Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum 
Volume XIII 
1890 
eBooks von / from Digitalisiert von / Digitised by 
Humboldt-Universität zu 
Berlin
. 1^1 

CATALOGUE 

OF 'IHE 

BIRDS 

W THE 

BRITISH MUSEUM. 

VOLUME XIII. 

LONDON: 
PELNTED BY OEDEK 01 THE TEUSTEES. 
1890. 


CATALOGUE 


OP THE 

PASSERIFORMES, 


OK 

PEEOHING BIRDS, 


I N THE 

COLLECTION 

OP THE 

BRITISH MUSEUM. 

STURNIFORMES, 

CONTAINING THE FAMILIES 

ABTAMXD^E, STUENID^E, PLOCEID^), ALAUDID.E. 

ALSO THE FAMILIES 

ATRICHIIDiE AND MENUEIDiE. 

JBY 

R. BOWDLER SHARPE. 
LONDON: 
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 


SOLD BY 
LONGMANS & Co., 39 PATERNOSTER ROW; 


B. QUARTICH, 15 PICCADILLY; ASHER & Co., 13 BEDEORD STREET, 00VENT GARDEN ; 
KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., 57 LUDGATE HILL; 
AND AT THE 
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, S.W. 

1890. 

PEIKTED BY TAYLOK AND PKANCTS, 
IILD LION COURT, IT,EET STREET. 


PKEFACE. 

SINCE the publication of the preceding volume, more than two years 
ago, the collection of Birds has received a further remarkable 
increase by the acquisition or donation of several valuable collections. 
Eor the most important of them the Trustees are again 
indebted to the liberality of Mr. E. DuCane Godman, F.R.S. 
Aware of the incompleteness in which the Fauna of the United 
States was represented in the Museum, he secured the celebrated 

collection of North-American Birds formed by Messrs. H. W. 
Henshaw and C. H. Merriam, and presented it to the Trustees. An 
idea of its value and extent may be formed by the fact that it 
consisted of 779 species and over 11,000 specimens, all of which 
are authentically named. 

The Salvin-Godman, Hume, and Tweeddale Collections, which 
contribute so large a contingent in the lists of specimens, have 
been referred to in the previous volumes. Mr. Henry Seebohm 
continues to enrich the Museum Collection with numerous and 
valuable donations. Of the other donors who have contributed 
to the series described in the present volume, I have to mention the 
late Mr. *W. A. Forbes, Hr. E. Collett, W. D. Cumming, Esq., Emin 
Pasha, H. C. Y. Hunter, Esq., E. J. Jackson, Esq., Mrs. J. S. 
Jameson, Col. Swinhoe, and Dr. L. Yieira. 

ALBERT GtJOTHER, 

Keeper of the Department of Zooloyy. 

British Museum (N. H.), 
May 14, 1890. 

INTRODUCTION. 

WITH the present volume the description of the Acromyodian 

Passeres is completed. 

It will be seen that, owing to the large accessions to the collection, 
the series examined exceeds that of any of the preceding 
volumes. Out of the 601 species and subspecies here recognized, 
only 58 are unrepresented in the collection, or about 10 per cent. 
Of these at least 25 are of very doubtful value, so that the collection 
actually contains nearly 95 per cent, of the known species. 
The British Museum possesses the types of 152 species, besides 
those of 61 no longer considered to be of that rank. The number 
of specimens reaches the total of 11,699. 

By the acquisition of part of the Shelley Collection of African 
birds by the Trustees of the Museum, my labours on the Ploceidce 
have been much facilitated, as I have had before me the whole of 
Capt. Shelley's series of specimens, on which was ]based his monographic 
essay on the African Weaver-Birds. 

Mr. Seebohm has likewise presented his entire collection of 
Palsearctic Alaudidce, and the Stumidce and Ploceiclce of the Swinhoe 
collection, comprising many types of species. 

The signs employed are the same as in the former volumes of 
the Catalogue. "[P.]"means "Presented by/'" [C.]" means 
" Collected by/' and " [E.] " means " Received in Exchange." 

R. BOWDLER SHARPE. 
May 10,1890. 
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 


Order P ASSEBIFORMES. 
Suborder PASSERES. 
I. ACROMYODI. 


a. 
Passeres normales 
(continued). 

Section 0. STTJKNIFOKMES. 

Family I. ABTAMID^E. 
Page 

1. Artamus, V. 2 

1. leucogaster (Valenc.) . 3 

2. maiimus, Mey&t* .... 8 

3. melanoleucus (Forst.) . 8 

4. pelewensis, Finsch.... 9 

5. mentalis; Jard. 9 

6. monachus, Bp, ...... 10 

7. insignia, Scl. 11 

8. fuflcufljF. 11 

9. superciliosus (Gould).. 15 

10. personattis (Gould).... 16 

11. cinereus, V. v.... 16 

12. bypoleucus, Sharpe .. 17 

13. melanops, Gotdd .... 17 

14. perspiciUatus, Bp 18 

15. venustus, Sharpe .... 18 

16. sordidus, Lath. ...... 19 

17. minor, V. 20 

2. Pseudoclielidon, Marti. .. 21 

1. eurystomina, Hartl. .. 21 

Family II. STTJBNID^. 

Subfam. I. STXTRNINJE. 

1. Stunras, L 26 

1. vulgaris, L 27,664 

a. menzbieri, Sharpe 33,665 

2. ip4igus, Hodgs 35 
3/poltoratzlrii, Finsch .. 36 
a.*caucasicus, Lorenz .. 37 

Page 
% 4. purpurascens, Goidd 37,605 

a. porphyronotuSj/S'toTte 
38,665 

5. minor, Hume 89 

6. tfnicolor, T. 39 

2. Spodiopsar, Sharpe .... 6Q5 

1. cineraceusX^7.) 41 

2. colletti (Sharpe) 43 

3. sericeus (Gm.) 44 

4. cambodianus (Sharpe). 45 

5. burmanicus (Jerd.) 45,666 

6. leucocephalus (Gigl. fy 
Salvad.) 46,666 

7. andamanensis (Beavan) 
47,666 

8. erytbropygius (Blyth) 
-*" 48,666 

9. msl^m^gsJiGm.) 48,666 

a. nemoricola (Jerd.) 52,666 

10. blytml (Jerd.) 54 

3. Sturnqrnis, Legge 55 

1. senex (Bp.) 55 

4. 
Sturnopastor, Hodgs. 56,666 
Ljalla (ilors/.) 57 


2. contra (L.) 57 

3. superciliaris, Blyth .. 59 

5. DilSpfa, rr.r 61 

1. caruncnlatus (Gm.) .. 61 

6. Pastor, T. 63 

1. roseus (X.) 63, 666 

7. Sturnia, Less 68 

1. sinensis (Gm.) 68 

2. violacea (Bodd.) 70 

3. §t!m»a (Pall) .. 71,666 

8. Temenucbus, Cab 73 

1. pagodarum (Gm.) .... 73 

9. Graculipica, Less. ...... 76 

1. nigricollis (Payk) 77 

2. melanoptera/jDawd).. 78 

10. 
Acridotberes, V. .... 79,666 

1. tristis (L.) 80 

a. melanosternus, Legge 83 

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 

Page 
Page 

2. ginginianus (Lath.) .. 84 13. atrifusca (Peak) 134 

3. fuscus (Wcujl) 86 14. Inoriiata, Sharpe .... 135 

a. nialiratteusis (Si/7zes) 15. pelzelni, Finsch 136 
89, 007 16. Jattlitzi, Finsch $ 

4. javanicus, Cab 90 * Hartl 136 

5. cinereus, Bp 91 17. rufipennis, Layard,... 137 

C. gnmdLs, Moore 91 21. Calornis, Gray 137 

7. cristatellus (Gm.) ... . 92 a. corvina, Kittl. 137 

8. albocuictus, 
Godw.-1. metallica (T.) 138 
'" Aust^'Wald 94 a. inornata, Salvad. .. 141 

11. Basileornis, Bp 95 /3. fuscoviiescens, 

1. celebensis, Wall 95 Salvad 141 

2. corythaix (Wagl.) ... . 96 2. gularis, Gray 141 

12. Sarcops, Wald. 96 3. purpureiceps, Salvad... 142 

1. calvus (X.) 97 4- gptp (^W W2 

13. Eulabes (Cuv.) 98,667 

5. chalybea (Horsf.) .... 143 

1. religiosus (X.) 99 

a. tytjeri, Hume.. 146, 668 

2. yeneratus, Bp 101 

0. amrostris, Sal cad. .. 147 

3. javanensis (Osb.) 102 

y. panayensis (Scop.) ,. 147 

a. palawanensis, Sharpe 104 

S. neglecta, Wald. 148 

4. intermedius (A. Say) . 104 

6. sulaensis, Sharpe .... 149 

a. andamanensis, Beav. 107 

7. sangbirensis, Salvad. .. 149 

&J»totus (Salvad.) 

8. obscura (Bp.) ... . 149,668 

109,667 

9. grandis (Salvad.) .... 150 

5. ptilogenys, Blyth 109 

10. minor (Ramsay) .... 151 

14. Mino, less: Ill 

22. Macmropsar, Salvad. .... 152 

1. duraonti, Less Ill 

1. magnus (Sehl.) 152 

2. kreffii («.) 112 

23. 
Streptocitta, Bp 152 

15. Melaiiopyrrkus, Bp 113 

1. torquata (T.) 152 

1. anais (Less.) 113 

2. albicolHs(F.) 153 

2. orientals (Schl.) 114 

24. Cliaritornis, Schl 153 

16. Ampeliceps, Blyth 115 

1. albertinse, Schl. 153 

1. coronatus, Blyth .... 116 

25. Lamprotomis, T. 154 

17. Pbaroglossa, Hodgs 117 

1. c&iifatm (P.L.S.Mull) 154 

1. spiloptera, Vig 117 

2. porphyropterus, Heugl. 156 

18. Hartlaubius, Bp 120 

3. mevesi (Wahlb.) 157 

1. Daadagascariensis(j5o^.)120 

4. purpureas, Bocage .... 158 

19. Pholidauges, Cab 121 

26. Ghalcopsar, Sharpe 158 

1. leucog aster (Gm.) .... 121 

1. australis (Smith) .... 158 

2. verreauxi, Bocage .... 123 

27. Cosmopsarus, Reichen. .. 159 

3. bicolor (Reichen.) .... 125 

1. r^egius, Reichen 160 

4. fischeri, Rekhen... 189, 667 2. unicolor, Shelley 1C0 

20. 
Aplonis, Gould 125 28. Amydrus, Cab 161 
1 striata (Gm.) 127 1. morio (L.) 161 

2. atronitens, Gray 128 2. Mytlii, Hartl 164 

3. cantor oides, Gray 128 3. frater, Scl. 8f Earth .. 164 

4. feadensis (Ramsay) .. 129 4. walleri, Shelley 164 

5. tabuensis (Gm.) 130 29. Gnycognathus, Hartl. 165 

6. brevirostris (Peale) .. 130 1. fulgidus, Hartl. 165 

7. vitiensis, Layard ... . 131 2. hartlaubi, Gray 166 

8. fortunse, Layard ... . 132 30. Cinnamopterus, Bp 166 

9. brunnescens, Sharpe .. 132 1. tenuirostris (Rupp.) ,. 166 

10. cinerascens, Hartl. fy 31. Pilorhinus, Cab 167 
Finsch 133 1. albirostris (Rupp.).... 167 

11. fusca, Gould 133 32. Hagiopsar, Sharpe 1C8 

12. crassa (Scl.) 134 l.tristrami (Scl.) 168 

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 

Page 

33. 
Pyrrbocbeira, Reieherib. .. 169 
l.caffi»(Z.) 169 

34. 
Lamprocolius, Sundev. .. 170 

a. nitens (L.) 170 

0. defilippii, Salvad. .. 171 

y. ornatus {Baud.),... 174 

1. splendidus, V. 172 

2. glaucovirens, Elliot .. 173 

3. lessoni {Pucker.) 173 

4. ignitus (Nordm.) .... 174 

5. purpureus (P. Z. S. 
Mull) ,. 175 

6. cbalybeus (Ehr.) .... 176 

7. sycobius (Zicht.) ..178,668 

8. cbloropterus (Swains.). 178 

9. chalcurus {Nordm.) .. 179 

10. pn"<fenicopterus(jStaww.) 180 

a. bispecularis (Strickl) 181 

11. melanomas ter (Sicains.) 182 

12. purpureieeps, F<?rr. .. 184 

13. cupreicauda, Kuril. .. 184 

35. Coccycoliua, Oust 185 

1. in^ Oust 185, 66S 

36. Heteropsar, Sharpe 185 

1. acuticaudus (Bocage) . 185 

2. albicapillus (Blyth) .. 186 

37. Spreo, Less 187 

1. bicolor (Gm.) 187 

2. fiscberi (Reichen.) 189, 667 

3. superb us (RUpp,) .... 189 

4. hildebrandti (Cab.) .. 190 

5. sbelleyi, Sharpe 190 
6.pulcber (P. L. S. 
Mull) 191 

38. Enodes, T. 192 

1. erjtbropbrys (T.) .... 192 

39. Scissirostruni, Lafr 193 

1. dubium (Lath.) ...... 193 

40. Fregiluptis, Zess 194 

1. varius (Bodd.) 194 

41. Necropsar, Slater 195 

1. rodericanus, Guntk. $* 

E. Netvt 195 

Subfain, II. BUPHAGIIOEL 

42. Bupbaga, Z 195 

1. africana, Z 195 

2. erytbrorbyncha (Stanl) 196 

Family III. PLOCEIDJE. 

Subfain. I. VIDUINJE. 

1. Vidua, Cuv 203 

a. superciliosa ( V.) 203 

Page 

1. principalis (Z.) 203 

2. hypocherina, Verr 208 

2. Tetrsenura, Reieherib 209 

1. regia(X.) 209 

3. Lmm^'Reiche?i 210 

1. fiscberi, Reichen 210 

4. SteganurU*, Reicherib 211 

1. paradisea (Z.) 211 

5. Ohera,"T?/«y 213 

I. procne (Bodd.) 213 

6. Pentbetria, Cab 215 

1. ardens (Bodd.) 215 

2. laticauda {Zicht.) 218 

3. hartlauEi, Bocage .... 219 

4. aTBonoEata (Cass.) .... 219 

5. equesjllartl.) 220 

7. Pentnetriopsis, Sharpe .. 220 

1. macrura {Gm.) 220 

2. macrocerca {Zicht) .. 223 

3. soror, Reichen 223 

8. Urobracbya, Bp 224 

1. axillaris (Smith) 224 
aTBIIdebrandti, Sharpe 225 

2. pboenicea (ffeugl.). .. 225 

a. traversii, Salvad. ,. 226 

3. bocagii, Sh£%k\ .. 226 

9. Pyrornelana, Bp 227 

1. flanimiceps (Swains.) , 2%8 

2. nigriventris (Cass.) .. 230 

3. oryx (Gm.) 230 

4. nigiifrons, Bohm .... 233 

5. franci&cana (Isert) 233 

6. frledricbseni 
(Fischer 
fy Reichen.) 235 
7.gierowi(6W.) 235 

8. aurea (Gm.) 235 

9. diademata 
(Fischer # 
Reichen.) 236 

10. capensis (Z.) 236 

a. minor (Reichenb.) .. 238 
j8. phcemcomera(6?ray) 239 

II. xantbomelsena (RUpp.) 239 

12. B&a,(Gm.) 241 

13. scioana (Salvad.) ..., 241 

14. tfiha (Smith) 242 

15. ladoensis (Reichen.) .. 244 

10. Ploceipasser, Smith 244 

1. mabali, Smith. 245 

2. ihelanorbyncbus, RUpp. 246 

3. pectoralis (Peters) 247 

4. propinquatus, Shelley. . 247 

5. rufoscapulatus, Buttik. 248 

6. superciliosus, Cretzsehm. 248 

11. Phil»terus, Smith 249 

1. socius (Zath.) 249 

2. arnaudi (Bp!) 250 

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 

xn 

3. erythrocepbala (X.) ..

21. 
Staganopleura, Meichenb.

1. guttata (Shaio)

22. 
ZonfflSShus, Cab.
l.bellus (Lath.)

Page 

 290 
. 292 
292 
293 
293 

2. dGu$R^s(Quoy$Gaim.) 294 

23. Emblema, Gould 295 

1. picta, Gould 295 

24. ZonogaStris, Cab 296 

1. melba (X.) 296 

a. soudanensis, Sharpe 298 

2. citenor (Strickl) .... 299 

25. Pytelia, Swains 300 

1. phcenicoptera, Szvains.. 301 

2. lineata (Heugl) 301 

3. hypogrammica, Sharpe 302 

4. afra(GW) 302 

5. sEarpii (Nichols.) .... 303 

6. schlegeli, Sharpe.. 304,668 

7. rLmM&(Hartl) 305 

26. Coccopygia, Reichenb. 305, 668 

1. dufresmi (V.) 305 

2. quartinia (Rp.) 307 

a. kilimensis, Sharpe .. 307 

27. Hypoehaara, Sp 308 

1. aenea, Hartl 308 

2. amauropteryx, Sharpe . 309 

3. ultramanna (Gm.) 309, 668 

4. funerea (De Tarrag.) . 310 

5. nigerrima, Sharpe .... 311 

28. Tseniopygia, Reichmb..... 311 

1. castanotis (Gould).... 311 

2. insularis (Wall) .... 312 

29. Stictoptera, Reichenb 313 

1. bicbienovii (Vig. fy 
Horsf.) 313 

2. annulosa (Gould) .... 314 

30. Nigrita, Strickl 314 

1. canicapilla (Strickl) .. 315 

2. emiliaa, Sharpe 316 

3. luteifrons, Verr 317 

4. lucieni, SharpefyBouv. 317 

5. bicolor (Hartl) 318 

6. pinaronota, Sharpe..,. 318 

7. uropygialis, Sharpe .. 319 

31. Sporseginthus, Cab 319 

1. amandava (X.) 320 

2. flavidiventris, Wall. .. 323 

3. subriaws(F.) .. 324,668 

4. melpodus (V.) 325 

32. Munia, Hodgs 326, 669 

1. oryzivora (X.) 328 

2. fuscata(F.) 330 

3. malacca (X.) 330 

4. ferruginosa (Sparrm.) . 332 

5. maja(X.) 332 

5. rtissi (Finsch)

15. Spermestes, Sioaim

1. bicolor (Fraser)..

2. punctata, Heugl

3. poensis (Fraser)

4. nimcejas, Cass

5. cuculGta (Swains.) .. 264 

6. scutata, Heugl 265 

7. nana (Pucher.) 266 

16. Amauresthes, Reichenb. .. 267 

1. fringilloides (Lafr.) .. 267 

17. 
Ortygospiza, Sundev 269 
l.polyzona (T.) 269 

2. atricollis(F.) 270 

18. Lagonosticta, Cab 271 

1. monteiri (Hartl.) 273 

2. niveiguttata (Peters).. 274 

3. margaritata (Strickl)., 275 

4. senegala (X.) 275 

5. minima (V.) ... . 276,668 

6. brunneiceps, Shar<pe .. 277 

Page 

3. dorsalia (Reichen.).... 251 

4. cabanisi (Fischer fy 
Reichen.) 251 

12. Pyrenestes, Swains 252 

1. qstrmus(F.) 252 

2. coccineus, Cass 253 

13. Cryptospiza", Salvad 254 

1. reichen owi (Hartl) .. 254 

14. Qnelea, Reichenb 254 

1. erythrops (Marti).... 255 

2. caidmalis (Hartl.) .. 256 

3. quelea (X.) 257 

a. intermedia {Reichen.) 259 

4. aethiopica (Sundev.) .. 259 

7. rufopicta (Fras.) ....

8. nitidula, Hartl

9. rhodopsis (Heugl.)....

10. polionota, Shelley ....

11. congica, Sharpe

12. rubricate (Licht)

13. mm(Antin.)
, 14. rbodo^ana, Heugl

15. jamesonij Shelley ....

16. landanae, Sharp e ....

17. casrulescena (V.)

18. incana (Sundev.) ....

a. perreini (V.)

19. vinacea (Hartl.)

20. larvata (Rilpp.)

21. nigricollis, Heugl ....

19. Stictospiza, Sharpe

1. fomosa (Lath.)

20. Amadina, Stoains. ......

1. fasciata (Gm.)

2. marginalia, Sharpe

 260 
261 
261,668 
.... 262 
262 
263 

 278 
279 
279 
280 
280 
281 
282 
282 
283 
283 
284 
284 
285 
286 
286 
286 
287 
287 
288 
289 
290 

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 

xm 

Page 

6. mirabilis, JDes Murs .. 378 

a. armitiana, JEJ. P. 
Ramsay 378 

38. Erythrura, Sioains 380 

1. prasina (Sparrm.) .... 381 

2. psittacea (Gm.) 382 

3. pealii (Hartl.) 383 

4. cyanovirens (Peak) .. 384 

5. serena (Scl.) 385 

6. regia (Sol.) 385 

7. tricbroa (Kittl.) 385 

8. cyaneifrons (Layard).. 386 

9. forbesi, Sol 387 

10. tricolor (V.) 387 

11. Meinscbniidtii (Finsch) 387 

39. Chlorura, Reichenb 388 

1. byperythra (Reichen.). 388 

2. borneensiSj Sharpe.... 388 
. 40. Neochmia, Bp 389 

1. pbaeton (Hombr. fy 
Uacq.) 389 

41. Estrilda, Swains 390 

a. capistrata, Hartl. .. 390 
£. viridis, Hartl. 390 
l.astrilda(£.) 391 
a, rubiiventris ( V.) .. 393 
|3. minor (Cab.) 393 
2.runbarba(Ca&.) 394 

3. cmerea(F.) 394 

4. rtodapyga, Sundev. .. 396 

5. paluciieola, Heugl 397 

6. erythronota (F.) 397 

7. cbarmosyna (Reichen). 399 

8. nigrimerttum, Salvad. . 399 

9. atricapiUa, Verr 399 

10. nonnula, Hartl... 400,669 

11. pboenicotis, Swains... 400 

12. angplensigjz.) 402 

42. Granatina, Sharpe 403 

1. granatina (L.) 403 

2. lantbinogastra (Reichen.) 
404 

Subfam. II. PLOCEIN^E. 

43. Sporopipes, Cab 407 

1. scLuamj.£i:ans (Smtth) .. 4.07 
% frontalis (Baud.) .... 409 

44. Icteropsis^Pefe 410 

1. pelz§lni (Hartl.) .... 410 

45. Anaplectes, Reichenb..... 411 

1. rubriceps (Sundev.) .. 411 

2. gurneyi (Shelley) .... 412 

3. melanotis (Zqfr.) 413 

4. angolensis (Socage) .. 413 

6. atricapiUa ( V.) 334 
7.jagori((M.) 337 
8. formosana, Swinh 338 

a. brunneiceps, Wald. . 338 

9. quinticolor(F.) 339 
10. wallacii, Sharpe 339 
11. castaneithorax (Gould) 340 
12. mgriceps (Ramsay) .. 341 
13. spectabilis (Scl.) .... 342 
14. for£esv857. 343 
15. melsena, Sol 343 
16. grandis, Sharpe 344 
17. himsteini (Finsch).... 344 
18. camce^s, Salvad 345 
19. flavfprymna (Gould) .. 345 
20. pallida, JPotf 346 
-21. pimctulata (L.) .. 346,669 

a. subundulata, Godw,-

Aust/3. topela, Sivinh

y. nisoria (T.)

h. cabanisi, Sharpe....

22. pectoralis (Gould)

33. Uroloncba, Cab

1. caniceps (Reichen.) ..

2. acuticauda (Hodgs.) ..

3. squamicollis, Sharpe ..

4. striata (X.)

5. semistriata (Hume) ..

6. fumigate (Wald.)....

7. leucogastra (Blyth) ..

8. everetti (Tweedd.) ....

9. leucogastroides (Horsf. 
fMoore) 363 

10. fuscans (Cass.) 364 

11. tristissima ( Wall.).... 304 

12. leucosticta (D'Alb. $ 
Salvad.) 365 

13. pectofe (Jerd.) .... 365 

14. kelaarti (Jerd.) 366 

15. molucca (Z.) 367 
^rpropinqua, Sharpe.. 368 

34. Aidemosvne, Reichenb. .. 368 

1. modesta(6Wd) ... . 368 

2. malabarica (X.) 369 

3. cardans (Gm.) 371 

35. ^Egintba, Cab 372 

1. temporalis (Lath.) 372 

36. Batlnlda, Reichenb 374 

1. ruiicauda (Gould) 374 

37. Foephila, Gould 375 

1. acuticauda (Gould) .. 375 

2. cincta (Gould) 376 

3. personata, Gould .... 377 

4. leucotis., Gould 377 

5. gouldise, Gould 378 

 350 
351 
352 
353 
354 
355 
356 
356 
359 
359 
361 
361 
362 
363 

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 
Page Page 


46. Heterhypliantes, Sharpe.. 414 

1. nigricollis (V.) 415 

2. melanoxantlius (Cab.). 416 

3. melanog-aster (SJielky) . 417 

4. sanctijMLomsB (Bartl.). 418 

5. reJctenowf {Fischer).. 418 

6. bagTa%clit(F.) 419 

a. temporalis {JBoeage). 419 

7. emini (Ilartl) 420 

47. Sycobrotus, Swains 421 

1. bicolor (K) 422 

2. afiiaurocephalus, Cab. . 423 

3. kerstem (Finsch § 
Ilartl.) ...^ 423 

4. stictifrons (Fischer ty 
Eeichen.) 424 

48. Sitagra, Eeiehenb 424 

1. luteola (Zicht.) 425 

2. raomoba, Sharpe 426 

3. subpersonata (Cab.) .. 427 

4. ocularia (S?nith) 427 

5. brachyptera (Swains.) . 429 

6. capensis (Z.) 430 

a. caBxa (Licht.) 431 

49. Foiidi'd, Eeiehenb 432 

1. madagascariensis (L.) . 433 

2. rlavicans, R Newt. .. 434 

50. Nelicurvius, JBp 436 

1. nelicpuryi (Scop.) 436, 669 

51. PlypFantorrris, Gray .... 437 

a. anomalus, Eekhm. . 437 

1. galbula (Eilpp.) 442 

2. castanops, Shelley .... 443 

3. xanthopterin, Finsch fy 
BartL 444 

4. aurantius (V.) 444 

5. subaureus (Smith) 445 

6. aureiflavus (Smith) .. 446 

7. xanthops, Hartl.47 

8. jamesoni, Sharpe .... 447 

9. castaneiceps, Sharpe .. 448 

10. bojeii; Finsch <§• Ilartl. 448 

11. pnricegs (Bp.) 449 

12. graSBSs, Gray 450 

13. cuculla^u9 (P. Z. S. 
""Mull.) 451,669 

14. abjssinicus (GmJ) 453 

15. boM&orffi, Eeichen. 
455, 669 

16. cojlaris (V.) 455 

17. nignceps, Layard 456 

18. melanocepbalus (X.) .. 457 

19. capitalis (Lath.) 458 

20. fischeri (Eeichen.) .... 458 

21. dlmidiatus, Antin. fy 
Salvad 459 

22. badius, Cass 4u0 

23. intermedius (Eilpp.) .. 460 

24. cabanisi, Peters 461 

25. fitelliius (Zicht.) .... 462 
a7*J3cG3Jdi (Eeichen.) . 463 

26. shelleyi, Sharpe 464 

27. veMjis(F.) 464 

23. tfeniopterus (Eeiehenb.) 467 

29. heuglini (Eeichen.) .. 468 

30. spilonotus (Vig.) 468 

31. speEi, HeugL. 469 

32. superciliosus, Shelley.. 470 

52. Oinrfamopteryx, Eeichen.. 471 

1. tricolor (Bartl.) .... 471 

2. castaneofusca(Zess.)472; 669 

3. rubiginosa (Eilpp.) .. 473 

53. Ploceella, Oates 474 

1. javaneusis (Zess.) 474,669 

54. Melanopteryx, Eeichen. .. 476 

1. nigerrinia (V.) 476 

2. albmitclia (Bocage) .. 477 

55. Malimbus, V. .. 477 

1. rubricollis (Sw.) 478 

2. bartletti, Sharpe.. 479, 669 

3. malimbicus (Baud.) .. 480 

4. nitens (Gray).... 481,669 

5. cas&ini (Elliot) 482 

6. scutatus (Cass.) 482 

7. rachelise ( Cass.) 483 

56. Nesacanthis, Sharpe .... 483 

a. fusco-fulva (Bodd.) 
484, 670 

1. einiiientissiina (Bp.) 
484, 670 

2. rubra (G?n.) 485 

3. seycbellarum (E. 
Newt.) 486 

4. sakalaya (Bartl.) .... 487 

57. Ploceus, Cuv 487 

1. baja, Blyth 488 

2. atrigula, FLodgs 491 

3. bengalensis (Z.) 493 

4. manyar (Horsf.) .... 496 

58. Spermospiza, Gray 498 

1. h»matiaa(F.) 498 

2. guttata (V.) 500 

3. ruficapilla, Shelley .... 500 

59. Amblyospiza, Sundev 501 

a. concolor, Bocage .. 670 
Lalbifrons(^7/;) 501 

2. unicolor (Fischw $* 
Eeichen.) 503 

3. melanonota (Beugl.)., 504 

4. capjtalba (JBp.) 504 

60. Histurgops, Eeichen 505 

1. ruficauda, Eeichen. .. 505 

SYSTE3I4.TK :c INDEX. 
xv 

Page 

61. Dinemellia, Peichenb. .. 506 

1. dinemelli (Pupp.) .... 506 

2. boebmi (Reichen.) .... 507 

62. Textor, Temm 508 

1. albirostris(F) ..... . 508 

2. n%er (Smith) 509 

a. intermedins, Cab. .. 511 
/3. scioanus, Salvad. .. 511 

Family IY. A LAUD ID JE. 

1. Oerthilanda, Sioains 514 

1. capensis (Bodd.) .... 514 

2. rufula (F.) 515 

2. Algernon, Keys. 8? Bias. .. 517 

1. alandipes (Besf.) .... 518 

a. debertorum (Stanl.) . 519 

2. semltorquata (Smith) . 521 

3. nryo^a, (Swains.) 522 

3. Heterocorys, Sharpe 524 

1. breviungui& (Sundev.) . 524 

4. Chel'sopliilus, Sharpe 525 

1. duponti(F) 520 

a. lusitanicus (Souza).. 527 

5. Khamphoeorys, Bp 527 

1. clot-bey (Bp.) 527 

6. Otocorys, Bp 528 

1. penicillata (Gould) .. 530 

a. bicornis, Sharpe .... 532 
/3. diluta, Sharpe.. 533,670 

2. elwegi, W. Blanf. .... 534 

a. longirostris, Moore.. 536 
/S. WmMptfresser 536, 670 
3.bilo£lia(r.) 537 

4. leucoEiema, Coues .... 538 
a.Kpraticola, Hensh. .. 539 

13. arenicola, Hensh. 
540, 671 

5. alpestris (L.) 541 

a. clirysolyema (WaffI.) 
546, 671 
/3. peregiina, Scl 547 

y. rubea, Hensh 548 

h. giraudi, Hensh, 549 
€. strigata, Hensh. .... 549 
£ adusta, Dwight .... 670 
r). merrilli, Dwight 670 

6. pallida, Dwight 670 

7. Melanocorypha, Boie .... 550 

1. calandra (L.) 551 

2. maxima, Gould 554 

3. bimaeulata (MSnStr.) . 555 

4. sibirica (G?n.) .... 557 

5. mongolica (Pall.) 558 

6. yeltoniensis (Forster) . 559 

Page 

8. Tephrocorys, Sharpe 561 

1. cinerea (Gm.) 561 

a. spleniata (StricU.) .. 563 

2. nrfwepg (Hupp) 563 

a. anderssoni, Tiistr... 564 

9. Spizocorys, Sundev 564 

1. conirostris (Sundev.) .. 564 

10. Alalia; L ; „ 566 

1. arvensis, L 567, 671 

2. gtilguTa, Franhl. 575 

3. pr&etermissa, Blanf. .. 579 

11. 
Calandrella, Kaup 579 
a.koUyi(T:) ........ 579 

1. bi achydactyla (Leisl.). 580 

a. duldmnensis (Sykes). 584 

2. thibetana, Brooks 585 

a. acutirostris, Hume.. 585 

12. Alaudula, Hwsf. f Moore 586 

a. kukunoorensis, Prjev. 586 

1. pispoletta (Pall.) .... 587 

a. bsetica (Dresse?') .. 588 
/3. minor (Cab.) 588 
. clieeleensis (Swinh.). 589 
. persica, Sharpe .... 590 

e. seebobmi, Sharpe .. 590 
2.raytQl(Blijth) 591 

a. adamsi, Hume .... 592 
£. leucophsea (Severtz.) 593 

13. Mirafra, Horsf .. ..... 593 

a. plebeia (Cab.) 593 

p. angolensis, Bocage . 593 

y. simplex (Heugl.) .. 595 

d. poecilostema (Reichen.) 
612 
l.rufipilea(F.) 597 

2. apiata(F.) 598 

3. bucldeyi (Shelley) .... 599 

4. fiscneri (Reichen.) 600 

5. rufocinnamomea (Salvad.) 
600 
(iliova, Hartl 601 

7. javanica, Horsf. 602 

8. secunda, Sharpe 603 

9. cheniana, Smith 603 

10. liorsfieldi, Gould .... 604 

a. parva, Swinh 604 
/3. philippinen&is, W. 
Rams 605 

11. cantillans, Blyth .... 605 

12. fringillaris, Sundev. .. 606 

13. cordofanica, Strickl. .. 606 

14. africana, S?nith ...... 607 

15. assamica, M'Clell. .... 609 

16. damarensis, Sharpe .. 612 
J7. erythroptera, Jerd. >. 612 

18. affinis, Jerd 614 

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 

14 
15 
16 

17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 
a. micxoptera, Hume . .
19. africanoides, Smith . .
a. alopex, SJiarpe .., .
20. Bgevia (Strickl.) .
21. sab<5t% Smith....... 
22. nigricans (Sundev.) ,
23. erythropygia (Strickl.) 
Spilocorydon, Feichen. . 
1. hypermetrus, Feichen. 
s^mss^sfyth
1. deva (Sykes) 
HeliocorySj Sharpe 
1. modesta (Heugl.) .... 
Galerita, Bote 
1. cristata (X.) 
2. thecMee, Brehm 
3. malabarica (Scop.) .. 
4. isabeUina,k.Bjp, 
Lullula, Kaup 
1. arborea (L.) 
Calendula, Swains 
1. crassirostris (V.) .... 
Ammomanes, Cab 
1. phoenicura (Frankly .. 
2. gray! (Wahlb.) 
3. cinctura (Gould) .... 
4. aj^a^isis^ Sharpe.... 
5. deserti (Licht.)
6. pEinfcuroides (Blyth) 
615 

 616 

 617 

 617 

618 
619 

619 
620 
620 

621 

621 
623 

623 

625 
626 
633 
633 
635 
636 
636 
639 
639 
641 
642 
643 
644 
645 
646 
647 

7. erytlirochlaniys 
(Strickl.)

8. ferruginea (Smith)
21, 
Pyrrbulauda, Smitha, nigriceps, Gould....
/3. modesta, Finsch

y. leucoparela, 
Fischer 
§* Feichen
8. signata, Oust ......
1. australis (Smith) ....
2. grisea (Scop.) ........
3. melanaucben (Cab.) ..
4. verticalls (Smith)
5. leucoiis"($to%) ... .
(OMtMi, Bp
|3. Passeres abnormales. 

Family I. ATBICHIIDJE. 

1. Atrichia, Gould .,
1. clamosa, Gould
2. rufescens; Famsay ....
Family II. ME NUB IB JE. 

1. Menura, Davies
1. snperba, Dames
2. victorise, Gould ......
3. alberti; Gould
Page 

 648 
649 
650 
650 
650 

 651 
651 
651 
652 
655 
656 
657 
658 

 659 
659 
660 

 661 
661 
662 
662 

CATALOGUE 

OF 

BIRDS. 


Order II. PASSERIFORMES 

(Oat. B. vol HL p. 1). 

Suborder L PASSERES 

(Cat. B. vol. iii p. 6). 

Section C. STTJRNIFORMES 

(Wallace, Ibis, 1874, p. 412), 

The classification adopted in the third volume of the present work 
(pp. 1-3) for the arrangement of the Passeriformes was principally 
that of Mr. "Wallace (Ibis, 1874, p. 409), with certain modifications. 
During the sixteen years which have elapsed since Mr. Wallace propounded 
his idea of an arrangement of the Passeres, we have 
learned that the classification adopted in 1877 is somewhat artificial; 
the% characters which were then thought to be of great importance 
now seem to be of little worth. Of the three Sections whichhave adopted from Mr. Wallace the one treated of in the present 
volume seems to be the most unnatural. The Starlings are divorced 
from the Corvidce, to which they are undoubtedly allied; the 
Artamidm may be a Sturnine family, but of that I am not yet assured; 
the Alaudiclce find themselves separated from the Motatillidw, and 
tfce Ploceidm from the Fringillidce and Icteridce. 

vox. XIII. B 

ABTAMIDiE. 

The following characters will serve to distinguish the four families 
treated of in the present volume :— 

A. Planta tarsi entire, 
a. 
Nostrils placed low in the bill, nearer to 
the tomium than to the culmen. 
a'. "Wings extremely long, reaching to 
the end of the tail Artamidae, p. 2. 
b'. 
"Wings moderate, not reaching to the 
end of the tail StumidaB, p. 22. 

b. Nostrils placed high in the hill, nearer to 
the culmen than to the tomium ... . Ploceidse, p. 198. 
B. Planta tarsi scutellated 
Alaudidse, p. 512. 
Family I. ARTAMID^. 

Key to the Genera. 

a. Bill long and pointed, the culmen exceeding 
the length of the hind toe and claw; tail-
feathers ordinary ABTAMITS, p. 2. 
b. Bill broad, the culmen not so long as the 
hind toe and claw; tail-feathers elongated 
in the centre of the shafts, giving a spinelike 
appearance PSEUD OCHELID ON, p. 22. 
1. ARTAMUS. m 
Type. 
Artamus, Vieill. Analyse^ p. 41 (1816) A. leucogaster. 
Ocypterus, Ouv. Regne Anim. p. 339 (1817) A. leucogaster. 
Leptopteryx, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Sac. xiii. p. 143 

(1821) A. leucogaster. 
Of. Sharpe in Rowley's Orn, Misc. iii pp. 179-202. 

Range. Confined to the Indian and Australian Eegions. 

Key to tlie Species. 

a. Lower rump and upper tail-coverts pure white; 
"breast white. 
a'. Back Hack or brownish. 
a". Head ashy grey all round or blackish 
grey; entire back browner leucogaster, p. 3. 

V. 
Head black all round. 
a'". Larger: wing 6*3 inches and entirely 
black, uniform with the back mcmmus, p. 8. 
b"\ 
Smaller: wing 6-2 inches, blackish, 
washed with slaty grey. 


«4. Throat black, well defined; hinder 
cheens, ear-coverts, and sides of 
neck also uniform black melamleucm, p. 8, 
1 . ARTAMTJS. 
64. Throat and fore neck black, as well 
as the entire sides of the face pekwmsis, p. & 
c\ Throat black, the hinder cheeks white 
on each side, leaving the ear-
coverts only and the sides of the 
neck black <mntalis, p. 9. 

b\ 
Back pure white. 
c". Head all round, wings and tail ashy brown monachus, p. 10. 
d". Head all round, wings and tail black ... . insignis, p« 11. 


b. Kump brown like the back ; upper tail-coverts 
ashy white; breast pale vinaeeous brown ... . faseus, p. 11. 
«. Bump and upper tail-coverts clear ashy grey, 
like the back. 
c'. Under surface of body vinaceous chestnut; a 
broad white eyebrow supereiliosus, p. 15. 
d\ 
Under surface of body beautiful grey; no 
superciliary streak personattis, p. 16. 

d. 
Rump and upper tail-coverts Mack. 
e\ Under surface of body ashy grey; chin black. 
e"+ A narrow blaekish frontal line ; chin and 
upper throat blackisb. 
<f". Larger: under tail-coverts black, broadly 
margined with white .. einereuS) p. 16. 
d'". Larger: under tail-eoverts white ... . hypoleucm, p. 17. 
e'". Smaller: under tail-coverts black, nar


rowly edged with white; more black 
on the face than in the preceding 
species « *". melamps, p, 17, 

f". No frontal line of black; chin itself and 
angle in front of the eye only black. 


f'". Larger: two centre tail-feathers tipped 
with white in the same way as the 
lateral ones prnptdllatm, p. 18. 

g'". Smaller: two centre tail-feathers entirely 
black, the rest tipped with. 
white venustw, p* 18. 

/ \ Under surface of body dull brown; chin 
scarcely any darker. 


g". Much larger: upper surface brown; upper 
tail-eoverts black, the rump uniform with 
the back; under wmg-eoverts white .. sordidm^ p. 19. 

A". Much smaller: tipper surface brown, the 
upper tail-coverts and, the rump black; 
under wing-coverts uniform with the 
breast, and scarcely any paler miner, p. 20. 


L Artamus leucogaster.* 
? La Pie-Grieche de Manille, Briss. Orn. ii. p, 180, pi. xviii.fig.2 (1760), 

* In 1878 I pointed out that considerable obscurity existed as to the nam© 
of leucorkynckus for this wide-spread species, but Lord Tweeddale argued very 
ably for the retention of Linnaeus's name. Count Salvadori, however, in his 
' Ornitologia della Papuasia' has adopted my conclusions, and as our nomenclature 
has been widely followed, I propose not to resuscitate the nam© 
given by Linnasus, about which there must always be some reasonable doubt. 
B2 

ARTAMIDJ3. 

? Lanius leucorhynchus, Linn. Mantissa, p. 524 (1771, ex Briss.) ; 
Gm.S.N.i. p. 305(1788). 
? La Pie-Grieche dominiquaine des Philippines, Sonn. Toy. Nouv. 
Guin. p. 54 (1776). 
? Lanius philippinus, Scop. Bel. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 85 

(1785, ex Sonn.). 
? Lanius dominicauus, Gm. Syst Nat. i. p. 807 (1788, ex Sonn.). 
Ocypterus leucogaster, Talenc. Mem. Mm. d'llist. Nat. vi. p. 21, 

pi. vii. fig\ 2 (1820). 
Leptopteryx leucorhynchus (nee L.), Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. 

p. 244 (1821). 
Lanius leucorhynchus (nee L.)} Raffl. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 386 
(1821). 
Leptopteryx leucogaster, Wagl. Syst. Ai\. Leptopteryx, sp. 2 (1827). 
Ocypterus albiventer (nee Gould), Less. Traite, p. 370 (1831). 
Ocypterus leucorhynchus, Kittl Nupf. Toy. p. 23, Taf. xxx. fig. 1 

(18*2); S. Mull.Terh. Land en Vo'Icenk. p. 21 (1839-44). 
Artamus leucopygialis, Gould, F. Z. S. 1842, p. 17; Gray, Gen. B. 

i. p. 285(1845); Gould. B Amtr. fol. ii. pi. 33(1848); Blyth, 
Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 199 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 344 (1850); 
Reichenb. Yoq. Neuholl p. 171 (1850) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 193 ; 
id. Cat. B. New Guinea, p. 58 (1859) ; Gould, P. Z. S. 1803, p. 233; 
id. Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 154 (1805) ; Finsch, Neii-Guinea, p. 171 
(1865); Walden, P. Z. S. 1806, p. 555; Grai/, Hand-l B. i. 
p. 289, no. 4279 (1869) ; Ball, J. A. S. Beng. xli. p. 283 (1872); 
Cab. $ Beichen. J. f. 0. 1876, p. 322; IV. A. Forbes, P. Z. S. 
1877, p. 122; Masters, Proc. Linn. Son. X. S. W. i. p. 48 (1877) ; 
Casteln. $ Bams. t. c. p. 380; Bams. t. c. p. 392; id. op. cit. i. 
p. 179 (1878), iii. p. 276 (1878), iv. p. 98 (1880); \V. A.Forbes, 
Rep. Toy. kChallenger,' Zool. ii. p. 85 (1881) ; Bams. Proc. Linn. 
Soc. N. S. W. (2) ii. p. 167 (1&87). 
Artamus leucorhynchus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 235 (1845) ; Bp. Consp. 

i. p. 343 (ISod); Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 208 (1850) ; Cass. U. S. 
Expl. Exped., Birds, p. 140 (1858); Gray, P.Z. S. 1860, p. 354 ; 
Wall. Lbis, 1860, p. 141 ; Gray, Iland-l B. i. p. 289, no. 4269 
(1869); Walden, Ibis, 1872, p. 371; id. Trans. Z. S. viii. p. 67 
(1872) ; id. Ibis, 1873, p. 309; Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 214; id. 
Nests § Eggs hid. B. p. 195 (1875); Salvad. Uec. Born, p, 140 
(1875; ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 45, 1877, p. 21; Tioeedd. t c. p. 313, 
1878, p. 383; id. P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 544, 692, 759, 826, 1878, 
pp. 283, 342,709,937; Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xiv. p. 688 
(1879); id. P. Z. S. 1879, pp. 315, 345; Meyer, t. c. p. 146; 
Nichols. Ibis, 1879, p. 170; Tioeedd. Rep. 'Challenger* Exped., 
Zool ii. p. 10 (1881); Sharpe, Rep. Toy. ' Alert/ p. 21 (1884); 
Gmllem. P. Z. S. 1885, pp. 251, 409, 505, 553. 
Artamus leucogaster, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 285 (1845) ; Bp. Consp. i. 

p. 343 (1850); Horsf. <§• Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. i. p. 161 
(1854); Bemst. J. f. 0. 1859, p. 268; Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, pp. 28, 
485; Sol. t. c. p. 217; Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 171 (1865); Beavan. 
Ibis, 1867, p. 324; Hartl. § Finsch, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 117; Gray, 
Hand4. B. i. p. 289, no. 4273 (1869); Meyer, Sitz. z.-b. Gesellsch. 
Wien, Ixix. p. 204 (1874); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. vii. 
pp. <J5Q, 770 (1875) ; id. op. cit. viii. p. 377 (1876), ix. p. 28 
(1876), x. p. 138 (1877); Sharpe in Rowley's Orn. Misc. w.-p. 184 
(1878); B1 Albert, fy Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 69 
(1879); Salvad. to. p. 651 (1*70), xv. p. 38 (1879); id. Orn. 

1, ARGOTS. 

Papuaski etc, ii. p. 167(1881); 8cl.P.Z.8. 1883, pp. 51, 195; 
IT. 0. Jbrtea, P. Z. A 1884, pp. 427, 432; Giallem. P. Z. S. 1885, 

p. 635 ; Vorderm. N. T, Nederl. Lid. xlv. p. 378 (1886) ; Ramsay, 
Tab. List Anstr. B. p. 3 (1888). 
Artamus papuensis, Bjp. Consp. i. p. 344 (1850, ex Temm. M88. in 
Mus. Lugd.) ; Scl Jonrn. Linn. Soc. ii. 1858, p. 159; Gray, P. Z. S. 
1858, p. 170,1861. p. 435; Ftnsdi, Neu-Guinea, p. 171 (1865); 

Walden, P. Z. S.1866, p. 5o5; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 289, no. 4282 
(1869); Beccari, Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. vii. p. 709 (1875). 
Artamus leucorhynus, Walden, Trans. Z. 8. ix. p. 174 (1875); 8harpe, 
Trans. Linn. Soc. (2) i. p. 323 (1877); Tiueedd. P. Z. S. 1877, 

p. 544,1878, pp. 282, 342. 
Artamus leucorhynchus* var. cele"bensis, Briigg. AbhandL nat Ver. 
Bremen, v. p. 69 (1876). 
Artamus celebensis, Brilggem. t. c. p. 70 (1876) ; Tioeedd. Ibis, 1878, 

p. 386. 
Artamus musclienbroeki, Meyer, Vog. Nester und Eier Ostind-Arch. 
p. 30 (1884) ; Salvad. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 578; id. Ibis, 1884, p. 355. 
Adult male. General colour above brown, inclining to chocolate; 
rump and upper tail-coverts pure white, forming a transverse band; 
scapulars like the back; wing dark slate-colour, the quills black ; 
tail-feathers black, slightly paler towards the ends ; head and neck 
all round ashy, the lores and margin of forehead rather blacker ; 
under surface of body from the fore neck downwards, and including 
the under wing-coverts and axillaries, pure white : " bill bluish 
grey at the base, black at the tip; legs and feet mealy greenish 
grey; iris brown " (J". Gould), Total length 7'5 inches, culmen 
0-8, wing 5-35, tail 2'5o, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length fro inches, 
culmen 0*8, wing 5-25, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*7. 

Hab. Andaman Islands, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippine Archipelago, 
Sulu Archipelago, Bali, Lombock, Mores, Timor; throughout 
the Moluccas from Celebes to New Guinea and Australia. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Andamans, June 1865 Tweeddale Coll. 
b, c. S $ ad. sk. 
d. J ad, fek. 
<?. Ad. sk. 
(P. C. Beavan). 
Eoss Mand, Andamans, 
Jan. 7.1873 (P. £. IF.P.). 
S. Andamans, Dec. 16, 
1872 (P. G. W. P.). 
S. Andamans, March 27, 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
1873. 
/ . <$ ad. sk. S. Andamans, July 13, 
1873 (JF. Davison). 
Hume Coll. 
y. 2 ad. sk. 
h. <$ ad. sk. 
Port Blair, S. Andamans. 
Port Blair, March 1873 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
( W. Davison). 
i. <$ juv. sk. 
k, 1. $ iiam. sk. 
m. d juv. fak. 
Port Blair, June 16,1873 
( W. Davison). 
Port Blair, June 1873 
(P. /. Wimberhy). 
Poit Blair. July 23,1873 
(P. J. irimbrrley). 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

n} o. S ? ad. s^. 
p, q. Ad. sk. 

r. $ ad. sk. 
s. $ ad. sk. 
tf. J ad. sk. 
u. $ ad. sk. 
v, w. <$ ad. sk. 
x. <$ ad.sk. 
y}z. Ad.sk* 
«'. Ad. sk. 
V. <$ ad. sk. 
e'-e'". Ad. sk„ 
/'. Ad. j g',k\ 
Imm. sk. 

f. Ad. sk. 
ife'. c? ad. sk. 
£'-22'. Ad. J <§/. 
Imm. sk. 

y. $ ad. sk. 
f'. Ad. sk. 
y7,a'. Ad. sk. 
tf. <? ad. sk. 

«'. Ad. sk. 

i/. 2 ad.sk. 
w*. Ai. sk. 
tf'>y'. d1 ? a&sk. 

s\ tf ad. sk. 
«, j3. cT ad. sk 
y, 8. Ad. sk. 

c. $ ad. sk. 
f. S ad. sk. 
V, 0. 6 $ ad. sk. 
*, K. J $ ad. sk. 
X. c? ad. sk. 
ft. £ ad. sk. 
ARTAMID^I. 

Port Mouat, Jan. 9,1873 

(W. Davison). 
Port Mouat, April 1873 
(W. Davison).
Aberdeen, March 23, 1873 

( W. Davison). 
Aberdeen, April 30, 1873 
(W. Davison). 
Aberdeen, May 6,1873 

(W. Davison). 
Aberdeen, Nov. 6,1875 
(F. A. de JRoepstorff). 
Aberdeen, Dee. 1872 

(W. Davison).
Little Coco Island, March 

25,1878 (W. Davison). 

Mt. Harriett, Dec. 1872 

(W. Davison). 
Sumatra (Bajfles).
Sumatra. 
Sumatra (Carl Boek)» 
Lampong, S.E. Sumatra 

(E. C. Buxton). 
Java. 
Java. 
Java. 

W. Java. 
W. Java (E. C, Buxton). 
Labraan (J. Motley). 
Marup, Sarawak (A. 
Everett). 

Sibu Island, May £r 1874. 
Sarawak, Nov. 23, 1877 

(EL. Everett). 
Sukt Islands (BurKi$/e). 
Luaon, Jan. 1872 (A. B. 

Meyer). 

San Mateo, Luzon, Jan. 30, 
1877 (A. Everett). 

San Mateo, Lmzon, Feb. 

1877 (A. Everett). 
Manila (Maitland-Jfferiot). 
Negr©s, March 1872 (A. 

B. Meyer). 
Guimaras, March 1872 (A. 
B. Meyer). 
Cebm. 

Oebn, March 1877 [A. 
Everett). 
Amparo, Aug. 1877 {A. 
Everett). 
Butuan, May 1877 (A. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll 
Hume ColL 
Hume ColL 
Hume ColL 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 

Wallace Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

India Museum. 
Salvin-Cxodman ColL 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Wallace Coll. 

F. Nicholson, Esq. 
Tweeddale ColL 
Tweeddale Coll. 

A. Everett, Esq. [C.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
H.Veitch,Esq. [P.]. 
Tweeddale ColL 

Tweeddale ColL 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale ColL 
Tweeddale ColL 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Yoy. 
of H.M.S. 
< Challenger.' 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll 
Tweeddale Coll. 

1 . ARTAMTXS. 
v. <$ ad. sk. 
£. c? ad. sk. 

o,7r. ($ $ ad. sk. 

p, <r. d $ ad. sk. 

r, v. Ad. sk. 

<p. (S ad. sk. 
#. Ad. sk. 
^r. $ ad. sk. 
o). $ ad. sk. 
a'. 6 ad. sk. 
/3',y\ <$ ad. sk. 
5'. $ ad. sk. 
c'. $ ad, sk. 
£'. Imm. sk. 
t;'. 5 ad. sk. 
$', i\ Ad. sk. 
/c'-V. Ad. j £'. 
c? imm. sk. 
or, 7r'. c? ? ad. sk. 

p. 2 &<*• s^. 
<rr. $ ad.sk. 

r\ c? ad.sk. 

v'. 2 ad. sk. 

$', x' Ad. sk. 

i/''. 2 ad.sk. 

o)f. Ad. sk. 

a". Ad. sk. 

p'-8". Ad. sk. 

e". Ad.; f'\ 

Imm. sk. 

rj". cJ ad. sk. 


0". Ad. sk. 


t". Ad. sk. 


Kr,,X". Ad.sk. 
/a". Ad. sk. 


v". d ad. sk. 


£"• Ad. sk. 


o". Ad. sk. 
TT". Ad. sk. 
p". Ad. sk. 
<r", r". tf ? ad. sk. 
t/\ $ ad. sk. 


(j)". <$ ad. sk. 


Surigao, May 1887 (A. 
Everett). 

N. 
Bohol, Oct. 1877 (A. 
Everett). 
Dumaguete, Aug. 1877 {A. 
Everett). 
Basilan, 
May 1878 (A. 
Everett). 

Celebes. 
Menado, N. Celebes. 
Menado, N. Celebes. 
Menado; N". Celebes. 
Tondano, Celebes. 
Makassar. 


Lombock. 
Lombock (A. M. Wallace). 
Lombock (A. JR. Wallace). 
Lombock. 
Bali. 
Flores. 


E. Timor. 
Isle of Kirimoen, Tenimber 
Group, Sept. 1,1882 (H. 

O. Forbes). 
Isle of Kirimoen, Sept. 1, 
1882. 
Larat, Timor Laut, July 
23, 1882. 
Larat, Timor .Laut, Sept. 

24, 1882. 
Bouru. 
Batchian. 
Batchian. 
Gilolo. 
Morty Island. 
Goram. 
Mysol. 


Mysol (A. JR. Wallace). 
Island of Batanta, June 
1877 (Brtiijn). 


New Guinea." 
Australia. 
Somerset, Cape York. 
Cape York. 


Brisbane, Queensland (J. 


T. Cockerelt). 
Queensland (J. T. Cocherell). 
Queensland. 
Moreton Bay. 
Moreton Bay (F. Strange). 
Port Darwin, Nov. 1881 
(Dr. Coppinger}. 

Port Denison, May 1881 

(Dr. Coppinger), 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Gould Coll. 

Wallace Coll. 

Wallace Coll. 

WaUace Coll.; 

Wallace Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Gould Coll. 

WaUace Coll. 

Wallace Coll. 

Wallace Coll. 

Wallace Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

H. 
0. Forbes, Esq. 
[P.]. 
H. 
0. Forbes, Esq. 
[0.]. 
H. 0. Forbes, Esq. 
Wallace Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 


Tweeddale Coll. 


Purchased. 


Wallace Coll. 
Sir T. Mitchell [P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Voy. of H.M.S. 


' Challenger.' 
SaMn-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Voy. of H.M.S. 

< AleW 
Voy. of H.M.S. 

'Alert; 

8 JL&TAMIIUS* 
Y". Ad. sk.
yj,", co". Ad. sk.
a. 9. ad. sk.
b. <$ ad. sk. 
Port Essington. 
N.W. Australia. 
Peron's Peninsula, SharkBav,Mayl858(I>.i%^r). 
Ara Islands, 
Capt. Chambers [P.l 
J. R. Elsey,Esq.lP.]. 
Voy. of H.M.S. 
4 Herald.' 
"SVallaee Coll. 

2. Artamus maximus. 
Artamus niaximus, 
Meyer, Sitz. k. Akad. Wien, Ixix. p. 203 (1874); 
3d. Ibis, 1874, p. 417; Beccari, Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. viL 

p. 709 (1875) ; Gould, B. if. Gum. iv. pi. 19 (1878) ; Sharpe m 
Rowley's Orn* Misc. iii. p. 188 (1878); Sdtvad. Ann. Mus. Civic, 
Genov. xv. p. 39 (1879) ; id. Orn. Papuasia e delle Molucche, iL 
p. 172 (1881); Guillem. P. Z. 3. 1885, p. 635. 
Adult male. General colour above deep black; rump and upper 
tail-coverts white; -wings and tail-feathers black, the latter very 
narrowly bordered with white; sides of head and neck, entire 
throat and fore neck deep black, like the back; remainder of the 
body underneath pure white ; under wing-coverts white, the outermost 
of the lesser series black; quills ashy below. Total length 
7*5 iBchesy cmlmen 0-8, wing 6'3y tail' 2*8, tarsus 0*7& 

Hob. NAY. ISTew Guinea. 

a. c? ad. sk. Arfak Mountains. M. Leon Laglaize [C.]3. 
Artamus melanoleuxHS". 
Loxia Melaleuca, Forster, Icon. ined. 40; id. Descr. Anim. p. 272 

(1844). 
Leptopteryx melaleuca, Wayler, Syst, Av., Leptopteryx, sp. 1 (1827), 
Ocypterus beraMi, Pp. C, P. xxxviii. p. 538 (1854)." 
Artamus rnelaleucus, Gray, P.Z. 3. 1859, p. 163; id. Cat B. Trorr. 

Isl Pacific Ocean, p. 23 (1859); Finsch, P. Z. 3. 1877, p. 739; 
Sharpe in Roioletfs Orn. Misc-. iii. p. 188 (1878); Finsch, Pep. 
Toy. 'Challenger; Zool ii. p. 55 (1881); K L. § Z. C Layard, 
Bis, 1878, pp. 256, 273,1880; p. 226, 1882, pp. 510. 543; Tristr. 
Ibis, 1879, pp. 183, 192. 

Artamus- melanolencus, Gray, Mand-l I?, i. p. 289, no. 4280 (1869). 

Adult male. General colour above sooty brown; the whole of 
the head and sape, sides of the head and entire throat black; rump 
and upper tail-coverts pure white; scapulars Kke the back; wing 
slaty black, the quills greyish along the inner wreb; tail-feathers 
black, narrowly fringed with white at the ends; remainder of the 
under surface of the body white, as well as the axillaries and under 
wing-coverts: " bill blue, the tip black; legs greyish black; iris 
dark brown" (E. L. Layard). Total lemgtfo 7*2 inches, calmer* 
0*75, wing 5-2, tail 2*8, tarsus 0-6. 

Adult female. Similar to the male ; the head browner and not 
so distinctly capped. Total length 6*2 inches, wing 5-15, tail 2-7* 
tarsus 0*65. 

Hob. New Caledonia, Loyalty Islands, New Hebrides. 

1. ARTAITUS. 
a. <j? ad.sk. Nu, Port de France, New Cale-J.Maegillivray;Eaq. [C.]. 
donia, June 25, 1858. 
£. (3s ad. sk. Nu, May 13, lb58. J.Macgillivray,Esg_.[C.]. 


c. $ 
ad. sk. Isle of Pines, New Caledonia, Gould Coll. 
Oct.3,1853 {IMcGillivray). 
cl 
$ ad. sk. Noumea, New Caledonia, June Tweeddale Coll. 
I, 1877 (J2. I. Layard). 


e. 2 
ad. sk, Moindou, New Caledonia, Oct. Tweeddale Coll. 
II, 1881 (E. L. Layard). 
f. $ ad. sk. New Caledonia. Tweeddale Coll. 
>. 
tf ad. sk. Api, New Hebrides. Voy. of H.M.S. ' Challenger.' 


h. Ad. sk. Lifu, Loyalty Islands. Rev. S. J. Wlritmee [P.], 
4. Artamus pelewensiSr 
Artamus lencorhynchus, Hartl. § Finsch, P. Z. S, 1868, p. 116,1S72? 

p. 99; Fmsch,''Journ. Mus. Godeffr. Vm. p. 18 (1875). 
Artamus, sp., Sharpe in Rowley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 182 (1878). 
Artamus pelewensis, Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeffr. Pleft xii. p. 41 
(1870) ; id. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 739 ; Tweedd. Ibis, 1878, p. 385. 

Adult. Similar to A. melanoleuciis, but blacker above, and with 

the whole of the sides of the face, neck, and throat black, as well 

as the fore neck. Total length 7*5 inches* culmen 0'85, wing 5*3y 

tail 2-6, tarsus 0-65. 

Hab. Pelew Islands. 

a. Ad. sk. Pelew Inlands {Cohen). Tweeddale Coll, 
5. Artamus mentalis, 
Langrayen 
de Viti, Hombr. fy Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud, pi. 9. rig. 1 
(1843). 
Artamus mentalis, Jard. Ann. § May. Nat. Hist. xvi. p. 174, pL 

viii. (1845) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 344 (1850); Cos*. U. S. EvpL Exped., 
Birds, p. 141 (1858) ; Gray, List B. Trop. Isl. Pacif. Ocean, p. 23 
(1858) ; Finsch 8f Hartl, Faun. Centmlpolyn. p. 8*4, tab. 1. tig. 5 
(1807); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 289, no. 4281" (1869); Layard, 
P. Z. S. 1875, p. 434; id. Ibis. 1876, p. 392; Sharpe in Roioley's 
Orn. Misc. iii. p. 189 (1878) ; Pamsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. TV. 
vii. p. 113 (1882). 
Ocypterus mentalis, Peak, U. S. Expl Exped. 1848, p. 84, pi. 23. 
fig. 2; HaHL Arch.f. Naturg. 1852, p. 98. 
Artamus 
vitiensis, Jacq. et Pucher. Voy. Pole Sud. Zool. iii. p. 73 
(1853). 

Adult male. Above smoky black, the head scarcely any darker; 
scapulars uniform with the back; lower rump and upper tail-coverts 
pure white; tail-feathers black, with a conspicuous spot of white at 
the end of the inner web; entire wing black; sides of face and 
throat black ; hinder cheeks, lower throat, and remainder of under 
surface of body white, as well as the under wing-coverts and axillaries; 
sides of fore neck &ooiy brown; quills below dull ashy, 

AKTAMIDJ?:. 

white towards the base of the inner web : " bill blue, black at tip; 
feet dark blue; iris brown" (R L. Layard). Total length 7*2 
inches, culmen 0*9, wing 5*05, tail 2*8, tarsus 0*7. 

Adult female* Similar in plumage to the male. Total length 7*1 
inches, culmen 0*9, wing 5*15, tail 2-'65, tarsus 0*65. 

Nestling. Coloured like the adults, but having the feathers of the 
upper surface fringed with white • the quills edged with white at 
the tip, the tail-feathers more broadly tipped. 

Hob. Fiji Islands. 

a,b. 6 $ ad. sk. Levuka, Fiji Islands, July 3, Tweeddale Coll. 
1874 (JE. L. Layard). 


c. $ ad. sk. Levuka, Fiji Islands, June Tweeddale Coll. 
25,1874 (JB. L. Layard). 
d. Pull. sk. Levuka, Fiji Islands, August Tweeddale Coll. 
27,1874 (JEJ.L. Layard). 
e. $ 
ad. sk. Wakaia, Fiji Islands, May 24, Tweeddale Coll. 
1876 (JE. L. Layard). 
f. 
tf ad. sk. Wakaia, Fiji Islands, Oct. Voy. H.M.S. 'Alert.' 
1880 (Dr. Coppinger). 
g. h. $ ad. sk. Kewa, Fiji Islands, Oct. 1874 Tweeddale Coll. 
(B. L. Layard). 
i. Ad. sk. N'Dreketti, Fiji Islands. E. L. Layard, Esq. 
A-,/. Ad.sk. Taviuni, Fiji Islands (Liardet). Saivin-Godman Coll. 

m. Ad. sk. Matuka, Fiji Islands. Gould Coll. 
n. 
tf ad. sk. Island of IN'Gau, Fiji Islands, Voy. H.M.S. ' Her-
Oct. 1855 (Dr. Raijner). aid.' 
o. <$ ad. sk. Island of Ovalau, Fiji Islands, Toy. H.M.S. ' Her-
Ang. 1856 (Dr. Rayner). aid.' 
6. Artamus monachus. 
Artamus monachus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 343 (1850, ex Temm. MSS. in 
Mus. Lugd.) j Wall. Lbis, 1860, p. 141; id. P. Z. S.1862, p. 340 • 
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 289, no. 4272 (1869) • Walden, Tram. Z. 8. 

viii. p. 67, pi. vi. fig. 1 (1872) ; Gould, B. New Guinea, iv. pi. 21 
(1878) ; Sharpe in Rowley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 189 (1878) ; Guillem. 
P. Z. S. 1885, p. 553. 
Artamus 
spectabilis, Brilgg. Ann. §* Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 349 
(1878). 

Adult female. Head, nape, sides of face, and entire throat pale 
umber-brown, the top of the head darker; hind neck, entire back, 
scapulars, ramp, and upper tail-coverts pure white; wing dark 
ashy brown, the lesser and median coverts washed with umber-
brown ; tail dark ashy brown * fore neck and rest of under surface 
of body pure white• under wing-coverts white; quills ashy below, 
the inner edge white. Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 1*05, wing 
6*3, tail 2*9, tarsus 0*75. 

Hal. Celebes and Sula Islands. 

a. $ ad. sk. Celebes (Duivenbode). Gould Coll. 
6, c. Ad. sk. Celebes. Tweeddale Coll. 
d-e. Ad. sk. Sula Islands. Wallace Coll. 
/. Ad. sk. Sula Islands ( Wallace). Tweeddale Coll. 

1 . ARTAMUS. 
7. Artamus insignis. 
Artamus, sp., Ramsay, Froc. Linn. Soe. N. 8. W. i. p. 371 (1870). 
Artamus insignis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 101, pi. xv.; Gould, B. 
Neio Guinea, iv. pi. 20 (1878) ; Sharpe in Rowley's Orn. Misc. iii. 

p. 190 (1878) ; Sel. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 671; Sahad.Ann. Mus. Civic. 
Gmov. xv. p. 39 (1879); id. Orn. Papuasia, ii. p. 172 (1881) j 
Finsch, Ibis, 1881, p. 636. 
Adult female (type of species). Entire bead and nape, sides of face, 
and whole of the throat black; hind neck, interscapular;?" region 
and scapulars, entire back, rump, and upper tail-coverts pure white; 
wings and tail jet-black, the tail-feathers very narrowly fringed 
with white along the inner web ; fore neck and remainder of under 
surface of body pure white ; under wing-coverts white, the outer 
lesser coverts jet-black ; quills ashy below, white at the base of the 
inner web. Total length 7*3 inches, culmen 1, wing 5*65, tail 2'6, 
tarsus 0*8. 

Hob. New Britain and New Ireland. 

a. $ ad. sk. New Ireland, March 1876 (Rev. Tweeddale Coll. 
G. Brotcn). 
(Type of species.) 
b. Ad. sk. Spacious Bay, New Britain, Jan. Rev. G. Brown [C.]. 
1878. 
8. Artamus fuscus. 
Artamus fuscus, 
Vieill N. Diet. d'Hist Nat xvii. p. 297 (1817); 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 285 (1845),-Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xv. p. 299 
(1846) ; Gray, Cat Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 98 (1846) *. 
Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. 8oc. p. 399 (1849); Bp. Consp. I p. 344 
(1850) ; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. Mm. E.I. Co. i. p. 161 (1854); 
Cass, in Ferry's Exped. Japan, p. 238 (1856) • Gould, P. Z. S.1859? 

p. 151; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 441, no. 287 (1862) j Swinh. P. Z. 8, 
1863, p. 287 $ Beamn, P. Z. S.1865, p. 692; Gray, Uand-l. B, i. 
p. 289, no. 4270 (1869) ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. 1870, p. 100 $ 
Swinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 247; id. P. Z. S.1871, p. 377 • Holdsw. P. Z. S. 
1872, p. 440; Ball, 8tr. F. 1874, p. 403 j id. Sir. F. 1875, p. 291; 
Hume, t c. p. 102; id. Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 194 (1875) ; 
Blyth <Sf Wdd. B. Burm. p. 126 (1875); Armstr. Sir. F. 1876, 
p. 321 ; Hume, t. c. p. 458,1877, p. 30; David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, 
p. 101 (1877) • Sharpe in Rowley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 191 (1878)? 
Hume § Davison, 8tr. F. 1878, p. 223; Cripps, Str. F. vii. p. 278 
(1878); Ball, t. e. p. 211 • Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 666 (1879); Hume, 
Str. F. viii. p. 92 (1879) j Salvad. JIcc. Papuasia, ii. p. 173 (1881); 
Oates, B. Brit Burm. i. p. 396 (1883) j Taylor, Str. F. x. p. 455 
(1887); Hume, Str. F xi. p. 103 (1888). 
Ocypterus rufiventer, Valenc. Ami. Mus. vi. p. 25, pi. vii. %. 1 

(1820). 
Leptopteryx rufiventer, Wagler, Syst Ad., Leptopteryx, sp. S (1827). 
Artamus leucorlrynchos, M^Clell. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 158 (nee L.). 
Ocypterus leucorhynchos, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 237 (1839, nee L.). 
Artamus brevipes, Bruggem. Abhandl nat. TV. Bremen, v. p. 70 

(1877); Tivecdd. Ibis, 1878, p. 385. 

t 

1 2 AKTA"MIDJ2. 

Adult male. Above dull ashy, the upper tail-coverts greyish 
white, forming a narrow transverse band; head and neck all round 
clearer grey ; a very narrow frontal line and the lores blackish ; 
upper part of the chin and fore part of cheeks shaded with blackish ; 
remainder of under surface of body pale vinaceous ashy, the under 
tail-coverts whitish, freckled with as>hy cross bars ; under wing-
coverts ashy white ; wing dull slaty below, the quills blacker; tail 
black, tipped with ashy white: ct bill clear pale blue, the tip and 
anterior half of the margins brownish ; legs slate-colour; claws dark 
horn ; mouth inside black in some, in others yellow, probably 
varying according to season ; iris dark brown ; eyelids plumbeous 7? 

(E. W. Oates). Total length 6*3 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 5*3, 
tail 2-3, tarsus 0*05. 
Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little duller in colour. 
Total length 6*3 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 5-25, tail 2-26, tarsus 
0-65. 

Young. Similar to the adults, but having the bill dusky brown 
and the plumage duller, all the feathers of the back spotted or 
barred with ochreous brown at the ends ; the quills similarly tipped 
with brown or whitish; the breast pale vinaceous, mottled with 
ashy bases to the feathers. 

ilab. Ceylon and Southern Indian Peninsula as far as South 
Konkan, on the west coast • Himalayas from 3Nraini Tal to Assam : 
Dacca and neighbourhood of Calcutta; throughout the Burmcbe 
countries to Cambodia, Cochin China, and even to Hainan and 

Macao. 
a, b. Ad. sk. 
c. <$ ad. sk. 
Kandy, Ceylon. 
CottaJ Cevlon, Nov. 19, 1873 
A. White, Esq. [C.]. 
Hume Coll. 
d. S ad. sk. 
e. S ad.; / , g, h 
2 ad. sk. 
i, k. <$ ad. sk. 
I, m. J ad. sk. 
S. Ceylon, May 25, 1871 (W. 
V. Legge). 
Ceylon, Dec. 1865 (& Chapman). 
Ceylon, March 1866 (8. Chapman). 
Ceylon, April 1866 (S. Chapman). 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[PA 
Tweedfdale Coll. 
Tweeddaie Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
o. (S ad. sk. Raineswaren Is., March 17, 
1875. 
Hume Coll. 
p, q. Ad. sk. 
r. cS ad. sk. 
Anjango, Travancore, Dec. 
Mackur, Lower Palani Hills, 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
May IS, 1877 (8. B. Fair-
bank). 
5. (S ad. sk. Machur, June 15, 1877 ($. Tweeddale Coll. 
7? T?) 
t. Juv. sk. 
u. $ ad. sk. 
v. $ ad. sk. 
Coonoor,'J one 21,1869 ( W. G. 
Wait). 
Coonoor, Sept. 15, 1870 (W. 
G. Wait). 
Orange Village, Nilghiris, June 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
•29, 1874 (Mm Cockbuni). 

1 . ABTAMTJS. 
to. $ ad. sk. 

x. Ad. sk. 
y, z. Ad. sk. 
a', Imm. sk. 

b\ 5 irani. sk. 

c\ <$ ad.; d', e'. 
6 ? juv. sk. 
.Ac? ad.; <;'. § 

imm. sk. 

ti. Ad. sk. 

a'. S ad. sk. 

&'. (5" ad. sk. 

V. Ad. sk. 
m'~o'. Ad. sk. 

p\ Ad. sk. 

q'-s'. Ad. sk. 

if', u'. Ad. sk. 

v', w\ Ad. sk. 

x\ Ad. sk. 

y\ Ad. sk. 

«'. Ad. sk. 

a-y. Ad. sk. 

d. Ad. sk. 
€, f. Ad. sk. 

6. Ad. sk. 
i. Ad. sk. 
/c. Ad. sk. 
A. Ad. sk. 
/u; v. Ad. sk. 
£,o,7r. c?ad.;p. 9 
ad.; <r,r. Ad.sk. 

v. cT ad.; <f>, x* 
$ ad. sk. 
yfr. Ad. sk. 
ca, a'. Ad. sk. 
0'. tf ad. sk. 

y. $ ad. sk. 
S'. (J ad. sk. 

Cannanore, Oct. 9, 1882 (22. 

0. IF. J2.). 
Madras (T. C. Jerdon). 
Madras. 
Coorg. 
Tipporkardu,Wynaad, May 25, 
1881 {W. Davison). 
Karoli, Wynaad, May 1881 

( W. Davison). 
Bandipur, Mysore, May 1881 
( W. Davison). 
Mysore (JR. G. W. 22.). 
Oonjecoda, Paulghat Di&t., 
Oct.29,1808(^L.6?.J2.2%«o


bald). 

Vingorla, S. Konkan, Jan. 13, 
1880 {G. Vidal). 
Godra, Panch Metals, Sept. 

1878. 
Naini Tal. 
Naini Tal (8. Pimoill). 
Nepal. 
Nepal (B. H. Hodgson). 
Native Sikhim, July 1874 (X. 

Mandelli). 
Native Sikhim, Oct. 1870 (L. 
Mandelli). 

Lower Hills, Sikliim, Feb. 
1873 (Z. Mandelli). 
Sikliim, March 1873 (Z. Mandelli). 
Sikhim, April 1873 (L. Mandelli). 
Sikhim, May 1873 (L. Mandela). 


Sikhim. 
Darjeeling, Feb. 1873. 
Darjeeling (JEccles). 
Darjeeling. 


Buxa Boars, Feb. 1878 (X. 

Mandelli). 

Behar. 
Mirzapur Dist., March 1869 
(i2. Thompson). 
Calcutta, Jan. 1873. 

Dacca {Tytler). 

Dacca 

Faridpur, Nov. 25, 1877 (J. 
JR. Cripps). 

Khowang, Dibrughur, March 
21, 1879 {J. It. Cripps). 
Tippook, Assam, March 18, 

1877 (J. CocMitrn). 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Ilev. H. H. Baber 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Pinwill Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hodgson Coll. 

India Museum. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

0. B. Wharton, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 

Hodgson Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 
Plume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

<?'. $ ad. sk. 

C, l'> 6 $ ad. sk. 
&, *'. d S ad. ak. 

«', X. Ad. sk. 
p\ <$ ad. sk. 

v\ Ad. sk. 
g, of. <$ ad.; 7rr. 
$ ad. sk. 
p'. c? ad. sk. 

<rfj T', V'. S ad. sk. 

<t>',x'* A&-sk


^'. Ad. sk. 

«. J ad. sk. 

b. $ ad. sk. 
c. <S ad.; ^, e. 
2 ad. sk. 
/. $ ad. sk. 

g. $ ad. sk. 
h. Ad. sk. 
i, h, (S ad. sk. 
/. $ ad. sk. 
*w. tf ad. sk. 
w, o. c? $ ad. sk. 
jt?. Ad. sk. 

q. $ ad. sk. 
r. $ ad. sk. 
s, t. $ $ ad. sk. 
w. $ ad. sk. 
v. Ad. sk. 
w. Ad. sk. 
#, y. Ad. sk. 
ARTAM1DJE. 

Sadhya, Assam, June 1, 1877
77

(J". Cockhirn). 
Shillong, July 24,1877 (/. C). 
Shillong, June 1875 (A JF. 

Chennell). 

Mymenbing. 

N. Khasia Hills, Dec. 1876 
(A. W. Chennell). 
Cachar. 
Lakkipur, Cachar, Jan. 31, 
1881 (A. 0. H.). 
Soognoo, Manipur, March 28, 
1881 (A. 0. HJ). 
Kokshin-koonoo, Manipur, 
April 2, 1881 {A. O.JBJJ). 
Karen Hills, Jan. 1875 (R. G. 

W. JR.). 
Karen Hills, Nov. 1874 (R. 

Q. W. JR.). 
Tonghoo (JR. G. W. RJ). 
Tonghoo, Feb. 26, 1874 (JR. 
G. IF. JRJ). 
Tonghoo, March 8, 1874 (R. 
G. W. JR.). 
Tonghoo, April 1874 (R. G. 
W. JR.). 
Tonghoo, Oct. 19, 1875 [R. 

G. W. JR.). 
Tonghoo, Nov. 13, 1874 (R. 
G. W. JR.). 
Tonghoo Hills, Nov. 1874 (R. 
G. W. RJ). 
Akyab, March 1876 (J. Armstrong). 


Elephant Point, Dec. 9, 1875 

(J. Armstrong). 
Saddle Island, April 16, 1876 

(J. Armstrong). 
Pegu, April 17,1881. 
Thayetmyo, Dec. 1872. 
Thayetmyo, Sept. 1874 (JR. G. 

W. JR.). 
Amherst, Tenassemn, Feb. 14, 
1877 (IF. Davison). 
Amherst, March 1877 (W. 
Davison). 
Wrppitan, Dec. 14, 1878 (X 
Darling). 
Cambodia (MouJiot). 
Cochin China, May 1867. 
Hainan (JR. Swinhoe), 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale CoU. 

Tweeddale CoU. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume ColL 
Hume Coll. 
Oates ColL 

Hume ColL 
Tweeddale ColL 
Hume ColL 
Hume ColL 

Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Mons. E.Pierre [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll, 

1 . A.KTAMTXS. 
15 

9. Artamus superciliosus. 
Ocypterus superciliosus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 142; id. 8%jn. B. 
Austr. part i. (1837). 

Artamus 
superciliosus', Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 285 (1845); Reichenb. 
Vog. Neuholl p. 169 (1848) ; Gould, B. Austr. fol. ii. pi. 32 
(1848); Blyth, Cat B. Mus. As. Soc.-p. 199 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. 

p. 344 (1850) ; Cab. Mus. JETem. Th. i. p. 169 (1850); Peh. Reis. 
Novara, Vog. p. 82 (1865); Mull. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 279; Gray, 
Hand-l. B. i. p. 289, no. 4278 (1869); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. 
N. S. W. iii. p. 179 (1878) ; Sharpe in Rozvley's Orn. Misc. iii. 
p. 193 (1878) ; Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 3 (1888). 
Adult male. Above slaty grey, the rump and upper tail-coverts 
ashy; wing ashy, all the quills tipped with black; tail-feathers 
ashy, tipped with white and forming a terminal band; a broad 
white eyebrow produced from the fore part of the eye to the nape ; 
lores, sides of face, and entire throat slaty black, the latter clearer 
slate-colour below; remainder of under surface of body vinous 
chestnut; thighs clear ashy grey: under wing-coverts white, the 
edge of the wing slaty; quills below pale ashy, greyer along the 
inner web : " bill light blue at base, black at tip ; feet dark leadcolour; 
iris nearly black" (J. Gould). Total length 7*5 inches, 
culmen 0*75, wing 5*05, tail 2*85, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but paler; the back browner, 
and the head ashy not blackish; under surface of body paler 
vinaceous, and the whole of the throat slaty grey. Total length 
4*75 inches, tail 2S, tarsus 0-8. 

Young. Differs from the adults. General colour ashy, all the 
feathers narrowly streaked with white; quills tipped with white; 
tail-feathers slightly edged with white at the ends : lores and ear-
coverts dusky slate-colour ; under surface of body ashy, the feathers 
streaked with whitish, the abdomen mottled with dusky, the 
feathers being fringed with this colour. 

Eab. The greater part of Australia, but not found in the western 
or northern parts of the continent. 

a,b. £ $ ad. sk. Australia. Sir T. .Mitchell [P.]. 
c, d. <$ $ ad. sk. S. Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.]. 
e-g. Ad. sk. New South Wales (/. T. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Cockerell). 

h. 
6 ad.; I $ Homebush, N. S. W., Jan. Sydney Museum. 
juv. sk. 1877. J 
h. 
2 ad. sk. Sydney, Nov. 1876. Sydney Museum. 
1 
$ ad. sk. Bankstown, N. S. W., Dec. Sydney Museum. 
1876. 

m. $ ad. sk. Moreton Bay, Oct. 1850 (F. Gould Coll. 
Strange).
5 ad. sk. Queensland. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

0. 
<$ ad. sk. " N.W. Australia." Gould Coll. 
AKTAMIDJE, 

10. Artamus personatus. 
Ocyptems personatus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1840, p.J49. 

Artamus 
personatus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 28-5 (1845) ; Gould, B. 
Austr. fol. ii. pi. 31 (1848); Reichenb. Vog. Neuhott. p. 170 (1848) ; 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 344 (1850); Cab. Mus. Hein. Tli. L p. 208 (1850); 
Gould, Eandb. B. Austr. i. p. 150 (1805) ; Peh. Beis. Xovara, 
Vog. p. 82 (1805); Gray, Eand-l. B. i. p. 280, no. 4277 (1869) ; 
Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. X. S. TV. ii. p. 179 (1878); Shape, in 
Roivlei/s Orn. Misc. iii. p. 195 (1878) ; Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. 

B. p. 3 (1888). 
Adult male. Above dark slate-colour, the lesser back and rump 

more grey; wing-coverts like the back; quills blackish slate-colour, 

narrowly fringed with white at the ends, and all subterminally 

shaded with grey; quills grey, tipped with white forming a broad 

band ; forehead and lores, entire sides of face, and throat black, the 

crown also shaded with black; remainder of the body below ashy, 

with an indistinct collar on the throat continued from the ear-

coverts ; thighs ashy; under wing-coverts and axillaries white; 

quills ashy below, blackish towards the ends, white towards the 

base of the inner web : " bill blue at base, becoming black at tip ; 

legs and feet mealy bluish grey; iris blackish brown " (J. Gould). 

Total length 7*2 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 4*9, tail 3*15, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Similar 
to the male, but duller in colour; back 

and wings browner ; under surface of body brownish ash, with an 

indistinct collar on the lower throat of ashy grey : sides of face and 

throat dull slaty grey. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 

4*85, tail 3*05, tarsus 0*75. 

Ilctb. The whole of Australia, except the northern parts. 

a, b. <$ ad. ,* c. $ S. Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.]. 

ad. sk. 
c/, e. Ad. sk. S. Australia. Gould Coll. 
/,#. Ad.; h.Lmm. sk. Victoria (J. T. Cockerell). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

V. Ad. sk. Interior of Australia. Capt. Stnrt [P.]. 
k, I. 
Ad. ,* m, n. S. Queensland. Tweeddale Coll. 
Imm. sk. 

o. 
cJ^d.sk, Between the Avon and Salt Gould Coll. 
Elvers, W. Australia, 
Oct 17,1849. 
11. Artamus cinereus. 
Artamus cinereus, Vieill. X. Bid. d'Eist. Nat. xvii. p. 297 (1817) • 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 285 (1845); Gould, B. Austr. fol. ii. pi. 29 
(1848); Reichenb. Vog. Neuholl. p. 168 (1848); Bp. Consp i. 

p. 344 (1850); Gould, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 233; id. Eandb. B. 
Austr. i. p. 147 (1865); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 289, no. 4275 
(1869) ; Bamsay, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 584; id. Proc. Linn. Sbc. 
X. S. W. ii. p. 179 (1878); Masters, t. c. p. 270 (1878); Sharpe in 
Rowley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 195 (1878) • Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. 
X.S. TV. (2) i. p. 1087 (1880) ; id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 3 (1888). 
1. ARTAMUS. 
Ocypterus cinereus, Valenc. Mem. Mus. \i. p. 22, pi. ix. fig. 2 
(1820). 
Leptopteryx cinereus, Wagler, Syst. Av., Leptopteryx, sp. 4 (1827). 

Adult male. Above brown, with the head slightly paler; ejebrow 
and ear-coverts paler brown; under^ surface of body ashy 
brown ; a narrow frontal line, lores, eyelid, cheeks, and fore part 
of ear-coverts and throat blackish; entire wing dull ashy, the 
feathers externally with a narrow pale margin; lower back and 
upper tail-coverts black; two centre tail-feathers black, the rest 
black, broadly tipped with white; vent and under tail-coverts 
blackish, the latter with white ends ; thighs externally white, 
blackish on their inner aspect; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
as well as the inner edge of the quills white : " bill bright greyish 
blue at base, black at tip; legs and feet greenish grey ; iris dark 
blackish brown" (J. Gould). Total length 7*5 inches, oilmen 0*75, 
wing 4*95, tail 3, tarsus 0*85. 

Adult female. Like the male. 

Young, Upper surface of the head and body mottled with ashy 

brown, the wings grey; rump and upper tail-coverts black, mottled 

with ashy white; the upper whig-coverts and scapulars margined 

with ashy brown, and the Hps of all the quills with a distinct 

margin of white : " bill brown?1 {Ramsay). 

Bab. "Western Australia. 

a. Ad. sk. Australia. Sir T. Mitchell [P.]. 
12. Artanras hypoleucus. 
Artanras albiventris (nee Ocypterus albiventer, Less. Traite, p. 370), 
Gould, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 31; id. B. Austr. fol. ii. pi. 30 (1848); 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 344 (1850); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 149 
(1865); Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 383; Gray, Sand4. B. i. 

p. 289, no. 4276 (1869); Masters, Proo. Linn. Soc. K 8. W. i. 
p. 48 (1877); Castelnau fy Ramsay, t e. p. 380 (1877); Ramsay, 
op. cit. ii. p. 170 (1878); Sharpe in Rowley's Orn. Misc. iii. 
p. 196 (1878) ; Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 3 (1888). 
Adult. Similar to A. cinereus, but distinguished by its white 
under tail-coverts. Total length 6-3 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 4*9, 
tail 2*55, tarsus 0*85. 

Hab. Interior of Yictoria to Queensland and Gulf of Carpentaria. 

a. Ad. sk. Interior of Australia. Gould Coll. 
13. Artamus melanops. 
Artamus melanops, Gould, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 198; id. Handb. B. 
Austr. i. p. 149 (1865) ; id. B. Austr. fol. Suppl. part v. (1869) ; 
Gray, Hand-l B. i, p. 289, no. 4283 (1869); Ramsay, Froc. Linn. 
Soc. K 8. W. ii. p. 179 (1878); Sharpe in Rotoletfs Orn. Misc, 
iii p, 197 (1878); Ramsay, Tab. List Amtr. B. p. 3 (1888). 

