146 (1871); Saunders, 
Bis, 1871, p. 220; Godman, Ibis, 1872, p. 212; Alston §• Harvie-
Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 64; Brooke, t. c. p. 247 ; Sioirih. Ibis, 1875, 
p. 120 ; Irby, B. Gibr. p. 123 (1873) ; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 541, 
pi. 169 (1876) ; David §• Oust Ois. CJiine, p. 337 (1877); Blakist 
$ Prijer, Ibis, 1878, p. 245; iid. B. Japan, p. 173 (1882); B. 0. U. 
List Brit B. p. 48 (1882); Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 9; Irby, t c. 
p. 183 ; Jouy, Proc. V. S. Nat Mus. Vi. p. 297 (1883); Saunders, 
Ibis, 1884, p. 375; Blakist Amended List B. Japan, p. 18 T1884); 
Radde, Orn. Cam. p. 177 (1884); WIdtehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 39. 
Spinus alnoram, Brehm, Vog. Beutschl. p. 284 (1831). 

Spinus medius, Brehm, Vog. Beutschl. p. 285 (1831). 

Spinus betulorum, Brehm, Vog. Beutschl. p. 286 (1831). 
Carduelis spinus, Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 197 (1837); Macgill. Hist 

Brit B. i. p. 400 (1837); Hewits. Eggs Brit. B. i. p. 163, pi. 44. 
fig. 2 (1846); Thomps. B. Irel. i. p. 265 (1849); Wright, Ibis, 
1864, p. 54; Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 445; Newton, ed. Yarr. Brit B. 

ii. p. 126 (1876). 
Fringilla (Acanthis) spinus, Middend. Sibir. Reis. p. 299 (1851). 
Radde, Reise Sibir. p. 187 (1863). 
Spinus ODseurus, Brehm, Vogelf. n. 108 (1855). 
Ligurinus spinus, Boderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 82 (1869). 

214 FIOT<HLLIDJ3. 

Clirysomitiis dybowskii, Tacz. J.f.O. 1876, p. 190 • id. Bull 80c 
Zool. France, i. p. 180 (1876). 

Adult male. General colour above yellowish green, with slightly 
Indicated dusky streaks to the feathers; ramp brighter yellow, 
shaded with dusky greenish, the dark shaft-stripes very distinct on 
the upper part of the rump; lesser wing-coverts dark yellow; 
median coverts rather brighter yellow; greater coverts black, edged 
and tipped with yellow, brighter at the ends and forming a bar; 
bastard-wing blackish edged with yellow, whitish at the ends; 
primary-coverts dusky blackish, fringed with greenish yellow ; quills 
blackish, the primaries margined with bright yellow, the inner ones 
with a bright yellow base to the inner web; secondaries yellow at 
base and edged with yellow near the end of the outer web, the 
innermost ones blackish, edged with pale yellow: upper tail-coverts 
yellowish green ; tail-feathers blackish, edged v» ith yellow, all but 
the centre feathers yellow at the base ; crown of head black *, lores 
blackish ; a broad eyebrow of bright yellow, shaded posteriorly with 
green ; eyelid, sides of face, and ear-coverts yellow, the latter shaded 
with green above; cheeks, throat, and breast blight yellow ; abdomen 
whitish; sides of body and flanks dull yellowish mixed \\ ith 
ashy and broadly streaked with black ; thighs ashy whitish ; under 
tail-coverts white, washed with yellow, with blackish centres to the 
feathers ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale yellow, the former 
with dusky bases ; quills below dusky, yellow along the inner edire. 
Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*7, tail 1*7, tarsus 
0-55. 

Some males, apparently very old birds, have the feathers at the 
base of the bill and the chin black. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
ashy brown, washed with yellow and streaked with blackish down 
the centre of the feathers ; rump bright yellow, washed on the sides 
with green and streaked with black: wing-coverts as in the male ; 
quills blackish, fringed with greenish yellow, but the yellow bases to 
the quills, which are conspicuous in the male, reduced to a great 
degree, and in the case of the secondaries hidden by the greater 
coverts; upper tail-coverts dull olive-yellowish; tail-feathers dark 
brown, edged with yellow, all but the centre feathers yellow at the 
base ; crown of head like the back but more ashy, and with smaller 
blackish centres, not very distinct; lores and base of forehead hoary; 
a narrow yellow eyebrow; eyelid yellowish ; ear-coverts and cheeks 
yellowish, shaded with dusky brown : under surface of body white, 
tinged with yellow on the lower throat; sides of body and flanks 
more distinctly washed with yellow and rather broadly streaked 
with black centres to the feathers; thighs ashy whitish ; under 
tail-coverts white, streaked with black centres to the feathers : under 
wing-coverts and axillaries pale yellow, the coverts with dusky 
bases; quills below dusky, ashy yellowish along the inner edge. 
Total length 4*2 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*7, tail 1*75, tarsus 

0-55. 

27 . CHEYSOMITRIS. 
The only change apparent in the breeding-season is that the ashy 
brown on the upper surface gets somewhat worn off, and the yellow 
is more conspicuous, the head becoming somewhat more uniformly 
dusky, but never blackish as in the male. 

Young birds resemble the old female, but are browner, with less 
yellow, so that the rump, eyebrow, and sides of face are whitish. 
The upper surface of the body is thickly mottled with blackish 
mesial streaks on all the feathers, and the under surface is white, 
thickly spotted with blackish brown, the spots being triangular on 
the throat and breast, and longitudinal on the sides of the body and 
flanks. 

Hob. The whole of Europe and Northern Asia, across Siberia to 

Japan. 

a. J imm. sk. Orkneys (J*. Dunn). E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
b, c. (S $ ad. sk. Cookkarn, Berks, February. Gould Coll. 
d, e,f, g. <$ ad. sk. Cookkam, Feb. 24, 1874. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
h, f. S ^d. j k. J Cookkam, Dec. 1879. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
ad. sk. 
l7?7i, n. ^ad.st . Cookkam. Mr. W. Briggs [P.]. 

o. $ ad. sk. Turnkani Green. Mr. J. Baker [C.]. 
p. <$ ad. sk. Near London. Montagu Coll. 
q7r. $ J ad. sk. Lancing, Sussex, Nov. 1883. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
s} t, M. <$ ad.; Avington, Hants, Feb. 1880. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
v-y. $ ad. sk. 

z. 
$ ad.sk. Norway, June 1866 (J. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Baker), 
a'. 2 a<^ sk. Norway, April 14, 1874 Christiania Mus. [P.]. 
(JR. Collett). 
h'. $ ad.sk. Norway, May 16, 1876 Christiania Mus. [P.]. 

(22. 'Collett). 
c'. J ad. sk. Norway, June 3, 1877 Christiania Mus. fP ]. 
(22. Collett). 
d'. 9 juv. sk. Norway, Aug. 25, 1878 Christiania Mus. [P.]. 
(22. Collett). 
e'. S ad. sk. Norway, Nov. 18, 1883 Christiania Mas. [P.]. 
(22. "Collett). 
f, g\ 6 S ad. sk. Belgium, Bee. 12, 1870. Brussels Museum [P.], 
h'. <$ ad. sk. Leiden, Holland, July 16, E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
1878. 
i\ S ad. sk. Mongeron, Seine-et-Oise, E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
France, March (22. £. S.). 
k\ 9 ad. sk. Guiksu, Asia Minor, Oct. 18, Hume Coll. 
1866 (T. Robson). 
I', m'. £ 2 ad. Hakodadi, Japan, Dec. 24, Henry Whitely, Esq. 
sk. 1864. [C.]. 
n\ d ad. sk. Hakodadi, Nov. 22, 1865 Gould Coll. 

(JET. Whitely). 
o'. $ ad. sk. Yokohama, Japan. Prof. Milne [0.]. 
pf. Skeleton. t England. Mr. Daniells. 
q', r\ Skulls. * S. Germany. Dr. Gunther [C.]. 

216 
FRIirelLLID-E. 

15. Chrysomitris barbata. 
Fringilla barbata, Molina, Saggio Mist. Nat. Chile, p. 247 (1782); 

Gray, Hiand-l. B. ii. p. 82, no. 7197 (1870). 
Carduelis stanleyi, Audub. B.Amer. iii. p. 137, pi. 185 (1841, = ?) . 
Chrysomitris magellanica (nee V.), Darwin, Voy. e Beagle? Birds, 

p. 97 (1841) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 40• Abbott, Ibis, 1861, 
p. 154. 
Chrysomitris campestris (nee Spix), Gould, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 113; 
Gay, Hist Chile, i. p. 352 (1847). 
Fringilla stanleyi, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 371 (1849) ; id. Hand-l B. ii. 

p. 82, no. 7198 (1870). 
Chrysomitris marginalia, 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 160 (1850) ; Cab. Mus. 
Mein. Th. i. p. 160 (1850); Cass, in Gilliss' U.S. Astr. Exped. 

p. 181, pi. 17 (1S55) ; Burin. Reise La Plata-St. ii. p. 290 (1S01). 
Eypacanthus stanleyi, Cab. Mus. Mein. Th. i. p. 161, note (1850). 
Crithagra fkvospeciilaris, Marti. Nanm. 1853, p. 213. 
Chrysomitris noveboracensis, Licht. Nomencl. p. 46 (1854). 
Chrysomitris barbata, PMlippi, Arch. f. Naturg. xxvi. p. 28 (1800) ; 
Scl. Cat Amer. B. p. 125 (1802, pt.); Cass. Proe. Pliilad. Acad. 
1805, p. 90: Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 322; Scl. $ Sab. Ibis, 1808, 

p. 185, 1870, p. 499. 
Adult male. General colour above yellowish green, the mantle 

and upper back slightly mottled with dusky-blackish centres to the 

feathers ; lower back and rump clearer olive-yellow ; lesser wing-

coverts like the back; median and greater coverts yellow, brighter 

on the margins of the latter series, which have conspicuous black 

bases; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black; quills black, the 

primaries edged with yellow, and bright yellow at the base of the outer 

web, forming a speculum, the secondaries margined with yellow near 

the ends, the bases yellow, followed by black in the centre, forming a 

broad double band ; upper tail-coverts dull olive-yellow, edged with 

ashy grey; tail-feathers blackish edged with ashy grey, yellow towards 

the base, the inner web margined with whitish ; base of tail entirely 

yellow; crown of head black, with slightly indicated olive margins 

to the feathers ; lores ashy whitish ; sides of hinder crown and sides 

of neck olive-yellow; sides of face and ear-coverts dull olive-yellow, 

washed with ashy ; cheeks and under surface of body bright yellow, 

the throat black in the centre ; abdomen white; sides of body 

slightly greener; the flanks washed with ashy; thighs ashy, washed 

with yellow; under tail-coverts bright yellow, the long ones ashy 

whitish with black centres; under wing-coverts and axillaries 

yellow, with dusky bases; quills below dusky, yellow towards the 

base of the inner web. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 

2-9, tail 1-85, tarsus 0*6. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in being much more dusky 

in colour, the markings of the wing being much less pronounced. 

The black of the crown is wanting, the head being like the back, 

and streaked with dusky in the same manner ; the base of the fore


head is pale yellow, united to a broad eyebrow which joins the side 

of the neck, which is also pale yellow; ear-coverts dusky olive; 

cheeks and under surface of body pale yellow, washed with ashy; 

27. CHRrSOMITKIS. 
abdomen white, the sides of the body olive-yellow, the lower flanks 
brownish. Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3, tail 2, 
tarsus 0*6. 

Hah. Falkland Islands, Patagonia, and Chili. 

a. <$ imm. sk. Falkland Islands (Capt. Abbott). Sckter Coll. 
b, c. d 2 ad. sk. Straits of Magellan. Old Coll 
d. $ ad. sk. Tierra del Fuego. Sir W. Burnett and 
Admiral Fitzroy. 
e. S ad. sk. Chili (E. C. Meed). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
/ . d ad. sk. Maldonado, Chili (C. Darwin). Zoological Society. 
g. [<$ ad.] sk. South America. Sclater Coll. 

16. Chrysomitris icterica*. 
I/Olivarez, Month. Hist. Nat Ois, iv. p. 232 (1778). 
Gafarron, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 483 (1802). 
Fringilla magellanica *, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. cCHist. Nat. xii. p. 168 

(1817, nee Vieill 1805); Bonn, et Vieill Em. MM. iii. p. 983 
(1823); Nemvied, Beitr. Naturq. Bras. iii. p. 620 (1830) • Audub. B. 
Amer. pi. 394 ; id. Oni. Biogr. v. p. 40 (1839): Gray, Hand-l B. 

ii. p. 82, no. 7195 (1870). 
Fringilla icterica, Licit. Verz. Doubl p. 2Q (1823). 
Fringilla campestris, Spiv, Av. Bras. p. 48* pi. 61. %. 3 (1824); 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 37 (1849). 
Cardtielis magellanicus, Audub. Sgn. p. 116 (1839): id. B. Amer. 
8vo, iii. p. 133, pi. 18*2 (1841). 

Chrysomitris 
magellanica (nee V.), Hartl Ind. Azara, p. 9 (1847) * 
Gat/, Hist. Chile, i. p. 352 (1847); Bp. Consp. i. p. 516 (1850) ; 
Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 160 (1850); Burnt. Th. Bras. iii. p. 255 
(1850) j Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 419 (1858); Burm.Beis.La Plata-
St. ii. p. 489 (1801); Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1865, p. 92; 
Durnf. Ibis, 1876, p. 159; Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 30; Salv. t. c. 

p. 35o ; id. Cat. Strickl. Coll p. 213 (1882). 
Chrysomitris icterica, Sel. Cat. Amer. B. p. 125 (1862, pt.); Peh. 
Orn. Bras. p. 231 (1871) ; Berlepsch fy Ihering, Zeitschr. ges. 
0ro.iL p. 124(1885). 

Chrysomitris barbata 
(nee Mol), Sel. $ Sah. P. Z. S. 1808, p. 140 ; 
iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 34 (1873> pt.) ; Durnf. Ibis, 1877, 

p. 172; White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 600. 
Chrysomitris 
notata {nee Du Bus), Ridyw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 
iii p. 177 (1880)t. 

* I have not adopted the name magellanica, for any of the South-American 
Siskins, as at least four species have been called by that name. In the first 
place it conveys a wrong impression, as the only Siskin supposed to occur in 
the Straits of Magellan is C. barbata, and, secondly, I am convinced that the 
bird figured by Vieillot in his' Oiseaux Chanteurs ' is the long-billed G-uiana 
form. If the name of magellanica is to be revived, it must be used for the 
Brazilian race, allowing that Vieillot was justified in transferring his own title 
from the Q-uiana form figured by him in 1805 to the Paraguayan form, the 
* G-afarron' of Azara, which he called F. magellanica in 1817. I hope, however, 
that the readjustment of the names proposed in the present work will be acceptable 
to ornithologists, though it is doubtful whether the four races of C. icterica 
will be thought worthy of separation by every student of the genus. 
t Audubon stated that he got the present species in Kentucky, and American 
ornithologists have admitted the Mexican O. notata into the list of North-Ame


218 
FKIlSTGILLn>J3. 

Astragalinus notatus, Cones, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 356 (1884). 
Spiims notatus, Stejneger^ Auk, ii. p. 362 (1884) 7* A. 0. U. Checklist 
K Amer, B. p. 262 (1886). 

Adult male (Buenos Ayres, Dec. 31,1876). General colour above 

uniform olive-)*ellow, the rump and upper tail-coverts bright yellow ; 

lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts black, 

tipped with bright yellow; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black; 

quills black, edged 
with yellow, the bases conspicuously bright 

yellow, the shafts only black; tail-feathers black, yellow at base ; 

nape, sides of face, and throat black ; hind neck and sides of neck 

bright yellow, almost forming a collar on the former; fore neck and 

under surface of body bright yellow, including the under tail-coverts, 

axillaries, under wing-coverts, and base of quills below : -* bill, legs, 

and feet nearly black; iris dark wood-brown" (H. Duniford). 

Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*9, tail 1*75, tarsus 

0-55. 

Adidt female (Cosquin, July 18). Different from the male. Above 

greyish green, a little more yellow on the rump ; upper tail-coverts 

olive edged with ashy ; head like the back, but a little washed with 

yellow on the forehead ; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median 

and greater coverts blackish, edged with ashy whitish; quills as in 

the male, but the yellow at the base less extended, and the secon


daries edged with white near the ends of the outer web ; tail-

feathers dusky brown with concealed bases of pale yellow ; sides of 

face and under surface of body ashy, washed with pale greenish 

yellow on the throat and under tail-coverts; the abdomen whitish, 

as also the long under tail-coverts. Total length 4*4 inches, culmen 

0*4, wing 2*55, tail 1*65, tarsus 0*5. 

The principal feature of this eastern and southern race of the 

Black-faced Siskin is the uniform back; but this character is not very 

positive, as some specimens (probably in seasonal plumage, as the 

bill is pale) have the back slightly mottled with dubky bases. The 

difference between C. icterica and C, capitalis will probably be found 

too slight to allow of their being separated even as races. 

Hah, Brazil and Argentine Eepublic to Chili. 

a. <$ ad. sk. South America. Purchased. 
h. S ad. sk. Chili (Leyhold). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c. <$ ad. sk. Pampas Argentinas {Leyhold). Sahm-Godniaii Coll. 
d, e. S ? ad. sk. Snlta, June 21,1878. Henrv DuraforcLEsq. 
f, $ ad. sk. Cosquin, Cordova, Argentine Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Eepublic, June 20, 18b2 (R 

W. White). 
g. 
$ ad. sk. Cosquin, July 18, 1882 {E, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
W, White), 
h. $ ad. sk. Buenos Ayres (Haslelmst). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
rican birds on the supposition that Audubon really procured that species. The 
bird figured by the latter author is, however, undoubtedly C, icterica or C, 
cajpitalis, and is not the black-winged C. notata, which at present is not known 
to occur within North-American limits. 

27 . CHKYSOMITRIS. 219 
i. d ad. sk.
&. (S ad. sk. 
Conchitas, Buenos Ayres (W.
II. Hudson). 
Carnpana, Buenos Ayres, 
Sclater Coll. 
Henry Durnford,E«q. 
h m> 6 $ ad. sk.
Bee. 31, 1876. " 
Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul 
[C.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
n. $ juv. sk.
o,p. <S ad. sk.
(Joyner). 
San Paulo, Brazil (Joyner). 
Bahia, Brazil (Wucherer). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Subsp. a. Chrysomitris capitalis. 

Chrysomitris magellanica (nee F.), Tsch. & Cab. Faun.'Peruan. p. 220 
(1845-46). 
Chrysomitris icterica (nee Lioht.), Sel. P. Z. S. 1838, p. 552, 1860, 

p. Q6 ; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 125 (1862, pt.). 
Chrysomitris capitalis, Cab. J. f. 0. 1866, p. 160 ,• Scl. $ Salv. 
P.Z.S. 1807, p. 985 j Tacz. P.Z.S. 1874, p. 522, 1879, p. 230, 
1882, p. 17; id. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 49 (1886). 
Chrysomitris barbata (nee Mol), Scl. fy Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. 

p. 34 (1873, pt.) ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 422 j Berlepsch $ Tacz. 
P. Z. S. 1884, p. 294,1885, p. 85. 
Adult male. General colour above bright olive-yellow ; the lower 
back and rump golden yellow; the upper back and mantle slightly 
mottled with black centres to the feathers • hind neck and sides of 
neck brighter yellow than the mantle; lesser wing-coverts like the 
back; median and greater coverts bright yellow with black bases, 
forming a band across the base of the latter; bastard-wing and 
primary-coverts black* quills black, bright yellow at the base of 
all but the innermost secondaries, which are edged with white at 
the tip and have a subterminal margin of yellow on the outer web, 
the primaries only fringed with white at the ends; upper tail-
coverts olive-yellow, the long ones black edged with yellow; tail-
feathers black, fringed with ashy grey; the entire tail yellow for the 
basal half; crown of head as far as the occiput, sides of face, ear-
coverts, cheeks, and throat black: remainder of under surface of 
body golden yellow, the sides of body and flanks a trifle greener• 
lower abdomen whitish; thighs and under tail-coverts pale yellow, 
the long ones white at the end with a central streak of black; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries yellow, with dusky bases• quills below 
blackish, yellow for the greater part of the inner web. Total length 
5 inches, cnlmen 0-4, wing 2*9, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*55. 

Variation takes place in a series with regard to the brilliancy of 
the plumage, some, apparently younger birds, having a greener 
shade on the upper surface, and the yellow on the hind neck not so 
yivid. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in the same way as the female 
of C. icterica, which it greatly resembles. The general tone of the 
plumage, however, is decidedly yellower both above and below, and 
not so ashy as in C. icterica. The pale yellowish edgings to the 
wing-coverts and inner secondaries are very broad. Total length 
4-5 inches, culmon 0*4, wing 2*75, tail 1*65, tarsus 0*6. 

Hal, Peru and Ecuador. 

220 
FJEtfNGlLLID^. 

a. S ad. sk. Arequipa, Peru, June. Henry Wliitely [C.]. 
&,o. c? 2 ad. sk. Arequipa, Peru,June (JBT. TV.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d. c? ad.sk. Arequipa, Peru, June (JET. TV.). Sclater Coll. 
e, § ad. sk. Arequipa, Peru, July 8 Sclater Coll. 
(H. W.). 
f. 
<$ ad. sk. Islay, Peru, Jan. 2 (R. IV.). Sclater Coll. 
Islay, Peru, May 15. Henry Wliitely [C.]. 
9> c? imm. sk. 

h. c? ad. sk. Ropaybaniba, Peru (Jehki), Sclater Coll. 
h &. c? ad. sk. Callao, Peru (A. H. Markham). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
I. $ ad. sk. 
Ecuador (L. Fraser). Sclater Coll. 
m. (S juv. sk. 
Jima, Ecuador (C. Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sical, Ecuador (C. Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

n. cJ ad. sk. 
0. 5 ad.sk. 
Intac, Ecuador (C. Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
p. c? ad. sk. Quito, Ecuador (Bruce). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
9>(S ad. sk, Pasto, Ecuador (Lehmann). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Subsp. /3. Chrysomitris boliviana. 

Clirysomitris magellanica, 1)'Orb. § Lafr. Syn. Av. p. S3 (1837, nee 
V.); Scl 8f Salv. P. Z. S.1879, p. 607. 
Clirysomitris barbata (nee MoL), Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 83 (1862, pt.). 

Adult male. Similar to G. icterica, but with the black of the 
crown reaching to the hind neck, and the black of the throat produced 
over the fore neck. Total length 4-2 inches, culmen 0*45, 
wing 3, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*55. 

Adult female. Similar to the female of Q. icterica, but larger and 
more yellow, not so ashy on the upper surface, more washed with 
yellow below, and with brighter yellow under tail-coverts. Total 
length 4*8 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*9, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*6. 

Hal. Bolivia. 

a. <J ad. sk. Bolivia. Sclater Coll. 
b, c. <5 $ ad. sk. Bolivia. Mr. Bridges [C.]-
Subsp. y. Chrysomitris longirostris. 

Eringilla magellanica, VieilL Ois. Chant, pi. xxx. (1805): Gray. 
Gen. B. ii. p. 371 (1849). 
Chrysomitris icterica (nee Licht), Salv, Ibis, 1885, p. 217. 

Adidt male. Similar to G. icterica, but rather brighter and with 
the back perfectly uniform, the bill longer and more pointed. Total 
length 4*1 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*4, tail 1*5, tarsus 0*45. 

Adult female. Similar to the female of G. icterica, but decidedly 
brighter both above and below; the back yellowish green, and the 
under surface bright yellow. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0*4, 
wing 2*4, tail 1*35, tarsus 0*45. 

One male, collected by Mr. Whitely in December, is golden yellow 
above and orange-yellow on the rump and under surface of the body. 
It is even brighter in plumage than G. siemirachlii, and shows that 
G, longirosirk is merely a connecting-link between G. icterica and 

G. siemiradzlcii, which otherwise would have the appearance of a 
very distinct species. 
Hab. Guiana. 

2/ . CHEYSOMITRIS. 

a. 
2 ad. sk. Roraima, Nov. 23,1883 (II Sclater Coll. 
Whitely). 
b. <$ ad. sk. Roraima,1 Jan. 29,1884 (H. W.). Sclater Coll. 
c. $ ad. sk. Rorainia, Dec. 28,1881 (H. W.). Sclater Coll. 
d,e. <$ $ ad. sk. Rorainia, Nov. 1883 (II. W.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
f,ff-d$ ad. sk. Roraima, Jan. 6, 1882 (H. W.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Subsp. I. Clirysomitris siemiradzkii. 

Clirysomitiis siemiradzkii, Berlepsch 8f Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 551, 
pi. 50, 1884, p. 313; Tacz. Oni. Perou, iii. p. 50 (1886). 

Adult male. Similar to C. icterica, but apparently always uniform 
olive-yellow, with the rump and under surface of the body 
brilliant golden yellow; hind neck also bright yellow, forming a 
tolerably distinct collar. Total length 3*6 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 
2-2, tail 1'25, tarsus 0-5. 


Eab. Ecuador. 

a. [ J ad.] sk. Balzar Mountains, Ecuador Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Illingworth). 
17. Chrysomitris notata. 
Carduelis notata, Bu Bus, Bull. Acad. Belg. xiv. pt. 2, p. 106 (1847): 
id. Rev. Zool 1848, p. 247. 
Fringilla notata, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 371 (1849) j id. IIand4. B. ii. 

p. 82, no. 7196 (1870). 
Chrysomitris notata, 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 516 (1850); Cab. Mus. Hein. 
Th. i. p. 160 (1850); Sel P. Z. S. 1856, p. 304,1858, p. 303,1859, 
pp. 365, 380 j 8cl. $ 8alv. Ibis, 1860, p. 275 ; 8cl. Cat. Amer. B. 

p. 124 (1862); id. P. Z. S.1864, p. 474; Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 
1865, p. 92 ; 8umichr. Mem. Bost. 8oc. N. H. i. p. 550 (1869); 
8cl 8f 8ah. Ko?nencl. Av. Neotr. p. 34 (1873); Lawr. Bull U. 8. 
Nat Mus. iv.p. 22 (1876); 8alv. Cat. 8frichl. Coll. p. 214 (1882) ; 
id. fy Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, I. p. 428 (1886). 
Adult male. General colour above olive-yellow, golden yellow on 
the rump ; all the wing-coverts, as well'as the bastard-wing and 
primary-coverts, black; quills black, with the basal third golden 
yellow; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers black, all but the central 
rectrices bright yellow for the basal half; head all round, throat, 
and fore neck black; sides of neck, chest, and under surface of body 
golden yellow, paler on the abdomen; sides of body and flanks a 
little more olive-yellow; thighs and under tail-coverts yellow; 
under wing-coverts yellow with blackish bases; axillaries yellow; 
quills below black, yellow towards the base of the inner web. Total 
length 4-1 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*6, tail 1*5, tarsus 0*5. 

The sexes in this species are said to be alike; but I greatly doubt 
the correctness of this determination. A female (so-called) in the 
Sclater Collection exactly resembles the male; but I see that the 

«late M. Jules Yerreaux has written on the label " est un <$;" but 
whether he wrote from positive knowledge or from conjecture I 
cannot say. The colours are altogether less brilliant than in the 

222 
PRIN'GILLIDiE. 

male described above. My impression is that the birds described as 
immature are really the adult females, and that the latter sex will 
be found to be altogether more dingy in coloration, to -want the 
black head of the male, and to have yellowish-white edges to the 
wing-coverts and inner secondaries. 

Hah. Central America, from Mexico to Guatemala. 

a, h. S ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
c.tf ad.sk. City of Mexico (JEhces). Selater Coll. 


d. $ ad.sk. City of Mexico (White). . Sal vin-Godman Coll. 
e. J ad. sk. Orizaba (Botteri). Sclater Coll. 
f. 
c? ad.sk. Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala, Sal vin-Godman Coll. 
Aug. 10, 1859 (O. &). 
a. Imm. sk. Calderas, VolcandeFuego, Sal vin-Godman Coll. 
Oct. 31,1873 (O. S.y. 
h. Ad. sk. Pine ridge of Dolores, Sal vin-Godman Coll. 
Guatemala (0. S.). 
i. $ 
ad. sk. Santa Barbara, Vera Paz, S«il vin-Godman Coll. 
Jan. 1802 (0.6'.). 
h, I. $ ad. et imm. Vera Paz (Hague). Sal vin-Godman Coll. 
sk. 


18. Chrysomitris forreri. 
Chrysomitris forreri, Salvm fy Gadman, Biol. Centr.-Avner., Airs. 
p. 429(18*0). 
Adult male. Similar to G. notafa, but altogether greener, the 
black spot not extending even on to the lower throat. Total length 
4*2 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2'5D, tail 1*5, tarsus 0*5. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 4*8 inches, 
culmen 0*45, wing 2-55, tail 1*45, tarsus G*55. 
Hah. Mexico. 


a, I. S [ S ] a^-s^« Ciudad Durango, Mexico Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(A. Foi*rer). (Types of species.) 
19. Chrysomitris nigriceps. 
Serinus nigriceps, Hupp. Neue Wirh. p. 96, Taf. 34. fig. 2 (1835-40); 
id. SysLUehers. p. 77 (1845) : Blatif. GeoL § Zool. Abyss, p. 415 
(1870) j Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 326*(1870j. 

Fringilla (Dryospiza) nigriceps, Heugl. St/st Uebers. p. 41 (18-56). 

Afr, i. pt. 2, p. 640 (1870). 
Crithagra nigriceps, Blyth, J. A. S. Being, xxiv. p. 257 (1855). 
Dryospiza nigriceps, Horsf. 4* Moore, Cat. B. JE.L Co. Mm. ii. 

p. 494 (1856). 
Chrysomitris nigriceps, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) i. p. 172 
(1884). 

Adult male. General colour above dull olive-yellow, the feathers 
of the mantle brown, edged with olive-yellow ; rump rather brighter 

27 . CHRYS0M1TBIS. 
223 

and uniform olive-yellow; lesser wing-coverts bright yellow; 
median and greater coverts black, tipped with pale yellow, forming 
a double wing-bar; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, 
edged narrowly with ashy, slightly tinged with yellow, the feathers 
all narrowly fringed with whitish at the ends; upper tail-coverts 
pale yellow; tail-feathers black, narrowly edged with dull yellow, 
ashy whitish along the end of the inner web and at the tip of the 
feathers ; crown of head, entire sides of face, and throat black with 
a slight tinge of olive ; hind neck and sides of neck rather brighter 
olive-yellow; remainder of under surface of body, from the fore 
neck downwards, yellow, a little greener on the sides of body and 
Hanks; thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts pale yellow; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries pale ashy brown, edged with yellow; 
quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge: " bill and feet dusky 
blackish" Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 3, tail 2*1, 
tarsus 0*85. 

Adult female. Altogether duller in colour than the male, the 
upper surface being chocolate-brown, with darker centres to the 
feathers, the head brown like the back, the sides of the head and 
throat dusky brown washed with olive; rest of the under surface 
very pale yellow, the sides of the body browner, and the flanks 
streaked with blackish. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 3, 
tail 2*05, tarsus 0*7. 

Hah. Highlands of Abyssinia, the Gala country, and Shoa. 

a, £ ad. sk. Abyssinia. 
Purchased. 

h. 2 jun. sk. Abyssinia. 
Br. KiippeU [C.]. 
c. 3 
ad. sk. Angollala, Shoa, June 1842 India Museum. 
(Sir W. Ct Harris). 
d. 3 ad. sk. Adigiat, Tigr<5, April 1,1868. W. T. Blanford, Esq. f O.l 
e. 
Q ad. sk. Duga Pass, S. of Antalo, Aug. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. 
8, 1808. 
20. Chrysomitris lawrencii. 
Carduelis lawrencii, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1850, p. 105, pi. 5. 
Chrysomitris lawrencii, Bp. C. R. xxsvii. p. 913 (1853); Baird, B. 

N. Amer. p. 424 (1858); Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 124 (1862); 
Elliot, New fy TInfig. Birds N. Amer. pi. viii. (1869); Cooper, B. 
Calif, p. 171 (1870); Coues, Eey N. Amer. B. p. 132 (1872); 
Baird, Brewer, §> Ridgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. p. 478 (1874); 
Balding, Br. U. 8. Nat. Mas. i. p. 414 (1879); Cooper, op. cit. ii. 

p. 247 (1880). 
Frmgilla lawrencii, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 81, no. 7179 (1870). 
Astragalinus lawrencii, Ridgw. Broc. V. 8. Nat Mus. iii. p. 177 
(1880); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 355 (1884). 
Spinus lawrencii, Stejneger, Auk, ii. p. 362 (1884); A. O. U. Checklist 
N. Amer. B. p. 262 (1886); Everm. Auk, iii. p. 182 (1886). 

Adult male in winter plumage. General colour above ashy brown, 
the mantle and upper back with a certain amount of olive-yellow; 
lower back and xnmp golden yellow washed with olive; lesser and 
median coverts dull golden yellow, with concealed black bases; the 


224 
RINGILLID^:. 

greater coverts brighter yellow, tipped with ashy, the black bases 

conspicuous and forming a bar; bastard-wing and primary-coverts 

black, fringed 
with olive-yellow; quills black, edged with bright 

golden yellow, becoming whitish towards the extremity of the 

yellow margin of the primaries; all the quills narrowly fringed with 

white at the ends, the inner secondaries broadly margined with 

whitish on both webs, and also black at the base, forming a bar as 

in the greater 
coverts; upper tail-coverts ashy grey; tail-feathers 

black, edged with ashy grey, fringed with white on the inner web, 

the three outer feathers with a large square white spot on the inner 

web, slightly indicated also on the fourth feather; crown of head 

black, the sides of the hinder crown, nape, and hind neck ashy; 

lores, fore part of cheeks, and eyelid black; ear-coverts and remainder 

of cheeks ashy grey, slightly tinged with yellow and pearly grey 
just behind the eye : throat black in the centre, the sides ashy like 
the ear-coverts and sides of neck ; lower throat, fore neck, and breast 
golden yellow; abdomen and under tail-coverts white; sides of body 
and flanks ashy brown ; thighs whitish, externally ashy; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries yellow, ashy at the base; quills below 
dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 
0*3, wing 2*C5, tail 3/8, tarsus 0*5. 

The adult male in summer plumage, by the abrasion of the edges 

of the feathers, has the mantle and upper back yellow, but not so 

bright as the 
lower back and rump. The black on the throat 

narrows to u point. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but with the black of the head 
replaced by ash (Baird, Brewer, and Ridyway). 

Young. Uniform ashy brown above, the neck like the back; 
lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts dusky, 
edged with olive-yellow, broadly tipped with whity brown, forming 
a double wing-bar; bastard-wing and primary-coverts dusky 
blackish, fringed with yellowish ; quills blackish, edged with olive-
yellow, fringed with white at the ends, the secondaries broadly 
margined and having a black bar near the base; tail-feathers 
blackish, edged and tipped with ashy ; sides of face, throat, and 
breast rather lighter ashy brown than the back, the fore neck and 
breast faintly streaked with dusky brown ; abdomen whitish ; under 
tail-coverts whitish with dusky bases. 

Young female. Eesembling the young male, but without any 
streaks on the breast. 
Hah. California; Arizona in winter. 

a. Ad. sk. California. 
Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. California. 
Sclater Coll. 
c. <$ ad. sk. California (K W. Nelson). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
d. 
<5 ad. sk. Fort Tejon, California, May 5, Balvin-C4odman Coll. 
1858 (J. Xantus; Sm. no. 
25659). 
e. 
<$ ad. sk. Fort Tejon, June 17,1858 (J. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Xantus; Sm. no. 25650). 
27 . CHKYSOMITRIS. 225 
/ . d ad.; g.
juv. sk. 
h. <$ juv. sk. 
i. & ad. sk. 
$ SantaBarbara, California, June25, 1875 (H. W. Hemhaio;
Sm. nos. 72106, 72127). 
Santa Barbara, July 2, 1875(H. W. Henshaw: Sm. no.
72117).
Cohuilla Vallev, California, 
U. S. Nat. Museum 
rp.l 
U. S. Nat. Museum 
rP.l. 
L J 
0. Frean Morcom. 
k. dad. sk. Dec. 4,1886 (F. Stephens).
Fort Whipple, Arizona, Nov.
2,1864 (JS. Coues; Sm.no. 
40831). 
Esq. [P.]. 
Salvin-G-odman Coll. 

21. Cbrysomitris cucullata. 
Carduelis cucullata, Swains. ZooL Illustr. i. pi. 7 (1820-21). 
Fringilla cubes, Guerin, Mag. de ZooL 1885, Aves, pi. 44; Cab. J. f. 


O. 1856, p. 10; Gtmdl j\ f. 0. 1859, p. 295. 
Fringilla cucullata, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 371 (1841): id. Hand-l. B. 
ii. p. 82. no. 7199 (1870). 
Pyrrhomitris cucullata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 517; Gundl. Orn. Cuba, 
p. 21 (1876); id.J.f. 0. 1878, p. 160; Cory, Auk, iii. p. 207 
(1885). 
Chrysomitris cucullata, Sclater, Cat Amer. B. p. 123 (1862) ; id. fy 
Salv. NomencL Av. JSreotr. p. 34 (1873). 

Adult male. General colour above dark vermilion, the lower back, 
rump, and tipper tail-coverts brighter vermilion than the mantle ; 
wing-coverts dark vermilion, with black bases; greater coverts black, 
tipped with vermilion; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black; 
quills black, vermilion at the base, with black shafts, the inner 
secondaries entirely black, edged with dull white or pale red at the 
ends of the outer webs; tail-feathers black, pale vermilion at the 
base; crown of head, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat 
black; sides of neck and under surface of body vermilion, the thighs 
and abdomen, white; under tail-coverts vermilion, whitish at the 
ends ; under wing-coverts and asillaries vermilion, with ashy bases; 
quills below black, pale vermilion towards the base. Total length 
4 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2-4, tail 1*4, tarsus 0*5. 

Adult female. Bark ashy grey above, with a slight tinge of vermilion 
on the back; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
vermilion; wings as in the male, but more orange-scarlet than 
vermilion on the red parts; lores whitish ; sides of face and throat 
pearly grey, whiter on the chin; fore neck and breast orange-scarlet; 
lower breast and abdomen white, as also the thighs and under tail-
coverts ; sides of body and flanks ashy grey with a brownish tinge ; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy whitish, with a slight tinge 
of red on the lower ones; quills dusky below, ashy whitish on the 
inner web, tinged with vermilion towards the base. Total length 
3*7 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*45, tail 1*35, tarsus 0*5. 

Young males are browner than the adults, all the colours of the 
full plumage being overshaded with brown, with which the feathers 
are tipped; wing-coverts black, tipped with yellowish white; quills 
as in the adult male, but yellow at the base instead of red; under 

VOL. XII. * 

226 
FEINGILLID^E. 

surface of body ochreous buff, with the black of the throat and the 
red of the breast distinguishable underneath. 
Hah. Venezuela and Trinidad. Introduced into Cuba and Porto 
Bieo. 

a. $ ad. sk. Venezuela. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b. <$ ad. sk. Carupano, Venezuela, Feb. Sihin-Godman Cull. 
1807 {A. Goering). 
c. <$ jun. sk. Venezuela. 
Sclater Coll. 
d. $ ad. sk. Caracas, Venezuela. Mr. C. Dy&on XV. 
e. tf ad. sk. Trinidad. Sclater Cull. 
/ . 5 ad. sk. Trinidad. Purchased. 
g. S ad. sk. Cuba. 
Purchased. 
22. Chiysomitris tMbetana. (Plate III.) 
CkiTSoniitris thibetana, 
Hume, Ibis, 1872, p. 107 ; Brooks, Ibis, 
1872, p. 469; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 410; id Sir. F. 1879, 

p. 108. 
Adult male. General colour above dark olive-green, the head like 

the back, the feathers of the nape and hind neck subtcrminally 

marked with yellow, forming a patch; lower back and rump dark 

greenish yellow washed with olive-green; wing-coverts dark greenish 

yellow; the median and greater coverts with blackish bases, the 

latter fringed at the tip with pale yellow ; bastard-wing blackish ; 

primary-coverts and quills blackish, edged with greenish yellow, 

brighter on the primaries, the secondaries fringed with whitish at 

the tips ; upper tail-coverts dark greenish yellow with dusky centres; 

tail-feathers black, edged with yellow externally and with white at 

the tip and along the inner web ; lores, feathers round eye, and a 

streak above the ear-coverts yellow, as well as the sides of the face 

generally ; ear-coverts dusky, washed with greenish yellow ; cheeks 

yellow, with a dusky stripe on the hinder parts ; throat and under 

surface of body yellow; the abdomen white; sides of body and flanks 

washed with greenish yellow ; thighs dark ashy; under tail-coverts 

bright yellow; under wing-coverts dull greenish yellow; axillaries 

paler yellow ; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total 

length 4-1 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2-75, tail 1*6, tarsus 0*5. 

Some of the males have slight indications of dusky streaks on the 

back, and have the flanks very plainly streaked. In these birds 

the yellow colour is a little duller than In the one described. They 

are probably males of the previous year. 

Adult female (type of species). Different from the male. General 
colour above dull greenish, mottled with yellow edges to the feathers, 
which have also dusky centres; the head like the back, but less distinctly 
streaked ; rump greenish yellow, streaked with dusky centres; 
$ lesser wing-coverts greenish yellow; median and greater coverts 
dusky blackish, broadly tipped with greenish yellow, forming a 
double wing-bar ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, 
fringed with greenish yellow, broader towards the end of the secondaries 
; tail-feathers as in the male; lores and facial markings as 
in the male, but more dingy, and the yellow not so bright; throat 

27 . CHRYSOMITRIS. 
227 

and fore neck yellow, the rest of the under surface whiter, tinged 
with yellow; sides of the breast, sides of body, and flanks broadly 
streaked with black; thighs ashy; under tail-coverts yellow, white 
at tip and streaked with black ; under wing-coverts and axillarios 
white, washed with yellow; quills below dusky, whitish along the 
the inner edge. Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 2*7, 
tail 1*6, tarsus 0-5. 

Bah. Interior of Sikhim, Himalaya Mountains. 

a. $ ad. sk. Sikhim, on the borders of Thibet, Hume Coll. (Type 
1878 (L. Mandelli). of species.) 
b-g. <$ ad.; h. Interior of Sikhim, Feb. 1873 Hume Coll. 
$ ad. .sk. (L. Mandelli). 
i, h. e 
ad.; I, m. Sikhim, 1872 (X. Mandelli). Hume Coll. 
Imm. sk. 

23. Chrysomitris pinus. 
Fringilla pinus, Wih. Amer. Orn. ii. p. 133, pi. 17. fig. 1 (1810) ; 
KuM. Man. p. 511 (1832); Audub. B. Amer. pi. 180; id. Orn. 
Biogr. ii. p. 455 (1834), v. p. 509 (1839) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 371 
(1840); id. Band-l. B. ii. p. 81, no. 7182 (1870). 

Carduelis pinus, Jard. ed. Wih. Amer. Orn. i. p. 275, pi. xvii. fig. 1 
(1832). 

Chrysomitris pinus, Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. Sf N. Amer. p. 33 (1838) ; 
id. Consp. p. 515 (1850); Baird, B. K Amer. p. 425 (1858); Sol 
Cat. Amer. B. p. 124 (1862); Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 6,1863, p. 71; 
Scl P. Z. S.1864, p. 174; Beard, Ibis, 1867, p. 268 ; Brown, Ibis, 
1868, p. 421; Scl $ Salv. P Z. S. 1869, p. 302; Sumichr. Mem. 
Bost. Soc. N. B. I p. 350 (1869); Cooper, B. Calif, p. 172 (1870); 
Allen, Bull. Mus. C. Zool. Cambr. iii. p. 176 (1872); Coues, Key 

N. Amer. B. p. 131 (1872); Finsch, Abhandl. not. Ver. Bremen,iii. 
p. 00 (1872); Scl $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 34 (1873) ; 
Coues, B. N.-West, p. 115 (1874); Baird, Brewer, $ Eidgw. Bist. 
N. Amer. B. i. p. 480, pi. 22. fig. 16 (1874) ; Bensh. Eep. Bxpl 
100th Merid. p. 246 (1875); Belding, Br. V. S. Nat. Mus. i. 
p. 414 (1879); Ridgw. op. cit. iii. p. 177 (1880) ; Salv. Cat. Strickl 
Coll p. 213 (1882); id. §* Godman, Biol Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. 
p. 429 (1886); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 254 (1884) ; 
Scott, Auk, i. p. 160 (1884) ; Bicknell, t. c. p. 328; Beckham, Auk, 
ii. p. 141 (1885). 
Linaria pinus, Audub. B. Amer. iii. p. 125, pi. 180 (1841). 
Chrysomitris macroptera, JDu Bus, Esq. Orn. pi. 23 (ined.); Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 515 (1850). 

Spinus pinus, Stejneger, Auk, i. p. 362 (1884) ; Turner, Proc. U. S. 
Nat. Mus. -viii* p. 240; A. O. U. Chech-list N. Amer. B. p. 262 
(1886); Anthony, Auk, iii. p. 168 (1886); Seton, tc. p. 323 

(1886). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above brown, 
more ashy on the rump, which is tinged with pale yellow, the entire 
tipper surface broadly streaked with blackish centres to the feathers, 
those on the rump being rather broadly margined with yellowish 
white; lesser wing-coverts brown; median and greater coverts 
blackish brown, tipped with white, which has a yellowish tinge on 

Q.2 
228 FBIKGILLIDJ5. 

the latter series ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish brown; 
quills blackish brown, the primaries edged with yellow, more "broadly 
at the base, the secondaries yellow at the base, and again margined 
with pale yellow or yellowish white near the end of the feather; 
upper tail-coverts dusky brown, with blackish centres and ashy 
margins ; centre tail-feathers blackish brown, yellowish at base, the 
remainder with the basal two thirds of the inner web yellow, increasing 
towards the outer feather; crown of head like the back, 
and similarly streaked; lores and feathers over the eye hoary 
whitish, with minute dusky streaks ; feathers below the eye whitish; 
ear-coverts uniform brown; sides of neck hoary whitish, streaked 
with black; cheeks^ and under surface of body dull white, tinged 
with brown on the fore neck, and broadly streaked with blackish 
brown; lower abdomen white; thighs white ; under taii-coverts 
wThite, with blackish centres to the feathers; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries white, washed with yellow; quills below dusky, 
edgfed with ashy yellowish, and "brighter yellow towards the base ; 
"bill light yellowish brown, dusky at the tip : feet purplish brown ; 
iris brown" (Audition). Total length 4*5 inches, oilmen 0*45, 
wing 3, tail 1*75, tarsus 0*55. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but not so strongly streaked 
below, and with the yellow on the inner web of the tail-leathers less 
extended. Total length 4-4 inches, oilmen 0*45, wing 2*4, tail l*b, 
tarsus 0*55. 

The whiter plumage of the adults only appears to vary slightly 
from the summer plumage, being a little browner. Young birds are 
paler and much more lightly streaked, and have a decided yellow 
tinge on the underparts. 

Hah. North America generally, wintering in Mexico. 

a. Juv.sk.
h c-d $ ad.
sk.
d, e. £; /, g.
§ imm. sk. 
h. J imm. sk.
i. c? ad. sk 
49th parallel, Aug. 13, 1874(G. Daioson). 
Vancouver Island, May (A 
Forrer). 
British Columbia. 
British Columbia (J. K.Lord). 
Shelter Island, New York, Oct 
U. S. Boundary Commission. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
J. K Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
U.S. Boundary Commission 
FP.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
h. Ad. sk.
1. 2 ad. sk.
23,1882 (W. W. Worthington). 
Nebraska, Sept. 15,1856 (F. V.
Hayden; Sm. no. 5394). 
Mount Graham, Arizona, Sept. 
[PA 
Sakin-Godman Coll. 
U. S. Nat. Museum. 
m. Juv. sk.
n. $ ad. sk.
21,1874 (II. W.Henshaw; 
Sm. no. 72124). 
Camp Grant, Arizona, July 30,1874 (H. W. Henshaw * Sm. 
no. 68809). 
California. 
U. S. Nat. Museum, 
Purchased, 
o. Ad. sk. California. Lord Waisingham 
p. Ad. sk. Mexico (White). Sclater Coll. 
q, r. Ad. sk. Jalapa, S. Mexico (de Oca). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

27 . CHEYSOMITEIS. 
229 

24. Chrysomitris citrinelloides. 
Serinus citrinelloides, Jtiipp. Keue Wirb., Tog. p. 95, Taf. 34. fig. 1 

(1835-40) ; id. Syst. Uebers. p. 77 (1845); Blanf. Geol. } Zool 

Abyss, p. 414 (1870): Finsch, Tr. Z. 8. vii. p. 326 (1870). 

Frindlla citrinelloides, De$ Mitrs in Lefebvre's Voy. Abyss, p. 174 

(1845); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 371 (1849*) - id. Hand-l. A ii. p. 82, 

no.7204(1870). 

Fringilla (Dryo&piza) citrinelloides, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 41 (1850). 
Citrinella citrinelloides, Bp. Comp. i. p. 520 (1850); Heugl Orn. 
K.O.-Afr. I pt. 2, p. 044 (1870); Shelley, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 228. 
Chrysomitris citrinelloides, 8ak\ Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 213 (1882). 

Adult male. General colour above yellowish green, all the feathers 
mesially streaked with black, rather less distinct on the rump; 
lesser wing-coverts like the back, with black centres ; median and 
greater coverts black, edged with ashy and yellow towards the ends; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, edged with yellow, 
the inner secondaries more broadly, the outer ones and the primaries 
narrowly fringed with yellowish white at the ends; upper tail-
coverts yellowish green with dusky centres; tail-feathers blackish, 
edged with yellow; crown of head like the back and streaked in the * 
same manner; lores and sides of face and ear-coverts dusky green, 
as well as the cheeks and chin; sides of neck and of the hinder 
crown brighter yellow; throat bright yellow, narrowly streaked 
with black; fore neck and breast yellowish green, the sides streaked 
with black; abdomen bright yellow; sides of body and flanks 
yellow, streaked with black, more broadly on the latter; thighs and 
under tail-coverts yellow; under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy, 
edged with yellow; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge: 
" bill dusky horn-colour, the lower mandible flesh-colour; feet dusky; 
iris dusky brown " (Heuglin). Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0*45, 
wing 2-65, tail 1*75, tarsus 0*6. 

Hah. Highlands of Abyssinia and Kilima-Njaro in Eastern Africa. 

a. £ ad. sk. Senafe, Tigre, May 29, 1868. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. 
b} c. Ad. sk. Kilima-Njaro, 6000 feet H. H. Johnston, Esq. [C.]. 
25. Chrysomitris melanops. 
Fringilla melanops, Heugl. J.f. 0.1868, p. 92; Gray, Hand-l B. ii. 
p. 82, no. 7205 (1870). 
Citrinella melanops, Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 045 (1870) ; 
Fischer in Madardsz, Zeitschr.ges. Orn. i. p. 321 (1884). 
Chrysomitris melanops, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) i. p. 174 
(1884). 
Adult Bright yellowish green, underneath deep yellow; the sides 
of the breast and*flanks washed with yellowish green, the latter in 
part delicately streaked with blackish; faco with a circumscribed 
mask of black (a defined frontal margin, lores, region of the eye, 
cheeks, and chin); a superciliary streak of pure yellow; feathers 
of the head and back and the upper tail-coverts streaked with 
blackish; tail and wings blackish, conspicuously margined with 

230 FKINGILLIDJE. 

greenish yellow; a broad margin to the wing-coverts, bright greenish 

yellow; upper mandible dusky, the lower mandible fleshy white; 

feet and iris dusky. Total length 4" 7tn, bill from front 41'", wing 

2" 61'", tail 1" 10'", tarsus 6"'-7"'. (Hmglin.) 

Bah. Abyssinia to Shoa and Masai-Land in Eastern Africa. 

26. Chrysomitris citrinella. 
Le Serin d'ltalie, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 182 (1760). 

FringUla citrinella, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 320 (1766); Temm. Man. 
d'Orn. i. p. 370 (1820) ; Roux, Orn. JProv. pi. 90 (1825); Naum. 
Tog. Beutschl. v. pi. 124figs. 3, 4 (1826) ; Werner, Atlas, Grantvores, 
pi. 49 (1827) 5 Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Bur. p. 162 (1840); 
Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Buss. Mirid. iii. p. 187, note (1840); 
Linderm. Voy. Grieehenl. p. 61 (1860); Potcys, Ibis, 1860, 

p. 138; Blasius, Ibis, 1862, p. 71; Borggr. Vogelf. Deutsehl p. 76 
(1869); Elwes §• Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 193 ; Fritseh, Fog. Eur, 
tab. 17.fig. 8; Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 82, no. 7201 (1870). 
Emberiza brumalis, Scop* Ann. i. p. 145 (1769)*. 
Le Venturon de Provence, Danbent. PL Enl. iv. pi. 658.fig. 2. 
Citril Finch, Lath. Gen. Syn, ii. pt. 1, p. 908 (1783). 
Spin us citrinella, Koch, Syst. baier. Zool. p. 234 (1816); Brehm, Vog. 


Deutsehl.p. 286 (1831). ^ 
Serinus citrinella, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 555. 
Chrysomitris citrinella, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 322; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, 

p. 219; Wliarton, Ibis, 1876, p. 25 ; Dresser, B. Bur. iii. p. 535, 
pis. 167, 168 (1877); Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 213 (1882); 
Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 39. 
Carduelis citrinella, Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 198 (1837). 
Citrinella serinus, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. <$• N. Amer. p. 34 (1838). 
Citrinella alpina, Bp. Cat. Metod. TJcc. Eur. p. 48 (1842); id. Comp. 

i.p. 520 (1850); Jaub. etBarth.-Lapomm. Mich. Orn. p. 145 (1859); 
Degl et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. p. 283 (1887); Locke, Expl Sci. Algir., 
Ois. i. p. 155 (1867) ; Doderl Avif. SicU. p. 82 (1869). 
Cannabina citrinella, Degl. Orn. Eur. i. p. 232 (1849). 
Chloroptila citrinella, Salvad. Atti B. Aecad. Torino, vii. p. 260 
(1871); id. Faun. Ital, TJcc. p. 260 (1871) ; Giyl Ms, 1881, 

p. 203; id. Avif. Ital. p. 29 (1886). 
Adult male. General colour above dull olive-green, with dusky 
shaft-streaks; the rump and upper tail-coverts brighter yellow; 
lesser and median coverts uniform olive-yellow, with dusky bases; 
greater coverts blackish brown, tipped with olive-yellow, forming a 
wing-bar; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quiUs dusky brown, 
edged with ashy yellow, whitish on the margin of the primaries; 
tail-feathers dusky brown, edged with dull yellow and narrowly 
fringed with white along the inner web; crown of head olive-yellow, 
brighter on the forehead and over the eye; the occiput, nape, and 
hind neck, as well as the sides of the neck, dark ashy grey; lores 
dull ashy; feathers round eye and fore part of cheeks olive-yellow; 

* By some authors a reference is given to Bcopoli's boolc (p. 205) for 
" FringUla alpina,' but no such page or name apparently exists in the copy 
consulted by me. 
27 . CHEYSOMITRIS. 
231 

ear-coverts and remainder of cheeks dark ashy grey; throat, fore 
neck, and chest olive-yellow, becoming brighter yellow on the breast 
and abdomen, the lower abdomen whitish; sides of body and flanks 
ashy grey; thighs pale ashy; under tail-coverts yellow or white 
washed with yellow; under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy whitish 
washed with yellow; quills below dusky brown, ashy whitish along 
the inner edge: " bill brown; iris yellowish brown " (Locke). Total 
length 4*8 inches, culmen 0*3, wing 3, tail 2*1, tarsus 0-55. (Mus. 

H. 
Seebohn.) 
Adult female. Much duller than the male and browner above, the 
yellow colour of the forehead and underparts also duller. Total 
length 4*5 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 3*05, tail 2, tarsus 0*55. 
Yoxiwj male in first winter. Similar to the adult female but 
browner; the head ashy brown, with black central streaks like the 

back. 
Hab. Central and Southern Europe. 
a. A&. sk. Europe. J. Gould. Esq. 
b, c. 6 ? ad. sk. Nice, Nov. 1886. Prof. Giglioli [P.]. 
27. Chrysomitris totta. 

Loxia totta, Spamn. Mus. Carls, i. pi. 18 (1786). 
Citrinella totta, Bp. Consp. i. p. 520 (1850): Sharpe, Cat Afr. B. 
p.6f>(1871). 
Fnngilla totta, Bayard, B. 8. Afr. p. 202 (1867) ,* Grill, Zool Anteckn. 

p. 24 (1858); Gray, Hand4. B. ii. p. 82, no. 7203 (1870). 
Chrysomitris totta, Solviti, Cat. Striekl. Coll p. 214 (1882). 
Serums totta, Sharpe, ed. Bayards B. j$. Afr. p. 488 (1884). 
Adult nude. General colour above chocolate-brown, faintly mottled 
with darker centres to the feathers of the mantle ; rump dull olive-
yellow ; wing-coverts uniform chocolate-brown, with a slight yellowish 
tip to the median and greater coverts, bastard-wing and primary-
coverts chocolate-brown ; quills brown, externally black and having 
a subterminal mark of black before the tip, which is white; upper 
tail-coverts brown, darker in the centre and edged with whitish; 
tail-feathers black, tipped with a white spot, increasing in size 
towards the outer feather,- crown of head dull olive-yellow, with dusky 
centres to the feathers; lores ashy, surmounted by a narrow line of 
olive-yellow, forming an indistinct eyebrow; ear-coverts and sides 
of face dull ashy, washed with olive-yellow; cheeks rather brighter 
olive-yellow, streaked with dusky brown ; throat and under surface 
of body olive-yellow, clearer and brighter yellow on the throat and 
abdomen, the throat with a few blackish spots; sides of body and 
flanks browner; thighs ashy brown; under tail-coverts ashy brown, 
with whitish edges; under wing-coverts and axillaries light ashy, 
washed with pale yellow; quills below dusky brown; ashy along 
the inner edge. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2-8, tail 
1*9, tarsus 0*6. 

The female appears to differ only in being browner, without any 
yellow on the head, which is brown like the back and streaked with 

232 
PEINGILLIDiE. 

blackish; the throat and fore neck are ashy brown, washed with 
yellow and thickly spotted with blackish brown. 
The older males seem to have the throat entirely yellow without 
spots. 
Hob. South Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. Cape Colony. 
Dr. Krauss [CJ. 
b. Ad. sk. Cape Colony. 
Sir A. Smith |C.]. 
c. [ $ ad.} sk. Cape Colony. Purchased. 
d.\jS ad.J sk. Cape Colony. Sir A. Smith [C.]. 
e. [ 5 ad.] sk. Cape Colony. J. Gould, Esq. 
/ . [ $ ad.J sk. Cape Colony (K L. Layard). Sharpe Coll. 
y. <5 ad. sk. Cape Town, April 14, 18GG Sharpe Coll. 
(C. J. Andersson). 
h. [ 2 juv*] sk George, Knysna (IT. Atmore). Sharpe Coll. 
28. 
CALIiACAETTHIS. 
Type. 
Callacanthis, Meicherib. Syst. Av. tab. lxxviii fig. 12 
(1850) ? C. burtoni. 
Burtonia, Bp. MSS., teste Bp. Consp. i. p. 507 (1850) .. C. burtoni. 
Range. Himalaya Mountains. 

1. CaHacantliis burtoni. 
Carduelis burtoni, Gould, P. Z. S. 1887, p. 00. 

Fringilla erythrophrys, Blyth, J. A. S. Bmg. xv. p. 38 (7840), 

Fringilla burtoni, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 371 (1841)); Blyth, Cat. B. 

Mus. As. Soe. p. 337 (1849) ; Gould, B. Asia, v. pi/10 (1850); 

Tytler, Ibis, 1868, p. 201; Gray, Mand-L B. ii. p. 80, no. 7174 

(1870). 

Callacanthis burtoni, Bp. Consp. i. p. 507 (1850); Blythf Ibis, 1807, 
pp. 45, 184; Beh. Ibis, 1868, p. 318; Brooks, Str. F. 1870, 

p. 255; tttme, Str. F. 1879, y. 108; Salvin, Cat Strickl. Coll. 
p. 208 (1882). 
Burtonia erythrophrys, Bp. MS., teste Bp. I. c. 
Adult male. General colour above brown, with a wash of rosecolour, 
the rump paler and more cinnamon with a rosy wash; scapulars 
like the back; lesser and median coverts black, with a small 
tip of rose-colour; greater coverts black, with a large white spot at 
the end tinged with rose; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black, 
tipped with white, the latter very broadly and forming a speculum; 
quills black, the primaries with a white longitudinal mark at the 
end of the outer web, the secondaries tipped with a white spot, the 
innermost having this white spot tinged with rose like the greater 
coverts; upper tail-coverts cinnamon-brown; tail-feathers black, 
tipped with a white spot, increasing in extent towards the outer 
ones, the two outermost having a large wedge-shaped mark of 
white; crown of head and nape# black, the forehead, lores, and eyebrow, 
as well as the feathers round the eye, pale crimson ; ear-coverts 
and cheeks black, with whitish shaft-lines; under surface of body 

28 . CALLA.CANTHIS. 
233 

pale cinnamon-brown; the throat, fore neck, and breast brighter 
rose-colour; the chin dusky blackish; abdomen ochreous buff; sides 
of body and flanks cinnamon-brown, washed with rosy; thighs 
ashy brown; under tail-coverts pale cinnamon-brown, with dusky 
bases; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, with ashy bases, 
the edge of the wing dusky; quills below dusky, ashy along the 
inner edge. Total length 6*5 inches, culmen 055, wing 3*9, tail 2-5, 
tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in being much paler and 
more ochreous-brown; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median 
coverts dusky blackish, washed with ochreous-brown, with pale 
ochreous spots at the tips: greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills blackish, externally washed with ochre and all 
tipped with white ; tail as in the male, but the white on the outer 
feathers not so extended; head dusky brown; frontal band, eyebrow, 
and feathers round the eye saffron-yellow ; ear-coverts dusky 
brown, washed with oehreous-bufT, with pale ochreous shaft-lines ; 
cheeks and under surface of body pale ashy brown, washed with 
ochreous, the throat and fore neck washed with yellow ; axillaries 
and under wing-coverts ochreous-buff, with ashy bases. Total length 
6-5 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3'9, tail 2-3, tarsus 0*85. 

Eab. North-western Himalayas from Cashmere to the neighbour


hood of Nairn Tal. 

«, b. $ ad. sk. Cashmere. Purchased. 

c. $ 
ad. sk. Gulmurg, Cashmere, Hume Coll. 
Aug. 1874. 
d. $ ad. sk. Gulmurg, June 1871 Hume Coll. 
[W. E. Brooks). 
e. <$ ad. sk. Sonarmurg, July 16, Hume Coll. 
1874. ' 
/ . 
cJ ad. sk. Mum, 1868 (C. H. T. Hume Coll. 
Marshall). 

g. $ ad. sk. Chamba, Jan. 20,1880 Hume Coll. 
(CM. T. Marshall). 
7i. S ad. sk. Kotegurk, near Simla. Hume Coll. 
*", h. <S $ ad. sk. Bussahir, N.W. Hima- Hume Coll. 

lavas, Dec. 6,1869. 

I. J ad. sk. Fagoo, near Simla. Hume Coll. 
m, n. <$ $ ad. sk. Between Simla, and Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
Mussoori. [P.]o,
p, q. <5;r,s.$ Naini Tal, Oct. 1869 (JR. Hume Coll. 
ad. sk. Thompson). 
t [ ? a<l.] st. Himalaya Mountains. Purchased. 

29. LOXIMITEIS*. 
Type. 
Loximitris, Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soe. N. IT. xi. p. 93 
(1866) L* dominicensis. 

Mange. San Domingo. 

* No specimen of this genus has been at ray disposal, so I have been obliged 
to copy the information given by Mr. Cory. 
234 FRINGILLID^. 

1. Loximitris dominiceiisis* 
Chrysomitris (Loximitris) dominicensis, Bryant, Proc. Most. Soe. IT. 

.H". si. p. 93(1866). 

Fringilk dominicensis, Gray, Sand-L B. ii. p 81, no. 7185 £1870). 

Chrysomitris dominicensis, Cory, Bull Nittt. Orn. Club, vi p. 152 

(1881). 
Loximitris dominicensis, Cory, Birds of Haiti and S. Domingo, 

p. 67 (1885) ; id. List Birds West Ind. p. 12 (1885) j id. Auk, iii. 
p. 207 (1886). 
Male. Bill light brown colour, with the top dusky; whole head 
and throat black; back and scapulars olive• centre of each feather 
dusky; tipper tail-coverts bright olive-yellow : wings with the quills 
and coverts blackish brown; the smaller coverts with so much of 
the tips olive as to appear almost wholly of this colour; the greater 
coverts and all the quill-feathers, except the first, bordered externally 
with the same colour, very narrowly on the primaries and suddenly 
wider on the secondaries, but only on the posterior half, so that the 
closed wing presents a distinct blackish bar running nearly across 
its centre; tail with the centre feather, outer web of first, and tips 
of all blackish brown, the rest bright chrome-yellow* beneath yellow, 
washed with olive on the flanks, and brightest on the crissum. 

(Bryant.) 

Immature birds are dull olive, mottled with brownish on the 
back, and the underparts yellowish white, streaked with pale brown. 

(Cory.) 

Length 4*10 inches, wing 2*60, tail 1*55, tarsus 0*53, biH 0*38. 

Hah. San Domingo. 

30. ACANTHIDOPS. 
Type. 
Acanthidops, Eidgw. Br. U. S. JSat Mm. iv, p. 335 (1882) . A/bairdi. 
Dr. Sclater, who has examined the type specimens, says (£ Ibis/ 

1884, p. 241) that he would " propose to place Acanthidops near 
Chrysomitris in the family FringillidcBp * 
Range. Costa Eica. 

1. Acanthidops bairdi. 
Acanthidops bairdi, Ridgw. Proc. U. S. Nat Mus. iv. p. 335 (1882); 
Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 241; Salvin $* Godman, Biol. Cenir.-Amer., 
Aves, i. p. 483 (1886). 

Adult. Above dull olive-brown, the back washed with rusty; 
wings dusky, the middle and greater coverts tipped with pale rusty, 
forming two distinct bands; the inner secondaries broadly edged 
with darker rusty; remaining secondaries narrowly streaked with 
dark umber-brown, the primaries with light, dull oehraeeous, or 
yellowish olive. Tail dusky, the outer webs slightly greenish 

* I ha\e according!} followed Dr. Sclater in his opinion as to the position of 
the genus. 

31 . ACANTHIS. 235 
olivaceous. Pileum indistinctly streaked with dusky; sides of the 
head and neck dull olivaceous, lighter than the crown and nape; 
chin and throat still paler, the feathers pale ashy heneath the surface; 
rest of lower parts dull, light olivaceous, tinged with deeper 
olive across the breast and along the sides. Maxilla blackish, paler 
along the edge ; mandible whitish; legs and feet light brownish (in 
dried skin) ; " iris pale blue." "Wing 2*50 inches, tail 2-20, culmen 
0*58, commissure 0-65, tarsus 0-80, middle toe 0*60. 


Eab. Volcan de Irazu, Costa Bica. 

31. ACANTHIS*. 
Type. 
Acanthis, Bechst. Orn. Tasehenb. p. 125 (1803) A. linaria. 
Linaria, Vidll Analyse, p. 30 (1816, nee Bechst, nee 

Botan.) A. rufescens. 
Cannabina, Brehm, Iszs, 1828, p. 1277 A. cannabina. 
Linota, Bp. Comp.LktB. Eur. fyNAmer. p. 34 (1838) A. cannabina. 
JSgiothus, Cab. Mm. Rein. Th. i. p. 161 (1850) A. linaria. 
Linacanthis, Bes Murs, End Hist. Nat. part 5, p. 304 

(lfc54) A. rufescens. 
Aeanthys, Bes Murs, Traits d>Ool p. 334 (1862). 
Agriospiza, Sundev. Av. Metk Tent. p. 32 (1872) f A. flavirostris. 

Of. Stejneger, Auk, i. p. 145 (1884). 

Range. The greater part of the Palsearctic and Nearctic Eegions. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Without any red on the forehead or breast. 
a'. Bump rosy. 
a". Throat and breast tawny buff, the 
latter slightly streaked with brown 
centres to the feathers; bill dusky.. Jlavirostris <$, p. 236. 

b". Throat creamy buff; fore neck and 
breast ashy white, with broad black 
centres to the feathers; bill yellow.. bremrostris <$, p. 239. 

b'. No red on the rump. 

c"-inTuskrdaA.^7aethe.h"d.; j/^^ p ? m 

d". Sides of face clear tawny buff like \jlavirostris $, p. 237. 
the throat; bill yellow (brevirostris%,p.239. 

* ACANTHIS BREWSTERI. 
iEgiothus flavirostris, var. brewsterii, Ridgw. Amer. Nat. 1872, p. 433; 

Baird, Brewer, <$* Ridgw. Hist N Amer. B. i. p. 501 (1874). 
iEgiothus brewsteri, Brewst. Bull. Nutt Orn. Club, vi. p. 225 (1881). 
Acanthis brewsterii, Ridgw. Proc. U. 8. Nat Mus. p. 354 (1885); A. O. U. 

Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 354 (1886). 

" The type specimen, taken at Waltham, Mass., remains unique. It cannot 

be identified with any known species, but may be a hybrid between Acanthis 

linaria and Spinus pinus" (A. O. F. Check-list, I. c.) 

f Professor Sundevall here alludes to his genus Agriospisa as if it had 
been published before; if so, the description has escaped my efforts to discover it. 

236 
ntlNGHLLIB-E. 

b. Forehead crimson. 
c'. Wing-coverts uniform chestnut-brown like 
the back, with no white edgings ; throat 
whitish. 


e". 
Primary-coverts edged with brown in 
contrast to the white margins of the 
primaries cannabina £, p. 241. 

f. 
Primary-coverts edged with white like I fringillirostris S > 
the primaries f p. 244. 
cT. Wing-coverts tipped with white or bufry 
white, forming wing-bars; chin blackish. 
g\ 
Lower back and "rump streaked with , ff . d ^ 
brown like back j pp_ 04.3_9.52. 

h". Lower back and rump pure white ... . < " £ ->;>i_*">5o GS/ 

1. AcantMs flavirostris. 
La Linotte de Montague, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 145 (1700); Month. 

Hist. Nat Ois. iv. p/74 (1778). 
Le Pincon brim, Briss. t. c. p. 154 (1760); Month, t e. p. 121 (1778). 
Fringilla flavirofetris, Linn, Syst. Nat. i. p. %'22 (1700); Gm. tir/st. 

Nat. i. p.014 (178*-); Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 102 (WO); 
Nord?n. in JDemidof, Voy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. lsj (1^40) ; Schl. 
Mev. Crit. p. bdi (1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 872(1^49} ; Smuler. 
Svensk Foql pi. iii. iisr. 8 (c. 1850); Gray, List Brit. II. p. 99 
(lb03); More, Ibis, lb05, p. 130; Borqr/r. Vogelf. Norddiuhchl 

p. 76 (I860); Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. ii! p. lll*(l'S*4). 
Mountain Linnet, Penn. Brit Z00L p. Il l (1700); Lath. Gen. Syn. 
ii. pt. 1, p. 307 (1783). 
Pringilla montinm, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 917 (1788); Temm. Man. 
cTOm. i. p. 368 (1820); Rouz, Orn. Prov. pi. 03 (1825); Naum. 
Voy. DeutscM. x. pi. 122 (1826); Werner, Atlas, Granivores, pi. 48 
(1827); Selys-Longch. Faun, Beige, p. 73 (1842): JSjarb. Damn. 
Fugle, pi. 27. %. 3 (1852); Schl Tog. NederL pi. 170 (1-54); 
Hewitt. Eggs Brit B. p. 203, pi, 51. fig. 3 (1856); F. $ P. God-
man, Ibis, 1861, p. 84; Schl. Bier. Nederl. Vaqek, pi. 10. fig. 19 
(1861); Fritsch, Vdg. Fur. Taf. 26. fig. 9 (c. 1870); Keulem.'Onze:eYog. ii. pi. 44 (1873); Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 103 (1875). 

Linaria 
montium, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. 8?c. Brit. Mus. p. 15 
(1816). 
Cannabina fiavirostris, Brehn, Isis, 1828, p. 1277; id. Vdg. Beutschl 

p. 278 (1831); Cab. Mus. Hem. Tb. i. p. 102 (lboOj; Begl. et 
Gerhe, Orn. Fur. i. p. 290 (1867) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ceo. p. 150 
(1871); Giglioli, Ibis, 18S2, p. 203; id. Arif. ItaL p. 35 (18sG). 
Cannabina niontana, Brehn, Isis, 1828, p. 1277. 
Cannabina media, Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1277; id. Vdg. JDeutschl. 

p. 279 (1881) ;m id. Vogelf. p. 106 (1855). 
Cannabina montium, Brehm, Vog. JDeutschl. p. 278 (1881); id. Vogelf. 
p. 106 (1855). 
Linaria niontana, Selby, Brit. B. p. 318 pi. 55. fig. 5 (1833) ; Goidd, 

B. Eur. iii. pi. 192 "(1887) ; Wright, Ibis, Wto, p. 256. 
31 . ACA.NTHTS. 
237 

Yarr. Brit B. i. p. 551 (1843); Bp. $ Schl. Mtmogr. Loxiens, 

p. 45, pi. 50 (1850); Bp. Consp. i. p. 540 (1850); Mrsf. & 
Moore, Cat. B. Mus. K I. Co. ii. p. 490 (1856); Jaub. et Barth. 
Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 144 (1859) • Gould, B. Gt. Br. iii. pi. 50 ; 
B. Gray, B. West Seotl. p. 149 (1871); Irly, B. Gibr.y. 121 
(1875). 
Acanthis montium, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 125 (1849). 
Cannabina niicrorhynchos, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 106 (1855). 
Linota montana, Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 84 (1809). 
Linota iiavirostris, Saunders, Ibis, 1869, p. 172; Ilartinc/, Ilandb. 

Brit. B. p. 28 (1872) ; Neioton, ed. Yarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 100 (1876); 
Dresser, B. Bur. iv. p. 59, pi. 191 (1876); Salmi, Cat. Strichl. 
Coll. p. 206 (1882) ; B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 54 (1883); Booth, 
Bough Notes, part viii. (1884); Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 218; 
Badde, Orn. Cauc. p. 35 (1886). 

Adult male. General colour above ruddy brown, broadly streaked 
with, black down the centre of the feathers, those of the mantle and 
upper back with pale fulvescent margins; rump vinous, with a 
subterminal dusky shade on the feathers ; lesser wing-coverts uniform 
ruddy brown; median and greater coverts dusky brown, edged with 
the same brown as the back, becoming paler and more whitish 
towards the end of the feathers; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 
and quills blackish brown, edged with paler brown, the secondaries 
fringed with white at the ends, the brown margin not commencing 
till the middle of the feathers, so that their basal portion is entirely 
blackish; the inner primaries margined with white; upper tail-
coverts blackish, with brown margins; tail-feathers blackish, edged 
with brown, all but the centre ones margined with white, and having 
a broad edging of white along the inner web, increasing in extent 
towards the outer feather; crown of head like the back and similarly 
streaked; lores and a tolerably distinct eyebrow reddish brown; 
ear-coverts and cheeks also reddish brown, the former streaked with 
blackish; throat and fore neck clear reddish brown, the latter 
with dusky-blackish streaks, broader and more distinct on the sides 

of the breast; centre of breast and abdomen white; sides of body 
and flanks dull reddish brown, streaked with blackish: thighs 
brown; under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts white, with 
ashy bases; axillaries pale reddish brown, with blackish centres ; 
quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total length 5 
inches, culmen 0*35, wing 3, tail 2*3, tarsus 0*65. 

In summer plumage the adult male only differs in being rather 
lighter, especially on the face and throat, which are paler and more 
tawny rufous ; the sides of the neck are paler and more ashy fulvous, 
streaked with black. 

Adult female. Similar to the male but wanting the vinous rump, 
this part being like the back and similarly streaked. Total length 
5*3 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 3, tail 2-3, tarsus 0*6. 

Young birds in first autumn plumage resemble the old female and 
differ from the adults in having dusky bills. The young males 
have a faint indication of a vinous tinge on the rump. 

238 FEINGILLIDJE. 

Hub. Europe generally, west of Eussia and south of the Baltic, 
breeding in Scandinavia and the British Islands. 

a, b. $ ad.; 

c. J ^d. sk. 
cl Ad. j e,f,g. 
Pull. St. 

h. <$ ; i, It, I 
5 ad. sk. 
m, 7i. $ J ad. sir. 

o. § ad. sk. 
p, q, r. S ad.; 
s~7v. $ ad. sk. 
x,y. <$ 2 ad. sk. 

z-a'. S $ ad. sk. 

V. $ ad. sk. 
c, d}. <5 ; e',f, 

g'. J ad. sk. 
h'. $ ad. sk. 

?'. <$ ad. sk. 

&'. 2 ad. sk. 

V. $ ad. sk 
m\ $ ad. sk. 

n'. $ ad.; e/,p'. 

2 ad. sk. 
#'. c? ad. sk. 
r'. $ ad. sk. 

Orkneys, June. 

Orkneys. 

Orkneys. 

Norwich, Norfolk. 
Cambridgeshire, Jan. 1856. 
Cambridge, March 1857 

(F. D. G.). 
Bunnell Fen, Cambridgeshire, 
Mar. 1856 (0. S. £ F.D. G.). 
Hampstead, Middle&ex, Oct. 
1860 (F. B. S.). 
Brighton, Sussex, March 1880. 

Brighton, Oct. 1883. 

Brighton. Nov. 1888. 

Norway, March 11, 1850 

(F. Collett). 
Norway, April 10, 1874 

Norway, Aug. 11, 18* 7 

(E. &). 
Norway, Dec. 10, 1870 
(£. fe).
Malnio, Sweden, Noy. 23, 

1873 (W. Meves). 
Upsala, Dec. 2,1883. 
France (F. Petit). 

Gould Coll. 

Mr. J. Baker. 

II. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[R\ 

Gould Coll. 
Salyiii-Gudman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Cull. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

It. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 

R. B. Sharpe, Esq, 
R.;iv. uBf Sharpe, Esq. 
;p.": 
Cluistiania Museum. 

ChrUtiania Museum. 

Christlania Museum. 

Christiania Museum. 

R. B. Sharpe, E^q. 
rPA 
W^ Meves [<H 
E.Hai'gitt,Esq.[Rl 

2. Acanthis brevirostris. 
Linota brevirostris, Bp. Comp. List B. Fur. Sf N. Amer. p. 34 (ex 
Gould, MS.); Moore, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 216; Horsf. $ Moore, 
Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mm. ii. p. 496 (1856); Ze&h-Addms, F. Z. S. 
1859, p. 184 ; Fek. Ibis, 1868, p. 319; Hume % Menders. Lahore to 
Yarhand, p. 260, pi. 26 (1873); Scully, Sir. F. 1876, p. 170; 
Blanf. Fast. Persia, ii. p. 250 (1876); Frjev. in Fowlers Orn. 
Misc. ii. p. 306 (1877); Dresser, B. Fur. iv. p. 65, pL 192 (1878) ; 
Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 86,1882, p. 284; Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 10; 
Badde, Orn. Cauc. p. 169 (1884). 

Linaria montana (nee Brehm), Dickson fy Moss, F. Z. S. 1839, p. 21. 
Linaria breyirostris, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 109, no. 7647 (1870); 

Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 108; Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 578. 
Linaria pygmsea, Gray, t c. p. 109, no. 7648 (1870). 
Acanthis iavirostris (nee L.)} Severtz. Twkest. Jevotn. p. 64 (1873). 
Acanthis brevirostris, Severtz. J.f. 0.1874, p. 438. 
Linaria flavirostris (nee £.), Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 242. 
JEgiothus brevirostris, David ty Oustalet, Ok. Chine, p. 547 (1877). 
Linota erythropyga, Boyd, teste Seebohm. 
Fringilla breyirostris, Seebohm, Hist Brit. B. ii. p. 112 (1884). 

29 . ACANTHIS. 
239 
Adult male. General colour above brown, the feathers blackish 
in the centre, streaked with white, with which the dorsal feathers 
are edged, the hind neck whiter, with blackish streaks; lower back 
and rump rosy pink; lesser and median coverts reddish brown; 
greater coverts blackish, edged with brown and white at the ends ; 
bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish, narrowly edged with 
ashy white; quills blackish, externally margined with white, the 
secondaries browner, edged at the base and near the tips with 
whitish or paler brown, the centre of the feathers black to the edge 
of the outer web, imparting a pattern to the wing; upper tail-
coverts white, blackish brown in the centre, the long ones brown 
edged with white ; tail-feathers black, white on the outer web, the 
inner web also broadly margined with white, increasing in extent 
towards the outermost; crown of head like the back and similarly 
streaked; lores and a broad line above and below the eye, as well 
as the ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat creamy buff, with a brown 
shade on the ear-coverts; fore neck and breast ashy whitish, with 
broad blackish-brown centres to the feathers, especially on the fore 
neck; lower breast and abdomen pure white; sides of body and 
flanks white, streaked with brown; thighs creamy buff; under 
tail-coverts pure white; under wing-coverts and axillaries white; 

quills below dusky, white along the inner edge: " bill yellowish 

horny, brown on the culmen ; legs and feet brown, claws dusky or 

black, with yellowish tips; iris brown " (J. Scully). Total length 

5 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2-95, tail 24, tarsus 0'6. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the rose-colour 

on the rump and in being less broadly streaked on the breast: 

" bill greyish horny, yellowish at the base; legs and feet brownish-

fleshy to brownish dusky; claws dusky brown ; iris light or dark 

brown " (J. Scully). Total length 5*4 inches, culmen 0"35, wing 

2-8, tail 2*3, tarsus 0*6. 

The adult male in 
winter plumage is much lighter and more 

sandy than in summer, the rosy colour of the rump being obscured 

by sandy margins to the feathers. The under surface of the body 

is much paler and more sandy buff, and the streaks on the breast are 

less distinctly indicated. 

The young birds after the first moult have the abdomen sandy 

buff instead of white, the whole under surface wearing a tawny 

appearance, with very narrow stripes on the breast. 

Hah. Prom Asia Minor through Persia and Central Asia to 

Turkestan and Thibet, wintering near Gilgit in Upper Cashmere. 

a. ad. sk. Erzeroum. 
India Museum. 
$ 

$ ad. sk. Erzeroum. 
Gould Coll. 

h e. 

ad. sk. Erzeroum. 
Zoological Society. 

d. ? 
(Type of species.) 
e. ad. sk. Lake-regions of Northern Purchased. 
6 

Caucasus^ May 12. 
ad. sk. Persia. Purchased. 

g. 
6 ad. sk. Kokand, May 5, 1865 Gould Coll. 
(Dr. JSevertzow). 
240 
VBINQILLIDM. 

h, I Ad.; h. $ 
ad. sk. 
1, tn. $ J ad. sk. 

n. $ ad. sk. 
o, p. CJ ad. sk. 

q, r. S \ s. 2 

ad. sk. 

t. $ ad. sk. 
«, v. rf ad sk. 
t#. Ad. sk. 
x. Jim. sk. 
y. Juv. sk. 
Fort Perowsk, Syr Darya, 
Nov. 17. 
Panja, Yarkand, April 1874 

(J. Biddulph). 
Wakkan, April 20,1874 

(J. Biddulph). 
Yarkand {Dr. Belleiu). 
Arpalik Paver, Aug. 12, 1878 

(Dr. G. Henderson). 

Gilgit, April 1,1880. 
Gilgit, March 7, 1880. 
Gilo-it, Nov. 24, 1879. 
Thibet, July 1876 (i . Mandelli). 
Thibet, Sept. 1878 {L. Mandelli). 


Dr. Severtzow [C.]. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 

Dr. Scully "P.". 
Dr. Scully "P.". 
Dr. Scully 'P.* 
Hume ColL" 
Hume Coll. 

3. Acantliis cannabina. 
The Bed Linnet, cock and hen, Albin, Xat. Hist. B. p. 08, pi. 72 
(1740, %g. pebj».). 
La Linotte, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 131 (1760) ; Month. Hist. Xat Ois. 

iv. p. 58, pi, 1 (1778). 
La Grande Linotte de Vignes, Briss. i. c. p. 135; Daubent. PL EnL 
iv. pi. 485. tig. 1. 
La Linotte de Strasbourg, Briss. t. c. p. 146; Daubent. t. c. pi. 151. 
fig.l. 
Fringilla cannabina, 
Linn. Syst. Xat. p. 322 (1700) ; Tc-mm. Man, 
dOrn. p. 364 (1820); Xaum. Vog. Dmhclil v. pi. 121 (1H*JOJ; 
Werner, Atlas, Granivores, pi. 47 (lb27); Mfntir. Cat. rais. Caue. 

p. 40 (1^32); Nor dm. in Demid. Voy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 184 
(1840); Selys-Longch. Fauns Beige, p. 73 (1*42); S(hl. Rev. Cnt. 
p. Lxii (1844); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 372 (1*49) ; Kjarb. Danm. 
Fugle, pi. 27. fig. 1, Suppl pi. 10. fig.. 3, 4 (1852); Schl Vog. 
Nederl pi. 169 (1854); Hewits. Eggs Brit B. p. 200, pi. 51. fig. 1 
(1850) ; Sundev. Svenslc. Fogl. pi. iii. figs. 1, 2 (1856); Lindehn. 
Vog. Grieehenl. p. 60 (1860); Schl. Dier. Nederl, Vogek, pi. 16 
figs. 17,18 (1861) ; Harcourt, Ibis, 1863, p. 230; Gray, List Brit 

B. p. 97 (1863); Sperling, Ibis, 1804, p. 281; 3Iore, 1MS,18GZ. 
p. 129; Borggr. Vogelf. Deutschl. p. 76 (1800); Fritsck, Vog. Eur. 
pi. 26. figs. 17,18 (c. 1870); Ehues $ Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 102; 
Danf. 4' Harvie Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 413 ; Fallon, Ois. Belg. 
p. 102 (1875) ; Seebohm, Hist Brit. B. ii. p. 106 (lb84). 
The Linnet, Fenn. Brit Zool. p. 110 (1776); Lath. Gen. Sun. ii. 
pt. 1, p. 302 (1783). 
Greater Red-headed Linnet, Fenn. t c. p. 110 (1776). 
Le Gyntel de Strasbourg, Month. Hist Xat Ois. iv. p. 73 (1778), 
La petite Linotte de Vignes, Daubent FL EnL iv. pi, 151. fig. 2. 
Strasburg Finch, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 308 (1783). 
Fringilla linota, Gm. Syst Xati. p. 916 (1781); Roux, Orn.Provenc. 

pis. 91. 92.
Fringilla argentoratensis, Gm. Syst Xat. i. p. 918 (1788). 
Linaria linota, Bechst. Xaturg. DeutscM. ii, p. 141 (lb07). 
Passer cannabina, Fall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 26 (1811). 
Passer papaverina, Fall. t. c. p. 27 (1811). 
Ligurinus cannabinus, Koch, Syst hater. Zool p. 231 (1816). 
Linaria cannabina. Bote, Isis, 1828, p. 554; Selby, Brit. B. p. 315 

31 . ACANTHIS. 
241 
(1833); Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 191 (1837); Macgill Brit B. i. 

p. 371 (1837); Thomps. B. IreL i. p. 269 (1849) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 
p. 313; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 109, no. 7645 (1870); Keulem. 
Onze Vog. ii. pi. 45 (1873) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 242; id. B. 
Bur. iv. p. 31, pi. 186 (1875). 
Cannabina pinetorurn, Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1277: id. Vog. Bmtsehl. 

p. 276 (1831). 
Cannabina arbustorum, Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1277; id. Vog. 
Deittschl. p. 277 (1831). 
Linaria vulgaris, Hupp. Neue Wirb. p. 131 (1835). 
Linota cannabina, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. § N. Amer. p. 34 (1838) ; 

Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. o&2 (1843); Bp. Consp. i. p. 539 (1850); id. 
$ Schl. Monogr. Loxiens, p. 43, pi. 48 (1850); Jaub. et Barth,-
Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 142 (1859) ; Poioys, Ibis, 1860, p. 138 ; 

A. Xewton, Ibis, 1863, p. 194; Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 23; Gould, 
B. Gt. Br. iii. pi. 49; Loche, Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 166 
(1807); Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 65; Brake, t. c. p. 427; DoderL 
Aoif. Skil p. 83 (I860); JR. Gray, R West Scotl. p. 147 (1871) ; 
Saunders, Jofe, 1871, p. 219 ; Godmar\,Ibis, 1872, p. 212; Harting, 
Ilandb. Brit. B. p. 27 (1872); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 154 (1872) ; 
Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 247; Bumf. Ibis, 1874, p. 396; Irh/, B. 
Gibr. p. 121 (1875); Newt ed. Yarr. Brit B. ii. p. 153 (1876); 
Danf, Ibis, 1878, p. 23; Bogd. B. Cam. p. 06 (1879); Salvin, 
Cat Striekl Co*L p. 206 (1882); 3. 0. U. List Brit B. p. 53 
(18S3); Seeb. Ibis, 1883, p. 10 ; Irby, t. c. p. 183-Chapm. Ibis, 
1884, p. 82; Saunders, t c. p. 376; JRadde, Orn. Cauc. p. 167 
(1884); Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 40; Meid, t c. p. 245: Tait, Ibis, 
18-v, p. 195. 
Cannabina linaria, Biipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 77 (1845). 

Cannabim linota, 
Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 45; Cab. Mus. Hein. 
Th. i. p. 1(51 (1850); Begl et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 288 (18«7); 
Heugl. Orn. NO.-Afr.y. 644 (I860); Sahad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. 

p. 155 (1871); Gigholi, Iconogr. Am'f. Ital. pt. 23 (1883); id. 
Avif. Ital. p. 34 (1886); Salvcid. Eleiieh. Ucc. Ital. p. 177 (1887). 
Acantliis cannabina, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 125 (1849) ; 
Severtz. Twdcest. Jevotn. p. 64 (1873). 
Cannabina major, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 106 (1855). 
Cannabina minor, Brehm, t. c. p. 106 (1855). 
Linota linaria, Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 218. 


Adult male. General colour above warm reddish brown, with a 
few indistinct black shaft-lines on the feathers of the mantle and 
upper back; rump paler than the back, with sandy rufous edges to 
the feathers; wing-coverts like the back, the inner greater coverts 
with slightly paler edges; bastard-wing and prirnar3T~co verts blackish 
edged with brown; quills blackish, the primaries externally white 
excepting the first; the secondaries tipped with white and edged 
with rufous-brown, the innermost entirely of the latter colour and 
resembling the back; upper tail-coverts black, edged with ashy 
white; tail-feathers black, edged with white externally, the inner 
web also edged with white, increasing in extent towards the outer 
feathers, which have the inner half of the inner web entirely white ; 
crown of head, occiput, nape, and hind neck ashy brown, somewhat 
streaked with mesial blackish spots on the crown, some of the feathers 
of which are paler edged; base of forehead ashy succeeded by a sinci-

VOL. XII. 
& 

242 PBINGILLIDiE. 

pital patch of crimson; lores and a streak above and below the eye 
buffy white; ear-coverts and sides of face ashy, darker on the cheeks ; 
the fore part of the ear-coverts with a dull whitish spot; throat buffy 
white, minutely spotted with brown * fore neck and chest crimson, 
widening ont into a horseshoe form on the upper breast; the breast 

and abdomen dull buffy white; sides of body and Hanks pale reddish 
brown, mottled with darker brown centres to the feathers, and 
flushed with a slight crimson tint; thighs sandy buff; under tail-
coverts white with a sandy-buff tinge; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries white, the latter slightly tinged with sandy buff; quills 
below dusky, ashy white along the inner edge. Total length 5'5 
inches, culmen 0*4, wing 3*05, tail 2**25, tarsus 0*65. 

Adult female. Browner than the male and not so rufous, the 
head and neck ashy: all the upper surface streaked with dusky-
blackish centres to the feathers; no frontal patch of crimson and 
no crimson on the breast, the latter being sandy buff as also the 
sides of the body and flanks, both being streaked with dark brown; 
wings and tail as in the adult male. Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 
0*4, wing 3, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*6. 

Nestling, llesembles the old female, but is more reddish brown; 
the head like the back, but the latter streaked with blackish brown ; 
wings and tail as in the adult, but the white edgiims to the quills 
and tail-feathers washed with rufous-brown towards* the tips ; hides 
of face reddish brown like the crown, the spots above and below 
the eye and on the lower ear-coverts sandy buff; under surface of 
body white, washed with sandy buff on the breast and hides of the 
body : throat spotted with dusky brown ; tore neck and breast 
streaked with dusky brown, very narrow and indistinct on the 
flanks ; the lower breast spotted with dark brown. 

This plumage is maintained till the early part of September, when 
both young and old birds moult. The series in the British Museum 
appears to prove that the young of both sexes become, during their 
first winter, very like the adult female, the only difference being 
that the male is more spotted underneath, the lower breast still 
retaining its spotted character as in the first plumage, and the bases 
to the feathers of the fore neck and breast being dusky brown and 
rounded, not streaked as in the female. The crimson breast of the 
male in its first year is not so rich as in the more mature birds, 
and sometimes there is scarcely any red at all on the breast, whilst 
occasionally the colour is yellow instead of crimson. 

The old males after their moult, although appearing at a first 
glance to resemble the old females, will be found to have the crimson 
of the breast and of the crown well developed (the latter less 
strongly indicated), but in each case obscured by broad pale edgings 
to the feathers. These wear off as the spring advances and leave 
the red in full perfection. The tint of the crimson varies greatly in 
depth, occasionally approaching scarlet. The richness of the colour 
on the forehead and breast appears to increase with the age of the 
birds, and some brightly coloured males have also a tinge of crimson 
on the rump. [Of. Hancock, Trans. North. & Durham, vi. p. 53.] 

Continental specimens and those Linnets which leave our shores 

31 . ACAKTHIS. 
243 
in the autumn are brighter in spring than the resident English Linnets, 
the males being more brilliant and the females more purely coloured 
than English specimens, which are always darker. 

Eastern specimens show an approach to the brighter-coloured 

A. fringillirostris, and resemble this race in the whitish edgings to 
the primary-coverts. A more complete series would probably show 
a perfect iofcergradation between these two forms, which at the best 
can only be regarded as representative races. 
Hab. Europe generally, extending eastwards to Turkestan (but 
replaced, as a rule, in the east by the closely-allied A. bulla). N.E. 

Africa, Madeira, and the Canaries. 

a,h. (S $ ad. st.

c, d, e. Pall. si.
/, g. Pull. st.

h. (S ad. bk.
i. 
cS ad. sk.
h. $ ad. j /. Juv. sk.
I'. Var. sk. 
m. $ ad- sk. 
n. $ ad. sk. 
o. <3 ad.; p. J 
juv. sk. 

q. 5 ad. sk. 
r-i0.(Jad. \x-d'. $
ad.sk. 
e'. <$ ad. sk. 
f,g'. Juv.sk. 
h'. 2 ad. sk. 

V. S ad. sk. 
k'-y*. (S ad.; 

z'~-{. $ ad. sk. 
7j, 6. J ad. sk. 

 Leicestershire. 

 Norfolk, June. 

 Saffron Walden, Essex. 

 Cambridgeshire (J. Baker). 
Cambridgeshire, Peb. 1857 

(F. I). G.). 
Southwell, Notts, Oct. 1. 

Near London. 

Hampstead, Middlesex. 

Ilampstead, April 1807. 

Ilampstead, Oct. 1869 

(JR. B. >$.).

Kingsbury, Middlesex. 

 Hanwell, Middlesex, Feb. 
1885. 
Cookham, Berks, April 14, 
1809 (JR. B. &). 
Maidenhead, Berks, June 
18-39 (J. (A). 
Ifliey, Oxford, Oct. 31,1877 

Brighton, Sussex, April 1883.

Near Brighton, April 1884. 

Brighton, NOT. 1883. 

c. <$ ad.; K, X, /*, v. Pagham, Sussex, Sept. 
Juv. sk. 
o, 7T, p, ar. S ad.; Avington, Hants, Feb. 1880. 

T, v. 2 ad. sk. 

<p. tf ad. sk. Avington, May 12. 
X. J ad. sk. Dorsetshire, May. 
yjs. Var. alb. sk. Devonshire. 
a>. cS ad.sk. Axmouth, Devonshire, Oct. 
28, 1882. 
a'. (S ad. sk. Wales, July 24, 1869. 

Theodore Walker, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Dr. Cruncher [P.]. 

J. Clark, Esq. [P.]. 
Salvin-Grodman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Eev. W. Beecher 
[p.]. 

J. b\ Stephens, Esq. 
[P.J. 
J. 
E. Ilarting, Esq. 
[P.]. 
J. E. Ilarting, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 

J. E. Ilarting, Esq. 
[P.j. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 

Gould Coll. 

J. T. Mallam, Esq. 
P. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
_[P.]. 
E. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
pp.]


E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq 
[p.]. 

R. B. Sharpe, Esa. 
[P.]. 
Montagu Coll. 

E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[p.j. 
Hume Coll. 
E2 

244 PEES-GILLIDiE. 

j8\ <J ad. sk. Havre, France, May 6,1876 E. Hargitt, Esq. [p.]. 

( F. Pluohe). 
<S ad. sk. Belgium, April 1846. Brussels Museum 
f. 
riM. a'. <$ ad. sk. Norway, Oct. 31, 1880 Christiania Museum 

(22. &/«). [P.]. 
€'. S ad. sk. SkSne, S. Sweden, Feb. 11, It.*"Bf Sharpe, E=q. 
1873 (ir.Meves). [P.". 
2 ad.sk. Borne, Italy, Oct. 1884. Prof "H. H. Gi glioli 

f. 
'PS. 
S ad. sk. Vienna. Ii/B . Sharpe, Esq,. 

v!> 

e\. S ad. sk. Buyukdere Hills, Turkey, It.~B." Sharpe, Esq. 
April 2 (T. Bobson). ~P.\ 
i\ $ ad. sk. Egypt, Nov. 13, 1875. J. "II. Gnmev, Esq. 
~pr. 

K'. . (j1 ad. sk. Malta, April 1G, 1861. Gould" Coll. 
X'., $ ad. sk. Malta, Feb. 1834. Gould Cull. 
pJ,. $ ad. sk. Near Gibraltar, March 15, Hume Coll. 
1870 (Z.H.Irby). 

£'. <J ad. sk. Madeira, June 27, 1871 Salviu-Godman Coll. 

v\ 

(F. I). G). 
7rf. <$ ad. sk. Orotava, Teneriffe, April Salun-Godman ColL 
°', 

1871 (F. D. G.). 
, or'. Skeletons. England. Purchased. 


p'i

r'. Skull. England. Purchased. 
,<£',x\i//. Skulls. S. Germany. I)r. Gunther. 

v'i 

Subsp. a. Acanthis fringiHirostris. 

Linota fringillirostris, Bp. § 8<hL Monogr. Lozuu*< p. 45, pi. 49 
(1850); Bp. Consp. i. p. 539 (LNJOJ ; Finer Ji, Verh. zooL-bot. 
Geseilsch. Wien, 1879, p. 200 ; Blyth, Ibi% 1870, p. 172. 

Cannabina fringilliros»tris, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 161, note (1850). 
Cannabina bella, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 101, note (lb50). " 
Linota linaria, Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 34. 
Linaria fringillirostris, Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 110, no. 7650 (1870). 
Acanthis cannabina, /3. bella, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 64 f lb73). 
Linaria cannabina Dresser-, Ibis, 1875, p. 242 (pt); Blanf. Bad. 


Persia^i. p. 249 (lb76); Hume, Sfr.F. 1879. pp. 108, 3b9; Bidd. 

Ibis, 1881, p. 86; Scidly, i. c. p. 579; Bidd. Ibis, LKb2, p. 285. 
Linota bella, Boyd. B. Cauc. p. 65 (lb79) ; Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. 57. 
Cannabina sanguinea, Homeyer fy Tancre, 31T. Orn. Ver. Wien, 

1883, p. 89. 
Fringilia fringillirostris, Seebolim, Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 106 (1884). 
Linota erythropyga, Boyd., teste Seebohn, Ibis, lb83, p. 10. 
Linota cannabina, var. bella, Badde, Orn. Cauc. p. 167 (lb84), 
Linota cannabina, Tristr. Faun, ty Fior. Balett. p. 70 (1884). 

Adult male. Similar to the male of A. cannabina, but everywhere 
paler in colour, more ashy about the hind neck, the red breast more 
scarlet in tint, and distinguished further by the primary-coverts 
being edged with white like the primaries* the back perfectly uniform 
chestnut. Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 3*15, 
tail 2*4j tarsus 0*65. 

Adult female. Similar to the female of A. cannabina, but always 
paler in colour. Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 3*15, 
tail 2% tarsus 0*6. 

31 . ACA5TTHIS. 
245 
Sab. From Asia Minor to the Caucasus, eastward to Persia and 
Central Asia, probably wintering in Palestine, Arabia, and Northern 
Cashmere. 


a. 
2 ad. sk. Smyrna, Nov. 5, 1871 (Dr. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Xriiper). [P.]. 
h. $ ad. sk. Tyre. 
Canon Tristram [0.]. 
c. (S ad. sk. Nazareth. 
Canon Tristram [O.J. 
d. 2 ad. sk. Erzeroum (Dickson $ Ross). Gould Coll. 
e. $ ad. sk. Persia. 
Purchased. 
/. 
3 ad.; Pass to Anan, Elburz Mountains, W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
ff, h. 2 juv. Aug. 1872. [C.]. 
sk. 

i. 2 
juv. sk. Pass to Anan, Elburz Mountains, Hume Coll. 
Aug. 1872 (W. T. Blanford). 
7c. $ ad.sk. Karij Valley, Elburz Mountains, Hume Coll. 
Aug. 9 (TV. T. Blanford). 
I 2 ad. sk. Shiraz, Nov. 1870. Sir 0. St. John [C.]. 

m. 
<$ ad. sk. Manrak Geb, near Saisan, May 28 Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 
(Dr. 0. Finsch). 
n. 
<$ ad. sk. Dowlutpur, Sind (J. A. Murray). Hume Coll. 
o. 2 ad sk. Gilgit, Dec. 30 (J. Biddulph). Hume Coll. 
p, 
q- d ; r, s. Gilgit, Feb. (J. Biddulph). Hume Coll. 
2 ad. sk. 

4. Acanthis linaria. 
The Mealy Redpoll. 
La petite Linotte le Vignes, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 138 (1760). 
Fringilla linaria, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 322 (1766) ,* Wilson, Amer. 
Orn. iv. p. 42, pi. 30. fig. 4 (1811); Temm. Man. Orn. i. p. 373 
(1820); Nawn. Yog. Deutschl. v. pi. 126 (1826); Werner, Atlas, 
Granivores, pi. 51 (1827); Audub. B. Amer. pi. 375; id. Orn. 
Biogr. iv. p. 533 (1838) ; Nbrdm. in Demid. Voy. Buss. Merid. iii. 

p. 185 (1840); Selys-Long champs, Faun. Beige, p. 73 (1842); 
Kjerb. Danm. Fugle, pi. 27. fig. 4, Suppl. 10. rig. 6 (1852); Schl. 
fog.Nederl. pi. 171 (1854) ; Linderm. Vog. Griechenl p. 60 (1860); 
Schl. Dier. Nederl, Vog. pi. 16.figs. 15,16 (1861); Beinh. Ibis, 1861, 
p. 7; Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 75 (1869); Fritsch, Vog. Eur. 
tab. 28.figs. 15,16 (1870); Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 104 (1875); fschusi, 
J.f.O. 1875, p. 409; Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 117 (1884). 
Fringilla flammea, Limi, Syst Nat. i. p. 322 (1766). 
Fringilla vitis, P. L. S. Mull. Syst. Nat, Anhang, p. 163 (1776); 
Cass. Proc. Bhilad. Acad. 1864, p. 254. 
Le Sizerin, Month. Hist Nat 0i*.iv.jp. 216 (1778). 
Passer linaria, Ball. Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat ii. p. 25 (1811). 
Spinus linaria, Koch, Syst baier. Zool. p. 233 (1816). 
Linaria borealis, Vieill. Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, xxiii. So. Fis. 

p. 199 (1816); Roux, Orn. Provenc. pis. 101, 102 (1825); Macgill 
Brit B. i. p. 388 (1837); Doderl. Auif. Sicil. p. 84 (1869) ; Gray, 
Hand-l. B.ii. p. 110, no. 7653 (1870); Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 242. 
Linaria 
minor, Leach, Syst Cat. Mamm. etc. Brit Mus. p. 15 
(1816); Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 2Q7 (1831); Jard. ed. 
Wils. Amer. Orn. ii. p. 33 (1832); Audub. B. Amer. 8vo, iii. 

p. 122, pi. 179 (1841); E. Adams, Ibis, 1878, p. 425. 
Linaria agrorum, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 281 (1831). 
Linaria betularum, Brehm, t. c. p. 282 (1831); Sundev. CEfv. Vet-
Ahad. Fork Stochh. 1840, p. 59.^ 
Linaria canescens, Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 193 (1834). 


246 
FEIXGILLIDiE. 

Linota borealis, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 34 (1838) ; 
Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 308 (1843). 
Fringilla canescens, ScJd. Rev. Crit. p. Ixiii (1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. 

ii. p. 372 (1849); Hewits. Eggs Brit. B. p. 202, pi. 51* (1856). 
Fringilla borealis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 372 (1849) ; id. List Brit. B. 
p. 99 (1803). 
Acanthis linaria, 
Bp. <$• Scld. Monogr. Loriens, pi. 52 (1850) ; Bp. 
Camp. i. p. 541 (1850) ; Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. 

p. 141 (1859); Bettoni, tlcc. nidif. Lomb. i. pi. 70 (1805); Dybowski 
# Parve.v, J. f. 0. 1868, p. 335; Severfz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 04 
(1873) ; Taczan. J.f. 0. 1873, p. 92, 1874, p. 335, 1870, p. 200; 
id. Bull. Soe. Zool. France, 1876, p. 180, 18©2, p. 394: Dybowshi, 
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, p. 305; Stejnet/er, Aid;, i. p. 152 
(1884); Turner, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 239 (1&55) ; A. O. U. 
Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 200 (1880) j Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. 
Mas. no. 29, p. 252 (1886). 
iEgiothus linaria, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 161 (1850) : Baird, B. 

N. Amer. p. 428 (1858); Coues, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1861, 
pp.222, 381; Blakist Ibis, 1863, p. 71; Baird, Ibi8,r 1867, pp. 281, 
286; Brown, Lbis, 1868, p. 421; Dull Sf Bann. Trans. Chicago 
Acad. i. p. 281 (18(59); Gould,'B. Gt. 5r.iii.pl. 51 (c. 1870); 
Sahad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 156 (1871); Stcinh. Ibis, 1874, p. 100; 
David $ Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 330 (1877); Blakist. fy Fryer, 
Ibis, 1878, p. 245; Boluu, J. f. O. Ib80, p. 127, 1882, p. 335; 
Giglioli, Ibis, 18*>1, p. 203; Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 297 
(1883) ; Nehon, Cruise ' Conjoin? p. 68 (1883) ; Cones, Key N. 
Amer. Birds, 2nd ed. p. 352 (LK84); Murdoch, Exped. Pt. Barro2C, 
p. 105 (18S5J ; Giglioli, Avif. Ital. p. 36 (18c0); Sahad. 
Elench. Ucc. Ital. p. 177* (1887). 
Linaria robustaf etc., Brehm, Vogelf. p. 107 (1855). 
Cannabina linaria, Swinh. Ibis, 1801, p. 335. 
iEgiothus fuscescens, Coues, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1861, pp. 222, 381. 
iEgiothus canescens, Swim. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 299; Blakist. Ibis, 


1863, p. 71. 
Fringilla linaria brevirostris, Hohngr. Skand. Fogl. i. p. 328 (1866). 
Fringilla rufescens {nee V.), Elwes ty Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 193. 
yEgiothus borealis, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 386; Coues. B. N.-West, 

p. 114 (1674). 
Linaria linaria, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 109, no. 7649 (1870). 
Linaria fuscescens, Gray, t. c. p. 110, no. 7(555 (1870). 
yEgiothus linaria, var. fuscescens, Coues, Key N. Amer. i?.p. 131 (1872). 
Linota linaria, Harting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 28 (1872); Newt. ed. 
Yarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 133 (1876); Dresser, B. Eur. iv. p. 37, pi. 1*7 
(1877); Finseh, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, xxix. p. 206 
(1879); Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 206 (1882); B. O. If. List 
Brit.B.y.53 (1883); Homeyer $ Tanere, MT. Orn. Ver. Win 
1883, p. 89; Brooks, Ibis, 1884, p. 234, 1885, p. 381; Radde Orn 
Cauc. p. 170 (1884). 

iEgiothus rufescens (nee V.), Alston fy Harvic Brown, Ibis. 1873, p. 64. 
JBgiothus linarius, var. linarius, Baird, Brewer, $ Ridowav, Hist 

N. Amer. B. i. p. 493, pi. 22. figs. 3, 5 (1874). 
Linota rufescens (nee V.), Seebohm fy Harvie Brown, Ibis, 1876 
p. 116; Blakist..> Pryer, B. Japan, p. 174(1882). 
Acanthis intermedins, Dybowski, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, viii T> 366 
(1883). * F 

t In this book are given several other meaningless synonyms, for which the 
student is referred to the work itself, or to Dresser's *#irds of Europe/ where 
they have been deemed worthy of repetition. 

31 . ACANTHIS. 247 
Acantkis innominatus, Dijbows7d, t. c. p. 86G (1883). 
Acanthis linaria pallescens,tiiejneger,Auk, i. p. 147 (1884). 
Linota ordinaria,titejneger,t c. p. 147. 
Linota parvirobtris, istejneger, t. c. p. 147. 
Linota betularuro, SteJtiegcT, t. c. p. 147. 
Linota rufescens (nee V.), Wilson, Ibis, 1887, p. 141. 


Adult male. General colour above light brown, streaked with 
blackish brown down the centre of the feathers, the hind neck and 
sides of neck paler: the rump ashy white, streaked with blackish 
brown and slightly tinged with rosy ; lesser wing-coverts light 
brown ; median and greater coverts dusky blackish, edged with light 
brown and tipped with sandy buff or creamy white, forming a double 
wing-bar; bastard-wing and primary-coverts dusky blackish, edged 
with ashy brown; quills dusky blackish, edged with ashy brown, 
the secondaries with light brown, all fringed with whitish at the 
tips, the innermost secondaries more broadly tipped on the outer 
web ; upper tail-coverts and centre tail-feathers dusky brown edged 
with pale brown, the latter also white along the inner web, increasing 
towards the outer feathers; hinder crown like the back; the 
entire forehead and vertex dark crimson; base of forehead and 
nasal plumes dusky blackish ; lores dusky, surmounted by a broad 
eyebrow of creamy white tinged with brown; eyelid and a small 
streak below the eye creamy white; ear-coverts light brown like 
the sides of the face and cheeks, the latter suffused with rosy; 
chin-spot black; rest of throat, fore neck, and breast rosy pink, 
the feathers edged with hoary white; abdomen white, with a slight 
suffusion of pink; sides of body and flanks creamy buff, slightly 
washed with light brown and streaked with blackish brown, more 
broadly on the latter; thighs light brown ; under tail-coverts white, 
the longer ones with blackish centres; under wing-coverts and 

axillaries white, with ashy-brown bases ; quills below dusky, ashy 
whitish along the inner edge. Total length 5*2 inches, culmen 0*4, 
wing 2*85, tail 2*05, tarsus 0*6. 

In full summer plumage the adult male loses the ashy-whitish tips 
to the feathers of the throat and breast, so that these parts become 
very fine and uniform rosy; the streaks on the sides of the body 
are also somewhat intensified. The plumage becomes much worn 
and abraded during the breeding-season, when the light edges to 
the feathers get worn off, and a more uniform appearance is put on. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but wanting the rosy colour 
on the throat, breast, and rump ; the chin and upper throat black; 
the remainder of the under surface white, with blackish streaks on 
the sides of the body. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 
2*75, tail 2*05, tarsus 0*55. 

Young. Resembles the old female, but has no red on the crown, 
the head being like the back and streaked with whitish in the same 
manner; rump much paler than the back and mixed with white; 
wing-coverts broadly tipped with sandy buff, forming two distinct 
wing-bars; no black on the throat • remainder of under surface 
white, tinged with yellow on the abdomen ; the breast and flanks 
spotted with broad marks of black. 

The young bird, after the first autumn moult, is much yellower 

248 
PEIXGILLIDJE. 

and more sandy buff than in the full winter plumage, when the 
sandy-coloured edges become more or less abraded and the colour 
duller. The red forehead and the black throat are fully developed 
in the first winter plumage, and in the male can be detected a slight 
tinge of rosy colour on the breast. The majority of the males in 
their first winter cannot be distinguished from the adult females, 
and it is apparently only very old birds which have the red on the 
breast and rump. 

Hah. 
Northern Europe, across Siberia to Xorth America, win


tering in more southern localities. 

a, b. Ad. st.

c. d. (S ad. sk. 
S a(L 

*»/» 9% h


sk. 
£ $ inim.sk. 

7c. 
<$ ad.sk. 

I $ ad. sk. 
m Ad. sk. 

n. 
$ ad. sk. 
ad. sk. 
q. $ ad. sk. 
& 

r. 
$ ad. sk. 
s. $ 
ad. sk. 
t, u. cj ad. sk. 

v. $ 
ad. sk. 
w. 
<$ ad. sk. 
sc. 
? ad. sk. 
c? ad. sk. 
S ad.sk. 

a\ 
(Jad.sk.

(51 ad. sk. 

V. S ad. sk.
c'* <3 ad.sk.
dr 

. 3 ad. st.
e'. & ad. sk.

 Inverness, KB. 

 Cambridge, March 10, 185G 
(O.SX (Wings 2-9-2-05*.) 
Cambridge, Ifareh 10, 1656 

(O.S.). (Wing? 2-7-2-8.) 
Cambridge. March 10, 1800 
(O.S.). (Wing 3-0.) 
Richmond, Surrey, Dec. 27, 

1881. (Wing2:85.) 
Europe. (Wing 8-0). 
Yaranger Fjord, Fininark, 

July 10, i860 (JEsmark). 
(Wing- 2;9.) 
Bjoberpr, Xorwar, Au<r. 12, 
1877 (It Collett). (\\ injr 2*8.) 
Bodo, Norway, June 9, lbo7 

(P. Godman). {Win? 2*0.) 
Bodo, June 19,1857 (R G.). 
(Wing 2-8.) 

S. Norway, April 12, 1859 
(P. G.y. (Wing 2-9.) 
Borregaard, Norway, April 
12 (P. Godman). (Wing 
2 8.)^ 

Boyrefjeld, Norway, July 4 

(J. G.). (Wings>8o-2-9.) 
Sweden. (Wing 2-115.) 
Sweden, June 4 (II TllieelwriqM). 
(WTing2*85.) 
Sweden, July 2 (JET. Wheelwright) 
. (Wing 2-8.) 
Sweden (//. Wheelwright). 
(Wing 2-85.) 
Sweden, March ( W. Meves). 
(Wing 2-9.) 
Stockholm, Feb. (W. 
Meves). (Wring3'0.) 

 Finland. (Wing 2-85.) 
Altenburg, S, Germany. 
(Wing 2-9.) 


 France. 

 France. (Wing 2*8o.) 

Mr. J. Baker. 
Salyin-Godman Coll. 
Salyin-Godman Coll. 
Gould Coll. 

E. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
GouldfColl. 
Cliri>tiania Mus. 

CLri^tiania Mus. 
"PA 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salyin-Godman Coll* 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Gould Coll. 

J. E. 1 farting, Esq. 
p.: 

Gould Coll. 

Gould Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Gould Cull 
Hume Coll. 
It. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 

* T have given the measurements of the wing in this and the allied species, 
to assist comparison with the series measured by Dr. Stejneger (L c). 
/ . <J ad. sk. 
g\ <$ ad. sk. 

h\ 
(S ad. sk 

i\ 
Juv. sk. 

k\ 
5 ad. sk. 

V. $ juv. sk. 
m\ 
n\ Juv. sk. 

o',p'.($ ad.sk. 

q\ Juv. sk. 

r'. 
(J ad. sk. 

$', t\ Ad. sk. 
w'. Ad. sk. 
t/. Ad. sk. 
&?'. $ ad. sk. 


#'. Ad. sk. 
y\ zT. $ ad. sk. 

a. $ ad. sk. 
#. c? ad. sk. 
y. Ad. sk. 
a. Ad. sk. 
e. 2 ad. sk. 
£. Ad. sk. 
T). Ad. sk. 
0. J ad. sk. 
t. 
$ ad. sk. 
K. 
c? ad. sk. 
X. $ ad. sk. 
p. Juv. sk. 
j/. J ad. sk. 
£, o. Ad. sk. 

31 . ACANTHIS. 
Besancon, France (F. Petit). 
(Wing 2-9.) 

Ust Zylma, Petchora River, 
May 20,1875 (H.S.fyJ.A. 
H.B.). (Wing 2-9.) 

Petchora River, May (II S. ty 
J.A.H.B.). (Wmg2«85.) 

Sclitschutschja, Ob River, 
July 81 {Dr. 0. Finsch). 
Sclitschutschja, July 20 (0. 
F.). (Wing 2-85.) 
Sclitschutschja, July 31 (0. 
F.). 
River Ob, Aug. (0. F.). 

Samarova, Oct. 1 (0. F.). 

(WiDgs 2-85-2-0.) 
Samarova, Oct. 1 (0. F.). 
Onon River, May 5, 1873 


(LybowsM). (Wing 2*85.) 
Japan. (Wing 2*75.) 
North America. 
North America. 
Port Yukon, Alaska, Feb. 26, 

1876 (L. M. Turner). (Wing 
2-8.) 
Simiahmoo (Kennerley). 
(Wing 2-8.) 
Fort Simpson. (Wings 2-853-
05.) 
Fort Simpson. (Wing 2-8.) 

Bear Lake (B. It. Ross). 
(Wing 2-95.) 
Red River (Gunn). (Wing2-So.) 

Canada. (Wing 2-85.) 
Canada. (Wing 3-0.) 
Repulse Bay. (Wing 2*75.) 
Arctic America. 


Fort Chimo, Labrador, May 25 

249 

E. 
Ilargitt, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Henvy 
Seebohm, 
Esq. [P.]. 

Major Feilden and J. 

A. Harvie Brown, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 

R. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
R. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[p.]. 
R. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[p.]. 
E. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Gould Call. 
Hume Coll. 
Purchased. 

U.S. Nat. Museum. 
Sclater Coll. 

B. 
R. Ross, Esq. 
[P.]. 
B. 
R. Ross, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Sclater Coll. 

 Sclater Coll. 

Gould Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Dr. Rae [P.], 

Admiral Sir G. Back 

[P.]. 

Sclater Coll. 

1884: (LM.

3-0.) 
Fort Chimo,

(L. M. T.).
Fort Chimo,

 Turner). (Wing 

 June 9, 1883 Sclater Coll. 
(Wing 2-75.) 
July 2, 1882 Salvin-Godman Coll, 


(L. M. T.). (Wing 2-8.) 
Fort Chimo, May 26, 1883 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(L. M. T,). (Wing 2-85.) 
Fort Chimo, Aug. 30, 1882 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(L. M. 71). 
Sing Sing, New York, Dec. 18, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
1882 (A. K.Fisher). (Wing 

[p.]. 

2-8.) 
Garrisons, N. Y., Jan. 16,1875 U. S.Nat.Mus. [P.]. 
(Roosevelt). (Wing 2-85.) 

250 
ZRINGILLIDJS. 

7T. § ad. sk. 

p. 
(5 ad. sk. 
<T. $ ad. sk. 
r. 
c? ad. sk. 
v. 5 ad. sk. 
<j>. S ad. sk. 

X; ^-$ ad. sk. 

a. 3 ad. sk. 
a'. ($ ad. sk. 
|3', y\6 \ Skeletons. 
«', £'. Skulls. 

S. Stephen's, New Brunswick, 
(6?. A. Boardman ; 8m. no. 
77105). (Wing2-bo.) 
New Brunswick (Osbum). 
(Wing 2-8.) 

Fort George (Breiler; Sni. 
no. 20049). (Wing 2-75.) 
New Haven, Cunn., Jan. 2, 

1878 (JJ. Warner). 

Eiversdale, Illinois, March 11, 
1875 (F. W. Xelaon). 
(Wing 2-8.) 

Stark Co., Indiana (H. X 
Ovale). (Wing 3-0.) 

Stark Co., Indiana, Jan. 1, 
1884(iT.X CWe). (Winirs 
2'75~2'8.)< 

Colville, British. Columbia. 
(Wing 30.^ 

Quebec, 
District Columbia 
(Sni. no. 294507). (Wing 
3-0.) ^ 

N. America. 
S. Germany. 
XL S.Nat.Mus. [P.]. 

Sclater CoU. 
Sclater Coll. 

E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
It. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
;p.]._ 

II. 
B. Sharpe, E^q. 
[P.]. 
J. K, Lord, Esq. jPf. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Purchased. 
Dr. G anther TG". 

Subsp. a. Acanthis holboelli. 

Linaria holboelli, Brehm, Tog. Deutsdil. p. 2*0(1^31); 8vndn\ Gifr. 

E. Tet.-AJcad. Fork, tituckh. Ih40,p. 59 ; Gray, ILuid-L U. ii. p. 1 JO, 
no. 7052 (LK70) ; Fallon, Ok. Bely. p. 10-3, note (W5): Ilomeyrr, 
J. f. O. 1670, p. 1&4; DyboiVdh) Bull. Sue. ZooL France, viii. 
p.305(LN83). 
Linaiia alnurnm, Brehm, Vog.Deidsehl. p. 250 (1531J $ Sundev. (Efo. 

K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Sto kh. 1840, p. 59. 
Fringilla linaria alnorum, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Siockk. 
18^40, p. 59. 
Fringilla canescens (nee Gould), Selys-Zongeh. Fauue Beige, p. 73 
(1842;. 
Acanthis holboelli, Bp. c§* ScM. 2Ionogr. Loxiens, pi. 53 {1^50} ; Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 541 (lfc50); Selys-Longeh. Me v. ZooL 1&57, p. 120; 
Tacz. Bull. Soc. ZooL France, i. p. IfcO <lfc>70). 

Linaria longirostris, Brehm, Togelf. p. 107 (1N35). 
yEgiotiiu.s holboelli, Cones, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1801, p. 395. 
Fringilla linaria magnirostiis, Holingr. Skand. FogL i. p. 32> (l^GG). 
Linaiia brunneNCens, Homager, J. f. O. 1^79, p. 1*4. 
Linaria alnorum magniro&tris, Meves, teste Homeyer, J.f.O. 1880, 


p. 155. 
Acanthis linaria holboelli, Stejneger, Aid', i. p. 153 (1884); A. O. If. 
Check-list 2V. Amer. B. p. 200 (1880) j Stejneaer, Bull. U. S. Nat 
Mus. no. 28, p. 250 (1886). 

Adidt male. Similar to A. linaria, but larger and with a very 
much larger bill. Total length 5 inches, culm.cn 0*5, wing 2-9, 
tail 2'2, tarsus 0%5. 

The changes of plumage and the differences in the colour of the 
sexes are the same as in the Xfealy Redpoll. 
Professor Newton suggests that the lengthened bill which charac


31 . ACANTHIS. 
251 
terizes this race may be due to the food on which the bird subsists 
at certain seasons of the year. 
Hah. Northern Europe from Scandinavia to Eastern Siberia. 
Said to occur in North America also. 

a. <5 ad. sk. Norway, March 1882 (R. Collett). Christiania Museum 
(Wing 3-1.) 
b, c. (J ad. sk. Firmiark, July 11 (JR. C\ (Wines Christiania Museum 
V3-0-3*1.)[P.]. 
d. c?ad. sk. Gardsjo, Sweden, June 24 (II. Gould Coll. 
Wheehcru/ht). (Wing 2*9.) 
e, $ ad. sk. Gardsjo, Nov. 20, 18G2 (if. WX Gould Coll. 
(\Ving 3-2.) 
/ . 2ad.sk. Sweden (II. IF.). (Wing 2-85.) Gould Coll. 
g. d ad. sk. Norwich, Norfolk, January. (Wing Gould Coll. 
3*0.) 
h. Ad. sk. Norwich, January. (Wing 2-0.) Gould Coll. 

Subsp. ft. Acanthis rostrata. 

Linaria laneeolata, Selys-Longch. MSS. 
Acanthis groenlandica, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool 1857, p. 55. 
iEgiothius ro&tratus, Coues, Proc. Philacl. Acad. 1801, p. 378. 
Linuta hornemanni (nee Holboell), Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 110, no. 


7G54 (1870).^ 
Acanthis linaria y. laneeolata, Dubois, Consp. Av. Europe, p. 18 
(1871). 
JEgiothus linarins holboelli, Baird, Brewer, § Ridgtv. list. JS7". Amer. 

B. i. p. 493 (1874, pt.); Breicster, Bull Niik. Orn. Club, vii. 
p. 95 (1883); Coues, Keg N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 353 (1884). 
Acanthis linaria rostrata, Stejneqer, Auk, i. p. 153 (1884)• A. O. U". 
Check-list A". Amer. B. p. 200 (1880). 

Adult male. Similar to the large A. Jwlboelli of Northern Europe, 
and only distinguishable by the coarser striping of the underparts, 
and by the stouter and more obtuse bill. Total length 5*4 inches, 
culmen 0*4, wing 3*2, tail 2*25, tarsus 0*G5. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but lacks the red breast. 
Total length 5*4 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 3, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*55. 
Young birds differ from the adults in the same way as with the 
common Mealy Eedpoll. 
Hah. Greenland and North-eastern America, wintering to the 
southward. 

a. S ad* sk. Greenland, April (Holboell). Gould Coll. 
(Wing 3-2.) 
b. $ 
ad. sk. Greenland, April (Holboell). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Wing 3-3.) 
c. $ ad. sk. Greenland (Holboell). (Wing Salvin-Godman Coll, 
2-9.) 
d. $ ad. sk. Greenland. (Wing 3*1.) Governor Holboell 
1 I0'}

Lichtenfels, Greenland, June R. B. Sharpe, Esq, 

e. J ad. sk. 
S0,lS74:(Starick). (Wfing3.) 
f,g. Jiiv.sk. Lichtenf els, Sent. 1873 {Stariek). R B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 

h. $ ad. sk. Chicago, Illinois, Nov. % 1873 E.B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
(H. K. Coale). (Wing 3*3.) 
252 
FRIXGILLITJJE. 

Subsp. y. Acanthis rufescens. 

The Bedpolls, cock and ken, Albin, K. H. Birds, iii. p. 70, pi. 75 

(1740). 
Le petite Linotte on Le Cabaret, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 142 (1760). 
? Le Cabaret*, Daubent PL Enl iv. pi. 485. fig. ± 
? Fringilla cabaret, P. L. S. Mull Syst. Xat, Ankang, p. 165 (1776) ; 

Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 255. 
Lesser Eedpole, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 305 (17<^3). 
? Fringilla minima, Bodd. Tabl. PI Enl p. 26 (1753). 
Linaria rufescens, Vieill Mem. R. Accad. Torino, xxiii. Sc. Fi*. 

p. 202 (181(5; ; JZoiw, 0>TI. Pwv. pi. 100 (1S25); Gray, Hand-l B. 
ii. p. 109, no. 7050 (1870) ; Fallon, Oh. Belg. p. 105, note (1&75). 
Linaria 
minor, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. ^ B. Brit. Mm. p. 15 
(1810); Selby, Brit B. p. 320 (1833); Gould, B. Fur. iii. pi. 104 
(1837); Macgill Brit B. i. p. 3b3 (lfe37); Thomps. B. Irel 

p. 270 (1849). 
Linota linaria (nee L.), Bp. Comp. List B. Fur. $* X. Amer. p. 34 
(1838) ; Yarr. Brit. B. i p. 514 (1843). 
Fringilla linaria (nee L.)} Sold. Bev. Crit. p. lxiii (LQ44) ; Gray, Gen. 

B. ii. p. 372 (1849); Ilewits. Ff/gs Brit B. p. 201, pi. 51. fier. 2 
(1850) ; Gray, List Brit B. p. 9b (1503); More, Ibis, IfeUo, 
p. 120 ; Keulem. Onze Vogels, ii. pi. 43 (IN3). 
Acanthis linaria (nee L.), Bh/th, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 125 (1840); 
Tsckusi, J.f.O. 1872, p. 132. 
Acanthis rufescens, Bp. 4* SchL Monogr. Loxiem, pi. 54 (1550) ; Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 540 (1850); Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomin. liich. Or a. p. 131) 
(1859). 

JEgiothus rufescens, Cab. Mu*. Ilein. Th. i. p. 101 flb50) ; Cones, 
Proc. Philad. Acad. 1801, p. 3fel; Gould, B. Gf. Br. iii. pi. 52 ; 
Giglioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 203; id. Avif. ltd. p. 37 (lfcfcO); tiuhad. 
Fle?ich. dec. Ital p. 178 (1&N7). 

Linacantliis rufe&cens, Fes Murs, Fncycl d'Hist. Kat. v. p. 304 (185558, 
teste Begl. § Gerbe). 
Linota rufescens, Drale, Ibis, 1867, p. 427; Hartinr/, Hand}). Brit, 

B. p. 28 (1872); Irby, Ibis, 1873, p. 97; id. A Gibr. p. 121 
(1875) ; Kewton, ed. Yarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 140 (1576); Bresser, B. 
Fur. iv. p. 47, pi. 188 (1877); Satein, Cat. Strickl. Coll p. 200 
(1882) ; B. O. U. List Brit P.p. 54 (1882). 
Linaria minima, JDoderl Avif. Sicil. p. 85 (1869). 
JEgiothus cabaret, Salrad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 157 (1871). 
Fringilla rufescens, Tschusi, J. f. O. 1876, p. 331; Seebohn. Hist. 


Brit.BAl p. 116 (1884). _ 
Acanthis linaria cabaret, Stejneger, Auk, i. p. 153 (1864). 
Acanthis cabaret, Stejneger, Auk, iv. p. 144 (18b7). 


Adidt male. Similar to A. linaria, but smaller, and of a more 
reddisb colour, the lower back with only a slight admixture of 
white; bill yellow, with the tip blackish; legs and feet blackish; 
iris brown. Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 2*7, tail 
1*95, tarsus 0*55. 

** This figure is unhesitatingly accepted by most ornithologists as referring to 
the Lesser Redpoll, but it may have been taken from a Mealy Redpoll; and it 
would be unwise to re\i\e such a specific name as cabaret to replace the better-
known one of rtffeacens, when such a change depends on no better foundation 
than Daubenton's unsatisfactory figure. 

31. ACAxrais. 
253 
Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the red on the 
breast and rump. Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0-35, wing 2*7, 
tail 1*9, tarsus 0*5. 

The adult male in winter is lighter than in summer, by reason of 
the light edges to the feathers, which wear off in the summer, when 
the plumage becomes very dusky, and almost blackish above. 

Young. Differs from the adults exactly in the same way as in 

A. 
Tularin. 
Hub. Western Europe, breeding in the British Islands, and 
probably locally in the mountains of South-western Europe, wintering 
in most parts to the southward of its breeding-range. 

a, h. £ 2 ad. sk. 
c> d. <$ 2 ad. sk. 

e. d1 ad. sk. 
f,g. 
<?5ad.; h, 
i, k. Pull. St. 
I, m. d 2 aa?* st


n. 
<$ imm. sk. 
o. 5 ad. sk. 
p, 
q. 6 2 a<i-st


r. <5ad. sk. 
8} t d ad. st 
u. 
<$ ad. sk. 
V, Wj x. 2 a(^-s^* 

y. g ad. sk. 
s, a', c? $ ad. sk. 
b\ <$ ad. sk. 
c\ 
cS ad. sk. 

d'. 
cS ad. sk. 

e'. $ ad. sk. 

/. $ ad. sk. 

g\ 
$ ad. sk. 

h'} ir. <S ad. sk


2 ad slr*

k'-p'.


qr-W. S imm. sk. 

r 
2 a&' s^


v.
Bath. 
So utlrwell, Nottinghamshire, 
Oct. 1,1884. (Wing 2-7.) 
Loughborough, Leicestershire,
May. (Wing 2-7.) 
Leicestershire. 

Cambridgeshire. * 
Cambridgeshire (J. Baker). 
(Wing2'03.) 
Cambridge (0. &). (Wing 

±m.) 

Norfolk, June, 

Norfolk, June. (Wing 2-75.) 

Cookham, Berks.
Cookham, Feb. 1872. (Wing2-75.)
Cookham, Feb. 1879. (Wings2-U5-2-7.)
Cookham, Dec. (Wing 2-G5.)

Cookham, Dec. (Wings 2-05


2-7.)
Near London. (Wing 2*75.)
Kingsburv, Middlesex, Oct.


(Wing 2-7.) 
Kingsbury. 


Hampstead. (Wing 2-75.) 

Hampstead, April 20 (22. B, 
&). (Wing 2-65.) 
Hampstead, Sept. 30 (22. B. &).
(Wing 2-8.) 
Hanwell, Middlesex, Nov.
(Wing 2-7.)
Hanwell, Nov. (Wings 2-72-
75.)
Hanwell, Nov. (Wings 2*72-
85.)
Sydenham, May. (Wing 2-65.)

Montagu Coll. 
JEtev. W.Becber[P.]. 


 Gould Coll, 


Theodore Walker. 
Esq. [P.]. 

Mr. J. Baker [C.]. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godtnan Coll. 

Lord Walsmgham 

Lord Walsingham 
[P.]. 
Mr. W. Briggs [P.]. 

 E. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
E. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
E. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Gould Coll. 


 J. 
E. Harting, Esq. 
[P.]. 
J. 
E. Harting, Esq. 
X E. Harting, Esq. 

Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 E. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
E. 
B. Sharpe, Esq, 
[P.]. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq, 
[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 


254 
FBIXGILLID32. 

w\ x>. (S ad. sk. Brighton, Sussex, April. E. B. Sharps Esq. 
§~P.]. 
y', z', a. tf ad. sk. Brighton, Oct. 16, 1883. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(Wings 2-7-2-85.) [P.]. 
0-0. $ ad. sk. Brighton. Oct. (Wings 2-6- E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
2-75.; [P.]. 
i, K, X. Ad. sk. Brighton, Nov. (Wings 2-65- It. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
2-8.) [P.]. 
^»>£ c?S o,9r. J Brighton, Xov. 1683. E. B/Sharpe, Esq. 
ad. st. [P.]. 
p, o". <5 ad. sk. Axmouth, Devon, Oct. 28. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(Wings 2'75-2\55.) [P. \ 
r, v, 6. 2 ad. sk. Axmouth, Oct. 2&. (Wings E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

2-0-2 7.) [P.]. 
X-6 ad. sk. Belgium, April (Du Bus). Gould Coll. 
T^. $ ad. sk. Belgium, April. (Wing 2'6.) Brussels Museum 

co, a'. Ad.sk. Nice, Nov. 138C. (Wings 2-7- Prof. If. JEL Giirlioli 

2-So.) rp.i 
P'. Sternum. England. J. Ingall, Esq. [P.\ 
y'. Skeleton. England. Purchased. 

5. Acanthis exilipes. 
Lin aria rufescens cJ, Poux, Orn. Prov. pi. 09 (1825). 
Eriniiilla borealis (nee VieilL), Audub. B. Amer. pi. 400; id. Orn. 
Biogr.vly.67 (1*30). 
Linaria borealis (nee Vieill.), Audub. B. Amer. iii. p. 120. pi. 178 

(1841). 
Acanthis linaria (nee Z.), Bp. § SchL Monogr. Zoxims, pi. 52 ( INJOJ. 
Pringilla linaria (nee Z.), tf, &<?/*/. 7*o#. Xederl pi. 171 | lfe5lf. 
Fringilla linaria, var. canescens, Sekrenek, Jieis. Amttrl. p. 200 (18-30). 
Cannabina canescens (nee Gould), Sici/ik. Ibis, 1801, p. 3»*i5. 
Iringilla canescens (nee Gould),./Summer/. (E/v. 2L. Vet.-Akad. Fdrh, 

Stochh. 1861, p. 81. 

iEgiothus exilipes, Coues, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1^01, p. 385; Elliot\ 
New and Tin fig. B. X. Amer. pi. 8 (1807); Coues, Keg X. Amer. B. 
2nd ed. p. 353 (1884). 

iEgiothus canescens {nee Gould), Boss, Edinb. Phil. Journ. 1801, 

p. 1(33; Blakist Ibis, 1803, p. 71; David § Oust. Ois. Ckme. p. 336 
(1877). 
Acanthis canescens (nee Goidd), Byboicski § Parvex, J. f, O. 1808, 

p. 335 j Tacz. J./. O. 1873, p. 02," 1874,p. 335; id. Bull Sue. Zool 
Prance, i. p. 180 (1870) ; Dgbowshi, op. cit. viii. p. 300 (18&3). 
Linaria exilipes, Gray, Hand-l. B ii. p. 110, no. 7051 (1^70). 
iEgiothus borealis (nee V.), Sicinh. P. Z. IS. 1&71, p. 380. 
iEgiothus linaria, var. exilipes, Cones, Key X. Amer, B. p. 131 

(1872). 

iEgiothus canescens exilipes, Ridgw. Ann. Zyc. X. Y. x. p. 372 (1874): 
Bean, Proc. U. S. Xat. Mas. v. p. 140 (1882); Xehon, Cruise 
< Conoin,1 p. 67 (1883) ; Murdoch, Exped. PL Barrow, p. 105 
(1885). 

iEgiothus canescens, var. exilipes, 
Baird7 Brewer, $* Ridgw. Mist. X. 
Amer. B. I p. 493(1874). 
Linota canescens (nee Gould), Seebohm §* Harvie Brown. Ibis, 1876. 

p. 110. 
31 . ACANTHIS. 
255 
Linota exilipes, Neiuton, Zool 1877, p. 6; Brooks, Ibis, 1885, p. 382. 
Linaria sibirica, Homeyer, J.f. 0. 1870, p. 185 (ex Severtz. MS8.). 
Linaria palle&cens, ffomeyer, J.f. 0. 1880, p. 156. 
Linota linaria [>iecL.)} Blakist. ty Fryer, B. Japan, p. 174 (1882). 
Linota sibirica, Homeyer 8f Tcmere. M.T. Oni. Ver. Wien. 1883, 


p. 89. 
Amer. B. p. 260 (1880). 

Adult male. General colour above hoary white, with blackish centres 
to the feathers, the lower hack purer white ; the rump uniform white 
with a strong rosy tinge; lesser wing-coverts brown; median coverts 
and greater coverts blackish, edged with brown and tipped with white, 
the latter more broadly; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
blackish brown, edged with pale brown, hoary white on the quills, 
the secondaries more broadly edged; upper tail-coverts white, with 
brown centres ; tail-feathers blackish brown, edged with white, 
both internally and externally; hinder crown like the back ; fore


head and sinciput deep* crimson ; feathers over the eye hoary white, 
forming an eyebrow ; nasal plumes and a line across the base of the 
forehead hoary white; lores dusky blackish : feathers round the 
eye, ear-coverts, and cheeks whitish, the latter with a rosy tinge; 
chin black ; throat and remainder of under surface white; the 
throat, fore neck, and breast suffused with pink; sides of body and 
flanks white, streaked with dusky blackish; thighs brown; under 
tail-coverts white, with concealed dusky bases ; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries white, with dusky bases; quills below dusky, white 
along the inner edge: " bill orange-yellow, the culmen and tip of 
genys blackish ; feet blackish brown; iris dark brown " (Stejneger). 
Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 3, tail 2*3, tarsus 0-55. 

The difference in colour of the sexes and the various changes are 
the same as the corresponding ones in the Mealy Eedpoll. 
Hah. From Northern Scandinavia across Siberia and throughout 
Northern America* 

a. 
9 ad. sk. Finmark, Feb. 11, 1880. Christiania Museum. 
(Wing 2-75.) 
b. 2 
ad. sk. Yad&o, Norway, June 25,1874 Henry Seebohm, Esq. 
(K #.). (Wing 2-85.) [P.]. 
c r? ad. sk. Bodci, Norway (F. Godman). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Wing 3.) 
d r? ad. sk. Lapland (H. Wheelwright). Gould Coll. 
(Wing 2-9.) 
e r? ad sk. Quickiock, Lapland, April 21, Gould Coll. 
1862 (J5T. W.). (Wing3-05.) 
/. 2 ad. sk. Moscow, Jan. 10. (Wing 2-0.) Dr. Lenz f C.J. 
q% h. <$ ad. sk. Moscow, Feb. (Wings 2*85- Dr. Lenz [C. |. 
J' 2-95.) 
i, K 2 ad. sk Moscow, Feb. (Wing 2-8.) Dr. Lenz [C.]. 
L m. <$ ad. sk. Moscow, March. (Wings 2-9- Dr. Lenz [C.J. 


3.) 

256 
FRI^GILLIBJS. 

n. c? ad. sk. 
°)P' 6 $ 
a<^* s^* 
#. d" ad. sk. 

r. $ ad. sk. 
s. 2 a#- sk. 
£ c? ad. sk. 
u. § ad. sk. 
v. <$ ad. sk. 
iv, $ ad. sk. 
^'. <* ad. sk. 
y. c? ad. sk. 
z. Ad. sk. 
a', b'j e'. $ ad. sk. 
d\ $ ad. sk. 
e'. Juv. sk. 
/'. c? ad. sk. 
^', Ar. cJ ? ad. sk, 

i'. J ad. sk. 
ft'. ^ ad. sk. 

Moscow, April. (Wing 2-95.) 
Moscow, Nov. (Wings 2*852-
95.) 
Petchora Hirer, May 9 (J. A. 

H. B.). (Wing 2:So.) 
Ust Zvlma, Petchora, April 
22 (if. &). (Wing 2-95.) 
Ust Zvlma, May 6 (H. £.). 
(Wing 2 8.) * 
Ust Zvlma, May 6 ( J2". &). 
(Wing 2-95 )" 
Umskia, Petcliora Paver. April 
23 {H. &). (Wing 2-io.) 
Tachtv, River Ob, Julv 12 
(Dr. O.Fimch). (WinsrS.) 
Nulato, Alaska [TV. B. Ball). 
(Wing 3-05.) 
Port Yukon, Alaska, April 7 

(X. JLT. Turner). (Wing2'95.) 
Ped Iliver (Gunn). (Wing 
2-95.) ' * < « 
Saskatchewan District (Capt. 
Blakiston). (Wing 2-9.) 
Port Simpson (B.R. JR.). 
(Wings 2'9o~:j-0r>.) 
Port Simpson (i?. B. Buss). 
(Wing 3.) 
Port Simpson (B. B, Boss). 
(Wing 2-8.) 
Port Chimo, Labrador, April 
28 (L. M. Turner] Sm. no. • 
93947). (Wing 2-93.) 
Port Chimo, May (L. M. T.; 
Sm. nos. 939(57, 94005). 
(Wings 3 1-2-75.) 

Port Chimo, May 1 (L. M. T.; 
Sm. no.94034), (Wing2-8.) 
Port Chimo, July 2 (Z. M. T.; 

Sm. no. 100014). (Wing 2-8.) 

V, mr. <$ $ ad. sk. Fort Chimo, Nov. (Z. M. T.; 
Sm. nos. 93979-100040). 
(Wings 3-0-2-9.) 

n'. Juv. sk. Port Chimo (Z. Jf. T.; Sm. 
no. 100646). 
o'. Ad. sk. North America. (Wing 2*95.) 

Dr. Lenz [C.]. 
Dr. Lenz [O.]. 


J. A. Harvie Brown. 
ESQ,. [P.]. 
Henry "Seebohm, 
Eaq. [P.\ 
Henry Seebohm, 
Es4. [P.]. 
Henry Seebolim, 
E-q. [P.". 
Henry Seebohm. 


Esq. yr. 
Geogr. Boc. Bremen. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

U. S. Xat. Mus. 
fP.]. 
Sclater Coll. 


P. B. Sharpe, E-q. 
B. H."floss, Esq/P.], 
Sclater Coll. 

Sclater Coll. 

Sclater Cull. 

Sclater Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Subsp. a. Acanthis honLemanni, 

Pringilla "borealis (nee V.), Temm. Man. clOrn. iii. p. 264 (1835); 
Werner, Atlas, Graniwres, pi. 17; Selus-Zonach. Faane Beige, 

p. 73 (1842). 
Linota borealis, Audub. B. Amer. iii. p. 120 pi. 178 (1841). 
Linota hornemanni, llolboell, Naturl. Tidskr. iv. p. 395 (1843); 
Salvin, Cat StricH. Coll p. 20G (1882); B. O. U. Zist Brit. B. 

p. 54 (18*3); Brooks, Ibis, 1885, p. 384. 
Pringilla 
hornemanni, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 372 (1849) Seehohm* 
Mist Brit B. ii. p. 117 (1884). 

32 . HOHTIFB^GKOiA. 
m 

Acanthis canescens (nee Gould), Bp. <§• Schl Monogr. Loxiens, pi. 51 
(1850); Bp. Consp. I p. 541 (1850). r 

JEgiothus canescens (nee Gould), Oak Mus. Hein. Tli. i. p 161 
(1850); Baird, B. JV. Amer. p. 429 (1858); Coues, Broc. Philad. 
Acad. 1801, p. 388; Baird. Breiver, & Ridgw. Mist JV. Amer. 

B. i. p. 498 (1874). 
Fiingilla canescens, BeinJi. Ibis, 1801, p. 7, 
Linota linarla, pt, Newton in Baring Gould's Iceland, App. p. 409 
(1-03); Dresser, B. Bur. iv. p. 37, pi. 187 (1877). 
Frindlla linavia {nee L.), Newtun, Ibis, 1865, p. 102. 
iEgiothus canescens, var. canescens, Baird, Brewer, # Midgw. Hist. Ar, 

-<4M<?/\ X'. i. p. 498 (1^74). 
Acanthis hornemanni, Sfejneger, Auk, i. p. 152 (1884); Turner, Proc. 

U.S. Xat Mus. Tiii. p.'259 (lbb5); A. 0. U. Chech-list N. Amer. 
B. p. 259 (18bG). 
iEgiothu^ hornemanni, Corns, Key K Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 49 (1884). 
Acanthis hornemanni tvpica, Bretuder, Aide, iv. p. 1G4 {1887). 
Adult male. Similar to A, extlipes, but larger. Total length 5*3 
inches, oilmen 0*4, wing 3*4, tail 2*5, tarsus 0*65. 


Adult female. Similar to the male, but rather smaller, and wanting 
the rosy colour on the breast and rump. Total length 5*8 inches, 
culmen 0*4, wing 2-2, tail 2*3, tarsus 0*6. 


There is very little difference apparently between the summer and 
winter plumage of this large Redpoll, the development of the rosy 
breast being less pronounced than in any of the other races of 


A. 
litiancu 
Hah. Iceland, Greenland, and Eastern North America. 
a. £ ad. &. Arctic America. (Wing 3-3.) Dr. Rae [P.]. 
b. d ad. sk. Forko, Labrador, Dec. 25, 1882 (Z. Salvin-Godrnan Coll. 
M. Turner; Sin. no. 93853). 
(Wing 3-85.) 
c. 
5 ad. sk. Fort Chinio, Dec. 6,1882 (L. M. T.; Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sm. no. 93804). (Wing 8*16.) 
d. 
$ ad. sk. Fort Chinio, Jan. 14, 1883 (L. M. Salvin-Godrnan Coll. 
T.; Sm. no. 93817). (Wing34.) 
e. S ad. sk. Fort Oliimo, May 5,1880 (L. M. T.; Sclaxer Coll. . 
Sm. no. 93828). (Wing 3*4.) 
f. 
$ ad. sk. Forko, Dec. 22, 1882 (L. M. T.; Sclater Coll. 
Sm. no. 93840). (Wing 3*25.) 
cJ ad. sk. Whitehall Lake, Nov. 21,1882 (L. Sclater Coll. 




M. T.; Sm. no.93930). (Wing 3*2.) 
h. Ad. sk. Greenland. (Wing 3-0.) Gould Coll. 
i. 
Ad. sk. Greenland. (Wing 3*3.) Governor Holboell 
[C.]. 
32. MONTIEBIH&ILIA. . 
Type. 
Montifringilla, Breton, Isis, 1828, p. 1277 (1828) ... . M. nivalis. 
Ohionospiza, Kaup, Naturl Syst. p. 139 (1829) M. nivalis. 
Leucosticte, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 493 


(1881) M. tephrocotis. 
Orites, Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xlii (1840, nee 
Ilcehr.) M. nivalis. 
Geospiza, Gloger, BLandh. p. 254 (1842, mo Gould) .. M. nivalis. 
VOL. XII, s 

258 FBiNGnxmaE. 
Type-
Fringillauda, JSodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844) M. nenioricola. 
Pyrgilauda, J. Verr. N. Arch. Mus. vi. Bull p. 40 
(1870) M. davidiana. 
Hypolia, Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Geal. Surv. i. p. 67, note 
(1875) :.. M. arctoa. 
Onychospiza, Prjevalski, in Rowley's Orn. Misc. ii. 

p. 290 (1877) M. mandellii. 
Plectrofringilla, Boyd. B. Cam. p. 67 (1879) M. alpicola. 
Head of Montifringilla griseinucha. 
Range. Mountains of Southern Europe and of Central and Northeastern 
Asia, including also the Himalayas and the mountains of 
Thibet. Western North America from Alaska and the neighbouring 
islands to Colorado and New Mexico. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Outer tail-feather entirely or for the most part 
white. 
a'. Lores ashy or brown, not forming a black line 
through the eye. 
a". Throat black; bill black. 
a"\ Head and neck ashy grey, contrasting 
with the brown back; lower and median 
coverts white nivalis aestiv., p. 260. 

b'". Head and neck uniform brown alpicola aestiv., p. 261. 

I". Throat white, or with concealed blackish 
bases (winter plumage, when the bill is 
yellow). 


cf". Head ashy grey; back brown nivalis hiem., p. 260. 

d'". Head brown like the back alpicola hiem., p. 261. 
ai. Lesser and median wing-coverts white. 
b4-. Lesser and median wing-coverts 

brown, the latter with whitish tips 
sometimes adamsi, p. 261. 
b\ Lores black, forming a mask in front of the eye. 
c". Throat white. 


em. No rufous on the sides of the neck; 
outer tail-feather entirely white; no ' 
black moustachial streak ,. mandellii, p. 262. 

f". Sides of neck rufous; outer tail-feather 
with a broad band of brown at the tip; 
a black moustachial streak ruficoUis, p. 263. 

d". Throat black. 

g"'. 
Black of throat not extending to the 
fore neck, forehead white, with a black 
streak in the centre blanfordi, p. 264. 

S2 . MONTIFKINGILLA. 

259 

Am. Black of throat extending on to fore 
neck; forehead black davidianct, p. 265. 

b. Outer tail-feather with no white on the inner 
web. 
c\ With no rose-colour on the flanks. 
e". Head streaked with blackish centres like 
the back; no rose-colour or crimson on 
the rump. 


i"'. Axillaries sanron-yellow nemoricola, p. 268. 
k'". Axillaries ashy whitish sordlda, p. 266. 

f. 
Head uniform; rump-feathers edged with 
crimson or rose-colour brandti, p. 269. 
d'. Flank-feathers edged with rose-colour. 
g". Upper tail-coverts hoary grey like the tail, 
and tipped with black; wing-coverts and 
quills also hoary grey, blackish at the ends arctoa, p. 272. 


h". 
Upper tail-coverts blackish like the tail 
and wings gigliolii, p. 273. 
i'\ Upper tail-coverts tipped with rose like 
the rump; lesser wing-coverts rosy. 
I'". Ear-coverts brown. 


cK Hind neck pearly grey {%£$&*'*' 
dK Hind neck brown like the back australis) p. 275. 
m'". Ear-coverts pearly grey or dark grey. 

&K 
PatCl15 Mn d

^ItXl:^ \^inncha,V275.

necfc pearly grey 
j Moralis, p. 277. 

f: Forehead and crown grey; hind neck 
sand 

— ndy buff 
brunneinucha, p. 278. 
1. Montifringilla nivalis. 
Le Pincon de Neige ou la Niverolle, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 162, pi. 15. 
% 1 (1760). 

Fringilla 
nivalis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 321 (1766); Temm. Man. 
&Orn. i. p. 362 (1820); MOUJC, Orn. &>ov. pi. 89 (1825); Mum. 
Vog. DeutscJd. v. pi. 117 (1826) ; Werner, Atlas, Granivores, pi. 46 
(1827) ; Gould, B. Bar. iii. pi. 189 (1837) ; Nordm. in Bemid. 
Voy. Russ. MSrid. iii. p. 178 (1840) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 372 
(1849); Jauh. et Barth.-Lapomm. Mich. Orn. p. 136 (1859); 
Borqgr. Vogelf. Norddmtschl. p. 77 (1869); Gray, Handrl B. ii. 

p. 85, no. 7251 (1870); Irby, B. Gibr. p. 119 (1875). 
Fringilla saxatilis, Koch, Syst. baier. Zool p. 216 (1816). 
Plectrophanes fringilloides, Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 554. 
Montirringilla nivalis, Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1277; Bp. Sr Schl 
Monogr. Loxiens, p. 40, pi. 46 (1850); Bp. Consp. i. p. 538 (1850); 
Tristr. Ibis, 1863, p. 365; Salvad. Ibis, 1864, p. 129; Giglioli, 
Ibis, 1865, p. 57 ; Tristr. Ibis, 1866, p. 288, 1868, p. 208; Degl. et 
Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 277 (1867); Bettoni, Ucc. Nidif. Bomb. 
pi. 110 (c. 1809); Doderl Avif. Sicil p. 81 (1869); Fritsch, Vog. 
Eur. pi. 24.fig. 13 (c. 1870); Salvad. Faun. Hal. Ucc. p. 150 (1871) ; 
Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 617, pi. 181 (1876) ; Danf. Ibis, 1878, p. 23; 
Giglioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 203; Tristr. Ibis, 1882, p. 407 ; Seeb. Ibis, 
1883, p. 10; Saunders, Ibis, 1884, p. 376; Tristr. Faun. 8f Flor. 
Palest, p. 69 (1884); GigL Avif. ltd. p. 22 (1886) ; Wilson, Ibis, 
1887, p. 142; Salvad. Elench. Ucc. ltd. p. 171 (1887). 

s 2 

260 FK32TOILLIM1. 

Montifringilla glacialis, Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1277; id. Vogelf.y. 101 

(1855). 
Chionospiza nivalis, Kemp, Natiirl. Syst. p. 134 (1829). 
Fringilla (Orites) nivalis, Keys. # Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xlii (1840). 
Leucosticte nivalis, BesMurs, Kncycl. d'JEist. Kat. part 6, p. 297 

(teste Degland et Gerbe). 

Adult. General colour above brown, with lighter brown edges to 
the feathers of the mantle and upper back; rump uniform darker 
brown; all th a wing-coverts white ; bastard-wing black; primary-
coverts black, white at the base; quills black, edged with pale brown, 
the inner primaries tipped with whitish, the secondaries entirely 
white, the innermost brown with paler brown edges; upper tail-
coverts black with brown edges, the outer ones white or externally 
white ; centre tail-feathers blackish with brown edges, the next two 
with more or less white on both webs, the remainder white, with a 
blackish spot at the end, diminishing in extent towards the outermost 
feather; crown of head greyer than the back, the hind neck 
and sides of neck ashy grey : base of forehead whitish ; lores ashy 
white ; eyelid whitish : ear-coverts ashy grey, whiter on the cheeks ; 
under surface of body creamy white, with a black patch on the 
throat; breast and abdomen whiter; sides of body and flanks with 
a pale brownish tinge; thighs pale ashy brown ; under tail-coverls 
white, the long ones with a brown spot at the end ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white ; quills below dusky, white on the inner 

secondaries. Total length 0*8 inches, culmen 0%~, wing 4*4, tail 
2-65, tarsus 0-8. 

The winter plumage is very similar to that of summer, but the 
bill is yellow and the black throat is hidden by whitish margins to 
the feathers. Slight remains of brown margins to the lesser wing-
coverts are discernible in some specimens killed in winter, but are 
probably indicative of immaturity. I have not seen a young bird, 
and cannot say if the primary-coverts are entirely blackish, as in 
the allied species, but this is most probably the cise. 

There is no difference in size or colouring of the sexes, both males 
and females having the wing from 4-G5 to 4*85 and 4-9 inches. 
Hah. Mountains of Southern Europe eastwards to Palestine. 

a. Ad. sk. Europe. Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. S. Europe. Hume Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. S. Europe (H. Saunders). Gould Cull. 
d. Ad. sk. S. Europe. Gould Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Luchon, Pyrenees. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
/ . J ad. sk. Switzerland. Hume Coll. 
g,h. <$ 2 ad. sk. Italian Alps, Dec. 1882. Prof. Giglioli [P.]. 
2. Montifringilla alpicola. 
Passer alpicola, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 20 (1811). 
Montifringilla leucura, Bp. C. R. xli. p. 657 (1855, ex Gould MSS.). 
Montifringilla nivalis (nee X.), Horsf. fy Moore, Cat. B. U. L Co. 

Mus. ii. p. 491 (1856) ; Severtz. Turkest Jevotn. p. 75 (1873). 
Fringilla alpicola, Gray, Hand~l. B. ii. p. 85, no. 7252 (1870). 
Montifringilla fringilloides, Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 242. 

32 . MONTIFRINGILLA. 
261 

Montifringilla alpicola, Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 248 (1876); Seebohm, 

Ibis, 1883, p. 10; Severts. t. c. p. 60; Badde, Orn. Cam, p. 171 

pi. viii. (1884). 
* 

Plectrofringilla alpicola, Bogcl B. Cauo. p. 67 (1870). 

Adult male^ Similar to 2L nivalis and having a similar black 
throat, but with, the head brown like the back and not ashy grey. 
The lesser wing-eoverfcs white like the median and greater coverts. 
Total length 6*5 inches, culmen 0-G, wing 4-65, tail 2*75, tarsns 0-9. 

Although rather a smaller bird than M. nivalis, the bill is perceptibly 
longer and stouter. The young bird (mns. II. Seebohm) is 
much more tawny brown than the adult, the white of the quills 
and tail-feathers being externally washed with tawny, the secondaries 
and outer tail-feathers with dusky-brown markings at the 
ends of the white feathers. The lesser wing-coverts are blackish, 
tipped with white spots, and the median coverts have dusky blackish 
bases; the primary-coverts are uniform dusky blackish. All the 
latter characters show an affinity to M. adamsi, from which, however, 
even such a young bird as is here described can be recognized 
by the greater amount of white on the secondaries. 

Huh. From the Caucasus to the mountains of Persia, Turkestan, 
and Afghanistan. 

a. Ad. sk. Erzeroum (Dickson fyBoss). Gould Ooll. (Type 
of M. leucura.) 
b. <$ ad. sk. Mazendaram, Elburz Mountains, Sir 0. St. John [C.]. 
Persia, Feb. 1870. 
c. d. Ad. sk. Persia. 
Purchased. 
e. Ad. sk. Afghanistan (Griffith), India Museum. 
/ . 
Sternum of Persia. Sir O. St. John [C.]. 
spec, a, 

3. IContifringilla adamsi. 
Montifringilla adamsi, Moore, MSS.; 'Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 482, 
1850, p. 178, pi. 156; Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 1 (1867); Blyth, 
Ibis, 1867, p. 4$; Pelz. Ibis, 1868, p. 319; Walden, Ibis, 1869, 

p. 213 ; Hume $ Senders. Lahore to York. p. 262 (1873) ; Hume, 
Nests § Eggs hid. B. p. 473 (1873); Stoliczka, Str.F. 1874, p. 463, 
1875, p. 220; Sadly, Str. F. 1876, p. 172; Prjevalski in Rowleys 
Orn. Misc. ii. p. 280 (1877) ; David fy Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 547 
(1877); Hume, Str. F. 1870, p. 108; Severtz. Ibis, 1883, pp. 60, 
81; Prjev. Ibis, 1884, p. 244. 
Fringilla adamsi, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 85, no. 7253 (1870). 
Adult male in summer plumage. General colour above nearly 
uniform brown, with indistinct centres of darker brown on the 
mantle and back ; lesser wing-coverts brown; median coverts brown, 
tipped with white; greater coverts white, brown at the base, the 
inner ones light brown like the back; bastard-wing blackish brown; 
primary-coverts white, with blackish-brown tips; quills blackish, 
edged with lighter brown; the secondaries white at the ends, increasing 
in extent towards the innermost, which are pale brown like 
the back ; upper tail-coverts black, the outer ones white or externally 
white; centre tail-feathers blackish, edged with brown; the 
remainder entirely white with a blackish spot at the ends; crown 

> 

k^X ***** 

262 
FRlNGILLmai


of head a trine greyer than the back; lores ashy whitish; ear-
coverts pale brown; cheeks and nnder surface of body creamy 
white; the throat black, concealed by whitish edges to the feathers ; 
sides of body and flanks a little browner ; thighs light brown ; nnder 
tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white ; quills 
below dusky, white at the ends of the secondaries: " bill black in 
summer, yellow, dusky on culmen, and brown at tip in winter; 
legs, feet, and claws black; iris brown" (G. Henderson). Total 
length 6 inches, culmen 0'55, wing 4*5, tail 2'6, tarsus 0*8. 

In winter plumage the bill is yellow and the whole tone of colour is 
browner, the quills and tail-feathers broadly edged with sandy brown. 
The back is slightly mottled with darker centres to the feathers. 

Young birds resemble the winter plumage of the adults, but have 
a more decided tawny tinge on the back, wings, and tail, the white 
feathers of the latter being washed externally with tawny buff; the 
primary-coverts have broad blackish tips and bases, the white being 
restricted; the white-tipped secondaries are broadly washed with 
tawny buff. 

Hob. Mountains of Ladak and Upper Cashmere to Kulu, Thibet, 
and Kashgar. 

a. Ad. sk. Ladak (Dr. A. L. Adams). India Museum. 
(Type of species.) 
b, c. tf imm. sk. Kurbu, Ladak, Oct. 23, 1870 Hume Coll. 
(Dr. G. Henderson). 
d, e. $ juv. sk. Shergol, Oct 21.1870 (G. H.). Hume Cull. 
/. S ftd. sk. Fota-la Pass, June 27, 1870 Hume Coll. 

(G. H.). 
g. tf ad. sk. Dizar, £&gt{, June 27, 1874 Hume Coll. 
(J. Biddulph). 
h. Ad. sk. Kulu. 
Gould Coll. 
i. Ad. sk. Kulu. 
India Museum. 
k. Ad. sk. Thibet, March 1875 (L. MandeUi). Hume Coll. 
/. Ad. sk. Thibet, June 1876 (L. MandeUi). Hume Coll. 
m. Ad.; n. Juv. sk. Thibet, July 1876 {L. MandeUi). Hume Coll. 
o. Ad. sk. Thibet, August 1876 (L. MandeUi), Hume CoU. 
p. 
Juv. sk. Thibet, Sept 1874 (L. MandeUi). Hume Coll. 
4. Montifringilla mandellii 
MontiMngilla 
mandellii, Hume, Sir. F. 1876, p. 488; id. Str. F. 
1879, p. 108. 
Onychospiza taczanowskii, Prjevalski in Rowley^s Orn. Misc. ii. 

p. 290, pi. in. (1877); David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 648 (1877). 
Adult female. General colour above light ashy brown, streaked 
with blackish brown, the feathers being externally ashy; feathers 
of the lower back tipped with white like the rump, which is satiny 
white; wing-coverts dusky brown, broadly edged with white, the 
innermost greater coverts rather greyer and with broad white tips; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, fringed with 
ashy, the secondaries more broadly edged with brown, the innermost 
greyer, with broad white tips like the inner greater coverts ; the 
first primary white externally; upper tail-coverts light brown; tail


32 . MGOTIPBINGILLA. 
263 

feathers dark brown, the centre ones edged and tipped with sandy 
buff, all the others tipped with white, increasing in extent towards 
the outer feather, which is for the most part white; crown of head 
light ashy brown, the hind neck ashy grey, forming an indistinct 
collar; lores black, surmounted by a distinct frontal band and eyebrow 
of ashy white; eyelid white; ear-coverts pale ashy; cheeks 
and throat white; sides of neck pale ashy mixed with white; fore 
neck and remainder of under surface light pearly grey, whiter on 
the lower breast and abdomen; sides of body and flanks slightly 
tinged with brown, the latter rather distinctly streaked with blackish 
brown ; thighs ashy white; under tail-coverts white; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white; quills below dusky, white along the 
inner edge : " culmen lead-colour, tipped with black ; tarsus, toes, 
and claws black; iris light brown " (PrjevalsM). Total length 6*8 
inches, culmen 0*65, wing 4*1, tail 2-45, tarsus 0*95. 

Hah. Thibet and Xansu. 

a,b. Ad.hk Thibet,Sept. 1874 (L. MandeUi). Hume Coll. (Types of 
species.) 

e. Ad. sk. Thibet, Sept. 1878 (L. MandeUi). Hume Coll. 
d. Ad. ftk. Thibet, Oct. 1878 (L. MandeUi). Hume CoU. 
t\ 2 ad. bk. Kansu, October. General PrjevalsM [0.], 
5. MontifringUla ruficollis. 
Montifringilla ruficollis, Blanf. Pr. A. S.Beng. 1871, p. 227; Gould, 
B. A$iafy. pi. r> (1875); JImne, Str. F. 1876, p. 486,1879, p. 108. 
Ps r^ilauda ruficollis, Prjev. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 292, pi. liv. 
*%. i> (1877) ; David $ Oust Ois. Chine, p. 548 (1877). 

Adult male (type of species). General colour above light sandy 
brown, streaked with blackish on the mantle and back; the lower 
back and ramp uniform sandy rufous; scapulars like the back, but 
rather greyer externally; lesser wing-coverts ashy whitish; median 
coverts white with black bases; greater coverts brown, edged with 
hoary white; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish brown; 
quills dark brown, edged with pale ashy brown, broader on the 
inner secondaries, most of the quills white towards the base of the 
inner web, the first primary and some of the inner ones edged with 
white: upper tail-coverts and centre tail-feathers dark brown, externally 
paler brown, the remainder grey on the inner web, white 
on the outer, and subterminally also on the inner web, with a brown 
spot at the end of the feather, the grey increasing towards the centre 
of the tail; crown of head light brown, uniform, and a little more 
ashy on the occiput, nape, and hind neck; forehead ashy whitish, 
extending backwards into an eyebrow; lores black, as also a streak 
below the eye along the upper part of the ear-coverts; ear-coverts, 
sides of hinder crown, and sides of neck tawny rufous ; cheeks and 
feathers below the eye pure white; throat white, separated from the 
cheeks by a malar lino of dusky blackish; fore neck and rest of 
under surface of body white, washed on the breast with creamy 
buff; sides of body and flanks dark tawny buff; thighs and under 
tail-coverts white, the long feathers washed with buff at the ends ; 

264 
FKItfGILXIDJE. 

under wing-coverts and axILlaries "white ; quills below dusky, white 
at the base of the inner edge. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-4, 
wing 3-7, tail 2'2o, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Similar to the male but duller in colour, the tawny 
sides of the neck and the white forehead not so strongly pronounced. 
Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3*55, tail 1*75, 
tarsus 0*8. 

In summer the plumage becomes much worn and abraded, and the 
white on the wing-coverts is less conspicuous. 

Young birds are much browner than the adults and have the crown 
uniform brown, with a reddish-brown eyebrow and a tinge of the 
same colour on the sides of the neck ; the whole of the under surface 
is suffused with tawny buff, and the tail is edged with tawny brown. 

Hab. Sikhim and Thibet to Kansu and Kokonoor. 

a. Ad. sk. Kangra Lama Pass, Sikhim, Hume Coll. 
Oct. o, 1870 (H. J. Mives). 
b. <$ ad. sk. Kangra Lama Pass, Sikhim, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.]. 
Oct. 5, 1870. (Tvpe of species.) 
c. $ ad. sk. Phalung, Sikkim, Oct. 7. "W. f. Blanford, Esq. [P.I. 
d. e,f. 
Ad.; Thibet, Sept. 1874 (Z. Man- Hume Coll. 
g-h. Juv.sk. chili). 
I Ad. sk. Thibet, Oct. 1878 (L. Man- Hume Coll. 
delli). 
m, n. Ad. sk. Thibet, June 1876 (L. Man- Hume Cull. 
delli). 

o. Juv. sk. Thibet, July 1878 (L. Man- Hume Coll. 
delli). 
p. J ad. sk. Kokonoor, October. General Prjevalbki [P.^. 
q. J ad. sk. Kansu, October. General Prjevalski [P.j. 
6. Montifringina blanfordi. (Plate IY.) 
Montifringilla blanfordi, Himie, Sir. F. 1870, p. 487,1879, p. 108. 
Adidt (type of species). General colour above uniform sandy 
brown, the upper tail-coverts resembling the back; wiug-coverts 
like the back, with pale sandy-buff edges to the median and greater 
coverts; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black, fringed with ashy 
brown; quills blackish, externally edged with a^hy brown, the inner 
secondaries more broadly margined and tipped with pale sandy, the 
inner primaries and secondaries white at the base of the inner web, 
the former also white externally, as well as the first primary; 
centre tail-feathers blackish, edged with white, the remainder 
having the white increasing externally and towards the ends, which 
are edged with sandy buff and have a large &ubterminal blackish 
spot; crown of head like the back; the occiput, nape, and hind neck 
more rufous, forming an indistinct collar, commencing behind the 
eye; forehead white, intersected by a black median streak; lores 
black, extending in a streak above the eye, and followed by a white 
eyebrow; eyelid black above, white below, like the ear-coverts and 
cheeks, which have a slight tinge of rufous like the sides of the 
neck; throat and under surface of body white; chin black ; sides of 

32 . MONTIFRItfG-ILLA. 
265 

"breast, sides of body, and flanks pale fawn-brown; thighs and under 
tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white 5 quills 
below dusky, white along the inner edge, Total length 5*7 inches, 
culmen 0*5, wing 3*8, tail 2*25, tarsus 0*65. 

The large series in the Hume Collection does not contain a single 
specimen with the sex marked, Mr. Mandelli having evidently distrusted 
his native collectors on this head. Many specimens want 
the black throat, and these may be the adult females. 

Young birds are browner than the adults, and have the head dusky 
brown, with the lores and facial markings as well as the chin-spot 
dull ashy instead of black; there is less white at the base of the 
inner primaries. 

The winter jjlumage is more sandy and lighter than the summer 
plumage, and the white forehead and sides of face are very clear. 
Hob. Sikhim and Thibet. 

a. Ad. sk. Thibet, March 1875 (X. MandelU). Hume Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Thibet? May 1870 (X. Mandelli). Hume Coll. 
c. Ad.; d. Juv. sk Thibet, July lb70 (X. MandelU). Hume Coll. 
e, f. Juv. sk. Thibet, Aug. 1876 (X. MandelU). Hume Coll. 
g. Ad. bk. Thibet, Sept. 1874 (X. MandelU). Hume Coll. 
(Type of species.) 
h-m. 
Ad.; n,o,p. Thibet, Sept. 1874-1878 (X. Man- Hume Coll. 
Juv. sk. delli). 

q. Ad.; r. Juv. sk. Thibet, Oct. 1878 (X MandelU). Hume CoU. 
s91, u. Ad.; v. Near Darjikhg. Hume Coll. 
Juv. sk. 


7. Montifriagilla davidiana. 
Passer ouratensis, David, MSS.; Swink P. Z.S. 1870, p. 430,1871, 
p. 380. 
Pyrgilauda davidiana, J. Verr. N. Arch. Mm. vi. Bull p. 40 (1870), 
vii. p. 62. pi. i.fig.2 (1871); Prjevalshi in Poioletfs Orn. Misc. ii. 
p. 292 (1877); David £ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 389 (1877). 
Adult male. General colour above sandy brown, with blackish-
brown centres to the feathers of the mantle and upper back, the 
rump rather more uniform ; lesser wing-coverts ashy brown; median 
and greater coverts dusky brown, with sandy-buff edges; bastard-
wing blackish brown, fringed with whitish; primary-coverts blackish 
brown, edged with white, the outer ones broadly; quills dusky 
brown, externally edged with pale brown, tipped with a white 
margin, the secondaries externally sandy brown, edged with whitish 
at the ends, the inner primaries white across both webs near the 
base, forming an oblique band; upper tail-coverts dusky brown, 
edged with ashy, the lateral ones sandy buff; centre tail-feathers 
dark brown, broadly edged with sandy buff, subterminally margined 
with white, the remainder blackish, with more or less white towards 
the base of the inner web ; a broad subterminal bar of black across 
the end of the feathers, preceded by a broad white bar, the outer 
feather for the most part white, except a blackish patch in the 
middle of the inner web and a small subterminal black spot; crown 
of head uniform sandy brown; eyelid, sides of hinder crown, ear


266 TBHSOtJUXDM. 

coverts, and hinder cheeks white, slightly washed with sandy buff; 
across the forehead a broad band of black ; the lores, feathers below 
the eye, fore part of cheeks, throat, and centre of fore neck also black ; 
sides of fore neck and remainder of under surface of body white; 
sides of body and flanks sandy buff; thighs sandy buff ; under tail-
coverts white* under wing-coverts and axillaries white; quills 
below ashy, white along the inner web: " bill white, the point 
brown, turning yellow in the dried skin; legs reddish grey, toes 
darker ; iris reddish " (David). Total length 4*5 inches, culmen U*4. 
wing 3*3, tail 1-65, tarsus 0*6. (Alus. E. Stebuhm.) 

Eah. Chinese Mongolia. 

8. Montifringilla sordida. 
PPropasser muiTayi, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng, xxxii. p. 45s (lbU3j ; 
Hume, 8tr. F 1876, p. 504, 187U, p. 108. 

Fringillauda nemoiicola {nee Eodgs.j, Eorsf. ty Moore, Cat. B. E. I. 
Co. 31m. ii. p. 492 (1850) ; Adams, P. rA 8. l&o'J, p. 1^4; Jerd. B. 
2nd. ii. p. 414 (1863, pt.); Pet. Ibis, iaU*, p. 310; Hume $ 
Eenders. Lahore to Yark. p. 204 (1873;. 

Fringillauda bordida, Stoliezka, J. A. S. Beng. xxxvii. p. 63 (1808); 
Eume, 8tr. F. 1873, p. 41,1671), p. 108 : tioulhj, Ibis, 18^1, p. ."307; 
Biddulph, t. c. p. 88; Homeyer §- Ttuiere, Ml\ Or a. Vtr. Wie/i, 
1883, p. 80. 

Fringilla sordida, Gray, Haud4. B. ii. p. 85, no. 7250 (1870). 
Carpodacus murrayi, Gray, i. c. p. 102, no. 7520 (l*s70}. 
Passer pulverulentus, 8evertz. Turkvbf. Jevotn. pp. (U, 110 (1873 j ; 


Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 240; Seuertz. 8tr. F. W5? p. 424. 
Fringillauda altaica, Emrsm.'4':, 8everh. Ibis, 1*^3, p. 00. 
Adult male. General colour above brown, mottled with black 
centres to the feathers, the feathers of the mantle and back broadly 
edged with creamy white; lower back and rump ashy grey ; lesser 
wing-coverts sandy brown with blackish centres; median coverts ashy 
grey, edged with yellowish buff and centred with black skaft-btreaks ; 
greater coverts dusky blackish, narrowly tipped with yellowish 
white and externally edged with light brown, the inner ones 
blackish externally near the base; bastard-wing blackish, edged 
with lighter brown; primary-coverts blackish, with ashy-grey bases 
and conspicuously edged with white along the outer web; quills 
blackish, edged with sandy brown, the inner becondaries with 
ochreous buff and conspicuously blackish at the base of the outer 
web, forming a similar pattern to the inner greater coverts ; upper 
tail-coverts blackish, broadly tipped with white• tail-feathers dark 
brown, edged with sandy buff, paler towards the ends of the feathers 
and broader on the middle ones * crown of head like the back, sandy 
brown, mottled with black centres to the feathers; hind neck more 
uniform ashy brown ; lores ashy ; a narrow eyebrow of pale sandy 
buff, as well as the eyelid; ear-coverts and cheeks pale ashy brown, 
slightly streaked with dusky centres; throat and under surface of 

* This name is quoted by Severtzoff (I. c), but 1 have not been able to find 
where it was published. 1 have very little doubt thai the oldest name of the 
present species is 31 murrayi (Blyth); but, as Mr. Hume is a little uncertain 
on the subject, I have adopted the one by which it is best known to ornithologists, 
32 . MONTIPEIKGILLA. 
267 

body pale ashy brown, the feathers edged with greyish white on the 
lower breast and sides of body ; breast rather more ashy, with some 
dusky-brown streaks on the sides of the upper part of it; abdomen 
whitish; thighs pale ashy; under tail-coverts white, mottled with 
dusky-blackish centres; under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy 
whitish, with dusky bases; quills below dusky, ashy along the 
inner edge : " upper mandible brown, except a spot at the base of 
the forehead, which is brownish fleshy; lower mandible brownish 
fleshy, the tip and sides brown; legs, feet, and claws blackish brown; 
iris cinnabar-red" (W. Davison). Total length 6 inches, culmen 

0-5, wing 3-85, tail 2*5, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Scarcely different from the male, but has the grey 

of the rump washed with brown. Total length 6 inches, culmen 

0-5, wing 3*75, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*75, 

Young. Differs from the adults only in being much more rufous, 

the lower back and rump being more ashy, the wing-coverts tipped 

with fulvous; the head is dark rufous, mottled with blackish 

centres to the feathers; sides of face and under 
surface of body 

deep rufous, whitish in the centre of the abdomen. 

The young "birds after their first moult are like the adults, but have 

the head and ear-coverts uniform tawny rufous, and from this stage the 

full plumage is apparently gained by a direct moult, as several red


headed specimens exhibit traces of the approaching stripes on the head. 

Dr. Stoliczka affirms that the adult female is the bird with the 

uniform crown; but Mr. Hume's collection contains several males 

in this stage of plumage, and also many in a state of transition from 

the uniform crown to the striped one of the adult. 

Hab. Prom the Altai Mountains to Kashgar, "Western Thibet, 

Afghanistan, and the North-western Himalayas as far as Kumaom 

a, &, e. Ad. sk. Kashgar (Br. Bellew). India Museum. 

d. Ad. sk. Thibet. 
Gould Coll. 
e. $ 
ad.; / . ? ad.; Gilo-it, Feb. 1878 (J. Hume Coll. 
g, h. <$ J imm. sk. Biddidpli). 
i. $ ad. sk. Gilgit, Feb. 24, 1879. Dr. J. Scully [P.]. 
h. $ ad. sk. Gilgit, Feb. 14, 1879. Col. Biddulph [O.]. 
/. 
$ ad. sk. Pir Pungal, Cabhmere, May Hume Coll. 
12, 1&71 (W.JB. Brooks). 


m. Ad. sk. Ckamba, Jan. 1882 (0. II. Hume Coll. 
T. Marshall). 
n. Juv. sk. Sutlev Valley. Hume Coll. 
o. Ad. sk. Narkunda, Dec. 18G8. Hume Coll. 
p, 
q, r. $ imm. sk. North of Simla (Dr. titoliczka), Hume Coll. 
(Types of species.) 

s. Ad. sk. Kulu (Major Eay). Gould Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

t~y. Ad.; z-k\ lnioi. Jural in Kunaitee, Dec. 1870. 
sk. 


Totnlee in Kotekhaie, Feb. Hume Coll. 

l',m'. Ad.; w'. Juv. 
sk. 


27, 1871. 
o'. Imm. sk. Puralahi, near Kotegurli, Hume Coll. 
July 17,1800. 


p'iq'jr'iS'ft'-6 ad. ; Simla, Nov. 1880 (W. Hume Coll. 
u'. 2 imm.; c',w'. Davison). 
5 ad. sk. 


268 
FEOTttELEME. 

x\ y'. <$ ad.; z', a. Simla, Bee. 1880. Hume Coll. 

$ 
ad.; j8. 5 imm. 

sk. 
y, & # J imm. sk. Simla. Hume Coll. 

e. Ad.; £ J 
ad. sk. Masuri, ooOO feet, March 11, Hume ColL 
1869. 
7}. Ad. j #. JUT. sk. Middle range of Mils north Hume Coll. 
of Masuri. 

t. 
? ad. sk Derail, Mar 20,1874 ( W. E. Hume ColL 
Brooks). 
K-ft. Ad.* 
v, £, Juv. Kuinaon (Strachey). India Museum. 
sk. 

0. Ad. sk. Ptishut, Afghanistan {Griffith). India Museum. 
9. Montifringilla nenioricola. 
Fringillauda nemoricola, Hodgs. Asiat. Research, xix. p. 15^ |1530) ; 
id. Icon, ineel in Brit. Mus., Passer ea, pi. 288 (no. 4**50); id, in 
Gray's Zool. Mho. p. 84 (1844); Bp. ty Sdil Monogr. Lociens, 
pi. 47 (1830); J?/). Ctosp. i. p. 33^ (1850) : 2/ontf $• J We , CW. i?. 
JS: I. Co. Mus. ii. p. 491 (1850, pt); bwitth. P. Z. & 1-71, p. 3*3; 
Eume, Sir. F. 1873, p. 41; Dt/wVZ 4* 0w,$£. O/s. CfoV, p. 334 
(1877); Hume, Sir. F. 1*79, p. 108. 
Montifringilla nemoricola, Blyth, J. A. S. Baig. xiii. p. 934 (1*44); 
Gray, Cat Mamm. etc. Ntpol pres. Iludqs. p. 107 {l^itt) ; Blyth^ 
Cat. B. Mm. As. tioc. p. 121 (1^49). 
Fiingilla nemoricola, 6V«y, frV/i. B. ii. p. 372 (1849); it/, Iland-L 

B. ii. p. 86, no. 7233 *(lfe70j ; Dacid, X -4rc/i, J/«s. yiL Bull. 
p. 10(1879). 
Leucossticte nemoricola, Blyth, J. A. S. Btng. xxiii. p. 213 (1?%J4). 
Adult. Similar to M. sordidn9 but a little larger, the wing-coverts 
tipped and edged with pure white, and the axiilaries tinged with 
sulphur-yellow or orange: " "bill and legs fleshy brown ; iris red-
brown " (B. H. Hodgson); " bill brown, with the base paler and the 
lower mandible yellowish; feet and claws brown; iris clear nut-
brown ,? (A. David). Total length &2 inches, oilmen 0*55, wing 3*9, 
tail 2-55, tarbiis 0*8. 

Sexes alike. (B. H. Hodgson.) 
Immature birds, as in the case of 21. sordida, have the crown and 
ear-coverts pale uniform fawn-colour or yellowish brown. 
Hah. Eastern Himalayas from Nepal to Iiootan, extending to 
the mountains of Moirpin and Kokonoor in Western China. 

a, h. Ad. sk. Nepal. 
Hodgson Coll. 

(Type* of species.) 
c, d. Ad. sk. Nepal (B. II. Hodgson). India Museum. 
e,f. Ad.; g9 h, ?, h. Nathe Sikhim, Jan. LH74 (L. Iluuie Coll. 

"Juv. sk. . Mandelli). 
1, m, n, o. Ad. * p-w. Native Sikhim, March 1874 (L. flume ColL 
JUT. sk. Mandelli). 

x. 
Ad. sk. Interior of Native Sikhim, Hume Coll. 
May 1873 (Z. Mandelli). 
y, 
z-d. Ad. sk. Interior of Sikhim, July 1873 Hume Coll. 
(L.Mmidelh). 

V. Ad. j c'} d'. Juv. sk. Interior of Sikhim, Oct. 1873 Hume Coll, 
(I. Mandelli). 
32. MO^TrFRIKGILLA. 
269 

e'tf'. Ad.; g\h\ %\ Sikkini, Jan. 1874 (X. Mandelli). Hume CoU. 
Juv. sk. 
k\ $ ad. sk. Sikkini, April 1878 (X. Mandelli). Hume Coll 
l', m'. Ad. sk. Sikliim, May 1873 (X. Mandelli). Hume Coll. 

«'. Ad. sk.
o'-r'. Ad.; s', V, u\ 
Sikkini (TV. E. Brooks). 
Sikhim. 
Hume Coll 
Hume Coll. 
tTuv. sk. 
V, ID'. S imm. sk.
a,. Imm. sk.
y. Ad. sk.
z'j a. Ad.; /3, y, 8, e.
Juv. sk. 
Darjiling, Dec. 18G9. 
Darjiling (J. Gammie). 
Lactoing, April 1872 (X.
Mandelli). 
Bootan (Pemberton). 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 

10. Montifriagilla brandti. 
Leucosticte 
brandti, Bp. Consp. i. p. 587 (1850); Salvad. P. Z. S. 
1808, p. 580; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 64 (1878); Dresser, Ibis, 
1875, p. 242; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 88; Severtz. Ibis, 1888, 

p. 58. 
Montifringilla lia3inatopvgia, Gould, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 114; id. B 
Asia, v. pi. 8 (1851) { Pelz. Ibis, 1868, p. 819; Hume $ Senders. 
Lahore to Yark. p. 2G1 (1873) ; Scully, Str. F. 1876, p. 171. 

Leucosticte hsematopvgia, Salvad. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 580; Hume, Str. 

F. 1879, p. 108; Severtz. Ibis, 1888, p. 58. 
Linaria hsematopygia, Gray, Iland-l B. ii. p. 110, no. 7661 (1870). 
Leucosticte pamirensis, Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. 58. 
Adult Mantle and upper back sooty brown, streaked with blackish 
brown ; scapulars ashy grey, with, dusky shaft-stripes; lower 
back and rump dusky brown, the feathers edged with rosy at the 
tips; lesser and median coverts ashy grey, with dusky shaft-lines 
and hoary on the edges ; greater coverts dusky brown, externally 
ashy grey like the rest of the coverts ; bastard-wing black, narrowly 
fringed with whitish; primary-coverts and quills dusky blackish, 
edged with white, more broadly on the secondaries, the inner 
secondaries being margined with brown; upper tail-coverts pale 
brown, with whitish edges ; tail-feathers blackish brown, edged with 
white, more broadly on the outer ones; crown of head and hind 
neek sooty black, deeper black on the forehead and crown ; lores 
and feathers round the eye and at base of bill black; ear-coverts 
and sides of hinder crown dark ashy brown• cheeks and throat dark 
ashy brown, blackish on the chin and fore part of the cheeks; 
remainder of under surface of body ashy grey, with dusky shaft-lines 
to the breast-feathers; lower abdomen white; sides of body and 
flanks ashy grey like the breast; thighs and under tail-coverts 
whitish, the latter with dusky shaft-lines ; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries white; quills below dusky, ashy white along the inner 
edge: bill black in summer, " brownish dusky in autumn, yellow 
at base below; legs, feet, and claws black; iris brown" (J. 
Scully). Total length 7 inches, culmen 045, wing 4*5, tail 3-1, 

tarsus 0*8. 
The adult female resembles the male, but has the rosy colour of 

270 XBXKGILLZDM. 

the rump duller and less pronounced. Total length 8*8 inches, 

culmen 0*5, wing 4*5, tail 2*9, tarsus 0*75. 

Younger birds have the rump more orange, and apparently do not 

get the full rosy tint for at least two seasons. 

Young in first plumage. Yery similar to the adult of 31. nemoricola, 

but with reel margins to the feathers of the rump. General colour 

above tawny brown, the mantle and upper back broadly streaked 

with black centres to the feathers : rump uniform ashy grey, some 

of the feathers with rosy margins; lesser and median coverts 

uniform ashy, with creamy-white margins: greater coverts dusky 

brown, tipped with tawny buff; bastard-wing black; primary-

coverts black, edged with pearly grey; quills dusky blackish, 

externally ashy fulvous, the inner primaries edged with white near 

the ends ; upper tail-coverts dull ashy brown, broadly margined 

with dull ochreous white; tail-feathers dusky blackish, edged with 

ashy, the outer feathers with white; crown of head uniform ashy 

grey; lores and sides of crown ashy ochreous ; car-coverts, cheeks, and 

sides of neck uniform ashy brown; throat whitish: remainder of 

under surface of body ashy brown, washed with pale tawny buff; 

abdomen whitish ; sides of body and flanks like the breast: thighs 

and under tail-coverts ochreous buff, the latter with dark brown 

centres; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, with dusky bases ; 

quills below dusky, ashy along the inner web: u lower mandible 

entirely yellow, the upper one grey horny" {J. Sadly). Total 

length 6*5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 4-55, tail 3*1, tarsus 0*85. 

The specimen described is a female bird obtained by Mr. TT. T* 
Blanford in the Kangra Lama Pass, Sikhim, on October 5, 1870. 
Two male specimens procured on the same date by Mr. H. J. Elwes 
have more rosy margins to the feathers of the rump, but are in 
general respects similar to the female described. Both are beginning 
to moult; and instead of the uniform ashy head, they have tawny-
buff feathers with black bases, foreshadowing the appearance of the 

first winter plumage of the young. This we also know from the 
series collected in October by Dr. Stoliczka during the second Tarkand 
Expedition. The whole upper surface is sandy brown, with darker 
brown centres to the feathers of the mantle and back, the lower 
back having rosy ends to the feathers ; wings and tail as in the foregoing 
description, but all the feathers obscured by sandy-buff 
margins : under surface of body plain sandy buff, more ashy on the 
throat and breast. Some of the specimens have a faint rosy tinge 
on the lesser and median wing-coverts; in others, mostly females, 
this is absent or replaced by saffron-yellow, the rosy colour of the 
lower back being absent. 

The late Br. Scvertzoff recognized three forms of 31. hranrlti, consisting 
of the typical species, 31. Jmmatopijgta, and 31. pamiren&is; 
and Mr. Seebohm has kindly lent me the specimens on which these 
differences were founded, including the types of 31. pamirensis, 

L. brandti is said to differ from the last-named species in having no 
red margins to the rump-feathers, and only a few red-marked 
feathers on the rump, the lesser wing-coverts being rosy in the male 
32 . MOKTI^RIKGILLA. m 
and biiffy rufous in the female. The type of the latter is quite a 
young bird, which accounts for the absence of rosy colour. The 
true M. Ticematopygia is said by Sevcrtzoff to resemble M. brandti, 
but to have the whole of the rump rosy, with the tips of the feathers 
crimson; the lesser wing-coverts ashy, with no rosy on the margin. 

There seems to me to be nothing in these differences of plumage but 
what can be reasonably accounted for by age. In a large series, such 
as I have examined (over 50 shins), it is evident that very little stress 
can be placed on the amount of rose-colour on the rump. In young 
birds it is apparently feebly developed, and is sometimes absent 
altogether in winter plumage. 

The winter plumage of the adults differs from the summer plumage 
in being altogether more tawny buff, and the edges of the feathers 
becoming shed, the head, and gradually the back, gets black; 
curiously enough the red edgings to the wing-coverts are never seen 
in the black-headed stage, and hence Dr. Severtzoffs contention 
that this form, the true M. kcmatopygia, is specifically distinct from 

M. hrandii and M.pamirensis. The red margins to the wing-coverts 
are, jhowever, so much more plain in the winter plumage, that I 
believe them to be characteristic of that season, being entirely lost 
by abrasion as the summer plumage is put on. 
Rah. Interior of Himalayas, from Sikhim to Kulu and Upper 
Cashmere and Ladak, extending into Kashgar and the Thian-Shan 
mountains. 

a-f. Ad.; g. Kashgar (Dr. Bellew). India Museum. 
Juv. sk. 
A,t. Ad.sk. Western Thibet. Earl of Gifford [P.]4 

(Types of species.) 
k, I Ad. sk. Ladak. Purchased, 
m, n. S ; Chang-la Pass, Ladak, July Hume Coll. 

o. $ ad. sk. 11,1870 (Dr. G. Henderson), 
j), q. Ad. sk. Kulu (Major Hay). India Museum. 
r, s, t. Ad. sk. Kulu (Major Hap). Gould Coll. 
u, i\ w.<3\ x} y. Gilgit, Feb. (/. Biddulph). Hume Coll. 
$ ad. sk. 
z-e'. Ad. sk. Native Sikhim, ApriP Hume Coll. 

(L. Mandelli). 
d'. Ad. sk. Native Sikhim, July Hume Coll. 
(L. Mandelli). 
e'. Ad. sk. Native Sikhim, August Hume Coll. 
(L. Mandelli). 
f. Ad. sk. Native Sikhim, Sept. Hume Coll. 
(L. Mandelli). 
g'. £ ad. sk. Interior of Sikhim, June Hume Coll. 
(Z. Mandelli). 
h\ i\ h'. Ad. sk. Interior of Sikhim, July Hume Coll. 
(L. Mandelli). 
/', mf. S ad.Bsk. Kangra Lama, Sikhim, Oct. 5 Hume Coll. 
(H. J. Elwes). 
n. Juv. sk. Kangra Lama, Sikhim W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.]. 
(W. T.B.). 
o\ pr, q'. Ad. sk. Thibet, March (L. Mandelli). Hume Coll. 
r'. Ad. sk. Thibet, July (L. Mandelli). Hume Coll. 
27 2 FBTNaiLLTDiK. 

11. Montifringilla arctoa. 
Passer arctous, Pall. Zoogr. Itoaso-Asiat. ii. p. 11 (]81^-
Frinjrilla (Linaria) gebleri, .Brand*, Bull. &*. Acad. St. Pttersb. x. 
i) 261 (1842). 

FnnffiUa arctoa, (/raj/, Gen. B. ii. p. 372 (1840);

Montifrinffilla arctoa, Bp, $ Schl. Monogr. Loxiem, p. 38, pis. 44, 4o 
(I860); Gould, & Asia,?, pi. 2 (1851) ; Ilomeyer, J.f.O. 18/9, 

p 166 (1870); 7kc*. J. f. O. 1873, p. 91; _. ™ — --7
«W/w, i. p. 178 (1876); 'i2%H>. PW . Z7. S. Nat. Mm. iii. p. 213 
(1880); Ilomeyer $ TanorS, MT. Orn. Ver. IVien. 1883, p. 89; 
Cones, Kmf N. Amer. B. 2nd ed, p. 352 (1884). 

MontiiYin-ma gebleri, Scdvad. P. Z. S. 1808, p. 580. 

Linaria arctoa, Gray, Iland-l B, ii. p. 110, no. 7058 (1870). 

Frinffilla ffebleri, Gray, t. n. p. 85, no. 7254 (1870). 
Hypolia arctoa, Ridgw. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 236(1880). 


Adult. General colour above uniform dark chocolate-brown, 
with slight traces of paler edges to the feathers of the mantle and 
back; lesser wing-coverts dark chocolate-brown like the back; 
median coverts hoary blackish along the shafts and at the. tips; 
greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills ashy, 
externally hoary white, the shafts blackish as well as the end of the 
feathers; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers hoary white, dusky 
blackish at the tips ; crown of head like the back, with an indistinct 
band of light brown, commencing from behind the eye and 
encircling the nape and hind neck ; lores blackish; ear-coverts, 
cheeks, and entire under surface of body dark chocolate-brown, with 
a very faint reddish tint; thighs dark cbocolate-brown ; under tail-
coverts hoary white with blackish shaft-lines ; under wing-coverts 
brown, washed with hoary grey at the ends; axillaries like the 
breast; quills below dusky, ashy whitish along the inner edge. 
Total length 6*5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 4-35, tail 2*75, tarsus 0*8. 

The sexes do not differ in colour. An adult female measures :— 
Total length 6'5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 4*3, tail 2*9, tarsus 0*8. 

Young birds in first whiter plumage are much paler brown, with 
dull sandy-coloured edges to the feathers, and having the back mottled 
with dusky centres; the sides of the face and the entire under 
surface of the body have the feathers edged with pale ashy, the 
abdomen becoming lighter. 

Hob. Eastern Siberia. 

a-e. Ad. sk. E. Siberia. Moscow Museum. 
/ . $ imm. sk.
g. Ad. sk. 
Kultuk, Lake Baikal, Nov. 8. 
Sea of Ochotsk. 
Purchased. 
Purchased. 

32 . MONTIFPJXGILLl. 
273 

32. Montifringilla gigliolii. 
? Passer arctous, /3, Pall Zoogr. Rosbo-Asiat. ii. p. 22 (1811). 
Leucosticte gigliolii, Salvad. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 579, pi. xliv.; Tacz. 

J.f. 0.1873, p. 91 j id. JBidl. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 179 (1876). 
Linaria gigliolii, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 110, no. 7662 (1870). 
Adult male. General colour above chocolate-brown, with more 
or less indications of sandy-brown edges to the feathers, the 
scapulars and lower back washed with dull crimson; rump and 
upper tail-coverts sooty black; lesser wing-coverts blackish with a 
slight reddish tint; median and greater coverts black, with narrow 
whity-brown edges ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, quills, and tail-
feathers black, narrowly fringed with whity brown, more distinct 
on the inner secondaries; crown of head dark ashy grey, the 
feathers obscured with dusky margins ; the occiput, nape, and hind 
neck lighter and more earthy brown, forming an indistinct collar; 
lores and nasal plumes dusky brown; ear-coverts and cheeks cindery 
grey ; throat and under surface of body dark cindery grey, a little 
more hoary on the throat; breast and sides of body and flanks 
dull crimson : centre of abdomen dark ashy ; thighs lighter brown ; 
under tail-coverts blackish, with sandy-brown margins; under wing-
coverts dusky blackish, the axillaries browner ; quills below dusky, 
ashy along the inner edge. Total length 6*7 inches, culmen 0*45, 
wing 4*23, tail 2*8, tarsus 0*8. 

The adult female resembles the male. 

A young female in winter has none of the reddish tints of the 
adult, and is decidedly browner, the head being edged with brown 
like the back, so that the nuchal collar is entirely obliterated; the 
dusky feathers of the rump and upper tail-coverts edged with ashy 
brown, and the whole of the under surface of the body obscured by 
ashy-grey margins to the feathers. 

Bab. Baikal region, Eastern Siberia. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Lake Baikal. Dr. Dybowski [CI. 
b. S 
ad. sk. Kultuk, Lake Baikal, Br. Dybowski [O.J. 
Jan. 20,1869. 
c. (S ; d-e. $ ad. Kultuk, Nov. Purchased, 
sk. 
13. MoEtifringilla tephrocotis. 
Linaria (Leucosticte) tephrocotis, Sioains. $ Rich. Faun. Bor.-Amer.9 
Birds, p. 265, pi. 50 (1831). 

Leucosticte 
tephrocotis, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 281 (1837); Bp„ 
Consp. I p. 536 (1850); Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 430 (185K); Blakist. 
Ibis, 1863, p. 71; Salvad. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 580: Baird in Cooper's 

B. Calif, p. 164 (1870); Corns, Key N. Amer. B. p. 130 (1872) • 
id. B. Jv.-West, p. Il l (1874, excl. syn.) • Baird, Brewer, cy Ridgw. 
Hist K. Amer. B. i. p. 504, pi. 23. fig. 8 (1874) ; Ridgw. Proc. 
TJ. S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 177 (1880) • Coues, Check-list, p. 48 (1882) ; 
id Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 35 (1884) ; Brew, Auk, ii. p. 16 
(1885); A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 258 (1886). 
VOL. xir. 
T 

274 
MUXGlLLinm. 

Fiingilla tephroeotis, Audub. B. Amer.^l. 424* id. Orn. Biogr.r. 

p. 232 (1839) • Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 372 (18-49). 
Erythrospiza tephrocotis, Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. § IT. Amer. p. 34 
(1808); Audub. B* Amer. 8vo, iii. p. 176, pi. 198 {1841). 
Montifring-ilia teplirocotis, Bp. fy Schl. Monogr. Loxiens, p. 377 pi. 4S 
(1850)* Homeyer, J.f. 0. 1880, p. 201. 
Linaria teplirocotis, Gray} Hand-L B. ii. p. 110, no. 7657 (1870). 
Leucosticte tephroeotis, var. teplirocotis, Ridgic. Bull. U. & GeoL 

StcrvA. p. 71 (1875), 
Adult male. General colour above reddish brown, with pale 
sandy-buff edges to the feathers of the mantle and back, the lower 
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts rosy, the feathers being tipped 
with the latter colour; lesser and median coverts rosy, with dusky 
brown bases and a subterminal line of whitish; greater coverts 
dusky brown, edged with huffy white and slightly tinged with rosy ; 
bastard-wing blackish brown, narrowly fringed with rosy ; primary-
coverts and quills blackish brownT edged with rosy, the secondaries 
with buffy white like the greater coverts; tail-feathers blackish 
brown, edged with whitish, slightly tinged with rosy ; fore part of 
crown black; hinder crown, occiput, nape, and hind neck pearly 
grey, commencing from above the eye; lores and feathers below 
the eye darker pearly grey; nasal plumes whitish ; ear-coverts, 
cheeks, and under surface of body dark cinnamon-brown : the 
throat and malar line blackish; the breast and abdomen washed 
with rosy, with which the feathers are tipped; sides of body and 
flanks like the breast; thighs brown, tipped with ashy white ; vent 
whitish; under tail-coverts rosy, with dusky bases and a narrow 
subterminal line of ^hite; under wing-coverts white, edged with 
rosy; axillaries browner with rosy margins; quills below dusky, 
ashy along the inner edge. Total length &5 inches, culmen 0*45, 
wing 4*2, tail 2*8, tarsus 0*75. 
Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 6'5 inches, 
culmen 0-5, wing 4*25, tail 2*7, tarsus 0*8. 
Hab. Interior of British North America, south in winter throughout 
the entire Rocky-Mountain region of the United States, but 
most abundant on the eastern slope. {A. O. U. Check-list, I. c.) 

a. Ad. sk. Nebraska (Dr. F. V. Kaijden). Sclater Coll. 
b. o 
ad. sk. Beer Creek, Nebraska, Jan. 17 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Dr. F. K Hayden; Sm. 
no. 19256). 
c. $ ad. sk. Deer Creek, Nov. 21 (G. II Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Trook). 
d. r? ad. sk. Fort Shaw, Jan. 9 (Dr. J. C U.S. Nat. Museum 
Merrill; Sm. no. 80032). [P.]. 
e. <$ ad. sk, Colorado, winter {Mrs. M. A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Maxwell). 
14. MontifringiHa atrata. 
Leucosticte 
atrata, Fidgw. Bull U.S. GeoL Sure. I p. 09(1875); 
id. Froc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 177 (1880) • Cortes; Key AT. Amer. 

B. 2nd ed. p. 350 (1884) * Drew, Auk. ii. p. 16 (188$;: A. O. U. 
Check-list, p. 259 (1886). 
32 . MONXIT?RI\TGILLA. 
275 

Adult male. General colour blacky darker than tire frontal patch, 
deepest anteriorly; grey of the head confined to the lateral and 
posterior portions of the pileum as in L. tephrocotis. Hexes very 
dissimilar in shades of coloration. Wing 4*02 inches, tail 2*97, 
culmen 0*43, tarsus 0*77. (Ridgway, I. c.) 

Adult female. General colour dusky slate, lighter than the frontal 
patch, and with a faint brownish cast on the dorsal region. Wing 
3*9 inches, tail 2-9, culmen 0*44, tarsus 0*79. (Ridgway, I e.) 

Hah. In winter, mountains of Colorado and Utah; summer range 
not known. 

1-5. Montifringilla australis. 

Leueosticte griseinueka, Allen, Amer. Nat. vi. p. 3-10 (1872, nee 
Brandt). 

Leueosticte tephrocotis (nee Sic. $ Rich.), Allen, Bull. Mits. Comp. 
Zool. Camhr. iii. p. 177 (1872) • COUPS, B.N.-West,^. HI, footnote 
(1874): Baird. Brewer, & Ridqw. Hist N. Amer. B. i. p 504, pi. 23. 
fig. 9'(1874). 

Leueosticte tephrocotis, var. australis, Allen, MSS.: Ridgw. Bull. 
Essex Inst. v. p. 182 (1873) • Baird, Brewer, § Ridqw. Hist. N. 

• Amer. B. i. p. 509 (1874). 
Leueosticte australis, Ridgw. Bull. JJ. S. Nat. Mm. i. p. 79 (187-5); 
(1884); Dreio,Auk, ii. p. 16 (1885) • A. O. U. Check-list N Amer. 

B. p. 2.19 (1886). 
Adidt male. Similar to L. tephrocotis, and with the same brown 
ear-coverts, but easily distinguished by the absence of pearly grey 
on the hinder crown and neck, these parts resembling the brown of 
the back. Total length 6*3 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 4*2, tail 2*75, 
tarsus 0*8. 

Hah. Mountains of Colorado, breeding above the timber-line, 
descending into the valleys in winter. New Mexico (A 0. V, 
GhecTc-list, I. c). 

a. tf ad. sk. Mount Lincoln, Colorado, July 25 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(J. A. Allen; Sm. no. 15726). 
b. S 
ad, sk. Colorado, spring (J". Steve?ison • Sm. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
no, 72957). 
c. cS ad. sk. South Park, Colorado, July 25 H. K. Coale, Esc[. 
(S. Rothrock • Sm. no. 79*578). [P.]. 
16. Montifrmgilla griseinucha. 
Passer arctous, var., Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 23 (1811). 
Fringilla (Linaria) griseonucka, Brandt, Bull. Sei. Acad. St. PiteHh. 

x. p. 252 (1842). 
Leueosticte griseogenys, Gould, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 104; id. Voy.
1 Sulphur; p. 42, pi. 23 (1844). 
Fringilla griseogenys, Grayi Gen. B. ii. p. 372 (1849). 
Fringilla griseonucha, Gray, t c< p. 372 (1849), 


T 2 

276 FBrX-GILLID-S:. 

Montifringilla pnstulata, Cab. in Ersch u. Grab. Encycl. 1st sect, 
vol. 1. p. 215 (1849). 

Montifringilla griseinucha, Bp. # SeJil Monogr. Loxiens, p. 35, pi. 41 
(1850),' Finsch, Abhcmdl. wit TV. Bremen, iii. p. 57 (1872) j 
Homeyer9 J.f. 0.1880, p. 153. 

Leucosticte griseonucha, Bp. Consp. i. p. 537 (1850) : Cab. Mus, 

ird, t c. p. 317. pi. 28. fi>. 2 (1889); id. in Coopers B. Calif, 

p. 161 (1870) ; Ball, Notes Avif. Aleut Bl East, p. 3 (1873); 
id. op. cit. West, p. 4 (1874); Ridgw. Bidl. U. S. Gaol. Surr. i. 
p. 77 (1875); id. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. pp. 2, ^170 (lSSO^; 
Coues, Chech-list, p. 49 (1882); Nelson, Cruize ^Coricin,' 1853, p. 67 ; 
Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat Mus. v. pp. 148, 172 (1882); Toes. Bull 
Soc. Zool. France, vii. p. 392 (1882); Dybowski, op. cit \in. p. 364 
(1888); Coues, Keg N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. Sol (1884); Stejaeqer, 
Avk, I. p. 82 (1884); Turner, Auk, ii. p. 157 (Ibfeo); A. O. l\ 
Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 258 (I856); Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Fat. 
Mus. no. 29; p. 201 (18b6). 
Pringilla pustulata, Kittl. Benkiv. Rets. Russ. Amer. I. p. 278 (1858 j. 
Linaria griseonucha, Kittl. t. c. p. 278 (1858); Gray, Hand-L B. ii. 

p. 110, no. 7659 (1870). ^ 
Montifringilla speciosa, Finsch, Abhandl. not. Ver. Bremen, iii. p, 00 
(1872). 
Leucosticte tephrocotis, var. griseonucha, Coues, Keif X. Amer. B. 

p. 130 (1872) ; Baird, Breiver, £ Ridqic. Hid. N. Anm*. B. I p. 508 
(1874); Ridgw. Bull. U. 8. Geol Surv. i. p. 77 (1875). 
Leucosticte tephrocotis, /S. griseonucha, Coues, B. N.-Weht, p. Ill 
(1874, pt.); Elliot, Monog. Seal Isl p. 127 (18*^2). 
Leucosticte tephrocotis (nee Sic. <J- Rick), Harting, Fauna PryhiL 1st 

p. 10 (1875). 
Leucosticte brunneinucha (nee Brandt), Siejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. 
Mus. vi. p. 71 (1883). 
Adult male. General colour above chocolate-brown, the rump and 
upper tail-coverts broadly washed with rose-colour at the end of the 
feathers, some of the latter with a subtenninal bar of white; lesser 
and median coverts dusky brown, tipped with rose-colour, before 
which is a subterminal line of white; greater coverts dusky brown, 
edged with white, tinged here and there with rosy (in fresh plumage 
these coverts resembling the others); bastard-wing dark brown; 
primary-coverts and quills dusky brown, edged with white, the 
primaries with pale rose-colour; tail-feathers dark brown, edged 
with whitish; fore part of crown black; hinder crown, nape, and 
hind neck pearly grey; lores and feathers below the eye dusky; 
nasal plumes pearly grey ; sides of crown from above the eye, sides 
of face, ear-coverts, and cheeks pearly grey like the hind neck and 
sides of the latter; throat and under surface of body chocolate-
brown, washed with dull crimson, with which the feathers are 
tipped; the chin ashy black, as also the malar line; the lower breast 
and abdomen more strongly washed with crimson; sides of body and 
flanks like the breast, the lower abdomen and vent ashy whitish; 
thighs brown ; under tail-coverts dusky brown, snbterminally white 
and tipped with rosy; under wing-coverts white, with dusky bases 

32 . MONTEEBIffGILLA. 
27 7 
and slightly washed with rosy; axillaries brown; quills below 

dusky, ashy along the inner edge: " bill black, with a faint yellowish 

spot at the base of the tomia of the upper mandible and another on 

the base of the genys" (L. Stejneger). Total length 7*5 inches, 

culmen 0*6^ wing 4#35, tail 2-75, tarsus 0*95. 

In winter plumage the male has the bill yellow and the whole of 

the feathers more or less obscured with pale margins, which become 

abraded and worn off in summer: " bill orange-yellow, the tip of 

both mandibles blackish; feet black, both above and below; iris 

ciark hazel" (L. Stejneger). 

Young. General colour uniform sooty brown, washed with 

chocolate-brown and tinged with ashy grey, the bases of the feathers 

i>eing of the latter colour; wing-coverts dull ashy, edged with tawny 

buff, with a subterminal line of white; bastard-wing black; primary-

coverts and quills blackish, narrowly edged with ashy whitish, the 

secondaries with tawny buff, broader on the inner ones; tail-feathers 

blackish, edged with dull white ; crown of head, sides of face, and 

under surface of body like the upper surface: " bill ochraeeous 

yellow, dusky towards the tip; angle of mouth lighter and brighter 

yellow; feet very dark greyish brown; iris dark hazel" (L* 

Stejneger). 

Hal. Aleutian Islands; Kodiak* Unaiashka, Prybilof, and Commander 
Islands. 


a. Ad. sk. [Alaska,] 
J. Gould, E^q. 
b* Ad. sk. Kodx&k^ Alaska (Br. Pamhon; K. B. Shaxpe, Esq. 
Sm. no. 70102). [P.]. 

c. Ad. sk Kodiak, Feb. 9, 1869 (F. Bischof', Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sm. no. 58089). 
4. Ad. sk. S. George's Island, Alaska, June 11, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
187S(H.W.Mliot; Sm,no.64150). 
e. Juv. sk 8. George's Island, July 12 (H. W. Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Elliot; Sm. no. 64181). 
/ . Ad. sk. S. George's Island, June 13,1873 U. S. Nat. Museum 

(H. W. Elliot; Sm. no. 64188). [P.]. 
17. Montifringilla littoralis, 
Leucosticte 
griseinucha (nee Brandt), Brown, Ibis, 1868^ p, 4S2j 
Elliot, New # Unfig. B. N. Amer. part x. (1868). 
Leucosticte littoralis, Baird, Tram. Chicago Acad, Lp. 318, pi. xxviii. 
fig. 1 (1869); Ball <$f Bami. t. c. p. 282 (1869); Baird, in Cooper's 

B. Calif, p. 162 (1870) ; Bidgw. Orn. 40th Parallel, p, 461 (1887). 
Leucosticte campestris, Baird, in Cooper's B. Calif, p. 163 (1870). 
Linaria littoralis, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 110, no. 7663 (1870), 
Leucosticte tephrocotis, var. littoralis, Cones, Key N. Amer. B. p. 130 
(1872); Baird, Brewer, # Bidgw. Hist N. Amer. B. ii. p. 507 
(1874) 5 Bidgw. Bull. U.S. Geol Surv. i. p. 74 (1875). 
Leucosticte tephrocotis, var. campestris, Cones, Key N. Amer. B* 

p. 130; Baird, Brexoer, 8f Bidgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 507, 
pi. xxiii. fig. 7 (1874). 
Leucosticte tephrocotis littoralis, B'dgiv. Bull. TI.S. Nat. Mus. iii. 

278 
PRINGILLIDJfi. 

p. 177 (1880) j Cows, Check-list, p. 48 (15b9); id. Key -V. i?^n 
i>\ 2nd ed. p. Sol (lt>84); Drew, Auk, ii. p. 16 (1885;; A. O. U* 
Chech-lht N. Amer. B. p. 258 (1&86). 
-4cZw7i m«k. Similar to J/. grisei nucha, but smaller, and having 
the brown of the back and breast much brighter and more chestnut-
brown ; the black patch on the forehead less extended over the 
crown, the pearly-grey colour on the latter and on the sides of the 
face being much lighter and occupying the malar region ako. so 
that the dark throat is narrowed. Total length 6 inches, culmen U'3, 
wing 4*15, tail 2-6, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length 
5*2 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 4*2, tail 2*6, tarsus U'75. 

Li winter the same change of plumage takes place as in M. yriseinucha, 
all the feathers having paler edges, which become abraded in 
summer. The bill also is yellow. 

A female collected by Capt. Bendire has the whole throat brown 
like the breast, and also a few brown feathers interspersed among 
the grey of the cheeks, looking as if it was a hybrid between 

31. littoral is and 31. te/jhroeotix. 
Hah. In summer, probably the interior mountainous regions of 
.British Columbia; in winter, the north-west coast from Kodiak 
southward and eastward in the Eocky-lEountain region to Colorado. 

(A. 0. U. Check-list, I c.) 
a, b. tf ad.; British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Etq. "IV. 

c. J ad. sk. 
d. $ ad.sk. Camp Harney, Oregon (C. Ben-XI.&. National Mu-
dire; ISm. no. 70438). seum [P.]. 
e,f. 
c?$ ad. sk. Camp Harney, Jan. (C. Ben- JSalviii-Godinan Coll. 
dire), 

g. <S ad. sk. Fort Shaw, Feb. 16,1^0 (Dr. U.S. National Mu-
J. C Merrill-, Sm. no. 60047). seum 'J.>J\ 
18. Montifringilla brtomeiimclia. 
Fringilla (Linaria) brunneinucha, Brandt, Bull Sci. Acad. St. Petersb. 
x. p. 252 (1842). 
Fringilla brimneinucha, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 372 (1840). 
Montifringilla brimneinucha, Bp. fy Sehl. JJonoyr. Loj'iens, p. 36, 
pi. 42 (1850) j Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 4 (1652); Scl. P. Z. & 1805, 

p. 618. 
Leucosticte 
brunneinucha, Bp. Consp. i. p. 530 (IboO); Cab. Mas. 
Ilein. Th. i. p. 154(1850); Tf lately, Ibis, 1SC7, p. 202 ; Salvad. 

P. Z. S. 1861, p. 580; Swinh. P. Z. 6\ 1871, p. 385; Tacz. J. f. O. 
1873, p. 92; S'winh. Ibis, lb76, p. 450; Irnz. Bull. 8oc. ZooL 
France, I p. 180 (1870); id. J.f.O. 1876, p. 200; David $ Oust 
Ois. Chine, p. 334, pi. b9 (1877); Blakid. $ Pn/er, B. Japan, 
p. 174 (1882); Tacz. Bull. Sac. ZooL France, V± p. 302 (1882) ; 
Dylowski, op. cit. viii. p. 364 (1883); Jouy, Proc. U. & Kat. 3fus. 
\il p. 296 (lh83) ; Blalist. Amended Lid %B. Japan, p. 02 (lb84); 
JStcjneyer, Bull. U. & Sat. 31us. no. 20, p. 322 (1886). 
32 . MONTIFJRINGILLA. 
Fringilla brunneonncha, Kittl. Deukw. Beis. Him. Amer, i. p, 336 

(1858); David, K Arch. Mm. vii. Bull p. 10 (1871), 

Linaria branneonucha, Qray9 Hand-l. B. ii. p. 110, no. 7650 (1870). 

Linaria (Leucosticte) bruEneonueha, Bolau, J.f. 0. 1882, p. 335. 

Adult male. General colour above dark brown, mottled with 
sandy-brown edges to the feathers of the mantle and back; lower 
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts washed with rosy violet, with 
which the feathers are tipped; lesser and median coverts rosecolour, 
with blackish bases; greater coverts blackish, edged with 
sandy buff, the inner ones with rosy; bastard-wing black; primary-
coverts and quills black, edged with pale brown, faintly tinged with 
rosy, the secondaries margined with white, the innermost broadly 
edged with brown; tail-feathers blackish brown, edged with whity 
brown; crown of head dark grey, with hoary-grey shaft-lines; 
occiput, nape, and hind neck tawny buff, commencing from behind 
the eye; sides of neck also tawny buff; lores, feathers round eye, 
and ear-coverts grey, with a hoary lustre; the cheeks, throat, fore 
neck, and breast dusky, washed with ashy grey, the latter with 
central spots of pearly grey; remainder of under surface rosy, the 
feathers having dusky bases; abdomen, sides of body, and flanks 
also rosy', thighs brown, edged with whitish: under tail-coverts 
dusky, tipped with rosy, with a subterminal line of white; under 
wing-coverts white, edged with rosy, the outer ones dusky at base ; 
axillaries light brown, washed with rosy; quills below dusky, light 
ashy along the inner edge. Total length 6'5 inches, culmen 0*5, 
wing 4*2, tail 2f7, tarsus 0*8. 

The adult female resembles the male. 

In winter plumage the adults are much more sandy-coloured than 
in summer, the whole of the feathers having sandy margins, 
obscuring even the grey head; all the feathers of the under surface 
are broadly margined with pale ashy rose-colour: "bill golden 
yellow, with the tip dusky; tarsi and toes black ; iris dark brown " 

(Jong). 

Young birds in first winter plumage show an almost total absence 
of rose-colour on the rump, and the general tone of the plumage is 
dull sandy brown, the head a little more dusky. 

Hub. Kamtschatka to Japan, Eastern Siberia, and Northern 
China. 

a, b. <$ 5 ad. Kamtschatka. Purchased. 
sk. 

c. J juv. sk. Kultuk, Lake Baikal, Nov. 10. Purchased. 
d. Ad. sk. Hakodadi, Japan (H. Pryer). E. B. Sliarpe, Esq. [P,]. 
e. <$ ad. sk. Hakodadi, Feb. 26, 1865 (K Gould Coll. 
Wfiitely). 
f. Ad. sk. Hakodadi, Nov. 21,1864 Henry Whitely [C.\ 
g. d ad. sk. Hakodadi, Feb. 26, 1865. Henry Whitely [C.\ 
A. 2 ad. sk. Hakodadi; March 3, 1805. Henry Whitely [O.J. 
280 Fi:iN<;n,!Ji>,K. 

88, RHODOPECHYS. Tjp0 
Khodopoohy*s Cab. Mm. IIv'ui. Th. I, p. 157, note (1850) H. sanguinea. 

Head of Rhodopeohys sanguined. 

Ranye. From Palestine to Eastern Asia Minor and the Caucasus, 
through Persia to Turkestan and Yarkand. 

1. Rhodopechys sanguinea. 
Fringilla sanguinea, Gottid, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 127"; Dickson 8? Ross, 
P. Z. S. 1830, p. 121. 
Erythrospiza phoenicoptera, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. Sf N. Amer. 
p. 34 (1838) ; te*.# ScM. Monogr. Loxiens, p. 27, pis. 30, 31 (1850) j 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 535 (1858). 
Carpodacus phoenicopterus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 384 (1844) ; Tristr. 
Ibis, 1868, p. 208. 
Fringilla rliodoptera, Licht. MSS. in Mas. Berol. 
Carpodacus rhodopterus, Licht, Nomencl. Ai\ Berol. p. 48 (1854). 
Rhodopechys sanguineus, Cab. Mus. Hein Th. i. p. 157, note (1850) ; 

Bp. Mev. et Mag. de Zool. 1857, p. 124; Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. 

E.I. Co. Mus. ii. p. .460 (I860) ; Loche, E:vpl. Sci. Alger., Ois. i. 
p. 103 (1867); Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 28 (1877). 
Fringilla coccotliraustes sanguinea, Bree, B. Eur. iii. p. 95 (1864). 
Erythrospiza rliodoptera, Jleugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 655 
(1870) j liadde, Orn. Cauc. p. 167 (1884). 
Carpodacus sanguineus, Crag, Iland-l.B. ii. p. 101, no. 7528 (1870). 
Erythiospiza sanguinea, Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 252 (1876); 

thwHr, M. Jtor. iv. p. 1)1,*pi. 197 (1876); Hume, Str. F. 1879, 

p. 108; Tristr. Faun, $ Flor. Palest, p. 70 (1884). 
Adult male. General colour above chocolate-brown, mottled with 
subterminal blackish marks on the feathers of the mantle and upper 
back ; lower back lighter and more sandy brown ; rump rosy ; upper 
tail-coverts also rosy, the long ones black, edged with rosy; lesser 
wing-coverts sandy brown washed with rosy ; median and greater 
coverts brown, edged with rosy ; the latter series internally black ; 
bastard-wing black, edged with brown, tinged with rosy ; primary-
coverts and quills black, edged with bright rosy, the secondaries 
narrowly tipped with white, the inner ones externally chocolate-
brown ; all the quills whitish at the extreme base, concealed ; centre 
tail-feathers black, edged with rosy and white at the base, the white 
increasing towards the outer feathers, and the black more and more 
confined to the end of the feathers; the outer feathers entirely 
white, with a black shaft; crown of head black, forming a cap ; the 
forehead scaly in appearance, the feathers minutely tipped with 

34. JiHYNCHOSTIOJTntJS. 
281 

rosy ; lores brighter rosy; eyebrow pale rosy, sandy brown posteriorly 
; feathers round eye brighter rosy like the lores ; car-coverts, 
cheeks, and throat sandy brown, with black streaks along the shaft, 
forming spots larger and more distinct on the fore neck; remainder 
of under surface of body creamy white, tinged with rosy; abdomen 
a little paler; sides of body sandy brown, minutely streaked with 
black, the lower flanks creamy white tinged with rosy: thighs and 
under tail-coverts white, with a faint rosy tinge ; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries white, edged with rosy, very distinct on the edge of 
the wing; quills below dusky, white towards the base of the inner 
web : " bill yellow, dusky towards the tip of the upper mandible ; 
feet blackish, as also the claws; tarsi pale brownish ; soles of feet 
dark; iris dark brown " (F. Stoliczka). Total length 6-2 inches, 
culmen 0*55, wing 4*1, tail 2*2, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Much duller than the male, the crown obscured 
with sandy-brown edges ; on the wing much less rosy, the greater 
coverts externally brown ; base of secondaries conspicuously white ; 
on the rump very little rosy; sides of face and under surface of 
body paler than in the male, with scarcely any indication of black 
streaks on the throat. Total length 6-2 inches, culmen 05 , wing 4*25, 
tail 2*3, tarsus 0*8. 

Immature male. Like the old female, but blacker on the head, and 
dark sandy brown on the throat and sides of the body, which have 
distinct blackish shaft-lines. The wing resembles that of the old 
male, and does not show the white patch at the base of the secondaries. 


Hah. Erom Yarkand through Persia to the Caucasus and Eastern 
Asia Minor to Palestine, and reaching to Arabia and even to Algeria. 

a. <S ad. sk. Trebizond. Zoological Society. (Type 
of species.) 
6,c. J J ad.sk. Trebizond. Gould Coll. 
d, e. Ad. sk. Persia. Purchased. 

f. 
cj ad. sk. Karri Valley, Elburz Moun- W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. 
tains, Aug. 11,1872. 
g. $ imm.; Panja, Yarkand, April 17, Hume Coll. 
h. tf ad. sk. 1874 (J". Biddulph). 
34. 
RHYNCHOSTRUTHUS. 
Type. 
Rhynchostruthus, Scl. 8f Hartl P. Z. S. 1881, p. 170.. R. socotianus. 

Head of Bhynchostmthus socofranus. 
Range. Confined to the island of Socotra. 

282 
FRINGILLID^. 

1. Khynchostrutlms socotranus. 
Rhynchostruthus socotranus, Scl. § Hard. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 171. 
Rhynchostruthus riebecki, Hartl. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 954, pi. 72. 

Adult male. Above dusky ashy brown, with the crown dusky 

black, blackish towards the forehead, the throat dusky blackish; a 

rather large and well-defined mark occupying the ear-coverts, silky 

white, somewhat shaded with fulvous ; greater wing-coverts and 

outer margins of inner secondaries bright pale yellow, forming a 

very conspicuous longitudinal band; scapulars and lesser wing-

coverts like the back ; under wing-coverts varied with whitish and 

yellow; outer tail-feather entirely dusky, the two centre feathers 

dusky, indistinctly fringed with yellow, the remainder dusky black


ish, with bright yellow margins ; under tail-coverts whitish ; breast 

and abdomen greyish buff; bill black. Total length 5*1 inches, 

culmen 0*55, wing 3*4, tail 1*1, tarsus 0*75. (Hartlaub.) 

Adult female. Xot different, excepting for the somewhat pure 

ash colour of the breast and abdomen. 

The typical examples are evidently young birds with uniform 

brown upper surfaces and blackish stripes on the breast; but there 

are evidences of black feathers on all parts of the head and throat, 

showing that the birds are passing into a black-headed stage, and 

proving that B. riebecki is only the fully adult bird. 

Bab. Island of Socotra. 

«, b. £ imin. sk. Socotra, March 13,1880 British Association [P.]. 

(I. B. Balfour). (Types of species.) 
35. RHODOSPIZA, 
Erythrospiza, auct. recent, {nee Bp.). 

y 

"Vfe 

Head of Bhodospha obsolete 

Range. From Syria and Persia to Central Asia, Afghanistan, 
Yarkard, Turkestan, and the western bend of the Hoangho River. 

1. Rhodospiza obsoleta. 
Eringilla obsoleta, LicJiU in Eoersm. Rets., Anhang, p. 132 (1823). 

Carpodacus obsoletus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 384 (1844); Licht. 

NomencL Av. Berol, p. 48 (1854) ; Gray. Eand-l. B. ii. p. 102 

no. 7523 (1870). 

Erythrospiza obsoleta, 
Bp. <§• Schl. Monogr. Lojciem, p. 28, pi. 32 
(1850) j Bp. Consp. i. p. 535 (1850) ; Fihpph Viagg. Pen. p. 349 

35. &H0D0SH2A. 
283 

(I860); Stone, Str. F. 1875, p. 219; Scully, Str. F. 187G, 

p. 108; Blanf. East. Per*, ii. p. 352, pi. xvii. (1876); Prjev. in 
Holders Orn. Misc. ii. p. 303 (1877; ; Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 29 
(1877); a Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 114; Menzbier. Ibis, 188o, 
p. 858. > > > 
Bueanetes obsoletus, Cab. Mus, Hein. Th. i. p. 104, note (1850). 
Adult male. General colour above pale sandy brown, a little 
lighter towards the rump; the upper tail-coverts rufous-brown, 
contrasting with the back ; lesser wing-coverts sandy brown, edged 
with chestnut; median coverts sandy brown, edged with rosy, before 
which is a shade of ashy whitish; greater coverts pale rosy, with 
black centres and white tips; bastard-wing brown, edged with 
whitish; primary-coverts rosy, internally black; quills black, 
edged with whity brown at the ends, the primaries white externally, 
the secondaries externally rosy, white near the tips, the white more 
developed on the inner secondaries, the innermost being black, 
white externally and sandy brown along the inner web; tail-feathers 
black, externally white, brownish at the tips ; crown of head 
pale sandy brown like the back; lores, feathers in front of the eye, 
and a narrow frontal line black; sides of face, cheeks, and under 
surface of body pale sandy brown with a slight rosy tinge; the 
abdomen and under tail-coverts whiter; thighs pale sandy brown; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries white with ashy bases, the edge 
of the wing rosy; quills below blackish, with the inner edge broadly 
white : " bill black or greyish dusky; legs and feet brownish fleshy ; 
claws dusky or black; iris brown?? (J. Sadly). Total length 5*7 
inches, culmen 0-5, wing 3*45, tail 2*3, tarsus 0-6. 

Adult finale. Distinguished from the male by its much paler 
coloration, the quills and tail being brown with light ashy ^dges ; 
the rosy colour on the wings less strongly developed; the lower 
rump and upper tail-coverts sandy brown, scarcely paler than the 
back ; no black in front of the eye : " bill dark horn-colour; legs 
and feet dark fleshy ; claws dusky " (J. Scully). Total length 5*5 
inches, culmen 0-45, wing 3*4, tail 2*25, tarsus 0*6. 

In whiter plumage the male has a yellowish bill and the upper 
surface has an ashy shade over the sandy-brown colour, the rufous 
upper tail-coverts being entirely obscured with this ashy shade. 

llab. The same as that of the genus. 

a. S ad. sk. Svria. 
M. J. Verreaux. 
b. <$ ad. sk. Skiraz, Persia, Dec. 1870. Sir O. St. John [C.]. 
c. d 
ad. sk. Shiraz, Aug. 1870 {Sir 0. Hume Coll. 
St. John), 
el S 
iuv. sk. Near Abadeh, July 18, Sir 0. St. John [C.]. 
1869. 


e.f. 6 2 ad. sk. Khokand (Dr. Severtzoff). Gould Coll. 
g: 2 ad. sk. Khokand, March 13,1860 Gould Coll. 
(Dr. Severtzoff). 
h 6 ad. sk. Ta&hkend, March 13,1860 Gould Coll. 
(Dr. Severtzoff). 
i, 2 ad. sk. Yarkand (/. Bulthdph). Hume Coll. 


284 
FKLKGILLID.E. 

k. <$ ad. sk. Yarkand, Nov. 20, 1873 Hume Coll. 
(J. 
Biddidph). 
I. $ ad. sk. Yarkand, June 27,1875 Hume Coll. 
(J. 
Scidly). 
m. 
2 ad. sk. Yarkand, Jan. 1875 (J. Hume Coll. 
Scully), 
n. £ ad. sk. Coziar, Jane 1, 1874 {J. Hume Coll. 
BiddulpK). 
o, p, q, r. Ad. sk. Kashgar (Dr.Bellew). India Museum. 

s. 
J ad. sk. Khusan, Western Afghan- Dr. AitchLson. 
istan, April 16, 1885. 
t. S 
ad. sk. Kandahar, Dec. 1880. Col. C. Swinhoe [P.]. 
u. cT juv. sk. Kandahar, Feb. 2,1881. Col. C. Swinhoe ^P.l 
v, w. <$ ad. sk. Kandahar, March 1881. Col. C. Swinhoe "P. J. 
x, y. Sterna of Persia. Sir O. St. John [u.]. 
spec, c, d. 

36. ERYTHROSPIZA. 
Type. 
Erythrospiza, Bp. Faun. Ital. Ucc. pi. 35, text (1832-41) . E. githaginea. 
Bucanetes, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 164 (1850) E. githaginea. 

Head of Erythrospiza githaginea. 

Range, Desert countries of Northern Africa, through Palestine 
and Persia to Central Asia and Mongolia; North-western India. 

Key to the Sjpecies. 

a. 
With a much larger and stouter bill; greater 
wing-coverts and quills externally brown or 
pale rosy githaginea, p. 284. 
b. 
With much smaller bill; greater wing-coverts 
and quills black with a crimson margin, especially 
distinct on the inner secondaries, which 
appear subterminally black mongolica, p. 287. 
1. Erythrospiza githaginea. 
Fringilla githaginea, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 24 (1823). 
Pyrrhula payraudsei, Audouin, Expl. somm. PL Ois. Egypte. p. 286. 
pi. 5. tig. 8 (1825). 

Pyrrhula githaginea, Temm. PL Col. iii. pi. 400 (1826) ; Roux, Orn. 
Prov. p. 377, pi. 74 bis (c. 1826); Temm. 3fan. cTOrn. iii. p. 240 
(1835) ; Werner, Atlas, Granivores, Suppl. pis. 7,8 ; BoUe, Naum. 
1858, p. 369 ; id. Ibis, 1862, p. 346; Leith Adams, Ibis, 1864, 

p. 23; Bree, B. Eur. iii. pi. to p. 81 (1864); Wright, Ibis, 1870, 
p. 489; F. Oodman, Ibis, 1872, p. 213; Hume, t. c. p. 468. 
Erythrospiza githaginea, Bp. Faun. Ital, Ucc. pi. 35. fig. 3 (1832
36 . EftYTHROSPrZA, 
285 

41); Gould, B. Eur. hi. pi. 208 (1837); Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. 
Sf N. Amer. p. 34 (1838); Bp. # Sehl. Monogr. Loxiens, pi. 33 
(1850); Bp. Comp. i. p. 535 (1850); Tristr.'Ibis, 1859, pp. 34, 
294; Tat/lor, I. c. p. 49 ; Leith Adams, Ibis, 18G4, p. 23; Chambers, 
Ibis, 1867, p. 103; Degl $ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 252 (1867): 
JDoderl Avif. Si A p. 76 (1869); Fritsch, Vdg.Eur. tab.22.fio-3 
(1870); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. \m, pi. v. (1872) ; Dresser,B. Eur. 

iv. p. 85, pi. 196 (1875); Hume, Str. E. 1878, vol. ii. p. 64; 
Butler, t. c. p. 284; Hume, t. c. p. 454; id. Sir. F. 1879, p. 108; 
Butler, Cat B. Sind $c. p. 48 (1879) ; C. Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 114; 
Gould, B. Asia, iv. pi. xxxi. (1880) ; Barnes, Str. F. 1880, p. 457. 
? Pyrrhula sinaica, Von der Miihle, Orn. Griechenl. p. 45 (1844). 
Carpodacus payraudsei, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 384 (1844); Brehm, 

Vogelf. p. 91 (1855). 
Carpodacus crassirostris, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 476 (1847). 
Bucanetes gitliagineus, Cab. Mtis. Hein. Th. i. p. 164 (1850); Loche, 

Expl. Sti. Alger., Ois. i. p. 164 (1867); Von Beugl. Orn. N.O.-
Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 657 (1870) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 100 (1871); 
Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 210; Blanf. East. Fersia, ii. p. 250 (1876); 
C.Szoinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 114; Badde, Orn. Cam. p. 166 (1884); 
Murray, VeHebr. Faun. Sind, p. 190 (1884); Salvad. Elench. Ucc. 
Ital p. 179 (1887). 

Carpodacus 
gitliagineus, Brehm, Vogelf. 1855, p. 91; Tristr. Ibis, 
1868, p. 208; Drake, Ibis, 1869, p. 152; Gray, Hand-l B. ii. 

p. 102, no. 7523 (1870); Garney, Ibis, 1871, p. 294. 
Propasser githaginea, Jerd. B. hid. ii. p. 404 (1863). 
Adult male. General colour above ashy brown tinged with rosy, 
the rump and upper tail-coverts pale rosy; lesser wing-coverts like 
the back; median, greater, and primary-coverts pale brown, edged 
with ashy, which is washed with pale rose-colour on the margins of 
the feathers, the primary-coverts with tiny white tips; bastard-
wing and quills dark sepia-brown, edged with pale rose-colour; the 
inner secondaries brown, externally pale ashy, washed with rosy on 
the outer webs; all the quills tipped with whitish; tail-feathers 
sepia-brown, edged with rosy, whitish towards the end of the feathers 
; crown of head ashy brown, greyer on the forehead, which is 
tinged with rosy like the lores ; eyelid whitish; ear-coverts, cheeks, 
and throat ashy brown with a gloss of hoary grey, and a tinge of 
rose-colour, especially on the latter; breast and abdomen a little 
brighter rose-colour; sides of body and flanks pale brown washed 
with rose-colour; thighs whitish; under tail-coverts whitish washed 
with rosy; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale ashy washed 
with rosy ; quills below dusky, ashy rosy on the inner edge : " bill 
orange-yellow, in some (probably less mature) pale yellow, brownish 
on upper mandible ; legs, feet, and claws fleshy brown, claws dusky, 
soles whitish ; iris brown " (A. 0. Hume). Total length 5*2 inches, 
culmen 0*4, wing 3*15, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*65. 

Adult female. Only differs from the male in having less of a rosy 
wash on the back and underparts, the absence of this rosy tinge on 
the forehead and face being very perceptible. Total length 5*3 
inches, culmen 0*4, wing 3*35, tail 2*9, tarsus 0*7. 

The birds from Sind and Kajpootana as well as from Afghanistan 

28 6 
FRTXGILLIPJE. 

are very much paler than more western specimens, the most "brilliant 
being an Algerian male. Egyptian specimens are, however, intermediate 
in this respect, hnt none of them show the grey on the 
head so distinctly as some of the Sind specimens. 

Young. Is mnch browner than the adults, showing none of the 
rose-colonr on the rump and upper tail-coverts, which are ochraceous 
brown; the wing-coverts and quills edged with ochraceous brown ; 
sides of face and under surface of body pale ochraceous brown, 
without any rosy tinge, the abdomen paler and more bufTy whitish. 

Hah. From the countries bordering the Southern Mediteranean, 
eastwards through Persia and Baluchistan to Afghanistan, Sind, 
and Rajpootana, reaching as far as the Delhi district. 

a. 
cT ad. sk. Algeria. M. Verreanx. 
b, c. Ad. sk. 1st Cataracts, Egypt, Feb. Gould Coll. 
I860 (J. Clarke Hawhshaw). 


d. 
Ad. sk. Minieh, Egypt, March 1875. J. H. Gurnev, Jan., 
Esq. rP.~l. 
e,f. S ad. sk. Korusko desert. Sir S. Baker [P.], 


g. 
Juv. sk. Near Kohrud, north of IspaW. 
T. Blanford, Esq. 
han, Persia, July 17,1872. [CI 
h. 
$ ad. sk. Near Bam, S.E. Persia, W; T. Blanford, Esq. 
April 27,1872. fc.l. 
t. Juv. sk. Sir-i-jura, S.W. of Kantian, VY. T. Blanford, Esq. 
S. Persia, May 29, 1872. 
rc.i 

h. 
$ ad. sk. Near Kalagan, Baluchistan, 
Hume Coll. 

4000 feet, March 20,1872 

(W. T. Blanford). 
/. d ad. sk. Kandahar, Afghanistan. Capt. Hutton [P.]m. 
2 ad. sk. Kandahar, Feb. 3, 1881. Cdl. Swir.hoe [P.]. 
n. 
$ ad. sk. Pishin Vallev,Sept. 26,1881 Hume Coll. 
(Sir 0. St. John). 
o. 
2 a(l- sk. Kelat-i-Ghilzai, Oct. 4,1879 Hume Coll. 
(Sir O. St. John). 
p-x. 
S sk.; y-g. Gool Mahomed, Mehur, Hume Coll. 
$ ad; sk. L'pper Sind, Jan. 1870, 

(A. O. H.). 
h'. 
$ ad. sk. Foot of Hills near Nvrri Xve. Hume Coll. 
Sind, Jan. 26, 1872 (A.'O. 

A).

t', h'. Ad. sk. 
Hume Coll. 

Hills west of Kotree, Sind, 
Nov. 10, 1877. 

V. $ ad. sk. 
Hume Coll. 
South of Sehwan, Sind, 
Dec. 20, 1875 (7T. E. 
Brooks). 

Hume Coll. 

Karachi, Sind, Dec. 1877 

q'. 2 ad. sk. 

(E. A. Butler).
r'. 2 ad. sk. 
Hume Coll. 

Jodhpur, Jan. 30, 1878 (A. 
O.IL).

s', V. tf?ad. sk. 
Hume Coll. 

Jodhpur, Feb. 21, 1876. 

u. S ad. sk. 
Hume Coll. 
Ilattin, Goorgaon district, 
Punjab, Dec. 10, 1877 

(E. W. Cleveland). 
36; EEYTHROSPTZA.

 287 

2. Erythrospiza mongolica. 
Carpodacus mongolicus, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 447, 1871, p. 480; 

Severtz. Ibis, 1888, p. 56. 
Pyrrhula incarnata (Severtz. MSS.); Bode, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 480. 
Erythrospiza mongolica, David, N. Arch. Mus. vii. Bvll p. 10 

(1871) ; Frjev. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 308 (1877); David &> 
Otist. Ois. Chine, p. 349, pi. 97 (1877); Hume, Str. F 1880, 

p. 847, note ; Barnes, t. c. p. 457 : Homeyer 8r Tancre, MT. Orn. 
Ver. Wien, 1883, p. 93 (1883). 
Erytlirospiza 
incamata, Severtz. Turkest Jevofn. pp. 64,117 (1873); 
id. Str. F. 1875, p. 424; Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 245: Scully, Str. 

F. 1876, p. 169; Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 30 (1877). 
Bucanetes mongolians, Menzbier, Ibis, 1885, p. 353. 
Adult male. General colour above brown, with, darker brown 
centres to the feathers of the mantle; lower back rather darker 
brown; rump rosy; lesser wing-coverts like the back: median 
coverts dark brown, externally ashy brown and tipped with ochreous 
buff; greater coverts blackish, externally ashy grey, edged with 
bright rose-colour; bastard-wing blackish, edged with ashy white ; 
primary-coverts dark brown, edged with whity brown ; quills dark 
brown, tipped with whity brown, the secondaries more broadly; 
first primary edged with whity brown, the rest with pale rosy ; the 
secondaries broadly whity brown towards their base; upper tail-
coverts pale ashy brown, the longer ones darker brown; tail-feathers 
dark brown, edged with whity brown, the outer ones conspicuously 
for their entire length ; crown of head brown like the back, with a 
faint tinge of rosy over the eye; lores ashy with a rosy tinge; 
eyelid whitish ; ear-coverts and sides of neck pale earthy brown; 
cheeks and under surface of body pale rosy ; the breast and abdomen 
pale ochreous buff; sides of body and flanks pale ochreous brown, 
washed with rosy; thighs and under tail-coverts ochreous white; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries pale ochreous buff, washed with 
rosy, especially near the edge of the wing; quills below ashy brown, 
the inner edge ashy fulvous. Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0*4, 
wing 3*5, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*65. 

Adult female. Not so brightly coloured as the male, and having 
much less rose-colour on the wings and under surface of the body. 
Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 3*5, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*65. 

The adult male in winter plumage is not nearly so brightly 
coloured as in summer, and is more uniform on the back; the 
whitish bases to the greater coverts show with more precision and 
form with the light markings on the secondaries two conspicuous 
wing-patches ; the rosy tinge on the wings and under surface of the 
body is much more subdued. 

Bah. Erom Northern China and Mongolia to Turkestan, and 
Central Asia generally, reaching to Afghanistan and Gilgit. 

a. Ad. sk. [Central Asia.] Gould Coll. 
h. $ ad. sk. Raisan, Turkestan, May 30. Dr. O. Finsch [0.]. 
c, d. J ad. sk. Khokand, Oct. 4 (Dr. Severtzttf). Gould Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Kashgar (Dr. Bellew). India Museum. 

888 PnTNOILLTD.il. 
/; (/. Ad. sic. Gilgit, D*o, 1872. Dr. J. Scully 
Hume Coll. 
[P.]. 
/, m. ({ yud.sk.
n. (S ad. ik<>, p. rf ad. sk. 
Gilgit, Jan. 1878 (./. Biddtdph). 
Gilgit, Feb. 4, L878 (/. Biddulph). 
Gilgit, April 2©, L879 (J. Bid-
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
a 9 ad, «k.
thdph). 
Dunyan, Astor district, June 8, Hume Coll. 
r, jf. rf 9 ad. sk.
t. Ad. sk.
1870 (J. Biddulph). 
Oharaan, Southern Afghanistan, 
April 8, 1880 (J". A. Murray). 
Kalgan, 2000 feet, "just within 
Hume Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
the outer wall of China." 

37. 
PETRONIA. Type 
IVironia, Kaup, Natilrl. St/st p. 158 (1820) P. petronia. 
Gyranorhis, Hodgs. in Grays Zoo/. Misc. p. 84 
\ i s44) P. flavicollis. 
Xanthodira, Sundev. (Eft, K. Vet.-Akad. Stockh. 
i860, p. 127 P. dentata. 
Carpospiza, Von Midler, Beitr. Orn. Afr.ipl. x. (1854) P. brachydactyla. 

Head of Petronia petronia. 

Range. Southern Europe, extending into Central Europe, eastwards 
to Central Asia and Eastern Siberia as well as Northern 
China. Nearly the whole of India and Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
With a white spot near the end of the 
inner web of the tail-feathers. 
«'. With a yellow spot on the fore neck; 
Hanks streaked with dark brown ... . petronia, p. 289. 
b'. With no yellow on the fore neck. 
«". Flanks heavily streaked with dark 
brown ; back also streaked petronia juv., p. 291. 
b". Flanks uniform; back uniform ... . brachydactyla cj $, p. 292. 

b. 
No white at the end of the tail-feathers. 
v'. A more or less distinct yellow spot on 
the fore neck. 
c'\ Back uniform, not streaked with 
blackish centres to the feathers ; no 
distinct eyebrow. 


a". 
Lesser wing-coverts chestnut,* 
median coverts tipped with white; 
t\.ruling a wing-band flavicollis J , p. 293. 

• 

37 . PETRONIA.. 289 
h"'. Lesser wing-coverts "brown; no 
white wing-band on the median 
wing-coverts pyrgita <$ $, p. 296. 

d". Back uniform "brown; head dark ashy 
grey; eyebrow rufous, very broad.. dentata $ J , p. 295. 


e". Back broadly streaked with black 
centres to the feathers; a broad 
whitish eyebrow petronella <$ $ ? P« 297. 

df. No yellow spot on the fore neck. 
/" . Lesser wing-coverts chestnut; other 
coverts broadly tipped with white.. fiamcollk $, p. 294. 
g". All wing-coverts brown with narrow 
whitish tips dentata juv., p. 296. 

1. Petronia petronia. 
Le Moineau fou, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 87 (1760). 
Le Moineau de bois, Briss. t. c. p. 88 (1760). 
Le Moineau de Bologne, Briss. t. c. p. 91 (1760). 
Fringilla petronia, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 322 (1766); Temm. Man. 


d'Om. i. p. 348 (1820); Roux, Orn. Prov. pi. 79 (1825); Naum. 
Vog. Deutschl iv. pi. 116. figs. 3, 4 (1826) j Werner, Atlas, Granivores, 
pi. 56 (1827); Menetr. Cat. rais. Cam. p. 42 (1832); 
Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 243 (1840); Keys, u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. 

p. xlii (1840); Nordm. in Demid. Vog. Muss. Merid. iii. p. 181 
(1840);* Selys-Longch. Faune Beige, p. 75 (1842); Miihle, Orn. 
Griechenl p. 47 (1844); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 372 (1849) ; Linderm. 
Vog. Griechenl p. 62 (1800) ; Sold. Bier. Nederl, Vog. pi. 16. 
fig. 4 (18130); Radde, Reis. Sibir., Vog. p. 191 (1863); Borggr. 
Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 76 (1869); Gray, HamU. B. ii. p. 85, 
no. 7243 (1870); Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 78 (1875). 
La Soulcie, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois.m. p. 498 (1775). 
Le Moineau des bois ou Soulcie, Daubent. PL Fnl iv. pi. 225 (fig. 


pess.). 
Hing Sparrow, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 254 (1783). 
Foolish Sparrow, Lath. t. c. p. 255 (1783). 
Speckled Sparrow, Lath. t. c. p. 255 (1783). 
White-tailed Sparrow, Lath. t. e. p. 256 (1783). 
Fringilla stulta, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 919 (1788). 
Fringilla bononiensis, Gm. t. c. p. 919 (1788). 
Fringilla leucura, Gm. t. c. p. 919 (1788). 
Passer petronia, Koch, Syst baier. Zool. p. 220 (1816) ; Schl. Rev. 

Crit. p. Qo (1844); id. Vog. Nederl. pi. 163 (1854); Wright, Ibis, 
1864, pp. 53, 292; Degl et Gerbe, Orn. Fur. i. p. 247 (1S67); 
Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 445; Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 75 (1869); Wright, 
Bis, 1870, p. 489; David, Nouv. Arch. Mm. vii. Bull p. 10 (1871); 
Severtz. Tufhest. Jevotn. p. 64 (1873) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 240. 

Coccothraustes petronia, Cuv. Regn. Anim. i. p. 413 (1829). 
Petronia petronia, Kaup, NaturlSyst. p. 158 (1829) ; Licht. Nomenel 
Av. Berol. p. 47 (1854). 

Pyrgita petronia, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 263 (1831); Gould, B* 
Fur. iii. pi. 186 (1837) : Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 385; Saunders, 
Ibis, 1871, p. 218; F. Godman, Ibis, 1872, p. 210; Lilford, Ibis, 
1873, p. 72; Brooke, t. c. p. 246; Wharton, Ibis, 1876, p. 25; 
Prfev. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 288 (1877); David fy Oust. Ois. 
Chine, p. 339 (1878); Bogd. B. Cam. p. 61 (1879); Radde, Orn. 
Cam. p. 178 (1884). 

VOL. XII. U 

:.f* 


290 FRIXGILIXD2E. 

Pyrgita rupestris, Brehm, Yog. Deutschl p. 264 (1831). 
Petronia rupestris, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. fy N. Amer. p. 30 (1838) ; 
Brehm, Vogelf. p. 97 (1855) ; Loche, Ecpl Sci. Alger., Ois. i. 

p. 148(18137). 
Gymnorliis petronius, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 779 (1847). 
PetroD^j^lta, Blyth, J. A. S. Bern/, xvi! p. 8^0 {1847.) ; id. Cat. B. 
JlM •tc . p. 120(1840); Bp. Consp. i. p. 513'(1850); Cab. 
MuM WTh. i. p. 157 (185(3) ; Ilorsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. B.I. Co. 
Mus^^liu (1856) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 33 ; Puieys, Ibis, 1860, 

p. 137; A. Newt. Ibis, 1863, p. 187; Tristr. Ibis, 1864, p. 135; 
Filijjpi, Viagg. Persia, p. 349 (1865); Giglioli, Ibis, 1865, p. 57 ; 
Lilford, Ibis, 1866, p. 377; Chambers, Ibis, 1867, p. 102; Tristr. 
Ibis, 1868, p. 204; Saunders, Ibis, 1869, p. 173; Elwesfy Buckley, 
Ibis, 1870, p. ]92 ; Salvad. Faun. Ital., Uec. p. 14^ (1^71): Hume, 
Sir. F. 1875, p. 218; Irby, B. Gibr. p. 120 (1875); ^/anf. .Ecu*. 
Pm\ ii. p. 255 (1876): Dresser, B. Eur. hi. p. 607, pi. 180. fig. 2 
(1877;; Ban/.'Ibis, 1878, p. 22: Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 79; 
Scully, t. c. p. 574: 6r. Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 113: Salvin, Cat. 
Strickl. CM. p. 211 (1882); Tm*. .FflKH. # F/or. Paled, p. 68 
(1884); Giglioli, Iconogr. Avif. Ital, part 28(1885); Whitehead, 
Ibis, 1885, p. 40; Giglioli, Avif. Ital. p. 22 (1886) ; ftzfrai. Blench. 
Ucc. Ital. p. 170 (1887). 
Petronia saxorum, etc., Brehm, Vogelf. p. 97 (1885). 
Petronia sylvestris, Jtfj/6. et Barth.-Lapomm. Itich. (Jm. p. 112(1850); 

Fritsch, Yog. Eur. tab. 24. fig. 16 (c. 3870). 
? Petronia brevirostris, Tacz. J. f. O. 1874, p. 323 : id. Bull, Sue. Zool. 
France, i. p. 179 (1876) ; Homeyer, J.f.O. 1879, p. 175. 

Adult male. General colour above brown, the hind neck uniform 
and somewhat ashy, the mantle and back broadly streaked with 
black and having a whity-brown spot at the tip of the outer web, 
producing a strongly spotted appearance : the lower back and rump 
brown, with lighter brown edges to the feathers, producing a mottled 
appearance ; upper tail-coverts brown, spotted with whity brown at 
the ends; lesser wing-coverts uniform brown; median and greater 
coverts blackish brown, margined with lighter brown, with whitish 
spots at the ends, forming two ill-defined wing-bars ; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown, margined with paler 
brown, inclining to yellowish white near the base and also towards 
the ends of the primaries and towards the end of the secondaries, the 
innermost of which have whitish tips ; the first primary edged with 
wThitish ; tail-feathers brown, blackish subterminally, the outer one 
edged with white near the base, and all of them having a large white 
spot at the end of the inner web, reduced in size towards the centre 
feathers, where it is nearly obsolete; crown of head light brown in 
the centre, slightly mottled with whitish tips to the feathers ; the 
sides of the crown dark brown, followed by a broad eyebrow of whity 
brown, less distinct and more ashy above the lores, which are also 

ashy brown; eyelid and feathers below the eye whity brown : ear-
coverts brown, with a dark brown streak along the upper margin ; 
cheeks, throat, and under surface of body pale ashy brown, streaked 
with pale brown centres to the feathers, darker on the sides of the 
breast; sides of body dark brown, streaked with white centres; on the 
lower throat a patch of pale yellow; under tail-coverts dull white, 

37 . PETROOTA. 
291 
strongly mottled with brown bases to the feathers *, axillarics and 
under wing-coverts white: quills ashy brown below, lighter ashy along 
the inner web; bill horn-brown, the basal portion of the mandible 
light brown ; legs light brown; iris brown. Total length 6 inches, 
culmen 0*55, wing 3*7, tail 2*1, tarsus 0'7. 

The sexes do not differ in colour, though the yellow spot on the 
throat is not quite so distinct in the female, which measures:— 
Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 3-8, tail 2*25, tarsus 0*7. 

The Eastern specimens are decidedly paler than the Western, the 
darkest of all being those from Teneriffe and Madeira. 

The youwj birds are more uniformly brown than the adults, and 
are much more like a hen Domestic Sparrow; they lack the yellow 
spot on the throat, and are ashy whitish below, faintly streaked 
with pale brown. 

Hub. Central and Southern Europe, of rare occurrence in Germany 
and Holland and the north of Prance; Madeira and the Canary 
Islands. Eastward to Central Asia, Eastern Siberia, and ^Torth 
China. The birds from the far east have been separated by Taczanowski 
as P. brevirostris ; but whether this distinction holds good, I 
have not been able to determine. 

a,h. 6; c. 2 Orotava, Teneriffe, April 8 (F. D. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ad. sk. Godman). 

d. S ad. sk. Madeira, June 27 (JF. JD. G.). Salvrn-Godman Coll. 
dr. Ad. bk. Madeira. Voy.II.M.S. Herald.' 
e. Ad. sk. Tunis. L. Fraser [C.]. 
/ . Ad. sk. Tripoli. Gould Coll. 
g. 
(S ad. sk. Granada, Spain, June 1870 (II. 8.). Howard Saunders, 
Esq. j P.J. 
h. 
S ad. sk. Jesus del Valle, Granada, June Hume Coll 
1870 (II. 8.). 
i. J ad. sk. Granada, May 1873 (II 8). ILraie Coll. 
h. Ad. sk. Gibraltar (X. II. Irby). Hume Coll. 
I. Ad. sk. Italy. 
Purchased. 
m. Ad. sk. Home (P. L. Selater). Iirlia Mus. 
n. Ad. sk. Milan (P. L. ticlnter). India Mus. 
o. cS ad. sk. Florence, Oct. 1885. Prof. H. II. Giglioli 
[P.]. 
p. 
Ad. sk. Tuscany. Prof. II. II. Giglioli 
[P.]. 
q. <$ ad. sk. 
Lebanon. Canon Tristram [C. 
v. 2 ad. sk. Safed, Palestine. 
Canon Tristram [C. _ 
s. S ad. &k. Ain Frjedi, Palestine, June 11, 1864 Salvin- Goclman Coil. 
{II. B. P.). 
t. $ ad. sk. Taurus, Asia Minor, April 29,1876 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(C. G.Dcmford). 
u. Ad. sk, Er zero urn (Dickson § Ross). Zool. Society [P.]. 
v. Ad. sk. Persia. 
Purchased. 
w. Juv. sk. Near Isfahan, March 1870. Sir 0 St. John [C.]. 
x, <f ad. sk. N.W. of Shiraz, June 22,1872. W.T. Blanford, Esq. 
y. 
J ad. sk. Karij Valley, Elburz Mountains, W. T. Planford, Esq. 
Aug. 17, 1872. 
z. J ad. sk. Candahar, DKS. 1880. Col. 0. Swinhoe[P.l. 
Col. C. Swinhoe[P.j. 

a\ $ ad. sk. Candahar, Feb. 15,1881. 

v2 

292 
PErN'GII«LID-2E. 

V. ? ad. sk. Candabar, Jan. 13, 1881. Col. C. Swinhoe [P.]. 
c\ S ad. sk. Gilgit, Jan. 1877 (J. Biddulph). Hume Coll. 
d\ $ ad. sk. Gilgit, Dec. 13,1877 (J. Biddidph). Hume Coll. 
2. Petronia bracliydactyla. 
Petronia bracliydactyla, Bp. Consp. i. p. 513 (1850); Cab. Mm. Bern. 
Tli. i. p. 157 (1850); Lieht. Nomencl Av. Berol p. 47 (1854); 
Tristr.Ibis, 1868, p. 206, pi. 6; Heugl Orn. X.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, 

p. 624 (1870); Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 255 (1876); Dresser, B. 
Eur. iii. p. 611, pi. 180. fig. 1 (1877); Tristr. Faun. fyFlor. Palest. 
p. 69, pi. x. (1884). 
Pyrenestes lacteus, Von Midi Naum. i. Heft 4, p. 29 (1851). 
Euplectes (?) griseus, Heugl Syst. Uebers. p. 39 (1856). 
Carpospiza longipennis, Von Mull Beitr. Orn. Afr. pi. 10 (1854) ; Bp. 
Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1855, p. 75. 
Carpospiza bracliydactyla, Heugl J.f.O. 1863, p. 31, 1868, p. 79. 
Carpospiza grisea, Heugl J.f O. 1862, p. 406. 
Fringilla bracliydactyla, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 85, no. 7247 (1870). 

Adult male. General colour above uniform pale ashy brown; 
wing-coverts brown, edged with ashy brown, whity brown on the 
margins and tips ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish brown, 
fringed with lighter brown ; quills dark brown, blackish towards 
the end, edged with pale brown, whitish on the outer primaries and 
secondaries; upper tail-coverts like the back, the outer ones margined 
with whity brown ; tail-feathers pale brown, darker brown 
towards the end of the tail, with a white spot at the end of the 
inner web, becoming larger towards the outermost feather, which 
is also margined with white ; head like the back ; lores and a faint 
superciliary streak, as well as the eyelid, pale sandy; ear-coverts 
light brown; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body isabelline 
brown, sandy brown on the fore neck, breast, and sides of body ; 
thighs sandy brown; under tail-coverts white, with dusky centres 
and darker shaft-lines; under wing-coverts and axillaries sandy 
brown like the breast; quills below ashy, isabelline on the inner 
edge: " bill and feet pale fleshy horn-colour; the lower mandible 
more dusky: iris dark brown " (Heuglin). Total length 5*6 inches, 
culmen 0*5, wing 3-75, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*7. 


Adult female. Not perceptibly different from the male. Total 
length 5-35 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*75, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*7. 
Bab. Prom Arabia to Palestine and thence to Persia. 

a. Ad. sk. Kashaya, Palestine, May 30, Sharpe Coll. 
1884 (H. B. Tristram). 
b. 
c? ad. sk. Kullas el Shukif, Palestine. Canon Tristram [C I 
? ad. sk. Plain of Zebdany. Canon Tristram [C.J. 
d. 
<$ ad. sk. Below the Cedars of Lebanon, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
June 15, 1864 (H. B. T.). 
h /. <S 2 ad. sk. West of Bam, S.E. Persia, W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
April 27,1872. [C.]. 
tiAd. 
sk. Near Kohrud, N. of Ispahan, W~. T. Blanford. Esq. 
July 17, 1872. [C.j. 
ll. 
<3 juv. sk. Shiraz, June 1869 (Sir O. Hume Coll. 
St. John). 

37. PETECHIA. 
293 
3. Petronia flavicollis. 
Fringilla 
flavicollis, Frankl. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 120; Gray, Cat. 
Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 107 (1846) ; id. Gen. B. ii. 

p. 372 (1840); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 85, no. 7248 (1870). 
Ploceus flavicollis, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 94. 
Gyimiorhis flavirostris, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, 
pi. 287 (no. 864); id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844). 
Pyrgita flayicollis, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi. p. 28 (1840); Burqess. 

P. Z. S. 1854, p. 160. 
G-yimiorliis flavicollis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 948 (1844); Bp. 
Cony. i. p. 512 (1850) ; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. E,I. Co. Mm. 

ii. p. 497 (1856); Adam, Str. F. 1873, p. 388; James, t. c. p. 420; 
Hume, Nests $ Eggs Lid. B. p. 401 (1873); Ball, Str. F. 1874, 
p. 421; Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 250 (1876); id. Str. P. 1877, 
p. 249; Hume, t. c. p. 329; Davidson fy Wenden, Str. F. 1878, 
vol. ii. p. 85; Butler, t. c. p. 184; Ball, t. c. p. 223; Hume, Str. 
F. Ih79, p. 107; Doig, t. c. p. 371; Butler, Cat B. Sind, p. 47 
(1879); id. Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 62 (1880); Vidal, Str. F. 
1880, p. 72; Butler, t. c. p. 416; Beid, Str. F. 1881, p. 56 ; Davison, 
Str. F. 1883, p. 403; C. Siainh $ Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 129; 
Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 497. 
Petronia flavicollis, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 120 (1849); 

Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 231. 
Gymnorhis xanthosterna, Bp. Consp. i. p. 512 (1850). 
Pyrgita xanthosterna, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Berol. p. 47 (1854). 
Pas^r flavicollis, Jerd. B. Lid. ii. p. 368 (1863); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, 

p. 42; Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 174 ; Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 414; 
Cock # Marsh. Str. F. 1873, p. 357 ; Butler,1 Str. F. 1875, p. 497 ; 
Brooks, t> c. p. 254; Butler, Str. F. 1876, p. 35; Fairb. t. c. p. 261; 
Leqqe, B. Ceylon, p. 605 (1879); Saloin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 210 
(1882); Marshall, Ibis, 1884, p. 419; Sha)pe, Ibis, 1886, p. 486. 
Xantliodina flavicollis, Heugl. Orn. N O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 627, note 
(1870). 

Adult male. General colour uniform ashy brown; scapulars like 
the back; lesser wing-coverts bright chestnut; median coverts 
dusky brown, broadly tipped with white, forming a wing-bar; 
greater series dusky brown, edged with ashy brown, whitish 
at the ends, forming a narrower wing-bar; bastard-wing and 
primary-coverts deep sepia-brown, obsoletely fringed with paler 
brown; quills and taii-feathers dark sepia-brown, edged with whity 
brown, the outer tail-feathers fringed with whitish round the tips of 
the inner web ; head uniform with the back, a little lighter ashy 
brown over the eye, forming an indistinct eyebrow; lores and eyelid 
dusky; cheeks and ear-coverts ashy brown, the latter slightly 
darker brown on their upper parts; chin and upper throat dull 
whitish, the lower throat occupied with a conspicuous yellow spot; 
fore neck, breast, and sides of body light ashy brown; thighs ashy 
brown ; centre of abdomen and under tail-coverts white ; axillaries 
whity brown.; under wing-coverts dull white ; quills dusky below, 
ashy along the inner web: " bill black; legs cinereous brown; iris 
brown" (Jerclon). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3*2, 
tail 2*1, tarsus 0'6. 

The adult male in winter plumage is a trifle browner i^han in 

294 
FRINGILLIDJE. 

summer, and the white wing-bands are slightly shaded with brown ; 
otherwise as in summer. The bill is yellowish brown in winter, 
instead of black. 

Specimens from Southern India are rather darker than those from 
North-western India, and those from Baluchistan and Persia are 
still paler. 

Adult female. Much browner than the male and distinguished 
by the smaller size of the yellow spot on the throat, the lesser 
wing-coverts being chestnut-brown instead of bright chestnut. 
Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 3-05, tail 1*0, tarsus O'b*. 

Bab. Prom Persia and Baluchistan to Sind and the plains of the 

Indian Peninsula generally, extending into the hills in some places. 

a. 6 ad. sir. 
h, c. <$ $ ad. sk. 
h. 
5 ad. sk. 
i 
$ ad. sk. 

h. $ ad. sk. 
I $ ad. sk. 
m. S ad. sk. 
nf o. d 2 *^d. sk, 
p- 6 i % r> 2 

ad. sk. 

s. 2 ad. sk. 
i} u. Ad. sk. 
v. S ad, sk. 
w. 2 ad. sk. 
x. 2 ad. sk. 
y, z. 6 2 ad. gkar. 
Ad. sk. 

b% c'. <$ 2 ad. sk. Etawah. 

Shiraz, Persia, June 1870. 
Bu&kire, April 16b5. 

Fao, Persian Gulf. 

Xear Aftar, east of Bampur, 
Baluchistan, March 80, 
^ 1872 ( W. T. Blanford). 


Kear Aftar, March 31. 

Xspaclan, east of Bampur, 
Maich 30, 1&72. 
Candahar, May 13, 1879 

(Sir O. St. John). 

K*ear Daidabad, May 3.1871. 
Sehwan, Sind, April 17, 
1873 (IF. J5. Brooks). 
Hyderabad, Sind, May 1878 

'(E. A. Butler). 

Cutch, Feb. 1872. 
Mount Abu, 1870 (Br. 
Newman). 
Gurg-ion, Delhi, Feb. 28, 

1681 (W.N. Chill). 
Goordaspur, May 10,1870. 
Umbala, Nov. (It. C. 

Beavan). 