VOL, xrn. c 

AfiTAMlDiET. 

Adult. Similar to A. cinereus, but smaller• face with, a greater 

amount of black on the sides, and the under tail-coverts narrowly 

tipped with white. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 4*9„ 

tail 2-7, tarsus 0*8. 

Hob. Neaily the whole of Australia excepting the western por


tions. 

Ifab. South Australia, Victoria to Cape York. 

«. Ad. sk. Somerset, Cape York. Tweeddale Coll, 

h. Ad. sk. St. A'Beckett's Pool, lat. 28° 80', Gould Coll. 
Aug. 23, lbG3 (A. White). (Type of species,) 
f-#. A'L sk. N. Australia. Gould Coll. 

14. Artanms penicillatus. ~ 
Artamus perspicillatus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 344 (1850, ex Temm. MS&\ 
in Mus. Lugd.); Wall Ibis, 1861, p. 348; id. P. Z. S. 1863, 

p. 485; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 209, no. 4271 (1869); Sharpe in 
RotvUi/s Orn. Misc. iii. p. 198 (1878). 
Ocypterus 
alboyittatus, Kittl. Kilpf. Tog. p. 23, pL xxx.. fig. 2 
(1832). 

Adult male. Above ashy brown; head all round and sides of 
neck, as well as the under surface of the body, clearer ashy : chin 
itself, lores, and eyelid black,- lower rump and upper tail-coverts 
black; tail-feathers black, broadly tipped with Tthite ; entire wing 
dark ashy grey, the quills blackish towards the ends, with a narrow 
terminal edging of white ; flanks rather duller ashy ; thighs clearer 
ashy; under tail-coverts black; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
white; quills below dull ashy, white towards the base of the inner 
web. Total length 8 inches, culm en 0-85, wing 5*05, tail 3*1, 
fcarsus 0*9. 

Adult female. Scarcely distinguishable from the male. Total 
length 8 inches, culmen 0*95, wing 5-2, tail 3-2, tarsus 0*25. 

Young. Similar to the adults, but with the edges of the feathers 
more or less white ; under surface of body more grey, the feathers 
being tipped with the latter colour. 

Ilab. Timor. 

a, b. <S acl.; c. § ad.; E. Timor. 
Wallace Coll. 

d. Juv. sk. 
e. Ad.; /'. Juv. sk. E. Timor (A. R. Wdlace). Tweeddale Coll. 
g. Ad. sk. Timor (J. JR. Wallace). Gould Coll. 
15. Artamus venustus* 
Artamus vemustuSj. Sharpe in Roioley's Orn. Mist. iii. p. 198 (1878). 
Adult. Above ashy, the head all round," sides of face, and under 
surface of body clearer and more greyish ; fore part of cheeks, lores 
and the chin itself black; lower rump and upper tail-coverts black; 

1. 1KTAMUS. 19 
two centre tail-feathers entirely black, the rest black, broadly tipped 

with white; entire wing ashy, the quills subterminally blackish, 

very narrowly edged with white at the ends ; lower abdomen and 

under tail-coverts black, the longest of the latter white at the tips ; 

thighs clear ashy; under wing-coverts and axillaries and inner 

edge of quills white. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*7, wing4*65, 

tail 3, tarsus 0*7. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little browner. Total 

length 7*5 inches, wing 4*75, tail 3, tarsus 0*7. 

Young. Above brown, the feathers of the head and back streaked 

down the centre and tipped with ochreous brown; the feathers of 

the lower back and rump as well as the upper tail-coverts margined 

with ochraceous ; wing-coverts margined in the same way as the 

back * quills more broadly tipped with white ; under surface of body 

ashy, the under tail-coverts tipped with pale brown. 

Hob. North-western Australia. 

a. $ ad. &k. NAY. Australia. J. R. Elsev, Esq. [P.]. 
b, c Ad.; d, e. JNC.W. Australia. J. R. Elsey,Eiq. Lp-J-
Juv. sk. (Typea of species.) 
ft 9- c? ? juv.; FitzroyRiver,N.W.Australia Capt. Bowver Bower 

h. cJ ad. sk. (T.H. Bowyer Bower). [P.]. 
16. Artamus sordidus. 
Sordid Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 186 (1801). 

Turdus sordidus, Lath. Ind. Orn. JSuppl. p. xliii (1801). 

Artamus lineatus, VieUl. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat xvii. p. 297 (1817). 

Ocvpterus albovittatus, Valenc. Mhn. Mus. vi. p. 23, pi. viii. 

(1820) ; Less. Traits, p. 37, pi. 44. ftg. 2 (1831) ; Gould, Stjn. B. 

Austr. yxst 1 (1837). 

Artamus albovittatus, Vig. fy Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 210 

(1826). 

Leptopteryx albovittata, Wagler, Syst. Av.} Leptopteryx, sp. 5 

(1827). 

Artamus sordidus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 285 (1845); Gould, B. Austr. 
fol. ii. pi. 27 (1848) j Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 200 (1849); 
Reichenb. Tog. NeuhoU. p. 168 (1848); Bp, Consp. I p. 344 (1850) ; 
Cab. Mm Hein. Th. i. p. 208 (1850); Gould, Handh. B. Austr. 

i. p. 143 (1865); Ramsay, Ibis, 1806, p. 327; Gray, Hand-l. B. 
i. p. 289, no. 4274 (1869); Muller, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 279; Ramsay, 
P. Z. S. 1875, p.;584; id. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 179 
(1878) ; Sharpe in Rowley's 0?m. Misc. iii. p. 199 (1878); "Ramsay. 
Tab. List Austr. B. p. 3 (1888). 
Adult male. General colour above chocolate-brown, the lower 
back and rump darker, the upper tail-coverts slightly blacker; lores 
and fore part of cheeks dusky; under surface of body chocolate-
brown, the lower abdomen and flanks rather more rufesccnt; under 
tail-coverts black; under wing-coverts white; wing slaty black ; 
quills dark ashy, the primaries externally white; tail-feathers 
black, tipped with white, the two centre ones entirely black, with 

"o2 

ARTAMIDJB. 

only the inner web of the outer feather white; quills below dull 
ashy : " bill blue with a black tip ; feet nearly lead-colour; iris 
dark brown " (J. Gould). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 
5*1, tail 3*1, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but slightly smaller. Total 
length 6*2 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 4*9, tail 2*6, tarsus 0*7. 

Young. Differs from the adults in having more distinct white 
edges to the ends of the quills, and in being streaked with ashy 
whitish both above and below. 

Bah. Tasmania and the greater part of Australia. 

a, b. Ad.; c. Juv.sk. Tasmania. Ronald Guim, l^q. 
[p.]. 
d,e. 6 ? ad.; /• Tasmania. Antarctic Expedition. 
Ad. sk. 
g, h. Ad. sk. Australia. Gould Coll. 

i. Ad. sk. Australia. SirD. Cooper [P.]. 
kf I. Ad. sk. New South Wales. Hume Coll. 
m. <$ ad. sk. S. Australia (J. Gould). Sir G. Grey [P.]. 
ft. Ad. sk. Queensland (F. Strange). Tweeddale Coll. 
o,p. Ad. sk. Brisbane (J. T. Cockerell). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
q, J ad. sk. Moreton Bay, June 21 Gould Coll. 
(F. Strange). 
r. Ad. sk. Somerset, Cape York. Tweeddale Coll. 
a. $ imm. sk. Perth, Western Australia. Gould Coll. 
17. Artanras minor. 
Artamus minor, 
Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xvii. p. 298 (1817) ; 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 285 (1845) ; Gould, B. Austr. fol. ii. pi. 28 
(1848); Reiclienb. Vog. Neuholl. p. 168 (1848) ,* Bp. Comp. i. 

p. 344 (1850); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 146 (I860); 
Ramsay, Ibis, 1866, p. 327 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 290, no. 4285 
(1869); Ramsai/, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 584; id. Proc. Linn. Soc. 
N. S. W. ii. p. '179 (1878) ; Masters, t. 0. p. 270 (1878); Sliarpe 
in Bowleg's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 201 (1878) • Ramsay, Proc. Linn. 
Soc. N. S. W. vii. p. 407 (1883); id, op. cit. (2) i. p. 1087 (1866), 
ii. p. 167 (1887) * id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 3 (1888). 
Ocypteras fuseatus, Valenc. Mem. Mus. vi. p. 74. pi. 9. fig. 1 
(1820). 
Lej.toteryx minor, Wagler, Syst. Av.} Leptopteryx, sp. 6 (1827). 
Ocypteras minor, Gould, Syn. B. Austr. part 1 (1837). 

Adult. Chocolate-brown above, the sides of the face and sides of 
neck uniform with the head ; under surface of body more rufescent 
and inclining to chestnut; a narrow frontal line, as well as the 
chin and lores, black* lower rump, upper and under tail-coverts 
black; wings and tail leaden black, the tail-feathers white at the 
tip of the inner web, the two centre ones entirely uniform; under 
wing-coverts pale fawn-brown : " bill beautiful violet-blue at the 
base, darker at the tip; feet and iris nearly black " (J. Gould). Total 
length 5*9 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 4*55, tail 2'65, tarsus 0*5. 

21

2. PSEUDOCHELIDON. 
Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 5*7 inches, 
culmen 0 5, wing 3*85, tail 2*25, tarsus 0*5. 

Foimy. Similar to the adults, but having the feathers spotted 
with ochre ; the under surface of the body barred with sandy buff * 
the terminal spots on the tail smaller and tinged with greyish. 

Fab. Nearly the whole of Australia, excepting Cape York, 
Victoria, and Interior province. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Australia. 
Gould Coll. 

c. Ad. sk. Australia. 
Sir T. Mitchell [P.1 
d. Juv. sk. New South Wales. J. Gould, Esq. [C.J. 
e. Ad. sk. South Australia (J. T. CockereU). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
/, g. Ad. sk. Queensland. Tweeddale Coll. 
h. 
Jad.sk. FitzroyEiver, N.W.Australia Capt. Bowyer Bower 
(2\ H. Bowyer Boiver). [P.]. 
i. 
Ad. • A, /. Juv. N. W. Australia. J. E. Elsey, Esq. [P.]. 
sk. 
m, Ad.sk. 
Peron's Peninsula, Shark Bay, Voy.H.M.S.'Herald.' 
May 1858 (Dr. Rayner). 


2. PSEUDOCHELIDON. 
Type. 
Pseudochelidon, Hartl Ibis, 1861, p. 322 P. eurystomina. 
Range. Confined to West Africa. 

1. PseudochelidoE eurystomina. 
Pseudochelidon eurystomina, Hartl Ibis, 1861, p. 322, pi. xi.; Gray, 
Hand-l. B. i. p. 290, no. 4292 (1869). 

Adult. Greenish black above with an ashy gloss ; wings and tail 
slaty black; head all round purplish black, as well as the under 
surface of the body, which is slightly more ashy black on the abdomen 
; thighs black, ashy whitish at the ends ; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries dull ashy brown; quills dusky below, ashy brown 
along the inner webs. Total length 5*7 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 
4*85, tail 1/85, tarsus 0-6, 

Hob. Gaboon. 

a. Ad. sk. 
Gaboon. M. Verreaur. 
STUB.NID-3B. 

Family II. STURNIDiE. 

Key to the Subfamilies. 

A. Hind claw stronger than claw of middle toe .. STUBNIXM. 
B. 
Hind claw not so povi erial as that of the middle 
toe BUPHAGINM. 
Subfamily I. STURNEO!. 

Key to the Genera, 

a. Nasal aperture elongated, with a distinct 
superior membrane, which is always 
swollen; outstretched feet generally 
reaching to the end of the tail, in the 
skin. 
a'. Bill very long and pointed ; culnien 
nearly straight; genys flattened and 
broad for its entire length; culmen 
and tarsus about equal in length. 
a". Wing long and pointed; the difference 
between the tip of the primaries 
and the tip of the secondaries greater 
than the tarsus. 
a?. Nasal membrane bare, with no superior 
plumelets on the operculum; 
no bare space round the eye; bill 
without any distinct pattern, and 
as high as it is broad at the 
nostrils I. STURNUS, p. 20. 
5\ Na«al membrane with tiny plumelets 
reaching to anterior edge of 
nasal fossa; no bare space round 
the eye; bill generally of different 
colours, with a black base as a 
rule to lower mandible, narrower 
than it is broad at the nostril; tail 
rounded % POLIOPSAR, p. 40. 
h'\ Wing more rounded, the difference 
between the tips of the secondaries 
and the primaries less than the 
tarsus; a bare space round or behind 
the eye 4 STURNOFASTOR, p. 56. 
b'. Bill more curved, the genys rounded for 
its entire leugth; culmen less than the 
tarsus in length. 
c'. Wings long and pointed, the difference 
between the tips of the primaries 
and those of the secondaries 
greater than the tarsus; wings reaching 
nearly to the end of the tail; 
region of the eye feathered. 

c\ Head bare, with 
erect wattles on 
the head and lappet extending 
from the bare throat 5. DiLOPftrs, p. 61. 

STtTENID^. 
23 

d*. Crest enormous, the occipital 
plumes exceeding the length of 
the tarsus; bill high and curved, 
the depth of the upper mandible 
alone almost equal to the breadth 
of the bill at the base of the forehead 
; culmen less than the tarsus 
in length 6. PASTOH, p. 63. 

e2. Crest feebly developed, the occipital 
plumes less than the culmen; 
bill at base of forehead about equal 
in breadth and depth ; culmen 
much less than the tarsus in 
length ; tail forked 7. STTJBNIA, p. 68. 

d". AVing more rounded, the distance 
between the tips of the primaries 
and the tips of the secondaries less 
than the length of the tarsus. 


/ 3 . Nostrils exposed, with only a few 
superior plumelets. 


a4. Crest enormously developed and 
composed of lanceolate feathers, 
which overhang the mantle, as 
in Pastor: a small bare patch 
behind the eye 8. TEMENUCHUS, p. 73. 

b4*. Crest only moderate, but the 
bare patch behind the eye occupying 
the greater part of the 
auricular region 9. GBACULIPICA, p. 76. 

c4. Crest only moderate; bare patch 
behind the eye large, but not 
extending over the auricular 
region ; space below the eye 
also feathered; bill broader 
than in Graculipica ,.. . 3. STUBNOBNIS, p. 55. 

p3. Nostrils overhung arid nearly concealed 
by recurved plumes, as in 
succeeding genus, though not to 
the same extent 10. ACBIDOTHEBES* 

b. Nasal aperture rounded and situated in [p. 79. 
front of the nasal groove, but almost or 
quite hidden by thickset plumes; a distinct 
median crest or ridge of feathers on 
the crown. 
c\ Bill short 
and stout, the median crest 
starting from the centre of the crown.. 11. BASILEOBNIS, p. 95. 
d'. Bill long and curved, the crest starting 140. FBEGILUPUS, p. 194. 
from the base of the forehead (41. NECBOPSAB, p. 195. 

c. Nasal aperture rounded and situated in the 
fore part of the nasal groove, with a posterior 
rather than a superior membrane ; •%!' 
bastard-primary rather longer. 
* There is considerable variation in the species of Acridotheres, some of 
which have a large space round the eye, while others have none, to wit, A. cristatellus 
and its allies, which seem to us to deserve separate recognition under 
the heading of a subgenus, for which we propose the name of JEthiojpsar. 
STUENIDiE. 

'. Without any peculiar eyebrow of waxlike 
plumelets; plumage ordinary, 
e". Bastard-primary moderate or very 
small, not exceeding the primary-
coverts. 
hz. Tail not exceeding the wing in 
length ; head bare, with a narrow 
median line of feathers ;. 12. SABCOPS, p. 96. 
i3. Wing longer than tail; crown feathered; 
throat feathered, never 
entirely bare, though sometimes 
the chin may be. 
dK Tail nearly square, the centre 
feathers scarcely exceeding the 
outer ones. 
a5. Head with ornamental yellow 
lappets; nostrils with dense 
feathers m 18. MAINATUS, p. 98. 
b\ With no lappets; region of 
the eye and eyebrow and chin 
bare • 14 MINO, p. 111. 
c\ With no lappets; a bare patch 
behind the eye. 
a6. Nostrils exposed, the frontal 
feathers not extending in 
front of the line of the 
nostrils 15. MEi^ANOPYERHrs, 

56. Nostrils completely hidden, [p. 113. 
the feathers of the forehead 
recurved and produced in 
front 16. AMPELICEPS, p. 115. 
d5. With no lappets and no bare 
places on the head and throat. 


c(\ Bill elongated, the culmen 
about the same length as 
the tarsus. 


a7. Secondaries with long 
filamentous appendages 
near the base of the outer 
web of secondaries 17. PSABOGLOSSA, p. 117. 

&7. Secondaries without filamentous 
fiinges 18. HABTLAUBIUS, p. 120. 

<f. Culmen much shorter than 
tarsus. 
c7. Bill gently curved, with 
the mandibles about 
equal; culminal ridge 
rounded 19. PHOLIDAUGES, p. 121. 

a7. Bill short, the culminal 
ridge well marked; upper 
mandible strongly 
curved and extending 


. - "te^ond the lower one .. 20. APLONIS, p. 125. 
e*. Tail strongly graduated 21. CALOBNIS, p. 137. 
#*. Tail longer than wing. 
fA. With no bare space round the 
eye 22. MACBXTBOPSAB, p. 15 % 
gK With a bare patch all round the 
eye , 23. STBEPTOCTTTA, p. 152. 

STUENIDJS. 

¥. Whole of the sides of the face 
and throat bare 24. CHAEITOENIS, p. 153. 

/" . Bastard-primary more developed, 
reaching beyond the primary-
coverts. 

P. 
Outstretched feet not reaching to 
end of tail, which far exceeds 
them. 
2*. Tail very strongly graduated, 
the difference between the outer 
and middle feathers greater than 
length of tarsus. 


e5. Tarsus far exceeding length of 
culmen and also length of 
middle toe and claw. 


eG. Tail decidedly longer than 
wing; no shoulder-patch. 
e7. Centre tail-feathers broad 
to the ends; first long 
primary quite half the 


length of second 25. LAMPBQTOBNIS, p. 154. 

f7 

. Centre tail-feathers narrowing 
towards the ends; 
first primary scarcely 
more than one third the 
length of second 27. COSMOPSABUS, p. 159. 

fe. Wing longer than tail; a 
distinct shoulder-patch of 
coppery bronze 26. CHALCOPSAB, p. 158. 

fb. Tarsus not exceeding length 
of middle toe and claw, and 
about equal to culmen. 


g5. Tail not exceeding wing in 
length, both being about 
equal; bill higher than 
broad at nostrils. 


(f. 
Outer aspect of secondaries 
ordinary 28. AMYDBUS, p. 161. 
h7. Outer aspect of secondaries 
hair-like, the webs 
of the feathers loose and 
dissociated 29. ONYCOGNATHUS, 

hB. Tail longer than wing; bill [p. 165. 
very slender and higher 
than broad at base of nostrils 
., 30. ClNNAMOPTEETJS, 

kK Tail square or only slightly gra- [p. 166. 
duated, the centre feathers not 
perceptibly attenuated; difference 
between outer and inner 
tail-feathers not so much as 
length of tarsus. 

</3. Nostrils entirely hidden by 
bristly feathers 31. PILOBHINUS, p, 167. 
h5. Nostrils exposed. 

%6 

. Tarsus and culmen about 
equal; nostrils much exposed, 
the entire nasal 
membrane bare, the fea


26 
STURNIDiE. 

thers just reaching to the 
hinder part of the nasal 
opening 32. HAGIOPSAR, p. 168. 

kG. Tarsus longer than culmen. 
i7. Culmen longer than hind 
toe and claw 33. PYRRHOCHEIRA, 
k7. Culmen less than hind [p. 160. 
toe and claw. 

a8. Tail nearly square and 
shortened; under tail-
coverts falling short of 
end of tail by no more 
than length of tarsus 34. LAMPROCOLIUSJ p. 170. 

b8. Tail strongly graduated 
; under tail-coverts 
falling short of end 
of tail by more than 
length of tarsus ... . 36. HETEROPSAR*, p. 185. 

m3. Outstretched feet reaching to end 
of tail 37. SPBBO, p. 187. 
/'. With a broad eyebrow of peculiar waxlike 
feathers 38. ENODES, p. 192. 


d. 
Nasal aperture exposed and situated in a 
bony groove; wax-like crimson appendages 
to the rump and upper tail-coverts 39. ScrssiROSTPUM,p. 193. 
1. STUENUS. « 
Type. 
Sturnus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 291 (1766) S. vulgaris. 

Head of Sturnus vulgaris, to show bare nostrils. 
Range.
World. 
Confined to the Palsearctic and Indian Regions of the Old 
Key to the Species. 

a. Head and back differing* in colour. 
d. 
Scapulars green, bluish green, or bronzy 
green. 
a". Wing-coverts green or steel-green. 
a"'. Breast green; flanks steel-blue or purplish 
blue. 
a\ Head and throat green vulgaris, p. 27. 
b4. Head and throat reddish purple ... . menzbieri, p. 33. 

* Somewhere here must be entered 35. COCCYCOLIUS, p. 185. 
1. STTTR^US. 
b'". Breast bronzy or coppery green; flanks 
bronzy green ; bead green indicus, p. So. 

b". Wing-coverts violet or purple, not green 
or bluisb green ; bead purple j tbroat 
purple poltoratzkxi, p. 30. 

c". Wing-coverts bright steel-green, externally 
reddish purple: head dark green ; 
throat green caucasicus, p. 37. 

b'. Scapulars reddish or bluish purple, not green. 

d". Rump and upper tail-coverts purplish, 
with steel-blue or steel-green reflexions; 
mantle and back steel-green or bluish 
green ; abdomen daik purple ; flanks 
bronzy purple purpurascen% p. 37. 

e". Rump and upper tail-coverts I eddish 
purple; back reddish purple or washed 
slightly with steel-blue, but never with 
green, 


c'". Back washed with purplish blue; abdomen 
dull reddish or bronzy purple, porphyronofus, p. 38. 
d'". Back reddish purple, with no shade of 
purplish blue. 
c*. Sides of body bronzy green; abdomen 
coppery green minor; p. 39. 
dl. Sides of body bluish green vulgaris, p. 27. 

b. Head and back uniform 
unicolor, p. 39. 
1. Stunras vulgaris. 
The Starling, Albin, N. H. Birds, i. p. 38, pi. 40 (1738). 
L'Etourneau, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 439 (1760); Month. Hist Nat. Ois. 

iii. p. 176, pi. 15 (1775). 
Sturnus vulgaris, 
Linn. Syst. Nat i. p. 290 (1766); Pall. Zoogr. 
Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 418 (1811, pt.); Temm. Man. Orn. i. p. 132 
(1820); Naum. Fog. Beutschl. ii. p. 187, pi. 62 (1822); Roux, Orn. 
Prov. pi. 128 (1825); Werner, Atlas, Omnivores, pi. 19 (1827); 
Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 210 (1837); Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. fy N. 
Amer. p. 28 (1838); Schl u. Susem. Vdg. Bur, pi. 20(1840); 
Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 170 (1840) ; 'Nordm. in Bemid. Voy. 
Buss. Merid. iii. p. 122 (1840) ; Seh/s-Longch. Faune Beige, p. 170 
(1842); Yarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 43 (1843); Schl. Bev. Crit p. lvii 
(1844); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 337 (1847); Thomps. B. Ireli.p. 284 
(1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 421 (1850) ; Kjcerb. Danm. Fugle, pi. 12. 
rig. 4 (1852); id. t.c. Snppl pi. 5. figs. 1, 2 (1858); Schl. Voq. 
Nederl. p. 284, pi. 145; Hewits. Eggs Brit B. i. p. 216. pi. fv. 
fig. 1 (1856); Sundev. Sv. Fogl. pi. 18.figs. 5, 6 (1856); Jaub. et 
Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 106 (1859); Tristr. 'Ibis, 1859, 
pp. 33, 293; E. C. Taylor, t c. p. 149; Linderm. Vdg. Griechenl. 

p. 73 (1800); Boioys, Ibis, 1860, p. 136; Naum. Vdg. Deutschl 
Anhang, Taf. 351. fig. 2 (1860); Schl. Bier. Nederl. Vog. pi. 14. 
fig. 5 (1861) ; Reinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 7; Godman, t c. p. 85 ; Gray, 
List Brit. B. p. 91 (1863); Gould, B. Gt Br. Hi. pis. 53, 54 
(ad., 1868), pi. 74 (juv., 1874); Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 56; Sperling, 
t c. p. 276; More, Ibis, 1865, p. 131; Bettoni, Ucc. Nidif. 
Lamb. i. tav. 28 (1865-70); Godm. Ibis, 1866, p. 98: Baird, Ibis, 
1867, p. 281; Brake, t. c. p. 428; Begl. et Gerbe,' Orn. Eur. I 
p. 233 (1867) ; Loche,Expl Sci Alger., Ois. i. p. 125 (1867) ; Smith. 
Ibis, 1868, p. 446 • Borggr. Vogelf. NorddeutscM. p. 84 (1809) j 
28 STURNIDJB. 

Doderl Avif Sicil p. 70 (1869) ; Keulem. Onze Vog. I pi. 29 

(I860); Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 21, no. 6308; Godm. Azores, 

p. 80 (1870); Ehces § Buchln/, Ibis, 1870, p. 192: Button, t.c. 

p. 397; Fritsch, Vog. Ew/yL 27. fig*. 1, 3 (1870); Salvad. 
Favn. Ital, Uco. p. 167 (1871); Maunders, Ibis, 1871, p.220 ; 
Gurnet/, t c. p. 294; R. Gray, B. IVest Scotl p. 157 (1871); 
Marling, Handb. Brit B. p. 30 (1872); Godm. Ibis, 1872, p. 220; 
Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 247; Bumf. Ibis, 1874, p. 396 ; Dresser, B. 
Eur. iv. p. 405, pis. 246, 247 (1*74); Baird, Breiv.,fy Ridgw. Hist. 

N. Amer. B. ii. p. 229 (1874); Irly, B. Gibr. p. 130 (1875); 
Fallon, Ok. Belg. p. 29 (1875); Blanf. East. Persia, ii. 2m 
(1876. pt.) ; C. B. Wharton, Ibis, 187(5, p. 24; Xetut. ed. Yarr. 
Brit. B. ii. p. 228 (1877); Dubois, Vertebr. Faun. Belg., Ois. pi. 66* 
(1878); Danf Ibis, 1878, p. 25: B. 0. U. List Brit. B. p. 65 
(1883) ; Irby, Ibis, 1883, p. 184; Chapman, Ibis, 1884, p. 98; 
Clarke, t. c. p. 143 ; Saunders, t. c. p. 378; Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. 

ii. p. 12 (1884) ; Tristr. Faun. $ F/or. Palest p. 73 (1884); Coues, 
Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 427 (1884); Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, 

p. 38; Dixon, t c. p. 82; Reid, t c. p. 245; A. 0. U. Check-l. K. 
Amer. J?, p. 247 (1886); Gigl Avif. Ital p. 17 (1886); Taitjbis, 
1887, p. 199 ; Baehh. t c. p. 72 ; Reid, t. c. p. 135; Booth, Rough 
Notes, voL i. (1887); Salvad. Blench. Ucc. Ital p. 183 (1887); 
Lorenz, Beitr. Orn. Faun. Cauo. p. 9 (1887). 
S^nsonnet ou Etourneau de France, Fkiubent. PI Enl III. pi. 75. 
Common Stare, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 2 (1783). 
Sturnus varius, Meyer, Tasahenb. Vog. DeutscM. i. p. 208 (1810); 
Brehm, Lehrb. Eur. Vog. i. p. 282 (1828); Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool 
Frame, ii. p. 148 (1877). 
Turdus solitaries, Montagu, Orn. Diet. Suppl, art. Thrush (1813). 
Stimiiis MDlitarius, Leach, Cat. Mamm. $c. Brit Jfits. p. 18 (1816). 
Sturnus doraesticus, Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1282. 
Shirans nitens, Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1282. 
Sturnus punctatus, Brehm, t. e. p. 1282. 
Sturnus sylvestris, Brehm, Vog. DeutschL p. 398 (1831). 
Sturnus septentrionalis, Brehm, tc. p. 400 (1831). 
Sturnus hollandise, Brehm, t c. p. 1016 (1831). 
Sturnus guttatus, Maegill HUt. Br. B. i. p. 595 (1837). 
Sturnus longirostris, Brehm, Namn. 1855, p. 2S2. 
Sturnus tenuirostris, Brehm, t. c. p. 282. 
Sturnus europaeus, Blasius, J.f 0.1863, Nachtr. p. 60 (testeDresser). 
Sturnus faeroensis, Feilden, Birds of the Faeroe Islands, p. 47 (1872); 
Grunnack, J.f O. 1878, p. 216; Seebohm, Ibis, 1880, p. 133. 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above green, 
with, a purplish-red or purplish-bronze gloss on the mantle and 
nipper back, green on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, 
the latter with a slight reddish shade, all the feathers lanceolate in 
shape with sandy-buff tips and velvety-black margins ; lesser wing-
coverts green, tipped with sandy buff; median and greater coverts 
steel-blue, the inner ones green, the outer ones glossed with 
purplish red, all of them edged and tipped with sandy buff; bastard-
wing black, fringed narrowly with sandy buff; primary-coverts 
and quills dusky blackish, edged with sandy buff, the ends of the 
inner primaries and secondaries with a subterminal spot of ashy 
grey, surrounded by more or less black, the nine secondaries sub-
terminally margined with steel-blue or green; tail-feathers dusky, 
shaded with ashy, edged with sandy buff, before which and at the 

L S1UKXUS. 

tips of the feathers is a shade of velvety black; crown of head dark 
green; nape and hind neck purplish red with tiny tips of sandy 
buff; lores black; ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat steel-green ; sides 
of neck and fore neck purplish red ; breast and abdomen dark steel-
green, with an oily green shade on the former; sides of body and 
flanks bluish purple, the latter more steel-green with sandy-buff 
tips ; thighs and under tail-coverts blackish, edged with sandy 
buff; under wing-coverts and axillaries du&ky brown, edged with 
pale sandy buff: quills below ashy, lighter along the edge of the 
inner web. Total length 8 inches, culmen 1, wing 5, tail 2'4rf 
tarsus 1*1. 

Adult female. With the colours distributed as in the male, but 
not so brilliant, and with the sandy-buff tips to the feathers much 
more frequent, the lower surface being specially spotted. Total 
length 8 inches, culmen (J-95, wing 4*8, tail 2-3, tarsus 1*1. 

The female seems never to lose altogether the spotted character 
of the plumage. 

The adult birds in winter plumage present the colours of the 
breeding-plumage for the most part, but are greener on the back 
and have the whole of the feathers tipped with sandy buff above, 
and with white on the sides ot the face and under surface of body. 
The grey on the quills is much more extensive and has a subterminal 
black line before the sandy-buff edging. 

Young. Entirely brown above, with reddish-brown edges to the 
wing-coverts, quills, and tail-leathers : sides of facey ear-coverts, and 
cheeks also uniform brown; throat dull white, the lower part streaked 
with brown; fore neck, chest, side* of body, and thighs uniform 
brown, the breast and abdomen vthite streaked with dusky brown ; 
under wing- and iail-coverts paler and more i&abelline brown; gape 
yellow. 

The Common Starling of Western Europe is easily distinguished 
by its colours—green head, green ear-coverts, green throat, green 
scapulars and wing-coverts, and steel-blue or greenish-blue flanks. 
The Siberian Starling, S. menzbieri, which visits India in the winter,, 
and which has always been called 8. vulgaris, differs from the 
English bird in having a reddish-purple head, ear-coverts, and 
throat, and also in its violet-purple flanks. In the British Islands, 
and doubtless in other parts of Europe, intermediate examples occur, 
more frequently in winter, when a large immigration of foreign 
Starlings into England takes place. These intermediate specimens 
vary to any extent as regards the amount of purple on the head 
and throat, but they are never, so far as my experience goes, true 

S. menzbieri, as they have always green ear-coverts. It may well 
be that a species exists in Eastern Europe which has a purple 
head and throat and green ear-coverts, and that this bird migrates 
westwards and southwards in winter, and that numbers of them 
stop in England and mate with our indigenous birds, which have 
in consequence been made to vary more or less in the direction of 
a purple head and throat. The material at my command has not 
been sufficient to determine the range of our European birds; 
and I regret that after a study of Stumps vvlqark* extending 
30 
8TVRSIDM. 

over three years, I have not been able to settle the geographical 
distribution of the bird in a more satisfactory manner. Besides the 
purple head and throat, which are characteristic of the Indian 
and Siberian Starling ($. menzbieri), the flanks of the latter are 
also imbued with a strong violet shade, and it is interesting to 
note that in the English birds which show purple on the head 
and throat, a corresponding increase in the violet shade of the 
flanks is observable; and this circumstance tends to show that all 
the purple element in Western birds is due to an impregnation of 
the colour which is the principal character of the Eastern form, and 
is, no doubt, the result of interbreeding. This most interesting 
subject I have to leave in its present state of indecision from want 
of material; but I would point out that the ranges of the European 

and Siberian races appear to be well-defined, and that it is of the 
intermediate form that we require more definite knowledge. 

Hah. The whole of Western and Central Europe, extending to 
the Eaeroe Islands, where a large-billed race (culmen 1*3 inch) 
exists. Eastwards through Eussia, as high as 64-80° N. lat. 
(Menzhier in. litt), migrating south in winter to Persia, Syria, and 
Egypt, as well as to Northern Africa, 

a, b. Ad. sk. Eaeroe Islands. H. H. Batten, Esq. 
[P.-. 
c, d. <$ ad.; Faeroe Islands, Dec. 15, 1873. II. It Batten, Esq. 

e. J ad. sk. 
f g. <$ ad.; Fort George, Nairn, N.B., Hugh Rose, Esq. [P.]. 
L $ ad. sk. Dec. 23,1888. 
L h, I. <$ ad.; Inverness-shire, Sept. & Oct. W. 11. Oo-ilvie Grant, 

m. ? ad. sk. 1880. 
Esq. [P.]. 
n, o. Ad. sk. Abovne, Aberdeenshire, Oct. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
1871. 

rp.j 

p. 
Ad.; q. Juv. Whitehall, Midlothian ( Wardsk. 
laio Ramsay), 
Tweeddale Coll. 

r. 
Ad. sk. Gateshead Fell, Durham, 
Dec. 27, 1809. 
Hume Coll. 

$-c\ c? ; dz. $ Otley, Yorkshire, Sept. 1888. 
ad.; e2. Juv. sk. 


2 
Lord Walsingham 

/2-w. c? ad.; Tetney,Lincolnshire,Oct.,Nov., 

[p.]. 

f-s2. J ad.; Dec, 1888. 

J. II. Caton-Haigk, 
t-x1. Irani, sk. 

2 
2 Esq. [P.]. 

y,s. <$; a3~cK 
Ulceby, Lincolnshire, Oct. 20, 

J. Oordeaux, Esq. 
J imm. sk. 1888. 
dz. <$ ad. sk. Didlington, Norfolk, Jan. 31, LP.]. 
1859 (J. OX 
e\ rf ad.;/3-/*3. Merton Hall, Norfolk, Sept. 15, Gould Coll. 
Imm. sk. 1888. 
Pr m\ <S imm. Merton Hall, Sept. 25,1888. Lord Walsinghain 
sk. [p.]. 
w3, o3. S $ ad.; Merton Hall, June. Lord Walsingham 
pzs3. Juv. st. [p.]. 
t\ u\ S 5 *^3- King's Lynn, Oct. 17, 1888. Lord Walsinsrham 
2 ad. sk. [p-j//*. 
? ad. sk. Suffolk, Jan. 8, 1889. 

Victor Ames, Esq. 

I/3. £ acl. sk. Northamptonshire, Mai 1884 

Dr. A. Giinther [P.]. 

* 
(L.H.IX 
Colonel Irby [P,], 

Irani, sk. 

a. 
Ad. j ft T-
Juv. sk. 
»24. c? ad. sk. 
»4, o4. Ad. sk. 
j* 4. JUT. sk. 
q\ r1. J ? ad. sk. 
s4. Ad. sk. 
t*. Yar. alb. st. 
w4. Juv. sk. 

f4, tfl4. d juv. sk. 
.r4, i/4. Ad. sk. 
z4. Juv. sk. 
a5. § ad. sk. 
ft5-*11. Ad, et 

imm. sk. 

tn 

. 
<$ ad. sk. 

11 11

u, v. Imm. 
sk. 

a12. ? ad. sk. 

<712. $ ad. sk 
A12, tf ad. sk. 
i1*. $ ad. sk. 
kl2

l\

s Ad.sk. 

*la 12 

, t«la. tf; v. 

? ad. sk. 
w12, xl*. (S ad. 

sk. 
yia. S ad. sk. 
is12, *'. Ad. sk. 
b'. tf ad. sk. 

c'j d. Ad. sk. 

e',f. 6 2 ad. 
sk. 
#rr. <S ad. sk. 

A'. J juv. sk. 

1 . 
STTTftNTTS. 
Lilford Hall, Sept. 1888. 

Cambridgeshire. 

Hampstead, Middlesex, Feb. 1, 

1871 (B. B. S.). 

Turnliam Green, Nov. 1882. 

Bromley, Sept. 12, 1888 

Sydenham, Surrey, Jan. 1868 
(Wilson). 
Godalming, Surrey, May 1857 

(F. B. G.). " 
Surbiton, Surrey. 
Fernliurst, Sussex, Oct. 20, 
1888. 
Pagliam, Sussex, Sept. 3,1874. 

Brighton. 

Brighton, Nov. 1883. 

Brighton, Feb. 6, 1884. 

Brighton, Sept., Oct., Nov., 
Dec, 1888. 
Cuckfield, Sussex, Nov. 12, 
1888. 
Romney, Kent, Sept. 11,1882. 

Avington, Hampshire, Jan. & 
Nov. 
Avington, Feb. & May. 

Maidenhead, Berks, Feb. 23, 
1857 (J. G.). 
Monkey Island, May 12, 1858 

(J. G.). 
Cookham, Berks, Jan. 1879. 

Cookham, Feb. 29, 1874. 

Cookham, April & June 

(J. G.). 
Cookham, Sept. 3,186S(i?.2?.&). 
Cookham. 
Axmouth, Devon, March 1883. 


Kingsbridge, Devon, Nov. 29, 
1888. 
St. Bride's, South Wales, 
Nov. 30, 1888. 
Norway, May 21, 1875 (B. 
Collett). 
Norway, Aug. 1875 (JR. Co/kft). 

Lord Lilford [P.], 

Mr. J. Baker [C.]. 

Hume Coll. 

R. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
G. 
C. Norman, Esq. 
[p.]. 
Hume Coll. 


Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Dr. Giinther [P.l 

0. Salvin, Esq. [P.]. 
R. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
W. R. Ogilvie Grant, 
Esq, [P.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.], 
Edward Shelley, Esq. 

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.J. 
Gould Coll. 
Gould Coll. 

R. 
B. Sharpe, Esq* 
[p.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Gould Coll. 

TVeeddale Coll. 
Mr. W. Briggs [P.]. 


R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
* Dr. Elliot [P.]. 
Hon. W. Edwards[
p.]. 
Christiania Museum 
[p.]. 
Christiania Museum 


[p.]


%'. £ ad. sk. 

k\l\ <$\ m'. ? 
ad. sk. 
n'. <$ ad. sk. 

o'} p\ 6 ad. bk. 

q'. 2 imm. sk. 

r'. 
$ ad. sk. 

s', tf\ <£ ad. bk. 

«'. Juv. sk. 

o'. cS ad. sk. 

p,' 
q\ Ad. sk. 

r'. 
Juv. sk. 

§\ Ad. sk. 

s*. Ad. sk. 

f. tf ad. sk. 
u', v'. $ ad. sk. 
w', x'. Ad. sk. 
y', »'. d 2 ad. 
sk. 
a*. Ad. sk. 

6*-c*. Ad. sk. 

ad. sk. 
A*. $ ad. sk. 

i*. Ad. sk. 

&*. Ad. sk. 

k*. (S imm. sk. 

l\ 
Ad.sk. 

m*. Ad. sk. 

n*. J a^> s^« 

o*. $ ad. sk. 
p*,q*. 6 a<i. sk. 

r*, s*. <J ad. sk. 

t*,u*.<$ Jad.sk. 

STTJHNIDJS, 

Norway, Oct. 16, 1883 (JR. Collett), 


Stockholm, Sweden, April 1867. 

Denmark, Marcli 1871 {A. Benzon). 


Copenhagen, May 24. 

Holstein, Oct, 9. 

Pomerauia, Oct. 9. 

Mecklenburg, March 2. 

Vienna (Dr. Steindachner). 

Holland, March 24. 

Holland, summer. 

Belgium, May 17, 1870. 
Bordeaux. 
France. 
Havre, Dec. 1,1873 ( V.Pluehe). 
Valencia, Oct. 20, 1871 (H. 
Saunders). 
Azores (F. D. G.). 

S. 
Michael's, Azores, March 
(F.D. G.). 
Alders, 
Dec. 1856 (//. B. 
Tristram). 

Tangiers. 
Genoa, Italy, Oct. 18, lN>3. 


Cyprus (east side), Maich 8, 


1888 (Dr. Guillemard). 
Tyre. 
Damietta, Egypt, Feb. 22,1870 

(G. E. S.)." 
Harankoi, Asia Minor, Nov. 

1864 (T. Bodson). 
Moldavia, March 17. 
Voronesch, Hussia. 
Orenburg, Oct. 6. 
Moscow, May 4. 
Moscow, June 12. 
Lenkoran, Jan. 26. 
Bagdad (Commander Jones). 

o*, u>*. <$ $ ad. Near Shirnz. 

sk. 
,r*. Juv. sk. 

#*, »*, a. Ad. 
sk. 

0. Ad.sk. 
y, a. Ad. 8k. 
East of Shiraz, June 4,1872. 

Fao, Persian Gulf, Nov. 10, 

1886. 
? [Fokien, China."] 
Ward's Island, New York, 

March 11, 188$ {Dr. Bar/g: 
Ileiishrnc Coll.) 

Christiania Museum 

[P.J. 
W. Meves [0.]. 
Hume Coll. 

E. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[p-i-
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
E. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
E. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
E. "B. Sharpe, Esq. 
•P.]. 
E. LB.J Sharpe, Esq. 
Brussels Museum. 
Gould Coll. 
M. A. Boucard [0.]. 
E. Hargitt, Esq. [P.]. 
Tweecldale Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

M. Olcese [C.]. 
Old field Thomas, Esq. 
[F.l 
Lord lilford [P.]. 
Canon Tristram [C.]. 
Shelley Coll. 

Tvveeddale Coll. 

E.B. Sharpe, Esq.f P.] 
Prof. Menzbier [P."1 
Prof. Menzbier (P. 
Prof. Menzbier [P. 
Prof. Menzbier [P. 
H.Seebohm,Esq.[P".]. 
India Mus. 
Sir 0. St. John [C.]. 
TV. T. Blanford, Esq. 

[0-3. 

TV. D. Gumming, Esq. 
rp.i. 
Gould "Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 

1. STUKNUS. 
Subsp. a. Stunras menzbieri. (Plate I.) 

Sturnus vulgaris (nee Z.), Fall. Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. L p. 418 (1811, 
pt.) j MicMend. Beis. Sibir. p. 162 (1851) ; Badde, Sibir. Beis. 

p. 213 (1863); Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 231; Jerd. B. Lid. ii. p. 312 
(1863) j Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 170; ByboicsM, J. f. 0. 1872, 
p. 454; Serertz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 64 (1873); Hume, Str. F. 
1873, p. 206; Stoliczka, Str. F. 1874, p. 464; Hume, Str. F. 
1875, p. 494; Stoliczka, t. c. p. 217; Bresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 238; 
Blanf. Bast. Bers. ii. p. 266 (1876, pt.); Brooks, Ibis, 1870, 
p. 500; Tacz. Bull. Soc. ZooL France, i. p. 173 (1876); Butler, 
Str. F. 1877, p. 230; Brjev. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 146 
(1878); Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 221 (1878); Finsch, Mitth. z.-b. 
Gesellsch. xxix. p. 201 (1879); Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 106, 175; 
Scully, t c. p. 329; Brooks, t. c. p. 488; Seeb. Ibis, 1880, p. 182; 
Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 78; Scully, t. c. p. 573; Swinh. Ibis, 1882, 
p. Ill; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 214; Homeyer <§* Tanwe, MT. 
Orn. Ver. Wien, 1883, p. 88', Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, 
p. 178 (1884); Marshall, Ibis, 1884, p. 419; Swinh. $ Barnes, 
Ibis, 1885, p. 128; Scully, J. A. S. Beng. lvi. p. 85 (1887). 
Sturnus indicus (nee Hodgs.), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 366 (1844); 
id. Ibis, 1867, p. 38. 
Sturnus humii, Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 43 (1877, nee descr.). 
Sturnus menzbieri, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 438. 

Adult male. Similar to S. vulgaris but with a purple crown, 
instead of a green one; lower back and rump green; scapulars 
green ; wing-coverts bluish green; flanks reddish purple with a 
slight gloss of steel-blue; throat reddish purple like the head, 
extending to the fore neck; chest green: " bill blackish-horn, 
lower mandible narrowly edged with white; legs and feet dark 
hazel; iris deep brown" (E. A. Butler). Total length 9 inches, 
culmen 1*15, wing 5-15, tail 2-15, tarsus 1*1. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 9 inches, 
culmen 1-15, wing 5*05, tail 2-5, tarsus 1*1. 

Hab. Breeds in Siberia, and probably in most parts of Central 
Asia, and, according to Hume, in Cashmere. "Winters in the plains 
of India. Is probably the Starling of Lake Baikal, descending in 
winter to Kokonoor. 

a. $ ad. sk.
b, c. Ad. sk.
d. $ ad. sk. 
Samarcand, March 17,1888. 
Samarcand, Oct. 1881. 
Port Perowsk, Syr Darya,
Feb. 17. 
H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
Purchased. 
e. S ad. sk.
/ . Ad. sk.
g. 2 ad. sk. 
Ferghana, Nov. 20,1878. 
Kashgar (Br. Bellew). 
Krasnoyarsk, C. Siberia.
April 19, 1879. 
Dr. SevertzofT [C.]. 
India Museum. 
H. Seebohm, Esq. fP.l 
h. 9 ad. sk. Kandahar, Afghanistan, Dec. 8, Col. Swinhoe rP.l 
1880. 
I S ad. sk. Kandahar, March 6, 1879 (Sir Hume Coll. 
O. St. John), 
h Ad. sk. Kandahar (Griffith). India Museum. 
I. $ ad. sk. Gwadar,
1871. 
Baluchistan, Dec. W. T. Blanford, 
[0.]. 
Esq. 
VOL. XIII. D 

34 
STUBNIDJE. 

m. Ad. sk. Sindh (IE. A. Butler). 
«, o. d ad. ; Sukkur, Dec. 2Q, 1871 
/>. $ ad. sk. (A. 0. 7£). 
£, r. <$ ad. sk. Jacobabad, Dec. 26, 1871 

01 0. //.). 
s3t <$ $ ad. sk, Karachi, Nov. 8, 1877 (j£ A. 
w. Ad. sk. 
t', «o. tf J ad. 
sk 
A1, c? ad. bk. 

j/. J ad. sk. 
«. c? ad. sk. 


2 ad. sk. 
£>'. 2 ad. sk. 
q'. Ad. sk. 
r'. Ad. sk. 
*'. 2 ad. sk. 


t\ u'. Ad. sk. 
v\ Ad. sk. 
«>'. c? ad. sk. 
*''-£. tf ad.; 


y. $ ad. sk. 
o\ 2 ad. sk. 
e. 2 ad. sk. 
£ Ad. sk. 
7. c? ad. sk. 
6. 2 ad. sk. 
1, K. Ad. sk. 
X-v. Ad. sk. 


5. Ad. sk. 
o. c? ad. sk. 
7T. tf; p, o-, r. 
£ ad. sk. 


v. 2 ad. sk. 
<£. Ad. sk. 
X- Ad. sk. 
^ », «'. c? 2 

ad. sk. 
/3'. Ad. sk. 

y', d'. Ad. sk. 
^'. 2 ad. sk. 

f. Ad. sk. 
77'. Ad. sk. 
0',«'. <S 2 a<*. sk. 

Butler). 
Hit. Aboo, Dec. 1S70 (2)r. 
Newman). 
Samblmr, Jan. 25, 1873 (It. M. 
Adam). 
Sambhur, Nov. 1874 (22. M. 
Adam). 

Meerut, Jan. 20, 1880. 
Delhi, Feb. 4, 1870 (C. T. 
Bingham). 

Giiraaon, Jan., March,, Nov.. 

Dec. ( *F. iV". Gftttf). 
Umbala, Jan. 1867 (Dr. #eo#;. ,
Ferozepur. 
Sirsa District, 
Bhuttoo, Sirsa, Dec. 12, 1867 

(A. O. JET.). 
Sirsa, Dec. 14, 1869. 
Hansie, Punjab. 
Ilissar, Dec. 16,1867(^4.O. MX 
Abbotabad, Oct. 1870 ( W. JET. 
Umoin). 

Gilgit, March 14, 1878. 

Gilgit, Oct. 27, 1880. 

Jerripani, Masuri. 

Dehra Dhoon, Dec. 4, 1870 

(G. King). 
Sewalik Hills, March 1867 

(Dr. Scott). 

N.W. Provinces. 
N.W. Provinces (W. JEwer). 
N.W. Provinces (C#p£ 
Karrison). 
Loyah, Eta wall, Jan. 13,1872 

Etawah, Jan., Nov., Dec. ( W. 

B. Brooks). 
Aliglmr, Nov. 7,1877. 
Mandawar, Bijnor,Feb. 7,1880. 
Oudh, Dec. 1874 (W. U. 

Brooks). 

Mogulserai, Feb., Dec. (W. & 

Brooks). 
Sultanpur, Oudh, Dec. 1873 

(A. Anderson). 
Nepal, Dec. 20,1877 (J. Scully). 
Nepal (B. JEC. Hodgson).
Assam. 

Dibrugliur, Oct.. Nov. 1880 
(/. R. On 

Hume Coll. 

Plume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Col. J. Biddulph. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll, 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Col. J. Biddulph [C.]. 
Col. J. Biddulph [0.J. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Tweeddale Coll. 

Pinwill Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Gould Coll. (Specimen 
figured in B. Asia.) 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hodgson ColL 

Hume ColL 
India Museum. 
Gould Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

1 . 
STTJBNTTS. 
* ; V. <J 2 ad. sk. Lohardugga, Dec. 1877. Hume Coll 
fi'} v. d ad.sk Depalpnr, 0. India. Jan. 6, Col. Swinhoe [P.], 
18S2. 


g. 
Ad. sk. Deccan (Burgess). Gould Coll. 
o. 
Ad. sk. Madras (JS. G. W. JR.). Tweeddale Coll. 
2. Stunras indicus. 
Sturnus indicus, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 274. 
figs. 1, 2 (no. 306); id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84; Hume, Str. 

F. 1879, p. 176; Finsch, Mitth, z.-b. Geselhch. Wien, xxix. p. 203 
(1879); JSeeb. Ibis, 1880, p. 183; id. Hist. Br. B. ii. p. 13 (1884), 
Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 430. 
Sturnus 
vulgaris (nee L.), Gray, Cat. Mamm. &c. Nepal pres. 
Hodgs. p. 103 (1846). 
Sturnus splendens, £p. Consp. i. p. 421 (1850, ex Temm. M88.); 
Gray, Hand4. B. ii. p. 21, no. 6308 (1870). 
Sturnus umcolor (nee Temm.), Adams, P. Z. S.1859, p. 173; Jerd. 

B. 
Ind. ii. p. 322; Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 529. 
Sturnus nitens, Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 410; id. c5* Senders. Lahore to 
Tarh. p. 250, pi. xxiv. (1873) ; Hume, Nests # Bags Ind. B. 

p. 425 (1873); id. Str. F. 1879, p. 106; Marshall 'ibis, 1884, 
p. 419. 
Sturnus ambiguus, Hume, Str. F. 1876, p. 512. 
Sturnus liumii, Brooks, Ibis, 1876, p. 500; Gould, B. Asia, descr. 
nee fig. (1877); Brooks, 8tr. F. 1879, p. 487. 


Adult (type of titur/ius liumii, Gould). Similar to S. vulgaris, 
but with the breast and flanks bronzy green ; scapulars bronzy 
green; wing-coverts steel-green ; back reddish purple ; lower back 
and rump bronzy green with a gloss of reddish purple ; head bluish 
green, nape and hind neck reddish purple, the former with a gloss 
of steel-blue. Total length 8 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 4*7, tail 
2*25, tarsus 14. 

The males have the wing from 4*55-4*8 inches, and the females 
from 4*6 to 4*7 inches. 
Hab. Himalayas from Cashmere to Nepal, apparently rarely 
descending to the plains. 

a. $ 
ad. sk. Cashmere, May 1867 (T. C. Tweeddale CoU. 
Jerdon). 
b. Ad. sk. Cashmere, May 1867. Hume Coll. 
c-i 
<$ $ ad.sk. Cashmere, May, June (W. E. Hume Coll. 
Brooks), 

k. (S ad. sk. Cashmere, June 10,1870. Dr. G. Henderson [C.]. 
(Type of 8. nitens.) 
I 
Juv. sk Cashmere, Aug. 1872 (W. F. Hume Coll. 
Brooks). 

m. 
Ad.; n, o. Cashmere. Sept. 1872 ( W. E. Hume Coll. 
<$ 2 juv. sk. Brooks), 
p. Juv. sk. Cashmere. Hume Coll. 
q, r. Ad. sk. N.W. India. Gould Coll. 
s. 
Ad. sk. N.W. India. Gould CoU. 
(Type of 8. humii.) 
t 2 ad. sk. Horaigot, Kumaon Bhabur, Hume Coll. 
March 24,1871 
(G.Hing). 
D 2 

M STUKNIDiE. 
*/. A<1, «k. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
(Type of species.) 
r #'. A (I. sk.
// u\ Ad. .sk.
/«'/ V hum. Hk. 
Nepal. 
Nepal (7?. U. Hodgson). 
Dinapur, Oct. 11, 1873 (W.
F. Broohs). 
Hodgson Coll. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 

3. Sturnus poltoratzsMi. 
Hturmis poltoratzkii, 
Finsch, F. Z. S. 1878, p. 712; id. Mitth. z.-b. 
aeavlhvh. Wien, xxix. p. 201 (1879); lltnneyer $ Tancre, Mitth. 
()m. Ver. Wien, 1883, p. 88; Sharps, Ibis, 1888, p. 439 ; Scully, 

J. A. S. Bern/, lvi. p. 80(1887); /Stoye, Trans. Linn. Soc. (2) 
Zool. v. p. 82 (1880). 
Hturnns nobilior, Hume, Str. F 1879, p. 175; Nikoliskai, Trud. St. 
Petersb. xvii, p. 388 (1886), 
F Hturnus vulgaris, Homeycr fy TancH, t. c. p, 88. 

Adult male (typo of species). Similar to S. vulgaris^ an d with 
groom scapulars, but distinguished by the violet or reddish-purple 
wing-coverts ; lower back and rump green; head purple, sometimes 
with slight greenish reflexions; throat purple; flanks beautiful 
reddish purple with a slight bronzy gloss : " bill yellow, th e base 
of tho lower mandible horn-grey ; feet reddish brown; iris brown " 

(0. Finsch). Total length 8'5 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 4*9, tail 
2\r), tarsus 1*2. 
I/ah. Altai Mountains to Afghanistan, south into the plains of 
India in winter, and westwards to the Caucasus and even to Cyprus. 

a. (S ad. sk. Famagusta, Cyprus, Feb. 25, 1888 Lord Lilford [P.I 
(H. Guttle mar d). 
k Ad. sk. Caucasus, Feb. 18, 1887. Warsaw Mua. [P1 
e. d ad, sk Kuidscha, Aug. 13. &. B. Sharpe", Esq.* 
d. $ ad. sk. Marka Kul, Chinese High Altai, Dr. O.Finsch [~C ] 
June 7, 1876. (Type of species) 
<»,/. o* ad. sk. Kushk, W. Afghanistan, Dec. 1884. Dr. Aitchison TC 1 
g, k cf ad.; i. Gulran, March 1885. Dr. Aitchison I CI 

? ad. sk. 

 J* 
h, I Ad.; m. Kandahar {Griffith). India Museum. 
Juv. sk. 

n. tf ad. sk. Kandahar, Jan. 23, 1879 (Sir 0. Hume Coll 
-•* 6 ad. A. IWaX^Feb, March, April (Sir ^VolT™^ 
0. St. John). 
t, «. Imm. sk. Kandahar, Sept. 17, 1879 (Sir 0. Hume Coll. 
St. John). 

e. 6 
ad. sk. Kandahar, Oct. 31, 1879 (Sir 0. Hume Coll 
St John). 
w. Ad sk, Murdan, Dec. 1870. Hume Oo71 
* Ad. sk, N.W. India (A. Grate). Q S CoiL* 
1 . STTTENTTS. 
Subsp. a. Sturnus caucasicus. 

Sturnus sp., Blanf. Fast. Persia, ii. p. 267 (1876). 

Sturnus vulgaris (nee £.), Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 147 (1884, pt.> 

Sturnus purpurascens, Seebohm, Ibis, 1885, p. 8, 

Sturnus caucasicus, Zorenz, Beitr. Orn. Faun, Cauc, p. 9, Taf. v. fig. 1 

(1887) j Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 439, 

Adult male. Similar to 8. jpoltoratsslcii, but with the head and 
throat dark green, the hind neck purple ; wing-coverts dark steel-
green, externally glossed with purple ; scapulars dark steel-green; 
wing-coverts rich purple; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
green; flanks purplish red. Total length 8*5 inches, culmen 1-2, 
wing 5*25, tail 2*7, tarsus 1*2. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but with the colours not so 
vivid. Total length 8 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 5, tail 2-5, tarsus 
1-15. 

Hal. Prom the Caucasus to Persia. 

a, b. <$ ad.; c} d. Kisslovodsk, NT. Caucasus, Purchased. 
$ ad. sk. May 18. 
e, / . Ad. sk. Kisslovodsk, N. Caucasus, St. Petersburg Museum 
March 2,1886. [P.]. 

g. $ ad. sk. Caucasus, April 2, 1888. Waisaw Mus. [P.]. 
)i. <$ ad.sk. JajiRiid Valley, ElburzMts., W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
N. Persia, Aug. 6,1872. [C.]. 
4. Sturnus piirpurascens. 
Sturnus purpuraseens, 
Gould, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 219; id. B. Asia, v. 
pi. 44 (1870) ,• Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 22, no. 6311 (1870); Dresser, 

B. Eur. iv. p. 419 (1880, nee fig.); Danf. Ibis, 1878, p. 25 • Finsch, 
Mitth. z.-b. Gesellsch. Wien, xxxix. p. 202 (1879) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 
1888, p. 440. 
Adult male. Similar to S. vulgaris, but having the scapulars 
reddish purple like the lower back and rump, these parts slightly 
washed with steel-blue; mantle and back green; wing-coverts 
reddish purple; head and throat purple : flanks bronzy purple. 
Total length 8*5 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 5-4, tail 2-55, tarsus 1-2. 

One of the Gouldian specimens from Trebizond has the head 
green, as well as the throat. It is in winter plumage, and Mr. 
Gould considers it to be " young." "Wing 5*1. 

Hah. Prom the Dobrudscha, in Eastern Europe; Cyprus; throughout 
Asia Minor to Afghanistan, and occasionally appearing in the 
plains of India. 
a, b, a Juv. sk. Dobrudscka, June 6, Aug. 16. B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

d. £ ad. sk. Famagusta, Cyprus, Feb. 25, 1888 Lord Lilford [P.]. 
(II. Guillemard). 
e. 
$ ad. sk. Monastir, Cyprus, Oct. 7,1878 ( W. Lord Lilford [P.]. 
Fearce). 
STTJRNID^E. 

/ . Ad. sk. Erzeroum (Dickson $ Boss). Gould Coll. 
(Type of species.) 

q. Ad. sk. Erzeroum (Hitet de Pavilion). Gould Coll. 
h. [Juv.l sk Trebizond {Keith Abbott). Gould Coll. 
i. Ad. sk. Asia Minor, May 21, 1SG5 (T. Tweeddale Coll. 
Robsori). 
h, I. $ $ ad. sk. Kandahar, Dec. 8, 1880. Col. Swinhoe [C.]. 

m. 
$ ad. sk. Kandahar, Feb. 24, 1879 (Sir 0. St. Hume Coll. 
John). 
n. $ ad. sk. Kawul Pindi (J. Biddulph). Tweeddale Coll. 
o. <S ad. sk. Gurgaon district, Delhi, Feb. 22, Hume Coll. 
1879 (PF. N. Chill). 
p. Ad. sk. India. 
Gould Coll. 
Subsp. a. Stumns porphyronotiis. (Plate II.) 
Sturnus unicolor (nee T.), Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 64 (1873); 
Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 288. 
Sturnus purpurascens [nee Gould), Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 176 (1879) ; 
Brooks, t. c. p. 448 ; Dresser, B.Eur, iv. pi. 249 (1880,nee descr.) j 
Biddidph, Ibis, 1881, p. 79; Scully, t, c. p. 573; Biddulph, Ibis, 
1882, p. 81 Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. 58 ; Menzbier, Ibis, lbS5, p. 253; 
Lorenz, Beitr. Orn. Faun. Cauc. p. 9 (1887). 
Sturnus vulgaris (nee L.), Scully, Str. F. iv. p. 162 (1876). 
Sturnus porphyronotus, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 438. 

Adult. Similar to 8. purpurascens, but with the back entirely 
reddish purple like the rump and upper-tail coverts; a slight shade 
of purplish blue on the back in very old birds, but the Lack not 
steel-green as in 8. purpurascens; head dark green; throat daik 
green. Total length 8 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 5*05, tail 2*45, 
tarsus 1*15. 

Hab. Central Asia from Yaikand to Afghanistan, wintering in 
the plains of India. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Yarkand (Chapman). P. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. (Types of 
species.) 

c, d. cT $ juv. sk. Yarkand, Aug. 1870 (G. Hen-Hume Coll. 
derso7i). 

e. $ ad. sk. 
Yarkand, March 14, 1875 (J. Hume Coll. 
Sadly). 
/ . $ ad. sk. Yarkand, Oct. 15,1874 (J. Scully). Hume Coll. 
g~k. Ad. sk. Yarkand (/. Biddulph). Hume Coll. 

l-r. Ad. sk. 
Kashgar (Dr. Belleiu). India Museum. 

s. 
Ad.sk. Jellalabad, Afghanistan, March India Museum. 
1840 (Dr. Griffith). 
t, u. 
Ad. sk. Cabul, Oct. 20, 1839 (Dr. India Museum. 
Griffith). 

v. (S ad. sk. 
Pawul Pindi (J. Biddulph). Tweeddale Coll. 
w. Ad. sk. 
Sirza district, Punjab. Hume Coll. 
x. Ad. sk. Murdan, Dec. 1870. Hume Coll. 
y, z. S ad. sk. Ferozopur, Nov. 1807 (A. O. H.). Hume Coll. 
a',V,e'. $2 Gilgit, March, Oct. Col. Biddulph [C.]. 
ad. sk. 
d'. (S ad. sk. Yassin, Oct. 22, 1878. Col. Biddulph [C.l 
e'. Ad. sk. N.W. India. Pinwill Coll. 

1 . STTJRNUS. 
39 

k't 
$ ad. sk. 
. d ad. sk. 
Ad. sk. 
. d ad. sk. 
6 ad. sk. 
/' . $ ad. sk. Umballa, Oct. 18C6 (R. C. Tweeddale Coll. 
Beavcm). 
Umballa, Nov. 18GG (R. 0. B.). Tweeddale Coll. 
Dehra, Dec. 4,1870. Hume Coll. 
Saharunpur. Hume Coll. 
Aligurh, Nov. 7,1877. Hume Coll. 
Bahun, Etawah, Feb. 26,18G9. Hume Coll. 
5. Strumas minor. 

Sturnus minor, Hume, Sir. F. 1873, p. 207; Blanf. St?\ F. 1877, 

p. 246; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 106, 175; Boig, t.c. p. 274; 
Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 178 (1884); Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, 
p. 440. 
Adult male. Similar to the reddish-purple plumage of & vulgaris^ 
but much smaller, and with the back reddish purple without any 
shade of purplish blue : abdomen coppery green ; head and throat 
green ; scapulars reddish purple like the back ; wing-coverts green 
with a slight gloss of reddish purple : " bill yellow ; legs and feet 
claret-brown ; iris brown v (Scrape Dolg, MSS.). Total length 7*8 
inches, culmen 1-1, wTing 4*55, tail 2*3, tarsus 1*1. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but much duller in colour: 
"iris pale whitish yellow" (S. Doig). Total length 7 inches, 
culmen 1*05, wing 4*5, tail 2*2, tarsus 1*1. 

Hob. Breeds in Sindh, occurring in winter as far east- as Etawah. 

a. d ad. sk. Larkhana, Jan. 11,1872 (A. O. H). Hume Coll. 
(Type of species.) 
h, c. d ad. sk. Munclier Lake, April 16, Sept. Hume Coll. 

d. Ad..sk. Iloree Dist, Nov. 1871 (F. Bay). Hume Coll. 
e-i. d ad.; k. $ W.S.W. of Eoree, March 187(3 (W. Hume Coll. 
ad. sk. T. Blanford). 
l-7i. d; i>, w, x. $ ad.; Eastern Narra, Feb., March, April Hume Coll. 
y-a\ $ juv.sk. (Scrape Doig). 
b'-d'. d 
ad. sk. Loyah, Etawah, Jan. 13, 1872 (W. Hume Coll. 
It. Brooks). 

6. Sttirnus unicolor. 
Sturnus unicolor, Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 133 (1820) ; Werner, Atlas, 
Omnivores, pi. 20 (1827); Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 211 (1837); 
Bp. Comjh List B. Eur. # N. Amer. p. 28 (1838); id. Faun. 
ItaL Ucc. tav. 23. fig. 1 (1838); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 337 
(1847); Bp. Consp. i. p. 421 (1850) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 293 ; 
Fowys, Ibis, 1860, p. 137 ; Naum. Vog. BeutschL, Anhang, 
Taf. 351. fig. 1 (1860); Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 56 ; Bree, B. Eur. 

i. p. 15(5, cum tab. (18G6); Lilford, Ibis, 1806, p. 183; Beyl $ 
Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 234 (18(37); Locke, Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. 
r>. 127 (1867): Tristr. Ibis, 1867, p. 307 ; Brake, t c. p. 428; 
Boderl. Avif. p. 70 (1869); Fitsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 27. fig. 2 
(1870); Gray, Eand-l B. ii. p. 21, no. 6307 (1870); Salvad. Faun. 
Ital Ucc. p. 166 (1871); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 220; Brooke, 
Ibis, 1873, p. 247; Bresser, B. Eur. iv. p. 415, pi. 248 (1874); 
Irby, B. Gibr. p. 131 (1875); Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 42 (1877); 
Qir/L Ibis, 1881, p. 205; Irby, Ibis, 1882, p. 184; Chapm. Ibis, 
1884 p. 97 5 Tristr. Faun. $ Flor. Balest. p. 73 (1884); Reid, 

40 
STURNIDiE. 

Ibis, 1885, p. 245; Giglioli, Avif. ltal.?. ]8 (1886); Tait, Ibis, 
1887, p. 179; Salvad. Blench. Ucc. ltd. p. 183 (1887). 
Stumus vulgaris unicolor, JSchleg. Rev. Crit. p. lvii (1844). 

Adult male. Uniform black above and below, glossed with 

bronzy purple, and slightly also with green, the feathers of the head, 

throat, and neck elongated and lanceolate; wing-coverts more 

purple than the back ; quills brown, externally black, glossed with 

steel-green on the edges, all with paler ashy-brown tips, edged with 

black round the ends; tail-feathers ashy brown, externally glossed 

with purplish or greenish: " bill yellow, bluish 
at base of lower 

mandible; legs brownish flesh-colour; iris dark brown." Total 

length 8*5 inches, culmen 1*1, wing b'2, tail 2*35, tarsus 1*25. 

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length 8'5 

inches, culmen 1*15, wing 5, tail 2*4, tarsus 1*15. 

In winter plumage all the feathers are tipped with arrow-shaped 

spots of greyish white; the wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers 

are edged with sandy brown; the bill is blackish. 

Young. Exactly like the young of S. vulgaris. 

Hab. The countries of the Mediterranean. 

a-g. Ad. sk. Seville, May. 

h. 
Ad. sk. Malaga. R. B. Sharpe, Esq, 
[P.]. 
%, k s; I, m. Malaga, Jan., March, May. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
2 ad. sk. [P.]. 

7i. Ad. sk. Madrid. 
Shelley Coll. 

o. c? ad. sk. Morocco (Olcese). Shellev Coll. 
p-r. Ad. sk. Morocco. Tweeddale Coll 
s. Juv. sk. Tangier (P. L. Solute)*). Gould Coll. 
t. 
J ad. sk. Cagliari, Sardinia, May 1877. Dr. Giglioli [P.]. 
u, v. cf $ ad. sk. Sardinia, Jan. 1889. Major H. Trevelyan 
LP-] 

w. Ad. sk. Sardinia. 
Baron Laugier [C.]. 

x. 
J ad. sk. Corsica, December. 
R. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[p.]. 
2. P0LI0PSAE. 
J-JJJO. 

Poliopsar, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 476 
P. sericeus. 

Head of P. cineracetts, to show feathered nostrils. 

Range. Indian and Indo-Chinese regions, extending thronghout 
China to Japan and Eastern Siberia. 

2 . POJGIOPSAE, 
4 1 
Key to the Species. 

a. Bill uniform red or yellow, culnien black 
towards tip, but no black base to lower 
mandible; rump white or whitish, lighter 
than the rest of the back; abdomen white, 
not vinaceous or rufous; no grey tips to 
primaries. 
a'. Throat blackish or dark ashy, with white 
streaks; fore neck and breast uniform dark 
ashy or blackish; sides of body browner; 
head blackish, more or less streaked with 
white; no white shaft-lines on back. 
a". Rurap white; white tips to the tail-
feathers cineraceus, p. 41. 
b". No white on the rump ; no white tips to 
the tail-feathers colletti, p. 43. 

b\ 
Throat white like the abdomen; head white 
or ashy white; back brown, with whitish 
shaft-lines sericeus, p. 44. 


b. Bill yellow, with no black base; back grey; 
rump pale vinaceous; head all round and 
entire sides of face and under surface of body 
vinaceous cambodianus, p. 44. 
c Bill red or yellow, but the lower mandible 
having a black base, so that the bill is particoloured 
in skin. 
c'. Under tail-coverts and tips of tail-feathers 
white or buff, not chestnut; grey tips to 
primaries absent or very indistinct. 
c''. Vinaceous underneath. 
a'". No vinous collar round the hind neck : 
no white rump burmanicus, p. 45. 
b'", A vinous collar round the hind neck: 
a white rump leucocephahs, p. 46. 
d". Pure white below andamanensis, p. 47. 
d\ Under tail-coverts and tips of tail-feathers 
chestnut j primaries without a grey terminal 
spot; rump chestnut, contrasting with the 
ashy back and white head erythropygius, p. 48. 
(3\ Under tail-coverts and tips of tail-feathers 
chestnut; primaries with a broad grey spot 
on the end. 
e". Head ashy grey, with pale shaft-streaks; 
the head, neck, and throat sometimes 
bleaching to whiteness; rufous of under 
surface extending to the throat. 

c"'. First primary and bastard-wing black, malabaricus, p. 48. 
dm. First primary and bastard-wing white. nemoricolitSj p. 52. 

f. 
Head and breast pure white, sharply 
defined, and contrasting with the chestnut 
abdomen and the grey back blytMi, p. 54. 
1. Poliopsar cineraceus. 
Stunras 
cineraceus, Temm. PI. Col. ii. pi. 55G (1827); id. Sf Schl 
Faun. Japon., Aves, p. 85, pi. 45 (1850); Bp. Consp. i. p. 421 

42 STTJIOTD-2E. 

(185*0); Schrench, Reis. Amurl. p. 327 (1859); Swinh. F. Z. S. 
1802, p. 319, 1803, p. 301; Radde, Reis. Sibir,, 7%. p. 214, pi. vi. 
fins. 2 A, 2 B, 2 c (1863); Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 21, no. 6300 
(1870;; Swinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 352, 1871, p. 384, lfe74, p. 159; 
Dybowshi, J.f. 0. 1874, p. 323; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. 
p.* 174 (1870); FrjeD. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 287 (lb77); 
David Sf Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 3G1 (1877); Blakht. ^ Fryer, 
Ibis, 1878, p. 233; Scl. Ibis, 1882, p. 434 ; Blakisl Amended List 

B. Japan, pp. 14, 49 (1884) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 200; Tacz. 
F. Z. S. 1887, p. 606. 
Sturnus cinerascens, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 337 (1847); Tacz. Bull 
Soc. Zool France, x. p. 472 (1885). 
Tern en n elms cineraceus, Sivinh. Ibis, 18G0, p. GO, 18G1, p. 44. 
Poliopsar cineraceus, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 476. 

Adult male. General colour above ashy drab-brown, the feathers 
being of the latter colour on their edges; scapulars like the back ; 
rump white, forming a transverse band; upper tail-coverts ashy, 
dark brown towards the base; lesser wing-coverts a little darker 
than the back : median coverts dark brown, bronzy or olive-green 
towards the ends; greater coverts similar, but the bronzy colour 
predominating, the outer web being very broadly margined with this 
colour; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, with 
narrow fringes of whity brown, the outer secondaries bordered with 
white, the inner ones bronzy like the greater coverts, with dusky 
margins; centre tail-feathers bronzy brown, the remainder bLnk, 
with a slight greenish gloss on the outer web, which is edged with 
whitish, and a large white spot on the end of the inner web, 
increasing in extent towards the outermost feather ; crown of head 
black with a greenish gloss, the feathers attenuated and lanceolate; 
the forehead with narrow whitish feathers, which extend over the 
eyes; lores whitish; sides of face and ear-coverts white, with 
blackish streaks ; base of cheeks whitish ; remainder of cheeks, 
throat, sides of neck, fore neck, and breast dark slaty grey, becoming 
paler on the sides of the breast; chin white; a few feathers on the 
throat and fore neck more or less white; centre of breast and 
abdomen white: sides of body, flanks, and thighs drab-brown ; 
under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts and axiilaries white, 
some of the former with dusky blackish margins ; quills below 
dusky, ashy along the inner edge : " bill orange, with the tip horncolour, 
the base of the mandible and angle of mouth brownish 

green; feet yellow ; iris brown, with a white circle " {A. David); 
" bill tile-red, blackened on the apical half; legs orange-ochre, 
claws blackish; iris white " (R. JSwinhoe). Total length 7*b inches, 
culmen 1*1, wing 5*1, tail 2*5, tarsus 1*15. 

Adult female. A little browner than the male; facial markings 
similar; chin white; throat and breast brown, with central whitish 
streaks. Total length 7*8 inches, culmen 1*05, wing 5*1, tail 2*4, 
tarsus 1*15. 

The young birds would appear to be brown, with a dusky head; 
but no full-grown ones are in the Museum collection. Itadde's 
figure represents the young as brown, with whitish ear-coverts. 

2 . POIIOPSAE. 
Mr. Einger's collection contains a specimen marked " female/' 
from Nagasaki, which is similar to the male. 
Hah. Eastern Siberia to Japan, and throughout China and 
Formosa, extending into Upper jBurmah. 

a. (S ad.: h, o. 
Pull. sk. 
d} e. Ad. sk. 


f-h. Ad, sk. 

i. S ad. sk. 
h. Ad. sk. 
l-m. <$ J ad. sk. 

n. £ ad. sk. 
o. Ad. sk. 
p. Ad. sk. 
q, r. Ad. sk. 
s, t, u. $ ad.; 
r, w. 2 ^d. sk. 

x. d ad. sk, 
y. Ad. sk. 
z. Ad. bfc. 
a', b\ 2 ad. sk. 
c'. J ad. sk. 
d'. 2 ad. sk. 
e'. Ad. sk. 
h'. 2 ad. sk. 
i\ h'. Ad. sk. 


V. Ad. sk. 
m', n'. Juv. sk. 
o'. Ad. sk. 
p'. Ad. sk. 
q'-s'. Ad. sk. 
t. Ad. sk. 
u'. Ad. sk. 
a'. 2 ad. sk. 
w'. Ad. sk. 
Sidemi, Dssuri Land; May and 
June. 

S. Manchuria; June 2, 1886. 
Ickang Gorge; Yang-tze Eiver. 
Dec. 1887. 
Shanghai, Feb. 1873 (B. Stumhoe). 
Shanghai, Jan. 8 (B. Bergmann). 
Skeshu, March 30, 1800 (B. 
Swinhoe). 
Kulangsu, Jan. 18, 1859 (Lei


den Museum). 
Macao (B. Stuuihoe). 
Foochow, Jan. 1867 (B. SJ). 
Fokien. 
Amoy, Jan. 1867 (B.S.). 

Ainoy, Jan. 1860. 
Amoy, Jan. 1800 (B. IS.). 
Amov. 
Amoy, Feb. 1801 (22. &). 
Amoy, Feb. 1861 (B. &.). 
Amoy, Nov. 25,1859 (B. SJ). 
Amoy, Nov. (B. S.) 
Amoy, Dec. 2, 1867 (JR. SJ). 


Amoy (JR. SJ). 
Canton. 
Talien Bay, July (B. SJ). 
Formosa, Nov. 1865 (B. S.). 


S.W. Formosa (JR. S.). 
Japan. 
Japan. 
Nagasaki. 
Nagasaki, Jan. 11,1880. 
Bhamo. 
2. Poliopsar colletti.* 
St. Petersburg Mus. 

H. E. M. James, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Mr. Fmtt [C.]. 

Seebohm Coll. 


Tweeddale Coll. 


Seebohm Coll. 


Salvin-Godman Coll. 


Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 


Consul Swinhoe [C.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Consul Swinhoe [P.]. 
Gould Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 


Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Seebohm Coll. 


C. Maries [CI. 
Gould Coll. 
Capt. St. John [0.]. 
F. Kinger, Esq. [P.]. 
Oates Coll. 
Poliopsar colletti, Sharpe, Ms, 1888, p. 477. 

Adult. Similar to P. cineraceus, but everywhere blacker ; the 
white rump, however, wanting, as well as the white spots on the 

* Sturnopa&tor niger, Blyth, Ibis, 1839, p. 211, would seem to be very nearly 
allied to tins species, but P. colletti certainly has no " brighthh yellow under the 
wings." The habitat of & niger still, we believe, remains unknown. 
44 STTOHTD-2E. 

ends of the tail-feathers. Total length 8 inches, culmen 1*05, wing 5, 
tail 2-55, tarsus 1*45. 

Hah. Unknown. 
a. Ad. sk, ? Prof. E. Collett [P.], 
(Type of species.) 

3. Poliopsar sericeus. 
Silk Starling, Brown, III Orn. p. 48, pi. 21 (1776). 
Silk Stare, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 10 (1783). 
jSturnus sericeus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 805 (1788); SwinKlbis, 1861, 


p. 338 j id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 301 j Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 22, no. 6310 
(1870)• id. Fasc. B. China, pi. v. (1871); JSwinh. P. Z. S. 1871, 
p. 384; David fy Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 362, pi. 87 (1877) ; Blakist § 
Dnjer, Ibis, 1878, p. 233 ; Blakist. Amended List B. Japan, p. 30 
(1844). 
Pastor leucoeephalus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 334 (1847). 
Heterornis sericeus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 418 (1850). 
Temenuchus sericeus, Swiiih. Ibis, I860, p. 60, 1861, p. 44. 
Poliopsar sericeus, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 476. 

Adult. General colour above light ashy grey, a little darker on 
the hind neck, where the feathers arc long and lanceolate; scapulars 
like the back, externally white, with a sub terminal shade of black ; 
rump and upper tail-coverts a little lighter grey, with ashy-whitish 
margins; lesser wing-coverts blackish, edged with slaty grey; median 
coverts glossy purplish black; greater coverts black, externally 
glossy green, with purple reflexions, velvety black interiorly ; 
bastard-wing black, externally white; primary-coverts white, black 
near the centre of the tips of the feathers ; quills black, the primaries 
externally glossy purple and white at the extreme base; the secondaries 
externally glossy green, like the greater coverts, bluish or 
purple towards the ends; centre tail-feathers glossy green, the remainder 
black, externally bluish green or purple; crown of head 
and nape, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, sides of neck, and 
fore neck white, followed by an ashy-grey breast; abdomen white ; 
sides of body and flanks pale ashy grey tinged, with brown ; thighs 
white, ashy grey posteriorly; under tail-coverts white; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white; quills below dusky, ashy brown along 
the inner edge, the base of the quills white: " bill bright red, with 
the tips white; feet orange: iris black, with a light circle" (A. 
David). Total length 7*8 inches, culmen 1, wing 4*75, tail 2*4, 

tarsus 1*15. 

All the males, so marked, are of a delicate grey, and vary very 
slightly in the direction of a whiter or a browner head. A female 
collected by Mr. Reeves at Mngpo is altogether browner, rather 
more ashy on the rump; the gloss on the wings and tail less distinct 
; primary-coverts blackish brown near the base, white at the 
ends, with a central black streak; head whitish, ashy grey on sides 
of crown and hind neck ; sides of face whitish, ashy on the cheeks; 
under surface of body as in the male, but light brown instead of 
grey. This specimen is apparently immature. 

Dab. Central and Southern China. Doubtful in Japan. 

2. POLIOPSAE. 45 
a, b. Ad. sk. Yang-tze River. 0. Maries [0.1 
c, df. c? ? ad. sk. Ningpo (J. 22. ite^es). Gould Coif. 
«. ? ad. sk. Ningpo, AprilSwinhoe). 
1872 (22. Seebohni Coll. 
/,y . Juv.sk.
h. tf ad. sk.
z, h. Ad. sk. 
Ningpo, May 1872Sioinhoe). 
Ningpo, April (22. &). 
Eokien. 
(22. Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
/, m. Ad. sk. Amoy (22. Sxvinhoe). Gould Coll. 
n. <$ ad. sk.
o. Ad. sk. 
Amoy, Jan. 1860. 
Amoy, Nov. 1866Swinhoe). 
(It. 
Consul Swinhoe [C.J 
Hume Coll. 
p,
t 
q. $; r, s. $
ad. sk. 
<$ ad. sk. 
Amoy, Nov. and Dec. (22. 
Swinhoe). 
Amoy, Dec. 1867 (12.
Sivinhoe). 
Seebohni Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
u. J ad. sk.
v. <5 ad. sk. 
Amoy, Dec.
Swinhoe). 
Canton. 
1866 (22. Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

4. Poliopsar cambodianus. (Plate III.) 
Poliopsar cambodianus, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 477. 
Adult Similar to P. leucocephcdus, but having the whole of the 
head and throat pinkish buff, like the under surface of the body ; 
tail-feathers also pinkish buff instead of white at the ends. Total 
length 8 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4*6, tail 2-5, tarsus 1*3. 

Hob. Cambodia. 

a. Ad, sk. Cambodia. M. Mouhot [C.]. 
(Type of species.) 
5. Poliopsar "burmanicus. (Plate IV. fig. 1.) 
Sturnia burmanica, Jerd. Ibis, 1862, p. 21; Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 33 ; 
Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 20, no. 6295 (1870); Hume, Str. F. vi. 

p. 392 (1878), viii. p. 106 (1879); Oates. Handb. B. Br. Burm. I 
p. 385 (1883). 
Temenuchus burmanensis, Jerd. J. A. S. Beng. xxxi. p. 346 (1862); 
Blyth. op. cit. xxxii. p. 77 (1863). 
Temenuchus burmanicus, Blanf. Ibis, 1870, p. 406; Hu?ne, Str. F. 
1875, p. 149; Armstr. Str. F. 1876, p. 322 ; Anders. Zool Biped. 
Yunnan, Birds, p. 596 (1878). 

Acridotheres burmanicus, Giebel, Thes. Orn. i. p. 265 (1872); Salvad. 
Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) iv. p. 605 (1887). 
Poliopsar burmanicus, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 476. 

Adult female. General colour above dull ashy grey, shaded with 
brown; scapulars like the back; upper tail-coverts rather lighter 
ashy; lesser wing-coverts ashy grey, the outer ones fringed with 
black; median coverts dark bronzy brown, edged with black; 
greater coverts lighter bronzy brown, fringed with black; bastard-
wing black, one feather externally white; primary-coverts white, 
with black on the outer webs of some of the feathers ; quills black, 

STURNIDJB. 

the primaries white at the base and fringed with light brown near 
the ends of the outer webs; secondaries bronzy brown like the 
greater coverts, and similarly fringed with black; centre tail-feathers 
bronzy brown, the remainder black tipped with white, increasing in 
extent towards the outer feather; crown of head dingy white, 
as also the entire sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat; 
remainder of under surface pale ochreous pink, the abdomen lighter 
and inclining to pinky white; sides of body, flanks, and thighs 
somewhat shaded with ashy; under tail-coverts white; under wing-
coverts and axillaries wThite : quills below blackish, white at ba:>e : 
" bill red; the gape, basal half of lower mandible, and base of upper 
mandible black; inside of mouth dark blue; legs and claws clunky 
orange-yellow; iris dark brown ; eyelids and naked skin of head 
slaty brown " (E. W. Oates). Total length 8*5 inches, culmen 0*95, 
wing 4*4, tail 2*7, tarsus 1*15. 

Adult male. Similar to the female. Total length 8 inches, culmen 
1, wing 4-45, tail 3, tarsus 1*15. 

Mr. Oates says that " immediately after the moult the head is 
nearly pure white, but after a few weeks the colour changes to 
dull white, grey, and eventually to brown." 

Hab. Burmah. 
a-o. Ad. sk. Upper Burmah (Jerdon). Gould Coll. 
d. Ad. sk. Upper Burmah. Dr. Jerdon [P.]. 
(Tvpe of fepeeies.) 
e. Ad. sk. Bhamo. Gates Coll. 
/. Ad. sk. 
g, h. Ad. sk. 
Bhamo, Jan. 29, 1868. 
Bhamo, Feb. 1838 (Dr. 
J. Anderson). 
Ik. J. Anderson [0/ . 
Hume Coll. 
i, <$ ad. sk. Yayleymau, Upper BurDr. 
J. Anderson ~C.]. 
mah, Jan. 6, 1875. 
h. Ad. sk. Ava "W.T.Blanford, Esq. 
7. <$ ad. sk. Rangoon, Nov. 29,1875 Hume Coll. 
m. § ad. sk. 
n. $ ad. sk. 
(JDr. Armstronij). 
Tonghoo, June 1874 (JR. 
G. W. JR.). 
Boulay, Upper Pegu, 
May 25, 1873. 
Tweeddale Cull. 
Oates Coll. 
o. $ ad. sk. Pegu, Jan. 25, 1881. Oates Coll. 
p, q. Ad. sk. 
r. J ad. sk. 
Pegu(JF. T.Btanford).
Lower Pegu, Nov. 30, 
1878. 
Tweeddale CoU. 
Oates Coll. 
°s. $ ad. sk. East Pegu Hills, Apr. 27, 
1873 (E. W. Oates). 
Hume Coll. 
t-v. Ad. sk. ThayetmyoOates). 
(JE. W. Hume Coll. 
w,v. <5\ y.
ad. sk. 
$ Karen-nee, March 1874 
(JR. G. W. %.). 
Tweeddale Coll. 

6. Poliopsar leucocephalus. (Plate IV. %. 2.) 
Acridotheres leucocephalus, Gigl. $ Salvad. Aiii 11. Accad. Torino, 
v. p. 273 (1870); iid. Ibis, 1870, p. 185. 
2 . POLIOPSAR. 
Stoma incognita, Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 390 (1879), ix. p. 295 

(1880). J * 
Sturnia leucocephala, Oates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 386 (1883). 
Poliopsar leucocephalus, Sharjpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 476. 

Adult Similar to P. burmanicus, but larger, slaty black above, 
with a greenish tinge ; lower rump pale fawn-buff, forming a band; 
sides of neck and hind neck pinkish vinaceous like the breast, and 
forming a collar ; wings much darker than in P. burmanicus, and the 
primary-coverts entirely white ; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers 
blackish, the white ends much broader than in P. burmanicus: " bill 
and legs yellow, the base of the bill reddish orange ; iris brown " 
(Gicjlioli). Total length 9*5 inches, culm.cn 0-95, wing 4*95, tail 
2*9, tarsus 1*35. 

A curious difference in the colour of the head is exhibited in two 
specimens from Cochin China in the Museum. In one the head is 
gre} ish white, like the types of Sturnia incognita, and in the other 
it is creamy white. 

Hah. Cochin China and Siam, extending to the borders of the 
province of Tenasserim. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Cochin China. M. E. Pierre [PA 
c. Ad. sk. Siam. W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
LP.]. 
d-m. Ad. sk.
n-u. Ad. sk. 
Siam (MandeM Coll.). 
Headwaters of TenasHume 
Coll. (Types 
of S incognita.) 
Hume Coll. 
serim River (Mandelli 
Coll). 

7. Poliopsar andamanensis. 
Temenuchus erythropygius {nee Blyth, 1846), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. 
xx\iii. p. 274 (1859), xxix. p. 106 (1800). 

Temenucnus 
andamanensis, Beavan, Iks, 1867, p. 239 (e& Tytler 
MSS.); Blyth, Ibis, 1868, p. 132 ; Gray, Eand-L B. ii. p. 20, 
no. 6298 (1870); Ball, J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. pt. 2, p. 242 (1870), 

xli. pt. 2, p. 285 (1872) ; id. Str. F. 1873, p. 75 ; Hume, Str. F. 
1874, p. 248. 
Sturnia andamanensis, Walden, Ibis, 1873, p. 313, pi. xii. fig. 2; 
Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 106. 
Poliopsar andamanensis, Sharjpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 476. 

Adult male. General colour above pale ashy grey, whiter on the 
rump ; upper tail-coverts grey, edges of the scapulars white; wings 
black, with external reflexions of glossy green, the lesser coverts 
edged with slaty grey; tail-feathers black, also glossed with green, 
with a white mark at the end of the inner web of all but the centre 
ones, this mark increasing in extent towards the outer feathers, 
which are white for their terminal half and along the greater part 
of the outer web; head all round, hind neck, sides of neck, and 
entire under surface of body white, sometimes incliniDg to delicate 
ashy; vent and under tail-coverts tinged with fawn-colour; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries white; quills dusky below, ashy along 

48 STURSriD^S. 

the inner web : " bill and legs gamboge, the base of the mandible 
bluish slate ; iris white " (Warcllaiv Ramsay). Total length S 
inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4*15, tail 2'8D^ tarsus 1. 

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length 7*7 
inches, wing 4, tail 2*7, tarsus 1*05. 
Hab. Andaman and Mcobar Islands. 

a-e. $ ad.j f,g. $ Andaman Islands, Dee. 1872 Hume Coll. 
ad. sk.
h-h. S ad. sk. 
( W. Damson), 
Mt. Harriett, March 1873 Hume Coll. 
I, m, n. $; o. $
(W. Davison). 
S. Andaman, Jan. and March Tweeddale Coll. 
ad. skp-v. <S $ ad. sk.
w-z. cS ad. j a', $
ad. sk.
V, c'. $ ad. sk.
d'. <$ ad. sk. 
(P. G. W. P.). 
S. Andaman, March, April,
July, Oct. 1873 (P. 7. tfmberley). 
Port Mouat, Jan., April 1873 
( W. Davison). 
Aberdeen, March, April 1873( W. Davison). 
Macpherson's Straits. Mar. 8,1873. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
e\ c? ad. sk.
/',/ . $ ad. sk. 
Tip Island, April 5, 1874( W. Davison). 
Camorta, Mcobars, Feb. 1873 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
(W. Davison). 
8. Poliopsar erythropygxus. 

Sturnia erythropygla, Blyth, J. A. S. JBeng. xv. pp. 34, 309 (Ib46); 
Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 106. 
Temenuchus erythropygius, Gray, Hand-I. B. ii. p. 21, no. 6304 

(1870) • Hume, Str. F 1874, p. 247. 
Temenuchus (Sturnia) erythropygia, Ball, Str. F. 1873, p. 76. 
Acridotheres erythropygius, Giebel, Thes. Orn. i. p. 266 (1872). 
Poliopsar erythropygius, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 476. 

Adult male. Similar to P. andamanensis, but larger, with the 
whole of the lower back and rump ferruginous; upper tail-coverts 
ashy, with a reddish tinge • tail similar to that of P. andamanensis, 
but all the feathers tipped with ferruginous instead of white; under 
surface of body white, but the vent and under tail-coverts deep 
ferruginous, the flanks and under wing-coverts also tinged with the 
same colour : " bill gamboge-yellow, smalt-blue at base; legs and 
feet paler fleshy yellow; iris opalescent white" (A. O. Hume). 
Total length 9 inches, culmen 0*95, wing 4*45, tail 3, tarsus 1-1. 
Hah. Nicobar Islands. 

a. 6 ad. sk. Car Nicobar, March 19, 1873 ( V. Ball). Hume Coll. 
9. Poliopsar malabaricus. 
Le Martin Vieillard de la cote de Malabar, Sonn. Voy. hid. Chient. 
ii. p. 195 (1782). 
2 . P01I0P8AB. 
Malabar Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. SO (1783). 
Turdus malabaricus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 816 (1788). 
Acridotheres rnalabaricus, Bonn, et Vieill JSnc. Meth. ii. D. 691 


(1823). * 
? Gracula cinerea, Less. Traite, p. 402 (1831). 
Maina affinis, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. v. p. 771 (1836). 
Pastor pagodarum (nee Gm.), McClell JP. Z. S. 1839. p. 163; 

Blyth 8f Wald. B. Burm. p. 90 (1875) ; Hume $ Davison, Str. F. 

vi. p. 389 (1878) ; Ball, Sir. F. vii. p. 221 (1878) ; Cripps, t c. 
p. 292; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 106; Vidal, Sir. F. 1880, p. 71; 
JReid, Str. F. 1881, p. 53; Davidson, Str. F. 1882, p. 312; Davison, 
Str. F\ 1883, p. 401; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 387 (1883); 
Taylor, Str. F. 1887, p. 402; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) iv. 
p. (506 (1887). 
Pastor cinereus, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi. p. 23 (1840). 
Sturnia malabarica, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 363 (1844); id. 
Cat. B. Mus. As. Soe. p. 110 (1849); Tytler, Ann. # Mag. Nat. 

Hist. (2) xiii. p. 368 (1854) ; Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 2Q5 (1888). 
Pastor malabaricus, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xiii. p. 133 (1844). 
Pastor caniceps, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pis. 271, 

271* (no. 271-2) ; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844). 
Pastor blyth ii (nee Jerd.), Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodqs. 

p. 104(1846). 
Hetaerornis malabaricus, Gray, Gen. B. ii, p. 335 (1847); Bp. Consp. 
i. p. 419 (1850). 
Temenuchus 
malabaricus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 204 (18-50); 
Horsf. 8f Moore, Cat. B. Mus. F.I. Co. ii. p. 530 (1854); Blyth, 

J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. p. 342, note (1862) • Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 330 
(1863); Beavan, His, 1868, p. 171; Brooks, Ibis, 1869, p. 59; 
Bulger, t c. p 169; Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 26, no. 6293 (1870); 
Hume, Nests $ Eggs Ind. B. p. 433 (1873); Ball, Str. F. 1874, 
p. 419; Butler, Str. F. 1875, p. 494; Armstr. Str. F. 1876, p. 332; 
Hume, t. c. p. 402; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 38 ; Butler, t. c. p. 230; 
Anderson, Mep. Zool. Yunnan Fxped. p. 596 (1878); Scully, Str. 
F. 1879, p. 330. 
Poliopsar malabaricus, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 476. 
Sturnia nemoricola, Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 266 (1888). 
Adult male. General colour above ashy grey, everywhere washed 
with rosy brown, with which colour the feathers are edged; scapulars 
like the back; lower back, rump, and upper tail-covcrts slightly 
more ashy than the back; wing-coverts blackish, externally ashy 
grey; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, externally 
edged with purplish black and broadly tipped with ashy grey, the 
secondaries being likewise edged with this colour, the inner ones 
entirely ashy grey; centre tail-feathers ashy grey, the remainder 
blackish, edged with ashy grey and broadly tipped with chestnut, 
increasing towards the outermost; head and neck ruddy brown, 
with ashy-grey centres to the feathers ; lores and sides of face also 
ruddy brown, the ear-coverts rather more dingy ash-colour: cheeks, 
chin, and throat delicate ashy, with reddish edges to the feathers; 
fore neck reddish brown, streaked with ashy; remainder of under 
surface reddish brown or deep cinnamon ; thighs ashy ; under tail-
coverts cinnamon, the longer ones white; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries ashy with a slight ruddy tinge, those near tho base of the 

VOL. XIII. ' 
E 

STtTEinDJE. 

primaries whitish; quills below dusky brown, lighter along the inner 
edge : " bill blue at the base, gieen in the centre and yellow at the 
tip ; legs and feet brownish olive; iris greyish white " (E. A. Ent


er, 3188.). Total length 7'5 inches, culmen 0-S5, wing 3-9, tail 
2*45, tarsus 0*9. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but everywhere much paler in 
colour: " legs and feet dusky yellow; iris white" (E. A. Bathr, 
3188.). Total length 7*75 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 3-9, tail 2*4, 
tarsus 0*9. 

The specimens described are in full plumage, and it is evident 
that both the ruddy tinge on the upper parts and the beautiful red 
colour of the under surface become worn and faded as the breedinaseason 
progresses, so that the upper parts fade to light grey, and 
the head is ashy grey with white shaft-streaks, while the sides of 
the face and throat are bleached to white. 

Young. Browner than the adults, the head a little lighter ashy, 
with a white eyebrow like the sides of the face; ear-coverts and 
under surface of body pale ochreous brown, white on the throat. 

Eab. Indian Peninsula, extending into Assam and the Burmese 
provinces to Cochin China. 

a. Ad. sk. Travancore (F. Day), India Museum. 
£, c. Ad. sk. Coorg. Tweeddale Coll. 
d. <$ ad. sk. Wynaad, Nov. 21, 1877 (J. Hume Coll. 
Darhnq). 
e. (S ad. sk. Mysore, Feb. 2, 1882. W. Davibon, "E^n 
[p.: 
f, g. Ad. sk. Malabar. 

h-o. S ad. Belgaum, Jan., Feb., March, Hume Coll. 
1880 (JB. A. Butler). 


p. Ad. sk. Bangalore. Hume Coll. 
q, r. Ad. sk. Madras. JRev.H.H.Baber[P."T 
s. Ad. &k. Madras (T. C. Jordan). Gould Coll. 
t c5 ad. sk. Pothanore, Dec. 10, 18G8 (A. Hume Coll. 

R. JR. Theobald). 
u-io. <S ad. ; a, Raipur. Hume Coll. 
y. $ ad.; z-c'. 
Juv. sk. 
d't e'. Ad. sk. Raipur. R. B. Sharpe, E^q. 
[P.]. 


f,g>. J 2 ad.sk. Sunibalpur, Feb. 21, 1870. Hume Coll. 

ti, Ad. sk. Khandeish, Mav 14, 1875. Hume Coll. 
i\ Ad. sk. Mt. Aboo. Hume Coll. 
h'. Ad. sk. Jaipur. Tweeddale Coll. 
/'. Ad. sk. Dehra Dhoon. Hume Coll. 

m\ nr. (S ad.; o'. Dehra Dhoon, April % 1870 Hume Coll. 

$ ad. sk. (G. King). 
p\ q'. Ad. sk. Kaladoongi. Hume Coll. 
r'. Ad. sk. Kumaon. Tweeddale Coll. 

s'f t\ (S ad. sk. Kumaon Bhabur, March 1871 Hume Coll. 
(G.Emg). 
u'. Ad. sk. Naini Tal, Oct. 1869 (22. Hume Coll. 
Thompson). 
v'. Ad. sk. Etawah, Jan. 1871 (W. E. Hume Coll. 
Brooks). 

2 . POLIOPSAR. 
d.', y'. d ad. sk. 

z', a. Ad. sk. 
/3-f. Ad. sk. 
V> &f *• 2 ad. sk. 

*, A. d ad. sk. 

ft. Ad. sk. 

v. J ad. sk. 
f. d ad. sk. 
o, 7r. d 2 ad. sk. 
P, c d 2 ad. sk. 
r, v. Imm. sk. 
<£-co. Ad.sk. 

a'~7'. Ad. sk. 
d'. Ad. sk. 

e'? £'. d ad. sk. 

rf. Ad. sk. 

0', t'. Ad. sk. 

K. Ad. sk. 
X', ju. Ad. sk. 
v', £', o'. Ad. sk. 

7r'-v'. Ad. sk. 

^'. Ad. sk. 
X1. Ad. sk. 
^', © . d 2 ad. 

sk. 
A, 5. d ad. sk. 


<?, rZ. Ad. j e. $ 
ad. sk. 
/-o. d 2 et d 
juv. sk. 
p, q, r. <$% ad. 
sk. 

s. Ad. sk. 
f-cL d 2 ad. sk. 
//. d ad. sk. 

c. d ad. sk. 
rf'. d ad. sk. 

e'. Ad. sk. 

Etawah, April 18C9 (W. B. Hume Coll. 

Brooks). 
Goudah, Oudh ($. Pin will). Tweeddale Coll 
Gondali. Pinwill Coll. 
Jamore, Saran Dist., March Hume Coll. 

18G0 (It M. Adam). 
LallguiTJ, April 24, 1869 (It Hume Coll. 

M. Adam). 
Behar. Hodgson Coll. 
Barrackpur, Jan. 1870 (J. Tweeddale Coll. 

Biddutyh). 
Calcutta (J. Biddulph). Tweeddale Coll. 
Calcutta, Doc. 22, 1872. Hume Coll. 
Maunbhoom, Jan. 1865 (B. C. Tweeddale Coll. 

Beavan). 

Nepal. Tweeddale Coll. 
Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 

(Types of P. caniceps.) 
Nepal (B. H. Hodgson). India Museum. 
Nepal Valley, May 1,1877 (J. Hume Coll. 

Scully). 

Nepal Valley, June, Sept. . Hume Coll. 
1877 (J. Scidhj). 
Sikhim Terai, Dec. 1872 (L. Hume Coll. 
Mandelli). 
Sikhim, June 1874 (L. ManHume 
Coll. 
delli). 

Darjiling. Hume Coll. 
Darjiling Terai, Jan., Feb. Hume Coll. 
1873 (L. Mandelli). 
Buxa Doars, Jan. 1873 (L. Hume Coll. 
Mandelli). 

Bbotan Doars, Jan., Feb., Hume Coll. 

Dec. (L. Mandelli). 
Assam {J. McClelland). India Museum. 
Assam (A. W. Cliennell). Tweeddale Coll. 
Tippook, Assam, March 22, Hume Coll. 

1877 (J. Cockburn). 
Dhollah, April 16,1877 (J. Hume Coll. 
Co Mum). 
Saclhya, April 1877 (J. Cock-Hume Coll. 
hum). 

Dibrughur, April, May, July, Hume Coll. 
Dec. (J. R. Cripps). 


N. Khasia Hills, Febr., Dec. Tweeddale Coll. 
1876 (A. W. Chennell). 
Cachar (J. Inglis). Hume Coll. 
Manipur, Feb., March 1881 Hume Coll. 


(A. 0. B.). 
Soognoo, Marcli 26,1881 (A. Hume Coll. 
0. H.). 
Moirang, March 22, 1881 (A, Hume Coll. 
0. H.). 
Bishnoopur, March 13, 1881 Hume Coll. 

(A. 0. H.). 
Phalel, April 10, 1881 (A. Hume Coll. 
0. H.). 
E2 

f, g\ 6 2 ad. sk.
h'. Ad. sk.
if. Ad. sir.

h', I'. 6 ad. sk.

m'. Ad. sk.
ri. 2 ad. sk.

o'. $ ad. sk.

p'-s'. c? 2 ad. sk.
t'. Ad. sk.
v!-y'. S 2 ad.sk.


z. 2 ad. sk.
a!', b". $ ad.; c".
2 juv. sk.
d". c? juv. sk.

e". 2 ad. sk.

 STTONID-E. 

 Aimole, April 1881 (A. 0. H). 
Dacca. 
Muiigla, Sanda Valley, May


19, 1868. 
Akyab, March 1876 (J. Armstrong), 


 Rangoon. 
Rangoon, Dec. 14, 1873 (22.

G. W. E.). 
Syriam, 
Jan. 10, 1876 (J.
Armstrong), 

 Lower Pegu, Jan., Oct. 
Tonghoo (B. G. W. JR.). 
Pahpoon, Jan., Dec. (JV.

Davison)* 

 Sinzaway Forest, YounzaleenRiver, April 18,1877 (C. T. 
Bingham). 

 Kaukaryit, May 1878 (J. Darling), 


 Kaukaryit, June 2,1881.

 Wippitan, Dec. 9, 1878 (J.
Darling), 

f, g". <$ 2 ad. sk. Theinzeik, Dec. 1876 JV.

h". g ad. sk.
i". 2 ad. sk.


k". 2 ad. sk.
l"-r". <3 2 ad. sk.
*".Ad. sk.
t", tc". d ad. sk.
v", w". <J 2 ad.


sk. 
x". Ad. sk.

Davison), 

 Thatone, Dec. 19,1876 (IF.

Davison). 

 Salween River, near Moulmem, 
Jan. 27, 1876 JV. 
Davisoyi). 

 Moulmein, March 5,1874 ( W.
Davison). 

 Amherst, Jan., Feh., March1877 (TV. Davisoyi). 
Mergui, Jan. 7, 1879 (IT.

Davisoyi). 
Mergui, Peb. 1, 1875 (JV.
Davison), 

 S. Tenasserim, Dec. 20,1876. 
Cochin China, Nov. 1867.

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Dr. J. Anderson [C.]. 


 Hume Coll. 


 Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


 Hume Coll. 


 Oates Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


 Hume Coll. 


 Hume Coll. 


 C. T. Bingham, Ebq. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Cull. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume CoU. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Oates Coll. 

 M. E. Pierre [P.]. 
Siibsp. a. Poliopsar nemoricolus. 

Sturnia nemoricola, Jerd. Ibis} 1862, p. 22 ; Bh/th §• Wold. B. Burm. 

p. 91 (1875); Hume $ Davison, Sir. F. 1878, p. 390; Hume, Sir. 
F. 1879, p. 106; Bingham, Str. F. 1880, p. 192; Oates, B. Brit 
Burm. i. p. 389 (1883); Sahad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) iv. 
p. 607 (1887), v. p. 615 (1888). 
Temenuchus nemoricolus, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 20, no. 6294 (1870); 
Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 151 (1875); Armstr. Str. F. iv. p. 3;j3 
(1876). 

Temenuchus leucopterus, Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 480, note. 
Poliopsar nemoricolus, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 476. 

2 . POLIOPSAE. 
Adult male. Similar to P. malaharicus, but very much, paler grey, 
and having the bastard-wing, primary-eovcrts, and bastard-primary 
white. The under surface is ashy whitish with only a slight rosy 
tinge, and the under tail-covcrts are white without any chestnut. 
Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3-9, tail 2-55, tarsus 0-9. 

Adult female. Like the male: " bill dusky green at base, brighter 
in the middle and yellow towards the tip; legs and feet pale brown; 
iris dull white " (J. Armstrong). Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 
0-75, wing 4, tail 2*55, tarsus 0*95. 

Although specimens with fully developed white bastard-wings 
are distinct enough from P. malaharicus, yet every kind of intermediate 
link is found between the two species, which appear, from 
the evidence of specimens in the Hume collection, undoubtedly to 
interbreed on the confines of their ranges 

Hah, Bnrmah and Tenasscrim. 

a. Ad. sk. 
Upper Burmah. Br. Jerdon ["P.J. 
b. Ad. sk. 
Burmah. TweeddaleOoll. 
c-li. $ 
$ ad. sk. Rangoon, Oct., Nov., Dec. 10, Tweeddale Coll. 
1873 (It. G. W. JR.). 

i. 
Ad. sk. Rangoon. Hume Coll. 
Elephant Point, Rangoon, Hume Coll. 
Jc, I <S 2 ad. sk. Bee. 1875 (J. Armstrong). 
Elephant Point, Jan. '2% Hume Coll. 

m. 
5 ad. sk. 1870 (J. Armstrong). 
China Bakeer, Dec. 19, Hume Coll. 
n. 
2 ad. sk. 1875 (J. Armstrong). 
Pegu. W.T.Blanford,Esq, 
o. Ad. sk. 
[P.]. 

Pegu, May 31, 1876 (E. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
;;. S ad. sk. W. Oates). [P.]. 

Lower Pegu, Jan. 25,1878 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

q. $ ad. sk. (E. W. Oates). [P.]. 
Lower Pegu, Feb., May, Oates Coll. 
r-v. cS $ ad. sk. 

Oct., Bee. 
Tonghoo (JR. G. W. JR.). Tweeddale Coll. 

x. 
Ad. sk. Tong-hoo, Jan., Eebr. 1874 Tweeddale Coll. 
(JR. G. W. R.). ^ 
y, z. <5 $ ad. sk. Pahpoon, Tenasserim, Jan. Hume Coll. 
1874: (W. Davison). 
a\ b'. <$ ad. sk. Kaukaryit, May 9, 1878 Hume Coll. 

(J. Darlimf). 
er. <$ ad. sk. Thoungyak/Dec. 8,1878 Hume Coll. 
(J. Darling).
d\ 
<$ ad. sk. Thoungveen Valley, Sept. Hume Coll. 
T U,im(aT.Bingham). 

e. <$ ad. sk. 
Wippitan, Dec. 6, 1878 Hume Coll. 
(J. Darling).
/'. <$ ad. sk. Moulmein, Jan., March, Bee. Hume Coll. 
g>-t. £;#,*• $ad. (W. Davison). 
sk. Thatone, Jan., Bee. 1876 Hume Coll. 

m', ri. 6 $ ad. sk. (IF. Davison). 
o', j?'. 6 ? ad. sk. Thamban, Jan. 1878 (W. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 
q'. $ ad. sk. Wimpong, Dec. 31, 1876 Hume Coll. 

(W. Davison)* 
5 4 STUKNIDJ3. 

r'. $ ad. sk. JIanee, Houngthraw River, Hume Coll. 
Mar.7,187ii( W.Davison)* 
s'. $ ad. sk. Assoon, March 4, 1877 ( W. Hume Coll. 
3D a vison). 

t\ tf ad. sk. Pabyouk, March 13, 1874 Hume Coll. 
(TV. Davison). 
u1. Ad. sk. Meetan, Feb. 5, 1S77 (W. Hume Coll. 

Davibon). 
v'-d". cT ? ad. sk. Amherst, Jan., March 1Q77 Hume Coll. 

(W. Davison). 
10. Poliopsar blythii. 
Pastor malabaricus (nee Gm.), Jercl Madr. Journ. xi. p. 22 (1340). 
Sturnia donxinicana, Blyth, J. A. S. Bewj. xui. p. 35*3 (lbl4J. 
Pastor blythii, Jerd. Madr. Jmm. xiii. p. 138 (1844): id. HI. Inch 


Orn. pi. 22 (1847). 
Sturnia blythii, Blyth, J. A. S. Benq. xvi. p. 470 (1847); id. Cat. 

B. Mus. As. 8oc. p. 110 (1849),* Mume, 8tr. F. ix. p. 228; Butler, 
t. c. p. 237 ; W. Davison, 8tr. F. 18&3, p. 401 • Tat/lor, 8tr. F. 
1887, p. 4Q2. 
Temenuchus blythii, J33or*f. § Moore, Cat. B. Mus. F.I. Co. ii. 

p. 531 (1856); Gray, Iland-l B. ii. p. 20, no. 6207 (1870). 
Poliopsar blythii, Shaiye, Ibis, IbbS, p. 470. 
Adult male. General colour above delicate ashy grev; wing-
coverts like the back, the greater coverts paler and more hoary 
grey externally; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, 
externally glossed with steel-green, the primaries tipped with hoary 
grey, the secondaries externally hoary grey, and the innermost ones 
almost entirely of the latter colour; centre tail-feathers hoary grey, 
the next ones blackish, externally hoary grey, chestnut at the ends] 
the latter colour increasing gradually towards the outer feathers • 
crown of head, occiput, and nape white, with a pinkish tinge, the 
feathers long and lanceolate, those of the hind neck also long and 
having white shafts ; lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, 
and breast white ; lower breast, abdomen, sides of body, flanks, and 
under tail-coverts cinnamon-rufous; thighs ashy; under win°-coverts 
and axillaries ashy whitish ; quills below dusky: " bill blue 
at base, green in the centre, yellow at the tip ; legs and feet yellow; 
iris greyish white " (F. A. Butler). Total length 8-2 inches, cuimcii 
0*75, wing 4-1, tail 2*45, tarsus 0*9. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but everywhere paler and 
duller in colour, the upper surface somewhat washed with rusty, 
especially on the rump and upper tail-coverts; the head more ashy 
and the white of the sides of the face and throat greyish white, the 
rufous feathers somewhat edged with ashy whitish": " bill yellow, 
blue at base, green in centre, brownish yellow on the cuimen ; le»s 
and feet olive-yellow; iris grey" (E. A. Butler). Total length 
7*5 inches, cuimen 0*8, wing 3*75, tail 2*3, tarsus 0*0. ° 

Young females are browner than the adults, and have the head 
ashy brown; the under surface is ashy whitish with scarcely any 

3. STimffOBNIS. 
rufous, except on the under tail-coverts; sides of face dull whitish, 
as well as an indistinct eyebrow. 

The adult females never seem to get a pure white head like the 
males, but have the crown always grey. Young males at first 
resemble them in this respect. 

Hah. Southern India. 

a-c. Ad. sk. Malabar. 
d-e. S $ et juv. Belgaum, June, Julv, Aug., Sept., Hume Coll. 
sk. Oct. (E.A.Butler). 
/'. <$ Bd.;g',K.<$ Wynaad, May 1881 ( TV. Bad- Hume Coll. 
juv.; %'. 2juv.sk. son). 
h\ Ad. sk. Travancore, March 9, 1876 Hume Coll. 

(F. W. Bourdillon). 
/'. Ad. sk. Madras (Jerdori). India Museum, 
m, ri. Ad. sk. Malabar. Tweeddale Coll. 
o'. Juv." sk. Coorg. Tweeddale Coll. 
3. STURNORNIS. 
Type. 
Sturnornis, Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 679 (1879) . S. senex. 

Head of Sturnornis senex. 

Range. Confined to Ceylon. 

1. Sturnornis senex. 
Heterornis senex, Bp. Consp. i. p. 419 (1850, ex Temm. M8S.). 
Hetai'rornis alboirontata, Layard, Ann. fy Mag. Xat. Hist. (2) xii. 

p. 217 (1804). 
Temenuehus albofrontatus, Blyth, Ibis, 1807, p. 299. 
Temenuehus senex, Gray, Iland-l B. ii. p. 20, no. 6296 (1870); 
Iloldsw. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 402; iwe, Ibis, 1&74, p. 2:i. 
Acridotheres albifrontatus, Giebel, T/ies. Dm. i. p. 205 (1872). 
Sturnia albofrontata, Legge, Ibis, 1675, p. 888. 
Sturnia daurica (nee Pali), Stcinh. Ibis, 1875, p. 119. 
Sturnornis senex, Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 680, pi. 28 (1879). 
Sturnia senex, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 106. 

Adult male. General colour above black, with a gloss of ashy and 
green ; upper tail-coverts also black, with a green gloss; wing-
coverts and quills black, externally edged with glossy green ; tail


 STTJENIDJ3. 

feathers black, washed externally with glossy green; crown of head 
and hind neck like the back, the latter narrowly streaked with 
white shaft-lines; forehead, lores, eyebrow, sides of face, ear-coverts, 
cheeks, and throat white, the ear-coverts edged with pale brown, 
producing a slightly streaked appearance; sides of neck black, 
streaked with white ; fore neck and remainder of under surface of 
body dull greyish brown, streaked with white down the middle of 
the feathers ; abdomen ashy white; sides of upper breast and sides 
of neck blackish streaked with white ; thighs brown, streaked with 
white; under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts blackish: 
axillaries ashy brown with white shaft-lines ; quills below dusky 
brown, a little more ashy along the inner edge : " bill pale bluish 
horny, the gape and base bluish; legs and feet plumbeous blue; 
eyelid bluish; iris white, with a narrow inner centre of reddish 
brown ; orbital skin and eyelid dull bluish " ( W. V. Legge). Total 
length 8-3 inches, culmen 0*1), wing 4*1, tail 2*7, tarsus TO. 

"Young. Iris brown, with a faint grey outer edge; this increases, 
and in birds evidently still in the first year the proportions of white 
and brown in the iris are about equal, the furmer gradually increasing 
until it leaves the narrow brown circle ; bill, legs, and feet 
as in the adult. In nest-plumage the forehead, head, and hind 
neck are concolorous and of a dull brown hue; a whitish superciliary 
stripe passes from the nostrils over the eye ; the ear-coverts are 
sullied white, but the white of the throat seems to extend lower 
down, and to change abruptly into the dark grey of the chest; the 
lower parts, however, are not always equally dark; some examples 
have them pervaded with whitish; but the chief character of the 
under surface in the immature bird is the absence of the white 
mesial stripes, contrasting strongly with the grey of the rest of the 
feathers. The white of the forehead appears during the first year 
and increases with subsequent moults, which take place in August." 

( W. F. Legge.) 
Hal. Ceylon. 
#?
c.
Ceylon, Jan. 1866 (&
Chapman). 
Peak Forest, Aug. 17, 
b. c? S ac*-s-k- 
c? ad. sk. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
de.
/ . 
<$ ad. sk. 
Ad. sk. 
$ ad. sk. 
1876 (W.V.Zegge). 
Singha Kajah Forest,
South Ceylon. Aug. 21, 
1872 (W. V. Legge). 
Nuwara Eliya.
Ceylon, Jan. 23, 1866(& Chapman), 
Hume Coll. 
Mr. E. Boate [C.]. 
Marquis of Tweeddale 
[P.], 

4. STUENOPASTOE. 
Jj Type. 
Sturnopastor, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 84 (18*4) ... S. contra. 
Psarites, Cab. Mus. Hein, Th. i. p. 203 (1853) f S. contra. 

Range. Indian Peninsula; Burmese countries; Java and Sumatra, 
Bali, Madura. 

4 . STURNOPASTOR. 
Key to the Species. 

a. Forehead entirely black. 
a'. Bare area of face very large; no light streaks 
on the sides of the neck jalla, p. 57. 
1)'. 
Bare area of face much smaller • some very 
distinct streaks of drab-brown on the sides 
of the neck contra, p. 57. 


b. Forehead and crown with narrow white streaks; 
feathers over the eye white, forming a distinct 
eyebrow; sides of neck with indistinct pale 
streaks superciliaris, p. 59. 
1. Sturuopastor jalla. (Plate Y. fig. 3.) 
Pastor jalla, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 155 (1820) • Wagler, 

Syst. Av., Pastor, sp. 17 (1827). 
Pastor oricularius, JDrap. Diet. Class, vii. p. 153 (1841). 
Sturnopastor jalla, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 33(3 (1847); Bp. Consp. i. 

p. 420 (1850); Gray, Mand-l. B. ii. p. 22, no. 6313 (1870) ; Nichols. 
Ibis, 1881, p. 153; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xliv. 
p. 217 (1884), xlv. p. 393 (1885). 
Psarites jalla, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 203 (1850). 
Sturnopahtor contra {nee L.), Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, p, 319. 
Adult male. Yery similar to S. contra, but without any white 
streaks on the forehead, and further distinguished by having' the 
region of the eye yellow, extending in a bare patch backwards above 
the ear-coverts : " iris pale yellow " (A. It Wallace). Total length 
9*5 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 4*85, tail 2-55, tarsus 1-2. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but browner. Total length 
8*5 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 4*8, tail 2*6, tarsus 1*2. 
Hal. Sumatra, Java, Bali, Madura. 

a, b. Ad.; c.Imni.sk. Lampong, Sumatra (E, C. Tweeddale Coll. 
Buxton). 

d. Ad. sk. Java {Horsfeld). India Museran [P.]. 
(Type of species.) 
e, f. Ad. sk. Java. 
y, h. <S ? ad. sk. Java {Leiden Mus.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

i. <$ ad. sk. E. Java. 
Wallace Coll. 
h. Ad. sk. E. Java (A. JR. Wallace). Tweeddale Coll. 
Z, m. £ ad. sk. Bali. Wallace Coll. 
n. (Sj 0,2). ? ad. sk. Madura, Nov. 1871 (Dr. A. Tweeddale Coll. 
B. Meyer). 
2. Sturnopastor contra. (Plate Y. fig. 1.) 
The Contra from Bengali, Albin, Nat Hist. B. iii. p. 20, pi. 21 
The Black and White Indian Starring, Edwards, N. H. Birds, iv. 

p. 187, pi. 187 (1751). . .. 
L'Etourneau du Cap de Bonne Esp&ance, Bnss. Orn. u. p. 447, 
pi. xli. fig. 3 (1760); Daubent. PL Mil. iii. p. 280. 
Sturnus contra, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 290 (1766); Baud. TraiU 

STTJBNIDJE. 

r>s 

„ , .. ,, OAQ Q800) ; 7er& 3£Wr. Jour. xL p. 20 (1840); 

/,>¥A, J. A. f-^ e7;, ioi (1846 TKfeW, /'^t. & Benff. xvii. 

109{im); ™"


;s;Uiss^W«J^&itgz*-100^--r""


*g &^^^£tp-

I. ..v i/..„ y jr (2) MIL p. 36b (lfc»*±). 
I, 

1 ^iSi) IIoZ. in d-a,/s Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844); 6-V^, 

{>•/;•. i<T. 1^79, p. 106; tfcw% *. 

Adult male. General colour above blackish brown; scapulars externally 
white, forming a shoulder-patch; rump white; upper tailcovcits 
blaokibh bro\sn; lesser wing-coverts pure white; median 
and greater coverts blackish brown, edged with greenish black, the 
latter series inclining to dark bronzy brown; bastard-wing, primaryco\
erts, and quills black, edged with greenish Mack, the primaries 
margined with white near the ends, the secondaries more bronzy 
brown; tail-featbers blackish, with a scarcely perceptible fringe of 
white at the ends; crown of head, nape, and hind neck glossy 
greenish black, tho forehead minutely tipped with white, as also the 
leathers above the eye; lores, eyelid, sides of face, and ear-coverts 
pure white ; cheeks glossy black ; throat, sides of neck, and fore 
neck glossy greenish black; on the sides of the upper neck some 
btroakb of white or drab-brown, some of the feathers on the sides of 
the upper mantle externally drab-brown; remainder of the under 
surface of body pale vinaceous grey, a little more isabelline on the 
abdomen : thighs externally blackish, internally white like the 
under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white ; quills 
below blackish, narrowly fringed with white along the inner edge. 
Total length 9 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 4*0, tail 2*2, tarsus 1*3. 

Adult female. Like the male. Total length 8*5 inches, culmen 

1-13, wing 4'65, tail 2*75, tarsus 1*35. 

Young, Browner than the adult, the base being also blackish 

brown; lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts dull white, washed with 

smoky brown, a shade of which colour overspreads the sides of the 

neck; under surface of body dull white, the throat washed with 

smoky brown, the fore neck and lower throat dingy blackish, mottled 

A\ ith oehrcous-brown edges to the feathers. 

Specimens from the eastern limit of this bird's range are decidedly 

darker than the more western examples, but a perfect gradation 

exists between them. 

4 . SriTRNOPASTOR. 
Hub. The plains of North-western India to the 
Terai, eastwards to Assam and Cachar, and south 

a, b. $ ad. sk.

c, d. d1 $ ad. sk.
e,f. Ad. sk.

g. Ad.sk.
h, i Ad. sk.
h Ad. sk.

I, m. $ ad. sk.

w. c? ad. sk.
o-r. Ad. sk.

s, t, u. Ad. sk,

v. Ad. sk.
ID. Ad. sk.
x, y, s. Ad. sk.
a'. $ ad. sk.

V, c'. Ad. sk.

d'. Ad. sk.

e')f>9'-6 ? ad.

bk.
ti, %, k'. Ad. sk.
I', m'. <$ J acl. sk.

ri. Ad. sk.

o. 9. ad. sk.
p'. Ad. sk.

q'.r'. Ad. sk.

s. S ad. sk.
t'. $ ad. sk.

u'. cS ak. sk.

?>'. Juv. sk.

id, Ad. sk.

 Gurgaon District, Jan., April 

( W. N. Chill). 
Umbala, Feb. 18G7 (Dr. Scott). 
Etawah. 
Oude, January 1870 (IF. K 
Brooks). 

 Oude. 
Dehra Doon, March G, 1870 

{Dr. G. King). 

 Dehra Doon, Dec. 20, 1870 
(Dr. Q. Xing). 
Nepal, Dec. 21, 1S77 (Dr. J. 
Scully), 

 Nepal. 
Nepal (Hodgson), 
Sikhim Terai (X. Mandelli). 
Darjeelinp: Terai (X. Mandelli). 
Bhootan Doars, Jan., Feb., Nov. 


(X. Mandelli). 
Dhollah, Assam, May 5, 1877 
(J. Cochhurn). 
Sadhyia, Assam, April 1877 

(J. Cockbum). 
Nazeerah, 
Upper Assam (Dr. 
Heid). 

 Dibrughur, Assam, May, June 
1880 (X JR. Cripps). 
Assam {McClelland). 
Goalundo, E. Bengal, Dec. 1, 

1877 (W. Damon). 
Caciiar (/. Inglis). 
West of New Ivarimgan], S\l


het, Jan. 24,1881 (A. 0. XX). 
Khasia Hills (Griffith), 

 N. 
Khasia Hills, March, Dec. 
1876 (A. W. Che?viHl). 
Faridpur, June 8, 1S78 (X It 
Cripps). 
Barrackpore (X Bkkhdph). 
Calcutta, Jan. 1873. 
Near Calcutta. 
Madras. 


59 

Nepal and Sikhini 
to Madras. 

JllllllO Coll. 

Tweoddalo Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Pinwill Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hodgson Coll. 

India M useum. 
Hume Coll, 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Cull. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

R. B. Sharpe, E^q. 
[p.]. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 


Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweedclale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 

Gould Coll. 

3. Sturnopastor superciliaris. (Plate Y. fig. 2.) 
Sturnopastor contra (nee X.), Gould, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 150; Blyth, 

B. Burm. p. 90 (1875). 
Sturnopastor contra, var., Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xxxi. p. 342, note 
Sturnopaltor superciliaris, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xxxii. p. 77 (1803); 
Blanf. Ibis, 1S70, p. 400; Gray, lland-l B. h. p. 22 no. 031o 
(1870); Hmne, Nests $> Dc/gs Lid. B. p. 427 (1873), 1875, p. 149 ; 
Armdr. Str. F. 1870, p. 331; Hume # Davison, Sir. F. yi. p. 387 

STXJENIB^. 

(1878) j Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 106; Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 192 

(1880) ; Oates, B. Brit. Burrn. i. p. 378 (1883),* Salvad. Ann. Mm. 

Civic. Genov. (2) iv. p. 002 (1887), T. p. 614 (1888); Same, Sir. F. 

xi. p. 261 (1888). 
Stumopastor 
contra, var. superciliaris, Anderson, Zool. Fxped. 
Yunnanj Birds, p. 595 (1878). 

Adult male. Very similar to S. contra, but a darker bird, and distinguished 
by the following points; viz. the white streaks on the 
forehead extending over the fore part of the crown, the lores and 
eyebrow entirely white, and the median wing-coverts tipped with 
white: "gape and basal half of the bill orange, the terminal half 
yellowish white; inside of month black; eyelids orange-yellow; 
iris pale yellow; legs and claws brown "' (E. W. Oates). Total length 
9 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 4-6, tail 2'6, tarsus 1*2. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little browner. Total 
length 8-5 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 4*3, tail 2*45, tarsus 1*15. 

Young. Much browner than the adults, with the wrhite on the 
scapulars and wing-coverts sullied, the head dusky blackish; eyebrow, 
sides of face, and ear-coverts also sullied white ; throat and 
fore neck dusky brown, with more or less blackish, especially along 
the malar line. The plumage of the under surface, when fresh 
moulted, is lavender-grey. 


Hab. Replaces S. contra from Manipur throughout the Burmese 
provinces. 


«-/. 6 $ ad. sk. Manipur, Feb., March 1881 (A. Hume Coll. 

O. IL). 
g, g'. d ? ad. sk. Moirang, Manipur, March 1881 Hume Coll. 
{A. O. IL). 
h. 
tf ad. sk. Koeskm Koolel, Manipur, Apr. 6, II ume Coll. 
1881. 
i, k, I $ 
ad. sk. Elephant Point, Dec. 29, 1875 Hume Coll. 
(Dr. J. Armstrong). 


m. 
S ad. sk. Akyab, March 20, 187C (Dr. J. Hume Coll. 
Armstrong). 
n. $ ad. sk. China Bakeer, Dec. 20,1875 (Br. Hume Coll. 
Armstrong). 
o, p. J ad. sk. Tonghoo, April 1874 (22. G. Tweeddale Coll. 


W. R.). 
g9 r. d ad. sk. Near Pegu, Feb. 1875 (F. W. Hume Coll. 
Oates). 
s,t,u. <$ Jad.sk. Lower Pegu, Jan., March 1878. Oates CoU. 


v. $ 
ad. sk. Lower Pegu, Jan. 28,1878 (F. W. Tweeddale Coll. 
Oates). 
w. Ad. sk. Bhamo. Upper Burrnah, Feb. 2, Dr. Anderson [C.]. 
1868. 
oc, y, z. Ad. sk. Katha, Upper Burrnah, Jan. 19, Dr. Anderson [C.]. 
1868. 
a'-e'. cS J ad.sk. Pahpoon, Jan., April, Dee. 1874 Hume Coll. 


( W. Davison). 
f,ri. d $ ad.sk. Kaukaryit, May, June, July 1878 Hume ColL 
(J. Darling).
o'-w'. $ § ad. et Moulmein, Jan., March, June, Hume Coll, 
juv. sk. Oct., Nov., Dec. ( W. Davison). 

5. PILOPUCS. 6L 
x'. 2 ad. sk. Amherst, Jan. 3, 1877. Hume Coll. 

y. Ad. sk. Tavoy (Capt. Briggs). Gould Coll. 
*-?. c?$ad.et Tavoy, April, May 1874 (IF. £><*- Hume Coll. 
juv. sk. visori). 
cf>. <$ ad. sk. Mergui, Jan. 1879 (J. Barling). Hume Coll. 
X-P-6 ad.; y. Mergui, June, Nov. (JT. Davison). Hume Coll. 

cf imm. sk. 

5. DILOPHUS. 
Type. 
Dilophus, Vieill Analyse, p. 34 (1810) D. carunculatus. 

Range. Confined to Africa and Southern Arabia. 

1. Diloplras carunculatus-
Cocksconib Stare, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 9 (1783). 
Gracula carunculata, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 399 (1788). 
Sturnus gallinaceus, Lath Lid. Orn. i. p. 324 (1790). 
Le Porte-Lanibeaux. Lewitt. Ois. d'Afr. ii. p. 178, pis. 193, 194 


(1799). 
Gracula gallinacea, Baud. Traits, ii. p. 291 (1800): Map. Neue 

Wirb., Tog. p. 115 (1835-40). 
Gracula larvata, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 468 (1809). 
Dilophus gallinaceus, Vieill. N. Bid. dHist. Nat. ix. p. 442 (1817). 
Acridotheres gallinaceus, Bonn, et Vieill. Em. MSth. ii. p. G91 

(1823). 
Pastor carunculatus, Wagl. Syst. Av., Pastor, sp. 16 (1827). 
Dilophus carunculatus, Bilpp. Syst. Uebers. p. 76 (1845) ; Gray, Gen. 

B. ii. p. 336 (1847); Bp. Gmp. i. p. 420 (1850); Cab. Mus. Hein. 
Th. i. p. 206 (1850); Strickl. $ Scl Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 149; 
Heugl Syst. Uebers. p. 37 (1856) ; Monteiro, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 93; 
Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 177 (1867); id. Ibis, 1868, p. 246,1869, p. 74; 
Ayres, Ibis, 3809, p. 394; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. Abth. ii. 
p. 529 (1870); Gray, Hand-IB. ii. p. 20, no. 6305 (1870); SJwrpe, 
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 133; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 56 (1871); Gumey in 
Anderss. B. Bam.-Ld. p. 162 (1872); Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 378; 
Ayres, Ibis, 1879, p. 398; Shaipe in Oates"* Matahele Land, App. 
p. 316 (1881); Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, vii. p. 105 
(1881): Bocaqe, Orn. Angola, p. 302 (1881) ; Salvin, Cat. StrickL 
Coll. p. 273 (1882); Shelley, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 307 ; Holub $ Pelz. 
Beitr. Orn. Sudafr. p. 108 (1882) ; Butler, Feilden, §* Reid, Zool. 
1882, p. 257; Sahad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) i. p. 197 (1884) ; 
Sharpe, ed. Layards B. S. Afr. pp. 421, 845 (1884); Yerbury, Ibis, 
1886, p. 18; Shelley, Ibis, i888, p. 803 ; Sahad. Ann. Mus. Civie. 
Genov. (2) vi. p. 297 (1888). 
Adult male. General colour above light isabelline drab; scapulars 
slightly more ashy; rump and upper tail-coverts rather whiter ; 
wing-coverts ashy isabelline, whiter on the edges of the median and 
greater coverts; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, quills, and tail-
feathers black, externally glossed witlrsteel-green, the inner primary-
coverts white; crown of head bare, with two erect wattles in the 
centre; all the sides of the face also bare, with a pendent wattle in 
the centre of the latter; the feathers, which come to a point on the 


STUKISriD-E. 

sides of the throat behind the bare cheeks, are isabelline drab, like 
those of the rest of the under surface : thighs, under tail-coverts, 
under wing-coverts, and axillaries rather paler and more isabelline 
whitish; quills below blackish brown. Total length 8 inches, 
culmen 0*85, wing 4*8, tail 2-65, tarsus 1*15. 

Adult female. Browner than the male, the white rump showing 
conspicuously ; upper tail-coverts brown ; wing-coverts brown; 
wings browner than in the male, the primary-coverts black, like 
the bastard-wing and quills; head feathered like the back; lores 
dusky ; sides of face and under surface of body isabelline, whiter on 
the centre of the abdomen. The only bare parts on the head are 
the region of the eyes and a yellow patch behind the latter, as well 
as the sides of the throat. Total length 8 inches, culmen 0-3, win«* 
4*6, tail 2*55, tarsus 1*2. 

Males with the wattled head are very rare in collections. The 
young birds resemble the old females, and have brown or black 
primary-coverts. Some birds are lighter drab than the adult females, 
and show the white on the scapulars and wing-coverts, and have 
also the primary-coverts white, but the head and throat are 
feathered. These may be young males or old birds in winter 
plumage. 

/lab. Africa generally, excepting the forest-region of the west 
coast; Southern Arabia. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Aden. 
Gould Coll. 

c. Juv. sk. ILusrah, Aden, Aug. o, 1S88, Major Yerbury [P.". 
cl Juv. sk. Senaar. fcJliarpe Coll. 
e. Juv. sk. Tigre (JEster). Sharpe Coll. 
/'. (S juv. sk. Laniu, E. Africa, Aug. 22,18,-5. E. J. Jackson, Esq. 
[P.]. * 


g, h, i. Ad.; h. Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). Lhiugstone Exped. 
Juv. sk. 


1. 
Juv. sk. 1st Makalaka Kraal, Matabele, W. E. & C. G. Oates, 
Sept 1 (F. Oates). Esqs. [P.]. 
m. 
S ^d. sk. Tafci, Matabele Land, Xov. 18, W. E. & C. G. Oates, 
1874 (F. Oates). Esqs. [P.]. 
n, 
Juv. sk. Paniaqueban River, Sept. 4, W.E.&'c.G. Oates, 
1878 (F. Oates). Esqs. [P.]. 


o. Juv. sk. Transvaal {T. Ay res). Sharpe Coll. 
p. <$ ad. sk. Kingwillianistown. Mr. C. Kewby [TV. 
q. J juv. sk. Kingwilliamstown, April 21. Capt. Trevelyan j_lC 
1H77 (C\ Nezvhj). 
r, s. Juv. sk. Otjimbinque, Damara Land, Sharpe Coll. 
Aug. 21, 1863 (6'. J. Anderssori).


£ <$ ad. sk. Gakmgo Alto, Angola, Aug. 21 Sharpe Coll. 

(67. A. Sala). 
u. Juv. sk. 
Benguela. 
Monteiro Coll. 

0. PASTOR. 
03 

6. PASTOR. 
Typo. 
Pastor, Temm. Man. cTOm. i. p. 83 (1815) P. msotis. 
Psaroides, Vieill. Analyse, p. 42 (1810) P, roN?us. 
Boscis, Brehm, Bis, 1828, p. 1282 P. rosoua. 
Pecuarius, Temm. Man. aVOni. iii. p. 76 (1835) P. IUSOUS. 
Thremnophilus, Macgill. Hist. Brit. B. i. p. 610 (J 837) P. ro^eus. 
Nomadites, " Beteniz^ teste Bp. Cat Met. Ois. Bur. p. 44 

(1842) 
P. roscua. 

JRanr/e. Of irregular occurrence in Central and "Western Europe. 
Breeds in Central Asia, and the countries cast of the Mediterranean, 
though it has been known to nest in Italy on one occasion. "Winters 
in the Indian Peninsula. 

1. Pastor roseus. 
Rose or Carnation-coloured Ouzel, Edwards, Nat. Hist. B. i. p. 20. 
pi. 20 (1743). 
Le Merle couleur de rose, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 250 (1700); Month. 
Hist. Nat Ois. iii. p. 348, pi. 22 (1775). 
Turdus roseus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 294 (176G); Ball. Beis. Buss. 
Beiehs. ii. p. 491 (1773) ; Gm. Syst. Natl p. 819 (1788) : Meyer, 
Vog. Liv- u. Estlil p. 103 (1815). 
Stumus rofeeus, Scop. Ann. i. p. 130 (1769); Ball. Zoogr. Bosso-
Asiat. i. p. 420 (1811); Nordm. in Bemid. Vog. Buss. Merid. iii. 

p. 123 (1840) j Schl Vog. Nederl. pi. 147 (1854) ; id. Bier. NederL 
Vog. pi. xiv. figs. 0, 7 (1801) ; Sundev. Svensk. Fogl. pi. Ixix. 
fig.13 (1866). 
Le Merle couleur de rose de Bourgogne, Daubent. Bl. Erd. iv. 
pi. 251. 
Turdus seleucis, Forskttl, Descr. Anim. p. vi, no. 10 (1775); Gm. Syst 
Nat i. p. 837 (1788). 
Sturnus asiaticus, Wirsing, Vog. Taf. 1 {teste Latham). 
Rose-coloured Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 50 (1783). 
Le Roselin, Levaill Ois. d'Afr. ii. p. 190. pi. 90 (17U9). 
Pbaxoides roseus, Vieill. Analyse, p. 42 (1810). 
Merula rosea, Koch, Syst. later, Zool. p. 242 (1810) ; Naum. Vog. 

Devtschl ii. p. 200, Taf. 63 (1822); Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. 

p. 
170 (1840) ; Linderm. Vog. Griechetd. p. 73 (1800); Borggr. 
Vogelf. Norddeutschl p. 84 Q8G9). 
Pastor roseus, 
Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 136 (1820); Werner, Atlas, 
Omnivores. pis. 21, 22 (1827) ; Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 212 (1837); 

Gray's Zool Misc. p. 84 (1844"); Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal 
pres. Hodgs. p. 103 (1840); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 334 (1847); 
Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. #oc.'p. Il l (1849); Thompson, B. Lrel 
i p 295 (1849); B<p. Consp. i. p. 421 (1850); Horsf. $ Moore. 
Cat B. Mus. E.L Co. ii. p. 539 (1856); Hetoits. Eggs Br. B„ 
i p 217, pi. Iv. fig. 2 (1856); Jauh. et Barth.-Lapomm. Bich. Orn. 

p. 109 (1859); Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 33; Boioys, Ibis, 1860, 
p 137: Bowleg, Ibis, 1801, p. 113; Irhj, t c. p. 231; Jerd. B. 
Ind. ii. p. 233 (1863); Gray, List Brit B. p. 90 (1863); Wright, 
Ibis, 1804, p. 56; Gi</lioli, Ibis, 1805, p. 57; Gould, B. Gt Br. iii. 
64 STTJEN1DJE. 

pi. 55 (1865); Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. p. 285 (1867): Blyth, 
Ibis, 1867, p. 40; Locke, JELvpL Sci. Alger., Ois. p. 127 (1807); 
Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 171; Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 72 (1860); 
Ehces & Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 192 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 10, 
no. 6280 (1870); Fritsch, Tog. Eur. p. 227, pi. 22. figs. 19, 20 
(1870) ; Salmd. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 167 (1871); Saunders, Ibis, 
1871, p. 221; HeugL Orn. KO.-Afr. i. p. 590 (1&70), iv. App. 

p. cxxvii (1871); It Gray, B. W. Scotl. p. 160 (1871); Harting, 
Randb. Brit. B. p. 30 (1872); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 157(1872); 
Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 64 (1873); Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, 
p. 413; Brooke, t. c. p. 247; Dresser, B. Eur. iv. p. 423, pi. 250 
(1873); Ball, Str. F. 1873, p. 77; Hume, t. c. p. 208 ; Adam. t. c. 
p. 386; Gould, B. Gt. Br. iii. pi. m (1873, jttv.); Hume, Str. F. 
1874, p. 252 ; Ball, t. c. p. 419; id. Str. F. 1875, p. 209; Butler, 
t. c. p. 495 ; Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 238 ; Danf. $ Harne Brown, 
t. c. p. 414 ; Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 30 (1875); bordeaux, Ibis, 1875, 
p. 184; Scully, Str. F. 1876, p. 104; Fairb. t. c. p. 260; Hume, 
t c. p. 415;%Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. (1876); Butler, Str. F. 
1877, p. 230; Finsch, Ibis, 1877, p. 51; Taczan. Bull. Soc. ZooL 
France, ii. p. 148 (1877); Tschusi, Verh. z.-b. Wien, xxvii. p. 195 
(1877); Neivt. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 243 (1878); Betta, ZooL 
1878, p. 16 ; Danf. Ibis, 1878, p. 25 ; Dubois, Faun. Vertebr. Belg. 
pi. 5o (1878); Davidson § Wenden, Str. F. 1878, p. 85; Butler, 

t. c. p. 184; Ball, t. c. p. 221; G lithe, Ibis, 1879, p. 380; Finsch, 
Verh. z.-b. Wien, xxix. p. 204 (1879); Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 073 
(1879); Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 106, 450; *Doig, t. c! p. 374; St. 
John, Ibis, 1880, p. 145; Giglioli, Ibis, 1^81, p. 205; id. Iconogr. 
Aiif. Ital. fasc. x. (1881); Reid, Str. F. x. p. 54 (1881): Davhh. 
t. c. p. 312; Salv. Cat. Stricld. Coll p. 272 (1^2) \ Seehohm, Ibis, 
1882, p. 215; Bidd. t. c. p. 79; B.O. U. lid Br. IJ. p. 00 (1*KJ); 
Homeyer ty Tancre, Ml'. Orn. Ver. Wien, 1853, p. M); C. W. 
Wilson, Ibis, 1883, p. 575: Davison, Str. F. x. p. 401 (lbb8); 
Seebohm, Hist. Br. B. ii. p. 20 (1884); Tristr. Faun. fyFlor. Baled. 

p. 73 (1884); MacpJi. ZooL 1884, p. 339; Radde, Orn. Cam. 
p. 152 (1884); Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. IbO (1884); Stcinh. 
$ Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 128; Tschusi, MT. Orn. Ver. Wien, 1885, 
p. 59; JSiholisJud, Trud. St. Betersb. xyii. p. 388 (1886); Gigl. 
Avif. Ital. p. 18; Reid, Cat. Luchnow Mus. p. 126 (1887);' Salcad. 
Elench. Ucc. Ital. p. 184 (1887); Lorenz, Beitr. Orn. Cauc. p. 11 
(1887); Taylor, Str. F. x. p. 462 (1887). 
Acridotheres ro&eus, Ranzani, Elem. Zool. iii. pt. v. p. 177 (1823); 
Route, Orn. Brov. pis. 177, 177 bis (1825); Bp. Iconogr. F. Ital, 

Ucc. i. punt. 83, tav. 82. figs. 1, 2, 3 (1836) ; id. Comp. list B. 
Eur. $* K Amer. p. 28 (1838); Selys-Longch. Faun. Beige, p. 70 
(1842); Antin. Naum. 1856, p. 404; Filippi, Viagg. Fers. p. 349 
(1865). * 

Boscis rosea, BreJmi, Isis, 1828, p. 1282; id. Vog. Dtutschl. p. 400 
(1831). * 
Gracula rosea, Cuv. Regn. Anim. i. p. 878 (1829) ; Efcerb. Damn. 

Fugle, SuppL pi. y. fig. 4 (1858). 
Pecuarius roseus, Temm. Man. aVOrn. iii. p. 76 (1835). 
Threninophilus rosens, Macgill. Hist. Br. B. i. p. 613 (1887), 
Nomadites roseus, " Feteniz,'" Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 44 (1842). 
Rose-coloured Pastor, Tarrell, Brit B. ii. p. 48 (1843). 
Boscis rosans, Brehm, Kaum. Ifc55, p. 282. 

Adult male. General colour above clear rose-colour; scapulars like 

6. PASTUB.
the back ; upper tail-coverts blue-hlaek with a slight greenish gloss; 
wing-coverts and quills black, externally glossed with steel-green, 
shaded with purplish; the primaries light brown on the inner webs, 
blackish at the ends; tail-feathers black, externally steel-green; 
head strongly crested, black with a purplo gloss, as also the hind 
neck, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, sides of neck, and 
fore neck; chest and under surface of body clear rose-colour, brighter 
on the abdomen; sides of body also rose-colour, the lower flanks 
and thighs purplish black; under tail-coverts black with a steelgrcen 
gloss; under wing-coverts black, edged with white, the 
axillaries externally rosy white; quills below dusky, ashy along 
the inner web. Total length 8 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 5*1, tail 
2*5, tarsus 1*25. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but with the colours not so 
bright and the crest much shorter. Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 
0*85, wing 4-85, tail 2-o, tarsus 1*15. 

Young. Different from the adults. General colour above pale earthy 
brown, the scapulars like the back ; lower back and rump slightly 
paler brown; upper tail-coverts like the back, with darker brown 
centres; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and greater 
coverts dark brown, edged with whity brown, whiter on the inner 
greater coverts; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark 
brown, fringed with whity brown, the inner secondaries edged with 
white like the adjoining greater coverts; tail-feathers light brown, 
edged with whity brown ; crown of head like the back, only a trifle 
darker ; lores whitish as well as the eyelid; sides of face and ear-
coverts brown; cheeks, chin, and upper throat white; lower throat 
white, with dark brown central streaks; sides of neck ashy brown ; 
fore neck, chest, and remainder of under surface of body light ashy 
brown, washed with creamy buff on the chest; abdomen rather 
whiter; lower flanks slightly mottled with dark brown centres; 
thighs ochreous brown ; under tail-coverts light brown with whitish 
edges : under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy with whitish edges ; 
quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge : " bill above brownish; 
gape and base of upper mandible yellowish ; tip of lower mandible 
dusky; legs and feet fleshy; iris brown" (W. V. Leijge). Total 
length 8*5 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 5*05, tail 2*65, tarsus 1*2. 

The description of the young bird is taken from a male procured 
at Burgasskeuy in Turkey, on the 14th of September by Mr. Eobson. 
The birds arrive in India in this brown plumage, and moult in 
October into their first full plumage. This is heralded first of all 
by a darkening of the under tail-coverts, which become black with 
broad whitish edges; a faint rosy tinge pervades the brown of the 
under surface; an occasional black feather shows itself on the throat, 
and the quills are shed. The young males appear to gain the adult 
plumage at the first moult, but the females apparently take a much 
longer time, and are probably several years before they put on a 
full rosy plumage like the male. The winter plumage of the young 
seems to be like that of the adult, the rosy portions of the plumage 

VOL. xni. *• 

STTTRMDJE. 

being obscured by clingy brown, while all the black parts are tipped 
with ashy whitish. The wings and tail are rather greener than in 
the adults. 

Adults in ivinter have the whole of the plumage obscured, 
the rosy parts being hidden by dusky brown, and the black 
portions tipped with ashy or oehreous brown. The crest is short 
and not developed to any great extent before the advent of the 
summer plumage, which is gained by the shedding of the dubky tips 
to the feathers, apparently a very gradual process. AH observers 
agree that the full rosy plumage takes a considerable time to 

acquire (cf. Antin. Nauru. 1856, p. 404). 
Hab. The same as that of the genus. 

a. Ad. sk. 
b. Ad. sk. 
c. Ad. sk. 
d. $ juv. sk. 
d*. (S ad. sk. 

e. <$ ad. sk. 
/ . Ad. sk. 
(/, h. Juv. sk. 
i. 2 ^d. sk. 
k. J ad. sk. 
I, m, n, Ad. sk. 
o, p. d $ ad. sk. 
q. S ad. sk. 
r. S ad. sk. 
s. $ ad. sk. 
t. Juv. sk. 
u. Ad. sk. 
v, %o. <$ 5 ad. sk. 
X, y. Ad. sk. 

z. <$ juv. sk. 
a'. Ad. sk. 
b'. S ad.; c\ S imm. 
sk. 
d'. S ad.sk. 

e. 2 ad. sk. 
/'. tf ad. sk. 
g'. Ad. sk. 
h'. cf ad. sk. 
i'. cf ad. sk. 

k'. Ad.; I'. (S imm. 
*k. 

Berlin. 
Montpelier. 
Genoa. 

Turkey, Sept. 14, 1871 

(T."Mobson). 
Turkey, Mav 23 (T.Robson). 
Tirlis (F. Smith), 
Persia. 
Fao, Persian Gulf, Aug. 11, 

1886. 
Saissan. 
Alakul, June 18,1841. 
Altai Mountains, May 1841. 
Tirphul, W. Afghanistan, 

April 13, 188o. 
Kojukj Afghanistan, 
April 27, 1681. 


Killa Abdula, April 80, 

1881. 
Chaman, April 27, 1881. 
Cabul (Griffith). 
Olipore (Griffith). 
Kandahar, April 24, July 18, 

1879 (Sir 0. St John), 
Nal, Khelat, April 23, 

1877 (0. T. Duke). 
Peshawur. 
Dera Ghazi Khan, March 

1872. 
Dera Ghazi Khan, May 7, 

1872. J 
Sindh (Br, JET. Gould). 
Sindh (Dr. R. Gould). 
Sindh, Jan. 1885 (Dr. R. 

Gould), 

Sindh. 
Sindh, March 12, 1873. 
Hyderabad, May 5, 1878 


{JB. A. Butler). 

Sambhur, March 1873 

(JZ. M. Adam). 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Baron Laugier [C.~. 

E. B. Sharped Esq. 
Pi. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

[P.1. 
Shellev Coll. 
Tweeotdale Coll. 
C.Darwin, Esq. [P.]. 
W\ D. Cummin^, E&q. 
rPA 
Dr. &. Finsch fCV. 
Gould Coll. " " 
Moscow Museum. 
Dr. Aitchibon _C.]. 


Col. Swinhoe ~P.]. 

Col. Swinhoe [P.]. 

Col. Swinhoe [R l 
India Museum. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Gould Coll. 
India Museum. 
India Museum. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

6 . PASTOR. 
67 
tn'-t. <? ad. sk. 

u'. Ad.sk. 

©'. $ ad. sk. 

w\ 5 ad. sk. 

®'i y'> 6 ad. sk. 

*'> fl, ft <$ £ ad. sk. 

y~#. d ad. sk. 

i-o. d ad.; ff. $ 
ad. sk. 
P? o*. d ? ad. sk. 


TJ v, <£• 6 ad.; 
X-? ad. sk. 
^j ». <d ad, sk. 


«'-$'. d $ ad. et 

juv. sk. 

e'. Ad.sk. 

C'-o'. Ad. et juv. 

sk. 

ir'9 />'. Ad. sk. 

o*'. Juv. sk. 

r'. Ad. sk. 

v. Ad. sk. 
ad. sk. 

u)'. d ad. sk. 

a"-B". Ad.; «",£". 

Imm. sk. 

77". d ad. sk. 

d". Ad. sk. 

1". <$ ad.; #c", X". 

d $ imni. sk. 

p"-g'. Ad. sk. 

o"-r". c? ? ad. et 

juv. sk. 

v". Ad. sk. 

<£". Imm. sk. 

X,f 

. d ad. sk. 

<f'. Ad. sk. 
a>"-& d $ ad. et 
juv. sk. 

e, 3 ad. sk. 

/,</. <d ad. j A. $ 
imm. sk. 

Sambhur, April, June, Oct.. 
NOT., Dec. (22. ilf. 

Kutch, Jan. 1872. 
Jodhpur (JS. M. Adam). 
Ajniere, Feb. 23, 1878 


(A. 0. H.). 
Sultanpur, Gurgaon Disk, 
Jan. 6, 1879 (W. N. 
Chin). 

Delhi, Feb., March 1876 

(C.T.Bingham). 

Gurgaon, March 1881 

(W.K Chill). 
Gurgaon, 
April (W. N. 
Chill). 

Sultanpur, Gurgaon, July 

1879 (W. JV. Chill). 

Gurgaon Dist., August 

(W.m Chill). 
Sultanpur, Gurgaon, Dec. 
1878 (TT. N. Chill). 
Umbala, Oct., Nov. 1866 

(B. C. Beavan). 
Gangaotri, Jan. 1871. 
Etawah, March, April, 

Nov. 
Oudh, Jan., Dec. 
Nepal. 
Darjeeling (Pearson). 
Behar. 
Eaipur. 

Raipur, Feb. 9, 1873. 
Kamptee. 


Seoni. 
Saugor (W. T. Hooper). 
Mhow, October 1881. 


Khandeish. 


Khandeish, Feb., March, 
April 1881 (J. Davidson). 


Berar, Feb. 1870 (W. T. 
Blanford). 

Nursipatam, Rajamundry. 
Ooran, Bombay, Jan. 30, 

1875. 
Ahmednuggur. 
Ahmednuggur, March, 

Oct.,Nov. (IS.B.Fairhank), 


Wadale, March 1873 

(8. B. Fairbank). 
Wadale, Nov. 1876 (S. B. 
Fairbank)* 

Hume OolL 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hodgson Coll. 


India Museum. 


Hodgson Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Dr. B. Hinde [P.]. 


Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 
Col. Swinhoe [P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Tweeddale Coll. 


Tweeddale Coll. 


Tweeddale Coll. 


v2 

68 STUKNID.E. 
i, k. $ ad. sk. Belgaum, Feb. 24, 1880 Hume Coll. 
I, m. Ad. sk.
n. 2 juv. sk.
o. Ad. sk.
(A. & Butler). 
Deccan (&/to). 
Madras. 
Madias. 
India Museum. 
India Museum. 
Rev. H. H. Baber 
p. Juv. sk. Madras (Dr. Jerdori).
yr. 
Gould Coll. 

7. SIU&NIA. T^ 
Sturnia, Less. Compl. Buff. ix. Ois. p. 53 (1837) ........ S. sinensis 
Range. Eastern Siberia, Japan, throughout China to the Burmese 
provinces and Malacca, the Philippines, Borneo, and the Moluccas. 

Key to the Species. 

a. No band of white or grej ish -white at end of 
tail-feathers. 
a'. Back glossy violet; wings externally glossy 
green. 
a". Scapulars white or buffy white; outer 
tail-feathers externally a<hy white; no 
red on face or throat; a purple patch on 
the occiput; under surface white, T\ ith a 
slight ashy shade on the breast and ^id^s 
of body bturnina ptil. a>th., 

b". Scapulars like the back ; no light patt< rn |_p. 72. 
on outer feather ; sides of face and bidps 
of neck vinous chestnut; a similar patch 
on the occiput; breast and sides of body 
dark slaty grey \ viola'en, p. 70. 

b'. Back ashy grey or brown ; wTini?s externally 
brown, with scarcely any glosa; median 
wing-coverts tipped wTith white. 


c". No ruddy tinge about the face; a broad 
pale edging to outer tail-feather sturnina J ad. et juv , 

d". A slight ruddy tinge on the sides of the [p. 72. 
face; outer tail-feathers with only a 
slight pale margin violacea 5 et juv., 

b. Tail-feathers broadly tipped with white or ashy [p. 71. 
white. 
c\ Entire wing-coverts and scapulars white .. sinensis ad , p. GO. 
d'. Wing-coverts black, only the median series 


white , •,.••' sinensis juv., p. 69. 

1. Sturnia sinensis. 
Le Kink de la Chine, JDaubent. PI. Bnl, iii. pi. 617. 
Le Kink, Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 253 (1775). 
Kink Oriole, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. nt. i. p. 448 (1783). 
Oriolus sinensis, Qm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 394 (1788). 
Pastor turdiformis, Wagler, Sybt. Av., Pastor, sp. 15 (1827). 
Pastor elegans, Less, in Belanger's Voy. p. 206, pi. 6 (1^34). 
Stnrnia sinensis, Less. Compl Buff., Ois. ix. p. 52 (1837); Blifth fy 


Wold. B. Burm. p. 91 (1875) ; Hume, Sir. F. % ii. p. 514* liii. 

p. 106 (1879), ix. p. 118 ; Oafas, B. Brit Burm. i. p. 384 (1883); 
Hume, Sir. F. xl p. 267 (1888). 
7 . STTJENIA.
Sturnia cana, Blyth, J. A. S. Bene/, xiii. p. 365 (1844); id. Cat B. 
Mus. As. JSoc. p. 110 (1849). 
Sturnia elegans, Eluth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 3G4 ("1844): Gould, 

P. Z 8. 185% P. 15L 
Pastor sinensis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 334 (1847), 
Heterornis elegans, Bp. Consp. i. p. 419 (1850). 
Temenuchus turdiformis, Swinh. Ibis, I860, p. 60,1801, p. 44. 
Heterornis sinensis, Swinh. P. Z. S.1863, p. 302,1805, p. 358,1868, 
p. 128,1870, p. 80. 
Temenuchus sinensis, Swinh. Ibis, 1866, p. 394, 1870, p. 352; id. 
P. Z. S.1871, p. 384; Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 21, no. 0299 (1870); 
David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 363 (1878). 
Temenuchus elegans, 
Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 21, no. 6303 (1870) ; 
Tiraud, Bull. 8oc. Agric. Cochin Chine, 1879, p. 135. 

Adult male. General colour above ashy grey; scapulars white, 
tinged with creamy buff; lower back inclining* to isabelline grey; 
rump and tipper tail-coverts creamy buff, inclining to ochraceous; 
wing-coverts white, the greater coverts creamy buff; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills velvety black, glossed externally with 
steel-green or purplish; the inner secondaries entirely glossy green; 
tail-feathers black with a steel-green gloss, and tipped with fawn-
buff, increasing in extent towards the outermost; crown of head 
creamy buff, a little greyer on the nape and hind neck; lores deep 
creamy buff as also the fore part of the cheeks and chin; the throat, 
sides of face, and ear-coverts rather paler and more isabelline; 
lower throat, sides of neck, fore neck, and breast pale delicate ashy 
grey, the throat with a few paler and more lanceolate feathers ; 
abdomen ashy white; sides of body and flanks rich tawny buff, 
paler on the latter; thighs and under tail-coverts creamy buff; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries pale salmon-colour, white at the 
base; quills below dusky blackish, somewhat more ashy along the 
inner edge: u bill blue, the mouth, darker blue; legs plumbeous; 
claws horn-colour; iris white" (E. W. Oates). Total length 6*7 
inches, oilmen 0*7, wing 4*1, tail 2#3, tarsus 1. 

Abbe David gives the colour of the iris as blach, the bill blue 
with the tip yellow, and the feet reddish grey. 
Hab. China, Formosa, and Hainan, wintering in South China and 
extending to Siam, Cochin China, Pegu, and even to Malacca. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Fokien, China. Gould Coll. 
a, d. S ad. sk.
e-x. Ad. sk.
y, %. $ ad.; a'. ?
juv. sk. 
Whampoa, April 17,1860(P. Swinhoe). 
Amoy, April, May (P. 8.). 
Amoy, June 1872 {Copt. 
Conrad). 
Seebohm Coll. 
E. Bowdler Skarpe, 
Esq. [P.]. 

b'. Ad. sk. Amoy, June 1866 (22. Swin» Seebohm Coll. 
hoe). 

d. 
tf ad.; c?'. Imm. Amoy, June29,1866. ConsulSwinhoe [&]• 
sk. 
e\ Ad. sk. Amoy, October 1873. Professor Steere[0.]. 

f. Ad. sk. Amoy, Dec. 22, 1857 Seebohm Coll. 
(P. Swinhoe). 
y\ Ad. sk. Formosa, March 1866 (P. 8.). Seebohm Coll. 
70 STURNIDJE. 
h'. Ad. sir, S.W. Formosa (P. 8). Seebohm Coll. 
H. Ad sk. Takow, Formosa, Nov. JS6o Seebohm Coll. 
(P. S.). 
k'. Juv. sk. Ape's Hill, Formosa, Nov. Hume Coll. 
T. Ad. sk.
m' ri. Ad. sk.
o\ p'. Juv. sk.
1861 (P. S.). 
Hainan, Feb. 1868 (JR. &). 
Hainan,March 1868 (JR. &)• 
Cochin Cbina. 
Seebohrn ColL 
Seebolim Coll. 
-M. E. Pierre G-s 
q'. S ad. sk.
r'. Ad. sk. 
Lower Pegu, Jan. 8,1879. 
Singapore Island, Nov. 13,1879 (W. Davison). 
Oates Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
2. Sturnia violacea. 

Le Grand Traquet des Philippines, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 446. pi. 22. 
fig. 3 (1760) j Bauhent. PL JM. iii.pl. 185. fig. 2; Month. Bid. 
Nat. Ois. v. p. 230 (1778). 

Motacilla violacea, Bodd. Tail. PL Bid. p. 11 (1783). 
Pastor ruficollis, Wac/ler, Syst. Av., Pastor, sp. 19 (1827); Gray, 
Gen. B. ii. p. 334 (1847). 
Lamprotornis pyrrbogenys, Te?n?n. 8f ScM. Faun. Jap., Aves, p. 86 

(1850J. 
Lamprotornis pyrrbopogon, iid. t. c. pi. 46 (1^50). 
Heterornis pyrrbogenys, Bp. Consp. i. p. 418 (1^30, ex MvJler, M8S.); 

Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 302. 
Heterornis ruficollis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 418 (1850). 
Sturnia pyrrbopogon, Gray, P. Z. S. 1600, p. OO-J. 
Calornis albifrons, P/yf/i (teste JSwinftoe), P. J2". #. 1^63, p. 302. note. 
Temenucbus pyrrbogenys, 6-V#y, Hand-L B. ii. p. 21, no. 6301 {1 ^70). 
Temenucbus ruficollis, Gray, t. c. p. 21, no. 6302 (1<^70). 
Acridotberes pyrrbogenys, Giebel, Thes. Orn. i. p. 268 (L^72). 
Sturnia pyrrbogenys, Wald. Trans. Z. 8. viii. p. 7te (lfr72); Swinh. 

Ibis, 1874, p. 159; Blatest. # Pn/er, Ibis, 1^78, p. 233; Meytx, 
Ibis, 1879, p. 134; Blatest Amended List B. Japan, p. 14 (lb84). 
Sturnia dominicana, Salvad. TJcc. Bom. p. 269 (1874); Vorderm. 


Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xlvi. p. 235 (1887). 
Sturnia daurica {nee Pall), 8harpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 262. 
Sturnia violacea, Walden, Trans. Z. 8. ix. p. 203 (1877); Ramsay, 

Ibis, 1886, p. 162; Blasius, in Madardsz, Zeitsch\ 1886, p. 120. 

Adult male. General colour above glossy purple, the scapulars 
like the back ; lower back and rump mixed with creamy buff and a 
few reddish, feathers; upper tail-coverts purplish with creamy-buff 
edges; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median coverts white, 
forming a wing-band; greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills black, externally glossy steel-green, the primaries 
and some of the secondaries edged with whitish ; centre tail-feathers 
glossy steel-green, the remainder black, green externally; crown of 
head ashy white, the occiput and nape marked with vinous chestnut 
; lores and feathers round eye white: ear-coverts and sides of 
neck deep vinous chestnut; cheeks and throat white, the sides of 
the latter vinous chestnut; fore neck, sides of body, and flanks 
delicate slaty grey; breast and abdomen white; thighs grey, white 
posteriorly; under tail-coverts pale tawny buff; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries white, with a tinge of tawny buff; quills below dusky, 

7 . STTJRNIA. 
creamy white along the inner edge. Total length 6'6 inches, culmon 
0*75, wing 4*3, tail 1-9, tarsus 1. 

Adult female. Dark brown, the head like the back or slightly lighter 
brown; wings dark brown, with broad white tips to the median 
coverts; primaries narrowly fringed with reddish brown, the outer 
secondaries white towards the base of the outer web; rump deep 
ochreous buff; tail-feathers black, washed with glossy green, the 
outer feather narrowly edged with reddish brown; forehead, lores, 
and eyelid whitish; sides of face, fore neck, and chest dull ashy 
brown, the throat whiter and haying a reddish tinge on the chin 
and fore part of cheeks; breast and abdomen white; under tail-
coverts pale tawny; axillaries and under wing-covcrts white. Total 
length 6 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 4, tail 1*85, tarsus 0*9. 

Bab. Japan, migrating in winter to the Philippine Islands, 
Borneo, Celebes, and the Moluccas. 

a, b. <$ ad. sk.
c. <S ad. sk. 
Japan. 
Japan (&. Fryer). 
C. Maries [C.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
d. <$ jtiv. sk.
e,f. 6 ? ad. sk3g, h. 6 ad. sk.
i. § ad. sk.
k. <$ ad.; I, m. $
ad. sk. 
Japan. 
Japan, May 31,1871. 
Ilakodadi, May 1805 {H.
WMtely). 
Hakodadi, April 4, 1865(II. Whitely). 
Nagasaki, April 1883.
[P.]. 
Purchased. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
F. Ringer, Esq. [P.]. 
n, o. c5" ? ad. sk.
p. d &&. sk.
q. d ad.; r, s. $
ad. sk. 
Philippine Islands. 
Dumaion, Mindanao. 
Celebes. 
Professor Steere[C.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
t. $ ad. sk. Batchian. "Wallace Coll. 

3. Stnrnia stamina. 
Gracula sturnina, Pall. Reis. Russ. Reichs. iii. p. 095 (1770); Gm. 
Syst. Nat. i. p. 399 (1788) ; Wald. Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 204 (1877). 

Sturnus dauricus, Pall Acta Holm. 1778, p. 197, Taf. vii.; Gm. Syst. 
Nat. i. p. 800 (1788); Pall Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat i. p. 422 (1811) ; 
Stoinh. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 310. 

Merle Dominiquain des Philippines, Daubent. PI Enl iv. pi. 627. 

ftg. 2 j Month. Mist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 396 (1775). 
Dominican Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 58 (1783). 
Turdus dominicanits, Bodd. Tabl PI Enl. p. 38 (1783); Gm. Syst. 

Nat. i. p. 836 (1788). 
Turdus striga, Raffl. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 311 (1820). 
Pastor sturninus, Wagler, Syst. Av., Pastor, sp. 20 (1827); Sohrench, 

Reis. Amurl p. 329, pi. xi. fig. 1 (1859) ; Radde, Reis. Sibir., Fog. 

p. 217 (1863). 
Pastor malayensis, JEJyton, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 103. 
Acridotheres dauricus, StrieU. Ann. # Mag. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 221 
(1843). 
Sturnia malayensis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xv. p. 35 (1846). 
Pastor dominicanus, StricH. J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 470 (1847). 
Pastor dauricus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 334 (1847). 

72 * ^IFKNIDJE. 

Sturaia daurica, j%$ , Cto. Bx Mus. As. Soc. p. Il l (1549); Cab. 
Mus. Hern. Th. i. p. 204 (1850); Salvacl Ucc. Bom. p. 270 (1874); 
Vorderm. Nat.Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xliv. p.200 (Ifebo), xlv. p.SOo 

(1886). 

Ileteromis dauricus, Bp. Cony. i. p. 418 (1850); Swinh. P. Z. S. 
1863, p. 302; Dyboioski, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 454; Tacz. J. f O. 
1874, p. 334,1875, p. 252, 1876,p. 198 ; id. Bull. Sue. Zool. Frame, 

i. p. 174(1876), x. p. 472 (1885); Vorderm. JSat. Tijdschr. XederL 
Ind. xli. p. 307 (1882). 
Oalorms dauricus, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Sac, App. p. 20 (1852) ; 
Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.L Co. ii. p. 544 (lb56) ; Moore, 

P. Z. S. 1859, p. 445; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xxxi. p. 342, note 
(1862) ; Jerd. B. Bid. ii. p. 340 (1863) ; Blyth § If aid. B. 
Burm. p. 91 (1875). 
Sturnus pyrrhogenys {nee T. fy #.), Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 338. 

Temenuehus dauricus, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 21, no. 1)300 (I860) ; 
Swinh. P. Z.S. 1871, p. 384; Hume, Sir. F 1874, pp. 249, 4b0; 
Prjev. in Itowhxfs Orn. Misc. ii. p. 286 (1877) ; David $• Oud. Ok. 
Chine, p. 362 (1887). 

Sturnia sturnina, Hume § Damson, Str. F. vi. p. 393 (IN 8): Ilmne, 
Sir. F. 1879, p. 106; Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 193; Oates, B. Brit 
Burm. i. p. 383 (1883). 

Adult male. General colour above glossy purplish, violet; scapulars 
white with black bases ; lower back like the mantle ; rump sandy 
buff; upper tail-coverts glossy green with purple reflexions ; lesser 
wing-coverts black ; median coverts white with black bases ; greater 
coverts glossy green, white at the base and having a me>iai streak 
of sandy buff at the ends, broader on the inner ones ; bastard wing 
black, the inner feathers white; primary-coverts and quills Mack, 
externally glossy green, the primaries broadly edged -with dr.ibbrown, 
decreasing towards the base of the inner feathers, the 
secondaries with a patch of drab-brown near the base of the outer 
web, the innermost entirely glossy green, with a mesial streak of 
sandy buff like the greater coverts ; centre tail-feathers glossy green, 
the remainder black, externally glossy green, the outermost brown 
along the outer web; crown of head, nape, and hind neck dark 
ashy grey, lighter on the sides of the neck; on the occiput a patch, 
of purplish violet; lores and a line at base of nostrils, as well as 
the eyelid, white; sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and entire under 

surface of body greyish white; the breast and abdomen, thighs and 
under tail-coverts purer white; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
white; quills below dusky, ashy whitish along the inner edge. 
Total length 6*5 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 4*2, tail 2, tarsus 1. 

Adult males in ivinter have the white of the wing-coverts, scapulars, 
and rump strongly washed with ochreous buff. 

Adult female. Similar to the female of JS. violacra, but is easily 
distinguished by the scapulars being white at the ends. It is brown 
instead of purple on the back like the male, rather more a«?hy on the 
head and neck, with a dusky patch on the occiput: " bill dark 
horny, the lower mandible at base whitish to tips of genys; feet 
greenish horny ; iris brown." (W. Davison). Total length 6*5 inches, 
culmen 0*75, wing 4*15, tail 2, tarsus 1. 

8 . TEMENUCHTTS. 
73 
Hab. Eastern Siberia and Northern China, in winter to the 
Burmese provinces, the Nieobars, and the Malayan Peninsula to 
Java. 

a. Ad. sk. Tientsin (Fle?ning). Seebolim Coll. 
b,c. 3$ ad. sk Chefoo, May 1873 (RSioinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
d. Ad. sk. Rangoon, Burmah. Hume Coll. 
e,f. $ ad. sk. Camorta, Nieobars, Feb. 12, Hume Coll. 
1873 (W.Damon). 
ff. $ ad. sk. Car Nicobar, March 20, 1873 Hume Coll. 

( W. Davison). 
h. 
S ad.sk. Moulmein,Tenasserim,March3; Hume CoU. 
1874 (W.Davison). 
h *. 6 'J- $ ad. sk. Amherst, March 22,1874 (W. Hume Coll. 
Davison), 
m, w. <$ ad.; o}p< Tavoy^ March 19, 1878 (W. Hume Coll. 
§ ad. &k. Davison), 
q-t. <$ ad.; u-z. Tavoy, April 1878 ( W. Davi- Hume Coll. 
9 ad. sk. son). 
a\ 
tf ad. sk. Mergui, Dec. 18, 1874 (W. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 


V. Ad. sk. Tenasserim, Feb. 1879. Hume Coll. 
c'-e'. # ad. ;/',#'. Penang (Cantor). India Museum. 
(5 imm. j h. 
Juv. sk. 


i',k'. 2 ad.sk. Salang,March 1879 (J, Darling). Hume Coll. 
/'. Imm. sk. Malacca. " Pinwill Coll. 
m', n', o'. [ S ? J Malacca (22. G. W. JR.). Tweeddale Coll. 


ad. sk. 
p\ [ J ] ad. sk. Malacca (Charlton). Eyton Coll. 
(Type of P. malayensis.) 
#'. [d1] ad. sk. Malacca, March 9, 1879 (W. Plume Coll. 
Davison). 
?•', sr. $ ad. sk. Malacca (Dr. Maingay). Tweeddale Coll. 

f. 
d ad.; u\ <$ Malacca. Gould Coll. 
imm. sk. 
v'. $ ad.; w', x\ Singapore Island, Nov. 2,1879 Hume Coll. 
$ ad. sk. ( W. Davison). 
y\ <$ ad.; z'. <$ Sumatra. Wallace Coll. 
imm. sk. 
a",b". 6 ? ad. Java (Diard). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. 
c". <$ ad. sk. W. Java. Wallace Coll. 


8. TEME1TOCHUS. Type# 
Heterornis, pt., Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 335 ? T. pagodarum. 
Temenuchus, Cab. Mm. Hein. Th. i. p. 204 (1850).. T. pagodanun. 

Range. Afghanistan and the whole of the Indian Peninsula to 
Ceylon. 

1. Temenuchus pagodarum. 
Le Martin Brame, Sonn. Vox). Ind. Orient, ii. p. 189 (1782) ; Lemill. 
Ois. d'Afr. ii. pi. 95. fig. 1 (1800). 
Pagoda Thrush, Latli. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 30 (1783). 

74 
STTTBNIM). 

Turdus pagodarum, Gm Syst Nat i. p. 816 (1788). 
? Sylvia nigricollis, Lath. tnd. Orn. ii. p. 553 (1790). 
Turdus melanocephalus, Vahl, Mem. Soc. Oopenh. lii. pfc. 2, Taf. 8 


(1792). 
Stonus subroseus, Shaivfy Nodder, Nat. Misc. xix. pi. 805 (1807). 