Dlnmda, Bagliirati Valley* 
May 27, lb74 (TF. E. 
Brooks). 

Saharimpur (Falconer). 

(V. Ad. sk. 
e',f. S2 ad.sk. 
g\ <S ad. sk. 
h\ $ ad. sk. 

%'f~k!. Ad. sk. 

V. 2 ad. sk. 
m'j n'. <* i o\ 2 
ad. sk. 

Etawah, Aug. 30,1865. 
Etawah, Oct. 1865. 
Jhansi, N. "W. P., May 0, 

1868. 
Bundelkund, Jan. 8 (G. F. 

L. Marshall). 
Lucknow. 
Sultanpur, Oudh, Feb. 1873. 
Lallgunj, April 23, 1800 


(R. 31. Adam). 
Sir O. St. John [C.l 

A. J. 
V. Palmer, Esq. 
[p.]. 
W. D. Cumminff, Esq. 
[p.]. 
Hume Coll. 

\Y. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[C.]. 
VT. T. Blanford, E*q. 

[C.I. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Cull. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume ColL 

Hume Coll. 
Gould Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

India Museum, 
Plume Cull. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume ColL 
Hume Coll. 

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
Colonel Way [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


37. PETECHIA. 
p\ S ad. sk. 
Allahabad, Feb. 2, 1873. Hume Coll. 
Phorlpur, near Allahabad, Hume Coll. 

q\ d ad. sk. 

Feb. 7,18b0. 
Mogulserai, Jan. 1874 (IF". Hume Coll. 

r\ 2 ad. sk. 

F. Brooks). 
Behar. 
Hodgson Coll. 

s!, t\ Ad. &t. 

Assensole,Feb. 7, 1873 (7F. Hume Coll. 

W, v'. cS $ ad. sk. J?. Brooks). 
w'. S ad. sk. Lohardugga, Dec. 28, 1877. Hume Coll. 
.rf. Ad. bk. Midnapurl i2. 6'. Tytler). India Museum. 
y'. df ad. sk. Chanda, Jan. 1870. Hume Coll. 
cf. (J ad. sk. Sambulpur, Dec. 18, 1876. Hume Coll. 
a, 8. d2 ad. sk. Seoni, C. Pro v. Hume Coll. 
y, a. J $ ad. ,• e. Saugor, C. Prov. Hume Coll. 

JUT. sk. 
£ 6 ad. sk. Mhow, March 23. Col. C. Swinhoe [P.]. 

77. c£ ad. sk. Mhow, Oct. 23. Col. 0. Swinhoe [P.]. 
atiXandurbar, Khandeish, Hume Coll. 
8, t. cJ 2-s^* 

April 7,1881 (J.Dauidwn). 

K. $ ad. sk. 
Xandurbar. Dec. 15,1880 Hume Coll. 
{J. I).). 
Mahabaleshwur Hills, April 
20, 1872 (#. B. Fairbank). 
a(kBelgauni, Jan. I860 (E. A. 


X. J iinm. sk. 
Hume Coll. 
ft, y. d 2 s^- 
Hume Coll. 

Butler). 

| . Ad. sk. 
Malabar. Gould Coll. 
Muddur, Mysore, Feb. 25", 

o. c? ad. sk. 
1&83. "W. Davison, Esq.. [P.]. 
Gundalupet, Mysore, May 23, 

7i. cS juv. sk. 

18bl (W. 1).). Hume CoH. 
Anjango, Travancore. 

p, or. Ad. sk. 

Hume Coll. 

4. Petronia dentata. 
Xanthedira dentata, Sunder. (Eft. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork Sfockh. 1850, 

p. 127; Ileur/L J. f. O 1808, p. 81; id. Orn. 2s\0.-Afr. i. pt. 2, 
p. 025, tab. 21. fig.'l (lb70) j Finsch, Tr. Z. 8. vii. p. 2&9 (lb70). 
Petronia dentata, Bp. Camp. i. p. 513 (1850); Hartl. Orn. W.-Afi\ 
p. 274, App. (1854). 
Pyrgita ni«iripes, LicJd. Komencl. Av. Berol. p. 47 (1854). 
Fiingilla (Passer) lunatus, Ileuyl. Syst. Uelers. p. 42 (1856). 
Petronia albigularis, Brehm, JSraum. 1856, p. 377. 
Pas>er canicapillus, Bh/th, Ibis, 180(3, p. 40. 
Pyrgita fazogieusis, llem/L J.f. 0. 1807, p. SCO {ex Wiirtt MJSS.). 
Xanthodina albigularis, iltugt. J.f 0. l?-68, p. 82. 
Xanthodina canieapilia, Ileuyl. Orn. JS\0.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 627, note 
(lb70). 
Passer (Gymnorhis) canicapillus ?, Blanf Geol §- Z00L Abyss, p. 412 

(1870). 
Passer dentatus, Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 172. 
Fiingilla dentata, "timid." Gray, IIand4. B, ii. p. 84, no. 7245 

(1870). 
Fringilla alhogularis, Gray, t c. p. 85, no. 7246 (1870). 
Fringilla dentata, " £p? (!), Gray, t.e. p. 85, no. 7249 (1870). 
Gymnorhis dentata, tiharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 69 (1871). 


Adult female. General colour above chocolate-brown from the 

296 
FRTNGILLID^. 

nape to the rump ; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and 
greater coverts dusky brown, edged with lighter brown and whity 
brown at the ends; bastard-wing and primary-coverts uniform dark 
brown; quills dark brown, edged with chocolate-brown, whity 
brown on the margins of the primaries and ends of secondaries; 
upper tail-coverts dark brown, edged with paler brown; tail-
feathers dark brown, edged and fringed at the tips with paler brown; 
crown of head dark ashy grey, contrasting with the back; lores 
whitish, continued into a broad eyebrow of dull rufous-brown, like 
the sides of the neck; ear-coverts and cheeks dark ashy brown ; 
throat whitish, followed by a half-concealed spot of pale sulphur-
yellow; fore neck, breast, sides of body, and flanks dark ashy 
brown, clearer brown on the latter; lower breast, abdomen, and 
thighs whitish; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries ashy brown; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner 
web: " bill blackish horn-colour, the base of the lower mandible 
dusky fleshy: feet lead-colour; iris rufous-umber" (Beuglin), 
Total length 4*5 inches, culrnen 0*5, wing 3*2, tail 1*8, tarsus U*7. 

The sexes, as determined by Mr. W. T. Blanford, are alike. 
Yon Heuglin, however, describes the female as more fulvescent in 
colour than the male, the cheeks, breast, and flanks washed with 
fulvous ; wing-coverts more conspicuously tipped with huffy white; 
inner secondaries and primaries margined with fulvous; a conspicuous 
broad superciliary streak of buify whitish, reaching to the 
nape; the yellow spot on the throat very slightly develoj>ed; bill 
pale fulvous horn-colour. 

Young birds lack the yellow spot on the throat, have the head 
brown like the back, which shows traces of dark-brown Sparrowlike 
centres to the feathers; the ej*ebrow very broad and pale 
creamy buff. 

Bab. SUE. Africa generally. 

a. Juv. sk. Abyssinia. 
Chri*tiania Museum [P.]. 
b. 
Jjuv.sk. Gelamet,Bogos Land, Aug. 10, Siiarpe Coll. 
1868 ( W. Jesse). 
c. J ad. sk. Anseba vallev, Julv 31, 18G8. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [ P.]. 
d,e. J 2 ad. sk. Rairo, Aug. *15, 1808. W. T. Blanford, Esq.~ P.J. 
5. Petronia pyrgita. 
Xanthodina pvrgita, Bcugl J.f. 0.1862, p. 30, 1868, p. 80: id. Orn. 

N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 627, pi.tocLfig. 2 (1870). 
Passer (Gymnorhis) pyrgita, Blanf. Geol. $• Zool. Ahjm. p. 413 (1870). 
Frino-illa pyrgita, Gray, Hcmd-l B. ii. p. 83, no. 7250 (1870). 
Xanthodira pyrgita, Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 321 (1884). 

Adult. Differs from P. dentata in being perfectly uniform brown 
above, with the head like the back; no rufous eyebrow ; bill larger 
and slightly more curved. Total length 5S inches, culmen 0*55, 
wing 2*95, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*7. 

I was ratber inclined to regard this as the winter plumage of 

P. dentata; but its larger size appears to determine its specific 
distinctness. 
37 . PETE.ONIA.. 
297 

Hah. Abyssinia and Bogos Land in N.E. Africa to the Pangani 
River in East Africa. 

a, b. Ad.; Eylet, Bogos (Esler). Sharpe Coll. 
c. Juv. sk. 
d. ? ad. sk. Lower Sooroo, Feb. 16,1868. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [0.]. 

6. Petronia petronella. 
Eringilla 
petronella, Licht. j Gray. Hand-l. B. ii. p, 84, no. 7244 
(1870;. 
GyinnorJiia supereiliaris, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 553 (1845, ex 

A. May, Jltiti.) j Bp. Consp. i. p. 512 (1850). 
Petronia buperciliaris, Blyth, J. A. M. Beng. xvi. p. 880 (1847). 
Eringilla supereiliaris, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 37*2 (1849J. 
Xanthodira fiavigularis, tiimdeu, (Efo. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh. 
18o0, p. 98. 

Petronia petronella, Bp. Consp. i. p. 518 (1850); Licht. Nomencl. Av. 
Berol. p. 47 (1854) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 09 (1871); Carney, in 
Anderss. B. Damara-lcmd, p. 186 (1872) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1880, p. 108, 
1884, p. 203 j Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. & Afr. pp. 481,850 (1884). 

Xanthodina petronoides, Cab. Mas. Rein. Tli. i. p. 157 (1850), 

Eringiila imuiilis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 511 (1850). 

Pyrgita liunrilis, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Berol. p. 47 (1854). 

Xanthodina petronella, Heugl. Orn, N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 627, note 

(1870). 
Xanthodina supereiliaris, Heugl. t. c. p. 627, note (1870). 
Passer hurnilis, Gray, Rand-l. B. ii. p. 80; no. 7270 (1870). 
Xanthodira Havigula, Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 3U5 (1881). 
Petronia Havigula, Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 357. 

Adult male. General colour above brown, mottled on the back 

and mantle with, black centres to the feathers, which have also 

margins of dull whity brown; hind neck uniform dark brown; 

lower back and scapulars uniform brown, the rump and upper tail-

coverts rather more ashy brown; lesser wing-coverts uniform brown; 

median and greater coverts sepia-brown, tipped with pale fawn-buff, 

whiter at the end of the greater coverts ; bastard-wing, primary 


coverts, and quills dark sepia-brown, the two former fringed, the 

latter margined with pale reddish brown, whitish round the ends of 

the secondaries, which are margined with paler rufous, the pri


maries margined with ashy whitish about one third from the end 

of the feather; tail-feathers sepia-brown, edged with whity brown; 

crown of head dark brown, with a broad superciliary streak of 

creamy white, reaching from above the eye to the sides of the nape; 

lores dusky brown, with a pale whity brown line above the latter; 

ear-coverts and cheeks brown, whity brown on the lores, eyelid, and 

feathers below the eye; above the ear-coverts a broad streak of 

dark brown, behind the cheeks a small patch of whity brown; under 

surface of body brown, with a spot of bright yellow on the lower 

throat; the centre of the abdomen dull whitish, the under tail-

coverts purer white; sides of body, flanks, and thighs darker brown ; 

axillaries and under wing-coverts pale fawn-brown, the longer 

coverts whitish; quills dusky below, ashy along the edge of the 

298 
PEI^GILLIDJE. 

inner web. Total length G"2 inches, culmen 0*G5, wing 3*8, tail 
2-35, tarsus 0*8. 

In whiter plumage the colours are somewhat intensified, and the 
mottling on the back more pronounced, with broader and more 
distinct paler brown margins to the feathers. During the breeding-
plumage the colours become washed out and the feathers abraded, 
the throat somewhat whitish. 

The specimen from the Zambesi is decidedly smaller and purer in 
colour, especially as regards the white on the abdumen and under 
tail-coverts: wing 3*2 inches. The Natal birds are somewhat intermediate 
in size : wing 3*3-3*45 inches. 

Adult female. Only to be distinguished from the male by the 
smaller size of the yellow spot on the throat, and by the somewhat 
smaller dimensions. Total length 6* inches, culmen 0*G, wing 3*55, 
tail 2-25, tarsus 0*8. 

Young. Similar to the adult female, but paler brown, and having 
the yellow spot on the throat scarcely distinguishable. 
Hob. South-eastern Africa to the Zambesi on the east, and 
Damara-land on the west. 

a-c. Ad.; d. Juv.sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.]. 

e. $ ad. sk. Eland's Post, S.E. Africa, Sharpe Coll. 
April 30 (7\ C. Atmore). 
f,g. § ad.sk. Eland's Post, June 1^70 Sharpe Coll. 

(T. C. Atmore). 
h. 
$ ad. sk. Eland's Post, August (T. C. Sharpe Coll. 
Atmore). 
i. 
§ ad. sk. Hangman's Bush, Kingwil- Capt. Trevelyan [P.]. 
liamstown, June 25, 1877 
(V. Xewbg). 
hjl (3 2 ad.sk. Pinetown, 'Xatal, Oct. 23 Sharpe Coll. 
(T. L. Ai/res). 
m, n. $ J a<l-sk. Pinetown, Julv (T.L.Agres). Sharpe Coll. 
o. Ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi". Sir J. Kirk [C.]. 
p, 
q. 2 hum. sk. Elephant Vley, Damara-land, Sharpe Coll. 
Aug. 4 (C. J. Andersson). 

38. PASSER. Tjpe 
Passer, Briss. Oni. iii. p. 71 (17C0) P. domesticus. 
Pyrgita, Cuv. IVegne Anim. i. p. 3oo (1817) P. domesticus. 
Pyrgitopsis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 510 (1850) P. simplex. 
Corospiza, Bp. Comp. i. p. 511 (I860J P. ttchtensteini. 
Salicipasser, Bogd. B. Cane. p. 00 (1870) P. niontanus. 
Sorella, Bartl J.f. 0. 1*80, p. 211 P. emini. 

Head of Passer domesticus. 

38. 
PASSER. 290 
Range. The greater part of the Old "World excepting the lloluccan 
subregion and the Australian Region. Absent in the New World, 
"but has been introduced in many places. 

Keg to the Species. 

a. With the throat black. 
a. 
Back streaked or mottled "with black; 
crown uniform. 
a". 
Lesser wing-coverts uniform brown; 
head chocolate; ear-coveits ashy 
whitish, with a black patch on the f . nA1 
lower part " montanw, p. 301. 

I *at™'atu*> P-M

b". Leaser wing-coverts uniform chestnut.&'". 
With the crown a.^hy or dark grey. 
ak. Lower back and rump uniform 
abhy brown, with no chestnut. 

a'\ Sides of neck and a broad biiperciliary 
streak deep chestnut; 
featheis below the eye black; 
ear-coverts and sides of face 
a>hy or white domesticus tf, p. 309. 

b"\ Sides of neck and eyebrow tawny 
rufous; feathers below the eye 
and upper part of ear-coverts 
black; remainder of ear-coverts 
white. 


a". Larger: wing 3-05 inches; no 
yellow on sides of neck ... . insular is <$, p. 321. 

Z>°. Smaller: whig 2*3 inches; a 
yellow patch on the sides of 
the neck. 

a7. No yellow on abdomen.... moaliticm $, p.321. 
h7. Abdomen yellowish yatii <5, p. 322, 
bl. With chestnut on the lower back 
and rump. 
c5. Upper tail-coverts ashy, with 
dusky centres. 

cG. Grown blackish, contrasting 
with the grey hind neck; sides 
of crown light tawny jagoensis tf, p. 323. 

dp. Crown light grey, uniform 
with the hind neck; sides of 
crown deep chestnut pyrrhonotus $, p. 316. 

d5. Upper tail-coverts chestnut, ex-
tonally dusky brown; head , ftV . 32 4 

*». Cro^cLS.^ ^ ^ MCk i «*Wp.*«. 

cl. Flanks uniform. 
e5. Rump uniform chestnut; under 
surface sulphur-yellow; ear-
coverts yellow oinnamomeus J , p. 326. 

f5. Rump greenish olive-grey: under 
surface pale yellowish; ear-
coverts yellow castanoptems <J, p. 328, 

300 
FEO'G-IIXIDJE]. 

g5. Rump ashy brown; no yellow 
on the under surf ace; ear-coverts 
dull white italiee £% p. 315. 

&. Flanks streaked with Mack hispanioknm <$, p. 317. 

c". Lesser wing-coverts black; crown 
black; sides of hinder crown and \ ammodendri <$ ? p. 337. 
sides of neck uniform tawny \timidus tf, p. 339. 

b'. Back and rump uniform, not streaked. 
d". With chestnut on the upper surface. 
c"r. Crown black; mantle ashy; ear-
coverts and cheeks black areuaius $, p. 333. 
d'". Crown chestnut; rump chestnut. 


e\ Black of throat confined to the 
throat itself; median wing-coverts 
rufe^cent at end^ rutilans <$, p. 359. 

fK Black of throat extending to breast; 
median wing-coverts tipped with 
white assimilis $, p. 330. 

e'". Crown olive-greenish like the rump flaveolus $, p. 330. 

e". No chestnut on the upper surface, which 
is creamy white; lores and feathers 
round the eye black simplex 3, p. 339. 

b. 
With the throat not black. 
c'. Back streaked or mottled with black; a 
pale biiperciliary streak. 
f". Rump pale aJiy brown. 
f", No yellow spot on the sides of the 
neck. 
gK Cheeks dingy brown like the ear-I domesiicm and allies, 
coverts \ O} p. ;ji(). 
hK Cheeks white like the lower part of 
the ear-coverts. 
h~. Much larger : wing 2,9~3*05 
inches; median wing-coverts 
narrowly tipped with white .. ijisularis $ ? p. 321. 

i5. Smaller ; wing 2"G inches ; 
median wing-coverts white for 
their terminal half pyrrhonotus §, p. 317. 

y'". A spot of pale yellow on the sides 
of the neck moabitwus § , p. 322. 
y". Rump rufous or chestnut, contrasting 
with the striped back. 
ti". Throat chestnut like the upper sur-j emini S juv. et $ ad., 
face j p. 332. 
iv\ With yellow on the throat. 

iK Head dark brown, with a broad 
yellowish-buff eyebrow; a blackish 
streak along the top of the ear-
coverts cinnamomem 2 > P* '320. 

&4. Head pale reddish brown, slightly 
contrasting with the back; a narrow 
yellow eyebrow; no blackish 
streak along the top of the ear-
coverts lutem $ , p. 32t>. 

k'". 
Throat whitish or ashy. 
l\ Larger: wing 3*25 inches. motifensis 2, P- 325. 
mK Smaller: wing 2*3 inches ..... . jayoensis 2, h &&• 

38. PASSER, 
301 

Back uniform, not streaked or mottled 
with black. 
h". No yellow on the under surface. 


I'". Head ashy; rump chestnut. 
w4. A broad whitish superciliary streak arcuatus $, p. 833. 
oK No light superciliary streak diffusus and allies, p. 336


?7i'". Head pale tawny, or deep isabelline 
like the back simplex §, p. 340. 


n'Tt 

. Head uniform chestnut like the 
back emini <$, p. 332. 
i". With yellow on the under surface. 


o'". Head bright yellow. 
pK Back chestnut luteiis <$, p. 340. 
ql. Back yellow euchhrus $, p. 341. 

pUt. Head ashy brown, with a tinge of 
yellow; throat pale yellowish ... . flaveolus J , p. 331. 
q'tr. Head pale tawny; back grey ; throat 
white; fore neck yellow euchhrus g, p. 842. 


1. Passer montanus. 
The Hamburgh Tree-Creeper, Albin, Nat. Hist B. iii# p. 23, pi 24 

(1740). 
The Red-head Sparrow, Albin, t. c. p. 61, pi. C5 (1740). 
Mountain Sparrow, Albm, t. c. p. 02, pi. 06 (fig. pess.). 
Mountain Sparrow, Cock and Hen, Edwards, Gleanings, ii. p. 124, 


pi. 269 (1760). 
Le Moineau de Montague, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 79 (17G0). 
Le Moineau de Campagne on Le Friquet, Briss. t. c. p. 82 (1760). 
Le Bouvreuil de Hamburg, Briss. t c. p. 314 (1760). 
Fringilla montana, Linn. Si/st Nat. i. p. 324 (1760); Temm. Man. 

d'Orn. i. p. 354 (1820) ; Roux, Orn. Prov. pi. 83 (1825); Naum. 
Fog. DeutscM. iv. pi. 116.figs. 1,2 (1826) ; Werner, Atlas, Granivores, 
pi. 42 (1827); Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 248 (1840) ; Yarr. 
Brit. B. i. p. 469 (1843); Kjcerb. Danm. Fugle, pi. xxvi. 
fig. 5 (1852) j Sundev. Svensh. Fogl. pi. v. fig. 7 (1856); Sold. 
Bier. Nederl, Vog. pi. 16. fig. 3 (1861) ; Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 99 
(1875). 

Le Friquet, Buff. Hist. Nat Ois. iii. p. 489 (1775); Baubmt PI. 

Enl. iv. ph 267.fig. 1. 
L'Hanibouroux, Month Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 398 (1778). 
Tree Finch, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 252 (1783). 
Loxia hamburgia, Gm. Syst. Nat I p. 854 (1788). 
Fringilla campestris, Sihrank, Fauna Boica, p. 181 (1798). 
Passer montanina, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 30 (1811). 
Passer hamburgensis, Leach, Syst. Cat Mamm. 8fc. Brit Mus. p. 14 

(1816). 

Passer montanus, Koch, Syst baier. Zool. p. 219 (1816); Macgill. 
Brit. B. i. p. 351 (1837); Keys, u. Bias. Wirb. Eur, p. xxxix 
(1840)5 Miihle, Orn. Griechenl. p. 44 (1844); Schl. Bev. Crit 

p. Lxiv (1844); Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 78 (1845); Gray, Gen. Bt 
ii. p. 372 (1849); Blyth, Cat B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 120 (1849); JBp. 
Consp. i. p. 508 (1850) ; Cab. Mm. Hein. Th. i. p. 156 (1850); 
Middend. Meis. Sibir., Zool. p. 148 (1851) ; Schl. Vog. Nederl 
302 FRINGIIXIDJE. 

pi. 162 (1854) ; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. E. L Co. Mus. ii. p. 500 
(1856j; Hewits. Eggs Brit. B. i. p. 153, pi. 42. tigs. 1, 2 (1856); 
Jaab. et Barth.-Lapumm. Rich. Orn. p. 131 (1859); Schrenck, Reis. 
Amurl p. 289 (1859) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 33; Swinh. Ibis, 1^60, 

p. 61; Poicys, t. c. p. 137; Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 56 (I860); 
Swinh. Ibis, 1861, pp. 45, 255 ; Blyth, t. c. p. 408; Swinh. Ibis, 
18L»2, p. 258; Blakist. t. c. p. S27: Gray, List Brit. B. p. 100 
(1863); Jerd. B. lad. ii. p. 3(36 (1863); Radde, Reis. Sibir., Vog. 
p. 181 (1863) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 378; Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 53 ; 
Schomb. t.c. p. 2o(5; Gigiioli, Ibis, 1865, p. 57 ; More, t. c. p. 120 ; 
Sioinh. Ibis, 1866, p. 401; Beavan, t.c. p. 410, 1*67. p. 138; 
Degl. # Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 24 5 (1867) ; Whitely, Ibis, 1867, 
p. '202', Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 174; Bulger, Ibis, 1869, p. 169; 
Sioinh, t. c. p. 348; Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 73 (1869); 
Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 75 ^1869); 'Swinh. Ibis, 1870, pp. 79, 354; 
j^to # Buckley, t. c. p. 192; Zfew//. O/vz. J.O.-i/r. i. pt. 2, 
p. 632 (1870) ; OVY/?/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 86, no. 7258 (1870); Gould, 
B. Gt. Brit. iii. pi. 33 (c. 1870); Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 20. tig. 13 
(c. 1870); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 218; Swinh. P.Z.S.1871, 
p. S8ij; R. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 140 (1871); Harting, Ilandb. 
Brit B. p. 28 (1872); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 150 (1872); Severtz. 
Turkest. Jevotn. p. 64 (1873) ; Alst. fy liar tie Brown, Ibis, 1 -73. 
p. 64 j Brooks, t.c. p. 240; Swinh. t.c. p. 371 ; Hume, Nests and 
Eggs lid. B. p. 400 (1873); id. ey Renders. Lahore to Yark. p. 254 
(1873); Hume, Sir. F. 1874; p. 481, 1&75, p. 175; Irby, B. Gibt. 
p. 119 (1875) ; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 597, pi. 178 < 1>75) ; BIyth, 
B. Burm. p. 94 (1875); Swinh. Ibis, 1875, p. 120; Dresser, t. c. 
p. 239; Danf. fy Harvie Brown, t. c. p. 312; Xetct. td. Yarr. Brit. 
B. i. p. 82 (1876) ; Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. L'-V> {1876); Scully, 
Str. F. 1876, p. 1G-"J ; J5fame, £. c. p. 499 ; Tacz. Bull. Soe. ZooL 
France, i. \>. 178 (1876); Seebohm $ liar vie Brown, Ibis, 1<S76, 
p. 114; Oates, Str. F. 1877, p. 1(53; Prjev. in Rowleys Orn. Misc. 
ii. p. 294 (1874); David$ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 340 (i*77j; Swinh. 
Ibis, 1877, p. 145; Seeboh?n, His, 1878, p. 334; Amirs. Zool. Exped. 
Yun-nan, p. 601 (1878) ; Hume $ Davison, Str. F. 1878, pp. 407, 
520; Tiraud, Bull. Com. Aqric. Cochinehine, i. p. L*,2 (1*^79); Finsch, 
MT. zool.-lot. Gesellsch. Wien, lb79,j). 210; Hume, Str. F. 1879, 
pp. 67, 107; Scully, t.c. p. 334; War dlaw-Ramsay, Ibis, 1880, 
p. 64 ; Danf. t. c. p. 94; St. John, t. c. p. 145 ; Seebohm, t. c. p. 187; 
Bingham, Str. F 18&0, p. 193 ; Barnes, t. c. pp. 218, 456 ; Kelham, 
Ibis, 1861, p. 524; Gigiioli, Iconogr. Avif. Ital. pt. 10 (1881); C. 
Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 113; Seebohm, t. ^.*pp. 218, 378; Blakist. <§r 
Pryer, B. Japan, p. 178 (1882); Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 210 
(1882) ; Seeoohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 9 ; Dalgl. t. c. p. 564; Oates, B. 
Brit. Burm. i. p. 348 (1883); B. 0. U. List Brit B. p. 51 (1883) ; 
Homeyer § Tancre, MT, orn. Ter. Wien, 1883, p. 89 ; Clarke, 
Ibis, 1884, p. ]43 ; Saunders, t. c. p. 375 ; C. II. T. Marshall, t. c. 
p. 419; Booth, Rouqh Notes, pt. vii. (l£fc4) ; Seebohm, Hist. Brit. 
B. ii. p. 09 (1884) {Radde, Orn. Cam. p. 187 (18*4); Coues, Key 
N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 345 (1884) ; Dixon, Ibis, 1885, p. 82; Gigiioli, 
Avif. Ital. p. 23 (1886); Salvad. Elench. Ucc. Ital. p. 169 
(1887). 
Pyrgita montana, Cuv. Regne Anim. i. p. 385 (1817); Gould, B. Eur. 

iii. pi. 184 (1837); Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. and X. Amer. 
p. 31 (1838); Selys-Longch. Faun. Beige, p. 80 (1*42); Ilodgs. Icon, 
ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 285. fig. 2, no. 479; id. in Grays 
38. PASSEE. 303 
Zool Misc. p. 84 (1844); Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. 
Ifodgs. p. 107 (1846J ; Licht. Nomencl Au. Berol. p. 47 (1854); 
Filippi, Vwgg. Persia, p. 349 (1865); Bettoni, Ucc. nidif. Lamb. 

i. pi. d (18(35j; Locke, EcpL Sci. Alger., Ois. i. p. 13(j (^18o7). 
Pjrgita caoipeatris, Brehm, Fog. Deutschl. p. 267 (1831). 
Pyrgita beptentiionalis, Brehm, t. c, p. 2u8 (1831). 
Parser arboreua, Blyth in Retinie's Field Naturalist, i. p. 4G7 (1833). 
Pringilla compestris, Nordm. in Denud. Voy. Buss. Ilerid. iii. p. 180 
Salicipasaer montanus, Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 60 (1879). 

Adult male. General colour above fawn-colour, the feathers of the 
mantle with ashy-fulvous edgings and broad black streaks; lower 
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform ashy brown, with a slight 
wash of fulvous or tawny; lesser wing-coverts uniform chestnut; 
median series black with broad white tips, forming a wing-bar; 
greater series du&ky blackish, edged with pale rufous-brown and 
whitish at the ends; bastard-wing and primary-coverts dusky, fringed 
with rufous-brown ; quills dusky blackish, edged with rufous-brown, 
the primaries conspicuously pale rufous near the base of the outer 
web, the pale margin also widening slightly towards the end of the 
feather; tail-leathers brown, edged with ashy ; crown of head and 
nape vinous chocolate ; lores and eyelid blackish, as also the feathers 
at the base of the cheeks; the latter white, as well as the ear-coverts, 
the latter with a black line along the upper edge continued baneath 
the eye, and having also a large black patjh on the hinder part of 
the lower ear-coverts; sides of neck white; throat and fore neck 
black; remainder of under surface of body pale ashy, the sides of 
the body, Hanks, and thighs brown, the abdomen whiter ; nnder tail-
coverts white, with pale brown bases, the long ones pale brown with 
whitish tips; axillaries and nnder wing-coverts very pale fawn


colour ; quills dusky below, pale ashy rufous along the edge of the 
inner web; bill black; legs light brown; iris brown. Total 
length 5*6 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*75, tail 2, tarsus 0*7. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 5'2 inches, culmen 
0*45, wing 2-65, tail 2*05, tarsus 0*7. 


There is scarcely any difference between the winter plumage and 
the summer dress. The colour of the upper surface is a little more 
tawny during the winter season ; but there is not any obscuring of 
the black throat by means of grey tips, as in the case of the Common 
Sparrow and its allies. I am not certain, however, that the 
young birds, after their first moult, do not show this peculiarity. 


Specimens from the far east, China &c, are so like European examples 
that they cannot be separated even as races; they appear, 
however, to have a tinge of rufous on the lower part of the black 
throat: the latter is more extended in European birds, especially 
English specimens. 

In Central Asia and Afghanistan a decidedly paler race occurs, 
much more sandy in tint and of a paler chocolate on the head, and 
having the black on the throat narrower. 

Young in first plumage (Orleans, July). Eecalls the plumage 

304 
EKI^GHLID^. 

of the adults, but differs in the following particulars:—The hind 
neck is ashy brown, with dusky blackish centres to the feathers ; 
the crown dull ashy brown, with a superciliary line of vinous, 
widening out above the ear-coverts and encircling the nape; facial 
markings as in adult, but the white of the face and cheeks 
washed with ashy, the latter barred with dusky; fore neck and 
breast ashy, the abdomen dull white ; sides of body and under tail-
coverts light brown; wings rather more fulvescent than in the 
adult, and the white wing-bars washed with fulvous and much less 
pronounced. 

Dr. Einsch procured a young male in full moult on the Paver Ob, 
on the 16th of September. Prom this specimen it would appear 
that the young bird after its first moult retains the brown character 
of the crown with the sides of the latter chocolate* as in the flr&t 
plumage ; otherwise the upper surface is similar to that of the adults; 
the black on the throat is much restricted, and appears to be somewhat 
hidden by the whitish tips to the lower throat-feathers. 

Hah. The greater part of Europe, local in many places ; eastward 
through Siberia to Japan and China; X.E. Africa ; Central Asia, 
Persia, and Afghanistan ; the Himalaya Mountains eastwards to 
Asmara, Burmah, and through Tenasserim and the Malay peninsula 
to Java. In eastern localities it takes the place of Passer Jo nit slides, 
and is the House-Sparrow of the country. 

a. Ad. sk. Lincolnshire. Montagu Coll. 
b. S 
ad. bk. Cambridgeshire, Jan. (J. 8alviii-Uodn.an (\ 11. 
Baker). 
c. cl J ad. sk. Cambridge, April 17 (0. &). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e. 
<j> ad.sk. Cambridge, March (P. God-Sah iu-Godman Coll. 
man). 
/;</. Pull, j 7i,i. Ad. Giave&end. Mr. J. Baker X1.]. 
St. 

k. Ad. sk. Kingsbury, Middlesex. J. E. Ilartinir, Esq. 
L $ ad.sk. Harnpvtead, Middlesex, April Hume" Cull. 
15,lP0n(J2. B.S.). 


m. Ad. sk. Near London. GntildColI. 
n, o, p. § a<l-sk-Cookham, Berks, Feb. 18fc«3. II. B. Sharre. Esq. 
yr.

q. Ad. bk. Sussex. 
Hume Coll. 
r. Ad. &t. Brighton, March 2o,1884 Mr. Swat -land XV. 
s. Ad. sk. Brighton, Oct. 20 {It. B. S.). B. B. Sliaipe, Ebd. 
t $ ad.sk. Hove, Sussex, Jan. 28 (I?. H. B. Sharps. Esq. 

B. &). 
u. Ad. sk. Isle of Wight. Mr. Butler rp.l 
v. & ad. sk. Senneville, near Hat re, E. Hargitt, Ew£ [T.]. 
May 0 (A. Noury). 
w. 
<$ ad. sk. Near "Havre, Sept. 0 (V. E.Hargitt,E*q.[P.l 
Pluche). 
x. 
S ad. sk. Near Havre, Oct. 10 (K E.IIai'gitt,Esq.[P.]. 
Pluche). 
38 . PASSEB. 305 
y. <? ad. sk. 
z. Juv. sk. 
a'. $ ad. sk. 
V. Ad. sk. 
d. $ ad. sk. 
d'. $ ad. sk. 
eK $ ad.sk. 
A c? ad. sk. 
g'. Ad. sk. 

h'. tf jun. sk. 

i'. $ ad. sk. 

ft'. c£ ad. sk. 

l'-o'. Ad. sk. 

p'. Ad. sk. 
<?', r'. $ ad. sk 
s'. Ad. sk. 

t'} u'. Ad. sk. 
v'j w'. $ 2 ad. sk 
&'*!/'» d ad. sk. 

*'. ? ad. sk 

a. Ad. sk. 
fty. Ad.; §. Juv.sk 
e. Ad. sk 
f. Ad. sk. 
TJ. Ad. sk. 
0. Ad. sk 
i. Ad. sk 
K. Ad. sk. 
X-o. Ad. sk 
7T. JuV. Sk. 
p. Ad. sk 
0-. Ad. sk 
r. Ad. sk. 
v, <fi. Ad. sk. 
VOL. xn. 

Near Havre, Feb. 25 (F. 

Fluche). 
Orleans, July (A Noury). 
Near Paris (F. Petit). 
Belgium, April 10. 
Sarpsborg, Norway, June 


(J. Baker). 
Borregaard, S. Norway, 
March 20 (P. Godman). 
Heligoland, Oct, 

,Ust Zylma, Petchora River, 
April 19, 1875 (E. S.). 
Petchora River, N. Russia 

(J. A. IT. B.). 
Bereosoff, Sept. 13 (0. F.). 
Nariniskaja, River Ob (0. 

Finsch). 

Kaoschka, River Ob, Sept. 21 

(0. F.). 
Kashgar (Dr. Bellew). 
Yarkand {Col. Chapman). 
Oandabar, May 1839 

{Griffith). 
Pushut {Griffith). 
Bala Ohughur Serai( Griffith). 
Oandabar, Jan. 18. 
Oandabar, Jan. 21, 1879 

{Sir O. St. John). 

Oandabar, April 20, 1879 

(Sir O. St. John). 
Deccan (Syhes). 
Nepal. 
Nepal {B. H. Hodgson). 
Khatmandu, Nepal, March 

1877 (J. Scully). 
Godavery, Nepal, May 17, 
1877(7. Scully). 
Khatmandu, May 7,1877 

(J Scully). 
Nepal, Dec. 1875 (Z. Mandelli). 


Dolaka, Nepal, Jan. 1875 

(Z. Mandelli). 
Thibet, March 1875-76 

(Z. Mandelli). 
Sikhim (Z. Mandelli). 
Sikhim, Jan. 1874 {Z. Mandelli). 
Sikhim, Feb. 1874 (X. Mandelli). 
Sikbim, Oct. 1873 (X. Mandelli). 
Sikhim, Nov. 1876 {Z. Mandelli). 


E. Hargitt,Esq. [P.]. 
E.Hargitt,Esq.[P.]. 
E.Hargitt,Esq.[P.]. 
Brussels Mus. [P.]. 
Salvin-Godrnan Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

R. B. Sharps, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Henry Seebobm, Esq. 

Major Feilden & J. 

A. Harvie-Brown, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 
Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 

Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 

India Museum. 

R. B. Sharpe, Esq, 
[P.]. 
India Museum. 

India Museum. 
India Museum. 
Col. C. Swinboe [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


India Museum. 


Hodgson Coll. 


India Museum. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


x 

306 

Y, ip. Ad. sk. 
a>-j8'. Ad. sk. 
y'. Ad. sk. 


8'. <J ad. ; e', f. 
$ ad. sk. 

i. 5 pull. sk. 
6'. S ad. sk. 

tr, K1. (J § ad. sk. 

X'. c? juv. sk. 

/x\ (S ad.;z/',g'. $ 
ad. sk. 
o', 7r'. d1 ad. sk. 

p\cr\r\ <$ ad. j 
vr, $'. $ ad. sk. 
X'. cf pull. sk. 

i^'. 5 jliv' s^* 
a)'. cJ ad. sk. 
a". Ad. bk. 
jS". Ad. sk 
<y". Ad. sk. 


8". tf ad. sk. 

e", £". cJ ad. sk. 

7]". Ad. sk. 

Bu. (S ad. sk. 

t". & ad. sk. 

K"; X". tf $ ad. sk. 

fi". tf juv. sk. 

v". g ad. sk. 

f.Ad. sk. 

o", IT", d ad.; 
p", cr". $ ad. sk. 
T". 2 ad, sk. 

v". S ad. sk. 

(p"~&". J ad. et juv.; 
a'". 2 ad. sk. 
0r". <J juv. sk. 

S'EINGII.LrD^ 

Darjiling, Nov. 1869-78. 
Darjiling, Dec. 25, 1869. 
Near Dibrugkur, Assam 

(/. E. Cripps). 
Dhollah, Assam, May 1877 

(J. Cockburn). 
Sadkyia, Assam, April 1877 

(J. Cockhum). 
Sadliyia, Assam, May 24, 
1877 (J*. Cockburn). 
Sadliyia, Assam, June 8, 
1877 (J. Cockburn). 
Sadliyia, Assam, Aupr. 14, 
18*7 (J. Cockburn). 
Shillonsr, Dee. 12, 1877 

(J. Cockburn). 
Manipur, Feb. 27, 1881 (A. 
0. H.). 
Manipur, March o, 1881 

(A. O.K.). 
KoMiin-IiCK >lel, Manipur, 

April7,1881(^. O.iT.J. 
Pejrii. 
Pegu, Sept. 29. 
Bhamau, Feb. 0. 
Momien, Yun-nan, July 3. 
Mangwyne, Sauda Valley, 


May 12. 
Lemyne, 1 march from Yea, 
Tenas&erini, March 28} 1874 

( W. Damson). 
Moulmein, Feb. 22, 1878 
(W. Davison). 
Pakpoon, Dec. 1878 (JJr. 

Davisun). 
Tavoy, Jan. 1, 1870 (W. 
Davison). 
Tavoy, April 27,1874 ( W. 
Davison). 
Tavoy7> June 1, 1874 (W. 
Davison). 
Mergui, Jime 7, 1875 (W. 
Davison). 
Pakchan, May 4,1875 ( W. 
Davison). 

Pakchan, Dec. 12, 1878 

(W. Davison). 
Tonka, Salanpra Islands, 
Jan. 1879 (W. Davison). 
Tonka, Jan. 1879 
(J. Darling). 


Salang, March 14, 1879 

(J. Darling). 
Kossoum, 
May 1879 (J. 
Darling). 

Poongyah, Aug. 4, 1879 

(J. Darling). 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll, 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Gates Cull. 

Dates Coll. 
Dr. J. Anderson ~C. 
Dr. J. An<lei>uii *V. 
Dr. J. Audei'Hin \\ 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coil 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

38. PASSER. 
3Q7 
ym. 6 ad.; d'V". Klang, Salangore, June Hume Coll. 

$ ad. sk. 1879 ( W. Davison) 
C"> 6 ad. sk. Dingding Islands, Feb. 2'2 Hume Coll. 

1879 (W. Davison). 
>/'". c? ad. sk. Singapore (Dr. Cantor). India Museum. 
#'". (J ad. sk. Singapore, Sept. 19, 1878 Hume Coll. 

(W. Davison). 
Lm-jMru. d ad.; Singapore Island, Sept. 1875 Plume Coll. 

v"'. $ ad. sk. (W. Davison). 
f'". Ad. sk. Malay peninsula, Jan. 18, Hume Coll. 
lbf 9 ( W. Davison). 
or". <J ad. sk. ; Penang (Dr. Cantor). India Museum. 
77'". Juv. sk. 

p'". Ad. sk. Java. Hume Coll. 
cr"'. Ad. sk. Ja^a (Mus, Lugd). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
rr", v"'. Ad. sk. Saigon, Cochin China. M. E. Pierre [P.]. 
cf)m. d ad. &k. South Manchuria, June 14, Br. Jome*. [P.]. 


1846. 
X'". Ad. sk. Japan (Leiden Mus.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ip'. Ad. &k. Japan. Hume Coll. 
a)'", #. d ad. sk. Nagasaki. F. Ringer, Esq. [P.]. 

5. 
<5 ad. sk. Hakodadi, Feb. 12,1805. Henry VVhitely, Esq. 
to.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Eintang, China. 
J. Ii. Reeves, Esq. 
[p.]. 
rf. cJ ad. sk. Woosung, China, April. J. P. Peeves, Esq. 

[p.i. 
e. Ad. sk. Chusan (Capt.Ince). Gould Coll. 
/. J ad. sk. Shanghai, Dec. 1881. F. W. Stj an, Esq. 
[P.]. 
<?. S ad. sk. St. Louis, Missouri, U. S. A., II. Iv. Ooale, Esq. 
April, 10,1878 (introduced)• [P.]


A. Sternum. England. 
J. Pay, Esq. 
i. Skeleton. England. Purchased. 
h, I, m. Skulls. S. Germany. Dr. Giinther [C.]. 
2. Passer saturatus. 
Passer montanus (nee L.), Cass. Proc. PJiilad. Acad. 1862, p. 314; 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 174. 
Passer saturatus, Stejnegerj Proc, U.S. Nat Mus. viii. p. 19 (1885). 

Adult. Similar to P. montanus, but washed all over "with, umber-
brown, except on the head, -which is slightly tinged with ashy ; the 
feathers on the breast are indistinctly edged with brown, the cross 
bands on the wings are broad and strongly suffused with the brown 
colour, and the whitish or greyish tips of the tertiaries have entirely 
disappeared, the whole border being brown; on back no trace of 
grey, and the black stripes small and few ; all brown colours, except 
that of the head, deeper and richer. (Stejneger.) 

Eab. liu-Kiu Islands, Japanese Sea. 

3. Passer domesticus. 
Le Moineau franc, Brtss. Orn. iii. p. 72 (1760) ; Daubent. PL Enl iv. 
pi. 6. fig. 1, pi. 55. fig. 1. 
Frinoilla domestica, Linn. Syst Nat. i. p. 323 (1766) ; Temm. Man, 
x2 

308 EB,m<JILUDJB. 

ePOrn. I p. 350 (1820); Forst. Cat Brit B. p. 11 (1817); Roux, 
Orn. Prov. pis. 80, 81, 82 (1825); Naum. Yog. DeutscM. iv. pi. 115 
(1826) ; Werner, Atlas, Granivores, pi. 89 (1827) ; Crespon, Orn. 
Gard, p. 244 (1840); Nordm. in Demid. Yoy. Buss. Jklerid. iii. 

p. 180 (1840) ; Yarr. Brit B. i. p. 474 (1843); BJjmrb. Damn. 
Fugle, pi. sxvi. fig. 4 (1852); Sundev. Svensk. FogL pi. 6. &2*. l? 2 
(c. 1856); Schl. Bier. NederL, Yog. pi. 16. fig.. 11, 12 (1801); 
Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 98 (1875), 
Le Moineau, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 474 (1775)^ 
House-Sparrow, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. £. 248 (17-3). 
Passer domesticus, Pall. Zooqr. Bos^o-Anai. ii. p. 29 (ISllh Koch, 

St/st. haier. Zool. p. 219 (1810); MacqilL Brit B. i. p. 340 11-37); 
Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Fur. p. xl (18-40j ; J/wto, Z?«V>\ 0™. 
Griechenl. p. 44 (1844); &?M Bei\ Grit p. Ixiy (1844): i?%;. 
Syst Uebers. p. 78 (1845); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 372 (1-49); 
fhomps. B. Irek i. p. 251 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 509 <1S>0); 
Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 155 (1850); Middend. Bei<. Sibir., Zool. 

p. 149 (1851); Schl. Yog. NederL pi. 101 (1554); limits. Eggs 
Brit B. i. p. 155, pi. 42. figs. 3, 4 (1650); «7<ZK£. ^ Barth-Iapmm. 
Rich. Orn. p. 127 (1859) { Schmich Bids. Amurl.y. 290 {1-50); 
Binderm. Yog. Grieclienl. p. 57 (IbOO); Pom/% Ifjis, 1-00. p. 137; 
Maillard, Ibis, 1803, p. 104: <9/w/, Zta Brit. IL p. 100 (lMi3); 
Badde, Beis. Sibir., Yog. p. 179 (ifc03); -i//^, JtoV.. 1-04, p. 230; 
ilibr/i, iZw, lb05, p. 127; Lilford, Ibis, 1-00, p. 177 ; Taylor. Ihi<, 
1807, p. 04; Tristram, t.c". p. 309; /><//. ^ Gerb-, Orn. Eur. i. 
p. 241 (1807); JW/e, #/;>/. AW. Ah/<r[, Ois. I p. Ji'iH HJ7); 
Smith, Ibis, l-08? p. 445; Saunders. Ibi*< 1-09. p. 172; Wright* 
i.e. pp. 250, 2o<>; Bortg/r. Yot/eH\ Nmhhuhvhl p. 03 (1-00); 
6W£, 2?. G-V. i?r. iii. pi"32 (e. WOj ; JWW/J, Joy. Eur. t il>. 20. 
fig. 10 (c.1870) ; Iltugl. Orn. X.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2. p. 02-* (W0); 
6V«?/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 80, no. 725 (WO); Bltre> »Y Bwldru, Ibis, 
1870, p. 192; B. Gray, B. West Seotl. p. 141 (1-71I; ikiwidtr*, 
Ibis, 1871, p. 218; GWw. ii&is, 1^72, p. 210; Hirtitiq, Ilandb. 
Brit B. p. 28 (1872); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 148 (1-72 J; 6Wfc. 
Turkest Jevotn. p. 04 (1873); Alst.^IIartie-Bromi^IM^ 1873? 
p. 54; Bumf. Ibis, 1874", p. 390 ; Lilford, Ibis, 1-75, p. 3 ; Drewr, 
t. c. p. 239 ; Danf. #• Harme-Brown, t c. p. 312; Irby, B. Gihr. 
p. 119 (1875); JBlanf. East Persia, ii. p. 254 (WO); Tacz. Bull 
Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 78 (1670) ; Seebohm ty Ilarcie-Broirn, Bjis, 
1870, p. 114; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 5-7, pi. 170. fi«r. 1 (l-7t>); 
Newt. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 89 (1870); Danf. Ibis, 167-, p. 22; 
Seebohm, t e. p. 334; Hume, Sir. F. 1^78, TUL ii. p. 04; Leqge, 
B. Ceylon, p. 000 (1870); Mutch, MT. zwl-bot Geselhch. Wien, 
1879, p. 209 ; Hume, Sir. F. W9, p. 107 ; SeuJhj, f. c. p. 333; 
Boig, t c. p. 371; Butler, Cat. B. Sind, p. 40 (1879); Fimch, Ibis, 
1880, p. 78; Yidal, Str. F. 1880, p. 72; Barnes, t. c. pp. 2H 450; 
Butler, t c. p. 410 ; id. Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 0*2 {18-0); Iteid, 
Str. F. 1881, p. 50; Salv. Cat Stricld. Coll. p. 209 f 18-2j; C. Swinli. 
Ibis, 1882, p. 112; Seebohm, t. c. p. 218; Dixon, t c. p. 574; 
Davison, Str. F. 1883, p. 403 ; B. 0. U. list Brit B. p. 51 
(1883); Irby, Ibis, 1883, p. 183; Ilomei/er ^ Tancre, MT. Orn. 
Yer. Wien, 1883, p. 89; Seebohm, Hist Brit B. ii. p. 03 (18-4); 
Tristr. Faun. 8f Flora Palest p. 67 (1864); Budde, Orn. Cam. 

p. 182 (1884); Cones, Keg N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 344 (1**4); 
Clarke, Ibis, 1884, p. 143; Saunders, t c. p. 375; Marshall, t e. 
p. 419; Dixon, Ibis, 1883, p. 82; Sioinh. 4* Barnes, te. p. 120; 
Beid, t c. p. 245; Booth, Bough Notes, p t x. (1885); GigholL 
Avif. Ital p. 26 (3880) ; Salvad. Blench. Ucc. Hal p. 107 (1&87). 
88. PASSES. 
309 

Pyrgita domestica, Cuv. Begne Anim. i. p. 385 (1817); Bote, Isis, 
1822, p. 554 j Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 204 (1831) j Gould, B. 
Ar.ili.pl. 184 (1837) ; Bp. Pomp. List B. Bur. # N. Amer. p. 31 
(1838); Selys-Longch.FauneJBelge, p. 80 (1842); Hodgs. Icon. ined. 
in Brit. Mus., Basseres, pi. £85 (nos. 447-448); id. in Gray's Zool. 
Misc. p. 84 (1844); Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. 

p. 107 (1846) j Licht. Nomencl. Av. Berol. p. 47 (1854): Filippi 
Viagg. Bersia, p. 349 (1865). 
Pyrgita pagorum, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 265 (1831). 
Pyrgita rustiea, Brehm, t. c. p. 206 (1831). 
Fringilla pyrrlioptera, Less, in Belang. Vog. Ind. Orient, p. 274 (1834). 
Passer indieus, Jard. 8? Selby, III. Orn. iii. p. 118 (c. 1848); Blyth, 

Cat. B. Mus. As. Sue. p. 119 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 510 (1850); 
Kelaa?-f, Brodr. p. 126 (1852); Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. B. I. Co. 
Mus. ii. p. 499 (1856) ; Irhj, Ibis, 1861, p. 231; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. 

p. 362 (1863); Beamn, Ibis, 1866, p. 419, 1867, p. 138; Myth, 
Ibis, 1867, p. 41; Hume, Ibis, 1808, p. 240; Belz. t. c. p. 318 ; 
Brooks, Ibis, 1869, p. 51); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 86, no. 7259 
(1870) ; Holdsw. B. Z. #/l872, p. 464; Hume $ Henders! Lahore 
to Tark. p. 252 (3873); Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 413; Hume, 
Nests $ LJggs Ind. B. p. 457 (1873); id. Str. F. 1873, p. 209; 
Adam, t. c. p. 387 ; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 421; Oates, Str. F. 1875, 
p. 
156; Fairb. t. c. p. 261; Butler, t. c. p. 496; Blyth, B. Burm. 
p. 93 (1875); Blanf. Fast. Bersia, ii. p. 254 (1876) ; Oates, Str. F. 
1877, p. 163; Fairb. t.c. p. 408; Hume # Davison, Str. F. 1878, 
pp. 400, 520; DavidsonfyWenden, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 85; Ball, 
t c. p. 222 ; Cripps, t. c. p. 294; Tlraud, Bull. Com. Agric. Cochin-
chine, p. 133 (lS7d); Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 169; Bingham, t.c. 
p. 195 ; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p.79; Scully, t.c. p.573 ; Biddulph, 
Ibis, 1882, p. 281; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 346 (1883); Murray, 
Verteb. Faun. Sindh, p. 183 (1884). 
Passer pyrrhopterus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 373 (1849) ; id. Hand-l. B. 

ii. p. a<$, no. 7278 (1870). 
? Passer rufipectus, Bp. Co?isp. i. p. 509 (1850) ; Loche, Bxpl. Sci. 
Alger., Ois. i. p. 136 (1867); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 86, no. 7270 
(1870). 

Passer arboreus, Licht in Mus. Berol.; Bp. Consp. i. p. 510 (1850). 
Parser eonfueius, Bp. Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, p. 14 (1854) ; Gray, 

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 88, no. 7277 (1870). 
Pyrgita valida, etc., Brehm, Vogelf. p. 98 (1855). 
Parser tingitanus, Bp. Cat. Barzud. p. 18 (1856); Loche, Bxpl. Sci. 

AlgSr., Ois. i. p. 132 (1867) ; Homeyer, J.f.O. 1869, p. 260, note. 

- 
Passer rufidorsalis etc., Brehm, Naum. 1856, p. 376. 
Pyrgita cahirina, Heugl. J.f.O. 1867, p. 299 (ex Wilrt. MSS.). 
^ 
Pyrgita pectoraiis, Heugl. ut supra. 
Passer domesticus, subsp. caucasicus, Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 60 (1879). 
Passer domesticus indieus, Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 8. 

Adult male in summer plumage. General colour above chestnut, 
streaked with black on the mantle and back, with a concealed subterminal 
mark of ashy white on the feathers of this portion of the 
body; lower back and rump dull ashy, the upper tail-coverts browner; 
scapulars like the back; lesser wing-coverts uniform chestnut; median 
coverts black, broadly tipped with white, forming a wing-bar; greater 
coverts black, broadly edged with chestnut; bastard-wing blackish; 
primary-coverts and quills blackish, edged with pale rufous, broader 

310 FRINGILLIDiE. 

on the Inner secondaries; the primaries with a pale rufous mark at 
the hase of the outer web, which is again paler-edged at about one 
third from the tip; tail-feathers dusky brown, edged with ashy 
fulvous or whity brown : crown of head and nape ashy grey, the 
hind neck also ashy grey, mixed with chestnut; lores and a line 
below the eye black, the latter with a small white spot behind it; 
from behind the upper part of the eye a broad streak of chestnut, 
widening out on the sides of the neck: ear-coverts dull ashy, with 
whitish bases ; cheeks white, widening out on the sides of the neck, 
which are ashy mixed with white; base of cheeks, throat, and fore 
neck black; sides of breast pale ashy, browner on the flanks ; centre 
of the breast and abdomen white, with a few dusky streaks on the 
upper breast; thighs light brown ; under tail-coverts pale brown, 
edged with whitish : under wing-coverts and axillaries pale ochreous, 
the lower ones yellowish white; quills dusky below, ashy fulvous 
along the inner web; bill leaden-J)lue in summer, blackish or 
horn-brown in winter; legs brown; iris hazel. Total length 6 
inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*95, tail 2-1, tarsus 0*75. 

The adult male in luinUr plumage is much duller than in summer, 
the whole aspect of the bird being browner; the chestnut of the 
back is obscured by fulvous, the head is brown instead of grey, the 
lower back and rump earthy brown instead of ashy ,* the wings 
and tail are as in summer, but the edges to the feathers are broader 
and the white wing-band is washed with fulvous; the sides of the 
face are ashy brown, with a little white behind the cheeks, the fore 
parts of which, with the lores and the feathers under the eye, are 
black ; over the eye a small line of white ; the chestnut band on the 
side of the head obscured by sandy-buff tips to the feathers ; the 
whole of the throat hidden by pale sandy edges to the feathers. 

The summer plumage is gained without a moult by the shedding 
of the pale tips to the feathers, and the bill changes from horny 
brown to black. 

The Eastern House-Sparrow differs from the ordinary Passer domesticus 
of Europe in being much lighter and purer in colour, the 
cheeks and ear-coverts being generally pure white, as also the under 
wing-coverts and axillaries; there is also a broader streak of black 
below the eye, and the black mark at the base of the cheeks Is 
larger. But the Hparrow varies so much according to locality, that 
a perfect gradation between the two forms can be found; for in the 
south of Europe the colour is always brighter and purer than in 
the north, and thib variation increases according to the more eastern 
habitat of the species. 

The House-Sparrow from Forth-east Africa shows a tendency to 
chestnut in the centre of the black on the fore neck. This is by no 
means a specific character, however, for it is present In some English 
specimens, and also in another from Einland. In the last-named 
countries, at least, it may be considered a mark of extreme age. 

Adult female. Browner than the male; the mantle and back 
tawny instead of chestnut, streaked with black as in the male; 
lower back and rump ashy brown; wings and tail as in the male, 

38 . PASSEK. 
311 
excepting that the white wing-bar is narrower and the edges to the 
feathers more tawny rufous; cro^n of head and neck brown, with 
a fawn-coloured streak along the sides of the hinder crown, widening 
out slightly towards the nape; lores ashy; eyelid whitish; ear-
coverts ashy brown, separated from the tawny band by a streak of 
dark brown; cheeks ashy brown: throat dull ashy whitish; fore 
neck and breast pale brown, the flanks clearer brown, as also the 
thighs; abdomen purer white; on the breast and flanks some faintly 
indicated shaft-lines ; under tail-coverts buff, with pale-brown 
centres; asillaries pale buff; under wing-coverts dull whitish. 
Total length 5*2 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 3, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*75. 

Young birds, of both sexes, at first resemble the adult female, but 
are whiter below, especially on the throat. At the first autumn 
moult the males assume the plumage of the adult, the black throat 
being always distinguishable below the ashy edges to the feathers, 
these being shed in due course during the following spring, when 
the fully adult breeding-plumage is donned. 

Hah. Nearly the whole of Europe, but replaced in Italy by 

P. italics, extending eastward to Persia and Central Asia, India, 
and Ceylon. The eastern specimens (P. indicus auct.) are smaller 
and paler (vide supra). 
a, b. <$ $ ad. sk. Orkneys (Dunn). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
PP.]


c. 2 ad. sk. Eskdale, Forfarshire, N.B. Gould Coll. 
d. Var. alb. st. England. 
Zoological Society. 
e. Var. st. England. 
/; § aci sk. Preston Hall, Shropshire. Gould Coll. 
g} h. (S $ ad. sk. Cambridgeshire (J. Baker). Salvin-G-odrnan Coll. 
z. d ad. sk. Cambridgeshire, May (0. 8.). Salvin-G-odman Coll. 
k, I 
d S ad. • Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker [G.j. 
m, n, Juv. st. 

o. Var. st. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker [0.1. 
p, 
q. d 2 ad.sk. Oxford, feb. 4 R. B. Sharpe, Esq, 
[P.]. 

r. 
<$ ad. sk. Near London, June. Gould Coll. 
8. d ad. sk. Finchley, Feb. 30 (0. &). Salvin-Grodman Coll. 
t,u. 
d 2 ad.sk* Hanwell, Feb. 1885. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
I?-]


v-b', d ad. sk; Cookkam, Berks, Feb. 29, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
cf-h\ $ ad.sk. [P.]. 
i'. d ad. sk. Cookkam, Dec. 26. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

h\ V. d juv.; Oookham, Aug. R. B, Sharpe, Esq. 
m'jritO'. Juv.sk. I?-]


p'. d juv. sh-Surbiton, Surrey, Aug. 16. Dr. Giinther [P.]. 
qr. Var. alb. st. Surbiton, Surrey. Dr. Giinther [P i 
r\ <S ad. sk. Godalniing, Surrey, Jan. (P. 6%), Salvin-Godman Coll. 
$'. d ad. sk. Romney Marsh, Kent, July 25. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

t'7u'}v'. d j^v.; Pagham, Sussex, Sept. 4. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
«?',#'. Jjuv.sk. [P.]. 

y. 
d ad, sk, Brighton, Sussex, Nov. R. B. Sharpe, Esq, 
[P.]. 
312 
VELXGnJuTDM. 

z\ Var. alb. st. 
Highworth, Wilts, Oct. 1883. 

a. c? var.; 
Devonshire. 
0. $ ad. sk. 
7, 5. c? ad. sk. Pembrokeshire, June. 
€. c? ad. sk. South Norway, June (J. 
Baker). 

f. 
c? ad. sk. Finland, July 28, 1851 (J. von 
Wright). 
rj. $ ad. sk. Ust Zylrna, Petchora Paver, N. 
Russia, May 18 (R. Seebohn 
and J. A. Ilarvie-Broiun). 

(9. J ad. sk. Hareskov, Denmark, Jan. 7, 
1S71 (A. Benson). 
i. c? ad. sk. Holland. 
*; X. d ? ad. sk. Havre, France, May 6 (V. 
BlucJie). 
ft? ^ d1 2 ad. sk. Near Paris (F. Petit). 


i,o. <$ $ ad. sk. Marseilles, Feb. 10. 
7T. c? ad. sk. Near Malaga, Spain, Feb. 


p. $ ad. sk. 
Granada. 
cr. c? ad. sk, 
Bordighera, N. Italy, March (A. 

B. Brooke). 
T. cJ ad. sk. 
Near Vienna, Austria. 
v. 2 ad. sk. Coimbra, Portugal, Nov. 1886. 
<j>, x- d ad. sk. Tangiers (V. Favier). 
yjr. d ad. sk. Delta, Egypt, April 14 (8. S. 
Allen). 
co. tf ad. sk. Erment, Egypt, Feb. 7 (S. S.
Allen). 

a', c? ad. sk. 
Egypt, March 24,1875. 


ff. 6 ad. sk. 
Nubia. 


y'. c? ad. sk. 
Below Khartoum. 


£'. tf ad. sk. Bashan, Palestine. 
*'. Juv. sk. Trebizond (Dickson and Boss). 
f'. <$ ad. sk. Erzeroum (Dickson and Boss). 
tf\ 2 ad. sk. Persia. 
<9'. S ad sk. Forest on Caspian Sea, Nov. 
t'. (J ad. sk. Resht, Nov. 
*'. <£ ad. sk. Near Shiraz, Sept. 
X'. cJ ad. sk. Bushire, Feb. 
fir. $ ad. sk. S. W. of Karman, S.E. Persia, 


May 29. 
v'. c? ad. sk. Barnpur, Baluchistan, April 4. 

£'. $ ad. sk. 
Gwadar, Baluchistan, Dec. 31. 

o'. $ ad. sk. 
Gwadar, Jan. 1,1872 ( W. T. B.). 
Turkestan, May 18 (Dr. 0.

TT'. $ ad. sk. 

Finsch). 

p'. cj ad. sk. Khusan, "W. Afghanistan, 
April 16,1885. 

J. E. Harting, Esq. 
[p.]. 
Montagu Coll. 


Dr. Giinther [P.]. 
Saivin-Godman Coll. 

Gould Coll. 

Major Feilden and J. 

A. Harvie-Brown, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Hume Coif. 


Gould Coll. 
Edward Harsitt, Esq. 
rp.-]. ° 
Edward Hargitt, Esq. 

GouldLColL 
Gould Coll. 
Howard Saunders, 


Esq. "P.]. 

R. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[PA 
R. Bf Sharpe, E^q. 
iPA 
Dr. IS. Tieira [PS. 
Gould Coll. 
Gould Coll. 


 Gould Coll 

J. H. Gurnev, Esq., 
Jun. [P.]. " 
Dr. A. Leith-Adams 

pp.]. 

Consul Petherick 

[P.]. 
Canon Tristram [C.]. 
Zoological Society. 
Gould Coll. 
Purchased. 
Sir 0. St. John f d 
Sir 0. St. John [0. 
Sir G. St. John f G 
Sir G. St. John [C/: 

W. T. Blanford, Esq, 
[P-3W. 
T. Blanford, Esq. 
[P.]. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 

Dr. Aitchison [C.]. 

38 . PASSEE. 
<T\ 2 ad. sk Tirpliul. 
r>',0' . tf ad.sk. Afghanistan (Griffith), 
X'> V-2 ad. sk. Pushut (Griffith). 
*>'. 2 ad. sk. Dadur (Griffith). 
aa, bb. <$ j cc, dtf. Candahar, April (Sir 0. #f. 


? ad.sk.
^ # c? ; gg. 6mini.*; hh. J

id. sk. 
Zl. <$ ad. sk. 

hh . $ ad. sk 

11. <$ ad. sk. 
mm-oo. $ ad.; 
pp. 2- sk. 

a<2qq. 2 ac^ sk. 
rr. (S ad. sk. 
ss. <$ ad. sk. 
it. $ ad. sk. 
uu. $ ad. sk. 
vv-icio. <$ ad. sk. 
XX -W. cJ ad.; 

cd-ee1. 2 ad. sk. 1807 (A. 0. IT.). 
ff. $ ad. sk. Sultanpur, Gurgaon district, 


John). V 

 Candahar, April. 

Nal, Khelat, April 25,1877 (0. 
7*. Duke) 
Eoree district, Sind, Nov. 1871 
(A 0. J2".). 

Banks of Chenab, near junction 
with Indus, Sind, Dec. 9, 
1871 (A. 0. S.) 

Jaco"ba"bad, Sind, Dec. 21. 

1871 (A. 0. H.). 
Skikarpur (Griffith). 
Karachi, March 7, 1876 (E. A. 

Butler). 
Deesa, Jan. 5. 1876 (E. A. 
JButkr). 

Koochaman, Sambhur, Nov. 20, 
1871 (JR. M. Adams). 
Mt. Aboo, March ID, 1868 (Dr. 

G. King). 
Jodhpur, ftajputana, Jan. 25, 
1878 (A. 6. II.). 
Sirsa District, Punjab, Dec. 

gg\ hh\ $ ad. sk.

ii'-hk'. c? ? ad.
sk. 
U'-oo'. c$; pp'-ss'.
$ ad. sk. 

Oct. 10, 1876 (W. N. Chill). 
Eamoo, Cashmere, May 16,1871 


(W. E. Brooks), 
Peshawur. 

 Cashmere, Aug. 1870. 

W. 2 a(i. sk. Kotegurh, near Simla. 
uu\ S ad. sk. Kotegurh, June 22, 1871. 
m' jww'. S ad. sk. Kotegurh, Dec. 7,1870. 
xx'. tf ad. sk.

yy\ $ ; zz', aa.
5 ad. sk. 
Pfi,yy. Jad.sk.

S6\ S a(*-s^€€. 
S ad. sk.

££7777. S $ ad.sk.

 Pumlahie, Koteghur, May 15, 
1870. 
Kotekhaie, Feb. 1871. 

 Jural in Khunaitee, Dec. 21, 
1870. 

 Masuri. 
Valley of the Baghirati, May 28, 
1874:(W. E.Brooks). 
Kumaon (Strachey), 

Dr. Aitchison [C.]. 

India Museum. 

India Museum. 

India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 

Col. C. Swinhoe [P.]. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Colonel Way [P.]. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 

* This specimen has a grey throat (not black), light ferruginous wing-coverts 
(not chestnut), and no black on the base of the cheeks or round the eye. It is 
apparently distinct, and may be called P. griseigularis. 
66, u. <$ ad.;
KK} XX. § ad. 
sk. 

tip, w. S ad.;
& oo. $ ad. 
sk. 

7T7T. c? ad.; pp.

J juv. sk.
(TO; d ad. sk.
rr. $ ad. sk.
vv. <3 ad. sk.

(jxfi. tf ad. sk.

YY. 2 ad. sk.

f^b. <S ad.;
c, d. e. J adsk. 

/. $ ad.; g, h, i.
5 ad. sk. 
k-o. S ad.; p~t,
$ ad.sk.

u. $ juv. sk.
v-y. S ad.; z.
$ acl. sir.
a'. <$ ad. sk.

V, d. 2 ^d. sk.

 FRIKeiLLrDiE. 

 Nepal. 


 Nepal (Hodgson).

 Khatniandu, Mepai, May 26,

 1877 (Dr. J. Sadly). 
Himalayas (Dr. Royk). 
Bootan (Pemberton),

 Bootan Dooars, Jan. 1873 (Z.
Mandelli). 
Bootan Dooars, Dec. 1872 (Z.
Mandelli). 

 Kahim, Etawah, Jan. 11, 1871

(W. E.Brooks), 
Etawah, 
Jan. 1871 (TV. E. 
Brooks). 

 Etawah, Oct. 180*5.

 Sundupur, Etawah, Jan. 1871

 (W. E. Brooks), 
Aligurh, NOT. G, 1877 (A.
Anderson).' 
Mynpuri, Jan. 1871 (W. E. 
Brooks), 
Mogulserai, Jan, 12, 1875 (W.

E. Brooks). 
Dibrugliur, Assam, Jidy 1879

(J, It Cripjis). 

d\e\ Jad.etjuv. Dibrugliur, Aug. 1879 (J. JR.

sk.
/'. $ ad. sk.

g\ <$ ad. sk.
h'. 2 ad. sk.
i'9 k'. S 2 ad.s^
I'. (S ad. sk.

m'} n'. S 2 a^«
sk. 
o\ <$ ad. sk.

p\ <$ ad. sk.
q'. <$ ad. sk.

r'. $ ad. sk.
*', V. 3 ad. sk.

u'f v'. (S ad. sk.

wr. S ad.sk.

x\ y'} z. cf ad.;
a,0. 2 ad.jy. 
2 juv. sk, 

Cripps). 
Dibrugliur, April 27} 1880 (J.
JR. Cripps). 

 Comillah, Tippera.

 Mhow, May 4. 
Kamptee, C, Prov. 
Dhulia, Khandeish, Oct. 28,

IbSO (W. Davison). 
Iteccan (tiykes).

 Belgaum, Sept. 11, 1879 (E. A.


Bidler). 
Madras (Jerdon). 
Ootacaniund, Nilghiris, April »J,


1870 (W. Davison), 
Anjango,Travancore, Dec. 1872. 
Ceylon, March.

 Nedong, Attaran River, Tenasserim, 
Dec. 10, 1878 (W. 
Davison). 

 Moulmein, May 20, 1873 (W.
Davison). 

 Pegu, October.

 Hodgson Coll. 

 India Museum. 

 Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 
India Museum. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Cull. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Col. Swinlioe. 
Dr. B. Hinde [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 

 India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
Gould Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Col. Vincent Lecrge 
[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Oates Coll. 

38. PASSER. 
315 
#> e. tf 5 ad. sk. Mauritius. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 

f. 
J ad. sk. Chicago, Feb. 26 (JET. X Coale). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
TJ. 
$ ad. sk. Chicago, U.S.A., April 8 (jff. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 

X Coate). 

R. B. Skarpe, Esq, 
B. 6 ad. sk. Chicago, May 26 (K. K. Coale). 
[p.]. 
R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. 
t. Pull. sk. Chicago, May 11 (S. K Coale). 
[P.]. 
J. Ingall, Esq. 
K. Sternum. England. 
Purchased. 
X, /*, z/. Skeleton. England. Dr. Gunther [0.1. 
£,0,7J-. Skulls. S. Germany. Dr. Gunther [C.]. 

p. Skulls. Silesia. 
4. Passer Italia. 
Frlngilla italiae, Tieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xii. p. 199 (1817); id. 
Gal. Ok. i. p. 76, pi. 63 (1825); Roux, Orn. Prov. pi. 82 (1825). 

Fringilla cisalpina, Temm. Man. dJOm. p. 351 (1820); Werner, 
Atlasj Granimres, pi. 40 (1827 ); Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 246 
(1840). 

Pyrgita cisalpina, Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 185.fig.2 (1837); Riipp. 
Syst. Uehers. p. 78 (1845) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. Berol. p. 47 
(1854). 

Pyrgita italica, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. 8f Amer. p. 31 (1838). 
Pa.^er italicus, Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xl (1840); Begl. Orn. 

Eur. i. p. 207 (1849) ; Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 57 (1860). 
Passer domesticus cisalpinus, Schl. Rev. Grit. p. lxiv (1844). 
Passer italise, Bp. Comp. i. p. 509 (1850); Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. 

p. 155 (1850) ; Jaub. ei Barth.-Lapomm. Mich. Orn. p. 128 (1859) ; 
Tristr, Ibis, 1859, p. 293; Giglioli, Ibis, 1865, p. 57; Bettoni, Ucc. 
nidif. Lamb. I pi. 13 (1865) ; Begl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i._p. 242 
(18137); Loehe,Expl Soi. Alger., Ois. i. p. 133 (1867); Boderl. 
Avif Sicil. p. 73 (1869) j Selys-Longch. Ibis, 1870, p. 454; Gray, 
Iland-l. B. ii. p. 86, no. 7269 (1870); Fritsoh, Vog. Eur. tab. 20. 
fig. 11 (c. 1870) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 147 (1871); Shelley, 
B. Egypt, p. 148 (1872) ; Lilford, Ibis, 1875, p. 10 ; Dresser, B. 
Eur. iii. p. 585, pi. 176. fig. 2 (1876); Giglioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 203; 
td. Ieonogr. Avif. Ital. part 20 (1882) ; Salmi, Cat. Strichl. Coll. 
p. 210 (1882); Tristr. Faun. §• Flor. Balest. p. 67 (1884); Whitehead, 
Ibis, 1885, p. 39; Giglioli, Avif. Ital. p. 25 (1886); Salvad. 
Elench. Ucc. Ital. 5. 168 (1887). 
Passer cisalpinus, Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 33; E. C. Taylor, t. c. p. 48; 
Tristr. Ibis, 1867, p. 369; Irby, Ibis, 1872, p. 201; id. B. Gibr. 


p. 119 (1875); C. B. Wliarton, Ibis, 1876, p. 25. 
Passer 
domesticus italicus, Seugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 629 
(1870). 

Adult male. Differs from P. domesticus in its chestnut head. 
Similar to F. hispaniolensis, but with, the back chestnut streaked 
with black, this colour confined to the upper back and mantle ; the 
lower back, ramp, and upper tail-coverts brown; facial markings as 
in P. hispaniolensis; under surface of body dull white, brown on the 
flanks, with no stripes; the black confined to the throat, and not 

MfflTGILLIDiE. 

extending beyond the fore neck. Total length. 6 inches, oilmen 
0*55, wing 3, tail 2*15, tarsus 0*75. 

The winter plumage is, as in other Sparrows, confined to the 
obscuring of the summer plumage by sandy-buff edges to the 
feathers, which are shed in the following spring. 

Ohs. It is quite possible that the specimen recorded from Spain 
may have come from some other habitat of the present species ; but 
Dr, Adams's specimen from Malta proves its occurrence in that 
island, in spite of Mr. Dresser's doubts (B. Eur. I c). The one 
from N. Africa in Mr. Gould's collection is typical, but a Tripoli 
specimen is somewhat intermediate and has some black centres to 
the flank-feathers, showing an approach to F. ImpaniolLnm*. 

Hah. Southern 
Europe; S.E. Prance ; Italy ; Malta ; Northern 

Africa ; Palestine and North-eastern Africa. 

a. $ ad. sk. [Spain(Capt. Cook).~] Gould Coll. 
b. <$ ad. sk. 
Tuscany, Italy, Dec. Profe^or Gigliuli 'P.". 
c. <$ ad. sk. 
Tuscany, Italy, Jan. Profes-or Giglioli ~J?.\ 
d. S ad. sk. Genoa, Aug. SO (If. Saunders). Hume Coll. 
e. <$ ad. sk. Italy. Gould Coll. 
/ . tf ad. sk. Rome (P. L. Mater). Gould Coll. 
a. <$ ad. sk. 
Aiaccio, Corsica, May. C. Bvjrrave Wharton, 
h. 
d ad. sk. Malta, " breeding," Jan. 2o Guuld CulT. 
(Dr. A. L. Adams), 
i. $ ad. sk. Tripoli. Guuld Coll. 
h $ ad. sk. N. Africa (ex Verreaux). Gould Cull. 
5. Passer pyrrhonotixs. (Plate V.) 
Passer 
pvrrhonotus, Blyili, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 940 (1844); id. 
Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 119 (1840) ; lip. Omsp. L p. oOS ( 1*MO) ; 
Jerd. B. hid. ii. p. 305 (1803); Blyth, Ibis, ]8*J^, p. tf-34; Gray, 
Hand-l B.ii. p. 85, no. 7272 (1870); Hume. Sir. F. !&?;], p. 1>0U, 
1879, p. 107,1880, pp. 232, 442; Scrope I>oi</} Str. F. Ifc.-O, p. 280; 
Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 184 (1884). 

Adult male. General colour above chestnut, the feathers edged 
with ashy brown, the mantle and scapular-feathers yellowish buff 
externally, with conspicuous black central streaks; lesser wing-
coverts chestnut: median coverts black, broadly tipped with white, 
with more or less chestnut on the outer web; greater coverts 
blackish, externally chestnut or rufous, and buffy whitish at tips; 
bastard-wing and primary-coverts black, fringed with brown ; quills 
blackish brown, edged with rufous, the primaries with an indentation 
of buff margin near the base of the outer web and a second smaller 
one at about one third of the distance from the tip; upper tail


* In Mi*. C. Wright's collection of Maltese birds are examples both of P. 
italics and P. hispaniolensis in full breeding-plumage. He possesses also several 
specimens with slightly stripedflanks, evidently h} brids between the two species. 
This accounts for the opinion expressed by Mr. Wright (Ibis, 18t54, p. 51} that 
there was a perfect gradation between P. it alia and P. M&paniolemis in Malta. 
38. PASSEK. 
317 

coverts ashy brown, with dusky centres, and contrasting with the 
chestnut of the lower back and rump ; tail-feathers dark brown, 
edged with ashy fulvous ; crown of head and hind neck ashy grey, 
rather browner on the latter ; lores and eyelid blackish, the former 
surmounted by a whitish streak continued into a broad chestnut 
eyebrow, which widens out on the sides of the neck; ear-coverts 
ashy grey; cheeks white, forming a streak, broadening on the sides 
of the neck; throat black, slightly hidden by greyish margins to 
the feathers : remainder of under surface white; the fore neck and 
breast pale ashy ; flanks pale brown; thighs white; under tail-
coverts white, with ashy-brown centres; under wing-coverts and 
axiHaries white; quills below dusky, the inner edge ashy whitish : 
" bill deep dusky brown, only the base of the mandible with a faint 
fleshy tinge; tarsi and toes dusky fleshy brown ; iris light brown; 
eyelids leaden slaty " {Scrope DovJ). Total length 5*3 inches, culnien 
0-4, wing 2*6, tail 2*15, tarsus 0*65. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the chestnut on 
the back and being altogether browner, the upper surface being 
brown, rather more ashy on the head, neck, and upper tail-coverts; 
the mantle-feathers externally fulvescent and broadly streaked with 
black ; lesser wing-coverts brown, with a slightly reddish tinge; the 
wings otherwise" as in the male, but without so much rufous, the 
edges being more ochreous buff; tail as in male, but paler brown ; 
lores dusky; ear-coverts ashy, with a brown streak along the upper 
margin, and surmounted by a broad eyebrow of isabelline: cheeks, 
throat, and abdomen white, the fore neck and breast as well as the 
sides of the breast and flanks pale ashy. Total length 5 inches, 
culmen 0*4, wing 2*55, tail 1*95, tarsus 0*65. 

Ilab. Sind. 

a, b. <$ $ ad. sk. Eastern Narra, Aug. 1880 Hume Coll. 
{Scrape Doig). 

c. d ad.sk. Eastern-Narra, Oct. 1880 Hume Coll. 
{Scrope Doig). 
d-p. <$ ad.; q-w. Eastern Narra, Dec. 1880 Hume Coll. 
2 ad. sk. {Scrope Doig). 
#. 
(5 ad* ;#,«. ? Eastern Narra. Scrope Doig, Esq. [P.]. 
ad. sk. 

6. Passer Mspaniolensis. 
Fringilla Mspaniolensis, Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 353 (1820)• Roux, 
Orn. Prov. pi. 84 (1825); Savi, Orn. Tosc. ii. p. 10G (1829). 
Fringilla cisalpina {nee Temm.), Audouin, Expl. somm. 8vo, p. 367 

(1825). 
Fringilla espaniolensis, Werner, Atlas, Graniwres, pi. 41 (1827). 
Fringilla salicicola, Vieill Fame Franc, p. 417 (1828). 
Pyrgita hispanica, etc., Brehm, Vog. DeutscU. p. 266 (1831). 
Pyrgita hispaniolensis, JRiipp. Neve Wirb. p. 100 (1835-40); Gotdd, 

B. Eur. iii. pi. 185. fig. 1 (1837); Licht. Nomencl. Av. Ben1 
p. 47 (1854). 
Pyrgita salicaria, Bp. Comp. list B. Eur. 8? N. Amer. p. 30 (I 
Passer salicarius, Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xl (1840) * 
318 
FKIffGILLTD^. 

Om. Griechenl. p. 44 (1844); Schl. Rev. Crtt. p. briv (1844); 
Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 119 (1849); Jaub. et Barth.-
Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 129 (1859); Zinderm. Vog. Griechenl. 

p. 58 (1860); Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 293; Sperling, Ibis, 1864, 
p. 381; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 42; Tristr. t. c. p. 369; Wyatt, Ibis, 
1870, p. 16; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 20. %. 20 (c. 1870) ; Dohm, 
J.f. 0. 1871, p. 6; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 64 (1873) ; Hume, 
Sir. F. 1873, p. 114; Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 239; Blanf. Fast 
Pers. ii. p. 255 (1876); Bogd. B. Cauc. p. GO (1879) ; Seebohm, 
Ibis, 1883, p. 9. 
Passer hispaniolensis, Rilpp. Syst TJebers. p. 78 (1845); Degl. et 
Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 244 (1867) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1869, p. 173; 
Elwes § Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 192; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 593, 
pL 177 (1876) ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 40 (1879) ; Biddulph, 
Ibis, 1881, p. 79; Sadly, t. c. p. 573 ; C. Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 113; 
Dixon, t. c. p. 574; Salvin, Cat Strickl. Coll. p. 210 (18-82) ; Tristr. 
Faun. $ Flor. Palest, p. 67 (1884); Giglioli, Avif. Ital. p. 24 
(1886). 

Passer salicicolus, 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 509 (1850); Cab. Mus. Hein. 
Tk. i. p. 155 (1850) ; Horsf. £ Moore, Cat. B. E. I. Co. Mus. ii. 

p. 501 (1856) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 33; E. C Taylor, t. c. p. 48 ; 
Salvin, t c. p. 314; Jerd. B. bid. ii. p. 3<*4 (1863) ; Wright, Ibis, 
1863, p. 436; Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 22; Wright, t c. p. 51; Allen, 
t c. p. 239; Lilford, Ibis, 1866, p. 182; Keulem. N. T. Dierk. 
8vo, iii. p. 370 (1866); Locke, Expl. Sci. Alger, i. p. 134 (1867 : 
Chambers, Ibis, 1867, p. 99; Doderl. Avif. Sieil. p. 74 (18(39) ; 
Wright, Ibis, 1869, p. 251; Heual. Orn. X.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 630 
(1870) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 86, no. 7260 (1^70); Hume, Ibis, 
1870, p. 529; Salvad. Faun. Ital, tfbc. p. 148 (1871); Saunders, 
Ibis, 1871, p. 218; Sharpe, Cat,. Afr. B. p. 69(1871); Godman, 
Ibis, 1872, p. 210; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 149 (1872) ; Brooke, Ibis, 
1873, p. 246; Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 209; Adam, t. c. p. 387 ; 
Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 219; Lilford, Ibis, 1875, p. 17 ; Scully, 
Str. F. 1876, p. 164; Danf. Ibis, 1878, p. 22; Tat/lor, t. c. p. 371; 
Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 107 ; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1880, p. 64; 
Chapm. Ibis, 1884, p. 77; Murrcty, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 183 
(1884); Rochebr. Faun. Sin4g., Ois. p/258 (1885) ; Salvad. Elench. 
Ucc. Ital. p. 168 (1887). 

Passer rueppelli, Bp. Consp. i. p. 510 (1850); Gray, HancU. B. ii. 

p. 86, no. 7273 (1870). 
Pyrgita cahirinus, Heugl., teste Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 680 
(1870). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above black, 
streaked with creamy-white edges to the feathers; rump ashy 
brown; scapulars like the back ; lesser wing-coverts chestnut; 
median coverts white, forming a broad wing-bar; greater coverts 
blackish, externally rufous; bastard-wing blackish; primary-coverts 
blackish, edged with ashy brown ; quills blackish brown, edged with 
pale rufous, the primaries with ashy brown, inclining to white towards 
the ends, and having a small speculum caused by the whitish 
edges to the base of the primaries ; upper tail-coverts dusky brown, 
with ashy-brown margins; tail-feathers dusky brown, margined 
with ashy fulvous; crown of head deep chestnut, extending on 

to the hind neck; lores and eyelid blackish, surmounted by a 

38. PASSER. 
319 
narrow lino of -white; cheeks, ear-coverts, and side of neck white, 
with a narrow black line along the upper edge of the oar-covorts; 
malar line, throat, and chest black, as also the sides of tho breast, 
these varied with whitish edges to tho feathers ; breast and abdomen 
whitish; sides of body ashy, broadly streaked with black centres 
to the feathers, the lower flanks and thighs browner; under tail-
coverts dull white, with pale brown centres to the feathers; axillaries 
and under wing-coverts dull white, the former slightly tinged 
with yellow; quills pale ashy brown below, ashy fulvous along the 
inner web. Total length 5*7 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 3*1, tail 2*1, 
tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Different from the male. Above brown, the 
feathers of the mantle and back edged with whity brown and 
broadly streaked with black; the lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts ashy brown; lesser wing-coverts ashy brown ; median coverts 
black, edged with white; remainder of the wings and tail as in the 
male, but the margin brown instead of chestnut; head and hind neck 
ashy brown; sides of face, ear-coverts, and cheeks also ashy brown, 
with a small whitish mark below the eye, and a narrow eyebrow of 
dull whitish; under surface of body ashy brown, mottled with dusky 
centres to the feathers; the lower throat more strongly mottled with 
blackish; chin and sides of throat pale creamy buff or buffy white; 
abdomen creamy white, with narrow shaft-lines of brown ; the flanks 
browner, with dusky brown centres; thighs brown; axillaries and 
under wing-coverts duE whitish, with ashy-brown bases. Total 
length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*8. 

In winter plumage the male is much more sandy buff than in 

summer, tho light streaks of the back being creamy buff; the chest


nut head is obscured by sandy-buff margins to the feathers; the 

white of the face obscured by a shade of sandy buff; the black 

throat* entirely hidden by sandy-whitish tips to the feathers ; wings 

and tail as in summer, but the light margins much broader, and the 

white wing-bar obscured by a tinge of sandy buff. 

A good deal of variation in the amount of the black striping on 

the flanks exists in a largo series. 

Hal. Southern Europe and Northern Africa generally. Canary 

and Cape Verde Islands. Eastwards through Persia to Turkestan 

and Yarkand, Afghanistan and North-western India, as far as the 

Etawah district in winter. 

a, b. S £ ad. sk. El Diem, Tunis. March 1 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(0. &). 
c. d ad. sk. Tunis. 
Gould Coll. 
d, e. <$ ad.; /. $ Tunis. L. Eraser [C.]. 
ad. sk. 


a. <$ ad. sk. Algeria. 
Purchased. 
X 
<$ ad. sk. Cape Verde Islands (Keu- Sharpe Coll. 
lemans). 


i. <J ad. sk. S. lago, Cape Verde Gould Coll. 
Islands (C. Darwin). 
Jc,L <J $ ad. sk. Cape Verde Islands. M. A. Pouvier [P.]. 

320 

m}n. d1 $ ad.sk.

o. S ad. sk.
p. r? ad. sk.
q. <$ ad. sk.
r. tf ad. sk.
s, s'. <$ $ ad. skt <$ ad. sk.

u,v. d$ad. sk.

w. S ad. sk.
x. $ ad.sk.
y, (3s ad. sk.
z. $ ad. sk.
#'. J ad. sk.
b', c'. (S $ ad. sk.
d'. £ ad. sk.
<s'. <$ ad. sk.

/'. S ad.sk.
a'. S ad. sk.

h'. S ad. sk.

i', k'. S ad. sk.;
k". 2 ad.


l'^m\nl. c5 ad.; o',
p\p". 2 ad.sk. 
q',r!. (S;sf. $ ad.

sk.

t\ u'. $ 5 ad. sk.

v'j to'. $; x\ <$

ad. sk. 
y\ S ad. sk.

z\ (S ad. sk.

a. c? ad. sk.
jS. (S ad* sk.
y-|. cJad.; o#. 
2 ad. sk.
^. tf ad. sk.
a), a', 3'. cJ ad. bk.

y. 2 ad. sk.
b'. 2 ad. sk.
e'-ie'.tfjX',/*',*»'.2ad. sk.
£'. J ad. sk.

PBm<HLLI&aB. 

 Canary Islands (TempleGodmari). 

 Granada, Spain, April.

 Seville, Spain.

 Malta, Sept. (Dr. A. L.
Adams). 
Malta, May 23 (Dr. A.

L. Adams). 
Malta, Feb. 5 (J. G.). 
Sardinia, April 1 (A. B.
Brooke). 

 Turkey, May 5 (TF.

Pearce). 

 Guiksu, Turkey, April 21

(T. Bohson)." 
Turkey, ^ls.i'ch(T. Bohson). 
Buyukdere Valley, Turkey,
StaySfr.^&on). 
Smyrna (Kritper), 
Sui}ma (J&uetde Pavilion).

 Palestine. 
Benha, Egypt, Dec. 24 (&


 Beer-herns, Delta, Egypt,

Jan. 14, w" 
Nubia. 
Yarkand, June b, 1*75


(Dr. J. foully), 

 Bampusht, Baluchistan.
Feb. 27. 
Karohagh, W.Afghanistan, 
Marcli 29,1884. 
Candahar, April.

 Candahar, April 11, 1S64

 (Sir 0. St John). 
Pushut (Griffith). 
Shikarpore, Sind (Griffith).

 Near Taj, Sind, Dee. 16,

1S71 (A. 0. IT.). 
Jhurruk, Sind, Jan. 2,1875. 
Pebhawur. 
Peskawur. 
Sirza district, Punjab,

 Dec. 1867. 
Rohtukdistrict,Feb.6,1869. 
Cashmere, Aug. 1870. 
Dehra, May 10,1870 (Dr.

G. Kincf). 
Etawah, Nov. 25, 1869.

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Howard Saunders, EbC[. 

 Howard Saunders, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Gould Coll. 

 Gould Coll. 

 Gould Coll. 

 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.\ 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. ~P.~. 
Gould Coll. 

 Gould Coll. 

 H.B. Sharpe, Esq. "P."". 
Consul Merlin J.V. 
Gould Coll. 
Canon Tri-tram ~C.~. 


 Gould Coll. 

 J. II. Oumey, I^q., 
Jim. "P.". 
Dr.A.Leith-AdaniVP.". 
Hume Coll. 


 W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
XV. 
Drl AitcMson TV. 
Col. Swinhoe XV. 


 Hume Coll. 


 India Museum. 
India Museum. 


 Hume Coll. 


 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Colonel Way ~P.\ 
Hume Coll.*" 


 Hume Coll, 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Paphoond, Etawah, Jan. 20, Hume Coll, 
1872 ( TV. E. Brooks). 
Shah-gimg,Mirzapurdistrict, Hume Coll, 
March (JR. Thompson). 

38. PASSEK. 321 
7. Passer insularis. 
Passer insularis, Selater $ Earth P. Z. S. 1881, p. 169, pi. 16. 
Adult male. Above ashy brown, broadly streaked with black on 
the mantle and back; scapulars bay or ashy, edged with bay; lesser 
wing-coverts light bay; median and greater wing-coverts dusky 
brown, edged with rufous-brown ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts 
uniform dark brown; wings dark brown, edged with paler brown, 
the inner secondaries with rufous ; upper tail-coverts ashy brown ; 
tail-feathers brown, edged with whity brown; crown of head 
uniform ashy grey ; a broad eyebrow of cinnamon-rufous, widening 
out on the sides of the neck; lores, feathers round the eye, and a 
broad streak along the upper ear-coverts white; sides of neck ashy 
grey; throat black; remainder of under surface of body ashy grey, 
whiter in the centre of the breast and abdomen; under tail-coverts 
ashy brown, edged with white; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
ashy, edged with whitish. Total length 5*8 inches, cnlmen 0*6, 
wing 3-05, tail 2*25, tarsus 0*85. 

Adult female. Browner than the male and not so grey, wanting 
also the rufous eyebrow and sides of neck; lesser wing-coverts 
reddish brown, not chestnut; no black on the throat. Total length 
5*5 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2*9, tail 2*3, tarsus 0*75. 

Hab. Island of Socotra. 

a. J ad. sk. Socotra (I. B. Balfour). Brit. Association [P.1 
5, c. <$ ad.; d. J Socotra (I. B. Balfour). Brit. Association [P.J. 
ad. sk. (Types of species.) 

8. Passer moabiticus. 
Passer moabiticus, Tristr. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 169; id. Ibis, 1867, 
p. 370, pi. vii. 1868, p. 333; id. Faun. $ Flor. Palest, p. 68, 
pi. ix, figs. 3, 4 (1884). 
Adult male (type of species). General colour above sandy brown, 
concealing the grey plumage underneath; mantle and upper back 
sandy buff, streaked with black; lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts uniform sandy brown; lesser wing-coverts black, the lower 
ones creamy white, forming a band; median and greater coverts 
chestnut, edged with creamy buff, broader on the latter series, which 
have black bases; bastard-wing blackish; primary-coverts and quills 
blackish, edged with sandy brown, whitish near the base and 
towards the ends of the primaries, with an intermediate blackish 
patch; inner secondaries mesially black; upper tail-coverts more 
sandy buff than the rump ; tail-feathers blackish, with sandy-brown 
edges ; crown of head and hind neck entirely obscured by sandy-
brown edges to the feathers; lores dusky ; a distinct dull white 
eyebrow, continued in a broad streak of pale tawny above the ear-
coverts ; behind the eye a blackish spot; ear-coverts ashy grey, like 
the sides of the neck; feathers below the eye and cheeks white, the 
latter forming a broad streak, followed by a patch of sulphur-yellow 
on the sides of the lower throat; the latter black, extending to the 

VOL. XII. * * 

322 l?BX8GtILnj>M. 

fore neck; chest and remainder of under surface ashy, -whiter on the 
abdomen ; the sides of the body and flanks more isabelline brown ; 
thighs black; under tail-coverts isabelline, with chestnut bases to 
the feathers; under wing-coverts and axillarfes pale isabelHne; 
quills below dusky, ashy whitish on the inner web. Total length 
4*8 inches, cnlmen 0*35, wing 24, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*8. (Aim. E. B. 

Tristram.) 

Adult female. General colour pale ashy brown, the feathers of 

the mantle and upper back mesiaHy streaked with blackish brown 

and edged with sandy buff; rump and upper tail-coverts uniform 

ashy brown ; lesser wing-coverts like the hind neck ; median series 

black, broadly tipped with tawny buff and margined with sandy buff; 

greater coverts blackish, edged with ashy brown and sandy buff; 

bastard-wing, primary-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers dark brown, 

edged with ashy brown; the secondaries with sandy brown ; crown 

of head and hind neck as well as the sides of the neck uniform 

ashy brown, the lores and a tolerably broad eyebrow whitish, 

deepening into isabelline above the ear-coverts ; feathers below the 

eye whitish; ear-coverts ashy; on the sides of the neck a patch of 

pale yellow ; throat dull ashy white, as also the breast and abdomen ; 

breast, sides of body, flanks, and under tail-coverts light brown; 

under tail-coverts deep isabelline ; axillaries and under wintr-coverta 

isabelline; quills dusky below, ashy isabelline along the inner web. 

Total length 4*5 inches, cnlmen 0*4, wing 2*3, tail 1*5, tarsus 0*0, 

Eah. Palestine. 

a. $ ad. sk. Ala Terabeh, Dead Sea. Canon Tristram [P.]. 
9. Passer yatii*. 
Adult male in winter plumage* General colour above light 
chestnut, obscured by ashy yellow, the feathers of the upper back 
centred with black; lower back and rump isabelline, washed with 
yellow; lesser wing-coverts black; median coverts black, broadly 
tipped with creamy white; the inner median and aH the greater 
coverts bright chestnut, tipped with creamy white; bastard-wing 
black ; primary-coverts blackish, edged with ashy ; quills blackish, 
edged with whity brown on the primaries, broader and more isabelline 
near the base of the outer primaries, the secondaries margined with 
rufous isabelline, with a conspicuous broad black centre to the 
innermost secondaries; upper tail-coverts a&hy isabelline, with dusky 
centres; tail-feathers blackish brown, rather broadly edged with 
clear isabeHine; crown of head and hind neek ashy ibabelHiie, concealing 
grey bases to the feathers, which are probably ashy grey in 
summer; lores black, surmounted by a narrow line of whitish, 
joining a distinct eyebrow of pale tawny rufous or light cinnamon, 
which extends to the sides of the neck; feathers below the eye 
white; ear-coverts dark ashy grey ; cheeks white, continued into a 
broad yellow streak on each side of the throat, which is black, 

* Named, by Dr. Aitchison's desire, after Captain Yate, a member of the 
Afghan Boundary Uoinrmssion. 

38. PASSER. 323 
obscured with ashy margins; sides of neck ashy isabelline like the 
hind neck; fore neck black like the throat; chest and remainder of 
under surface of body pale yellow, obscured with ashy, the sides of 
body and flanks ashy brown, washed with yellow; thighs black, 
with whitish edgings; under tail-coverts deep isabelline; under wing-
coverts white, the edge of the wing mottled with black bases to the 
feathers; axillaries yellow; quills below dusky, ashy whitish along 
the edge of the inner web. Total length 4-8 inches, culmon 0*4, 

Passer jagoensis, Gould, Voy, 6 Beagle] Birds, p. 95, pi. xxxi, (1841) ; 

wing 2-5, tail 1*8, tarsus 065. 
Hah. "Western Afghanistan. 
a. d ad. sk. Dedadi. Dr. Aitchison [C.]. 
10. Passerjagoensis*.^
Pyrgita jagoensis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 77. 
L^c^m\ \ 

Bp. Comp. i. p. 510 (1850); l)ohrn, J. f. 0.1871, p. 6; Gray. 
Hand-l B. ii. p. 86, no. 7268 (1870). 
Passer erythrophrys, Bp. Co?isp. i. p. 510 (1850, ex Temm. MSS.) ; 
IlartL Orn. W.~Jfr. p. 150 (1857); Keulem. N.T. Bierk. 8vo, iii. 

p. 370 (1866); Gray, Hand4. B. ii. p. 80, no. 7274 (1870). 
Adult male. General colour above cinnamon-rufous or chestnut, 
the feathers of the mantle and upper back edged with ashy brown 
and*streaked with black; lower back and rump uniform cinnamon-
rufous ; lesser wing-coverts and scapulars uniform cinnamon-rufous; 
median coverts white with black bases, forming a wing-bar; 
greater coverts dark brown, edged externally with rufous, with the 
tips fulvescent; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish brown, 
fringed with ashy rufous; quills dark brown, edged with fulvous 
brown, the primaries with paler margins, especially at the base of 
these quills, where a small speculum is formed, and about halfway 
up the quills, where the margins are conspicuously broader and 
lighter; upper tail-coverts ashy brown; tail-feathers brown, edged 
with ashy brown ; crown of head dark ashy; bind neck ashy brown ; 
lores. and feathers round the eye black, surmounted by a narrow 
white line, which is followed by a broad streak of orange-rufous, 
which runs from above the eye to the sides of the nock; cheeks and 
ear-coverts dull white, with a dusky blackish streak along the upper 
edge of the latter; throat black; remainder of under surface of 
body from the fore neck downwards pale ashy, darker on the sides 
of the body and flanks; centre of breast, abdomen, and under tail-
coverts white, the latter with light brown centres; axillaries and 
under wing-coverts dull white; quills dusky brown below, ashy along 
the edge of the inner web. Total length 5*1 inches, culmen 0*5, 
wing 2-6, tail 2-15, tarsus 0*7. 

* Dr. Oustalet has described a female Sparrow from the island of Branco, 
in the Cape-Verde group, as Passer brancoensis (Ann.JSci. Nat. Zool. (6) xyi. 
art. 5^^1883). The characters for distinction do not seem to bo strongly 
proriaancedT^ 
324 
EBDTGIIXmE. 

Adult female. Different from the male. Brown above, with whitybrown 
edges to the feathers of the mantle, which have blackish-
brown centres ; the lower back and rump uniform reddish brown; 
upper tail-coverts a little more ashy; lesser wing-coverts and 
scapulars reddish brown ; median coverts blackish, tipped with white, 
forming a wing-bar: greater coverts dusky brown, edged with 
reddish brown, ashy whitish at the ends; quills and tail otherwise 
as in the male; crown of head dull ashy brown, the feathers 
streaked with dusky brown; a broad eyebrow of creamy buff, 
whitish above the lores; ear-coverts pale brown, darker along the 
upper margin;" cheeks and under surface of body dull white, ashy 
on the breast, and rather browner on the flanks, thighs, and under 
tail-coverts. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*3, tail 1*8, 
tarsus 0*7. 

Bab. Cape Yerde Islands. 

a. $ 
ad. sk. S. Iago (C. Danoiri). J. Gould, Esq. 
(Type of species.) 
b. S ad. sk. S. Iago (C. Darwin). Gould Coll. 
c,d. <$ ad. et jun. sk. S. Vincent. L. Fraser [C.]. 
e,f. $ 2 ad. sk. Cape Yerde Islands. M. A. Bouviei* [P.]. 
g, h. $ ad. sk. * Cap s Yerde Islands. Sir E. Sabine [P.]. 
11. Passer motitensis. 
Passer motitensis, Smith, III Zool. 8. Afi:, Birds, pi. 114 (1849); 

ja.ana-1. JJ. n. p. oo, no. /isois ^±o/uj; o/iarpe9 car. ^.jr. n. p. uv 
(1871) ; Gurnet/ in Anders. B. Da?n.-Zd. p. 1&7 (1872); Shai'pe, 
in Oates1 Matabele-Land, App. p. 320 (1881) ; id. ed. Layards B. 

S. Afr. p. 480 (1884). 
Adult male. General colour above pale cinnamon-rufous, the 
mantle and scapulars streaked with black centres to the feathers, 
the lower back and rump uniform; upper tail-coverts ashy brown, 
slightly washed with cinnamon; lesser wing-coverts cinnamon like 
the back; median wing-coverts blackish, tipped with white, forming 
a wing-bar; greater series blackish, edged with cinnamon-buff, 
whitish at the ends; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
dusky blackish, margined with pale cinnamon-rufous, broader on 
the secondaries; tail-feathers dark brown, margined with paler 
brown; crown of head and hind neck pale pearly grey; over the 
lores a small white spot, continued in a broad eyebrow of pale 
cinnamon, widening out on the sides of the neck; lores and lower 
margin of eyelid black, continued in a line along the upper part of 
the ear-coverts, which are pale ashy; the cheeks purer white, forming 
a streak which widens out on the sides of the neck; throat and 
fore neck black ; chest and remainder of underparts white, slightly 
shaded with ashy on the breast, the flanks and sides of body perceptibly 
browner; under tail-coverts white; axillaries fulvous; 
under wing-coverts white, with dusky bases; quills dusky below, 

38. PASSES. 
325 
ashy along* the inner web: " bill liver-brown; logs and toes like 
the bill, but paler; iris dark brown" (C. J. Andersson). Total 
length 6-1 inches, oilmen 0-6, wing 3*25, tail 2-35, tarsus 0'8f>. 

Adult female. Duller in colour than the male. Fulvous-brown 
on the back, streaked with black; the wings and tail, as well as 
the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts like the male ; head 
and hind neck brown instead of ashy; sides of face dull whitish, 
the cheeks purer white; lores and a streak above the ear-coverts 
brown, surmounted by a broad eyebrow of pale ochrcous buff; under 
surface of body pale brown, the throat blackish ; tho abdomen and 
under tail-coverts white. Total length 6*2 inches, culmen 0-6, 
wing 3*25, tail 2-2, tarsus 0-8. 

Hob. South Africa, from the interior to Matabele-Land on the 
east and Damara-Land on the west. 

a. <5 ; b, c. 2 ad. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [0.]. 
sk (Types of species.) 
d. 2 
ad. sk. Tati, Matabele-Land, Sept. W. E. & C. G. Gates, 
24 (F. Oates). Esqrs. [P.]. 
e,f. 
<y ad. sk Tati, Oct. (F. Oates). W. E. & C. G. Oates, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 

g. 
$ ad. sk. Palatswie River, Shoshong, W. E. & 0. G. Oates, 
Aug. 1 (F. Oates). ' Esqrs. [P.]. 
h. 
<$ ad. sk. Damara-Land, Jan. 12 (C. J. Sharpe Coll. 
Andersson). 
i. 
$ ad. sk. Otjimbinque, Oct. 2 (0. J. Sharpe Coll. 
Andersson). 
12. Passer ruficinctus. 
Fringilla (Passer) motitensis, Heugl. Syst. TJebers. p. 42 (185G). 
Passer motitensis {nee Smith), J.f. 0. 1862, p. 30, 1868, p. 86; id. 
Dm. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 043 (1870). 
Passer rufocinctus, Fischer u, Reichen. J.f 0.1884, p. 55; Fischer in 
Madardsz, Zeitsehr. ges. Orn. i. p. 319 (1884). 

Adult. Closely allied to P. motitensis, but with the oar-coverts 
grey like the crown, not white. Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0-4, 
wing 3*2, tail 2, tarsus 0*75. 

Hal. Masai-Land in Eastern Africa to Kordofanin North-eastern 
Africa. 

13. Passer cinnamomeus. 
Pyrgita cinnamomea Gould, P. Z. & 1835, p. 185,* Blyth, J. A. S. 
Beng. xi. p. 108 (1842) • Licit. Nomencl. Av. Berol p. 47 (1854). 

Passer 
cinnamomeus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 947 (1844) • id. 
Cat B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 110 (1849) • Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 373 
(1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 508 (1850) ; Ilorsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. B. I 
Co. Mm. ii. p. 500 (1856); Jerd. B. Bid. ii. p. 365 (1802); Blyth, 
Ibis, 1867, p. 42; Beavan, t. c. p. 138; Stoliczha, J. A. S. Beng. 

xxxvii. p. 57 (1868): Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 174; Beh. t. c. p. 318;* 
Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 86, no. 7265 (1870); Bwinh. P. Z. S. 1871, 
p. 386; Hume and Henders. Lahore to Yarh. p. 252, pi. 25 (1873); 
326 FKINGHXID2E. 

mime, Nests $ Eggs Ind. B. p. 459 (1878); Cock £ Harsh. Str.F1873, 
p. 357 ; Brooks, Str. F. 1875, p. 254; Anderson, ZoolBxpecl 
Yun-ncm, p. G02 (1878); Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 107 : Salvin, Cat-
Striehl Coll p. 210 (1882 s; C. H. T. Marshall Ibis\ 1884. p. 419. 

Adult male. General colour above uniform cinnamon -rufous; the 
mantle slightly varied with a few black streaks on the end of the 
feathers, which are edged with fulvous; lesser wing-coverts cinnamon 
like the back; median wing-coverts white with black bases, forming 
a broad wing-bar; greater coverts blackish, edged with brown, 
inclining to whitish at the ends ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts 
blackish, the latter fringed with brown ; quills blackish brown, edged 
with ashy brown, the innermost secondaries with pale cinnamon ; 
the primaries with a pale whitish speculum formed by the outer 
web at the base of these quills, which have aho a minute edging of 
whitish at about a third of the distance from the tip; upper tail-
coverts ashy brown; tail-feathers brown, edged with ashy brown ; 
head uniform cinnamon : lores and feathers below the eye blackish, 
slightly dotted with white; cheeks and ear-coverts pale yellow, 
whiter towards the sides of the neck, the upper edge of the ear-
coverts cinnamon like the head; throat black ; remainder of under 
surface of body pale clear yellow, the sides of the body and flanks 
pale ashy brown: thighs a^hy brown; axillaris and under wing-
coverts pale sulphur-yellow : quills dusky below, pale ashy along 

the inner web. Total length 4*2 inches, cuimen 0-45, wing 2*(Jo, 
tail 1*8, tarsus 0*05. 


The adult male in winter pi Miia<je differs from the summer plumage 
in having the chestnut of the upper surface obscured by sandy-buff 
edges, especially broad on the mantle and back, where the black 
streaks are much broader than in summer ; there is also somewhat 
more yellow on the underparts. 

The specimens from the North-west Himalayas are very much 
paler than those from Nepal, while those from Assam and Bootan 
are still darker than the latter. Both males and females partake of 
this peculiarity. 


Adult female. Different from the male, and much browner; upper 
surface of body brown, the feathers of the mantle and back edged 
with sandy buff and broadly streaked with black ; the lower back 
and rump dull rufous; upper tail-coverts ashy brown, with dusky 
centres; wings and tail as in the male, excepting that the lesser 
wing-coverts are rufous-brown instead of cinnamon; crown of head 
and neck dark brown, with a dusky line along the sides of the 
crown; lores ashy, surmounted by a streak of whitish, which is 
continued into a yellowish-white eyebrow; sides of face and ear-
coverts yellowish white, with a blackish streak along the upper edge 
of the latter ; the hinder cheeks and sides of neck clearer yellow : 
throat dusky blackish; remainder of under surface pale yellow, ashy 
brownish on the breast and sides of the body; thighs ashy brown"; 
axillaries and under wing-coverts pale yellow, the latter with dusky 

bases; quills dusky below, ashy along the edge of the inner web. 
Total length 5-2 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*65, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*7, 

38 . PASSEK. 
Young, Besembles the old female, but is much more rufous-brown, 
the edges to the quills and tail-feathers being sandy rufous ; eyebrow 
rufescent; underneath ashy, washed with yellow, clearer on the 
abdomen, the flanks slightly rufescent. 

Hah. From Afghanistan and Sind throughout the Himalayas to 
Bootan, Assam, and, according to Swinhoe, to Southern China. 

a-e. $ ad. sk. 

f. $ ad. sk. 
g. Ad. sk. 
h. Ad. sk, 
i. <$ ad. sk. 
k. $ ad. sk. 
l-o. $ ad. sk.; 
2h $) r* S ad- sk. 

s. S ad. sk. 
t} u. v. cJ ad.; 
?/;, :c. § ad. sk. 

y. $ ad. sk. 
c. J ad. sk. 
a'. 2 ad. sk. 

V, c'. d; d', e'. $ 

ad. sk. 
/*'. <S ad. sk. 
cf7ti,i'. <S ad. sk.; 

V-o'. $ ad. sk. j 
p\ q'. S ad. sk. 
?*'. 5 inim. sk. 

*', *'* 6 S ; «*'» *>'* 

<5 ad. et imm. sk. 
w', #\ c? ad.; 
ij. J ad. sk. 
»', «. d $ ad. sk. 

ft y. <J ? ad. sk. 

8. $ ad. sk. 
ad. sk. 
t, K. d ? ad. sk. 
X, ft. J ad. sk. 
w, £ 6 ad.; 

o. $ ad. sk. 
w, p, cr. 6 ad. sk. 
r. c? ad. sk. 
v, <£. c? ad. sk. 
y-V. c? ad. et jun.; 
Olipore, Afghanistan (Griffith).
Near Goond, Sind Valley,

May 24,1871 (W. E. Brooks). 
Peshawar.
Murree.

 India Mus. 
Hume Coll. 

 Colonel Way [P.], 
Colonel Way [P.j. 

Near Ilirpur, Cashmere, May 1*3, Hume Coll. 

1871 (W. E.Brooks). 
Near Gulmerg, May 31, 1871

(TV. E. Brooks)." 

Cashmere, Aug. 1870.

Barahaut, May 25, 1871.
Koteghur, near Simla.

Koteglmr, Dec. 21, 1870.
Pumlahie, Kotegurh, Nov. 17,18G9. 
Pujarli in Kotekkaie, Feb. 25,1871, 
Simla.

Simla, July (R. C. Beavan).
Simla, Oct. 1878-80 (IF. Davison). 
Simla, Nov. 1880 ( W. Davison).

Imnda, N.W. Himalayas,
May 81,1869, 

N.W. Himalayas.
Middle range of hills north ofMasuri. 
Derail, May 13, 1874 (TP1 K

Brooks). 
Kumaon, Oct. 19, 1866.
Kumaon (Straehey),
Nepal.

Nepal (B. II Hodgson). ¥
Thibet, Sept. 187 4,(L.Mandelli).
Native Sikhim, May 1875 (X.

Mandelli). 
Sikhim (Z. Mandelli).
Sikhim, Apr. 187 5(L.Mandelli).
Near Darjilhig.
Bootan (Pemberton).

* », e', g. $ ^ sk 
i,', &. 6 2 ad. sk. Lower Hills, Bhootan Dooars,
Feb. 1873 (Z, Mandelli). 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume OoL. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Pinwill Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
India Mus. 
Hodgson Coll. 
India Mus. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
India Mus. 
Hume Coll, 

328 
EKINGILIXDJE. 

t', K\ <$ J ad. sk. 
Xr, /x'. cJ $ ad. sk. 

•A $ ad. sk. 
£\ S ad. sk. 
o'. S a(i. sk. 
TT'. d1 ad. sk. 
pr. tf ad. sk. 
crr; T\ 3 ad. sk. * 

v'. J ad. sk. 
$, x'. S $ ad. sk. 
f, ©'. d $ ad.; 

a. 2 2UY' s-k« 
b, c. Ad. sk. 
d,e. d ? ad. sk. 
/. 3 ad. sk. 
Bhootan Dooars, Jan. 1877 (X. 

Mandelli). 

Bhootan Dooars, Feb. 1873-77 

(Z. Mandelli). 
Bhootan Dooars, Dec. 1876 

(Z. Mandelli).
Shillong (J. Cockbum). 
Shillong, Aug. 1877 (J. Cock-
burn), 
Shillong, Oct. 10,1877 (/. Cockbam).
Shillong, Nov. 1877 {J. Cock-
burn). 

Aimole, Manipur, April 1881 

{A. 0.11.).
Machi, ^fanipur, May 2, 1881 
(A 0. B.). 
Mornien, Yun-nan, June. 

Himalayas. 
India. 
India, 


Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Dr. Anderson [C.]. 

Gould Coll. 

Purchased. 

J. 1L Iteeves, Esq. 
rp.i 
[P.]. 

14. Passer castanopterns. 
Passer 
castanopterns, Blyth, J. A. S, Beng. xxiv. p. 302 (lb55); 
8peke, Ibis, 1860, p. 240; Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. bO, no. 7275 
(1870); Ifeugl. Orn. KO.-Afr. pt. 2, p. 03:3 (lfe70); Fiiibeh $ 
Marti. Vog. Ostafr. p. 442 (lb70); Oust. JV. Arch, Mm. (2) ii. 
Bull. p. 141 (1879). 

Adult male. General colour above ashy brown with an olive tinge, 
the mantle and tipper back streaked with, black centres to the feathers, 
which are margined with whity brown; lower back, rump, 
and upper tail-coverts uniform ashy olive; scapulars and entire 
wing-coverts uniform bay or light chestnut; bastard-wing and 
primary-coverts brown, darker towards the ends and fringed with 
rufous ; quills brown, edged with lighter brown, more rufous on the 
inner secondaries, the outer primaries whity brown near the base 
and near the ends of the outer webs, the dark brown of the quills 
reaching to the edge in the middle of the feather; tail-feathers dark 
brown, edged with light brown; crown of head and nape uniform 
light chestnut, reaching to the sides of the neck, which are otherwise 
ashy olive; lores, feathers below the eye, and a streak along 
the upper ear-coverts pale sulphur-yellow, as well as the cheeks; 
fore part of cheeks, throat, and fore neck black; remainder of under 

surface bright yellow, ashy olive on the breast and sides of the body ; 
under tail-coverts yellowish white, with light brownish bases; axillaries 
and under wing-coverts yellowish white ; quills below dusky, 
ashy along the inner web. Total length 5-2 inches, culmen 0*3, 
wing 2*9, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*7. (Mus, Paris.) 

ffah Somali-Land, East Africa - ? Gaboon, in Ves t Africa. 

38 . PASSER. 
329 
15. Passer rutilans. 
Passer rutilans, Temm. PL Col. iii. pi. 488.fig. 2 (1835); Gray, Gen. 
B. ii. p. 373 (1849); Bp. Comp. i. p. 508 (1850); Gray, Hand-L 
B. ii. p. m, no. 7264 (1870); Swinh. P.Z.S. 1871, p. 886; id. 
Ibis, 1877, p. 145 ; David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 341 (1877); Blakist. 
SpPryer, B. Japan, p. 172 (1882) ; Blakist. Amended ListB. Japan, 
p. 17(1884). 
Passer rus&atus, 
Temm. 8f Schl. Faun. Japon., Aves, p. 00, pi. 50 
(1850) ; Sivinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 45 ; Blakist. Ibis, 1802, p. 328; 
Swinh. Ibis, 1803, p. 378, 1866, p. 295; David, K Arch. Mus. vii. 
Bull. p. 10 (1871). 

Adult male. General colour above deep chestnut, the upper back 
and scapulars streaked with black centres to the feathers, which 
are also narrowly edged with creamy buff; lesser wing-coverts 
chestnut like the back; median coverts black, broadly tipped with 
white: greater coverts black, edged with reddish brown, whiter 
towards the ends; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish, edged 
with reddish brown ; quills blackish brown, edged with creamy 
white, which is not continuous on the primaries, but is broader 
near the base and near the ends ; the inner secondaries margined 
with rufous; upper tail-coverts ashy brown; tail-feathers blackish 
brown, edged with ashy "brown; crown of head uniform chestnut; 
lores and feathers round eye, as well as a narrow eyelid, ashy 
whitish; car-coverts and cheeks, as well as the sides of the throat, 
purer white, the centre of the throat blackish; remainder of under 
surface pale ashy brown, whiter on the abdomen; thighs ashy 
brown ; under tail-coverts whitish, with ashy-brown centres ; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries dull white, the latter tinged with rufous ; 
quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge: "bill black in 
summer, brown in winter ; feet reddish grey ; iris chestnut-brown " 

(A. David). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-75, tail 1*7, 
tarsus 0*65. 
Adult female. Very similar to the male, and resembling the hen 
of P. ciiinamomeus, but without the yellow tinge on the under 
surface, which is browner; the head and neck are also browner, 
and the superciliary streak is deep isabelline. Total length 5 
inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2-8, tail 1*75, tarsus 0*65. 

Hob. Japan, Itforth China, and Formosa. 

a, b. <$ $ ad. sk. Japan. Gould Coll. 

c. $ ad. sk. Ningpo, Ma 7 1872. Consul Swinhoe [C.]. 
d. 
<$ ad. sk. Ningpo, March 13, P. W. Styan, Esq.. rp.]. 
1884. 
e. S ad. sk. Formosa. Consul Swinhoe [C.]. 
16. Passer assiinilis. 
Passer assimilis, Walden, Ann. # Mag. Nat. Eist. (4) v. p. 218 
(1870); Hume, Sir. F. 1875, p. 157; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 94 (1875); 
Hume Sr Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 407; Mwie, Str. F. 1879, 

107; Wardlaw Ramsay, Works Tzveedd., App. pp. 93, 668 
(1881) ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 350 (1883). 

330 FKESTGILLlDiE. 

Adult male. The whole upper plumage from, the nostrils to the 
rump deep chestnut; upper tail-coverts greyish brown, with dark 
shaft-stripes ; the feathers of the back with the inner webs black at 
the tip; lores, feathers round the eye, and over the ear-coverts 
brown; cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of the neck pure white; a 
broad black streak from the chin, over the throat to the upper breast, 
where it becomes wider; lower plumage sooty brown; lesser wing-
coverts chestnut; median coverts black, broadly tipped with pure 
white; greater coverts brown, edged with pale rufous and tipped 
with whitish; primaries and secondaries dark brown, narrowly 
edged with pale rufescent, the third to the seventh primaries with 
a broader edge of the same at the base of the outer webs; tertiaries 
blackish, edged with chestnut; tail brown, edged paler. (Oatts.) 

Female. Head and nape brown, tinged with rufescent, the feathers 
of the forehead with darker centres; back rufescent brown, the 
terminal portion of the inner webs black, and the outer webs paler 
than the inner ones; rump pale chestnut; upper tail-coverts greyish 
brown ; tail brown ; a distinct supercilium pale rufescent; lores and 
a short streak behind the eye dark brown ; cheeks and ear-coverts 
grey ; a large patch below the ear-coverts fulvous-yellow ; chin and 
throat dark brown; lower plumage greyish brown, fulveseuit or 
yellowish on the abdomen ; under tail-coverts brown, celled with 
yellowibh; lesser wing-coverts rufescent; median coverts dark 
brown, broadly tipped with pure white ; greater coverts dark brown, 
narrowly edged with whitish ; quills dark brown, narrowly edged 
with pale rufescent, the third to the seventh primaries with a broader 
edge of the same near the base of the outer webs; tertiaries and 
inner coverts dark brown, edged more broadly with rufous. (OaU>$.) 

Length 4*5 inches, tail 1-7, wing 2*7, tarsus fro, bill from gape 

0*55. 
The female is of about the same size. 
Hah. Tonghoo and Karen-nee, Burmah. 

17. Passer flaveolus. 
Passer flaveolus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p, 940 (1844); id. Cat. 
B. 3Ius. As. Soe. p. 120 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 50S (1*30;; Gray, 
Hand-L B. ii. p. 86, no. 7207 (1570); Bhuif. t c. f. 400; Hume, 
Nests # Eggs Lid. B. p. 4G0 (1873); id. i$tr. F. 1^74, p. 4S1; 
id. $ Oates, 8tr. F. 1875, p. 150; Blyth 4* Walden, B. Burm. 
p. 04 (1875): Anderson, ZooL Exped. Yun-nan, p. Gty2 (lfc7&); 
Hume $ Davison, titr. F. 1878, p. 400 ; Timud, Bull Com. Agrie. 
CochmcMne, I p. 133 (1870) ; Hume, Sir. F.1^7% p. 107; Gates, 
Str. F. 1882, p. 283; id. B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 349 (1*«3). 
Passer jugiferus, Bp. Consp. L p. 508 (1850, ex Temm. MSS.); Blyth, 
Ibis, 1870, p. 172; Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 8(\ no. 7271 (1870). 

Adult male. General colour above uniform cinnamon-rufous; 
the lower back and rump olive-gyeenish; scapulars and lesser wing-
coverts cinnamon like the back; median coverts pale sulphur-
yellow, forming a wing-band; greater series blackish, externally 

38. PASSER. 331 
ashy olive, paler towards the end of the feathers ; bastard-wing and 
primary-coverts black, the latter fringed with brown; quills blackish, 
edged with brown, the secondaries with ashy olive, paler towards 
the ends; the primaries with a small speculum of light brown, 
formed by the basal portion of the outer web ; upper tail-coverts 
dull olive, dusky in the centre; tail-feathers dark brown, edged witb 
ashy olive, the edge of the inner web paler brown; crown of head 
and hind neck olive-green, flanked by a broad streak of cinnamon-
rufous, which starts from above the eye and widens out on the sides 
of the nape ; base of forehead olive-yellow, brighter above the eyo ; 
lores and feathers below the eye blackish ; eyelid yellow; cheeks and 
ear-coverts sulphur-yellow ; throat black; remainder of under surface 
of body sulphur-yellow, more olivaceous on the sides of the 

body and flanks; under tail-covcrts sulphur-yellow; axillaries and 
under wing-coverts yellowish, the lower coverts whitish washed 
with yellow ; quills dusky below, ashy along the inner webs: " bill 
black; legs and claws plumbeous flesh-colour; iris dark hazel-
brown" (Oates). Total length 4*8 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2*8, 
tail 2*15, tarsus 0*65. 

Adult female. Different from the male. Brown above, the head 
as well as the lower back and rump washed with yellowish olive; 
lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and greater coverts dusky 
blackish, externally pale brown, whity brown at the ends of the 
feathers, more distinct on the median series ; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts dark brown, the latter fringed with olive-brown; quills 
brown, edged with ashy brown, the base of the primaries externally 
whity brown, forming a small speculum, the primaries having also 
a whitish edging at about a third of the distance from the tip; tail-
feathers light brown, edged with ashy brown • a narrow eyebrow 
of pale yellow ; eyelid and feathers below the eye yellowish; ear-
coverts brown, slightly washed with olive-yellow; under surface of 
body pale ashy brown, washed with yellow, the throat clearer yellow 
: " bill flesh-colour " (Oates). Total length 5*1 inches, culmen 
0*45, wing 2*55, tail 1*9, tarsus 1*6. 

Young. Eesembles the old female, but is rather clearer brown 
above and brighter yellow below, the margins to the quills and wing-
coverts broader and clearer sandy buff. 
Hah. Upper Burmah, Pegu, Arakan, and Cochin China. 

a. S ad. sk.
b. S ad.; c. Juv.
sk. 
Burmah {Dr. Williams). 
Upper Burmah. 
Hume Coll 
T. 0. Jerdon, Esq. [0.]. 
d. £ ad. sk.
e. d ad. sk. 
Upper Burmah (Jerdon). 
Thayetmyo. 
Gould Coll. 
W. T. Blanford [P.]. 
f. g. 6 ad. sk.
k $ ad. sk.
i. <$ ad. sk.
k. <$ ad. sk.
$ ad. ak. 
Pegu, May 29. 
Pegu, June 29. 
Pegu, Jan. 2. 
Pegu, Feb. 7. 
Pegu. 
Oates Coll. 
Oates Coll. 
Oates Coll. 
Oates Coll. 
Oates Coll. 

332 PErsraiLLiD^E. 

18. Passer emini. 
Sorella emini bey, Harbl J.f O. 1880, pp. 211,325; Pelz. Sitz. zoolbot. 
Gesellseh. Wien, xxxi. p. 150 (1881). 

Sorella emini, Hartl. Abhandl. not. Ver. Bremen, vii. p. 123 (1881) ; 
id. J.f.O. 1881, pi. i. figs. 3, 4; Abhandl. Bremen, Tiii. p. 201 
(1882); Pelz. Sitz. zool-bot. Gesellseh. xxxii. p. 507 (1882) ; Fischer, 
Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 322 (1884); Salvarf. Ann. MILS. Civic. 
Genov. (2) i. p. 174 (1884). 

Adult male. General colour above deep chestnut, darker and more 
vinaceous on the head; lesser and median coverts chestnut, like the 
back; greater coverts blackish, margined with sandy buff, the inner 
ones edged and broadly tipped with chestnut; bastard-wing dusky 
blackish; primary-coverts and quills dusky brown, edged with paler 
brown, whiter near the base of the primaries, and forming a small 
speculum; the edges of the secondaries tinged with rufous; upper 
tail-coverts chestnut, like the back; tail-feathers dark brown, edged 
with sandy buff; head all round as well as the entire under surface 
of the body deep vinous chestnut, with a few whitish-edged feathers 
on the abdomen ; thighs chestnut; under tail-coverts whitish, with 
brown centres: under wing-coverts and axillaries chestnut: quills 
below dusky, ashy whitish along the inner web : " bill black ; feet 
reddish: iris dusky" (Emin). Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0*4, 
wing 2-35, tail 1-5, tarsus 0*6. 


Adult female. Different from the male, and Spar row-like. General 
colour above brown, the feathers of the back mottled with black 
centres to the feathers; scapulars, lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts uniform chestnut; wing-coverts brown, with a reddish tinge, 
the median series tipped with white; greater coverts, bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, edged with pale brown, 
the outer primaries margined with whitish near the base of the 
outer web, forming a small speculum; tail-feathers brown, edged 
with lighter brown; crown of head ashy grey, slightly tinged with 
rufous ; occiput, nape, and hind neck ashy brown ; lores and a broad 
super ciliary streak vinous chestnut; ear-coverts pale ashy brown ; 
cheeks, throat, and fore neck pale vinous chestnut: sides of neck 
ashy, washed with chestnut; remainder of under surface of body 
ashy, washed with chestnut on the breast; the abdomen and under 
tail-coverts whiter, the latter with browner centres : sides of body 
and flanks reddish brown; thighs isabelline; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries isabelline, the latter tinged with rufous; quills below 
dusky, ashy along the inner edge4: " soft parts as in the malen 
(Emin). Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*35, tail 1-5, 

tarsus 0*55. (Mm. G. E. SMleg.) 

Males in winter plumage have the back streaked with black centres 
to the feathers, and have the rest of the chestnut plumage obscured 
by ashy-whitish margins to the feathers. (Mus. G. E. Shelley.) 

Hob. Equatorial Africa from Shoa to the neighbourhood of Lado 
and south to Masai-Land. 

a. J ad. sk. Lado, March 9,1880 (Emin Beg). Forbes Coll. 
38. PASSEB. 
333 
19. Passer arcuatus. 
Le Moineau du Cap de Bonne Espgrance, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 104, pi. 5. 

fig-. 3 (17G0) ; Daubent. PL Bnl. iv. pi. 230.fig. 1. 

Le Croissant, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 501 (1775). 

Loxia inelanura, P. L. S. Midi Syst. Nat, Ankang', p. 153 (1770); 

Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 253. 
Crescent Finch, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 260 (1783). 
Fringilk arcuata, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 912 (1788); Grill, Zool Antechn. 

p. 24 (1858). 
Pyrgita arcuata, 
Cuv.'Begne Anim. i. p. 885, note (1817); Brehn, 
Vog. Deutschl, p. 206* note (1831) : Licht. Nomencl Av. Berol 

p. 47 (1854). 
Passer arcuatm, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 373 (1849); BhjtJi, Cat. B. Mus. 
As. Soc. p. 119 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i.p. 510 (1850) • Bocage,Jom. 
Lisb. i. p. 752 (1*07); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 204 (1867) • Ayres, 
Ibis, I860, p. 295; Shaipe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 69 (1871); Gumey 
in Andens. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 185 (1872); Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 80• 
Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 303 (1881); Shelley, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 357; 
Solub fy Von Pelz. Beitr. Orn. Sudafr. p. 131 (1882) • Solum, 
Cat. Strickl Coll. p. 209 (1882) ; Butler, Feilden, $ Reid, Zool. 
1882, p. 301; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. pp. 478, 850 (1884). 

Parser melanurus, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 86, no. 7263 (1870). 

Adult male, in breeding-plumage. General colour above rich cinnamon, 
tho hind neck and mantle being overshaded with ashy• the 
scapulars, lower back, and rump clear bright cinnamon or chestnut• 
wing-coverts also cinnamon ; median series black tipped with white, 
forming a wing-bar; greater coverts blackish, externally ashy brown 
and tipped with dull white, forming a second wing-bar• bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, fringed with paler brown, 
the quills margined with light brown, fulvescent on the secondaries 
and at about one third of the primaries from the tip, the latter 
having also a pale brown mark near the base of the outer web; 
upper tail-coverts ashy brown ; tail-feathers blackish, margined with 
pale rufous-brown; crown of head, lores, feathers round the eye, 
ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, and fore neck black; a streak from 
above the eye creamy white, like the sides of the neck and hinder 
cheeks, forming a large patch; breast, abdomen, and under tail-
coverts creamy white, the sides of the body and thighs ashy; axillaries 
and under wing-coverts white, the latter with dusky bases; 
quills dusky below, ashy fulvous along the edge of the inner web : 
" bill black; tarsi and feet dusky brown • iris dusky umber " {T. 
Ayres). Total length 5*8 inches,"culmen 0*55, wing 3*2, tail 2-4, 
tarsus 0*75. 

The winter plumage of the adult male does not differ materially 
from the summer plumage, and the black on the head and throat is 
only slightly obscured with brown; there is more grey on the back 
and mantle than in summer, and tho white eyebrow and patch 
behind the ear-coverts are somewhat tinged with buff. 

Adult female. Duller in colour than the male, and having the 
cinnamon colour of the back less bright • the mantle and upper back 
brown ; the crown dusky blackish • lores, sides of face, fore part of 

334 
PBINGILLmas. 

cheeks, and ear-coverts dusky brown, as also the throat and fore 
neck; breast and abdomen, thighs and under tail-coverts creamy 
buff; a streak of creamy buff along the sides of the hinder crown, 
and a patch of creamy buff behind the cheeks, these light markings 
not united as in the male, but separated from each other by the a&hybrown 
sides of the neck. Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0*5, 
wing 2*9, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*8. 

The specimens from Damara-Land are rather smaller than those 
from the Cape, but do not differ in colour. 

The young birds greatly resemble the old female, but have the 
throat whiter ; the back is cinnamon-brown, a little clearer on the 
lower back and rump ; the cheeks are ashy whitish, and there is no 
sign of the pale mark behind the cheeks ; the eyebrow also is very 
indistinct; the head and neck are dull ashy, the former slightly 
mottled with dusky tips to the feathers. 

Bab. South Africa, eastwards to the Transvaal, and westwards to 
Benguela. 

«, b. 8 $ ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith T'._. 

c. $ ad. sk. South Africa. Purchased. 
d. 8 ad.; e.Pull.sk, South Africa. Sir A. Smith ~C.~. 
f. J ad.sk. South Africa. Gould Cull. 
(J, h. 8 ? ad. sk South Africa { R L. Layurd). Sharps i'oil. 
i. 
§ ad. sk. Cape Town, June 29 { C. J. fehaipc Cull. 
Anderson). 
k. c^juv.sk Transvaal ( T. Ayre,s). Sluipr* Coll. 
/. 
8 ad.sk. Potehefstroom, Tr<uus\aal, Foibt*- C«»ll. 
Nov. G(T. Aj/ms). 

m. 
8 ad. &k Damara-Land, Juh 5 {C. J. Sharps C< 11. 
Anderson), 
n. 
§ ach 5 °' 8 Otjimbinque, Damara-Land, fcharpe Coll. 
juv. sk. Jan. 8 {C. J. Amlersson). 
p. 
$ ad. sk. Otjimhinque, Aug. 23 (C. J. SharpeColl. 
Andemon). 
20. Passer swainsoni. 
Emberizacapen^s, var.? Salt, Trav. Abys*., App. p. xhiii ("iblij. 
Pyrgita swainsoni, Hupp. Xeue Wirb, p. 94, Tat*. 33. tig. 2 < I ^r-3*5—40). 
Pasber swainsoni, Hupp. SyM. Utben>. p. 7& (1*4O); "Btniql. J. f. O. 

18152, p. 30; Antin. Cat. deterr. Ucc. p. 74 {W4); Sd. 1\Z. 8. 
1864, p. 110; Gray, IIcmd-L B. ii. p. 87, no. 7LM (1^0); Jlem/L 
Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 034, App, p. cxli < 1*70-71); Blanf. 
Geol § ZooL Abyss, p. 411 (1870 f; Fimch, Tr. Z. 8. vii p. 209 
(1870) j id. $ Hartl.og. Ostafr. p. 450 (1*70, pt.); Sharpe, 

P. Z. S. 1870, p. 143; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 69 (1*71); HartL Abhandl. 
not. Ver. Bremen, vii. p.* 105 (lfc81); Shelleyf Ifais^ ISbl, 
p. 589; Sahm, Cat. 8triekl. Call. p. 211 (lbb2); \Sakad. Ann, 
Mm. Civic. Genov. (2) i. p. 170 (lb84). 
Passer simplex (nee 8a\), Gray, Gin. B. ii. p. 373 (1849); Brehm, 
Heis.Babescli, p. 342 (1863). 
Pyrgitopsis swain&oni, Bp. Consp. i. p. 510 (1830) ; Befchenk Sinyv. 

p. 88, pi. xlv. fig. 326 (1801); Antin, & Solved. Vktqq. Boms, 
p. 114 (1873). 
38. PASSER. 335 
Pyrgita spadicea, Zicht. Mus. Eerol.: id. Nomencl. Av. BeroL p. 47 
(1854). F 
Pyrgitopsis simplex, Ilorsf. <$• Moore. Cat. B. E.l. Co. Mus. ii. p. 498 

(1856). 
Fringilla (Passer) swainsoni, Heugl 8yst. Uebers. p. 42 (1856). 
Passer spadicea, Heugl J. f. 0. 1862, p. 30. 
Pyrgita crassirostris, Heugl. J. f. 0. 1867, p. 209 (ex Pr. Wurt 

MS8.). ; / 

Adult male. General colour above uniform brown with a rufous 
tinge, the lower back and rump uniform bright chestnut; lesser and 
median coverts chestnut, the inner median ones white at the ends; 
greater coverts brown, edged externally with reddish brown; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, margined 
with reddish brown; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers brown, 
with lighter brown margins; crown of head, entire sides of face, 
hind neck, and sides of neck, as well as the entire under surface of 
the body, dark ashy grey, a little paler on the throat, which, however, 
is not whitish ; the abdomen a little whiter than the breast; 
under tail-coverts dusky brown, with whitish margins ; under wingcovcrts 
and axillaries brown, tinged with rufous, the latter edged 
with dull white ; quills below dusky ashy, tinged with rufous along 
the inner edge: " bill black; feet reddish; iris chocolate-brown" 
(Heuglin). Total length 6*5 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3*15, 
tail 2-55, tarsus 0*75. 

Ackdt female. Exactly similar to the male. Total length 6 inches, 
culmen 0*55, wing 3*15, tail 2-4, tarsus 0*8. 

The grey colour of the throat, which thus rosembles the rest of 
the under surface, is very well-marked in this species, and distinguishes 
it from the species of South and "West Africa. Capt. 
Shelley has an example from Melinda in the Zanzibar district, which 
agrees with Abyssinian specimens in colour, but is larger and has 
an enormous bill, as has also the Kitui specimen in the Museum. 

Hah. From Bogos Land and Abyssinia to the Zanzibar district in 

East Africa 
a. S ad. sk. 
h. 2 ad. sk. 
c. 2 ad. &k. 
Ilalai, Tigrfi, Feb. 29. 
Senaf£, Feb. 26. 
Ailat, west of Massowah, 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. fC.l. 
W.T. Blanford, Esq. fC.\ 
"W. T. Blanford, Esq. [O.j. 
d. 2 ad. sk. 
e. Ad. sk. 
f. 2 ad. sk. 
q. $ ad. sk. 
A, i. Ad. sk. 
k Ad. sk. 
/. 2 ad.sk. 
June 25,1868. 
Senafe-, April 25 (W. Jesse). 
Anseba Valley, Bogos 
Land, Aug. 3. 
Kokai, Bogos Land, July 
12 ( W. Jesse). 
Eylet, June 29 (W. Jesse). 
Rlioa (Sir W. C. Harris). 
Shoa. 
Kitui in Ukamba, April 
1877. 
Sliarpe Coll. 
W. T. Blanford, E.q. [O.]. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
India Mus. 
Dr. Ruppell [C.]. 
Dr. J. M. Hildebrandt [0.]. 

336 ERmsnxmE. 

21. Passer diffasus. 
Pyrgita diffusa, Smith, Rep. S. Afr. Kvpecl, App. p. 50 (1836). 

Pyrgita gularis, Less. Rev. ZooL 1839, p. 45. 

Fringilla grisea (nee V.), Lafr. Rev. Zoot. 1830, p. 95. 

Pyrgita simplex (nee Zicht.), Swains. B. W.Afr.i. p. 208 (1837); 

Gordon, Contr. Orn. 1849, p. 10. 

Pyrgita spadicea, Licht. Verz. Tog. Kaffernl. p. 15 (18421 

Parser ditfusus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 373 (1&40); Hartl Or a. 7T.-

Afr. p. 151 (1857): Laijard, B. S. Afr. p. 204 (1867); Hartl. 

P. Z. S. 1867, p. 826 ; Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 87, no. 72S3 (1-70) ; 
Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 143: id. Cat Afr. B. p. 1)9 (] -71) ; 
Ay res, Ibis, 1871, p. 258; Gurney, in Anders. B. JDam.-Zand, 
p.* 187 (1872) ; Shelley, Ibis, LS75, p. 80 ; Sharpe ^- Bovvier, Bull. 
Soc. ZooL France, i. p. 49 (1^70): Shelley, P. Z.S. 1-31, p. 589; 
Sharpe, in Gates" Matabele Zand, App. p. 321 {lfcSl); Salvin. Cat. 
Striehl. Coll. p. 210 (1882; ; Buihr. Feilden, & Reicl ZooL 1-^2, 
p. 300; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. pp. 4-0, fcoU (1S-3J; 
Schahw, J.f.O. 1883, p. 364; Fischer,^Zeifschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 320 
(1884) ; Rochebr. Faun. Seneg., Ois. p. 257 (1885). 
Pyrgitopfeis diffusa, Bp. Consp, i. p. 511 {1-50). 

Passer simplex, Cab. Mas. Ilein. Th. i. p. 156 (18501; Hartl. Orn, 
Westafr. p. 150 (1857); Bayard, B. S. Afr. p. 205 (1-67j; IButjL 
Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 630 (1^70); Gray, HamU. B.\i. 

p. b7, no. 7282 (1-70); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1-70, p. 143; id. Ibis, 
1670, p. 4-3; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 6- (1-71/; XichoUm, P. Z. S. 
1878, p. 35>; Forbes, Ibis, 18-3, p. 508; Rochebr. Faun. Se/it'g.} 
Ois. p. 256 (lfe-5). 
Pa«4«ser swaiu^uni (wee Rilpp.), Rrichen. J.f.O. 1^77, p. 29; Bocay**, 
Orn. Angola, p. 539 (Ibbl). 
Passer occidentalis, Shelley, Ibis, 18^3, p. 548. 

Adnlt male. Similar to P. swaiasoni, but smaller, paler in colour, 
and distinguished especially by its white throat and whiter abdomen. 
Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 3*35, tail 2*4, 
tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Similar to the male : " bill brown; base of lower 
mandible pale brownish orange ; iris hazel; legs brown " (F. Bradsliaiv). 
Total length 5-8 inches, culmen U*5, wing 3*1, tail 2*3, 
tarsus 0*75. 

A male from the Transvaal, apparently an immature bird, has 
the back mottled with black centres to the feathers, as in an 
ordinary Sparrow, and the whole tone of the plumage is browner. 
This is the only specimen of the P. dijfusus group in the Museum 
which has a mottled back, and, instead of being a young bird, it 
may belong to a distinct species. 

At one time I was disposed to keep the West-African Sparrow 
distinct from the South-African P. diffasus; but I have now come 
to the conclusion that there is a perfect intergradation between the 
two forms. Captain Shelley is undoubtedly right in showing that, 
at all events, the West-African bird could not bear the name of 

P. simjdex, a title preoccupied for the Algerian Desert Sparrow; but 
Lesson's name of gularis would then be available for any one who 
wishes to separate the West-African bird. 
38. PASSER. 
337 
Hah The whole of South Africa to the Zanzibar district on the 
east coast and to Angola on the west coast. In West Africa it 
occurs from Senegambia to the Mger district. Dr. Eochebrune 
states that P. swaimoni, P. diffusus, and P. occklmtalis all occur in 
Senegambia; but further proof is necessary before this statement 
can be accepted. 

a. Passer cliffusus. 
a, h. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [0.]. (Types 
of species.) 

c J ad. sk. 
Upington, Orange River, 

Dr. F. Braclshaw [P.]. 

April 11. 

d. tf 
inim. sk. Transvaal (T. Ayres). Sharpe Coll. 
Crocodile River, July (F,
e. Ad. sk. 
W. E. and C. G. Oates, 
Gates). 

#Esqrs. [P.]. 

/, g. Ad. sk. 
Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Exped. 

h. Ad.sk. 
Mozambique. Dr. Gueinzius [0.1. 
i. c? ad.; k. S 
Qtjimbmqtie, Damara-Land, Sharpe CoU. 
juv. sk. June (& J. Andersson). 
/. (S ad. sk. Otjmibmque, Nov. 3 (C. J. A.). Sharpe Coll. 


m. <$ ad. sk. 
Elephant Vley, Aug. 15 (C. Sharpe Coll. 
J. A.). 
n. 
J ad. sk. Swakop River, Damara-Land, Sharpe Coll. 
Feb. 1 (C.J. A.). 
o. Ad. sk. Kattenbella, Benguela, Oct. Sharpe Coll. 
81 (Sala). 
p. Ad. sk. 
Angola (Sala). Sharpe Coll. 
q. Ad. sk. 
Zanzibar Island. Dr.J.M.Hildebrandt[C.]. 
/3. P. gularis. 

r. Ad. sk. 
River Niger. Forbes CoU. (Type of 
P. occidentalis.) 
s. Ad. sk. River Niger. Mrs. Hey wood [P. J. 
t Ad.sk. Abeokuta. F. Nicholson, Esq. [P.]. 
u. Ad. sk. Fantee {II T. Uss7ier\ Sharpe Coll. 
vy w. Ad. sk. Ashantee. J. Gould, Esq. 
JL\ Ad. sk. Senegambia. Purchased. 
y. Ad. sk. River Gambia. Gould Coll. 
^. Ad. sk. River Gambia. Sharpe Coll. 
a\ Juv. sk. River Gambia, Dec. 21,1864. Sharpe Coll. 
22. Passer ammodendri. 
Passer ammodendri, Severtz*; Bode, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 481; Gould, 
B. Asia, v. pi. 15 (1872); Seoerte. Turkest. Jevotn. pp. 04, 115; 
* The late Dr. Severtzoff, although he apparently did not publish his description 
of P. ammodendri until 1873, distributed specimens to museums and 
dealers before that date. It was in answer to my solicitations that Mr. Dode, 
recently escaped from the Paris Commune with a few rare specimens of birds, 
exhibited some of them at a meeting of the Zoological Society in May 1871, 
and Mr. Gould appears to have been actually thefirst to give any sort of description 
of thisfine Sparrow. As, however, the specimens belonged to Dr. Severtzoif 
were collected by him and bore the name he had given, nothing could be 
more unfair than to deprive him of the credit of naming the species. 
YOL. XII. 
z 

338 PRUreiLLIDiB. 

Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 239; Hume, Sir. F. 1875, p. 220; Prjevalski, 
in Rowley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 295 (1877) ; David $• Oust Ois. Chine, 

p. 549 (1878). 
Passer stoliczkse, Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 516. 
Adult male. General colour above pale ashy brown ; the feathers 

of the mantle and upper back greyish white externally, and broadly 

streaked with black; lower back and rump ashy brown, mottled 

with blackish centres to the feathers; lesser wing-coverts black; 

median coverts white, with black bases, forming a wing-bar; greater 

coverts blackish, externally pale ashy brown, and whitish at tip; 

bastard-wing blackish, fringed with ashy fulvous ; primary-coverts 

blackish, externally edged with ashy, brown; quills light brown, 

edged with ashy brown, whiter toward the end, and tinged with 

sandy near the base; the primaries with a speculum of whitish near 

the base of the outer web of primaries, which have also a broader 

whitish edging at about one half of the feather; upper tail-coverts 

pale ashy brown, with dusky centres; tail-feathers ashy brown, 

whiter on the outer ones; crown of head black, narrowing on the 

nape and widening again on the hind neck ; eyebrows, lores, feathers 

round eye, and a streak along the upper edge of ear-coverts black, 

the latter as well as the cheeks greyish white; above the lores a 

streak of white, continued into a broad band of pale cinnamon, 

starting above the eye and widening out towards the sides of neck: 

the latter whitish; throat black, as well as a spot at the base of the 

cheeks; fore neck and rest of under surface of body ashy whitish, 

purer white on the centre of abdomen and under tail-coverts ; sides 

of body, flanks, and thighs clearer ashy brown ; under tail-coverts 

white, with pale brown centres to the feathers ; under wing-coverts 

and axillaries white; quills below pale ashy brown, whitish along 

the inner web. Total length 6 inches, culmen (J--5. wing 3*05, 

tail 2'5, tarsus 0*8. 

Winter plumage. More sandy brown than in summer, the shaft-

streaks on the mantle and back much narrower; black of crown 

and nape obscured with ashy margins to the feathers : white of face 

and underparts slightly washed with ashy brown. 

Adult female. General colour above very pale sandy brown, with 
a slight rufous tinge on the mantle, the feathers of which have 
blackish centres; lesser wing-coverts light reddish brown, with dusky 
bases ; median coverts creamy white, blackish at the base; greater 
coverts blackish, externally pale brown, with a creamy-white margin 
and tip; bastard-wing brown, edged and tipped with white; 
primary-coverts and quills brown, edged with pale sandy brown, 
whitish at the tips of all; the primaries broadly margined near the 
base and towards the ends, more narrowly in the middle; upper 
tail-coverts pale sandy brown, washed with ashy ; tail-feathers light 
brown, edged with pale sandy brown, faintly tinged with rufous; 
crown of head uniform sandy brown, washed with ashy; lores 
ashy ; a tolerably broad eyebrow of pale sandy rufous, rather darker 
posteriorly; eyelid whitish ; ear-coverts pale ashy brown; cheeks 
and under surface of body isabelline, with the centre of the throat 

38 . PASSER. 
339 

dusky blackish under the isabelline colour; abdomen and under 
tail-coverts whiter; sides of body and flanks pale sandy brown, with 
a slight ^rufous tinge on the latter; thighs isabelline, as also the 
under wing-co verts and axillaries ; quills below pale brown, ashy 
isabelline along the inner edge. Total length 6*2 inches, culmen 045, 
wing 3-05, tail 2-4, tarsus 0*75. 

Hah. Central Asia, from Turkestan and Yarkand to Alachan and 

Ordos. 
a. $ ad. sk. Turkestan, Nov. 27 (Severtzoff). Gould Coll. 
b, c. S ; d. 2ad. sk. 
Ferghana, April. Dr. Severtzoff [0.]. 
e. S ad. sk. Kashgar, Dec. 1873 (J. Biddulph). 
Hume Coll. 
f. c? ad. sk. Maralbashi, Jan. 1874 (/. Biddulph). 
Hume Coll. 

23. Passer timi&us. 
Passer timldus, PrjemUH; JDeditius, J.f. 0.1886, p. 529. 
Adult male. Similar, to P. ammodendri, and only differing in the 
lighter colour of the rufous parts of the crown and nape, which are 
paler and more cinnamon. Total length 6-2 inches, culmen 0*5, 
wing 3*05, tail 2*3, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Kesembles the female of P. ammodendri. Total 
length 6 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3*05, tail 2-5, tarsus 0*7. 

Hah. Desert of Gobi. 

I have not yet seen Col. Prejvalski's original description of this 
Sparrow, but Dr. Deditius mentions it in his translation (I. c). I 
have examined a pair of specimens which seemed to me to be scarcely 
separable from P. ammodendri. 

24. Passer simplex. 
FringiUa simplex, Licht Verz. Doubl. p. 24 (1823); Temm. PI. Col. 
iii. pi. 358 (1825). 
Pyrgita simplex,Less. Traite d1 Om.i.^ASQ (1831) ; Licht Nomencl. 
Jo. Berol p. 47 (1854). 
Pyrrhulauda simplex, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 30 c (1849). 
Corospiza simplex, Bp. Consp. i. p. 511 (I860); Cab. Mus. Hein 

Th. i. p. 150 (1850): Antin. Cat descrr. Uce. p. 74 (1864) ; Loche, 

Kvpl. Set. Algir., Ois. i. p. 138 (1807). 
Fringilla (Passer) simplex, Heugl. Syst. Uehers. p. 42 (1856). 
Passer simplex, Hartm. J. f. O. 1863, p. 313; Heugl. Orn. KO.~ 

Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 636 (18?0), iv. App. p. exlii (1871)* Dresser, B. 
Bur. iii. p. 603, pi. 179 (1876). 
Passer lichtensteini, Heugl. J.f O. 1868, p. 88 • Gray, Hand4. B. 

ii. p. 87, no. 7284 (1870). 
Adult male. General colour above creamy isabelline, quite uniform; 
lesser wing-coverts like the back; median coverts white; 
greater coverts blackish at base, with broad white ends to the 
feathers; bastard-wing blackish, edged with white; primary-coverts 

z2 

340 FEIffGILLIDiB. 

dusky blackish, fringed with ashy white; quills brown, darker 
brown towards the ends and on the inner secondaries; primaries 
edged with white, the secondaries isabelline whitish towards the 
ends ; upper tail-coverts creamy white; tail-feathers brown, darker 
towards the ends, broadly edged with white on both webs; crown 
of head a little greyer than the back: lores and feathers in front of 
the eye blackish: ear-coverts and cheeks white, with a dusky line 
along the upper edge of the ear-coverts; throat black, extending to 
the fore neck; remainder of under surface of body white, with a 
slight tinge of isabelhne on the sides of body and Hanks; thighs, 
under tail-covorts, under wing-coverts, and axillaries white : quills 
below ashy brown, pale ashy isabelline along the inner edge; '"bill 
white at base, clear browni&h at the point and on the sides : feet 
yellowish; iris black " (Loche). Total length D-'3 inches, culmen 
0*45, wing 3*05, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*S. 

Adult female. Uniform sandy brown, the head like the bark, 
the rump and upper tail-coverts paler; ear-coverts and side* of face 
sandy brown ; cheeks and under surface of body white, tinged with 
sandy buff on the breast, sides of body, and flanks: ** feet fleshcolour'' 
(Loclie). Total length o-6 inches, culmen G%3, wing 8*15, 
tail 2*15, tarsus 0*8. 

Hah. Desert countries to the south of Algeria, ranging to Xubia, 

Kordofan, and Senaar. 
a. <$ ad. sk. Algeria. Purchased. 
b, c. $ g ad. bk. Fezzan, Tunis. (could Cull. 

25. Passer luteus. 
Fringilla lutea, Licht Vers. Doubt, p. 24 (1823); Temm. PL Cot. 

iii. pi. 305 (1S2J) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii.p. 371 (1810); id. Iland-L 
B.ii p. 83, no. 7215(1870). 
Pyrgita lutea, Brelim, Yog. DeuUehl. p. 277, nute {1831); Licht. 
"Nomencl Av. Berol p. 47 (l^o4). 
Serinus luteus, Miipp, Xeite With. p. 101 {1*33-40); id. *SW. Uebers, 

p. 77 (184->). 
Auripaster lutea, Bp. Consp. i. p. 5JO (1*50); Ant in. Cat. dewr. 
Ucc. p. 75 (18G4) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 09 (1*71). 
Chrysospiza lutea, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. K>7 (1850)-Ileimt 
Om. X.O.-Afr. I pt. 2, p. 037 (1870). 
Fringilla (Dryospiza) lutea, llevgt. Syst. Utbers. p. 41 (185Gj. 
Carduelis lutea, Heiigt. J.f. 0. 1807, p. 21)9 (ex Br. Wihi\ J/>S">Y.j. 

Adult male. General colour above chestnut, the lower back chestnut, 
shading off into sulphur-yellow on the rump; les&er wiu«*~ 
coverts ashy yellow ; median and greater coverts and bastard-wing 
black, with a terminal spot of yellowish white, tinged with chestnut 
on the greater coverts, the innermost being externally chestnut; 
primary-coverts dusky blackish : quills blackish, edged with yellowish 
white, the secondaries more broadly with chestnut; tipper 
tail-coverts ashy brown, tinged with yellow: tail-feathers brown, 
edged with paler brown; crown of head, occiput, nape, and hind 

38. PASSES. 341 
neck sulphur-yellow, washed with ashy on the latter ; sides of face 
entirely sulphur-yellow, with a slightly brighter streak over the cyo ; 
under surface of body sulphur-yellow ; thighs dusky brown; under 
tail-coverts blackish, broadly edged with pale yellow; under wingeoverts 
white, washed with pale sulphur-yellow, the edge of the 
wing dark brown edged with yellow ; axillaries pale yellow; quills 
below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total length 4-9 inches, 
culmen 0-4, wing 2'55, tail 2, tarsus 0-65. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
brown, the mantle and upper back more or less chestnut, the lower 
back and rump uniform sandy brown; lesser wing-coverts pale 
tawny buff; median and greater coverts blackish, edged with tawny 
buff, whitish at the ends, especially broad on the median series; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown, edged 

t with sandy buff, more rufous on the margins of the secondaries; 
upper tail-coverts brown with a reddish tinge, edged with ashy 
white; tail-feathers brown, edged with sandy buff or isabelline; 
crown of head and hind neck ashy brown; lores whitish; above the 
ear-coverts a narrow eyebrow of pale yellow ; sides of face and ear-
coverts light ashy washed with yellow; cheeks and throat ashy 
whitish, washed with pale yellow; fore neck and remainder of 
under surface of body isabelline with a yellow tinge; sides of body 
and flanks pale sandy brown ; thighs and under tail-coverts isabelline, 
the latter centred with pale brown; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries whitish, edged with pale yellow: quills below dusky, 
isabelline along the inner edge. Total length 5*2 inches, culmen 
0*45, wing 2-5o, tail 2, tarsus 0-65. 

Another specimen, apparently young, resembles the female described 
above, but is browner and more Sparrow-like, thehead being 
uniform like the back; sides of face and under surface of body ashy 
isabelline, with scarcely any tinge of yellow, except on the chin. 

Hal. HE . Africa. 
a, b. S ad. sk*
c. S ad. sk.
d. J ad. sk.
e. 6 ad. st.
/ . $ ad. hk. 
N.E. Africa. 
Abyssinia. 
Abyssinia. 
Abyssinia. 
Senaar. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Clmstiania Mus. [P.], 
Purchased. 
Purchased. 

26. Passer eucMorus. 
Auripasser euchlora, Licht MSS. in Mus. Berol; Bp. Consp. i. p. 519 
(1850). 

Chrvsospiza euchlora. Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. L p. 157, note (1850); 

Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. % p. 639 (1870). 
Fringilla albeola, Mull. Namu. i. pt. iv. p. 29 (1851). 
Auripasser muelleri, Bp. Notes Orn. Coll. Delatire, p. 17 (1854). 
Pvroita euchlora, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Berol p. 47 (1854). 
Eringilla euchlora, Gray, Scmdrl B. ii. p. 83, no. 7216 (1870). 
Eringilla muelleri, Gray, t c. p. 83, no. 7217 (1870). 

Adult male. General colour above bright yellow; lesser 

342 
FETNGILLIBiE. 

median coverts also bright yellow; greater coverts white, externally 
washed with yellow; bastard-wing ashy, with a black central 
streak, externally yellowish white ; primary-coverts and quills 
blackish, externally edged with ashy white, a little browner and 
more isabelline on the inner secondaries ; upper tail-coverts yellow ; 
tail-feathers blackish, edged with whitish isabelline; crown of head, 
sides of face, and entire under surface of body bright yellow, the 
feathers white at the base ; cheeks whiter ; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries yellow, or white edged with yellow ; quills below blackish, 
ashy isabelline along the inner edge. Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 
0*4, wing 2-45, tail 2, tarsus 0*65. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
ashy brown, washed with yellow, the lower back and rump uniformly 
brown; lesser wing-coverts ashy brown like the mantle; 
median and greater coverts blackish, edged externally with ashy 
isabelline; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, edged 
with isabelline, whiter on the primaries; upper tail-coverts ashy 
brown, with blackish shaft-lines; tail-feathers brown, edged with 
isabelline ; crown of head sandy brown, washed with yellow ; lores 
and feathers round eye whitish : ear-coverts pale ashy ; cheeks and 
throat whitish; fore neck and breast pale yellow ; abdomen whiter ; 
sides of body and flanks isabelline tinged with yellow ; thighs and 
under tail-coverts isabelline, the latter tinged with yellow ; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries whitish, with a yellowish tinge; quills 
below dusky, ashy whitish along the inner edge. Total length 
4-5 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*25, tail 2. 

A female presented by Dr. Sclater is more yellow on the back 
than the bird described, and has the mantle-feathers centred with 
dusky blackish; sides of face and entire under surface of body sulphur-

yellow. 
Hah. Arabia. 
a,b. <$ J ad. sk.
c. $ ad. sk. 
Aden. 
Aden. 
C. Chevalier, Esq. [P.]. 
P. L. Sclater, Esq. [P.j. 

39. POLIOSPIZA. Type 
Poliospiza, 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 519 (1850, ex Schiff. 
MSS.) P.gularis. 
? Tephrospiza, Reichenb. Syat. Av. Taf. lxxv. fig. 15 
(1850) Tvpo baud mdieato. 

A " • 


Bill of Poliospiza gidaris. from above. 
Range. Confined to Africa. 

39 , POLIOSPIZA. 

343 

Key to the Species. 

a. Throat white, with or without black spots. 
a'. Larger: wing2-85-2-95inches; crown more or 
less streaked with white; cheeks somewhat 
mottled with white gularis, p 343. 


b\ 
Smaller: wing 2-0 inches; crown uniform, 
slightly streaked with black on the forehead; 
a pure white superciliary streak; cheeks 
uniform ashy like the ear-coverts and breast, tristriata, p. 345. 


b. Throat ochreous buff like the rest of the under 
surface rufibrunnea, p. 346. 
1. Poliospiza gularis *. 
Liinria gulans, Smith, Bep. 8. Afr. Bxped., App. p. 49 (1836). 
Fringilla gularis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 372 (1849); Grill, Zool. Antechn. 
p. 24 (1858); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 203 (1867); Gray, Hand-l 
B. ii. p. 83, no. 7210 (1870). ' 
Poliospiza gularis, Up. Consp. i. p. 519 (1850); Gurney, Ibis, 18G4, 
p. 353; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 08 (1871); Gurney in Anderss. 
B. Damara-Land, p. 18o (1872) ; Ay res, Ibis, 1880, p. 108; Sharps, 
in Gates1 Matabele-Land, App. Birds, p. 322 (1881) ; Butler, 
Feilden,$Meid, Zool. 1882, p. 301; Saloin, Cat. Stricld. Coll p. 207 
(1882); Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 358; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. 
pp. 482, 850 (1884). 
Fringilla humilis, Licht. MSS. in Mas. Berol; unde Bp. Consp. i. 

p. 577, note (1850); Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 156, note (1850). 
Pyrgita humilis, Licht. Nomeml. Av. Berol. p. 47 (1854). 
Poliospiza striaticeps, Ilartl. in Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 204 (1867). 
Fringilla striaticeps, Bayard, B. S. Afr. p. 204 (1867); id. Ibis, 1869, 
p. 370; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 83, no. 7214 (1870). 
Passer humilis, Gray, Mand-l. B. ii. p. 85, no. 7276 (1870). 
Adult male. General colour above ashy brown, the back slightly 
mottled with dusky centres to the feathers : lesser wing-coverts like 
the back; median and greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 
and quills blackish brown, edged with the same brown as the back, 
the greater coverts and inner secondaries ashy whitish on their 
edges; upper tail-coverts brown; tail-leathers blackish brown, 
edged with ashy brown and fringed with whitish along the inner 

* The following species are stated to be allied to P. gularis; but a direct 
comparison is necessary to establish their validity:— 
POLIOSPIZA REICHARDI. 
Poliospiza reichardi, Beiohen. J. f. 0.1882, p. 209; Schalow, J.f. 0.1883, 

p. 364. 
Adult male. Above brown, the crown varied with white ; underneath white, 
the breast and flanks brownish; quills and tail-feathers dusky, margined with 
white at the tip; bill, feet, and iris dusky. Total length 4'9 inches, wing 3, 
tail 1-95, bill from gape 0'45. 

Hah. Kakoma, E. Africa. 

POLIOSPIZA FLEGELL 

Poliospizaflegeli,Hartert, J.j. 0. 1886, p. 583, 
Closely allied to P. reichardi 
Hah. Eiver Niger. 


344 
EEIXGILLIDJS. 

web; crown of head dark brown, streaked with white, with wMeh 
the feathers are edged towards the base ; the hind neek also slightly 
streaked with white ; a narrow white eyebrow; lores and eyelid, as 
well as the ear-coverts, dusky brown, the latter with a few white 
streaks ; cheeks dusky brown, spotted with blackish along the malar 
line ; throat white, with a few blackish spots on the upper part and 
on the cbin ; sides of neek light brown ; fore neck and under surface 
of body pale drab-brown, inclining to isabelline on the lower breast 
and abdomen; sides of body and flanks pale brown ; thighs and 
under tail-coverts pale isabelline, the latter with clunky centres,; 
under ^ lag-coverts and axillaries* light brown : quilL 1 eluw du*ky, 
ashy along the inner edge: " bill horn-colour; ligs stone-culour ; 
iris "hazel " (IT. L. Ayns, J/#6'.J. Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 
0-55, wing 2*95, tail tl-25, tarsus 0*63. 

The adult fanale resembles the male, but has the throat less 
distinctly spotted. Total length 5*4 inches, culmen 0*55, wing ^5 , 
tail 2*3, tarsus 0*65. 

The winter jAvniwje of the adults only differ.* from the summer 
plumage in its somewhat lighter and more mealy character, the 
light edges to the wing-coveits and secondaries being more distinct. 

The amount of spotting on the throat varies considerably* and 
although most of the males have more distinct and numerous spots 
than the females, yet sometimes males are found \\ ith the spots very 
minute ; these may be younger birdb. 

Yoiouj. More reddish below, and distinguished by dusky streak*, 
on the throat, breast, and flanks. 
Eab. South Africa, from the Knysna district to Natal, and thence 
to the Eastern Transvaal. 

, b. Ad. sk. South Africa. Purcha>ed. 
e, d. Ad. sk. youth. Africa. HrAndiew Smith XV. 

e. 
cjad.sk. South Africa \C. J. Anderhsoti). Sharpe Cull, 
. $ ad. sk. Knsyna. C. J. Ander>sun, Esq. 
;c.]. 

g. Ad. sk. George, Knysna district {II. Sharpe Coll. 
Atmore). 
h, $ juv. sk. Grakamstown, Feb. Ife70 Sharpe Coll. 


(T. C. Atmore), 
i. Ad. sk. Eland's Post { T. C. Atmore). Sharpe Coll. 
fa $ 
ad.sk. King^ illiamstown, July 10, Capt. Trevelvan "P.",. 
1877. * --


1. S ad. sk. Kingwilliamstown? Bee. 11 Sharpe Coll. 
(C'. Newby). 
m. Ad. sk. Natal (T. Ayres). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
n. <$ ad.; o7p. tf Pinetowii, Natal, Feb. ( 7.1. Sharpe Coll. 
juv. sk. Ayres). 
q,r. 5 ad. sk. Pineto^n,March(T.L.Ayres). Sharpe Coll. 
s, t. c? ad. sk. Pinetown, June (T.Z, Ay re^L Sharpe Coll. 
u, vy w. S ad. sk. Pinetown, Oct. (T. L. Ayres j. Sharpe Coll. 


x. 
Ad.sk. Between Pretoria and'Ua- W. E. and C. G. Gates* 
mangwato, J uly (F. Oafex). Escjrs. [P.]. 
y. 
<$ juv. sk. Rustenberg, Feb."* 15 (W. Sharpe Coll. 
Lucas). 
39 . POLIOSPIZA. 
345 
z. 5 ad. sk. Rustenberg, July 19 {W, Sharpe Coll. 
Lucas). 
a\ Juv. sk. South Africa (E. L. Layard). Sharpe Coll. 

2. Poliospiza tristriata. 
Seriuustristriatus, Rilpp. Neue Wirb., Vda. p. 97, Taf. 35. fig. 2 (1835


40); id. Syst. Uebers. p. 77 (1845); iW / J. f. 0. 18(51, p. 105. 
Frinuilla tristriata, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. ii/1 (1840) ; Zfrw//. J". /'. 0. 
lbGS, p. 01 ; JPWJA # JZiz/-tf. For/. Cto/r. p. 449 (1870) ; Gray, 
lland-l. B. ii. p. 85, no. 7200 (1870). 

Poliospiza tribtriata, 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 519 (1850); Honf. fy Moore, 
Cat B. E.I. Co. Mus. ii. p. 502 (1^50) ; Sperling] Ibis, 1800, 

p. 247; Ileugl in Beterm. Miith. 1801, p. 24; id. J. f. 0. 18(52, 
p. 31; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt 2, p. 042 (1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. 
B. p. 08 ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 366 (1881) ; Sharpe, ell. Bayard's 
B. S. Afr. p. 482 (1884);" Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. [21 i. 
p. 174 (1884). 
Poliospiza canicapilla, DuBus, Bull. Acad. Sci. Bruv. xxii. pt. 1, 
p. 151 (1855); Earth Orn. W.-Afr. p. 151 (1857). 
Passer trLstriatns, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xxiv. p. 257 (1855). 
Fringilla (Dryospiza) tristriata, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 42 (1856). 
? Serinus tristriatus, var., Bianconi, Spec. Zool. Mosamb. fasc. xviii. 
p. S'Jiy (lh(j£). 
Fringilla (Polyospiza) tristriata, Blauf. Geol.fyZool. Abyss, p. 413 
(1870). 
Fringilla canicapilla, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 83, no. 7213 (1870). 
? Fringilla, &p., Finsch fy Hartl. Vdg. Ostafr. p. 800 (1870). 

Adult male. General colour above uniform earthy brown; wing-
coverts like the back; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
dark brown, edged with the same brown as the back, the primaries 
margined with ashy whitish ; tail-feathers dark brown, edged with 
lighter brown; crown of head like the back; lores dark brown, 
surmounted by a narrow white eyebrow; ear-coverts and cheeks 
dark brown ; throat dull white; remainder of under surface of body 
ashy brown, rather paler towards the abdomen, which is white near 
the vent; sides of body and flanks like the breast; thighs and under 
tail-coverts pale ashy brown, the latter tipped with dull whitish ; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries pale ashy brown; quills below 
dusky, ashy along the inner edge: "bill pale dusky horn-colour; 
feet reddish; iris dusky" (Heuglin). Total length 4*8 inches; 
culmen 0*4, wing 2-6, tail 2-15, tarsus 0-65. 

A pair of birds collected by Mr. Elanford measure as follows:-— 

Total 

Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 

length. 

a. tf, Senate, May .. 4*6 0-45 2-6 2-1 0-60 
ft. J , „ March.. 4*7 0-40 2*5 2-1 0-65 
There is apparently no difference in the colour of the sexes, the 
male having a somewhat broader and whiter eyebrow, and a clearer 
white throat. 

Hob. N.E. Africa; Senegambia; reoccurring in S.W. Africa. 

346 FKBtfGILLID-ffi. 

a. S ad. sk. Senafe, Tigre, May 25, 1868. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.l 
b. 9 ad. sk. Senafe, March 10, 1868. W. T. Blanford, Esq. C.J. 
e. J ad. sk. Senate, Feb. 22. \V. T. Blanford, Esq. *G.\ 
d. <$ ad. sk. Lit-Marafia, Skoa, Jan. 12 Skarpe Coll. 
(A. Antinon). 
e. $ ad, sk. Ankober, Skoa, May (Sir India Museum. 
W. C. Harris). 
3. PoHospiza rufibrnmiea. (Plate VI.) 
Ligurnus rufobrunneus, Gray, Ami. »| May. Xat. Hist. (3) x. p. 444 

(1882). 
Biwermus rufilatus, Hartl P. Z. S. 1866, j>. S2S. 
CrithagTa rufobrannea, Gray, Hand-1. B. ii. p. 101, no. 7500 (1870). 
Poliospiza rufobrunnea, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 08 (1871). 

Adult. General colour above rufous-brown, the feathers being 
dusky brown with rufous-brown edges, the rump more distinctly 
rufous; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and greater 
coverts blackish brown, edged and tipped with rufous; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown, edged with olive-
brown, the secondaries with rufous; upper tail-coverts rufous, 
with dusky-brown centres: tail-feathers brown, edited narrow!) 
with rufous; crown of head a little lighter rufous than the ba<*k, 
and streaked with broad blackish centres to the feathers ; lores and 
sides of face dark brown, washed with rufous ; throat clearer rufous, 
with dusky-blackish spots on the chin ; remainder of under surface 
of body also clearer rufous, mixed with brown, the feathers having 
dull brownish centres; thighs and under tail-coverts like the 
abdomen; under wing-coverts and axillaries clear rufous; quills 
below dusky, ashy rufous along* the inner edge. Total length 
5*5 inches, culmen 0%35, wing 2*9, tail 1*85, tarsus 0,c*. 

Hab. Prince's Island, W. Africa. 
a. Ad. sk. ["West Africa.] Sir E. Sabine ~1V. (Type 
h. Ad. sk. Prince's Island.
of specie*.) 
Dr. Dohni TV. 

40. ALARIO. 
Type. 
Alario, Bp. Consp. i. p. 519 (1850) A. alario. 
Critkologus, Cab. Mm. Hein. Th. i. p. 164 (1850) A. alario. 
Range. Confined to South Africa. 

1. Alario alario. 
Cape Sparrow, Albin, Nat. Hist B. iii. p. 03, pi. 67 (1740). 
he petit Moineau du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 100. 


pi. 5. ^. 2 (1700). * 
Fringilla alario, Linn. SysL ML I p. 319 (1706). 
Bouvreuil du Cap de Bonne Esperance., Dauhent PL JBni. v pi 204, 

fig. 2. 

40, MARIO. 347 

Loxia bouvreuil, P. L. 8. Mull Syst Nat SuppL p. 154 (1776); Cass, 

Froe. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 253. 

Cape Finch, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. I, p. 315 (1783). 

Orithagra ruiicauda, Swains. An. in Menag. p. 318 (1837). 

Crithagra bistrigata, Sioains. t. c. p. 318 (1837). 

SpermopMla daubentoni, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 38(3 (1849). 

Alario alario, Bp. Consp. i. p. 519 (1850); ttharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 65 

(1871); id. ed. Bayard's B. & Afr.j. 477 (1884). 

Crithologus alario, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 164 (1850). 

Crithagra personata, Licht. Nomenel. Av. p. 47 (1854). 

Alario personalis, Mekhenb. Singv. p. 39/Iaf. xiv. figs. 125,120 (1861). 

Aniadina alario, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 200 (1867); id. Ibis, 1860, 

p. 370. 
Parser alario, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 87, no. 7285 (1870). 
Alario aurantia, Gumey in Anderss. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 175 (1872). 
Adult male. General colour above uniform deep chestnut, the 
sides of the lower back somewhat mottled with subterminal marks 
of silky white on the feathers ; wing-coverts chestnut like the back ; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, the secondaries edged 
with chestnut near their ends, the innermost much more broadly, 
all narrowly fringed with reddish white at the tip; upper tail-
coverts and tail-feathers chestnut, with a small black shaft-mark 
near the end of the feathers, larger on the outer ones; crown of 
head, entire sides of face, throat, and centre of breast black; sides of 
neck white, forming a half-collar; remainder of under surface of 
body creamy buff or isabelline, whiter on the sides of the breast; 
thighs and under tail-coverts slightly more rufescent; under wing-
coverts and axillaries chestnut, the edge of the wing black; quills 
below black, rather more ashy on the inner web. Total length 4*5 
inches, culmen 0*35, wing 2mo, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*55. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 

reddish brown, the feathers mesially streaked with dusky-brown 

shaft-stripes; rump and upper tail-coverts uniform pale chestnut; 

lesser and median coverts light chestnut; greater coverts dusky 

brown, pale chestnut at the ends; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 

and quills blackish brown, edged with rufous-brown on the inner 

secondaries; tail-featliers chestnut, with a broad shaft-mark of 

black at the end of the feathers, increasing in extent towards the 

centre feathers, which have nearly the whole of the inner web dusky 

brown ; crown of head and sides of face dull ashy grey, the crown 

streaked with dusky shaft-streaks; lores and a broad line over the 

eye white, as also a spot below the eye; ear-coverts with a white 

spot in the centre; throat dull white; fore neck, chest, and sides of 

body and flanks pale isabelline brown, whiter on the abdomen; 

thighs and under tail-coverts pale isabelline brown, the latter with 

rufous centres ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale rufous, with 

ashy bases ; edge of wing blackish ; quills below dusky, more ashy 

along the inner web. Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0-35, wing 9*f 

tail 1*9, tarsus 0*55. 

Young, Resembles the old female, but is more tawny "~ £ 

broad blackish centres to the feathers, the head similarly 

348 
PEINGHXIDJE. 

under surface of body fulvescent, spotted with, dusky blackish on the 
throat, breast, and sides of body. 

Young males at first resemble the old females and gradually assume 
the black head by a moult. Some males have the throat white with 
a crescent of black across the fore neck. This is apparently a 
winter plumage, but the want of a carefully dated series has prevented 
my following out the various changes in the present species. 

Hah. South Africa, from Cape Town northwards to Damara-Land 
and eastwards to Port Elizabeth. 

a. 9 ad. sk. South Africa. 
Sir Andrew Smith 
LP-]


b, c. $ J ad. sk.; South Africa. 
Sharpe Coll. 

d. $ juv. sk. 
e. Juv. sk. South Africa (B. L. Layard). Sharpe Coll. 
/ . 5 ad. sk. South Africa {B. L. Layard). Sharpe Coll. 
g. (S imm. sk. South Africa (C. J. Anderssori). Sharpe Coll. 
h. 9 ad. sk. Table Mountain, Nov. #0, 1861 Sharpe Coll. 
(C.J. A.). 
i. 
<$ imm. sk. Great Xamaqua-Land, June ;i, Sharpe Coll. 
18(32(6'. ,/. A.). 
k. 9 ad. sk. 'Zambesi (Metier).] Sharpe Coll. 
41. 
SERINUS*. 
Type. 
Serinus, Koch, Syst. hater. Zool. p. 228 (1816) S. serinus. 
Crithagra, Steams. Zool. Jour a. iii. p. 3-L6 (1827) S. sulphuratus. 
Dryosplza, Keys. $ Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xli (1840) . . S. serinus. 
Buserinus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 52'2 (1850) S. sulphuratus. 
Metoponia, Bp. Notes Coll. Delattre, p. 17 (1854) S. pusiilus. 
Oraegitlius, Cab. J.f.O. 1854, Extrah. p. cxiv S. pusillus. 


Bill of Serinus sulphuratus, from above. 

Range. The whole of Africa, Southern Europe, eastwards to 
Central Asia and ^Torth-western India. 

Key to the Species. 

a. With no distinct black streaks on the flanks, which 
are uniform, 
a'. 
Throat yellow. 
a". No black on chin. 


* I was at first disposed to keep the smaller-billed species distinct as Serini 
from the larger-billed Crithagrce, and the Plates were lettered accordingly ; but 
a further study has convinced me that no generic separation can be drawn 
between the two sections. 
41 . SERIOUS. 
349 
a"\ Hind neck and sides of neck ashy grey 
or greyish brown, contrasting with the 
crown canicollis J 5 > 

b'". Hind neck and sides of neck green, or [p. 350. 
yellowish green like the head. 
a4. Tail-feathers not tipped with white. 

a5. Thighs ashy; lower abdomen ashy 
white; a frontal band of yellow; 
greater wing-coverts black, broadly 
tipped with yellow, forming broad 
wing-bands JlaviveHex $, p. 351. 

b5. Thighs yellow like the abdomen. 

aG. Throat yellow like the abdomen, 
the fore neck, breast, and sides of 
the body green, separating the 
throat from the breast sulphuratus $ § , 

¥. No green on the breast or flanks, [p. 352. 
the whole throat and rest of under 
surface being bright golden yellow. 

a7. A dusky moustacbial streak 
strongly pronounced; general 
colour above greenish, streaked 
with black Jlaviventris S, 

b1. Moustachial streak obsolete ; [p. 354. 
general colour above yellowish, 
with scarcely any blackish 
streaks ...... imberbis tf, p. 355. 

¥. Tail-feathers more or less broadly tipped 
with white; cheeks bright yellow, 
separated from the throat by a black 
malar line icterus, p. 350. 

b". Chin black, like the sides of face and forehead, capistratustf, p. 359. 
b'. Throat white. 
c". Eump yellow; a broad ashy-white eyebrow. 
c"!. Barker ashy brown, streaked with dusky 
blackish; rump greenish yellow albigularis $ §, 
dw. Pale ashy brown, streaked with dusky [p. 360. 
brown; rump bright yellow crocopygius d $, 

d". Rump brown like the back with scarcely [p. 361. 
any tinge of green; no perceptible white 
eyebrow; chin profusely spotted with brown leucopterus, p. 301. 

b. Flanks streaked with black or dusky blackish. 
cr. With no frontal patch of yellow or scarlet. 
e". Back yellowish or green, streaked with dusky, 
the rump very little lighter than the back, 
but generally uniform. 


e"\ Throat dusky blackish, followed by a 
yellow spot; a yellow superciliary streak scotops <$ J , p. 302. 

/'". 
Throat yellow, spotted with dusky centres 
to the feathers; a narrow superciliary 
streak of yellow capistratus $ ,p. 359. 

•"• 
**"* *** { fiKt^ 
/" . Back and rump similar in colour, brown 
mottled with dusky centres to the feathers. 


h'". Head streaked with white; throat white; 
fore neck, breast, and sides of body [p. 363. 
streaked with black striolatus $ § ad., 

350 FBXXQILLIDm. 

i"\ Head uniform brown, with a white frontal 
patch on each side ; sides of face, throat, 
and fore neck dark brown, blacker toward* 
the chin, and sides of body streaked with 
black hurtom $, p. 304. 

g". Back brown, more or less mottled with 
darker centres to the feathers: the rump 
vellow or white, in strong eontiast to the 
back. 


c4. Rump white leuenpyghis $ 2, 
dK Rump yellow. [p. 300. 
c\ 2so yellow tinge on forehead. 
cG. No white tips to the tail-featheisj 
throat white uanthupygivsjp.ZQo. 

d\ Tail-feathers tipped with white; 
throat dusky blackish, or spotted 
with black angcAensis, p. 3*57. 

d\ Forehead tinged with yellow and t . n Q~* 

canf}rmpV


streaked *itli blackish like the back. y£ 
d'. With a frontal patch of yellow or crimson. ' &nnv>> £, p. .,UJ. 
h". Frontal patch yellow. 

k!". Sides of body very distinctly ^tmtknl 
with black; inner web^ of tail-feather^ 
narrowly edged with a^hv white; back 
ashy or brown streaked with black. 


eK Lartrer; back irrey stieak+nl with bLii-k canariatf, p. 370. 

fl 

. Smaller ;* back browner, streaked with 
black arriaus $, p. 303. 

V". Streaks on sides of body nearly ob-uletr; 
inner webs of tail-feather^ broadly edired 
with whitish ; back yellow, streaked with 
brown canomcw d 21 

i". Frontal patch scarlet; throat black j quills jp. 372 
edged with orange pu&illusS $/p- 374 

^ 1. Serinus canicollis. 

Critbagra canicollis, Swains. An. in Menag. p. 317 (1837); Gray, 
Gen. B. ii. p. 38o (1844); E. Xeirt. Ik"s7 InsUl, p. 272: Gray, 
HandA. B. ii. p. 100, no. 74U3 (1&70); Slinrpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 07 
(1871); Ayres, Ibis9 lb76', p. 431 : Ilartl. Vug. Mating, p. 402 
(1877); Salvut, Cat Stride!. OAL p. 210 |1882J; Bvtkr, Feilden. 
cy Meid, ZooL 1882, p. 301, 

Serinus canicollis, Bp. Cousp. Lp. 022 (1800): Cab. Mm. IMn.Th.L 

p. 163 (1850) ; Sharpe, ed. Layanfs B. S. Afr. pp. 4*:% ^il (16HL). 
Fringilla canicollis, Grill, ZooL Antechi. p. 24 (lb-!b): Lamnh h\ 
S. Afr. p. 201 (1807j. 
Chloris canicollis, Schl P. Z. S. lfcOG, p. 424. 
Fringilla cinereicollis, Dubois, Gal. Orn. pi. 104. 
Adult male. General colour above greenish yellow, washed with 
ashy grey, the mantle and back with slightly indicated dusky centres; 
the rump and upper tail-coverts clearer yellow and uniform ; lesser 
wing-coverts uniform greenish yellow; the median and greater coverts 
rather brighter yellow on the edges of the feathers; bastard-wing 
and primary-coverts black, fringed with yellow ; quills black, edged 

41. sEBnsrus. 
351 
with yellow, broader on the ends of the secondaries, which are 
fringed with ashy at the ends ; tail-feathers blackish brown, edged 
externally with yellow; crown of head golden yellow, the top of 
the head greenish yellow towards the occiput; nape, hind neck, and 
sides of neck ashy grey, extending over the mantle and forming a 
broad collar; lores dusky; eyelid and sides of face dull golden 
yellow, the ear-coverts ashy grey like the sides of the hinder crown 
and sides of the neck; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body 
dull golden yellow, clearer and brighter yellow on the lower breast 
and upper abdomen ; the lower abdomen white; sides of body and 
flanks rather greener; thighs ashy white ; under tail-covorts yellow ; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries dull ashy, edged with yellow; 
quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total length 5*3 
inches, culmen 0-4, wing 3*1, tail 2*15, tarsus 0"55. 

Adult female. Duller in colour than the male, and browner on 
the back, where there are distinct evidences of dusky streaks. The 
yellow colouring of both upper and under surfaces not so brilliant 
as in the male, the ashy colour of the hind neck somewhat washed 
with brown ; the crown paler yellow than in the male, and streaked 
with dusky. Total length 4*7 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2-9, tail 2, 

tarsus 0*55. 
Eab. South Africa. 
a, b, c} d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk. 
South Africa. 
South Africa. 
Purchased. 
Purchased. 
/ . Ad. st South Africa. Sir A. Smith [0.]. 

V- Ad. bk. Cape Colony (E. L. Laxjarcl). Sharpe Coll. 

h. Ad. sk. Near Cape Town. Sir A. Smith [C.]. 
i. Ad. sk. S.E. Africa. John Rocke, Esq. 
[P.]. 
k. Ad. sk. Natal. T. Ay res, Esq. [C.]. 
lt m. S ? ad. sk. Pinetown, Natal, July 21 Sharpe Coll. 
(T. L. Ayres), 
n. 
2 ad. sk. Macamae, June 16, 1874 J. H. Gurney, Esq. 
(T.L.Ayres). [P.]. 
o. 
2 ad. sk. Elephant River, Damara- Sharpe Coll. 
Land, Aug. 16,1862 (C. 
J. Andersson). 
p. 
tf ad. bk. Reunion, Feb. 15,1865 Sharpe Coll. 
(Van Dam). 
^ 2. Serinus flavivertex. 

Orithagra flavivertex, Blanf. Geol § Zool. Abyss, p. 414, pi. vii. 
(1870); Heugl Orn. N.'O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 651 (1870); Gray, 
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 100, no. 7487 (1870) ; Fischer, Zeitschr. yes. Orn. 

i. p. 322 (1884). 
Adult male. General colour above yellowish green, slightly 
streaked with dusky blackish on the mantle and back: the lower 
rump and upper tail-coverts bright yellow; lesser wing-coverts 
yellowish green; median coverts brighter yellow, with black bases; 
greater coverts blackish, edged with yellowish green and broadly 
tipped with bright yellow, forming a band ; bastard-wing, primary


352 
FEIFGrLLIBJ2. 

coverts, and quills blackish brown, edged with yellowish green, more 
broadly on the secondaries, especially on the innermost, which have 
a shade of ashy brown at the ends; tail-feathers blackish, edged 
with bright yellow, and fringed with ashy brown along the inner 
web; crown of head golden yellow, the sinciput streaked with 
dusky; the occiput and nape yellowish green like the back, streaked 
with dusky; lores and feathers round eye dusky; ear-coverts and 
cheeks yellow, slightly washed with green; throat and under surface 
of body dull golden yellow, ashy whitish on the abduim-n ; sides of 
body and flanks golden yellow like the breast: thighs a^hy : under 
tail-coverts yellow; under wing-coverts and axillaries yellow; 
quills below dusky, ashy whitish along the inner edge: **upper 
mandible and lower mandible for its terminal third bruwn ; rest of 
under mandible bluish white; feet brownish black; iris brown *' 


(G. A. Fischer). Total length 5 inches, oilmen 0*4, wing 3-1, tail 
2-1, tarsus 0*0. 
Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little duller in colour, 
the yellow on the wing not no bright. Total length o*l inches, ctilmen 
0*4-, wing 3, tail 2-0o9 tarsus 0%3o. 

Hub. N.E. Africa, from Abyssinia to Masai-land in East 
Africa. 


a, b. S 2 
ad. sk. Adijrrat, Tigre, April 21, \V. T. Blunt* r»l, E^. TJ,^ 
IbtJS. (T)pt'- of specie*.) 

c. <$ ad. sk Abyssinia. Dr. llnp|)rll X. \ 
_ 3. Serums sulphuxatns. 

Le Grusbec clu Cap de Bonne Esperance, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 22*3, pi. xL 

fig. 1 (1700;. 
Loxia sulpliurata, Linn. Syst Sat. i. p. 3Uo (1700). 
Brimstone Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii pt. 1, p. 1:57 {I7^>j. 
(Joccotkrau>tes siiiphorata, Bonn, et Vieill. EHC. JltfJt. iii. p. 1000 

Crithasrra sulpliurata, Stratus. ZooL Juur/i. iii. p. S4* (1**27|: id. 
Oamf. B. li. p. 214 <1637); Jard. $ Selhy, III Orn. iii. pi. Ml — 
litr. 1 (c. l&ii>); Gray, Gtm.B.il p. fro {1^441; Grill. ZWJL 
A/tte<kn. p. 23 (1<3^; Layard. B. S. Afr. p. L>1> (lM37); id. 
Ibis, 1^(»0, p. 400; Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p*» 100, n ». 74 M> <1S"0>; 
Sharps Cat. Afr. B. p. 07 (1^71); Shelley, Ibis, 1K7»>, p. H)Aym/
lbi*, 1^70, p. 4-11; S'tlcin, Cat. StrwkL Oil, p."21711^"2}; 
Sharp?, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 4S0 (1^4j; Etcher, ZeiUek. 
yes. Orn. i. p. 321 (18b4). 

Buserinus >ulphuratus, Bp. Consp. i. p. *>22 (1&30); Gurney, Ibis, 
lSGo, p. 2G9. 

Adult -male. General colour above yellowish green, streaked on 
the mantle and back with dusky Hack; rump uniform and rather 
clearer yellow; lesser wing-coverts uniform yellowish green ; median 
and greater coverts blackish, edged and tipped with }ellow, rather 
brighter on the latter; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
blackish, edged with yellow, rather brighter toward* the end of the 
inner secondaries; upper tail-coverts dull yellow, streaked along 
the shaft with dusky; tail-feathers blackish, edged with yellow; 

41 . SEBINTJS. 
353 
crown of head like the breast, but more narrowly streaked with 

blackish; the nape and hind neck more uniform grccnibh; lores 

dusky, surmounted by a broad eyebrow of golden yellow ; feathers 

round eye and ear-coverts dull greenish, followed by a broad band 

of golden yellow; cheeks dull greenish, with a yellow spot at the 

base of the lower mandible ; throat golden yellow ; sides of neck, 

fore neck, and breast light yellowish green, the lower breast and 

abdomen golden yellow; sides of body and flanks light yellowish 

green, like the chest: thighs and under tail-coverts yellow ; under 

wing-coverts and axillaries yellow; quills below dusky, ashy along 

the inner edge: " upper mandible dusky yellow, the under palish 

yellow; tarsus and feet dusky; iris dusky hazel" (T. Ay res). 

Total length 6 iDches, culmen 0*55, wing 3*25, tail 2-5, tarsus 

0-75. 

Adult female. Only differs from the male in being slightly less bril


liant, with the yellow stripe along the sides of the face more obscure. 

Total length 5*6 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3-05, tail 2-5, tarsus 0*7. 

The specimens from J^atal and the Eastern Transvaal are de


cidedly brighter than those from the Western 
Cape Colony: but 

others from the eastern parts of the Colony approach the Natal birds 

in brilliancy of plumage. 

Hal. South Africa, from the Cape Colony through Natal and the 

Transvaal to the Masai country in E. Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sharpe Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. South Africa (E. L. Layard). Salvin-Goclman Coll. 
c. 
Ad. sk. South Africa. F. Campbell, Esq. 
[p.]. 
d. c? ad. sk. South Africa (J5. L. Layard). Sharpe Coll. 
e. $ ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.]. 
g. Ad. sk. George, Knysna (H. At-Sharpe Coll.
f, 

more). 

h. Ad.sk. S.E. Africa. Sharpe Coll. 
i. S ad. sk. Eland's Post (T. C. Atmore). Sharpe Coll. 
Is. 2 ad. sk. Natal, July 10 (T. L. Ay res). Sharpe Coll. 
1 d ad. sk. Macamac, E. Transvaal, June J. Ii. Gurney, Esq. 
19, 1874 (T.X. Ayres). [P.]. 

4. Serinus flaviventris. 
Indian Greenfinch, Edwards, Nat. Ilist.^ B. ii. p. 84, pi. 84J1747). 
Chloris indicus, Seligm. Samml. ami. Voy. iv. Taf. C>8 (17f55). 
Le Grosbec jaime clu Cap de Bonne Esperance, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 227, 


pi. xi. fig. 2 (1760)

u. xi. ng.z {itvv). i 
Verdier des Indes, Briss. t. c. p. 195 (17C>;1). 
ngillabutyracea, Syst. Nat. i. p. 321»(1'
Fringillabutyracea, Linn. 
Linn.Linn. Si/sf. Nat i. p. 321»(17G6, nechoxm butyracea, 
L. *) ; Lath. 2nd. Orn. i. p. 455 (1790). 

* IirmEeus named two of these Seed-eaters butyracea, one being placed inh^ 
genus Loxia and the other in Frinyitta. They are closely allied spe~: 
Serinus; and as the name has been productive of great confusion {(
S. butyracms with English authors being 8.flaviventris,and with the (
8. icterus), I have thought it better to drop the title in both instances 
only the well-assured names offl.flaviventrisan 8. icterus. 
VOL. XII. 2 

354 
tfETNTGILLIDiE. 

Serin de Mozambique, Daubmt. PI. Bnl. iy. pi. 364. fig. 1 (<£, nee 

fig. 2=S. icterus). 
Yellow-bellied Grosbeak, Lath, Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 138 (1783).* 
Yellow Finch, Lath. t. c. p. 299 (1788). #> 
Loxia flaviventris, Swains. Zool. Joitrn. iii. p. 348 (1828) : G?&. 3/?/£. 

j?h>?. Th. i. p. 165 (1850); Grill, Zool, Anteckn. p. 24 (1859): 
Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 220 (1867); id. Bis, 1869. p. 371: Ay res, 
Ibis, 1871, p. 267; jffoc^, Orn. Angola, j>. 369 (1881): &r/ttn, 
Co*. $Jnc&. Co//, p. 216 (1882); Sharpe, ed. LayarcVs B. S. Afr. 

p. 485 (1884). 
Cnthagra strigilata, Swains. An. in Menag. p. 317 (1837. 2); 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 385 (1844); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 210 < 1867 }: 
id. Ibis, 1869, p. 75. 

Crithagra flava, Swains. An. in Menag. p. 318 (1837, $ i: Gray, 
Gen.B. ii. p. 385 (1844). 

Crithagra 
butvracea, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soe. p. 124 (1849): 
Layard, B."S. Afr. p. 219 (1867): Ay res. Ibis, 18C9, p. 2i«5 ; 
Melliss, Ibis, 1870, p. 101; £;Y/y, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 1C0. no. 74-8 
(1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 67 (1871): Shelley, Ibis, 1875, 

p. 80; ?VZ. <?£ Layard's J5. & 4/)-. p. 487 (1884). 
Serinus butyraceus, Ify>. Consp. i. p. 522 (1850). 
Adult male. General colour aboye yellowish green, with narrow 
blackish streaks down the centre of the feathers : the rump uniform 
and brighter yellow; lesser wing-coyerts uniform greenish yellow : 
median and greater coverts blackish, edged with yellowish green ; 
bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish, fringed with dull yellow ; 
quills blackish, edged with yellow, rather broader and brighter on the 
secondaries; upper tail-coverts dull yellowish, with blackish centres; 
tail-feathers blackish, edged with yellow; crown of head like the 
back, but less distinctly streaked with dusky; the forehead and a 
broad eyebrow golden yellow; lores dusky greenish : feathers round 
the eye yellow, as also the feathers below the eye ; ear-coyerts 
yellowish green ; cheeks also bright yellow, with a dusky greenish 
streak from below the eye along the cheeks, leaving a golden-yellow 
patch on the fore part of the ear-coverts : under surface of body 
bright golden yellow; under wing-coverts and axillaries also golden 
yellow ; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total 
length 5*3 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2*8, tail 2*15, tarsus 0*7. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
dull greenish, broadly streaked with blackish, the rump uniform dull 
green : upper tail-coverts dusky, edged with greenish; wing-coverts 
dusky brown, edged with pale yellowish, whiter at the ends : bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with pale 
yellow, whitish on the edge of the primaries and inner secondaries; 
upper tail-coverts dusky, with dull greenish margins; tail-feathers 
dusky brown, edged with pale yellow; crown of head more ashy 
than the back, and streaked with dusky blackish; lores, a narrow 
eyebrow, and the feathers round eye ashy whitish ; ear-coverts ashy 
brown ; cheeks ashy whitish like the under surface of the body, the 
throat uniform, the fore neck and breast slightly tinged with yellow 
and streaked with dusky brown; abdomen ashy whitish; sides of 
body and flanks ashy, streaked with dusky brown ; thighs and under 

41. sEKGsrus. 355 
tail-coverts ashy white, the latter centred with dusky blackish; 
under wing-coverts ashy washed with yellow ; axiUaries pale 
yellow; quills below dusky, ashy whitish along the inner edge. 
Total length 5 inches, culmen 04 , wing 2-55, tail 2-15, tarsus 
0-65. 

Young male. Eeserables the old female, but is much more mottled 
above, the back browner, with black centres and ochreous-buff 
edges ; wings and tail much as in the adult female, but the wing-
coverts tipped with tawny buff; the under surface of the body pale 
yellowish, thickly streaked with dusky blackish. 

The young female appears to be more ashy above than the young 
male, and to be whiter below, thickly sfreaked with dusky brown. 
Hah. South Africa. 

a. 3 ad. tk. South Africa. Old Coll. 
b. £ ad.; c. [ J ] South Africa. Purchased. 
juv. sk. 
</.'<? ad. sk. South Africa. Capt. Kellett [P.]. 

e. e ad.: f. $ ad.; South Africa. Sir A. Smith [0.]. 
f/,h-d 9. juv.sk. 
h *. 6 S ad. sk. South Africa. Sharpe Coll. 
I, m. 3 2 ad.; South Africa (E. L. Layard). Sharpe Coll. 

n. ^ juv. sk. 
o. 2 ad! sk. Cape Colony (C. J. Anderson). Sharpe Coll. 
p. Juv. f«k. Cape Town (E. L. Layard), Sharpe Coll. 
q. Juv. sk. Port Elizabeth. ' Sharpe Coll. 
^ 5. Serinus imberbis. 
Crithagra chloropsis (nee Bp., 1850), Cab. in Von der Deckerfs lieis. 

iii. p. 30, pi. ix. (I860); Fimch # Hartl.oq. Ostafr. p. 454 
(1870) ; Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 100,no, 7499 (1870); Sharpe, Cat 
Afr. B. p. h? (1871); Gumey in Anderss. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 182 
(1872); Fischer $ Meichen. J. f. 0. 1879, p. 353 ; Ilartl. Abhandl. 
not. Ver. Bremen, viii. p. 204 (1882) ; Boehn, J. f. 0. 1883, 
p. 201; Sehalow. i. c. p. 3G4: Sharpe. ed. Bayard's *B. S. Afr. 
p. 480 (1884). F 
Oiithagra stilphurata (nee L.)7 Finseh fy Hartl.Fog. Ostafr. p. 453 
(1870, excl. Ht/n.) *. 
Crithagra imberbis, Cab. J.f 0.1808, p. 412 (cf. Neiuton, Zool Bee. 
vl p.' 88). 

Adult male. General colour above clear greenish yellow, with very 
faint indications of dusky centres to the feathers of the mantle and 
hack ; rump more uniform yellow, scarcely brighter than the hack; 
lesser wiug-co verts like the back; median and greater coverts blackish, 
broadly edged and tipped with yellow ; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills blackish, edged with yellow, broader on the secondaries 
; upper tail-coverts yellow ; tail-feathers dusky brown, edged 
with yellow, fringed with white at the end of the inner webs : crown 
of head uniform greenish yellow, with very faint indications of narrow 

* C. mlphurata is included in the * Vogel Ostafrika's * from its supposed 
occurrence in the Zambesi region, as noticed by Livingstone. The specimens 
procured bj the Livingstone Expedition belong, however, to S. imherbis. 
2A.2 

356 
XBXKQTLLTDM. 

dusky streaks; lores diibk>, burmoimted by abroad eyebrow from 
the base of the nostrils; eyelid yellow ; ear-coverts greenish yellow, 
with a broad band of yellow across the fore part of the ear-coverts 
from below the eye; cheeks greenish yellow, bright yellow at the 
base of the lower mandible; throat and under surface of body golden 
yellow, with a slight greenish tinge on the sides of body and flanks; 
thighs, under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and axiiluries bright 
yellow; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total 
length 5 inches, culmen 0*4,5, wing 2*8. tail l*bo, iarsiib 0*05. 

Hab. South Africa from Great Xamaqua-Land and Damara-Land 
to the Transvaal, and in East Africa as high as the Zanzibar district 
and Equatorial Africa. 

a, b. (S ad. sk. Tete, Zambezi. Sir J. Kirk _C7\ 

e. c? ad. sk. Trans\ aal ( T. Ayres). Sharpe Coll." 
cl $ ad. sk. Macamac. F. A. Barratt, E»q. ~C\ 
e. ? ad. sk. Koy's Fountain, Great Xa- Sharpe Coll. 
maqua-Land, June 19, 
18G2 ( C. J. A?iders*on). 
f. 
2 ad. sk. Aanihoup, Great Xamaqua- Sharpe Cull. 
Land, July 4,1801 (C. J. A.). 
9-d ad. &k. Damara-Land {C. J. A.). Sharp*1 < \>11. 

0. Serinus icterus, 
Loxia bntyracea, Zinn. Syst. Nat. I. p. 304 (1700, tite FniitrlU }>niy 

racea, L.). 

Serin de Mozambique, Daubent. PL Enl iv. pi. 304, tlj. 2 {itt< tin. 11. 

Yellow-fronted Grosbeak, Lafh. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 3, p. l:Jt» U"H3). 

Frinailla ictera, Bonn, et Vmll. Enc. Math. ill. p. 072 (lH23f. 

Crithagra chrysop^ga, Swains. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 20o, pi. 17 11*37}; 

Gray, Gen. B^\i. p. 385 (1844); Hartl.r a. W.-Afr. p. 154 
(1857) ; E. Neict. Ibis, 1801, p. 272 ; Earth J. f. 0. loMI, p. 2VA); 
KM, Ibis, 1864, p. 321; Zayard, B. S. Afr. p. 2lil (W7): 
Sperling, Ibis, 186*, p. 21)0;% Bayard7 Ibis, iMIfl, p. '471; Gray, 
Iland-l B. ii. p. 100, no. 7495 (1*70): Sharpe. 111% WO, p. 4^2 ; 
id. Cat, Afr. B. p. 07 (LS71) ; Ayres, Ibis. 1H71, p. 257 : Gar my 
in Anderss. B. Bam.-Zd. p. 1*2 (Is72); SfaeFey £*• Butldeifa Ibm, 
1872, p. 200; Sharpy P. Z. K 1*73, p. 715: M/fey, ItoV, 1-75T 

p. 80; Nicholson, P. Z. S. 1*78, p. 130; ^t?/;vs, Ifo'*, 1*^0, p. Kb; 
Sharpe in Oates1 Matabele Zand, App. p. 322 (1*^1): Bw(if/t>9 Orn. 
Angola, p. SOS (1881); Gimiey, Ibi% 1^2, p. 73; S/ttla/, i.e. 
p. &5S; Afc/fdto, /./ . O. 15*3, p. 304; W. A. Forbes #'& 1**3, 
p. 525 j Shelley, t c. p. 540; Fischer, ZeiMir. r/e\ Orw. i. p. 322 
(1884); Sharpe, Voy. ' Alert J p. 482 (1W). 
Crithaerra chrysopogon, Gordon, Omfr. Orn. 1*40. p. i*. 
Fringilla (Dryospiza) aurifrons, Ileagl. Sipi. UehaM. p. 42 (I*5B). 
Serinus icterus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 523 (1850); tf<M P. j& S. I *<»*>, 

p. 424. 
Crithagra 
hartlaubi, Bolle, J. f. O. 18o^f p. 355: (hmiey, P. Z. S. 
1804, p. 3; Gray, Hamhl B. ii. p. 100, no. 74*0 (1870); Ilditb 

* Pefc. Jfrtfr. Orn. Sfrto/r. p. 134 (1882). 
? Crithagra barbata, Ileugl J.f. 0.1804, p. 24<*; £7 0>7*. XXX-Afr. 
i. pt. 2, p. 649, iv. App. p. <kliy ; Gray, Iland-l B. ii. p. 100. no. 
7401 (1870); Ilartl. Ahhandl nat. ' Ver. Bremen, viii. p. 204 
(1882). * 
41. SEEINUS. 357 
Serinus flavifreus, Pr. Wurttemb. MSS.; Heugl. J.f. 0.1867, p. 297. 

Critliagra cras&irostris, Peters, J.f 0. 1868, p. 133; Fimch & 

HartL Yog. Ostafr. p. 458 (1870). 

Seriniib ehnsopygus, Heugl. J.f. 0. 18G8, p. 95. 

Critliagra mossambica, Peters, J.f. 0. 1808, p. 134. 

Critliagra butvraeea, Fimch $ HartL Yoa. Ostafr. p. 455 (1870); 

Heugl. Orn, XO.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 371 (1870J; Salvin, Cat. StrickL 
Coll. p. 21t» (1882); Bohm, J.f. 0. 1883, p. 201; Rochebr. Faun. 
Seneg., Ois. p. 258 (1885). 

Critliagra ictera, S/iarpe, ecL Layard's B. S. Afr. pp. 485, 850 (1884). 

Adult wait. General colour abo\e dull greenish, the feathers of 
tlie back centred with blackish, producing a streaked appearance ; 
rump uniform bright yellow ; lesser wing-coverts yellowish green; 
median and Greater coverts blackish, edged and tipped with brighter 
yellow: bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, fringed 
with yellow, a little broader on the secondaries, which are edged 
with ashy at the tip ; upper tail-coverts dusky brown, broadly edged 
with yellow ; tail-feathers black, edged with yellow and tipped with 
ashy white, which enlarges into a spot at the end of the inner web; 
crown of head like the back but the streaks narrower ; hind neck 
still more uniform ; lores, feathers round eye, and ear-coverts slaty 
black, forming a black band, which is surmounted by a broad eyebrow 
of bright yellow which traverses the forehead ; cheeks bright yellow, 
separated from the throat, which is also yellow, by a broad malar 
streak of black; remainder of under surface of body bright yellow; 
the sides of the breast, sides of body, and flanks ashy greenish; 
thighs and under tail-coverts pale yellow, the latter whitish towards 
their ends; under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy, edged with 
yellow; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge: '• bill horn-
brown, the mandible paler; feet dusky; iris umber-brown" (Ileuylin). 
Total length 4*3 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*7, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*05. 

Between the summer and winter plumages of the adult males there 
is no difference beyond that caused by wear and tear of the feathers. 
The latter become browner and get abraded to such an extent that 
the whole of the yellow margins to the wing-coverts are worn off and 
disappear. The sides of the upper breast are also much worn and 
become ashy in tint. 

The adult female differs only from the male in being less brilliant 
in colour, being rather browner above, and in having the yellow 
edges to the wing-coverts more obscure. The yellow of the face 
and underparts is duller and there is a white spot on the chin. 
Total length 4-4 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 2*6, tail 1-8, tarsus 0*55. 

The young male resembles the old female, but is browner above 
with only a tinge of yellow. The band through the eye is pale 
brown and consequently not so distinct, and the malar stripe is less 
strongly indicated, while the breast has always some dusky spots. 
Wing 2*65 inches. 

The young female is like the young male, but is more plentifully 
spotted on the breast. Wing 2*4 inches. 
West-African birds are decidedly smaller and somewhat brighter 

358 
PSINGILLID^:. 

than those from South Africa. In order to appreciate these differences, 
I have appended the length of wing to each specimen in the 
list below- Generally the wing is longest in South-African birds ; 
Senegambian ones are slightly smaller or of about the same length, 
whilst the smallest are those from the forest-region of the West 
Coast. The grey head of the West-African birds also seems at first 
sight to separate them specifically, but East-African specimens 
appear to be intermediate. 

Hob. West Africa from Senegambia to the Gold Coast; Xorth


east Africa, and the whole of East Africa to Natal, Damara-Land, 

and Angola, but only extending as far as the Eastern Cape Colony. 

Introduced into Reunion and other islands. 

a. Ad. sk. 
b. Ad. sk. 
e. £ ad. sk. 
d, e. Ad. sk. 
/ . Ad. sk. 
g, h. $ ad. sk. 

i. <$ ad. sk. 
k. Ad. sk. 
/. 
$ ad.; m. $ 
iiuni. sk. 


n. J iinm. sk. 
0,7?. <S ad. sk. 
q, r. $ ad.etjuv. 
sk. 
8, t. £2 ad. sk. 

u. $ juv. sk. 
v. J juv. sk. 
iv. 2 ad. sk. 
x. Ad. sk. 
y. Juv. sk. 
s. 
Ad. >k. 
a<^«sc

a'. 2-


b'. S ad. sk. 

aa*. sk* 

c\ 2

d'. Ad. sk. 
e'. Ad. sk. 


f. Ad. sk. 
g', h', i\ imm. sk. 
k. Ad. sk. 
V. Ad. sk. 
Reunion (w. 2*55). 
Mauritius (w. 2'b'J. 
Isle cles Roches, Amirante 


group (W. Coppinger; 

w. 2-45). 
South Africa (w. 2*7o-2'8). 
Kinirwilliarustown (w. 2-I50). 
Eland's Post, June 10, 1870 
( T. C. Atmore; w. 2'6-'2'71 
Natal (T. At/res; w. 2*uu). 
Natal (w. 2-h). 
Pinetown, Natal, Feb. 25 
( T. L. Ay res; w. 2'35-2'6). 
Pinetown, March 2 (T. L. A.; 
w. 2-5). 
Pinetown, June (w. 2v>5). 
Pinetown, June (w. 2'4-2'4u). 
Pinetown, Oct. (w. 2'G). 
Transvaal (T. Ay res ; w. 27). 
Rustenberg, E. Transvaal 

( W. Lucas}. 
Tati, Matabele Land, Oct. 9, 
1S74 (F. Oates; w. 2'4). 
Tete, Zambesi (w. 2-Go). 
Shupanga, Zambesi. 
Damara-Land (C. J. Anders-

son ; w. 2*65). 
Elephant Vlev, Damara-
Land, July 22 (C.J. A.; 

w. 2-65). " 
Elephant Vley, Oct. 19 (C 
J. A.; w. 2-75). 
Rio Chimba (Ajichieta; 
w. 2*05). 
Mombasa ( Wakefieldr; w. 2#46). 
Mombasa ( Wakefield-, w. 24). 
Senegal (w. 2-45). 
River Gambia (\v. 2'4~2*6o). 
River Gambia (w. 28). 
Elmina, April (II. F. BUssett ; 
w. 2-35), 
Sharp* Cull. 
Zoulogical Society. 
Voy.H. M.S.l Alert.' 

Sir A. Smith X*.]. 
Capt. Trevelyan C.\ 
Sharpe Cull. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

T. Ayres, Esq. [C.]. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 

Sharpe Cull. 
Sharpe Coll. 

Sharp Cull. 
Sharpe Cull. 
Sharpe Coll. 

W.E.&C.G. Oates, 

Esqrs. [C.1 
Sir J. Ku-kfai 
Sir J. Kirk 'Cr. 
Sharpe Cull." 

Sharpe Cull. 


Sharpe Coll. 


Sharpe Coll. 


Sharpe Coll. 
Rev. A. Buxton [P.]. 
Purchased. 
Purchased. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 


41. sEKnnrs. 359 
m\ n'. Ad. sk.
o*. Ad. sk.
p', q\ Ad. sk. 
Accra (J. Smith; w. 2-4). 
Ashanti (w. 2-35). 
River Volta {K. T. Ussher ; 
Sharpe Coll. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
Sharpe Ooll. 
>•'. Ad. sk.
w. 2-4-2-4o). 
Abeokuta (w. 2-45). F. Nicholson. Esq. 
s\ (3 ad. sk. Abutcki, R. Niger (W. A. F.:
w. 2-4). 
[P.]. 
Forbes Ooll 

7. Serious capistratus, 
Crithag-ra capistrata, Finsch in Flmch § Kartl. Vog. Ostafr. 
p. 453 (lb70); Sharpe, I\ Z. 8. 1873, p. 717 ; id. $ Bouv. Bull 
8ue. ZooL France, i. p. 41) (1876); Reichen. J.f. 0.1877, p. 29 ; 
Socage, Orn. Angola, p. oG7 (1881). 
Crithagra 
barbata (nee Ileugl.), Reichen. Corresp. AfriL Gesellsch, 
1875, no. 10, p. 180. 

Adult "male. General colour above greenish yellow, streaked with 
dusky blackish down the centre of the feathers; rump and upper 
tail-coverts clearer yellow and uniform; lesser wing-coverts like the 
back; median and greater coverts blackish, edged and broadly tipped 
with yellow; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, 
edged with yellow, broader on the secondaries; tail-feathers blackish, 
edged with greenish yellow; crown of head of the same colour 
as the back but more uniform, with scarcely any dusky stripes; 
lores and a narrow frontal line of black, surmounted by an eyebrow 
and broad frontal band of golden yellow; feathers round eye and 
below the latter, as well as the fore part of the ear-coverts and of 
the cheeks, black: remainder of ear-coverts and hinder cheeks 
greenish yellow, the latter brighter; chin black; throat and under 
surface of body golden yellow, with a few narrow dusky streaks on 
the Hanks, which are slightly greener; thighs, under tail-coverts, 
under wing-coverts, and axillaries yellow like the breast; quills 
below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total length 4-2 inches, 
culmen 0*4, wing 24, tail 1*55, tarsus 0-5. 

Adult female, Not so brightly coloured as the male and rather 
greener, the head being distinctly streaked with dusky blackish; the 
forehead like the crown and not showing a frontal band; a pale 
yellow eyebrow; lores dusky; feathers round the eye pale yellow ; 
ear-coverts greenish ; under surface of body yellow, streaked with 
dusky blackish on the throat and chest; sides of breast and flanks 
greener. Total length 4*4 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*4, tail 1*6, 
tarsus 0*55. 

Young. Like the adult female but much duller in colour. 
Hob. Congo region, West Africa. 

a. 
r? ad. sk. Congo .River. Commander Sperling 
[C.]. 
b, c. $ 
$ ad.; d. $ Landana, Congo (X. Petit), Sharpe Coll. 
jtiv. sk. 

360 
FEINaiLLIDiE. 

8. Serinus albigularis. 
Crithagra albogularis, Smith, S.-Afr. Quart. Jour. ii. p. 48 (1833); 
Gray, Iland-l B. ii. p. 100, no. 7404(1870); Sharpe} Ann. $May. 
Nat Hist. (4) viii. p. 230 (1871) ; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. <*>7 (1871); 
Salmi, Cat. Sfrickl Coll p. 217 (18S2J ; SJiarpe, erh LaijarcTs B. 
&^i/>. p. 48-^1884). 

Critliao-ra selbyi, Smith, Re)). S.-Afr. Exped., App. p. o<) 11^8 ?); 
Sicdins. An. in Menaq. p. 319 (1*37) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 3**5 
(1844) ; Lmjard, B. S. Afr. p. 219 (1807); id. Ibh, lb09. pp. 7">, 

371. 
Critliagia cinerea, Swaini. Classif. B. ii. p. 294 (1S37). 
Crithagra sulphurata, juv., Jard. £ Selby, III. Oni. ii. pi. 104. !u\ 2 
(c. 1N00). 
Buserinii^ albigularis, Bp. Consp. i. p. -J22 (POO). 
Adult. General colour above ashy brown, streaked with du^ky 
brown, the rump and upper tail-eoverts greenish yellow, some of 
the lateral ones brown washed with yellow; lesser wing-coverts 
uniform brown ; median and greater coveits dark brown, edtivd 
with ashy brown, the latter with whity brown towards the ends; 
bastard-win^, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with 
whity brown, the inner secondaries with pale isabelline; tad-
feathers dark brown, edged with whity brown, slightly tinged ~v\ith 
yellow; crown of head like the back, and similarly streaked : lores 
dusky, surmounted by a narrow streak of white, continued iiito a 
small eyebrow ; ear-coverts and cheeks ashy brown, with a faintly 
indicated streak of white across the ear-coverts, the fore part of the 
cheeks white ; throat white ; sides of neck, fore neck, and remainder 
of under surface of body pale ash} brown, the lower breast and 
abdomen white; sides of body and flanks pale ashy brown like the 
breast; thighs ashy brown ; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries pale ashy brown, the lower coverts whitish at 
the ends ; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total 
length 0*2 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3, tail 2*3, tarsus 0*85. 

The female apparently only differs from the male in having some 
dusky spots on the throat, but I have no sexed specimens before 
me. 

Hab. South Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith TV. 
b, c, d. Ad. sk. South Africa (E. I. Layard). Sharpe Cull. 
e. Ad. sk. South Africa. 
Sharpe Coll. 
9. Serinns croeopygius* (Plate Till.) 
Buserinus 
albigularis (nee Smith), Monteiro, P. Z. S. 1805, p. 1K>; 
Socage, Orn."Angola, p. 309 (lb81). 
Poliospiza crocopygia, Sharpe, Ibis, lb71, p. 101 ; id. Cat. Afr. B. 

* Lettered Crithagra crocopygia on the Plate. 
41 . SEKIKTJS. 
361 
p. 
68 (1871); Gumeij in Anderss. £. Dam.-Ld. p. 184 (1872) ; 
Sharpe, ed.Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 483 (1884). 
Gritliagra crocopygia, Sharpe, Ann. $ Mag. 2V. H. (4) viii. p. 235 

Achdt male (type of species). General colour above pale brown, 
broadly streaked with darker brown down the centre of the feathers; 
lower back and rump clear yellow ; lesser wing-coverts like the 
back ; median and greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 
and quills blackish brown, edged with paler brown, whitish towards 
the ends of the greater coverts and along the outer web of the 
secondaries; upper tail-coverts pale brown, washed laterally with 
yellow; tail-feathers dark brown, edged with paler brown, slightly 
tinged with yellow ; crown of head like the back, but somewhat 
more narrowly streaked ; lores brown, surmounted by a narrow 
white eyebrow; feathers round eye whitish, as also a spot below 
the eye; ear-coverts and sides of face brown, the fore part of the 
cheeks whitish, as well as a bar across the hinder cheeks from below 
the ear-coverts : throat w hite; remainder of under surface from the 
fore neck downwards pale ashy brown, becoming lighter on the 
breast and abdomen, the latter whiter towards the vent• sides of 
body and flanks light ashy brown; thighs pale ashy ; under tail-
coverts isabelline ; under wing-coverts and axillaries very pale ashy 
brown ; quills below dusky, pale ashy along the inner edge. Total 
length 5*7 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3-2, tail 2*1, tarsus 0-7. 

Adult female. Like the male. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*55, 
wing 3*15, tail % tarsus 0*8. 
Hal. South-western Africa from Great xTamaqua-Land to Damara-
Land and Benguela. 

a. J ad. sk. Kov's Fountain, Great NamaquaSliarpe 
Coll. 
h.
c.
d. 
2 ad. sk. 
c? ad. sk. 
<$ ad. sk.
Land, June 18, 1802 (O. J. 
Andersson). 
Otjimbinque, Damara-Land,
Aug. 4,1800 ( C. J. A.). 
Davitjob, near Otjimbinque,
June 9, 1804 (C. J. A.). 
West of Tjobis, Swart River, 
Sharpe Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
(Type of species.) 
Sharpe Coll. 
e.
f. 
<$ ad. sk. 
S ad. sk.
Anril3,1865(a J. A.). 
' rctkop Rr 
{a J. AX 
Swakop River, Oct. 20,1800 
Damara-Land. 
Sharpe Coll. 
C. J. Andersson, Esq. 
[o.]. 
<?. Ad. sk. Benguela. J. J. Monteiro, Esq. 
[C.]. 

10. Serimxs leucopteras *. (Plate IX.) 
Crithagra 
leucoptera, Sharpe, Ann. # Mag. N. II (4) viii. p. 235 
(1871). 
Adult (type of species). General colour above uniform brown 
with a slight olive-yellow tinge, the rump uniform with the back ; 

* Lettered Crithagra leucoptera on the Plate. 
362 
FEINGILLID^. 

lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts dark 

brown, externally edged with the same colour 
as the back and 

tipped with white, forming a double wing-bar; bastard-wing, 

primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, edged with olive, the inner 

secondaries whity brown at the ends of the inner web; upper tail-

coverts like the back, with small whitish tips; tail-feathers dark 

brown, edged with dull olive-yellow ; crown of head like the back, 

but broadly centred with dull blackish brown, the forehead tinged 

with yellow; lores dull ashy; feathers round eye, ear-coverts, and 

cheeks dusky brown, with a pale streak across the lower ear-coverts ; 

throat white, mottled with blackish spots on the chin and upper 

throat; remainder of under surface pale ashy brown, rather lighter 

than the back and tinged with olive-yellow, with which some of the 

feathers are edged; sides of body and flanks like the breast; thighs 

dark brown; vent and under tail-coverts whitish, slightly tinged 

with yellow ; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
like the breast ; 

quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total length 6 inches, 

culmen 0*55, wing 2*45, tail 2-25, tarsus 0*75. 

Hob. South Africa. 

a. 
Ad. sk. South Africa (E. L. Layard). Sharpe Coll. 
(Type of species.) 
„— 11. Serinus scotops. 
Crithagra scotops, Sunder. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. Stockh. 18">0, 

p. 98; Or ill, Zool. Ant.eckn. p. 24 (1859); Layard, B. S. Afr. 
j>. 218 (1807;; Gray, llaad-L B. ii. p. 100, no. 7504 (1870); 
Sharpej Cat. Afr. B. p. <>7 (1671); Ay res, Ihist 1876, p. 4;>1 ; 
Butler, Feilden, fy Beid, Zool. 1882, p. SOI; Sharpe, ed. Layard's 
B. S. Afr. pp. 487, 860 (1884). 
Adult male. General colour above yellowish green, rather broadly 
streaked with black centres to the feathers, the rump uniform 
yellowish green, rather brighter; lesser wing-coverts uniform 
yellowish green; median and greater coverts blackish, externally 
edged and tipped with brighter yellow, especially on the latter: 
bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish, fringed with yellow; 
quills blackish, edged with yellow, broader and rather brighter on 
the secondaries; upper tail-coverts yellowish green, streaked with 
dusky blackish; tail-feathers dusky blackish, edged with yellow; 
crown of head like the back, but more narrowly streaked with 
blackish; lores, base of forehead, and feathers at base of bill 
dosky blackish; a distinct eyebrow oY golden yellow; ear-coverts 
and cheeks uniform yellowish green like the sides of the neck; chin 
dusky ashy; remainder of the throat golden yellow; fore neck 
uniform yellowish green; chest and remainder of under surface of 
body golden yellow, the sides of body and flanks streaked with 
dusky blackish; thighs yellowish green; under tail-coverts yellow; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries yellow; quills below dusky, ashy 
along the inner edge. Total length 4-8 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 
2-55, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-65. 

41. SBRINUS. 
303 
Adult female. Differs from the male in not having the blackish 
throat-spot, and in having the lores and feathers round the oyo 
ashy instead of blackish. The chin is ashy, and tho remainder of 
the under surface of the body is yellow, not so bright as in the male ; 
the fore neck and breast greenish, and striped with dusky black 
like the sides of the body. Total length 4-8 inches, cnlmen 0-45, 
wing 2-ob, tail 2-1, tarsus 0-65. 

The male from Macamac has rather a smaller bill, the general 
tone of the colour is rather brighter, and the chin-spot is smaller. 
Hah. South Africa, eastwards from the Knysna districts to Natal 
and the Eastern Transvaal. 

a. 2 ad. sk. South Africa. Mr. J. Abraham [P.], 
b. <5 ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [0.1. 
c. $ ad. j d, e. J South Africa. {Sir Andrew Smith [P.]. 
ad. 5 /. Juv. sk 

g. $ 
ad. sk. Knybna, Sept. 5, 1806 Sharpe Coll. 
(C J. Andersson). 
h. c? ad. sk. Forests near Eland's Post Sharpe Coll. 
(T. C.Atmore). 
i. 
c? ad. sk. Katberg Forests (T. C. Sharpe Coll. 
At more). 
k. J ad. sk. Lydenburg, E. Transvaal. F. Barratt, Esq. [0.1. 
/. cS ad. sk. Macamac, June 19,1874 J. II. Gurney, Esq. [P.] 
(T. L.Ayres). 
12, Serinus striolatus. 

Pyrrhula striolata, Riipp. Neue Wirb.y Vbg. p. 99, Taf. 37. fig. 1 
(1835-40) j id, Syst. Uebers. p. 79 (1845); Iletujl. Syst. Uebers. 

p. 44 (1856) ; Brehm, Meis. Habeseh, p. 349 (1863). 
Serinus striolatus, Bp. Camp. i. p. 522 (1850); Ileuyl. J.f. 0.1862, 
p. 31,1868, p. 94. 
Critkagra striolata, Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 053 (1870); 
Gray, Iland-LB. ii. p. 100, no. 7492 (1870); Blanf. Geol. # Zool. 
Abyss, p. 413 (1870); Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 270 (1870) • 
Salvin, Cat, Strield. Coll. p. 217 (1882) j Salmd. Ann. Mm. Civic. 
Genov. (2) i. p. 171 (1884;. 

Poliospiza striolata, Fischer in Madardsz, Zeitschr. yes. Orn. i. p. 321 
(1884) j Shelley, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 228. 

Adult. General colour above brown, streaked with blackish brown, 
the feathers of the mantle and back broadly edged with whity brown; 
the rump rather lighter than tho back; lesser wing-coverts brown; 
median and greater coverts dark brown, edged with lighter brown, 
whitish attheends; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish 
brown, edged with pale brown, whity brown on the inner secondaries, 
the primaries margined with dull olive-yellow; upper tail-coverts light 
brown, centred with blackish-brown streaks ; tail-feathers blackish 
brown, edged with olive-yellow; crown of head brown, streaked 
with black and white, the feathers being black in the centre and 
edged with white; lores blackish, surmounted by a narrow white 
eyebrow; feathers round eye blackish, with a crescentic line of 
white below the eye; ear-coverts and sides of face blackish brown, 

3fl4 
l^INGILLIDiE!. 

with a whitish bar across the foro part of the ear-coverts ; fore part 
of chocks also whitish; throat and under surfaeo of body dull white, 
tho foro neck, client, sides of body, and flanks broadly streaked with 
black ; thighs brown ; under tail-coverts dull white, mesially streaked 
with black; under wing-cohorts and axillaries dull whitish, tinged 
with olive-yellow; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge : 
" bill dusky horn-colour, the lower mandible paler; feet dusky 
reddish; iris dusky brown" (Hew/Un). Total length 5*2 inches, 
culmon 0\5, wing 2*9, tail 24, tardus 085. 

Atlalt female. Similar to the male. Total length 5-1 inches, 

culmon 0*5,5, wing 2'G9 tail 2*3, tarbiis 0*8. 

The specimen from 
Kilima-njaro has a yellowish chin and more 

olive-yellow on the wing-coverts, but as some of the Abyssinian 

specimens also show a little of the latter colour, there is probably 

no real difference between birds from the two localities. 

IFah. Abyssinia, extending to Masai-Land in East Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. N.E. Africa. Purchased. 
6. 
<$ ad. sk. Alagi Pass, S. of Antalo, W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
May 0,1868. [C.]. 
c. 2 
ad. sk. Senate, Tigr<§, Feb. 25, 1868. W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[o.]. 
d. Ad. sk. Abysbiuia. 
Dr. Kiippell [P.]. 
e. $ ad. bk. Shon, Feb. 1842 (Sir W. C. > India Museum. 
Ham's). 
/. S ad. sk. Ankober, Aug. 1842 (Sir W. India Museum. 

C. Harris). 
g. Ad. sk. Kilima-njaro. Ii. H. Johnston, Esq. 
[0.J 
13. Serines burtoni* (Plate YIL) 
Strobilophaga burtoni, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) x. p. 444? 
(18(32) ; Sharjte, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 615. / 
Pinicola burtoni, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 109, no. 7641 (1870): 

Meichen.J.f. 0.1875, p. 50. 

Adult, (xcneral colour above brown, with darker brown centres, 
tho edges somewhat olive • lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median 
and greater coverts blackish, edged with olive, and tipped with a 
white spot; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish, fringed 
with olive; quills blackish, edged with olive-yellow, brighter on the 
primaries, the inner secondaries white near the end of the outer 
web; upper tail-coverts brown, edged with olive; tail-feathers 
dusky brown, margined with dull olive-yellow : crown of head like 
the back, slightly streaked with pale olive-yellow on the fore part of 
the crown, the feathers being edged with this colour ; a large spot 
of white at the base of the forehead ; lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, 
cheeks, throat, sides of neck, and fore neck dark brown, with a 
slightly indicated pale streak above the ear-coverts, the fore part 
of the face and throat blacker; remainder oi under surface of body 
creamy buff, the sides of body and flanks somewhat tinged with 

* Cfiihagra burtoni on the Plate. 
41 . SEEINTJS. 365 
ashy and broadly streaked with blackish centres to the feathers; 
thighs and under tail-coverts isabelline buff, with black centres to 
the feathers ; under wing-coverts and axillarios olive-yellow, the 
former with dusky bases; quills below dusky,,ashy along the inner 
edge. Total length 6*2 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3-6, tail 2-0, 
tarsus 0*85. 

The female is not yet recognized, but it will probably be found 
to resemble the adult male. 
Hab. llountains of Cameroons, "West Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. Cameroons. Sir It. Burton [P.], 
(T\pe of species.) 
b, c. J ad. sk. Cameroons (H. II. Johnston). Brit." Absoc. [P.]. 

14. Serinus xanthopygius. 
Serinus xanthopygius, Hiipp. Keue Wirb. p. 90, Taf. 35. fig. 1 (183540); 
id. Syst. Uebers. p. 77 (1845). 
Fringilla xanthopvgia, I)es Murs in Lefebvre, Voy. Abyss, p. 174 
(1845); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 371 (1840); Ileugl. J.f.O. 1808, 

p. 00 ; Gray, Kcmd-l B. ii. p. 83, no. 7211 (1870). 
Fringilla (Dryospiza) xanthopyatfa, Ileugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 42 (1856). 
Poliospiza xantkopygia, Bp. Cony, i. p. 520 (1850); Ileugl. Orn. 
KO.-Afr. i. p. 041 (1870), iv. p. clxiii (1871). 
Fringilla uropygialia, Eempr. $ Ehr. in Mus. BeroL, unde 
Carpodacus uropygialis, Lieht. Nomencl. Av. p. 48 (18^6). 
Crithagra xantkopygia, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xxiv. p. 257 (1855) ; 

Finsch, Trans. Z. & vii. p. 270 (1870) ; Sahad. Ann. Mus. Civic. 

(2) i. p. 171(1884). 
Poliobpiza uropygialis, Heugl. in Peterm. Mitth. 1801, p. 24. 
Fringilla (Poliospiza) xanthopygia, Blanf. Geol. fy Zool. Abyss. 
p. 413 (1870). 
Adult. General colour above ashy brown, streaked with blackish 
centres to the feathers of the mantle and upper back; lower back 
and rump clear sulphur-yellow; upper tail-coverts ashy brown, 
washed with olive-yellow; wing-coverts uniform brown; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, fringed with whity 
brown, slightly tinged with olive ; tail-feathers brown, edged with 
ashy olive; head a little lighter ashy than tho back, with dusky 
blackish streaks on the crown; sides of face, region of the eye, 
cheeks, and ear-coverts uniform ashy brown, with a few ashy 
plumes below the eye; throat uniform creamy white, with a 
slight dusky malar streak; fore neck, breast, and sides of the 
body pale ashy ; abdomen and under tail-coverts white; sides of 
body perceptibly streaked with dusky : thighs ashy ; axillaries and 
under wing-coverts whity brown ; quills below dusky, ashy isabelline 
along the inner web : "bill reddish horn-colour, the lower mandible 
yellowish white; feet dusky reddish; iris dusky"' (Ilewjlm)* 
Total length 4*4 inches, culmen 6-4, wing 2*75, tail 1-8, tarsus 0*6. 

Hal. Abyssinia, to the Bogos Country and southwards to Shoa; 
Arabia. 
a Ad sk Abyssinia. Dr. Kuppell [C.]. 

b. Ad! sk! Senate, TigrS, Feb. 25,1868. W. T. Blanford, Est*. [P.]. 
366 imiNGILLIDJS. 

15. Serums leucopygius. 
P Bengali Ohantour, Vieill Ois. Chant pi. 11 (1805). 

? FrinSilla musica, VieilL N. Diet. dUEst Nat xii. p. 210 (1817)*. 

? Fringilla angolensis, Vieill. N. Diet d'llist. Nat. xxx. p. 575 

(1820). 

? Estrelcla musica, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 309 (1840). 

Crithagra lwicopygia, Sunder (Efu. K. Vet.-AJmd. Forh. Stockh. 

1850, p. 127; 'Bp. Camp. i. p. 523 (1850). 
Sevinns leucopygow, Bp. Consp. I p. 528 (1850); Heugl. T.f* O. 
18(52, p. 31. * 
Ilvpoohera musica, Bp. Comp. hp. 450 (1850) ; llartl. Orn. W.-Afr. 

p. 140 (1857); id. J.f.O. 1861, p. 259. 
Dryospiza kmeopygos, Livftt. NomencL Av. BeroJ. p. 46 (1854). 
iMngilla(l)rvosptza) leucopygia, Hevgl Syst. Uehers. p. 41 (1856). 
Crithasrra musica, Jlengl Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 651 (1870) ; RocJiebr. 
Faith. Sencg., Ois. p.* 258 (1885). 
Crithagra leucopygos, Gray, Iland-l B. ii. p. 100, no. 7496 (1870) ; 
llartl Abhandl. not. Ver. Bremen, vii. p. 105 (1881). 

Adult male. General colour above light ashy brown, slightly 

streaked with dusky brown centres to the feathers; rump white, 

preceded by a blackish bar across the lower back; lesser wing-

coverts ashy; the remainder of the coverts and quills brown, edged, 

with ashy brown or whity brown; upper tail-coverts and tail-

feathers brown, edged with ashy brown; crown of head and hind 

neck like the back, but a little paler and more ashy, distinctly 

streaked with dusky brown central stripes to the feathers; hind 

neck uniform ashy ; lores and sides of face palo ashy grey ; throat 

ashy whitish, browner on the fore neck and chest; on the fore neck 

a few dusky spots; breast and abdomen white, as also the flanks, 

the latter streaked with brown and washed with pale ashy brown ; 

thighs and under tail-coverts white; under wing-eoverts and axil


laries ashy brown, edged with whitish; quills below dusky, ashy 

isabelline along the inner edge : " bill and claws fleshy, tinged with 

dusky horn-colour; legs fleshy; iris umber-brown" (Heugliri). 

Total length 4*3 inches, culmen 0-35, wing 2-5, tail 1-65, tarsus 0*55. 

The Senaar specimen has the fore neck uniform, without any 

dusky spots. Another specimen from the Gambia agrees with the 

Senaar birds, but is apparently either a female or a younger bird, 

as it has the throat white, the lower throat, fore neck, and chest 

spotted with dusky brown. 

Hah. Worth-eastern and Equatorial Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. Senaar (Hedenborg). Sharpe Coll. 
b. Ad.; c. Juv. sk. Kiver Gambia. Sharpe Coll. 
d. Ad. * <?. Imm. sk. River Gambia. Purchased. 
/ . tf ad. sk. Rodiaf, Eq. Africa, July 7,1880 Sharpe Coll. 
(JSmin Bey). 

* I do not adopt this name of Vieillot's, as his description is by no means 
correct, the rump being described as " greyish." His " Senegali Cbanteur " is 
probably 8. angolensis, to which species Vieillot himself was inclined to refer 
it in 1819. As we have the definite and characteristic name of l&ucopygiusto fall back upon, it would, in my opinion, be wrong to substitute that of 
Vieillot for it. 
41 . SERIBTJS. 
367 

16. Serinus angolensis *. 
Linnets from Angola, Edwards, Nat. Hist B. iii. pi. 120 (1750) 
La Linotte d'Angola, Briss. Orn. vi. App. p. 81 (1700). 
La Vengoline, Month. Hist. Wat. Ois. iv. p. 80 (1778). 
Angola Finch, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. i. p. 300 (1783) 
Fringilla angolensis, Gm. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 918 (1788): Latiard, B. 8, 


Afr. p. 203 (18G7); Gray, Haml-l B. ii. p..8:), no. 7212 (1870). 
Frmgilla tobaca, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. J)()0 (1823), 
Linaria atrigularis, Smith, Hep. 8. Afr. Bxped. p. 49 (1830). ' 
Fringilla atrogularis. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 372 (1849). 
Poliospiza atrogularis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 520 (1850). 
Crithagra angolensis, Bp. Consp. I p. o20 (1830); 8harpe, Cat. Afr. 

B. p. 67 (1871); Gumey in Anders*. B. Lamar a-Land, p. 182 
(1872); Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 306 (1881); Sharpe in OaM 
Matabele Land, App. Birds, p. 322 (1881): id. ed. Lai/ard's B. S. 
Afr. pp. 484, 850 (1881). J 
Poliospiza angolensis, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 150 (1857) j id. J.f O. 
1861, p. 259. 
Crithagra atrogularis, Beichen. J. f. O. 1877, p. 29 j Fischer, in 
Mddaraszj Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 322 (1884). 

Adult male. General colour above pale brown, broadly streaked 
with blackish brown down the centre of the feathers; the mantle-
feathers edged with whity brown; rump bright yellow; wing-
coverts like the back, the greater coverts margined with whitish 
towards the tips; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky 
brown, fringed with dull yellow, the secondaries whity brown towards 
the ends ; upper tail-coverts pale brown with dark centres, 
and broadly edged and tipped with white; tail-feathers dark brown, 
edged with white along the inner web and broadly tipped with the 
same, the white increasing towards the outside of the tail, the outer 
feather being white for its terminal third; crown of head a little 
more ashy than the back, and similarly streaked with black ; lores 
dull ashy; a narrow superciliary line of white; ear-coverts ashy 
brown; cheeks ashy whitish, diagonally crossed with a blackish 
streak ; throat and fore neck black, the chin ashy whitish; remainder 
of under surface of body dull white; the breast and sides of the body 
and flanks pale isabelline, narrowly streaked with blackish; thighs 
and under tail-coverts ashy white ; ^nder wing-coverts ashy whitish; 
axillaries whitish, washed with yellow; quills below dusky, ashy 
along the inner edge: " bill brownish; legs flesh-colour; iris 
brown " (F. Bradshaiu). Total length 4-6 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 
2-75, tail 1*75, tarsus 0-5. 

* It appears to me that there are two species confounded under the heading 
of 8. angolmsis. The specimen received from the Zoological Society has the 
under surface of the body brown instead of dull whitish; but I have not seen 
a similar specimen captured in a wild state, and I do not like to separate it on 
the strength, of a caged specimen. Edwards's bird seems to have been this brown* 
breasted form, which, if distinct, will therefore bear the name of S. angolensis, 
while the white-breasted form will have to be called Serimis atrigularis of 
Smith. 
368 mmGitLmM. 

Adult female. Apparently similar to the male, but not having the 
same amount of black on the throat, the black not being uniform 
but broken up into spots. Total length 4"4 inches, culmon 0*35, 
wing 2-7, tail 1*75, tarsus 0*5. 

Young males apparently resemble the adult female, but are 
more spotted with blackish below on the throat and breast. 

I have not been able to trace the changes of plumage in this 
species satisfactorily, owing to a lack of properly sexed and dated 
specimens; but it seems to'me probable that the males have also 
spotted throats in winter, and that the uniform black throat is a sign 
of breeding-plumage. 

Ifab. South Africa generally, extending to Angola on the west 
coast and to Masai-Land in East Africa. 

a, h, c. <$ ad.; d. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [0.]. 
Juv. sk. (Types of L. atrigulai-is.) 

e. <$ imm. sk. Change River, Feb. 21,1881. Dr.F.Bradshaw[P.]. 
/. <$ ad. sk. Makalaka Kraal, Zambesi road, W. E. & 0. G. Oates, 
Aug. 20, 1874 (F Oates). Esqrs. [P.]. 
g c? juv. sk. Otjusavahami, Damara-Land, Sharpe Coll. 
July 12, I860 (C. J. Anders-
son). 

h, i. Ad. sk. Elephant Vley, Aug. 15 (C. Sharpe Coll. 

k. <$ ad. sk. Elephant Vley, Aug. 22 (C. Sharpe Coll. 
J. A.). 
I Juv. sk. Matalko, July 17 (CI J". A.). Sharpe Coll. 
m. Ad. sk. South Africa. Zoological Society. 
17. Serinus serinus. 
Le Serin, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 179 (1700).' 

Friugilla serinus, Linn. Syst. Nat i. p. 320 (1766); Temm. Man. 
cTOni. i. p. 356 (1820); Naum. Yog. JDeutscJiL v. pi. 123 (1826); 
Werner, Atlas, Granivores, pi. 43 (1827); Bp. Faun. Ital, Ucc. 
pi. 37 (1832-41); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 371 (1849); Kjmrb. Damn* 
Fuqle, pi. 27. tig. 5 (1852); Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 88, no. 7206 
(1870); Fritsch, Yog. Fur. pi. 17. %. 9 (c. 1870); Fallon, Ois. 
Belg. p. 100 (1875). 

Loxia serinus, Scop. Ann. i. p. 140 (1769) ; Meyer u. Wolf. Tasehenb* 

p. 146 (1810). 
Le Serin de Provence, Daubent. PL Fnl. iv. pi. 658.fig. 1. 
Serin Finch, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 296 (1783). 
Fringilla montana (nee L.\ Bodd. Tabl. PL Fnl p. 40 (1783). 
Fringilla citrinella (nee L.), Beehst. Orn. Taschenb. p. 124, tab. 15 
(1802). 

Serinus hortulanus, Koch, Si/st. hater. Zoolv>. 229 (1816) ; Cab. Mus* 
Sem. Th. i. p. 163 (1850); Godman, Ibis, 1866, p. 98; Lilford, 
t c. p. 176; Rowley, I c. p. 215; Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 207; Gould. 

B. Gt. Br. iii. pi. 38 (c. 1870); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 220; 
Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 158 (1871) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 154 
(1872); Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 247; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 549. 
pi. 172 (1875); My, B. Gibr. p. 123 (1875); Wharton, Ibil 
1875, p. 25; Danf. Ibis, 1878, p. 20; Salvin, Cat. Strickl Coll. 
41 . SERTNTJrt. 
Ml) 
p. 215 (1882) ; B. 0. U. List Brit. B. p. 49 (1883) ; Ghjl. Iconogr. 
Avif. Ital. part xvii (1882); Irby, Ibis, 188,1, p. 83; Saiotders, 
Ibis, 1884, p. 375; Tri&tr. Faun! $ Flor, Palest p. 05 (J884) ; 
Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 39 ; Reid, t. e. p. 245; Gigl. Amf. Hal. 
p. 31 (1880); Salmd. Blench. Uec. Ital p. 175 (1887). 
Loxia serinus an now &p. ?, Faber, Isis, 1824, Suppl. p. 792. 
Serinus orientalis, Brehm, Yog. Deutschl. p. 254 (183J). 
* 
Serinus meridionalis, Brehm, t. c. p. 255 (1831); Bp. Comp. List B. 
Eur. § N. Am. p. 34 (1838); id. Comp. p. 523 (1850); Jauh. et 
Barth.-Lapomm. Mich. Orn. p. 117 (1859) ; Safrin, Ibis, 1859, 
p. 313; Zoche, Fxpl. Sci. Alger., Ois. i. p. 157 (1807); Iteql. et 
Gerbe, Orn. Fur. i. p. 285 (Ls07) ; Ihderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 83 (1809). 
Serinus islandicus, Brehm, t. e. p. 255 (1831). 
Serinus ikvescens, Gould, B. Fur. iii. pi. 195 (1837). 
Pyrrkula (Dryospiza) serinus, Keys. n. Bias. Wirb. Fur. p. 41 

(1840). 
l 

Pyrrhnla serinus, Milhle, Beitr. Orn. Grieehenl. p. 40 (1844); JDegl. 
Om. Fur. i. p. 193 (1849); Linderm. Vog. Griechenl p. 58 (1800) ; 
Wright, Ibis, 1804, p. 51; Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutsehl. p. 74 

(1809). 
Fringilla islandica, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 371 (1849). 
Dryospiza serinus, Cab. in Frsch it, Gruher, Fnci/cl. 1st sect. 50, 

p. 217 (1849); Licht. Nomenel. Av. Berol. p. 40 (1854V 
Serinus orientalis, etc., Brehm, Vogelf. p. 92 (1855). 
Fringilla (Dryospiza) serinus, lleugl!Syst. Uebers. p. 40 (1850). 
Serinus hortulorum (lapsu), Wyatt, Ibis, 1807, p. 10; Brake, t. c. 
p. 427; Smith, Ibis, 1808, p. 445; Gumey, Ibis, 1871, p. 293. 
Crithagra serinus, Heugl. Orn. KO.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 047 (1870). 
Serinus luteolus, Homeyer, J.f.O. 1873, p. 223. 
Adult male. General colour above pale brown, broadly streaked 
with black down the centre of the feathers, which are washed with 
pale yellow; lower back and rump bright yellow; lesser wing-
coverts uniform greenish yellow; median and greater coverts 
blackish, edged with yellow and tipped with yellowish white, 
forming a double wing-bar; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and 
quills blackish, edged with pale yellow, the secondaries ashy whitish 
at the ends, the innermost resembling the greater coverts ; upper 
tail-coverts brown, washed with yellow and whitish at the ends; 
tail-feathers dusky brown, edged with yellow ; crown of head like 
the back, and streaked with blackish ; the forehead and nape purer 
yellow; nasal plumes whitish; lores dusky; a narrow eyebrow 
and the feathers round eye yellow; ear-coverts ashy grey, washed 
with yellow and slightly streaked with dusky; cheeks ashy grey, 
with a pale yellow streak above them ; throat and breast yellow, 
the lower throat ashy; sides of fore neck and of breast streaked 
with black ; abdomen white ; sides of body and flanks ashy brown, 
washed with yellow and broadly steaked with black; thighs and 

under tail-coverts white, the latter washed with yellow and streaked 
with blackish; under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy washed with 
yellow, the lower coverts white towards their euds; quills below 
dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 
0-3, wing 2'8, tail 1-9, tarsus 0 55. 

In summer the colours of the male are much more vivid, the grey 


VOL. xu. 



370 
FRINGILLID2E. 

disappearing from the upper surface, which is consequently more 
yellow, and the frontal patch is much more distinct. 

The adult female resembles the male, but is not so brightly 
coloured. Total length 4'5 inches, oilmen 0*35, wing 2-6, tail 1-8, 
tarsus 0*5. 

Young. Differs from the adult in being sandy brown above 
streaked with blackish, the rump mixed with whitish but not showing 
any yellow ; wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers dusky, edged 
with pale sandy brown ; under surface of body pale sulphur-yellow; 
the fore neck, breast, and sides of body streaked with black. 

The female appears to be longer in gaining the adult plumage 
than the male, a specimen collected by Canon Tristram in Palestine 
having still the sandy-brown plumage of immaturity, though it 
possesses the yellow rump of the adult. 

Hub. Central and Southern Europe, ranging eastwards to Asia 
Minor, Palestine, and Egypt; and northwards to Northern Germany, 
Denmark, and occasionally the British Islands. 

<S 2 a(i sk

a,b.-- Valencia, Spain, Feb. 3,1873 Hume Coll. 

(H. Saunders). 
c. Ad. sk. Gibraltar, March 0, 1870 (L. Hume Coll. 
H. Irby). 
d. Ad. sk. Tangier (W. II. Drummond Gould Coll. 
Hay). 
e. f. <$ ad. sk. 
Souza, Tunis, March 3, 1857 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(O. S.). 
//. Juv. sk. Tunis. L. Fraser [C.]. 
'h. (S ad. sk. Asia Minor. T. Eobson [C.]. 
i. 
<$&&. sk. Asia Minor, Dec. 10 (T. Bob- Gould Coll. 
son), 
k. <$ ad. sk. Sidon. Canon Tristram [C.]. 
/. J imm. sk. Nahr-el-Kelb, Palestine. Canon Tristram [C.J. 
*—- Subsp. a. Serinus canaria. 

Canary Birds, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. i. pi. 65 (1738). 
Le Serin des Canaries, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 184 (1760) ; Bitff. Hist. Nat. 
Ow.iv. p. 1(1778). 

Fringilla canaria, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 321 (1766) ; Webb et Berth. 
Orn. Conor, p. 21, tab. 2 (1836-44) ; Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 88, 
no. 7207 (1870). 

Canary Finch, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 293 (1783). 
Carduelis canaria, Less. Traite, p. 443 (1831). 
Crithagra canaria, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 294 (1837); Gray, Gen. 


B. ii. p. 385 (1849); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 124 (1849) ; 
Melliss, Ibis, 1870, p. 101. 
Serinus canaria, Cab. Mtis. Hein. Th. i. p. 163 (1850) : Bp. Consp. i. 

p. 523 (1850) ; Bolle, J.f. 0.1858, p. 125, Taf. 1; Godman, Azores, 
p. 29 (1870); id. Ibis, 1872, p. 212 j Dresser, B. Bur. iii. p. 557, 
pi. 172 (1877). * ' 
Serinus hortulanus (nee Koch), Godman, Ibis, 1866, p. 98. 

Adult male. General colour above ashy brown, washed with 
yellow and streaked with blackish brown down the centre of the 

41 . SEEINUS. ;*7i 
feathers; rump uniform olive-yellow; lesser wing-coverts olive-
yellow ; median and greater coverts black, edged with yellow, the 
latter tipped with whitish ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black, 
margined with ashy yellow; quills dark brown, edged with ashy 
brown, tinged with yellow on the primaries; upper tail-covorts 
ashy brown washed with olive-yellow, with darker brown centres; 
tail-feathers dark brown, edged with ashy brown, tinged with yellow; 
crown of head olive-yellow, streaked with blackish centres to the 
feathers and slightly washed with ashy; forehead dull golden 
yellow, extending backwards over the eye; lores dusky yellow; 
eyelid and sides of face dull golden yellow, with a dusky streak 
across the lower ear-coverts ; cheeks dull golden yellow, with a 
dusky malar stripe: throat and under surface of body dull golden 
yellow; the sides of the upper breast ashy grey; the sides of the 
body and flanks more ashy and streaked with black, more broadly 
on the latter; lower abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts 
whitish; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale ashy, washed with 
yellow; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total 

length8 4*55 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 2*75, tail 2*2, tarsus 1*65. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little browner, and 
having the yellow on the forehead, sides of face, and underparts 
less vivid. Total length 4*6 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2-Q, tail 2*1, 
tarsus 0*65. 

In winter there is very little difference from the summer 
plumage, except that the general aspect of the birds is more ashy, 
most of the feathers being edged with the latter colour. 

Nestling. Upper parts brownish grey, marked with indistinct 
blackish shaft-stripes; an indistinct ochreous grey stripe over the 
eye; sides of the head, neck, and upper breast ochreous grey, 
on the fore part of the face and throat tinged with palo yellow; 
lower breast pale yellowish, fading into white on the abdomen ; 
flanks and crissum yellowish grey; rectrices blackish, on the underside 
broadly margined with greenish yellow, and on the upper with 
yellowish grey; wings crossed by two bars, the larger and smaller 
coverts being tipped with yellowish grey; quills blackish, edged 
with greenish grey; shoulders and some of the smaller wing-
coverts pale yellowish green ; iris blackish brown; bill horn-colour, 
the under mandible paler; legs blackish brown. The entire 
plumage is in general blurry in coloration, moro so than in the 
colour of the Siskin. (Dresser.) 

Obs. According to Dr. Bolle, the male in the first year after its 
birth wears a plumage closely resembling that of the female,^ and 
the full adult plumage, as described above, is not obtained until its 
second year. 

Hab. Madeira, Canary Islands, and Azores. 

a. Ad. sk. Madeira. 0. Darwin, Esq. [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Madeira. Sharpe Co 11. 
c d e. Ad. sk. Madeira (J1. G.). Salvin-Godman Col 1. 
f A ad. sk. Madeira, June 23,1861 (F.G.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
a A. rfad. sk. Teneriffe, April9,1871 (F. G.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
2 "B 2 

372 FRINGIIXIDJE. 

i9 k $ ad.; I J Teneriffo, April 28, 1871 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ad. sk. (F. G.). , . ^ , 

m. c?ad. sk. S. Michael's, Azores, March Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1865 (F. G.). 
n, o. $ ad. ak. S. Michael's, April 1865 (F. G). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
p, q, r, s, t. Skeletons. 0. Darwin, Esq. [P.]. 

18. Serinus canonicus *. 
? Serinus syriaca, Bp. Consp. i. p. 523 (1850). 

? Dryospiza syriaca, Licht. NomencL Av. Berol. p. 46 (1854). 

Serinus aurifrons {nee Blyth)) Tristr. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 447; id. Ibis, 

1867, p. 90; id. Ibis, 1868, p. 207, pi. 7. 

Fringilla aurifrons, Gray, Hand-l B. li. p. 83, no. 7208 (1870). 

Serinus canonicus, Dresser, B. Fur. iii. p. 558, pi. 171 (1876); Tristr. 

Faun. % Flor. Palest p. 65, pi. ix. tigs. 1, 2 (1884). 

Adult male. General colour above ashy brown, washed with 
yellow and streaked with dusky-brown centres to the feathers of 
the mantle and back; rump uniform bright yellow; wing-coverts 
yellow, the groater coverts with blackish bases; bastard-wing 
black, fringed with ashy whitish; primary-coverts and quills 
black, edged with yellow and fringed with whitish at the tips, the 
blackish colour of the secondaries reaching to the outer web in the 
middle of these quills and forming a bar ; upper tail-coverts pale 
yellow, with dusky brown centres; tail-feathers blackish brown, 
edged with yellow, the inner web edged with whity brown, which 
increases towards the outer feathers, so that the outermost is whity 

* I have very little doubt thai the oldest name of this species will be 
found to be Serinus syriacus, Bp. (ex Hempr. & Ehr. MSS.), as already suggested 
by Canon Tristram (Ibis, 1868, p. 207). 
The following species is probably closely allied to, if not identical with, 
8, canonicus: — 

SERINUS PECTORALIS. 

Serinus pectoralis, Murray, Vert. ZooL 8ind, p. 190 (1884). 
Male. A dark brown, nearly black streak at the base of the upper manclible, 
followed by a bright yellow frontal band, extending as a broad supercilium. 
behind the ear-coverts; a slaty-grey streak through the eye; crown of head 
slaty grey, each feather with a dark central streak; nape greenish olive ; back, 
scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts yellowish green, the feathers with a dark 
mesial streak; median coverts dark brown, edged with yellow; greater t 
coverts also dark brown, margined on their outer webs and tipped with yellow ; 
primaries and secondaries dusky brown, margined whitish on their inner webs, 
and edged on the outer very narrowly with greenish ; rump olivaceous ; upper 
tail-coverts yellowish, some of the lateral feathers with a dark mesial streak; 
chin, throat, breast, and sides of the face bright golden yellow; a dark brown, 
nearly black streak from each side of the base of the lower mandible extending 
to the sides of the neck, which is slaty grey ; sides of breast slaty grey, with a 
narrow band issuing from each side, nearly meeting on the lower breast, and 
forming a nearly complete pectoral band; rest of under surface yellow; tail 
dusky brown^ the feathers slightly darker on their outer webs, and all tipped 
yellowish wliite on their inner webs; bill horny; legs dark fleshy; irides light 
brown. (A. Murray.) 
Bab. Karachi, Sind. 

41 . SERINUS. 
:m 

brown, excepting for the region of the shaft, which is brown, 
widening towards tho tip ; crown of head like the back, the forehead 
and sinciput golden yellow, extending back over the eye ; 
lores, feathers round the eye, and fore part of cheeks golden yellow ; 
ear-coverts and hinder cheeks ashy brown ; sides of neck, throat, 
and under surface of body dull golden yellow: lower abdomen and 
thighs pale isabelline; sides of body and Hanks rather more ashy, 
with faintly indicated dusky streaks; under tail-coverts isabelline 
white, slightly tinged with yellow; under wing-coverts and 
axillaris golden yellow; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner 
edge. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*35, wing tf-05, toil 2-2, 
tarsus 0*55. 

Adult female. Only differs from tho male in being rather more 
ashy brown, and in having the yellow of the forehead and uudorparts 
less vivid. Total length 5 inches, culmon 0-4, wing 2*9, tail 
2-1, tarsus 0*55, 

Young of the year. Differs from the adult in having the yellow 
colour replaced by rich russet; and the golden-yellow forehead is 
also wanting. (Dresser.) 

Hah. JSyria and Palestine. 

a, b. <$ J ad. &k. Foot of Mount Ilermon. Canon Tristram [C], 

e. (S ad. bk. Foot of Mount IJermon, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
June 3, 18(34 (II. B. 
Tr istrain). 
d. 2 
ad. sk. Ruklek, Palestine, June 0, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1864 (II. B. Tristram). 
19. Seriiras pusillus. 
Passer pusillus, Pall. Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. ii. p. 28, no. xliii. (1811). 

Serinus pusillus, Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. St. Petenb. i. p. 300 

(1843); Bp. Consp. i. p. 524 (1850); Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 24:) j 

id. B. Eur. in. p. 561, pi. 173 (187(5) ; JDanf. Ibis, 1878, p. 23; 

Salvin, Cat. Strickl Coll. p. 215 (1882) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 9 ; 

Tristr. Faun. $ Flor. Palest p. 6o (1<S84). 

Fringilla pusilla, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 372 (1840) ; id. Iland-L B. ii. 

p. 82, no. 7200 (1870). 
Fringilla rubrifrons, A. Hay, J. A. S. Beng. xv. p. 38 (1840). 
Embeiiza?«aurifrons, Blyth, J. A. S. Benp^xvi. p. 476. 
Serinus aurifrons, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soe. p. 125 (1849). 
Pyrrhula pusilla, Degl. Orn. Bur. i. p. 194 (1849). 
Metoponia pusilla, Bp. Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, p. 17 (1854); 
Ilorsf. # Moore, Cat B. B.I. Co. Mus. ii. p. 494 (1856) ; Jerd. 

B. Ind. ii. p. 410 (1803): Myth, Ibis, 1807, p. 45; Beavan, t c. 
p. 141; id. Ibis, 1809, p. 179 ; Pels, t e. p. 319; Hume $ llenden. 
Lahore to Yark.^. 259 (1873) ; Hume, Nests $ Eggs Ind. B. p. 473 
(1873) i Stoliezka, Sir. F. 1874,p. 463; Brooks, Str. F. 1S75, p. 2o.>; 
Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 250 (1870); Hone, Sir. F 1879, p. 10^; 
Wardtaw Bamsay, Ibis, 1880, p. 67 ; Biddulpb, Ibis, 1881, p. 86; 
Scully, t. c. p. 578; C. Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p, 115; Biddulph, t. c 
p. 284; C. H. T. Marshall, Ibis, 1884, p. 421; Radde, Orn. Cam 
p. 175, pi. ix. figs. 0,7(1884). 
374 miNGlLLWM. 

Dryospiza pusilla, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Berol. p. 46 (1854). 
Grsegithus pusillus, Cab. J.f. 0.1854, p. xciv, pi. 1 j Severtz. Turkest. 
Jevotti. pp. 04,116 (1873); Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 64 (1879). 
Adult male. General colour above streaked, tlie feathers black in 
the centre, with golden-yellow margins, the lower back more mealy, 
the rump-feathers yellow with black centres; lesser wing-coverts 
black, edged with golden yellow; median and greater coverts 
blackish, edged and tipped with ashy whitish, slightly tinged with 
yellow; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish, edged with 
ashy yellowish; quills dusky brown, edged with golden yellow, the 
secondaries margined with this colour near the base, and with 
whitish towards the end of the feathers, which are also fringed with 
whitish; upper tail-coverts black, rather broadly edged with ashy 
white; tail-feathers blackish, edged with whitish, tinged with 
golden yellow near the base; crown of head dusky blackish, the 
forehead crimson; nape, hind neck, and sides of neck like the 
back, but rather more narrowly streaked; lores and base of forehead 
dusky blackish; feathers round eye and sides of face, ear-
coverts, cheeks, throat, and fore neck dusky blackish: under surface 
of body golden yellow, the breast mottled with black spots ; abdomen 
ashy whitish; sides of body and flanks pale golden yellow, 
streaked with black; thighs and under tail-coverts golden yellow, 
the longer ones white, with black centres ; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries golden yellow, with asby bases; quills below dusky, ashy 
along the inner edge: " bill dull black, the base of the lower 
mandible slightly tinged with brown, gape whitish; iris so deep 
brown as to appear black" (W. Davison). Total length 4*8 inches, 
culmen 0*3, wing 2*95, tail 2-05, tarsus 0*6. 
Adult female. Similar to the male, but not so brightly coloured, 
the frontal patch not so brilliant, and the golden yellow on the 
back and underparrs paler. Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0-3, 
wing 2*65, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-5. 
With the advance of the breeding-season the plumage of the 
male becomes much darker, the yellow of the breast becoming 
abraded, so that the black overspreads the chest and flanks; the 
base of the secondaries becomes bleached and forms an alar speculum. 
The adult male in winter plumage scarcely differs from the 
summer plumage, the light edges to the feathers being more marked, 
the golden yellow more intense on the wings and under surface of 
the body, and the dusky blackish on the sides of the face and throat 
somewhat obscured by ashy margins, the hinder crown overshaded 
with ashy greyf and the nape uniform ashy; inner secondaries 
broadly edged with sandy brown. 
Young (Eonda district, September 20, 1879). Differs from the 
adult in wanting the red forehead. The general colour of the 
upper surface is pale sandy brown, streaked with black, the head 
like the back and streaked with dusky blackish; the rump and 
upper tail-covcrts less distinctly streaked; lesser wing-coverts 
like the back; median and greater series blackish, edged with paler 
sandy brown, the secondaries similarly coloured, the primaries 

41 . SERINT/S. 
1575 
edged with golden yellow and the secondaries also at the base ; tail-
feathers blackish, edged with sandy brown and with golden yellow 
near the base; base of forehead pale sandy buff ; sides of face and 
ear-coverts dark brown ; sides of neck sandy brown ; throat and 
fore neck clear sandy brown, with a slight yellow tinge on the 
throat; breast and sides of body sandy brown, streaked with black; 
abdomen and under tail-coverts paler, the latter centred with dusky 
blackish. 

In winter plumage the young males and females resemble the 
adults and have the same distribution of golden yellow over the 
body, but the crown and ear-coverts are brown, and the inner 
secondaries are edged with brown. 

The young males appear to have a more uniform brown head 
than the young females, which have the head streaked with 
blackish, and the throat is generally browner in the females, 
blacker in the young males. As, however, both sexes ultimately 
resemble each other, it is probable that these changes merely 
indicate that the males acquire the full plumage rather more quickly 
than the females. Out of the large series collected near Himla, in the 
Hume Collection, many are already moulting in December and are acquiring 
the red forehead. One specimen from Gilgit presented to the 
Museum by Dr. Scully is getting this as early as the 10th of October. 
Sab. Prom the Caucasus and Northern Persia to Turkestan, 
wintering to the southward in Asia Minor, as far as the Lebanon, 

and in the North-western Himalayas. 

a, b. tf $ ad. sk. Giaur Keuy, Taurus, Asia Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Minor, April 27,1876 (0. 

G. JDanford). 
c. (S ad. sk. Karij Valley, Elburz MounW.
T. Bknford,Esq. 
tains, Aug. 9,1872. [0.1 
d, e. Ad. sk. Kandahar. Capt. [lutton [P.]. 
/ . $ ad. sk. Kandahar, April 10,1881. Col. Swinhoo [P.J. 
g1 h. Ad. sk. Pushut, Afghanistan (Dr. India Museum. 


Griffith). 

t. Juv.; k, I. <$ ? Wakhan, Kashgar, April 24, Hume Coll. 
ad. sk. 1874 (J. Biddulph), 
m} n. <$ $ ad. sk. Panja, April 13,1874 Hume Coll. 


(J. Biddulph). 
o, p. Ad. sk. Kashgar (Dr. Belleio). India Museum. 
q. 2 ad. sk. Ladak, Aug. 18, 1873. Hume Coll. 
r. 
$ ad. sk. Dras? Oct. 11, 1879(7. Hume Coll. 
Biddulph). 
s. $ ad. sk. Baltistan, May 28,1876 Hume Coll. 
(J. Biddulph). 
t 
<$ ad. sk. Gilgit, May 20, 1872 (J. Hume Coll. 
Biddulph). 


u. 
<$ ad. sk. Gilgit, Feb. 17,1878 (J. Hume Coll. 
Biddulph), 
v. $ juv. sk. Astor district, Sept. 1876 Hume Coll. 
(J. Biddulph). 
w. Ad. sk. Gilgit, Oct. 9, 1880. Dr. J. Scully [P.]. 
Shupyun, Cashmere, May 15, Hume Coll. 
x, y. <$ ? ad. sk. 

1871 (W.B.Brooks). 

376 
FLtlNGJLUDJB. 

a. Ad. sk. Cashmere {Dr. Bellew). India Museum. 
a', V. Ad. sk. Murdan, March 1871. Hume Coll. 
c'. Ad. sk. N. W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse 
Pinwill [P.]. 
d'. Ad. sk. Simla, March 10, 1881. Hume Coll. 
e'-l'. $ ad.; m', w'. Simla, December 1880 (W. Hume Coll. 

c? juv.; o'-v'. 2 Davison). 
juv, sk. 
w'y x'j y\z\a. $ Kotegurk, December 1870*. Hume Coll. 

imm. sk. 
jS. d J r? 5. $ ad. sk. Kotegurh, April 1871 Hume Coll. 
€, f. d ad.; ?y, <9, t. Koomarsain, Nov. 1, 1809. Hume Coll. 

$ ad. sk. 
K,\. 6 $ ad. ftk. Kotekkaie, Feb. 38, 1871* Hume Coll. 
/*. 5juv.sk. Ronda district, Sept. 20,1879. Hume Coll. 
v, £. Ad. sk. Middle range of hills, north Hume Coll. 

of Masuri. 

42. 
SYCALIS. rp o 
Type. 
Sicalis, Boie, Lis, 1828, p. 324 Typo hand indicato. 
Sycalis, Cab. in Tschitdi's Faun. Peruan. .p. 215 

(1845-4(5, ex Boie) S. fiaveola. 
G-natkospiza f, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 320 S. taczanowskii. 
lianye. Confined to Central and South America. 


Key to the iSjjecies. 

a. Inner edge of quills yellow below or yellowish 
white. 
a'. Flanks uniform, not streaked with blackish; 
forehead and vertex entirely orange. 
a". Larger: wing 2-6-3 inches; inner edge \JlaveoIa <£, p. 377. 
of quills yellow, very broad \ Jamaica $, p. 379. 
b". Smaller: wing2-2-2-3inches ; inner edge 
of quills yellowish white eolombiana $} p. 380. 
b'. Flanks streaked with blackish or dusky. 
c". Underneath entirely yellow pelselni tf, p. 380. 
d". Ahdomen whitish, as also the throat, 

a'". 
A broad band of yellow across the 
fore neck and chest flamola $ ad., p. 378. 
b"r. Chest whitish, streaked with brown, 
like the flanks pelzelm § ad., 381. 

b. Inner edge of quills ashy or whitish below. 
c'. Underneath yellow; greyish on the breast; J arvensis and allies, 
flanks not streaked J pp. 382-384. 
d'. 
Underneath -white, yellow on the chin only; 
flanks ashy brown, streaked with dusky 
brown taczanowskii, p. 385. 

* Mr. Dresser has given the name of Dr. Henderson as the collector of some 
specimens from these localities. Dr. Henderson never was in this part of the 
Himalayas, and the specimens were obtained by Mr. Hume's collector. 
t Seems torao to be only a thick-billed Sycalis. 

42 . &TCALIS. ;$77 
1. Sycalis flaveola. 
Le Bruant de Bresil, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 290 (1760) ; JDaubent. P/. 
Bnl v. pi. 321. fig. 1 +. r v " 
Fringilla flaveola, Linn. St/st. Nat. i. p. .'321 (17CG): Gray. Uand-L 

B. ii. p. 847no.7228 (1870). 
Fringilla flava, P. X. S. Miill. St/st. Nat. Suppl. p. 1(54 (177(5); CYaw. 

Proc. PMlfid. Acad. 1804, p. 254; Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 84, 

no.7223(1870). * 

Le Guiraeoat, ikforcrt. Ifrsf. iVaf. O/s. iv. p. 3G1 (1778). 

Brazilian Bunting, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 107 (1783). 

Emberiza brasiliensib, Gm. Sijst. Nat. i. p. 872 (1781); Lafr. & 

If Orb. Rev. et May. de ZooL 1837, p. 73. 

Frmailla brasilien&is, Spiv, Av. Bras. ii. p. 47, pi. 61. iigs. 1, 2 
(1825); Neuwied, Beitr. Orn. BrasiL iii. p. 614 (1830); Gray, 
Gen. B. ii. p. 372 (1849). 

Crithagra brasilieiibis, Bp. Camp, i. p. 521 (1850). 
Sycalib brabiliensis, Cab. $ TscL Faun. Peruan. p. 215 (1845-4(3) ; 
Cab. in Sclwmb. Beis. Guum. iii, p. 070; id. Mus. Hein.Th. i. 

p. 146 (1850); Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 253 (1856); E. C. Taylor, 
Ibis, 18G4, p. 83; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 328. 
Sycalis aureipectus, Bp. C. JR. xxxvii. p. 017 (1855); Sclater, P. Z. tf. 
1^55, p. 150; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 120 (lh02). 
Sycolis flaveola, Pet. Orn. Bras. p. 231 (1871); Sclater, Ibis, 1872, 

p. 41; id. Sf Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 34 (1873); Tacz. 
P. Z. S. 1877, p. 322, 1870, p. 244, 1880, p. 100; Set. # Salv. 
P. Z. S. 1870, p. 607; Salv. $ Godm. Ibis, 1880, p. 123; IK A. 
Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 238; Sah. Cat Stricld. Coll. p. 215 (1882) ; 
Berlepsch $ Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 552 ; Salvin, Ibis. 1885, p. 217 ; 
Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 55 (1886). 
Adult male. General colour above bright olive-yellow, with du,<ky 
mesial streaks on the feathers of the mantle and upper back, th e 
lower back and rump more uniform and slightly brighter yellow, 
the long upper tail-coverts more dingy yellow ; lesser and median 
coverts uniform bright olive-yellow ; greater coverts dusky blackish, 
externally yellow, more brilliant on the margins; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills dusky blackish, edged with bright yellow, 
broader and more olive-yellow on the inner secondaries; tail-
feathers dusky blackish, edged with bright yellow externally, arid 
with pale yellow along the inner web ; crown of head and hind neck 
-uniform bright olive-yellow, the forehead and vortex bright orange ; 
sides of hinder crown, lores, sides of face, and entire under surface 
of body bright yellow, tinged with orange on the sides of the face, 
throat, and fore neck ; sides of body and flanks slightly washed 
with olive; thighs, under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and 
auxiliaries bright yellow; quills below dusky, with a broad yellow 

margin along the inner webs : " upper mandible horn-brown, th e 
lower one pale whitish horn-colour; feet fleshy brown ; iris greyish 
brown" {Neuwied), Total length 5-3 inches, oilmen 0-45, win g 
2*8, tail 1-85, tarsus 0*75. 

* A badfigure, apparently intended for a Weaver-bird of &ouie kind. 
378 
FRIHGILLID2E. 

Adult female. DifTorent from, the male. General colour above 
pale greenish, yellow, more ashy on the mantle and upper back, the 
feathers of which are brown in the centre, with a blackish shaft-
streak ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform greenish 
yellow, the latter somewhat dusky in the centres; lesser wing-
coverts yellow; median and greater coverts dusky brown, edged with 
yellow, whitish towards the ends; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 
and quills dusky brown, margined with yellow, brighter on the 
latter, the inner secondaries edged with whity brown* tail-feathers 
dusky brown, edged with yellow; crown of head yellow, washed 
with ashy, the feathers having dusky shaft-lines and having a concealed 
orange shade on the forehead; lores and sides of face ashy, 
as well as the cheeks and throat, the latter slightly washed with, 
yellow * lower throat, fore neck, and chest yellow, forming a broad 
band; remainder of under surface of body ashy whitish, slightly 
streaked with dusky on the sides ; the sides of the body and flanks, 
thighs, under wing-coverts, and axillaries yellow; under tail-coverts 
whitish, washed with yellow; quills dusky below, broadly edged 
with yellow along the inner web. Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 

0-45, wing 2-9, tail 2, tarsus 0*75. 

According to the identification of Mr. Jelski the adult female 

becomes like the male, but is a little paler yellow below, with not 

such a rich orange crown. 

Peruvian birds are the largest, and have the wing 3-3*15 inches 

in length. In specimens from other localities it varies from 2*75


2*95 inches. 

A seasonal or winter plumage appears to take place in this species, 

when the whole upper surface is shaded with ashy and the mesial 

streaks on the back are more distinct. The yellow of the face and 

tmderparts is also overshaded with ashy, and the flanks are rather 

distinctly striped with dusky brown. In full plumage there is no 

sign of any streaks on the flanks, and this character may be due to 

hybridization with S. pelzelni. 

Young males apparently resemble the adult females at first, but 

are more coarsely striped above, especially on the head; there is 

also more yellow on the throat, and the upper parts and wings are 

browner. 

Hab. Prom Southern Brazil to Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador, Colom


bia, Guiana and Venezuela. 

a. Ad. sk. Brazil. A. Murray, Esq. [P.]. 
h Imm. sk. Brazil. Christiania Museum 
[P.]. 
c, d. £ % ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll. 


e. Imm. sk. Brazil. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
/ . Imm. sk. Rio de Janeiro. Sclater Coll. 
g. Ad. sk. Rio de Janeiro. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
h, i. 6 ad. sk. Santa M, Minas Geraes (JET. Sclater Coll. 
Rogers). 
7c. 
d ad. sk. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Joyner). 

42 . SYCALIS. 
;*7i> 

L <$ ad. sk. San Paulo (Joi/ner). Salvin-Godman Coll »*• <$ ad. sk, Ypanema, Oct. 31, 1819 (J. Sclater Coll. 
Natterer).
»• d ad. sk. Sapitiba, Feb. 9, 1818 (7. batSalvin-
Godman Coll. 
terer),

°- <J ad. sk. 

Rio Olaro, Prov. Goiaz, Brazil Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Jb?/wr). 

P. c? ad. sk. Bahia (Dr. WuoJierer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
2-d ad. sk. Para. Iv .Graham, Esq. [P.l 
r. Ad.; s.Iinm.sk. Pernambuco (W. A. Forbes). Salvin-Godmau Coll. 
t- 
<S ad. sk. Valencia, Venezuela (A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Goering), 

u-<$ ad. sk. 

Santa Marta, U. S. Colombia, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
April 2,1879 (F. A. Simons). 

w. 5 imm. sk. Santa Marta (C. W. Wyatt). Sclater Coll. 
«?. $ ad. sk. Bogota. 

Purchased. 

#. c? imm. sk. 

Bogota. 
Sclater Coll. 

y.Ad.js. 5ad.sk, Tunibez, Peru {Jelshi). Sclater Coll. 

«', &'. Skeletons. 

Purchased. 

Subsp. a. Sycalis Jamaica. 

Crithagra brasiliensis, Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 245, pi. Gl (1847, nee 
Gm.). 
Sycalis brasiliensis, Sclater, F. Z. S. 1861, p. 74. 

Adult male. Similar to S.flaveola, but brighter and more uniform 
yellow above, with, the bright orange of the crown continued to the 
uape ; <* upper mandible blackish, lower one horny; feet horncolour; 
iris dark hazel" (Gosse). Total length 4*7 inches, culmon 
0-4, wing 2-6, tail 1*8, tarsus 0-65. 

Three males from Jamaica agree in the above characters. They 
have the wing 2*9-3 inches. 
Flab. Jamaica. 


a. Ad. sk. 
Jamaica. Piu-chased. 
b. Ad.; c. Imm. sk. Jamaica. P. II. Gosse, Esq. [0.]. 
d, c? ad sk. Jamaica (Osburn). Sclater Coll. 
e,f. Skeletons. Jamaica. P. II. Gosse, Esq. [0.]* 
2. Sycalis colombiana *. 
Sycalis columbiana, 
Cab. Mus. Hem. Th. i. p. 147 (1850); Scl. Cat, 
Amer. B. p. 126 (1802) ; Feb. Orn. Bras. p. 231 (1871) ; Set. lbisT 
1872, p. 43; id. § Salv. Nomenel. Av. Neotr. p. 35 (1873) ; 8a!v. 
Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 216 (1882) ; Berlepsch, Ibis, 1884, p. 433. 

* The oldest name for this species is probably Sycalis luteola (Sparrm.). The-
original specimen figured by Sparrmann is in the Stockholm Museum. Sun-* 
devall says that the same species is in that museum from Caraeeas, and that it is 
identical with C. minor of Cabanis. There must be some error here, as Sundevall 
speaks of it as being a small form of C.flaveola, whereas C. minor belongs 
to the C. arvensis group. It is better to drop the name of luteola altogether, and 
accept those around which no uncertainty hangs. The synonymy of Sparrrnann's 
bird is as follows: — 
Emberiza luteola, Sparrm. Mus. Carls, ii. pi. 93 (1789). 
Sycalis luteola, Sundev. Krit. om Sparrm. Mm. Carls, p. 14 (1857). 


380 
VfilNGI LLIDJE. 

Sycalis brasiliensis (nee (JUL), Sel. # Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 573. 

Fringilla oolumbiana, Gray, Ilaml4. B. ii. p. 84, no. 7232 (1870). 

Adult mala. Similar to 8. flaveola, but smaller in size, with the 
back uniform olive-yellow, and the quill-lining narrower and pale 
sulphur-yellow or yellowish white. Total length 4*3 inches, culrnen 
045, wing 2*2, tail 1-5, tarsus 0-6. 

Two other males have the wings 2*4 inches. 

Female. Unknown. 

Young male after the first moult. Not so bright yellow as the 
adult arid greener; the head only slightly more yellow than the 
back and without any orange; underneath paler yellow, with the 
centre of the breast and abdomen white. Wing 2-2-2*3 inches. 

Hah. Venezuela, probably Trinidad, extending into Amazonia. 

a. Ad. sk. Venezuela. Sclater Coll. 
b. Ad. **k. [Trinidad.] Sclater Coll. 
c. S 
ad.', (I-6 juv. Barra do Rio Negro, April Sclater Coll. 
sk. ' 1883 (/. Natterer). 
e. <$ iuv. sk. Barra do Rio Negro, April Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1833 (/. Natterer). 
3. Sycalis pelzelnl 
Chiiy, Azara, Apimt i. p. 479 (1802). 
Passerina flava, Bonn, et Vielll Enc. Mith. iii. p. 032 (1823, pt.). 
Critliagra brasiliensis (nee Gm.), Darwin, Voy. Q Beagle j Birds, 


p. 88 (1841). 
Passerina brasiliensis (nee Gm.), Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 9 (1847). 
? Critliagra flaveola, Bp. Consp. i. p. 521 (1858). 
Sycalis chloropsis, Sel. 8f Sah. P. Z. S. 1809, pp. 101, 632 (nee Bp.). 
Sycalis brasiliensis (nee Gm.)} Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 232 (1871). 
Sycalis pelzelni, Sclater, Ibis, 1872, p. 42; id. fy Salv. Nomencl. Av. 
Neotr. p. 34 (1873) ; Durnf. Ibis, 1877,^ p. 172 ; 'Salv. Cat. Strickl 
Coll. p. 215 (1882) ; Berlepsch $• Ihering, in Madardsz, Zeitschr. 
yes. Orn. ii. p. 125 (1885) ; Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 278. 

Sycalis flaveola (nee L.), Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1873, p. 247: White, 

P. Z. S. 1882, p. 600. 
Sycalis intermedia, Cab. J.f.O. 1883, p. 216. 
Adult male (type of species). General colour above yellow, the 
feathers of the hind neck, mantle, and back mesially streaked with 
blackish; lower back and rump uniform yellow, shaded with dull 
ashy grey; lesser and median coverts like the back ; greater coverts 
also yellow, with blackish shaft-lines; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 
and quills dusky brown, edged with yellow, rather brighter on the 
primaries; upper tail-coverts like the back, but with dusky brown 
centres ; tail-feathers dusky brown, edged with yellow externally; 
crown of head brighter yellow than the back, the forehead deep 
orange ; lores bright yellow, as well as the feathers round the eye; 
ear-coverts yellow, a little duller posteriorly; cheeks and under 
surface of body bright yellow, duller on the sides of the body and 
flanks, the latter with distinct dusky blackish streaks; thighs and 
under tail-coverts blight yellow, as also the under wing-coverts 

42. SYCALIS. :$ai 
and axillaries ; quills below dusky, yellow along fho inner edge ; bill 
dark horn-colour: " legs and feet yellowish brown,J (//. Duntfonf). 
Total length 5-1 inches, culmen o4 , wing 2-9, tail 2, tarsus (Wif>. 

-4<7wZ* female. Different from the male. General colour above 
brown, slightly tinged with yellow, all the feathers menially streaked 
with blackish brown; lower back and rump uniform brown, washed 
with ashy olive ; lesser wing-coverts brown, edged with ashy and 
washed with olive-yellow, the median and greater series edged with 
whity brown ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky 
brown, edged with yellow, brighter on the quills, the inner secondaries 
edged with whitish; upper tail-coverts ashy brown, with 
dusky centres; tail-feathers dark brown, edged with yellow, whitish 
towards the ends of the feathers ; crown of head brown, streaked 
with blackish brown; lores and feathers round the eye whitish ; 
sides of face dull white, streaked with brown, the car-coverts 
browner; throat white ; remainder of under surface ashy white, 
streaked with brown on the fore neck, breast, sides of body, and 
flanks, the latter pale reddish brown with a slight tinge of yellow ; 
abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts uniform ashy whitish ; axillaries 
yellow ; under wing-coverts ashy whitish, tinged with yellow ; 
quills dusky below, yellow along the inner web: " bill horn-brown, 
the lower mandible paler; legs and feet slate-colour; iris wood-
brown" (H. Durnford). Total length 4*8 inches, culmen 0*35, 
wing 2-55, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*65. 

Young male. Resembles the adult female but is rather more 
ashy, especially below, where the streaks are smaller and less 
distinct. 

Hah. Brazil and Argentine Republic to Bolivia. 

a. cf ad. sk. Para. R. Graham, Esq. [P.]. 
b. <$ ad. sk. Bahia, Brazil ( Wucherer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c. d. 6 ad. sk.
e. j ad. sk.
f. (S iuv. sk.
g. <5 ad. sk. 
Brazil. 
Rio de Janeiro. 
La Plata." 
Buenos Ayres. 
M. Olausson [P.]. 
Sclater Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 
Sclater Coll. # (Type 
of 8. pehelni.) 
h, i. <$ S ad. sk. Buenos Ayres (HaskSalvin-
Godman Coll. 
h r? iuv. sk.
I' Q ad. sk.
m n c? 2 ad. sk.
? rf'ad. sk
« P ad sk.
% 5 ad. sk.
r rf ad. sk.
« P ad sk*' * *
t 8 ad. sk.
u Juv sk.
hunt). 
Concliitas (Hudson). 
Pimta Lara, Oct. 17,1875. 
Belgmno, April 5, 1*76. 
Bdgrano Mar. 27,1870. 
Salta, June 19,1878. 
Ctiyaba (batterer). 
Catamarca, Arg. Rep., 
Sept. IS, 1880 (K W. 
White). 
Catamarca, Arg. Rep., 
Aw. 7, 1880 (R W. 
White). 
Cordova (Schueh). 
Bolivia. 
Sclater Coll. 
II. Durnford, Esq. 
II. Durnford, Esq. 
II. Durnford, Esq. 
II. Durnford, Esq. 
Sclater Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 
Sclater Coll 
Sclater Coll 
Mr. Bridges [(.]. 

382 
FJtraaiLLiTK'R. 

4. Sycalis arveasis. 
Chipiu, 
Azara, Aptmt. i. p. 475 (J 802); Hartl.id. Assam, p. 0 
(1817). 

Fringilla arvensw, Kittl Mem. prSs. Acad. St. Peters!), ii. p. 134, 
tub. 4 (WW). 
Orithap-aV brevimstris, GWrf, Toy, 'Beagle? Birds, p. 88 (1841). 
Kringilla biwirostria, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 372 (1840). 
Fringilla ai-vmsis, <VVw/, ft'w. J?, ii. p. 372 (J849); id. Hand-l B. ii. 

p. 84, no. 7220 (1870). 
Sycalis luteivontris (nee Meyen), Barm. La Plata Hem. ii. p. 480 
* (1S(J1); bumf. Ibis, 1877, p. 33 ; Taeum. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 59 
(1880). 
Sycalis arvensis, &?/. # &rfc. P. Z A 1868, p. 140,-White, P. Z. 3. 
1883, p. 433. 
Crithagra brevirostris, Philippi 8f Landb. Cat. Aves Chili, p. 25. 
Sycalis luteola (nee Sparrm.), Scl. Ibis, 1872, p. 25 (pt.); Scl $ 

Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 34 (1873, pt.); Dumford, Ibis, 1877, 

p. 172,1878, p. 304; Scl. # Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 607; Salv. Cat. 
Stricld. Coll. p. 216 (1882); id. P. Z S. 1883, p. 422; Gibson, 
Ibis, 1885, p. 278. 
Adult male, General colour above brown, washed with olive-
yellow, the feathers of the mantle and upper back edged with ashy ; 
and broadly centred with blackish brown; lower back and rump 
olive-greenish, washed with ashy; lesser wing-coverts olive-yellow; 
median and greater coverts, bastard-wing, and primary~coverts dark 
brown, edged with whity brown; quills dark brown, edged with 
whity brown, and with dull olive-yellow near the base ; upper tail-
coverts brown, edged with ashy; tail-feathers dark brown, edged 
with whity brown, and fringed with whitish along the inner web; 
crown of head and hind neck dull olivo-yellow, shaded with ashy, 
the head distinctly streaked with blackish-brown centres to the 
feathers; base of forehead brighter yellow: lores and feathers 
below the eye pale yellow, surmounted by a streak of bright golden, 
yellow; ear-coverts brown, washed with olive-yellow; cheeks, 
throat, and under surface of body bright yellow, shaded with ashy 
on the fore neck and breast; abdomen rather brighter yellow; sides 
of the body and flanks shaded with ashy-brown ends to the feathers; 
thighs ashy whitish; under tail-coverts yellow, the long ones white 
at the ends; under wing-coverts and axillaries yellow; quills 
below dusky, ashy whitish along the edge of the inner web. Total 

length 5-2 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 3, tail 2-1, tarsus 0*6. 
All the males in the British Museum appear to me to be in seasonal 
or winter plumage, or else the ashy shade which pervades the general 
aspect of the bird is an additional specific character distinguishing 
it from its smaller and brighter tropical relatives. 
The adult female is browner than the male, with less yellow on 
the back, the lower back and rump greenish, overshaded with ashy; 
the wing-coverts and quills externally brown; the lores and the 
eyebrow are very faintly represented by a slight yellowish shade, 
and the yellow on the under surface is altogether paler, and more 

42. SYCALIS. 
MS 
saffron-yellow on the cheeks and throat. Total length 5*5 inches, 
oilmen 0*4, wing 2-85, tail 2-1, tarsus 0*65. 

Young. Similar to the old female but more mottled, the whole of 
the upper surface, including the lower back and rump, being broadly • 
streaked with blackish centres to the feathers; wing-coverts and 
quills edged with white or yellowish white, the secondaries externally 
brown; lores, eyebrow, cheeks, and throat whiter than in the 
old female; breast and abdomen pale yellow, the fore nock and 
breast thickly streaked with dark-brown centres to the feathers, tho 
flanks less distinctly striped. 

In its first winter plumage the young bird closely resomblcs tho 
adult female, but is more distinctly streaked above, and is paler 
below, with tiny brown streaks on the fore nock and chest. 

Hob* Southern Brazil, Argentine Eepublic, Bolivia, and Chili to 

Southern Peru. 

a. Ad. sk. Brazil. 
Purchased. 
I. 
<3 ad. sk. Oonchitas, Buenos Ayres, Sclater Coll. 
Oct. 18G6 (W. E. 
Hudson). 
c. Ad.; d. Iram.sk. Buenos Ayres, Nov. 5, II. Durnford, Esq. [P.]. 
1876. 
<vAd. sk. Buenos Ayres, May 20, II. Durnford, E&q. [P.]. 
1876. 
/. $ ad. sk. Uruguay, Aug. 1877. Alan Peel, Esq. [0.]. 
g, h. S $ ad. sk. Matogrosso, July 22,1825 Sclater Coll. 

(J. Natterer). 
i. Ad. sk. Bolivia. W. Bridges, Esq. [0.]. 
kf I. Ad. sk. Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Bolivia ( C. Buckley), 
m, n. Ad. sk. Mendoza (Burmeider). Salvin-Godman Coll. 


o. Ad. sk. Chili. 
Sclater Coll. 
p. Juv. sk. Chili (PMippi). Sclater Coll. 
q, r. 
<S ? ad. sk. Prov. Santiago, Chili Sclater Coll. 
(Landbeck). 


s. 
J ad. sk. Prov. Santiago, Chili Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Landheck). 
I 
2 iuv. sk. Coquimbo, Chili, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
imi (A. H.Markham). 


u. 
Ad. sk. Talcahuano, Chili (A. II Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Markham). 
Subsp. a. Sycalis luteiven.tris. 

Fringilla luteiventris, Meyen, JSF. Acta Acad. Leop. xvi. Suppl. p. 87, 
pL 12. fig. 3 (1834); Gratj, Gen. B. ii. p. 372 (1849); id. Ilcmd-l 

B. ii. p. 84, no. 7230 (1870). 
Crithagra luteiventris, Bp. Consp. i. p. 521 (1850). 
Sycalis arvensis {nee Kittl), Sclater, Cat Amer. B. p. 126; ttf. i . Z. a. 
1807, p. 323; Tacz. Orn. Berou, iii. p. 61 (1886). 
Sycalis futeiventris, Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 342; id, $ Stdv. P. Z. S. 

Svcalis'luteola (nee Sparrm.), Berlepsch fy Tacz. P. Z. S. 1884, 

p. 294; Tacz. % Berlepsch, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 85. 
Sycalis raimondi, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 522. 
Adult male. Similar to S. minor, and of small size and bright 

384 
FRINGILLrDJL 

coloration, but having the outer tail-feather obliquely marked with 
white. Total length 4'7 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 2*75, tail 1*85, 
tarsus 0*55. 

The length of wing in this subspecies varies from 2*7 to 2*85 
inches. 
Hah. Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia. 

«.Ad.sk. 
Lima, Peru (W. Nation). Sclater Coll. 

L. $ ad. sk. 
Arequipa, Peru, Feb. 20, Sclater Coll. 
1868 (II. WMtehj). 
e,d. Ad.sk. Sical, Ecuador (C. Buckley). Salvin-Godman GolL 

e. (S ad. sk. Cuenca, Ecuador, Nov. 1807 Sclater Coll. 
{L. Fraser). 
f, ff, h. 
Ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll. 
Ifc.Ad.sk. Bogota (G. Crowther). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Subsp. /3. Sycalis minor. 

Sycalis minor, Cab. in Schomb. Bets. Gitian. iii. p. 670 (1848) ; Pelz. 

" Dm. Bras. p. 232 (1871); Salv. Ibis, 1885, p. 217. 
Crithagra hilarii, Bp. Consp. i. p. 521 (1850). 
Sycalis hilarii, Cab. Mm. Hein. Th. i. p. 147 (1850); Sunn. Th. 

'Bras. iii. p. 254 (1856); Sol. Cat Amer. B. p. 126 (1802); id. 
$ Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 573; Feb. Orn. Bras. p. 282 (1871). 
Fringilla kilarii, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 84, no. 7282 (1870). 
Adult male. Similar to 8. arvensis, but smaller and brighter 
yellow below; ear-coverts and sides of neck brighter olive-yellow, 
the latter much more brilliant than in S. luteiventris. Total length 
4*6 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2-5, tail 1*6, tarsus 0*6. 
Adult female. Similar to the male, but browner and greener on 
the rump. Total length 4*6 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*55, tail 1*7, 
tarsus 0*55. 
Hah. Amazonia, Venezuela, and Guiana. 

a. $ 
ad. sk. Island of Mexiana, Lower Ama- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
zons, Dec. 1848 (A. R. Wallace). 
b. $ ad. sk. Island'of Mexiana {A. M. W.). Sclater Coll. 
c. S ad. sk. Caraccas, Venezuela. Sclater Coll. 
Subsp. y. Sycalis chrysops. 

Sycalis chrysops, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 376; Salv. Ibis, 1866, 

*p. 104; Scl. Ibisj 1872, p. 45, pi. ii. fig. 1; id. $ Salv. Nomencl. 
Av. Neotr. p. 85 (1878); Sab. $ Godm. Biol Centr.-Amen, Aves* 
I p. 483 (1886). 

Eringilla chrysops, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 84, no. 7287 (1870). 

Adult male (type of species). Very similar to S. arvensis, font 
without any white on the outer tail-feather, which resembles that 
of the true S. arvensis. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0*&5, wing 
2*55, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*6. 

Hah. Central America, from Mexico to Guatemala. 

a. S ad. sis:. Mexico. , Sclater Coll (Type 
b. Imm. sk. Buenas, Guatemala,
of species.) 
Salvin-Godman Coll 
Sept. 1862 (O. S.). 

42. SYCAIAS. 
3X5 

5. Sycalis taczanowskii *. 
Gnathospiza 
raimondi, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 820, 750, pi. xxxvi. 
%. 1; id. Orn. Perou, hi. p. 6 (1886). 
GvrMnorhjTiclius flavomentum (?), Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 107, no. 
% 7828 (1870, notnen nudum). 

Adult male. General colour above brown, with blackish-brown 
centres to the feathers of the mantle and back, which are also washed 
with ashy; rump uniform ashy brown ; wing-coverts brown, darker 
in the centre and edged with rufous ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 
and quills dark brown, edged with whity brown, the primaries edged 
with olive-yellow, the inner secondaries with rufous like the greater 
coverts: upper tail-coverts dusky brown, edged with yellow ; tail-
feathers blackish, edged with whity brown, with a good deal of 
yellow towards the base; crown of head like the back and similarly 
mottled with dark centres to the feathers, the head washed also 

with yellow, more distinctly on the sides of the crown ; lores and 
feathers round the eye yellow; eyelid whitish; ear-coverts and 
cheeks ashy brown, washed with yellow; cheeks ashy whitish, the 
chin yellow; sides of neck ashy brown ; fore neck with a yellow 
patch; remainder of under surface white, with a faint tinge of 
yellow; sides of body and flanks light brown, the latter narrowly 
streaked with dark brown ; thighs ashy whitish ; under tail-coverts 
yellow, ashy whitish at the ends; under wing-coverts ashy whitish, 
the edge of the wing mottled with dark bases, and washed with 
yellow; axillaries yellow, with ashy-whitish bases; quills below 
dusky, isabelline along the inner edge. Total length 5 inches, 
enlmen 0*45, wing 2'6B, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*7. 

Two specimens, collected by Capt. Kellett and Lieut. "Wood, are 
greyer than the bird described, and the margins to the wing-coverts 
and quills are whitish and not rufous. The under surface of the 
body is whiter, and there is no yellow on the fore neck. 

Hah. Peru and Ecuador. 

a. S ad. sk. Tumbez, Peru (Jehtki). Sclater Coll. 
L c. Ad. sk. St. Elena Bay. Capt. Kellett and Lieut. 
Wood [P.]. 

* As already stated, I regard this species as nothing more than a thick-
billed Sycali8i and its name should therefore be Sycalis raimondi (Tacz.); but as 
Dr. Toczanowski has already bestowed this name on the Peruvian 8. iutelvenfri$, 
I propose to call the species after the original describer, whose standard 
work on the Ornithology of Peru has been of such assistance to myself and 
all students of South-American ornithology. The locality "N.W. coast of 
America," assigned by the late Gk B. Gray to his 6r. flavomentum, is clearly a 
mistake. 
2c

VOL. XII. 

386 FKtNGILLID^. 

43. PYRRHOPLECTES. T^pQ 
Pyrrlioplectes, Hodqs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844). P. epauletta. 
Pyrrhuloides, Blyth, J". A. Si Bang. xiii. p. 951 (1844). P. epauletta. 

In structure apparently identical with Carjpodacus, but its peculiar 
style of plumage renders it convenient to keep it distinct from that 
genus. 

Hab. Himalaya Mountains. 

1. Pyrrhoplectes epauletta. 
Pyrrhula? epauletta, Hodgson, Asiat. Research, xix. p. 166 (1836); 
Gray. Gen. B. ii. p. 387 (1844) ; id. Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. 
Hodgs. p. 110 (1846); id. Hand4. B. ii. p.# 99, no. 7485 (1870). 

Pyrrhoplectes epauletta, Ilodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, 

"pi. 303.figs. 3, 4 (nos. 462, 463), pi. 304. figs. 1, 2 (DOB. 462, 463); 
id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844) j id. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 36 ; 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 524 (1850) j Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. JS. 1. Co. 
Mus. ii. p. 455 (1856); Jerd. B. Lid. ii. p. 382 (1863) ; Hume, 
Str. F. 1879, p. 108. 

Pyrrhuloides epauletta, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 951 (1844) ; id. 
Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 337 (1849). 

Adult male. General colour above black ; wing-coverts and quills 

a little more glossy black, the innermost secondaries white along the 

inner web, forming a longitudinal streak; tail-feathers black; a 

broad frontal band of black ; rest of crown and nape deep orange ; 

lores, feathers over the eye, ear-coverts, cheeks, and under surface 

of body black, with a little orange-brown in the centre of the abdo


men ; thighs and under tail-coverts black; axillaries orange-buff; 

xmder wing-coverts white, edged with orange-buff, the lower ones 

entirely white; quills dusky below, ashy along the inner web: " bill 

black; legs fleshy grey; iris brown" (J5. H. Hodgson). Total 

length 5-6 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3*05, tail 2-25, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 

ruddy brown, ashy grey on the hind neck and mantle, and becoming 

deeper rufous or chestnut on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-

coverts ; wing-coverts ruddy brown, the median and greater series 

edged externally with chestnut; bastard-wing dusky, rufescent ex


ternally ; quills black, the inner secondaries externally chestnut, 

with a longitudinal white mark along the inner web; tail-feathers 

blackish ; forehead ashy blackish, as well as the lores and feathers 

around the eye and below the latter; feathers on the hinder crown 

blackish, edged with olive-yellow as they approach the nape, which 

is entirely olive-yellow; cheeks and ear-coverts dark ashy, washed 

with olive-yellow; sides of neck dark ashy; under surface of body 

chestnut, paler on the abdomen, browner on the breast and inclining 

to brick-red on the throat; thighs ashy grey, as also the sides of the 

upper breast; axillaries pale orange-buff; under wing-coverts white, 

edged with orange-buff; quills dusky below, ashy whitish along the 

inner web: "soft parts as in male " (B. H. Hodgson). Total length 

5*5 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 3*1, tail 2-25, tarsus 0*7. 

44 . CABPODACUS. 
387 
The brown colour on the abdomen of tbe male seems to disappear 
entirely with age, but it is more often the remains of immature 
plumage, for, from many specimens in the Hume Collection in a 
state of change, it is evident that the young male at first resembles 
the old female and gradually acquires the full black plumage. 

Hab. Himalayas, from Simla to Sikhim. 

a. $ ad. sk. Kotegurh, near Simla. Hume Coll. 
b7 c. g ad.; d, e. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
$ad.;/,<jr. tf (Types of species.) 
juv. sk. 

h. 
<$ ad. sk. Nepal {B. H. Hodgson). India Museum. 
i,k.<$ 2ad.; l,m. Native Sikhim, Jan. 1877 (X. Hume Coll. 
djuv. sk. Mandelli). 

n. tfad. sk. 
Native Sikhim, Feb. 1876 (X. Hume Coll. 
Mandelli). 

o. djuv. sk. 
Native Sikhim, Feb. 1874 (X. Hume Coll. 
Mandelli). 

tSt

P> %> r 3 a^-sk* Native Sikhim, March (X. Hume Coll. 
Mandelli). 
t, u. $ ad.; v. $ Native Sikhim, March (X. Hume Coll. 
imm. sk. Mandelli). 
wi x. 2 ad. sk. Native Sikhim, April 1874 (X. Hume Coll. 
Mandelli). 

y. 
<$ ad. sk. Native Sikhim, Aug. 1874 (X. Hume Coll. 
Mandelli). 
%. <? ad. sk. Interior of Sikhim, April 1873 Hume Coll. 

(X. Mandelli). 
a1. <$ ad. sk. Interior of Sikhim, Aug. 1873 Hume Coll. 
(X. Mandelli). 
&', c'. <$ $ ad. ; Sikhim, Feb. (X. Mandelli), Hume Coll. 
d\e\ cJjuv.sk. 
/ . J ad. sk. Sikhim, March 1874 (X. Man- Hume Coll. 
delli). 
g\ $ ad. sk. Sikhim, Julv 1873 (X. Man- Hume Coll. 
delli). 
h\ $ ad. sk. Sikhim, August 1874 (X. Man- Hume Coll, 
delli). 
»'. 
$ ad. sk. Sikhim, Oct. 1873 (X. Mandelli). Hume Coll. 
Sikhim (X. Mandelli). Hume Coll. 

#,*'. <?; ™>'-5 
ad. sk. 

Sikhim (W. E. Brooks). Hume Coll. 

n', o'. $ ad. sk. 

Darjiling, winter 1869-70 (XT. Hume Coll. 

p\ c? imm. sk. 

J. fflwes). 
-q'-u'. 
(S j V, w', Darjilmg. Hume Coll. 
x\ $ad.;y'sr. 
3 imm.; a. $ 
imm. sk. 

44. CARPODACUS. 
Type. 
Carpodacus, Kaup, Natihii. Syst. p. 161 (1829) C. erythrinus. 
Erythrothorax, Brehm, V'6g. Deutschl. p. 249 (1831).. C. erythrinus. 
Hsemorrhous, Swains. Classif. B.ii. p. 295 (1837).... C. purpureus. 
Pyrrhulinota, JHodgs. in (xray's Zool. Misc. p. 85 

(1844) C. erythrinus. 
Propasser, Hodgs. t. c. p. 84 ». .. . 0. rhodochrous. 
2c2 

388 
yjftlNGILLIDJS. 

Hgematospiza, Blyth, J. A. 8, Beng. xiii. p. 951 
(1844) C sipaM, 
Phoenicospiza, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng, xxiii. p. 213 
(1854) ,... . C. rhodochroits. 

Range. North-eastern and Eastern Europe, Asia Minor, Palestine, 
and Arabia, throughout N. Asia and the Indian Peninsula, especially 
developed in the Himalayas and mountains of Western China. 
North America generally to Mexico. 

Key to the Species. 

Males. 

a. Sides of body and flanks perfectly uniform, 
without dusky shaft-streaks. 
a\ No pearly white spots on the head or 
throat, which are uniform. 
afr . Smaller: lower back and rump decidedly 
brighter than the back; lower abdomen 
and under tail-coverts decidedly paler 
than the breast, whitish, shaded with 
rosy erythrinus, p. 30:j. 

b". Larger: lower back and rump perfectly 
uniform with the back ; abdomen and 
under tail-coverts rich crimson, like 
the rest of the under and upper surface, sipafa', p. 39?. 

h\ Head spotted or spangled with pearly white. 

c". Larger: throat and breast spotted with 
white dots, the latter being surrounded 
with broad crimson edges. 


a"\ Back deep rosy ruMcilla, p. S99. 
b'". Back pale sandy brown, with a faint , , . .-rt 

setp^h?

tinge of rosy . .\ ...... P- ^0d". 
Smaller: no white spots on the throat I "«*«&»«&», P- 402. 
and breast. 
c"\ No rosy bands across the wings. 

«4. Back uniform ashy brown, with no 
dusky shaft-streaks stoliczkte, p. 403. 
¥, 
Back paler brown, with a rosy tinge 
and dusky shaft-lines sitmitieus, p. 403. 

d,n 

. With two rosy bands across the 
wincf, formed by the rosy ends to the 
median and greater coverts .. trifastiatim, p. 404. 

b. Sides of body streaked, or always with well-
marked blackish shaft-lines; generally a 
distinct eyebrow. 
c\ Crown of head uniform, not broadly 
streaked with dark centres to the feathers 
[sometimes dusky shaft-lines may be 
present, but the general aspect of thehead 
is uniform, in contrast to the colour of 
the back]. 


e". Breast perfectly uniform, not streaked 
[beyond a blackish shaft-line]. 


e'". "With a conspicuous rosy or crimson 
rump-patch, contrasting with the 
back. 


44. CARPODACUS. 
cK With no rosy spotting on the 
scapulars. 


a5. Larger: with distinct lanceolate 
plumes of pearly white on the 
throat and sides of the face. 


a*> No white tips to the median 
wing-coverts. 
a1. A distinct frontal band of 
narrow lanceolate plumes 
of pearly white rhodochlamys, p. 406. 

b7. A distinct eyebrow of pearly-
white plumes, duller towards 
tke base of the nostrils, 
but not extending 
into a frontal band grandis, p. 405. 

b6. Median wing-coverts tipped 
with rosy white, forming a 
wing-bar roseus, p. 407. 

¥. Smaller: no lanceolate plumes 
on the throat and chin. 


ce. Feathers of back mottled with 
dark centres to the feathers• 
no spots of pink at the end of 
the inner secondaries. 


c1. Abdomen and under tail-
coverts white, with a slight 
rosy tinge 


a9. Smaller: crown deep 
crimson, not different in 
tint from the back purpureus, p. 409. 

bn. Larger: crown bright 
crimson, contrasting with 
the back cassini, p. 412. 

<F. 
Abdomen and under tail-
coverts deep rose-colour 
like the breast rhodochrous, p. 413. 
d?. Back uniform deep crimson; 
inner secondaries with a spot 
of rosy pink at the ends vinaceus, p. 416. 

d*. Scapulars with conspicuous markings 
of rosy pink ; inner secondaries 
also with a large spot of ro&y 
pink at the end of the outer web rhodopeplus, p. 417. 

f'\ 
Rump nearly of the same colour as 
the back, though not streaked like 
the latter; lower back and rump 
dark brown with a rosy tinge, but 
not showing a large rosy patch as 
in the allied species ." edwardti, p. 418. 


f. 
Breast ashy whitish, broadly streaked 
with brown. 
ff"r. Frontal band sharply defined and 
continued into a broad eyebrow. 
e4. Rose-colour confined to the throat, mexicanus, p. 423. 

f. Rose-colour extending over the .r08ei tm 424> 
breast < ampjm p 454 
h'". Frontal band not strictly confined to { i '


 r' 
the forehead, but overspreading the 
frown frontalis, p. 421. 

390 
MttffGILLIDiE. 

d\ Crown of head broadly streaked with dark 
brown or blackish, like the back. 


y". A broad band of pearly-white feathers 
across the forehead and continued on 
to the eyebrow j a more or leas concealed 
white band above the dark ear-
coverts ; abdomen white. 


%"'. General colour above dark chocolate-
brown thura, p. 425. 
k'". General colour above light earthy 
brown dubius, p. 427. 
h". No pearly-white band across the forehead, 
/"'. Eyebrow and throat deep crimson; no 
pearly-white eyebrow ambiguus, p. 428. 

m"'. Eyebrow, throat, and under surface 
rosy with a pearly gloss, especially 
on the eyebrow pulcherrimus, p. 429. 

Females *. 

a. 
Bump ashy or brown like the back, without 
bright colours. 
a'. Flanks almost or entirely uniform, with 
never more than dusky shaft-lines, not 
broadly streaked with blackish brown 
like the breast, 


a". Above rufous or olive-brown. 
a'". No pale streak above the ear-coverts erythrinus, p. 393. 
b'". A strongly marked pale band above 

the ear-coverts. 
a4. Above olive-brown; ochreous 
below vinaceus, p. 416. 

¥, Above and below ruddy brown, 
with a reddish tinge on the rump 
and abdomen edwardsi, p. 419. 

b". Above pale sandy or whity brown, like 
the under surface of body stoliczkce, p. 403. 
b'. Flanks thickly streaked with blackish 
brown like the breast. 


c". Uniform above. 
c'". Above deep chocolate-brown mexicanus, p. 423. 
k'". Ashy brown above frontalis, p. 421. 

d". Broadly streaked above. 
/'". Under tail-coverts uniform, without 


blackish centres. 
c4. Under tail-coverts white .... .. purpureas, p. 410. 
d4. Under tail-coverts sandy buff like 

the abdomen rhodochrous, p. 414. 
m'". Under tail-coverts with blackish 
centres roseipectus, p, 424. 
eK Larger: wing over 8-6 inches. . ^ 40 g 
«•. Rump nearly umform [ruHoUte,?. 399. 

* This " Key" is less complete than for the males, as I have some doubts as 
to the correct determination of some of the hen birds, and some I have not seen. 
It can only be taken as a rough guide to the determination of the females. 
44 . CABPODACUS. 
391 

b5. Bump streaked with, blackish 
brown rhodochlamys, p. 407. 
/ 4 . Smaller : wing not exceeding* 3*6 
inches. 

c5. Inner secondaries with a large 
spot of ochreous at the end of 
the outer web of the inner 
secondaries rhodopeplusf p. 418. 

d5. No conspicuous spot at the end 
of the inner secondaries, which 
are pale-edged. 


aQ. No olive on the upper surface. 

a7. Light eyebrow very broad 
and plain, not streaked with 
blackish verreauzi, p. 416. 

b7. Light eyebrow indistinct 
and lined with blackish 
shaft-streaks. 

a8. No olive-green on the back. 
ad. Dull white below ... . ambiguus, p. 428. 
b9. Sandy-coloured below. pulcherrimus, p. 430. 

b9. Upper parts washed with 
olive-green cassini, p. 412. 

b. Rump rosy ; breast washed with rosy roseus, p, 408. 
c. Rump yellow j broadly streaked with black; 
throat and breast chestnut-brown, the fore 
neck and breast streaked with black thura, p. 426. 
d. Rump uniform bright golden yellow sipahi, p. 398. 
L Carpodacus erythriaus. 
Loxia erythrina, Pall. N. Comm. Acad. Set. St Petersb. xiv. p. 587, 
pi. 23. &g. 1 (1770) j Gm. Syst Nat i. jo. 864 (1788). 
Crimson-headed Finch, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii< pt, i. p. 271 (1789). 
Loxia cardinalis (nee L.), Beseke, Vog. Kw'lands, p. 77 (1792). 
Loxia rosea (nee Pall), Vieill. Ois. Chant pi. Ixv. (1805). 
Loxia erythrasa, Endler ty Scholz, Schlesische Naturf. i. p. 17, pi. 5, 

ii. p. 185, pi. 77 (1809-10). 
Fringilla olivacea, Pafin. Caratt. p. 6 (1810, teste Salvad.). 
Pyrrhula erythrina, Pall Zoogr. Posso-Asiat. ii. p. 8 (1811) ; Temm. 
Man. tfOrn. i. p. 335 (1820); Naum. Vog. Deutschlir. p. 172, 
pi. 113 (1824); Wernerf Atlas, Granivores^l 33 (c. 1827); MSnUr. 
Cat rais. Cauc. p. 43 (1832); JBree, B. Bur. iii pi. to p. 69 (1864) j 
Borgm\ Vogelf. NorddeutschL p. 74 (1869); Newton, ed. Yarr. Brit 
B.il p. 174(1877). 

Fringilla olivacea, Pqfm. Caratt. p. 6 (1810, teste Salvad.). 

Fringilla erythrina, Meyer, Vog. Liv- und Bsthl. p. 77, cum tab. 
(1815) j EM. Kupf. Vog. pi. 32.fig. 1 (1832) ; Nordm. inDSmid. 
Vog. Muss. MSrid. iii. p. 182 (1840) j Sundev. Svemk.Fogl pi. 65. 
fig. 2 (c. 1870). 

Ooccothraustes rosea, Vieill N. Diet d'Hist Nat. xiii.p.539 (1817). 

Linaria erythrina, Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 552. 

Ooccothraustes erythrina,Bonn.et Vieill Enc.MUk. iii.p. 1003(1823). 

Fringilla incerta, Bisso, Hist Nat Bur. Mirid. iii. p. 52 (1826); 

MoiLVj Orn. Provenq. pi. 78 bis (c. 1826). 

FRJWGILLID2E. 

Carpodacua erytlmnus, Kaup, Naturl. Syst. p. 161 (1829); Gray, 
Gen. B. ii. p. 384 (1844); id. Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pre*. 
Jlodt/s. p. 110 (1840) j Bh/th, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p 122 (1849) ; 
Bp. ty Schl Monogr. Lniens, p. 12, pi. 14 (1850) • Bp. Consp. I. 

p. 584 (1850); Cab. 3Ius. Hein. Tli. i. p. 165 (1850) ; #o/v?f. 8f 
Moore, Cat. B. E. I. Co. Mas. ii. p. 456 (1850) ; Jaitb. $ Barth.-
Lapomm. Rich. Orn.y. 118, cum tab. (1859); von Nordm. Bull. 
Nat. Mosc. xxxiii. pt. 1, p. 16 (1860); Swnh. Ihis,lSm, p. 95; 
Jerri. B. Lid. ii. p. 398 (1863); FUippi, Viagg. Pers. p. 349 
* 
(lbC5); Blyth, Ibis, 1*66, y. 228; JDegl. $r Gerbe, Orn. Bur. I. 
p. 254 (1867); JWyM, 2&w, 1867, p. 44; Beavan, Iks, 1868, 
p. 177; Feb. t. c. p. 318; Do&W. -4w/. Sicil p. 77 (1869); 
ifroofo, Ibis, I860, p. 59; JWfocA, Vog. Bur. tab. 22, tigs. 12, 13 
(c. 1870); Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 101, no. 7507 (1870) ; Dres&er, 
B. Bur. iv. p. 75, pi. 195 (1871); Gould, B. Ot. Brit. iii. pi. 43 
(1871); Salmd. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 16 (1871) ; Szcirih. P. Z. S. 
1871, p. 387; Barfing, Handb. Brit. B. p. 112(1872); Alst. Sf 
Ilarvie Brown, Ibis,11878, p. 64; Severtz. TurJcest Jevotn. p. 64 
(1873); Hume Sf Benders. Lahore to YarJe. p. 259 (1873); Dresser, 
Ibis, 1875, p. 245; Wardkno Ramsay, t. c. p. 352 ; Danf. # Ilarvie 
Brown, t. c. p. 414; Brooks, Str: F. 1875, p. 255 ; Blyth $ Wald. B. 
Burm. p. 94 (1875j ; Butler Sr Hume, t. c. p.498 ; Seebohm 8f Ilarvie 
Brown, Ibis, 1876, p. 115; Scidly,Str.F. 1876, p. 170; Fairb. t.c. 
p. 261; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool France, i. p. 181 (1876); Prjev. in 
Bowleg's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 181 (1877) ; Butler, Str. F. 1877, p. 230 ; 
Fimch, Ibis, 1877, p. 51; Seebohm, t c. p. 165 ; Banf. t c. p. 274 ; 
Wardlaw Ramsay, t, c. p. 461; David &r Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 350 
(1877); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii. p. 151 (1877); Danf. Ibis, 
1878, p. 26; Seeholwi, t c. p. 334; Hume fy Davison, Str. F. vi. 
p. 409 (1878); Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 233 (1878) ; Hume, t. c. p. 504 
(1878); Butler, Cat. B. Sindetc. p. 48 (1879) ; Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 68 
(1879); Finsch, Reis. Wed-Sibir. p. 100 (1879) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. 
Zool. France, iv. p. 138 (1879); Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 108; 
Scully, t. c. p. 335; Butler, Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 63 (1880) ; 
Tidal, Str. F. 1880, p. 72; Inglis, t. c. p. 2o7 ; Butler, t. c. p. 416; 
Barnes, t. c. p. 457; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1880, p. 67 ; Biddulph, 
Ibis, 1881, p. 83; Giglioli, t. c. p. 204; Scully, t. c, p. 577; 
Reid, Sir. F. 1881, p. 57; C. Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 114: Seebohm, 
t. c. pp. 219, 378 ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vii. p. 394 (1882) ; 
Davidson, Str. F. 1882, p. 314; Oates, B. Burm. i.p. 345 (1883) ; 
Davison, Str, F. 1883, p. 403 ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 10 ; Severtz. 
t. c. p. 56; Homeyer fy TancH, MT. orn. Yer. Wien, 1883, 
p. 90; Seebohm, Hist Brit. B. ii. p. 46 (1884); Brooks, Ibis, 
1884, p. 234; Marshall, t. c. p. 420; Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 163 
(1884); Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 189 (1884); Swmh. cf 
Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 129; Salvad. Blench. Ucc. Ital p. 180 (1887). 
Erythrothorax rubrifrons, Brehm, Vog. DeutscU. p. 249 (3831); id. 
Naum. 1856, p. 276; id. Vogelf. p.'90 (1855). 
Chlorobpiza incerta, Bp. Faun. Ital, Ucc. pi. 38 (1832) ; Degl. Orn. 
^ Eur. i. p. 202 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 513 (1850). 

Ervtbrospiza ervthrina, Bp. Comp. List B. Fur. fy "N. Arner. p. 35 
(1838); Gould, B. Bur. pi. 206; Blyth, J. A.-S. Beng. xii. p. 953 
(1844). 

IJsemorrlious roseus, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi. p. 36 (1840). 

Pyrrhulinota rossecolor 
vel P. rosea, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mtis., 
Paswes, pi. 302. figs. 1-3 (no. 464), pi. 304. fig. 5 (no. 464) ; id, 
in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844). 

44 . CABPODACUS. 39 3 
Propasser sordida, Hodgs. Icon. ined. pi. 300. figs. 1, 2 (no. 452); id. 

in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844). 

Pyrrhulinota roseata, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 36. 

Pyrrhula (Carpodacus) erythrina, Middend. Sibir. Reis. p. 150 

(1851); Schrenck, Reis. Amurl. p. 294 (1859) : Radde, Reis. Sibir. 

p. 185(1863). 
Carpodacus roseus {nee Pall), Leith Adams, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 177. 
Carpodacus erythrseus, Dybowski, J.f.O. 1868, p. 335. 
Carpodacus ervthrinus grebnitskii, Stejneger, Bull. TJ. S. Nat. Mas. 
no. 29, p. 265 (1885). 

Adult male. General colour above dark brown, the feathers of the 
mantle and upper back slightly mottled with dusky centres, all 
washed with rosy or pale crimson; lower back and rump dull rosy; 
lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts dark 
brown, edged with whity brown at the tips, slightly tinged with 
rosy ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, edged 
with paler or whity brown, tinged with rosy, especially on the 
primaries ; upper tail-coverts light brown, slightly washed with rosy; 
tail-feathers brown, edged with reddish brown ; crown of head dull 
crimson, extending on to the occiput, nape, and hind neck; lores 
ashy ; eyelid dull whitish ; ear-coverts brown, washed with crimson, 
as well as below the eye; cheeks, throat, and breast bright crimson, 
fading away paler on the latter; centre of breast and abdomen 
dull white, slightly washed with crimson : sides of body and flanks 
brown, slightly washed with crimson; thighs brown; under tail-
coverts white; under wing-coverts and axillaries yellowish buff with 
ashy bases, edge of wing washed with crimson; quills below dusky, 
ashy along the inner edge : " bill greyish horny, culmen dusky ; legs, 
feet, and claws brownish; iris hazel-brown " (J. Badly). Total 
length 5'5 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 3*2, tail 2-25, tarsus 0*75. 

The specimen described is a male collected by Mr. Meves in 
North Russia on the 22nd of June, and therefore in full breeding-
plumage. Indian specimens are as a rule much more brilliant, with 
crimson all over the upper surface and on the wings and tail-feathers, 
while the under surface is rich crimson, becoming paler and more 
rose-coloured on the abdomen. The lores and upper margin of the 
ear-coverts are very dark brown, forming a stripe. Along with 
these brilliantly coloured specimens occur paler rose-coloured birds : 
and Colonel Butler marks these rosy specimens as in cold-weather 
plumage, while the crimson birds he considers to be in full breeding-
plumage. Occasionally these full-plumaged birds have a mixture 
of saffron-yellow on the throat and on the wings and tail. 

Adult female. General colour above olive-brown, with dusky centres 
to the feathers of the mantle and back ; lower back and rump uniform 
olive-brown, as well as the upper tail-coverts; lesser wing-coverts 
like the back; median and greater coverts dark brown, edged with 
olive and tipped with yellowish white, forming a double wing-bar; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, edged with 
olive, white on the edge of the primaries; tail-feathers dark brown, 
edged with olive ; crown of head like the back, and streaked with 

394 
FRINGHLID-E. 

dusky centres to the feathers; lores ashy ; eyelid whitish ; ear-coverts 
dark brown washed with olive; cheeks light ochreous brown, with 
a distinct malar streak of dusky ; throat dull white, streaked with 
brown ; fore neck and breast ochreous buff, with distinct dusky 
centres to the feathers; abdomen white; sides of body and flanks 
brown with dusky stripes : thighs brown ; under tail-coverts white, 
with brown centres to the longer ones; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries ochreous buff, the outer ones with brown bases ; quills 
below dusky, ashy along the inner edge : " bill light fleshy brown ; 
legs, feet, and claws also light fleshy yellow; iris dark brown " (C. 

T. Bingham): " legs and feet livid fleshy ; claws bronzy " (J. Scully). 
Total length 5-2 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 3, tail 2, tarsus 0-75. 
Young male. Eesembles the old female, but has the stripes on the 

throat and breast rather smaller and not so distinct. Total length 

5*2 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 3-1, tail 2, tarsus 0*7. 

Young birds are generally recognized by the yellow tint on the 

under surface and the yellowish tips to the wing-coverts, which 

form a very distinct double wing-bar. 

Winter-plumaged examples of the adult female are always more 

buff than in summer, when the under surface gets bleached to dull 

white, with the stripes very much obliterated. 

Hab. Northern Europe and Siberia to Kamtschatka, wintering to 
the south of these localities, especially in India and the Burmese 
Peninsula. Accidental in Western Europe. 

a. 5 ad. sk. Kamtschatka. Purchased. 
b. $ ad. sk. Russia. 
Moscow Mus. [PA 
c. 2 ad. sk. Archangel. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
d. $ ad. sk. Wytegra, N. Russia, June 22, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1869 (JF. Meves). 
*>/• <J j^v. sk. Onega Lake, June 17, 1869 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(W. Meves). 
</, h. (S 2 ad- sk. Karadagh, Asia Minor, May 20, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1876 (C G. Danford). 

i. <$ ad. sk. Karij Valley, Elbruz MounW. 
T. Blanford, Esq. 
tains, Aug. 8,1872. [0.1. 
k, J ad. sk. Altai Mountains. Gould Coll. 
/. (S ad. sk. Chin, Altai Mountains, June 9, Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 

1876 (Dr. O. Finsch). 

m. § ad. sk. Turkestan (Dr. O. Mnsch). Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 
n. <$ ad. sk. Afghanistan (Dr. Griffith). India Museum. 
o,p. 
d ad.; q. $ Kandahar, April 1881. Ool. Swinhoe [P.]. 
ad. sk. 

r. 2 ad. sk. Said Yanoo, May 5,1881. Col. Swinhoe [PA 
s, t. c? ad. sk. Khusan, W. Afghanistan, Dr. Aitchison [C.]. 
April 1885. 

u. $ ad. sk. Sun-koh, May 18, 1885. Dr. Aitchison [C.]. 
v. <$ juv. sk. Sehwan, Sind, Oct. 19, 1887 Hume Coll. 
(A. O. H.). 
w. (S ad. sk. Goond, Sind Valley, May 25. Hume Coll. 
1871 (W. R Brooks). 
*r

» V> 6 ? ad. sk. Sambhur, April 1878 (R. M. Hume Coll. 
Adam). 


44 . CAKPODACUS. 
395 

*. d ad. sk. Mount Aboo, April 5, 1875(R A. Butler).
a', d ad. sk. Abu Station, April 29, 1858

(G. King).
b\ e', $. d ad. sk. Dera Ghazi Khan, March 1872.
<?' $ ad. sk. Attack, 1869.
/. d ad. sk. Agrore, April 27,1870 (JET. H.
Uhwin).
9'. $ ad. sk. Lahore, Dec. 12, 1865 (C. H.

T. Marshall),
A'. 2 ad. sk. Delhi, April 2, 1876 (C. T.
Bingham).

*r 

. d ad. sk. Near Sakarunpur, Nov. 5,1868

$A. o. m).

k'. d ad. sk. 

Kirkichu, Ladak, June 24,1870

(G. Henderson).
/'. d ad. sk. 

Le, Ladak, July 1870 (<?.
m'. d ad. sk. 

Henderson). 

Ladak. 

n'. d imm. sk. 

Valley of Astor, 12,000 feet. 

#'. $ ad. sk. Cashmere, Aug. 1870. 
2?',y. J ad. et Cashmere (Dr. Bellew). 

imm. sk. 
r\ § juv. sk. Gulmurg, Feb. 13, 1874 (W. 

B. Brooks).
*'. $ ad. sk. Dhurmsala, April 1870. 
t\u\ d ? ad.; v'. N.W. Himalayas. 
d juv. sk. 
to', x'. J ad. sk. Pangee, N.W. Himalayas, 
June 7, 1869. 

/,z',a,$. d ad.sk. Simla, 1868.

y. 
5 ad. sk. Mahasoo, near Simla, Sept. 16,1879 (W. Davison). 
5. § ad. s.k. Butwari, Baghirati Valley,
May 11,1874 (W. B. Brooks). 
€. $ ad. sk. Mussoorie, Sept. 1879. 

f. $ ad. sk. Almora, May 13, lb68. 
>?. <£ ad. sk. Dehra Doom 1870. 
e.[d ijuT.sk. Rarcrauggur, Kumaon, April 3, 
^ 1871 (Dr. G.King). 

i. <J ad. sk. Kumaon (Gen. Strachey). 
/c. g ad. sk. Khatnmndu, Nepal, April 19, 
1877 (Dr. J. Scully). 
fj,. d ad. sk. Nepal. 

vt £. d ad.; o, Vj Nepal. 

p. J ad. sk. 
<rf r. c? ad. j v. J Nepal (B. H. Hodgson). 
ad. sk. 

<P> X- <3 2 ad. sk. Behar. 
^ . J ad. sk. 
03. J ad. sk. 
a\ d ad. sk. 
/*', y\ *, *'• 5 
Oudh, Jan. 1872. 
Oudh, Feb. 1872. 
Chumparim district, March 27, 
1869 (R M. Adam). 
Etawah, 1865. 
ad. sk. 
£\ <£ ad. sk. Etawah, Feb, 9, 1869. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Gould Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

Purchased. 
K B. Sharpe, Esq. 

[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Capt. Stackhouse 
Pinwill. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 

Hume Coll. 

Hodgson CoH. [P.]. 
type of C. rosacolor.) 
Hodgson Coll. 

India Museum. 

Hodgson Coll. 

Hume'Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

896 
EEINOILLtPiE. 

T}'. J juv. sk. Etawah, April 8,1869.6'. <S acl. sk. Etawah, March 29, 1860.
i'. J acl. sk. Etawah, Nov. 9, 1805.
K\ d ad. sk. Etawah, Dec. 2, 1805.
V,/J/,I/. $ ad.sk. Cawnpur, Feb. 1876 (W. E.

Brooks), 
g, ? ad. sk. Cawnpur, March 2, 1876 (*F.

E. Brooks). 
O',TT'. <J; p'. 2 Native Sikhim, April 1874 (X.
acl. sk. MatuMli). 
a-'. $ ad. sk. Native Sikhim, June 1873 (X.
Mandelli). 
r\ % ad. sk. Native Sikhim, Oct. 1873 (X.
Mandelli). 
v'. S ad. sk. Interior of Sikhim, June 1873

(X. Mandelli). 
sikllim

4>'> Xr> f> v'-<$ i1" Mandelli).
ad.; a, b, $ ad.; 
c, d. Juv. sk. 

e. 
J ad. sk. Sikhim, March 1876 (Z. Mandelli). 
ft g. S ad. sk. Sikhim, April 1875 (X. Mandelli). 


h. 
cJ ad.; i. ? Sikhim, Sept. 1875 (X. Manjun. 
sk. delli). 
h. 
6 j^v. sk. Sikhim, Nov. 1876 (X. Mandelli). 
I. (S ad. sk. Darjiling, 1872 (J. Gammie).
m. <$ ad. sk. Shillong, Khasia Hills, Dec. 15,
1877 (fV. Davison). 
», o. <$ ? ad.; p, Shillong, Oct. 1877 (X Cock-


q. $ juv. sk. bum). 
r. 
d ad. sk. Dilkusha, Cachar, March 15,
1880 (X Inglis). 
s. 
cj ad. sk. Manipur, March 2, 1881 (A.
O. XT.). 
t. 
$ ad. sk. Boori-Bazar, Manipur, March12, 1881 (A. O. XT.). 
u. 
$ imm. sk. Moirang, Manipur, March 30,
1881 (A. O. B.). 
v, w. 
(S ad. sk. * Bishunpur, Manipur, March
13, 1881 (A. O. XT.). 


x. 
cS ad. sk. Aimole, Manipur, April 15,1881m(A. O. B.). 
y. 
$ ad. sk. Kokshin-Koonoo, Manipur,
April 2, 1881 (A. O. XT.). 
%. S ad. sk. Machi, Manipur, May 8, 1881


(A. O. XT.). 
a', tf ad. sk. Palamow, Jan. 14,1878.
b'. $ ad. sk. Mhow, March 2,1882.
c', d\ J ad. sk. Shada, Khandeish, Nov. 1880

(J. Davidson). 
e'. 6 ad. sk. Khandeish, Feb. 3, 1880 (X.
Davidson). 
/'. 
cT ad. ; g\ h\ Matheran, Bombay, April
? ad. sk. - 1874. 


 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Colonel Swinhoe 
[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

44 . CARPODACUS. 
tr. d ad. sk. Maliabaleshwur Hills, May Hume Coll. 
1874 (& B.Fairbank). 
h\ $ ad. sk. Mahabaleshwur Hills, April Hume Coll. 
lb74 (& .S. Fair hank). 
*>'m',nf. dad.; o'. Bel*raum, Oct. 1879 (E. A. Hume Coll. 
d juv.sk. Butler). 
p\ • d ad. sk. Beteaum, Dec. 27, 1879 (E. Hume Coll. 

A. B.). 
0r»• r'. d g ad. sk. Belgaum, Jan. 1880 (E. A. B.). Hume Coll. 
s\ d ad. sk. Mvtore, Jan. 28, 1874. Capt. Bingham [P.]. 
f. 
d ad. sk. Wynaad, Dec. 4, 1877 (J. L. Hume Coll. 
Barling). 
u\. d ad. sk. Khotagherrv, iSihrhiris, Feb. Hume Coll. 
15, 1871 [Miss Cochbani). 
1)\. d ad. sk. Kkotagherry, March 2, 1875 Hume Coll. 


(Miss Cockbum). 
w'. d ad. sk. Near Segore, Nilghiris, Feb. 20 Hume Coll. 


( TV. Eavison). 
*t' '. d ad. ak. Coonoor, Jan. 24,1881 (W. D.). Hume Coll. 
?/' . d ad. sk. Ootaeamund, Jan. 8, 1881 Hume Coll. 


{W.D). 
*» a. d ad.; ft, y. Ootaeamund, Feb. 1S81 Hume Coll. 
2 ad. sk. (W.B.). 

2. Carpodacus sipaiii. 
Cor} thus aipahi, Ilodgs. Asiatic Researches, xix. p. 151 (1836). 
Propyrrhula sipahi, Hodgs. lean, ined., Passeres, pi. 807. figs. 1, 2 
(mm. 320, 821); id. in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 85 (1844). 
Hffimatospiza boetonensis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 951 (1844); 
id. Cat. B. Mus. AS. Soe. p. 122 (1849). 
Strobilophaga sipaiii, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 887 (1844); id. Cat. Mamm. 
etc. Nepalpres. Hodgs. p. 110 (1^46). 

Hasmatospiza 
eipahi, Bkfth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc, App. p. 842 
(1849) j Bp. | Sehl. Mmiogr. Loxiens, p. 83, pis. 89,40 (1850) ; 
Bp. Cmisp. i. p. 526 (lb50); Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 24 (1850) ; 
Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xxiii. p. 213 (1854); Horsf. 8f Moore, Cat. 

B. E.L Co. Mm. ii. p. 454 (1856); Jerd. B. hid ii. p. 894 (1863); 
Bhfth, Ibis, 1867, p. 43; Beavan,'Ibis, 1868, p. 177 ; Bulger, Ibis, 
1869, p. 169; Same, Str. F. 1869, p. 108. 
Pinicola sipahi, Gray, Eand-l B. ii. p. 109, no. 7644 (1870). 

Adult merle. General colour above bright scarlet, the feathers 
ashy or white at the base; lesser and median coverts like the back; 
greater coverts dusky blackish, externally dull scarlet; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky blackish, edged with dark 
vermilion, brighter on the secondaries, which are more broadly 
margined ; upper tail-coverts like the back; tail-feathers blackish, 
edged with dull red; head all round and under surface of body 
bright scarlet; nasal plumes dusky, forming a narrow dark line 
across the forehead; thighs sooty black ; under tail-coverts scarlet 
with black bases; under wing-coverts ashy, edged with scarlet; 
axillaries scarlet; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge : 
44 bill yellow ; legs fleshy brown; iris hoary brown " (Hodgsoyi). 
Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 4, tail 2-6, tarsus 0-7. 

FKESGILLID2E. 

398 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
olive-yellow, strongly mottled with dusky, the bases of the feathers 
being white, the body of the feathers dusky, and the margins olive-
yellow ; rump bright golden yellow; wing-coverts like the back, 
the edges of the median and greater coverts a little brighter yellow ; 
bastard-wing; primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with 
olive-yellow, a little brighter on the primaries: upper tail-coverts 
dusky olive, with clearer yellow edges; tail-feathers dusky brown, 
washed externally with dull olive; crown of head like the back, 
but the yellow a little brighter; lores and feathers round the eye 
pale olive-yellow ; ear-coverts dusky brown, washed with olive-
yellow, with whitish shaft-lines; cheeks clear olive-yellow ; throat 
ashy, washed with olive-yellow, and mottled with dusky centres to 
the feathers; remainder of under surface of body clear ashy, more 
or less mottled with dusky centres to the feathers; sides of body 
and flanks like the breast, and slightly tinged with ashy ; thighs 
dusky; under tail-coverts white, tinged with olive-yellow and 
mottled with dusky bases; under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy, 
washed with olive-yellow ; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner 
edge: " bill, legs, and iris as in the male, but duller " {Hodgson), 
Total length 6'5 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3*75, tail 2-35, tarsus 

0-8. 

Yoiuig male. At first resembles the adult female, but has the 
rump orange and an orange tinge on the head and throat; the 
margins of the primaries reddish. 

The scarlet dress is apparently gained by a moult, and full-
plumaged specimens are often found with olive-margined quills, the 
remains of the immature dress. Newly moulted birds have the 
colours very bright, the males being often nearly crimson ; but they 
appear to fade from exposure, being occasionally of a pale scarlet. 

Hah. Central and Eastern Himalayas. 
a b. 6 2 ad. sk. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
(Types of species.) 
c, d. 6 ad.; e, f. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
9 ad. sk. 

g. J 
juv. sk. Native Sikhim, Jan. 1877 (X. Hume Coll. 
Mandelli). 
A, i. tf ad.; £, /, Native Sikhim, March 1875 Hume Coll. 
' m. 9 ad. sk. (X. M.) 
n rT ad. sk. Native Sikhim, April 1874 Hume ColL 

(L. MX 
o, p. d ad.; q. $ Sikhim, Jan. 1878 (X. M.). Hume ColL 
ad. sk. 
r-u 6 ad sk. Sikhim, Feb. 1874-78 (L. MX Hume Coll. 
vwx 9ad.sk. Sikhim,Feb. 1874-78 (L.M.h Hume ColL 
v z' rf ad. sk. Sikhim, March 1874-78 Hume ColL 
*' ' (L. M.). 
a',b'. tfad.; c'. $ Sikhim, April 1873-74 Hume Coll. 

ad. sk. (X. M.). 
d' 9 ad. sk. Sikhim, Nov. 1873 (L. M.). Hume Coll. 
e' f 6 2 ad. sk. Sikhim, Dec. 1875 (X. M.). Hume ColL 

399 

44. OARPODICTTS. 
9\
* .
I', m'9 
A', f- 6 ad. sk. 
c? ad. sk. 
ri. $ ad.;
?'> P', 9'6 
Sikhim (X. M.). 
Rungbee, Sikliim, 5500 
July 5, 1871. 
Darjiling. 
Hume OoU. 
feet, Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
imm.;r',s', t\ 
u\ 2 ad. sk. 
3. Carpodacns rubicilla. 

Loxia rubicilla, Guldenst. N. Coram. St. Petersb. xix. p. 463, tab. 12 

(1775). 
Caucasian Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 112 (1783). 
Coccothraustes caucasicus, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 13 

(1811). y F 
Pyrrhula caucasica, Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 40 (1840). 
Strobilophaga caucasica, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 387 (1844). 
Carpodacus rubicilla, Bp. Consp. i. p. 532 (1850, pt.) ; Gould, B. Asia, 

v. pi. 25 (1852, pt.); Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 101, no. 7514 (1870) ; 
Dresser, B. Eur. iv. p. 69, pi. 193 (1878); Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 68 
(1879); SeeboJm, Ibis, 188tf, p. 10: Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 166, 
pi. vii. (1884). 
Corythus rubicilla, Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 68 (1879). 

Adult male (N. Caucasus). General colour above dark crimson, 
the feathers of the upper surface being dull ashy edged with crimson, 
the latter being the prevailing colour; rump deep rosy ; lesser and 
median coverts like the back ; greater coverts, bastard-wing, and 
primary-coverts blackish brown, edged with crimson and fringed with 
ashy whitish at the tips; quills blackish brown, edged with crimson, 
the secondaries with pale ashy brown tinged with rosy, all the 
quills fringed with white at the ends; upper tail-coverts dusky 
brown, broadly edged with crimson and minutely tipped with white; 
tail-feathers blackish brown, edged with dull rosy, with a narrow 
whitish fringe at the tip ; crown of head dark crimson, minutely 
spotted with pearly grey; lores and feathers below the eye deep 
velvety crimson, as well as on the fore part of the cheeks; ear-
coverts crimson washed with pearly grey, with a few distinct spots 
of the latter colour; cheeks and under surface of body deep crimson, 
becoming more rosy on the abdomen; throat minutely spotted with 
pearly grey, the spots larger on the fore neck and breast; sides of 
body and flanks paler crimson, with longitudinal pearly-grey centres; 
thighs ashy brown ; under tail-coverts rosy, the long ones ashy 
brown washed with rosy and centred with dusky brown ; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries ashy, edged with crimson; quilk below 
dusky, reddish ashy along the inner edge. Total length 8 inches, 
culmen 0-6, wing 4-5, tail 3*65, tarsus 0*9. (Mus. H. Seebohm.) 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
pale ashy*brown, the feathers mesially streaked with black, the 
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts more decidedly grey and 
less distinctly mottled with dusky centres; lesser wing-coverts like 
the back; median and greater coverts dusky brown, edged with 
ashy brown, the greater coverts whitish towards the ends, the 

400 IRINGULLIDJE. 

median ones with blackish shaft-lines; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with whity brown, the 
secondaries with whitish ; tail-feathers blackish brown^ narrowly 
edged with whity brown, the outer feathers margined \uth white ; 
crown of head like the back, but a little more distinctly striped; 
lores dull ashy ; ear-coverts and cheeks like the head, and similarly 
streaked; throat and under surface of body ashy whitish, with a 
faint tinge of ochre; tho throat, fore neck, and breast distinctly 
striped with blackish-brown centres to the feathers, these stripes 
becoming narrower on the abdomen, sides of body, and flanks, the 
latter being more distinctly ashy grey ; thighs ashy white; nnder 
tail-covcrts ashy w hito, with very broad blackish centres; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries pale sandy buff, the former with 
blackish centres to the feathers ; quills below dusky, ashy along the 
inner edge. Total length 7'5 inches, culmen 0'6, wing 4-35, tail 
3-35, tarsus 0*8. (Mus. H. Beebohm.) 

Hah. Caucasus. 

4. Carpodacus severtzovi. 
Carpodacus mbicilla (nee Gilldenst.), Bp. fy ScJd. Monogr. Loxiens, 

p. 23, pi 26 (1852) ; Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 25 (1852, pt.); Pete, 
Ibis, 18(38, p. 318 ; Severtz. Turkest Jewtn. p. 64 (1873) j Hume 
§ Hinders. Lahore to Yark p. 258 (1873) j Dresser, Ibis, 1875, 
p. 245 ; Sculhj, Str. F. 1876, p. 169; Blanf. t. c. p. 485; Tacz. 
Bidl Sac. Zool. France, i. p. 182 (1876); Prjev. in Bowlegs Orn. Misc. 
i. p. 298 (1876); Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. i08; Biddvlpli, Ibis, 1882, 
p. 82 ; Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. 81; Menssbier, Ibis, 1885, p. 353. 
Pyrrhula (Carpodacus) rubicilla, Middetid. Meis. Sibir., Zool p. 149 
(1851); Radde, Reis. Sibir., Vbg. p. 185 (1863). 
Propasser rubicillus, Horsf. fy Moore, Cat. B. E. I. Co. Mus. ii. 

p. 457 (1856). 
Carpodacus severtzovi, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 354. 
Adult male. General colour above pale ashy brown with a rosy gloss, 
with very faintly indicated dusky shaft-lines; rump pale rose-colour, 
with a faintly marked subterminal spot of ashy rose-colour; upper tail-
coverts similar, but with ashy bases ; lesser and median coverts ashy 
brown edged with rosy; greater coverts pale ashy, with light rosecoloured 
margins ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quil]s brown, 
fringed with pale rosy, the tips of the feathers edged with ashy 
whitish; tail-feathers dusky, edged with dull rosy ; crown of head 
rosy crimson, mottled with subterminal spots of pearly white ; the 
occiput and nape uniform, like the hind neck and back; lores and 
feathers round the eye dusky crimson; ear-coverts pale rose-colour; 
cheeks, throat, and under surface of body crimson, with subterminal 
spots of pearly white ; tho breast and abdomen paler and more rosy, 

the pearly-white spots gradually disappearing on the lower parts, 
the feathers of which are ashy, margined with rosy ; sides of body 
and flanks ashy brown, washed with rosy ; thighs ashy ; under tail-
coverts pale rose-colour ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale 

44 . CARPODACUS. 
401 

ashy washed with rosy; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner 
edge: " upper mandible dusky yellowish, the lower one yellow, 
horny grey at the tip and on the sides; legs, feet, and claws dusky 
brown; iris brown" (Dr. J. Scully). Total length 7*7 inches, 
culmen 0*65, wing 4*55, tail 3*4, tarsus 1. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
ashy brown, slightly streaked with dusky centres to the feathers 
of the mantle and upper back, the lower back and rump almost 
uniform ashy brown, with scarcely perceptible shaft-lines; lesser 
wing-coverts uniform ashy brown; median and greater Goverts 
dusky brown, externally edged with ashy, whitish on the extreme 
margin; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, 
edged with ashy brown, whitish towards the end of the feathers, 
the inner secondaries broadly margined with white; upper tail-
coverts ashy brown, with darker brown centres; tail-feathers 
blackish brown, edged with ashy brown, the outer one margined 
with white; crown of head ashy brown like the back, streaked 
with blackish; lores and eyebrow, as well as the feathers round 
the eye and sides of the face, pale ashy streaked with blackish; 
ear-coverts darker brown, streaked with ashy margins to the 
feathers ; cheeks and under surface of body creamy whitish; the 
throat, fore neck, and breast whity brown, with blackish shaft-
streaks ; the abdomen uniform whitish; sides of body and flanks 
pale ashy brown, streaked with dubky blackish; thighs and under 
tail-coverts whitish, streaked with blackish shaft-lines; under wing-
coverts and axillaries ashy whitish, with a slight fulvous tinge on 
the latter; quills below dusky, ashy whitish along the inner edge. 
Total length 7*6 inches, culmen0-65, wing 4-25, tail 3*15, tarsus 0*9. 

Young birds resemble the old female, and in winter can scarcely 
be distinguished. 

In first plumage the young are nearly uniform sandy brown, and 
isabeliine below, with both mandibles pale. " Bill greyish horny, 
fuliginous on culmen; legs and feet brownish fleshy, claws light 
brownish; iris brownish black *J (Dr. J. Scully). 

Another young specimen, a trifle older, collected by Dr. Scully, 
had the " legs, feet, and claws dusky brown." 

Yery old males appear to have the back slightly wrashed with 
rose-colour or light crimson. Males in their first rosy plumage 
have the lower abdomen and under tail-coverts whitish washed 
with rosy, and the back more distinctly streaked as in the old 
female. The white spots on the sides of the face are often abraded 
in old birds, so that the ear-coverts and throat are often nearly 
uniform. 

Bab. Eastern Siberia, southwards to Turkestan, and as far as 
Northern Cashmere, eastwards as far as the Tsaidam plains. 

a. 2 ad. sk. Between Mazar and Chuchu Hume Coll. 
Pass, Aug. 16, 1875 (Dr. J. 
Scully). 
h. $ juv. sk.;
c. tf ad. sk. 
Toghrasu, Aug.*22} 1875 (Dr. J. 
Scully). 
Hume Coll. 
VOL. XII. 2 D 

402 
FKIKGILLIDJE. 

d, e,f. 6 ad. sk. • Kashgar (Dr. Belleiu). India Museum. 
a, h. 2 ad. sk. _ ,, 
*. (J ad. sk. Pangong Lake, Oct. 7, 1870 Hume Coll. 
(Dr. (x. Henderson), 

h. 
1mm. sk. Arpalik Elver, Aug. 13, 1870 Hume Coll. 
(Dr. G. Henderson). 
I. <3 ad. sk. Thibet. Earl of Gifford [P.]. 
mi 2 ad. sk. Thibet. India Museum [P.]. 
n, o,p. S ad.; Thibet (Major Hay). Gould Coll. [P.]. 
q,r,s. 2 ad. sk. 
£, «. <? ad. sk.; Thibet, March 1875 (X. Man- Hume Coll. 


v. S juv. sk. <M/t). 
w. 2 ad. sk. Thibet, Dec. 1876 (L. Man- Hume Coll. 
delli). 
x, y. <$ ad. sk. Ladak. Purchased. 


z. S ad. sk. Ladak (Strachey). India Museum. 
a'. J ad. sk. Ladak, Oct. 17, 1870 (Br. G. Hume Coll. 
Henderson). 
V tf ad. sk. Gilgit, Jan. 1878 (J. Biddulph). Hume Coll. 
c'. $ ad. sk. Gilgit, Feb. 23, 1878 (J. Bid- Hume Coll. 


dulph). 
d'. <$ ad. sk. Central Asia. Purchased. 


5. Carpodacns rubicilloides. 
Carpodacus 
rubicilloides, Prjev. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. 11. p. 209, 
pi. liv. (1877). 

Adult male. Porehead, crown, cheeks, throat, and breast carmine-
red, with small and narrow silvery streaks; stomach (with the 
exception of the white centre) rose-coloured with a vermilion tint; 
flanks reddish grey, with a few black streaks; nape, back and 
sides of the neck, back, and shoulders brownish grey, with a red 
shade and black shaft-streaks; rump dull rose-colour; quills and 
tail-feathers dark brown, with red and yellow edges, which are 
widest on the tertiaries ; the tips of the secondaries are pale yellow; 
large wing-coverts have reddish-yellow, and the others have rosy-
red edges; the under wing-coverts are pale "brown, with rosy 
edges; the upper tail-coverts are brown; the under tail-coverts 
are rosy: bill comparatively larger and more conical than hi 

C. ruhicilla; upper mandible dark horn-colour, lower mandible 
yellow; tarsus (which is longer than in C. rubicilla) dark horncolour 
; iris brown. Length 8-8*3 inches, "wing 4*07-4*2, tail 3*43*
5, tarsus 0*92. (PrjevalskL) 
Female. Upper parts brownish grey, lighter on the rump and 
with black shaft-streaks; underparts yellowish white, marked with 
black lines, which are narrowed on the stomach; quills and tail-
feathers dark brown, with narrow pale edges. Total length 7-7*6 
inches, wing 3*77, tail 3-14, tarsus 0*87. (PrjevalsK.) 

Hab. Mountains of Kan-su. 

44 . CARPODACUS. 
0. Carpodacus stoliczkae. 
Propasser stoliczka}, Hume. Str. F. 1874, p. 523; Severtz. Sir. F. 
1878, p. 431. 

Adult male (type of species). General colour above pale ashy 
brown, entirely uniform except on the lower back and rump, which 
are pale rosy; wing-coverts like the back, with a wash of pale rosy 
near the edge of the wing; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and 
quills pale brown, externally ashy brown, whitish along the edge of 
the primaries and tips of the secondaries; upper tail-coverts pale 
ashy brown, with whitish edges ; tail-feathers dusky brown, edged 
with pale ashy brown, whitish on the extreme margins; crown of 
head like the back, the forehead crimson, the sinciput and feathers 
over the eye pearly white with a rosy tinge; lores crimson; sides of 
face rosy; feathers round eye crimson; ear-coverts and cheeks rosy; 
throat and breast rosy, deeper on the throat; abdomen pale ashy 
brown; sides of body, flanks, and thighs ashy brown; under tail-
coverts white; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale ashy, with 
a tinge of rosy on the edge of the wing; quills below pale brown, 
ashy along the inner edge. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*45, 
wing 3*6, tail 2*05, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting all traces of 
crimson or rosy colour on the head and breast, the whole tone of the 
plumage being pale sandy brown, lighter on the lower back and 
rump as well as on the breast and abdomen ; the head and throat 
with slightly indicated streaks of dark brown. Total length 5*8 
inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3*45, tail 2*5, tarsus 0*8. 

Ilab. Yarkand. 

a. g ad. sk. Khulustan Valley, June 6, 1874 Hume Coll. 
(J. Biddulph). 
b. J ad. sk. Yarkand. Gould Coll. 
7. Carpodacus sinaiticus. 
Pyrrhula synoica, Temm. PL CoL iii. pi. 375. figs. 1, 2 (1825}. 
Pyrrhula sinaica, Rilpp. Neue Wirb., Vb'y. p. 101 (1835); id. Syst. 

* Uebers. p. 79 (1845). 
Carpodacus sinoicus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 384 (1844). 
Carpodacus sinaiticus, Bp. Sf Schl. Monoyr. Loxiens, p. 17, pi. 18 
(1850); Bp. Comp. i. p. 534 (1850); Lieht. NomencL Av. Berol. 

p. 47 (1854); Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 208; Wyatb, Ibis, 1870, p. 516 ; 
Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 102, no. 7524 (1870); Beugl. Orn. KO.-
Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 655 (1870); Tristr. Faun. $ Flor. Palest p. 70 
(1884). 
Carpodacus uropygialis, Licht. NomencL Av. BeroL p. 48 (1854). 
Erythrospiza githaginea (nee ZicM.), Clark Kennedy, Ibis, 1874, 

p. 108. 
Adult male. General colour above pale sandy brown with a rosy 
wash, the feathers faintly streaked with dusky shaft-lines; rump 
2D2 

404 
JOKING TLLIDiE. 

uniform pale rosy ; lesser wing-coverts paler sandy brown, washed 
with rosy ; median and greater coverts sandy brown ; bastard-wing 
and primary-coverts dusky brown, with rosy-brown edges ; quills 
dusky brown, edged with sandy brown, broader on the secondaries ; 
upper tail-coverts sandy brown; tail-feathers dusky brown, edged 
with sandy brown ; crown of head dull sandy brown, washed with 
rosy ; base of forehead crimson followed by a pearly gloss on the sinciput 
; lores, feathers round the eye, and eyebrow rosy or pale 
crimson with a pearly gloss; ear-coverts, chooks, and throat rosy 
with a pearly gloss ; remainder of under surface pale rosy, lighter 
on the abdomen ; sides of body and Hanks washed with pale sandy 
brown; thighs and under tail-coverts pale sandy brown, washed 
with rosy; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale ashy, washed 
with rosy; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total 
length 5'7 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3*5, tail 2*4, tarsus 0*8. 

Ilab. Sinaitic peninsula. 

a. $ ad. sk Peninsula of Sinai. Claude W. Wyatt, Esq. 
8. Carpodacus trifasciatus *. 
Oarpodacus 
trifasciatus, Verr. JVouv. Arch, du Mus. vi. Bull. p. 30 
(1870), vii. p. 60 (1871), viii. pi. iv. ftg. 3 (1872). 
Propasser trifasciatus, David Sf Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 353, pi. 93 
(1877). 

Adult. Iris reddish chestnut • bill clear brown, with the edges 
and the under mandible whitish; tarsi reddish grey; toes grey, 
with the claws brownish; face rosy white, of a silky appearance, 
with scaly feathers on the forehead and eyebrows, and the feathers 
of the throat lanceolate; vertex, nape, and back of a dark carmine-
red, with the feathers margined with greyish; rump grey, tinged 
with rose-colour; upper tail-coverts carmine-red, the long ones inclining 
to blackish grey; breast and flanks carmine-red, paler than, 
the back; centre of abdomen white; under tail-coverts blackish, 
edged with grey; tail and wings blackish, the latter ornamented 
with three transverse bands, formed by the rosy ends of the coverts 
and the white borders of the scapulars. Total length 7*4 inches, 
tail 8*15, wing 3*85, tarsus 0*9, bill 0*45. (David tif Oustalet.) 

Female. Unknown. 
Ilab. Western Rzetchuen, China. 


9. Carpodacus graudis. 
Carpodacus grandis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xviii. p. 810 (1849): id. 
Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc, App. p. 342 (1849). 
Carpodacus sophia, Bp. fy ScM. Monogr. Loxiem, p. 22, pi. 34 (1850) ; 
JBp. Comp. I p. 532 (1850). 

* I have not seen this species, and it may have stripes on the flanks; in 
which case it would have to be placed near C. roseub. 

44 . CAEPODAOXJS. 
405 

Carpodacus rhodocklamys (nee Brandt), Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 26 

(1852); Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. aoriii. p. 213 (1854). 

Propasser rhoaochlamvs (nee Brandt), Horsf.tyMoore, Cat. 2?. JE. I. 

Co. Mus. ii. p. 458 (1856); Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 401 (18G3) ; Pelz. 

Ibis, 1865, p. 318; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 108: Biddulph, Bis, 

1881, p. 84; Scully, t e. p. 578. 

Adult male. General colour above ashy brown, washed with 
rosy, all the feathers centred longitudinally with dusky blackish, 
less distinctly on the hind neck, which is clearer ashy, especially 
on the sides of the neck; rump clear rosy; lesser wing-coverts dull 
rosy; median and greater coverts dusky brown, edged with palo 
rosy; bastard-wing, primary-covorts, and quills dusky brown, fringed 
with pale rosy, broader on the secondaries; upper tail-coverts ashy, 
washed with rosy towards the ends; tail-feathers dusky brown, with 
pale reddish-brown edges; crown of head uniform dull rosy, the 
feathers edged with ashy; the nape more distinctly ashy; lores 
dull crimson, surmounted by a broad eyebrow of pale rosy, glossed 
with pearly white from the nostrils to the sides of the nape; eyelid 
reddish white, its hinder margin reddish brown, like the broad streak 
which passes above the ear-coverts, the latter being rosy like the 
checks and throat, glossed with pearly-white centres to the feathers, 
giving a somewhat lanceolate appearance; sides of neck uniform 
ashy; remainder of under surface rosy, with faint traces of ashy 
margins to the feathers ; lower abdomen paler; sides of body and 
flanks ashy, washed with rosy and narrowly streaked with blackish ; 
thighs ashy brown ; under tail-coverts rosy, edged with whitish and 
with concealed dusky centres: under wing-coverts and axillaries 
ashy or ashy whitish, edged with pale rosy; quills below dusky, 
ashy along the inner edge: " upper mandible and extreme tip of 
lower mandible brown; rest of lower mandible, legs and feet fleshy, 
tinged with brown; claws dark brown; iris wood-brown" (A. 0. 
Hume). Total length 7*1 inches, culmen 0'55, wing 3*75, tail 3*1, 
tarsus 0*85. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
ashy brown, all the feathers centred with blackish; rump slightly 
tinged with rosy; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and 
greater coverts dusky brown, with blackish centres and paler edges, 
ashy towards the ends; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
dusky brown, edged with ashy, the innermost secondaries edged with 
ashy whitish, resembling the greater coverts; upper tail-coverts 
brown, edged with ashy and slightly tinged with rosy; tail-feathers 
dusky brown, edged with ashy; crown of head like the back and 
streaked in the same manner; lores dusky; eyebrow dull white, 
narrowly streaked with black ; eyalid whitish ; upper edge of ear-
coverts brown, forming a broad streak ; ear-coverts and cheeks, as 
well as the under surface of body, creamy white, streaked with dusky 
blackish, broader on the fore neck and breast, narrower on the abdomen 
: sides of body and flanks ashy brown, streaked with dusky 
black; thighs ashy brown; under tail-coverts pale brown, edged 
with ashy and mesially streaked with black; under wing-coverts 

406 
FBINGILLID2E. 

and axillaries pale ashy fulvous, tinged with rosy; quills below 
dusky, ashy along the inner edge: " legs and feet and lower mandible 
brownish fleshy; upper mandible and claws rather dark brown; 
iris pale wood-brown" (A. 0. Hume). Total length 7-3 inches, 
culmen 0*65, wing 3*65, tail 3*1, tarsus 0*89. 

In the breeding-season the colours of the male are somewhat 
brighter and more lilac, and there are traces of dusky blackish 
shaft-lines on the throat and breast; the upper surface, too, is rather 
darker, and the head more distinctly rosy. Although the female 
deseribed has a rosy tinge on the rump, none of the other specimens 
show this character, and it is probably only a sign of very old birds. 

Hob. Afghanistan and Himalayas from Northern Cashmere to 
Native Sikhim. 

<x. 
<$ ad. sk. Pushut, Afghanistan (Dr. India Museum. 
Griffith). 
b, a. (S ad. * d. $ Gilgit, May 1878 (J. BidHume 
Coll. 
ad. sk. dulph). 
e,f. 
(S ad. et juv. Gilgit, June 1876 (J. BidHume 
Coll. 
sk. dulph). 


g. 
$ ad.sk. Gilgit, July 1879 (J. Bid-Hume Coll. 
dulph). 
h. 
J ad. sk. Astor district, Sept. 24, Hume Coll. 
1876 (J. Biddulph). 
•'. $ ad. sk. Astor district, 12,000 feet. R. B. Sharpe, EbQ. 
[P.]. 
hf I. 6 2 ad. sk. Kotegurh, 1872. Hume Coll. 


m. $ ad. sk. Kotegurh, Nov. 1867. Hume Coll. 
n. $ ad. sk. PumlaMe, Nov. 17, 1869. Hume Coll. 
o. $ ad. sk. Baja in Kunaitee, Jan. 1, Hume Coll. 
1871. 
p, q. (S ad.; r, s, Simla, Nov. 1880 (A. O. Hume Coll. 
$ ad, sk. H). 
t 
tf ad. sk. Simla, Dec. 1, 1880 (W. Hume Coll. 
Damson). 


u. tf ad. sk. Near Simla. Hume Coll. 
v. c? ad. sk. Near Chamba. Cap! JStackhouse 
Pinwili fP.]. 
w. $ ad. sk. Hills north of Masuri, 1872. Hume Coil 
x. 
g ad. sk. Native Sikhim, Aug. 19, Hume Coll. 
1879 (L. Mandelli). 
10. Carpodacus rhodochlamys. 
Pyrrhula (Corythus) rhodochlamys, Brandt, Bull. ScL Acad. Imp. 
St. PetersbAS4(3,-p.27. 
Strobilophaga rhodochlamys, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 18 (1849). 
Carpodacus rhodochlamys, Bp. 8t Sckl. Monogr. Loxiens, p. 22, pi.'35 
(1850, g); Gray, HamU B. ii. p. 101, no. 7515 (1870) * Severtz. 
Turhest. Jevotn. p. 64 (1873) * Dresser, Ibis, 1875. p. 245: Menzbier, 
Ibis, 1885, p. 353. 
Propasser rhodochlamys, Stoliczka, Str. F. 1875, p. 219. 

Propasser rhodometopus, Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 156. 

Adult male. Similar to G. c/randis, but differing in the forehead 
having pearly-pink plumes like the eyebrow. Total length 7*6 
inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*55, tail 3, tarsus 1. 

44 . CABPODACUS. 
407 

Adult female. Not distinguishable from the female of 0. grandis. 
Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3*4, tail 2*9, tarsus 0*95, 
Bab. Altai Mountains to Turkestan and Yarkand. 

a. 
<$ ad. sk. Yarkand. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
b. $ 
ad. sk. Near Wernoi, Alatau dis- Dr. Seyertzoff [C.]. 
trict, March 5. 
c. S ad. sk. Near Wernoi, Oct. 8. Dr. Seyertzoff [C. 
d. $ ad. sk. Near Wernoi, June 6. Dr. Seyertzoff [G. 
e. j ad. sk, Alatau Mountains, Nov. Dr. Severtzoff [0.' 
/• 6; 9) h> 2 ftd. sk. Kashgar (Dr. Bettew). India Museum. 
11. Carpodacus roseus. 
Fringilla rosea, Pall. Reis. Russ. Reichs, iii. p. 699 (1776). 
Passer roseus, Pall. Zoogr, Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 23 (1811). 
Pyrrhula rosea, Temm. Man. d'Orn.i. p. 335 (1820); Naum. Vog. 


Deutschl. iv. pi. 113. fig. 3 (1824); Werner, Atlas, Insectivores, 
pi. 32 (1827); Bree, B. Eur. ii. pi. to p. 76 (1864). 
Carpodacus roseus, Kaup, Naturl. Syst. p. 161 (1829); Gray, Gen. 

B. ii. p. 384 (1844); Bp. fy Schl. Monogr. Loxiens, p. 18, pis. 19, 
20 (1850) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 533 (1850); Radde, Reis. Sibir. p. 186 
(1803); Degl. $ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 257 (1867); Dyboioski, 
J.f. 0.1868, p. 335; Gray, Iland-l B. ii. p. 102, no. 7522 (1870); 
Fritsch, Tog. Eur. p. 258, tab. 22.figs. 5, 6 (1870) ; Tacz. J.f.O. 
1873, p. 93, 1874, p. 336; Swinh. Ibis, 1875, p. 121; Cordeaux, 
t. c. p. 183; Swinh. Ibis, 1877, p. 145 ; Seebohm, t. e. p. 165 ; Tacz. 
Bull. Soe. Zool. France, i. p. 181 (1876) ; Blakist. § Fryer, Ibis, 
1878, p. 245; Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 33 (1879); Blakist. Sr Pryer, 
B. Japan, p. 175 (1882); Jouy, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 294 
(1883) ; Blakist. Amended List B. Japan, p. 18 (1884). 
Erythrospiza rosea, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. fy N. Amer. p. 84 (1838); 
Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 207. 
Pyrrhula (Carpodacus) rohea, Schrenk, Reis. Amurl. p. 295 (1859). 
Uragus sibiricus {nee Pall.), Swinh. Ibis, 1876, p. 333 {lapsu). 
Propasser roseus, David fy Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 352 (1878). 

Adult male. General colour above rosy, the mantle and upper back • 
rather more ashy, broadly streaked with black centres to the feathers; 
rump and lower back uniform rich roso-colour; lesser wing-coverts 
deep crimson ; median and greater coverts dusky brown, edged with 
rosy and tipped with rosy white, forming a double wing-bar; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with 
rosy, the inner secondaries with ashy brown, white towards the end 
of the outer web, and resembling the inner greater coverts; upper 
tail-coverts deep rosy, centred with broad blackish streaks; tail-
feathers blackish brown, edged with rosy; crown of head pale rosy ; 
the forehead and sinciput glossy pearly white, forming a frontal 
band; lores and feathers round the eye dark crimson ; ear-coverts 
and sides of face deep rose-colour; the fore part of the cheeks 
minutely spotted with pearly white ; throat and malar line spangled 
with pearly-white spots, extending backwards towards the sides of 
the neck; fore neck and remainder of under surface deep rose-colour, 

408 FETNGrLLID^S. 

with narrow blackish shaft-lines ; centre of lower breast and abdomen 
white ; sides of body and flanks rosy, the latter with more distinct 
blackish shaft-lines; thighs ashy whitish; nnder tail-coverts 
whitish washed with rosy, with dusky centres; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries ashy white, tinged with rose-colour, those near the 
edge of the wing more distinctly edged with rosy; quills below 
dusky, ashy along the inner edge : " bill brown, the lower mandible 
grey; tarsus reddish grey ; the toes brownish grey; iris chestnut n 

(A. David), Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3*5, tail 2-5, 
tarsus 0-75. (Mus. H. Seebohm.) 
The specimen described is a male procured at Krasnoyarsk on the 
10th of April, and now in Mr. Seebohm's collection. Another male 
from Pekin, in Mr. * Seebohm's collection, is entirely rosy on the 
back, streaked with black on the mantle and upper back, and shows 
none of the ashy-grey colour apparent in the specimen described. 
The Pekin bird is probably an older individual. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
brown tinged with rosy, the feathers of the mantle and back 
broadly centred with blackish brown ; lower back and rump rosy, 
with scarcely any indications of dusky centres to the feathers : lesser 
wing-coverts dull vermilion; median and greater coverts dusky 
brown, externally margined with ochreous buff, inclining to whitish 
at the ends; bastard-wing and priinary-coverts dusky brown, edged 
with paler brown; quills dusky brown, margined with ochreous 
buff, paler on the secondaries, the inner secondaries more broadly 
edged, the innermost having the outer web ochreous buff; upper 
tail-coverts brown tinged with rosy, with blackish centres; tail-
feathers dusky brown, edged with ochreous brown, slightly tinged 
with rosy; crown of head brown, washed with rosy and streaked 
with dusky brown, with a slight pearly gloss on the frontal feathers; 
lores ochreous buff; ear-coverts pale brown, streaked with dusky 
brown, slightly tinged with rosy ; cheeks and under surface of body 
pale rosy, or brown washed with rosy, narrowly streaked with dusky 
brown or blackish, these streaks broader on the sides of the body, 

which are browner; abdomen whitish; thighs ashy; under tail-
coverts white, slightly tinged with rosy and mesially streaked with 
blackish ; under wing-coverts and axillaries whitish, with a vermilion 
tinge near the edge of the wing; quills below dusky, ashy 
along the inner edge. Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 
3*4, tail 2'2, tarsus 0*75. (Mus. H. Seebohm.) 

Hob. Eastern Siberia, Japan, and China. 

a. S ad- sk. Japan, Dec 1874 (Capt. St. Hume Coll. 
John). 
b. 2 ad.; Kultuk, Lake Baikal, Feb. Purchased. 
c. $ juv. sk. 
df e. $ ad. sk. Kiachta, Transbaikalia, Jan. 8. Purchased. 
44. CARPODACUS. 
409 

12. Carpodacus purpnreus. 
Purple Finch, Catesby, Nat. Hist Carol. I pi. 41 (1731): Lath. Gen. 

Syn. ii. pt. i.p.275 (1783). 
Bouvreuil violet de la Caroline, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 324 (1760). 
Le Bouvreuil on Bec-rond de la Caroline, Month. Hist Nat iv. 

p. 395 (1778). 
Fringilia purpurea, Gm. Syst Naf.i. p. 923 (1788); Wilson, Amer. 
Om. L p. 110, pi. vii. fig. 4 (1M)8), v. p. 87, pi. 4. fig. 3 (1812); 
Audubon, B. Amer. pi. 4; id Orn. Biogr. i. p. 24 (1831), v. p. 500 
(1839) ; Sw. Sr Mich. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 264 (1831). 

Ilsemorrkous purpureus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 295 (1837). 
Ervthrospiza purpurea, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. fy N. Amer. p. 34 
(1838); Jard. ed. JVils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 119, pi. vii. fig-. 4, ii. 

p. 182, pi. xlii. fig. 3; Audub. B. Amer. in. p. 170, pi. 19(3 (1841). 
Carpodacus purpuieus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 384 (1844); Bp. Consp. 
i. p. 533 (1850); Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 412 (1858); Blakist. 
Ibis, 1802, p. 6, 1803, p. 70; Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 421; Gray, 
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 101, no. 7509 (1870); Merrill, Rep. V. S. Geol. 
Surv. vi. p. 078 (1872); Corns, Key N. Amer. B. p. 128 (1872); 
id. B. N.-West, p. 106 (1874); Baird, Brexoer, § Ridgw. Hist N. 
Amer. B. i. p. 462, pi. 21.figs. 7, 8 (1874); Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. 
tiurv iv. p. 577 (lb78) ; Ridgw. Proc. U. S. Nat Mas. iii. p. 176 
(1880); Coues, Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 47 (1882); Salvin, Cat 
titricll. Coll. p. 204 (1882); W. E. Brooks, Ibis, 1884, p. 235 ; 
Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 346 (1884); Turner, Br. 
XI. S. Nat. Mm. viii.p. 239 (1885); A. O. II. Check-list N. Amer. 
B. p. 256 (1886); Brewst. Auk, 1886, p. 107; Seton, t. c. p. 323; 
Fox, t c. p. 317. 
Caipodacus californicus, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 413, pi. 72. figs. 2, 3 
(1858); Coues, Ibis, 1865, p. 164; Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 270; 
Cooper, B. Calif, p. 154 (1870) ; Belding, Pr. U. S. Nat Mas. i. 
pp. 391, 393 (1670). 

Carpodacus purpureus, var. 
californicus, Baird, Brewer, fy Ridgw. 
Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 465, pi. 21.figs. 10, 11 (1874). 
Carpodacus puipureus, /3. californicus, Belding, Pr. XI. S. Nat. Mus. 

i. p. 413 (1879). 
Carpodacus purpureus californicus, Ridqw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mm. iii. 
p. 176 (1880); A. O. U. Clieck-list N. Amer. B. p. 256 (1886) ; 
Anthony, Auk, 1886, p. 168; Everm. t c. p. 181. 
Adult male. General colour above vinous or pale crimson, the 
feathers of the back mottled with blackish centres, which arc 
narrowly margined with ashy; lower back and rump rich rosecolour; 
lesser wing-coverts liko the back; median and greater 
coverts dusky brown, edged with vinous brown and tipped with 
rose-colour, the greater series edged with whitish at the ends ; 
bastard-wing dusky brown ; primary-coverts and quills dusky brown, 
edged with reddish brown, more or less tinged with rosy, the secondaries 
whiter towards their ends; upper tail-coverts ashy, rosy 
towards the ends, which are fringed with ashy white; tail-featheis 
dusky brown, edged with rosy brown ; crown of head and hind neck 
brighter than the back, bright crimson, the sides of the hinder crown 
lighter crimson, but scarcely sufficient to mark an eyebrow; lores 
and feathers round eye ashy; ear-coverts, sides of face, cheeks, 

4L0 FBIffGILLIDJB. 

tliroat, and breast crimson, becoming paler and more rosy on the 
breast; lower breast and abdomen white; sides of body and flanks 
pale crimson, the latter more or less ashy and broadly streaked with 
dusky brown; thighs ashy brown• under tail-coverts white, tinged 
with rose-colour• under wing-coverts and axillaries whitish, washed 
with rosy• quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total 
length 6 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3*35, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*7. > 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
brown, streaked with darker brown centres to the feathers, which 
have mostly whitish margins, especially on the mantle and upper 
back ; lesser wing-coverts brown ; median and greater coverts dai'k 
brown, edged with lighter brown and margined with whitish at the 
ends ,* bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, edged 
with lighter brown, the quills with whity brown; upper tail-coverts 
brown; tail-feathers brown, margined with ashy whitish ; crown of 
head like the back and similarly streaked ; lores whitish ; sides of 
face brown, with a narrow white eyebrow above the ear-co\erts; 
ear-coverts whiter in the centre; cheeks and under surface of body 
white spotted with brown, the spots larger and more triangular on 
the fore neck and breast, more longitudinal on the sides of the 
body and flanks; abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts white ; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy whitish, the former somewhat 
isabelline ; quills below dusky, ashy whitish along the inner 
edge. Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3*1, tail 2*1, 
tarsus 0*7. 

Male in first breeding-plumage (brown stage). Resembles the old 
female, but is washed with olive-yellow on the head and rump ; the 
white edges to the wing-coverts tinged with olive-yellow ; throat 
entirely unspotted and washed with saffron-yellow, which colour 
extends over the breast, the brown spots of which are smaller and 
less plentiful than in the adult female. 

The young male after the first moult is everywhere browner than 
the adult female, which it otherwise resembles ; the rump is lighter 
and more tawny, but has no yellow. The whole tone of the plumage 
is more ruddy, and the under surface is tinged with clear brown, and 
the spots are as plentiful as in the adult female. 

Eor the above interesting stages of plumage the Museum is indebted 
to Dr. Hart Merriam. There can be no doubt that males, 
breed in a brown plumage, which is that of the first year, and there 
is no necessity for the theory that the red plumage is the first full 
plumage of the young bird, being afterwards lost. The examination 
of a series of this and other species of Rose-Finches tends to prove 
that the red colour gains in intensity with age. 

Specimens from California do not seem to be sufficiently distinct 
from C. purjpureits to warrant their separation. A male from British 
Columbia is rather more uniform above, with the dusky centres of 
the dorsal plumage less pronounced; the sides of the crown are like 
the head, so that there is no perceptible superciliary streak. Total 
length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3*15, tail 2-1, tarsus 0*7. 

Between this uniformly coloured bird and ordinary O. jpurpureus 

44 . CA.RP0DA.CT7S. 
intermediate specimens supply a complete link. The females seem 
to be rather greener than in typical C. purpureas. 

Hah. Eastern North America from the Atlantic coast to the 
plains, breeding from the Middle States northward- The Californian 
race inhabits the Pacific coast-region, from British Columbia 
south to Southern California. (A. 0. U. Check-list, Z. c.) 

a, b. S ? ad. sk. 
c, d-6 ; «,/. $ 
ad. sk. 
g, h. $ $ ad. sk. 

i. 
(S ad. sk. 
k. $ ad. sk. 
I <$ ad. sk. 
m. c? imm. sk. 
n. c? imm. sk. 
o. $ ad. sk. 
p, q. 6 2 ad. sk. 
r. J ad. sk, 
Sjt (5 5 imm. sk. 
u. $ imm. sk. 
v. J ad. sk. 
w* cS juv. sk. 
„t\ £ ad. sk. 
y, s. J $ ad. sk. 
<z', 5', c'. S ad. sk. 
tf, e'. 2 ad. sk. 

/. $ ad. sk. 
^'. c^ ad. sk. 

h\ <$ ad. sk. 

*'. $ ad.sk. 

#, V. 6 ; m'. 2 
ad. sk. 
wr. c? ad. sk. 

o\p\ $ 2 ad.sk. 

North America. 
49th Parallel, April and May 

(G. Dawson). 
Washington, D.C. (S. F. 
Baira), 
Washington (C. Drexler; 
Sm. no. 28419). 
Smith's Woods, D.C. 

(B. Coues; Sm. no. 23967). 
New Jersey (J. H. Batty). 
Locust Grove, New York, 
April (G H. M.). 
New Haven, Conn., Oct. 25, 
^1875 (C.H. M.). 
Kenwood, Illinois, April 1, 
187G (H. K. Coale). 
Grand Crossing, 111., April 
1884 (II. K. C). 
Grand Crossing/ May 9 

(jsr. K. a). 
Chicago, 111., October. 

Hyde Park, CI., May 11 

(H. K. C). 
Illinois. 

Great Falls, Maryland, 
Oct. 11, 1859 (IF. Coues; 
Sm.no. 28976). 

Ohio. 
British Columbia. 
British Columbia. 
British Columbia. 
California. 
Santa Clara Valley, Califor


nia, Feb. 17. 
Murphy's, California (L. 
Beldmg; Sm.no. 78927). 
Big Trees, Cal. (L. Balding; 
Sm. no. 73930). 
California. 

Fort Tejon, Lower California 
(J. Xantus; Sm. no. 
25009). 

Fort Tejon (J. Xantus ; 
Sm. nos. 25618, 25620). 

Purchased. 

N. A. Boundary 
Commission [P.]. 
Sciater Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

U. S. Nat. Museum. 
Dr. C. Hart Merriam 
[P.]. 
Dr. C. Hart Merriam 
[p.]. 

B. 
B. Sharps, Esq. 
[P.]. 
R. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P-l-
H. 
K. Coale, Esq. 
[P.]. 
E. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
E. 
B. Sharpo, Esq. 
[P.]. 
U. S. 
Nat. Museum 
[P.]. 
U. S. Nat. Museum 
Prof. Kirtland [P.]. 

J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.]. 
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P. 
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.' 
Sciater Coll. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq, 
[P.l 
U. S.Nat. Museum. 
U. S. Nat. Museum. 
Lord Walsingham 

Sciater Coll. 

Salvin-Godmau Coll. 

412 
FEINGILLIB-3E. 

13. Carpo&acus cassini 
Carpodacus cassini, Baird, Proc. Philad. Acad. J\T. Set. 1854, p. 119 ; 
id. B. N. Amer. p. 414 (1858); Lord, Proc. R. Art. Inst. iv. 

p. 119(1864) j Cones, Ibis, 1865, p. 164; id. Proc. Philad. Acad. 
N. Sci. 1866, p. 80 ; Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 266 ; Brown, Ibis, 1868, 
p. 427; Scl. Sr Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 362; Gray, Hand4. B. ii. 
p. 107, no. 7512 (1870); Cooper, B. Calif, p. loo (1870) ; Corns, 
Key N. Amer. B. p. 128 (1872) ; Scl. fy Salv. NomeacL Av. Xeotr. 
p. 34 (1873); Coues, B. N.- West, p. 106 (1874): Baird, Brewer, <§* 
Ridgw. i. p. 460, pi. 21. figs. 4, 5 (1874); Hensh. Pep. ZooL JSxpL 
100iA Mend. p. 240 (1875); Ridgic. Rep. Sure. 4:0th Par. p. 457 
(1877); id. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 176 (lbK)|; Coues, 
Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 47 (1882); id. Key X. Amer. B. 2nd 
ed. p. 347 (1884); Breiv, Auk, 1885, p. 10; Hensh. t. c. p. 333; 
Scott, t c. p. 349 ; A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 250 (1887 J. 
Adult male. General colour above brown with a rosy tinge, all the 
feathers mottled with black centres ; lower back and rump uniform 
pale rosy ; lesser wing-coverts more uniform than the bar-k, and 
washed with deep rose-colour; median and greater coverts blackish, 
edged with deep rosy, whitish at the ends ; nastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with lighter brown, tinged 
with rosy, whiter near the ends of the secondaries; upper tail-
coverts brown with a reddish tinge, and centred with blacki&h; tail-
feathers dark brown, with lighter brown margins, tinged with rosy ; 
crown of head deep crimson, contrasting with the hind neck, which 
is mottled like the back; lores ashy whitish; above the ear-coverts a 
rosy eyebrow; ear-coverts rosy, with a dusky brown streak along 
the upper edge, tinged with rosy; cheeks, throat, and fore neck rosy, 
washed with deep crimson on the former; breast rosy, shading off 
gradually towards the abdomen, which is whitish ; sides of body and 
flanks browner, washed with rosy; thighs and under tail-coverts 
whitish, the latter centred with dusky shaft-lines and.tinged with 
rosy; under wing-coverts ashy washed with rosy; axillaries light 
tawny buff; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total 
length 5*8 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3*75, tail 2*35, tarsus 0*7. 


Adult female. Similar to the female of C. purjmreus, but larger. 

Total length 5*8 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3*6, tail 2*4, tarsus 0*75. 

Hab. Western United States from the eastern base of the Itocky 

Mountains to the Pacific coast, and south over the plateau region of 

Mexico. (A. 0. U. Cheek-list, I. c.) 

a, b. S ad.; British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.] 
c, d. 5 ad. &k. 

e. $ ad. sk. Stamford, Colorado (G. F. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.-# 
Morcom). 
/, g. (S ? ad. sk. California. Lord Walsingham [PA 

h. 3 ad. sk. Mount Shasta, June 14,1884 U. S. Nat. Museum. 
(C. H. Townsend; Sin. 
no. 90805). 
i. 
c? ad. sk. Mount Shasta, July 30 (C. 11. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.,. 
II Townsend-, Sm. no. 
02380). 
44 . CAKP0DACU3. 
413 

h. 2 juv. sk. Mount Shasta, Aug. 25 ((?. U. S. Nat. Museum [P.]. 
H. Townsendi Sm. no. 
92384). 
/. Juv. sk. 

Mount Shasta, Aug. 28 (C. H. K Coale, Esq. [P.]. 

H. Towmmd; Sm. no. 
92383). 
m. S ad. sk. 
Valley of Mexico (Le Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Strange). 

14. Carpodacus rhodoclirous. 
Fringilla rhodochroa, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 23; Gould, Cent B. 

Himal. Mts. pi. 31. fig. 2 (1832). 

Erythrospiza rhodochroa, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 953 (1844). 

Propasser pulcherrima vel rhodochroa, Hodgs. Icon, ined. in Brit. 

Mus., Passeres, pi. 301. figs. 465, 466 ,* id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. 

p. 85 (1844). 
Propasser rhodochrous, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 36; Ho?sf.fyMoore, 
Cat B> E. I. Co. Mm. ii.'p. 459 (1856); Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 403 
(1863); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 44; Beavan, t c. p. 141; Pelz. Ibis, 
1868, p. 318 ; Brooks, Str. F. 1875, p. 255 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, 

p. 108; Butler, Str. F. 1880, pp. 368, 417; Lloyd, Ibis, 1882, 
p. 469. 
Carpodacus 
rhodochrous, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 384 (1844) ; id. Cat. 
Mamm, etc. Nepal pres. Hodcjs. p. 109 (1846) ; Blyth, Cat B. Mus. 
As. Soc. p. 122 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 531 (1850) ; Gray, Band-l. 

B. ii. p. 101, no. 7516 (1870). 
Phcenicospiza 
rhodochroa, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xxiii. p. 213 
(1854). 

Adult male. General colour above ruddy brown, with a wash of 
rose-colour, the feathers of the back broadly centred with blackish 
brown ; the rump uniform deep rose-colour; lesser wing-coverts 
like the back; median and greater coverts blackish., externally and 
at the tips ruddy brown like the back, rather paler on the greater 
series; bastard-wing dusky brown; primary-coverts and quills 
blackish, externally margined with ruddy brown, paler on the inner 
secondaries; upper tail-coverts dusky, washed with dark rose-colour; 
tail-feathers dusky brown, edged with ruddy brown ; crown of head 
dusky crimson, the feathers with only slightly indicated dark centres ; 
a broad stripe commencing at the base of the forehead, and extending 
backwards over the eye to the sides of the nape, bright rose-colour 
with a pearly gloss ; lores dark crimson, as also the eyelid: ear-
coverts, sides of face, and cheeks dark rose-colour, with a broad 
streak of dusky crimson behind the eye; throat and under surface 
of body rich rose-colour, a little clearer and purer on the breast and 
abdomen ; sides of body and flanks ochreous brown ; thighs brown ; 
under tail-coverts pale rose-colour; axillaries pale sandy brown, 
washed with rose-colour; under wing-coverts white, washed with 
rosy, especially near the edge of the wing; quills below dusky, ashy 
along the inner edge: "bill dark brown, the upper mandible at 
gape and the lower mandible brownish fleshy; the lower mandible 
shaded on the sides and at the tip with dusky ; legs and feet 

414 FRINGILLULE. 

brownish fleshy ; iris nut-brown " (W. Davison). Total length 5'S 
inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*9, tail 2*5, tarsus 0-8. 

A male bird shot by Mr. Brooks at Dhurmsala in June has the 
back-feathers partly ochreous brown, as in the first stage, with a 
few of the crimson-tinged feathers of the fully adult male. The 
rosy colour on the rump, eyebrow, and under surface is rather paler. 
This is doubtless a male of the previous year. Other specimens 
in the Museum show traces of the striped plumage still remaining 
among the rosy feathers of the throat and breast. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
brown, tinged with ochreous brown on the mantle and back, 
all the feathers of which are centred with black, the rump rather 
paler ochreous brown, and with only faint traces of dusky centres ; 
lesser wing-coverts uniform dark brown; median and greater 
coverts blackish, rather broadly edged with deep sandy brown, 
paler on the margins; bastard-wing blaekLh, fringed with pale 
sandy brown; primary-coverts and quills blackish, edged with 
deep sandy brown, rather lighter on the primaries; upper tail-
coverts dull ochreous brown, with scarcely perceptible dusky centres; 
tail-feathers dusky brown, edged with sandy brown; crown of head 
a little darker than the back, and similarly centred with black ; 
the forehead rather paler, and streaked with ochreous buff; lores 
and a ring round the eye blackish, surmounted by an eyebrow 
of pale ochreous buff, broad and distinct; ear-coverts blackish 
brown, except on the lower part, which, like the cheeks, is deep 
ochreous buff, streaked with black, separated from the throat by a 
narrow malar line of black; under surface of body ochreous buff, 
the throat whiter and streaked with black, the fore neck and chest 
rather more distinctly, the streaks narrower on the breast; abdomen 
uniform; sides of body and flanks streaked with dusky blackish ; 
thighs and under tail-coverts ochreous buff, the latter with narrow 
dusky shaft-lines; under wing-coverts and axillaries uniform 
ochreous buff; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge; 
" upper mandible dark brown, lower mandible pale fleshy brown, 

slightly tinged with bluish ; legs, feet, and claws pale fleshy brown ; 
iris nut-brown " (W. Davison), Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*45, 
wing 2S5, tail 2*4, tarsus 0*72. 

The young male in first winter plumage cannot be distinguished 
from the old females. Eour specimens are in the Hume Collection, 
shot by Mr. Davison at Simla in November and December 1880. 
He describes the soft parts as follows:—" l^pper mandible dark 
brown, the lower mandible greyish fleshy brown, suffused with 
dusky on the sides and at the tip; legs and feet greyish fleshy 
brown, claws dark brown; iris nut-brown." 

Very old females gain a slight tinge of rosy on the breast. 
Specimens from the more eastern portions of the bird's range are 
rather darker and more richly coloured. 
Hob. Himalayas, from Cashmere to Nepal. 

44 . CAEPODACTJS. 
a. <$ ad. sk. 
b. 2 ad.sk. 
c. $ ad. sk. 
d. $ ad. sk. 
e,f. d 2 ad. sk. 
g. 2 ad.sk. 
h. tf ad. sk. 
i. (S ad. sk. 
k, I, m. <$ ad. ; 
n, o. 2 ad. sk. 

p. $ ad. sk. 
#. $ ad. sk. 
r, 5. <£ ad.; 
^ w. $ ad. sk. 
i>, w. d* ad.; 
a;, y. £ ad.; 

z. tf juv. sk. 
a', c? ad.; b', c'. 
2 ad.; d\ e',f. 
cS juv. sk. 

g'}h',i'. $ ad.; A;', 

/', m'. 5 ad. sk. 
w'. <S ad. sk. 
o\ cJ ad. sk. 
p'} q'. 6 ad sk. 

?-'. S ad. sk. 

$'. <? ad. 
£'. <$ ad. sk. 
wf. (J ad. sk. 

Dhurmsala, Jan. 1870 (W. E.
Brooks). 


Lake Nullah, above Bhurmsala,
May 1870 (W. E.Brooks). 
Dhurmsala, June 1870 {W. E.


B?'Ooks). 

Baja in Kunaiti, Jan. 1, 1871.
Pumlahie, Sept. 1869.
Kotegurh.
Kotegurh, Oct. 16,1869.
Kotegurh, Dec. 1868.
Kotegurh, March 1871.


Dulsar, Kotekhaie, Feb. 23,1871.
Tatulee, Kotekhaie, Feb. 27,1871.
Simla, Feb. 1, 1867 (F. Jones


Thompson). 
Simla, Nov. 1880 (W. Davison),

Simla, Dec. 1880 ( W. Davison).

N.W. Himalayas. 
Jerripani, Masuri, 1869. 
Masuri, 1869. 
Middle range of hills north of 


Masuri. 
Derali,May 13,1874 (W. R 

Brooks). 
Gangaotri, May 18,1874 (W. E. B.). 
Bhyringutti, May 16,1874 ( W.E.B.). 
Kumaon (Strachei/). 

v'j w', a;'. $ ad. sk. Dolaka, Nepal, Jan 1875 (X. Man


y\ z'. 2 ad. sk. 

«, A y,». <? 

ad. sk. 

f. <S ad. sk. 
delli). 
Dolaka, Nepal, Jan. 1876 (Z. Mandelli). 


Nepal. 

Himalayas. 

15. Carpodacus verreauxL 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll, 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

Capt. Stackliouse 

PinwiU [P.], 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum, 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll 

Hodgson Coll, 

Purchased. 

Carpodacus verreauxi, David, JVL Arch. Mm. vii. Bull. p. 10 (1871). 
Propasser verreauxi, David fy Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 355 (1877). 

Adult female (type of species). General colour above dark brown, 
the feathers of the mantle and upper back broadly centred with black, 
the edges of the feathers creamy or yellowish buff; the rump and 
upper tail-coverts lighter and more uniform brown, with faintly 
indicated dusky centres; lesser wing-coverts dark brown; median 
and greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
blackish brown, edged with pale brown, the primaries with whity 
brown, the inner secondaries distinctly white towards the end of the 
outer web ; upper tail-coverts reddish brown with dusky centres; 

416 FRINGILLIDJE. 

tail-feathers dark brown, margined with lighter brown ; crown of 
head like the back, all the feathers centred with black; the feathers 
above the eye slightly varied with whitish margins, these light 
feathers continued into a rather broad superciliary band of pale 
sandy buff above the ear-coverts ; lores ashy whitish; ear-coverts 
dark brown, the lower part slightly streaked with sandy buff; cheeks 
and throat ashy whitish, broadly streakad with black like the rest of 
the under surface, which is sandy buff; the abdomen uniform and 
unspotted; sides of body and flanks thickly streaked with black ; 
thighs brown; under tail-coverts sandy buff with blackish shaft-
lines ; under wing-coverts and axillaries deep sandy buff, paler on 
the lower series; quills below dusky, more ashy along the inner 
edge. Total length &o inches, culrnen 0-4, wing 2-^7 tail 2S, 
tarsus 0-7. {Mm. Paris.) 

Male. Unknown. 

Hob. Moupin. 

The only specimen in the Paris Museum, for the opportunity 

of describing which I have to thank Prof. llilne-Edwards, is un


doubtedly a female of some species closely allied to ff. rho lopt phi$ ; 

but it is decidedly smaller than the latter bird. 

16. Carpodacus vinaceus. 
Carpodacus vinaceus, Verr. Xuuv. Arch. Mm. \i. Bull. p. ;)0 (WO), 

vii. p. 61 (1871), viii. pi iv.fiyrs. 1, 2 (]>7i>). 
Propasser vinaceus, David fy Oust. Ois. Chine, p. &">0, pi. 06 (1^77). 
Adult male (type of species). Bark crimson, the feathers being 
blackish with dark crimson edges ; lower back and rump finer 
crimson or deep rosy: upper tail-coverts blackish, edged with dark 
crimson like the back; wing-coverts like the back; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills blackish, edged externally with reddish 
brown, the inner secondaries with a large spot of rosy pink at the 
end of the outer web; tail-feathers black; crown of head deep 
crimson ; a distinct eyebrow of lanceolate pearly rose-tipped feathers 
; lores dusky blackish ; sides of face, ear-coverts, arid sides of 
body deep crimson, with faintly indicated blackish shaft-line->, more 
distinct on the abdomen, which is paler rose-colour; thighs black ; 
under tail-coverts blackish, tipped with rose-colour : under wing-
coverts and axillaries sooty black; quills dusky black below, a little 
more ashy on the inner web: " bill brown ; feet reddish grey : iris 
reddish chestnut" {A. David). Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0*5, 
wing 2*8, tail 2% tarsus 0*8. (Mus. Paris.) 

Adidt female. Different from the male. General colour above 
nearly uniform dark ochreous brown; the feathers of the mantle 
and back slightly mottled with dusky centres; the lower back and 
rump uniform; wing-coverts like the back, the median and greater 
series rather paler at the ends; bastard-wing, primary -co vert s», 
and quills dark brown, externally ochreous brown, the innermost 
secondaries with a large mark of yellowish white at the ends of 

44 . CAKPODACTTS. 
the outer web; upper tail-coverts like the back; tail-feathers dark 
brown, with oehreous-brown edges ; crowu of head rather more 
decidedly ochreous than the back and strongly mottled with dark 
brown centres; lores and eyelid buffy whitish ; ear-coverts uniform 
dark ochreous brown; cheeks rather lighter, whity brown anteriorly ; 
under surface of body lighter and more ruddy ochreous ; the throat 
rather broadly and the fore neck and breast more narrowly streaked 
with dusky brown ; abdomen uniform ruddy ochreous brown ; the 
sides of body and flanks rather more dusky brown, as also the 
thighs ; under tail-coverts brown, with ochreous edges and tips, the 
longer ones edged with whitish ; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
dull ochreous brown, the lower greater coverts paler ; quills below 
dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total length 5*7 inches, culmen 
0*45, wing 2-55, tail 2*15, tarsus 0*7. 

Hah. Western China. 

a, b. £ J ad. sk. Ichang (rorge, Yangtze C. Maries, Esq. [C.]. 
Eiver. 


17. Carpodacus rhodopeplus. 
Fringilla rhodopepla, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 23 ; Gould, Cent B. 
Himcd. Mts. pi. 31. fig. 1 (1832). 

Propasser rhodopeplus, Hodqs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mas., Passeres, 
pi. 299. dgs. 1, 2 (no. 340); id. in Grai/s ZooL Misc. p. 84 (1844); 
id. P. Z. $. 1845, p. 36; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. E. I. Co. Mm. ii. 

p. 458 (1856); Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 400 (1863); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, 
' p. 44; Hume, 8tr. F. 1873, p. 15,1879, p. 108. 
Erythro&piza rhodopepla, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 952 (1844). 
Carpodacus rhodopeplus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 384 (1844); id. Cat. 

Maymn.etc. Nepal pres. Hodqs. p. 109 (1846) ; Blyth, Cat. B.Mus. 
As. 8oc. p. 121 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 531 (1850); Gray, Hand-l. 

B. ii. p. 101, no. 7518 (1870). 
Adult male. General colour above dark crimson or ruddy brown 
washed with crimson, all the feathers centred with black, the feathers 
of the mantle relieved with a spot of clear rose-colour near the end 
of the outer web ; rump rosy, all the feathers being tipped with clear 
rose-colour; wing-coverts blackish, edged with dark crimson; the 
median and greater coverts relieved by a spot of clear rosy at the 
end of the outer web; bastard-wing dusky blackish, fringed with 
ashy rosy; primary-coverts and quills blackish, edged with dark 
crimson, the inner secondaries with a rosy mark near the end of the 
outer web; upper tail-coverts dark crimson; tail-feathers dusky 
brown, edged with dark crimson; crown of head dark crimson like the 
back, but the black centres not so distinct; along the sides of the 
crown a broad eyebrow of pointed rosy feathers with a slight pearly 
gloss; lores, feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts blackish, washed 
with dark crimson, with a little patch of pointed rosy feathers near 
the lower edge of the latter; cheeks and under surface of the body 
rich crimson, with mesial black streaks; the throat ornamented 

with pointed tips of pearly rose-colour; all the breast-feathers 
broadly tipped with crimson; the abdomen paler and more rosy, 
TOL. XII. 2 E 

413 FEING ILLUME. 

uniform ; sides of body and flanks ruddy brown, with crimson ends 
to the feathers, paler on the latter; thighs ochreous brown ; under 
tail-coverts ruddy brown, with crimson ends to the feathers ; under 
wing-coverts dusky, the longer ones whitish, washed with rosy; 
axillaries ochreous brown, edged with rosy; quills below dusky, 
ashy along the inner edge. Total length (rb inches, culmen U*0, wing 
3-3, tail 2-9, tarsus 0-9. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
brown, the feathers with broad central streaks of black ; the head 
like the back; the mantle-feathers edged with ochreous buif; rump 
more uniform brown, with scarcely any indication of dusky centre^ ; 
lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and greater coverts du*ky 
brown, edged with ochreous brown, and with a pale ochreous-butf 
mark near the end of the outer web; bastard-wing blackish, narrowly 
fringed with ashy ; primary-coverts and quills blacki&h, edged 
with ochreous brown, paler ochreous buff along the margin of the 
primaries, aud with a spot of light ochreous buff near the end of the 
inner secondaries, resembling the greater coverts; upper tail-coverts 
dull ochreous brown ; tail-feathers dark brown, with ochreons-brown 
margins; lores, feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts blackish ; 
a broad eyebrow of pale ochreous buif: feathers below the eye blackish; 
lower part of ear-coverts and cheeks ochreous buif, streaked and 
mottled with black, and separated from the throat by a narrow black 
malar line; throat and under surface of ihe body clear ochreous 
buff, streaked with black, the streaks narrower on the breast : abdomen 
uniform; sides of body and flanks washed with brown, with 
distinct blackish shaft-stripes ; thighs pale ashy; under tail-coverts 
ochreous burl, with dusky centres to the feathers ; under wing-coverts 
dusky brown, washed with ochreous, the longer ones ashy whitish; 
axillaries dull ochreous buff; quills below dusky, ashy along the 
inner edge. Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3*05, tail 
2-65, tarsus 0-85. 

Hal. Himalaya llountains, from ITasuri to Sikhim. 

a. $ ad. sk. Hills north of Masuri. Hume Coll. 
b, c. c? J ad. sk.
d. $ ad.; e, / , g.
2 ad. sk. 
Nepal (£. H. Hodgson). 
Nepal. 
India Museum. 
Hodgson Coll. 
h. <$ ad. ; i, Jc, L$ ad. sk. 
Dolaka, Nepal, Jan. 1875-76 
{L. Mandelli). 
Hume Coll. 
m. J ad. sk. Sikhim, 1879 (X. Mandelli). Hume Coll. 

18. Carpodacus e&war&si. 
Carpodacus edwardsi, Verr, N. Arch. Mus. vi. Bull. p. 89 (1870), 

vii. p. 58 (1871), viii. pi. 3 (1872). 
Propasser saturates, Blanf. J. A. S. Beng. xli p. 168 (1872) : id. 
Ibis, 1873, p. 218 j Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 418, 
Propasser edwardsi, Baud § Oust Ois. Chute, p. 355, pi. 94 (1877); 
Hume, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 415; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 108. 

Adult male. General colour above ruddy brown, washed with crim


44 . CARPODACTTS. 
son, the mantle and back streaked with dusky blackish centres to the 
feathers ; rump and upper tail-coverts more uniform, with scarcely 
any indications of dusky centres ; lesser wing-coverts ruddy brown ; 
median and greater coverts dusky, edged with ruddy brown, with 
pale rosy tips, forming a double wing-bar: bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with ruddy brown, more rosy 
on the primaries, the inner secondaries with pale rosy spots at the 
ends, like the inner greater coverts; tail-feathers dusky brown, edged 
with ruddy brown; crown of head dull crimson, with longitudinal 
dusky centres; base of forehead varied with rose-coloured tips to 
the feathers, more distinct over the eye, where they form a conspicuous 
eyebrow; lores, feathers round the eye, and upper part of 
ear-coverts dark crimson; remainder of ear-coverts, sides of face, and 
cheeks rosy, the feathers tipped with pale pearly rose-colour; throat 
similarly coloured to the cheeks; fore neck and breast dark crimson, 
with dusky shaft-line3, the lower breast washed with rosy like the 
abdomen, which is entirely rose-colour, with dusky shaft-lines; sides 
of body and flanks brown, washed with crimson; thighs brown ; 
under tail-coverts brown, washed with rosy and with dusky centres ; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries dark ochreous brown, washed 
with crimson ; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge : ** bill 
brown, the lower mandible greyish; feet reddish grey; iris reddish 
chestnut" (A. David). Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 

3, tail 2-25, tarsus 0-8. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
dark ochreous brown, streaked with dusky brown centres to 
the feathers; the head similarly streaked, but a little darker than 
the back, the rump and upper tail-coverts nearly uniform; lesser 
wing-coverts dull ochreous brown; median and greater coverts dusky, 
edged externally with pale ochreous, especially at the tips, so as to 
form a double wing-bar; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish, 
edged with ashy ochreous; quills dusky brown, edged with pale 
ochreous, lighter along the edge of the primaries and towards the 
end of the secondaries, which are pale-tipped like the greater coverts; 
tail-feathers dusky brown, edged with ochreous brown; crown of 
head like the back, but the streaks a little darker; the forehead 
slightly mottled with pale ochreous buff; lores ashy; a broad eyebrow 
of ochreous buff, as also the eyelid; ear-coverts dark brown ; 
feathers below the eyes and cheeks ochreous buff, streaked with dark 
brown; under surface of body ochreous buff, broadly streaked with 
black on the throat, more narrowly on the fore neck and breast, 
which are a little browner; abdomen clear ochreous buff, with obsolete 
dusky shaft-lines; sides of body and flanks dark ochreous 
brown, with narrow dusky shaft-streaks ; thighs ochreous brown; 
under tail-coverts pale ochreous, with lighter margins and dusky 
centres ; under wing-coverts and axiHaries pale ochreous, with dusky 
bases ; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total length 
5-5 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 3-1, tail 2-3, tarsus 0*9. 

Some of the female specimens in the Hume Collection are much 

2E2 

420 
FRlNGILLrD-K. 

duller ochreous brown below, with very distinct blackish shaft-lines ; 
the throat also whiter. These may be younger birds. 
Hah. Himalaya Mountains from Nepal to Bootan, extending into 
Moupin and Szechuen, in Western China. 

«, o. & 2 ad. sk. Nepal. 
Hodgson Coll. 

e, d. 2 ad. sk. Nepal (B. H. Hodgson). India Museum. 

e. 2 ad. sk. Nepal (B. H. Hodgson). Gould Coll. 
/, g, h. $ ad.; Native Sikhim, Jan. 1874- Hume CoU. 
z-m. J ad. sk. 77 (Z. Mandetti). 
n, o, p. $ ad. sk. Native Sikhim, Feb. 1873- Hume Coll. 
74 (Z. Mandetti). 
q} r. c? ad. sk. Native Sikhim, May 1873- Hume Coll. 
75 (Z. Mandetti). 

s. <$ ad. sk. Native Sikhim, Aug. 1871 Home Coll. 
(Z. Mandetti). 
t. $ ad. sk. Native Sikhim, Dec. 1875 Hume Coll. 
(Z. Mandetti). 
u. <$ ad. sk. Sikhim. W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[P.]. 
v. $ ad. sk. Sikhim (Z. Mandetti). HuWColl. (Type of 
P. saturatus, Bianf.) 
to. 3 ad. sk. Sikhim, April 1873 (Z. Hume Coll. 
Mandelli). 

x. 
J ad. sk. Sikhim, May 1873 (Z. Hume Coll. 
Mandelli). 
y, *. d 2 ad. sk. Tongloo, Sikhim, July Hume Coll. 
1871 (Z. Mandelli)* 
d-d1. <$ ad.sk. Sikhim, Aug. 1873-74 Hume Coll. 

(Z. Mandetti). 
e',ftg'. $ ad.sk Sikhim, Aug. 1872-74 Hume Coll. 
(Z. Mandetti). 
h'. 2 ad.sk. Sikhim, Nov. 1873 (Z. Hume Coll. 
Mandelli). 
i'. S ad.; &'~j?', Sikhim (Z. Mandetti). Hume Coll. 
2 ad. sk. 
#', r'. (S ad. etjuv.j Near Darjiling. Hume Coll. 
s'~vf. 2 sk
«/. 2 ad. sk. Bootan (Pemherion). India Museum. 

19. Carpodacus frontalis. 
Fringilla frontalis, Say in Long's Exped. Rocky Mis. ii. p. 40 (1824). 
Pyrrhula frontalis, Bp. Amer. Orn. p. 149, pi. 6. figs. 1, 2 (182-7^ 
Erythrospiza frontalis, Bp. P. Z.S. 1837, p. 112; id. Comp. List B. 

Eur. fy N. Amer. p. 35 (1838); Jard. ed. Wilson's Amer. Orn. 

iii. p. 306, pi. vi,fig. 1; Audub. B. Amer. iii. p. 175, pi. 107 {1841) * 
Gambel, Proc. Philad. Acad. i. p. 202 (1843). J' 
Carpodacus frontalis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 384 (1844); Bp. Consp i 

V. 533 (1850); Baird, B. K Amer. p. 415 (1858) : Coues "ibk 
1865, p. 159, 1866, p. 267; Cooper, B. Calif, p. 156 (1870)' 
Gray, Hand4. B. ii. p. 101, no. 7508 (1870) ; Coues, Keu N 
Amer. B. p. 129 (1872); Ridgw. Amer. Jour. &n". & Arts (S) v 
p. 39 (1873); Coues, B. N.-Wert, p. 188 (1874); Hemh Men 
Zool. Exped. 100th Merid, p. 241 (1875); Ridgw. Rep. Orn. 4Qfk 
Parallel, p. 458 (1877); Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mm. I p. 301 
44. CARPODACUS. 
421 

(1879); Ridgw. op. cit iii. pp. 176, 216 (1880); Coues, Check-list 

N. Amer. B. p. 47 (1882); id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd edi p. 347 
(1884) j Brew, Auk, ii. p. 16 (1885); Beckh. t. c. p. 141 ; A. 0. U. 
Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 256 (1886). 
Carpodacus rhodocolpus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 166 (1851). 
Carpodacus frontalis, var. rhodocolpus, Ridgw. Amer. Journ. Sci. fy 

Arts (3) v. p. 39 (1873); Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. p. 413 

(1879); Cooper, op. cit. ii.p. 247 (1886). 

Carpodacus frontalis, var. frontalis, Baird, Brewer, fy Ridgw. Hist. 

N. Amer. B. i. p. 466 (1874). 
Carpodacus frontalis rhodocolpus, Ridgw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iii. 
pp. 176,216 (1880); Coues, Check-list N. Amer.B. p. 48 (1882); 
Belding, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. v. pp. 531, 537 (1883); id. op. cit. 

vi. p. 343 (1883) ; A. 0. U. Check-list N Amer. B. p. 257 (1886); 
JBverm. Auk, iii. p. 181 (1886) ; Hensh. t. c. p. 453. 
Adult male. General colour above light ashy brown, slightly-
streaked with dark brown mesial lines on the dousal plumage, which 
is slightly tinged with rosy; rump with a patch of deep crimson ; 
lesser wing-coverts brown ; median and greater coverts dark brown, 
edged with ashy brown, whitish at the ends ; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills dark brown, margined with ashy brown, whitish 
on the edges of the primaries; upper tail-coverts brown, tinged with 
rosy and centred with darker brown; tail-feathers brown, edged 
with whity brown; crown of head brown, very slightly washed 
with crimson; the forehead and sides of crown bright crimson, 
forming an eyebrow; lores and nasal plumes ashy white; feathers 
round eye and ear-coverts brown, with a crimson tinge ; fore part of 
face, cheeks, throat, and breast bright crimson ; the abdomen, sides 
of body, and flanks white, with a slight rosy tinge, all streaked with 
dusky brown : thighs ashy; under tail-coverts isabelline, broadly 
streaked with dark brown in the centre; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries dull reddish, those near the edge of the wing mottled with 
dusky centres; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner web. 
Total length 5*2 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 3*1, tail 2-25, tarsus 0*65. 

Adult female. Scarcely to be distinguished from the female of 

C. mexieanus, but rather paler brown above, decidedly lighter below, 
the dark brown streaks less pronounced. Total length 5*6 inches, 
culmen 0-4, wing 3, tail 2*3, tarsus 0*6. 
The transition in a series from C. frontalis to C. rhodocolpus seems 
to me to be absolute, and I see no possibility of separating the two 
forms, even as races. (7. mecdcanus perhaps merges into C. frontalis; 
but I have seen no sign of this in the series of specimens examined. 

Hah. Middle Province of the United States, and Pacific coast-
region from Oregon to Cape S. Lucas (cf. A. O. U. Check-list, pp. 256, 

257). 
a. Carpodacus frontalis. 
a. <
h. ?
$ ad. sk. 
ad. sk. 
Antelope Island, Great SaltLake, June 4, 1869 (R.
Ridgway; Sm. no. 58588). 
Utah, Oct. 6 (H W. Henshaw; 
Sm. no. 62937), 
U. S. National Museum. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

422 
FEIXGILLIDJB. 

e. J ad. sk. 
d. $ juv. sk. 
e. $ ad. sk. 
a. J ad. sk. 
b. J ad. sk. 
c. cf ad. sk. 
d. $ ad. sk. 
e. <$ ad. sk. 
/,*. 
(5$ ad. 
hk. 

h. <$ ad, sk. 
i, h. $ 5 ad. sk. 
£ c? ad. sk. 
m. 2 ad. sk. 
n. $ ad. sk. 
o. Ad. sk. 
Santa Rita Mountains, AriTJ. 
S. National Muzona, 
July 1, 1884 (R. IF". seum [P.]. 
Kelson-, Sin. no. 99832). 
Tucson, Arizona, May 20, U. S. National Mu1884 
{R. W. Nelson"; Sm. seum [P.]. 
no. 98844). 

Camp Lowell, Arizona, May R. B. Sharpe, ESQ. 
20, 1884 (F. Stephens). "P.". 

/3. Carpodacus rhodocolpus. 

California. 
California. 
San Jose', California. 


River&ide.'.California, Feb. 28, 
lb85. 
Bear Valley, California, 

•June 21,1886 (F. Stephens). 
N. 
California, May 1885 {C. 
K Tuwmend; Sm. nos. 
91079-91 (Ni). 
Redwood, California, April 16, 
1877 (R IF. Nelson). 
Haywards', California, April 21 
1881 (W. O.Emerson). 
California, July (H. W. Senshaw; 
Sm. no. 72187). 

FortTejon, California, July 16, 
1857 (J. Xantus ; Sm. no. 
25598). 

FortTejon, March 4, 1858 
(J. 
Xantus ; Sm. no. 25001). 
Mexico ? 

Sclater Coll. 

Capt. Kellett and 
Lieut Wood "P.". 

II. K. Coale, JKsJ. 
G. 
Frean Morcom, 
E*q. [P.\ 
U. S. Nat. 5luseum 
;p.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Iwi. 
rP.\ 
Ii ; I t Coalt», E3q 

[P.J. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Sclater Coll. 

20. Carpodacus mexicanus. 
Bruant de Mexique, Daiibent PL Rnl. yi. pi. 386. fig. 1. 
Fringilla mexicana, P, L. S. Midler; Syst. Nat, SuppL p. 105 (1776] j 
Cass, Proc. Fhilad. Acad. 1864, p. 254. 
Emberiza mexicana, Bodd. Tail. PL Rnl. p. 28 (1788) ; Gm. Smt. 
Nat.i.y. 873(1788). 
Pyrrhula frontalis {nee Say), Swains. Phil. Mag. new series, p. 4*35 
(1827). 
Fringilla hsemorrhoa, Lielit. Prefe-Verz. mex. Fog. p. 2 (1830) (of. 

Cab. J.f. 0.1803, p. 56); Wagler, Isis, 1831, p. 525. 
Erythrospiza frontalis, JBp. Oss. Meg. Anim. Cuv. p. 80 (1880). 
Carpodacus frontalis {nee Say), Pp. 4* SchL Mvnogr. Loxiem, p. 15, 

pi. 16 (1850) j Baird, Mez. Bound. Surv. n. Birds, p. 14 (1858) ; 
JOughs, La Natur. p. 140 (1868) j Lawr. Mem. Post Soc. S. if. ii. 

p. 278 (1874). 
Carpodacus hsemorrhous, 
Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 804; Baird, J?. 
K Aimer, p. 417, note (1858) ; Scl Cat. Amer. B. p. 122 (1802); 
Sumichr. Mem. Bost. Soc. S. II i. p. 550 (1800) ; Gray, Hand-L 

B. ii. p. 101, no. 7513 (1870); Scl. # Sate. NomencL Ai\ Neotr, 
p. 34 (1873); Ridgw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mm. iii. p. 236 (MPQ): 
tialu. Cat. Strickl. Coll p. 205 (1882). 
44 . C4J&P0DACTJS. 
Carpodacus frontalis, var. hsemorrhous, JRidgw. Am. Journ. Set. fy 
Arts, (3) v. p. 39 (1873). 
Carpodacus frontalis, c. hsemorrhous, Coues, B. N.-We&t. p. 108 
(1874). 
Carpodacus mexicanus, Ridgw. Proc. Biol Soc. ii. p. Il l (1884); 
Salvin § Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 422 (1886). 

Adult male. General colour above ashy brown, nearly uniform, with, 
dusky centres to the feathers; lower back and rump deep crimson; 
wing-coverts dark brown, with sandy-buff margins, clearer isabelline 
on the greater coverts; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark 
brown fringed with sandy buff, more ashy on the margins of the 
primaries and inner secondaries; upper tail-coverts brown, with ashy-
brown margins; tail-feathers dark brown, edged with whity brown ; 
crown of head, occiput, nape, and hind neck ashy brown ; the forehead 
deep crimson, extending in a streak on each side above the ear-
coverts; lores, feathers round eye, ear-coverts, and sides of face ashy 
brown ; fore part of face, cheeks, throat, and fore neck deep crimson, 
well defined on the latter; sides of neck and of fore neck ashy 
brown ; remainder of under surface of body ashy whitish, broadly 
streaked with dark brown ; abdomen rather whiter and similarly 
streaked; sides of body and flanks sandy buff, broadly streaked with 
dark brown ; thighs and under tail-coverts sandy buff, the latter 
broadly streaked with dusky brown; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
isabelline, with a slight reddish tinge; quills below dusky, 
ashy along the inner edge. Total length 5*8 inches, culmen 0*45, 
wing 3*1, tail 2*45, tarsus 0*7. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 

brown, slightly mottled with dusky centres to the feathers of the 

back ; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and greater coverts 

dark brown, edged with lighter brown; bastard-wing, primary-

coverts, and quills blackish brown, edged with paler brown, broader 

on the secondaries ; upper tail-coverts like the back ; tail-feathers 

blackish brown, edged with lighter brown; crown of head like the 

back, and similarly mottled; lores ashy whitish ; ear-coverts uni


form dark brown; cheeks and under surface of body ashy whitish, 

broadly streaked with dusky brown; abdomen uniform ashy whitish; 

sides of body and flanks streaked with dusky brown like the breast; 

thighs whitish; under tail-coverts fulvous, with longitudinal centres 

of dusky brown; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale tawny 

buff; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total length 

5-2 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2-9, tail 2-25, tarsus 0*65. 

Hah. Mexico. 

a. S var. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
Purchased. 

b. c? ad. sk. Mexico. 
c. <S ad. sk. Valley of Mexico, Nov. 20, 1879 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(A. W. Butler). 
d. 2 ad. sk. Near the city of Mexico. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sclater Coll 
/ . <3 ad. sk. S. Mexico {A. SalU). Sclater Coll. 

e. $ ad. sk. W. Mexico. . 
A. Boucard [O ] 
g. (S ad. sk. Puebla. 
L $ ad. sk. Mexico (de Sausmre). Relator Col) 
424 FBIXGILLID-E. 

21. Carpodacus roseipectns. 
Carpodacus frontalis {nee Sat/), Pp. $ Schh Monogr. Loxiens7 pi. 17 
(1850). 
Carpodacus h-emorrhous {nee Weigh), Salater, P. Z. S. 18*38, p. 303, 
1859, p. 380. 
Adult male. General colour above dark ashy brown, tbe feathers 
of the mantle and hack somewhat mottled with dark-brown centres : 
rump deep crimson : lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and 
greater coverts dark brown, with a broad ending of paler and more 
ashy brown; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish 
brown, fringed with ashy, the inner secondaries more broadly edged 
with pale brown; upper tail-coverts brown ; tail-feathers dark 
brown, narrowly edged with ashy brown; crown of head uniform 
dark ashy brown, the forehead deep crimson, passing backwards 
into a broad eyebrow; nasal plumes whitish ; lores, feathers round 
eye, and ear-coverts uniform ashy brown, like the sides of the neck; 
cheeks and throat dark crimson, the latter well defined ; fore neck 
and breast ashy brown, all washed with pale rose-colour, and 
streaked with dusky brown on the lower breast, which is ashy 
whitish like the abdomen; sides of body and flanks ashy brown, 
streaked with darker brown; thighs pale ashy brown; under tail-
coverts whity brown, washed with rosy, and longitudinally centred 
with dark brown; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale ashy 
tinged with rosy; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. 
Total length 5*5 inches, culm en 0*45, wing 3, tail 2*35, tarsus 0-55. 
Adult female. Xot distinguished from the female of C uwieanits. 
Total length 5*6 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*9, tail 2*35, tarsus 0*7. 
Hah. Southern Mexico. 
a-b. S ad. sk. Oaxaca, W. Mexico {A. Fenuehio). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

c. $ ad. sk. Oaxaca, Nov. 1860 (A. Salle). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
22. Carpodacus ampins. 
Carpodacus ainplus, Bidgw. Bulh U. & Geoh # Geogr, Stiru. Terr. 
ii. p. 187 (1870); id. Proc. V. S. Xat. Mas. iii. pp. 170, 229 
(1880). 
Adult. Above, dark brownish grey, the feathers indistinctly darker 

centrally, the wing- and tail-feathers edged with paler brownish 

grey. Lower parts dull white, conspicuously streaked with brownish 

grey. 

Male. Frontal band (about 0*15-0*30 wide), superciliary stripe 

back to the ends of the auriculars, cheeks (anterior half of the max


illary region), chin, throat, breast, and patch on lower part of the 

rump bright crimson. Wing 3*30-3*35; tail 2*80-2*90; bill, from 

nostril, 0*42-0-45; depth of bill 0*42-0*50, breadth of bill 0*32


0*35; tarsus 0-80; middle toe 0*60-0*65. 

Female. Lacking the red, each feather of the lower parts having 

a distinct central streak. "Wing 3*10-3*25; tail 2*60-2*90 ; length 

of bill 0*40-0-45: depth of bill 0*40-0*48, breadth 0*32-(>3b; 

tarsus 0*75-0*85 ; middle toe 0*58-0*05. 

44 . CABF0DACUS. 
425 

Young. Similar in plumage to the adult female, but light edges 
to wing- and tail-feathers broader and more inclining to fulvous. 

(Ridgway.) 

The upper mandible is nearly black, the lower much lighter, a 
purplish horn-colour in the male, almost white in the female; the 
feet are brownish black. In the male the back is just appreciably 
glossed with a faint red tinge, and the shade of the red markings 
varies from a deep harsh carmine or true crimson to almost a red-
lead hue. The coloration is exactly like that of Q. frontalis from 

the Rocky Mountains, except that the tints are all darker; but the 
size is in every way so much greater that no comparison is needed, 
as the measurements will demonstrate. (Ridgway.) 

Hah. Guadelupe Island, Lower California. 

23. Carpodacus tlrara. 
Carpodacus thura, Bp. fy Schl. Monogr. Loxiens, p. 21, pi. 23 (1850); 
Bp. Cotisp. i. p. 531 (1850); Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 101, no. 7519 
(1870). 

Propasser thura, 
Ilorsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. E. 1. Co. Mus. ii. p. 459 
(1850); Moore, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 215, pi. 113; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. 

p. 401 (1863); Hume, Str. F 1878, p. 15; David fy Oust. Ois. 
Chine, p. 357 (1877) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 108, 1880, p. 350. 
Adult male. General colour above brown, broadly streaked with 
black centres to the feathers; rump beautiful rose-colour; lesser 
wing-coverts blackish, edged with rosy at the ends; median coverts 
blackish, tipped with pale rosy; greater coverts blackish, edged with 
brown, tinged with rosy on the outer ones, and creamy white 
towards the ends of the outer webs ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 
and quills blackish, edged with dull rosy, the secondaries with 
brown, the innermost with creamy white like the greater coverts; 
upper tail-coverts rosy, with black centres, the outer ones brown ; 
tail-feathers blackish, edged with brown; crown of head brown, 
streaked with black like the back ; the forehead rosy, with a pearly 
gloss, extending backwards in the form of a broad eyebrow, which 
is succeeded by a broad streak of creamy white above the ear-

coverts; lores and feathers below the eye dark crimson; feathers 
round eye and a broad streak above the ear-coverts dark brown ; 
ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat beautiful rose-colour, with pearly-
white centres, giving a streaked appearance ; sides of neck uniform 
brown; remainder of under surface uniform rosy, the fore neck and 
chest slightly streaked with pearly-white shaft-lines; sides of breast 
narrowly streaked with black; lower abdomen white; sides of body 
and flanks brown, streaked with black ; thighs ashy brown; under 
tail-coverts rosy, the long ones edged with white and centred with 
black; under wing-coverts and axillaries greyish white; edge of 
wing washed with rosy; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner 
edge. Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3*4, tail 3, 
tarsus 0*9. 

A male, killed in August, is in worn plumage, but retains the 
same characters as the January specimen described. The stripes on 

426 FRIXGILLID2E. 

the mantle and upper back are almost obsolete, those on the lower 
back very broad: the light edges to the secondaries and greater 
coverts are nearly lost from abrasion, and from the same cause much 
of the pearly lustre on the head and throat has disappeared. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
brown, all the feathers broadly centred with black; rump golden 
yellow, streaked with black centres to the feathers ; upper tail-
coverts dark brown in the centre, edged with whlty brown, tinged 
with golden yellow; lesser wing-coverts dull golden yellow with 
black centres; median and greater coverts blackish, edged with 
brown like the back, with whity-brown ends, forming a double wing-
band; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown, 
edged with paler brown, the inner secondaries externally whity 
brown, like the greater coverts; tail-feathers blackish, edged with 
paler brown; crown of head like the back, and streaked with black 
in the same way; base of forehead brownish white, streaked with 
black; lores ashy whitibh, as well as the feathers below the eye and 
the lower edge of e} olid; a distinct eyebrow of pale rufous, narrowly 
streaked with black; feathers round eye, remainder of eyelid, and 
ear-coverts blackish brown; cheeks buffy whitibh, tinged with rufous 
and streaked with black; throat, fore neck, and chest rufous, narrowly 
streaked with black; breast whiter, with a slight tawny tinge, 
streaked with black; abdomen purer white and with narrower black 
streaks; sides of body and flanks brown, tinged with rufous* and 
streaked with black; thighs ashy brown ; under tail-coverts yellowish 
buff with black centres; under wing-coverts and axiliaries 
white, the edge of the wing pale rufous ; quills below dusky, ashy 
along the inner edge. Total length 6*5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 
3-25, tail 2-85, tarsus 0*9. 

Yery little variation occurs in the plumage of the female birds; 
but in summer they are rather whiter on the sides of the lace and 
underparts. The depth of colour on the rump is more Intense in 
some specimens; and in one from Native Sikhim, procured in March, 
the rump has a shade of glossy vinous. Although marked as a 
" female/' it is not improbably a young male. Two young males, 
shot in October, are of a paler rose-colour below than the fully adult 
birds, and still retain traces of the striped breast, showing that the 
first stage of the male is like that of the old hen birds, as might 
have been expected. A young bird in the Gould Collection also has 
bright-coloured upper tail-coverts, like the specimen above mentioned, 
and has at the same time some rosy colour on the throat. 

Hal. Himalayas, from Nepal to Sikhim and Thibet, extending 
into Western China. 

a, h. <$% ad. sk. Nepal. Hodjr*on Coll. 
c, d, e, f. <5 ad.; Dolaka, Nepal, Jan, 1876 (L. Man- Hume ColIt 

g,h,i,k. 5 ad. sk. delli). 
I,TO.d ad. sk. Dolaka, Nepal, Aug. 1876 (L. IT.). Hume Cull. 
n, o, p, q, r. «3 ad. sk. Native Sikhim, Mar. 1874 (L. J/.). Hume Coll. 
*, t, w, v. $ ad. sk. Native Sikhim, Mar. 1874 (L. 31.). Hume Coll. 
tr, r. 3 J ad. sk. Native Sikhim, May 187*5 (Z. M.), Hum? Coll. 

44 . CAKPODACTJS. 427 
». 
<? ad. sk. 
<?; a'. 5 ad.; 
b'. $ imrn. sk. 
Native Sikhim, June 1878 (X. IT.).
Native Sikhim, Oct. 1873 (X. M.). 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
c'» 
e'. 
/ • 
d\ $ 5 ad. sk. 
<$ ad. sk. 
c5" ad. sk. 
Native Sikhim, Nov. 1876 (X. M.).
Native Sikhim, Dec. 1879 (X. M.).
Interior of Sikhim, June 1873 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

(X. 31.). 
, h'. $ ad. sk. Interior of Sikhim, Oct. 1873 (X. M.). Hume Coll. 
?'' 7

z. c? ad. sk. Sikhim, Jan. 1873 (X. M.). Hume Coll. 
&•, /'.J a(^s^-Sikhim, March 1873 (X. M.). Hume Coll. 
m',n',or. J ad. sk. Sikhim, June 1873 (X. M.). Hume Coll. 
P , g', <J ad. sk. Sikhim, Aug. 1873 (X. M.). Hume Coll. 
r'. . $ ad. sk. Sikhim, Aug. 1873 (X. M.). Hume Coll. 
s', f. 6 ? ad. sk. Sikhim, 1879 (X. M.). Hume Coll. 
u' . ? ad. sk. Sikhim, (J. Gammie). Hume Coll. 
v',. <$ juv. sk. Sikhim (X £.). Hume Coll. 
to1'. $ ad. sk. Tongloo, Sikhim, Dec. 1879 (X. M.). Hume Coll. 
x' , y'. <$ 2 ad-sk-Darjiling. Hume Coll. 
»'. tf ad. sk. Darjiling, winter 1869-70 (S. J. Hume Coll. 
Mwes). 
a, 0. 2 ad. sk. Darjiling, April 1869. Hume Coll. 
7-$ ad. sk. Darjiling, Oct. 1868. Hume Coll. 

5. Juv. sk. Darjiling. Gould Coll. 
«> £. <5 2 ad. sk. Thibet, March 1875 (X. Mandelli). Hume Coll. 
24. CarpodacHS dubius. 
Propasser frontalis (nee Say), Blyth, Ibis, 1862, p. 390; id. J. A. S. 

Beng. xxxii. p. 458 (1803); ford. B. Bid. ii. p. 403 (1863), iii. 

App. p. 87 (1864); Hume, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 459; id. Str. F. 

1879, p. 108 ; O. F. X. Marshall, Ibis, 1881, p. 84. 
Carpodacus dubius, Brjev. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 301, pi. liii. 

(1877). 
Propasser dubius, David fy Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 552 (1877). 
Propasser blythi, Biddulph, Ibis, 1882, p. 283, pi. 19. 

Adult male. General colour above light brown, all the feathers of 
the back streaked with dark brown, with slightly paler edges; lower 
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts beautiful clear rose-colour, the 
latter with brown bases and central streaks; lesser wing-coverts 
dark brown washed with crimson; median coverts blackish brown, 
tipped with rosy ; greater coverts blackish brown, edged with paler 
rosy brown, whitish at the ends of the outer web; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, edged with light brown 
like the back, slightly tinged with rosy, the secondaries paler on the 
margins, which are whitish at the ends of the innermost; tail-
feathers dark brown, fringed with lighter brown; crown of head 
like the back, and similarly streaked with dark brown; a broad 
frontal band of most beautiful pearly silver plumes, continued backwards 
over the eye, where it becomes mixed with rose-colour, and 
terminates in a broad streak of whitish on each side of the occiput; 
lores and a narrow line across the base of the forehead deep crimson; 
ear-coverts deep rose-colour, slightly spangled with pearly white; 

428 FBIXGILLIDiB. 

cheeks and throat rose-colour, with lanceolate spangles of pearly 
white, becoming narrower on the fore neck and chest, where they 
form glistening shaft-lines; breast and under surface of body 
generally rich rose-colour; abdomen white, streaked with blackish 
on the upper parts ; sides of body and flanks light brown, the rosecolour 
of the breast, however, descending on each side of the white 
abdomen; thighs light brown; under tail-coverts rose-colour, the 
longer ones longitudinally centred with blackish; under wing-
coverts and axillaries whitish; quills below dusky abhy, slightly 
tinged with rosy along the inner edge. Total length (Hi inches, 
culm en 0*45, wing 3*3, tail 2*9, tarsus 0*9. 

Bab. Prom Alachan and Kansu, probably throughout Thibet, as 
it re-occurs in the ^"orth-western Himalayas. 

a. S ad. sk. Kansu, April. General Prjevalski 
b. £ ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Gould Cull. 
c. <$ ad. sk. N.TT. Himalayas, Junglag, Dec. Gould Coll 
lfe47. 

25. Carpodacns ambiguus. (Plate X.) 
Preparer auibigutis, Hume, Sir. F. Ib74, p. 320; Brooks, $tr. F. 
1875, p. 2o5; Hume, titr. F. 1870, p. 10fe. 

Adah male (type of species). General colour above dull brown, the 
feathers centred with blackish, the pale edges to the feathers more 
distinct on the mantle and upper back; the rump uniform pale 
rosy : lesser wing-coverts dark brown ; median and greater coverts 
dark brown, edged with pale brown which is tinged with rosy, less 
distinct on the greater coverts; bastard-wing and primary-coverts 
uniform dark brown ; quills dark brown, edged with paler brown; 
upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers dark brown, with paler brown 
edges, narrower on the latter; crown of head blackish, with a faint 
tinge of crimson; lores and a tolerably distinct eyebrow dark" 
crimson; feathers round eye, sides of face, and ear-coverts dark 
crimson, as also the cheeks and throat; remainder of under surface 
pale rose-colour, with dusky shaft-streaks, the feathers of the fore 
neck and chest slightly washed with crimson; sides of the body and 
flanks rather more broadly streaked with blackish brown ; thighs 
ashy brown ; under tail-coverts pale rosy; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries ashy whitish, washed with rosy; quills below dusky, ashy 
whitish along the inner edge. Total length 5'5 inches, wing $« 
tail 2-1. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
pale brown, with broad blackish-brown centres to the feathers, the 
rump not so strongly centred with blackish, but the upper tail-
coverts like the back; lesser wing-coverts dark brown; median and 
greater coverts blackish brown, edged with paler brown, whity 
brown at the ends of the feathers : bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 
quills, and tail-feathers blackish brown, edged with paler brown ; 

44. CARPODACUS. 
crown of head like the back and similarly streaked with black; the 
base of the forehead minutely varied with whitish streaks; lores 
dusky ; a whitish eyebrow, streaked narrowly with blackish ; sides 
of face whitish, streaked with dark brown ; the ear-coverts 
uniform pale brown, streaked with dusky brown; cheeks and 
under surface of body whitish with a fulvous tinge, the throat 
narrowly streaked with blackish, becoming broader on the fore neck 
and breast; the abdomen uniform whitish; sides of body and 
flanks washed with brown and broadly streaked with blackish ; 
thighs whitish, streaked with dark brown; under tail-coverts whitish, 
brown in the centre of the long ones, all with blackish shaft-
streaks ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale brown, with a tawny 
tinge on the latter: quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. 
Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2-9, tail 2*4, tarsus 0*75. 

Hal. Himalaya Mountains, from the neighbourhood of Masuri to 
Nepal. 

a, b. J ad. sk. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
c-d. $ $ ad. sk. Baghirati Valley. Hume Coll. (Types 
of species.) 


e,f. J ad. sk. Near Sulri, Masuri Hills, May Hume Coll. 
1874 (TF. E. Brooks), 
g, h. $ ad. sk. Above Derail, May 20, 1874 Hume Coll. 


(W.E.B.). 
2 ad. sk. Derali, May 13,1874 ( W. E. B.). Hume Coll, 


26. Carpodacus pulcherrimus. 
Propasser 
pulcherrima vel rhodochroa, Ilodgs. Icon. ined. pi. 301 
(&g. 467) * ; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844). 
Propasser pulcherrimus, Moore, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 216; Horsf. fy 
Moore, Cat. B. E. I. Co. Mus. ii. p. 460 (1856); Jerd. B. Ind. ii. 

p. 462 (1863); Hume, Nests $ Eggs Ind. B. p. 471 (1873) ; 
id. Str. F. 1874, p. 317; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 108. 
Carpodacus pulcherrimus, Gray, Hand4. B. ii. p. 102, no. 7521 
(1870). 
Carpodacus davidianus, Milne-Edwards, Nouv. Arch. i. Bxdl. p. 19, 
pi. ii. fig. 2 (1864); Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 101, no. 7517 (1870); 
Smnh.P.Z.S.187l,y.m7. 

Propasser 
davidianus, David 8f Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 354, pi. 95 
(1877). 

Adult male. General colour above ruddy brown, streaked with 
black centres, the mantle rather more ashy; rump clear rosy; 
lesser wing-coverts ruddy brown ; median and greater coverts dusky 
brown, edged with lighter brown, rather rosy towards the ends; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, edged with 


* Figs. 465, 466, on the same plate, are males of true P. rhodochrous, the 
female (no. 467) being a hen of the present bird. Among Hodgson's specimens 
numbered "467 " were also some females of P. amhguus. The species will stand 
as P. pulcherrimus of Moore (ut supra), who has adopted Hodgson's name from 
the female bird, and it seems better to retain it now, as the species is folly 
recognized by ornithologists. 
430 FKINGILLID-E. 

dull rosy, and with ruddy brown on the secondaries, the inner ones 
being edged with ashy whitish near the tip; tipper tail-coverts 
brown tinged with rosy, centred with black: tail-feathers dark 
brown, edged with ruddy brown; crown of head like the back and 
similarly streaked with black, but a little more tinged with rosy ; 
lores dusky ; base of forehead and eyebrow pale rosy with a pearly 
gloss, streaked with black on the anterior portion of the eyebrow ; 
ear-coverts, sides of face, and cheeks rosy with a pearly gloss. 
surmounted by a dark-brown stripe above the ear-coverts ; throat 
and under surface of body rosy, with a pearly gloss on the throat 
and fore neck, with black shaft-lines; the breast and abdomen 
with crimson reflexions, the latter uniform; sides of body and 
flanks brown, streaked with black; thighs brown: under tail-
coverts rosy, streaked with black, the long ones edged with whitish 
at the tips; under wing-coverts rosy, centred with black, the longer 
ones whitish; axiUaries pale rosy ; quills below dusky, a>hy alone: 
the inner edge. Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing #-05, 
tail 2*4, tarsus 0-7. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
ruddy brown, streaked with black centres to the feather* ; leaser 
wing-coverts like the back; median and greater series blackish, 
margined with light reddish brown, paler at the tips of the feathers ; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, edged with brown, 
the inner secondaries with pale reddish brown like the greater 
coverts; rump a little more uniform than the back, but the upper 
tail-coverts ruddy brown with black centres ; tail-feathers dark 
brown, margined with paler brown ; crown of head like the back, 
and streaked with black in the same manner : on each side of the 
crown an eyebrow of creamy white, narrowly streaked with black ; 
this light streak commencing above the eye and extending to the 
sides of the occiput; sides of face, ear-coverts, and cheeks pale tawny 
buff streaked with black, with a broad line of dark brown along the 
upper edge of the ear-coverts: throat and under surface of body 
pale tawny buff, paler on the throat and whiter on the lower 
abdomen, which is the only part which is not distinctly streaked 
with black ,* thighs brown; under tail-coverts pale tawny buff, 
whiter at the ends, with blackish centres; axiUaries and under 
wing-coverts pale tawny buff, with ashy bases; quills dusky below, 
ashy along the base of the inner web. Total length 5*5 inches, 
culmen 0*45, wing 3, tail 2-2, tarsus 0-7. 

Hah. Himalaya from Kumaon to Sikhim, and thence to Western 

-China. 
a. <$ ad. sk.
b, o* ad. sk. 
Himalayas. 
Kumaon (Strachey). 
Gould Coll. 
India Museum, 
c. d ad. sk. Dolaka, Nepal, Dec. 1875 (Z.
Mandelii). 
Hume Coll. 

d, e. <$ ad. ;/4 . Dolaka, Nepal, Jan. 1875 (X. Hume Coll. 
$ ad. sk. Mandelii). 
m,n. <$ 2 ad.sk. Dolaka, Nepal, Feb. 187G (X. Hume Coll. 
Mandelii). 

45. PYBKHOSPIZA.
°JPdi 
2,r-$
ad. sk.
$, t. S $ ad. sk.
w. S ad. sk. 
Nepal. 
Nepal {Hodgson). 
Native Sikkim, Jan. 1875. 
Hodgson Coll. 
(Types of species.) 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
v. $ ad. sk.
<$ ad. sk.w 
Native Sikhim, April 1875. 
Kansu, April. 
Hume Coll. 
Gen. Prjevalski [C.]. 

45. PYRBHOSPIZA. 
Type. 
Pyrrhospiza, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 953 (1844) .. P. punicea. 
Linurgus, Reichenb. Syst. Av. Taf. lxxviii. fig. 9 (1830, nee 
Ligurinus) P. olivacea. 

Range. Himalaya Mountains, extending to Kan-su; Cameroons 
Mountains in Western Africa. 

Key to the Sjpecies. 
(punicea, p. 431. 

a. With red in the plumage; no black on the head < humii, p. 433. 
(longirostris, p. 433. 
b. With yellow in the plumage; head and throat 
Mack olivacea, p. 434. 
1. Pyrrhospiza punicea. 
[ 
Carpodacus subroseus, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, 
pi. 306 (no. 831). 
Pvrrkospiza punicea, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 953 (1844); 
"Blyth, Cat B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 121 (1849); id. J. A. S. Beng. 

xxiii. p. 214 (1854); Horsf. fy Moore, Cat. B. B. I. Co. Mus. ii. 
p. 461 (1856); Jerd. B. Bid. ii. p. 406 (1863) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, 
p. 44; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 108. 
Propyrrhula rubeculoides, Hodgs. in Grat/s Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844); 
id. P, Z. &. 1845, p. 36. 
Strobilophaga rubeculoides, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 18 (1849). 
Strobilophaga caucasica (nee Pall.), Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal 

pres. Hodgs. n. 110 (1846). 
Carpodacus puniceus, Bp. fy Sehl. Monogr. Loxiens, p. 25, pis. 27, 28 
(1850); Bp. Consp. i. p. 530 (1850). 
Pinicola punicea, Gray, Hand4. B. ii. p. 109, no. 7643 (1870). 

Adult male. General colour above dark brown, mottled all over 
with blackish centres to the feathers; scapulars like the back; rump 
bright rose-colour; lesser wing-coverts like the back, but washed with 
reddish; median and greater coverts dark brown, edged with rather 
paler brown, the greater series slightly washed with reddish brown ; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, narrowly 
margined with ashy brown, a little lighter on the edges of the primaries 
; upper tail-coverts rather lighter brown; tail-feathers dark 
brown, edged with lighter brown; crown of head like the back, and 
similarly mottled with blackish centres to the feathers; a broad frontal 
band of crimson; lores dusky, tipped with crimson; eyebrow crimson, 

432 FRINGILLIDJE. 

extending to above the middle of the ear-coverts; eyelid duskv 
blackish; ear-coverts dark brown, streaked with blackish like the 
crown; cheeks and feathers below the eye crimson, with silvery-white 
bases; throat, fore neck, and breast crimson, with silvery-white 
centres to the feathers and blackish bases, the breast rather duller 
coloured than the throat; abdomen earthy brown, the feathers centred 
with black; sides of breast, sides of bod}~, and flanks dark brown, 
with blackish centres to the feathers; thighs earthy brown, mottled 
with black; under tail-coverts rosy, paler on the edges, with dark-
brown centres; under wing-coverts ashy brown, centred with blackish 
and washed with rosy, especially on the edge of the wing: axillaries 
yellowish brown, dusky on the inner web; quills below dusky, ashy 
along the inner edge. Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 
4*4, tail 3, tarsus 0*95. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
dark ashy brown with an olive tinge, with blackish centres to the 
feathers, broader and more distinct on the mantle; the rump rather 
paler and more olive, the blackish centres to the feathers narrower; 
wing-coverts and quills dark brown, with paler brown edges to the 
feathers, especially on the greater coverts; upper tail-coverts like 
the rump; tail-feathers dark brown, edged with lighter brown ; 
crown of head like the back, and similarly streaked with black; 
lores dusky, tipped with ochreous buff, as also the feathers of the 
forehead; eyebrow and feathers round the eye ochreous burl', streaked 
with black; ear-coverts with rather broader black centres to the 
feathers; cheeks and under surface of body ochreous buff, the throat 
broadly streaked with black; the fore neck and chest with strongly 
marked spots of black, the lower breast and abdomen more narrowly 
streaked with black, the latter rather ashy brown ; sides of body and 
flanks ashy brown, with broad black centres to the feathers; thighs 
and under tail-coverts ashy brown, with pale edges and blackish 
centres to the feathers; under wing-coverts and axillaries ochreous 
burl, with ashy-brown bases; quills below dusky, more ashy along 

the inner edge. Total length 6*5 inches, culmen 0-05, wing 4, tail 
2'7, tarsus 0*9. 


The series of male birds in the Hume Collection shows the species 
at every season of the year, and there is little variation between 
winter and summer plumage. The male shot in December is 
rather lighter brown, with the blackish mesial markings rather 
more strongly indicated; the forehead has the crimson feathers 
tipped with dark brown, and there are pale brown tips to the 
rosy feathers of the rump and to some of the breast-feathers. 
Kemains of these brown tips are found in many of the breeding 
birds, in which the feathers become more or less abraded, so that in 
some examples the silvery-white centres to the crimson feathers of 
the underparts become entirely worn out, and a more uniform 
appearance results. 

The females vary little at different seasons of the year, but then-
are rather lighter in colour during the winter, especially about the 
head, which is more ashy than the back and the forehead; sides of 

45 . PYRRHOSPIZA. 
face and ear-coverts ashy ochreous buff, with very distinct blackish 

streaks. 

The young males only differ from the adult females in having the 

rump yellow and in the strong shade of olive-yellow which pervades 

the throat and breast, while the fore neck and breast have large 

black triangular spots. Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0*65, 

wing 4-1, tail 2*85, tarsus 0-9. 

Hab. Himalayas, from Nepal to Sikhim. 

a, b. <$) c. $ ad. sk. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
(Types of species.) 

d. J ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
e. $ ad. sk. Native Sikhim, Jan. 1873 (Z. Hume Coll. 
Mandelli), 
f,g, h-Si «• ? ad-J Native Sikhim, March (Z. M.). Hume Coll. 

h. $ juv. sk. 
I, m. S $ ad. sk. Native Sikhim, April (Z. M.). Hume Coll. 
7i, o. £;p. $ ad. sk. Native Sikhim, May (Z. M.). Hume Coll. 
q, r. S ad. et juv. sk. Native Sikhim, July (Z. M,)t Hume Coll. 
s, t, u. S ad. sk. Native Sikhim, Aug. (Z. M.). Hume Coll. 
v. <S ad. sk. Native Sikhim, Sept. (Z M.). Hume Coll. 
w. $ a<i-' x c? illv sk-- 
Native Sikhim, Nov. (Z.M.). Hume Coll. 

y. (S ad.; %, a', b'. $ ad. Native Sikhim, Dec. (Z. M.). Hume Coll. 
sk. 
e\ S ad. sk. Sikhim. Hume Coll. 
d', e'. d ? ad. sk. Sikhim, April 1873. Hume Coll. 

/' . $ ad. sk. Darjiling, April. Hume Coll. 

Subsp. a. Pyrrhospiza humii. 

Pyrrhospiza punicea (nee Hodgs.), Biddulpli, Ibis, 1881, p. 85 j Marshall, 
Ibis, 1884, p. 420. 

Adult male. Much paler brown than the Sikhim P. punicea, the 
rose-colour of the rump, face, throat, and breast also much paler, 
and not crimson; frontal band rosy and much broader than in P. 
punicea. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 4*35, tail 3*1, 
tarsus 0*9. 

Eab. Interior of N.W. Himalayas. 

a. S ad. sk. Kotegurh, April 3,1869. Hume Coll. 
b. s ad. sk. "Borenda Pass." Gould Coll. 
e. tf ad. sk. Thibet. Gould Coll. 
2. Pyrrhospiza longirostris. 
Pyrrhospiza longirostris, Prfev, in Mowley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 304, 
pi. liv. (1877). 

Male. Forehead, wide eyebrows, cheeks, and throat blood-red, 
with indistinct silvery spots; breast and rump crimson ; ear-coverts, 
crown, nape, back and sides of neck, back, and shoulders earthy-
brown colour, the darker centres of the feathers forming indistinct 
spots; stomach dirty yellow; flanks yellowish grey, with indistinct 
dark lines ; quills and tail dark brown, with hardly perceivable red 
edges on the outer webs ; the secondaries have white tips; the upper 

TOL. XII. 2 p 

434 PKINGILLTDJ5. 

wing-coverts do not differ from the quills in their coloration, the 
larger ones have pale edges and the smaller ones have red ones: 
the frontal part of the upper tail-coverts is brown, the under tail-
coverts are rose-coloured; culmen dark horn-colour, lower mandible 
yellow ; iris dark brown; tarsus dark horn-colour. Length 8*5 to 
9 inches, wing 4*49 to 4-88, tail 3*52 to 3*7, culmen 0*7 to 0*78, 
tarsus 0-9 to 0*97. (Prjevalshi.) 

Female. Upper parts of the body, wings, and tail like the male ; 

forehead and underparts of the body yellowish dirty white, with 

many dark spots, which latter get longer on the breast and dis


appear on the stomach; rump yellowish. Wing 4*5 to 4*7, tail 3*47 

to 3-5, culmen 0*67, tarsus 0*96. (PrjevalsLi.) 

Bah. Kansu. 

General Prjevalski does not state how this species differs from 

P. punicea, and apparently bases the distinctions on the length of 
the bill. This varies, however, to a great extent in P. pn/iieia^ and 
we believe that the two species are identical. 
3. Pyrrhospiza olivacea. 
Coccothraustes olivaceus, Fra^er% P. Z. S. 1842, p. 144; Allen 4" 

Thomps. Kip. Niger, ii. p. 500 (1848) • Fra&er, Zoo!. Typ. pi. 47 

(1849). 

Ligurnus olivaceus, Hartl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 140 11857); Gray, Ann. 

f May. Sat. Hist. (3) x. p. 445 (18G2). 

Crithagra olivacea, Gray, Hand~l B. ii. p. 101, no. 7505 (1^70). 

Ligurinus olivaceus, Skarpe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 015; MeuJira. J. f. O. 

1875, p. 50. 

Adult male. General colour above yellowish green, clearer yellow 
on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts; lesser and median 
coverts like the back; greater coverts blackish, externally yellowish 
green, and broadly tipped with yellow ; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills black, edged with yellow, broader on the secondaries, 
which are margined with white along the inner web ; centre 
tail-feathers olive-green, the remainder oJive-brown, edged and 
tipped with yellow, the inner webs yellow towards the end ; crown 
of head black, separated from the back by a broad band of bright 
yellow • lores, sides of face, and throat black; remainder of under 
surface of body golden yellow, a little greener on the flanks and 
thighs• under wing-coverts and axillaries yellow; quills below 
dusky, ashy along the innei edge of the primaries, white on the 
secondaries. Total length 5S inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2*9, tail 
1-9, tarsus 0*7. 

Adult female. Much greener than the male, and only slightly 
yellower on the rump and upper tail-coverts; the head dingy 
blackish, as also the sides of the face and throat, the latter washed 
with olive; fore neck, breast, and sides of the body greenish, yellow 
in the centre of the breast and abdomen* wings and tail as in the 
male. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*65, tail 1*85, 
tarsus 0*7. 

Young birds resemble the old female, but have the head greenish, 

46. LOXIA. 
435 
like the back, the throat yellowish, and the whole coloration more 
dingy. 
Hal. Cameroons Mountains, W. Africa; Fernando Po. 

a. [ 5 ] ad. sk. Fernando Po. L. Fraser [0.]. (Type 
of species.) 
b. S 
ad.; c. <$ Cameroons Mountains, Sir R. Burton [P.]. 
imm.; d,e. $ 7000 feet. 
ad.; /, g. Juv. sk. 
46. LOXIA. 
Type. 
Loxia, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 299 (1766, pt.) L. curvirostra. 
Crucirostra, Leach, Cat. Mamm. $c. p. 12 (1-816) ... . L. curvirostra. 
Curvirostra, Brehm, Orms, iii. p. 8") (1827) L. curvirostra. 

Of. Brehm, Nairn. 1853, pp. 178-203, 241-256, cum tab. 

Range. The greater portion of the Palasarctic and Nearctic regions, 
reaching to the Himalayas in the Old World and to Mexico in the 
New "World. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
With no white bands on the wings curvirostra and allies, 
pp. 43o-439. 
b. 
With white bands on the wings J W**<*fh P-^ I 
° J leucoptera, p. 443. 
1. Loxia curvirostra. 
The Cross-bill, Albin, Nat Hist B. i. p. 58, pi. 61 (1738). 
The Cross-bills, cock and hen, Edwards, Gleanings, ii. p. 196, pi. 303 
(1760). 

Loxia* curvirostra, 
Linn. Syst Nat i. p. 299 (1766); Beehst Orn. 
Taschenb. p. 305 (1802;; Schinz, Vog. Schweiz. p. 08 (1815); 
Temm. Man. i. p. 328 (1820) ; Naum. Vog. Beutschl. iv. Taf. 110. 
figs. 1-4 (1824) 5 Rom; Orn, Prov. pis. 70, 71; Audub. B. Amer. 
pi. 197; Werner, Atlas, Granivores, pi. 44 (1827) ; Less. TraitS, 

p. 451 (1831); Audub. Orn. Biogr. ii. p. 559 (1834), v. p. 511 
(1839); Jard. ed. mis. Amer. Orn. ii. p. 37, pi. 31. figs. 1, 2 
(c. 1832) ; Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 202 (1837) ; Bp. Comp. List B. 
Eur. Sr N. Amer. p. 38 (1838); Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 235 (1840); 
Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 164 (1840); Nordm. in Bemid. Vog. 
Buss. Mirid. iii. p. 165 (1840); Audub. B. Amer. 8vo, iii. p. 180, 
pi. 200 (1841); Selys-Longch. Faune Beige, p. 75 (1842); Yarr. 
Brit B. ii. p. 15 (1843); Sehl. Rev. Crit p. 68 (1844); Giraud, 
B. Long Lsl. p. 130 (1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 388 (1845) ; 
Blyth, Cat B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 123 (1849); Thomps. B. Irel. i. 
p. 276 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 527 (1850); id. $ Sehl. Monogr. 
Loxims, p. 5, pi. 6 (1850) ; Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 168 (1850); 
Middend. Reis.Sibir., Zool. p. 154 (1851) ; Kjarb. Orn. Ban. pi. 286. 
fig. 4, pi. 28 c.figs. 7, 8 (1852); Licht. Nomencl. Av. Berol. p. 48 
(1854) ; Sehl. Vog. Nederl. pi. 176; Hewits. Eggs Brit. B. i. p. 212, 
pi. 54. figs. 2, 3 (1856) ; Sundev. Svensk. Fogl. pi. i. figs. 3, 4 
(1856); Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 123 (1859); 
Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 315; SchrenJc, Reis. Amurl. p. 301 (1859); 
Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 64 (1860); Potoys, Ibis, 1860, p. 138; 
Sehl. Bier. Nederl. pi. 17. figs. 7, 8, 9 (1861); Stvinh. Ibis, 1861, 
p. 336; Gray, List Brit B. p. 110 (1863); Radde, Reis. Sibir., Vog. 
2P2 
MtmeiLLiP-B. 

p. 194 (1868); Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 50; More, Ibis, 1865, p. 130; 
Lilforcl, Ibis, 1866, p. 888; Begl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 261 
(1867); Loche, Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. I p. 161 (1867) ; Swinh. Ibis, 
1868, p. 446 ; Borggr. Vogeif. Norddeutschl. p. 78 (1869); Mahngr. 
Ibis, 1869, p. 280; Ekces § Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 198; Fritsch, 
Vdg. Eur. pi. 22. fig. 8 (1870) ; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iii. pi. 45 
(1870); Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 108, no. 7632 (1870) ; Salvad. Faun, 
ItaL, Ucc. p. 163 (1871); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 220; B. Gray, 

B. Wett Scott, p. 153 (1871); Eeulem. Onze Yog. ii. pi. 42 (1872; ; 
Hurting, Hawlb. Brit. B. p. 29 (1872); Dresser, B. Bur. iy. p. 127, 
pi. 203 (1872) j Elwes, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 647 ; AM. $ Harvie Broicn, 
Ibis, 1873, p. 65; Brooke, t. c. p. 247 ; Irby, B. Gibr. p. 124 {1675); 
Cordeaux, Ibis, 1875, p. 183; Danf. fy Harvie Brown, t. c. p. 414 ; 
Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 92 (1875) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. ZoolK France, 5. 

p. 183 (1876); Seebohm, Ibis, 1880, p. 107, 1882, pp. 219, 378; 
Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 202 (1882) ; B.O. U.List Brit B. p. 57 
(1883); Booth, Bough Notes, vol. i. pi. 77; Seebohm, Mist. Brit. 
B. ii. p. 31 (1884) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1884, p. 876; Badde, Orn. Cane. 
p. 162 (1884) ; Whitehead, Ibis, 18fc5, p. 40; Seebohm, I&>, 1886, 
p. 25 ; Giglioli, Avif. Ital. p. 42 (1886) ; Salvad. Eleaeh. Ucc. ItaL 
p. 181 (1887). 
Le Bec-crois£ d'Allemagne, Baubent PL Enl. iy. pL 218. 
Le Beocrois£, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 449, pi. 27. fiur. 2 (1775). 
Loxia eiirvirostra, var. y, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 327 (17fc£). 
Common Crossbill, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 106 (17fctt). 
Curvirostra americana, Wils. Amer. Orn. iy. p. 44, pi. 81.fig<*. 1, 2 
(1811); Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 426 (1856); Ball % Bonn. Trans. 
Chicago Acad. i. p. 281 (1809); Cooper, B. Calif, p. 14> (IhTO); 
Cones, Eeij N. Amer. B, p. 129 (1672). 

Loxia pytiopsittacus, Bechst. Orn. Taschenh. p. 106 (1802); Temm. 
Man.'cFOrn. p. 327 (1820); Naum. Vdg. DeuUcU. iy. pL 109. 
figs. 1-3 (1824); Werner, Atlas, Granicores, pi. 48 <1«27, $); 

Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 201 (1837); MacgilL Brit B. I p. 429 
(1837); Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. % N. Amer. p. 38 (1&33); Keys. 

u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 164 (1840); Nor dm. in Bemid. Vuy. Muss. 
MSrid. iii. p. 188 (1840) ; Yarr. Brit B. iii. p. 34 (18481; SchL 
Rev. Crit. p. 67 (1844); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 888 (1845); Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 526 (1850); id. 8? Schl. Monoqr. Zouriens, p. 8, pi. 1 
(1850); Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 168 (1850); Kjmrb. Orn. Ban. 
pi. 28 b. ftg. 3, pi. 28 c. figs. 5,6 (1852}; Schl. Tog. Nederl pi. 175 
(1854); Licht. Nomencl. Av. Berol. p. 48 (1854) ; Sunder. Svensh. 
FogL pi. i. figs. 1, 2 (1860); Linderm. Vdg. Griechenl. p. 68 {1800) ; 
Schl. Bier. Nederl. Vog. pi. 17. figs. 5, 6 (1861); Gray, List Brit 
B. p. Ill (1863) ; Badde, Reis. Sihir. p. 194 (1863); BegL et Gerbe, 
Orn. Eur. i. p. 263 (1867); Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutsrhl p. 77 
(1869); Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 108, no. 7683*( 1870);' Fritsch, Vog. 
Eur. Taf. 19. %. 10, Taf.22. fig. 9 (1870); Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iii. 
pi. 46 (c. 1870); Salvad. Faun. ItaL, Ucc. p. 162 {1871); JR. Gray, 
B. West Scotl p. 154 (1871); Harting, Handb. Brit B. p. 114 
(1872) ; Bresser, B. Eur. iy. p. 121, pi. 202 (1872); Fallon, Ois. 
Belg. p. 91 (1875); Newton, ed. Yarr. Brit B. ii. p. 207 (1877); 
Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 236 (1880); Gigl Ibis, 1881, 
p. 204; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 378; B. 0. U. List Brit B. p. 57 
(1888); Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 10; Badde, Orn. Cauo. p. 163 
(1884); Giylioli, Avif. ltd. p. 42 (1886); Salvad. Eleaeh. Uce. 
Ital p. 181 (1887). * 
Crucirostra abietina, Meyer, Vdg. Liv- tmd Esthl. p. 72 (1815). 

* 46. LOXIA. 
437 
Crucirostra pinetorum, Meyer, t. c. p. 71 (1815). 

Crucirostra europsea, Leach. Syst. Cat. Mamm. &c. Brit. Mus. pp. 12, 
13 (1816). 
Crucirostra media, Brehn, Vog. Deutschl. p. 242 (1831). 
Crucirostra montana, Brehm, t. c. p. 243. 
Crucirostra pinetorum, Brehm, t. c. p. 244. 
Crucirostra pytiopsittacus, Brehm, t.c. p. 241. 
Crucirostra subpytiopsittacus &e., Brehm, t. c. p. 242. 
Loxia europsea, Maegill. Brit. B. i. p. 417 (1837). 
Loxia americana, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. §• N. Amer. p. 38 (1838) ; 

Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 388 (1845) ; Bp. Comp. i. p. 527 (1850) ; Scl. 
Cat. Amer. B. p. 121 (1862); Law. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 288 
(1866) ; Finsch, AbhandL nat. Ver. Bremen, iii. p. 56 (1872) ; Scl. 
$• Salv. Nomenel. AD. Neotr. p. 34 (1873); Ridgw. Rep. Orn. 40tfi 
Parallel, p. 455 (1877) j Salvin, Cat. Strichl. Coll. p. 202 (1882). 

Loxia Mniaiayana, Hodgs. Icon, ined., Passeres, pi. 310. figs. 1, 2 
(no. 671) ; id. J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 952 (1842) ; id. in Gray's 
Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844) ; id. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 35; id. Ann. Nat. 
Hist. xvi. p. 206 (1845); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 388 (1845) ; id. Cat. 
Mamm. etc. Nepalpres. Hodgs. p. Ill (1846) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. 
As. Soc. p. 123 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 527 (1850); id. § Schl. 
Monogr. Loxiens, p. 6, pi. 7 (1850); llorsf. $ Moore, Cat. B.E.I. 
Co. Mus. ii. p. 453 (ISoQ); Blyth. Ibis, 1862, p. 92; Jerd. B. Ind. 

ii. p. 393 (1863); Blyth, Ms, 1867, p. 43; Gray, Eand-l. B. ii. 
p. 108, no. 7635 (1870); David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 360 (1877) ; 
Hume,Str. F. 1879, p. 108. 
Loxia mexicana, 
Strichl. Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 43, note; Scl. P. Z. S. 
1859, p. 365 ; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 122 (1862); id. P. Z. S. 1864, 

p. 74; Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 193; id. Cat. Strichl Coll. p. 202 
(1882). 
Crucirostra brachyrhynchos, etc., Brehm, Naum. 1853, pp. 185,187. 
Crucirostra paradoxa, etc., Brehm, t. c. pp. 190,192. 
Crucirostra major, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 275. 
Crucirostra longirostris, Brehm, t. c. p. 275. 
Crucirostra curvirostra, var. balearica, Homeyer, J. f. O. 1862, 

p. 256. 
Crucirostra balearica, Homeyer, J.f. 0.1864, p. 224. 
Loxia balearica, Newton, Zool. Pec. 1864, p. 84. 
Curvirostra mexicana, Sumichr. Mem.Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 551 (1869). 
Loxia albiventris, Swinh. P.Z.S. 1870, p. 437, 1871, p. 387; id. 
Ibis, 1875, p. 450; David § Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 360 (1877); 
Blahist. 8f Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 246 ; Jouy, Proe. U.S. Nat Mus. 
yi. p. 295 (1883); Ridgw. t. c. p. 371 (1883); Blahist. Amended 
List B. Japan, pp. 18, 64 (1884). 

Curvirostra americana, var. mexicana, 
Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 129 
(1872). 
Loxia curvirostra, var. americana, Baird, Brewer, § Ridgw. Hist. 
N.Amer. B. i. p. 484, pi. 23. tigs. 1-4 (1874); Coues, B. N.-West, 

p. 109 (1874) ; Hensh. Rep. Zool. Expl. 100*A Merid. p. 248 (1875); 
Belding, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 412 (1878). 
Loxia curvirostra, var. mexicana, Baird, Brewer, §* Ridgw. Hist. 

N. Amer. B. I p. 488 (1874); Hensh. Rep. Zool Expl. 100th 
Merid. p. 248 (1875). 
Loxia curvirostra mexicana, Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 176 
(1883); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 350 (1884). _ 
Loxia curvirostra americana, 
Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 176 
(1883); Nelson, Cruise R.S.' Corwin; p. 66 (1883); Coues, Key 

438 FEINeiLUD-aB. 

K Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 349 (1884); Scott, Auk, i. p. 159 (1884); 
Ridgw. t c. p. 292 ; Drew, Auk, 1885; p. 16; Brown, t. c. p. 105; 
Henshmo, t. c. p. 332. 
Loxia curvirostra bendirei, Ridgw. Proc. Biol Soc. Washington, ii. 

p. 101 (1885); Batthelder, Auk, ii. p. 128 (1886). 
Loxia curvirostra japonica, Ridgw. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, ii. 
p. 101 (1885). 
Loxia curvirostra stricklandi, Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Sat. 31m. viiL 
p. 354 (1885) ; A. O. IT. Check-list K Amer. B. p. 257 (1880). 
Loxia curvirostra minor, Brewster, Auk, iii. p. 107 (1866); Anthony, 
t. c. p. 168; Seton, t. c. p. 322 j A. 0. U. Check-list iV. Amer. B. 
p. 257 (1886). 
Adult male. General colour above pale vermilion, more dusky on 
the mantle and back, the feathers having dusky ba&es; scapulars 
dusky, washed with vermilion; rump clear vermilion or pale 
scarlet; wing-coverts sepia-brown, fringed with dull vermilion, 
more distinct on the lesser coverts; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 
and quills sepia-brown, with faintly-indicated fringes of red, a little 
more distinct on the primaries ; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers 
sepia-brown, washed or fringed with red on the edges; crown of 
head pale vermilion like the back, the nasal plumes ashy fulvous; 
lores and a line through the eye above the ear-coverts dusky 
brown, extending behind the latter; ear-coverts deeper vermilion, 
like the cheeks and under surface of the body; the bides of neck, 
lower abdomen, sides of body, and flanks ashy brown washed with 
vermilion ; thighs ashy brown ; under tail-coverts dull white, with 
brown centres and slightly washed with red ; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries dark ashy brown, washed with red externally ; quills 
below dubky brown, more ashy along the inner edge; bill and 
feet brown ; iris dark hazel. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*8, 
wing 3*8, tail 2% tarsus 0-6. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in being olive-yellow where 
the latter is red; the head and lower back and rump much brighter 
than the mantle, which is dusky brown, the feathers yellow only on 
their edges ; ear-coverts ashy, with a slight wash of yellow ; under 
surface of body yellow, with ashy bases to the feathers ; centre of 
abdomen clear pale ashy; sides of body, flanks, and thighs darker 
ashy brown. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0"8, wing 3-85, tail 2*27 
tarsus 0*65. 

Young birds most resemble the old female, but are striped above 
and below, the prevailing colour being ashy brown slightly washed 
with yellow, and streaked with darker brown down the centre of the 
feathers; the rump a little brighter yellow, with dark-brown centres; 
head like the back, the eyebrow whiter, streaked with dusky ; sides 
of face uniform ashy brown, washed with olive; uuder surface of 
body dull white, slightly washed with yellow, and having all the 
feathers mesially streaked with blackish brown. 

Between the sexes there is little difference in the nestling stage, 
the male birds being a trifle brighter and more yellow below and on 
the rump, the latter being also less streaked. 

46. LOXIA. 439 
^ la the nest the whole of the upper plumage is browner, this tint 
disappearing gradually after the birds have flown. 

After the first moult the tints of the male become more orange and 
uniform, but the flanks are striped, and there are more or less remains 
of striped feathers about the other portions of the body, these being 
part of the first plumage. A specimen shot by Mr. Wheelwright in 
November is in this stage. 

In the Gould collection was a very fine series of Crossbills procured 
by the late Henry Wheelwright, and showing all the stages of 
plumage, conclusively proving that the bright colour of the male is 
gradually assumed, and that it takes two, or even three, moults before 
the full red plumage is gained. 

The plumage of the female is assumed without any marked progression 
of changes. After the first moult the colour is very like 
that of the fully adult bird, but is duller and greener, as well as 
being mottled with dusky centres to the feathers on the upper 
surface, while there are still plentiful broad streaks of dusky brown 
on the under surface and especially on the flanks. At least two 
moults take place before the full plumage is attained. 

A series of males of L. curvirostra in the Museum have the culmen 
0*7-0*85 inch and the wing 3-7-4-05. Females measure 0-6-0*8 
inch in the culmen and 3*65-3*8 inches in the wing. Japanese 
birds, which might be expected to approach L. americana, have the 
culmen 0*7-0*75 and the wing 3*6-3*7 inches. 

The series of American Crossbills (L. americana) measures as 
follows:—Males have the culmen 0*7 and the wing 3*55-3*8 inches. 
Females have the culmen 0*65-0*8 and the wing 3*55-3*7 inches. 

Examples from New Brunswick have the culmen only 0*6 and 
the wing 3*2-3*3 inches, and belong apparently to the small race 
described and figured by Mr. Ridgway in the ' History of North-
American Birds/ 

Males of L. meockana (L. stricTclancli, Eidgw.) have the culmen 
0*75-0*8 and the wing 3*85-4*1 inches. The female measures:— 
culmen 0*75, wing 3*65 inches. 

Males of L. Mmalayana have the culmen 0*55-0*7 and the wing 
from 3*2 to 3*55 inches. The females measure:—culmen 0*6-0*65 
and the wing 3*15-3*3 inches. 

From the above measurements it appears that there is no hardand-
fast line to be drawn from the measurements of the Crossbills, 
every form of which appears to grade into another. I have kept 
the specimens under distinct headings for the sake of convenience; 
but I do not consider the different forms to be worthy even of 
subspecific rank. 

The largest form of Crossbill is that known as Loxia pytiopsittacus, 
or the Parrot Crossbill, which has often a bill twice as 
stout as that of L. curvirostra. Total length 6*5 inches, culmen 
0*85-0*9, wing 3*9, tail 2*25-245, tarsus 0*7-0*8. 

Bah. The greater part of Europe and Northern Asia, to Japan 
and North China.- Himalayas. North America as far as Mexico. 

a. <$; 6, c. $ ad.; 
d~f. Juv. sk. 
#. 2 ad. sk. 

A. tfad.; *. $ jun.sk. 
h. $ imm. sk. 
/. ? ad. sk. 
m. <$ ad. sk, 
», o. S ? ad. sk. 
^, g, r, 5,tf. tf ad. ; 

w. J ad. sk. 
v. tf ad. sk. 
w,x. tfad.jy. $ 
ad.; a, a'. <J j 
jun. sk. 


5', o'. Pull. sk. 
d\ $ jun. sk. 

^'. S ad. sk. 
/'. J ad. sk. 

g',h'. tf$ ad.sk. 
i'. <$ ad. sk. 

&'. $ ad. sk. 

V. $ ad. sk. 
m'j n'. <J $ ad. sk. 

or. (S ad. sk. 

rr. tf ad «-. ? 
ad. sk. 

 TRIBreiLLID.E. 

a. X. curvirostra. 
Ross-shire, May 1874. 
Lincolnshire. 
Norwich. 
Saffron Walden, Essex. 
Highgate, near London 


Nov. 10,1868(12. P. &). 
Somersetshire. 
Borregaard,S.Norwav,Feb. 

21, 1859 (P. Godman). 
Gardsjo, Sweden, Feb. 
1863 (H Wheelwright). 
Gardsjo, March 1808 (2£ 

7T.J. 
Gardsjo, Nov. 10, 1865 
(J5T. W.) 

Sweden (J5T. TF.J. 
Stockholm, Bee. 5,1858 

(7F. Jferaw). 
Wermland, Jan. 15,1874. 
Corsica, May 20, 18&4. 

/J. L.japonica. 
Japan. 
Japan. 
Japan (Capt. St. John). 

y. £. jpytiopsittacus. 
Bostal Common, Plum-
stead, Kent, Jan. 1808. 
Borregaard, Norway, Feb. 
21,1859 (P. Godman). 
Sarpsborg, 
Norway (P. 
Hodman), 

Gardsjo, Sweden, April 
1801 (JET. Wheelwright). 
Gardsjo, Sweden, March 
1803 (H Wheelwright). 

t\ (S ad.; u\ $ juv. sk. Wermland, June 10,1872. 

v'jto'. S ad. sLx', y\ cS $ ad. sk.
*', Pull. sk.
a, j9. 6 ? ad. sk.

y, a. tf 2 ad. j 

Juv. sk. 
£ tf ad. sk. 
rj. g ad. sk, 

0. $ ad. sk. 
i. tf ad. sk. 
K} X. J ad. sk, 

 Wermland, April 1873. 

 Wermland, Oct. 18,1872. 
Wermland, May 10,1872. 
Darmstadt. 

5. X. himalayana. 
Nepal. 
Nepal (Hodgson). 
Nepal (Hodgson). 
Nepal. 
Native Sikhim, Jan. 1873 


(X. MandeUi). 
Native Sikhim, Feb. 1875 
(Z. MandeUi). 
R. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Montagu Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Mr. J. Clark. 
Hume Coll. 


Montagu Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Gould CoH. 

Gould CoH. 

Gould CoH. 

Gould Coll. 

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
;RJ. 

W. Meves TV. 
J. Whitelfead, Esq. 
Prof. Milne [C.]. 
Gould Coll. 
Hume Con. 


H.Whitely,Esq.[P.]. 

Sah in-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Gould Con. 

Gould Coll. 

W. Meves [C.l 
W. Meves [C. 
W. Meves TV 
TV. Meves TV 
Hume CoUt 
Hodgson CoH. (Types 

of L. Mmalayana.) 
Gould Coll. 
India Museum. 
Hodgson Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume CoU. 

/A. <$ imm. sk. 

v. (S ad« sk. 
i, o. S juv. sk.; 
7T, p. 5 juv. sk. 
(r, r. $ 2 ad. sk. 

v. 
tf ad.; 0, x. 
Juv. sk. 
•fy, co, a'. Juv. sk. 
j8\ ? ad. sk. 
y'; $'• d juv. sk. 
c'.^d ad.j f. <? 
juv. sk. 

77'. tf ad. sk. 

0'. $ imm. sk. 
*'. c? ad. sk. 
K'. 2 ad. sk. 

X',/i\ J Sad.sk. 

vf, i'. d ? ad. sk. 

0'; TT'. c? ? &cL sk. 

pr. tf ad. sk. 

<r'. cT ad. sk. 

r\ $ ad. sk. 

t/, <f>f. <$ ad. sk. Chicago, Illinois, spring (H. K. 

Xr 

. 6 ad.sk. 
<Jr',»'. tf $ ad.sk. 

a. <$ ad. sk. 
J, c, <#, e. J ad.; 
Coale).

Garrisons, N. York, Dec. 30 (Roo


sevelt] Sm.no. 86892). 
Vancouver Island. 
Vancouver Island. 

British Columbia. 

/,ff*K i-2 ad. sk. 
<ky I, m, n. cS ? California. 

imm. sk. 

0. $ 
ad. ;p,q. $ 
ad. sk. 
r, s. 3 $ ad. sk. 

£ 
# ad. sk. 

u. S ad. sk. 
v. $ ad. sk. 
w. <$ ad. sk. 
#. 
Sternum. 

y9 z. Skeletons. 
a\ b\ Skeletons. 

46. L0X1A. 
Native Sikhim, May 1873 (X. 

Mandelli). 
Native Sikhim, Sept. 1878 (I. 
Mandelli). 

Interior of Sikhim, Feb. 1873 

(L. Mandelli).
Sikhim, April 1873 (X. Mandelli), 
Sikhim, May 1873 (X. Mandelli). 
Sikhim. 
Thibet, March 1875 (X. Mandelli). 
Thibet, March 1875 (X. Mandelli). 
Thibet, April 1875 (X. Mandelli). 


Thibet, Oct. 1876 (X. Mandelli), 


c. X. americana. 
N. America. 
N. America (Lawrence).
Hamilton, Canada, Mar. 26,1883 

(X C. Mellwraith). 
Canada. 
Nova Scotia (Bownes). 
New Brunswick (G. Boardman;
Sm. no. 23259-60). 
Musquash, New Brunswick, 
March 31 (A. Dunn). 

New Jersey, March 1853 (Br. A. 

X. Heermann). 
Maine, 
Eeb. 2% 1882 (Q. W. 
Palmer). 

California. 

£. X. meccicana. 
Mexico (Boucard). 

Mexico (White). _ 

Jalapa (Be Oca). 
Mexico. 

Mexico. 

Skeletons, 

England. 

England. 
Lapland. 

441 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Gould Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 
K.B.Sharpe,Esq. 

Gould Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman 

Coll. 
Salvin-Godman 
Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

R.B.Sharpe,Esq. 

R.B.Sharpe,Esq. 

U.S. Nat. Mus. 
[P.]. 
Gould Coll. 

J. 
K. Lord, Esq. 
J. X 
Lord, Esq. 
^' ^ ,
Lord vV alsmgham. 
Lord Walsingham. 


Salvin-Godman 

Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 

Sclater Coll. 

Purchased. 

Purchased. 

John Ray, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Purchased. 
Purchased. 

442 
FRIXGILLmZB. 

2. Loxia bifasciata. 
Crucirostra bifasciata, Brehm, Omis, iii. p. 8-5 (1827) ; id. Isis, 1827, 
p. 714. • 
Loxia tsenioptera, Gloger, Isis, 1827, p. 411; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 3b8 
(1845) ; id. Hand-L B. ii. p. 108, no. 71537 (1870); Sahad. Faun. 
Ital., Ucc. p. 1(54 (1871). 

Crucirostra taenioptera, Brehm, Isis, 1827, p. 716. 
Loxia bifasciata, Selys-Longch. Faun. Beige, p. 76 (1842) ; ScM. Bev. 
Crit p. 08 (1844; ; Tkomps. B. IreL i. p. 283 (1840); J>. Gww/>. 

i. p. 527 (1850); id. fy Sehl. M&nogr. Loxiens, p. 7, pi. 8 (1850;; 
Schl. Vog. Nederl. pi. 178 (1854); LicM NomencL Av. Xeotr. i. 
p. 48 (1854); Sunder. Si\ Fogl pi. i. fig. 5, pi. ii. rig. 1 (lfco(J); 
6Vm/, Z&tf Brit. B. p. Il l (1&63); Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Fur. L 
p. 264 (1807) ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. iii. pi. 47; Fritsck, Vog. Fur. 
Taf. 19. ftg. 2 (c. 1870) ; B. Gray, B. Wed Scotl. p. 155 (1871); 
Rartinc/, Handb. Brit. B. p. 115 (1872); Fallon, (Ms. Belg. p. 93 
(1875); Xeict. ed. Tarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 211 (1ST); Brewer, B. 
Eur. iv. p. 141, pL 205 (1877); Seebohn, Ibis, lfc*0, p. Ib7; 
Giylioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 204; Seehohm, Ibis, L^82, p. 37* ; I/. O. ZT. 
List Brit. B. p. 58 (lbb3); Seebtjhm, Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 27 
(1884); Salvad. Flench. Ucc. Ital. p. lb'2 (lh*7). 
Loxia 
leucoptera (?iec Gm.), Middend. litis. Silir., Zuol. p. 154 
(1851); Kjcerb. Orn. Dan. Taf. '28 b. fig. 1 (1652 >; tiehrea*k, It* is. 
Amurl. p. 303 (1850); Badde, Beitt. Sibir., Vog. p. 104 (HJ3f; 
Borggr. Vogelf.NorddeutschL p. 78 (IbOOj ; Conuaiw, IJdb* lf57o, 

p. Ib3. 
Crucirostra rubrifasciata, etc., Brehm, Naum. 1853, pp. 104, litO, 241, 
245, 251, 253. 
Loxia 
(Crucirostra) taenioptera, Naum. Vog. BruhehL, Aohang, 
pi. 385. figs. 1, 2, 3. 

Adult male. General colour above pale scarlet, the back more or 
less mottled with dusky brown, the feathers being of the latter 
colour tipped with scarlet; rump uniform pale scarlet; lesser wing-
coverts dark brown, washed with ruddy or yellowish brown ; median 
coverts white, with dusky bases, forming a wide band; greater 
coverts blackish, broadly tipped with white, forming a second wing-
bar; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown, 
edged narrowly with reddish, a little plainer on the primaries, the 
secondaries fringed with white at the ends, the innermost broadly 
tipped with white; upper tail-coverts blackish brown, edged and 
tipped with pale red; tail-feathers blackish brown, edged with paler 
brown; crown of head scarlet like the back, and similarly varied 
with the dusky bases of the feathers; hind neck rather browner 
nasal plumes brown; lores, feathers below the eye, and a streak 
along the upper part of the ear-coverts dusky brown ; remainder of 
the ear-coverts, cheeks, and under surface of body rosy, inclining to 
scarlet on the breast; the abdomen whitish; bides of body and 
flanks pale scarlet; thighs light ashy; under tail-coverts whitish, 
with broad longitudinal centres of black ; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries whitish, with a wTash of scarlet, the greater series ashy at 
base ; quills below ashy, lighter along the inner edge. Total length 
5-5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3-65, tail 2-1, tardus 0*7. 

The so-called Loxia ruhrifascidta of Brehm is probably only the 

46. LOXIA, 
443 
present species in its finest plumage, when the white bands on the 
wings are tinted with red. The adult male described is one in worn 
breeding-plumage, and there are even still remains of red on the 
white bands. A specimen of L. rubrifasciata from Sweden is rather 
large, and measures:—Total length 6*3 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 
3-8, tail 2-25, tarsus 0*05. 

Hah. Northern Europe to Eastern Siberia. Accidental in the 
British Islands and other parts of Europe. 

a. $ ad. sk. Gardsjo, Sweden, Nov. 16,1802 Gould Coll. 
b. dad . sk.
c. $ ad.sk.
{H. Wheelwright). 
Sweden, Sept. 28, 1856 (W.
Meves). 
Stockholm, Oct. 25, 1857 (W. 
Gould Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
d. S ad. sk.
e. J ad. sk.
3£eves). 
Archangel, June 1875. 
Archangel, April 13,1875. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Subsp. a. Loxia leucoptera. 

White-winged Crossbill, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 108 (1783). 

Loxia leucoptera, Gnu Syst. Nat. i. p. 845 (1788) ; Warner, Atlas, 
Granivores, pi. 45 (1827); Audub. B. Amer. pi. 201 ; Bp. Amer. 
Om. ii. p. 84, pi. 15. fig. 3 (1828) ; Swains. $ Rich. Faun. Bor.-
Amer., Birdb, p. 203 (1831); Jard. ed. Wik. Amer. Orn. ii. p. 42, 
pL 31.fig. 3, iii. p. 440, pi. 15.fig. 3 (c. 1834); Temm. Man. cTOrn. 

lii. p. 241(1835); Gould, B Bur. iii. pi. 203 (1887); Audub. Orn. 
Biogr. iv. p. 407 (1838) ; id. B. Amer. iii. p. 190, pi. 201 (1841); 
Keys. fy Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 164 (1840) j Selys-Longch. Faun. 
Beige,?. 77 (1842) ; Giraud, B. Long Isl. p. 131 (1844) ; Maujill. 
Hist. Brit B. ii. p. 28 (1845) j Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 388 (1845) ; 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 527 (1850); id. $* Schl. Monogr. Loxiens, p. 8, 
pi. 9 (1850); Cab. Mus. Hem. Th. i. p. 527 (1850); Lieht. 
Nomencl. Av. Berol. p. 48 (1854) ; Beinh. Ibis, 1801, p. 8; Set. 
Cat. Amer. B. p. 122 (1862) ; Gray, List Brit. B. p. HI (1863); 
Swinh. B. Z. S. 1863, p. 327 ; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 288 
(1860); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 108, no. 7636 (1870); R. Gray, 
B. West Scotl. p. 155 (1871); Hurting, Handb. Brit. B. p. lie 
(1872); Finsch, Abhandl. not. Ver. Bremen, iii. p. 55 (1873); 
Baird, Brewer, $ Bidgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 488 (1874); 
Coues, B. N.-West, p. 110 (1874) ; Dresser, B. Fur. iv. p. 137, 
pi 204 (1877); Newton, ed. Yarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 218 (1877); 
Ridgw. Bep. Orn. 40th Parallel, p. 456 (1877) ; id. Broc. U.S. Nat. 
Mus. iii. p. 176 (1880) ; Salvin, Cat Strickl. Coll. p. 203 (1882) ; 
Nelson, Cruise R.S. 'Corwin; p. 06 (1883) ; B. O. If. List Brit. B. 
p. 58 (1883) ; Seebohm, Hist Brit. B. ii. p. 37 (1884); Scott, Aid; 
i. p. 159 (1884); Coues, Key N.Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 348 (1884) ; 
Brew, Auk, ii. p. 16 (1885); Gigl. Avif. ltd. p. 44 (1886); Anthony, 
Auk, iii. p. 168 (1886); Seton, t. c. p. 322; A. O. U. Clieck-list, 
p. 258 (1886). 
Loxia falcirostra, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 371 (1790); Yarr. Brit. B. ii. 
p. 38 (1843). 
Curvirostra leucoptera, 
Wilson, Amer. Orn. iv. p. 48, pi. 31. fig. 3 
(1811); Brehm,Isis, 1837, p.720; Baird, B.N. Amer. p 427(1885); 
Ball § Bami. Trans. Chicago Acad. I p. 281 (1869); Cooper, 

B. Calif, p. 149 (1870); Couk, Key N Amer. B. p. 129 (1872). 
Loxia 
(Crucirostra) leucoptera, Naum. Vog. DeuibchL, Anhang, 
pi. 385. fig. 4 (1800). 

44 4 
FRINGILLID^. 

Loxia atrata, Homeyer, J.f. 0.1879, p. 179; Ridgtc. Proc. U.S. Nat 
Mus. iii. p. 234 (18S0). 

Adult male. General colour above rosy pink, paler on the rump, 
the scapulars and a bar across the lower back black; lesser wing-
coverts black, washed with pink ; median and greater coverts black, 
tipped with white, forming a double wing-bar; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills black, with a spot of white at the end of 
the innermost secondaries; upper tail-coverts black, with a small 
spot of rosy white at the ends ; tail-feathers black, narrowly fringed 
with brown externally and with white internally; crown of head 
and hind neck a little more crimson than the back ; lores dusky; 
nasal plumes ashy fulvous; feathers round eye, sides of face, ear-
coverts, and cheeks, as well as the throat and breast, bright rosy, 
inclining to crimson, with a black mark behind the ear-coverts; 
abdomen ashy grey; sides of body crimson like the breast; flanks 
ashy grey, broadly streaked with blackish ; thighs ashy grey ; under 
tail-coverts white, with black bases, and slightly tinged with rosy ; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy grey, slightly tinged with 
rosy; quills below dusky, ashy grey along the inner edge: u bill 
brownish black; legs and feet brown, claws black ; iris dark brown " 

(B. B. Boss). Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*55, tail 
2-35, tarsus 0*6. 
Adult female. Differs from the male in being olive-yellowish 

where the latter is red ; rump pale yellow ; head and back more or 

less mottled with dusky bases to the feathers; hinder surface of 

body ashy, washed with yellow on the throat, breast, and sides of 

body, the latter striped with dusky blackish. Total length 0 inches, 

culmen 0*65, wing 3*3, tail 2'25r tarsus 0*55. 

The only difference of any moment that I have been able to find 

between the European and American White-winged Crossbills has 

been in the darker scapulars of the latter ; but the series of European 

males examined by me has been too small to allow me to state 

whether this character is always well defined. 

Eab. North America from Alaska to Labrador, wandering south 
in winter. 

a. J ad. sk. Alaska. 
Purchased. 

Fort Yukon, Alaska, April 7, 

b. <$ ad. sk. 
U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
1877 (L. M. Turner; Sm. 

no. 73281). 
c,d. S; *• $ ad. sk Fort Simpson. B.R.Ross, Esq. [P.]. 
/. (J ad. sk. Arctic America. Sir G. Back [C. J. 
</, h. $ $ ad. sk. Repulse Bay. Dr. Rae [P.], 
£ k. <3 2 ad. sk. Nova Scotia (Dovmes). Sclater OoU. 
I, »*. 6 2 aa". sk. New Brunswick. Hume Coll. 

n. 
$ ad. sk. Utica, New York (J. Davis; Saivin-Godman Coll. 
Sm. no. 77086). 
o. $ ad. sk. Garrisons, New York, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1875 (Boosevelt; Sm. no. 
86891). 
p. $ ad. sk. Philadelphia (J. Krider; Sm. U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.J. 
no. 77069). 
q,r,s.d; t.2 ad.sk. North America. Gould Coll. 

u. (5 ad. sk. North America. Hume Coll. 
47. PYRRHULA. 445 
47. PYRRHULA. 
Type. 
Pyrrhula Brits. Orn. iii. p. 308 (1760) P. europsea. 

^: :f8fcr 

Head of Pyrrhula pyrrhula. 

Range. Europe generally. Northern Asia to Japan and North 
China. Specially developed in the Himalayas, and thence extending 
into Western China. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Crown of head black. 
a. 
With the ear-coverts scarlet or vermilion. 
a". Cheeks of the same red tint as the , T 7 -Ain
breast . . [pyrrhula S, p. 446. 
< kamtschatica rf, p. 447. 
( europcea $, p. 448. 

"'••<»•*» «*** *** ** \ctsn,i 45o449' 

c". Cheeks scarlet; breast lighter scarlet 
or pale rosy rosacea $, p. 451. 
b\ With the ear-coverts brown or grey like 
the breast. 


d''. Rump white. 
a'". Back ashy grey like the breast ... . cassini $ J ad., p. 452. 
b"'. Back brown; hind neck ashy grey, 

forming a more or less distinct ( griseiventris J , p. 450. 

collar J rosacea J , p. 451. 
1 pyrrhula <j>, p. 446. 
( europcea $ , p. 448. 

e". Rump fawn-brown, not white murina $ <J, p. 453. 

b. 
Forehead only black. 
c'. Head red or yellow. 
/" . Back orange like the head aurantiaca 3, p. 456. 
g". Back grey or drab-brown or ochreous 
brown. 
c'". Head vermilion erythrocephala $, p. 457. 
d'". Head olive-yellow, with a drab-

brown band across the sinciput.... erythrocephala $, p. 457. 
d'. Head grey or drab-brown. 

e'". Under surface drab-brown like the 
upper; a crimson mark on the innermost 
secondaries nipalensis <J $ , p. 453. 

f". Under surface vermilion; a white 
mark across the sinciput; no mark 
on secondaries erithacus <$, p. 455. 

g"'. 
Under surface ochreous brown; no 
white band on sinciput; no mark 
on secondaries aurantiaca J , p. 456. 

446 
PRTNGILLTD^I. 

1. Pyrrhula pyrrhula. 
Loxia pyrrhula, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 800 (1706). 

Pyrrhula rubicilla, Pall. Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. ii. p. 7 (1811, pt) ; 
Linderm. Tog. Griechenl. p. 58 (1880); Aht. |* Harvie Brown, 
Ibis, 1873, p. 63; Badde, Orn. Caue. p. 180 (1884). 

Fringilla pyrrhula, Meyer, Vog. Lir- u. Fsthl. p. fcl (1815); XorJm. 
in Demid. Voy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 182 (1840). 

Pyrrhula vulgaris, Menetr. Cat. rais. Caue. p. 43 (1832}; Kjterb. 
Damn. Fugle, Taf. 28a. %. 3, Suppl. pi. 28<7. fig. 2 (lko2) ;%SchL 
Vog. Kederl. pi. 173 (1854); Sundev. Svensh, Fogl. pi. 11. tiers. 4, 
5 (1856); Fritsch, Vog. Eur. p. 2.53, pi. 22. figs. 1, 2 (1670); 
Severtz. Turked. Jevofn. p. 64 (1873): Homeyer $ Tancre, MT. 
orn. Ver. Wien, p. 89 (1883). 

Pyrrhula 
major, Brehm, Vog. Deafsckl. p. 252 fl631); Dresser., B. 
Fur. iv. p. 07, pi. 198 (1870) ; Danf. lids, 1878. p. 2d; Seebohm, 

t. c. p. 334; Gould, B. Asia, iv. pi. 38 {18*0I; Seebohm, Mis, 18^2, 
pp. 219, 378; Salvad. Flench. Ucc. Ital p. 179 (1887% 
Pyrrhula 
coccinea, Selys-Longeh. Faun. Beige, p. 79 {1842) ; Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 525 (1850); Blyth, Ibis, 1863, p. 442; Degl. $ Gerbe, 
Orn. Eur. i. p. 251 (1807); Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 1)9, no. 74^1 
(1870); Tristr. Ibis, 1871, p. 232; Tacz. Bull. &*. Z*ml France, 

i. p. 182 (1876). 
Pvrrhula pyrrhula, Licht. SomencL Ai\ Berol p. 48 (1854) ; Slept, 
"Proc U.S. Nat. Mus. 18>7, p. 105. 
Pyrrhula germanica, Brehm, Xaivn. 1&55, p. 276; id. Vogeff. p. OS 
(1855). 
Pyrrhula peregrina, Brehm, J\Taum. 1855, p. 276; id. Vogelf. p. 90 
(1855). * " 
Pyrrhula europsea, Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 244; Stejn. Xyi Mag. 
Naturv. Christ 1882. 
Adult male. General colour above bluish grey, the rump white; 
lesser and median coverts bluish grey, the latter rather paler towards 
the ends; greater coverts glossy black for the basal half, pale ashy 
grey for the terminal half; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black, 
washed with ashy; quills black, externally glossy black, the primaries 
fringed with ashy; inner secondaries entirely glossy black, the small 
innermost ones ashy grey at the base, pale vermilion towards the 
end of the feather, forming a spot; upper tail-coverts and centre 
tail-feathers glossy purplish black, the remainder of the tail-feathers 
black, externally glossy black; crown of head, feathers round eye, 
fore part of cheeks, and chin black; sides of face, ear-coverts, remainder 
of the cheeks, throat, and under surface of body pale vermilion 
; lower abdomen and lower flanks white ; thighs ashy ; under 
tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts and axillaries white; quills 
below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total length 6 inches, 
culmen 0-5, wing 3*55, tail 2m6, tarsus 0*7. 

Adult female. Exactly like the female of P. eitropcea, but larger. 
Total length 6*4 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3-7, tail 2-6, tarsus 0*75. 

Hab. Northern Europe and Siberia. 
a, b. S $ ad. sk. Christiania (Basch). Gould Coll. 
e. <$ ad. sk. Christiania, Jan. 1878 (B. Christiania Mus, 
Collett). 
d, e. d?ad. ; Christiania, Oct. 1883 (B. Christiania Mus. 
/. £ juv. sk. Collett). 

47 . PYRUHXTLi. 
447 
g. 
$ ad. sk. Sk8ne, Sweden, March 20, W. Meves [0.]. 
1809. 
h. 6 ad. sk S. Sweden, Feb. 11,1869. W. Meves [0.]. 
i,k.d2 ad.sk. Denmark, winter (A.Benson). J. Gould, Esq. 
I tf ad. sk. St. Petersburg. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
m, n. tf $ ad. Anascba, Taurus, Asia Mi- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. nor, March 7, 1870 (C 6s. 

o. <J ad. sk. Erzeroura (DicksontyRoss). Gould Coll. 
p. £ ad. sk. Krasnoyarsk, Dec. 3, 1877 Gould Coll. 
(H. Seebohm). 
q, r. Skulls. S. Germany. Dr. Giinther [C.]. 
Subsp. a. Pyrrhula kauitschatica. 

Pyrrhula rubicilla, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 8 (1811, nt.). 
Pyrrhula kamtschatica, Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vh. p. 395 
(1882) ; Bybowski, op. cit. viii. p. 367 (1883). 
Pyrrhula pyrrhula kamtschatica, Stejneger, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 
no. 29, p. 322 (1885) ; id. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 106. 
Pyrrhula vulgaris kamtschatica, Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 101. 

An extreme eastern form of P. pyrrhula, and about the same 
size, only differing in the somewhat paler grey of the upper surface, 
and the extended white mark on the inner web of the outer tail-
feather. Total length 6-6 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3*2, tail 2*5, 
tarsus 0*75. (Mus. H. Seehohn.) 

Hab. Kamtschatka. 

The presence or absence of a white mark on the outer tail-
feather is a character of less importance than would appear at first 
sight, for it is often present in European examples of P. pyrrhula,i& 
more frequently found in Siberian specimens, and is more permanent 
in those from Kamtschatka. 

2. Pyrrhula europaea. 
The Bulfinch, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. i. p. 57, pis. 69, 70 (1738); Lath. 

Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 143 (1783). 
The Black Bulfinch, Albin, t. c. iii. p. 65, pi. 69 (1740). 
Le Bouvreuil, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 308 (1760); Buff. Hist Nat. Ois. iv. 

p. 372, pi. 17 (1778); Daub. PL Enl. v. pi. 145 (J, Sig. pess.). 
Le Bouvreuil noir, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 313 (1760). 
Loxia pyrrhula (nee Xmw.), Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 387 (1790); Tarr. 
Brit B. ii. p. 1 (1843). 
Fringilla pyrrhula, Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 200 (1815). 
Pyrrhula europaea, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist Nat. iv. p. 286 (1816); 

Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 50; Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 446; JSlwes <$• 
Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 192; Brmer, B. Eur. iv. p. 101, pi. 199 
(1876) ; Newton, ed. Yarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 166 (1877); Gigl 
Iconogr. Avif. Ital. pt. 5 (1880); id. Ibis, 1881, p. 204; B, O. U. 
List Brit B. p. 56 (1883); Irby, Ibis, 1883, p. 185; Saunders, 
Ibis, 1884, p. 376; Salvad. Elench. Ucc. Ital p. 178 (1887). 

Pyrrhula rufa, Koch, Syst baier. Zool. p. 227 (1816). 

Pyrrhula vulgaris, 
Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 338 (1820); Naum. Vo'g. 
Beutschl. iv. pi. Il l (1824); Werner, Atlas, Granivores, pi, 34 
(1827); Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 209 (1837) ; Bp. Comp. List B. 

448 FRINGHLLID.3S. 

Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 38 (1838) ; Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 238 (1840) ; 
Selys-Longch. Faun. Beige, p. 78 (1842); ScM. Rev. Crit p. Ixvii 
(1844); Bewits. Eggs Brit B. i. p. 169, pi. 4G. fig. 1 (1848); 
Jaub. Sf Barth.-Lapomm. Mich. Orn. p. 121 (1850): Schl. Die?\ 
Nederl, Yog. p. 130, pi. 17. figs. 3, 4 (1861) ; Begl. et Gerbe, Orn. 
Eur. i. p. 250 (1867) ; Locke, Expl. ScL Alger., Ois. i. p. 159 (1867); 
Keul. Onze Vogeh, i. pi. 36 (1869); Gould, B. Gt. Br. iii. pi. 41 
(1870); B. Gray,B. West ScotL p. 151 (1871); Fritsch, J.f.O. 
1871, p. 309; Harting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 29 (1872); Fallon, Ois. 
Belg. p. 95 (1875). 

Pyrrhula gerrnanica,i?r^m; Vog. BeutscM. p. 252 (1831) ; Homeyer, 

J.f. 0. 1879, p. 175. 
Pyrrhula peregrina, Brehm, Vog. BeutscM. p. 253 (1831). 
Pyrrlmla pileata, Macgill. Hist. Brit. B. I. p. 407 (1837). 
Pyrrhula rubicilla (nee Ball.), Keys. u. Bias. Wirh. Eur. p. xli (1840); 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 387 (1844, pi); Tkomps. B. Irel i. p. 274 
(1849); Bp. Consp.i. p. 525(1850); Gray, List Brit B.ip. 109 
(1863); More, Ibis, 1805, p. 130;'Borqgr. Vogelf. KorddeutsckL 

p. 74 (1869); Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 99, no. 7477\l870); Salvad. 
Faun. ltd., Ucc. p. 159 (1871); Trutr. Ibis, 1871, p. 232; JDanf. 
§ Harvie Brotcn, Ibis, 1875, p. 414. 
Pyrrlmla vulgaris, var. minor, Schl. Vog. JS'ederl. pi. 174 (1K54). 
Pyrrhula minor, Brehm, Kaum, 1855, p. 276; id, Vogelf. p. 91 
"(1855). 
Pyrrhula pyrrlmla europaea, Stejn. Froc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 105. 

Adult male. Similar to the male of P. jpyrrJiula, but much smaller 
and duller-coloured, especially as regards the vermilion colour underneath; 
bill black; feet dark brown; iris brown. Total length 
6 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3*1, tail 2*4, tarsus 0*65. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
earthy brown ; rump white; lesser wing-coverts dull ashy brown ; 
median coverts ashy, brown at the ends ; greater coverts blue-black, 
broadly tipped with ochreous buff; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts ashy brown ; quills black, externally blue-Hack, the primaries 
edged with ashy near the tip ; inner secondaries entirely blue-
black, the one nearest the back ashy grey at base, pale vermilion 
towards the end of the outer web, forming a patch; upper tail-
coverts and centre tail-feathers blue-black, the remainder black, 
externally blue-black; crown of head black, separated from the 
brown back by an ashy-grey shade which extends on to the sides of 
the neck; feathers round the eye, fore part of cheeks, and chin black; 
ear-coverts, remainder of cheeks, and under surface of body vinous 
chocolate, somewhat paler on the lower abdomen ; sides of body and 
flanks like the breast; lores ashy; under tail-coverts white ; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries ashy white; quills below dusky, ashy 
along the inner edge. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 3-1, 
tail 2*4, tarsus 0*65. 

Young. Eesembles the old female, but is of a duller brown, especially 
on the under surface; head brown like the back, with no 
trace of grey on the neck ; rump white, washed with brown ; wings 
and tail as in the adult, but the median coverts pale brown at the 
ends, and the greater coverts tipped with pale ochreous buff, the 
red streak on the innermost secondary replaced by pale brown. 

Hab. Western, Central, and Southern Europe. The eastern range 

47. PrRRHUXA. 
is undefined, but it apparently ranges as far as Central Russia. The 
Moscow specimen recorded below was marked P. atavica, Severtz. 
(Pyrrhula coecinea /3, var. atavica, Menzbier, Eull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 
1883, p. 111). It is a female, and differs from true P. europcea in 
being rather greyer on the back and paler below. I cannot judge of 
the claims of this form to specific rank until I have examined a male. 

a. 
tf ad. sk. Preston Hall, Shropshire, J. Gould, Esq. 
Feb. (J. Gould). 
h,c. (S $ ad. sk. Shelford, Cambridgeshire, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Jan. 1856 (J. Baker). 
d, e. £ ad. sk. Cambridge (J. G.). Gould Coll. 
/, g. Pall. st. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker [CI. 


h. Var. alb. sk. Middlesex. Old Coll. 
*. c? ad. sk. Hampstead, Middlesex (0. S.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
k,l. $ ad. j ?n. $ Surrey, Jan. 1857 (P, God-Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ad. sk. man), 

n. <$ ad. sk. Surrey, March, 1866 (P. G.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
o. J\iv. sk. Taplow, Bucks, June (J G.). Gould CoU. 
p. $ juv. sk. Cookham, Berks, July 25, R.B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
1874. 
q, r. J ad. sk. Cookham, Jan. 27,1879. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. "P.l 


s. c? ad. sk. Cookham, Feb. 23, 1885. R.B. Sharpe, Esq. [P. 
t 2 ad. sk. Cookham, Dec. 28,1874. R. B. Sharpe, E5q. [P.] 
«*, ?>. 6 2 &&- st. Cookham. J. Gould, Esq. 
w. <$ ad. sk. Oxford, Feb. 4,1878. R.B Sharpe,Esq. [P] 
.r. $ ad. sk. Brighton. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
y. 
<$ ad. sk. Avington, Hants, Nov. 25, E. Shelley, Esq. [P.]. 
1872. 
z, a', d $ ad. sk. Avington, Hants, Dec. 3, Capt. Shelley [P.]. 
1872. 
b% c'. <$ 2 a&-s^« Avington, Feb. 4,1880. R.B. Sharpe,Esq. [P.]. 
£'. $ ad.; e'. Devonshire. Montagu Coll. 
Var. melan. sk. 


/'. $ ad. sk. Axmouth, Devonshire, Dec. R.B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
1882. 
gf. <$ ad. sk. Belgium, May 1846. Brussels Mus. [P.]. 
h\ J ad. sk. Seine-et-Oise, France (P. E. Hargitt, Esq. [P.]. 

Petit). 
i'. $ ad. sk. France. Baron Langier. 
k'. <$ ad. sk. France. R.B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
I', mr. <$ 2 ad. sk. Savoy, Purchased. 
w'. J ad. sk. Moscow, March 7. Dr. Lenz [0.]. 
o'. Skeleton. England. Purchased. 

3. Pyrrhula griseiventris. 
Pyrrhula 
griseiventris, Lafr. Rev. ZooL 1841, p. 240; Blyth, Ibis 
1863, p. 442; Gray, Band-!. B. ii. p. 99, no. 7482 (1870); Swinh. 

P. Z. S. 1871, p. 386 j Trisfr. Ibis, 1871, p. 232; Stejneger, Proc. 
US. Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 107. 
Pyrrhula orientals (pt), Temm. <§* Schl. Faun. Japon., Aves, pi. 53 
(1850); Blakist. 8f Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 247; iid. B. Japan, p. 176 
(1882); Jouy, Proc. US. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 293 (1883); Blakist. 
Amended List B. Japan, p. 64 (1884); Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 101. 

Adult male. General colour above blue-grey, the rump white; 
lesser and median coverts dark ashy grey; greater coverts glossy 
VOL. XJI. 2 a 

450 FRINGILLIDJE. 

purplish, black, ashy grey at the ends, the inner ones much more 
broadly tipped, the bases only black; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts dusky black; quills black, externally purplish black, the 
secondaries more broadly edged with the latter colour; upper tail-
coverts purplish black; tail-feathers black, edged with purplish 
black; crown of head purplish black; lores and feathers round 
the eye, as well as the fore part of the cheeks and chin, black: 
feathers round eye, ear-coverts, hinder cheeks, and remainder of 
throat pale scarlet; fore neck and remainder of under surface of 
body ashy grey, whiter on the abdomen; sides of body and flanks a 
little lighter ashy; thighs ashy grey; under tail-coverts white; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the edge of the wing ashy 
grey; quills below dusky, ashy white along the inner edge. Total 
length 6 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 3*5, tail 2*45, tarsus 0*7. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
chocolate-brown, the rump white; lesser and median coverts ashy 
grey ; greater coverts brown at base, washed externally with purplish 
black and tipped with pale ashy, the inner ones more broadly; 
bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish ; quills blackish, externally 
purplish black, the inner secondaries entirely of the latter 
colour; upper tail-coverts and centre tail-feathers purplish black. 
the remainder of the tail-feathers black, edged with purplish black; 
crown of head black, separated from the back by a broad collar of 
ashy grey; eyelid, fore part of cheeks, and chin black; ear-coverts, 
remainder of cheeks, and under surface of body chocolate-brown; 
lower abdomen and vent whitish; thighs chocolate-brown ; under 

tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, v, ashed 
with brown ; quills below dusky, ashy whitish along the inner edge. 
Total length 5-8 inches, culmen fj*4, wing 3*3, tail 2*55, tarsus 0*7. 

Hab. Japan and the island of Askold, occasionally visiting the 
mainland of Eastern Siberia and extending to the neighbourhood of 
Pekin. 

a. cJ ad. sk. Hakodadi, Japan, March 24, Gould Cull. 
1885 (II. Whitely). 
b} a $ ad. &k* Yokohama (H, Pryer). II. Seebohm, J>q. [P.]. 

Subsp. a. Pyrrhula kurilensis. (Plate XI.) 
Pyrrhula kurilensis, Sharpe, ZooL 1830, p. 485; Stejneger, Proc. U.S. 
Nat. Mm. 1887, p. 110. m 
Pyrrhula orientalis kurilenbis, &eebohmy Ibis, 1887, p. 101. 

Adult male. Similar to P. grkeiventris, but much paler in colour, 
being pale ashy brown above instead of blue-grey, and pale drab-
brown below instead of bluish grey, but faintly tinged with rosy on 
the breast. Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3*5, tail"2*6, 
tarsus 0*7. 

Adult female. Not to be distinguished from the female of P. gri~ 
seiventris. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 3*25, tail 2'4o9 
tarsus 0*7. (Hits. H. Seebolim.) 

Hab. Kurile Islands. 

«, b S ? ad. sk. Kurile Islands. Purchased. 

47 . PYRRHTTLA, 
451 

4. Pyrrliula rosacea. 
Pyrrhula orientalis; Temm.fySchl. Faun. Japon., Aves, pi. 53 (1850,pt.) ; 
Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. So (1853); Blakist. Ibis, 1862,p. 328; Whitely, 
Ibis, 1867, p. 203 j Swinh. Ibis, 1874, pp. 160, 403; Dyboioshi, 

J.f. 0.1876, p. 200; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 183 (1876); 
Blahist. 8f Fryer, B. Japan, p. 176 (pt.) j Jouy, Froc. U.S. Nat. 
Mm. vi. p. 293 (pt.); Blukist. Amended List B. Japan, p. 64 (pt.). 
Pyrrhula vulgaris (nee T.), Middend. Sibir. Feis. p. 149 (1851). 
Pyrrliula vulgaris, var. orientalis, Sehrench,Feis. Amurl. p. 291 (1859), 
Pyrrhula cineracea, nt, Dresser, B. Fur. iv. p. 100 (1876). 
Pyrrhula griseiventns, David $* Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 348 (1877). 
Pyrrhula rosacea, Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 371-, Blakist. Amended List 


B. Japan, pp. 18, 64 (1884). 
Pyrrhula orientalis rosacea, Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 101. 
Adult male. Similar to P. griseiventris, but with a slight rosy tinge 
overshading the grey of the upper surface. The under surface, 
instead of being ashy grey, is pale scarlet or rosy, the colour of the 
ear-coverts and throat being continued over the breast and flanks, 
the lower abdomen being white, as well as the under tail-coverts. 
Total length 5*6 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 3-4, tail 2*5, tarsus 0*6. 

Adult female. Not to be distinguished from the female of P. griseiventns. 
Total length 5-6 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 3, tail 2*3, 
tarsus 0*65. 

Young of the year. Upper parts dirty olive-brown, darker on the 
head ; rump white; below brownish, lighter in tint than the back; 
wings and tail as in adult; bill smoky brown; feet brownish. The 
chin black in some specimens. (Jouy.) 

Mr. Jouy thinks that P. rosacea is only an advanced stage of 
plumage of P. griseiventris, and says that this is borne out by his 
series of specimens. I have examined a large number in Mr. Seebohm's 
collection and come to an opposite conclusion. The ranges 
of the two species are in all probability different, though they meet 
in one or two localities in Japan. 

Hab. Eastern Siberia and Japan. 
a, b. S ad. sk. Hakodadi, Japan, March 3, Henry Whitely [O.]. 
1865. 
o, d. <5 2 ad. sk. Hakodadi, Japan, March 3, Gould Coll. 
1865 (H. Whitely). 
e,f. <$ 2 ad. sk. Japan. Professor Milne [C.]. 

g. S ad. sk. Japan. J. Gould, Esq. 
A. (S ad. sk, Japan. Leiden Museum. 
5. Pyrrliula cassini. 
Pyrrhula coccinea, var. cassini, Baird, Trans. Chicago Acad. i. p. 316, 
pi. 29 (1889) ; Dall £ Bann. t. e. p. 281. 

Pyrrhula cassini, Tristr. Ibis, 1871, p. 231; Cab. J.f.O. 1871, p. 318; 
Fmsch, Abhandl. not. Ver. Bremen, 1872, p. 54; Baird, Brewer, 
$ Fidgto. Eist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 457, pi. xxiii. fig. 11 (1874) ; A. 

O. U. Chech-list N. Amer. B. p. 255 (1886); Stejn. Froc. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 104. 
Pyrrhula cineracea, Cab. J.f O. 1872, p. 316; Tacz. J.f.O. 1873, 

Ji G 2i 

452 
FRINGILIJD:E. 

p. 95 ; Dybowski, J.f. 0.1874, p. 40, tab. 1; Tacz. J.f 0. 1875, 
p. 254; Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 40 (1875); Tacz. Bull. Sac. Zool 
France. I p. 183 (1876), iv. p. 138 (1879); Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, 
p. 424; Bolau, J.f. 0. 1882, p. 334. 
Pyrrhula nepalensis (nee Hodgs.), Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. pp. 64? 
117 (1873); Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 245. 
Pyrrhula cineracea pallida, Seebohmy Ibis, 1887, p. 101. 


Adult male. General colour above blue-grey; the rump wMfce; 
lesser and median coverts like the back; greater coverts purplish 
black, broadly tipped with blue-grey, the outer ones white at the 
ends; bastard-wing and primary-coverts dull grey; quills black, 
externally purplish black, the primaries edged, with ashy ; inner 
secondaries entirely purplish black; upper tail-coverts and eentre 
tail-feathers purplish black, the remainder black, externally purplish 
black; crown of head glossy black; lores, eyelid, fore part of cheeks 
and chin, black; ear-coverts and remainder of cheeks pale a^hy 
drab ; throat and remainder of under surface of body light ashy grey, 
paler on the sides of the body and flanks ; lower abdomen whitibh 
grev; thighs dark ashy; under tail-coverts white; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white, ashy near the edge of the wing; quills 
below dusky, ashy whitish along the inner edge. Total length 5-8 
inches, culmen 04, wing 3*45, tail 2-5, tarsus O'Go. 

Adult female. Only differs from the male in being a little more 
drab-coloured underneath. Total length 5*4 inches, culmen 0-45, 
wing 3'45, tail 2-8, tarsus 0-65. 

Mr. Seebohm recognizes two races of this Bullfinch, but even he 
admits that the Altai specimen in his collection is " somewhat intermediate; 
" and I think that the differences between the pale and dark 
specimens are too slight for subspeciflc recognition. 

The typical specimen of P. cassini was a female from Alaska, and 
as the hens of several of the Bullfinches are almost indistinguishable, 
it was difficult for me to judge of the species from a study of the 
description only, but I expected that it would be found to be identical 
with the large form of Bullfinch named by Br. Taczanowski 

P. Jcamtschatica. Br. Stejneger, however, states that P. cassini 
is identical with P. cineracea, and that he has verified this by comparison 
of specimens. I confess that its identity with P. kamtschatica 
still appears to me more probable. 
Hah. Eastern Siberia, ranging as far west as the valley of the 
Yenesay and southwards into Turkestan. Accidental in Alaska. 

a, b. <$ $ ad. sk. Onon River, Jan. 1873 (Dr. Dy- Warsaw Museum. 
bowski). 
c,d. <$% ad. sk. Onon Bfr er, Jan. 1873 (Dr. Dy- Gould Coll. 
bowki), 
e,f. 3 ad. sk. Kultuk, Lake Baikal, March. Purchased. 

6. Pyrrhula murina. 
Pyrrhula 
coccinea (nee De Selys), Fucker. Rev. Zool. 1859, p. 413; 
Morelet, Hist. Nat. des Agores. p. 84 (1860); Druuet, Faun. Azor. 

p. 115(1861). 
47 . PYERHTTLA. 
453 

Pyrrhula murina, F. D. Godman, Ibis, 1866, p. 97, pi. 3; id. Azores. 

p. 23 (1870); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 99, no. 7484 (1870); Dresser, 
B. Eur. iv. p. 107, pi. 200 (1876). 
Adult male (type of species). General colour above brown, paler 
and more tawny brown on the rump, ending in ashy grey before 
the upper tail-coverts, which are glossy purplish black; lesser wing-
coverts blackish, edged with brown; median coverts ashy grey with 
blackish bases; greater coverts purplish black, ashy at the tips, the 
inner ones ashy grey with black bases; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts black; quills black, externally velvety black, the secondaries 
purplish black on the outer web, the inner ones entirely of the latter 
colour, the innermost externally orange, forming a longitudinal 
streak; tail-feathers black, externally purplish black; crown of 
head glossy black, separated from the back by a broad collar of ashy 
grey ; feathers round eye, fore part of cheeks, and chin black; ear-
coverts pale chocolate-brown, as also the cheeks and throat; fore 
neck and breast more ashy, the latter tinged with rosy on the lower 
part; abdomen, sides of body, and flanks chocolate-brown; thighs 
dusky brown; under tail-coverts pale chocolate, washed with ashy; 
under wing-coverts dull ashy; axillaries chocolate-brown, with ashy 
bases ; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total length 
6-5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3*4, tail 2*65, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. A little duller than the male, paler ashy below, and 
without any tinge of red on the lower breast. Total length 6 inches, 
culmen 0*55, wing 3-45, tail 2-6, tarsus 0*8. 

Hah. Azores. 
a, b. cJ 2 ad.; c. S. Michael's, Azores, March Salvin-Godman Coll. 
$ ad. sk.
d, e. <$ ad.; / . $ 
1865 (F. D. G.). 
S. Michael's, April 1865 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ad. sk.
g. $ ad. sk. 
(F. D. G.). 
S. Michael's, April 1865(F. D. G.). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Type of species.) 

7. Pyrrhula nipalensis. 
Pyrrhula 
nipalensis, Hodgs. Asiat. Researches, xix. p. 155 (1836); 
id. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 309. figs. 1, 2 (nos. 498, 
499) ; id. in Gh-ay's Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844); Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. 

xiii. p. 951 (1844); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 387 (1844); id. Cat. 
Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. Il l (1846); Blyth, Cat. B. 
Mus. As. Soc. p. 122 (1849) ; Bp. Camp. i. p. 525 (1850); Gould, 
B. Asia, v. pi. 27 (1853) ; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. E. I. Co. Mus. 
ii. p. 455 (1856); Jerd. B. Bid. ii. p. 390 (1863); Blyth, Ibis, 
1863, p. 442, 1867, p. 43; Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 177; Gray, 
Hand-l B. ii. p. 99, no. 7480 (1870); Tristr. Ibis, 1871, p. 232 ; 
mime, Str. F. 1879, p. 108; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 203 
(1882). 
Adult male. General colour above drab- or mouse-brown, with a 
band of purplish black across the lower back, followed by a white 
band across the rump ; lesser wing-coverts a little darker than the 

454 
FBDfGiixmas. 

back; median coverts dusky brown, the inner ones washed with 
purplish black at the ends; outer greater coverts glossy purplish 
black, pale drab at the ends, the inner ones entirely pale drab; 
bastard-wing and primary-coverts dusky blackish; quills black, 
externally purplish black, the inner secondaries shaded with bronzy 
and purplish black towards the ends; the small innermost secondary 
with a crimson streak down the outer web ; upper tail-coverts and 
centre tail-feathers purplish black with a bronzy lustre, the edges 
and tips of the feathers velvety black; remainder of tail-feathers 
black, edged and tipped with purplish black; crown of head paler 
drab than the back, and mottled with dusky bases, imparting a 
spotted appearance; forehead and lores dusky blackish, as well as 
base of cheeks and chin; beneath the hinder part of the eye a 
whitish streak; ear-coverts and cheeks dark drab-brown; remainder 
of under surface drab-brown, becoming paler on the centre of the 
breast; the abdomen whitish; sides of body and flanks drab-brown; 
thighs also drab-brown; under tail-coverts white; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white; quills below dusky, whitish along the 
inner edge : " bill greenish horn-colour with black tip ; legs fleshy 
brown; iris brown" (B. H. Hodyson). Total length &*o inches, 
culmen 0*5, wing 3-4, tail 2*85, tarsus 0*65. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but having the streak on the 
innermost secondary yellow instead of red. Total length 6-5 inches, 
culmen 0*45, wing 3*35, tail 2*85, tarsus 0*65. 

Hab. Confined to the Himalayas. 

a, b. S ad. sk. Jerripani, Masuri, Feb, 1870. Hume Coll. 
c, d. Ad. sk. Naini Tal^Oct 18G9 (R. Thompson). Hume Coll. 


e. Ad. sk. Almora, Nov. 10, 1875. Hume ColL 
f. 
(S ad. sk. Sheopuri Ridge, Nepal Valley, Hume Coll. 
Feb. 16,1878 (J. Scully). 
g. h, i} h. Ad. sk. Nepal. 
Hodgson Coll. 
(Types of -P. nipalensis.)


lf m, n, o. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). 
India Museum. 

p. c? ad.; q, r. Native Sikhim, Jan. 1870 (Z. Man-Hume Coll. 
2 ad. sk. delU). 

s. cT ad. sk. Native Sikhim, March 1870 (Z. 31.). Hume Coll. 
t. <$ ad. sk. Native Sikhim, June 1875 (Z. 31.). Hume Coll, 
ti} v. <$ ad. * w. Native Sikhim, Aug. 1873 (X. 31). Hume Coll. 
$ ad. sk. 
x, y. $ ad. sk. Native Sikhim, Oct. 1873 (Z. 31X Hume ColL 


s. <$ ad. sk. Sikhim, Jan. 187(5 (Z. 31X Hume ColL 
d. S ad. sk. Sikhim, Feb. 1873 (Z. M.). Hume Coll. 
b\ $ ad.; cf, d', Sikhim, Sept. 1873 (Z. 31,). Hume Coll. 
e'. 2 ad. sk. 
/' . Imm. sk. Sikhim (PF. B. Brooks). Hume Coll. 
/. 2 ad. sk. Sikhim (Z. Manddli). Hume ColL 
h\i'. 2 ad.sk. Sikhim (J*. Gammie). Hume Coll. 


h\ V, m'y n'. Ad. ; Darjiling. 

Hume Coll. 

o',p',q'. Imm.sk 

47. PTRRHULA. 
8. Pyrrhula erithacus. 
Pyrrhula erithaeus, Blyth, Ibis, 1862, p. 389; id. J. A. S. Beng. 
xxxii. p. 459 (1863) ; id. Ibis, 1863, p. 441, pi. 10; Jerd. B. Ind. 
ii. p. 389 (1863) j Blyth, Ibis, 1868, p. 43; Beavan, Ibis, 1868, 
p. 177; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 99, no. 7483 (1870) ; Tristr. Ibis, 
1871, p. 232; David, JV. Arch. 3Ius. vii. Bull. p. 10 (1871); Hume, 
Str. F. 1874, p. 455; Prjev. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 297 
(1876) ; David $ Oust Ok Chine, p. 349 (1877); Hume, Str. F. 
1879, p. 108; Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 39 (1880). 
Pvrrhula erytkrocepliala (nee Vic/.), Swi?ih. P. Z. S.1871, p. 387. 

Adult male. General colour above dark slaty grey, with a bar of 
purplish black across the lower back; rump white; lesser wing-
coverts slaty grey like the back; median coverts also grey, with 
black bases; greater coverts purplish black, broadly tipped with 
pale ashy grey; quills black, the secondaries externally purplish 
black, the innermost entirely of the latter colour; upper tail-coverts 
and centre tail-feathers purplish black, the remainder edged externally 
and tipped with purplish black; head like the back; forehead 
black, separated from the crown by a narrow band of ashy whitish 
which extends over the eye; eyelid, lores, and fore part of cheeks, 
as well as a chin-spot, black; ear-coverts and sides of neck ashy 
grey, separated from the black lores by a narrow line of ashy 
white, which extends below the black chin-spot, but is less distinct 
and somewhat tinged with red; remainder of throat ashy grey, 
washed with orange; fore neck and entire breast orange-scarlet; 
abdomen ashy brown, white in the centre; under tail-coverts white; 
flanks and thighs like the abdomen; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
ashy white; quills dusky below, ashy along the inner web: 
" bill black; tarsus body-colour; iris dark brown " (PrjevalsJci)m 
Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3*3, tail 2*8, tarsus 0-65. 

Mr. Hume's series consists of seven specimens, all varying but 
slightly in the extent and depth of the scarlet breast, which in some 
is tinged with olive-yellow. One specimen has the breast ashy 
grey, with only an appearance of scarlet, but is otherwise quite 
adult. The scarlet breast is therefore evidently gradually acquired. 

According to Colonel Prjevalski, the female only differs from the 
male in having the underparts of a light chocolate-colour, the back 
darker. 
. Hab. Himalayas, hitherto known from Sikhim only. Western 
Szeehuen in China, and Kansu. 

a, b, c, d, e. $ ad,; / . Sikhim, April 1874 (L. ManHume 
Coll. 
$ im.ni. sk.
g. $ ad. sk. 
delli), 
Darjiling. Hume Coll. 

9. Pyrrhula aurantiaca. 
Pyrrhula aurantiaca, Gould, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 22; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. 
p. 390 (1853); Blyth Ibis, 1863, p. 442 ; Tristr. Ibis, 1871, p. 232; 
Hume fy Benders. Lahore to Yarhand, p. 258(1873); Stohczka, 
Str. F. 1874, p. 401; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 108; Biddulph, 
Ibis, 1881, p. 82 ; Scully, t. c. p. 577; Marshall, Ibis, 1884, p. 420. 
45G 
FKINGILLID.E. 

Pyrrhula aurantia, Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 34 (18-58); Adams, P. Z. S. 
1868, p. 484; Gray, TIand-l B. ii. p. 99, no. 7479 (1870); Hume, 
Nests §• Eggs 2nd. B. p. 470 (1873). 

Adult male. General colour above deep orange; rump white; 
wing-coverts black, edged with orange and subterminally ashy; 
greater series glossy purplish black, the terminal half pale orange, 
edged with ashy whitish ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
black, edged with velvety black, the inner secondaries glossy 
purplish black, the innermost with a streak of orange near the outer 
web; upper tail-coverts velvety black; tail-feathers steel-black, 
edged with velvety black; crown of head like the back; a broad 
frontal Land, as well as the lores, eyelid, fore part of cheeks, and 
upper part of throat, black ; ear-coverts, sides of face, sides of neck, 
and remainder of under surface of body deep orange; lower flanks 
and thighs ashy white; under tail-coverts white, with a slight 
reddish tinge; axillaries and under wing-coverts white; quills 
dusky below, ashy along the edge of the inner web : " bill black; 
legs and feet ashy" (G. Henderson). Total length 5 inches, culmen 
0*4, wing 3-2, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*65. 

Immature males are yellow instead of orange, and every shade 
between yellow and deep orange is exhibited by the series in the 
Museum. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
brown, with an ochreous tinge; rump white ; head and hind neck 
slaty grey; lesser and median wing-coverts ashy grey, with a tinge 
of ochre-yellow; greater coverts velvety black, the outer ones tipped 
with yellowish white, the inner ones with their terminal halves 
ochreous brown with a yellow tinge; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts dusky blackish ; quills black, externally velvety black, the 
innermost entirely blue-black; upper tail-coverts velvety black; 
tail-feathers black, edged with blue-black; forehead, lores, eyelid, 
fore part of cheeks, and chin black, forming a mask which is separated 
from the grey head by a narrow line of ashy whitish ; ear-
coverts and hinder cheeks ashy grey; under surface of body warm 
brown, becoming more ochreous on the abdomen and flanks, which 
are also slightly tinged with yellow; lower abdomen and under 
tail-coverts white; thighs ashy; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
white; quills blackish below, ashy along the edge of the inner web. 
Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 3*1, tail 1*95, tarsus 0*55. 

Hab. Cashmere. 

a. (S ad. sk. Cashmere. J. Gould, Esq. (Type 
of species.) 
b. J 
ad. sk. Baltal, June 20,1870 (67. Men- Hume ColL 
derson). 
c. d. $ ad. sk. Gilgit, June 1876 (J. Biddidph). Hume Coll. 
e. $ ad. sk. Gilgit, July 1876 (J, £.). Hume Coll. 
f,g. 
tf $ ad. sk. Sonamurg, Cashmere, July 16 Gould Coll. 
(/. B). 

h. $ ad. sk, Cashmere, Sept. 1875. Hume Coll. 
i. 2 ad. sk. Sind Valley, Cashmere. Hume Coll. 
h, I $ 2 ad. sk. Murree, May 1875. Hume Coll. 
m. c? ad. sk N.W. Himalayas. 
47. PXRRHULA. 
457 

10. Pyrrhula erythrocephala. 
Pyrrhula erythrocephala, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 174; Gould, Cent 
Stmal. B. pi. 32 (1832); Hodgs. Icon. med. in Brit Mus., Passeres, 
pi. 308.figs. 1-4 (nos. 335-338); id. in Gray's Zoo!. Misc. p. 85 
(1844); Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 051 (1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. 
il p. 387 (1844); id. Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. Ill 
(1846) ; Blxjth, Cat B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 123 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. 

i. p. 525 (1850) ; Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 30 (1853) ; Ilorsf. £ 
Moore, Cat B. E.L Co. Mus. ii. p. 454; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 388 
(1863) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1863, p. 442 ; Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 142, 
1868, p. 176; Pelz. Ibis, 1868, p. 318; Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 99, 
no. 7478 (1870); Tristr. Ibis, 1871, p. 232 ; Brooks, Str. F. 1875, 
p. 25*5; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 108 j SaMn, Cat StrichL Coll 
p. 203 (1882) • Marshall, Ibis, 1884, p. 420. 
Adult male. General colour above ashy grey, with a purplish 
hand across the lower back, succeeded by a white rump; lesser 
wing-coverts like the back, with a reddish tinge; median coverts 
also ashy, with concealed black bases; greater coverts purplish 
black for the basal half, ashy grey for the terminal half, with a 
narrow whitish fringe; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
black, with a velvety purplish gloss, especially on the secondaries ; 
upper tail-coverts and centre tail-feathers purplish black; the remainder 
black, externally purplish; crown of head, nape, and hind 
neck clear vermilion, separated from the black forehead by a narrow 
line of ashy, which reaches to above the eye; lores, forehead, 
feathers below the eye, and the eyelid, as well as the fore part of 
the cheeks and chin, black; ear-coverts and hinder cheeks pale ashy 
grey, with a slight wash of red; the rest of the throat ashy grey, 
tinged with red like the ear-coverts; sides of neck, fore neck, and 
breast paler vermilion; abdomen ashy grey, whiter towards the vent 
and under tail-coverts ; sides of body pale vermilion like the breast; 
flanks ashy grey; thighs ashy grey; under tail-coverts white; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries whitish, the latter more ashy, with a 

reddish tinge; quills below dusky, ashy whitish along the inner 
edge: "bill black; legs pale fleshy brown; iris light brown" 
(Jerdon). Total length 5*4 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 3*1, tail 2*4, 
tarsus 0*7. 

Adult female. General colour above drab-brown, rather clearer 

ashy on the hind neck, dusky on the lower back; rump white ; 

lesser and median, wing-coverts ashy or brown tinged with ashy; 

greater coverts black at base, ashy brown for the terminal third, 

and fringed with ashy whitish; bastard-wing and primary-coverts 

ashy grey, the latter edged with black; quills black, edged with 

velvety black, the inner secondaries purplish black; upper tail-

coverts and centre tail-feathers purplish black, the remainder black, 

edged and tipped with purplish black; crown of head olive-yellow, 

as well as the occiput and nape; forehead black, separated from the 

yellow crown by a line of ashy grey; hind neck olive-yellow ; lores, 

fore part of cheeks, feathers round eye, and chin, black ; ear-coverts 

458 
FBINGILLmE. 

and hinder cheeks ashy grey, with a tinge of drab: the feathers 
behind the eye forming a line of buffy whitish ; remainder of under 
surface drab-brown, with a clearer shade of drab onthe throat; lower 
abdomen whitish; sides of body drab-brown; lower tanks white 
like the rump; thighs drab-brown; under tail-coverts white; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries white; quills below dusky, ashy whitish 
along the inner edge. Total length 5*7 inches, culmen 6*4, wing 
3-05, tail 2*5, tarsus 0-65. 

The variation in the colour of the head and breast of the male is 
immense, from the pale ashy-olive breast, which resembles that of 
the female, excepting that it has more yellow, to the bright vermilion 
colour, which is as rich as that of P. rubkilla. Between these extremes 
every possible gradation is found, according to the age of 
the bird, the prevailing colour being first olive-yellow, then orange, 
and, lastly, vermilion. 

Hob. Himalayas, from the vicinity of Chamba, as far east as 
Bootan. 

a. <$ imm. sk. Cashmere, I860. 
Hume Coll. 
h. d1 imm. sk. Sutlej Valley {Buck). Hume Cull. 
c. <S ad. sk. Kotegurh, near Simla, March 1-5,1809. Hume Coll. 
d. ? ad. sk. Kotegurli, 180S. 
Hume Coll. 
e. 5 ad. sk. Ivotegurh, Jan. 10, 1871. Hume Coll. 
/ . $ ad. sk. Simla, 1808. Hume Coll. 
g. h,itj. o* ad. 5 Hutioo, near Narkunda, Oct. 1, 1809. Hume Coll. 
k, I, m, 2 ad. 
sk. 
n, $ ad. * o, p. N.W. Himalayas. Pin will Coll. 
S imm.; q> r. 
$ ad. sk. 

Sj t. c? ad. sk. Masuri. Hume Coll. 
w, v. <$ 5 ad. sk. Middle range of hills north of Masuri. Hume Coll. 
w, A\ £ ad. sk. Danguli, May 11,1874 ( W.E.Brwks). Hume Coll. 
y} z. <S ad.; a'. Nepal Hodgr&on Cull. 

<$ imm.; h', e'. 

$ ad. sk. 
d'. S ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Mti«?. 
e\ <$ imm. sk. Native Sikhim, Jan. 1874 (L. Mandelli). Hume C< »11. 

/,/ . o*$ ad.sk. Native Sikliim, Jan. 1874 {L. 3L). Hume Coll. 

Native Sikhim, March 1878 (X. 31.). Hume Coll. 
ad.; n'} or, p'} 
q'. J^ad. sk. 

r\s'. c? imm.sk. Native Sikhim, March 1878 (Z. 31.). Hume CoIL 
t'. S acl. sk. Native Sikhim, April 1870 (X. MJ). Hume Coll. 
u'. S ad. sk. Native Sikhim, May 1873 (X. M.). Hume Coll. 
v'. <$ ad. j w%x\ Sikhim, Jan. 1874 (X. M.). Hume Coll. 

? ad.; y\ S 
imm. sk. 
sf, a. £ $ ad. sk. Sikhim, Feb. 1878 (X. If.). Hume Coll. 

p. 
6 imm. j y. 
g ad. sk. Sikhim, March 1876 (X. M.). Hume Coll. 
*, <> C ?ad.; 

Sikhim, April 1874 (X. M.), Hume Coll. 

r), 6. $ ad. sk. 

i. <S imm, sk. 
Sikhim, August 1, 1870 (X. 3L). Hume Coll. 

48. PisricoLA. 459 
K}\,fjL,v. <$ imm.; Sikhini. 
|, o. $ ad. sk 
w. <S ad. sk. Darjiling (J. Gammie). Hume Coll. 
p. tf ad. sk. Bootan (Pet?iberton). India Mus. 

48. PIIHCOLA. 
Type. 
Pinicola, Vieill. Ois. d'Ame'r. Sept. p. iv (1807) P. enucleator. 
Strobilophaga, Vieill Analyse, p. 29 (1816) P. enucleator. 
Corythus, Cuv. Begne Anim. i. p. 391 (1817) P. enucleator. 
Enucleator, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 89 (1855) P. enucleator. 