- 
Acridotkeres pagodarum, Bonn, et Vieill Em. Metk. ii. p. 6S9 
(1823); Tytler, Ibis, 1868, p. 201. 
Pastor pagodarum, Wagkr, Syst Av., Pastor, sp. 8 (1827); Sykes, 

B.Z. S. 1832, p. 95; Jerd. Madr. Jour. xi. p. 21 (1840); Blyth, 
Ann. 8f May. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 97 (1843) ; Gray, Cat Mamm. etc. 
Nepal pres. Hodys. p. 103 (184G). 
Maina sylvestris, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beny. v. p. 771 (1836). 
Pastor nigriceps, Hodys. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mux., Passeres, pi. 271. 
fig. 1 (no. 270); id. in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 84 (lb44). 
Heterornis pagodarum, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 335 (1847) ; Bp. Consp, i. 

p. 419 (1650); Layard, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (2) xiii. p. 217 {1S54). 
Sturnia pagodarum, Blyth, J. A. S. Beny. xiii. p. 363 (lb44), xv. 
p. 285 (1846), xvi. p. 470 (1847); id. Cat B. Mus. A*. Soc. p. 110 
(1849) ; Adams, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 173 ; Irby, Bis, lbGl, p. 231; 
Blyth, B. Burm. p. 90 (1875); Davidson fy Wenden, Str.F.Yii. 
p. 85 (1878); Ball, t c. p. 221; Hame,t c. p. 221; Wardlaw 
Bamsay, Ibis, 1880, p. 63 ; Vidal, Str. F. 1880, p. 70; Reid, Str. 
F. 1881, p. 53; Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 573; Davidson, Str. F. Ifc82, 
p. 312; Davison, Str. F. 1883, p. 401; Sicinh. 8? Barnes, Ibis, 
1885, p. 128; Taylor, Str. F. 1887, p. 462. 
Temenuckus 
pagodarum, Cab. Mus. Ifein. Tk. i. p. 204 (1850); 
Horsf. $ Moore, Cat B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. ,y28 (lv50) ; Jerd. 

B. Ind. ii. p. 329 (1863); Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 171; Hume, Ibis, 
1869, p. 17; Brooks, t. c. p. 59; Walden, t c. p. 210; Gray, 
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 20, no. 6292 (1870J; Iloldsw. P. Z. S. 1872, 
p. 462; Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1&73, p. 413; Hume, Nests §• Eqys 
Ind. B. p. 432 (1873); Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 419; Legge, Ibis, 
1874, p. 23, 1875, pp. 274, 398; Butler, Str. F. lte-75, p. 594; 
Fairb. Str. F. 1876, p. 260; Hume,t. c. p. 459, lb77, p. 407: 
Biddidph, Ibis, 1881, p. 79, 1882, p. 281; Marshall, Ibis, 1884, 
p. 419; Murray, Vertebr, Faun. Sind, p. 179 (1884). 
Adult male. General colour above delicate lavender-grey with, a 
slight wash of rusty; wing-coverts like the back; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills black, the secondaries externally lavender-
grey with hoary margins, the inner secondaries entirely grey; centre , 
tail-feathers dark grey with whitish tips, the remainder black, 
broadly tipped with white, increasing in extent towards the outer 
feathers; lores and e}Telid black; crown of head and a long crest 
greenish black; feathers of hind neck also very long, of a pale 
cinnamon colour like the sides of the neck, sides of face, ear-coverts, 
cheeks, and under surface of body, the feathers with a more or less 
marked central line of white ; feathers of lower breast with hoary 
edges; lower abdomen, thighs, under tail-coverts, under wing-
coverts, and axillaries white; quills below blackish: " bill bluish 
slate-colour at base, the tip pale yellow, greenish at the junction of 
the two colours; legs and feet pale yellow; inside of mouth blackish 
slate; iris whitish " (E. A. Butler): " gape and base of bill cobalt-
blue ; ring round bill at nostrils green ; anterior half of bill Indian 

yellow; feet and claws greenish yellow ; iris bluish white" 

8 . TEMENT7CHUS. 
(J. Scully). Total length 8-2 inches, culmen 0'8, wing 4*1, tail 2-8, 
tarsus 1*15. 
Adult female. Similar to the male, but with not so long a crest. 
Total length 7-5 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 4*05, tail 2-6, tarsus 1-05. 
When the plumage gets worn, the mesial streaks on the under 
surface are much plainer and contrast with the rufous plumage. 
The length of the crest is enormous in some birds, and Colonel 
J^QggG suggests that it may be a seasonal development; but 1 fancy 
that in the birds from North-western India the crests aro always 
more strongly indicated than in those from the South and East. 

Young. More ashy brown than the adults, the head being dusky 
blackish, with no crest: the rufous portions of the plumage paler 
than the adults, and showing scarcely any indication of white shaft-
streaks. 

Hah. The same as that of: the genus. 

a-c. Ad.; d, e. Cabul (Dr. Griffith). India Museum. 
Juv. sk. 
/. S ad. sk. Karachi, Sindh, Nov. 13, 1877 Plume Coll. 

(E. A. Butler). 
g-o. 
c? S ad. et Sambhur, April, June, July, Aug. Hume Coll. 
juv. sk. (R M. Adam). 

p. Ad. &k. Mt. Aboo (Dr. Newman). Hume Coll. 
q. J ad. sk. Mt. Aboo, May 1868 (Dr. G. Hume Coll. 
King). 
r. 
2 ad. sk. Muradabad, June % Hume Coll. 
s. J ad. sk. Boonji, June 1876. Col. Biddulph [C.]. 
t. 
$ ad. sk. Gilgit, June 1876 (J. Biddulph). Tweeddale Coll. 
u. Ad. sk. Simla, March 1873 (F. Stoliczka). Hume Coll. 
v. Ad. sk. Umbala. Hume Coll. 
w. <$ ad. ; x. <$ Umbala, Nov, 1866 (22. C. Tweeddale Coll. 
juv. sk. 
y. Ad. sk. 
z-d. Ad. sk. 
Beavan). 
Kumaon (Strachey).
N.W. India. 
India Museum. 
Pinwill Coll. 
b',c'. Ad. sk. Etawah. Hume Coll. 
d'. Ad. &k. 
e'. Ad. sk. 
Mogul Serai, Oudh, Dec. 1873(W. E. Brooks). 
Oudh. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
f-h'. Ad. sk. 
i'. $ ad. sk. 
k\ Ad. sk. 
I'. Juv. sk. 
Gondah (Copt Pinwill).
Eastern Jumna Canal, July 2,1873 (JF. Davison). 
Behar.
Calcutta. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hodgson Coll. 
India Museum. 

m'. Ad, sk. Maunbhoom, March 1865 (22. C. Tweeddale Coll. 
Beavan). 
n'j o'. $ ad. * p'} q\. Eaipur. Hume Coll. 
3 juv. sk. 

r\ s'. Ad. sk. Valley of Tapti River, Khandeish, Hume Coll. 
May 1874. 
t', u'. Ad. sk. Khandeish. Tweeddale Coll. 

v'-x'. d ad. • %j. 

Khandeish, Dec. 1880 (J*. Hume Coll. 

2 
ad. sk. 

r Davidson).

s. Ad. sk. Khandeish, April 8, 1881 (J. Hume Coll. 
Davidson).
a", b". Ad. sk. 

Deccan (Col Sykes). India Museum. 

BTTTENIDiE. 

c". 5 ad. sk. Bilaspur, north, of Ahmednugger, 
March 8,1875 (S. B. Fairbank), 
d". ($ juv. sic. "Wadale, north of Ahmeduugger, 
Sept. 30,1876 (S. B. Fairbank). 
e". J ad. sk. S. Konkan, Feb. 2, 1880 ((?. 
FJ^Z«/). 
/",/' . cJ; A". ? Belgaura, Jan., March, June 
ad. sk. 1880 {E. A. Butler). 
i". c? ad. sk. Base of Palaui Bills, June 6, 
1877 {S. B. Fairbank). 
k". Juv.; Z". Ad. Madras. 
sk. 
TO". Ad. sk. Madras, April 1877 {W. Davison) 
. 

JI". Ad. sk. Madras. 
o". S ad. sk. Bangalore, March 21, 1878 (R. 

G. W. JR.). 
p"-i". <3 $ ad. Mysore, April, Aug. (W. Davisk. 
son). 
w". S ad. sk. Seegore, Feb. 1881 ( W. Davison). 
i>", w". Ad. sk. Seegore,Feb. 1881 ( W. Davison). 
x". Irnm. sk. Coonoor Ghat, Oct. 5, 1876 

(R. G. W. R.). 
y". 
Ad. sk. Kullar, Feb. 1, 1881 (W. 
Davison). 

»''. Ad. sk. Banieswaren Island, March 17, 
1875 {A. 0. II.). 

a. 
2 juv. sk. Colombo, Ceylon, Nov. 8, 1877 
(Hart). 
/3. 
Ad. sk. Ceylon, Nov. 20, 1866 (S. 
Chapman). 

9. GRACULIPICA. 
Gracupica, Lesson, Traiti, p. 101 (1831)

Head of Graculipica melanoptera. 
Range. Indo-Chinese Eegion; Java ; Madura. 
Key to the Species. 

a. Back brown; head white ; with a black collar 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Type. 

 G. nigricollis. 
round hind neck and across fore neck nigricollis, p. 77. 

b. Back white like the head; no black collar ... . melanoptera, p. 78. 
9 . GEACUXIPICA. 
77 

1. Gracnlipica nigricollis. 
Gracula nigricollis, Payh. Nova Acta StocJch, xxviii. pi. 0 (1760). ^ 
Pastor temporalis, Wayler, 8yst. Av., Pastor, sp. 7 (1S27J; BTifth, 


J. A S. Beng. xiii. p. 366, note (1844) : Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 334 
(1847). 
Pastor bicolor, J. E. Gray, Zool Misc. p. 1 (1831). 
Gracupica melanoleuca; Less. Traiti, p. 401 (1831). 
Sturnopastor melanoleucus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 336 (1847). 
Aeridotkeres nigricollis, Gray, t. c. p. 355 (1847); id. ffand-l B. ii. 

p. 20, no. 6201 (1870); Gould, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 151. 
Sturnopastor temporalis, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 109 (1840); 
Bp. Comp. i. p. 420 (1850). 
Gracupica nigricollis, Horsf.fyMoore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 528 
(1856); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 303, 1871, p. 384; David $• Oust. 
Ois. Chine, p. 364 (1877); Tinned, Bull. Soc. Agric. Cochin Chine, 
1879, p. 137 ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 377 (1883) ; Salvad. Ann. 
Mus. Civic, Genov. (2) iv. p. 602 (1887). 

Sturnopastor 
nigricollis, Blyth fy Wald. B. Burm. p. 90 (1875) ; 
Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yunnan, Aves, p. 595 (1878). 

Adult. General colour above brown, with broad but indistinct 
ashy edges to the feathers; scapulars like the back; rump white, 
forming a broad band; upper tail-coverts brown, with lighter brown 
edges; lesser wing-coverts dark brown, edged with white; median 
and greater coverts brown, tipped with white; bastard-wing blackish 
brown, with white tips ; primary-coverts white; quills dark brown, 
tipped with white, the secondaries much more broadly edged at the 
ends; centre tail-feathers dark brown, tipped with white at the end of 
the outer web, all the other feathers broadly banded with white at the 
tip; crown of head white; hind neck black, forming abroad band, succeeded 
by a narrower band of greyish white, formed of the tips to 
the feathers of the upper mantle; lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, 
cheeks, and throat white; sides of neck, lower throat, and fore neck 
black, the feathers of the latter washed with greyish white at the 
ends ; chest and under surface of body white ; thighs white, blackish 
brown externally; under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries black, with broad white tips; edgo of wing white; 
quills below dark brown, a little lighter along the inner edge: " bill 
reddish brown; feet yellowish; bare space round the eye bright 
yellow " (A. David). Total length 11 inches, culmen 1*25, wing 
6*2, tail 3-7, tarsus 1-6. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length 9-8 
inches, culmen 1-3, wing 6'2^ tail 3*5, tarsus 1*55. 

A male collected by Dr. Anderson has the wing 6*4 inches. 

Young. Browner than the adult, with no brown round the neck 
or across the fore neck ; the head dull white ; the sides of the face, 
throat, and chest pale dusky brown ; remainder of the under surface 
and the wings and tail as in the adult. When quite young the 
head is brown also like the throat. 

Hah. China to Cochin China, Burmah, and Tenasserim. 

a. $ ad. k. China (TucJcett). Tweeddale Coll. 
78 STUJRNID-E. 
b. Ad. ak. Amoy, Jan. 1807 (JR. Seebobm Coll. 
c. Juv. sk.
Swinhoe). 
Amoy, May 1800 (JR. Seebolim Coll. 
d. Juv. ak.
SwmJioe). 
Amoy, July 4, 1800 (B. Seebolim Coll. 
e-m. Ad. et juv.
sk. '
n, o. Ad. ak.
Swinhoe). 
Amoy, April, Nov., Dec. 
(It Swinhoe.) 
Fokien. Gould Coll. 
«. rf ad. sk. Foocliow. Tweeddale Coll. 
1/. J uv. ak.
r. Limn, sk. 
Foochow, Sept. 21,1859. 
Canton. 
Consul Swmhoe [O.J. 
Tweedclale Coll. 
s, t. Ad. sk.
ti. Ad.; v. Juv. sk.
to, x. Ad. sk. 
Cochin China. 
Siam (Finlayson). 
Siam. 
M. E. Pierre [P.]. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
y . Ad. sk.
#, «'. Ad. sk.
b'. 2 a(i-sk- 
Siam. 
Bhamo, Upper Burma. 
^fi'1^ Ban k o f Tapengltiver, Feb. 5,1875. 
Gould Coll. 
Oates Coll. 
Br. J. Anderson [C.J. 
c'. 6 ad. sk.
<#'-7c\ Ad. sk. 
Muangla, Sanda Valley,
May 2, 1868. 
Tenasserim River, Dec. 
Dr. J. Anderson [0.]. 
Hume Coll. 
1878 to Feb. 1879 
(Mandelli Coll). 

2. G-raculipica melanoptera. 
Gracula 
melanoptera, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 286 (1800) • Vieill N. 
Diet. cTIIibt. Nat. xix. p. 390 (1818). 
Pastor tricolor, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 115 (1820) ; Blyth, 

J. A. S. Bencj. xiii. p. 865 (1844) - Gray § Mitch. Gen. B. ii. pi. 8$ 
(1847). 
Acridotberes melanopterus, Bonn, et Vieill. JEnc. MSth. ii. p. 689 
(1823). 
Pastor melanopterus, Wagler, Syst. Av., Pastor, sp. 11 (1827) ; Horsf. 
# Moore, Cat. B. Mm. B.I. Co. ii. p. 542 (1850). 
Heteromis melanopterus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 835 (1847). 
Stuniopastor melanoptera, J?/). Consp. i. p. 420 (1850); Gray, Hand-l 

B. ii. p. 22, no. 6814 (1870) j Nichols. Ibis, 1881, p. 152. 
Adult male. Pure white above and below, with here and there a 
tinge of creamy buff, a little more distinct on the head and on the 
rurtrp, thighs, and under tail-coverts; wing-coverts white * bastard-
wing black ; primary-coverts white ; quills black, the primaries 
wliite at the base; the secondaries bronzy brown, with a coppery-
green shade on the margin; tail-feathers greenish black, tipped with 
white at the ends ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, like the 
breast; quills black below, white at base, the small first primary 
wliite; bill and feet yellow (in skin); bare space round the eye 
yellow : "roof of mouth black; iris nearly white" (H. 0. Forbes). 
Total length 9 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 5-2, tail 3, tarsus 1*4. 

Adult female. Similar to tho male. Total length 8*5 inches, 
culmen 1, wing 4*9, tail 2*75, tarsus 1*35. 
JIab. Java; Madura. 

<h i>* 6 S ad. sk. Java (Mus. Lugd.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

10. 
ACBIDOTHEKES.
c d ad. sk. Java (Iforsfield). India Mua. 
. ft , . (Typo of P. tricolor.) 
d. $ ad. sk. E. Java. Wallace Ooll. 
e>fd 
$ ad. sk. Java. Siilvin-Clodniau Coll. 
#. ¥ ad. sk. Island of Madura, Nov. Tweeddale Coll. 
]871 (Dr.A.B. Meyer). 

10. 
ACRIDOTHERES. 
*•-.-, . 
Type. 

Acndotheres, Vmll. Analyse, p. 42 (1810)* A testis 
Maina, pt., Ilodgs. J. A. S. Bene/, v. p. 771 (1836). 

Head of J. tristis, to show bare patch round the eye. 

Eange. Afghanistan, tho whole of India and Ceylon, the Burmese 
countries and South China; Java; Celehes. 

Key to the Species. 

a. With a broad yellow patch of bare skin below 
and behind the eye \Acridotheres~\. 
a'. AVith a black base to the lower mandible; 
base of quills white, forming a speculum. 
a". JSTo black on the breast and abdomen ... . tristis, p. 80. 
b". Centre of breast and abdomen black ... . melanosternus, p. 83. 

b'. 
With no black on the base of the lower 
mandible ; base of quills rufous ginginiunus, p. 84. < 

b. With little or no bare space round the eye, 
certainly no yellow patch [2Etltiopsar\. 
o\ No whitish collar on sides of neck. 
c". A black base to the lower mandible; 
under tail-coverts white. 
a'". Iris yellow fuscus, p. 86. 
b'". Iris blue mahrattensis,^. 89. 
d". No black base to the lower mandible 
(in A. cinereus a small black spot) ; 
under tail-coverts white. 

c'". 
White tips to the centre tail-feathers; 
. ashy grey above and below. 


* A composite genus, founded on the "Martin " and the " Groulin " of Montbeillard. 
The latter having been subsequently made the type of the genus 
Sarcops, the " Martin " {A. tristis) remains as the type of Acridotkeres. 
80 
s IXRNID JR. 

«4. Base of lower mandible entirely yellow 
; under surface of body iron-
grey , javanicus, p. 90 
bl. Base of lower mandible with a black 
spot,- under surface of body pale 
silvery grey eiaerevs, p. 91. 

d'". No white tips to centre tail-feathers; 
blackish above and below, greyer on 
the under surface grandis, p. 01. 

e". Base of lower mandible reddish; under 
tail-coverts black, with narrow white 
tips cristatellus, p. 02. 

d'. 
With a whitish collar on each side of the 
neck; under tail-coverts black, tipped with 
white albocinctus, p. 94. 

1. Acridotheres tristis*. 
Le 
Merle des Philippines, Briss. Ortu ii. p. 278 (1760 fj Daubent. 

PI. Enl. iv. pi. 219. 
Paradisea tristis, Linn. Syst Nat i. p. 167 (1706). 
Le Martin, Month Mist. Nat Ois. hi. p. 423 (1775). 
Gracula tristis, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 100 (1700) ; Simdeu. Ami. $ Mag* 

Nat Hist xviii. p. 303 (1846). 
Gracula gryllivora, Dated. Traite, p. 28o (1800). 
Acridotheres tristis, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. ii. p. 08^ (1623); 

Blyth, J. A. JSI Bencf. xiii. p. 361 (1844), xv. p. 314 (1&40); Gray, 
Gen. B. ii. p. 335 (1847) j Tickell, J. A. S. Beng. xvii. p. 304 
(1848); Button, t. c. pt. 2, p. 8 (184*); Bp. Coiiy. i. p. 41(J 
(1850) j Cab. Mm. Bein. Th. i. p. 205 (1650); Blt/th, Cat B. Mn«. 
As. Soc. p. 108 (1849); Tt/tlcr, Ann. & Mar/. Nat BR. (2) xiii. 

p. 368 (1854); Borsf. § Moore, Cat. B. Mns. E.I. Co. ii. p. :>:Y2 
(1856); Adams, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 173; Irhj, Ibis, iMJl, p. 231 ; 
Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xxxi. p. 343, note (1^62); E. Xeict. lhkf 
18*63, pp. 273, 349; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 325 (lb(JS) ; Beamn, Ibis, 
1864, p. 376; A. Newt. P. Z. S. 1865, p. SS(); Beavan, Ibis, IKKi, 
p. 419,1867, pp. 138,329; E. Neiui. t. c. p. 342; Tytfer, Ibis, 1 Mis, 
p. 301; Brooks, Ibis, 1869, p. 68; Gray, Band4. B. ii. p. 10, 
no. 6282 (1870); Walden, Ibis, 1873, p. 3; Bayes Lloyd, to. 
p. 413 ; Bume, Nests $ Eggs Ind. B. p. 428 (1873); Ball, Str. F 
1873, p. 75; Unwin, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 211; Bume, Str. F 1874, 
p. 246; Ball, t c. p. 419; Butler, t c. p. 494; Brool-% Str. F. 
1875, p. 254; Blyth 8f Wald. B. Burm. p. 89 (1875); Fairb. Str F. 
1876, p. 260; Bume, Str. F. 1877, p. 38; Gates, t. c. p. 100; Fa irk 
t c. p. 407; Bume § Bauson, Str. F. vi. p. 338 (187b); Anderson, 
Zool Exped. Yunnan, AVPS, p. 593 (1878) ; Davidson 4* Wendon 
Str. F. vii. p. 84 (1878); Ball, t c. p. 221; Cripps, t e. p. 290; 
Bume, Str. F. 1879, p. 106; Scully, t c. p. 330; Wardlaw Itaimay 
Ibis, 1880, p. 03; Vidal, Str. F. 1880, p. 70 ; Bingham, t c. p. 192; 
Beid, Str. F. 1881, p. 52; Simson, Ibis, 1882, p. 86; Finsch t e 

p. 394; Davidson, Str. F. 1882, p. 311; Oates, B. Brit. Burm i 
p. 379 (1883) ; Davison, Str. P. 1683, p. 400; Marshall, Ibis, 2664* 
* Count Salvador! thinks that Pastor peguomt^ Less. Traite, p. 404, is A. 
tribtis. The description certainly lends probability to this surnripe, but the 
diagnosis is not satisfactory. [P. pegvanus, Less., in Belang.Yoy. p. 203 (1834j • 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 421 (1850); Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xxxi. p. 348," note (1882).] ' 
10 . ACBIDOTHERES. 
p. 419; Murray, Vertebr. Faun. 8ind, p. 178 (1884); Swinh $ 
Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 128; Taylor, Sir. F. 1887, p. 402; Sakad, 
Ann. Mus. Okie. Genov. (2) iv. p. 603 (1887); Hume, Sir. F. xi. 
p. 262 (1888). 
Pastor tristis, Wagler, Syst. Av.f Pastor, sp. 5 (1827); Sy7ces, P. Z. S. 
1832, p. 95; McClell P. Z. S. 1839, p. 163; Jerd. Madr. Joum, 

xi. p. 20 (1840); Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844); Gray, 
Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 104 (1846). 
Mama tristoides, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. v. p. 771 (1836). 
Pastor tristoides, Hodgs, Icon. ined. in Brit. Mm,, Passeres, pi, 272. 

figs. 1, 2 (no. 303). 
Acriclotheres fuscus (nee Wagl), Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1879, p. 448 
(laj>su). 

Adult male. General colour above vinous brown with an ashy shade; 
scapulars and under tail-coverts like the back; lesser wing-coverts also 
like the back; median and greater coverts rather more bronzy olive-
brown : bastard-wing black, some of the feathers externally white; 
primary-coverts pure white; quills black, white at the base, the secondaries 
blackish, externally bronzy brown, the inner ones entirely of 
this colour; centre tail-feathers blackish, glossed with green, slightly 
tipped with white; remainder black, externally greenish black, 
broadly tipped with white, increasing in extent towards the outermost 
; crown of head and nape, hind neck, lores, sides of face, ear-
coverts, and cheeks greenish black; throat and chest ashy blackish, 
with a slight greenish gloss; abdomen and under tail-coverts white; 
breast, sides of body, flanks, and thighs vinous brown, shaded with 
ashy; under wing-coverts and axillaries white; quills below blackish, 
white at the base : " eyelids, bill, and skin about the eyes yellow; 
edges of the eyelids black; mouth bluish black; iris reddish brown, 
mottled with white; legs yellow; claws horn-colour " (E. W. Oates). 
Total length 9-5 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 5*9, tail 3*7, tarsus 1*5. 

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length 9-5 
inches, culmen 1, wing 5-5, tail 3*45, tarsus 1-4. 

Hal. Prom Afghanistan over the whole of the Indian Peninsula, 
Burma, and Tenasserim. The South-Indian specimens are darker 
and approach A. melanosiernus, 

a-f. Ad. sk.
g. Ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk.
*'. Ad. sk. 
Afghanistan (Griffith). 
Jellalabad (Griffith). 
Pushut (Griffith). 
Shikarpur, Scinde (Griffith). 
India Museum. 
India Museum. 
India Museum. 
India Museum. 
k <J ad. sk. Mount Abu, May 21, 1868(G. King), 
Hume Coll. 

l-o. <S; p. $ ad. sk. Sambhur, Feb., June (R. Hume Coll. 

M. Adam). 
q. $ ad. sk. Sambhur, June 16,1871 (22. Tweeddale Coll. 
M. Adam). 
r-u. 6 ? ad. sk. Sambhur, July, Dec. (R. Hume Coll. 
M. Adam), 
v. 3 
ad. sk. Delhi, Peb. 26, 1876 (C. T. Hume Coll. 
Bingham), 
w, .r. '6 ? ad. sk. Murdan, Feb. 1,1871 (E, A. Hume Coll. 
Johnson). 

voi. xnx 


^2 STTTRNIDJE. 

y.Jacij 2J.Atl.sk. Simla, June, July (B. 6 Tweeddale CoU. 

Beavan).

a' Ad sk Top of Jacko, Simla, Nov. 15, Hume Coll. 

' ' * i872(A.o.jar.). 

//. Ad.sk. Middle range, north of Masuri. Hume Coll. 

r»' </'. Ad. ak. Kumaon. Hume Coll. 

v Ad sk. Kumaon (jStradiey). India Museum. 

/''. Ad. sk. Oudo, Nov. 1873 ( W E. Hume Coll. 

Brooks). 

</, cf ad. sk. Beliar. Hodgson Coll. 

'/i', i'. d 2 ad. sk. Nepal Valley, Jan. and Feb. Hume Coll. 

(J. Seulli/). 
k\ J ad. 8k. Nepal Valley, Aug. 7, 1877. Dr. J. Scully [P.]. 
l'-)j. Ad. j o'. Juv. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
sk. 

;>', y\ Ad. sk. Nepal (B. H. Hodgson). India Museum. 

r\ $> juv. var. sk. Native Sikliim, July 1875 Hume Coll. 

(L. Manchili). 
*', t'. Ad. sk. Dar jiling Terai, Feb., Dec. Hume Coll. 
(L. Mandelli). 
u'. Ad. sk. Bliootan Dooars, Feb. 1874 Hume Coll. 
(Z. Mandelli), 
v'. Ad. sk. Bliootan (Pemberton). India Museum. 
to'. Ad. sk. Assam (McClelland). India Museum. 
,r'. cf ad. sk. Assam, Marclx 1876 (A. W. Tweeddale Coll 
Chennell). 
y\ cfj »',«". 2 Kalleejung, Brahmaputra Hume Coll. 
ad. sk. River, Dec. 4, 1877 (W. 
Davison). 
o",c"* <$ ? ad. sk. Dkollah, Assam, April 19, Hume Coll. 
1877 (J. Cockbum). 
d". J ad, sk. Dibrughur, May S, 1880 (/. Hume Coll. 

It. Cripps). 
e". Ad. sk. Cachar (J. Inglis). Plume Coll. 
/". $ ad. sk. Manipur, Feb. 21, 1881 (^. Hume Coll. 

0. JZL). 
//'. tf ad. sk. Booribazar, March 11, 1881 Hume Coll. 
(A. O. If.). 
h\ Ad. sk. Dacca. Hume CoU. 
\r, ^ d ; ^ Kamptee. Dr. B. Hinde [P.]. 
k . Ad. sk. Saugor (Hooper). India Museum. 
Mhow> Dec> C> 188L

1 % <$ f^-^-, Col. C. Swinhoe rP.l 
m , n . Ad. sk. Khandeish, March, April (J. Hume Coll. 

Davidson). 
°"rq'n' 'M' s}c* Khandeish. Tweeddale Coll. 
r , * . Ad sk. Deccan (Co/. %&*). India Museum. 
/ . 9 ad. sk. South Konkan, March 7, Hume Coll 

1879 (G. Vidal). 
u w" <$; ,i"-a. ? Ahmednuggur, Feb., March, Tweeddale Coll. 

acJ" sIj


ti , Oct., Dec. (8. B. Fairbank). 
ft cJ ad. sk. Wadale, Nov. 30, 1875 Tweeddale Coll. 


{8. B. F). 
y. d ad. sk. Belg-aum, March 5, 1880 Hume Coll 
. ,, . (CoLJS. A. Butler). 
b. Ad. sk. Malabar. Mrs Pink r p -, 
f ? ad. sk. Muddur,Mysore,July27,1883. W.Davison,Esq.[P.]. 
10 . ACRIDOTIIERES. 
rj. $ ad. sk. 

0. S ad. sk. 
t. c? ad. sk. 
K. Ad. sk. 
X. Ad. sk. 
ft, v. Ad. sk. 
£ c? ad. sk. 
o. Ad. sk. 
7r. ^ ad. sk. 
p. $ ad. sk. 
<r, r. (J J ad. sk. 
v, <£. c? $ ad. sk. 
x. $ ad. sk. 
i^. J ad. sk. 
w. § ad. sk. 
a'. <$ ad. sk. 
£ \ $ ad.sk. 
y,y.cJ5ad.;€',i 
<J $ juv, sk. 

a. Juv. sk. 
b. (S ad. sk. 
c. Ad. sk. 
d. $ ad. sk. 
e,f. Ad. sk. 
ff. $ ad. sk. 
"/*. 3 ad. sk. 

a. Ad. sk. 
k. Ad, sk. 
Nellacotta, Wynaad, March 
31,1881 (W.Davison). 
Manantoddy, Wynaad, April 

6,188I(W. Davison). 

Kotagherry, Nilghiris, June 

23,1874 (Miss Cockbum). 
Madras (Jerdori), 
Madras. 

Anjango, Travancore, Dec. 

1872. 
Colacliul, Feb. 28,1875. 
Katha, Upper Bumiah, Jan. 

19, 1865. 
Rangoon, June 22, 1873 (JR. 

G. W. JR.). 
Boulay, Thayetmyo District, 
May 23,1878 (JE. IF. Oafca). 
Lower Pegu, Nov. 22, 1880 

(B. W. 0.). 
Pahpoon, Tenasserim,Dec.24, 
1873 (W.Davison). 
Thatone, Dec. 9, 1877 (W. 
D.). 
Tavoy, April 14, 1874 (W. 

Amherst, Eeb. 9, 1877 (W. 
D.). 
Amherst, June 23, 1874 (W. 
D.). 

Mergui, April 7, 1874 (IF. 
D.). 
Kaukaryit, June and July (/. 

Darling). 

Introduced Specimens. 

Andamans. 

Ross Island, Andamans, Mar. 
8,1873 (22. G. W. 22.). 
Ross Island, Andamans, Dec. 
17,1872 (22. G. IF. JR.). 
Reunion, Dec. 23, 1804 (Pol


len $r Van Dam). 

Reunion. 
Reunion. 
Rodriguez. 

Mauritius (Brewster). 
Madagascar. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll, 
Hume Coll. 
Gould Coll. 

Rev. H. H. Baber 
[C.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Dr. J. Anderson [C.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Oates Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

J. Van Dam LP.]. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Rev. II. H. Slater 
[0.]. 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 


Subsp. a. Acridotheres melanosternus. 

Acridotheres tristis (nee X.), Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 108 
(1849, pt.); Kelaart, JProdr. Cat. p. 125 (1852); Layard, Ann.& 
Mag. I. S. (2) xiii. p. 218 (1854); Iloldsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 462 ; 
Hume, Str. F. 1*73, p. 440 j legge, Ibis, 1875, p. 275. 

Q 2 

84 
STUENID^. 

Acridotheres melanostemus, Legge, Ann. §• Mag. N. H. (5) m. 

p. 108 (1879); id. B. Ceylon, p. 670, pi. xxix. fig. 2 (18/9); 
Parker, Ibis, 1886, p. 187. 
Adult male. Similar to -4. tristis, but everywhere much darker, 
especially on the under surface of the body, which is dark vinous 
brown, with the throat and chest deeper black, extending also down 
the centre of the abdomen ; the primary-coverts entirely blackish or 
only edged with white, the quills also much less white at the base 
than those in A. tristis: " bill yellow, blackish at the sides near the 
baso of the lower mandible; legs and feet sickly yellow ; orbital 
skin yellow, extending round the eye, but being very narrow above 
is hidden by the superciliary feathers; iris variable, pink-brown, 
and pinkish grey in some, in others whitish, with fine specks of dark 
colour" (W. V. Legge). Total length 10 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 
5-65, tail 3-4, tarsus 1*6. 

Adult female. Not different from the male. Total length 9*5 
inches, culmen 0*9, wing 5*1, tail 3, tarsus 1*45. 
Hal. Ceylon. 

a-c. Ad. sk. Ceylon. T. Thwaites, Esq. 
[C]. 

d. Ad.; e,f. Ceylon (8. Chapman). Tweeddale Coll. 
Juv. sk. 
g-l 6 ? ad. Ceylon, April, Dec. (8. ChapTweeddale 
Coll. 
sk. man). 
m~o. Ad. sk. Ceylon (H. Nevill). Tweeddale Coll. 

p. Jun. sk. Ceylon. 
Hume Coll. 
q. S 
ad. sk. Cotta, Ceylon, Sept. 30, 1877 Hume Coll. 
(Hart). 
r, 
Ad. sk. Ragam Corale, Dec. 4, 1878 Hume Coll. 
{Hart). 

2. Acridotheres ginginianus. 
Le Petit Martin de Gingi, Sonn. Voy. 2nd. Orient, ii. p. 194 (178*2). 
Gingi Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 144 (17b7). 
Turd us ginginianus, Lath. 2nd. Orn. i. p. 362 (1790). 
Le Martin gris de fer, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. ii. pi. 95. fig. 2 (1800) -


Sundev. Grit, om Levaill. p. 35 (1858); Walden, Trans. Z. 8. ix. 

p. 203, note (1877). 
Gracula grisea, Baud. TraiU, ii. p. 280 (1800). 
Gracula ginginiana, Baud. t. c. p. 288. 
Acridotheres griseus, Bonn, et Vieill Fnc. Meth. ii. p. 690 (1823). 
Acridotheres ginginianus, Bonn, et Vieill. t. c. p. 690 (1823); Blyth, 
J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 361 (1844), xy. p. 34 (1846); Blyih, Cat. B. 
Mas. As. 8oc. p. 108 (1849) -Bp. Consj). i. p. 419 (lb50); Cab. 
MILS. Hein. TL i. p. 200, note (1850) • Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B, 
Mas. E. 2. Co. ii. p. 535 (1850) • Adams, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 173; 
Jerd. B. 2nd ii. p. 329 (1803); Blgth, 2bis, 1807, p. 39; Beavanl 
litis, 1868, p. 171 ,* Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 20, no. 6285 (1870); 
Hayes Llogd, 2bis, 1873, pp. 401, 413; Hume. Nests and Haas 
2nd. B. p. 429 (1873) ; Bait, 8tr. F. 1874, p. 419; Butler, Str.F. 
1875, p. 494; Blyth § Wald. B. Burm. p. 89 (1875); Ball 8tr. 
F. vii. p. 221 (1878); Cripps, t. c. p. 291; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, 
10 . AOBIDOTHEBES. 
85 
p. 106 j Feid, Sir, F. 1881, p. 53; Simeon, Ibis, 1882, p. 80; 
Davidson, Str. F. 1882, p. 812; Murray, Vertebr. Faun. SintL 
p. 179 (1884) ; Swinh. Sf Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 128. 
Pastor griseus (nee Baud.), Wagler, Sijst. Av., Pastor, sp. 0 (1827). 
Gracula cinerea, Valeno. 
Pastor nmkrattensis (nee Sykes), Foyle, III. Bot. Himal. p. 70 (1889). 
Pastor ginginianus, Blyth, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hfct. xii. p. 90(1843). 
Pastor gregicolus, Hodc/s. Icon. ined. in Brit Mus., Fasseres, pi. 273. 
%&. 1,2 (no. 710): id. in Grai/s Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844). 
Pastor ginginianus, Gray. Cat. Mamm, etc. Nepal pres. Eodrn. 

p. 104 (1846). 
Hetserornis ginginiana, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 335 (1847). 
Adult male. General colour above light slaty grey, a trifle paler on 
the rump and upper tail-coverts; lesser wing-coverts dark slaty grey; 
median coverts greenish black, edged with slaty grey; greater 
coverts and quills black, externally steel-green, with a bronzy gloss 
on the secondaries; bastard-wing black, externally tawny buff; 
primary-coverts light tawny-buff; the primaries also fawn-buff or 
white at the base; centre tail-feathers greenish black, tipped with 
tawny buff, all the others broadly banded with tawny buff at the 

ends, this colour occupying nearly the whole of the outer web of the 
outermost feather; crown of head and nape black, with a green 
gloss: lores, feathers in front of the eye, and a line from the base 
of the bill, including the cheeks and ear-coverts, black; under 
surface of body light ashy grey; centre of breast, abdomen, and 
under tail-coverts pinkish isabelline; sides of body, flanks, and 
thighs slaty grey; under wing-coverts and axillaries tawny buff; 
quills below black, with a white patch near the base : " bill orange, 
the tip pale; feet dull orange, toes and claws dull yellow ; iris red; 
naked skin round eye dull red; inside of mouth fleshy " {IB. Grvpps). 
Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 4*85, tail 2-65, tarsus 

1-3. 
Adidt female. Similar to the male. Total length 8 inches, 
culmen 0*8, wing 4*65, tail 2*7, tarsus 1-3. 
Hah. Afghanistan; Northern and Central portions of the Indian 
Peninsula. 

a. Ad. sk. Kandahar (Griffith). India Museum. 
b. Ad.'sk. Mooltan (Capt. Tiveedie). Gould Coll. 
c\d r?£ ad.sk. Boree Dist., Nov. 1871 (F. Hume Coll. 
Day), 
e 
Q ad. sk. Hydrabad, May 20,1878 {F. A. Hume Coll. 
Butler), 

f. Ad sk. "Raikote, Kattiwar, Sept. 3, Col. Hayes Llovcl 
1871. [P.]ah 
8 2 ad. sk. Deesa, March, June (F. A. Hume Coll. 
V1 Butler), 

i-l 
J; m-f. 2 Sambhur, April, June, July Hume Coll. 
ad. sk. (F. M. Adam). 

q. 
<$ ad, sk. Sambhur, June 16,1871 {F. M. Tweeddale Coll. 
Adam). 
r. 
2 ad.sk. Delhi, Nov. 28, 1876 (C. T. Hume Coll. 
Bingham). 
flTUKNID-*: 

no 

1800 (R. C. Twecddalo Coll. 

*. «{ ad; t, rf Umbala, Nov 
juv. ^k, 

wfY„ \<1. sK, 
Jerri puni, Mnsuri. Ilumo Coll. 

Tweoddalo Coll. 

?/\ Ad. nit. 
Mnsuri (8. Pinwill). 

Piuwill Coll. 

i, //, Ad. sli. 
MtiMiri. 

Hume Coll. 

M it'. Ad. nk. 
Kumaoii. 

India Museum. 

//. Ad, nk. Himalayas (!)/'. Boyle).
t\ Ad. HK. FuUel^hur, Feb. 21, 1877. 

Hume Coll. 
</'. V ad. HII. Futfeh<>lutr, Jan. 20, 1877. Hume Coll. 
*'. V U(1HI{' 
Jawulpur, Jan. 20, 1877 (A Hume Coll. 

ITrrum, Feb. 22, 1877 (A Hume Coll. 

/, (f ad. nk 
#/', Ad. nk. Mogul Serai, Oudh, Nov. 1878 Hume Coll. 


(W. & Brooks). 
h' <>'. Ad. hk. Nepal (Z>\ 12. Hodgbon). India Museum. 
//. Ad. HK. He bar. Hodgson Coll. 
</'. Ad. HL Sikhim Torai, Dec. 1872 (L. Hume Coll. 
MandelU). 
/•'. Ad. nk. Bhotan (Pemberton). India Museum. 
Jlhotaii Boars, Feb. 1874 (L. Hume Coll. 


*'. Ad. nk. 

MandelU). 

/'. <{ ad. hk. 
Mhow, March 10,1882. Col. Swinhoe [P.], 
Nandnrbar, Khandei&li, March Hume Coll. 

w'. Ad. nk. 

27, 1881 (J, Davidson). 
v\ cJ ad. sk. Nandnrbar, Khandeish, Dec. Hume Coll. 
12,1880 (J. Davidson). 
?r'. Ad. bk. Phulia, Khandeish, Oct. 24, Hume Coll. 


1880 (J, Davidson). 

3. Acrldotheres fuscus. 
Pastor fiiRCUH, Wagler, Syst. Av., Pastor, sp. 6 (1S27); Blyth, J. A. S. 
//m//. xL p. 885 (1842). 
Maina cri«tatelloides, Hodgs. Icon. hied, in Brit. Mas., Passei*es, App. 
pi. 30. figs. 1, 2 (no. 304) ; id. J. A. S. Beng. v. p. 771 (1836). 
Acridotherea fuscus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 362 (1844) ; Bp. 
Consp. I p. 420 (185b) ; Ilorsf. $ Moore, Cat B. Mus. JEJ.L Co. 

ii. p. 527 (1856, pt.); Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 150 j Moore, t. c. 
p. 445; Jvrd. B. Ind. ii. p. 827 (1863) ; Blyth, J. A. S. Deng. xxxi. 
p. 343, note (1802); Walden, P. Z 8. 1806, p. 552; Blyth, Ibis, 
1807, p. 30; Beavan, t e. p. 529, 1868, p. 171; Brooks, Ibis, 1869, 
p. 58; Gray, Iland-l B. ii. p. 10, no. 0284 (1870); Hume, Nests 
cV Eggs Ind. B. p. 431 (1873); Ball, 8tr. F. 1873, p. 75, 1874, 
p. 410; Brooks, 8tr. F. 1875, p. 254; Blyth $ Wold. B. Burm. 
p. 00 (1875); Armstr. 8tr. F. 1870, p. 332; Hume, Str. F. 1877, 
p. 38; id. Sf Davison, 8tr. F. 1878, p. 388; Ball, 8tr. F. viii. p. 222 
J87h); Cripps, t. o. p. 291; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 66, 106; 
Bingham, Str, F. 1880, p. 192; Simon, Ibis, 1882, p. 86; Oates, 
B. Brit Burm. i. p. 380 (1883); Marshall, Ibis, 1884, p. 419 
Salrad. Ann. Mm. Civic. Genov. (2) v. p. 615 (1888). 
Acridotherea erLstatellus (nee X.), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng, xiii. p. 362 
(1844); Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844). 
Acridotherea 
grifcous (nee Daud.), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xv p 33 
(1840) ; id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 108 (1849); Button, j . A. 8. 
Beng. xvii. pt. 2, p. 8 (1848); Tytler, Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Mist. (2) 

xiii. p. 368 (1854); id. Ibis,1868, p. SOL 
W 
10 . ACRIDOTtlJGKES. 
Gracula cristatella, Simdev. Ann. Sr Mag. Nat Hist xviii. p. 304 
(184G). 
Pastor niahrattensis (nee Sykes). Gray. Cat Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. 

Hodge, p. 103 (1840). 
Iletserornis fusca, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 335 (1847). 
Pastor cristatellus, JBp. Comp. i. p. 419 (1850); Walden. Tram. Z. 

8. ix. p. 203 (1877). 
Acridotlieres cristatelloides, Cab. Mm. Hein. Th. i. p. 206 (1850). 
Adult male. General colour above dull slaty grey, clearer slaty on 
the hind neck and mantle ; scapulars and upper tail-coverts liko 
tho back, lesser and median coverts bronzy brown with ashy 
margins ; greater coverts bronzy brown, edged with black; bastard-
wing black; primary-coverts white; quills black, tho primaries 
white at the base, and bronzy brown at the end of the inner web; 
the secondaries bronzy brown or greenish bronze externally, the 
inner secondaries like the greater coverts; tail-feathers black, with 
a greenish gloss on the outer web, and broadly tipped with white; 
crown of head and nape greenish black, as well as tho lores, sides 
of face, ear-coverts, and cheeks; throat, fore neck, and chest dark 
slaty grey, shading into ashy isabelline on the breast, sides of 
body, and flanks; the abdomen purer isabelline; thighs dark slaty 
grey ; under tail-coverts creamy white ; under wing-coverts blackish 
with grey tips; axillaries ashy isabelline, like the breast; quills below 
blackish, with a large patch of whifce at the base of the primaries : 
" bill with the basal half bluish black, tho terminal half orange-
yellow ; mouth bluish; legs orange-yellow, claws greenish horncolour 
; iris bright yellow " (E. W. Oates). Total length 7*6 inches, 
culmen 1, wing 4'45, tail 2*6, tarsus 1*3. 

Hob. Sub-Himalayan region of the Indian Peninsula to the 
Central Provinces, eastwards to Assam, Eurmah, and Tenasserim. 

a. Ad. sk. Bawul Pindi, April 1875 {Col Tweeddale Coll. 
Biddulph). 
b. <J ad. sk. Thannanmndi, May 9,1871 (W. Hume Coll. 
E. Brooks). 
c. Ad. sk. Masuri, April 28,1874 (W. E. Hume Coll. 
Brooks), 
d-f. Ad. sk. Masuri (Pinwill). 


a. £ ad. sk. Dehra Doon, Dec. 4,1871 (Dr. Hume Coll. 
G. King), 
h. 
Ad. sk. Kalsi, April 24,18G8 (G. F. L. Hume Coll. 
Marshall). 
i. Ad.sk. Kumaon. Hume Coll. 
h 2 ad. sk. JFuttehgurh District, June 19, Hume Coll. 
1868. 
I A ad. sk. Khatmandu, Nepal Valley, Hume Coll. 
April 19,1877 (Dr. J. Scully), 
m, n, o. Ad. sk. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
p, a. Ad. sk. Nepal (B. EC. Hodgson). India Museum. 


r. 
Ad. sk. Sikhim, Feb. 1876 (X. Man- Hume CoU. 
delli). 
s. Ad. sk. Darjeeling. 
C. B. Wharton, Esq. 
88

*. Ad. sk.

u. Ad. sk.
o. Ad. bk.
w. Ad. sk.
xs. Ad. sk.
a'. $ ad.; b'.
Imm. sk. 
c\ $ ad. sk.


d'. Ad. sk.

e\ Ad. sk.

/. J ad. sk.

(J. Ad. sk.
h', *'. Ad. sk.
/;', /'. <$ ad. j
m'. $ ad. sk. 

n', o\ Ad.;

p'. Juv. sk. 

q'} r'. <$ ad. sk.

s'f t'. $ ad. sk.

ti\v'. <S\ to', $

ad. sk.
x\ Ad. sk.
y'. Ad. sk.
z'. 9 ad.sk.


a",b",c".ALsk.

d". tf ad. sk.

e". 5 ad. sk.

f. 2 ad.sk.
g". Ad. sk.
h", i". $ ad. etjuv. sk.
k"\ Juv, sk.

I", wi",w"« 6 ad.jo'',p". $ ad.

imm. sk. 
s". $ ad. sk.
t"9 a". $ ad. sk,

v''. cj; w",x".
$ ad. sk.
y". 6 ad. sk.

z", a. cJ ad. sk.

 STTJRKID^* 

 Sikhiru Terai, Dec. 1882 (L,
Mandelll). 
Buxa Dooars, Jan. 1878 (L.
Mandelli). 
Bhootaii Terai (L. Mandelll).

 N. Khasia Hills, Feb. 1876 (A.
W. ChennelT). 
Assam (A, W. Chennell). 
Assam (McClelland). 
Tippook, Marcli 29, 1877 (J.
Coelbum). 
Sadhyia, Assam, April 1877 (J.

Cochbam). 
Cachar (J". Inglis). 
Faridpur, June 12, 1878 (J. 12.

 Tippera. 
Dacca. 
Calcutta, December 1872.

 Eaipur.

 Baipur, Marcli 1870. 
Seoni. 
Pegu, Jan., Sept., Dec. (E.


 W. 0.). 
Pegu, Jan. 1875 (R W. O.). 
Pegu, Feb. 1875 (R W. O.). 
Eangoon, June 1873 (It G.
W. R). 
Eangoon, Dec. 1873 (E. G.
W. JR.). 
Eangoon, Nov. 29, 1875 (J.
Armstrong), 
Syriani, Jan. 11,187G (J. Armstrong)* 


 Elephant Point, Dec. 1, 1875

(X Armstro7ig). 

 Tonglioo. 
Tonglioo, May, June (JR. G.

 W. JR.). 
Tkoungyeen River, Tenasserim,
Nov. 10, 1877. 
Kaukaryit, 
Tenasserim, MayJuly, 
Sept. 1878 (J. Darling). 

 Thatone (W. Davison). 
Thatone, Nov. and Dec. (W.
Davison), 
Moulmein, Feb., Dec. (W. 
Davison), 
Moulmein, Sept. 1805 (B. CBeavan). 
Assoon, Feb. 3,1877 (W. Dimlorg). 


 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Cull. 
Gates Coll. 
Hume Cull. 

 Hume Coll 
Tweeddale Cull. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


 Tweeddale Coll. 
Mai or Bmjrham fC.!. 
Hume Coll. 


 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume OolL 


 Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


10 . ACETDOTIEEEES. 
£ Ad. sk. Pabyouk, March 13, 1874 (W. Hume Coll. 

7, d, €. <j ad. sk. Yeaboo,MarchlO,1874(W.D.). Hume Coll. 
£ 9. S ad. et Amherst, March, June (IT. D.). Hume Coll 
imm. sk. 


0. 2 ad. sk. Lemyne, March 28, 1874 Hume Coll. 
(W.B.). 
i< *. 6 2 ad. sk. Tavoy, March 21,1878 (W. JD.). Hume Coll. 
^M-d ? ad. sk. Mergui, Nov. 1874 (IF. D.). Hume Coll. 
*>,£. d 2 ad. sk. Penang, July 9, 1879 (W. D). Hume Coll. 
o, 7r. Ad. sk. Penang (Dr. Cantor). India Museum, 


p. c? ad. sk. Jerome, Salangore, Aug. 15, Hume Coll. 
1879 (W. Davison). 
cr. Ad. sk. Malacca (Dr. Cantor). India Museum. 


Subsp. a. Acridotheres mahrattensis. 

Pastor mahrattensis, Syhes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 95. 
Pastor i'u&cus (nee Wagler), Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi. p. 21 (1840). 
Acridotheres fuscus, 'jfforsf. 8? Moore, Cat. B. Mis. E. 1. Co. ii. 


p. 537 (1830, pt.); Hume, Nests fy Eggs Ind. B. p. 431 (1873, pt.); 
Fairb. Str. F. 1876, p. 206; Tidal, Str. F. 1880. p. 70 ; Terry, Str. 
F. 1887, p. 478; Taylor, Str. F. 1887, p. 462. 
Acridotheres 
mahrattensis, Blyth, Ibis, 1873, p. 79; Morgan, His, 
1875, p. 322 ; Ewne, Str. F. 1879, p. 106; Davison, Str. F. 1883, 

p. 400. 
Adult male. Similar to A. fuscus, but much larger, and having a 

blue iris; the sides of the body more ashy, and not so isabclline : 

" bill orange-yellow, dusky on the sides of the base; legs and feet 

yellow; iris blue " (E. A. Butler). Total length 10 inches, culmen 

1, wing 5, tail 3, tarsus 1*4. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 10 inches, culmen 
0-95, wing 4*8, tail 3, tarsus 1*35. 

Hob. Replaces the foregoing species in Southern India, ranging 
as high as the Godavery "Valley on the east, and the neighbourhood 
of Ahmedabad on the west. 

a. Ad. sk. Ahmedabad. 
Hume Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Marsapatam, near Raj amundri. Hume Coll. 
Deccan (Col. Si/kes). India Museum. 
c. Ad. sk. 
Mahabaleslrwur Hills, March, Hume Coll. 

d,e. <J; /. 2 

May, Nov. (S. B. Fairbank). 

ad. sk. 

Khandala, April, May (S. B. F.). Tweeddale Coll. 

g,h. 6; i,k,l 2 

ad. sk. 

Baukot, S. Konkan, April 7, Hume Coll. 

m. S ad. sk. 
1878 (G. Vidal). 

n. 2 ad. sk. Kelsi, March 9,1878(0. Vidal). Hume Coll. 
o, c? ad. sk. Gohagar, March 6, 1879 Hume Coll. 
(G. Vidal). 
p, 
q, r. J ; s. 2 Belgaum, Nov. 1880 (Col. E. A. Hume Coll. 
ad. sk. Butler). 

t. S 
ad. sk. Nellacotta, Wynaad, March 20, Hume Coll. 
1881 (W. Daviso?i). 
us v. (3 2 ad. sk. Seegore, Nov. 22,1882. W. Davison, Esq. 
[p.]. 

STTJENID-2B. 

io-d'. cJj e'-m'. 
$ ad. sk. 
ri. d ad.; o'. $ 

juv. sk. 
p'. $ ad. sk. 

q'. § ad. sk. 
?•'. <5 ad. sk. 

s'. Ad. sk. 

f. Ad. sk. 
w'. Ad. sk. 
v'. Ad. sk. 
w'. <$ ad. sk. 
,r'. Imm. sk. 
y'. 2 ad. sk. 

Ootacamund, Jan.-April( W.B.). 

Ootacamund, June 1876 (22. -IT. 

Kotagherry, Nilghiris, June 18, 

1874 {Miss Cockbiirri). 
Ooonoor, Jan. 24,1881 (W. B.). 
Ooonoor, Feb. 0, 1873 {Br. F. 

Bay). 
Ooonoor, Aug. 22, 1876 {B. G. 
W.B.). 

Travancore. 


Anjango, Travancore, Dec. 1872. 
Madras. 
Madras. 
Madras. 
Shivarai Hills, Feb. 11, 1869 


{A. G. R Theobald). 
Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume ColL 

Hume Coll. 
Hume ColL 

Tweeddale Coll. 

F. W. Bourdillun, 
Esq. 'Cr. 
Hume Coll. 
Gould ColL 
Hume ColL 
India Milium, 
Hume ColL 

4. Acridotheres javanicus. ^ 
Pastor griseus {nee Baud.), Ilorsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 151 

(1820). 
Pastor cristatellus {nee L.), Wagler, Sijbt. Ai\, Pastor, ^p. 14 (WJ7 i. 
Acridotlieres griseus, Bp. Ccmsp. i. p. 420 (IvIO); Vurdtna. Xat. 

Tijdschr. Xederl. Lid. xlii. p. 80 (ISbS). 

Acridotlieres javanicus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 205(1^50); Ilmwf. 
Sf Moore, Cat B. Mus. EJ. Co. ii. p. 536 (1<3<>) j XfcMson. Ibh, 
1881, p. 153; Vorderm. Xat. Tijdschr. Xederl. Lid. xlv. p. 393 
(1886), xlvi. p. 87 (1887). _ 

Adult male. Grey, both above and below, the bead also washed 
with grey, tbe frontal crest very small, and consisting of a few dense 
lanceolated plumes; wing-coverts and secondaries bronzy brown, 
edged with black and contrasting with the back; primary-coverts 
white with black bases ; base of primaries white; under wing-coverts 
white or creamy white; tail-feathers also narrowly tipped with 
white; first primary black: " iris yellow " {H. O. Forbes). Total 
length 8*6 inches, culmen 1*05, wing 5, tail 2*75, tarsus 1*3. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 8*5 inches, 
culmen 1, wing 4*9, tail 2'6, tarsus 1*45. 

Hab. Java. 
a. Ad. sk. 
b, c. Ad. sk. 
E. Java (A. 22. Wallace). 
E. Java. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Wallace ColL 
d. Ad. sk. W. Java. Wallace ColL 
e. Ad. sk, W. Java (JB. C. Buxton). F. Xicholson, Esq. 
f, ff, h. Ad.; i, k, I. Java. Tweeddale Coll. 
Imm. sk. 
m, n. ($ $ ad. sk. 
o. Ad. sk. 
Java (Dia?'d). 
Java (Horsfield). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
India Museum. 

(Type oiFastor griseus.) 

10 . ACKIDOTHERES. 
91 

5. Acridotlieres cinereus. 
Acridotlieres cinereus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 420 (1850, ex Midler, M88.); 
Gray,Hand-l. B. ii. p. 20, no. 6289 (1870); Walden, Trans. Z. 8. 


viii. p. 77, pi. x. fig. 1 (1874) ; Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 134. 
Adult male. General colour above ashy grey; scapulars like the 
back, and slightly lighter ashy; upper tail-coverts grey; lesser 
wing-coverts brown, edged with ashy grey; median and greater 
coverts brown; bastard-wing black, the inner feather white externally 
; primary-coverts white, blackish at the extreme base; quills 
black, white at the extreme base of the primaries, the secondaries 
brown like the greater coverts; tail-feathers blackish brown, broadly 
tipped with white, forming a terminal band; crown of head ashy 
black, the crest-feathers long, with a short recurved crest over the 
nostrils; hind neck like the back; lores, eyelid, sides of face, ear-
coverts, and cheeks ashy blackish; chin, malar line, throat, sides of 
neck, and fore neck ashy grey; chest and remainder of under surface 
of body lighter ashy, the abdomen greyish white; sides of body, 

flanks and thighs light ashy grey; under tail-coverts white; under 

wing-coverts and axillarios dark ashy brown, edged with white; 

quills below blackish, with a white patch at the base of the primaries. 

Total length 10 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 5*35, tail 3*3, tarsus 

1-35. 

Adult female* Similar in plumage to the male. Total length 

9 inches, culmen 1*05, wing 4*9, tail 2*8, tarsus 1*3. 

Hab. Celebes and Togian Islands. 

a, b. c? § a(*-sk- Makassar, Celebes. Wallace Coll. 

e. <$ ad. sk. Makassar (A. R. Wallace), Gould Coll. 
d. 2 ad. sk. Makassar (A. R. Wallace). Tweeddale Coll. 
e. J ad. sk. Tanette, S. Celebes. Dr. A. B. Meyer [C."|. 
6. Acridotlieres grandis. 
Pastor cristatellus (nee L.\ Vig. Mem. Rqffl. p. 664 (1830). 
Acridotlieres grandis, Moore, Cat. B. Mm. E.T. Co. ii. p. 537 

(1850) *; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 20, no. 6288 (1870). 
Acridotlieres javanicus (nee Cab.), Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 151. 
Acridotlieres siamensis, Swinh. P. Z. S.1863, p. 303; Gray, Hand-l. 

B. ii. p. 20, no. 6286 (1870); Sxoinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 303; Ward-
law Ramsay, Ibis, 1875, p. 351, 1877, p. 461; Walden, in Blyth, 
B. Burm. p. 90 (1875); id. Trans. Z. 8. ix. p. 203 (1877); Ward-
law Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 460; Anders. Zool Exped. Yunnan, 
p. 594 (1878); Hume # Davison, 8tr. F. vi. p. 388 (1878); Tiraud, 
Bull. 8oc. Agric. Cochin China, 1879, p. 136; Hume, Str. F. 
viii. p. 106 (1879), ix. p. 285; Oate% B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 381 
(1883); Salvad. Ami. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) iv. p. 603 (1887); 
Hume, 8tr. F. ix. p. 264 (1888). 
* The types of A. grandis were received from the India Museum in 1880, 
and are marked as from Sumatra. 
92 
STTTRNID^l. 

Adult. Similar to A. cristatellus, but distinguished by its enormous 
crest, black bastard-primary, white under tail-coverts, and much 
broader white tips to the tail-feathers : " bill rich wax-yellow: feet 
wax-yellow, claws brown; iris light reddish brown or hazel" (A. 0. 
Hume). Total length 9 inches, culmen about 14, wing 5-5, 
tail 3*1, tarsus D6. 

The Manipur birds are not nearly so strongly crested as the specimens 
from Siam, but those from the Tenasscrim frontier are intermediate. 
Moore's A. granclis from Sumatra is absolutely the same 
bird as A. siamensis, and it is doubtful if the specimens are really 
from Eaffles's collection. 

Hah. Cochin China, Siam and Cambodia to Upper Burma, and 
thence to Manipur. 

a. Ad. sk. Siam (Sir R. Schomburgk). Seebohm Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Siam.
(Type of A. siamensis.) 
" M. Mouhot [C.]. 

c} d. $ ad. sk. Bangkok, March 29, 1872 {Conrad). E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 

e. Ad. sk. Siam. M. E. Pierre [P.J. 
/ . Ad. sk. Cambodia (Mouhot). Tweeddale Coll. 
g, h. <$ ad. sk. Karen-nee, March 1874 (R. G. W.R.). Tweeddale Coll. 
i Ad. sk. Burmak. W. T. Blanford, 
Ebq.[P.]. 

k. Ad. sk. Mimgla, Sauda Valley, Mar 18, 1808. Dr. J. Anderson 
/. $ ad.sk. Moirang, Manipur, March 21, 1881 Hume Coll. 

{A. 0. H). 
m. (S ad. sk. Soognoo, Manipur, March 2G, 1681 Hume Coll. 
(A. 0. H). 
n. S ad. sk. Logtak Lake. Manipur, March 18, Hume Coll. 
1881 (A. 0. H.). 
o. $ ad. sk. Kokshin-Koolel, April 7, 1881 (A. Hume Coll. 
0. H) 
p, q. Ad. sk. Tenasserim Eiver, Dec. and Jan. Hume Coll. 
r, s. Ad. sk. [Sumatra (Raffles).] India Museum. 
(Types of A. grandis, Moore.) 

7. Acridotheres cristatellus. 
The Chinese Starling or Blackbird, Edwards, N. H. Birds, i. pi. 19 
(1743). ' * 
Le Merle hupe* de la Chine, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 253 (1760); DaiibenL 

JPL Enl. iv. pi. 507; Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 367 (1775). 
Crested Grakle, Lath. Gen. Sg?i. ii. pt. i. p. 464 (1783). 
Gracula cristatella, Gm. Sgst. Nat i. p. 307 (1788). 
Acridotheres ater, Bonn, et Vieill. JEnc. Meth. ii. p. 692 (1823); 

Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 20, no. 6290 (1870). 

Acridotheres 
cristatellus, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. ii. p. 691 
(1823); Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xv. p. 33 (1846); id. Cat B. Mm. 
As. Soc. p. 108 (1849) ; Cab. Mus. Hem. Th. i. p. 205 (1850); 
Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 536 (1856) ; Sioinh. 
Mis, 1860, pp. 00, 429,1861, p. 44,1862, p. 260; id. P. Z. S.1863, 

p. 302; id. Ibis, 1863, p. 382; id. Ibis, 1867, p. 387; id. P. Z. S. 
1871, p. 384; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 19, no. 6283 (1870) j Walden, 
10. ACUIUOTHERES. 9 3 
Tr. Z. 8. ix. p. 202 (1875) ; Tweedcl P. Z. S. 1877, p. G98 ; David 
fy Oust Ois. Chine, p. 365, pi. 86 (1877); Slater, Ibis, 1882, p. 434 ; 
iSeebohm, Ibis, 1881, p. 266. 

Acridotkeres fuliginosus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 302 (1844, = 
juv.). 
Merula philippensis, " Brisson,'" Bp. Consp. i. p. 420 (1850, nee 
Brisson). 
Acridotheres philippensis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 420 (1850) ; Swinh. Ibis, 
1870, p. 352; Gray, Hand-l, B. ii. p. 20, no. 0287 (1870). 

Head of A. cristatellus, to show feathered region of the eye. 

Adult. Glossy black, with a slight purplish reflexion on the back, 
greenish on the head, lower back, and rump; wings black, one of 
the bastard-wing feathers white towards the end of the outer web; 
primary-coverts white for their terminal half, and the primaries 
white for their basal half; the secondaries white at the base of tho 
inner web; under surface of body ashy black, the under wing-
coverts and under tail-coverts white at the ends, broader on tho 
latter; tail-feathers black, with small white tips; crest-feathers 
moderately long, with a short crest of dense, slightly recurved plumes 
over the base of the bill; first (bastard) primary white with a black 
tip : " bill pale yellow, with the base rose-coloured ; feet orange-
red; iris orange-yellow " (A. David). Total length 10-5 inches, 
culmen about 1*15, wing 5*75, tail 3-25, tarsus 1-6. 

Young. Brown instead of black, with no crest on the head, only 
the frontal plumes being close-set: " bill yellowish horn-colour ; 
roof of mouth, inside of bill, and tip of tongue yellow, the rest iicshcolour 
with a bluish-black tinge ; legs light brownish yellow on tho 
underparts, sole, and joints of scales, tho rest purplish brown, darker 
on the claws ; iris slight greenish yellow " (H. SivinJwe). 

Hal. Central and Southern China. Also tho island of Luzon in 
the Philippines, to which locality it is supposed to have been intro


duced. 
a-e. Ad. sk.
d. Juv. sk.
e. Ad. sk. 
China. 
China (Reeves). 
Shanghai, Jan. 8,1870 (22. Bergman). 
India Museum. 
Twoeddale Coll. 

STTJENIDiE. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Ohekiang Province, May 1875 

/. § ad. sk: 

(JT. J?. Pryer). 

J. R. Keeves, Esq. 
Ningpo. 

(j. $ ad. sk 
[P.]. 
Amoy, May, April, Oct. (22. 

hr-l Ad.etjuv. 
sk. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Amoy (0. Schlegei).

m. $ ad. &k. Gould Coll. 
Fokien. 

n, o. Ad. sk Tweeddale Coll. 

Canton. _, . 7 x

p. Ad. sk. Seebohm Coll. 
Canton, April 1860 (JR. «?«> • 

q. Ad.sk. 
Seebohm Coll. 

r, S &&• s^-Whampoa, April 17, 1860 (R 
Swinhoe). 

s. $> acl skSeebohm Coll. 
--Macao, March 15, I860 (i2. 

Swinhoe). 

f, M. $ ad. sk. Naockow Island, Feb. 186b (22. 

Szoinhoe). . 
u, 10. 6 ad. sk. Hainan, Feb. 1868 (22. Swmhoe). 
.t« y. Ad. sk. S.W. Formosa (2£. Swinhoe). 

Seebohm Coll. 

». Ad. sk. Takow, Nov. 1865 (22. Swinhoe). 

Seebohm Coll. 

a', d ad.sk. Szeolmen, W. China, May 22 (22. 

£'. J ad.sk. Luzon, April 1872 (A. B. Meyer). Tweeddale Coll. 
c'. 9 ad. sk. Luzon, Jan. 1872 (A -#• i^r) . Tweeddale Coll. 
d',l<$2 ad.sk. San Mateo, Luzon, Feb. 1872 Tweeddale Coll. 

(A. Everett). 
8. Acridotheres albocinctus. 
Acridotberes albocinctus, Godwin-Austen Sr Wald. Ibis, 1875, p, 251 
Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xlv. pt. 2, p. 200, pi. 5 (1876), 
Hume, Str. F. 1876, p. 217; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 100; Gates, B, 
Brit. Burm. i. p. 382 (1883); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. 

(2) i v. p. 604 (1887); Oates, Ibis, 1888, p. 72, pi. i.; Hume, Str. F. 
xi. p. 262 (1888). 
Adult male. General colour black, with a greenish-grey gloss; 
wings also black, but the greater coverts and secondaries inclining 
to deep bronzy brown, edged with black: primary-coverts tipped 
with black; primaries also conspicuously white at the base; tail-
feathers black, all but the centre ones tipped with white; on the 
sides of the neck a large patch of creamy buff, deepening to fawncolour 
behind the ear-coverts, forming a collar which is interrupted 
on the hind neck, where the feathers are black with creamy-white 
centres; head much crested, the nasal plumes erect and somewhat 
recurved ; under surface of body greyish black, the under tail-
coverts tipped with white ; under wing-coverts and axillaris* 
blackish, the latter with a white tip ; quills black below, white at 
the base of the inner web: " bill pale wax-yellow, orange just at base 
of lower mandible ; legs and feet deep wax-yellow; claws very pale 
horny brown ; iris yellowish white *' (A. 0. Hume, MJSSJ). Total 
length 10 inches, culmen 1*1, wing &2, tail 2*3, tarsus 1-5. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 9 inches, culmen 
1, wing 4*9, tail 3-1, tarsus 0*85. 
There is scarcely any variation in plumage in the series of Manipur 
skins presented by Mr. Hume. Some specimens have a slight indi


11 . 
JBASILEOENIS. 95 
cation of greyish-white edgings to the feathers of the abdomen, and 
those killed towards the end of March have a tendency to purplish 
rather than to greenish reflexions on the upper surface. 

Eab. Manipur to Upper Burmah. 

a, h. S 2 ad. sk. Manipur, Feb. 1881 (A. 0. K). Hume Coll. 
e, d. S; e~ff. § Manipur Khas; Feb. 1881 {A. 0. H.). Hume Coll. 

ad. sk. 
L § ad. sk. Manipur, March 1, 1881 {A. 0. H.). Hume Coll. 
i,k. d; l-n. $ Sagam, Manipur, March 1881 (A. 0. Hume Coll. 

ad. sk. JT.). 

o. £ 
ad. sk. Koornbu, Manipur, March 31, 1881 Hume Coll. 
(A. O.H.). 
lh Q- 6 2 ad. sk. Soc-gnoo, Manipur, March 1881 (A, Hume Coll. 
0. H.). 
r. 
$ ad. sk. Between Manipur and Boori Bazar, Hume Coll. 
March lfc81 (A. 0. H.). 
s-ic. <5 ad,; x~cT. Boori-Bazar, Manipur, March 1881 Hume Coll. 
§ ad. sk. (A. 0. &.). 
e'-ri. $ ad.; o'- Moirang, Manipur, March 1881 (A. Hume Coll. 
r'. 2 ad.sk. 0. IL). 
8*-v'. S ad.; r. Logtak Luke, Manipur, March 1881 Hume Coll. 
$ ad. *k. ; t {A. 0. Ill 
w'. d ad.; .**', ij . Kokhhin-Koolel, Manipur, April 1881 Hume Coll. 
2 ad. *k. {A O. IL). 
z'. 2 ad. sk. Ilierok, Manipur, May 1881 {A. O. IL), Hume Coll. 
d'-b11. Ad. sk. Bhamo, Upper Burmah. Oates Coll. 

11. BASILEOBIHS. 
Type. 
Basilornls, Bp. Ccmsp. i. p. 420 (1850, ex Temm. MSS.). B. celebensis. 
Basileornis, Walden, Trans. Z. S. viii. p. 77 (1872, nam. 

emend.). 

Range. Celebes; Ceram. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Crest very long, arising from the occiput celebensis, p. 95. 
b. 
Centre of crown crested in a ridge of close-set 
plume**, not developing into a long occipital crest . corytkaix, p. 00. 
1. Basileornis celebensis. 
BasilornL corvthaix, pt.» Bp. Consp. i. p. 420 (1850). 
Ba-ilirnw Celebris, Wall Ibis. 1801, p. 284, pi. ix. fig. 2 : Gray, 

P. Z. S. lfcOl, p. 184, tig. 2; Fimch, Neu-Girinea, p. 174 (18G5) ; 
Omi/, Hund-l. B. ii. p. 10, no, 027$) (lbTOj; Bruggem. Abhandl. 
naLVrr. Bremen, v. p. 77 (1877); Meyer, Ibis, lb79, p. VM] 
Blasim, Zeifsehr. yn. Orn. ii. p. 29t> (1880). 
Ba&ileoniu* celebensis, Walden, Tram. Z. S. viii. p. 77 (1872). 

Adult. General colour above glossy greenish black, with here and 
there some hair-like white plumelets; lesser wing-coverts like the 
back; median coverts black, edged with glossy steel-green, less 
distinct on the greater series, which are black, externally purplish; 

 STtTENIDiE. 

quills black, externally glossed with purplish or steel- green ; tail-
feathers black, slightly purplish on the outer web; head and neck 
rather scaly in appearance, with a purplish crest of closely-pressed 
feathers reaching along the centre of the crown from the posterior 
half of the bill to the hind neck : sides of crown, sides of face, ear-
coverts, and under surface of body glossy greenish black, with 
frequent hair-like white plumelets on the face and throat; on the 
ear-coverts a patch of white feathers, followed by some stiffened 
plumes of ochreous browrn ; on each side of the breast a large patch 
of yellowish white; under wing-coverts and axillaries black, glossed 
with steel-green; quills brown, ashy whitish on the inner web ; 
" bill whitish blue-grey; feet citron-yellow " (Platen). Total length 
9 inches, culmen 0*95, wing 4-9, tail 3*2, tarsus 1*05. 

Young. Dusky black, the feathers of the upper surface broadly 
edged with glossy green j the head without any erect crest, the 
feathers velvety black, glossed with green; white patch on sides of 
chest, and white spot on hinder cheeks both developed, but without 
any yellow tinge; under surface of body brown, streaked with 
central spots of black, which have a glossy green appearance near 
the ends. 

Hah. Celebes. 

a, b. Ad sk. Gorontalo, N. Celebes. Tweeddale Coll. 
c, d. Ad. sk. Menado. Gould Coll. 

e. S ad. sk. Menado. Wallace Cull. 
/ . $ ad.; g. Juv.sk. Makassar. Wallace Cull. 
k $ ad. sk. Makassar (Wallace). Gould Cull. 
2. Basileornis corythaix. 
Pastor corythaix, Wat/ler, Syst Ai\, Pastor, sp. 4 (1857). 
Heteeiornis corythaix, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 335 (1847). 
Basilornis corythaix, Wall. Ms, 1861, p. 284, pi. xi. n>. 1; Gray, 

P. Z. S, 18(51, p. 184, fig. 1; Fimch, JSeu-Gm'nea, p. 174 (LSK>> ; 
Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 10, no. 0278 (1870;; Pek. Vtrh. z.-b. 
Gesellsch. Wien, 1872, p. 4-SO; Briiggem. AbhanrU. nat. Ver. 
Bremen, v. p. 77 (1877); Sahad. Ann. Mas. Civic. Genov. xvl 
p. 195 (1880) 3 id. Dm. Papuasia etc. ii. p. 4(30 (1881). 
Adult male. Similar to B. eelebensis, but distinguished by the form 
of the crest, which has a central ridge of long erect plumes; the 
white spot on the face without any ochreous ends to the feathers. 
Total length 10*3 inches, culmen 1, wing 5*3, tail 3-7, tarsus 1*2. 

Hah. Ceram. 

a. c? acl. sk. Ceram. Wallace Coll. 
h. Ad. sk. Ceram. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
12. SAECQPS. 
T)pe. 
Gymnops, Cuvier, Btyne Anvm. i. p. 881 (1829, nee Sjrix, 1824) S. calvus. 
Sarcops, Walden, Trans. Z. 8. ix. p. 205 (1877) , S* calvus! 

Range. Confined to the Philippine Islands. 

12 . SAECOPS. 
97 

1. Sarcops calvus. 
Le Merle chauve des Philippines, Briss. Orn, ii. p. 280, pi, xxxvi. 
fig. 2 (1700); Daubent. PL Mil iv. pi. 200. 
Gracula calva, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 164 (1766); Gm. Si/st. Nat. i. 

p. 306 (1788) j Bawl Traite, ii. p. 690 (1800); Kittl. lutpf. Tog. 
p. 9, pi. xiii. fig. 2 (1832) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 330 (1845), 
Le Goulin, Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 420 (1775). 
Bald Grakle, Lath. Gen. 8yn. ii. pi 2, p. 457 (1782). 
Aciidotheres calvus, Bonn, et Vieill. JEhic. M6th. ii. p. GOO (1823). 
Gymnops calvus, Cavier, Bbgne Anim. i. p. 381 (1820); Bp. Consp, 
1 p. 422 (1850); Licht. Nomencl. AD. p. 52 (1854); Walden $ 

Layard, Ibis, 1872, p. 103. 

Gymnops griseus, Meyen, N. Acta Acad. C. L.-C. G. Nat Cur. xvi. 

Suppl.prim. p. 78 (teste Walden). 
Mine- calvus, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. 8oc. p. Ill (1849). 
Eulabes tricolor, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 19, no. G275 (1870). 
Sarcops calvus, Walden, Trans. Z. 8. ix. p. 205 (1875); 8/iarpe, 

Trans. Linn. 8oc. now ser. i. p. 344 (1876); Tiveedd. P. Z. S. 
1877, pp. 699, 764, 831; id. P. Z. S. 1878, pp. 113, 287, 343; 
Wardlaw Ramsay, Orn. Mem. Tioeedd, p. 658 (1881); Gxdlknu 

P. Z. S.1885, p. 267. 
Sarcops low, 
8harpe, Trans. Linn. 8oc, 2nd ser. Zool i. p, 344 
(1876); id. P. Z. S.1879, p. 315. 

i 

Adult male. General colour above dark silvery grey, all the 
feathers ashy blackish at base; a white shoulder-patch on the upper 
part of the scapulars; wings and tail entirely black; head bare, 
excepting the lores and base of the forehead, which are black, this 
extending in a narrow line down the centre of the head, and joining 
a narrow black collar on the nape which extends round to the ear-
coverts and cheeks, which with the under surface of the body are 
entirely black; sides of body and flanks silvery grey ; thighs black ; 
under tail-coverts black, washed with dark silvery grey; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries black: quills brownish black below: 
" bill and legs black; bare skin of face white, tinged with pink; 
iris bright brown " (A. Everett). Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 
1-2, wing 5, tail 4*3, tarsus 1-3. 

Adult female. Similar to the male: "bill and feet black; iris 
brown" (L. O. Layard). Total length 10-5 inches, culmen 1*2, 
wing 5-2, tail 4*65, tarsus 1*25. 

Sarcops lowi was described by me from the island of Si Butu in 
the Sulu Archipelago, but the differences on which I depended for 
its specific separation do not hold grod. Both males and females 
are in the collection with the back entirely grey, and with the 
breast entirely black. From the remains of grey both above and 
below overspreading the black plumage, it would appear that the 
pure silvery-grey colour is a seasonal plumage. Specimens from 
Leyte, Basilan, and Mindanao are rather small (wing 5 inches), 
while the Sulu birds are large (wing 5-25). 

Hah. Philippine and Sulu Islands : Luzon, Cebu, Guimaras, 
Negros, Leyte, Dinagat, Mindanao, Basilan, Si Butu; %M.CXM . 
YOL. XIII. H 

STTJBNID.a3. 

a. Ad. sk. 
o. Ad. sk. 
(I $ ad. sk. 
e* cS ad. sk. 

f. $ ad. sk. 
h. <J $ ad. sk. 
9, 

i. Ad. sk. 
h. 5 ad. sk. 
1,m. S ? acl. sk. 
n, o. d $ ad. sk. 

S ad. sk. 
$ ad. sk. 

1>> 

?• 

r. $ ad. sk. 
s. ? ad. sk. 
t. <J ad. sk. 
21. Ad. sk. 
V. Ad. sk. 
Manila, Luzon (Maitland-
Heriot). 

Manila. 
San Mateo, Luzon, Feb. 

1877 (A. H. Everett). 
Monte Alban, Luzon, Feb. 
1877 (A. H. Everett). 
Cebu, April 1877 (A. H. 

Everett). 
Guimaraa, Marcli 1872 {A. 

B. Meyer). 
Negros. 
Nejrros, Marcli 1871 (L. C. 
Lai/ard). 

Duniaguete, Negros, Aug. 

1877 (A. S. Everett). 
Amparo, S. Leyte, July 
1877 {A. m Everett). 

Dinagat Island, June 1877 

(A. H. Everett). 
Surigao, N. Mindanao, May 
1877 {A. H. Everett). 
Butuan, N. Mindanao, May 
1877 {A. H. Everett). 

Zarnboanga, Mindanao, 
Marcli 1878 (A. H. 
Everett). 

Basilan, June 1878 (A. II. 
Everett). 

Si JButn, Sulu Islands. 

Sulu Islands {Burbidye). 

13. MADTATTJS * 
Gracula, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 164 (1760, pt.). 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Gould Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Prof. J. B. Steere T.j. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale CoU. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Sir Hugh Low [C.]. 
{Type of S. Imvii.) 

II. Veitcb, Esq. [P.j. 
T}Pe. 

Mainatus, Leas, in E&rimac Bull. x. p. 158 (1827).. M. relijriofciu-. 
Eulabes, Cuvier, lieyne Anim. i. p. 877 (1820) .... M. in termed! n* 
(«. n. E. indica). 
Maina, Hodys. J. A. S. Beny. y. p. 771 (1830J M. intermedins. 

Banye. Indian Peninsula (local) ; Ceylon ; Andaman and Nicobar 
Islands ; Burmese countries ; Southern China; Hainan ; Malayan 
Peninsula; Sumatra; Mas ; Java; Borneo : Palawan ; Flores ; 
Sumbawa. 

* The genus Gracula as founded by Linnaeus and developed by Gmelin is such 
an exceedingly composite one that it seems advisable to drop the name altogether. 
In tracing its history and development, so as to arrive at the restriction of the 
Linnean genus to a single type, one thing seems evident, viz., that whatever 
species remain after the elimination of all the Linnean species under the 
heading of more recent genera, not one of the Wattled Mynahs will remain as 
the type of Gracula. I have therefore adopted for these birds the more 
definite genus of Mainatus, borrowed by Lesson from Brisson, who, however, 
does not seem to have used the word in a generic sense, as soin e authors 
suppose him to have done. 
13 . MAIffATTTS. 

Key to the /Species. 

. A bare patch of yellow sldn below the eye, 
a', Bare wattled skin extending in two lines, 
one from the lappet to behind the eye and a 
second inner one to nearly the centre of 
the crown (see fig.). 
a". Smaller: hind neck purple ; back steel-
green; throat steel-green j chest purple, religiosus, \). i){). 
b". Larger: bill much stouter; glossed with 
oily-green on the upper and under sur


^ace veneratus, p. 101. 
b'. Only one line of bare sldn behind the crown 
extending from the lappet to the eye; no 
second median line. 
e". Postocular line of black feathers joined I javanensis, p. 102. 
to the ear-coverts [palaioanensis, p. 104. 
d". Smaller: a distinct space between the 
posterior black line of feathers on the I intermedins, p. 104. 
sides of the face and the ear-coverts < andamanemis, p. 107. 
( robustus, p. 100. 
No bare patch of yellow skin below the eye, 
the whole sides of face feathered ptilogenys p. 109. 

1. lEainatns religiosus f. 

The Minor, Albin, Nat Hist. B. ii. pi. 38 (1738). 
The Minor or Mino, Edwards, Nat Hist. B. i. p. 17, pi. 17 (1743). 
Le Grand Mainate, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 308 (1700). 
Gracula religiosa, Linn. Syst Nat L p. 164 (1760); Jerd. Madr. 
Jour. xi. p. 24 (1840); A. Hay, Madr. Journ. xiii. pt. 2, p. 156 
(1844); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 330 (1845, pt.); Blyth, J. A> 8. 
Beng. xv. p. 31 (1846); id. Cat B. Mus. As. Soe. p. 100 (1849); 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 422 (1850) ; Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 207 (1850); 
Layard, Ann. N. H. (2) xiii. p. 216 (1854); Schl. N T. I), i. 

p. 3, pi. i. fig. 1 (1803). 
Le Mainate des Indes Orientales, Baubent. PI. Enl. iv. pi. 2C8. 
Minor Grakle, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. pt. 2, p. 455 (1783). 
Mainatus religiosus, Less, in Ferussac, Bull x. p. 158 (1827). 
Gracula indica, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 178* (1843). 
Gracula minor, A. Hay, Madr. Jour. xiii. pt. 2, p. 134 (1844). 
Eulabes religiosa, Horsf. §• Moore, Cat B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 522 
(1856); Jerd. B. Lnd. ii. p. 337 (1863); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 40 j 
Melliss, Bis, 1870, p. 101; Gray, IIand4. B. ii. p. 18, no. 6264 
(1870); Holdsw. B. Z. 8. 1872, p. 463; Hume, Nests # Egqs 
Lnd. B. p. 435 (1873) ; Ball, 8tr. F. 1874, p. 420 ; Hume, 8tr. >. 
1876, p. 402 ; Fairb. 8tr. F. 1877, p. 407; Ball, 8tr. F. vii. p. 221 
(1878) 5 Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 682 (1879); LIume, Str. F. 1879, 

p. 106; Davison, Str. F. 1883, p. 401; Taylor, Str. F. 1887, 

p. 462; Terry, Str. F. 1887, p. 478. 

t All the earlyfigures of Wattled Mynahs are very inaccurate, and so are 
the descriptions founded on these ancient plates. It would, however, be a 
mistake to alter names now in common use; but it must be understood that 
the older synonyms generally attributed to G. religiosa are somewhat problematical. 
H2 

100 STURNID2E. 

Adult male. General colour above greenish black; bind neck and 
upper mantle purple ; crown of head steel-green with a slight purplish 
gloss, the crown purple along the centre; lesser wing-coverts 
green; remainder of coverts, bastard-wing, and primary-coverts 
black, the median coverts edged with glossy green, the secondaries 
washed with purple or green under certain lights ; a white patch 
on the primaries, the white found only on both webs of the second 
third, fourth, fifth, and sixth long primaries, on the inner web only 
of the first, and on the outer web only of the seventh; tail black, 
washed with glossy green ; sides of face glossy steel-green, purplish 
on the auricular region; throat and fore neck steel-green, with an 
oily-green shade on the latter and on the chest, which gradually 
becomes purple ; rest of the under surface of body glossy green, the 
feathers being black, edged with green, as also the under wing-
coverts and axillaries: " bill orange-yellow ; legs and feet citron-
yellow ; lappets and cheek-spot rich yellow, the latter tinged with 
blue at the upper edge; iris brown, the outer edge white, darkly 
mottled" (W. V. Legge). Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 1-05, 
wing 5-6, tail 2-65, tarsus 1-15. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 9'3 inches, 

culmen 1*1, wing 5-5, tail 2-5, tarsus 1*3. 

Head of Mainabus religiosus from above, to show form of lappets. 

Lappets two on the nape, running up on each side of the latter 
and continued on the sides of the head to the hinder part of the 
eye; below the eye a nearly square bare patch reaching to the 
cheeks. 

Young. Very similar to the adults, but rather more dingily 
coloured, with greyish fringes to the feathers of the abdomen; no 
posterior lappets on the nape : " lappets dull yellow " (W. V. Legge). 

The white patch on the primaries is rather variable, the majority 
of specimens being marked on both webs with white up to the 
sixth long quill, and the seventh having a small white spot on the 
outer web. In some, however (principally from Malabar), the 
seventh has also white on both webs, and the eighth has an external 
mark of white. 

Hah. Ceylon and Southern India. 

a, § ad. sk. Eagam Corale, Ceylon, Dec. 3. Hume Coll. 
1878 {Hart). 

13 . MATNTATTTS. 
10 1 
5, c. <J ad. sk. Katnapura, Ceylon, Feb., March Tweeddale Coll. 
(JET. Nevitt). 
d,e. S ? ad. sk Avisawella, Ceylon, Dec. 14,1865 Tweeddale Coll 
(& Chapman). 
f> 9> 6\ h h & $ Ceylon, March, July (8. C?iap- Tweeddale Coll. 
ad. sk. man). 
i, m. Ad. sk. Ceylon (8. Chapman). Tweeddale Coll. 

n. <y ad. sk. Mynall, Travancore, July 6, 1874 Hume Coll. 
(F. Bourdillon). 
o,p. cj ad. j q9 r, Travancore, July 1878. F. Bourdillon, 
2 ad. j s, t. Esq, [0.1. 
Juv. sk. 

u, v. (5 2 ad. sk. Lower Palani Hills, June, July, Tweeddale Coll. 
4000 ft. (8. B. Fairhanh). 

w. ? ad. sk. Lower Palani Hills, 4000 ft. (8. Hume Coll. 
B. Fairhanh). 
z, 
y> 6, z, a'. ? Kullar, Nilghiris, Sept., Oct. Hume Coll, 
ad. sk. 


V. 
$ ad. sk. Kotagherry, June 1874 (Miss Hume Coll. 
Cockbum). 
c\ $ ad. sk. Nellacotta, Wynaad, March 29, Hume Coll. 
1881 (JT. Davison), 
d'. 2 ad. sk. Karoli, Wynaad, May % 1881 Hume Coll. 