Range. The Northern parts of the Old and New Worlds. 

1. 
Pinicola enucleator. 
The 
Crested Bulfinch, Edioards, Nat Hist B, iii. pis. 123, 124 
(1751). 
Le Grosbec de Canada, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 250, pi. xii. Hg. 3 (1760) ; 
Daubent. PI Enl. iv. pi. 135,fig. 1. 
Loxia enucleator, Linn. Syst. Nat i. p. 299 (1766); Wilson, Amer. 
Orn. i. p. 80, pi. 5. %. 2 (1808); Meyer u. Wolf, Taschenh. i. 

p. 
142 (1810); Yarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 8 (1843); Seebohm, Hist. 
Brit. B. ii. p. 41 (1884). 
Le Dur-bec, Buf. Hist Nat. Ois. iii. p. 457 (1775). 
Pine Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. Il l (1783). 
Loxia flamingo, Sparrm, Mies. Carls, i. pi. 17 (1786, var.). 
Pinicola rubra, Vieill. Ois. Amh\ Sept. i. p. iv, pi. i. fig. 13 (1807). 
Loxia psittacea, Ball. Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat ii. p. 5 (1811). 
Fringilla enucleator, Meyer, Vog. Lief- u. Esthl, p. 74 (1815), 
Strobilophaga enucleator, Vieill. N Diet. oVHist. Nat. ix. p. 609 

(1817); Roux, Orn. Provenc. pi. 72 (1825); Gray, Gen. B. ii. 

p. 387 (1844); Blyth, Oat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 123 (1849) 5 Gray, 
List Brit B. p. 109 (1863) 5 BlaHst. $ fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 245. 
Corythus enucleator, Cuvier, Begne Anim. i. p. 391 (1817) ,* Swains, fy 
Bich. Faun. Bor.-Amer. ii. Birds, p. 262, pi. 53 (1831); Jard. ed. 
Wilson, Amer. Orn. i. p. 79, pi. 5.fig. 2, iii. p. 465, pi. 16. fig, 3 

(c. 1832) ; Gould, B. Bur. iii. pi. 204 (1837); Bp. Comp. List B. 
Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 38 (1838); Audub. B. Amer. iii. p. 179, 
pi. 199 (1841) ; Bp. 8r Schl. Monogr. Loxiens^ pis. 11,12 (1850); 
Kjc&rb. Orn. Ban. pi. xxviii. b.fig. 2, pi. xxviii. c. Hg. 3 (1852) ; 
facz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 182 (1876); Finsch, Verh. zool.bot. 
Gesellsck Wien, 1879, p. 212; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vii. 
p. 394 (1882); FLomeyer $ Tancre, Mitth. orn. Ver. Wien, 1883, 
p. 90; Stejneger, Bull. TJ. S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 322 (1885). 
Pyrrhula 
enucleator, Temm.Man. d'Orn.i. p. 333(1820); Naum. 
Vog. Beutschl. iv. p. 403, pi. 112 (1824); Werner, Atlas, Granivores, 
pi. 45 (1827); Bp. Amer. Orn. iii. p. 16, pi. 16. Sig. 3 (1838); 
Macgill. Brit. B. i. p. 411 (1837); Audub. B. Amer. pi. ccclviii.; 
id. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 414 (1838); Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 159 
(1840) ; Selys-Longch. Faune Belge,^. 78 (1842); Schl. Bev. Crit. 

p. 67 (1844); Hewits. Eggs Brit. B. i. p. 210*, pi. 53* (1856); 
Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 74 (1869); B. Gray, B. West 
Scotl. p. 152 (1871); Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 94 (1875); Newt. ed. 
Yarr. Brit B. ii. p. 177 (1877); Salvad. Elench. Ucc. Ital. p. 180 
(1887). 
460 FRINGILLID2E. 

p. 
fig. 14 (c. 1870); Alst. Sr Ilarvie Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 64; 

Seebohm, Ibis, 1876, p. 115. 
Corythus angustirostris &c., Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 247 (1831)? 
Pinicola enucleator, Cab. in Frsch u. Gruber, Fncycl. 1st sect. i. 

p. 219 (1849) ; id. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 167 (1850) ; Lkht. 
Nomencl. AD. Berol p. 48 (1854) ; Gray, Hand4. B. ii. p. 108, 
no. 7039 (1870) j Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iii. pi. 44 (c. 1870); Salvad. 
Faun. ItaL, Ucc. p. 162 (1871); Harting, Kandb. Brit. B. p. 113 
(1872) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 127 (1872) ; Finsch, Abhandl. 
nat, Ver. Bremen, iii. p. 54 (1873) ; Baird, Brewer, 8f Ridgw. 
Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 453, pi. 21. figs. 1, 2 (1874); Cones, 
B. JST.-West, p. 104 (1874); Dresser, B. Fur. iv. p. 3, pi. 201 
(1874); Ridgw. Proc. U. 8. Nat Mus. iii. p. 176 (1880) ; Giglioli, 
Ibis, 1881, p. 204; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 378; Salv. Cat StrickL 
Coll. p. 204 (1882); B. O. U. list Brit B. p. 56 (1883) ; Stearns, 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 117 (1883) ; Nelson, Cruise R. S. 
i Convin,' p. 66 (1883); Blahist. Amended List B. Japan, p. 63 
(1884); Coues, Key N Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 343 (1884) ; Drew, 
Auk, ii. p. 15 (1885); Seton, Auk, iii. p. 322 (1886); A. O. V. 
Chech-list N. Amer. B. p. 255 (1886). 
__ Pinicola canadensis, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p, 167 (1850); Baird, B. N. 
Amer. p. 410 (1858); Coues, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1861, p. 221; 
Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 122 (1862); Ball <§• Bann. Trans. Chicago 
Acad. i. p. 281 (1809); Cooper, B. Calif, p. 151 (1870). 

Pyrrhula (Corythus) enucleator, Middend. Reis. Sibir., Zool. p. 150 
'(1851); Schrenck, Reis. Amurl. p. 296 (1860) ; Radde, Reis. Sibir., 

Vog. p. 187 (1863). 
Enucleator angustirostris &c, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 89 (1855). 
Corythus splendens, Brehm, t. c. p. 89. ; 
Corytlius enucleator splendens &c, A. F. Brehm, Verz. Samml C. L. 

Brehm, p. 10 (1866). 
Pinicola enucleator, /3. canadensis, Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus i 

p. 412(1878). 
Corvthus enucleator Iranitschatkensis, Bybowski, Bull. Soc Zool 
France, viii. p. 367 (1883). 
Pinicola flammula, Homeyer, J.f.O. 1880, p. 156. 


Adidt male. General colour above rosy crimson, much mottled on 
the back and scapulars with ashy bases to the feathers, which are 
also sub terminally darker brown; lower back and rump more 
uniform rosy ; lesser wing-coverts like the back: median and 
greater coverts dusky brown, tipped with pale rosy, whitish on the 
margins of the latter series ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and 
quills dusky brown, margined with pale rosy, whiter on the secondaries, 
the innermost of which have broader edges; upper tail-
coverts ashy, tipped with rose-colour, inclining to white on the 
lateral ones; tail-feathers dusky brown, with narrow rosy ed°-es ; 
crown of head uniform rosy crimson ; nasal plumes and lores dusky 
blackish, the feathers below the eye hoary ; sides of face and under 
surface of body rosy crimson, extending down the sides of the 
abdomen, which is dull ashy, becoming whiter on the vent; sides of 

48 . PINICOTA. 
461 
body and flanks light slaty grey; thighs ashy ; under tail-coverts 
ashy, tipped and edged with white; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
ashy grey, the edge of the wing tinged with rosy; quills below 
ashy, paler along the inner edge. Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 
065, wing 4-15, tail 3-25, tarsus 0-85. 

Adult female. Different from the male and without the rosy 
colour. General colour above ashy, with dusky lines to the feathers 
of the back and mantle; lower back and rump uniform ashy; lesser 
wing-coverts like the back; median and greater coverts dusky 
brown, edged with white at the ends; bastard-wing, primal-
coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with yellowish white on the 
primaries, the inner secondaries rather more broadly margined with 
white; upper tail-coverts like the back but with a slight olive 
tinge ; tail-feathers dusky, edged with olive-brown ; crown of head 
and sides of face golden olive-yellow, spreading over the hind neck 
on to the mantle ; nasal plumes dusky brown ; lores hoary whitish; 
throat and under surface of body ashy grey, washed with golden 
olive on the throat and breast; lower abdomen and vent a little 
paler grey; under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillaries 
ashy grey, edged with whitish. Total length 8 inches, culmen 06, 
wing 4, tail 3*1, tarsus 0*8. 

Toimg male. Similar to the adult female, but with the yellow 
colour of an orange tint on the throat, breast, crown, and back ; 
and more plentifully developed. 

Hah. The same as that of the genus. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Sweden. Hume Coll. 
6, G. 5 ad. sk. Norway, October (M. Collett). Chris tiania Mus. [P.]. d,
e. S $ ad. sk. Norway (Esmark). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
/. $ ad. sk. Quickiock, Lapland, May 17, Gould Coll. 
1862 (S. Wheelwright). 
/. 6 juv. sk. Quickiock, April 26, 1862 Gould Coll. 
(jar. w.).

g,h. d ? ad. sk. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

Archangel. 

[P.]. 
i, k. 6 2 ad. sk. Archangel, June. Hume Coll. 
/. <5 ad.; m. <$ Archangel, December. Hume Coll. 
juv. sk. 

Sclater Coll. 

n. [d l juv. sk. N. America. 
o. J ad. sk. Arctic America. Sir G. Back [P.]. 
Dr. Rae [P.]. 
p. <$ ad. sk. Repulse Bay. 
Sclater Coll. 

q. £ ad. sk. Nova Scotia. 
Hume Coll. 

r. $ ad. sk. New Jersey (If. E. Dresser). 
U. S. Nat. Museum 
s. 
$ ad. sk. Madison Co., New York, Dec. 28, 
1868 (Smith; 8m. no. 77189). [P.]. 
U. S. Nat. Museum 
Sm. no. 68697). [P.l. 
t. £ ad. sk. Houltom Maine (R M. McLeod; 
H. KT. Coale, Esq. 
Gibbs). I70u. 
2 a<l-sk-Michigan, Feb- 2, 1875 (J2. M. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

"BitterRoot Valley" (J. Pear-
sail; Sm. no. 17573). 

v. $ ad. sk. 
Gould Coll. 

uv Canada. 

w. 6 j -s^* 
462 FRmGILUD^L 

x, y. S $ ad. sk, Hamilton, Canada, Feb. 1885 It. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(K C. Mclhuraith). flV. 
z,a\ tf$ ad.sk. Fort Dufierin, Manitoba (<?. K A" Boundary 

Damon). Conini. _P.]. 
&'. tf juv. sk. Bear Lake. B. R. Ross, E*q. P. . 
c'. c? ad. sk. Foit Simpson, Oct. 13 (It. fcfehm-Gudman Coll 

Kennicott-, Sm. no. 10581). 
cV, e'. $ Q ad. Fort Yukon, Alaska, Sept 24, U. S. Nat. Museum 
sk. 1876 (L. 31. Turner; Sm. "P.]. 
nos. 72275,78205) 

49. PEOPYEEHULA. 
Type. 
Propyrrhula, Eodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 1052 
(1844) P. subhimalayen^R 

Range. Himalaya Mountains. 

1. Propyrrlrtila subMmalayeiasis *. 
Cory thus subhimachalus, Hoclgs. Abiatic Rwearcftei, XJX. p. lo2 
(1830) ; jfy. # ScM. Monogr. Lujiens, p. 11, pi. 13 (1^30); Dp. 
Consp.i. p. 528(1850). 

Corythus subhemalavensis, JEZocZ/ff. Jco«. i?w& in Brit. 31m., Ptt$sere*t 
pi. 305. figs. 1, 2." 
Propyrrliula subhfniachalana, Ilodgs. J. A. S. Btng. xiii. p. 952 
(1844) ; id. in Grafs ZotjL Misc. p. b'2 (1844). 
Strobilophaga subliimachala, 6V«y, Gen. B. ii. p. &>7 (lb44); iVJ. 

Cfe& Mamm. etc. Nepalpres. Ilodgs. p. 454 {1&40). 
Spermopipes subhimachalus, Zzc^f. So mend. At. p. 4^ (1*>U). 
Propyrrliula subhimachalana, Ilorsf. 4* Moore, Cat. B. D.I Co. Mus* 

ii. p. 454 (1856). 
Propyrrbula subhemalaeha, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 396 (1863) ; Bigth, 
Ibis, 1867, p. 44; Hume, Str. F. 1679, £. 108. 
Pinicola subhemachala, Grag} Hand-L B. ii. p. 100; no. 7642 (lfc-70). 

Adult male. General colour above dark crimson, pligbtly mottled 
with dusky centres to the feathers, the rump and upper tail-coverts 
uniform; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and greater 
coverts dusky brown, externally pale crimson; bastard-wing and 
primary-coverts dusky brown, narrowly fringed with dull crimson ; 
quills dusky brown, the primaries edged with dull crimson, some of 
the secondaries with olive-yellow, the inner ones with pale rosy, 
ashy whitish towards the ends; tail-feathers dusky brown, edged 
with dull crimson; crown of head like the back, with a band of 
bright crimson across the forehead, extending over the eye; lores 
dusky; feathers round eye pale crimson ; ear-eoverts dark crimson 

* I propose that the specific name of this species should be rendered as 
above, to avoid confusion. Hodgson called it the " Sub-himalayan Finch ;w 
hut by giving it the unusual name of suhhimaekalm and afterwards that of 
mbhemachalcma, it is not surprising that subsequent writers mistook the origin 
of the specific name, and reduced it to subhemalacha or bubhi/tiachalaiia. To 
his original drawing he has attached the name sidjhemalaycmh, and at* this 
best expresses the specific signification, I propose to retain' it, instead of the 
other ones, which are apparently varied readings of a misprint. 
49 , PEOPYERHTJLA. 

like the sides of the neck; cheeks and throat brighter crimson • fore 
neck mottled with pale rosy, the feathers edged with dark crimson ; 
breast and abdomen dark ashy grey, like the sides of body and 
flanks, the upper breast washed with pale crimson, the lower abdomen 
whitish ; thighs ashy; nnder tail-coverts ashy, slightly tinged 
with rosy, the long ones with dusky brown bases; under wing-
coverts and axillaries ashy, edged with pale crimson; quills below 
dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total length 7 inches, culmen 
0*5, wing 4, tail 3, tarsus 0*9. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
dull olive-yellow, mottled with dusky bases to the feathers; lower 
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform olive-yellow; lesser 
wing-coverts like the back; median and greater coverts dusky 
brown, externally olive-yellow, brighter towards the ends ; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, fringed with olive-
yellow, more broadly on the secondaries, the inner ones ashy towards 
the ends; tail-feathers dusky brown, fringed with olive-yellow; 
crown of head ashy grey, with dusky centres to the feathers; the 
forehead olive-yellow, brighter above the lores; lores, feathers below 
the eye, and fore part of cheeks hoary grey; eyelid olive-yellow; 
ear-coverts and sides of neck dark ashy grey, as well as the hinder 
cheeks ; chin hoary grey, mottled with dusky bases ; lower throat 
dark ashy grey; fore neck and chest olive-yellow, with dusky bases; 
breast, sides of body, and flanks dark ashy grey, lighter on the 
abdomen; thighs ashy grey : under tail-coverts also ashy grey, with 
pale ashy edges; under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy grey, edged 
with olive-yellow, especially on the edge of the wing : quills below 
dusky, ashy along the inner edge : " bill and legs brownish fleshcolour 
with a rosy tinge; iris brown" (B. H. Hodgson). Total 
length 8 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3*65, tail 3, tarsus 0*8. 

Old females become orange on the forehead and on the fore neck, 
and vary according to age in the brightness of the olive-yellow on 
the lower back and rump. The hinder crown is often olive-yellow 
like the back, instead of being ashy grey; soft parts " as in the male, 
but duller" (B. H. Hodgson). 

Young males at first resemble the old female, and have the forehead 
and fore neck orange. The second plumage seems to be like 
that of the fully adult male, but the markings on the chest are 
yellow slightly tinged with crimson, and there is a little of the 
latter colour on the olive-yellow of the back as well as on the sides 
of the face. The full plumage seems to take some time to acquire, 
as many of the crimson-throated birds often show traces of the 
olive-yellow stage. As with many of the Grosbeaks, the crimson 
mottling on the chest becomes abraded, and this part is often nearly 
uniform. 

Hob. Himalayas from Nepal to Sikhim. 

a, h. $ J ad. sk. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
(Types of species.) 
c, d. S ? ad. sk. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 

464 

e. $ ad. sk. 
/-/. 3 ad.; m-r. 
2 ad. sk. 

s. 3 ad. sk. 
t 
3 juv. sk. 

u, v. 3 ad.; w. 3 
juv.;.r,y,2. $ 
ad. sk. 

a'. 2 ad. sk. 

b'. 3 ad.; c'-h'. $ 
ad. sk. 

PRINGrTLLID^J. 

Dolaka, Nepal, Dec. 1875 (L. 

Mandelli). 

Dolaka, Nepal, Jan. 1875-76 

(L. Mandelli).
Dolaka, Nepal, Feb. 1876 
(L. 
Mandelli). 

Native Sikhim, March 1874 

(L. Mandelli). 
Sikhim, Feb. 1874 
(L. Mandelli). 


Sikhim, March 1872 (Z. Man


delli). 
Darjiling, 1870. 

50. URAGUS. 
Uragus, Keys, fy Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xl (1840)

Home Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Type. 
.. U. sibiricus, 

Head of {Tragus sibiricus. 

Range. North-eastern Siberia, Japan, and Northern China. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Flanks rosy; head uniform. 
a'. Larger; colours paler sibiricus, p. 404. 
b'. Smaller; colours richer sanguinolentus, p. 4tf<>. 
b. Flanks brown; head mottled with dusky bases 
to the feathers lepidus, p. 467. 
1. Uragus sibiricus. 
Loxia sibirica, Pall. Reis. Russ. Reichs, ii. Anhang, p. 711 (1771). 
Siberian Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii.pt. i. j>. 124 (1783). 
Pyrrhula caudata, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 10 (1811). 
Pyrrhula longicauda, Temm. Man. $Orn. i. p. 340 (1820) ; Werner, 


Atlasj Graniwres, pi. 35 (1837). 
Corjthus longicauda, Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 205 (1837). 
Oorythus sibiricus, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. and N. Amer. p. 38 

(1838). 
Pyrrhula (Uragus) sibirica, Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xl (1840); 
Schrenk, Reis. Amurl. p. 290 (1859); Radde, Reis. Sibir., Vbg. 

p. 181 (1863). 
Uragus sibiricus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 387 (1844) ; Bp. Consp. i. 
p. 529 (1850); id. $ Schl. Monogr. Loriens, pis. 34, 35 (1&50); 
David, N. Arch. Mus. vii. Bull p. 10 (1871); Gray, Rand4. B. 
ii. p. 102, no. 7529 (1870); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 387; Severtz. 
Turkest. Jevotn. p. 04 (1873); Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 245; Prjev. 
in Rowley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 304 (1877); Tacz. Bull Soc. tool. 
50 . URAG1JS, 465 
France, L p. 182 (1876) ; David $ Oust Ois. Chine, p. 357 (1877); 

Seebohm, Ibis, 1880, p. 187; Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 27 (1883). 
Erythrotkorax caudatus, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 276. 
Pyrrhula sibirica, Borggr. Vogelf. NorddeutschL p. 73 (1869). 

Adult male. General colour above rosy, the feathers of the mantle 
and back centred with black and edged with hoary whitish; lower 
back and rump uniform rosy; lesser wing-coverts dull rosy; median 
coverts white; greater coverts blackish, broadly tipped with white, 
the inner ones white for the terminal half; bastard-wing and 
primary-coverts dusky brown, edged with ashy brown; quills dusky 
brown, edged with whitish, the inner secondaries broadly margined 
and tipped with white; upper tail-coverts dull rosy, with dusky 
bases; tail-feathers blackish, edged with ashy whitish, the three 
outer feathers white, with black shafts and a black edging to the 
base of the inner web, increasing in extent towards tho centre of 
the tail; crown of head pearly white with a rosy tinge, the occiput 
and nape ashy brown, tinged with rosy, more distinct on the hind 
neck; base of forehead and lores deep crimson, as well as the 
feathers below the eye; eyebrow pearly white; ear-coverts and 
cheeks pearly white with a rosy tinge, as also the throat and fore 
neck, the feathers of the latter parts being lanceolate; remainder 
of under surface of body rosy, the sides of the upper breast slightly 
mottled with blackish bases; lower abdomen white, tinged with 
rosy ; sides of body clear rose-colour, the lower flanks white; thighs 
ashy; under tail-coverts pale rose-colour; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries ashy white, with a rosy tinge on the edge of tho wing; 
quills below pale brown, whitish along the inner edge : " bill clear 
brown, the lower mandible whitish ; feet reddish grey; iris brown " 

{A. David). Total length 6-2 inches, culmen 0-35, wing 2*95, 
tail 3*5, tarsus 0*65. 
Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
sandy brown, with blackish-brown centres to the feathers; rump 
and ]ower back more uniform and washed with vermilion; lesser 
wing-coverts ashy brown; median coverts white; greater coverts 
black, broadly tipped with white ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts 
dark brown ; quills brown, edged with pale brown, the inner secondaries 
broadly edged with white; upper tail-coverts brown, with a 
slight reddish tinge; tail-feathers dark brown, the two outer feathers 
white, with dark-brown shafts and an edging of dark brown near 
the base of the inner web, less pronounced on the outer feather; 
the third feather with a long wedge-shaped white mark extending 
halfway down the inner web from the top ; crown of head rather 
paler brown than the back and less distinctly streaked with dusky; 
base of forehead and lores ashy whitish, as also the fore part of the 
cheeks; ear-coverts light brown, indistinctly streaked with darker 
brown ; cheeks and throat ashy whitish, streaked with dark brown ; 
remainder of under surface of body pale sandy brown with a faint 
rosy tinge, the fore neck and breast narrowly streaked with blackish 
brown; abdomen white; sides of body and flanks like the breast, 

VOL. XII. 2 H. 

WB.IXGILLTDJE.

4m 

but the stripes rather narrower; thighs ashy white: under tail-
coverts dull white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white ; quills 
below dusky, white along the inner edge. Total length 6*7 inches, 
culmen 04, wing 2-7, tail 3*2, tarsus 0-65. 

Young males resemble the old females, but are more uniform, 
being scarcely streaked above and not at all on the under surface ; 
the rump is orange, and the under surface is tinged with orange or 
light rose-colour. 

Bab. Eastern Siberia, Manchuria, and Xorthem China, westwards 
to Krasnoyarsk and Turkestan. 

a, h. <$ ? ad. sk. Amoor-Land (Dr. Maack). Gould Coll. 
c. 6 ad. sk. Kultuk, Lake Baikal, Purchased. 
March 2. 

2. Uragus sangxdiioleiitns. 
Pvrrhula sanguinolentus, Temm. fy SeM. Faun. Jap., Aves, pis. 54, 
\54B (1&O0). 

Uragus sangiiinolentus, Bp. § SehL Monorjr. Loxien®, pi. 3f> (1^50); 
Bp. Comp. i. p. 520 (1850; ; Blakist Urn, W>2, p. ;J2S ; Wkfoh/, 
Ibis, 1867, p. 203; Gray, IhuuH. B. ii. p. 102t no 7#J0 f 1S"0); 
Dijbowski, J.f.O. lfeT'i,* p. i\5: $?riali. Ifm, ls74, p. lf>0 ; Tacz. 
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i, p. 1x2 (1870); David cV Oi/<f. OM\ 
Chine, p. 359 (1*77); Tarz. Bull. >%c. //ml France, m. p. 1:5*1 
(1878)• Blakiat $ Pnjer, Ibis, 1^78, p. 245; iid. B. Japan, p. 175 
(1882) * Blakist. Amended List B. Japan, pp. 18, OS f 1**4 J. 

Pyrrhula (Uragus) sibiricus, Radde, Bern, tiibir. p. 181 (lHN4i). 

Adult male. General colour above rose-colour, more or less shaded 
with ashy, the mantle and back streaked with black centres to the 
feathers ; lower back and rump deep rosy, approaching carmine on 
the upper tail-coverts, which are tipped with white; lesser wing-
coverts deep rosy; median coverts white, tinged with rosy ; greater 
coverts black, broadly tipped with white, on which is a rosy tinge ; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, edged with rosy, 
the secondaries broadly margined and tipped witli white; tail-
feathers black, edged with ashy, the three outer ones almost entirely 
white, with black shafts and a black edging towards the base of the 
inner web ; crown of head nearly uniform ashy, with a concealed 
rosy tinge; the forehead with a pearly gloss; lores and a narrow 
line across the base of the forehead deep crimson; ear-coverts, 
cheeks, and throat pearly white with a rosy tinge, the feathers of 
the latter part somewhat lanceolate, as also those of the fore neck, 
which, with the rest of the under surface, is bright rosy pink ; 
lower abdomen hoary whitish ; sides of body and flanks, as well as 
the under tail-coverts, rosy pink ; thighs ashy whitish ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries pearly white, with a strong tinge of rosy; 
quills below dusky, whitish along the inner edge: " bill horn-brown; 
legs and toes horn-brown ; iris dark hazel" (H. Whiteh/). Total 
length 5*7 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 2-85f tail 3*1, tarsus 0*65. 

50. XTRIGTTS. 467 
Ad.dt femxle. Similar to the female of U. sibiricw, but smaller 
and very much darker, the brown of the underparts much deeper. 
Total length 5*7 inches, caiman 0*35, wing 2-5, tail 2*8, tarsus 0-65. 

Hab. Eastern Siberia, Manchuria, Japan, and the Kurilo Islands. 

a. S ad. sk. Vladiowstok, Jan. 19. Dr. Lenz. 
b. $ ad. sk. Vladiowstok, Dec. 4. Dr. Lenz. 
c. <$ ad. sk. Amoor-Land, March. Dr. Lenz. 
d. $ ad. sk. Yokohama, Japan. Prof. Milne [0.1 
e. $ ad. sk. Hakodadi, Oct. 19,1835 (H Whitely). Gould Ooll. 
/. ? ad. sk. Hakodadi, Dec. 81, 18U H. Whitely [0.1 
//. 6 ad. sk. Hakodadi, Nov. 6, 1884. H. Whitely [O.j. 
3. Uragus lepidus. 
Uragus lepidus, David Sf Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 359 (1877). 
Adult male (type of species). General colour above brown, the 
feathers of the back and mantle broadly centred with black and washed 
with dark crimson; lower back and rump uniform deep rosy; lesser 
wing-coverts dark rosy, the feathers with blackish bases; median and 
greater coverts blackish, edged with ashy and broadly tipped with 
creamy white, forming a dark wing-bar; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills dark brown, edged with lighter brown, more ashy 
on the primaries; inner secondaries broadly edged with ashy white on 
the outer web ; upper tail-coverts dark ashy; tail-feathers blackish, 
edged with ashy, the two outer feathers white for the most part, 
except for an oblique blackish mark along the inner web and along 
the outer web, the external feather white along the outer web, with 
a blackish shaft; crown of head ashy brown with a slight rosy tinge, 
all the feathers mottled with dusky centres; fore part of the head 
silvery white with a rosy tinge, the feathers slightly mottled with 
dusky spots ; lores and base of forehead dark crimson; eyebrow 
silvery white, continued from the frontal band; sides of face, ear-
coverts, cheeks, and throat silvery whitish with a rosy tinge, somewhat 
lanceolate on the throat; sides of neck ashy grey, mixed with 
rosy spots; fore neck and breast deep rose-colour, the abdomen dull 
whitish ; sides of body and flanks sandy brown, streaked with dark 
brown ; thighs ashy brown; under tail-coverts whitish, tinged with 
rosy; under wing-coverts ashy whitish, washed with rosy; axillaries 
white ; quills below dusky, ashy whitish along the inner edge. 
Total length 5*8 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 2-6, tail 2*4, tarsus 0-6. 

(Mus. Paris.) 

Differs from the other species of Uragus in having the crown 

mottled with dusky bases to the feathers, less broad bands of white 

on the wings, and also by its brown flanks, which are streaked with 

blackish brown. 

The female resembles that of U. sanguinolentus, but is more ashy 

and has none of the tawny tinge on the lower back and rump which 

is seen on the last-named species; the sides of the body and flanks 

are also brown, streaked with blackish brown, more coarsely than 

in U. sanguinolentus. Total length 5'5 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 

2*55, tail 2-65, tarsus 0*65. (Mus. Paris.) 

Hab. China. 
2n2 


FRlNGKLLID-aE. 

Subfamily III. EMBERIZINA 

The following "Key " to the genera of Buntings is more artificial 
than natural, for the characters occur and recur in different sections, 
so as to separate considerably genera, the near relations of which are 
obvious. Thus it happens that an arrangement in natural order, 
according to characters, has proved impossible; but at the same time 
I believe that some of the genera have been brought into their natural 
proximity for the first time, while I have made use of the pattern of 
coloration as a character of considerable value in some Buntings. 

Key to tlie Genera. 

A. Hind claw never longer than the hind toe. 
a. Tail longer than the wing, and generally 
strongly graduated. 
a\ Bill slender; the depth of the bill at 
nostrils not so great as the length of 
the hind claw. 


a". Bill short, the tarsus twice the 
length of the culmen; nostril 
operculated; with rose-colour on 
the breast and tail 51. UROCYNCHRAMTTS, 

b'\ Bill longer, the culmen more thau [p. 472. 
half the length of the nostril j no 
red in the plumage. 

a'". Centre tail-feathers acuminate 83. COBYPHOSPIZA, p.765. 
b"r. Centre tail-feathers rounded at 
the ends. 
a*. Hind claw much shorter than 
hind toe 82. EMBER^AGRA, p. 757. 
bk. Hind claw very large, almost 
equal to the hind toe 77. CHAM^OSPIZA, p. 730. 

b'. Bill stouter, the depth of the hill at 
nostrils greater than the length of 
the hind claw. 


c". Tail-feathers acuminate 84. EMBERIZOIDES, p. 768. 
d". Tail-feathers rounded at the ends 
of the inner web. 

c'". Bill nearly straight from the 
nostrils to the tip: claws stout 
and little curved. 


c4. Middle claw blunt like the hind 
claw, which it about equals 80. ATXAPETES, p. 738. 
d*. Middle claw less than the hind 
daw 81. PIPILO, p. 740. 
d"'. Bill curved from the nostrils to 
the tip of the culmen; claws 

 stout and

, m , greatly curved 79. SALTATRICTTLA.P. 737. 

b. Wing longer than the tail, or equal to it. 
c'. "Wing and tail nearly equal in length, 
the wing not exceeding the tail by 
more than the length of the culmen. 


EMBERIZI2WB. 469 

. Nostrils exposed, and with a more 
or less distinct operculum. 
e'". Bill stout, deeper than it is 
broad at nostrils. 
eK First primary longer than the 
secondaries. 

a5. Hind claw not double the 
size of the middle claw, 
which is curved and 
sharp. 


aB. Back uniform. 
a7. With more or less of a 
crest (red) 98. PABOAEIA, p. 809* 

b7 

. With no crest. 
aH. Colour uniform above 
and below 65. HAPXOSPIZA, p. 626. 
bH. Colour variegated. 

a9. Throat white; a 
white patch at 
the end of the 
inner web on the 
outer tail-feather 92. DIUCA, p. 800. 

b\ Throat black; tail 
uniform or with 
only a white edge 
to the outer tail-
feather C6. AMPHISPIZA, p. 627, 

ft5. Back spotted, and general 
aspect Sparrow-like 62. ZONOTRICHIA, p. 596. 

b5 

. Hind claw double the size 
of the middle claw, which 
is small and worn 87. NBSOSPIZA, p. 779. 

f4. First primary about equal to 
the outer secondaries. 


c5. Innermost secondaries very 
long, about equal to primaries 
64. PORPHYROSPIZA, 

ds. Primaries decidedly longer [p. 625. 
than inner secondaries. 
cQ. Tail nearly square ; back 
uniform 93. CORYPHOSPINGTJS, 

dG. Tail much graduated; the [p. 802. 
feathers attenuated, especially 
the centre ones; 
back mottled and spotted 
like a true Bunting 76. H^EMOPHILA, p. 721. 

ffK First primary less than the 
secondaries, 


e6. Head with no crest; 
outstretched feet nearly 
reaching to end of tail.. 78. PYRGISOMA, p. 731. 

/ 6 . Head with a long occipital 
crest; outstretched 
feet not reaching beyond 
half the tail 99. GUBERNATRIX, p. 815. 

470 FKINGILLIDJ2. 

/"'. Bill more slender, about equal 
in height and breadth at nostrils. 


h*. Nostrils exposed entirely, longitudinal, 
with a very distinct 
operculum; bill long and 


slender 91. XENOSPINGUS, p. 7U9. 

i4. Bill stout, only the nasal aperture 
exposed; the base of the 
nostrils covered with plumelets. 


e5. Wing very much rounded ; 
first long primary less than 
the long secondaries, which 
equal the primaries in 
length 72. AMMODROMUS, 

f5. Wit grounded,the first long [p. V8S. 
j riii*ary equal to the long 
secondaries, which, however, 
are shorter than the 
primaries. 

(f\ Tail somewhat forked, the 
centre attenuated towards 
the tips; bill very 

slender 67. POOSPIZA, p. 632. 

h6. Tail square, graduated 
laterally; centre tail-
feathers rounded at the 
ends; bill stouter 74. PECCJEA, p. 708. 

/" . Nostrils hidden by small bristly 
plumes. 
(/'". First long primary equal to the 
inner secondaries 73. MELO^PIZA, p. 690. 
h'". First long primary much longer 
than the inner secondaries. 

k*. Tail without any white pattern 
on it: bill elongated and iPCk ~ atr„ 
pointed .° €9. SPIZELLA, p. 657. 

)o5'

l\ Tail with a white pattern on FHINGHJ^BIA, 

 M i •

the outer feathers. LPy5. 
With a long occipital crest 66. MELOPHFS, p. 568. 
h5, WTith no occipital crest. 

i6. Bill pointed, the genys 
about equal to the hind 
toe without claw 53. EMBEEIZA, p. 476. 

7J6. Bill rounded and Bulh'nch-
like, the genys leas 
than the hind toe without 
claw 52. PYBHHULOBHYNCHA, 

I'. Wing decidedly longer than the tail, [p. 473. 
exceeding it by more than the length 
of the culmen. 

g". W'ings falling *hoit of tail by more 
than the length of the tarsus. 
i'". First primary longer than the 
secondaries. 


EMBEKIZItf^. 
471 

^4. Inner secondaries elongated 
and Lark-like. 
i\ Tail forked. 


P. 
Genys ascending at a much 
greater angle than the 
end of the culinen; bill 
curved 54. MILIARIA, p. 552. 
m6. Genys and culmen at 
about the same angle; ,/-, -r.^^ «„ _0 Ph7t

•km 
™;„+*A M/l. PASSERCULUS, p. 674. 
*. T^SSri^im I70" PO<BCKXES)P.'6V 
massive, higher than broad 
at nostrils. 

wG. Inner secondaries as long 
as the primaries 01. CALAMOSPIZA, p. 593. 
o6. Inner secondaries not produced 
to the same length 
as primaries 00. CHONDESTES, p. r>90. 

•\ Inner 
secondaries not greatly 
elongated. 
P. 
Fir^t primary as long as the 
second or longer; wing 
pointed. 
p'K Tail-feathers acuminate, 
sharply pointed at ends. 85. SPIZA, p. 770. 
q6. Tail-feathers gently rounded 
at the ends ,.. 8Q, PSEUDOCHLORIS, 
m5. First primary shorter than [p. 774. 
the second or third. 
?*6. With no white on the 
outer tail-feathers. 
e7. With the back uniform, 
not streaked. 

c8. Bill very long; culmen 
exceeding length of 
middle toe and claw 97. RHODOSPINGUS, 

d9. Culmen not so long [p. 808. 
as middle toe and 
claw. 

<?9. An elongated occi-( 94. LOPHOSPINGUS,P. 805. 
pital crest (96. TIARIS, p. 807. 
d?. No occipital crest. 

a10. Culmen decidedly 
rounded; 
with a distinct 
curve on the 
cutting-edge of 
the upper mandible 
63. CYAHOSPIZA, p. 613. 

b10 

. Bill very pointed 
; culmen 
nearly straight, 
and the cutting-
edge of 188. PHRYGILTTS, p. 780 f. 
wing also ... . / 90. SPODIORNIS,P. 798. 

d7. With the back streaked 75. PASSERELLA, p. 716. 

t 89. For Idiopsar, which is probably allied to Vhrygilus, see p. 797. 

47 2 
FRIXGILLID-E. 

s*. With white on the outer 
tail-feather 68. JUNCO, p. 646. 
k'". First primary about equal to 
secondaries; head crested 95. SCHISTOSPIZA, p. 806. 

h". Wings reaching nearly to the end [p. 572. 
of the tail, falling short by less J 57. PLECTROPHENAX, 
than the length of the tarsus . . } 59. RHYXCOPHANES, 

[p. 589. 
B. Hind claw longer than the hind toe 58. CALCABIUS, p. 579. . 
51. UROCYNCHRAMUS. 
Type. 
Urocynchramus, Prjevalsld, in Rowley s Orn. Misc. ii. 

p. 309 (1877) 
U. j ylzowi. 
Bill of Urocynchaniii8 pylztrwi. 

Range. Western China. 

1. Urocyncliraiiius pylzowi. 
Urocynchramus pylzowi, JPrjev. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 309, 
pl/vii. (1877); 'Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 32 (1879). 
Adult male. General colour above sandy brown, "the feathers 
centred with black; lesser wing-coverts reddish brown ; median 
coverts black, edged broadly with reddish brown; greater coverts 
and bastard-wing black, edged with sandy buff, paler at the ends; 
priraary-eoverts dusky brown, fringed with reddish brown ; quills 
blackish brown, edged with whity brown, the inner secondaries with 
reddish brown ; upper tail-coverts like the back ; tail-feathers dark 
brown, broadly edged with whity brown, the four outer feathers 
rosy, tipped with white, the third feather with an oblique brown 
mark near the end of the inner web, larger on the fourth feather; 
crown of the head like the back, and similarly streaked ; nape and 
hind neck rather paler and more fulvescent; lores and a narrow 
eyebrow rosy, or ashy with a rosy tinge, as also the feathers round 
the eye and sides of face; ear-eoveits ashy, tinged with rosy, 
browner on the upper edge; cheeks and under surface of body pale 
rosy, the throat and breast washed with hoary whitish edges to the 
feathers; abdomen whitish, with a rosy tinge; sides of body.and 
flanks pale brown, streaked with black centres to the feathers; 
thighs ashy ochreous; under tail-coverts rosy; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries ashy white, washed with rosy near the edge of the 
wing; quills below dusky, the inner edge reddish ashy. Total 
length 
6 inches, culmcn 0*45, wing 2*8, tail 3*1, tarsus 0'9. 
Bab. Western China. 

a. £ ad. sk. Kokcnoor, October. General Prjevalski [€.]. 
52 . PYRRHTTLORHYN'CHA. 

473 

52. PYRRHTTLORHYNCHA. 
Type. 
Pyrrhulorhyneha, Giglioli, Ibis, 1865, p. 58 P. paliistris. 

Range. The countries bordering the Mediterranean, thence from 
Astrachan to Yarkand in suitable localities, reappearing again in 
Japan. 

Key to the Sjpecies. 

a. Larger: wing 3-8*5 inches. 
a'. Sides of body dibtinctly streaked with blackish 
or dark chestnut stupes palustris, p. 473. 
b'. Sides of body perfectly uniform or with obsolete 
reddish shaft-lines pyrrhuloides, p. 475. 

b. 
Smaller : wing 3-1-3*2 inches ; sides of body uniform, 
without any shaft-streaks pyrrhulina, p. 475. 

1. Pyrrhulorhyneha palustris. 

Eniberiza palustris, Savi, Orn. Tosc. ii. p. 01 (1829), iii. p. 225 (1831); 
Roux, Orn. Prov. pi. 114 bis ; Bp. Faun. Ital., Ucc. pi. xi. (1832) j 
Temm. Man. cPOm. iii. p. 220 (1835) ; Werner, Atlas, Granivores, 
pi. to p. 220 • Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 182 (1837); Gray, Gen. B. 

ii. p. 377 (1844); Poioys, Ibis, 1860, p. 139; Elwes fy Buckley, 
Ibis, 1870, p. 194; Salvad. Blench. Ucc. Ital. p. 167 (1887). 
Schcenicola intermedia, " Michak." Bp. Rev. Crit. p. 164 (1850); 
id. Consp. i. p. 465 (1850). 
Schcenicola pyrrhuloides (nee Pall.), Bp. Rev. Crit. p. 164 (1850); 
id. Consp. i. p. 463 (1850); Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. 

p. 168 (1859) * Doderl. Avif. Sieil. p. 90 (I860). 
Oynchramus pyrrhuloides, Cab. Mus. Heln. Th. i. p. 130; Brehm, 
Vogelf. p. 115 (1855); Begl. $ Gerbe, Orn. Bur. i. p. 325 (1867). 
Cynchramus palustris &c, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 115 (1855). 
Eniberiza intermedia, Selys-Lonqch. Nauni. 1856, p. 387; Shelley, 

B. Egypt, p. 147, pi. 3.fig.2 (1872). 
Pyrrhulorhyncha palustris, Giglioli, Ibis, 1865, p. 58. 
Eniberiza pyrrhuloides (nee Pall.), Salvad. Faun. Ital., Ucc. p. 144 
(1871); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 218; Irby, B. Gibr. p. 225 
(1875); Danf. $ Barvie Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 312; Gigl. Ibis, 
1881, p. 202; id. Avif. Ital. p. 54 (1886). 
Citrinella pyrrhuloides (nee Pall), Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 114, 
no. 7709 (1870). 
Citrinella intermedia, Gray, Hand-l, B. ii. p. 114, no. 7710 (1870). 
Cynchramus intermedins, Ileugi Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 6Q8 (1870). 

Adult male. General colour above reddish brown, the feathers of 
the mantle and back blaekisjj, edged with rufous-brown, and sandybuif 
margins; lower bac^i^mp , and upper tail-coverts uniform 
ashy ; lesser and meditn coverts chestnut, with black bases to the 
feathers ; greater coverts blackish, edged with rufous, sandy whitish 
on the margins; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky 
brown, externally pale brown, the primaries rufous at the base of 
the outer web, and sandy white for the rest of its extent; upper 
tail-coverts a little browner grey than the rump ; two centre tail-
feathers dark brown, margined with reddish brown towards the 

474 FRlXGirLIM. 

base and with whitish towards the ends; remainder of feathers 

blackish, edged with whiiy brown, the penultimate feather with a 

large wedge-shaped white mark on the inner wTeb, increasing largely 

in extent on the outermost, which is almost entirely white, with an 

oblique mark on the inner web, and with the shaft also brown, 

widening out towards the end of the outer v> eh; crown of head black ; 

hind neck white, grey as it approaches the mantle: lores, feathers 

round eye, and ear-coverts black; cheeks white, as well as the sides 

of the neck; fore part of cheeks and throat black, descending cm to 

the centre of the fore neck and chest; remainder of under surface 

white: sides of body and flanks narrowly striped with brown ; bides 

of upper breast ashy ; thighs brown; under tail-coverts white; under 

wing-coverts and axillaries white ; quills below du&ky, as*hy whitibh 

on the inner edge. Total length 6%3 inches, culmen 0*55, wing ;>3, 

tail 2*9, tarsus 0*85. 

The adult male in winter is much more rufous than in summer 

on the wings, the edges of the feathers on the head and throat 

sandy brown, obscuring the black. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 

blackish, the feathers edged with rufoub-brown, the extreme margins 

creamy buff; lower body and rump ashy gre\. the former a lit tie 

streaked with blackish; lesser and median coverts rutWub, the latter 

with black bases; greater coverts black, edged with rutuu*, the 

inner ones with sandy buff ; bastard-wing blackish, narrowly edited 

with rufous; primary-coverts and quills blackish, edited with nitons, 

the innermost with sandy buff; upper tail-coverts a&hy, with du^ky 

brown centres ; tail-feathers as in the male: crow n ot head black, 

the feathers edged with rufous-brown ; hind neck a^hy, mottled 

with dark brown centres to the feathers; lores whitish, ®b well as 

an eyebrow, the latter with a rufous tinge; ear-coverts blackish 

brown, tinged with rufous, with a whitish patch below the eye; 

cheeks dull white, as well as the throat, separated by a malar streak 

of black, widening out on the sides of the lower throat; fore neck 

and rest of under surface dull white, tinged with rufous on the 

chest; sides of body and flanks browner and streaked with blackish; 

thighs sandy brown ; under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts 

and axillaries white; quills below dusky, ashy whitish along the 

inner edge. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3, tail 2-05, 

tarsus 0*8. 

P. intermedia, of which form Capt. Shelley has lent me a specimen, 
is a somewhat smaller form. Total length 5*b inches, eudmeii 0*5, 
wing 3, tail 2*4, tarsus 0*75. 
Bab, Marshy localities in the northern countries bordering the 
Mediterranean. A slightly smaller race appears to inhabit Egypt 

a. <$ ad. sk. South Europe. Gould Coll. 
b, c. <$ ad. sk. South Europe. Zoological Soeietv. 
d, e. <$ $ ad. sk. Pisa, Italy {Prof. Sam). Prof. 11. H. Gigfioli ["PA 
/ . d ad. sk. Sicily. M. Verreaux. 
52 . PYEEHULOKHYNCHA, 
475 

2. Pyrrlmlorliyiiclia pyrrhuloides. 
Emberiza 
pyrrhuloides, Fall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 49 (1811) ; 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 377 (1844); Fversm. J. f. 0. 1853, p. 291 j 
Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 64 (1873) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 249; 
Scully, Str. F. 1876, p. 166; Finsch, Ibis, 1877, p. 53; Dresser, B. 
Fur. iv. p. 249, pi. 222. figs. 2, 3 (1878); Gcithe, Ibis, 1879, 

p. 378; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 218 ; id. Ibis, 1883, p. 11; Eomeyer 
§ Tancre, MT. om., Ver. Wien, 1883, p. 90. 
Emberiza caspia, M&netr. Cat. JRais. Cauc. p. 41 (1832). 
Scbcenicola pyrrhuloides, Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 177 

(1876). 
Pvrrhulorhyncha pyrrhuloides, Finsch, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. 

"Wien, 1879, p. 106. 
Cynchramus pyrrhuloides, Boyd. B. Cauc. p. 72 (1879). 
Emberiza sehoeniclus, var. pyrrhuloides, Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. ii. 

p. 135 (1884). 
Adult male. General colour above sandy rufous, shaded with 
ashy, the feathers of the mantle with black centres slightly tinged 
with chestnut; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ashy grey, 
paler and more pearly grey on the latter; lesser wing-coverts pale 
chestnut; median coverts the same, with black bases; greater 
coverts black, externally pale chestnut, creamy buff on the edges; 
bastard-wing and primary-coveits dusky, edged with isabclline, a 
little more chestnut on the former• quills dusky blackish, externally 
sandy buff, inclining to whitish or isabelline on the ends of the 
outer webs • centre tail-feathers pale sandy, browner in the centre 
and blackish along the shaft* crown of head black, separated from 
the back by a broad white collar, posteriorly ashy grey; feathers 
round eye and ear-coverts black like the crown; cheeks white like 
the sides of the neck; throat black; remainder of under surface 
from the fore neck downwards pure white, with a faint ashy tinge 
on the sides of the upper breast; thighs, under tail-coverts, under 
wing-coverts, and axillaries white; quills below dusky, white along 
their inner edge. Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 3*4, 
tail 3*1, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in the same way as in P. 
palusiris. Total length 6-3 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3*1, tail 2-65, 
tarsus 0*75. 

Hab. Prom Astrachan to Turkestan and Yarkand. 

a. $ ad. sk. Astrachan. Hume Coll. 
b,c. cS 2 ad« sk. Syr-Darya, Nov. Dr. Severtzoff rC.l. 
d, e. $ J ad. sk. Eort Perowsk, Syr-Darya, Jan. Dr. Severtzoff [C.J. 
/. S ad. sk. Saisan, June 2 (Dr. O. Finscli). Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 
3. Pyrrhulorhynclia pyrrlraliiia. 
Schceniclus pyrrhulinus, Swinh. Ibis, 1876, p. 333, pi. viii. fig. 2. 
Schcenicola pyrrhulina, Blakist. fy Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 243; Seeb. 
Ibis, 1879, p. 40. 
Emberiza schoeniclus, subsp. palustris (nee Saw), Seeboli7n, Ibis, 1879, 

p. 40. 
476 FEIXGILLID-E. 

Emberiza schceniclus palustris {nee Savi), Blakist. fy Fryer, B. Japan, 

p. 171 (1882) ; Bhkist. Amended List B. Japan, p. 17 (1884). 
Adult male (type of species). Similar to P. palustris of Europe, 
and of the same dark type of coloration, but smaller, and with the 
flanks white, without* any streaks whatever. Total length 5*7 
inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3*1, tail 2*35, tarsus 0 75. (Alus. H. 
Seebohm,) 

Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the black head 
and throat, the crown being reddish brown streaked with black, 
with a faint streak of creamy buff, and a broad eyebrow of the same 
colour• under surface of body isabelline, rather more sandy buff on 
the fore neck, the dusky malar line very distinct. Total length 5*9 
inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3*4, tail 2*7, tarsus 0*75. (11us. II. 
Seebohm,) 

Hob. Yezo, and Japan generally (Blalciston). 

53. EMBEEIZA. 
Type. 
Emberiza, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 257 (1760) E. citrinella. 
Cynchramus, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 1)74 E. schceniclus. 
Citrinella, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 142 E. citrinella. 
Orospina, Kaup, t. c. p. 154 E. rustica. 
Cia, Kaup, t. c. p. 138 E. cia. 
Spina, Kaup, t. c. p. 153 E. fucata. 
Cirlus, Kaup, t. c. p. 153 E. cirlus. 
Ocyris, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844) .. E. pusilla. 
Schcenicola, Bp. Comp. i. p. 403 (I860) E. schceniclus. 
Glycispina, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 128 (1850) .. E. hortulanus. 
Polymitra, Cab. t c. p. 129 (1850) E. fiaviventris. 
Hypocentor, Cab. t. c. p. 131 (1850) E. aureola, 
Granativora, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1857, p. 102 

p 
Onychospina, Bp. t. e. p. 1G2 E. fucata. 
Buscarla, Bp. t. e. p. 103 E. pusilla. 
Hylsespiza, Bias. List B. Bur. (1802, teste Newton) E. cia. 


Head of Ember ha citrinella. 

Range. Palsearctic, Indian, and Ethiopian Regions, but absent in 
the Indo-Malayan and Australian Regions. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Sides of body distinctly streaked with blackish 
or brown. 
a', "With some yellow on the under surface. 
a''. Rump reddish, contrasting with the back. 
a'". No stripes on the throat and breast. 


53. EJOEKIZA. 
a\ Crown yellow, laterally greenish ; 
eyebrow and throat yellow; chestnut 
or bay on the breast

54. Crown chestnut or ashy brown,
blackish along the sides; eyebrow, 
throat, and breast buff, the latter 
washed with yellow
I ". Throat and breast striped. 
cK Larger : wing 3*2 inches; with concealed 
yellow on the crown

dk. Smaller: wing 2*65 inches; with noyellow, but a tinge of chestnut on 
the crown

b". With no reddish colour on the runip,
which is brown or greenish or ashy. 
c'", No spots or stripes on the throat and 
breast. 
e4. Head yellowish or olive-green or ashy 
olive. 
a5. Back reddish brown with black 
streaks. 
aQ. Throat black, followed by a 

477 

 citrinella tf ad., 

 [p. 516. 
aureola $ ad., p. 511. 

citrinella $ ad., 

 [p. 518. 
rutila § ad. & <$ juv., 

 [p. 514. 
yellow patch; eyebrow yellow, cirlus $, p. 526. 

b&. Throat dull ashy grey, lores and 
base of chin blackish; cheeks 
uniform with throat

c8. Throat yellow, as well as thecheeks. 
a7. Lores and base of chin black, 
as well as a malar stripe

b7. Lores pale yellow; cheeks 
yellow like throat, with no 
malar stripe

b5. Back yellowish" green, narrowlystreaked with black; throat yellow; 
base of chin blackish

fK Crown black like the ear-coverts; ayellow eyebrow; fore neck black ; 
throat yellow

gK Crown reddish brown, streaked with 
black; ear- coverts chestnut-brown ; 
a yellowish eyebrow

d'". Throat and breast striped or spotted. 
A1. Lesser wing-coverts greenish grey, 
contrasting with the backiK Lesser wing-coverts reddish brown, 
resembling the back 
c5. Larger.- wing 2*8 inches; streaks 
on flanks very broadd5. Smaller: wing 2*6inches; streakson flanks narrowb'. With no tinge of yellow on the undersurface. 
c". Streaks on breast distinct. 
e'". Ear-coverts chestnut. 

spodocepliala <$, 

 [p. 523. 
per sonata <J, p. 521. 

sulphurata $ ad., 

 [p. 520. 
sulphurata £ ad., 

 [p. 520. 
elegans $ ad., p. 497. 

elegans $ ad., p. 499. 

cirlus $ , p. 527. 

personata $ ad., 

 [p. 522. 
spodocephala $ ad., 
[p. 524. 
"kK Throat vinous chestnut like the ear-
coverts pusilla 3 $ ad., p. 488. 

478 
FRI.YGILLIDJE. 

I1. Throat white or buffy white. 

e5. Centre of crown chestnut; lesser 
wing-coverts brown with dusky 
centres; no chestnut on breast or 
flanks pusilla <$ iuim., p. 488. 

p. 
Centre of crown brown, streaked 
with black; lesser wing-coverts 
chestnut. 
d'\ 
Bi east and sides of body chestnut, 
the latter streaked with black. . fucata g 2 ad., p. 493. 
e6. Breast and sides of body whitish, 
streaked with blackish scJicenklm J , p. 4^_. 
/'". Ear-coverts brown, not chestnut. 
m^. Lower parts rufous: chest more 
ashy, with dusky spots and streaks.. stracheyi imm., p. 540. 

nK Abdomen whitish or pure white. 
g5. No yellow eyebrow. 
f*. Larger: wing 3 43 inches; with 
concealed white on the head ..
;/°. Smaller: wing not exceeding 3inches; no white on the head. 

(P. Streaks on breast and flanks 
chestnutcV. Streaks on breast anddusky brownIr. A broad yellow eyebrowd''. Xo streaks on breast; ear-covertslike the throat and sides of crown. 

flanks 
black 

(/". A mesial streak uf white down the 
crown and a broad white eyebrow. . . .
h"\ Crown entirely uniform, as well as thesides of the face ; no white eyebrow. 
ol. Lesser wing-coverts chestnutpK Lesser wing-coverts slaty grey.
i5. A white collar round the hind neck ; 
rump and upper tail-coverts a>hy 
grey : scapulars black, externally 

leiicocephala 5 ad., 

 [p. ->"0. 
rustica, p. 41K). 

Stewarti 5 , p. 347. 
chrymphry*) p. 4tH». 

tri&trami d ? ad., 

 [p. 540. 
seha>nwlm <5 ad., 

 [p. 481. 
white; no chestnut on the quills passerina d" ad., 

&5. A smdy rufous collar round the 'p. 485. 
hind neck; rump and upper tail-
coverts sandy rufous; scapulars 
also of this colour; quills ex


ternally sandy rufous or chestnut yessoenms £ ad., 

b. 
Sides of body uniform or only streaked with "p. 4^0. 
hair-like shaft-lines. 
c'. 
With the bill entirely red; under surface 
cinnamon. 


e". Throat olive-yellow, the chest more ashy.
i'". No streaks'on the chestk'". Chest streaked with dusky

f". Throat cinnamon-rufous, shaded in winterwith ashy tips to the feathers. 
/'". No band across the chest.
qK No streaks on the chest! r*. Chest streaked with duskym'". A broad band of bluish grey across thechest

 [p. 5*11. 
hortulana $ ad., 
hortulana J ad., 
[p. 531. 
Pp. 533. 
buchanani J acl, 
Imchanani § *wL, 

 [p. 534. 
cmia <$ ad., p. 536. 
53 . EMBEEIZA. 
479 
\ With the upper mandible blackish or dark 
brown, never entirely red. 

g". With yellow on the underparts. 
n'". No collar across the throat. 
s4. No black on the head. 


P. 
No chestnut on the throat. 
hb. Under tail-coverts yellow. 
e7. Abdomen ibabelline with a 
slight tinge of yellow. 
a8. Larger : wing 3*55 inches; 
rump with concealed 
chestnut melanocephala J ad., 

b*. 
Smaller: wing 3*15 inches; [p. 504 
rump with concealed yellow, luteola § ad., p. 507. 
f7. Abdomen yellow like the 
breast; rump chestnut ... . rutila §, p. 514. 

is 

. Under tail-coverts white ; breast 
entirely ashy ; throat yellow .. cinerea, p. 529. 
m5. Throat chestnut. 

kh. Rump uniform chestnut like the 
head and rest of the upper 
surface rutila <$ ad., p. 514. 

lG. Rump yellow ; head orange-
yellow luteola <$ ad., p. 500. 
t*. Head black or blackish brown. 
n5. No white eyebrow; no white streak 
on crown ; rump orange-chestnut, melanocephala £ t 

o*. A white eyebrow and a white [p. 504. 
streak down the crown; rump 
ashy grey. 

m6. Scapulars uniform chestnut; 
back chestnut, or chestnut with 
black centres to the feathers 


g7. With a white wing-band ... . flaviventris, p. 499. 
h7. With no white wing-band .. for best, p. 502. 
nG. Scapulars blackish like the back, 
with paler brown edges. 
i7. Throat white cabanisi, p. 503. 

V. Throat yellow; base of chin . . m% 
«, «r+i °?7 4W i ii ;{' 1 orientalis, p. 502. 


o '. 
With a chestnut collar across the l '
lower throat. 
uK Chin and upper throat black aureola <$ ad., p. 510. 
vl. No black on chin aureola <S imm., 

h". With no yellow, but sometimes sandy buff, [p. 512. 
on the underparts. 
wl. Lower back and rump chestnut. 

p5. Crown white, with more or less 
indications of black streaks; throat 
chestnut leucocephala, p. 549. 

q5. Crown uniform ashy grey; throat 
black steioarti, p. 547. 

r5. Crown of head bluish grey, with 
lateral darker stripes on the 
sides of the crown; throat bluish 
grey. 


48 0 
FRLXGILLIDJ5. 

o6. Sides of crown blackish; eyebrow 
white or greyish white. 

V. 
Median and greater wing-
coverts tipped with white, 
forming wing-bars cia J ad., p. 537. 
m7. Median and greater wing-
coverts tipped with rufous, 
not forming distinct wing-
bars stracheyi, p. 530. 

p*. 
Sides of crown chestnut or dark 
brown. 

iv. 
Eyebrow whitish; scapulars 
rufous, streaked with black. . stracheyi J ad., 
o7. Evebrow blue-grey like the Lp. 540. 
sides of face and throat ; 
scapulars uniform chestnut.. godlewskti, p. 542. 

s5. Crown of head dark brown in the 
centre, with lateral bands of 
chestnut 


q*. Lores black. 
p7. Ear-coverts chestnut cioides J ad., p. 543. 
q7. Ear-coverts blackish ciopsis j juv., p. 544. 

r8. Lores whitish. 
r7. Throat whitish ciopm $> ad.t p. 545. 
s7. Throat tinged with bluish grey castanetceps 2 ad., 

t*. 
Crown of head uniform chestnut. ~p. 544. 
8*. Ear-coverts black ciojms tf ad., p. 544. 
te 

. 
Ear-coverts chestnut. 

f. Larger: wing 3-3 inches cioides <£ ad., p. 542. 
u7. Smaller: wing2*0 inches .. castaneiceps J ad., 
M5. Crown of head ashy grey, streaked [p. 544. 
with black all over; a circle of 
black on the fore neck fucata $, p. 493. 

v*. 
Crown of head rufous, streaked * 
with black j lower back, rump, 
and upper tail-coverts rufous; 
throat and breast uniform sandy 
buff; abdomen white yessoensis J»P- 487. 

xl. Lower back and rump like the back, 
ashy brown, streaked with dusky .. cinerea J ; p. 520. 
1. Emberiza schoeniclns. 
L'Ortolan de roseaux, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 274(1760); Month. Hist. 
Nat. Out. iv. p. 315 (1778) ; Davbent. PL Enl. v. pi. 247. fig. 2, 
pi. 497. fig. 2. 

Emberiza schceniclus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 311 (1766); Tetnm. Man. 
d*Om. i. p. 307 (1815) ; Koch, Sysi. haier. Zooi. p. 212 (1816); 
Naum. Vog.Beutschl iv. pi. 105 (1^24); Hour, Orn. Prov. pis*. 113, 
114 (1825); Werner, Atlas, Granivores, pi. 974 (1827) ; Gotdd, B. 
Eur. iii. pi. 183 (1837) \ Macgill. Brit. B. i. p. 453 (1837); Bp. 
Comp. List B. Eur. and N. Amer. p. 36 (1838); Crespon, Orn. 
Gard, p. 217 (1840); Keys. u. Bias. TVirb. Eur. p. 156 (1840); 
Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Buss. Mirid. iii. p. 176 (1840); Selys-
Longch. Faun. Beige, p. 80 (1842); Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 438 (1843); 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 377 (1844); Tkomps. B. Irel i. p. 245 (1849); 

53 . EMBERIZA* 481 
Midi, Sibir. Reis., Zool. p. 145 (1851); Kjcerb. Danm. Fugle, pi. 25. 
fig. 4 (1852) ; Sohl. Vog. Nederl pi. 158 (1854); Bewits. Eggs 
Brit. B. i. p. 187, pi. 47. fig. 1 (1856) ; Sundev. Svensk. Fogl.^i. 6. 
figs. 5, 6, 7 (1858) ; Schrenk, Rets. Amurl p. 283 (1859) ; JPowi/s, 
Ibis, 1860, p. 138; Zinderm. Vog. Griechenl p. 56 (1800) j Schl 
Bier. NederL pi. 15.figs.7, 8 (1861); F. $ P. Godman, Ibis, 1861, 

p. 83; Gray, list Brit B. p. 102 (1863) ; Radde, Reis. Sibir., Vog. 
p. 172 (1863); Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 55; More, Ibis, 1865, p. 125; 
Giglioli, t <?. p, 58 ; Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 444; Hume, Ibis, 1869, 
p. 355; Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutsehl p. 73 (1869); Broste, Vogelw. 
Bork p. 109 (1869); FritseJi, Vog. Ear. p. 231,tab. 20.figs. 2,5,12 
(c. 1870); Stilvad. Faun. ltd., TIcc. p. 143 (1871); Gray,B. West. 
Scotl. p. 129 (1871); Barting, Bandb. Brit. B. p. 36 (3872); 
Keulem. Onze Voxels, ii. pi. 38 (1872); Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. 
p. 64 (1878) ; Alston §• Harvie Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 63 ; Brooke, 
t.c. p. 246; Wright, Ibis, 1874, p. 233,-Bumf, t c. p. 396; 
Bresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 248; Banf. fy Barvie Brown, t. c. p. 312 ; 
Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 87 (1875); Irby, B. Gibr. p. 117 (1875) ; 
Newton, ed. Yarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 23 (1876) ; Wharton, Ibis, 1876, 
p. 25; SeebohmfyBarvie Broion, t.c. p. 117; Bresse)*, B. Eur. iv. 
p. 241, pis. 221, 222. fig. 1 (1878); Seebohm, Ibis, 1878, p. 339; 
Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 107; Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Gesellsch. Wien, 
xxix. p. 217 (1879) ; Giglioli, Iconogr. Avif. Ital. pi. 197 (1880); 
Banf. Ibis, 1880, p. 84; Biddtdph, Ibis, 1&81, p. 81; Sadly, t. c. 
p. 375 ; Tacs. Bull. Soc. Zool France, vii. p. 392 (1882); Seebohm, 
Ibis, 1882, pp. 218, 379; Bomeyer fy Tancre, MT. orn. Ver. 
Wien, 1883, p. 90; B. 0. U. Bist Brit. B. p. Q2 (1883) ; Seebohm, 
Ibis, 1883, p. 11; Clarke, Ibis, 1884, p. 148; Saunders, t. a. p. 377 ; 
Seebohm, Bist. Brit. B. ii. p. 135, pi. 15 (1884) ; Whitehead, Ibis, 
1885, p. 40; Stejneger,Bull U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 22, p. 322 (1885) ; 
Giglioli, Avif. Ital p. 53 (1885); Salmd. Flench. Hoc. Ital p. 166 
(1887). 
Emberiza aran&inacea, S. G. Gm. Reis. Mussl. ii. p. 175 (1774). 
Reed Bunting, Bath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 173 (1783). 
Cyncliramus schceniclus, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 974; Cab. Mus. Bein. 

Th. i. p. 130 (1850); Begl. $ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 323 (1867); 
Brjev. in Bawson Rowletfs Orn. Misc. ii. p. 309 (1877); Bogd. B. 
Cauc. p. 72 (1879) ; Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 197 (1884). 

Oynchraruus stagnatilis, Brehn, Vog. Beutschl p. 301 (1831). 
Cyncliramus septentrionalis, Brehm, Vog. Beutschl p. 302 (1831). 
Schoenicola arundinacea, Bp. Rev. Crit. p. 164 (1850); id. Consp. i. 

p. 463 (1850); Jaub. et Barth.-Zapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 167 (1859); 
Gould, B. Gt. Br. iii. pi. 29 (c. 1863); Boche, Expl Sci. Alger., 
Ois. i. p. 176 (1867) ; Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool France, i. p. 177 (1876), 
vii. p. 392 (1882). 
Cyncliramus riparius, etc., Brehm, Vogelf. pp. 115,116 (1885). 
Schoenicola schceniclus, Boderl Avif. Sicil p. 89 (1869). 
Citrinella schoBnicla, Gray, Band4. B. ii. p. 114, no. 7708 
(1870). 
Emberiza schoenicola, Bume, Ibis, 187?, p. 38; C, Swinh. Ibis, 1882, 

p. 84. 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. General eolour above rufous, 

with pale edges to the feathers and broad black centres to those of 

the mantle and back; lower back and rump ashy grey, with longi


tudinal black centres ; upper tail-coverts also ashy grey, but with 
VOL, XII. 2 I 

482 EKINGILLID^. 

browner shaft-stripes j scapulars chestnut, broadly centred with 
black ; lesser wing-coverts uniform chestnut; median wing-coverts 
chestnut with black bases; greater coverts black, edged with chestnut, 
and with sandy-buff outer margins; bastard-wing dusky brown, 
edged with ashy or pale rufous; primary-coverts dusky brown, narrowly 
fringed with ashy rufous; quills blackish, externally edged 
with rufous, more ashy along the outer margin of the primaries, 
which are whitish towards the tips; tail-feathers dark brown, with 
whity-brown margins, the remainder blackish edged with brown, the 
two outer feathers edged with white, excepting for a dusky mark 
along the end of the outer web, and having a long wedge-shaped 
mark of white near the end of the inner web ; crown of head, sides 
of face, and ear-coverts entirely black, separated from the back by 
a broad band of white, forming a collar which joins the white sides 
of the neck ,• cheeks white, joined to the sides of the neck; throat 
black, descending on to the centre of the fore neck; remainder of 
under surface of body white, streaked with black on the sides of the 
body ; the stripes on the flanks broader and somewhat tinged with 
rufous; the sides of the breast ashy grey and more narrowly streaked 
with black; thighs brown; under tail-coverts white, as also the 
axillaries and under wing-coverts; quills dusky below, ashy along 
the inner web. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 3, 
tail 2-6, tarsus 0*75. 

In the breeding-season the upper plumage becomes so worn that 
the back is almost entirely black, owing to the abrasion of the 
rufous edgings. 

Adult male in winter plumage. Not so black as in summer, the 
whole of the upper surface having rufous edgings to the feathers, 
especially on the wings; the black of the head and face hidden by 
rufous edges to the feathers, and the white hind neck entirely 
obscured by sandy-brown margins; the white of the cheeks and 
under surface of body washed with brown, and the black throat 
obscured by sandy-buff margins. 

As spring approaches all the rufous and sandy-buff margins 
become worn off, so that the underlying plumage is developed. 

Adult female in breeding-plumage. Wants the black head and 
black throat of the male, the head being like the back, reddish 
brown streaked with black; a streak of sandy buff above the eye ; 
ear-coverts reddish brown; cheeks white, joined to a spot on the 
sides of the neck; hind neck ashy, streaked with dusky blackish, 
but not forming so distinct a band as the white collar in the male; 
throat ashy fulvous, with a broad black band on each side, widening 
out on the sides of the neck; fore neck rufous, broadly streaked 
with black; rest of under surface of body white, streaked with 
dusky brown on the sides ; thighs brown. Total length 5-2 inches, 
culmen 0*45, wing 2*9, tail 2-4, tarsus 0*7. 

Some old females show a great deal of black on the throat and. 
fore neck, and. approach the males in plumage on the under surface; 
but the head is never so black, and the ear-coverts are black washed 

53 . EMBEKIZA. 
483 
with rufous, with, which the black of the lower throat is also 
strongly mixed. 

Young male i/i first plumage,. Recalls the general idea of the 
plumage of the old female, but is much more yellowish above, the 
feathers being black edged with sandy yellowish, rufescent on the 
head; a broad eyebrow of sandy yellowish; round the neck a collar 
of ashy whitish, slightly mottled with dusky streaks; chestnut edges 
to the wing-feathers very broad; ear-coverts black, obscured by 
rufous edges to the feathers; cheeks white, widening out towards 
the sides of the neck; under surface of body dull white, sandy 
yellowish on the lower throat, fore neck, breast, and flanks, all of 
which are thickly streaked with dusky blackish; on each side of 
the throat a broad black streak, widening out below. 

After their first moult the young birds still keep up their streaked 
appearance below, and they are browner than the old birds in winter. 
The young males may be distinguished by the concealed black of 
the head and ear-coverts, the latter generally showing a black spot. 
The young females are very similar to the old females in winter 
plumage, but are rather more rufous, having a band of rufous along 
the side of the crown, with rufous ear-coverts. 

Hub. The whole of Europe, extending to the valley of the Tenesai 
and as far eastwards as Eamtschatka, according to Dr. Taczanowski. 
Pr jevalski states that he met with the species on Lake Darei-nor 
and the Hoangho Talley. It reaches into North-western India in 
winter. 

a, h. <$ 2 ad. sk. Crieff, Perthshire, June 1886. W. R. Ogilvie Grant, 
Esq. [P.]. 

e. 
J ad. sk. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker [C.]. 
Norfolk, June. Lord Walsingham 
d, e. d 2 ad.st


[P.]. 

f. 
$ ad. sk. Rotuney Marsh, Kent, July 25. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
g. $ ad. sk. 
Near London, June. Gould Coll. 
h. $ ad. sk. 
Near London, Feb. Gould Coll. 
i. $ ad. sk. 
Cookham, Berks, June 18,1867 Hume Coll. 
(JR. B. &). 
k} I. S ad. sk. Maidenhead, Berks, April 4. Gould Coll. 

m. $ ad. sk. 
Maidenhead, Berks, May 12. Gould Coll. 
n. <S ad. sk. 
Oxford, Feb. 4. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Montagu Coll. 

o. $ ad. sk- 
Wiltshire. 
p, $ imm. sk. Axmouth, Devon, Oct. 28 (H. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Sioaysland). [P.]. 

q. 2 ad. sk. 
Avington, Hants, May. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
r, s. <$ ad. sk. Southampton, Jan. Colonel Irby [P.]. 

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
t. £ ad. sk. 
Lancing, Sussex, April 1,1884. [P.]. 

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
w. (J ad. sk. 
Lancing, March 13. [P.]. 

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
t\ $ ad. sk. 

Lancing, April 8. [P.]. 
2i2 

w. $ ad. sk.
v, Vt & 6 pv. sk.
a\ $ ad. sk5'. $ juv. sk.
c\ A iuv. sk.
tf. tf ad. sk.
e'. tf ad. sk.


f. $ ad. sk.
a\ $ juv. sk.
A'. <5 juv. sk.
i'l 2 ad. sk.
h'. $ juv. sk.

V. § ad. sk.
t»'. cJ ad. sk.
»\ <£ ad. sk.
o'. ($ ad. sk.

y . (j ad. sk.
q'. A ad. sk.
r\ 2 j uv* s&'
s', t\ Ad. & juv.
sk.
wr. tf ad. sk.
v', 2 juv. sk.
to'. $ ad. sk.
x\ <S ad. sk.
y'. $ ad. sk.

 PEINGILLID^. 

 Brighton, Sussex, Oct.

 Brighton, Sussex, Nov.

 Brighton, Sussex, Nov.

 Brighton, Sussex, NOT.

 Jemtland, Sweden, July 2o

(W.Meves). 
SHne, Sweden, May 23 (W. 
SkSne, Sweden, April S ( W,

Meres).

 Bodu, Norway. 
Norway, Sept. 18 (R. Coflett). 
Norway, July 17 (R. Collett). 
Christiania, May 21 (R. Colktf).

 Heligoland, Oct. 2.

 Archangel.

 Petchora River (Seehohm %
Uariie Brown).

 Havre, France, June 23 (V.
EucJie).

 South France. 
France (Fainnaire). 
Near Gibraltar, Feb. 26, 1871

(L.S.Irhj). 

 Silla, A aleneia, Spain, Nov. 25.

 Near Pisa, Italy (Prof. Savi).

 Near Constantinople, Feb. 24

(W.Pearee).

 Constantinople, Turkey (71

Robson). 

 Smyrna, Asia Minor, Nov. 10

(Dr. Kniper).

 Djehil Taurus, Asia Minor,
Sept. 28. 
Adalia, Asia Minor, Bee. 28

(C. G. Danford). 
R.B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R v B. Sharpe, Esq. 

 E.~ Bt Sharpe, Esq. 

 E.~ BI Sharpe, Esq. 

 E.~ BT Sharpe, Esq. 
~P.\ 

 E. B. Sharpe, E*q. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
y.\ 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Cliri^iania Museum. 
Chribtiania Museum. 
Christiania Museum 

y.\ 

 R." B~ Shaipe, E*q. 

R.~ B. Sharpe, Esq* 
"P.". 

 Col. PViLlen k J. A. 
Harde Brown, Esq. 
"P.\ 

 Edward Ilargi ttT Esq. 

yr. 

 Gould Cull 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Cull. 

 Howard Saunders 
E^fj. "PA 
Prof. If. If. Giglioli, 
[P.]. 
Ii. 11 Sharpe, Esq. 
TA 
Salyin-Godman Coll. 

 E. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.". 
E. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
T.]. 
H." Seebohm, Esq. 
[Pf. 

z',a, <$ 5 &&' sk. Isniid, Asia Minor, Nov. 16 (C. 11. Seebohm, Esq. 

G. Danford).
fi, 3 ad. sk. Nariniskaja, Ob Eiver, Sept. 16(Dr. 0. Flnsch). 

•y. 2 Juv' s^« Bolschoi Ustram, Ob Eiver,
6\ <$ ad.sk.

c, C 6 2 &&• s^r),
0. S 2 a<^«s^


t. 3 ad. sk.
Sept. 11 (Dr. O. Fimch). 
Valley of the Yen-e-say, June 18.

 Perowsk, Syr-Darya, Jan, 
Yarkand (J. Riddulph). 
Yarkand, Nov. 12{J.Riddulph).

 [P.] 
GeogT. Soc. Bremen. 

 Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 

 H. Seebohm, Esq. 
Dr. Severtzoff^C.1. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

53 . EMBERIZA. 
485 
K. $ ad. sk. Kashgar, Feb. 28 (J. Biddulph). Hume Coll. 
X. $ ad. sk. Candahar, Afghanistan, Feb. 8. Col. 0. Swinhoe [P.]. 
/*, v. d2 ad. sk. Gilgit, Feb. 1878 (J. Biddulph). Hume Coll. 
fe o. d1 ? ad. sk. ftohtuk, Punjab, Dec. 29,1867 Hume Coll. 
(4. 0. .fll). 
2. Emberiza passerina. 
Emberiza passerina, Pall Beis. Buss. Beichs, i. App. p. 45G (1771); 
id. Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. ii. p. 49 (1811) j Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 39, 
pi. i. fig. 1. 

Emberiza 
scboeniclus, var. ft P«#. ifootfr. Bosso-Asiat i. p. 48 
(1811). r 
Cynchramus pallasii, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 130, note (1850); 
Olph-Gattiard, Bev. et Mag. de Zool. 1809, p. 181. 
Emberiza polaris, Midd. Sibir. Beis. ii. p. 146 (1851); Seebohm, Ibis. 
1878, p. 339. 
Emberiza scboeniclus, var. minor, Midd. Sibir. Beis. ii. p. 144 (1851); 
Schre?ick, Beis. Amurl. p. 284 (1859) : Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn, 
pp. 64, 118. 
Emberiza canescens, Sioinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 62,1861, p. 334: id. P. Z. S. 
1863, p. 301. 
Emberiza alleonis, Vian, Bev. et Mag. de Zool. 1869, p. 97. 
Citrinella canescens, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 113, no. 7693 (1870). 
Sclioenicola pallasii, Sioinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 389: David 8? Oust. 
Ois. Chine, p. 321 (1878). 
Emberiza pallasii, Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 249. 
Schcenicola passerina, Tacz. Bull. Soc, Zool. France, i. p. 178 (1876), 

iv. p. 137 (1879). 
Scboeniclus pallasii, Swinh. Ibis, 1876, p. 333. 
Cynchramus polaris, Prjev. in Bowleg's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 309 (1877). 
Emberiza minor, Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 39. 
Emberiza scboeniclus, var. tiasserimis, Seeboh?n, Hist. Brit B. ii. 
p. 135 (1884). 
Adult male in summer plumage. Similar to E. schoeniclus, but 
much smaller and with the colours much purer, black and white 
without the rufous, the rump and upper tail-coverts white, the 
latter with ashy centres; wings black, with more or less distinct 
white edges ; lesser coverts ashy grey; facial markings and under 
surface as in E. schcemclus, but the white much purer and the contrast 
much stronger : " bill blackish brown, the edges of the lower 
mandible reddish; legs flesh-colour; toes brownish; iris brown" 
(David). Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*9, tail 2*45, 
tarsus 0*7. (Mus. H. Seebohm.) 

Adult male in winter plumage. Sandy rufous, entirely obscuring 
the back of the head and face; the white of the hind neck quite 
hidden and only observable on disarranging the plumage; the back 
with more or less evidences of black centres to the feathers; the 
white of the rump entirely obscured with sandy rufous; lesser wing-
coverts conspicuously bluish grey; the rest of the coverts and the 
quills broadly edged with sandy rufous, with a certain amount of 
white subterminally visible on the former; the whole of the under 
surface washed with sandy rufous, which entirely obscures the black 
throat. 

486 PRINGILLID2B. 

Mr. Seebohm's collection contains two specimens marked as 
females—one from Amoy (Swinhoe) without date, and the other 
from Amoor-Land (Middendorff), also without date. The latter 
bird has nearly as black a head as the adult male ; and it would 
appear from this that the adult female is not very different from the 
latter when she is in full plumage; but doubtless the hen bird 
never gets so pure black and white as the male, but retains more or 
less of the sandy-rufous edgings on the back and wing-coverts. 

Bab. Siberia, eastwards from the valley of the Yenesai to Turkes


tan, and extending into North China and Mongolia. 

a. $ ad. sk. East Siberia, April 3. Dr. Lenz. 
3. Emberiza yessoensis. 
Emberiza, sp., Blakist, Ibis, 1862, p. 328. 
Emberiza minor, Blakist. Ibis, 186^, p. 99. 
Schcenicola yessoensis, Sioinh.lbis, 1874, p. 161 {ex Blakist. 3ISS.); 


Blakist. $ Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 243. 

Emberiza yessoensis, Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 39, pi. i. fig. 2; Blakist. 
fy Pryer, B. Japan, p. 171 (1&82J; Blakist. Amended List B. 
Japan, pp. 17, 61 (1884). 

Adult male. General colour above sandy rufous, uniform on the 

hind neck, upper mantle, lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ; 

the mantle-feathers black, with chestnut margins and laterally 

edged with creamy buff; lesser wing-coverts slaty grey; median 

coverts chestnut, with black bases; greater coverts blackish, ex


ternally rufous, paler towards the ends; bastard-wing, primary-

coverts, and quills blackish, edged with rufous, paler on the margin 

of the primaries, the innermost secondaries with a black patch near 

the base of the outer web; centre tail-feathers ashy brown, pale 

rufous externally, the remainder black, with a wedge-shaped mark 

of white on the third feather, more extended on the penultimate, 

the outer feather white, excepting an oblique basal mark on the 

inner web and a narrow dusky mark along the end of the outer 

web; crown of head and sides of face entirely black as well as the 

throat, with a little whitish on the eyebrow and chin (probably the 

remains of winter plumage); remainder of under surface creamy 

white, purer white behind the ear-coverts; sides of neck sandy 

rufous; abdomen purer white; sides of body and flanks with a 

few reddish shaft-streaks ; thighs sandy brown ; under tail-coverts 

white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white; quills below dusky, 

ashy along the inner edge: " bill dark horn-colour; feet reddish 

brown ; iris brown" (Blakiston), Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 

0*5, wing 2*65, tail 2-55, tarsus 0*75. (Mus. H. Seebohm,) 

Adult male in winter plumage. More sandy buff than in summer, 

especially on the underparts ; the head rufous-brown, with black 

bases to the feathers, and a mesial streak as well as a broad eyebrow 

of sandy buff; the black ear-coverts obscured with rufous and the 

black throat with sandy buff. (Mus. H. Seebohm.) 

53 . EMJBEBIZA. 
487 
_ The adult female resembles the male in winter plumage, and only 
differs in having the throat sandy buff like the breast, with a broad 
malar-line of black. Total length 5*5 inches, culraen 0-45, wing 2*6, 
tail 2% tarsus 0-75. 

Hab. Japan generally. 

a- 
Ad, sk. Yokohama. H. Pryer, Esq. [C.]. 

4. Emberiza pusilla. 
Emberiza 
pusilla, Pall Beis. Buss. Beichs, iii. p. 697 (1776); id 
Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. ii. p. 42 (1811); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 377 
(1844) ; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xv, p. 40 (1846); Bp. Consp. i. 

p. 464 (1850) ; Middend. Beis. Sibir., Zool p. 148, pi. xhi. fig. 4 
(1851); ScM. Yog. Nederl pi. 157 (1854) ; Jaub. et Barth.-Zapomm. 
Bich. Orn. p. 163, cum tab. (1859); Schrenck, Beis. Amwl. p. 289 
(1859) ; Blasius in Nauru. Vdg. Deutschl. Anbang, xiii. p. 382, 
figs. 3,4 (1860); Swinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 61, 1861, p. 334; ScM. Dier. 
Nederl. Vog. pi. 15. fig. 9 (1861); Blasius, Ibis, 1863, p. 62; Jerd. 
B. Ind. ii. p. 376 (1863); Badde, Beis. Sibir., Vog. p, 171 (1863) ; 
Loehe, Bxpl Sci.AlqSr., 0w.i.p.l74(1867); J5^t7*,I6w,1867,p.42; 
Gould, B. Asia, v/pL 7 (1867); Dybowski, J.f.O. 1868, p. 335; 
Gould, Ibis, 1869, p. 128; Elwes $ Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 194; 
Fritsch, Vdg. Bur. tab. 20. figs. 3, 8 (c. 1870) ; Gould, B. Gr. Br. 
iii. pi. 25 (c. 1870) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 389; Salvad. Faun. 
Hal, Ucc. p. 142 ; Harting, Handb. Brit. B. p. Ill (1872) ; Sundev. 
Svensk. Fogl. pi. lxv. fig. 5 (c. 1872); Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. 
p. 64 (1873) j Hume, Str. F. 1874, pp. 490, 497 ; Alst. fy Harvie 
Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 6 j Wald. Ibis, 1874, p. 143; Lilford, Ibis, 
1875, p. 6 ; Cordeaux, t. c. p. 182 j Dresser, t. c. p. 249; Wardlaw 
Bamsay, t. c. p. 351; Kruper, J. f. 0.1875, p. 270; Bkjth <§-Wald. 

B. Burm. p. 95 (1875); Bowley, Orn. Misc. i. p. 90 (1876); Newton, 
ed. Yarr. Brit B. ii. p. 4 (1876) ; SeeboMi $ Harvie Brown, Ibis, 
1876, p. 116; Gatke, J.f.O. 1876, p. 99; Cordeaux, Ibis, 1876, 
p. 128; Tact. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 177 (1876) ; Hume, 
Str. F. 1876, pp. 279, 291; Dresser, B. Fur. iv. p. 235, pi. 220 
(1877) ; Prjev. in Bowleg's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 308 (1877) ; David fy 
Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 323 (1877); Finsch, Ibis, 1877, pp. 57, 62, 64; 
Seebohm, t. c. p. 157 ; Wardlaw Bamsay, t. e. p. 462; Anderson, 
Zool Fxped. Yunnan, Aves, p. 604 (1878); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. 
France, iii. p. 137 (1878); Hume % Damson, Str. F. 1878, 
p. 407 ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1878, p. 337; Finsch, Verh. z.~b. Gesellsch. 
Wien, xxix. p. 216 (1879); Gatke, Ibis, 1879, p. 103; Irby, t. c. 
p. 345; Dubois, Bull. B. Acad. Belg. (2) xlvii. p. 827 (1879); 
Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 107; Brooks, t. c. p. 488; Seebohm, Ibis, 
1880, p. 188; Giglioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 202; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, 
p. 379; Sclater, t. c. p. 434; B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 61 (1883) ; 
Oates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 353 (1883) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, 
p. 266; C. Marshall, t. c. p. 419; Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 114, 
pi. 15 (1884); Tristr. Faun, fy Flor. Balest. p. 72 (1884); Giglioli, 
Avif. Ital. p. 52 (1885); Salvad. Blench. Ucc. Ital. p. 166 (1887). 
Emberiza durazzii, Bp. Faun. Ital., Ucc. pi. xxxyi. fig. 1 (1832-41). 

Ocyris oinops, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Basseres, pi. 292. 
figs. 1, 2 (nos. 473, 474); id. in Gray's Zool Miscv- 84 (1844); 
id. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 35; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. El Co. Mus. 

FRINGXLLID.ffi. 

ii. p. 488 (1856) j Gray, Cat Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 58 
(1803). ^rj 1AO 
Emberka oinops, Gray, Cat Mamm. etc. Nepalpres. Modgs. p. lUfr 

Euspiza pusilla, Myth, Cat JB. Mus. As. Soc. p. 130 (1849). 
Buscarla pusilla, Bp. Bev. et Mag. de Zool 1857, p. 163. 
Oynchramus pusillus, Degl et Gerbe, Orn. Hur. i. p. 327 (I860* 
Citrmella pusilla, Gray, IIand4. B. ii. p. 115, no. 7712 (1809). 
Schoenicola pusilla, Doderl. Avif. Sicil p. 89 (18G9). 
Emberiza lesbia (nee Gm.), Fritscli, Vdg. Eur. tab. 26. fig. 14 

(c. 1870). 
Adult male in hreeding-plumage. General colour above rufous-
brown, with broad black centres to the feathers, the rump rather 
duller brown; the scapulars chestnut, with black centres ; lesser 
wing-coverts brown; median and greater coverts black, externally 
edged with pale rufous-brown, with narrow white tips; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, externally fringed with 
brown, the primaries margined with ashy brown, the secondaries 
with rufous ; tail-feathers blackish brown, edged with lighter browny 
the penultimate feather with a long wedge-shaped mark of white 
on the inner web ; the outer feather for the most part white, with 
an oblique blackish mark on the inner web, and a small dusky mark 
near the end of the outer web; centre of crown vinous chestnut, 
with a broad black streak along each side, forming a band ; a superciliary 
line, lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, and throat vinous chestnut, 
with a moustachial line of black along the under margin of the 
cheeks, running behind the ear-coverts; hind neck paler than the 
crown, and streaked with whitish like the sides of the neck; remainder 
of under surface of body from the lower throat downwards 
dull white; the centre of the breast, abdomen, and under tail-eoverts 
uniform; the lower throat, fore neck, and breast, as well as the 
sides of the body, streaked with black; under wing-coverts and 
axillarics white; quills dusky below, ashy along the inner web : 
" bill brown, the lower mandible whitish; feet reddish grey; iris 
brown " (David). Total length 4-8 inches, culm en 0'4, wing 2-8> 
tail 2-05, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female in Ireeding-plumage. Scarcely differs from the male, 
but is not quite so richly coloured on the throat, and less distinctly 
streaked with black below. 

In winter plumage the adults are more rufous than in summer, 
with rufescent edges to the feathers of the upper surface, especially 
on the quills and tail-feathers; the black mark behind the ear-
coverts is more distinct and not so broken up as in the breeding-
plumage ; the under surface is suffused with ochreous buff, and the 
black streaks are less pronounced. 

Young. Eesembles more the adult female in winter plumage, but 
has scarcely any vinous tinge about the face ; head rufous-brown, 
streaked with black, with a slight band of fulvous down the centre 
of the crown; back fulvescent, washed with rufous and broadly 

53 . EMBEBIZA. 
streaked with black; wing-coverts broadly edged and tipped with 
yellowisb buff; throat whitish, spotted with black like the breast; 
the latter as well as the flanks yellowish buff, streaked with black. 
After the first moult the coloration of the adult is assumed, but the 
plumage is always duller and much paler, and in some birds, probably 
females, the throat is white without any chestnut. 

JXestliny. Yellowish buff, broadly streaked with black, the head 
more rufous, and the ear-coverts rufous; underneath white, washed 
with rufous on the chin and with ochreous buff on the throat and 
breast, thickly streaked with black on the latter as well as on the 
flanks and sides of the body; wings and tail as in adults, with the 
exception that the wing-coverts are more fulvous at tips. 

Hah. From Northern Europe across Siberia to Northern China, 
wintering to the south in the Himalayas, Assam, Burmah, and 
Tenasserim. 

a. 
<$ ad. sk. Onega, N. Russia, July Salvin-Godman Coll. 
U(W.Jleves). 
h, 
§ juv. sk. Onega, X. Russia, Julv Salvin-Godman Ooll. 
20 (W. Metes). 

c. <5 juv. autumn. Lanpiorhkaja, River Ob, Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 
sk. 
Sept. 7 (Dr. Finsch). 
Sentsckutsckja Tundra, Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 

d. 6 juv. &k. 
Aupr. 14 (Dr. Finsch). 

e. $ ad. sk. Kultuk, Lake Baikal, Dr. Lenz. 
Sept. 20. 
f,ff. 6 $ ad.sk. Amoorland. Purchased. 

h. 
$ ad. sk. Peking, Oct. 5,18C8 (JR. Hume OoU. 
Swinhoe). 
i, k. Ad. sk. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. (Types 
of Ocyris oinops.) 
/,m9n. Ad.; o. Nepal. Hodgson Ooll. 
Juv. sk. 
p,q.AL;r,s, Nepal (JB. H. Hodgson). India Museum. 

t. Juv.&k. 
u. Ad. sk. Native Sikhim, Oct. 1876 Hume Coll. 
(L. Mandelli). 
v, w. Ad.; x, y. Sikhim. Nov. 1873 (X. Hume Coll. 
Juv. sk. M.). 
s,d. Ad. sk. Sikhim, Dec. 1873 (L. Hume Coll. 
M.). 

V. Ad. j c\ d\ e'y Sikhim, Jan. 1874 (L. Hume Coll. 
f. Imm. sk. M.). 
g\ hr. Ad.; i'} k', Sikhim, Feb. 1873-74 Hume Coll. 
l\ m'. Imm, sk. (L. 3£.). 
«'. Ad. sk. Sikhim, March 1876 Hume Coll. 


(L. M.). 
o'72)',q'. Ad.sk. Sikhim, April 1873-77 Hume Coll. 
(L. M.). 
r\ § ad. sk. Sikhim, April 1876 (L. Hume Coll. 
M.). 
s'j t\ u', v', to'. Ad.; Sikhim. Hume Coll. 

Imm. &k. 

490 
FBINGILLIDiE. 

Hume Coll. 

3, e, £, r). Ad. sk. Darjiling. 

Hume Coll. 

Q} t, K. Inim. sk. Darjiling. 
X, $ ad. sk. Dibrugliur, Assam, Oct. Hume Coll. 
24,1880(7.22.01^*). 
/x~cr, tf ad.; T-f. d Sliillong, Oct. 1877 {J. Hume Coll. 
imm. sk. Cockbum). 
4>. cj ad. sk. SMllong, Nov. 1877 (J. Hume Coll. 
Cockbum). 
a'> &\ 71' 6 ad. sk. 

Sliillong, Dec. 1877 (JF. Hume Coll. 
Ztesow). 
d', «'. tf ad. j £', ??'. Shillong ( 7 Cockbum). Hume Coll. 
(5 imm. sk. 

(9'. Ad. sk. Hhasia Hills (!T. C. Gould Coll. 
Jtfrdcm). 

*'. $ imm. sk. Beyond Fenchuganj, CenHume 
Coll. 
tral Sylhet, Jan. 23, 
1881 (A. 0. J/.). 

K-7rr. tf imm.;/>'.? Kossuni TJaall, Manipur, Hume Coll. 
imm. sk. Feb.l2,1881(^.O.J5T.). 
cr'. (J imm. sk. Kowang, Manipur, Feb. Hume Coll. 
10, 1881 (A. 0. JET.). 
T'. tf ad. sk. Limatol, Manipur, Feb. Hume Coll. 
14,1881 (A. 0. JT.). 
v'j $', X- 2 ad. sk. Soognoo, Manipur, Mar. Hume Coll. 
26,1881 (A. 0. JK.). 

•^'. 
Ad. sk. Ponsee, Kachyen Hills, Dr. J. Anderson [C.]. 
April. 
o)'. 
c? imm. sk. Mooleyit, Tenasserim, Hume Coll. 
Feb. 17, 1877 (W. 
Davison). 

5. Emberiza rustica. 
Emberiza 
rustica, Pall. Reis. Russ. Reichs, iii. p. 698 (1776); id. 
Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. p. 43, pi. 43 (1811) ; Gould, B. Fur. iii. pi. 177 
(1837) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 377 (1844); Bp. Consp. i. p. 466 
(1850) ; Temm. # Schl. Faun. Japon., Aves, pi. 58 (1850); Middend. 
Sibir. Reis., Zool. p. 139 (1851) * Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. 
Om. p. 161, cum tab. (1859) ; Sehrenck, Reis. Amurl. p. 278 
(1859; ; Blasius in Naum. Vog. Deutschl xiii. pi. 382. figs. 1, 2 
(I860) j id. Ibis, 1862, p. 71; Blakist. t. c. p. 328 j tiwmh. Ibis, 1863, 

p. 87 j Radde, Reis. Sibir., Vog. p. 173 (1863) ; Dtjboioski, J.f.O. 
1868, p. 335; Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 72 (1869); Gould, 
Ibis, 1869, p. 128 ; id. B. Asia, v. pi. 10 (1869) ; Sharpe, Ann. § 
Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) vi. p. 158 (1870) ; Fritsch, Vog. Fur, tab. 20. 
fig. 4 (c. 1870); Swinh. F. Z. S. 1871, p. 388; Dresser, B. Fur. iv. 
p. 229, pi. 219 (1871); Parting, Handb. Brit. B. p. Ill (1872) ; 
Sundev. Svensk. Fogl pi. Ixv. figs. 3,4 (1872) ,• Gould, B. Gr. Brit. 
iii. pi. 24 (c. 1873); Alst. # Harvie Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 63; 
Cordeaux, Ibis, 1875, p. 182,1876, p. 128; Newton, ed. Yarr. Brit. 
B. ii. p. 29 (1876); Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool France, I p. 175 (1876) ; 
David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 324 (1877) ; Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool 
France, iii. p. 138 (1878); Blakist. $ Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 340; 
Giitke, Ibis, 1879, p. 103 j Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Gesellsch. Wien, xxix. 
53. EifBEEIZA. 491 
p. 216 (1879); Bolau, J.f. 0. 1880, p. 128, 1881, p. 59,-GigliolL 
Ibis, 1881, p. 202; Clark, Ibis, 1882, p. 182; Seebohm, t. c. p. 379; 
Blahist. § Fryer, List B. Japan, p. 169 (1882); Tacz. Bull Soo. 
Zool France, vii. p. 392 (1882); B. 0. U. list Brit B. p. 61 
(1883); Komeyer $ Tancre, MT. orn, Ver. Wien, 1883, p. 90 ; 
Seebohm, Hist Brit. B, ii. p. 140, pi. 15 (1884); BlaMst. Amended 
List B. Japan, pp. 17, 60 (1884); Giglioli, Avif. ltd. p. 52 (1885) ; 
Salvad. Flench Ucc. Ital p. 165 (1887). 
Le Gavoue* de Provence, Daubent. PI. Fnl. 656. fig. 1: Monti. Hist. 

Nat. Ois. iv. p. 321 (1778). 
Mustaclioe Bunting Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 175 (1783). 
Emberiza provincialis, Gm. Syst. JSrat. i. p. 881 (1778); Bp. Co?isp. 

i. p. 403 (1850). 
Emberiza lesbia (nee Gm.), Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 317 (1820); 
Werner, Atlas, Granivores, pi. 25 (1827). 
Emberiza borealis, Zetterst. Besa Sver. och Norr. Lappm. i. p. 107, 
tab. 1, 2 (1822). 
Qropina provincialis, Kaup, Natilrl. Syst. p. 154 (1829). 
? Emberiza durazzii, J , Bp. Faun. Ital, Ucc. pi. 36. fig. 2 (1832-41). 
Hvpocentor rusticus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 131, note (1850); 

"Bp. Bev. et Mag. de Zool. 1857, p. 162 ; Stejneger, Bull. U.S. Nat. 

Mus.no. 29, p. 240(1885). 
Cyncliramus provincialis, Brehn, Naum. 1855, p. 278. 
Cyncliramufcj rusticus, Begl et Gerbe, Orn. Fur. i, p. 329 (1867). 
Sehctmicola rustica, Doderl Avif. Sicil p. 90 (1869). 
CitrineUa rustica, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 113, no. 7695 (1870). 
Citrinella provincialis, Gray, t. c. p. 115, no. 7713 (1870). 

Adult viale in breeding-plumage. Above chestnut, streaked with 
black centres to the feathers of the mantle and back, these parts 
slightly varied with ashy margins to the feathers, these being a 
little more distinct on the lower back and rump, which are uniform ; 
upper tail-coverts chestnut, with black centres; lesser wing-coverts 
chestnut; median and greater coverts black, externally pale rufous, 
with white tips, forming a double wing-bar; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills blackish, externally edged with pale rufous, more 
ashy on the primaries, the inner secondaries plainly edged and tipped 
with chestnut; centre tail-feathers brown, with whity-brown edges; 
remainder of the tail-feathers blackish, with ashy-whitish margins, 
the penultimate feather with a long wedge-shaped mark of white 
along the inner web, the outer feather for the most part white, 
excepting an oblique black base to the inner web and a light brown 
mark near the end of the outer web; head black, with remains of 
white on the centre of the crown and nape; lores, feathers round 
the eye, cheeks, and ear-coverts black, with a white patch behind 
the latter and a broad superciliary streak of white from behind the 
eye above the ear-coverts ; base of ehin black; malar line and 
throat white, separated from the breast and abdomen, which are 
also white, by, a chestnut band across the lower throat and fore neck, 
the flanks and sides of the breast also striped with chestnut; thighs 
and under tail-coverts, as well as the axillaries and under wing-
coverts white, the lower series of the latter ashy, like the under surface 

492 FBINGIIXIDiE. 

of tho quills, which have whitish edges along the inner web. 

Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3, tail 2, tarsus 0-75. 

Adult male m winter plumage. Differs from the summer plumage 

chiefly in its more fulvous tone of coloration, the distinctive markings 

of the adult bird being overlain with ashy-fulvous edges to the 

feathers; this is especially the case with the chestnut throat-band. 

The whole of the upper surface of the body is more ashy fulvous, 

with which the feathers are all broadly edged; the head is only a 

litllo darker than tho back, by reason of the underlying black 

feathers of the next breeding-plumage, when the head becomes 

black by tho wearing-off of the edges to the feathers; lores, feathers 

over the eye, and eyelid dull sanely brown, as also the ear-coverts 

and sides of the face", with a patch of black on the upper and on the 

hinder margin of the ear-coverts • cheeks and throat buffy whitish, 

separated from each other by a moustachial streak of black; the 

throat with a few small dusky spots • wings as in summer, but the 

light edges to all the feathers broader, and the white tips to the 

wing-coverts tinged with fulvous. 

The adult female is browner than the male, and is streaked on 

tho fore neck and chest, wanting the rufous on the head and 

throat. General colour above brown, streaked with blackish, the 

head like the back and similarly streaked; rump tinged with 

rufous; wings and tail as in the male, but the lesser wing-coverts 

brown instead of chestnut; under surface of body buffy white, 

inclining to isabelline on the throat; under tail-coverts white. 

Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*95, tail 2m2, tarsus 

0-7. 

Nestling. Eosembles the old female, but is more tawny, being 
sandy brown above, the head minutely spotted and the back broadly 
streaked with blackish brown; the margins to the wing-feathers 
and tail very broad, and sandy brown in colour; under surface of 
body sandy isabelline, minutely spotted with blackish on the lower 
throat and fore neck. 

Young birds resemble the winter plumage of the adults, but are 
yellowish buff on the breast, and have the throat thickly spotted 
with dusky, and the fore neck and breast plentifully streaked with 
blackish brown; the margins to the wing-coverts are sandy buff, 
and they are not tipped with white. 

Young birds in first winter plumage can only be distinguished 
from the adults by tho greater amount of spotting on the breast, 
the chestnut shade being merely subterminal and not nearly so 
much developed as in the adults. 

Hah Northern Europe, extending to Eastern Siberia and Kamtschatka, 
and to China in winter. 

a, b. <$ ad. sk. Archangel, April 1874. Hume Coll. 

c. $ juv. sk. Archangel, June 13, 1874. Hume Coll. 
d. $ juv. sk. Archangel,July24(Tr.iKewe*). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
«?. <$ juv. sk. R. Dvina, Aug. 9 ( W. M.). Salvin-Godman CoU. 
53 . EMBEEIZA. 
493 
/• d ad. sk. Kultuk, Lake Baikal; April 5. Purchased. 
9->h. 6 2 ad.sk. Yokohama, Japan. Prof. Milne [0.1. 
£ d ad. sk. Hakodadi, Oct. 22. Henry Whitely [C.l. 
& $ imm. sk. Hakodadi, Feb. 26. Henry "Whitely [0.1 

I. 6 ad. sk. Hakodadi, Oct. 29 (H. W.). Gould Coll. 
m-3 juv. sk. Hakodadi, Nov. 6 (H. 7F.). Gould Coll. 
w. <? ad. sk. Hakodadi, Oct. 20 (IT. TT.). Gould Coll. 
o. Ad. sk. Shanghai. Shanghai Museum. 
i?. Ad. sk. Shanghai, Jan. 5, 1884 F. W. Styan, Esq. [P.] 
6. Ernberiza fucata. 
Ernberiza 
fucata, Pall. Reis. Russ. Reichs, iii. p. 698 (1776); Gm. 
Si/st Nat I p. 871 (1788),- Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat ii. p. 41 
(1811); Keys. u. Bias. TVirb. Eur. p. xxxix (1840) ; Blyth, J. A. S. 
Benq. xi. p. 601 (1842), xiii. p. 957 (1844); Gray, Gen. B. ii. 

p. 377 (1844); Bp. Consp. i. p. 464 (1850); Temm. $ Schl. Faun. 
Japon., Aves, pi. lvii. (1850); Swhih. Ibis, 1860, p. 61, 1861, 
pp. 45, 334 j Blakist Ibis, 1862, p. 328; Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 378; 
Jerd. B. Intl. ii. p. 375 (1863); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 42; Beavan, 
t.c, p. 141; Whitely, t c, p. 202; Tytler, Ibis, 1868, p. 201; 
Peh. t.c. p. 318; Brooks, Ibis, I860, p. 458; Gould, B. Asia, v. 
pi. 9 (1869); Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 72 (1869); Swinh. 
Ibis, 1870, p. 354; id. Pi Z. 8 1871, p. 388; Godwin-Austen, 
J. A. S. Benq. 1874, p. 171; Blyth § Wald. B. Burm. p. 95 
(1875); Sioink Ibis, 1875, p. 121; Tacz. J.f. 0.1876, p. 198; id. 
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 175 (1876); David fy Oust. Ois. 
Chine, p. 332 (1877); Anders. Zool. Fxped. Tun-nan, Aves, p. 603 
(1878); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, iii. p. 138 (1878); Hume fy 
Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 407; Blakist. § Pryer, Ibis, 1878, 
p. 242; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 107 ; Blakist. $ Pryer, B. Japan, 
p. 169 (1882); Oates, B. Brit Burm. i. p. 351 (1883); Blakist 
Amended List B. Japan, p. 17 (1884). 
Le Midline de Provence, Dauhent. PI. Enl. v. pi. 656. fig. 2; Montb. 
Hist Nat. Ois. iv. p. 322 (1778). 
Lesbian Bunting, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. i. p. 404 (1783). 
Ernberiza lesbia, Gm. Syst Nat i. p. 882 (1788); Gould, B. Fur. 

iii. pi. 178 (1837); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 377 (1844) ; Bp. Consp. i. 
p. 464 (1850). 
Spina lesbia, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 153 (1829). 
Euspiza fucata, Blyth, Cat B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 129 (1849); id. J. A. 
S. Beng. aodii. p. 215 (1854); Horsf. § Moore, Cat B. E. L Co. 
Mus. ii. p. 488 (1856). 
Hypoeentor fucatus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 131, note (1850). 
Oynchranrus lesbius, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 278. 
Onychospina fucata, Bp. C. P. xxxvii. p. 919; id. Rev. et Mag. de 

Zool ix. p. 163 (1857). 
Ernberiza fuscata, Radde, Reis. Sibir., Vo'g. p. 176 (1863). 
Citrinella fucata, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 113, no. 7694 (1870); 

Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 465 (1873); id. 8r Oates, Str. F. 
1875, p. 157. 
Citrinella lesbia, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 115, no. 7711 (1870). 

Adult male. General colour above cinnamon-rufous, with distinct 
black centres to the feathers of the mantle and back, which also 

494 PBIKGILLIDiE. 

show slight traces of ashy margins; lower back and rump uniform, 

cinnamon-rufous, the upper tail-coverts light brown with blackish 

centres, the lateral ones externally whitish; scapulars and lesser 

wing-coverts deep cinnamon-rufous, the former with black centres; 

median and greater coverts black, broadly edged with rufous, paler 

and more creamy buff on the ends of the feathers; bastard-wing 

and primary-coverts dusky brown; quills black, externally rufous, 

inclining to creamy white on the edges of the primaries; tail-

feathers blackish with ashy margins, the penultimate feather with a 

small wedge-shaped spot of white at the tip of the inner web, the 

outer feather for the most part white, excepting the shaft, a small 

mark towards the end of the outer web, and an oblique mark of 

blackish brown on the inner web; head and hind neck slaty grey, 

streaked with black, more minutely on the latter; lores creamy 

white; eyelid white; a small streak of whitish along the sides of 

the crown, not sufficient to form an eyebrow; ear-coverts bright 

chestnut, with a small white spot on the hinder margin; a larger 

white spot on the sides of the neck; cheeks and throat white, 

separated from each other by a broad black moustachial streak, 

which is united to a black collar, more or less brown, which crosses 

the lower throat, and is succeeded by a broad band of ashy white 

across the fore neck ; this is again succeeded by a tolerably broad 

band of bright cinnamon-rufous across the chest, narrowing towards 

the centre, where it is somewhat broken; breast, abdomen, and 

under tail-coverts creamy white, slightly washed with fulvous on the 

sides; the flanks and sides of the body pale sandy brown, streaked 

with black; thighs externally brown, internally creamy buff; 

axillaries and under wing-coverts white, those near the edge of 

the wings with dusky bases ; quills pale ashy below, whitish along 

the edge of the inner web : " bill brown, the lower mandible fleshy 

at base ; feet flesh-coloured; iris brown " (David). Total length 

5*75 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2*05, tail 2*55, tarsus 0*8. 

An adult male procured near Simla in July had the soft parts as 

follows:—Bill horny brown above, fleshy below with a bluish 

tinge; legs and feet brownish fleshy; iris dark hazel. 

The male described is from Amoor-Land and was shot in May; 
it is therefore in breeding-plumage. Considerable difference is 
shown in the Himalayan specimens in nuptial dress, which are 
much deeper chestnut above with less strongly marked black centres 
to the dorsal feathers; the scapulars and both lesser and median 
wing-covorts are uniform chestnut; the black collar on the throat 
is broader and more complete, and the flanks are uniform chestnut. 
This may be only the full breeding-plumage of the adult, but it 
seems to me to indicate a distinct species, which may perhaps be 
worthy of the name of E. areuata. 

Adult female in hreeding-^lumage. Similar to the male, but not 
so brightly coloured nor so strongly marked; the black collar on the 
lower throat less pronounced and more broken; the rufous band on 
the breast not nearly so well marked as in the male and more 

53 . EMBEBIZA. 
495 
broken. Total length. 5*3 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*75, tail 2*3, 
tarsus 0*8. 

Adult male in tvinter plumage. More rufescent than in summer, 
the -whole of the upper surface having broad fulvous or rufescent 
edges to the feathers • the head like the back and streaked with black 
in the same way * beneath the rufesent aspect of the feathers, the 
whole of the approaching summer plumage, i. e. the grey head, &c, 
can be traced; ear-coverts chestnut; lores, feathers round the eye, 
and cheeks tawny buff, the latter with a black line above and below ; 
entire under surface yellowish buff, the black collar on the throat 
indicated by a number of black spots and streaks; the chestnut band 
on the breast similarly indicated; flanks browner and distinctly 
streaked with black: " upper mandible brown, lower mandible 
fiebhy pink ; legs and feet fleshy pink; iris brown " (A. 0. Hume). 
Length 0*3 inches, wing 2*8, tail 2-5, tarsus 0*5 (measured in the 
flesh by A. 0. H.). 

Other males, shot on the 20th of February, in Manipur, by 

Mr. Hume, had the " legs and feet dull fleshy pink, browrnish on 

the joints and claws ; bill palish brown, paler and with a pinky 

tinge on all but the tip of the lower mandible," and " upper mandible 

brown, the lower one bluish horny pink; iris brown." 

Toiuig birds in first whiter plumage. Greatly resemble the winter 

plumage of the adults, being fulvous brown above, streaked with 

black * the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts more chestnut, 

only the latter being streaked with black; the 
under surface is 

oehreous buff, streaked on the lower throat with black, the sides of 

the upper breast showing a more or less concealed shade of chestnut: 

**• legs and feet pale fleshy; upper mandible brown, the lower one 

pale fleshy whitisb " (A. O. Hume). 

Hah. Eastern Siberia and Japan, and plentiful in Central and 

Eastern China * resident in. the 1SF.W. Himalayas; migrates in 

winter to Southern China, the Burmese countries, and the plains of 

India. Accidental in Europe. 

a, b. <$ ad. • c. $ Anioor-Land, May. Purchased, 
ad. sk. 


d. $ 
juy. Mem. Yokohama, Japan. Prof. Milne [C.]. 
sk 
e. Ad. hiem. sk. Hakodadi, Oct. 20 (H. Whitely). Gould Coll. 
/ . <? ad. sk. Hakodadi, May 8 (H. Whitely). Gould Coll. 
g. Juv. hiem, sk Hakodadi; Oct. 4 (H. Whitehj). Henry Whitely [C.J. 
h. 
d ad. sk. South Manchuria, June 9,1886. H. E. M. James. Esq. 
[P.]. 
i. Juv.hiem.sk. Shanghai. 
Shanghai Museum. 
k. Juv. hiem. sk. Canton. 
Gould Coll. [P.]. 
I. 
J ad. hiem. Hainan, Feb. Consul Swinhoe [C.]. 
sk. 
m. 
d1 ad. hiem. Hainan, Feb. (JK. Swinhoe). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. 
?i. A ad. sk. Shupyun, N. Cashmere, June Hume Coll. 
13, 1871 ( W. E. Brooks). 

o. Pad. sk. Dhurmsala, May 1870 (W. Hume Coll. 
E. B.). 
496

p. 4 ad. sk.

q,r. [ <S 2 lad.sk

s. Ad. sk.
t. [21 ad. sk.
u. T 6\ ad. sk.
to. <J ad. sk.
x, Jad.sk.

w. [21 ad. sk.
z. Ad. sk.
a', //. <J ad. j c\
P ad. sk.
d'. rjlad.sk.

e'. S ad. sk.

p. Ad. sk.
sk 
i'. Ad. sk.
h\ [ $ ] ad. sk.


V, m\ [ $ § ] ad.
sk. 
»'. J ad.; of, »f.
S,q\ Sjuv.sk.
r\ J ad. sk.

$'. J ad. sk.

V, u\ <$, v\ §
ad. sk.
w!. (S imm. sk.

x'. [ <$ 1 ad. sk.

y', z'. <$ ad. sk,

a. c? ad. sk.
0,y. 6 ? ad. sk.
d. 2 ad. sk.
€. 2ad.sk.
C 2ad.sk.
rj. S imm. sk.
0. <y ad. sk.
u 8 ad. sk.

K. 2 ad. sk.
X. J ad. sk. 
FBIKGILLID-ffi. 

 Dhurmsala, Cashmere.

 Sutlej Valley. 
Sutlej Valley. 
Kotegurh, 1870. 
Kotcgurh, Dec. 1868. 
Simla, July 13, 1876 (G T.

Bingham), 
Simla,'# July 14, 1877 (W.

 Deobund, 1868. 
Masuri.

 N.W. Himalayas. " 
Kkalsi, Boon, May 29, 1868

(G. F. L. Marshall). 
Kara in Gurhwal Babhur, Jan.
3,1870 (Dr. G. King), 
Kurnaon, 1867.

g', h'. \_<$ 2] ad. Nepal (B. H. Hodgson).

 Darjiling, 1868. 
Bhootan Dooars, Feb. 1874 (L.
]\£andBll%\ 
Khasia Hills (2T. C. Jerdon).

 Kossum Thall, Manipur, Feb. 
10,1881 (A. 0. H.). 
Manipur Valley, Feb. 20,1881

(A. 0. H.). 
Manipur, March 7, 1881 (A.
0. H.). 
Moirang, Manipur, March 23, 
1881 (A. O. H.). 

 Sagam, Manipur, March 24,1881 (A. 0. JT.). 
Soognoo, Manipur, March 27,1881 (A. 0. H.). 

 Fhalel, Manipur, April 11,1881

(A. 0. H.). 
Momien, Yun-nan, Jime 2,1868. 
Pagliein, Pegu, Majr 14. 
Khykehto, Tenasserim, Feb. 10,

IQ7Q (W. Davison). 
Thatone, Feb. 11, 1877 (W.
Davison). 
Thatone, Nov. 3, 1877 (W.
Davison). 
Kedaikeglay, Dec. 14,1877 (W.
Davison). 

 Limestone rocks, near Moumenzeik, 
March 11, 1877 (W. 

 Oapt. Stackhouse 
Pinwill [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


 Hume CoU. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Capt. Stackhouse 
Pinwill [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume CoU. 
Gould Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Dr. J. Anderson [0.]. 
Oates Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume CoU. 
Hume CoU. 
Hume Coll. 

Davison). 
Moulmein, March 11, 1877 Hume CoU. 
(W. Davison). 
Bengal (As. Soc). 
[India.] 
India Museum. 
Gould Coll. 

53. EMBERIZA. 497 
7. Emberiza elegans. 
Emberiza elegans, f^ra . P/. Col. ill. pi. 583 (1835); Gray, Gen. 
B. ii. p. 377 (1844); Temm. fy SchL Faun. Jap., Aves, p. 93, 
pi. oo (1850); Bp. Consp. i. p. 464 (1850); Radde, Meis. 8ibir.f 
Vog. p. 165, pi. 5 (1863) ; Prjev. Foi/. Ussuri, no. 49 (18J7-69) ; 
Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 388; David, fr Arch. Mas. vii. Bull p. 10 
(1871); Dyboicsld, J.f.O. 1875, p. 253; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. 
France, i. p. 176 (1876) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1877, p. 145; David $ 
Oust Ois. Chine, p. 322 (1877); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool France, iii. 
p. 137 (1878); Blakiit. fy Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 242 ; iid. B. Japan, 
p. 169 (1882) ; Blahist. A?nended List, p. 26 (1884). 
Emberiza elegantula*, Sioinh. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 134, 1871, p. 388; 
David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 323 (1878). 
Citrinella elegantula, Gray, Hand4. B. ii. p. 113, no. 7686 (1870). 
Citrinella elegans, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 113, no. 7685 (1870). 
Euspiza elegans, Gould, B. Asia, pi. 12 (1880). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above chestnut-
brown, mesially streaked with black on the mantle and back, the 
feathers of which have sandy-white margins; lower back, rump, 
and upper tail-coverts uniform ashy grey, the latter slightly washed 
with chestnut; scapulars like the back; lesser wing-coverts ashy 
grey; median and greater coverts blackish, tipped with sandy buff, 
whitish at the ends, forming a double wing-bar; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with ashy brown, 
greyer on the primaries, the secondaries externally pale rufous like 
the greater coverts; centre tail-feathers ashy, the remainder blackish, 
edged with ashy brown, with a Long wedge-shaped mark of white 
on the inner web of the penultimate feather, the outer one being 
almost entirely white, with an oblique black mark at the base of the 
inner web, and a longitudinal dusky mark near the tip of the outer 
one ; crown of head black and strongly crested, separated from the 
nape (which is also black) by a circlet of pale yellow, which commences 
above the eye and encircles the occiput; this yellow band 
continued over the lores and across the forehead in a narrow white 
band; base of forehead, lores, feathers round the eye, cheeks, and 
ear-coverts black, with a white band above the latter; hinder neck 
and sides of neck ashy grey, minutely mottled with black spots; 
throat bright lemon-yellow, with a narrow black line across the base 
of the chin ; on the fore neck and chest a large triangular patch of 
black, separated from the yellow throat by a band of white, which 
crosses the lower throat; sides of chest and under surface of body 
white, including the thighs and under tail-coverts; sides of body 
streaked with ferruginous, broader on the flanks, which are centred 
with blackish; auxiliaries and under wing-coverts white; ^quills 
dusky below, ashy whitish along the inner web: "bill black in the 
breeding-season, brown in winter; feet flesh-colour; iris brown" 

(A. David). Total length 5-6 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3, tail 2 55, 
tarsus 0*75. 
A peculiar irregularity of colouring is seen in the innermost 
secondaries of both sexes "in this species, where there is an indentation 
of the chestnut margin on the outer web, while the light base of 

VOL. xn. 2 K 

498 
FRIXGILLID.T3. 

the inner web, extending far up the latter leaves only an Irregular 
black mark towards the end of the feather. 

Adult male in winter plumage. ITuch more rufous than in summer, 
the whole of the plumage of the upper surface being suffused with 
rufous, with which the feathers are tipped and edged, the black of 
the head and face, as well as the throat-patch, being obscured by 
reddish brown, as also is the grey of the hind neck and rump ; the 
yellow ring on the head and the yellow throat duller and tipped 
with tiny dusky spots : edges to wing-coverts and quills more rufous 
than in summer; the white on the throat washed with brown. 

Adult female. Much duller in colour than the male and without 

the ashy on the hind neck and lower back, which is chestnut, with 

the usual black streaks and light margins to the feathers ; top of 

head chestnut-rufous, with black bases to the feathers, the yellow 

circlet round the occiput much less distinct than in the male, duller 

and more saffron-yellow, as are also the cheeks and throat; under 

surface of body dull white, with a concealed chest-patch of black ; 

ear-coverts dark chestnut-brown. Total length 5 inches, culmeu 0*4, 

wing 2*8, tail 2-55, tarsus 0*75. 

Young female. Differs from the adult female in having no yellow 
on the coronal ring or on the cheeks and throat, which are pale 
tawny buff. 

The type of E.elegaatula,Swinhoe,is in 3Ir. Seebohmb collection, 
and is apparently a young female of the present species, with .strt-aks 
on the chest and the eyebrow and throat pale sandy buff. The wing 
only measures 2-55 inches, but this is probably due to some extent 
to immaturity. 

Rah. Eastern Siberia and main Island of Japan, extending into 
China in winter as far west as Moupin ; accidental in Europe. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Amoor Land, May. Br. Lenz. 
b, cd ? ad. sk. Pekin,N, China (J. W. Larking). Gould Vail. 
d. $ ad. sk. Jap in. Gould Coll. 
e,f. cS ad. sk. Nagasaki, Japan. F. Ringer, Esq.. "P."1 
•*•• • iiuigci, J.-.«| x . . . 

g. $ ad. sk. NagasaM, Bee. 9.F. ~Ringer, Esq. 'p.\ 
*" * 

h. $ ad. sk. Nagasaki, Feb. 23. F. Ringer, Esq. ~P/. 
8. Emberiza chrysophrys. 
Emberiza chrysoplirys, Pall. Reis. Mass. JSeichs, iii. Anhang, p. 698 
(1770); id. Zoogr. Rosso-AnaL ii. p. 46, pi. 48. fig. 2 (Ifcll)-. 
Sehjs-Longch. Faun. Beige, p. 81, pi. 4 (1842); Gray, Gen. B. ii. 

p. 
377 (1844); Bp. Consp. I p. 4(54 fl&oO); Madde, lieis. Sibir., 
Vog. Taf. iv. figs. la,lb,lc (1803); Be la Font. Faune Liuemb. 
p. 105 (1865); Bree, B. Far. iii. pi. to p. 03 (IfcOO); Deal et 
Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 319 (1807); Dresser, B, Eur. iv. p/l03, 
pi. 212 (1871); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool France, i. p. 170 (1876); 
David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 325 (1877); Tacz. Bull Sac. Zool 
France, iv. p. 137 (1879). 
Hypocentor chrysophrys, Bp. JRev. et Mag. de Zool IR>r, p. 102. 
Oitrinella chrysophrys, Gray, Hanrt-l Bl ii. p. 113, no. 7092 {161Q). 
Emberiza ckforopkrys (en*.), David, K Arch, Mm. iii. Bull p. 31 

(1867). 

53 . EMBERIZA.. 499 
Adult male. General colour above reddish brown, streaked with 
black, the feathers of the mantle and back edged with ashy; lower 
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform dull chestnut; lesser 
wing-coverts ashy brown ; median coverts blackish, tipped with 
ashy white; greater coverts blackish, edged with reddish brown, 
creamy buff externally; bastard-wing dusky, edged with rufous; 
primary-coverts dusky, externally fringed with ashy; quills dusky 
blackish, externally rufous, the primaries edged with whity brown; 
the inner secondaries with a dusky blackish spot at a little distance 
from the base of the outer web • centre tail-feathers brown, washed 
with rufous externally; remainder of the feathers blackish, the two 
outer ones with an oblique white mark on the inner web, more 
extended on the outermost feather, which is white for the basal 
half of the outer web also; crown of head black, with a white 
stripe down the centre of the crown, becoming tinged with yellow 
on the forehead; a broad superciliary streak of clear yellow, forming 
an eyebrow, which becomes white posteriorly; upper edge of eyelid 
yellow ; lores, feathers round eye, and a streak from the eye above 
the ear-coverts black; the latter brown, blackish on the lower parts, 
and with a white spot above the hinder margin: cheeks white, 
separated from the throat by a dusky malar line; sides of neck ashy 
grey with dusky streaks; under surface of body white, the throat 
with a few blackish spots; the fore neck tinged with fulvous and 
streaked with blackish, less pronounced on the breast, the sides of 
the latter having a chestnut tinge; sides of body and flanks fulvescent, 
rather broadly streaked with black, the stripes tinged with 
chestnut laterally; thighs and under tail-coverts white, the long 
ones of the latter mesially streaked with black; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries white, with ashy bases; quills below dusky, ashy 
along the inner edge. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3*05, 

tail 2-45, tarsus 0*75, (Mus. H. BeebohmS) 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but browner on the head ; the 
sides of the crown washed with chestnut, the ear-coverts pale brown, 
and the stripes on the lower surface not so distinct as in the male. 
Total length 5*8 inches, culmen 05 , wing 2*95, tail 2-3, tarsus 0*7. 

(MILS. H. Seebohm.) 
Bob. Eastern Siberia. 

9. Emberiza flaviveatris. 
Ortolan a ventre jaune du Cap de Bonne Esp&ance, Daubent. PL 

EnL v. pi. 664. fig. 2; Month. Hist, Nat. Ois. iv. p. 326 (1778). 
Emberiza fiav. (!), Bodd. Tabl PI BnL p. 41 (1783). 
Cape Bunting, var. a, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. P;_184 (1783). 
Emberiza capensis, var. a, Orn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 878 (1786). 
Passerina naviventris, Bonn, et VieilL Enc. Mith. ii. p. 929 (1823). 
Emberiza xanthogaster, Cretzschm. in Biipp. Atlas, p. 38, tab. 25 

(1826) j Steph. Gen. ZooL xiv. p. 18 (1826); Biipp. Neite Wirb. 
Tog. p. 86 (1835-40). 
Yellow-bellied Bunting, Lath. Gen. Hist. v. p. 317 (1822). 
Friugillaria capensis, Swains. B. W. Afr. i p. Ill, pi. IS (1837, nee 

500 PBI2JGILLID.2B. 

Emberiza qninquestriata, Licht. Descr. Anim. p. 405 (1844, ex Forst. 
Icon, iiied. (J). 
Fringillaria flaviventris, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 378 (1844) : Bp. Co?isp. 

i. p. 467(1850); Eartl. Orn. TT.-Afr. p. 151 (1857); Gunmj, Ibis, 
I860, p. 213 : Eartl J f. 0. 1861, p. 260 : Antin. Cat. deserr. Uce. 
p. 74 (1864); Layard, £. S. Afr. p. 206 (1867); Gray, Eand-L B. 
ii.p, 115, no. 7717 (1870); HeugL Orn. X.O.-Afr. iv. App. p. cxlvii 
(1871); Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 258; Sharpe, Cat Afr, B. p. 70 
(1871); Gumey,in Anders*. B. Bam.-Ld. p. 18^ (1&72); Antin. 
$* Salvad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 113 (le>73); Buckley, Ibis, 1^74, p. 3^2; 
Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 81; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 370 (1^77-vl) ; 
Sharpe, in dates' Matabele Land, App. p. 322(1^1); Ilotub fy 
VonPelz. Beitr. Orn. Sudafr. p. 135 (1&82); Shelley, Ibis, 1^82, 
p. 358; Butler, Feilden fy Meid, Zool. 1882, p. 302; Sharpe, ed. 
Bayard's B. S. Afr. pp. 401, 851 (lb84). 
Eniberiza flavigaster, Rupp. Syst. Uebers. p. 78 (1845); Blanc. Spec. 
Zool. Mosa?nb. fasc. x\l p. 327 (1805). 
Frinffillaria fkvigaster, HeugL Syd. Uebers. p, 42 (lfe56); Gray, 
Gen.B.ii.y. 376(1844). 
Polyinitra flaviventris, Cab. Mas. Ilein. TIi. i. p. 120 (1850). 
Polyinitra flavigastra, Cab. Mm. Hein. TIi. I. p. 120 (I^50); id. 

J.f 0. 187*, p. 221; Fischer 4' Reichen.J.f 0. 18711, p. 353; 
Fischer, Zeitmh. ges. Orn. I. p. 310 (1^84), 
Emberiza fiaviga&tra, Licht. XomencL Av. p. 42 (1&54). 
Euspiza xanthogastra, ) 
Megalotis quinquevittatus, / Fr. WitrtL MSS. {! I), teste HeugL J.f O. 
Emberiza affims, f 1867, p. 2{J7. 
Emberiza albicollis, ) 
Emberiza flaviventris, Finsch <§* Marti. Vtiq. Otfafr. p. 4"W (P70) ; 

Rlanf Geol. # Zool Abyss, p. 411 (1870); Fimek, Tram, Z. S. 

vii. p. 270 (1870); Keugl. Orn. X.O.-Afr. I. pt. 2, p. 663 (lt>71): 
Sehaloio, J.f 0.1883, p. 364. 
Adult male in summer plumage* Mantle and back uniform chest nut, 
with an ashy-grey shade on the hind neck, separating the head 
from the mantle; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ashy 
grey, the latter narrowly fringed with whitish edges ; scapulars like 
the back ; lesser wing-coverts ashy grey; median series white with 
black bases, forming a large patch; greater coverts blackish, externally 
ashy, white at the ends, forming a bar; bastard-wing and 
primary-coverts black, the latter slightly fringed with white at the 
ends; quills blackish, edged with ashy whitish, the inner secondaries 
with chestnut; tail-feathers blackish, margined with ashy, 
the four outer ones tipped with white, which increases towards the 
outermost feather, this being white along the whole of the outer 
web as well, with the exception of a blackish spot near the end; 
crown of head black, with a median streak of white down the 
centre; lores and eyebrow white, followed by a black streak through 
the eye along the upper half of the ear-coverts; this streak again 
followed by a broad white streak below the eye along the lower half 
of the ear-coverts; entire cheeks black, forming another broad band; 
on the sides of the neck a white patch ; base of chin white*; entire 
throat, breast, and centre of abdomen yellow as far as the vent, 
the fore neck and chest deepening into orange; sides of upper 
breast, sides of body, and thighs pale ashy grey ; sides of abdomen 

53 . EMBEEIZA. 501 
and under tail-coverts white: axillaries and under wing-coverts 
white; quills ashy below, whitish along the edge of the inner web. 
Total length 6'5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 3*2, tail 2-85, tarsus 07. 

The adult male in winter plumage differs from the summer plumage 
only in having the back varied with ashy-fulvous margins to 
the feathers of the mantle and back, and in having the white streaks 
on the head and face washed with fulvous ; the sides of the upper 
breast and flanks washed with pale ashy brown instead of greyish. 

Adult female. Differs from the male only in having the back 
darker chestnut or maroon, broadly streaked with black centres to 
the feathers of the mantle, upper back, and scapulars. This streaking 
of the back seems to be especially strong in young birds in their 
first winter plumage. 

Young. Resembles the adult female, and has the back streaked * 
with black; the facial markings dusky blackish and ochreous buff, 
the latter very strongly pronounced on the coronal streak; the yellow 
of the underparts duller, with a tinge of saffron on the fore neck. 
After the moult into the first winter plumage, the above conditions 
of plumage are intensified, and the ochreous-buff streak on the 
crown is very broad and distinct. 

Specimens from N.E. Africa (true E. flaviventris of Eiippell) are 
smaller (wing 3*0-3*05 inches), and have a black mark at the end of 
the outer web of the penultimate tail-feather as well as on the outermost, 
while at the same time the white tip never seems to extend 
on the fourth feather, only the three outer ones being so marked. 


Hob. South-eastern Africa, through the Transvaal to the Zambesi 
and to Damara-Land and Benguela in S.W. Africa; N.E. Africa. 


a. S ftd. sk. Eland's Post, S.E. Africa, June Sharpe Coll. 
(T. C. Atmore). 
b. <$ imm. sk. Eland's Post, July (71 C. A.). Sharpe Coll. 
c. [ 21 ad. sk. Eland's Post (T. C. A.). Sharpe Coll. 
d. [$. J ad.sk. King will iamstown. Capt. Trevelyan [P.]. 
e. $ ad. sk. Pinetown, Natal, Nov. 5 (T7. i . Sharpe Coll. 
Ayres). 
f. (51 ad. sk. Transvaal (T. Ayres). Sharpe Coll. 
a S ad.sk. Kanye, Matabele-Land (Dr.Extort). Sharpe Coll. 
h A ad. sk. Tati, Matabele-Land, Oct. 10 (F. W. E. & C. G. Oates, 
Oates). Esqrs. [P.]. 
Juv. sk. Inchlangin, Dec. (F. 0.). W. E. & C. G. Oates, 
Esqrs. [PA 
h J ad. sk. Between Gokwe and Senile, Oct. W. E. & 0. G. Oates, 
17 (F. 0.). Esqrs. [P.]. 
I Ad sk. 1st Makalaka Kraal, Zambesi W. E. & 0. G. Oates, 
' * Eoad, Aug. 19 (F. 0.). Esqrs. [PA 
Imm. sk. Tete, Zambesi {Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Exped. 

m, 

$ ad. sk. Ondonga, Ovampo-Land, Oct. 10 Sharpe Coll. 

{C. J. Andersson). 
<$ ad. sk. Leopoldville, Upper Congo, Oct. F. Bohndorff* [0.]. 
Imm. sk. Abyssinia. Dr. Eiippell [oX 
Ad. sk. Abyssinia. W. T. Blanford,"Esq. 
<J ad. sk. Senafe, Tigre, May 22 (W. Jesse). Sharpe Coll. 
p jLlv. sk. Rairo, Bogos, Aug. 14c (W. Jesse). Sharpe Coll. 


50 2 
FEIXG1LLIDJE. 

10. Emberiza forbesi. 
Fringillaria forbesi, Earth Or a. Centralbl 1882, p. 92; id. J.f.O. 
1882, p. 324; id. Abhandl. nat. Terein. Bremen, vili. p. 284 (1883). 
Similar to E.flaviveniris, but smaller, with the belly purer yellow, 
and with no white spots or bars on the 
wing. 
Eab. Equatorial Africa. 

a. tf ad. sk. Kuterma, Equatorial Africa, Emin Pacha "P.". 
May26, lfcSS. 
11. Emberiza major. 
Fringilla cabanisi (nee Reiehen.), Socage, Orn. A/iyofa, p. 371 (18^1). 
Eringillaria major, Socage, Orn. Angola, p. ooi) (lfc^l); id. Jorn. 
Lisb. pt. xxxiv. pp. 77-79 (1882); Shelley, P. Z. S. Ibb2. p. ;XK 
Polymitra (Fringillaria; major, Cab. J.f. 0. 3&&0, p. 34U,tab. ii. %. 2. 
Adult male. General colour above streaked, the feathers rufous-
brown with broad black centres, and pale ashy-brown margins to 
the feathers of the mantle and back ; lower back, rump, and upper 
tail-coverts dark ashy grey, the feathers of the upper back mottled 
with black centres; lesser wing-coverts black, edged "with ashy 
grey; median coverts white with concealed white ba&es; greater 
coverts black, edged with light brown and tipped with white; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish,edged with whity 
brown, ashy whitish along the margins of the primaries and outer 
secondaries; tail-feathers blown, edged with lighter brown, the 
three outer ones with a wedge-shaped mark of white on the inner 
web, increasing on the outermost, where It extends to the base, 
leaving an oblique mark of brown at the basal two-thirds of the 
inner web, and a long mark of pale brown along the end of the outer 
web; crown of head like the back, rufous-brow n broadly streaked 
with black, with a broad median line of white; lores, feathers 
round the eye, and ear-coverts black, surmounted by an eyebrow 
of white; ear-coverts with a white posterior patch, and a 
distinct line of white behind them; cheeks black, with a narrow 
inferior line of white; chin white; throat and under surface of 
body yellow; sides of neck grey, as also the sides of the breast, 
sides of body, and flanks; thighs, vent, and under tail-coveits 
white; under wing-eoverts and axilkries white, w ith blackish bases 
to those near the edge of the wing; quills below dusky, ashy whitish 
along the inner edge: " upper mandible blackish, the lower one 
reddish, with the point brown; iris brown" (AniMtia). Total 
length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3*05, tall 2% tarsus 0*8. 
(Mm. 
G. E. Shelleij.) 
Ecib* Angola. 

12. Emberiza orientalis. 
Fringillaria orientalis, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 308. 
Adult male (type of species). Similar to E. major, but smaller. 
Total length 5-8 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*25, tall 2*5, tarsus 0*85. 

(Mas. G. E. Shelley.) 
Hab. Eastern Africa. 

a. 6 ad. bk. Leopold\ille, Upper Congo, Bee. F. Ik»hndorfr[(\^ 
53 - EMBERIZiL. 
503 

13. Emberiza cabanisi. 
Eniberiza flaviventris (nee V.), MeicJien. J.f. 0. 1875, p. 42, 
Polvmitra (Fringillaria) cabanisi, Reichen. J. f. 0. 1875, p. 233 
Taf. ii. figs. 2, 3. 
Fringillaria cabanisi, Shelley, P. £. & 1882, p. 308. 


-4dw& waZs. Similar to i£. major, but with the throat white. 
Hab. Cameroous, W. xifrica, and Equatorial Africa. 


a. § ad. sk. Ichgasi, Equatorial Africa, Aug. 1, Emin Pacha [P.]. 
14. Emberiza melauocephala. 
Eniberiza nielanocephala, Scop. Ann. i. p. 142" (1769) ; Temm. Man 
(TOm. I p. 393 (1820); Naum. Vog. Deutschl. iv. Taf. 101. f>. 2 
(1824); Roux, Orn. Prov. pis. 104 bis, 104 ter (1825) ; Werner, 
Atlas, Granivores, pi. 20 (1827); Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 93 : 
MenStr. Cat. Pais. Cauc. p. 40 (1832); St-Hilaire, Expl. Sci. Moree, 
pi. iv. &g. 1 (1833); Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 172 (1837); Schl. u. 
Susem. Vog: Eur. Lief v. Taf. 4 (1839) ; Nordm. in JDemid. Toy. 
Russ. Merid. iii. p. 172 (1840); Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi. p. 29 
(1840) ; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 957 (1844); Burgess, P. Z. S. 
1854, p. 1C0; Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 152 (1859); 

Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 51 (I860); Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 139 ; 
Simpson, t. c. p. 280 ; Gdtke, Ibis, 1862, p. 390; Blasius, t. c. p. 71; 
Sperling, Ibis, 1864, p. 280; Filippi, Viagg. Pers. p. 349 (1865) ; 
Gould, Ibis, 1869, p. 128; Wright, t. c. p. 246 j Elwes Sf Buckley, 
Ibis, 1870, p. 193; Halting, Handb. Brit B. p. 172 (1872); Cordedux, 
Mis, 1875, p. 183; Dresser, B. Eur. iv. p. 151, pi, 206 
(1872); JDanf. Ibis, 1877, p. 272, 1878, p. 22; Gdtke, Ibis, 1879, 
pp. 104, 379, 388; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 217,1883, p. 11; B. O. 

U. List Brit B. p. 59 (1883); Seebohm, Hist Brit B. ii. p. 165 
(1884). 
Tanagra melanictera, Giildenst N. Comm. Acad. Sci. Imp. Petrop. 

xix. p. 466 (1775). 
Black-headed Bunting, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 198 (1783). 
Fringilla crocea, VieilL Ois. Chant, pi. 27 (.1805). 
Xanthornus caucasicus, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 428 (1811). 
Passerina melauocephala, Vieill. N. Diet d'Hist Nat xxv. p. 28 
(1817); Deql. Sr Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 304 (1867); Doderl. Avif. 
Sicil. p. 85 (1869); Salvad. Faun. Ital, TIcc. p. 136 (1871) ; Giglioli, 
Iconogr. Avif. Ital. pt. 17 (1881). 

Eniberiza granativora, Mentor. Cat Pais. Cauc. p. 40 (1832). 

Euspiza 
rnelanocephala, Bp. Camp. List B. Eur.fyN. Amer. p. 32 
(1838) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 376 (1844); Blyth, Cat B. Mus. As. 
Soc. p. 128 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 488 (1850); Tristr. Ibis, 
1859, p. 33; Jerd. B. hid. ii. p. 378 (1863) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1867, 

p. 368; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 17. fig. 6 (1870); Gould, B. Gt 
Br. iii. pi. 28 (c. 1870); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 112, no. 7675 
(1870); Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 13 (1870) ; James, Str. F. 1871, 
p. 421; Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 246; Butler, Str. F. 1875, p. 497; 
Newt. ed. Yarr. Brit B. ii. j>. 64 (1876) ; Blanf. East Persia, ii. 
p 260 (1876); Fairb. Str. F. 1876, p. 261; James, Str. F. 1877, 
p. 61; Butkr, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 184; Ball, t. c. p. 223; 
Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 69 (1879) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 107; Bidd. 
Ibis, 1881, p. 81; Scully, t c. p. 586; C. Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 114; 
Tristr, t c. p. 405; id. 'Faun,fy Flor. Palest, p. 71 (1884) ; Radde, 
FBING-ILLID2E. 

Orn. Cam. p. 189 (1884); Murray, Fertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 188 
(1884) ; 0. JSwitih # Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 129; Giylioli, Avif. 
Ital. p. 45 (1885; ; Sahad. Blench. Uoc. Ital p. 161 (1887). 

Euspiza simillima, Blyih, J. A. S. Beng. xviii. p. 811 (1849) ; id. 
Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 128 (1849); Horsf. £ Moore, Cat. B. B.I. 
Co. Mus. ii. p. 486 (1856); Gray, Hand-L B. li. p. 112, no. 7676 
(1870) ; Hume, Nests Sf Eggs hid. B. p. 466 (1878). 

Euspiza atricapilla, BreAm, Naimi. 1855, p. 277. 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. Above light bay or orange-
chestnut, paler on the rump, and slightly washed with yellow ; 
upper tail-coverts ashy, with yellow margins ; lesser wing-coverts 
like the back, but with ashy margins; median and greater coverts, 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown, broadly 
edged with isabelline-brown, whiter on the median and greater 
series, and more rufescent on the inner secondaries ; tail-feathers 
dark brown, edged with whity brown externally and with white on 
the inner web; crown of head, lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts 
black; cheeks and sides of neck bright golden yellow, extending on 
the hind neck, where it forms a collar, mixed with bay like the 
back; entire under surface of body bright golden yellow, somewhat 
ashy on the thighs, and washed with bay ; axillaries and under 
wing-coverts pale yellow, with light isabelline bases; quills dusky 
below, ashy fulvous along the inner web: " bill pearly grey, dingy 
on the upper mandible; legs and feet fleshy brown, ding}' on the 
toes, or fleshy pink, with the feet plumbeous ; iris reddish brown " 


(A. 0. Hume). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3*65, 
tail 2*9, tarsus 0*9. 
Other males, collected in Jodhpur by Mr. Hume, had the soft 
parts as follows:—"Iris brown: upper mandible dusky brown, 
lower mandible bluish grey; bill bluish grey, dusky on the culmen; 
legs and feet fleshy brown, darker on the feet/' 

Colonel E. A. Butler gives the following memoranda on the males 
collected by him at Belgaum in January and February 1880: — 
" Iris dark brown ; legs and feet fleshy brown; bill pale greenish 
horn-colour, browner on the culmen." The females had the soft 
parts similarly coloured. 

Adult male in winter plumage. Differs from the summer plumage 
in being entirely obscured by ashy margins to the feathers, so that 
the black of the head and the chestnut of the back are alike hidden; 

• the yellow of the underparts is 
also dulled by ashy margins to the 
feathers, especially on the flanks. 
Young males in winter plumage may be distinguished by their 
brown ear-coverts and the stripes of black down the middle of the 
dorsal feathers, in which respect they resemble the females; the 
yellow of the underparts is also not so brilliant as in the adults: 
" bill bluish grey, brownish on the culmen ; legs and feet fleshy 
brown, dusky on the feet; iris brown " (A. O. Hume). 

The old female in breeding-plumage is pale chestnut on the upper 
surface, washed with yellow on the lower back and rump; the head 

53. EMBERIZA. 505 
brown, streaked with black; otherwise as in tho female above described, 
except that there is a tinge of orange on the breast: " bill 
bluish grey on. the lower mandible, the upper mandible darker ; logs 
and feet fleshy brown, dusky on the toes; iris brown " {A. 0. 
flume). Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3*35, tail 2 6, 
tarsus 0*85. 

The females and young birds in ivinter plumage resemble corresponding 
stages in the plumage of E. luteola, and both species have 
the rump washed with yellow. There is always, however, a tinge 
of chestnut on the lower back in E. melanocepJiala, which is not 
observable in E. luteola. 

The young female in first breeding-plumage differs from the male 

in wanting the black head; the whole of the upper surface being 

brown, streaked with black down the middle of the feathers, more 

distinctly on the crown ; lower back and rump nearly uniform pale 

chestnut, obscured by ashy edges to the feathers; the upper tail-

coverts slightly washed with yellow ; sides of neck yellow; round 

the hind neck a slight tinge of chestnut; lores and feathers round 

eye ashy white ; ear-coverts pale brown, with a slight indication of 

black below the eye: under surface of body pale yellow, light 

ibabelline on the sides of the body and flanks. Total length 6*5 

inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3*35, tail 2-65, tarsus 0*8. 

Hab. Southern Europe from Asia Minor and Greece westwards 

to Southern Germany and Southern Prance, eastwards to North


western and Central India. 

a, b. $ ad. sk. Greece. Consul Merlin [C I 

c. $ ad. sk, Athens. Consul Merlin [Cl. 
d. <J ad. sk, Turkey, July 9,1877 E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
(W. Pearce). 
e. <$ ad. sk. Aidir, Asia Minor, Purchased. 
June 9, 1883. 
/. S ad. sk. Smyrna. Gould Coll. 


g. (S ad. sk. Banias, May 3, 1864 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(H. B. Tristram). 
h. J ad. sk. Aktirah, Lebanon, June Salvin-Godman Coll. 
17,1864(if. J?. T.). 
Canon Tristram fCl. 

i. <$ ad. sk. Banias. 
k. $ ad. sk. Mount Hermon. Canon Tristram [C.]. 
1. <$ ad. sk. R. Volga. Gould Coll. 
Persia. Purchased. 

m. S ad. sk. 
I AVCL1 £J 

C. Darwin, Esq.. [P.]. 
n,o- d; P> $ ad-&&-

Mashish, S.W. of Kar-W. T. Blanford, Esq. 

q. $ ad. sk. man, May 20,1872. 
Bushire. A. J. v. Palmer, Ebq. 
[P.]. 

r, s. <$ ad. sk. 

Bampur, Baluchistan, W. T. Blanford, Esq. 

t. <S ad. sk. April 4,1872. [C.]. 
Nal, Khelat, April Hume Coll. 

w, v, iv. d' x, y. 

1877(0. T.Duke).

$ ad. sk. 

Mount Abu, April 14, Hume Coll. 

z, a'. $ ad. sk. 

1875 

506 PBINGILLIDJ5. 

&V.dNA'-Z'.$ad.; Jodhpur, Kajputana, Hume Coll. 
m'j n'. $ jav. sk. Apr. 1868(^.0. II.). 
o'. tf ad. sk. Sultanpur, Gurgaon Hume Coll. 
dibtrict, Apr. 6, 1877 


(W.N. Chill). 
P'J <l'> r'-6 ad.; Saugor district, Dec. Hume Coll. 
«', £', U*. 2 a(i-S^' 18(59. 

fl'. <$ ad. sk. Dhulia, Khandeish, Hume Coll. 
Oct. 2,1880 (J.Davidson). 


w'; <r'. (5 ad. sk. Shada,Khandeish,Nov. Hume Coll. 
20,1880 (J. D.). 
y',»'. cT ad. sk. Malpur, Khandeish, Hume Coll. 
Jan. 23,1881 (J.D.). 

a. $ ad. sk. Kussumb. Khandeish, Hume Coll. 
Jan. 14,1881 (J". 2).). 
jS. c? ad. sk. Nan d urb ar, Khan deish, Hume Coll. 
Feb. 24,1880(7.1).). 
y, 5. c? ad. sk. Belgaum, Jan. 25, Hume Coll. 
I'm (E. A. Butler). 
e, £ c?> ^ ^ t. $ ad. Belgaum, Feb. 15,1880 Hume Coll. 
sk. (D. A.B.). 
/c. c? ad. sk. Belgaum. Gould Coll. 
X, ix, $ ad. sk. Deccan (Sylrs). India Museum. 

v. (S ad. sk. Deccan {Burgess), Gould Coll. 
g, o. {Skeletons. Purchased. 
15. Emberiza luteola. 
Eniberiza luteola, Sxtarrm. Mm. Carls, fasc. iv. Taf. 93 (178G, fig. 
pess.); Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 249; Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. 60; 
Homeyer Sf TancH, MT. urn. Ver. Wien, 1883, p. 90. 

Luteous Bunting, Lath. Gen. Sy?i. Suppl. ii. p. 203 (1801). 
Yellow Grosbeak, var. a, Lath. Gen. Hist B. v. p. 243 (1822). 
Emberiza icterica, Eversm. Add. Fall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. Taf. 10 


(1835) ; Blyth, J. A. S. Beny. xiii. p. 957 (1844): Button, op. cit. 

xvi. p. 779 (1847). 
Emberiza brunneiceps, Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. St. Petersb. ix. p. 11 
(1842); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 377 (1844). 
Euspiza icterica, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 376 (1844). 
Euspiza luteola, Blyth, Cat. B. Mtts. As. Soe. p. 127 (1849); Bp. 

Consp. i. p. 469 (1850); Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 130 (1850) ; Horsf. 
8f Moore, Cat. B. D.I. Co. Mus. ii. p. 486 (1856) ,-Jerd. B. Ind. 

ii. p. 378 (1863) ; Gray, Iland-l B. ii. p. 112, no. 7677 (1869) ; 
Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 498 (1875); Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1880, 
p. m-, Hume, Str. F 1879, p. 107; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881. p. 81; 
Scully, t. c. p. 575; C. Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 114; Biddulph. t. c. 
p. 282; Salvin, Cat. Stricld. Coll.%. 238 (1882) ; Murray, Vertebr. 
Faun. Sind, j). 188 (1884). 
Euspiza brunneiceps, Severtz. Turhest. Jevotn. p. 64 (1878). 


Adult male in summer plumage. Olive-yellow above, with mesial 
black streaks to the feathers of the mantle and upper back; lower 
back and rump yellow, with a tinge of chestnut on the latter; lesser 
wing-coverts olive- yellow; median, greater coverts, and secondaries 

53 . 12MBKRIZA. 
dark brown, broadly edged with pale isabelline-brown, white on the 
median coverts ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and primaries dark 
brown, narrowly edged with isabelline ; upper tail-coverts and tail 
dark brown, the former washed with yellow; the tail-feathers 
edged with isabelline-brown on both webs, whiter along the margin 
of the outer feather, which has a paler shade of brown down the 
middle; crown of head golden orango; the lores, feathers round 
the eye, ear-coverts, cheeks, and fore neck chestnutor bay; sides of 
neck yellow, washed with chestnut; rest of under surface of body 
bright yellow, tinged with chestnut on the vent; under wing-
coverts, axillaries, and edge of wing also yellow ; quills light brown 
below, ashy along the edge of the inner web: " bill bluish grey, 
dusky on the tip of the upper mandible ; feet fleshy brown, darker 
on the toes ; iris brown " (A. 0. Hume). Total length 6-5 inches, 
culmen 0*55, wing 3*55, tail 2-85, tarsus 0*85. 

The adult male in winter plumage is much duller than the summer 
plumage by reason of the ashy shade of brown wrhich obscures the 
whole of the upper surface, including even the yellow rump; the 
chestnut head and throat are also overshaded with ashy, all the 
feathers being tipped with this colour; the whole of the yellow 
under surface of the body also washed over with ashy: " upper mandible 
greyish brown, darkest on the culmen, lower mandible greenish 
brown ; legs and feet greyish brown; iris dark brown " {E. A. 

Butler'), The summer plumage is evidently assumed through the 
wearing-off of the ashy tips to the feathers. 

Adult female in summer plumage. Different from the male, with 
hardly any yellow in the plumage. Above light ashy brown, 
streaked with blackish shaft-markings, the head like the back, the 
bind neck more uniform; lower back and rump uniform ashy brown, 
the latter with a subterminal shade of yellow ; wings and tail as in 
the male; lores and feathers round the eye ashy whitish; ear-
coverts pale brown ; cheeks and under surface of the body isabelline 
or pale sandy grey, with a slight wash of yellow, more pronounced 
on the abdomen and sides of the breast, and especially distinct on 
the under tail-coverts. Total length 6-3 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 
345, tail 24 , tarsus 0*75. 

4 The winter plumage of the adult female only differs from the 
summer plumage in being more ruddy or sandy brown, especially 
on the throat and breast: " bill horny above, bluish fleshy below ; 
legs and feet brown ; iris dark brown" (K A. Butler), 

Young in winter plumage. Brown like the adult female, but 
much more rufescent, and nearly uniform above, only a few half-
concealed black streaks being visible on the back ; ear-coverts and 
sides of face pale rufous-brown, as also the edgings of the wing-
coverts and secondaries ; under surface of body pale isabelline, the 
lower throat, breast, and sides of body pale sandy rufous, with a 
tinge of yellow on the flanks and under tail-coverts. 

Nestling. Browner than the winter plumage described above, 
more sandy buff, with very broad central black streaks to the dorsal 
plumage; the fore neck also minutely spotted with blackibh. 

508 PRINGirjJDJE. 

Hah. Siberia and Central Asia, extending to tho southward 
into Persia, Afghanistan, and tho Indian peninsula. 

<t, h. I mm. sk. 

e. Ad. sk. 
d. Ad. sk. 
*\f. c? ? ad. sk. 
(f,h,i,k. J ad.sk. 
/. Pull. 8k. 

w. $ ad. frk. 
w. Juv. sk. 
o. J ad. sk. 
p. tf ad. sk. 
^. J ad. sk. 
r, #, t. (S ad. sk. 

a\ $ ad. sk. 
//. c? ad. sk. 


c'. 2 ad. sk. 

<f. $ ad. sk, 
e\ c$ ad.;/'. ? 

inam. sk. 
<7'. <£ ad. sk. 
//'. <^ ad. sk. 
i',h'. J ad.,*r. $ 

ad. sk. 
m'} n',<S$ ad. sk. 

</. (^ ad. sk. 

;/. $ acl. sk. 
r/. <5 ad. sk. 
r\ J ad. sk. 


s\ cT ad. sk. 
f, u\ J ad. sk. 

v'> w'« c? ? ad. sk. 

.rr. Ad. sk. 

y\ $ ad sk. 

s'; a. $ 2 ad. ak. 

ft y. <$ ad. 8k. 

a. J ad. sk. 
Siberia. Moscow Museu HOL 

fP.]. 
Altai Mountains. Mr. Brandt. 
Altai Mountains. Mr. Brandt. 
Kirghia Steppes. Purchased. 
Kashgar (Dr. Belleid). India Museum. 
Yarkand, June 27, 1875 (Dr. Hume Coll. 


J. Scidlt/). 
Near Abadeh, Persia. Sir 0. St. John 

ro.i. 

Fao, Persian Gulf. Sept. 1, 

18S4. "W. D. Cumming** 
Tirphul, W. Afghanistan, Esq. [P.] 

April 10, 1885. Dr. Aitchison [C.]. 
Shore, Kaltegai, May 3,1885. Dr. Aitchison [CIG-
ulran, May 4,1885. Dr. Aitchison fO. j * 

Candahar, April 1879 (Sir 0. Hume Coll. 
St John). 
Candahar (Griffith). India Museum. 


Chaman; Afghanistan, April Col. Swinhoe [P.] . 

Malkarez, Afghanistan, April Col. Swinhoe [P.]. 

24. 
Abdul Rahum, Afghanistan, Col. Swinhoe fP.l. 
April 23. L J 
Mundi Hissar, Afghanistan, Col. Swinhoe [P.]. 
April 22. 
Kushdie Khan, May 2. Col. Swinhoe [PX 
Peshawnr. Col. Way HP.! 
T)eeM,Yeb.Ti87Q(JE.AjBut!er). Hume Colt 
Sambhur, March 22,1873 (R. Hume Coll. 


M. Adam). 
Sambhur, April 5, 1873 (H. Hume Coll. 
31. A.). 
Sambhur. Hume Coll. 
Ajrnere, Nov. 10, 1869. Hume Coll. 
Soojut, Jodhpur, April 3, Hume Coll. 


1868 (A. 0. JST.). 
Sirsa district, Punjab, 1870. Hume Coll. 
Hissar, Punjab, Dec. 16, 1867 Hume Coll. 

(A. 0. A). 
Gurgaon district, March 23, Hume Coll. 
1868. 
Sultanpur, Gurgaon, March Hume Coll 
24,1881 (TF. N. Chill), 
Sultanpur, Gurgaon, Nor. 10, Hume Coll. 
1878 (TF. N. C). 
Sultanpur, Gurgaon, April Hume Coll. 

(W. N 0.). 
Delhi, March 23, 1868. Hume Coll. 
Delhi, April 0, 1876 (C. T. Hume Coll. 
Bingham). 

53. EMBERIZA. 
509 

e. $ imm. sk Jhansi, Punjab. 
C, V- $ ad. et imm. N.W. India." 
sk. 

6,I,K,\,JI. (J ad.; Etawali. 
?• $ ad.; f. tf 
linin. sk. 
o, TV. $ ad. sk. Etawah, March 25, 18C9. 

p. c? ad. sk. Etawah, Nov. 1809. 
o-. 6 ad. sk. Etawah, Dec. 2, 1865. 
*". c? j v, <j>-? ad. sk. 
Etawah, April 1872 ( W. E. 

Brooks). 

Ohuchowli, Jan. 11,1866. 
Allahabad. 

Mogulserai, Jan. 11, 1875 

(IV. E. Brooks). 
Mogulserai, Feb. 13, 1875 
(W. E. B.\ 
Oude, Dec. 1873. 
Behar. 
Central Provinces, Dec. 3, 
1870. 
Central Provinces, Feb. 1870. 
Saugor, Central Provinces, 
Nov. 16,1869. 
Satigor. 
Lohardugga, Jan. 10, 1878. 
Mhow, Dec. 19. 


Belgaum, Feb. 1880 (E. A. 

Bzitler). 
Madras. 

Madras {Jerdon). 

India. 

Pimvill Coll. 
Pinwill Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Hodgson Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Col. Swinhoe [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 


T. 
C. Jerdon, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Gould CoH. 

Purchased. 

X, &. d$ ad. sk. 
o>. $ ad. sk. 
a'. $ ad. sk. 

/3'. cS ad. sk. 

y'. c? ad. sk. 
h', e'. (5 ad. sk. , 
{'. <$ ad. sk. 

t)'. tf ad. sk. 
#'. c? ad. sk. 

*\ d* ad. sk. 
K'. c? ad. sk. 
X'. <$ ad. sk. 
A*', *', S', o'. tf ad. 

sk 

*rr. c? ad. sk. 

p\ <$ ad. sk. 

<r'. Skeleton. 

16. Emberiza aureola. 
Emberiza 
aureola, Pall. Bets. Buss. Beichs, ii. p. 711 (1773) j Gm. 
Syst Nat. i. p. 875 (1788); Ball. Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. ii. p. 52, 
tab. 50 (1811) ; Temm, Man. iii. p. 232 (1835); Werner, Atlas, 
Granivores, pis. 442, 443; Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 174 (1837) ; 
Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xxxviii (1840) ; Hodgs Icon, 
ined. in Brit. Mm., Basseres, pi. 291. figs. 1-3 (n. 793); id. in 
Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844); Blyth, J. A. S. Betty, xiii. 

p. 957 (1844) j Middend. Beis. Sibir., Zool. p. 138, Taf. xiii. fig. 9 
(1851); Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xxiii. p. 732 (1854) j Jaub. et Bartk-
JLapomm. Bich. Orn. p. 153, cum tab. (1859); Schrench, Beis. 
Amur I. p. 277 (1859); Bias, in Naum. Vog. Beutschl xiii. pi. 381. 
figs. 1, 2 (I860),- StvinL Ibis, 1861, p. 334; Bias. Ibis, 1862, 
p. 71 ; Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 378; Badde, Beis. Sibir., Vog. p. 157, 
pi. 4. figs. a~h (18G3); Bree, B. Eur. iii. p. 60 (1864); Tristr. 
Ibis, 1867, p. 367,-Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 71 (1869); 
Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 20. fig. 1 (c. 1870); Dresser, B. Eur. iv. 
p. 223, pi. 218 (1871) ; Lilford, Ibis, 1875, p. 6; Alst. $ Marvie 
Brown, t. c. p. 62; Cordeaux, t e. p. 182; Finsch, Ibis, 1877, 
pp. 54, ^ ; David fy Oust Ois. Chine, p. 332 (1877); Anders. 
Exped. Yim-nan, Aves, p. 602 (1878) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1878, p. 340 ; 
FRINGILLIDJE. 

510 

Tir 

Veri 

$ Tarwr^\ijT.^ lSrt;i," p. 00;'Gates, B. Brit. 
Barm, i. p. 355 (18S3); Seek Ibis, 1884, p. 2G6; Blakibt. Amend. 
List B. Japan, pp. 17, 01 (1&84). ^ # rt^,^rt^ 

Yellow-breasted hunting, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. l. p. 201 (1/83). 
Passeiina aureola, VieilL N. Did. cVIIist. Nat xxv. p. 6 {1617). 
l\i^miim collmis, Vieilt. t c.-p. (J (lbl7). 
Miratra flavicollis, JLfrCfeW. i\ Z. S. 1839, p. 1G8; Gray, Gen. B. n. 

p. #70 (J844). 
Emberiza dolielionia, 2?p. -4f# flfe/fo *e#. -4£wn. &*. Ital 1845, 
p. 715 (fesfe Salvad.). 
Einberiza aelysii, Vet-any, Atti de Congres Sclent. Ital. Napoli, 1848 
(tetite Salvad.). 
Eiihpina aureola, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. # N. Amer. p. 36 (1838); 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 376 (1844); id. Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepalpres. 
Ilodqs. p. 108 (184(5); Blyth, Cat B. Mas. As. Soc. p. 129 (1849); 
Bp 'Coiisp. i. p. 468 (1850) ; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. JS.L Co. 
Mas. ii. p. 487 (1856); Swinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 62, 1861, pp. 45,334; 
Jerd. B. 2nd. ii. p. 380 (1863); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 43; Gray, 
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 112, no. 7678 (1870); Swinh. 2>. Z. S. 1871, 

p. ;J87 ; Severtz. Turkest. Jeuotn. p. 64 (1873) ; Dyboicski, J.f.O. 
1873, p. 90; Hume, Str. F. 1874, pp. 258, 481; Oates, Str. F. 
1875, p. 159; Blyth $ Wold. B. Burm. p. 94 (1875); Godwin-
Aust.J.A. S. Beng. xlv. p. 83 (1876); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 
i. p. 178 (1876), iii. p. 137 (1878) ; Hume # Davison, Str. F 1878, 
p. 409: Mime, Str. F. 1879, pp. 67, 107; Scully, t c. p. 334; 
Bingham, Str. F. 1880, p. 193; Bolau, J.f.O. 1880, p. 127,1881, 
p. 59; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vii. p. 393 (1882) ; Stejnerjer, 
Froc. U. S. Nat Mas. 1883, p. 71; Giglioli, Avif. Ital. p.* 46 
(1885); Salvad. Flench. Ucc. Ital. p. 162 (1887). 
Enspizaflavogularis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xviii. pp. 86, 811 (1849) ; 
id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 129 (^1849) ; Bp. Comp. i. p. 468 
(1850). 

Hvpocentor aureolus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Tk. i. p. 131 (1850); Stejneger, 
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 244 (1885). 
Euspiza flavocollaris, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 112, no. 7679 (1870). 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above deep 
maroon, with blackish centres to the feathers of the mantle and 
back, and more or less indications of sandy margins (remains of 
winter plumage); least wing-coverts like the back, but washed with 
ashy ; median series white, forming a wing-patch ; greater coverts 
maroon, with blackish bases and broad white tips, forming a bar : 
bastard-wing and primary-coverts dusky brown, externally edged 
with whitish; quills brown, edged with ashy rufous, the inner 
secondaries maroon, with whitish margins, the primaries edged with 
yellowish white; upper tail-coverts brown, washed with maroon 
and edged with ashy; tail-feathers brown, edged with ashy brown, 
the outer feathers obliquely white, brown along the outer web 
and at the tip, with an oblique brown mark along the inner web ; 
the white mark present but reduced in size on the penultimate 
feather; head uniform maroon; a broad frontal band, eyebrow, 
sides of face, ear-coverts, and upper throat black; lower throat 

53. EMBEBIZA. 511 
yellow, followed by a band of maroon across the fore neck ; remainder 
of under surface of body yellow, the vent and under tail-
coverts white ; sides of body and flanks distinctly streaked with 
brown, the sides of the upper breast with chestnut; axillaries pale 
yellow; under wing-coverts dull white; quills dusky below, ashy 
whitish along the inner web: " upper mandible dark horny brown, 
lower one fleshy pink or very pale brown ; legs and feet pale pinkish 
or horny brown; iris wood-brown " {Davison). Total length (3 inches, 

culmen 0-5, wing 2-85, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*75. 

The adult male in winter plumage differs from the summer plumage 
in having the upper surface obscured by ashy margins to the feathers, 
in having an ashy-brown eyebrow, the ear-coverts ashy brown, with 
a black streak above and below, and more particularly in the colour 
of the under surface. The yellow is duller than in summer, and 
obscured by ashy margins to the feathers, which almost completely 
hide the maroon collar on the fore neck. The throat is likewise 
yellow instead of black, and this black throat is renewed in the 
spring by a complete moult, as is shown by two specimens in the 
Museum series. The remainder of the summer plumage appears to 
be gained by the wearing-off of the tips of the feathers instead of 
by a moult. 

Adult female in breeding-plumage. Differs from the male in being 

brown above streaked with black, narrowly on the head and broadly 

on the mantle and back; the lower back, rump, and upper tail-

coverts pale chestnut, centred with black; the head paler brown in 

the centre, like the hind neck, the sides of the crown darker brown; 

lesser wing-coverts ashy; median wing-coverts blackish, tipped 

with white, forming a wing-bar; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 

and quills dark brown, edged with ashy brown, whiter on the pri


maries ; the greater coverts and secondaries dark brown, externally 

rufous-brown, the coverts whitish at their ends ; tail as in the male, 

but the white on the two outer feathers not so extended; lores, 

eyebrow, and feathers round the eye isabelline, the ear-coverts pale 

brown, with a distinct streak of black along their lower margin; 

cheeks and throat ashy white, with a dull brown malar streak; 

lower throat and breast yellow, clearer on the lower breast and 

abdomen; lower abdomen and under tail-coverts dull white, the 

latter with longitudinal central streaks of dark brown; sides of body 

and flanks pale brownish, broadly streaked with blackish brown ; 

axillaries pale brown; under wing-coverts whitish; quills dusky 

below, ashy grey along the inner web. Total length 5'5 inches, 

culmen 0*45, wing 2*85, tail 1*15, tarsus 0*8. 

Dr. Finsch procured a specimen near Barnaul on the 21st of 

July, which he has marked as a female, and which only differs from 

the male in being brown streaked with black above, and in the 

paler colour of the underparts. It has a chestnut head and prse


pectoral collar, as in the male, and even shows the black throat, the 

latter, however, much obscured by ashy feathers. If this is indeed 

a female and not a male of the previous year in its first breeding-

dress, then it must be a case of assumption of male plumage, or else 

512 FRISGILLIDJE. 

it may prove that very old females make considerable approach, to 
the full plumage of the adult male. 

Young females in winter plumage closely resemble the old females, 
but are very thickly streaked with black on the head, and have often 
a deep tinge of saffron-yellow on the throat and fore neck. Young 
males generally show some maroon colour on the head and upper 
parts, and the collar on the fore neck can also be traced. 

Young birds have the bill dull flesh-coloured, above brownish 
grey, feet pale brownish grey, iris dark brown, according to Dr. 
Stejneger. 

Hub. Northern Europe and Siberia, Northern China, wintering 
in the Burmese countries and as far south as Johore in the Malayan 

peninsula. 

a. <$ ad. sk. 
b. $ ad.sk. 
c. [ $ ] ad. sk. 
d. e. S 6 ad. sk. 
/. <$ ad. sk. 
g, S ad. sk. 
ft, i tf ad.; Jc, I. 
$ ad. sk. 
m, n, o7p. $ ad. j 
q, r. $ ad. sk. 
Sjt <$ ad.etiinm.,


u. J ad, sk. 
v. $ imm. sk. 
w. <5 ad. sk. 
x. cS ad. sk. 
y, z. $ imm. sk. 

a'. J imm. sk. 

b'. $ ad. sk. 

c'-q(. <$ ad. ; r'-j3. 
2 ad.; y, b. J 
imm. sk. 

e-r. <S ad. sk. 

V-K'. 2 ad. sk.

X» r. <$ imm.sk,

£. $ ad.sk.

Archangel. 
Onega River, July 10 ( W. 
Meves). 

Before Barnaul, June 21 (O. 

Fimch). 

Altai Mountains. 

Kalgan, "just within the 
outer wall of China, 2000 
feet." 

China. 
Nepal. 


Nepal (B. II. Hodgson). 

 Nepal Valley, Feb. 1878 

(Br. J. Scully). 

Native Sikhiin, Oct. 1872 

(X. Mandelli). 
Dhollah, Assam, April 19, 
1887 (J. Cockburn). 
Dhollah, Assam, May 1,1877 

(J. Cockburn). 
Assam (McClelland). 
JoonkotoUee, Dibrughur, 
Assam, Oct. 25, 1880 (J. 

H. Cripps). 
Cachar, Jan. 27, 1881 (A. 
O. JET.). 
Manipur, Feb. 1881 (A. 
O. Jff.). 
Manipur, March 1881 (A. 

O. II.). 
Manipur, March 1881 (A. 
O. H.). 
Manipur, March 1881 (A. 
O. H.). 
Kokshin-Koolel, Manipur, 
April (5, 1881 (A.O.H.). 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 

Mr. Brandt. 
Gould Coll. 


J.R.Reeves,Esq.[P.]. 
Hodgson Coll. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


India Mus. (Types 
of Mlrafra flauicollis.) 


Hume Coll.. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

53 . EMBEKIZA. 
513 
Hume Coll. 


Dr. J. Anderson [0.1 
Oates Coll. 
Oates Coll. 
Oates Coll. 
Oates Coll. 
Oates Coll. 
Purchased. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume ColL 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume ColL 
Hume ColL 
Hume ColL 

°V.[<?$] ad.sk. 
t/,0'. <y sk. 
x'. $ ad. sk. 
yj/'. <£ juv. sk. 

co'. $ ad. sk. 

a. ^ ad. sk. 
J. J ad. sk. 
c, d. <$ inim. sk. 
e,f. d ad.; g. <$ 
irnm. sk. 

h. 
$ ad.; £ tf 
imm. sk. 
k. $ ad. sk. 
I, m. $ ad. et juv. 
sk. 

n. <$ ad. sk. 
o. $ ad. sk. 
p. $ imm. sk. 
q, $ imm. sk. 

r, s, t. S ad.; u. 
$ juv. sk. 
-y. <$ "ad.; w, a\ $ 
5 juv. sk. 

y. <$ imm. sk. 
s. $ ad.sk. 
af,V,c,d',e'. <$,f, 
g', h\ $ ad. sk. 
i'9 h'. <$ imm. sk. 

Pkalel, Manipur, April 9, 
1881 (A. 0. II). 

Bhanio, Feb. 3. 
Wau, Pegu, April. 

Wau, Pegu, April 24. 

Near Pegu, Feb. 

Pegu, April 26. 

Pegu, Nov. 18. 

Arakan. 

Kedai Keglay, 18 miles from 
Thatone, Tenasserim, Dec. 
16,1870 ( W. Davison). 
Htain Ben, Thatone, Feb. 9. 
1878 (W. D.). 
Thatone, Jan. 10,1878 (W. 
D.). 
Thatone, Nov. 29,1877 (W. 
D.). 
Thatone, Dec. 1877 (W. D.). 

Thatone, March 11, 1877 

(WD). 

Wimpong, 15 miles from 
Thatone, Jan. 2, 1871 

(W.I).). 
Wimpong, Dec. 28. 1876 
(W.D). 

.Kanee, Houngthraw River, 
March 7, 1877 ( W. D). 
Pabyouk, March 12, 1874 

(W.D). 
Moulmein, Dec. 1878 (W. 
D.). 
Moulmein, Jan. 2,1879 (W. 
D.). 

Moulmein, Feb. 22, 1878 
(W.D). 

Tavoy, March 1877 (W. D). 

Tavoy, March 1877 ( W. D,). 

I'j m'} n'. <$ ad.; o',Tavoy, April 1877 (IF. D.). 
p',q*,*,*',?. $ 
ad. sk. 

Zadawoon, Mergui, Nov. 21, 

u'. $ imm. sk. 1876 (W.D.). 
r Pakchan, Jan. 22, 1875 

v. cJ ad. sk. (W.D). 
Pahpoon, Jan. 21,1874 (W.
w>'. c^ad. sk. D.). 
r Johore, Aug. 18, 1875 (W. 

x, J ad. sk. D). 
Camorta, Nicobars, March 

«/'. 2 imm. sk. 5,1873 (W. D.). 

2i 

VOL. Xll. 

514 
FKINGlLLIDiE,, 

17. Emberiza rutila. 
Emberiza 
rutila, Pall. Peis. Puss. Reichs, iii. p. 698 (1776); Gnu 
Si/st. Nat. i. p. S72 (1788) ; Pall. Zooqr. Posso-Asiat. ii. p. 53 
(1811); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 377 (1844); Temm. § Schl Faun. 
Jap., Aves, pi. 56 B (1850); Midd. Sibir. Peis. ii. p. 141 (1851) ; 
Schrenck, A?m/r. Pets., Zool p. 280 (1859); Swinh. Ibis, 1861, 
pp. 334, 410; id. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 318; Padde, Peis. Sibir., Vdq. 

p. 168 (1863); Blyth $ Wald. P. Burm. p. 95 (1875); Wardlaw 
Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 462; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, iii. p. 139 
(1878); Tiraud, Bull. Com. Agric. Cochin Chine, (3) i. p. 132 (1879); 
Blalist. # Pryer, B. Japan, p. 171 (1882); Oates, B. Brit. Burm. 
i. p; 354 (1883); Blakist. Amended List B. Japan, p. 30 (1884). 
Euapiza rutila, Bp. Consp. i. p. 409 (1850); Swinh. P. Z S 1863, 
p. 300; DybowsH, J. f. 0. 1868, p. 335; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, 
p. 387; Tacz. J. f. 0. 1878, p. 90, 1874, p. 335; id. Bull. Sol 
Zool France, i. p. 178 (1876); David fy Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 331 
(1877) ; Ilmne <$• Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 408; Hume, Str. F. 
1879, p. 107. 
Citrinella rutila, Gray, Hund-l. B. ii. p. 113, no. 7696 (1869): Hume 

Str. F. 1875, p. 117. 
\ )> * > 

Adult male. General colour above deep bay or chestnut, entirely 
uniform, but a little lighter towards the rump and upper tail-
coverts ; scapulars and wing-coverts like the back, the latter with 
obsolete fringes of olive-grey at the ends ; bastard-wing blackish • 
primary-coverts dark brown, margined with dull olive; quills 
blackish brown, edged with light brown, the primaries with ashy 
the inner secondaries externally chestnut; tail-feathers dark brown' 
edged with olive, the two outer ones with a small whitish mark at 
the end of the outer web; sides of face, throat, and fore neck chestnut 
like the back; remainder of under surface of body clear sulphur-
yellow, including the thighs and under tail-coverts; sides of body 
and flanks olive-greenish, with broad streaks of dusky blackish • 
axillaries and under wing-coverts white, washed with pale yellow' 
with dusky bases; quills dusky below, ashy along the inner web' 
" bill brown ; feet grey ; iris brownish rufous " (David) Total 
length 5 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2*95, tail 2*25, tarsus 0-7 


In winter plumage the chestnut feathers of the back and throat 
have ashy margins, which are shed on the approach of the breeding



season.
The younger males in winter plumage may be told by the ashy 
colour of the mantle and back being much more developed, these 
parts being further mottled by subterminal spots of black 
Adult female Different from the male. Brown above, broadly 
streaked with black on the mantle and back, the head like the back 
and similarly streaked; hind neck more uniform and less distinctly 
streaked with blackish; lower back and rump chestnut; uTOer tail 
coverts pale chestnut, with ashy margins and dusky centres- win*, 
coverts blackish brown, edged with ashy olive, yellowish white 
towards the end of the feathers; bastard-wing, primary-coverts 
and quills dark brown, edged with pale brown, slightly rufescent 

53. EMBERIZA. 
515 
on the margins of the secondaries; tail as in the male; lores, feathers 

round the eye, and a faint eyebrow isabelline; ear-coverts pale ashy 

brown, with a streak of black along the upper margin; cheeks and 

throat pale ochreous 
buff, separated from each other by a malar 

line of black; remainder of under surface of body pale sulphur-

yellow, with a few dusky streaks on the chest; the sides of the body 

and flanks ashy olive, broadly streaked with blackish brown. Total 

length 4*5 inches, culmen 0*43, wing 2*05, tail 1*85, tarsus 0*7. 

Young. Differs from the old female, which it generally resembles, 

by its striped under surface, which is paler yellow than in the adults, 

narrowly streaked with black on the throat, breast, and sides of the 

body ; upper surface 
rufous-brown, streaked with black, the lower 

back and rump more rufous than the back and streaked with black. 

In general appearance the young bird resembles that of E. pusilla, 

with which Mr. Seebohm identified the specimen described; but it 

may be recognized by its yellow under surface. 

Hah. Eastern Siberia and N. China: doubtfully recorded from 

Japan (cf. Blakiston, I. e. *) ; winters in Southern China, Cochin 

China, Indo-Burmese countries, and South-eastern Himalayas. 

a. $ 
ad.; b. Amoor-Land. Purchased. 
d sk. 
c. S ad. sk. China (JR. Stoinhoe). Gould Collection. 
d. Juv. sk. " Ship," Oct. 15*. F. Ringer, Esq.. [P.]. 
e. J juv. sk. Native Sikhim, March 1873 Hume Coll. 
(L. Mandelli). 
/. <$ ad. sk. Goki, British Sikhim, March Hume Coll. 
1871 (Z. M.). 
g, 
<$ ad. sk. Taidali, British Sikhim, Apr. Hume Coll. 
1871 (X. M.). 


h. $ imm. sk. Bhootan Do oars, Jan. 1876 Hume Coll. 
(L. M,). 
ij k, I, in. $ ; n} o, Wimpong, 15 miles from Hume Coll. 
p} q, $ imm. sk. Thatone, Tenasserim, Dec. 
187C (W.Davison). 
r,s,t,u,v. Jad.:w, Wimpong, Jan. 1877 (W. D.). Hume Coll. 
. x. d ? imm. sk. 

y, J ad. sk. Above Kyouknyat, Salween Hume Coll. 

district, Jan. 31, 1874 

(W.B.). 

18. Emberiza citrinella. 
The Yellow Hammer, Albin, Nat. H. Birds, i, p. 63, pi. 66 (1738). 
Le Bruant, JJrw*. Orn. iii. p. 258 (1760). 
Emberiza citrinella, Linn. Sijst. Nat. i. p. 309 (1766); Pall. Zoogr. 

Bosso-Asiat. ii. p. 36 (1811) ; Koch, Syst, baier. Zool p. 210 
(1816) j Temm. Man. cPOrn. p. 304 (1820) ; Naum. Vog. Deutschl 

* I think there can be no doubt as to the identity of the specimen procured 
by Mr. Ringer; but it was apparently caught on board ship. 
516 misGinLTDm. 

IV. pi 102. figs. 1, 2 (1824) ; Roux, Orn. Provenc. pi. 104 (1825); 
Werner, Atlas, Grankores, pi. 21 (1827); Bream, Yog. DeutseliL 
p. 294 (1831); Menetr. Cat. Rais. Cane. p. 40 (1SS'2): Gould, B. 
Eur. iii. pi. 173 (1837); Macgill Br. B. i. p. 44o (1837); Bp. 
Comp. List B. Bur. § X. Amer. p. 36 (1838) ; Crespon, Orn. 
Gard, p. 214 (1840); Keys. u. Bias. JYirk Bur. p. loo (1840); 
Xordm. in Demid. Yoy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 172 (1540); Selys-
Longch. Faun. Beh/e, p. 82 (1842); Tarr. Brit. B. I p. 443 {1843); 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 377 (1844); Thomps. B. IrtL l. p. 243 {1849); 
JBp. Consp. i. p. 4(5-5 {1850); Cab. Mm. Hein. Th. i. p. 12s (1850); 
Kjcerb. Orn. Dan. pi. 25. fig. 1 (1852) ; Srhl Yog. Xtderl. pi. 154 
(1854) ; Heivits, Eggs Brit. B. p. 1*8, pi. 47. fk. 2 < 1*J0); Snndev. 
Svensk. Foal pi. 0.fiV.4 [c. 185b); Jaub. et Barlk.-Zapomm. Rick, 
Orn. p. 156 (1850); ScM.Dier. Xederl Vug. pi. 15. figs. 2,3 (1801); 
F. £ P. GWw. 2*W, 1861, p. 84; Gray, List Brit. I?/p. 103 {1803}; 
ifo<&fc, 7?<?&. &'&>., Vog. p. 101 (1863): Giglioli, Ibis, 1M)53 p. 57 ; 
More, t. c. p. 125; Begt et Gerbe, Orn. Bur. i. p. 310 {lyfi); Lor he, 
Expl Sei. Alger., Oi*. i. p. 170 (1867); Burggr. YogAf. XorddeuhcM. 
p. 72(1850); Doderl Arif. SieiL p. 67 (l^JO): I> ^ 
Fbytfw. Borhum, p. 109 (1800): JFw//^, Ibi$, 1SH9, p. 2otf; JSYjrw 
^ Buckley, Ibis, lb70, p. 193; Button, t. c. p. 3i>7; Frihch, Vua. 
Ear. tab. 17. fig. 7 (c. 1^70); (?wW, I?, 6'/. i^V. iii. pi. 22 (r\ 1&70) ; 
Salt ad. Faun. Bal, X^ee. p. 137 (1571): Saunders, Ibis, 1^-71, 
p. 217; i2. Gray, 2?. TH^ tfcr>& p. 130 (1871); Brewer, B. Eur. 
iv. p. 171, pi. 209 (1^71; ; Ilarting, Ilaadb. Brit. B. p. 2H (1^72 <; 
JP. Godm. Ibis, 1*72, p. 209; Serertz. Turkest. Jautn. p. 04 
1873; ./l&ta ^ Harvie Broirn, Ibis, 1^73, p. 03; 2>%, i?. <7//>r. 
p. 225 (1875); Xeicton, ed. Tarr. Brit. II ii. p. 43 {1*7^; Jk/r. 
2?M& SOC. Zool. France, i p. 177 (1870); Ureter, IMK 1^76, 
p. 248; DAM/. 4" Harvie Brown, t c. p. 312; Fallon, Ok. BAg. 
p. 86 (1872); Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 257 (1870); AWWwi 4* 
Harvie Brown, 3is, Ib70, p. 110; Rowley, Orn. 3Ii>. ii. p. 73, 
pi. xlvi. fig. 1 (187(5); JFW/i, i&w, 1*77. pp. 49. 04; Danf. Ibis, 
1878, p. 22; Irby, Ibis, 1879, p. 345: Bogd. B. Caue. p. 70 (1879) ; 
Finsch, Yerh z.-b. Gesellsch Wiea, xxlx. p. 215 (1^79/; Seebokm, 
Ibis, 1882, pp. 217, 379; Finsek, t. c. p. 394; Seebokm, Ibis, 1^3. 
p. 11; Irby, t. c. p. 184; B. O. V. LUt Brit B. p. 00 (1683); 
Homeyer $ Tanere, MT. orn, Ver. Wien, 1^*3, p. 90; Clarke, Ibis, 
1884, p. 143; Saunders, t. c. p. 370; Seebokm, Hist. Brit. B. ii. 
p. 100 (1884); Radde, Orn. Cam. p. 191 (1884); Giglioli, Atif. 
Ital p. 47 (1885); Salmd. Elenek. Vcc. Ital p. 103 (1:^7). 
Le Bruant de France, Baubent. PI. Enl. v. pi 30. %. 1; Month. 

Hist. Xat Ois. iv. p. 340 (1778). 

Yellow Bunting, Latk. Gen. Syn. ii. p t 1, p. 170 (1783). 

Emberiza cirlus {nee L.), Roio\ Orn, Prow pi. 107 {1825). 

Emberiza syhestris, Brekm, Yog. DeuUchl. p. 294 (lKll{. 

Emberiza major, etc., Brekm, Xaum. 1855, p. 278. 

Citrinella citrinella, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 113, no. 7083 (1870). 

Adult on ale in tvinter fjlumage. General colour above fulvousbrown, 
rather abhy on the margins of the feathers, which are broadly 
streaked with black centres, and are slightly tinged with olive-
yellow; lower back, rump, and tipper tail-coverts vinous chestnut, 
the former slightly streaked with blaekibh, the latter distinctly 
margined with ashy; lesser wing-coverts more rufous than the "back, 
with longitudinal black centres; the median series black, broadly 

53 . ESIBEEIZA. 
517 

edged, with rufous and terminally margined with ashy; greater 
coverts black, broadly edged with fulvous-brown, more rufous on 
the inner ones; bastard-wing, primary-eoverts, and quills dark 
sepia-brown, narrowly edged with ashy olive, becoming pale yellow 
towards the ends of the primaries, the first of which is margined 
entirely with yellowish white; the secondaries edged with fulvousbrown, 
the innermost rufous on the outer web and at the tip ; 
tail-feathers dark brown, edged with ashy fulvous, somewhat 
rufescent on the centre feathers, and tinged with yellow on the 
outer ones; the two outer feathers with an elongated wedge-shaped 
mass of white on the inner web, much reduced on the penultimate 
feather; crown of head olive-greenish, with yellow bases to the 
feathers, which are also streaked with black near the ends; the 
sides of the crown dull olive-greenish, streaked with black; hind 
neck and sides of neck dull olive-greenish; lores bright yellow, as 
well as the feathers over the eye, both more or less concealed by 
olive-greenish; cheeks and sides of face dull yellow, overshaded 
with olive; a line along the upper and a second line along the 
lower edge of the ear-coverts dusky black; entire throat yellow, 
with a few triangular spots of dull olive and a dusky patch at the 
lower end of the malar line; fore neck olive-greenish, this colour 
extending on to the sides of the neck; breast and abdomen yellow; 
the sides of the breast and flanks as well as the under tail-coverts 
dull yellow, with pale chestnut or ferruginous centres, the flanks 
also mesially streaked with black; thighs dull yellow; axillaries 
and under wing-coverts pale yellow, with ashy bases; quills dull 
ashy below, paler ashy along the inner web. Total length 7 inches, 
culmen 0-45, wing 3*6, tail 3, tarsus 075. 

Adult male in summer plumage. Much more brilliantly coloured 
than in winter, and without the ashy or olive shading. The summer 
dress is acquired by the wearing away and abrasion of the tips to 
the feathers; hence all the colours become greatly intensified. The 
back is clearer brown, with strongly-marked black centres to the 
feathers; the lower back and rump deeper chestnut, without any 
ashy margins ; the wing-coverts and secondaries have more decided 
chestnut on the margins, and the yellow edgings to the primaries 
are only slightly marked; the crown of the head and nape are 
canary-yellow, with a streak of greenish black across the forehead 
and along the sides of the crown, widening towards the • occiput; 
this is succeeded by a distinct yellow eyebrow; feathers below the 
eye and ear-coverts yellow, with a broad band of greenish black 
along the lower and hinder edge of the ear-coverts; sides of neck 
pure yellow, as also the cheeks and throat, with a distinct moustachial 
line of chestnut; the chest greenish or ashy olive; breast 
and sides of the body uniform chestnut; the flanks somewhat edged 
with yellow and distinctly streaked with black; lower breast and 
abdomen yellow; under tail-coverts yellow, with chestnut centres. 

It is seldom that males, even when in full summer plumage, are 
found as brightly coloured as the one described above, which is an 
extreme example. There is generally a good deal of striping on the 

518 
mimiLLTDM. 

head, and the chestnut on the sides of the breast is not uniform, hut 

is mottled with yellow margins to the feathers. There is consider


able variation in the colouring of the adult males, especially as 

regards their facial markings. Some show little or no sign of the 

chestnut line on the cheeks, while in others it is strongly developed, 

and in one specimen from Hampshire, in the Gould collection, it is so 

broad as to occupy nearly the whole of the cheeks. The time of 

year, too, for the commencement of the change to spring plumage is 

uncertain. Capt. Shelley shot a male on the 23rd of November 

already far advanced towards the complete yellow head; whereas 

other males killed in April show very little sign of the approaching 

breeding-dress. 

Adult female in summer plumage. Differs from the male in the 

less amount of yellow on the head and in the uniform dusky ear-

coverts; the crown, 
even in full breeding-plumage, is dull ashy 

olive-brown, closely streaked with black, and showing yellow bases 

to the feathers when disturbed; the head, however, never becomes 

yellow; lores dull yellowish ashy; cheeks, throat, and underparts 

pale yellowish, thickly marked on the cheeks with triangular little 

black spots, taking the form of longitudinal stripes on the chest, 

less distinct on the throat, which is ashy olive, and very distinct on 

the flanks, which are rufous-brown. Total length 6*3 inches, 

culmen 04, wing 3-2, tail 2'65, tarsus 0*75. 

Young in first winter plumage. Similar to the old female in winter, 

but more yellow below and more distinctly streaked, especially on 

the throat and flanks; all the streaks on the upper surface also very 

strongly pronounced. 

Specimens from Western Siberia and Persia have the wing-

coverts rather whiter at the ends than ordinary European examples. 

Hab. Europe generally, extending into Western Siberia. 

a. $ 
ad. var. sk. St. Davids, Pembrokeshire, Dr. Giinther rp.I 
Sept. 9. 
b. d 
ad. sk. Delamere, Cheshire, July R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
14 (F. Nicholson). 
c. $ ad. sk. Cambridge, April 4(0.&). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d. d ad. sk. Cambridgeshire (J. Baker). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e,f. d ad.; g} h. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker TCI. 
Pull. st. L J 
i, & d $ ad. sk. Norfolk, June. Lord Walsingham [P.]. 
/. d ad.; m, n. Saffron Walden, Essex. J. Clarke, Esq. rP. I. 

Pull. st. 

* L
o. d ad. sk. Leicestershire. Theodore Walker, Esq. 
p,q. d$ ad. sk. Oxford, Feb. 4, 1878. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.I 
r. d ad. sk. Cookharn, Berks. Gould Coll. 
s, t d ad. sk. Cookharn, Feb. 1874. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P. 
u, v. d ad. sk. Cookharn, Jan. 24, 1879. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P. 
ip. (^ ad. sk. Epping. H.Doubleday, Esq/P. 
x, y. d ad. sk. Colgate, Sussex, Dee. 23. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. LP. 
a, a', d ad. sk. Lancing, Sussex, April 1. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P. 
b\ d ad. sk. Lancing, March 28. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.' 
c',d',e\ d ad. et Brighton, Sussex, Oct. R.B.Sharpe,Esq.HP.' 
iinm. sk. 

/, g\ <S ad.; h>. 

2 imm. sk. 

*', k'. d § ad. sk. 

I'. <J ad. sk. 

?n'. $ ad. 5 n', £ 

juv. sk. 
o', //. cJ ad. sk. 
#', »*'. c? ? ad. sk. 
*'. $ ad. sk. 

£', u\ <£ $ ad. sk. 

#r 

. c? ad. var. sk. 
w'. c? ad. sk. 


A*', ^/'. (5* ad. sk. 

s'. $ ad. sk. 

a. c? ad. sk. 
0. 2 ad. sk. 
y. c? ad. sk. 
&. 2 ad. sk. 

e. $ ad. sk. 
£ *?. d $ ad. sk. 

6. $ ad. sk. 
t. $ ad. sk. 
K. <$ ad. sk. 
X. d ad. sk. 
jLt. d ad. sk. 

V) £• d ? ad. sk. 

o. d imm. sk, 
7r. c? ad. sk, 
p, <r. $ $ ad. sk. 

r. J imm. sk. 
v, 0. Skeletons. 

X, ^. Skeletons. 

o), a', 0', y, *'. 

Skulls. 

53 . EMBEEIZA. 519 
Brighton, Nov. R.B.Sharpe,Esq.[P.]. 

Surrey, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Alton, Hants. Gould Coll. 
Avington, Hants, Feb. 12. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P." 


Avington, May 11. R.B. Sharpe,Esq. [P.". 
Avington, Nov. 23. R.B. Sharpe,E-q. [P.I. 
Cheltenham, Gloucester J.E.Harting,Esq.[P.\ 


shire, Feb. 
Wiltshire. Montagu Coll. 
Wiltshire. Montagu Coll. 
Axmouth, Devonshire, Dec. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 

12 (H. Swaysland). 
Moscow, April 20. Dr. Lenz. 
Ust Zylma, Petchora River, Col. Feilden and J. A. 

May 17. Harvie Brown, Esq. 

Stockholm, Dec. 14 (W. R.B.B: Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Meves), 

S. Norway, May (J. Bake?"). Salvin-Godma n Coll. 
Sarpsborg, Norway, June Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(X Baker). 

Borregaard, S. Norway, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
July (J". Baker). 
Christiania Fjord, Norway, Gould Coll. 
July. 
Denmark, Jan. 7,1871 (A. Hume Coll. 
Benzon). 

Denmark, May 19, 1869 Hume Coll. 

(A. Benzon). 
Belgium, Dec. 10. Brussels Museum [P. 
Belgium, May 7. Brussels Museum [P._ 
Havre, W. France, June 4 Edward Hargitt, Esq. 

(KPluche). [P.]. 
Havre, Nov. 1 (KPluche). Edward Hargitt, Esq. 

Seine-et-Oise (Petit). Edward Hargitt, Esq. 

[P.]. 
Italy. Gould Coll. 
Erzeroum (Dickson and Gould Coll. 

Boss). 

Persia. Purchased. 
Nisamkaja, River Ob, Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 

Sept. 18 (Dr. Finsch). 
England. Purchased. 
England. Purchased. 

S. Germany. Dr. Giinther [P.]. 
19. Emberiza sulphurata. 
Emberiza sulphurata, Temm. fy Sold. Faun. Jap., Aves, p. 100, pi. 60 
(1850); Bp. Consp.i. p. 464 (1850); Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 334, 
1863, p. 378 ; David ty Oust Ois. Chine, p. 330 (1877); Blakist. 
& Pryer, B. Japan, p. 171 (1882) ; Blakist. Amended List B. Jap. 

p. 17 (1884). 
520 PEnsraiLLiDJE. 

Enspiza sulphurata, Swinh Ibis, I860, p. 359, 1801, p. 40; id. P. 

Z.S. 1863, p. 378; Gray, Hancl-L B. ii. p. 112, no. 7080 (1870) j 
Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 388; id. Ibis, 1875, p. 451. 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour greenish grey 
washed with pale yellow; the head and mantle paler and more 
sulphur-yellow, the latter with broad mesial streaks of black; the 
scapulars like the mantle; the rump and lower back uniform and 
more distinctly ashy grey; upper tail-coverts ashy with yellowish 
edges; lesser wing-coverts ashy with a yellowish tinge; median 
and greater series blackish, edged with ashy and tipped with yellowish 
white, the greater coverts slightly rufescent on the outer 
margins ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, edged 
with ashy olive, the secondaries externally rufescent, the Innermost 
with whitish margins, so as to resemble the inner greater coverts; 
centre tail-feathers light brown, the others blackish, the outer one 
for the most part white, excepting a longitudinal mark along the 
end of the outer web and an oblique basal mark on the inner web ; 
penultimate feather with the white much reduced and forming a 
large wedge-shaped mark on the inner web; the third feather with 
only a small white mark near the end of the inner web; ear-coverts 
greenish grey like the hind neck; lores, feathers in front of the eye, 
and a spot at base of chin dusky blackish; feathers below the eye, 
cheeks, and under surface of body sulphur-yellow, paler on the lower 
breast and abdomen, and still lighter on the under tail-coverts, 
which are whitish tinged with yellow; sides of breast and ilanks 
ashy olive, the latter streaked with black; axUlaries and under 
wing-coverts white, washed with pale yellow"; quills abhy below, 
whitish along the edge of the inner wreb. Total length 5-25 inches, 
culmen 0-4, wing 2-85, tail 2-25, tarsus 0-7. 

Considerable difference exists in the full-plumaged males with 
regard to the amount and intensity of the black stripes on the back. 
In winter the adult male appears to be always more broadly streaked 


•with black on the back, the black centres becoming attenuated 
during the breeding-season; the mantle is also washed with rufous 
like the inner secondaries. 
The adult female in breeding-plumage differs but little from the 
male, being duller in colour and rather browner on the mantle, 
which is very broadly streaked with black; it is further distinguished 
by the absence of the black lores and chin-spot. Total length 4*75 
inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-75, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*7. 

Young birds in winter plumage. Only differ from the plumage 
of the adult female in being rather more olive-brown, with the rufescent 
edges to the feathers of the mantle and inner secondaries broad 
and strongly pronounced; lower back and rump uniform ashy olive ; 
the under surface of the body is clear yellow, with a tinge of "saffroncolour 
on the throat and chest. 

Rab. Northern and Central China ; Japan. 

a, b. S ad. sk. Japan. EL Seebohm, Esq. r R l 

c. <5 imm. sk. Anioy, April (R Sioinhoe). H. Seebohm, Eb^. ^-J
53. EHBERIZA. 521 
d. S ad. sk. Amoy, China, April. Consul Swinhoe [C.l. 
e. $ ad. sk. Amoy, China, May. Consul Swinhoe [C.J. 
/. 5 j uv -s^- Amoy, April (R. Smnhoe). Gould Coll. 
g. $ 'ad. sk. Amoy, April (JR. &). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
A. Ad. sk. Amoy, April (R. &). Hume Coll. 
i. J jun. sk. Formosa, Dec. Consul Swinhoe [C.]. 
20. Emberiza personata. 
Emberiza personata, Temm. Tl. Col. iii. pi. 580 (1835) ; Gray, Gen. 
B. ii. p. 377 (1844); Temm. Sf Schl. Faun. Jap., Aves, pi. 59 B. 
(1850); Bp. Consp. i. p. 465 (1850) ; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. E. I. 
Co. Mus. ii. p. 484 (1856); SwinJk. Ibis, 1861, pp. 45, 334, 1862, 
p. 258,1872, p. 80, 1874, p. 161; Tacz. Bidl. Soc. Zool. France, 
I. p. 176 (1876); Blahist $ Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 243; iid. B. 
Japan, p. 170 (1882); Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 182; Blakisf. 
Amended List B. Japan, pp. 17, 61 (1884). 
Emberiza sulphurata, Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 203. 
Citrinella personata, Gray, B.and-1. B. ii. p. 113, no. 7689 (1870). 
Euspiza personata, Swinh. Ibis, 1866, p. 62. 


Adult male. General colour above rufous-brown mesially streaked 
with black, the feathers of the mantle with pale ashy-fulvous 
markings ; the lower back and rump olive-brown, slightly mottled 
with dusky centres to the feathers ; lesser wing-coverts uniform 
olive-brown; median and greater coverts dusky brown, edged with 
pale olive-brown, slightly rufescent, and tipped with dull white, 
rather broader on median series ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts 
dusky brown, washed externally with ashy; quills dusky brown, 
externally edged with rufous, the primaries with pale olive, the 
innermost secondaries externally ashy whitish; upper tail-coverts 
and centre tail-feathers light brown, edged with sandy buff; rest of 
tail-feathers blackish, edged with sandy buff; penultimate feather 
with a wedge-shaped mark of white, larger on the outermost one, 
which has the outermost web white towards the base; crown of 
head, occiput, nape, and hind neck dark olive-greenish, slightly 
streaked with black mesial lines, some of the nape-feathers on the 
sides of hinder crown tipped with reddish brown ; lores, eyebrow, 
feathers round eye, fore part of cheeks, and spot on chin black ; 
ear-coverts ashy grey with a slight yellow tinge, and surmounted 
by a slight streak of sulphur-yellow along the side of the hinder 
crown; cheeks sulphur-yellow, separated from the throat by a malar 
line of dusky spots ; throat and fore neck sulphur-yellow, with tiny 
mesial streaks of dusky; chest and upper breast sulphur-yellow, 
mottled with olive-green centres to the feathers, many of which 
have dusky tips; sides of upper breast olive-green; lower breast and 
abdomen bright sulphur-yellow, whitish towards vent; sides of 
body and flanks browner, broadly streaked with black; thighs 
greenish yellow towards tibial joint; under tail-coverts pale sulphur-
yellow, with olive-brown centres; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
white, washed with pale sulphur-yellow, especially the outer edge 
of wing; quills below dusky, inner edge ashy. Total length 6 inches, 
culmen 0*5, wing 2*85, tail 2*45, tarsus 0*8. 

522 ^BIEGXLLXDM. 

Adult female. Bather browner than the male, and less distinctly 
streaked with black; wings and tail as in male, bnt the white on 
outer tail-feathers not so developed ; head and neck greenish olive, 
not green, washed with rufous-brown on the side of the crown ; 
lores and a distinct eyebrow as well as eyelid dull yellow; ear-
coverts brown, streaked with yellow shaft-Hues; cheeks dull yellow, 
separated from throat by a bioad malar line of blackish; throat and 
chest dull yellow with a slight olive tinge, spotted with dull triangular 
marks; breast and abdomen brighter sulphur-yellow, browner 
on the flanks, which are streaked with black. 

Young male in first winter jphimat/e. Is very like the adult 
female, but is rather browner and more rufous on the wings and 
tail; the median and greater wing-coverts tipped with deep ochreous-
buff; eyebrow and feathers below the e}e ochreous ; cheek?* striped 
with ochreous yellow, followed by a broad malar stripe of blackish ; 
throat and underparts generally pale yellow; the fore ne<*k, chest, 
and sides of body washed with pale rufous; the throat and chest 
thickly marked with triangular spots of dusky brown ; the sides of 
body very thickly streaked with black. 

The young males seem to assume the chin-spot very quirkly, but 
it is very often mixed with ashy. The specimen killed on the 20th 
of October is already beginning to show a black spot on the chin. 

There seems to be very little difference between the stniiiiier and 
winter plumages of this species. In China a slightly different race 
occurs, with less black on the lores and region of the e\ e, tht*se parts 
being ashy grey, the chin and upper throat as>hy grey, blackish 
on the base of the former; the throat, cheek-stripe, breast, and abdomen 
are sulphur-yellow, paler than in E. persouata* There is also 
much more white on the outer tail-feather, and the general size 
of the bird is slightly smaller (wing 2*75 in.). Mr. fcseebohm's collection 
contains a male bird from Amoy obtained in March, and 
a female obtained at Ningpo on the 27th of January, both birds 
forming a part of the Swinhoe collection. 

Bab. Japan; China. 
a. Imm. sk.
b. Ad. sk.
c. <$ ad. sk. 
Japan (ee Mus. Lvgd.). 
Japan. 
Yokohama. 
Purchased. 
Zoological Society. 
Prof. Milne [C.V 
d. £ ad. sk. Yokohama, Feb. 21,1870(Capt Conrad). 
1*. B. Sharpe, "Esq. 
"P."1 . 
e. <$ imm. sk. Hakodadi, Oct. 21 * H.'WMtelv "CJ. 
f. <J imm. sk.
g. h7 i, h. Ad.jI Juv. sk.
m. Ad. sk.
n, o. Imm. sk.
p, q, r. (S ad. sk. 
Hakodadi, Oct. 24 (JZ. IF.) 
Hakodadi (Season). "R. 
Nagasaki. 
Nagasaki. 
Nagasaki, Dec. 24. 
Gould Colli ' " 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Purchased. 
F. Ringer, Esq. [P." 
F. Ringer, Et»q. LP. j , 

21. Emberiza spo&ocephala. 
Emberiza spodt cephala, Pall. Pets. Pms. Peieh% iii. p. I'M (1770); 
id. Zoogr. Pos&o-Asiat. ii, p. 51 (1811) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 377 

* Of. Blakiston, Amended List B. Japan, p. 80. 
53 . EMBEKIZA. 523 
(1844); Bp. Consp. I p. 465 (1850) , Middend. Sibir. Reis. p. 282 
(1858); Schrenck, Reis. Amurl p. 142, pi. adi. figs. 5-8 (1859) ; 
Radde, Reis. Sibir., Yog. p. 169 (1863); Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 374 
(1803); Dybowski, J. f. 0. 1868, p. 335; Sivinh. Ibis, 1863, 

p. 377; id. Ibis, 1870, p. 354; id. P. Z. S 1871, p. 388 (id. Ibis, 
1875, pp. 122, 450; Tacz. MIL Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 176 (1876) ; 
Prjev. in Datoson Rowley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 307 (1877); David 
§ Oust Ois. Chine, p. 329 (1878); Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool. France, 
iii. p. 137 (1878); Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 107; Seebohn, Ibis, 
1880, p. 188 ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl Coll p. 236 (1882); Seebohm, 
Ibis, 1884, p. 182: Blakibt. Amended List B. Japan, pp. 26, 61 
(1884). 
Emberiza sordida vel chlorocephala, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., 
Passeres, pi. 290. figs. 1, 2 (no. 445) ; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. 

p. 84 (1844). 
Emberiza nielanops, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 554 (1845), xv. 
p. 39 (184,6) ; Bp. Consp. I p. 465 (18&0). 
Euspiza hortulana (nee L), Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. 
Hodgs. p. 108 (1840). 
Enspiza melanops, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 129 (1849). 
Oitrinella spodocephala, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 113, no. 7688 (1870). 

Adult male in summer plumage. General colour above brown, 
the feathers of the upper back slightly washed with rufous, edged 
with fulvous and broadly streaked down the middle with black; 
scapulars like the back; lesser wing-coverts uniform reddish brown; 
median and greater series blackish brown, externally sandy brown, 
margined paler and tipped with butTy white, more distinct on the 
median coverts; the inner greater coverts more distinctly rufous 
externally; primary-coverts and quills dusky brown, externally 
fringed writh ashy; quills dusky brown, externally washed with 
rufous, the primaries with ashy white; inner secondaries resembling 
the inner greater coverts; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
uniform earthy brown; centre tail-feathers light brown, the remainder 
dark brown, edged wdth lighter brown, the penultimate one 
with a large wedge-shaped mark of white near the end of the outer 
web, the outer feather almost entirely white save for an oblique 
black mark on the inner web and a small brown mark at the end 
of the outer web; head and neck all round, including the sides of 
the face and neck, throat, and chest ashy grey with a distinct wash 
of olive; lores, base of cheeks, and chin black ; breast pale sulphur-
yellow, whiter towards the vent; under tail-coverts pale sulphur-
yellow ; thighs ashy olive; sides of breast and flanks reddish brown, 
rather distinctly striped with black; axillaries very pale sulphur-
yellow ; under wing-coverts white with dusky bases; quills dusky 
below, ashy whitish along the edge of the inner web : " bill brown, 
with the point blackish and the lower mandible whitish; feet fleshcolour 
; iris chestnut-brown " (A. David). Total length 4*75 inches, 
culmen 045, wing 2*7, tail 2*15, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult male in winter plumage. Only differs from the summer 
plumage in being more olive-yellow on the bead and neck, some of 
the feathers of the crown and hind neck being tipped with rufous-
brown. 

524 
FKINGILLID-2E. 

Adult female. Eather browner on the head than the male and 
not so ashy; no black on the face or chin; ear-coverts brown, 
streaked with yellowish shaft-lines ; lores, eyelid, and an indistinct 
eyebrow yellowish buff; a broad cheek-stripe of pale sulphur-yellow 
widening out on the side of the neck; throat and under surface of 
body pale sulphur-yellow, olive-greenish on the throat and fore neck ; 
a distinct malar streak of dusky blackish spots; sides of body and 
flanks reddish brown, streaked with black; lower abdomen and 
under tail-coverts yellowish white. 

Old females in the breeding-season become a little more ashy on 
the head and neck. Young birds are always browner than the 
adults above, and have a number of dusky spots on the throat; 
otherwise they greatly resemble the old females. Young females 
(Mus. II. Seebdhm) are pale brown above, with less developed black 
centres on the mantle, the head brown, washed with rufous and 
streaked with black; under surface dull white, with only a slight 
tinge of sulphur-yellow on the abdomen and axillaries; the throat 
pale olive-yellow, browner on the fore neck and chest, with brown 
shaft-lines. Young males in winter plumage resemble the adult 
female, but seem to have more dusky spots on the throat, which, 
commences to become dusky olive in April, with blackish on the 
chin. Some (probably of an earlier brood) have dusky olive throats 
in November, but always show dusky spots. 

Hal. Siberia, eastwards from the Yenesai Valley. Japan, wintering 
in China, the eastern Himalayas, Assam, and Manipur. 

a. (S ad. sk. Siberia. 
Purchased. 
b. $ ad. sk. Tientsin, China. Mr." Fleming [CJ. 
c. <$ ad. sk. Sli-he, China, Nov. (22. H. Seebohm, Esq. 
Swinhoe). [p.]. 
d. £ ad. sk. Amoy, Nov. (22. Swinhoe). Salvin-G-odman Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Amoy, Nov. (22. Swinhoe). Hume Coll. 
/, g. 6 ad. sk. Amoy, Nov. (22. Swinhoe). Gould Coll. 
h, $ ad. sk. Amoy, Nov. (22. Swinhoe). H. Seebohm, Esq. 
[pj. 

i. 
c? ad. sk. Amoy, April (22. Swinhoe). 
H. 
Seebohm, Esq. 
PP.]. 
h. $ imm. sk. Chusan, Dec. (J. 22. Meeves). Gould Coll. 
/. <$ ad. sk. Shanghai, Jan. 5, 1884. F. W. Styan, Esq. 
m. 
$ ad. sk. Shanghai, Oct. 18, 1885. F. W. Styan, Esq. 
[P.]. 
n. Ad. sk. Canton. 
Gould Coll. 
o,p. 
6 ad.; q,r. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
(S imm. sk. (Types of B. sordida.) 

s. imm. sk. Native Sikhim, March 1878 Hume Coll. 
(L. Mandelli). 
t. 
<$ ad. sk. Buxa Dooars, Feb. 1878 Hume Coll. 
(L. Mandelli). 
u} v. Ad. sk. Bhootan Dooars, Jan. 1876 Hume Coll. 
(L. Mandelli). 
v?. 
Ad. sk. Bhootan Dooars, Feb. 1876 Hume Collt 
(L, Mandelli). 

X. 6 ad. sk. 
y>z. 3 ad. sk. 
a\. 2 imm. sk. 

U, <$ ad. sk. 
c'. S ad, sk. 
d\. ? ad. sk. 


e\ S ad. sk. 
/'. S ad. sk. 

<?'. d ad. sk. 

h\. d ad. sk. 

i'. $ ad. sk. 

*', > l\ <$ ad. sk. 

w)r, ri, o', (J ad. sk. 

p'-. <S ad. sk. 

?'. , 2 ad. sk. 

r', *', £'. c? ad. j 
wf, t/. 2 ad. sk. 
TV',tf,y'. 6 ad.; 
%\ 2 ad. sk. 

al j8. 6 ad.; y. 
2 ad. sk. 
«, e. 2 ad. sk. 


f, rj. tf ad.; 0. 2 
ad. sk. 


I. 2 ad. sk. 
53 . EMBEEIZA. 
Sadba, Assam, Bee. 29,1876. 
Dibrughur, Assam, Feb.. (J. 

B. Orypps). 
Dibrughur, Assam, Oct. 24, 

1880 (J. B. Cripps). 
Tippera Hills, Jan. 1870. 
JDilhusha, Cachar, 1877. 
Dilhusha, Oacbar, Jan. 10, 

1879 (7. Inglis). 
Oacbar, March, 1871. 

West of New Karreemgani, 
Sylhet, Jan. 24, 1881 (A. 

0. B.). 
Silcbar, Jan. 29, 1881 (A. 
0. S.). 
Limata River, Manipur, Feb. 
15,1881 (A. 0. H.) 
Manipur Khas; Feb. 22, 1881 

(A. 0, H.). 
Manipur, Feb. 24, 1881 (A. 
0. JET.). 
Manipur, March 5. 1881 (A. 
0. &.). 
Boori-bazar, Manipur, Ma-rch 
11, 1881 {A. 0. H.). 

Bishnoopur, Manipur, March 
13, 1881 (A. 0. H.). 
Moirang, Manipur, March 
1881 (A. o. jr.). 
Soognoo, Manipur, March 
1881 (A. 0. H.). 
Koombee, Manipur, March 31, 
1881 (A. 0. H\ 
Kokshin- Koolel, Manipur, 
April 7,1881 (A. 0. H.). 
Kokskin-Koonoo, Manipur, 
April 1,1881 (A. 0. H.). 
Sogam, Manipur, March 29, 

1881 {A. 0. EC.) 

22. Emberiza cirlus. 
Hume OolL 
Hume OolL 


Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume OolL 
Hume OolL 

Hume Coll. 
Hume OolL 
Plume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume ColL 
Hume OolL 


Le Bruant de Haye, Briss. Orn, iii. p. 263 (1760); Daubent. PL 
Enl v. pi. 653. %. 1. 

Emberiza cirlus, Linn, Si/st. Nat. i. p. 311 (17C6); Koch, Syst. baier. 
Zool. p. 211 (1816); Temm. Man. cPOru. p. 313 (1820) ; Naum. 
Vog. Deutschl. iv. Taf. 102. figs. 3,4 (1824) ; Bows, Orn. Broveng. 
pis. 105, 106 (1825) ; Werner, Atlas, Granivores, pi. 30 (1827); 
Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 175 (1837) ; Macgill. Hist. Brit B. i. p. 450 
(1837); Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. # N. Amer. p 36 (1838); Crespon, 
Orn. Gard, p. 225 (1840); Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 155 
(1840); Nordm. in Bimid. Voy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 173 (1840) ; 
Selys-Longeh. Faun. Beige, p. 81 (1842); Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 448 
(1843): Gray. Gen. B. ii. p. 377 (1844); Bp. Consp. i. p. 465 
(1850); Cab, Mm. Rein. Th. i. p. 128 (1850); Belli. Vog. Nederl 

FBlMILLIDiE. 

526 

1. 156 (1854); JawS. *tf Barth.-Zapomm. p. 155 (1859); 2>is&\ 
Sbis, 1859, p. 295; M4 , zU. p. 314; Zinderm. Fog. Griechenl
s 

p. 54 (1860) ; Powys, Z&fc, I860, p. 138 ; Schl Bier. Nederl Vog. 
pi. 15. figs. 3, 4 (1861); <»<?, Ibis, 1862, p. 390; Gray, Z&* 
Brit B. p. 104 (1863) ; Wright, Ibis, 1864, pp. 54, 292; Giglioli, 
Ibis, 1865, p. 57; Crewe, tc.j.lU'^More, t.e. p. 126; Trktr. 
T /"y1 011OArA

/"'

Ibis, If*" "~" ^ '--^"' "°"" * -~

p. 444; _.„„„.. 
Ibis, I860, p. 172 ; Doderl Amf. Sicil p. 88 (1869) ; Ehces 
$ Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 194; Wright, tc. p. 489; Fritsch, Tog. 
Eur. tab, 17.fis?s. 3, 4 (1871); &zfotf£. i^«. If a/., Tee. p. 138 
(1871) ; Gould,"B. Gt. Br. iii. pi. 23 (c. 1871) ; JR. tfr^, J?. JF*tf 
tfcotf. p. 131^(1871)_; Dresser, B.^Eur. iv, p. 177, pL 210 01871) j 
Sounder & 
(1872): 

Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 89 (1875); Rowley, Orn. Misc. ii. p. 73, 
pi. xlvi. figs. 2, 4 (1876); Wharton, Ibis, 1870, p. 25; Ban/. 
Ibis, 1878, p. 22; Irby, Ibis, 1883, p. 184; B. O. U. List Brit B. 

p. 60 (1883); Chapman, Ibis, 1884, p. 95; Saunders, t. c. p. 376; 
Seebohm, Hist Brit B. ii. p. 156 (1884); Eadde, Orn. Cauc. 
p. 191 (1884) ; Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 40; Giylioli, Avif. Ital 
p. 48 (1886); Salvad. Blench Ucc. Ital p. 163 (1887). 
Le Zizi ou Bruant de Haye, Montb. Hist Nat Ois. iv. p. 347 (1778). 
Oirl Bunting, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 190 (1783). 
Emberiza eleathorax, Bechst Orn. Taschenb. p. 135 (1802). 
Citrinella cirlus, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 113, no. 7684 (1869). 
Adult- male in summer 'plumage. Greneral colour above chestnut, 
with, central streaks of black to the dorsal feathers, which are also 
slightly edged with ashy fulvous; lower back and rump olive-greenish, 
with blackish streaks down the centres of the feathers; upper tail-
coverts more rufescent, streaked with black along the shaft; lesser 
wiug-coyerts ashy olive ; median coverts dusky brown, edged with 
ashy olive; greater coverts dusky brown, externally fulvous-brown, 
with pale fulvous tips; bastard-wing and primary-coverts dusky 
brown, narrowly fringed with ashy fulvous; quills blackish brown, 
edged with olive, the inner secondaries externally chestnut like the 
back, with a spot of the same colour at the end of the inner web; 
tail-feathers blackish brown, with ashy fulvous margins, the outer 
feather white along the outer web, and with a large wedge-shaped 


mark of white on the inner web, leaving an oblique basal mark of 
black on the inner web as well as the shaft, which widens out slightly 
towards the end of the feather; the penultimate feather all blackish 
excepting a smaller wedge-shaped mark near the end of the inner 
web; head and hind neck olive-green, the latter with narrow shaft-
lines of black, the crown more broadly streaked with black; a supraloral 
spot, as well as a streak over the eye, sulphur-yellow; lores 
and eyelid black; feathers below tho eye sulphur-yellow, extending 
on to the ear-coverts, the upper and hinder margins of .which are 
black; cheeks and upper throat black, followed by a crescentic band 
of sulphur-yellow, which reaches to the sides of the neck; fore neck 
and chest dull olive-greenish; breast pale chestnut, with ashy 

53 . EMBEEIZA. 527 
margins to the feathers; abdomen pale sulphur-yellow, streaked on 
the sides with Hack shaft-lines, the flanks being reddish brown, 
more broadly streaked with black; thighs sulphur-yellow, mottled 
with black bases; under tail-coverts pale sulphur-yellow, with black 
shaft-lines; axillaries and under wing-coverts pale yellow, with 
ashy bases to the feathers; quills dusky brown, ashy whitish along 
the edge of the inner web. Total length -5*5 inches, culmen 0*45, 
wing 3*9, tail 2*45, tarsus 0-65. 

Adult male hi winter plumage. Differs from the summer plumage 
in the greater amount of olive-green on the upper surface, the whole 
back being washed with olive-greenish edges to the feathers; the 
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts entirely dull olive-greenish, 
the head and neck also strongly olive-greenish and distinctly streaked 
with black; the light edges to the wing-coverts and secondaries 
much more distinctly marked than in summer; all the black of the 
cheeks, throat, and ear-coverts obscured by olive-yellow edges to 
the feathers; the olive of the chest-band duller, and the chestnut 
on the sides of the breast obscured by yellowish edges to the 
feathers. 

The summer plumage seems to be attained rather late in the 
seasony for plentiful traces of winter plumage are seen in a specimen 
shot as late as the 5th of May. 

Adult female in hreedhig-plumage. Distinguished from the male 
by the absence of the black and yellow facial markings; otherwise 
the upper surface in the two sexes is not very different, though the 
olive colour of the head is duller; the wings and tail are similar to 
those of the male. Underneath, the colouring is totally dissimilar : 
there is no black on the throat, nor any yellow band across the lower 
throat; over the eye a slightly indicated streak of white; lores and 
feathers below the eye buffy white; ear-coverts brown, blackish on 
the hinder margin; cheeks and throat dull white, washed with 
yellow, the former with a streak of dark brown along the upper 
edge, and a line of blackish brown separating the cheeks from the 
throat, which is also minutely spotted with black; the lower throat 
yellowish buff, minutely streaked with black; fore neck and chest 
dull ashy olive, streaked with black shaft-lines; breast and abdomen 
pale yellow, whiter towards the vent, which, with the lower abdomen, 
is uniform; all the rest of the under surface minutely streaked with 
black shaft-lines, broader on the sides of the body and flanks, which 
are slightly washed with brown; the sides of the upper breast pale 
chestnut with black shaft-streaks. 

Adtdt female in winter plumage. Differs from the summer plumage 
in being browner above, the head like the back; the edges to the 
greater coverts paler, ashy fulvous at tip; the greater coverts 
and secondaries more broadly edged with pale chestnut; lower back 
and rump browner than in summer; ear-coverts brown, with a 
central mark of dull yellowish, the upper and lower edges blackish; 
lores dull yellowish; superciliary streak and ring of feathers round 
the eye brighter yellow, the former with narrow black shaft-lines ; 
cheeks and throat clear yellow, numerously spotted with triangular 

528 tfRISTGILLIDJE. 

marks of black; a broad malar line of black; fore neck and breast 
pale vinous brown, rather olive on the former, both rather thickly 
streaked with triangular spots of black; abdomen and tinder tail-
coverts clear yellow, with narrow black shaft-lines to some of the 
feathers; the sides of the body and flanks pale vinous-brown with 
distinct longitudinal streaks of black. 

Young females in winter plumage. Browner than the adults, especially 
on the throat and chest; the sides of the face and ear-coverts 
nearly uniform brown. 

Hal. Europe generally, excepting the northern parts, extending 
eastwards into Eussia and Asia Minor. & 

a, S ad. sk. HampsteadHeath(O. &). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b, 9 ad. sk. Birrnham, Bucks, Dec. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 

28, 1874. 
c, d. 6; e. $> ad. sk. Cookham, Berks. Gould Coll. 
/. S ad. sk. Cookham. Mr. W. Briggs fP." 

(j. <$ ad. sk. Cookham (W. Briggs). R. B. Sharpe, Esq." P. 
\ i. <$; h. $ ad. sk. Brighton, Sussex, Nov. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. ... 
*P.1 

/, m. tf 2 ad. sk. Brighton, Sussex, Mar. 

7 V-> •+• 


R.B. Sharpe, Esq. rP. 
n. S ad. sk Avington, Hants, May 5 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

o. $ ad. sk. Somersetshire. Montagu Coll. 
Montagu Coll. 
p. tf ad. sk. Devonshire. —«—«£,«. w-
q. $ ad. sk. Torquay, Devonshire, Hume Coll. 
May 12, 1868 (J5T. 2. 
Tristram), 
r. J juv. sk, 
Axmouth, Devonshire, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.1 
Oct. 28, 1882. 

s. $ ad. sk. 
Le Mosnil, Lillebonne, Edward Hargitt, Esq. [P.]. 
SeineInfe'rieure,France, 
March 6 (V. Pluche). 

t d ad. sk. 

North of France (J5T. B. Hume Coll. 
Dresser).

u. <$ ad. sk. 
v, w. $ ad. sk. Corsica, Jan. 24. John Whitehead, Esq.FP.1 
Gibraltar, March 4,1870 Hume Coll. 
#. 6 ad. sk. (L. H. Irby).
Gibraltar, Feb. 7 (L. R. Hume Coll. 


y. 6 ad. sk. Irby).
Coimbra, Portugal, Nov. Dr. L. Vieira fP.l 

1886. 

». d ad. sk. 

Khifan M'Sakta, Al- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
geria, April 11 (0. 8.). 

«'. $ ad. sk, 

Macedonia, Oct. 29 (Dr. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

V. 6 ad. sk. Kriiper). 
Mount Olympus, Oct. 27 Hume Coll. 
*, d\ <5 J ad. sk. 1869 (i>. Kriiper). 
«'. $ ad. sk. Smyrna (Dr. Kriiper). R.B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.! 


Smyrna; April 18 (Dr. R. B. Sharpe, Esq 
/'. $ ad. sk. Kriiper). 

Gould Coll. 
ff'-cS; h',$. $ ad (T. Robson). 

Asia Minor, April 8 

Turkey, Jan. 4 (W. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 

sk. 

Pearce).

h\ Skeleton. 

England. Purchased. 

53 . EMBERIZA. 529 
23. Emberiza cinerea. 
Emberiza cinerea, Stridcl. P. Z. S. 1832, p. 99 ; Jard. Mem. Strichl. 
p. ckiii, pL 0 (1858); Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 8 (1870); Krilper, 
J. f. O. 1875, p. 268 j Dresser, B. Eur. iv. p. 159, pi. 207 (1877); 
Salu. Cat. Strichl Coll. p. 235 (1882) ; Sharps, Ibis, 1886, p. 497. 
Euspiza cinerea, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 377 (1844); Bp. Consp. i. 

p. 464 (1850); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 112, no. 7681 (1870). 
Emberiza cineracea, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 114 (1855). 
Spodiospina cinerea, Heugl. Or a. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 660 (1871). 
Adult male. General colour above light ashy brown, the mantle 
and back streaked with blackish-brown centres to the feathers, the 
lower back and rump uniform ashy brown; upper tail-coverts 
brown, edged with asby; lesser wing-coverts ashy grey, with dusky 
brown bases; median and greater coverts dark brown, edged with 
ashy brown, whitish at the ends, forming two narrow wing-bars ; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, narrowly 
fringed with ashy brown, the edges broader and more fulvescent on 
the secondaries; tail-feathers dark brown, edged with ashy brown, 
the two outer ones with a large mark of whice at the end of the 
inner web; crown of head dull yellowish olive, the lores and feathers 
round the eye sulphur-yellow; ear-coverts yellowish olive; sides of 
neck ashy grey, as also the hinder neck, forming an indistinct collar; 
cheeks and entire throat sulphur-yellow; remainder of under surface 
pale ashy grey, becoming lighter on the abdomen; the vent 
and under tail-coverts white; thighs dark ashy; axillaries and 
under wing-coverts white, with ashy-brown bases to the feathers; 
quills ashy below, paler ashy along the edge of the inner web. 
Total length 6-2 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 3*4, tail 2*4, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in having the head and 
neck brown like the back, the former streaked in the same manner 
as the mantle; the hind neck and sides of neck uniform ashy brown; 
lores and feathers round the eye yellowish white; ear-coverts ashy 
brown, slightly tinged with yellow, and having a central patch of 
pale yellowish white; cheeks and throat pale sulphur-yellow, with 
a few tiny streaks of dark brown along the malar line; lower 
throat and fore neck pale ashy brown, also narrowly streaked with 
dark brown shaft-lines; centre of breast, abdomen, and under tail-
coverts dull white, the latter with pale brown centres; sides of 
body and flanks pale ashy brown. Total length 6*5 inches, culmen 
0-45, wing 3*35, tail 2-6, tarsus 0'75. (Mus. II. Seehohm.) 

Young male in first winter plumage. Hesembles the adult female, 
but is rather more ashy.brown above, the dark streaks on the head 
and back very distinct; wing-coverts and inner secondaries very 
broadly margined with isabelline or pale sandy buff; no yellow on 
the head or throat, the latter white, spotted with triangular marks 
of dark brown extending on to the fore neck; the flanks also longitudinally 
streaked with dark brown. (Mus. B. Seebolim.) 

Young female. Only differs from the male in being less distinctly 
spotted and streaked on the underparts. 
VOL. XII. 2 M 

FELS&ILLIDJS. 

Hah. Asia Hinor, extending eastwards Into Persia, 

a. 
(5 ad. sk. Smyrna, April 25,1864 (Schrader Gould Coll. 
ty Ej'ilper). 
I. 
? juv.sk Smyrna, Sept. 8, 1863 (L. Gould Coll. 
Schrader). 
c. 
<$ ad. sk. Smyrna, April 20, 1871 (Dr. Salvin-Godmaii Cull. 
Kriiper). 
A. J. V. Palmer, E*q. 
d. § imm. sk. Bushire, March 27,18S5. 
IP.". 

24. Emberiza bortalana. 
The Hortulon, Albin, Nat Hist. B. iii. p. 40, pi. 50 (1740,/^. pess.). 
L'Ortolan, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 209 (1769); Daubent. PL Enl. v, pi. 247. 
fig. 1; Month. Mist Nat Ok. iv. p. 305, pi. 14 «177N


i?mberiza liortulaiia, X//m. >S^. A?**, i. p. 309 {17Hr»>; itoW. 7f/57. 
PL Enl. p. 15 (1783) ; Pall Zoogr. R*t&&o-A*iat. ii. p. 50 11*11); 
Koch, Syst. baler. ZooL p. 210 (1816); Temm. Man. (TOrn. i. 

p. 311 (1820) j Nanm. Tag. DeufsehL iv. pi. 10311*24); #«/ * ,Om. 
Prove?ie. pi. 115 (1*25); Werner, Atlas, Graniron-s. pi. 23 11*27 j ; 
Menetr. Cat. rats. Cane. p. 40 (1*32/; 6W<rft B. Eur. iii. pi. 170 
(1837); Maeqill. Brit. B. i. p. 457 <28tf7): -#7'- O/w/?. -&^ B. 
Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 30 (1*3*); Crespm. Orn. Garri, p. 2*JL 
(1840); J&ys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 155 (1M0»; Xofflm. in 
Dimid. Toy. Bum. Merid. iii. p. 175 (1SK>); Se!y*-Lunych. Fmtn. 
Beige, p. A (1842); 3Vr. Brit. B. i. p. 455 {1*43 I; 6'/w/, (i, n. 
B. ii. p. 37* (i<*44); Bp. Cmsp. i. p. 405 <lH50i; Kj<trb. Orn. 
Dan. pi. 25. iiji. 2 (1852); &/*/. JW/. JNV//W. pi. 155 (Kill ; 
Heicits. Eggs Brit. B. i. p. 101, pi. xuii. tig. 1 (1^50); Sunder. 
Svensk. Foql. pi. vii. iiprs. 1, 2 (1*50); Jaub. et Bartfi.-Litpomm. 
Pick Orn. p. 100 (1859); 7Varfr. 27/w, 1*59, p. 34; iW//*, Ibis, 
1800, p. 138; Linderm. Tag. Grieekenl p. 52 (1N;0| ; Sehl. Bier. 
Nederl Fog. pi. 15. figs. 5, 0 (1801); Gray, Lint Brit. B. p. 103 
(1863); Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 53; Sperling, t <\ p. 2*0; Filippi, 
Viagg. Pers.-p. 349 (1865); ZZV/WY/, 2&% 1*60, p. 3N*; Zfy/. et 
Gerbe, Oni. J3kr.i.p.316(18G7jf; T^/or, 2Ms, lH>7?pJ»4 ; TVwfr. 
t c. p. 367; Drake, t c. p. 427 ; Smith. Mis, IBV6, p. 444; Saunders, 
IMs, 1869, p. 175 ; Borggr. Toffelf. Xorddeut&Jtl p. 71 
(1869); Doderl Avif. Sieil p. 87 (1869); Droste, Tnqrhc. Borkum, 

p. 109 (18G9); Elwes $ Buckley, Ibis, 1*70, p. 104; Hmql Orn. 
N.O.-Afr. pt. 2, p. 001 (1870); Fritseh, Vug. Eur. pi. 17. fig. 1 
(1870); Saunders, Ibis, ^71, p. 217; Salvdd. Faun. ItaL, Uee. 
p. 139 (1871); Dresser, B. Eur^Jv. p. 16o, pi. 210 <1871); J?. 
Gray, B. West Scott p. 132 (1*71); Ilariiag, Ilamlk Brit. Ii. 
p. 27 (1872); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 145 (18721; Severtz. Turkest. 
Jevotn. p. 64 (1873); Brooke, Ibis, i*73t p. 246; Keulem. Onze 
Vogels, ii. pi. 39 (1873); Dumf. Ibis, 1874, p. 405; Cordmnjr, 
Ibis, 1875, p. 183; Irby, B. Gibr. p. 11(5 (Wo); Dresser, Ibis, 
3875, p. 248; Fallon,'Ois. Belg. p. fW (1875); Wharton, Ik's, 
1876, p. 25; JMffwf. JEW . Persia, ii. p. 2511 (1*70); Newton\ ed. 
Yarr. Brit B. ii. p. 57 (1870); Finseh, MT.zool~?mf, Ver. Wim, 
xxix. p. 214 (1879); Biddulph, Ibis, 1*M, p. K0 ; Giqtmli, Icon. 
Avif. I/fl/.pL 191 (1882); ii. O. 17. List Brit. II. p/« l {!,*<]). 
Seebohm, Hist. Brit B. ii. p. 153, pi. 35 flb^ih Hvmeyer 4* 
Tann-f, MT. orn. Ver. Wien, I8K% p. 90; Tristr. Faun. V P/w. 
Palest. ?. 71 (1884); 2?«wfc/<>, Or??. CV/wr. p. 192 (^84| ; Giqlioli, 
Avif. Ite/.p. 49 (1880); Wmr/. JS7^wr/<. &>. Jfr//. p. 104 (1^7). 
53. mruEiuzA. 
5:u 
Green-headed Banting, Brown, Illustr. Zooh p. 73, pi. 30 (1776) ; 

Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 211 (1783). 

Ortolan Bunting, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 166 (1783). 

Emberiza moelbyensis, Sparrm. Mus. Carls, i. pi. 21 (1786). 

Emberiza cklorocepliala, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 887 (1788). 

Emberiza badensis, Gm. font. cit. p. 873 (1788). 

Emberiza tunstalli, Lath. Lid. Orn. i. p. 418 (1790). 

Citrinella liortulana, Kaap, Natiirl. Syst. p. 142 (1829); Gray, 

Hand-4. B. i. p. 133, no. 7687 (1869). 

Emberiza pinguescens, Brehm, Vog. Beutschl. p. 295 (1831). 

Euspiza liortulana, Blyth, Cat. B. Mas. AS. SQC. p. 129 (1849). 

Emberiza shall, Bp. Consp. i. p. 405 (1850). 

Glvcispina hortulana, Cab. Mus. JETein. Th. i. p. 128 (1850): Giglioli, 

Ibis, 1865, p. 58; Gould, B. Qt. Br. hi. pi. 27 (c. 1870); Boyd. 

B. Caue.y. 71 (1879). 
Emberiza delicata, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 113 (1855). 
Emberiza antiquorum, Brehm, t. c. p. 113 (1855). 
Emberiza intercedens, Brehm, t. c. p. 113 (1855). 
Hortulanus ehlorocephalus, Bp. Cat. Parzud. p. 4 (1856); Bettoni, 
Uce. m'dif. Lomb. i. pi. GS (1865)• Locke, Expl. Set. AlySr. ii. 

p. 178 (1867). 
Citrinella shall, Gray, Iland-L B. ii. p. 113, no. 7691. 
Adult male. General colour above pale reddish brown, with mesial 
black streaks to the feathers of the mantle, upper back, and scapulars, 
the latter distinctly riifescent; lower back and rump more uniform, 
with scarcely distinguishable shaft-streaks; lesser wing-coverts ashy 
with blackish bases; median and greater coverts blackish, externally 
edged with pale rufous, the inner secondaries similarly coloured; 
bastard-wing, primary-Co verts, and quills blackish brown, edged with 
pale ashy rufous; tail-feathers blackish brown, with lightor brown 
edges, the penultimate feather with a broad wedge-shaped mark of 
white at the end of the inner web, larger on the outer feather, 
which is also edged with white towards the base; entire head dusky 
greenish olive; lores yellowish; eyelid white ; ear-coverts like the 
crown; cheeks pale sulphur-yellow, separated from the throat by 
a distinct moustachial streak of dusky greenish olive, which widens 
out towards the sides of the neck, which are also of the same colour; 
throat pale sulphur-yellow, the fore neck and chest dusky greenish 
olive; remainder of under surface of body pale cinnamon-rufous, 
much lighter on the vent and under tail-coverts, which are edged 
with ashy; axillaries pale sulphur-yellow; under wing-coverts 
white, washed with yellow, and with ashy bases ; quills dusky below, 
ashy along the inner web. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-5 
wing 3*35, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-75. 

Young, Similar to the old female, but more yellow below, without 
any tinge of fawn-colour, the whole throat, breast, and sides of body 
streaked with dark brown or blackish. 

Adult female. Very similar to the male, from which it differs in 
its paler coloration and in having the lower throat and fore neck 
streaked with dark brown. Total length 5*8 inches, culmen 0-5, 
wing 3*2, tail 2*4, tarsus 0*7-5. 

In 
winter plumar/e the male is rather lighter coloured than in 
2M2 

532 
FRINGILLIDJE. 

summer, by reason of the paler margins to the feathers, which 
become abraded during the breeding-time ; underneath, the difference 
ia the plumage of the two seasons is very slight, the cinnamon 
colour of the under surface being overshaded with ashy margins to 
the feathers. The female in winter has more distinct streaks of 
dusky blackish on the throat and fore neck, but these are also in all 
probability developed with greater force in young than in old birds. 
Tho richness of the colour certainly depends greatly upon the age 
of the individual, old males being sometimes almost chestnut under


neath. Young males in first winter plumagechest like the old females. 
Hah. Europe generally. 

a. $ juv. sk. 
b, c. $ $ ad. si 
(L (S ad. &k, 
<?. $ ad. sk. 

/. Juv. sk. 

g. § ad. sk. 
h. S ad. sk. 
i. (S ad. sk. 
k. tf acl. sk. 
/. J ad. sk. 
on. Ad. sk. 
n, $ ad. sk. 
o. (S ad. sk. 
p, g. J ad. sk. 
r. <$ ad.; ,s\ J 
imm. sk 
t d ad. sk. 

u, v. £ ad. sk. 

w. J ad. sk. 
x. 
S ad. sk. 
y. <$ ad. sk. 
«• $ ad. sk. 
a'. Ad. sk. 

V. <$ ad. sk. 
c\ cJ ad. sk. 
d'. S ad. sk. 
Ilampstead, Middlesex, 

Nov. 18G7. 
Stockholm, June 11 
Skane, May 5 (Meves). 


Sk&ne, April 23 (Meves). 

Christiania, June 19,1870 

(B. Colletf). 
Valkenswaard, Holland 

(X Baker). 

Belgium, May. 
Marseilles, S. France, Sept. 


1866 (H. B. Tristram). 
Savoy (Bailly). 
Italy. 
Algeria (Loche). 
Turkey, June 14 (W. Bearee). 

Turkey, April 20 (W. Bearee).

Smyrna, May (Br. Kruper). 

Smyrna (Dr. Kruper). 

Smyrna, April (Dr. Kruper). 

Erzeroum (Dickson fy Boss). 
Near Mount Tabor. 
Samaria. 
Persia. 


S.E. of Karman, S.E. Persia, 
May 2,1872. 
Fao, Persian Gulf. 

Bushire, April 10,1885. 

Sergiopol, Turkestan, May 7 

(Dr. 0. Finsch). 
Yarkand (J. Biddulph). 

 are streaked on the 

J. E. Harting, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Mr. W. Meves [C.]. 

E. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
LP-]K. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Christiania Museum. 

Salvin-Godrnan Coll. 
[p.]. 
Brussels Mus. [P.], 
Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 
Purchased. 
Gould Coll. 
R B. Sharpe, Esq. 


R-rH% Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 

R. 
B. Sharpe, Esa. 
[p.]. 
R. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[p.]. 
R B. Sharpe. Esq. 
[P.]. 
Gould Coll. 
Canon Tristram [0.]. 
Canon Tristram [C.]. 
Purchased. 
W.T.Blanford,Esq. 

W. 
D. Cummins*. 
Esq. [P.]. 
A. J. V. Palmer, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 

Hume Coll. 

e'.fi, g\ (S ad. sk. Tirphul, W. Afghanistan, 

Dr. Aitchison [C.]. 

April 20,1885. 

53 . EMBERIZA. 533 
h\ $ ad.; i\ Juv.
sk. 
Lepsa River, June. Moscow Mus. [P.]. 
h\ U. Skeletons, Purchased. 
25. Emberiza bnchanani. 

? Emberiza kortulana, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 03 (nee £.)• 
Emberiza bnchanani, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 957 (1844), xvi. 


p. 780 (1847); Hume, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 150; id. Str. F. 1879, 
p. 107; Butler, Cat. B.Sind, p. 47 (1879) ; Barnes, Str. F. 1880, 
p. 218; Butler, Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 62 (1880); Biddulph, 
Ibis, 1881, p. 80; Reid, Str. F. 1881, p. 57; Davids, t. c. p. 313. 
Euspiza hnttoni, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xviii. p. 811 (1849). 
Emberiza Imttoni, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 373 (18(33); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, 

p. 42; Blanf. t. c. p. 4G3; Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 400; Holdsto. Ibis, 
1872, p. 473 ; Blanf. Ibis, 1874, p. 81; id. Fast. Persia, ii. p. 258 
(1876); Butler, Str. F. 1876, p. 35; Fairb. t.c. p. 26; Butler, 
Str. F. 1877, pp. 221,230; Blanf. U.p. 246; Hume, t. c. p. 329 ; 
Finsah, Verlu z.-b. Gesellsch. Wien, xxix. p. 214 (1879); Scully, 
Ibis, 1881, p. 575 ; Swlnh. Ibis, 1882, p. 113; Homeyer fy Tancri, 
MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 1883, p. 90; Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 11; 
Severtz. t c. p. 61; Badde, Orn. Caue. p. 195 (1884); Murray, 
Vertebr. Faim.Sind, p. 185 (1884). 

Emberiza cermtii, De Filippi, Arch, per la ZooL ii. fasc. 2, p. 383 
(18(53); id. Viagy. Perst p. 249 (1805) ; Salvad. Atti B> Accad. 
Sci. Torino, iii. p. 288 (1867); Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 11 (1869) ; 
Boyd. B. Caue. p. 71 (1879). 

Citrinella huttoni, Gray,IIand-l. B. ii. p. 113, no. 7690 (1870); Adam, 
Str. F. 1873, p. 388, 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above ashy brown, 
narrowly streaked with darker brown on the mantle and back ; the 
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform ashy brown ; scapulars 
externally chestnut, with dark brown shaft-streaks ; lesser wing-
coverts ashy brown, like the back; median coverts chestnut, with 
brown bases ; greater coverts dark brown, edged with ashy rufous ; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with 
ashy, the secondaries externally ashy rufous ; upper tail-coverts and 
centre tail-feathers light brown, edged with rufous, the remainder 
of the tail-feathers blackish, edged with brown, the two outer ones 
with a large wedge-shaped mark of white at the end of the inner 
web, the outermost also white along the outer web; crown of 
head dull ashy grey, with narrow blackish shaft-lines, the hind necjf 
and sides of neck browner; a conspicuous white eyelid; lores dull 
whitish; sides of face ashy, as also the cheeks and ear-coverts ; chin 
and fore part of cheeks dull white, with a tolerably distinct dusky 
malar streak; throat and remainder of under surface of body pale 
chestnut, with indistinct ashy margins; sides of upper breast ashy 
grey; sides of body and flanks brown ; lores, abdomen, and under 
tail-coverts paler than the breast, the lateral coverts whitish; axilkries 
and under wing-coverts ashy white with dusky bases ; quills 
pale brown below, ashy rufous along the inner web. Total length 
6 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3*35, tail 2*7, tarsus 0*75. 

The adult male in winter plumage scarcely differs from the 

JRTNGILLID-E. 

r>:u 

sumnu'v plumage, but the pale edges to the wing-coverts are a little 
more distinct; throat more hoary and obscuring the rufous ; the 
rufous scapulars also obseuiecl by ashy margins to the feathers: 
<* bill piuk or brownish pink ; legs and feet fleshy pink or yellowish 
pink ; claws pale brown. Length 6*62~B*78, tail from vent 2'9(>-3*l" 

{A. O, Hume). 
Adult female in hrealing-phtmage. Duller in colour than the male, 
especially on the under surface of the body, which is pale vinous 
chestnut, with ashy edges to the feathers ; ear-coverts brown, instead 
of ashy, and the head also not so distinctly grey : «• bill fleshy brow n ; 
legs and feet yellowish brown " (K A. Butler). Total length 5*6 
inches, culmen 0*45, wing o'93, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-75. 

An adult female shot in November at Ajmere by Mr. Hume had 
the " bill, legs, and feet fleshy pink ; iris brown.'' 

The young birds in winter plumage are much browner than the 
adult, the head being a little more dusky than the back, the whole 
upper surface being very distinctly streaked with blackish, but 
showing no chestnut on the scapulars; wing-coverts broadly edged 
with pale rufous, the greater series with cream}" white ; ear-coverts 
reddish brown : under surface of body isabelline, the rufous of th e full 
plumage showing more or less distinctly ; breast with narrow brown 
shaft-streaks: u bill pink, fleshy pink, or faintly brownish pink, 
dusky at the tip; legs and feet fleshy pink, brownish on the joints, 
or pinkish fleshy orange ; iris brown. Length 6*46-0*72, tail from 
vent 2-75-3-0 " (A. 0. Hume). 

Hah. Fiona the Caucasus throughout Peisia, to Turkestan and 
Afghanistan, wintering in the plains of Western India. Said to have 
occurred near Canton in China (cf Holdsw. I. c), but this locality 
extremely doubtful. 

a. $ 
ad. sk. Saisan, Turkestan, May 29 Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 
(Dr. Finsch). 
b. $ ad. sk. Elburz Mountains, Persia, W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
Aug. 17. [0.1. 
c. <$ ad. sk. Ilanaka, S.E. of Karman, W. T. Blanford, Esq 
S.E. Persia, May 2nd. [C.]. 
d. o* ad. sk. Dekgirdii, plateau north of Hume Coll. 
Shiraz, June 29, 1872 
(IF. T. Blanford). 
e. $ ad. sk. Lspidan, east of Bampur, W. T. Blanford. Esq. 
Baluchistan, March SO. [C.]. 
fjff> 62 
ad. sk. Kambao, W. Afghanistan, Dr. Adtchison fC 1 
May 1, 1885. L *J* 

h. Ad. sk. Afghanistan (Griffith). Tndia Museum. 
!'7f ; , Candaharf Capt. Hutton [P. l 
*, I tfad. sk, Candahar, April 1870 Hume Coll 
{Sir O. St. John), 

m. S ad. ak. Khojak, Afghanistan, April 29. Col Swinhoe rP, l 
n. 6 ad. sk Gatai, Afghanistan, April 4. Col. Swinhoe rP. | 
o,l\ <$ 2 a<l;; <?• lvhujak, Sept. 1881 (Sir 0. St. Hume Coll. 
<$ imm.sk. John). 
rf *.[<?] imm. sk. Xal, Khelai, April 1879 IImue Coll 

(0. T. Ihtke). 
53 . EMBXUtlZi.. 53a 
t. 1mm. sk. 
M. ? ad. sk. 
v, <$ ad. sk. 
w. J ad. sk. 
•r. $ ad. sk. 
y. 5 ad. sk. 
*, a', tf § ad. sk. 
b'-r'. S ad. et 
imm.; s'-e. J 

ad. et imm.&k. 
C ? ad. sk. 

ij} 6, S ad. sk. 

i. <$ ad.; K,\. 5 
imm. sk. 
/x. c? ad. sk. 

v. J ad. sk. 
£. c? ad. sk. 
o. cj* ad. sk. 
7r. cJ ad. sk. 
p. $ ad. sk. 
o\ $ ad. sk. 
r, v. Ad. sk. 
&X- <?$ ad.sk. 
^. ^ ad. sk. 
&>. ^ ad. sk. 

Karachi, Sind, Sept. 13, 1877 

(E. A. Butler), 
Hyderabad, Sind, April 21, 
1878 (E. A. Butler). 
Eastern Narra, Sind, Oct. 

(Scrope I)oig). 

Sambhur, March 14,1873 

(B. M. Adam). 
Sambliur, Dec. 20, 1875 

(22. 31. Adam). 
Nowah, near Sambliur, Aug. 
17 (22. M. Adam). 
Mount Abu, April 14,1875 


(E. A. Butler). 
Ajmere, Nov. 1809 (A. 0. II.). 
Doonda, Baghirati Valley, 
May 26,1874 (W. E. 
Brooks). 


Etawah, Dec. 14,1870 (W. 

B. Brooks). 
Etawah, Jan. 13,1870 (IF. 

E. Brooks).
Etawah, Feb. 10,1871 {W. E. 
Brooks). 
Etawah, April 6,1867 (W. E. 
Brooks). 

Nagpore. 

Gurjat, Central Provinces, 

March 20,1869. 
Mhow, March 30. 
Mhow, April 13. 
Maunpore Ghat, Jan. 1869. 
Northern Deccan (Lieut. 

Burgess). 

Kussumb, Khandeish, Jan. 12, 
1881 (J. Davidson).
Klioree, Dec. 26, 1880 

(J. Davidson). 
Khandala, March 1869. 

26. Emberiza caesia. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Gould Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Col. Swinhoe [P.]. 
Col. Swinhoe [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Gould Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Emberiza cia (nee Temm.), JRoux, Orn. Proven?, pi. 112 bis (1825). 

Emberiza cassia, Cretzschm, in Riipp. Atlas, p. 17, Taf. 10. %. B 
(1826); Werner, Aths, Granivores, pi. 440 (1827); Temm. Man. 
d'Orn. iii. p. 225 (1835) ; Bupp. Neue Wirb., Vog. p. 86 (188540) 
; Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 181 (1837); Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. 

p. xxxix (1840) ; MuUi. Faun. Sioil. p. 117 (i843) ; Von der Muhk> 
Vog, Griechenl. p. 40 (1844); Vierth. Nairn. 1852, pt. i. p. 30; 
Brehm,J.f.O. 1854, p. 76; Ileugl. Si/st. Uehers. p> 42 (1856) ; 
Bwhm, Vor/elf. p. 113 (1855); id. J. f. O. 1857, p. 86; Tristr. 
Ibis, 1869, p. 34; Limleim. Vog. Griechenl p. 53 (1860); Bias. 
FBlNCHLLID-ffi. 

S3G 

Nachtr. Naum. Vog. DeuUchl. xiii. pi. 381 (1860); Ileugl. J.f 0. 
1862 p. 403; Blasius, Ibis, 1862, p. 71; Gatke, t. c. p. 390 ; Chambers, 
Ibis, 1863. p. 475; Bret, B. Fur. iii. p. 40, c. tab. (1864); 
Deal, et Gerbe, Orn. Fur. i p. 318 (1867); Tristr. Ibis, 18(37, p. 367; 
Heia/l. J.f. 0. 1868, p. 74; Doderl. Avif. 8icil p. 89 (1869); 
Fritsch, Tog. Eur. tab. 17.fig. 5 (c. 1870); Salvad. Faun. If at., 
Uee. p. 139 (1871) j Dresser, B. Bur. iv. p. 213, pi. 260 (1871) ; 
Ileugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. Q&2 (1871) ; Severtz. Turhest. Jevotn. 

p. 04 (1873); Lilford, Ibis, 1875, p. 6; Cordeaux, t. c. p. 182; 
Dreiser, t. c. p. 248 ; Giglioli, Ibis, 18S1, p. 201; Tristr. Ibis, 1882, 
p. 404 ; id. Faun. 4* Flor. Palest, p. 72 (1884) ; Radde, Orn. Cam. 
p. 195 (1884); Giglioli, Aiif. Ital. p. 50 (lbb6); Salvad. Flench. 
Ucc. Ital. p. 164 (1887). 
Emberiza runbarba, Nordm. in Fr man, JReis. Taf. 8. figs. 1, 2 (1835); 
Brehm, Vogelf. p. 113 (1855). 
Fringillaiia csebia, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 290 (1837); Gray, Gen. 

B. ii. p. 378 (1844) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 466 (1850); Loche, Fxpl. Sei. 
Algir., Ois. i. p. 180 (1868) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii p. 115, no. 7719 
(1870); Ileugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. iv. App. p. cxlvi (1871). 
Euspiza (Fringillaria) csesia, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 130 

(1849). 
Glycispina csesia, Cab. Mus. Hem. TL i p. 129 (1850). 
Emberiza rufigularis, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 113 (1855). 


Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above rufous-
brown, mottled on the back with blackish centres to the feathers; 
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform, or with only-
narrow black shaft-lines; wing-coverts blackish, edged with rufous-
brown ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, fringed 
with rufous-brown, the secondaries more broadly edged with rufous ; 
tail-feathers blackish, narrowly edged with rufous, the two outer 
feathers with a large wedge-shaped mark near the end of the inner 
web, larger on the outer feather, which is also margined with white; 
entire crown and nape blue-grey, as well as the ear-coverts; lores, 
feathers below the eye, cheeks, and throat pale chestnut; across the 
lower throat and fore neck a broad band of blue-grey; remainder 
of the under surface of body deep chestnut, including the thighs and 
under tail-coverts ; axillaries and under wing-coverts ashy, washed 
with rufous and having dusky bases ; quills dusky below, ashy along 
the inner web : " bill reddish brown above, legs brown ; iris brown " 
{Shelley). Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3*35, tail 2*5, 
tarsus 0-7. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in being browner and less 
richly coloured • the head duller grey and striped with blackish; 
round the eye a ring of dull whitish; lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, 
and under surface of body pale chestnut or cinnamon-rufous, with 
a few narrow shaft-lines of black on the fore neck. Total length 
5-8 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 3*05, tail 2-45, tarsus 0-7. 

Hab. South-eastern Europe, ranging eastwards to the Caucasus, 
and westwards along the Mediterranean basin, rarely to the south 
of France as well as Algeria. Winters in North-eastern Africa and 
Arabia. 

53. EMBERIZA. 537 
a. cJ ad. sk. 
b. $ ad. sk. 
c. <$ ad. sk. 
d. $ ad. sk. 
«. 5 ad. sk. 
/. ? ad. sk. 
g. djuv. sk. 
h. c? ad. sk. 
e« <J wl. sk. 
& Ad. sk. 

Genoa, March 16 (^. A 

Brooke). 

Smyrna, March 27, 1872 

(Dr. Kriiper). 

Mount Carmel, Palestine, 
March 21, 1864 (H. B. 
Tristram). 

Tiberias, March 29, 1864 

(II. B. Tristram). 
Mount Carmel, March 24 

(H. B. Tristram). 
Merom, May 19 (H. B. 
Tristram), 

Mount Tabor. 
Mount Tabor, April 5 (II B. 
Tristram). 

Mount Hermon. 

Palestine. 

X H, Gurnev, jun., 
Esq. [P.]." 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

S&lvin-Godrnan Coll, 
Gould Coll. 
Sarvin-Godman Coll 
Canon Tristram. [C.]. 

Gould Coll. 
C:inon Tristram [C.]. 
Gould Coll. 

27. Emberiza cia. 
Le Briiant de Prez, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 266 (1760). 
Emberiza cia, Linn. Syst. Nat. I p. 310 (1706); Nawn. Vog. DeutschL 


iv. pi. 104. figs. 1, 2 (1824); Roux, Orn. Prov. pis. Ill, 112. 
(1825); Minetr. Cat. Pais. Cauc. p. 40 (1832); Gonh\ B. Bur. 
pi. 179 (1837); Nordm. in Dimid. Voy. Buss. WUrid. iii. p. 174 
(1840); 8ely*-Longch. Faun. Beige, p. 81 (1842) ; Gray, Gen. B. 
ii. p. 377 (1844); Bp. Consp. i. p. 466 (1850); Jaub. fy Barth.-
Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 158(1850); Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 295; 
Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 55 (1860) ; Powys, Ibis, I860, p. 138 ; 
Wright} Ibis, 18-64, p. 54; Giglioli, Ibis, 1866, p. 57; Bettoni, 
Ucc! Nidif. Bomb. i. pi. 97 (1865-70) ; De la Font. Faun. Luxemb. 

p. 106 (1865); Tristr. Ibis, 1867, p. 88; Beavan, t. c. p. 141; 
Tristr. t c. p. 368; Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Bur. i. p. 312 (1867); 
Locke, Fxpl. Sci. Alger., Ois. i. p. 173 (1867) ; Smith, Ibis, 1868, 
p. 444; Doderl. Avtf. Sicil. p. 88(1869); Saunders, Ibis, 1869, 
p. 172; Fritsch, Voy. Bur. pi. 20. fig. 18 (1870) ; Heugl Orn. 
KO.-Afr. ii, p. 659 (1870); Sahad. Faun. Ital. JJcc. p. 140 
(1871); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 217; Gurney, t. c. p. 291; Dresser, 
B. Fur. iv. p. 205, pis. 11, 12 (1872) ; Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 246; 
Seve?*tz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 64 (1873); Dresser n Ibis, 1875, p. 247; 
Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 89 (1875); Irby, B. Gibr. p. 116 (1875); 
Blanf. Fast. Fers. ii. p. 257 (1876) ; Danf. £ Harvie Brown, Ibis, 
1876, p. 312 ; Tristr. Faun. 8r Flor. Palest, p. 72 (1884) ; Radde, 
Orn. Cauc. p. 193 (1884); Giglioli, Avif. Red. p. 50 (1886) ; Sahad. 
Flench. JJcc. Ital. p. 164 (1887). 
Emberiza barbata, Scop. Ann. i. p. 143 (1769). 
Bruant de prez de France, Daubent. PL Fnl. v. pi. 30. fig. 2. 
Ortolan de la Lorraine, Daub. PL Fnl. v. pi. 511. fig. 1. 
Foolish Bunting, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 191 (1783). 
Lorain Bunting, Lath. t. c. p. 176 (1783). 
Emberiza lotharingica, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 882 (1788). 
Cia cia, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 193 (1829). 
Emberiza meridionals, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 128 (1850). 
Emberiza hordei, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 114 (1855). 
Emberiza canigularis, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 114 (1855), 


5i38 YRIXGILLIDJB. 

Buscarla cia, JBp. Rev. ei Mag. de ZuoL 1857? p. 102. 
IlylsBspiza cia, Newton in List B. Eur. Bias, p. 13 (lb02) : Bogd. B. 
"Cauc. p. 71 (1870;. 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above rufeseent 
brown, streaked with, mesial centres of black, the feathers of the 
mantle with paler fulveseent edges; rump uniform cinnamon-rufous; 
upper tail-coverts pale rufous-brown with black shaft-streaks ; lesser 
wing-coverts slaty blue; median series blacki&h, edged with ashy 
and tipped with creamy buff, forming a narrow wing-bar ; greater 
coverts blackish, edged with pale rufous and slightly tipped with 
creamy buff; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish, edged 
with ashy grey; quills blackish, the primaries margined with ashy 
whitish, the secondaries with pale rufous, more broadly on the inner 
ones, which are pale rufous also on the inner web like the inner 
greater coverts; middle tail-feathers pale rufous, black in the centre, 
the remainder blackish, edged with sandy rufous, the penultimate 
feather with a large wedge-shaped mark of white at the end of the 
inner web, larger on the outermost feather, which is also margined 
externally with white; crown of head pale bluish grey, with a broad 
band of black along either side of the crown; over the eye a btreuk 
of ashy white from the base of the forehead to above the ear-
coverts ; lores and eyelid black, continued into a black .streak along 
the upper margin of the ear-coverts, which are ashy whitish, separated 
from the throat by a streak of black, which runs behind the 
ear-coverts and joins the other black line ; sides of neck bluish grey, 
whitish where it touches the black line behind the ear-coverts; 
throat and chest pale bluish grey ; remainder of under surface of 
body pale cinnamon-rufous, washed with isabelline, including the 
thighs and under tail-coverts ; axillaries and under wing-coverts 
ashy whitish; quills dusky below, ashy along the inner web; bill 
dull lead-colour; feet yellowish brown, the toes darker ; hi< dark 
brown. Total length 0 inches, culmen U*4o, wing 3*3, tail 2*8, 
tarsus 0*75. 

In the height of the breeding-season, when the plumage becomes 
abraded, the black bands on the crown and on the sides of the face 
are very strongly developed, and the corresponding white bands are 
also more distinctly indicated ; the ashy colour of the throat and 
chest, is much paler, the former becoming almost whitish. 

Adult female in breedfog-phtmage. Paler than the adult male, 
and not having the grey on the head so pure, all being slightly 
washed with brown ; ear-coverts brown, ashy white under the eye; 
loral stripe and cheek-stripe dull blackish and not so distinct as in 
the male ; throat and chest very pale bluish ashy, slightly washed 
with brown ; remainder of under surface of body very pale cinnamon-
rufous, distinctly isabelline on the abdomen, thighs," and under tail-
coverts. Total length 6 inches, culmen 043 , wing 3-05, tail 2-75, 
tarsus 0*7. 

Mr. Seebohm's collection contains two females which can scarcely 
be distinguished from adult males, and have the facial markings 
equally well developed. 

53 , EMBERIZA, 
539 

Yoimg. Pale yellowish buff, all the feathers meslally streaked 

with black ; the wing-coverts blackish, broadly edged with yellowish 

buff; wings and tail as in adults ; head yellowish buff like the back 

and streaked in the same manner; sides of face and under surface 

of body yellowish buff, inclining to creamy white on the abdomen ; 

the ear-coverts with a brown streak along the upper margin; the 

cheeks, throat, and breast spotted with triangular marks of blackish, 

a little more longitudinal on the sides of the body and flanks. 

Young males iu their first winter plumage have the head like the 
back, with only a slight ashy tinge on the crown ; the black facial 
markings obscured by ashy-brown tips to the feathers, the white 
eyebrow and ear-coverts also washed with brown; under surface of 
body much paler than in the adults, with tiny dusky spots on the 
throat and breast. These small spots seem to be asi unfailing 
character of the young bird, and they are also found in the young 
female, which in its first winter plumage can scarcely be distinguished 
from the young male of a similar >&ge. 

Hab. Southern Europe, across Persia to Afghanistan. 

a. cT ad. sk. Europe, 
Gould Coll. 
b. <$ ad. sk. France. 
Hume Coll. 
c. c? ad. sk. Bordeaux, France, India Museum. 
d. Ad. sk. Valencia, Spain. Hume Coll. 
e. ? ad. sk. Valencia, Dec. 20, 1871 {II Hume Coll. 
Saunders). 
f. tf ad. sk. Malaga, May 23, 1809 {II Hume Coll. 
Saunders), 
9>6 ad. sk. Gibraltar, Feb. 10 {Z. II. Mi/). Hume Coll. 

h. 6 ad. sk. Rome, Italy (P. L. Sclater). India Museum. 
i. d ad. sk. Macedonia,vFeb.I7(-H".J".i?/wes). Salvin-Grodman Coll. 
k, 1 6 2 ad. sk. Buyukdere, Turkey, Dec. {T. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Robson). [P.]. 
7)1. S ad . sk. Turkey, March {T. Robson). Gould Coll. 

71. 
6 ad. sk. Near Constantinople, Nov. 10 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
{W.Pearce). [P.]. 
O, 6 ad. sk. Aiden, Asia Minor, Dec. 16,1879 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(Schroder). [P.]. 
P' JllV. £sk. Erzeroum {Dickson $ Ross). Gould Coll. 
£* 6 ad. sk. Trebizond {Dickson Sf lioss). Gould Coll. 

r. cS ad. sk. Pass of Afka, Lebanon. Canon Tristram [C.]. 
s. Juv. sk. Persia ( W. T. Blanford). Hume Coll. 
t. 2 ad . sk.; Pass to *Anan, Elburz Moun- W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
u. <$ juv. sk. tains, N. Persia, Aug. 11. [C.]. 
Pushut, Afghanistan {Griffith). India Museum. 
r. 6 ; ' w, x. J 
ad. si 

Subsp. a. Emberiza stracheyi. 

Euspiza cia {nee Z.), Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 131 (1849). 
Emberiza stracheyi, Moore, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 215, pi. 112; Horsf. Sr 
Moore. Cat. B. E. I. Co. Mus. ii. p. 483 (1856); Jerd. B. Ind. ii. 

p. 372 (1803); Brooks, Str. F. 1875, p. 254; Hu?ne,Str. F. 1879, 
p. 107; Wardlato Ramsay, Ibis, 1880, p. 05; Biddidph, Ibis, 1881, 
p. 79; Scully, t. c. p. 574; Sate. Cat. Stricld. Coll. p. 230 (1882); 
Marshall, Ibis, 1884, p. 410. 
Biifecarla stracheyi, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1857, p. 102. 

540 
F1OTGILLIDJB. 

Emboriza cia (nee Z.\ Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 371 (1863) ; Beavan, Ibis, 
18(58, p. 175 j Pels. Ibis, 1808, p. 318 ; Blyth, t. c. p. 354; Wald. 
Ibis, 1804), p. 213 ; Brooks, t. c. p. 458 ; Hume $>' Benders. Lahore 
to Tark. p. 230 (1873); Code 8r Marsh. Stray Feath. 1873, p. 357. 

Oitrinella straclieyi, Gray, Iland-l B. ii. p. 114, no. 7699 (1870). 

Adult male. Similar to E. cia, but with the facial markings and 
eyebrow whiter, and distinguished by the pale rufous tips to the 
median wing-coverts, so that there is no white wing-bar : " bill 
dark brown or black, the base of the lower mandible bluish; legs 
and feet fleshy yellow or fleshy brownish, the claws dusky (A. 0. 
Hume); " iris dark brown " ( W. Davison). Total length 6*1 inches, 
culmen 0*5, wing 3*1, tail 2-85, tarsus 0*7. 

The plumages of the female, young birds, and winter season 
correspond with those of E. cia. 

Adult male in winter. u Tipper mandible brown, lower mandible 
pale plumbeous; tarsi and feet yellowish fleshy, the latter tinged 
with brown on the joints; iris deep brown. Length 7 inches, wing 
3-41, tail 3-3, tarsus 0-78." (W. Davison.) 

Young male. " Bill dark brown, dusky yellow on the lower 
mandible; legs and feet fleshy yellow, or yellow with the joints 
brownish." (A. O. Hume.) 

E. stracheyi is only a dark-coloured race of E. cia, and in some 
examples can scarcely be distinguished from the latter species. This 
is especially the case with one from Gilgit, presented by Dr. Scully, 
where there is a slight trace of whitish ends to the median wing-
coverts. 
Hab. From Eastern Baluchistan and Cashmere eastwards to 
Kumaon ; wintering slightly to the southward. 


a. $ juv. sk. Forest near Kowar, Khelat, June Hume Coll. 
19,1881 (Sir O. St. John). 
b, c. J ad. sk. Gilgit, Feb. 1879. Dr. J. Scullv [P.l 


d. (S ad. sk. Gilgit, Feb. 7, 1878 (J. Bid- Hume Coll." 
dulph). 
e. <3 ad. sk. Gilgit, March 18, 1879 (J. Hume Coll. 
Biddidph). 
f. d ad. sk. Gilgit, Dec. 1878 {J.Biddulph). Hume Coll. 
g. 
(S juv. sk. Valley of Astor, Cashmere, R. B. Sharpe, ESQ. 
Sept. [P.]. F ' * 
h. <$ ad. sk. Cashmere. 
R B. Sharpe, Esq 
%. <$ ad. sk. Gulmurg, Cashmere, July (T. C. Hume Coll. 
Jerdon). 
k, I ? ad. sk. Dhurmsala, April 1870 ( W. E. Hume Coll. 
Brooks), 

m. 
<$ ad. sk. Dhurmsala, May 1870 (W. E. Hume Coll. 
Brooks). 
n. 
$ ad. sk. Near Hirpore, May 13. 1871 Hume Coll. 
(W.E.Brooks), 
o. J ad. sk. Euttum Pir, May 10, 1871 Hume Coll 
(W. E. Brooks), 
p. 
2 ad- sk. Between Aliabad and Hirpore, Hume Coll 
N&ylS, 1871 (W.E.Bfoo7csy 
53. EMBERIZA. 541 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Capt. Stackhouse 

Pinwill [P.]. 
Colonel Way [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll, 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume CoU. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Gould Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hnnie Coll. 

India Museum. 

India Museum. 

(Types of species.) 

India Museum. 

Gould Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

q, r. <$ $ ad. sk. 

s. Ad. sk. 
t, u. <$ ad.; 
v. Juv. sk. 
w. 3 ad. sk. 
a\ Ad. sk. 
y. Juv. sk. 
z-a'. cJ ad.; 

b'. Juv. sk. 

c'. Ad. sk. 

d\ e'. Imm. sk. 
/', ^'. Imm. sk. 
A', i'. tf ad. sk. 

k'. $ ad. sk. 

l\m',nr.S ad.sk. 

o'. (j* ad. sk. 

£>'. rf ad.; q% r'. 

3 juv. sk. 

&', t\ Q juv. sk. 

u'fl'.($\w'. 5 ad.; 

A*'. $ juv. sk. 
?/, 2'. c? ad. sk. 
a-7]. 3 ad.; 0,1, 

K. P ad.; X, a, 
"•(?>& 2juv.sk. 

o. <^ ad. sk. 
7T. Var. alb. sk. 
p. S ad. sk. 
<r. <£ juv. sk. 
r. c? ad. sk. 
v. 2 ad. sk. 
<£. Ad. sk. 
,Y- Ad. sk. 

\J/, co. Ad. sk. 
a'. 2 ad. sk. 
j3'-y. $ ad. et 

juv. sk. 
h'l $ ad. sk. 

€f. 3 ad. sk. 

CV/.tfad.;*.? 

ad. sk. 
i', K'. JUV. sk. 
X', JU\ Ad. sk. 
v', g. <$ 2 inum. 

sk. 
o'. S d. sk. 

TT', p'. C? $ ad. ^k. 

Posiana, May 11,1871 ( W. B. 

Brooks). 
Cashmere, Sept. ( W. B. Brooks). 
Dhurmsala. 

Murree, Aug. 1877. 
Murree, Aug. 8,1870. 
Murree, Sept. 11,1868 (C. K. T. 


Marshall). 

Kotegurh. 

Kotegurh, May 21, 1869. 
Kotegurh, Dec. 28, 1870. 
Dulsar,Kotekhaie,Feb. 23,1871. 
Simla, March 1868 (A. 0. K). 
Simla, March 11, 1878 (T. J. 

Thompson). 
Simla, July 1868 (A. O.K.). 
Simla, July 17,1876 ( TV. Davi


son). 
Simla, Aug. 30,1868 (A. 0.B.). 

Simla, Sept. 1868 (A.
Simla, Sept. 1880 (W.


Simla, Oct. 1880 (W.
Simla, Nov. 1880 (IF.


 0. IT.). 
Davison) 
Davison). 
Davison). 


Simla, Dec. 6,1880( W. Davison). 
Near Simla. 
Mahasoo, near Simla, July 26, 
1868 {A. 0. 11.). 
Mahasoo, near Simla, Aug. 8, 
1868 (A. 0. H.). 
Fagoo, near Simla, July 28,1868 

(A. 0. H.). 
Chini, July 1, 1844. 
Road from Simla to Chini 

(Buck). 

Middle range of hills north of 

Masuri. 
Masuri. 
Masuri, winter 1869. 
Jerripani, Masuri. 

Derali, May 13, 1874 (W. B. 

BrooJcs). 
Kumaon (Strachey). 
Kumaon (Strachey). 

Kumaon (Strachey). 

N.W. Himalayas. 
Bhawulpur, Jan, 30, 1868 
(CI!. T. Marshall). 
Bhawulpur, Feb. 5,1868 (C. H. 

T. Marshall). 
Mutiana, June 1870 (A. 0. IL). 
542 
FMXG1LLID.E. 

28. Emberiza godlewskii. (Plate XII.) 
Emberiza gigliolii (nee Swinh.), Dybowski, J.f.O. 1673, p. 68. 
Emberiza godlewskii, Tacz. J.f.O. 1874, p. 330 ; id. Bull. Sue. Zool. 
France,!, p. 175 (1876); Prjev. in Dawson Rowley's Orn. Misc. 

ii. p. 308 (1877)/ 
Adult male. General colour above rufescent, with broad black 
centres and ashy-fulvous margins to the feathers of the mantle and 
upper back; the scapulars conspicuously chestnut, the lower ones 
with black centres ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
cinnamon-rufous, with ashy edges to the feathers, especially the 
upper tail-coverts, the long ones of which have black centres; lesser 
wing-coverts bluish grey; median series black, tipped with creamy 
white, forming a wing-bar ; greater coverts black, externally rufous-
brown, whitish towards the end ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts 
black, fringed with ashy; quills blackish, edged with rufous-brown, 
broader on the inner secondaries, which are pale rufous, with black 
centres like the inner greater coverts and centre tail-feathers ; 
remainder of tail-feathers black, with a large wedge-shaped mark of 
white on the two outer feathers, larger on the outer one, which is 
also externally edged with white; head and neck bluish grey, the 
latter washed with chestnut-brown ; on each side of the crown a 
band of deep chestnut-brown ; a broad eyebrow of bluish grey: 
lores black; eyelid ash}- white; sides of face and ear-coverts bluish 
ashy, with a broad streak of chestnut-brown along the upper margin, 
as well as a band behind the ear-coverts, joining a cheek-strijie of 
blackish, washed with chestnut; cheeks, throat, fore neck, and sides 
of neck bluish grey ; remainder of under surface of body pair 
cinnamon, paler in the centre of the abdomen ; axillaries and under 

wing-coverts ashy white, with dusky bases ; quills dusky below, ashy 
along the inner web. Total length &o inches, culmen 0*4 ~>, wing 
3*3, tail 3*15, tarsus 0*7. 

Hah. Eastern Siberia, extending to Alashan and Kansu, Yarkand, 
Turkestan, and Northern Cashmere. 

a. Ad. sk. Siberia. 
Purcha^d. 
b. $ ad. sk. Kultuk, Lake Baikal, Oct. c2'2. Purchased. 
c. d. £ ad. et juv. Kirog Valley, March 24,1874 Hume Coll. 
sk. (J. Biddulplt}. 
29. Emberiza cioides. 
Emberiza cia (nee £.), Fall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 30 (1811). 

Emberiza 
cioides, Brandt, Bud. Acad. £>ci. St. Pitertb* i. p. 'A*\:\ 
(184;*); Bp. Cousp. i. p. 466 (1850); Middmd. 8B*r. Bets. p. 280 
(1&51); tichrenck, Beis. Amurl. p. 140 (l8o9) ; Radde, Reie. Sihir. 

p. 176 (1868); Vian, Rev. et Mag. de Z<>oL 1*71 -72, p. :;- ; 
jDybowskij J.f. 0. 1873, p. 87; Seebohm. Ibis, l87i>, p. 88, IhbO 
p. 188. 
Buscarla cioides, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1857, p. 1» 
Citrinella cioides, Gray, Hand-L li. ii. p. 114, no. 7702 {1870). 
Adult male in Ireedixg-phtmage. (Ieneral colour above chestnut, 

53. EMBERIZA. 543 
with narrow black shaft-lines to the feathers of the upper back and 
mantle; the scapulars, lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
uniform ; lesser wing-coverts bluish grey; median and greater 
series chestnut, blackish on the inner web, and narrowly edged with 
ashy whitish ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts dusky, edged with 
pale brown ; quills dusky, the primaries margined with ashy white, 
the secondaries with pale chestnut, broader on the inner ones; 
centre tail-feathers pale chestnut, blackish along the centre, the 
remainder blackish, the two outer ones margined externally with 
white, the penultimate one having a large wedge-shaped mark of 
white towards the end of the inner web, the outer feather almost 
entirely white excepting the shaft, an oblique black mark along the 
base of the ioner web and a small blackish mark near the end of 
the outer web ; crown of head and nape deep chestnut, darker than 
the back; lores and base of forehead blackish ; over the eye a 
distinct line of white from above the lores to the sides of the nape, 
where it is tinged with grey, like the sides of the neck; ear-coverts 
deep chestnut; below the eye a broad streak of white ; cheeks black, 
tinged with chestnut anteriorly; behind the cheek-stripe a white 
spot on the sides of the neck; at base of chin a tiny spot of black ; 
throat greyish white, followed by a broad band of deep chestnut 
across the chest; sides of breast and flanks paler chestnut, deeper 
again on the flanks; centre of the breast and abdomen, as well as 
the thighs and under tail-coverts, ashy whitish ; axillaries and under 
wing-coverts greyish white; quills dusky below, ashy along the 
inner webs. Total length 0*6 inches, culmen 045, wing 3*3, tail 
3*1, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female in breeding-plumage. Not so richly coloured as the 
male, and having broader black stripes to the upper surface; the 
chestnut breast-band paler. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-45, 
wing 3, tail 2*85, tarsus 0*7. (Mas. H. Seelolim.) 

The winter plumage of the adult male differs from the summer 
plumage in having the chestnut of the upper surface obscured by 
sandy margins to the feathers, the head and ear-coverts being also 
washed with sandy ; the chestnut edges to the wing-coverts and 
quills broader and more distinct; the sides of the neck and throat 
bluish grey ; the chest-band obscured by bluish-grey margins to the 
feathers; otherwise as in summer. 

The adult female in tvinter plumage differs from the male iu being 
much more ashy, especially on the head, which is streaked with black 
like the back ; the chestnut band on the fore neck, which is alwa? s 
less distinct in the female than in the male, is entirely hidden in 
the winter plumage by the ashy-fulvous margins to the feathers. 

Young males in winter plumage closely resemble the old females 
and have the head similarly striped. Like the latter, they lack the 
black chin-spot. 

Nestling. Similar to that of E. cia, but more rufous on the wings, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts, and especially on the central tail-
feathers. 

Hah. Siberia. 

544 
FRTNG TLLID^. 

a. Ad. sk. Siberia. 
Purchased. 
b. $ ad. sk. Krasnoyarsk, Feb. 1. 
H. Seebohin, Esq. [P.], 
c. d, e. $ ; f. J ad. sk. Krasnoyarsk, Dec. 
H. Seebobm, Esq. [P.], 
g. <S ad. sk. Krasnoyarsk, June 17. H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.J. 
30. Emberiza castaneiceps. 
Emberiza castaneiceps, Moore, P. Z. S.1855, p. 215 ; Horsf. $ Moore, 

Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. ii. p. 4S4 (1856); Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 389. 
Buscarla castaneiceps, Bp. Rev. et Mag. tie Zool. 1857, p. 162. 
Emberiza gigliolii, Sivinh. Ibis, 1867, p. 393. 
Emberiza rustica (nee Pall), Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 255, 1803, p. 87. 
Citrinella castaneiceps, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 114, no. 7703 (1878). 
Emberiza ciop.sis {nee Bp.), Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 388 ; Prjev. in 

Rowley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 308 (1877); Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 266. 

Emberiza cioides (nee Brandt), Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 175 
(1876), iii. p. 137 (1878); David § Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 328 (1877) ; 
Sokter, Ibis, 1882, p. 435. ^ 

Emberiza cioides, subsp. gigliolii, Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 38. 

Adult male. Similar to E. cioides but smaller, and wanting the 
tiny black spot on the chin, and with much less white on the outer 
tail-feathers: " upper mandible bluish black, the lower one pale 
bluish; legs light clay-colour, with blackish claws ; iris hazel" (R. 
Swinhoe). Total length 5'5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*9, tail 2*7, 
tarsus 0*75. 

Bab. China and Mongolia, extending to Eastern Siberia. 

a. 
Ad. sk. China. India Museum. (Type of 
species.) 
b. Ad, sk. China. 
Gould Coll. 
c. £ ad. sk. Kin tang, March (Capt. luce). Gould Coll. 
d. <3 ad.sk. Icliang Gorge, River Yangtze. C. Maries, Esq. [C.]. 
e. $ ad. sk. Amoy, June 1886 (R. S.). Seebohm Coll. 
/. Ad. sk. Kiukiang, March 15. F. W. Styan, Esq. [P.]. 
g. S ad. sk. Hunchan, Manchuria. H. M, James, Esq. [P.], 
31. Emberiza ciopsis. 
Emberiza cioides (nee Brandt), Temm. §" Schl. Faun. Jap. p. 59, 
pi. 58 (1850). 
Emberiza ciopsis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 466 (1850) ; Horsf. 8f Moore, Cat. 

B. E.I. Co. Mus. ii, p. 483 (1854); Swinh. Ibis, 1874, p. 161; 
Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. ;V2S; Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 202; Sivinh. 
Ibis, 1874, p. 161; Blakist. $ Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 242 ; Seebohm, 
Ibis, 1879, p. 38; Blakist. $ Pryer, B. Japan, p. 168(1882); 
Blakist. Amended List B. Japan, pp. 17, 60 (1884). 
Buscarla ciopsis, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1857, p. 162. 
Citrinella ciopsis, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 114, no. 7704 (1870). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above bright 
chestnut, narrowly streaked with black on the mantle and upper 
back; scapulars, lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform 
bright chestnut; hind neck also uniform, and slightly tinged with 
ashy; lesser wing-coverts slaty grey; median and greater coverts 

53 . EM.BERIZA. 
545 
bright chestnut, with black bases, tipped with ashy fulvous; bastard-
wing and primary-coverts dusky brown, fringed with ashy; quills 
dusky brown, the primaries edged with ashy white, the secondaries 
with bright chestnut; centre tail-feathers bright chestnut, with 
dusky centres, the remainder blackish, fringed externally with 
brown, the two outer ones edged with white, the penultimate one 
with a large wedge-shaped mark of white near the end of the inner 
web, the outer feather almost entirely white, excepting an oblique 
blackish mark at the base of the inner web, the shaft, and a small 
dilatation of the latter near the end of the outer web; head and 
nape deep chestnut, washed with ashy grey on the base of the forehead 
; a broad eyebrow of ashy white from the nostrils to the sides 
of the nape; lores, eyelid, and ear-coverts black, separated from 
the cheeks, which are also black, by a broad white band below the 
eye j sides of neck bluish grey, whitish behind the black ear-
coverts ; throat ashy white; remainder of under surface of body 
pale cinnamon-rufous, paler on the breast, flanks, and under tail-
coverts ; abdomen isabelline; the throat separated from the breast 
by a narrow collar of black ; under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy 
white; quills dusky below, ashy along the inner web: " bill bluish 
horn-colour; feet brownish flesh-colour; iris dark hazel" (E. Whitety). 
Total length 6-2 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*9, tail 2*7, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in being paler in colour and 
browner above, with broader black centres to the feathers of the 
mantle and upper back; crown ashy grey in the centre; ear-coverts 
chestnut-brown ; cheek-stripe blackish, but not so distinct as in the 
male; under surface of body paler than in the male, the throat ashy 
whitish. Total length 5*7 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*7, tail 2*55, 
tarsus 0*8. 

The female is very like that of E* cioides, and has the same chestnut 
ear-coverts, but it is not so white on the breast and abdomen. 
Eab. Japan. 

a. $ ad. sk. Japan. Gould Coll. 
b,e. <$ $ ad. sk. Japan. India Museum. 
d, e. <$ 5 ad. sk. Yokohama, Japan. Prof. Milne [CI. 
f,g. <$ ad. etjuv.sk. Hakodadi, Oct. H. Whitejy [Cj. 
h. 
6 ad. sk. Hakodadi, April 15 (J5T. Gould Coll. 
Wkitely). 
i. S ad. sk. Hakodadi, May 5 {H% Gould Coll, 
Whitely). 
k, £ ad. sk. Nagasaki. Gould Coll. 
/, m. <$ ad. sk. Nagasaki. J\ Ringer, Esq. [P.J. 
ni°- c? > Pi £• ? ad. Nagasaki, Nov. F, Ringer, Esq. [P.J. 

sk. 

r. £ ad. sk. Nagasaki, Dec. E. Ringer, Esq. [P.]. 
s. $ ad. sk. Nagasaki, March. F. Ringer, Esq. [P.j. 
32. Emberiza tristrami. 
Emberiza stracheyi {nee Moore), Swinh. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 318, 1863, 
p. 801 j id, Ibisj 1805, p. 05. 
VOL. xir. 2 N 
546 FKINGILLIILE. 

Emberiza tmtrami, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 441, 1871, p. 388; id. 

Ibis, 1875, p. 122; Dyb. J.f 0. 1875, p. 252; Tacz. Bull. Soc. 

Zool. France, i. p. 176 (1876); David q Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 326 

(1877) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, iv. p. 138 (1879). 

Emberiza quinquelineata, A. David, MSS. in Mus. Paris; DybowsJci, 

J.f. 0.1874, pp. 323,335. 
Adult male. General colour above ashy olive-brown,.the feathers 

of the mantle and upper back centred with black and washed with 

chestnut; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform pale 

chestnut; lesser wing-coverts uniform ashy olive; median and 

greater coverts dusky brown tipped with creamy bufY, forming a 

double wing-bar; the inner greater coverts externally pale rufous ; 

bastard-wing and primary-coverts dusky brown, edged with ashy 

olive; quills dusky brown, externally edged with pale rufous, broader 

on the secondaries, the innermost of which are pale rufous, with a 

subterminal mark of dusky brown, with another dusky spot near 

the base of the inner web ; centre tail-feathers reddish brown, all 

the remainder dusky brown, edged with reddish brown, the outer 

leather with an oblique mark of white extending across the inner 

web ; the penultimate feather with an obsolete white mark; head 

black, with a white mark along the centre of the crown, followed 

by a distinct superciliary line of white; lores, feathers round eye, and 

ear-coverts black; cheeks white, forming a broad band ; throat 

black; hind neck and sides of neck ashy olive-brown ; fore neck 

and chest rufous, with a tinge of chestnut; breast and abdomen 

white; sides of body and flanks fulvescent or sandy buif, with 

mesial streaks of chestnut; thighs ashy browm; under tail-coverts 

white, the longer ones centred with ochreous brown at the ends ; 

under wing-coverts and axillaries wThite, those near the edge of the 

wing dusky ; quills below dusky, ashy whitish along the inner edge : 

" bill brown, the base of the lower mandible lighter ; feet reddish 

grey " (A. David); " iris dusky brown " (Dyboioski). Total length 

5-5 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2S, tail 2'2, tarsus 0 65. (Mus. 

Henry Seebohm.) 

Adult male in winter plumage (type of species). Similar to the 
summer plumage, but having the feathers of the throat and ear-
coverts obscured by sandy-buff edges; the wrhite bands on the 
head also washed with sandy buff. Total length 5 inches, culmen 
0*45, wing 2*75, tail 2% tarsus 0*65. (Mus. Henry Seebohm.) 

A specimen from T^ingpo, shot in March, and considered by the 
late Consul Swinhoe to be the adult female, does not differ from the 
male. Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*8, tail 2*25, 
tarsus 0*7 (Mus. Henry Seebohm). I cannot help thinking that this 
is a mistake, for Mr. Seebohm has a female, obtained in Eastern 
Siberia by Dybowski in June, which differs from the adult male in 
having the ear-coverts brown and the throat white, slightly washed 
with rufous, and separated from the cheeks by a malar line of dusky 
blackish. The general tone of coloration is paler. Total length 
5*4 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2'6, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*7. 

A young female bird in Mr. Seebohm,s collection is still-paler than 

53 . LMHEIilZA. 
547 
the bird last described, and has the fore neck, chest, and sides of 
the body pale ochreous buff, with reddish-brown streaks. 
Hub. China. 

a. Ad. sk. China (22. Sioinhoe). Gould Coll, 
33. Emberiza stewarti. 
Emberiza stewarti, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xxiii. p. 215 (Feb. 1854). 
Emberiza caniceps, Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 6 (1854); Severtz. Turkest 
Jevotn. p. 04 (1873). 

Emberiza stewarti, Horsf. ty Moore, Cat. B. E.I, Co. Mus. h. p. 485 
(1850;; Jerd. B. hid. ii. p. 374 (1803); Pelz. Ibis, 1868, p. 318; 
Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 400; Cock § Marsh. Str. F. 1873, p. 357 ; 
Dresner, Ibitt, 1875, p. 248; Murray, Str. R 1878, p. 112; Hume, 
Str. F. 1870, p. 107 ; Butler, Cat B. Sind etc. p. 47 (1879); 

Wardlaw Rtmsay, Ibis, 1879, p. 440, 1880, p. 05 ; Barnes, Str. F. 
1880, p. 450; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 81; Scully, t. c. p. 575; 
Salu. Cat Striekl. Coll. p. 230 (1882); C. Siuinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 113 ; 
Biddtilph, t. c. p. 282; Marshall, Ibis, 1884, p. 419: Murray, 

Vertebr. Zool. Sind, p. 185 (1884). 
Buscarla buchanani {nee Blyth), Bp. Rev. et May. de Zool, 1857, 

p. 162. 
Citrinella 
stewarti, Gray, Hand4. B. ii. p. 114, no. 7700 (1870); 
Hume, Nests and Egg's Bid. B. p. 465 (1873). 

Adult male. General colour above chestnut, with a few remains 
of black centres to some of the mantle-feathers; lesser wing-coverts 
like the back, edged with ashy; median and greater coverts dusky 
brown, edged with rufous, slightly fulvescent at the ends ; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and primaries dusky brown, narrowly edged 
with paler brown, the secondaries with rufous; tail-feathers blackish 
brown, edged with pale brown, the penultimate one with a large 
wedge-shaped mark of white near the end of the inner web; the 
outer feather almost entirely white, excepting an oblique mark of 
blackish brown near the base of the inner web, the shaft and a mark 
near the end of the outer web, which are dusky brown • crown of 
head pearly grey, bordered on each side by a black band running 
from the base of the bill to the side of the nape; lores, feathers 
below the eye, and ear-coverts whitish, forming a broad facial band; 
cheeks and throat black; lower throat and fore neck ashy white, 
succeeded by a broad band of deep chestnut; abdomen isabelline, 
as also the sides of the body and under tail-covcrts, both of which are 
mottled with chestnut bases, the long under tail-coverts with dusky 
centres ; under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy white with dusky 
bases; quills dusky below, ashy along the edge of the inner web. 
Total length 7*6 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 3, tail'2-7, tarsus 0*7. 


Adult female. Different from the male. Ashy brown above 
streaked with blackish centres to the feathers, the head and neck 
like the back, the scapulars washed with chestnut; lower back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform bright chestnut; wings brown, 

2N2 

548 
FKIXGILLIDJE. 

the median and greater series edged with whitish, the secondaries 
with rufous: tail as in the male ; lores and an indistinct eyebrow 
dull white, as well as the feathers below the eye ; ear~corerts brown ; 
cheeks and under surface of body dull white, with a distinct malar 
line of black spots; the throat and breast also spotted with dusky, 
larger on the breast and longitudinal on the flanks and under tail-
coverts ; axiUaries and under wing-coverts white with dusky bases. 
Total length 5-6 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2-8, tail 2% tarsus 0*05. 

In winter plumage the male has the grey of the head and the 
black on the face and throat obscured by ashy brown or sandy 
margins to the feathers; the whole of the upper surface of the body, 
as well as the chestnut pnepectoral band, is obscured by sandy 
margins, while the ashy white of the fore neck is washed with. 
bluish grey. 

Hab. Ivforth-western India, extending into Afghanistan and to 
Turkestan ; once in 8<find|. 

a. c? ad. sk. Pu&liut, Afghanistan {GrifIndia 
Museum. 
fith). 
b. tf ad. sk. Ckaman, Afghanistan, Col C. fcJ\vii,hoe P.". 
April 22. 

c. $ ad. sk. Ituugan, Siiid Valley, Mar Hume Coll. 
22,lb7l(ir.£:.£rook*). 
d. $ ad. sk. Thibet 
Earl of Gilford P. . 
Mountains of Ca>hmere LhaM Coll. 

e. tf ad. &k. 
(Lord A. Hay). 
/. <$ ad. sk. Cashmere, May 2(5, 1871. Hume ColL 
g) h, i. <$ ad.; k, 2 Cashmere, Aug. 1870. Hume Coll 


juv. sk. 
/. cS ad. sk. Cashmere (Dr. Bt-lleic). Imlm Museum. 


m. S ad. sk. Murree, July 5,1&72. Hume Coll. 
7i. $ ad. sk. Sutlej Valley. 
Hume Coll. 

o. $ ad. sk. Simla, March 25, 1608. 
Hume Coll. 

jh $ juv. sk. Masuri, April 8, 1&G9. 

Hume Cull. 

q. S ad. sk. Almora, INov. 0, i860. 
Hume Coll. 

r. $ ad. sk. Dekra Doon, Jan. 25,1871 
Hume Coll. 

^ (Dr. G. King). 

s. (S ad. sk. Kangra, Punjab. 
Capt. Stackhouse Pin-
will T.-. 

t. 
cS ad, sk. Sultanpur, (lurgaon, April Hume Coll. 
1), 187b { W. K Chill). 
u, v. $ ad. j to. J Delhi, April 1870 (CI T. Hume Coll. 
ad. sk. Bingham). 

a-,g. <5 ad.sk. Agrore, April 1870. 
Hume Coll. 

z-f. <$ ad ; g',h!, Ajmere, JSov. I8di> (A,

i'. 5 inim. sk. O. If.). Huine Coll. 
*', V. $ hum, sk. Ajmere, Dec. 1860 (A. 

O. H.). Hume Coll 
m'. <$ ad. sk. Ajmere, Nov. 17, 1801) (A. 
O. If.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
n\ $ hum. sk. Etawah, Dec. 2St 1868 (A. 
O. !£.). Sal\in-Gudman Coll. 
o\ 
$ ad, sk. Etawah, Dec. 10, IfcCS. 
Hume Coll. 

53 . EMBERIZA. 
]>'. S ad.; q'f y, s. Etawah, Jan. 1809. Hume Coll. 

5 imm. sk. 
t'. d ad. sk. Etawah, Feb. 7, 1870. Hume Coll. 
W, V. (S $ ad. sk. Etawah, April 1,1869. Hume Coll. 
tr', x\ <$ J ad. sk. India. Gould Coll. 

34. Emberiza leucoeepliala. 
Emberiza leuc jcephala, Gm. N. Comm. Acad. Sci. Imp. Petrov. xv. 

p. 480, lab. xxiii. fig'. 3 (1770); Salvad. Faun. ItaL, Vcc. p. 141 
(1871); Dresser, B. Eur. iv. p. 217, pi. 217 (1871) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 
1871, p. 888; Tacz. J.f.O. 1873, p. 86 j Dresser, Ibis, 1875, 
p. 248; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool France, i. p. 175 (1876) ; David 6) 
Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 329 (1877); Seebohm, Ibis, 1878, p. 340 ; 
Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Gesellsch. Wien, xxix. p. 215 (1879); Hume, 
Sir. F. 1879, p. 107; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, iv. p. 137 
(1879) ; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 79; Giglioli, t. c. p. 202 ; Scully, 
1. c. p. 574; C. Siuinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 113; Biddulph, t. c. p. 282; 
Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. 60; Giglioli, Avif. Ital p. 51 (1886); Salvad. 
Flench. Ucc. Ital. p. 165 (1887). 
Emberiza pitvornis, Pall. Reis. Puss. Peichs, ii. Anhang, p. 710 

(1773). * 

Pine Bunting, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 203 (1783). 

Emberiza pithyornus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 875 (1788); Pall. Zoogr. 

Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 37 (1811); Temm. Man. cTOm. i. p. 310 (1820); 
Naum. Voq. DeuUcliL iv. pi. 104 (1824); Werner, Atlas, Grantvores, 
pi. 2*2 (1827); Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 180 (1837) ; Bp. Comp. 
list B. Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 36 (1838) ; Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. 

p. xxxix(l840); Sehl. Rev. Crit. p. lxx (1844); Gray, Gen. B. 
ii. p. 377 (1844); Bp. Comp. i. p. 466 (1850); Cab. Mus. Hein. 
Th. i. p. ]2S (1N50) ; Ilorsf. # Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mm. ii. 
ii. p. 482 (1856); Jaub. Pev. et May. de Zool 1855, p. 320; id. $ 
Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 157, cum tab. (1859); Schrenck, 
Reis. Amurl p. 279 (1859); Padde, Peis. Sibir., Tog. ii. p. 177 
(1863) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 370 (1863); Sioinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 95 ; 
Bree, B. Eur. ii. p. 35 (1864); Det/L et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 314 
(1867); Blyth, Ibis, 1868, p. 355; Dybowski, J.f. 0.1868, p. 335; 
von Tschusi, J.f.O. 1869, p. 217; Fritsch, Yog. Eur. tab. 20. 
fifrs. 7, 15 (1870); Ehces § Buchley, Ibis, 1870, p. 194; Severtz. 
Turhest. Jevotn. p. 64 (1873) ; Lilford, Ibis, 1875, p. 6; Prjev. in 
Roicleifs Orn. Misc. ii. p. 307 (1877); Homeyer $ Tancre', MT. 
om. Ver. Wien, 1883, p. 90. 
Emberiza rustica {nee Pall.), Durazzo, Descr. Genov. i. pt. 2//, tab. 0. 

%. 1 ( ?, 1846, teste Salvad.). 
Emberiza esclavonicus, Degl. Orn. Eur. i. p. 252 (1849). 
Emberiza albida, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xviii. pt. 2, p. 811 (1849); id. 

Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 128 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 465 (1850). 
Emberiza sclavonica, Midd. Sibir. Peis. p. 140 (1851). 
Buscarla pityornis, Bp, Pev. et Mag. de Zool 1857, p. 164. 
Emberiza bonapartii, Barth. MSS.; Bp. Pev. et Mag. de Zool 1857, 

p. 164. 
Emberiza himalayensis, Tytler, Ibis, 1868, p. 201. 
Citrinella pityornus, Gray, Iland-l B. ii. p. 114, no. 7700 (1870). 
Citrinella albida, Gray, Hand-!. B. ii. p. 114, no. 7707 (1870). 
550 IR1XGILLID-E. 

Adult male in hreeding-plumage. General colour above cinnamon-
rufous or pale chestnut, the mantle and upper back streaked with 
black centres to the feathers; the hind neck and sides of neck, lower 
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform rufous; lesser wing-
coverts ashy grey ; median coverts rufous, with whitish margins 
and black bases ; greater coverts blackish, edged with whity brown, 
whitish at the tips; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish ; 
quills blackish, edged witb ashy white, the secondaries with brown, 
the innermost externally rufous like the back; tail-feathers blackish, 
edged with whity brown, the penultimate one with a large wedge-
shaped mark of white at the end of the inner web, this mark much 
larger on the outer feather, which is also margined with white externally 
; centre of crown pure white, the sides of the crown black 
along each side in tbe form of a broad band; base of forehead 
washed with rufous; lores and a broad eyebrow, as well as the 
feathers round the eye, vinous chestnut; a broad band of white 
along the sides of the face, running below the eye across the middle 
of the ear-coverts, above and below the latter being a large bhck 
mark; cheeks, throat, and sides of neck rich vinous chestnut, the 

latter with a crescentic mark of white ; on the fore neck a large 
white collar ; chest and sides of body chestnut, the flanks narrowly 
streaked with black ; breast, abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts 
white; axillaries and under wing-coverts white, the latter with 
dusky bases ; quills dusky below, ashy along the inner web ; upper 
mandible dark brown, the lower one yellowish brown; feet pale 
yellowish ; iris dark brown. Total length 6*2 inches, culmim 0*5, 
wing 3*75, tail 3*15, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult malt in winter phimaye. Has the same coloration as in 
summer, but entirely obscured by dusky or ashy tips to the feathers ; 
the dorsal feathers margined with sandy buff, the upper tail-coverts 
with ashy white; the hind neck washed with brown; the white 
crown obscured with dusky brown tips, the black on the sides of the 
crown with brown edgings; all the chestnut of the head and throat 
hidden by sandy-buff tips to the feathers, and on the breast and 
sides of the body the rufous entirely hidden by sandy edges; the 
white patch on the fore neck spotted with dusky: " upper mandible 
very dark brown, the base from nostril to gape yellowish ; lower 
mandible vex*}- pale horny bluish ; legs yellowish fleshy, the feet 
slightly tinged with brown " ( W. Davison); u iris dark brown " (Dr. 

G. King). 
Adult female. Very similar to the male above, but has the characteristic 
markings less pronounced; the white coronal patch 
hidden by a wash of brown and streaked with black; lesser wing-
coverts brown instead of ashy ; outer tail-feathers with somewhat 
less white on the inner web ; sides of face and throat ashy whitish, 
with chestnut bases to the feathers; the band across the ear-coverts 
dull ashy whitish, with a patch of dark brown above and below; a 
very distinct malar line of black ; on the lower throat a white collar, 
less distinct than in the male; remainder of underparts white, the 
chest and sides of the body with concealed chestnut centres to the 

53 . EMBEIUZA. 
551 
feathers, the fore neck streaked and spotted with dusky blackish ; 

under tail-coverts 
white, with longitudinal black centres ; under 

wing-coverts and axillaries white. Total length 0*5 inches, ciilmen 

0-45, wing 3*45, tail 3*1, tarsus 07 . 

Young in first plumage. Entirely brown above, streaked with 

broad black centres to the feathers; the head like the back, wilh a 

slightly paler shade on the centre of the crown and over the eye ; the 

lower back and rump rather more sandy rufous; the upper tail-coverts 

chestnut mesially, streaked with black like the centre tail-feathers ; 

tail as in the adult 
female, but the white wedge-shaped marks on 

the two outer feathers more elongated; wings as in adult female, 

but the edges to the wing-coverts more sandy buff; facial markings 

as in old female, but more dingy and somewhat washed with fulvous ; 

cheeks and throat dull white, streaked with dusky blackish along 

the malar line; lower throat, fore neck, chest, and under surface of 

body sandy buff, streaked with blackish ; centre of breast, abdomen, 

and under tail-coverts pure white, the latter with longitudinal mesial 

streaks of black. (Jfus. IT. Seebohm.) 

Young female in first winter, llesembles the foregoing nestling-

plumage, but has the chest and throat thickly spotted with black, 

and the throat with a certain amount of rufous. Young males in 
first winter are much more rufous on the upper surface, have a 
distinct white facial streak and collar on the fore neck, and the 
vinous of the throat, face, and eyebrow hidden by sanely-buff tips to 
the feathers; the head is brown like the nestling, streaked with 
blackish brown. (Mus. H. Seebohm.) 

Hab. Siberia, extending southwards in winter. Accidental in 
Europe. 

a. $ ad st. Altai Mountains. Mr. Brandt. 
b. tf ad. sk. [Siberia.] 
Gould Coll. 
c. J ad. sk. Siberia. 
Gould CV>11. 
d. $ ad. sk. Krasnoyai^k, April 17. II. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
e. S ad. sk. Kultuk, Lake Baikal, Mar. 23. Purchased. 
/. 
<5 ad. sk. Tashkend, Turkestan, Nov. 20 India Museum. 
(Severtzof). 

y. 
$ acl. sk. Marka Kul, Chinese Altai, Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 
June 8 (Dr. 0. Fimch). 
h. J ad. sk. Ab-i-Kamarra, W. AfghanDr. 
Aitehison [C.]. 
istan, Dec. 7. 
/. S juv. sk. Candahar, Jan. 12; 1880 (Sir Hume Coll. 

O. St. John). 
h, I c$2 ad. sk. Candahar, Jan. 2. Col. Swinhoe [P.]. 
m,n. <$ 5 ad.sk. C&bul( Griffith). India Museum. 
o„p. I nana, sk. Pushut (Griffith). India Museum. 
q. J ad. sk. Gilgit, Dec. 14,1878 (J. Bid-Hume Coll. 
dulpk). 
r. d; s,t 
?ad. Sonanmror, Cashmere, Oct. Hume Coll 
sk. 1870 (Dr. G. Henderson). 
it. (S ad.sk. Simla, Nov. 13, ]8K) (W. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 

r. J ad. sk. Hills north of Masuri. Hume Coll. 
w. c5 ad. sk. Dehra, 1874). Hume Coll 
55 2 FRINGILLID-3B. 
*. S ad. dr.
y . tf ad. 8k.
*. dad.sk . 
Dehra, Feb. 3,1871 (Br.
King). 
Quetta, Dec. (Ar O.St. Joh 
[Abyssinia.*] 
G.
n). 
Hume Coll. 
_, _, „ 
^UDJ?..ColV1 
Dr. Rappell. 

54. MILIARIA. Tjpe 
Emb3riza, Vieill. Analyse, p. 30 (1816) M. miliaria. 
Miliaria, Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1278 . M. mi harm. 
Spinas, Kaup {nee Boie), Natilrl. Syst. p. (1829) M. miliaria. 
Crithophaga, Cab. Mus. Hein. Tli. i. p. 127 (1850) M. miliaria. 

Range. The same as that of the species. 

1. Miliaria miliaria. 
The Bunting, Albin, Nat. Hist. Birds, ii. pi. 50 (1738). 
Le Proyer, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 292 (1760). 
Emberiza miliaria, Linn. Syst, Nat. i. p. 308 (1760) ; Bodcl. Tabl. PL 


Enl. p. 14 (1783); Orn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 868 (1788); Pall. Zooyr. 
Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 35 (1811); Temm. Man. cVOrn. i. p. 306* 
(1815); Koch, Syst. baier. Zool. p. 209 (1816); Naum. Vog. 
Bmtschl. iv. pi. 101. fig. 1 (1824); Roux, Orn. Prov. pi. 108 
(1825); Werner, Atlas, Granivores, pi. 22 (1827) ; Mhietr. Cat. 
rais. Cauc. p. 40 (1832); Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 171 (1837); 
Macqill. Brit. B. i. p. 440 (1837); Crespon, Orn. Gard, 1840, 

p. 216; Nordm. in Bhnid. Voy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 171 (1840) ; 
Selys-Longch. Faun. Beige, p. 82 (1842) ; Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 483 
(1843); ScU. Rev. Crit. p. lxxi (1844); Von der Milhle, Orn. 
Griechenl. p. 42 (1844); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 377 (1844) ; Thomps. 
B. Irel. i. p. 241 (1849); Kjcerb. Orn. Ban. pi. 25. fig. 3 (1852); 
Schl. Vog. Nederl. pi. 153 (1854) ; Remits. Eggs Br. B. i. p. 186, 
pi. 47. fig. 3 (1856) ; Sundev. Svensk. Fogl. pi. 6. fig. 8 (1858); 
Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 165 (1859); Tristr. Ibis, 
1859, p. 34; Salvin, t. c. p. 314; Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 138 ; 
Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 54 (1860); Schl. Bier. Nederl. Vog. 
pi. 15. fig. 1 (1861); Gray, List Brit. B. p. 101 (1863) ; Wright, 
Ibis, 1864, p. 55 ; Sperling, t. c. p. 280 ; More, Ibis, 1865, p. 125; 
Tristr. Ibis, 1867, p. 367; Brake, t. c. p. 427; Smith, Ibis, 1868, 
p. 444 ; Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 72 (1869); Saunders, Ibis, 
1869, p. 178; Elwes fy Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 194; Saunders, Ibis, 
1871, p. 217; Bresser, B. Eur. iv. p. 163, pi. 208 (1871); R. 
Gray, B. W. Scotl. p. 128 (1871) ; Hurting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 26 
(1872); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 144 (1872); Godm. Ibis, 1872, 
p. 210; Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 246; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 64 
(1873); Bumf. Ibis, 1874, p. 396; Bresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 249; 
Ban/. 8f Harvie Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 312; Irby, B. Gibr. p. 115 
(1875) ; Fallon, Ois. Belq. p. 87 (1875) ; Bygrave Wharton, Ibis, 
1876, p. 25; Newt. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 38 (1876) ; Blanf. 
East. Pers. ii. p. 257 (1876) ; Ban/. Ibis, 1878, p. 21; Fmsch, 
Verh. z.-b. Gesellsch. Wien, xxix. p. 102 (1879); Banf. Ibis, 1880, 
p. 84; Elwes, t. c. p. 392; Seebohm, Ibis, 1880, p. 118; Bixon, 
t. c. p. 574; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 235 (1882); B. O. XI. 
List Br. B. p. 59 (1883); Booth, Rough Notes, pt. v. no. 3 (1883) ; 
* Doubtless some mistake has occurred with regard to the locality of this 
specimen. 
54. MILIARIA. 553 
Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 148 (1883); id. Ibis, 1883, p. 11; 
Irby, t. c. p. 184; Homeyer <§• Tancre, MT. om. Ver. iii. p. 90 
(1883); Tristr. Faun. 8f Flor. Palest, p. 71 (1884); Chapm. Ibis, 
1884, pp. 67, 95; Clarke, t. c. p. 104; Saunders, t. c. p. 370; 
Dixon, Ibis, 1885, p. 83; Whitehead, t c. p. 40. 

Bruant de France appelle le Proyer, Daubent. PL Enl. v. pi. 233. 
Fringilla projer, P. L. S. Mutt. Natursyst. Suppl p. 164 (1770); 

Cass. Proc! Philad. Acad. 1804, p. 254. 
Common Bunting', Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 171 (1783). 
Miliaria septentrionalis, Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1278 ; id. Vog. Deutschl, 

p. 291 (1831). 
Miliaria germana, Brehm, t. c. p. 292 (1831). 
Miliaria peregrina, Brehm, t. c. p. 292 (1S31). 
Spinus miliaria, Kaup, Natilrl. Si/st. p. 153 (1829) ; Gray. List Gen. 
B> 1841, p. 01; Horsf, $ Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. ii. p. 481 
(1854). 

Miliaria europsea, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p, 290 (1837); Degl et 
Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 308 (18(7); Salvad. Faim. Ital, Ucc. p. 135 
(1871) ; Bogdanoff, B. Cam. p. 70 0879). 

Cvnchramus miliaria, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. fy N. Amer. p. 35 

"(1838); Bp. Consp. i. p. 463 (1860): Filippi, Viagg. Pers. p. 349 
(181/5); Lor he, Erpl Sci. Alger.> Ois. i. p. 108 (1867); Doderl 
Aiif. Sieit. p. 80 (1869); Droste, Vogelio. BorJcums, p. 109 
(1809); Frihch, Vog. Eur. tab. 19. fig. 2i (1870). 

Orithoplmga miliaria, Cub. Mus. Hein. Th. i.p. 127 (1850); Heur/l. 
Om. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 058 (1871); Gould, B. Gt. Br. iii. 
pi. 20 (1873/; Radde, Orn. Caue. p. 190 (1884), 

Miliaria valida, Brehm, Vogelf. p. Ill (1855). 
Miliaria meridionalis, Brehm, t. c. p. Il l (1855). 
Miliaria minor, Brehm, t. c. p. Il l (1855). 
Oitrinella milhria, Gray, Iland-l B. ii. p. 115, no. 7697 (1870). 
Miliaria proier, GigI. Iconoqr. Avif. Ital. pi. 186 (1882); Sail ad. 


Elench. Ucc. Ital p. 102 (1887). 
Cynchraimis miliaria, var. minor, Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 190 (1884). 

Nestling. General colour above sandy brown, strongly mottled 
with, black centres to the feathers, which are rather paler sandy 
buff on their extreme margins ; wing-coverts like the back, the tips 
of the greater and median series rather lighter isabelline buff; 
bastard-wing and primary-coverts and quills blackish, edged with 
sandy buff, inclining to isabelline on the first primary and innermost 
secondaries; tail-feathers brown, edged with sandy buff along the 
outer web and round the tips of the inner one; head more sandy 
rufous, mottled with black centres to the feathers, the centre of the 
crown with a broad streak of sandy rufous; hind neck sandy rufous, 
more minutely spotted with black like the sides of the neck; lores, 
feathers round the eye, a narrow eyebrow, sides of face, and ear-
coverts sandy rufous, with a few black streaks on the ear-coverts, 
and having a broad line of black along the upper edge of the cheeks ; 
cheeks, throat, and under surface of body pale sandy rufous, the 
centre of the breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts dull wThite; 
a few triangular spots of black along the malar line ; the fore neck, 
chest, and sides of the body with larger and more strongly marked 
spots of black, inclining to streaks on the sides of the body ; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries dull white, washed with sandy rufous, the 
lower ones mottled with black centres near the edge of the wing. 

554 FRIXGILLID^. 

The female in the nestling plumage differs from the male in 
being much ]ess spotted and in being less sandy rufous below. 

The birds remain in the first plumage till the middle or end of 
August, when they moult into the winter dress. The latter closely 
resembles the winter plumage of the adults, but is rather more 
ruddy below, the spots also much more triangular and presenting a 
somewhat less streaked appearance. 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above brown, 
rather more ashy on the mantle and scapulars and especially on the 
hind neck ; all the feathers mottled wTith black centres and having 
paler ashy-fulvous margins; lower back and rump brown, the black 
centres to the feathers less distinct; upper tail-coverts brown, with 
ashy-fulvous margins and black centres to the feathers ; lesser wing-
coverts blackish brown, with ashy-fulvous edges ; greater and median 
coverts dusky brown, broadly margined with pale sandy rufous, 
inclining to whity brown near the ends of the inner coverts of both 
series ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, edged 
with ashy fulvous, the first primary isabelline along the outer web, 
the inner secondaries sandy rufous externally, whitish at the tips ; 
tail-feathers brown, edged with ashy fulvous and aJso fringed with 

dull ashy white along the edge of the inner web near the tip ; head 
rather more rufous-brown than the back, the feathers mesially 
streaked with black; lores and an ill-defined superciliary stripe 
ashy white, the latter streaked with black shaft-lines ; ear-coverts 
reddish brown, streaked with black ; sides of neck ashy white, 
streaked with small shaft-lines of black; cheeks and throat dull 
white, separated from each other by a broad moustachial line of black 
spots; the throat with a few small triangular spots of black, 
larger and more pronounced on the fore neck and breast, which are 
tinged with pale rufous, especially on the sides of the latter; centre 
of breast and abdomen uniform dull ashy white, the sides of the 
body and flanks browner and distinctly streaked with black ; thighs 
ashy white; under tail-coverts pale rufous buff, with dusky 
blackish centres : axillaries and under wing-coverts light fulvous, 
with dusky centres to those near the edge of the wing; quills 
dusky brown below, pale ashy along the edge of the inner web: 
bill horn-colour with a slight dash of red, the edge of the upper 
mandible and the whole of the lower one yellow; feet pale fleshy 
brown ; iris dark brown. Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 
wing 3*85, tail 2*75, tarsus 0*95. 

Adult female in breeding-plumage. Similar to the male, but 
smaller. Total length 6-o inches, culmen 055 , wing 3*45, tail 2*5, 
tarsus 0*9. 

During the progress of the breeding-season, the plumage gets 
duller and very much abraded. The wearing off of the margins of 
the feathers leaves the upper surface much more uniform, the black 
stripes being very distinct in consequence ; underneath, the wearing 
away of the edges to the feathers of the throat leaves the black 
spotting very distinct, so that in worn individuals a narrow collar 
is left on the fore neck, where the black spots coalesce. 

54. 
MILIARIA. 555 
Adult male in winter plumage. Much more rufous-brown than 
in summer, the head like the back, the central black streaks distinctly 
indicated everywhere; the margins to the wing-coverts and 
quills much more rufous than in summer; facial markings and 
under surface of body fulvescent, inclining to creamy buff on the 
centre of the breast and abdomen; the throat-spots very distinct, 
as also the black stripes on the sides of the body. Towards the 
approach of spring the colour on the throat and chest seems to 
become intensified and to assume a distinct rufescent tint. 

Specimens from northern localities appear to be larger than those 
from southern and eastern habitats; the following are the measurements 
of some of the birds examined, from which it would seem that 
no specific distinctions of size can be drawn :— 

Total 
length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 

a. <$. South Sweden, May 15
(Meves) * ...
/3. c?. SMne, Sweden, Feb. 5 

{Meves)

y. 
S • Skane, Sweden, Nov. 23 
(Meves)
8. § • South Sweden, Nov. 
(Meves)
e. tf, 
Brighton, March 3 
(Swaysland)
C ($. Brighton, Apr. 4 {Swaysland) 
...'..

77. 2 • Brighton, Apr. 4 (Swaysland) 
.....!..........
6. 2 • Valencia, Spain, Oct. 18 
{Saunders)
t 
? . El Djen, Tunis, March 1 
(Salvm)

K. <$. Teneiiflte, April 1 (Godman)
A. 9 . Teneriffe, April 7 (Godman) 
u. 
Erzeroum (Dickson and 
Ross)
v. 
Trebizond (Dickson and 
Moss)
£. 
Trebizond (Dickson and 
Ross) .... m

o. P. Shiraz, June (Dickson 
and Ross) ir. 
Persia

 in. in. in. in. 
7-5 3*85 2-75 0-95 
7-5 3-95 2 9 0-95 
7-5 3-9 2-75 1-0 
CrS 3'45 2-5 0-0 
7'7 3-8 2-9 1-0 
7*7 3-75 205 0*95 
7-0 3-4 255 0*3 
7*5 3-95 2-9 0-9 
C-8 3'9 2-75 1-0 
7-2 3*55 2-75 0-95 
6-0 3-35 2-5 0-9 
09 3-9 2-0 0(5 
7-3 3-95 2-7 0 95 
6-7 3-45 2-45 01) 
6-4 3-5 2-5 0-9 
7-0 4-0 2-8 TO 

Hah. The greater part of Europe, including the countries to the 
south of the Mediterranean, and the Canary Islands, extending into 
Western Persia, and has occurred once in Sind. 

a. Ad. sk. Louth, Ireland, March 13, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
1885. 
hy c Juv. autumn, England. Gould Coll. 

r>r>(> 

d. Ad. Hk. 
<\ Ad, sk. 
/ . Pull. at. 
//. 6 JUV. Ht, 

h. 2 ad. at. 
«. Juv. sk. 
Hk. 

?/*,/'• ^ J ad.sk 
<>. Pull. sk. 

p. <$ juv. sk. 
q. cf juv. »k. 
r. c? ad. sk. 
*. c5* tul. sk. 
/. Juv, autumn. 
sk. 
//. Pull. sk. 


v. Ad. sk. 
w. J ad. sk. 
.r. 2 ad. sic. 
y. (S ad. sk. 
*. Ad. sk. 
a'. $ ad. sk. 


b'. $ ad. Mem. 
sk. 
<•'. 2 ad. liiem. 
sk. 
d'. (J ad, Mem. 
sk. 
f'. cf ad. fBstiv. 
sk. 
/. 2 ad. sk. 

g'. Pull. sk. 
A'. Ad. sk. 


*'. Ad. sk. 
A*'. cJ ad. sk. 

/'. Ad. sk. 
m', 2 ad. sk. 

n', o'. <-? 2 ad. sk, 

p'. Ad. sk. 
#'. c? ad. sk. 
r'. Ad. sk. 

«', t'. Ad. sk. 
u\ Ad. sk. 
t'\ Ad. sk. 
w'. 2 ad. sk. 
*t*\ //'. d ad. sk. 

VRINdTLLTD.TC. 

St. Baud's, Pembrokeshire, 

Sept. 
Wiltshire. 
Brighton, July. 
Brighton, Nov. 
Brighton, Nov. 
Brighton, Sussex, July 1883. 
Brighton, April 4. 
Brighton, March. 
Brighton, June. 

Rottingdean, Sussex, Jan. 8. 
Laueing, Sussex, Nov. 13. 
Oookham, Berk^, Feb. 11. 
Cookham, Feb. 23, 1885. 
Middlesex. 


Hatnpstead, Middlesex. 
Epping. 
Cambridge, Jan. (J. Bake?-). 
Cambridge, Feb. (F God-


man). 
Cambridge, March (F. God-
man). 

Cambridgeshire. 
Norway, Aug. (JR. Collett). 


SkUne, Sweden, Nov. 23. 

SkSne, Sweden, Nov. 

SkSne, Sweden, Feb. 6 (W. 

Meres), 

Malmo, Sweden, May 15 

(W.Meves). 

Copenhagen, Denmark, Dec. 

28,1870 (A. Benzon). 

Belgium, Aug. 10. 

Heligoland, Dec. 1879 (Z. 

Gathe). 
Borne, Italy (P. L. Sclater). 
Valencia, Spain, Dec. 18. 

Tunis. 
El Djen, Tunis, March 1 

Orotava, Teneriffe, April 7 

(F. G.). 
Egypt, Feb. 20. 

Bashan, Palestine. 

Macedonia, March 4 (II. J. 

Elwes). 
Trebizond {Dickson fyBoss), 
Erzeroum (Dickson fy Boss). 
Persia. 
Shiraz, 4500 feet, June. 
Bushire, Feb. 188-5. 

Dr. Giinther [P.]. 

Col. Montagu [P.]. 
Henry Swavsland [CI. 

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.] 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. "* LP. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. "P. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 1 \ 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. P. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. P. 
R. B. Sharpe, Et.q. 'P.' 
R. B. Sharpe, E^q. p ; 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. ,'p. - ... 
N. A. Vigors, Esq. [P.J. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

H. Doubleday, Esq. [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
II. Doubleday, E^q. [P.]. 
H. Doubleday, Esq. [P.]. 
Mr. J.Baker [C.]. 

Christiauia Museum [P."]. 

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.] 
Mr. W. Meves [C.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Brussels Museum. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Gould Coll. 
Howard Saunders, E^q. 


L. Eraser, Esq. [C.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Capt.G.E.Shelle\[P.]. 
Canon Tristram [C.J. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Gould Coll. 
Gould Coll. 

J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
SirO. St. John [C.]. 
A. J. V. Palmer, ESQ;. 
[p0


55 . FRINttXLLA.RU. 557 
z'. 6 ad. sk. Bushire, March 1885. A. J. V. Palmer, Esq. 
a. Ad. sk. Douloulpur, Sind,- 1877 (G.
A. Murray). 
Hume Coll. 

55. FEINGILLABIA. 
Type. 
Fringillaria, Swains. Classif. JB. ii. p. 290 (1837) F. capensis. 

Range. Tho whole of Africa. Palestine and Arabia to Northwestern 
and Central India; Japan. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Inner lining of wing chestnut or rufous, 
which extends to the base of the inner web, 
sometimes (in F. tahapisi) very slightly 
developed and confined to the secondaries; 
under wing-coverts rufous. 
a\ Throat ashy grey or blackish ; sides of face 
rather strongly streaked with black. 

a". Head light grey with blackish streaks ; 
no pale streak in the middle of the 
crown; throat light grey, overspreading 
the whole of the fore neck and chest. 

a'". Median and greater wing-coverts 
with blackish centres; back streaked 
with black j a black line through 
the eye and another along the upper 
edge of the cheeks striolata, p. 561. • 

b'". Median and greater coverts uniform 
rufous; back nearly uniform rufous; 
streaks through the eye and along 
the upper edge of the cheeks ashy 
grey sahane, p. 563. 

/;". Head black or dark brown, with a broad 
pale streak down the centre of the 
crown; throat blackish or dark ashy, 
not extending over the foie neck and 
chest. 

c'". Primaries dark brown, edged vvith 
rufous ta/iajjisi, p. 558. 
d'". Primaries entirely rufous across the 
base septemsti'iata, p, 559. 
b'. Throat pale ashy or isabelline brown; sides 
of face not banded with black. 
e". Quills dusky brown, edged with rufous. 
e'". Back ashy brown, streaked distinctly 
with blackish. 
at. Head exactly like the back and 
not any lighter in colour impetitani $ $, p. 563. 
bK Head decidedly more ashy grey 
than the back," which is browner . striolata $, p. 561. 
f". Back nearly uniform rufous, without 
streaks saliarce J , p. 563. 

FRIffGILLID-E. 

r>r>s 

d". Quills almost entirely rufous, except 
the tips, wliicli are dusky brown . .. . septemstri da $ , p. 500. 

h. 
No rufous lining' to the quills j under wingeoverts 
not rufous. 
c\ Breast uniform. 
e". Wing-coverts chestnut capensis $ 5 } p. 505. 
/''. Wing-coverts grey with black centres 
like" the breabt; head uniform slatecolour 
like the entire under surface of 
the body „ variabilis $, p. 506, 

d\ 
Breast ochraceous butt) distinctly streaked 
with blackish variabilis J , p. 507. 


1. Eringillaria tahapisi. 
Kmboriza tahapisi, 
Smith, Hep. S. Afr. Fxped., App. p. 48 (1836) ; 
Ilartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, vii. p. 105 (1881). 
Fringillaria rufa, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 290 (18:37) ; id. An. in 
Menay. p. 315 (1887); Gray, Gen. B. p. 378 (1844). 
Fringillaria tahapisi, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 378 (1844) ; JBp. Comp. i. 

p. 407 (1850); Cass. Proa Philad. Acad. 185i), p. 138; Layard, 
L\ S. Afr. p. 207 (1807); Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 402; Gray, 
Iland-V B. ii. p. 115, no. 7721 (1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. 
p. 70 (1871) ; id. § Bouoier, Bull. Soc. ZooL France, 1878, p. 77 ; 
Bocaoe, Orn. Angola, p. 370 (1877-78); Oust. Nouv. Arch. Mas. 
(2) ii'. Bull p. 145 (1870) ; Ai/res, Ibis, 1880, p. 105; Butler, Fell-
den, <j Beid, ZooL 1882, p. 302; Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 358; Sharpe, 
ed. Layardh B. S. Afr. pp. 490, 851 (1884). 
Polymitra capistrata, 
Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 129 (1850, ex Licht. 
MSS.). 
Fringillaria capistrata, Licht. Komencl. Av. p. 42 (1854); Gray, 
Ilaml-l. B. ii. p. 116, no. 7725 (1870). 
Fringillaria septemstriata (nee Rilpp,), Bocage, Jam. Lisb. 1808, 

p. 44 ; Sol. $ Ilartl. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 171. 
Polymitra tahapisi, Cab. J.f.O. 1878, p. 228. 
Adult ni'tle in whiter plumage. General colour above cinnamon-
rufous, mottled with black centres to the feathers, more distinct on 
the back and mantle, where they are slightly edged with ashy brown ; 
lesser wing-coverts exactly like the back; median and greater 
wing-coverts black, edged with cinnamon, inclining to creamy buff 
on the extreme margins; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
blackish brown, edged with pale rufous, a little more distinct on 
the secondaries ; tail-feathers blackish, narrowly edged with ashy 
fulvous; crown of the head black, the feathers edged with white, 
more broadly down the centre of the crown, where these white 
margins form a tolerably distinct streak; a very distinct superciliary 
line of white, followed by a broad streak of black, which occupies 
the lores and the upper half of the ear-coverts, and is followed again 
by another line of white from below the eye along the lower half of 
the ear-coverts; cheeks black, as well as the throat, separated from 
each othor by a malar line of white, the throat-feathers somewhat 
varied with whito edges to the feathers; remainder of under surface 

55 . FRINGILTA1UA. 
m) 

of body pale cinnamon-rufous, with ashy margins to the feathers, 
and concealed black bases to the under tail-coverts; axillaries and 
under wing-coverts cinnamon-rufous, the outer coverts mottled 
with black bases; quills dusky below, ashy rufous along the edge of 
the inner web. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 3-05, tail 
2*3, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female in winLr plumage. Browner than the male and 
having the head brown, streaked with black like the back ; a faint 
streak of rufescent brown down the centre of the crown; black and 
white facial streaks not so strongly indicated as in the male; throat-
ashy, with black bases to the feathers. Total length 5 inches, culmen 
0-4, wing 2-95, tail 2-35, tarsus OG5. 

Adult male and female in summer plumage. Differ from the 
respective winter plumages in being brighter in every respect; 
throat in the male entirely black, in the female ashy; white and 
black facial markings more distinct than in winter, and the under 
surface of the body much richer cinnamon-rufous, the outer tail-
feathers also more distinctly edged with rufous. 

IIah. Eastern Cape Colony, throughout RTatal, the Transvaal, and 
the Matabele Country, westwards to Benguela, the Congo, and as 
high as Gaboon. Dr. Hartlanb has recorded it from Iviri in Equatorial 
Africa (Emm Bey), and he assures mo that he has no doubt 
as to the species, which certainly goes to Socotra (vide infra). 

a. ? ad. sk. Eland's Post (T. C. Atmore). Sharpe Coll. 
b. <$ ad. sk. Kingwilliamstown. Capt. Trevelyan [P.], 
c. S 
ad. sk Kingwilliamstown, May 15, Capt. Trevelyan [P.J. 
ISSQ(C.Newbg). 
d. e. $ 2 ad. sk. Crocodile River, Transvaal, Sharpe Coll. 
Dec. (Wahlberg). 
ft g, h. cJ ; S k* Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Expedi2 
ad. sk. tion. 

I. 5 ad. sk. Gaboon (BuChailhi). Sharpe Coll. 
m. <$ ad. sk. 
Socotra {Prof. Balfour). Brit. Assoc. [P.]. 
2. Frmgillaria septemstriata. 
Emberiza septemstriata, JRupp. Neue Wirb. Vog. p. 86, tab. 30. fig. 2 
(1835-40) ; id. Syst. Uebers. p. 78 (1845) ; Des Murs in Lefebvre, 
Vog. Abyss, p. 120 (1845); Heugl Syst. Uebers. p. 42 (1850) ; 
Blanf Geol. # Zool Abyss, p. 410 (1870); Finsch, Trans. Zool. 
Soc. vii. p. 271 (1870) ; id. $ Marti. Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 460, note 
(1870). 

Fringillaria 
septemstriata, Gray, Gen, B. ii. p. 378 (1844); Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 467 (1850); Ilartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 152 (1857); 
Heugl Ibis, 1859, p. 343; Ilartl. J. f 0. 186l, p. 291; Breton, 
Meis. Habesch, p. 343 (1863); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 116, no. 7724 
(1870) ; Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. iv. App.p. cxlvii (1871) ; Sharpe, 
Cat. Afr. B. p. 70 (1871); Antin. fy Salvad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 113 
(1873;; Shelley, Ibis, 1883, p. 549; Saload. Ami. Mus. Civic. 
Genow (2) i. p. 171 (18S4) ; Rochebr. Faun. Seneg., Ois. p. 259 
(1884). 

/>(>() JFKItfGILLID.K 

Polymitra septemstriata, Cab. Mus. Hein. Tli. i. p. 129, note (1&50). 
Emberiza striolata, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 218 {nee Riipp:). 
Emberiza tahapisi (nee Smith), Reugl. Oni. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 665 

(1871). 

Adult male in breed'nig-plurnaye. General colour above rufescent 
brown, streaked with black, less distinctly so on the rump and upper 
tail-coverts; lesser wing-coverts uniform chestnut; median and 
greater series black, edged with chestnut; bastard-wing black, 
fringed with pale rufous ; primary-coverts and quills black, edged 
with chestnut, this colour occupying the entire base of the outer 
primaries, the inner primaries and all but the innermost secondaries 
being entirely chestnut excepting at the tip, which is dusky blackish ; 
upper tail-coverts and tail dusky blackish, margined with pale 
rufous : the outer feather rufous along the whole of the outer web 
and with a pale rufous wedge-shaped mark along the inner web; 
crown of head black on the sides, with a median streak of buffy white 
streaked with black; a distinct white eyebrow running from the 
base of the nostrils above the ear-coverts, followed by a black streak 
occupying the lores and the upper edge of the ear-coverts; this 

again followed by a white streak below the eye and along the lower 
part of the ear-coverts, followed by a black streak along the cheeks 
and by a white malar line ; base of chin whitish; throat ashy grey, 
with black bases to the feathers ; remainder of under surface deep 
cinnamon-rufous or chestnut; axillaries and under wing-coverts 
as well as the quill-lining chestnut: " upper mandible pale fleshcolour, 
the lower mandible dusky blackish; feet reddish; iris clear 
brown." Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 3*1, tail 2-45, 

tarsus 0-7. 

Adult female. Browner than the male, the head being like the 
back and streaked with black in the same manner, the crown having 
a slightly indicated paler streak down the centre ; the chestnut on 
the wings less developed, the blackish tips tb the inner primaries 
more extended, as also the black on the outer edges of the first primaries 
; facial markings not so distinct as in the male, the black 
replaced by dusky stripes and the white by fulvous; throat browner 
than in the male, and showing a few dusky streaks on the fore neck. 
Total length 5-3 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2-8, tail 2-35, tarsus 0-65. 

Eab. KE . Africa, across to Senegambia and the Niger district. 

a. $ ad. sk,
b. $ ad. sk.
c. ? ad. sk.
d. (S ad. sk. 
Abyssinia. 
Senafe, Tigre, May 20. 
Sabati, Samkar, March 24. 
Am, Lebka Kiver, Bogos, 
Dr. Eiippell [C.l 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
rc.]. H 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
"W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
e. ? ad. sk.
/ . $ ad. sk.
(j. $ ad. sk.
A. J ad. sk.
July 5. 
Ain, Aug. 16. 
Ain, Aug. 10 (IF. Jesse). 
Maragaz, July 28 ( W. Jesse). 
Shoa, Aug. 10,1882 (A. Antinori). 
W. T. Blanford, E>q. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll 
Sharpe Coll. 
i. ? ad, sk. River Niger. Forbes Coll. 

55. FRING1LLAEIA. 
561 

3. Fringillaria striolata. 
Fiingillaria striolata, Licht. Vers. JDoubl. p. 24 (1823). 

Emberiza 
striolata, Cretzschm. in Rwpp. Atlas, p. 15, pi. 10.fig.9 
(1826); Temm. Man. cVOm.iv. p. 040 (1840) ; Werner, Atlas, 
Gra?iivores, pi. (1840); Schl. Rev. Crit p. lxix (1844); Rupp. 
Syst. Uebers. p. 78 (1845); Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 42 (185(3); 
Bree, B. Bur. iii. p. 44, cum tab. (18G4); Tristr. Ibis, 1867, 

p. 367; Hume, Ibis, 1809, p. 855; Bhves # Buckley, Ibis, 1870, 
p. 194; J2M»W, *. c. p. 399,1871, p. 37; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 25. 
fig. 16 (1870) ; Dresser, B. Bur. iv. p. 197, pi. 213 (1871); Heugl. 
Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 666 (1871); Butler, Str. F. 1876, p. 35; 
Blanf. Bast. ^Bers. ii. p. 258 (1870); Hume, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. 
pp. Ill, 410,1879, p. 107; Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 47 (1879); 
Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 186 (1884). 
Fringillaria 
striolata, Sioains. Classif. B, ii. p. 290 (1837) ; Gray, 
Gen.B. ii. p. 378 (1844); Bp. Consp. i. p. 467 (1850); Selys-
Bongch. Bev. etMag. de Zool. 1857, p. 124; Degl et Gerbe, Orn. Fur. 
I p. 306 (1867); Boche, Bxpl. Sci. AlgSr., Ois. i. p. 181 (1867); 
Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 116, no. 7726 (1870); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-
Afr. iv. App. p. cxlvii (1871); Hume, NestsfyFggs Ind. B. p. 463 
(1873) ; Adam, Str. F. 1873, p. 388; Hume, t. c. p. 420; id. Str. 

F. 1877, p. 329, 1878, vol. ii. p. 74; Butler, t. c. p. 184; Tristr. 
Faun. Sf Flor. Palest, p. 72 (1884). 
Polymitra striolata, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 129 (1850). 


Adult male. General colour above sandy brown, streaked with 
black centres to the feathers; the lower back and rump rather more 
uniform and less strongly mottled ; lesser wing-coverts uniform pale 
chestnut; median and greater coverts pale chestnut, streaked with 
blackish centres; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, 
externally edged with pale chestnut, especially broad near the base 
of the secondaries; upper tail-coverts sandy brown, with pale margins 
and dusky centres; tail-feathers blackish, edged with sandy-
rufous, especially distinct on the outer feather; crown of head more 
ashy than the back and distinctly streaked with black centres; eyelid 
and a distinct superciliary stripe white; lores and a broad line 
along the upper edge of the ear-coverts blackish; remainder of ear-
coverts ashy, with a white spot behind them; feathers below the 
eye ashy white, followed by a line of blackish along the upper 
margin of the cheeks, which are ashy whitish and form another 
stripe, which is followed by a malar line of blackish which separates 
the cheeks from the throat, the latter being ashy white : 
lower throat, fore neck, and chest ashy grey, mottled and streaked 
with black spots; remainder of the breast pale sandy fulvous or 
deep isabelline, paler down the centre of the abdomen, and slightly 
deeper on the thighs and under tail-eoverts; axiUaries and under 
wing-coverts sandy rufous; quills dusky below, with the quill-lining 
rufous: " upper mandible brown, lower one yellow; legs yellow; 
feet brownish yellow?? (A. 0. Hume). Total length 5m2 inches, 
culmen 0*35, wing 3, tail 2*3, tarsus 0-55. 

Adult female. Not so strongly marked as the male and rather 
duller in colour; the head pale sandy brown like the back; the 
streaks not so pale on the sides of the head and sandy buff instead 

voi. xn. 
2 o 

562 
FRl^GILLEDJS, 

of white ; ear-coverts pale sandy rufous, with a lighter streak across 
the centre ; the blackish streaks of the male only faintly Indicated 
by dusky in the female; entire throat and chest dull ashy, not so 
clear as in the male and not so thickly spotted with black. Total 
length 5-5 inches, culmen 04, wing 3, tail 2-45, tarsus 0*6. 

In winter the plumage of the male is much more mealy than In 
summer, the head being whiter and the throat and chest hoary grey. 
The summer plumage is assumed by the wearing-off of the light tips 
to the feathers. The adult female in winter is browner than the 
male, and has the head brown like the back, with blackish stripes; 
on the throat there is much less ashy than in the male. Young 
birds in winter plumage resemble the old female, but are rather 
more yellowish underneath. 

Mr. Hume gives the following soft parts:— 

Male. Upper mandible brown, the lower one dingy yellow or 
fleshy yellow; legs and feet pale dingy yellow, fleshy yellow, or 
waxy yellow; feet brownish fleshy ; claws brown ; iris brown. 

Female. Upper mandible brown, lower mandible dusky yellow 
or wax-yellow, in one case the edge of the upper mandible yellow; 
legs and feet clingy yellow or paler fleshy yellow; Iris brown. 

Hal. From Palestine and Arabia, through Southern Persia and 
Baluchistan to North-western India, extending as far as Saugor 
in the Central Provinces. 

a, h. d2 ad. sk. Engedi, Palestine. Canon Tristram TV. 

c. 2 a(l« sk. Kas Masandam, Arabia, W. T. BknfortLlikL 
Dec. 7, 1872. TV. 
d. <S ad. sk. Bahu Kelat, Baluchistan, VT. T: Blanford, Esq. 
Feb. 2, 1872. "O 
e. <$ ad. sk. Baku Kelat, Baluchistan, 
Hume Cull. 

Feb. 1,1872 (W. T. 
Stanford). 
/, g. 6 $ ad. sk. Nal, EJielat, April 29,1877 Hume Coll. 
(O.T.Buke). 

h. Ad. sk. Near Anjera, May 18, 1877 Plume Coll. 
(0. T. Duke). 
i. $ ad. sk. Quetta (Sir O. St. John). Hume Coll. 
k} I. $ ad. sk. Keothar range, Mehar district, Hume Cull. 
Sind, Dec. 1876 (W. T. 
Blanford). 


m. § ad. sk. Near Kotri, Sind, Dec. 9,1875 Hume Coll. 
(W.E.Brooks). 
n, S ad. sk. Kanikot, north-west of Kotzi. Hume Coll. 
Sind, Dec. 17, 1875 (IF. T. 
Blanford). 


°) P' (S 2 ad. sk. Kutch, Feb. 1872. Hume Coil. 

q. $ a& sk. Nowshera, April 27, 1872. Hume Coll. 
r. $ ad. sk. Sambhur, March 14, 1872 (M. Hume Coll. 
M. Adam). 
s. Ad. sk. Mount Abu, July 1874 (E. Hume Coll. 
A. Butler). " 
t 
tf ad, Frinpiira, Oct. 8, 1868 (Dr. Hume Coll. 
ft King)* 


55 . FIOTGILLAEIA. 
563 

u-t'.<$; «'-*. $ad.; Ajmere, Nov. 1869 (A. 0. H.). Hume Coll. 
£. <$ imm. sk. 

o. 
S ad. sk. Ajmere, Dec. 1,1869 (A. 0. Hume Coll. 
H.). 
7T? p. S ad. sk. Taragurh Hill, Ajmere, Hnme Coll. 
March. 1868 (A. O. HX 
ex. ? ad. sk. Jodkpur, 1870 (A. 0. J?.). Hume Coll. 

r. 
j ad. sk. Karolee, OodeTpore, Feb. 14, Hume Coll. 
1878 (,4. O. JET.). 
w. <J ad. sk. 
Aligurk, Nov. 30,1877 {A. Hume Coll, 
Anderson),
4>, S ad.; Xi yf/. 

Etawali, April 1,1869. Hume Coll. 

2 ad. sk. 
co. c? ad. sk. Saugor, Central Provinces, Hume Coll. 
July 10,1869. 

4. Fringillaria saharse, 
Fringillaria saliarce, Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 295 ; Gray, Hand-l B. ii. 
p. 115, no. 7718 (1870) ; Gumey, jwi., Ibis, 1871, p. 291. 
Eruberiza Sahara, Dixon, Ibis, 1882, p. 573. 
Adult male hi breeding-plumage. General colour above uniform 
sandy rufous, with faintly indicated dusky centres to the scapulars; 
wing-coverts like the back; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, quills, 
and tail-feathers light brown, edged with sandy rufous : head different 
from the back, ashy grey, slightly tinged with brown and 
streaked with black ; a narrow superciliary line of greyish white; 
lores dusky; feathers below the eye greyish white ; ear-coverts dull 
ashy, streaked with whitish shaft-lines; cheeks greyish white, 
forming a band; throat and chest ashy grey, with hoary white 
edgings to the feathers, the chest mottled with mesial spots of black; 
breast sandy rufous, slightly deeper on the thighs and under tail-
coverts ; under wing-coverts and asillaries like the breast; quills 
pale dusky below, sandy rufous along the inner webs. Total length 
5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*9, tail 2-4, tarsus 0*65. (Mus. E. 
Seebohm.) 
Young in winter plumage. Sandy rufous like the adults, but 
with dusky centres to the feathers, a little plainer than in the adults; 
head and throat a little lighter and more ashy isabelline than the 
back, but not grey, and with scarcely any indications of dusky 
streaks. 
Ilab. Algerian Sahara and Morocco. 

a. Jun. hiem. sk. Sahara. Capt. Loche [C.l. 
b. (S ad. sk. El Kantara, Algeria, H. J. Elwes, Esq. [P.], 
May 8, 1882. 
c. Ad. sk. Morocco. Gould Collection. 
[Algeria.] Zoological Society. 
d. Var. sk. 
5. Fringillaria impetuani 
Emberiza impetuani, &mit\ Bep. 8. Afr. Kvped., App. p. 48 (1836). 
Frinsillaria anthoides, Sioains. Classif. B. ii. p. 290 (1837); id. An. 
inMenag. p. 316 (1837)$ Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 378 (1844). 
2o2 

564 ^EmeiLLrD^. 

Fringillaria impetuani, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 878 (1844) ; Bp. Cmisp. 

5. p. 467 (1850); Hartl Orn. Westafr. p. 152 (1857); Layard, 
B.8. Afr. p. 206 (1867); id. Ibis, 1868, p. 247; Gray, Hand-l. B. 
ii. p. Il5, no. 7720 (1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 70 (1871); 
Ay res, Ibis, 1871, p. 259; Gvrney in Anderss. B. JDam.-Zd. p. 189 
(1872); Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll p. 239 (1882) ; Sharpe, ed. LayarcTs 
B, S. Afr. pp. 489, 851 (1884). 
Adult male. General colour above sandy brown, streaked with 
black centres to the feathers, the mantle and upper back rather 
more rufescent; lesser and median wing-coverts more rufous than 
the back, with blackish centres; greater coverts blackish, edged 
with rufous, rather paler at the tips• bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 
and quills blackish, edged with pale rufous or isabelline, the secondaries 
more distinctly rufous externally, forming a conspicuous rufous 
wing-patch; tail-feathers blackish, with obsolete edgings of pale 
brown, the outer one margined externally with whitish 4 head like 
the back and streaked in the same manner; lores and a faint eyebrow 
sandy isabelline, as also the eyelid ; ear-coverts rufous ; sides 
of neck sandy brown, streaked with black ; cheeks and throat isabelline, 
as also the abdomen and under tail-coverts ; fore neck and 
breast and sides of body inclining to sandy rufous, the lower flanks 
narrowly streaked with blackish brown; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries sandy rufous or pale ferruginous ; quills dusky below, 
rufous along the inner web : " upper mandible dusky flesh-colour, 
lower one livid horn-colour; legs and toes dusky flesh-colour; iris 
dark brown " (Andersson). Total length 5*2 inches, euimen 0*4, 
wing 2-95, toil 2% tarsus 0*7. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 5*3 
inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*75, tail 2, tarsus 0*7. 

There appears to be little or no difference between the winter and 
summer plumages of the present species, the latter being browner 
and the former rather more grey and mealy in appearance. 

Hob. Cape Colony, less plentiful in the eastern districts, ranging 
into the Transvaal and thence to Damara-Land, and said to occur in 

Angola. 
a, b. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith X1.]. 
e. Ad. sk. 
d. Ad. sk. 
e. Ad. sk. 
/ . tf ad. sk. 
y. <$ ad. sk. 
h. $ ad. sk. 
i. $ ad. sk. 
South Africa. 
South Africa (E. L. Layard). 
Berg River (E. L. Layard). 
Transvaal (T. Ay res). 
Tj anj ombo, Darnara-Land, 
Nov. 15 (C. J. Andersson). 
Omatoko, I)amara-Land, 
Jan. 19 (C.J. Andersson). 
Orange Biver, July 0, 1881 
(Br. F. Bradshaw). 
(Types of apecies.) 
M. Verreaux X\]. 
Sharpe Coll. " 
Sharpe Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 

55. FJEOTGILEARIA, 
565 

6. Fringillaria capensis. 
Ortolan du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 280, pi. xiv. 
tig. 4 (1760); Daubent. PI Enl. v. nl.158. fig. 2 *, pi. 664.fig*. 1. 
Emberiza capensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 310 (1766) j Gm. Syst. 
Nat. i. p. 878 (1788) ; Steph. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 372 (1815) ; Grill, 
Zool Antechi. p. 25 (1858). 
Cape Bunting*, var. p, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 186 (1783). 
Emberiza flav.! $ , Bodd. Tall. PI Enl. p. 41 (1783). 
Cafirarian Bunting, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. v. pi. 318 (1822). 
Passerina capensis, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 929 (1823). 
Emberiza canrariensis, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 18 (1826). 
Emberiza erythroptera, Temm. Tabl. Meth. p. 39 (1836). 
Fringillaria vittata, Swains. An. in Menag. p. 315 (1837) j id. Classif. 


B. ii. p. 290 (1837); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 378 (1844); Laxjard, B. 
S. Afr. p. 207 (1867). 
Fringillaria capensis, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 290 (1837) ; Strichl. 
Ann. $ Mag. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 374 (1842); Gray, Gen. B. ii. 


p. 378 (1844) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 467 (1850); StricU. $ Sel. Contr. 
Orn. 1852, p. 151; Kartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 152 (1857); id. J.f 
0. 1861, p. 260 ; Laijard, B. S.Afr. p. 206 (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l 
B. ii. p. 115, no. 7716 (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 70 (1871); 
Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 80 ; Sharpe, in bates' Matabele-Land, App. 
p. 322 (1881); Solub <$• Von Pelz. Beitr. Orn. Siidafr. p. 135 (1882) 5 
Salv. Cat. Strichl. Coll p. 238 (1882); Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. 
S. Afr. pp. 489, 851 (1884) 5 Ayres, Ibis, 1884, p. 230. 
Adult male. General colour above brown, broadly streaked with, 
black centres to the feathers, the head rather greyer than the back 
and similarly streaked with black, the crown having a more or less 
distinct pale central streak; rump uniform brown; upper tail-
coverts brown, edged with ashy grey; lesser and median coverts 
chestnut, the latter with concealed black centres; greater coverts 
blackish, externally edged with chestnut; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts blackish, fringed with pale brown edges; quills blackish, 
the primaries edged with ashy white, the secondaries with chestnut; 
tail-feathers blackish, edged with ashy, the outer one externally 
margined with whitish and having a slight indication of a pale 
wedge-shaped spot near the tip of the inner web ; a very distinct 
white eyebrow running from the base of the nostril to the sides of 
the nape, followed by a black streak occupying the lores, upper 
eyelid, and running along the upper part of the ear-coverts; this 
again succeeded by a white band from the gape below the eye along 
the lower portion of the ear-coverts; this succeeded by another 
band of black along the cheeks, joining the black eye-stripe behind 
the ear-coverts; throat white; lower throat, fore neck, and breast 
ashy, as well as the sides of the body, the lower flanks having a few 
blackish streaks ; lower abdomen and under tail-coverts dull white ; 
thighs blackish brown; axillaries and under wing-coverts yellowish 

* Thisfigure I believe to be a bad copy of the one given in Brisson's work, 
coloured from bis description and not from an actual specimen. It is not 
recognizable as the Cape Bunting, but looks more like C. impetucmi. The 
description given by Brisson, however, is a good one. There can be no doubt as 
to the species represented in Daubenton's plate 664. 
566 XBXKQHJXDM. 

white; quills dusky below, ashy along the inner web. Total length 

5-7 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3*4, tail 2-45, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Rather more rufescent than the male, especially 
below, the white throat not so conspicuous. Total length 6-5 inches, 
culmen 0-45, wing 3*3, tail 2-5, tarsus 0*75. 

Young. Only differs from the adults in being more dingily coloured, 

and in having the under surface of the body ashy, with dusky 

streaks on the fore neck, breast, and flanks, the white stripes on 

the head somewhat tinged with ochreous. 

Young in winter plumage. Resembles the adult female but is even 
more rufous, the chestnut edging:* to the wing-coverts, quills, and 
tail-feathers being very broad and distinct • the light streaks on 
the head and the under surface of the body deep ochreous buff. 

Eab. Cape Colony, ranging into Namaqua-Land on the west and 
to the eastern Transvaal on the east. Angola (teste Hartlaub), but 
the locality requires confirmation. 

a. $ ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [P.], 
b, e. Ad.; d, Juv. South Africa (B. L. Layard), Sharpe Coll. 
sk. 

e. Ad. sk. South Africa. J. Gould, Esq. 
f. Ad. sk. Cape Town. Earl of Crawford 
[p.]. 
g. h. Ad. sk. Cape TOTTU (C. J. Andersson). Sharpe Coll. 
i. Ad. sk. Green Point, Cape Town Sharpe Coll. 
Nov. 6(C.J. A,). 
7c. <$ ad. sk. Mossel Bay, April 11 (F. W. E. & C. G. Oates, 
Gates). Esqrs. [P.]. 
h $ ad. sk. Rustenberg, June 6, 1878 Sharpe Coll. 

( W. Lucas), 
m. Ad, sk. Tjobis, Da^nara-Land, May 30 Sharpe Coll. 
(O. J. A.). 
7. FringiUaria variabilis. 
Emberiza variabilis, Temm. PI Col iii pi. 583. fig. 2 (1835) ; Gray, 
Gen. B. ii. p. 377 (1844); Temm. $ Schl Faun. Jap., Aves, 
pi. lvi. (1850); Eorsf § Moore, Cat. B. ML Co. Mm. ii. p. 487 
(I860); BlaMst. $ Fryer, 3. of Japan, v. 171 (1882) ; BiaJcisi. 
Chrymnth. 1883, p. 35 ; id. Amended List B. Japan, pp. 17, 01 
(1884). 

Euspiza variabilis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 469 (1850); Gray, Eand-l. B. ii. 

p. 112, no. 7673 (1870); Swinh. Jbis, 1875, p. 457; Tacz. Bali. 
Soc. Zool. France, 1879, p. 137,1882, p. 392. 
Zonotrichia musica, Kittl. Denkw. ii. p. 201 (1858) : Earth J. f. O. 
1859, p. 50. 
Hypocentor variabilis, Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mm. no. 29, 

p. 247 (1885). 
Adult male. General colour above sooty grey, the mantle slightly 
washed with brown and mottled with black spots at the end of the 
feathers, the scapulars similarly marked; lesser wing-coverts sooty 
grey, the median and greater coverts as well as the quills blackish, 
sooty grey externally and at the tips of the coverts and inner 

55 . PR1KGILLARIA. 
secondaries, the latter being washed with brown; lower back, rump, 
and upper tail-coverts uniform sooty grey; tail-feathers blackish, 
margined with ashy, the outer one slightly paler at the extreme 
tip of the inner web ; head and neck all round, as well as the under 
surface of the body, sooty grey, the ear-coverts rather lighter; 
abdomen paler ashy ; the under tail-coverts grey with ashy-whitish 
margins; axillaries and under wing-coverts sooty grey ; quills dusky 
below, the inner webs ashy : " bill blackish brown, tomia and lower 
mandible flesh-coloured; feet light brownish flesh-colour, claws 
pale " (Stejneger). Total length 6*5 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*5, 
tail 2-6, tarsus 0-85. 

The adult male in winter plumage differs from the summer plumage 
in having the feathers of the upper surface obscured by reddish-
brown margins, the under surface having the grey of the throat 
and breast obscured by rusty edges to the feathers, while the lighter 
grey of the abdomen is mottled with whitish edgings. 

Adult female. Different from the male, and much browner and 
more sparrow-like. Upper surface brown streaked with black; 
the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts deep chestnut; tail-
feathers blackish, edged with chestnut, the outer feather with a 
whitish tip to the inner web; wing-coverts brown, edged with 
rufous ; median and greater coverts blackish, edged with pale rufous 
and tipped with dull white, forming a narrow double wing-bar; 
quills blackish, edged with rufous, the primaries with ashy whitish; 
crown uniform dark brown; an indistinct superciliary streak of 
buffy whitish ; eyelid yellowish buff; ear-coverts uniform brown; 
cheeks yellowish buff, separated from the throat by a broad moustachial 
line of dusky; under surface of body yellowish buff, as 
also the sides of the body, which are slightly washed with brown; 
thighs ashy brown ; fore neck, breast, and sides distinctly streaked 
with blackish; lower breast and abdomen dull white; axillaries 
and under wing-coverts ashy with dull whitish margins; quills 
dusky below, ashy along the edge of the inner web. Total length 
6 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3*25, tail 2*6, tarsus 0*8. 

Young male. Is much duller grey than the adult, and is streaked 
both above and below with blackish. 
Eab. Eastern Siberia, Kamtschatka, and Japan. 

a. $ ad. sk. Japan. Purchased. 
b. <$ juv. sk. Japan. Purchased, 
0. Japan. India Mus. 
<S ad. sk. 

Japan. Gould Coll. 

d. S ad. sk. 
Nagasaki, Japan, Dec. P. Ringer, Esq. [P.]. 

e><?;/.£• ? 

ad. sk. 

Nagasaki, Japan, Jan. 16. F. Einger, Esq. [P.] 

h. S ad. sk. 
,. * « , «*. Hakodadi, Oct. 11. H. Whitely [0.1 

i. ? ad. sk. 
k. ? ad. sk. Yokohama. Prof. Milne \Q.\. 
568 FKINGILLID2E. 

56. MELOPHUS. Type 
Meloplius, Sioains. Classif. B. ii. p. 290 (1837). M. melanicterus. 
Head of Melophus melanicterus. 

Range. Coincident with that of the species. 

1. Melophus melanicterus. 
Moine'au de Macao, Daubent. PI. Enl. iv. pi. 224. fig. 1; Monti. 

Hist. Nat. Ois. hi. p. 486 (1775). 
Black and Orange Finch, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 268 (1783). 
Fringilla melanictera, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 910 (1788). 
Emberiza erythroptera, Jard. $ Selby, III Orn. pi. 132 (1825-39). 
Emberiza cristata, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 35; Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, 

p. 94; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 602 (1842). 
Emberiza lathanii, J. F. Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 2 (1831); Blyth, J. A. 
S. Beng. xiii. p. 957 (1844). 
Emberiza subcristata, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 93. 
Emberiza nipalensis, Ilodgs. Asiat. Research, xix. p. 157 (1836) ; 
id. Icon, ined., Passeres, pi. 289. figs. 1, 2 (nos. 341-42); id. in 

Grai/s Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844). 
Melophus erythropterus, Sivains. Classif. B. ii. p. 290 (1837). 
Euspiza lathami, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 376 (1844); id. Oat. Mamm. 

etc. Nepal pres. Ilodgs. p. 107 (1846) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. 
Soc. p. 129 (1849). 

Melophus melanicterus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 470 (1850) ; Horsf. fy Moore, 
Cat. B. F.I. Co. Mus. ii. p. 489 (1856) ; Jerd. B. Inch ii. p. 381 
(1863^; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 387 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. 

B. p. '467 (1873); id. Str. F. 1873, p. 47; Cock § Marsh, t. c. 
p. 357; Godwin-Aust. J. A. S. Beng. xliii. p. 171 (1874); Blyth 
% Wald. B. Burm. p. 95 (1875); 'Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 254 ; 
Butler, t. c. p. 498; id. Str. F. 1876, p. 37; Hume, t. c. p. 224; 
Fairb. t. c. p. 261 ; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 462; David 
ty Oust. Ois. 67«V?e,p.333 (1877); Anderson, Zool. Fxped.Yun-nan, 
Aves, p. 604 (1878); Hume # Davis. Str. F. 1878, p. 409; Davids. 
fy Wenden, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 95; Murray, t. c. p. 113; 
Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 107; Scully, t. c. p. 334; Butler, Cat. B. 
Sind etc. p. 48 (1879); id. Str. F. 1880, p. 17; id. Cat. B. S. 
Bomb. Pres. p. 63 (1880); Oates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 357 (1883) j 
Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind,^. 189 (1884). 
Euspiza melanictera, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 112, no. 7682 (1870). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above glossy 
blue-black, the head with crest-feathers 1*05 inch long; wiugcoverts 
and quills bright chestnut, with black margins to the lesser 

56. MEiorairs.
coverts, and dusky blackish tips to the primaries and inner secondaries 
; tipper tail-coverts deep maroon, with narrow blackish margins 
; tail chestnut; sides of face and entire under surface glossy 
blue-black; thighs and under tail-covcrts maroon, the long coverts 
laterally black; under wing-coverts chestnut, as also the lower surface 
of the quills; axillaries black like the back: "bill dusky, 
blackish above and fleshy at base of lower mandible; feet fleshy 
brown, the toes darker; claws bluish, pale at tips; iris dark brown " 
(Scully). Total length 6*3 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3-15, tail 2-6, 
tarsus 0*75. 

Adult male in winter plumage. Differs from the summer plumage 
only in having the black feathers obscured by ashy tips. The 
fresh-monlted quills and tail-feathers appear to have a good deal of 
black at the tips, which disappears as the breeding-season advances. 

Adult female. Quite different from the male. Brown above, 
slightly mottled with blackish-brown centres to the feathers, the 
long crest-feathers being also brown, with longitudinal black centres; 
lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and greater series blackish 
brown,edged with rufous; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish 
brown, fringed with dull rufous; quills rufous, dusky brown externally 
and at the tips, the inner secondaries entirely brown, with 
fulvescent margins; tail-feathers brown, edged with fulvous, the 
outer feather rufous, with a dusky-brown tip to the outer web and 
an oblique dusky mark along the inner web; the penultimate 
feather with a rufous mark on the inner web; lores and feathers 
round the eye dull whitish; ear-coverts and sides of neck dusky 
brown; cheeks and under surface of body dull ashy, the chin yellowish 
white; throat, breast, and sides of body dusky brown, 
streaked with black; under fcail-coverts rufesccnt, with blackish 
coiitres; axillaries dusky brown like the breast; under wing-coverts 
and inner lining of quills rufous, the latter with dusky brown tips. 
Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3*15, tail 2-55, tarsns 0*7. 

Young males at first resemble the adult female, but may generally 

be recognized by the quills, some of the primaries being chestnut at 

the base, and there is generally a rufous mark on the third tail-

feather. A few black feathers in the crest and chestnut wing-

coverts seem to be the iirst approach to assuming the full plumage, 

while the general tone of the plumage becomes blacker, and the 

chestnut gradually spreads over the tail, leaving the ends of the tail-

feathers blackish. The latter character varies greatly, even in full-

plumaged birds, and probably disappears only in very old indivi


duals, which have a perfectly chestnut tail. The maroon-coloured 

npper tail-coverts are also only attained with maturity, and are 

generally seen intermixed with black, partaking of the character of 

the tail. I gather from the series in the Museum that the full 

black plumage is not assumed the first year, but probably takes at 

least two or perhaps three years to attain to its full perfection. 

Hob. Himalayas, ranging into the plains of India, as far westwards 
as Sind and eastwards into Southern China. Upper Burmese 
provinces, Karen Hills, and once in Tenasserim. 

570 
:FEIN-<HIXED2E. 

a. 
<$ ad. sk. Mount Abu, April 20,1868 
(Dr. G. King). 
b. c? ad. sk. Mount Abu, May 1, 1868 
(Dr. G. King). 
<?. tf ad. sk. Mount Abu, May 1875 (E. 

A. Butler). 
d, e. $ 5 ad. sk. Mount Abu, April 1875 (E, 
A. Biitl&r). 
Mount Abu, April 1868 (A. 
$ ad.sk. 0. JET.). 
fo § ad. sk. Sambhur, June 15,1873 (R 

M. Adam). 
I, m, n. $ ad.; Sambhur, May 1873 (E, M. 
o. (S juv. sk. Adam). 
p. 
<$ ad. sk. Gurgaon district, May 20, 
1878 (C. T. Bingham). 
q. $ ad. sk. Sultanpur, Gurgaon district, 
May 4,1880 (JF.-AT. Chill). 
r, s. <$ imm. sk. Jhansi, April 28,1868. 
i, z«. c? ad. sk. Cashmere, Aug. 1870. 
v} w. <$ ad. sk. Dhurrnsala, April 8,1873 

(W.E.Brooks). 
x,y. S $ ad.sk. N.W. Himalayas. 


a. c? ad.; a', b\ $ Svree, near Simla, Aug'. 1868 
ad.; c'.cJjuv.sk. 
d', e\ $ ad.;/. Vo,4 


§ ad. sk. 

Masuri. 

1 2 a(*«s^


g.
Almora. 

h'. (S ad.; #, k'. $ Almora, May 1865. 
ad.; £', (S imm. sk. 
mr, w', $ ad. j o\ § Kumaon (Straehey). 
ad.jp'.tf juv. sk. 
j' . cJad.; r'. ? Kumaon Bhabur, March 


ad. sk. 1871 (G. King). 
a\ $ ad. sk. Kumaon, May 1867. 
t\ tf ad.; e«f. <$ Dhoon, Jan. 1870. 


juv. sk. 
«'. $ ad. sk. Etawah, Jan. 15,1876 (W. 


E. Brooks). 
v)\ $ ad. sk. Etawah, Jan. 8, 1871. 
x\ 5 ad. sk. Etawah, Feb. 10, 1869. 
y'} z'. $ ad. sk. Etawah, April 1869. 
a. <S ad. sk. Etawah, Dec. 1865. 
/3, y. S ad. sk. Behar. 
d, €. <? ad.; £ 7], 6,Nepal. 
i. 5 ad. sk. 
K, X. cT $ ad. sk. Nepal (B. H. Hodgson). 
ft. c? ad. sk. Above Jitpur, Nepal, July 
19.1877 (J. Scully). 
v, d juv. sk. Near Tokha, Nepal, Feb. 24 
1878 (J. Scully). 
£ $ ad. sk, Nilkaut Boad, Nepal, Feb, 
17.1878 (J. Scully). 

o. $ ad. sk. Native Sikhim, April 1874 
(L. Mandelli), 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Capt. Stackhouse 
PinwiU [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Capt. Stackhouse 
PinwiU [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume CoU. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hodgson Coll. 
Hodgson Coll. 
India Museum. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

7r. d ad. sk, 

P)(r. d 2 ad. sk. 

r. $ ad. sk. 
v, <j). d 2 ad. j xc? 
juv. sk. 
^. $ ad.; o). d juv. 
sk. 
a'. $ ad. sk, 
/3r. 2 ad. sk. 

y'. c? ad. sk. 

b\ 2 ad. sk. 

€'. d imm. sk. 

£'. tf ad. sk. 
rj'. $ ad. sk. 
6'. d ad. sk. 

'. d imm, sk. 

K'. 5 ad. sk. 
X>'. £ ad. sk. 
v\ d ad. sk. 
f, o'. c? 2 ad. sk. 
TT'. J ad. sk. 
p'jcr'. d ad. etjuv. 

sk. 
T>' . c?ad.;tf>\ ? 
ad. sk. 
X', ^'. d ad. sk. 

©'. 2 ad. sk. 

a,b. d ad.etjuv.sk. 

c. cJ ad. sk. 
dt 2 ad. sk. 

e. d ad. sk. 
f. d imm. sk. 
#. 2 ad. sk. 
h, d ad. sk. 
56. MEiorsus. 
Sikhim, June 1874 (X. Manr

Sikhim, Sept. 1873 (i . Mandelli), 


Sikhim, Nov. 1872 (X. Mm


delli). 

Bhootan Dooars, Jan. 1877 

(Z. Mandelli), 
Lower Hills, Bkootan Dooars, 

Jan. 1873 (£. Mandelli). 
Bkootan (Pemberton). 
Koomboo, Manipur, March 

31, 1881 (A. O.B.) 
Bishnoopur, Manipur, Feb. 
17,1881 (A. 0. JT.). 

Kangou, Manipur. April 29, 
1881 (A. O.H.). 
Soognoo, Manipur, March. 25. 

1881 (A. 0. IT.). 
Bhanio. 
Bhamo, Feb. 22. 
Ponsee, Kachyen Hills, 

March 25. 
Beeling, Tenasserim, Feb. 

11, 1S7Q (W. Davison). 
Haipur. 
Saugor, April 19, 1869. 
Saugor (W. Hooper). 
Jubbulpur, May 1868. 
Palaniow, April 5,1878. 
Manpur, Central India. 

Hills north of Khandeish, 
May 21, 1875. 
Dabivel, Khandeish, Jan. 29, 
1881 (J. Davidson). 
Talvela, Khandeish, Dec. 8, 

1880 (J. Davidson). 
Deccan (Sykes). 
Eastern slope of Mahabale* 

shwur Hills, June 2,1874 

(St. B. Fairbanh). 
Amoy, China, Jan. 1867 (R. 
Sivinhoe). 

Amoy, China, June I860 (12. 

Sioinhoe). 
Amoy, April (R. Sivinhoe). 
Amoy, Feb. (JR. Swinhoe). 
China. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Oates Coll. 

Dr. J. Anderson [0.1 
Dr. J. Anderson [C.j. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Col. Swinhoe [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 


Salvin-Godman Coll. 


J. R, Reeves, Esq. 
[p.> 
FKINGILLID2E. 

57. PLECTKOPHENAX. Type 
Hectrophanes, auct. (?iec Meyer). 
Plectrophenax, Stejneger, Proc. XJ. 8. Nat. Mus. v. p. 33 


(188J) ' P. avails. 

Wing of Plectrophenax nivalis. 

Range. Tho northern portions of both hemispheres, ranging southward 
in winter. 

1. Plectrophenax nivalis. 
The Lesser Pied Mountain Finch, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. iii. pi. 71 
(1740). 
The Snow-bird from Hudson's Bay, Fdioards, Nat. Hist. B. iii. 

p. 126 (1750). 
L'Ortolan de Neige, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 285 (17G0) j Daubent. PI Enl. 
v. pi. 497. fig. 1. 
Einberiza nivalis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 308 (1766) ; Meyer u. Wolf, 
Taschenb. p. 187 (1810) ; Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 32 (1811) ; 
Wils. Amer. Orn. iii. p. 36, pi. 21. fig. 2 (1811) ; Koch, Syst, later. 
Zool p. 213 (1816)5 Temm. Man. oVOm. p. 319 (1820); Naum. 
Vog. Deutschl. iv. pis. 106,107 (1824) j Werner, Atlas, Granivores, 
pi. 28 (1827); Nutt. Man. i. p. 458 (1832); MMtr. Cat. rais. 
Cauc. p. 41 (1832) ; Audub. B. Amer. pi. 189; id. Orn. Biogr. 

ii. p. 315 (1834), v. p. 496 (1839) ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Buss. 
M6rid. iii. p. 177 (1840); Kjcerb. Orn. Dan. pi. 25. fig. 5 (1852) ; 
Schl. Vog. Nederl. pi. 159 (1854); Sundev. Svensk. Fogl. pi. 7. 
figs. 5, 6, 7 (1856) ; Schl. Bier. Nederl., Vog. pi. 15. figs. 10,11 
(1861); F. $ P. Godman, Ibis, 1861, p. 83; Bowleg, Ibis, 1862, 
p. 89; A. Neiot. in Bariyig Gould's Iceland, p. 409 (1863) ; Wriqht, 
Ibis, 1864, p. 55; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 116, no. 7727 (1870); 
Wright, Ibis, 1870, p. 490; Harting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 25 (1872); 
Wright, Ibis, 1874, p. 233; Cordeaux, Ibis, 1875, p. 182; Fallon, 
Ois. Belg. p. 90 (1875); Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, pp. 217, 379; id. 
Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 125 (1883). 
Ortolan de passage, Daubent. PL JEnl. v. pi. 511. fig. 2. 
L'Ortolan de Lorraine, femelle, Montb. Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 323 
(1778). 

57 . PLEOTROPUBNAX. 
573 

Emberiza notata, P. L. S. Mutt. Natursyst, Suppl. p. 157 (177(1). 

Snow Bunting, Lath. Gen. Sgn. ii. pt. i. p. 101 (1783). 

Tawny Bunting, Lath. t. c. p. 104 (1783,). 

Mountain Bunting, Lath, t. c. p. 165 (1783). 

Lorrain Bunting, Lath. t. c. p. 170 (1783). 

Emberiza mustelina, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 867 (1788). 
Emberiza montana, Gm, Syst. Nat. i. p. 867 (1788). 
Emberiza lotharingica, Gm. Syst Nat. i. p. 882 (pt.). 
Emberiza glacialis, Lath. Lid. Orn. i. p. 398 (1790); Yarr. Brit. B. 


i. p. 425 (1843). 
Passerina nivalis, Vieill. Faune Franc, p. 80 (1820): Ron v. Orn. 
Prov. pi. 103 (1825). 
Plectropnanes 
nivalis, Meyer, Zus. u. Bericht. Meyer w. Wolf. 
Taschenb. p. 57 (1822) ; JBoie, Isis, 1822, p. 554; Gould, B. Eilr. 

iii. pi. 170 (1837); Macgill. Brit. B. i. p. 460 (1837); Bp. Camp. 
List B. Fur. $ N. Amer. p. 37 (1838) ; Keif8. u. Bias. Wirh. Far. 
p. 154 (1840); Audub. B. Amer. iii. p. 55, pi. 156 (1841) ; Selys* 
Longch. Faune Beige, p. 82 (1842); Schl. Rev. Crit. p. lxxii 
(1844); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 379 (1844); Thomps. B. trel i. 
p. 237 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 462 (1850) ; Middend. Sibir. Reis., 
Zool p. 134 (1851); Hewits. Eggs Br. B. i. p. 184, pi. 46.fig,3 
(1850); Nemoied, J. f. 0. 1858, p. 345; Baird, B. N. Amer. I 
p. 432 (1858); Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 170 (1859) ; 
Schrenck, Reis. Amurl. p. 275 (1859); Evans §• Sturge, Ibis, 1861, 
p. 170; Reinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 7; Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 72; Gray, 
List Brit. B. p. 104 (1863) ; Radde, Reis. Sibir., Tog. p. 156 
(1863); More, Ibis, 1865, p. 124; A. Newt. t.c. p. 502; Godm. 
i&w, I860, pp. 96, 107; Baird, Ibis, 1807, pp. 281, 286, 289; 
Brake, t.c. p. 427; Degl. fy Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 332 (1867); 
Fall 8f Bann. Travis. Chicago Acad. i. p. 282 (1869); Borggr. 
Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 71 (1869) ; Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 91 
(I860); Broste, Vogelw. Borkums, p. 109 (1869); Coqm; B. Calif. 

p. 177 (1870); Godman, Azores, p. 26 (1870) ; Fritsch, Vog. Fur. 
tab. 25. figs. 17,18 (c. 1870); Gillett, Ibis, 1870, p. 300; Salvad. 
Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 145 (1871) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 389; R. 
Gray, B. West Scotl p. 125, cum tab. (1871) ; Ileugl. Ibis, 1872, 
p. 61; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambr. iii, p. 177 (1872) ; 
Coues, Keg N Amer. B. p. 133 (1872) ; Fimch, Abhandl nat. 
Vet-. Bremen, iii. p. 54 (1872); Dresser, B. Fur. iv. p. 201, pi. 225 
(1873); Severtz. Turkest, Jevotn. p. 64 (1873); Baird, Brewer, <$• 
Ridgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 512, pi. 24.fig.2 (1874); Coues, 
B. N-West,-a. 118 (1874); Hai-ting, Faun. Prybilov Isl. p. 17 
(1875); Irhj, B. Gibr. p. 117 (1875) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 250; 
Danf. 8f Harvie Brown, t. c. p. 312 ; Swinh. t. c. p. 451; Seebohm 
fy Harvie Brown, Ibis, 1876, p. 118 ; Neiut. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. ii. 
p. 1 (1876) ; Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 174 (1876) ; Finsch, 
Ibis, 1877, p. 59; David # Omt. Ois. Chine, p. 320 (1877); Blah. 
& Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 244; Seebohm, t.c. p. 340 ; Finsch, Ver. 
z.-b. Gesellsch. Wien, xxix. p. 219 (1879); Irby, Ibis, 1879, p. 345; 
Gigl. Ibis, 1881, p. 203; Bolau, J.f. 0.1881, p. 60,1882, p. 336; 
Blah, fy Fryer, B. Japan, p. 172 (1882); Coues, Check-list, p. 51 
(1882); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vii. p. 392 (1882) ; Nelson, 
Cruise R. S. 'Corwin,' p. 68 (1883); Homeyer £ TancrS, MT. om. 
Ver. Wien, 1883, p. 90; B. 0. U. List Br. B. p. 63 (1883) ; Irby, 
Ibis, 1883, p. 184; Blak. Amended List B. Japan, p. 22 (1884); 
Radde, Orn. Cam. p. 198 (1884) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 356 
(1884); Murdoch, Exped. Pt. Barrow, Birds, p. 105 (1885). 
574 FRimjLLIDM. 

Emberiza (Plectroplianes) nivalis, Swains. fy Richards. Faun, Bor.-

Amer., Birds, p. 246 (1831). 
Plectrophanes Memalis, Brehm, Yog. Deutschl p. 304 (1831). 
Plectroplianes borealis, Brehm, Yog. Deutschl. p. 305 (1831). 
Plectrophanes mustelinus, Brehm, Yog. Deutschl. p. 300 (lc31). 
Plectroplianes niontanus, Brehm, Yogelf. p. 119 (1855). 
Emberiza borealis, Degl Oni. Bur. i. p. 273 (1849). 
Plectropkenax nivalis, Stejneger, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mm. v. p. 33 

(1882); Turner, Auk, ii. p. 157 (1885); Stejneger, Bull. TJ. 8. 
Nat. 3£us. no. 29, p. 248 (1885); A. 0. U. 'Checklist N. Amer. 

B. p#. 262 (1836) ; Sahad. Blench. Ucc. ltd. p. 160 (18^7). 
Calcarius nivalis, Giglioli, Avif. ItaL p. 56 (1886). 
Adult male. General colour above black, generally with, a few 
remains of whitish margins to the feathers of the lower back and 
rump; sides of the rump and lateral upper tail-coverts white, the 
remainder of the latter black, edged with white; scapulars black ; 
wing-coverts white; bastard-wing black; primary-coverts white; 
primaries black, the basal third white; the secondaries white, excepting 
the innermost, which are black like the innermost greater 
coverts; tail-feathers black, fringed externally and round the tip 
with white, increasing on the fourth, which has a broad white 
border; the three outer tail-feathers white, with a small black mark 
at the end of the outer web, a little larger on the third feather, 
where it is seen on the inner web also; head and neck all round 
and entire under surface of body pure white, including the axIHaries, 
under wing-coverts, and lining of quills: 4i bill dull yellowish, darker 
towards the point; legs black; iris dark brown" (Drtssir). Total 
length 7 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 4*45, tail 2*7, tarsus 0*85. 

Adult fetiiale in breeding-plumage. Xever so distinctly Hack and 
white as the male. Above blackish, mottled with greyish bases and 
greyish-white edges to the feathers; the crown like the back* and 
washed with fulvous; wing-coverts blackish brown, tipped with 
white; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown, 
edged with whitish; the secondaries white, washed with brown 
near the end of the outer web, the inner secondaries brown, edged 
with white; tail-feathers as in the male, but with more brown on 
the outer feathers, especially on the third feather; eyebrow, lores, 
and under surface of body dull white; the ear-coverts duH ashy ; 
sides of upper breast ashy brown. Total length 6 inches, culmen 
0*45, wing #*8, tail 2*35, tarsus 0*8. 

The old females never have the black markings on the outer tail-
feathers reduced to the same extent as the males, the third feather 
always showing a considerable amount of black at the tip, whereas 
in some old males it is reduced to a small mark on the two outer 
feathers. 

Nestling. Ashy ochreous, the back mottled with blackish centres, 
the head and neck slightly varied with dusky bases to the feathers ; 
wing-coverts dull white, washed with pale rufous; bastard-wing 
black as well as the outer margin of the outer greater coverts; 
primary-coverts and primaries blackish, edged and tipped with ashy 

57. PLECTEOPHEFAX. 
575 

rufous; secondaries white, externally washed with pale rufous the 
inner secondaries black, rufescent externally and at the tips; tail-
feathers blackish, broadly margined with ashy rufous, the'three 
outer ones white, with rufescent margins and tips, with more or 
less black towards the ends of the outer webs, the third feather 
blackish at the end of the inner web as well; sides of face, sides of 
neck, and ear-coverts ashy like the head: under surface'of body 
pale ochreous, whiter on the under tail-coverts; the fore reck and 
lower throat washed with ashy; under wing-coverts, axiUarios and 
inner lining of quills ashy whitish. 

From this plumage the young bird moults into a completely 
rufescent dress, which is very similar to that of the adults in winter. 

Adult male in winter plumage. Differs from the summer in boin"* 
sandy rufous or pale chestnut, only mottled on the upper surface 
where the black bases to the feathers show through; lower back 
rump, and upper tail-coverts more distinctly and uniformly sandy 
rufous, the latter broadly tipped with the latter colour; tail-feathers 
as in summer, but with broader and more rufescent margins; wings 
as in summer, but with a rufescent tinge on the coverts; the primary-
coverts black with white bases, and the white confined to the 
extreme base of the primaries; inner greater coverts and inner 
secondaries very broadly edged with rufous; entire head and neck 
washed with pale chestnut, the crown blackish; sides of face and 
under surface of body white, washed with pale chestnut on the sides 
of the body, the fore neck, and throat, deepening on the ear-coverts. 

The adult female in winter plumage can only be distinguished 
from the male by the less amount of white on the tail, and by the 
wing-coverts, which are not white but blackish, with ashy-white 
or rufescent margins; the secondaries also havo less white than the 
males. Young females in winter plumage cannot be distinguished 
from old females at the same time of year. Young males in winter 
plumage can be told by their ashy-white wing-coverts and by the 
greater extent of white on the outer tail-feathers. The chestnut 
shade on the head and underparts varies with individuals, but in the 
early autumn it often overspreads the entire underparts, and is very 
deep on the face and throat. 

As the summer plumage is gradually assumed by shedding the 
pale edges to the feathers, specimens in all kinds of intermediate 
stages are seen in collections. The black tips to the primary-
coverts in the males disappear, and the white bases to the lurimaries 
extend by degrees, as the rufous on tho upper parts disappears, 
allowing the underlying white and black plumage to predominate. 

Hal. The same as that of the genus. 

a. 2 hiem. sk. Orkneys (Dunn). E. B. Sharpe, Esq. HP.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Cambridge (F. Godman), Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c\ cj hiem. sk. Ely, Dec. 5 (F. Godman). Salvin-Godman Ooll. 
L e. Ad. hiem. st. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker [C.]. 
* 
c? ad. hiem. sk. Cookham, Berks, Nov. 28, E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
1874 (JR. B. #.)• 
g. $ imm. sk. Somersetshire. Col. Montagu [O.J. 
FEINGILLIDiE. 

h. $ Mem. sk. Hayle, Cornwall.
L 3 
ad. sk. Quicldock, Lapland, Apr.
17 (H. Wheelwright), 

h. JUT. sk. QuicMock, May 21 (J3T.
7. J ad. sk. Quicldock, June (If.
M r? ad. sk. Farkoping-, Sweden,
March 20,1871. 

w. <$ ad. sk. Upland, Sweden, Feb. 1.
o 9 TUT. sk. Malino, Sweden, Jan. 2
* ' (TT. Ilto*). 
niem* ? ^ m

#, q. (J 2 ad«^ Sweden, Nov.

n $ JUT. Mem. sk.
«. 5 ad. sk.

t, u. $ $ ad. sk.

v w <J ad. sk.

a* Oad.sk.
"*"

v. Pull. sk.
z,a'. S jnv., $ ad.
sk. 

/>'." J ad. sk.
c', dr. Ad. Mem. sk.
e\ <$ ad. sk.

f. $ ad. sk.
a* d ad. sk.
h'. f 21 ad. sk.


i'. 2 ad. sk.
A'. Ad. sk.
/'. 2 ad. sk.
m\ ri. (S 2 &&• sko\ 
J ad. sk.


p\ Imm. sk.


o\ Imm. sk.


rr. Juv. sk.

s\ <5 ad. sk.

t\ Ad. sk.

u\ Imm. sk.

v\ Juv. sk.
to', d ad. sk.

 ( Ur. 3iew»$). 
Skaivtad, Norway, May

(P. Gvdman). 
Bodo, Norway, May (F.
God'uian). 
Norway, March 25 (R.
GAlkt). 
Hammerfest, July 7 (R. 
Collett). 

 Porsanger Fjurd, July 
10 (j?. CUlett). 
Havre,Nov. (V.Pluche).

 Archangel, May 4,1875.

 N. Russia. * 
Lrst Zylma, Petchora
River, July 5. 
Iceland. " 
82° 41' N«, May 1871

(J£ IF. Feilden). 
Arctic America (Sm.

no. 17049). 
Arctic America. 
Arctic America. 
Arctic America, June 14.

 Repulse Bay. 
Fort George, Hudson'sBay, April 26. 
Lichtenfels, Greenland;
Sept. 1. 
Lichtenfels, Greenland,
Aug. 28. 

 S. Paul's Island, Alaska,
*SL*$7(H.W.EWoti 

Sm. no, G2412). 

 Point Barrow, Alaska,
July 24 (Jf. Smith; 
Sm. no. 03155). 

 Whalefish Islands. 
N.W.America.

 N.W. America. 
N.W. America. 
G. A. Copeland, Esq. [P.J. 
Gould Collection. 
Gould Collection. 

 Gould Collection. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Mr. W. Meves PC.]. 

 R. B. Sharpe, E&q. [P.], 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Gudman Coll. 

 Christiania Museum [P.]. 

 Christiania Museum [P.". 

 Christiania Mu-eum r Pr . 
" " 
EdwardIIar^tt,Esq/lV. 

 Hume Coll. 
Mo>eow Mu>eum _"EJ. 
Major Feiklen anil J. A. 

flar\ieBrown;E*qTP.]. 
Gould Coll. 
Voy. H.M.S. < Alert.' 

 Sclater Coll. 


 Sir G. Back [P.~. 
Sir J. Richardson [P.], 
Dr. McCormick Xr.]. 


 Dr. Rae ~P.j. 
Gould ColL 


 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
R. B. Sharpe, E&q. fP.l. 
U. S. Nat. Museum rP.l 
U. S. Nat. Museum [P.]. 
The Admiralty [P.]. 
Capts. Kellett and "Wood 

[P.]. 
Oapt. Collinson [P.]. 
Capt. Collinson [P.]. 


57. PLECTROPHENAX. 
x\ Juy, sk. 

Fort DufFerin, Manitoba N. A. Boundary Commisr 
(G. Dawson), sion. 

y. c? ad. sk, Fort Randall, Upper MisU. 
S. Nat. Museum [P.], 
souri lliver, Jan. 26 {E. 
Coues] Sm.no. 03456). 
*'. rf ad. sk. Fort Simpson. 

B. R. Ross, Esq. rp.l 
a. tf ad. sk. Lapierre's House. B. R. Ross, Esq. [P.]. 
ft tf ad. sk. Fort Good Hope. B. R. Ross, Esq. TP. j . 
y. 6 ad. sk. 
Chicago, 111., Jan. 29 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 

. (H. K. Code). 

&• ? ad, sk. 

Chicago, April 5 (H. K. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 

Coale). 

€. $ ad. sk. Albany, New York Sclater Coll. 

{Hurst).

f. 
d ad. sk. Bangor, Maine, Feb. 18, H. K. Coale, Esq. [P.]. 
1885. 
rj. $ ad. sk. 

Sterling, Mass. (Mrs. H. K Coale, Esq. [P.], 

Bomxey).

0. $ ad. sk. Worcester, Mass., Dec. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
20,1882. 

t. Ad. sk. Bitter Hoot Valley (J. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
JPearsall\ Sm.no. 17G3G). 
K. § ad. sk. Deer Creek, Nebraska, Salvin-Godinan Coll. 
March 4, I860 (Dr. 
F. V. Hay dew, Sin. 
no. 19240). 
\, ft. Ad. sk. British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. ["0.1 
v; £• d; O; 7T* J ad. West side of Rocky MounJ. 
K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 


sk. tains. 
p, a. Juv. sk. California. Lord Walsingham [P.*]. 


v. Skeleton. Europe. Purchased. 
<£. Skeleton. Europe. Purchased. 
X, ty. Sterna. England. John Ingall, Esq. [P.]. 
GO. Sternum. England. J. Ray, Esq. [P.]. 
2. Plectrophenax hyperhoreus. 
Plectrophenax 
hyperboreus, Ridgw. Proc U. 8. Nat. Mas. vii. p. 68 
(1884) ; A. O. U. Chech-list N. Amer. B. p. 203 (1880). 

Adult male in spring. Entirely pure white, except the terminal 
portion of the five outer primaries, which are chiefly black, for the 
space of about 1*40 inch from the tip of tho longest quill. Tail 
pure white, the middle rectrices with a very small blackish spot 
near the end of the inner web (almost obsolete on one feather). Bill 
dull brownish, tho tip dusky ; legs and feet deep black. Wing-i-05, 
tail 3-10, culmen 045 , tarsus 0-90, middle too 0*60. (Ridcjway.) 

Adult male in whiter. Like the spring plumage described above, 
but the pileum strongly tinged with rusty brown, the auriculars 
washed with a paler shade of the same, and the jugulum with a 
very faintly marked pale rusty collar, more distinct (but still faint) 
on each side; lower back and rump also faintly washed with pale 
rusty. Black spots near ends of inner webs of middle rectrices 
more distinct, and black on ends of primaries rather more extended, 
that on inner web of outer quill reaching about 1-70 from the tip. 

VOL. XII. 
^ P 

578 gRINftTLLTP^. 

Bill wax-yellow, with dusky tip to the maxilla. Wing 4-60, 
tail 3-15, culmen 0-40, tarsus 0-9*5, middle toe 0-60. {Ridgway.) 


Adult female in spring. General colour white, the pileum and 
auriculars tinged with rusty, the nape and hack faintly washed with 
pale buff yellowish, and back very narrowly streaked with dusky, 
but these narrow streaks rapidly widening toward the roots of the 
feathers, so as to form the predominating colour of the concealed 
portion; scapulars more strongly tinged with ochraceous, and with 
still broader concealed dusky acuminate spots, hut without distinct 
streaks on the surface. Tertials with the central part of the erposed 
portion blackish, the very broad marginal part light dull ochraceous, 
becoming nearly white at the tips of the feathers; alulae dull black, 
bordered with white ; primary-coverts similar, but greater portions 
of inner webs white; longer primaries chiefly dusky greyish, distinctly 
bordered with white and with basal half or more of inner 
webs wholly white; on the shorter primaries this dusky rapidly 
decreasing in extent until on the innermost quill there is a mere 
trace near the tip of the outer web. Four middle rectrices brownish 
dusky, bordered with white; rest of the tail white, but all the 
feathers with more or less of a dusky streak near end of the outer 
web. Bill brownish wax-yellow, the culmen dusky ; feet brownish 
black. Wing 4-25, tail 2*90, culmen 0*45, tarsus 0"85, middle toe 

0-60. (Ridgway.) 
Adult female in winter. Similar to the spring plumage as described 
above, but upper parts much more strongly washed with 
rusty, this deepest on the pileum and auriculars, but also pervading 
the nape, whole back, and scapulars, and, but less uniformly, the 
rump; an interrupted or broken jugular collar of rusty touches or 
cloudings; broad margins of the tertials deep cinnamon. Bill paler 
and purer wax-yellow, without black on culmen ; feet deep black. 
Wing 4-25, tail 2-90, culmen O40, tarsus 0*87, middle toe 0-58. 
The fully adult male may be at once distinguished from that of 

P. nivalis by the total absence of black except on the terminal third 
(or less) of the primaries and near the ends of the middle rectrieee. 
In P. nivalis the primaries are black nearly to the base, the alulae, 
primary-coverts, and tertials also black (though bordered with white), 
the dorsal region mainly black (wholly black in summer), and the 
six middle rectrices black to the base. The rusty wash is also much 
paler in the new form. In its summer plumage, except the black 
quill-tips, it would evidently be snow-white, the bill black instead of 
yellow. The females are distinguished from those of P. nivalis by 
their much paler coloration, with the dark markings far more 
restricted, and the rusty wash of the winter dress much less distinct. 
All of the four specimens of this sex have the back white, more or 
less tinged or stained with yellowish (more rusty on the scapulars), 
and narrowly streaked with black, although these streaks are nearly 
obsolete in one specimen. {Ridgway, I. c.) 
Eab. Alaska. 

58 . CALCARTCS. 
579 

58. 
CALCABITJS. T 
J-ype. 
Calcarius, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. p. 130 (1802)...... C. lapponicus. 
Plectrophanes, Meyer, Vog. Liv- u. EsthL p. xii (1815) C. lapponicus. 

Centrophanes,Kaup,Naturl.Syst. pp. 154,158 (1829).. C. lapponicus. 
Cf. Stejneger, Proc. U.S.Nat Mm. v. p. 23. 

Foot of Calcarius lapponicus. 

Range. Northern portions of both Hemispheres, going south in 
winter. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Throat black; aides of breast mottled with black; 
breast otherwise white; penultimate tail-feather 
with only a small wedge-shaped mark of white 
at the end ; hind neck rufous lapponicus; p. 579. 
b. Throat ochreous buff. 
a'. Entire throat and breast black ; a rufous collar 
round the hind neck; penultimate and outer 
tail-feathers white, excepting for a small 
dusky line near the end of the outer web ornatus, p. 586. 

b'. No black on the breast, which is ochreous buff 
like the throat; hind neck ochreous buff; 
penultimate tail-feather white, with a large 
oblique mark of black on the inner web as 
well as a mark near the end of the outer web pietus, p. 584. 


1. Calcarius lapponicus. 
PThe Greater Bunting, Albin, Nat. Hist. Birds, pi. 63*. 
Le Pincon de Montagne, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 160 (1760). 
Fringilla lapponica, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 317 (1766); Meyer u. 


Wolf, Taschenb. L p. 176 (1810). 
Fringilla calearata, PaH. Beise Buss. Beichs, ii. p. 710, pi. E (1773). 
Le Grand Montain, Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 134 (1778). 
Laplard Finch, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 263 (1783). 
Passer calcaratus, Pall. Zoogr. Bosso-Aszat. ii. p. 18 (1811). 
Hortulanus montanus, Leach. Sust. Cat. Mamm. etc. Brit. Mus. p. 16 

(1816). ' ^ 
Passerina lapponica, Vieill. N Diet. oVHist Nat. xxv. p. 12 (1817). 
Emberiza calcarata, Temm. Man. cTOrn. p. 322 (1820); Werner, 

Atlas, Qranwores, pi. 29 (1827); Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 232 

* This plate is generally referred to the Lapland Bunting; but, in my 
opinion, it is not recognizable as such. 
2P2 

FEINGILLID^!. 

(1840) j KjcBrb. Orn. Ban. pi. 54. fig. 2 (1852) ; Fallon, Ois. Belg. 

p. 90 (1875). 
Plectrophones calcaratus, Meyer, Zus. etc, Meyer u. Wolf, Taschenb. 
p. 56 (1822); Boie, Ms, 1822; p. 554; Brehm, Vog. Beutschl. 
p. 807 (1831) ; Schl Rev. Crit. p. lxxii (1844) ; JSomeyer $ Tancre, 
MT. om. Ver. Wien, 1883, p. 90. 
Eniberiza lapponica, Naum. Vog. Deutschl iv. pi. 108 (1824) ; Bp. 
Amer. Orn. ii. p. 58, pi. 13. figs. 2, 3 (1828); Audub. B. Amer. 
pi. 305; id. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 472 (1838); Schl. Vog. Nederl pi. 
160 (1854); Sundev. Sv. Fogl. pi. 7. figs. 3, 4 (1858); Schl Bier. 
Nederl pi. 15. figs. 12, 13 (1861); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 116, 
no. 7728 (1870); Harting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 25 (1872) ; * Cordeaux, 
Ibis, 1875, p. 182; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 379; id. Hist. Brit. 

B. ii. p. 131 (1883). 
Plectrophanes lapponica, Selbg, Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 156, cum 
tab. (1827); Jard. ed. TVils. Amer. Orn. iii. p. 413 (1832); Gould, 

B. Bur. iii. pi. 169 (1837); Macgill Hist. Brit. B. i. p. 469 (1837); 
Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. $ N Amer. p. 36 (1838) ; Kegs. u. Bias. 
Wirb. Bur. p. 154 (1840) ; Audub. B. Amer. p. 50, pi. 152 (1841) ; 
Selys-Lonqch. Faun. Belg. p. 83 (1842) ; Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 421 
(1843) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 462 (1850); Middend. Sibir. Refc., Zool 
p. 136 (1861); Hewits. Bggs Brit. B. i. p. 182, pi. 46.fig-. 2 (1856) ; 
Baird, B. N. Amer. i. p. 433 (1858); Jaub. et Ba?ih.-Lapomm. 
Rich. Orn. p. 172 (1859); Schrenck, Beis. Amurl. p. 27G (1859) ; 
Walker, Ibis, 1800, p. 166; Beinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 7; Sicinh. t.c. 

p. 334; Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 6; Scl Cat. Amer. B. p. 121 (1862) ; 
Gray, List Brit. B. p. 105 (1863); JRadde, Beis. Sibir., Vog. p. 156 
(1863) ; Blahist. Ibis, 1863, p. 72 ; Baird, Ibis, 1867, pp. 281, 
286; Begl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 334(1867); Ball $ Bonn. 
Trans. Chicago Acad. i. p. 283 (1869); Borggr. Vor/elf. Norddeutschl 
p. 71 (1869); Cooper, Orn. Calif, p. 178 (1870)^ Salvad. 
Faun. Ital, TJcc. p. 145 (1871); R. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 125 
(1871); Bresser, B. Bur. iv. p. 253, pi. 223 (1872); Finsch, 
Abhandl nat. Ver. Bremen, iii. p. 54 (1872) ; Cones, Key N. 
Amer. B. p. 134 (1872); id. B. N.-West, p. 120 (1874); Baird, 
Brewer, fy Ridgw.y, Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 515, pi. 24. fig. 7 
(1874); Seebohm fy Harvie-Broion, Ibis, 1876, p. 117; Neioton, 
ed. Yarr. Brit, B. ii. p. 15 (1876); Harting, Faun. Prybilov Isl 
p. 17 (1875); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool France, i. p. 174 (1876); 
Finsch, Ibis, 1877, p. 59; Seebohyi, Ibis, 1878, p. 341 ; Adams, t. c. 
p. 425; Finsch, Beis. West-Sibir. xxix. p. 220 (1879); Giglioli, 
Ibis, 1881, p. 202 ; Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool France,mi. p. 392 (1882); 
SaMn, Cat. Strichl. Coll p. 240 (1882) ; Seton, Auk,i. p.23 (1885). 
Calcarius lapponicus, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. p. 130 (1802) ; Stejneyer, 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 33 (1882) ; id. Auk, i. p. 117 ('1884) : 
id. Bull U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 250 (1885); A. O. U. Checklist 
N. Amer. B. p. 263 (1886). 

Centrophanes lapponica, Kaup, Natiirl Syst pp. 158, 192 (1829) ; 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 379 (1844); Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 127 
(1850) ; Fritsch, Vog. Bur. tab. 25. figs. 22, 23 (c. 1870) ; Swinh. 

P. Z. S. 1871, p. 389 ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. iii. pi. 30 (1873) ; Tacz. 
Bull Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 174(1876); Bavidfy Oust. Ois. Chine, 
p. 320 (1877); Corns, Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 51 (1882); Nelson, 
Cruise R. S,' Corwin,' p. 69 (1883); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 
2nd ed. p. 357 (1884) ; Murdoch, Beeped. Bt. Barrow, Birds, p. 106 
(1885); Brew, Auk, ii. p. 16 (1885). 
Plectrophanes groenlanclicus, Brehm, Vog. Beutschl. p. 307 (1831). 

58 . CALCANEUS. 581 
Adult male in summer plumage. General colour above black, 
streaked on the back "with rufous or creamy white, with which 
colours xhe feathors are edged; lesser and median wing-covorts 
blackish, edged with isabelline or creamy whitish; greater coverts 
like the scapulars, blackish, margined with pale rufous; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, oxtornally edged with 
ashy brown or whitish, the secondaries with rufous; rump and 
upper tail-coverts like the back, the latter rather broadly edged with 
creamy white ; tail-feathers dark brown, edged with ashy whitish; 
the outer feather for tho most part white, except for a small spot of 
brown near the end of the outer web, and a largo oblique brown 
mark towards the base of the inner web ; penultimate feather with 
a small wedge-shaped spot of white at the end; crown of head 
black, with a few creamy-white tips to the feathers of the occiput, 
separated from the mantle by a broad collar of bright chestnut 
occupying the entire hind neck and sides of neck; a broad white 
eyebrow of creamy buff; lores, feathers round the eye, ear-coverts, 
cheeks, and entire throat black, extending down each side of the 
breast; from behind the ear-coverts a line of creamy white extending 
from the eyebrow on tho sides of the breast, where it widens out 
and forms a patch ; on the sides of the upper breast a small patch 
of brown; remainder of under surface of body creamy white, tho 
flanks streaked with black; thighs brown; axillaries and under 
wing-coverts white; quills pale brown below, light ashy rufous 
along the inner web : " feet brownish black; iris dark brown" 
(Stejneger). Total length 6 inches, culmen 04, wing 3*5, tail 2*35, 
tarsus 075. 

Tn some old males in breeding-dress there is a narrow collar of 
creamy white separating the black head from the chestnut hind 
neck, and uniting with the eyebrow and white neck-patch on 
either side of the head. This is only apparent when the plumage 
gets worn, allowing the white bases to the chestnut! plumes on the 
nape to show, whereas in fresh-plumaged specimens these are 
hidden by the black feathers of the hinder crown. 

Adult female in breeding-plumage. Differs from tho male in 
wanting the black head and rufous collar, the latter being replaced 
by a slight shade of rufous on tho hinder neck and sides of neck, 
both of which are mottled with small black spots; crown of head 
black, with fulvous edges to the feathers and a mesial line of fulvous 
white down the centre of the head; a creamy-buff eyebrow, narrowly 
streaked with blackish shaft-lines; ear-coverts brown, blackish on 
the upper and lower margins; behind them a whitish patch on tho 
sides of the neck; cheeks, throat, and underparts creamy white, with 
a distinct malar line of black, extending down on to the fore nock 
and chest, which are also black, concealed by whitish tips to tho 
feathers; sides of body and flanks streaked with black; thighs 
brown; axillaries and under wing-coverts white; quills dusky 
below, ashy along the inner web: " bill brownish yellow, with 
blackish tips ; feet dark brown " (Stejneger). Total length 6 inches, 
culmen 0*45, wing 3*5, tail 2-45, tarsus 0-8. 

582 PRINGILLID2E. 

Young. General colour above tawny yellowish, thickly streaked 

with black centres to the feathers, the head like the back, the hind 

neck paler and more narrowly streaked; lesser and median wing-

coverts blackish, edged with white or sandy buff; greater coverts 

blackish, externally edged with chestnut and tipped with white'; 

bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky blackish, the secon


daries edged with chestnut like the greater coverts, paler and more 

rufous on the primaries, ashy rufous on the first one; tail-feathers 

blackish, edged with rufous, the outermost feather dull whitish, with 

a brown spot near the end of the outer web and a larger mark on 

the inner web, the penultimate feather with a wedge-shaped whitish 

mark on the inner web ; a distinct superciliary streak of ashy whitish 

with black streaks; lores and eyelids whitish; ear-coverts yellowish 

buff, streaked with black, behind them a whitish patch down the 

sides of the neck; cheeks and throat white, separated by a malar 

line of black; fore neck, breast, and sides of body yellowish buff, 

minutely streaked with black; abdomen and under tail-coverts dull 

whitish; thighs yellowish buff; axillaries and under wing-coverts 

white: " bill reddish grey, black on tip of upper mandible; feet 

dark brownish grey; iris dark hazel" (Stejneger). In the above 

plumage the young bird remains till August, when it moults into 

its first wirter dress. This is much more ru^escent than the nestling 

plumage, the pre failing tone of which is yellowish. 

The young male in first winter plumage bears a general resemblance 

to the adult female, and has the head only a trifler paler than the 

back, streaked with black, more pronounced on the sides of the 

crown; the rufous collar on the hind neck is traceable, but is entirely 

obscured by sandy-buff margins to the feathers; the eyebrow is 

sandy buff, as also the ear-coverts; the white patch on the side of 

the neck can be plainly seen; the general tone of the under surface 

is fulvescent, the throat whiter, the fore neck, chest, and sides of 

body sandy bun0, with a black patch on the fore neck concealed by 

sandy-buff tips to the feathers. 

Young females in winter plumage are much paler than old females, 

and have much broader rufous margins to the coverts and quills; 

lores and eyebrow creamy buff; under surface buffy white, narrowly 

streaked on the sides with brown, with a few slight streaks on the 

fore neck, but showing no moustachial streak. 

The old female in winter plumage differs from the summe" plumage 
in being much paler, with broader light margins to the feathers and 
the rufous on the hind neck scarcely indicated; under surface of 
body creamy white, the black on the malar region and on the fore 
neck perceptible, but more or less obscured by whitish edges to the 
feathers, the fore neck appearing streaked with black; the flanks 
ako broadly streaked with black. 

The adult male in winter plumage differs from the summer plumage 
in having the whole of the characteristic black and rufous coloration 
obscured by sandy-rufous edges to the feathers; the head is like the 
back, the feathers being margined with sandy buff, which gradually 
wears off,leaving the black pure; remains of these pale edgings are 

58 . CALCANEUS. 
583 
generally seen on the nape of full-plumaged males. The eyebrow 
and neck-patch are washed with saudy buff; the ear-coverts are 
sandy buff, with a black patch on their hinder margin; the under 
surface is creamy white, the black on the cheeks, throat, and fore 
neck being traceable below the pale margins of the feathers. 

Hab. Breeding in the high north of both hemispheres, descending 

southward in winter. 

o. c? &d. sk. 
b. tf ad. sk. 
c. $ ad. sk. 
d. J ad. sk. 
e. tfad.;/. <$ juv.sk.
g. $ ad. sk. 
h, $ ad. sk. 
i. Juv. sk. 
h. <$ ad. sk. 
I, m. <$ ad. sk. 
n. (S ad. sk. 
o. 3 ad. sk. 
p. 2 ad. sk. 
q. Pull. sk. 
r. cS sk. 
s. £ ad. sk. 
t. 
<$ ad. sk. 
u. $ ad. sk. 
v. <J ad. sk. 
w, x. S ? ad. sk. 
y. $ ad. sk. 
z. J ad.sk. 
a!. 3 ad. sk. 

V, c'. 6 $ ad. sk. 

Iceland.
Vadso, East Finmark, June


30,1874. 
Vadso, July 1. 

Vadso, June SO (JR.

Collett). 
Porsanger, July (JR.
Collett). 

Lapland. 
Lapland (JET. Wlieelwright). 


QuicMock, Lppland, July

20 (H. Wheelwright). 
Archangel (Meves).
Archangel, May 1876.
Alexievka,PetchoraR<iver,

June (J. A. H. B.). 

Alexievka, June 22. 

Ust Zylma, May 27. 

Schtschutschja Tundra, 
July 25 (O.Finsch). 
Ugorskia Jurti, Sept. 11 


(0. Finsch). 
Siberia. 
Siberia. 
S. Michael's, Alaska, June 
12,1876 (X. IT. Turner; 
Sm. no. 76870). 
Nuskagak (C. L. McKay; 
Sm. no. 86536). 
Port Anderson (i2. 

MeFarlane). 

Island in Franklin's Bay, 
July 4, 1864 (k. 
MeFarlane; Sm. no. 
43269). 

S. George's Island; Alaska(JET. W. Elliot ; Sm. no. 
64206). 
Point Barrow, May 30,1882 {Smith) Sm. no. 
88757). 

Fort Simpson, May 1862

(B. It. Moss; Sm. nos. 
27366, 27377) 
Gould Co1!. 

 H. Seebohm, Esq. 
H. Seebohm, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Christiania Mus. [P.]. 

 Christiania Mus. [P.]. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Gould Coll. 

 Gould Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Col. Feilden and J. 


A. Harvie Brown, 
Esq. [P.]. 
H. 
Seebohm, Esq. 
[P.]. 
H. Seebohm, Esq. 
pp.]. 

Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 

Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 

Moscow Mus. [P.l. 

Moscow Mus. LP.]. 

U. S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
H.KCoale,Esq.[P.]. 

U. S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 U. S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
U. S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

584 
FEIHaiLLID^i. 

#-.cJ; t\f. $ad.et ;
juv. sk. 
g\ <J ad. sk 

h1 

. c? ad. sk. 
i', § ad. sk. 
#. $ ad. sk. 

^ 
m'. (J ad. sk. 

w'. $ ad. sk. 

o'. d;y,ffr. $ad. 
sk. 
r'. J imm. sk. 

s'. & ad. sk. 

£'. <$ imm. sk 

w\ $ juv. sk. 

v\ S imm. sk 

wr. c? ad. sk. 

#', y, «'. <? ad.; 

a. j ad. sk. 
0. $ ad. sk. 
y, §. <J ? ad. sk. 
c, f. tf $ ad. sk 
17, 0, i. <J ; K. ? ad. 
sk. 

X. S ad. sk 
/x. Skeleton. 

 Fort Simpson. 

Fort George, Hudson's 

Bay, May 30,1861. 
Repulse Bay. 
Repulse Bay. 


Mitchell's Say, Ontario, 
May. 


Mitchell's Bay, Ontario, 
May. 
49th Parallel, May 20> 
1874 ({?. Dawson). 
Bu Page Co., Illinois, Dec. 
20, 1883 {H. K Coale). 
Chicago, Illinois, Oct. 2, 
1853 (H. K Coale). 

Englevrood, Illinois, April 
1*J, 1884 (J5T. K Coale). 
Champaijrn, Illinois, Jan. 

27, 1^77 (H. K Coale). 
Dekalb, Illinois, Dec. 20, 
1*384 

Mt. Carmel, Illinois, Jan. 
14, 1874 (S. Turner; 
Sm. no. 85381). 

Cook Co., Illinois, March 
19,1»70 (Greene Smith; 
Sm. no. 771**3). 

Lamed, Pawnoe Co., Kansas, 
Feb. 26,1885 {&. C. 
Waterman). 

British Columbia, 
Greenland. 
Greenland (Ilolfjoell). 
Ichang Gorge, Yangtze 

River. 
Tientsin, China, Nov. 1800 

(R. Smnhoe).
England. 

B. R.Ross,Esq.[P.], 
Gould CoIL 

Dr. Rae [P.]. 
Dr. Rae [P.]. 
Capt. Clark Kennedy. 


Capt. Clark Kennedy, 


X. A. Boundary Commission 
~P.j. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
"J'Z 

R.~ Bl Sharpe. Esq. 
"p.*;. 
R.~ B! Sharpe, Esq. 

R.:K


 B. Sharpe. Esq. 
llk.'Coal^E.fi/P.]. 

Salvin-Godman Cull, 

U. S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
L1

 *^* 

J.IL Lord, Esq. [P.l 
Gijukl Coll. 
Salvin-Crudman Coll. 

C. Marie*, Esq. ~C,]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Purchased. 

2. Calcarius pictus, 
Emberiza (Plectrophanes) picta, Swaim. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, 
p. 250, pi. 49 (1831). 
Emberiza picta, Audub. B. Amur. pi. 400; id. Orn. Biotjr. v. p. 91 
(1839) ; Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 116, no. 7720 (1870). 
Plectrophanes pictus, Bp. Camp. List B. Bur. $X. Amer. p. 37 (1838)'; 
Audub. B. Amer. iii. p. 52, pi. 153(1841); Gray, Gen. B. iL 

p. 379 (1844); Bp. Consp. i. p. 463 (1850) ; Baird, B. X Amer. 
p. 434(1858) j Scl Cat. Amer. B. p. 121 (1802); Blakist. Ibis, 1862, 
p. 6, 1803, p. 72; Ball $ Bairn. Irans. Chicago Ami. L p. 283 
(1867); Coues, Key X Amer. B. p. 134 (1872); Bainl, Brewer, $ 
Bldgw. Hist X. Amer. B. i. p. 518, pi. 24. rigs. 4, o (1874); Cmm. 
B. X.~West, p. 121 (1874); Maymrdy B. Florida, p. 51D (1881); 
Seton, Auk, i. p. 23 (1884). 
Plectrophanes 
smithii, Audub. B. Amer. vii. p. 337, pi. 487 (1844): 
Bp. Consp. I p. 463 (1850). 

58. CALCAJEtrus. 
585 

Centropkanes pictus, Cab. Mus. Bern. Th. i. p. 127 (1850); Ridgxo. 
Bull TJ. S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 22 (1881) ; Coues, Check-list, p. 51 
(1882) 5 id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 358 (1884); Aoersb. Auk. 

ii. p. 281 (1885). 
Centropkanes smithii, Cab. Mus. BCein. Th. i. p. 127, note (1850). 
Calcarius pictus, Stejneger, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 33 (1882) j 
Seton, Auk, iii. p. 323 (1886): A. 0. JJ. Check-list N. Amer. B. 

p. 263(1886). 
Adult male. General colour above ochreous buff, thickly mottled 
with black centres to the feathers, those of the mantle and upper 
back "with whitish edgings ; lesser wing-coverts black, broadly tipped 
with white ; median and greater coverts blackish brown, edged with 
light brown and whitish towards the ends • bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills blackish brown, edged with light brown, rufescent 
on the secondaries, the primaries margined with white, and the inner 
secondaries fringed with white at the ends; upper tail-coverts dark 
brown, edged with rufous-brown; tail-feathers blackish brown, edged 
with lighter brown, the two outer feathers almost entirely white, 
with an oblique blackish mark near the end of the inner web, and 
edged with blackish near the tip of the outer web; crown of head 
black, with more or less remains of sandy margins to the feathers ; 
an occipital patch of white, varying in size; nape and hind neck 
deep ochreous buff, forming a collar, the ochreous shade overspreading 
the mantle; lores and a very broad eyebrow white; 
eyelid also white; feathers below the eye and ear-coverts black, 
with a large patch of white in the middle; cheeks white, forming 
a moustache which widens out a little on the sides of the neck; 
throat, sides of neck, and under surface of body deep ochre, a 
little paler on the abdomen ; sides of body and flanks paler ochre, 
streaked with reddish brown or black: thighs and under tail-coverts 
whitish; under wing-coverts and axillaries white • quills below 
ashy, whitish along the edge of the inner web: " bill dusky, 
paler at the base beneath; legs brown" (J. Bichardson). Total 
length 6 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3*55, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*75. 

In the full summer plumage the pale edges of the feathers of the 
upper surface become worn off, so that the general aspect of the back 
is very dark, the head being entirely black. In a specimen in 
breeding-x}lumage, collected by Dr. Bae, the third feather has a 
median line of white for its whole length, as well as the two outer 
feathers. 

Adult female. Very similar to the male, but not so richly coloured; 
the ochre colour of the hind neck and underparts lighter; head like 
the back and similarly pale-margined • hind neck minutely spotted 
with brown ; the throat separated from the white cheeks by a malar 
line of brown; sides of body and flanks broadly streaked with brown. 
Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 345, tail 2-2, tarsus 0-7. 

Some female birds have the collar on the hind neck very faintly 
indicated and are sandy buff underneath, with spots on tho fore 
neck. These are probably birds of the previous year. 

586 
FRINGILLID2E. 

Hal. Interior of North America from the Arctic coast to Illinois 
and Texas, breeding far north (-4. 0. V. Check-list, p. 263). 

a, b. S ? ad- sk. Repulse Bay. Dr. Rae [P.]. 
c. tf ad. sk. Arctic America, June 20 U. S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
(R. McFarlane j Sm. 
d, e. <$ $ ad. sk. 
no. 31502). 
Fort Anderson (R. U. S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
McFarlane). 
/ . J ad. sk. Fort Anderson, June 1864 
(R. McFarlane; Sm. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
no. 43286). 
g. g ad. sk. Near Eendezvous Lake, U. S. Nat. Mus. [P.J. 
June 24 (R. McFarlane-, 
Sm.no. 43293). 
71,1,11. S) I-2 Fort Simpson. B.R.Ross, Esq. [P.]. 
ad. sk. 
m. $ ad. sk. Fort Simpson, May 26, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1862 (B. R. ROSS-, 
n. S ad. sk. 
Sm. no. 27417). 
Slave Lake (R. Kennicott; Sclater Cell. 
Sm. no. 19674). 
o. $ ad, sk. Riverside, Illinois, April 
3,1875 (E. W. Nelson). 
H.K.Coale,Esq.[P.]. 

3. Calcarius ornatus. 
Plectrophanes ornatus, Towns. Journ. Philad. Acad. vii. p. 189 (1837); 
Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. # N. Amer. p. 37 (1838); Audub. B. 
Amer. 8vo, iii. p. 53, pi. 154 (1841) j Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 379 
(1844); Bp. Consp. i. p. 463 (1850); Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 435 
(1858); Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 6, 1863, j). 74; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 

p. 486; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. iii. p. 135 (1872) ; Coues, 
Key N. Amer. B. p. 134 (1872) ; Baird, Brewer, # Ridgw. Hist. N. 
Amer. B. p. 520 (1874) ; Coues, B. N-West, p. 122 (1874); Hensh. 
Rep. Zool. Expl. 100th Merid. p. 250 (1875); Coues, Bull. U. S. 
Geol. Surv. iv. p. 582 (1878) ; McChesney, op. cit. v. p. 76 (1880). 
Eniberiza omata, Audub. B. Amer. pi. 394; id. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 44 
(1839); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 116, no. 7730 (1870). 

Centroplianes ornatus, 
Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 127 (1850); Ridqw. 
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 22 (1881); Coues, Check-list 
N Amer. B. p. 51 (1882); id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 358 
(1884); Agersb. Auk, ii. p. 281 (1885); Brew, t. c. p. 16; Hensh. 

t. c. p. 333. 
Plectrophanes 
melanomus, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 436, pi. 74. fig. 2 
(1858) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 251, 1884, p. 174; id. Cat. Amer. B. 

p. 121 (1862); Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 486; Coues, Proc. Fhilad. 
Acad. 1866, p. 84; Sumichr. Mem. Bost. Soc. i. p. 551 (1869) ; 
Scl. 8f Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 54 (1873). 
Emberiza melanomus, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 116, no. 7731 (1870). 
Plectrophanes ornatus, var. melanomus, Baird, Brewer, § Ridgw. 
Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 521, pi. 24. fig. 6 (1874). 

Calcarius ornatus, Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 33 (1882); 
Seton, Auk, iii. p. 323 (1886) ; Salv. fy Godm. Biol. Centra Amer., 
Aves, i. p. 419 (1886); A. 0. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 263 
(1886). 

58. CALCABIT/S. 587 
Adult male. General colour above "brown, much mottled with 
black centres to the feathers of the mantle and back; rump rather 
more ashy, the feathers edged with hoary grey, the centres black: 
lesser wing-coverts black, the innermost with broad white tips; 
median coverts black, edged with white; greater coverts brown, 
externally edged with whity brown, whitish towards the ends; 
bastard-wing brown, fringed with whity brown ; primary-coverts and 
quills brown, edged with whity brown, the primaries with white, 
with which the secondaries are also margined at the tips; upper 
tail-coverts blackish, edged with ashy; two centre tail-feathers 
brown, the remainder white, with a broad brown band at the end, 
decreasing in size towards the two outermost, which have only a 
longitudinal brown mark near the end of the outer web; crown of 
head black, some of the feathers edged with white; on the occiput 

a patch of white; nape and hind neck bright chestnut, forming a 
broad collar; lores and a broad eyebrow white, as also the feathers 
round eye and eyelid; along the upper edge of the ear-coverts a 
black streak, descending in a patch behind the latter ; cheeks, throat, 
and ear-coverts light ochreous buff; lower throat and sides of neck 
white ; fore neck, chest, and breast black, some of the feathers 
edged with chestnut and some with white, especially on the latter; 
abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts white; sides of body, flanks, 
and thighs ashy brown; under wing-covcrts and axillaries white; 
quills below light brown, ashy along the inner edge: " bill yellow, 
with the tips dusky; feet and claws yellowishflesh-colour"(Audubon) 
: " bill plumbeous brown above, lighter beneath; feet dusky 
brown; iris brown " (H. W. Hensliaw). Total length 5*25 inches, 
culmen 0*45, wing 3*4, tail 2*25, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult male in winter plumage. Much browner than the summer 

plumage, the black head and chestnut collar being brown, the full 

plumage being hidden by broad brown edges to the feathers, the 

black of the underparts being also obscured by broad sandy-buff 

margins to the feathers, underneath which the full plumage can be 

traced. 

Adult female. Different from the male and much browner, the 

crown being like the back, with similar blackish-brown centres to 

the feathers; the chestnut collar of the male replaced by a mere 

tinge of rufous on the hind neck, the feathers being spotted with 

brown; wing-coverts brown like the back, margined with whity 

brown, whitish on the greater series; quills brown, margined with 

lighter brown, white on the primaries; tail-feathers as in the male, 

but with more brown at the ends; lores and a distinct eyebrow dull 

white; sides of face and ear-coverts bufTy whitish, with a brown 

streak along the upper edge of the ear-coverts, and joining a large 

brown patch behind the latter; cheeks and throat buffy whitish, 

separated from each other by a narrow malar streak of brown; re


mainder of under surface brown, the feathers mottled with lanceolate 

blackish centres, the middle of the breast having a black patch; 

under tail-coverts white; sides of body andflanks brown, indistinctly 

588 
ERINGHLLrDJES. 

streaked with - darker "brown; under wing-coverts and axillaries 

ashy white. Total length 5*25 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 3-15, 

tail 2*1, tarsus 0*8. 

It is apparently only very old females which have the rufous on 

the hind neck or any black on the breast. More than one breeding 

hen bird in the collection lacks both these characters. 

Young. Brown like the old female, but darker and mottled with 

hoary whitish edges to the feathers of the upper surface, the general 

appearance of which is Lark-like; facial markings as in the old 

female, excepting that the ear-coverts are spotted with brown; 

throat white; remainder of under surface of body sandy buff, the 

fore neck and chest streaked with black, the sides of the body and 

flanks mottled with blackish centres to the feathers; tail-feathers 

as in the adult, but with rather more brown on the outer webs. 

The young bird after the first moult is like the old female on the 

upper surface, but is isabelline brown on the under surface, with a 

few dark brown streaks on the breast and flanks. 

Hal. Interior of North America, from the Saskatchewan Plains 

south to Texas: 
rare west of Eocky Mountains; accidental in 

Massachusetts (A. 0, U. Check-list, I. c). South to Mexico. 

a. (S ad. sk. 49th Parallel, May 28,1874 N. A. Boundary Com(
6r. Dawson). mission [P.*]. 
b. S ad. sk. 
49th Parallel, June 9, 1874 N. A. Boundary Com(
G. Dawson). mission [P.J. 
c. $ 
ad. ; d. Juv. Pembina, Dakota, July 14, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1873 (E. Coues; Sin. nos. 
sk. 

65629, 65633). 

e. § ad. sk. Great Bend of Heart River, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Dakota, June 22,1873 (E. 
Coues; Sm. no. 65121). 
/ . <£ ad.; g. Juv. Souris Eiver, Sept. 3, 1873 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(E. Coues; Sm. nos. 65650, 
sk. 
Souris Kiver, Aug. 9, 1873 U. S. Nat. Museum. 

h. 
2 ad. sk. (E. Coues; Sm. no. 65640). 
Hall Co., Nebraska, April 30, E. B. Sharpe. Esq. 
it fa <$ ad. sk. 
1880 (A. Hall). 

[p.i 
Hah Co., May 9, 1880 (A. 

H. K. Ooale, Esq. 
I, m. S $ ad. sk. Hall). 

[PJ. 

Lamed, Pawnee Co., Kansas, 

H. K. Coale, Esq. 
n, <$ ad. sk. 
Feb. 26,1885 (G. C. Water


[P.]. 

man). 

o. $ ad. sk. Colorado, Oct. &(C.E. Aithen; U. S. Nat, Museum 
Sm. no. 69479). 
[P.]


p. cJ ad. sk. 
Mexico (Be Sausmre). Sclater Coll. 
q. $ ad. sk. 
Mexico (A. Boucard). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
r. 
c? ad.; s. Juv. Puebla, Mexico. A. Boucard [C.]. 
sk. 
t. 
d1 ad.; u. Juv, Near the City of Mexico Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. (White). 
v. 3 
ad.; w. $ Vera Cruz, Mexico (A. SalU). Sclater Coll. 
jun. sk. 
59. BHYNC0PHANE8. 
689 

59. VBYTSCOVEASES. r£ % 
Bhyncophanes, Baird, B. JSf. Amer. p. 432 (1858) ... . R. maccowm. 
Range .Interior of North America, from the Saskatchewan Plains 
south to Texas and Mexico. Breeds from about the northern border 
ot Western Kansas northward (cf. A. 0. U. 07mk4ist, ut infra). 

1. Bhyncophanes maccowni. 
Plectrophanes maccowni, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. v. p. 122 (1851); 
Cass. Ill B. Calif, p. 228, pi. 89 (1856); Bp. Bev. et May. de 
Zool. 1857, p. 101 • Baird, B. JST. Amer. p. 437 (1858); Dresser, 
Ibis, 1865, p. 487; Allen, Bull. Mus. C. Z. iii. pp. 145,177; Baird, 
Breioer, # Ridgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 523, pi. 24. fig. 1 (1874) ; 
Hensh. Rep. Zool. Rvpl 100th Merid. p. 252 (1875); Maynard. 

B. Florida, p. 519 (1883). 
Emberiza maccowni, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 116, no. 7732 (1870). 
Plectrophanes (Bhyncophanes) maccowm, Cones, Key N. Amer. B. 

p. 135 (1872). 
' ' J 
Bhyncophanes 
maccowni, Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 16 
(1878); Coues, t. c. p. 583 ; Bidgw. Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. no. 21, 

p. 23 (1881); Coues, Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 51 (1882); id. Key 
N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 359 (1884); Brottm,Auk, i. p. 121 (1884); 
Drew, Auk, ii. p. 16 (1885); A. 0. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. 
p. 264(1886). 
Adult male. General colour above brown, the feathers of the 
mantle and back centred with blackish brown; ramp more ashy 
grey, as well as the upper tail-coverts, the latter broadly edged with 
hoary whitish; lesser wing-coverts ashy grey with blackish bases; 
median coverts bright chestnut, with concealed blackish bases; 
greater coverts brown, externally hoary grey, whitish on the 
margins; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, 
edged with ashy grey, hoary whitish on the margins of the secondaries, 
the primaries white along the outer web; centre tail-feathers 
brown, with ashy margins, the remainder white, with a blackish-
brown bar at the end of all the feathers except the outermost, which 
has only a brown spot at the end of the outer web ; crown of head 
black; the occiput and nape ashy, the feathers being tipped with 
this colour and resembling* the hind neck, which is ashy grey; lores, 
a broad eyebrow, as well as the feathers round eye, white, becoming 
ashy grey on the ear-coverts ; cheeks black, forming a broad moustachial 
streak; throat white; sides of neck white, washed with ashy; 
fore neck and chest black; breast ashy white, becoming purer white 
on the abdomen; sides of body and flanks dark ashy grey, slightly 
mottled with black centres to the feathers on the side of the breast; 
thighs dull ashy; under tail-coverts white: under wing-coverts 
and axiUaries white; quills below ashy brown, white along the 
inner web: " bill brown and white ; feet dark brown; iris brown " 

(J. Cooper). Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 3-6, tail 
2-15, tarsus 0*75. 
59 0 
]?BIK<HIXID2B. 

In the winter plumage tho black of the crown and breast is com


pletely obscured by sandy-buff edgings to the feathers, which give a 

browner aspect to tho entire plumage. 

Adult female. Much browner than the male, the upper surface 

being brown, all the feathers broadly centred with blackish brown; 

the head like the back and similarly streaked ; lesser wing-coverts 

like the back; median series rufous, hidden by fulvous edges, and 

having black shaft-stripes ; remainder of wing as in the male, but 

rather browner on the quills and not so ashy; upper tail-coverts 

brown like the back: tail as in the male, but the dark brown tips 

to the feathors broader; lores and abroad eyebrow sandy buff; ear-

coverts brown, with a patch of sandy buff in the middle ; cheeks, 

throat, and breast 
sandy buff, with concealed black bases to the 

feathers of the fore neck and chest; lower breast and abdomen 

white, as also the under tail-coverts ; sides of body and flanks sandy 

buff; under wing-coverts and axillaries white; quills ashy brown 

below, white along the inner web. Total length 5*4 inches, culmen 

0*5, wing 3*4, tail 2*0, tarsus 0*7. 

Young after first 
moult. Greatly resembles the old female, but 

has less rufous on the median wing-coverts, which are sandy brown 

at tho ends like the greater coverts. Young males generally show 

the black of the head and chest concealed under the brown winter 

plumage. 

Hah. The same as that of the genus. 

a. <$ ad. sk. 49th Parallel, June 16, 1874 N. A. Boundary Com(
G. Dawson). mission [P.]. 
b. $ ad. sk. Camp 14, near Hart River, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Dakota, July 7, 1873 (Dr. 
JE. Coues). 
c. <$ ad. sd. Champaign, Illinois, Jan. 15, H. K. Coale, Esq. 
1877. [P.]. 
d. e. £ ad. et juv. 
Lamed, Pawnee Co., Kansas, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
sk. 
Feb. 26,1885 (G. C. Water- [P.]. 
man). 


f. 
2 imm. sk. Lamed, March 1, 1883 (G. C. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
TV.) [P.]. 
y. 
Imm. sk. Laramie Plains, Wyoming, U. S. Nat. Mus. fP.l 
Aug. 26, 1876 (JE. Coues; 
Sm. no. 73000). 
k Ad. sk. 
Apache, Arizona, Oct. 21 (II U. S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 

W. Henshaio; Sm. no. 69485). 
t. Ad. sk. 
Mexico (M. Verreaux). 
60. CHONDESTES. 
Chondestes, Swains. Phil. Mag. i. p. 435 (1827) C. graminica. 
Eange. The same as that of the species (vide infra). 

60 . CHOJSTDESTES. 
591 

1. Chondestes grammica. 
Fringilla grammaca, Say in Long's Exjped. I p. 139 (1823) ; Bp. 
Amer. Orn. i. p. 47, pi. v. fig. 3 (1825). 
Chondestes strigata, Swains. Phil Mag. n. ser. i. p. 435 (1827): id. 
Classif. B. ii. p. 289 (1837). 

Chondestes grammica*, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. 8f N. Amer. p. 32 
(1838); id. Comp. i. p. 479 (1850); Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 456, 
(1858); id. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. Birds, p. 15 (1858); Scl P. Z. S. 
1859, p. 379; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 121 (1862) ; id. P. Z. S. 1864, 

p. 174; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 488; Coues, Proc. Philad. Acad. 
1866, p. 84; Dur/es, La Nat i. p. 140 (1868); Su?7iichr. Mem. 
Bost. Soe. N. JBL. i. p. 552 (1869); Cooper, B. Calif, p. 193 (1870); 
Allen, Bull Mus. C. Z. iii. p. 177 (1872); Coues, Key N. Amer. 
B. p. 146 (1872); Scl. $ Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 134 (1873); 
Baird, Breioer, <$• Ridgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 562 (1874) ; 
Coues, B. N.-West, p. 159 (1874) ; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soe. N. H. 
ii. p. 278 (1874); id. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 22 (1875) ; 
Kensh. Rep. Zool. Exped. 100th Merid. p. 259 (1875) ; Sennett, 
Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 19 (1878) ; Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat 
Mus. i. p. 127 (1878); Belding, t c. p. 415 (1879) ; Sennett, Bull 
U. S. Geol. Surv. v. p. 391 (1879) ; Cooper, Proc. U. S. Nat Mus. 
ii. p. 247 (1880); Maynard, B, Florida, p. 104 (1881); Ridgw. 
Bull XI. S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 23 (1881); Salvin, Cat. Strlckl 
Coll p. 234 (1882) ; Coues, Check-list N Amer. B. p. 57 (1882) ; 
Brown, Auk, i. p. 121 (1884) ; Chapman, Auk, iii. p. 136; Seton, 
t c. p. 823; Hensh. t c. p. 487; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 
p. 384 (1884); A. O. XI. Chech-list N. Amer. B. p. 270 (1886). 
Euoberiza granimaca, Audub. Sy?h. p. 101 (1839); id. B. Amer. 8vo, 
iii. P/ 63, pi. 158 (1841). 
Zonotrichia grammaca, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 374 (1849). 
Calainospiza grammaca, Gray,Hand-l. B. ii. p. Ill, no. 7670 (1870). 
Chondestes grammica strigata, Ridgw. Bull XI. S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, 
p. 24 (1881) ; Belding, Proc. XI. S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 540 (1883); 
k op. cit vi. p. 343 (1883); Drew, Auk, ii. p. 16 (1885); Beckh. 
t c. p. 141; Brewster, Auk, iii. p. 139 (1886) ; Eversm. t c. p. 182; 
A. O. XI. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 270 (1886). 
Adult male. General colour above brown, the mantle, upper back, 
and scapulars centred With, black; lower back, rump, and upper 
tail-coverts uniform ashy brown, the latter with slightly indicated 
dusky streaks; lesser wing-coverts blackish, edged with ashy 
brown; median coverts blackish, broadly tipped with white, the 
inner ones tinged with rufous ; greater coverts blackish, edged 
with ashy brown and narrowly tipped with white; bastard-
wing and primary-coverts dark brown, edged with ashy brown; 
quills blackish brown, edged with paler brown, rufescent on the 
margins of the secondaries, the primaries edged with whitish, with 
a pale sandy rufous mark at the base of the outer web; centre tail-
feathers brown, edged with lighter brown; the remainder black, 
tipped with white, increasing in extent towards the outer feather, 
which is white also along the outer web ; crown of head whitish in 
the centre, ashy brown towards the nape, this mesial streak bordered 

* Very often written grammaca, but, as shown by Dr. Coues, the proper 
orthography is grammica. 
592 
FRIKGIIXtDiE. 

on each, side by a band of chestnut, streaked -with black along the 
sides of the crown; hind neck and sides of neck ashy brown ; lores 
and a broad eyebrow whitish, as well as the eyelid, except in front 
and behind, where the latter is black like the black line which goes 
through the eye above the ear-coverts, which are chestnut; below 
the eye a line of white, and another behind the ear-coverts joining 
the cheeks, which are also white; before the ear-coverts a black 
mark; throat and under surface of body white, with a broad malar 
streak of black, and a few black spots on the fore neck; sides of 
body, flanks, and thighs pale ashy brown; under tail-coverts white; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries pale ashy brown, those near the 
edge of the wing mottled with blackish bases; quills below dusky, 
ashy along the inner edge: " bill reddish flesh-colour, the upper 
mandible tinged with dusky; feet and claws flesh-colour " (Audubon): 
bill bluish, the culmen and tip dusky; feet fleshy; iris brown" 
(Sumichrast). Total length 5'8 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3*35, 
tail 24, tarsus 0*85. 

The adults in ivinter plumage are generally browner than in 
summer, wben there is an ashy tinge to the upper surface, and the 
margios to the wing-coverts are broader and more decidedly sandy 
buff; the black spots on the fore neck are less distinct. 

The Western birds have been separated by Sir. Ridgway as G. 
grammica strigata, and are said to be distinguished by the more uniform 
and paler chestnut bands on the sides of the crown ; but there 
seems to be such a complete connection between specimens of true 

G. grammica and C. striyata, that I have been unable to separate them. 
Nearly all the specimens in winter plumage have some streaks on 
the hinder part of the chestnut bands on the sides of the crown ; and 
I should like to see some more specimens of the true S. grammica 
to assure myself that the two races do not run into one another, as 
I firmly believe they do. 

Young. Marked like the adult, but less distinctly streaked, and 
the rufous on the crown less pronounced ; ear-coverts reddish brown, 
the black spots and facial markings as in the adult; sides of the 
breast with black spots, like those on the fore neck; wing-coverts 
more broadly edged with sandy buff. 

The young bird is at first thickly spotted with black on the fore 
neck, breast, and sides of the body, the spots being very large 
and triangular; the sandy-buff ends to the wing-coverts are very 
large and distinct. 

Hah. From the eastern edge of the prairies and even Iowa and 
Illinois to the Pacific States (Coues\ south into Mexico and Guatemala. 


a. <$ ad. sk. Chicago, Illinois, May 16. 1875 E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Off. K. Coale). [P.]. 
b, Juv. sk. Riverside, Illinois, July 4,1877 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Off. K Coale). [P.], 

c. Juv. sk. Hyde Park, Illinois, July 4, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
1877 (H. K. Coale). [P.]. 
d, 
J ad. sk. Fort Dufferin, Manitoba, June N. A. Boundary Com23, 
1873 (G. Dawson), mission [P.]. 

01 . C4XAMOSPTZV. 
e,f. Ad. sk. 40th Parallel, July 0, 1877 N. A. Boundary Com


(G. Dawson), mission [P.J. 
g. 
<$ ad. sk. Republican Fort, May 24,1882 Salvin-Godman Coll, 
(Dr.E.COUPS; Sm.no. 3138]). 
h. 
$ ad. sk. Fort Riley (if. Brandt; Sm. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
no. 2000tf). 
i. Pull. sk. Utah, Salt Lake, July 1872 (E. R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. 
W. Nelson). 
[P.]. 

7c. Ad. sk. Clear Creek, Colorado, May 17, 

R. B. Sliarpe. Esq. 
1873 (J. II Batty ; Sin. no. 

[P.]. 

00045). 

I. 
<3 ad.sk. Red Bluff,Northern California, 
May 2, 1884 (C. II Towns-U.S.Nat. Mus.[P.]. 
md-K Sm.no. 98321). 
m. $ ad. sk. N. California, June 11, 1883 
(C. II Totonsend', Sin. no. U. S. Nat. Mus. [P.J. 
91(588). 
n. 
2 ad. sk. Fort Tejon, California, Aug. 9, 
1857 (C. J. Xantus; Sm. Sabin-Godman Coll. 
no. 255G0). 
o. Ad. sk. Mexico. 
U.S.Nat. Mus. [PJ. 

p. Ad. sk. Mexico. 
Sclater Coll. 
q. Ad. sk. Mazatlan, W. Mexico, Dec. 26 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(A. Forrer). 
r. 
2 &a- sk* Presidio, Mexico, Dec. 22 (A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Forrer). 
s. $ ad. sk. Oaxaca, Mexico, Nov. 1800 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
{A. Boucard). 
t. <$ ad. sk. Puebla, Mexico. A. Boucard [C.]. 
u. Ad. sk. Mexico. J. Gould, Esq. 
v 2 ad. sk. Barranco Hondo, Guatemala, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
* Oct. ^} 1873 (0. &). 
61. CALAMOSPIZA. 
Type. 
Calamospiza, Bp. Comp. list B. Eur. fy N. Amer. p. 30 
(1838) 0. bicolor. 
Corydallina, Atcdub. Syn. p. 130 (1839) C. bicolor. 

Range. From the plains of Dakota and Middle Kansas west to 
the Rocky Mountains, less commonly thence to the Pacific, and 
south to Northern Mexico and Lower California. Accidental in 
Massachusetts. (A. 0. V. Cluelc-lut, p. 290.) 

1. Calamospiza bicolor. 
(1838); id. Consp. i. p. 475 (1850); Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 492 
(1858); id. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. Birds, p. 10 (1858); Sel. Cat 
Amer. B p. 121 (1802); Duges, La Nat. i. p. 140 (1868) • Cooper, 
B, Calif, p. 225 (1870); Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. Ill, no. 76u9 
(1870) ; Allen, Bidl Mm. Comp. Zool iii. pp. 137, 177 (1872) ; 
Scl. Sf Salu. Nomenel. Av. Neotr. p. 34 (1873); Baird, Brewer, $* 

VOL. XII. 
2 Q. 

594 FBTKGIXLIDJ3. 

Ridgw. Hist. N Amer. B. ii. p. 61, pi. 29. figs. % 3 (1874) ; Cones, 

B. N.-West p. 147 (1874)• Hensh. Rep. Zool BxpL 100^ Mend. 
p. 295 (1875) ; Coues, Bull U.S. Geol Surv. iv. p. 597 (1878) ; 
Merrill, Froc. U.S. Nat Mus. i. p. 127 (1878) ; McCJiesnty, Bull 
U.S. Geol. Surv. v. p. 77 (1880); Sennett, t. c. p. 391; Maynard, 
B. Florida, p. 519 (1881); Ridgiu. Bull. U.S. Nat Mus. no. 21, 
p. 27 (1881) ; Coues, Check-list N Amer. B. p. 58 (1882); Belding,
Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus.r. p. 541 (lb83), vi. p. 343 (18&3); 
Bolter, Auk, i. p. 293 (1884) ; Drew, Auk, ii. p. 16 (1835); 
Cooke, t. c. p. 32; Salvin fy Godman, Biol Centr.-Amer., Ares, i. 
p. 417 (1880). 
Corydallina bicolor, Audul. Syn. p. 130 (1839); id. B. Amer. 8vo, 
iii. p. 11)5, pi. 202 (1841). 
Dolichonyx bicolor, Nuit. Man. 2nd ed. p. 203 (1840). 
Calamospiza nielanocorys, Stejn. Auk, ii. p. 49 (1^85) ; A. O. U. 
Cheek-l N. Amer. B. p. 290 (1886) ; Seton, Auk, iii. p. 324 (lfc86). 

Adult male. General colour above sooty black, including the lesser 
wing-coverts ; the lower row of the latter and median coverts white, 
forming a broad band; greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills black, the latter edged with white, the secondaries 
more broadly ; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers black, the latter 
with a white spot at the end of the inner wTeb; sides of face and 
entire under surface of body black, with white margins to the under 
tail-coverts; under wing-coverts and axillaries black: " bill light 
blue, upper mandible somewhat dusky along the ridge; feet and 
claws reddish brown " {Audubon). Total length 6*2 inches, culmen 
065, wing 3*5, tail 2*45, tarsus 0*95. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
brown, streaked with darker brown centres to the feathers, which 
have ashy-brown margins on the mantle and upper back; rump 
more uniform brown; lesser wing-coverts ashy, with dusky centres ; 
median and greater coverts creamy white, with blackish bases, the 
inner ones brown, edged with sandy buff; bastard-wing blackish 
brown; primary-coverts and quills brown, the primaries edged with 
white, as well as some of the outer secondaries, the inner secondaries 
edged with sandy buff; upper tail-coverts brown, with dusky 
shaft-streaks; tail-feathers blackish brown, edged, with whity 
brown, the outer ones with a white spot at the end of the inner web, 
increasing towards the outermost, which t is externally edged with 
white; crown of head rather more reddish brown, streaked with 
blackish-brown centres to the feathers, the centre of the crown 
rather more ashy; lores, a narrow eyebrow, and the feathers round 
the eye white; ear-coverts light brown, whity brown in the centre; 
cheeks white, with a blackish streak above and below ; throat white, 
the chin black; sides of neck ashy brown, streaked with blackish 
brown ; remainder of under surface of body white, streaked on the 
fore neck with black shaft-lines; in the centre of the chest a black 
spot; lower breast and abdomen uniform white; sides of body and 
flanks pale brown, rather more broadly streaked with blackish 
brown ; thighs and under tail-coverts white, with black basal marks ; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries brown, edged with ashy brown 

61 . CILAMOSPIZA. 
the edge of tlio wing black; quills below dusky, the inner edge 
ashy. Total length 5S inches, culmon 0-5, wing 3*15, tail 2*15, 
tarsus 0*9. 

The specimen described was obtained with the nest and eggs by 
Dr. Coues on the 9th of July. Another female, obtained in Juno, 
differs from the one described only in wanting the black on the 
ohm. This is also absent in a hen bird procured in August, and is 
probably the sign of a very old bird. The stripes on the breast and 
flanks vary somewhat in individuals, being much broader in some 
than in others • the moustachial streak is also broken up into spots 
in some specimens. 

Young male. Eesembles the old female at first, being brown above, 
but the scapulars are blackish, edged with dull white; the black 
centres to the feathers of the upper surface are broader and plainer, 
and the white edges to the quills are much more distinct than in the 
adult female. 

The young bird at first resembles the nestling of a Lark, and has 
all the feathers margined with sandy buff, and is tinged with yellow 
underneath. 

The full black plumage is assumed by a moult, but it is probable 
that at least two years elapse before the adult dress is gained. At 
all events the species has a spring moult, as specimens procured in 
May and June are in full process of change, renewing not only the 
body-feathers but the quills. 

It would seem that from the nestling plumage the first moult of 
the male (i. e. into the first winter plumage) is into a nearly uniform 
brown dress, in general like that of the adult female, and having 
dusky centres to the feathers of the back ; the general tone of the 
upper surface, however, inclines more to a rufous-brown. The wings 
are those of the adult male, the quills, primary-coverts, and bastard-
wing being all black, but the remainder of the wing-coverts are 
washed with rufous, the white being replaced by creamy bnff. 
The lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, and throat aro almost entirely 
black, and many of the feathers on the breast have the central streak 
in process of widening out into a broad stripe, showing that a change 
in the pattern of the feather accompanies the moulting of the under 
surface. 

The specimen described is one shot on the 11th of September, 
and it is quite likely that the full dress of the adult male is gained 
in the first spring, the pale brown quills seen in some specimens 
at that season of the year being the black feathers of the previous 
autumn, bleached by the wear and tear of a winter's usage. 

Eab. The same as that of the genus. 

a, b. S ad.; 49th Parallel, June 1874 (0, N. A. Boundary Coin-
c 9ad.sk. Dawson). mission [P.]. 
d tf IUV. sk. Three Buttes, Aug. 8,1874 (Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
° J JE. Cones; Sm.no. 07572). 
e Q ad. sk. Frenchman's Kiver, July 9, U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.], 
' 1874 {Dr.U. Coues; Sm. no. 
67577). 
, 2Q2 

596 
JltlNGILLIDiE. 

/. $ ad. sk. Custar's Creek, Aug. 1, 1873 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Dr. E. Coues; Sm. no. 
65239). 

g. d 
ad. sk. Big Muddy Creek, July 2,1883 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Dr. E. Cones; Sm. no. 
65227). 
h. 
? ad. sk. Kalston, Oct. 15, 1873 (New- U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
berry; Sm. no. 66972). 
i. 
$ ad. sk. Pole Creek, July 29, 1856 (W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
S. 
Wood; Sm.no. 5727). 
h. 
<$ imm. sk. Near Fowell, Arizona, Sept. 11, R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. 
1874 (Dr. Eothrock; Sm. no. [P.]. 
69638). 
1. <$ ad. sk. San Antonio, Texas, May (II. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
E. Dresser). 
m. [ cT imm.] sk. California. 
Purchased. 
n. 
S ad.; o,p. Mexico. Sclater Coll. 
$ ad. sk. 
q. $ 
imm.j r. $ Mexico. Purchased, 
ad. sk. 
62. ZONOTRICHIA. 
Type. 
Zonotrichia, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 493 
(1831) Z. leucophrys. 
Range. Throughout Northern, Central, and South America. 

Key to the Sjpecies. 

a. Throat black 
querula $, p. 597. 
b. 
Throat not black. 
a'. No chestnut collar round the hind neck; sides 
of neck not chestnut. 
a". Crown of head entirely black; throat and 
breast white, with a large black patch on the 
lower throat quewda $ , p. 597. 

b". Crown with a broad lateral band of black on 

each side, the centre of the crown paler. 
a"'. Lores yellow, forming a conspicuous spot. . albicollis, p. 598. 
b'". No yellow on the lores. 

a4. A large patch of yellow on the fore part 
of the crown coronata, p. 600. 
¥. No yellow on the forehead, which is white 
like the centre of the crown. 
a5. Edge of wing white ; axillaries edged 

with white hucopJirys ad., 
¥. Edge of wing yellow; axillaries edged [p. 604. 
with yellow gambeli, p. 606. 

c". 
Crown with a chestnut or rufous band along 
the sides ; centre of crown pale. 
c'". Greater wing-coverts tipped with white, 
forming a wing-bar. 
c*. Edge of wing white; axillaries edged 
with white leucophrys, p. 603. 
d\ Edge of wing yellow; axillaries edged 
with yellow gambeli, p. 606. 

62. ZONOTKICHIA. 
597 

d"'. No white tips to the greater wing-coverts. 
eK Wing-coverts uniform chestnut strigiceps, p. 607. 
fK Lesser wing-coverts only chestnut; remainder 
of coverts like the back wMtii, p. 608. 
d''. Crown without any lateral bands of black or 

chestnut. 
e'". A patch of yellow on the forehead coronata juv., 
/'". No yellow on the forehead, which is olive- [p. 601. 

brown like the crown ; eyebrow ashy grey, vulcani, p. 602. 
b'. Sides of neck chestnut, extending in a bright 
collar round the hind neck. 
e". Sides of crown with a broad lateral streak of 
black pileata, p. 610. 
/" . No black on the sides of the head, which is 
entirely grey canieapilla, p. 609. 

1. ZoEotrichia querula, 
Fringilla querula, Nutt. Man. p. 555 (1840). 
Fringilla harrisii, Audub. B. Amer. 8vo, vii. p. 331,, pi. 484 (1843). 
Fringilla comata, Nemoied, Reis. ii. p. 352 (1841);' id. J.f. 0. 1858, 


p. 279. 
Zonotrichia querula, Gambel, Journ. Bhilad. Acad. (2) i. p. 51 (1847); 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 373 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 478 (1850); 
Baird, N. Amer. B. p. 462 (1858); Dresser, Ibis, 1805, p. 488; 
Gray, Hand4. B. ii. p. 92, no. 7380 (1870); Allen, Amer. Nat 
1872, p. 267 ; Baird, Brewer, §• Midgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 577, 
pi. 26. fig. 4 (1874); Cones, Bull. U.S. Geol Surv. iv. p. 594 
(1878); McChesney, op. cit. v. p. 77 (1880); Midgw. Bull. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 24 (1881); Corns, Cheek-list N. Amer. B. 

p. 57 (1882); id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 384 (1884); 
Agersh. Auk, ii. p. 281 (1885); A. O. U. Checklist N. Amer. B. 
p. 270 H886); Seton, Auk, iii. p. 323 (1886). 
Zonotrichia comata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 479 (1850). 
Adult male. General colour above brown, the scapulars and back 
broadly streaked with black, and slightly tinged with rufous, and 
edged with ashy fulvous ; lower back and rump dull ashy brown ; 
lesser wing-coverts blackish, edged with ashy : median and greater 
series black, edged with ashy fulvous, the inner greater coverts 
externally rufous, both series tipped with white, forming a double 
wing-bar; bastard-wing and primary-coverts and quills blackish, 
narrowly edged with ashy, tinged with rufous on the quills, the 
primaries margined with white; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers 
brown, edged with ashy, the three outer ones fringed with white, 
with which the outermost is also edged; crown of head and nape 
black; hind neck chocolate-brown, mottled with dusky centres to 
the feathers; a broad streak of ashy grey along the sides of the 
hinder crown; lores, feathers round the eye, fore part of cheeks, 
and entire throat black; ear-coverts ashy; on the hinder part of the 
cheeks a white patch ; remainder of under surface of body white, the 
sides of the breast brown, clearer on the flanks; the centre of the 
fore neck mottled with black spots, as also the sides of the breast; 
the flanks rather broadly striped with dark brown ; under tail-coverts 

598 
PBINGILITDJE. 

bufry white, with light brown centres; axillaries and under wing-
coverts light brown, with whitish margins ; quills dusky below, ashy 
fulvous along the inner web : " bill coral-red ; toes dark ; tarsi pale " 
(Coues). Total length 6*8 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3*4, tail 3*4, 
tarsus 1. 

Adult in winter plumage. Rather more rufoscent than in summer, 
the black head obscured by ashy tips to the feathers, not only on 
the crown, but on the facial markings and on the throat; the sides 
of the crown and ear-coverts pale sandy rufous, where the summer 
plumage is ashy grey; the white wing-bars somewhat less pronounced 
and tinged with fulvous : " bill light reddish brown, 
usually obscured on ridge and at tip, and paler at base below; feet 
flesh-coloured, obscured on the toes ; iris brown " (Coues). 

Hab. Interior United States and British Provinces, especially 
the Valley of the Mississippi, Lower Missouri, and Eed Eiver of the 
north; scarcely as far west as the Eocky Mountains (?) ; east to 
Minnesota, Missouri, Iowa, and probably Illinois; south to Texas 

(Coues). 

a. 
<S ad. sk. Souris River, Sept. 18, 1873 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Dr. B. Coues; Sm. no. 
65794). 
b, c. <5 ad. sk. 49th Parallel, May (G. N. A. Boundary ComDawson), 
mission [P.]. 


d. <J Ad. hiem, sk. Texas, Dec. 3,1880 (J. D. U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
Ogilby; Sm. no. 81091). 
e. Ad. Mem. sk. San Antonio, Texas, April Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(A. L. Heermann). 
/. 
S juv. sk. Gainsville, Cook Co., Texas, Sclater Coll. 
Dec. 10 (W. Brewster). 

g. (S ad. sk. Gainsville, Feb. 17 (W. Sclater Coll. 
Brewster). 
h. 
<S ad. sk. Gainsville, Nov. 14 (G. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
2. ZonotricMa albicollis. 
White-throated Sparrow, Edwards, Gleanings, ii. p. 198, pi. 304 

(1760). 
Le Moineau de Pensilvanie, Briss. Orn. vi. App. p. 77 (1760). 
White-throated Finch, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 272 (1783). 
Fringilla albicollis, Gm. Sijst. Nat i. p. 921 (1788); WUs. Amer. Orn, 

iii. p. 51, pi. xxii. %. 2 (1811); Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 25 (1823). 
Fringilla pennsylvanica, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 445 (1790); Aud. 
B. Amer. pi. viii.; id. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 42 (1831), v. p. 497 (1839) ; 
id. B. Amer. 8vo, iii. p. 153, pi. 191 (1841); Neuwied, J. f. O. 
1858, p. 276; E. Adams, Ibis, 1878, p. 425. 
Fringilla (Zonotrichia) pennsylvanica, Swains. 8r Mich. Faun. Bor.-
Amer., Birds, p. 256 (1831). 
Zonotrichia pennsylvanica, lard. ed. WUs. Amer. Orn. i. p. 340 
(1832) ; JBp. Comp. List B. Bur. # N. Amer. p. 32 (1838). 

Zonotrichia 
albicollis, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 288 (1837); Gray, 
Gen. B. ii. p. 373 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 478 (1850); Cab. Mus. 
Hein. Th. i. p. 132 (1850) ; Baird, B. 1ST. Amer. p. 463 (1858) : Scl. 
Cat. Amer. B. p. 113 (1862); Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 6,1863, p. 76 ; 

62. zommiGuxA. 
590 

Jh^mi/\,B'

S LI? W-^1' P- 188, cum tab. (1871),- AW<7, 

' " ""' ' k ~" , i>v//. 

C/.AS. 2V«tf. liW. no. 21, p. 24 (1881); Couea, Chec/c-list N. Amer. 

B. p. 57 (1882); &/w'/<5 Cat titrickl. Coll p. 221) (1882): B. 0. U, 
List Brit, B. p. C8 (1883); Steams, Proc. US. Nat. Mm. vi. p. 117 
(1683); Coues, Key Amer. B. 2nd oil. p. 382 (1884); Turner, Proc. 
U.S. Nat. Mas. viii. p. 240 (1885) 5 Merriam, Auk. ii. p. 05 
(I880); Agersb. t. c. p. 281; A. 0. U. Check-list iV. Amer. B. 
p. 271 (1886) ; ifo'Mw*. /lw/o, iii. p. 101 (188(3): Batch, t. c. p. 314; 
Fox, t. c. p. 318 j Seton, t c. p. 824. 
Adult male in summer plumage. General colour above chestnut, 
mottled with black centres to the feathers of the neck and mantle, 
less distinct on the former but more pronounced on the latter, which 
has also pale rufous spots on the ends of the outer webs ; lower 
back and. rump ashy brown, more distinctly ashy on the latter; 
upper tail-coverts reddish brown with ashy edges; lesser wing-
coverts dull chestnut, obscured by ashy margins; median and 
greater series blackish, edged with rufous-brown and tipped with 
white, more distinctly on the median ones, the innermost of both 
series chestnut, with blaek centres like the scapulars and back; 
bastard-wing brown, with olive-brown margins; primary-coverts 
dusky brown, edged with light brown ; quills blackish, the primaries 
edged with olive-brown, whitish towards the ends, the secondaries 
more broadly edged with chestnut, like the inner greater coverts; 
tail-feathers brown, edged with ashy brown, the two centre ones 
with chestnut; crown with a median band of white, flanked with a 
broad band of black; lores ashy, surmounted by a spot of bright 
yellow, succeeded by a broad eyebrow of white along the sides of 
the crown ; feathers below the eye and car-covcrrs ashy grey, 
streaked with white shaft-lines, and separated from the checks by 
a line of black; from behind the eye a line of black, widening out 
above the hinder ear-coverts, whore there is a small whitish spot; 
cheeks and throat white; lower throat, fore neck, and breast ashy 
grey, fading off paler towards the abdomen, which is white ; sides 
of upper breast streaked with chestnut; lower Hanks brown, 
slightly streaked with blackish ; thighs ashy whitish, washed 
with olive; under tail-coverts pale fulvescent, with brown centres, 
and the long ones tipped with white; axillaries and under wing-
coverts ashy whitish, washed with olive-yellow, very distinct on 
the edge of the wing; quills dusky below, ashy along the inner web. 
Total length 6*4 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3, tail 2-75, tarsus 0*9. 

Adult male in winter plumage. Preserves the characters of the 
summer plumage, even to the white throat and bright yellow loral 
spot, as well as the grey on the chest and face, the ear-coverts being 
merely slightly washed with rufous; the white streak above the 
ear-coverts is not so pure as in summer, and is slightly tinged with 
ashy; the black on the sides of the crown is slightly washed with 

FEINGILLIDiE. 

coo 

rufous, and the median coronal streak is ashy in front and creamy-
buff towards the nape. 

Adult female in summer plumage. Differs from the male in 
having the centre of the crown ashy grey instead of white, with the 
sides of the crown chestnut instead of black; ear-coverts dull ashy, 
washed with rufous; the streak above the ear-coverts is ashy or 
brownish white, instead of being pure white; throat ashy whitish, 
scarcely contrasting with the chest; yellow loral spot evident, but not 
so bright as in the male. Total length 6*3 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 
2-9, tail 2-75, tarsus 0'85. 

Young in autumn plumage. Rather browner than the adults, 

especially on the crown ; the yellow loral spot less pronounced ; ear-

coverts dark ashy, washed with brown; the ashy of the throat and 

breast mottled with blackish edges to the feathers, the throat whitish. 

Hab. Abundant throughout Eastern America to lat. 65° 1ST., west 

to Dakota ; breeds from the New England and other Northern States 

northward; winters from the Middle States southward (Cones). 

Accidental in Europe. 

a. Ad. sk. North America. Purchased. 
b,c. <$ ? ad. sk. Fort Simpson. B. R. Ross, Esq. [P.]. 
d. 
<S ad. sk. Lake of Woods, Manitoba (G. N. A. Boundary ComDawson). 
mission [P.]. 
e. Inim. sk. 49th Parallel (<?. Dawson). N. A. Boundary Commission 
[P.]. 
/. Ad. sk. Niagara Falls. J. Gould, Esq. [C.]. 

g. J ad. sk. Auburn, New York, April 25 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(F. S. Wright). 
pp.]. 
h. Ad. sk. Philadelphia (P. L. S.). Sclater Coll. 
elate 

Washington, D. C. ( C. Drexier; Salvin-Godman Coll. 
i, k. $ $ ad. sk. Sm. nos. 28437, 28444). 
District of Columbia, April 17 U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
/. 3 ad. sk. {P.L.Jouy; Sm.no. 83527). 
Mount C arm el, Illinois, Oct. U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
m, n. S S ad. sk. 13 (R. Mdyway; Sm. nos. 
78486-6). 

o. 
Ad. sk. Jefferson, 111., Oct. 14 (H. K. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Coale). 
p. $ ad. sk. Hyde Park, 111., April 19 (II. U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
K. Coale). 
q. 2 
ad. sk. Colehour, 111., May 16 (H. K. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Coale). 
[p.]. 

r. tf ad. sk. Lake Forest, 111., April 30 (H. B. Esq. 
R. Sharpe,
K. Coale). 
[p.]. 

8. tf ad. sk. Cook Co., 111., April 26} 1883 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(JET. K. Coale). 

[p.]. 

ti <5 ad. sk. St. Clair Co.,Ill.,May 24,1883. 

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
w. J ad. sk. Whiting Station, Indiana, pp.]April'
27 
(H. K. Coale). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 

3. ZonotricMa coronata. 
Black-crowned Bunting, 
Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 202, tab. xlv. 
(1783) \ Penn. Arctic Zopl ii. p. 364 (1785). 

62 . ZONOTRIOHIA. 
601 

Emheriza atricapilla, Gm. Syst Nat i. p. 875 (1788, pt.) ; Audub. 

B. Amer. pi. 494 ; id. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 47 (1839). 
Emberiza coronata, Ball Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 44 (1811). 
Fringilla aurocapilla, Nutt. Man. 2nd ed. p. 555 (1840). 
ZonotricMa aurocapilla, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. $* N. Amer p 32 
(1838); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 373 (1849); Bp. Comp. i. p 478 
(1850); Newb. Bacif. R. Rep. iv. p. 88 (1857). 
Fringilla atricapilla, Audub. Sun. p. 122 (1839): id. B. Amer. 8vo, 

iii. p. 162, pi. 193 (1841). ' 
ZonotricMa atricapilla, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 373 (1849); id. 
Hand-l B. ii. p. 93, no. 7377 (1870). 
ZonotricMa galapagensis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 479 (1850) ; Gray, lland-l. 

B. ii. p. 94; no. 7383 (1870); Salvin, Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 491, note 
(1876). r 
ZonotricMa coronata, 
Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 461 (1858); Sel Cat. 
Amer. B. p. 113 (1862); Cones, Ibis, 1866, p. 26S; Brown, Ibis, 
1868, p. 422 ; Ball fy Bann. Trans. Chicago Acad. i. p. 284 
(1869); Cooper, B. Calif, p. 197(1870); Baird, Breiver, % Ridqw. 
Hist N. Amer. B. i. p. 573, pi. xxvi. fig. 1 (1874) ; Ridgw. Rep. 
Surv. 40th Par. p. 472 (1877) ; Brewer, Ibis, 1878, p. 117; 
Belding, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm. i. p. 416 (1878); Cooper, op. cit ii. 

p. 247 (1880) ; Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Nat Mus. no. 21, p. 24 (1881) ; 
Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. v. p. 152 (1882); Coues, Check-list 
N Amer. B. p. 57 (1882); Nelson, Cruise R. S. < Corwin,' p. 71 
(1883); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 283 (1884); 
Atithony, Auk, iii. p. 182 (1886); Everm. t c. p. 182; A. O. U. 
Chech-list N. Amer. B. p. 271 (1886). 
Adult male in summer plumage. General colour above brown, 
rather rufescent on tbe neck and mantle, the feathers of the latter 
having blackish spots near the ends, and a pale whitish shade near 
the end of the outer web, producing a mottled appearance; lower 
back and rump uniform ashy brown; upper tail-coverts brown 
with ashy margins; lesser wing-coverts ashy; median and greater 
coverts blackish, edged with ashy brown and tipped with white, 
forming a double wing-bar; bastard-wing and primary-coverts 
dusky blackish, fringed with ashy ; quills dusky blackish, edged 
with ashy brown, whitish towards the end of the primaries, the 
inner secondaries externally chestnut like the inner greater coverts; 
tail-feathers blackish brown, edged with ashy brown; crown with 
a central patch of bright olive-yellow, the occiput and nape ashy 
grey, both bordered by a broad band of black from the base 
of the forehead to the side of the nape ; lores, sides of^ face, 
ear-coverts, and sides of hinder crown dark ashy grey, slightly 
mottled with white spots below the edge and on the fore part of 
the cheeks; chin whitish; cheeks, throat, and chest ashy grey, 
the latter slightly washed with brown; centre of breast and 
abdomen whitish, the sides of the body and flanks brown; thighs 
brown, washed with yellowish white; under tail-coverts ochreous 
white, with pale brown centres; axillaries and under wing-coverts 
light brown, edged with pale olive-yellow, especially ^ along the 
edge of the wing; quills dusky below, ashy along the inner web : 
" bill reddish brown, dusky towards the point; feet flesh-coloured; 

602 
FRINGILLID^:. 

claws dusky" {Audubon). Total length 6-5 inches, culnien 0-5, 
wing 0-1, tail 2*75, tarsus 0-95. 

Adult female. Described by Dr. Coues as being like the male. 

Adult in winter plumage. Browner than in the summer plumage, 
the head being brown like the back, and spotted with blackish; the 
fore part of the crown dull olive-yellow, with a blackish line extending 
from the base of the bill over the eye; a line of pale ashy along 
the sides of the crown, tinged with pale olive-yellow in the form of a 
spot above the eye; throat and breast ashy brownish, whiter 
towards the chin ; sides of body and Hanks uniform brown ; centre 
of breast and abdomen white, slightly washed with olive-yellow. 

Messrs. Baird, Brewer, and ltidgway speak of the yellow spot 

above the eye being " reduced to a few feathers in spring dress." 

Only one of the adult specimens in the British Museum shows 

slight traces of it. 

Hah. Aleutian Islands, and Western America from Alaska to 

Southern California. 

a. Ad. sk. 
Aleutian Islands. Mr. Brandt. 
b. tf ad. sk. 
Vancouver's Island. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
c. Ad. sk. West side of Rocky Mts., J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.J. 
British Columbia. 
d. Ad. sk. 
California (Bell). Sclater Coll. 
e. Imni. sk. California. 
Sclater Coll. 
f. Imm. sk. 
California. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
g. (S ad. sk. Red Bluff, N. California, March U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
18 (C. H. Toivnsend; Sm. 
no. 98322). 
h, $ ad. sk. San Bernardino, California, B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
April 5,1884(i2.B. Ilerron). [P.]. 
t, k. c? ad.; l} m. Mountains near Kernville, U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 

$ ad. sk. 
' California (II. W. Henshaw; 
Sm. nos. 72163-4, 
72107-8). 


n. tf ad. sk. 
Fort Tejon, California, Oct. 24 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(J. Xanttis; Sm. no. 25675). 
4. Zonotrichia vulcani. 
Zonotrichia vulcani, Boucard, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 57, pi. 4; Salvin 
ty Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 371, pi. xxvi. fig. 2 (1883). 
Junco vulcani, Riclgw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 225 (1875): id. 
op. cit. v. p. 495 (1883). 
Adult male. General colour above dull olive-brown, the mantle 
and upper back mottled with broad black triangular spots at the 
ends of the feathers ; lower back and rump uniform ; scapulars like 
the back and similarly spotted; lesser wing-coverts ashy olive-
brown ; median and greater coverts dark brown, edged with olive-
brown, slightly rufescent on the latter : bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with ashy olive, browner 
on the secondaries, which have also broader margins; upper tail-
coverts brown ; tail-feathers dark brown, edged with olive-brown; 
crown of head and hind neck uniform dull slaty brown, slightly 

62. ZOtfOTKICHIA. 
603 

washed with olive; lores Hack; a broad eyebrow of lighter slaty 
grey: ear-coverts ashy brown, slightly washed with olive; cheeks 
and under surface of body slaty grey, the throat somewhat whiter; 
centre of breast more ashy and slightly washed with olive; lower 
abdomen whitish; sides of body and flanks olive-brown ;' thighs 
dasky brown, washed with oliye; under tail-coverts olive-brown, 
with dusky bases and white tips to the longer ones ; under wing-
coverts dusky brown, edged with olive-brown; axillaries ashy, 
edged with olive; quills below dusky, ashy whitish along the inner 
^ge. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0'55, wing 3-05, tail 2-7, 
tarsus 1-05. 

Bctb. Costa Rica. 

a. d ad. sk. Volcan de Irazu, May 1877 Salvin-Gfodman Coll. 
(A. Boucard). 
b. <$ ad. sk. Irazu (C. Nutting). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
5. Zonotrichia leucophrys. 
Emberiza leucophrys, Forster, Phil Trans. Ixii. pp. 382,426 (1772); 

Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 874 (1788): Wils. Amer. Orn. iv. p. 49, pi. 31. 

fig. 4 (1811). 

White-crowned Sparrow, Term. Arctic Zool. ii. p. 355 (1785). 

Frm<rilla (Zonotrichia) leucophrys, Swains.fyBich. Faun. Bor.-Amer., 

Birds, p. 255 (1831). 

Fringilla leucophrys, Audub. B. Amer. pi. cxiv. j id. Orn. Biogr. ii. 

p. 88 (1834), v. p. 515 (1839)- id. B. Amer. 8vo, iii. p. 157, 
pi. cxcii. (1841). 
Zonotrichia leucophrys, Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. ii. p. 43 (1832) ; 
Bp. Comp. List B. Fur. fy N. Amer. p. 32 (1838) ; Gray, Gen. B. 

ii. p. 373 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 478 (1850) j Baird, B. N. Amer. 
p. 458, pi. lxix. fig. 2 (1858); id. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. Birds, 
p. 15 (1858); Beinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 7; Scl Cat. Amer. B. p. 112 
(1862) ; Bldkist. Ibis, 1862, p. 6,1863, p. 76; Scl. P. Z. S. 1864, 
p. 174 j JBaird, Ibis, 1867, pp. 270, 283,-Duges, La Nat. i. p. 148 
(1868) ; Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 93, no. 7375 (1870) ; Cooper, B. 
Calif, p. 196 (1870); Allen, Bull Mus. Comp. Zool. iii. pp. 156, 
163,177 (1872) ; Coues, Key N Amer. B. p. 145 (1872) ; Scl $ Solo. 
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 31 (1873) ; Baird, Breiuer, 8? Ridqio. Hist 
N. Amer. B. i. p. 560, pi. 25. figs. 0, 10 (1874) ; BJemh. Bep. Zool 
Fa.pl 100th Merid. p. 261 (1875) ; Bidgw. Bep. Surv. 40th Par. 
p. 470 (1877) j Sennett, Bull U.S. Geol Surv. iv. p. 19 (1878); 
Merrill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.i. p. 126 (1878); Belding, t c. p. 415; 
Maynard, B. Florida, p. 516 (1881) ; Mdgio. Bull U.S. Nat. Mus. 
no 21, p. 24 (1881) ; Coues, Chech-list N. Amer. B. p. 57 (1882) ; 
Salvin, Cat. Strichl. Coll p. 229 (1882); Bidgxo. Proc. U.S. Nat. 
Mus. v. p. 531 (1883) ; Belding, t. c. p. 540; Stearns, op. cit. vi. p. 117 
(1883) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 383 (1884); Turner, 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 240 (1885); Agersb. Auk, ii. p. 281 
(1885) ; Merriam, t. c. p. 65; Beckh. t. c. p. 141 ; Lawr. t. c. 
p 272; Salvin fy Godman, Biol Centr.-Amer., Aves, l p. 369 
(1886); A. O. U. Chech-list N Amer. B. p. 270 (1886); Ilensh. 
Auh, iii. p. 74 (1886); Seton, t. c. p. 323. 
Zonotrichia gambeh (nee Nutt), Baird, B. N Amer. p. 460 (1858); 
Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 76; Lord, Proc. Boy. Art. Inst. iv. p. 119 

604 
KRMeiLLID^. 

(1864); (hues, Ibis, 1865, p. 164; Dresser, i.e. pp. 316, 489; 
Coues, Proe. Philad. Acad. 18G0, p. 84; Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 270; 
Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 422; Dall § Bann. Trans. Chicago Acad. 

i. p. 284 (1860); Allen, Bull. Mas. Comp. Zool iii. p. 157 (lb72). 
Zonotrichia leueophrys, var. gambeli, Allen, Bull. Mas. Comp. Zool. 
iii. p. 177 (1872);" Coues, Key X Amer. B. p. 145 (lb72, pt.); 
Baircl, Brewer, $ Bidgio. Hist X. Amer. B. i. p. 509 (lb741 ; 
Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. X. H. ii. p. 277 (lb74). 
Zonotrichia leucophrys, var. intermedia, liidyic. Bull. Essex Inst. v. 

p. 11)8 (1873); Coues, B. X-JFest, p. 156 (1874); Hensk. litp. 
Zool. B.vpl 100th Merid. p. 2(51 (1377)). 
Zonotrichia 
intermedia, Bidgw. Bep. Surv. 10th Par. p. 471 (1877 j; 
Men-ill, Proc. U.ti. Xat. Mas. i. p. 126 (1875); Balding, i.e. 

p. 415; Bidgio. Ibis, lb83, p. 400; Batchelder, Auk, ii. p. 124 
(lb8-5); Sahiti df Godman, Biol Centr.-Amer., Ave*. L p. 370 
(1886) ; Ilensh. Auk, iii. p. 74 (IbbO) ; Goss, t c. p. 114 ; iSeton, 
t. c. p. 323 ; A. O. U. Cheek-list X. Amer. B. p. 271 (Ibbfil. 
Zonotrichia leucopkiys intermedia, Coues, Bull. U. & GeoL tiurv. iv. 
p. 594 (lb7b) ; Semiett, op. eii. v. p. 391 (lfcSO); Coues, Chiek-l^i 
X. Amer. B. p. 57 (18b2) ; id. Key X. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 3b3 Ub84 «. 
* 
Zonotrichia garnbeli intermedia, llidgi®. Bull. U. S.Xat. 31m. no. 21, 
p. 24(1881); Nelson, Cruise It. & c Corning. 70 (ItiXl); Btlditttj, 
Proc. U.S. Xat. Mus. v. p. 533 (1883); Broicn, Aukt i. p. 121 
(1884); Murdoch, JSaped. Pt. Barrow, p. 107 (18b5); Drne, Auk, 
ii. p. 16 (1885) ; Beckh. t. e. p. 141. 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above ashy brown, 
striped with chestnut and grey on the back, the feathers being 
broadly chestnut in the middle with ashy-grey margins; the hind 
neck and upper mantle uniform ashy grey; lower back and rump 
uniform brown; lesser wing-coverts ashy grey; median and greater 
coverts blackish, edged externally with light brown, and having a 
white spot at the end of the outer web, less distinct on the greater 
coverts, the innermost of which are externally rufous : bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quilis dark brown, edged with lighter brown, 
the primaries margined with ashy whitish towards their ends, the 
inner secondaries externally rufous like the inner greater coverts, 
and having a white mark along the end of the outer web; upper 
tail-coverts and tail-feathers brown, edged with ashy brown, the 
outer feather rather lighter brown near the tip, which is fringed 
with whitish; centre of crown with a broad white band reaching to 
the nape; forehead and a broad band along the sides of the crown 
black, followed by a distinct superciliary line of white from the fore 
part of the eye to the nape, but separated from the ashy-white lores 
by the black forehead impinging on to the eyelid, which is also 
whitish ; cheeks and ear-coverts ash)r grey like the sides of the neck, 
with a black line above the ear-coverts, widening out on the sides 
of the neck above the eax-coverts ; chin whitish; remainder of under 
surface of body ashy grey, the flanks browner; centre of abdomen 
whitish ; under tail-coverts pale tawny buff; thighs whitish, dusky 
behind; axillaries and under wing-coverts pale ashy, with light 
brown bases; quills dusky brown below, ashy along the inner webs : 
"bill reddish orange, tipped with brown; feet pale brown; iris 

62. ZONOTRICHIA. 
reddish brown " (Audubon). Total length. 6 inches, culmen 0*45, 
wing 3-1, tail 2-85, tarsus 0*85. 

Young. Black of the head replaced by very rich warm brown, the 
white of the head by pale brownish; the general ashy colour has a 
brownish suffusion, and the back is more like that of Z. albicollis, 
being streaked with dusky and ochreous brown (Coues). 

Very young. Before the first moult, there are indications of the 
head-markings as above described; but the whole upper parts, sides 
of the neck, and fore underparts are streaked with blackish and 
ochreous brown or whitish (Coues). 

Z. intermedia is said to be similar to Z. leucophrys, from which it 
differs in being smaller and in having a complete superciliary streak 
of ashy white, the black of the forehead not reaching to the eye so 
as to separate the white lores from the superciliary streak, as it 
does in Z. leueophrys. Total length 7*8 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 3, 
tail 2-7, tarsus 0*9. 
The specimens in the British Museum are mostly well marked 
and show the characters of the race distinctly ; but Dr. Coues considers 
that it runs into Z. leuco]?hrys,mi(L says that " some specimens 
resemble Z. leucophrys on one side of the head, and Z. intermedia on 
the other." As some of the Museum specimens seem to bear out 
this statement, I have not separated the two races. 

Hah. North America, especially eastern, and rather northerly ; 
west to the Rocky Mountains, where it is united with Z. intermedia ; 
north to Greenland, south to Cape S. Lucas. Breeds occasionally in 
New England, and plentifully in Labrador (Coues). "Winters in 
Mexico. 

Z. intermedia is said to range from the Eocky Mountains to the 
Pacific, from Alaska southwards. 
a. Ad. sk. Arctic America. Sir G. Back [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Bepulse Bay. Dr. Rae [P.], 
c $ ad. sk. Snug Harbour, Labrador, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
July 0 {Dr. & Coues ; Sm. 
no. 18112). 

d 2 ad. sk. S. Michael's, Alaska, June 4, U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.], 
1877 (L. M. Turner \ Sm. 
no. 73332). 

e tf ad. sk. Nushagak, Alaska (C. W. Mc- U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.], 
Kay\ Sm. no. 86534). 

f, P ad. sk. Fort Anderson, June 18,1864 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(JR. McFarlane; Sm. no. 
43364). 

a h91 Ad. sk. Port Simpson. B.P.Ross,Esq. [P.], 

k. Ad. sk. 49th Parallel, June 26, 1874 N. Amer. Boundary 
(G. Dawson). Commision. 
1 m. <S 2 ad. sk. British Columbia. J.K. Lord, Esq. [P. 
n. <$ juv. sk. British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [C. 
o r? ad ; p. 2 Jasper Co., Illinois, Dec. 20, P. B. Sharpe, Es< 
" iuv. sk. 1883 (E. K. Coale). [P.]. 
q S ad sk. Wheatland, Indiana, May 5, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
i# ' 1883 (R.Ridgway; Sm.no, 

90299). 

606 
PEINGILLIDJE. 

r. S ad. sk. Fort Bridger, Utah, June 3, E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
s. Ad. sk. 
t. 
$ ad. sk. 
u. S ad. sk. 
V. 
2 ad. sk. 
to,, S ad. sk. 
a\ d ad. sk. 
y> $ ad. sk. 

z. $ ad. sk. 
a'., <$ ad. sk. 
c'. cS ad. et juv. 
sk. 
, $ ad. sk. 


e'. Ad. sk. 

<3 ad. sk. 
$ ad.sk. 

f. 
ff'


hf. <$ ad. sk. 

%'.2 ad. sk. 

Ad. sk. 

v.Ad. sk. 
. Ad. sk. 
1858 (C. Dreader-, Sm. no. 

11140). 
Ohio (G. L. Laivrence). 
Camp no. 18, 40th Parallel, 

Sept. 11,1807 (JB. Hidgioay; 
Sm. no, 53494). 

West Humboldt Mountains, 
Sept. 20,18(57 (P. Bidgioay; 
Sm. no. 53496). 

Tuczon, Arizona, Jan. 22,1884 

(E. TV. Nelson-, Sm. no. 
98869). 
Tuczon, May 1, 1884 (K W. 
Nelson ; Sm. no. 98865). 
Tuczon, April 22, 1884 (F. 
Stephens; Sm. no. 10G85). 
Bowie, Arizona, Oct. 10,1873 
(Newberry-, Sm.no. 66882). 
Banning, California, April 22, 
1886 (F Stephens). ^ 
Near Kernville, California, 
Oct. 20, 187o (H. W. Henshaio 
; Sm. no. 72149). 

Kernville, Oct. (H. W. IL; 
Sm. nos. 79590, 72153). _ 
La Paz, Lower California, 

Jan. 6 (A. Forrer). 

Fort Tejon, Lower California, 
Nov/17, 1860 (J. Xcoitus). 
Port Tejon, Sept. 20 (J. 

Xanfics; Sm. no. 25697). 
Port Tejon, Dec. 9 (J. Xantus; 
Sm. no. 25684). 
Fort Tejon, Dec. 14 (/. X ; 
Sm. no. 25701). 
San Nicholas, Oct. 1859 (J. 
Xantus; Sm. no. 26566). 

Mexico (J. Taylor). Zool. Society. 
Mexico (White). Sclater Coll. 
Near the City of Mexico. Salvin-Godman Coll. 


LP.]. 
Sclater Coll. 


R. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[p.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
XLS. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
L.S.Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
G. Frean Morcom, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Salvin-Guduian Coll. 

U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sclater CoIL 
SalTin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
JL B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[p.]. 
It. B. Sharpe, Essq. 

[p.i. _ 
Subsp. a. Zonotrichia gambeli. 

Fringilla gamheli, Nutt Man. Orn. i. p. 556 (1840); GambeL Proe. 
Philad. Acad. 1842, p. 262. 

Zonotrichia garnbeli, Gambel, Journ. Philad. Acad. 2nd series, 1848, 

p. 50 j Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 373 (1849); Pp. Consp. i. p. 478 
(1850) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 93, no. 7396 (1870); Cooper, B. 
Calif, p. 195 (1870); Bidgio. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 24 
(1881); Coues, Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 57 (1882) ; Midgut. Mis, 
1883, p. 400 j Salvin, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 422; Corns, Key N. Amer. 
B. 2nd ed. p. 383 (1886); Anthony, Auk, iii. p. 168 (1886) ; 
JEverm. t. c. p. 182; A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 171 (1880). 
Zonotrichia leucophrys, var. gambeli, Cooper, Proe. U.S. Nat. Mus. 

i. p. 247 (1878). 
Adult male. General colour above Sparrow-like, brown, with 
62 . ZOKOTBICHIA. 
607 

blackish centres to the feathers of the mantle, which have somewhat 
paler edgings, but no grey ; the hind neck brown, streaked with 
dusky; the scapulars tinged with chestnut; lesser wing-coverts 
brown; median and greater coverts blackish, edged externally with 
pale brown, and tipped with white at the end of the outer web, the 
inner coverts of both series externally washed with chestnut; 
bastard-wing and primary-coverts dusky, edged with lighter brown, 
whitish at the end of the outer web; quills dusky brown, externally 
edged with olive-brown, rufescent towards the base; the primaries 
edged with whitish, the inner secondaries with chestnut, and, like 
the inner coverts, whitish at the ends ; lower back and rump uniform 
brown ; upper tail-coverts brown, slightly tinged with rufous, with 
dark centres to the feathers ; tail-feathers brown, edged with olive-
brown ; crown of head white, bordered on each side by a line of 
black, very broad, and reaching from the base of the nostrils to the 

sides of the nape; lores and a narrow line over the eye whitish; 
ear-coverts ashy grey, with a black line above the upper margin; 
cheeks, throat, fore neck, and chest ashy grey; lower breast and 
abdomen whitish, slightly tinged with olive-yellow; sides of body 
and flanks uniform brown, paler on the latter; thighs olive-yellow, 
posteriorly brown ; under tail-coverts dull white ; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries pale olive-yellow, with light brown bases, the edge of 
the wing pale olive-yellow ; quills dusky below, ashy along the edge 
of the inner web. Total length G-5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*95, 
tail 2-7, tarsus 0*9. 

The winter plumage is brown and generally Sparrow-like in 
character as in summer, but the median line of tho crown is pale 
brown, with a broad chestnut band on each side of the head; the 
eyebrow, ear-coverts, and sides of neck are brown; lores and eyelid 
dull whitish, as well as the fore part of the cheeks; throat ashy 
whitish, the latter skirted by a malar line of dark brown spots; 
lower throat and fore neck ashy brown; the lower breast and 
abdomen white, washed with olive-yellow ; sides of body and flanks 
brown, the latter mottled with darker centres; under tail-coverts 
also brown, with darker centres; axillaries and under tail-coverts 
pale olive-yellow, as in the full plumage. 

The differences between this race and the one called Z. intermedia 
are extremely slight, and the two will probably be found to grade 
into one another. Certainly several specimens named Z. intermedia 
by Mr. Eidgway himself have a good deal of yellow on the edge of 
the wing. 

Hal. Pacific coast of jSTorth America to California. 

a. $ ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk. 
Fort Simpson. 
Esquimault (A. H. Markham). 
B.E.Boss, Esq. [P.], 
Salvin-Godman Col]. 
c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk. 
British Columbia. 
S. Juan Straits. 
Dr. Lyall [P.]. 
Oapt. Kellett & Lieut. 
Wood [P.J. 
e Ad. sk. S. Juan Island. Di. Lyall [P.]. 
f Ad. sk.
a. Ad. sk.
%h u Imm. sk. 
Saturna Island. 
Vancouver Island. 
California. 
Dr. Lyall [P.]. 
J-K. Lord, Esq.[0.]. 
Sclater Coll. 

608 FKltfGILLmJB. 

h. Iram. sk. California. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1. Ad. sk. Ilayward's, California, May 19, E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
1881 (E. W.Bmerson). [P.], 
6. Zonotrichia strigiceps. 
Zonotrichia strigiceps, Gould, Voy. 'Beagle? Birds, p. 92 (1841); 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 373 (1849) ; Bp. Co?isp. i. p. 479 (1850); 
Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 94, no. 7382 (1870) ; ScL $ Salv. Komencl. 
Av. Neotr. p. 31 (1873); ScL Ibis, 1877, p. 47, pi. 1. fig. 2 ; Sal*. 
Cat Strickl. Coll p. 230 (1882). 

Adult (type of species). General colour above dark rufous-brown, 

•with fulvous or whitish edges to the feathers of the mantle and 
back, which have broad black centres; the lower back, rump, and 
upper tail-coverts streaked with black centres to the feathers, the 
upper tail-coverts slightly tinged with chestnut; scapulars ferruginous, 
streaked with broad black centres; wing-coverts chestnut, 
with dusky centres to the median ones, the greater series tipped indistinctly 
with sandy buff, and having a large black median streak ; 
bastard-wing brown, margined with white; primary-coverts and 
quills blackish, edged with chestnut, the primaries with light brown, 
the inner secondaries margined with sandy buff; tail-feathers brown 
with rufous-brown margins; head chestnut, streaked with black, 
with a median band of ashy olive on the hinder crown and nape, 
very indistinct; eyebrow ashy olive, yellowish above the lores ; 
hind neck dark ashy grey, streaked with black, forming a broad but 
indistinct collar ; ear-coverts pale rufous-brown ; feathers below the 
eye dull whitish ; a narrow cheek-stripe of dull whitish, separated 
from the throat by a line of dusky blackish ; throat ashy whitish ; 
chest pale fulvous brown, ashy on the sides of the breast, which 
have narrow blackish stripes; abdomen white; sides of body uniform 
sandy buff; under tail-coverts pale sandy buff, with small 
black centres ; axillaries and under wing-coverts dull white, with 
'pale brown bases ; quills dusky below, light ashy rufous along the 
edge of the inner web. Total length 5*7 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 
2-35, tail 2-25, tarsus 0-8. 

Rah. Southern Brazil. 

a. Ad. sk. Santa F6, Buenos Ayres (C. Sclater Coll. (Type of 
Darwin). species *.) 
7. Zonotrichia whitiif. (Plate XIII.) 
Zonotrichia strigiceps, White, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 38 (nee Gould). 
* This specimen was given by Mr. Gould to Br. Sclater in 1870. It had 
doubtless been overlooked by him after he described the 'Beagle' collection in 
1841, and became incorporated by mistake in his own private series. 
t Dr. Sclater is probably right in suggesting to me that this species should 
be placed in the genus Ecsmophila; but it is evidently a connecting link between 
the latter genus and Zonotrichia. 

Q> 

62. ZONOTRICHIA. 
609 

Adult male. General colour above light brown and Sparrow-like, 
with fulvescent margins and black centres to the feathers of the 
back and mantle, the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts distinctly 
centred with black, but not so broadly as on the mantle; 
lesser wing-coverts chestnut; median and greater coverts blackish, 
edged externally with pale sandy buff; bastard-wing blackish, 
edged with white; primary-coverts and quills dusky blackish, 
edged with pale brown, more ashy towards the end of the primaries, 
the inner secondaries more rufeseent externally, like the innermost 
greater coverts; tail-feathers dark brown, edged with pale brown, 
the outer ones also fringed with ashy fulvous round the end of the 
inner web ; centre of crown and nape ashy grey, streaked with 
black, and bordered on each side with a broad band of dark chestnut, 
also streaked with black; a distinct grey eyebrow, becoming 
white over the lores; the latter as well as the sides of the face and 
the ear-coverts dark ashy grey, narrowly streaked with white shaft-
lines ; above the ear-coverts a streak of chestnut; cheeks white, 
with a narrow line of black above and below; hinder cheeks ashy 
grey ; throat white; lower throat, fore neck, and breast pale ashy 
grey ; abdomen white; flanks and sides of body brown; thighs pale 
sandy buff, as w^ell as the under tail-coverts ; axillaries and under 
wing-coverts pale sandy buff with a tinge of olive-yellow; quills 
dusky below, ashy rufous along the inner web: " iris reddish brown " 
(White). Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2-55, tail 2*8, 
tarsus 0*75. 

Hah. Argentine Republic. 

a. 
$ ad. sk. Cosquin, Cordova, Argentine Republic, Sclater Coll. 
June 17 (E. W. White). 
8. Zonotrichia canicapilla. 
? Rusty-collared Finch, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl p. 170 (1787). 

PFringilla australis, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 466 (1790). 

Zonotrichia canicapilla, Gould, Voy. l Beagle,1 Birds, p. 91 (1841) ; 

Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 373 (1840); Bp. Consp. i. p. 479 (1850); 
Bumf. Ibis, 1877, p. 33; Sol. t.c. p. 47, pi. 1. fig. 2; Sol $ 
Salt\ Ibis, 1878, p. 432; Bumf, t c. p. 393; 8harpe, P. Z. S. 1881, 

p. 7. 
Zonotrichia pileata (nee Bodd.), Sol $ Salv. Ibis, 1870, p. 499. 
Zonotrichia australis, Gray, Hand4. B. ii. p. 94, no. 7381 (1870). 
Adult. General colour above brown, the upper back and mantle 
as well as the scapulars mesially streaked with broad black centres : 
the tipper mantle more uniform, and separated from the head by a 
collar of chestnut; lower back and rump uniform ashy brown; 
lesser wing-coverts ashy grey; median and greater coverts black, 
externally reddish brown, more chestnut on the inner greater coverts, 
which resemble the inner secondaries; both median and greater 
coverts tipped with white, the former more distinctly; bastard-
wing dusky blackish, edged with white; primary-coverts and quills 
dusky blackish, edged with rufous-brown, the primaries with ashy 

VOL. XII. 
^ B 

610 
PBOTHLLLDiE. 

whitish; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers blackish brown, edged 
with ashy brown, the former broadly, the latter narrowly, the outer 
feathers fringed with whitish; crown of head uniform ashy grey, 
more hoary over the eye and towards the lores and base of forehead; 
lores, feathers below the eye, and ear-coverts blackish; a shade 
of ashy grey across the latter, with whitish shaft-lines; the ear-
coverts distinctly black along the upper margin, extending in a 
line on to the sides of the neck, which are chestnut, this colour 
descending on to the sides of the breast; cheeks and throat white, 
with dusky bases to the fore part of the chin and cheeks ; below 
the hinder ear-coverts a large white patch; fore neck with a 
black patch, somewhat broken up in the centre; breast ashy; 
abdomen white with a slight tinge of olive-yellow; sides of brea&t 
and flanks brown, slightly rufcscent on the former; thighs dull 
ashy, with whitish tips; under tail-coverts yellowish white, with 
dusky centres; axiUaries pale brown, tinged with olive-yellow; under 
wing-coverts whitish, with dusky bases ; qnills dusky, ashy along 
the edge of the inner web. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0**3, 
wing 34, tail 4*7, tarsus 0-9. 

Young. Eesembles that of Z. jrileata, but is larger. Wing 3*1 
inches. 
Hah. Patagonia. 

a. Ad. sk. South America. J. Gould, E«q. 
b. Ad. sk. Tierra del Fuego (C. Dariuin). Zoological Society. 
(Type of hpeeie*.) 
c. Juv. sk. Port Desire, Patagonia, Jan. 4, Salviii-Godman Coll. 
1837 (C Darwin). 
d. Ad. sk. Straits of Magellan. Capt King [P.]. 
e. <$ ad. sk. Sandy Point, Straits of Magel- Salvin-Goaman Coll. 
Ian,March (Dr. Cunningham). 
f. g. 
$ juv. sk. Sandy Point. Voy. II.M.S. * Challenger.' 
h. Ad. sk. Puerto Bueno, Nov. (Dr. Cop- Toy. II.M.S. 'Alert" 
pinger). 
i} k, I, m. Ad. sk. S. Martin's Cave, Hermit Tsland. Antarctic Expedition. 

n. S ad. sk. Ckuput, Patagonia, Oct. 31. H.Durnford,Esq."P."\ 
o. g ad. sk. Clmpiit, Sept. 25. H.Durnford,Esq.^P.". 
9. Zonotrichia pileata. 
Bruant du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Dauhent. PL Enl iv. pi. 380, 
fig. 2. 
Pringilla capensis, P. L. 8. Mulhr, 8yst. N'at. Suppl p. 165 (1770); 

Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 255. 
Emberiza pileata, Bodd. Tabl PI JBnl. p. 23 (1783). 
Chingolo, Azara> Apunt. i. p. 492 (1802). 
Fringilla matutina, Licht. Verz. Donbl p. 25 (1823). 
Tanagra ruficollis, 8piv, Av. Bras. ii. p. 39, pi. 53. fig. 3 (1824). 
Pringilla chilensis, Meyen, Reis. iii. p. 212 (1834). 
Zonotrichia subtorqnata, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 288 (1837). 
Pyrgita peruviana, Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 45. 

*— Zonotrichia matutina, Gould, Voy. 'Beagle/ p. 91 (1841); Hartl. 
Ind. Azara, p. 9 (1847); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 373 (1849) ,* Bp. 

62. zoisroiEicirrA. 
611 

Consp L p. 479 (1850); Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 132 (1850): 
Isclmch & Cab. Faun. Peruan. p. 32 (1855). 
Zonotrickia pileata, Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, pp. 454, 552, 1859, p. 140: 
id, & Salv. Bis, 1859, p. 18 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 76; Cab. J.f. 

0. I860, p. 411; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 113 (1802); Law. Ann. 
Lye iT. T. ix. p. 103 (1868); Frantz. J. f. 0. 1869, p. 301; Gray, 
Mand-l. B. ii. p. 93, no. 7389 (1870); Solo. F. Z. S. 1870, p. 190; 
Muchon, t. c. p. 549; Feb. Orn. Bras. p. 229 (1871); Wyatt, Ibis, 
1871, pp. 127, 328 : Hamilton, t. c. p. 303; Scl. $ Salo. Nomencl. 
AD. Keotr. p. 31 (1873) ; Tacz. F. Z. S. 1874, p. 52 ; Dnrnf Ibis. 
l«/0, p. 15^ 1877, p. 172; Boucard, P. Z. & 1878, p. 57; Tacz. 
FZ. S. 1879, p. 230; Scl. § Sah\ P. Z.S. 1879, pp. 507, 606; 
Salmi # Godm. Ibis, 1879, p. 200; Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 28; 
Salvin $ Godm. t. c. p. 122 ; Sate. t. c. p. 355 ; Bumf. t. c. p. 416; 
Tacz. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 199; Forbes, Ibis, 188L. p. 337; Salvin, 
Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 230 (1882); White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 600; 
Salvin, P. Z. S. 1S83, p. 432; Ridgw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. v. 
pp. 494, 500 (1883) ; Berlepsch $ Jhering in Madardsz's Zeitsclir. 
yes. Orn. ii. p. 124 (1885) ; Salvin, Bis, 1885, p. 216; id. Sf Godman, 
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 370 (1886); Tacz. Orn. Perou, ii. 
p. 45(1886). * V J 
Adult male. General colour above brown, streaked rather broadly 
with black; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform ashy 
brown: lesser wing-coverts dull ashy grey, with dusky bases; 
median and greater coverts blackish brown, edged with ashy brown, 
and narrowly tipped with white; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 
and quills dark brown, edged with paler ashy brown, slightly more 
rnfescent on the secondaries, especially the inner ones, the primaries 
narrowly margined with ashy whitish ; upper tail-coverts and tail-
feathers brown, edged with ashy brown, whitish on the outer ones; 
crown of head slaty grey, with a broad line of black from the base 
of the forehead to the sides of the nape, followed by a very distinct 
white eyebrow ; sides of neck bright chestnut, a shade of which 
encircles the head, separating the latter from the neck; feathers 
round eye and ear-coverts black, mottled with a few white dots 
below the eye, the ear-coverts with a transverse band of ashy; 
cheeks, throat, and under surface of body white, shaded with ashy 
on the breast, the flanks more distinctly brown; a black patch on 
each side of the fore neck, followed by a large patch of bright chestnut 
like the sides of the neck; thighs and under tail-coverts ashy 
whitish, the latter pale brown in the centre; axillarios brown, 
slightly washed with olive-yellow; under wing-coverts dark brown, 
with whitish edges ; quills dusky below, ashy along the inner webs: 
ubiH brown in December, or yellowish, with the upper mandible 
browner in September; feet brownish flesh-colour; iris dark brown " 
(Jelski). Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2-6, tail 2-2, 

tarsus 0*8. 
Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male. Total length 
5*7 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*7, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-8. 

Young. Spotted like the young of an Accentor, which it strongly 
resembles in appearance. General colour fulvous-brown, the feathers 
centred with black; the lower back and rump spotted, but less 

2K2 

612 
FRINGILLIDJB. 

distinctly; the head also brown like the back, and spotted with 
black, the centre of the crown rather paler; a whitish eyebrow 
above the ear-coverts ; lores and ear-coverts dusky blackish; sides 
of neck pale and more sandy than the back, and foreshadowing the 
rufous neck of the adults: cheeks and under surface of body ashy 
white, spotted with small triangular markings of blackish, the ehebt 
and sides of the body Mvescent; abdomen purer white; wings and 
tail much as in the adult, but the coverts tipped with fulvous instead 
of white. 

Some young birds, probably males, have the spots on the under 
surface blacker and more linear, with a distinct shade of chestnut 
on the sides of the breast and neck; the centre of the crown distinctly 
ashy, as well as the streak above the ear-coverts; the quills 
distinctly edged with rufous. 

It is interesting to trace the variation in the colour of this species. 
Beginning with Chilian and La-Plata examples, a gradual transition 
is met with towards the Guatemalan specimens, which are much 
darker slaty grey on the head, have a nearly perfect praepectoral 
black collar, and are smaller in size. In noithern specimens the 
black patches on the side of the neck are connected by a few tiny 
dots of black; in Bolivian examples the connection is slightly more 
marked, still more so in Guiana and Colombian ones, and reaching 

its most complete development in those from Costa Rica and 
Guatemala. 

Bab. The whole of Central America from Mexico to Panama, 
and throughout South America to Southern Brazil, Bolivia, and 
Chili. 

a* Var. sk. South America. 
Purchased. 

b. Ad. sk. South America. 
Sclater Coll. 
c, d. Ad. sk. Coquinibo, Chili, Nov. {A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
If. MarMtani). 


e. S ad. sk. Chili. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
/. 
<S ad. sk. Monte Video. Sir "W. Burnett and 
Admiral Fitzrov [PA 

g. Ad. sk. Near Monte Video, May 1, 
H. Durnford, Esq. [0.]. 
1875. 
h7 i (S ? ad. sk. Buenos Ayres, Oct. 29,1876. H. Durnford, Esq. [0.1 
h ? ad. sk. Punta Lara, Buenos Ayres, H. Durnford^ Esq. UC.J. 

Dec. 1% 1875. 
I Ad. sk. Buenos Ayre^. Alan Peel, Esq. [0.]. 

m. 
J ad. sk. Oonckitas. Buenos Ayres, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Nov. (IF". M. Hudson I Sm. 
no. 49380). 
n, o. Ad. fek. Salta, Argentine Republic, H. Duraford, E^q. [P.]. 
June 22, 1878. 

p. Ad. sk. Brazil. 
Oapt. Lord Byron [P.], 
q. Ad. sk. Brazil. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
r. 
Ad. st. Brazil. Lord Stuart de Rothesay. 
s9t. $2 ad. sk. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Joyner). 

u. Juv. sk. Nairapi, Bolivia ( C Buckley). 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 
63 . CYAN08H55A. 
(n;i 

v. Ad. sk. 
io. Ad. sk. 
d\ Jim. sk. 
y. Ad. sk. 
s. Ad. sk. 
a'. Ad. sk. 
5'. Ad. sk. 
c\ $ ad. sk. 

d'. S ad. sk. 

<?'. Ad. sk. 

f. <$ juv. sk. 
0r,#. tf? ad.; 

*'• 6 .i11^- sk. 

/b'. c? ad. sk. 

/'. <$ ad.; m'. 

Juv. sk. 

n\ $ ad. sk. 

o'. c? ad. sk. 

p'. Ad. sk. 

$'. Ad. sk. 

r\ Ad. sk. 

s'. Juv. sk. 

7'. $ ad. sk. 

u'. Ad. sk. 

Sorata, Bolivia (C. Buckley). 
Bolhia (I), Forbes). 
Arequipa (I/. Whiteh/). 
Cuenca, Ecuador (X. faultier), 
Bogota, U.S. Colombia ((L 


Crotvther). 
Bogota. 
Bogota. 
Medellin, U.S.C. (T, IC 

Salmon), 

San Sebastian, U.S.C, July 
29 (F. Simons). 

Atanques, Sierra Nevada of 
Santa Marta, U.S.C, 
Feb. 26 (If1. Simons). 

Sierra Nevada of SantaMarta 

(F. Simons), 
Moraine Mountains, British. 

Guiana, June {II. Whitely), 
Roraiuia, Dec. 1 (II, Whitely), 
Cliitra, Panama (JE. Arce). 

Castillo, Yeragua (JE. Arce). 
Southern slope of Volcan do 
Chiriqui (B. Arce).t 
Iiazu district, Costa Eica (II, 
Rogers). 

San lose*, Costa Rica, Feb. 2 

(J. Carmiol) Sni. no. 
42890). 
Duenas, Guatemala, March 7 

(O. S.), 
Duenas (0. S. $ F. D. G.). 
Quezaltenango, Guatemala, 
Sept. (0, S.). 
Mexico. 

63. CYANOSPIZA. 
SaUiu-Godman Coll, 
Sender Coll 
Srlator Coll. 
SdatwColi, 
SaHin-Goduum Coll. 


Selator Coll. 
Purcha.sod. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 


Salvin-Godman Coll. 


Salvin-Godman Coll. 


Sdater Coll. 


Sahiu-Uoilman Coil. 


Salviu-Godman Coll, 
Sahm-Godnun Coll. 
Sahiu-Godnmn Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 


Salviii-Godnum Coll. 


Sal\ iii-Godman Coll. 


Salvin-Goilman Coll. 


SiiUin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 


J. Gould, Esq. 
Tjpe. 

Passerina, Vieillot, Analyse, p. 30 (1810, nee L.), 
Spiza, Bp, Comp. List B. Eur. $ K Amer. p. 85 (1888).. C. ainoona. 
Cyanospiza, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 500 (1858) C. cirk. 

Range. North America, extending throughout (Ventral America 
to Panama; Cuba; Bahamas; islands off the coast of Yucatan. 

Key to the Specks. 

a. Tail-feathers edged with red; lower back 
and rump red, mottled with lilac; mantle 
green; head blue ; under surface red . .. , eiw <$ ad., p. Oir>. 
b. No red on the tail-feathers, which are edged 
with blue or green or brown. 
a\ Head blue like the back, or only a little 
deeper coloured. 
a*'. Entire under surface blue cyanea <J ad., p. 018. 

614 
•FUmQILZIDM. 

b". Throat blue ; fore neck orange-rufous; 
breast and abdomen white amoena $ ad., p. 620. 
c". Throat blue ; breast and abdomen red, 
the former overshaded with blue ... . rositce <$ ad., p. 621. 
h\ Grown green ; hind neck and back blue; 
below beautiful orange leclancJieri <$ ad., p. 623. 
c\ Orown green, almost like the back. 
d". Tail edged with blue; upper tail-coverts 
blue leclancJieri $ ad., p. 623. 
e". Tail edged with green j upper tail-coverts 
green ciris $ ad., p. 615. 

d'. Forehead purplish blue ; crown and hind 
neck red; back reddish j lower back and 
rump purplish blue j throat and chest 
reddish versicolor $, p. 624. 


e\ Head brown. 

f. Lower back and rump blue rositce $, p. 622. 
g". Lower back and rump olive-ashy; outer 
aspect of quills dull bluish ashy ... . amcena J ; p. 621. 
h". Lower back and rump brown like the 
mantle; outer aspect of quills ashy 
grey. 


a'1'. Median and greater wing-coverts 
edged with bufFy white ,* breast 
streaked with dusky cyanea J ad., p. 618. 

b'". Wing-coverts brown at the ends; 
breast uniform brown versicolor § ad., p. 624. 

1. Cyanospiza ciris. 
The Painted Finch, 
Catesby, N. II. Carol, i. p. 44, pi. 44 (1731) : 
Edwards, N. H. Birds, vi. p. 132, pi. 273 (1760). 
Le Verdier de la Louisiane dit vulgairement le Pape, Briss. Orn. 

iii. p. 200, pi. viii. fig. 3 (1760); Daubent. PL Enl. iv. pi. 159. 
Emberiza ciris, Linn. Syst. Nat i. p. 313 (1706) ,• Wilson, Amer. 
Orn. iii. p. 68, pi. xxiv. figs. 1, 2 (1811); Edhn $ Kiister, Vdg. 
aus Aden $c. Lief. x. Taf. 5 (1850). 

Fringilla mariposa, Scop. Ami. i. p. 151 (1760). 
Le Pape, Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 177 (1778). 
Painted Bunting, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 206 (1783). 
Passerina ciris, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxv. p. 17 (1817); id. 


Gal Ois. i. p. 81, pi. Ixvi. (1825); Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 97, 
no. 7437 (lb70) ; Bidgio. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 27 
(1881); Coues, Chech-list, p. 50 (1882); id. Key N. Amer. B. 
2nd ed. p. 391 (1884) • A. O. U. Chech-list N. Amer. B. p. 288 
(1886). F 

Fringilla ciris, Audub. B. Amer. pi. lift. • id. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 279 
(1832), v. p. 517 (1839) ; Lembeye, Av. Cuba, p. 130 (1850). 

Spiza ciris, lard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 358 (1832); Bp. Comp. 
ListB. Bur. $ N Amer. p. 35 (1838) j Audub. B. Amer. iii. p. 93, 
pi. 169 (1841); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 375 (1849); Bp. Consp. I 

p. 474 (1850); Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 148 (1850) : id. J. f. 0. 
1856, p. 8; Sol P. Z S. 1856, p. 304, 1858, p. 358; Moore, 
P. Z. S. 1859, p. m; Taylor, Lbis, 1860, p. 111. 
Cyanospiza 
ciris, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 503 (1858) j id. Pep. Mex. 
Bound. Surv. ii. p. 17, pi. 18. fig. 2 (1858); Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, 

p. 8/9; Scl Sr Sah. Ibis, 1859, p. 17,-Scl Cat. Amer. B. p. 107 
(1862) ; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. T. viii. p. 176 (1865); Dresser, Ibis, 
63 . OTANOSPIZA. 
615 

1865, p. 491; Sol P. Z. S. 1867, p. 142; JBaird, Ibis, 1867, 

p. 276; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.ix. pp. 103 (1868), 201 (1869); 
Duges, La Nat. i. p. 140 (1869); Frantz. J. /. 0. 1809, p. 301; 
Sumichr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 552 (1869); Salv. P. Z. S. 
1870, p. 190; Sd. # Sah. t. c. p. 886; (him, Key N. Amer. B. 
p. 149 (1872) ; Scl. & Sah. Nmnencl. Av. Neotr! p. 29 (1873) ; 
Baird, Brewer, $ Mdgzo. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 87 (1874); 
Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p, 276 (1874) ; id. Bull. U.S. Nat. 
Mus. no. 4, p. 20 (1874); Ilensh. Rep. Zool. Spec. p. 301 (1875); 
Gundl. Orn. Cuba, p. 93 (1876); SennetL Bull. U.S. Qeol. Sura. 

iv. p. 20 (1878), v. p. 392 (1879); Merrill, Pr. U.S. Nat Mus. 
i. p. 129 (1878); Boucard, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 57, 1883, p. 444; 
Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 89 (1880) ; Nutting 8f Bidgw. Proc. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. vi. pp. 383, 392 (1884); Salv. $ Godm. Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, i. p. 365 (1886). 
Adult male. Back and scapulars golden yellow with a greenish 
tinge and here and there a slight wash of reddish; lower back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts dull vermilion, glossed with lilac; 
lesser wing-coverts dull purplish blue; median coverts dull vermilion 
with a purplish shade; greater series green; bastard-wing 
and primary-coverts dusky purplish, the latter washed with red; 
quills dusky, externally dull reddish, some of the secondaries edged 
with green; tail-feathers dusky, externally dull red; entire crown 
and hind neck, sides of face, sides of neck, cheeks, and ear-coverts 
glossy purplish blue; lores dusky; round the eye a ring of vermilion; 
entire under surface of body bright vermilion, fading 
slightly on the abdomen and under tail-coverts; sides of fore neck 
and lower throat washed with lilac-blue; axillaries dull reddish; 
under wing-coverts ashy washed with purplish ; quills dusky 
below, ashy along the edge of the inner web: " biU dark brown 
above, light blue beneath; feet light blue; iris hazel" (Audubon). 
Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*9, tail 2*15, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Different from the male, and much duller in 
colour. Entirely green above with a slight olive-golden gloss; wing-
coverts like the back; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
dusky, externally green like the back, a little more ashy on tho 
primaries; centre tail-feathers dull green, the remainder dusky, 
externally dull green; crown of head like the back; lores ashy; 
feathers round the eye yellowish buff; sides of face and ear-coverts 
greenish washed with dull red; under surface of body pale reddish, 
mixed with yellowish green; sides of body, and flanks and thighs 
olive-brown tinged with reddish; under tail-coverts olive-yellowish; 
axillaries like the sides of the breast; under wing-coverts ^ashy 
washed with greenish ; quills dusky below, ashy along the inner 
web. Total length 5-3 inches, culmen 0"5, wing 2*9, tail 2-2, 
tarsus 0-75. 

Young. Brown above, with only a faint tinge of olive-green on 
the quills, upper tail-coverts, and tail-feathers; wing-coverts and 
bastard-wing-feathers and inner secondaries edged with sandy 
brown at the ends; ear-coverts brown; lores, feathers round the 
eye, and under surface of body dull whitish, washed with sandy 
buff; the sides of the body browner. 

616 EtiimiLLIDM. 

After tlio first moult both sexes resemble the old female in 
winter plumage, but have no reddish tinge underneath. The 
young males appear to be rather brighter yellowish buff below, with 
a distinct golden gloss on the green upper surface; they gradually 
acquire the red and blue, " with every possible gradation between 
the colours of the two sexes" (Cones). 

Hob. Abundant in the southern United States, extending as far 
north as Carolina along the coast (Ooues); Texas; Central America 
from Mexico to Guatemala and Panama; Cuba ; Bahamas; Cozumel 
and neighbouring islands. 

a. S ad. sk.
5. 5 ad. sk.
c. 2 iuv. sk.
d. 2 juv. sk.
e. d ad. sk.
/. $ ad. sk.

g. $ ad. sk.
h. J ad. sk.
i. <$ ad. sk.
k. (S imm. sk.
I cS ad. sk.

m. Imm. sk.
n-t. $ ad. sk.

u, v7 iv,x,t/. <S ;
z, a'. $ ad.; h'}
c\ $ imm. sk. 

d',e'-6 j/'j 9'-$
ad. sk. 
h',i')k'. <$ ad.sk.

I'. (S ad. sk.

m\ <$ ad.; n\ Imm.
sk.
o\ (S ad. sk.

 San Elizario, Texas, May (Sm. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

no. (3270). 

 Edinburgh, Texas, May 13(Dr. J. C. Merrill; Sm. no. 
73029). 

 Laredo, Rio Grande River,
Texas, Aug. 12 (Dr. II B. 
Butcher; Sm. no. 45310). 

 Laredo, July 12 (Dr. II. B.
Butcher; Sm. no. 45317). 
Laredo, April 29 (Dr. II. B.


Butcher; Sm. no. 42276). 
Puebla, Mexico. 
Presidio, Mexico, April 30

(A. Forrer). 
Presidio, Jan. 17 (A. Forrer). 
Presidio, Feb. 13 (A. Forrer). 
Silam, N. Yucatan, Oct. (G.

F. Gaumer). 
Progreso, N. 'Yucatan (G. F.
Gaumer). 
Cozumel Island (B. C. J.
Devis). 
Cozumel Island, May (G. F.
Gaumer). 
Ruatanlsland((r. F. Gaumer).

 Jolbox Island (G. F Gaumer).

 Mugeres Island, Dec. (G. F.
Gaumer). 
Meco Island, Nov. (G. F.
Gaumer). 

 San Pedro, British Honduras

 (G. Whitely). 
San Pedro, British Honduras

(G. Whitely). 
p\ S ad. sk. Guatemala.
q'. $ ad. sk Guatemala (0. $.).
r'. $ ad. sk. Volcan de Agua, above San


Diego, Nov. (0. 8.). 
s\ (S ad. sk. Volcan de Agua, above SanDiego, Nov. (0. S.). 
t\ <$ ad. sk. Cohan, Vera Paz, Guatemala(Constancia). 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 U.S. Nat. Mug. [P.], 
U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
A. Boucard [C.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 J. Gould, Esq. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 

 Sclater Coll. 

63, CYASTOSPIZA. 
617 

w. Imm. sk. Coban, Bee. (0. 8.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
v'. g ad.; w'. $ Escuintla, Guatemala, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll, 
juv. sk. (0. 8.). 
A*' ? juv, sk. Nicaragua, Jan. 31, 1883 H. K. Ooale, Esq. 

(C. O.mming). [P.]. 
y\ Juv. sk. Nicaragua, Feb. 7, 1883 (<?. H. K. Ooale, Esq. 
C. Nutting). 
[P.]. 
»'. 
c? ad. sk. Southern slope of Volcan de Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Chiriqui, Panama (JE. Arce). 

2. Cyanospiza eyanea*. 
The Blew Linnet, Catesby, Nat Mist. Carol, i. p. 45, pi. 45 (1731). 
Painted Finch, Edwards, Nat. Hist. B. iii. p. 130, pi. 130, lower fig. 

(1750). 
Tangara bleu de la Caroline, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 13 (1760). 
Tanagra eyanea, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 315 (1766). 
Le Ministry Month. II. N Ois. iv. p. 86 (1778). 
Indigo Bunting, Lath. Gen. Sy?t. ii. pt. i. p. 205 (1783); Perm. 

Arctic Zool. ii. p. 365 (1785). 
Emberiza cyanella, Sparrm. Mus. Carls, i. pp. 42, 43 (1787); Gm. 

8. N. i. p. 887 (1788). 
Emberiza eyanea, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 876 (1788). 
Fringilla eyanea, Wilson, Amer. Orn. i. p. 100, pi. vi. fig. 5 (1810) ; 
Up. Amer. Orn. ii. p. 91, pi. xv. fig. 4 (1828) ; Audub. B. Amer. 

i. p. 377 (1832), v. p. 503 (1839); Jard. ed. Wils. Airier. Orn. i. 
p. 100 (1832) ; Nnttall, Man. i.p. 473 (1832). 
Pa&serina 
eyanea, Vieill. N. Diet, d'Hist. Nat. xxv. p. 7 (1817); 
Lembeye, Av. Cuba, p. 130 (1850) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 97, 
no. 7435 (1870); Ridgiu. Bidl. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 27 
(1881); Cones, Chech-list, p. 59 (1882); Ridyw. Proc. U.8. Nat. 
Mas. v. p. 495 (1883); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 391 (1884) ; 

A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 288 (1886). 
Spiza eyanea, 
Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. iii. p. 446 (1832) ; Bp. 
Comj). List B. Bur. $• N. Amer. p. 35 (1838) : Audub. B. Amer. 

iii. p. 96, pi. clxx. (1841) ; Giraud, B. Long Isl. p. 110 (1844); 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 375 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 474 (1850); 
Cab. Mus. Hem. Th. i. p. 148 (1850); 8cl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 304; 
Cab.J.f. 0.1856, p. 8. 
Cyanospiza eyanea, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 505 (1858); Scl. P. Z. S. 
1859, p. 379; id. § 8alv. Ibis, 1859, p. 18; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. 

p. 107 (1802; ; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 179 (1865); 
Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 276; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. p. 103 
(1868), p. 201 (1869); Taylor, Ibis, 1868, p. 128; Duges, La 
Nat. i. p. 140 (1869) ; Sumich. Mem. Bost. Soc. N II. i. p. 552 
(1869) ; Frantz. J. f. O. 1869, p. 301; Sah. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 190 ; 
Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ii. p. 178 (1872); Salv. Ibis, 1872, 
* 
The following has been supposed to be the same as C. eyanea. It seems 
to be very probably this species in winter plumage:— 
Le Bruant bleu de Canada, JBrisb. Orn. iii. p. 298, pi. xiv. fig. 2 (1760). 
L'Azuroux, Month. Ois. iv. p. 369 (1778). 
Blue Bunting, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 205 (1783); Penn. Arct. Zool. 

ii p. 365 (1785). 
Emberiza cserulea, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 876 (1788). 
Spiza c£erulea, Bp. Conspl i. p. 474 (1850). 


618 FKItfGIIXIDiE. 

p. 317; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 150 (1872); Sol. fy Salv. Nomenol 
Av. Neotr. p. 29 (1873); Baird, Brewer, $f Bidgw. Hist. N. 
Amer. B. ii. p. 82, pi. 30. figs. 13, 17 (1874) ; Cows, B. N.-West, 
p. 171 (1874) j Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 20 (3875)$ 
SennetL Bull. US. Geol Surv. iv. p. 20 (1878); Merrill, Br. 
US. Nat Mus. i. p. 128 (1878); Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 90 (1880) ; 
Salv. Cat. Stricld. Coll. p. 224 (1882); Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, 
p. 444; Nutting fy Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xi. pp. 373, 383, 
392 (1884) ; Salvin fy Godman, Biol Centr .-Amer., Aves, i. p. 364 
(1886). 
Adult male. General colour above blue, lighter and more cobalt 
on the rump and upper tail-coverts; lesser wing-coverts like the 
back ; median and greater coverts black, externally bright purplish 
blue ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers 
dusky blackish, externally edged with pale blue, greyish on the 
edge of the primaries; head and neck more ultramarine; lores 
and eyelid blackish; under surface of body rich ultramarine, 
paler and more cobalt along the sides of the body and on the 
abdomen and under tail-coverts ; axillaries and under wing-coverts 
light blue, the edge of the wing ultramarine; quills dusky below, 
ashy along the inner web: " bill brownish black, light blue 
beneath; feet yellowish brown; iris dark brown" (Audubon). 
Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*85, tail 2*05, tarsus 
0-65. 

Adult male in winter plumage, Eufous-brown above, hiding the 
blue colour of the full livery; underneath ochraceous brown, whiter 
on the throat and abdomen, in each case concealing the underlying 
blue of the forthcoming summer dress ; wings and tail as in 
summer, but the coverts edged with the same rufous-brown as the 
back ; bill pale horny brown. 

The spring plumage seems to be gained by a direct moult, and 
not by abrasion of the brown margins of the feathers as would have 
been expected. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
dark brown, rather more rufescent on the head and back, the 
mantle slightly mottled with dark brown centres to the feathers; 
lesser wing-coverts like the back; median, and greater coverts 
dusky blackish, externally edged with brown, and margined with 
whity brown towards the ends; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and 
quills dusky brown, externally edged with greyish blue, the inner 
secondaries margined with brown like the back; tail-feathers dusky 
brown, edged with pale greyish blue; lores dull white; cheeks and 
ear-coverts pale reddish brown; throat and under surface of body 
dull white ; fore neck and chest as well as the sides of the body 
and flanks pale reddish brown, with some dark brown streaks on 
the fore neck, chest, and sides of breast; axillaries and under wing-
coverts ochraceous buff with dusky centres ; quills dusky below, 
ashy along the inner web. Total length 4*7 inches, culmen 0*4, 
wing 2-45, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*7. 

The winter plumage of the adult female only differs from the 
summer plumage in having clearer whity-brown margins to the 

63 . CTAKOSPIZA. 
wing-coverts and inner secondaries, and in having the primaries 
edged with brown instead of greyish blue. 

^ Young birds at first resemble the old females, but are rather more 
dingy in colour. After the first moult they are also brown like 
the females, the young males being distinguished by the more 
distinct striping on the throat and fore neck. 

Hah. Eastern United States, extending in winter throughout 
Central America to Panama; Bahamas, Cozumel, and adjacent 
islands. 

a,b. S $ ad. sk. Libertyville, Illinois, Sept. 26 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(II K. Coale). [P.]. 

c. Juv. sk. Camp Longfield, Illinois, July R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
30 (JT. X. Coale). [P.]. 
d. $ 
ad. sk. Oyster Bay, Long Island, U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
Eeb. (Hoosevelt; Sm. no. 
87005). 
e,f. 
tf ad. sk. Washington, B.C. (C. Dreoc- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
for; Sm. nos. 28624-5). 

g. 
J ad. sk. Pines Branch, D. Columbia, U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
May 17 {U. Coues; Sm. no. 
85056). 
h. 
$ ad. ; i. <$ Rockbridge Co., Virginia (J. Salvin-Qodman Coll. 
juv. sk. C. Zeledon; Sm. nos. 
75249-50). 
k (S ad, sk. Indiana, May 17 (%. Rldg- U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
way; Sm. no. 90744). 
L <$ ad. sk. Mexico. Sclater Coll. 


m. Juv. sk. Northern Yucatan (G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Gaumer). 
9lj o. Juv. sk. Cozumel Island (C. J. K Salvin-Godman Coll. 
JDevis), 
p, q, r. c? ad. j Cozumel Island (G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
s-v. Imm. sk, Gaumer). 
tj,z, (S ad.; a'-d'. Ruatan Island(£. F. Gaumer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c^imm.; e'} f, 
g\ h\ Juv. sk. 
i'. "<$ ad. sk, Duenas, Guatemala, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(0. S.). 
h\ <$ ad. sk. Choctum, Vera Paz, Guate- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
mala, Jan. (0. S.). 
I'. [ ? ad.Jsk Coban, Vera Paz, Nov. (0.8.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
m'. Juv. sk. Coban, Nov. (0. &). Sclater Coll. 
n\ <$ ad. sk. Guatemala (Constancia). Sclater Coll. 
o'. Juv. sk. Guatemala. J. Gould, Esq. 
p'. $ ad. sk. Belize, British Honduras Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(Blancaneaujc). 
q'. Ad. sk. San Pedro, British Honduras Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(G.M. Whitelxj). 
r\ <3 ad. sk. Chontales, Nicaragua (T. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Belt). 
s\ 
S ad. sk. Barranca, Costa Rica, Peb. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
27 (J. Carmiol; Sm. no. 
42896). 

V. S 
ad. sk. San Jose, Costa Rica, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll 
24 (J. CarynioT). 
u\ $ ad.sk. Calovevora, Panama (F. Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll 

620 PKESTGILLID-aE. 
v'. $ ad. sk.
wf . d ad. sk.
x'} y'. <$ ad. sk. 
Bugaba; Panama (JEJ. ArcS). 
Southern slope of Volcan deChiriqui, Panama (JB. Arce). 
North America. 
Salvia.-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Gfodrnan Coll. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
3. Cyanospiza amoeiia. 

Eniberiza amoena, Say in Long's Biped, ii. p. 47 (1823). 

Fringilla amoena, Bp. Amer. Orn. i. p. 61, pi. vi. fig. 5 (1825); Mitt. 
Man. 1st ed. p. 473 (1832), 2nd ed. i. p. 546 (1840); Audi. B. 
Amer. pis. cccxcviii. & ccccxxiv. fig. 1 ; id. Orn. Biogr. v. pp. 64, 
230 (1839). 

Spiza anicena, Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. iii. p. 317 (1832) ; Bp. 
Comp. List B. Eur. fy N. Amer. p. 35 (1838) ; And. B. Amer. iii. 

p. 100, pi. 171 (1841) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 375 (1849); Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 474 (1850). 
Cyanospiza amoena, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 504 (1858); Blakist. Ibis, 
1863, p. 80; Brown, Ibis, 1864, p. 423; Cooper, Orn. Calif, p. 233 
(1870) j Allen, Bull. Mus. C. Z. iii. p. 178 (1872); Merrill, Bull. 

U.S. Geol Surv. 1872, p. 683; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 149 
(1872) ; Laior. Mem. Bo&t. Soc. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 276 (1874); Baird, 
Brewer, 8f Bidgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 84, pi. 30. figs. 11, 12 
(1874); Coues, B. N-West, p. 170 (1874) ; Hensh, Hep. Zool. 
JExpl. 100th Merid. p. 300 (1875) ; Belding, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus.i. 
p. 418 (1879); Cooper, op. cit. ii. p. 248 (1880) ; Salvin $ Godman, 
Biol. Centra Amer., Aves, i. p. 363 (1886). 
Passerina amoena, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 97, no. 7436 (1870) ; Bidgw. 
Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 27 (1881); Coues, Check-list N. 
Amer. B. p. 59 (1882) ; Nutting $ Bidgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. 

p. 541 (1883); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 391 (1884); A. O. U. 
Cheek-list N Amer. B. p. 288 (1886). 
Adult male. General colour above blue, the mantle and upper 
back dusky blackish washed with blue: lesser wing-coverts like the 
back; median coverts white, forming a broad wing-band; greater 
coverts blackish, edged with dull blue and tipped with white; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, edged externally 
with blue; upper tail-coverts rather duller blue than the rump, 
which is bright cobalt; tail-feathers blackish, edged with blue; 
crown of head bright blue, contrasting with the mantle; lores dusky 
washed with blue; ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, and sides of neck 
bright blue, as also the sides of the upper breast; fore neck and 
chest orange-rufous, extending down the sides of the breast, which 
is white like the abdomen and under tail-coverts; sides of body 

tinged with pale orange-rufous; flanks white; thighs blue; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries blue; quills below dusky, whitish along 
the inner web. Total length 5*4 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*9, tail 
2-2, tarsus 0-6. 

The winter plumage of the adult male resembles the summer plumage 
excepting that the whole of the brilliant colours are obscured 
by sandy margins and tips to the feathers, which wear off' as the 
summer season advances. The white tips to the greater coverts are 
more distinct, and the inner secondaries are edged more conspicuously 
with whitish. 

63 . CYANOSPIZA. 
Some specimens, in full plumage, are more turquoise-blue than 
cobalt in tint. These may bo the younger birds ofc" the previous 
season. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
earthy brown, clingy greyish on the lower back, rump, and upper 
tail-coverts; lesser wing-coverts pale greyish blue; remainder of 
the coverts and quills dusky brown, narrowly margined with dingy 
blue, the median and greater coverts tipped with huffy white, forming 
two wing-bars ; tail-feathers brown, margined with blue ; crown of 
head like the back but with a bluish shade; lores whitish, as also 
the base of the forehead and eyelid; ear-coveits pale brown ; cheeks, 
throat, fore neck, and breast pale sandy buff; the abdomen and under 
tail-coverts paler and more buffy whitish; sides of body and flanks 
pale sandy buff, with narrow dusky stripes; thighs brown; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries sandy buff, the edge of the wing bluish ; 
quills below dusky, ashy along the inner webs. Total length 4-8 
inches, culmen 0-35, wing 2*65, tail 2*1, tarsus 0-65. 

Hob. Western North America from the plains to the Pacific, extending 
into Mexico. 

a, b. $ ad. sk. British Columbia (J. K. Lord). N.A.BoundaryConimission. 
0, d. <$ ad.; e. $ West side of Rocky Mountains. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
ad. sk. 

f. 
$ ad. sk. Camp Lowell, Arizona, Aug. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
28, 1884 (F. Stephens). [P.]. 
g. S ad. sk. California (Xantus). Sclater Coll. 
h. Q ad. sk. California. 
Sclater Coll. 
i. 
<$ ad. sk. N. California, May 26 (C. IT. U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
Townsend ; Sm. no. 91694). 
k. 
$ ad. sk. Walker's Basin, California, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Aug. 28 (H. W. Menshaw ; 
Sm. no. 79652). 
I (S ad. sk. Fort Tejon, Lower California, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
June 19 (.7". Xantus; Sm. 
no. 25523). 

m. S ad. sk. California. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
n, 
<$ ad. sk. Haywards, California, June II. K Coale, Esq. 
21,1881 (W. 0. Emerson). [P.]. 

o. <S ad. sk. Bear Valley, California, June G. Frean Morcom, 
24, 1886 (F. Stephens). Esq. [P.]. 
p. 2 ad. sk. Ogden, Utah, June 21 (C. H. U.S. Nat. Mus, [P.]. 
Morriam; Sm. no. 61712). 
qt S ad. sk. Great Salt Lake City, May 27 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(M. Ridgway, Sm.no. 58596). 
r. <5 ad. sk. Near the City of Mexico. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
s. <$ ad. sk. Mexico. 
Purchased. 
4. Cyaiiospiza rositse. 
Cvanospiza roste, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x. p. 397 (1874); Salv. 
Ibis, 1874, p. 309; Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 20 (1875) ; 
Solving Qodman.Biol Centr,-Amer.}Aves,i^.S64:^l.XKV. (1885). 

Adult male. General colour above brilliant blue, more distinctly 

622 
¥BJNQILLU)M» 

cobalt on the rump and upper tail-coverts; lesser and median and 

greater coverts like the back, some of the outer greater coverts duller 

blue like the bastard-wing and primary-coverts ; quills blackish, ex


ternally edged with greenish blue, the inner secondaries washed 

externally with bright blue like the back; tail-feathers blue, dusky on 

the inner webs: crown of bead richer blue than the back: lores dusky 

blackish; eyelid white: ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, sides of neck, and 

fore neck brilliant blue, the latter slightly varied with vermilion bases 

to the feathers, which become more distinct on the chest and breast, the 

latter being vermilion, hidden by blue tips to the feathers; abdomen 

and under tail-coverts pale salmon-red; sides of body and flanks 

bright blue; thighs blue; under wing-coverts silky white, those 

near the edge of the wing blue; axillaries blue, with ashy ba^es ; 

quills below dusky, ashy along the inner web: " upper mandible 

blackish, the lower one pale bluish: feet livid plumbeous; iris 

brown" (Sumklirasi). Total length 5*4 inches, oilmen 0-0, wing 

2-5, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*65. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 

brown, with a slight greenish tinge on the back, the lower back and 

rump dull blue, a little brighter on the upper tail-coverts; wing-

coverts dusky, edged with the same colour as the back; the ba.stard


wing washed with pale blue; primary-coverts like the greater series; 

quills dusky, edged with greyish blue, the secondaries externally 

like the back; ttil-feathers dull blue, with brighter blue margins; 

crown of head and sides of face a little more dingy than the 

back, with a lilac gloss ; lores dusky; eyelid whitish : under surface 

of body deep sandy buff, paler on the abdomen and under tail-coverts, 

which are faintly tinged with red ; on the throat and breast a more 

distinct red shade; under wing-coverts silky white except the 

outer ones, which are sandy buff like the axillaries; quills below 

dusky, whitish along the inner edge. Total length 5*2 inches, cul


men 0*55, wing 2*75, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*65. 

Another female specimen, apparently younger, has not so much 
blue on the lower back and rump, and wants the red on the under 
surface. 

The young male at first resembles the adult female, but is darker 
and more olive-brown above, without the subdued Hlac tinge on the 
head. The full plumage is gained by a moult. 

Hah. Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico. 

a. 
<$ ad.; b, c. $ Tehuantepec (F. Sumiclirast). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ad. sk. 
d,e,f 
tf ad.; g. Cacoprieto, Tehuantepec, Jan. Salvin-GodmanColl. 
Juv. sk. (F. Sumichrast). 

5. Cyanospiza leclancheri. 
Passerina leclancheri, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 2G0; id. Mag. de 
Zool 1841, Oiseaux. pi. 22: Gray. Hand-l B, ii. p. 97, no. 7439 
(1870). 

Spiza leclaneheri, Lafr. Mag. de Zool 1841, Oiseaux, text to pi. 22 : 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 515 (1849); Bp. Consp. I p. 475 (T850). 
Calliste leclancheri, Bp, Consp. i. p. 285 (1850). 

63. C3M0SPIZA. 
623 

Cyanospiza leclanch eri, Dues, La Nat. i. p. 140 (1809); Scl Sf 
Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 551; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 29 (1873); 
Later, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 277 (1874); id. Bull. U. 8. 
Nat Mas. no. 4, p, 20 (1875) ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 421; id. $ 
Godm. Biol Cmitr.-Ame?\, Aves, i. p. 364 (1886). 

Adult male. General colour above cobalt-blue, the mantle and 
upper back washed with dull green; lesser and median wing-coverts 
bright cobalt, as also the bastard-wing ; greater coverts dusky, externally 
blue, slightly tinged with greenish; primary-coverts and 
quills dusky blackish, externally greenish blue, the primaries edged 
with hoary whitish towards the ends, the. inner secondaries edged 
with yellowish at the tip; tail-feathers pale greenish blue, dusky 
internally; crown of head olive-yellow tinged with green; lores 
and a ring round the eye bright golden yellow; ear-coverts and 
sides of neck bright cobalt-blue like the hind neck; cheeks and 
under surface of body golden yellow, rich orange on the throat 

and breast, becoming much paler yellow on the abdomen and 
under tail-coverts; axillaries yellow like the breast; under wing-
coverts white, washed with yellow, the edge of the wing and adjoining 
coverts blue; quills dusky below, whitish along the inner 
web : " upper mandible brown, lower one fleshy; feet brownish; 
iris brown" (Siimichrast). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*45, 
wing 2-95, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*7. 

Adult female. Different from the male and much duller in colour. 

Above dull olive-greenish, the rump a little brighter, the upper tail-

coverts blue; wing-coverts like the back, shaded with blue on the 

median series and bastard-wing; quills dusky, externally greenish, 

the primaries rather more blue along the outer webs ; tail light blue; 

head olive-yellowish, lighter than the back ; lores and a ring round 

the eye yellow; ear-coverts dull blue; sides of neck and hind neck 

greenish grey: cheeks and under surface of body yellow, rather 

deeper on the fore 
neck and chest; axillaries pale yellow; under 

wing-coverts white, washed with yellow; quills dusky below, ashy 

along the inner web. Total length 4*7 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 

2-9, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*65. 

Hah. Western Mexico. 

«, 5. S $ ad. sk. S. Juan del Bio, Mexico (JR$- Sclater Coll. 
bouch). 


G. S ad. sk. S. Juan del Rio, Mexico (R4- Salvin-Godman ColL 
bouch). 
d. tf ad. sk. Tehuantepec (F. Suinichrast). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e. d 
ad. sk. Cacoprieto, Tehuantepec (F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Siimichrast). 
f. $ ad. sk. Acapulco, Mexico, March (A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
M. Markham). 
6. Cyanospiza versicolor. 
Spiza versicolor, Bp. P. Z. S. 1837, p. 120; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 375 
(1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 475 (1850) ; Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 148 
(1850); Scl. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 214, 1859, p. 365; Dugte, La Nat. 

i. p. 140 (1809). 
624 
FRlJTOILLIDiE. 