(W. Davison). 
e\f. $ ad. sk. Peria Forests, Wynaad, April, Hume Coll. 
May (W. Damson), 
g', S ad. sk. Manantoddy, Wynaad, April % Hume Coll. 
1881 (W.Davison). 
h\ 
<$ ad. sk. Charambadi, Wynaad, April 2, Hume Coll. 
1881 (W. Davison). 


i\ Ad. sk. Mozai Valley, Wynaad. Hume Coll. 
h', V. 6 2 ad. sk. Shemogah Dist., March 1875. Hume Coll. 
m\ Ad. sk. Malabar. Gould Coll. 
n\ Juv. sk. Malabar. Mrs. Pink [P.]. 
o'-q'. Ad. sk. Malabar. Tweeddale Coll. 
r\ d ad. sk. Oannanore, Oct. 9, 1882 (JR. G. Tweeddale Coll 

W. R). 
s'. Ad, sk. # Madras (Jerdon). India Museum. 
t\ Ad. sk. North Canara, May 4, 1877 (K Hume CoU. 
E. M. James). 
2. Mainatus veneratus. 
Gracula venerata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 422 (1850, ex Temm. M88. in 
Mus. Zugd.); Wall P. Z. 8 13G3, p. 48G; ScM. N. T. D. i. p. 4, 
pi. i/%. 2 (1803). 

Eulabes venerata, Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 18, no. 6266 (1870). 

Adult. Of larger size than M. reliyiosus, but distinguished by its 
greener coloration and by the form of the lappets, which are extremely 
broad, and are continued in a line on the hinder crown on 
each side of the nape, much as in M. religiosus : " lappets and bare 
skin on head dark yellow; iris dark" (A. B. Wallace). Total 
length. 12 inches, culmen 1*6, wing 6-9, tail 3*3, tarsus 1-5. 

Young. Not nearly so glossy as the adults, the feathers being 
dusky hlackish with glossy green edgings. The lappets are very 

8TTXBNIM. 

Hniftll, and Ihwo on tho sides of tho occiput and nape scarcely 
developed. 
link Humbawa and Floros. 
.1 1 i 0i, nw*q "Wallace Coll. 

f. "MMI ' "' So°"sV»«). Tweeddale Ooll. 
3. Mainatus javaneusis. 
Corvus javanensis, O^r/r, 7*r. p. 102 (1757) ; id. Voy. (Engl. 
O^r^^'z ^ Xaffl. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 303 
(1MH)); Gray, Gen. Ii. ii. p. ^30 (1845). _ 
Kulalx* javanmsis, J/*™/: TV™*. Im«. Soc. xm. p. 162 (lbJO). 
Miraculireliffioha, nWff. GW. OM. i. p. 144, pi. 05 (1826). 
Kulalxvs javamw, O/wVr, -Rfy/w Amm. i. p. 377 (1WJ). 
Maitmtus javainis, less. Traits, p. 357 (1831). 
Mainatussumatranus, Loss. Traite,^. 357 (1831). .,/>., 
Gracula javanensis, 2?/y^, J. A. S. Beng. xv. p. 31/1840); id. Cat. 

B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 107 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 422: (I860); 
Mtffa/ <S- IW/w. Nat. Hist Labium, p. 25 (1855); Schl. N. l.D. 
I. p. 5, pi. i. % 3 (18G3) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1803, p. 219; Salvad. Ucc. 
Bom. p. 274 (1874) ; SJiarpe, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 107; Tweedd. Ibis, 
1877, p. 319; Briiqgem. Abhandl wit. Ver. Bremen, v. p. 461 
(1S77); Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 202; id. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 346; 
Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Oenov. xiv. p. 138 (1879); Nichols. Ibis, 
1881, p. 153; Eel/mm, t. c. p. 520; Nichols. Ibis, 1882, p. 63, 
1883, p. 25 ; Oates, 11 Brit. Burm. i. p. 393 (1883); 8ndlem. in 
Veth. Midden-Sumatra, Voy. p. 43 (1844); Bilttih. Notes Leyden 
Mm. ix. p. 71(1887). 
Gracula 
javana, A. Hay, Madr. Journ. xiii. pt. 2, p. 156 (1844) ; 
Cab. 31us. Ilein. Th. *i. p. 207 (1850); Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 334. 
EuUiboa javanensis, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. B. Mus. JB.L Co. ii. 

p. 524* (1850); Moore, P. £.#.1859, p. 444; StoliczTca, J.A.S. 
Ihnq. xxxix. p. 326 (1870) ; Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 18, no. 0267 
(18f0); Walden, Ibis, 1871, p. 176; Hume $ Davison, Str. F. 
vi. p. 396 (1878, pt.); Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 06, 106. 
Adult. Glossy black with the following reflexions :—back purple 
from the hind neck; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts oil-
green with scarcely any purple; scapulars and lesser wing-coverts 
steel-green with the faintest admixture of purple; median coverts 
black with a narrow steel-green edging, which is scarcely perceptible 
on tho greater coverts, which are black like the primary-coverts, 
bastard-wing, and quills, the inner secondaries only having a metallic 
lustre on the inner web and steel-green edgings like the greater 
coverts, but more distinct; the primaries with a white patch at 
about one third distance from the base, occurring on both webs of 
all but the outermost primary, where it occurs only on the inner 
web, and represented on tho innermost spotted primary by merely a 
white mark on the outer web ; tail-feathers black with a greenish 
shad©; head velvety black, with a strong purple lustre down the 
centre of the crown, with a very faint tinge of steel-green; lores, 
sides of face, and cheeks black with a green gloss slightly tinged 
with purple; under surface of body black with a gloss as follows— 

13 . MATKATTJS. 
103 
purplish on the throat, oil-green on the fore neck; reddish purple 

on the chest and breast, and steel-green on the lower breast and 

abdomen, thighs and under tail-coverfcs, the feathers of the under


parts being black with broad metallic edgings; under wing-coverts 

and axillaries black, with a white patch on the primaries: " bill 

orange-vermilion, 
yellow at the tip; legs and wattles sulphur-

yellow" (22. Q. 
Wardlaw Ramsay). Total length 11-5 inches, 

culmen 1-2, wing 6*7, tail 3*1, tarsus 1*4. 

The sexes are alike in colour. 

Lappets two, one on each side of the nape, united at the base in 

very old birds; below the eye a quadrate bare patch, separated 

from the bare line on the sides of the hinder crown, which joins the 

lappets, by a band of feathers which springs from tho hinder part 

of the eye md. joins the feathers of the auricular region, leaving no 

bare yellow line in between. 

Hub. Prom South Tenasscrim to Malacca, Sumatra, Java, and 

Borneo. 

a} b. <$ ad. et S. Tenasserim, Jan., Feb. Oates Ooll. 
juv. sk. 


c. Juv. sk. 
Tenasserim (W. Limhorg). Tweeddale Coll. 
d. 3 
ad. sk. Pakchan, May 4, 1875 (W. Hume Coll. 
Daiison). 
e. cfj/. $ ad. Bankasoon, April, Bee. (W. Hume Coll. 
sk. 
Davison). 
Malewoon, Feb., March (W. Hume Coll. 

g-k. 6; J-w. 2 

Davison).

ad. sk. 

Kossoum, May 18, 1879 Hume Coll. 

o,p. S ? ad.sk. 

(J. Darling). 
q. Ad. sk. 
Province Wellesley, Dec. 1881. Dr. A. M'Ejnlay[P.]. 
r. Ad. sk. 
Perak, Feb. 11,1881. Dr. A. M'Kinlay [P.]. 
s. 
S\ £-w. ? Klang, Feb.-April, Sept. (W. Hume Coll. 
ad. sk. Davison). 
x, y. 6 S ad. Ding Ding River, Feb. 23,1879 Hume Coll. 
sk. (W. Davison). 
z-V. 
Ad. sk. Malacca, July 1877( W.Davison). Hume Coll. 
Malacca, Aug. 9, 1873 (JR. G. Tweeddale Coll. 

c'.$ad.;d*,e',/'


$ Jiuim.sk. W. K), 
g' h'. Ad. sk. Malacca. Tweeddale Coll. 

H. Ad. sk. 
Malacca {Dr. Maingay). Tweeddale Coll. 
k'-m'. 
Ad.; Malacca (Dr. Cantor). India Museum. 
ri. Juv. sk. 

o',p. 3 2 ad.; Kuroo, Malacca, Nov. 1875 Hume Coll. 
q'. $ juv. sk. (W. Davison). 

r'. d ad.; s', t'. Nealys, Malacca, Oct. 19,1875 Hume Coll. 
Juv. sk. (W. Davison). 
u'}v', <$',w',x'. Johore, Aug. 1875 (W. DaviHume 
Coll. 
$ ad. sk. son). 

y'. S ad.; z'-b", Gunnong Pulai, Johore, Aug. Hume Coll, 
2 ad.sk. 1879 ( W. Davison). 
c", d". Ad. sk. Singapore. 

e",f". Ad. sk. Sumatra (Raffles). India Museum. 
g"~l". Ad. sk. Sumatra, Sept., Oct. (Carl Bock), Tweeddale Coll. 
m"-p". Ad. sk. Lampong, S.E. Sumatra (E. V. Tweeddale Coll. 

Buxton). 

104 
STUUKm-S. 

q". Ad. sk. Java. India Museum. 
r"-t". Ad. sk. E. Java (A JR. Wal 
«"-«?". Ad. sk. Borneo. 
x". Ad. sk. Sarawak. Wallace Coll. 
y". <$ ad. sk. 
z", a. Ad. sk. 
|3. Ad. sk. 
Busan (-4. Everett). 
Labuan (J. Motley). 
Labuan (&. Lew). 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale ColL 
It. B. Sharpe,
[P.]. 
Esq. 
Subsp. a. Mainatus palawanensis. 

Gracula javanensis (nee Obheck), Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. new ser. 

i. p. o44 (lb76)* Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 6:22 ; bharpe, His, lfcfc4, 
p. 321 j Blashib, Omis, lSbB, p. 315. 
Eulabes jayanensis, Shaiye, Ibis, 1888, p. 202. 
Adult female. Similar to 21. javanensis but smaller, and blacker 
underneath, with very little reddish purple on the breast; especially 
distinguished by the green shade on the lores and sides of the 
crown : " bill reddish orange ; v\ attles orange-yellow ; legs yellow ; 
iris deep brown " (A. II Everett). Total length 10 inches, culmen 
1-15, wing 6*1, tail 2*9, tarsus 1*35. 

Young. Similar to the adult but duller, with less gloss and 
smaller lappets : " bill fine deep orange; wattles and legs chrome-
yellow " (A. II. Everett). 
Hah. Palawan, 

a, b. Ad. sk.J Palawan. E\ erard Lempriere, 
Esq. [P.]. 

c. (S ad.; d. Ad, Palawan. Professor Steere [0.1 
sk. 
e. J ad.sk. PuertoPrincesa,Palawan,Dec.3, Tweeddale Coll. 
1877 (A. EC. Everett). 
f. 
$ imm. sk. Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Jan. Tweeddale Coll. 
1878 {A. H. Everett). 
g. Ad. sk. Inagawan, Jan. 1878 (A. H. Tweeddale Coll. 
JEverett). 
4. Mainatus intermedins f. 
Le Mainate des Indes 
Orientales, Month. Mist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 416, 
pi. xxv. (1775). 
Gracula religiosa (nee L.), McClell. P. Z. S. 1830, p. 164 • Blyth, 

J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 178* (1843); Ilodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., 
t 
Refer also to the following:— 

MAINATUS DUBIUS. 
Eulabes dubia, Sckl. Nederl. Tijdschr. i. p. 7, pi. i. fig. 6 (1863) • Gray 

ilcm^. iUi. p. 18, no. 6^70 (1870). ' 
Probably the young of M. intermedins. 
Hab. Unknown. 

MAINATUS LIDTIII. 
Eulabes liclthi, SchL Nederl. Tijdschr. i. p. 7, pi. i. %. 5 (1863)* Gray 
Hand-L B. ii. p. 18, no. 0269 (1870). j7 
Hab. Unknown. 

13 . MAINATTTS. 105 
Passeres, pi. 269. fig. 1 (no. 302) ; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 

(1844;; Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 103 (1846). 
Maina religiosa {nee L.), Hodgs. J". A. S. Beng. v. p. 771 (1836). 
Gracula indicus, A. Hay, Madr. Jour. xiii. j>t. ii. p. 157 (1844). 
Gracula intermedia, A. Hay, Madr. Jour. xiii. pt. ii. p. 157 (1844); 

Myth, Cat. B. MILS. AS! Soc. p. 107 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 422 
(1850); Cab. Mm. Hem. Th. i. p. 207 (1850); Irby, Ibis, 1861, 

p. 230; ScM. Nederl. Tijdschr. i. p. 6, pi. i. fig-. 4 (1863); Schomb. 
Ibis, 1864, p. 255; B'knf. Ibis, 1870, p. 469; Oates, B. Brit, 
Burm. i. p. 391 (1883); 'Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) h% 
p. 607 (1887); id. Ami. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) v. p. 616 (1888). 
Gracula javanensis (nee Osbeckj, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xv. p. 369 
(1846). 
Eulabes intermedia, Ilorsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. 

p. 523 (1856); Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 339 (1863); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, 
p. 40; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Benq. xxxix. p. 110 (1870); Gray, 
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 18, no. 6265 (1870); Ball, Sir. F. 1875, p. 293, 
1877, p. 417 ; Blyth Sf Wald. B. Burm. p. 89 (1875); Wardlaw 
Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 460; Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 222 (1878); 
Oates, Str. F. 1887, p. 230. 
Eulabes javanensis, Hume, NestsfyEggs Ind. B. p. 436 (1873, pt.) ; 
id. Str. F. 1874, p; 480; id. Str. F. 1875, p. 152; Armstr. Str. F. 
1876, p. 335; Bingham, Str. F. 1877, p. 86; Hume § Davison, 
Str. F. vi. pp. 396, 520 (1878, pt.); Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 106; 
Bingham, Str. F. 1880, p. 192; Hwne, Str. F. xi. p. 268 (1888). 

Eulabes javanus, Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 38. 

Adult male. Similar to M. javanensis, but much smaller, and 
distinguished by the form of the little patch of feathers which 
extends from the hinder part of the eye. This is triangular in 
shape, and never reaches to the auricular feathers, leaving always a 
distinct line of bare skin : " bill coral-red, yellow at the tip; inside 
of mouth fleshy; eyelids well feathered; naked skin in general 
deep yellow, more or less tinged with orange on the face, and purer 
and varying in colour on the lappets, the uppermost corner of the 
lappet near the eye tinged with blue ; legs, feet, and claws yellow ; 

MAINATUS SINENSIS. 
Eulabes sinensis, Swinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 353; id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 383; 
David 8f Oust Ois. Chine, p. 365 (1877). 
Described from a living specimen. No type was preserved, and the species 
is very doubtfully distinct from M. intermedins. 
Hab. South-western China (Western Kwangtung, Kwangse, and so forth) 
hoe, I. c.). 

MAINATUS HAINANUS. 
Eulabes hainanus, Swinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 352; id. P, Z. S. 1871, p. 384; 
David $ Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. SQQ (1877). 

" Similar to E. dnensis, but having the subocularfleshy skin narrow, 0'25 inch, 
lengthened downwards and not square. I examined several of the Chinese 
form, and they all agreed in having it square-shaped. On this peculiarity I 
venture to separate the Hainan raoe; for my single specimen was left in charge 
of a friend, in whose hands it died, and, notwithstanding all my careful 
instructions, it was thrown away." (Ii. Swinhoe, I. c.) 

Hab. Hainan. 

STTTKNTDJE' 

iris brown" (E. W. Oates). Total length 11 inches, culmen 1*1, 
wing 0*3, tail 2*95, tarsus 1*2. 
Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 
105 inches, culmen 1*05, wing G*3, tail 3, tarsus 1*2. 
Ilab. Central India; Himalayas from Eaimaon to Assam, the 
Burmese countries to Tenasserim and the northern part of the 
Malay Peninsula, eastwards to Cochin China, and probably South 

China and Hainan. 

a -(/• <S 2 ad. sk. Sumbalpur, Jan., DQC. 

h. Ad. sk.
i. Ad.; A\ Imm. sk.
/ p. Ad. sk. 
q. Ad. sk. 
r 4. Ad. sk. 
it. Ad. sk. 

v-d'. Ad. sk. 

e'. Ad. sk. 
/. 6 ad.; g', h\ 
$ $ juv. sk. 
%', cj ad. sk 

#, /'. S $ ad. sk. 

m'. 6) »', *'• 9 
ad. sk. 
p'. <$ ad. sk. 

y'. Imm. sk. 
r'. tf ad. sk. 

*'. Ad. sk. 
£'. cJ ad. sk. 


u'. Ad. sk. 

i>'. Ad. sk. 
w\ <$ imm. sk. 


,v'. ? imm. sk. 

y'. Ad. sk. 
z'. Juv. sk. 
a"-d". d; *"-/'• 

$ ad. sk. 
<j". 6 ad. sk. 

h". $ ad. sk. 
V, h". $ ad. sk. 


/". $ ad. sk. 

m'>". cJ; o". ? 
ad. sk. 


 Kimiaon (Strachey). 
Kumaon. 


Nepal (X. J/. Hodgson). 
Sikliim, April 1873 (X. ATflwi


delli).

Darieeling.
Darjeeling Terai, Feb. 1874 (X.


Mandelli).

Bhotan Doars, Jan., Feb., Nov.
(X, Mandelli).

Assam (A. W. Chennell).

N. Kkasia Hills, March 187G
(A. W. Chennell). 
Near Shillong, Dec. 15, 1877(IF". Davison).

Sadlrya, June 1877 (J. Cock-
bum).

Khowang, Dibrughnr, March,
Aug. (J. R. Cripps). 
Joonkotollee, Dibrughur, April5, 1880 (X R. Cripps). 
Cachar.
Noong-zai-ban, Manipur, Feb.
2, 1881 {A. 0. JET.). 

Tipperah.
Eastern Pegu Hills, April 14,1873 (K W. Oates). 
Arakan Hills, Jan. 1872 (E. W.
Oates),

Pegu (IF. T. Blanford).
Syriam, Jan. 11,1876 (J. Armstrong).


Bangoon, July 5, 1873 (R. G.

W. JR.).
Tonghoo.
Tonghoo (R. G. W. R.).
Tonghoo, Jam-May (JR. G.

W. JR.).
Tonghoo Hills, March 13, 1875

(R. G. W. R.). 
Kollidoo, Tenasserim.
Kollidoo, Jan., Dec. (W.
Davison).
Ky ouk-nyat, Jan. 27,1874 ( W.
Davison).
Pahpoon, Jan., Nov. (W. Davison). 


Hume CoU. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume CoU. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume CoU. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

 Tweeddale CoU. 
Tweeddale CoU. 
Tweeddale CoU. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume CoU. 
Hume CoU. 
Hume CoU. 

$ ad. sk. 
y". d ad. sk. 
«", a. d ad. sk. 
/3. d ad. sk. 
y- ? ad. sk. 
5, *. d ad. sk. 
£, ?. d $ ad. sk. 
d> i. d ? ad. sk. 
«f, X. 5 ad. j p. d 
irnm. sk. 

v. d ad. sk. 
£ ? ad. sk. 
o. d ad. sk. 
7r. J ad. sk. 
p.tf ad. j o-. Ad. sk. 
r. J imm. sk. 
v, <j>. % ad, sk. 
X~<»« c? $ ad, sk. 

a. d ad. sk. 
p. d ad. sk. 
y. Imm. sk. 
&'. Imm. sk. 
e, f, rj. Ad. sk. 

13 . MAI2UTTTS. 
Kaukaryit, May-Sept. (J. Darling). 


Kossiak, Thoungyeen Biver, 
Oct. 6,1879 (Q.T.Bingham). 
Pabyouk, March 1874 (IF. 

Davison). 

Iloungtkraw Eiver, Feb. 27, 
]877 (W. Limborg). 
Assoon, March 2, 1877 (IF. 

Myawadee, Jan. 1877 (IF 

Davison). 
Yeaboo, Dec. 1878 (J. Darling), 
Meetan, Feb. 1877 (W. Davi


son j . 

Amherst, Jan-March (IF 

Davison).

Lemyne, March 28, 1874 (IF. 

Davison). 

Meeta Myo, April 19, 1874 
(IF Davison). 
Tavoy, April 13, 1878 (IF. 

Davison). 

N'walaboo, April 10, 1878 
(IF Davison).
Pakchan, Jan. 1875 (IF. Davison). 


Bankasoon, Dec. 22, 1875 (IF 

Davison),

Malewoon, Jan., Feb. (IF. 

Davison). 

S. Tenasserim, Jan., Feb., Dec. 
Pulo Condul, April 20, 1876. 
Siam. 
Cambodia. 
Cambodia (Moukot). 
Cochin China. 

0'. d) <>', «'• ? ad. Kossoum, April, May (J. 
sk. Darling). 

X'. d ad. sk. Kiang, Feb. 26, 1879 (TV. 
Davison). 
fi'. § ad. sk. Malacca, Aug. 9, 1873 (M. G. 
IF. R). 
y'. Ad. sk. Singapore. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll, 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll, 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Oates Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Mons. E. Pierre 

[p.]. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Mons. E. Pierre 
[p.] 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Subsp. a. ICainatus andamanensis. 

Gracula javanica (nee auct.), Blyth, Ibis, 1859. p. 465. 

Gracula intermedia (nee Hay), Blyth, Ibis, 1860, p. 221. 

Gracula javana, Peh. Meis. Nomra, Vog. p. 88 (1805). 

Eulabes andamanensis, Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 331 (ex Tytl&r MSS.); 
Walden, I. c, note,* Ball, J. d. S. Beng. xxxix. pt. 2, p. 242 
(1870); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 18, no. 6271 (1870) j Walden, 
Ibis, 1871, p. 177,1873, p. 313. 

108 
STTTENI"D2B. 

Eulabes javanensis (pi), Same, Nests, p. 436 (1873); id. Sir. F. 
1874, p. 254. 
Eulabes intermedia (nee Hay), Ball, Str. F. 1873, p. 77. 

M. andamanensis is scarcely to be separated from M. intermedins, 
of which it is a stout-billed race. The stoutness of the bill Is, however, 
equalled by several of the Himalayan specimens of J\I. intermedins, 
and it is impossible to draw a line of distinction between 
them. The only other character is in the number of white-spotted 
quills, which varies from six to nine, and one specimen has twelve 
with white spots; so that it would be difficult to separate this 
specimen from M. robustus, judging from the description of the 
latter bird. 
Mr. Hume gives an excellent note on the Andaman and Nicobar 
birds in 4 Stray Feathers' (1874, p. 256). The sexes do not differ 
in size. "Length 11-5 to 13*5 inches; wing 6 to 7*25, tail 3*1 
to 4*0, tarsus 1-12-1-55. Legs and feet yellow, varying from pale 
to dull chrome-yellow; bills varying from orange to coral-red, but 
always pale yellow at the tip; lappets gamboge-yellow to light 
orange; iris deep brown " (Hume, I. c). 

Hah. Andaman and Nicobar Islands. 

a, S ad. sk. Andamans (Tyiler). Oates Coll. 
b, $ ad. sk. Andamans, June 1865 (R. C. Tweeddale Coll. 
Beavan). (Type offc| ecies.) 

c, d. S ad.; e. $ S. Andamans, Jan. 1873 (JR. G. Tweeddale Coll. 
ad.; /. § imm. ; W.R.). 
g, h. Juv. sk. 

i, k, I S 2 ad- sk. S. Andamans, March, April 1873 Tweeddale Coll. 

(R. G. W. R). 
m, n. d 2 a^- sk. S. Andamans, Aug., Sept. 1873 Hume Coll. 
(R. J. Wimberley). 
o,p. 
6 2 ad-; £• Jolly Boys Island, Macpherson Hume Coll. 
Straits/March. 8,1873 ( F. Ball).

Imm. sk. 

§ ad sk-Port Mouat, April 15,1873 (IF. Hume Coll. 

r.- 
Davison). 

s-w. 6 ad. sk. Mt. Harriet, March, Dec. (W. Hume Coll. 
JDavison). 

x-d'. S 2 ad. sk. Port Blair, Aug., Sept. 1873 Hume Coil. 

(R. J. Wimberley). 
e'. 2 ad.; / . $ Camorta, Nicobars, Dec. 1873 Tweeddale Coll. 
juv. sk. (R.J. Wimberley). 
g'. $ ad. sk. Camorta, Nicobars,* Feb. 28,1873 Hume Coll. 

(W. Davisoti).
ad sk

ti, i'. 6 2--Trinkut Island, Nicobars, Jan. 2, Hume Coll. 
1873 (IF. Davison). 
h'. $ a<l« sk. Katchul, Nicobars, Jan. 25, 1873 Hume Coll. 

(W. Davison). 
I'. 6 ad- sk. Nancowry Island, Nicobars, Feb. Hume Coll. 
11,1873 (W. Davison). 
?n', ri. 2 ad- sk. Kondul, Nicobars, March 1873 Hume Coll. 

(W. Davison). 
o'. 6 ad. sk. Little Nicobar, July 10, 1876. Hume Coll. 
p'j q'. J ad. sk. Great Nicobar, Jan. 30, 1873 Hume Coll. 
(W. Davison). 
13 . MAINATTJS. 
Subsp. /3. Mainatus robustus. 

Gracula robusta, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) iv. p. 554 
(1887). 

Adult Similar to M. javanensis, but much larger, with a very stout 
bill, the bare cheek-patch united to the occipital lappets ; a very broad 
transverse white patch on the wing, twice or three times as broad as 
in M. javanensis, and having the secondaries also marked in the 
middle with white : " bill reddish orange, with a yellow tip; feet 
yellow; lappets orange-red " (llodig Hani). Total length 13-15*05 
inches, culmen 1-1*15, wing 7*5-8*3, tail 3*35-4*15, tarsus 1*65. 
(Salvadori.) 

Hab. Island of Nias. 

I strongly suspect that, when a comparison is possible, it will be 
found that M. robustus is merely a modified form of M. andamanensis, 
perhaps a larger race. As has been shown in the description of the 
latter form, the number of secondaries marked with white varies to 
such an extent that it invalidates this character as one of specific 
value in 21 robustus. 

5. Mamatus ptilogenys. 
Gracula ptilogenys, Blyth, J. A. S. Bene/, xv. p. 285 (1846) * id. Cat. 
B. Mus. As. Soe. p. 108 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 423 (1850); 
Kelaart, Prodromus Cat. p. 125 (1852) • Layard, Ann. N. II (2) 
xiii. p. 216 (1854) ; Sehl. K T. B. iii. p. 7, pi. i. fig. 7 (1883). 
Eulabes ptilogenys, Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 299; Gray, Hcuid-l. B. ii. 
p. 18, no.6206(1870); Eoldsw. P. Z. S.1872, p. 463 ; Leqge, Ibis, 
1874, p. 25; ttmie, Sir. F. vii. p. 410 (1878); Leyc/e, B. Ceylon, 
p. 685, pi. xxix. fig. 2 (1879); Hume, 8tr. F. 1879, p. 106; 
Parker, Ibis, 1886, p. 187. 
Adult male. Black, with the following reflexions:—purple on the 
crown, sides of head, neck all round, hind neck, and mantle; steel-
green on the back, rump, upper tail-coverts, scapulars, and lesser 
wing-coverts, with here and there a faint shade of purple• greater 
coverts black with a broad purplish edging; bastard-wing, primarj^coverts, 
and quills black, with the usual large patch of white on the 
primaries, the first long quills being marked on the inner web only, 
the second to the sixth on both webs, and the seventh without any 
mark on either web; the innermost secondaries with a narrow 
purplish edging; tail purplish black ; throat and chest purple with 
an oily-green shade across the fore neck; breast and remainder of 
underparts green, with a shade of purple on the thighs * under 
wing-coverts and axillaries black, with purplish edgings near the 
edge of the wing: " bill orange-red, with the upper mandible black 
from gape to nostril, and the lower for nearly half its length* legs 
and feet gamboge-yellow ; claws blackish; lappets rich yellow; iris 
greyish white dappled with brown " ( W. V. Legge). Total length 
9*5 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 5*9, tail 2*55, tarsus 1*35. 

110 
STXTENID^S. 

Lappets two, one on each side of the occiput; no bare patches on 

the side of the face. The lappets are said by Colonel Juegge to meet 

at the base in old birds. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour: "iris white or 

yellowish white" (W. V. Legge). Total length 10 inches, culmen 

1*1, wing 6, tail 2*55, tarsus 1-4. 

The white marking on the primaries does not vary much. 

Occasionally there is an appearance of a small mark of white on 

the outer web as well as on the inner one of the first long primary, 

and usually six primaries only are marked with white. Sometimes, 

however, the seventh shows a small white mark on the outer web: 

and in one specimen in the Tweeddale collection there is considerable 

amount of white on both webs. 

Young. " Birds of the year have the iris quite brown, bill with 

more black about the base, and not so long as in the adult; lappets 

smaller and widely separated at the base; lower parts faintly edged 

with greyish. In this stage they breed. 

(i I record the colour of the iris in the adult female as zoMte, because 
I have found it so in all specimens I have shot; I believe Mr. Bligh 
has observed the same to be the case. Whether the eye of the 
male becomes white with age I am unable to say; I have always 
found greyish or brown tints in it, and they are usually in the form 
of dots or stipplings. The fact of the eye in the young bird being 
brown augurs strongly in favour of a change eventually to the same 
colour in both sexes ; and it may be that I have not succeeded in 
getting a fully-aged male." (Legge.) 

Hah. Confined to Ceylon. 

a. Ad. sk. Ceylon. _ Hume Coll. 
b. o. 3 2 
ad. sk. Singka-Baiah Forest, S. Ceylon, 
Aug. 20,1872 ( W. V. Legge). 
d. 9 ad. sk. Avisawella, Ceylon, Dec. 17,187(3 R, B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(W. V. Legge). [IV]. 
<?,/. Ad.; g. $ Pusiwella, Ceylon, Dec. 1(5,1863 Tweeddale Coil. 
ad. sk. (8. Chapman), 
h-r. $ ? ad. sk. Ambegamwa, Ceylon, Feb, Tweeddale Coll. 
March 1873 (II. Xevill). 
8,t. ($ 5 ad. sk. Gallagedara, Ceylon, Feb. 1872 Tweeddale Coll. 

(H. Keiill). 
u, v, w. S ad.; x, y. Batnapura, Ceylon, Feb. 1864 Tweeddale Coll. 
S ad. j z. S (#. Xevill). 
iuv. sk. 

14. MINO. 
Ill 
14. MINO. 
Type. 
Mino, Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool. i. p. 651 (1826) M. dumonti. 

Head of Mino dumonti, to show bare face. 

Range. New Guinea and adjacent islands to the Southern group. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Black feathers on throat running to a point on the 
chin; vent yellow as well as the lower abdomen . . dumonti, p. 111. 
b. Black feathers on throat rounded; lower abdomen 
and vent white like the under tail-coverts kreffti, p. 112. 
1. Mino dumonti. 
Mino dumonti, 
Less. Voy. Coquille, Zool. i. p. 652, pi. 25 (1826) ; 
Kittl. Kupf. Voi). p. 9, Taf. xiii. fig. 1 (1833) ; Salvad. Ann. Mm. 
Civic. Genov. vii. p. 778 (1875), viii. p. 402 (1876), ix. p. 39(1876), 

x. p. 150 (1877); Salvad. P. Z. S.1878, p. 98 ; D'Albert. $ Salvad. 
Ann. Mu-s. Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 93 (1879) ; Salvad. op. cit. xvi. 
p. 195; id. Orn. Papuasia etc. ii. p. 466 (1881); id. Pep. Voy. 
Il.M.S. « Challenger; ii. Birds, p. 81 (1881). 
Maiuatus dumonti, Lesson in Ferussac, Bull. x. p. 159 (1827). 
Gymnops dumonti, Cuvier, Rkjne Anim. i. p. 381 (1829). 
Graeula dumonti, Wagler, Isis, 1829, p. 747; Midler § Schl. Verh. 

Land-en Volk. p. 22 (1839-44); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 330 (1845); 
Bp. Consjj. i. p. 422 (1850); Scl. Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. p. 164 (1858); 
Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, pp. 182, 194, 1859, p. 158; id. Cat. B. New 
Guinea, pp. 38, 59 (1859) ; id. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 436 ; Schl. Nederl. 
Tijdschr. i. p. 8, pi. i. fig. 8 (1863) ; Rosenb. J.f. 0.1864, p. 131; 
Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 174 (1865); Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 18, 
no. 6272 (1870); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 392 
(1876). 

Eulabes dumonti, Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 82 (1876), p. 318 
(1877), p. 501 (1877), xiv. p. 687 (1879); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. 
Soc. N. S. W. iii. pp. 107, 279 (1878), iv. p. 99 (1879). 

Adult male. Black with green reflexions, slightly varied with a 
purplish shade ; lower rump and upper tail-coverts white; lesser 
wing-coverts like the back, the median and greater coverts edged 
with glossy green ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, 
the inner secondaries glossed with green externally; the first six 

112 STTJKNIDJE. 

long primaries marked with a white patch, the first only on the inner 
web and the sixth only on the outer one; tail black; centre of 
crown and neck all round greenish black, the feathers being loose 
and bristly ; sides of crown and entire region of the eye and greater 
part of auricular region bare, the texture of the skin being bristly ; 
lores black, as well as a broad line of feathers running to the sides 
of the neck and occupying the lower oar-coverts; fore part of cheeks 
bare; hinder cheeks and sides of neck greenish black, with a few 
hair-like white plumelets; chin and sides of upper throat bare ; 
centre of throat and fore neck greenish black, slightly glossed 
with purple ; breast, sides of body, flanks, and thighs black glossed 
with green, the feathers being edged with the latter colour ; entire 
abdomen bright yellow; under tail-coverts white; axillaries and 
under wing-coverts black with glossy green edges; quills black 
below, with a white patch on the primaries : " bill, feet, and eyes 
yellow" (B1Albert is). Total length 10 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 6, 
tail 2-95, tarsus 1*4. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 10 inches, 
culmen 1*25, wing 5*9, tail 2*7, tarsus 1*15. 
Young. Differ from the adult in wanting the papilke on the bare 
part of the face and in having the abdomen paler yellow. 
Hah. New Guinea, Salawatti, "Waigiou, and Aru Islands. 

a. $ ad. sk.
b-d. c? $ ad. sk.
e. cS ad. j/ . Ad. sk.
(/. Ad. sk.
'h, i 6 ? ad. sk. 
Waigiou. 
Salawati, July, Aug. 1868 
( Von Rosenberg), 
Dorey. 
Dorey (A. R. Wallace). 
Aru Islands. 
Wallace Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Voy. of II.M.S. 
' Challenger.' 
kj I' 6 S ad.;
Ad. sk. 
m. Aru Islands. Wallace Coll. 
n. Ad. sk. Port Moresby. Rev. S. McFarlane 
o. Ad. sk. Port Moresby.
[p.]. 
K. Broadbent [C.]. 
2. Mino kreffti. 

Gracula kreffti, Set P. Z. S. 1869, p. 120, pi. ix.; Brazier, P. Z. S. 
1870, p. 551; Scl. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 104, 1878, p. 289; Finsch, 

P. Z. S. 1879, p. 17; Layard, Ibis, 1880, p. 295; Finsch, Ibis, 
1881, p. 537; Tristr. Ibis, 1882, p. 142, 
Eulabes kreffti, Gray, Hand-l B. ii.p. 18, no. 6273 (1870). 
Gracula gnathopliila, Cab. Sf Reichen. 8itz. Geselkch. nut. Ireunde 

zu Berlin, 1876, p. 72: iid. J. f. 0. 1876, p. 322 : Salvad. P. Z. S. 
1877, p. 195. 
Eulabes (Gracula) kreffti, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. 8oc. N. 8. W. iv. p. 70 
(1879). 
Mino kreffti, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xvi. p. 196 (1880) ; 
id. Orn. Papuasia Sfc. ii. p. 469 (1881); Finsch, Vog. der 8iid-8ee, 

p. 14 (1884); Grant, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 198. 
Adult. Similar to M. damonti, but rather larger; the line of 
feathers on the throat rounded anteriorly, and the feathers of the 

15 . MELANOPniRHUS. 
113 

cheeks extended over the base of the bill, winch is not bare as in 

M. dumonti. The abdomen is not of so bruliant a yellow as in the 
latter species, and the lower abdomen is white : " bill and bare 
space round eye clear orange-yellow, as also the bare skin angle ; 
feet duller orange-yellow ; iris fiery orange " (Finscli). Total longth 
10-5 inches, culmen 1-35, wing 6-5, tail 3-5, tarsus 1-5. 
The sexes are alike in colour, according to Dr. Einsch. 
Hab. Solomon Islands, New Britain, New Ireland, and New 
Hanover. 

a. Ad. sk. Solomon Islands. P. L. Sclater, Esq. [P.]. 
(Type of species.) 
b. Ad. sk. Elizabeth Island, Solomons, Tweeddale Coll. 
Sept. 10, 1865 (J. Brenchley). 
c. Ad. sk. Fauro Island, Solomons. C. M. Woodford, Esq. 
[0.]. 
d. Ad. sk. New Ireland. Sir 0. Lemon [P.], 
e-y. Ad. sk. New Ireland (G. Broivii), Tweeddale Coll. 
15. MELANOPYRRHUS. 
Typo. 

Melanopyrxhus, Bp. C. B. xxxvii. p. 831 (1853) M. anais. 

Head of Mclanopyrrhus anais. 

Range. Confined to New Guinea and Salawati. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Head black; round the neck a broad yellow collar.. anais, p. 113. 
b. Head golden yellow like the hind neck, generally 
with a black nape-spot orientalis, p. 114. 
1. Melanopyrrhus anais. 
Sericulus anais, Less. Rev. Zool. 1854, p. 44; Bp. Consp. i. p. 349 
(1850) ; id. 0. B. xxxvii. p. 831 (1853); Scl. P. Z. S. 1857, 

p. 6; Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 192, 18G1, p. 434; Rosenb. Nat. 
Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xxv. p. 234 (1803); id. J. f. 0. 1864, 
p. 121. 
Oriolus? anais, Gray, Gen. B. App. p. ii (1849) ; id. Cat. B. New 
Guinea, pp. 26, 57 (1859). 
VOL. XITI. 

STTJRfflDiE. 

VmUn nigrocinclus. Cm. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1850, p. 68; Scl 

MtLfl l!jii ,i£^ Bp. a 11 xxxvii. p. 831 (1853) ; id Notes 
(Ull)vlattre, p. 9 (1854); Scl. P-ZS. 1857, p. 6; id Jour. 
Linn Soc ii p. 159(1858); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. x. 

n. J 50 (1877), xvi. p. 105 (1880); id. Orn. Papuasia etc.ii.p. 402 
(J881); Gmllem. P. Z.S. 1885, p. 044; Sharpe in Gould'sB. New 
Guinea, iv. pi. 10 (1886). . 
Gracula pectoralis, Wall P. ^. & 1862, p. 169, pi. xx.; &?/. I&w, 
1803, p. 225; Finsch, Ncu-Guinea, p. 174 (1865), 
Gracula (Melanopyrrlius) anais, Gray, Ann. $ Mag. Nat. Hist (3) x. 

p. 473 (1852). 
Gracula anais, Wall Ann. # ifcf«//. Nat. Hist (3) xi. p. 15 (18G3) ; 
Mil. Mus. Pays-Pas, Coraces, p. 98 (1807) ; id. Nederl Tijdschr. 
8\o, iv. p. 18 (1871); Sol P. Z. S. 1873; p. 097 ; Bosenb. Malay. 

Arch. p. 554 (1879). 
JMabes anais, Gray, lland-l B. ii. p. 19, no. 6276 (1870). 

Adult male. General colour above black with a green gloss, very 
slightly varied with purple; lesser wing-coverts like the back; 
median and greater coverts black, edged with glossy green; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers black, with a slight 
greenish wash externally ; seven long primaries marked with white, 
the first and seventh only on the inner web; lower back, rump, 
and upper tail-coverts deep orange-yellow; crown of head, lores, 
sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat glossy greenish black; 
round the hind neck a broad yellow collar, extending on each side 
of the occiput; lowrer throat, fore neck, and breast orange-yellow; 
lower breast, abdomen, and thighs black, edged with glossy green ; 
lower flanks, lower abdomen, and vent orange-yellow; the under 
tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts, axillaries, and under surface 
of quills black; bill and feet pale yellow; iris yellow. Total 
length 9*5 inches, culmen 0*95, wing 5*4, tail 2*8, tarsus 1*3. 

Young. Duller black than the adults, the feathers being black 
with glossy green margins; wing and tail entirely black, except for 
the large white patch on the primaries; sides of neck and a broad 
collar round the hind neck pale yellow with a tinge of orange ; sides 
of face and throat black with scarcely any gloss; remainder of 
under surface of body black, with broad yellow edges. 

Ilab. North-western New Guinea; Salawati. 

a-d, $ $ ad. sk. Salawati, June, July 1868 Salvin-Godman and 
( Von Rosenberg). Tweeddale Colls. 
t\ Ad. sk. New Guinea. Wallace Coll. (Type 
of Gracula peetoralis.) 

f. Ad.; g. Juv. sk. New Guinea. Wallace Coll. 
2. Melanopyrrlius orientalis. 
Gracula anais, Schlegel, Nederl Tijdschr. DierJc. iv. p. 18 (1871, nee 
Less.). 
Gracula anais orientalis, Schlegel, Nederl. Tijdschr. Bierh. iv. p. 52 
(1881); jRosenb. Peis. naar Geelvinhbai, p. 140 (1875). 
Gracula orientalis, Beccan, Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. vii. p. 714 

16. AMPBLICBPS. 
115 

(1875) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N&io South Wales, iv. p. 9!) 
(1879). 
Gracula rosenbergii, Finsch in Brehm's ' Gefanycne Vbyel,' ii. p. 562 

Melanopyrrkus orientalis, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. viii. p. 401 
(1876;, x. pp. 12, 20, note (1877) ; BAlbert. $ Salvad. op. cit. xiv. 

p. 90 (1879); Salvad. op. cit. xvi. p. 195 (1880); id. Orn. Papuasia 
e dette Molucche, ii. p. 403 (1881); Guillevucrd, Proc. Zool. 
Soc. 1885, p. 644; Sharne in Gould's Birds of New Guinea, iv. 
pi. 17 (188(3). 
Mina robertsonii, DAlbert. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. x. pp. 12, 20 

(1877); id. Ibis, 1877, p. 308. 
Gracula affinis, Rosenb. Malay. Arch. pp. 554, 590 (1879). 
Eulabes orientalis Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, iii. p. 279 

(1879). 
Melanopyrrhus robertsonii, Sharpe, Jour. Linn. Soc., Zool. xiv. 
pp. 633, 687 (1879). 

Adult. Similar to M. anais, but with more of an oily-greon gloss, 
especially on the throat; the orange colour everywhere deeper and 
more brilliant; the entire head brilliant orange, with a patch of 
greenish black on the nape; ear-coverts greenish black with a few 
yellow feathers intermixed : "bill and feet pale yellow ; iris yellow" 
(UAlbertis). Total length 10 inches, culmen 0'9, wing 5-8, tail 
2'95, tarsus 1*35. 

Young. Similar to the adults but the orange palor, and mottled 
with blackish bases to the feathers of the fore neck; many of the 
greenish-black feathers of the breast tipped with yellowish margins. 

Hob. New Guinea. 

a. Ad. sk. N.W. Now Guinea (Dr. A. B. Gould Coll. 
Meyer). 
b. Imm. sk. Port Moresby, S.E. New Guinea. K. Broadbent [C.J. 
16. AMPELICEPS. Type 
Ampeliceps, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 194 (1842).... A. coronatus. 

Head of Ampeliceps coronatus. 
Range. Cochin China to Cachar, and south to Burmah and 
Tenasserim. 
i2 

116 STT7RNID.2B. 

1. Ampeliceps coronatus. 
Ampeliceps coronatus, JBh/th, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 194 (1842), xii. 
p.985 (1843), xv. p. 32 (1846); id. Cat. B. Mas. As. Soc. p. 108 
(1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 422 (1850) ; Horsf. # Moore, Cat. B. Mus. 
B.I. Co. ii. p. 525 (1856); Ferr. P. Z.*8. 1868, p. 622; Hume, 
Nest # Bggs Ind. B. p. 486 (1872); id. Str. F. 1874, p. 480; 
Armstr. Str. F. 1876, p. 335 ; Blyth § Walden, B. Burm. p. 89 
(1875); Hume § Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 398 (1878); Hume, Sir. 
F. viii. 1879, p. 106; id. Str. F. ix. p. 256 (1880); Oates, Str. F. 
x. 1882, p. 231 j id. B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 395 (1883); Sahad. Ann. 
Mm. Civic. Genov. (2) v. p. 615 (1888) ; Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 269 
(1888). 
Gracnla coronata, Gray $- Mitch. Gen. B. ii. p, 330, pi. 81 (1845). 
Eulabes coronata, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 18, no. 6274 (1870). 
Adult female. Greenish black, purplish on the hind neck and 
sides of neck and lesser wing-coverts; remainder of wing-coverts 
and quills black, externally steel glossed with steel-green or purplish, 
the primaries with a large patch of yellow, extending over 
the seven long primaries, but confined to the inner web of the first 
and the outer web of the seventh; the mark on the outer web rather 
bright yellow, but whiter on the inner web ; crown of head bright 
yellow, the sides of the crown, nape, lores, sides of face, cheeks, and 
oar-coverts purplish black, like the sides of the neck; throat yellow; 
remainder of under surface of body from the lower throat downwards 
greenish black, rather glossed with purple on the fore neck; 
the feathers of the abdomen, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts 
rather more dusky and edged with glossy green; axillaries and 
under wing-coverts black; quills black below, with a large yellow 
patch on the primaries: " bill pale orange, turning to blue at the 
gape, mouth livid; ophthalmic skin yellow, tinged with orange; 
legs dull orange; claws dark horn ; iris dark brown " (E. W. Oates): 
" bill dull greenish, tipped and margined with yellow; legs and 
feet bright ochreish yellow : claws dark brown; iris dark brown " 

(J. Armstrong). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 5*1, tail 
2-3, tarsus 0*95. 
Adult male. Similar to the female, but distinguished by the whole 
of the lores and fore part of cheeks being yellow: " bill yellow, 
tinged slightly with green at the gape, and base of lower mandible 
bluish green; legs and feet pinkish chrome-yellow; iris very dark 
brown" (W. Davison). Total length 9*2 inches, wing 5*2, culmen 
0*75, tail 2*3, tarsus 1. 

Young. With the greater part of the head blue-black, as well as 
the sides of the face and sides of throat, leaving the centre of the 
throat yellow, and the crown more or less mixed with yellow plumes. 

Hab. The same as that of the genus. 

a. Ad. sk. Cachar. Hume Coll. 
b. $ ad. sk China Ba-keer, Dec. 17. 1875 Hume Coll. 
(J". Armstrong). 

c. c'. Ad. sk. Tonghoo. Tweeddale Coll. 
d. Ad. sk. Tonghoo. Cates Coll. 
e d ad. sk. Lower Pegu, Jan. 29, 1879. Oates Coll. 
17 . P8AK0GL0SSA. 
/. Ad. ak. Tenasseriin. India Museum. 
g, h. $ ad.; i. $ ad. Road between Amherst and Hume Coll. 
sk. Moulmein, March 1874 {W. 
Davison). 

h. 
2 juv. sk. Meetan, Feb. 27, 1877 (W. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 
I, m. c? ad.; ». £ Yea, March 1874 (W. Davi- Hume Coll. 
juv. sk. son). 
o, p, gr. $ ad.; r, s. Meeta Myo, April 1874 (W. Hume Coll. 
$ juv. sk. Davison). 
& <5 ad. sk. Tavoy, April 14, 1874 {W. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 

M. Ad. sk. Cochin China. Mons. E. Pierre 
[P.]. 
17. PSAROGLOSSA. 
Type. 
Saroglossa, Hodgt . J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 367 (1844) .. P. spiloptera. 
Psaroglossa, nom. emend., Blyih, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc, 

p. 109 (1849) . 
P. spiloptera 
Secondary quill of P. spiloptera. 

Range. Himalayas from Cashmere to Sikhim, Dacca, and Assam 
through Burmah to Tenasserim. 

1. Psaroglossa spiloptera. 
Lamprotornis spiloptera, Vigors, P. Z, S. 1831, p. 35 ; Gould, Cent. 
Himal. B. pi. 34 (1832); Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. v. p. 773 (1836); 
McClell. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 163. 

Saroglossa spiloptera, 
Hodr/s. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, 
pi. 268. figs. 1, 2 (no. 370); id. J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 367 (1844) ; 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 328 (1846); Sutton, J. A. S. Beng. xvii. 
pt. 2, p. 9 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 418 (1850) ; Ilorsf. $ Moore, 
Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 545 (1856); Jerd. B. Lid. ii. p. 336 
(1863); Gray, Band-l. B. ii. p. 28, no. 6396 (1870) ; Hume, Nests 
$ Bqgs Ind. B. p. 434 (1873); id. Str. F. 1874, p. 480; Wold. 
in Blyth's B. Burm. p. 91 (1875); Brooks, Str. F. 1875, p. 254 ; 
Armstr. Str. F. 1876, p. 334; Hume $ Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 394 
(1878); Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 106,1880, p. 256; Oates, Handb. 

B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 394 (1883) ; Reid, Cat. Lucknoxo Mus. p. 128 
(1886); Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 268 (1888). 
Psaroglossa spiloptera, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 109 (1850). 
Saroglossus spilopterus, Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgson, 

p. 103 (1840). 
Adult male. General colour above ashy grey, all the feathers 

STTJBNIDJE. 

edged with dusky brown, producing a mottled appearance; scapulars 
like the back; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts more 
uniform brown, the latter reddish brown; wing-coverts greenish 
black, hoary grey at the ends, which are edged with dusky blackish; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, externally glossed 
with steel-green, all but the second primary white at the base, the 
secondaries externally hoary grey towards the base o£ the outer 
web, the inner ones brown with ashy edges : tail-feathers brown, 
with an ashy shade on the margins, the two outer ones reddish on 
the inner web; crown of head hoary grey, mottled with greenish-
black edges to the feathers, especially distinct on the nape and hind 
neck; forehead less distinctly mottled; lores and feathers at base 
of nostrils, feathers round sides of face, ear-coverts, and cheeks 
black; throat deep chestnut; sides of neck like the hind neck; 
lower throat, fore neck, and breast cinnamon-rufous or light bay : 
abdomen white, a few of the upper feathers with rufous centres; 
sides of body and flanks cinnamon-rufous; thighs ashy brown with 
whitish margins; under tail-coverts dull cinnamon, broadly edged 
with white; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale cinnamon, 
edged with white, the edge of the wing greenish black ; the greater 
lower coverts blackish; quills below black, with a white patch at 
the base of the primaries : " bill dusky black, reddish black at base 
of lower mandible; upper and lower mandibles margined with pale 
yellow ; legs, feet, and claws black; iris dull white" {J. Armstrong). 
Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 4*1, tail 2*4, 
tarsus 0*8. 

Specimens from the ^forth-western Himalayas are rather paler 
than those from Assam and British Burmah, but the transition in 
depth of colour is perfectly gradual; and complete links from one 
form to the other are exhibited in the series in the British lluseum. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
dusky brown, slightly mottled with grey centres to the feathers of 
the head and back; lower back and rump more uniform, the upper 
tail-coverts rather more reddish brown; lesser wing- and median 
coverts brown, with a subterminal bar of hoary grey; greater coverts 
brown, with a broader grey band before the tip ; bastard-wing and 
primary-coverts blackish brown; quills black, edged with bronzy 
green, the primaries white at the base, the inner secondaries brown 
like the back, the outer ones with the same patch of fibrous grey 
near the base of the outer web as in the males ; tail-feathers dark 
brown, with a slight rufous tint below; crown of head like the 
back; lores and feathers round the eye blackish; ear-coverts 
blackish brown like the sides of the neck; cheeks and under surface 
of body dull white, here and there washed with rufous; throat, 
breast, sides of body, and flanks mottled with brown centres to the 
feathers; abdomen and under tail-coverts white; thighs dark 
brown; under wing-coverts white, centred and edged with brown, 
those near the edge of the wing uniform dark brown; axillaries 
white, brown at the base; quills below dusky brown, with a large 

17 . PSAKOGLOSSA. 
white patch at the base of the primaries : " bill black, dusky yellow 
at gape; legs, feet, and claws black; iris whito " (J. Armstrong). 
Total length 7*75 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 4*05, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*8. 

Hah. The same as that of the genus. 

a, h. ^ ad. sk. Dkurrusala, Cashmere, May Hume Coll. 
(TV. B.Brooks). 


c. 5 ad. sk. Simla. 
Hume Coll. 
d. (S ad. sk. Gurwhal. Hume Coll. 
e,f. $ ad. sk. Masuri (S. Binwill). Tweeddale Coll. 
</, h. tf § ad. sk. Sansoo, May 29, 1874 (TV. E. Hume Coll. 
Brooks), 

i. S 
ad. sk. Tanda, Kumaon Bhabur, March 25, Hume Coll. 
1871 (G. King). 
k, I. 
<$ ad. j m. Kumaon. Hume Coll. 
2 ad. sk. 

n. 
§ ad. sk. Naini Tal (S. Binwill). Tweeddale Coll. 
o,p. 
tfad.; q. ? Naini Tal. PinwiU Coll. 
ad. sk. 

r. $ ad. sk. Naini Tal, Oct. 1869 (JR. Thompson). Hume Coll. 
s, t. <$ ad. j u. J Dehra Dhoon. Hume Coll. 
ad. sk. 

v. 
c? ad. sk. Kalsi, April 22, 1808 (G. F. L. Hume Coll. 
Marshall). 
iDj x. $ ad.; y. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
2 ad. sk. 
s> a1* 8 2 ^d. sk. Nepal (B. H. Hodgson). India Museum. 
b\ c\ tf ad.; d\ Darjeeling Terai, March 1875 (L. Hume Coll. 

e',f. Jad.sk. Mandelli). 
g'. $ ad. sk. Monphoo, Darjeeling. Hume Coll. 
h', i'. (S 2 ad. Futleghur District, June 2,1875 Seebohm Coll. 

sk. (A. Anderson). 
Jc', I'. 8 ad.; m\ Dacca. Hume Coll. 
2 ad. sk. 
ri9o\p'. 6* ad. sk. Dibrughur, Dec. 1879 (/. B. Hume Coll. 

Cripps). 
q\ S ad. sk. Assam (McClelland). India Museum. 
r', s'. 8 2 ad. sk. Assam (A. W. Chennell). Tweeddale Coll. 
1, u'. S 2 ad. N. Khasia Hills, March 1876 (A. Tweeddale Coll. 

sk. TV. Chennell). 
v', w'. 8 ad. sk. N. Khasia Hills, Dec. 1876 (A. Tweeddale Coll. 

W. Chennell). 
x'. S ad. sk. Cachar. Hume Coll. 
y' z\ a. $ ad.; Karen Hills, Jan. 1875 (B. G. Tweeddale Coll 
' 0. 2 ad. sk. W. JR.). 
r, d, €. 2 ad. sk. Tonghoo, Feb. 1874 (JR. G. W. B) Tweeddale Coll. 
f. 
d ad. sk. Tonghoo (JR. G. TV. JR.). Tweeddale Coll. 
rj} 6. S 2 ad. sk. Elephant Point, Rangoon, Jan. 1, Hume Coll. 
1876 (J. Armstrong). 

i. 8 ad. sk. Tenasserim (Heifer). India Museum. 
STUBNID-2B. 

18. HAETLAUBIUS- Typ & 
Hartlaubius, Bp. C. B. xxxvii. p. 830 (1853) .. EL madagascariensis. 

Mange. Confined to Madagascar. 

1. Hartlaubras madagascariensis. 
Le Merle de Madagascar, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 274, pi 25. iff1 ri7*SUf; 

Daubent. PL Bnl iv. pL 557. fig. 1. 

Le TanaornH Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. in. p. 3*>fj (L J 5> k § 

Turdus auratus, PL. 8. Milll Syst. Nai. tiuppL p. 140 fluM; 

Cassin, Proe. Philad. Acad. 1804, p^. 241*. 

Madagascar Thrush, Zflz^. Gte». Syn. ii. pt. 1. p. Us fl7>1|. 

Turdus madagascariensis, jtafcf. Tahl PL JBnl. p. 52 ^17SJ): 6V«. 

^ . ifor\ i. p. 823 (1788). 

Turdus madagascarius, Hermann, Tall A fin. Amm. p. 210 (17£J|. 

Acridotheres graciliro&tris, Drap, Diet. Ckm.jli. p. 1 3 f IMlf. 

Saroglossa madagascariensis, 6r/Y?y, Gen. B. ii. p. 3:H (ISItlj; J?/J. 

Consp. i. p. 418 (1850); J. W. van Mull. J.f.O. 1*53, p. 43. 
Hartlaubius madagascariensis, ify.C 22. xxxvii. p. «SJl I 1*33); i/Mi^/. 

J.f.O. 1860, p. 104; id. Beitr. Faun. Madatj. p. 32 (l^Sl I: JiWi 
\ JE. Newt. Ibis, 1862, p. 275; ScL P.Z.S. lfctttf, p. lt«3; JB*. 
2V<?wtf. iSw, 18G3, p. 349; Verr. in Vinson* Vint. Mada*/.* Ann. M. 
p. 2 (1865); A. Newt. R Z. S. INK, p. wjlj; »Vr/t/» J'. X »V. IMJT*. 
p. 423; Grand, llev. et Mag. de ZuoL 1MJ7, p. *I57 ; MM. «V /W/. 
jFto. Madag. p. 103 (lb<&); iSharpr, P.Z.H. K(it p. :««»; n/ 
Gtf. 4/K 5. p. 50 (1671); Ilartl. V**j. Mutiny, p. 1<J7 11*77 ,: 
Milne-Edwards § Grandid. II. N, Madag., Oi*. p. :311, pi4*. e\\., 
cxiii. B, cxvi. (1879). 
Saroglossa aurata, Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 2*^ im. V/4UT f iH7tJf* 
Adult male. General colour above chocolate-brown, with a alight 
greenish bronzy gloss; scapulars like the back, with a little more* 
green gloss; rump and upper tail-coverts greenish black, gloated 
with purple; wing-coverts brown, glossed externally witli bronzy 
olive-green, especially distinct on the greater coverts; bastard-wing 
purplish black, the outer web white; primary-coverts and quills 
purplish black, externally purple, green on the inner beeondAries,' 
the primaries black at base and pure white for nearly the whole of 
the outer web ; tail-feathers black, externally steel-green, the two 
centre ones entirely greenish black, the two outer ones white along 
the outer web; crown of head, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheek**, 
throat, and fore neck darker chocolate-brown than the twek; side» 
of neck, chest, breast, sides of body, and flanks lighter anil more 
earthy brown, somewhat varied with whitish edges to the feathers; 
abdomen, thighs, sides of vent, and under tail-coverts white ; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries pure white; qnills below Maekish, 
white along the inner edge: "bill and feet Mack; iris brownn 
(Grandidier). Total length 7'5 inches, culnten 0-8, wing 4-2, 
tail 3, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Much lighter brown than the male, the gloat on 
the wings and tail not so distinct and much greener; the under 
surface of the body much lighter brown, the thighs and under tail


19 . PHOLIDAUGES. 
121 

coverts mottled with pale brown centres to the feathers. Total 
length 7*4 inches, culmcn 0-8, wing 4*05, tail 2-6, tarsus 08 . 
Hob. Madagascar. 


a, Ad. sk. Madagascar. Tweeddale Coll. 
b, [ 5 ] ad. sk. Madagascar. Sharpe Coll. 
c, d. [ tf 2 ] ad. sk. Madagascar. Mr. Gerrard [C.J. 


e. § ad. sk. N. Madagascar. Mr. A. Crossley [0.1 
/. d ad. sk. N. Madagascar (Crossley). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
g. 
<$ ad. sk. N. Madagascar (Crossley) Sharpe Coll. 
h. 
$ ad. sk. Bay of Antouzil. Shelley Coll. 
i, h 
<S $ ad. sk. N.E. Madagascar (Van Shelley Coll. 
Dam). 


19. PHOLIDAUGES. m 
Type. 
Cinnyriciuclus, Less. Rev. Zool. 1810, p. 272 (pt.) P. leucogaster. 
Pholidauges, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 198 (1850) .. P. leucogaster. 


. 

>c 

Head of Pholidauges leucogaster, to show form of bill. 

Range. Confined to Africa and Southern Arabia. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
No white on the base of the quills. 
«'. No white edging to the outer tail-feather ... . leucogaster, p. 121. 
b'. A white edging to the outer tail-feather verrcauxi, p. 123. 
b. Quills with a white base 
bicolor, p. 125. 
1. Pholidauges leucogaster. 
Merle violet a ventre blanc de Juida, Monib. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. 
p. 402 (1775); Baubent. PI. Enl. iii. pi. 648. fig. 1. 
Whidah Thrush, Lath. Gm. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 58 (1783). 
Turdus leucogaster, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 819 (1788). 
Lamprocolius leucogaster, Hempr. 8f Ehr. Symb. Phys. fol. 3 (1828) ; / ^vityv 
Hilpp. Neue Wirbelth., For/, p. 24 (1835-40) ; Swains. B. W. Afr.

i. p. -52; pi. 8 (1837); Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 36 (1856). / 
Cinnyricinclus leucogaster, Less. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 272. 
Calornis leucogaster, Rilpp. Syst. Uebers. p. 75 (1845); Bp. Consp. 
i. p. 416 (1850). 
Juida 
leucogaster, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 327 (1846); Scl. Contr. 
Om. 1852, p. 125 ; Sperling, Ibis, 1868, p. 290; Gray, Hand-l. 


B. ii. p. 24, no. 6348 (1870). 
Pholidauges 
leucogaster, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 198 (1850); 
Hartl. Orn. Westafr. p. 120 (1857); id. J. f. O. 1859, p. 28, 1861, 


p. 174 ; Gurney, Lbis, 1862, p. 29 ; Brehm, Reis. Habesch, pp. 217, 
122 STTTBSriDJS. 

329 (1863); Reugl J.f 0. 1863, p. 23,1864, p. 257,186% p. 10; 
Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, p.J&T; Heiujl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. I. Abth. 2, 

p. 521 (1870); Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 257 (1870); ul # 
llartl Vog. Ostafr. p. 377 (1870); Sharpe, Cat Afr. B. p. 54 
(1871); Shelley $ Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 288; Antin. $ Salvad. 
Viagg. Bogos, p. 124 (1873); Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. Co; Marti. 
Abhandl not. Fer. Bremen, iv. p. 76 (1874); Sharpe) B. Z. S. 
1874, p. 306; Reichen. J. f. 0. 1875, p. 37 ; Nichols. P. Z. S. 1876, 

p. 130; Salvin, Cat Strichl. Coll. p. 270 (1882); Hartert, J.f '0. 
1836, p. 586; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Oenov. (2) vi. p. 298 
(1888). 
Grandala leucogastra, Blanf. Geol 8f Zool. Abyss, p. 367 (1870). 

Adult male. General colour above metallic puce-colour, ranging 

from violet to purple reflexions, according to the light; wing-

coverts like the back; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish, 

the latter with puce-coloured margins ; quills blackish, the second


aries puce-colour externally, the innermost entirely of that colour ; 

centre tail-feathers puce-coloured, the remainder blackish, puce


coloured externally; head and throat as well as the chest puce


coloured ; lores blackish ; remainder of under surface of body from 

the breast downwards pure white; thighs white, with dusky bases ; 

under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts and axillaries blackish, 

washed with puce-colour or purple on the edges; quills below 

blackish : " bill and feet black; iris brown, with a beautiful yellow 

ring" (Flartert). Total length 6*0 inches, culmen 0*6. wing 4, 

tail 2, tarsus 0*8. 

The full colour of the adult plumage seems to be puce or purplish 

violet which fades to a reddish purple. The new feathers are more 

purplish violet. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
nearly uniform dark brown, with pale rufescent or whitish edges to 
the feathers of the head and back; wing-coverts and quills dark 
brown, with similar light margins; the inner webs for the most 
part rufous; tail-feathers brown; lores, sides of face, and ear-
coverts dark brown; cheeks white, streaked with brown; throat 
white; remainder of under surface of body white; the lower throat, 
fore neck, and breast distinctly spotted with triangular brown 
marks, smaller and rounder on the lower breast and sides of vent, 
more longitudinal on the sides of body, which are washed with 
brown; thighs and under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries brown with rufous edges; quills below pale rufous, 
brown on the outer web and for the terminal third of the inner one. 
Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*9. tail 2*25, tarsus 0*8


Some ornithologists have contended that in Forth-eastern Africa 
the adult female becomes metallic like the male. This experience 
has been controverted by other travellers. It seems to me most 
unlikely that the female should become metallic, as no tendency to 
go beyond the brown plumage exhibits itself in South-African 

P. verreauxi, and yet in three specimens from Abyssinia, two of 
which are sexed as females by Mr. Jesse, there are a few metallic 
purple feathers. It is at any rate a curious fact, as is also the way 
19 . PHOLIDATTGES. 
123 

in which the purple plumage is assumed, partly by a direct moult, 
and partly by a change of feather. 
Hob. West Africa and North-eastern Africa. 

a, b. $ $ ad. sk. West Africa. Col. Sabine [P.]. 

c. <$ ad. ; d, e. § Biver Gambia. Sharpe Coll. 
ad. sk. 
f,g. 3 2 ad. sk. Ashantee. J. Gould, Esq. 
h, i} h. & ad. sk. Fantee. Sliarpe Coll. 
l,m,n,o, p. <5 ad. Fantee (Kirby). Shelley Coll. 

et juv.; q, r. 
$ ad. sk. 

a. $ ad. sk. Denkera (II. T. Ussher). Shelley Coll. 
t. $ ad. sk. Abokobi, Aguapirn (G.E.S.). Shelley Coll. 
u. 
d* juv. sk. Connor's Hill, Cape Coast, Sliarpe Coll. 
Nov. 25,1870 (H. T. Ussher). 
v. $ ad. sk. River Volta (II T. Ussher). Sliarpe Coll. 
w. c? ad. sk. Abeokuta. 
F. Nicholson, Esq. 
x, 5 ad. sk. Semmio, Mam Niam, Mav 1883. F. Bohndorff [0.1. 

y. S ad. sk. 
z, a'. $ $ ad. sk. 
5', c\ d ad. sk. 
#. $ ad. sk. 
Sassa, Nov. 1882. 
Mensa, Bogos Land (Esler). 
Bogos (Esler). 
Kairo, Aug. 15, 18G8 (IF. 
F. Bohndorff [O.j. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
e\ $ ad. sk. 
/' . tf ad. sk. 
</', 7i\ 3 J ad. sk. 
Abyssinia (Col. Sturt). 
Undel Wells, May 27, 1868 
(W. Jesse). 
Undel WeUs, May 30,1868. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
i'. $ ad. sk. 
A'. ? ad. sk. 
I'. $ ad. sk. 
m'. $ ad. sk. 
Undel Wells, May 29, 1868 
(W. Jesse). 
Sooroo, May 29,1868 (W. J). 
SenafS, April 4, 1868 (JF. J). 
Senafe, April 14 (TT. J). 
[0.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godraan Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 

2. Pholidauges verreauxi. 
Pholidauges leucogaster (nee Gm.), Gurney, Ibis, 1862, p. 29; id. 
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 3; Anderss. t. c, p. 6; Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 1808, 
p. 4; Ayres, Ibis, 1886, p. 288. 
Juida leucogaster, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 174 (1867) ; Sperling, Ibis, 
1868, p. 290. 
Lamprotornis leucogaster, Chapm. Trav. S. Afr. ii. App. p. 404 
(1868). 
Pholidauges verreauxi, Socage in Finsch $* Marti. Vog. Ost-Afr. 

p. 807 (1870) ^Sharpe, Cat Afr. B. p. 54 (1871); id. P. Z S. 
1873, p. 714 ,• Karil. Abhandl. not. Ver. Bremen, iv. p. 74 (1874); 
Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 878 j Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 78; Sharpe fy 
Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 47 (1876); Eeichen. J.f. 0. 
1872, p. 26', Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 314, pi. 5 (1877-81); 
Nicholson. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 357; Cab. J. f. 0. 1878, p. 233; 
Fischer 8? Eeichen. t. c. p. 261; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 583; 
Gurney, Ibis, 1881, p. 127; Shelley, ibis, 1882, p. 265; Fischer, 
Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 335 (1884); Ayres, Ibis, 1884, p. 228; 
Fischer, J.f.O. 1885, p. 132; Soma, Jom. Lisb. 1887, p. 50; 
Eeichen. J.f 0.1887, pp. 66, 305; Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 303 
124 
STUENIDJE. 

Jidda bocagei, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 25, no. 6349 (1870). 
Oinnyricinclus leucogaster [nee Gm.), Gurney m Anderss. B. JDam.~ 
Zd. p. 156 (1872). 

Adult male. Similar to P. leucogaster, but always recognizable by 
the white outer web of the external tail-feather : " biU black; legs 
brownish; toes the same but darker; iris light chrome-yellow " 

(G. J. Andersson). Total length 6*6 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 
4-05, tail 2-4, tarsus 0-9. 
The fully adult males have a brilliant subterminal metallic shade 
on the feathers of the back. 
Adult female. Similar to the female of P. leucogaster, but with 
rather more rufous on the head. Total length 6-7 inches, culmen 
0*65, wing 4, tail 2*15, tarsus 0*8. 

Hab. South Africa, eastwards as far north as the Zanzibar district, 
and westwards as far north as the Congo. 

a, b, c. $ ad. sk. Natal (Ayres, Gorge). Shelley CoE. 

d. J ad. sk. Pinetown, Natal, Dec. 16 H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
(T. L. Ayres). 
e. $ imm. sk. Pinetown, May 7 (J. L. Shelley Coll, 
Ayres). 
f,g. (S 2 ad. sk, Orange Free State. A. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 


h. 
J juv. sk. Rustenberg, Transvaal, RB . Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Nov.l8,1883(r.^ym). 
i. 
<$ ad.; L <S Rustenberg. F. Barratt, Esq. [P.]. 
juv. sk. 
/. <$ ad. sk. Gooqui River, Barnan-Shelley Coll. 
gwato, Oct. 16 (7. E. 
JBuchley). 


m, n. (S $ ad. sk. Near Ovungu River, Oct. C. G. & W. E. Oates, 
and Nov. (P. Oates), Esqrs. [P.]. 


o. c? juv. sk. Tete, Zambesi. Sir J. Kirk [O.]. 
p. <$ ad. sk. Damara Land. C. J. Andersson [C.j. 
q. S 
ad. j r. Darnara Land, Jan. 12, Sharpe Coll. 
<$ juv. sk. 1867 ( O. J. Andersson). 
s. 
<$ ad. sk. Elephant Vley, Damara Tweeddale Coll. 
Land, Nov. 16, 1859 
(C. J. Andersson). 
t, $ ad. sk. Ondonga, Dec. 28, 1866 Tweeddaie Coll 
(C. J. Andersson). 
u. <J • v} ID. J ad. sk. Ondonga, Jan. 26 (O. Sharpe Coll. 
J. A.). 
x,y. <S $ ad. sk. Humbe, R. Ounene, Dec. Shelley Coll 
(G. Anchieta). 
z, S ad. sk. Oaconda,Benguela (J. A.). Lisbon Museum [P. j. 
a\ J ad. sk. Quiftdumbo, Bengitela Lisbon Museum [P.]. 
(/. A.). 
b'. S ad. sk. Landana, Congo, June 9 Shelley Coll. 


(L. Petit). 
c\ $ ad. sk. Chinchonxo, April 18 (L. Shelley Coll. 
Petit). 
d', e'. <5 $ ad. sk. Mombasa. Rev. A. F. Buxton j"P, 
/', </'. £ ad. sk. Mombasa. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P. 
h\ (S juv. sk. Manda Island. F. J. Jackson, Esq. [P. 

20. APLONIS. 125 
i'. 6 ad. sk. Dar-es-Salaam (K C. Shelley Coll. 
k\ 2 ad. sk.
JBtLvton). 
Usambara Hills (Sir J". Shelley Coll. 
l\ 6 ad. sk.
m',nr . cJ; o',y.
ad. sk. 
Kirk). 
Lamo (Sir J. Kirk). 
Melinda (/Sir J. Kirk). 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
q\ rr . J-,
ad. sk. 
s\ t'. $ Mamboio (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll. 
3. Pholidauges bicolor. 

SpecuHpastor bicolor, Reichen. Orn. Centralbl. 1879, p. 108; Fisch. 
% Keichen. J.f. 0. 1879, p. 349, pi. i. figs. % 3. 
Pholidauges bicolor, Shelley, Ibis, 1885, p. 411. 

Adult. General colour above glossy purplish black ; wing-coverts 
like the back; quills and tail-feathers black, externally purplish 
black, ribbed with dusky cross bars under certain lights; primaries 
white at the base, forming a large speculum; head all round, throat 
and fore neck glossy purplish black ; remainder of under surface of 
body, including the under wing-coverts and base of quills, creamy 
white ; edge of wing and bastard-quill black: " bill and feet black; 
iris orange" (Dr. Fischer). Total length 8 inches, culmen 0*7, 
wing 4-55, tail 3, tarsus 1*05. (Mas. E. Lort Phillips.) 

Hab. Eastern Africa. 

20. APLOJHS * m 
Type. 
Aplonis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 73 A. tabuensis. 
Sturnoides, Jacq. et Pucker. Toy. Pole Sud, iii. p. 82 (1853) A. atrifuscus. 

Range. Islands of the Pacific Ocean ; Norfolk and Lord Howe's 
Islands; New Caledonia; New Hebrides and Loyalty Islands; Ponape. 

* It is doubtful whether Aplonis can be considered more than a subgenus of 
Calomis, and the only character of any worth appears to be the square tail. 
The majority of the species of Aplonis appear to differ in the shape of the bill, 
but closer examination shows that, although there may be degrees of stoutness, 
yet the shape of the bill is much the same in both genera. I have adopted the 
shape of the tail as the only character for separating the two genera; but some 
of the species of Calomis approach Aplonis in tliis respect, while it seems 
hardly natural to divorce Aplonis cantoroides from the rest of the members of 
Calomis. Sturnoides appears to me to be a thorough Aplonis, and Lamprocoraxis only a subgenus of Calomis, though one might ieep it distinct for the 
sake of convenience. 
APLONIS AUSTRALIS. 

Turdus australis, Sparrm. Mus. Carls, n. pi. 69 (1786); Sundev. Crit. 
Sparrm. p. 11 (1857), 
Aplonis australis, Gray, Hand-l. JB. ii. p. 26, no. 7361 (1870). 

This name is now adopted* for a Few-Zealand Flycatcher, Miro australis, 
but, as Professor Sundevall pointed out (I. <?.), the description does not suit at 
all well. [See Buller, B. JSew Zealand, 2nd ed. i. p. 33.] 

126 
STTTBNTDM. 

Key to the Species. 

a. No rufous on the quills. 
a'. Abdomen black with a steel-green gloss, as 
also tlie under tail-coverts; entire plumage 
above and below giossy greenish or purplish 
black. 


a". 
Greenish gloss bright on the plumage. 

Jfc>7

a'". Belly blacker than the throat, and with-J striata pin, -nP^ the.?een gloss of the latter ) atroniiem, pT ILU 

b . iielly with green gloss, like the throat 
breft

_„ _ f^ ; • • •; cantoroides, p. li^. 
^ & . With scarcely any greenish globs feadensis, p . 1*J. 
6'. Abdomen paler, being brown, grey, or whitish 
but never black. ' 
c". Outer secondaries edged with whitish. 
c'". Under surface streaked with white. 
aK Under tail-coverts whitish, or whitish 
_ with pale brown centres. 
a\ Head glossed with steel-green or 
purplish green. 
aQ. Larger: throat ashy, scarcely 
lighter than the breast; white 
streaks on underparts scarcely 
perceptible,- culmen O'So inch .. tabuemix, p. 1 ;;o. 
b\ Smaller: throat whitish, contrast- >*•*" • 
ing with brown breast, which is 
broadly streaked with white-
culmen 0*05 inch ' 7,lw,/,wi.,\, „ i .Wl 
b\ Head glossed with bron.y gree^bui [M^An* 
l t XT almost as brown as the back .. . fortunJ £ 7 ->-> 
ft1. Under tail-coverts brown, lined with / ? P ' 
white shaft-streaks like the breast-
head brown like the back ' z,^, 
d">. No streaks on the unde? surface/ runm W m ^ P- ***• 
and upper tail-coverts with whitish 
margins 
<* . No white edges to the outer secondaries^ 
no streaks on the underparts. ' 
e '. Under tail-coverts grey or whitish, con-
feasting more or less with the breast, 

c. 
Throat and breast greyish, but not 
glossed with green like the head. 
c . Breast washed with pale brown • 
^ ^Undef ^j^overts whitish ' fusca 
Q „ ,«.* 
&. Breast ashy grey; under tail-covert '' * *^
j D.wj , KUix\AXjx uaix-uoverts 
also ashy, not whitish striata $, p. 128, 
dl. Throat and breast glossed with green 
like the head 
/"'. Under tail-coverts iron-grey like the 
rest of the body 
g"\ Under tail-coverts brown or blackish, like 
the rest of the under surface. 


20. APLONIS. 
127 
e\ Brown ; darker on the head and neck, 

_ which have a bronzy-greenish gloss *. 
e\ Larger: wing 5*3 inches atrifusca, p. 134 
f5. Smaller: wing 4*2 inches inornate, p. 135. 

f\ Blackish, with a slight green gloss, 
especially on the head and neck; greyer 
% below kittlitzi, p. 136. 

b. Quills externally bright rufous 
rufipennis, p. 137. 
1. Aplonis striata. 
Blue-striped Boiler, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 414, pi xvi. (1781) f. 
Coracias striata, Gm. Syst Nat. i. p. 381 (1788) ; Wagler, Syst AD., 

Coracias, Obs. sp. 3 (1827). 
Lanius striatus, Wagler, I. c. (1827). 
Lamprotornis obscurus, JDu Bus, Bull. Acad. Roy. Brux. 1839, pt. i. 

p. 97; id. Esq. Orn. livr. 3, pi. 12 (1847). 
Lamprotornis nigroviridis, Less. Echo du Monde Savant, 1844, p. 81. 
Coracias pacifica, Forster, Descr. Anim. p. 261 (1844). 
Aplonis obscurus, Gray, Voy. 'Erebus' §•l Terror,'1 Zool. p. 8 (1846); 
id. Gen. B. ii. p. 328 (1846); id. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 163, note; id. 
Ibis, 18G2, p. !227; Finsch,J.f. 0. 1867, p. 322, 1870, p. 325, 
1872, p. 27b; Gray, Hancl-l. B. ii. p. 26, no. 6372 (1870). 

Aplonis nigroviridis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 417; Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, 

p. 163, note; Buller, B. New Zealand, 2nd ed. i. p. 25 (1887). 
Aplonis 
caledonicus, Bp. teste Verr. et Des Murs, Bev. et Mag. de 
Zool. I860, p. 433; Marie, Ades Linn. Soc. Bordeaux, xxvii. 

p. 327 (1870) j Gray, IIand~l. B. ii. p. 26, no. 6369 (1870) ; 
Mutton, Cat. N Zeal. B. pp. 17, 75 (1871); E. L. 8f L. C. Layard, 
Ibis, 1882, p. 519; Butler, B. JSretv Zeal. 2nd ed. i. p. 25 (1887). 
Aplonis striatus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 163; Verr. et JDes Murs, 
Bev. et Mag. de Zool. 1860, p. 433 j Marie, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, 
xxvii. p. 327 (1870); Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 26, no. 6305 
(1870); E.L.Sr L. C Layard, Ibis, 1878, p. 257. 

Aplonis viridigrisea, Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 164; Verr. et JDes Murs, 
Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1860, p. 433; Marie, Actes Soc. Linn, Bordeaux, 
xxvii. p. 327 (1870); Gray, Eand-l. B. ii. p. 26, no. 6306 
(1870). 

Calornis striata, Finsch, Jour. Mus. Godeffr. Heft xii. p. 33 (1876). 

Adult male. Black, with a purplish or steel-blue gloss : wing-
coverts like the back; quills and tail-feathers black, with a green 
gloss externally; head all round more bronzy green than the back, 
with a slight purplish gloss; remainder of under surface of body 

* Somewhere here, in this section, must come Aplonis pehel%% a species as 
yet unknown to me. 
f As Wagler has very properly noticed, Latham does not give any hint as 
to the origin of his figures. As a matter of fact they are copies of Porster's 
original sketches, and the striped appearance is merely from the draughtsman's 
rough efforts to indicate metallic gloss. The name striata is so weil known 
that it seems wrong to substitute caledonica for it, especially as there is no 
doubt that it belongs to the"New Caledonian bird, but it is singularly inapplicable 
to the species, and caledoniea would be much the best name. 

128 STTJESTDJE. 

black, with a distinct steel-green wash ; under wing-coverts black, 
washed with green on the edges ; quills blackish below, browner 
along the inner web: " bill black : feet and legs purplish black, 
with whitish on the soles; iris deep red-orange"(L. G. Layard). 
Total length 7'6 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 4-1, tail 2-75, tarsus 1. 

Adult female. Grey, with a greenish shade; below grey, the 
lower abdomen greyish white; under tail-coverts uniform light 
grey ; wing-coverts and quills blackish, externally greenish grey. 
Total length 7*2 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 4, tail 2'6, tarsus 0*9. 

Hob. Few Caledonia. 

a. Ad. sk. New Caledonia. Purchased. 
b, c. S ad. sk. New Caledonia. Purchased. 
d. Ad. sk. New Caledonia, March 2, 1858. J. McGillivray [C."\ 
e. $ ad. sk. Port de France, New Gale- J. McGillivray 0-1* 
donia, May 14, 1858. (Type of A. viridigrisea.) 
f. Ad. sk. Port de France, June 25,1858. J. McGillivray, Esq. 
[C.J. 
ff, h. $ 5 ad. sk. MarPointjNew Caledonia, Aug. Tweeddale Coll. 
10,1880 (E. L. Layard). 

i. (S ad. sk. Dernbea, New Caledonia, Dec. Tweeddale OolL 
29, 1879 (E. L. Lai/ard). 
k. S ad. sk. Noumea, July 5, 1876 (E. L. Tweeddale Coll. 
Layard). 
I tf ad. sk. Isle of Pines, Oct. 10, 1853 Gould Coll. 

{J. McGillivray). 
2. Aplonis atronitens. 
Aplonis atronitens, Gray, P. Z. S. 3859, p. 164; id. Hand-l, B. ii. 
p. 26, no. 6367 (1870); E. L. $ L. C. Layard, Ibis, 1880, p. 2*29; 
Buller, B. Neio Zealand, 2nd ed. i. p. 25 (1887). 
Aplonis caledonica (nee Bp.), T?-istr. Ibis, 1879, p. 184. 

Adult Similar to A. striata, but larger: " bill and legs black; 
iris orange " (L. C. Layard). Total length 8 inches, culmen 0*8, 
wing 4*6, tail 2*55, tarsus 1*1. 

Mr. Layard is quite right in supposing (Ibis, 1880, p. 229) that 
Gray's type of A. atronitens is immature. He states also that young 
males resemble the old females until the first moult. 

Hal. Loyalty Islands. 
a. Juv. sk. Loyalty Islands. Sir G. Grey [P.], 
(Type of species.) 
b. $ ad. sk. [Loyalty Islands.] Tweeddale Coll. 

3. Aplonis cantoroides. 
Lamprotornis cantor, Mull. Vei-h. Land-en Volhenk. p. 22 (1839-44). 
Calomis cantoroides, Gray, P. Z. S. 1861, pp. 431, 436 ; Wall. 


P. Z. S. 1862, p. 343; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 2Q, no. 6379 (1870) ; 
Wold. Trans. Z. 8. viii. p. 80 (1874); 8harpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 47; 
Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. ix. p. 38 (1876), x.p. 150 (1877); 
Sharps, Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xiii. p. 501 (1877); 8alvad. Atti 
R. Accad. Torino, xiii. p. 321 (1878) ; Bosenb. Malay. Arch. p. 395 
20. APLONIS. 
129 
(1879); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. iii. p. 279 (1879), iv. 
pp. 7(3, 99 (1879); Salmd. Ann. Mas. Civic, Genov. xvi. p. 194 
(1880) j id. Ibis, 1880, p. 126 j id. Orn. Pajmasia etc. ii. p. 456 
(1881); Tristr. Bis, 1862, p. 137; Meyer, Sitz. Ahhandl GesellscL 
6 Isis; 1884, Abth. i. p. 48; Finsch, Vd'g. der Sihd-See, p. 14 (1884); 
Grant, P. Z. S. 1887, p. 331. 

Lamprotornis cantoroides, Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 174 (1865). 
Calornis cantor, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 393 (1876); 

L. C. Layard, Ibis, 1880, p. 295, 
Calornis, sp. incog., Scl. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 554. 
Calornis solomonensis, Ramsay, Nature, xx. p. 125 (1879); Salv id. 
Ibis, 1880, p. 126. 

Adult male (type of species). General colour dull glossy steel-
green, the wing-coverts like the back; greater coverts, bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers black, externally 
dull steel-green; sides of face and entire under surface of body dull 
steel-green, slightly more oil-green on the throat and somewhat 
ashy on the sides of body and flanks: " bill and feet black; iris 
scarlet" (G. E. Richards). Total length 7*8 inches, culmen 0*8, 
wing 4, tail 2*6, tarsus 0*9. 

Hab. New Guinea, Salawati, Mysol, Batanta. Louisiade and 
Admiralty groups of islands, New Britain, Duke of York Island, 
Solomon Islands. 

a, b. S ad. sk. Mysol. Wallace Coll. 
(Types of the species.) 
c, d. Ad.; e-h. Mysol. Wallace Coll. 

Imm. sk. 
i Imm. sk. Mysol (Wallace). Tweeddale Coll. 
7c. Ad. sk. Astrolabe Mts., New Guinea. C. Hunstein [C.]. 

I. Ad. sk. Louisiade Archipelago (J. Mac- Gould Coll. 
gillivray). 
m, n. $ ad. j o. Blanche Bay, New Britain, Tweeddale Coll. 
$ juv. sk. 
June 16, 1875 (G. E. 
Richards), 


p. 
$ ad.; q. <$ New Britain, Nov. 1880. Dr.Kleinschmidt[C.]. 
juv. sk. 
r. 
$ ad.sk. Admiralty Islands. Voy.of H.M.S.* Challenger.' 
s. 
2 ad. sk. Alu, Solomon Islands. C. M. Woodford, 
Esq. [P.]. 
t. S 
ad. sk. Rubiana, March 8. C. M. Woodford, 
Esq. [P.]. 
4. Aplonis feadensis. 
Calornis (Aplonis) feadensis, Ramsay, Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xvi. 

p. 129 (1881) ,* Reichen. $> ScJialoto, Joum.fur Orn. 1882, p. 227. 
Calornis 
feadensis, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xviii. p. 426 
(1882); id. Orn. Papuasia e delle Molucche, iii. App. p. 550 (1882); 
Sharpe, in Gould's Birds of New Guinea, iv. pi. 14 (1886). 

Adult (type of species). Entirely sooty, with here and there a 
shade of steel-green; wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers dusky 
black, externally washed with steel-green; entire head and under 

VOL. xni. 
K 

STTJBNIDJE. 

130 

Hurfaco of body sooty black, with, scarcely any indication of a 

greenish gloss. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 4-45, tail 

5-4, tarsus 1-05. (Mus. Austr.) 

Ifab. Eead Island. 

5. Aplonis tabuensis. 
Tabuan Shrike, Bath. Gen. 8yn. i. p. 164 (1781). 
Lanius tabuensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 306 (1788). 
Aplonis marginata, Gould, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 73; Gray, Gen. B. n. 


p. 
328 (1846): Cass. TJ. 8. Expl Exped., Birds, p. 125, pi. vii. 
tig. 1 (1858). 
Lamprotornisfusca, Peak, TJ. 8. Expl Exped., Birds, p. 110 (1848). 
Aplonis marginalia, Ilartl. Arch. Naturg. 1852, pp. 103,132. 
Aplonis tabuensis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 163, note; id. Cat. B. 