Oarduelis luxuosus, Less. Eev. Zool 1832, p. 415. 
Fringilla lazulina, Licht. in Mus. Berol (teste Bp.). 
Spiza lazulina, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Berol. p. 45 (1854). 
Cyanospiza versicolor, Baird, B. N: Amer. p. 503, pi. Ivi. fig. 2 


(1858); Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 379 ; Sol § Salv. Ibis, 1859, 

p. 17 : Scl Cat. Amer. B. p. 107 (1802); Sumichr. Mem. Bost. 
Soc. N. IF. I p. 551 (1809) ; Cooper, B. Calif, p. 234 (1870) ; 
Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 149 (1872) ; Scl § Salv. Nomencl Av, 
Neotr. p. 29 (1873); Baird, Breiver, fy Ridgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. 
ii. p. 80 (1874); Lcmr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. II. ii. p. 270 (1874) ; 
Merrill, JPr. US. Nat. Mas. i. p. 128 (1878); Sennett, Bull U.S. 
Oeol Stirv. iv. p. 20 (1878), v. p. 393 (1879); Salv. Cat. Strichl. 
Coll. p. 224 (1882); Salv. $ Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. 
p. 301 (1886). 
Passerina 
versicolor, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 97, no. 7438 (1870); 
Uidqw. Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 27 (lb*l); Coues, Check-l. 

p. 59 (1882); id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 391 (1884); A. O. 
U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 288 (1880). 
Adult male. General colour above purplish red., the lower back,rump, 
and upper tail-coverts lilac-blue; lesser -wing-coverts lilac-blue ; 
median covorts purplish red, with black bases; greater coverts 
blackish, edged and tipped with purplish red; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills dusky blackish, externally edged with greyish 
blue, the inner secondaries washed with dull purplish red ,• tail-
feathers blackish, edged with blue; crown of head vinous-red, 
lighter than the purplish-red mantle ; forehead lilac-blue, extending 
backwards over the eyes, and also forming a collar round the hind 
neck; lores and base of forehead, feathers under the eye, and base 
of cheeks black; eyelid scarlet; ear-eoverts, cheeks, and sides of 
neck lilac-blue; under surface of body purplish red, the chin black; 
throat dull scarlet; fore neck and breast purplish red, becoming 
more distinctly purple on the abdomen, sides of body, and flanks; 
thighs and under tail-coverts purplish blue, with pale sandy edges 
to the feathers ; under wing-coverts and axillaries purplish blue, 
the edge of the wing purplish red; quills below dusky, ashy on their 
inner web: " bill horn-colour; feet hazel-brown" (Salvin and 
Godman). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2-6, tail 2*1, 

tarsus 0*7. 

The adirft male in winter plumage preserves the coloration of the 
summer plumage, but has the whole of the feathers obscured by 
sandy-coloured edges, which apparently wear off when the full dress 
is assumed. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
dark sandy brown, rather more ashy on the upper tail-coverts; 
lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and greater coverts dusky, 
edged and broadly tipped with pale sandy brown; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills dusky, edged with ashy grey, the inner 
secondaries with pale sandy brown; tail-feathers dusky, edged with 
ashy grey; crown of head like the back; lores and eyelid huffy 
whitish ; ear-coverts dark brown, with shaft-lines of buffy whitish; 
cheeks and under surface of body deep sandy buff, paler on the chin, 

64. PORPfiYEOS£lZA. 
and on the lower breast and abdomen, sides of body, and flanks; 
thighs and nnder tail-coverts somewhat paler; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries like the breast; quills below dusky, fulvous along 
the inner web. Total length 4-6 inches, culmen 0*4, wine; 2'35, 
taH 2, tarsus 0-7. b 

Hal. Texas; Michigan rarely; Lower California, breeding. 
Central America: Mexico and Guatemala. 

a. $ ad. sk. Mexico. 
Sclater Coll. 

b. S ad. sk. Orizaba, Mexico. Sclater Coll. 
c. d. <$ 2 ad.; e. $ Presidio, W. Mexico, Feb. 13 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
juv. sk. {A. Forrer).
/ . '2 ad. sk. Presidio, Jan.' 19 (A. Forrer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

g. limn. sk. Mazatlan, December 20 {A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Forrer).
h, i. Ad. sk. 

Mexico. Purchased. 

k. <$ ad. sk. 
Guatemala. G. U. Skinner, Esq. 

[O.J 
64. PORPHYROSPIZA. 
Type. 
Porphyrospiza, Scl. 8c Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. v. 30 
(1873) " 

P. pulchra. 
Head of Porphyrospiza pulchra. 

Range. Brazil. 

1. Porphyrospiza pulchra *. 
? Spiza cserulea, Bp. Consp. i. p. 474 (1850). 
Cyanospiza cyanella, Peb. Or?i. Bras. p. 227 (1871). 
Porphyrospiza cyanella, Scl. §* Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 30 (1873). 
Porphyriospiza cyanella, Salv. Cat. Sirickl. Coll. p. 226 (1882). 


Adult male. General colour above dark blue ; lesser wing-coverts 
bright cobalt, forming a shoulder-patch; median and greater 
coverts blackish, edged with a little brighter blue than the back; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, edged with 
blue like the back ; upper tail-coverts like the back ; tail-feathers 
blackish, edged with blue like the back; crown of head like the 

* This species is generally known as P. cyanella, founded on the Emberiza 
cyanella of Sparrnian (Mus. Carls, fasc. ii.' pis. 42, 43, 1787). Sparrman's 
plates appear to me to represent without a shadow of doubt Cyanospiza 
cyanea (L.), and it is extremely unlikely that he had the opportunity of figuring 
such a rare bird as the present species, to which a new name must be assigned. 
VOL. XII. 2 S 

626 FRINGJLLIM:. 

back; lores blackish; feathers above the eye, sides of face and 
ear-coverts rather brighter blue, as also the cheeks, throat, and 
under surface of the body; abdomen rather more ashy blue ; thighs 
and under tail-coverts blue; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
like the breast; quills below dusky, rather more ashy on the inner 
edge. Total length 5'5 inches, culmcn 0*4, wing 2*4, tail 2'25, 
tarsus 0*75. 

This species has a distinct seasonal plumage, when the blue is 
obscured by brown edgings to the feathers; the bill, as in so 
many other Finches, becomes brown on the upper mandible instead 
of being entirely yellow. 

Hah, Brazil. 
a. <$ ad. sk.
b. (S ad. sk.
c. c? ad. sk. 
Furnas, Brazil, Jan. 15, 
(X batterer). 
Furnas, May '15, 1823Natterer). 
Bahia {JDr. Luslmath).
182 
(X. 
Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
65. HAPLOSPIZA. 
Type. 

Haplospiza, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 147 (1850) ... . H. unicolor. 

Head of Haplospiza unicolor. 
Range. Brazil; Mexico. 


1. Haplospiza unicolor. 
Tanagra unicolor, Lieht. in Mus. Berol. 
Haplospiza unicolor, Cab. Mus. Hem. Th. i. p. 147 (1850); Scl. Cat 
Amer. B. p. 108 (1802) ; Scl. Sf Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotr. 

p. 29 (1873) : Salvin, Cat. StricJd. Coll. p. 225 (1882) ; Berl. f 
Ihering, in Madardsz's Zeitschr. ges. Orn. ii. p. 123, pi. viii. 
rigs. 1, 2 (1885). 
Spiza unicolor, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 45 (1854). 
Passerina carbonaria, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 98, no. 7450 (1870). 
Passerina unicolor, Gray, t. c. p. 98, no. 7451 (1870). 

Adult male. General colour above slaty grey; lesser wing-
coverts somewhat more bluish slate-colour than the back ; median 
and greater coverts externally edged with ashy grey, rather more 
hoary on the margin of the primaries; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills blackish; upper tail-coverts like back; tail-
feathers blackish, edged with slaty grey; crown of head like back; 
lores and feathers round eye dark slaty grey; ear-coverts and cheeks 
dark slaty grey, with indistinct whitish shaft-lines; sides of neck and 
under surface of body bluish slate-colour, rather lighter than the 

66. AMPHISPIZA. 
627 

back; under tail-coverts edged with whitish ; under wing-coverts 
slaty blue; axillaries slaty grey like the breast; quills below dusky 
blackish, the inner edge more ashy. Total length 4*7 inches, culmen 
0-5, wing 2-6, tail 1*95, tarsus 0-75. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
uniform olive-green ; lesser wing-coverts glossy olive-green; 
median and greater coverts dusky, externally edged and tipped 
with dull olive-green; bastard-wing and primary-coverts dusky 
brown; quills dusky brown, externally olive-brown • tail-feathers 
dusky brown, externally edged with olive-green • crown of head 
and neck uniform olive-green like the back, with a faint streak of 
lighter olive over the eye; sides of face, ear-coverts, and cheeks 
olive-green; throat and under surface of body ashy olive, a little 
clearer and more yellowish olive on the throat; the sides of the 
body, flanks, and thighs uniform olive-green • throat, fore neck, and 
breast streaked with dusky-brown centres to the feathers; under 
tail-coverts yellowish white, with dusky bases; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries olive-green, the latter edged with yellow; quills 
dusky below, ashy along the edge of the inner web. Total length 
4*7 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*6, tail 1-85, tarsus 0*7. 

Hob. Brazil. 
a} b, c. S ad. sk. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Brazil (Joyner). 

d. Ad. sk. Brazil. J. Gould, Esq. 
e,f. Ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll. 
g, h. <S', i.% ad. sk. Brazil. " Purchased. 
k. J ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased. 
1. $ ad. sk. Ypanema, Brazil, April (J. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Natter er). 
% Haplospiza uniformis. 
Haplospiza uniformis, 8d. Sf Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. pp. 29, 157 
(1878); Salvin fy Godman, Biol Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 366, 
tab. xxvii. fig. 1 (1886). 
Adult (type of species). Similar to H. urucolor, but larger and 
darker in every way; leaden-grey above and darker slate-colour 
below. Total length 5-2 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-9, tail T95, 
tarsus 0*75. 
Hal. Mexico. 

a. Ad. sk. Jalapa, S. Mexico {Be Oca). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Type of species.) 
66. AMPHISPIZA. Type, 
Amphispiza, Coues, B. N.-West, p. 234 (1874) A. bilineata. 
Range. Western United States to Mexico, eastwards to Western 
Texas, north to the Great Basin. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Throat black : no yellow on the edge of the 
P« 628* 

wi n~ bilmeata St8 2s2 

FRINGILLIDJE. 

628 

b. No black on the throat. 
a'. No yellow on the edge of the wings ; fore 
neck and chest streaked with dusky bihneata ? , p. 629. 
b\ Edge of wing distinctly yellow. 
a". With a broad moustachial streak of black, 
contrasting with the white cheeks; back 
nearly uniform • belli, p. 029. 
b". With no distinct moustachial streak, the 
cheeks and throat white; back distinctly 
streaked with black nevadensis, p. 630. 

c 
Throat black, white down the centre j sides of [p. 632. 
body dark ashy quinquestriata, 


1. Amphispiza bilineata. 
Emberiza bilineata, Cass. Proc. P'ldlad. Acad. 1850, p. 104; id. 111. 
Orn. Calif, p. 150, pi. 23 (1856). 
Poospiza bilineata, mater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 7; Baird, B. N. Amer. 

p. 470 (1858); id. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. Birds, p. 15 (1858); 
Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 110 (1862); Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 488; 
Cones, t. c. p. 164; id. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1866, p. 86 ; Gray, 
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 68, no. 7468 (1870) j Cooper, B. Calif, p. 203 
(1870); Coues, Key N Amer. B. p. 140 (1872); Scl fy Salv. 
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 30 (1873) ; Baird, Brewer, Sf Pidqw. Hist. 
N. Amer. B. i. p. 590, pi. 26. fig. 8 (1874); Hensh. Pep. Zool. 
JExpl. 100*7* Mend. p. 274 (1875). 
Amphispiza bilineata, 
Cones, B. N-West, p. 234 (1874); Semiett, 
Ball. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 18 (1878); Merrill, Proc. U.S. 
Nat, Mus. i. p. 127 (1878); Ridgic. op. cit. iii. p. 217 (1881) ; 
Breiost. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii. p. 195 (1882) ; Coues, Checklist 
N. Amer. B. p. 55 (1882): Beldinq, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 

v. pp. 529, 531, 540 (1883); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 
p. 376 (1884); Belding, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 343 (1883); 
Stephens, Auk, ii. pp.'226, 228 (1885); A. O. U. Check-list N. 
Amer. B. p. 276 (1886); Salvin $• Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., 
Aves, i. p. 367 (1886). 
Adult male. General colour above brown, including the lower 
back and rump; lesser wing-coverts a little more ashy than the 
back; median and greater coverts brown, rather more ashy on the 
outer ones, which are paler towards the ends of the outer webs ; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown, edged 
with ashy, more hoary on the edge of the primaries, the secondaries 
edged with brown; upper tail-coverts more ashy than the back; 
tail-feathers blackish, edged with brown, the two outer ones edged 
with white and having a white spot at the end of the inner web, 
larger on the outermost feather; crown of head and hind neck 
decidedly more ashy grey than the back; lores and feathers below 
the eye black; a narrow white eyebrow, surrounded by a narrow 
line of black ; ear-coverts and sides of neck dark ashy grey; cheeks 
white, forming a distinct moustache; throat and fore neck black, 
extending in a point to the chest: sides of fore neck, breast and 
abdomen white: sides of upper breast ashy; sides of body and 
flanks ashy brown; thighs brown; under tail-coverts white; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries white, those near the edge of the wing 

66 . AMPHISPIZA. 
629 

asky brown; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total 
length 4*8 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-5, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*7. 

Adult male in winter plumage. Only differs from the summer 
plumage in having the head brown like the back, and the sides of 
the body also somewhat browner. 

Adult female. Like the male, but a little browner on the head 
and not so ashy. Total length 4*8 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*4, 
tail 2*1, tarsus 0*7. 

Young. Browner than the adults, and having dusky blackish spots 
at the end of the dorsal feathers ; the under surface streaked 
narrowly with blackish • wing-coverts and inner secondaries 
broadly edged with rufescent brown, paler on the median and 
greater coverts, where it forms a double wing-bar. 

Dr. Coues describes the young plumage as follows :—" The head-
markings obscure; little or no black on throat; a few pectoral 
streaks; owing to absence of black on the throat, the white maxillary 
stripe is ill-denned, but the other stripe is conspicuous. Back 
rather brown than ashy; tail blackish, not pure black." 

Ilab. Western United States, from Western Texas and the 
Indian Territory west to California, north throughout the Great 
Basin, and south into Mexico. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Nevada, July 1871 (F. Bis-R. B. Sliarpe, E^q. 
choff; Sm. no. 62940). [p.]. 
b. J juv. sk. Tucson, Arizona, July 27, R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. 
1884 (JP. Step>Jiens). [p.]. 
c. (J ad. sk. Tucson, July 29, 1884 (F. H. K. Ooale, Esq. 
Stephens). [P.l. 
d. J ad. sk. Camp Lowell, Arizona, May H. K. Coale, Esq. 
16,1884 (F. Stephens). [P.]. 
e. 2 ad. sk. La Paz, Lower California, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Dec. 10 {A. Forrer). 
/. $ juv. sk. La Paz, April 12 (A. Forrer). Salvin-Gpdman Coll. 

g. 
<$ ad. sk. Cohuilla Valley, California, Gf. Frean Morcom, 
May 4,1886 {F. Stephens). Esq. [P.]. 
h. 
J ad. sk. Texas (G. B. Sennett; Sm. no. U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
73718). 
i. $ 
ad. sk. Texas, Julv 1853 (Lieut. U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
Barker; Sm.no.6321). 
k. 
J ad. sk. Laredo, Texas, June 29, I860 U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
(Dr. H.B. Butcher; Sm. 
no. 45256). 
I, 
m. S ad.; n. Mexico. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
5 juv. sk. 

o. Ad. sk. Mexico. 
Sclater Coll. 
p. 
Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
2. Amphispiza belli. 
Emberiza belli, Cass. Proe. Philad. Acad. 1850, p. 104, pi. 4. 
Poospiza belli, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 7; Baird, B. N. Amer. 

p. 470 (1858); Scl 
Cat Amer. B. p. 110 (1802); Coues, Proc. 
Philad. Acad. 1866, p. 86; Cooper, B. Calif, p. 204 (1870) ; Gray, 
Band-IB. ii. p. 98, no. 7465 (1870); Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. 

FBINGILLID2E. 

Zool. iii. p. 177 (1872); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 141 (1872); 
Baird, Breiuer, $ Pidgiv. Hist N. Amer. B. i. p. 593, pi. 26. 
fig. 0 (1874). 

Zonotrichia belli, Elliot, New $ TJnfig. Birds of N. Amer. I pi. 14 
(1869). 
Ampliiapiza belli, Cones, B. N-West, p. 234 (1874); Belding, Proc. 

U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 41G (1879); Ridgw. op. cit. iii. p. IK) 
(1881); Cones, Cheek-list N. Amer. B. p. 55 (1882) ; Belding, 
Proc. U.8. Nat. Mus. v. p. 532 (1883); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 
2nd tnl. p. 370 (1884); Drew, Auk, i. p. 16 (lh84); A. O. U. 
Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 276 (1886); Everm. Auk, iii. p. 182 
(1880). 

Adult male. General colour above dark brown, slightly -washed 
with ashy on the mantle and tipper back; the middle of the back 
indistinctly streaked with black ; lesser wing-coverts brown, washed 
with olive-yellow; median coverts dark brown, tipped with pale 
fawn-colour ; greater coverts dark brown, edged with lighter brown 
and tipped with pale fawn-colour; bastard-wing and primarycoverls 
dusky brown, edged with ashy; quills dark brown, edged 
with ashy olive, the first primary with whity brown, the secondaries 
externally fawn-brown ; upper tail-coverts dark brown ; tail-
feathers blackish brown, edged with fawn-brown, fringed with 
white at the tips of the inner web of the outer feathers, the outermost 
of which has an irregular whity-brown spot near the end of 
the inner web, and is margined externally all the way with whity 
brown; crown of head uniform brown, but slightly washed with 
ashy; the base of the forehead blackish, with a small linear mark 
of white at the base of the bill; lores black, surmounted by a large 
white spot; feathers below the eye black, faintly mottled with 
greyish white ; eyelid white; ear-coverts dark ash-brown like the 
sides of the neck ; cheeks and throat wTkite, with a broad malar 
stripe widening out on the sides of the lower throat; fore-neck and 
remainder of under surface of body dull white, with a patch of 
black in the centre of the chest; lower abdomen tinged with pale 
fawn-colour; sides of body and flanks entirely fawn-colour, 
narrowly streaked with black, a little more broadly on the sides of 
the upper breast; thighs buffy white ; under tail-coverts pale 
fawn-buff, with pale dusky centres; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries olive-yellow, the edge of the wing brighter yellow ; quills 
be]ow dusky, the inner edge ashy fulvous. Total length 6 inches, 
culmen 045, wing 2-<d, tail 2-7, tarsus 0*75. 

Hab. California. 

a. Ad. sk. California. P. L. Sclater; Esq. [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk, California (Bell). Sclater Coll. 
c. Ad. sk. California (Heermann). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Subsp. a. AmpMspiza nevadensis. 
Poospiza belli {nee Cass.), Kennerley, Pacif, P. Pep. Whipple's Route, 

p. 29 (1859) ; Coues, Ibis, 1865, p. 164; id. Proc. Philad. Acad. 
1866; p. 86; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool iii. p. 177 (1872). 
6§. AMFHISPIZA. 

631 

Poospiza belli, var. nevadensis, Mdgw. Bull Essex Inst. v. p. 101 
(1873); Baird, Brewer, «$• Bidgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. r>04 
(1874); Hensh. Rep. Zool. KvpL IQQth Merid. p. 275 (1875). 

Amphispiza belli, var. nevadensis, Cones, B. N.-JVest, p. L>34 (1874). 
Amphispiza belli nevadensis, Bidgw. Proc. U.S. Nab. Mus. iii. p. 180 

(1881); Coues, Chech-list N. Amer. B. p. 55 (1882); id. Keif K. 

Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 376 (1884) ; Drew, Auk, ii. p. 10 (1885)*; A. 

O. U. Check-list, p. 277 (1880). 
Adult General colour above pale ashy brown, narrowly but 
distinctly streaked with blackish, the rump and upper tail-cover! s 
uniform ashy brown ; lessor wing-coverts sandy brown ; median 
and greater coverts dark brown, edged with paler brown and tipped 
with white, forming a double wing-bar; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with pale ashy, the inner 
secondaries with brown; tail-feathers blackish, edged with pale 
brown; the outer ones fringed with white along the tip of the 
inner web, the outermost externally edged with white and having 
a white mark at the end of the inner web ; crown of head and hind 
neck uniform ashy grey, contrasting with the back; base of forehead 
blackish, with a small white spot; lores and feathers below the eye 
blackish, with a small spot of white above the lores ; eyelid white ; 
ear-coverts dark ashy grey; cheeks white, separated by a narrow 
malar stripe of black from the throat, which is also white like the 
rest of the under surface of the body; the black malar stripe continued 
on to the sides of the chest in the shape of small linear 
spots ; in the centre of the fore neck a streak of black; abdomen 
white; sides of body and flanks tinged with ashy fulvous, and 
broadly streaked with black ; thighs and under tail-coverts white ; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries white, slightly tinged with olive-
yellow ; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total length 
5*6 inches, oilmen 0*45, wing 3, tail 2*7, tarsus 0*85. 

The winter plumage of the adult male only differs from the summer 
dress in being a little more mealy, the facial and other markings 
on the underparts being more obscured ; the ashy head is shaded 
with brown like the back, on which the black streaks are less 
distinct; the wing-coverts are broadly tipped with pale fawn-colour, 
and the inner secondaries broadly edged with the same colour; the 
sides of the body and flanks are also pale fawn-colour, streaked with 
blackish; the black malar streak and the black on the centre of the 
breast are both feebly indicated. 

Bab. British Columbia; South-eastern Wyoming, Utah, and 
Nevada, south to Arizona and Mexico, and east to Colorado and Now 

Mexico. 
a, b. Ad. sk. West side of Kocky Mountains,
British Columbia. 
J. K. Lord. Esq. [P.]. 
c. Ad. sk.
d. 6 ad. sk. 
Carson City, Nevada, Aug. 27(M. W. Menshaw; Sm. no. 
72330). 
Carson City, Nevada, May 12 (H.
W. Henshaw; Sm. no. 77651). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

632 
TBINGILLIDiB. 

e. S 
ad. sic. Camp No. 17, 40th Parallel, Sept. Salvin-Godman Ooll. 
2, 1807 (JR. Ridgway; Sm. no. 
53515). 
/ . cJ ad. sir. Fort Bridger, Utali, May 12,1858 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(C. Dr&vler; Sm. no. 11201). 
g. <$ ad. sk. California, Aug1. 21 (C. E. Aiken; U.S. Nat. Museum. 
Sm. no. 69558). 
h. $ ad.sk San Bernardino, April 1, 1883 H.K.Coale;Esq.[P.]. 
(72. 7?. Herron). 
3. AmpMspiza qiiinqiiestriata. 
Zonotrichia quinquestriata, Scl. <§• Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 323 ; Gray, 
Ha7id-L R. ii. p. 94, no. 7386 (1870); Scl. $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. 
Neotr. p. 31 (1873). 

Amphispiza quinquestriata, Rldgw. Ibis, 1883, p. 400; Salv. <§* Godm. 
Biol Centr.-Amer., Am, i. p. 368, pi. 27. ftg. 2 (1886). 

Adult (type of species). General colour above reddish chocolate-
brown, slightly washed with ashy margins to the feathers, the lower 
back and rump more decidedly ashy: wing-coverts like the back, 
edged with ashy grey; quills brown, externally edged with reddish 
brown, the primaries with ashy: upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers 
dark chocolate-brown, with ashy margins, the outer feather fringed 
externally and round the tip with white ; head like the back, the 
forehead distinctly ashy; a narrow eyebrow white, surmounted by an 
indistinct dusky line; upper and under edge of eyelid w7hite; 
anterior and posterior margin of eyelid chocolate-brown, like the 
lores, feathers below the eye, and ear-coverts; aline of white along 
the cheeks, hinder part of the latter grey, like the sides of the 
neck, the latter washed, with brown ; malar line and a broad band 
down each side of the throat black, the latter with a broad median 
band of white ; lower throat and remainder of under surface of body 
dark slaty grey, the centre of the breast and centre of the abdomen 
white; on the chest a longitudinal patch of black; thighs and 
under tail-coverts ashy, broadly edged with white; axillaries and 
under wing-coverts chocolate-brown, edged with white; quills 
diibky below, more ashy along the inner web. Total length &2 
inches, culmen 0'559 wing 2*7, tail 2-45, tarsus 0-8. 

Poospiza, Cab. Arch.f. Naturg. xiii. p. 349 (1847) P. thoracica. 

llab. Mexico. 
<*. Ad. sk. Mexico. Sclater Coll. (Type 
of species.) 
67. POOSPIZA. 
Type 

Range. South America : Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia, extending into 
Mendoza and Northern Patagonia. 

Key to the Sjpecies. 

a. Withno black collar across the throat. 
a'. With no rufous on the rump. 
67 . 
POOSPIZA. 
a". With white or bufty-white throat 
a'". With, a rufous band across the chest, 
uniform with rufous flanks. 
a\ With ro white eyebrow; an alar 
speculum formed by white bases to 
o.iter web of primaries; wing 2-55 
inchesbK "With a white eyebrow; no alar speculum 
; wing* 3 inchesb'". Chest bright chestnut; sides of body 
slaty grey; wing 3'3~3'5 inchesc'". Chest grey; sides of body chestnut ..
d'". No rufous or grey on the chest, the 
throat and breast being white like the 
rest of the under surface. 
c\ Some narrow streaks on the fore neck. 
a\ A supraloral streak of white; no 
white eyebrow; a black spot in 
the centre of the breast. 
b"\ A distinct superciliary streak of 
whitedK No streaks on the under surface of 
body ; upper surface uniform bluish 

633 

thomcica, p. 634. 
bok'viana, p. 634. 
ccesar, p. 635. 

hypochondriacal. G36. 

bonapartii $, p. 637. 

grey. 
c5. Crown black, forming a cap melanoleuca ad., p. 638. 
d\ Crown like the back. 

aG. Larger; wing 2*4-2*5 inches .. cinerea, p. 639. 
bb. Smaller; wing 2*05-2-15 inches melanoleuca inim., 
bn. Throat rufous or chestnut. [p. 638. 
e'". Eyebrow white, posteriorly chestnut. 
e%. Above dusky; underneath chestnut; 

abdomen white

fK Above dark slaty grey; throat and 
sides of body deep maroon ; centre of 
breast and abdomen white

/"'. Eyebrow rufous or pale chestnut. 

(f. 
Above ixniform, the head scarcely 
different from the back; one wing-
band of white formed by the tips of 
the greater coverts
h\ Head and hind neck slaty grey, contrasting 
with the chestnut-brown 
back; a double wing-bar, one formed 
by the median wing-coverts and a 
second narrower one by the tips of 
the greater coverts

b\ 
"With the rump and upper tail-coverts rufous; 
flanks rufous or chestnut. 
c". Larger; wing 2*8 inches: throat tawny 
buff; a supraloral streak of whited'r. Smaller; wing 2*4 inches: throat pale 

personata, p. 040. 
wlutii, p. 641. 

erythrophrys, p. 642. 

ornata, p. 643. 
lateralis, p. 643. 

ashy; no white streak above the lores.. assimilis, p. 644. 
, With a black collar across the fore neck. 
c'. Bill much larger, culmen 0*55 inch: under 
tail-coverts pale tawny buff bonapartii $, p. 637. 
d\ Bill much smaller, culmen-0"4-0*45 inch; 
under tail-coverts deep chestnut torquata) p. 645. 

634 
PEnrGILLID^l. 

1. Poospiza thoracica. 
Fringilla thoracica, Nordm. in Erman's Meise, p. 10, Ta£ iv. fig. 1 
(1835). 
Pipillo rufitorques, Stoains. An. in Menag. p. 312 (1837). 
Carduelis rufigularis, Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 42. 
Pipilo thoracica, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 360 (1844). 
Poospiza tlioracica, Cab. in Wkgm. Arch.f. Xaturg. 1347, p. SoO; 
JBp. Consp. i. p. 472 (1850) ; Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. I. p. 137 ; LitU. 
Nomenol. Av. Berol. p. 43 (1854) ; Mater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 109 
(1862); Beh. Orn. Bras. p. 229 note, et p. 439 (1871): &L & Sah\ 
Nomeml. Av. Neotr. p. 36 (1873) ; Sab. Cat. StricJd. Coll p. 220 
(1882). 
Paospiza tlioracica, Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 217 (1856). 
Passerina thoraciea, Gray, JKand-L B. ii. p. 98, no. 7462 (1870). 
Adult. General colour above uniform ashy grey, slightly washed 
with olive-brown; lesser and median coverts bluish grey : greater 
coverts black, externally bluish grey; bastard-wing and prinian coverts 
black, edged with ashy; quills blackish, externally edged 
with ashy, the primaries with hoary white, broader near the base of 
the outer web, forming a kind of speculum ; upper tail-coverts like 
the back ; tail-feathers blackish, edged with ashy grey, with which 
the centre feathers are washed; crown of head rather more a^hy 
grey than the back; lores dusky blackish; eyelid dusky* below the 
eye a white streak, followed by a blackish one* ear-coverts pale 
ashy * cheeks and throat white; lower throat, fore neck, and chest 
rich vinous chestnut; centre of breast and abdomen white : sides of 
body and flanks vinous-chestnut like the breast; thighs ashy ; under 
tail-coverts light tawny buff; under wing-coverts and asillaries 
white; quills below blackish, the inner edge white: u bill horncoloured 
brownish grey, the lower mandible paler: feet fleshy 
brownish grey; iris brown " (Burmeister). Total length 5*2 inches, 
culmen 0*45, wing 2-55, tail 2-Q, tarsus 0*8. 
Adult female. Only differs from the male in being browner, 
especially on the head; the chestnut on the lower parts much paler, 
and the band on the fore neck not so broad: a tinge of yellow on 
the throat and centre of breast. Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 
0-5, wing 2-5, tail 2*5, tarsus 0*75. 
Bab. Brazil. 


a. Ad.; b. Juv. sk. [Brazil.] Gould Coll. 
c, d. Ad. * e. Juv. sk. Brazil. M. Claussen. 
/. Ad.; g. Juv. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll. 
h. 
Ad. sk. Novo Fribourgo, Pro v. of Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Rio de Janeiro (J*. Youds). 
i. Ad. sk. Bio de Janeiro. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
2. Poospiza boliviana. (Plate XIV.) 
Adult. General colour above brown; lesser wing-eoverts ashy 
grey; median and greater coverts dusky brown, edged with ashy 
grey and tipped with lighter ashy, hoary whitish on the greater 

67. P00SPI2A. 
635 
coverts ; bastard-wing blackish, edged with ashy grey, whitish 
towards the tips; primary-coverts and quills dusky brown, edged 
with ashy, hoary on the primaries, browner on the secondaries; 
upper tail-coverts more ashy brown than the back; centre tail-
feathers brown, the remainder blackish, the three outer ones with a 
white mark at the end of the inner web, more extended on the 
outermost, which is white along the outer web ; crown of head 
brown, a little darker than the back, blackish on the base of the 
forehead, extending in a line above the eye; lores blackish, surmounted 
by a white eyebrow ; eyelid white ; ear-coverts dark ashy 
brown, with whitish shaft-lines ; cheeks and entire throat "white; 
sides of neck ashy grey ; fore neck, sides of breast, and sides of 
body light vinous cinnamon; centre of breast and abdomen white ; 
thighs white; under tail-coverts white, tinged with fulvous; under 
wing-eoverts and axiHaries white, with ashy bases; quills below 
dusky, ashy fulvous along the inner edge. Total length 6 inches, 
culmeii 0*5, wing 3, tail 2-75, tarsus 0*85. 

Hah. Bolivia. 

a. 
Ad. sk. Bolivia. T. Bridges [0.]. 
(Type of species.) 
3. Poospiza csesar. 
Foospiza cassar, 3d $ Salv. P.Z.S. 1869, p. 152, pi. xiii.; iid, 

JSromencl Ai\ Neotr. p. 30 (1873) • Bel P. Z. S. 1873, p. 780 • Tacz. 

Orn. Perou, p. 32 (1886). 

Passerina cajfear, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 99, no. 7476 (1870). 

Adult female (type of species). General colour above dark slaty 
grey, with a brownish shade; lesser wing-coverts slaty grey; 
median and greater coverts blackish, externally slaty grey; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, externally slaty grey, 
lighter on the primaries; upper tail-coverts dark slaty grey; tail-
feathers blackish, edged with ashy grey; crown of head dark slaty 
grey, with a frontal band of black; lores black, surmounted by a 
narrow streak of white, continued into a broad white eyebrow; 
eyelid black, with a few white feathers below; ear-coverts black; 
cheeks and throat white; sides of neck slaty grey ; fore neck and 
breast deep orange-chestnut; centre of breast and abdomen white ; 
sides of breast, sides of body, and flanks dark slaty grey, as also the 
thighs ; under tail-coverts chestnut; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries slaty grey, white on the inner lower coverts; quills below 
dusky, the inner edge ashy. Total length 7*3 inches, culmen 0-7, 
wing 3*3, tail 3*15, tarsus 1*1. 

Adult male. like the female in colour. Total length 7*6 inches, 

culmen 0*75, wing 3*5, tail 3*4, tarsus 1*1. 

The pair described were obtained in January. One shot in Sep


tember is apparently in winter plumage, being very much browner 

above, and having the chest pale rufous, obscured by sandy-buff 

edges to the feathers. This may be the plumage of the young bird 

after its first moult. 

Hab. Peru. 

636 ffBINGIltlM!. 

a. d ad. sk. Tinta, Peru, Jan. 12,1860. H. Whitely [0 1 
b. 2 ad. sk. Tinta.J(m.l2,1809CJ5r. TF%^). Sclater Coll. (Type 
of species.) 
c. Jtin. sk. Tinta, May 20,1808 (JET. Whitely). Sclater Coll. 
<*. tf ad. sk. Tinta, May 12,1868 (H. Whitely). Salvm-Goclman Coll. 
e. 6 ad. sk. Tinta, Jan. 17,1869(5". Whitely). Salvm-Godman Coll. 
/. Juv. sk. Paucatambo, Peru, Sept. 15,1872 Salvm-Godman Coll. 
(II, WMtehJ). 

4. Poospiza hypochondriaca. 
Emberiza hypochondria, d'Orb. $ Zafr. Mag. ch Zool. 1837, p. 80; 
cPOrb. Voij. Amer. Mend., Zool p. 361, pi. adv. fig. 1 (1885-44) ; 
Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 216 (1856). 

Euspiza? hypochondria, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 376 (1844). 
Poospiza hypochondriacal Bp. Consjh i. p. 473 (1850) j Scl. fy Salv. 


P. Z. S. 1870, p. 005. 
Passerina hypochondria, Gray, Eand-l. B. ii. p. 98, no. 7463 (1870). 
Adult General colour above brown, rather more ashy towards 
the rump; lesser wing-coverts dark ashy grey; median and greater 
coverts blackish, broadly edged with pale ashy fulvous ; bastard-
wing and primary-coverts blackish, edged with ashy, whitish at the 
ends of the former; quills blackish brown, edged with ashy, hoary 
on the primaries, the inner secondaries pale ashy fulvous like the 
greater coverts, paler on the margins ; upper tail-coverts more ashy 
than the back: tail-feathers blackish, edged with ashy; the four outer 
tail-feathers with a white spot at the end of the inner web, increasing 
towards the outer feather, which is white for more than half the 
inner web and along the whole of the outer web, which is brownish 
towards the end; crown of head and hind neck dark ashy, blackish 
on the forehead, extending in a line above the eye; lores black, 
surmounted by a broad white eyebrow; upper and under edge of 
tho eyelid, as well as a spot below the eye, white ; ear-coverts dark 
ashy; feathers below the eye black; cheeks and throat yellowish 
white, separated by a malar line of blackish; fore neck and chest 
dark ashy grey ; breast and abdomen ochreous white ; sides of body 
and Hanks chestnut; thighs ochreous white; under tail-coverts 
ochreous buff; under wing-coverts and asiUaries white, with ashy 
bases; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge : " bill horncolour; 
feet blackish; iris brown" (d'Orbigny). Total length 5*5 
inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*9, tail 2-6, tarsus 0*85. 

Another bird is presumably a female. It is rather browner on the 
head, the grey band across the chest not so broad. Total length 
5-2 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3-1, tail 2*75, tarsus 0-85. 

Hab. Bolivia. 

a.[c?] ad. sk. Tilotilo, Yungas, Bolivia Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(C. Buckley), 
b. Ad. sk. Bolivia. W. Bridges, Esq. [C.]. 
67. POOSMZA. 
637 

5. Poospiza bonapartii. 
Poospiza hispaniolensis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 473 (1850). 

Poospiza bonapartii, Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 341, pi. xx.; Scl. $ Salv. 

Nomencl Av. JVeotr. p. 30 (1873); Taczan. P. Z. S. 1877, p. %2%: 

id. Orn. JPSrou, iii. p. 31 (1886). 

Passevina liispaniolensis, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 98, no. 7464 (1870). 
Passerina bonapartii, Gray, Jland-l. B. ii. p. 90, no. 7475 (1870). 
Poospiza torguata, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 520. 

Adult male (type of species). General colour above brown, mottled 
with darker brown centres to the feathers of the mantle and upper 
back; lower back and rump ashy grey, washed with brown; lesser 
wing-coverts ashy grey • median coverts blackish, tipped with ashy 
grey; greater coverts blackish, edged with ashy or brown and tipped 
broadly with white, forming a wing-band; bastard-wing blackish, 
externally edged wil h ashy whitish; primary-coverts dusky blackish, 
externally ashy ; quills blackish, edged with ashy grey, hoary whitish 
towards the end of the primaries, and white at the base, forming a 
distinct speculum; the secondaries edged with brown ; upper tail-
coverts ashy grey; tail-feathers dark brown, edged with ashy grey, 
all but the centre feathers white on the inner web, decreasing somewhat 
towards the centre of the tail; crown of head and hind neck 
dark ashy grey; lores black, surmounted by a white eyebrow, which 
is bordered by a black line above ; eyelid white above and below, 
black in front and behind like the ear-coverts and feathers below 
the eye, which are also black; cheeks white like the throat; sides 
of neck ashy grey; feathers of fore neck black, edged with ashy, 
forming a collar; sides of fore neck ashy grey; breast and abdomen 
white; sides of body and flanks pale ashy brown; thighs white; 
under tail-coverts white, with tawny bases; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries white, with ashy bases; quills below dusky, white 
along the inner edge. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*5, 
tail 1*8, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in being browner, the head 
like the back, slightly mottled with dusky centres ; the lower back 
and rump rather more ashy ; lesser wing-coverts ashy grey ; median 
and greater coverts blackish, edged with ashy, pale tawny towards 
the ends of the feathers; bastard-wing dusky brown, edged with 
ashy, whitish towards the end: quills dusky brown, edged with 
reddish brown, more ashy on the primaries, hoary whitish towards 
the ends; tail-feathers brown, edged with lighter brown, the three 
outer feathers with a white spot at the end of the inner web, increasing 
towards the outermost; lores ashy ; feathers below the eye 
and ear-coverts brown; a distinct white eyebrow; cheeks and 
throat white, with a few dusky spots on the sides of the lower 
throat, joining some blackish streaks which form an indistinct collar 
across the latter; breast and sides of the body pale ochreous brown, 
with dusky streaks; centre of breast, abdomen, and thighs white; 
under tail-coverts pale tawny, with white tips. Total length 4*6 
inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-45, tail 1-8, tarsus 0-8. 

638 VSLN&JXJJJ)M. 

The malo specimen described appears to be in seasonal plumage, 
as another male from San Carlos has no grey edges to the black 
pectoral collar; the head is ashy black, and the dark ashy on the 
sides of the breast extends down the sides of the body and is only 
slightly washed with brown. 

Hab. Peru. 

a, b. (S $ ad. sk. Lima, Peru (W. Nation). Sclater Coll. (Type 
of species.) 
<?. [ d ] ad. sk. " San Carlos." * M. Verreaux. 

6. Poospiza melanoleuca. 
Chipiu negro y blanca, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 532 (1805) ; Vieill. N. 

Diet d'Hist. Nat. xii. p. 4 (1817). 

Emberiza melanoleuca, D'Orb. $ Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1837, p. 82; 

Marti Ind. Azara, p. 10 (1847). 

Poofepiza melanoleuca, Bp. Consp. i. p. 473 (1850) ; Burm. La-
Plata Beis. ii. p. 484 (1861) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 439 (1871); Scl. 
& Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 30 (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S.1879, p. 005 ; 
Salv. Bis, 1880, p. 354, pi. ix. %. 2; White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 599; 
Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 227 (1882); Barrows, Bidl. Nutt. Orn. 
Club, viii. p. 130 (1883). 

Poospiza melanoleuca, Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 218, note (1856). 
Passerina melanoleuca, Cray, JSand-l, B. ii. p. 99, no. 7469 (1870). 

Adult male. General colour above slaty grey; lesser wing-eoverts 
like the back; median and greater coverts blackish, externally slaty 
grey; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, edged 
with slaty grey, rather paler on the inner secondaries, and more 
hoary grey on the primaries; upper tail-coverts a little darker slaty 
grey than the back; tail-feathers black, edged with slaty grey, 
slightly tipped with white, the penultimate one with a large wedge-
shaped mark at the end of the inner web, the outer one white for the 
terminal half and along the outer web; crown of head, lores, feathers 
below the eye, and ear-coverts black; cheeks, throat, and under 
surface of body white, washed with creamy buff; sides of body and 
flanks pale ashy grey; thighs dark slaty grey; under tail-coverts 
white; under wing-coverts white, with a dusky spot near the outside 
of the wing; axillaries ashy grey; quills below dusky, ashy 
along the inner edge: " bill, legs, and feet black; iris light red " (H. 
Dumford), "iris reddish brown" (E. W. White). Total length 
4*7 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2*15, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*8. 

Adidt female. Similar to the male; "iris crimson" {White). 
Total length 4*6 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*15, tail 2*05, tarsus 
0-75. 

Young birds, as 1 take them to be, differ from the adults in wanting 
the black hood, the crown being dusky blackish or streaked with 
blackish. Some of them are washed with brown on the back. 

Hob. Argentine Eepublic. 

* As usual, the original label has been taken off this specimen by Mr. Q-. E. 
Gray, and thus no clue to the collector can be obtained. 
67. POOSPIZA.
a. J ad. sk. Tucuman, June 1, 1878. It. Durnford. Esq. 
b. J ad. sk. Salta, Nov. 18, 1880 (E. W. Hclator Coll. 
White). 
c. 
$ ad. sk. Cosquin, Cordova, Argentine Sclater CoU. 
Republic, July 3. 1882 (E. 
W. White).
d. <$ ad. sk. Cosquin, Aug, 15, 1882 (E. Sclater Coll 
W. White). 
e,f. <$ Jimin. sk. Cosquin, Aug. 17, 1882 (E. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
W. White). 
g. 
J ad. sk. Fuerte de Andulgala, Cata-Salvin-Godman Coll. 
marca, Argentine Republic, 
Aug. 29,1880 (E. W. White). 
7. Poospiza cinerea. 
Pyrgita cinerea, Cuv. in Mus. Paris. 
Poospiza cinerea, Bp. Consp. i. p. 473 (1850); Scl, Cat. Amer. B. 


p. 110 (1802); Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 430 (1871); Scl 8f Salv. No-
mend. Av. Neotr. p. 30 (1873) ; Salv. Cat. StricH, CoU. p. 227 
(1882). F 
Pooapiza scliistacea, Cab. Mus. Hein. Tli. i. p. 137 (1850); Lieht. 

Nomenel Av. Neotr. p. 43 (1854); Peh. Orn. JBms.p. 229 (1871). 
Poospiza schistacea, Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 218 (1850). 
Poospiza cinerea, Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 218, note (1856). 
Passerina cinerea, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 99, no. 7471 (1870\ 
Passerina schistacea, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 99; no. 7473 (1870). 

Adult male. General colour above light ashy grey; lesser and 

median coverts like 
the back; greater coverts blackish, externally 

like the back; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, ex


ternally edged with ashy grey, lighter on the primaries, broader on 

the secondaries ; at the base of the primaries a slight shade of white, 

scarcely forming a speculum ; upper tail-covcrts like the back; tail-

feathers blackish, edged with ashy grey; the outer feathers white 

excepting the black base to the inner web, the penultimate feather 

with a larger wedge-shaped mark at the end of the inner web, re


duced on the third feather to a small spot; crown of head like the 

back; lores, feathers below the eye, eyelid, and ear-coverts blackish ; 

cheeks and under surface of body white, with a yellowish tinge on 

the throat and fore neck and chest; the sides of the breast ashy 

grey; sides of body and flanks pale ashy brown; thighs ashy grey ; 

under tail-coverts pale fawn-buff; under wing-coverts dull whitish, 

with dusky bases, those near the outside edge of the wing dusky; 

axillarics ashy grey like the sides of the breast; quills below dusky, 

ashy whitish along the inner edge: " bill greyish brown, whitish at 

the extreme base ; feet greyish fleshy brown " (Burmeister). Total 

length 5-3 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*5, tail 2-5, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but rather duller ashy grey. 

Total length 5 inches, culmen 045, wing 2-4, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*75. 

Hob. Interior of Brazil. 

640 EBlKOrTLLrDM. 
a, b. <$ $ ad. sk. Goiaz, Brazil (J". Natterer). Sclater Coll. 
c. Ad. sk. [Brazil.] Salvin-Grodman Coll. 

8. Poospiza personata. 
Ohipiu negro y canela, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 527 (1802). 
Pipillo personata, Sioains. An. in Menag. p. 311 (1837); Gould in 
Bariuin's Voy. Beagle, Zool. p. 98, pi. 35 (1841) • Gray, Gen. B. 

ii. p. 300 (1844). 
Emboriza personata, oVOrb. fy Lafr, Mag. cle Zool. 1837, p. 81; 
Hartl. Inch Azara, p. 10 (1847). 
Poospiza nigTorufa, 
Cab. in Wiegm. Arch. f Naturg. 1847, p. 850• 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 473 (1850) j Burm. La-Plata lleis. ii. p. 484 (1861) • 
Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 108 (1862); Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, 

p. 140; Hudson, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 113- Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 439 
(1871) j Hudson, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 508; Scl. $• Salv. KomencL Av. 
Neotr. p. 30 (1873); Bumf. Ibis, 1877, p. 171; Barrows, Bull 
Nutt. Orn. Club, liii. p. 1:29 (1883) ; Gibson, Ibis, 1*85, p. 277. 
Poospiza mesoleuci, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Berol. p. 43 (1854) j Pelz. 

Om. Bras. p. 229, note (1871). 
Poospiza nigrorufa, Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 216 (1856). 
Passerina nigrorufa, Gray, lland-l. B. ii. p. 98, no. 7401 (1870). 

Adult male. General colour above blackish slate-colour: lesser 
wing-coverts like the back; median and greater coverts black, edged 
with slaty grey; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, 
narrowly edged with slaty grey ; upper tail-coverts like the back ; 
tail-feathers black, the two outer ones with a spot of white at the 
end of the inner web, larger and extending to the outer web of the 
outermost tail-feather ; crown of head deep black ; lores white, surmounted 
by a narrow white eyebrow, which becomes chestnut above 
the ear-coverts; eyelid, feathers below the eye, and ear-coverts 
black; cheeks white, forming a distinct moustache, which extends 
on to the base of the chin ; throat and under surface of body vinous 
chestnut; sides of neck slaty grey; abdomen white; sides of body 
and flanks dark slaty grey; thighs ashy grey; under tail-coverts 
pale rufous, the outer ones whitish; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
slaty blackish, edged with white; quills below blackish, ashy 
along the inner edge: " bill black, the under mandible white at 
the base; feet pale greyish fleshy brown • iris brown " (Burmeister). 
Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*45, tail 2'So, tarsus 0*75. 

This species seems to have a distinct seasonal plumage, when the 
adult male is browner above and the rufous of the underparts is 
less vivid. 

The young bird is dusky brown above and striped below like a 
young Bunting. The throat is dull white, all the feathers being 
tipped with dusky; the fore neck, breast, and sides of body pale 
fulvous, streaked with dusky blackish, broader on the sides, flanks, 
and under tail-coverts; the abdomen dull whitish, with dusky 
shaft-streaks. 

The adult female is duller black than the male and is slightly 

67. POOSPlZA. 
641 
washed with olive-brown above, the sides of tho body and flanks 
being also similarly washed with brown; tho vinous-chestnut colour 
of the underpays is also paler. Total length 5-5 inches, culmon 0*5, 
wing 2-45, tail 2-45, tarsus 07 . 

Hah. South-eastern Erazil, extending into Northern Patagonia. 

a. $ ad. sk. Maldonado [C. Danvin). Zoological Society 
b. <$ ad. sk. Belgrano, Buenos Ayres, II. burnford, Eaq. 
March 27, 187(5. [0.]. 
c. J ad. sk. Punta Lara, Buenos Ayres, II. Dumford, Esq. 
Oct. 17, 1875. [0.]. 
d. Juv. sk. Punta Lara, Feb. 2, 1870. II. Dumford, Esq. 
LO.]. 

e. <$ ad. sk. Buenos Ayivs, March 10,1881 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(£. W. Wh'tc). 
f. 
(S ad. sk. Oonchitas, Buenos Ayres, Nov. Sclater Coll. 
1S6® (W. H. Hudson). 
g. dTad.sk. Oonchitas, Oct. I860 (TV. Sclater Coll. 
H. Hudson), 
h. $ juv. sk. Oonchitas (W. H. Hudson). Sclater Coll. 
i. 
2 ad. sk. Rio Negro, Patagonia, Aug. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1871 (W. H Hudson). 
9. Poospiza whitii. 
Poospiza whitii, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 43, pi. ix. 
Adult male (type of species). General colour above dark slaty 
grey; lesser wing-coverts blackish, externally lighter slaty grey than 
the back; median and greater coverts blackish, margined externally 
with slaty grey like the back ; bastard-wing black, narrowly fringed 
with slaty grey, with a small white spot at tho ends; primary-
coverts and quills black, oxtornally edged with slaty grey, paler on 
the primaries ; upper tail-coverts like the back; tail-feathers black, 
edged with slaty grey, the penultimate feather with a wedge-shaped 
spot at the end of the inner web, larger on the outer one, which has 
the outer web also white for its whole length; crown of head like 
the back, the forehead blackish, as well as a line above the eyebrow; 
lores black, surmounted by a broad white eyebrow, which extends 
from the base of the bill, and becomes chestnut above the oar-coverts; 
eyelid black, except where it touches the white eyebrow, where it is 
white ; ear-coverts black; fore part of cheeks and chin white; 
hinder cheeks deep maroon like the throat, fore neck, and chest, 
extending down the sides of the breast; breast and abdomen pure 
white ; sides of body and flanks slaty grey; thighs also ashy; under 
tail-coverts pale fawn-colour; under wing-coverts white with ashy 
bases; axillaries slaty grey, fringed with white ; quills below dusky, 
ashy along the inner edge. Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0*45, 
wing 2-6, tail 2*5, tarsus 0*75. 

The adult female differs from the male in being duller in colour, 

the grey upper parts being washed with brown; the eyebrow is 

white, posteriorly tinged with buff; the rufous of the underparts is 

VOL. XII. 
2 T 

642 
FBXSQILLTDM. 

of a paler maroon, not so deep as in the male, the feathers edged 
with sandy buff. Total length 5-3 inches, ciilmen 0-45, wing 2-3, 
tail 2'8, tarsus 0*75. 

A young male, shot on the 7th of August, resembles the female in 
being browner above. The maroon of the underparts is not so rich 
as in the adults ; the eyebrow is tinged with pale chestnut posteriorly. 
A young female has the eyebrow entirely dull white; the 
rufous of the underparts pale chestnut, not maroon, and the white 
spots on the outer tail-feathers smaller. 

Hab. Argentine Republic. 

a. £ 
ad. sk. Cosquin, Cordova, Argentine Sclater Coll. 
Republic, July 6, 1882 (E. (Type of species.) 
W. White), 
h. A acl. sk. Cosquin, June 23, 1882 (JE. Sclater Coll. 
W. White). 
c. $ ad. sk. Cosquin, Aug. 15, 1882 (E. Sclater CoU. 
W. White). 
d, e. d 
ad. sk. Cosquin, Aug. 1882 (JE. W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
White), 

f. tf ad. sk. Cosquin, June 12, 1882 (JE. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
W. White). 
y. $ ad. sk. Cosquin, Sept. 6, 1882 (JE. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
W. White). 
10. Poospiza erythrophrys. 
Poospiza erythropkrys, Sclater, Ibis, 1881, p. 500, pJ. xvii. fig. 1 ; 
White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 599. 

Adult male (type of species). General colour above dull reddish 
brown washed with olive ; lesser and median coverts bluish grey ; 
greater coverts blackish, edged with ashy and broadly tipped with 
white, forming a wing-bar; bastard-wing and primary-coverts 
blackish, narrowly edged with ashy; quills blackish, margined with 
ashy, the primaries with hoary white, extending the whole length of 
the fourth and fifth, the inner secondaries washed with reddish brown 
externally; upper tail-coveits like the back; centre tail-feathers 
ashy grey; the remainder black, externally ashy grey, the outer 
feather white along the outer web, and for the terminal third of the 
inner one, the penultimate feather wTith a wedge-shaped mark of 
white at the end ; crown of head dark ashy grey, contrasting with 
the back, and streaked with dusky blackish; lores and a broad eyebrow 
chestnut, as well as the eyelid; ear-coverts dark ashy grey 
like the sides of the neck; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body 
chestnut, becoming paler on the sides of the body, flanks, and under 
tail-coverts; the abdomen burly whitish; thighs whitish; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries white; quills below dusky, white along 
the inner edge: "iris dark brown" (White). Total length 5-3 
inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-4, tail 2-4, tarsus 0*8. 

Hob. Argentine Republic. 

a. c? ad. sk. Sierra de Totoral, Catamarca, Sclater Coll. 
Argentine Republic, July 30, (Type of species.) 
1880 (JE. W. White). 
67. POOSPIZA. 
643 

11. Poospiza omata. 
Poospiza omata. " LandbeeJc," Sol. & Salv. Nomenel. Av. Neotr. 
p. 30 (1873). 
Adult male. General colour above dark chestnut-brown; lesser 
wing-coverts dark ashy grey; median coverts white, forming a wing-
bar ; greater coverts blackish, edged with ashy, white near the ends; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky, edged with ashy, 
whitish on the primaries ; upper tail-coverts dark ashy grey ; centre 
tail-feathers dark brown, the remainder blackish, edged with ashy, 
with a white spot at the end of the inner web, increasing in size towards 
the outermost; crown of head and hind neck dark ashy grey ; 
lores dark ashy; eyebrow pale chestnut, bordered above by a blackish 
line along the sides of the crown ; eyelid huffy white; ear-eoverts 
and feathers below the eye dark ashy like the lores and sides of neck; 
below the eye a whitish spot; cheeks and under surface rich vinous 
chestnut; base of chin buffy whitish; abdomen paler and more 
cinnamon-rufous; sides of body and flanks deep maroon; thighs like 
the abdomen; under tail-coverts pale cinnamon ; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries pale tawny buff; quills below dusky, ashy along the 
inner edge. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*5, tail 2*2, 
tarsus 0*65. 

Adult female. Much paler everywhere than the male, the head 
and hind neck as well as the ear-coverts much lighter ashy than in 
the male; eyebrow reddish white • cheeks and under surface of body 
pale cinnamon-rufous, much lighter than in the male. Total length 
5*5 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2*5, tail 2*2, tarsus 0*65. 

Hab. "Western Argentine Eepublic and Mendoza. 

a, b. S $ ad. sk. Mendoza (Weisshaupf). Sclater Coll. 
c,d. cS $ ad. sk. Pampas Argentinas (Leybold). Salvin-Godinan Coll, 

12. Poospiza lateralis. 
Montese obscuro y roxo, Azara, Ajmnt. i. p. 434, no. 310 (1802). 

Fringilla lateralis, Nordm. in Erman's lieise, p. 10 (1835). 

Pipillo superciliosa, Swains. An. in Menag. p. 311 (1837); Gray, 

Gen. B. ii. p. 360 (1844). 
Tanagra pyrrhopyga, Zicht. MSS. in Hits. Berol. 
Poospiza lateralis, Cab. Arch.f. Naturg. 1847, p. 350; Bp. Consp. i. 

p. 473; Zicht Nomenel. A v. Berol. p. 43 (1854); M. §• tialv. 
Nomenel. Av. Neotr. p. 30 (1873); Barrows, Bull. Nutt. Orn. 
Club, viii. p. 130 (1883). 
Poospiza 
superciliosa, Cab. Mm. Hem. Th. i. p. 137 (1850); Salv. 
Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 226 (1882). 
Passerina lateralis, Gray, JEand-l. B. ii. p. 98, no. 7466 (1870). 

Adult. General colour above ashy grey, washed with olive on the 
mantle and upper back: the lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts bright chestnut; lesser wing-coverts dark slaty grey; 
median and greater coverts blackish, externally edged with slaty 
grey, the outer greater coverts rather broadly edged with white; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, edged with 

644 iFEHraiXIIDJS. 

ashy, the outer primaries with greyish white, the fourth and fifth 

being bordered with white to the base, the inner secondaries 

externally reddish brown; tail-feathers blackish brown, edged with 

ashy, the three outer ones white at the end of the inner webb, in


creasing in extent towards the outermost, which has the outer web 

for the most part white ; crown of head duller ashy than the back ; 

the forehead blackish, extending in a line above the eye; lores 

dusky, surmounted by a white streak: feathers below the eye and 

ear-coverts dark slaty grey, with whitish shaft-lines; cheeks, throat, 

and fore neck fawn-buff; chest, centre of breast, and abdomen pure 

white; sides of breast, sides of body, and flanks deep rutou* or 

chestnut; thighs dark ashy; under tail-coverts chestnut, a little 

paler than the flanks; under wing-coverts and asdllariea white; 

quills below dusky, whitish along the inner edge : " bill blackish 

brown, paler on the lower mandible, but not quite white ; feet fleshy 

brown ; iris brown " (Burmeister). Total length 8 inches, culmen 

0*55, wing 2-8, tail 3-6, tarsus 0*9. 
Hah. South-eastern Brazil. 
a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk. 
Brazil. 
Brazil. 
Purchased. 
Zoological Society J\\ 

13. Poospiza assimilis, 
Poospiza assimilis, Cab. 3£us. Hein. Th. i. p. L*)7, note (ISOO); Buna, 
Th. Bms.Th. iii. p. 216, note (IboQ); Pelz. Oni. Brrm. p. 4:50 
(1871j ; White, P. Z. S. lSb% p. 599. 

Poospiza cabanisi, Bp. Consp. i. p. 478 (1850); Burm. Tit. Bra*, iii. 

p. 216 (1856). 
Passerina assimilis, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 90, no. 7474 (1*570 U 
Passerina cabartisi, Gray, /. c. p. 99, no. 7470 (1870). 
Poospiza lateralis {nee Nordm.), Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 220 (lb7l|. 
Adult male. General colour above a^hy brown, gradually wabhed 
with rufous towards the rump and upper tail-coverts, which are 
entirely ferruginous ; lesser wing-coverts dark slaty grey; median 
coverts the same, but slightly tinged with reddish brown ; greater 
coverts dusky brown, edged with reddish brown, the outer one.** 
with ashy, white towards the ends; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts blackish, edged with ashy ; quills dusky brown, edged with 
reddish brown, broader and more rufous on the inner .secondaries, 
the primaries edged with ashy, hoary whitish towards the ends; 
tail-feathers blackish, the three outer ones tipped with white on the 
inner web, increasing towards the outermost; crown of head ashy 
brown like the mantle ; lores dark ashy, surmounted by a white 
eyebrow; eyelid blackish ; ear-coverts dark ashy, with whitish Khaft-

Hnes; cheeks and chin ashy whitish; lower throat and fore neck 
pal© ashy grey; breast and abdomen white; sides of body and 
flanks cinnamon-rufous; thighs white; under tail-coverts* pale 
tawny buff; under wing-coverts and axillaries whitish, with ashy 
bases, those near the edge of the wing dusky, forming a patch ; quills 

67 . POOSPIZA. 
645 
below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total length 5*2 inches, 
culmen 0-55, wing 2-5, tail 2-4, tarsus 0*85. 
Eab. Argentine Bepublic. 


a. J ad. sk. Conception, Misiones, Argentine Re- Sclater Coll. 
public, June 27, 1881 (E. W. White). 
14. Poospiza torquata. 
Emberiza torquata, J)1 Orb. §• Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1837, p. 82. 

Poopiza 
torquata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 473 (1850); Barm. Reise La-
Plata St. ii. p. 484 (18(31) ; Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 110 (1862) ; 
id. # Sale. Nomenel. AD. JNTeotr. p. 30 (1873) ; iid. JP. Z. S. 1879, 

p. 605; White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 599; Salmn, Cat. Strichl. Coll 
p. 227 (1882). 
Passerina torquata, Gray, Rand-l. B. ii. p. 98, no. 7467 (1870). 
Adult male. General colour above dark slaty grey; lesser wing-
coverts like the back; median coverts black, tipped with ashy; 
greater coverts black, all but the inner ones broadly tipped with 
white, forming a wing-bar; bastard-wing and primary-coverts 
black; quills blackish, edged with ashy, the inner primaries externally 
margined with white; upper tail-coverts like the back; tailfeathei'b 
black, edged with ashy, the outer feather white along the 
outer web and across the terminal third of the inner one ; the penultimate 
feather with a wedge-shaped spot of white at the end of the 
inner web, reduced to a small spot on the third feather; crown of 
head a little darker grey than the back, bordered by a line of black 
from the base of the bill to the sides of the nape; lores black; a 
broad eyebrow and the upper and under edge of the eyelid white; 
ear-coverts and feathers below the eye black like the lores, forming 
a broad band down the sides of the neck; cheeks and throat white; 
lower throat and fore neck black, the feathers edged with ashy; 
sides of fore neck and sides of breast ashy grey ; centre of breast 
and abdomen white; sides of body and flanks paler ashy grey; 
thighs ashy; under tail-coverts chestnut; under wing-coverts white, 
with a dusky spot near the edge of the wing; axillaries ashy; quills 
below dusky blackish, ashy whitish along the inner edge. Total 
length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2'55, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*65. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little browner above; 
the sides of the body rather browner than in the male. Total length 
5-0 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-4, tail 2*1, tarsus 0-65. _ 

Eab. Eastern Argentine Bepublic, Mendoza, and Bolivia. 

A, 6. [ c? $ ad.l sk. Bolivia. 
Sclater Coll. 

e. [ P1 ad. sk/ Bolivia. W. Bridges, Esq. [O.]. 
d.\ei ad. sk. Bolivia. W. Bridges, Esq. [O.j. 
e,/. Ad. sk. Tilotilo, Province of Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Yungas, Bolivia (C. 

Buckley), 

g. 
$ ad. sk. Mendoza, Feb. 1871 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
( Weibshaupt). 
h 
<S ad. sk. Pampas Argentinas Salvin-Godman Coll, 
(Leylold). 

mi8GTLTJ3M. 

68. 
JFMCO. ^ 
Junco, Waghr, Ms, 1881, p. 526 • J. cinereus. 
Struthus, Bp. Camp. List B. Bur. fy ^ Amer. p. 81 
(IS38, nee Boie) JL hiemalis. 
Nipheea, Audub. Syn. p. 106 (1839) J. hiemalis. 


Range. Forth America at large. Central America from Mexico 

to Guatemala. 

Key to the Species*. 

a. 
No chestnut on the wing-coverts or inner secondaries, 
these being externally brown or a^hy. 
a\ No pinkish brown on the sides of the body. 
a". General colour above ashy blackish; no 
white bars on the wing. . . a'". 
Bill pinkish white or yellowish Me?nal£$, p. 647. 
b"'. Bill horn-colour carolinthsm, p. 049, 

b". General colour light ashy grey above; two 
wing-bars formed by the whitish tips to 
the wing-coverts aikeni, p. 640. 


b'. Sides of body pinkish brown; back brown, 

more or less contrasting with the head. 
c". Head black as well as the throat oregonus, p. G*~6. 
d". Head ashy; throat paler ashy. 

c'". Head and hind neck clear ashy, contrasting 
with the brown back; bill yellow .. annectens, p. 051. • 

d'". Head and hind neck ashy brown, not 
strongly contrasting with the brown j imidaris7 p. (>*)~2, 
back; bill longrhorn-coloured \bairdi, p. 653. 

c\ Sides of body ashy grey; mantle bright chestnut 
dorsaiiBf p. 655. 
Greater coverts and inner secondaries externally 
chestnut; sides of body ashy or brown. 


d'. Three outer tail-feathers nearly or entirely 
white; back bright chestnut] bill entirely 
yellow cam'cfipsj p. 654. 


e\ White on two outer tail-feathers only. 

e". Smaller; white on tail extending beyond 
the middle of the penultimate feather; 
the outer one almost entirely white f. 


e"'. Upper parts of head and neck with rump 
clear ashy grey; lores greyish black palk'aim, p. 655. 

/"' . 
Upper parts of head and neck with 
rump dark grey, inclining to slate-colour, 
the rump often tinged with olive; lores 
deep black cineretis, p. 653. 

* Most of the species of Jwieo are granted only subspecific rank by American 
ornithologists, on account of their blending one into the other. Even such distinct 
species as Junco hiemalis and J. oregonus are said to merge, and the intermediate 
connecting link has been named J. connectem by Dr. Ooues (Kev N 
Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 378). * 
t The distribution of white on the tail is presumed to be the same in J. palliatu$ 
as in J. cinereus. I have not seen J. paUiatus. 

68. JTOCO. 
647 
/" . Larger; the white on tlie outer tail-feathers 
confined to a wedge-shaped mark, which 
does not extend beyond the middle of the 
feather alticola, p. 656. 

1. Jtuico hiemalis. 
The Snow Bird, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carol i. p. 36, pi. 36 (1731). 
L'Ortolan de neige noir, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 289 (1760). 
Emberiza hiemalis, Linn. Syst Nat i. p. 308 (1766); Temm, Man. 

cVOm. iii. p. 234 (1835); * Werner, Atlas, Granivores, pi. 38. 
Fringilla hudsonia, Forster, Phil. Trans, lxii. p. 428 (1772): Gm. 

Syst Nat i. p. 02(3(1788). 
L'Ortolan Jacobin, Month. Hist. Nat Ois. iv. p. 335 (1778). 
Black Bunting, Lath. Gm. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 166 (1783) : Penn. Arctic 

. 
ZooUi. p. 859 (1783). 
Fringilla nivalis (nee Linn.), Wils. Amer. Orn. ii. p. 129, pi. 16. 
fig. 6 (1810) ; Nutt. Man. p. 491 (1840). 
Fringilla hiemalis, Swains, fy Rich. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 259 
(1831); Audub. B. Amer. pi. xiii.; id. Orn. Biogr.i. p. 72 (1831), 

v. p. 505 (1839); Jard. ed. JVils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 272, pi. 16. fig.« 
(1832); Gould, B. Fur. iii. pi. 190 (1837) : Gray. Gen. B. ii. 
p. 372 (1849) ; Nemoied, J.f.O. 1858, p. 277. 
Struthus hiemalis, Bp. Comp. List B. Fur. fy 2V. Amer. p. 31 (1838) ; 
id. Comp. i. p. 475 (1850). 
Niphoea hiemalis, Audub. Syn. p. 106 (1839); id. B. Amer. iii. 

p. 88, pi. 167 (1841); Giraud, B. Long Isl. p. 108 (1844) ; Cab. 
Mm. Hem. Th. i. p; 134 (1850). 
Euspiza (Niphsea) hiemalis, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 130 
(1849). 
Niphsea hudsonia, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 43 (1854). 
Junco hiemalis, Sol. P.Z.S. 1857, p. 7 ; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 468 

(1858); Blahist Ibis, 1862, p. 6,1863, p. 76; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. 

p. 115 (1862) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 488; Coues, Proe. Philad. 
Acad. 1866, p. 85; Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 270; Ball fy Bann. 
Trans. Chicago Acad. i. p. 284 (1869); Gray, Hand4. B. ii. 
p. 93, no. 7372 (1870); Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ii. p. 278 
(1871); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 141 (1872); Ridgw. Amer. 
Nat vii. p. 613 (1873); Baird, Brewer, $ Ridgw. Hist N 
Amer. B. i. p. 580, pi. 26. fig. 5 (1874); Coues, B. N.-West, 
p. 141 (1874); Hensh. Rep. Zool. Fxpl. 100th Merid. p. 266 
(1875); Coues, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 593 (1878); Maynard, 
B. Florida, p. 93 (1878); Ridgw. Proe. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 170 
(1881); Solum, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 232 (1882); Nelson, Cruise 
R. S. 'Corwin; p. 71 (1883); Steams, Proe. U.S. Nat Mus. vi. 
p. 117 (1883) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 377 (1884); 
Brewster, Auk, i. p. 15 (1884) ; Merriam, Attic, ii. p. 63 (1885); 
Bichnell, t. c. p. 146 ; Agersb. t. e. p. 281; Murdoch, Fxped. Pt. 
Barrow, p. 107 (1885); Turner, Proe. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 240 
(1885); Breivst. Auk, iii. pp. 98, 101,278; Rivers, t c. pp. 157,160; 
Batehelder, t c. p. 308; Fox, t c. p. 318 ; Seton, t c. p. 324 ; A. O. 
U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 274 (1886). 
Adult male in breeding-£>himaye. General colour above ashy 
blackish, rather more distinctly ashy on the lower back and rump ; 
lesser and median coverts ashy blackish; greater coverts, bastard-
wing, and primary-coverts blackish, edged with, ashy; quills blackish, 

648 XBJSQlLLn>M* 

edged with ashy, decidedly clearer and more grey on the margins 

of the primaries; upper tail-coverts ashy black; tail-feathers blackish, 

edged with ashy, the two outer feathers white, the third one with 

a wedge-shaped mark of white on the inner web, with the basal part 

of the outer web also white; crown of head and hind neck rather 

blacker than the rest of the back; lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, 

cheeks, throat, sides of neck, and fore neck ashy blackish ; remainder 

of under surface from the chest downwards white; sides of body, 

flanks, and thighs ashy blackish; under tail-coverts white; under 

wing-coverts blackish, the long ones tipped with white, forming a 

wing-bar ; axillaries blackish ; quills below blackish, a&hy along the 

inner edge : " bill white, tinged with red, dark-coloured at tip ; feet 

and legs flesh-coloured; iris blackish brown" {Audition). Total 

length 6 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 3*15, tail 2*5, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female in breeding-plumage. Lighter ashy than the male, 

tending to ashy blackish on the head and hind neck ; the penulti


mate tail-feather with a small brown edging to the end of the outer 

web, and the white on the third feather reduced to an irregular 

mark on the inner web. Total length 6 inches, culmen U*45, 

wing 3*1, tail 2-35, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult male in winter plumage. More ashy than in summer, and 

overshaded with brown; wing-coverts edged at the endb with pale 

ashy; secondaries also washed with brown or ashy brown exter


nally ; the white on the outer tail-feathers as in the old female, but 

a little more developed on the third feather; axillaries white, \* ith 

blackish bases; wing-coverts white, excepting a blackish patch near 

the outer edge of the wing. 

The darkening of the axillaries and under wing-coverts of the 

male in summer is a curious phenomenon in this species, the white 

tips either being much reduced in extent or disappearing altogether. 

The adult female in winter plumage is altogether browner than in 

the summer plumage, the grey colouring being entirely obscured by 

rusty brown, which is very pronounced on the inner secondaries"; 

there is also a slight yellowish tinge on the white abdomen. 

Young before the first moult Entirely streaked or spotted like 
most very young Sparrows. Upper parts streaked with blackish and 
rusty brown, the secondaries and wing-coverts conspicuously edged 
with the latter. Upper parts streaked or speckled with diibky and 
ochry brown on all the fore part and sides; the belly and erisbura 
soiled whitish; bill dusky, paler below. (E. Gouts.) 

The young after the first moult resemble the winter plumage of 
the adult female. 

Hal. North America at large, but chiefly east of the Eoeky Mountains, 
breeding from the higher parts of the Alleghanies and northern 
New York and northern New England northwards. Kouth in 
winter to the Gulf States. {A. 0. U. Check-list, I c.) 

a> Ad. sk. N. America. Purchased. 

h. r 2 ] ad. sk. N. America. Sclater Coll. 
c,d. Ad sk Kepulse Bay. ])r. Rae [P.]. 
68 . JTTCTC0. 
649 
e)f* 69 9>h* $ Fort Simpson. B. B. Boss, Esq. 
ad. sk. [P1. 
*, h91 Ad, sk. 49th. Parallel, April (G. Daw- N.A. Boundary Com. 
son). [P.]. 
m, n. dad. sk, Illinois, April (H. K. Code). B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

0. Ad. sk. Illinois. 
B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
p. ? ad. sk. Chicago, Illinois. Oct. 29,1877 B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(H. jr. code). 
q. 2 ad. sk. New York (Hurst). Sclater Coll. 
r. 
d1 ad. sk. Pembroke, New Hampshire, B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Oct. 28, 1882. [P.J. 
s. 
2 &&-sk- Across Eastern Branch, Mary- Salvin-Godrnan Coll. 
land, April 13, 13C0 (E. 
Coues; Sm. no. 29086). 
i. 
<f ad. sk. Maryland, Feb. 28, 1861 (E. Salviu-Godrnan Coll. 
Coues • Sin. no. 29033). 
«, 0. d ? ad. sk. District of Columbia (C Drear- U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
&/•; Sm.nos. 28440,28458). 
«?. Ad. sk. District of Culumbia (C. Dress- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ler; Sm.no. 28460). 

x. 
Ad. sk. District of Columbia, Jan. 13, Salvin-Godrnan Coll. 
1871 (22. liidgxcay). 
Subsp. a. Jnnco carolinensis. 
J unco hiemalis carolinen&is, Brewst. Auk, iii. p. 108(1886); Batehelder, 
t. c. p. 311. 
Adult male. Middle of breast behind and of the belly, under tail-
coverts, and outer three tail-feathers white, the third feather with 
a narrow inner edging of slate- colour; remainder of plumage deep 
bluish or ashy plumbeous, the crown and back concolor, the throat 
a shade lighter• no blackish anywhere except on the wings and tail, 
the feathers of which are nearly, if not quite, black, with greyish 
plumbeous outer edging; bill (in the dried specimens) dark horncolour. 
Wing 3-20, tail 2-70, bill 0-51. (Brewster, I. c.) 
Adult female. Smaller than the male, and generally lighter 
coloured, with a tinge of brownish above. "Wing 2-98, tail 2*67. 

(Brewster, I. c.) 
Hah. Mountains of Western North Carolina. 


2. Junco aikeni. 
Junco hiemalis, var. aikeni, Mdgw. in Aiken, Proc. Bost. Soc. N H. 
xv. p. 201 (1872); id. Amer. Nat. vii. p. 013 (1873); Baird, 
Brewer, § Mdgw, Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 584, pi. 26. fig. 6 (1874) ; 
m?isk. Bep. Zool JExpl 100th Merid. p. 26G (1875). 
Junco hiemalis aikeni, Coues, Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 55 (1882) ; 
id. Key M Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 378 (1884). 

Junco aikeni, Mdgw, Proc. U. & Nat. Mus. iii. pp. 179, 217 (1881); 
Brew, Aide, ii. p. 10 (ISSo); Cooke, t c. p. 32; A. O. U. Checklist 
N. Amer. B. p. 274 (1886). 

Adult ft male. Similar to the same sex of J. hiemalis, but larger, 
paler ashy grey, and distinguished by the white ends to the median 
and greater coverts, the inner secondaries also externally white. 
Total length 0*5 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3*4, tail 2-o, tarsus 0*8. 

650 
FRIKGJXLTDiE. 

The three outer tail-feathers are white, and the fourth has a mark 

of white on the inner web. 
Hah. Colorado, north to the Black Hills, where it breeds {A. 0. 


U. CTiecJc-list, I.e.), 
a. 
$ ad. sk. El Paso county, Colorado, Feb. 24, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
1874 (C. E. Aiken). [P.]. 
3. Junco oregonus. 
Fringilla oregona, Towns. Proc. Philad. Acad. vii. p. 188 (1837) ; 
Audub. B. Amer. pi. 398; id. Cm. Bioyr. v. p. 08 (1839}; Gray, 
Gen. B. ii. p. 372 (1849). 

Struthus oregonus, Bp. Gump. List B.Eur. # N. Amer. p. 31 (1838); 
id. Consp. i. p. 475 (1850) ; Woodh. in Sitgr. Rep. Zuni $ Color. 

R. p. 83 (1854). 
Niphaea oregona, Aud. Syn. p. 107 (1839); id. B. Amer. iii. p. 91, 
pi. 168 (1841); Cab. Mas. Eein. Tfa. i. p. 134 (1850). 
Fringilla hudsonia (nee Forst), Lieht Ahhaadl k. Ahad. Berlin, 
1839, p. 424. 
Fringilla atrata, Brandt, Iron. Rosso-Asiat pi. 2. fig. 8. 
Junco oregonus, Sdater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 7; Baird, B. X. Amer. 

p. 46G (1858); Set Cat Amer. B. p. 115{lfe62j; Blakkt. Ibis, 
1863, p. 76; Cone*, Proc. Philad. Acad.ip. 85 (1KJG); Baird, Ibis, 
1867, p. 270; Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 422; Ball % Buna. Trans. 
Chicago Acad. i. p. 284 (I860); Cooper, B. Calif, p. 109 (^70); 
Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 93, no. 7369(1870) ; Finnch, AbhandL ft at 
Ver. Bremen, 1872, p. 53; Allen, Bull. Mux. Camp. ZooL iii. 
pp. 118, 167, 177 (1572); Coues, Key X. Amer. B. p. 141 0*7*2) ; 
Baird, B reiver,fyRid(/to. Hist. X. Amer. B.i.j}. 584, pi. 26. tip*. 2 
(1874); Coues, B. X.-West, p. 142 (1874); Hemk. Rep. Zool 
Expl 100th Mend. p. 267 (1875); Belding, Proc. U.S. Xaf. Mus. 
i. p. 416 (1879) ; Cooper, op. cit ii. p. 248 (1880); Rkkpc. op. cii. 
iii. p. 179 (1881); Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 232 (1^82) ; Bean, 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. y. p. 152 (1882); Drew, Auk, ii. p. 16 
(1885); Batchelder, t. c. p. 123; Beekh. i. c. p. 141; Scott, t c. 
p. 174; Hensh. Auk, iii. p. 74 (1886). 
Junco hiemalis, var. oregonus, Ridgzo. A?ner.Xaf.xil. p. 613(1873). 
Junco hemalis oregonus, 
Coues, Check-l. X. Amer. 2?. p. 56 (18^2); 
id. Keg N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 378 (1884); A. O. U. Check-list 

X. Amer. B. p. 274 (1886); Anthony, Auk, iii. p. 169 (1886); 
Everm. t. c. p. 182; Seton, t. e. p. 324. 
Adult male. General colour above rufous chocolate-brown, the 
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts dull ashy ; lesser wing-
coverts dark ashy grey ; median and greater coverts dusky or blackish 
brown, edged with lighter brown, paler at the ends; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills blackish, edged with ashy, inclining to 
white on the first primary, the secondaries externally rufous-
brown, paler at the end of the outer web; tail-feathers dark ashy 
blackish, the two outer ones entirely white, excepting the extreme 
base, which is blackish; the third feather with a longitudinal 
wedge-shaped mark of white on the inner web; crown of head 
black, abruptly defined on the hind neck; lores, sides of face, ear-
coverts, cheeks, throat, sides of neck, and fore neck black, sharply 
defined on the latter; chest and remainder of under surface white ; 

68. JXJNCO. 
651 
sides of body and flanks dull pinkish, brown; thighs white, with 
ashy bases; under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries ashy, the latter edged with whitish, and the wing-coverts 
broadly tipped with white; quills below dusky, ashy along the 
inner edge: " bill reddish white, tho tip dusky; feet and claws 
flesh-colour; iris hazel" (Audubon). Total length 5*7 inches, oilmen 
0*35, wing 3, tail 2-55, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but rather browner. Total 
length 5*8 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3-15, tail 2-6, tarsus 0*8. 
The changes of plumage in this species are similar to those undergone 
by J. hiemcdis, according to Dr. Coues. 

Hah. Western United States, northward to Alaska, east to the 
Plains, south in winter to New Mexico, Arizona, and South California. 
Accidentally in Michigan and Massachusetts. (A. 0. U. 
Chech-list, I. c.) 

a. Ad. sk. " Kamtsckatka.'1 Mr. Brandt. 
b. 
f J imm.] sk. Fort Simpson. B. R. Ross, Esq. [P.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Vancouver Island. Dr. Lyall [P.]. 
d. e. ad. sk. S. Juan Island. Dr. Lyall [P.J. 
ftff-c$V*-? ac*"'•> British Columbia. J. K.'Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
i. Imm. sk. 
k, L (S 2 ad. sk. Cascade Mountains. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
m. S ad. sk. Fort Bridger, Utah, April 15, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1838 (C. Dmvler; Sm.no. 
11171). 
n. 
J ad. sk. Fort Klamath, Oregon, Nov. U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
5,1882 (Q. Bendire; Sm. 
no. 94824). 
o. Ad. sk. California. 
Sclater Coll. 
p. 
J ad. sk. California (Heerman; Sm. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
no. 3921). 
q1 r, s, t, u. Ad. sk. California. LordWalsing-ham[P.]. 


v. (S ad. sk. San Bernardino, California, R. B. Sharpe,Esq. [P.]. 
Jan. 9,1883 (22. B.Hetton). 
w. S 
ad. sk. Walker's Basin, California, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Nov. 5,1875 (H. W. Henshaw 
; Sm. no. 72196). 
x. 
<J ad. sk. N. California, Nov. 16,1883 U.S.Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
(C H. Toivmend; Sm. no. 
95097). 
y. 
Ad. sk. Nevada, California, Oct. 1872 R. B. Sharpe,Esq. [P.]. 
(R W. Nelson). 
z A ad. sk. Bear Valley, California, Feb. Q-. Frean Morcom,Bbq. 
6, 1886 (F. Stephens). [P."|. 
a' 
Qad.sk. Fort Tejon, California (J U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
Xantus; Sm. no. 10268). 


4. Junco auuectens. 
Junco annectens, Baird, in Cooper's B. Calif, p. 564 (1870);i2%f • 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 217 (1881); Dmo9Auk,i\.^\Q 
(1885); BatcJielder, t c. p. 306; llensh. Auk, m. p. /4 (Ibbb) ; 

A. 
O. U. Check-list N Amer. B. p. 275 (1886). 
Junco 
oregonus (nee Towns.), Merriam, Bull. U.S. GeoL burv. 
872, p. 687. 

652 FBIN-GILLID2E. 

Junco oregonus, var. annectens, Hensh. Hep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's 

JEvped. p. 115 (1874); id. Rep. Zool Rvpl. 100th Merid. p. 268, 

pi. viii. (1875). 

Junco cinereus, var. canicepa (pt), Coues, B.N.-West, p. 143 (1874). 

Junco hiemahs annectens, Cones, Check-list iV". Amer. B. p. 6 

(1882); id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 379 (1884). 

Adult. General colour above pale earthy brown, more ashy on 

the scapulars; lower back and rump paler slaty grey; lesser wing-

coverts slaty grey; median and greater coverts dusky, with slaty-

grey edges, paler on the latter series, the innermost of which are 

externally brown; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish; 

quills blackish, edged with ashy, browner on the inner secondaries ; 

the primaries margined with hoary grey; upper tail-coverts slaty 

grey; tail-feathers dusky brown, edged with ashy, the two outer 

ones almost cntiroiy white; crown of head and hind neck light 

slaty grey; lores and feathers round the eye blackish; sides of face, 

ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, and fore neck light slaty grey; breast 

and abdomen white; sides of body and flanks pinkish brown ; thighs 

ashy; under tail-coverts white, with dusky centres; under wing-

coverts and axillaries slaty grey, the latter edged with whitish ; 

quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total length 5-8 

inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3*1, tail 2-65, tarsus 0*75. 

Hah. Bocky-Mountain region, from Arizona and New Mexico [in 

winter], north to Idaho and Montana {A. 0. U. Chech-list, I. e.). 

a. Ad. sfe. [N. America.] Saivin-Gfodman Coll. 
5. Junco insularis. 
Junco insularis, Ridqiu. Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. ii. p. 188 (1876); id. 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm. iii. p. 217 (1881) ; A. 0. U. Check-l. N. 
Amer. B. p. 276 (1886). 

Adult female. General colour above uniform chocolate-brown; 
rump and upper tail-coverts more ashy grey; lesser and median 
coverts dull slaty grey, the latter with faint paler tips ; greater 
coverts dusky brown, edged with ashy brown, slightly paler at the 
ends ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, 
margined with ashy, browner on the secondaries; tail-feathers 
dusky brown and edged with ashy, the two outer ones for the most 
part white, with an oblique basal mark of blackish on the inner 
web, the outer web fringed with blackish near the end, these 
characters more pronounced on the penultimate feather, the third 
with an irregular patch near the end of the inner web ; crown of 
head dark slaty grey, washed with brown; lores and feathers 

round the eye blackish; ear-coverts and sides of face dark slaty 
grey; cheeks, throat, and fore neck lighter slaty grey; centre of 
breast and abdomen ashy whitish; sides of body and flanks dull 
pinkish brown: thighs dark ashy grey; under tail-coverts white, the 
long ones with dusky centres; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
dull ashy grey; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. 
Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 055, wing 2*5, tail 2-15, tarsus 0*8. 

Hah. Island of Guadelupe, Lower California. 

a. $ ad. sk. G-uadelupe Island (E. Palmer: Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sm. no. 70021). 
68. Jtroo. 
653 
6. Junco "bairdi. 
Junco bairdi, 
Mdgivay, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mtis. vi. p. 155 (1883, ex 
Belding, MSS.j; Belding, t. c. p. 348; A. 0. U. Chech-lid N. 
Amer. B. p. 276 (1886). 

Adult. Head and neck ash-grey, gradually lightening into very 
pale ashy on the throat; the occiput and nape somewhat tinged 
with brown; lores blackish, in distinct contrast; back, scapulars, 
upper (or inner) greater wing-coverts, and tertials dull light rufous 
brown, somewhat tinged with olive : rump and upper tail-coverts 
greyish olive, or light greyish brown, as are also the lesser, middle, 
and lower (outer) greater wing-coverts; primaries more grey, 
edged with paler, the outermost white on the margin; inner webs 
of tertials dusky; tail dusky greyish olive-brown, the exterior 
feather chiefly white, the next with nearly the terminal half white 
next the shaft, the third with or without a small terminal white 
spot; jugulum very pale buffy greyish, in rather abrupt, though 
not pronounced, contrast with the white of the abdomen; entire 
sides and flanks deep cinnamon-buff; crissum dull white; maxilla 
dark brown (not black); mandible " bright yellow;" iris " colour of 
ripe oranges " or " bright yellow;" legs and feet pale brown in the 
dried skin. Wing 2-75-2-8, tail 2-70-2-80, culmen 0-40-0-41, 
depth of bill through base 0*25, tarsus 0*80, middle toe 0-51-0-55. 

(Ridgway.) 
Bab. Lower California. 

7. Junco cinerens. 
Fringilla cinerea, Swains. Phil Mag. new ser. i. p. 435 (1827); 

Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 372 (1849). 
Junco phseonotus, Wagler, Isis, 1831, p. 526. 
Junco cinerens, Bp. Consp. i. p. 486 (1850) ; Cab. Mus. Sein. Th. i. 

p. 134 note (1850) ; ScL P. Z. S. 1856, p. 306,1858, p. 304,1851), 
p. 365; Bawd, B. N. Amer. p. 465 (1858) ; Scl Cat. Amer. B. 
p. 115 (1862); id. P. Z. S. 1804, p. 174 ; Dugh, La Nat. i. p. 140 
(1868) - Sumiehr. Mem. Bod. Soc. N. II. i. p. 551 (1869); Gray, 
Hand4. B. ii. p. 93, no. 7368 (1870); Scl. # Salv. Nomencl. Av. 
Neotr. p. 32 (1873); Ilensh. Rep. Zool. JELtpl 100th Merid. p. 271, 
pi. x. (1875); Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. hi. p. 180 (1881); 
Salvin, Cat. StricU. Coll p. 232 (1882); Scott, Auk, ii. p. 174 
(1885) ; Brewster, t. c. p. 198 ; Ridgw. t. c. p. 363 (1885; ; Salmi 
8f Godman, Biol Cent r.-Amer'., Aves, i. p. 373 (1886). 
Adult male. General colour above bright chestnut or bay on the 
interscapulary region, upper back, and scapulars ; lower back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts ashy grey; lesser and median coverts 
ashy grey, or grey with blackish bases ; greater coverts the same as 
the median coverts, the inner ones bright bay externally, ashy on 
the inner web; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, 
externally edged with ashy grey, more hoary on the margins of the 
primaries, the inner secondaries externally bright chestnut; tail-
feathers blackish, edged with ashy, the penultimate feather with a 

JTRIN-GILIIDiB. 

654 

long wedge-shaped mark of white on the inner web, the outermost 

feather almost entirely white, except an oblique blackish mark at 

the base of the inner web, and a blackish edging to the end of the 

outer web ; crown of head and hind neck ashy grey : lores and 

feathers round eye blackish; extreme base of chin dusky ; sides of 

face, car-coverts, and sides of neck dark ashy grey ; cheeks, throat, 

and fore neck lighter ashy, shading off paler on the breast towards 

the abdomen, which is whitish; sides of body and flanks light 

ashy; thighs ashy; under tail-coverts white with ashy bases; 

under wing-coverts 
and axillaries light ashy, the median wing-

coverts white at the ends ; quills below dusky, ashy isabelline along 

the inner edge. Total length 5*8 inches, culm en 0*45, wing 3*1, 

tail 2*85, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 5*8 inches, 

culmen 0*5, wing 3-1, tail 2-75, tarsus 0*8. 

The winter plumage 
of the adults only differs from the breeding-

plumage in being shaded with brown, with which all the feathers 

are edged. 

Young. Eecalls the colour of the adults, but is everywhere 

spotted with triangular black markings at the end of the feathers, 

both above and below; tho wing-coverts and inner secondaries are 

edged with pale fulvous at the end. 

Bab. Eastern mountain-districts of Mexico (from the Sierra 

Madre of Chihuahua to the high districts of Yera Cruz) (teste 

Ridgway, I. c). 

a. Ad. sk. Mexico. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Mexico. 
Purchased. 
c. Ad. sk. Mexico. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
d. e. $ $ ad. sk. Ciudad Durango, June 17 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(A. Forrer). 
f. 
Juv. sk. Ciudad Durango, July 4 (A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Forrer). 
g. Ad. sk. Jalapa (Be Oca). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
h. $ juv. sk. Jalapa (Be Oca). Sclater Coll. 
i. <$ ad. sk. Popocatepetl (Be Saussure). Sclater Coll. 
h. <$ ad. sk. S. Mexico. 
A. Salle* [C.]. 
8. Junco caniceps. 
Strutlms caniceps, IVoodh. Proc. Bhilad. Acad. 1852, p. 202; id. 
in Sitgr. Hep. Zuni § Color. 11 p. 83, pi. 3 (1853). 

Junco 
cancieps, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 4G8, pi. 72. fig. 1 (1858); 
Cot<es, Proc. Fhilad. Acad. 1806, p. 85; Cooper, B. Calif, p. 201 
(1870) ; Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 93, no. 7370 (1870) ; Allen, Bull 
Mus. Comp. Zool iii.p. 177(1872); Baird, Brewer, 8? Bidgw. Hist, 
N Amer. B. I p. 587, pi. 20. fig. 3 (1874); Bidgw. Broc. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. iii. p. 179 (1881) ; Brew, Aulc, ii. p. 16 (1885) ; Batch-
elder, t. c. p. 123 ; Berth t c. p. 141; Hensh. Auk, iii. p. 74 (1886); 

A. O. U. Check-list N. Amen. B. p. 275 (1886). 
Junco cinereus, var. caniceps, Coues, EeyN. Amer. B. p. 141 (1872) : 
id. B. N-West, p. 143 (1874); Hensh. Bep. Zool. JExpl. 100th Merid. 

p. 269 (1875). 
Junco hiemalis, var. caniceps, Bidgw. Amer. Nat. vii. p. 613 (1873). 
68. JOTCO. 
655 
Junco hiemalis caniceps, Coues, Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 56 (1882); 
id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 379 (1884). 
Junco cinereus caniceps, Scott, Auk, ii. p. 174 (1885). 

Adult male. Yery similar to J. cinereus, but easily distinguished 
by the brighter bay of the mantle, the greater extent of white on 
the breast and abdomen, by the absence of chestnut on the scapulars 
and wing-coverts, all of which are grey, and by the greater amount 
of white on the tail, the two outer feathers of which are almost 
entirely white. Total length 5*7 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 3*2, 
tail 2-6, tarsus 0*8. 

Hob. Bockj^-Mountain region from the Black Hills to the 
"Wahsatcb and Uinta mountains, south to New Mexico and 
Arizona (A. 0. U. Check-list, I. c). 

a. 
c? ad. sk. Cantonment Burgrwin, New R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Mexico (IF. W\ Anderson). [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. South Park, Aug. 1807 {Prof. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Powell-, Sm.no. 51G31). 
c. Ad. sk. Eocky Mountains, Aug. 20,1874 U. S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
(Dr. E. Coues; Sm. no. 
72993). 
9. Junco palliatus. 
Junco cinereus palliatus, Ridgw. Auk, ii. p. 364 (1885); A. 0. U. 
Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 275 (1886). 

Adult. Outer web of tertials and some of the wing-coverts rufous; 
upper parts of head and neck, with rump, clear ash-grey; lores 
greyish black (Ridgway). 

Hah. Mountains of Central and Southern Arizona (Ridgway). 

10. Junco dorsalis. 
Junco dorsalis, Eenry, Proo. Philad. Acad. 1858, p. 117 ; Baird, B. 2V. 
^we;-.p.4G7;pl. 28. %. 11 (1858); Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 93, no. 
7371 (1870); Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 179 (1881). 

Junco cinereus, var. caniceps (pt.), Coues, B. N.-West, p. 143 (1874). 
Junco hiemalis dorsalis, Ilensh. Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheelers Exped. 

p. 115 (1874); Coues, Cheek-l. N. Amer. B. p. 56 (1882) j id. Key 
N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 379 (1884). 
Junco cinereus, var. dorsalis, Hensh. Rep. Zool. Expl. 100th Merid. 
p. 270, pi. ix. (1875). 
Junco 
cinereus dorsalis, Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 355 
(1885); A. O. U. Check-list 2V". Amer. B. p. 275 (1886) ; Ridgw. 
Auk, iii. p. 364 (1886). 

Adult General colour above dark ashy grey, the mantle and 
centre of the back chestnut; scapulars, lower back, rump, and upper 
tail-coverts dark ashy grey, somewhat shaded with brown; lesser 
wing-coverts dark ashy grey; median and greater coverts brown, 
edged with ashy; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky 
brown, margined with ashy, horny whitish on the primaries; tail


^EOTGILXrDJB. 

feathers blackish brown, edged with ashy; outer feather white, 
penultimate one white, excepting a brown edging to the end of the 
outer web, the third one with a long wedge-shaped mark of white 
along the inner web; crown of head and hind neek dark ashy grey; 
lores and eyelid blackish; ear-coverts, sides of face, and under 
surface of the body ashy grey, becoming paler and more ashy 
whitish on the lower breast and abdomen; sides of body and flanks 
pale ashy; thighs ashy; under tail-coverts white; under wing-
coverts and axillaries pale ashy, with whitish edges; quills below 
dusky, ashy whitish along the inner edge: " bill browni-h black 
above, below whitish; legs and feet brown ; iris hazel" (Il^tshurj. 
Total length 5-6 inches, oilmen 0*5, wing B'2D, tail 2*7, tar-Ub 0*8. 
Ilab. Mountains of ]NTew Mexico and Eastern Arizona yllvhjwaii, 

I. c). 
a. Ad. bk. Fort Bridger, Utah, July 1872(R TV. Nelson). 
It. B. Sbarpe. E-q. ~K\ 
11. Junco alticola. 

Junco alticola, Salvin, P.Z.S. 1863, p. ISO; id. Ibi*9 UM, p. litf; 
Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 03, no. 7373 (16701; Scl 4' Sal*\ XmumL 
Av. Neotr. p. 32 (1873) ; Salvin fy Godm. Biol Ctntr.-* tint rtJ Aw, 

i. p. 374, tab. xxvi. fig. 1 (1880). 
Junco hiemalis, var. alticola, Bidgw. Amer. Xat. vii. p. (tl'4 t1*73}. 
unco cinereus, var. alticola, Mklgiu. in Baird, Brewer, &f Hid*fir. Ilkt. 

X. Amer. B. p. 580 (1874). 
Adult (type of species). General colour above dull rufous-brown, 
the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts more earthy bruwn, m 
also the scapulars; lesser and median coverts dark a^hy, the latter 
washed with brown; greater coverts dark chestnut; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown, edged with a4iy. more 
hoary on the outer primaries, browner on the secondaries, the innermost 
of which are externally chestnut; tail-feathers blackish, edged 
with brown, the two outer ones with a large wedge-shaped mark of 
white, more extended on the outer feather; crown of he id ami 
hind neck dark slaty grey; lores and feathers round eye blackish ; 
sides of face, ear-coverts, as well as the sides of neck, dark slaty 
grey; cheeks, throat, and breast ashy grey, becoming paler on the 
latter, gradually towards the abdomen, which is whitish; dies of 
body and flanks brown ; thighs dark slaty grey; under tail-coverts 
pale sandy buff, with dull ashy centres; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries ashy, with whitish edges; near the edge of the wing a 
dusky patch; quills below dusky, ashy isabeliine along the inner 
edge. Total length 6*3 inches, culmen 0*55, wing t3'l^7 tail 2*75, 
tarsus 0*95. 

The sexes are alike in colour, and of about the same size. A 
male and female both have the wing 3*05 inches. 

Young. Similar to the adults, but with all the colours duller 
above and paler below, the feathers closely mottled with triangular 
blackish spots at the ends. 

69. 
SPIZELLA. 657 
Hah. Mountains of Guatemala. 

a. Ad. j b. $ ad. Pine Forests, Yolcan de Fuego, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sfc- Nov. 1861 (0. #.). (Types of the species.) 
c. Juv. sk. Totonieapan, Sept. 1862 (0.8.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d9 e, $ $ ad. sk. Pine Forests, Yolcan de Fuego, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Nov. 18,1873 (0. &). 
f>g* 62 a&- sk. Pine Forests, Volcan de Fuego, Sclater Coll. 
Nov. 18,1873(0. &). 
k Ad. sk. Quezaltenango, Aug. 1862 Sclater Coll. 

(0. &). 
69. 
SPIZELLA. ^ 
Spizella, Bp. Saggio titer. Met. p. 140 (1832) S. pusilia. 
Spinites, Cab. Mas. Eein. Tk. i. p. 133 (1850) S. socialis. 

Range, North America generally, extending as far as Guatemala 
in Central America. 


Key to the ftjoecies. 

a. 
Crown of head uniform or rufous. 
a'. Bill black or black and yellow, not reddish. 
an. Larger: no black on the foivliead ; a black j monticola, p. 657. 
spot in the centre of the chest .......... j ochracea, p. 659. 
b'f. Smaller: base of forehead black; no black 
spot on the chest. 
a"'. Crown of head light bay , socialis, p. 060. 
h"\ Crown of head deap chestnut .., . pmetorum, p. 663. 

b\ BiH reddish brown; eyebrow a,hy grey \^S^^m. 

h. 
Crown of head streaked or mottled with black like 
the back. 
c'. Eyebrow rufescent; centre of crown sandy 
rufous, lighter than the sides pusilia autumn., 
d\ Eyebrow white; centre of crown ashy. [p. 665. 
c". A black band along either side of the 
crown pusioj p, 6G6. 
d". No black bands on the crown, which is narrowly 
streaked with black breweri, p. 668. 

c. Head uniform ashy; throat black atrigularis, p. 669. 
1. Spizella monticola. 
Le Moineau de Canada, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 102 (1760) ; Dauhent PL 

JSnI. iv. pi. 223. fig. 2. 
Fringilla montana, Forster, Phil Trans, lxii. p. 405 (1702, nee L.). 
La Soulciet, Buff. Hist Nat. Ok. iii. p. 500 (1775). 
Mountain Finch, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 265 (1783). 
Fringilla monticola, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 912 (1788). 
Fringilla arborea, Wilson, Amer. Orn. ii. p. 123, pi. xvi. fig. 3 (1810). 
Fasserina monticola, Vieill. N. Diet. cVIlist. Nat. xxv. p. 27 (1817). 
Emberiza canadensis, Swains, fy Rich. Faun. Bor.-Amer,, Birds, 

VOL. xn. 
2 u 

PKINQILLIDJB. 

p. 252 (1831) ; JarA. ed. Wilson's Amer. Orn. i. p. 267, pL 16.fig, .3 
(1832) j Auduh. B. Amer. 8vo, iii. p. 83, pi. 166 (1841). 
Fringilla canadensis, Andub, B. Amer.-pi 188,* id. Orn. Liogr. 11. 

p. 511 (1836), Y. p. 504 (1839). 
Spizella canadensis, Bp. Comp. List B. Pur. § R Amer p. S35 (ia°>8) ; 
id. Comp. i. p. 480 (1850) j Z« . Nomenel Av. Berol, p.4:> (lbt4). 
Zonotricliia monticola, % , 6fr». X. ii. p. 374 (1840) ; id. Iland-l 

ii. ii. p. 94, no. 735)8 (1870). 
Spiniles monticolus, Cab. Mm. Hem. TL i. p. 134 (I80O). 
Spizella monticola, Baird, B. K Amer. p. 472 (1858); Cones, Proc. 
Philad. Acad. 1861, p. 224; Scl Cat. Amer. B. p. 114 (1862); 
Cones, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1866, p. 87; Alien, Bull 3fu#. C. Z. 

iii. p. 177 (1872) ; Cones, Key N. Amer. B. p. 142 (1872); Baird, 
Bretoer, £ Ridgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 3, pi. 27. fig. 5 (1874); 
Cones, B. N.-West, p. 146 (1874); JSensh. Pep. Z00L Expl. 100th 
Mend. p. 277 (1875J ; Cones, Cheek-list N. Amer. B. p. 50 (1882) ; 
Salmi, Cat. Striekl. Coll. p. 231 (1882); Stearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. 
Miis. vi. p. 117 (1883); Merriam, Aide, i. p. 295 (1884) ; Turner, 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mas. viii. p. 240 (1885); Bichiell, Auk, ii. p. 144 
(1885): Agersb. t. c. p. 280; A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. 
p. 272 (1866) ; Seton, Auk, iii. p. 323 (1886). 
Spizella montana (neeP.), Btidgw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iii. pp. 3,179 
(1880); JDutc?ie?} Auk, i. p. 177 (1884); Dreiv, Auk, ii. p. 16 (18&5). 

Adult in winter plumage. General colour above rufous, the feathers 
of the mantle and hack centred with black and edged with pale 
sandy buff; lower back and rump uniform brown, some of the 
feathers of the former with subterminal marks of white; lesser 
wing-coverts ashy; median coverts blackish, rather broadly tipped 
with white, forming a wing-bar; greater coverts blackish, externally 
rufous and white at the ends, forming a second wing-bar; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown, edged with ashy 
brown, hoary grey on the primaries, which are margined with white 
towards the ends, the inner secondaries pale rufous near the ends of 
the outer web; upper tail-coverts brown, with dusky centres; tail-
feathers brown, edged with hoary white, the outer ones with a more 
distinct white margin ; crown of head uniform light chestnut or 
bay, with slight remains of sandy-buff margins ; the hind neck ashy, 
shaded over with brown; lores white, followed by a broad eyebrow 
of pale ashy grey ; feathers round eye or eyelid whitish ; ear-coverts 
pale ashy grey, with a streak of pale rufous along the upper edge ; 
checks whitish anteriorly, becoming light ashy on the hinder part; 
throat and fore neck light ashy, with a spot of dusky blackish on 
the latter ; breast and abdomen dull white; the sides of the upper 
breast light rufous; sides of body and flanks pale isabelline brown 
washed with ashy; thighs and under tail-coverts dull white, the 
latter with dusky centres ; under wring-eoverts and axillaries pale 
isabelline, edged with ashy white; quills below dusky, ashy whitish 
along the inner edge ; " bill black above, yellow on the lower mandible 
; legs brown, toes black " (E. Coues). Total length 5-7 inches, 
oulmen 0-4, wing 2-9, tail 2'55, tarsus 0-8. 

Adult in summer plumage. Differs from the winter plumage only 
in being rather darker, owing to the abrasion of the pale tips to the 

69. SPIZELLA. 
659 
feathers. The white wing-bands are therefore not so pronounced, 
but the black spot on the breast is more plainly developed. The 
rufous crown, is quite uniform, as the sandy-coloured edges are 
worn off. 

The adult female is like the male. 

Dr. Coucs says that the young birds are at first streaked. After 
the first moult they are similar to the adult, " the chief variation 
being in the veiling of the cap with grey." 

Hah. Eastern North America, westward to the plains, and from 
the Arctic Ocean south, in winter to the Carolines, Kentucky, and 
Eastern Kansas. Breeds north of the United States cast of the 
Eocky Mountains. (A. 0. U. Check-list, I. c.) 

a. Ad. sk. North America. J. Gould, Esq. 
b. Ad. sk. North America (J". Cassin), Sclater Coll. 
c. Ad. sk. Repulse Bay. Br. Rae [P.]. 
d. Ad. sk. Canada. 
Sclater Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Fort Simpson. B. It. Ross, Esq. [P.]. 
/ . Ad. sk. Chicago, Illinois, Oct. SO, 1878 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

(H. X Code). 
PP.} 

g, <$ - h-m.Q ad. Grand Crossing, Illinois, March R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
sk. 29,1884 (If. K. C). [P.]. 

n. 
c$ ad. sk. Mount Carmel, Illinois, Dec. U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
14, 1S74 (8. Turner: Sm. 
no. 85389). 
o. Ad. sk. Cleveland, Ohio. Prof. Kirtland [P.]. 
p. 
Ad. sk. District of Columbia (E. Coues; Sabin-Godman Coll. 
Sm. no. 29040). 
q. Ad. sk. Washington, B.C. (C.I)rexler\ Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sm. no. 28655). 
Soldiers'Home, B.C., Nov. 19, U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 

r. J ad. sk. 
1859 (D. W. Prentiss; Sm. 

no. 59430). 

Lamed, Pawnee Country, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

s. § ad. sk. 
Kansas, Feb. 20, 1885 (G. [p.]. 

C. Waterman}. 
Indiana, Jan. 17,1885 (G. F. H. K. Coale. Esq. 
t. S ad. sk. 
Morcom). 
[P.]. 

Subsp. a, Spizella ochracea. 

Spizella monticola (nee Gm.)9 Blakist. Ibis, 18G2, p. G • Dall $• 
Bann. Trans. Chicago Acad. i. p. 285 (1869) * Cooper, B. Calif. 

p. 20G (1870) ; Coues, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 590 (1878). ^ . 
Spizella monticola ochracea, Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. .Club, vii. 
p. 228 (1882)3 Batehelder, Aide, ii. p. 230 j Breivster, Auh, iii. 
p. 139 (1886) * A. O. U. Chech-list N. Amer. B. p. 272 (1886). 
Adult male. Similar to & monticola, hut everywhere paler, the 
rufous of the hack replaced in a great degree by isabelline w7hitish; 
the rump and lower back more ashy brown. Total length 5*5 inches, 
culmen 0*4, wing 3, tail 2-65, tarsus 0-75. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 
0*4, wing 3-25, tail 2*7, tarsus 0*8. 
2u2 

PBINGIILID^I. 

Bah Western ^orfch America, east to Dakota and Western 
Kansas, south in winter to Few Mexico and Arizona north to the 
Arctic Bcgions. Breeds in Alaska. (A. O. U. Chech-list, I c.) 
a Q ad sk Fort Anderson, Arctic America, Salvin-Godman Coll. 

' * June 21, 1864 (R. MacFar-
Icme; Sm. no. 43430). 
A, c. Ad sk. 49th Parallel,. April 1874 (G. JS . A. Boundary Com-
DflM. T5™^' mi 
cZ.Ad.sk. British Columbia. J. K Lord, Esq. {OP 

e. g .ffffm 2 ad. West side of the Eoekv J. K. Lord, Ei*q. JEVj. 
Mountains. 
2. Spizella socialis. 
Fringilla socialis, Wils. Amer. Orn. ii. p. 127, pi. 16. fig. 5 (1810) j 
aw. PM il%. newser. i. p. 435 (i827) ; Auduk B. Amer. pi. 104; 
w?. Om.Biogr. ii. p. 21 (1834), v. p. 517 (1839) j Nutt. Man. i. 

p. 497 (1832). 
Fasserina socialis, F/ez7/. iV". JD/rf. <FJ2&*. Nai.xxY. p. 29 (1817). 
Emberiza socialis, t7"w^. eel Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 271, pi. 10. hg. 5 
1832); -4wtfv&. %w. p. 105 (1839) j w/. B. Amer. SYO, iii. p. 80, 
pi. 165 (1841). 

Spizella socialis, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. c$* N. Amer. p. 33 (1*38); 
id. Consp. i. p. 480 (1850); Licht. Nomencl Av. Berol p. 43 (1854); 
Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 473 (1858); ScL P. Z. S. 185b, p. 304, lboi>, 

p. 365; id. Cat Amer. B. p. 114 (18&2); Blakist Mi% 18G8, 
p-~~ ~ "' 
t-

Sumichr. 
(1870) ; Coues, Key B. N. Amer. p] 142' (1872) ; 'ScL fy Sale. Komencl 
Av. Ncotr. p. 32 (1873); Baird, Brewer, %• Ihdgw. B. W. 
Amer. ii. p. 7, pi. 27. fig. 1 (1874); Coues, B. N-West, p. 148 (1874); 
Gundl J.f.O.1874, p. 121; id. Orn. Cuba, p. 90 (1870); Law. 
Bull. U.S. Nat Mus. iv. p. 21 (1870) ; Sennett, Bull U.S. Geol 
Surv. iv. p. 19 (1878), v. p. 391 "(1880); Merrill, P-oe. U.S. Nat 
Mus. i. p. 127 (1878); Maynard, B. Florida, p. Qo (1878); Salvin, 
Cat Strickl Coll p. 231 (1882) ; Brown, Auk, 1&84, p. 1±2; Cory, 

B. West Indies, p. 13 (1885); Turner, Auk, ii. p. 380 (1885); 
Smith, Auk, iii. p. 284 (1880); Fox, t a p. 318 j Seton, i.e.p. 326; 
Brewster, t. c. p. 108; Cory, t. c. p. 212; A. O. U. Check-list, 
p. 272 (1880); Salvin $ Godman, Biol Centra Amer., Ave*, i. p. 377 
(1886). ' ' F 
Zonotrichia socialis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 374 (1849) : id. Mand-l B* 

ii. p. 94, no. 7397 (1870). 
Spinites socialis, Cab. Mus. JSein. TL i. p. 133 (1850). 
Emberiza pallida {nee Swains.), Lembeye, Av. Cuba, p. 54 (1850) : 
Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Mist vii. p. 307 (18C0). 
Spinites pallidas (nee Swains.), Cab. J.f O. 1850, p. 7. 
Spizella socialis, yar. arizonse, Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 143 (1872); 

Baird, Brewer, $ Ridgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 11 (1874) ; Coues, 

P-148 ^1874) 5 Ben*h

B'£"Tent'-%ep- Zool Fxpl imth Merid. 

p. 2/7 (18/5); BeUing, Proc. U.S. Nat Mm. i. p. 410 (1879): 
Cooper, op. cit. ii. p. 248 (1880) ; Belding, op. cit iv. p. 347 (1883): 
Sensh. Auk, iii. p. 74 (1886); Brewster, t. c. p. 139 : Anthony, t. c. 
p. 169; JEverm. t. c. p. 182. 
Spizella domestica, Coues, Check-list, p. 36 (1882, ex Bar tr.); id. Key 
69, SPIZELLA. 661 

y. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 880 (1884) ; Butcher, Auk, i. p. 175 (1884) 
Bicknett, Auk, ii. p. 145 (1885); Agersb. t c. p. 280 j Ridgw. Auk, 
iii p. 179 (1888). 
Spizella domestica arizonas, Coues, Keg W. Amer, B. 2nd ed. p. 380 
(1884); Beckh. Auk,zi. p. 14 (1885); Brew, t. c. p. 16; Ridgw. 
Auk, iii. pp. 17% 217 (1886;. 

Spizella socialis aiizonse, A. 0. U. Check-list, p. 273 (1886). 
Spizella pusilla arenacea, Chadb. Auk, iii. p. 248 (1886). 

Adult male. General colour above pale rufous-brown, the feathers 
of the back and mantle longitudinally streaked with black, and with 
paler edges; lower back and rump ashy grey; lesser wing-coverts 
dull a*hy, washed with brown; median and greater coverts blackish, 
externally pale reddish brown, whitish at the ends, forming a not 
very pronounced double wing-bar; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 
and quills blackish brown, edged with lighter brown, more ashy 
on the primaries and inclining to pale rufous-brown on the inner 
secondaries; upper tail-coverts dusky "brown, with ashy margins; 
tail-feathjrs dark brown, with ashy-brown margins : crown of head 
uniform light chestnut or hay, slightly streaked with black on the 
nape and hind neck, the latter being rather more ashy; base of 
forehead black, divided by a narrow line of greyish white; lores 
and a distinct eyebrow white, as also the feathers round the eye; 
ear-coverts light ashy grey, with a dusky-brown line along the upper 
edge ; cheeks and sides of neck dull whitish; throat, fore neck, and 
chest very pale ashy; breast and abdomen whiter; sides of body 
and flanks pale ashy brown; thighs light ashy brown ; under tail-
coverts white, with concealed dusky centres; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries dull white, the former with dusky bases, those near 
the edge of the wing dull ashy ; quills below dusky, ashy whitish 
along the inner edge : " bill dusky; feet flesh-colour; iris brown " 
{Audubon). Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*85, tail 2*3, 
tarsus 0*6. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but with a few more black 
streaks on the rufous crown. Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*4, 
wing 2*7, tail 2*25, tarsus 0*55. 

I cannot see the least room for separating Sjiizella arizo/ice even 
as a race from true S. socialis, specimens from Arizona and the 
neighbouring countries appearing to be identical in every respect 
with others from more northern localities. 

Young. Differs from the adult in being streaked below. Instead 
of the chestnut head, the latter is streaked with black like the back 
and is of about the same tint. There is a slight yellowish tinge on 
the underparts, the throat, fore neck, breast, and sides of the body 
being very distinctly streaked with black. The bill is not black, but 
dull reddish brown. 

After the first moult the young bird loses the streaks on the under 
surface, but has the head streaked with black like the back, though 
the general appearance of the plumage is more rufous. As the season 
advances the chestnut of the crown begins to assert itself, and is 
apparently assumed without a moult, by the gradual extension of 

662 
XECKGIIXJDM. 

the chestnut on every feather and the obliteration of the median 
black stripes. The under surface of .the body still retains a somewhat 
falvescent tinge. 

Adult birds also appear to have a distinct winter plumage, when 
the feathers of the crown are obscured by sandy-buff margins, the 
centre of the crown being sandy buff, so as to form a streak. The 
under surface is also more fuivescent than in summer, and the bill 
is reddish brown, blackish on the upper mandible. Many of the 
Mexican birds are in full summer plumage before leaving their 
winter home. 

Hah. North America generally, north to the Great Slave Lake, 

south to Mexico. 

a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. st.
c,d.<S; e. $ ad. sk.
/," 
(S ad. sk, ---
11

g. Ad. sk. 
h. J juv. sk. 
i, k. Ad. sk. 
I. g ad. sk. 
m. 2 ad. sk. 
n. 2 juv. sk 
o. Juv. sk. 
p. <$ ad. sk. 
q, Juv. sk. 
r. Ad. sk.
s. Ad. sk.
t. 9. ad. sk.
u. J ad. sk.
v. <$ acl. sk.
w, x. Ad. sk.
y. <$ ad. sk.
j8.Ad.sk.
a'} b\ Ad. sk.
C, tf. <y ? ad, sk.

 Arctic America. Sir Or. Back ~¥.\ 
Nova Scotia. Purelia-ed. 
Fort Simpson. 
Fort Simpson, Mav 23, 1800 U.S. Nat. Mm. *P.t 

(B. 11 Moss; Sim no. 10707). 
49th Parallel, June 23, 1674 X.A. Boundary Com(
G. Damson), mi^ion "P.". 
Albion, Wiscon-in, Oct. 4,1675 
U.S. Nat. Mu>. "P.], 
(Sm. no. 71031, T. L. Eumbir). 

Michigan. 

Tolleston", Indiana, May 10, 
1877 (II. K. Coale). 
Oolehour, Illinois May 10, 
IsH) (JET. K. C). 
Ckicaifu) Sept. 11, W 8 (II. 

K. C). 
Massachusetts (IL IF. IlensJtmr; 
Sm. mi V^M)). 
Gleinille, Man land, April 24, 
1880. 
Park Wood>, District of Colombia, 
Aug-. ltf, 1830 (E 
Coues; Sm. no. *5030). 

 "Wabhinjrton, B.C. (C\ Drexkr; 
Sm. no. 291D7J. 

 Meridian Hill, D.O., Oct. o, 
Ihod (E. CWs; Sm. no. 
29058). 

 Eockwood, Tennessee, April 7,1884 ( W. H.lh:v; Sin. no. 
97007). 

 Eocky Mountains, June 4.

 S. Juan Island. 
British Columbia (J. K. Lord). 
West side of Rocky Mountains. 
Esquimalt (CV///, A. II.
Markham), 

 Oregon.

 N. California, June 0,1883 (CIf. Towmendt Sm. no. 
91793-5), 
Prof. J. B. St*»ero 
"IV\ 

II. K. OuaK Esq. 
IL"B." Sharpe, JMO. 

K.~ B. SIiarLe, llm. 

., IK 

Sah iii-Guiiiuaa Coll. 

II. Iv. Cjale, Esq* 
"IV. 
Salvin-God'iian Coll. 

Sah in-Godman Coll. 

Sah in-Godmau Coll. 

 U.S. Xat Mna. rP.". 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Dr. Lyall "P."]. 

 N.A. limintiary Commission. 
J. K. Lord, E«q. rP\ 
Salvin-GodmanColi. 
Lord WuMnifham 

[P.l 
U.S. Xat. Museum, 
69. SPIZEL1A. 
663 
e'. $ ad. sk. 

f. $ ad. sk. 
g'. 6 ad. fck. 
h'. Pull, sk, 
i\ $ ad. sk. 
A'. Q ad. sk. 
/'. cJ imm. sk. 
M'. <5 imm. sk. 

rc'. (S ad. sk. 

a'~V. Ad. hk. 
/'. <f ad. sk. 
u', £ juv. ,4i. 

a'. Ad. fek. 

tr'. Ad. vk. 
xr. Ad. *k. 
y! 
f. Ad. sk. 

z. $ ad. sk. 
a. $ ad. sk. 
£. Ad. sk. 
y. c? ad. sk. 
a. Ad. sk. 
e. Ad. St. 
Cokuilla Valley, California, 
April 8,1886 (F. Stephens). 
Hay wards, California, June 31, 

1881 (TV. 0. Emerson). 
Fort Whipple, Arizona (E. 
Cones; Sm. no. o7160). 
Fort Whipple, Aug. 13, 1869 


(E. Coues; Sm. no. 37186). 
Tucson, Arizona, April 17, 
1884 (F. Stephens). 
Bowie, Aiizona,Sept. 9,1873 
(Xe wherry; Sm. no. 06925). 
Camp Lowell, Arizona, Sept. 
10, 1874 (II. W. Henslmw; 
Sm. no. 69571). 

Apache, Arizona, Oct. 7, 1874 
(H, W. Heiibhaiv; Sm. no. 
60308). 

Sangue de Christo Pass, Colorauo 
(C. E. Aithen ; Sm. no. 
69581). 

Santa Fe,New Mexico, March 
18-3 (G.F. Gaumer). 
Santa Fe, July 24,1S74 (II 

TV. Ileatfiaio ; Sm. no. 09o75). 

FO


El Muro, New Mexico, July 
23, 1873 (II. TV. llen&haw; 
Sm. no. 00924). 

El Pa*o, Texas, March 1882 

(G. F. Oiumur). 
Mexico (White). 
Mexico. 
Mexico. 
Ciudad Durango, Nov. 8 (A. 
Forrer). 

Ciudad Durango, July 9 (A. 
Forrer). 
Orizaba (Boiteri). 
Villa de Elba, Mexico, Jan. 

lbG2 (A. Bouaard). 
Jalapa, Mexico (de Oca). 
Mexico. 

G. 
Frean Morcom, 
%• [POii. 
K. Coale, Esq. 
[P.l. 
H. 
K. Coale, Esq. 
[PO-
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

K. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
U.S. Nat, Mus. [P.]. 
U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 

Sclater Coll. 

H. K. Coale, Esq. 
ILS. Nat. Mus. [P.], 

Sclater Coll. 

Sclater Coll. 

J. Gould, Esq. 
Purchased. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 


Sclater Coll. 
Salvin -Godman Coll. 


Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Purchased. 


3. Spizella piaetornm. 
Spizella pinetorum, Salvin, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 189; id. Ibis, 1866, 

p. 193; Set. $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Keotr. p. 32 (1873); Ridgw. 
Ibis, 1884, p. 44; Salvin <§• Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. 
p. 378, tab. xxxvi. %. 3 (1886). 
Zonotrickia pinetorum, Gray, ffand-l. B. ii. p. 95, no. 7403 (1870). 
Adult male (type of species). General colour above reddish brown, 
streaked with black centres to the feathers of the mantle and back; 
lower back and rump uniform ashy grey; lesser wing-coverts ashy 
grey; median and greater coverts blackish, externally rufous, edged 
at the ends with dull white: bastard-wing and primary-coverts 

664 FKINGILLIM. 

dusky, edged with ashy brown; quills dusky brown, the primaries 
narrowly margined with whity brown, the secondaries externally 
rufous; upper tail-coverts ashy grey; tail-feathers dusky brown, 
margined with whity brown ; crown of head deep chestnut, with a 
lateral line of black extending to the nape, which is ashy grey like 
the hind neck, the latter streaked with black; forehead black, 
divided in the centre by a line of ashy grey; lores white, as well as 
a narrow eyebrow ending in pale ashy grey j eyelid whitish ; ear-

coverts dark ashy grey, blackish along the upper edge ; cheeks and 
throat greyish whito; remainder of under surface of body pale ashy 
grey, whiter on the abdomen; sides of body and flanks, as well as 
thighs, pale ashy grey; under tail-coverts white, the long ones 
centred with ashy; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale ashy, 
whitish on the margins; quills below dusky, ashy whitish along the 
inner edge. Total length 5*4 inches, culmen 04 , wing 2-tio, tail 
2-25, tarsus 0-65. 

In winter plumage the head is streaked with black, the grey 
median line of the forehead and also the grey of the hind neck is 
obscured by a wash of sandy buff. The sides of the face are browner, 
and the under surface of the body is washed with brown. 
Hob. Guatemala, and Euatan Island in the Bay of Honduras. 

a. d ad. sk. Pine-ridge of Poctum, GuateSakin-
Godman Coll. 
mala, March 1865 (0. S.). (Type of species.) 
b. Ad. sk. Guatemala {Hague). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c. Ad.sk. Euatan Island (&. F. Gaumer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

4. Spizella pusilla. 
Little Sparrow, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carol, i. p. 35 (1731). 

? Le Moineau de Virginie, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 110 (1700). 

? Eush Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. ii. p. 420 (1783). 

? Motacilla jtmcomm, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 952 (1788). 

Pringilla pusilla, Wilson, Amer. Orn. ii. p. 121, pi. 16. fig. 2 (1810) ; 
Audub. B. Amer. pi. 139 ; id. Orn. Biogr. ii. p. 299 (1834). 

Eniberiza pusilla {nee Ball.), Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. ii. p. 265, 
pi. 16. fig. 2 (1832) j Audub. Syn. p. 104 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. 
8vo, iii. p. 77, pi. 164 (1841). 

Pringilla juncorum, Nutt. Man. p. 499 (1832). 
Zonotrichia pusilla, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 373 (1849) ; id. Hand-l. B. 


ii. p. 94, no. 7396 (1870). 
Spizella pusilla, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. § N. Amer. p. 33 (1838); 
id. Consp. i. p. 480 (1850); Liclit. Nomenel. Av. Berol. p. 43 (1854); 
Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 473 (1858); Scl, Cat. Amer. B. p. 114 
(1862); Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 489; Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 270; 
Cones, Key N. Amer. B. p. 143 (1872); Baird, Breioer, Sf Bidgzu. 
Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 5, pi. 27.fig. 2 (1874) ; Cones, B. N- West, 

p. 148 (1874) ; Bidgiv, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 179 (1881); 
Bicknell, Auk, ii. p. 145 (1885); Agersb. t. c. p. 280; Breivster, Au/c, 
iii. p. 108 (1886); Batchelder, t. c. p. 314; Fox, t. c. p. 318; 
Seton, t. c. p. 324; Butcher, t. c. p. 442; A. O. U. Check-list N. 
Amer. B. p. 273 (1886). 
Spinites pusillus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 133 (1850), 

69. SPI2ELLA. 
665 
Adult male. General colour above rufous, the feathers of the 
mantle and back narrowly streaked with black down the centre and 
with pale margins; lower back and rump uniform ashy brown ; 
lesser wing-coverts ashy grey; median and greater coverts blackish, 
externally edged with rufous-brown, and slightly tipped with white, 
forming a double wing-bar; the innermost coverts externally rufous 
like the scapulars; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish 
brown, edged externally with pale rufous-brown, more decidedly 
rufous on the secondaries, the primaries edged with hoary grey ; 
upper tail-coverts ashy brown ; tail-feathers light brown, edged with 
ashy brown, the outer ones fringed with white round the end of the 
inner web; crown of head uniform pale chestnut; base of forehead 
pale ashy; hind neck more ashy like the sides of the neck; lores 
and a distinct eyebrow pale ashy grey ; feathers round eye white; 
sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat pale ashy grey, whiter 
on the latter; a rufous streak along the upper edge of the ear-
coverts; lower throat, fore neck, and chest pale fulvous-brown; 
breast and abdomen whiter; sides of body and flanks pale fulvous 
or isabelline brown; thighs ashy; under tail-coverts white ; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries white ; quills below dusky, ashy whitish 
along the inner edge: " bill reddish brown or cinnamon-colour; feet 
pale yellowish brown; iris chestnut" (Audubon). Total length 
4*8 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 2%5, tail 2-4, tarsus 0*7. 

Adult female, Resembles the male. Total length 4*8 inches, 
culmen 0-35, wing 2*3, tail 2'2o, tarsus 0-65. 

The adult in winter plumage is more rufous-brown than in 
summer, with scarcely any ashy on the hinder neck; the head 
rufous-brown, with a median streak of dull sandy brown along the 
crown ; sides of face entirely rufescent; cheeks, throat, fore neck, 
and sides of body pale rufescent brown, the breast and abdomen 
white. 

Young. Differs from the adult in being striped underneath. 
Otherwise it much resembles the winter plumage of the adult, but 
is altogether duller brown; on the under surface there is a yellowish 
tinge; the throat, fore neck, chest, and sides of body streaked with 
blackish. 

Hab. Eastern United States and Southern Canada, west to the 

Plains, extending into Mexico. 

a. 
Ad. sk. Mt. Oarmel, Illinois (JS. Turner; U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
Sm. no. 85-393). 
b. Ad. sk. Lake Forest, Illinois, April 30, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
1877 (J£ K Code). [P.]. 
c. Imni. sk. Halfday, Illinois, Aug. 30, 1878 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(II. JL. C). 
[P.]d. 
Juv. sk. Halfday, Aug. 24,1877 (II. K C). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
e. <S ad. sk. Libertyville, Illinois, May 1,1877 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(11 K. C). " [P.]. 
Zlrfad.sk. 
Grand Crossing, Illinois. March 29, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
\&A(K.K.C.). [P.]. 

FRIKGILLIDiE. 

m 

g. 
(Jad.sk. Wheatland, Indiana, April 20,1883 Salvin-Godinan Coll. 
(B. Rich/way ; Sm. no. 90302). 
A. Pull. sk. Whitings, Indiana, June 16, 1878 H. K. Coale, Esq. 
(H. K. C). [P.]i, 
&. Pull. sk. Tollestone, Indiana, July 4, 1881 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(fll X a). [P.]. 
I Ad. sk. Pennsylvania (J. Cassiri). Sclater Coll. 

m. Ad. sk. 
District of Columbia, March 23, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1860(R. Cones; Sm.no.20052). 
n. 
cJ ad. sk. District of Columbia, April 27, II. K. Coale, Esq. 
1870 (JR. Bid</wmj). [P.]. 
o. 
9 ad. sk. District of Columbia, May 5, 1865 Salvm-Godman Coll. 
(J?. Cb«f«j Sm. no. 29055). 
p. 
Ad. sk. Washington, D.C., Nov. 24, 1859 U.S. Nat. Museum. 
(R Cou&e; Sm.no, 85031). 
q. <$ ad. sk. Virginia (W. Palmer j Sm. no. U.S. Nat. Museum. 
83500). 
r. Ad. sk. Mexico. 
Zoological Society. 
5. Spizella wortheni. 
Spizella wortheni, Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, vii. p. 259 (1884); 
A. 0. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 273 (1886). 
Adult male. Besembling S. pusilla, but altogether less rufous, 
with the black streaks of the dorsum broader, the rufous auricular 
streak and rufous spot on sides of the breast wholly absent, the 
wing-bands much less distinct, the eyelids distinctly white, and the 
bill more slender; pileum light fulvous-brown, broadly and rather 
sharply streaked with black ; rump and upper tail-coverts brownish 
ash-grey, the latter with rather distinct medial streaks of dusky; 
wings dusky, all the feathers edged with light greyish brown, middle 
coverts tipped with buffy whitish, but terminal light margins of the 
greater coverts scarcely more distinct than the lateral edgings, and not 
forming an appreciable band; entire side of head ashy grey, including 
the anterior part of the forehead and whole superciliary and supraauricular 
region; no trace of a rufous or brown postocular streak ; 
eyelids white, forming a rather distinct orbital ring; chin and throat 
greyish white; remaining lower parts brownish wrhite, deeper on 
the jugulum, especially laterally, where, however, the colour does 
not incline to rufous ; crissum and lining of wing nearly pure white ; 
bill cinnamon-brown; legs and feet horn-brown. Wing 2*70 
inches, tail (somewhat worn) 2-50, culmen from extreme base 0*40, 
bill from nostrils 0*25, depth at base 0*18, tarsus 0*70, middle toe 

045. 
(Ridgway.) 
Hah. New Mexico and Western Texas. 
6. Spizella pusio. 
Fringilla pusio, Licit. Frets Verz. Mex.. Vog. p. 2 (1830) ; Cab. J. f. 
Emberiza pallida, Swctim. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 251 (1831). 
Spizella pallida, Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. § N. Amer. p. 33 (1838) 
Bairdj B. N. Amer. p. 474 (1858) j id. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii 

69, SPIZELLA. 667 

Birds, p. 16 (1858)• 8d. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 379 j id. Cat. Amer. B. 

p. 114 (1862) ,• Blakkt. Ibis, 1802, p. 6, 1863, p. 79; Cones, Ibis, 
1865, pp. 58, 164 • Dresser, t. c. p. 489; Bmrd, Ibis, 1867, p. 270: 
Luges, La Nat. p. 140 (1868); Men, Bull Mus. Comp. Zool iii. 
p. 177 (1872); Coues, Key K Amer. B. p. 143 (1872); Baird, 
Brewer, § Ridqio. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 11, pi. 27.fig. 3 (1874); 
Coues, B. 2?.-West, p. 148 (1874); llensh. Rep. Zool Expl. 100th 
Mend. p. 278 (1875) 5 Cones, Bull U.S. Geol Sum. iv. p. 91 
(1878) ; Sennetf, t. c. p. 19 j Merrill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 127 
(1878); Bidgw.op. cit. iii. p. 179 (1881); Coues, Check-fat N. 
Amer. B. p/50 (18b2); Belding, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 540 
(1883); Coues, Keif N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 381 (1884)• Drew, 
Auk, ii. p. 16 (IfcSo); Beckh. t. c. p. 14• Agersb. t. c. p. 280; 
Seton, Auk, iii. p. 324 (lb86); Scdvhi # Godman, Biol. Cenfr.-
Amer., Aves, i. p. 378 (1886): A. 0. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. 
p. 273(1886). 
Emberiza shattuckii, Audub. B. N. Amer. 8vo, viii. App. p. 230. 
pL 493 (1843). 
ZonotricMa pallida, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 374 (1849); id. Hand-l B. 

ii. p. 95, no. 7400 (1870). 
ZonotricMa sliattuckii, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 374 (1849). 
Spizella shattuckii, Bp. Comp. i. p. 480 (1850). 
Spinites pallidum, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 133 (1850). 
Spinites shattuckii, Cab. Mus. Heiu. Th. i. p. 133 (1850). 
Adult male. General colour above light brown, the mantle and 
upper back mottled with longitudinal black centres to the feathers, 
which have light fulvous-brown edges; lower back and rump uniform 
ashy ochreous-brown; lesser wing-coverts ashy ochreous-brown ; 
median and greater coverts black, externally edged with sandy buff, 
white towards the ends; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
blackish brown, externally margined with sandy buff, hoary white 
on the edges of the primaries; upper tail-coverts ochreous-brown ; 
tail-feathers brown, edged with ashy brown; centre of crown of 
head ashy grey, white at the base of the forehead, the sides of the 
crown forming two black bands, the feathers edged with sandy 
brown; hind neck and sides of neck ashy grey; lores and a distinct 
eyebrow white; feathers round eye, sides of face, and ear-coverts 
pale sandy brown, with a distinct black line along the upper edge of 
the ear-coverts ; cheeks white, separated from the ear-coverts by a 
narrow black line; throat and under surface of body ashy white, 
with an indistinct dusky malar streak separating the cheeks and 
the throat; breast and abdomen white; lower throat, fore neck, 
sides of body, and flanks pale ochreous brown; thighs and under 
tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts and axillaries white • quills 
below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total length 4*8 inches, 
culmen 0*35, wing 2-45, tail 2*25, tarsus 0*65. 

Adult female. Not different from the male. Total length 4*8 
inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*35, tail 2-25, tarsus 0*65. 

The adult in winter plumage is more rufescent than in summer, 
and the lateral bands on the side of the crown are rufous-brown, 
with black centres; there is also less ashy on the neck, and the 
under surface has more of a fulvescent tinge • the outer aspect of 
the wings also is more decidedly rufous. 

668 
FEntGnXXDM. 

Hob. Interior of Forth America, from Illinois and Iowa west to 
the Bocky Mountains, Arizona, and Cape St. Lneas, and from Texas 
north to the Saskatchewan Plains (A. 0. U. Check-list, I c). 
Mexico* Cuba. 

a. Ad. sk. Turtle Mountain, July 23,1873 U.S. Xat. Mus. [P.]. 
(JEJ. Coues; Sm. no. 65864). 
b, c, $ $ ad. sk. Pembina, Dakota, June 7,1873 Salvin-G-odman Coll. 

(E. Coues; Sm. BOS. 6398$, 
63987). 
d. $ ad. sk. 49th Parallel, May 24, 1874 X. A. Boundary Coin{
G. Dawson). mission. 
e. Ad. sk. British Columbia. J. K. Lurd, Esq. "P.1. 
/ . Ad. sk. Missouri (G. X. Lawrence). Sclater Coll. 
g. $ 
ad. sk. Nebraska (Dr. Hayden• Sm. Sclater Coll. 
no. 4804). 
h. Ad. sk. Gainsville, Texas {G. H. Rag-H. B. Sharpe, E^q_. 
dale). [Pf. 
i. 
Imm. sk. Crittenden, Arizona, Sept. 1, U.H. xat Ma?, y:.
1874 (If. W. Hmshatc; Sm. 
no. 08571). 
k. $ ad. sk. Puebla, Mexico, Jan. 1865 Sah in-God m an CV11. 
(A. Boucard). 
1 2 ad. sk. Puebla. A. Boucard X.]. 
7. Spizella breweri. 
Exnberiza pallida {nee Swains.), Audub. B. Amer. pi. cccxcviii.; id, 
Orn. Biogr. v. p. CO (1830); id. B. Amer. iii. p. 71, pi. 1M (1841). 
Spizella pallida {nee Swains.), Bp. Confip. i. p. 4*0; Woodk. in Sitgr. 
Rep. Ejoped. Zuni fy Color. R.^. S3 (IboX}; Cotter Ibi*7 1 SOo, 

p. 104 j Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. iii. p. 177 (1872); Snow, B. 
Kansas, p. 10 (1872). 
Spizella breweii, Cass. Proc. PMlad. Acad. 185*\ p. 40; Baird, B. 

X. Amer. p. 475 (1858); id. Mex. Bound. Sun:., Bird*, p. 16 (1858); 
Coues, Proc. PMlad. Acad. 1800, p. 87; Cooper, B. Calif, p. 200 
(1870); Merrill, Proc. U.S. Xat. Mus. I p. 417 (lfc78); Itidgw. 
Proc. U. S. Nat Mus. iii. pp. 3, 170 (1881); Coues, Check-list X. 
Amer. B. p. 57 (1882) ; Belding, Proc. U.S. Xat. Mm. v. p. 541 
(1883), vi. p. 343; Brown, Auk, i. p. 121 (1&84) ; Coues, Key X. 
Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 381 (1884) j Drew, Auk, ii. p. 10 (1885); A. 
O. U. Chech-list X. Amer. B. p. 273 (1880); Salmi $ Godman, 
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Ares, I p. 379 (1880). 
Spizella pallida, var. breweri, Coues, Keg X. Amer. B. p. 143 (1872); 
Baird, Brewer, $ Ridgw. Hist. X. Amer. B. ii. p. 13, pi. 27. %. 4 
(1874); Coues, B. N.-Vred, p. 151 (1874): Hensk Rep. Zool. 
Expl. 100th Merid. p. 270 (1875). 

Zonotrichia breweri, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 94, no. 7390 (1870). 

Adult male. Very similar to S. pallida, but wanting the black 
bands on the side of the crown, wbicb is almost uniform brown with 
black streaks, thus resembling the back: " bill yellow, greyish brown 
towards the end; feet flesh-coloured; claws dubky brown'7 
(Audubon). Total length 4*7 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2-45, tail 
2-3, tarsus 0-65. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 4*6 inches, 
culmen 0*35, wing 2*45, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*7. 

69. SPIZELLA. 
669 
Hab. South-western United States, New Mexico, Arizona, ranging 
into Mexico. 


a. Ad. sk. Camp Grant, Arizona, March 1, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1867 (Dr. B. Palmer ; Sin. no. 
49744). 
b. $ ad. sk. Apache, Arizona, Aug. 6, 1873 R. B. Sharp©, Esq. 
(H. W. II; Sm. no. 66934). [P.], 
c. Ad. sk. Camp Thorne, Yellowstone River, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
July 18,1873 (Sm. no. 65190). N. 
d. 
$ ad. sk. El Paso County, Colorado, May 29, H.KCoale, Esq. rP.l 
1872 (C. E.Aiken). 
e. (S ad. sk. Fort Garland, Colorado, June 23, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1873 (H. W. Henshaw: Sm. no. 
72300). 
/. 
<$ ad. sk. Aqua Caliente, California, March R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
26, 1884 (F. Stephens). [P.]. 

g. 
<S ad. sk. Cohuilla Valley, California, April G. Frean Morcom, 
16, 1886 (F. Stephens). Esq. [P.]. 
h. 
Imm. sk. Ciudad Durango, Mexico, Oct. 24 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(A.Forrer). 
8. Spizella atrigularis. 
Spinites atrigularis, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i, p. 133 (1850). 

Struthus atrimentalis, Couch, Proe. PMlad. Acad. vii. p. 67 (1854). 

Spizella atrogularis, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 476 (1858) ; id. Mex. 

Bound. Surv. ii. Birds, p. 16, pi. 17. fig. 1 (1858); Luges, La Nat. 

i. p. 140 (1868); Cooper, B. Calif, p. 210 (1870) ; Cones, Key N. 
Amer. B. p. 144 (1872) j Scl. f Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 32 
(1873) ; Baird, Breioer, ty Ridgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 15 
(1874); Law. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.il p. 21 (1876); Coues, Checklist 
N. Amer. B. p. 57 (L882); Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. 
pp. 179, 232 (1881); Belding, op. cit. vi. p. 348 (1883); Coues, 
Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 381 (1884) ; A. O. U Check-list N 
Amer. B. p. 274 (1886) ; Salvin $• Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., 
Aves, i. p. 380 (1886). 
Spizella 
evura, Coues, Ibis, 1865, pp. 118, 164; Ridgw. Proc. U.S. 
Nat Mus. iii. p. 235 (1881). 
Zonotrichia atrigularis, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 95, no. 7401 (1870). 

Adult male. General colour above reddish brown, the mantle and 
upper back streaked with blackish brown; lower back and rump 
ashy grey, slightly washed with brown; scapulars more decidedly 
rufous than the back ; lesser wing-coverts ashy grey; median and 
greater coverts blackish, edged with pale rufous, fulvescent towards 
the ends ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown, 
edged with ashy, inclining to hoary grey on the primaries, the 
secondaries margined with pale rufous; upper tail-coverts ashy like 
the rump; tail-feathers dusky brown, margined with ashy brown, 
inclining to whitish on the edges and tips of the outer feathers; 
crown of head and hind neck dark ashy grey, slightly overshaded 
with brown, the grey shade extending on to the upper mantle; base 

670 
FBINGILLIDJE. 

of forehead, lores, feathers round eye, fore part of cheeks, and throat 

black ; car-coverts dark ashy grey, also the hinder part of the cheeks 

and sides of neck; remainder of under surface of body from the 

fore neck downwards ashy grey, inclining* to ashy whitish on the 

lower breast and abdomen; sides of body and flanks also ashy, 

slightly tinged with brown ; thighs and under tail-coverts ashy grey, 

with ashy-whitish margins; under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy 

grey, with whitish margins ; quills below dusky, whitish along the 

inner edge : "bill coral-red; feet dark brown " (E. Cones). Total 

length 5*5 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*7, tail 2S, tarsus 0-75. 

Mexican specimens appear to be larger than those from the 

Southern United States, which have the wing 2-35-2*5 inches, as 

against 2*7 inches in the former. 

The adult female does not seem to differ from the male in colour. 

Young birds are browner than the adults, and have no black on the 

face or throat, these parts being ashy grey, like the under surface 

of the body. The grey feathers of the head and neck are tipped 

with brown edgings. 

Hah. Southern border of the United States, from Texas to Cali


fornia, south into Mexico (A. 0. U. Check-list, L c). 

a. <$ ad. sk. Fort Whipple, Arizona, April 11), Salvin-Gudinan Coll. 
1805 (E. Coues; Sin. no. 40*20). 
b. (S ad.sk. Santa Anna iliver, California, June G. Frean Morcoin, 
16, 1886 (F. Stephens). Esq. 'J?.2. 
c. § ad. sk. Cajon Pass, California, June 4 G. Frean Moreoni, 
1880 (F. Stephens). E,q. "P.]. 
d. e. Ad, sk. Mexico. 
Salviii-Godman Coll. 
/ . J imm.sk. Mexico (Be Saussure). Selater Cull. 
(/, $ ad. sk. City of Mexico (Elwes). hklater Coll. 

h. $ imm. sk. Puebla, Mexico, Feb. 18C6 (A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Barnard). 
70. P0CE0EIES. 
Type. 

x vpp. 

Pooecetes, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 447 (1885) P. o-ramineus. 

Range. The greater part of North America south to Mexico. 

1. Pooecetes gramineus. 
(irass Finch, Lath. Gen. Sipi. ii. pt. i. p. 273 (17^4); J>em Arctic 
Zool. ii. p. 375 (1785). ' l 
Fringilla graminea, Gm. St/at. Nat. i. p. 922 (1788); Audub B 
Amer. pi. 94; id. Oni. Biogr. i. p. 473 (1831), v. p. 502 (1839) 
Emberiza graminea, Wils. Amer. Orn. iv. p. 51, pi 31 fir> 5 
(1811) • Audub. B. Amer, 8vo, hi. p. 65, pi. 159 (1841). * °* 
Fringilla (Zonotriehia) graminea, Swains. & Rich. Faun Bor-
Amer., Birds, p. 254 (1831). 

Zonotriehia graminea, 
Jard. ed. Wilson's B. Amer. ii. p 45 pi 31 
%. 5 (1832); Bp. Camp. ListB. Eur. $ N. Amer. r>', 31 (1838)' 
Gratj, Gen. B. ii. p. 373 (1849); Bp. Const). I p. 478 (1850) 
Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 95, no. 7414 (1870). P ^ } 

70.~POCECETES. 671 

Pocecetes gramineus, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 447 (1858): Sclater, 

P. Z. &'l8o9, p. 379; id. Cat. Amer. B. p, 112(1802); Coues, 
Ibis, 1805, p. 104; Dresner, t. c. p. 487; Cooper, B. Calif, p. 180 
(1870); Allen, Bull. Mus. Co??ip. Zool iii. p, 177(1872); Coues, 
Key N. Amer. B. p. 187 (1872); Baird, Breioer, ty Bidgzu. 
Hist. N.Amer. B. i. p. 545, pi. 29. %. 1 (1874); Coues, B. 
N.-West, p. 129 (1874); Maynard, B. Florida, p. 103 (1878); 
Merrill, Broc. US. Nat. Jlus. i. p. 120 (1878) ; liidgto. Proc. U.S. 
Kat. Mus. iii. p. 178 (1881); Salcin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 220 
(18S2); Coues, Cheek-list K. Amer. B. p. 52 (1882); Butcher, 
Auk, i. p. 31 (1884); Biclmell, t. c. p. 830; Coues, Key N. 
Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 804 (1884); Seton, Attic, ii. p. 23 (1885); 
Beckham, t. e. p. 141 ; Agersb. t. e. p. 280; Merriam, t. c. p. 815; 
A. 0. U. Check-list J\T. Amer. B. p. 264 (1880) ; Batchelder, Auk, 
iii. p. 314 (18ft0); Fo.r, t c. p. 817. 
Adult male. General colour above streaked, the feathers of the 
mantle and back brown, slightly tinged with rufous and mesiallj 
streaked with blackish brown ; the lower back, rump, and upper 
tail-coverts more abhy brown, and not so broadly streaked with 
blackish : lesser wing-coverts chestnut, with blackish bases ; median 
coverts blackish, tipped with rufous and edged with dull white; 
greater coverts blackish, externally edged with ashy brown, rufescent 
toward the tip, which is whitish; bastard-wing blackish, 
edged with rufous; primary-coverts and quills blackish brown, 
edged with ashy brown, the first primary with whity brown, the 
secondaries externally browner; tail-feathers blackish brown, edged 
with ashy brown, the outer one for the most part white, with 
an oblique blackish mark along the inner web ; the second feather 
edged with white along the end of the outer web; crown of head 
like the back, and similarly streaked with black ; hind neck rather 
more ashy brown, less distinctly streaked; lores and eyelid dull 
white, as well as a streak above the ear-coverts, forming an indistinct 
eyebrow; ear-coverts ashy brown, rufescent along the upper 
margin, with a black spot on the hinder margin; feathers below 
the eye and cheeks dull white, the latter separated from the ear-
coverts by a line of blackish brown, a second broad line of blackish 
separating the cheeks from the throat, which is white; remainder 
of under surface of body isabelline white; the lower throat, fore neck, 
and chest spotted with triangular markings of blackish brown; 
breast and abdomen uniform; sides of body and flanks isabelline 
buff, distinctly streaked with blackish brown; thighs isabelline; 
under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, 
the former with dusky bases near ihe outside of the wing; quills 
below dusky, ashy isabelline along the inner edge : " upper mandible 
brown ; lower mandible and the feet flesh-coloured or yellowish " 

(E. Coues); "iris hazel" (Audubon). Total length 5*4 inches, 
culm en 0*45, wing 3-2, tail 2*35, tarsus 0*8. 
Adult female. Like the male. Total length 5-8 inches, culmen 
0*45, wing 3*1, tail 2*35, tarsus 0*75. 
In autumn plumage the aspect of the adults is much more rufous 
than in summer, especially on the margins of the scapulars and 

EEDTGILLrDJE. 

inner secondaries ; there is also a strong rufous tint on the sides of 
the face and the under surface of the body, the black streaks being 
ed^ed with rufous. The white on the outer tail-feathers varies 
considerably, especially on the penultimate one, which has often a 
tolerably large white mark at the end. 

Hal. Eastern North America to the Plains, from Xova Scotia and 
Ontario southward ; breeds from Virginia, Kentucky, and Missouri 
northward {A. 0. U. Check-list, I. c). 

a. Ad. sk. North America. Purchased. 
b Ad sk. North America. J. J. Audubon, E-q. 
c. Ad. sk. Niagara Falls. Gould" Coll. 
d. Ad. sk. Montreal, Canada. ^ Sclater Cull 
e Imm.sk Wisconsin, Sept. 1850 (P. Sclater Cull. 
X. &). 
f. Ad. sk. Michigan. 
Prof J.B. Steer* ~P.\ 
g, $ ad. sk. Lake Forest, Illinois, May 1, U.S. Xat. MILS. ¥.\ 
1877 (H. K. Coale; Sm, no. 
80745). 

h 
2 ad. sk. Highwood, Illinois, May 23, R B. Sharpe, EACJ. 
1878 (H. K. Cbale). " [P.]. 
iimm.sk. Illinois, Sept 17, 1879. II. K. C\*1M, E*q. 

h. 
Q ad. sk. Hyde Park Illinois, Mav 7, It." B, Six irp**, E*n. 
1878 (II. K C.). " 'V. . 
1. <$ ad. sk. Pine, Indiana, Sept. 9, 1*?74 FZ B. Sharps, 11-n. 
(F. TV. Kelson). y.\ 
m. 
c? ad. sk. GrlaimUe, Maryland, April M7 117 f\. C«»aK ILHL 
i860 (IL x a). "p.;. 
n. 
d ad.sk. District of Columbia, March 3, Saiun-Godmazi Cull. 
1859 (E Cones; Sin. no. 
29117). 
o. Ad. sk. D. Columbia, April 5, 18110 Sahiu-Gudman C»4L 
(E. Coues; Sm. no. S>90K»). 
p. 
$ ad. sk. D. Columbia, Aug. 14, 1872 U.S. Nat. Mu>. [P.]. 
(D/\ W. Scott; Sm. no. 
79307). 
q. S ad. sk. Fairfax Co., Virginia, May 11 Salvin-GodmanCulL 
(R. Bidgway: Sm. no. 
83470). 
Suhsp. a. Pooecetes confinis. 

Zonotrichia graminea (nee Gm.)7 Woodh. in Sitgn Hep. ULtpl. Ztmi 
$ Color. H. p_. 84 (1854). 

Pooecetes pramineus, var. confinis, Baird, B. N. Amen p. 44h f 1**>); 
Baird, Brewer, <§* Bidgio. Mist. JV. Amen B. L p. 545 f 1*74 j : 
jSewsfc. i&p. ZooL Expl 100M JJfenV. p. 256 (1675j. 

Pooecetes gramineub (wee Gm.)n Baird, Mej\ Bound. Sun\ ii. Bird*, 

p. 15 (1858); Bldkist. Ibis, 1682, p. 6, lbtftf, p. 75; X%i% Zn 
iVal p. 140 (1868); Coues, Bull UA. Geo!. Sun\ iv. p. 3*0 
(1878) j Salvin $r Godman, Biol, Cent r.-Amen. Ave** i. p. Sd3 
(1886). 
Pooecetes 
confinis, Yarrow. Hep. Orn. Specs. Wheeler1* Exntd* 
1874, p. 34. 

70 . POQECETES. 
673 
Pooecetes gramineus confinis, Semiett, Bull, U.S. Geol Surv. iv. p. 17 
(1878); Beldiny, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 415 (1879) ; Pidgw. 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm. iii. p. 217 (1881); Coues, Check-list N. Amer. 

B. p. 52 (1882) j Belding, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm. vi. p. 350 (1883); 
Cones, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 365 (1884); Brew, Auk, ii. 
p. 16 (1885) ; A. 0. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 264 (1886): 
Seton, Auk, iii. p. 323 (1886). 
Adult. Similar to P. gramineus, but altogether greyer, the upper 
surface being ashy brown, and not so heavily streaked as in the 
last-named bird ; under surface of body also less distinctly streaked 
than in P. gramineus, and the sides of the body more ashy. Total 
length 5*8 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3*2, tail 2*3, tarsus 0*8. 
Adult male. Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3*1, 
tail 2*25, tarsus 0*8. 
Adult female. Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3*1, 
tail 2*3, tarsus 0*8. 
The autumn plumage is slightly more rufescent than the summer 
plumage, and at that season of the year there is more resemblance 
to the true P. gramineus, but whether an actual gradation takes 
place between the two forms I am unable to say. Dr. Coues calls 

P. confinis a " paler, greyer form from the dry western regions." 
Hah. "Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific, 
south into Mexico {A. O. U. Chech-list, 7. <?.). 

a. b. Ad. sk. 49th Parallel, June 1874 (G. N. A. Boundary C om-
Dawson). rnission [P.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Milk Biver, lat. 40°, July 24, Salvin-GodmanColl. 
1874 (E. Coues; Sm. no. 
67546). 
d. $ 
ad. sk. Turtle Mountain, July 20, U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
1873 (E. Coues; Sm. no. 
65818). 
e, f. Ad. sk. British Columbia. J. K Lord, Esq. [P.]. 

q. Ad. sk. California (Schulte). Sclater Coll. 
h. Ad. sk. Laramie Peak, Wyoming, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
July 9,1864 (R. B. Hit*-, [P.]. 
Sm. no. 95164). 
i. $ 
ad. sk. Kio Blanco, Colorado, Sept. U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
9,1874 (C. E. Aitken-, Sm. 
no. 69631). 
k. 
c? ad. sk. Denver, Colorado, May 7, U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
1873 (H. W. Henshaio; 
Sm. no. 71296). 
I 
J ad. sk. Arizona, Sept. 1874 (H. W. Salvin-Godinan Coll. 
Henshaiv ; Sm. no. 69626). 

m. 
d ad. sk. Camp Grant, Arizona, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
22, 1873 (Maquet • Sm. no. 
66857). 
n. S a<i« sk* Tucson, Arizona, April 9, H. K. Coale, Esq.. 
1884 (F. Stephens). 
$ ad. sk. Oaxaca, Mexico (A. Boueard). Scla 


Sclater Coll. 
<^ ad. sk. Oaxaca, Nov. 1866 (A. BouSalvin-
Godman Coll. 
eard). 

q. Ad. sk. Jalapa {Be Oca). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
r. Ad. sk. Jalapa (lloge). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
2 x

VOL. XII. 

G74 
FKTNOILLIDJE. 

71. 
PASSERCULUS. Typo 
Passerculus, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 33 
(1838) P. savanna. 
Centronix, Baivd, B. N, Amer. p. 410 (1858) p . bairdi. 

Head of Passerculus sandwichensis. 

Range. Tho whole of North America, ranging into Mexico and 
Guatemala, as well as tho islands off the Yucatan coast; Bahamas. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
With a tinge of yellow over the eye and on the 
edge of the wing. 
a'. Smaller: wing not exceeding 3 inches; 
streaked with black on the flanks; eyebrow 
fulvescent or yellow sandwichensis, p. 674. 

b'. 
Larger: wing 3 inches; more streaked with 
pale rufous on the Hanks; eyebrow white.. princeps, p. 070. 


b. No yellow over the eye or on the edge of the 
wing; colour uniform above, not streaked .. . restrains, p. G80. 
c. 
No yellow over the eye; upper surface streaked ; 
centro of crown and hinder crown pale 
tawny; lesser wing-coverts uniform rufous .. bairdi, p. 68.1. 
1. Passerculus sandwichensis. 
Aoonalashka Bunting, Perm. Arctic Zool. ii. p. 363 (1785). 
Sandwich Bunting, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 202 (1783). 
Emberiza sandwichensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 875 (1788). 
Emberiza arctica, Lath. Lid. Orn. i. p. 414 (1790). 
Emberiza chrysops, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 45, pi. 48. fig. 1 
(1811). 
Fringilla savanna, Wilson, Amer. Orn. iii. p. 55, pi. 22. fig. 3 (1811), 

iv. p. 72, pi. 34. fig. 4 (1811) ; Nutt. Man. p. 489 (1832) ; Audub. 
B. Amer. pi. 109; id. Orn. Biogr. ii. p. 03 (1834), v. p. 510(1839). 
Passerina savanna, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Htst. Nat. xxv. p. 20 (1817). 
Passerculus savanna, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. 8f N. Amer. p. 33 
(1838); id. Consp. i. p. 480 (1850); Cab. Mas. Hem. Th. i. p. 131 
(1850); Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 442 (1858); Cones,Proc. Philad.Acad. 
1801, p. 223; Scl. Cat. Amer. B.y. 112 (1802) ; Blakist. Ibis, 1863, 

p. 74; Coites, Ibis, 1860,?. 209; Ball § Bami. Trans. Chicago Acad. 
i. p. 283 (1C60); Allen, Bull, Mus. C. Z. ii. p. 272 (1871), iii. p. 177 
(1872) ; Owes, Key N. Amer. B. p. 130 (18/2) ; Maynard, B. East. 
U.S. p. 100; Baird, Bretver, $ Ridgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 534, 
pi. 24. fig. 8 (1874) ; Cones, B. N-West, p. 127 (1874) ; Hensh. Rep. 
Zool. Expl. 100th Merid. p. 256 (1875) ; Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. 
Surv. iv. p. 17 (1878); Cones, t. c. p. 588; Sennett, op. cit. v, 
71. PABSEKCULUS. 
p. 390 (1879) j Belding, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm. i. p. 415 (1879) ; 
Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 88 (1880); Cones, Chech-list N. Amer. P. 
p. 52 fl882); Salvin, Cat. Strichl. Coll p. 228 (1882): Cory, B. 
West Indies, p. 13 (1885). 
Emberiza savanna, Audub. Syn. p. 103 (1839); id. B. Amer, iii. 

p. 68, pi. 100 (1841); Girand, B, Long IsL p. 102 (1844). 
Passerculus sandwichensis, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 444 (1858) ; Sol, 
Cat Amer. B. p. 112 (1862) ; Blahist. Ibis, 1863, p. 75 ; Brown, 
Ibis, 1868, p. 422; Ball $ Barm. Tram. Chicago Acad. i. p. 284 
(1869); Cooper, B. Calif, p. 180 (1870); Belding, Proc. U.S. 
Nat. Mm. i. p. 415 (1879); Pidgin, op. cit. iii. p. 178 (1881); 
Cones, Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 52 (1882); Salvin, Cat. StrichL 
Coll. p. 229 (1882); Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm. v. pp. 151, 172 
(1882j ; Turner, Auk, ii. p. 157(1885); Salvinfy Godman,Biol. 
Ceutr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 380 (1886). 

Fringilla arctica, Vigors, Zool. Beechei/s Voy. (Blossom,'ip. 20 (1839). 
Zonotrichia savanna, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 374 (1849); id. Hand-l. B. 

ii. p. 95, no. 7408 (1870). 
Euspiza arctica, Bp. Consp. i. p. 469 (1850). 
Passei cuius alaudinus, Bp. C. P. xxxvii. p. 918 (1853); Baird, B. 
N. Amer. p. 440 (1858); id. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. Birds, p. 15 
(1858); Sel. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 303; id. $ Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 398; 
Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 487; Coues, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1866, 
p. 84; id. Ibis. 1866, p. 209; Elliot, Neiu and TJnfig. B. N. Amer. 
pi. 13 (18G9); Ball fy Bonn. Trans. Chicago Acad. i. p. 284 
(1869) ; Sumichr. Mem. Post Soc. N. II i. p^ 552 (1869) ; Cooper. 
B. Calif, p. 181 (1870). 
Passerculus anthinus, Bp. C. P. xxxvii. p. 919 (1853); Baird, B. N. 
Amer. p. 445 (1858); Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 112 (1862); 
Coues, Ibis, 1866, p. 268; Elliot, New and Unfig. B. N. Amer. 
pi. 13 (1869); Ball # Bonn. Trans. Chicago Acad. i. p. 284 
(1869); Cooper, B. Calif, pp. 183, 187 (1870); Pidgw. Proc. 

U.S. Nat. Mm. iii. p. 2 (1881); Belding, op. cit. v. p. 5:28 (1883). 
Zonotriclria sandwich, ensis, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 95, no. 7409 
(1870). 
Zonotrichia anthinus, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 95, no. 7410 (1870). 
Zonotrichia alaudina, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 95, no. 7411 (1870) ; 

Finsch, Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, iii. p. 51 (1872). 
Zonotrichia arctica, Finsch, Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, iii. p. 46 
(1872). 

Passerculus savanna, var. antbinus, Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 136 
(1872); Baird, Braver, fy Pidgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 539, 
pi. 24. fig. 10 (1874). 

Passerculus savanna, var. sandwichensis, Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 

p. 136 (1872); Baird, Brewer, fy Pidgw. Hist 
N. Amer. B. 5. 
p. 538, pi. 24. fig. 9 (1874). 
Passerculus savanna, I. anthinus, Corns, B. N.-West, p. 128 (1874). 
Passerculus savanna, c. sandwichensis, Cones, t. c. p. 128. 
Passerculus savanna, var. alaudinus, Baird, Brewer, fy Pidgto. Hist. 
N. Amer. B. i. p. 537, pi. 24. fig. 11 (1874); Hensh. Pep. Zool. 
Erpl. I00th Me rid. p. 254 (1875); Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mm. 
no. iv. p. 21 (1876) ; Merrill, Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. i. p. 120 
(1878). 
Passerculus savanna anthinus, Sti*eets, Bull, U.S. Nat Mus. no. 7, 

p. 9 (1877). 
Passerculus sandwichensis, var. alaudinus, Pidgto. OrnAOth Parallel, 
p. 
404 (1877); Cooper, Proc. US, Nat Mus. ii. p. 247 (1880). 
2x2 
670 
EIOTGILLIDiE. 

Passorculus sandwichensis savanna, Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. 

p. 178 (1881); Coues, Check-list, p. 52 (1882); Stearns, op. cit. 
vi. p. 117 (1883); Turner, op. cit. viii. p. 240 (1885); Drew, 
Auk, ii. p. 10 (1885) ; Lawrence, t. c. p. 272; Agersl. t. c. p. 280 3 
Fox, Auk, iii. p. 317 (1880). 
Passerculus sandwichensis alaudinus, Ridgw. Proe. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. 

p. 178 (1881), vi. p. 350 (1883); Coues, Check-list, p. 52 (1882); id. 
Key N. Amer. B. Snded. p. 363 (1884) ; Murdoch, Auk, ii. p. 201 
(1885); Nelson, t. c. p. 240. 
Passerculus sandwichensis anthinus, Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 

iii. p. 178 (1881) ; Coues, Check-list N Amer. B. j>. 52 (1882). 
Passerculus beldingi, Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. yii.p. 516 (1885). 
Passerculus sandwichensis bryanti, Ridgw. op. cit. vii. p. 517 (1885). 
Ammodromus sandwichensis, Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. 
p. 354 (1885); A. 0. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 265 (1886). 
Ammodromus sandwichensis savanna, Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 
viii. p. 354 (1885) ; A. 0. U Check-list. N Amer. B. p. 265 (1886) ; 
Cory, Auk, iii. p. 211 (1886). 
Ammodromus sandwichensis bryanti, Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 

viii. p. 354 (1885). 
Ammodromus 
sandwichensis alaudinus, Ridgw. op. cit. vi. p. 350 
(1883); id. op. cit. viii. p. 354 (1885); A. 0. U. Check-list N. 
Amer. B. p. 2G6 (1880) j JBuerm. Auk, iii. p. 182 (1886); Seton, 

t. c. p. 323. 
Ammodromus 
beldingi, Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 354 
(1885); A. 0. U Checklist N. Amer. B. p. 260 (1886); Bverm. 
Auk, iii. p. 182 (1886). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above streaked, 
brown with a rufous tinge, all the feathers with broad centres of 
blackish brown, those of the mantle and upper back with conspicuous 
white margins to the inner web; scapulars conspicuously 
rufous externally; lesser wing-coverts uniform reddish brown ; 
median and greater coverts blackish, edged rather broadly with 
rufous, the margins whitish; bastard-wing dusky blackish; primary-
coverts and quills dusky blackish, edged with paler brown, inclining 
to hoary whitish on the margins of the primaries, the secondaries 
externally rufous and margined with white like the greater coverts ; 
upper tail-coverts like the back and rump, with broad black centres 
to the feathers; tail-feathers dusky brown, margined with ashy 
brown; crown of head like the back, blackish on the forehead and 
sides of crown, the centre with a whitish streak down the centre 
caused by the light edges to the feathers; hind neck rather more' 
ashy brown; lores, eyelid, and a streak above the eye pale yellow, 
the latter becoming white above the ear-coverts; ear-coverts pale 
rufescent brown, with a black spot behind and a broad black line 
along the lower margin; cheeks dull white, followed by a black 

malar line; throat white; fore neck and breast white, spotted with 
triangular marks of dark brown, tinged with rufous; abdomen uniform 
white : sides of body and flanks white, rather broadly streaked 
with black, the stripes laterally rufescent; thighs rufous-brown; 
under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy, 
the edge of the wing slightly washed with yellow,- quills below 

71 . PASSEECTTLTJS. G77 
dusky, ashy along the inner edge : " bill pale brown beneath, dusky 
above; feet light flesh-colour; iris brown" (Audubon). Total 
length 5 inches, oilmen 04 , wing 2*7, tail 1-9, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Not different from the male in plumage. Total 
length 4;5 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2-05, tail 1-75, tarsus 0*8. 

During the breeding-season the plumage becomes much abraded, 
the light edges being worn off. This is especially the case with the 
rufous margins to the wing-feathers. The black streaks on the 
underparts are strongly developed, and form a more or less well-
defined spot in the centre of the breast. 

The wititer plumage is altogether browner than the summer 
plumage, and the under surface is more fulvescent, all the markings 
of the body being obscured by pale margins. 

Young in first autumn plumage. Similar to the adults, but strongly 
washed with yellow on the eyebrow and even over the entire crown ; 
cheek-stripe and sides of face ochreous buff; throat also spotted with 
black as well as the fore neck, which is pale ochreous buff. 

In a female procured on the 16th May there is still some of the 
yellow tinge on the crown remaining, as well as some of the tiny 
black spots on the throat. 


Like Messrs. Salvin and Godman, I have been unable to find 
definite characters for the different races into which P. sandudcheyisis 
has been divided, as they all seem to merge into one another. 
Eastern specimens (P. savanna) are darker than western ones, and 
have more rufous on the wing; but this depends a great deal on the 
season of the year. Western specimens are greyer and less distinctly 
streaked below, the streaks not extending so far on the 
breast and being blacker and more defined. Individuals from the 
high north are often larger, and some from California are extremely 
dark. More than one of these races were collected by Mr. Gaumer 
in the islands of the Bay of Honduras, and altogether there does 
not seem to be more variation in the species than is seen in the 
Meadow-Pipit of Europe (AntJius pratensis). As many of the differences 
in a series of the latter species are known to be caused by 
variation in the time of breeding, migration, and nesting-locality, 
the same may be found to be the case with the PassercuK of North 
America. I have failed to find in the series at my disposal the 
definite characters laid down by American authors; and I have come 
to the conclusion that under the heading of P. sandiuicJiensis there 
is only one variable species, the divi&ious between the races not 

being in any way definable. That size is not a character to be relied 
upon is shown by the measurements of the series in the Museum, of 
which I subjoin the length of wing:— 

2-45 inches.—California; Cozumel Island. 
2-£0 inches.—Cozumel. 
2-55 inches.—British Columbia; N. Mexico. 
2*60 inches.—District of Columbia; British Columbia; Cozumel. 
2*05 inches.—District of Columbia; Indiana; Saskatchewan district; 


Nebraska; Utah; Nevada; California; Mexico; Cozumel. 

678 
PRMGILIID2G. 

2-70 inches.—Illinois; British Columbia; California; Oaxaca; Mexico; 

Jolbox Island. 
2-75 inchoa.—Massachiisetts; British Columbia; Mexico. 
2*80 inches.—Iiopulaolliy; New York; Vancouver Island; S.Mexico; 

Guatemala. 
2'S5 inches.—Uonalaska; Utah. 
2-00 inches.—Connecticut; Vancouver Island; British Columbia; Colo


rado ; California. 
2-05 inches.-—Uonalaska; Fort Simpson; British Columbia; San Juan 
Island. 
3"0 inches.—British Columbia; San Juan Island. 

Hah. The whole of North America, varying considerably in 
size with locality: Mexico to Guatemala and islands of Cozumel 

and Jolbox; Bahamas. 

a, b. Ad. sk. North America.
c. Ad. sk.
cl Jad.sk.
e,f. Ad. sk. 
Repulse Bay, Arctic America. 
Uonalaska, Sune 9, 1873 (IF.
II.JDcdi; Sm. no. 65469). 
Uonalaska. 
(/. Ad. sk. La Pierre's House, Saskatchewan 
district. 
k. Ad. sk. Fort Simpson.
i, h, l} m} n. Ad.
sk. 
British Columbia. so, p. Ad. sk. British Columbia.

«7, r, tfad. sk.

s. c?ad. sk.
t. 
$ ad. sk.
u. $ad. sk.
v. ?ad. sk.
ID. Ad. sk.
.r. cfad.sk.


y. dad. sk.
«-«'. <JSad.sk.
b\ $ad. sk.

<?'. Ad. sk.
<Vttf ad. sk. 

 S. Juan Island. 
Vancouver Island, April 28
(A. Forrer). 
Vancouver Island, May 4 
{A.
Forrer), 

 Hyde Park, Illinois, May 16,1883. 
Indiana, Get. 14, 1878 (M. X.
Code), 
New York (J. Bell). 
Portland, Connecticut, April18, 1883 (C. IT. Neff). * 
Massachusetts (JET. W. Benshaio; 
Sm. no. 63311). 
District of Columbia, April

(F. Coues; Sm. nos. 28996, 
29013). ' 
Me t 
of Columbia, April21, 1861 (F. Coues: Sm. no. 
85007). ' 

no. 8968).

 Nebraska {Br. Hayden; Sm,

Tremont County, Colorado,
June 17, 1879 (C. K Wor~

then). 

 J. J. Audubon. Esq. 
pp.]. 

 Dr. Rae [P.], 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 B. R. Ross, Esq. 
B. R. Ross, 
J. 
K. Lord, 
[0.]. 
J. K. Lord,
[P.]. 
Dr. Lyall [P.], 

 Esq. 

 Esq. 
* 
Esq 

 Salvin-Godrnan Coll. 

 Sal vin-Godman Coll. 

 H. 
IL Coale, Esq 
[P.]. ' q* 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq 
[p.] r ^ 
Sclater Coll. 


 H. 
K. Coale, Esq 
[P.]. ^ 
U.S. Nat. Museum 
[P.]. 
Sal vin-Godman Coll 


 U.S. Nat. Museum. 
"' 

 Sclater Coll 

 H. 
K. Coale Eso 
TPl ' q* 
71 . PASSEECULUS. 
679 
e',, dad. sk. Fort Bridger, Utah, May 29, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1858 (C. Brevier: Sin. no. 
11107). 

/'. , 3 ad. sk. Fort Bridger, Utah, June 20, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1858 (C. Brexlert Sm. no. 
11116). 

9''. Imm. sk. Nevada, Sept. 18G8 (E. W. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Nelson). PP.]h' 
. Imm. sk. California. Lord Walsingham 
[P.]. 

i'. <$ ad. sk. Agua Caliente, California, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
March 28, 1881 (Sm. no. [P.]. 
76294). 

k',. c? ad. sk. National City, San Diego, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
California (B. T. Gmdt). [p.] 
Ad. st. California. Purchased. 

v.1
m'. Ad. sk. California. Sclater Coll. 
n\ . Ad. sk. N. California. Sclater Coll. 
o\ $ ad. sk, Haywards', California, Feb. 10, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

1881 (W. O.Emerson). PP.]p'. 
, Ad. sk. N. Mexico {Ward). Sclater Coll. 
%'>, Ad. sk. Mexico. Sclater Coll. 
r'. (5s ad. sk. Mexico {A. SalU). Sclater Coll. 
s'. Ad. sk. South Mexico {A. Boucard). Salvin-Godman Coll, 

f. Ad.sk. Caxaca (A. Boucard). Sclater Coll. 
u'--y'. Ad. sk. Cozumel Island, Jan. 1886 (G. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
F. Gaumer). 
z. 
Ad. sk. Jolbox Island, Dec. 1885 (0 . Salvin-Godman Coll. 
F. Gaumer). 
a. Ad. sk. Duenas, Guatemala, Jan. 1860 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(0. &). 
2. Passerculus princeps. 
Passerculus princeps, Maynard, Amer. Nat. vi. p. 687 (1872); Baird, 
Brewer, ty Ridgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 540 (1874) j llidgw. 
Froc. US. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 178 (1881); Coues, Chech-list N. 
Amer. B. p. 52 (1882); id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 361 
(1884); Butcher, Auk, I p. 31 (1884) ; Merriam, t. c. p. 390; 
Butcher, Auk, ii. p. 36 (1885) ; Sennett, Auk, iii. p. 135 (1886) ; 
Jones, t. c. p. 136 ; Butcher, t. c. p. 441. 

Ammodromus 
princeps, Ridgw. Froc. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 354 
(1885); A. 0. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 265 (1886). 

Adult male in winter plumage. General colour above ashy grey, 
the mantle and upper back streaked with blackish brown, washed 
with rufous, the edges of some of the mantle-feathers greyish white; 
lower back and rump not so strongly streaked; lesser wing-coverts 
ashy brown; median and greater coverts blackish, edged externally 
with pale rufous, whitish at the ends; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with ashy brown, inclining 
to whity brown on the primaries, the inner secondaries rufous on the 
outer webs and at the ends, with a broad white margin; upper 
tail-coverts ashy brown, broadly centred with black; tail-feathers 
dusky brown, edged with hoary grey ; crown of head ashy, streaked 

680 
EKING ILLTD2E. 

with black centres to the feathers, the centre of the crown with a 
broad streak of ashy white, formed by the light edges to the 
feathers ; hind neck purer ashy grey ; lores dull ashy, surmounted 
by a narrow eyebrow of greyish white ; eyelid whitish; ear-coverts 
pale ashy, with a blackish mark behind and separated from the 
cheeks by an indistinct blackish line; cheeks white, as also the 
throat, divided from the cheeks by a malar line of black ; remainder 
of under surfaco of body white, the fore neck and chest streaked 
with rufous-brown, blackish along the shafts of the feathers, those 
in the middle of the chest so broadly edged with rufous as almost to 
form a median patch; breast and abdomen uniform; sides of body 
and flanks streaked with blackish like the chest; thighs pale brown; 
under tail-coverts white, the long ones centred with black; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries white, with a slight tinge of yellow 
along the edge of the wing; quills below dubky, ashy along the 
inner edge. Total length 5*7 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3, tail 2-3, 
tarsus 0-8. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 
0-45, wing 3*05, tail 2-2, tarsus 0-8. 
Hah. Atlantic coast of North America, from 'Nova Scotia south, in 
winter, to Yirginia (A. O. U. Check-list, I. <?.). 

a. $ ad. sk. Long Island, New York, Dec. U.S. Nat. Museum 
1883 (W. Butcher; Sm.no. [P.]. 
93092). 
b. Ad. sk. Long Lsland, Dec. 29, 1883 (Br. Sclater Coll. 
A. K. Ftsher). 
^d. ($; e, f,g. Duxbury, Massachusetts, Nov. II. K. Coale, Esq. 
$ ad.sk. 1884 (M. Chamberlain). [P.], 
h,i. 
c?$ad. sk. Duxbury, Nov. 1883 (M. Cham-ft. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
berlain). [P.], 

3. Passerculus rostratus. 
JEmberiza rostrata, Cass. Broc. Bhilad. Acad. 1852, p. 184. 
Ammodromus rostratus, Cass. Ill, B. Calif, p. 226, pi. 38 (1855) : A 

O. U. Chech-list N. Amer. B. p. 266 (1886). 
Passerculus rostratus, Coues, Ibis, 18G6, p. 268 ,* id. Keij N. Amer. B 
p. 136 (1872); Baird, Brewer, $ Ridyio. Hist. B. N. Amer. L 
p. 542, pi. 24. fig. 12 (1874); Midgio. Broc. U.S. Nat. Mas. iii. 
p. 178 (1881) j Belding, op. cit. v. p. 537 (1883), vi. p. 343 (1883) ; 
Coues, CJieck-list N Amer. B. p. 52 (1882) j id. Key N. Amer B 
2nd ed. p. 363 (1884); Brewst. Auk, ii. p. 198 (1885) j Salvin £ 
Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 382 (1886). 
Passerculus guttatus, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 473 (I860) • 
Coues, Key N Amer. B. p. 136 (1872); ffidgw. Broc. U.S. Nat 
Mus. iii. pp. 2, 178 (1881) j Coues, Chech-list N. Amer. B t> 52 
(1882); Bidyw. Broc, U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 528 (1883). 

Zonotrichia rostrata, Gray, Hand4. B. ii. p. 95, no. 7412 (1870). 
Zonotrickia guttata, Gray, t. c. p. 95, no. 7413 (1870). 
Ammodromus rostratus guttatus, Bidyw. Broc. US Nat Mus 

viii. p. 355 (1885) j A. O, U. Check-list N Amer. B' V 267 
(1886). ** ' 
71 . PASSERCULUS. 
081 

Adult male. General colour above uniform ashy brown tlio 
feathers of the mantle and back with concealed dusky centres • 
lesser wing-coverts rather more reddish brown, obscured by ashy; 
median and greater coverts blackish, externally reddish brown, with 
isabelline margins j bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky 
brown, margined with isabelline, ashy on the primaries and moro 
rufous on the inner secondaries; upper tail-coverts like the back; 
tail-feathers dark brown, edged with isabelline ; crown of head dull 
ashy brown, streaked with blackish centres to the feathers; lores, 
feathers round eye, eyelid, and a narrow eyebrow ashy whitish ; ear-
coverts pale ashy brown, dark brown along the upper and lower 
margins, forming a broad streak on the latter; cheeks and throat 
buffy white, with a narrow malar line of blackish; remaindor of 
under surface of body dull whitish, the lower throat, fore neck, and 
breast thickly streaked with broad dark brown centres to the 
feathers ; abdomen uniform whitish; sides of body and flanks isabelline 
brown, streaked with dark brown; thighs isabelline brown ; 

under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale 
ashy isabelline ; quills below ashy, isabelline along the inner edge. 
Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*15, tail 1*9, tarsus 0-85. 


P. guttatus I have united to P. rostratus, as, according to Mr. 
Hidgway, it " only rests on its more slender bill." 
Hab. California, south, in winter, to Cape S. Lucas and Northwestern 
Mexico. 


a. $ ad. sk. Cape S. Lucas, Sept. 8, 1859 Salvin-Godrnan Coll. 
(J. Xantus) Sua. no. 29457). 
4. Passerculus bairdi. 
Emberiza bairdi, Audub. B. Amer. 8vo, vii. p. 359, pi. 500 (1843) ; 

Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 116, no. 7733 (1870). 
Coturniculus bairdi, Bp. Consp. i. p. 481 (1850). 
Centronyx bairdi, Baird, N. Amer. B. p. 441 (1858); Corns, Key N. 

Amer. B. p. 135 (1872); Baird, Brewer, # Mdt/w. Hist N.Amer. 

B. i. p. 531, pi. 25. fig. 3 (1874) j Coues, B. N- West, p. 125 (1874); 
Hensh. Rep. Expl. 100*A Par. p. 253 (1875); Ridgw. lYoc. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. hi. p. 178 (1881); Brezvster, Auk, iii. p. 198; Seton, 
Passerculus bairdi, Coues, Amer. Nat. vi. p. 637 (1872); id. Bull. 

U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 585 (1878) ; id. Chech-list N. Amer. B. 
p. 51 (1882) ; id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 361 (1884). 
Centronyx otocephalus, Aitken, Amer. Nat vn. p. 237 (W<3); 
Ridgw. Proa. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 235 (1881). 
Ammodromus bairdi, A. O. U. Cheek-list N. Amer. B. p. 267 (1886) ; 
Seton, Aide, iii. p. 323 (1886). 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above streaked 
the feathers black in the centre, with a slight rufous tinge, and 
edged with whity brown ; rump and upper tail-coverts rufous, with 
black centres to the feathers, less pronounced than on the mantle ; 
lesser wing-coverts sandy rufous; median and greater coverts 
blackish, edged with rufous, whitish towards the ends, the greater 

682 
FRIffGIIiLIDiE. 

series with, ashy ; bastard-wing blackish, edged with white; primary-
coverts and quills blackish brown, edged with ashy, the outer 
primary externally whitish, the secondaries margined with rufous, 
the inner ones with white; tail-feathers dusky brown, edged with 
whity brown; crown of head pale tawny rufous, blackish on the 
forehead and along the sides of the crown; lores and a tolerably 
distinct eyebrow creamy white; feathers round eye whitish; ear-
coverts isabellino, with a blackish line along the upper and lower 
margins and a black patch behind; cheeks isabelline, with a tolerably 
distinct malar line of black; throat and under surface of body pale 
sandy buff, white on the breast and abdomen; fore neck spotted 
with triangular marks of black; sides of body and flanks streaked 
with black; thighs brown, white on the inner side; under tail-
coverts white; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the lower 
ones with an isabelline tinge: quills below ashy, more isabelline 
along the inner edge. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 
2-85, tail 1-95, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length 4*8 
inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*6, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*8. 

Young. Lark-like. General aspect similar to that of the adults; 
all the feathers fringed with whitish; no distinct band down the 
crown, this part being broadly streaked with black ; under surface 
of body more sandy buff, and rather more thickly streaked than in 
the adults. 

Hab. Interior of Worth America, from the plains of the Eed River 
and Saskatchewan south to Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona (A. 

0. U. Checlc-lisi, I. c). 
tf.Ad.sk. 49th Parallel, June 12, 1874 (£. N. A. Boundary 

Dawson). Conim. [P.], 
b} o. tfad. sk. "West of Pembina, Dakota, July Sclater Coll. 

1873 {Dr. E. Coues; Sm. nos. 

65729, 65732). 

d. Juv. sk. West of Pembina, July 15,1873 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(E. Coues; Sm. no. 65737). 
e. Ad. sk. West of Pembina, July 15, 1873 U. S. Nat Museum 
{E. Coues; Sm. no. 65691). [P.]. 
/ . 
tfad. sk. East of Turtle Mountain, July 2S, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1873 (E. Coues: Sm. no. 
65704). 

g. Ad. sk. Souris River, Aug. 13, 1873 (E. Sclater Coll. 
Cones; Sm. no. 65721). 
h. $ad. sk. Souris River, Aug. 13, 1873 (E. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Coues; Sm. no. 65708). 
I Juv. sk. Souris River, Aug. 13, 1873 (JE. U.S. Nat. Museum 

Coues; Sm. no. 65709). [P.]. 
h. Ad. sk. Crittenden, Arizona, Sept. 2,1874(IT. W. Henshaw). 
R. B. Sharps, Esq. 
[P.]. 
I dad. sk. Crittenden, Aug. 24,1874 (If. W.
Menshaio; Sm. no. 72319). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

72 . AMMODROMTTS. 
083 

72. AMMODROMUS * 
Ammodromus, Swains. Zool. Jour. iii. p. 348 (1827).. A. caudacutui 
Ooturniculus, Bp. Com,]). List B. Eur. 8f N. Amer. 

p. 32 (1838) 
A. passeriims. 
Range. North. America, excepting the high north, through Central 
America and the whole of South America, excepting the 
extreme southern parts; West India Islands. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Edge of wing yellow. 
a'. Breast and fore neck broadly streaked with 
black. 
a". A yellow loral spot; eyebrow ashy; Jmaritimus, p. 683. 
cheeks whitish '. . (nir/rescem, p. 68/5. 
b". Lores, eyebrow, and cheeks tawny caudacutus, p. ($85. 
c". Eyebrow ashy olive, yellowish above the 

lores; cheeks pale sandy buff; upper 
tail-coverts rufous, streaked with black henslowi, p. 600. 
b'. Breast and fore neck uniform. 
d". With a supraloral spot of yellow or 
orange. 
a'". With rufous on the back; no yellow 
on the fore part of the cheeks. 


a4. Eyebrow grey; sides of face sandy 
brown; mesial streak on crown 
sandy buff savannarmn, p. 087. 

b4. Eyebrow ashy grey, as also the 
sides of the face; centre of crown 
ashy grey, streaked with black ... . manimbe, p. G01. 

b'". 
With no rufous on the back ; fore part 
of cheeks yellow peruanus, p. 003. 
e'\ With no yellow on the lores; head and 
back brown, streaked with black petenicus, p. 694. 

b. Edge of wing white 
lecontii, p. 095. 
1. Ammodromus maritimus. 
Fringilla maritima, Wils. Amer. Orn. iv. p. 08, pi. 34. fig. 2 (1811) ; 
Audub. B. Amer. pi. 93 j id. Orn. Biogr. i. p; 470 (1831). 

Ammodromus maritimus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 289 (1837); Bp. 
Comp. List B. Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 32 (1838) ; Audub. Syn. p. 110 
(1839); id. B. Amer. iii. p. 103, pi. 172 (1841); Gray, Gen. Ii. 

ii.p. 374 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 482 (1850); Cab. J. f. O. 1850, 
p. 67 ; Baird, B. 1ST. Amer. p. 454 (1858); Scl. Cat. Amer. B. 
p. 116 (1862); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 96, no. 7416 (1870); Alien, 
Bull. Mus. C. Z. ii. p. 279 (1871) ; Cones, Key N. Amer. B. p. 138 
(1872); Baird, Brewer, fy Ltidgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 560, 
* The connection between Ammodromus and Cotumiadus appears to be complete, 
and the American naturalists also unite Passercuhs. The latter seems to 
me to be a fairly distinct genus or subgenus. 
684 FRINGILLIDiB. 

pi. 25. fig. 8 (1874) ; Maynard, B. Bast. N. Amer. p. 121 (1878); 
JSennett, Bull. U.S. Geol Surv.iv. p. 17 (1878) ; Bidgw. Broe. U.ti. 
Nat. Mas. iii. p. 217 (1881); Coues, Ckeck-l X Amer. B. p. 53 
(1882) • id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 307 (1884); N. T. Lawrence, 
Auk, ii. p. 272 (1885) j Cory, Auk, iii. p. 213 (1880) ; A. O. 

U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 209 (1886;. 
Frhigilla niacgillivrayi. Audub. B. Amer. pi. 3->J ; id. Orn. Biogr. ii. 
p. 285 (18.34), iv. p. 394 (1838), T. p. 499 (lb39). ^ 
Ammodromus niacgillivrayi, Audub. Myn. p. 110 (1839); !?/>. <?#?«/;. 
Zw* A iV . 4-Ar. ^wer. p. 82 (183&); id. Cunsp. i. p. 4b-> (1850); 
Audub. B. Amer. iii. p. 106, pi. 173 (1841); Gray, Gen. B.ii. 

p. 874(1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 4b2 (1850). 
Fnngilla (Ammodromus) maritima, Nutt. 3Ian. 2nd ed. p. f592 
(1840). 
Fringilla (Ammodromus) macgillivrayi, XutL t e. p. 598 (1840). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above dull 
ashy brown with an olive tinge, the feathers of the mantle and 
back mottled with blackish centres, which are edged with paler 
ashy; lower back and rump more uniform, the blackish centres 
being less distinct; lesser wing-coverts dull olive yellowish ; median 
and greater coverts dark brown, with blackish centres, and edged 
with rufescent brown; bastard-wing blackish, fringed with whity 
brown ; primary-coverts and quills dusky brown, edged with olive, 
the secondaries margined with rufescent brown ; upper tail-coverts 
like the back; tail-feathers dusky brown, edged with olive ; crown 
of head dark ashy grey, slightly washed with olive, with a few 


blackish streaks on the sides of the hinder crown; lores ashy white, 
surmounted by a line of bright yellow; feathers round eye dark 
ashy like the ear-coverts, which have a faint superior line of olive 
along the crown ; cheeks ashy whitish, followed by a broad malar 
streak of ashy grey ; throat white; sides of neck dull ashy; fore 
neck and chest whitish, broadly streaked with ashy grey and slightly 
washed with sandy buff; lower breast and abdomen dull wiiite; 
sides of body and flanks ashy brown, inclining to clear brown^ and 
broadly streaked with dusky brown; thighs brown; under tail-
coverts pale brown, broadly streaked with black; under wing-
coverts and axillaries ashy brown, the edge of the wing bright 


yellow; quills below dusky brown, ashy along the inner edge: 
" bill dark browo above, light blue beneath; feet and claws greyish 
blue " (Audubon); iris hazel Total length 5*5 inches, cuLmen 0*6, 
wing 2-55, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*9. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 5*5 inches, 
culmen 0*55, wing 2-25, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*85. 

Young birds have the markings much more distinct, and closely 
resemble A. caudacutus, though larger. They will most readily be 
distinguished by the absence of the fulvous superciliary stripe. (B.7 

B.9 £f B.) 
Hob. Salt marshes of the Atlantic coast, from Massachusetts 
southward, and along the Gulf coast to the Bio Grraude (A. 0. U. 
Chech-list, I. c). 

72 . AMMODKOMTTS. 
685 

a. 
Ad. st. North America. Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. North America (Cassin). Sclater Coll. 
c. 
3 ad. sk. Point Judith, Rhode Island, May H. K. Coale, Esq. 
29, 1879 (C. TV. Chamberlain). [P.]. 
d. $ ad. sk. Point Judith, May 29, 1879 (C. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
W. C). 
[P.]. * * 
e. 
$ ad. sk. Madison, Connecticut, June 17, U.S. Nat. Museum 
1869 (Rev C. M. Jones ; Sm. no. [P.l. 
58198). 
/. 
<S ad. sk. Cape May, New Jersey, May 1839 Salvin-Grodinan Coll. 
(Sm. no. 25255). 

g. 
J ad. sk. Cape May, June 1840 (Sm. no. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
25253). 
h. 
Ad. sk. 
New Jersey. J. J. Audubon, Esq. 
[P.]. 

t, 
c?ad. sk. 

Fort Macon, North Carolina, April U.S.j Nat. Museum 
15, 1869 (B. Coues; Sm. no. [P.]. 
55540). 

2. Ammodromus nigrescens. 
Aminodromus maritimus, var. nigrescens, Ridgw. Bull. Essex Inst. 
v. p. 198 (1873). 
Ammodromus melanoleucus, Maynard, B. Bast. N. Amer. p. 110 
(1878). 
Ammodromus nigrescens, Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 217 
(1881) ; A. 0. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 269 (1886). 
Ammodromus maritimus nigrescens, Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. 

p. 53 (1882); id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 268 (1884). 
Adult. Brownish black above, the outer edges of the dorsal 
feathers narrowly whitish; beneath pure white, thickly streaked 
everywhere with black; supraloral spot and bend of wing bright 
yellow. Wing 240, tail 2*45, culmen 0-45, tarsus 0*90, middle 
toe 
0-60. 
Hal. Salt Lake, Southern Florida. 


3. Ammodromus caudacutus. 
Sharp-tailed Oriole, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. pt. 2, p. 448 (1782); Penn. 
Arctic Zool. ii. p. 261 (1785). 
Oriolus caudacutus, Gm. Stjst.'Nat. i. p. 394 (1788). 
Fringilla 
caudacuta, Wils. Amer. Orn. iv. p. 70, pi. 34. fig. 3 (1811); 
Axidub. B. Amer. pi. 149; id. Orn. Biogr. ii. p. 281 (1834), v. 

p. 499 (1839). 
Passerina caudacuta, Vieill. N. Diet, d?IIist. Nat. xxv. p. 25 (1817). 
Ammodromus caudacutus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 289 (1837) ; 
Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. ii. p. 70, pi. 35. fig. 3 ; Bp. Comp. List 

B. Bur. 8f N. Amer. p. 32 (1838) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 374 (1849) ; 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 482 (1850); Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 453 (1858) ; 
Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 116 (1862); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 138 
(1872) ; Maynard, B. Bast. U.S. p. 122 ; Baird, Brewer, $ Ridgw. 
Hist. N Amer. B. i. p. 557, pi. 25. fig. 7 (1874); Ridgw. Proc. 
U.S. Nat. Mtis. iii. p. 217 (1881); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd 
ed. p. 368 (1884); A. O. U. Check-list N Amer. B. p. 268 (1886). 
Fringilla littoralis, Nutt. Man. i. p. 504 (1832). 
Ammodromus caudacutus, var. nelsoni, Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. N II. 

xvii. p. 292 (1875). 
686 
TWKQTLLTDM. 

Ammodromus caudacutus nelsoni, Ridgw. JProe. U.S. Nat. Mm. liL 

p. 217 (1881); Brewster, Auk, ii. p. 216 (1885) ; Fisher, t. c. 
p. 306; Goss, Auk, iii. p. 115 (1886; ; Hensh. t c. p. 466; A. O. 
U. Chech-l. N. Amer. B. p. 269 (1886). 
Ammodromus 
caudacutus subvirgatus, JDwigJit, Auk, iv. p* 238 
(1887). 

Adult male in "breeding-plumage. General colour above dark ashy 
brown, the mantle-feathers edged with dull white and centred with 
black; lower back and rump uniform; lesser wing-coverts ashy 
brown, washed with olive-yellow; median and greater coverts dusky 
brown or blackish, with paler brown margins; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with ashy brown, 
slightly rufescent on the inner secondaries and inner greater covert *; 
upper tail-coverts like the back; tail-feathers dusky brown, edged 
with ashy brown; crown of head and hind neck dull ashy brown, 
washed with warmer brown, and blackish along the sides of the 
crown; lores, eyelid, and a broad eyebrow pale orange-rufous; ear-
coverts and feathers below the eye dull ashy; cheeks pale orange-
rufous, followed by a narrow malar line of black; throat and under 
surface of body dull white, the fore neck and breast streaked with 
blackish; lower breast and abdomen uniform; sides of body and flanks 
dull brown, washed with sandy buff, and broadly streaked with black ; 
thighs brown ; under tail-coverts isabellinebuff; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries dull whitish, the edge of the wing yellow; quills 

below dusky, ashy along the inner eclgc: "bill brownish black 
above, sides of upper mandible yellow; lower mandible light bluish 
grey; iris hazel; feet pale brown " (Aittlnhon). Total length 4*8 
inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2-15, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*75. 

Young. Everywhere much more tawny than the adult, from which 
it is quite different in aspect. General colour above clear brown : 
the feathers of the mantle and back narrowly streaked with black 
and pale sandy buff on their margins; hind neck uniform brown ; 
wing-coverts and quills as in the adults, but with more distinct pale 
margins, which are conspicuously sandy buff on the coverts and on 
the inner secondaries ; crown of head blackish, the feathers slightly 
edged with sandy buff, more distinctly on the centre of the crown, 
where there is a tolerably defined pale streak; a distinct eyebrow of 
sandy buff; ear-coverts pale sandy buff, dusky blackish along the 
upper margin and behind, a narrow line of black separating the ear-
coverts from the cheeks; cheeks and under surface of body uniform 


sandy buff, excepting for a few narrow shaft-lines of black on the 
sides of the fore neck and flanks, a little broader on the sides of the 
upper breast. 

The series of Sharp-tailed Pinches in the Museum is evidently 
incomplete, so that an exact comparison of the three races now 
recognized by American ornithologists has been impossible. To 
judge of the merits of these distinctions, it would be necessary to 
have a much fuller series of all of them procured at all seasons than 
is at my disposal at present. Mr. Dwight (I. c.) makes out a very 
good case for the recognition of three races; but he admits great 

7 2 AMMODROMITS. 

variation, as, for instance, when the " bills of the three forms intergrade 
; " and, again, certain specimens " suggest the inquiry whether 
some inland marshes may not furnish a regular supply of connecting 
links between A. nelsoni and the new race " (A. subvirgatus). Hence 
I have for the present united them all under one heading. 

Bab. Salt marshes of Eastern North America, and the freshwater 
marshes of the Mississippi-valley region. 

a. Ad. sk. North America. Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. North America. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c. Ad.sk. Pennsylvania (Cassin). Sclater Coll. 
d. Juv. sk. Point Judith, Ehode Island, E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Sept. 5,1876 (F. T. Jencks). [P.]. 
e. S ad. sk. Oyster Bay, Long Island, July U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
14, 1875 (Roosevelt). 
f. Ad. sk. Scarborough, Maine, Oct. 29, H. K. Coale, Esq. 
1879. [P.]. 
g. <$ ad. sk. Revere, Massachusetts, Oct. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
18,1879 (B. 31. Spelman). [P.]. 
/*. J ad. sk. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Oct. 5 (B. W. Benshaw; 
Sm. no. 63340). 
i. Ad. sk. North America. Purchased. 

4. Ammodronms savannarum. 
The Savanna Bird, Sloane, Nat. Bisl. Jamaica, ii. p. 306, tab. 259. 

fig. 3 (1725). 
Le Moineau de la Jamaique, B?'iss. Orn. iii. p. 99 (1760). 
Savanna Pinch, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 270 (1783). 
Fringilla savannarum, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 921 (1788). 
Fringilla passerina, Wils. Amer. Orn. iii. p. 76, pi. 24. fig. 5 (1811) ; 

Audub. B. Amer. pi. 130; id. Orn. Biogr. ii. p. 180 (1834), v. 

p. 497 (1839). 
Fringilla (Spiza) passerina, Bp. Obs. Wils. no. iii. (1825). 
Ammodromus bimacul'atus, Swains. Phil. Mag. new ser. i. p. 435 
(1827) j Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 374 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 482 
(1850) ; Gray, Band-l B. ii. p. 96, no. 7418 (1870). 

Eniberiza passerina, Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 365, pi. 24. fig. 5 
(1832); Audub. Syn. p. 103 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. 8vo, iii. p. 79, 
pi. 162 (1841) ; Giraud, B. Long LsL p. 103 (1844) ; Lembeye, Av. 
Cuba, p. 56 (1850). 

Coturniculus 
passerinus, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. <$* N. Amer. p. 32 
(1838); Cab. J. f. O. 1856, p. 6; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 450 
(1858); id. Mex. Bound. Sum. ii. Birds, p. 15 (1858); Scl. # 
Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 18; Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 379 j Cab. J. f. O. 
1860, p. 411; Scl Cat. Amer. B. p. 116 (1862) ; March, Proc. 
Philad. Acad. 1863, p. 298; Dresser, Ibis, 1805, p. 487; Laur. 
Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. p. 103 (1868) j Frantz. J. f. O. 1869, p. 301; 
SJ michr. Mem. Bost. Soc. i. p. 552 (1869); Cooper, B. Calif. 

p. 189 (1870); Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambr. iii. pp. 136, 
177 (1872) ; Coties, Key N. Amer. B. p. 137 (1872) ; Scl. $ Salv. 
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 32 (1873); Baird, Brewer, fy JRidgw. Bist. 
N. Amer. B. i. p. 553, pi. 25. fig. 4 (1874) ; Laxor. Mem. Bost. 
Soc. N B. ii. p. 277 (1874) ; Coues, B. N.-West, p. 131 (1874) ; 
Gundl. Orn. Cuba, p. 90 (1876); Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. 
688 PEINGIXLIDJ3. 

p. 21 (1876); Merrill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 126 (1878) * 
Bennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. v. p. 390 (3879); Pidgw. Proc. 
U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 217 (1881); Salvin, Cat. Strichl. Coll. p. 233 
(1882) : Cones, Chech-list N. Amer. B. p. 52 (1882) ; id. Key X. 
Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 36o (1884); Bicknell, Auk, i. p. 330 (1884) ; 
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 190 ; Cory, ListB. West Indies, p. 13 (1885); 
Merriain, Auk, ii. p. 63 (1885); Agersh to. p. 280; Salving 
Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 384 (1886). 
Coturniculus tixierus, Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 242 (1847): Sol P. Z. S. 
1861, p. 74 ; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 116 (lb62); Scl. $ Salv. NomencL 
Ac. Neotr. p. 32 (1873). 

Fringilla (Coturniculus) passerina, Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. II. x. 

p. 254 (1866); Sundev. (Efo. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork Stockh. 1869, 
p. 597. 
Ammodromus passerinus, Gray, Hand-l. B.ii. p. 96, no. 7420 (1870). 
Ammodromus tixierus, Gray, t. c. p. 96, no. 7423 (1870). 
Coturniculus passerinus, -\ar. pallidus, Pidgw. in Cones, Key N. 
Amer. B. p. 137 (1872); Baird, Brewer, § Bddgw. Hist N. Amen\ 

B. i. p. 556 (1874); Eemh. Pep. Zool. Eij)l. 100th Merid. p. 257 
(1874) ; Pidgw. Pep. Orn. 40th Parallel, p. 467 (1877). 
Coturniculus passerinus,/3. pallidus, Cones,B. N.-West, p. 131 (1874). 
Coturniculus savannarum, A. Sf E. Neiokm, Kandh. Jamaica, p. 104 

(1881); Cory, Auk, iii. p. 212 (1886). 
Ammodromus savannarum passerinus, Pidgw. Aitk,'ii. p. 371 (1885); 
Brewst. Auk, iii. p. 107 (1885); Fox, t. c. p. 317 ; Ilidqic. Proc. 

U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 355 (18b5) ; A. 0. U. CkecJAidN Amer, 
B. p. 267 (1886) ; Cory, Auk, iii. p. 212 (1SSG). 
Coturniculus passerinus perpallidus, Cones, Check-list N. Amer. B. 
p. 52 (1882) ; id. Key N. Amer: B. 2nd ed. p. 366 (1884). 
Ammodromus savannarum perpallidus, Pidgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 
viii. p. 335 (1885); A. 0. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 268 (18^6). 
Adult male in winter plumage. General colour above mottled with 
black and rufous; the mantle and upper back black, with a terminal 
spot of rufous, most of the feathers externally creamy white; lower 
back and rump ashy grey, the feathers broadly tipped with rufous, 
with a subterminal black spot; lesser wing-coverts olive-yellow; 
median and greater coverts ashy grey or ashy brown towards the 
base, subterminally black, edged and tipped with greyish white, 
with a rufous spot in the centre of the tip of the feathers ; bastard-
wing blackish, edged with greyish white; primary-coverts blackish, 
edged with ashy brown; quills blackish, the primaries edged with 
ashy brown, washed with olive towards the base and whitish 
towards the ends; the inner secondaries rufous near the base of 
the outer web, subterminally blackish, with an indentation of 
white near the end of the outer web, the tip and base browner; 
upper tail-coverts black, edged with ashy grey and feubterminally 
rufous ; tail-feathers pointed, blackish, edged with ashy grey, with 
an oblique pattern of pale ashy near the end of the outer web : 
crown of head black, the feathers edged with ashy ; along the centre 
of the crown a broad streak of creamy-buff feathers centred with 
black; hind nock ashy, mottled with rufous; lores and feathers 
round eye ashy white, surmounted by a narrow line of yellow, continued 
into a narrow eyebrow of pale ashy; ear-coverts, cheeks, 

72 . AMMODEOMCS. 
689 
throat, and fore neck light ochreous brown, with a half-concealed 

blackish spot behind the ear-coverts; sides of neck grey, mottled with 

rufous like the hind neck ; breast and abdomen white ; sides of body 

and flanks pale ochreous brown, faintly streaked with dull rufous-

brown ; thighs whitish, with black bases; under tail-coverts isabel


line buff; under wing-coverts and axiilaries ashy whitish, the former 

tinged with yellow ; edge of wing bright yellow; quills below dusky, 

ashy along the inner web : " bill flesh-coloured beneath, dusky 

above; feet light flesh-colour ; iris dark brown" (Audubon). Total 

length 5 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*5, tail 1-8, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male. Total length 4*6 

inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*3, tail 1*75, tarsus 0*8. 

In the breeding-plumage all trace of the rufous markings on the 
upper surface becomes obliterated, and an ashy shade overspreads the 
mantle and back, the greater coverts being conspicuously ashy grey 
on the outer web ; the under surface of the body becomes very dingy, 
and the buff colour of the throat and breast is scarcely perceptible ; 
the bill is blackish horn-colour, instead of reddish brown (in skin). 

Young. Resembles the adult, but is mottled with narrow white 
edges to the feathers, the greater coverts and inner secondaries being 
margined with white: the under surface of the body is whitish, 
tinged with ochreous buff on the lower throat, fore neck, and chest, 
which parts are streaked with blackish brown. 

Hah. Eastern United States and Southern Canada to the plains, 
south to Florida, Cuba, Porto Rico, and coast of Central America. 
A paler race (A. perpallidus, Ridgw.) inhabits the Western United 
States from the Plains to the Pacific Coast. 

a. Ad. sk. North America. Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. North America. Sclater Coll. 
c. Juv. sk. Providence, Rhode Island, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.] 
Aug. 8, 1S7Q (JET.KCoale). 
d. $ 
ad. sk. District of Columbia, July 26, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1859 (E. Coues; Sm. no. 
29477). 
e. S 
ad. sk. Englewood, Illinois, July 24, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
1878 (H. K. C). 
f. $ ad. sk. Riverside, Illinois, July 4, H. K. Coale, Esq. [P.], 
• 1877 (H. K. C.) 
a 2 ad. sk. Riverside, July 4, 1877 (H. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
K. C.) 
h. 
2 ad. sk. Hyde Park, Illinois, June 28, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
1875 (H. K C). 
i. cf ad. sk. Indiana (JR. Hidgway). U.S. Nat. Museum [P.], 
h 
$ ad. sk. Crittenden, Arizona, July 15, R. B. Sharpe, Ifeq. [P.J. 
1884 (F. Stephens). 

a<l.

I m. r? 2 Mt. Graham, Arizona, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
9 sk. 22,1873 (H. W. Henshaio; 
Sm. nos. 66875, 66877). 
n Juv sk. Arizona (H. W. Hemhaiv; Salvin-Godmar Coll. 
Sm. no. 69498). 

o 2 ad. sk. Gainesville, Texas, June 25, H. K. Coale, Esq. [P.]. 
1884 (G. H. Ragsdcde). 
VOL. XII. 2 T 


mmaiLLiDM. 

p. 
<$ ad. sk. Corpus Christi, Texas, March H. K. Coale, Esq. [P.]. 
20,1884 (G. F. Morcom). 
q, d ad. sk, Shawnee Mission, K. T., July Salvin-Godman Coll. 
3, 1857 (/. G. Cooper; Sm. 
no. 8184> 

r. Ad. sk. Jalapa, S. Mexico (de Oca). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
s. Ad. sk. Guatemala (Constancia). Sclater Coll. 
t. 
Ad. sk. Guadelupe Salduk, Guate- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
mala,April 1862(0. &). 
u. Ad. sk. Ooban, Vera Paz, Nov. 1859 Salvin-Godman Cull. 
(0. 8). 
v. Ad. sk. Guatemala. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
w. Ad. sk. Cozumel Island (C. J. E. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Bevis). 
u\ Ad. sk. Cozumel Island, Jan. 188(5 Salvin-Godman Coll. 


(G. F. Ganmer). 
y. 
Ad. sk. North side of Poito Pico (G. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Latimer; Sm. no. 89572). 
». Ad. sk. Jamaica. P. II. Go&se, E-q. ~C.\ 
(Type of A. fii term. I 
a\ Ad. sk. Jamaica. P. H- Gose, I>q. ^'.^ 
5', c'. Ad. sk. Jamaica (Osburn). * Sclater Coll. 
d'. 2 ad. sk. Jamaica (Osburn). Salviii-fudman Coll. 
e\f. Ad. sk. Jamaica (March). Sclater Coll 
q'l <$ ad. sk. Spanislitown, Jamaica, April U.S. Nat. Muj-euni [P.". 

2, 18G1 (W. T. March; 
Sm. no. 24388). 

5. Ammodromus henslowt 
Emberiza henslowi, Aitdab. B. Amer. pi. 70 ; 2& Ow. Biogr. L p. 3€0 
(1831), v. p. 498 (1830); M*. J?. Amer. 8vo, iii. p. 75, pi. 143 (1*41); 
Giraud, B. Long Id. p. 104 (1844). 
Coturniculus henslowi, Bp. Camp. List B. Eur. 4' AT. Amer. B. p. 32 
(1838); id. Consp. i. p. 481 (1830) ; Baird, B. X Amer. p. 451 
(1858); /&/. Cat. Amer. B. p. 110 (1802); Gray, Iland-l B. ii. 

p. 96, no. 7422 (1870); Allen, Bull Mm. Comp. ZooL ii. p. 279 
(1871); Cones, Fey N. Amen B. p. 137 (1872); Baird, Brewer, 
$• Ftidgiv. Hist. K Amer. B. i. p. 550, pi. 25. fig. 5 (1674); Voices, 
B. N.-West, p. 133 (1874); Mdqic. Proc. 27.6'. Xat. Mm. iii. 
p. 217 (1881); Cones, Check-list K Amer. B. p. 53 (18&2); id. Fey 
N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 306 (1884)$ Loomis, Auk, ii.p. 190 (1885). 
Ammodromus lienslowi, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 374 (1840) ; A. 0. 17. 
Check-list M. Amer. B. p. 208 (1886); Fox, Auk, iii. p. 317 (1886). 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above rufous, 
the leathers of the back and mantle with broad black centres and a 
few remains of ashy-grey margins; lower back and rump more 
uniform sandy brown, the black centres to the feathers less pronounced 
; lesser wing-coverts olive-brown; median and greater 
coverts rufous, with black centres to the feathers, the latter series 
with ashy margins j bastard-wing dusky brown, with ashy-whitish 
margins; primary-coverts dusky, edged with olive-brown; quills 
dusky brown, edged with ashy olive, more distinctly ashy towards 
the ends of the primaries, the first of which is externally whitish, 
the secondaries rufous along the outer webs; upper tail-coverts dull 
rufous, edged with ashy and centred with black; tail-feathers 

/2 . AlOtODROMim. 
^9 2 

dusky brown, edged with whitv brown f>,« *™ t 
blackish down the centre • oral* oThL^ V 1° °^ "ft* 


5hM,l ? f ,"*•! ol™-b">»i> ! father, round eye dell 

jffiuEssrtSsass'aff •u,otis •f?V 

on their nnn.r n d w f l 
y • orown, with a narrow black streak 

;irs^id iindersurfof ti?

SSiS.! sx TZ,r

eaked 

ss °bf£ "CiftSs ta r erShbrrr

side ; under tail-coverts fulvccent ^n ^ J f % mnf 
laries white, edged With J^^^SS^^A 
the wing; qullls below ashy, whiter along the inner edS Total 


teVUl n

I Lt /ln r °*>™S 2^, tail 1-8, tarsus 0 6. 

fT ntlmi M ™ PlumaS-e

• iff 
to the male. Total length 4-5 
inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2, tail 1-85, tarsus 0-6 

Wes t t0 the Plains

^.wai'JaSt?rn 
Y nt6.d ^' - north to Southern 

New England and Ontario (A. 0. V. Checklist, I. „.). 

a. Ad.sk. North America. Sf>1„tpr Pnl l 
*. dad.sk. Bichland Co. Illinois, May 25, S^S^lfa^ a 
dgway Sm no

90737)>--[p0


c. 
$ ad.sk. Richland Co May 25, 1883 (A Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Mich/way, Sm.no. 90736). 
Fo no

<Z. c? ad. sk.^|g^ ^ June 8, 1871 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
T^^ e' cJ2)" lll ^ Jul^4'1881 R B

0. dad.sk. 
- Sharpe, Esq;. 
6. Ammodromiis manimbe. 
Manimbe, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 525, no. 141 (1802) 
Eringilla manimbe, lAcM ?en. Boubl. p. 25 (1823) ; Neuwied, Beitr. 
Naturg. JBi-as. m. p. 600 (1831). 
Emberiza manimbe, _D'Or&. # Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1837. p. 77. 
Ammodromiis xanthornus, GWZd m Darw. Voy. {Beagle* Birds 

Ammodromus manimbe, Gould, ut supra, p. 90 (1841) j JJarfc JM. 
^awra, p. 10 (1847); GVay, Gten. B. ii. p. 374 (1849); id. Hand-l. 

B. n. p. 96, no. 7421 (1870). 
J 
Coturniculus manimbe, Bp. Cornp. i. p. 481 (1850); Cab. Mus. Hein. 
Th. i. p. 133 (1850) ; Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 228 (1856); id. Reis. 
La Plata-St. ii. p. 486 (1861) ; Sol. Cat. Amer. B. p. 116 (1862) • 
Pelz. Om Bras^ pp. 230, 439 (1871) ; Scl. $ Sah. Nomencl. Av. 
Neotr. p. 82 (1873) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 216. 

Adult male in winter plumage. General colour above ashy grey, 
the feathers of the mantle and back broadly streaked with black' 
th e black streaks edged laterally with rnfous ; rump more uniform 
ashy , with scarcely any black centres to the feathers ; lesser wing-
coverts olive-yellow, brighter yellow on the edge of the wing; 

2Y2 

692 mm&iLTjjym. 

median and greater coverts black, edged with ashy grey, whitish at 

the ends, the inner ones slightly tinged with rufous; bastard-wing 

and primary-coverts dusky, edged with ashy; quills dusky brown, 

edged with ashy brown, inclining to hoary whitish on the margins 

of the primaries, the first of which is edged with dull white, the 

.secondaries with rufous; upper tail-coverts ashy, centred with black 

and washed with rufous; tail-feathers dusky brown, edged with 

ashy brown, inclining to hoary whitish on the middle ones ; crown 

of head clear ashy grey, broadly streaked with black centres to the 

feathers; hind neck clear ashy grey, more minutely spotted with 

black; lores dull white, surmounted by a line of yellow, extending 

into an eyebrow of pale ashy; feathers round eye dull whitish; ear-

coverts and sides of face ashy, with a black line above the ear-coverts 

and a black spot behind them; cheeks and throat ashy whitish; 

sides of neck ashy grey, streaked with black ; lower throat and fore 

neck ashy isabelline ; breast and abdomen white ; sides of body and 

flanks brown, as also the thighs ; under tail-coverts pale isabelline; 

under wing-coverts and axillaiies ashy whitish, those near the edge 

of the wing bright yellow; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner 

edge: " bill greyish brown, reddish white at the base of the under 

mandible, blackish on the tip; feet pale fleshy brown ; iris yellowish 

brown " (Neuwied). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 

24, tail 2-1, tarsus 0'7. 

In the breeding-plumage the rufous on the upper surface entirely 

disappears, excepting on the inner secondaries; the general colour 

of the head and back is ashy grey, streaked with black. 

Young birds are altogether browner than the adults, have the fore 

neck and chest streaked with blackish, and the wlng-coverts and 

inner secondaries with very pale edges. 

I can detect no differences in specimens from various localities, 

beyond the fact that those from British Gruiana are of a duller 

brown on the fore neck and sides of body; but I have not been 

able to compare breeding specimens from this locality with others 

from Brazil. 

Hab. The greater part of South America, from Guiana, Venezuela, 

and Colombia to S. Brazil and Bolivia. 

a. c?ad. sk. Bogota, U. S. Colombia (Crow- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
the?'). 
b. $ ad. sk. Caracas, Venezuela, Aug. 13G7 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(A. Goering). 
c. Imm. sk. Trinidad. Purchased. 
d,e. (S $ ad.sk. Boraima, British Guiana, Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1881 (J£ Whitely). 
fi 9-6 ?ad.; Roraima, Nov. 18&L (S. W.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

h. tfjuv. sk. 
i. <$ juv. sk. Roraima, May 1883 (il. IF.). Salvin-Godman Coll 
k <$ juv. sk. Roraima, June 28,1883 (B. W.), Salvin-Godman Coll. 
I d ad. sk. Roraima, Nov. 10,1881 (II IF".). Sclater Coll. 
m. J juv. sk. Roraima, Nov. 14,1881 (JET. W.). Sclater Coll. 
n. Juv. sk. Cayenne. , Sclater Coll. 
72 . AHMODKOMTTS. 
o. tf ad. sk. Island of Mexiana, Lower Ama- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
zons, Dec. 1848 (A. R. Wallace). 
p, q. Ad. sk. Pernambuco ( W. A. Forbes). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

r. Ad.sk. Pernambuco (W. A. Forbes). Sclater Coll. 
s. Ad. sk. Brazil. Admiral Fitzroy [P.], 
tfu. Ad. sk. Bahia, Brazil (Dr. Wucherer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
v, w. Ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll. 
x. 
Ad. sk. Brazil. M. Claussen [P.]. 
y. 
tfad. sk. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Joi/ner). 
z. Ad. sk. Maldonado. 
Admiral Fitzroy [P.]. 
(Type ofA. xanthomas.) 
a'. Ad. sk. Monte Video. Admiral Fitzroy [P.], 
b'. <$ ad. sk. Quilmeo, Buenos Ayres, Dec. Sclater Coll. 

1872 (W. X. Hudson). 
a', tfad. sk. Quilmeo, April 1873 (W. JS. Sclater Coll. 
Hudson). 
d\ c?ad. sk. Cosquin, Cordova, Arg. Rep., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sept. 22, 1882 (JS. W. White). 
e'. Ad. sk. Bolivia. T. Bridges, Esq. [0 ]. 

7. Ammodromus peruaims. 
Coturniculus 
peruanus, JBp. Consp. i. p. 481 (1850); Set. P. Z. S. 
1858, p. 455; id. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1806, p. 182; iid. P. Z. S. 1867, 
pp. 750, 977; iid. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 264; iid. Nomencl Av. Neotr. 

p. 32 (1873),- Taos. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 521, 1882, p. 17,- id. Orn. 
PSrou, iii. p. 43(1886). 
Ammodromus peruanus, Gray, Hand-l. JB. ii. p. 96, no. 7424 (1870). 

Adult male. General colour above brown, tinged with olive, the 
feathers of the back rather broadly streaked with blackish brown; 
rump uniform ashy brown; lesser wing-coverts olive-yellow; 
median and greater coverts dark brown, edged with lighter brown 
and tinged with olive, rather ashy on the margins; bastard-wing 
like the greater coverts; primary-coverts and quills dark brown, 
edged with olive-yellow, the secondaries with reddish brown, whitish 
on the margins of the inner ones ; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers 
dark brown, edged with ashy brown, the latter slightly tinged with 
olive on the edges; crown of head brown, the feathers centred with 
dark brown and strongly washed with olive-yellow, brighter towards 
the forehead ; hind neck a little more ashy; lores and a line above 
the eye bright yellow; feathers round eye as well as the fore part 
of the cheeks yellow; ear-coverts and hinder cheeks ashy brown: 
throat and under surface of body ashy whitish, tinged with yellow 
on the chin; the fore neck and chest pale ashy brown; breast and 
abdomen whiter; sides of body and flanks pale ashy brown ; thighs 
ashy, tinged with olive-yellow; under tail-coverts white, with a 

slight yellow tinge ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale yellow, 
brighter along the edge of the wing; quills below dusky, ashy along 
the inner edge: "bill horn-colour, lower mandible whitish; feet 
clear flesh-colour; iris dark brown " (Jelski). Total length 5 inches, 
culmen 0*55, wing 24 , tail 1*85, tarsus 0*85. 

FBBTGILLID^5. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 4-5 inches, oxdmen 
0-5, wing 2'2, tail 1-6, tarsus 0*8. 

Young. Differs from the adults in being much browner, tinged 
with rufous on the crown, which has an indication of a pale median 
ashy streak; edges of wing-coverts and of quills rufeseent, the 
median and greater coverts pale sandy buff at the ends ; an ashy-
whitish line above the eye; sides of face pale isabelline; throat 
white; rest of under surface pale sulphur-yellow, streaked with 
small triangular blackish spots on the fore neck and breabt. 

Hah. Upper Amazonia, Pern, and Bolivia. 

a. S ad. sk. Gualaquiza, Ecuador (Z. Fraser). Sclater Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Ecuador. 
L. Fraser, Esq. [C.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Jinia, Ecuador (C. Buckley). Salvm-Godman Cull. 
d. Ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e. c?ad. sk. Cosnipata, Peru, Sept. 15,1868 Sclater Coll. 
(H. WMtely). 
f. d imm.sk. La Merced, Peru, July 1876 Sclater Coll. 
J (H. IF.). 
a Juv.sk. Sarayacu, Upper Amazons, March Sclater Coll. 
J% 1877 {JET. W.). 
h Ad.sk. Sarayacu, Upper Amazons, March Sal vin-G adman Cull. 
1877 (II. W.). 

i. 
$ ad. sk. Yurimaguas, Feb. 20, 1881 (Stoh- Sclater Coll. 
mann). 
h. tfad. sk. Upper Ucayali, Sept. 5,18G3. E.^ Bartlett,, Esq. 
C . 
I rf ad. sk. Lower Ucayali. E." Bartlett, Esq. 
[C.]. 

m. rTad. sk. Nauta. 
E. Bartlett, Esq. 
[cy


n. Ad. sk. Bolivia. 
W. Bridges, Esq. 
CO.]. 

o. Ad. sk. Bohvia {Bridges). Sclater Coll. 
8. Armodromus petenicus. 
Ammodromus petenicus, Salvin, P. Z. S.1808, p. 180; id. Mis71886, 
p. 193. 
Coturniculus (?) petenicus, Mdgio. Ibis, 1884, p. 44. 
Coturniculus petenicus, SalmnSr Godman, Biol, Centr.-Amer., Aues, i. 
p. 384, pi. 28. fig. 2 (1880). 
Adult female (type of species). General colour above blackish 
brown, the feathers streaked by means of ashy-brown margins, 
which have also a slight rufeseent tinge, especially on the lower 
back and rump ; lesser and median coverts dark brown, edged with 
ashy brown and slightly tinged with olive-yellow; greater coverts 
dark brown, edged with ashy brown, but with a strong subterminal 
rufous shade; bastard-wing and primary-coverts dark brown, edged 
with ashy whitish ; quills dark brown, edged with ashy brown, the 
secondaries with dull rufous, like the inner greater coverts ; upper 
tail-coverts like the rump; tail-feathers dark brown, edged with 
ashy, before which is a shade of rufous; crown of head like the 

72 . AMMODEOMTJS. 
back; lores ashy whitish, produced into a distinct eyebrow of ashy 

grey; feathers round eye white; ear-coverts ashy brown, with a 

rufous streak along the upper edge ; cheeks white, posteriorly ashy, 

like the ear-coverfcs, from which they are separated by a narrow line 

of black; throat white, with a thin malar line of blackish; fore neck 

and breast pale brown ; lower breast and abdomen whiter; sides of 

body and flanks 
light brown, with a few blackish streaks on the 

latter; thighs brown ; under tail-coverts pale fulvous-brown; under 

wing-coverts and axillaries ashy, washed with yellow externally, 

brighter on the edge of the wing ; quills below dusky, ashy along 

the inner edge. 
Total length 5*1 inches, culnien 0*5, wing 2% tail 

2, tarsus 0*75. 

Bab. Guatemala. 

a. 
J ad, sk. Pine ridge of Poctum, Guate- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
rnala, March 1862 (0. 8.). (Type of species.) 
9. Ammodxomus lecontei. 
Emberiza lecontei, Audub. B. Amer. 8vo, viii. p. 221, pi. 488 (1843). 

Ammodromus lecontei, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 374 (1849) j A. 0. U. 

Chech-list N. Amer. B. p. 2Gi) (1880); Seton, Auk, iii. p. 323 

(1886) ; Brewster, t. c. p. 410: Allen, t. c. p. 489. 

CoturnicLilus lecontei, Bp. Consp, i. p. 481 (1850); Baird, B. N. 
Amer. p. 452 (1858) j Gray, Band-l. B. ii. p. 90, no. 7425 (1870); 
Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 137 (1872); id. Amer. Nat. vii. p. 748 
(1873); Baird, Brewer, fy Midyw. Bist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 552, 
pi. 25. fig. 6 (1874); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 134 (1874) ; id. Bidl 

U.8. Geol Surv. p. 587 (1878) ; Bidqw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 
iii. p. 217 (1831); Coues, Chech-list N. Amer. B. p. 53 (1882); 
Seton, Auk, ii. p. 23 (1885) ; Loomis, t. c. p. 190 (1885) ; Ayersb. 
t e. p. 280 j Widman, t. c. p. 382. 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above mottled, 
the feathers of the mantle and back black, edged with sandy buff or 
ashy whitish, with here and there a tinge of rufous ; the lower back 
and rump more uniform sandy buff, the feathers mesiaUy black and 
tinged with rufous, but not so pronounced as on the mantle ; lesser 
wing-coverts uniform sandy brown; median and greater coverts 
blackish, broadly edged with rufous, the latter series sandy buff or 
ashy on the margins; bastard-wing blackish, edged with white; 
primary-coverts and quills dark brown, externally pale brown, the 
first primary edged with white ; the inner secondaries like the back, 
with broad black centres and with more or less rufous before the 
ashy margins; upper tail-coverts sandy rufous, with black centres ; 
tail-feathers dark brown, blackish in the centres and margined with 
ashy brown, before which is a rufous shade; crown of head blackish 
brown, the feathers with sandy-buff margins; along the centre of 
the crown a broad streak of ashy white; hind neck rather more 
ashy; lores white, surmounted by a broad eyebrow of orange-rufous ; 
feathers round eye whitish; ear-coverts dark ashy grey, with a 
black patch near the hinder margin; cheeks orange-rufous ; throat 

 TBIKQILIJDM* 

and under surface of body paler orange-rufous ; breast and abdomen 

white; sides of body and flanks pale orange-rufous, streaked with 

black, more broadly on the latter; thighs white, externally sandy 

buff; under tail-coverts pale sandy buff • under wing-coverts white; 

axillaries pale sandy buff; quills below dusky, isabelline along the 

inner edge. Total length 4-4 inches, culmenO-4, wing 2-1, tail 1*9, 

tarsus 07. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but rather less richly coloured, 

and not quite so broadly streaked with black on the sides. Total 

length 4*5 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*15, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*7. 

Hal. Prom the plains eastward to Illinois, South Carolina, and 

Florida, and from Manitoba south to Texas (A. 0. U. Check-list, 

I <?.). 

a. Jad.sk. Warsaw, Illinois, April 20, 1883 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(C. Z. Worthen). FP.l 
b. J ad. sk. Warsaw, May 12, 1883 (C. Z. U.S. "Nat. Museum 
Worthen; Sm. no. 92053). [P.]. 
<?. 2ad.sk. Vimita, Indian Territory, Feb. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
21, 1884(6*0%). [P.]. 


d. Ad. sk. Papillion, Nebraska, Oct. 15, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1882 (Z. Belding; Sm. no. 
88739). 
e. $ ad.sk. Texas, Nov. 20, 1880 {J. Doug- Sclater Coll. 
las Ogilhj), 
73. 
HEL0SPIZA. -" 
Type. 
Melospiza, Baird, B. K Amer. p. 476 (1858) M. faselata. 
Helospiza, Baird, t. c. p. 477 (1858) 31. lincolni. 

Range. The whole of North America, ranging into Central 
America. 

Key to the Sjyeeies. 

a. Chest uniform ashy grey, with no spots georgiana, p. 607. 
b. Chest spotted. 
a'. With a fulvescent band across the chest.... lincolni, p. 098. 
b\ Chest white, with triangular spots. 
a". Wing not exceeding ~2-§ inches fasciata and allie?, 

a, Back very distinctly streaked with black, [pp. 701-705. 

the ^ feathers edged with grey, pro


ducing a strongly mottled appearance. 

a'. 
Streaks on fore neck black, with very 
distinct chestnut tinge fasciata, p. 701. 
/3'. Streaks on fore neck pale rufous j all 
colours paler than foregoing fallax, p. 70S. 
y'. Streaks on fore neck black and very 
distinct, without rufous tinge ... . heermanni, p. 704. 
#'. Similar to the last, but smaller samuelis, p. 705. 
jS, Streaks on back obsolete, the blackish 
centres indistinct and without ashv 

a> mar£ins

it, 
" guttata, p. 70€. 

o 
. Size large,- wing over 3 inches; streaks 
on back very indistinct; rump uniform . cinerea, p. 707. 
73 . MELOSPIZA. 
1. Melospiza georgiana. 
Fringilla georgiana, Lath. Bid. Orn. i. p. 4G0 (1790): Nutt. Man. 
p. 502 '(1832). 
v n 
Fringilla palustris, Wilson, A?ner. Orn. iii. p, 49, pi. 22. %. l (1811); 
Audud.B. Amer.ipl. 64; id. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 331 (1831), v. p. 508 
(louc/J, 

Fringilla (Spiza) palustris, Bp. Obs. Wils. 1825, no. 105. 
Zonotrichia palustris, Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. i p 338 pi 21. 
fig. 1 (1832) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 374 (1849); id. Hand-l.B. ii. 

p. 94, no. 7394 (1870). 
Passerculus palustris, Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. & N. Amer n 33 
(1838) ; id. Comp. i. p. 481 (1850). ' *' 
Ammodromus palustris, Audub. Syn. p. Il l (1839); id. B. Amer. iii. 

p. 110, pi. 175 (1841); Giraud, B. Long Isl. p. 114 (1844). 
Fringilla (Ammodromus) georgiana, Nutt. Man. Orn. p. 588 (1840). 
Melospiza palustris, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 483 (1858) ; Scl. Cat. 
Amer. B. p. 114 (1862); Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 79: Laior. Amu 
Lye. N. Y viii. p. 286 (1867); Allen, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. IT. i. 

p. 505 (1868); id. Bull. Mm. C. Z. ii. p. 279 (1871), iii. p. 177 
(1872) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 138 (1872) ; Baird, Brewer, $ 
Riclgio. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 34, pi. 28. figs. 1, 2 (1874) ; Coues, 
B. N~West, p. 137 (1874); Hemh. Bep. Zool Expl. 100th Mend. 
p. 285 (1875); Coues, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 596 (1878) ; 
Riclgio. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 180 (1881); Coues, Check-L N. 
Amer. B. p. 53 (1882) ; id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 370 (1884); 
Bicknell, Auk, ii. p. 149 ; Loomis, t. c. p. 189 ; Chadb. t. c. pp. 216 
381; Agersb. t. c. p. 280 j Bulky, Auk, iii. p. 277 (1886). 
Passerculus 
caboti, Baird, Brewer, §• Bidgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. iii. 
pi. 40. fig. 9 (1874, descr. nidld); Bidgw. Broc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 

iii. p. 285 (1881). 
Melospiza georgiana, Ridgw. Broc. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 355 (1885); 
A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 281 (1886): Fox, Auk, iii. 
p. 318 (1886). 
Adult wale. General colour above brown, the featbers mesially 
streaked with black and edged with lighter brown, those on the 
mantle with whitish margins ; lower back and rump light brown, 
with more or less concealed black centres to the feathers; wing-
coverts chestnut, with a mesial black mark at the ends, much more 
pronounced on the greater series, which have a narrow edging of 
creamy white at the tips; bastard-wing blackish, margined with 
white ; primary-coverts and quills brown, edged with rufous-brown, 
the first primary white along the outer margin, the secondaries 
externally chestnut; the innermost secondaries black, externally 
washed with chestnut, white towards the end of the outer web, thus 
resembling the greater coverts; upper tail-coverts rufous, with broad 
black central streaks; tail-feathers dusky brown, rufous on the 
edges, with black along the centre of the middle feathers; crown of 
head uniform bright chestnut; the forehead black, with a narrow-

median line of ashy fulvous; nape and hind neck clear slaty grey, 
streaked with black ; lores whito, continued into a broad eyebrow of 
pale ashy ; eyelid white, as also the feathers below the eye; ear-
coverts ashy brown, with whitish shaft-lines, and surmounted on the 

698 
mmGciLiJ3)m. 

hinder parts by a broad band of black, washed with, chestnut; cheeks 

ashy white, with a well-marked superior line of black below the eye; 

throat pure white, as also the breast and abdomen ; across the fore 

neck a shade of ashy; sides of upper breast washed with MTOUS 

and streaked with black; sides of body, flanks, and under tail-coverts 

sandy brown, streaked with black; thighs uniform brown; under 

wing-coverts and axillaries ashy white, the former washed with 

fulvous; on the edge of the wing a faint shade of yellow; quills 

below dusky, ashy along the inner edge: " bill dark brown above, 

paler and tinged with blue beneath; feet yellowish brow n; iris 

hazel" (Audubon). Total length 5'2 inches, culmen 0%5, wing 2-5, 

tail 2-2, tarsus 0*85. 

Adult female. Similar to the male: " bill brown, the lower man


dible lighter,- feet yellow; iris brown" (Boosevelt, 3188.). Total 

length 5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2-DD. tail 2*3, tarsus 0*b5. 

The adults in to'Interplumcuje only differ from the summer plumage 

in their darker tints, and in having the chestnut of the crown ob


scured by black streaks, with a distinct mesial line of ashy grey down 

the crown. The flanks are more uniform bandy brown. On many 

specimens there are dusky streaks on the fore neck, and these are 

probably young birds after their first moult. 

Bab. Eastern North America to the Plains, accidentally to Utah, 

north to the British Provinces, including Newfoundland and Labra


dor. Breeds from 
the Northern hitates northward, and winters in 

the Middle States and southward. (A. 0. U. Check-list, p. 2bl.) 

a. Ad. &k. North America (Cassin). Sclater Coll. 
b. <$ ad. sk. Grand Crossing, Cook Co., Illi- 11. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
nois, May 23, 1884 (II. K. IF.\ 
Coale). 

c. J ad. sk. Oyster Bay, Long Island, April CJ.S. Nat. Mus. [P.], 
8, 1875 (Boosevelt: Sm. no. 
86977). 
d. e. <$ $ ad. sk. Washing-ton, B.C. (C. Brevier; Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sm. nos. 28(311, 28013). 
/. 
S ad. sk. New Orleans, Louisiana, Dec. 1, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1882 (Dr. Shufeldt; Sm. no. 
00673). 

g. S ad. sk. New Orleans, Dec. 2, 1882 U.S. Nat. Mus. [PA 
(Br. Shtfehlt; Sm. no. 90072). 
h Ad. sk Pennsylvania (Casmi). Sclater Coll. 
I 2 ad. sk. Frankford, Pennsylvania, Feb. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

6,lh81(W.L."CoIliM). [PA 

A. cfad.sk. Bainbridge, Pennsylvania (T. U.S. Sat. Mus. TV. 
H. Bean ; Sm. no. 88898). 
" J 
I. 5 ad. sk. Across Eastern Branch, Marv- U.S. Nat. Miib. [P.'. 
land, May 1, 1800 (E9 
Cones} Sm. no. 83044). 
2. Melospiza MncoM. 
Fringilla lineolni, Audvb. B. Amer. pi. 193; id, Orn. Biogr. ii. 
p. 539 (1834). r 
Linaria lincoki, Richards. List, 1837 (teste Corns). 
73. MELOSPIZA.. 
699 

Passerculus lincolni, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. fy N. Amer. p. 33 
(1838) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 303, 1859, p. 365; Scl. 8f Salv. Ibis, 
ism, p. 18. 

Peucssa lincolni, Audub. Syn. p. 113 (1839); id. B. Amer, iii. p. 116, 

pi. 117 (1841); Bp. Comp. i. p. 481 (1850). 
Passerculus zonarius, Bp. teste Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 305. 
Zonotrichia lincolni, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 374 (1849); id. Hand-l. B. 

il. p. 94, no. 7393 (1870) ; Fintch, Abhandl nat. Per. Bremen, iii, 

p. 76 (1872). 
Melospiza lincolni, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 482 (1858); Scl. P. Z. S. 
1859, p. 379 ; id. Cat Amer. B. p. 114 (18(32); Blakist Ibis, 1862, 

p. 7, 1863, p. 79 ; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 489 ; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. 
Y. viil p. 286 (1866); Coues, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1866, p. 88; 
Ball $ Mann. Trans. Chicago Acad. i. p. 285 (1869); Sumichr. 
Mem. Best. Soc. i. p. 552 (1869); Cooper, Orn. Calif, p. 216 
(1870) 5 Allen, Bull. Mus. C Z. iii. p. 177 (1872); Corns, Key N-
Amer. B. p. 138 (1872); Scl. f Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 32 
(1873) ; Baird, Brewer, fy Rldgxo. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 31, 
pi. 27. fig. 13 (1874); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 135 (1874); Lawr. 
Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 277 (1874); Hensh. Pep. Zool. Expl. 
IQOth Merid. p. 283 (1875;; Ridgw. Rep. Surv. 40th Parallel, 
p. 484 (1877) ; Coues, Bull U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 595 (1878) ; 
Sennett, t. c. p. IS, v. p. 390 (1879); Ridgw. Bidl. U.S. Nat. Mus. 
no. 21, p. 26 (IbSi); Coues, C/ieck-l N. Amer. B. p. 53 (1882) ; 
Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 444; fielding, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 
vi. pp. 348, 350 (1884); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd eel. p. 370 
(1&84); Butcher, Auk, i. p. 31 (1884) : Brew, Aide, ii. p. 16 
(1885) ; Beckh. t c. p. 142 ; Agersb. t c. p[ 280 ; Scott, t. c. p. 354; 
Turner, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 241 (1885) ; Hensh. Auk, 
iii, p. 74; Seton, t. e. p. 324; Salving Godman, Biol Centr.-Amer., 
Aves, i. p. 386 (1886); A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 281 
(1886). 
Helospiza lincolni, Allen, Proc. Essex Inst. 1864, p. 72. 

Adult male. General colour above brown, distinctly mottled with, 
black centres to the feathers of the mantle and upper back, which 
are also slightly edged with ashy; the lower back and rump more 
ashy, and streaked with black down the centre of the feathers ; scapulars 
like the back, but rufescent externally; lesser wing-eoverts 
rufous-brown; median and greater coverts rufous-brown, ashy externally 
and toward the tips, where there is a broad central black 
mark, giving a spotted appearance ; bastard-wing dusky, externally 
ashy grey, whitish towards the end; primary-coverts and quills 
dusky, externally rufescent brown, more ashy on the primary-coverts 
and primaries, the first of the latter being edged with whitish; the 
inner secondaries blackish, edged with rufous-brown like the rest of 
the wing, whitish on the extreme margin; upper tail-coverts rufescent 
brown, edged with ashy and centred with black : centre tail-
feathers ashy brown, with dark centres, the remainder brown, externally 
edged with reddish brown, with a paler fringe to the tips 
of the feathers; crown of head grey down the centre, with a broad 
lateral band on each side, streaked with black, and one of rufous, 
followed by ashy-grey bands above the eye, skirting the sides of the 
head; hind neck brown like the back, but much more narrowly 

700 , EKoraiiiiD^!. 

streaked with, black; lores and feathers at base of bill and in front 

of the eye ashy whitish; eyelid and ear-coverts fulvoas-brown, the 

latter with* paler shaft-streaks and rather dusky; cheeks pale ful


vous, with a distinct black line along the upper edge; throat white, 

with numerous small triangular spots of black, forming below the 

cheeks a tolerably defined moustachial line ; sides of neck ashy grey, 

streaked with black; fore neck and chest fulveseent, with slightly 

larger spots than the throat; breast and abdomen white; sides of 

body and flanks ashy brown, a little more Mvescent on the latter, 

both streaked with black; thighs brown; under tail-coverts buffy 

whitish, with broad blackish centres; under wing-coverts and asil


laries whitish, with ashy bases, the edge of the wing pale yellow; 

quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge : u bill dark brown at 

the end; greyish blue at the base; feet yellowish' brown; iris 

brown " {Audubon). Total length 5*1 inches, culmen 0'4, wing 2*6, 

tail 2*5, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but with the bands 

on the head not so distinctly pronounced. Total length 5*3 inches, 

culmen 0*4, wing 2*45, tail 2-25, tarsus 0*7. 

The winter plumage scarcely differs from the summer plumage, 

being merely a little more ashy above, and having the spots on the 

throat and chest a little less distinct. 

Hal. Forth America at large, breeding chiefly north of the 

United States, and in the higher parts of the Rocky Mountains; 

south in winter to Guatemala. (A, O. U. Checklist, I c.) 

a, h. S $ ad. sk. Fort Simpson. B.R.Ross,Esq. [P.]. 

c. Ad. sk. Lake of Woods, Manitoba, N.A. Boundary ComJuly 
20, im (G.Damon). mission. 
d. Ad. sk. Colville, British Columbia. J. Iv. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
e. $ ad. sk. Golehour, Illinois, May 16, R. B. Sliarpe. Esq. 
1880. FP.J. 
/. 
<? ad.sk. Hyde Park, Cook Co., HI., May H.lLCoale,Esq.[P.]. 
5,1883. 

g. Ad. sk. Pennsylvania (S. F. Baird). Sclater Coll. 
h. 
$ ad. sk. "Wheatland, Indiana, May o, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1883 (R. Midgway: SHI. no. 
90313). 
i. 
Ad. sk. Fort Laramie, Nebraska, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
10 (J. G. Cooper i Sm. no. 
37198). 
h. 
d ad. sk. Denver, Colorado, May 17, U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
1873 (H. W. Henshaw; Sm. 
no. 66947). 
I 
Ad. sk. Denver, May 17 (H. W. Hen-U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
skate, Sm. no. 66940). 

m. 
§ ad.sk. Mount Graham, Arizona, Sept. U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
25 (H. W. Hmshaw; Sm. 
no. 69595). 
n. $ ad. sk. Tucson, Arizona. H.K.Coale,Esq.[P.J. 
o. $ ad. sk. Apache, Arizona, Oct. 7 (H. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
W. Hmshaw; Sm. no. 68827). 
p. 
(S ad. sk. Kendall Co., Texas, March 4, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
1880 (N. a Brown). 
q. Ad.sk. California. 
Old Collection. 
73. MELOSPIZA. 701 
r. (S ad. sk.
s. Ad. bk.
t. Ad. sk.
u. Ad. sk.
v. Ad. sk.
w, x. Ad. sk.
y. Ad. sk.
z. $ ad. sk. 
Cohuilla Valley, California, May4,1886 (F. Stephens). 
Presidio, Mexico, Jan. 9 (A.
Fare?*), 
Jalapa, Mexico (de Oca). 
Tamaulipas, Mexico. 
Orizaba, Mexico (Botteri). 
Guatemala (J. U. Skinner). 
Guatemala (O. Salvin). 
Sayana of Poctum, Guatemala,
March 1862 (0. S.). 
G. Frean Morocm, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Salvin-Ggdman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
Sclater Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
3. Melospiza fasciata. 

Fasciated Finch, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 273 (1783); Penn. 

Arctic Zool ii. p. 375 (1785). 
FringiUa"fasciata, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 922 (1788). 
Fringilla melodia, Wik. Amer. Orn. ii. p. 125, pi. xvi. fig. 4 (1810); 

Auduh. B. Amer.'yl. 25; id. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 125 (1831), y. p. 507 
(1839; j id. Syn. p. 120 ; id. B. Amer. 8vo, iii. p. 147, pi. 189 
(1841) ; Giraud, B. Long Isl. p. 121 (1844). 

Ernberiza? melodia, Jard.'ed. Wils. i. p. 269, pi. xyi. fig. 4 (1832). 

Zonotrichia meloda, Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. # N. Amer. p. 31 (1838); 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 373 (1849); Bp. Comp. i. p. 478 (1850); Gray. 
Hand-l B. ii. p. 94, no. 7387 (1870). 

Melospiza melodia, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 477 (1858); id. Mex. 
Bound. Surv. ii. Birds, p. 16 (1858) ; id. Ibis, 1867, p. 270; Allen, 
Bull. Mus. C. Z. ii. p. 272 (1871), iii. p. 177 (1872); Coues, Key 

N. Amer. B. p. 139 (1872); Baird, Brewer, $ Bidgw. Hist. N. 
Amer. B. ii. p. 19, pi. 27. fig. 6 (1874) ; Coues, B. N.-West,^. 138 
(1874); id. Bull. U.S. Geol Surv. iy. p. 596 (1878): Merrill. Proc. 
U.S. Nat Mus. i. p. 127 (1878). 
Melospiza 
fasciata, Bidgto. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. pp. 2, 180 
(1881) ; Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 53 (1882) ; Merriam, Bull 

U.S. Nat. Mus. no. %% p. 283 (1884) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd 
ed. p. 371 (1884); Bieknell, Auk, ii. -p. 147 (1885); Agersb. t c. 
p. 280; A. O. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 278 (1886); Fox, Auk, 
iii. p. 318 (1886); Seton, t c. p. 324 (1886). 
Melospiza fasciata montana, BCensh. Auk, i. p. 224 (1884); Batehelder, 
Auk,ii. pp. 124, 236 (1885) ; A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer. B.p. 279 
(1886). 

Melospiza montana, Saluin fy Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. 

p. 387 (1886). 
Adidt male. General colour above brown, the mantle and upper 
back mottled with black centres to the feathers, which are broadly 
edged with ashy internally and with chestnut externally; lower 
back and rump more ashy brown, with the dark centres to the 
feathers more pronounced; scapulars like the back; lesser wing-
coverts rufous-brown; median coyerts dark brown, surrounded by 
rufous-brown, with the edges ashy; greater coverts rufous, ashy or 
creamy whitish at the tip, with large central spots of black near the 
ends, resembling the inner secondaries; bastard-wing blackish, externally 
rufous, ashy whitish at the ends ; primary-coverts and 
quills blackish brown, externally rufous, whitish towards the end of 
the primaries, the inner secondaries black in the centre, surrounded 
by rufous, and with broad ashy grey margins; upper tail-coverts 

702 mTXGILLTBM. 

reddish brown, edged with ashy grey, with longitudinal Mack 
centres; centre tail-feathers brown, with black along the shaft-
region, the remainder brown, edged with pale reddish brown, the 
ends of the outer feathers paler; centre of crown ashy, streaked 
with black, and bordered on each side by a broad line of chestnut-
brown, also streaked with black; hind neck a little more ashy than 
the mantle, and more narrowly streaked with black; lores, feathers 
in front of the eye, and a broad eyebrow creamy white, the latter 
washed with ashy posteriorly; feathers below the eye creamy white ; 
ear-coverts ashy ochreous, with paler shaft-streaks, the upper edge 
chestnut, forming a streak; cheeks ochreous buff, separated from 
the ear-coverts by a chestnut streak; throat white, with scarcely 
any dusky triangular spots, bordered on each side by a broad malar 
streak of black, washed with chestnut; sides of neck ashy grey, 
narrowly streaked with dusky; fore neck and breast white, the latter 
tinged with rufous, all the feathers having broad triangular centres 
of black, bordered on each side with chestnut, the spots collected in 
the centre of the breast and forming a large patch ; abdomen white; 
sides of body and flanks fulvescent, streaked with chestnut, the 
centres of the feathers black; thighs brown ; under tail-coverts 
yellowish white with dusky centres ; under wing-coverts and axil


laries whitish, with ashy bases; quills below dusky, ashy rufous 
along their inner edge : " bill deep brown above, bluish beneath; 
feet and claws pale brown ; iris hazeliy (Audubon). Total length 
5*5 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2-0, tail 2*45, tarsus 0*85. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 5*7 inches, 
culmen 0*55, wing 2-5i tail 2'57 tarsus 0*8. 

The summer plamaye is more rufous than the winter plumage, the 
ashy edges to the feathers becoming worn off, and the spots on the 
breast blacker by reason of the failing of the chestnut colour. The 
cheek-band also becomes purer white, losing the ochreous-buff tint 
of the winter plumage, while there is no trace whatever of dusky 
spots on the throat. 

Specimens of M. montana, Henshaw, received from the U.S. 
National Museum under that name, appear to be absolutely inseparable 
from M. fasciata. 

Hah. Eastern United States to the Plains, breeding from Virginia 
and the northern portion of the Lake States northward (A. O. U. 
Ched'-list, h c). 21. movtana is said to inhabit Colorado, Utah, 
Nevada, and northward. 

a. Ad. sk. Montreal, Canada (P. L. 8.). Sclater Coll. 
6. Ad. sk. Lake of Woods, Manitoba, 
July 0,1873 (G. Dawson). 
1ST. A. Boundary Commission. 
c, d Ad. sk. 49th Parallel, June 1873 (G. 1ST. A. Boundary Come. 
Juv. sk. 
Dawson).
Sheffield, Indiana, July. 
misbion. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
f. <$ ad. sk. Lake Forest, Illinois, April 30, 
[P.]. 
B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
g. J ad. sk. 
1877 (S. K. Coale). 
Hyde Park, Illinois, April 30, 
1884 (E. K Coale). 
[P.]. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[p.]. 

73 . MELOSPIZA. 
703 
h. c? ad. sk. 
i, h, I, m. <$ ad.; 
n, o. J ad« sk. 

p, 
q. <$ ad.; r. 2 
ad. sk. 

s. S ad.sk. 
t. JUY. sk. 
u. Juv. sk. 
v. § acl. sk. 
to. 2 ad. sk. 

x. 
(S ad. sk. 
^/, z. Ad. sk. 
«'. Ad. sk. 
b'. 2 ad. sk. 


e'. $ ad. sk. 
d'. S ad. sk. 
gf. Juy. sk. 


/ . Ad. sk. 
g'. Ad. sk. 
h\ 2 ad. sk. 

Hyde Park, Illinois, June 1875 

(H. K. Code). 
Grand Crossing, Cook Co., Illinois, 
March 1884 (H. K. 
Coale). 
Grand Crossing, April 1884 
(&. K. Coale). 
Coleliour, Illinois, June 16, 
1878 (H. K. Code; Sm. no. 
80754). 
Coleliour, Illinois, Sept. 28 (H. 

K. Coale). 
Halfdav, Illinois, July 4. 

Cook Co., Illinois, May 12,1871 
{Greene Smith; Sin. no. 
77199). 

Hall's Branch, D.G., March 2, 
1860 (E. Coues; Sm. no. 
29072). 

District of Columbia, March 2, 
1860 (E. Coues; Sm. no. 
29064). 

Washington,D.C. (C. Brexier). 
District of Columbia, Feb. 15, 
1875 (L. Joity). 
Washington, 1).0. (G. Shoemaker; 
Sm. no. 85664). 
Virginia, Dec. 28, 1881 (G. 

Shoemaker; Sm. no. 85666). 
Philadelphia (P. X. S.). 
Fort Klamath, Oregon, Aug. 23, 

1883 (Capt C. Sendire jSm. 
no. 94828). 
Wyoming, Oct. 3, 1870 (Sm. 
no. 61091). 
Pine Grove, Wyoming, Oct. 20, 
1870 (Sm. no. 61043). 

Sacramento, California, March 
2, 1873 (G. L.Lansing; Sm. 
no. 83625). 

R. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
PP.]. 

B. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
PP.]. 
U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
H.K.Coale,Esq.j"F.l. 

U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
Sclater Coll. 
U.S.Nat. Mus. [P.]. 

U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.], 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[p.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Subsp. a. Melospiza fallax. 

Zonotrichia fallax, Baird, Proc. PMlad. Acad. 1854, p. 119; Gray, 
Eand-l B. ii. p. 94, no. 7391 (1870). 

Melospiza fallax, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 481 (1858); id. op. cit. 
ed. 1860, p. 481, pi. 6. fig. 2; Kenn. P. B. Bep. x. pt. iv. p. 29, 
pi. 27. &g. 2 (1859); Coues, Proc. PMlad. Acad. 1866, p. 88 ; 
Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 270 ; Cooper, B. Calif, p. 215 (1870) ; Saltin 
fy Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amm\, Aves, i. p. 388 (1886). 
Melospiza melodia (nee Wils.), Coues, Ibis, 1865, p. 165 (teste Coues). 
Melospiza melodia, var. fallax, Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 139 
(1872) ; Baird, Breioer, fy Ridqw. Hist. N, Amer. B. ii. p. 22, 
pi. 27. iig. 10 (1874) ; Rensh. Bep. Zool. Expl 160th Merid. p. 281 

Melospiza melodia, y. fallax, Coues, B. N.-West, p. 139 (1874); 
Ridgw. Bep. Surv. 40th Parallel, p. 482 (1877); id. Bull. Nutt. 

704 
FRIK&ILLIDJ53. 

Orn. Club, iii. p. 66 (1878) j Belding, Proe. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. 

p. 417 (1879). 
Melospiza fasciata 
fallax, Ridgw. Proe. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. pp. 3, 
180 (1881); Corns, Check-l N. Amer. B. p. 54 (1882): id. Key. N. 
Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 372 (1884); Hensh. Auk, i. p. 224 (1884) ; 
JDilw. Auk, ii. p. 16 (1885); Beckh. t. c. p. 141 • A. 0. U. Check*. 

N. Amer. B. p. 279 (1886). 
Adult male. Similar to M. fasciata, but very much paler; the grey 
and rufous tints accentuated, so that the moustache is clear rufous, 
as also are the spots on the fore neck and sides of the body, which 
are clear rufous, with scarcely any indication of black centres ; the 
rump nearly uniform : " bill lilaceous ashy brown, darkest terminally, 
the lower mandible more lilaceous ; rictus pale yellow; 
tarsi and toes dilute lilaceous-sepia, the latter pale yellow beneath; 
iris very dark sepia w (Ridgway). Total length 5"8 inches, culmen 
0*5, wing 2-6, tail 2-6, tarsus 0-85. 

Hah. JNew Mexico and Arizona. 

a. S ad. sk. Fort Yuma, California, Dec. 5,1886 GL Frean Morcom, 
(F. Stephens). 
Esq. [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Tucson, Arizona, April 1884 (JE. W. E. B. Skarpe, Esq. 
Nelson; Sm. no. 08918). [P.l 
e. Ad. sk. Tucson, Arizona, July 1884 (JE. TV. U.S. "National Mus. 
Nelson; Sm. no. 98908). [P.]. 
Subsp. /3. Helospiza heermanm. 

Melospiza heermanni, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 478 (1858): id. ed. 
1800, p. 478, pi. 70. %. 1; id. Ibis, 1867, p. 270; Cooper, 

B. Calif, p. 212 (1870); Scl. 6f Sah. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 32 
(1873); SalvinfyQodman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 388 (1886). 
Melospiza gouldi (nee Baird), Scl. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 369. 
Melospiza Max (nee Baird), Scl. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 174. 
? Melospiza pectoralis, von Midi. Syt>t. Verz. Wirb. Mex. p. 49. 
Zonotrichia heermanni, Gray, Kand-l. B. ii. p. 94, no. 7:)89 (1870). 
Melospiza meludia, var. heermanni, Cones, Key N. Amer. B. p. 1:39 

(1872); Baird, Brewer, $ Ridgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 24, 
pi. 27. fig. 9 (3874); Hensh. Rep. Zool. JSsrpl. 100th Merid. p. 282 
(1875) ; Cooper, Proe. U.S. Nat. Mus. ii. p. 248 (1880). 

Melospiza melodia, (3. heermanni, Coues, B. N- West, p. 139 (1874) • 
Ridgw. Rep. Surv. 4:0th Parallel, p. 481 (1877)• id. Bull. Nutl 
Orn. Club, iii. p. 66 (1878) ; Belding, Proe. U.S. Nat. Mus i 


p. 417 (1879). 
Melospiza fasciata heermanni, Ridgw. Btdl. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii pp 3 
180 (1881) ; Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 54 (1882) ; id. KeyN. 
Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 372 (1884); Fverm. Auk, iii. p. 182 (18861 * 

A. O. U. Check-l. ~N. Amer. B. p. 280 (1886). 
Adult. Similar to M. fasciata, but altogether a darker bird and 
distinguished by the bold black spotting on the fore neck and breast, 
without any tinge of rufous; the spotting on the rump scarcely 
distinguishable : " upper mandible slaty horn-black, lower paler 
brownish slaty ; tarsi and toes pale horn-colour; iris hazel" (Bidgway). 
Total length 5*6 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*45, tail 2-35, 
tarsus 0*85. 

73. MELOSPIZA. 
705 
Mexican specimens are similar, but have a decidedly clearer white 
eyebrow. 
Hah. " Interior of Southern California, cast into Western Nevada," 
and south into Mexico (of. A. 0. U. ChecJc4. I. c). 

a. Ad. sk. California (Bell). Sclater Coll. 
h. Ad. sk. Stockton, California (L. Bel- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ding ; Sin. no. 77325). 
c. ? juv. sk. Ilaywards', California, July 10, K. B. Sharpe, Esq.. 
1881 (W. 0. Emerson). [P.]. * 
d. 
$ juv. sk. Santa Barbara, California, June U. S. National JMus. 
26, 1875 (IL W. Ilemhaw: \PX 
Sm. no. 72273). L J 
e. tfad.sk. Fort Tejoa, Dec. (J. Xantusi Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sm. no. 25735). 
/ . Ad. sk. California. J. Gould, Esq. 

g. Ad. sk. California. 
Purchased. 
h. Ad. sk. Mexico. 
J, Gould, Esq. 
i-k. 
Ad. et juv. Mexico. Sclater Coll. 
sk. 

I. Ad. sk. Mexico (White). Sclater Coll. 
m. Ad. sk. South. Mexico (A. Boucard). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
n. 
Ad. sk. Puebla, Mexico, Jan. 1800 (A. Sclater Coll. 
JBoucard). 
o. tf ad. sk. Puebla, Jan. 1866 {A. Boucard). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Subsp. y. Melospiza samuelis. 

Ammodromus samuelis, Baird, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vi. p. 381 
(1858) j id. B. N. Amer. p. 455 (1858); Cooper, B. Calif, p. 191 
(1870) ; Gray, Hand4. B. ii. p. 90, no. 7417 (1870). 

Melospiza gouldi, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 479 (1850) ; id. op. tit 2nd 

ed. p. 479, pi. 71. fig. 1 (1860). 
Zonotrichia gouldii, Gray, Iland-l B. ii. p. 64, no. 7390 (1870). 
Melospiza melodia, var. gouldii, Coties, Key N. Amer. B. p. 139 

(1872). 
Melospiza melodia, var. samuelis, Baird, Brewer, <§- Ridgw. Hist. JV", 

Amer. B. ii. p. 26, pi. 27. fig. 7 (1874). 
Melospiza melodia, 8. gouldii, Corns, B. K-West, p. 139 (1874). 
Melospiza fasciata samuelis, Ridgw. Proc. U.S. JNat. Mm. iii. pp. 8, 

180 (1881); Coues, Chech4. N. Amer. B. p. 54 (1882); Belding, 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 528 (1883); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 
2nd ed. p. 372 (1884); A. O. U. C/ieck-l 2T. Amer. B. p. 280 
(1886) ; Everm. Auk, iii. p. 182 (1880) ; Ilemh. t. c. p. 453 (1886). 

Adult. Similar to M. heermanni, but much smaller, and having 
the rump marked with blackish, though less distinctly than the 
back. Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*45, wings 2-25, tail 2*15, 
tarsus 0-75. 

A perfect gradation in size and colour seems to take place between 
this race and M. heermanni. 
Hab. California. 

a. Ad. sk. California. 
Sclater Coll. 
5. <3 ad. sk. San Bernardino, California, May 22, G. Erean Morcom, 
1886 (F. Stephens) Esq. [P.]. 
VOL. XII. 2 z 


706 
imNGnLm^E, 

c. <$ ad. sk. Oaklands, CaL, Sept. 13, 1873 (Dr. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
S. Bryant). 
[P.Jd. 
S 
ad. &k. Presidio, San Francisco Co., Oct. 9, H. K. CoaJe, Esq. 
1882 [L. Locke). [P/J. 
e. tf ad. sk. Nicasio, CaL, March 25,1880. H. K. Coale, Esq. 
/. $ ad. sk. Fort Tejon, CaL (Xantus; Sm. no. Sclater Coll 
25733). 


Subsp. d. Melospiza rufina. 

Fringilla cinerea {nee G??i.), Audub. B. Amer. pi. 390. fig. 1; id. 
Om. Biogr. v. p. 22 (1839) ; id. Syn. p. 119 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. 
8vo, iii. p. 145, pi. 187 (1841). 

Emberiza rufina, Brandt, Descr. Av. Boss, pi. 215 (1830). 
Passerella cinerea (nee Gm.), Bp. Comp. List B. Eur, fy X. Amer, 

p. 31 (1838) ; id. Camp. i. p. 477 (1850). 
ZonotricMa guttata, Gambel, Jour. Philad. Acad. i. p. 30 (1847) j 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 373 (1849). 
Passerella rufina, Bp. Consp. i. p. 477 (1850). 
Melospiza rufina, Baird, B. X. Amer. p. 480 (1858); Brown, lbin, 1808, 

p. 422; I)**// § Bann. Trans. Chicago Acad. I p. 2s5 (1&69); 
Ctospe/-, .&. (?«/*/. p. 214 (1870); Cones, Check-l. X. Amer. B. p. 54 
(1882). 
ZonotricMa rufina, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 94, no. 73*$ (1870). 

Melospiza guttata, Finseh, Abhandl. not. Ver. Bremen, iii. p. 43 

(1873); Coue% C/ieck-l. X. Amer. B. p. 54 (18^2). 
Melospiza cinerea (jiee Gm.), Finscli, t. c. p. 41. 
Melospiza inelodia, var. guttata, Cones, Key X. Amer. B. p. 139 

(1872); Baird, Brewer, 4* Bidgw. Hist. X. Amer. B. ii. p. 27, 

pi. 27. fig. 12 (1874). 

Melospiza inelodia, var. rufina, Cones, Key X. Amer. B. p. 139 
(1872); Baird, Breicer, fy Bidgto. Hist. X. Amer. B. ii. p. 27, 
pi. 27. fig. 11 (1874). 

Melospiza inelodia,/. guttata, Coues, B. X.-West, p. 139 (1874). 
Melospiza fasciata, g. rufina, Coues, f. e. p. 139 (1574). 
Melo&piza fasciata, §. guttata, Bidgto. Bep. Surv. -iQth Parallel, 

p. 484 (1877); id. Bull Xutt. Orn. Club, iii. p. 06 (1878) ; 
Belding, Proc. U.S. Xat. Mm. i. p. 417 (1879). 
Melospiza fasciata guttata, Bidgw. Bull. U.S. Xat Mm. iii. pp. 3, 
180 (1881); Coues, Key X. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 372 (18b4) ; 
Anthony, Auk, iii. p. 169 (188G); Bverm. t. e. p. 182; A. O. U. 
Check-list X. Amer, B. p. 280 (1886). 

Melospiza 
fasciata rufina, Bidgw. Proc. U.S. Xat. Mus. iii. pp. 3, 
180 (1881) ; Bean, Proc. U.S. Xat. Mas. v. pp. 152,172 (lb82); 
Coues, Key X. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 372 (1884) ; Anthony, Auk, iii. 

p. 169 (1886) j A. O. U. Chech-list X Amer. B. p. 280 (1886). 
Adult male. Differs from 21. fasciata and its allies in the more 
uniform character of the upper parts, which are devoid of the ashy 
margins to the feathers; the streaks on the underparts dingy 
rufous, not standing out in the same bold relief as in M, fasciata or 

M. hcermanni: " upper mandible horn-black, paler along tomiuir ; 
lower horn-blue, darker terminally" (Ridgway): "bill dusky, 
lower mandible reddish brown towards the base; feet and claws 
dusky reddish brown" (Audubon). Total length 5-5 inches, 
culmen 0*5, wing 2*45, tail 2*4, tarsus 0*75. 
73 . MELOSPIZA. 
707 
In some of the specimens from'British Columbia and Vancouver's 
Island the markings on the back are still more indistinct than in 
those from California, but a perfect gradation is found in some of 
the Eritish-Columbian specimens ; and I cannot separate the two 
forms M. guttata and M, rufina. 

Hal. Pacific coast of North America from California to Sitka. 

a. Ad. sk California (Bell). Sclater Coll. 
b. $ 
ad. sk. Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Dec. 26 (A. Forrer). 
c. d. 
<5 $ ad. sk. Columbia River, Oregon, Oct. U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
1878 (H. W. Hemhaiu) Sm. 
nos. 77702, 77714). 
e. d 
ad. sk. Crooked River, Oregon, Sept. U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.1 
22, 1878 (JET. W. Benshaiv i 
Sm. no. 77717) 
/ . Ad. sk. Western Territory (Dr. G. Stick- Salvin-Godman Coll. 

ley ; Sm. no. 4540). 
g, h, i. Ad. sk. British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [CI. 
"k, I. Ad. sk. West side of Rocky Mountains, J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.J. 

British Columbia. 

m. 
J ad.sk. Vancouver Island, Jan. 29 (A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Porrer). 
n. Ad.; o. S juv. Cypress Island. Dr. Lyall [P.]. 
sk. 
p. $ ad. sk. Orcas Island. 
Dr. Lyall [P.]. 
4. Melospiza cinerea. 
Cinereous Finch, Penn. Arctic Zool. ii. p. 378 (1785) ; Lath, Gen. 

Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 274 (1783). 
Fringilla cinerea, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 922 (1788). 
Zonotrichia cinerea, Gray. Gen. B. ii. p. 373 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. 

p. 478 (1850). 
Melospiza insignis, Baird, Trans. Chicago Acad. i. p. 319, pi. 29. 
fig. 2 (1869); Ball $ Bann. t. c. p. 285 (1869); Finsch, Abhandl. 
nat. Ver. Brem. iii. p. 44 (1872). 

Zonotrichia insignis, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 94, no. 7392 (1870). 

Melospiza melodia, var. insignis, Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 140 
(1872); Baird, Brewer, & Ridgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 30, 
pi. 27. fig. 8 (1874). 

Melospiza nielodia, b. insignis, Coues, B. N-West, p. 139 (1874). 

Melospiza cinerea, Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. iii. pp. 3,180 (1881); 
Coues, Chech-list N. Amer. B. p. 54 (1882) ; Nelson, Cruize R. S. 
' Corwin,'?. 72 (1883); Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mies. v. pp. 154, 
172 (1882); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 372 (1884) ; 
Turner, Auk, ii. p. 157 (1885); A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. 

p. 281 (1886). 
Adult male. General colour above nearly uniform ashy brown, the 
lower back and rump uniform, the mantle and back slightly mottled 
with mesial markings of dull rufous near the ends of the feathers; 
wing-coverts reddish brown, the rufous more decided on the greater 
coverts, which are dusky blackish near the ends of the inner 
web, which is fringed with white at the tips ; bastard-wing dusky 


2z2 

708 
PEI^GIIXID^J. 

brown, washed externally with ashy; primary-coverts and quills 
dusky brown, externally ashy brown, the first primary margined 
with whitish, the secondaries externally rufous, edged with white 
near the end of the outer web and round the tip; upper tail-coverts 
reddish brown, with a mesial black streak; tail-feathers brown, 
externally more reddish brown; crown of head slaty grey in the 
centre, with a broad lateral streak of reddish brown, slightly mottled 
with dusky bases; hind neck rather pale ashy; lores white, continued 
into a broad eyebrow of paler ashy grey : eyelid white ; ear-
coverts pale ashy, streaked on the fore part with white shaft-lines ; 
a broad streak of rufous along the upper edge, and another along 
the upper border of the cheeks, which are white ; throat also white, 
separated from the cheeks by a very broad malar line of blackish, 
washed with rufous; sides of neck ashy grey; fore neck and breast 
whitewashed with ashy, all the feathers broadly centred with reddish 
brown: lower breast and abdomen pure white; sides of body and flanks 
ashy brown, more or less streaked with dusky reddish brown ; thighs 
uniform reddish brown: under tail-coverts pale brown, broadly 
edged with white; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale ashy 
brown, with white edges, the lower coverts washed with fulvous; 
quills below dusky, ashy whitish along the inner edge. Total length 
7*3 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*5, tail 3*2, tarsus 1*1. 

Adult female. Xot so strongly marked as the male, but otherwise 
similar. The malar line is not so pronounced and the throat shows 
small spots. 

Young. Differs from the adult in being reddish brown, with paler 
edges to the feathers of the mantle and upper back, which are broadly 
streaked with black; the under surface is dull yellowish buff, 
washed with brown and closely streaked with black. 

Hal. Aleutian and Prybilov Islands, and east to Fort Kenai, 
Alaska. 

a, b. (S $ ad. sk. 
Unalashka Island, Alaska (Z. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

M. Turner; Sm. nos. 78917, 
78920). 
c. S 
ad. sk. Unalashka Island, March 10, IL B. Sharpe, Esq. 
1870 (Z.2L Turner; Sm. [P.". 
no. 78007). 
d. Ad. sk. Atfcha Island (L. 31. Turner; U.S. Xat. Mus. [P.]. 
Sm. no. 85506). 
e. Juv. sk.; f. <$ 
Kyska Harbour, Alaska, July Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ad. sk. 
1873 (IF. IL Ball; Sm. nos. 
65473-75). 


g. Ad. sk. 
Kyska Harbour, July 21,1875 U.S. Nat. Mu«. [P.]. 
(M. Baker: Sm. no. 65477). 
h. $ ad. sk. Iliiilmk, Unalashka, Oct. 13, Sclater Coll. 
1880 (T. K Bean). 
74. 
EEUOZEA. 
Ijpe. 
Peucsea, Audubon, Synopsis, p. 112 (1839) P. bachmani. 
Range. Southern United States and Mexico. 

74. ZEUGMA* 709 
Key to the Species. 

a. With yellow on the lesser wing-coverts 
and edge of the wing; sides of body more 
or less distinctly streaked; malar streak 
very indistinct or obsolete. 
a'. No white at end of outer tail-feathers .. cestivalis and allies, pp. 709b\ 
Outer tail-feathers tipped with white.. cassini, p. 712. [711, 

b. With no yellow on the lesser wing-coverts; 
sides of body not streaked; malar streak 
of black distinct. 
c'. Lesser wing-coverts brown, not chestnut 
ruficeps and allies, pp. 712d'. 
Lesser wing-coverts bright chestnut, ' [715. 
forming a large shoulder-patch oarpalis, p. 715. 

1. Peucsea aestivalis. 
Fringilla asstivalis, ZicM. Verz. JDouhl. p. 25 (1823). 
Ammodromus aestivalis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 874 (1849), id. Hand-l 


B. ii. p. 96, no. 7427 (1870). 
Peucasa aestivalis, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 132 (1850); Baird, B. 
N. Amer. p. 484 (1858) ; Scl. Cat Amer. B. p. 115 (1862) ; Baird, 
Ibis, 1807, p. 270; Alien, Bull Mus. C. Z. ii. p. 279 (1871) ; Coues, 
Key N. Amer. B. n. 140 (1872); Maynard, B. Bast. N. Amer. 
p. 125 (1878) ; Baird, Brewer, fy Rldgiv. .Hist. K Amer. B. ii. 
p. 39, pi. 28. tig. 4 (1874) j Rldgio. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm. iii. p. 180 
(1881) ; Coues, Check-list K Amer. B. p. 54 (1882); id. Key N. 
Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 278 (1884); Breioster, Auk, ii. p. 105 (1885) j 
A. O. U. Check-list JST. Amer. B. p. 277 (1886). 
Adult male. General colour above broadly streaked with bluish 
grey and chestnut, the feathers being chestnut, with broad longitudinal 
black centres and bluish-grey margins; lesser wing-coverts 
dull olive-yellow, with blackish bases ; median and greater coverts 
black, broadly edged and tipped with ashy grey, with a slight subterminal 
shade of chestnut, the latter more distinct on the greater 
series ; bastard-wing blackish, conspicuously edged with ashy grey ; 
edge of wing yellow; primary-coverts and quills blackish, fringed 
with ashy, more hoary on the outer primaries; the secondaries externally 
chestnut, the innermost edged and tipped with ashy grey; upper 
tail-coverts like the back and fringed with ashy grey; tail-feathers 
dusky brown, washed with ashy on both webs, the outer feathers 
paler ashy brown towards the ends; crown of head like the back; 
lores and feathers round eye yellowish white; ear-coverts pale ashy, 
with whitish shaft-lines; a chestnut line along the upper edge, and a 
patch of black behind the coverts, the chestnut streak surmounted 
by a short eyebrow of ashy grey; cheeks a little lighter ashy than 
the throat, followed by an indistinct dusky malar line; sides of 
neck clear ashy grey, very little streaked with chestnut; throat, 
fore neck, and chest pale ochreous buff, more or less tinged with 
ashy; breast and abdomen white ; sides of body and franks ochreous 
buff, washed with ashy, the sides of the upper breast streaked with 

FBING-IIXIDJE. 

chestnut; thighs and under tail-coverts pale ochreous buff; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries pale olive-yellow, with ashy bases ; edge 
of wing brighter yellow; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner 
edge. Total length 5*7 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2-25, tail 2*3, 
tarsus 0-7. 

Hal. Florida and Southern Georgia, south to Mexico. 
a, b. r? 2 ad. sk. Savannah. Georgia (S.F.Baird; Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sm. nofl. 2404-2407). 

c. Ad. sk. Georgia (S. F. Baird). Sclater Coll. 
d 
r? ad sk. Charleston, South Carolina, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
May 23, 1884. [P.]. 

e. A ad. sk. Jacksonville, Florida, April 7, Hon. G. B. Seruiett 
1867 (JT. Brewster). [P.]. 
/. Ad. sk. Putla, Mexico (A. Boucard). Sclater Coll. 

Subsp. a. Peucsea bachmani. 
Fringilla bachmani, Audub. B. Amer. pi. 165; id. Orn. Biogr. ii. 

p. 366 (1834). 
Peucsea bachmani, Audub. Syn. p. 112 (1839); id. B. Amer. iii. p. 313, 
pi. 176 (1841) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 481 (I860). 
Aminodromus bachmani, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 374 (1849). 
Peueasa illinoensis, Ridgw. Bull Ntitt. Orn. Club, iv. p. 219 (1879) ; 

Brewster, Auk, ii. p. 105 (1885). 
Peuc^a gestivalis illinoensis, Ridgw. Froe. US. Nat. Mm. iii. pp. 180, 
217 (1881). 
Peuceea aestivalis bachmani, Brewster, Auky ii. p. 106 (1885); A. O. 

U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 277 (1886). 
Adult female. Similar to P. cestivalis, of which it is a lightcoloured 
form, differing only in its more foxy rufous colour, with 
less grey and smaller black centres to the dorsal feathers: " bill 
dark brown above, light blue beneath ; feet very light flesh-colour; 
iris hazel" (Audubon). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 
2-4, tail 2-2, tarsus 0-65. 

Mr. Brewster (Auk, ii. p. 106) admits that intermediate specimens 
between P. bachmani and P. cestivalis occur at Charleston, 
where the ranges of the two species meet. The single specimen in 
the British Museum shows the characters of the race very plainly, 
but I cannot judge sufficiently of the constancy of their value 
without examining a larger series. 

Hah. South Carolina and Alabama, west to Texas, and north to 
Southern Illinois and Southern Indiana. 

a. Ad. sk. Charleston. Hon. G. B. Sennett [P.]. 
Subsp. /3. Peucaea arizonse. 

Peucaea aestivalis, var. arizonae, Richjw. Amer. Nat. viii. p. 615 (1873) : 
Hensh. Rep. Zool Rvpl. 100th Merid. p. 285 (1875). 
Peucsea arizonas, Ridgw. Froc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. pp. 183, 217 
(1881) j A. O. U Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 277 (1886). 
Peucsea cestivalis arizonse, Coues, Check-list N. Amer.B. p. 54 (1882) : 
id. Key N Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 374 (1884). 

74 . PEUCJBA. 
Of the value of this race I cannot form an effective judgment, as 
1 have only seen one specimen, and that one in bad condition. ' It 
is probable that P. arizonce is only a pale form of P. aestivalis or 

P. 
bachmanL 
Hah. Southern Arizona and Sonora. 
a. $ ad. sk Crittenden, Arizona, July 20, 1884 H. K. Coale Esq. 
(F. Stephens), 
[x>r], ' 
Subsp. y. Peucsea botterii. 

Zonotrichia botterii, Scl. P. Z. S.1857, p. 214. 

Peucsea cassini (nee Woodh.), Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 486 (1858); id. 
Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. Birds, p. 3 6 (1858): Sumichr. Mem. Post. 
Soe. N R. ii. p. 551 (1869). 

Peucsea botterii, Scl Cat. Amer. B. p. 116 (1862); id.fySalv. P. Z. S. 
1868, p. 323$ iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 32 (1873); Ridgw. in 
Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 38, footnote (1874): Salvin & Godman. 
Biol Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 389 (1886). 

Coturniculus niexicanus, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 474 (1866). 
Ammodromus botterii, GrayK Hand-l. B. ii. p. 96, no. 7426 (1870). 
Peucsea aestivalis, var. botterii, Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. B.ii. -p. 277 

(1874). 
Peucsea arizonee (nee Ridgw.), Ridgw. in Merrill, Proc. U.S. Nat. 
Mus. i. p. 127 (1878) ; id. op. cit iii. p. 3 (1881). 
Peucsea mexicana, Ridgw. Proc. ILS. Nat. Mm. viii. p. 98 (1885): 

A. 0. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 278 (1886). 
Adult (type of species). Similar to P. aestivalis, of which it is a 
large form. Total length 6 inches, culm en 0-5, wing 2-6, tail 2-55, 
tarsus 0*85. 

There is considerable difference between the breeding and winter 
plumages in this species. As the plumage becomes worn, nearly all 
the grey of the upper surface disappears, leaving the mesial black 
of the feathers predominant, with a good deal of the chestnut. In 
winter the rufous edges of the secondaries are very distinct, and the 
inner secondaries are fringed with rufous at the ends. This latter 
edging becomes grey in the summer. 

Similar changes of plumage are undergone by the other races of 

P. aestivalis, and it is necessary for correct comparison that specimens 
killed at similar seasons of the year should be examined. 
Young. More mottled than the adults, the feathers being dusky 
brown, with sandy-buff margins; on the scapulars and inner secondaries 
the margins are more chestnut; lores tinged with yellow; 
under surface of body more fulvescent than the adults, with brown 
spots on the sides of the fore neck. 

Hob. Mexico. 

a. Ad. sk. Orizaba (Botteri). Sclater Coll. (Type 
of species.) 
b. Ad.; c. Juv. sk. Orizaba (Botteri). A. Botteri [0.]. 
d. Ad. sk. Mexico. 
Purchased. 
e. <$ ad. sk, Atlisco, Mexico, June 1866 Salvin-Godman Coll 
(A. Boucard). 
tfKHTGlLLIDJE.

712 

2. Peucaea cassini. 
Zonotricliia cassini, Woodh. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1852, p. 60. 
Peucaea cassini, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 458 (1850); Scl Cat. Amer. 

B. p. 315 (1862) • Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 489 ; Baird, Ibis, 1867 , 
p. 270 j Sumtchr. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat Hist. i. p. 551 (1869); 
Cooper. B. Calif, p. 219 (1870) ; Baird, Brewer, §• Ridgw. Hist. 
N. Amer. B. ii. p. 42, pi. 28. %. 5 (1874); Cones, B. N.~West, 
(1881); Coues, Cheek-l N. Amer. B. p. 55 (1882); id. Key 

N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 374 (1884); Stephens, Auk, iii. p. 226 
(1885); Hensh. Auk, iii. p. 74 (1886) j A. O. IT. Check-list N. 
Amer. B. p. 278 (188G). 
Ammodromus cassini, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 96, no. 7428 (1870). 
Peucaea aestivalis, var. cassini, Allen, Bull. Mus. C. Z. iii. p. 177 
. (1872). 

Adult male. Similar to P. aestivalis, but everywhere paler, 
especially underneath ; a tolerably distinct malar streak; flanks 
broadly streaked with blackish; outer tail-feathers with a distinct 
paler ashy shade towards the ends, terminating in a white mark 
at the end of the inner web. Total length 5'5 inches, culmen 0*45, 
wing 2*45, tail 2*5, tarsus 0*7. 


Adult female. Not different in colour from the male. Total 
length 6-2 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*7, tail 2-65, tarsus 0*8. 
Hal. Plains of Kansas southward and eastward through Texas, 
New Mexico, and Arizona, into Mexico. 


or-fi 6 
; 9-k-? Texas, March 1886. Hon. G. B. Sennett 
ad. sk. [P.]. 


1. $ ad. sk. Levedo, Texas, Dec. 5, 1885 Hon. G. B. Sennett 
(Armstrong). [P. 1 
m. 
<$ ad. sk. Crittenden, Arizona, July 23, Hon. G. B. Sennett 
1884 (F. Stephens). [P.]. 
n, o. S ad. sk. Crittenden. July 1884 (F. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Stephens). [P.]. 
p, q. 6 $ ad. sk. Crittenden, July 22, 1884 H. K. Coale, Esq. 

(F. Stephens). [PA 
r. 
$ ad. sk. Tucson, Arizona, July 27, H. K. Coale, Esq. 
1884 (F. Stephens). [PJ. 
s. 
3 ad. sk. Arizona (JS. W. Nelson; Sm. H. 3L Coale, Esq. 
no. 99667). [P.". 
t. Ad. sk. Arizona (JS. W. Nelson; Sm. U.S. frat Mus. fP.l 
no. 99682). 
u. $ 
ad. sk. Camp Lowell, Arizona, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
11, 1874 (JE W.Henshawi 
Sm. no. 69606). 
v. Ad. sk. Mexico. 
Sclater Coll. 
3. Peucaea ruficeps. 
Ammodromus 
ruficeps, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1852, p. 184: 
id. Ill Orn. Calif, p. 135, pi. 20 (1854); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. 

p. 96, no. 7429(1870). 
Peneasa ruficeps, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 486 (1858); id. Ibis, 1867, 
74. PExiciEA. 
713 
p. 270; Cooper, Orn. Calif, p. 218 (1870) ; Corns, Key N. Amer. B. 
p. 140 (1872); Baird, Brewer, fy JLidgw. Hist N. 
Amer. B. ii. 
p. 45, pi. 28. fig. 6 (1874); Belding, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. 
p. 418 (1878); Mdgio. Proc, U.S. Nat Mus. iii. p. 180 (1881): 
Owes, Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 55 (1882); id. Key N Amer. B. 
2nd ed. p. 374 (1884); JEverm. Auk, iii. p. 182 (1886) ; A. 0. U. 
Checklist N. Amer. B. p. 278 (1886). 
Adult male. General colour above chestnut-brown, varied with 
ashy, the feathers being ashy on the edges, rufous in the centre; 
lower back and rump more uniform ashy brown; lesser wing-
coverts brown, washed with ashy; median coverts brown, with 
blackish centres and ashy margins; greater coverts dark brown, 
externally ashy, the innermost washed with chestnut; bastard-
wing dark brown, with ashy or whity-brown margins; primary-
coverts and quills dark brown, edged with ashy, whity brown on 
the primaries, the secondaries externally rufous, the innermost 
margined with, ashy towards the ends ; upper tail-coverts reddish 
brown, margined with ashy; tail-feathers brown, crossed with 
indistinct dusky brown bars under certain lights, the feathers 
clearer rufous on the edges; crown of head uniform chestnut or 
bay, with a few ashy tips on the feathers of the centre of the 
crown and nape; lores whitish, as well as a tolerably broad 
eyebrow, which becomes ashy above the ear-coverts ; feathers 
round eye whitish • base of forehead black, extending in a narrow 
line above the eyebrow; ear-coverts dark ochrcous brown, with 
paler shaft-streaks, and having a chestnut line along the upper 
margin; cheeks ochreous white, followed by a distinct malar line 
of black; throat pale ochreous buff, the chin whiter ; lower throat 
and fore neck ashy, with an ochreous tinge; centre of breast and 
abdomen ashy whitish; sides of body and flanks ochreous brown, 

more or less ashy; thighs like the flanks ; under tail-coverts clear 
ochreous buff; under wing-coverts and axillaiies ashy brown, 
margined with ochreous ; quills below dusky brown, rufous along 
the inner edge. Total length 5*4 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*4, 
tail 2-45, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 5*5 inches, 
culmen 0*5, wing 2*3, tail 2*3, tarsus 0*85. 
Hub. California. 

a. S 
ad. sk. Nicasio, California, July 11, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
1879. [P.]. 
h,c. 
<$ $ ad. sk Nicasio, March 29, 1881. Hon. G. B. Sennett 
[P.]. 

d. Ad. sk. [North America.] Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Subsp. a. Pencsea homochlamys. 
Peucsea ruficeps, var. boucardi (nee Scl.), Hensh. lief. Orn. Spec. 
Wheeler's Biped, p. 117 (1874^ * id, Pep. Bxpl. 100*7* Merid. 

p. 289 (1875). 
Peucaea ruficeps boucardi (nee Sri.), Bidr/io. Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. 
iii. p. 180 (1881); 
Cones, Cliech4. N Amer. B. p. 55 (1882) j 
miXGtlLTJBM.

714 

Belding, Proc. US. Nat. Mus. vi p. 348 (1883); Corns, Key N. 
Amer. B. p. 375 (1884); A. 0. U. Check-l N. Amer. B. p. 278 
(1886); Scott, Auk, iii. p. 83 (1886). 

Adult male. Similar to P. ruficeps, but paler, with the crown of 
a lighter rufous, the mantle and back uniform without any dark 
centres to the feathers, and the quill-lining pale ashy rufous, not 
so chestnut as in P. ruficeps. Total length 5*7 inches, culmen 0-5, 
wing 2*55, tail 2*75, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 5-5 inches, 
culmen 0*5, wing 2*4, tail 2-3, tarsus 0*8. 
Hah. Southern New Mexico and Arizona. 

a. $ ad. sk. Santa Eita Mountains, AriEL 
K Ooale, Esq. 
zona, June 18, 1884 (F. [P.]. 
Stephens). 
b. $ 
ad. sk. Santa Rita Mountains, June H. K Coale, E^q. 
29, 1884 (F. W. Nelson; [PA 
Sm. no. 98899). 
c. (J ad. sk. Santa Rita Mountains, July U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
1884 (F. W. Nelson; Sm. 
no. 99338). 
d. 
J ad. sk. Santa Rita Mountain*?, June 22, T.S. Xat. Mus. [P.]. 
1834 (F. W. Nelson; Sm. 
no. 98^92). 
6 ad.; /. Santa Rita Mountains, July 1, R. B. Sharps, Esq. 
juv. sk. 1884 (F. Stephens). [P.]. 
<$ ad. sk. Sierras de Santa Catalina, lion. (i. B. Sennett 


Arizona, March 27, 1&85 ;p.i. 

(W. F F. Scott). 
h. J ad. sk. Catalina Mill, July 28, 1884 Hon. G. B. Sennett 
(W.F. D. Scott). fp.1. 
Subsp. (3. Feucaea boucardi. 

Ammodromus sp., Sel P. Z. S. 1857, p. 214. 

Peucaea "boucardi, Set. P. Z. S. 18-59, p. 380; id. fy Sah\ Nomenvl. 
Av. Neotr. p. 32 (1873) * Salvin 4* Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., 
Aves, i. p. 391 (1886). 

ZonotricMa boucardi, Sel. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 1, pi. i. 
Ammodromus boucardi, Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 96, no. 7430 (1870). 
Peucaea ruficeps, var. boucardi, Baird, Bracer, 4* Rkh/w. Hist. 


N. Airier. B. ii. p. 38 (1874); Later. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, 
p. 21 (1876). 
Peucsea ruficeps 
eremaeca, Broton, Bull. Nutt. Qm. €lubf vii. p. 26 
(18S2) ; Cones, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 375 (18^4): A. O. U. 
Cheek-l N. Amer. B.p. 279 (1886). 

Adult (type of species). Similar to P. ruficeps, of which it is a 
large, pale, greyer-coloured race, with the ear-coverts conspicuously 
more ashy. Total length 6*5 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2-65, tail 
2-95, tarsus 0-85. 

Hah. Mexico, extending into Texas and Arizona. 

a. Ad. sk. La Ptiebla, Mexico (A. BouSclater 
Coll. (Type 
b. tf ad. sk,
card). 
La Puebla, Jan. 1866 (A. 
of species.) 
Salvin-GodmanColl. 
Boucard). 

74, PETJOEA.

c, d. Ad. sk. Orizaba (Botteri). Sclater Coll. 

e. Ad. sk. Mexico. Sclater Coll. 
/ . Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
g. 
<$ ad. sk. Catalina Mill, Arizona, Oct. 1, Hon. G. B. Sennett 
1883 (JF. KB. Scott). [P.]. 
Subsp. y. Peucsea notosticta. 

Peucsea notosticta, Sol $ Sab. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 322 j iid. Nomencl 
Av. Neotr. p. 32 (1873) ; Salvin 8f Godman, Biol Centr.-Amer..Aves. 

i. p. 393, tab. 28. tig. 1 (1886). 
Ammodromus notosticta, Gray. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 96, no. 7431 
(1870). 

Adult male. Similar to P. boucarcU, but larger, with the bill 
black; upper surface of body browner, and not so grey, and broadly 
streaked with black, the wing-coverts also broadly streaked with 
black. Total length 6-6 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*7, tail 2S, 
tarsus 0*9. 

Hob. Mexico. 

a. Ad. sk. South Mexico (A. Boucard). Salvin-Godinan Coll. 
(Type of species.) 
b. Ad. sk. Oaxaca {A. Boucard). Sclater Coll. 
4. Peucaea carpalis. 
Peucsea carpalis, Cones, Amer. Nat vii. p. 322 (1873); Baird, 
Brewer, $ Bidgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. iii. App. p. 515 (1874); 
Hensh. Rep. Mspl 100th Merid. p. 291 (1875); Bidgw. Proc. 

U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 180 (1881) • Coues, Cheek-list N Amer. B. 
p. 55 (1882); id. Keg N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 375 (1884); 
A. 0. U. Check-list N Amer. B. p. 278 (1886). 
Adult male. General colour above light ashy brown, with a 
slight rufous tinge, the mantle and back distinctly streaked with 
blackish-brown centres to the feathers ; lower back and rump 
uniform ashy brown ; scapulars like the back, but a little more 
chestnut; lesser wing-coverts uniform bright chestnut; median 
and greater coverts black, margined with ashy white, with a slight 
rufous shade on the latter; bastard-wing blackish, edged with 
white; primary-coverts blackish, fringed with ashy brown ; quills 
blackish, edged with brown, hoary white on the primaries, the 
secondaries rufous-brown on the outer web; upper tail-coverts 
ashy brown, with dusky centres; tail-feathers brown, edged with 
ashy brown, the two outer ones white on the outer web and round 
the tip, the white increasing on the outer feather to a considerable 
extent; crown of head light chestnut, streaked with ashy margins 
to the feathers ; lores dull white, extending into a broad eyebrow of 
pale ashy grey • feathers round eye dull white, as well as a conspicuous 
eyelid: ear-coverts ashy grey, the cheeks a little whiter, 
with a distinct line of blackish along the upper and lower margins ; 
throat and under surface of body white, shaded with pale ashy 
grey on the lower throat and fore neck; sides of body and flanks 
pale brown; thighs ashy; under tail-coverts pale ochreous buff; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries white, with ashy bases; quills below 

716 
FKItfGILLID^E. 

dusky, inner edge of quills ashy, with a rufescent tinge. Total 
length 5-3 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2-55, tail 2*45, tarsus 0*7. 
Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 5*5 
inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2-45, tail 2-5, tarsus 0*65. 
Hal. Arizona. 

a. S 
ad. sk. Sierras de Santa Oatalina, Ari- Hon. G. B. Sennett 
zona, Jan. 1885 (W.E. D. Scott). [P.]. 
b. 2 ad. sk. Catalina Mill, Oct. 26, 1884 Hon. G. B. Sennett 
c. Ad. sk.
d. <$ iuv. sk.
(W.JE.JD. Scott). 
Tucson, Arizona, Jan. 10,1873 (Lieut. C. Bendire; 
Sm. no. 87947). 
Camp Lowell, Arizona, Sept.
9, 1874 (K W. Henshaiv; 
Sm. no. 69617). 
JT.]U.
S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
Salvin-Gfodman Coll. 

75. PASSERELLA. 
Type. 
Passerella, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 285 (1837) P iliaca. 

> 

Head of Passerella iliaca. 
Range. North America. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Head and back mottled, ashy, spotted or 
streaked with chestnut; a good deal of 
bright chestnut on the ear-coverts iliaca, p. 716. 
b. Head and back uniform. 
a'. Upper surface chocolate-brown, not grey .. unalaschensis, p. 718. 
b'. Upper surface slaty grey. 
a". Smaller; thickly spotted below schistacea, p. 720. 

b". Much larger; bill twice the size of foregoing; 
much whiter and less thickly 
spotted below megarhyncha, p. 720. 

1. Passerella iliaca. 
Fringilla iliaca, Merr. Beitr. besond. Gesch. Vog. ii. p. 40, pi. 10 
(1786-87); Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 923 (1788); Audub. B. Amer. 
pi. 108; id. Orn. Bioqr. ii. p. 58 (1834), v. p. 512 (1839); id. B. 
Amer. iii. p. 139, pi. 185 (1841). 

Fringilla rufa, Wils. Amer. Orn. iii. p. 53, pi. 22. fig. 4 (1811). 
Fringilla (Zonotrichia) iliaca, Swains. $ Rich. Faun. Bor.-Amer.. 
Birds, p. 257 (1831). 
Zonotrichia iliaca, Jard. ed, Wils. Amer. Orn. p. 341, pi. 22. fig. 4 

75. PASSEEELIA. 
717 

(1832); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 374 (1849); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 95, 
no. 7404 (1870). 

Passerella iliaca, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 288 (1873) ; Bp. Comp. 
List B. Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 31 (1838); id. Consp. i. p. 477 (1850) ; 
Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 488 (1858) ; Sol. Cat Amer. B. p. 118 
(1862); Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 79; Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 270; 
Laior. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viii. p. 287 (1868) ; \Dall § Bann. Trans. 
Chicago Acad. i. p. 285 (1869;; Allen, Bull. Mus. C. Z. ii. p. 272 
(1871); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 147 (1872); Maynard, B. 
East. N. Amer. p. 106 (1878) ; Baird, Brewer, fy Ridgw. Hist. N. 
Amer. B. ii. p. 50, pi. 78. fig. 2 (1874); Owes, B. N-West, 

p. 160 (1874) ; Bidgw. Proc. US. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 181 (1881); 
Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 58 (1882); Nelson, Cruize R. S. 
( Convin; p. 72 (1883); Streets, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 117 
(1883) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 385 (1884) ; Butcher, 
Auk, l. pp. YIJ, 178 (1884) ; Merriam, t c. p. 295 ; Bicknell, Auk, 
ii. p. 180 (1885); Ac/ersb. t. c. p. 281; Fox, Auk, iii. p. 318 
(1886); Seton, t. c. p. 324; Turner, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. 
p. 241 (1885); A. 0. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 281 (1886). 
Passerella obscura, Verrill, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. IT. ix. p. 138 
(1862); Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 235 (1881). 
Adult male. General colour above vinous chestnut, mottled with 
ashy grey, the feathers being ashy-grey with mesial markings of 
chestnut, widening out at the end of the feathers; wing-coverts 
chestnut, the lesser series slightly browner ; the median and greater 
coverts with a narrow fulvous ending, forming a feebly-pronounced 
double wing-bar; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish, 
fringed with rufous; quills blackish, externally rufous, the secondaries 
more decidedly chestnut on the outer webs, the innermost 
slightly tipped with fulvous, like the coverts; upper tail-coverts 
uniform chestnut; tail-feathers dusky brown, externally chestnut, 
increasing in extent towards the outer feathers; crown of head like 
the back, and mottled in the same manner ; lores white, extending 
in a faintly marked eyebrow; feathers round eye whitish, as also 
the eyelid ; ear-coverts chestnut, the fore part streaked with 
whitish shaft-lines; cheeks whitish anteriorly, the hinder part 
mottled with chestnut spots; a broad malar line of chestnut; 
throat and under surface of body white, with triangular spots of 
chestnut on the throat, fore neck, and breast, larger and more longitudinal 
on the sides of body and flanks; abdomen pure white; 
thighs brown; under tail-coverts bnffy white ; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries white shaded with ashy, and having dusky bases; 
quills below dusky, ashy white along the inner edge: " bill dark 
brown above, the base of the lower mandible yellow, its tip bluish ; 
feet flesh-coloured; iris deep brown" (Audubon). Total length 
6'6 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3-7, tail 2'8, tarsus 0*85. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but not quite so strongly 
marked, especially on the head; the spots on the under surface 
darker, and blackish instead of chestnut on the breast and flanks. 
Total length 6-3 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3*3, tail 2-6^ tarsus 0*85. 

Young. Not particularly different after the first moult, though 
in an early stage much darker; back rufous-brown, with darker 

718 
FRIMILLXDA 

streaks; no wing-bars; all the parts heavily marked. There is 
much individual variation in colour, independently of sex, age, or 
season. (Cones.) 

Hob. Eastern North America, west to the Plains and Alaska 
(valley of the Yukon to the Pacific), from the Arctic coast south to 
the Gulf States. Breeds north of the United States, winters chiefly 
south of the Potomac and Ohio rivers. (A. 0. U. Chech-list, I. c.) 

a. Ad. sk. Repulse Bay. Br. Rae [P.]. 
b,c. <$ 2 ad-sk- Fort Simpson. B. R. Ross, Esq. "P.]. 
d, e,f. Ad. sk. 49th Parallel, April 1874 (<?. X.A. Boundary Coin-
Bawson). mission [P._. 
g, h. d ad.sk. Grand Crossing, Illinois, March R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
27,1884 (H. K. Coale). [P.]. 
i 9 ad. sk. Chicago, Illinois, April 20, R. "B. Sharpe, Esq. 
1868 (B. K Coale). [P.], 

k. Ad. sk. Hyde Park, Illinois,' Oct. 23, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
1876 (M. X. Coale). y.\ 
I. 2 ad. sk. Mount Carmel, Illinois, Oct. Salviii-r4odnaan Coll. 
12,1869 (P. Wdgway, Sm. 
no. 83665). 
m. 2 ad. sk. Laurel,Maryland,April 8,1870. U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
n. Ad. sk. Washington, D.C. (C. Brex- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ler; Sm. no. 28045) 
o. 
6 ad. sk. Washington, Feb. 1842 (S. F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Baird-, Sm. no. 25264). 
p. 
$ ad. sk. Alexander County, Virginia, U.S. Xat. Mus. [PA 
Feb. 25, 1882 (Q. Shoemaker; 
Sm. no. 86044). 
2. PassereHa nnalascheiisis. 
Oonalashka Bunting, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 202 (1783) ; Penn. 

Arctic Zool ii. p. 52 (1785). 
Emberiza unalaschensis, Gm. Syst. Wat. i. p. 875 (1788). 
Fringilla townsendi, Audub. B. Amer. pi. 424. fig. 7; id. Orn. Bioqr. 

v. n. 236 (1839); id. B. Amer. iii. p. 43, pi. 187 (1841). 
Fringilla meruloides, Vigors, in Beechey's Voyage, p. 19 (1839). 
Fringilla (Passerella) townsendi, Wutt. Man.]). 533 (1840). 
Zonotrichia townsendi, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 374 (1849) ; id. Hand-l. 
B. ii. p. 95, no. 7405 (1870). 
Zonotrichia unalaschensis, Gray, Gen. B, ii. p. S74 (1849). 
Passerella townsendi, Bp. Consp. i. p. 477 (1850): Baird, B. W. 
Amer. p. 489, pi. kix. %. 3 ("1858)5 Scl Cat. Amer. B. p. 119 
(1862) j Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 270; Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 422 ; 
Ball $• Bann. Trans. Chicago Acad. i. p. 285 (1869) ; Cones, Key 

W. Amer. B. p. 352 (1872); Baird, Brewer, $ Ridgzo. Hist W. 
Amer. B. ii. p. 53, pi. 28. fig. 8 (1874); Cooper, Proc. U.S. Wat. 
Mm. ii. p. 248 (1880). 
Passerella unalaschensis, 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 477 (1850); Finsch, Ahhandl. 
not. Ver. Bremen, iii. p. 53 (1872). 
Passerella iliaca, var. townsendi, Coues, Key W. Amer. B. p. 147 
(1872) ; Allen, Bull. Mus. C Z. iii. p. 177 (1875): Beldinq, Proc. 

U.S. Wat Mus. Lv. 418 (1878). 
Passerella townsendi, a. townsendi, Coues, B. W.**West, p. 162 (1874). 
Passerella iliaca unalaschensis, Bidgto. Proc. U.S. Wat Mm. iii. 
75 . PASSEKELLA. 
719 

pp. 3, 181 (1880) ; Cones, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 58(1882) ; Bean, 
Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. v, pp. 158,173 (1882) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. 

B. 2nd ed. p. 385 (1884); Anthony, Auk, lii. p. 169 (1886); A. 0. 
U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 282 (1886). 
Passerella iliaca, Nelson, Cruize U.S. l Corwin,' p. 72 (1883). 
Adult male. General colour above uniform chocolate-brown with 
somewhat of a rufous shade, especially towards the rump and upper 
tail-coverts, the latter decidedly dark chestnut; lesser wing-coverts 
like the back; median and greater coverts dusky brown, externally 
reddish brown or dark chestnut; bastard-wing and primary-coverts 
blackish, with a slight reddish tint on the outer web ; quills blackish, 
the primaries edged with brown, the secondaries reddish brown or 
dark chestnut on the outer web; tail-feathers blackish, externally 
edged with reddish brown; crown of head like the back; lores 
dusky, mottled with white; a faintly indicated ashy eyebrow; ear-
coverts dull chestnut-brown, varied on the fore part with whitish 
shaft-streaks; cheeks and throat also reddish or chestnut-brown, 
slightly varied with white on the fore part of the cheeks and throat; 
on the lower throat a patch of white; remainder of under surface of 
body thickly mottled, the feathers being reddish brown or blackish 
at the ends, with a subterminal white bar; breast and abdomen rather 
whiter, with smaller spots of black; sides of body and flanks and 
thighs uniform chestnut-brown; under tail-coverts sandy rufous, with 
blackish centres; under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy brown, 
with fulvous edges; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. 
Total length 6*8 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*3, tail 2-8, tarsus 1. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but not quite so strongly 
marked. Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3"15, tail 2*7, 
tarsus 0*95. 

Hah. Pacific coast-region, from Kodiak south in winter to 
Southern California; breeds north of the United States (A. 0. U. 
Check-list^ Z. c). 

a. Ad. sk. Simiahmoo (Dr. Kennerley). Sclater Coll. 
b. $ ad. sk. Orcas Island. Dr. Lyall [P.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Port Vancouver, W. T., Jan. Salvin-Godinan Coll. 
1854 (Dr. J. Q. Cooper; 
Sm. no. 6239). 
d. 
<$ ad. sk. Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Nov. 15 (A. Forrer). 
e. $ 
ad. sk. Fort Klamath, April 11,1883 U.S. Nat. Museum. 
(Capt. Bendire; Sm. no. 
94848). 
/ . Ad. sk. N. California. Sclater Coll. 

g. Ad. sk. California. 
Purchased. 
h. Ad. sk. Big Trees, California (L. Bel- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ding; Sm. no. 73943). 
i. $ 
ad. sk. Fort Whitney, California, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
11,1875 (H. W.Henshaw; 
Sm. no. 72229). 
k. 
$ ad. sk. Walker's Basin, California, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Nov. 5, 1875 {JET. W. Senshaw) 
Sm. no. 72225). 
V20 PKDNTGILimas. 
/. <$ ad.sk.
m. Q ad. sk. 
Nicasio, California, Feb. 28,1879 
Nicasio', Nov. 12, 1881 ((7. ^ .
Alien). 
H. K 
!?•]• 
R. B. S 
[p-]Coale, 
Esq. 
harpe, Esq. 

Subsp. a. Passerella schistacea. 
Passerella schistacea, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 490, pi. 69. fig. S (1858) j 

M. P>w, 1807, p. 270; Bidgw. Bejh Surv. 4:0th Parallel, p. 48G (1877). 
Zonotridiia schistacea, Gray, Iland-l B. ii. p. 95, no. 7406 (1870). 
Passerella iliaca, var. schistacea, Cones, Key N. Amer. B. p. 852 
(1872); Allen, Bull. MILS. C. Z. iii. pp. 108, 177 (1872); Belding, 
Proc. US. Na1. Mm. i. p. 418 (1878). ^ 
Passerella lownsendi, var. schistacea, Baird, Brewer, § Ridgw. Hist. 

N. Amer. B. ii. p. 56, pi. 27. fig. 9 (1874); Cones, P. N.-West, 
p. im (1874); Ilensh. Rep. Zool. Eayl 100th Merid. p. 293 (1875). 
Passerella 
iliaca schistacea, Bidgw. Broc. U.S. Nat. Mm, iii. p. 418 
(1878); Coues, Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 58 (1882) j A. O. U. 
Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 282 (1880). 

Adult male. Similar to P. unalaschemis, but slaty grey above 
instead of chocolate-brown, the reddish colour on the wings and tail 
much lighter and more of a light bay tint; sides of head slaty 
grey, as well as the sides of body and flanks. Total length. 6*5 
inches, culmcn 0-5, wing 3*3, tail 3*1, tarsus 0*9. 

Mr. llidgway notes that several specimens of P. unalaschensis show 
an approach to P. schistacea, while some specimens of the latter 
are decidedly browner than others. 

Hob. Rocky-Mountain region of the United States, east in winter 
to the Plains (Kansas), west to Nevada and California. 

a. Ad. sk. British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.], 
b. <$ ad. sk. Fort Bridger, Utah, May 20, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1858 (C. Drexler: Sm.no. 
11237). 
c. $ ad. sk. Fort Tej on, California, Jan. 17, Salvin-Godman Coil. 
1858 (J. Xantus; Sin. no. 
25530). 
Subsp. /3. Passerella megarhyncha. 

Passerella megarhyncha, Baird. B. N. Amer. p. 925 (1858): Cooper, 
Orn. Calif, p. 222 (1870). * * ' 
Passerella townsendi, var. megarhyncha, Baird, Brewer, & Bidgw. 
Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 57, pi. 28. %. 10 (1874). 
Passerella schistacea, var. megarhyncha, Bidgw. Bep. Surv. 40th 
Parallel,-p: 485 (1877). 
Passerella iliaca, var. megarhyncha, Belding, Proc. U.S. Nat Mtis. i. 

p. 418 (1878). 
Passerella iliaca megarhyncha, Bidgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii 
p. 181(1880) ; Coues, Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 58 (1882); A O 
U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 282 (1886). 
Adult male. Differs from P. unalaschemis in its much larger bill 
76 . HiEMOPHILA. 
721 

and legs, and thickly spotted under surface. Total length 6*7 inchos 
culmen 0-55, wing 3-3, tail 3-4, tarsus 0'9. 

Young male. Uniform like the adult, hut slightly washed with 
brown; under surface of body more ashy, with numerous black 
streaks and spots. 

Bab. Sierra Nevada and coast-range, California. 

a. 3 
ad. sk. Bear Valley, California, Sept. G. Frean Morcom 
6, 1886 (F. Stephens). Esq. [P.]. 
b. S 
ad. sk. Nicasio. California, Jan. 20, K. B. Sharpe, ESQ 
1883 (C. A. Allen). [P.]. r * 
c. 
cfjuv.sk. Camp Bidwell, California, Aup:. Salvin-GodmanColl 
7, 1878 (JET. W. Henslww; 
Sm. no. 77689). 
76. HJEMOPHILA. 
Aimophila, Swains. Classif. B. p. 287 (1837) H. rulescens. 
Hseniophila 
(north emend.), Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 132 
(1850) H. rufescens. 

Tail of Hmmojphila rufescens. 

Eange. The greater part of Central America, reappearing in Peru. 

Key to tlie Species. 

a. 
With no black on the throat or fore neck. 
a'. With no yellow on the edge of the wing. 
a". No black malar line; ear-coverts black or 
blackish, as well as the region of the eye ; 
a white eyebrow. 


a'". Ear-coverts black, streaked with white 
shaft-lines; no white streak down the 
crown, which is chestnut streaked with 
black, with sometimes an ashy streak 
down the centre of the crown superciliosa, p. 722. 

b'". Ear-coverts black, without white shaft-
streaks; lateral bands on crown deep 
black. 


a4. No greyish band across the fore neck . . acuminata, p. 723. 
J4. Larger; wing 3'0; a greyish band 
across the fore neck and chest lawrencii, p. 723. 

c'", Ear-coverts black, without white shaft-
streaks, but having a mesial patch of ashy 
brown; sides of crown black washed 
with rufous ruftcauda, p. 724. 

VOL. XII. 
3 A 

FEI^aiLLIDJB. 

b". A black malar line. 

d'". Larger; culmen 0*7 inch; wing-coverts 
uniform brown; a black streak above 
the grey eyebrow rufescens, p. 725. 

e"!. Smaller; culmen0*55inch; wing-coverts 
chestnut, with black centres; no black 
line above the grey eyebrow sumichrasti, p. 726. 

b'. Edge of wing pale yellow; ear-coverts uniform 
light ashy grey stolzmamii, p. 727. 

b. With black on throat or fore neck. 
c\ Throat white; a black collar across the fore neck humeralis, p. 727. 
d'. Throat black; fore neck grey, 
c". Bill blackish, lower mandible 
yellow; back 
streaked with black; a white cheek-stripe . mystacalis, p. 723. 
d". Bill entirely yellow; back uniform; no white 
cheek-stripe pulchra, p. 729. 

1. Hssmopliila superciliosa. 
Aimophila superciliosa, Swains. An. in Jlenag. p. 314 f 18:37): id. 

Classif. B. ii. p. 287 (1887) ; Bp. Consp. L p. 4bG (1850). 
Embernagra superciliosa, Gray, Ilaud-l. B. ii. p. 01, no. 7344 (1870). 
Hsemoplnla superciliosa, Scl. 4* Sahi Xomencl. Av. Sfivtr. p. 33 

(1873); Salvin § Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Ave$f i. p. 31K5, tab. 

xxx. fig. 1 (1880). 
Advltmale. General colour above reddish brown, strongly streaked 
with black centres to the feathers of the mantle and back, which 
have whitish edges; lower back and rump also mottled with black 
centres to the feathers; scapulars like the back; lesser wing-coverts 
uniform reddish brown, with whitish margins at the ends; median 
and greater coverts black, externally reddish brown, edged with 
white at the ends, the greater series margined with hoary grey or 
white ; bastard-wing blackish, edged with white ; primary-coverts 
and quills dusky brown, externally margin eel with light ashy or 
fulvous, the secondaries with rufous; upper tail-coverts like the 
back; tail-feathers blackish, externally edged with whitish or ashy, 
the centre feathers lighter brown, black along the middle, the outer 
ones pale brown externally, whitish towards the end of the inner 
web; crown of head chestnut, streaked with black, with indications 
of a pale mesial band down the centre of the crown; lores and a 
broad eyebrow creamy white; feathers in front of and below the 
eye as well as the ear-coverts black, the latter streaked with 
white, except on the upper margin; eyelid white; cheeks creamy 
white; throat white; sides of neck ashy grey, streaked with black; 
fore neck and breast ashy grey, the abdomen whiter; sides of 
upper breast with a few black streaks; sides of body and flanks 
ashy, browner towards the latter, where there are a few black spots 
and streaks; thighs ashy; under tail-coverts white with black 
centres; under wing-coverts whitish with black bases; axillaries 
ashy fulvous: quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total 
length 6 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3, tail 2*6, tarsus 0*05. 
Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male. Total length (>1 
nches, culmen 0-65, wing 3*05, tail 2*5, tarsus 1. 

76. HJEMOPHIM. 723 
Hab. Mexico. 
a. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
b, c. Ad. sk. Mexico. Sclater Coll. 
d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk. 
Mexico. 
Mexico. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
Salvin-Godrnan Coll. 
/ . Ad. sk.
g, h. d1 S ad. sk. 
Mexico (Boucard). 
Ciudad Durango, Mexico, 
Salvin-Godrnan Coll. 
Salvin-Godrnan Coll. 
June (A. Forrer), 

2. HaemopMla acuminata. 
Fringilla acuminata, Licht. MSS. in Mies. Berol. 

Aimophila acuminata, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 43 (1854). 

Zonotrichia melanotis (nee Bp.), Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. T. Tiii. p. 473 

(1866); id. Broc. Philad. Acad. 1868, p. 430. 
Hseniophila melanotis, Scl.fySah. No?nencl. Av. Neotr. p. 33 (1873); 

Salvin, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 422. 
Aimophila melanotis, Lawr. Mem. Lost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 277 (1874). 
Haemophila acuminata, Salvin fy Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 

i. p. 397 (1886). 
Adult. General colour above rufous-brown, all the feathers 
streaked with black, and shaded with brighter rufous ; lower back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts more uniform rufous-brown, the latter 
with dusky tips; scapulars light chestnut, with black streaks; 
lesser wing-coverts light chestnut; median and greater coverts 
blackish, edged with ashy white, before which is a rufous shade; 
bastard-wing dark brown with ashy margins ; primary-coverts and 
quills dark brown, edged with pale rufous-brown, more distinctly 
rufous on the secondaries, the innermost of which have broader pale 
margins; tail-feathers brown, with paler edges and dusky centres, 
especially on the centre ones; crown of " head white along the 
centre, with a broad band of black along each side of the crown; 
lores and a broad eyebrow white; feathers round eye and below the 
latter as well as the ear-coverts black; cheeks, throat, and under 
surface of body white with a creamy tinge; sides of neck ashy grey 
like the hind neck, and streaked with black; a patch of rufous on 
the sides of the upper breast; sides of body, flanks, and under tail-
coverts pale sandy buff; thighs white, sandy buff externally ; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries pale sandy buff; quills below dusky, ashy 
rufous along the inner edge. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-6, 
wing 2-6, tail 2-85, tarsus 0*85. 

Hah. Mexico. 

a. d ad. sk. Quantepec, Mexico (Deppe). Sclater Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. 18 leagues from Puebla towards Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Chiatla, Mexico (Bebouch). 
c. Ad. sk. Acapulco, Mexico, March 1880 (A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
H. Marhhani). 
3. Haemophila lawrencii. 
Hsemophila ruficauda (nee Bp.), Lawr. Bull. U. 8> Nat. Mas. no. 4, 
p. 22 (1874). 
H£emophila lawxencii, Salvin ty Qodman, Biol. Cent?\-Amer., Aves, i, 
p. 397 (1886). 
8A.2 
724 
ERKSTGILLLD^. 

Adult (type of species). Similar to E. ruficauda, but haying the 
ear-coverts entirely black, the lateral bands on the crown also deep 
black. Total length 7*3 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3, tail 3*4, 
larsus 0*9. 

Hab. "Western Mexico. 

a. 
Ad. sk. Juckitan, Tehuantepec, April 18, Salvin-Gocbnan Cull. 
1870 (F. Sumichrast). (Type of species.) 
4. Hsemophila rnficanda. 
Chondestes raficauda, Bp. C. R. xxxvii. p. 918 (1854;. 
? Hsemophila tolteca, Midi. Syst. Terz. Wirl. 2Iex. p. 50. 
Hceinophila ruficauda, ScL fy Salv. Ibis, 1800, p. 308 j Scl Cat. 

Amer. B. p. 118 (1802) ; Salmi, Ibis, 1870, p. 114; Scl. fr Sate. 
Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. S3 (lb73) • Lawr. Bull U.S. Xat Mm. 

iv. p. 22 (1876;; Nutting fy Ridyw. Rroc. U.S. Xat. Mm, vi. 
p. 383 (1884); Saluiii fy Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Acts. i. 
p. 300, tab. xxx. fig. 2 (188G). 
Calamospizaruficauda, Gray, Mand-l. B. ii. p. Ill , no. 7071 (1870). 
Embernagra ruiicauda, Gray, t c. p. 91, no. 7345 (1^70;. 
Embernagra tolteca, Gray, t. c. p. 91, no. 7340 (1870;. 
Adult. General colour above light brown, washed with ashy on 
the mantle and upper back, which are streaked with black; the 
lower back and rump more uniform and paler brown; scapulars 
chestnut, with black shaft-streaks: lesser wing-coverts light chestnut; 
median coverts black, externally che&tnut, and edged with white at 
the ends; greater coverts blackish, externally ashy or pale rufous, 
inclining to whitish near the ends of the feathers; bastard-wing 
and primary-coverts blackish, edged with rufous; primary-coverts 
blackish, edged with rufous; quills blackish, edged with ashy 
brown, the secondaries with rufous, whiter round the margins 
of the innermost; upper tail-coverts pale rufous, with whitish 
fringes; tail-feathers dusky brown, with rufous margins and pale 
tips, the two centre ones almost entirely pale rufous with dusky 
centres; crown of head black along the sides, washed with rufous, 
the centre of the crown with a broad white streak to the nape; 
lores and a broad eyebrow creamy white, as wTell as the feathers 
round the eye: feathers in front of the latter and ear-coverts 
black, the latter with a central patch of pale ashy brown, and 
mottled with fulvous on the hinder margin; cheeks and throat 
pure wbite; sides of neck ashy brown; fore neck entirely ashy 
grey; breast and abdomen white; sides of body, flanks, and under 
tail-coverts pale sandy brown; thighs sandy brown, rufous externally 
; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale sandy buff; quills 
below dusky, ashy rufous along the inner edge. Total length 
7 inches, culmen 0-G5, wing 2-95, tail 3*1, tarsus 0*9. 

Hab. Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Costa Eica. 

a. Ad. sk. Choacus, Guatemala, Feb. 24,1800 Salvin-Godruan Coll. 
b. Ad. sk.
(O. A). 
Choacus (O. S.). Sclaler Coll. 
c. $ &d. sk. Costa Rica (J. Carmiol). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

76. H2EM0PHILA. 
5. HsemopMa rufescens. 
Pipilo rufescens, Sioains. Phil. Mag. new ser. i. p. 434 (1827) ,* Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 487 (1850). 
Aimophila rufescens, Swains. An. in Menag. p. 318 (1837); Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 486 (1850) ; Sumichr. Mem. Bost. Soe. N. JR. i. p. 551 
(1869). 
Embernagra pyrgitoides, Lafr. Rev. Zool 1839, p. 97. 
Haemophila rufescens, Cab. MILS. Rein. Th. i. p. 132 (1850); Scl 

P. Z. S. 1858, p. 98, 1859, pp. 365, 380; id. $ Salv. Ibis, 1859, 
p. 18, I860, p. 34 j Scl. Cat Amer. B. p. 118 (1862); Duges, La 
Nat. p. 140 (1868); Scl § Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 33 (1873) ; 
Laior. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 22 (1876); Salvm 8? Godmcm, 
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 395, pi. xxix. fig. 2 (1886). 
Geospizopsis melanotis, 
Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 955 (1856); Scl P. Z. S. 
1856, p. 306. 
Embemagra rufescens, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 91, no. 7343 (1870). 
Adult. General colour above rufous-brown, rather clearer brown 
on trie lower back and rump, which are nearly uniform; the mantle 
and upper back mesially streaked with black; lesser and median 
coverts like the back, with pale fulvous edges to the tips; greater 
coverts more decidedly rufous, paler brown on the edges and tips ; 
bastard-wing blackish with hoary grey edges; primary-coverts 
dusky brown, externally rufous ; quills dusky brown, edged with 
rufous, the secondaries externally chestnut, the innermost secondaries 
with pale tips; upper tail-coverts like the back, fringed 
with fulvous at the ends; tail-feathers rufous, rather browner on 
the inner web ; crown of head deep chestnut, forming two lateral 
bands, divided by an ashy streak down the centre of the crown, 
which widens out into a broad ashy band on the hind neck, on the 
sides of which the chestnut bands are continued from the crown and 
are streaked with black; lores whitish, continued into a distinct 
ashy eyebrow, which is separated from the chestnut crown by a 
line of black ; eyelid white, with a dusky spot in front of the eye; 
ear-coverts and sides of face dull ashy with an ochreous tinge; the 
feathers below the eye and a line along the upper edge of the oar-
coverts black; cheeks and throat pale ochreous, separated by a 
broad malar line of black; sides of neck ashy; abdomen pure 
white; fore neck and breast pale ochreous, deepening into rich 
ochreous brown on the sides of the body, flanks, and under tail-
coverts ; thighs brown externally, ashy brown internally; under 
wing-coverts and axiHaries ashy whitish, washed with ochre ; quills 
below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total length 6*4 inches, 
culmen 0*7, wing 2-9, tail 2-9, tarsus 1. 
There is considerable variation in size in this species, males 
having the wing from 2*6-3 inches. The sexes are alike in 
colour. The nesting plumage appears to be rather darker, the 
mesial streak on the crown becomes almost obsolete, and the under 
surface of the body is more ashy and less ochreous. 
Young. Darker than the adult, with the crown blackish, without 
much rufous and thickly streaked with black; the eyebrow, sides of 
face, and under surface of body washed with olive-yellow, more 

ERX8GILTJDM. 

tawny on the flanks, which are streaked with dusky blackish, while 
the throat and breast are streaked with black. 
Hal. Central America from Mexico to Guatemala. 

a. Ad. sk. Mexico. 
Sclater Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Mexico. 
Purchased. 
c. d. Ad.; e, Juv. Orizaba (Botteri). Sclater Coll. 
sk. 
/ . Ad.sk. Orizaba (Boucard). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

g. Ad. sk. Jalapa {C. F. Edge). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
h, 
Ad.; i. Juv. Guatemala (67. U. Skinner). J. Gould, Esq. 
sk. 

k. Ad. sk. Vera Paz {Hague). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
7 
$ ad. sk. Duenas, Guatemala, Aug. 24, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1859(0.6'.). 

m. Juv. sk Duenas (0. &). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
n. 6 ad. sk. Duenas, July 18, 18-59 (0. 8.). Sclater Coll. 
o. <j> ad. sk. Volcan de Fuego (0. &). Sclater Coll. 
p. 
S ad. sk. Volcan de Fuego, Sept. 1873 Sclater Coll. 
(0. &). 
a. <$ ad. sk. Pine-ridge of Poctum, March Salvin-Godman Coll. 
180:2 (0. $.). 
r, s. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
C. HaemopMla sumichrasti 
Haemophila 
sumichrasti, Later. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x. p. f> (1871); 
Scl. $ Salv. NomencL Ai\ Xeotr. p. 33 (1*73); Lawr. Bull U.S. 
Nat. Mus. iv. p. 22 (187G); Salmn <$* Godma/i} Biol. Cenii\-Amer., 
Aves, i. p. 395 (1880). 

Adult. General colour above ashy grey, the feathers of the mantle 
and back broadly streaked with black, the feathers being rufous 
laterally; lower back and rump more uniform and sandy brown; 
scapulars chestnut with black centres ; lesser wing-coverts uniform 
bright chestnut; median coverts black, the outer ones chestnut, the 
inner ones like the greater coverts blackish, externally sandy buff, 
whiter towards their ends; bastard-wing blackish, edged with 
white; primary-coverts and quills blackish, edged with ashy rufous, 
hoary whitish on the margins of the primaries ; upper tail-coverts 
pale tawny rufous; tail-feathers dusky brown, externally pale 
tawny rufous, lighter on the outer feathers towards their ends; 
crown of head ashy grey, mottled with rufous centres to the feathers, 
which have also black shafts; lores white, extending into an eyebrow 
of pale ashy grey; eyelid white : ear-coverts pale ashy, with 
a dark rufous or blackish line along the upper margin; cheeks 
white, becoming ashy grey on the hinder part, with a narrow 
blackish streak above the white portion; throat white, separated 
from the checks by a black malar line; sides of neck ashy grey, 
slightly spotted; lower throat, fore neck, and sides of the breast 
light ashy; centre of breast and abdomen white; sides of body, 
flanks, and under tail-coverts clear sandy buff; thighs browner; 
under wing-coverts and axiUaries white; quills below dusky, ashy 
whitish along the inner edge: "upper mandible brown, lower 

76. HiBMOPHILA, 
727 

mandible fleshy; feet fleshy; iris brownish red" (Sumichrast) 
Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-55, tail 2-5, tarsus 0*75 

The specimen from Oaxaca is rather more ochreous below than 
the two from Tehuantepec, and slightly more rufous above. This 
difference may be seasonal. 

Hab. Mexico. 

a. (S ad. sk. Juehitan, Tehuantepec, April 8, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1870 (F. Sumichrast). 
b. Ad. sk. Juehitan, April 20,1871 (F. Sumi- Sclater Coll. 
chrasf). 
c. 2 ad. sk. Oaxaca (A. Boucard). Sclater Coll. 
7. H&mophila stolzmanni. 
HaemopMla stolzmanni, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 322, pi. 36. ^g, 2; id. 
Om. Perou, iii. p. 47 (1886). 

Adult male. General colour above ashy brown, streaked with 
black on the mantle and back, the feathers of which have a slight 
reddish tinge; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts more 
uniform and lighter brown ; scapulars chestnut, with black streaks ; 
lesser wing-coverts uniform bright chestnut; median and greater 
coverts blackish, edged with rufous or hoary white, especially at the 
tips ; bastard-wing blackish, with a greyish-white margin; primary-
coverts and quills blackish, edged with ashy brown, whiter on the 
ends of the primaries, the secondaries more rufous, the innermost 
white towards the ends; tail-feathers dark brown, with lighter 
brown margins, the outer ones paler at the end of the outer web, 
and fringed with white at the tip; crown of head light ashy 
along the centre, with a broad lateral band of rufous, minutely 
streaked with black, the fore part of these lateral bands black 
at the base, above the lores, with a white line near the base of 
the bill; eyebrow pale ashy grey, the lores and eyelid white; 
sides of face and ear-coverts pale ashy grey, with a broad streak of 
rufous above the latter; fore part of cheeks white, the hinder part 
ashy grey, with a small black line above the white portion of the 
cheeks; sides of neck ashy grey; throat white, separated from the 
cheeks by a line of dusky black; breast and abdomen white, with a 
slight shade of dull ashy across the fore neck; sides of body and 
flanks washed with pale brown; thighs and under tail-coverts 
white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, edged with bright 
yellow; edge of wing bright yellow; quills below dusky, ashy along 
the inner edge : " bill horny blackish, lower mandible bluish grey ; 
feet yellowish grey ; iris reddish brown " (Stolzmann). Total length 
5-9 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 2*75, tail 2*25, tarsus 0*8. 

Hab. Peru. 

a. (S ad. sk. Tumbez, Peru (Jelski). Sclater Coll. 
8. Hsemophila humeralis. 
Hse mophila hmneralis, 
Cab. Mus. Hem. Th. i. p. 132 (1850, exLicht. 
MS&) ; Sol. § Salv. KomencL Av. Neotr. p. 33 (1873); Saloin $ 
Godman, Biol Centr.-Amer., Aies, i. p. 398, pi. 29. fig. 1 (1886). 

EBXKQIIJXDM.

728 

Ainiophila humeralis, Licht. Nomencl Av. Berol p. 43 (1854). 
Embernagra humeralis, Graij, Hand-l B. ii. p. 91, BO. 7347 (1870). 
Amphispiza ferrariperazi, Ridgiu. Aidt, ill p. 332 (1SS6). 

Adult. General colour above bright chestnut, the upper back and 
mantle with mesial streaks of black; lower back and rump lighter 
rufous, washed with brown; scapulars chestnut; lesser wing-
coverts also chestnut; median coverts black, edged with white at 
the ends; greater coverts black, externally pale reddish brown, 
washed with ashy white at the ends; bastard-wing black, margined 
with white; primary-coverts and quills dusky brown, edged with 
ashy brown, rather more rufous on the secondaries, the innermost 
of which are whitish at the ends; upper tail-coverts dusky brown, 
edged with whitish at the tips; tail-feathers dusky brown, edged 
with ashy brown, the outer ones paler towards the ends, which 
are tipped with white; crown of head sooty black, inclining to 
brown on the hind neck and sides of neck; lores white; remainder 
of sides of face and ear-coverts sooty black; cheeks and throat 
white, separated by a broad malar line of black, which joins the sides 
of neck; sides of throat, fore neck, and chest black ; breast and 
abdomen white; sides of body and flanks pale brown, the latter 
light sandy buff like the thighs and under tail-coverts; under wing-
coverts and axillaries ashy white; quills below du^ky, ashy along 

the inner edge. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*6, tail 
2'8, tarsus 0*75. 

A second specimen, probably a female, has the head and neck 
decidedly browner, and the black band on the fore neck narrower. 
Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*0, tail 2-55, tarsus 0-8, 

Hab. Mexico. 

a. Ad. sk. 18 leagues from Pueblo, towards Sclater Coll. 
Ohiatla (E. Bebouch). 
b. Ad. sk. Mexico (Boucard). Salvm-Godman Coll. 
9. HsemopMla mystacalis. 
Zonotrichia mystacalis, Hartl Bev. Zool 1852, p. 3; 8cL P. Z. & 
1856, p. 305, 1850, p. 379; Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 94, no. 7385 
(1870); Scl # Sah. Nomenel Ai\ Xeotr. p. 31 11873) ; Lawr. 
Proc, U.S. Nat Mus. i. p. 21 (1870). 
Amphispiza mystacalis, Jtidgio. Ibis, 1883, p. 400. 
Hsemophila mystacalis, Salvm $• Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amen* Ares. 
I p. 399 (1886). 

Adult male. General colour above brown, slightly tinged with 
rufous on the back, the feathers of which are broadly streaked with 
mesial black centres: scapulars, lower back, and rump bright chestnut 
or cinnamon-rufous; upper tail-coverts also chestnut, dusky 
brown towards the ends, which are margined with ashy; wing-
coverts black, the lesser ones edged with ashy, the median and greater 
series broadly tipped with white, forming a distinct double wing-bar; 
bastard-wing feathers black, narrowly fringed with white ; primary-
coverts and quills black, edged externally with ashy, whiter on the 
primaries, the secondaries more broadly with pale cinnamon-rufous, 

76. H^lMOPHILA. 
729 

like the inner greater coverts; tail-feathers black, narrowly edged 
with ashy fulvous, the two outer ones paler towards the ends and 
edged with white, which extends round the top of the outermost 
feather; head and hind neck more ashy than the back, and streaked 
with black, broadly on the crown, less distinctly on the hind neck; 
the forehead blackish, with a tiny streak of white at the base 
of the bill; a second small streak of white from the base of 
the nostril over the eye; eyelid white; lores and feathers below 
the eye black; the ear-coverts dark ashy like the crown, with a 
narrow line of black along their upper edge; cheeks white, forming 
a broad band; throat black, with a tiny white chin-spot, and the 
lower part of the black throat slightly streaked with white; lower 
throat, fore neck, and chest ashy grey, extending on to the sides of 
the breast; breast and abdomen white ; sides of body pale cinnamon, 
rather clearer and brighter on the under tail-coverts; thighs 
white, dusky posteriorly ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white, 
with ashy bases; edge of wing white; quills dusky -below, ashy 
along the edge of the inner web. Total length 6*7 inches, culmen 

05, wing 2-9, tail 3-3, tarsus 0-8. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but rather paler. Total length 
6 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2-9, tail 3*7, tarsus 0*85. 

The winter plumage is brighter than the summer plumage when 
the feathers get much worn, and the back becomes darker and more 
closely streaked with black as the light edges to the feathers 
become abraded. 

Bab. Mexico. 

a. Ad. sk. San Juan del Eio; Mexico. E. Rebouch [C.l. 
b. <$ ad. sk. Puebla. A. Boucard [O.J. 
c. $ ad. sk. Oaxaca, March {A. JBoucard). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d. $ ad. sk. Oaxaca (Fenochio). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Mexico. Sclater Coll. 
10. HsemopMla pulchra. 
Hsemophila pulchra, Sclater, Ibis, 1886, p. 259, pi. viii. 
Adult (type of species). General colour above brown, the feathers 
of the back more or less chestnut at the base; scapulars light chestnut; 
lesser and median coverts slaty grey; greater coverts chestnut, the 
outer ones slaty grey, washed with chestnut externally, or slaty grey 
with hoary grey edges; bastard-wing black, edged with ashy grey; 
primary-coverts and quills black, edged with ashy grey, more hoary 
on the primaries, the secondaries with broad margins of chestnut; 
upper tail-coverts slaty grey; tail-feathers black, margined with ashy, 
the two outer ones for the most part white, with a longitudinal black 
mark along the end of the outer web and an oblique black base to 
the inner web, the black increasing in extent on the penultimate 
feather, the white on the third feather reduced to a small wedge-
shaped mark at the end of the inner web ; crown of head and hind 
neck brown like the back, deepening in colour on the former; base 

EIOTtHIXIDiE. 

of forehead and lores black; eyebrow and sides of crown clear slaty 
grey, like the sides of face and ear-coverts; cheeks also slaty grey, 
except the fore part, which is black like the throat and lores; sides 
of neck, lower throat, fore neck, and chest clear slaty grey; remainder 
of under surface of body creamy buff, the abdomen whiter; thighs 
pale ashy • under tail-coverts creamy buff like the flanks; under 
wing-covorts and axiUarics pale slaty grey, the lower coverts white ; 
quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total length 6-4 
inches, culmen 0*05, wing 2-8, tail 2-8, tarsus 0-9. 

Hah. Peru. 

a. Ad. sk. Valley of Biniac, Peru (W. Nation). Sclater Coll. (Type 
of species.) 
77. CHAMiEOSPIZA. ^ 
Chamasospiza, Scl. P. Z. S.1858, p. 304 O. torquata. 
Range. Mexico. 

1. Chamaeospiza torquata. 
Pipilo torquatus, JDithus, Bull. Acad. Bmx. xiv. pt. ii. p. 105 (1847); 
id. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 246; Bp. Consp. i. p. 487 (1850); Diibus, 
Esq. Orn. pi. 36 (1851). 
Kieneria torquata, Bp. C. E. xl. p. 356 (1855). 
Chamasospiza torquata, Scl P. Z. S. 1858, p. 304, 1859, p. 3G5; id. $ 
Sah. Ibis, 1860, p. 274; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 120 (1862); 
Sumichr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 552 (18G9); Scl <§• Salv. 
Nomenel. Av. Neotr. p. 33 (1873) ; Salvin 8f Godman, Biol Centr.-
Amer., Aves, i. p. 399. 
Buarremon ocai, Lawr. Ann. Li/c. N. Y. viii. p. 126 (1866). 

Eniberizoides torquata, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 91, no. 7333 (1870). 

Adult male. General colour above dull olive, shaded with brown 
on the lower back and rump; lesser and median coverts brighter 
olive-yellow; greater coverts olive-green, externally olive-yellow; 
bastard-wing dusky ^ with a yellowish-white margin,* primary-
coverts dusky, externally olive ; quills dusky brown, externally 
olive, the primaries olive-yellow along the outer web ; tail-feathers 
dull olive-yellow, with glossy dark-brown shafts; crown of head 
and nape bright chestnut; forehead black, extending in a broad 
line along the sides of the crown • in the centre of the forehead a 
broad line of white ; lores, eyelid, feathers below the eye, and ear-
coverfcs black; eyebrow white, extending to the sides of the nape, 
where it is tinged with grey; cheeks and throat white, followed by 
a large crescentic patch of black on the fore neck; breast and 
abdomen white, with a slight tinge of olive-yellow on the former; 
sides of body and flanks light brown, the sides of the upper breast 
grey, washed with olive-yellow on the sides of the fore neck; thighs 
ashy brown with an olive tinge; under tail-coverts light fulvous 
brown; under wing-coverts yellow, very bright on the edge of the 
wing ; axillaries olive-yellow ; quills below dusky, edged with 
ashy on the inner web. Total length 8-2 inches, culmen 0-65, 
wing 3*6, tail 4, tarsus 115. 

78 . 
PZRCUSOMA. 731 
Adult female. Similar to tho male, but not so bright in colour, 
-with indistinct dusky tips to the foathors of tho chestnut crown. 
Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3*3, tail 3-5, tarsus 1*15. 

One of the female birds from Oaxaca has tho thighs ashy grey. 

Young. Differs from the adult in being altogether brownor, with 
scarcely any indications of the chestnut crown; tho whito mesial 
streak on the forehead also nearly obsolote; throat, breast, and 
abdomen isabelline, the sides of the body entirely pale brown. 

Hah. Mexico. 
a. Juv. sk. S. Mexico (de Oca) . Sclater Coll. 
b.
<?. 
S ad. sk. 
? ad. sk. 
La Parada, Mexico. 
Oaxaca (Boucard). 
A. Boucard [0.]. 
Sclater Coll. 
d} e, J ad. sk. Oaxaca (Fenochio), Salvin-Godman Coll. 

78. PYRGISOMA. T 
Pyrgisoma, Bp. C. A. i. p. 486 (1850) p. biarcuatum. 
Melozone, Reichenb. St/st Nat pi. lxxix. fig. 10 (1850) P. biarcuatum. 
Kieneria, Bp. C. B. xl. p. 356 (1855) p. kieneri. 

Range. Throughout Central America, rcoccurring in Peru. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Crown and nape chestnut; forehead black or ashy. 
a'. Forehead ashy; ear-coverts ashy brown, with 
chestnut behind and below nibricatum, p. 731. 
b'. Similar to P. rubricatum, but larger; no white 
ring round the eye; top of head brown like 
the back, not chestnut kieneri) p. 732. 

c'. Forehead black ; no black under the eye, which 
is white all round; ear-coverts dark chestnut, 
black anteriorly j sides of neck white behind 
the ear-coverts; no black spot on the fore 
neck biarcuatum^ p. 733. 

d'. Forehead black; feathers below the eye black; 
ear-coverts chestnut, black anteriorly; sides 
of neck black behind the ear-coverts; a black 
spot on the fore neck cabamsi} p, 734. 

h. 
No chestnut on the head. 
e'. Throat entirely black; abdomen white; hind 
neck olive-yellow. 
a". Crown of head grey, with lateral black 
bands; a spot on the fore neck, separated 
by a white collar from the black throat. .. . occipitale, p. 735. 

b"- Crown of head blackish, with no grey; throat 
and fore neck entirely black leucote, p. 73(3. 

f. 
Throat white, with some black on the chin; 
abdomen bright tawny like the under tail-
coverts ; no yellow on the hind neck nationi, p. 730. 
1. Pyrgisoma rubricatiim. 
Tanagra rubricata, LicJit. M8S. in Mus. Berol., undb 
Atlapetes rubricate, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 140 (1850); id. 
J.f. 
O. I860, p. 413, 
732 
FBINGILLIDiE. 

Pipilo rubricatus, LichL Nomencl Av. Berol p. 44 (1854). 
Melozone rnbricata, Cab. J.f. 0. 1866, p. 234. 
Pyrgisoma xantusi, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. T. viii. p. 480 (1866, 


ex JBaird MSS.). 

Pyrgisoma rubricatum, Sol Sf Salv. P. Z. S. 1868; p. 326; iid. JSxot 
Orn. p. 127, pi. 64. fig. 1 (1868); iid. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 33 
(1873) ; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. ii. p. 278 (1874); Salvin $ Godman, 
Biol Centr.-A?ner., Aves, i. p. 402 (1886). 

Embernagra rubricata, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 92, no. 7353 (1870). 
Adult male. General colour above brown, inclining slightly to 
olive-brown; lesser wing-coverts dull ashy grey; median and 
greater coverts dusky, edged with olive-brown, the former series 
paler on the tips; bastard-wing blackish, edged externally with 
white; primary-coverts and quills dusky brown, externally edged 
with ashy, the secondaries browner on the outer web; upper tail-
coverts like the back; tail-feathers dusky brown, washed with ashy 
on the margins; forehead and sinciput brown, the hinder crown 
and nape bright chestnut or bay, extending down behind the ear-
coverts and widening again on the hinder cheeks ; lores blackish, surmounted 
by a white spot; a tiny whitish spot in the middle of the 
forehead; eyelid white; ear-coverts brown; the feathers below the eye 
blackish, extending on to the fore part of the ear-coverts; cheeks, 
throat, and under surface of body white, with a narrow line of black 
spots on the malar line ; on the fore neck a spot of black; sides of 
body and flanks brown; thighs white, dark ashy posteriorly; under 
tail-coverts tawny; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the 
latter with dusky bases ; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner 
edge. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3*2, tail 2*85, 
tarsus 0*85. 
Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little more dingy in 
colour ; the black spots on the malar line absent. Total length 6-6 
inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3, tail 2*8, tarsus 0*9. 
Young. Duller olive-brown than the adults ; the white of the 
underparts sullied by dusky tips to the feathers; centre of the 
abdomen washed with olive-yellow. 
Hah. Mexico. 

a. Ad. sk. Mexico. 
Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. Mazatlan (J. Xanthus * Sm. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
no. 23869). (A type of P.xanthm.) 
c. S ad. sk. Presidio, May 1 (A. Forrer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d. Ad. sk. Presidio, Dec. 31 {A. F). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e. 
S ad. sk. Putla, May 1, 1871 (A. Bou- Sclater Coll. 
card). 
f. 2 ad. sk. Atlisco (A. Boucard). Sclater Coll. 
g. $ ad. sk. Atlisco {A. Boucard). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
2. Pyrgisoma kieneri. 
Pyrgisoma kieneri, Bp. Consp. i. p. 486 (1850) ; Sel fy Sab. P. Z. S. 
1868, p. 325; iid. JExot Orn. p. 130, pi. 05. tig. 2 (1868); iid. 
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 33 (1873) ; Salvin fy Godman, Biol Centr.-
Amer.} Aves, i. p. 401 (1886). 

78 . PYEQ-ISOMA. 
733 

Adult. Dusky brown, the crown and sides of the hoacl rufous • 
ear-coverts uniform with the back, tho tips of tho feathers, howl 
ever, chestnut; lores whitish; forehead and checks dusky black • 
under surface of body white, the flanks like the back ; an indistinct 
pectoral spot of black; vent rufescent; bill blackish horn-colourfeet 
pale hazel-brown. Total length 7*3 inches, wing 3-3, tail 2*<S 

tarsus 1. (Salvin c$- Godman, I. c.) ' 
Bah. Mexico? 
3. Pyxgisoma biarcuatiim. 

Pyrgita biarcuatus, Brev. $ Des Murs, Voy. V6nm, Atlas, pi, (i 

(1846^. 
Emberiza biarcuata, iid. Voy. VSnus, v. Ois. p. 210 (1855). 
Pyrgisoma biarcuatum, Bp. Consp. i. p. 480 (1850); Sol § Sah. 

Ibis, 1859, p. 18; Sol. Cat Amer. B. p. 120 (18G2); id. # 8ah. 
Nome?icl Av. Neotr. p. 83 (1873); Salv. Cat Strichl Coll p. 234 
(1882); id. # Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves.i. p. 401 (1880). 

Embernagra biarcuata, Gray, Iland-l B. ii. p. 92, no. 7349 (1870). 
Adult. General colour above brown; lessor wing-coverts ashy, 
washed with brown; median and greater coverts dusky brown, 
washed externally with brown like the back, with paler tips of 
buffy whitish; bastard-wing dusky brown, with ashy whitish 
edges; primary-coverts dusky brown; quills dusky brown, externally 
lighter brown, somewhat ashy on the primaries, tho 
secondaries rather more reddish brown externally; upper tail-
coverts like the back; tail-feathers dusky brown, washed externally 
with lighter brown; crown of head and nape bright chestnut, the 
forehead black; lores, eyebrow, and feathers round eye creamy 
white, extending behind the latter; ear-coverts deep chestnut, 
black anteriorly; feathers below the eye and cheeks creamy white, 
extending upwards behind the ear-coverts; sides of neck dark ashy ; 
throat, fore neck, breast, and abdomen creamy white; sides of body 
and flanks brown, ashy along the sides of the fore neck and upper 
breast; thighs dark ashy, white posteriorly; under tail-coverts pale 
tawny buff; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, tho latter 
with dusky bases; quills below dusky, ashy fulvous along the inner 
edge. Total length 6*3 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-8, tail 2*7, 
tarsus 1. 

Young. Entirely brown above, the feathers mottled with blackish 
edges, the head slightly rufescent towards tho nape, where tho 
chestnut crown of the adult is indicated; wing-coverts dusky, 
externally rufescent brown, with paler spots at the ends; quills 
externally rufous-brown, especially marked on the _ secondaries; 
facial markings as in the adult, but strongly tinged with yellow, as 
is also the under surface of the body; the fore neck and breast 
brown, mottled with blackish edges to the feathers ; bill yellow, 
blackish near the base of the culmen. 

Hob. Guatemala. 

a. Ad. sk. Guatemala. ^^sed. „ 
b. Ad. sk. Guatemala (0. U. Skinner). J. Gould, Esq, 
734 YEmGILIXDM. 

c. Ad. sk Guatemala. Purchased. 
d. Ad. sk. Guatemala (Shinner). Selater Coll. 
e. Ad. sk Duenas, Oct. 1861 (0. S. $ Salvin-Godinan OoU. 
F.B. G.). 
f. Imm. sk. Duenas, July 31,1873 (0. &)• Salvin-Godman Coll. 
V-<$ Juv-s&- Duenas, July 31,1859 (0. &). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
h. <$ ad. sk. Barranco-Hondo, Oct. 29,1873 Salvin-Godman CoU. 
(O.S.). 
«. Ad. sk. Eetallmleu,Sept. 1862(0. S.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
k Ad.sk Coban, Feb. 1882 (0, S. $ Salvin-Godman CoU. 

F D. G.). 
<3 juv. sk. Coban, Nov. 6, 1859 (0. &). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

4. Pyrgisoina cabaidsi 
Melozone biaxcuata (wee Prev. $• Des ilfz*rs), Oz&. J. f. 0.I860, 
p. 412. 
Pyrgisoma kieneri (nee Pp.), Cass. Proe. PJdktd. Acad. 1605, 
p. 169; Xflwr. -4wn. Lye. K. Y. ix. p. 103 (18C8; ; JVwifc. J./. 0. 
1809, p. 302. 
Pyrgisoma biarcuatum (nee Prev. $ Des Murs), Later. Ann. Lyc. 

N. F.ix. p. 103; Fratitz. J.f. 0.1S<J0, p. 301. 
Centr.-Anier., Aves, i. p. 403 (lkbti)! 
Embernagia kieneri (nee Pp.), Gray, Iland-l JJ. ii. p. 92, no. 7350 
(1870). 
Embemagra cabanisi, Gray, t. e. p. 92, no. 7351 (1870). 

Adult male. General colour above brown, slightly tinged with 
olive, especially on the rump : lesser wing-coverts dark ashy grey; 
median and greater coverts dusky, with brown edges; bastard-
wing and primary-coverts dark brown, fringed with lighter brown; 
quills dusky brown, the primaries externally dull ashy or ashy 
whitish, the secondaries brown on the outer web; upper tail-
coverts like the back; tail-feathers dark brown, with olive-brown 
edges; crown of head and nape bright chestnut, separated from the 
back by the hind neck and sides of neck, which are dark slaty grey ; 
forehead black, washed with grey; lores conspicuously white; 
eyelid white, excepting a black spot on the upper edge ; behind the 
eye a spot of white; feathers below the eye black, extending on to 
the fore part of the ear-coverts, which are otherwise bright chest


nut ; a narrow malar line of black; cheeks, throat, and under 
surface of body white, with a large black mark on the fore neck; 
sides of body and flanks ashy grey, browner on the latter; thighs 
ashy grey; under tail-coverts pale tawny buff; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries white; quiUs below dusky, ashy white along the edge 
of the inner web. Total length G*3 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*75, 
tail 2-5, tarsus 0-95. 

Hah Costa Eica. 

a. Ad. sk. Costa Eica. Purchased* 
b. Ad. sk Costa Eica (Hoffman). Selater CoU. 
c. Ad. sk Costa Eica (Van Patten). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
78 . PYEG1S0MA. 735 
d. Ad. sk.
e. <$ ad. sk.
f. g. Ad. sk, 
San Jos6, Gosta Rica, Oct. 20,1865 (J. CarmioL Sm. no.
41369)\ 
San Jose*, Costa Rica, April1877 (A. Bouoard). 
Irazu, Costa Rica, Dec. 1877(H. Rogers). 
Salvin-Godraan Coll. 
(Type of species.) 
Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
5. Pyrgisoma occipitale. 

Chamseospiza torquata (nee Bubus), Scl. § Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 274. 
Pyrgisoma leucote (nee Cab.), Salv, Ibis, 1866, p, 205; Scl. <§-Salv. 

P. Z. S. 1868, p. 326 (pt.); iitl. Rvot, Orn. p. 128, pi. 64. %. 2 
(1868, pt.) ; iid. No?nencl. Av. Neotr. p. 33 (1873, pt.). 
Pyrgisoma occipitale, Salvin, Ibis, 1878, p. 446; id. § Godman, Biol. 
Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 404 (1886). 
Adult male. General colour above brown, rather more ashy on the 
upper mantle and inclining to reddish brown on the back; lesser 
wing-coverts olive-yellow; median coverts dusky with olive-yellow 
margins; greater coverts dusky, externally olive-yellow, the innermost 
reddish brown; bastard-wing dusky, externally ashy grey; 
primary-coverts and quills dusky brown, with olive-yellow edges, 
the secondaries externally rufous-brown ; upper tail-coverts reddish 
brown; tail-feathers dark rufous-brown, more rufous on the margins 
; crown of head slaty grey, with a broad band of black along 
the sides of the crown, the nape slightly washed with olive-yellow, 
the hind neck entirely olive-yellow, forming an indistinct collar ; 
a tiny streak of white in the centre of the base of the forehead; 
lores and eyelid white, with a black anterior mark on the latter; 
above the ear-coverts a streak of bright yellow joining the sides of 
the neck, which are also bright yellow; ear-coverts, cheeks, and 
throat black, with a largo white spot on the ear-coverts % centre of 
body white from the throat downwards; fore neck with a large 
black patch ; sides of fore neck and upper breast slaty grey ; sides 
of body and flanks brown; thighs ashy grey; under tail-coverts 
light rufous; under wing-coverts and axillaries olive-yellow, 
brighter yellow on the edge of the wiDg; quills below dusky, ashy 
along the inner edge. Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 
3-4, tail 3*15, tarsus 1*05. 
Adult female. Similar to the male but a little duller in colour. 
Total length 6*8 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3*1, tail 3, tarsus 1*05. 
Young. Much browner than the adults, the head brown, mottled, 
like the olive-yellow hind neck, with blackish edges to the feathers; 
the wing-coverts pale reddish at the ends; facial markings as in 
the adult, but the black much more dusky, and the throat dusky 
blackish ; the white breast washed with pale olive-yellow. 
Hah. Guatemala. 

a. Ad. sk. Guatemala. 
Osbert Salvin, Esq. [P.]. 
b, c. <$ 9. ad. Volcan de Fuego Sept. and Sclater Coll. 
sk. Oct. 1873 (O. S.). 

d. 
<$ imm. Volcan de Fuego, Sept. 5, Salvin-Godman Coll, 
sk. 1859 (O. &). 
736 
FEI^GILLrDJ3. 

e, 9 ad. sk. Volcan de Fuego, Oct. 23, 1873 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(0. &). 
/, g. Ad. sk. Savana Grande (0. & # F. D. (?.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Types of species.) 

h. <$ ad. sk. Volcan de Agua, NOT. 1873 (O. &). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
i. tf ad. sk. BarrancoHondo, Oct.29; 1873(0.A). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
6. Pyrgisoma leucote. 
Melozone leucotis, Cab. J. f. 0. I860, p. 413; Cass. Proc. Phil ad. 
Acad. 18G5, p. 169; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. JV. F ix. p. 103 (1808); 
Pmwte. J./.O. 1800, p. 302. 
Pyrgisoma leucote, Scl. § Sale. P.Z.S. 1808, p. 320; «>?. Exot. 
Orn. p. 128 (1808, pt.); Scl. Ibis, 1873, p. 373; id. % 8a?v. Xomencl. 
Av. Neotr. p. 33 (1873); Sal tin fy Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., 
Aves, I p. 403 (1880). 
Embernagra leucotis, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 92, no. 73o2 (1570). 

Adult male. Similar to P. occijutale, but without the grey on the 
crown, the entire crown being black, washed on the nape with olive-
green like the hind neck; the entire throat and fore neck black, 
mottled on the lower throat with half-concealed white ba^es to the 
feathers. Total length 0*8 inches, culmen 0-0, wing 3*1, tail 2-0,3, 
tarsus 1-05. 

Ilab. Nicaragua and Costa Bica. 

a. Ad. sk. Chontales, Nicaragua (T. Belt). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b. Juv. sk. Costa Rica (Hoffman). Selater Coll. 
(A typical -pecimen.) 
c. Ad. sk.k Costa Rica (Boucard). Sclater Coll. 
d. Ad. sk, Costa Rica. * 
Mr. Tan Patten "C.]. 
e. tf ad. sk. San Jo^e,Costa Rica, Oct.20,lbGo Salvin-( Jodman Coll. 
(J". Carmiol; Sm. no. 47401). 
f,g, 
h. Ad. sk. Irazu district, Co 4a Rica (H. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Rogers). 

7. Pyrgisoma nation!. 
* 

Pipilo niystacalis, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 521 (nee Buarremon 
mystacahs, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. -J15). 
Buarremon nation!, ScL P. Z. S. 18S1, p. 48o, pi. xlvL; Tacz. Orn. 
Perou, ii. p. 533 (1884). 
Adult female (type of species). General colour above ashy grey, 
rather browner on the back; wing-coverts like the back, with paler 
brown tips to the greater series ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 
and quills dark brown, edged with ashy, the first primary externally* 
white; upper tail-coverts ashy grey, with fulvous-brown tips ; tail-
feathers dusky brown, edged with ashy, the outer ones narrowly 
tipped with whitish; crown of head and nape dark chocolate-brown, 
with a few white feathers on the forehead and on the sides of the 
hinder crown; lores, feathers round eye, and ear-coverts black, 
the latter washed with brown; cheeks and throat white, the 
former washed with deep ochre; chin black, extending a short 
distance down the malar fine; sides of neck ashy grey, washed with 
brown; fore neck ashy grey, varied with whitish edges to the 
feathers; breast, abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts pale tawny 

79 . SALTATEICT7LA* 
buff; sides of body and flanks ashy grey, slightly washed with 
brown; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, with a slight tinge 
of tawny; quills below dusky, ashy white along the edge of the 
inner web: " bill blackish; feet horn- colour ; iris reddish brown" 
(Jelski). Total length 7*8 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3-4, tail 3*35, 
tarsus 1-15. 

Hab. Peru. 

a. 
J ad. sk. Western Cordillera of Peru (IF. Sclater Coll. (Type 
Nation). of species.) 
79. SALTATRICULA. 
Type. 
Saltatricula, Burnt. Bets. La Plata-St. ii. p. 481 (1861). S. multicolor. 

Head of Saltatricula multicolor. 
Range. Western Argentine Republic. 


1. Saltatricula multicolor. 
Saltator multicolor, Burnt. J.f.O. 1860, p. 254; Cab. J.f. 0. 1878, 

p. 195; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 75, no. 7100 (1870). 
Saltatricula multicolor, Burm. Reis. La Plata-St. ii. p. 481 (1861) ; 
Salvin, Ibis, 1880, p. 355; White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 600. 

Adult male. General colour above brown, the lower back, rump, 
and upper tail-coverts ashy grey; lesser wing-coverts ashy grey; 
median coverts dusky brown, margined w^h ashy grey ; greater 
coverts dusky brown, externally brown like the back; bastard-wing 
and primary-coverts dark brown, edged with ashy brown; quills 
dark brown, the primaries edged with ashy, the secondaries with 
brown, more rufescent along the outer web ; centre tail-feathers 
ashy brown, the remainder black, broadly tipped with white, increasing 
towards the outer feather, which is also white along the 
outer web; crown of head like the back; a narrow black line 
across the base of the forehead, followed by a shade of grey; lores 
black as well as the feathers below the eye; eyelid white; ear-
coverts ashy grey, with a broad streak of white above them; feathers 
below the eye and cheeks black, extending on to the fore part of the 
ear-coverts and down the sides of the throat; entire throat white; 
sides of neck light ashy grey, extending downwards on to the fore 
neck ; breast, sides of body, and flanks light tawny rufous; abdomen 
and lower breast white; thighs ashy, with white edges ; under tail-
coverts white; under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy grey, the 
lower series whiter; the outer coverts dusky brown, forming a 

VOL. XII. 
3 B 

/rgg PBINGILLIDiE. 

patch; quills below dusky brown, ashy whitish along the inner 
edge- "upper mandible dark brown, lower mandible pale yellow; 
legs and feet slate-colour; iris light brown » (H Durnford) Total 
length 6-6 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-9, tail 3-2o tarsus 0-85. 

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length 
6-3 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-8, tail 3, tarsus 0-9. 
Hob. The same as that of the genus. 

a. ? ad.; b, c. Salta, June 1878. Henry Durnford, Esq. 
d rf ad.sk. Cosquin, Cordova, Argentine Salvin-Godinan Coll.] 
' * Republic, Aug. 16, 1882 

(JE. W. White). 

e. 6 ad. sk. Cosquin, June 15 (R W. mite). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
f. is ad sk Mendoza,Feb.l871(7r«^«ttpfl. balvm-Godman CoU. 
g h cjad.sk. Mendoza,Feb. 1871 {Weisshaupt). Sclater Coll. 
80. ATLAPETES. 
Type. 
Atiapetes, Wagler, Isis, 1831, p. 526 A. pileatus. 
Chlorura, Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 117 (1862) A. chlorurus. 

Foot of Atiapetes pikatus. 

Range.'Southern United States and Mexico. 

Keg to the Species. 

a. Larger: throat white as well as the abdomen; fore 
neck and breast ashy grey chlorwnis, p. 738. 
b. Smaller: throat, breast, and abdomen yellow; sides 
of body olive pileatus, p. 740. 
1. Atiapetes chlorurus. 
Fringilla chlorura, Towns, in Audub. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 336 (1839). 
Fringilla blandingiana, Gambel, Proc. Philad. Acad. i. p. 260 (1843). 
Zonotrichia chlorura ?, Gambel. Journ. Philad. Acad. i. p. 51, pi. 9 

(1847). 
Pipilo rufipileus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 176; Bp. Consp. i. p. 487 
(1850). 
Embernagra chlorura, Bp. Consp. i. p. 483 (1850) ; Scl. Cat. Amer. 

80. ATLAPEEfiS. 739 
B. p. 117 (1863); id. 4' Sab. Nommcl Av. Neotr. p. 33 (1873) • 
JOawr. Mem, Bost Soc. S. BE. ii. p. 277 (1874) j Salmi §* Qodman, 
Biol Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 415 (1886). 
Zonotrichia blandhigiana, Woodh. in Sitgr. Rep. Zuni fy Color. Mm 

p. 86 (1853). 
Kieneria rofipilea, Bp. C. R. xl. p. 356 (1855). 
Embernaga blandingiana, Cass. B. Calif, p. 70, pi. 12 (1856) ; Duges, 
La Sat. i. p. 140 (1808). 

Pipilo chlorurus, Baird, B. S. Amer. p. 519 (1858); id. Mex. Bound. 
Sure. iL Birds, p. 18, pi. 2 (1858): Cooper, B. Calif, p. 248 
(1870) j ^L/fo«, J?*//. Mm. Comp. Zwl. Hi. p. 178 (1872) ; Cones, 
Keg S. Amer. B. p. 153 f 1872) ; Baird, Breiver, 4* Ridgm. Hist. 

S. Amer. B. ii. p. 131, pL 31. %. 4 (1374); Corns, B. S.-West, 
p. 170 (1874); Heath. Rep. Zool Expl. lOOtk Merid. p. 307 (1875) -
Smnetff Bull. U.S. Geo!. Sun;, v. p. 304 (1679) ; Belding, JProo. 
U.S. Sat. Mm. i p. 410 (1870) ; Ridgwag, op. eit. iii. p. 181 
(ltt81) ; Cows, Cheek-list S.'Amer. B. p. 01 (1882) ; Belding, JProo. 
U.S. Sat. Mus. v. p. 540 (1833), vi. p. 343 (1833); Cones, Key 
S. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 398 (1834) j Brew, Auk, ii. p. 16 (1885)$ 
Beckh. i. e. p. 142 (1885); A. 0. U. Cheek-list S. Amer. B. p. 284 
(1386) ; Hmsh. Auk, iii. p. 74 (1830; Ridgw. Mem. S. Amer. B. 
p. 439 (lb87). 
Emberizoides cklorura, Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 01, no. 7331 (1870). 
Adult male. General colour above dull olive-greenish, washed with 
ashy, the upper tail-coverts fringed at the tips with ashy olive ; 
wing-coverts brighter olive-green; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 
and quills dusky brown, externally olive-green, the first primary 
narrowly fringed with whitish along the outer web; tail-feathers 
olive-green, dusky on the inner webs, the outer feather narrowly 
fringed with whitish along the tip of the inner web; crown of head 
bright chestnut or bay, with a frontal patch of dusky blackish 
tinged with olive; an indibtinct eyebrow of dull olive-green; feathers 
below the eye and lores dusky, minutely dotted with white; a 
supraloral streak of dull whitish; ear-coverts dull ashy, with 
narrow whitish shaft-lines : a white spot at the base of the cheeks; 
throat white, separated from the cheeks by a malar line of dusky 
blackish; remainder of cheeks, fore neck, and breast ashy grey, extending 
down the sides of the latter ; centre of breast and abdomen 
dull white ; sides of body and flanks as well as thighs ashy brown, 
inclining to isabelline on the sides of the abdomen; under tail-
coverts isabelline buff; axillaries and under wing-coverts pale sulphur-
yellow, the edge of the wing brighter; quills dusky below, 
pale ashy along the edge of the wing. Total length 6-7 inches, 
culm en 0*55, wing 3-1, tail 3*25, tarsus 0-U. 

Adult female. Coloured like the male, but much less bright; 
rather more olive-brown on the upper surface of the body, the quills 
conspicuously margined with brown. Total length 0*7 inches, 
culmen 0-55, wing 3, tail 3-3, tarsus 0-85. 

flab. Interior Plateau region of the United States, from the 
western border of the plains to the Sierra Nevada, from about lat. 
40° south into Mexico. (A. 0. U. Cheek-list, I c.) 

3B2 

imH<HILIB.25. 

740 

Sclater Col. 

Koeky Mountains. 

a. <$ ad.sk. 
U.S. National Mus. 
Fort Bridger, Utab, May 19 

5. c? ad. sk. 
[P.J 
(C. Brevier; Sm. no. 
11254). 
SalTin-Godman Coll. 

Fort Bridger, May 19 (C.

c. (S ad. sk. 
Drexler; Sm.no 11258). 

Salvin-Gudman Cull. 

Gunnison Valley, Utah, 

<£ $ ad. sk. 

Aug. 7 (H. W. HenshatDj 
Sm. no. 62920). 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

e. <S ad. sk. Upper Klamatk Lake, 
Oregon, May 15 (A. Forrer). 
U.S. National MIL**. 
/. $ ad. sk. S. Arizona, Sept. 11 (J3. W. 
Hemhaw\ Sm. no. 00988). ;RJ 

g. Ad. sk. California. 
Lord" Wakirybam 
h. 
(S ad. sk. Sierra Nevada, Sept. (E. W. 
Nelson). R." Bl Sharpe, E*q. 
i S ad. sk. Northern California, June 
25,1884 (C. K. Towmench, 

II.~ l i £harp**, EM* 

Sm. no. 99848). 

[P.;. 

k, S ad. sk. Santa Ana Kiver, California, 
June 17 (F. Stephens). G. Fr**un 3f ore« »nir 

I. Ad. sk. Mexico. Esq. T. \ 
w*. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purcha*wL 
n, o. Ad, sk. Mexico. Sclat«»r Citil 
Sahiii-iliiiliiiaii <'u!I. 

2. Atlapetes pileatns. 
Atlapetes pileatus, Wagler, Isis, 1831, p. 526; Bp. Cbmp. I p. 4*rt 
(1850); Cab. Mus. JSein. Tk i. p. 140, note (l&oOj; 8el. 1\ X .V. 
1858, p. 804; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 120 (ltt(fc>); tiumichr, Mtm. 
Bost Soc. JST. II. i. p. 551 (1809); ScL if* &/r. Nomend. At\ X***tr. 

p. 33 (1873) ; Salvin 8f Godman, Biol Centr.-Amerr7 Amsf L p, 405 
(1880). 
Enibernagra pileata, Gray, Eand4. B. ii. p. 9% no. 7SIS (1»7(M. 

-4dwZi. General colour above brown, faintly tinged with olive on 

tbe rump and upper tail-coverts; lesser and median coverts mkj 

grey, tbe latter slightly paler at tbe tips; greater coverts dark brown, 

externally lighter brown like tbe back; bastard-wing dark brown, 

externally ashy grey; primary-coverts and quills dark brown, edged 

with ashy, washed witb olive near the base of the primaries; tie 

inner secondaries externally brown like the back; tail-feathers dusky 

brown, edged with dark olive-brown; crown of head and nape 

cbestnut; lores and feathers around the eye black ; sides of crown 

dark grey, extending on to the sides of tbe neck; ear-coverts blackish, 

washed with dark 
ashy grey; cheeks and under surface of body 

yellow; tbe sides of the upper breast washed with ashy grey, the 

sides of tbe body and flanks dark brown; abdomen paler yellow; 

thigbs dark ashy grey; under tail-coverts yellow, with pale olive-

brown centres ; under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy grey; quills 

below dusky, pale ashy brown along their inner edge. Total length 

5*8 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2-55, tail 2*7, tarsus 00 . 

Hah. Mexico. 

81. 
PIPILO. 741 
a. & ad. sk. Mexico. 
Salvin-Godman Ooll. 
b. $ ad. sk. La Parada, Mexico. A. Salle* [C.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Oaxaca, Mexico (A. Boucard). Selater Coll. 
d. (J ad. sk. Totontepec, South Mexico, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1859 (A, Boucard). 
81. PIPILO. 
Type. 

Pipilo, Vteillot, Analyse, p. 32 (1816) P. erythrophthalmus. 

Head of Pipilo erythrophthalmtis. 

Range. The greater part of North America and Central America 
from Mexico to Guatemala. 

Key to the Species *. 

a. 
With the head and throat black or blackish 
; white or vellowish- white markings 
on the outer tail-feathers. 
a'. With no yellow on the under wing-
coverts or axillaries. 
a". With no white markings on the wing-
coverts or scapulars. 


a'". Larger; with larger white markings 
on quills and tail-feathers; iris of 
adult male bright carmine-red. 
Length 7-50-8-55, wing 3-30-3*75, 
tail 3*55-4* 10; white space on 
outer tail-feathers 1-30-1-60 long erythrophthalmus^ p. 744. 

b"1. Smaller; with smaller white markings 
on quills and tail-feathers; 
iris of adult male usually yellowish 
or whitish. Length 7-0-o*35, wing 
2*95-3-20, tail 3-55-39; white 
space on outer tail-feathers only 
0-66-0-75 long alleni, p. 746. 

b". With large white markings on the 
scapulars and wing-coverts. 


* Many of the characters in this ' Key' are copied from Mr. Ridgway's 
* Manual,' just published. Some of the forms differentiated by him are so 
meagrely represented in the Museum Collection that I have been unable to 
study their claims to distinction ; and I have therefore followed him. As, however, 
most American naturalists admit that the different races of Pipilo maculatus 
merge into each other, it is questionable whether they should not all 
be united under a single heading. 
PEIN&ILLIDJS. 

c'". Back more or less streaked -with 
white (these streaks sometimes 
concealed or even obliterated in the 
middle of the back, but always 
distinct along the sides of the back 
next to the scapulars), 

«4. Streaks on back very conspicuous 
and other white markings greatly 
developed, the white on wing-
coverts forming* two broad continuous 
bars across wing, the 
white edges to quills and tertials 
always distinct, and white terminal 
space on the outer tail-
feathers more than 1*0 inch long. 
Adult females with general 
colour of head, neck, chest, and 
upper parts greyibk brown or 
olive-brown. 
a\ Adult male with rump, upper 
tail-coverts, remiges, and 
edges of tail-feathers olive-
brownish (sometimes inclining 
to smoky greyish), the back 
and scapulars mixed with the 

same colour

b'\ Adult male with rump, upper 
tail-coverts, &c. black, or but 
slightly intermixed with greyish; 
rump sometimes uniform 
olive-greyish. 

a6. Lighter coloured, with white 
markings more extensive, 
and rufous of sides, &c, 
paler, more ochraceous; 
white edgings to primaries 
sometimes developed into a 
more or less conspicuous 
patch at base; white on 
outer tail-feather occupying 
more than the exposed half 
(1-S0-1-75 long). Adult 

femakwith. head, neck, chest, 
rump, &c. broccoli-brown ,.

bQ. Darker, with white markings 
more restricted, and rufous 
of sides, &c. deeper; white 
edgings of primaries never 
developed into a basal 
patch; white space on outer 
tail-feather occupying not 
more (usually less) than terminal 
exposed half (1-101*
35 long). Adidt female 
with head, neck, chest, 
rump, &c. dusky greyish 
brown .. *

 maculatiust p. 747. 

arcticus, p. 748. 

megalonyx, p. 748. 

81 . PIPILO. 
bK White streaks on back obsolete or 
concealed, except on outermost 
interscapulars, and other white 
markings much restricted; white 
at tips of wing-coverts reduced 
to small roundish spots, that on 
edges of quills and tertials very 
inconspicuous—sometimes quite 
obsolete; that on outer tail-
feathers less than 1*0 inch in 
length. Adult females with 
general colour of head, neck, 
chest, and upper parts dark 
sooty brown or dusky sepia. 


c5. Larger ; wing averaging more 
than 3*30, tail averaging 
more than 3*80. Length 8*08-
6, wing 3-25-3*45, tail 3-64-
1, exposed culmen 052058; 
tarsus 1-07-1-13 oregonus, p. 749. 

d5. Smaller; the wing averaging 
less than 3*1, tail averaging 
less than 3*6. Length about 
6-5-7-5, wing 2-9-3*25, tail 
3*25-3*8, tarsus 1*0-1*1 consobrinus, p. 750. 

d'". Back without white streaks. Adult 
males with general colour of 
upper parts dusky greyish brown, 
the outermost scapulars with outer 
webs partially white, and both 
rows of wing-coverts tipped with 
small white spots; only one or two 
outer tail-feathers with white terminal 
spots, these very small (less 
than 0*9 inch long). 


c\ Larger; wing 3-3, tail 3*7, culmen 
0*6, tarsus 1*15, Adult male: 
head, neck, and chest brownish 
black, becoming dark greyish, 
brown, indistinctly streaked with 
darker on top of head and hind 
neck; back and scapulars umber-
brown, tinged with rusty, 
broadly though rather indistinctly 
streaked with dusky ... . submaculatm, p. 750. 

d\ Smaller; wing 2*6-2*8, tail 3*03'
15, exposed culmen 0-49-0*53, 
tarsus 0-94-1*01. Adult male: 
head, neck, chest, and upper 
parts dark sooty greyish brown. 
Adult female, similar to the male, 
but browner earmani, p. 751. 

b'. With the axillaries and under wing-
coverts olive-yellow; back olive-green, 
streaked with black. 
c". With spots of yellowish white on the 
scapulars and wing-coverts macronyx, p. 751, 

HUNGIIXIDJE, 

d\ With no yollowish-whito markings on # 
the wapulars wrescms, p-/QJb, 
Willi no Muck on the head ; no white on 
outor tail-feathers. 

<•'. With a more or loss distinct collar ol 
black spot 8 on the fore neck; breast 
white or ashy, 


e", General tone of throat rufoscent, in-
eluding the chin. 
e'". Crown ofhead more distinctly rufous 
than the back. 


cK Larger; tail 3*95 inches; lower 
flanks and abdomen washed with 
taw ny, HO that the rufous under 
tail-coverts are not in strong 
contrast mesoleucus, p. 754. 

<l\ Smaller; tail 3*0 inches j abdomen 
white, Hanks ashy, so that 
the rufous under tail-coverts are 
in strong contrast alligula, p . 755. 

/'". Crown of "head only slightly more 
rufous than the hack. 
eK Throat fawn-buff, centre of breast 
ashy crissalis, p . 753. 
fK Throat ochreous bufT, centre of 
breast white fuseus, p. 752. 

f. 
Throat white, with a band of tawny 
rufous separating the chin from the 
lower throat rutMu&, p. 755. 
&\ With no collar of black spots on the 
throat, which is rufescent with black 
streaks ; centre of throat isahelline ; lores 
and chin blackish aberti, p. 756. 


1. Pipilo erythropMhalmus. 
The Towhe-bird, Catesly, Nat. Hist Carolina, i. p. 34, pi 34 (1831). 
Le Pineon de la Caroline, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 109 (1760). 
Fringilla erythrophthalma, Linn. Syst. Nat i. p. 318 (1766); Auduh. 


B. Amer. pi. 29; id. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 150 (1831), v. p. 511 
(1839); Nidt. Man. p. 515 (1832). ? F 
Pinion noir aux yeux rouges, Month. Hist. Nat. Ois, iv. p. 141 
(1778). 
Towhee Bunting, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 199 (1783): Fenn. 
Arctic Zool. ii. p. 359 (1785). k Jl 
Emberiza erythrophthalma, Gm. JSyst. Nat i. p. 874: (1788) • Wik 
Amer, Orn. iii. p. 90, pi. 53. fig. 5 (1812). ? 
Pipilo ater, Tieill N. Diet d'ttist Nat xxxiv. p. 292 (1819). 
Pipdo erythrophthalma, Vieill Gal Ois. i. p. 109, pi. 80 (1825 V 

Jarcl ed JUk Amer. Orn. ii. p. 293 (1832); JBp. Comp. List 
R Eur. I? N. Amer. p. 35 (1838); Audub. Syn. T£ 124 (1839) • 


S'ftoffi 5 ^.^f.i.p.487(1850); Cab. imfs. Rein. Th.i. 
p. L 9 (lboO); BrnrdB.N.. Amerg. 512 (1858); Scl Cat. Amer. 
. |) 119 (lbt>2); Blahst Mis 1863, p. 80; Baird, Ibis, 1867, 

p. 2/0; Gray,IIand-l B. n. p. 92, no. 7354 (1870) ; Allm, Bull 
81. PIPILO. 745 
Mus. Comp- Zool iii. p. 178 (1872) j Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 

p. 151 (1872) j Baird, Brewer, $ Bidgio. Mist. N. Amer. B, ii 
p. 109; pi. 31. figs. % 3 (1874); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 173 (1874); 
Mmjnard, B. Bast. N. Amer. p. 112 (1878); Coues, Bull, US. 
GeoL Surv. iv. p. 598 (1878); Bidgio. Proc. US. Nat. Mus. iii. 
p. 181 (1881) j Coues, Checklist N. Amer. B. p. 60 (1882); id. 
Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 396 (1884); Agersb. Auk, ii. p. 282 
(1885); Aldrich, t. a. p. 308; Brewst. Auk, iii. p. 110 (1886) ; 
Batehelder, t. c. p, 314 j Fox, t. c. p. 318; Seton, t. c. p. 324; 
A. O. U. Check-list N. A?ner. B. p. 283 (1886); ffidgw. Man. 
N. Amer. B. p. 436 (1887). 
Adult male. General colour above black, the upper tail-coverts 
obsoletoly fringed with dull rufous at the ends ; wing-coverts, 
bastard-wing, and primary-coverts black; quills black, the inner 
secondaries broadly edged with white along the outer web, the 
primaries rather broadly edged with white, which is not continuous 
from the base on some of the inner ones; tail-feathers black, the 
outer one white at the tip and along the outer web, the penultimate 
one with less white at the tip, reduced still further on the 
third feather; head all round, throat, and fore neck black ; chest, 
breast, and abdomen white, the under tail-coverts pale fawn-colour; 
thighs white with black bases ; sides of body and flanks rich chestnut, 
slightly mottled with a few dusky brown spots on the sides of 
the upper breast; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, with a 
patch of dusky brown near the outer edge of the wing ; quills 
dusky below, ashy whitish along the edge of the inner web : " bill 
black; legs and claws pale yellowish brown ; iris bright red" 
(Audubon). Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*45, tail 
3'85, tarsus 1-05. 
Adult female. Chocolate-brown above and on the head, throat, 
and fore neck, in fact everywhere where the male is black; middle 
tail-feathers chocolate-brown; otherwise the tail as in the male, 
but with white at the end of four of the outer feathers; wings 
brown where they are black in the male, the primaries white at the 
base of the outer web, forming a speculum, the outer ones with a 
small white mark towards the end of the outer web, not connected 
along the margin of the feathers with the white basal mark; the 
inner secondaries with a broad white mark along the outer web, 
fringed with sandy rufous; rest of the under surface of body as in the 
male, excepting that the chestnut on the sides of the body is paler. 
Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3-35, tail 3*7, tarsus 1*15. 
In the adult the iris is bright red, but in the young it is 
frequently brown and sometimes yellowish white*. In some instances 
one eye is brown and the other red. (Audubon.) 
The winter plumage of the adults does not appear to differ much 
from that of summer, but the long white marks on the outer webs 
of the inner secondaries are tinged with rufous. The white on the 
outer tail-feathers is of various extent in individuals, and a white 
spot is seen in some examples at the tip of the fourth feather. 
Ilab. Eastern United States and Southern Canada west to the 
plains. 

N.A.Boundary Com. 

a. d 
ad. sk. 40th Parallel, May 15, 1874 
(6?. Dawson). 
N. A. Boundary Com. 
h. S ad. sk. Fort Dufferin (0. £>.). 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
c, <S ad. sk. Mount Healthy, Hamilton Co., 
Ohio, Jan. (J. JET. Fisher). 
dl. J ad. sk. Hyde Park, Illinois, May 10, 

B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
1875 (H. K Code), [POii. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
«». <5 ad. sk. Hyde Park, June 5, 1884 
(jr. JE a). FO


ILS. Nat. Museum 

/, g. <J ? ad. sk. Mount Oarmel, Illinois, April 

(B. Ridgw.y). 
R, B. Sharpe, Esq. 

A. $ ad. sk. 
Grand Crossing, Illinois, 
March 27,1884 (JBT. X C). 
U.S. Nat Museum 
i. J ad. sk. Whiting Station, Indiana, 
[P.]. 

April 27 (H. X G). 

R. B, Sharpe, Esq. 
k. 2 
ad. sk. Whiting Station, April 27 
(i£ JK C). PP-i 
R. B. Sharpe. Esq. 
/. <? jur. sk. Lake Co., Indiana, July 4, 
1878 (II. K C). 

Salvin-G-odman Coll. 

wi. d ad. sk. Maryland, May 1, 1860 (JS. 
Coues; Sni. no. 29101). 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

ra. $ ad. sk. Washington, D.C.(0. Drexler• 
Sm. no. 29152). 

Salvin-G-odman Coll. 

o. <$ juv. sk. District of Columbia, July 27, 
1859 (j£ Cowea; Sm. no. 
83677). 
JM- c? S ad« sk. South Carolina, April 1884 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

(W. Brewster). 
Sclater Coll. 

r. <£ ad. sk. N. Carolina, Nov. 1856 
(P. X. A). 
Subsp. a. Pipilo alleni 

Pipilo alleni, Coues, Amer. Nat. v. p. 366 (1871). 

Pipilo erythrophthalmus, var. alleni, Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 152 
(1872): Baird, Brewer, $ Ridgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 112 
(1874); Coues, B. ST.-West, p. 173 (1874), 

Pipilo erythrophthalmus, alleni, Ridgw, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iiL 

p. 217 (1881) j Coues, Check-list N. Ayner. B. p. 60(1882); id. 
Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 396 (1884)• A. O. U. Check-list 
N. Amer. B. p. 283 (1886); Bidgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 436 
(1887). 
Adult male. Similar to P. erythrophthalmus, "bat smaller, and 
having a yellowish or whitish eye; the white marks on the wings 
and tail-feathers smaller. Total length 7*6 inches, cnlmen 0*6, 
wing 3*15, tail 3*6, tarsus 1. 

Adult female. Similar to that of P. ergthrophthalmias. Total 
length 6-7 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3., tail 3*25, tarsus 1*05. 
Hah. Florida. 

a, b. (S 2 ad. sk. Clearwater, Florida (Col 8. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
T.Walker; Sm. no. 7735477359). 


81 . PIPILO. 747 
2. Pipilo maculatus. 
Pipilo maculatus, Swains. Phil. Mag. new aeries, i. p. 434 (1827) ; 
Jard. $ Selby, 111. Orn. i. pis. 31, 32 (c. 1839): Gray, Gen. B. ii. 

p. 360 (1844); 3j>. Consp. i. p. 487 (1850); Sel. P. Z. S. 1858, 
p. 304, 1859, p. 380 j Sumiehr. Mem. Bost Soc. i. p. 552 (1869) ; 
Scl. # Salv. P. Z. S. 1809, p. 361; Gray, HmuU. B. ii. p. 92, 
no. 7357 (1870) j Coues, Key N. Amer. £. p. 152 (1872); Scl. <§• 
Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 33 (1873); Zaivr. Bull. U.S. Nat. 
Mus. iv. p. 22 (1876); Salvin <§• Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 
i. p. 408 (1886); Ridgw. Auk, in. p. 332 (1880); id. Man. N. 
Amer. B. p. 436 (1887). 
Pipilo oregonus (mo Audub.), Salvin, lbi$y I860, p. 193; Dimes. La 
Natur. i. p. 140 (1868). 
Pipilo maciuatus, a. maculatus, Coues, B. N.-West, p. 175 (1874). 

Adult. General colour above black, the lower back and rum p 
rather browner, the upper back and scapulars strongly mottled with 
longitudinal streaks of white on the outer webs of the feathers ; 
lesser wing-coverts black, tipped with small spots of white; median 
and greater coverts black, with large white spots at the end of th e 
outer webs, forming a double wing-bar; bastard-wing black, with a 
narrow white mark at the end of the outer web; primary-coverts 
and quills black, the primaries with a faint white edging near th e 
base, more distinct about the middle of the outer web, the inner 
secondaries with a broad longitudinal white mark along the outer 
web; upper tail-coverts brownish black, fringed with rusty white 
at the ends ; tail-feathers black, the four outer ones marked at the 
end with a white spot, at first confined to the inner web, hn t 
gradually extending in size towards the outermost, which is also 
edged with white along the outer web; crown of head, sides of 
face, and entire throat, sides of nock, and fore neck black, some of 
the feathers of the throat mottled with white bases; breast an d 
abdomen white, with a slight tinge of tawny on the latter; sides of 
body and flanks bright tawny rufous; thighs black, edged with ash y 
whitish; under tail-coverts lighter tawny rufous; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white with dusky bases, the latter slightly-
washed with fulvous; quills below blackish, ashy along the inner 
edge. Total length 7*7 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3*6, tail 3*8, 
tarsus 1*15. 

Another specimen in the Salvin-Godman Collection, from (Juezaltenango, 
is slightly washed with olive-greenish on the back, as is 
also a specimen from Oaxaca in the same collection. 

Hub. Central America, from Mexico to Guatemala. 

a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk,
c. Ad. sk.
d. $ ad. sk.
e,f. Ad. sk. 
[Mexico]. 
Mexico (Blwes). 
Real del Monte (de Saussure). 
Oaxaca (Fenochio). 
Quezaltenango, Guatemala (O. 
Sclater Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Salvin). 

748 
mWQILLWM. 

Subsp. a. Pipilo arcticus. 

Pyrffita (Pipilo) arctica, Stuains, fy Uich. Faim. Bor.-Amer., Birds, 
p^O, pis. 51, 52(1831). 

Pipilo arcticus, Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. & N. Amer. p. 35 (1S38); 
Auclub. Syn. p. 123 (1839); Gray, Gen. B. i i p. 360 (1844); Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 487 (1850) ; Bawd, B, N. Amer. p. 514 (1858); ScL 
Cat. Amer.B. p. 119 (1862); Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 492; Gray, 
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 92, no. 7359 (1870). 

Pipilo suTbarcticus, Bawd, B. N. Amer. p. 515 (1858). 
Pipilo erythrophtiialmus, var. arcticus, Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 


iii. p. 178 (1872). 
Pipilo niaculatus, var. arcticus, Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 152 (1872); 
id. B. N.-West, p. 175 (1874); Baird, Brewer, $ Bidgw. Hist. N. 
Amer. B. ii. p. 119, pi. 31. figs. 5, 6 (1874). 

Pipilo maculatus arciicus, 
Coues, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv> iv. p. 599 
(1878) j Bidgw. Proe. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 181 (1881); Corns, 
Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 16 (1882); id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd 
ed. p. 396 (1884); Beckh. Auk, ii. p. 142 (1885); Agersh. t. c. 

p. 282; Seton, Auk, iii. p. 324 (1886); A. 0. U. Cheek-list N. Amen 
B. p. 283 (1886); Bidgw. Man. N. Amer. B. 437 (1887). 
Adult male. Scarcely differs from P. maculatus. The contrast of 
the grey of the lower back and rump with the black of the upper 
parte not quite so pronounced. Total length 7*6 inches, culmen 
0*55, wing 3*4, tail 3-65, tarsus l'l . 


Ilab. Plains of the Platte, Upper Missouri, Yellowstone, and 
Saskatchewan Eivers west to the eastern slope of the Rocky 
Mountains; south in winter to Kansas, Colorado and Texas 


(A. 0. U. Check-list, I c). 
a. 
(S ad. sk. [Texas.] K. B. Sharpe, ESQ. 
[P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Texas, Nov. 10, 1863 (H. E. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Dresser). 
o. <$ ad. sk. Texas, Nov. 10, 1863 (K K. Sclater Coll. 
Dresser). 
d. £ ad. sk. Kendall Co., Texas, Jan. 19, R B. Sharpe, Esa. 
1880 (N. C. Brown). pp.]. U 
e. <3 ad. sk. Yellowstone Biver, Sept. 24 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(G. &. Nook: Sm. no. 
29458). 
/ 
? ad. sk. Nebraska (Dr. Hoyden); Sm, Sclater Coll. 
no. 4844). 

Subsp. /}. Pipilo megalonyx. 

Pipilo megalonyx, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 515, pi. 73 (1858): id. 
il %rdsJ?' l7.QBSSii SoL

fuonSL^' 
Oat Amir. B. 

p. 119 (1862); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 92, no. 7856 (1870); 
C Ze/'}ni'^hfJ; ^(1870) j ScL $ Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. 
>8alvm $ Godm^

P* iL 
Biol Centra Amer., Aves, i. 

p. 409 (1886). 
' ' 
m??LTC^Ui} I™' mG^l™y*, Corns, Key N. Amer. B. p. 152 

^lJ))Baird, Brewer, $ Bidgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 113 

174 (1874);

t^^T^Tiinfmr'p- 
^ 

81 . PIPILO. 
Pipilo maculatus megalonyx, Ridgw. Broc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 181 
(1881) 5 Belding, op. tit. v. p. 549 (1883), vi. pp. 343, 344 (1883) ; 
Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 397 (1884); Batchelder, Auk, 

ii. p. 128 (1885) ; Scott, t. c. p. 355; Hensh. Auk, iii. p. 74 (1886); 
Ezerm. t. c. p. 182; A. 0. U. Check-l N. Amer. B. p. 284 (1886); 
Bidgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 437 (1887). 
Pipilo maculatus arcticus megalonyx, Brew, Auk, ii. p. 16 (1885). 

Hardly to be distinguished from P. arcticus (see Mr. Eidgway's 
characters as quoted in the " Key," anted, p. 742). Total length 
8 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 3*6, tail 4, tarsus 1*05. 

Young. Brown where the adult is black, the white markings 
indicated by rusty brown or reddish white; under surface of body 
ochreous buff, streaked with black, the centre of the abdomen and 
lower breast fulyescent, the flanks and under tail-coverts more 
rufous. 

Eab. Eocky-Mountain region of the United States, west to the 
Sierra Nevada and Southern California {A. 0. TJ. C7iec7c-list, I. c). 

a. Ad. sk. California (Grueber). Sclater Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. California (Schott), Sclater Coll. 
c. Ad. sk. California. 
Lord Walsingham 
d. Ad. sk. California. 
Sclater Coll. 
e. JUT. sk. California (L. Belding; Sm. no. U.S. Nat. Mus. fP.1 
76590). 
/ . J ad. sk. El Paso, California {C.E.Aiken), R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

g. 
<$ ad. sk. San Gordonio, California, May Or. Frean Morcom, 
20, 1886 (JF. Stephens). Esq. [P.]. 
h. Ad. sk. California. Sclater Coll. 
L Juv. sk. Tejon Mountains, Aug. 1875 (H. U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
W. Henshaw; Sm. no. 71340). 
k. S 
ad. sk. Fort Tejon, California, Aug. 30, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1857 (J. Xantus; Sm. no. 
26086). 
I 
S ad. sk. Carson, Nevada, May 21, 1877 U.S. Nat. Museum 

(H. W. Henshaw; Sm, no. [P.]. 
77663). 
m. 
$ ad. sk. Apache Agency, Arizona, July Salvin-Godman Coll, 
14, 1874 (H. W. Henshaw, 
Sm. no. 69C71). 
n. 
<S ad. sk. Apache, Arizona, Nov. 4, 1873 U. S. Nat. Mus. [P.], 
(Dr. Neioberry; Sm, no. 
66984). 
Subsp. y. Pipilo oregonus. 
Fringilla arctica (nee Siv.), Audub. B. Amer. pi, 394; id. Orn. Biogr. 

v. p. 49 (1839). 
Pipilo oregonus, Bell, Ami. Lye. N. Y. v. p. 6 (1852) ; Audul. Syn. 
p. 123; id. B. Amer. iii. p. 164, pi. 194 (1841); Baird, B. N. 
Amer, p. 513 (1858),- Sel. Cat. Amer. B. p. 119 (1862); Gray, 
Hand-IB.ii.p.92,no.7355(1879); Cooper,B. Calif.p.242 (1870). 
Pipilo maculatus, 
var. oregonus, Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 152 
(1872) ; Baird, Brewer, $ Midgw. Hist. N. Amer.B. ii. 116, pi. 31, 
fig. 12 (1874); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 175 (1871). 

750 
FEiKaniH)^). 

Pipilo maculatus oregonus, Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 181 
(1881): Cones, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 60 (1882) • id. Key N. 
Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 396 (1884); Anthony, Auk,iii. p. 169 (1886) ; 

A. 0. U Check-list N.-Amer. B. p. 284 (1886)• Ridgw. Man. 
N. Amer. B. p. 437 (1887). 
Adult male. General colour above black, the lower back and 
rump included ; the scapulars black, with longitudinal white marks 
near the end of the outer web; lesser wing-coverts black; median 
and greater coverts black, with a white spot at the end ; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, with a small white edging 
to some of the primaries, and a slight indication of a white spot at 
the end of the secondaries; upper tail-coverts black; tail-feathers 
black, the three outer ones with a spot of white at the end of the 
inner web, increasing in size towards the outermost; crown of 
head, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat black, as also the 
sides of the neck; fore neck, breast, and abdomen white; sides of 
body and flanks deep orange-chestnut; thighs black; under tail-
coverts orange-chestnut; under wing-coverts and asiUaries white 
washed with rufous, and having black bases ; quills below blackish, 
ashy along the inner edge. Total length 6*9 inches, culmen 0*6, 
wing 3'35, tail 3*5, tarsus l*05o 
The mantle in this species is generally entirely black, but in the 
specimen described some of the feathers adjacent to the scapulars 
are also marked with white. 
Hob. Pacific coast-region from Washington Territory, south to 
San Francisco, California (A. 0. U. Gheck-l. I. c). 

a. <$ ad. sk. N.W. Boundary Survey (Dr. C. Sah in-Godman CoH. 
B. Kennerley; Sm. no. 13986). 
b- [ ¥ ] *&• s k Straits of San Juan de Fuca. Capt.Kellett& Lieut. 
Wood [P.]. 

c. (S ad. sk. Vancouver Island. J. K. Lord, Esq. "P.";. 
d. S ad. sk. Vancouver Island. Dr. Lyall [P.]. 
e,f, g. Ad. sk. British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. ~C] 
h, i. <$ $ ad. sk. British Columbia. J. K. Lord, E&q. [P.], 
Subsp. cL Pipilo consobriaus. 
Pipilo maculatus consobrinus, Ridr/iv. Bull U.S. Geol. Sun\ ii. 

p. 189 (1878); id. Proc. US. Nat Mus. iii. pp. 181,217,228 (1881). 
Pipilo consobrinus, Ridqto. Bull. Nutf. Orn. Club, ii. p. CO (1<^77) A. 
0. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 284 (188G) • Ridgw. Man. p. 437 
(1887). l 
Similar to P. oregonus, but smaller, &c. (cf. Mr. Eidgway's 
characters in the 
" Key " p. 742). 
Hah. G-uadelupc Island, Lower California. 

Subsp. e. Pipilo submaculatus. 
Pipilo submaculatus, Ridgw. Auk, iii. p. 382 (188G): id. Man. p. 438 
(1887). F 
For Mr. Eidgway's definition of this race, see the " Key " (anted, 

p. 743). ^ V 
Hab. Southern Mexico. 
81 . PIPILO. 
751 
Subsp. f. Pipilo carmani. 

Pipilo carmani, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. x. p. 7 (1871); Grayson, 
Proc. Bost. Soc, K H. xiv. p. 299 (1871); Salvin $ Godman, 
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 407 (1886) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. 

B. p. 438 (1887). 
Pipilo ervthrophthalmus, Tar. carmani, Laivr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. 
ii. p. 227 (1874). 
Pipilo maculatus, var. carmani, Baird, Brewer, $* Ridgw, Hist. N. 
Amer. B. ii. p. 109 (1874). 
Pipilo maculatus carmani, Ridgw. Froc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. pp. 181, 
217, 228 (1881). 

The characters for this race will be found in the " Key " (anted, 

p. 
743), where they are taken from Mr. Kidgway's ' Manual/ 
Hah. Socorro Island, "Western Mexico. 
3. Pipilo macronyx *. 
Pipilo macronyx (part.), 
Swains. Phil Mag. n. ser. i. p. 434 (1827) ; 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 360 (1844) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 487 (1850); Scl. $ 
Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 36; Gray, Hand4. B. ii. p. 92, no. 7360 
(1870) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 234 (1882); id. $ Godman, 
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 406 (1886) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. 

B. p. 438 (1887). 
Pipilo complexus, Ridgw. Auh, iii. p. 332 (1886) ,• id. Man. N. Amer. 
B. p. 439 (1887). 
Adult (type of P. macronyx). General colour above dusky olive-
green, uniform on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, 
which, have somewhat of an ashy shade; the upper back and 
mantle streaked with black centres to the feathers, which have also 
a broad lateral streak of yellowish white towards the end of the 
outer web; lesser wing-coverts blackish, washed with olive-yellow, 
and with round mesial spots of yellowish white ; median and greater 
coverts black, washed with olive-yellow and tipped with yellowish 
white; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish, fringed with 
olive-yellow; quills dusky brown, externally olive-yellow, the inner 
secondaries with a longitudinal mark of yellowish white near the 
end of the outer web, thus resembling the greater coverts ; tail-
feathers dusky brown, externally washed with olive-yellow, the 
three outer ones with a white mark on the inner web, increasing in 
extent towards the outermost, which is yellowish white along the 
outer web also; crown of head, nape, and hind neck black, with a 

* Swainson appears to have confounded two perfectly distinct species under 
the heading of Pipilo macronyx. I differ from Messrs. Salvin and G-odman in 
considering that the specimens with yellow streaks on the back are of the same 
species as the plain green-backed ones ; and as Swainson evidently included both 
forms under his P. macronyx, I have attached his name to the yellow-streaked 
form, and have restricted fiartlaub's name of P. virescens to the plain-backed 
bird. It is quite probable that the two species will be found to merge one into 
the other, but I have seen no evidence of it at present. 
75 2 
KBiN-arLLTD^;. 

few rusty olive margins to the feathers of the latter parts; lores, 

sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat black; remainder of 

under surface of body white; the sides of body and flanks tawny 

buff, browner on the lower flanks; thighs ashy grey; under tail-

coverts tawny buff; under wing-coverts and axiHaries olive-yellow, 

the former with dusky centres; quills below dusky, ashy along the 

edge of the inner web. Total length 8*5 inches, oilmen 0*5, wing 

3*95, tail 4*5, tarsus 1*25. (Mus. Oantahr.) 

Young. More rusty brown in tint than the adults, especially on 

the hinder crown and nape; the whitish spots on the scapulars 

not so fully developed as in the adults, and also tinged with rusty ; 

the black feathers of the head and throat with obscure rusty brown 

edges, the throat also somewhat mottled with ashy-whitish bases 

to the feathers. 

Hah Mexico. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Near the City of Mexico. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

c. Juv, sk. Mexico (Elwes). Sclater Coll. 
4. Pipilo virescens. 
Pipilo virescens, Earth J. f. 0. 1863, p. 258; Gray, Hand-l B. ii. 
p. 92, no. 7361 (1870). 
Pipilo chlorosoma, Baird, in Baird, Bretoer, ty Ilidqio. Hist. N. 
Amer. B. ii. p. 105 (1874); Bidgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 439 
(1887). 

Pipilo 
complexus, Bidgw. Auk, iii. p. 332 (1886) j id. Man. N. 
Amer. B. p. 439 (1887). 

Adult. Similar to P. macronyx, but differs in wanting the conspicuous 
pale yellow spots on the scapulars and wing-coverts, the 
latter being merely edged with pale olive-yellow near the ends : the 
back is plain olive-green, with terminal spots or streaks of dusky 
black; the lower throat is mottled with white bases to the 
feathers, although this character is also seen in P. macroynx to a 
less extent. Total length 8*4 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*05, tail 
4*05, tarsus 1*2. 

Hah. Mexico. 

a. Ad. sk. S. Mexico {A. Boucara). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
k Ad. sk. S. Mexico (A. Boiward). Sclater Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Mexico (e dono llarilaub). Sclater Coll. 
d. Ad. sk. Mexico. 
Zoological Society. 
5. Pipilo fuscus. 
Pipilo fuscus, Swains. Phil. Mag. n. s. i. p. 434 (1827); Gray, Gen. 
B. ii. p. 360 (1844); Bp. Consp. i. p. 487 (1850); ScL P. Z. S. 
1856, p. 304, 1857, p. 127; Baird, B. K. Amer. p. 517 (L>3b); 
ScL Cat. N. Amer. B. p. 119(1862),-Duqte, LaXat.i.^.UO 
(1868); ScL % Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 361 ;' Sumiehr. Mem. BosL 
Soc. N. H. i. p. 552 (1669) * Gray, JKand~L B. ii. p. 93, no. 
7364 (1870) • Sel. $ Sato. NomencL Av. Neotr. p. 33 (1*73); 
Baird, Brewer, fy Bidgw. Hist N. Amer. B. ii. p. 12 (1874) ; 
Salwnfy Godman, Biol Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 409 (1886). 
Kieneria fusca, Bp. C. B. xl. p. 356 (1885). 

81. PIMM. 753 
Adult male. General colour above brown, the upper tail-coverts 
fringed -with, ashy whitish; wings like the back, the primaries 
edged with paler and more ashy brown ; tail-feathers dark brown ; 
crown of head pale rufous chocolate, slightly contrasting with the 
back; lores and feathers round the eye whitish: ear-coverts dull 
ashy brown, narrowly streaked with white shaft-lines* cheeks and 
throat pale ochreous buff, with a necklace of black spots extending 
from the malar line across the lower throat; fore neck and breast 
ashy brown, whiter on the centre of the breast and inclining to pale 
tawny buff on the abdomen; sides of body ashy brown tinged with 
tawny on the lower flanks and thighs • vent and under tail-coverts 
conspicuously tawny buff; under wing-coverts whitish, washed with 
very pale tawny buff, with dusky bases; axillaries ashy brown, 
fringed with whitish; quills dusky below, ashy along the edge of 

the inner web. Total length 7*8 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*85, 
tail 3-65, tarsus 1*1. 
Eab. Mexico. 

a. 
b. 
c. 
d. 
Ad. 
Ad. 
sk. 
&k. 
9 ad. sk. 
Ad. . sk. 
Mexico.
Mexico (Be Saussure).
Pnebla, Mexico.
Puebla, Mexico, March (A. 
J. Gould, Esq[. 
Sclater Coll. 
A. Boucard [0.]. 
Sclater Coll. 
e. 
/ • 
Ad. 
Ad. 
sk. 
sk. 
Boucard). 
Near the City of Mexico.
N. Mexico. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 

Subsp. a. Pipilo crissalis. 

Fringilla crissalis, Vigors,in Beechey's Voy. ' Blossom/ p. 19 (1839). 
Pipilo fuscus (nee $w.), Cass. III. B. Calif, p. 124, pi. 17 (1856) • 

Bverm. Auk, iii. p. 182 (1880). 
Pipilo crissalis, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 93, no. 7635 (1870). 
Pipilo fuscus, var. crissalis, Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 153 (1872); 

Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 277 (1874); Baird, Brewer, § 
Ridgxo. Hist N. Amer. B. ii. p. 122, pi. 31. fig. 8 (1874); Belding, 
Froc. US. Nat. Mus. i. p. 420 (1879); Cooper, oji. cit. p. 249 
(1880); Belding, op. cit. v. p. 528 (1883). 

Pipilo fuscus crissalis, Ridqw. Froc. U.S. Nat. Mm. iii. p. 181 (1881) ; 
Coues, Chech-l. K Amer. B. p. 61 (1882) ; id. Key N. Amer. B. 
2nd ed. p. 397 (1884); A. 0. U. ChecJc-l. N. Amer. B. p. 285 (1886) ; 
Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 441 (1887). 

Adult male. Similar to P. fuscus, but larger ; the feathers round 
the eye and lores pale tawny buff, the former minutely dotted with 
white; cheeks and throat deep tawny buff, with the same necklace 
of black spots as in P. fuscus : fore neck and breast entirely pale ashy, 
inclining to isabelline on the abdomen; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries very pale tawny buff, with dusky bases. Total length 
8*5 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3*58, tail 4*15, tarsus 1-1. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little paler rufous on 
the throat and under tail-coverts. Total length 8 inches, wing 3*7, 
tail 4*1, tarsus 1*1. 

VOL. xir. 3 c 

PEINGILLID-2E. 

Young. Becalls the colours of the adult, but is everywhere paler 
and more dingy, the lower parts being mottled with spots of ashy 
brown on the throat, breast, and sides of body. 

Hab. California. 

a. Ad. sir. California (Dr. Cooper). Sclater Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. California. 
Purchased. 
c. tf ad. sk. California (Bell). Sclater Coll. 
d. S ad. sk. Northern California, June 22 U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.], 
(C. H. Toicnsend; Sm. no. 
91941). 
e. Ad. sk. Redwood, California, April R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
1877 (E. W. Kelson). [P.]. 
/ . Ad. sk. Nevada, California, Oct. 1872 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

(E. W. Nelson). jr.1. 
g. J ad. sk. Fort Tejon, California, Dec. 3, US . Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
1857 (J. Xantas; Sm. no. 
20128). 
h. 
d ad. sk. Fort Tejon, California, Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
20, 1857 (J. Xantas; Sm. 
no. 26132). 
L J ad. sk. Greenwood Valley, Eldorado Salvin-Godman Coll. 
City, California, Dec. 11) 


(A. Forrer). 
k. Jnv. sk. Nicasio, California, July 20, It. B. Sharpe, E^q, 
1883. [p.]. 
1 Ad. sk. Monterey. Zoological Society. 
(Type of bpecie^) 


Subsp. /3. Hpilo mesoleucns. 
Pipilo mesoleucns, Baird, Broc. Bhilad. Acad. 1854, p. 119; Scl. 

P. Z. S. 1856, p. 304; Baird, B. X. Amer. p. 518, pi. 20 (1^8); id. 
Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. Birds, p. 18 (1858) ; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. 
p. 120 (1862). 
Pipilo fuscus, pt., Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 93, no. 7304 (1870). 
Pipilo fuscus (nee Sw.), Coues, Key X. Amer. B. p. 152 (1872). 
Pipilo fusca, var. mesoleuca, Bidgw. Bull. Essex Inst. v. p. 183 
(1873). 

Pipilo fuscus, var. mesoleucns. Baird, Brewer, <§" Bidgw. Hist, X. 
Amer. B. ii. p. 125, pi. 31. fig. 10 (1874); Hemh, Bep. ZooL EvpL 
100th Merid. p. JJ04 (1875). 

Pipilo fuscus 
mesoleucus, Bidgw. Broc. U.S. Xat. Mus. iii. pp. 4, 
181 (1881); Cones, Check-l. X. Amer. B. p. 01 (1882); Belding, 
Broc. U.S. Xat. Mus. vi. p. 343 (1883) ; Cones, Key X. Amer. B. 
2nd ed. p. 397 (1884) ; Brew, Auk, ii. p. 16 (1885) ; Stephens, t. e. 

p. 228; Memh. Auk, iii. p. 74 (1880); A. O. U. Check-L X. Amer. 
B. p. 285 (1886); Bidgto. Man. X. Amer. B. p. 440 (1887). 
Adult male. Pale ashy brown above, the upper tail-coverts washed 
with pale sandy rufous: wing-coverts light brown, externally 
margined with ashy, and fringed with dull white at the ends; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, narrowly 
edged with ashy; tail-feathers dark brown, barred across with 
dusky under certain lights, the outer ones slightly tipped with pale 
sandy rufous; head a little more rufescent than the back, the lores 
and feathers below the eye dull white; ear-coverts pale sandy brown; 


81 . PIPtLO. 
755 
cheeks and throat dull white, spotted with black, more largely 
on the fore neck ; centre of breast whitish, the sides ashy; sides of 
the body and thighs pale ashy, washed with fulvous; under tail-
coverts pale tawny buff; axillaries and under wing-coverts dull 
whitish, with dusky bases; quills dusky below, edged with dull 
white along the inner web. Total length 8 inches, culmen 0*65, 
wing 3*65, tail 3*95, tarsus 1*05. 

Hah. Southern border of the United States, from the Yalley of 
the Upper Eio Grande, west to the Yalley of the Gila, south into 
"Western Mexico (A. 0. U. Checklist, I. c). 

a. $ 
ad. sk. Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.1 
June 29,1884 (E. W. Nelson j Sm. 
no. 98953). 
h. 
# ad. sk. Arizona, Aug. 7,1874 (Dr. Rothroch; U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.], 
Sm. no. 69688). 
c. Ad. sk. New Mexico (Kennicott). Sclater Coll. 
d. Ad. sk. [California.] 
Purchased. 
6. Pipilo albigula. 
Pipilo albigula, Baird, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 305 (1858); 
Cooper, B. Calif, p. 248 (lb70); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 92, 
no. 7302 (1874). 

Pipilo fuse us, var. albigula, Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 152 (1872); 
Baird, Brewer, § Ridgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 127, pi. 31. 
fig. 11 (1874). 

Pipilo fuscus albigula, Ridgiu. Proc. U.S. Wat. Mus. iii. pp. 181, 
218, 228 (1881); Coues, Check-l N. Amer. B. p. 61 (1882); 
Belding, Proc. U.S. Nat 3£us. v. p. 540 (1883); Coues, Key N. 
Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 397 (1884); A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. 

p. 286 (1880); Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 440 (3887). 
Adult male. Similar to P. mesoleucus, but smaller, with the 
abdomen white arid the flanks ashy brown, causing the tawny 
rufous under tail-coverts to appear in strong contrast. Total 
length 7*3 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*55, tail 3-6, tarsus 0*9. 

Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male. Total length 
7 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3*6, tail 3*75, tarsus 0*95. 
Hah. Lower California. 


a. Ad. sk. Lower California (J. Xantus). Sclater Coll. 
h. $ ad. sk. Cape S. Lucas, Lower California Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(/. Xantus•; Sin. no. 26500). 
e. 3 ad. sk. La Paz, Lower California, Dec. 5 Salvin-Godman Coll 
(A. Forrer). 
d. $ ad. sk. La Paz, Lower California, March 28 Sabin-G-odman Coll. 
(A. Forrer). 
7. Pipilo rutilus. 
Tanagra rutila, LicH. Preis Vers. Mex., Fog. p. 2 (1830); Cab. J.f.O. 
1863, p. 57. 
Pipilo albicollis, Sclater, P. Z> S. 1858, p. 304, 1859, p. 380; id, 
3c2 

FRINGHLID2E. 

756 

Cat. Amer. B. p. 120 (1862); Gray, Sand-L B. ii. p. 92, no. 7358 
(1870) ; Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. iv. p. 22 (1878). 
Pipilo rutilus, Sel $ Salv. Nomencl. Ac. Neotr. p, S3 (1873) ; Salvin 
8? Godman, Biol Centr.-Amer.} Aves, i. p. 410 (1886). 

Adult male. General colour above brown with a slight olive 
tinge; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and greater coverts 
brown, externally like the back, with narrow whitish ends, forming 
an indistinct double wing-bar; bastard-wing brown, fringed with 
whitish : primary-coverts and quills brown, edged with the same 
colour as the back, paler and more ashy on the primaries; upper 
tail-coverts like the back; tail-feathers brown, rather more olive-
brown on the margins; crown of head like the back; lores and 
feathers round the eye white; feathers below the eye and ear-
coverts brown with faintly indicated shaft-lines; cheeks brown, 
whitish anteriorly; throat white, with a band of tawny rufous 
across the centre reaching on to the hinder cheeks; a malar line of 
blackish-brown spots, joined to a crescentic line of blackish-tipped 
feathers on the fore neck and chest; chest white, mottled with ashy 
brown ends to the feathers, the sides of the breast ashy brown; 
lower breast and abdomen white, more tawny on the lower abdomen; 
sides of body ashy brown, slightly tinged with olive, the flanks 
washed with tawny buff; thighs ashy brown, wThitish on their inner 
aspect; under tail-coverts bright tawny rufous; under wing-coverts 

and axillaries white, with dusky brown bases; quills below dusky, 
ashy whitish along the inner edge. Total length 7*8 inches, culmen 
0-65, wing 3*35, tail KM5, tarsus 1. 

Eab. Mexico. 

a. S 
&d. sk. Oaxaca, Mexico, March 1854 (A, Sakin-Godman Coll. 
Salle). 
b. Ad. sk. Oaxaca (A. Boucard). Sclater Coll. 
(Type of P. albieollis.) 
c. S ad. sk. Mexico. 
A." Salle ~C.]. 
8. Pipilo aberti. 
Pipilo aberti, Baud in Stansbury's Rep. Miped. Gt Salt Lake 

p. 325 (1852); id. B. N. Amer. p. 510 (1858); id. Mex. Bound. 
Saw., Birds, p. 18 (1858); ScL Cat. Amer. B. p. 119 (loO*)Cooper, 
B. Calif, p. 244 (1870); Gray, Band-L B. ii. p. 93 
no. 7306 (1870) ; Cones, Key N. Amer. B. p. 153 (1872) ; Baird, 
Brewer, § Ridgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 128, pi. 31.fig. 7 (1874) -
Eensh. Bep. Zool. RvpL 100th Mend. p. 30(3 (1875); Ridr/w Proc 
U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 181 (1881); Cones, CJiech-L N Amer B, 
p. 61 (1882); id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 398 (1884); Drew. 
Auk, ii. p. 16 (1885); A. O. U. Check-L N. Amer. B. v. 285 
(1886) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 441 (1887). 
Kieneria aberti, Bp. C. R. xl. p. 356 (1855). 

Adult male. General colour pale isabelline brown, deeper and 
more rufescent on the upper tail-coverts; lesser wing-coverts like 
the back ; the median and greater series and the bastard-wing li»ht 

82. EMBERtfAGRA. 
757 

hrown, with pale> sandy margins; primary-coverts and quills light 
brown, edged with ashy, the secondaries rather moro broadly with 
pale sandy brown; tail-feathers dark brown, barrod with dusky 
under certain lights, the tips inclining to pale sandy buff, with which 
the outer feather is faintly edged; head pale like the back; oar-
coverts, cheeks, and throat pale isabelline, with a few dusky spots 
along the malar line; fore neck, breast, and sides of body palo 
vinous isabelline, much paler on the centre of the breast and abdomen, 
the vent and under tail-coverts inclining to tawny buff; 

axillaries and under wing-coverts vinous isabelline ; quills dusky 
below, pale ashy along the inner webs. Total length 8-5 inches 
culnien 07 , wing 3*6, tail 4-4, tarsus 1-1. 

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length 8 
inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3*4, tail 3-9, tarsus 1-05. 
Hab. New Mexico and Arizona, north into Southern Colorado and 
Utah (A. 0. U. Oheek-l. I. c). 

a. S ad.sk. Fort Yuma, Sept. 17 (E. Coues: U.S. Nat. Mus. I'P.l 
Sm. no. 40888). L J 
b. <3 ad. sk. Fort Yuma, July 5, 1886 G. Frean Morcom, 
{F. Stephens). Esq. [P.l. 
c. $ ad. sk. Fort Yuma, March 5, 1886 G. Frean Morcom, 
(F. Stephens). Esq. [P.]. 
d. Ad. sk. Colorado River (A. Schott; Sm. no. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
4578). 
e. Ad. sk. New Mexico (Kennicott: Sm. no. Sclater Coll. 
6721). 
82. EMBERNAGRA. 
Type. 
Embernagra, Less. Traite, n. 465 (1831) E. platensis. 
Limnospiza, Cab. Mas. Hem. Th. i. p. 136 (1850) ..... . E. platensis. 

Tail of Embernagra platensis* 

FKIKGILLIDJE. 

Range. Erom Texas throughout Central America to Yenezuela, 
Colombia,Ecuador, and Pern; Southern Brazil, Argentine Republic 
Chili, and Bolivia. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Larger; wing 3'65-3'8 inches; no pale eyebrow 
of white or grey. # 
a'. Back streaked with black platensis, p. /58. 

V. Back perfectly uniform olwascens, p. 759. 

b. Smaller; wing not exceeding 3*5 inches. 
c\ Lateral stripes on the sides of the crown 
rufous-brown, not black. 
a". Centre of crown olive. 
a'". Bill smaller; flanks ashy brown rufivirgata, p. 7C0. 
b'". Bill longer; flanks drab-brown erassirostris, p. 761. 
b". Centre of crown pearly grey superciliosa, p. 761. 
d'. Lateral stripes on the sides of the crown black, 
occasionally with a slight chestnut tinge.... striaticeps and allies, 
[pp. 702-705. 

1. Embernagra platensis. 

L'Emberise a cinq couleurs, Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 364 (1778). 
Plata Bunting, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 210 (1783). 
Emberiza platensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. I p. 686 (1788); Bonn, et Vieill 
Enc. Meth. iii. p. 022 (1823). 
Habia de Bafiado, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 303 (1802). 
Tanagra decumana, Lieht. Verz. Doubl. p. 31 (1823). 
Embernagra dumetorum, Less. TraiU, p. 405 (1831). 
? Embernagra fabialatu, Less. t. c. p. 405. 
Embernagra platensis, JD'Orb. Voy. Amir. Merid., Ois. p. 284 (183544) 
j Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 361 (1844); Hartl Ind. Azara, p. 6 
(1847); Bp. Consp. i. p. 483 (1850) ; Burm. TL Bras. iii. p. 224 
(1856) ; id. Beis. La PlatorSt. ii. p. 485 (1861) ; Scl. Cat. Amer. 

B. p. 117 (1862); id. $ Sah. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 140; Gray, Band-l 

B. ii. p. 91, no. 7334 (1870); Pels. Orn. Bras. p. 230 (1871); 
Hudson, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 548; Scl. Sf Salv. Nomencl Ai\ Neotr. 

p. 32 (1873); White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. GOO; Salvin, Cat StricH. 
Coll p. 233 (1882); Barroics, Bull Nutt. Orn. Club, viii. p. 132 
(1883); Berl. $ Jhering, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. ii. p. 124 (1885). 
Emberizoides poliocephalus, Gray, in Darwin's Voy. *Beagle? Birds. 

p. 98 (1841). 
Embernagra viridis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 483 (1850). 
Limnospiza platensis, Cab. Mm. Ifein. Th. i. p. 136 (1850). 
Limnospiza minor, Cab> t. c. p. 136. 


Adult male. General colour above olive-greenish with an ashy 
shade, rather browner on the lower back and rump, the mantle and 
back streaked with black centres to the feathers; scapulars like 
the back; wing-coverts uniform olive-yellow, the greater series pale 
olive-yellow on their terminal margins and with black shaft-streaks; 
bastard-wing and primary-coverts externally olive-yellow, dusky 
brown internally and towards the ends; quills dusky brown, externally 
olive-yellow, paler on the primaries ; the innermost secondaries 
edged with olive-yellow along the inner web; upper tail-
coverts ashy olive, paler at the ends, with indistinct shaft-streaks of 

82. EMBES3STAQ-RA..
dark brown; tail-feathers olive-brown, externally somewhat brighter 
olive and fringed with whitish at the ends; crown of head rather 
greener than the back, streaked with black shaft-lines, the forehead 
and feathers over the eye more distinctly grey; lores and 
fore part of cheeks blackish, as well as the feathers below the eye; 
ear-coverts and sides of face dark ashy grey; cheeks, throat, sides 
of neck, and fore neck paler and more hoary grey, inclining gradually 
to isabelline brown on the breast and abdomen; sides of body 
ashy, rather browner on the flanks; thighs and under tail-coverts 
isabelline brown, whiter on the edges, some of the outer coverts 
more ashy; under wing-coverts and axillaries dull olive-yellow, 
with ashy bases, the edge of the wing brighter yellow; quills below 
pale brown, ashy along the inner edge : " upper mandible brownish 
black; lower mandible whitish yellow; iris brownish black " (Burmeister). 
Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3*65, tail 3*7, 
tarsus 1*15. 

Young. Yery broadly streaked with black, the feathers of the 
back with whitish edges; crown and hind neck yellowish buff, 
streaked with black ; throat and under surface of body washed with 
yellow, with some dusky brown streaks on the fore neck. 

Hab. Southern Brazil. 

a. Ad. sk. [Chili.] Zoological Society [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. [Chili.] 
c. Ad. sk. Maldonado (C. Darwin), Sir W. Burnett and 
Admiral Fitzroy [P.]. 
d. Ad. sk. Monte Video (C. Darwin), Salvin-Grodman Coll. 
(Type of E. poliocephalus.) 
e. tf ad. sk. Buenos Ayres, March 8,1881 Sclater Coll. 
(B. W. White). 
f. Ad. sk. Buenos Ayres. Sclater Coll. 
g. £ ad. sk. Conchitas, Buenos Ayres, Oct. Sclater Coll. 
1866 (IT. H. Hudson). 
L Ad. sk. Parana (Burmeisfer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
if h. Juv. sk. Buenos Ayres. Henry Drunmiond, Esq. 

[0.]. 

I. Ad. sk. Brazil. M. Olaussen [P.]. 
2. Embernagra olivascens. 
Emberiza olivascens, D'Orb. fy Lafr. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 1837, 
p. 75. 
Embernagra longicauda, Strickl. Ann. 8f Mag. Nat Hist xiii. p. 420 
" (1844); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 861 (1844); Bp. Consp. i. p. 482 
(1850); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 91, no. 7342 (1870). 
Embernagra viridis, Burm. J.f. 0.1860, p. 256. 
Embernagra olivascens, D'Orb. Voy. Amir. Merid., Ois. p. 285 

(1835-44); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 3(51 (1844); Bp. Consj). i. p. 483 
(1850) ; Burm. Reis. La Plata-St. ii. p. 485 (1861); Gray, Hand-l 

B. ii. p. 91, no. 7335 (1870); Scl $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. 
p. 32 (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 600; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. 
p. 233 (1882). 
Limnospiza olivascens, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 136 (1850). 
Limnospiza longicauda, Cab. t. c. p. 136. 
Adult male. General colour above ashy olive, rather more dis


PEES"GIIIID^5. 

tinctly washed on the back and rump with olive-yellow; lesser and 

median coverts olive-yellow; greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-

coverts, and quills brown, externally olive-yellow, more or less ashy 

on the margins of the inner greater coverts and secondaries ; upper 

tail-coverts like the back; tail-feathers brown, olive-yellow exter


nally ; crown of head more distinctly ashy grey than the back; 

lores dusky blackish; sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and under 

surface of body ashy grey, becoming paler towards the breast, and 

whiter on the lower abdomen; sides of body and flanks rather 

browner; thighs and under tail-coverts isabelline brown; under 

wing-coverts ashy, edged with yellow ; edge of wing yellow ; axil


laries ashy, with yellow margins ; quills below brown, ashy fulvous 

along the inner edge. Total length h*5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*8, 

tail 4-1, tarsus 1*15. 

Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male. Total length 

8*3 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3*55, tail 3*75, tarsus 1*15. 

Breeding birds lose nearly the whole of the olive-yellow colour on 

the upper surface, and become very ashy above. 

Hob. Prom Bolivia to ITendom and the Western Argentine 

Eepublic. 

a. Ad. sk. Tilotilo, Bolivia {C. Buckley). Salvin-Goclman Coll 
o, e. S $ ad. sk. ILendoza, Feb. 1871 (Weiss* Sckter Coll. 
haupt). 


d.e. S 2 ad, sk. Mendoza. 
Herr TTexssliaupt 
CO.]. 

ft 9-d ? ad. sk. Mendoza, Feb. 1871 (Weiss- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
haupt). 
k J ad. sk. Cosquin, Cordova, Argentine Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Eepublic, July 24, lb82 (E. 

W. White), 
i. 2 
ad. sk. Cosquin, Aug. 16,1882 (B. W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
White). 
k. Ad. sk. South America. Purchased. 
3. Embernagra rufivirgata. 
Embernagra rufivirgata, 
Lawr. Ann. Lyc. A7". Y. v. p. 112, pi. 5. 
fig. 2 (1851); Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 487 (1838); id. MAC. Bound. 
Surv. ii. Birds, p. 16, pi. 17. %. 2 (1858); Baird, Breiver, $ Ridgw. 
Hist N. Amer. B. ii. p. 47, pi. 28. fig. 3 (1874); J&rrill, Bull. 
Nutt. Orn. Club, i. p. 80 (1870); Id. Proe. U.S. Nat. Mm. i. 

p. 128 (1878); Ridgw. t. e. p. 240 (1878) ; Semieti, Bull. U.S. 
Geol Surv. iv. p. 22 (1878), v. p. ;394 (1870); Ridgw. Proc. U.S. 
Nat Mm. iii. p. 181 (1881); Cones, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 61 
(1882) * id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 898 (1&84) -Salvia $> 
Qodman, Biol. Centr.-Atner., Avn\ i. p. 411 (18s0); A. O. U. 
Check-list N. Amer. B. p.'283 (1886): Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. 
p. 435 (1887). 
Emberizoides rufivirgata, Gray, Eand-l B. ii. p. 91, no. 7332 (1870). 
Adult Upper surface olivaceous, with a streak on each side of 
the crown and another through the eyes rufous; lores whitish; 
sides of head greyish; below white, the breast ashy, the flanks and 
rissum pale dusky brown, the bend of the wing yellow; upper 

82 . EMBEEKA.GEA. 
761 

mandible rufous horn-colour, the lower one yellowish; feet pale 
hazel-brown. Total length 6 inches, wing 2*6, tail 2-6, bill from 
gape 0*6, tarsus 0*95. (Salvin Sf Godman.) 

Hob. Bio Grande Yalley in Texas, extending into Northern 
Mexico. 

a. Ad. sk. [Texas/] Purchased. 
I have copied the description given by Messrs. Salvin and Godman 
for this species, as the only specimen in the Museum collection is 
marked " California," purchased of Warwick. The size of the bill 
seems to show that it is the true E. rufivirgata. 

4. Embernagra crassirostris. 
Embernagra rufivirgata (nee Lawr), Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 306, 1859, 
p. 380; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 117 (1862); Sumichr. Mem. Bost. 
Soc. N. H. i. p. 551 (1869) ; Scl. # Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 32 
(1873). 
Embernagra rufivirgata, /3. crassirostris, Ridgw. Proc. US. Nat. 
31m. I p. 249 (1878). 
Embernagra crassirostris, Scdvin § Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., 
Aves, i. p. 412 (1886). 
Embernagra rufivirgata crassirostris, Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 435 
(1887). 

Adult Abovo dull olivaceous; sides of the head, breast, flanks, 
and vent dusky; remainder of the under surface of the body whitish, 
the bend of the wing dusky: a streak on each side of the crown 
and another one through the eyes rufescent; the crown itself 
uniform with the back; bill horn-colour, the mandible yellowish at 
base; feet pale hazel-brown. Total length 5*4 inches, wing 2-5, 
tail 2*3, bill from gape 0*6, tarsus 0*95. {Salvin Sf Godman.) 

I have copied the description given by Messrs. Salvin and Godman, 
as they have had the opportunity of comparing authentic specimens 
of E. rufivirgata with E. crassirostris. 

Hal. Southern Mexico. 

a. Ad. sk. Southern Mexico (A. Salle). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Orizaba (Botteri). Sclater Coll. 
c. Ad. sk. Mexico. J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
d. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
5. Embernagra superciliosa. 
Embernagra superciliosa, Salvin, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 582; Frantz. 
J.f.O. 1869, p. 301; Scl. fy Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 33 
(1873); Nutting § Bidgtv. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 391 (1882); 
Salvin § Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 412 (1886). 
Embernagra rufivirgata, Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 22 (1876, 
nee Lawr. 1851). 

Adult (type of species). General colour above light olive-green, 
greyer on the hind neck and mantle; lesser wing-coverts rather 
brighter olive-green; median and greater coverts browner, washed 

EB1N6KELLIDJE. 

with, the same colour as the back; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts dusky brown, rather more yellow on the edges; quills dusky 
brown, externally like the back, a little more olive-yellow on the 
primaries; upper tail-coverts like the back; tail-feathers brown, 
olive-yellow on the margins; crown of head pearly grey in the 
centre, with a broad lateral band of dark chestnut edged with black 
above the eyebrow, which is very broad, pearly grey, inclining to 
whitish above the lores; the latter dark chestnut, as also a band 
along the upper edge of the ear-coverts; upper and under edge of 
the eyelid whitish; ear-coverts and cheeks pale isabeHine brown, 
becoming whiter on the throat; sides of neck like the back, but a 
little more ashy; fore neck and breast isabeUine brown, the abdomen 
whiter; sides of body and flanks darker brown, slightly washed 
with olive; thighs olive-brown ; under tail-coverts isabelHne buff; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries olive-yellow, the lower series 
whitish ; edge of wing bright yellow; quills below dusky, ashy 
fulvous a^ng the inner edge. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-5, 
wing 2*4, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*85. 

The specimen from Tehuantepec is not quite the same as the 
Costa-Eica birds. The ash-colour of the crown i* darker and the 
lateral streaks are lighter rufous and not such deep chestnut. If 
subsequent specimens confirm these characters for the Mexican 
form, it may be called E. sumiclirasti. 

Hal. Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico ; Costa Rica. 

a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk. 
Bebedero, Nicoya, Cot>ta Itica(U. Arce). " 
Costa Rica (J. CarmioT). 
Costa Rica (J. Carmiol). 
Sah in-Godinan Coll. 
(Type of specie*.) 
Salvfn-Gudman Coll. 
Selater Coll. 
d. Ad. sk. Huamela, Tehuantepec, Mexico(F. Sumichrast). 
Selater Coll. 

6. Embernagra striaticeps. 
Embemagra striaticeps, Lafr. Mei\ Zool. 1852, p. 01; Scl $• Salt. 
P. Z. & 1864, p. 352; Cass. Proe. Philad. Acad. 16U5, p. 170; 
Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. viiL p. 181 (1860); Sah\ P. Z. S.1867, 
p. 142; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. p. 103 (1868); Frantz. J. f. 0. 
1869, p. 301; Sah. P.Z. S. 1870, p. 100; Gray, Hand-L B. ii. 
p. 01, no. 7340 (1870); Scl $ Sal v. Nomencl AD. Neotr. p. 32 
(1873); Boucard, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 50; Salvin, P. Z S. 1883, 
p. 422 ; Nutting fy Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm. vi. p. 401 (l^b4); 
Salvin fy Godman, Biol. Cent.-Amer.} Aves, L p. 414 (I88f>j. 
Embernagra 
conirostris (viec Bp.\ Scl. P.Z. 8. 18oG, p. 143; Later. 
Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii. p. 332 (1861); Scl. Cat Amer. B. p. 117 
(1802, pt.). 

Adult male. General colour above dull olive-yellowish; wingcvoerts 
clearer olive-yellow, especially near the edge of the wing ; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged 
with olive-yellow, the inner secondaries rather browner externally 
; upper tail-coverts like the back, but very slightly browner; 
tail-feathers olive-brown, rather clearer brown externally; crown 

82 . EMBEBNAGRA. 
of head clear slaty grey, with a broad line of black running from 
the base of the nostrils to the nape and neck, which is also slaty 
grey; lores hoary grey, continued into a slaty-grey eyebrow; in 
front of the eye a blackish spot; eyelid and a streak above the 
ear-coverts black; upper and lower eyelid white; ear-coverts, 
cheeks, and sides of neck slaty grey; throat white; fore neck 
and chest clear slaty grey, the lower breast and abdomen white; 
sides of body and flanks warm olive-brown, the latter mixed 
with olive-yellow ; thighs olive, ashy whitish on their inner aspect; 
under tail-coverts olive-yellowish; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
bright olive-yellow ; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. 
Total length 6*6 inches, culmen 07 , wing 3*2, tail 2'85, tarsus 1*1. 

Hah. Central America, from Nicaragua and Costa Eica to 
Panama. 

a. $ 
ad. sk. Los Sabalos, Nicaragua, May 5,1883 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(6'. C. Nuttifig). [P]. 
h. Ad. sk. Tucnrriqui, Costa Rica (E. ArcS). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c. Ad. sk. Bebedero, Costa Rica, March 1864 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(E. Arce). 
d. Ad. sk. Costa Rica (J. Carmiol). Sclater Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Angostura, Costa Rica, March 28, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1865 {J. Carmiol) Sm. no. 41362). 
/ . Ad. sk. Panama (McLeannan). Sclater Coll. 
9,h. d $ ad.sk. Panama (McLeannan). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

i. 
Ad. sk. Paraiso Station, Panama (A. Salvin-GodmanOoll. 
Hughes). 
Jc. 
Ad. sk. Panama, Jan. 1882 (A. II Mark-Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ham). 

I. $ ad. sk. Chitra, Veragua (E. ArcS). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
m. 2 ad. sk. Sante F6, Veragua (E. A?-c£). Salvin-GodmanColl. 
n. Ad. sk. Bugaba, Chiriqui (JEJ. ArcS). Salvin-GodmanOoll. 
o. J ad. sk. Cordillera de Tol6, Veragua (JEJ. Salvin-GodmanColl. 
ArcS). 
p. Ad. sk. Panama. 
G. Barclay, Esq..[P.]. 
Subsp. a. Embernagra conirostris. 

Arremon conirostris, Bp. Consp. i. p. 488 (1850). 
Embernagra conirostris, Scl P. Z. S. 1855, p. 154; id. Cat. Amer. B. 


p. 117 (1862) ; id. # Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 167; Gray, Hand-l B. 
ii. p. 9], no. 7339 (1870) ; Scl. fy Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 32 
(1873). 
Adult male. Similar to E. striaticeps, but decidedly greyer, the 
ashy colour extending over the back; flanks, sides of body, and 
thighs also greyer. Total length 6-3 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3*15, 
tail 2*1, tarsus 1*05. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 6-5 inches, 
culmen 0*65, wing 3, tail 2-2, tarsus 1. 
Hob. U.S. Colombia and Yenezuela. 

«. Ad. sk. Bogota. 
Purchased. 

b. Ad. sk. Bogota. 
Sclater Coll. 
c. <$ ad. sk. Bogota (J. Crowther). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
764 
FKINGriXIDJE. 

d. 2 
ad. sk. Santa Marta, Feb. 19, 1879 (F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Simons). 
e. Ad, rik. Santa Marta. Sclater Coll. 
/ . ? atl. sk Oarupano, Venezuela, Feb. 18,1867 Salvin-Godtnan Coll. 
(A. Goering), 
g. <$ ad. sk. 
Tachira, Venezuela (A. Goering). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Subsp. /3. Embernagra chrysoma. 

Embernagra chrysoma, Sol P. Z. S. 18G0, p. 275 ; id. Cat. Amer. B. 

p. 117,"pi. 11 (18G2) ; Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 91, no. 7836 (1870): 
Scl $ Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 32 (1873). 
Embernagra striaticeps, Berl $ Tacz. P. Z, S. 1883, p. 551, 1885 

p. 85. 
' 
Adult male (typo of species). Very similar to E. striaticeps, but 
altogether paler, so that the head and eyebrow are lighter and more 
pearly grey; the lower flanks more olive and the thighs distinctly 
pearly grey. Total length 6*5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*1 
tail 2-8, tarsus 1*1. 

Yomig. More olive-yellow than the adult, and lacking the grey 
and black markings on the crown • the centre of the crown olive-
yellowish, with broad lateral stripes of rufous-brown; eyebrow and 
sides of face olive-yellow, brighter above the lores; under surface of 
body olivo-yellow, browner on the flanks, tho chest streaked with 

dusky brown. 
Eab. Ecuador. 
a. Ad. sk. Quito, Ecuador. J. Gould, Esq. 
b. Ad. sk. Balzar Mountains, Ecuador (J. Salvin-Godman Coll, 
lllingwortfi). 
c. d.tfad. sk. Babahoyo, Ecuador (L. Eraser). Sclater Coll, (Types 
of snecies ^ 
e. d juv. sk. Esmeraldas, Dec. 1859 (Z. Fraser). Sclater Coll'. 

Subsp. yt Embernagra chloronota. 

Embernagra chloronota, Salvin, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 202; id. Ibis, 1861, 

p. 353 j Sol Cat. Amer. B. p. 117 (1862) • Qray Hand-l B. ii. 
p. 91, no. 7337 (1870); Sol 8p Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 33 
(1873); Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 444 (pt.); Salvin $ Godman, 
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 413 (1886). 
Adult (type of species). Very similar to E. striatieeps, but smaller 
and altogether greener, the stripes on the head black slightly washed 
with chestnut; the wing-coverts and outer aspect of quills not 
nearly so yellow; sides of body and flanks also more distinctly olive-
green. Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-5, tail 2*05, 
tarsus 0*9. 

The specimen from Chisec has the head-stripes quite dark chestnut. 
It may be an adult female. 

Hah. From Yucatan to British Honduras and Guatemala. 

765 

83 . COKYPHOSPIZA. 
a. Ad. sk. Choctuin, Vera Paz, Guatemala, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Jan. 1862 (0. S. $ F. D. G.). 
b, c. Ad. sk. Chocturo, Vera Paz (0. &). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Types of species.) 

d. Ad. sk. Chisec, Vera Paz (0. &). Sclater Coll. 
e,f. Ad. sk. Vera Paz. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
g. Ad. sk. British Honduras (Blancaneaux). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
h. $ ad. sk. Ckable, Yucatan {F. Gaumer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Subsp. I. Embernagra verticalis. 

Embernagra rufivirgata, Lator. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. p. 201 (1868, 
nee Laior. 1851). 
Embernagra rufivirgata, y. verticalis, Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm. 

i. p. 249 (1878). 
Embernagra cbloronota (pi), Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 444. 
Embernagra verticalis, Saivin $* Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. 
p. 414 (1286). 
Embernagra 
rufivirgata verticalis, Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 435 
(1887). 

Adult. Similar to E. striaticeps, but much smaller, with a more 
slender bill, the general aspect of the upper surface more olive-brown, 
and the stripes on the sides of the crown very decidedly streaked 
with chestnut. Total length 5*8 inches, culmen 065, wing 2*4, 
tail 2-4, tarsus 0*85. 


Eab. Yucatan. 

aj b. Ad. sk. Northern Yucatan (G. F. Gaumer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c, d. Ad. sk. Meco Island (G. F. Gaumer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

83. CORYPHOSPIZA. 
Type. 
Leptonyx, Swains. An. in Menag. p. 314 (1837, nee 1832) C. melanotis. 
Coryphospiza, Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 47 C. melanotis. 
Donacospiza, Cab. Mus. Hem. Th. i. p. 136 (1850) ... . 0. albifrons. 

Tail of Coryphospiza albifrons. 
Range. Southern Brazil, Uruguay, and Eastern Argentine 
Republic. 

766 FRiron.LrD.ffi. 

Key to the Species. 

a. No yellow on the axillaries or wing-coverts ; sides 
of body not streaked with black; ear-coverts 
ashy brown ; back ashy olive albifrons, p. 7156. 
b. Axillaries bright olive-yellow; wing-coverts dull 
olive-yellow; sides of body marked longitudinally 
with black; ear-coverts black; back chestnut-
brown, streaked with black ,. melanotis, p. 767. 
1. Coryphospiza albifrons. 
Cola aguda vientre de canela, Mara, Apunt. ii. p. 268 (1802). 
Sylvia albifrons, Vieill N. Diet. d'Bist. Nat. xi p. 276 '(1817); 
Hartl Ind. Asara, p. 15 (1817). 
Ammodronius longicaudatus, Gould in Darwin's Toy. c Beagle/ 
Birds, p. 90, nl. 29 (1841); Bp. Consp. I p. 482 (1830). 
Donacospiza albifrons, Cab. 31m. Hein. Th. i. p. ISiS (IboO); ScL 4" 

Sab. P. Z. S.1869, p. 161; iid. Nomencl Ac. Neotr. p. SO (lb7S). 
Poospiza albifrons, Bxtrm. Beis. La-Plata St. ii. p. 484 (IbOl). 
Enaberiza oxyrhyncha, Natterer, MSS., imde 
Poospiza oxyrhyncha, ScL P. Z. S. 1804, p. 608; Peh, Or?i. Bras. 

p. 229 (1871). 
Emberizoides albifrons, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 90, no. 7329 (1870). 
Adult male. General colour above brown, streaked with dusky 
blackish centres to the feathers; the lower back and rump uniform ; 
lesser wing-coverts ashy, median and greater coverts dark brown, 
edged with paler brown; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
dusky brown, with ashy margins, browner on the inner secondaries; 
upper tail-coverts more fulvous brown than the back ; tail-feathers 
pointed, dark brown, with -ashy margins, the outer ones fringed 
with white at the end of the inner web; crown of head ashy grey, 
with dusky centres to the feathers; hind neck uniform ashy brown ; 
lores and a tolerably defined eyebrow bufiy whitish; eyelid dusky; 
feathers in front of and below the eye dusky blackish: ear-coverts 
dark ashy grey; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body tawny 
buff, rather paler on the abdomen ; sides of body and flanks somewhat 
washed with brown ; thighs brown; under tail-coverts pale 
tawny buff like the abdomen; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
like the breast, with ashy bases; quills below dusky brown, ashy 
along the inner edge. Total length 5-5 inches, 'culmen 0*45, 
wing 2*55, tail 2*7, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but rather paler in colour. 
Total length 5*7 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2-45, tail 2-65* tarsus 
0*8. 

Hal. The same as that of the genus. 

a. $ ad. sk. Curytiba, Brazil (J. JS"atterer). SclaterColl. (Type 
of Poospiza oxyrhyncha).
I. o* ad. sk. Curytiba, May 28,1820 (J. Nat- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
terer). 
c.Ad.sk, Paysandu, Uruguay (Gibson). SclaterColl. 

83 . COETPHOSPIZA. 767 
d. S ad. sk. Conchitas, Buenos Ayres (W. H.
Hudson), 
Sclater Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Buenos Ayres (Haslehiist). Salvin-Godnaan Coll. 
f. Ad. sk.
g. Ad. sk. 
Campana Railway. Buenos Ayres,
June 24. * 
Maldonado. 
H. Durnford. Esq. 
[C.1 
Sir W."Burnett and 
h. Ad. sk.
i. Ad. sk. 
Maldonado (C. Darwin). 
Monte Video (<?. Darwin).
Admiral Fitzroy [P.]. 
Voy. H.M.S. <Beagle.' 
Voy. H.M.S. 'Beagle.' 
(Type of Ammodromus 
longicaudatus, Gould.) 

2. Corypliospiza melanotis. 
Emberizoides melanotis, Temm. PL Col. iii. pi. 114. fig. 1 (1824) J 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. SCO (1844); Bp. Consp. i. p. 483 (1850),* 
Burm. TL Bras. Th. iii. p. 226 (1856) ; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 118 
(1802); Gray, lland-l B. ii.' p. 90, no. 7330 (1870) ; Pelz. Orn. 
Bras. p. 230 (1871); Scl. $ Salv. Nomencl. AD. Neotr. p. 33 
(1873). 

Leptonyx melanotis, Sioains. An. in Menag. p. 314 (1837). 
Coryphospiza melanotis, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 47 (1840). 

Adult male. General colour above brown, broadly streaked with 
chestnut, blackish along the centres of the feathers; these black 
streaks absent on the lower back and rump, but strongly developed 
on the under tail-coverts ; scapulars rather browner ; lesser wing-
coverts olive-yellow; median and greater coverts dusky brown, externally 
reddish brown, the latter series more ashy; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, externally olive-yellow, 
browner on the secondaries; first primary margined with white; 
centre tail-feathers reddish brown, lighter brown on the edges, the 
remainder black with an ashy-brown spot at the end of the inner 
web, the outer ones having a white spot at the end, increasing in 
extent towards the outermost and extending some way along its 
outer web; crown of head blackish, the feathers edged with ashy 
grey ; hind neck ashy grey, with a few reddish-brown streaks ; lores, 
feathers below the eye, and ear-coverts black, surmounted by a 
broad eyebrow of bully white; cheeks, throat, and under surface of 
body buffy white, with a black patch on each side of the upper breast, 
the adjacent feathers mottled, being black internally and white externally 
; sides of body and flanks streaked with rufous-brown and 
black centres to the feathers; thighs and under tail-coverts buffy 
white; under wing-coverts and axillaries bright yellow, especially 

on the edge of the wing; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner 
edge. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2-35, tail 1-8, 
tarsus 0-7. 

Hal. Southern Brazil. 

a. Ad. sk. Southern Brazil (J. Natterer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll. 
PBT^GlLLID^:. 

84. EMBERIZOIDES. 
Type, 
Emberizoides, Temm. PI. Col iii. livr. 19 (1824) -hi. macrurus. 
Tardivola, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 281 (1837) .. E. macrurus. 

Tail of Emberizoides macrurus. 

Range. Over the greater part of South America. 

1. Emberizoides macrurus. 
Long-tailed Finch, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. i. p. 310 (1783). 
Eringilla macroura, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 918 (1788). 
Passerina sphenura, Vieill. N. Diet, cV Hist. Nat. xxv. p. 25 (1817) *. 
Emberizoides macrurus, Gray, Gen. B.ii. p. 360 (1844); Bp. Consp. 


i. p. 482 (1850) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 30 j Burm. Rets. La Plata-
St. ii. p. 485 (18G1); Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 118 (1862) ; id. $ Sal v. 
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 33 (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 237, 1879, 
p. 507 j Salv. Lbis, 1885, p. 216. 
Tardivola macroura, Cab. MILS. Hein. Th. i. p. 135, note (1850). 
Adult male. General colour above striped, brown with a faint 
tinge of olive-yellow, all the feathers broadly centred with black, 
less distinctly on the rump, which is more rufescent, the upper tail-
coverts also rufescent with more distinct streaks of black; lesser 
and median coverts olive-green ; greater coverts black, broadly edged 
with olive-green ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, 
edged with olive-green, browner on the inner greater coverts and 
secondaries; tail-feathers dark brown, externally ashy brown or 
ashy olive; crown of head brown like the back and similarly streaked 
with black; lores white, as also a ring round the eye; a faint eyebrow 
of ashy; below the eye a blackish streak; ear-coverts ashy 
brown, with faintly indicated whitish shaft-lines ; cheeks white, the 
hinder part brown; throat white, the lower throat, fore neck, and 
chest pale brown, the breast and abdomen white ; sides of body and 
flanks pale brown ; on the fore neck a few streaks of dusky brown; 
thighs brown like the flanks; under tail-coverts dusky brown, 
edged with whitish, somewhat tinged with fulvous and centred with 

* Vieillot's name has always been restricted to the Brazilian bird, but he 
described a specimen from Cayenne, the same locality as that of Latham's 
"Long-tailed Finch," and therefore P. sphenura of Vieill.t is a pure synonym 
of F. macroura of Gmelin. 
769 

84 . EMBEBIZOIDES. 
black; under wing-coverts and axillaries whitish, with yellow 

margins; edge of wing bright yellow; quills below dusky, ashy 

along the inner edge. Total length 7-5 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 

2-8, tail 4-8, tarsus 1-0. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but smaller and not quite so 

brown underneath. Total length 6*7 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2-65, 

tail 3*2, tarsus 0*95. 

Young female. More reddish brown than the adults and without the 

olive or ashy tinge ; eyebrow brown ; under surface olive-yellowish, 

browner on the fore neck, chest, and sides of body. 

Young male. Eecognizable by its superior size. Differs from the 

adults only in its yellow under surface with dusky spots on the lower 

throat; the flanks also streaked with blackish. 

Hab. Colombia, Venezuela, and Guiana. 

a. Ad. sk. Bogota (G. Croiother). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll. 
c. <$ ad. sk. Medellin. T. K. Salmon. Esq. 
[C.]. 
d,e. <J 2 ad. sk. Medellin (T. K. Salmon). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
/. $ ad. sk, San Cristobal, Venezuela (A. Sclater Coll. 

Goering), 
g, Ad. sk. Trinidad. Sclater Coll. 
h, i. Ad. sk. Cayenne. Sclater Coll. 
A*, I. <S 2 ad. sk. Merurne* Mountains, British Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Guiana, June 1881 (H. 
Wliitdy). 

m. S juv.sk. Merurne'Mountains, July 1881 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(H. W.). 
n. 9 ]uv. sk. Roraima, Nov. 10, 1881 (JET. Salvin-Godman Coll, 
o. S ad.; p. (S Roraima, Dec. 1881 (JET. W.). Salvin-Godman Coll 
juv. sk. 
Subsp. a. Emberizoides herbicola. 

Cola aguda encuentro amarillo, Azara, Apunt. II. p. 257 (1802), 
Sylvia herbicola, Vieill. N. Diet. (THist Nat. xl p. 192 (1817). 
Emberizoides marginalis, Temm. PL Col. iii. pi. 114. fig. 2 (1824). 
Sphenura fringillaris, Licht. Ve?-z, Doubl. p. 42 (1823). 
Embernagra macrura (nee Gm.), D'Orb. "Fog. A??i$r. Merid., Ois. 


p. 285 (1835-44). 
Tardivola sphenura (nee V.), Stvains. Classif. B. ii. p. 281 (1837). 
Emberizoides macrurus (nee Gm.), Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 360 (1844) ; 
Bartl. Ind. Azara, p. 25 (1847); Burm. Th, Bras. iii. p. 225 

(1856) ; id. Bets. La Blata-St. ii. p. 485 (1861). 

? Emberizoides megarhyncka, Bp. Consp. i. p. 482 (1850); Gray, 

Eand-l. B. ii. p. 90, no. 7328 (1870). 

Tardivola marginalis, Cab. Mm. Hein. Th. i. p. 135 (1850). 

Emberizoides sphenurus (nee V.), Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 118 (1862); 

Gray, Hand-IB. ii. p. 90, no. 7327 (1870); Belz, Orn. Bras. 

p. 230 (1871); Set. # Sah. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 33 (1873); iid. 
P. Z. S. 1879, p. 607; Sah. Cat Strickl. Coll. p. 234 (1882). 
Adult male. Similar to E. macrurus, and differing only in its 
VOL. XII. 3 ID 

FR1NGILLI.DJE. 

somewhat smaller size and uniform under tail-coverts : " upper 
mandible brown, the edge of the upper and lower mandible clear 
yellow; iris greyish brown " (Burmeister). Total length 7 inches, 
culmen 0*55, wing 2*9, tail 3*7, tarsus 0*9. 

The uniform under tail-coverts do not seem to be absolutely constant 
in this race, and a female from Pelotas has them distinctly 
streaked with blackish. It appears to me very doubtful whether 

E. sphenurus 
is separable even as a race from E. macrurus. 
Bab. Prom Lower Amazonia throughout Brazil to Bolivia. 
a. Ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Brazil. M. Claussen [P.]. 
c. $ ad. sk. Island of Mexiana, Lower Salvin-Godinan Coll. 

Amazons, Dec. 1848 (A. R. 
Wallace). 

d. e. Ad. sk. Pernambuco (W. A. Forbes). Salvin-Godnmn Coll 
f. Ad. ; g, h. Juv. Bakia, Brazil (JVucherer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
' sk. 
i, <$ ad. sk. Ypanema, Brazil, May23,1819 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(J. Naiterer). 
k 
§ ad. sk. Pelotas, Bio Grande do Sul Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Joyner). 

I. Ad. sk. Bolivia (Bridges). Sclater Coll. 
85. SPIZA. 
Type. 
Spiza, Bp. Journ. Fhilad. Acad. iv. p. 45 (1824) S. americana. 
Euspiza, Bp. Saggio Bistr. Met. An. Vertebr. p. 141 

(1832, teste Bidgw.) S. americara. 
Euspina, Cab. Mus. Hem. Th. i. p. 133 (1850) S. americana. 

Tail of Spiza americana. 

Range. Eastern United States to the Eocky Mountains, north to 
Massachusetts, New York, Wisconsin and Minnesota, and south in 
winter throughout Central America to Colombia. (Of. A. 0 TJ 
Check-list, p. 289.) W 

1. Spiza americana. 
Black-throated Bunting, Lath. Gen. Sg?i. ii. pt. I p 197 pl 44 

(1783); Penn. Arctic Zool. ii. p. 363 (1785). ' 
Yellow-throated Finch, Penn. Arctic Zool ii. p 374 (1785) 
Emberiza americana, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 872 (1788): Wilson, Amer. 

Om. 1 p. 54, pl. 3. fig. 2 (1808) j Audub. B. Amer. pl. 384; id. 
Om-Bifr. iv. p. 579 (1838); id. B. Amer. 8vo, iii. p. 58, 
pl. 156 (1841). ' r ' 

85. SPIZA. 
771 
Eringilla flavicollis, Gm. Syst. Nat i. p. 926 (1788). 
Eringilla (Spiza) americana, Bp. Obs. IFils. 1825 (teste Cones), 
Eringilla americana, Bp. Syn. p. 107 (1828, teste Cones). 
Ccelebs americana, Less. Traite, p. 441 (1831). 
Emberiza nigricollis, Nordm. in Erman Reis. p. 11, Taf. 5 (1835). 
Euspiza americana, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. fy N. Amer. p. 32 (1838); 


Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 376 (1844) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 469 (1850); Woodh. 
in Sitgr. Rep. Zioii fy Color. B. p. 87 (1853); Sol. P. Z. S. 1856, 

p. 142, 1857, p. 205; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 494 (1858); Sol fy 
Sail). Ibis, 1859, p. 18; Cassin, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1860, p. 140; 
Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii. p. 208 (1861); Sol $ Solo. P. Z. S. 
1864, p. 353 ; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 490 5 Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 
viii. p. 181 (1866) ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 142; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. 
N. Y. ix. p. 103 (1868); Franks. J.f. 0. 1869, p. 301; Sumichr. 
Mem. Lost. Soc. N. S. i. p. 552 (1869); Gray, Hand-l B. ii. 
p. 112, no. 7672 (1870); Sol $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 836; Salv. 
P. Z. S. 1870, p. 190; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 328 ; Allen, Bull. Mus. 
C. Z. Cambr. iii. p. 177 (1872); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 148 
(1872); Sel. $ Salv. Nomenel. Av. Neotr. p. 33 (1873); Baird, 
Brewer, # Ridqio. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 65, pi. 28. fig. 11 
(1874); Cones, B. N.~ West, p. 164 (1874); Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. 
ii. p. 277 (1874); Hensh. Rep. Zool. Expl. 100M Merid. p. 295 
(1875) ; Lawr. Bull U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 21 (1876); Sennett, 
Bull. U.S. Qeol. Surv. iv. p. 19 (1878), v. p. 392 (1879); Merrill, 
Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. i. p. 128 (1878) ; Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, 
p. 508. 
Euspina americana, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 133 (1850). 
Spiza americana, Ridyway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. pp. 3,182 (1881); 
Coues, Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 58 (1882); Nutting 8f Ridgw. 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 391 (1882); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 
2nd ed. p. 387 (1884) ; Townsend, Auk, ii. p. 106 (1885); Loomk, 

t. c. p. 192; Agersb. t. c. p. 281; A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. 
p. 289 (1886); Salvin fy Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, L 
p. 416 (1886). 
Adult male. General colour above brown, washed with ashy on 
the mantle and upper back, which are centred with black stripes; 
lower back and rump uniform ashy brown ; scapulars ashy brown, 
chestnut externally; lesser and median coverts uniform chestnut; 
greater coverts blackish, externally pale reddish brown, narrowly 
margined with ashy fulvous; bastard-wing blackish brown; primary-
coverts and quills blackish brown, edged with ashy brown, 
the inner secondaries more broadly margined with reddish brown ; 
upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers brown, edged with ashy brown, 
and fringed with whitish along the inner web, which has an indistinct 
pale spot about One third distance from the tip; crown of 
head and hind neck ashy grey, olive-yellow on the fore part of the 
crown; lores white, fringing the base of the forehead, and surmounted 
by an eyebrow of clear yellow; eyelid pale yellow, with a 
white spot below and a dusky mark in front and behind; ear-coverts 

* 
dark ashy grey, slightly washed with olive-yellow; cheeks white, 
with a yellow mark below the eye ; sides of throat also white, like 
the chin and upper throat; centre of fore neck black, forming a 
mark which extends up the lower throat and borders the yellow 
3D2 

772 PRTXeiLLID.E. 

cheek-spot, forming a crescent on its upper margin; sides of fore 
neck and breast bright yellow, becoming paler towards the abdomen, 
which is whitish; sides of breast ashy grey; sides of body and 
flanks pale ashy brown ; thighs whitish, externally yellow; under 
tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, with 
bright jellow bases; edge of wing bright yellow; quills below 
dusky, ashy along their inner edge: " bill light blue; feet and claws 
light brownish red; iris hazel" {Audubon). Total length G inches, 

culmen 0-6, wing 3*3, tail 2*4, tarsus 0*9. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 

Sparrow-like, the mantle and upper back light brown, streaked with 

black; the lower back and rump uniform ashy brown ; lesser wing-

coverts like the back; median coverts blackish brown, tipped with 

rufous-brown and edged with huffy white; greater coverts and 

quills blackish brown, edged with whity brown, and subterminally 

washed with rufous on the inner greater coverts and secondaries ; 

upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers dark brown, edged with whity 

brown; crown of head and hind neck dark ashy, streaked with 

dusky brown: lores dusky whitish ; an indistinct eyebrow of pale 

yellow; eyelid dull whitish; ear-coverts dark ashy brown, with 

whitish shaft-lines; cheeks and throat white, with a yellow mark 

on the former; in the centre of the throat a few black spots, as well 

as a few below the yellow cheek-spot; fore neck and chest yellow ; 

breast ashy brown, tinged with yellow in the centre; abdomen and 

under tail-coverts dull whitish; sides of body and flanks ashy brown, 

the lower flanks with narrow blackish streaks; thighs brown ; 

under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy brown, tinged with yellow; 

quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total length 5*2 

inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3*8, tail 2, tarsus 0*85. 

Toimcj birds resemble the adult female, but have the head brown 

like the back, and similarly streaked with black; the ear-coverts 

uniform pale ashy brown ; scarcely any trace of yellow on the eye


brow or checks ; the under surface of the body whitish, with the 

fore neck yellowish buff, with a few streaks of black, which extend 

upwards along the side of the throat; the centre of the breast tinged 

with yellow, the dark streaks being less apparent, but becoming well 

characterized again on the flanks, which are pale brown like the 

sides of the body. 

Tht3 characters of the adult male are very gradually assumed; the 

yellow chest and black throat are often found very feebly developed 

in specimens killed before the breeding-season has commenced. The 

uniform chestnut on the wing-coverts seems to be the last sign of 

full maturity, and some of the specimens examined, though killed 

in the breeding-season, and otherwise in complete plumage, still have 

the wing-coverts margined with rufous, as in the adult female. 

There does not seem to be much difference in the whiter plumage 

of the adidts, but the male has the black throat-spot obscured by 

ashy tips to the feathers. 

Adult females in breediyig-plnmage vary somewhat. In one 

specimen the fore neck is only slightly tinged with yellow, and is 

85. arm.. 
773 
narrowly streaked with dark brown; in another specimen the spots 
constituting the throat-patch are very pale brown. 

Hal. Eastern United States to the Rocky Mountains, north to 
Massachusetts, New York, "Wisconsin, and Minnesota (A. 0. JJ. 
OhecJc-l. p. 289). In winter throughout Central America to Co


lombia, "Venezuela, and Guiana. 

a. $ ad. sk. 
b. $ ad. sk. 
c. $ ad. sk. 
d. J ad. sk. 
e,f. $ ad. sk. 

g, h. c? ad. sk. 

i. 
<$ ad. sk. 
k. $ ad. sk. 
I. $ ad. sk. 
m-r. <J; s,t, u. 
$ ad. sk. 
v-r'. <J ad. et 
imm.; s'-x\ § 
ad. sk. 

y'. <J ad. sk. 

a', a. <$ $ ad. sk. 

(3. [($]&&. sk. 
y.fcJlad.; 
8. 
[<JJjuv.sk. 

c. d juv. sk. 
f.[<J] ad.sk. 

17. Imm. sk. 
& [$ ] juv.sk. 
L} K. <J ad.; X. 

[ $ ] ad. sk. 
jit. [ $ ] ad. sk. 
?.[(?] ad. sk. 

£ 
J juv. sk. 

o. (Jjuv.sk. 
7T. <S ad. sk. 
p. [(Jlad.sk. 
<r. f <J J imm. sk. 
r. [d1] ad.sk. 
u, <£. c? ad. sk. 
Chicago, Illinois, spring, 1874 

(R. K Code). 
Chicago (U.K. Coale). 
Hvde Park, 111., June 26,1881 

\H. K. Coale). 

Washington Heights, 111., June 
19, 1880 (ILK Coale). 
Washington Heights, 111., July 
17, 1879 (H. K Coale). 

Wheatland, Indiana, May 5, 
1883 (JR.. Hidgway: Sm. nos. 
90323-25). 

Washington, D.C. (E. Coues). 

Washington, D.C, May 13, 
1859 (E. Coues; Sm. no. 
29096). 

Jalapa, S. Mexico (Be Oca). 
Cozumel Island, April (G. F. 
Gaumer). 
Kuatan Island (G. F, Gaumer). 

Half Moon Key, British Honduras, 
May 10,1862 (0. &). 
British Honduras (Blancaneaux). 
Vera Paz, Guatemala (Hague). 
Retalhuleu, Guatemala, Sept. 

1862 (0. 8.). 
Barranco Hondo, Guatemala, 
Oct. 23,1873 (0. 8.). 
Angostura, Costa Rica (J. Carmiol). 


Costa Rica (Sm. no. 55942). 
Nicoya, Costa Rica, March 1864 

(E. ArcS). 
Chitra, Panama (E. ArcS). 
Chiriqui, Panama (E. A?xe). 
Paraiso Station, Panama (A. 

HugJies). 
Panama (McLeannan). 
Panama (McLeannan). 
Antioquia, U.S. Colombia (T. 

K. Salmon). 
Bogota (G. Crowther). 
Bogota, U.S. Colombia. 
Venezuela (8pence). 
Cayenne. 

R. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
R. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
R. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
R. B. Sharpe. Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godrnan Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.I. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman ColL 
Purchased. 

77 4 PKIKGILUD-E. 

2. Spiza townsendi. 
Em'beriza townsendi, Aud. B. Amer. pi. 400. fig. 4 ; id. Orn. Biogr. 
iii. p. 183 (1834), v. p. 90 (1839) ; id Syn. p. 101 (1839). 
Euspiza townsendi, Bp. Comp. ListB. Eur. fy N. Amer. p. 32 (1838) ; 
Cones, Key N. Amer. B. p. 148 (1872); Baircl, Brewer, $ Ridqiv. 
Hist K Amer. B. ii. p. 68 (1874) ; Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 

iii. p. 182 (1881) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 387 (1884) ; 
Brewster, Auk, i. p. 191 (1884) ; A. 0. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. 
p. 354 (1886). 
Male. "Upper parts, head, and neck all round, sides of body, 
and fore part of breast slate-blue; the back and upper surface of 
wings tinged with yellowish brown; the interscapular region streaked 
with black. A superciliary and maxillary line, chin and throat, 
and central line of underparts from the breast to crissum, white; 
the edge of the wing, and a gloss on the breast and middle of belly, 
yellow. A black-spotted line from the lower corner of the lower 
mandible down the side of the throat, connecting with a crescent of 
streaks in the upper edge of the slate portion of the breast. Length 
5*75, wing 2*86, tail 2-o§." (Baird, Brewer, 6f Ridgway.) 

Rah. Chester County, Pennsylvania. 

Only a single specimen known. "Its peculiarities cannot be 
accounted for by hybridism, nor probably by individual variation " 

(A. 0. U. Check-list, I. c). Dr. Coues suggests that it may be a 
hybrid between S. americana J and Guiraca ceerulea <$. 
86. PSEUDOCHLORIS. 
Type. 
Orospina, Cab. J.f. 0.1883, p. 108 (nee Kaup, 1829). .. . P. pratensis. 
Sycalis, pt., auct. recent. 

Head of Pseudochloris aareiventris. 

Range. The greater part of South America from Guiana and 
Colombia southward. 

Key to the Species. 

a. No white patch on the outer tail-feathers. 
a!. Qnills externally edged with bright yellow. 
«". Head yellow like the rest of the upper surface 
lutea, p. 775. 
b". Sides of body yellow; head grey like the 
back; fore part of crown olive-yellow; 
sides of body ashy luteocephala, p. 776. 

SO. PSEUDQCHLORIS. 

775 

b'. Quills externally edged with ashy, 

c". Mantle ashy grey, contrasting with the 

olive-yellow rump; sides of body yellow.. uropygialis, p. 776. 
d". Mantle olive-yellow or ashy, washed with 

olive, not contrasting with the olive-yellow 

rump ; sides of body light ashy brown. 

a'". Much larger; wing 3*5 inches; bright 
yellow over the eye aureiventris, p. 777. 
b"'. Smaller; wing 305 inches; no yellow 
over the eye mendozcs, p. 778. 

b. A large white patch on the outer tail-feathers; 1 pratensis, p. 779. 
back thickly streaked with black (citrina, p. 778. 
1. Fseudochloris lutea. 
Emberiza lutea, JD'Orb. $ Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1837, p. 74. 
Sycalis chloris, Tsehudi 8f Cab. Faun. Peruan., Aves, p. 216 (1846); 
Scl $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 568, 1869, p. 153; Tacz. Orn. Perou, 

iii. p. 57 (1886). 
Crithagra chloropsis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 521 (1850). 
Sycalis chloropsis, JBurm. J.f. 0.1860, p. 247; id. Eeis. La PlataSt. 
ii. p. 489 (1861). 
Fringilla chloris, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 84, no. 7242 (1870). 
Sycalis lutea, Scl Ibis, 1872, p. 46, pi. 2. rig. 2; id. fy Salv. Nbmenol. 
Av. Neotr. p. 35 (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 607; Scl. P. Z. S. 
1881, p. 487; Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 56 (1886). 

Adult male. General colour above bright olive-yellow, pure yellow 
on the rump and upper tail-coverts; lesser and median coverts clear 
yellow; greater coverts dusky, externally clear yellow; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers dark brown, externally 
edged with, bright yellow; crown of head bright olive-
yellow ; lores and eyelids brighter yellow; ear-coverts and cheeks 
deep golden yellow; throat and under surface of body golden yellow, 
brighter yellow on the breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts; 
sides of body and flanks a little duller yellow ; thighs bright yellow; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries pale yellow, whitish at the base; 
quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total length 5*5 
inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3*2, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*65. 

It is apparently only very old males that attain to the bright 
golden or canary-coloured plumage, the younger males being 
decidedly greener. 

The adult female differs from the male in being browner, with 
more or less of an olive-yellow tinge; the lower back, rump, and 
upper tail-coverts are greenish yellow; a narrow line over the 
eye, sides of face, and under surface of body olive-yellow, brighter 
yellow on the abdomen ; sides of body ashy brown. Total length 
4*9 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*8, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*7. 

Eab. "Western Argentine Republic to Bolivia and Peru. 

a. S ad. sk. Pampas Argentinas (Leybold). Salvin-G-odman Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Bolivia. * " W. Bridges [O.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Tinta, Peru, June 23. H. Whitely [C.]. 
d. <S ad. sk. Tinta, Peru, June 23 (E. W.). Sclater Coll. 

776 SftlNGILLIDJE. 

e. S ad. sk. Arequipa, Peru, March 25 (#. W.). Sclater Coll. 
/. tf ad. sk. Arequipa, Peru. Sclater Coll. 
g. J juv. sk. Arequipa, Peru, May 25, 1868. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
h. $ ad. sk. Andes of Lima ( W. Nation). Sclater Coll. 
2. Pseudochloris luteocephala. 
Emberiza luteocephala, JD'Orb. $ Lafr. Mag.de Zool. 1837, p. 74; 

jyOrb. Voy. Amir. MSrid., Ois. p. 360, pi. 44. fig. 2 (1835-44). 

Crithagra luteocephala, Bp. Cons^. i. p. 521 (1850). 

Fringilla luteocephala, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 84, no. 7224 (1870). 

Sycalis luteocephala, Scl. Ibis, 1872, p. 46,- id. § Salv. Nomencl. Av. 

Neotr. p. 35 (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 607. 

Adult male. General colour above pale ashy brown, lighter ashy 
on the hind neck, lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts; lesser 
wing-coverts olive-yellow ; median and greater coverts dusky brown, 
externally olive-yellow; the inner greater coverts ashy externally 
like the inner secondaries; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and 
quills dusky brown, edged with bright olive-yellow; tail-feathers 
dusky brown, edged with yellow; crown of head olive-yellow, the 
hinder crown, occiput, and nape light ashy brown ; lores, feathers 
round the eye, and fore part of* cheeks orange-yellow ; ear-coverts, 
cheeks, throat, and under surface of body bright yellow; sides of 
neck, sides of fore neck, of breast, and flanks pale ashy brown ; 
lower abdomen whitish; thighs ashy, washed with yellow; under 
tail-coverts bright yellow; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale 
ashy with yellow margins ; quills below dusky, ashy whitish along 
the inner edge. Total length 5*4 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 3*05, 
tail 2*1, tarsus 0*7. 

Hob. Bolivia. 

a, b. S ad. et jun. sk. Bolivia. Mr. Bridges [C.]. 

3. Pseudochloris uropygialis. 
Emberiza uropygialis, I)'Orb. $ Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1837, p. 76. 

Crithagra pentlandi. Bp. Consp. i. p. 521 (1850). 

Fringilla pentlandi, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 84, no. 7234 (1870). 

Sycalis uropvgialis, Scl. Ibis, 1872, p. 47; id. § Salv. Nomencl. Av. 

Neotr. p. 35 (1873); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 522; Scl. P. Z. S. 
1886, p. 397; Tacz. Orn. Ptrou, iii. p. 58 (1886). 

Adult male. General colour above uniform ashy grey on the 
mantle and upper back; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
olive-yellow, brighter on the latter; lesser wing-coverts olive-
yellow; median coverts uniform ashy; greater coverts, bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, all edged with ashy grey, 
rather more hoary on the margins ; tail-feathers blackish, margined 
with yellow, whitish towards the ends ; crown of head olive-
yellow, rather brighter on the forehead and over the eye ; lores ashy ; 
eyelid yellowish white ; ear-coverts olive-yellow; cheeks and under 

86 . PSET7D0CKL0RIS. 
777 

surface of body bright yellow; sides of body and flanks slightly 

more olive ; thighs whitish ashy, washed with yellow; under wing-

coverts and axillaries bright yellow; qniUs below dusky, whitish 

along the inner edge. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 3-5, 

tail 1*7, tarsus 0"7o. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but more olive on the head 

and rump and upper tail-coverts ; the mantle and wings browner 

and not so ashy ; lores ashy • eyelid and chin ashy whitish; cheeks 

and under surface of body bright olive-yellow,' the sides of the 

breast and sides of body ashy brown, with dusky streaks; thighs 

light ashy; under tail-coverts bright yellow; under wing-coverts 

and axillaries light ashy, washed with yellow. Total length 5 inches, 

culmen 0-45, wing 3-25, tail 1-65, tarsus 0-7. 

Hah. Bolivia and Southern Peru. 

«> ?>• 6;c Q ad. sir. Jimin, Peru, May (Jeklu). Sclater Coll. 

4. Pseudochloris aureiventris. 
SycaliN aureiventris, JPMHpjn § Landbech, Arch. f. Naturg. 1864, 
p. 40; id. Cat Aven Chilenas, p. 24; Scl. Ibis, 1807, p. 323; id. 
Ihia, lb72, p. 47 ; id <$• Salv. Aomench Ad. Xeoir. p. 35 (1873); 
^ &l R Z, S. 1*80, p. UD7. 
Fiingilla aureiventris, Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 84, no. 7227 (1870). 

Adult male. General colour above olive-yellow, inclining to old-
gold colour, the feathers more or less edged with ashy, with faint 
dusky streaks on the mantle and upper back; lesser wing-coverts 
olive-yellow; median and greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills dark brown, edged with ashy, inclining to hoary 
grey on the primaries, with a slight tinge of olive-yellow here and 
there ; upper tail-coverts like the rump ; tail-feathers dark brown, 
edged with bright olive-yellow, whiter towards the ends; crown of 
head entirely olive-yellow, or old-gold colour, as well as the sides of 
the face ; lores and eyelid a little brighter yellow; ear-coverts somewhat 
obscured by ashy margins; cheeks and under surface of body 
"brighter olive-yellow, becoming paler towards the lower abdomen 
and under tail-coverts ; sides of body, flanks, and thighs pale ashy 
browrn; under wing-coverts and axillaries olive-yellow, with ashy 
bases: quills below ashy, whitish along the inner edge. Total 
length 5m7 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3*6, tail 2*2, tarsus 0*7. 

Adult female. Different from the male. Uniform ashy brown 
above, with a faint wash of olive-yellow here and there, particularly 
distinct on the lesser wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts; 
wings dusky brow7n, the feathers edged with ashy grey, more hoary 
on the quills ; tail as in the male ; crown of head and sides of face 
ashy brown, with a tinge of olive-yellow on the crown; lores ashy ; 
eyelid white; throat and under surface of body pale olive-yellow, 
obscured by ashy-brown edges to the feathers; centre of the breast 
sulphur-yellow; sides of body and flanks pale ashy brown; lower 
abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts white, tinged with yellow, 

Hl-rQ 

FKIEGTLLIDJE. 

i to 

the long ones with a mesial streak of dark brown. Total length 
5-2 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 3*7, tail 2'25, tarsus 0*75. 
Hob. Chili and the "Western Argentine Eepnblic to Bolivia. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Chili. Purchased. 
c,d. <$ J ad. sk. Province of Santiago, Chili Salvin~Godman Coll. 
(Landhech). 
e,f> 6 ¥ ad.; g. Santiago, Chili (Landbech). Sclater Coll. 
§ imin. sk. 

Salvin-Godman Cull. 

h,i Jjuv.sk. Pampas Axgentma,s(Lei/bold). 

Mr. Bridges [0.]. 

h. Ad. sk. Bolivia. 
5. PseudocMoris mendozse. 
Adult male. Similar to P. aureiventris, but smaller, and having 
no bright yellow over the eye. Total length 4*6 inches, culmen 
0-45, wing 3-05, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*75. 

JEfab. Mendoza, Argentine Republic. 

a. [(S] ad, sk. Mendoza (Bnrmeister). Sclater Coll. 
b. [<j> ] ad.sk. Mendoza (Burmeister). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
6. PseudocMoris citrina. 
? Frmgilla xantkorrhoa, Bp. Journ. PJiilad. Acad. iv. p. 350 (1^25) ; 

Gray, Eand-l. B. ii. p. 84, no. 7236 (1870). 
Critkagra xanthorrhoa, Bp. Consp. i. p. 521 (1850). 
Sycalis citrina, Felz. Orrt. Bras. pp. 232, 333 (1871, ex Natter er 

MSS.)) Scl Ibis, 1872, p. 48• Salvin, Cat.* Strickl. Coll p. 043 
(1882) j id. Ibis, 1885, p. 217. 
Fringilla citrina, Gray, Eand-l B. ii. p. 84, no. 7241 (1870). 

Adult male. General colour above olive-yellowish, mottled on the 
mantle and back with blackish-brown centres to the feathers; 
rump and upper tail-coverts uniform greenish yellow; wing-coverts 
blackish, edged with olive-yellow, brighter on the greater series; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, margined with 
yellow, more ashy on the inner secondaries ; tail-feathers blackish, 
edged with olive-yellow, with a large patch of white at the end of 
the inner web of the outer tail-feather; on the penultimate feather 
a smaller white patch ; crown of head uniform dull golden yellow, 
the nape and hind neck like the back; lores dusky, yellow above 
and round the eye; ear-coverts olive-yellow; cheeks and nnder 
surface of body bright yellow, the lower throat and fore neck 
slightly greener, as well as the sides of body and flanks ; thighs and 
under tail-coverts yellow; under wing-coverts and axillaries olive-
yellow, with dusky bases; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner 
edge. Total length 4-4 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 2*6, tail 1*7, 

tarsus 0*55. 

Adult female. Different from the male, and browner, streaked 
with blackish centres to the head and entire upper surface, the 
rump rather clearer brown, washed with pale olive; wing-coverts 
and quills blackish brown, edged with ashy or whitish; sides of 

ST. NESOSPTZA. 

face and ear-coverts uniform brown : under surface of body sulphur-
yellow, browner on the lower throat, and chest streaked with 
blackish brown, the throat whiter; flanks browner, streaked with 
blackish. 

Hab. Brazil, Guiana, and Colombia. 

Imm. sk. Brazil. Purchased. 
<S ad. sk. [Brazil.] Christiania Mus. [P.]. 
<5 ad. sk. Merum6 Mountains, British Sclater Coll. 

Guiana, June 15,1881 (IT. 
Wliitely).
d>e-(5 ; /• ? ad. Merum6 Mountains, British Salvin-Godruan Coll. 
sk. Guiana, June 1881 (H. W.). 
g, h. $ J ad. sk. Roraima, Oct. & Nov. 1883 Sclater Coll. 

(H. W.). 
i, h. 
<3 O ad.; /, Eoraima, Nov. 1883 (H. W.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
m, $ imm. sk. 

n. Imm. sk. U.S. Colombia. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
7. Pseudochloris pratensis. 
Orospina pratensis, Cab. J.f. 0. 1883, p. 108, tab. i. fig. 1. 
Head greenish yellow; rump yellowish green; rest of upper 
surface dark brown, the feathers of the back and ]esser wing-coverts 
as well as the bastard-wing, quills, and tail-feathers edged with 
yellowish green. The inner web of the outer tail-feathers entirely 
white, the next with a longitudinal white mark. Under surface 
yellow, lightest on the chin, middle of the abdomen, and under tail-
coverts, the sides of the body inclining to greenish. (Oabanis.) 

Hab. Tucuman. 

This species is evidently very nearly allied to P. citrina, and 
exact comparison of specimens is necessary to establish the differences 
between them. 

87. NESOSPIZA. 
Type. 
Nesospiza, Cab. J.f. 0. 1873, p. 154 N. acunhae. 

Foot of Nesospiza acunha. 
Range. Confined to the islands of Tristan d'Acunha. 

780 
FJRIKG1LLID-E. 

1. Nesospiza acunhse. 
Emberiza brasiliensis (nee Gm.)7 Carmichael, Trans. Linn. Soc. 
xii. p. 496 (1818). 
Nesospiza acunhse, Cab.J.f. 0. 1873, p. 154* Sclater, Bep. Zool. 
Coll. Voy. HM.8. ' Challenger; ii. Birds, p. 112, pi. 24 (1881). 


Adult General colour above olive-yellow, streaked with black 
centres to the feathers, less distinct on the lower back and rump ; 
lesser wing-coverts uniform olive-yellow; median and greater coverts, 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with 
olive-yellow, paler at "the end of the inner secondaries ; tail-feathers 
brown, edged with olive-yellow, and much paler along the inner 
web; crown of head like the back, and similarly streaked; lores 
dusky, with a line of brighter yellow above them ; eyelid yellow; 
ear-coverts olive-yellow, as well as the hinder cheeks, the fore part 
bright yellow ; throat and under surface of body bright olive-yellow, 
a little greener on the sides of the body and flanks, the fore neck, 
breast, and sides of the body narrowly streaked with dusky brown ; 
thighs and under tail-coverts clear olive-yellow; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries dull olive-yellow, with dusky bases; quills below 
brown,, ashy whitish along the inner edge. Total length 7 "2 inches, 
cu]men 0-75, wing 3*75, tail 3*0, tarsus 1*7. 

Hah. Islands of Tristan d'Acunha. 

A, b, c. Ad. sk. Inaccessible Island, Oct. 1873. Toy. II.M.S. < Challenger.' 


88. PHBYGILUS. 
T>pe. 
Phrygilus, Cab. Arckf. Naturg. x. p. 289 (1844). . P. gayi. 
Rhopospina, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 135 (1850) . P. fruticeti. 
Melanodera, Bp. Consp. i. p. 470 (1850) . P. melanoderus. 
Geospizopsis, Bp. C. It. xlii. p. 955 (185(5) . P. unicolor. 
Corydospiza, Sundev. Av. Meih. Tent. p. 33 (1872) . P. alaudinus. 

Range. Throughout the Andean region of South America from 
Colombia to Tierra del Puego, Patagonia, and Western Argentine 
Republic, 

Key to the Species. 

a. With yellow in the plumage. 
a'. Back olive-yellow or orange-brown. [785. 
a". Head grey; throat grey gaiji and allies, pp. 781b". 
Head and throat black atriceps, p. 786. 

b\ 
Back grey like the head, or brown • throat 
black. 
c". Back brown, washed with olive-yellow * 
head grey * cheek-stripe white melanoderma p. 786. 
d". Back clear grey, as also the head; cheek-
stripe yellow xanthogrammus, p. 789. 

b. With no yellow in the plumage. 
c\ With the throat black. 
<?". Larger; abdomen grey; under tail-
coverts white.. ,., fruiiceti, p. 790. 

88 . PHRYGILUS. 
781 

f. 
Smaller; abdomen blacklike the breastj 
under tail-coverts black with, white 
edges earbonarius, p. 791. 
d'. With the throat grey or whitish. 
g". With no rufous on the mantle. 
a'". With the abdomen grey like the 
breast vnicolor, p. 792. 
5"'. Abdomen white j flanks ashy. -""" 


aim Bill yellow; a white patch on the 
inner webs of the tail-feathers; 
throat slaty grey alaudinus, p. 793. 

b4. No white on the tail; throat whitish 
or pale a^hy. 


a5, No white supraloral mark; 
throat, centre of breast, abdomen, 
and thighs ashy brown ,* the 


, throat a little greyer. plebeius, p. 795. 

b\ A white supraloral spot; throat, 
centre of breast, abdomen, and 
thighs pure white ocularis^ p. 790. 

h". Mantle, upper back, and scapulars rufous erythronotus, ]) 796. 

1. Phrygilus gayi *. 
Frmgilla gayi, Eydoux %• Gervais, Mag. de Zool. 1834, CI. ii. Aves, 
pi. 23. 
Fringilla formosa, Gould in Darwiris Voy. l Beagle,1 Birds, iii. p. 93 

(1841). 
Chlorospiza gayi, Gay, Faun. Chilen. i. p. 355 (1847). 
Enspiza gayi, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 30c (1849). 


* Mr. Eidgway has recently proposed that the name of P. formosus of Gould 
should be restricted to the small form which Dr. Sclater, after careful comparison 
of the typical specimens in the Paris Museum, decided to be the true 
P. gayi of Eydoux and Gervais. Both the description and figure given by the 
latter authors are poor, and the absence of any note as to the different colour of 
the rump from the rest of the back would seem to denote that the bird figured 
by Eydoux and Gervais was the species which we call in England P. aldunatii 
But, then, how could the belly be called yellow in the latter bird, when it is 
conspicuously white in reality ? We have, moreover, in the Museum specimens 
of P. gayi which precisely agree with the description and figure given by 
Eydoux and Gervais. It is to be regretted that Mr. Eidgway did not examine 
the material in the British and Paris Museums before publishing his paper on 
these yellow Phrygili. He seems to be entirely ignorant of the existence of 
P. caniceps of Burmeister; and as the late Henry Durnford speaks of this species 
as migratory in Patagonia, it is quite possible that P. aldunatii may be only a 
seasonal plumage of P. caniceps. Of the changes of plumage in these Buntings 
we as yet know nothing for certain, and a complete connection appears to exist 
between P. aldunatii and P. a^riceps. Mr. Eidgway will doubtless ultimately 
treat of these species or races, after the fashion of American ornithologists, by 
means of trinomials, when he has seen the series in this Museum, and they will 
appear somewhat as follows:— 
1. Phrygilus gayi (Eyd. 8( Gervais). 
2. Phrygilus aldunatii (Gay). 
tJ. Phrygilus aldunatii caniceps {Burm.). 
4. Phrygilus aldunatii punensis (Ridgw.). 
5. Phrygilus aldunatii saturatus {Sharpe). 
6. Phrygilus aldunatii atriceps (Lafr.). 
782 PRINGIIT.TDJR. 

Phrvgilus formo&us, Bp. Consp. i. p. 477 (1850) ; Riclgw. Proc. U.S. 
tfat. Mm. x. p. m (1887). 
Phrvgilus gayi, Bp. Cimsp. i. p. 477 (1850); Cab. Mm. Bein. Tli. i. 

p. Itt4 (I860) j Scl Cat,. Amer. P. p. 110 (1862) j Scl. 8r Salv. Ibis, 
I860, p. %85; Gran, Hand-l B. ii. p. 89, no. 7310 (1870) ; Scl. $ 
Salv. Nommcl. Av. Neotr. p. 31 (1872); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, 
p. 7; Scl. Pep. Voy. H.M.S ' Challenger; ii. Birch, p. 100 (1881); 
/». Cat. StricJd. Coll. p. 227 (1882). 
Adult male. General colour above orange-brown on the mantle 
and upper back ; the lower back and rump clear yellow; scapulars 
rather yellower but washed with orange-brown, and greenish externally 
; lesser wing-coverts slaty grey washed with olive-green; 
median and greater coverts clear slaty grey ; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, quills, and tail-feathers blackish, externally slaty grey, 
more hoary on the primaries; upper tail-coverts slaty grey ; crown 
of head clear slaty grey; the hind neck and sides of neck olive-
greenish, slightly separating the- crown from the mantle ; lores and 
a narrow line across the base of the forehead, as well as the feathers 
round the eye, slaty blackish; ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat lighter 
and more pearly grey; fore neck and rest of under surface of body 

bright yellow, with a slight tinge of olive-green below the throat; 
lower breast and abdomen slightly paler yellow; thighs slaty grey ; 
under tail-coverts white, the longer ones slaty grey with broad white 
edgings; under wing-coverts white with ashy bases ; axillaries pale 
lemon-yellow, ashy at the base; quills below dusky, ashy whitish 
along the inner edge. Total length 5-9 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 
3-35, tail 2-5, tarsus 0*8. 


Adult female. Differs from the male in being paler in colour, 
especially underneath, the throat being light pearly grey and the 
breast pale yellow, with ashy-brown flanks. Total length 5-2 
inches, wing 3, tail 2*05, tarsus 0*85. 


Young. Similar to the adult female, but more dingy, with the 
head washed with yellowish green like the back. The yellow colour 
rather brighter on the under surface of the body, with dusky streaks 
on the breast and flanks ; the throat also yellow. 


Ilab. Patagonia and Chili. 

a. f tf 1 ad. sk. [Chili.] Sclater Coll. 
J. fcnad.sk. Chili. Old Coll. 
0. [en ad. sk. Chili. Sclater Coll. 
d, e. $ ad. et juv. Porto Bueno, Jan. 9, 1876. Voy. H.M.S. ' Chalsk. 
lenger.' 
/. [ 6 ] ad. sk. Tierra del Fuego (C. Darwin). Voy. H.M.S.l Beagle. 
(Type of JP. formosa, Gould.) 
<?.Ad.; li. Juv. sk. Tierra del Fuego (CDarwin). Voy. H.M.S/Beaeie.' 
*. [ ? ] ad. sk. Tierra del Fuego. Purchased. 
k [ $ J ad. sk. Straits of Magellan. Capt. King [P.]. 

1. d ad. sk. Tom Bay, Straits of Magellan, Voy. H.M.S. < Alert. 
Jan. 18, 1879 (Dr. Cop-
pinger). 
m, n, o. S ad. sk. Hermit Island. Antarctic Expedition. 

88 . PHUYGILTJS. 783 
2. Phrygilus aldunatii. 
Chlorospiza aldunatei, Gay, Faun. Chilen. i. p. 356 (1847). 

Phrygilus gayi (nee JEyd. §* Gerv.) j Burm. La-Plata Reis. ii. p. 487 

(1861) ; Scl. § Salv. Ibis, 1868, p.186,1869, p. 285 ; Salvin, P. Z. S. 

1883, p. 421; Ridgic. Proc. U.S."Nat. Mm. x. p. 431 (1887). 

Phrygilus aldunatii, Scl. Ibis, 1869, p. 285; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. 

p. 89, no. 7311 (1870); Scl $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 31 
(1873). 
Adult male. General colour above olive-yellow, from the nape to 
the rump; upper tail-coverts pale pearly grey,* outer scapulars 
pearly grey, washed with olive-yellow ; wing-coverts pearly grey, 
with a little yellow on the lesser series; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills blackish, externally pearly grey, broader on the 
inner secondaries; tail-feathers blackish, rather more broadly edged 
with pearly grey; crown of head, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, 
and throat pearly grey, darker on the ear-coverts and blackish on the 
lores ; sides of neck and under surface of the body from the fore 
neck downwards olive-yellow ; abdomen white; sides of body olive-
yellow, the lower flanks and thighs pale ashy grey; vent and under 
tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts and axillaries dull white 
with ashy bases ; quills below dusky brown, white along the inner 
edge. Total length 6*3 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*75, tail 2*7, 
tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in having all the colours duller 
and browner, the grey of the head and throat being dusky 
ash-brown, with a faint whitish eyebrow; fore part of cheeks also 
whitish as well as the feathers below the eye; a dusky blackish streak 
along the malar line ; ear-coverts dull brown; throat ashy whitish, 
mottled with dusky; fore neck and chest pale orange overshaded 
with pale tawny brown; the sides of the body and flanks deep 
isabelline, the abdomen a little paler. Total length 5*4 inches, 
culmen 0*55, wing 3*45, tail 2*05, tarsus 0*85. 

Young female. Different from the adult, and more uniform dull 
olive-yellow above, with dusky streaks, the upper tail-coverts grey; 
head grey, streaked with dusky blackish on the crown; wing externally 
duller ashy than in the male, with paler margins to the coverts; 
sides of face dull ashy, with a whitish supraloral streak and a 
slight whitish line above the ear-coverts ; cheeks also ashy whitish 
anteriorly; throat pale ashy, washed with hoary whitish, and separated 
from the cheeks by a malar line of blackish; breast yellow; 
the abdomen isabelline with a brownish tinge on the lower flanks 
and thighs; under tail-coverts dull white. Total length 5*8 inches, 
culmen 0*55, wing 3*4, tail 2*35, tarsus 0*85. 

P. aldunatii differs from P. gayi principally in its uniform upper 
surface, the rump being coloured exactly like the back. There is 
no certainty as to the correct determination of the sexes as described 
above, as none of the specimens are authentically sexed. The grey 
of the head and throat in the male is decidedly darker grey than 
in P. gayi, and is of the same tint as the head; the whole of the 
abdomen entirely white. 
FRINGILLIDJE, 

784 

Bab. Western Argentine Eepublic and Chili and Patagonia. 

a. [91ad.sk. Chili. 
Old Coll. 
b. tf ad. 5 e. Juv. Chili (E. C. Reed). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. 
Sclater Coll. 

d, e. Juv. sk. Chili. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

f.[6~\ ad. sk. Coquirnbo, Chili, Nov. 1881 

(A. B. Marhham). 
g. Juv. sk. Santiago, Chili (E. C. Heed). Sclater Coll. 
h 
9 ad. sk. Santa Cruz, Patagonia, Jan. 4, Tov. fi.M.S.c Beasrle.' 
1839 (C. Darwin), 

i. Ad. sk. Patagonia (Dr. Cunninghani). Sclater Coll. 
k. S 
ad. sk. Catamarca, Argentine Bepub- Sclater Coll. 
lie, Sept. 14, 1830 (K TT. 
White), 
Subsp. a. Phrygilus caniceps. 

Phrygilus caniceps, Burm. J. f. 0. 1801, p. 158 ; id. La-Plata JReis. 
h\p. 487 (1801); Gray, Band-L B. ii, p. 89, no. 7:317; Durnf. 
Ibis, 1878, p. 893. 
Phrygilus gayi (nee Eydouxfy Germ), TJ7iife7 P. Z. S. 1882, p. 599. 

Adult male. Similar to P. gayi, but rather larger, and distin


guished by the lower back and rump being of the same colour as 

the back, olive-yellow strongly washed with rich orange : the sides 

of the face and throat are of the same dark slate-colour as the crown ; 

the under surface is brilliant orange, the whole of the lower abdo


men conspicuously white, with a tinge of ashy isabelline on the lower 

flanks and sides of the vent; under tail-coverts entirely white : 

" upper mandible dark horn-colour, under mandible pale horn-colour, 

the tip rather darker; legs rufous brown, feet and claws black, 

the under surface lighter - iris light rufous " (If. Dumford). Total 

length 6-4 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*05, tail 2*5, tarsus 0-85. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but slightly larger and per


haps a little more yellow underneath : " beak, legs, and feet horn


colour with a touch 
of lavender, the upper mandible darkest; iris 

wood-brown " (H. Durnford). Total length &2 inches, culmen 0*55, 

wing 3*45, tail 2*4, tarsus 0*85. 

P. caniceps is in all probability only a seasonal stage of P . aldunatii, 
and is probably the same species in summer plumage. Like 
P. aldunatii, it has the rump exactly like the back, and both the latter 
and the breast are very richly coloured and of a brilliant orange. 
In P. caniceps only the lower abdomen is whitish, with a shade of 
isabelline brown on the lower flanks. 
Bah. Argentine Republic to Patagonia. 

a. 
$ imm. sk. Fuerte de Andalgala, CataSalvin-
Godman Coll. 
marca, Argentine Republic, 
Oct. 1,1880 (JB. W.White). 
b. £ 
ad.sk. Fuerte de Andalgala, Sept. 10, Sclater Coll. 
1880 (E. W. White). 
c. $ 
imm. sk. Chuput, Patagonia, March 28, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1878 (B. Dumford). 
d. $ 
ad. sk. Chuput, Sept. 5, 1877 (II. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Dumford). 
88 . PHRYGILUS. 
Subsp. /3. Phrygilus punensis. 

Phrygilus gayi (nee Eyd. $ Gervais), Tschudi, Faun. Peruan. p. 218 
(184o) j Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 520, 1880, p. 199 j Sol P. Z. S. 
1881, p. 486 j Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 32 (1886). 

Adult male. Similar to P. caniceps, but with a certain resemblance 
to the true P. gayi, in that the rump is slightly paler and 
clearer yellow than the back, but the latter scarcely approaches the 
orange-brown of P. gayi, but is on the contrary rich olive-yellow, 
with which the rump scarcely contrasts. The grey of the head and 
throat is darker in P. punensis than in P. gayi, and it has the 
tinge of isabelline, which is also seen on the ventral region of P. 
cankeps. It resembles P. gayi in the under tail-coverts being slaty 
grey, edged with white. Total length 6*7 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 4, 
tail 2*75, tarsus 1. ' 

Another bird from Tinta, presumably a male, is very much paler 
everywhere than the one described (also from Tinta), while another 
from the vicinity of Lima is scarcely to be told from P. aldmatii. 

Hab. Peru. 
a. 
b.
a$ ad. sk. 
Ad. sk. 
6 ad. sk. 
Andes of LiNation). 
Tinta, JuneWhitely). 
Tinta, Feb.
Whitely). 
ma, 
10, 
6, 
Peru 
1869 
1869 
(Prof. 
(H. 
(H. 
Sclater OolL 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Subsp. y. Phrygilus saturatus. 

Emberiza gayi (nee Eyd. §• Gerv.), UOrb. §* Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 
1837, p. 75. 
Phrygilus atriceps (nee JD'Orb.), Sel. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 985; 
Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 34 (1886). 
Phrygilus caniceps (nee Burm.). SaMrij Cat, StricJcl. Coll. p. 227 
(1882). 

Adult male. Similar to P. punensis, but with a much darker 
slaty-grey head, orange-brown back (approaching that of P. atriceps), 
the rump brighter yellow, in evident contrast to the mantle and 
back. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0'65, wing 3*75, tail 2*7, 
tarsus 1. 

This is a form of P. punensis, intermediate between that race and 

P. atriceps, to which it shows such close affinities that it is probable 
that a complete link will be found to connect P. punensis and P. 
atriceps. A bird marked " female " by Mr. Whitely, from Chiuata, 
Peru, is very nearly as black on the head as Bolivian specimens of 
true P. atriceps. 
Hah. Bolivia and Western Peru* 

a. Ad. sk. Tilotilo, Bolivia (C, Buckley), Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Type of P. saturates.) 
b. Ad. sk, Bolivia. Mr. Bridges [C.]. 
VOL. XII. 3 E 
786 
PEINGILLIDJE. 

o. Ad. sk. Bolivia (D. Forbes). 
Sclater Coll. 
d. Ad. sk. Cliiuata, Western Peru, July Sclater Coll 
19,1867 (H. Whitely). 
3. Phrygilus atriceps. 
Emberiza atriceps, If Orb. # Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1837, p. 76 ; 17 Or£. 

Toy. ^wer. ifcfentf., Ois. p. 363,pl. 47. fig. 2 (1839). 

Euapiza atriceps, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 876 (1844). 

Phrygilus atriceps, Cab. Arch. f. Naturg. x. p. 200 (1S44); Bp. 

Consp. i. p. 477 (1850) ; Scl Cat. Amer. B. p. 110 (1S62); <9r«//, 
JS&WKJ-Z. £. ii. p. 89, no. 7312 (1870); Scl. § Sale. Nomenel. Ai\ 
Neotr. p. 31 (1873); Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm*, x. p. 435 
(1887). 

Adult General colour above orange-brown, the lower back and 

rump yellow; scapulars like the back; lesser wing-coverts dark 

slaty grey; median and greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-

coverts, and quills black, edged with slaty grey, whitish at the ends 

of the greater series; upper tail-coverts black, the long ones edged 

with slaty grey; tail-feathers black, with ashy margins ; crown of 

head and nape black, as also the lores, sides of face, ear-co\ errs, 

cheeks, and throat; sides of neck and under surface of body deep 

orange-yellow, the centre of the breast and abdomen bright yellow, 

whiter on the vent; thighs dark slaty grey, with ashy margins ; 

under tail-coverts black, broadly tipped with white ; under wing-

coverts white, with slaty-grey edges; axillaries bright yellow; quills 

below dusky brown, fringed with ashy whitish along the inner edge : 

'•'bill slate-colour; feet and legs black; iris light brown*' (H. 

Rowland, MSB.). Total length 5-Q inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*6, 

tail 2-5, tarsus 0*9. 

Adult female. Olive-brown, a little more olive on the lower back 

and rump ; wings and tail-feathers brown with ashy margins ; head 

brown, with dusky centres to the feathers ; over the eye an ashy-

brown shade; sides of face and throat isabelline-brown ; the latter 

mottled with black centres to the feathers ; breast dull orange-yellow, 

a little paler on the lower breast; the abdomen and under tail-coverts 

white, the latter with dusky centres. Total length &5 inches, 

culmen 0*6, wing 3*65, tail 2*4, tarsus 1*05. 

Hab. Bolivia and Peru. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Iquique, Peru (H. Boxcland). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b. $ ad. sk. Tarapaca, Bolivia (Baymer). Sclater Coll. 
c. d ; d, e. $ ad. Bolivia ( W. Bridges). Sclater Cull, 
sk. 
/. <f ad. sk. Bolivia. W. Bridges [C.]. 

4. Phrygilus melanoderas. 
Emberiza melanodera, 
Quoy fy Gaim. Voy. ' Uranie,' ZooL i. p. 109 
(1824)#; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 377 (1844). 
Chlorospiza melanodera, Darwin, Voy.i Beagle,' Birds, p. 95, pi. 32 
(1841) ; Gay, Faun. Chile, ZooL i. p. 354 (1847). 

88. PHRYGILUS. 
787 

Melanodera typica, Bp. Consp. i. p. 470 (1850) • Gould, P. Z. S. 
1859, p. 9o". 
Phrygilus melanoderns, Scl P. Z. S. 1860, p. 385 ; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, 

p. 153; Sal. Cat. Amer. B. p. Ill (1802) ; id.$ Salv. J5w, 1808, 
p. 186; Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 00, no. 7320 (1870) ; Sol. Sf Salv. 
Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 31 (1873); Sol Rep. Voy. ' Challenger} ii. 
Birds, p. 100 (1881). 
Adult male. General colour above yellowish green, a little lighter 
on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts; wing-coverts 
brighter olive-yellow, with grey tips to the median and greater 
coverts ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts dusky brown, edged with 
grey; quills dusky brown, edged with olive-}ellow, brighter on the 
primaries ; centre tail-feathers yellowish green, the remainder dusky 
brown, edged with yellowish green; the outer feathers yellow, with a 
dusky mark at the end of the outer web, the penultimate feather with a 
long dusky mark along the end of the inner web, mucb increasing 
in extent on the next feather, where the yellow is confined to the 
outer web and a small portion of the inner one ; crown of head and 
hind neck ashy grey; lores black, surmounted by a short white eyebrow 
; eyelid black, with a streak of white below joined to the 
cheeks; ear-coverts dark ashy grey; cheeks white, extending backwards 
on to the sides of the neck• throat black, followed by a pale 
yellow collar; sides of neck pale ashy grey; under surface of body 
from the fore neck downwards dull yellow; sides of breast dark 
ashy grey; lower abdomen ashy whitish; sides of body grey, the 
flanks with a few indistinct dusky stripes; thighs ashy white; 
under tail-coverts pale yellowish; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
yellow, like the breast; quills below dusky, yellow along the inner 
web. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 3*55, tail 24, 

tarsus 0*85. 

The winter plumage of the adult male only differs from the summer 
plumage in having the whole of the feathering obscured by ashy or 
ashy brown ; the back is ashy brown, strongly mottled with black 
centres to the feathers; the greater coverts and inner secondaries 
tipped with whitish grey on the outer web; the black throat obscured 
by ashy tips to the feathers; and the yelLow of the under 
surface obscured by grey margins to the feathers. 

The trace of winter plumage occasionally seen on summer specimens 
seems to indicate that the full plumage is assumed by the 
abrasion or wearing off of the tips to the feathers, instead of by a 
direct moult. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
brown, rather more reddish on the lower back and rump, strongly 
mottled with black centres to the feathers; scapulars like the back; 
lesser wing-coverts olive-yellow; median and greater coverts dusky 
brown, externally washed with yellowish olive, the latter with 
brown, both series being tipped with white; bastard-wing dark 
brown, narrowly edged with whitish; primary-coverts and quills 
brown, edged with olive-yellow, brighter on the primaries, the 
secondaries margined with brown, whitish towards their ends; 

3E2 

788 
FRINGILLIDJE. 

upper tail-coverts lighter brown, with dark brown centres; tail-
feathers dark brown, edged with whity brown, the outer ones with 
yellow; the outermost feather entirely pale yellow, with brown 
shaft widening at the tip, and a long brown mark along the inner 
web; head like the back, but a little more reddish brown; lores 
whitish; ear-coverts and cheeks dark brown, with narrow dusky 
shaft-lines; throat dull white ; sides of neck light brown, streaked 
with black; remainder of under surface of body pale yellow, streaked 
with grey; breast brown, tinged with yellow and streaked with 
black; abdomen and under tail-coverts dull white, the latter with 
brown shaft-streaks; sides of body and flanks whity brown, broadly 
streaked with black and tinged with rufous-brown; thighs whity 
brown; under wing-coverts and axillaries yellow; quills below 
ashy, whitish along the inner web. Total length 6 inches, culmen 
0-55, wing 3*55, tail 2*35, tarsus 0*85. 

The adult female in winter plumage appears to differ from the 

summer plumage in being everywhere lighter and in having pale 

sandy-buff edges to the feathers of the back, and white margins to 

the inner secondaries; a light eyebrow of whity brown streaked 

with dark brown is more or less conspicuous; the under surface is 

similar at both seasons of the year, but the streaks are not so 

broadly developed in winter. 

The young bird in winter appears to resemble the adult female, 

but is more uniformly reddish brown above and below, with an 

absence of yellow on the under surface of the body. 

It is very difficult to determine the changes of plumage in this 
species, as none of the specimens in the Museum have authentic 
dates attached, or the sexes properly determined by dissection. 

Hah. Falkland Islands; Patagonia. 

a,b,tf; e g Falkland Islands (Zeconte). Sclater Coll. 
ad. sk. 

d. $ ad. sk. Falkland Islands. Sclater Coll. 
e,f* 6 2 ad. sk. Falkland Islands. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ffyh. <$ 5 ad. sk, Falkland Islands. Tweeddale Coll 
i. 
<$ ad.; k. J Falkland Islands. Admiral Fitzroy [P.]. 
imm. sk. 
/, m. (S ad. n. Falkland Islands. Antarctic Expedition. 
2 ad. sk, 

o. Imm. sk. Falkland Islands. Zoological Society. 
p. 
S imm. sk. Falkland Islands. Voy.BLY.S.' Rattlesnake.' 
q. t $ ad. sk. Port Louis, Falkland Islands. Antarctic Expedition. 
r, s. <$ J ad. sk. Berkeley Sound,EastFalklands. Antarctic Expedition. 
t $ ad. sk. Falkland Islands. Yoj. H.1LS. < Challenger. 
' 
u, v. cf ad. sk. Straits of Magellan. Oapt King [0.]. 
to, x. (S $ ad. sk. Santa Cruz, Patagonia (C. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Darwin), 

88. PHRYtflLTJS.
5. Phrygilus xauthogrammus. 
Chlorospiza xanthogranrma, Gray in Darwin's Voy. i Beagle! Birds, 
p. 196, pi. 23 (1841) ; Gay, Faun. Chile, Zool i. p. 354 (1847). 
Emberiza xantliogramma, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 377 (1844). 
Melanodera xantliogramma, Bp. Consp. i. p. 470 (1850): Gould, 
P. Z.S. 1859, p. 95. 
Phrygilus xanthograrnmus, ScL P. Z, S. 1860, p. 385 ; id. § Salv. Ibis, 
1808, pp. 185, 186 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 90, no. 7321 (1870); 
Salv. Cat Strickl. Coll. p. 228 (1882). 

Adult. General colour above bluish grey, with a slight tinge of 
yellow here and there on the head and back; lesser wing-coverts 
olive-yellow; median and greater coverts, bastard-wing, and primary-
coverts olive-yellow edged with grey; quills dusky brown, 
externally olive-yellow, the inner secondaries edged with grey; the 
primaries hoary towards the end; upper tail-coverts grey, like the 
back; tail-feathers dusky brown edged with grey; the outer feathers 
for the most part white, yellow externally, with a mark of dark 
brown along the end of the outer web, increasing in extent towards 
the centre of the tail, and occupying the greater part of the inner 
web as well; crown of head like the back, with a line of bright 
yellow along the base of the forehead, extending backwards and 
forming an eyebrow ; lores black; eyelid yellow; ear-coverts bluish 
grey washed with olive-yellow, especially below the eye* cheeks 
yellow, forming a moustachial streak, which becomes paler posteriorly 
and joins a collar of pale yellow below the throat, which is 
black; sides of neck bluish grey; fore neck, breast, and sides of 
body bluish grey, mixed with olive-yellow; abdomen white, as also 
the under tail-coverts ; thighs bluish grey ; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries pale yellow; quills below dusky; inner edge of quills 
ashy or yellowish ashy. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 4, 
tail 2*7, tarsus 0*8. 

The specimen described has a slight tinge of yellow here and 
there on the upper surface. This is more distinctly shown on 
another specimen from Hermit Island, and a third, from the same 
locality, has the whole of the upper surface of the body olive-
yellowish, including the wings and the sides of face, sides of neck, 
and breast; in fact it is yellowish where the other bird is grey. 
The eyebrow, cheeks, abdomen, and under tail-coverts are brighter 
yellow. 

This yellow-bellied bird has the appearance of being very distinct 
from P. melanoderus, and if it were peculiar to Hermit Island 
it would be a very recognizables pecies. Two specimens, however, 
are in the Museum from the Ealklands ; and one of them in the 
Sclater Collection is apparently a hybrid between P melanoderus 
and P. xantliogramma. It is evident, therefore, that a much larger 
amount of material must be collected and examined before a proper 
understanding of these two species can be arrived at. 

Hah. Falkland Islands ; Patagonia and Chili. 

790 FKIKGILLID.3S. 
a. Ad. sk.
b. (J irnm. sk.
c. S ad.sk. 
Falkland Islands. 
Falkland Islands. 
Hermit Island. 
Antarctic Expedition. 
J. Macgillivray, Esq. [P.], 
Antarctic Expedition. 
(Type of species.) 
cl S ad. sk. S. Martin's Core, Hermit Antarctic Expedition. 

Island. 

e. Juv. sk. Tierra del Fuego (C. Dai*- Voy.H.M.S.< Beagle/ 
loin), 
f. Ad. sk. Chili. T. Edmunds [C.]. 
8. Pkrygilus fruticeti 
Fiingilla fruticeti, EM.S). 
Eiqif. Tog. p. 18, pi. 23. iig. 1 (1832 
Fringilla erythrorkyncha, Less. IJInst, ii. p. 310 (1834). 
Emberiza luctuosa, Eydoux § Gerv. Mag. tie Zool. Ifc30, Aues, p. 24f 

pi. 71. 

*u.a-«-^t«cW ^v.u. ... r. _ . K-.—,, «... -- ~. p. ~ 


(1862); ?*d. §• Salv.P. Z. S. 1807, p. 9&3, 180J), p. K>2 ; Gray, 
lland-l. B. ii. p. 80, no. 7319 (lb70) ; iScl. $ Salv. Eomend. At\ 

Eutpiza fruticeti, 6VY/?/, G-VW. -6'. ii. p. Si(S (1M4). 
Cblorospiza erythrorhynca, Gay, Htst. Chile, Zool i. p. 3~>^ (18-J 
Rhopospina fruticeti, "Cfli. Mus. Htin. Tli. i. p. 135 (lfcoO). 


^3UM wafc. General colour above slaty grey, the mantle and 
upper back streaked with black; the lower back and rump uniform ; 
lesser wing-coverts ashy grey ; median coverts black, with, a large 
white spot at the end of the outer web; greater coverts black, edged 
with ashy, with a smaller white spot at the end of the outer web; 
bastard-wing black, fringed with white near the end; primary-coverts 
and quills black, edged with ashy grey, more hoary on the primaries ; 
upper tail-coverts ashy like the back, with lighter grey edges ; tail-
feathers black, edged with ashy grey, the outer ones narrowly fringed 
with white at the ends; crown of head slaty grey, the feathers rather 
broadly centred "with black; the hind neck more minutely spotted ; 
lores and feathers round eye black ; eyelid white above and belowT; 
ear-coverts ashy grey, as also the cheeks, sides of neck, and under 
surface of the body; fore part of cheeks, throat, and fore neck black, 
the chest also slightly mottled with black; lower breast and abdo


men white ; sides of body and flanks slaty grey washed with brown; 
thighs slaty grey; under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries pale slaty grey; quills below dusky, ashy along the 
inner edge: " bill flesh-colour with a tinge of yellow ; legs darker 
flesh-colour, toes light brown; iris wrood-brown,? (If. Durnford). 
Total length &b inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3-8, tail 2-9, tarsus 0*85. 

In seasonal plumage all the feathers of the upper surface are obscured 
by brown edges, and the black of the throat by ashy-grey 
margins; lores, eyelid, and a narrow line along the cheeks white": 
the grey margins on the wings and tail broader and more conspicuous, 
and the latter distinctly edged with ashy round the tips. 

Hob. Andes of Chili and Patagonia, extending to Peru and Bolivia. 

88 . PHRIGILUS. 
a. 2 ad. sk. 
b. Pull, sk. 
c. $ ad. sk. 
(1 Ad. sk. 
e. d ad. sk. 
Imm. sk. 
9-? ad. sk. 
*, i 2 ad. sk. 

/• 

k. <$ ad. sk. 
L JUT. sk. 

m,. $ ad. sk. 

n. Ad. &k. 
0. $ ad. sk. 
P-(S ad. sk. 

q. (S ad. sk. 
r. Imm. sk. 
Chili. 
Chili (Leybold). 
Chili. 
Chili (D. C. Heed). 
Coquimbo, Chili, Aug. 25; 1879 


(Dr. Coppinger). 
Coquimbo, June (Dr. Coppinger). 
Coquimbo (C. Bar win). 
Rio Negro (TV. II. Hudson). 
Ckuput, Patagonia, Sept. 20, 

1877. 
Santa Cruz, Patagonia (C. 
Darwin). 
Andes o'f Lima, Peru (W. 
Nation). 
Arequipa, Peru, May 30 (H. 
Whitely). 

Arequipa, Peru, March. 25, 
1868 (H. Wliitely). 
Chiuata, S.W. Peru, July 19, 

1867 (If. IF.). 
Iquique, Peru (II Rowlands). 
Tilotilo, Bolivia (C. Buckley). 

Mr. Bridges [C.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Voy. H.M.S. < Alert.' 

Voy. H.M.S. 'Alert.' 
Voy. B.M.S.'Beagle.' 
Sclater Coll. 

11. 
Durnford, Esq. 
[G.]-
Voy. 1I.M.S.'Beagle.' 

Sclater Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Sclater Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

7. Phrygilus carbonarius. 
Emberiza carbonaria, D'Orb. 8f Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1837, p. 79 j 
UOrb. Voy. Amir. Mind., Ois. p. 561, pi xv. fig. 2 (1835-44). 
? Fringilla carbonaria, Darwin, Voy.' Beagle/ Birds, p. 94 (1841). 
Euspiza carbonaria, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. o70 (1844). 
Phrygilus carbonarius, Bp. Consp. i. p. 476 (1850); Burm. Th. 
Bras. iii. p. 233, note (lb56); id. La-Plata Beis. ii. p. 487 (1861). 
Adult male. General colour above ashy grey, "with, blackish 
centres to the feathers of the mantle and back, where the plumage 
is more or less edged with brown ; rump nearly uniform brown: 
lesser wing-coverts slaty grey; median and greater coverts black, 
rather broadly edged with slaty grey, whiter on the border of the 
median series; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills also 
black or blackish brown, edged with slaty grey or lighter brown, 
the margins of the primaries more hoary; upper tail-covcrts slaty 
grey, with blackish-brown centres; tail-feathers black, with pale 
brown margins to the centre ones, the outermost with a fringe of 
white on the outer web ; crown of head like the back, and similarly 
streaked ; lores black, as also the extreme base of the forehead; 
feathers round eye and sides of face black * ear-coverts slaty grey, 
black anteriorly ; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body black, 
from the chin to the vent; sides of body and flanks ash) grey, 
washed with brown and streaked with black; thighs slaty grey; 
under tail-coverts white with black bases ; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries black, slightly edged with slaty grey; quills below 

blackish brown, ashy along the inner edge. Total length 5*5 inches, 
culmen 0*45, wing 2*9, tail 2*4, tarsus 0*75. 
Hub. Western Argentine Republic to Bolivia. 

a. $ 
ad. sk. Sierra de Mendoza, Jan. 1858 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Dr. Burmeister). 
792 TKINGILLID-SET. 

8. Phrygilus unicolor. 
Emberiza unicolor, D'Orb. § Lafr. Mag. tie ZooL 1837, p. 79. 

Phr^giks unicolor, Cab. Arch. f.Kattirg.x. p. 290(1844); Jard. Contr. 
Orn. 1849, p. 44, pi. 20; Bp. Consp. i. p. 376 (1850) ; Tsehudi §Cab. 
Faun. Peruan. p. 219 (1855); ScL JP.Z. S. 1860, p. 76; id. 
Cat. Amer. B. p. 110 (1862^ id. § Salv. P. Z.S. 1870, p. 785; 
Wi/att, Ibis, 1871, p. 128; ScL $ Salv. Komencl AT. Xeotr. p. 31 
(1873); Salv. $ Godm. Ibis, 1880, p. 122; Salv. Cat StrickL 
Coll. p. 228 (1882); Berl $ Tacz. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 85; Sale. 

P. Z. S. 1886, p. 397. 
Phrygilus rusticus, Cab. Arch. f. Katurg. x. p. 290 (1844); Burm, 
Th Bras. iii. p. 233 (1856) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 69, no. 7315 
(1870); Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 38 (1880). 

Euspiza unicolor, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 17 (1844). 
Euspiza rustica, Gray, t. c. p. 17 (1844). 
PasseTculus geospizopsis, Bp. C. P. xxxvii, p. 921 (1853); ScL 


P.Z.S. 1856, p. 306. 
Phrygilus geospizopsis, ScL P. Z. S. 1855, p. 160; id. Cat. Amer. B. 
p. 110 (1862). 
Chlorospiza plumbea, Philippi 8f Landb. Arch. f. Katurg. 18C4, 
p. 47, 
Adult male. General colour above uniform slaty grey; lesser 
wing-coverts like the back; median and greater coverts, bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, edged with ashy grey, 
lighter and more hoary on the primaries ; tail-feathers black, edged 
with ashy grey; sides of face and under surface uniform slaty grey, 
rather paler than the back ; under wing-coverts and axillaries like 
the breast; quills blackish below, ashy along the inner edge: 
u bill nearly black ; legs light brown; feet dark brown ; iris hazel *' 


(L. Fraser). Total length 5*7 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3*6, tail 2*4, 
tarsus 0*9. 
Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
brown, broadly streaked with black down the centre of the. feathers, 
the rump and upper tail-coverts ashy grey, trie latter with dusky 
centres to the feathers; lesser wing-coverts ashy grey; median and 
greater coverts black, edged with ashy grey, whitish towards the 
ends, browner on the inner greater coverts, which are like the 
inner secondaries; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, 
edged with ashy or whity brown, especially the inner secondaries: 
tail-feathers blackish, edged with ashy grey; crown of head like the 
back, and streaked with black like the back; lores ashy whitish; 
feathers round eye white ; ear-coverts and sides of face light ashy, 
slightly streaked with dusky, the fore part of the cheeks whitish; 
throat light ashy, whiter on the chin ; lower throat, fore neck, and 
under surface of body dull ashy white, broadly streaked with 
blackish brown ; abdomen whiter; sides of body and flanks washed 
with brown and broadly streaked with black ; thighs white; under 
tail-coverts white, with dusky blackish centres; under wing-
coverts and axillaries ashy grey, with lighter ashy bases ; quills 
below dusky brown, ashy along the inner edge. Total length 6*2 
inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3*7, tail 2*6, tarsus 1. 

88. PHRYGILUS. 
Young male. Similar to the old female, and similarly streaked 
above, but not so" heavily streaked below. The uniform grey 
plumage seems to be gradually assumed, apparently by a moult and 
not by a change of the feather. 

Specimens from the northern parts of South America seem to be 
decidedly smaller than those from Peru and Chili, as will be seen 
from the dimensions of the wing in the males from the folio wing 
localities:— 

Venezuela .. . wing 3*2 inches. 
New Granada.. 3-00-3*4 „ 
Ecuador 3-35-3-7 „ 
Peru 3-4 „ 
Bolivia 3-40-3-65 „ 
Chili 3-45-3-8 „ 

Hah. Andes of Chili and Bolivia to Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, 
and Venezuela. 

a. [d1] ad. sk. Straits of Magellan. The Admiralty [P.]. 
b. [5jad.sk. Chili. 
Sclater Coll. 
c. cl d 2 ad. sk. Santiago, Chili (Landbech). Sclater Coll. 
e,f. d ad. sk. Mendoza. Herr Weisshaupt 
[O.l. 
g, h. $ 2 ad. sk-Pampas Argentinas (Leybold). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
i, k. <$ ad. sk. Bolivia (Bridges). Sclater Coll. 
/. d ad. sk. Bolivia (D. Forbes). Sclater Coll. 


m. <$ ad. sk. Junin, Peru (Jelski). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
n. 5 ad. sk. Ninarapa, Peru (Jelski). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
o. 
d ad.; p. Panza, Ecuador, Jan. 1859 (X. Sclater Coll. 
[d juv.lsk. Fraser). 
q. d ad. sk. Ecuador, 
J. Gould, Esq. 
r. S ad. sk. Ecuador. 
Purchased. 
s. d ad. sk. -Quito, Ecuador. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
t, u. d ? ad. sk. Sical, Ecuador (X. Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
v. 2 ad. sk. Ecuador (L. Fraser). Sclater Coll. 
w. d ad. sk. Bogota, Colombia. Purchased. 
.r, y. d 2 ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll. 
a. 3 ad. sk. Bogota (G. Croiother). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
a'. <S ad. sk. Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta Sclater Coll. 
(F. Simons). 
b', c'. d ad.; d\ Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e'. d imm. sk. July 1879 (F. Simons). 
/' . r? ad. sk. Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sept. 14,1879 (F. Simons). 
g'. 2 ad. s^-New Granada. Purchased. 
h'9 i\ d ? ad. sk. Merida, Venezuela (A. Goering). Purchased. 

9. Phrygilus alaudinus. 
Fringilla alaudina, Kittl Evpf. Tog. p. 18, pi. 23. fig. 2 (1832). 
Emberiza guttata, Mei/en, Nova Acta Acad. Leap. xvi. Suppl. p. 85, 
pi. 12. fig. 1 (1834)-'D'OS. SfLafr. Mag de Zool. 1837, p. 78. 

794 mimiLLivM. 

Passerina guttata, Eydoux 8r Oerv. Mag. de Zool 1836, p. 22, pi. 70. 
Clilorospiza alaudina, Gay, Faun. Chile, Zool. p. 857 (1847). 
Euspiza alaudina, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 376 (1844). 
Pkrygilus alaudinus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 476 (1850); Cab. Mus. Eein. 


Th. i. p. 135(1850); Burm. Th. Bras. iv. p. 233. note (1856); 
Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 552, I860, p. 87; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. Ill 
(1882) ; id. J- Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 985, 1868, p. 508; Gray, 
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 89, no. 7313 (1870); Scl. $ Saiv. Xomencl Av. 
Xeotr. p. 31 (1873); Sal*. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 421; Berl $ Tacz. 

P. Z. S. 1884, p. 294, 1885, p. 85; Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 35 
(1886). . 
Phrygilus guttatus, Lickt. Xomencl. Av. Berol. p. 43 (1854). 

Adult male. General colour above bluish grey, the feathers of 
the mantle and upper back broadly streaked with Mack; lower 
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform bluish grey; lesser 
wing-coverts uniform bluish grey; median coverts blackish, externally 
grey; greater coverts blackish, edged with hoary grey, or 
whitish ashy; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, 
edged with bluish grey, more hoary on the primaries and browner 
on the inner secondaries; tail-feathers blackish, all but the two 
centre ones with a large white band across the greater part of the 
inner web, the outer feathers also fringed with white at the ends; 
crown of head uniform bluish grey, as also the bides of the head, 
ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, sides of neck, and fore neck ; lores, 
feathers below the eye, and fore part of cheeks black ; breast and 
abdomen white ; sides of body and flanks bluish grey ; thighs "white, 
ashy grey posteriorly ; under tail-coverts white; under wing-eovcrt& 
and axillaries bluish grey ; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner 
edge; bill yellowish brown ; legs and toes light chrome-yellow; iris 
dark brown. Total length om5 inches, oilmen 0*5, wing 2*11, tail 2, 
tarsus 0*85. 

In seasonal plumage the adult male is altogether browner on the 
upper surface, the feathers of the head and back broadly centred 
with blackish brown; rump and upper tail-coverts uniform, bluish 
grey; sides of face and under surface of body as in the bird 
described above, but the flanks light brown, sometimes narrowly 
streaked with dusky brown, but more often uniform. The brown 
on the head rapidly disappears, bat remains on the mantle for some 
long time; so that birds with the grey back, streaked with black 
only, are rare in collections. 
Hah. Andes of Chili and Peru to Ecuador. 

a. S ad. sk.
b. $ ad. sk. 
Chili. 
Chili. 
Lord Byron [C.]. 
Purchased. 
c. d. $ $ ad. sk. Chili. Sclater Coll. 
e. 6 ad. sk. Chili (JS. C. Reed). Salvin-Godinan Coll. 
f,ff. 6 $ ad. sk.
h. <$ ad. &k.
i. cS ad. sk. 
Coquirnbo, Chili, Nov. 1881(A. 1L Markham). 
Lima, Peru ( W. Xation). 
May, Peru, Sept. 25, 1867(.fir. Whitdy). 
Salvm-Godman Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 

88 . PHJEtYGILTTS. 
795 

k. S ad. sk. Iblay, May 10, 1867 (H. W.). Sclater Coll. 
I, m. S 
ad.et juv. Arequipa, Peru, July 2, 1867 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk (H. W.). 

n. (S ad. sk. Huanta, Peru (Jelski). Sclater Coll. 
o. J ad. sk. Biobaniba, Ecuador, Dec. 1858 Sclater Coll. 
{L. Fraser). 
p. $ ad. sk. Punin, Ecuador, June 1858 Sclater Coll. 
(L. Fraser). 
q, r. $ ad. sk. Sieal, Ecuador (C. Buckley). Salvin-G-odman Coll. 
$tt* 6 $ ad. &t. Valparaiso (C. JUarioin). Voy.H.M.S'Beagle.' 
10. PhrygHus plebeius. 
Phrygilus plebeius, Cab. Arch. f. Naturg. x. p. 290 (1844); Bp, 
Co/tsp. i. p. 476 (1850); Tschudi § Cab. Faun. Peruan., Aves, p. 219, 
pi. 19. fig. 1 (1855) ; Sol P. Z. S. 1860, p. 87; id. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 
18&5, p. 568 j Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 89, no. 7316 (1870); Scl $ 
8ah. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 31 (1873); Berl. $ Taoz. P. Z. S. 
1884, p. 294,- Tacz. Orn. PSroit, iii. p. 39 (1884),- Scl. P. Z. S. 
1886, p. 397. 

Plirygilus ocularis {nee Scl), Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 520,1879, p. 229, 
1882, p. 17. 

Adult male. General colour above ashy brown, all the feathers 
broadly centred with black, producing a streaked appearance; lower 
back and rump more ashy grey, the black centres less distinct; 
lesser wing-coverts ashy grey; median coverts blackish, rather 
broadly edged with ashy grey ; greater coverts blackish, externally 
brown, ashy whitish towards the ends; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills blackish brown, edged with ashy grey, more 
hoary on the primaries; upper tail-coveits slaty grey, the long ones 
black with ashy edges ; tail-feathers blackish brown, margined w7ith 
ashy brown; crown of head and hind neck like the back, and 
mottled like the latter, the mesial spots being smaller; lores and a 
narrow eyebrow pale ashy grey, the latter decidedly lighter; eyelid 
white; feathers below the eye and car-coverts ashy brown, with a 
hoary shade on the former; cheeks, throat, and under surface of 
body pale ashy grey, inclining to ashy brown on the sides of neck, 
fore neck, breast, and abdomen, the latter becoming whiter towards 
the vent; sides of body, flanks, and thighs brown; under tail-
coverts white; under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy grey, with 
whitish edges; quills below dusky brown, ashy along the inner 
edge. Total length 5*4 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 3, tail 2, 
tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but rather more coarsely 
streaked with black above; the ear-coverts browner and not so 
ashy as in the male ; under surface pale ashy, browner on the 
sides of the body, which are narrowly streaked with blackish 
brown ; the fore neck and sides of upper breast distinctly streaked 
\\ ith blackish brown. 

Young male. Greatly resembles the old female, but is more 
thickly streaked with blackish brown on the throat and remainder 

796 
FRINGILLID3E. 

of under surface, and has also the under tail-coverts streaked down 
the centre. 
Hah. Western Argentine Republic to Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador. 

a. 2 ad. sk. Pampas Axgentm&s (Leybold). Salvln-Godman CoU. 
b, c. 3 § ad. sk. Mendoza. Heir Weisshaupt 
rci 

d. J ad.sk. Mendoza (Weisshaupt). Sclater Coll. 
e. $ ad. sk. Mendoza (Weisshaupt). Saivin-Godman Coll. 
/ . Ad. sk. Bolivia. Mr. Bridges. 
g. 
<$ ad. sk. Tarapaca, Feb. 5, 1886 (Ray- Sclater Coll. 
mer). 
h. J ad. sk. Lima, Peru (W. Nation). Sclater Coll. 
i. tf ad. sk. Arequipa, Peru, Feb. 27,1868. Henry Whitely [0.1 
k.L 
6 2 ad. sk. Arequipa, Feb. 19, 18(58 (H. Sclater Coll. 
W.). 
m. 6 ad. sk. Tinta, Peru, May 4, 1868 Sclater Coll. 
(H. W.). 
n. <5 ad. sk. Tinta, May 4 (H. W.). Saivin-Godman Coll. 
11. Phrygilus ocularis. 
Phrygilus ocularis, Scl P. Z. S. 1858, pp. 454, 552, pi. 43; id. Cat. 
Amer. B. p. Ill (1862); Gray, Kand-l B. ii. p. 80, no. 7134 
(1870); Scl Sf Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neoir. p. 31 (1873) ; Tacz. 
Orn. Perou, iii. p. 40 (1880). 

Adult male. Similar to P. plebeitis^ but rather smaller, and with a 

whitish mark above the lores; the throat, centre of breast, and 

abdomen pure white, as weU as the thighs : " bill, legs, and feet 

yellow; iris hazel" (L. Fraser). Total length 4*8 inches, culmen 

0-4, wing 2-65, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-7. 

I have not seen a grey-plumaged female, the birds so marked in 

the collection being all streaked on the under surface. In this 

streaked plumage there is a visibly paler appearance than in the 

corresponding stages of P. pleheius. 

The white eyelid, from which the species is named, is not a 

distinctive character, as P. pleheius has it also, but the latter bird 

is ashy above the lores, and shows no white mark. P. ocularis is 

distinctly whiter below; but the two species are very closely allied. 

Hah. Ecuador and Peru. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Ecuador. L. Fraser [C.]. 
h, c. <5 $ ad. sk. Cuenca, Ecuador (L. Fraser). Sclater Coll. (Types 
of species.) 
d, e. tf ? ad. sk. Sical, Ecuador ( C. Buckley). Salvin-Godruan Coll. 
ftff> 6 $ ad. sk. Ecuador. Sclater Coll. 

12. Phrygilus erythro&otus. 
Chlorospiza erythxonota, Phitypi fy Landb. Arch. f. Naturg. 1863, 

Fringilla erytbronota, Gray, Sand-l B. ii. p. 84, no. 7230 (1870). 

89. IDIOPSAR. 
797 
Sycalis erythronota, 861. Ibis, 1872, p. 48; Tacz. Orn. Pirou, iii. 

p. 62(1886). 
Phrygilus dorsalis, Cab. J, f. 0.1883, p. 109. 
Adult. General colour above chestnut, including the scapulars; 
the rump and upper tail-coverts slaty grey, slightly washed with 
chestnut; lesser wing-coverts slaty grey; median and greater 
coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, edged with 
slaty grey, the primaries with hoary whitish, the inner greater 
coverts and inner secondaries broadly edged with chestnut; tail-
feathers dusky brown, edged with ashy ; crown of head and hind 
neck slaty grey; lores ashy whitish; feathers round eye and 
ear-coverts ashy brown, with whitish shaft-lines; cheeks and 
throat whitish ; fore neck and breast ashy grey ; lower breast and 
abdomen, sides of body, flanks, and under tail-coverts isabelline or 
creamy white: thighs browner; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
abhy grey, rather hoary towards the ends; quills below dusky 
brown, ashy whitish along the inner edge. Total length 6'5 inches, 

culmen 0*6, wing 3*95, tail 2*6, tarsus 0*95. 
Bab. Tucuman to Andes of Southern Peru. 
a. Ad, sk.
b. Ad. sk. 
Cerro Voyo, Tucuman (8chdz). 
Tucuman (Schick). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 

89. IDIOPSAE. 
Type. 
Idiopsar, Cassin, Proc. Philad. Acad, 1866, p. 414 I. brachyurus. 
Range. Bolivia. 

1. Idiopsar brachyurus. 
Idiopsar brachyurus, 
Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1866, p, 414; Sclater, 
lfc,1884,p. 240, pi. vii. 
Scolecophagus brachyurus, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 39, no. 6543 
(1870). 

Entire plumage of the head and body bluish cinereous or 
plumbeous, darker on the upper parts, and lighter on the under-
parts,nearly white at the base of the under mandible: quills dark ashy 
brown, primaries edged externally with light ashy, nearly white; 
tail-feathers dark brown, nearly black, edged with light ashy. 
Lower abdomen or ventral region light ashy, nearly white. Pill dark 
horn-colour, under mandible lighter, especially at the base. Tarsi 
and toes light brown. Total length about 7^ inches, wing 4, tail 2| , 
bill 1. (Cassin.) 

Bab. La Paz, Bolivia. 

798 
FKINGILLIDJE. 

90. SPODIORKIS. 
Spodiornis, Scl P. Z. S. 18G67 p. 323 S. jardinii. 
Range. Ecuador to Peru. 
1. Spodiornis jax&ML 
Spodiornis jardinii, 
ScL P. Z. S. I860, p. 323; id. § Salv. XomencL 
Av. Neotr. p. 31 (1873); Berl $ Tacz. P. Z. S. lbbo, p. 84. 
Coniro&truni jardinii, Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 120, no. 14D5 (1809). 

Adult male (type of species). Uniform slaty grey above: lesser 
wing-coverts like" the back : remainder of wing-coverts and quills 
and tail-feathers blackish, edged with slaty grey, more hoary on the 
primaries* sides of face and under surface of body uniform slaty 
grey, rather paler than the back, the under tail-coverts edged with 
white; under wing-coverts and axillaries slaty grey. Total length 
4*7 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*35, tail 1-8, tarsus 0*7. 

Adult fem'de. Different from the male. Uniform olive-brown 
above; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median coverts more slaty 
grey; greater coverts and quills dark brown, externally more 
reddish brown, especially on the secondaries; bastard-wing and 
primary-coverts uniform dark brown ; primaries and tail-feathers 
dark brown, with olive-brown margins; sides of face rather more 
ashy olive-brown ; under surface of body dinyy yellowi&h olive, more 
ashy on the throat; centre of breast and abdomen ashy grey; sides 
of body, Hanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts olive-brown, the latter 
with yellowish-white margins : under wing-coverts and axillaries 
like the breast. Total length 4*8 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2'7, tail 
1*7, tarsus 0*75. 

A younger bird in the Salvin-Godman Collection has the throat 
and fore neck spotted and streaked with dusky. 
Hab. Ecuador and Colombia. 

a. $ ad. sk.
h. 2 ad.sk. 
Ecuador (Jameson). 
Nanegal, Ecuador (X. JFraser), 
Sclater Coll.
of species.) 
Sclater Coll. 
(Type 
c. $ jun. sk.
d. S ad. sk. 
Quito, Ecuador. 
Bogota, U.S. Colombia. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

2. Spodiornis jelsMi, 
Cyanospiza sp. (?), Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 250. 
Spodiornis jelskii, Tacz. Orn. PSrou, iii. p. 42 (1886). 

Female. Above dusky brown with an olivaceous shade; below 
rufescent olive, the breast streaked with dusky ; under tail-coverts 
ochraceous with a brownish disk; wings and tail brownish black; 
greater wing-coverts and quills margined with rufous-brown. {Taczanowslci.) 


Hal. Ropaybamba, Peru (Jelski). 

91 . XENOSPINGUS. 799 
91. XENOSPINGUS. ^> m 
Type. 
Xenospingus, Cab. J.f. 0. 1867, p. 347 ..: X. concolor. 