Tropical Isl Pacific Ocean, p. 26 (1859); Finsch fy Earth P. Z. S. 
1869, p. 549; Gray, Kand-l B. ii. p. 26, no. 6363 (1870); Cab. fy 
Reichen.J.f.O. 1876, p. 322: Bayard, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 499j 
Finsch, P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 725, 774 j id. t. c. p. 783; id. Meji. 
Voy. < Challenger; p. 37 (1881); Butter, B. N Zeal 2nd ed. i. 

p. 25 (1887). 
Adult male. General colour above brown, the feathers indistinctly 
glossed on the margins with oily green; wing-coverts like the back; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, washed with 
glossy steel-green on the outer webs ; the secondaries browner, the 
outer ones rather broadly edged with whity brown ; tail-feathers 
brown, with a slight green gloss on the outer web; head, nape and 
hind neck, sides of neck, sides of face, and ear-coverts glossy oil-
green with a slight purplish shade ; cheeks, throat, and under surface 
of body ashy brown, rather more ochreous brown on the abdomen 
and under tail-coverts ; the fore neck and breast mesially streaked 
with white; flanks and thighs brown; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries yellowish white; quills dusky below, ashy brown along 
the inner web: " iris dark red " (J. Murray). Total length 8 inches, 
culmen 0*85, wing 4-5, tail 2*7, tarsus 1*15. 
Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length 8 inches, 
culmen 0*85, wing 4*4, tail 2*6, tarsus 
1-15. 
JIab. Tonga Islands, Pacific Ocean. 


a. $ 
ad. st. Vavau, Tonga Islands. J. Brenchley, Esq. 
[P.]. 
h. Ad. sk. Vavau, Tonga Islands. J. Brenchley, Esq. 
[P.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Tonga Islands. Zoological Society. 
d. 
<$ ad. sk. Vavau, Tonga Islands, Feb. 24, Tweeddale Coll. 
1876 (E. L. Laijard). 
e. d ad. sk. Tongataboo, Nov. 1880. Dr. Ooppinger rP.l 
/, g. <$ ad. j h. Tongataboo. Voy. of H M S. 
Sad.sk. 'Challenger.' 

6. Aplonis brevirostris. 
Lamprotornis brevirostris, Peak, TJ. 8. Expl Exped. p. Ill (1848) ; 
Ilartl Arch. Naturg. 1852, p. 103. 

20 . APIiOHTIS. 131 
Aplonis brevirostris, Cass, U. 8. Expl Fxped. p. 120. pi. vii. %. 2 
(1858); Gray, P. Z 8 1850, p. 163, note; id. Cat B. Prop. Is!. 
Pacific Ocean, p. 27 (1850); Fhisoh $ IlartL Faun. Central


polyn p. 105, Taf. 10. Jig. 3 (1867); Gray, IlamU. B. ii. p. 20, 
no. 6370 (1870); Whitmee, Ibis, 1875, p! 440; Zat/ard, P. Z. 8 
1876, p. 494; Puller, B. N. Zeal. 2nded. i. p. 25 (1887). 

Adult. Similar to A. tabuensis, but much smaller and darker 
brown above, the head and face glossed with greenish bronze; the 
outer secondaries distinctly edged with white; under surface brown, 
broadly streaked with white; lower abdomen and under tail-coverts 
pure white; throat ashy white with scarcely any indication of white 
mesial^ streaks; thighs uniform brown; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries white : " bill and feet brownish red; iris golden yellow 
(Graeffe): "bill and feet reddish horn-colour; iris bright orange " 
(Peale). Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3*85, tail 2-5, 
tarsus 1*1. 

Eab. Samoa Islands. 

a. Ad. sk. Tutuila, Samoa. J. Brenchley, Esq. 
b, c. Ad, sk. Samoa. Rev. S. J. Whitmee 
[CO


d $ ad. sk. Samoa (8. J. Whitmee). Tweeddale Coll. 
^ye-g. £ ad.; h. Ana, Upolu, Samoa, Dec. 1875 Tweeddale Coll. 
^ 2 ad. sk. (L. C. Layard). 

7. Aplonis vitiensis. 
Aplonis cassini, Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 168, note *; id. B. Trop. 1st. 
Pacific Ocean, p. 26 (1859); id. Iland-l. B. ii. p. 20, no. 6304 
(1870). 

Aplonis tabuensis (nee Gm.), Finsch Sf IlartL Faun. Centralpoh/n, 

p. 103, Taf. 10. fig. 2 (1867); Layard, P. Z. 8 1875, p. 435; \d. 
lbisl 1876, p. 147. 
Aplonis marglnalis, Hartl. Ibis, 1864, p. 232. 
Aplonis vitiensis, Layard, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 502; id. Ibis, 1876, 

p. 392; Finsch, P. Z. S.1877, pp. 735, 774; W. A. Forbes, P. Z. S. 
1878, p. 352; Finsch, Pep. Voy. • Challenger,' ii. Birds, p. 50 
(1881). 
Adult male. Similar to A. tabuensis, but smaller and browner, 
with scarcely any green gloss except on the head, which is washed 
with oil-green; under surface of body light ashy, inclining to 
ochreous white on the abdomen and under tail-coverts; the entire 
throat and breast and sides of body streaked with mesial lines of 
white, rather broader on the latter; outer secondaries edged with 
white; sides of neck brown streaked with white : " iris dark red or 
brown" (J*. Murray). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-75, wing3*9, 
tail 2-3, tarsus 1*15. 

* No description is given and the localities are mixed up. Three specimens 
were marked " Aplonis cassini" by Mr. Gray, and these are the only real indications 
of the species. I retain the bettor-cleaned name given by Mr. Layard. 
132 
STTJBSIDJS. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 6'd inches, 
oilmen 0*7, wing 3*8, tail 2-15, tarsus 1. 
Hal. Fiji Islands ; Eotumah. 

a. Ad. sk. Fiji Islands. 
Gould Coll. 
b. $ 
ad. sk. Ovalau, Aug. 1830 {Br. F. 31. Voj.H.M.S. 'Herald.1 
Rayner). 
c. d. <$ $ ad. sk. Ovalau, Xov. and May (E. L. Tweeddale Coll. 
Layard). 
e. § ad. sk. X'Dreketti {C. L. Swaym). Her. S. J. "Whitniee. 
/ . 
Ad. sk. Rewa, Oct. 10, 1674* (R L. Tweeddale Coll. 
Layard). 

(j. (S ad. sk. Levuka, July 3, 1874 (K L. Tweeddale Coll. 
Layard). 
7if i. d ad. sk. Loma Loma, Dec. 3,1875 {E. L. Tweeddale Coll. 
Layard). 

k. 2 
a& ^ ^oala, Sept, 0, 1&54 (J. Me- Gould Coll. 
Gillivrat/). 
/, 7/z. cT ad. sk. Island of Totoya {Br. R 31. Toy. of II.M.S. 
liayner). " '"Herald.* 
7i. (J ad. *k. I&land of Totova, Auir, IS-JO YOV. of H.1LS. 
{Br. F. 31. liaynet)/ ' 'Herald.' 
(T\pe of A. cam til.) 

o. d ad. Jsk. Interior of Viti Le\u. l)r.Klein&climidtro.~. 
2), q. d 2 ad. sk. Matuka. Toy. of IU1.S. <Challenger.' 


r. Ad. sk. Tavium. 
W. A. Bailward, Ehq. 
:P.J. 

S. Aplonis fortune. 
Aplonib fortume, Layard, Ibis, 1870, p. 147. 

" I have two birds from the Island of Fortuna, similar in every 
measurement to the Fiji species, except that the bill is stouter every 
way, but not longer; and the whole bird is imbued with a black 
shade. The sheen of the Fijian bird is coppery, especially about 
the head. That of the other is of iron." (E. L. Layard^ I. c.) 

Hah. Fortuna Island. 

9. Aplouis bnumescens. (Plate VI.) 
Aplonis tabuensis, pi, Bidler} B. N. Zeal 2nd ed. i. p. 25 (1887, 
nee Gm.). 

Adult. Similar to A. tahuensis, but browner, with scarcely any 
metallic gloss on the head ; ear-coverts and sides of face brown; 
under surface of body dark ashy brown, everywhere streaked with 
white, including the under tail-coverts; outer secondaries very 
broadly edged with white. Total length 6'5 inches, culmen 0*85, 
wing 4*1, tail 2-85, tarsus T25. 

Hal. Savage Island. 

a, I. Ad. sk. Savage Island, June 1865. J. BrencHey, Esq. [P.]. 

c. Ad, sk. Savage Island. Rev. S. J. Whitmee [C.]. 
20 . APLONIS. 133 
10. Aplonis cinerascens. 
Aplonis cinorascons, JDCartl § Finsch, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 29. 
Adult, Groy-brown; unclerparts palor and moro decided grey, 
having the feathers at the end margined with grey; the feathers 
on the rump and upper tail-coverts also with greyish margins, which 
on the upper tail-coverts aro nearly whitish, but not so distinctly 
marked as on the underside; head decided brown, with a slight 
coppery glitter; vent and under tail-coverts dirty white; under 
wing-coverts pale greyish brown with whitish margins; reiniges 
dark brown, on the margin of the inner webs paler; the inner 
secondaries with a very narrow pale margin along the outer vane, 
forming an indistinct pale stripe; tail-feathers dark brown ; shafts 
of the reiniges and rectriccs blackish, pale from beneath; feathers 
of the mantle with very narrow pale shafts, which also arc visible 
on the feathers of the breast: " bill and feet horny black; iris dark 
slate-colour; bill, feet, and legs light bluish slaio" (Garrett). Total 
length 7£", wing 4" 2"'-4" 8'", tail 2" C)"'~2" 8'", bill 9-9]'", 
tarsus 13-14.'" (Hartlaub <$• Finscli.) 

Ilab. Earotonga Island. 

11. Aplonis fuscus. 
Aplonis fuscus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 73 j Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 328 
(1846); id. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 163, note; id, Hand-L B. ii. p. 26, 
no. 6368 (1870); Butter, B. JV. Zeal. 2nd ed. i. p. 259 (1887); 
Ramsay, Tabular Lid Austr. B. p. 37 (1888). 

Aplonis obscurus, Pelz. Site. k. Akad. Wissenseh. Wien, xli. p. 322 
(1860); Mamsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. vii. p. 88 (1883). 

Adult male. Grey; the head glossy steel-green, not bronzy green, 
this green gloss overspreading the sides of the face and entire throat 
and breast; the remainder of the under surface dark ashy grey, the 
under tail-coverts dull white; under wing-coverts dull ashy. Total 
length 7-7 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 4, tail 245, tarsus 0-95. 

Adult female. General colour above light ashy grey with a slight 
greenish gloss; wing-coverts like the back; babtard-wing and 
primary-coverts dusky brown; quills brown, with a greyish shade 
on the secondaries resembling the back ; tail-feathers brown ; head, 
sides of face, and ear-coverts with a more distinct green gloss than 
the back, less clear on the sides of the face; throat and breast light 
ashy, shading into brown on the sides of the body and flanks; 
centre of lower breast washed with pale ochrcous, the lower abdomen 
and under tail-coverts yellowish whito; thighs brown; under wing-
coverts and axillaries ashy white; quills dusky below, isabelline 
along the inner web. Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0-65, 
wing 3*7, tail 2*45, tarsus 0*9. 

Ilab. Norfolk Island and Lord Howe's Island *. 

* Sir Walter Buller's statement that this species occurs also in Australia is 
certainly founded on error. 
134 STT7ENTD-3E. 

a. Ad. sk. [Norfolk Island.} Old Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. ^Norfolk Island.] Dr. G. Bennett T'A 
e. Ad. sk. "Norfolk Island. J Sir T. Mitchell *P/\ 
d. Ad. sk. "Norfolk Island.] Gould Coll. *" " 
e. Ad. sk. "Norfolk Island." Zoological Society. 
f> 9-6 ? a#- sk. Norfolk Island, June 1S05. X Breneklev, Esq. "P. "J. 
Lord Howe's Island, Sept. 8, Gould Coll." " " 
18*53 (J. McGillivray). 
& I9 m. Ad. sk. Lord Howe's Island. E. Saunders "C.7. 

12. Aplonis crassa. 
Calornis crassa, Set. P. Z. S. 18^3, p. 50, pi. xiv.; Sharpe in Gould's 
B. IF. Guinea, iv. pi. 15 (1^3); Forbes, Xaf. Wand. Ma?ay Arch. 
p. 360 (18S5); 2?tf##. Note* Zeyden Mus. viii. p. 05 (18^0). 
^.rZ'zd^ ??2ff7t5 (type of species). General colour above and below 
iron-grey with a steel-green gloss, the under surface of the body 
rather greyer; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back, the 
remainder of the coverts, quills, and tail-feathers black, externally 
glossed with green: "bill, legs, and feet black; iris dark brownv 
(IL 0. Forbes). Total length 7*2 inches, culrnen 0*8, wing 4*1, 
tail 2-9, tarsus 0-95. 

Adult female. Ashy brown with a slight gloss of steel-green, many 
of the dorsal feathers with a black shaft-streak; wing-coverts and 
quills browner; tail-feathers black; sides of face dull white, 
broadly streaked with blackish; throat and under surface of body 
white, with distinct shaft-streaks of black, much broader on the 
sides of the body, which are washed with dull ashy; thighs ashy 
brown. Total length 7*2 inches, culrnen 0*8, wing 3*9, tail 2-05, 
tarsus 0*9. 

Hab. Tenimber Islands. 

a, b. ($2 ad, Larat, Timor Laut, Aug. 1882. H. O. Forbes, Esq. [O.I 
sk. (Types of species.) 

S $ a<^

c, d. Larat, Timor Laut, Aug. 11, Tweeddale Coll 
sk. 1882 (J5T. O. Forbes). ' 

13. Aplonis atrifasca. 
Sturnoide ge*ant, JSbmbr. fy Jaeq. Voy. Pole Sud, pi. 15. rig. 2 

(1842-53). 

Chlamydera sp., Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 352. 

Lamprotomis atrifusca, Peak, U.S. Fxpl Faped. p. 109; pi. 30 

(1848); Hartl ArcJi.f. Naturg. 1852, p. 102. 

Calornis corvina (nee Fittl), Cass. U.S. Fxpl Fxped. p. 124 (1858). 

Sturnoides gigas, Jaeq. et Pucher. Voy. Pole Sud, iii. p. 84 (1853). 

Chlamydera (Sturnoides) gigas, Gray, List B. Prop, Isl Paeif. 

Ocean, p. 25 (1859). 
Calornis atrofusca, Gray, t. c. p. 20 (1859); id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 27? 
no. 0388 (1870). 
Sturnoides atrifusca, Finsch 4* FEartl. Faun. Centralpolyn. p. 107 
(1807); Hartl. $Finsc7i, P, Z. S. 1871, p. 24; Whifmee, Ibis, 1875, 

p. 440; Cab. $ Beichen. J. f. O. 1870; p. 322; Layard, P. Z. S. 
1870 p. 494. 
20. APLONIS. 135 
Adult male. General colour above brown, washed with oil-green 
varied with slight purplish reflexions, the feathers margined with 
glossy green, before which is a subterminal shade of blackish; the 
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts edged with ashy grey; 
wing-coverts and quills brown, the former margined with ashy 
brown; the primaries light rufous brown, darker brown at the 
ends; tail-feathers dark brown; crown of head and neck, sides of 
face, ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, and chest dull glossy oil-green with 
a slight purplish shade; breast brown, the feathers edged with oil-
green ; remainder of under surface brown,with ashy-brown margins; 
thighs, under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillaries lighter 
brown; quills light brown below, reddish for the greater part of 
the inner web: " bill and legs black; iris dark brown" (E. L. 

Layard). Total length 10-5 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 5*3, tail 3*75, 
tarsus 1*3. 

Young female. Much browner than the adults and much more 
uniform, with very few glossy edgings to the feathers of the upper 
surface; the head having a slight purplish gloss • scarcely any pale 
edges to the feathers of the under surface. 

Hah. Samoa or Navigators' Islands. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Samoa. 
c, d. Ad. sk. Samoa. Eev. S. J. Whitmee 
[COe. 
(J ad. sk. Ana, Upolu, Samoa, Dec. 19, Tweeddale Coll. 
1875 (J5. L. Layard). 
f. g ad.; (j. $ Apia, Samoa, Jan., Dec. (JB. Tweeddale Coll. 
juv. sk. L. Layard). 

14. Aplonis inornata *. 
Aplonis mavornata (!), Bulkr, B. Neiv Zealand, 2nd ed. i. p. 25 (1887), 

Adult. Entirely brown above and below, with a slight bronzy 
gloss on the head; under tail-coverts entirely brown like the 
breast, on which are a few hair-like whitish shaft-lines. Total 
length 7*2 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 4*2, tail 2-6, tarsus 1*05. 

Hah. ? Raiatea Island, Society Group. 

rt.Ad.sk. [? Raiatea.] Old Coll. (PTypeof 

Turdm tdietenm.) 

* This is a most curious species, a diminutive of Aplonis atrifusca, and, as 
far as I can see, it has not got a name. The specimen is very old, and remained 
for many years unnoticed in the collection of mounted birds; it 
was apparently not recorded by the late G. E. Gray either in his • Catalogue of 
the Birds of the Tropical Islands of the Pacific Ocean' or in his • Hand-list.' 
The specimen agrees fairly well with Forster's drawing of Tardus badius, and may 
therefore be Tardus ulietensis of Gmelin—probably the very identical specimen 
belonging to Sir Joseph Banks (of. Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 35)! There is 
no warrant for Mr. Seebohm making Tardus badius of Forster into a Merula, 
and adding a yellow eye-ring which does not exist in Forster's description or 
picture! Forster only admits the bird as a Ticrdus with great reluctance, 
\m 
\m 
HTUKNID-E. 


If), Aplonis pelzelni. 

* (187())5 #• Ife77
<M>d. llc»ft xii. p. 32, pl- ii- *'£• ' ^ ^ ^> 

p. 775); ^./^>, J 881, p. 110. 
yff/^/t Obscure sooty brown; head above somewhat darker; 
lores and front changing into sooty black ; wings, tail, tipper and 
lower tail-coverts umber-brown, a good deal lighter on the remaining 
plumule. Bill and feet black. Total length frj", wing3" 10"', 
tail 2" 4'", culmen 8^", tarsus 11 J'". (i^sc/i, 7. c.) 

Hah. Interior mountains of Ponape. 

10. Aplonis kittlitzi. 
? Pacific Shrike, Lath. Gen. Si/n. i. pt. i. p. 104 (1781). 
r1 Lanius pacilieus, Orn. Stfst. Nat. i. p. 300 (1788, ex Lath.). 
Tardus columbina {nee Om.), Kittl. Khpf. Vog. p. 11, Taf. 15. fig. 2 


(1833). 
Lamprotomis columbiuus (nee Gm.), Bp. Cousp. i. p. 417 (1850) ; 
Hartl. J. f. O. lhC4, p. 168. 
Laiuproloniis opaca, £ic/tf. in Mus. BeroL ; Gas 5. jftfws. Jiciw. Th. i. 

p. 201 (1850) j Licht. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 53 (1854). 
? Calornis pacifica, Gnu/, Cat. B. Tropical Isl. Pacific Ocean, p. 25 
(1850): id. Iland-L B. ii. p. 27, no. 0390 (1870). 
Calornis opaca, Gray. Cat. B. Tropical Isl. p. 26 (1859); Gray, 
Mand-l B. ii. p. 27,'no. 0301 (1870). 
Calornis colmnbina (nee Gm.), Belz. Beis. Novara, Vog. p. 88 (1865). 
Calornis kittlitzi, Finsch fy Hartl. Faun. Cmtralpolyn. p. 109 

(1807) j Hartl B. Z. S. 1807, p. 380; id. # Finsch, B. Z. & 
Ls08, pp. 7, 117; iid. B. Z. S. 1872, p. 100; Finsch, Journ. Mus. 
Godeffr. Heft viii. p. 23 (1875) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 47; 
Fimeh, B. Z. $. 1877, p. 779. 

Calornis pacificus, Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeffr. Heft xii. p. 31 
(1870); id. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 675; id Ibis, 1881, p. 1|§4; id. Vog. 
dertiiidsee, p. 49 (1884). * 

Adult Dusky blackish, with a slight steel-green shade on the 
edges of the leathers ; below rather didler blaek than the upper 
surface, iron-grey on the lower breast and abdomen : " iris bright 
sulphur-yellow ,J (0. FinscJi). Total length 8S inches, culmen 0*9, 
wing 4*95, tail 3*35, tarsus 1*1. 


Hexes alike, when adult (Finsch). 
Young. More dingy than the adults, the feathers of the underpays 
edged with white, producing a streaked appearance : " iris 
whitish or yellowish " (O. Finsch). 


Hah. Islands of Ponape, "Kuschai, link, and I/ugunor. 

a. Ad.; h. Juv. sk. Ponap& Mr. Cohen [C.l. 
e. Jin. Hk. Ponapd (Cohen). Tweeddale Coll 
and could one but be certain that the specimen in question is the type of 

Tunluh it Iit ff Mis, then the mime will be Aplonis ulieten&is, and Mr Seebohm's 

tpnotrjmy (vol. v. of this Catalogue, p. 270, pi. xvi.) may be added I have 
for the present retained the name of inornata for this species, as it was on 
the Htaiid oi the specimen, and it may have been described under this name in 

wmift obscure reference, which perhaps has escaped me. 

21 . CVLORNls. 137 
17. Aplonis rufipennis. 
Lamprotornia zolandiea, Quay et Gaim. Voit. Astrolabe. Ois, p. UK), 
pi. 0. fig. L (1830 35). J * ' 
Aplonis zealandicuy, Gray, Vol/. * Ervhm ' # ' Terror,1 p. 8 (184(5); id, 
Gen. B. ii. p. 328 (1840)"; ISp. Camp, i. p. 417 (1850); (/my, 

P. Z. S. 1850, p. mi, note ; id. Ik\ 18(52, p. 227 ; Finse/i, J.f, (). 
1867, p. 322, 1870, p. 325; id. Tram. New Zeal InM. viii. p." 201 
(1876); Butter, B. K Zeal. 2nd ed. L p. 25 (1887). 
Aplonis obscurus, Fimch, J. f. (). 18(57, p. 322. 1870, p. 325, 1872, 

p. 273. " L 
Aplonis rufipennis, Layard, Ibis, 1881, p. 542; Trktr. t, e, p. 513, 
Adult male. General plumage rufous grey, darker on the upper 
parts and deepening to rufous brown on the lower part of I ho back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts; from the {interior edge of the eye 
a dull black streak extending to the nostrils: iho primaries brighi 
rufous on the outer webs only, being blackish brown on the inner 
webs; larger wing-coverts and bastard quills bright rufous; tail-
feathers dark rufous brown, with a rich vinous tingo on their outer 
edges ; uuderparts lighter, the feathers of the breast and abdomen 
having obscure narrow greyish margins; flanks, vent, and under 
tail-coverts rufous brown, mixed with yellow, the feathers becoming 
lighter at the tips : bill blackish brown, with a reddish tinge on 
the under mandible; legs and feet pale brown; claws yellowish 
brown. Total length 7*5 inches, wing 4, tail 2*5, culmen 0-75, 
tarsus 0*8. (Bailer, I. c.) 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but with duller plumage and 
of somewhat smaller size (Bailer, I. c.\ 
Hah. New Hebrides. 

21. CALORNIS*. Type 
Calornis, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 53 (1811) 0. ehalyben-, 
Lamprocorax, Bp. V. It. xxxvii. p. 830 (1853) C, grandis. 

Range. Andamans and Nicobar Islands; Eastern Dacca to 
Cachar; Tenasserim, Malayan Peninsula, Indo-Malayan Islands; 
Philippine Islands; throughout the Moluccas to New Guinea and the 
Papuan Islands; Northern Australia. 

* OALOUNIR COKVINA. 
Lamprotornia corvina, Kittl. Kiipf. Voy. Heft ii. p. 12, pi. \v. fig. 3 (1833); 

id. Mem. Acad. St. Ptttnb. ii. p. 7, Taf. ix. (1835); Bp. Cou*p. i. p. 417 

(1850). 

Lamprocorax corvina, Hartl. J.f. (). 1854, p. 1Gb. 

Calornis corvina, Gray, Cat IS. Trap. Is I. Pacific Ocean, p, 25 (1851)); id. 

Eand-l. B.ii. p. 27i no. 6381) (1870). 

Sturnoidcs eorvma, Fimrti cj-Hartl. Faun. Centralpolyn. p. 108, note 

(18()7); Fuibch, Ibis, 1881, p. 104. # 

Shining black, each feat hot- with a glossy margin, varying from sioi'1-grwn 
to purplish red ; bdl and feet black (Kittlite). 

Hub. Mountains in the interior of Kuschai Island. 

This species 1 have never seen, and Dr. Finsch did not meet with it during 

STTTRtflDiE. 

138 

Key to the Species. 

A. With no In-own on the quills. 
a. 
With bright reddish purple on throat or crown, 
mant Io or hind neck. 
(L Larger: tail strongly graduated, the centre 
feathers much produced. 
«". Head purple,* mantle purple, separated 
from the head by a glossy green collar. 
a'". Throat green or slightly washed with 

purple, in either case resembling the 

cheeks and sides of the face metallica and alhes 

//". Throat uniform purple, contrasting Jj)p. L3b-141. 

with the throat, which is bright green, gulans, p. 141. 

b". Head purple; no purple on mantle, which 

is green . purpureiceps, p. 142. 

h\ 
Smaller: tail only slightly graduated • head 
and back oily-green, only slightly washed 
with purple j the hind neck purple, forming 
a collar minor, p. 142. 

b. Green or greyish green, with no sharp contrasts 
in the plumage; no purple or bright green 
collar round the hind neck. [pp. 143-149. 
c'. Green gloss accentuated chalyhea and allies, 
d'. Green gloss dull and lead-coloured obscura, p. 149. 

R. Primaries light brown, dusky at tips. 
c. Larger : head purple; back green grandis, p. 150. 
d. Smaller: head and back steel-green minor, p. 151. 
1. Calornis metallica. 
Lamprotornis metallica, Temm. PI Col ii. pi. 266 (1824); Less. Voy. 
Coqitille, i. p. 343 (1826); Mull Verh. Land- en Volhenh. pp. 102, 
110 (1839-44); Bp. Consp. i. p. 417 (1850) ; Jacq. et Pucker. Voy. 
Pfile Sud, Zool iii. p. 81 (1853) ; Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1862, 

p. 313; Mnsch, Neu- Guinea, p. 174 (1863); Cab. 8f Meichen. 
J.f.O.187G, p. 322. 
Stoume bronz6, Ilombr. et Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud, Atlas, pi. 16. fig. 2 
(1832-35). 
Aplonis metallica, Gould, B. Austr., Suppl. pi. 33 (1851) ; Macgilliway, 
Voy.i Rattlesnake? ii. p. 357 (1852). 
Calornis metallica, 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 327 (1846); Hartl. J. f. O. 
1854, p. 164 j Scl Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. p. 164 (1858); Gray, 

P. Z. S. 1858, p. 194; id. Cat. Mamm. etc. New Guinea p. 59 
(1859) 5 Wall. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 335; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. 
p. 477 (1865); Rosenb. Rets, naar Zuidoostereil. p. 80 (1867) : 
Mamsay, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 385 ; Sol P. Z. S. 1869, p. 120; Gray, 
his visit to JCiwchai. He writes to me:—" It no doubt exists on Kuschai, just 
as it did when Kittlitz visited the island. Nobody has reached the mountains 
in the interior since Kittlitz1 s time; and it is strictly a mountain bird. When 
1 was on Kuschai the path from one side of the coast was no longer used by the 
natives, the reason being the great and rapid decrease in their number, only a 
few hundred of them now surviving (I believe not more than three hundred 
and fifty, all told). Kittlitz only got two specimens, which I saw in St. Petersburg. 
It is a very distinct species." 

The bird, as figured by Kittlitz, has a very slender bill, and may not be a 

true Calornis after all. 

21 . CALOENIS. 
139 
BiL> no* 637G

Baoni'- P-2G (187°) J *?«&&», rww. & S. yiii. 

p. 80 (18/4); i?«ms^ P. £ A 1875, p. 593 ; Sakad. §• & Albert. 
Ann Mus. Civic. Genov. vii. p. 827 (1875); Sharp*, *?>*, 1876, 
p. 47 jtf«Zwi& .4m lZ"ws. a»w. Genov. viii. p. 402 (1870), ix. 
p. 38 (1876) • i?/%#. Abhandl. not. Ver. firemen, v. p. 78 (1870) : 
.A&wter*, P;-oc. Xm;i. £oc. # A W. i. p. 54(1877); tfa/wtf. Ann. 
Mus. Civic. Genov. x. p, 148 (1877); id. P. Z. S. 1878, pp. 88, 97 ; 
Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. iii. p. 107 (1878), p. 279 (1879) 
iv. pp. 77, 99 (1879); Bosenb. Malay. Arch. pp. 322, 370 (1879) ; 
D Albert. $ Sahctd. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 190 (1879) j 
Salvad. t c. p. 656 (1879); Th'^r. Ibis, 1879, p. 442 ; Z. C. Layard, 
Ibis, 1880, p. 295; Salvad. Ami. Mm. Civic. Genov. xvi. 
p. 193 (1881) ; id. Orn. Papmsia, ii. p. 447 (1881) ; J5fcwM«, J: /. O. 
1883, p. 160; Meyer, Sitz. nat. Gesellsch. Isis, 1884, Abth. i. 
p. 48; Finseh, Toy. der Sildsee, p. 13 (1884) ; id. t. c. p. 30. 
Calornis nitida, 
Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 181; id. Cat. Mamm. etc. 
Nezv Guinea, p. 38 (1859); id. Cat. B. Trap. Isl Pacific Ocean, 

p. 20 (1859); id. Rand-l. B. ii. p. 27, no. 0383 (1870) ; Walden, 
Trans. Z. S. viii. p. 80 (1872) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 48; Scl. 
P. Z S. 1877, p. 104, 1878, p. 289; Finseh, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 11; 
Layard, Ibis, 1880, p. 295; Finseh, Ibis, 1881, p. 537; Trisir.Ibis, 
1882, p. 137. ; F 
Oalornis viriclescens, Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 181 j id. P. Z. S. 1861, 

p. 436; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 26, no. 6378 (1870); Walden, Trans. 
Z. S. viii. p, 80 (1874) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 47; id. Jour. Linn, 
Soc, Zool. xiii. pp. 318, 501 (1877). 
Calornis amboinensis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 182; id. Cat. Mamm. 
etc. New Guinea, p. 38 (1859) ; id. P. Z. S. I860, p. 355 ; Bernst. 
NederL Tijdschr. ii. p. 350 (1865); Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 27, 
no. 6382 (1870); Walden, Trans. Z. S. viii. p. 80 (1874) ; Sharpe, 
Ibis, 1876, p. 48; Bosenb. Malay. Arch. p. 322 (1879). 

Oalornis virescens, Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 158; id] Cat. Mamm. etc. 
New Guinea, p. 59 (1859). 
Lamprotomis virescens, Bosenb. Nat. Tijdschr, NederL Ind. xxv. 

p. 248 (1863) ; id. J.f.O. 1864, p. 131. 
Calornis purpurascens, Gray, Hand~l B. ii. p. 26, no. 6377 (1870) ; 
Walden, Trans. Z. S. viii. p. 80 (1874); Sharpe, Ibis, 187G, 

p. 47. 
Lamprotomis purpurascens, Giebel, Thes. Orn. ii. p. 430 (1875). 
Lamprotomis metallica, var. nitida, North, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 
(2) ii. p. 443 (1887). 
Adult male. General colour above glossy oil-green on the 
scapulars, lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, with a faint 
shade of purple here and there; lesser wing-coverts and mantle 
glossy purplish violet; median coverts like the scapulars; greater 
coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, externally 
purplish black, the inner secondaries with glossy green edges; tail-
feathers black, glossed with dull steel-blue on the margins; crown 
of head purplish violet as far as the nape; hind neck brilliant glossy 
green, as also the sides of the neck; lores, feathers round eye, sides 
of face, and ear-coverts glossy purplish violet; cheeks, chin, and 
throat glossy steel-green: fore neck purplish violet; chest and 
remainder of under surface of body glossy steel-green, inclining to 
oily green, with a faint purplish gloss on the breast, slightly 
developed on the sides of body and flanks \ thighs and under tail


MO 
STtnUNIDJU. 

coverts black, edged with glossy green; under wing-coverts and 
axillaris black, with bluish-green margins; quills below black, 
browner along the inner edge; bill and feet black ; " iris cinnabar " 

(0. Finseh). Total length d-2 inches, oilmen 0-75, wing 4-35, tail 4-1, 
tarsus 0*85. 
Adult fimale. Like the male. -'Iris blood-red" (0. Finscli). 
Total length 9*2 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 4-3, tail 4*2, tarsus 0*9. 
Australian specimens differ a good deal in the amount of purplish 
gloss on the sides of the body, and some of them have even a faint 
gloss of purple on the throat. Specimens from the Papuan Islands 
are generally remarkable for their deep green colour underneath, and 
for the absence of purplish gloss on the sides of the body. Some, 
however, are absolutely identical with Australian examples, and I 
do not see how more than one form can be recognized, excepting, of 
course, C. cjularis, which is a very well-marked species, and 0. minor 
and 0. purpiireieeps, which are also distinct. 

Youny. Similar to the adult above, but with less metallic gloss ; 
cheeks and under surface of body white, stieaked with greenish 
black on the lower throat, fore neck, sides of body, flanks, and 
under tail-coverts. 

Dr. Finsch has no doubt, from his own personal observations, that 
the specimens with white under surfaces are by no means always 
young birds, as they breed in this dress, and gain the full plumage 
by a change of feather, and by the wearing away of the edges themselves, 
whence they derive the small lance-shaped form of streak on 
the underparts. 

Bab. Northern Australia, Few Guinea, and Papuan Islands from 
the Solomons to the Aru group, as well as the Moluccas. 


a, b. Ad. et juv. Cape York. Capt. Stanley [P.]. 
St. 
c, d. Ad. et juv. Cape York. J. McGillivray [C.]. 


e, f. ? ad. sk. Cape York. 
J. McGillivray [C.]. 

. „ , , _, (Types of C. purpurascens.) 
(/, h. $ ad. sk. Cape York (J. McGilliwmJ). Gould Coll. 
tW. Ad.; m-o. Cape York (Cockerel! § Salvin-GodmanColl. 

Juv. sk. Thorpe). 

p. 
Ad. sk. Cape York {Cocherell $ Tweeddale Coll. 
Thorpe), 
q, r Ad. et juv. Port Albany (J. Coxen). Tweeddale Coll. 
sk. 
*, 
t. Ad.; u. Solomon Islands. p. L. Sclater, Esq. 
JllV. sk. r p n > U 

v. Ad. sk. New Ireland. Six E. Belcher [P.] 
*. AdI. al, Duke of York Island. 1^ . aS^ I . 
*,#. Ad. j *, Duke of York Island (G. Tweeddale Coll. 'J* 
a . Juv. sk. Broivn). 
IL Ad sk. East Cape, S.E. New Guinea. C. Hunstein ["0.1 
c,d A&.;e Dorey. Wallace Coll. J 
/ 
. mm. sir. (Types of C. viridescens.) 

Colliaueen8t) 

g. Ad. sk. Mysol, June 11,1868 (iZb^)- Gould
21 . CALOENlS. 
141 
h\. 6 ad. ; f-r. Aru. Islands. 

Wallace (M. 

$ ad.; m'-g', 
d imm. sk. 


;•'. . c? ad.; s'. Wakan, Aru Islands. Voy. of II. M.S. 
d juv. sk. < Challenger.' 
t\ 2 ad. sk. Ke Doulan. Voy. of JI.M.S. 


* Challenger.' 
u'.> v'. Ad. sk. 

Matabello. Wallace OolL 

VJ. Ad. sk. 

Coram. Wallace Coll. 

a?. Ad. sk. 

N. Cerarn. Wallace Coll. 
y\ . Ad. sk. 

Arnboyna. Wallace Coll. 
*'. (S juv. sk. Aniboyna, '.Feb. 10, 1804 8alvin-Grodman Coll. 
(von Rosenberg).


a." d ad.; b". 
Aniboyna. Leiden Museum. 
$ juv. sk. (Types of C. amboinensls.)

c", d". Ad. sk. 

Gilolo. Wallace Coll. 

e". Ad. sk. 

Ternate. Wallace OolL 
f '. Ad.; </". Sula Islands. Wallace Coll. 

Juv. sk. 

Subsp. a. Calornis inornata. 

Calornis inornata, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xvi. p. 194 (1880) ; 
id. Orn. Papuasia etc. ii. p. 453 (1881). 

Adult Similar to (7. metallica, but smaller, duller, and without 
any green cervical collar; head, neck, and interscapular region 
somewhat tinged with purple, this purple colour perceptibly vanishing 
towards the middle of the back; the purple colour of the throat 
and breast scarcely visible. (Salvadori, I. c.) 


Hal. Misori Island, in the Bay of Geelvink. 

Subsp. /3. Calornis fuscovirescens. 
Calornis mysolensis (nee Gray), Scdvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. x. 

p. 149 (1877). 
Calornis fuscovirescens, Scdvad. Ann. Mm. Civic. Genov. xvi. p. 194 
(1880); id. Orn. Papuasia etc. ii. p. 454 (1881). 

Dusky blackish, with a green shine; head with scarcely any 
purple; bill and feet black. (Salvadori.) 
Hal. Sorong, New Guinea (D'Albertis) *. 


2. Calornis gularis. 
Calornis gularis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Sac. 1801, pp. 431, 430; id. 
Band-list of Birds, ii. p. 27, no. 0385 (1870); Walden, Trans. Zool 
JSOC. viii. p. 80 (1875); Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 47; Rosenb. Malay 
Arch. p. 395 (1879); Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1884, p. 433 ; id. Nat. 

Wand. East Arch.y. 365 (1885); Salvad. P. Z. S.1884, p. 579; 
Sharpe in Gould's Birds of New Guinea, iv. pi. 13 (1885). 

* Count Salvadori says that there is a specimen in the British Museum from 
Salawati, but I cannot find one, and I think he must have intended to refer to 
some other Museum. 
142 
STUKJSTDJS. 

Lamprotornis gularis, Finsch, JSeu-Guinea, p. 174 (1865). 
Calornis metallica, Sclater, Proc. Zuoi. Soc. 1883, p. 51 (nee Temm.'). 
Calornis circumscripta; Meyer, Sitz. nat. Gesellsch. Isis, 1834, Abth. i. 


p. 49; Salvad. Ibis, 188*4, p. 355. 
Adult male. Similar to G. metallica, but with a very narrow green 

collar round the hind neck, separating the purple head from the 

purple mantle, and with the entire throat uniform purplish violet, 

the cheeks and malar line being glossy green: ik bill and feet black; 

iris bright red" (H. 0. Forbes). Total length 9 inches, culmen 

0*75, wing 4*25, tail 4-5, tarsus 0*9. 

Hah. My sol: Tenimber Islands. 

a. $ ad. sk. Mysol. Wallace Coll. ^ 
(Type of species). 
b,c. d 
$ ad. sk. Larat, Timor Laut, Sept. 18,1882 Tweeddale Coll. 
(JET. 0. Forbes). 


d. J ad. sk. Larat, Timor Laut, Sept. 7, 1882. II. 0. Forbes, E^q. 
[0.]. 
e. 3 
ad. sk. Kirmoen Island, Tenimber Group, II. 0. Forbes, Esq. 
Sept. 1,1882. [C.J. 
3. Calornis purpureiceps. 
Calornis sp. incogn., Scl. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 554. 
Calornis purpureiceps, Salvad. AttiR. Acead. Sri. Torino, xiii. p. 5.35 
(1878); id. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xvi. p. 104 (15^1); id. Orn. 
Papuasia etc. ii. p. 435 (1831); Scl. Pep. Toy. iChallengerf ii. 
Birds, p. 29 (1881). 
Adult male. Similar to G. metallica, and with a purple head, but 
without any purple on the mantle, which is glossy oil-green like the 
rest of the back; under surface of body green with no purple gloss 
on the flanks, the throat entirely purple, spangled with glossy green 
centres to the feathers. Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*$5, 
wing 4*25, tail 3*1, tarsus 0*9. 
Hah. Admiralty Islands. 

a, b. <J ad.; c. $ Admiralty Inlands. Voy. of II.M.S. i Challenger.' 
ad. sk. (Types of species.) 

4. Calornis minor. 
Lamprotornis 
minor, Bp. Consp. i. p. 417 (1850, ex MillL Mus. 
Imffd.) ; Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 174 (1875). 
Calornis minor, Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 48G; Gray, Hand-l B. ii. 

p. 26, no. 6375 (1870) ; Walden, Tram. Z. S. viii. p. 80 (1872); 
Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 48; Meyer, Sitz. nat. Gesellsch. Isis, 18841 
Abth. i. p. 48. ' ' 
Adult male. Black, glossed with bright oil-green on the upper 
surface, the lesser wing-coverts like the back; greater and median 
coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers 
black, with a gloss of steel-blue externally; head glossy oil-green 
separated from the mantle by a distinct purple hind neck • sides 
of face and ear-coverts dark glossy green; entire throat purple, 

21 . CALOENIS. 143 
extending on to the fore neck, and also shading the ckeeks ; sides of 
neck purple ; remainder of under surface from the fore neck downwards 
dark glossy green, a little more dingy on the abodomen, thighs, 
and under tail-coverts : " iris red " (A. B. Wallace). Total length 
7*7 inches, oilmen 0-65, wing 3-9, tail 2-3, tarsus 0-8. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, hut with a slight 
purplish gloss on the head. Total length 7'3 inches, culmen 0*65, 
wing 3*9, tail 2-3, tarsus 0*75. 

Young. Browner than the adults with a slight green gloss ; below 
dull white, with broad blackish streaks; sides of body uniform dull 
brown : " iris red " (A. JR. Wallace). 

Hah. Sumbawa, Mores, Timor, Lombock. Probably in Southern 
Celebes (cf. Meyer^ I. c). 

a. 5 ad. sk. E. Timor. Wallace Coll. 
6, c. Ad. et juv. sk.
d. Imm. sk.
e. $ ad. sk.
/ . d ad sk.
g. Juv. sk. 
Timor. 
Timor (A. R. Wallace), 
Lombock {A. R. Wallace). 
Lombock. 
Flores. 
Wallace Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 
5. Calornis chalybea. 

Turdus chalybeus, Horsf. Tram. Linn. Soc. xiii. p, 148 (1820). 
Turdus strigatus, JEorsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 148 (1820). 
Lanius insidiator, Raffl. t c. p. 337 (1820). 
Lamprotornis cantor, Mull. Verh. Land-en Volkenh. p. 174 (1839-44); 


Bp. Consp. i. p. 416 (1850); Lioht. Nomencl. p. 53 (1854). 
Lamprotornis chalybeus, Eyton, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 103. 
Calornis cantor, Myth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 306 (1844), xix. 

p. 225 (1850); id. Cat B. Mus. As. Soc. p. Il l (1849); Scl. 
P. Z. S. 1863, p. 218; Stoliczha, J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. p. 326 
(1870); Walden, Ibis, 1871, p. 176. 
Calornis affinis, A. May, X A. S. Beng. xv. p. 30 (1846); Blyth,t.c. 

p. 369; id. op. cit. xix. p. 225 (1850); id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. 
p. Il l (1849); Gray, Iland-l B. ii.p. 27, no. 6381 (1879); Blyth 
<§• Wold. B. Burm. p. 91 (1875); Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 40; Hume, 
Str. F. 1877, p. 38. 
Calornis panayensis, pt., Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 327 (1846); Motley fy 

Dillio. Nat. Hist. Labium, p. 56 (1856). 
Lamprotornis affinis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 416 (1850). 
Lamprotornis insidiator, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 201 (1850). 
Calornis chalybea, Horsf. $ Moore, Cat B. Mus. B.I. Co. ii. p. 543 

(1856) ; Moore, P. Z. '$. 1859, p. 445 ; Gray, IIand4. B. ii. p. 26 
no. 6374 (1870); Wald. Trans. Z. S. viii. p. 80 (1872); Salvad. 
Uce. Born. p. 271 (1874) ; Blyth # Wald. B. Burm. p. 91 (1875); 
Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 45, 1877, p. 21; Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 318; 
Hume 8f Davison, Sir. F. 1878, p. 394; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, pp. GQ, 
106; Nichols. Ibis, 1879, p. 170; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 345; id. 
Ibis, 1879, p. 262; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genoo. xiv. p. 238 
(1879); Kelham, Ibis, 1881, p. 519; Mahals. Ibis, 1882, p. 62; 
Vorderm. N. T. Nederl Ind. xliii. p. 189 (1884); Buttik. Notes 
Leyden Mus. ix. p. 71 (1887). 

Calornis insidiator, Walden, Ibis, 1872, p. 381. 
Aplonis cantor, Snellem. Exped. Midden-Sumatra, Vogels, p. 43 (1884). 
Calornis irwini, Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 481 (1873). 


STURNID^E. 

1 14 

Adult male. General colour above glossy steel-green, a purple 

.shade being with, difficulty distinguished; lesser and median coverts 

like the back, the latter black, broadly edged with glossy green; 

greater coverts and bastard-wing black, washed externally with 

glossy groon ; primary-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers black, exter


nally glossed with dull steel-green, slightly varied with purplish; 

crown of head glossy steel-green, the feathers of the occiput and 

nape somewhat lanceolate; lores velvety black, extending to the 

base of the nostrils and below the eye; feathers round eye, sides of 

Dice, ear-coverts, checks, and under surface of body glossy steel-

green like the upper surface, a trifle duller on the abdomen and under 

tail-coverts; under wing-coverts and axillaries black, edged with 

steel-green or bluish green ; quills below black, a little browner 

along the inner edge. Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 

3*9, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-9. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 7 inches, cul


men 0*75, wing 3*75, tail 2*45, tarsus 0*8. 

Young. Nearly uniform dark brown above, slightly mottled with 

greenish-black spots at the end of some of the feathers; wing


covcrts like the back; the greater series, bastard-wing, primary-

coverts, and quills blackish, externally edged with pale brown ; 

tail-feathers blackish, browner on the inner web; head brown like 

the back, as also the sides of the face, the cheeks streaked with 

white; under surface of body dull white, streaked with blackish 

brown, more broadly on the flanks; the throat more dingy brown, 

streaked with black. 

The adult plumage is gained by a complete moult, but before this 

commences there seems to be some accession of gloss on many of 

the feathers, especially of the head. 

So complete is the transition between 0. clicdyhea and C. affinis 
of Tippora, that I have been unable to separate them. Typical birds 
from Java, Sumatra, or Malacca have very little of the bronzy purple 
gloss on the underparts, which is always more or less distinct 
in C. affinis; but the Tenasserim specimens are thoroughly intermediate, 
and it is impossible to find where the range of either form 
ends in the Burmese provinces. 

The following is the length of wing in a series of birds from 
different localities:—Tipperah (4*2), Dacca (4*3), Cachar (4*25) 
Tavoy (4*0-4*15), Tea (4*15), Pakchan (4*0), Malawoon (3-8-4-2)! 
JBankasoon (3-86-4-05), Tonka (3-85), Salang (3*85), Klang (3-8 , 
Singapore (3*8), Sumatra (3-75-3*9), Java (3*7-3*9), Sarawak (3*6), 
Sibu (3*8-3*9). v y 

In fact all the subspecies included under C. clicdyhea might well 
be united, but to do so seemed to me to suppress some interesting 
facts as regards geographical races, for the differences between them 
though very slight, are found along with a certain difference of 
habitat. 

Hah. Prom Tipperah and Dacca to Cachar (<7. affinis); Tenasserim 
Provinces (here intermediate). Throughout the Malayan Peninsula 
to Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. 

21 . CALOENIS. 
«-<?. Ad. sk. 

/ . Ad.sk. 
ff- Ad. sk. 
h *. Ad. ; k, I 

Imm. sk. 
»*. 6 ad. sk. 


n. S ad. sk. 
o~r. g ad.; s. $ 

ad. sk. 
M-d1? ad.sk. 
«?, a?, d ad. sk. 
A'~cf. d; <F. $ 

ad. sk. 

e'-o'. $ ad. etjuv.; 
p'-x'. 5 ad. et 
juv. 

/-«. d; ifl-e. $ ad. 
f- Ad. sk. 
7? 0. d ad. sk. 

t-ff. d ad. et juv.; 
p, cr. $ ad. 
r, v. d ad ; <£. $ 

ad. sk. 
X? ^- ? juv. sk. 
«-f'. d ad. j T?', (9', 

*'. g ad.; K. d 
juv. sk. 
\'~CB\ dad. et juv.; 
«-£ 2 ad. etjuv. 

o-k\ d acl. etjuv.; 
lr-iv'. 5 ad. et 
juv. 

x\ <$ ad. sk. 
I/7. <$ ad. sk. 
/ . Ad.; a"-c". 

Imm. sk. 
<Z", e". 6 ? imm.; 
/"-{". Pull. sk. 
k -m". Ad. sk. 

w", o". d1 S ad.; 

|/f. $ juv. sk. 
q". Juv. sk. 
r"~/3. 6 ad. et 

juv.; g*-r\ ? 
ad. et juv. sk. 
sz. J ad. sk. 

t3 

. Juv. sk. 
w3. Ad. sk. 
v«-y\ S ad.; z% 

aK $ ad. sk. 
VOL. XIII. 

Tipperah. 

Tipperah. 
Dacca. 
Cacliar. 

Yea, Tenasserim, April 3,1874 

( W. Damson). 
MeetaMyo, April 21,1874 (W. 
Tavoy, April 1874 {W. D.). 

Mergui, Jan. 28,1875 ( W. D.).
Pakckan, Jan. 1875 ( W> D.\
Bankasoon, April, June, Dec.

(IF. D.). 
Malewoon, Jan., April (W.
£>.). 

Malewoon, Jan., Feb.
Cambodia (Mouhot).
Copak, Malay Peninsula, Jan.

19,1879 (/. Darling). 
Kossouni, May-July (J. D.).

Tonka, Jan. 31, 1879 (J. D.).

Tapraw, April 15,1879 (J. D.).
Taroar, Feb. 1879 (J. D.).

Salang, Feb., March (J. D.).

Ding Ding River, Feb. 25 1879

(W. Davison). 
Klang, Salangore, Jan., March,
July, Aug. (W.D.). 

Langhat, April 10,1877( W.D.).
Malacca.
Malacca (Dr. Cantor).

Malacca, Aug. 1873 {%. G.
W.R). 
Malacca, Sept. 1875 ( W. Davison). 


Pulo Seban, Oct., Nov. (IF

D.). 

Singapore.
Singapore, Jan., Feb., Aug.-
Nov. (W. Davison). 
Acheen, Sumatra, Feb. 1,1871(IF. £>.)• 

Sumatra.
Sumatra (Carl Bock).
Siedjoendjoeng, Sumatra, Oct.

1878 (Carl Book). 

Hume Coll. 

(Types of 0. irwini.) 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


 Hume Coil. 

 Oates Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hum* Coll. 


 Hume Coll 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 
India Museum. 


 Tweeddale Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Gould Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


 Hume Coll. 

 Wallace Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

STUBKIDJS. 

146 
IndiaMn&eum. 


Java (Horsfteld).

b\ cK $ ad. sk. 

(Types of the species.) 
India Museum. 

Java {Horsfield).

d\ $ juv. sk 

(Type of T. strigatm.) 
" TVeeddale Coil. 

<?4.Ad. ;/4. Imin. sk. Java. 

Salvin-Gudman 

g\ hK 8 ? ad.; *', Java (Z*tYfe» Museum). 

CoIL 

hK 8 $ juv. sk. 

F. Nicholson, Esq. 
l\mK Ad.'; nK W. Java. 

-P.l 

Imm. sk. 

Wallace Coll. 

o4. c? ad. sk. E. Java. 

Tweeddale Cull. 

p1. Ad.; qK Imm. Billiton. 
sk. 


r\ Ad. sk. Borneo (Rajah Brooke). 
Gould Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 


a1-^1. $ ad sk. Sarawak. 

TweerMak Cd l 

o^. $ ad. sk. Sarawak {A. R. Wallace). 

Tweeddale Coll. 

wK Ad. sk. 

Belidah, Sarawak, Dec. o, 1869 

(A. H Everett).
#4 
Tweeddale Coll. 

. 2 juv. sk. 

Sabu, Sarawak (A. Everett). 

A. Everett, Era. 
f, z\ 6 ? ad. 

Sibu Island, Dec, April. 

sk. 

a5, ¥. Ad. sk. Labuan (J. Motley). Tweeddale Coll. 
c5, d5. Ad. sk. Omadal Island, N. Borneo. Dr. MeKIiiky [IV. 

Subsp. a. Calornis tytlerL 
Calornis affinis (mc Hay)> JBeavan, Ibis, 18G7, p. #:SO; Hume, Ibi\ 

Calornis 1 
Ibis, 1870, p.'46; Hume, Str. F. 3870, p. lOfl 


Adult male. Similar to 0. chalybea, but altogether darker and 
with no sign of an oily-green gloss, the general appearance of the 
bird being a dull steel-green. Size larger than in €. rhaJifUa. 
Total length 7*6 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 4*45, tail 2-7, tarsus U*9. 

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length 
8 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 4*35, tail 2-8, tarsus 0*85. 
Young. Resembles the young of C. chalybea, being dark brown 
above, white below, broadly streaked with black. 

The Mcobar bird seems to be even larger than that of the 
Andamans, a male from Car Ficobar measuring 4*7 inches in the 
wing. 

Hab. Andaman Islands and Nicobars. 

a-e, $ ad. et S. Andamans, Feb.-April f JR. G. Tweeddale Coll 

W. JR.).
juv. 
7i. 8 pv. sk. S. Andamans (JK. J. W£m~ Hume Cull 
berley). 
I tf ad. sk. Port Blair, S. Andamans, July Hume Coll 
4, 1873 (JR. J. Wimberletf). 

k. 8 ad. • I Juv. sk. Macpheraon's Straits, March 1873 Hume Coll. 
(W. Davison), 
m.m 6 ad;.; n, o. $ Mt. Harriett, S. Andamans, Hume Ooli 
imm. sk. March 1873 ( W. Davison). 
P9 %* 6 2 a<i. sk.

r. Ad. sk
s. & ad. sk.
t 2 ad. sk.

w, v. d 2 ad. ; w.
d juv. sk.
£> !/• d 2 ad. sk

z. d ad.: a\ V'. $
ad. sk.
c'. Juv. sk.

rT, e'. d ad.; f-h'.
2 ad. skI'. 2 ad.; m\ Juv.
**k.
n'yd. di p. 2 ad.;

q. I mm. sk.
r. Ad. bk.
s. 2 ad. sk.
t'7 ti7 r. d ad.; w'.
2 ml ; x'. Juv.
sk. 

y'-b^t^d^eP.Juy.

skf~. $ ad. sk.

21 . CALOEKIS, 
Port Mouat, S. Andamans, April

1873 ( W* Davison), 
Nicobars. 
Camorta, Nicobars, Feb. 7, 1873

( W. Davison). 
Camorta, Nicobars, Dec. 1873 (i£.
J. Wimberley). 
Katcbull Island, Mcobars, March 
1873 ( JF. Davison). 
Bompoka Island, Nicobars, Jan.,
March 1873 (W. Davison). 
Great Nicobar, March 13, 1873

 ( W. Davison), 
Great Nicobar, April 10, 1876
(J. M. de JRoepstorf). 
Nancowry Island, Nicobars, Feb. 
9,1873 ( W. Davison). 
Nancowry Island, Nicobars, Feb., 
Dec. (It. J. Wimberley). 
Trinkut Island, Nicobars, Jan., 
Dec. (JR. J. Wimberley). 
Trinkut Island, Nicobars, Feb.
23, 1873 (JF. Davison). 
Kondul Island, Nicobars, March14,1873 (TF. Davison). 
Kondul Island, Nicobars, March 
13, 1873 (W. Davison). 

 Car Nicobar, Jan., March (W. 
Davison). 


 Car Nicobar, March 19, 1873

(W. Davison). 
Hume Coll. 

 India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Oates Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Oates Coll. 

Subsp. j3. Calornis altirostris. 

Calornis altirostris, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) iv. p. 553 
(1887). 

Similar to 0. chalybea, but darker, larger, and easily distinguished 
by its stouter and much higher bill: " bill black ; feet clear green; 
iris red " (Modbjliaai). (Salvaclori.) 

Hah. Island of Nias, near Sumatra. 
This race, which I have never seen, will require careful comparison 
with the Nicobar Calornis. 

Subsp. y. Calornis pauayensis. 
Le Petit Merle ou Muscicien de lisle Panay, Sonn. Voy. N. Guin. 

p. 115, pL 73 (1771)). 
Mubcicapa panayensis, Scop. Del JElor. et Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 96 
(1783). 
Le Merle des Colombiers, Month. Hist. Nat Ois. iii. p. 381 (1775). 
Songster Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 50 (1783). 
Pigeon Thrush, Lath. t. c. p. 64 (1783). 
Tardus columbinus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 836 (1788). 
Tardus cantor, Gm. S. N. i. p. 837 (1788); KMl. Kupf. Tog. ii. 

p. 
11, pL 5. % 1(1832). 
L 2 
STURNIDJ3. 

Ms 

Lamprotornis panayensis, Cab. Mits. Bein. Th. i. p. 200 (1850). 
Calorms panavensis, Gray, Iland-l, B. ii. p. 20, no. 6373 (1870); 
Waiden tf lai/ard, Ibis, 1872, p. 07j Walclen, Trans. Z. S. viii. 

1879, p. 72 j tiharpe, Ibis, 1884, p. 321; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 
l«ssi», p. 10:J; tihurpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 203; JBlusius, Oniis, 1888, 

p. 3Jr>. 
(Worms eolumbina, 6-Vw/, Hand-l B. ii. p. 27, n. 0384 (1870). 
yi^/V/ wmk. Very similar to O. elialybea, but decidedly more oily 
given, .somewhat bronzy below, and with more or less of a bronzy 
purplish shade on the throat and fore neck: "bill and feet black; 
iris vermilion-rodv (A. Everett). Total length 7*7 inches culmen 
0*7">, wing 4'25, tail 2*75, tarsus 0*1)5. 

Ad (lit female. Similar to the male. Total length 7*4 inches, 
culmen 0*85, wing 4-15, tail 2-8, tarsus 0*9. 
Hab. Philippine Islands. 

a, b. Ad. • c. Juv. 
Philippines. Guming Coll. 

si. 
d $ ad. sk. Luzon, Jan. 1872 (A.B. Meyer). Tweeddale Coll. 
c 2 ad.'•>f. 2 juv. Cebu, April 1872 (A. B. Meyer). Tweeddale Coll. 


toJc. 
Cebu, March 1877 (A. II Tweeddale Coll. 

tj, h. <$ 2 ad. sk. Everett). 
Nogros, March 1872 (A. B. Tweeddale Coll. 


i. 2 
ad. sk. Meyer). 
Diimaguete, Aug. 1877 (A. II Tweeddale Coll. 
k, I, (S ad. sk. Everett). 

m. 2 ad. sk. Panay, Jan. 1875. Prof. Steere [0.1 
n, rf ad. sk. Amparo, 8. Leyte, Aug. 1877 Tweeddale Coll. 
(A. II. Everett). 
o-q. <$ ad. sk. 
Oamigiun. of

Voy. II.M.S. 

* Challenger.5 
*') s> <S 2 ad. sk. Nipah Island, July 1877 (A. IT. Tweeddale Coll. 
Everetfy. 
t, u. $ 2 ad. sk. N. Bohol, Oct. 1877 {A. H. Tweeddale Coll. 
Everett).
». «*. <? $ ad. sk. JSurigao, May 1877 (A. II 

Tweeddale CoU. 

Everett). 

x. Ad. ; ?/. 8* juv. 
Zamboanga, March 1878 (A. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

sk. 
II. Everett). 

a. 2 ad. sk. 
Basilan, May 1878 (A. II 
Tweeddale CoU. 

Everett).

a'i 6 juv, sk. 
Palawan. 

Prof. Steere f C.1 

b', C. %rf 2 ad. sk. 
Palawan, Jan., Dec. (A. H. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Everett). 

Subsp. d. Calornis neglecta. 

(Worms neglecta, Walden, Tram. Z. 8. viii. p. 79 /1872). j/ w 
Mu, 1870, p. 134; id! Abhandl Vegel-delpt ftS^) 7d 
Mz. nut. Gesellseh. < J**,' Dresden, 1884, Abtn. i p. 48 Blasius 
Zeitsehr. ges. Orn. Hi. p. 124 (1886). p ' vastus, 

21 . CAL0KNIS. 
140 
Adult (type of species). Similar to 0. chahjbea, but with a 

slightly longer tail. Total length 8 inches, culmen 0-85, wiug 4-1, 

tail 3, tarsus 0-05. 

Eah. Celebes. 

«. Ad. sk. Celebes. Tweocldale Coll. (Type 

of species.) 

b-Ad- sk- Celebes. Tweocldale Toll. 

c 
d ad. sk. Celebes. T)r. A. B. Meyer (0.1 

& Juv. sk. N. Celebes. Tweeddale Coll. 

e. Ad.; / . Juv. sk. Menado, N. Celebes. Tweeddale Coll. 
f/~i Ad.; h. Juv. sk. Menado, N. Celebes. Gould Coll. 
6. Calornis snlaensis. 
Calornis obscura, var., Wallace, P. Z. S. 18(>2, pp. ;)%,% >US. 
Calornis neglecta, pt., Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 40 (nee Wakl). 

Adult. Similar to 0. cliahjhea bub with the tail perceptibly 
lengthened, and the plumage duller and more bronzy: " iris red " 

(A. B. Wallace). Total length 9-3 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 4-2, 
tail 3*65, tarsms 0*95. 
When I reviewed the genus Calornis in 1876, 1 took for granted 
that the Sula Island species was the same as the Celobeau bird ; but 
I find now that they are distinct, the form from the Sula Islands 
having a much longer tail than O. chalybea or any of its subspecies, 
resembling in this respect the C. nutallka group. 

Bob. Sula Islands. 

a, b. Ad. * c. Juv. sk. Sula Islands. Wallace Coll. 

7. Calornis sanghirensis. 
Calornis 
sanghirensis, Salvad. Ann. Mas. Civic. Gonov. ix. p. (50 
(1879); Meyer, Sitz. nat. Gesellsch. l IsisJ Dresden, 1884, Abth. 

i. p. 48. 
Adult Similar to C. sulaensis, but distinguished by its larger 
size and enormous bill. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1*03, wing 
4*6, tail 3*4, taisus 0*95. 

Bab. Sanghir Islands. 

a. Ad. • b. Juv. sk. Sanghir Islands (A. B. Meyer). Tweeddale Coll. 
9. Calornis obscura. 
Lamprotornis obscura, Bp. Consp. I j>. 417 (1850, ex^Forsten, MSS. 
inMus. Zuyd.) ; Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 174 (1805). 
Calornis okscura, Gray, P. Z. S. 1800, p. ^55; Wall. P. Z. S. 180:*, 

p. 32 j Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 20, no. (W80 (1870) ; 11 alden, 
Trans. Z. 8. viii. p. 80 (1872); Salvad. Ann. Mm. CIVIC. Genoo. 
viii. p. 880 (lh70); Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 40; Eobenb. Malay. 
Arch. p. 895 (1879); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Gonov. x\i. p. 194 
(1880); id. Orn. Papuatiu etc. ii. p. 454 (1881)* id. Ibis, 1686, 
Calornis' mysolensis, Gray, JP. Z. S. 1801, p. 431; Wallace, P. Z. S. 

150 
STUEJSTI3>^E. 

1862, p. 343; Gray, Hand~l B. ii. p. 27, no. 6300 (1570); Wald. 

Trans. Z. S. viii. p. SO (lb72) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1876. p. 47. 
Calornis placidus, Gray, MSS.; Wall. P. Z. S. 1802, p. 343. 
Lamprotornis mysolenbis, Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 174 (ISb'o). 
Calornis crassirostris, Wald. Trans. Z. S. viii. p. 80 (1872) ; S'karpe, 

Ibis, 1870, p. 46. 
Adult male. Dull glossy steel-green both above and below, the 
tail long and strongly graduated; wings and tail black, the feathers 
externally blue-black. Total length 10*5 inches, culmen U*S, wing 
4*45, tail 4*5, tarsus 0*9. 
Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 9 inches, culmen 
0-85, wing 3*05, tarsus 0*9. 
Young More dusky than the adults, and very broadly streaked 
with greenish black below. 
Bob. Molucca Islands; Gilolo or Halmahera, Ternate. Morotai 
or Morty Island, Batchian, Obi, Bourou, Ceram, Amboina, Wuigiou. 
Mysol. 

a~e. Ad. sk. Gilolo. Wallace Coll. 
d, e. Ad. sk. Morty Island. Wallace Coll. 
/, g, h. Ad.; i, k. Batchian. Wallace Coll. 

Juv. sk. 
I Ad.; m. Imm. Batchian (A. Ii. Wallace). Tweeddale Coll. 
sk. 


n. 
J ad. sk. Batchian, Aug. 3,1801 (Dr. Sal vin-Godman Coll. 
Bermtein). 
o. tf ad. sk. Meamon Island. Wall ice Cull. {T\p»* 
of C. placid at.) 
p. Ad. sk. Bourn. 
Wallace Coll. 
q. Ad. • r. Juv. sk. Ceram. 
Wallace Coll. 
s. Ad. sk. E. Ceram. 
"Wallace Coll. 
t. 2 a&-s^- Amboyna, Feb. 5,1804 (von Sal vin-Godman Coll. 
Ilosenberg). 
u. 
<$ ad. sk. Mysol. Wallace Coll. (Type 
of C. mysoltnm.) 
v. Juv. sk. Mysol. Wallace Coll. 
to. Ad.; x. Juv. sk. Salawatti. Wallace Coll. 
y. Ad. sk. "Ku&hai/1 
M. Verreaux. 
z. 
Ad. sk. ? Tweeddale Coil. 
(Type of O. crassirostris.) 
9. Calornis gxandis. 
Stourne fulvipenne, Eomlr. # Jacg. Toy. Pole Sud. Atlas, pi. xh. 
fig. 2 (1844). tl 
Lamprotornis fulvipennis (nee Swains.), Jacq. ei Pack. Voy. Pole. SmL 
texte, iii. p. 81 (18-33} $ Sol. P. Z. S. lbfiU, p. 118. 
Lamprocorax fulvipennis, Bp. C. E. xxxvii. p. 830 (1853); Salvatl 
Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xvi, p. 195 (18S0). 

Calornis fulvipennis, Gray, Cat. B. Prop. Id. Padf. Ocean, p. 25 
(1859) j Sel. P. Z. S. 1809, p. 124; Gray, Iland-l B. ii. p! 27, 
no. 0392 (1870), ' l f 

Stumoides fulvipennis, Ramsay, Proe. Linn. Soc. K S. W iv p 70 
(1879). * l 
Lamprocorax grandis, Salvad. Orn. Papuasia etc. ii. p. 400 (18sl) * 

Grant, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 198. 
V J' 

21 . CALOKNTS. 
151 
Adult male. General colour above black with a green gloss 
slightly shading into purple on the mantle, upper back, and scapu 
lars ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts more decidedly 
glossy green ; wing-coverts like the back; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and secondary quills black, washed externally with glossy 
green; primaries light brown, blackish brown at the ends and at 
the base of the outer web; tail-feathers black, glossed with green 
externally; crown of head, nape, and hind neck more purple than 
the back, the feathers long and lanceolate; sides of face, ear-coverts, 
cheeks, throat, and fore neck also glossy purple; the feathers of the 
throat, sides of neck, and fore neck lanceolate; breast and abdomen, 
sides of body, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts glossy green ; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries black, with glossy green edges : 
quills below pale reddish isabelline with blackish ends: " bill and 
feet black ; iris red" (0. M. Woodford). Total length 10-5 inches, 
culmen 1-05, wing 5*6, tail 4, tarsus 1-3. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length 10 
inches, culmen 0*95, wing 5-55, tail 3-85, tarsus 1-25. 

Hah. Solomon Islands. 
a, b. $ $ ad. sk. Aola, Guadalcanal May, C. M. Woodford, Esq. 
July. [0.]. 
c, d. <$ $ ad. sk. JB'auro. C. M. Woodford. Esq. 
[0.]10. 
Calornis minor. 

Sturnoid.es minor, Ramsay, Proo. Linn. 8oc. iV. 8. Wales, vi. p. 726 
(1882) • id. op. pit. vii. p. 26 (1883). 
Lamprocorax ? minor, Salvad, Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xviii. p. 42G 

(1882) ; id. Orn. Papuasia etc. iii. App. p. 500 (1882). 
Calornis fulvipennis, Tristram, Ibis, 1882, p. 137 {nee Jactj. et Puck). 
Sturnoides (Lamprotornis) minor, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. 

Wales, vii. p. G68 (1883). 
Lamprocorax minor, Sharpe in GouWs B. Netv Guinea, part 23 
(1886) *. 
Adult male. Similar to 0. grandis, but much smaller. Black, 
with a purplish-blue gloss ,* green on the head, neck, and mantle, 
throat and breast, the feathers with a glossy centre, producing 
somewhat of a streaked appearance; quills and tail brown : " bill and 
feet black ; iris scarlet" (G. E. Ekhards). Total length 8*3 inches, 
culmen 0*85, wing 4*6, tail 3-25, tarsus 1*1. 
Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length 8 
inches, culmen 0-8, wing 4*35, tail 2*8, tarsus 1*05. 
Hal. Solomon Islands. 

a. S 
ad. sk. Makira Harbour, San Ohristoval, Capt. G. E. Kichards 
Dec. 16, 1880. [0.]. 
* Plate lettered L. grandis by mistake. 
152 
STHBNIB2E. 

22. MACETJEOPSAE. 
Macruropsar, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xii. p. 345 
(1878) 2£. magnus. 

Range. Islands of Mafor and Mysori, in the Bay of Geelvink. 
KM. ftTew Guinea. 


1. Macruropsar magnus. 
Lamprotornis magnus, Schl. Xederl Tifdschr. iv. p. 18 (1673, ex Von 
Rosenb. MSS.) ; WaZden, Trans. Z. S. \iii. p. 205 (1872); llosenb. 
Malay. Arch. pp. 558, 591 (lfcTO). 

Lamprotornis major (lapsu), Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genor. xii. 

p. 345 (1878). 
Macruropsar 
magnus, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genor. xii. p. -J4-5 
(1878), xvi. p. 195 (18b0); id. Orn. Rapuada etc. ii. p. 4>> 
(1881); Sharpe in Gould!8 B. New Guima, iv. pi. 12 (1882): 
Meyer, Ahbild. Vogel-Skel. pi. Ixxxi. (lbt>5). 

Adult. Black with an oily-green gloss, the lesser wing-coverts 
like the back; median and greater coverts, bastard-wing, prima 1*3coverts, 
quills, and tail-feathers black, with an oily- green gloss on 
the outer web ; head all round, ear-coverts, sides of face, throat, 
and fore neck purplish ; rest of under surface of body dull green 
like the back. Total length 14*3 inches, culmen 0*95, wing 5, 
tail 9, tarsus 1*2. 

Hab. Islands of Misori and Mafoor in the Bay of Geelvink, X W. 
Few Guinea. 

a. S 
ad. sk. Kordo, Misori, March lb73 (Dr. A. IJ Tweeddale Coll. 
Meyer). 
23. STEEPTOCITTA. 
Type. 
Streptocitta, Bp. Consp. i. p. 382 (1850) S. albicollis. 
Range. Confined to Celebes. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Bill entirely black 
torquata, p. 152. 
b. Bill black, with a yellow tip 
albicollis, p. 153. 
1. Streptocitta torquata. 
Garrula torquata, Temm. Pi Col. ii. pi. 444 (1828). 
Pica torquata, Gray, ZTand-l. B. ii. p. 11, no. 01^0 (1870). 
Streptocitta torquata, Walden, Trans. Z. S. tin. p. 70 (1874) ; 


Bruggem. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, v. p. 77 (1870); Met/en 
Ibis, 1879, pp. 133, 146; id. Abbild. Vogel-Skel pi. xxv. (!tefc2) ; 
Blasius, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. ii. p. 290, Tat", xiii. fig. 2 (1^5). 

Adult. General colour above glossy blue-black, with a slight 
purplish reflexion; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median 
coverts black like the rest of the wing, with glossy purplibh-bhie 

24. OHABUOBJNTS. 
153 

margins, these being scarcely visible on the greater coverts; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers black, slightly 
washed with glossy bine externally; crown and nape, lores, sides 
of face, cheeks, and ear-coverts glossy purplish black, the feathers 
somewhat scaly in appearance; upper throat also purplish black; 
lower throat, fore neck, and chest white, extending in a broad 
collar over the sides of the neck and round the hind neck; remainder 
of under surface of body glossy blue-black, with a slight gloss of 
steel-green; under wing-coverts black, with narrow purplish-bine 
edgings ; quills blackish brown below. Total length 20 inches, 
culmen 1-15, wing 5*85, tail 11*5, tarsus 1*35. 

Hob. Northern Celebes and Togian Islands. 

a. Ad. sk. Celebes. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Menado. Gould Coll. 
c, d. Ad. sk. Menado. Hume Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Menado. Wallace Coll. 
/, g, h. Ad. sk. Menado. Tweeddale Coll. 
2. Streptocitta albicollis. 
Caledonian Crow, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 116 (1801)• Gray, 

Cat B. Trop: Isl. Pacific Ocean, p. 25 (1859). 
Corvus caledonicus, Lath. Ind. Orn. Snppl. ii. p. xxv (1801). 
Pitta albicollis, Vieill. N. Diet d'Hist. Nat xxvi. j>. 128 (1818). 
Pica albicollis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 314 (1840 ; id. Iland-L -B. ii. 

p. 1], no. 6179(1870). 
Streptocitta albicollis, Bp. Consp. i. n. 382 (1850); Wall. Ibis, 1859, 
p. 113 ; Blasius, Zettschr. qes. Orn. ii. p. 296, Taf. xiii.fig. 1 (1885); 
id. op. cit iii. pp. 118,119 (1886). 
Streptocitta 
caledonica, Walden, Trans. Z. S. viii. p. 75 (1872); 
Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 133,1880, p. 249. 

Adult female. Similar to $. tor quota, but differing in the yellow 

tip to the bill: " bill black, the tip yellow • feet black; iris brown " 

(Platen). Total length 19 inches, culmen 1, wing 5*7, tail 12, 

tarsus 1*35. 

Hal. South Celebes. 

a. Ad. sk. 
Makassar. Wallace Coll. 
b. $ ad. sk. Makassar. Wallace Coll. 
24. CHAUITOENIS. Type 
Oharitomis, Schl. N. T. D. iii. p. 1, pi. 8 (1865) C. altortino) 

Range. Confined to the Sula Islands in the Moluccas. 

1. Charitoriiis albertinse. 
Charitornis albertinse, Schl. N. T. D. iii. p. 1, pi. 8 (1865). 
Eulabes albertinse, Gray, Iland-l B. ii. p. 19, no. 6277 (1870). 

Adult General colour above glossy greenish black, with a very 
faint purple gloss ; lessor and median wing-coverts like the back • 

STTX&NTDiE. 

remainder of wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers black, washea 

with stccl-grecn on the edges ; crown of head, entire hind neck, and 

under surface of the body white ; the chin and upper throat, cheeks, 

lores, sides of face, and all the region above and behind the eye, 

including the greater part of the ear-coverfcs, bare, the skrn corru


gated ; lower flanks, lower abdomen, thighs, and under tan-coverts 

black glossed with green, as also the under "wmg-coverts and axil


laries ; a white feather near the edge of the under greater coverts: 

quills black below. Total length 18 inches, culmen 1-25, wing o-8, 

tail 10-5, tarsus 1-4. 

Hah. 
Sula Islands. 

CL Ad. sk. Sida Islands. Leyden }Iu*eun^ 

25. LAMPEOTOENIS * 
^ 
Lamprotornis, Temm. Man. dOrn. i. p. lv (1820) L. caudatus. 
Jidda, Less. Traite £0m. p. 407 (1831) L. caudatus. 
Urauges, Cab. Mus. Kern. Th. i. p. 200 (1850) L. caudatus. 

Range. North-east, East, and "West Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. "With the crown of head and throat bronzy, the 
former forming a dibtinct cap. 
a'. Flanks steel-blue, as also the under tail-
coverts ; back and breast glossy oil-green. . caudatus, p. 154. 
b'. Flanks violet or reddish purple, as well as 
the under tail-coverts; hind neck and 
mantle more or less violet and purple ... . 27orp7ii/roptenis,TpA~>ti. 

b. With the crown and throat glossy steel-blue or 
violet; not bronzy. 
c'. Throat and chest steel-blue j head violet, 
steel-blue on the forehead; back steel-
blue with violet gloss wievesi, p. 157. 


d'. 
Throat and chest reddish purple; crown 
and back reddish purplish or violet ... . purpureus, p. 158. 


1. Lamprotornis caudatus. 
Le Merle vert a longue queue de Senegal, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 13, 
pi. 81. fig. 1 (1700); Baubent. PL JSnl iv. pi. 220. 

Le Vert Dor6, Month. Hist. Nat Ois. iii. p. 3(39 (1775) ; Levaill. Ois. 
d'Afr. ii. p. 146, pi. 87 (1800): Sunder Crit. om Lemttl p. S3 
(1857). F 

* STURNUS SPLENDENS, Baud. 
L'Edatant, Levaill Ois. d'Jfr. ii. p. 142, pi. 85 (1800) : Sundev. CriL om 
Levaill. p. 33 (1857). 
Sturnua splendens, Mud. Traits, ii. p. 309 (1800), 
Tardus splendidus, Vieill N. Diet. d'Bist. Nat. xx. p. 200 (1818). 
Juida splendens, Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 23, no. 0327 (1870). 
The type of Leyaillanfs figure still exists at Leyden, and is declared by 
SuiiclevaU to be composed of the body of Quiscalus macrurus, with the shortened 
tail of the Common Magpie ! 

25. LAMPBOTOBfflS. 
155 

Turdus caudatus, P. L. S. Milll S. N. Suppl. p. 144 (1776); Cass. 

Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 251. 

Glossy Thrush, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii.pt. i. p. 57 (1783). 

Turdu* longicaudus, BocM. fall. PI Mil p. 13 (1783). 

Turdus aBneus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 818 (1788). 

Sturnus ameus, Battel Traiti, ii. p. 310 (1800). 

Corpus aureoviridis, Shaw, Gen. Zool Tii. p. 37G, pi. 40 (1809). 

Lamprotomis aenea, Temm. Man. cVOrn. i. p. lvi (1820); Riipp. 

Syst. Uebers. p. 75 (1845); Hartl. Dm. W.-Afr. p. 115 (1857J ; 

id. J.f 0. 1859, p. 9; Bolmi, P. Z. S 1866, p. 331; Heual Orn. 

N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 509 (1870), iv. App. p. exxv (1871); 'Sharpe, 

Ills, 1671, p. 57; Hartl. Abhandl. not. Ver. Bremen, iv. p. 44 

(1875); JRochehr. Faune Seneg., Ois. p. 228 (1884) ; Hartert, 

J.f. 0.1886, p. 586. 
Juida asnea, Less. Traite, p. 407 (1831) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 320 
(184G); Bp. Consp. i. p. 414 (1850); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 170 
(1807); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 23, no. 6322 (1870). 

Lamprotomis longicauda, Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 148, pi. 7 (1837). 
Lamprotomis (Juida) seneus, Heugl Syst. Uebers. p. 36 (1856). 
Uiauges seneus, Cab. Mm. Hein. Th. i. p. 200 (1850). 
Juida eytoni, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 368; Heugl J.f 0. 1863, 

p. 22,1804, p. 257 ; Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 23, no. 0325 (1870). 
Adult. Mantle and back glossy oil-green; lower back, rump, and 
upper tail-coverts glossy steel-blue and purple, the feathers sub-
terminally spotted with velvety black; scapular feathers glossy 
green, with, a subterminal mark of velvety "black; the lesser and 
median wing-coverts similarly marked; greater coverts, bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills glossy steel-green, with blue 
reflexions, and having the appearance of being barred with black 
under certain lights, the secondaries bluish near the ends; tail-
feathers reddish purple with somewhat of a bronzy gloss, and more 
or less shaded with violet reflexions, with blackish bars under 
certain lights; crown of head metallic bronze, as also the sides of 
the face and throat, the latter slightly spangled with golden bronze, 
the lower throat becoming deep steel-green with a subterminal 
shade of blue, and shading off into oil-green on the fore neck and 
breast; the lower breast and abdomen purple with a coppery gloss, 
the sides of the body glossed with blue; thighs and abdomen steel-
blue with a slight violet shade; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
steel-green, slightly shaded with blue; quills below black: " bill 
and feet black; iris sulphur-yellow" (Hartert). Total length 
18 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 6*7, tail 11-5, tarsus 1-55. 

The t}7pe of L. eytoni measures:—Total length 19*3 inches, culmen 

0*95, wing 7*8, tail 13*5, tarsus 1-5. 

Hartlaub and 1 on Heuglin both assert that L. eytoni is nothing 

but a variety of L. caudatus, and that both forms are found together, 

and that intermediate specimens occur. I have not seen the 

slightest sign of this in the series examined by me; but as both 

forms occur in the same localities, it is best to unite them at present, 

though the steel-blue plumage of L. eytoni is very different from 

the oil-green plumage on the back and breast of L. caudatus. 

Hah. Western and North-eastern Africa. 

156 STTJBNmcE. 
a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk. 
Senegal. 
Goree (Mus. Lisb.). 
Shelley Coll. 
Skarpe Coll. 
c. & Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk. 
Fantee (&. 7. Cfofor). 
West Africa. 
Shelley Coll. 
Eyton Coll. 
(Type of L. egtoni.) 
f Ad. sk.
g, h Ad. sk. 
West Africa. 
West Africa. 
" Skarpe Coll. 
Purchased. 

2. Lamprotornis porphyropteras. 
Lamprotomis 
purpuroptera, Rupp. Si/st. Uebers. pp. 04, 75, Taf. 25 
(1845) j jftw-tf. J./. 0. I860, p. 11; JBeuffL-&frGri&US, p. 2:~ 
J3to/. 6W. <§• £oo7. .£%&?. p. 397 (lb70); Fin\ch, Tram. Z. IS. 

vii. p. 238 (1870); JS7KW-^, CVrf. 4/)". J?, p. 50(1-71); Anting 
Salvad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 127(1^73;; Hartl. Ahhaiidl. nat. Vtr. 
Bremen, iv. p. 1 (1875); Cab. J.f. 0. L-7^, p. 533; Fischer & 
Reichen. J. f. 0. 1878, p. 201; Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, 
vii. p. 100"(1881); Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Om.i. p. 330 (1^4): 
Rochebr. Faun. Seneg., Ois. p. 229 (lfe84) ; tiakad. Ann. Mm. 
Cmc. G-'tfwoy. (2) i. p. 198 (1884). 
Juida purpuroptera, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 320 (1840); id. Hand-l. B. 

ii. p. 23;no. 0324(1870). 
Lamprotornis sencoides, Temm. MSS. in Mus. Lugd., undh 
Juida aeneoides, Bp. Consp. i. p. 415 {1850). 
Urauges purpiiropteru^, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 200 (lfe50). 
Urauges porpkyropterus, Cab. 1. c., note (1850). 
Lamprotomis aeneocepkalus, Heugl%Sgbt. Uebers. p. 30 (1850). 
Lamprotornis bnrchelli (nee Smith), Heitql. 6'n/bt. Uibrrs. p. 30; id. 
J.f. 0.1867, p. 294. ^ " l ' 
Juida pkcenicophasa, Pr. Wiirtt. Kamm. 1^57, p. 432; IleugL J. f. O. 
1867, p. 294. 
Lamprotornis asneus (nee Gm.)9 Brehm, Reis. Ilabtsch, p. 210* 
(1863). 
Juida asnea, Antin. Cat. descrr. "Uce. p. GO (1804). 
Lamprotornis porpkyropterus, IleugL Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 511 

(1870), iv. App. p. exxv (1871) ; Fischer <J-Reichen. J.f 0.1S79, 

p. 349. 
Adult male. Smaller than L. caudaius^ and differing in its reddish-
purple flanks and under tail-coverts; the mantle and hind neck 
also more violet and reddish purple: " bill and feet black ; iris 
sometimes pale yellow, sometimes whitish " (HtugUu). Total length 
14 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 6S, tail 8*2, tarsus 1*7. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but the colours rather duller 
and the size smaller. Total length 14 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 6*0, 
tail 8-5, tarsus 1-55. 

Young. Much duller than the adults, dusky blackish with only a 
feeble gloss of the colours which distinguish the old birds, there 
being scarcely any gloss whatever on the under surface of the 
body. 

There is a remarkable disparity in size in a number of specimens, 
and these differences may perhaps not be altogether sexual, but 
indicate the existence of a small tropical race. Unfortunatelyhave not had a sufficient number of specimens to prove whether this 
be so or not. The example from the Bari country has the wing only 

25. LAMPROTOKNIS. 
157 

5-65 inches, and the tail is of about the same length, whereas in 
a fine specimen from Keren the wing is 6*7 inches and the tail 
8 inches. The other males have the wing from 0-G to (J-75 inches. 
A female collected by Mr. Blanford has the wing &55 inches, while 
a female obtained by Mr. Jesse at Waliko had the wing only 5-6 
inches. A specimen in the Shelley collection, obtained by the late 
Dr. Hildebrandt on the Adi River, has a coppery bronze crown, a 
steel-blue back instead of purple, no velvety spots on the scapulars, 
and the outer aspect of the wing steel-green ; on the under surface 
there is a remarkablo absence of golden copper on the breast and of 

purple on the flanks. This specimen is not in the best condition, 
but I can scarcely believe that the differences are duo to age. 

Hob. N.E. Africa, extending into Eastern and Central Africa. 

a. Ad. sk.
b,c. d $ "ad.; d. 
Keren, Bogos (Esler). 
Anseba Valley, July 1868. 
Sliarpe Coll. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
Ad. sk.
ej. S2 ad.sk. Waliko, July 1868 (W. 
[0.1Tweeddale 
Coll. 
g. <$ ad. sk.
h. Juv. sk. 
Bejook, July 13,1868 (W.
Jesse). 
Shoa (Harris). 
Tweeddale Coll. 
India Museum. 
L Ad. sk.
k J ad. sk. 
Bari Negro Country (Knoblecher). 
Lado, March 9,1879 (Emin 
Sliarpe Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
1. S ad. sk.
Pasha). 
Adi River, E. Africa, July1887 (Dr. Hildebrandt). 
Shelley Coll. 

3. Lamprotornis mevesi. 
Jidda mevesi, Wahlb.J.f. 0.1857, p. 1; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 23, 
no. 6326 (1870); Gurnet/, in Anderss. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 159 
(1875). 

Lamprotornis mevesi, Hartl. J. f. 0. 1859, p. 12; Sliarpe, Cat. Afr. 

B. p. 56 (1871) j Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, iv. p. 48 
(1875); Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 303 (1881); Sharps in Dates'1 
Matabele-Land, App. p. 317 (1881); JMubfy Von Pefa. Beitr. Orn. 
Siidafr. p. 110 (1882); Sliarpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. pp. 423, 
846 (1884); Soma, Jam. IM. xi. p. 152 (1887). 
Adult male. Very similar to L. cemdatus, but much smaller, more 
reddish purple on the lower back and rump ; the head and throat 
glossy steel-blue with a purple gloss, but no bronze ; the scapulars 
and wing-coverts without any subterminal spots of velvety black : 
"bill and feet black; iris brown" (Anchieta). Total length 13 
inches, culmen 0*75, wing 6-3, tail 7*5, tarsus 1*65. 

Young. More dusky than the adults, and with much less metallic 
plumage, the feathers on the head more steel-blue, and the back and 
wings greener, as well as the throat; the coppery bronze-colour on 
the breast also absent. 
Hab. Erom Damara I^and to the Matabele country. 

158 STTJBXIDJE. 
a, b, c. $ ad.sk. Ovaqitenyauia, Jane 1807(C. J. Andersson). 
Sharpe Coll. 
d. $ juv. sk. Nata Elver, Matabele, Dec. 5,1874 (F. Oates). 
W. G. & C. E. Oates, 
Esqs. [P.]. 

4. Lamprotornis purpureus. 
Lamprotornis 
purpurea, Bocage, Jor/i. Zish. 1807, p. 334; Finsc/i § 
llartl Vog. Ostafr. p. 382, note (1^70); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. 

p. 56 (1871} ; llartl. Abhandl. nab. Ver. Bremen, iv. p. 50 (1875); 
Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 305, pi. vii. (1851); Sharpe, ed. Bayard's 
B. S. Afr. p. 423 (18d4). 
Juida purpurea, Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 24, no. 0347 (1870). 
Adult. Similar to L. mevesi and of about* the same size, but 
entirely golden bronze with violet reflexions above: tail violet; 
head like the mantle, with no sign of steel-blue but violet; throat 
and breast reddish violet, not steel-blue or green, the breast and 
abdomen bronzy brown, not purple: " bill and feet black; iris 
brown " (AncMeta). Total length 14*2 inches, culrnen 0*85, wing 
0*1, tail 8*5, tarsus 1*6. 

Young. Pale dusky greyish, with a certain amount of violet 
shade; lores and ear-coverts more dusky; secondaries and tail-
feathers banded under certain lights; primaries dusky, pale at the 
tij)s (Bocage). 

Hob. Penguela. 

a. Ad. sk. Campangornbe (Anchiefa). Sharpe Cull. 
b, c. c$ 2 ad. sk. Eio Ghimba, July 1870 (Anchieta). Shelley Coll. 
20. CHALC0PSAE. 
Type. 
Megalopterus, Smith, Rep. S. Afr. Exped., App. p. 52 
(1836, nee Boie, 1820) L. australis. 
Range. Confined to South Africa. 

1. Chalcopsar australis. 
Megalopterns australis, Smith, Rep. S. Afr. Exped., App. p. 52 
(1830). 

Lamprotornis 
burchelli, Smith, III. S. Afr. ZooL pi. 47 (1840); 
Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, iv. p. 50 (1874); Bocage, Orn. 
Angola, p. 304 (1881) ; Sharpe, App. Oates7 Maiabele-Land, Birds, 

p. 316 (1881); Holub Sf Von Pelz. Beitr. Orn. Sudafr. p. 110 
(1882). 
Juida australis, 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 326 (1846) ; StrickL # Sclater, 
Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 149; Layard, B. 8/Afr. p. 170 (1807); 
Ay res, Ibis, 1869, p. 294; Gurney in Anderss. B, Dam.-Ld. 

p. 158 (1872). 
Juida burcnelli, Bp. Consp. i. p. 415 (1850); Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. 
p. 23, no. 0323 (1870). 
Urauges australis, Cab. Mas. Hein. i. p. 200 (1850). 
Lamprotornis australis, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 50 (1871); Buckley, 
159 

27 . COSMOPSA.ETJS. 
Ibis, 1874, p. 378; Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 265 ; Sharpe, eel Bayard's 

B. S. Afr. pp. 424, 840^(1884); Ayres, Ibis, 1880, p. 288; Symonds, 
Ibis, 1887, p. 331; Gurney, t. c. p. 331. 
Adult male. Glossy steel-green with, blue reflexions; hind neck 
rich purple ; lower back and rump violet-purple; upper tail-coverts 
steel-blue with purple ends ; wings externally steel-green, the 
secondaries bluish or purple with green margins; the inner lesser 
wiug-coverts coppery bronze washed with purple, forming a 
shoulder-spot; tail-feathers purple with violet or green reflexions; 
lores velvety black; feathers under the eye also blackish; ear-
coverts violet with a coppery bronze gloss, the feathers rather 
frizzled; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body glossy steel-
green ; centre of breast and abdomen reddish purple with a coppery 
bronze gloss; sides of body glossy purplish blue; under tail- and 
wing-coverts blackish, externally green or steel-blue ; axillaries 
violet: "bill and feet black; iris dark hazel" (T. Ayres). Total 
length 12*5 inches, culmen 1, wing 6*8, tail 5*9, tarsus 1*8. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but much smaller as 
a rule. 

Young. Much greener than the adult on the head and back, the 
purple on the hind-neck and lower back of a bluish cast; under 
surface of body dull oil-green, more bluish on the flanks, the abdomen 
without the reddish-purple or bronzy tint. 

Hob. Confined to South Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. S. Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.]. 
(Type of species.). 
b. Ad. sk. S. Africa. 
Earl of Derby [P.l 
e. Ad. sk. S. Africa. 
Edward Wilson, Esq. 
[p.]. 
d, cS ad. sk. Transvaal (T, Ayres). Shelley Coll. 

e. Ad. sk. Transvaal. ' A. Foresman, Esq. 
[P.]. 
/. <S ad. sk. Transvaal, July 8, 1873 Shelley Coll. 

(T. R Buckley). 
a. A 
ad. sk. Crocodile Kiver, Transvaal, C. G. & E. W. Oates, 
Dec. 1,1873 (F. Oates). Esqs. [P.]. 
h. Juv. sk. Makalaka Country (Dr. Brad- Shelley Coll. 
shaw). 
i. Ad. sk. Lake Ngami (Chapman). Sbarpe Coll. 
27. COSMOPSAEUS. 
Type. 
Cosmopsarus, JReichen. Orn. Centralbl 1879, p. 108 C. regius. 
Range. Confined to East Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Colours brilliant; back and wings metallic blue; 
head green; throat green; fore neck purple; 
breast and abdomen golden yellow regius, p. 100. 
b. Colours subdued; entirely brown, with a gloss of 
green on the wings and tail unicolor, p. 1(J0. 
160 STTTRISrJDJE. 

1. CosinopsaroLS r egrets. 
Cosmopsarus regius, Peichen. Orn. Ceniralbh 1871), p. 108; Fischer 
Sc Peichen. J. f. O. Ib79, p. 349, pi. i. fi$. 1; Fischer, Zeitschr. 
ges. Orn. i. p. 336 (1884); id. J.f 0. 186o, p. 132; Shelley, Ibis, 
1885, p. 411. 

Achilt. General colour above bright steel-blue, -with, slight reflexions 
of green, especially on the lower back, rump, and upper 
tail-coverts; scapulars and wing-coverts rich purpli-h blue, with a 
subterminal spot of velvety black on the median and greater wing-
coverts ; quills black, externally purplish blue, with more or less of 
violet reflexions, especially on the primaries; tail-feathers bronze. 
all but the centre ones shot with violet and blue, the outermost 
more steel-green, with a white edging; head and neck oily green, 
verging into the blue of the mantle; lores velvety black; ear-
coverts dark steel-blue, the feathers somewhat frizzled; throat 
entirely oily green, a little more steel-green than the head and sides 
of neck; the lower throat washed with steel-blue, deepening on the 
fore neck into rich steel-blue; the chest brilliant reddish purple; 
remainder of under surface of body brilliant golden yellow, including 
the thighs, under tail-coverts, and axillaries ; under wing-coverts 


dusky blackish, washed w7ith steel-blue or greenish blue: bill and 

legs black : iris white " (K Lort Phillies). Total length 14 inches, 

culmen 0*85, wing 5*3, tail 8-9, tarsus 1*:25. 

Hah. East Africa from Masai Land to the Somali country. 

a. Ad. sk. Somali Land {& Lort Phillips). Shellev Cull. 
2. Cosmopsarus unicolor. 
Cosmopsarus unicolor, Shelley, Ibis, 18sl. p. 110; id. P. Z. S. 1881, 
p. 582; Peichen. 8? Sehalow, J. f. O. lte'2, p. 22S; Bithm, J. f. O. 
1883, p. 196; Peichen, J.f. 0. 1887, p. 60. 
Adult male, General colour above brown, with a slight shade of 
oily green on the scapulars ; wing-coverts like the back, as also the 
bastard-wing; primary-coverts and quills brown, glossed with oily 
green on the inner web; primaries and tail-feathers blackish, 
glossed with green externally; centre tail-feathers entirely glossy 
green, ribbed with dusky under certain lights; head, sides of face, 
and under surface of body brown, slightly more ashy brown below ; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries like the breast; quills dusky 
blackish below: " bill and feet black* iris whitish " ( G. A. Fischer), 
Total length 11*5 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 4*9, tail 0-5, tarsus 1*3. 

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length 11 
inches, culmen 0*75, wing 4*7, tail 5*95, tarsus 1*3. 
Rah. Eastern Africa. 

a, h. Ak. sk. Ugogo (Sir J, Kirk). Shelley Coll. 
(Tvpeb of species.) 

c. S ad. sk. Saboro, Jan. 10. Dr. Fischer rC.l 
d. J a<L s&* Serian, Sept. 11. Dr. Fischer [O.]. 
28. 
AMYDEUS. 161 
28. 
AMYDRUS. rp 
Typo. 
Amydrus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 201 (1850) A. morio. 
Range. Confined to Africa. 

Key to the Sjiecies. 

a. No ashy grey on the head, which is glossy purplish 
or greenish black. [Males.] 
a\ Under surface of Body glossy purplish or blue-
Hack. 
a". Much larger: wing 5*3-6-3 inches; under 
surface blue-black. 
a"'. Dusky band at the end of the first long 
primary ill-defined, the rufous extending 
nearly to the end of the feather morio, p. 161. 

b'". Dusky end to the first long primary sharply 
defined and extending for more than one 
third of the feather blythii, p. 104. 

b". 
Much smaller: wing 5 inches; under surface 
of body glossy purplish black wall&ri, p. 164. 
b'. Under surface of body glossy dark green frater, p. 104. 

b. With ashy grey on the head. [Females.] 
c'. Hinder head and throat with black centres to the 
feathers ; rufous on second primary as in the 
male morio, p. 1631. 

d\ 
Hind head and throat uniform grey; terminal 
third of second primary entirely blackish. 
c". Head pearly grey all round; size larger; 
wing over 6 inches blythii, p. 164. 
d". Head iron-grey all round; smaller; wing 4-8 
inches walleri, p. 105. 

1. Amydrus morio. 
Le Merle du Oap de Bonne E&p6rance; B?*iss. Orn. ii. p. 309, pi. xxiii, 
fig. 2 (1760); Dauhent. JPl Enl iv. pi. 109. 
Turdus morio, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 297 (1766); Orn. Syst. Nat. i. 

p. 835 (1788); Bonn, et Vieill Eric. Meth. ii. p. 6(53 (1823). 
Le Jaunoir du Cap de Bonne EsptSrance, Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. 
p. 366 (1775). 
African Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 55 (1783). 
Le Roupenne, LevailL Ois. d'Afr. ii. p. 134, pis. 83,- 84 (1801); Stm* 
dev. Crit. om LevailL p. 33 (1857). 
Sturnus morio, Daudin, Traitt, ii. p. 307 (1800). 
Corvus rufipennis, Shaw, Gen. ZooL vii/p. 373 (1809). 
Lamprotornis morio, Lieht. Verz. Doithl. p. 18 (1823): Iiiipp. Neue 

Wirb. p. 25 (1835-40); id. Syst. Uebers. p. 75 (1845); IhugT 

Syst. Uebers. p. 37 (1856). 
Lamprotornis rutipennis, Stomas. An. in Mmag. p. 298 (1837). 
Juirta morio, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 327 (1840); Gurnet/, Ibis, 1862, 

p. 28; Laijard] B. S. Afr. p. 173 (1867); Gray, JIand-L B. ii. 
p. 25, no. 6357 (1870); Ayres, Ibis, 1879, p. 398. 
Astrapia morio, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 112 (1849). 
Spreo morio, Bp. Consp. i. p. 416 (1850). 
Amydrus morio. Cab. Mus. Hem. Th. i. p. 201 (1850); Grill, Zool. 
Anteehn. pp. lO, 37 (1859); Hartl J.f. 0.1859, p. 30; Sharpe, 

VOL. XIII. 
M 

162 STURNIDJ2. 

Cat. Aft\ B. p. 54 (1871); Hartl. Abhandl nat. Ver. Breme?i9J.Y.. 

p. 80'(1874); Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 78; ^BarraFfT^bTs, 1876, 
p. 205; Ay res, t. c. p. 433; Sharpe in Oates' Matabek-Land, A pp. 
p. 316 (1881); Hblub $ Von Pelz. Beitr. Ora. Siidafr. p. 112 
(1882) ; Butler, Feilden, $ Held, Zool 1882, p. 256 ; Shelley, 
& z S

--1§B%±JP-gQ7; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. pp. 431, 846 
(1884).™ 
Amyclrus rueppelli, Verr. in Chenu, Encycl. Meth. v. p. 160 (1856) ; 
Hartl J.f. 0. 1859, p. 31; Heugl J. f. 0. 1^63, p. 23. 1*09, 

p. 12; id. Orn. N.0.-Afi\ ii. p. 524 (1870), iv. p. cxxvi (1*71); 
Blanf. Geol $ Zool Abi/n. p. 398 (1870); Finxch. Trans. Z. S. 
vii. p. 259 (1870) ; id. $ Hartl Vb'g. Ostafr. p. 382 (1870) ; Antin. 
$ Salvad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 127 (1^73); Hartl Abhandl. nat. Ver. 
Bremen, iv. p. 91 (1874); Shelley, P. Z. S. 1^1. p. 5 S3 ; Fischer, 
J. f. 0. 1885, p. 131; Salvad. Ann. Mas. Civic Genov. (2) i. 
p. 201 (1884); Giglioli, op. cit. (2) vi. p. 28 (18=8) : Salvad. i. c. 
p. 206 (1888). 
Pyrrhocheira rueppelli, Horsf. § Moore, Cat B. Mas. E.L Co. ii. 
p. 546 (1856). 
Jidda rueppelli, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 2o, no. 6358 (1870). 
Adult male. General colour above glossy blue-black, rather duller 
on the rnmp; wing-coverts black, glossed externally with steel-
green ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish with scarcely any 
green gloss, the latter orange-chestnut on the inner web, with broad 
black tips; quills orange-chestnut, broadly tipped with black, the 
black increasing on the secondaries and the chestnut diminishing, 
the inner secondaries entirely black, glossed externally with steel-
green ; upper tail-coverts like the back ; tail-feathers black, glossed 
externally with steel-green; crown of head like the back; lores, 
sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat glossy black, but with 
rather more of a steel-green shade than the back; rest of under 
surface of body glossy blue-black, the abdomen dull blackish; the 
sides of body and flanks rather greener; thighs and under tail-
coverts blackish, with a steel-green gloss; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries blackish, with steel-green margins ; quills below chestnut, 
dusky at the ends: " bill and feet black; iris double, the inner 
circle dark brown, the outer circle crimson " (T. Ay res). Total 
length 11*2 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 5*7, tail 4*9, tarsus 1*3. 

Adult female. In general coloured like the male, but distinguished 
by the colour of the head, which is iron-grey, extending over the 
hind neck, all the feathers streaked along the centre with glossy 
steel-green. Total length 10*3 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 5**4, 
tail 4*45, tarsus 1*25. 

Young male. Eesembles the old male, and has a similar black 
head, but the plumage is altogether duller, more fluffy, and almost 
without any greenish gloss ; wings and tail as in the adult male : 
" bill and legs black; iris dark brown " (T. L. Ay res). "Wing 5*25 
inches. 

Specimens from North-eastern Africa (A. rueppelli, auct.) are 
rather larger, more glossy, and have a longer tail. * " Bill and feet 
blackish; iris crimson" (Heuglvi); "iris red" (Stanford); "iris 
orange or dull chestnut, or chestnut with a slight red ring " (Ragazzi). 

28. AMYDKUS. 
1C3 
Total length 14*5 inches, culmen 1-23, wing 0*4, tail 6*4, tarsus 1-3. 
On examining our series from North-eastern Africa, I find that the 
wing varies from 6*4 to &(> in the males, and from 6-15 to (J-2 in 
the females, and the average length of tail is about 6'5 inches. 

In South-African specimens the wing varies in the males from 
5-7 inches to 6% and in the females from 5*3 to 5*8 inches, while 
the tail averages about b'b inches. At first sight these differences 
would seem to indicate the existence of a larger and smaller species 
or race with a distinct habitat; but the specimens from East Africa 
in Captain Shelley's collection arc completely intermediate between 
the South-African A. mono and the Northom A. rueppelli. The 
tail averages about 6 inches, the males have the wing 6 to 0*3 
inches and the females 5*8 to 6'2 inches. I see no reason, therefore, 
for separating these forms specifically, and regard them as one 
species, of which the South-African representatives aro the smallest 
and the North-east African ones the largest. 

Hab. South Africa, ranging into East Africa and North-eastern 
Africa. 

a. Juv. sk. Cape Colony (E. L. Layard). Sharpe Coll. 
b, c. $ J ad. &k. Cape Town, April 24, 1866 (C. Sharpe Coll. 
J. Andersson). 
d. $ ad. sk. Knysna, Sept. 5,1866 (C.J.A.). Sharpe Coll. 
e. tf ad. sk. Eland's Post, May 20, 1870 Shelley Coll. 
(T. C. Atmore). 
/. $ ad. sk. Grahamstown. Sharpe Coll. 

g. $ ad. sk. Kin gwilliamsto wn. Capt. TrevelyanTP.]. 
h9 i. <$ 2 a<l* sk* Durban, Natal (T. L. Ayres). Shelley Coll. 
k,l. d $ad.;w. Durban, Natal (Gordge). Shelley Coll. 
$ juv. sk. 

n. § ad.; o,p, Pinetown, Natal, March, Nov. Shelley Coll. 
q. S juv. sk. (T. L. Ayres). 
r, s. $ $ ad. sk. Drakensburg Mountains, Aug. Shelley Cqll. 
1881 (_&. A. Butler). 


t. $ 
ad. sk. Pretoria. F. A. Barratt, Esq. 
[0.]. 
u. $ imm. sk. Lydenburg Goldfields. F. A. Barratt, Eoq. 
[P.]. 
v, to. (S § ad.; Mamboio, E. Africa (Sir J. Shelley Coll. 

x. S imm. sk. Kirk). ^ 
y,z,a',b'. <$,c'. Ugogo (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll. 

j ad. sk. 

II. II. Johnston, Esq. 
d'. <$ ad. sk. Kilima-Njaro. 

LO.]. 

e'ff. 6 ad. sk. Abyssinia. 
Purchased. 

(/. $ ad. sk. Abyssinia. 
Shelley Coll. 

'h'. <j; i'. ? ad. TigrS, Feb., April. W.l\Blanford,Esq, 

sk. 
[CI 

h'. 5 ad. sk. Rayraguddy (W. Jesse). Tweedclale Coll. 

l',m'. 3; ri. J Ankober, Shoa, June, Dec. India Museum. 

ad. sk. (Sir W. C. Harris). 

M2 

1C4 
STTJKNIDiE, 

2. Amydrus blytlri. 
Amydrus rueppelli, 
Blyth, J A. S. Beng. xxiv. p. 300 (1855, nee 
ten-,). 
Amydrus hlytki, Marti. Jf 0. 1850, p. 32; Meitgl. Ibis, 1850, 

p. 342 ; Speke,Ibis, I860, p. 245; Heugl J.f 0.1&G3, p. 23, 1800, 
p. 14; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 523 (1870), iv. p. csxri (1871); Blanf. 
Geol. 8f Zool. Ah/ss. p. 309 (1870) ;Fimeh, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 325 
(1870); id. 8; Marti Yog. Ostafr. p. 867 (1870); Sol $ Hartl. 
< 
P. Z. S.1881, p, 171; Marti, t c. p. 953 ; Oud. in Bevtnfs Faun, 
et Flor. Pays Comalis, Ois. p. 12 (1882) : Boehrn, J.f. 0. 1865, 
p. GO. ' ' — 
Juida blytkii, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 2o, no. G300 (1870). 
Adult male. Similar to A. morio, and of large size, but decidedly 

more purple. It is at once distinguished by tlie uniform black 

terminal third of the first long primary. Total length 15 inches, 

culmen 1*1, wing 7*05, tail 7*8, tarsus 1*5. 

Adult female. Differs from the female of A. morio in the black 

terminal third of the first long primary, but still more in the colour 

of 
the head, which is uniform light hoary grey all round, including 

the entire throat, sides of neck, and hind neck. Total length 14*5 

inches, culmen 1*1, wing* 6*05, tail 7, tarsus 1*4. 

Hah. Forth-eastern Africa; Socotra, extending to the interior of 

Eastern Africa. 

«j b. 6 2 ad. sk, Magen, Senafe* Pass, Abyssinia, W. T. Bknford. J^q. 
Feb. 18, 18G8. 


rp.;

c. § ad. sk. Abyssinia. 
Sharps Cull.

dj e. <$ $ ad. sk. Socotra, 3iarch 1880. 

Prof. Balfour rC.~.

fg. d; h, L ? Socotra, March 1880 (I B. Bal~ 

Shellev Coll. " 
"" 

ad. sk. four). 

3. Amydrus frater. 
Amydrus frater, 
Scl. # Marti P.Z.8. 1881, p. 171; Marti t c. 
p."955; Reichen. 8? Schalow, J.f O. 1882, p. 227. 

Adult male (type of species). Similar to A. mryr'w, but differing 

from that and the other allied species in having a green metallic 

gloss both above and below. The black ends to the rufous quills 

form a well-defined blackish mark extending for the terminal third 

of 
the primaries, in this respect resembling A. blytkii. "Poet 

brown; iris greyish brown " (Rieheek). Total length 12 inches, 

culmen 1*2, wing 6, tail 5-5^ tarsus 1*3. 

Mab. Socotra. 

a cfad.sk. Socotra. Prof. Balfour [G.]. (Type 
of hpecies.) 


4. Amydrus walleri. 
Amydrus walleri, Shelley, Ibis, 1880, p. 335, pi. viii.; Meich. & 
Schalow, J.f.O. 1881, p. 101; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 584. 


Adult male (type of species). General colour above glossy purple, 
the scapulars, lesser and median wing-coverts like the back; greater 

29 . ONTCOGN-ATHTJS. 
coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, with stool-
green edges; the primaries deep chestnut for about two thirds of 
their length; tail-feathers black, glossed with stocl-green on the 
outer webs ; crown of head, sides of face, and throat glossy steel-
green, especially on the latter ; remainder of under surface of body 
from the fore neck downwards glossy purple; under wing-covcrts 
black, with glossy purplish margins; quills below chestnut with 
blackish ends. Total length 9 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 5, tail 
3*45, tarsus 0-95. 

Adult female. Much duller in colour than the male, the head and 
face washed with hoary grey, the throat more decidedly hoary grey. 
Total length 9 inches, wing 4*8, tail 4*4, tarsus 0*9. 

Hah. Eastern Africa. 

a, b. $ 5 ad. sk. Usambara Mountains, Pangani Shelloy Coll. (Types 
River (Sir J. Kirk). of species.) 

29. 
OETCOGNATHUS. 
Typo. 
Onycognathus, Hartl. Eev. et Mag. de Zool 1849, p. 495. 0. f ulgidus. 
Range. Confined to West Africa, ranging across the Congo Eegion 
to Mam Mam. 

1. Onycognathus fulgidus. 
Onycognathus fulgidus, Hartl Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1849, p. 495, 
pi. xiv. figs, 2, 3 *; id. Abhandl. not. Ver. Hamburg, ii. p. 52, 
taf. 7 (1849); Verr. in Chenu, Encycl. Mith. v. p. 160 (1856); 
Hartl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 115 (1857); id. J.f. 0.1859, p. 35; id. 
Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, iv. p. 86 (1874). 

Juida fnlgida, Gray, Hand4. B. ii. p. 25, no. 6350 (1870), 

Adult male. General colour above glossy purple, a little brighter 
on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts; lesser and median 
wing-coverts like the back; greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills dull steel-green, slightly glossed with purple, and 
having a submarginal line of velvety black; the primaries deep 
chestnut for two thirds of their length; tail-feathers black, with a 
o*loss of steel-green on the edges; crown of head glossy purplo like 
the back; the hind neck, sides of neck, ear-coverts, and sides of 
face glossy steel-green; lores velvety black; throat glossy steel-
green ; remainder of under surface of body from the fore neck downwards 
glossy purple, rather more bluish purple on the lower flanks, 
thighs, and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts black, glossed 
with purple; quills below chestnut, blackish towards the ends. 
Total length 14 inches, culmen 1"4, wing 6*4, tail 6-8, tarsus 1-4. 

Adult female. Smaller; the colours scarcely to be distinguished 
from the male; the head and back ashy, longitudinally streaked. 

(Hartlaiib.) 
Hal. Island of S. Thomas, W. Africa. 

a. S ad. sk. S. Thomas. Purchased. 
* Onycorhamphas on plate. 
100 
STTTEKIDJ5. 

2. Onycognathus hartlaubi 
Sproo mono (nee L.), Earth Orn. W.-Afr.V. 115(1857). 

< AiyotitfimihuH hartlaubi, Gray, P. #• S. 1858, p. 291; -ff«r&/ A 0. 
iW)j£ i). 36; Marpc, Ibis, 18(59, p. 334; id. Cat Afr. B.v>.®5 
(1871)7 HarlL Ahhandl nat. Ver. Bremen, iv. p. 8708Z.4); 
Reielien. J. f. 0.1877, p. 26; i?r;cw/e, Orn. Angola, p. 316 (1881) ; 
tthann\ Joiirn. Linn. Soc., Zool. xvii. p. 427 (1884). 

Juidu lmrtiaubi, Gray, IlancU. B. ii. p. 25, no. 6351 (1879). 
^ bamprotornis morio (nee Z.), Reichen. J.f. 0. 1873, p. 214. 
^ Ain\dms ivichenovi, Ofr/;. J.f, 0. 1874, p. 232. 
*"" Amydms hartlaubi, Reichen. J.f. 0.187 5, p. 37. 

yf^7f male. Similar to 0. fidgidits, but very much smaller, and 
having the head a little more bluish purple; bill and feet black: 
" iris reddish brown " (A. ReicJienotv); " iris red " (BoJmdorf). Total 
length 10-8 inches, oilmen 1*1, wing 4*6, tail 4*5, tarsus 1-1. 

Adult female. Not quite so glossy as the male, the chestnut on 
the wing more restricted ; head and neck all round ashy grey, with 
greenish-black centres to the feathers. Total length 12 inches, 
culmen 1*2, wing 4*9, tail 4*8, tarsus 1*1. 

Hah, West Africa, from the Gold Coast to the Congo and inland 
in the Congo region as far as Mam Mam. Fernando Po. 

a> l>-3;
ad. sk 
c* ? Fantee. Sharpe Coll. 
d. Juv. sk. Fantee. Purchased. 
e. $ ad. sk. Fantee. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
/ . $ ad sk.
</. J ad. sk.
h. $ ad. sk. 
River Ogowe, Gaboon. 
Fernando Po. 
Fernando Po. 
H. T. Ansell, Esq. [P.]. ^ 
Purchased. (Typeofspecies.) 
T. R. W. Thomson, Esq. [P.]. 
h &• $ ? ad.
sk 
Semmio, Mam Mam, 
Feb., March. 
F. BohndorfT [C.]. 

30. CINNAMOPTEEUS. 
Type. 
Cinnamopterus, Bp. C. B. xxxvii. p. 830 (1853) C. tenuirostris. 
Oligomyodrus, Hartl.. f 0. 1859, p. 34 (ex ScJiiff, 

Mm, Frankfi) 
Q. tenuirostris. 

Mange. Confined to North-eastern Africa. 

1. Cinnamopterus tenuirostris. 
Lamprotornis tenuirostris, Bilpp. Nme Wirb., Vd'a. p. 26, pi. 10. fig-1 
(] 835-40); id. Syst. Uebers. p. 75 (1845); keugl Syst. Uebers. 
p, 37(1856). 

Juida tenuirostris, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 327 (1846); id. Hand-l. B. 

ii. p. 25, no. 6362 (1870). 
Cinnamopterus 
tenuirostris, Bp. C. B. xxxvii. p. 830 (1853); id. 
Coll Delattre, p. 8 (1854) ; Sahad. Ann. Mm. Civic. Oenov. (2) 

i. 
p. 202 (1884); Gigl. op, cit. (2) vi. p. 28 (1888); Sahad. t.c. 
Ohg-omyodrus tenuirostris, Schiff, M8&, Mus. Frankf.; Eeual J 
f 0.1859, p. 34; Heugl. J.f. 0. 1862, p. 292,1863, p. 23, 1869,* 

p. 15; %d. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ix. p. 527 (1870); iv. App. p. exxvii 
167 

31 . PILOEHINTTS. 
(1871); Marti Abhandl nat. Ver. Bremen, iv. p. 98 (1874) 

Rochebr. Faun. SenSg., Ois. p. 37 (1884). 
Oligomydrus sturnmus, Meuql. J. f. 0. 1803, p. 15. 
Amydrus temrirostris, Finseh, Trans. Z. S. vii p. 260 (1870). 

Ad It female. General colour above glossy purple, a little more 
bluish purple on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts; 
lesser wing-coverts black, with purplish margins; median and 
greater coverts externally glossed with dull steel-green, like the 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills; the primaries deep chestnut, 
with a broad black band at the ends : tail-foathers black, externally 
glossed with dull steel-green; crown of head and hind neck 
glossy steel-green, a little purplish on the latter; lores blackish: 
sides of face, ear-coverts, and checks glossy steel-green; throat 
duller steel-green; remainder of under surface of body from the 

lower throat and fore neck downwards dull glossy purple; the 
under tail-coverts and under wing-coverts black, with purplish 
margins; edge of wing dark steel-green, quills below rufous, black 
at the ends: " bill black, paler at tip; feet dusky black; iris 
brownish red" (Heuglin). Total length 13 inches, culmen 1, 
wing 6, tail 7, tarsus 1*15. 

Young. Duller in colour than the adult, all the feathers edged 
with ashy grey, especially distinct on the under surface; the breast 
and neck all round obscured by ashy-grey tips to the feathers. 

Rah. North-eastern Africa. 

a. Juv. st„ Abyssinia. 
Zoological Society. 
b. Juv. sk. Abyssinia. 
Dr. Buppell [C.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. 
Baron Langier. 
d. <$ ad. sk. Adigrat, May 4 ( W. Jesse). Tweeddale Coll. 
e. § ad. sk. Wanenamba, Shoa, Oct. 12,1876 Shelley Coll. 
(0. Antinori). 
31. 
PILORHINTJS. 
Type. 
Pilorhinus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 201 (1850) P. albirostris. 
Range. Confined to North-eastern Africa. 

1. KlorMmis albirostris. 
Ptilonorhynchus (Kitta) albirostris, Rupp. Neue Wirb., Vog. p. 22, 
pi. ix. figs. 1,2 (1835-40). 

Ptilorhynchus albirostris, Rupp. JSyst. Uebers. p. 75 (1845); Meugl. 
Syst. Uebers. p. 36 (1856); Brelim, Reis. Habesch, p. 325 (1863); 
Antin. Cat. descrr, Ucc. p. 62 (1864). 

Juida albirostris, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 327 (1846) ; id. Mand-l B. ii. 

p. 25, no. 6361 (1870). 
Pilorhinus albirostris, 
Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 201 (1850); Morsf. fy 
Moore. Cat. B. Mus. E.L Co. ii. p. 546 (1856); Marti. J. f. 0. 
1859, p. 30; Meugl J. f. 0.1862, p. 294,1863, p. 23,1869, p. 12; 
id. Orn. N.G.-Afr. ii. p. 523 (1870), iv. App. p. exxvi (1871); 
Marti Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bnmen, iv. p. 94 (1874); Salvad. Ann. 
Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) i. p. 200 (1884); Gigl. op. cit. (2) vi. p. 28 
(1888); JSalvad. t. c. p. 299 (1888). 

STTJBNIDJ;. 

168 

Amydrus albirostris, Blanf Geol J• ZooL Abyss V 401 (18,0): 
Fumh, Tra<n. Z. S. vii. p. 200 (1870); Sharpe, Cat Afr. B. p. o4 
(1871) 

Jrhdt male. Genoral colour above and below glossy purplish 
blue, somowhat inclining to steel-blue on the rump and upper tail-
coverts and on tho lower breast, abdomen, and flanks; lesser and 
median wing-coverts like the back; greater coverts, bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, quills, and tail black, externally dull steel-green ; 
primaries chestnut, broadly tipped with black; under wmg-coverts 
black glossed with steel-blue: " bill horny white; feet blackish ; 
iris chestnut" (IfeitfjUn); "iris dark coppery red, with a darker 
ring round tho pupil" (W. T. Blanford). Total length 11 inches, 
culmen 1, wing 0*3, tail 4*65, tarsus 1*25. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in being duller in colour and 
less glossy on tho head; sides of face, throat, and fore neck a little 
washed with hoary grey. Total length 11 inches, culmen 0*95, 
wing 6-25, tail 4*45, tarsus 1*25. 

Ilab. JSforth-eastern Africa. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Abyssinia. 
Baron Laugier. 
b. 2 ad. sk. Abyssinia. 
Purchased. 
c. J ad, sk. Abyssinia. 
Sharpe Coll. 
d. e. S $ad. Senate, TigrS, Feb., May. W. T. Blanford, E.«q. 
sk. [C.l. 
f. d 
ad. sk. Kayrayguddy, May 27, 1808 Tweeudale Coll. 
(W.Jesse). 
g. $ 
ad. sk. Aiikober, June 1842 (Sir W. C. India Museum. 
Karris), 
h, i. J ad. Lot-Marafia, Shoa, March, July Shelley Coll. 
sk. (0. Antinori). 


32. HAGIOPSAE. 
Range. Confined to the region of the Dead Sea in Palestine and 
to the Peninsula of Sinai. 


1. Hagiopsar tristrami. 
Amydrus morio (nee L.), Heugl Sijst. Uebe?'s. p. 371 (185G). 

Amydrus tristrami, Sel Ann. & Mag. Nat Hist (3) ii. p. 4i>.j (1858) • 
Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 45 (1859); Hartl J.f.O. 1839,, p 33* 
Tristr. Bis, 1859, p. 32; Chambers, Ibis, 28(53, p. 470: Tristr 
ffe imi$' 2f>><?* ^6, 1808, p?. 334 l^lZf O. 
1869, j>. 18: id. Orn. rf.O.-Afr. ii. p. 525 (1870), iv. Am. 

p. CXXTI 0371) j Wyatt Ibis 1870, p. 16; Hartl. AbkandL iat 
Ter Bremenivp. 93 (1874); Tristr. Faun. $ Mar. Palest 
p. 74, pi. xi. (1884). 
Spreo fulvipennis (nee Sto.), Hartl. J.f O. 1801 p 178 
Amydrus nabouroup (nee Baud.), Hmgl J.f.O.1863 T> 9$ 
Jiuda tristrami, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 25, no. 0*359 (1870). " 
Adult male Glossy purplish black, the wing-coverts and quills 
black, externally purplish black, somewhat inclining to steel-^een 

33 , PTREHOCHEIEA. 

169 

on the outer aspect of the greater and primary-coverts and quills ; 
primaries light bay, blackish brown at the ends, for about the 
terminal third of the outer primaries; tail-feathers black, glossed 
with steel-green externally • head all round and entire under surface 
of body, including the under wing coverts, purplish-black, but not 
so glossy as the upper surface: " bill and feet horny black ; iris 
scarlet *' (Heuglm). Total length 11 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 6-05, 
tail 4-45, tarsus 1*15. 

Adult female. Much duller in colour than the male, and distinguished 
by its dark ashy grey head and throat; the hind nock, sides 
of neck, and lower throat also dark ashy grey, the feathers centred 
with glossy purplish black. Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 1-05, 
wing 5*4, tail 3*9, tarsus 1*27 

Hah. The same as that of the genus. 

M-6 $ ad. ak. Jericho, Jan. 11, 1864 (H. B. Salvm-Godman Coll. 
Tristram). 
c, d. $ $ ad. sk. Ain Fesh Khah, Palestine. Canon Tristram [0.]. 

33. PYR&KOCHEIRA. 
Type. 
Pyrrhocheira, Reichenh. Syst Av. pi. liii. %. 15 (1850) P. caffer. 
Nabouroupus, Bp. Coll. JDelattre, p. 8 (1854) P. cafe. 
Range. Confined to South-west Africa. 

1. Pyrrhocheira caffer. 
Coracias eaffra, Linn, Syst. Nat. i. p. 159 (17G6). 

Le Nabouroup, Levaill. his. d'Afr. iL p. 168, pi. 91 (1800) * Sundev. 

Crit. om Levaill p. 34 (1857). 

Stumus nabouroup, Daud. TraiU, ii. p. 308 (1800). 

Lamprotornis fulvipennis, Sxoains. An. in Menaq. p. 298, fig. 49 

(1837): Chapm. Trav. S. Afr., App. p. 404 (1868). 
Juida nabourop, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 327 (1846). 
Spreo fulvipennis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 416 (1850) * Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. 

p. 116(1857). 
Amydrus nabouroup, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 201 (1850); Hartl. J. f 
6. 1859, p. 32. 
Spreo nabouroup, Strickl. <§• Scl Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 149. 
IS abouroupus fulvipennis, Bp. Notes Coll. Delattre, p. 8 (1854). 
Amydrus fulvipennis, Mont. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 93. 
Juida fulvipennis, Sundev. Crit. om Levaill. p. 34 (1857) * Layard, 
B. S. Afr. p. 173 (1867); id. Ibis, 1868, p. 240. 
Juida coffra, Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 25, no. 6356 (1870). 
Amydrus caffer, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 55 (1871); Gurney in 
Anderss. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 162 (1872); Bocage, Orn. Angola, 

p. :ttC (1881); Skarpe, ed. Bayard's, B. S. Afr. pp. 430, 846 (1884) ; 
Soiiza, Jom. Lisb. xi. p. 166 (1887). 
Pyrrhocheira carlra, Hartl. Abliandl. not. Ver. Bremen, iv. p. 96 
(1874). 

Afhdt. General colour above glossy purplish black, upper tail-
coverts black with purplish margins; lesser and median wing-
coverts like the back; greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary


170 
STTJENIDJ3. 

coverts, and quills black with bronzy purplish edgings, greener 

near the edge of the wing; primaries white for more than half the 

basal portion, the outer ones externally chestnut; tail-feathers 

black with purplish margins; crown of head, sides of face, and 

under surface of body glossy steel-black, the throat decidedly 

greener; under wing-coverts black, 
with glossy margins; quills 

below blackish, creamy buff towards the base: " bill, feet, and legs 

black; iris bright yellow" (G.J. Andersson); " iris saffron-yellowJJ 

(Anchieta). Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 0*95, wing 5-3. 

tail 4*05, tarsus 1*15. 

Hob. The same as that of the genus. 

a. Ad. sk. Damara Land. 
Capt. Alexander [0.]. 
b. Imm. sk. Damara Land (C. J. Andersson). Shelley Coll. 
c. S ad. sk. Damara Land (C. J. A.). Sharpe Coll. 
d. <$ imm. sk. Otjimbinque, June 29, 1863 Sharpe Coll. 
(C.J. A). 
e. Imm. sk. Otjimbinque, Sept. 1, 1863 Tweeddale Coll. 
(C. J. A.). 
f. Ad. sk. Benguela. 
Monteiro Coll. 
34. 
LAMPE0C0LIUS* 
Type. 
Lamprocolius, Sundev. K. Vet.-Akad. Handl. Stockh. 
1835, p. 104 L. phcenicopteru^ 

Range. Confined to Africa. 

Key to the Speeies. 

a. 
Tail velvety black, with a blue or purple tip; 
velvety black spots on the wing-coverts; back 
metallic green or purple, but without golden 
bronze; a velvety black bar across the middle 
of the secondaries. 
a'. An auricular snot of coppery or golden bronze. 

a!'. Throat bluish purple; "head of the same 

metallic green as the mantle spZe?idzdu$f p. 172. 

b". Throat reddish purple ; head steel-blue or 

steel-green, contrasting with the oil-green 

of the mantle 
glaucovirens, p. 173. 

b'. Auricular spot violet-blue, but with no coppery-
bronze or golden shade lessonii, p. 173. 


* LAMPSOCOLIUS NITENS, 
Le Merle -vert d5Angola, Brisson, Orou ii. p. 311, pi. xsx.fig. 2 (1760). 
Turdus nitens, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 294 (1766). 
Juida nitens, Bucher. JRev. et Mag. de Zool. 1858, p. 247; Gray, Hand-L B. 


ii. p. 24, no. 6337 (1870). 
Lamprocolius nitens, Hartl Orn. WMfr. p. 118 (1857); id. J.f.O. 1859, 
p. 19; id. Abhandl. not. Ver. Bremen, iv. p. 66 (1874). 
Captain Shelley thinks that this ancient species is the South-African bird 
described by Swainson as L. phcenicopterus. If the locality, Angola, be correct, 
it would probably supplant the name of L. bispecularis ; but there is so much 

34 . IAKPEOCOLITJS. 
171 

b. Tail velvety black, purplish blue at the ends, the 
base glossed with coppery bronze ;*back and 
under surface golden bronze; secondaries also 
golden bronze externally, with no velvety bar. ignitus, p. 174. 
c. Tail metallic throughout, green or purple j wing-—coverts 
with velvety black spots j back metallic 
; no velvety black bar on the secondaries, 
which are metallic like the back, and have 
velvety black spots like the wing-coverts. 
c'. Head and throat brilliant reddish purple like 
the rest of the under surface ; back green; 
lower back and rump purplish blue; tail 
reddish purple pztrptireus, p. 175 


d'. Head steel-blue or steel-green j throat green 
or blue also. 
c". Tail green, not purple at base. 


a'". Abdomen and flanks steel-blue or purplish 
blue, contrasting with the greener 
throat. 


a\ Ear-coverts not forming a well-defined 
spot, but their colour merging gradually 
into the colour of the sides of 
the neck; shoulder-spot on the lesser 
wing-coverts purplish blue with 
more or less reddish purple, sometimes 
entirely of the latter colour 
with a coppery tinge chalybceus, p. 17G. 

b%. Ear-coverts always forming a distinct 
spot; shoulder-spot always reddish 
purple glossed with coppery red.... sycobiiis, p. 178. 

c4. Ear-coverts forming a distinct spot; 
shoulder-spot always purplish blue, 
never showing a violet or reddish-
purple tinge chloropterus, p. 178. 

&'". Abdomen and flanks green like the 
breast; shoulder-spot coppery red mixed 
with purplish blue. 


dK Larger: wing5*85 inches; outer aspect 
of wings oily or golden-green phmnicopterus, p. 180. 
e4. Smaller: wing 5*35 inches; outer 
aspect of wings steel-green bispecuhiis, p. 181. 
d". Tail green, with a distinct reddish-purple 
shade near the base chalcurus, p. 179. 

d. Tail black, with only a slight gloss of bronze or 
purple externally. 
<?'. Throat dark steel-green ; abdomen black; 
sides dull bronzy; head and back green; scapulars, 
lower back, and rump purple ; tail 
black, slightly glossed with purple melanogaster, p. 182. 

doubt as to the proper identification of the species, that I do not employ the 
name at all. 


I/AJttPROCOLIUS DEFILIPPII. 

Lamprocolius defilippii, Salvad. Atti JR. Acoad. Torino, viii. p. 371 (1865) ,* 
id. J. f. 0. 1868, p. 68; Hartl AbhandL not. V&r. Bremm, iv. p. 56. 
(1874); Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 308 (1881). 

Juida defilippii, Gray, Hcrnd-L 2?. ii. p. 24, no. 6344 (1870). 
A doubtful species, which I have not been able to identify, 


STTTKOTDJE. 

172 

f. Throat reddish purple. 
<>". Back oil-green; head reddish purple; breast 
and abdomen oil-green; tail blue-black, 

•with very slight bronzy gloss on the 
margins '. purpureiceps, p. 184 
f". 
Back°brilliant steel-blue; head the same, 
reddish purple on the sides of the face; 
breast and abdomen steel-blue cupreimudus, p. 184. 

1. Lamprocolixts splendidus. (Plate YII. fig. 4.) 
Merlo vert d'Angola, Dcmbent. PL Enl. iv. pi. 561. 
Shining Thrush, var. A, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 56 (1783). 
Turdus splendidus, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. ii. p. 653 (182$). 
Juidaluxuosa, Less, teste HarU. 
Lamprotornis chrysotis, Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 143, pL 6 (1837). 
Jidda chrysotis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 327 (1846). 
Lamprocolius chrysotis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 415 (1850); Cab. Mm. 


Hem. i. p. 199 (1859). 
Lamprocolius splendidus, Hartl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 117 (1857, pt.) ; 

id. J.f 0. 1859, p. 14; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 55 (1871) ; HartL 

Abhandl not. Ver. Bremen, iv. p. 54 (1874); RocJiebr. Faun. 

Sen<?g., Ois. p. 229 (1884). 

Juida splendida, Gray, JZand-L B. ii. p. 24, no. 6329 (1870). 

Adult Brilliant metallic golden-green, the centre of the back 
steel-blue, as also the scapulars, which have a subterminal spot of 
velvety black; lesser wing-coverts steel-green ; median and greater 
coverts oil-green with a subterminal spot of black, the feathers 
bluish at their ends; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills steel-
blue, shaded with green externally; secondaries oil-green, steel-blue 
at the ends, preceded by a broad, median band of velvety black ; 
tail-feathers velvety black, shaded with purple near the base, with 
a broad tip of steel-green washed with blue; head golden-green like 

the mantle ; lores velvety black; sides of face metallic steel-blue, 
the ear-coverts frizzled: behind the latter a spot of coppery or 
golden bronze; throat and breast metallic purplish blue, the breast 
reddish purple, the abdomen and the flanks purplish blue; lower 
flanks, vent, and under tail-coverts metallic steel-green; under wing-
coverts and axillaries purplish blue; quills below black. Total 
length 10 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 5'^ tail 4*2, tarsus 1*1. 

Young. All the colours of the upper surface more dingy and less 
metallic than the adults, the subterminal velvety black spots wanting • 
forehead, lores, and under surface of body brown, darker and more 
dusky on the abdomen, which with the flanks has a few metalHcgreen 
feathers. 
Hal. West Africa, throughout the Senegambian region. 

a. Ad. • b. Juv. sk, West Africa. Sharpe Coll. 
c, d. Ad. sk. River Gambia. Sharpe Coll.* 
e,f Ad. sk. River Gambia. Shelley Coll. 

34 . LAMPE0C0L1US. 
2. Lamprocolius glaucovirens. (Plate VII. fig. 2.) 
Lamprocolius chrysotis (nee SwX Verr. Rev. et Mag. de ZooL 1861, 
p. 418. 
Lamprocolius splen&idus (nee V.), Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1857, 
p. 30, 1859, p. 133; Mont P. Z. S I860, p. 112 ; Dohrn, P. Z. S. 
1800, p. 328; Reiehen. J. f. 0. 1875, p. 36; Sharpe fy Bouvier, 
Bull Soc. ZooL France, i. p. 310 (1876); Reiehen. J. f. 0. 1877, 
p. 21; Bocage, Orn. Anqola, p. 307 (1881); Sharpe, Jour. Linn. 
&*?., ZOOLXYH p. 426 (1884); Shelley, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 37. 
Laraprotornis chrysotis (nee SioX Keulem. Nat. Tijdschr. iii. p. 386 
(1866). _ 
Laniproeolius glaucovirens, Elliot, Ann. ty Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. 

p. 169 (1877); Oust. Nouv. Arch. Mus. (2) ii. Bull. p. 106 (1879). 
Adult Similar to L. splendidus, but steel-blue instead of oil-
green ; middle of back purplish blue ; head steel-blue, the whole of 
the hind neck steel-green, contrasting with the head and back; entire 
throat and chest reddish purple, followed by brilliant golden bronze 
on the breast and abdomen; bill and feet black : " iris yellowish 
white" (F. Bolmdorff). Total length 11 inches, culmen 0*85, 
wing 0*95, tail 4*3, tarsus 1*25. 
Hah. West Africa from the Cameroons to the Congo, and over the 
Congo region to Xiam Xiam and the Monbuttu country. 

(L Ad. sk. Gaboon. M. Verreaux. 
b. 
C. 
d. 
Ad. sk. 
Ad. sk. 
Ad. sk. 
Gaboon ( Walker). 
Gaboon (Verreaux).
Gaboon. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Sharae ColL 
Purcliased. 
e. Ad. sk. Gaboon (P. B. DuChaillu). Sharpe Coll. 
f. 
y-
h. 
Ad. sk. 
Ad. sk. 
Ad. sk. 
Ogowe River, Gaboon (II. Ansel!)tCongo River (Dr. Lucan). 
Landana, Congo (L. Petit). 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
i. 
k 
L 
Ad. bk. 
Ad. sk. 
Ad. sk. 
Beinbe, Angola. 
Senunio, Niam Niam, 3?eb. 1883. 
Tingasi, Sept. 1881. 
Monteiro ColL 
F. Bolmdorff [C.]. 
Emin Pasha [P.]. 

3. Lamprocolius lesson! (Plate VII. tig. 3.) 
Juida lessoni, Pucher. Rev. et Mag. de ZooL 1858, pp. 256-259; Gray, 
Iland-L B. ii. p. 24, no. 0341 (1870). _ 

Lamprocolius lessoni, Hartl. J. f. O. 1859, p. 15 ; id. Ahhandl. not. 
Ver. Bremen, iv. p. 56 (1874) ; Sharpe fy Bouvier, Bull. Soc. ZooL 
France, L p. 310 (1876) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 307 (1881). 

Adult ft male. Similar to L* sjjlendidus, but distinguished at once 
by the violet or purplish-red spot behind the ear, instead of the 
golden-bronze spot of L. splendidus: " iris pale yellow" (MSS. 
Mm. Paris). Total length 11 inches, culmen (Kp, wing 5*5, tail 
4-2, tarsus 1*25. # ' 

Young, Dingy brown with a little metallic gloss, foreshadowing 
the brilliant colours of the adult; underneath entirely sooty brown, 

with a few metallic feathers of the adult plumage. 
Hub. Congo district of Western Africa. 
a. $ ad. sk.
b. Juv. sk. 
River Ghiloango, Congo (Lucan# Petit). 
Congo (Dr. A. Lucan). 
Shelley ColL 
Shelley Coll. 

174 STUENIDJE. 

4. Lamprocolius Ignitus*. (Plate VII. fig. 1.) 
Lamprotornis ignita, Nordm. in Ermaris JReis.f Atlas, p, 7, Taf. 3 

(1835) ; Keulem. Nat Tijckchr. iii. p. 384 (180(5). 

Jidda ignita, Gray 8f Mitch. Gen. B. ii. p. 327, pi. 80 (1846). 

Lamprocolius Ignitus, ,5*/?. Consp. i. p. 415 (1850); Marti. Orn. W.


-4/r. p. 116 (1857) ; *Z. /./. 0.1859, p. 13; Dohm, R #. & 1866, 

p. 328; jSfow/>fi, Otf. Afr. B. p. 56 (1871) ; Marti Ahhandl nat. 
Ver. Bremen, iv. p. 52 (1874) ; RocJiebr. Faun. Senig.} Ok. p. 229 
(1884). 
Juida ornata (wee Daud.), Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 24, no. 6338 (1S70). 

Adult female. General colour above metallic golden bronze, with 
a little reddish purple on the mantle, scapulars, and lower back ; 
rump and upper tail-coverts glossy steel-blue with a slight greenish 
reflexion; lesser wing-coverts steel-green; median coverts steel-
blue, with reddish-purple bases, which appear velvety black with 
the change of light; greater coverts reddish purple with bronze 
reflexion and velvety black towards the base under certain lights; 
bastard-wing and primary-coverts green with steel-blue reflexions, 
reddish purple on the inuer webs; quills black, steel-blue along the 
outer webs and at the tips, with a subterminal shade of purple, and 
a fringe of the latter colour along the outer webs; secondaries golden 
bronze like the back, with purple and violet reflexions, velvety black 
towards the base and with bars under certain lights ; tail-feathers 
velvety black with golden bronze reflexions, violet on the edgeb and 
metallic steel-blue at the ends, forming a broad band; crown of 
head, hind neck, and mantle metallic steel-green, inclining to bteclblue 
on the latter: lores and feathers round eye velvety black; sides 
of face and ear-coverts dark steel-blue, the feathers having a frizzled 
appearance ; cheeks and a spot behind the ear golden brenze with 
reddish-purple reflexions; under surface of body golden bronze, 
the throat glossed with purple and with steel-blue on the chin; 
sides of neck steel-green like the crown; sides of breast slightly 
glossed with purple; lower flanks purple; thighs and under tail-
coverts steel-blue with green and purple reflexions ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries dusky blackish with purplish bronze edges ; 
edge of wing steel-blue with greenish tinge ; quills below blackish: 
" iris white" (teste Hartlaub). Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 
0*95, wing 5'65, tail 3*9, tarsus 1*15. 

One specimen is greenish instead of golden bronze below, the back 
oeing oily bronze; the head is more blue than green, and the purple 
shades on the lower back and rump predominate over the blue. 
This peculiar colouring may be the effect of worn plumage, or the 
species may have two phases. 

* LAMPROCOLIUS ORNATCS. 
Ohoucador, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. ii. p. 144, pi. 86 (1799); Sundev. (hit. mi 

Levaill. p. 33 (1857). 

Sturnus ornatus, Daudai, Traite, ii. p. 3')9 (1800, ex LavailL). 

Juida ornata, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 327 (1846). 

Sundevall thinks that this is L. ignititb (Nordm.). The plate is so inaccurate 
that I prefer to leave the species doubtful. 

175 

34 . LAMPE00OLIT7S. 
"The female is about 2 or 3 inches smaller than the male, 
and a little less brilliant in colour. The metallic lustre in the 
plumage of the young bird begins at the tips of the feathers on the 
back, the breast and abdomen being greyish brown ; the upper side 
being nearly finished, the feathers of the throat and breast begin to 
change, but not in the same way as those OR the back. These feathers 
change from the base up to the tip." (DoJwn.) 

Hah. Princes Island, W. Africa, to which locality, in my opinion, 
it is confined, though it has been stated to occur in Sonegambia. 

a. Ad. sk. [Princes Island.] Massena Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Princes Island (Dr. Bohm). Sharpe Coll. 
c. § ad.; d. Ad. sk. Princes Island. Dr. Dohrn [C]. 
e,f. Ad. sk. Princes Island (Br. Bohm). Shelley Coll. 

5. Lamprocolius purpureas. (Plate VIII.fig. 1.) 
? Blue and Green Daw, Edwards, Gleanings, vii. p. 230 (1820). 
Merle violet du Royaume de Juida, Month. Hist Nat. Ois. iii. p. 373 

(1775) ; Baubent PL Enl. iv. pi. 540. 
Turdus purpureus, P. L. S. Mull. S. N. Suppl. p. 143 (1776). 
Gilded Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 57 (1783). 
Turdus juidse, Bodd. Tall. PI. Enl. p. 31 (1783). 
Turdus auratus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 819 (1788). 
? Le Oouigniop, Zevaill. Ois. d'Afr. ii. p. 163, pi. 90 (1800) ; Sundev. 

Crit. om Zevaill. p. 34 (1857). 
Turdus splendens, Leach, Zool Misc. ii. p. 30, pi. 71 (1815). 
Lamprotornis nitens (nee L.)} Licht. Verz. Boubl. p. 18 (1823). 
Lamprotornis lucida, Nordm. in Ermaris Beis. p. 8, Taf. 3. fig. 2 

(1835). 
Lamprotornis ptilonorhynchus, Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 140 (1837); 
Allen fy Thompson, Exped. Niger, ii. p. 221 (1848). 
Juida aurata, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 326 (1846); Lai/ard, B. S. Afr. 

j . 170 (1867) ; Gray, Hand4. B. ii. n. 24, no. 6328 (1870). 
Juida ptilonorhynchus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 327 (1846). 
Juida lucida, Gray, I c. p. 327 (1846). 
Lamprocolius ptilonorhynchus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 415 (1850). 
Lamprocolius auratus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 415 (1850); Cab. Mus. Hein. 
Th. i. p. 199 (1850) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 117(1857) ; Sharpe, 
Ibis, 1870, p. 483 j id. Cat. Afr. B. p. m (1871); Shelley $ Buckley, 
Ibis, 1872, p. 289; Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 66; Hartl. Abhandl. 
nat. Ver. Bremen, iv. p. 58 (] 874); Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. 

xvii. p. 427 (1884); Hartert, J.f. 0.1886, p. 586. 
Lamprotornis amethystinus, Heugl. J.f.O. 1863, p. 20; id. J.f.O. 
1864, p. 257. 
Lamprocolius auratus orientalis, Heugl J.f.O. 1869, p. 7; id. Orn. 
NO.-Afr. i. p. 516 (1870), iv. App. p. exxvi (1871). 
Juida amethystma, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 24, no. 6345 (1870). 
"^ Lamprocolius auratus, var. amethystinus, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. 
Bremen, iv. p. 59 (1874). 
Lamprocolius amethystinus, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, vii. 

p. 106 (1881). 
Lamprocolius purpureus, SheUey, Ibis, 1883, p. 555. 
Adult. General colour above oil-green; lower back, rump, and 
upper tail-coverts rich purplish blue, some of the latter inclining to 

i 

STTTRSTID-E. 

violet; lesser wing-coverts bright steel-blue; median and greater 
coverts oil-green, with blue reflexions and a velvety-black spot at 
the ends ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts steel-blue, externally 
washed with oil-green and slightly fringed with black at the end ; 
quills oil-green, inclining to steel-blue towards the ends, which are 
fringed with black; tail-feathers deep blue, with a slight shade of 
violet and purple, the centre feathers almost entirely reddish, 
purple; crown of head beautiful reddish purple, slightly glossed 
with steel-blue on the nape and hinder crown; hind neck steel-
green, verging into the oil-green of the back ; lores velvety purple ; 
sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, fore neck, and chest 
reddish purple, gradually merging into the rich violet-blue of the 
rest of the under surface; abdomen, sides of body, and flanks 
washed with reddish purple ; thighs entirely reddish purple ; under 
tail-coverts deep blue; under wing-coverts and axillaries purple; 
edge of wing rich blue ; quills below blackish ; bill and feet black : 


t;iris bright yellowJJ (Ussher); iris fiery" (HeitgJiu). Total 
length 9*5 inches, culmen 0*95, wing o-8o; tail 2-bo, tarsus 1*35. 
Hab. "West Africa from Senegambia to Gaboon, and occurring 
again in Equatorial Africa. 

a. Ad. &k. River Gambia. Shelley Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Elver Gambia. Sliarpe Coll. 
c. Ad. bk. Accra, Feb. 12, 1*72 (G. E. #.). Sheflev Coll. 
d. e. Ad. sk. Accra, Feb. 27, l>7'2 (T. E. Buckley). Sh^lkA Coll. 
/ . Ad. sk Accra, March 1870 (II. T. Cx.Iier), Sharpe Cull. 
g, h. Ad.; i. River Yolta, Aug. Ib70 (II. T. Lusher). Sharpe Coll. 
Juv. sk. 

k. Imm. sk. River Volta, Auir. WO (II. T. V.). Shells Cull. 
L Ad. si. Lokoja, Niger (W. A. F.). ' Forbes Cull. 
m. Ad.sk, Kutschugali, Xiam Xiam, Sept. 1^8'J. F. DuhmluriF 
TV. 
n, o. d ad. sk. Fatiko, March 1882 (Emin Pasha). Shelley Cull. 

p. $ ad. sk. Wandi, Sept. 6, 1881 {Emin Pasha). Shelley Coll. 
6. Lamprocolius chalybeus. 
Lamprotornis chalybeus, Ehr. Symb. Phjs. fol. y, ph 10 (L>26); 
Riipp. Nene Wirb., Vog. p. 27, Taf. xi. fitr. 2 (lsj.j-40); id. fyu. 
TJebers. p. 75 (1845); Heugl. Sy<t. Uehers. p. :J0 (1^50); Pucker. 
Rev. et Mag. de Zoo I. 1853, p. 250. 

Lamprotornis nitens {nee L.)} Heugl. Syst. Uelers. p. 30 (1K>0). 
Juida chalybea, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 327 (1S40); Iland-L B ii. 

p. 24, no; 0332 (1870). 
Lamprocolius nitens (nee L.). Cab, Mui. Ilein. Th. i. p. 108 
(1850) ; Antin. Cat. descrr. Ucc. p. Gl (IS *4). 
Lamprocolius cyaniventris, Blyth, J. A. 6\ Be ay. xxiv. p. 25511855); 
Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. Mm. E.I Co. ii. p* 540 (lS5fij. 
Lamprocolius chalybeus, Hartl. J.f. 0.]>50? p. 21; Hntyl. J. f. O. 
1803, p. 22; Breh?n, Beis. Habek-h. p. 327 (iHi3): IhiitjlXf. 6. 
18(59, p. 5; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 514 (1670), iv. App. p. exxv 
(1871); Blanf. Geol. 6c 'Aoot. Abyss, p. 395 (1870); Finsrii, 
Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 295 (1870); ti/iarpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 7)5 (LSI) ; 
Antin. # Salvad. Viagg. Bogus, p. 127 (1873;; Hartl. Abha/tdl. 

34. LAMPKOcomrs. 
177 

nut, Ver. Bremen, iv. p. 01 (1874); Salvad, Ami. Mm, Civic. 
Getiov. (2) i. p. 109 (1884); G'ujl. op. cit. (2) vi. p. 27 (1888); 
ticduad. t. c. p. 297 (1888). 

Lainprocolius abyssiirieus, llartl. J. f. O. 1859, p. 21. 
Laniprocolius gnttatus. Br. WiirtL MSS.; HewjL J. f. 0. 1867, 


p. 294. 
Juida abyssinica, Gray, Handrl B. ii. p. 24, no. 6334 (1870). 
Adult. General colour above glossy steel-green on the mantle, 
upper back, and scapulars; lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts deep steel-blue, with slight violet and steel-green reflexions; 
wing-coverts like the back, the median and greater coverts with a 
subterminal spot of velvety black; the inner lesser coverts deep 
purple and violet, but not coppery, showing a distinct shoulder-
patch ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, externally 
steel-green, with more or less steel-blue reflexions, the secondaries 
with a terminal velvety black spot; tail-feathers violet-blue, with 
a slight shade of steel-green on the outer webs ; crown of head deep 
steel-blue, with a distinct violet shade on the nape and hind neck, 
contrasting with the crown and back; lores velvety black ; sides of 
face deep steel-blue, violet-blue on the ear-coverts and sides of neck; 
checks and throat as well as the fore neck and chest glossy steel-
green, with slight bluish reflexions ; breast and abdomen purplish 
blue, as well as the sides of body, flanks, and thighs; under tail-
coverts steel-blue• under wing-coverts and axillaries reddish 
purple, the edge of the wing steel-blue• quills below blackish : 
" bill and feet black; iris golden yellow " (Heuglin). Total length 
10*3 inches, culmen 0*95, wing 6, tail 4*65, tarsus 1*35. 

Young, Much more dusky than the adult, the metallic colours 
more feebly developed and the abdomen blackish, with scarcely any 
purplish gloss : (i iris citron-yellow " (Antinori). 

A nestling is said by Count Salvadori to have been more metallic 
green than full-grown young birds. 

I was inclined at first to recognize two forms of L. clialyheus, 
one with a purplish-blue shoulder-spot and the other with a coppery-
red or violet one. I have, however, found a perfect gradation 
between these two forms, and I imagine that the brilliant shoulder-
spot increases in intensity with age and becomes more red. Size 
appears to be of no valuo whatever in this species, although as a 
rule the males are larger than the females. In the Museum series 
the males have the wing from 5*3 to 6 inches, and the females 
from 5*05 to 5*35 inches, while one of Mr. Blanford's specimens 
reaches 5*9 inches. 

Hah. North-eastern Africa and Senegambia. 

a. Ad. sk.
b, c. Ad. sk.
d Juv. sk.
e. <$ ad. sk.
f. P ad. sk.
a. 2 ad. sk. 
Abyssinia. 
Abyssinia (Col Sturt). 
Senafe" (W. Jesse). 
Senaf6, April 14, 1808 (IF. Jesse), 
Senate, April 12, 1868 (IF. Jesse). 
Eikhullut, TigrS, May 11, 1868. 
Purchased. 
Hume Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
W. T. Blanford, 
Esq.[C.]. 
vox. XIII. N 

178 STlTltNIDJS. 
h. $ ad. sk. Lake Ashanghi, May 4,18G8. W. T. Blauford, 
i. S ad. bk. Musgah near Antalo, May 9, 18G8. 
Esq. [C.]. 
W. T. Blauford, 
k. $ ad, sk. 
I $ ad. sk. 
Kokai, Lebka River, July 11, 1808. 
Maragaz, Bogos, July 29,18G8 (W. 
Esq. [C.]. 
W. T. Blanford, 
Esq. [C.]. 
Sharpe Coll. 
m. Ad. bk.
u. 2 ad. >sk.
Jesse), 
Senaar (Kotschy). 
Alia Amba, Slioa, Fob. 1842 (Sir 
Sharpe Coll. 
India Museum. 
v, p. Ad. sk.
W. C. Ham's), 
Senegal. Sbelley Coll. 

7. Lamprocolins sycobius. 
Lamprotornis 
sycobius, Zicht. Nomencl. AD. Berol. p. 53 (1854, 
dobC. nulla). 
Lamprocolius sycobius, Hartl. J.f. 0. 1859, p. 19; Kirk, Ibis, 1864, 

p. 1121; Finsch § Hartl Tog. Ostafr. p. 380 (1870); Hartl. AbhandL 
nat. Ver. Bremen, iv. p. 71 (1874) ; Cab. J. f 0. 1878, p. 233; 
lleichm. t. c. p. 201; Bocaqe, Orn. Angola, p. 308 (1881) ; Gurnet/, 
Ibis, 1881, p. 127; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 583; Ilolub $ Von 
Pel::. Beitr. Orn. Sudafr. p. 110, pi. 3^(1882); Bohm, J.f. 0. 
1883, p. 195 ; Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 330 (1884) ; Sharpe, 
ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. pp. 420, 840 (1884); T. Ay res, Ibis, 1880, 
p. 288.' 
Jiuda sycobia, Gray, lland-l. B. it. p. 24, no. 0333 (1870). 
Lamprocolius cbalybeus (nee Ehr.), Shelley} Ibis, 1882, p. 205. 
Adult. {Similar to L. cluilybeus but smaller, the shoulder-spot 
rather more violet than in L. i>lia nicest eras but still showing a 
distinct coppery gloss: " bill and feet black; iris yellow" (Br. 
Fischer): "iris orange-yellow" (AncJiieta); "iris golden" (Sir J. 
Kirk). Total length 8 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 4*85, tail 3*5, 
tarsus 1*25. 

As with B. cluilybeus, there is great variation in the length of the 
wing. The only specimens marked " males " have the wing 4*6 to 
5*4 inches. The rest of the specimens of which the sex is unrecorded 
have the wing 4*0 to 5*4 inches. 

Hah. Eastern Africa from the Mombasa district to the Zambesi 

and thence to the Western Transvaal. 

a. Ad. &k. Mombasa. 
"Rev. A. Buxton [P.], 
b. <$ ad. sk. Qssule, Oct. 4. Dr. Hildebrandt [C.J. 
c. J ad. sk. Kitui, March 1887. Dr. Hildebrandt [0.h 
d. Ad. sk. Ugogo {Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll. 
e. Ad. bk. Mamboio (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll. 
f} g. Ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Exped. 
. Ad. sk. Lower Shire* Valley (Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Exped. 

8. Lamprocolins cMoropterus. 
Lamprotornis chloropterus, Swains. An. in Menag. p. 359 (1837). 
Jtiida chloroptera, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 327 (1846): id. Hand4. 2 

J?, ii. 

p. 24, no. 0331 (1870). 
34 . LA.MPBOCGLTUS. 
179 

Lamprocolius cyanogenys, Sumlev. (Efv. K. Vct.-Alcad, Fork. Stockholm, 
18,30, p. 127; Heugl J. f. 0. 1800, p. 4. 
Lamprocolius chloropterus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 41(3 (1850); IlartL Orn. 
W.-Afr. p. 118 (1857); id. J /. 0. 1859, p. 20; yin^. (^. 
<fe*cr;\ Ucc. p. Gl (1804); Salvad. Atti F. Accad. Sci. Torino, v. 

p. 730 (1870); Ilew/L Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 513 (1870), iv. App. 
p. cxxv (1871) ; A. Brehm, J.f.O. 1873, p. 80; IlartL AbhandL 
nat. Ver. Bremen, iv. p. 64 (1874). 
Lamprotornis cyanogenys, Packer. Fev. et Mat/, de ZooL 1858, 

p. 254. 
Adult. Similar to L. chalybeus, but very much smaller and more 
glossy green, more uniform in colour, the rump and lower back not 
contrasting with the mantle so much as in L. chalybeus, and distinguished 
also by an absence of violet shades on the hind neck; the 
ear-coverts frizzled, deep blue, forming a patch, the blue colour not 
extending down the sides of the neck as in L. chalyheus ; shoulder-
patch purplish blue, with no shade of reddish purple or coppery 
red. Total length 8-3 inches, culmen 0'75, wing 4'75? tail 2*75, 
tarsus 1*2. 

Ilab. "West Africa from Sencgambia to Gaboon and throughout 
North-eastern and Eastern Africa down to the Zambesi. 

a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad.; e. Iiiim. nk.
fg. Ad. sk. 
Senegal. 
Accra (J. Smith). 
Accra (J. Smith). 
Keren, Bogos (Ester). 
Bogos Land (Ester). 
Sliarpe Coll. 
Sliarpe Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Sliarpe Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
h. $ ad.; i. Juv. sk. Ailat, Samhar, June 29,1868. W. T. Blanford, 
h. $ ad. sk.
I, m. Imm. sk. 
Wandi,EquatorialAfrica,Sept.
3, 1801 (Emm Pasha). 
River Rovuma (J. Thomson).
Esq. [C.]. 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
w, o. Ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. lurk). Livingstone Expedition. 


9. Lamprocolius chalcurus. 
Lamprotornis chalcurus, Nordm. in Ermarfs Feis., Atlas, p. 8 (1835) ; 

Pucker. Fev. et Mag. de Zool. 1858, p. 252. 
Lamprotornis cyanotis, Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 140 (1837). 
Jidda chalcura; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 327 (1810); id. Iland-l B. ii. 

p. 245 no. 6340 (1870). 
Lamprocolius cyanotis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 415 (1850); IlartL J.f.O. 
1859, p. 17; Heugl. J. f. O. 1809, p. 5; Eochebr. Faun. Seneg., 
Ois. p. 230 (1884). 

Lamprocolius 
chalcurus. Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 199 (1850); 
Marti. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 118 (1857); Heugl Om. N.O.-Afr. ii. 

p. 513 (1870), iv. App. p. exxv (1871) ; IlartL AbhandL nat. Ver. 
Bremen, iv. p. 59 (1874). 
Lamprocolius nitens (nee L.), Sliarpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 483; id. Cat. 
Afr. B. p. 55 (1871). 
Lamprocolius porphyrurus, Hartl. AbhandL nat. Ver. Bremen, iv. 

p. 60 (1874); Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 60; Feichen. J.f.O. 1875, 
p. 36. 
Lamprocolius chalcurus, var. orientalis, IlartL AbhandL nat Ver, 
Bremen, vii. p. 106 (1881); id. op. cit. viii. p. 245 1882). 
w 2 

STUliNIDiE. 

Adult (typo of I. porjdiyrurus). Similar to L. ehloropterus, and of 
tlio same small size, but distinguished by tho reddish-purple or 
violet-blue base to tho tail-feathers : " iris fiery red " (Emin); " iris 
scarlet" (Uss7ier). Total length 7*7 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 5*1, 
tail 2*55, tarsus 1*2. 

Young. Dingy brown above and below, with a slight gloss of the 
metallic colours of the adult plumage : "iris grey" (Rekhenow). 

K. female from Eatiko, in the Shelley Collection, has the wing 
5*25 inches. It is rather less brightly coloured than the male. 
Hah, West Afric ; Equatorial Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. Acr:a (Ilaynes). Sharpe Coll. (Type of 
L. porphyrurus.) 
b. Ad. sk. West Africa. 
Sharpe Coll. 
c. Juv. sk. West Africa. 
Purchased. 
d. 
5 ad. sk. Fatiko, Equatorial Africa, Shelley Coll. 
Jan. 12,1881 (Bmin Pasha), 
10. Lamprocolius phcenicopterus. 
Le Nabirop, levaill. Ois. aVAfr. ii. p. 157, pi. 89 (1800); Sundew. 

Crit. om Levaill. p. 34 (1857). 

Stunuis auratus, Baud. Trait e d'Oni. ii. p. 313 (1800, nee Gm.). 

Lamprotornis aurata (nee Gm.), Licht. Verz. Boubl. p. 18 (1823). 

Lamprotornis phoenicopterus, Swains. An. in Menag. p. 300 (1837) ; 

Symonds, Ibis, 1887, p. 331. 
Jukla phoenicoptera, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 326 (1840); Layard, B. 

S. Afr. p. 171 (1807); 'id. Ibis, 1809, p. 74; Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. 
p. 24, no. 0330 (1870); Ayres, Bns, 1879, p. 398. 
Lamprocolius phoenicopterus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 416 (1850) ; Cab. Mus. 
Ilein. TL i. p. 199 (1850); Ilartl. J. f. O. 1859, p. 18; id. Ibis, 
1802, p. 148; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 55 (1871) ; Ilartl. Abhandl. 
nat. Ver. Bremen, iy. p. 07 (1874); Bueldey, Ibis, 1874; p. 378; 
Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 78; Barratt, Ibis, 1870, p. 206; Butler, 
Feilden, $ Beid, Zool. 1882, p. 250; Sharpe, ed. LayanVs B. S. 
Afr. pp. 425,^840(1884). 

Lamprocolius nitens, Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 265. 

Adult. General colour above glossy oil-green, the mantle, upper 
back, and scapulars slightly washed with steel-blue; lower back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts glossy steel-blue; wing-coverts glossy 
oil-green, the median and greater coverts slightly shaded with steel-
green at the ends, before which is a velvety-black spot; a shoulder-
patch of purple and coppery bronze on the inner lesser and median 
coverts, the feathers being steel-blue slightly shaded with purple 
and brilliant coppery bronze towards the ends; primary-coverts 
glossy steel-blue; quills externally glossy oil-green, like the coverts, 
slightly shaded at the ends with steel-blue, before which is a subterminal 
shade of velvety black; tail-feathers steel-blue, with a 
gloss of steel-green, principally on the outer web; crown of head 
and hind neck glossy steel-blue; lores dusky blackish, as also the 
eyelid; sides of face and ear-covcrts steel-blue, glossed with purple ; 
cheeks steel-blue; under surface of body glossy steel-green, the 
throat somewhat inclining to steel-blue, the chin more oil-green; 

34. LAMPEOCOUUS. 
181 
thighs purplish blue; under tail-coverts like the abdomen; under 
wing-coverts purplish and steel-blue; edge of wing green; axillaris 
like the breast; quills below blackish. Total length 10*3 
inches, culmen 1, wing 5*85, tail 3*8, tarsus 1*45. 

Hab. Cape Colany. 

a. Ad. sk. South Africa. 
Hardwicke Bequest. 
h. Ad. sk. South Africa. 
Sharpe Coll. 
c. Ad. sk. Cape Colony. Earl of Derby [P.]. 
dt e. Ad. sk. Cape Coleny (27. L. Layard). Shelley Coll. 
f9 g. Ad. sk. Eland's Post (T. Atmore). Sharpe Coll. 
X Ad. sk. Port Elizabeth. Sharpe Coll. 

Subsp. a. Lamprocolius hispecularis. 

Spreo bispeeularis, Striekl Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 149. 

Lamprocolius bispeciilaris, Hartl. J f. 0.1851), p. 19; Bocage, Orn. 

Angola, p. 311 (18^1); Souza, Jorn. Zisb. 1887, p. 57. 

Juida phoenicoptera, Gurney, Ibh, 1800, p. 210. 

Lamprocolius decoratus, Hartl Ibis, 180*2, p. 148; id. Abhandl nat. 

Tet\ Bremen, iv. p. 09 (1^74). 

Lamprocolius phamicopteru^ Gurney, P. Z. 3. 18G4, p. 7; Mont. 

P. Z. S. lv03, p. 92; Gurney in Anderss. B, Dam.-Ld. p. 160 
(lb72) ; Iteicheu. J.f. 0. 1877, p. 26. 
Lamprocoliiife nitons (nie L.), Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 1867, pp. 138,334. 
Juida decurata, Layard, B. #. Afr. p. 171 (lb67); Gray, t. c. p. 24, 

no. 0343 (lfe70). 
Juida MspecularL, Gray, Hand~l B. ii. p. 24, no. 0342 (1870). 

Adult male. Similar to L. phatnicopterus but decidedly smaller, 

the wing measuring 4*9-5*35, and differing in the more steel-green 

colour of the back and wings: " bill, legs, and toes more or less 

black: iris bright reddish orange " (G. J. Andersson); " iris orange-

yellow" (J. Anchieta). 

This is nothing but a small race of L. phceyiicopterus^ and, as it 

varies greatly in size, like that species, it is quite possible that the 

two forms may be found to run completely into each other. Capt. 

Shelley thinks that this is the Lamprocolius nitens (Linn.), founded 

on " Le Merle vert d5Angola " of lirisson. It is so much a matter 

of uncertainty, however, that I think, with Professor Bocage, that 

this old name had better be dropped altogether. 

Hub, Interior of South Africa from Natal to the Transvaal, and 

on the west coast to Damara Land, Benguela, and Angola. 

a. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sharpe Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. South Africa (Butler). Shelley Coll. 
c. Ad. sk. South Africa (B. L. Sharpe CoH. (Type cf 
Layard). L. decoratus.) 
d. e9 f. Ad. sk. Durban, Natal (T. L. Ay res). Shelley Coll. 
g, hj z. Ad. sk. Durban (Gordge). Shelley Coll. 
k. <$ ad. sk. Natal. 
Dr. Grueinzius [C.]. 
I 
<$ ad. sk. Natal, May 22, 1873 (21 E. Shelley Coll. 
Buckley), 


m. 2 ad. sk. Swaziland, July 23, 1876 (T. Shelley Coll. 
E. Buckley). 
STUIOTD2B. 

182 

n Q ad sk Crocodile Kiver, Transvaal, W. E. & C. G. Gates, 
* * ' Nov. 8,1872 (F. Oates). Esqrs. [P.]. 

o 
A ad sk CiocodilePdver, Nov. 17,1873 Shelley ColL 
(T. E. Buckley), 
p Ad. sk. Marico, Nov. 18, 1873 (F. W. E. & C. G. Gates, 
Ctofc*). Esqrs. |_P.j. 
«r rT Ad. sk. Tatl, Get. 11, 1873 (F. Oates), ^\\ E. & C. G. Gates, 
7' Esq*, [P.]


r. 
Ad. ; .s. Juv. Otjimbinque, Damara-Land, Sharpe Coll. 
sk. May, Aug. ( C. J. Anderssmi). 
t. Ad. sk. Benguela. t ^Ionteiro Coll. 
w. Ad. sk. Capangomlbe (AncMeta). Sharpe ColL 
v. Ad. sk. Ambaca (AncMeta). Sharpe ColL 
w. Ad. sk. Ambaca (AncMeta). Shelley Coll. 
.r, Ad. sk. Angola (Touhon). Shelley ColL 
11. Lamprocolius melanogaster. 
Lamprotornis melanogaster, Swains. Anhn. in Menaq. p. 297 (1837); 
Fmsch, J.f 0. 1867, p. 247. 
Juida melanogaster, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 327 (1840); Gurnet/, Ibisf 
1802, p. 29; Bayard, B. S. Afr. p. 173 (1807): Gray, Hmul-l B. 

ii. p. 224, no. (mo (1870). 
Lamprotornis porphvroplevron, Simdev. G5f». A*". Vef^Akad. Fork 
Stoekh. 1850, p. 100. 
Lamprocolius coruscans, Bp. Consp. i. p. H5 (1^50, e.r Licht.)-, 
Licht. Nomend. Ac. Berol. p. 53 (1854). 
Lamprocolius 
melanogaster, Bp. Consp. i. p. H5 (]f50); liarfI. 
Orn. W.-Afr. p. Ill) (lb57); GtoV/, iW. Anteckn. p. £7 (1^1); 
j&iw-tf. j : / 0. 1850, p. 22 ; «& ite, 1802, p. 14*; P«w<tf A' 
Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 381 (1870); Marpe, Cat. Afr. Jl p. 55 
(1871),* iifcwtf. Ahlmndh nat. Ver. Bre?nen, iv. p. 72 (lh74): 

I. p. 335 (1884) j Sfcarpe, *rf. bayard's It 8. Afr. p. 428 (1880). 
Lamprocolius porphyroplevron, Licht Nomend Aw. Berol p. 53 
(1854). 
Lamprotornis purpuroptera (nee Hup}).}? Bianc. Sjiec. Z&d. Mmcmij., 
Aves, p. 322 (1865). 
Adult male in winter plumage. General colour above glossy purple 
with a steel-blue gloss, the sides of neck and hind neck glossy 
green, this colour slightly overshading the upper mantle; rump 
and upper tail-coverts more decidedly purple with a bronzy gloss ; 
lesser wing-coverts glossy purple; median and greater coverts dark 
steel-green with a slight "blue lustre; bastard-wing, primary-corerts, 
and quills purple externally, blackish on the inner web, the 
secondaries steel-green with scarcely any blue lustre : tail-feathers 
black glossed with purple, more distinctly on the outer web; crown 
of head deep steel-blue; lores velvety black, as also the eyelid; 
feathers round the eye and along the top of the ear-coverts glossy 
purple, the remainder of the ear-coverts and cheeks steel-green, 
glossed with blue on the former; throat, fore neck, and breast 
glossy steel-green; lower breast purplish; abdomen black, glossed 

34 . LAMPROCOLITTS. 
with coppery bronze, more distinct on the sides of body and flanks; 
thighs und under tail-coverts dull black, glossed with purple • under 
wing-coverts and axillaries black, edged with purplish blue; quills 
below black, ashy blackish along the edge of the inner web; bill 
and feet black: " iris golden yellow " (67. E. Shelley). Total length 
8 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 4-35, tail 3*3, tarsus 1. 

Some males in winter plumage, when the colours are brightest, 
have a steel-green shade overspreading the back and eclipsing the 
purple shade. This seems to occur directly the plumage begins to 
wear; at least I judge this to be the case from a young moulting 
specimen, in which the fresh dorsal plumage appears to be purplish 
rather than green. 

In October before the breeding-season, the plumage is very much 
duller, and gradually becomes more so as the nesting progresses. 

Adult female. Much duller than the males and with the brilliant 
colouring obscured, especially underneath, where the lower 
breast and abdomen have no bronzy lustre, but are dull smoky 
blackish. Total length 7*3 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 4, tail 2*9, 
tarsus 0*9. 

I can see no difference in females killed in July and October. 

Young birds are much duller than the adults, all tho glossy 

plumage being dusky with very little lustre; the lower breast 

and abdomen, as well as the sides of the body and flanks, sooty 

blackish, with scarcely any gloss whatever and showing none of tho 

bronzy lustre of the adult birds. 

Hal. From South-eastern Africa to the Mombasa district in 

East Africa. 

a. 
Ad. sk. Kingwilliamstown. Oapi Trevelyan [0.]. 
Kingwilliamstown, Nov. 12, Shelley Coll. 
b. 2 ad. sk. 
1884 (C. Neivtej). 

c. Ad. sk. 
Natal. Purchased. 
Natal 
Dr. Gueinzius [0.]. 

d. $ ad. sk. 
Durban, July, Nov. (T. L. Shelley Coll. 

^.Ay^M-6 ad. 

Ayres),

et juv. sk. 

Durban, March 26, 1874 Shelley Coll. 

k. $ imm. sk. 
(G. E. S.). 
i7 m. $ ad. et Pinetown, Natal, March, July, Shelley Coll. 
juv.; n, o. $ Oct. (T. Z. At/res). 
imm. sk. 

p, q. Ad. ; r, s. 
Lamo, Zanzibar district (Sir Shelley Coll. 

Juv. sk. 
J. Kirh). 

t, u. Ad. sk. . 
Pangani River (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll. 

Vj ir, a\ Ad.; ij, a, 
Meliiida (Sir J. Kirh). Shelley Coll. 

a'. Imm. sk. 

V. d 
ad. sk. Wito, Nov. 19, 1877 (G. A. Shelley Coll. 
Fischer). 
Rev. A. Buxton [P.]. 

c'. Ad. sk. 
Mombasa. 

I 

STURNID2E. 

12. Lamprocolius purpureiceps. 
Lamprocolius purpureiceps, J. E. Verr. Rev. et Mag. de Z00LI86I, 
p 418; StrkU. Cemtr. Orn. 1851, p. 133; Hartl. Om. W.-Afr. 
V 119 (1857); Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1857, p. 36; Hartl. 

j. f. O. 1859, p. 24; Cass. Proc. PMlad. Acad. 1859, p. 133; 
Sharpe P. Z. S. 1871, p. 611; Hartl. Abhandl. not. Ver. Bremen, 
iv. p. 73 (1874); Reichen. J. f. O. 1875, p. 36. 
Jidda xmrpureiceps, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 24, no. 6335 (18/0)-
Lamprocolius cupreicaudus (pt.), Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 55 (1871). 
Adult. General colour above glossy golden green; scapulars like 
the back, but with a slight shade of steel-green; lower back and 
rump like the mantle, but not quite so golden; upper tail-coverts 
black, edged with steel-blue, with a subterminal shade of bronzy 
purple; wing-coverts steel-blue; quills purplish black, externally 
steel-blue, the inner secondaries washed with golden green like the 
back; tail-feathers blue-black, externally washed with golden 
bronze ; crown of head velvety purple with a slight shade of violet-
blue, the nape showing a distinct appearance of steel-blue; hind 
neck glossy steel-green; lores black; feathers round eye, sides of 
face, and car-coverts purple, a little duller than the head; cheeks, 
throat, and chest purple, slightly varied with violet-blue, becoming 
much more distinct on the latter ; breast, abdomen, sides of body, 
and flanks steel-green, with a slight wash of golden green; thighs and 
under tail-coverts black, washed with steel-blue ; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries black, edged with bright steel-blue; quills below 
black. Total length 7*8 inches, oilmen 0-75, wing 4*6, tail 2*55, 
tarsus 0*9. 

Bah. "West Africa from the Cameroons to the Congo. 

a. Ad. sk. Landana, Congo (Petit). Shelley Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Gaboon. M. Verreaux. 
c. Ad. sk. Gaboon (P. B. Du Chaillu). Sharpe Coll. 
d. Ad. sk. Gaboon (P. B. Du Chaillu). Tweeddale Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Biver Ogowe, Gaboon. H. T. Ansell, 
Esq. [P.*]. 
/. Juv. sk. Cameroons. Sharpe Coll. 
j7.Ad.sk. Cameroons, Jan. 20,1871 (Crossley). Sharpe Coll. 

h. Ad. sk. Cameroons, Jan. 19 (Crossley). Shelley Coll. 
13. Lamprocolius cupreicauda. 
Lamprotornis cupreocauda, Temm. MSS. in Mus. Lugd., unde 
Lamprocolius cupreocauda, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 119 (1857); id. 

J. f. O. 1859, p. 24; Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 473; id. Cat. Afr. B. 
p. 55 (1871); Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 66; Hartl Abhandl. not. 
Ver. Bremen, iv. p. 74 (1874); Buttih. Notes Ley dm Mm. ix. 
p. 258(188$). 
Juida cupreocauda, Gray, JIand4. B. ii. p. 24, no. 6336 (1870). 
Lamprocolius purpureiceps (nee Verr.), Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 384. 
Adult. Similar to L. purpureiceps, but glossy steel-blue on the 
back, the head purplish blue, with a beautiful shade of glossy 
purple on the hind neck and mantle; under surface glossy steel


35. COCCYCOIIUS.—36. HETEROPSAK. 185 
blue, purple on the throat and chest: " bill and feet black; Iris 
golden yellow » (Stampfli). Total length 6-7 inches, oilmen 0-05, 
wing 4-7, tail 2'7, tarsus 0-9. 

Hab. West Africa from the Gold Coast to Liberia. 

a, b, c, d. Ad.; Fantee (Kirby). Shelloy Coll. 

e. Lnm. sk. 
f~i Ad.; Fantee (//. T. XJssher). Shelley Coll. 
l\ Juv. sk. 
I Ad. sk. Ashantee. J. Gould, Esq. 

m. Ad. sk. Wasa, July 1S72 (Blissett). Sharpo Coll. 
n. Ad. sk. River Volta (II. T. Ussher). Sharpo Coll. 
35. COCCYCOIIUS. 
/>. ,. Typo. 