Head of Xenospingus concolor. 

Range. Peru and Bolivia. 

1. Xenospingus concolor. 
Sylvia concolor, If Orb. $ Lafr. Syn. Av. p. 20 (1837); B'Orb. 

Voy. Amir. Merid., ZooL p. 216, pi. xviii. fig. 1 (1835-44). 
Trichas concolor, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 197 (1848). 
Xenospingus concolor, Cab. J. f. 0. 1867, p. 349; Scl. # Salv. 

P. Z. S. 1868, pp. 173, 569; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 30 
(1873) ; Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 26 (1886). 
Phrygilus concolor, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 90, no. 7372 (1870). 

Adult male. Uniform slaty grey above; wing-coverts like the 
back ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers dusky 
brown, edged with slaty grey, rather paler on the margins of the 
primaries; head like the back; lores blackish; upper and lower 
edge of eyelid white; ear-coverts, cheeks, and under surface of body 
light slaty grey, rather darker ashy grey on the sides of the body ; 
under tail-coverts ashy grey, with whitish margins ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries like the breast, very pale ashy along the edge 
of the wing; quills dusky below, pale ashy along the inner edge. 
Total length 6-3 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2-8, tail 2-95, tarsus 0-95. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 6-2 inches, 
culmen 0*5, wing 2m8, tail 2*75, tarsus 0*85 *. 

Young (?) female. Different from the male. Entirely brown 
above; wing-coverts and quills also brown, with paler edges to the 
median and greater coverts; tail-feathers brown; head brown, a 
little more ashy on the hind neck, sides of neck, and over the ear-
coverts ; eyelid whitish; ear-coverts brown ; under surface of body 
light brown, the throat rather more ashy; centre of the breast and 
abdomen whity brown, the flanks darker brown; the fore neck, 
breast, and sides of body indistinctly streaked with dusky brown ; 

* Mr. Henry "Whitely has marked a grey bird as the adult female; but I 
suspect that there is a mistake here, and that the bird I have described as the 
young is in reality the old female. 
PRINGILLIDJE. 

thighs brown; under tail-coverts white, with brown centres; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries whitish, with ashy bases to the 
feathers : quills dusky below, ashy along the inner edge. Total 
length 6-5 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2-65, tail 2S5, tarsus 0-9. 

ffab. Peru and Bolivia. 

a, b. 6 ad. sk. Tambo Valley, Peru, Oct. Henry Whitely [0.]. 
c,d. J; e. $ Tambo Valley, Oct. (H". Sclater Coll. 
ad. sk. Whitely). 
f}ff, j Jad.sk. Tambo Valley, Oct. (H. Salvm-Grudman Coll. 
Whitely), 

92. DIUCA. 
_ 
Type. 
Diuca, Reichenb. Ad. Syst. pL lxxviii. (1850) I), diuca. 
Hedyglossa, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 135 (1850) ... . D. diuca. 

Range. Patagonia and Chili to Bolivia and Peru. 

Key to the Species. 

a. With a patch of rufous on either side of the 
vent; outer tail-feathers with a large white 
terminal spot; no white patch on wing. 
a'. Larger; wing 3*2~;i*CJ inches diuca, p. 8(30. 
b\ Smaller; wing 3*1 inches minor, p. &01. 


b. With no rufous on the sides of the vent; no white 
spot on the outer tail-feathers; a large white 
patch on the primaries specuUfera, p. 802. 
1. Diuca diuca. 
Eringilla diuca, Molina, Saqgio Hist. Nat. Chili, p. 249 (1782) ; Gm. 
Syst. Nat. i. p. 915 (1788); Vieill N. Diet. cTIIist Nat. xii. p. 245 
(1817) ; JSyd. $ Gerv. May. de Zool 1836, p. 18, pL 09; Gay, 
Hist. Chile, Zool. p. 359 (1847). 

Dolichonyx grisea, Less. L Inst, ii. p. 316 (1834). 
Emberiza diuca, If Orb. 8f Lafr. May. de Zool. 1837, p. 77. 
Pipilo cinereus, Peale, U.S. JBxpl J&cped., Birds, p. 123 (1848). 
Euspiza diuca, Gray, Gen. B. iii. &pp. p. 30 c (1849); Cats. U.S. 


Expl. JSjped., Birds, p. 135 (1858). 
Diuca diuca, Bp. Comp. i. p. 470 (1850): Licit Nome/icL AD. 

Berol. p. 43 (1854). 
Hedyglossa diuca, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 135 (1850). 
Diuca vera, Burm. J.f. 0.1860, p. 255; id. Beis. La-Plata St. ii. 

p. 483 (1861). 
Diuca grisea, Scl Cat Amer. B. p. H I (1862); id. P. Z. S. 1807, 
pp. 322, 377; id. $ Salv. NomencL Av. Neotr. p. 31 (1873); 
Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 7; Salvin. Cat StriohL Call p. 228 
(1882) ; id. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 421. 

Phrygilus diuca, 
Philippi fy Landb. Arch. /. Naturg. 1863, p. 119; 
Gray, Hand4. B. ii. p. 90, no. 7323 (1870). 

Adult male. General colour above slaty grey, usually with a 

92 . DITJCA. 801 
slight wash of brown (remains of the seasonal plumage) on the 
mantle and back; the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
clearer slaty grey; wing-coverts slaty grey like the back; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers black, externally 
edged with slaty grey, whiter on the margin of the primaries and 
browner on the inner secondaries ; four outer tail-feathers with a 
large white spot at the end of the inner web, increasing in extent 
towards the outermost; crown of head like the back: lores, 
feathers below the eye, and ear-coverts blackish, washed with slaty 
grey; upper and lower edge of eyelid white ; cheeks and throat pure 
white; sides of neck slaty grey; fore neck and chest, sides of body 
and flanks clear slaty grey : breast and abdomen pure white; a 
distinct patch of chestnut on the sides of the vent; thighs paler 

chestnut, ashy grey behind ; under tail-coverts white, margined 
with chestnut; under wing-coverts and axillaries slaty grey, the 
lower series white at the ends; quills below dusky, ashy white 
along the inner edge. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 
3-6, tail 2-6, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in being browner where the 
latter is grey; ear-coverts brown; cheeks, throat, breast, and 
abdomen white; fore neck, chest, and sides of body pale ashy 
brown, inclining to reddish brown on the flanks, and to orange on 
the sides of the vent. Total length 6*8 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 
3*2, tail 2*7, tarsus 0*85. 

Erom the number of specimens which have brown edges to the 
grey feathers, it is evident that this species has a seasonal plumage. 
Bab. Chili. 

a, b. d 2 ad. sk. Chili. Sclater Coll. 
c, d. S ? ad. sk. Chili. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e. $ ad. sk. 
/ . $ ad. sk. 
Chiloe (C. Darwin). 
Chiloe. 
Zool. Society. 
Sir W. Burnett and 
Admiral Fitzroy [P.], 
r/. S ad. sk. 
h. Ad. sk, 
Valparaiso. 
Talcahuano, ChiliMarkham). 
(A. H. 
Lord Byron [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
i, k. <$ P ad. sk. 
1 2 ad. sk. 
Coquimbo, Chili, Nov. 1881 
{A. II. Markham). 
Coquimbo (Dr. Coppitiger), 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Voy. H.M.S.l Alert.' 
2. Dinca minor. 

Diuca minor, Bp. Consp. i. p. 476 (1850); Scl. ty Salv. Nomend. Av. 
Neotr. p. 31 (1873) ; Dumf. Ibis, 1878, p. 393. 
Phrygilus minor, Graij, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 90, no. 7325 (1870). 

Adult male. Similar to D. grisea, but smaller. Total length 6 2 
inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3*4, tail 2*9, tarsus 0*8. 
Adult female. Similar to the male, but browner and not so ashy. 
Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3*1, tail 2*4, tarsus 0*8. 
Young male. Similar to the old male, but with the plumage more 
fluffy and the colours rather purer. 
Hal. Patagonia. 
VOL. xxi. 3 p 

PRTXGILLIDJE. 

a, b. <$ $ ad. sk. Rio Negro, Patagonia (W. Sclater Coll. 

H. Hudson). 
c. <$ ad. sk. Rio Negro ( TV. H. Hudson). Salviu-Godman Coll. 
d, e. 6 2 ad. sk. Rio Negro. W. H. Hudson "C.]. 
f. 
Juv sk. Tombo Point, Patagonia, H. Durnford C.\ 
Jan. 8,1878. 
3. Diuca speculifera. 
Emberiza speculifera, D'Orb. $ Lafr. Mag. de ZooL 1837, p. 78; 
D'Orb. Voy. Amer. Mirid., ZooL p. 362, pi. 46. fig. 1 (1835-44). 
Diuca speculifera, Bp. Consp. i. p. 476 (1850); Burin. Th. Bras. iii. 


p. 220, note (1856); Scl Cat. Amer. B. p. Il l (1802); id. # 
Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 31 (1873); Scl. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 486; 
Tacz. Orn. Feroic, iii. p. 41 (1886). 
Phrygilus speculiferus, BMUppi 8f Zandb. Arch. f. Katurg. x. p. 467 
(1863) j Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 965, 1888, p. 509 j Gray, 
Hand-L B. ii. p. 90, no. 7324 (1870). 

Adult male. General colour above clear slaty grey from the back 

to the tail; lesser and median coverts like the back; greater 

coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers 

blackish, externally slaty grey, rather browner on the inner 

secondaries; primaries with a large white patch, extending for 

more than half of the outer web on the outer primaries and across 

the base of the inner primaries ; the outer tail-feather white along 

the outer web ; lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, and cheeks dusky 

slate-colour; below the eye a white spot; entire throat white ; 

fore neck, breast, 
sides of body, and flanks clear slaty grey: 

abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts 

and axillaries white; quills below dusky, the inner edge white: 

"bill black; feet leaden black; iris clear brown, approaching 

orange" (Jetelci). Total length 7*7 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 5*1, 

tail 2*9, tarsus 1. 

Some specimens are browner than others, and show dusky shaft-

lines on the back. This is probably the .plumage of the young 

bird, but I have had no properly deterniined specimens before 

me* 

Hal. Peru and Bolivia. 

a. Ad. sk. Bolivia (Bridges). Sclater ColL 
b. Ad. sk. Bolivia. 
Mr. Bridges [C.]. 
c. $ ad. sk. Andes of Lima (W. Nation). Sclater Coll. 
d. Ad. sk. Salinas, Peru, July 17, H. Whitely, Esq. 
1867. [0.1 
e. <$ ad. sk. Salinas, July 17 (H. W.). Sclater Coll. 
/, g. S ad. sk. Salinas, July 17 (H W.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
93. COEYPHOSPIMHTS. 
Type. 

Lophospiza, Bp. Consp. i. p. 470 (1850, nee Kaup) C. cristatus. 
Corypliospingus, Cab. Mus. Hein. TL i. p. 145 (1850) 0. cristatus. 


Range. Colombia, Venezuela, Guiana to Brazil, Bolivia, and 
Peru. 

93 . CORYPEOSPINGTJS. 
803 

Key to the Species. 

a. With a brilliant scarlet crown, blackish on the sides. 
a'. Back ruddy brown; lower back and rump dull 
crimson ; under surface of body Crimson cristatus <$, p. 803. 
b'. Back entirely grey; under surface of body 
white pileatus c?, p. 804. 

b. With no scarlet crest; head brown. 
c'. Lower back and rump dull crimson cristatus $, p. 804. 
d\ Lower back and rump ashy grey pileatus $, p. 805. 
1. Coryphospingus cristatus. 
Moineau de Cayenne, Daubent. PI. Enl. iv. pi. 181. fig. 1. 

Le Friquet huppe*, Buff. Hist Nat. Ois. iii. p. 496 (1775). 

Fringilla cucullata, P. L. S. Mtlll, Syst. Nat, Anhang, p. 166 (1776); 

Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad 1864, p. 255. 

Black-faced Finch, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 253 (1783). 

Fringilla cristata, Gm. Syst Nat i. p. 926 (1788); Vieill N. Diet 

d'JSist. Nat xii. p. 197 (1817). 

Araguira, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 499, no. 136 (1802). 

Fringilla araguira, Vieill. Ois. Chant, pi. xxviii,* (1805). 

Tachyphonus rubescens, Swains, (ubi ?); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 365 

(1844) ; Bartl. 2nd. Azara, p. 9 (1847). 

Emberiza araguira, 2)'Orb. ty Juafr. Syn. Av. p. 81 (1837). 

Lophospiza cristata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 470 (1850). 

Ooryphospingus cristatus, Cab. Mus. JECein. TL i. p- 145 (1850); 

Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 213 (1856) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 276 ; 
id. Cat Amer. B. p. 109 (1862) ; Pek. Orn. Bras. p. 228 (1871); 
Scl 8f Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 30 (1873) ; Layard, 2bis, 1873, 

p. 350; Scl Sf Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 16; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1879, 
p. 23; Salv. 2bis, 1880, pp. 352, 354,1885, p. 216; White, P. Z. S, 
1882, p. 598; Tacz. Orn. P6rou, iii. p. 28 (1886). 
Tiaris cristatus, Licht Nomencl. Av.-p. 45 (1854). 
Passerina cucullata, Gray, 22and-l. JB. ii. p. 98, no. 7446 (1870). 

Adult male. General colour above dark vinous-brown, brighter 
vinous-red on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts; wing-
coverts dusky brown, edged with vinaeeous like the back; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, the latter faintly 
edged with vinaeeous ; tail-feathers blackish, with faint vinaeeous 
edges ; crown of head crested, rich crimson, bordered across the 
forehead and along the sides of the crown with black; occiput, nape, 
and hind neck vinaeeous brown, a little brighter than the back, as 
also the feathers above the eye and the sides of the crown; lores 
dusky, as also the feathers round the eye; eyelid whitish; ear-
coverts dusky, washed with vinous; base of cheeks and chin ashy 
white; hinder cheeks, throat, and under surface of body deep crimson, 
a little more vinaeeous on the lower abdomen, sides of body, and 
flanks; thighs ashy, washed with vinous; under tail-coverts crimson; 
under wing-coverts ashy whitish; edge of wing vinous; axillaries 
ashy, tinged with vinoue ; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner 
edge: "bill and feet pale slate-colour, the upper mandible darker; 
iris wood-brown " (27. Dumford). Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 
0*5, wing 2-55, tail 2*3, tarsus 0*75. 

804 
miSGlLLIVM. 

Adult female. Much duller in colour than the male, and wanting 
the crimson crest. General colour above brown, including the head ; 
the rump and upper tail-coyerts vinous-red; wing-coverts like the 
back; quills and tail-feathers edged with brown ; lores ashy whitish ; 
ear-coverts brown tinged with vinous; cheeks and under surface of 
body pale vinous, browner on the fore neck and breast. Total 
length 6*7 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*45, tail 2-25, tarsus 0*75. 

Hal. Brazil to Bolivia and Peru and north to Amazonia and 
Guiana. 
ao^ s^.

a, b. 2 Salta, June 1878. II. Durnfnrd, Esq. 

:c.]. 

c. <$ ad. sk. Brazil. 
Purclia&ed. 

d. <$ ad. sk. Pelotas, Rio Graide do Sul 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(Joyaer). 

e. 6 
ad. sk. Ytarare, Aug. 17, 1820 (J. Salvin-Godinan Cull. 
Natterer). 
f. $ ad. sk. Bolivia (W. Bridges). Sclater Coll. 
g. h. <$ 2 ad. sk. Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas, Bolivia Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(C. Buckley). 
I $ ad. sk. Tilotilo (C. Buckley), Sclater Coll. 
k. $ ad. sk. Guajango, Peru {Stolzmann). Selatir Coll 
L $ ad. sk. Potrero, Peru, Dec. 1674 {JET. Sclater Coil. 
Whitely). 

W. 5 ad. sk, Potrero, Dec. (H. Whitely). Salvin-Gudmitn Coll. 
n. 
<$ ad. sk. Para, Aug. 5, 1872 {E. L. TweecMaJe Coll. 
Layard). 
o. Q ad. sk. Bartica Grove, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Nov. 13,1879 (E. Whitely). 
2. Coryphospingus pileatus. 
? Emberiza rufieapilla, Sparrm. Mus. Carls, fasc. ii. pi. 44 (1787). 
Montese cabeza de bermillion, Azara, Apani. i. p. 432 (1502). 
Tanagra cristatella, Spiv, Av. Bras. ii. p. 40, pi. 53. fig. 1 (lh24), 
Fringilla pileata, Keuwied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iii. p. 605 (1&31). 
Passerina ornata, Less. Echo du Monde Savant p. 231 (^44). 
Tachyphonus cristatellus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 363 (1844). 
Tachyphonus pileatus, Marti. Lid. Azara, p. 8 (1&47J. 
Lophospiza pileata, By. Consp. i. p. 471 (1830)." 
-Coryphospingus pileatus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 140 (1830); Burm. 


Thier. Bras. iii. p. 214 (1830; ; Cab. Mus. Hem. Th. i. p. 146 
(1850); Scl Cat Amer. B. p. 109 (1862); id. $• Salt. P. Z. S. 
1868, p. 107,1809, p. 252; Fete. Orn. Bras. p. 228 (1871); Scl. 
fy Salv. Nomend. Av. Neotr. p. 3Q (1873); Sah. Cat. Strickl. Coll 

p. 226 (1882); Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 28 (1886). 
Coryphospiza pileata, Scl. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 160. 
Tiaris pileatus, Licht. NomencL Av. p. 45 (1854). 
Passerina ruficapilla, Gray, Eand-L B. ii. p. 98, no. 7447 (1870). 
Adult male. General colour above dark slaty grey, slightly paler 
on the lower back and rump; lesser wing-coverts and median coverts 
like the back; greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and 
quills blackish brown, externally fringed with ashy brown ; upper 

94. LOPHOSPiisretrs. 
tail-coverts dark slaty grey; tail-feathers black, with ashy tips, only 

visible below; crown of head bright scarlet; the forehead and a 

lateral band of long crested feathers black; lores ashy whitish; 

eyebrow clear slaty grey; eyelid white; ear-coverts slaty grey ; 

cheeks light ashy grey, white anteriorly; throat, fore neck, and 

breast light ashy grey, whiter on the chin ; abdomen white; sides 

of body and flanks and thighs rather darker ashy grey; under 

tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts and axillaries white; quills 

below dusky, ashy whitish along the inner edge : " upper mandible 

greyish horn-brown, the lower one reddish white; feet greyish 

fleshy brown; iris greyish brown" (Neuwiecl). Total length Q-5 

inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2*05, tail 2-3, tarsus 0*7. 

Adult female. Browner than the male and without the red crest 

or black stripes on the crown ; similar to the male below, but brown 

where the male is grey: "iris clear brown" (A Goering). Total 

length 4-8 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-5, tail 2*05, tarsus 075. 

Bah. Brazil to Venezuela and Colombia. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Brazil, Sclater Coll. 
1, c, d. Ad.; Bahia, Brazil (Dr. Wucherer). Salvin-Grodman Coll. 
e. Juv. sk. 
f. S ad. &k. Bogota. 
Sclater Coll. 
g. <S ad. sk. Bogota. 
Purchased. 
h. 
(S ad. sk. Carupano, Venezuela, Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1867 (A. Goering). 
i. $ ad. sk. Venezuela (A. Goering). Sclater Coll. 
94. LOPHOSPBTGUS. « 
Type. 
Lophospingus, Cab. J.f. 0. 1878, p. 195 L. pusillus. 
Range. Interior of Argentine Eepublic. 

1. Lophospingus pusillus. 
Gubematrix pusilla, JBvrm. J.f. 0.1863, p. 254 ; Gray, Sand-l. 2?, 
ii. p. 115, no.^7715 (1870). 
Lophospiza pusilla, Burnt. Meis. La-Plata St. ii. p. 488 (1856). 
Coryphospingus pusillus, Salvin, Ibis, 1880, p. 354, pi. ix. fig. 1. 
Lophospingus pusillus, Cab. J.f 0.1878, p. 195 ; Scl P. Z. S.1879, 
p. 460. 
Adult General colour above light ashy brown, elearer ashy on 
the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts; lesser wing-coverts 
light ashy grey; median and greater coverts black, tipped with 
pearly grey, browner on the inner ones; bastard-wing and 
primary-coverts black; quills blackish brown, edged with ashy 
brown, lighter ashy on the inner secondaries; two centre tail-
feathers brown, the remainder black, fringed with ashy, the outer 
feathers with a large white patch at the end of the inner web; 
crown of head ashy brown, laterally black, forming a streak on 
each side of the crown; a long occipital crest of black plumes; 

806 FRINGILLIDJS. 

hind neck and sides of neck ashy grey; lores blackish, surmounted 
by a broad white eyebrow which extends to the nape; upper and 
lower edge of eyelid white; ear-coverts dark ashy brown; cheeks 
and throat white; fore neck, breast, sides of body, and flanks pale ashy 
grey ; abdomen whiter ; thighs and under tail-coverts white ; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries white, with pgwplbases; quills below 
dusky, ashy along the inner edge : " bill flesh-colour, the upper mandible 
and tip of both dark brown ; legs anu feet slate-colour; iris 
light brown" (E. Dumford). Total length 5*1 inches, culmen 
0-45, wing 2-5, tail 2*1, tarsus 0-65. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 4*8 inches, 
culmen 0*45, wing 2-45, tail 2, tarsus 0*65. 
Hah. Argentine Eepublic. 

a. $ ad. sk. Cordova (Dr. A. Doering). Sclater Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Tucuman, June 2, 1887. H. Dumford, Esq. 
[C.j. 
95. SCHIST0SPIZA. 
Head of Schistospiza griseocristata. 
Range. Bolivia. 


1. Schistospiza griseocristata. 
Ernberiza griseocristata, D' Orb. 8r Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1837, p. 79 ; 
D'Orb. Voy. Amer. Mi-rid., Ois. p. 363, pi. 67. fig. 1 (1835-44): 
Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 215, note (1856). 

Euspiza griseocristata, Gray, Gen. B.ii. p. 376 (1844). 
Lophospiza griseocristata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 471 (1850). 
Coryphospingus griseocristatus, Cab. Mm. Hem. Th. i. p. 145, note 

(1850) j Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 162 (1862); id. 8c Salv. Komencl. 
Av. Neotr. p. 30 (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 605; Salv. Ibis, 
1880, p. 354. 

Passerina griseocristata, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 98, no. 7448 (1870). 

Adult. General colour above uniform light slaty grey; lesser and 
median wing-coverts like the back; greater series dusky, externally 
like the back; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky 
brown, externally edged with slaty grey; tail-feathers blackish 
brown, edged with ashy, the three outer ones with a large white 
mark at the end of the inner web; head crested like the back, but 
the 'crest-feathers a little browner with blackish centres; sides of 
face and ear-coverts dusky slate-colour; cheeks and under surface 

96. TIAEIS. 807 
of body light slaty grey, including the thighs; lower abdomen and 
under tail-coverts white; axillaries and under wing-coverts like the 
breast; quills dusky blackish below, ashy along the edge of the 
inner web. Total length 5*8 inches, culmon 0-55, wing 3, tail 
2*4, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female or youhg (?). Differs from the bird described in being 
browner above, palef l)elow, with a brown wash; above the ear-
coverts a streak of dull white. 

Hah. Bolivia. 

a, 5. Ad. et juv. sk. Bolivia. Mr. Bridges [C.]. 

c. Ad. sk. Bolivia Purchased. 
d. Ad. sk. Boh via (Bridges). Sclater Coll. 
e,f. Ad. sk. Tilotilo, Bolivia (C. Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
96. TIAEIS. 
Type* 
Tiaris, Swains. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 351 (1827) T. ornata. 
Range. Brazil. 

1. Tiaris ornata. 
Fringilla ornata, Nemoied, Reis. Brasil. ii. p. 191 (1821); Temm. PI. 
Col iii. pi. 208 (1823) ,* JVeuwied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iii. p. 610 
(1831). 

Tiaris ornata, Swains. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 351 (1827) ; Gray, Gen. B. 

ii. p. 375 (1844) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 471 (1850); Burm. Th. Bras. 
iii. p. 257 (1856); Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 96, no. 7432 (1870) • 
Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 228 (1871); Sol. 8? Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. 
p. 30 (1873); Salv. Cat. StricU. Coll p. 226 (1882). 
Adult. General colour above pearly grey, the rump white; lesser 
wing-coverts like the back; median and greater coverts grey, whitish 
at the ends; all the coverts round the bend of the wing, bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills black, with a white speculum at the base 
of the inner primaries, the inner secondaries externally pearly grey; 
upper tail-coverts pearly grey ; tail-feathers blackish, white at the 
base of all but the centre ones; crown of head crested, black like the 
occiput and nape; lores and feathers round the eye black, as also 
the fore part of the cheeks; ear-coverts, hinder cheeks, and sides of 
neck white with a yellowish tinge; throat and fore neck black ; 
sides of lower throat and fore neck tawny yellowish, the centre of 
the breast dark chestnut ; abdomen, sides of body, and flanks paler 
tawny buff; thighs whitish; under tail-coverts deep tawny; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries white, slightly tinged with buff; edge 
of wing black; quills below ashy, greyish along the inner edge: 
" upper mandible greyish horn-brown, the lower one, as well as the 
edge of the upper one, lead-colour; feet pale reddish fleshy brown; 
iris greyish brown" (Neuwied). Total length 4*2 inches, culmen 
0*4, wing 2*3, tail 1*75, tarsus 0*6. 

Hob. Brazil. 

80 8 FltlXGILLIDJE. 
a. S ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk. 
[Bakia.jj 
[Bahia.] 
Salving odnian Cull. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c. Ad. sk. Bahia ( Wucherer). Sclater Coll. 

97. EHOBOSPIHaFS. 
Corypbospingus,pt., auet recent, (nee Cab.). 

Range. Ecuador to Peru. 

1. Khodosphigus cnientus, (Plate XV. %. l.j 
Tiaris cruenta; Less. Rev. Zoo!. 1844, p. 435 ; Grmjy Gen. B. ii p. 87 o 

(1844) ; Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 215, note (1^5%). 
Lophospiza cruenta, Bp. Consp. i. p. 471 (1850). 
Coryphospingus cruentus, Cab. Jfus. llein. Th. i. p. 145, note ClboO): 

Scl. F. Z. S. 3 860; p. 276; id. Cat. A men B. p. 100 llnl>2); id. # 
Salv. Komencl. Ai\ Neotr. p. 30 Q.67>>); Tacz. R Z. >V. l&r~, 

p. 322. 
Tiaris comptus, Licht. Nomencl. An. p. 45 {l>o4t bate Bttrm.). 
Passerina cruenta, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p, tb, no. 7440 (lo70). 
Adult male. General colour above glossy black, the feathers of 
the rump slightly mottled with greyish liases: wing-coverts black 
like the back: quills black, with a concealed white patch at the 
base of the inner web; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers black; 
crown of head black, with a large sincipital mark of crimson ; lores, 
sides of face, feathers round eye, ear-coverts, and hinder cheeks 
black; the fore part of the cheeks crimson like the throat and 
under surface of the body ; chin bufy whitish; tides of fore neck 
and of breast black; abdomen slightly paler than the breast, 
whitish near the vent; sides of body and flanks streaked with black ; 
thighs huffy whitish, black at the base; under tail-coverts pale 
crimson; under wing-coverts and axillarics white; quills below 
black, white towards the base of the inner web. Total length 4*2 
inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2\25, tail 1*5, tarsus 0-6*5. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
brown, slightly paler on the lower back, rump, and upper fail-
coverts; lesser wing-coverts like the back, remainder of the coverts, 
as well as the quills, dusky, edged with brown like the back ; tail-
feathers dark brown, edged with paler browrn ; crown of head 
brown like the back; lores and feathers round the eye huffy whitish; 
ear-coverts brown, with ochreous-buif shaft-lines •" cheeks, throat^ 
and under surface of body ochreous buff, paler on the abdomen and 
under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts and auxiliaries white, 
slightly tinged with ochreous buff; quills below dusky brown, white 
along the inner edge. Total length 4*3 inches, culmen 0*55, wine 
2-1, tail 1*45, tarsus 0*05. & 

The Ecuadorian specimens are much paler on the abdomen than 
the Peruvian one described. As, however, this pale coloration is 
accompanied by sandy-brown edges to the feathers of the upper 

98. PAKOAEIA. 
809 

surface, it may be an accompaniment of seasonal plumage or a sign of 
immaturity. 
Bab. Ecuador and Peru. 

a. c? ad. sk. Balzar Mountains, Ecuador Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(lllingzvorth). 
b. S ad. sk. Babahoyo, Ecuador, July 1859. L. Eraser TO.]. 
c. d. $ J ad. sk. Babahoyo, Ecuador, July 1859 Sclater Coll. 
(Z. Fraser). 
e. S juv. sk. Pallatanga, Ecuador, Sept. 1858 Sclater Coll. 
(Z. Fraser). 
f. d ad. sk. Lechugal, Peru (Jelshi). Sclater Coll. 
2. Khodospingus mentalis. (Plate XY. Hg. 2.) 
Adult male. Similar to B. cruentus, but distinguished by the black 
spot on the chin. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*05, 
tail 1*45, tarsus 0*65. 

Bab. Puna Island in the Gulf of Guayaquil. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Puna Island ( Villagomez). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
98. 
PAEOAEIA. 
Type. 
Paroaria, Bp. Saggio Distr. Met. An. Vertebr. p. 141 
(1832J P. cucullata. 
Calyptophorus, Cab. Arch. f. Naturg. xiii. p. 829 (1847) P. cncullata. 
Coccopsis, lieichenb. Syst. Nat. pi. lxxvii. fig. 8 (1850) . . ? 

Range. Venezuela to Guiana, Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
With ashy-grey wing-coverts, resembling the 
back; hind neck grey, with ovate spots of white cucullata, p. 809. 
b. "With black wing-coverts. 
a'. Bump and lower back grey larvata, p. 811. 
b'. Hump and lower back black. 
a('. Ear-coverts crimson like the crown; with 
black on the throat. 
a"\ Bill entirely yellow; no black on the 
upper mandible ; legs yellow eapitata, p. 812. 
b'". upper mandible black, lower one yellow ; 
legs blackish. 

eft. Lores and feathers round the eye black, 
extending in a streak above the ear-
coverts gidaris, p. 813, 

¥. No black on the lores or round the eye cerviealis, p. 814. 
b". Ear-coverts black; throat entirely crimson nigrigenis,^. 814. 

1. Paroaria cucullata. (Plate XVI. Hg. 1.) 
Le Cardinal Doniiniquain, Daubent. PL Enl. iv. pi. 103; Buff. Hist. 
Nat. Ois. iii. p. 501, note (1775). 

810 FKINGILLIBJ3. 

Le Cardinal kuppS, Brown, III. Zool. p. 53, pi. 23 (1778). 
Crested Dominican Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 123 
(1783). 
Loxia cueullata, Lath. hid. Orn. i. p. 378 (1790). 
Loxia coronata, var. L. dominicanae, Miller 8? Shaw, Cimelia Phys. 

p. 4, pi. 2 A (1796). 
Cre&tudo roxo, Azara, Ajmnt. i. p. 461 (1^02). 
Le Paroare hiipp£, Vieill Ois. Chant, p. 105, pi. lxx. (1805). 
Fringilla cueullata (nee P. L. S. Mill), Licht. Vers. Doubl. p. 22 
(1823)- Kara. Ind. Azara, p. 9 (1847). 
Calyptrophorus cucullatus, Cab. Areh.f. Xatury. xin. p. 329 (1847); 
id. Mm. Hein. Th. i. p. 145 (1850); Licht. Nomenel Av. Berol 

p. 44 (1854). 
Spiza cueullata, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 375 (1840). 
Paroaria cueullata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 471 (IboO) ; Burm. Th. Bras. iii. 
p. 210 (1856); id. Meis. La-Plata St. ii. p. 482 (1*01) ; Sri. Cat 
Amer. B. p. 108 (1802); Pels. Orn. Bras. p. 22S (1571); Sri $ 
Salv. Nomencl.Av. Keotr. p. 30 (1871); ZJitruf. Ibis, 1&77, p. 171; 
Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 10 ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 225 (18&2) ; 
White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 598. 
Passerina cueullata, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 97, no. 7440 (1870). 

Adult male. General colour above ashy grey, mottled on the hind 
neck and upper mantle with longitudinal, ovate, whitish centres to 
the feathers - wing-coverts dusky blackish, externally ashy grey like 
the back; bastard-wing black, narrowly edged with ashy grey ; 
primary-coverts and quills black, edged externally with ashy grey, 
lighter on the primaries, broader and slightly browner on the 
secondaries; upper tail-coverts rather darker abhy grey than the 
back; tail-feathers blackish, fringed with ashy grey; crown of 
head crested, scarlet; occiput and nape ashy grey, mottled with 
white centres like the hind neck; lores, feathers round the eye, 
ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, and fore neck scarlet, the feathers on 
the latter part pointed and lanceolate; sides of neck white, like the 
sides of the chest and the remainder of the under surface ; sides of 
body and flanks washed with ashy grey ; thighs ashy externally, 
white internally; under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries white, slightly tinged with ashy ; quills below dusky, ashy 
whitish along the inner edge: " bill grey ; legs black ; iris black"" 
(Alan Peel). Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3-8, tail 
3-1, tarsus 0-95. 

Adult female (Conchitas ; TV. H. Hudson). Similar to the male. 
Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3*9, tail 3-55, tarsus 
0-95. 

Young. Differs from the male in being browner above, the quills 
and tail-feathers also browner, the outermost of the latter more 
distinctly fringed with whitish externally; head less crested, 
and the parts which are scarlet in the adult ochreous brown, 
often intermixed with a few scarlet feathers; the white of the 
underparts somewhat sullied, and the under wing-coverts especially 
washed with brown. 

Hah. Southern Brazil and Argentine Republic to Bolivia. 

98. PAEOAEIA.
«.Ad.sk. S. Brazil. Zoological Society. 
h J juv.; c. $ ad. Conchitas, Buenos Ayres, Selater Coll. 
sk. Sept. 1808 (W. 11. Hudson). 


d. Juv. st. Maldbnado. Sir W. Burnett and 
Adm.Fitzroy[P.]. 
e. S ad. sk. Uruguay, Feb. 1877. Alan Peel [C.]. 
/. (S iuv. sk. Rio Parana, April 14, 1876. II. Durnford, Esq. 
[C.]. 
ffj h. Ad. sk. Parana (Bur?neister). Saivin-Godman Coll. 

i. Ad. sk. Bolivia. Selater Coll. 
2. Paroaria larvata, (Plate XVI.tig. 2.) 
? The Dominican Cardinal, Edwards. Nat. Hist. B. iii. pi. 127 

(1750). 

Le Cardinal Dominiquain, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 116, pi. vi. fig. 4 (1760) j 

Daubent, JPL Mil. iv. pi. 55. fig. 2. 

? Le Grosbec du Bresil, Briss. t. e. p. 246 (1760). 

? Loxia dominicana, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 801 (1766). 

Paroare, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 500 (1775). 

? Dominican Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt.'i. p. 123 (1783). 

Fringilla larvata, Bodd. Tall PI. Mil. p. 4 (1783). 

F Paroare, Vieill Ois. Chant, p. 104, pi. 69 (1805). 

Fringilla dominicana, Neuwied, Beitr. Natwo. Bras. iii. p. 594 

(1831). ' 
Spiza dominicana, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 375 (1849). 
Spiza larvata, Gray, t. e. p. 375 (1849). 
Paroaria dominicana, Bp. Consp. i. p. 471 (1850); Burm. Th. Bras. 

iii. p. 211 (1856); Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 225 (1882). 
Calyptrophorus dorninicanus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 145 (1850); 
Licht. Nomenel. Av. p. 44 (1854). 
Paroaria larvata, Sol Cat. Amer. B. p. 108 (1862); id. # Salv. 
Nomencl. Av. Neotr.y. 30 (1873) ; Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 337. 
Passerina dominica, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 97, no. 7441 (1870). 

Adult. General colour above ashy grey, the hind neck and mantle 

more or less black, the feathers being mostly broadly edged with black, 

and having white bases on the hind neck; wing-coverts entirely 

black, with a narrow fringe of white on the ends of the greater series; 

bastard-wing and primary-coverts black; quills black, edged with 

greyish white, broader on the secondaries ; upper tail-coverts a 

little darker ashy grey than the back; tail-feathers black, edged 

with ashy grey, the outer ones fringed with white at the end of the 

inner web; crown of head slightly crested, crimson, as also the 

lores, feathers round the eye, ear-coverts, cheeks, and entire throat, 

the feathers of the lower throat being pointed ; remainder of under 

surface pure white; the sides of body and flanks washed with ashy 

grey; thighs and under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts and 

axillaries white, the coverts near the edge of the wing mottled with 

black bases; quills below blackish, ashy white along the inner edge. 

Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3*55, tail 2'8, tarsus 0*95. 

Young. Browner than the adults above, and mottled on the 

mantle with dusky instead of black; the head blackish; wing


812 FRIXGILLIDJE. 

coverts and quills edged with, ochreous brown; sides of head and 

throat, including all the parts which are crimson in the adult, sandy 

brown; rest of under surface white, the sides washed with oehreons 

brown. 

Hcib. Brazil. 

a. Ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Cull. 
b. Ad. sk. Rio Claro, Prov. Goiaz, Brazil Salvin-Godman Cull. 
(Joyner). 
c. Ad. sk. Novo Fribourgo (J. Youds). Salvin-i Rodman Coll. 
d. Juv. sk. S.E. Brazil. Sclater Cull. 
e. Ad. sk. Bahia (Wucherer). Salvin-Godman Cull. 
/, g. Ad. sk. Pernambiico (W. A. Forbes). Sah in-Gi>dman Cull. 
3. Paroaria capitata. (Plate XVI. %. 5.) 
Capita, Azara, ApunL i. p. 500 (1802). 

Taehyphonus capitatus, D'Orb. $Lafr. Syn. AD. p. 29 (1527): If Orb. 

Voy. Amir. Merid., Ois. p. 278, pi. 111. %. 'J (WJ5-44 *; limit 

Ind. Azara7 p. 9 (1847). 

Tanagra capitata, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 304 (1844). 
Paroaria capitata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 472 (1*30); Burm, Tk, Bra*. III. 


p. 212 (1856) ; id. Reis. La-Plata St ii. p. 4^2 (W*l>; Sri. Cat. 
Amer. B. p. 108 (1802); Feb, Orn. Bras. p. 22^ (1-C11; Ml. $ 
JSaio. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 80 (l&7fl); White, li Z. & IwJ, 
p. 598. 
Passerina capitata, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 97, no. 7414 (1^70). 
Adult. General colour above nniform Mack, with a narrow line of 

white separating off the black from the crimson head, caused by the 

white bases to the feathers of the nape ; the rump slight 1)' mottled 

with ashy bases, the long side plumes of the rump tipped with 

white; wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers entire*!}- black, with a 

narrow fringe of white at the end of the inner web of the outer 

tail-feather; crown of head crested, crimson like the lores, sides of 

face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and chin; throat black, this colonr blurting 

the cheeks and ascending behind the ear-coverts to the occiput; sides 

of neck pure white, nearly forming a collar on the nape; under 

surface of body pure white, the sides of the body and flanks slightly 

washed with ashy, the latter mottled with dusky bars ; thighs white, 

black posteriorly ; under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillaries 
white, with a patch of black near the edge of the wing; 
quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge; bill and legs orange-
yellow in skin. Total length &5 inches, culmen 0-55, wing *H, 
tail 2*7, tarsus 0*8. 

Young. Brown above instead of black, the white under surface 
washed with brown below, the crimson of the head replaced by 
oehreons brown. 

Eab. Brazil, Paraguay, and the Argentine Republic. 

a. 2 ad. sk. Cuyaba, Brazil, 1842 (J. Natterer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b. Juv. sk. Paraguay. Sclater Coll 
08 . FAKOAKIA. 
813 
4. Paroaria gularis. (Plato XVI. fig. 4.) 
Le Cardinal brim d'Arnenque, Bms. Orn. iii. App. p. 07, pi. 4. fig. 4 
(1700). it t >L 
Tanagra gularis, Linn. Si/st. Nat i. p. 816 (1700); Gray, Gen. JB. ii. 

p. 304(1844). 
? Tangara brun d'AniSriquo, Daub. PL Enl. v. pi. 155. fig. 2, 
Le Rouge Cap, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 207 (1778). 
? Tanagra f usca, P. L. 8. Mull. Stjst. Nat., Auhang, p. 159 (1770); 
Cass. Proo. Philad. Acad. 1804, p. 254. 
Bed-headed Tanager, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 228 (1788). 
Neniosia gularis, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Met/t. ii. p. 788 (1828). 
Tachyphonus gularis, D'Orb. Voij.Amer. Mend., Ois. p.270 (1835- 44). 
Oalvptrophorus gularis, Cab. in Schomb. Meis. Guian. iii. p. 078 

(1848) ; Licht. Nomend. AD. p. 45 (1854). 
Paroaria gularis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 472 (1850) j Scl. Cat Amer. B. 

p. 108 (1802) ; id. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1800, p. 181, 1807, p. 512; iid. 
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 30 (1878) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 204; tialv. 
Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 225 (1882); id. Ibis, 1886, p. 303 ; Tacz. Orn. 
P6rou, iii. p. 27 (1880). 
Coccopsis gularis, Cab. Mus. Han. Tli. i. p. 145 (1850). 
Passerina gularis, Gray, Iland-l. JB. ii. p. 07, no. 7442 (1870). 
Paroaria nigrigenis {nee Lafr.), Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 215. 

Adult few ale. General colour above glossy black, with, greyish 
bases to the feathers of the lower back and rump ; wing-covercs, 
quills, and tail-feathers black , crown of head crimson ; lores, feathers 
round the eye and behind the latter black ; car-coverts, cheeks, 
and chin crimson ; throat and centre of fore neck black, with reddish 
bases to the feathers; sides of neck pure white, like the under 
surface of the body; thighs white, with black bases; under tail-
coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, with a black 
patch near the outside of the wing; quills below dusky blackish, ashy 
white along the inner edge. Total length 0*5 inches, culmen 0*0, 
wing 3*15, tail 2*75, tarsus 0*8. 

Young. Brown above instead of black, the wing-coverts like the 
back; quills blackish, edged with brown ; tail-feathers brownish 
black; head brown like the back; eyebrow, sides of head, and 
throat pale tawny instead of crimson as in the adult. 

Hah. Guiana to Amazonia and Peru. 

a. Ad. sk. [Cayenne.] # _ t Sclater Coll. 
b 2 ad. sk. Camacusa, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Peb. 25,1882 (II. WMteJy). 
c Q iuv. sk. Carnacusa, May 30, 1882 (II Salvin-Godman Coll. 
WMtekj). 
d Ad.; e. Juv. sk. British Guiana. Sir R. Schomburdk 

[P.J. 
f Ad. sk. British Guiana. Sir P. Schomburgk 
[P.]. 
a Ad sk. Island of Mexiana, Amazons Sclater Coll. 

(A. JR. Wallace). 
h 
2 ad sk. Island of Mexiana, Amazons, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
' Jan. 1840 (A. R Wallace). 

FRINOILLIDiE. 

i} h. Ad. et juv. sk, Cliamicuros, E. Peru (JB. Gould Coll. 
Bartlett). 

1. gad. sk. Pebas,E.Pem(7. J/mmtfe//). Sclater Coll. 
m, n. Ad. sk. Pebas, E. Peru (J. Hauxwell), Salvin-Godrnan Coll. 
5. Paroaria ceryicalis. (Plate XYL fig. 6.) 
Paroaria cervicalis, ScL Cat Amer. B. p. 108 (1862) ; id. § Salv. 

Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 30 (1870). 
Passerina cervicalis, Gray, Mand-l. B. ii. p. 97, no. 7443 (1870). 
Paroaria gularis, Pels. Orn. Bras. p. 228, pt. (1871) *. 

Adult male. Similar to P. gularis, but without any black on the 

lores or round the eye, these parts being crimson like the ear-

coverts and crown. Total length 6'5 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 

3-2, tail 2-7, tarsus 0-85. 

Hah. Brazil to Bolivia. 

a. S ad. sk. Matogrosso, Brazil (J. Katterer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Bolivia. Sclater Coll. (Type 
of P. cervicalis.) 
6. Paroaria nigrigenis. (Plate XYI. tig. 3.) 
Nemosia nigrogenys, Lafr. Rev. Zoo!. 1846, p. 273. 

Tanagra nigroaurita, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. iv. p. 83 (1848); id. 

Jour. Philad. Acad. i. p. 296, pi. 41. fig. 3. 

Oalyptrophorus nigrogenys, Cab. in Schmib. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 078 

(1848); Zicht. Nomend. Av. p. 44 (1854). 

Coccopsis nlgrlgenys, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 145 (1843). 

Paroaria nigrigenis, ScL Cat. Amer. B. p. 108 (18ti2); Taylor, Mis, 

1864, p. 83; ScL $ Salv. KomencL Av. Xeotr. p. 80 (1873) • Salv. 
Cat StrickL Coll. p. 225 (1882). 
Passerina nigrogenys, Gray, lland-l. B. ii. p. 97, no. 7443 (1870). 

Adult General colour above glossy black, the rump slightly 
mottled with ashy bases; wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers entirely 
black; crown of head crested, crimson ; occiput and nape black, 
like the hind neck; the occipital feathers with white bases; lores, 
eyelid, feathers below the eye, and ear-coverts black, as also the base 
of the chin ; cheeks and throat crimson, the feathers of the latter 
lanceolate, and extending on to the fore neck; sides of neck white, 
extending nearly to the occiput; remainder of under surface of 
body white; thighs black, tipped with white; under tail-coverts, 
under wing-coverts, and axillaries white, with a patch of black 
near the edge of the wing; quills below blackish, ashy whitish 
along the inner edge; bill black. Total length 6'5 inches, culmen 
0-6, wing 3-2, tail 2-65, tarsus 0*8. 

* Von Pelzeln is probably right in calling this bird by the name of P. gularis,
for the differences between it and P. cervicalis consist merely in the amount of 
black on the region of the eye. As this certainly varies greatly in P. gularist 
it is quite possible that P. cervicalis may be found to merge into that species. 
99. GUBEKNATMX.
Young. Entirely brown above, including the sides of the face; 
sides of neck and under surface of body white, the cheeks and 
throat yellowish buff; quills and tail dark brown, the primaries 
edged with ashy. 
Hab. Venezuela, Trinidad, and Guiana. 

a. Ad. sk. Trinidad. Purchased. 
b. JUT. sk. Cayenne. Sclater Coll. 
c. Ad. sk. Venezuela. Sclater Coll. 
d. Ad. sk. [Venezuela.] Gould Coll. 

• 99. GUBERNATKIX. 
Type. 
Gubernatrix, Less. Compl. Buff. viii. p. 295 (1837) G. cristata. 
Lophocoryphus, Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 47 G. cristata. 

Head of Gubernatrix cristata. 

Range. Argentine Republic to Northern Patagonia. 

1. Ghibernatrix cristata. 
Crestudo amarillo, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 464 (1802). 
Coccothraustes cristata. Vieill. N Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 531 

(1817). 
Emberiza gubernatrix, Temm. PI. Col. iii. pis. 63, 64 (1823). 
Emberiza cristata, Swains. Zool. Rlustr. 1st ser. iii. pi. 148 (1823). 
Emberiza cristatella, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. ii. p. 928 (1823); 

Vieill. Gal. Ois. i. p. 84, pi. 67 (1825). 
Lophocoryphus gubernatrix, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 47 (1840) j Liehi. 
Nomencl. Av. p. 42 (1854). 

Gubernatrix cristatella, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 378 (1844) ; Hartl. Ind. 
Azara, p. 9 (1847); Bp. Consp. i. p. 470 (1850); Burm. Th. 
Bras. iii. p. 257 (1856) ; id. Reis. La-Plata St. ii. p. 482 (1861) ; 

Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 115, no. 7714 (1870); Pelz. Orn. Bras. 

p. 231 (1871); Scl. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 548; id. $ Salv. Nomencl. 
Av. Neotr. p. 31 (1873); White, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 38. 
Adult male. General colour above yellowish green, streaked with 
black on the mantle and back : the lower back and rump uniform ; 
scapulars like the back ; lesser wing-coverts yellowish green, those 
round the top of the wing uniform bright golden yellow; median 
coverts black, externally yellowish green and tipped with yellow, 

816 TTRINGILLID-E. 

forming a wing-band; greater coverts and inner secondaries blackish, 
externally yellowish green, brighter yellow on the margins and 
greyish white towards the tips ; bastard-wing, -primary-coverts, and 
quills blackish, edged with yellowish green, purer yellow on the 
primaries, which are edged with hoary white towards the end of the 
outer web; upper tail-coverts dusky, greenish externally; centre tail-
feathers blackish, edged with yellowish green; the next pair blackish, 
with a yellow spot at the end of the inner web ; ail the rest yellow 
with blackish shafts, the outer feather with a longitudinal blackish 
mark at the end of the outer web ; centre of crown black, with an 
elongated crest; the occiput yellow• nape and hind neck uniform 
yellowish green; lores black; a broad eyebrow of golden yellow 
as well as the eyelid• behind the eye a black spot; ear-
coverts uniform yellowish green; cheeks golden yellow; throat 
black; sides of neck and fore neck golden yellow ; chest and sides 
of body yellowish green; breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts 
golden yellow; thighs yellow : under wing-coverts and axillaries 
golden yellow; quills below blackish, yellow along the inner edge. 
Total length 7*5 inches, culm en 0*6, wing 3*75, tail 3*15, tarsus 
1-05. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in being duller coloured and 
browner above, in having the supraloral streak and cheeks white, 
and the chest and the sides of the body ashy brown. Total length 
8*3 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3'65, tail 3*45, tarsus 0*95. 

The specimens from the Argentine Eepublie are much darker and 
greener, with more boldly marked streaks of black. 

Flab. Argentine Republic to Northern Patagonia. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Eio Negro, Patagonia, Sept. (W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
H. Hudson). 
b. $ ad.sk. Eio Negro, Patagonia, Sept. (IF. Sclater Coll. 
H. Hudson). 
c. S ad. sk. Uruguay, Feb. Alan Peel, Esq. [C.]. 
d. S ad. sk. Paraguay. Sclater Coll. 
e. <3 ad. sk. Cosquin, Cordova, Argentine Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Eepublic, Aug. 16 (K W. 
White). 
f. (3 ad. sk. Cosqiun, Oct. 11 (R W. White). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ADDENDA. 


THE following additions to the present volume consist principally 
of an enumeration of the specimens presented by Capt. Wardlaw 
Eamsay with his donation of the Tweeddale Collection. There 
are also some notices of American species and subspecies recently 
recognized by Mr. Eidgway in his ' Manual of North-American 
Birds/ a work which has only just appeared, and was not available 
for quotation in the body of the work. Professor Newton has also 
shown me some remarkable Finches from Hawaii, recently collected 
by Mr. Scott Wilson, which have completely altered my opinion as 
to the relations of the Sandwich Islands' Avifauna. These birds, 
which will be shortly described, are evidently true Fringilliclce, 
and, consequently, their allies, Loocioicles and Psittirostm, described 
as JDicceidce in the 10th volume of the ' Catalogue/ will have to be 
restored to their proper position among the Pinches *. 

Page 21. Chloris chloris. 

Add:~ 

00. 
? ad. sk. Cookham, Berks, March 26, Tweeddale Coll. 
1868 (JR. B. &). 
a' . <3 ad. sk. Cookham, June 1865 {It. Tweeddale Coll. 
JS. 8.). 

P . <$ ad. sk. Sierra Nevada, S. Spain, Tweeddale Coll. 
March (H. Saunders). 
7' '. S ad. sk. Granada, May (H. S.). Tweeddale Coll. 
. $ ad. sk. Seville, Feb. 27 (H. 8.). Tweeddale CoU. 

a' 

e' . (S ad. sk. Seville, March 10 (H. 8.). Tweeddale Coll. 
&, rj'. $ ad. sk. Podrumok Eiver, Cis-caucasia, Imp. Museum, 
Feb. S. Petersburg 
[E.]. 

Page 26. Chloris sinica. 

Add:— 

S. Ad. sk. Nagasaki, Japan. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
t. c? ad. sk. Amoy, April 1806 (JR. Swinh.e). Tweeddale Coll. 
u. $ ad. sk. Amoy, Dec. 10 (M. Swinhoe). Tweeddale Coll. 
v, 
w. <5 ad. sk. Canton. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
* What is Frinqilla anna, Bole, Hawaiian Annual, 1880? (C/. Ibis, 1880, 
p. 241.) 
VOL. XII. 
3a 

ADDENDA. 

Add:— 
Page 28. (Moris kawaraMba. 
g, S ad. sk, 
h. J ad. sic, 
i, 5 ad. sk. 
7c. <$ ad. sk, 
Z. $ ad. sk. 
Kobe, Japan (22. Bergman). 
Kobe, Japan, Dec. 28, 1870 
(22. Bergman). 
Kobe, Japan, Jan. 27, 1870 
(22. Bergman). 
Hakodadi, Apxil 15, 1865, 
(JBT. Whitely). 
Hakodadi, April 5, 1865 
(JET. Whitely). 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Page 28. Eopkona melanura. 

Add:— 

n. tf ad. sk. Amoy, Nov. 1886 (22. Swinkoe). Tweeddale Coll. 
o. $ ad. sk. Amoy, Dec. 1867 (22. Stvinhoe). Tweeddale Coll. 
p. J ad. sk. Canton. Tweeddale Coll. 
j . J ad. sk, China (Tuchett). Tweeddale Coll. 
4^ . Page 30. Eophona personata. 

/ . J ad. sk. Japan. Tweeddale Coll. 

^^ . Page 36. Coccotliraustes coccothraiistes. 

i'. Ad. sk. Germany. Tweeddale Coll. 
h'. <$ ad.sk. Granada, Spain, March 1871 (2T. Tweeddale Coll. 
tSctMTt den*s^ 
Z\ $ ad.sk. Parryville, Turkey, April 17 (21 Tweeddale Coll. 

Bobson). 
m'. c? ad. sk. Asia Minor (T. Bohsori). Tweeddale Coll. 
n\ $ ad. sk. Asia Minor, April 28 (T. 22.). Tweeddale Coll. 
©' $ ad. sk. Asia Minor, May (21 22.). Tweeddale Coll. 

^a . Page 39. Coccothraustes japonicus. 

k S ad. sk. Hakodadi, Noy. 28 (J5T. Whitely). Tweeddale Coll. 

i. Ad. sk. Yezo, Japan. Tweeddale Coll. 
A^a: Page 40. CoccotliraTistes Iramii. 

d. 6 ad. sk. Fort Attock, Feb. 6, 1879 (22. (?. Tweeddale Coll. 
W. 22.). 
A^a. Page 41. Mycerobas melanoxantlms. 

£. $ ad. sk. Simla, June 1876 (22. C. Beavan). Tweeddale Coll. 

o. tf ad. sk. Simla, Aug. 1876 (22. C. B.). Tweeddale Coll. 
ADDENDA, 
819 

Add: Page 44. Pycnorhamplms icteroides. 

*'. c? ad. sk. Peiwar Kotul, Afghanistan, June Tweeddale Coll. 
20,1879 (JR. G. W. JR.). 
&', V. <J $ ad. sk. Cashmere, Oct. 1876 (/. Bid- Tweeddale Coll. 
dulph). 
m'. <3 juv.sk Cashmere, July 1867 {T. C. Tweeddale Coll. 
Jerdori). 
n', o'. <$ 2 ad. sk. Muiree, Sept. 14 (C. JH. T. Tweeddale Coll. 
Marshall), 
P'>tf- c?,^.? ad.sk. Fagoo, Simla, Aug. 1866(5. C. Tweeddale Coll. 
JBeavan). 
$'. $ ad. sk. Mahasu, near Simla, Sept. 1866 Tweeddale Coll. 

(22. C. B.). 
t,' u\ d 2 ad. sk. Mahasu, March 1867 {Br. Scott). Tweeddale Coll. 
Add: ^age 46. Pycnorhamplms affinis. 

2 a(^-S^*

«; *0-6 Eungbee, Darjiling. Tweeddale Coll. 

Add: £a£e ^* Pycnorhamplms cameipes. 

u', v\ d $ ad. sk. Byan Kheyl, Afghanistan, April Tweeddale Coll. 
30,1879 {B. G. TV. JRJ). 
w'. 2 juv. sk, Gilgit, June 15, 1876 {J. BidTweeddale 
Coll. 
dulph). 
x'. $ ad. sk. Turkestan {Br. Severtzoff). Tweeddale Coll. 

Page 66. Guiraca caerulea. 

Mr. Eidgway separates the western bird as Guiraca ccerulea 
eurliyncha (Man. N. Amer. B. p. 446), from the Western United 
States, north to Colorado, California, &c, south throughout Mexico. 
It is Guiraca eurhyncha of Coues, Amer. Nat. viii. p. 563 (1874), a 
name omitted in my synonymy. 

j^frfr. Page 70. Guiraca indigotica. 

Mr. Eidgway separates the species from "Western Mexico as 
Passerina parellina indigotica, Bidgw. Man. JN. Amer. B. 

p. 447. 
It will be noticed that Mr. Eidgway associates this Grosbeak with 
the Painted Buntings, which he calls Passerina^ and the form, if it 
be proved to be distinct, will bear the name of Passerina indigotica 
(Eidgw.) in American works. 

^Lfl. Page 81. Oryzoborus fknereus. 

q. 2 
ad. Bk. MecoIsland, Nov. 1885 (G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll 
Gaumer). 
3G2 

820 

. ,-,

t. 6 ad. "sk.
Add •—

a 2 ad. sk.
a\b\<$\mm, sk.

Add:—

«' S ad. sk.
/. S ad. sk

ADDENDA. 

 Page 109. SpermopMla miuuta. 
Para, Jan. 14,1873 (K L. Layard). Tweeddale Coll. 

PaS° 123#

 Spermophila moreleti. 

 Cozumel Island (6?. JP. Qawner). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Meco Island, Nov. 1885 (G. F Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Gaumer). 

Pa&° 128*

 SpermopMla gutturalis. 

 Para, Aug. 23, 1872 (JE. L. Layard). Tweeddale Coll. 
Para, Nov. 13. 1872 (JE. L. Layard). Tweeddale Coll. 

Page 145. Plionipara lepida. 

The synonyms of P. intermedia should be added to P. pusilla 

(p. 147), and the following specimens recorded after the latter:— 
s, t, u. Imm. sk. Cozainel Island (G. F. Gaumer). Salvin-Godman Coll, 
Page 151. Phonipara fuliginosa. 
Alter number of species to " 4." 


Add: Page 1^2. Volatinia jacarini. 

•y. d; &, €. 2 ad.sk. Para, Nov.27,1872 (JE.L. Layard). Tweeddale Coll. 
PaS e

Add: 161. Cardinalis cardinalis. 
0,p. S $ ad. sk. Ohio {J. A. Hurst). Tweeddale Coll. 

Pa&e

Add; 1^3. Cardinalis coccineus. 

a'~i\ <$ ; h\ lr, m't n\ Cozumel Island (G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
2 ad. sk. Gaumer). 
0'. $ ad. sk, Meco Island, Nov. 1885 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(G. F Gaumer). 
Page 164. Add :— 
Subsp, j3». Cardinalis yucatanicus. 
Cardinalis cardinalis yucatanicus, Eidqw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 443 
(1887). 
This form is separated by Mr. Bidgway, but I cannot see the 
least grounds for its recognition. 

AIMKNIH. 821 
Add:— Pago 177, Fringilla spodtogonys. 
/ ; <$ ad. sk. TuniH. Tweeddnto Col! 
Add:-Pago 
178. Fringilla montifriagilla. 

£. $ ad. sk.

o. jad. sk.
w. <J nd. sk.
p. $ hum. nk.
(r, r. cT ad. Hk.
v. ? ad. sk.
</). d ad. sk.
X, ^ c? $ ad.sk.
«. $ ad. bk.

Add:

v. ,Tuv. sk. 
Morocco. 
Ortalieuv, Turing, Oct. 20 (T.

Itolmm)» 

 Ortalveuy, Nov. 22 (71 AM*,w). 
(Constantinople,I>ec.?K) ( 7T. llohnon). 
Yezo. 
ILakodadi, March 21 (Jf. Whitvhj). 
Peking, ()ct. 0 (A*, ttwm/me). *


 Shanghai, March 187{H/e.*SVr*«to)' 
China (Tuekett).


 ^aS° ^ * Carduelis carduelis. 

 Cookham, Berks, Sept. 8, l&OS(J2. B. $.). 

 TwoeddaleCnll. 
Tweedilale Toll 

 Tweeddale I % I!. 
Tweeddale Coil, 
Tweeddale Coll, 
Tweeddale < %dL 
Tweeddale Coll 

 Tweeddale Coll. 

 Tweeddale Coll 

 Tweeddale Coll 

/3. Hybrid between 0. major and C. cuiticeps. 

^ . c? ad. sk.
o, cJ ad. sk.

j^m.
y, 5. d 9 ad. sk.

c. d ad. sk.
6 tf ad. sk.
7). Ad. sk.
Add:—


a\ £ ad. sk.
h\ g ad.; c\ djuv. sk. 

 Krasnoyarsk, Nov. 1, 1880 (1L
Seebohm). 


 Krasnoyarsk^ March 20? 1883.

 Pago 180. Carduelis caniceps. 

 Turkestan, Oct. (Dr. fom-twf). 
Turkewtan,l)ec. 2L,1H<W (2M^w£ ~
sof). 
Bvan Khoyl, Afghanistan, May 21,
*1870(/<. O. IV.lt). 
Simla, March 1807 (1>. &MW)*

 PaS0 11)5

- Chrysomitris tristis. 
Albany, New York (J. A. Hunt), 
Canada (CW. C. Melty).


 Tweeddale Coll. 

 Imp. Museum, 
fl. Petersburg 
LE.J. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale ('oil 

 Tweeddale Coll. 

 Tweeddalo Coll. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddalo Coll. 

^ag0 2()1*

Add — Chrysomitris spinoides. 

a'. <$ ad. sk. Fagoo, near Simla,
(R. C. Ilea van). 
fi\ Juv. sk. Mahasu, near Simla,
(It C. Beavtm). 
y. S ad. sk. Simla, July 1S00 (li.

 August 1800 Tweeddule Coll. 
Sept. lfcCG Tweeddule Cull. 


 C. Beavmi). Tweeddalo Cull. 
82 2 
ADDENDA. 

Add •— ^a£e ^®* Clirysomitris mexicana. 

z. S acl. sk. 
Cozumel Island. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
**&e 212*

Add *— 
(^^imtris spinus. 

s'j t\ tf P ad. sk Cappagh, Co. Waterford, Ireland, E. J. Ussher, 
NOT. 1877. Esq. [P.]. 
«', vr. c? ad. sk. Valencia, Spain, Jan. 19, 1873 Tweeddale Coll. 
{Eaward Saunders). 
vr-. $ ad. sk. Valencia, Spain, Feb. 6, 1873 Tweeddale Coll. 
{Eoward Saunders).
xt> y'> 6 ? ad. sk. Guiksu, Asia Minor, Oct. 18, I860 Tweeddale Coll. 

(T. Robzon). 
»', a. $ ad. sk. Yezo, Japan. Tweeddale Coll. 
j3, $ imm. sk. Yezo, Japan, Tweeddale Coll. 
Page 232. CaHacaHthis I)Tirto2ii. 

Add :— 
u, v. <? $ ad. sk. Gulmerg, Cashmere, July (T. C. Tweeddale Coll. 
Jerdon). 
w,x. S $ ad. sk. Simla, March 18C7 (Dr. Scott). Tweeddale Coll. 

Aaa. Page 238. AcantMs brevirostris. 

z. 
<$ ad. sk. Kisslovodsk, Cis-caucasia, Feb. 7, Imp. Museum, 
1886. S. Petersburg 
FE.]. 
a\ <$ ad sk. Turkestan (Br. Setertzqf). Tweeddale Coll. 
b'. £ ad. sk. Doba, June 7,1874 (J. Biddzdph). Tweeddale Coll. 
c\ $ ad. sk. Leh, July 1 (J. BiddulpJi). Tweeddale Coll. 

Add: ^a£e 240. Acanthis cannaMna. 
<»', a. $ $ ad. sk. Valencia,Spain, April (iT. Saunders). Tweeddale Coll. 

b. c? ad. sk. 
Asia Minor (T. Robson). Tweeddale Coll. 
c. $ ad. sk. 
Guiksu, Asia Minor, NOT. 21 (T. Tweeddale CoU. 
Robson). 

Add: ^a£e ^44. AcantMs fringillirostris. 

t. 
$ ad. sk. Cis-caucasia, NOT. 21,1866. Imp. Museum, S. 
Petersburg [E.]. 
w. 
c? ad. sk. Bokhara, June 13,1885 (Grum- Imp. Museum, S. 
Grizimailo). Petersburg [E.]. 
Add: ^a£e 245. Acantlris linaria. 

Y)'. S ad. sk. Higbgate, NOT. 20,1868 (E. B. S.). Tweeddale Coll. 
6\ 2 ad. sk. Cookham, Berks, NOT. 10. 1868 Tweeddale Coll. 

(JR. B. S.). 
i'. $ imm. sk. Asia Minor, NOT. 4 (T. Robson). Tweeddale Coll. 
K'. Ad. sk. Canada. Tweeddale Coll. 
X'. Ad. sk. Canada (Col C. Shelley). Tweeddale Coll. 

ADDENDA.

Add: Page 250. Acanthis holboelli. 

 c? ad. sk. Archangel, June 27, 1872 (J. A,
Marvie-B?'owri). 

Add i Page 251. Acanthis rostrata. 

e. Ad. sk. Greenland. 
PaSe 252

Add:- Acanthis rufescens. 
$'. Ad. sk Whitehill, Nov. 1870 (JR. G. W. 22.).

Add. Page 254:. AcantMs exilipes. 
p'. 2 ad. sk. Yen-e-say Valley, April 7, 1877

(H. Seebohm). 
q\ 
<J ad. sk. Krasnoyarsk, Feb. 21, 1881 (H,
Seebohni). 

 Tweeddale Cull. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale ColL 


Page 258. Genus MONTIFRINaiLLA. 
In < Key to the Species/ read as follows:— 
d"'. Head brown like the back. [p. 26L 
a4. Lesser and median wing-coverts white .. alpicofa hiem., 

Add i Pa£e 261. Montifringilla adamsi. 

q. 5 ad. sk. Leh, June 30 (J. Biddulph).
r. S ad. sk. Indus Valley, June 29 (J, Biddulph).
s. Ad. sk. Hills north of Kumaon.
^dd: Pa^e 263. Montifringilla ruficollis. 

r. $ ad. sk. Thibet, April 1875 (X. Mandelli). 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


 Tweeddale Coll. 


^dd; Pa^e 264. Montifringilla "blanfordi. 
Pyrgilauda barbata, Prjev. Ibis, 1887, p. 412 (transl). 

Add:—
a. Ad. sk. 
^ e 265. Montifringilla davidiana. 
Kobdo, Mongolia, Dec. 1877 Imp. Museum, 8. 
(Potaniri). Petersburg [E.], 
Page 267. Montifringilla sordida. 

For " Sutley Valley " read « Sutlej Valley." 

824: 
ADDENDA. 
7T. Ad. sk. Charnba (Stachhouse Pinwill). Tweeddale Coll. 
p, <r, r. Ad. sk. Sutlej Valley. Tweeddale Coll. 

v. Ad. sk. Simla, March 1807 (Dr. Scott). Tweeddale Coll. 
4>) X' <$ ? a<*-s^- Middle range of hills north of Masuri. Tweeddale Coll. 
^j c | . Page 269. lEontifringilla brandti. 

s'. ($ ad. sk. Chahil Gurnbaz, Yarkand, March 26, Tweeddale ColL 
1874 (J. Biddulph). 
t'. $ ad. sk. Kufalonz, Yarkand, June 12, 1874 Tweeddale Coll. 

(J. Biddulph). 
u'. $ ad. sk. Sujet Pass, Yarkand, Oct. 16, 1874 Tweeddale ColL 
{J. Biddulph). 
v'. 
2 iuv. sk. Kangra Lama Pass, Sikhim, Oct. 5, Tweeddale ColL 
1870 (TT^. T.Blanford). 


Page 272. Add :— 

10 a. Montifringilla roborowsMi 

Leucosticte roborowskii, Prjev. Ibis, 1887, p. 411 (tran&L). 

Bob. Thibet. 

Add:— ^a£e 273. Montifritigilla giglioHL 

/, 9-d 2 ad. sk. Lake Baikal. Tweeddale ColL 

Add:— Page 278. MontifringiHa bnmneimiclia. 

i. $ ad. sk. Sidemi, E. Siberia {M. Janskotc&ky). Tweeddale Coll. 
h. 2 ad. sk. Hakodadi, Feb. (J. BlaMstmi). Tweeddale Coll. 
Add :—. •Pa^e 280. Ebodopechys sangniaea. 

*. 2 ad. sk. Kkokand, March (Dr. Severtzoff). Tweeddale ColL 

Add;— Pa&e 28 ^ . Rbodospiza obsoleta. 

*-^'. c? $ ad.sk. Turkestan, March 11, 1866 (Dr. Tweeddale Coll 
Severtzoff). 


Pa&e

Add:— 287. Erythrospiza mongolica. 

u. Ad. sk. Gilgit, Dec. 5,1879 (J, Scully). Tweeddale Coll. 
Add :— Page ^S9. Petronia petronia. 

e\ rf ad. sk. Ortakeuy, Turkey, October 15,1862 Tweeddale Coll 

( T. Robson) . 
/'. <J ad. sk. Hanankoi, Asia Minor, October 16, Tweeddale ColL 
. looo (i. Mobson). 
g'. 6 ad. sk. Constantinople, April 1809 (T. Rob- Tweeddale Coll 
son), 
h'. Ad. sk. Marocco (Olcese), Tweeddale ColL 

ADDENDA. 
825 

Add: ^a&e ^92. Petronia fcrachydactyla. 

i. Ad. sk.
h. $ ad. sk. 
Sugerak, Palestine. June 15, 18G4(H. B. 71). 
Plain of Zebdany, June 13, 1864 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
(II. B. T.). 

Add: ^ aS e 293. Petronia flavicollis. 

r. Ad. sk. Oudh. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
v. $ ad. sk. Uinballa, N.W.P., November 1866 Tweeddale Coll. 
(22. C. Beavan). 
<j>. Juv. sk. Jhansi, August 1868 (C. II T. Mar- Tweeddale Coll. 
shall). 
X-6 juv. sk. Khandala, May 12, 1877 (S. B. Fair- Tweeddale Coll. 
bank). 
i£,o>. <$ 2 ad.sk. Malabar. Tweeddale Coll. 
a'. Juv. sk. Mysore (22. £. 7T. 12.). Tweeddale Coll, 
£'. d ad. sk. Bangalore (22. 6-'. 7P. 2?.). Tweeddale Coll. 

Add : ^ aS e 295. Petronia dentata. 

/. cS ad. sk. Kokai, Bogos Land, June 17,1868 Tweeddale Coll. 
(W.Jesse), 

g. Juv. sk. Bogos Land (Jesse), Tweeddale Coll. 
Add: -^aoe ^9L Petronia petronella. 

r. cS ad. sk. Eland's Post, April 30(T. C. Atmore). Tweeddale Coll. 
Add: ^a&e ^01. Passer montanas. 

n. 2 ad. sk. Hanankoi, Asia Minor, Oct. 22,1866 Tweeddale Coll. 
(T. Bobson). 
o. $ ad. sk. Sanju, Yarkand, Oct. 27 (J". Biddulph). Tweeddale Coll. 
p. Juv. sk. Shillong, June 1875 (A. W. Chennell). Tweeddale Coll. 
q. 3 ad. sk. Tonglioo, Jan. 1,1874 (22. G. W. 22.). Tweeddale Coll. 
r. Ad. sk. Pegu. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
s. Juv. sk. Malacca (Dr. Maingay). Tweeddale Coll. 
t, u, v. Ad. sk. Java. Tweeddale Coll. 
w. 
$ ad. s^- Takow, Formosa, Jan. 1869 (22. Swin- Tweeddale Coll. 
hoe), 
x. Ad. sk. Yezo, Japan, Tweeddale Coll. 
y, 3 ad. sk. Hakodadi, April 27,1865 (JET. WUtelxj). Tweeddale Coll. 
z. Ad. sk. Kobe, Japan, Dec. 31,1869 (22. Berg- Tweeddale Coll. 
man), 
a'. Ad. sk. Liu Kiu Islands. H. Pryer, Esq. 

Page 307. Passer saturatus. 

Add:— 

Passer montanus saturatus, Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 414 
(1887). 

The Museum has lately received from Mr. Pryer a specimen of an 

82 6 
ADDENDA. 

adult Tree-Sparrow from the Liu Kiu Islands. It is absolutely 
the same as the ordinary P. montanus, and it is evident that 
Dr. Stejnegor founded his P. saturatus on a young bird of P. 
montcmus. 

^fi, Page 307. Passer domesticns. 

Wadenhoe, Northamptonshire, July 3, Colonel Irby 

<r. $ ad. sk. 
1886 (dun-coloured var.). [P.]. 

r. 
c? ad. sk. Irtakoi, Turkey, May 28, 1863 (T. Tweeddale Coll. 
Mohson). 
v. $ ad. sk. Morocco (Olcese). Tweeddale Coll. 
<f>. <$ ad. sk. Island of Rodriguez. Mrs. O'Halloran. 
X* 6 ad. sk. Byan Kheyl, Afghanistan, May 9, Tweeddale Coll. 
1879 (P. G. W. P.). 
\fr. (S ad. sk. Leh, Ladak, Aug. 28 (/. Biddulph), Tweeddale Coll. 
o), c? juv. sk. Umballa, Oct. 1866 (P. C. Beavan). Tweeddale Coll. 
a', £'. 6 2 ad. Umballa, Nov. 1866 (P. C. Beavan). Tweeddale CoU. 

sk. 
y'. ? juv. sk. Simla, July 1866 (P. C. Beavan). Tweeddale Coll. 
a', e\ <j $ ad. Jubbulpur district. Tweeddale Coll. 

sk. 
£'. 3 ad. sk. Maunbhoom, Feb. 1865 (P. C. Beavan). Tweeddale Coll. 
rj'. Juv. sk. Kashinghur, Maunbhoom, March 1864 Tweeddale Coll. 

(P. C. Beavan). 
6\ $ ad. sk Madras (P. G. W. P.). Tweeddale Coll. 
&'. 2 ad. sk. Tonghoo, July 1875 (P. G. W. P.). Tweeddale CoU. 
«'. c? ad. sk. Pegu. Tweeddale Coll. 
X'. tf ad. sk Assam, Jan. 1876 (A. W. Chennell). Tweeddale Coll 
Page 317. Passer Mspaniolensis. 

Add:— 
o'. (S ad. sk San Nicholas, Cape Verde Islands (J. Tweeddale Coll. 

G. Keulemans). 
Byan Kleyl, Afghanistan, May 1879 Tweeddale Coll, 
ad. sk (P. G. W. P.). 

Page 323. Passer jagoensis. 

Add:— 
*. 2 ad. sk S. Vincent, Jan. 23 (J. G. Keulemans). Tweeddale Coll. 

Add; £a£e 3^5. Passer raficinctns. 

a. $ ad. sk. Lado, Equatorial Africa, April 9, 1884. Emin Pasha [P.], 
^S 6 325*

Add:—- Passer cinnamometis. 
ff, 2 ad. sk Sonarmurg, Cashmere, July 14, 1874 Tweeddale Coll. 

(J. Biddulph). 
h. 
<J ad, sk. Sindh Valley, July 20, 1874 (X Bid- Tweeddale Coll. 
dulpli). 
i. <$ ad. sk 
Simla, June 1866 (P. C. Beavan). Tweeddale Coll 
h. J ad. sk. Simla, July 1866 (R. C. Beavan). Tweeddale Coll* 
i, m. d ad. sk. Shillong, May 1870 (A. W. Chennell). Tweeddale Coll* 
n,o. 6 2 ad.sk. KarenHills,April3,1875(P. G. W.M.). Tweeddale ColL 
A.DDBNDA. 
827 

Add:— 
Page 329. Passer rutilans. 

/ . ? ad. sk. HakodwliJJ/. WMMy). Tweeddalti Coll. 
(/. $ ad. sk. <wink Tweocldahi roll.

Ningpo, China (It Nwinhot)*

h. 
<$ ad. sk. Chekinng Province, Ma
MaMa)y 1875 (#A<w-Tweoddaki Colt 
^//«u Mun.),
i. Ad. sk. Tonghoo, Burmah, Tweeddale (1oll. 
(Typo of R uHhimiits,) 
After carefully comparing the typo of I\ assimilis with Ohuu^o 
examples of P. rutilans, I am unable to HOC the smallent grounds for 
their specific separation. It seems to me even doubtful whether 
some mistake may not have occurred with regard to the locality of 
the male specimen, which was purchased of Mr. Whitoly, and \\an 
not procured by Capt. Wardlaw llamsay himself. It is quite poHniblo 
that a Chinese skin has got mixed up in the collection Bold by 
Mr. Whitely. The female specimen from the Karen Hillg is 
undoubtedly only P. cinnamomeus, agreeing with other specimens 
from the Himalayas; and therefore a Bparrow of the P, ruiiiam 
type has to be rediscovered in Burmah. 

Page 329. Passer assimilis. 
This species will have to be united to JP. cinnamonum (vide 
supra). 


Page 330. Passer flaveolus.

Add:m, 
n. d ad. sk. Tonghoo, Feb. 16,1875 (M G. W. R). Tweeddale Coll. 
o,jp. <5 \ q, r, $ Karen-nee, March 1874 (JR. O. W.R). Tweeddale Coll. 
ad. sk. 

Page 332. Passer emini

Add: 

6. cJ ad. sk. Lado, Equatorial Africa, Nov. 2, Emin Paaha fl\ 1 
1883. 
c. d ad. sk. Redjaf, Jan. 31,1884. Emin Pasha I l\\ 
d, e. $ imm. sk. Lado, Feb. 18, 1884. Emin Pasha [P. J. 
^ a . 
Page 333. Passer arcuatus. 

q. $ ad. sk. Otjimbinque, Damara Land, Jan. 8,1802 Tweeddale Coll, 
(C. J. Andersson). 
^ ^ . 
Page 334. Passer swainsoni. 

m, n. <$ $ ad. SenaftS, Abyssinia, May 25,1808 (W. Tweeddale Coll. 
sk. Jestse), 

Page 336. Passer diffasus.

Add:— 
V+
Q ad sk. Otjimbinque, Damara Land, Sept. 2, Tweeddale Coll.

2 ad ; 

1803 (0. J". Andmson),

.-(O. 
Zanzibar.


c\ Ad. sk 

828 ADDENDA. 
/3. P. gularis. 

Tweeddale Coll 

d'. Ad. sk. 
Dakar, Senegal. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

e'. Ad. sk. 
Senegal (Z. Laglaize). 

Tweeddale Coll. 

/' . Ad. sk. 
Gaboon (Du Chaillu). 

^£. Page 337. Passer ammodendri. 

g. $ ad. sk. 
Turkestan (Dr. Severtzoff). Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

h. 6 ad. sk. 
Kashgar, Dec. 1873 (J. Biddutyh). 
_^j£. 
Page 356. Serums icterus, 

t'. $ ad. sk. Elephant Vley, Damaraland, Aug. 4, Tweeddale Coll. 

1859 (C. J.Andersson). 

u'. Ad. sk. Zambesi (Metier). 
Tweeddale Cull. 

v'. d1 ad. sk. Lainu, E. Africa, Aug. 31,1885. F. J. Jackson, E*q. 

/. $ ad. sk. Manda Island, E. Africa. F. J. Jackson, Esq. 

x\ P ad. sk. Tobbo, Equatorial Africa, May 17, Emiif P&>h<* "P.I. 

1883. 

The female sent by Emm Pasha seems to be Strl'urn hnA*tf*f$ 
(Heuglin). It has the ear-coverts and sides of the neck oliv**yallow 
like the back, and not ashy as in 8* kttnm. I <\mnot 
determine yet whether S. barhatus is really a distinct ^perl^, m 
Emin Pasha's specimen is matched by others from Senegambia and 
Damara Land. Mr. Jackson's specimen from ITanda Mam! is 
rather different from ordinary examples of S.iettru% and may he 
the male of S. barhatus. It will be necessary to obtain more 
material before the question of the separation of these two apceies 
can be determined. 

Add: Page 363. Serrans striolatns. 

h. 
<$ ad. sk. Senafe, Abyssinia, April 24, 1805 TweeddaW Cull. 
( W* Jesse). 
Add :•— ^e 365. Serinns xaatiiopygins. 

c, d ad. sk. Kokai, Bogos Land, August 10, Tweeddale Cull. 
1868(W. Jew).^ 

Add:— 
^aKe 367. Serinns angolensis. 

n. tf ad. sk. Elephant Vley, Damaraland, Aug. Tweeddale Coll. 
21,1859 ( C. J. Anderssmi). 
Add:— 3?a&e 3®&- Serinus serinns. 

m. 
o* ad. sk. Seville, Spain, March 28, 1&70 Tweeddale Coll. 
(Hoioard Saunders). 
w. Jad.sk. 
Valencia, Spain, Nov. 26, 1871 Tweeddale Coll. 
(Howard Saunders). 

ADDENDA. 
82f> 

Add:— Page 372. Serinus canonicus. 

e. Juv. sk. Cedars of Lebanon, Palestine, June Tweeddale Coll 
16, 1864 (II. B. Tristram). 
Add:— Page 373. Serinus pusillus. 

o. 
3 ad. sk. Altai Mountains, April 19, Imp. Museum, S. 
1878. Petersburg [E.l. 
7T. (J ad. sk. Karjil, Yarkand, July 9 (J. Tweeddale (ML 
Biddulph). 

p. 
S ad. sk. Panja, Yarkand (J. Bid- Tweeddale Coll. 
dulph). 
a,r. 3 $ ad. sk. Byan Kkeyl, Afghanistan, Tweeddale Coll. 
Nov. 6,1879 (22.0. W.B.). 
v, cj>. Ad. sk. Simla, Marck 1807 (Dr. Tweeddale Coll. 

Scott), 

Add:— ^a&e 382. Sycalis arvensis. 
v, w. <$ $ ad. sk. Chili. Purchased. 

^c£3. Page 391. Carpodacns erythrinus. 
d, €. tf 2 ad* sk. Yen-e-say, E. Siberia, June 1877 Tweeddale ColL 

(II. Seebohm). 
& c? ad. sk. Byan Kheyl, Afghanistan, June Tweeddale Coll. 
28, 1879 (R G. W. It.), 
rj. $ 
ad. sk Shaluzan, Afghanistan, June 24, Tweeddale Coll. 
1879 (JR. G. W. JR.). 

6. <$ ad. sk Umbala, April 1866 (Br. Scott). Tweeddale Coll. 
i. $ ad. sk. Umbala, Nov. 1866 (Dr. Scott). Tweeddale Coll. 
K, A. <$ ad. sk. N. Khasia Hills, March 1876 Tweeddale Coll. 
(A. W. Chennell). 
fx, v. ? ad. sk Maunbhoom, April 1864 (R. C. Tweeddale Coll. 
Beavan). 

g. tf ad. sk. Ahmednuggur (S. B. Fairbanh). Tweeddale Coll. 
o, 7T. <$ ? ad. sk. Khandala, March 1876 (S. B. Tweeddale ColL 
Fairbanh). 

p. 
<$ ad. sk. Khandala, April 1876 (S. B. Tweeddale ColL 
Fairbanh). 
<r,T,ti, A. dad.sk. Tonghoo, April 6, 1874(22.0. Tweeddale ColL 

W.R.). 

Y. 9 ad. sk. Karen Hills, March 10, 1874 Tweeddalo ColL 
(R.G.W.R.). 

^ft . Page 399. Carpodacns rubicilla. 

a, b. S 2 ad. sk. N. Caucasus. Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
Pa&° 400,

Add •— Carpodacns severtzovL 
e'. J ad. sk. Kashgar (Br. Belhw). India Museum. 

83 0 ADDENDA. 

£^. Page 404. Carpodacus grandis. 

y. $ ad. sk. Peiwar Kotul, Afghanistan, June Tweeddale Colt 
20,1879 (JR. G. W. JR.). 
%. <$ ad. sk. Hills north of Kumaon. Tweeddale ColL 

^d : *>a£e 406. Carpodacus rhodochlamys. 

*. <$ ad. sk.

k. $ ad. sk.
I 2 ad. sk.
m. <$ ad. sk,
A^.
/. c? ad. sk,

g. (5 imm. sk.
A, i. $ $ ad, sk.
h 6 ad. sk,

^a.

p'. £ ad. sk.
q\ cJ juv. sk.

j^fa.
x\ ? ad. sk.

 Altai Mountains; Feb. 19, 1879.

 Altai Mountains, Sept. 18,1878.

 Turkestan (Dr. Severtsof). 
Ferghana, Feb. 5, 188^ (e donoJH. Seehohn), 

 Page 407. Carpodacus roseus. 

 Imp. Museum, S. 

Petersburg [E/j. 
Imp. Museum, S, 
Petersburg* FE.1, 
Tweeddale doll. 

 Tweeddale ColL 

 Irkutsk. Henry Seebohm, Esq. 

 Sidemi, Ussuri Country, Dec. Imp. Museum, S, 

8,1884. " Petersburg [E.]. 
Lake Baikal. Tweeddale uoll. 
Yezo, Japan (C. McVean). Tweeddale Coll. 

 Page 409. Carpodacus purpureus. 

 Canada (Col C. Shelley).

 Albany, New York (J. A. Hurst).

 Page 418. Carpodacus e&wardsi 
Moupin, Nov. 20,1869 (A. David).

 Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale ColL 

 Tweeddale CoU. 

^3£. Page 420. Carpodacus frontalis* 

Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis, Bidgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 391 
(1887). 

Mr, Ridgway comes to the same conclusion as myself (anted, 

p. 421) that O. rhodocolpus is inseparable from C. frontalis* At the 
same time he suggests a new subspecies from Lower California ;— 
19a. Carpodacus ruberrimus. 

Carpodacus frontalis ruberrimus, JRidgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 391 
note (1887). 

Ought this not to stand in American books as O. mexicanus 
ruberrimus ? 

Add:— ^a Se 425. Carpodacus thura. 
TJ. £ ad. sk. Chola Rauge, E. Sikhim, Aug. 25 Tweeddale Coll. 
(W. T, Blanford). 

^aa- Page 429. Carpodacus pulcherrimus. 

x. 
$ ad. sk. Nepal Dolaka, Bee. 1875 (L. Man- Tweeddale Coll. 
delli). 
Page 435. Loxia curvirostra. 

Add ;— 

a. L. curviroslra. 
c\ c? ad. sk. Highgate, Nov. 16,1868 (J2. J5. A). Tweeddale Coll. 
d\ 5 ad. sk. Highgate, Dec. 12,1868 (JR. B. &). Tweeddale Coll. 
e'. S ad. sk. Highgate, May 22, 1869 (H. B. 8.). Tweeddale Coll. 
/'. 6 ? ad. sk. Sweden (iT. Wheelwright), Tweeddale Coll. 
g\ J ad. sk. Ursern, Switzerland, Aug. 13,1869. Tweeddale Coll. 
h'ji'. $ J imm.i Asia Minor, Sept. 9, 1866 (T. Tweeddale Coll. 

JRobson). 

j3. L. japonica. 
k\ $ ad. sk. Yezo, Japan (C, McVean). Tweeddale Coll. 

V. <$ imin. sk. 
Hakodadi (H. Whitely). Tweeddale Coll. 
/3'. L. alKventris. 
mr. $ ad. sk. Peking, August 1868 (JR.8winhoe). Tweeddale Coll, 

y. L. jpytiopsittacus. 
Sweden (H, Wheelwright). Tweeddale Coll. 
ad. sk. 
q't (S imm. sk. Sweden. Tweeddale Coll. 

2. L. himalayana. 
r\ <J imm. sk. Interior of Sikhim, March 1873 Tweeddale Coll, 
(L. 
Mandelii). 
*, L. americana. 
$', t\ u\ c? ad. sk, Canada (Bush). Tweeddale Coll. 
v',w\ d $ ad.sk California. Tweeddale Coll, 

^^ . Page 442. Loxia bifasciata. 

/ . (J ad. sk. 
East Siberia. Tweeddale Coll. 

Page 443. Loxia leucoptera. 

Add;— 

v. 
$ ; w, x. $ N. America. Tweeddale Coll. 
imm. sk. 
y. c? ad. sk. Virginia (Hurst), Tweeddale Coll. 
s. 
S ad. sk. Albany, New York. Tweeddale Coll. 
Page 446. Pyrfchula pyrrhula. 

Add:— 
Krasnoyarsk, Jan. 3, 1882 (H* Tweeddale Coll, 

s. 2 a<3- sk. 
Seebohm). 

Krasnoyarsk, March 15, 1882 Tweeddale ColL 

t. 
$ ad. sk. 
(B. 8.). 
u. c? ad. sk. Krasnoyarsk, Oct. 22, 1882 (JET. 8.). Tweeddale ColL 
832 ADDLjnn. 

Page 447. Pyrrlmla europaea. 

Add :— 
p'. $ ad. sk. WMtehill, Midlothian, Nov. 11, Tweeddale Coll 
1871 (B. G. IF. B.). 
q', 5 ad. sk. Whitehill, Jan. 1, 1870 (B. G. Tweeddale Coll. 

W. R.), 
Page 449. Pyrrlmla griseiveiitris. 

Add;—• 

(I $ ad. sk. Hakodadi (T. Blahiston). Tweeddale Coll. 
c. 
Add;— 
(S ad. sk. 
Page 450. Pyrrlmla kurilensUrap Island (JVosnessensky).
is. 
Imp. Museum, S. 
Petersburg "E.j. 

Page 451. Pyrrlmla rosacea 

Add;— 
2 a&Yezo, Japan (C. McVean). Tweeddale Coll. 

h Jc> 6 ; Isk. 

Hakodadi, Feb. 20 (JE Whitely). Tweeddale Coll. 

m. $ ad. sk. 
Hakodadi, March (M. IF). Tweeddale Coll. 

n. 2 ad. sk. 
Hakodadi (T. Blahiston). Tweeddale Poll. 

o. 5 ad. sk. 
Island of Askold (A. Domes). Tweeddale Coll. 

p. $ ad. sk. 
^£3. Page 453. Pyrrlmla Hipalensis. 

r', s'. 6 2 ad. sk. Simla {J. Biddulph). Tweeddale Coll. 
t't <$ ad. sk. Darjiling. Tweeddale Coll. 

Page 455. Pyrrlmla auraiitiaca. 

Add:


n. (S ad. si Cadimere, May 19, 1876 (J. Tweeddale Coll. 
BiddulpJi), 
o,p. 6 2 ad-sk- Gilgit, June 1876 (J. Biddulph). Tweeddale Coll. 

^^ . Page 457. Pyrrlmla erytlirocepliala. 

o-, r. (5 2 ad. sk. Simla, March 18G7 (Zh\ Scott). Tweeddale Coll. 
v,<j). d ', X} ^-2 Simla (J. Biddulph). Tweeddale Coll. 
ad. sk. 

Afcl: Page 459. Pinicola eaucleator. 

/ . Ad. sk. Canada {Bush). Tweeddale Coll. 
g\ Ad. sk. Albany; New York (J. A. Hurst). Tweeddale Coil. 

Page 462. Add;— 

2. Pinicola kodiaca. 
Pinicola enucleator kodiaca, Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 388 (1887). 
ADDENDA. 
833 

Smaller, with proportionally much larger bill and shorter tail. 
Length about 8-00-8*50, &c. (Biclgway). 
Rah. Kodiak to Sitka, Alaska (also probably southward to higher 
Sierra Nevada of California). It may possibly be the same as P. 
fiammula of Von Homeyer (Bidgway, Z. <?.)• 

Add: ^ aS e 4 ^4. Uragus sibiricus. 

d, e. <$ J ad. sk. Siberia. Tweeddale Coll. 
/ 6 uv. sk. Krasnoyarsk, Dec. 7,1880 (&. Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebohm). 

g. 
S imm, sk. Kobdo, Mongolia, Nov. 1876 Imp. Museum, S. 
(Potaniri). Petersburg [E.]. 
A^3 ; ^Page 466. Uragus sangninolentns. 

h. <$ ad. sk. Yezo, Japan (J. Blakiston). 
Tweeddale Coll. 
i. $ ad. sk. Yokohama, Japan (IT. Pryer). Tweeddale Coll. 
k. $ ad. sk. Hakodadi, Japan, April 22,1871. Tweeddale Coll. 
I, m. 
6 S ad. sk. Sidenii, Ussuri Land, May 1869. Imp. Museum, S. 
Petersburg [EJ. 

n. 
$ ad. sk. Sachalin Island (Poljakoff)* Imp. Museum, S. 
Petersburg [E.]. 
Add. Page 473. Pyrrhulorhyiicha palnstris. 

g. $ ad. sk. Asia Minor, April 12 (T. Bobson). 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Afld : ^a&e 475. Pyrrhulorhyncha pyrrlruloides. 

g. S ad. sk. Saisan, Nov. (TancrS). Tweeddale Coll. 
A. 
<$ ad. sk. E. Ural, July (Karelin) > Imp. Museum, S. 
Petersburg [E.]. 
i. 
S ad. sk. Kara-Uasu, Mongolia (Potaniit). Imp. Museum, St. 
Petersburg [E.]. 
A&d. Page 480. Emberiza schceniclus* 
ir, $ ad. sk. Cookham, Berks, Nov. 11, 1868 Tweeddale Coll. 

(B. B. S.). 
p. $ ad. sk. Morocco. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
cr. 
<5 ad. sk. Yen-e-say Valley, Siberia, June 20, Tweeddale Coll. 
1877 (H. Seebohm). 

r. 9 iuv. sk. Kashgar, Dec. 1873 (J, Biddulph), 
Tweeddale Coll. 
v. <5 juv. sk. Yarkand, Nov. 12 (J. B.). Tweeddale CoU. 
<A, Y. "2 ad. sk. Oi Tograh, Nov. (J. B.). Tweeddale CoU. 
£. J ad sk. Maralbashi, Jan. 1879 (J. B.). Tweeddale Coll. 
_Ajftj_: Page 485. Emberiza passerina. 

b. S 
ad. sk. S. side of Lake Baikal, April 18 Tweeddale Coll. 
(Dr. Dybowshi). 
c, d. <$ imm. sk. Kobdo, Mongolia, Nov. (Pota- Imp. Museum, S. 
wm). Petersburg [E.]. 
VOL. xir. 3 H 

834 
ADDENDA. 

Page 487. Emberiza pusilla. 

Addict. 
S ad. sk. Archangel, N. Bussia, July 7, Tweeddale Coll, 
1872 (Piottueh). 
b,c. <$ ad. et juy. Lake Ealkal (Dr. Dybowski). Tweeddale Col, 
sk. 

d. <$ ad. sk. Yenesay Valley, Siberia, June 19, Tweeddaie Col. 
1877 (K Seebohrn). 
e,f. d ad. sk. Lhota Naga Hills, Feb. & Maxell Tweeddale Cull. 

(A. W. ChennelT). 
g> $ ad. sk. Lhota Naga Hills, Maxell 1870 Tweeddale Col. 
(A. W. Chennell). 
h. $ ad. sk. Karen-nee (22. 0. ^ 22.). Tweeddale Coll. 
i, h. $ ad. sk. Karen-nee, March 19, 1874 (22. 6-*. Tweeddale Cull. 
IT. 22.). 
L (S ad. sk. Karen-nee, April 1, 1874 (22. G. Tweeddale Cull 

W. 22.). 
m. $ ad. sk. S. Andamans, March 28, 1873 (22. Tweeddale Coll. 
0. W. 22.). 
n. Juv. sk. Canton. 
Page 490. Emberiza rastica.

Add:— 

q, r. d ? ad. sk. Siberia (pyhowsM). Tweedftolp Cu\\. 
s,t. cS ? ad. sk. Lake Baikal, Siberia (JDgbowsM). Twi^I»Ialt*( nil 

u. $ ad. sk. Yezo (C. McVean). Tw» P«MU Woll. 
v, w. 
<$ imm. sk. Kobe, Japan, Jan. 27; 1870 (22. Tvteeddalt' Coll. 
Bergman), 

x. 
§ ad.sk. Chinkiang Province, March 8,1875 Tweeddale C* ill 
(Shanghai Museum). 
Add: £age 493. Emberiza facata. 

fji, S ad. sk. Hakodadi, April 2d. Tweeddale CulL 
v, & d ad. sk. Hakodadi, May 9, 1865 (M. Tweeddale Coll. 
Whitetg). 

o. Imm. sk. Canton, China. Tweeddale ColL 
IT. 
& ad. sk. Sidemi, Ussuri-Land, May 19, Imp. Museum, S. 
1884. Petersburg [E.J. 

Page 497* llmberiza elegants. 

Add .— 

d ad. sk. Island of Askold, April 15, Tweeddale Coll. 
1879 (€. Doerries). 

Addi Page 
498. Emberiza chrysopkrys. 

ct, d ad. sk. Kodyak, Dec. (Wosnessemkg). Tweeddale Coll 

Page 499. Emberiza flaviventris.

Add:— 
t>u. J § ad. j v. Kairo, Bogos Land, August 18, Tweeddaie Coll. 
$ imm. sk. 1868 (W. Jesse), 

w. 
$ ad. sk. Eairo, Bogos Land. August 14, Tweeddale Col. 
1868 (W. Jesse). 
ADDENDA. 

835 

Page 503. Emberiza cabanisi 

For " Ichgasi," read " Tingasi." 
Pa€e 503

Add:—- Emberiza melanocephala. 

•r. <5 ad. sk. Banias, Palestine, May 6, 1864 Tweeddale Coll. 
(JET. B. Tristram)* 

p. $ ad. sk. "Wadale (S. B. Fairbank). Tweeddale Coll. 
Add:— Pago 506. Emberiza luteola. 

r'. <$ ad. sk. Turkestan (Severtzoff). Tweeddale Coll. 
v'. $ ad. sk. Kizzil, Yarkand, May 19, 1874 Tweeddale Coll. 

(J. Biddulph). 
<$>'> x'« 6 ad. sk. Byan Klieyl, Afghanistan, May, Tweeddale Coll. 
1878 (22. G. W. JR.). 
$'. ? ad. sk. Byan Klieyl, June 4, 1879 (22. G. Tweeddale Coll. 

W. JR.).
a', a. 
$ ad. sk. Zubberdust Killar, Afghanistan, Tweeddale Coll. 
June 1879 (JR. G. W. JR.). 

b. tf juv, sk. Umballa, Nov. 1866 (22. C.Beavan). Tweeddale Coll. 
e. 
(S imm. sk. Ahmednuggur, Dec. 15,1875 (S. B. Tweeddale Coll. 
Fairbanff). 
Page 509. Emberiza aureola. 

Add:


»', a, cJ $ ad. sk. Archangel, July 12, 1872 (X A. Tweeddale Coll. 
JHJarvie Brown). 

0. (J ad. sk. Krasnoyarsk, May 31, 1881 (EJ. Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebohm). 
S ad. sk. Peking, June 1868 (22. Swinhoe). Tweeddale Coll. 

a. <S ad. sk. Canton. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
e. $ ad. sk. Amoy, Oct. 18,1857 (22. Swinhoe). Tweeddale Coll. 
£ 77. <$ ad. sk. Tippera. Tweeddale Coll. 
6, i, K. d imm. sk. Tonghoo, Nov. (22. G. W. JR.). Tweeddale Coll. 
X, fi. J imm. sk. Tonghoo, Feb. 27 (22. G. W. 22.). Tweeddale Coll. 
v. 2 ad. sk. Tonghoo, April 17 (22. G. W. JR.). Tweeddale Coll. 
f. £ ad. sk. Sittang Valley, Feb. 29 (22. G. Tweeddale Coll. 
W. JR.). 
o. s ad. sk. Sittang Valley, Dec. 29 (22. G. Tweeddale Coll. 
W. 22.). 
^ ^ Page 514. Emberiza rutila. 

%. £ ad. sk. Lake Baikal (Br. JDybotoshi). Tweeddale Coll. 
a', tf juv. sk. Chekiang Province, China (ShangTweeddale 
Coll. 
hai Mm.). 
b'. d ad. sk. Karen-nee, March 19, 1874 (22. G. Tweeddale Coll. 

W. 22.). 
c\ 9 ad. sk. Karen Hills, April 4, 1874 (22. G. Tweeddale Coll. 
W. 22.). 
d'. Q ad. sk. Karen Hills, Feb. 16, 1874 (22. G. Tweeddale Coll. 
W. 22.). 
e\ <S ad. sk. Tonghoo, April 7, 1874 (22. G. Tweeddale Coll. 
IF. 22.). 
fi 
Q'> 6 2 imm* Isankoo Hills, April 4, 1874 (22. G.Tweeddale Coll. 
sk. W.JR.). 

836 

Add:— 
c\*\ V 8 ad.


& fad.sk

*\ <j ad. sk

Add •—

h. 9 ad.skI, m, n, <S ad.
sk 
o, ^?. Tmm. sk.

Add:— 

s. Ad. sk. 
t. $ ad. sk. 
u. 3 -, v} w, x. 
2 ad. sk. 
y1 z. $ ad. sk. 
a'. $ juv. sk. 
&f. Ad. sk 


^^.

K. [<?] ad. sk.
X. tf ad. sk.
ii. $ imm. sk.
y. [c?] ad. sk.
£. J ad. sk.
o. Ad. sk.
ir. $ ad. sk.
p. <? ad. sk.
^^.

l\ # ad. sk

m\ n'. Ad. sk.
</. $ ad. sk.
p\ <$ ad. sk

q\ <$ ad. skr'j s7. & ad. sk.

Add:

e. iS ad. sk.
ABDEITDA. 

Page 515. Emberiza citrineila, 

 Whitehill, Midlothian, O , March

 (~fl C W H ) 

 Cookham, Berks', NOT. 10, 1888

 Tmie^Qcte, 1865 (T. .firieon).

 ?a£e 519, Em^}eriza

 snlP^TOata* 

 Yezo (ailfcF^m). „ . T , 
Amoy, April 1861 (JR. Smnhoe). 


 Fungshan, Formosa, Jan. 1800 

(It. Svnnhoe). 

Page 521. Emberiza persoaata. 
Nagasaki.

S. *Yezo, Oct. (T. W. BhkUm)*
Yezo (McVean).
ELakodadi, May 1865 (1L Whitey).
Hakodadi, Oct. 21, lb04 (2f. Mltitebjl,
China (TueMt).

 Page 522. Emberiza spodocephala. 

 Upper Assam, February.

 Shanghai, March 8,1875.

 Sli-he, NOT. 1873 (It Swnltoe).

 Arnoy, Dec. 1801 (JL Sicinhoe).

 Amoy, March 1861 (JR. Smnlme).

 Amoy, Feb. 1867 (M. Stcinhoe).

 GheMang Province, March 184)1.

 Canton.

 Page 525. Emberiza cMm 

 Hampstaad, Nov. 12,1868 (R. B. 8.).

 Morocco (Obese). 
Macedonia.

 Ortakeuy, Turkey, April 1% 1807(21 Robsmi). 
Ortakeuy, Nov. 20,1863 (71 Ihhm), 
Asia Minor, Nov. (T* JRobsm).

 ^a^e ^2®* Emberiza ciaerea. 
Smyrna, April 15,1864 (Br. KrBper).

 Tweeddale ColL 
Tweeddale CbQ. 
Tweeddale Coll 


Tweeddale C«>U» 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

 Tweeddale Cull. 

 Tweedilak ColL 

 Tweeddale Coll. 

 Tweeddale Ct It 

 Twetnldale Cull. 

 Tweeddale Cull. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 

 Tweeddale Cull. 

 Tweeddale C«#1I. 

 Tweeddale C«4L 
Tweeddale ColL 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale ColL 

 Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale CullTweeddale 
Coll, 

 Tweeddale ColL 

 Tweeddale ColL 
Tweeddale Coll, 

 Tweeidml© ColL 

Add:

m', Imm. sk.
ri, o'. S ad. sk.
p'. 6 ad, sk.

q'. ? ad. sk.

r\ <$ ad. sk.

J, t'> d ? ad.
sk. 
u'. $ ad. sk.

Add:

a'. Ad. sk.
(3\ $ ad. sk.
y'. 6 ad. sk.

B'. J ad. sk.

e'. <$ imm. sk.

Add:—

I, m. tf $ ad.
sk.

Add:

y. <5 ad. sk.
z. [ <3 ] ad. sk.
a'. J ad. sk.
b\ J ad. sk.
Add;

<r'. Q ad. sk.

T\ d ad. sk.

v. J ad. sk.
<£. c?;*,^. 2ad. sk.

<o. ad. sk.
a. 2 ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk.
c. tf ad. sk.
d. (S ad. sk.
e,f. dad. etc?
imm. sk.
ff. 2 ad. sk.

ADDENDA. 
837 

^aS° 530. Emberiza hortulana. 

 Morocco (Olcese). Tweoddale Coll, 
Ortakeuy, Turkey, April (T. Eobson). Tweeddale Coll. 
Guiksu, Asia Minor, April 26, 1867 Tweeddale Coll. 

(T. Eobson). 
Becos, Asia Minor, June 10, 1868 Tweeddale Coll. 

(T. Eobson). 
Asia Minor, April 20, 1866 (T, Rob- Tweeddale Coll. 
son), 
Asia Minor, May 1865 (T. Eobson). Tweeddale Coll. 

 Wady Beerka, under Mt. Tabor, Tweeddale Coll. 
April 1864 (H. B. Tristram). 

^a^e 533. Emberiza buchanani. 

 Kokand (Dr. Severtzof). Tweeddale Coll. 
Umballa, April 1867 (Br. Scott). Tweeddale Coll. 
Kkandala, April 12,1876 (S. B. Fair- Tweeddale Coll. 

bank). 
Ahniednugger, Bee. 19, 1874 (S. B. Tweeddale Coll. 
Fairbank), 

 E. 
of Nagar, Dec. 11, 1874 (S. B. Tweeddale Coll. 
Fairbank). 
^a&e ^35. Emberiza csesia. 

 Mt. Carmel, March 1864 (H. B. Tweeddale Coll. 
Tristram). 

^a£e ^7. Emberiza cia. 

 Europe (Fraser). 
Tweeddale Coll. 

 Genoa, July 1868. Tweeddale Coll. 
Algeria (Verreaux). Tweeddale Coll. 
Orkateuy, Europe, Nov. 3, 1865 Tweeddale Coll. 

{T. Eobson). 
PaS*e 5$9. Emberiza stracheyi. 

 L. Yurru, July 5, 1874 (J. Biddulph). Tweeddale Coll. 
Karbu, July 7,1874 (J. Biddulph). Tweeddale Coll. 
Sonamarg, July 14, 1874 (J. Bid- Tweeddale Coll. 
dulph). 

 Kotul, Afghanistan, June 19, 1874 Tweeddale Coll. 

 (22. G. W. E.). 
Attock, Punjab, Feb. 1879 (22. G. Tweeddale Coll. 
W. E.). 
Lawrencepur, Punjab, March 7,1879 Tweeddale Coll. 

(22. G. W. E.). 
Simla, March 1867 {Br. Scott). Tweeddale Coll. 
Simla, June 1866 (22. C. Beavan). Tweeddale Coll. 
Simla, July 1866 (E. C. Beavan). Tweeddale Coll. 
Eagoo, near Simla, August 1866 Tweeddale Coll. 
(22. C. Beavan). 
Umballa, Eeb. 1867 (Br. Scott). Tweeddale Coll. 
838 

Add:— 

h. S ad. sk, 
*. <$ ad. sk. 
h. <$ ad, sk. 
I Ad, sk. 

m. cJ ad. sk. 
Add:— 

h, I <$ ; 7c. $ 
ad. sk. 
I <$ ad. sk. 

m. J imin. sk. 
n. S ad. sk 
o. <$ ad. sk. 
Add:— 

t. £ ad. sk. 
w. c? ad. sk. 
i>, wt x. 3 ; 

y. 5 ad. sk. 
Add:— 
&. S ad. sk. 

Add:— 

y'. S ad. sk. 
%'. $ ad. sk. 
a, yS. <? ad. sk. 

ad. sk. 

17. $ ad. sk. 
8. d ad, sk. 
t. $ ad. sk. 
K. <5 imm. sk. 
X, /*, i'. S ; £• 
ad. sk. 
0,7r. 
c? ad. et 
juv. sk. 

Add:

a1. £ ad. sk.

V. £ ad. sk.
ABBEHBI. 

Page 542. Emberiza cioi&es. 

Krasnoyarsk, Oct. 6, 1878 (Exhort). 
Krasnoyarsk, Xov. 22, 1880 (Eibm-i). 
Onon River, E. Siberia (Br. By


bowski). 
Mongolia; Oct. 1 (Petanin). 

Kobdo, Mongolia, winter of 1877 

(Potanin). 

Tweeddale ColL 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Col. 

Imp. 3Iu.«eum, 
SL Petersburg 

Imp. " Museum j 
S, Petersburg 

Page 544. Emberiza castaneiceps* 

China {Tuckett). 

Shanghai, March 9, 1875. 

Amoy, NOT. 1806 (i£. Swinhoe). 

Amoy, April 1861 (JR. Swinhoe). 

Ningpo, March 1872 (JR. Swinhoe). 

Page 544f EmJberiza ciopsis, 

Japan (JS. Bergman).
Hakodadi, April 10, 1665 ( H

Yezo, Japan ( C 1/cJWm).

Page 545. Emberiza tristrami. 
Tientsin, China (Fleming).

Page 547. Emberiza stewarti 

Turkestan, May (Br. Severtzojf).
Kokand (Br. tieuertsnff).
Byan Kheyl, April 1870 (M. G. W. MX
Byan Kheyl, May 1879 (JR. G. W. JR.).


Kashmir, June 1807 (Br. Jerdm).
Baramulla, July 31 (Br. Jerdon).


Ohergaon, N.TVT. Himalayas.

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddalw Coil. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Twct'ddai* Cull 

 Twwldiile Coll. 
Tweedilalv Cull 

 Tweeddaln ColL 

 Tweeddale Coll. 

 Tweeddale Cull* 
Twueddalf Coll. 
Tweeddal" ColL 
Tweeddale Cull 


 Tweeddak* Coll 
Tweeddale ColL 
Tweeddalf Cull 

Simla, 1805 ( Copt Sfaekkmme PmwiM'}, Tweeddale ColL 

Umballa, Feb. 1807 (Br. Scott).

Umballa, April 1807 (Br. ScoU)*

 ^ aS e 549. Emberiza leucoceplala* 

 Ortakeny 12111s, Turkey, Oct. SI, 1865

(T. JRobsori). 
Siberia (Br. Dyhomki). 
Tweeddale ColL 
Tweeddale Coll. 


 Tweeddale ColL 
Tweeddale Cull 


ADDENDA. 839 
c'. S ad. sk.
d't e'- 6 $ ad. 
Siberia. 
Lake Baikal (Dr. Dybowski). 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
/' . <J ad. sk. Turkestan, Nov.
Severtzoff). 
16, 1886 (Dr. Tweeddale Coll. 

Page 552. Miliaria miliaria. 

Add:— 

ft y. 6 ? ad. sk. Asia Minor, April (T. Hobson). Tweeddale Coll. 

^a . Page 559. Fringillaria septemstriata. 

h. $ ad. sk, 
Ain, Bogos Land, July 6, Tweeddale Coll. 
(W. Jesse). 
I. § ad, sk. 
Ain, Aug. 16, 1868 (W. Jesse) Tweeddale Coll. 
Add:— ^a&e 561* fringillaria striolata. 

a. Imin. sk. Salt Range, Nov. 1867 (Dr. C. Jerdon). Tweeddale Coll. 
A^a. Page 566. Fringillaria variabilis. 
I Ad. sk. Japan. Tweeddale Coll, 

m. Ad. sk. 
Yezo, Japan. Tweeddale Coll. 

Add:— Page 568. Melophus melanicterus. 

*. d ad. sk. 
Simla, March 1869 (12. C. Beavari). Tweeddale Coll. 
Simla, July 1866 (Dr. Scott). Tweeddale Coll. 

m. <$ ad. sk. 
Karen-nee, March 1874 (JR. G. W. JR.). Tweeddale Coll. 
w, o. <$ £ imm. Karen-nee, March 1874 (JR. G. W. -R). Tweeddale Coll. 
sk. 

p. $ ad. sk. 
Karen Hills, April 4, 1875 (JR. G. Tweeddale Coll. 
W. MX 
q. ($',r,8. 
S Tonghoo, March 1875 (JR. G. W. JR.). Tweeddale Coll. 
ad. sk. 
t} u, v. (S ad. China, Canton. Tweeddale Coll. 
sk. 
to. 3 ad. sk. Fimgsh-an, June 1876. Tweeddale Coll. 

x. S imm. sk. 
Foochow, June 1876. Tweeddale Coll. 
y. $ imm. sk. 
Amoy, Feb. 1861 (JR. Swinhoe). Tweeddale Coll. 
s. 5 ad. sk. Amoy, April 1861 (JR. Swinhoe). Tweeddale Coll. 
a'. S ad. sk. Hongkong, Feb. 1860 (JR. Sivinhoe). Tweeddale Coll. 
A(i&: Page 572. Plectrophenax nivalis. 

a'. $ ad. sk. Taplow, Nov. 19, 1869 (JR. £. S.). Tweeddale Coll. 
0'. Ad. sk. Eussia, 1869. Tweeddale Coll. 
y', 8'. <$ $ ad. Yen-e-say, Siberia, May 16,1877 (JET. Tweeddale Coll. 

sk. Seebohm). 
er. cf ad. sk. Krasnoyarsk, Jan. 26, 1880 (IL SeeTweeddale 
Coll. 
bohm). 
£', t]'. Ad. sk. W. Canada (Hamilton). Tweeddale Coll. 

6. 3 ad. sk. Canada (Col C. E. Shelley), Tweeddale Coll. 
t'. Ad. sk. Washington (J. R. Hurst). Tweeddale Coll. 
840 
ADDENDA. 

Page 577. Add:— 
la. Plectrophenax townsen&i. 

Plectroplienax nivalis townsendi, Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 403 
(1887). 

Larger, with much larger and longer bill, &o. (Ridgway). 
Hah. Prybilof Islands, Alaska, and Commander Islands, Kamisehatka 
(Ridgway). 

Page 579. Calcarius lapponicus. 

Add :— 

v. <$ ad. sk. Yen-e-say, July 1877 (H. Seebofon). Tweeddale Coll. 
f. S ad. sk. 
Labrador. Tweeddale Cull. 
o. 
9 ad. sk. S. Michael's, Alaska {L. M. Turner-, Salvin-Grodman 
Sm. no. 70201). Coll. 
^ft. Page 598. ZoEOtrichia albicoUis. 

v. Ad. sk. Albany, New York (J. A. Hurst). Tweeddale Coll. 
j^ftfr • 
Page 625. Cyanospiza pulchra. 

Passerina versicolor pulchra, Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. L p. 448 
(1887). 

Passerina 'pulchra is described by Mr. Ridgway as being " rather 
smaller than P. versicolor^ or with shorter wing and tail, &c." 
Hah, Lower California and Western Mexico (vicinity of Mazatlan). 

Ada . 
Page 647. Jnnco hiemalis. 

y. S ad. sk. Albany, New York (/. A. Hurst). Tweeddale Coll. 
Ada: Y&ge 651. da. Junco shnfel&ti. 
Junco hyemalis shufeldti, Cocde, Auk, iv. p. 380 (1887). 


This form of Junco oregonus has been described by Mr. BL K. 
Co ale from New Mexico. 


Add:— ^a^e ^4* Passercnlns sandwieh&asig. 

0. Ad. sk. 
Mugeres Island, Dec. 1885 (G. K Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Gaumer). 
Add:— -^a&e 687. Ammodromns savannarnm. 

h'. Ad. sk. Cozumel Island (G. F. Gaumer). Salvin-Grodman Coll. 

Add: ^a^e 691. Ammodromns manimhe. 
/ . $ ad. sk. Para, Dec. 30,1872 (E. L. Lagard). Tweeddale Coll. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 


abeillaei(Cocoothraustcs), 

34. 
abcillrei (Ilosperiphona). 
34. 
abeillii (Ooccothrauates), 
34. 
abeillii (G-uiraca), 34. 
abeillii (He&peripliona), 
3»4. 
Aberdivine, 21*2. 
abt'rti (Kiencria), 750. 
aberti (Pipilo), 750. 
abietina (Crucirostra), 

436. 
abingdoni (Oactornis\ 
20. 
Acantlridops, 168, 234. 
Acanthis, 168, 192, 235. 
Acanthys, 235. 
accedens (Carcluelis), 
817. 
acuminata (Aimopliila), 
723. 
acuminata (Fringilla), 
723. 
acuminata (Ilacmophila), 
723. 
acuniiaj (Nesospiza), 780. 
adamsi (Fringilla), 261. 
adamsi (Montifringilla), 
2(51, 823. 
adoxa (Euetbeia), 145. 
adoxa (Passerina), 145. 
adoxa (Plionipara), 145. 
adoxa (Spermophila), 


145, 150. 
^Egiothns, 235. 
aequatorialis (Amauro


spiza), 157. 
aestivalis (Aminodromus), 

709. 
aestivalis arizonas (Peuroea), 
710. 
aestivalis, var. arizomB 
(Peucaea), 710. 
TOL. XII. 

aestivalis bachmani (Peuca\
u), 710. 
a?sti\ alis, var. eahsini 
(JVucwa),7U 
aestivalis illinoennis (Peueaoa), 
710. 
aestivalis, var. botterii 

(lVueaja),711. 
resthalis (L^riiis^illa), 709. 
aestivalis (Peucaja), 709, 

711. 
aethiops (Gkmiaphea), 81. 
aethiops (Orvzoborus), 
81. 
affirm (Ooccothraustes), 
46. 
affinis (Emberiza), 500. 
aiBnis (II esperiphona), 
4(5. 
aflinis (Pycnorliamplius), 

46,319. 
afrieana (Fringilla), 177. 
Agriospiza, 235. 
ngrorum (Linaria), 245. 
aitkeni (Junoo), 619. 
Aimopliila, 721. 
Alario, 169, 364. 
alario (Alario), 340, 347. 
alario (Amadina), 347. 
alario (Grtthologus), 347. 
alario (Fringilla), 346. 
alario (Passer), 347. 
alaudina (Ohlorospiza), 

794. 
alaudina (Euspiza), 794. 
alaudina (Fringilla), 
793. 
alaudina (Pyrrliula), 
102. 
alaudina (Sporophila\ 
102, 115. 
alaudina (Zonotru'liia), 

675. 
alaudinus (Passereulus), 
075. 
alaudinus (Phrvuilus), 

793. 
albcola (Fringilla), 341. 
albicollis (Fringilla), 
598. 
albieollis (Pipilo), 755. 
albie<»11 is (Zonoi pichia), 
5iK, 810. 
albida (Citrinella), 519. 
albida (Embpriza), 549. 
albiiVons (Coryphospiza), 

766. 
albiiVons (Donaeospiza), 
766. 
albi tVons (Emborizoides), 
706. 
albiiVons (Poospiza), 
766. 
albiiVons (Sylvia), 766. 
albigula (Pipilo), 755. 
albigularis (JBuserinus), 
360. 
albigularis (Carduouis), 
187. 
albigularis (Orithagra), 
360. 
albigularis (Fringilla), 
187. 
albigularis (0vrinorhvnehus), 
9L 
albigularis (Loxia), 93. 
albigularis (Petronia), 

295. 
albigularis (Serinus), 
3(50. 
albigularis (Spormophila), 
93, 124. 
albigularis (Sporophila), 

94. 
albigularis (Xantliodina\ 
295. 
albispecularis (Loxia), 
48. 
albitorquis 
(Spermophila), 
120. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

842 

albiventris (Loxia), 437, 

831. 
albogularis (Fringilla), 
21)5. 
aldunatei (Cnlorofepiza,), 

783. 

•aldunatii atriceps (Phrygilus), 
781. 
aldunatii caniceps (Phrygilus), 
781. 
aldunatii (Phrygilus), 
781, 783. 
aldunatii panensis (Phrygilus), 
781. 
aldunatii saturatus (Phrygilus), 
781. 
alleni (Pipilo), 746. 
alleonis (Ernberiza), 485. 
alnorum (Linaria), 250, 
alnorum magnirostris 
(Linaria), 250. 
alnorum (Spin us), 213. 
alpestris (Fringilla), 

172. 
alpicola (Fringilla), 2G0. 
alpicola (Montifringilla), 
260, 201. 
alpicola (Passer), 200. 
alpicola (Plectrofringilla), 
261. 
alpiua (Oitrinella), 230. 
alpina (Fringilla), 230. 
alpinus (Coccothraustes), 

38. 
altaica (Fringillauda), 

26(1 

alticola (Juneo), 656. 
Amaurospiza, 0, 156. 
amazonica (Spermophila), 
133. 
ambiguus (Carpodacus), 

428. 
ambiguus (Propasser), 
428, 429. 
American Goldfinch, 115. 
americana (Carduelis), 

196. 
americana (Ccelebs), 771. 
americana (Curvirostra), 

436. 
americana (Ernberiza), 

770. 
americana (Euspina), 

771. 
americana (Euspiza), 771. 
americana (Fringilla), 

771. 
americana (Loxia), 117, 
437, 439, 831. 
americana (Spermopbila), 

117. 

americana (Spiza), 770, 

771. 
americana (Sporopbila), 

117. 
americana, var. mexicana 
(Currirostra), 437. 
americanus (Carduelis), 

195. 
ammodendri (Passer), 
337, 339, 828. 
Ammodromus, 083. 
amcena (Cyanospiza), 

620. 
amcena (Ernberiza), 020. 
amcena (Fringilla), 620. 
amoeiia (Passerina), 620. 
amcena (Spiza), 620. 
Amphispiza, 627. 
amplus (Carpodacus), 

424. 
analis (Catamenia), 100, 

107. 
analis (Fringilla), 100, 

107. 
analis (Gyrinorhynchus), 

106. 
analih (Linaria\ 106. 
analis (fcSpermophila), 


106. 
analis (Sporopbila), 100. 
analoides (Catamenia), 

107. 
analoides (Gvrinorhynchu>). 
107. 
analoides (Linaria), 107. 
analoides (Spermoi^iilaj, 

107. 
analoides (Sporopbila), 

107. 
anatoides (Fringilla), 


107. 
Angola Finch, 867. 
Angola Grosbeak, 77. 
Angola Linnets, 367. 
angolensis (Crithagra), 


367. 
angolensis (Fringilla), 
366, 367. 
angolenvsis (Loxia), 77. 
angolensis (Poliospiza), 

367. 
angolensis (Serinus), 367, 


828. 
angustirostris (Cory thus), 

angustirostris (Enucleator), 
460. 
anna (Fringilla), 817. 
annectens (Juneo), 651. 
anoxantba (Goniaphea), 

86. 

anoxantba (Loxigilla), 85. 
anoxantba (Loxipasser), 

8Q. 

anoxantba (Spermopbila). 
85, 
anoxantba (Sporopbila), 
8b. 
antkiims (Passerculus), 

675. 
ant hi mis (Zonotrieliia), 

675. 
anthoides (Fringillaria), 

563. 
antiquorum (Ernberiza), 

531. 
Aoonalashka Bunting:, 
(J74. 
Araguira, 803. 
araguira (Ernberiza), 803. 
araguira (Fringillaj, HJ3. 
arborea (Fringilla). 657. 
arboreiia (Pas-erj, ;jt )3, 

309. 
arbu^toruin (Cannabhri), 

241. 
arctic i ( Ernberiza \ 674. 
arctica (Euspiza i, 075. 
aretioa (FringiLat, 675, 

749. 
arctica t,P.vrgita\ 747. 
arctiVa (Zon atrichia), 


675. 
arcticus (Pipilo). 747. 
arctoa (FringillaI, 272. 
arctoa (Hypuiia), 272. 
aretoa (Leueostiete », 272. 
arctoa (Linaria), 272. 
arctoa (Montitringilla), 

272. 
arctous (Passer), 273, 
275, 272. 
areuata (Fringilla), 333. 
arcuata (Pyrgfta), 333. 
arcuatus (Parser), 333, 
S27._ 
argentina (Guiraca), 73. 
argentoraten&is (Fringilla), 
240. 
arizonae (Chrvsomitris), 

206. 
arizonae (Peucsea), 710, 

711. 
arundinacea (Ernberiza), 

481. 
arundinacoa(b'clioenicola), 

481. 
arvensis (Fringilla), 3^2. 
arvensis t&tealU), 382, 
383, 384, 829. 
assimilis (Cactornis), 18, 

19. 

assimilis (Passer), 329, 

827. 
assimilis (Passerina), 
044. 
assimilis (Poospiza), 044. 
Astragalinus, 192. 
aler (Ooccoborus), 79. 
ater (Pipilo), 744. 
Atlapetes, 738. 
atrata (Cbrysomitris), 
212. 
atrata (Fringilla), 212, 
050. 
atrata (Leucosticte), 274. 
atrata (Loxia), 444. 
atrata (Montifringilla), 
274. 
atratus (Carduelis), 212. 
atricapilla (Cbrysomitris), 
200. 
atricapilla (Emberiza), 


001. 
atricapilla (Euspiza), 
503. 
atricapilla (Fringilla), 
117, 601. 
atricapilla (Sperm opbila), 
118. 
atricapilla (Zonotricbia), 

001. 
atriceps (Emberiza), 786. 
atriceps (Euspiza), 786. 
atriceps (Fringilla), 200. 
atriceps (Gryrinorbyncbus), 
119. 
atriceps (Pbrygilus), 785, 

786. 
atrigularis (Coccotbraustes), 
37. 
atrigularis (Linaria), 

367. 
atrigularis (Serinus), 367. 
atrigularis (Spiuites), 
069. 
atrigularis (Spizella), 
669. 
atrigularis (Zonotricbia), 
669. 
atrirostris (Oryzoborus), 
81. 
atrogularis (Critbagra), 
367. 
atrogularis (Fringilla), 
367. 
atrogularis (Poliospiza), 
367. 
atrogularis (Spizella), 
669. 
aurantia (Alario), 347. 
aurantia (Loxia), 113. 
aurantia (Pyrrbula), 456. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

aurantia (Spermopbila), 

113. 
aurantia (Sporopbila), 
113. 
aurantiaca (Pyrrbula), 
455, 832. 
aurantiicollis (Pyrrbula), 
83, 87. 
aurantiipennia (Carduelis), 
187. 
aurantiiventris (Obloris), 

24. 
aurantiiventris (Chlorospiza), 
22. 
aurantiiventris (Fringilla), 
22. 
aurantiiventris (Ligurinus), 
22. 
aurata (Carduelis), 187. 
aureipectus (riycalis), 


377. 
aureiventris (Ooccoborus), 
54. 
aureiventris (Gkmiapbea), 

54. 
aureiventris (Pbeucticus), 
54, 55, 56. 
aureiventris (Pitylus), 54. 
aureiventris (Pseudo


cbloris), 777. 
aureiventris (Sycalis), 

777. 
aureola (Emberiza), 509, 
835. 
aureola (Euspiza), 510. 
aureola (Passerina), 
510. 
aureolus (Hypocentor), 
aurifrons (Di*yospiza), 

356. 
aurifrons (Emberiza), 
373. 
aurifrons (Fringilla), 
356, 372. 
aurifrons (Serinus), 372, 

373. 
aurita (Spermopbila), 
133. 
aurocapilla (Fringilla), 
601. 
aurocapilla (Zonotricbia), 
601. 
australis (Fringilla), 609. 
anstralis (Montifringilla), 
275. 
australis (Zonotricbia), 
609. 
axillaris (Amaurospiza), 
157. 
Azuroux, 617. 
bacbmanl (Ammodro


mus), 710. 

bacbmam' (Fringilla), 710. 

bacbmani (Peucaea), 710, 

711. 
badensis (Emberiza), 531. 
badiiventris (Spermopbila) 
137. 
Bahama Sparrow, 149. 
bahamensis (Loxigilla), 


83. 
bairdi (Acantbidops), 
234. 
bairdi (Ammodromus), 
681. 
bairdi (Centronyx), 681. 
bairdi (Coturniculus), 
681. 
bairdi (Emberiza), 681. 
bairdi (Junco), 653. 
bairdi (Passerculus), 681. 
balearica (Crucirostra), 
437. 
balearica (Loxia), 437. 
barbata (Chrysoraitris\ 
217, 219, 220, 216. 
barbata (Critbagra), 356, 

358. 
barbata (Emberiza), 537. 
barbata (Fringilla), 216. 
barbata (Pyrgilauda), 
823. 
barbatus (Serinus), 828. 
Bec-croise, 436. 
Bee-croise d'Allemagne, 
436. 
Bec-rond a ventre roux, 
109. 
Bec-rond violet a gorge 
et sourcils rouges, 82. 
beldingi (Ammodromus), 

676. ^ 
beldingi (Passerculus), 
676. 
bella (Oannabina), 244. 
bella (Linota), 244. 
belli (Ampkispiza), 629, 
630. 
belli (Emberiza), 629. 
belli (Poospiza), 629, 
630. 
belli, var. nevadensia 
(Ampbispiza), 031. 
belli, var. nevadensia 
(Poospiza), 631. 
belli (Zonotricbia), 630. 
betularum (Linaria),245. 
betularum (Linota), 247. 
betulorum (Spinus), 213. 
biarcuat.a (Emberiza), 

733. 
3i2 
su 


biareuata (Embernagra), 

733. 
biarcuata (Melozone), 
734. 
biarcuatum (Pyrgisoma), 
733, 731. 
biarcuatus (Pyrgita), 733. 
bicolor (Calarno&piza), 

.01)3. 
bieolor (Corydallina),594. 
bicolor (Dolichonyx), 

591. 
bieolor (Euotheia). 149. 
bicolor (Fringilla), 149, 
;>1)3. 
bicolor (Phonipara), 149. 
bicolor (Pyrrhula), 138. 
bicolor (NpermopniU), 

138, 149, 150. > 
bieolor (fcJporophila), 138. 
bi fasriata (Crucirostra), 

442. 
bilWiata (Loxia), 442, 
831. 
bilineata (Ampbispiza), 
028. 
bilineata (Emberiza), 628. 
bilineata (Poospiza), 628. 
bimaculatus (Ammodronius), 
687. 
Biid, Eed, 161. 
bistrigata (Oritbagra), 


347. 
Black and Orange Finch, 
5 58. 
Black and YellowFrizzled 
Sparrow, 128. 
Black-breasted Grosbeak, 
11(5. 
Black Bulfinch, 447. 
Black Bunting, 647. 
Black-crowned Bunting, 

600. 
Black-faced Find). 803. 
Black Grosbeak, 77. 
Black-beaded Bunting, 
503. 
Black Sparrow, 84. 
Black-tbroated Bunting, 
770. 
blandingiana (Euibernagra), 
739. 
blandingiana (Fringilla), 

738. 
blandingiana (Zonotriehia), 
739. 
blanlbrdi(Montifringilla), 
264, 823. 
Blew Linnet, 617. 
Blue Bunting, 017. 
Blue Grosbeak, 66, 71. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

Blue Grosbeak from An


gola, 71. 

bljthi (Propasser), 427. 

boetonensis (Hsemato


spiza), 397. 

boliviana (Chrysomitris), 

220. 
boliviana (Poospiza),634. 
bonapartii (Coccothraustes). 
32. 
bonapartii (Emberiza), 


549. 
bonapartii (Loxi.i), 32. 
bonapartii (Pas^erina), 
037. 
bonapartii (Pheueticus\ 
50. 
bonapartii (Poospiza), 
037. 
bononiensis (Fringilla). 
2b9. 
boreal is (JSgiotbus), 246, 

254. 
borealis (Emberiza), 491, 
574. 
borealis (Fringilla), 179, 
240, 254, 250. 
borealis (Lmuria), 245, 

254. 
borealis CLmota), 246, 
25(5. 
borealis (Plectropbanea), 

574. 
botteni (Ammodromus), 
711. 
botterii iPeucsei), 711. 
botterii (Zonotrichia), 
711. 
boucarcli (Ammodromus), 
714. 
boucarcli (Peucsea), 714. 
boucardi (Zonotrichia), 
714. 
bourbonensis (Loxia),113. 
Boiueret, 113. 
Bouvreuil, 447. 
Bouvreuil a bee blanc, 77. 
Boutreuil a ventre roux 
de Cayenne, 109. 
Bomreuil bleu de la 
Caroline, 66. 
Bomreuil de Hamburg, 

301. 
Bouvreuil de lisle de 
Bourbon, 113. 
Bomreuil du Cap de 
Bonne Esperanee, 346. 
bouvreuil (Loxia), 347. 
Bouvreuil noir, 447. 
Bouvreuil on Bee-Bond 

de la Caroline, 409. 

Bouvreuil ou Bec-Eond 
noir et blanc, 141. 
Bomreuil uolel cle la 
Caroline, 409. 
Bomreuil violet cle Bahama. 
62. 
bouvronoides (Pvrrh uh), 

131. 
bouvronoides (8permoplidt), 
131. 
braeln dactvia (Carpospili), 
2U2. 
brarm dactUu Frinailia), 

292. 
bracb vclaet via (Petronial, 
'Ad, 825: 
braeln rhvnelios/Chlori>), 
22." 
braehj rhvnehos < Crucirostra), 
437. 
braehvurus (Idi< >\>?ar), 

797. 
braehv urus (Sc< ileoophaguO, 
797. 
Brainblintr, 178. 
braiu'ot'ii-is * Pa^>cjr<, 323. 
bramlti iLeueo-ticit* V-09. 
brnndti (MonnlVingilla), 

20)9, 824. 
brasilieiiais (XYithagra\ 
377, o79, ,>0. 
brasiliensis (Emberiza), 
o77, 7bO. 
brasiliensis (Fringilla J, 

377. 
brasiliensis (Passerinat, 
380. 
brasiliensis (S^ealis),377, 
379, SMI. 
Brazilian Bunting, 377. 
brevirostris (Acanthis), 

238, b22. 
brevirosti'is (iEgiotlms), 

238. 
bre\iro&tris (Crithagra), 
382 
brevirostris (Linaria), 

238. 
brevirostris (linota), 238. 
bre\iro8tris (Loxiaj, 113, 
115. 
brevirostris (Pet ronia), 
290. 
brevirostris (Fringilla), 
238, 382. 
breweri (Spizella), 668. 
brev>eri (Zonotrichia), 

668. 
brewsteri (Acanthis),235. 
brewsteri (JEgiothus), 
235, 

Brimstone Grosbeak, 352. 
brissonii (Ooccoborus), 

71. 
brissonii (Fringilla), 71. 
brissonii (Pifylus), 71. 
Brown-cheeked Grosbeak, 

144. 
B mant, 515. 
Bruant bleu de Canada, 

017. 
Bruant de Bre&il, 377. 
Bruant de France, 21, 

310. 
Bruant de France appelle 
le Proyer, 553. 
Bruant de Haye, 525. 
Bruant de Ifexique, 422. 
Bruant de Prez, 537. 
Bruant cle Prez de France, 

537. 
Bruant de S. Domiugue, 

145. 
Bruant du Cap de Bonne 
Esperanee, 610. 
brumalis (Emberiza), 

230. 
brunneiceps (Emberiza), 
506 
brunneiceps (Euspiza), 

500. # 
brunneinucha (Fringilla), 

278. 
brunneinucha (Leucosticte), 
276, 278. 
brunneinucha (Linaria), 

278. ^ 
brunneinucha(Montifringilla), 
278, 824. 
brunneonucha(Fringilla), 

279. 
brunneonuclia (Leucosticte), 
279. 
brunneonuclia (Linaria), 

279. 
brunnescens (Linaria), 

250. 
bryanti (Ohrysomitris), 

209. 
bryanti (Fringilla), 209. 
Bucanetes, 284. 
buchanani (Buscarla), 

547. 
buchanani (Emberiza), 
533, 837. 
Bulfmch, 447. 
BuMnch, Black, 447. 
Bulfmch, Crested, 459. 
Bunting, 552. 
Bunting, Aoonalashka, 

074. 
Bunting, Black, 047. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

Bunting, Black-crowned, 

600. 
Bunting, Black-headed, 

503. 
Bunting, Black-throated, 
^ 770. 
Bunting, Blue, 617. 
Bunting, Brazilian, 377. 
Bunting, Caffrarian, 5(55. 
Bunting, Cape, 499, 505. 
Bunting, Cirl, 526. 
Bunting, Common, 553. 
Bunting, Fooiibh, 537. 
Bunting, Greater, 579. 
Bunting, Green-headed, 

531. 
Bunting, Indigo, 617. 
Bunting, Lapland, 579. 
Bunting, Lesbian, 493. 
Bunting, Lorrain, 537. 
Bunting, Luteous, 506. 
Bunting, Mountain, 573. 
Bunting, Mustachoe, 491. 
Bunting, Olive, 145. 
Bunting, Oonalashka, 

718. 
Bunting, Ortolan, 531. 
Bunting, Pine, 549. 
Bunting, Plata, 75S. 
Bunting, Reed, 481. 
Bunting, [Sandwich, 674. 
Bunting, Snow, 573. 
Bunting, Tawny, 573. 
Bunting, Towhee, 744. 
Bunting, Yellow, 516. 
Bunting, Yellow-bellied, 

499. 
Bunting, Yellow-breasted, 

510. 
burtoni (Carduclis), 232. 
burtoni (Callacanthis), 
232, 822. 
burtoni (Fringilla), 232. 
burtoni (Pinieola), 364. 
burtoni (Serinus), 364. 
burtoni (Strobilophaga), 

364. 
Burtonia, 232. 
Buscarla, 476. 
Buserinus, 348. 
Bustamentia, 142. 
butvracea (Crithagra), 
354, 357. 
butvracea (Fringilla), 
353, 356. 
butyraceus (Serinus), 354. 

eabanisi (Emberiza), 503, 

835. 
eabanisi (Embernagra), 

734. 

eabanisi (Fringilla), 502. 
eabanisi (Fringillaria), 

503. m 
eabanisi (Passerina), 644. 
eabanisi (Polymitra), 503. 
eabanisi (Poospiza), 644. 
cabani&i (Pyrgisoma),734. 
Cabaret, 252. 
cabaret (Acanthis), 252. 
cabaret (JEgiothus), 252. 
cabaret (Fringilla), 252. 
caboclinho (SpermophihO, 

138. 
caboti (Passerculus), 697. 
Cactornis, 4,18. 
Cselebs, 170. 
eaarultitra (Amaurospiza), 

157. 
ctcrulatra (G-oniaphea), 

157. 
cserulea (Cyanoloxia), 67. 
cserulea (Emberiza), 617. 
cserulea (Fringilla), 60, 

617. 
casrulea (Goniaphea), 67. 
casrulea (Guiraca), 65, GO, 
139, 819. 
cterulea (Loxia), 66, 71. 
cserulea (Spiza), 625. 
cajruleseens (G-yrinorhynchus), 
126. 
cajrulescens (Pyrrhula), 

126. 
cajrulescens (Spermophila), 
138,140. 
cnerulous (Ooccoborus), 

67. 
csesar (Passerina), 635. 
cassar (Poospiza\ 635. 
csesia (Emberiza), 535, 

837. 
cfesia (Euspiza), 536. 
ceesia (Fringillaria), 536. 
cassia (Glycispina), 536. 
Caffrarian Bunting, 565. 
caifrariensis (Emberiza)* 

565. 
cahirinus (Pyrgita), 309, 

318. 
Calamospiza, 593. 
calcarata (Emberiza),579. 
calcarata (Fringilla), 579. 
calciratus (Passer), 579. 
calcaratus (Plectrophanes), 
580. 
Calcarius, 579. 
californicus(Carpodacus), 

409. 
Callacanthis, 108, 232. 
Callirhynehus. 87. 
Calyptrophorus, 809. 

Camarbynchus, 4, 14. 
campestris (Ohrysomitris), 
216. 
campestris (Leucosticte), 

277. 
campestris (Fringilla), 
217, 301, 003. 
campestris (Pyrgita), 303. 
canadensis (Emberiza), 

657. 
canadensis (Fringilla), 


058. 
canadensis (Pinicola), 


460. 
canadensis (Spizella) 658. 
canaria (Carduelis), 370. 
canaria (Crithagra), 177, 

370. 
canaria (Fringilla), 370. 
canaria (Serinus), 370. 
canadensis (Fringilla), 

177. 
canariensis, var mureleti 
(Fringilla), 170. 
Canary Birds, 370. 
Canary Fin eh, 370. 
canescens (Acanthus), 

254. 
canescens (Acantbis),257. 
canescens (lEgiothus), 
246, 254, 257. 
canescens (Cannabina), 

254. 
canescens (Citrinella), 


485. 
canescens (Emberiza), 

485. 
canescens (Fringilla), 240, 
250, 254, 257. 
canescens (Linaria), 245. 
canescens (Linota), 254. 
canicapilla (Fringilla), 

345. 
canicapilla (Passer), 295. 
canicapilla (Poliospiza), 

345. 
canicapilla (Xantbodina), 

295. ^ 
canicapilla (Zonotrichia), 

609. 
canicapilhis(Gymnorhis), 

293. 
canicapillus (Passer), £95. 
caniceps (Carduelis), 189, 

821. 
caniceps (Emberiza), 547. 
caniceps (Fringilla), 190. 
caniceps (Junco), 654. 
caniceps (Phrygilus),784, 

785. 
caniceps (Struthus), 054, 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

canicollis (Chloris), 350. 

canicollis (Crithagra), 

350. 
canicollis (Fringilla),350. 
canicollis (Serinus), 350. 
canisrularis (Emberiza), 

537. 
Cannabina, 235. 
cannabina (Acanthis), 
240, 241, 244, 822. 
cannabina (Fringilla), 

240. 
cannabina (Linaria), 240, 

244. 
cannabina (Linota), 189, 
241, 244. 
cannabina (Passer!, 240. 
cannabina, var. bella 
(Cannabina), 244. 
cannabinus (Ligurinus), 

240. 
canonicus (Serinus), 372, 

829. 
canora (Euetheia), 144. 
canora (Loxia), 144. 
canora (Phonipara), 144. 
canora (Pas*eriua), 144. 
Cape Bunting, 499, 505. 
Cape Finch, 347. 
Cape Sparrow, 340. 
capensis (Emberiza), 334, 
499, 505. 
capensis (Fringilla}, 010. 
capensis (Fringillaria), 
499,505. 
capensis (Passerina), 505. 
capistrata (Crithagra), 

359. 
capistrata (FringUlaria\ 

558. 
capistrata (Polymitra), 

of)8. 

capistrata (Pyrrhula), 

113. 
capistratus (Serinus), 359. 
Capita, 812. 
capitalis (Chrysomitris), 

219. 
capitalis (Iledymeles), 64, 

eapifata (Paroaria), 812. 
capitata (Passerina), 812. 
capitata (Tanagra), 812. 
capital us (Taehyphonus), 

812. 
capitaurea (Pustamentia), 

142. 
carbonaria (Emberiza), 

791. 
carbonaria (Euspiza), 

791. 

carbonaria (Fringilla), 

791. 
carbonaria (Passerina), 

026. 
carbonarius (Phrygilus), 

791. 
Cardinal brun d'Amerique, 
813. 
Cardinal Dominiquain, 

809.811. 
Cardinal Grosbeak, 161. 
Cardinal hope. 161. 
Cardinal hupp', 811). 
Cardinalis, <». 100. 
cardinalis (Cardinalis \, 
101.102, 104, S20. 
cardinalis i t'occothraustes), 
102. 
cardinalis t Fringilla).162. 
cardinalis (Guiraea), 102. 
cardinalis igneus (Cardinalis1, 
105. 
cardinalis (Loxia), 101, 

391. 
cardinalis wituratus (Cardinalis), 
104. 
cardinalis superbus (Cardinali*), 
105. 
cardinalis yucatanicus 
(Cardinalis}, b20. 
Carduelis, 10S, 185. 192. 
carcluelib (Acanthi^), 180. 
carduelis I Carduelis), 185, 
180, 821. 
carduelis (Emberiza), 
1811. 
carduelis (Fringilla 1,189. 
carduelis | Passer), 180. 
carduelU ilSpinus), 186. 
carman! (Pipilos, 750. 
can eipes (Mvcerobas), 

48. 
carneipes (PvcnorhamphiLs), 
47,48,819. 
carneipes (Coccothraustes), 
47. 
carneus (Cardinalis), 166. 
carneus (Coecotbraustes), 

100. 
carolinensis (Junco), 049. 
carpalis (Feuesea), 715. 
Carpodacus, 109, 387. 
Carpospiza, 288. 
caspia (Emberiza), 475. 
cassini (Ammodromus), 

712. 
cassini (Carpodacus), 412. 
cassini (Peuen»a), 711, 

712. 
cassini (Pyrrhula), 451. 
cassini (Zonotrichia),712. 

castaneiceps (Buscarla), 

544. 
castaneiceps (Citrinella), 

544. 
castaneiceps (Emberiza), 
544, 838. 
castaneiventris (Gyrinornynclius), 
108. 
castaneiventris (Spermophila), 
103. 
castaneiventris (Sporopkila), 
LOS. 
castanopterus (Passer), 

328. 
Catamblyrliynchus, 5, 


142. 
Catamenia, 90. 
Caucasian G-rosbeak, 399. 
caucasica (Pyrrhula), 399. 
caucasica ^Strobilophaga), 
399, 431. 
caucasicus (Coecothraustes), 
399. 
caucasicus (Passer), 309. 
caucasicus (Xanthornus), 

503. 
caudacuta (Fringilla), 


^685. 

cauclacuta (Passerina), 

685. 
caudacutus (Ammodromus), 
685. 
caudacutus nelsoni (Arnmoclromus), 
686. 
caudacutus (Oriolus), 685. 
caudacutus subvirgatus 
(Ammodromus), 086. 
caudata (Pyrrhula), 464. 
caudatus (E ry thr othorax), 

465. 
cendre (Guiraca), 89. 
Centronyx, 674. 
Centrophanes, 579. 
cerasosonun (Goccothraustes), 
37. 
cerrutii (Emberiza), 533. 
cervicalis (Paroaria), 814. 
eervicalis (Passerina), 

814. 
Chaffinch, 171. 
Chamasospiza, 730. 
Chardonneret, 185. 
Chardonneret d'Amerique, 
195. 
Chardonneret de Canada, 

195. 
Chardonneret de Suede, 

178. 
Chardonneret jaune, 195. 
Chaunoproctus, 4, 31. 
chilensis (Fringilla), 610. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

Chinese Pinch, 26. 
Olringolo, 610. 
Chionospiza, 257. 
Chipiu, 382. 
Chipiu negro y blanca, 

638. 
Chipiu negro y canela, 

640. 
Chloris, 4, 21. 
chloris (Chloris), 21, 24, 
2(3, 817. 
chloris (Chlorospiza), 22. 
chloris (Chrysomitris),22. 
chloris (Coecothraustes), 

21. 
chloris (Fringilla), 22,775. 
chloris (Ligurinu«t), 22. 
chloris (Linaria), 22. 
chloris (Loxia), 21. 
chloris (Serinus), 22. 
chloris (Sycalis), 775. 
chlorocephala (Emberiza), 
531. 
chlorocephalus (Hortulanus), 
531. 
chlo rono ta(Embemagra), 

764. 
chloropsis (Crithagra), 
354, 775. 
chloropsis (Sycalis), 380. 
Chloroptila, 192. 
chlorosoma (Pipilo), 751, 

752. 
Chlorospiza, 21,192. 
chlorotica (Ciiloris), 26. 
chlorotica (Chlorospiza), 

26. 
chlorotica (Fringilla), 26. 
chloroticus (Coccothraustes), 
26. 
chloroticus (Ligurimis), 
22,26. 
Chlorura, 738. 
chlorura (Emberizoides), 

739. 
chlorura (Embernagra), 

738. 
chlorura (Fringilla), 738. 
chlorura (Zonotrichia), 

738. 
chlorurus (Atlapetes), 

738. 
chlorurus (Pipilo), 739. 
Chondestes, 590. 
chrysogaster (Coccoborus), 
52. 
chrysogaster (Pheucticus), 
52. 
chrysogaster (Pitylus), 52. 
chrysoma (Embernagra), 

764. 

Chrysomitris, 168,192. 
chrysopeplus (Coccoborus), 
51. 
chrysopeplus (Coccothraustes), 
51. 
chrysopeplus (Goniapbea), 
52. 
chrysopeplus (Pheucticus), 
51,52, 53. 
chrysopeplus (Pitylus), 

51. 
chrysophrys (Citrinella), 

498. 
chrysophrys (Emberiza), 
498, 834. 
chrysophrvs (Uypocentor, 
498). 
cin-ysopogon (Crithagra), 

356. 
chrysops (Emberiza), 


674. 
chrysops (Fringilla), 384. 
chrysops (Sycalis), 384. 
chrysopyga (Crithagra), 

356. 
chrysopyga (Serinus) ,357. 
Chiiy, 380. 
Cia, 476. 
cia (Cia), 537. 
cia (Emberiza), 535, 537, 
539, 540, 542, 837. 
cineracea (Emberiza), 

529. 
cineracea (Pyrrhula), 

451. 
cineracea pallida (Pyrrhula), 
452. 
cinerea (Crithagra), 300. 
cinerea (Emberiza), 529, 

836. 
cinerea (Euspiza), 529. 
cinerea (Fringilla), 653, 
706, 707. 
cinerea (Melospiza), 706, 

707. 
cinerea (Passerella), 706. 
cinerea (Passerina), 639. 
cinerea (Piezorhina), 89. 
cinerea (Poospiza), 639. 
cinerea (Pyrgita), 639. 
cinerea (Pyrrhula), 97. 
cinerea (Spermophila), 
96,97. 
cinerea (Spodiospina), 

529. 
cinerea (Zonotrichia), 

707. 
cinereicollis (Fringilla), 

350. 
cinereola (Pyirhula), 94. 
cinereola (Sporophila),96. 

tWWw/U<\\M ^ ' V ^ 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

848 

Cinereous Finch, 707. 
cinereus, var. alticola 
(Junco), 656. 
cinereus(Oamarhynchus), 
81). 
cinereus caniceps (Junco), 

055. 
cinereus dorsalis (Junco), 
055. 
cinereus (Gyrinorhynchus), 
90. 
cinereus (Junco), 046, 

(553. 
cinereus palliatusf Junco), 
cinereus (Pipilo), 800. 
cinnamomea (Pyrgita), 

325. 
cinnamomea (Pyrrhula), 
138. 
cinnamomea (Sporophi la), 
m. 
cinnamomea (Spermophila), 
138.% 
cinnamomeus (Passer), 

3^826,827,329. 
cioicles (Buscarla), 542. 
cioicles (Citrinella), 542. 
cioicles (Embenza), 542, 

545, 838. 
ciopsis (Buscarla), 544. 
ciopsis (Citrinella), 544. 
ciopsis (Enaberiza), 544, 

838. 
ciris (Cyanospiza), 614. 
ciris (Emberiza), 014. 
ciris (Fringilla), 014. 
ciris (Passerina), 614. 
ciris (Spiza), 614. 
Girl Bunting, 520. 
Cirlus, 476. 
cirlus (Citrinella), 520. 
cirlus (Emberiza), 516, 
52D, sm. 

cisalpina (Fringilla), 315, 

317. 
cisalpina (Pyrgita), 315. 
cisalpmus (Passer), 315. 
Citril Finch, 230. 
citrina (Fringilla), 778. 
citrina (Pbeudoellloris), 
778. 
citrina (Syealis), 778. 
Citrinella, 192, 476. 
citrinella (Cannabina), 
230. 
citrinella (Carduelis), 230. 
citrinella (Chloroptila), 
230. 
citrinella (Chrvsomitris). 
230. 
citrinella (Citrinella), 

510. 
citrinella (Emberiza), 515, 
830. 
citrinella (Fringilla), 230, 
368. 
citrinella (Serinus), 230. 
citrinella (gpinus), 230. 
citrinelloicles (Citrinella), 
220. 
citrinelloicles (Chnsomitris), 
229. 
citrinelloides (Dryospiza), 

229. 
citrinelloicles (Fringilla), 
2-9. 
citrinelloicles (Serinus). 

229. 
coeeinea, var. ca^siui 
(Pyrrhula), 451. 
eoecirea (Pyrrhula), 446, 

452. 
coceineus (Cardinalis), 
163, 820. 
Coccuborus, 65. 
Coceopsis, 809. 
Coccotliraustes, 4, 30. 
eoccotliraufctes (Coeco


thraustes), 30, 37, 40, 
SIS. 
cot cothraustes (Fringilla), 
37. 
coccothrau&tes (Loxia), 

36. 
coccothraustes sanguinea 
(Fringilla), 2ML 
Calebs (Fringilla), 171, 

178. 
ccelebs (Struthup), 172. 
Cola aguda encuentro 
amarillo, 709. 
Cola aguda vientre c7e 

canela, 766. 
collaria (Loxial, 116. 
collaria (Sperm opliila), 

117. 
collaria (Sporophila), 118. 
collaris (LOM'U), 116. 
collaris (Pasberina), 510. 
collaris (SpermopliiJa), 
133. 
coloinb-'ana (Sperniophila), 
99. 
colombiana (Syealis), 

379. 
columbiana (Chrysomitris\ 
208. 
columbiana (Fringilla), 
2G6, 208, 209, 380. 
coliimbianus 
(Afctragalinus), 
206, 208. 

eolumbianus (Carduelis), 

208. 
eolumbianus (Chrysomitrisi, 
206. 
comata (Fringilla), 597. 
comata (Zonotrichia • 

597. 
Common Bunting. 553. 
Common Crossbill, 436. 
Common Grosbeak. 36. 
communis (Curdueh&j, 
Ls7. 
cum plexus (Pipilui 751, 

752. 
comptus (Turi.M, SOS. 
coneolor <Amaurospiza), 
150, 157. 
coneolor I Ph \vgiliib >, 799. 
coneolor tfchhiaj, 799. 
coneolor (I'ricbasj. 799. 
coneolor (XenuspiiiijuM, 

799. 
eoncreta i Cyanuloxia» 74. 
concieta (G*oniaphea >, 74. 
concreta (Guiraea;, 74. 
confiiiis ( Pocecete>». 072 
073. 
confuciiib iPi'Sscr', 309. 
couirostrito (Arreii,un>, 
7<>3. 
coniri stris (Enibernaara), 

702, 703. 
connected {Junco». 040. 
coii>obrinuh (Pipilo |, 750. 
corallina ISpermophila), 

140. 
eoronata < Emberiza \ 601. 
coroiiata iLoxiai, MO. 
coronata Zon atrichia), 
000,001. 

Coro&piza. 298. 
eon ina «Spermopliila), 
137, 140,141. 
corvina (Sporopliila), 

137. 
Corvdalliua 593. 
Corjdospiza. 7*0. 
Con pliospinguh, 802. 
Conpho-spiW, 705. 
Corytbus, 459. 
Cotuniiculus, 083. 
cra^&irostris (Camarhj ncliusj, 
10. 
craswrosl rib( Carpodacus), 

283. 
crassirostris (Crithagra), 
357. 
crassii ostris {Embenmgra), 
761. 
era&sirostris (G oniaphea), 

79. 
crassirostris (Fringilia), 

78. 
crassirostris (Loxia), 79. 
erassirostris(Oryzoborus), 
76, 79. 
crassirostris (Pyrgita), 

335. 
crassirostris (Spermophila), 
79. 
crassirostris (Sporophila), 

79. 
crenirostris (Pyrrhula), 
141. 
Crescent Finch, 333. 
Crested Bulfmeh, 459. 
Crested Dominican Grosbeak, 
810. 
Crestudo Amarillo, 815. 
Crestudo roxo, 810. 
Crimson-headed Finch, 

391. 
crispa (Fringilia), 128. 
crispa (Loxia), 131. 
crispa (Pyrrhula), 131. 
crispa (Loxia), 128. 
crissalis (Fringilia), 753. 
crissalis (Pheucticus), 56. 
crissalis (Pipilo), 753. 
cristata (Coccothraustes), 
815. 
cristata (Emberiza), 568, 
815. 
cristata (Fringilia), 803. 
cristata (Gubernatrix), 
815. 
cristata (Lophospiza), 
803. 
crista tella (Emberiza), 
815. 
cristatella (Gubernatrix), 
815. 
cristatella (Tanagra), 
804. 
cristatellus (Tacbyphonus), 
804. 
cristatus (Coryphospingus), 
803. 
cristatus (Tiaris), 803. 
Crithagra, 348. 
Crithologus, 346. 
Crithophaga, 552. 
crocea (Fringilia), 503. 
crocopygia (Crithagra), 

360,361. 
crocopygia (Poliospiza), 

360. 
crocopygius (Serinus), 
360. 
Croissant, 333. 
Crossbill, 435. 
Crossbill, Common, 436. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

Crossbill, White-winged, 

443. 
Crucirostra, 435. 
cruenta (Passerina), 808. 
cruenta (Tiaris), 808. 
cruentus (Coryphospingus), 
808. 
cruentus (Bhodospingus), 

808. 
cuba? (Fringilia), 225. 
cucullata (Carcluelis),225. 
cucullata (Chrysomitris), 
225. 
cucullata (Fringilia), 225, 
803, 810. 
cucullata (Loxia), 810. 
cucullata (Paroaria), 809, 

810. 
cucullata (Passerina), 
803,810. 
cucullata (Pyrrhomitris), 

225. 
cucullata (Spermophila), 
116,117,118. 
cucullata (Spiza), 810. 
cucullatus (Oalyphopho


rus), 810. 
Curvirostra, 435. 
curvirostra americana 

(Loxia), 437. 
curvirostra, var. balearica 
(Crucirostra), 437. 
curvirostra bendirei 
(Loxia), 438. 
curvirostra japonica 
(Loxia), 438. 
curvirostra (Loxia), 435, 
436, 439,831. 
curvirostra mexicana 
(Loxia), 437. 
curvirostra minor (Loxia), 

438. 
curvirostra stricklandi 
(Loxia), 438. 
curvirostris (Chloris), 22. 
cyanea (Coccothraustes), 

cyanea (Cyanoloxia), 71. 
cyanea (Cyanospiza), 617, 


625. 
cyanea (Emberiza), 617. 
cyanea (Fringilia), 617. 
cyanea (Goniaphea), 71. 
cyanea (Guiraca), 66, 71, 
73. 
cyanea (Loxia), 71. 
cyanea (Passerina), 617. 
cyanea (Spiza), 617. 
cyanea (Tanagra), 617. 
cyanella (Cyanospiza), 
625. 
cyanella (Emberiza), 617, 

625. 
cyanella (Porphyriospiza), 
625. 
cyanella (Porphyrospiza), 
625. 
cyaneus (Coccoborus), 71. 
cyaneus (Pitylus), 75. 
cyanoides (C\anoloxia), 
73. 
cyanoides (Coccoborus), 
73. 
cyanoides (Guiraca), 71, 
73, 74. 
Cyanospiza, 613. 
Cynchramus, 476. 

daubenfconi (Spermophila), 
3-17. 
davidiana (Montifrin 
gilla), 265, 823. 
davidiana (Pyrgilauda), 

265. 
davidianus (Carpodacus), 
429. 
davidianus (Propasser), 
429. 
decurvana (Tanagra), 758. 
deibrmis (Coccothraustes), 
37. 
delicata (Emberiza), 531. 
dentata (Fringilia), 295. 
dentata (Gymnorhis), 

295. 
dentata (Petronia), 295, 
296, 825. 
dentata (Xanthodira), 

295. 
dentatus (Passer), 295. 
dentirostris (Geospiza), 
11,12,16. 
devronii (Sporophila), 

89. t 
devronis (Callirhynchus), 
89. ^ 
devronis (Neorbynchtis), 
89. 
diadema (Catamblyrhynchus), 
142. 
difficilis (Geospiza), 12. 
diffusa (Pyrgita), 330. 
diffusa (Pyrgitopsis), 336. 
diffusus (Passei*), 336, 

337, 827. 
Diuca, 800. 
diuca (Diuca), 800. 
diuca (Emberiza), 800. 
diuca (Euspiza), 800. 
diuca (Fringilia), 800. 
diuca (Kedyglossa), 800. 
diuca (Phrygilus), 800. 

doliohonia (Emberiza), 

510. 
Dolospingus, 141. 
domestica, var. arizonaa 
(Wpizella), 661. 
domestica (Pyrgita), 309. 
domestica (Spizella), 660. 
domesticus cisalpinus 

(Passer), 315. 
domesticus italicus (Passer), 
315. 
domesticus indicus (Passer), 
SOD. 
domesticus (Passer), 307, 
308,826. 
doniinica (Passerina), 

811. 
Dominican Cardinal, 811. 
Dominican Grosbeak,811. 
dominicana (Fringilla), 
811. 
dominicana (Loxia), 811. 
dominicana (Pai-oaria), 
811\

dominicana (Spiza), 811. 

dominicana (Loxia), 810. 

dominicanus (Calyptro


plionij), 811. 

dominicensis (Chrvsomi


tris), 234. 

dominicensis (Fringilla), 

234. 
dominicensis(Loximitris), 
234. 
Donacospiza, 765. 
dorsalis (Junco), 655. 
dorsalis (Pbrygilus), 797. 
dorsigerus (Pitylus), 52. 
clrovoni (Callirhynehus), 
89. 
drovoni (Gyrhinorhynchus), 
89. 
Dryospiza, 348. 
dubia (Geospiza), 9. 
dubius (Carpodacus), 427. 
dubius (Propasser), 427. 
dumetorurn (Emberna


gra), 758. 
durazzii (Emberiza), 487, 

491. 
Dur-bec, 459. 
Dusty Grosbeak, 59. 
dybowskii (Chrysomitris), 
214. 
edwardsi (Carpodacus), 
418,830. 
edwardsi (Propasser), 

418. 
eleathorax (Etnberiza), 
526. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

elegans (Oarduelis), 186, 

190. 
elegans (Citrinella), 497. 
elegans (Emberiza), 497, 
834. 
elegans (Euspiza), 497. 
elegantula (Citrinella), 
497. 
elegantula (Emberiza), 
497. 
Emberise a cinq couleurs, 
758. 
Emberiza, 476, 552. 
Emberizoides, 768. 
Embernagra, 757. 
emini (fcSorella), 332. 
emini (Passer), 332, 827. 
emini bey (Sorella), 332. 
Enucleator, 459. 
enucleator canadensis 
(Pinicola), 460. 
enucleator (Corythus), 
459,400. 
enucleator (Fringilla), 


459. 
enucleator kamtschatkensis 
(Corytbus), 460. 
enucleator kodiaca (Pinicola), 
832. 
enucleator (Loxia), 459. 
enucleator (Pinicola), 


459, 460. 
enucleator (Pyrrhula), 
459,832. 
enucleator splendens 
(Corytbus), 460. 
enucleator (Strobilo


phaga), 459. 
Eophona, 4, 28. 
epauletta (Pyrrhoplectes), 

386. 
epauletta (Pyrrhula), 
386, 
epauletta (Pyrrhuloides), 

386. 
epopasa (Fringilla), 62. 
eremceea (Peueaea), 714. 
eritbaeus (Pyrrhula), 
455. 
erytbrasa (Loxia), 391. 
erythrgeus (Carpodacus), 
393. 
erythrina (Coecothraustes), 
391. 
erythrina (Erythrospiza), 

392. 
erythrina (Fringilla), 
391. 
erythrina (Linaria), 
391. 
erythrina (Loxia), 391. 
erythrina (Pyrrhula), 391, 

393. 
ervthrinus (Carpodacus), 
391,392,829. 
erythriuus grebnitskii 
(Carpodacus), 393. 
erythrocepbala 
(Pyrrhula), 
455, 457, 


S32. 

erythronota (Cblorospiza), 
796. 
erythronota (Fringilla), 

796. 
erythronota (Svcalis), 
?J7. 
ery thronotus (Phrvgilus), 

796. 
erythrophiTs (Burtoniaj, 
232. 
ervthrophrvs (Fringilla), 
232. 
ervthrophrvs (Passer), 
323. 
ervthrophrvs (Poospiza), 
642. 
erjthrophthalma (Em*
benza>, 744. 
erythrophtbalma (Fringilla), 
744. 
ervt hrophthalmus (Pipilo), 
744. 
erytbropbthalmus alleni 
(Pipilo), 746. 
erythrophthalmos, Tar. 
arcticus f Pipilo), 747. 
erythrophthalnius, var. 
carmani (Pipilo). 750. 
ervtbroptera (Emberiza), 
~5()5, 568. 
erythrapterus (Melophus), 
56& 
ervthropvga (Linota), 
238, 244. 
erythrorbyncha (Ohlorospiza), 
790. 
erythrorbyncha (Fringilla), 
790. 
Erytbrospiza, 169, 282, 

284. 
Erythrothorax, 387. 
esclavonicus (Emberiza), 
549. 
espaniolensis (Fringilla), 
317. 
euchlora (Auripasser), 
341. 
euchlora (Ohrysospiza), 
341. 
euchlora (Fringilla), 
Ml. 

euchlora (Pyrgita), 341. 

euchloris (Passer), 341. 
Euetheia, 143. 
euleri (Sporophila), 99. 
europsea (Crucirostra), 

437. 
europrea (Loxia), 437. 
europsea (Miliaria), 533. 
europcea (Pvrrhula), 446, 
447, 832." 
europaeus (Oarduelis), 

187. 
europoaus (Coccothraustes), 
37. 
Euspina, 770. 
Euspiza, 770. 
evura (Spizella), 659. 
exilipes (Acanthis), 254, 

257, 823. 
exilipes (iEgiothus), 254. 
exilipes (Liuaria), 254. 
exilipes (Linota), 255. 

fabialatu (Embernagra), 

758. 
falcirostra (Loxia), 443. 
iaicirostris (Fringilla), 
139. 
falcirostris (Pyrrhula), 
139. 
falcirostris (Spermophila), 
139. 
falcirostris (Sporophila), 

139. 
fallax (Melospiza), 703, 
704. 
fallax (Zonotrichia), 
703. 
fasciata fallax (Melospiza), 
703. 
fasciata (Fringilla), 213, 

701. 
fasciata guttata (Melospiza), 
706. 
fasciata heermanni (Melospiza), 
704. 
fasciata (Melospiza), 701, 
704,706. 
fasciata montana (Melospiza), 
701. 
fasciata ruflna (Melodia), 

706. 
fasciata sainuelis (Melospiza), 
705. 
Fasciated Finch, 701. 
fazoglensis (Pyrgita), 

295. 
ferrariperazi (Amphispiza), 
728. 
ferreirostris 
(Chaunoproctus), 
31. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

ferreirostris(Coccothraustes), 
31. 
ferreirostris (Mycerobas), 

31. 
Finch, Angola, 367. 
Finch, Black and Orange, 
568. 
Finch, Blackfaced, 803. 
Finch, Canary, 370. 
Finch, Cape, 347. 
Finch, Chinese, 26 
Finch, Cinereous, 707. 
Finch, Citril, 230. 
Finch, Crescent, 333. 
Finch, Crimson-headed, 
391. 
Finch, Fasciated, 701. 
Finch, Grass, 670. 
Finch, Lapland, 579. 
Finch, Lesser Pied 
Mountain, 572. 
Finch, Long-tailed, 768. 
Finch, Mountain, 657. 
Finch, Painted, 614, 

617. 
Finch, Purple, 409. 
Finch, Red-breasted, 59. 
Finch, Eufous-chinned, 
84. 
Finch, Busty - collared, 
609. * 
Finch, Savanna, 687. 
Finch, Serin, 368. 
Finch, Strasburg, 240. 
Finch, Tree, 301. 
Finch, White-throated, 
598. 
Finch, Yellow, 354. 
Finch, YelJow-tbroated, 
770. 
flabellifera (Loxia), 139. 
flabellifera (Sporophila), 
139. 
flabellum (Loxia), 139. 
flabellum (Spermophila), 
139. 
flamingo (Loxia), 459. 
flammea (Fringilla), 179, 
245. 
flammula (Pinicola), 460. 
flava (Emberiza), 499, 
565, 
flava (Crithagra), 354. 
flava (Fringilla), 377. 
flava (Passerina), 380. 
flaveola (Crithagra), 380. 
flaveola (Fringilla), 377. 
flaveola (Sycalis), 377, 

379, 380. 
flaveolus (Passer), 330, 

827. 
flavesoens (Serinus), 369. 
flavicollis (Fringilla), 
293, 771. 
flavicollis (Gymnorbis), 

293. 
flavicollis (Mirafra), 510. 
flavicollis (Passer), 293. 
flavicollis (Petronia), 
293, 825. 
flavicollis (Ploceus), 293. 
flavicollis (Xanthodina), 

293. 
flavilrons (Serinus), 357. 
flavigaster (Emberiza), 
500. 
flaugaster (Fringillaria), 
500. 
flavigaster (Chloris), 22. 
flavigastra (Emberiza), 
500, 834. 
flavigastra (Polymitra), 

500. 
flavigula (Petronia), 
297. 
flavigula (Xanthodira), 
297. 
flavigularis (Xanthodira), 
297. 
flavirostris (Acanthis), 
236,238. ' 
flavirostris (Cannabina), 

236. 
flavirostris (Fringilla), 
236. 
flavirostris (Gymnorhis), 
293. 
flavirostris (Linaria), 
236. 
flavirostris (Linota), 237. 
flavirostris, var. brewsterii 
(JEgiothus), 235. 
flaviventris (Emberiza), 
499, 500, 501,503. 
flaviventris (Fringillaria)T 

500. 
flaviventris (Loxia), 354. 
flaviventris (Passerina), 
499. 
flaviventris (Polymitra)r 
500. 
flaviventris (Serinus), 
353. 
flavivertex (Crithagra), 
351. 
flavivertex (Serinus), 350'. 
flavocollaris (Euspiza), 
510. 
flavogularis (Euspiza)r 
510. 
flavomentum 
(GyrhincK 
rhynchus), 385. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

flavoapceularis (Critha


gra), 210. 

flcgoli (Poliospiza), 343. 

Foolish Bunting, 537. 

Foolish Sparrow, 281). 

forbcrti (timberiza), 502. 

forbesi (Friugillaria), 

502. 
Formosa (Fringilla), 781. 
formoMia (Phrygilus), 
782. 
forreri (Ohrysomitris), 
222. 
fortipea (Spermophila), 
133. 
f ortirostris*(Goocothra ustes),
4l. 
fortis (Geospiza), 10, 11, 

12. 
fraterculus (Losia), 113. 
Fringilla, 108, 170. 
Friugillaria, 557. 
fringillaris (Sphenura), 
709. 
Fringillauda, 258. 
fringillirostris(Acantliis), 
244, 822. 
fringillirostria (Carinabina), 
244. 
fringillirostria (Fringilla), 

244. 
fringillirostria (Linaria), 
244. 
fringillirostria (Linota), 
244. 
fringilloides (Amaurospiza), 
157. 
fringilloides (Gouiaphea), 

157. 
fringilloides (Montifringilla), 
2G0. 
fringilloides (Pleetrophanos), 
259. 
briquet, 301. 
Friquet huppe, 803. 
frontalis (Callyrhynchim), 

99. 
frontalis (Oarpodaeus), 
420,422,424,830. 
frontalis (Erythrospiza), 
420, 422. 
frontalis (Fringilla), 420. 
frontalis, var. frontalis 

(Oarpodaeus), 421. 
frontalis (Gyrhinorhynchus), 
99. 
frontalis, \ar. h sera, or rhous 
(Oarpodaeus), 

423. 
frontalis (Propasser), 
427. 
frontalis (Pyrrlmla), 420, 

422. 
frontalis rhodocolpua 
(Oarpodaeus), 421. 
frontalis ruberrimus 
(Oarpodaeus), 830. 
frontalis (JSpormophila), 

99. 
fmticeti (Euspiza), 790. 
fruticeti (Fringilla), 790. 
fmticeti (Phrygilus), 
790. 
fruticeti (Rhodospina), 
790. 
fucata (Citrinella), 493. 
fucata (Emberiza), 493, 
834. 
fucata (Euspiza), 493. 
fucata (Onychospina), 
493. 
fucatus (Hypocentor), 
493. 
fuliginosa(Amaurospiza), 
151. 
fuliginoaa (Fringilla), 
151. 
fuliginosa (Geospiza), 12, 
13. 
fuliginosa (Pbonipara), 
151,820. 
fumosa (Pbonipara), 151. 
funerea (Goniaphea), 81. 
funereus (Or3rzoborus), 

81,140, 819. 
fusca (Kieneria), 752. 
fusea (Linota), 182. 
fusca, var. mesoleuca 

(Pipilo), 754. 
fusca (Tanagra), 813. 
fuseata (Emberiza), 493. 
fuscescens (jFgiothus), 

246. 
fuscescens (Linaria), 246. 
fusciventer (Lo\ia), 109. 
fnsciventris (Spermophila), 
109. 
fuscus (Pipilo), 752, 754. 
fuacus albigula (Pipilo), 

755. 
fuscus erissalis (Pipilo), 
753. 
fuscus 
mesoleucus (Pipilo), 
754. 

Gafarron, 217. 
galapagensis (Zono


triehia), 601. 
gambeli (Fringilla), 606. 
gambeli intermedia (Zo


notrichia), 604. 

gambeli (Zonotrichia), 

003, 600. 

Gavoue de Provence, 491. 

gayi (Chlorospiza), 781. 

gayi (Emberiza), 785. 

gayi (Euspiza), 781. 

gayi (FringilJa), 781. 

gayi (Phrygilus), 781, 

782,783,784,785. 

gebleri (Fringilla), 272. 

gobleri (Linaria), 272. 

gebleri (Montifriugilla), 

georgiana (Fringilla), 
G97. 
georgiana (Melospiza), 


697. 
Geospiza, 4, 6, 257. 
Geospizopsis, 780. 
geospizopsis (Passeroulus), 
792. 
geospizopsis (Phrygilus), 

792. 
germana (Miliaria), 553. 
germaniea (Oarduelis), 
186. 
germaniea (Pyrrhula), 
446,448. ' h 
gigliolii (Emberiza), 542, 

544. 
gigliolii (Leucosticte),273. 
gigliolii (Linaria), 273. 
gigliolii (Montifringilla), 
273, 824. 
githaginea (Erythrospiza), 
284, 403. 
githaginea (Fringilla), 

284. 
githaginea (Propasser), 
285. 
githagineus (Bucanetes), 
285. 
githagineus (Oarpodaeus), 
285. 
glacialis (Emberiza), 573. 
glacialis (Montifringilla), 

260. 
glaueoca?rulea (Coccoborus), 
75, 
glaucocserulea (Oyanoloxia), 
75. 
glaucocserulea (Goniaphea), 
75. 
glaucocaerulea (Guiraca), 

75. 
glaucocfcrulea (Pyrrhula), 
75. 
glaucQcasrulea (Sporophila), 
75. 
Glycispina, 476. 
Gnathospiza, 376. 

godle wskii (Emberiza). 

542. 
Goldfinch, 185, 180. 
GolcKhidh (American), 
195. 
Goniaphea, 65. 
gouldi (Melospiza), 704, 
705. 
gouldi (Zonotriehia), 705. 
graminea( Emberiza), 670. 
gramine-i (Fringilla), 070. 
graminea (Zonotviehia), 
670, 672. 
gramineus confmis (Pocecetes), 
673. 

gramineus {Poeeeetes), 
670, 671, 672, 673. 
grammaca (Oalamospiza), 

591. 
grammaca (Emberiza), 
501. 
grammaca (Fringilla), 
501. 
grammaca (Zonotric' ,ia), 
591. 
grammaca (Chondestes), 
591. 
gram mica sfcrigata (Chondestes), 
591. 
Granativora, 476. 
granativora (Emberiza), 

503. 
Grand Montain, 579. 
Grande Linotte de Vignes, 
240. 
grandis (Carpodacus), 
404, 40(5, 880. 
Grandis (Loxigilla), 87. 
Grass Finch, (570. 
Greater Bunting, 570. 
Greater Red-headed Lin


net, 240. 
Greenfinch, 21. 
Greenfinch, Indian, 853. 
Green Grosbeak, 21. 
Green-headed Bunting, 

831. 
Grey Grosbeak, 94. 
Grey-necked Grosbeak, 
28. 
grimpeur (Oactornis), 19. 
Orisalbin, 9(5. 
grisea (Garpospiza), 292. 
grisea (Diuca), 800. 
grisea (Dolichonyx), 800. 
grisea (Fringilla), 336. 
grisea (Loxia), 9(5. 
grisea (Spermophila), 96. 
griseigularis (Passer),313. 
griseinucha (Leucostioto), 
275, 276, 277. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

grisein ueha (Monti fringilla), 
275, 270. 
griseiventris (Pyrrhula), 
449, 451, 832; 
griseocristata (Eniberiza), 

806. 
griseocristata (Euspiza), 
806. 
griseocristata (Lophospiza), 
806. 
griseocristata (Passerina), 

806. 
griseocristatus (Coryphospingus), 
806. 
griseogenys (Fringilla), 

275. 
griseogenys (Leucosticte), 
275. 
griseonucha (Fringilla), 
275. 
griseonucha (Linaria), 
275, 276. 
griseus (Eupleetes), 292. 
griseus (Gyrinorh^nchus), 

96. 
grcenlandica (Acanthis), 
251. 
groenlandicus (Plectrophanes), 
580. 
Grosbeak, Angola, 77. 
Grosbeak, Black, 77. 
Grosbeak, Black-breasted, 

116. 
Grosbeak, Blue, 66, 71. 
Grosbeak, Brimstone, 
352. 
Grosbeak, Brown-cheekeel, 
144. 
Grosbeak, Cardinal, 161. 
Grosbeak, Caucasian, 

399. 
Grosbeak, Common, 36. 
Grosbeak, Crested Dominican, 
810. 
Grosbeak, Dominican, 

811. 
Grosbeak, Dusky, 59. 
Grosbeak, Green, 21. 
Grosbeak, Grey, 96. 
Grosbeak, Grey-necked, 
28. 
Grosbeak, Minute. 109. 
Grosbeak, Orange, 113. 
Grosbeak, Pine, 459. 
Grosbeak, Purple, 82. 
Grosbeak, Radiated, 121. 
Grosbeak, Bed, 161. 
Grosbeak, Red-breasted, 
58. 
Grosbeak, Siberian, 464. 
Grosbeak, Spotted, 58. 
Grosbeak, Thick-billed, 

79. 
Grosbeak, White-billed, 
77. 
Gmsbeak, Virginia, 161. 
Grosbeak, Yellow, 506. 
Grosbeak, Yellow-bellied, 
354. 
Grosbeak, Yellow-fronted, 
356. 
Grosbec, 36. 
Gros-bec appele la No


nette, 116. 
Gros-becs appeles queue 
en even tail de Virginie, 

139. 
Grosbec bleu d'Angola, 
71. 
Gros-bec d'Angola, 116. 
Grosbec cle Canada, 459. 
Grosbec de la Chine, 28. 
Grosbec de la Louisiane, 
Gros-bec de Virginie, 

96. 
Grosbec de Virginie dit 
Yulgairement le Cardinal 
hupe, 161. 

Grosbec du Bresil, 811. 
Gro&bec du Cap de Bonne 
Esperance, 552. 
Grosbec jaune du Cap de 

Bonne Esperance, 353. 
Gubernatrix, 815. 
gubernatrix (Emberiza), 

815. 
gubernatrix (Lophocoryphus), 
815. 
Guiraca, 5, 65. 
Guirnegat, 377. 
gularis (Calyptrophorus), 

813. 
gularis (Coccopsis), 813. 
gularis (Fringilla), 343. 
gularis (Linaria), 343. 
gularis (Nemosia), 813. 
gularis (Paroaria), 813, 
814. 
gularis (Passer), 337, 
828. 
gularis (Passerina), 813. 
gularis (Poliospiza), 343. 
gularis (Pyrgita), 336. 
gularis (Tachyphonus), 
813. 
gularis (Tanagra), 813. 
guttata (Emberiza), 793. 
guttata (Melospiza), 706. 
guttata (Passerina), 794. 
guttata (Zonotrichia), 
680,706. 

guttatus (Passerculus), 

680. 
guttatus (Phrygilus), 794. 
guttatus (Pitylus), 62. 
gutturalis (Fringilla), 
128. 
gutturalia (Passerina), 
128. 
gutturalia (Pbonipara), 
128. 
gutturalis (Spermophila), 
128, 820. 
gutturalis olivacea (Spermophila), 
128. 
gutturalis pallida (Spermopbila), 
128. 
Gynmorhis, 288. 
Gymnorhynchus, 90. 
Gvntel de Strasbourg, 

"240. 

habeli (Cainarhynchus), 

17. 
Habia, 58. 
Habia de Banado, 758. 
baernatopygia (Leucosticte), 
269. 
bsematopygia (Linaria), 

269. 
hsematopygia (Montifringilla), 
269. 
Hseinatospiza, 388. 
Haemophila 721. 
hajmorrboa (Fringilla), 


422. 
Hsemorrhous, 387. 
hsemorrhous (Carpodacus), 
422, 424. 
baitii (Loxia), 84. 
baitii (Spermopbila), 84. 
Hambouroux, 301. 
hamburgensis (Passer), 

301. 
Hamburgh Tree-creeper, 
301. 
haniburgia (Loxia), 301. 
Haplospiza, 626. 696. 
barrisii (Fringilla), 597. 
bartlaubi (Crithagra), 
356. 
Hawfinch, 36. 
Hedyglossa, 800. 
Hedynieles, 5, 58heernianni 
(Melospiza), 
704, 705. 
heermanni (Zonotriehia), 

704. 
bemicbrysus (Pheuctieus), 
57. 
benslowi (Ammodromus), 

690. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

benslowi (OoturnicuJus), 

690. 
benslowi (Einberiza), 
690. 
berbicola (Euiberizoides), 
769. 
berbicola (Sylria), 769. 
Hesperipbona, 4, 32, 43. 
bicksi (Spermopbila), 
133. 
biemalis (Einberiza), 647. 
biemalis (Euspiza), 647. 
biemalis (Fringilla ),^647. 
biemalis (Junco), 646, 
647, 840. 
biemalis (Xiphaea), 647. 
biemalis (Plectrophanes), 

574. 
biemalis (Strutbus), 647. 
biemalis aikeni (Junco), 
649. 
biemalis, Tar. alticola 
(Junco), 656. 
biemalis annectens (Junco), 
652. 
biemalis, var. caniceps 
(Junco), ti~)±. 
biemalis carolinensis 
(Junco), 649. 
biemalis dorsalis {Junco), 

635. 
biemalis oregonus (Junco), 
650. 
bilarii (Critbagra), 334. 
bilarii (Fringilla), 384. 
bilarii (Sycalis), 384. 
bimalayana (Loxia), 437, 

439, 831. 
bimalayensis (Emberiza), 

549. 
Lispanica (Pyrgita), 317. 
bispaniolensis (Fringilla), 
317. 
bispaniolensis (Passer), 
315,316,317,318,826. 
bispaniolensis (Passerina), 
637. 
bispaniolensis (Poospiza), 

637. 
bispaniolensis (Pyrgita), 
317. 
boffmanni (Spermophila), 
133. 
bolboelli (Acantbis), 250. 
822. 
bolboelli (/Egiothus), 250. 
bolboelli (Linaria), 250. 
honiochlainys (Peueaaa), 
713, 
homocbroa (Oatamenia), 
104, 105. , 

bomocbroa (Spermopbila), 
105. 
bomocbroa (Sporopbila), 

105. 
bomocbrous (Gyrinorbyncbus), 
105. 
bordei (Emberiza), 537. 
hornemanni (Acantbis), 


256, 257. 
hornemanni (JEsriothus), 


257. 
hornemanni exilipes 
(Acantbis), 255. 
hornemanni (Fringilla), 


250. 
hornemanni tLinota),231. 
256. 
hornemanni typica 
(Acantbis), 2»">7. 
horteiiais (Chloris), 22. 
horteiibis (Frinsrilla), 


172. 
hortulana (Citrinella), 
r>:n. 

hortulana (Emberiza^, 
530, 3;yi ,s*J7. 
hortulana (Euspiza), 


523. 
hortulana {, (ihvispina), 
531. 
hortulanus (Serinus I, 
368, 370. 
Hortulon, 530. 
hortulorum (Serinus), 

369. 
House-Sparrow, 308. 
hudsonia (Fringilla), 647, 
hudsonia (Xiplisea), 647. 
humeralis (Aimopbila), 

728. 
humeralis (Embernagra), 
728. 
humeralis (Haemopbila), 
727. 
humii (Coccotliraustes), 
39,40, 818. 
humii (Pyrrbospiza), 

433. 
humilis (Fringilla), 343, 
297. 
humilis (Passer), 297, 
343. 
humilis (Pyrgita), 297, 
343. 
huttoni (Citrinella), 533. 
huttoni (Emberiza), 533. 
huttoni (Euspiza), 533. 
hyemalis schufeldti 
(Junco), 840. 
Hjlaspina, 476. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

Hypacantltis, 192. 
hyperboreus (Pleetro


pheuax), 577. 
Hypoeentor, 476. 
hypochondriacal beriza), 

c636. 
hypochondria (Euspiza), 

636. 
hypochondria(Passerina), 
m. 
hypochondriaca (Poo


spiza), 636. 
hypoleuca (Fringilla), 94. 
hypoleuca (Spermophila), 

'94, 139. 
hypoleuca (Sporophila), 

94. 
hypoleucus (Gvrhinorhynchus), 
95. 
Hypolia, 258. 
hypoxantha (Fringilla), 

198. 
hvpoxantha (Chrysomi*
tris), 198. 
hypoxantha (Spermophila), 
111, 139, 140. 
hypoxantha (Sporophila), 
"111. 
hypoxanthus (Gyrhinorhynchus), 
111. 
ictera (Crithagra), 357. 
ictera (Fringilla), 356. 
icterica (Chrysomitris), 

217,218,219,200,220. 
icterica (Emberiza), 506. 
icterica (Easpiza), 506. 
icterica (Fringilla), 217. 
icteroides (Coccothraus


tes), 44. 
icteroides ' (Hesperiphona), 
44. 
icteroides (Mycerobas), 

44. 
icteroides (Pvcnorhamphus), 
44, 819. 
icterus (Serinus), 353, 
356, 828. 
Idiopsar, 797. 
igneus (Oardinalis), 164, 

166. 
ignobilis (Loxia), 128. 
ignobilis (Spermophila), 
128. 
iliaca (Fringilla), 716. 
iliaca megarhyncha (Passerella), 
720. 
iliaca (Passerella), 716, 
717, 719. 
iliaca sohistacea (Passerella), 
720. 

iliaca, var. townsendi 
(Passerella), 718. 
iliaca unalaschensis (Pas


serella), 718. 
iliaca (Zonotrichia), 716. 
illinoensis (Peuceea), 710. 
imberbis (Serinus), 354. 
impetuani (Emberiza), 

563. 
impetuani (Fringillaria), 
563,564. 
incarnata (Erythrospiza), 

287. 
incarnata (Pjrrhula), 
287. 
incerta (Ohlorospiza), 
392. 
incerta (Fringilla), 391. 
Indian Greenfinch, 353. 
Indian Siskin, 201. 
indicus (Chloris), 353. 
indicus (Passer), 309. 
Indigo Bunting, 617. 
indigotica (Guiraca), 819. 
indigotica (Passerina), 
819. 
innominatus (Acanthis), 
247. 
inornata (Catamenia), 
104. 
inornata (Fringilla), 104. 
inornata (Linaria), 104. 
inornata (Pyrrhula), 139. 
inornata (Spermophila), 
104. 
insignis (Melospiza), 707. 
insignia (Zonotrichia), 
707. 
insularis (Junco), 652. 
insularis (Passer), 321. 
intercedens (Emberiza), 
531. 
intermedia (Oitrinella), 
473. 
intermedia (Emberiza), 
473. 
intermedia (Phonipara), 
145, 148, 820. 
intermedia (Schoenicola), 

473. 
intermedia (Spermophila), 
96. 
intermedia (Sporophila), 

96. 
intermedia (Sycalis), 380. 
intermedia (Zonotrichia), 
604. 
intermedins (Acanthis), 
246. 
intermedins 
(Cynchramus), 
473. 

islandiea (Fringilla), 369 
islandicus (Serinus), 369. 
italic (Fringilla), 315. 
italise (Passer), 315. 
italica (Pyrgita), 315. 
italicus (Passer), 315. 

jacarina (Emberiza), 152. 

jacarina (Euphone), 152. 

jacarina (Spiza), 152. 

jacarina splendens (Vola


tinia), 153. 
jacarina (Tiaris), 152. 
jacarina (Volatinia), 152. 
Jacarini, 152. 
jacarini (Passerina), 152. 
jacarini (Phonipara),820. 
Jacarini Tanager, 152. 
jacarini (Tanager), 152. 
jacarini (Volatinia), 152. 
jagoensis (Passer), 322, 

82Q. 

jagoensis (Pyrgita), 323. 
Jamaican (Sycalis), 379. 
japonica (Loxia), 831. 
japonicus (Ooccothraus


tes), 39, 40, 818. 
jardinii (Conirostrum), 

798. 
jardinii (Spodiornis), 798. 
jelskii (Spodiornis), 798. 
jugiferus (Passer), 330. 
Junco, 646. 
juncorum (Fringilla), 
664. 
juncorum (Motacilla), 
664. 
kamtschatica (Pyrrhula), 

447. 
kawarahiba (Chloris), 28, 
818. 
kawarahiba (Ohlorospiza), 
28. 
kawarahiba (Fringilla), 
26, 28. 
kawariba (Fringilla), 28. 
kieneri (Embemagra), 

734. 
kieneri (Pyrgisoma), 732, 
734. 
kodiaca (Pinicola), 832. 
Kieneria, 731. 
kurilensis (Pyrrhula),450, 
832. 
lacteus (Pyrenestes), 292. 
lafresnayii (Spermo


phila), 118. 
lanceolata (Linaria), 251. 
Lapland Bunting, 579. 

856 

Lapland Finch, 579. 
lapponica (Oentropliancs), 
580. 
lapponica (Emberiza), 

580. 
lapponica (Fringilla), 

579. 
lapponica (Passerina), 

579. 
lapponica (Pleetrophaues), 
580, 
la pp oi lit'UP (Oulcarius), 
579, 580, 840. 
larvata (Fringilla), 811. 
larvata (Paroaria), 811. 
larvata (Spiza), 811. 
lateralis (Fringilla), 043. 
lateralis (Passerina), 643. 
lateralis (Poospiza), 043, 

644. 
lathami (Emberiza), 508. 
lathami (Euspiza), 558. 
laticauda (Loxia), 139. 
lawrencii (Astragalinus), 

2'23. 

lawrencii (Oarduelis), 

223. 
lawrencii (Ohrysomitris), 

223. 
lawrencii (Fringilla), 223. 
lawrencii (BTaeniophila), 

723. 
lawrencii (Spinus), 223. 
lazuliua (Fringilla), 


024. 
lazulina (Spiza), 624. 
leclancheri (0alliste),C22. 
leclaneberi (Ovanospiza), 
622, 623. 
leclancheri (Passerina), 

622. 
leelaneheri (Spiza), 622. 
lecontei (Emberiza), 695. 
lecontei (Ammodromus), 

695. 
lecontei (Coturniculus), 

695. 
lepida (Enetheia), 145. 
lepida (Fringilla), 145, 

147. 
lepida (Phonipara), 145, 

820. 
lepidus (Uragus), 467. 
Leptonyx, 765. 
lesbia (Cifcrinella), 493. 
lesbia (Emberiza), 4:88, 

491. 493. 
lesbia (Spina), 493. 
Lesbian Bunting, 493. 
lesbius (Cynchramus), 

493. 

ALPHABETICAL IND13X. 

Lesser Pied Mountain 
Finch, 572. 
Lesser Keclpole, 252. 
leucocepbala (Emberiza), 
549, 838. 
leucophrys (Emberiza), 

603. 
leucoplirys (Fringilla), 

003. 
leucophrys (Zonotrichia), 

603. 
leucoplirys, var. gambeli 
(Zonotrichia), 604, 606. 
leucophrys intermedia 
(Zonotrichia), 604. 
leucopsis (Spermophila), 

139. 
leucoptera (Coccothrauste&), 
121. 
1 e ncop Lera (Crithagra), 

361. 
leucoptera (Crucirostra), 

443. 
leucoptera (Curvirostra), 

443. 
leueoptera(Spermophila), 

121. 
leucoptera (Loxia), 442, 
443, 831. 
leucopterus (Serinus), 

361. 
leucopterygia (Loxia), 


121. 
leucopterygia (Sperm ophila),"
l21. 
leucopygia (Orithagra), 


366. 
leucopygia (Fringilla), 


366. 
leucopygius (Serinus), 


360. 
leucopygos (Orithagra), 


366. 
leucopygos (Dryospiza), 

366. 
leucopygos (Serinus), 


366. 
Leucosticte, 257. 
leucote (Pyrgisonia), 735. 

736. 
leucotis (Embernagra). 

736. 
leucotis (Melozone), 736. 
leucura (Fringilla), 289. 
leucura (Montifringilla). 
t 260. 
lichtensteini (Passer). 

339. 
Ligurinus, 21. 
Linmospiza, 757. 
Linacanthis, 235. 

Linaria, 235. 
linaria (Acanthis), 235, 
245, 246, 252. 254, 
257, 822. 
linaria (/Egiothus), 246. 
linaria alnorum (Fringilla), 
250. 
linaria brevirostris (Frin> 
gilla), 246. 
linaria cabaret (Acanthis), 

252. 
linaria, var. canescens 
(Fringilla), 254. 
linaria (Cannabina), 241, 

243. 
linaria, var. exilipea 
(iEgiothus), 254. 
linaria (Fringilla), 245, 
252, 254, 257. 
linaria, var. fuscescens 
(iEgiothus). 246. 
linaria holboelli (Acanthis), 
250. 
linaria lanceulata (Acanthis), 
251. 
linaria (Linaria), 246. 
linaria 'Linoia), 241, 
244, 240. 255, 

linaria magnirostris 
t (Fringilla), 250. 
linaria pallescens (Acanthi's), 
247. 
linaria (Passer), 245. 
linaria rostrata (Acanthis), 
251. 
linaria (Spinus), 245. 
Unarms holboelli (iEgiothus), 
251. 
linarius, var. linarius 
(IEgiothus), 246. 
lincolni (Fringilla), 698. 
lincolni (Helospiza), 

699. 
lincolni (Linaria), 699. 
lincolni (Helospiza), 698, 

699. 
lincolni (Passerculus), 

699. 
lincolni (Peucgea), 699. 
lincolni (Zonotrichia), 

699. 
lineata (Loxia), 121. 
lineata (Spermophila), 
121, 131,133. 
lineata (Sporophila), 

121. 
lineatus (G-yrinorhynchus), 
122. 
lineola (Loxia), 131. 
lineola (Pyrrhula), 131. 

lineola (Spermophila), 
131, 133. 
lineola (Sporophila), 

131. 
Linnet, 240. 
Linnet, Blew, GIT. 
Linnet, Greater Redheaded, 
240. 
Linnet, Mountain, 


236. 
Linnet, Bed, 240. 
Linnets from Angola, 
307. 
Linota, 235. 
linota (Oannabina), 
241. 
linota (Fringilla), 240. 
linota (Linaria), 240. 
Linotte, 240. 
Linotte d'Angola, 367. 
Linotte de Montagne, 
236. 
Linotte de Strasbourg, 
240. 
Linotte ou Le Cabaret, 
252. 
Lmurgus, 431. 
Little Sparrow, GG4. 
littoralis (Fringilla), 
685. 
littoralis (Leucosticte), 
277. 
littoralis (Linaria), 
277. 
littoralis (Montifringilla), 
277. 
longicauda (Corythus), 

464. 
longicauda(Emb6rnagra), 
759. 
longicauda (Limnospiza), 
759. 
longicauda (Pyrrhula), 
464. 
longicaudatus (Anamoclromus), 
766. 
longipennis (Oarpospiza), 

292. 
longirostris (Chrysomitris), 
220. 
longirostris (Crucirostra), 

437. 
longirostris (Linaria), 
250. 
longirostris (Pyrrhospiza), 
433. 
Lophocoryphus, 815. 
Lopbospingus, 805. 
Lophospiza, 802, 808. 
Lorrain Bunting, 537, 

573. 
VOL. XII. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

lotharingica (Emberiza), 

537, 573. 
Loxia, 169, 435. 
Loxigilla, 5, 82. 
Loximitris, 168, 233. 
Loxipasser, 82. 
luctosa (Emberiza), 790. 
luctuosa (Spermophila), 

135. 
luctuosa (Sporophila), 
135. 
ludoviciana (Fringilla), 
59. 
ludoviciana (Goniaphea), 
59. 
ludoviciana (Guiraca), 59. 
ludoviciana (Habia), 59. 
ludoviciana (Loxia), 58. 
ludoviciana (Pvrrhula), 
59. 
ludoviciana (Zamelodia), 
59. 
ludovicianus (Coccoborus), 
59. 
ludovicianus (Iledymeles), 
58, 59. 
lulenbis (Fringilla), 179. 
lunatus (Fringilla), 295. 
lunatus (Passer), 295. 
lutea (Auripasser), 340. 
lutea (Carduelis), 340. 
lutea (Chrysospiza), 

340. 
lutea (Dryospiza), 340. 
lutea (Emberiza), 775. 
lutea (Fringilla), 340. 
lutea (Pseudochloris), 
77&. S" 
lutea (Pyrgita), 340. 
lutea (Sycalis), 775. 
luteiventris (Crithagra), 


383. 
luteiventris (Finngilla), 
383. 
luteiventris (Sycalis), 382, 
383, 385. 
luteocephala (Critbagra), 

776. 
luteocepbala (Emberiza), 
776. 
luteocepbala (Fringilla), 
776. 
luteocepbala (Pseudocbloris), 
776. 
luteocephala (Sycalis), 

776. 
luteola (Emberiza), 379, 
505, 506, 835. 

luteola (Euspiza), 506. 

luteola (Svcalis), 379, 

382, 3831 

luteolus (Serinus), 369. 
Luteous Bunting, 506. 
luteus (Passer), 340. 
luteus (Serinus), 340. 
luxtiosus (Carduelis), 624. 

niaccowni (Emberiza), 

589. 
maccowni (Plectrophanes), 
589. 
maccowni (Rhyncophanes), 
589, 
macgillivrayi (Ammodromus), 
684. 
macgillivrayi (Fringilla), 

684. 
macronyx (Pipilo), 751. 
macroptera (Chrysomitris), 
227. 
maeroura (Fringilla), 


768. 
maeroura (Tardivola), 
768. 
macrura (Embernagra), 
769. 
macrurus (Emberizoides), 
768, 769. 
maculatus (Pipilo), 741, 


746. 
maculatus arcticus (Pipilo), 
747. 
maculatus carmani (Pipilo), 
750. 
maculatus consobrinus 
(Pipilo), 750. 
maculatus oregonus (Pipilo), 
749. 
maculipennis (Coccothraustes), 
34. 
maderensis (Fringilla), 
175, 177. 
magellanica 
(Ohrysomitris), 
216, 217, 219, 

220. 
magellanica (Fringilla), 
217, 220. 
magellanicus (Carduelis),


217. 
magnirostris (Coccoborus), 
50, 77. 
magnirostris (G-eospiza), 

7. 
magnirostris (Goniaphea), 
50. 
magnirostris (Guiraca), 
60, 77. 
major caniceps (Carduelis), 
190. 
major (Oannabina), 241, 
major (Carduelis), 187, 

189. 
3K 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

major (Cm ci rostra), 

437. 
major (Emberiza), 502, 
GIG. 
major (Fringilla), 179, 
iS7. 
m a j or (Fringillaria), 

502. 
major (Polymitra), 502. 
major (Pyrrhula), 446. 
mandellii (Montifringilla\ 
262. 
mandellii (Procardnelis), 

184. 
Manimbe, 69]. 
manimbe (Ammodromus), 
091, 840. 
manimbe (Coturiiiculus), 

691. 
manimbe (Embema), 
691. 
manimbe (Fringilla), 
691. 
marchii (Passerina), 
150. 
marchii (Phonipara), 
150. 
marginalia (Chrysomitris), 
216. 
marginalis (Emberizoides), 
769. 
marginalis (Tardivola), 


769. 
mariposa (Fringilla), 
614. 
maritima (Fringilla), 
683. 
maritimus (Amoiodroxnus), 
083, 684. 
maritimus nigrescens 
(Ammodromus), 685. 
martinicensis (Fringilla), 

84. 
masesus (Callirhynchus), 
88. 
masesus (Gyrinorhynchus), 
88. 
masesus (Sporopbila), 

88. 
matufcina (Fringilla), 
610. 
mafcutina (Zonotrichia), 
610. 
maximiliani (Goniaphea), 
78. 
maximiliani (Oryzoborus\ 
78. 
Mealy Redpoll, 245. 
media (Oannabina), 236. 
media (Ouciroatra), 437. 
medius (Spinus), 213. 

megalonyx (Pipilo), 748. 
megarhyncha (Emberizoicles), 
769. 
megarhyncha (Passerellaj, 
720. 
melatiictera (Euspiza), 

568. 
melauietera (Fringilla), 
568. 
melanictera (Tanagra), 
503. 
melanirterus (Melophus), 
508, 839. 
melauocephala (Coeeothraustes), 
118. 
melanoeephala (Emberiza), 
503, 505, 835. 
melanoeephala (Euspiza), 

503. 
melanoeephala fFringilla), 
128. 
melanoeephala (Goniaphea), 
US. 
melanoeephala (Guiraca), 

62. 
melanoeephala (Habia\ 
63. 
melanoeephala (Passerina), 
503. 
melanoeephala (Pyrrhula), 
118. 
melanoeephala (Sperm ophila), 
118. 
melanoeephala (Zamelodia), 
63. 
melanocephalus (Coecoborus), 
62. 
melanocephalus (Hedymeles), 
62, 64. 
melanocephalus, 
var. 
capitalis (Heclyrueles), 

63. 
melanocephalus (Pitvlus), 
62, 
melanocorys (Calaniospiza), 
594. 
Melanodera, 780. 
melanodera (Ohloro


spiza), 786. 
melanodera (Emberiza), 

786. h 
melanoderus (Phrygilus), 
786, 787. 
melanogaster (Spermophila), 
140. 
melanoleuea (Emberiza), 

638. 
melanoleuea (Passerina), 
638. 
melanoleuea (Poospiza). 
638. ' 
melauoleucus (Ammo


dromus), (5S5. 
Melanomitris, 102. 
melanomus (Emberiza), 

58C\ 

melanomus (Plectrophanes), 
586. 
m elan ops (Clin Dmitris), 

229. 
melanops (Citrinella), 
229. 
melanops (Emberiza), 
523. 
melanops (Euspiza), 
523. 
melanops {Frir.ffilhO, 
229. 
melanops (Spctiiiophila), 
140. 
melanosis (Ainiouhilal 
723. 
melanotis fCoryphosp'z'i), 
767. 
melanotic <Emberizuides), 
767. 
melanotic (GeospizopsU), 

725. 
mehnotis i Haitiiophila), 
123. 
melanotis (Leptonys), 
767. 
melanotis (Zonotriehia), 
723. 
melanoxantha (Chrysomitris), 
2(K>. 
melanoxantha (Fringilla), 
206. 
melanoxanthus (Coccothraustes), 
41. 
melanoxanthus (Myeerobas), 
41, m 
melanura ' (Coccothraustes), 
28. 
melanura (Hesperiphona), 
20. 
melanura (Eophona), 28, 

29. 
melanura (Loxia), 28. 
melanura (Loxia), 333. 
melanura (Eophona), 
818. 
m elan urns (Passer), 
333. 
melas (Goniaphea), 79. 
melas (Oryzoborus), 79. 
melodia fallax (Melospizu), 
703. 
melodia gouldii (llelospiza), 
705. 
melodia guttata (Melospiza), 
706. 

melodia heermanni (Melospiza), 
704. 
melodia insignia (Melospiza), 
707. 
melodia (Melospiza), 701, 

703. 
melodia, var. rnfina (Melodia), 
70G. 
melodia, var. samuelis 
(Melospiza), 705. 
Melophus, 508. 
Melopyrrha, 141. 
Melospiza, 096. 
Melozone, 731. 
menclozoe(Pseudoeliloris), 
77ft. 
men talis (Bhodospingus), 
800 
mendionalis (Carduelis), 

187. 
mericlionalis (Emberiza), 

537. 
mendionalis (Miliaria), 

553. 
mericlionalis (Serinus), 

309. 
meruloides (Fringilla), 

718. 
mesoleuca (Poospiza), 

640. 
mesoleucus (Pipilo), 

754. 
Metoponia, 348. 
mexicana, var. arizonas 
(Ohrysomitris), 206. 
mexicana (Ohrysomitris), 
198,206,821. 
mexicana, var. Columbiana 
(Ohrysomitris), 

208. 
mexicana (Curvirostra), 

437. 
mexicana (Emberiza), 

422. 
mexicana (Fringilla), 198, 

422. 
mexicana (Loxia), 437, 

439. 
mexicana (Peucaea), 711. 
mexicana (Spermophila), 

124. 
mexicanus (Astragalinus), 

206. 
mexicanus (Carduelis), 

206. 
mexicanus (Carpodacus), 
422,423. 
mexicanus ruberrimus 
(Carpodacus), 830. 
mexicanus(Cotumiculus), 

711. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. . 

microrhynchos (Cannabina), 
237. 
Miliaria, 552. 
miliaria (Citrinella), 

553. 
miliaria (Crithophaga), 


553. 
miliaria (Cynchramus), 


553. 
miliaria, var. minor 
(Cynchramus), 553. 
miliaria (Emberiza), 


5:>2. 

miliaria (Miliaria), 552, 

839. 
miliaria (Spinus), 553. 
minima (Lmaria), 252. 
Ministre, (517. 
minor (Cannabina), 241. 
minor (Coecothraustes), 

37. 
minor (Oyanocompsa), 

71. 
minor (Diuca), 801. 
minor (Fringilla), 172. 
minor (Goniaphca), 71. 
minor (Limnospiza), 

758. 
minor (Linaria), 245. 
minor (Miliaria), 553. 
minor (Phrygilus), 801. 
'minor (Pyrrhula), 448. 
minor (Sycalis), 384. 
minuta (Loxia), 109. 
minuta (Pyrrhula), 109, 

111. 
minuta (Spermophila), 
109, 111, 139, 820. 
minuta (Sporophila), 

109. 
Minute Grosbeak, 109. 
minutus (G-yrinorhyiichus), 
109. 
misya (Pyrrhula), 121. 
Mitilene de Provence, 

493. 
mitrata (Sporophila), 

115. 
moabiticus (Passer), 321. 
moclbyensis (Emberiza), 

531. 
mcestus (Spermophila), 

140. 
Moineau, 308. 
Moineau de bois, 289. 
Moineau des bois ou 
Soulcie, 289. 
Moineau de Bologne, 

289. 
Moineau de Canada, 

657. 

Moineau de Cayenne, 
152, 803. 
Moineau de Chamnagne 
ou la Friquet, 801. 
Moineau fou, 289. 
Moineau del a Jamaique, 

687. 
Moineau de Macao, 568. 
Moineau de Montague, 

301. 
Moineau de Pensilvanie, 

598. 
Moineau de Virginie, 


664. 
Moineau du Cap de 
Bonne Esperance, 333, 

346. 
Moineau franc, 307. 
monejolica(Ery throspiza), 
287, 824. 
mongolicus (Bucanetes), 

287. 
mongolicus (Carpodaeus), 


287. 
montana (Cannabina), 


236. 
montana (Chloris), 22. 
montana (Crucirostra), 

437. 
montana (Emberiza), 

573. 
montana (Fringilla), 301, 
368,657. 
montana (Linaria), 236, 

238. 
montana (Linota), 237. 
montana (Melospiza), 

701. 
montana (Pyrgita), 302. 
montana (Spizella), 658. 
montanina (Passer), 301. 
montanus (Hortulanus), 

579. 
montanus (Passer), 301, 
307,825. 
montanus saturatus 
(Passer), 825. 
montanus (Plectrophanes), 
574. 
montanus (Salicipasser), 

303. 
Montese cabeza de bermillion, 
804. 
Montese obscuro y rosso, 

643. 
monticola ochracea (Spizella), 
659. 
monticola (Fringilla), 

657. 
monticola (Spizella), 657, 

659. 
3K2 


ALPHABETICAL INDKX 

monticola (Zonotrichia), 

058. 
raonticolus (Spinites), 
658. 
Montifringilla, 168, 257, 
823. 
moni ifringilla (Fringilla), 
178, 821. 
montifringilla (Passer), 

179. 
montifringilla (Struthus), 
179. 
montium (Acanthis), 237. 
montium (Oannabina), 
236. 
montium (Fringilla), 236. 
montium (Linaria), 236. 
montium (Linota), 236. 
moreleti (Fringilla), 176. 
moreleti (Spermophila), 
123, 124, 139, 820. 
modelled (Gyrinorbynchus), 
123. 
morelleti (Sporophila), 
123,124. 
mossambica (Critbagra\ 

357. 
motifen&is (Fringilla), 
325. 
motitensis (Passer), 324, 
325. 
Mountain Bunting, 573. 
Mountain Finch, 657. 
Mountain Linnet, 236. 
Mountain Sparrow, 301. 
muelleri (Auripasser), 
341. 
muelleri (Fringilla), 341. 
multicolor (Saltator), 
737. 
multicolor (Saltatrioula), 
737. 
murina (Pyrrhula), 452, 
453. 
murrayi (Oarpodacus), 
266.' 
murrayi (Montifringilla), 

266. 
murrayi (Propasser), 266. 
musica (Oritbagra), 366. 
musica (Estrelda), 366. 
musica (Fringilla), 366. 
musica (Hypochera), 
366. 
musica (Zonotrichia), 
566. 
Mustachoe Bunting, 491. 
mustelina (Emberiza), 
573. 
mustelinus 
(Plectrophanes), 
574. 

Mycerobas, 4, 41. 
mvsia (Gyrinorhynchus), 
*122. 
mysia (Spermophila), 
"121. 
mystacale (Pyrgisoina), 

736. 
m^stacalis (Ainpbispiza), 
V28. 

mvstacalis (Zonotrichia), 

728. 
mvstacalis (Hamopbila), 
728. 
mystacalis (Pipilo), 736. 
nana (Chrysomitris), 

208. 
nasesus (Xeorbvnchus), 

88, 89. 
nasuta (Loxia), 77. 
nasuta (Spermophila), 

77. 
nation! (Buarremon), 
736. 
nebulosa fGeospiza^ 11. 
nemoricola (Leucosticte), 
268. 
nemoricola (Fringilla), 
268. 
nemoricola (Fringillauda), 
266. 
nemoricola (Montifringilla, 
268. 
Eeorhynchus. 5, 87. 
nepalensis (Fringilla), 

182. 
nepalensis (Pyrrhula), 
452,453. 
Nesospiza, 779. 
nevadensis (Amphispiza), 

630. 
nigra (Loxia), 141. 
nigra (Goniaphea), 142. 
nigra (Melopvrrha), 
nigra (Pyrrhula), 141. 

nigra (Spermophila), 

141. 
nigra (Sporophila), 141. 
nigrescens (Ammodromus), 
685. 
nigriceps (Chrysomitris), 

222. 
nigriceps (Citrinella), 
222. 
nigriceps (Crithagra), 
222. 
nigriceps (Dryospiza), 
222. 
nigriceps (Fringilla), 
222. 
nigriceps (Serinus), 222. 
nigricollis (Emberiza>, 

771. 
nigricollis (Pyrrhula\ 
126. 
nigrigems (Coccopsis\ 
814. 
nigrigenis (Paroaria), 
813,814. 
nigripes (Pyrgita), 295. 
nigroaurant ia (Loxia), 

113. 
nigroaurantia (Spermophila 
u 113. 
nigroaurantius iGyrinorhjnchus*. 
113. 
nigroaurita (Tanaarra), 

814. 
nigrogenis <Calyptrophorus). 
814. 
nigrogenis (Xemosia), 

814. 
nigro^ems {Pa^aorma\ 
8U. 
nigrogulans (Sperm uphila), 
12IL 
nigrorufa (Passerina), 

640. 
nigrorufa (Poo^piza), 
640. 
nigrorufa (Pjrrhula), 
114. 
nigrorufa (Spermophila), 
114. ^ 
nigrorufa (Sporophila), 
115. 
nigroruftis (Gyrinorhynehus), 
115. 
nipalensis (Carduelis), 

182. 
nipalensis (Emberiza). 
568. _ 
nipalensis (Procarduelis), 
182. 
nipalensis (Pyrrha), 182. 
nipalensis (Pyrrhula), 
832. 
Kiphaja, 646. 
nivalis (Calcarius), 574. 
nivalis (Chionospiza), 
260. 
nivalis (Einberiza), 572, 
574. 
nivalis (Fringilla), 250, 
260,647. 
nivalis (Leucosticte), 


260. 
nivalis (Montifringilla), 
259,200,261. 
nivalis (Orites), 260. 
nivalis (Passerina), 573. 

nivalis (Plectropbanes), 
573,574. 
nivalis (Plectrophenax), 
572,574,830. 
nivalis townsendi (Plectrophenax:), 
840. 
nobilis (Fringilla), 172. 
noctis (Fringilla), 84. 
noctis (Groniapliea), 84. 
noctis, vac. propinqua 
(Loxigilla), 85. 
noctis (Loxigilla), 84. 
noctis (Pyrrh ulagra), 84. 
noctis sclateri (Loxigilla), 

84. 
noctis (Spermophila), 84. 
noctis (Sporopbila), 84. 
nonette (Loxia), 116. 
notata (Carduelis), 221, 
notata (Ghrysoinitris), 
217,221. 
notata (Ernbei-iza), 573. 
notata (Fringilla), 221. 
notatus (Astragalinus), 

218. 
notatus (Spinus), 218. 
notosticta (Atnmodrornus), 
715. 
notosticta (Peucaja), 715. 
noveboracensis (Chrysoniitris), 
216. 
nuchalis (Dolospingus), 

141. t 
nuttingi (Oryzoborus), 

80. 

obscura (Passerella), 717. 
obscura (Spermophila), 
101,102. 
obscurus (Spinus), 213. 
obsoleta (Erythrospiza), 

282. 
obsoleta (Fringilla), 282. 
obsoleta (Rhodospiza), 
282, 824. 
obsoletus (Bucanetes), 

283. 
obsoletus (Carpodaous), 

282. 
oeai (Buarremon), 730. 
occiclentalis (G-oniaphea), 

80. 
occidentalis(Oryzoborus), 
79,80. 
occidentals (Passer), 336, 

337. 
occipitale (Pyrgisoma), 

735. 
ocellata (Sperraopbila), 

130. 
oehracea (Spizella), 659. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

ochrocephalus (Centronyx), 
681. 
ochropyga (Fringilla), 

119. 
ochropyga (Sporophila), 

119. 
ocularis (Pbrygilus), 795, 

796. 
Ooyris, 476. 
oinops (Emberiza), 4S8. 
oinops (Oeyris), 487. 
olivacea (Gritliagra), 434. 
olivacea (Emberiza), 145. 
oli\acsa (Euetheia), 145. 
olivacea (Fringilla), 391. 
olivacea (Passerina), 

145. 
olivacea (Phonipax*a), 
145, 148. 
olivacea (Pyrrhospiza), 


434. 
olivacea (Spermophila), 

145. 
olivacea (Tiaris), 147. 
olivaceoflava (Spermophila), 
128. 
olivaceus (Ligurinus), 


434. 
olivaceus (Ligurnus), 434. 
olivaceus (Coccotkraustes), 
434. 
Olivarez, 217. 
olivascens (Embernagra), 

759. 
oHvascens (Limnospiza), 

759. 
olivascens (Sporopbila), 

139. 
Olive, 145. 
Olive Bunting, 145. 
Olivette, 26. 
omissa (Phonipara), 149. 
omissa (Tiaris), 149. 
Onychospina, 476. 
Onycho&piza, 258. 
Oonalashka Bunting, 718. 
ophthalraica (Spermophila), 
120. 
ophthalmicus (Gyrinorhynchus), 
120. 
Oroegithus, 348. 
Orange Grosbeak, 113. 
ordinaria (Linota), 247. 
oregona (Fringilla), 650. 
oregona (Niphsea), 650. 
ox*egonus, var. annectens 
(Junco), 652. 
oregonus (Junco), 646, 
650, 651. 
oregonus (Pipilo), 746, 
749, 750. 

oregonus (Strutbus), 

650. 
orientalis (Serinus), 369. 
orientalis (Oarduelis), 

190. 
orientalis (Emberiza), 


502. 
orientalis (Fringilla), 190. 
orientalis (Fringillaria), 

502. 
orientalis (Pyrrhula), 
449, 431. 
orientalis kurilensis 
(Pyrrhula), 450. 
orientalis rosacea (Pyrrkula), 
451. 
Oriole, Sharp-tailed, 685. 
Orites, 257. 
ornata (Emberiza), 586 
ornata (Fringilla), 126, 

807. 
ornata (Passerina), 804. 
ornata (Poospiza), 643. 
ornata (Spermophila), 
101, 126, 138. 
ornata (Sporophila), 126. 
ornata (Tiaris), 807. 
ornatus (Oalcarius), 586. 
ornatus (Centrophanes), 

586. 
ornatus, var. melanomus 
(Plectropbanes), 586. 
ornatus (Plectrophanes), 

586. 
Orospina, 476, 772. 
Ortolan, 530. 
Ortolan a ventre jaune du 
Cap de Bonne EspFrance, 
499. 
Ortolan Bunting, 531. 
Ortolan de la Lorraine, 

537. 
Ortolan de Lorraine, 572. 
Ortolan de 3STeige, 572. 
Ortolan de neige noir, 

647. 
Ortolan de Passage, 572. 
Ortolan du Cap de Bonne 
Esperance, 565. 
Ortolan Jacobin, 647. 
Oryzoborus, 5, 76. 
othello (Oryzoborus), 80 
Othello (Sporophila), 140. 
ouratensis (Passer), 265. 
oxyrhyncha (Emberiza), 

766. 
oxyrhyncha (Poospiza), 

760. 

pagorum (Pyrgita), 309. 
Painted Finch, 614, 617. 

pallasii (Cynchramus), 

485. 
pallasii (Emberiza), 485. 
pallasii (iSchosnieola), 

483. 
palloseens (Linaria), 255. 
palliatus (J unco,, 646, 
G55. 
pallida, var. breweri 
(Spizella), 603. 
pallida (Caetornis), 20. 
pallida (Emberiza), 660, 
006, 008. 
pallida (Spizella), 660, 

068. 
pallida (Zonotriehia), 

667. 
pallid us (Spinitcs), 660, 

667. 
palustris (Aminodroinus), 

697. 
palustris (Cynchramus), 

473. 
palustris (Emberiza), 
473, 475. 
palustris (Fringilla), 697. 
palustris (Melobpiza), 

697. 
palustris (Passerculus), 

697. 
palustris (Pyrrhulorhynclia). 
473, 833. 
palustris (Spermophila), 

112. 
palustris (Spiza), 697. 
palustris (Zonotriehia), 

697. 
pamirensis (Leucosticte), 

269. 
papa (Chaunoproctus), 

31. 
papa (Coccothraustes), 

31. 
papa (EYingilla), 31. 
papaverina (Passer), 240. 
Pape, 014. 
paradoxa (Crucirostra), 

437. 
parellina (Cyanoconipsa), 

69. 
parellina (Oyanospiza), 

69. 
parellina (Cyanoloxia), 

69. 
parellina (Fringilla), 09. 
parellina (Goniaphea), 

09. 
parelliui (Gruiraca), 00, 

69. 
parellina iudigotica (Passeriua), 
819. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

parellina (Passerina), 69. 
Paroare, 811. 
Paroare huppe, 810. 
Paroaria, 809. 
pa-rva (Spermophila), 

124. 
parvirostris (Linota), 247. 
parvula (Geospiza), IS. 
Passer, 169, 298. 
Passerculus, 674, 683. 
Passcrella, 716. 
Passerina, 613. 
passerina (Emberiza), 
485, 687, 833. 
passerina (Fringilla), 687, 

688. 
passerina (Schcenicola), 

485. 
passerina (Spiza), 687. 
pasberinus (Amniodromus), 
688. 
passerinus (Coturnieulus), 
687, 688. 
passerinus pallidas 
(Coturniculus), 688. 
passerinus perpalliJus 
(Coturniculus), OSS. 
pauper (Spermophila), 

102. 
payraudaei (Carpodacus), 

285. 
pay rau da*i / Pyrrhula), 

284. 
pectoralis (Fringilla), 

117. 
pectoralis (Loxia), 117. 
pectoralis (Melospiza), 

704. 
pectoralis (Pyrgita), 309. 
pectoralis (Serinus), 372. 
pectoralis (Spermophila), 

117. 
pectoralis (Sporophila), 

117. 
pelzelni (Sycalis), 378, 

380. 
pennsylvanica ('Fringilla), 

598. 
pennsylvanica (Zonotriehia), 
598. 
pentlandi (Crithagra), 

776. 
pentlandi (Fringilla), 

776. 
Pere noir, 84. 
Pere noir de la Martinique, 
84. 
peregriua (Miliaria), 55$. 
peregrina (Pyrrhula), 
446, 448. 
Perissoglo&sa, 334. 

personata (Oitrinella), 

521. 
personata (Crithagra), 

347. 
personata (Emberiza), 
521, 640, 836. 
personata (Eophona), 30, 

318. 
personata (Euspiza), 521. 
pei-bOrata (He»periphona), 
30. 
personata (Pipillo), 640. 
personata (Poo.vpiza), 

640. 
personata (Alario), 347. 
personatus (Ooccothrauates), 
30. 
peruanus (Ammodromus), 
693. 
peruanus (Coturniculus), 

693. 
peruviana (Pyrgita), 610. 
peruviana (Xeorhynehus). 
87. 
petetiieus (Ammudromiifci. 
094. 
peteuieus (Coturniculus), 

694. 
Petite Linotte de Tignea, 
240,245. 
petronella (Petronia), 
297, 825. 
petronella (Xanthodina), 
297. 
Petronia, 169, 2K8. 
petronia (Coccothr justed, 
289. 
petronia (Fringilla), 289, 

297. 
petronia (Passer), 289. 
petronia (Petronia), 289, 

824. 
petronia (Pyrgita*, 289. 
petroniusi (Gvinuorbis), 

290. 
petronoides (Xantbodira), 

297. 
Peuea*a, 708. 
phaeonotus (Junco), 653. 
phseoptila (Phonipara), 

151. 
Pheucticus, 5, 50. 
pbceniceus (Cardinalis), 

166. 
pboenicoptera (Erythrospiza), 
2b0. 
phcenicopterus (Carpodacus), 
2&0. 
Phcenicospiza, 3te8. 
Pbonipara, 6, 143. 
Phrygilus, 7fc0. 

Pico grueso azul, 75. 
Pico grueso azulejo, 71. 
Pico grueso cejita blauca, 


118. 
Pico grueso gargantilla. 
120. 
Pico grueso negro y 
bianco, 121. 
Pico grueso negro y 
canela, 77. 
Pico grueso pardo y 
canela, 111. 
Pico trinqueuo, 94. 
picta (Emberiza), 584. 
pictus (Calcariub), 584, 

t 585. 
pictus (Oentroplianes), 

585. 
pictus (Plectrophanes), 
584. 
Piezorbina, 89. 
pileata (Oo-rypbospiza), 
804. 
pileata (Emberiza), 610. 
pileata (Embernagra), 
740. 
pileata (Fringilla), 801. 
pileata (Lopho^piza), 804. 
pileata (Pyrrhula), 11(), 
448. 
pileata (Spermophila), 
115,116. 
pileata (Sporopbila), 116. 
pileata (Zonotrichia),609, 

610,611. 
pileatus (Atlapetes), 740. 
pileatus (Coryphospin


gus), S04. 
pileatus (Gyrinorhynclius), 
110. 
pileatus (Taclivphonus), 

804. 
pileatus (Tiaris), 804. 
Pinion, 171. 
Pinion brim, 236. 
Pinion de la Caroline, 
744. 
Pinion de la Chine, 20. 
Pinion de Neige ou la 
Kiverolle, 259. 
Pinion noir aux yeux 
rouges, 744. 
Pinion de Montague, 

579. 
Pine Bunting, 549. 
Pine Grosbeak, 459. 
pinetorum (Cannabina), 
241. 
pinetorum (Cbloris), 22. 
pinetorum (Crucirost ra), 
437. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

pinetorum (Spizella),003. 
pinetorum (Zonotrichia), 

063. 
pingueseens (Emberiza), 
531. 
Pinieola, 169, 459. 
Pinson cT Ardennes, 178. 
pinus (Carcluelis), 227. 
pinus (Chrysomitris), 
227. 
pinus (Fringilla), 227. 
pinus (Linana), 227. 
pinus (Spinus), 227, 235. 
pistacina (Chrysomitris), 
192. 
pistacinus (Astragalinus), 
392. 
pithyornis (Emberiza), 
549. 
pityornis (Buscarla), 549. 
pilyornis (Oitrinella),549. 
pityornis (Emberiza), 
549. 
planiceps (Coccothraustes), 
37. 
Plata Bunting, 758. 
platensis (Embernagra), 

758. 
platensis (Limnospiza), 
758. 
plebeia (Spermophila), 
128. 
plebeius (Phrygilus), 795. 
plebeja (Loxia), 128. 
Plectrofringilla, 258. 
Plectrophanes, 572, 579. 
Plectropbenax, 572. 
plumbea (Chlorospiza), 
792. 
plumbea (Fringilla), 97. 
plumbea (Spermophila), 
96, 97, 98, 99. 
plumbea (Sporopbila),97. 
plumbtus (Gyrinorhyn


chusj, 97. 
polaris (Cynchramus), 

485. 
polaris (Emberiza), 485. 
potocephalus (Emberizoides), 
758. 
polionota (Spermophila), 

118. 
Poliospiza, 169, 342. 
Polymitra, 4, 76. 
Pocecetes, 670. 
Poospiza, 632. 
Porphyrospiza, 625. 
portoricensis grandis 
(Loxigilla), 87. 
portoricensis (Gymnorhynchus), 
150. 

portoricensis (Loxia), 87. 
portorieeiLsLs (Loxigilla), 

87. ^ 
portoricensis (Pitylus),87. 
portoricensis (Pyrrhulngpn), 
87. 
portoricensis (Sporopbila), 
87. 
pratensis (Orospina), 

779. 
pratensis (Pseudochloris), 
779. 
princeps (Ammodromus), 
679. 
princeps (Passerculus), 
679. 
Procarduelis, 168, 182. 
proier (Miliaria), 553. 
projer (Fringilla), 553. 
Propasser, 387. 
propinqua (Loxigilla), 85. 
Propyrrhula, 169, 462. 
prosthemelas (Camarhynchusj, 
17. 
provincialis (Citriuella), 

491. 
provincialis (Oynchramus), 
491. 
provincialis (Emberiza), 

491. 
provincialis (Orospina), 
491. 
Proyer, 552. 
psaltria arizonae (Astragalinus), 
206. 
psaltria, var arizonas 
(Chrysomitris), 206. 
psaltria arizonae (Spinus), 

206. 
psaltria (Astragalinus), 
204. 
psaltria (Carcluelis), 204. 
psaltria (Chrysomitris), 
198,204. 
psaltria, var. Columbiana 

(Chrysomitris), 208, 
psaltria (Fringilla), 204. 
psaltria mexicanus 

(Astragalinus), 206. 
psaltria mexicanus 
(Chrysomitris), 206. 
psaltria mexicanus 
(Spinus), 207. 
psaltria, var. psaltria 

(Chrysomitris), 204. 
psaltria (Spinus), 204. 
Pseudochloris, 772. 
Pseudomitris, 192. 
psittacea (Loxia), 459. 
psittacina (Fringilla), 

192. 
864 

psittaculus (Oamarhynehus), 
16. 
puleherrima (Propasscr), 
413,429. 
pulclierrimus (Carpodaeus), 
429,831. 
pulclierrimus (Propasser), 

420. 
pulchra (Oyanospiza), 

840. 
pulchra (Hiemopbila), 

720. 
pulchra (Passerina), 840. 
pulchra (Porphyrospiza), 

025. 
pulverulentus (Passer), 

200. 
punensis (Phrygilus), 

785. 
punieea (Pinicola), 431. 
punicea (Pyrrhospiza), 
431,433. 
puniceus (Oarpodacus), 

431. 
Purple Finch, 409. 
Purple Grosbeak, 82. 
purpurea (Erythrospiza\ 

409. 
purpurea (Fringilla),409. 
purpureus californicus 
(Oarpodacus), 409. 
purpureus (Oarpodacus), 
409,411,830. 
purpureus (Hajmorrhous), 
409. 
pusilla arenacea (S'pizella), 
001. 
pusilla (Buscarla), 488. 
pusilla (Oitrinella), 488. 
pusilla (Dryospiza), 374. 
pusilla (Emberiza), 487, 
064,834. 
pusilla (Euetheia), 147. 
pusilla (Euspiza), 488. 
pusilla (Fringilla), 373, 

064. 
pusilla (Gubernatrix), 


805. 
pusilla (Lopho&piza),805. 
pusilla (Metaponia), 373. 
pusilla (Fhonipara), 145, 
147, 148, 820. 
pusilla (Pyrrhula), 373. 
pusilla (Schcenicola), 488. 
pusilla (Spizella), 664. 
pusilla (Tiaris), 147. 
pusilla (Zonotrichia),664. 
pusillus (Corypliospingus), 
805. 
pusillus (Oynchramus), 
488, 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

pusillus (Lophospingus), 

805. 
pusillus (Ora3githus),374. 
pusillus (Passer), 373, 
pusillus (Serinus), 373, 

829. 
pusillus (Spinites), 664. 
pusio (Fringilla), 66(5.-1 pusiulata 
(Fringilla),276. 
pustulata (Montifringilla), 
276. 
Pycuorhamphus, 5, 43. 
pygmasa (Lmaria), 238. 
pylzowi (Urocynchramus), 
472. 
Pyrgilauda, 258. 
P}rgisoiua, 731. 
Pyrgita, 298. 
pyrgita (Fringilla), 296. 
pyrgita (Gymnorhis), 

296. 
pyrgita (Passer), 296. 
pyrgita (Petronia), 296. 
pyrgita (Xanthodina), 

290. 
pyrgitoides (Ernberna


* gra), 725. 
Pyrgitopsis, 298. 
pyrrhomelas (Pyrrhula), 

pyrrhomelas (Spermophila), 
113. 
Pyrrhomitris, 192. 
pyrrhonotus(Passer), 316. 
Pyrrhopleetea, 169, 386. 
pyrrh optera (Fringilla), 

309. 
pyrrhopterus (Passer), 


309. 
pyrrhopyga (Tanagra), 
6*8. 
Pyrrbospiza, 169, 431. 
Pyrrhula, 169, 445. 
pyrrhula europ^ea (Pyrrhula), 
448. 
pyrrhula (Fringilla), 
446,447. 
pyrrh u la kamtschatica 
(Pyrrhula), 447. 
pyrrbula (Loxia), 446, 

447. 
pyrrhula (Pyrrhula), 446, 

831. 
Pyrrhulagra, 82. 
pyrrhulina (Pyrrhulorhyneha), 
475. 
pyrrhulina (Schcenicola), 

475. 
Pyrrhulinota, 387. 
pyrrh ulin us (Schoeniclus), 
475, J 

Pyrrhuloides, 386. 
pyrrhuloides (Oitrinella), 

473. 
pyrrhuloides (Oyncbramus), 
473, 475. 
pyrrhuloides (Emberiza), 
473, 475. 
pyrrhuloides ( Pyrrh ulorhyncha), 
475, 833. 
pyrrhuloides (Sehcenicola), 
473, 475. 
Pyrrhulorhyncha, 473. 
Pyrrhuloxia, 6, 158. 
pytiopsittacus (Crucirostra), 
437, 439. 
pytiopsittacus (Loxia), 
436, 831. 

querula (Fringilla), 597. 
querula (ZonotrichiaJ, 

597. 
quinquelineata (Emberiza), 
546. 
quinquebtriata (Amphispiza), 
632. 
quinquestriata (Emberiza), 
500. 
quinquestriata (Zonotrichia), 
632. 
quinquevittatus (Megalotis), 
500. 

Badiated Grosbeak, 121. 
raimondi (Gnathospiza), 

385. 
raimondi («Sycalis), 383. 
Red Bird, 101. 
Red-breasted Finch, 59. 
Red-breasted Grosbeak, 

58. 
Red Grosbeak, 161. 
Red-headed Tanager, 

813. 
Red-head Sparrow, 301. 
Red Linnet, 240. 
Redpole, Lesser, 252. 
Redpole, Mealy, 245. 
Redpolls, 252. 
Reed Bunting, 481. 
regulus (Goniaphea), 

76. 
regulus (Loxia), 76. 
reichardi(Poliospiza),343. 
rhodoeampter (Fringilla), 

DJ, 

rhodochlamys (Oarpodacus), 
405, 406, 830. 
rhodochlamys (Oorythus), 

406. ' 
rhodochlamys (Propas 
ser), 405,406, 

rhodochlamys(Pyrrhula), 

406. 
rhodochlamys (Strobilophaga, 
406. 
rhodoohroa (Erythrospiza), 
413. 
rliodochroa (Fringilla), 

413. 
rliodochroa (Phcenicospiza), 
413. 
rliodochroa (Propasser), 
413, 429. 
rbodochrous (Carpodacus), 
413. 
rbodochrous (Propasser), 

413. 
rhodocolpus (Carpodacus), 
421, 830. 
rhodometopus (Propasser), 
406. 
Ehodopechys, 169, 280. 
rhodopepla (Erythrospiza), 
417. 
rhodopepla (Fringilla), 

417. 
rhodopeplus (Carpodacus), 
417. 
rhodopeplus (Propasser), 

417. 
rhodoptera (Erythrospiza), 
280. 
rhodoptera (Fringilla), 

280. 
rhodopterus (Carpodacus), 
280. 
Ehodospina, 780. 
Ehodospingus, 808. 
Ehodospiza, 169, 282, 

284. 
Ehynchostruthus, 169, 

281. 
Ehyncophanes, 589. 
riebecki (Ehynchostruthus), 
282. 
Eing Sparrow, 289, 
ripariurf (Cynehramus), 

481. 
robinsonii (Pyrrhula), 84. 
roborowskii (Leucosticte), 

824. 
roborowskii (Montifringilla), 
824. 
robusta (Linaria), 246. 
rosacea (Pyrrhula), 451, 

832. 
rosaecolor (Pyrrhulinota), 

392. 
rosea (Coccothratistes), 

391. 
rosea (ErythrOBpiza), 

407. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

rosea (Fringilla), 407. 
rosea (Loxia), 59, 391. 
rosea (Pyrrhula), 407. 
rosea (Pyrrhulinota), 392. 
roseata (Pyrrhulinota), 

393. 
Eose-gorge, 58. 
roseipectus (Oarpodacus), 

424. 
roseus (Oarpodacus), 393, 
407, 830. 
roseus (Hasmorrhous), 


392. 
roseus (Passer), 407. 
roseus (Propasser), 407. 
rositse (Cyanospiza), 621. 
rostrata (Acanthis), 251, 

823. 
rostrata (Eraberiza), 680. 
rostrata (Zonotrichia), 

680. 
rostratus (iEgiothus), 

251. 
rostratus(Ammodromus), 

680. 
rostratus guttatus (Amnnodromus), 
680. 
rostratus (Passerculus), 

680. 
Eouge Cap, Le, 813. 
rubeculoides (Propyrrhula), 
431. 
rubeculoides (Strobilophaga), 
431. 
ruber (Cardinalis), 162. 
ruber carneus (Cardinalis), 
166. 
ruber coccineus (Cardinalis), 
164. 
ruber igneus (Cardinalis), 

165. 
ruberrimus (Carpodacus), 

830. 
rubescens (Procarduelis), 

184. 
rubescens (Tachyphonus), 

803. 
rubicilla (Carpodacus), 
399, 400. 
rubicilla (Corythus), 399. 
rubicilla (Loxia), 399. 
rubicilla (Pyrrhula), 400, 
446,447, 448. 
rubicilloides (Carpodacus), 
402. 
rnbicillus (Carpodacus), 

829. 
rubicillus (Propasser), 

400. 
rubiginosa(Sperniophila), 

rubra (Loxia), 161. 
rubra (Pinicola), 459. 
rubricata (Embernagra), 

732. 
rubricata (Melozone),732. 
rubricata (Tanagra), 731. 
rubricatum (Pyrgisorua), 
731, 732. 
rubricatus (Atlapetes), 

731. 
rubricatus (Pipilo), 732. 
rubricollis (Coccothraustes), 
59. 
rubricollis (Loxia), 58. 
rubrifasciata (Crucirostra), 
442. 
rubrifrons (Erythrothorax), 
392. 
rubrifrons (Fringilla), 
373 
rufa (Fringilla), 716. 
rufa (Fringillaria), 558. 
rufa (Pjrrhula), 447. 
rufescens (Acanthis), 252, 

823. 
rufescens (iEgiothus), 
246,252. ^ 
rufescens (Aimophila), 

724. 
rufescens (Embernagra), 

725. 
rufescens (Fringilla), 246, 

252. 
rufescens (Haemophila), 
724, 725. 
rufescens (Linacanthis), 

252. 
rufescens (Linaria), 252, 

254. 
rufescens (Linota), 246, 
247, 252. 
rufescens (Neorhynchus), 

87. 
rufescens (Pipilo), 724. 
rufibarba (Eruberiza), 536. 
ruflbrunnea (Poliospiza), 

346. 
ruficapilla (Emberiza), 

804. 
ruficapilla (Passerina), 

804. 
ruficauda (Calamospiza), 

724. 
ruficauda (Chondestes), 

724. 
ruficauda (Crithagra), 

347. 
ruficauda (Embernagra), 

724. 
ruficauda (Hsemophila), 
723, 724. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

rufloops (Animodromus), 

712. 
rufieops boueardi (Pouca
»a),713. 
rufiwps ereiuouca (Poucnu), 
7U. 
ru fi(-ops (Poueaia), 712, 
71k 
ruilohu'lUB (Passer), 325, 

820. 
ruficollis (Montifringilla), 
203, 823. 
rufieollis (Py rgilauda), 

203. 
ruficollis (Sperinophila), 
140. 
ruficollis (Sporophila), 
140. 
ruficollis (Tanagra), 82, 
610. 
rufidorsalis (Passer), 309. 
rufigularis (Oarduelis), 
034. 
rufigularis (Eniberiza), 
530. 
rufilatus (Buserinus), 346. 
rufiua (Emberiza), 700. 
rufina (Melospiza), 706. 
rufiua (Passerella), 706. 
rufiua (Zonotrichia), 706. 
rufipectus (Passer), 309. 
rufipilea (Kieneria), 739. 
rufipilcus (Pipilo), 738. 
rufirostris (Catamenia), 
104. 
rufirostris (Fringilla), 94. 
rufirostris (Gyrinorhynchus), 
104. 
rufirostris (Spermophila), 

104. 
rufirostris (Sporopbila), 
104. 
rufitorques (Pipillo), 634. 
rufiventris (Coccothraustcs), 
77. 
rufivirgata (Emberizoitles), 
760. 
rufi\ irgata (Embernagra), 
760, 761, 765. 
rufivirgata crassirostris 

(Embernagra), 761. 
rufi\ii'gata vertiealis 
(Embernagra), 765. 
rufobarbata (Fringilla), 

84. 
rufobarbata (Pyrrlmla), 
83. 
rufobrunnea (Orithagra), 
346. 
rufobrunneus 
(Ligurinus), 
346


rufocinotus (Passer), 325. 
Bul'ous-chinned .Finch, 

84. 
But bus-throated Tatiager, 
82. 
rupostris (Petronia), 290. 
ruperitris (Pyrgita), 290. 
rueppelli (Pastier), 318. 
Rush Warbler, 664. 
russatus (Passer), 329. 
rustioa (Citrinella), 491. 
rusfcica (Emberiza), 490, 
544, 549, 834. 
rustica (Euspiza), 792. 
rustica (Pyrgita), 309. 
rustica (Sehcenicola), 491. 
rusticus (Oynchramus), 

491. 
rusticus (Hypocentor), 
491. 
rusticus (Pbrygilus), 792. 
Busty-collared Finch, 
609. 
rutila (Oitrinella), 514. 
rutila (Emberiza), 514, 
835. 
rutila (Euspiza), 514. 
rutila (Tanagra), 755. 
rutilans (Passer), 329, 
827. 
rutilus (Pipilo), 755,756. 
Sahara (Emberiza), 563. 
saliane (Fringillaria), 

563. 
salicaria (Pyrgita), 317. 
salicarius (Passer), 317. 
salieicola (Fringilla), 317. 
salieioolus (Passer), 318. 
Salicipasser, 298. 
Saltatricula, 737. 
salvini (Oryzoborus), 83. 
samuelis (Animodromus), 
705. 
samuelis (Melospiza), 705. 
Sandwich Bunting, 674. 
sandwichensis alaudinus 
(Ammodroraus), 676. 
sandwichensis, var. alaudinus 
(Passerculus), 

675. 
sandwichensis alaudinus 
( Passerculus), 670. 
sandwichensis (Ammodromus), 
676. 
sandwicliensis bryanti 
(Arnmodromus), 676. 
sandwichensis bryanti 
(Passerculus), 676. 
feandwichensis(Emberiza), 

674. 
sandwichensis (Passercu


lus), 674, 675, 840. 
sandwichensis savanna 
(Aiumodromus), 676. 
sandwichensis savanna 

(Passerculus), 676. 
sandwichensis (Zouotrichia), 
675. 
sanguinea (Cannabina), 

244. 
sanguinea (Erythrospiza), 
280. 
sanguinea (Fringilla), 
280. 
sanguinea(Rhodopechys), 
280, 824. 
sanguineus (Carpodacus), 

280. 
sanguinolentus (Pyrrhula), 
466. 
sanguinolentus (Uragus), 
466, 833. 
saturata (Linota), 182. 
saturata (Pyrrha), 182. 
saturatus (Cardinalis), 

164. 
saturatus (Passer), 307, 
825. 
saturatus (Phrvgilus), 
781 
saturatus (Propasser), 

418. 
savanna, var. alaudinus 
(Passerculus), 675. 
savanna anthinus (Passerculus), 
675. 
Savanna Bird, 687. 
savanna (Emberiza), 675. 
Savanna Finch, 687. 
savanna (Fringilla), 674. 
savanna (Passerculus), 

67-4. 

savanna sandwichensis 
(Passerculus), 675. 
savanna (Zonotrichia), 

675. 
savannarum (Ammodroraus), 
687, 840. 
savannarum (Ooturniculus), 
688. 
savannarum (Fringilla), 

687. 
savannarum passerinus 
(Atnmodromus), 688. 
savannarum perpallidus 
(Ammodromus), 688. 
saxatilis (Fringilla), 259. 
saxorum (Petronia), 290. 
scandens (Cactornis), 19. 
schistaeea, var. megarhyn. 

cha (Passerella), 720. 

schistacea (Passcrella), 

7'20. 

schistacea (Passcrina), 

639. 
schistacea (Poospiza),039. 
schistacea (Spermopliila), 

90. 
schistacea (Zonotrichia), 

720. 
Schistuspiza. 800. 
schceniclus t Cv nchramus), 

481. 
schceniclus (Emberiza), 
475, 480, 485, 833. 
schceniclus, Tar. minor 
(Emberiza), 485. 
schceniclus, var. passerinus 
(Emberiza), 485. 
schceniclus, var. pyrrhuloicles 
(Emberiza), 475. 
schceniclus (Schcenicola), 

481. 
Schopnicola, 476. 
bchoenicola (Citrinella), 


481. 
schoenicola (Emberiza), 


481. 
hdateri (Chrysomitris), 


sclavonica (Emberiza), 

549. 
selateri (Loxigilla), 85. 
scotops (Crithagra), 302. 
scotops (Serinus), 302. 
selbyi (Crithagra), 360. 
selysii (Emberiza), 510. 
semicollaris (Spermophila), 
133. 
Senegali Chanteur, 3G0. 
septemstriata(Emberiza), 

559. 
septemstriata (Fringillaria), 
558, 559, 839. 
septemstriata (Poljmitra), 
5G0. 
septentricraalis (Caiduelis), 
186. 
septentrionalis (Chloris), 

22. 
septentrionalis (Cynchramus), 
481. 
septentrionalis (Fringilla), 
179. 
septentrionalis (Miliaria), 

553. 
septentrionalis (Pyrgita), 

303. 
Serin, 308. 
Serin d'ltalie, 230. 
Serin cle Mozambique, 
354, 35(5. 

ALPHABETICAL I^DEX. 

Serin de Provence, 308. 
Serin dt„ Canaries, 370. 
Serin Finch, 308. 
Serinus, 21, 109, 192, 

348. 
serinus (Citrinella), 230. 
serinus (Crithagra), 309. 
serinus (Dryospiza), 309. 
serinus (Fringilla), 308. 
serinus (Loxia), 308, 309. 
serinus (Pyrrhula), 309. 
serinus (Serinus), 368, 

828. 
serertzovi (Carpodaeus), 
400, 829. 
shah (Citrinella), 531. 
shah (Emberiza), 531. 
Sharp-tailed Oriole, 085. 
shattuekii (Emberiza), 

007. 
shattuekii (Spinites), 607. 
shattuekii (Spizella), 607. 
shattuekii (Zonotrichia), 

607. 
shufeldti (Janco), 840. 
Siberian Grosbeak, 464. 
sibirica (Linaria)t 255. 
sibirica (Linota) 255 
sibirica (Loxia), 404. 
sibirica (Pjrrhula), 464, 

405. 
sibiricus (Corythus), 404. 
sibiricus (Uragus), 407, 
404, 833. 
Sicalis, 370. 
siemiradzkii (Chrysomitris), 
220, 221. 
simillima (Euspiza), 503. 
simplex (Corospiza), 339. 
simplex (Fringilla), 339. 
simplex (Passer), 334, 
330, 339. 
simplex (Pyrgita), 339. 
simplex (Pyrgitopsis), 

335. 
simplex (Pyrrhulauda), 
_ 339. 
simplex (Speimophila), 

100. 
simplex (Sporophila), 

100. 
sinaica (Pyrrhula), 285. 
sinaiticus (Carpodaeus), 

403. 
sinica (Chloris), 26, 28, 

817. 
sinica (Chloroepiza), 26. 
sinica (Fringilla), 26. 
sinicus (Ligurinus), 26. 
sinoicus (Carpodaeus), 

403. 

sinuata (Pyrrhuloxia) 

158. 
sinuatus (Cardinalis), 

158. 
sipahi (Carpodaeus), 397. 
sipahi (Corjthus), 397. 
sipahi (Bsematospiza), 

397. 
sipahi (Pinicola), 397. 
sipahi (Propyrrhula), 

397. 
sipahi (Strobilophaga), 

397. 
Siskin, 213. 
Siskin, Indian, 201. 
Sizerin, 245. 
smitbii * (Centrophanes), 

585. 
smithii (Plectrophanes), 

584. 
Snow Bird, 572,^647. 
Snow Bunting, 573. 
socialis arizonse (Spizella), 

601. 
socialis, var. arizonse (Spizella), 
060, 
socialis (Emberiza), 600. 
socialis (Fringilla), 060. 
socialis (Spinites), 000. 
socialis (Spizella), 660. 
socialis (Zonotrichia), 

600. 
soeotranus (Hhynchostruthus), 
282. 
sophia (Carpodaeus), 


404. 
sorclida vel chlorocephala 
(Emberiza). 523. 
sorclida (Fringilla), 206. 
sorclida (Fringillauda), 

266. 
sordida (Montifringilla), 
206, 268, 823. 
sordida (Propasser), 393. 
Sorella, 298. 
Soulcie, 289. 
Soulciet, 657, 
spadicea (Passer), 335. 
spadicea (Pyrgita), 335r 

336. 
Sparrow, Bahama, 149Sparrow, 
Black, 84. 
Sparrow, Black and Yellow 
Frizzled, 128. 
Sparrow, Cape, 346. 
Sparrow, Foolish, 289. 
Sparrow, Little, 064. 
Sparrow, Mountain, 301. 
Sparrow, Bed-head, 301. 
Sparrow, Ring, 289. 
Sparrow, Speckled, 289. 

Sparrow, White-crowned, 

603. 
Sparrow, White-throated, 
298. 
Sparrow, White-tailed, 
289. 
speciosa (Montifringilla), 
271>. 
Speckled Sparrow, 289. 
speeulifera (Emberiza), 

802. 
speeulifera (Diuca), 802. 
speculiferus (Phrygilus), 
802. 
speeuligera (Hespexiphona), 
48. 
speculigerus (Coccothraustes), 
48. 
.Spermophila, 5, 87, 90. 
sphenura (Passerina), 

768. 
sphenura (Tardivola), 
709. 
sphenurus (Eruberizoides), 
769. 
Spina, 476. 
spinescens (Fringilla), 


199. 
spinescens (Ohrysomitris), 
199. 
Spinites, 657. 
spinoides (Carduelis), 


201. 
spinoides (Chrysomitris), 
201, 821. 
spinoides (Ooccothraustes), 
201. 
spinoides (Fringilla), 

201. 
spinoides (Hypacanthis), 
201. 
Spinas, 192, 552. 
spinus (Acanthis), 213. 
spinus (Carduelis), 213. 
spinus (Chrybomitris), 
212, 822. 
spinus (Emberiza), 

213. 
spinus (Fringilla), 213. 
spinus (Ligurinus), 213. 
spinus (Linaria), 213. 
spinus (Serhius), 213. 
Spiza, 613, 770. 
spiza (Passer), 172. 
Spizella, 057. 
splendens (Oorythus), 
460. 
splendens (Fringilla), 
152. 
splendens (Volatinia), 
153. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

spodiogena (Fringilla), 

177. 
spodiogenys (Fringilla), 
177,178, 821. 
Spodiornis, 798. 
spoclocephala (Citrinella), 

523. 
spod oceph ala (Emberiza), 
522,836. 
Sporagra, 192. 
Sporophila, 90. 
Spotted Grosbeak, 58. 
stagnatilis (Cynehramus), 

481. 
stanleyi (Carduelis), 21 6. 
Stanley i (Fringilla), 216. 
stanleyi (Hypacanthis), 
216. 
stejnegeri (Chrysomitris), 
210. 
stewarti (Citrinella), 547. 
stewarti (Emberiza), 547, 
838. 
stoliczkas (Carpodacus), 

403. 
stoliczkae (Passer), 338. 
stolzmanni (Iia3mophila), 
727. 
straeheyi (Buscarla), 539. 
stracheyi (Citrinella), 
540. 
straeheyi (Emberiza), 539, 
545, 837. 
Strasburg Finch, 240. 
strenua ((xeospiza), 8. 
striaticeps (Embemagra), 

762, 764. 
striaticeps (Fringilla), 

343. 
striaticeps (Poliospiza), 
343. 
stricklandi (Loxia), 439. 
strigata (Chondestes), 
591. 
strigiceps (Zonotrichia), 
G0S. 

strigilata (Crithagra), 

354. 
striolata (Crithagra), 363. 
striolata (Emberiza), 560, 
561. 
striolata (Fringillaria), 
501, 839. 
striolata (Poliospiza), 

363. 
striolata (Polymitra), 
561. 
striolata (Pyrrhula), 303. 
striolatus (Serinus), 363, 
828. 
Strobilophaga, 459. 
Struthus, 170, 646. 
stulta (Fringilla), 289. 
stulta (Petronia*, 290. 
subareticus (Pipilo), 747. 
subcriatata (Emberizaj, 

568. 
subhemachala (Pinicola), 
4<>2. 
subliemachalana (Propyrrhula), 
462. 
subhemalacha (Propyrrhula 
i, 4(32. 
subhemalaj ensis (Corytlius), 
4*32. 
subhimachala (Strobilophaga), 
4(32. 
subhiiimchalana (Propyrrhuhu, 
462. 
subhimaehalus (Corytlius), 
4(32. 
subhimaehalus (Spermopipe>), 
402. 
subliimalayensis (Propyrrhulai, 
402. 
submaculatus (Pipilo), 

750. 
subpjtiopsittacus (Crucirohtra), 
437. 
subruseus (Carpodacus), 

431. 
subtorquata (Zonotrichia), 
610. 
sulphurata (Coecothrau&tes), 
352. 
sulphurata (Crithagra), 
360,354. 
sulphurata (Emberiza), 
519,521,^36. 
sulphurata (Euspiza),520. 
sulphurata (Loxia), 352. 
sulphuratus (Buseriaaus), 

352. 
sulphuratus(Serinus),352. 
sumichrasti (Htemophila),
726. 
superbus (Oardinalis), 

164. 
superciliaris (Fringilla), 
"97\ .

superciliaris (Gyumorhis), 
297. 
superciliaris (Petronia), 

297. ^ 
superciliaris (Spermophila), 
99, 139. 
superciliaris (Sporophila), 
99. 
superciliaris (Xanthodina), 
297. 
ssuperciliosa (Aimophila;, 

supereiliosa (Embernagra), 
72*2, 701. 
supereiliosa (Hsemo


phila), 722. 
supereiliosa (Pipilo), 643. 
supereiliosa (Poospiza), 

643. 
supereiliosa (Pyrrliula), 
82. 
superoiliosus (Spermophila), 
140. 
swainsoni (Fringilla),335. 
swainsoni (Passer), 334, 

336, 337, 827. 
swainsoni (Pyrgita), 334. 
swainsoni (Pyrgitopsis), 

334. 
Sycalis, 109, 376,772. 
sylve&tris (Emberiza),516. 
sylvestris (Petronia), 290. 
synaica (Pyrrliula), 403. 
synoica (Pyrrliula), 403. 
syriaoa (Dryospiza), 372. 
syriaca (Serinus), 372. 
taczanowskii (Onychospiza), 
262. 
taczanowskii (Sycalis), 

385. 
tsenioptera (Orucirostra), 
442. 
tsenioptera (Loxia), 442. 
tahapisai (Einberiza), 
558,500. 
tabapisi (Fringillaria), 

558. 
tabapisi (Polymitra), 558. 
Tanager (Jaearini), 152. 
Tanager, Red-beaded, 
813. 
Ta ager, Rufoustbroated, 
82. 
Tanagra bleu de la Caroline, 
617. 
Tanagra brun d'Amerique, 
813. 
Tanagra noir du Bresil, 

152. 
Tardivola, 768. 
Tarin, 212. 
Tawny Bunting, 573. 
telasco (G-yrinorbyncbus), 
102. 
telasco (Pyrrliula), 102. 
telasco (Spermopbila), 
102. 
telasco (Sporophila), 102. 
tepbrocotis (Erythrospiza), 
274. 
tepbrocotis (Fringilia), 

274. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

tepbrocotis, var. australis(
Leucosticte),275. 
tepbrocotis, var. campestris 
(Leucosticte), 277. 
tepbrocotis, var. griseonucba 
(Leucosticte), 

276. 
tepbrocotis (Leucosticte), 
273,275. 
tepbrocotis (Linaria), 
273, 274. 
tepbrocotis littoralis 
(Leucosticte), 277. 
tepbrocotis (Monti fringilia), 
273, 274, 275. 
tepbrocotis, var. tepbrocotis 
(Leucosticte), 274. 
Tepbrospiza, 342. 
texensis (Fringilia), 200. 
teydea (Fringilia), 170. 
teydea (Passer), 170. 
tbibefcana (Obrysomitris), 

220. 
Thick-billed Grosbeak,79. 
tboracica(Fringilla), 634. 
tboracica (Passerina), 634, 
830. 
tboracica (Pipilo), 634. 
tboracica (Poospiza), 634. 
tbura (Oarpodacus), 424, 
'830. 
Tiaris, 807. 
tibialis (Goniaphea), 53. 
tibialis (Pheucticus), 53. 
timidus (Passer), 339. 
tingitanus (Passer), 309. 
tintillon (Fringilia), 176, 

177. 
Tisserin des Gallapagoes, 
tixicrus (Ammodromus), 

688. 
tixicrus (Ooturniculus), 
688. 
tobaca (Fringilia), 367. 
tolteca(Embernagra),724. 
tolteca (Haamophila), 724. 
torquata (Obamseospiza), 
730, 735. 
torquata (Emberiza), 645. 
torquata (Emberizoides), 

730. 
torquata (Kieneria), 730. 
torquata (Passerina), 645. 
torquata (Poospiza), 637, 
645. 
torquatus (Pipilo), 730. 
torqueola (Spermophila), 
119,120. 
torqueola (Sporophila), 

119. 
torqueolus (G-yrinorbyn


cbus), 119. " 
torrida (Fringilia), 77. 
torrida (Goniaphea), 77. 
torrida (Loxia), 77. 
torrida (Sporopbila), 77. 
torridus (Ooccoborus), 

77. 
torriclus (Oryzoborus), 
77. 
torridus (Pitylus), 77. 
totta (Obrysomitris), 231. 
totta (Oitrinella), 231. 
totta (Fringilia), 231. 
totta (Loxia), 231. 
totta (Serinus), 231. 
Towhe-bird, 744. 
Towbee Bunting, 744. 
townsendi (Emberiza), 
772. 
townsendi (Euspiza), 772. 
townsendi (Fringilia), 
718. 
townsendi, 
var. megarbyncba 
(Passerella), 

720. 
townsendi (Passerella), 
718. 
townsendi (Plectropbenax), 
840. 
townsendi, var. schistacea 
(Passerella), 720. 
townsendi (Spiza), 772. 
townsendi (Passerella), 

718. 
townsendi (Zonofcrichia), 
718. 
Tree-Creeper, Hamburgh, 
301. 
Tree-Finch, 301. 
trifasciatus (Oarpodacus), 

404. 
trifasciatus (Propasser), 
404. 
trinitatis (Spermopbila), 
133. 
tristis (Astragalinus), 
196. 
tristis (Oarduelis), 196. 
tristis (Obrysomitris), 
195, 196, 821. 
tristis (Fringilia), 195. 
tristis (Spinus), 196. 
tristrami (Emberiza), 


545, 546, 838. 
tristriata (Dryospiza), 


345. 
tristriata (Fringilia), 
345. 
tristriata (Poliospiza), 
870

tristriatus (Passer), 345.^ 
tristriatus (Serinus), 345. 
tuastalli (Kmberiza), 531, 
tjpioa (Melanodera), 

787. 
unalaseliensis (Emberiza), 

718. 
unalaseliensis (Passerolla), 
718, 720. 
unalaseliensis (Zonotrichia), 
718. 
uniculor (Amaurospiza), 

151. 
unicolor (Emberiza), 702. 
unicolor (Enspiza), 792. 
unicolor (Haplospiza), 
Cr2Q. 

unicolor (Oryzohorus), 
151,157. 
unicolor (Passerina), 

620. 
unicolor (Phrygilus), 
792. 
unicolor (Spiza), 626. 
unicolor (Sporophila), 
151. 
unicolor (Tanagra), 626. 
uniformis (Haplospiza), 
627. 
Uragus, 169, 464. 
Urocynchramus, 472. 
uropygialis (Oarpodacus), 
365, 403. 
uropygialis (Chrysomitris), 
21L 
uropygialis (Emberiza), 

776. 
uropygialis (Fringilla), 
211, 365. 
uropygialis (Pheueticus), 

55. 
uropygialis (Poliospiza), 
365. 
uropygialis (Pseudochloris), 
776. 
uropygialis (Sycalis), 


776. 
valida (Miliaria), 553. 
valida (Pyrgita), 309. 
variabilis (Emberiza), 


566. 
variabilis (Euspiza), 566, 
variabilis (Fringillaria), 
:"£i), 839. 
variabilis (Hypocentor), 

566. 
variegatus (Camarhynchus), 
15,16. 
Vengoline, 367. 

 ALPHABETICAL 1JSTI)EX. 

Venturon de Provence, 

230. 
vera (Diuca), 800. 
Verdier, 21. 
Verdier de Bahama, 149. 
Verdior de la Loukiane 
clit vnlgairement le 

Pope, 614. 
Verdier des Incles, 353. 
verreauxi (Carpodacus), 

415. 
verreauxi (Propasser), 
415. 
versicolor (Cyanospiza), 
623, 624. 
versicolor(Passerina),624. 
versicolor pulehra (Pas


serina), 840. 
versicolor (Spiza), 623. 
verticalis (Embernagra), 

705. 
vespertina (Ooceothraustes), 
32. 
vespertina (Fringilla), 32. 
vespertina (Hesperi


phona), 32, 34. 
vespertina, var. Montana 
(Hesperiphona), 

32. 
vespertina, 
var. vespertina 
(Hesperipbona), 

32. 
vetula (Pyrrhula), 97. 
vinaceus (Carpodacus), 
410. 
vinaceus (Propasser),416. 
violacea (3. bahamensis 
(Loxigilla), 83. 
violacea (G-oniaphea), 83. 
violacea (Loxia), 82. 
violacea (Loxigilla), 82, 


S3. 
violacea (Pyrrhula), 83. 
violacea (Pyrrhulagra), 


83. 
violacea (Sporophila), 83. 
virescens (Pipilo), 752. 
Virginia Grosbeak, 16L 
Virginian us (Cardinalis), 
162, 163, 164, 165, 

166. 
virginianus, var. carneus 
_ (Cardinalis), 166. 
virginianus,var. coccineus 
(Cardinalis), 163,164. 
virginianus, var, igneus 
(Cardinalis), 165. 
viridis (Chlons), 22. 
viriclis (Embernagra), 

758,759. 
viridis (Spinus), 213. 

vitis (Fringilla), 245. 
vittata (Fringillaria), 

5155. 
Tolatin. 152. 
Volatinia. 6, 152. 
vulcaui Uiinco), €02. 
vulcani (Zunotrichia), 

001. 
vulgaris fCarduplis), 187. 
vulgaris (C< >ccothraustes), 
30, 39, 40. 
vulgari6Japonicus(Coccotbraustes*, 
39. 
vulgaris kawt^eliatica 

(Pyrrhula), 447. 
vulgaris (Linaria). 241. 
vulgaris. \ar. minor (Pyr


rhula), 44*1 
vul^arK vir. orientalia 
(Pyrrhula?, 451. 
vulgaris (Pyrrhula), 4415, 
447,451."" 

Warbler, fitmii, 001 
White-billed Grosbeak, 

77. 
White-crowned sparrow, 
vm. 

White-tailed Sijarrow, 

269. 
White-throated Finch, 
:m. 

White-throated Sparrow, 

298. 
White-winged Crossbill, 
443. 
whiteleyana (Sperinophila\ 
OR 
whitii (Poospiza), 64L 
whitii (Zonotriehia), IBS. 
wortheni (Spizella), 006. 
Xanthodira* 288. 
xanthogaster fOhryso


mitris), 209, 210. 
xanthogaster (Emberiza), 


499. 
xanthogastra (Enspiza), 
600. 
xaathogramma (Chlorospiza), 
789. 
xanfchogramraa (Emberiza), 
789. 
xanthogrammas (Phrygilns), 
739. 
xanthomasehalis (Fringilla), 
62. 
xanthopygta /Jrithagral 

365. 
xanthopygxa (Dryogpxza), 
365. 
xanfhopygia (Fringilla\ 

tm. 

xanlhopygia (Polioapiza), 
3f>r>. " 
xanthopygius (Sormus), 
3(>r>, 8^8. 
xanthornus (Ammodromus), 
GUI. 
xnnlliorrhoa (Oritliagra), 

778. 
xanthorrhoa (Fringilla), 
778. 
xanthosterna (Gymnorhia), 
293. 
xanthoslerna (Pyrgita), 

293. 
xantusi (Pyrgisoma), 
732. 
Xenospingus, 799. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX, 

yarrelli (AstragnlimiH), 

\m.

yarrolli (Oarduelin), 198, 
k20(>. 
yarrellii (Ohryaoniiiris), 

H)& 
yarrelli (Fringilla), 198. 
yatii (Passer), 321% 
Yollow-bellied Bunting, 

499. 
Yell o\v-bellied G u< >sbealv, 
3*54. 
Yellt >w~broasted Bunting, 
r>io. 

Yellow Bunting, 510. 
Yellow Fineh, 354. 
Yellow-throated Finch, 

770. 
Yellow-fronted 
Grosbeak, 
350. 

Yellow Grosbeak, f>0(>. 
i ellow Hammer, r>!.r). 
J(»SH((OIIHIH (Kiii!»oriz«), 

48<». 
yossoonsiH (Sehoenicola), 
4S<>. 
yueal anieua (Oardinn\i*\ 

820. 
Zamelodia, F>8. 
zena, var. marchii (Plioni


para), l.r)(). 
zena (Phonipara), 149. 
zena, var. portorieen.sis, 

149. 
Zizi 
ou Bruant cle Have, 
r>2(>. 

zonarius (Passeivulus), 

099. 
Zonotriehia, f>0<>. 
END OF THE TWELFTH VOLUME. 

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED HON COURT, FLEET STREET. 

LIST OF PLATES. 
Plate 
Coceothraustes humii, p. 40 I. 
Spermophila palustris, p. 112 II. 
Chrysomitris thibefcana, p. 226 III . 
Montifringilla blanfordi, p. 264: IV. 
Passer pyrrhonotus, p. 316 V. 
Poliospiza rufibrunnea, p. 346 VI. 
Serinus * burtoni, p, 364 VII. 
* crocopygus, p. 360 VIII. 
* leucopterus, p. 361 IX. 
dacus ambiguus, p. 428 , X. 
ila kurilensis, p. 450 XI. 
Emberiza godlewskii, p. 542 XII. 
^uiiocnchia whitii, p. 608 XIII . 
Poospiza boliviana, p. 634 XIV. 
RhodospiDgus emeritus (fig. 1), p. 808 \ ^-y 
mentalis (fig. 2), p. 809 J 
Paroaria: heads of species, pp. 809-814 XVI. 
* CHtJmgra on Plates. 

PI. I.

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