Coccycoiius, Oustalet, N. Arch, Mus. (2) ii. p. 155 (1879) C. iris. 

Range. Loss Islands, Senegambia. 

1. Coccycoiius iris. 
Coccycoiius iris, Oustalet, Bull. Assoc. Scient. France, no. 580, p. 158 
(1878) ; id. N. Arch. Mm. (2) ii. p. 155, pi. 7 (1879). 

Adult. Golden green; the cheeks, ear-coverts, and abdomen 
purple ; bill elongated, the oilmen gently incurved, and the feet 
(which are short) black. Having the aspect of a Golden Cuckoo, 
but the size a little larger. (Oustalet.) 


Hob. Loss Islands. 

36. HETEROPSAR. 
Range. Somali-Land in East Africa and Bengucla in South-west 
Africa. 

Key to t7ie Species. 

a. Head glossy green like the back; underneath 
uniform glossy green acuticaudus, p. 185. 
b. Head white, forming a cap j underneath streaked 
with white albicapillus, p. 186. 
Is Heteropsar acuticaudus. 
Lamprocolius acuticaudus, Bocar/e, Jorn. Lisb. 1870, p. 345, 1877, 

p. 156; Sharps, Cat. Afr. J?, p. ^6 (1871); Hartl. Abhandl nat. 
Ver. Bremen, iv. p. 66 (1874); Socage, Orn. Angola, p. 309, pi. vi. 
(1881); Sharpe, ed. Bayard's S. 8. Afr. p. 427 (1884). 
Juida acuticauda, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 24, no. 0346 (1870). 

Adult male. General colour above uniform glossy oil-green, with 
a very slight steel-blue reflexion on the rump and upper tail-
coverts ; wing-coverts oil-green like the back, the inner lesser and 
median coverts coppery red, with steel-blue reflexions on the edges, 
forming a shoulder-patch; both the median and greater coverts 

186 
STURM) JE. 

with a subterminal spot of velvet}7 black ; bastard-wing, primary-

coverts, and quills blackish, externally glossed with steel-green or 

steel-blue, the secondaries externally oil-green like the back ; tail-

feathers steel-blue, with greenish reflexions; the tail strongly 

graduated; head and neck glossy oil-green, including* the sides of 

the neck and under surface of the body ; lores velvety Hack ; ear-

coverts dark steel-blue, the feathers rather frizzled : sides of body 

and flanks steel-blue, contrasting with the rest of the under surface ; 

thighs also steel-blue; under tail-coverts oil-green; under wing-

coverts and axillaries blackish, edged with steel-blue, the edge of 

the wing greener; quills below blackish, browner along the inner 

edge: "bill and feet black; iris orange" (J. AnchicUt). Total 

length 10 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 5, tail 5, tarsus 1*05. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 9*8 inches, 

culmen 0*85, wing 4*95, tail 3*7, tarsus 1*1. 

Young. Brown, with an oil-green gloss above, steel-green on the 

tail and wings, the coverts and quills with small whity-brown tips ; 

under surface of body earthy brown, the throat and breast with 

small mesial streaks of whity brown, all the feathers of the breast 

and abdomen rather broadly edged with the latter colour: " iris 

brownish " (Ancliida). 

Hah. Eenguela. 

a. S ad.; h. Juv.sk. Caeonda, Benguela, Jan. 1SU0 Skarpe Coll. 
(J. Anchieta). 
c, d. <$ $ ad. sk. Caeonda, Jan. IbSri (J. A.). 
e. 
$ ad. ;/,</. Caeonda, July, Aug., Nov. Shelley Coll 
Imm. sk. (J. A.). 
2. Heteropsar albicapHliis. 
Spreo albicapillus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xxiv. p. 301 (1855); Haril 
Orn. W.-Afr., App. p. 276 (1^57). 
Notauges albicapillus, HartL Xf. O. 1659. p. '28; Spefo, Jbi',% 1M70, 

p. 246, pi. vii.* Heitc/l J.f.O. 1863, p. 23, ISGfL p. 10; id. Orn. 
N.O.-Afr. p. 520 (1870); Fimch £ HartL Tag. Ostafr. p. 379 
(1870); HartL AbTiandL nat. Ver. Bremen, iv. p. 85 (1,^74); 
SJwlleih Ibis, 1885, p. 413. 
Juida albicapilla, Grayy Hand-L B. ii. p. 25, no. 6355 (1870), 

Adult. General colour above light oily green, shading off into 
steel-green on the rump and upper tail-eoverts, the feathers of which 
have whitish margins, as have also a few of the feathers of the hind 
neck; lesser wing-coverts creamy white, the lower series brown 
with wThite shaft-lines; median and greater coverts bronzy or 
greenish brown, rather broadly tipped with sandy white; quills 
blackish, externally steel-green, the secondaries dusky, externally 
white, before which is a subterminal shade of green, the innermost 
secondaries entirely light oily-green like the mantle; tail-feathers 
glossy steel-green, with dusky cross bars under certain lights; 
crown of head creamy white; lores, feathers below the eye, and 
fore part of cheeks blackish; ear-coverts and hinder cheeks dusky 

37, SPREO. 
187 

grey; under surface of body dingy greyish brown, with a, gloss of 
metallic green hero and there, all the feathers longitudinally centred 
with white, giving a distinct striped appearance; lower abdomen, 
thighs, and under tail-coverts creamy white, as well as the under 
wing-coverts and axillaiies: "bill and feet black; iris white1' 

(J. 8pelce). Total length 10 inches, culmen ] *1, wing 5*85, tail 4*5, 
tarsus 1*5. 
(Mus. E. Lovt Phillips.) 
Hal). Somali-Land. 

37. SPREO. 
Typo. 
Spreo, less. Traite, p. 406 (1831) S. tricolor. 
Notauges, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 108 (1850) S. tricolor. 
Range. Confined to Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Throat bronzy brown, not metallic; abdomen and 
under tail-coverts white or creamy burF. 
a'. Size much larger; breast brown like the throat 
and flanks; secondaries brown bicolor, p. 187. 
b'. Size much smaller; breast and abdomen both 
white; inner secondaries metallic green Jlscheri, p. 189. 

b. Throat metallic green or blue ; belly chestnut. 
(L Under tail-coverts white, across the chest a 
white band; under wing-coverts white mperbus, p. 180. 
d'. Under tail-coverts chestnut. 
a". Back purplish blue; wing-coverts with 
velvety-black spots ; head purplish blue as 
well as the throat; under wing-coverts 
tawny or chestnut. 


a'". Outer edge of wing green, breast fawncoloured 
...., hildebrandtij p. 190. 
b'". Outer edge of wing purple, breast entirely 
chestnut shelleyi, p. 190. 

b". Back green like the throat and breast; no 
velvety-black spots on the wing-coverts ; 
head bronzy brown pulcher, p. 101. 

1. Spreo bicolor. 
Le Merle brim du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Montb. Hist. Nat. Ois. 
iii. p. 378 (1775). 
White-rumped Thrush, Lath. Gen. 8yn. ii. pt. i. p. 64 (1783). 
Turdus bicolor, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 385 (1788). 
Le Spr&o, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr, ii. p. 156, pi. 88 (1800); 8undev. Crit, 
om Levaill p. 33 (1857). 
Sturnus bicolor, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 311 (1800). 
Lamprotornis bicolor, Licht. Verz. Doubt p. 18 (1823). 
Lamprotornis albiventris, Sivai?is, An. in Menag. p. 207 (1837). 

Om. Siidafr. p. 112 (1882) ; 8harpe, ed. Layar&s i?, & Af>\ 
pp. 429, 846 (1884); Symonds, Ibis, 1887, p. 331, 

STORNID-E. 

188 

Juida bicolor, Gray, Gen. B.il p^327 (1846) ;Z^r ^ B S Afr. 
D 172 (1867); Gurney, Ibis, lb68, pp. 46, 465, Groy,Hand-IB, 
ii.' p. 25, no. 6352 (1870). . . 

Notauo-es bicolor. Cab. Mus. Hem. i. p. 198 (1850); Grill, Zool. 
T/ecL pp. l0, 57 (1859); X^l J f 0. 185% p. 27 j id. 
Abhandl not. Ver. Bremen, iv. p. 83 (1874). 

Amydrus bicolor, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 55 (1871) ; Buckley, Ibis, 
1874, p. 378 j Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 78* afawye, App. Oates 
Matabele-Land, p. 316 (1881). 

Adult male. General colour above bronzy brown, with a distinct 
gloss of green under certain lights, especially on the head and hind 
neck, upper tail-coverts, and lesser wing-coverts; median and 
greater wing-coverts and quills with a bronzy purplish gloss, the 
primary-coverts and primaries externally washed with a green 
gloss• tail-feathers glossy oil-green, the centre ones with a steel-
green gloss ; sides of head and under surface of body bronzy brown, 
with a slight purplish gloss and a more distinct green gloss on the 
throat• abdomen and under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts 
like the breast; quills light brown below: " bill yellow, with the 
tipper mandible and the end of the lower mandible black; legs 
black; iris pale yellow " (G. E. Shelley). Total length 9 inches, 
culmen 0*9, wing 5*55, tail 3*45, tarsus 1*45. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 9-5 inches, 
culmen 1, wing 5'8, tail 3*7, tarsus 1*45. 

Young birds, according to Captain Shelley, have the pale portion 
of the bill buff. In adult birds the gape and the tongue are yellow 
and, as he points out, the gape has a slight wattle. 

Hab. South Africa. 

a,b. 3% ad. sk. Cape Town, April 1866 (C. Sharpe Coll. 

J. A7ide?'ssa?i). 
c. S ad. sk. Cape Town (Butler). Shelley Coll. 
d. 2 
ad. sk. Caledon, Oct. 13,1874 (But- Shelley Coll. 
ler). 
e,f. 
Ad. sk. Ceres, Cape Colony, Jan. 27, Shelley Coll. 
1874 (<?. B. &). 

g. 
Ad.sk. Mossel Bay, April (F. Oates). W. E. & C. G. Oates 
Esqrs. [PA 
h, I <$ $ ad. sk. Natal, June 3, 1873 (21 JS. Shelley ColL 
Buckley), 
h, I, m. Ad. sk. Burg Mount, Natal (Gordge). Shelley Coll. 

n. J ad. sk. Newcastle, May 23, 1881 Shelley Coll. 
(E. A. Butler), 
o. 2 ad. sk. Newcastle, June 26, 1881 Shelley Coll. 
(E. A. Butler), 
p. <J ad. sk. Transvaal (T. Ayres). Sharpe Coll. 
q. 6 ad. sk. Potchefstroom, Jan. 10,1877 J. H. Gurney, Esq. [P.]. 
(T. L. Ayres). 
r. 
<J ad. sk. Potchefstroom (T. B. Buck- Shelley ColL 
ley). 
37. SPREO. 189 
2. Spreo fischeri. 
Notangesfisclieri, Reichen. J.f. 0.1884, p. 54; Fischer, Zeitschr. yes. 
Orn. i. p. 335, Taf. xx. fig. 1 (1884) ; id. J.f 0. 1885, p. 13:2. 

Adult female. Head, chin, and chest silver-grey, tho latter rather 
darker; lores rather white; under surface of body white; back, 
wings, and tail entirely pale brown with a silky gloss, tho tailfearners 
and inner secondaries with a metallic gloss of steel-green: 
"bill and feet black; iris pale yellow" (G. A. Fischer). Total 
length 6-8 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 4, tail 2-6, tarsus 1-15. (Fischer 
Sf Reichenow.) 

Hob. Pare Mountains, Masai-Land. 

3. Spreo sttperbus. 
Lamprotornis superbus, Rilpp. Syst. Uebers. pp. 65, 75, Taf. 2G 
(1845); Heugl Syst Uebers. p. 3G (1856); Blyth, J A. 8. 
JBeng. xxiv. p. 301 (1855). 

Juida superba, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 327 (1846) ; id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 25, 
no. 0354 (1870). r 
Lamprocolius superbus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 416 (1850); Horsf. & Moore. 
Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 547 (1856). 
Notauges superbus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 198, note (1850): 
Hartl J. f. O. 1859, p. 25; Speke, Ibis, 1860, p. 245; Heugl 

J. f. O. 1863, p. 22,1869, p. 7; Cab. in Von der Decheris lick, 
Voy. p. 33 (1869); Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 517 (1870), iv. 
p. cxxvi (1871); Finsch 8? Hartl. Teg. Ostafr. p. 378 (1870); 
Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 54 (1871); Hartl Abhandl. nat. Ver. 
Bremen, iv. p. 80 (1874); Cab. J. f O. 1878, p. 233 ; Shelley, 
P. Z. S. 1881, p. 583; Hartl Abhandl nat. Ver. Bremen, vii. 
p. 106 (1881); Bohm, J.f.O. 1883, p. 195 ; Schalow, t. c. p. 360; 
Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i.p. 335 (1884); Sahad. Ami. Mus. Civic. 
Genov. (2) i. p. 199 (1884) ; Fischer, J.f 0.1885, p. 132; Shelley, 
16^,1885, p. 412; Reichen. J. f. 0.1887, p. 66; Oigl. Ann. Mus. 
Civic. Genov. (2) iv. p. 28 (1888); Sahad. t. c. p. 298 (1888). 

Adult. Above glossy steel-blue, the scapulars and wings glossy 
oil-green, with velvety-black spots at the ends of the median and 
greater wing-coverts; the bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and 
primaries glossed with steel-blue externally; tail-feathers steel-bluo 
with a shade of violet, all but the centre ones blackish along the 
edge of the inner web and at the tips; crown of head dusky black 
with an oily-green gloss; lores, sides of face, cheeks, and ear-
coverts blacki with a gloss of reddish bronze on the latter; throat 
and fore neck glossy steel-blue; breast white, forming a band; 
lower breast, abdomen, sides of body, flanks, and thighs rich orange-
chestnut; vent and under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries white; edge of wing glossy steel-green; quills 
blackish below: " bill and feet black ; iris pearly or milky white" 
(Antinori); "iris clear sulphur-yellow" (Hildebrandt); "iris pale 
yellow; inside of mouth clear yellow; feet lead-colour" (G. A. 
Fischer). Total length 7-6 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 4-9, tail 2-7, 
tarsus 1*2. 


100 
STTJRSTIDJG. 

Young. Like the adult, but with the colours less resplendent 
(SalvadorI): " iris greyish yellow" (6/. ,4. Fischer). 
If ah. Erom the Upper Soudan to Shoa and as far as the Zanzibar 
region in East Africa. 

a. 
b. 
c. 
Ad. fct. 
Ad. sk. 
<$ ad. sk 
Shoa.
Shoa.
Alia Amba, Shoa, Feb. 1842 
Br. Riippell ["0.1 
Dr. RiippeU [C.]. 
India Museum. 
d. Ad. sk. 
f,V- Ad. 
Ad. sk. 
sk. 
(Sir W. C. Harris). 
Soudan (Knoblecher).
Ugogo (Sir J. Kirk)
Masai-Land (J. Thomson). 
Sliarpo Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 

4. Spreo hildebrandti. 
Notaug-es 
hildebrandti, Cab. J. f. 0. 1878, p. 233, pi. iii. fig. 1; 
Fischer, J.f. 0.1885, p. 132; Eeichen. J.f. 0. 1887, p. 60. 

Adult male. General colour above metallic purplish blue ; upper 
tail-coverts with subterminal bars of velvety black; lesser and median 
wing-coverts like the back, the latter with a broad subterminal spot 
of velvety black; the scapulars similarly marked; greater coverts 
metallic oil-green, steel-blue at the ends, with a broad subterminal 
spot of velvety black; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
dusky blackish, externally steel-green, the secondaries more oilygreon, 
with a slight shade of steel-blue at the ends; tail-feathers 
steel-green, with indications of dusky bars under certain lights; 
crown of head glossy purplish blue; hind neck and sides of neck 
metallic bronzy oil-green; lores velvety black; sides of face, ear-
coverts, cheeks, throat, and fore neck glossy purplish blue; chest 
and breast tawny rufous, paler and inclining to creamy buff on the 
sides of the latter; abdomen, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts 

deep chestnut; under wing-coverts and axillaries tawny buff; quills 
below dusky blackish: " bill and feet black; iris dark orange-red " 
(Hildebrandt). Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 4*45, 
tail 2-7, tarsus 1*25. 

Hab. East Africa, in the Mombasa district. 

a. d 
ad. sk. Kitui in Ukainba, April 1877 (Dr. Shelley Coll. 
Hildebrandt). 
5. Spreo shelleyi. 
Notaugea hildebrandti, Shelley, Ibis, 1885, p. 412 (nee Cab.). 
Adult Similar to S. hildebrandti, but rather more purple above, 
especially on the wings and tail; the lesser and median wing-coverts, 
as well as the bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and outer aspect of 
primaries purple: entire under surface of body from the fore neck 
downwards deep chestnut. Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*65, 
wing 4-5, tail 3*1, tarsus 145. (Mus. E. Lort Phillips.) 
Hab. Somali-Land. 

37 . SPKEO. 191 
6. Spreo pulclier. 
L'Oranvert ou Merle a ventre orange* du Se'ntSgal, Month. Hist. Nat. 

Ois. iiL x)- 377 (1775). 
Merle a ventre orange du Senegal, Daub. PL JEnl. iv. pi. 358. 
Turdus pulcher, P. L. S. Mull. Si/st. Nat. Sujppl. p. 139 (1770) ; 

Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1804, p. 249. 
Orange-bellied Thrush, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. i. p. 03 (1783), 
Turdus erythrogaster, Bodd. Tail. PI Enl. p. 22 (1783). 
Turdus chrysogabter, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 385 (1788). 
Lamprotornis ckrysogaster, Liclxt. Verz. Doubl. p. 18 (1823). 
Lamprotornis rufiventris, Hupp, Neue Wirb. p. 27, pi. xi. fig. 1 

(1835-40); Swams.B. W.Afr. i.p. 151 (1837); Riipp.Syst. Uebers. 

p. 75 (1845). 
Juida erytlirogastra, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 327 (1840). 
„ Juida rufiventris, Gray, t. c. p. 327 (1846); Luyard, B. S. Afr. 

p. 171 (1807). 
Lamprocolius chrysogaster, Bp. Consp. i. p. 415 (1850); Hariert, 
J.f.O. 1880, p. 580. 
Notauges chrvsogaster, Cab. Mus. Hem. i. p. 198 (1850"); Hart I 
J.f.O. Ib59,p. 20; Ileuc/l. J.f 0.1803, p.22,1809,p. 0'; Id. Oni. 
N.O-Afr. ii. p. 518 (1870), iv. App. p. cxxvi (1871); Blanf. 
Lamprocolius rufiventris, Hart!. Oni. W.-Afr. 'p. 120 (1857); 
Brehm, Heis. Habesch, p. 210 (1863) j Antin. Cat. descrr. Ucc. 

p. 61 (1864). 
Lamprotornis cinereiceps, Pr. Wilrtt. MSS.; Heuyl. J. f. O. 1807. 
p. 294. 
Juida pulclira, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 25, no. 0353 (1870). 
Adult male. Above metallic green with a slight purplish shade; 
wing-coverts like the back; quills blackish, externally metallic 
green, the primaries creamy white for the greater part of the inner 
web; tail-feathers metallic steel-blue; crown of head, sides of face, 
and ear-coverts glossy bronzy brown; lores blackish; throat and 
breast metallic green; lower breast, abdomen, sides of body, thighs, 
and under tail-coyerts rich bay or chestnut; axillaries and under 
wing-coverts also chestnut, except those near the edge of the wing, 
which are metallic green; quills creamy white below, with dusky 
brown ends: " bill dusky; feet leaden blackish; iris pale yellow " 
(Heuglin). Total length 8 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 4*45, tail 2*4, 
tarsus 1*3. 

Adult female. Like the male. Total length 7-5 inches, culmen 
0*75, wing 4-4, tail 2-6, tarsus 1-25. 

Young. Differs from the adult in being altogether duller and 
browner, with metallic green wings and tail; the throat and breast 
brown ; the abdomen rufous; the bill yellow. 

Hal. ISLE. Africa, reaching to the Niger district and Senegambia. 

a. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Dr. Riippell [O.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Zoological Society. 
c. 2 ad. sk. Anseba Valley, July 23,1868. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. 

192 
STtrBHID^. 

d. 
<$ ad. sk. Ailet, June 24,1868. TV. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[C.]. 
e. cJ ad. sk. Ailet, June 25, 1868 (W. Tweeddale Coll. 
Jesse). 
f. S ad.; g. d mini. Waliko, July 24 ( W. Jesse). Tweeddale Coll. 
h. Ad. sk. Bejook (Esler). Sliarpe Coll. 
i. Ad. sk. Ga'bsa (J?s/er). Shelley CoU. 
7c. 
3 ad. sk. Below Khartoum, Oct. 1861. Consul Petherick 
[C.]. 

I. Ad. sk. Senegamhia. Shelley Coll. 
m. Juv. sk. Seuegambia. Sharpe Coll. 
38. ENODES. 
Type. 
Enodes, Temm. PI. Col.i. Tabl. Meth. p. 108(1838).. E. erythrophrys 

Head of Enodes erythrophrys. 

Range. Confined to Celebes. 

1. Enodes erythrophrys. 
Lamprotornis erythrophrys, Temm. PI. Col. ii. pi. 267 (1824). 

Enodes 
erythrophrys, Temm. PL Col. i. Tabl. Meth. p. 108 (1838); 
Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. Ill (1849) ; Bp. Gnup. i. p. 417 
(1850); Wallace, Ibis, 1860, p. 141; Walden, Trans. Z. 8. viii. 

p. 78 (1874) ; Bruggem. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, v. p. 77 
(1876); Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 134. 
Calornis erythrophrys, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 327 (1846) ; id. Hand-l. 

B. ii. p. 27, no. 6394 (1870). 
Adult male. General colour above dark slaty blue, the scapulars 
like the back; the lower ones washed with olive ; rump and upper 
tail-coverts golden yellow, brighter on the latter ; wing-coverts 
yellowish olive, also the basfcard-wing and primary-coverts ; quills 
dusky brown, externally yellowish olive ; centre tail-feathers olive-
yellow and broadly tipped with creamy white, the remainder of the 
feathers dull olive-brown, with only a fringe of whitish at the ends; 
crown of head slaty black, including the centre of the forehead ; 
lores and a broad eyebrow sealing-wax red; the feathers close-set 
and bristly ; feathers round eye, sides of face, and ear-coverts black, 
the sides of the crown above the latter slaty grey; cheeks light 
slaty grey, rather hoary in shade; throat and under surface of body 

89 . SCISSIROSTRUM. 
slaty grey; lower abdomen, flanks, vent, and under tail-coverts 
golden yellow ; thighs slaty grey ; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
dull ashy, edged with olive-yellow; quills below dusky, ashy along 
the inner edge. Total length 11 inches, culuien 0*75, wing 4--A, 
tail 4*4, tarsus 1*1. 

Sab. Celebes. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Celebss. Gould Coll. 
c-Ad - sk. N. Celebes. Tweeddale Coll. 

d. Ad. sk. Menado. Tweeddale Coll. 
e,f. $ ad. sk. Tondano. AVallace Coll. 
g. Ad. sk. Tondano. Wallace Coll. 
A- A<L sk. Tondano (Wallace). Gould Coll. 
39. SCISSIROSTEUM. 
Type. 

Scissirostrum, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 93 S. dubium. 
Range, Confined to Celebes. 

1. Scissirostrum dubium. 
Dubious Shrike, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl p. 72 (1801). 

Lanius dubius, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. ii. p. xviii (1801). 

Scissirostrum pagei, Lafr. Rev. Zool 1845, p. 93; id. Mag. de Zool. 

1845, pi. 59; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 328 (1846); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. 
As. Soe. p. 119 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 423 (1850); Wallace, 
Ibis, 1800, p. 141; Finsch, Neu-Gtanea, p. 174 (1865): Wall. 
Malay Arch. i. p. 430 (1869) 

Scissirostrum 
dubium, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 27, no. 6395 (1870); 
Walden, Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 81 (1874); Bruggem Ahhandl nat. Ver, 
Bremen, v. p. 79, Taf. hi. figs. 11,12 (1876) j Meyer, Ibis, 1879, 

p. 146 : id. Abbild. Vogel-Sk. pi. xxiv. (1882) j Blasius, Zeitsch.ges. 
Om. iii. p. 126 (1886). 
Adult male. General colour above slaty grey; rump and upper tail-
coverts blackish, each feather with a wax-like longitudinal tip of 
crimson ; lesser wing-coverts dark slaty grey ; median and greater 
coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, with a 
greenish gloss on the margins ; tail-feathers black, externally 
glossed with greenish black; head all round and under surface of 
the body slaty grey; feathers at base of forehead, lores and eyelid 
slaty blackish; flanks with a few crimson-tipped feathers; thighs 
and under tail-coverts slaty blackish ; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
dark slaty grey ; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. 
Total length 8 inches, oilmen 0*7, wing 3-75, tail 3*3, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 8 inches, oil


men 0*75, wing 3*55, tail 2-9, tarsus 0*8. 

Hab. Celebes; Togian Islands. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Celebes. Tweeddale Coll. 
c, d. Ad. sk. Menado (A. R. Wallace). Gould Coll. 


e. Ad.; /. Imm.; g. 6 Tondano. Wallace Coll. 
ad. sk. w 
h. 
$ ad. sk. Makassar. Wallace Coll. 
VOL. £111. ° 
STUENIDiE. 

Whilst the previous sheets were passing through the press, the 
Museum has been so fortunate as to procure from M. A. Boucard the 
specimen of Fregilupus varius which was formerly in the Bioeour 
collection. I fiud that this genus comes very close to Basileornis, 
but differs in its much longer and more convex bill, its more exposed 
nostrils and in the long crest which commences at the base of the 

bill. 
40. FREGILUPUS. ^ 
FrecilupLophopsus, Less. Traite, p. 324 (1831)
arus, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent p. 40 (1872) 
F. varius. 
F. vanus. 
Range. Confined to the island of Reunion. 
1. Fregilupus varius. 

Huppe du Cap de Bonne Esp&ance, Danbent. PI Enl. vi. pi. 697. 
La Huppe noire et blanche du Cap de Bonne Espe'ranee, Month. 

Hist. Nat Ois. vi. p. 463 (1779). 
Madagascar Hoopoe, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 690 (1783). 
Upupa varia, Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 43; Gray,Gen. B. ii. p. 89 (1847). 
Upupa capensis, Gun. Syst Nat. i. -g. 466 (1788). 
La Huppe grise, Audeb. et Vieill. Ois. Dor., Promeroj)s, p. 15, pi. Ill 

(1802). 
Le Merops huppS, Levaill. Hist Nat Promerops, p. 43, pi. 18 (1806). 
Upupa madagascariensis, Shaiv, Gen. Zool. viii. pt i. p. 140 (1812). 
Coracia cristata, Vieill. N. Diet d'Hist Nat. viii. p. 3 (1817). 
Pastor upupa, Wagler, Syst Av. Pastor, sp. 13 (1827). 
Fregilupus capensis, Less. Traite, p. 324 (1831) • Bp. Consp. i. p. 88 

(1858). 

Fregilupus madagascariensis, Reichenb. Handb. Scans, p. 321, Taf. 
dxevi. fig. 4039 (1851); Hartl Orn. Beitr. Faun. Madag. p. 53 
(1861); Schl. \ Poll. Hist. Nat Madag. p. 104 (1868); Murie, 

P. Z. S. 1873, p. 200. 
Fregilupus borbonicus, Vinson, Bull. Soc. WAcclim. 1868, p. 627. 
Lophopsarus varius, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 40 (1872). 
Fregilupus varia, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 28, no. 6398 (1870). 
Fregilupus varius, Murie, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 474, pis. 61, &2 ; A. Newton, 
P. Z. S. 1875, p. 41; Hartl. Vbg. Madag. p. 203 (1877); 
Sharpe, Nature, xl. p. 177 (1889). 
Adult. General colour above ashy brown, the lower back, rump, 
and upper tail-coverts slightly washed with rufous ; wings and tail 
rather more blackish brown, washed externally with ashy grey ; 
primary-coverts white for the terminal half, with brown tips, forming 
an alar speculum; head light ashy grey, as also the hind neck, with 
a beautiful elevated crest, the feathers of which have white shafts ; 
lores and eyebrow white; ear-coverts light ashy grey, like the sides 
of the neck; cheeks, throat, and tinder parts white ; the flanks pale 
vinous brown; under wing-coverts and axillaries also white; quills 
dusky below, ashy along the inner web. Total length 11 inches, 
culmen 1-25, wing 5*8, tail 4*5, tarsus 1*55. {Mm. Paris.) 
Young. Browner than the adult and not so grey; the crest also 
browner, and not nearly so large; otherwise like the adults. 

(Mu8. Paris.) 

41. NE0R0P8AK.—42. BtJPUVGA. 195 
I have described the specimens in the Paris Museum, as the old 
bird is m splendid condition, and seems to be in brighter plumage 
than the one recently acquired by the British Museum. It was 
procured as recently as 1833. 

Hah. Island of Reunion; now believed to be extinct. 

Ad sk

a'-- Reunion. 
Riocour ('oil. 

41. NECROPSAR. 
TVT r* 
lypO. 

Necropsar, Slater, Phil Trans, vol. 168, p. 427 N. rodericanus. 

Range. Apparently confined to the island of Rodriguez, where it 
is now extinct. 

1. Necropsar rodericanus. 
Necropsar rodericanus, Gl'mthertyE. Newton. Thil. Trans, vol. 108, 
p. 427, pi. xlii. tigs. A-G (1879). 
The sub-fossil remains of this bird are described by Dr. Giinther 
and Sir E. Newton (I. c). The authors observe that the genus must 
have been very nearly allied to Freyilujms, but had not so long or 
so curved a bill, while it differed in further minor details. 

Hah. Rodriguez. 

a-g. Skull and various bones. (Rev. II. II. Slater.) Transit of Venus 
Exped. 

Subfamily II. BUPHAGINiE. 

42. BUPHAGA. Tjpe 
Buphaga, Linn. Syst. Nat i. p. 154 (1760) B. africana. 

Mange. Confined to Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Bill yellow, red at the end ; tail-feathers 
rufous on the inner web , africana, p. 105, 
b. Bill entirely red; no rufous on the inner web 
of the tail-feathers erythrorhyncha, p. 196. 
1. Buphaga africana. 
Le Pique-Bceuf, 
Briss. Orn. ii. p. 437, pi. 42. fig. 2 (1760); Month. 
Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 175, pi. xiv. (1775); Lemill. Ois. <TAfr. ii. 

p. 198, pi. 97 (1800) ; Sundev. Krit. om Lemill p. 35 (1857). 
Buphaga africana, Linn. Syst. Nal I p. 154 (1766); Baud. TraiU,
rt/s" ^nnriS n

ii. " ---
Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 149; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 37 (1837); 
Hartl Orn. Westafr. p. 120 (1857); Monteiro, P. Z. S. 1865, 

p. 94; Baker, Albert Nyanza, p. 117 (1866) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. 
p. 175 (1867); id. Ibis, 1869, p. 369; Gray, Hand-l. B. u. 
p. 23, no. 6319 (1870); Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 718 
o2 

STUBNIDJG* 

hm 

(1870), iv. p. civ (1871) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 157; Sharpe, Cat. 
Afr. /y. p. 57 (1871); Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 163 
(187:2); Antw. $ Salvad. Fiagg. Bogos, p. 124 (1873); Gurney, 
Ibis, 187;?, p. 2o(); Buckley, Ms, 1874, p. 379; Bocage, Orn. Angola, 

p. 299 (1H77-81); Sharpe in Oates1 Matabele-Land, App. p. 316 
(XtfM) \ Ilohtb # Pelz. Beitr. Orn. Sddafr. p. 109 (1882); Sharpe, 
<>d. Ltu/anVs B. S. Afr. pp. 418, 845(1884); Hartert, J. /. 0. 
188(>\ p. 386; Sauza, Jam. Lisb. xi. p. 165 (1887) j Biittik. Notes 
Leythn Mm. p. 72 (1889). 
l> Pique-Hoeul' du Senegal, Daubent. PL Enl ii. pi. 293. 
African lhe-otitor, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. pt. i. p. 359, pi. xii. (1781). 
Buphaga ervthrorhvncha {nee Stanley), Antuu Cat. deserr. Ucc. 

p. (52 (1864); Salvad. Atti B. Accad Torino, v. p. 739 (1870). 
Adult female. General colour above brown, the lower back, rump, 
and upper tail-coverts pale ochreous buff; lesser and median wingcoverlsliko 
the back ; greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 
and quills darker and more chocolate-brown; the innermost secondaries 
lighter brown like the scapulars ; centre tail-feathers chocolate-
brown, the remainder externally chocolate, internally light chestnut ; 
head and neck all round chocolate-brown, a little darker than the 
back; remainder of under surface of body ochreous, a little deeper 
on the sides and slightly washed with brown on the fore neck; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries, as well as the inner aspect of the 
quills, chocolate-brown: "bill yellow, the terminal half red; feet 
black: iris fiery red" (Emin Pasha). Total length 9 inches, culmen 
0*7, wing 4*7, tail 3*3, tarsus 0*9. 

Adult male. Similar to the female. 
link Nearly the whole o£ Africa, excepting the forest-districts 
of the west coast. 

a. Ad. sk.
6. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. ale.
e. 2ad.sk.
/ . Ad. sk. 
River Gambia. 
.River Gambia. 
Dakar, Senegal (L. Laylaize). 
Senegal (d'Einvitle). 
Kibiro, Equatorial Africa, Oct. 8. 
Capingombe, Benguela (AnShelley 
Ooll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Riocour Coll. 
Emin Pasha [P. 1 
Sharpe Coll. 
chieta). 
•V M ' ? k \ Benguela Monteiro Coll. 
/*, i. Ad. sk. Damara-Land.C. 
J. Andersson, Esq 
k Ad.uk. Ovaquenyama, June 2o (C. J. Sharpe Coll. 
And-ersson). 
I $ ad. sk. Matabele-Land, Sept. 23 (71 E.
Buckley). 
Shelley Coll 
J 
m. Ad. sk.
n. 2 ad. sk. 
Seaiokwe, Sept. (F. Oates). 
Transvaal, July 17 (T. E 
W. E. & C. G. Oates 
SheHey Coll0* 
Buckleij). 
o. Ad. sk. Transvaal (21 Ayres), Sharpe Coll. 

2. Buphaga erythrorhyncha. 
TT/8i4)erythrorliynclia; stanle*J in Sak's

 v°y-Aby*s-> APP. p. 59 
Buphaara habessinica, Ilempr. $ Ehr. fol. to, Taf. 9 (1828). 

42 . BtJPHAGA. 
107 

Buphaga erythrorhyncha, Temm. PL Col. ii. pi. 405 (1828) ; Rupp. 
Neue Wirk, Tog. p. 23 (1835-40) ; id. Syst. Uebers. p. 70 (1845); 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 332 (1847); 2?/;. ffc/ww. i. p. 423 (1*50); Cak 
Mm. Hein. Th. i. p, 202 (1850) ; #/yM, J. A. S. Bene/, xxiv. p. 301 
(1865) ; JETfif/^. Syst. Uebers. p. 37 (1850); Horsf. $ Moore, Cat, 

B. Mus. E.l. Co. ii. p. tm (1850); Eartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. J 21 
(1857); J5fei^. Ibis, 1859, p. 342; %/^, Ibis, 1800, p. 240; 
J2^/. J. f. 0. 1862, p. 304; Gurnet/, Ibis, 1863, p. 328; Breton, 
Reis. Habesch, pp. 217, 331 (1863); Antin. Cat. descrr. Ucc. 
p. 62 (1864); Layard, B. 8. Afr. y. 175 (1807); Gttrney, Ibis, 
1868, p. 100; Gray, ifaneW. #. ii. p. 23, no. 0320 (1870);l Eeugl. 
Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 710 (1870), iv. App. p. cliv (1871) ; Blanf. 
Geol. 8f Zool. Abyss, p. 401 (1870); Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 200 
(1870); id. 8r Ilartl. Fog. Ostafr. p. 384(1870); Sharps, Cat 
Afr. B. p. 57 (1871); Layard, Ibis, 1871, p. 100; Antin. <$• Salvad. 
Viagg. Bogos, $. 124(1873); Gttrney, Ibts, 1873, p. 250; Shelley, 
Ibis, 1875, p. 77; Fischer # Reichen. J. f. 0. 1878, p. 201; Cak 
t c. p. 233; Fischer, J.f. 0. 1879, p. 202; Ilartl. Abhandl naL 
Ver. Bremen, vii. p. 107 (1881); Butler, Feilden, ty Beid, Zool 
1882, p. 255 ; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. pp. 420, 846 (1884); 
Saload. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) i. p. 196 (1884) ; Fischer, Zeitschr. 
ges. Orn. i. p. 334 (1884); id. J. f. 0. 1885, p. 132; Shelley, 
Ibis, 1885, p. 410; Matsehie. J. f/O. 1887, p. 154; W. Ayres, 
Ibis, 1887, p. 58; Reichen. J. f. 0. 1887, p. 07: Gigl. Ami. Mm. 
Genov. (2) vi. p. 29 (1888); Salvad. t. c. p. 297 (1888). 

Adult. Similar to B. africana, but with the bill wholly red, and 
wanting the rufous colour of the tail: "iris iiery vermilion; bare 
orbits yellow, below surrounded with lilac; feet greyish dusky"' 
(Heuglin). Total 8*3 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 4*65, tail 3*5, tarsus 
OS. 

The sexes are alike in colour. 
Young. Similar to the adult, but duller in colour and having a 

dusky bill. 
Hab. Nearly the whole of Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. 
Purchased. 
b. <$ ad. sk. Senate, Tigrg, Feb. 23. W. T. Manford, Esq. 
c. Ad. sk. Ailat, Bogos Land, June 20 (W. Tweeddale Coll. 
d. d 
ad. sk. Ailat, June 20. W. T. Blanford, Esq, 
[C.]. 
e. Ad. sk. Ailat (Ester). 
Shelley Coll. 
f. A ad. sk. Maragaz, July 29 (W. Jesse). Tweeddale Coll. 
ff, h. <$ ad, et Anseba Valley, July. W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
i iiv sk L^* ]• 
L k. Ad sk. Durban, Natal, March and April Shelley Col). 

(G. E. S.). 
L m. Ad. sk. Durban (Gordge). Shelley Coll. 
n. Ad. sk. Pinetown, Natal, March 22 (T. Shelley Coll. 
L. Ayres). 
o. 2 «-d. sk. Swaziland, June 10 (T. E. Shelley Coll. 
Buckley). 
p <$ ad. sk. Kitui, in'Ukamba, April. Dr. Ilildebrandt. 
q,r. 6 ? ad.sk. Angollala, Shoa, May (Sir W. India Museum. 

U. Harris). 
PLOCKID^E. 

Family III. PLOCEIDiE. 

Key 
to the Subfamilies. 

A. 
With the first primary very small and 
falcate, attenuated towards the end; this 
first primary never reaching beyond the 
primary-coverts, and generally falling 
conspicuouslv short of the latter 1. VIDUINAL, p. 198. 
B. 
With the first primary large, generally 
obtuse at the end, and extending beyond 
the primary-coverts 2. 2>LOCJE2NJ5, p. 405. 
Subfamily L VIDUINiE. 

Key to the Genera *. 

a. 
Tail longer than wing, exceeding the latter 
by more than the length of the tarsus. 
a'. Only the centre tail-feathers elongated. 
a". Four centre tail-feathers lengthened 
throughout, not wire-shafted, not 
widened at the ends 1. VIDUA, p. 203. 


b". Four centre feathers with wire-like 
shafts, ending in a broadened elongate 
spatula 2. TETRJENUKA, p. 209. 

c". All four centre tail-feathers attenuated 
and shaft-like for their entire 
length 3. LINUEA, p. 210. 


d". Four centre tail-feathers laterally 
flattened, gradually tapering towards 
the ends, which finish in a hair-like 
point 4. STEGANURA, p. 211. 

?/. All the tail-feathers elongated. 

e". Tail more than three times the length 
of the wing; all the tail-feathers 
tapering to a joint 5. CHERA, p. 213. 


/". 
Tail not three times the length of the 
wing; all the tail-feathers obtuse at 
^ the ends 6. PENTHETBIA, p. 215. 
c'. Tail graduate and rounded; a yellow [p. 220. 
mantle-patch 7. PENTHETRIOPSIS, 

* In some respects the present f .Key' is an artificial one, and I have slightly 
altered the arrangement of some of the genera in the detailed sequence of the 
Vidumce, by placing Chlonira near to iLrythmra, JPyromelana and XJrobrachya 
close to Pentlietria, &c. 
There are some species which are known to me from single specimens only, 
ami these not even perfect ones, so that I h&\ e had the greatest difficulty in 
locating them, such as Munia trisHsbima of Wallace, Pyfelm cankers of Reichenow, 
&c. 

VIDUIN2E. 199 

b. Tail shorter than the wing. 
<$ Tail square or only slightly rounded or 
graduated, the two centre feathers not 
markedly produced beyond the rest; 
the tail rounded or wedge-shaped, the 
feathers rarely pointed. 
//". "With a frill round the neck in the 
breeding-plumage ; possessing a distinct 
winter plumage; feathering 
of the body soft and velvety. 

a"'. Tail nearly square 9. PYROMELANA, p. 227. 
b'". Tail distinctly rounded 8. URQBRACHYA, p. 224. 
h". "With no frill round the neck; no 
winter plumage. 

c'". Nasal orifice placed well in front of 
the nasal plumes and clearly exposed. 


a1. Bastard primary large and nearly 
reaching to the end of the 
primary-coverts 10. PLOCEIPASSER, p 244. 

bA. Bastard primary small 11. PHILJSTERUS, p. 249. 

d"\ Nasal orifice nearly or quite 
hidden by the nasal plumes, which 
impinge on the base of the nostrils. 


c4. Bill with two indentations near 
the base of the cutting-edge of 
the upper mandible 12. PYRENE&TKS *, p 252. 

dK Bill not toothed. 

a5. Tail short, the outstretched 
feet reaching to the end of 
the tail. 


a6. Hind toe and claw longer 
than exposed portion of 
culmen; tail square. 


a1. Bill with a deflected 
angle at the base of the 
cutting-edge of both mandibles 
14. QUELEA, p. 254. 

b1. Outting-edge of mandible 
practically straight from 
the base. 

«9. Bill pointed, the upper 
mandible about equal in 
depth to the lower mandible 
39. CHLORURA, p. 388 
bs 

. Bill curved and like 
that of a Grosbeak, and 
swollen near the base; 
the cutting-edge of the 
upper mandible festooned 
near the bise 
and marked by an upward 
groove. 

a\ Culmen rounded 15. SPERMBSTES, p. 261. 

* Here should probably be placed No. 13. Cnjptospiza, p, 254. 
PX0CEIDJ2. 

b». Bill pointed, but the 
upper mandible much 
deeper than the lower 
one 1". OKTYGOSPIZA. p. 269. 

b6 

. Hind toe and claw shorter 
than the eulminal rid<re of 
the bill, which is very broad. 16. AMAL-RESTHES, p. 267. 

\ Tail rather longer, the outstretched 
feet not reaching to 
the end of the tail. 

c6. Tail-feathers very broad, the 
tail being fan-shaped. 


c\ Upper tail-coverts moderate, 
falling short of the 
end of the tail by more than 
length of tarsus; distance 
between tips of outer and 
centre tail-feathers as 
much as hind toe and 
claw 18. LAGQXOSTICTA, p, 271. 

(V. Upper tail-coverts very 
long, falling short of tip 
of tail by no more than 
the length of tarsus; distance 
between outer and 
centre tail-feathers not so 
much as hind toe and 
claw 10. STICTOSI'IZA, p. "287. 
da 

. Tail-feathers narrower. 

e7. Wing pointed, the distance 
between the tips of 
the primaries and tips of 
the secondaries as much 
as or even more than the 
length of the tarsus. 


cfl. Inner secondaries elongated 
; bill swollen and 
rounded, the culmen and 
geny^s both curved, the 
cutting-edge of the 
upper mandible festooned 
upwards near the 
base 20. AMADINA, p. 288. 

dB 

. Inner secondaries not 
elongated, all of this 
series of quills being 
about equal in length; 
bill pointed, both culmen 
and genys being 
nearly straight. 


c9. Tail short j the wings 
falling short of the 
end of the tail by less 
than the length of the [p. 
tarsus , 21. STAGANOPLEUEA. 

VIDUINJE. 
201 

d9. Tail longer; the wings 
falling- short of the 
end of the tail by 
much more than the 


^ length of the tarsus.. 22. ZOMGHNTHUS, p. 293. 

f7. Wing more rounded,* the 
distance between the tips 
of the primaries and the 

tips of the secondaries less 
than the length of the 
tarsus. 

eB. Bill very long, pointed 
and slender, the exposed 
chord of the culmen exceeding 
the length of 
the hind toe and claw. 

e9. Inner secondaries 
elongated

/° . Inner secondaries 
about equal in length 
to the others

/8. Bill stouter, the exposed 
chord of the culmen 
not exceeding the length 
of the hind toe and 
claw. 

(f. 
Bill curved, the culmen 
swollen; tail 
Graduated
Sill curved, the culmen 
rather swollen 
and rounded j tail 
square. 

a10. Wing very much 
rounded, the distance 
between the 
tips of the primaries 
and the tips of the 
secondaries not 
more than length 
of the hind toe 
without claw

b10 

. Wing much more 
pointed; the differences 
between the 
tips of the primaries 
and the tips 
of the secondaries 
equal to the length 

 23. EMBLEM A, p. 295. 
24 ZONOGASTUIS, p. 296. 
2b. PYTELIA, p. 300. 

 26. COCCOPYGIA, p. 305. 
of the hind toe and 
claw 27. HYPOCMIEA; p. 308. 
f°. Bill pointed and triangular. 


c10. Upper and under 
tail-coverts reaching 
nearly to the 
end of tke'tail 28. TJENIOFYGIA, p. 311. 

202 PXOCEIB^). 

d10 

. Upper and under 
tail-coverts falling 
short of the end of 
the tail by more 
than the length of 
the tarsua; tail 
decidedly graduated 
; inner secondaries 
not elongated. 29. STICTOPTEBA, p. 313. 

e\ Tail rounded and graduated to such an 
extent that the difference between the 
outer and centre tail-feathers is as 
great as the length of the tarsus; the 
centre tail-feathers not produced or 
pointed. 


i". Secondaries not nearly as lon<r as the 
primaries; cutting-edge of upper 
mandible festooned m .. . 30. NIGBITA, p. 314. 

k". Secondaries as long as the primaries; 
cutting-edge of upper mandible 
practically straight; bill very small, 
the exposed chord of the culmen not 
more than the length of the inner [p. 319. 
toe and claw 31. SPORJSCJINTHTJS, 

/ . Centre tail-feathers produced and pointed, 
but the tail itself wedge-shaped? not 
greatly graduated, so that the difference 
between the outer and the centre 
feathers is not so great as the length of 
tarsus. 


I". Bill swollen and rounded, the culmen 
strongly arched; upper and lower 
mandibles about equal in depth. 


e'". Tail moderately long, not exceeding 
the wing by as much as the 
tarsus with the middle toe and 
claw; the claws much straightened 
, 32. MUNIA, p. 326. 

f". Tail moderately long, not exceeding 
the wing by as much as the 
length of the tarsus with the middle 
toe and claw; the claws much 
rounded; white shaft-lines on the 
dorsal plumage 33. UBOLONCHA, p. 35*5, 

<?"'. Tail very long, exceeding the wing 
by as much as or more than the 
length of the tarsus with the middle 
toe and claw; claws straightened 
,. . 30. BATHILDA, p. 374 

m". Bill more slender and straighter; 
upper mandible deeper than the 
under one 35. ^EGINTHA, p. 372. 


g\ Tail produced and pointed, the centre 
feathers elongated, so that the distance 
between the outer and centre feathers 
is greater than the length of the tarsus, 

n". Tail graduated, the two centre feathers 
longest, but not produced to a 
thread-lite point 34. AIIXEMOSYNE, p. 368. 

1. TIDITA. 203 
o'\ Tail not so strongly graduated, but 
the centre feathers produced to a 
.thread-like point 37. POEPHILA, p. 375. 


h . lail longer than wing, exceeding it by 
f less than length of tarsus. 
p'. Inner secondaries elongated, so as to 
f equal the primaries in length. 
h"'. Bill sharply pointed and stout, the 
exposed portion of the ctilmen 
more than equal to the length of 


^ the hind toe and claw 38. EBYTHBUBA, p. 380. 

i', Bill much more curved, the exposed 
portion of the culmen less 
than the length of the hind toe 
and claw. 


<?4. Nostrils exposed and not entirely 
hidden by feathers at base of 
forehead 40. NEOCHMIA, p. 389. 

/4, Nostrils hidden by plumelets at 
base of forehead 41. ESTRILDA, p. 390. 
q". Inner secondaries not perceptibly 
elongated; second primary falcated. 42. GBANATINA, p. 403. 

1. VIDUA* 
Type. 
"Vidua, Cuvfer, Lecons Anat. Camp. i. Tabl. ii. (1800) .. No type indicated. 
Range. Confined to Africa. 

Key to the Species* 

a. Under surface of body white principalis, p. 203. 
b. Under surface of body blue-black like the 
upper surface hypockerina, p. 208. 
1. Vidua principalis. 
Long-tailed Sparrow, Edwards, Gleanings, ii. p. 126, pi. 270. fig. 1 

(1760). 
La petite Veuve, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 124, pi. viii. fig. 2 (1760). 
La grande Veuve, Briss, t. e. p. 127; Month Hist Nat. Ois. iv. 

p. 162 (1778). 
La Veuve d'Angola, Briss. Orn. vi. App. p. 80 (1760). 
* VIDUA SUPERCILIOSA. 
Fringilla superciliosa, Vieill N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xii. p. 216 (1817); id. 
$ Oud. Gal Ois. i. p. 73, pi. Ixi. (1825), 

Vidua superciliosa, Gray in Griffith's ed. Cuvier Bbgne Anim. ii. p. 150 
(1829); Gray. Gen. B. ii. p. 355 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 449 (1850); 
Gray,Hand-l B. ii. p. 47, no. 6G63 (1870) ; Shelly Ibis, 1886, p. 341. 

Videstrelda superciliosa, Lafr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1850, p. 325. 

This species is unknown to me. 

PLOCEHLE. 

204 

Emberiza serena, Linn. S. N. i. p. 313 (1766, ex Edwards) ; JDes Murs 

in Lefebvre's Voy. Abyss, p. 113 (c. 1845). 
Emberiza vidua, Linn. t. c. p. 312. 
Emberiza principalis, Linn. t. c. p. 313 ; Vieill N. Diet. dJEist. Nat 

xii. p. 219 (1117). 
La petite Veuve, Daubent. PL Enl IV. pi. 8. fig. 2. 
La Veuve dominicaine, Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 160 (1778); 
Vieill. Ois. Chant, pi. 36 (1805). 
La Veuve mouclietee, Month, t. e. p. 165 (1778). 
Dominican Bunting, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 180 (1783). 
Long-tailed Bunting, Lath. t. c.p. 181 (1783). 
Variegated Bunting, Lath. t. c. p. 181 (1783). 
EringilJa serena, Vieill. N. Diet dEist. Nat. xii. p. 219 (1817). 
Vidiia principalis, Cuvier, Myne Anim. i. p. 389 (lbl7); Gray, Gen. 

B. 
ii. p. 355 (1849) ; Strickl. P.Z. S. 1850, p. 218; Bp. 6msp. i. 
p. 449 (1850) ; Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 175 (1850) ; Earth Orn. 
W.-Afr. p. 136 (1857); Grill, Zool. Antechi. pp. 10, 23 (1859J; 
Cass. Proc. PMlad. Acad. 1859, p. 136; Earfl. J. f. 0. imi, 
p. 257; Brehm, Reis. Eahesch, p. 90 (1863) ; Antin. Cat. descrr. 
Ucc. p. 69 (1864); Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 321; Layard, B. S. Afr. 
p. 189 (1867); Sperling, Ibis, 1868, p. 290; Sharpe, His, 1800, 
p. 192; Gray, Eand4. B. ii. p. 47, no. 6660 (1870); Eeuql Orn. 
- 
NO.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 385 (1870), iv. p. exxxiv (1871); \Weltim, 
Ibis, 1870, p. 100; Finsch, Trans. Z. & vii. p. 265 (1870); Sharpe, 
P. 
Z. 8. 1870, pp. 144, 149; Cab. in Von der IJeeken's Rem. iii. 
p. 31 (1869); Finsch «$• Earth Vdg. Ostafr. p. 428 (1*70) ; Sharpe, 
Cat. Afr. B. p. 63 (1871); Gurmy in Anderss. B. Dum.-Ld. 
p. 181 (1872); BuckUy, Ibis, 1874,^ p. 3^1; Usshcr, t. e. p. 09; 
Ayres, t. c. p. 103; Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 79; Sharpe 4* Botwier, 
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 48; Beichen. J.f.O. 1875, p. 41; 
id. J. f. O. 1877, p. 28; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 345 (1877-81); 
Cab. 1 f. 0. 1878, p. 264; Nichols. P. Z. S. 3878, p. 180; Fischer 
8f Beichen. J.f 0.1879, p. 351; Oust. N Arch. Mus. (2) ii. Bull. 
p. 110 (1879); Ayres, Ibis, 1880, p. 107; Sharpe in Oates Mata-
bele-Land, App. B, p. 319 (1881); Earth Abhandl nat. Ver. 
Bremen, vii. p. 102 (1881); SheUey, P.Z.S. 1881, p. 587; Pelz. 
Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxx. p. 613 (1882); Gunm/, Ibis, 1881, 
p. 128 ; Eolub $ Von Pelz. Beitr. Orn. Siidafr. p. 122 (lb82); Sakin, 
Cat. Sirickl. Coll. p. 246 (1882); Butler] Feildmi, £ Beid, Zool. 
1882, p. 299; Shelley, Ibis, 1883, p. &5S; Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc. 
xvii. p. 426 (1884); Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 325 (1884) ; 
id. J.f. 0.1885, p. 135; Buttik. Notes Leyden Mus. vii. pp. 91, 
197 (1885); Shelley, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 228 ;* EarteH, J. f. 0. 1886, 
p. 584; Buttik. Notes Leyd, Mus. viii. p. 259 (1880); Shelley, Ibis, 
1886, p. 341; Beichen. J. f. 0. 1887, pp. 70,301, 305; Matsehie, 
t. 
c. pp. 143,154; Symonds, Bis, 1887, p. 331; Shelley, Ibis, 1888, 
p. 302 ; id. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 33. ^ 
Vidua serena, Cuv. Begne Anim. i. p. 389 (1827); Beichen. Singv. 
p. 
60, tav. xxv. fig. 213 (1861); Blanf. GeoL $ Zool. Abyss, 
p. 408 (1870) ; Eeulem. Onze Vog. i. pi 38 (1862). 
Vidua 
erythrorhyncha, Swains. B. W. Afr. p. 176, pi. 12 (1837); 
Eraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 52; Riipp. Syst Uebers. p. 77 (1845); 
Gordon, Contr. Orn. 1849, p. 10; Eeuql. Syst. Uebers. p. 39 
(1856); Gumey, Ms, 1860, p. 212; Reichenk Singv. p. CO, 
Taf. xxv. figs. 214-216 (1861); Antin. $ Salmd. Viagg. Bogos, 

p. 117 (1873); Salvacl Ann. Genov. (2) i. p. 181 (1884), vi. p. 286 
(1888). 
1. VIDUA. 205 
\ idestrelda serena, Lafi\ Mev. et Mag. de Zool 1850, p. 325, 

\idua fuliginosa, Lictit. Nomencl p. 49 (1854). 

Vidua decora, Hartl. Ibis, 1862, p. 340: Monteiro, t. c. p. 338 : Gray. 

Hand-l B. ii. p. 47, no. 6002 (1870). 

Estrelda carnielita, Hartl. Bis, 1868. p. 46; Gurnet/, Ibis, 1873, 

p. 250. ' 
J.cZwZi wiflfZe MI breeding-plumage. General colour above black, with 
a slight greenish gloss; lower back and rump white, the feathers 
mesially streaked with black: lesser and median wing-coverts white, 
forming a large shoulder-patch; greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills black, with a few remains of wbitc or 
sandy-buff margins, especially on the inner secondaries,- the inner 
greater coverts also externally white ; upper tail-coverts black with 
hoary grey margins; centre tail-feathers entirely black, the rest 
black, edged with sandy buff; the inner webs white interiorly; 
crown of head black, separated from the hind neck by a narrow 
nnchal collar of white; lores and eyelid as well as the feathers at 
base of the lower mandible black ; ear-coverts, cheeks, sides of neck, 
and entire under surface of body pure white, with a large patch of 
greenish black at the sides of the upper breast; a small black spot 
on the chin ; a few dusky streaks on the flanks; thighs, under tail-
coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillaries white; the coverts near 
the edge of the wing blackish, edged with white; quills below black, 
white along the inner web : " bill red; feet light reddish brown ; 
iris dark brown" (O. J". Andersson). Total length 10*2 inches, culmen 
0*4, wing 2*85, tail 1*9, centre feathers 7*3, tarsus 0*7. 

In some specimens the black spot on the chin is larger than in 
others, and the black patch on the sides of the upper breast forms a 
half-crescent on the latter. The spot on the chin varies in size, and 
is sometimes absent altogether ; it may be that it is only assumed in 
the height of the breeding-season; certainly it is not peculiar to the 
birds of any one locality. The amount of white on the inner greater 
coverts and the tail-feathers also varies considerably. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 

tawny buff, streaked everywhere with black down the centre of the 

feathers; the rump more uniform, but the upper tail-coverts streaked 

like the back, the long ones brown with sandy-buff edges and black 

centres; lesser and median wing-coverts black, broadly margined 

with sandy buff; greater coverts black, edged with tawny or sandy 

buff; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black; quills blackish, 

edged with ashy, the inner secondaries broadly margined with 

tawny buff; tail-feathers dusky, edged with whitish, the outer ones 

broadly white towards the end of the inner web; crown of head 

uniform tawny in the centre, with a broad lateral band of black, 

followed by a broad tawny eyebrow ; lores and eyelid tawny buff; 

ear-coverts: black along the upper part in the form of a broad streak, 

tawny buff on the lower part like the feathers below the eye and 

fore part of cheeks; a broad streak of black along the hinder cheeks ; 

throat white, more or less marked with tawny buff; fore neck, chest, 

and upper breast uniform tawny buff, with a few distinct streaks of 

206 
PIOCEID-E. 

black on the sides of the fore neck ; lower breast and abdomen white; 

sides of body and flanks tawny buff, with some lines of black on the 

latter; thighs and under tail-coverts white, slightly marked with 

tawny buff; under wing-coverts and axillaries white ; quills below 

dusky, white along the inner edge. Total length 4*7 inches, culmen 

0-4, wing 2-65, tail 1*95, tarsus 0*6. 

The differences between the winter and summer plumages of the 

female seem to me to be infinitesimal, and to consist principally in 

the more tawny tinge of the plumage in the winter season. 

The adult male in ivinter plumage is scarcely distinguishable from 

the female, bat is slightly larger (wing 2-9 inches) and blacker on the 

wings; the throat also is whiter. 

Young. Entirely different from the adults. Uniform brown above; 
wing-coverts rather more reddish brown than the back; bastard-
wing and primary-coverts uniform dusky brown ; greater coverts 
and quills dusky brown, edged externally with reddish brown, lighter 
on the primaries; upper tail-coverts like the back; tail-feathers 
dusky brown, edged with reddish brown, the outer feathers ashy 
whitish on their inner webs; head like the back; lores ashy whitish ; 
sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat ashy white; remainder 
of under surface isabelline, browner on the sides of the chest, sides 
of body, flanks, and thighs; under tail-coverts isabelline; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries white, washed with isabelline; quills 
ashy brown below, whitish along the inner web; bill black. 

Specimens moulting from this uniform plumage into the varie


gated plumage of the adults are in the collection. 

Hab. Erom Senegambia along the whole western coast to Damara 
and Great Namaqua Land, and extending along the Congo to the 
White Nile district. Throughout North-eastern Africa as high as 
17° N. lat.; also throughout the whole of the Zanzibar and Masai 
countries as far inland as Lake Tanganyika, and south to Mozambique 
and the Zambesi: thence south into the eastern Cape Colony as 
far west as the Knysna district. It probably occurs in aH the intervening 
countries of Africa. 

a. Var. mel. sk. [Died in captivity.] Sliarpe Coll. 
b. 1mm. sk. Africa. 
Old Coll. 
c. Juv. sk. Camboro, Gambia (A. Marche). M. A. Bouvier [P.], 
d-g. 
(S ad.; h. $ Gambia. Sliarpe Coll. 
ad.; i-l. Juv.sk. 

m. Imm. sk. Gambia (CoL Strachan). Sharpe Coll. 
n, o. Hiem. sk. Gambia (£. Laglake). Tweeddale Coll. 
p. (S ad. sk. Sierra Leone (Dr. dark). Sharpe Coll. 
q. rf ad. sk. Sierra Leone. Tweeddale Coll. 
r. 6 ad. sk. Elmina, April (fll F. Blissett). Shelley Coll. 
s, t, u. Ad. sk. Cape Coast Castle, Feb. & Shelley Coll. 
March (T. E. Buckley), 

v. Ad. sk. Cape Coast Castle. March 8 Shelley Coll 
(G.JE.&). 
w, x. $ ad. sk. Cape Coast Castle. Sharpe Coll. 

y. S ad. sk. Denkera (Governor Ussher). Shelley Coll. 
z. S ad.; a'. Juv. River Volta, Aug. 1870 (Go- Sharpe Coll. 
sk. vemor Ussher). 
b'. cfad.sk. River Volta (Governor Ussier.) Shelley Coll. 

c'. Juv. sk. 

cT. $ ad. sk. 

e'. $ ad. sk. 

/. d ad. sk. 
g'. S imm. sk. 

A', z'. c? ad, sk. 

#. $ ad.; I'. S 
imm. sk. 

W. $ ad. sk. 
rc'. c? juv. sk. 

©'. Var. mel. sk. 

p'. Var. mel, st, 
q'. Ad. sk. 
?*'. Juv. sk. 
s'. S juv. sk. 

t'-y'. Juv. sk. 

«'. Juv. sk. 

a". $ ad. sk. 
b". cf ad. sk. 
c". $ ad. sk. 


d"-q". $ ad. et 
juv.; A", t". <j> 
ad. sk. 


k",f'.<3 $ imm.sk. 

m", w". c? $ ad.; 

o". cf juv. sk. 
p". $ ad. sk. 
q". $ ad. sk. 


r". rf ad. sk. 

s". tf ad. sk. 
£'\ c? ad. sk. 


u". Juv. sk. 

v'\ (S ad. sk. 

w"-z'r. S ad. sk.

a-S. Imm. sk. 
€. <$ ad.; £. Juv. 
sk. 
7). 3 ad. sk. 

6. 8 ad. sk. 
1 . VIDUA. 207 
Abeokuta. F. Nicholson, Esq. 
Above Aboli, R. Niger (W. 
P.J. 
Forbes Coll. 
A.F.) 
Angola. Monteiro Coll. (Type 

of V. decora, Ilartl.) 
Loando, Angola (J, TJio?npsori).Shellev Coll. 

liio Dande, Angola, July 18 

^(Sala). 

Kattenbella, Benguela, Dee. 

(Said). 
Kattenbella, Jan. (Sulci). 

Otjimbinque, Damara-Land, 
Nov. 17 (C. J. Andersson). 
Otjimbinque, Damara-Land, 

JTuly 5(C. J. A.). 
South Africa. 
South Africa. 
South Africa. 
South Afiica. 
Knysna, Jan. 9, I860 (C. J. 

Andersson). 
George, Knysna, June (H. 
Atmore). 
East London, May 9 (T. C. 

Richard). 
Natal, Dec. 27 (T. JB. Buckley). 
Durban, Natal (T. L. Ay res). 
Drakensburg Mountains, Dec. 

20 (T. D. Bucklei/). 
Newcastle, Natal, June, Sept., 
Oct. (R A. Butler). 

Pinetown, Natal, July 19 (T. 

L. Ayres). 
Weenen, Natal, March 21 (T. 
Arnold). 
Transvaal (T. Ayres). 
Transvaal (F. Oates). 

Ilopefontein, Dec. (JP. Oates). 

Lydenburg, E. Transvaal. 
Macamac, E. Transvaal 
Dec. 27. 
Rustenburg, Jan. 28 (W, 
Lucas). 

Transvaal. 

 Makalaka Country (Dr. Brad-

Tete, Zambesi. 
Zambesi (Dr. Meller). 

Kilimanjaro. 

Kilimanjaro (H. II J.). 

Sharpe Coll. 

Sharpe Coll. 

Sharpe Coll. 

Sharpe Coll. 

Sharpe Coll. 

Forbes Coll. 
Zoological Soc. 
Ilardwicke Coll. 
Sir A. Smith [0.]. 
Sharpe Coll. 

Sharpe Coll. 

Sharpe Coll. 

Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 

Shelley Coll. 

Shelley Coll. 

Forbes Coll. 

Sharpe Coll. 
W.E.&C.G. Oates, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
W.E.&C.G. Oates, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 

F. Barratt, Esq. HP.]. 
F. Barratt, Esq. [P. 
Shelley Coll. 

A. Foresman, Esq. 
rp.]. 
Shelley Coll. 
Sir J. Kirk [0.]. 


Tweeddale Coll. 

II. II. Johnston, Esq. 
[C.]. 
Shelley Coll. 


PLOCEIDJE. 

J ad.; X. $ Mombasa. Rev. A. F. Buxton 

i, K. d aa.; 

[?•]• 

ad. sk


ft-o.'c?aA.etjuv.; Lamu. F.J . Jackson, Esq. 

o-^c?"ad sk! ' Pangani (&V ,7. JT/r&). Shelley Coll. 

r~<£ 6 ? acI slc

-- Man'da Island. F. J. Jackson, Esq. 

v. <? ad. sk. Mamboio (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll. 
4r cTad.sk. Sassa, Niain Niam, Sept. F. Bokndorff[C.l 
T." 2 ad." «V.' Tingasi, Aug. 14,1883. Ernin Pasha [P.J. 
a!. $ ad. sk. Bejook, Bogos Land, July 18 Sharpe Coll. 
( W. Jesse). 
6! J ad sk Bejook, Bogos Land; July 18 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
M (W. Jesse). 
y. tf ad. sk. Bejook, July 16 (W. Jesse). Tweeddale Coll. 
§'." Juv. sk. Bogos Land {Esler). Sharpe Coll. 
/. (S ad. sk. Shoa, May 25 (0. Antinori). Shelley Coll. 
2. Vidua hypocherina. 
Vidua hypocherina, J. 8f B. Verr. lie v. et Mag. de Zool. 1856, p. 260, 
pi. 16 ; JSartl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 136 (1856); Gray, Hand-l B. 11. 

p. 47, no. 6661 (1870); Oustalet, K Arch. Mus. (2) ii. Bull. 
p. 141 (1879) ,* Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 340,1888, p. 302 ; id. P. Z. S. 
1889, p. 367. 
p! 325 (1884); id. Jf. 0. 1885, p. 135. 
Adult male. General colour above and below glossy steel-blue, a 
little greener on the wing-coverts, which are black, edged with 
steel-blue; bastard-wing black; primary-coverts brown; quills 
black, edged with whitish, the innermost secondaries with steel-blue 
like the back; tail-feathers black, edged with whitish along the 
ends of the inner webs, the long centre feathers greenish black; 
under surface glossy steel-blue, with a few white or greyish-white 
feathers on the flanks; a large white patch along the sides of the 
back, concealed by the wing; under wing-coverts and axiUaries 
white; quills ashy below, white along the inner web: "upper 
mandible horn-brown, under mandible horn; feet brown; iris 
brownv (Fischer). Total length 10*7 inches, culmen 0*25, wing 
2-65, tail 1*7, long central feathers 8*5, tarsus 0*55. 
The winter plumage of this species has not yet been identified. 
It is probably similar to the winter plumage of V. jirincvpalis, and 
has a broad white eyebrow, to judge from a specimen in the Shelley 
Collection, which is changing into the blue plumage of the adult. 
If ah Zanzibar district in Eastern Africa. Gaboon (doubtful), cf. 
Oustalet, 7. c. Eochebrune gives many localities for the species in 
Senegambia, but no one else has observed the species there. 

a. tf ad. sk. Jipe Lake, Sept. 27, 1885. F. J. Jackson, 
Esq. [PA 
b. <3 ad. sk. Plains south of Kilimanjaro. H. O. V. Hunter, 
Esq. [P.]. 
c. d. <$ ad. et juv. sk, Ugogo (Sir J Kirk). Shelley Coll. 
2 . TETB2BOTBA. 
209 

2. TETE^NITKA. ^ 
Videstrelda, £a/h J&„. ^ 71%. de ZooL 1850, p. 325 T. Sa . 
letrmnura, Reichenb. Singv. p. 61 (18(31) .,.,,, T. regia. 
Ifcm</<?. Confined to Africa. 

*n

1. Tetraeimra regia.
La Veuve de la Odte d'Afrique, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 129, pi. ix.fi>.1 

(1760) j Daa^*. p/. Enl iv. pi. 8. fig. 1. 

Embenza regia, Xw»i.tfytf. iW. i. p. 313 (1706). 

Veuve a quatre brins, iifow$&. jSX<tf. Nat Ois. iv. p. 158, pi. 5 (1778): 

Vieill Ois. Chant pis. 34, 35 (1805). 
Shaft-tailed Bunting Lath. Gen. St/n. ii. pt. i. p. 183 (1783), 
Fnngilla regia, Vieill. N. Blot d'Hist. Nat xii. p. 220 (1817). 
Vidua regia, Ciw. Begne Anim. i. p. 389 (1817) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. 

p. 355 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 449 (1850); Hartl. Orn. West* 
afr. p. 136 (1857); Laijard, B. 8. Afr. p. 188 (18(37); Gray, 
Hand4. B. ii. p. 47, no. 6659 (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat Afr. B. p. 63 
(1871) ; Gurney in Anchrss. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 181 (1872) ; Buckley, 
Ibis, 1874, p. 381; Boeage, Orn. Angola, p. 346 (1877-81); 
Sharpe, in Oaten1 Matabele-Ld., App. p. 319 (1881); Ilolub $> 
Von Feb. Beitr. Orn. SMafr. p. 123 (1882); Shelley, Ibis, 1882, 

p. 354; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. pp. 453, 848 (1884); 
Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 342. 
Videstrelda regia, Lafr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool 1850, p. 325. 
Tetrasnura regia, Reichenb. Singv. p. 01, Taf. xxvi. figs. 217, 218 

(1861). 
Vidua paradisea (nee Li), Barratt, Ibis, 1876, p. 207 (err.). 


Adult male in breeding plumage. General colour above black, 
slightly mottled on the rump with grey bases to the feathers ; wing-
coverts entirely black, as also the secondaries; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and primary quills sooty brown, the latter narrowly 
fringed with whity brown; upper tail-coverts and centre tail-
feathers black, the remainder brown, edged with whity brown, the 
outer ones having a large spot of white at the end of the inner web; 
crown of head black, separated from the back by a broad collar of 
tawny buff; lores, eyelid, and feathers at base of bill black ; ear-
coverts, cheeks, sides of neck, and under surface of body tawny buff, 
more rufous ou the sides of the body, which have a large tuft of 
silky white plumes• thighs tawny; sides of vent and under tail-
coverts black ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, washed 
with isabelline near the edge of the wing; quills below blackish, 
white along the inner edge: " bill, feet, and claws coral-red; iris 
dark hazel" (F. Oates). Total length 12 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 
2-9, tail 1*5, long centre feathers 9*7, tarsus 0-6. 

Adult female. Similar to the female of Steganum paradisea, but 
without the tawny crown and eyebrow, lacking also the black streak 
above the ear-coverts. The crown is always whitish with a lateral 
stripe of dusky brown, the centre always more or less streaked with 

VOL. XITT. p 

210 
PLOCEIBX. 

dusky brown, but the most distinguishing character is the light tip 
to the end of the inner web of the outer tail-feathers. 

Young, Nearly uniform brown, but lighter than the young of 
Vidua principalis,, the eyebrow and sides of face being yellowish buff 
as well as the ear-coverts,* the general colour below, too, is yellowish 
"buff instead of isabelline. 

Hub, Confined to South Africa. From Colesberg north through 
the Transvaal to the Zambesi; from Eenguela to Damara-Land in 
the west. 

a, b. S S a^-sk* Interior of South Africa (E. Shaipe Coll. 
L, Lay ard). 

c. J ad. sir. Interior of South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C". 
d. (S ad. sk. R. Limpopo, Xov. 15 { T. E. Shelley Cull. 
Buckley), 
e. $ 
ad. sk. Kear Rustenbersr, E, Trans- F. Barratt E-q. "IV. 
vaal, Jan. 1S75. 
f-i. <5 ad. j k. $ Tati, Matabele-Land, March \V. E. & C. ft. Oate*, 
ad. sk. (F. Oafet). ^ E*qr*. IV. 
I, m, w. ($ imm. sk. Damara-Land, Nov. (C. Sharps Coll. 

J. A.). 
of p. cf$juv.sk. Otjimbinque, Damara-Land, Sliarpe Cull. 
July 18CC (C.J. A.), 
q, r. cf S ad.; s. Otjoro, Damara-Land, Nov. Sharpe Cull. 
<J juv.sk, %0,1SZQ(C.J.A.). 
t 
tf ad. sk. Otjoro, Nov. 2/>, lfcSO (C. Shellev Cull. 
J A.). 


u. 
cfad.sk. Omaruru, Feb. 18 (A.Erik- Shelley Coll. 
son), 
v. J ad. sk. Ondonjra, Ovampo Land, Nov. Sharpe Coll. 
28} 18GG (C J. A.). 
3. IXKTJBA. 
1vp<». 
Linura, JReichen. Orn. Centralbl 1882, p. 01 L. nVeheri. 
Range, Eastern Africa from the Kilimanjaro district to Shoa. 

1. Linura fischeri. 
Vidua (Linura) fischeri, ReicJim. Orn. Centralbl 1882, p. 91: id. 
J.f. 0. 1882, p. 350, Taf. ii. fig. 1; Fischer, Zeitsthr. ges. Orn. 
i. p. 325 (1884). J 
Linura fischeri, Fischer, J.f. 0. 3885, p. 135; Salvad. Ann. 31m. 
Civic. Oenov. (2) vi. p. 104 (1888). 
Vidua fischeri, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 342, 1888, p.*292 : id. F. Z, 8. 
1889, p. 367. 
Adult male. General colour above black, the feathers of the 
mantle and back edged with sandy brown; lower back and rump 
uniform brown ^wing-coverts and quills black or blackish brown, 
with a few remains of sandy-brown margins to the feathers; upper 

4 . STEGiNTTRA. 
211 

taii-corerts ochreous brown, with black centres; tail-feathers black, 
the four long central ones straw-coloured; crown of head light 
sandy buff; occiput, nape, and hind neck black, like tho sides of the 
neck; lores like the crown ; feathers round eye, ear-coverts, cheeks, 
throat, and fore neck black; remainder of under surface of body 
light creamy buff, with a few narrow blackish streaks on the flanks; 
thighs brown ; under tail-coverts creamy buff; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries blackish, with buff margins ; quills below blackish, 
ashy along the inner edge. Total length 10 inches, culmen 0*4, 
wing 2-8, tail 1*55, long central feathers 7*8, tarsus 0*6. 

Hah. Kilimanjaro District, E. Africa, to Shoa. 

a. $ ad. sk. Kilimanjaro. F. J. Jackson, Esq. [P.]. 
b. <S ad. sk. Kilimanjaro. 11. C. V. Hunter, Esq. [P.]. 
4. 
SIEGANURA. 
Type. 
Steganura, Meichenb. Syst Av. Taf. lxxvi.fig. 30 (1850) . S. paradisea, 

Range. Confined to Africa. 

1. Steganura paradisea. 
Red-breasted Long-tailed Finch, Edwards* Gleanings, ii. p. 86, pi. 

86 (1747). 
La Veuve, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 120, pi. viii. fig. 1 (17(50). 
Emberiza paradisea, Linn. Syst. Nat i. p. 812 (1706); Gm. Syst. 

Nat I p. 882 (1788). 
La Grande Veuve d'Angola, Daubent. JPl. JSnl. iv. pi. 194. 
La Veuve a collier d'or, Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 155 (1778) • 

Vieill. Ois. Chant, pis. 37, 38 (1805). 
La Grande Veuve, Month, t. e. p. 162, pi. vi. (1778). 
Whidah Bird, Lath Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 178 (1783). 
Fringilla paradisea, Vieill. Diet. d'Hist. Nat xii. p. 213 (1817). 
Vidua paradisea, Cuvier, Megne Anim. i. p. 389, note (1817); ffiipp. 

St/st Uebers. p. 77 (1845); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 355 (1857); Haiti. 
Om. Westafr. p. 137 (1857) ; id. J.f.O. 1801, p. 257 ; Kirk, Ibis, 
18G4, p. 322 ; Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 48, no. 6004 (1870); Finsch $ 
Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 425 (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat Afr. B. p. 03 (1871); 
Gurney inAnderss. B. Dam.-Ld.^. 181 (1872) ; Barratt, Ibis, 1876, 

p. 207 ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 340 (1877-81); Shelley, Ibis, 1882, 
p. 354 j Bohm, J.f O. 1885, p. 80; Shelley, Ibis, 1880, p. 842, 
1888, p. 802 ; Bilttih. Notes Leyclen Mus. x. p. 239 (1888). 
Steganura paradisea, Bp. Consp. i. p. 449 (1850); Cab. Mus. Hein. 
Th. i. p. 170 (1850) ; Meichenb. Singv. p. 6S, Taf. xxviii.figs. 224, 
225 (1801); Antin. Cat. deserr. Ucc. p. 69 (1864). 

Steganura sphenura, Bp. Consp. i. p. 449 (1850); Cab. Mus. Hein. 
f h. i. p. 170 (1850); JReichenh. Singv. p. 03, Taf. xxviii. nos. 226, 
227 (1801). 

Videstrelda paradisea, Lafr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool 1850, p. 325. 
Vidua verreauxi, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1850, p. 56 ; Gray, Hand I. 


B. ii. p. 48, no. 0005 (1870); Heugl. Orn. NO.-Afr. iv. p. 467 
(1870); Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 265 (1870); Fischer $ 
lieicheji. J. /. O. 1879, p. 351; Sharpe in Oates* Matabele-Ld.t 
P2 

PL0CEIDJ3. 

212 

Arm, P. 319; id. ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 452 (1884); Ayres, 

IbL 1885, p. 345; Beiohen. J.f.O. 1887, p. 70. 
Vidua paradisea orienfcalis, Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 583 (1870). 
Vidua sphenura, Blanf. Qeol. § ZooL Abi/ss. p. 407 (1870). 
Steounura verreauxi, Antin. Sf Salvad. Viagg. Bogos, p. ]17 (1873); 

Ilohcb # Tim Feb. Beitr. Orn. Sildafr. p. 123 (1882); Fischer, 

J. f. 0.1885; p. 135; Salvad. Ann. Mm. Genov. (2), vi. p. 286 
(1886). 
Adult male. General colour above "black, with a patch of white 
on the sides of tho lower back, generally concealed by the wings; 
wing-coverts and quills black, the primaries browner, with whitybrown 
edges; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers entirely black, 
the two centre ones broadened towards the base, but not so much 
as the next two, which are exceedingly broad and have the shafts 
produced into a hair-like appendage; crown of head black, tawny 
rufous across the nape, and succeeded by a broad collar of orange-
buff across the hind neck : lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, 
and throat black; sides of neck orange-rufous or chestnut like the 
fore neck and chest and upper breast: lower breast and abdomen 
yellowish buff, as also the thighs; sides of vent and under tail-
coverts black ; under wing-coverts and axillaries tawny buff; edge 
of wing white, mottled with black; quills below dusky, ashy along 
the inner edge. Total length 11 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3, 
tail 2-1, centre tail-feathers 8*4, tarsus 0-65. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
reddish sandy, spottod with black, with which the feathers are 
centred ; rump more ashy; wings black, the wing-coverts and quills 
edged with white or sandy rufous; upper tail-coverts ashy white or 
isabelline with black centres ; tail-feathers black, tipped with 
white and edged with sandy rufous, the centre ones very broadly; 
crown of head pale sandy buff in the centre, with a broad lateral 
streak of black; the crown slightly streaked with black; a broad 
eyebrow of isabelline white ; lores and feathers round the eye 
white; ear-coverts pale sandy buff, with a broad black streak along 
the upper margin ; cheeks and throat buffy white; sides of neck 
tawny buff streaked with black; fore neck and breast uniform tawny 
buff, with a few black streaks at the side of the upper breast ; 
abdomen white; sides of body and flanks tawny buff; thighs and 
under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts white, the outer ones 
with black bases; axillaries like the breast; quills below dusky, 
ashy along the inner edge. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*4,' 
wing 3, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-65. 

Young. Nearly uniform ashy brown, greyer on the head, and 
especially on the eyebrow, sides of face, and throat; breast and 
sides of body brown, washed with tawny; the lower breast, abdomen, 
and under tail-coverts white ; bill dusky brown. 

Hah. Senegambia; K.E. Africa below 17° N. lat. to Shoa and the 
White-Kile region ; East Africa from the Tana River to Zanzibar 
and inland to Lake Tanganyika ; Mozambique, and the Zambesi south 
to the Transvaal, and west from Lake Ngami to Damara-Land and 
Angola. 

O. CHER A. 
213 
a-e. 8 ad. et imm. 

River Gambia, Sharp© Ooll. 

sk. 
/. 8 ad. sk. River Gambia. Shelley CV>1L 

g. 8 
ad. sk. S. Louis, {Senegal (Z. LetTweeddalo 
Coll. 
t/take).
h. 8 ad. sk. 
Shoa (tf/r TT. C. Harris). India Museum. «• c? ad. sk. Kooniaylee, Abyssinia, W. T. Bianibrd, Esq. 
JUarch. J [C.]. 

A. c? ad. sk, 
Koomaylee, May 23 (W. Tweeddalo Coll. 
Jesse).

I 8 ad. sk. 

N.E. Africa. Sharpe Coll. 
m-q. § ad. et 

Ailat, Bogos-Land (Fsler). Sharpe Coll. 

juv. sk. 
r-u. 8 ad. et 

Ugogo, E. Africa (&> J. Shelley Coll. 

juv. sk. 

AV/s). 

v, w. $ ad. sk, 

Dar-es-Salaam (&> «Z Kirk), Shelley Coll. 

x. 8 ad, sk. Lamo (&> J". jKiV/c). Shelley (Jo 11. 
y* 8 ad. sk. 

Manda Ioland. F. J. Jackson, Esq. 
Xi'.]. 

z-d'. 8 ad. etjuv. Tele, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). 

Lhing stone Ex


sk. 

pe Lition. 

e'. $ ad. sk. Tati, Matabele-Land, April 

W. E. & C. G. Gates, 
30 (F. Gates). 

Ebqrs. [P.], 

/. 8 ad. sk. Onialoko, Damara-Land, Jan. 

Sharpe Coll. 

19 (G\ J. Andersson). 

g'. 8 ad. sk. Loanda (F. Tmdson). Shelley Coll. 
K, i'. Inirn. sk. Africa. 

Forbes Coll. 

5. CHEEA. 
Chera, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 355 (1849) .. . 
Type. 
C. procne, 
Range. Confined to South Africa. 
1. Chera procne. 

La Veuve a ailes rouges du Cap de Bonne Espe'rance, Daubent. PL 
Enl. iv. pi. 635. 
La Veuve a 6paullettes, Montb. Mist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 164 (177b); 

Vuill. Ois. Chant, p. m, pis. 30, 40 (1805). 
Emberiza procne, Bodd. Tabl K Enl. p. 39 (1783). 
Loxia cafira, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 858 (1788). 
Emberiza longicauda, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 884 (1788). 
Emberiza imperialis, Shaw in Miller's Cunel. Fhijs. iii. p. 7 (1700). 
Fringilla longicauda, Vieill. N. Diet d'llist. Nat. xii. p. 218 (1817). 
Vidua longicauda, Cuvier, liegne Anim. i. p. 388 (1817). 
Fringilla caffra, Licht. Verz. JDottbl. p. 22 (1823). 
Vidua phasnicopterus, Swains. Classtf. B. ii. p. 112, fig. 1G1 (1837). 
Chera procne, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 355 (1849); Bp. Cotisp. I p. 448 

(1850); Gvrney, Ibis, 1861, p, 133; Bayard, i>\ S. Afr. p. 1UO 
(1867); Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 465; Layard, Ibis, 18b9, p. 74; 
Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 49, no. 6675 (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat Afr. B. 

p. 63 (1871); Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 381; Barratt, Ibis, 1876, 
p. 207; Boeage, Orn. Angola, p. 347 (1877-81); Ayres, Ibis, 
1878, p. 301, i880, p. 107; Sharpe in Oates* Matabele-Land, Appt 
PL0CEID-2E. 

p. 810 (18S1) ; Ilolub $ Von Pelz. Beitr. Orn. Sildafr. p. 124 
Vhvm enlVra. Cab. Mus. Hem. Th. i. p. 170 (1850) * Lichb. Nomend 

p. 4i) (1854); liewhenb. Ilandb. JSingv. p. 03, pi. 29. figs. 230-232 
(I8<)1). 
Vidua progno, Scfrkr/el, Dierenfvm, p. 198 (1872). 
ColiuspaHser piwno,' Shelley, Ibis, 1880, p. 345 ; Bilttih. Notes Leyd. 

ATw.x. p. 240(1888). 

Adult male. Entirely black both above and below with a distinct 
gloss; lesser wing-coverts scarlet, forming a conspicuous 
patch; median coverts whitish, washed with sandy buff; greater 
coverts and quills Mack, edged with buffy white or sandy brown ; 
the primaries black, only edged with sandy buff near the end of the 
outer web: " bill brownish red ; feet dull red; iris brown " (Dr. 
Hoilib). Total length 19*5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 5*4, tail 15, 
tarsus 1-05. 

Adult fanale. General colour sandy buff, broadly streaked with 
black centres to the feathers, less distinct on the rump and upper 
tail-coverts ; lesser wing-coverts dark brown, edged with orange; 
median and greater coverts dark brown, broadly edged with sandy 
buff; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers dark 
brown, edged externally with sandy buff, more broadly on the 
secondaries, the primaries rather conspicuously edged with pale 
fulvous near the end of the outer web ; head like the back, but a 
little less distinctly streaked * a broad eyebrow of isabelline ; lores 
and leathers round the eye whitish; ear-coverts reddish brown, 
streaked -with black; undor surface of body sandy buff, streaked 
with dusky brown on the lower throat, fore neck, sides of body, and 
flanks; the chin, breast, and abdomen uniform isabelline; under 
tail-coverts with blackish shaft-lines *. asillaries and under wing-
coverts sooty black; quills dusky below, ashy fulvous towards the 

base of the inner web. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 
4-5, tail 2-9, tarsus 1*05. 
The adult male in winter plumage does not differ in appearance 
from the adult female. 


The young male also resembles the latter, but has the streaks on 
the fore neck and chest a little broader: " bill pale, much suffused 
with a dusky tinge, especially along the ridge ; tarsi and feet pale ; 
iris dusky rufous brown " (T. Ayres, MSS.). Wing 4*15 inches. 


Nab. South Africa from the eastern districts of the Cape Colony 
to Natal and the Transvaal, reoccurring on the Cunene river and in 
Benguela in S.W. Africa. 


«, b. 6 imm. sk. S.E. Africa. Jolm R0cke, Esq. 

e, d d. ad sk. Natal. ShLarpJe CoI I 

e. o* imm. sk. Natal, June 5 (T. & Buckley). Shelley Coll. 
/ . cT imm. sk. Pretoria (J. Pratt). Sharpe Coll. 
</, h. d ad.; *. 6 Newcastle, May, June, Oct. Shelley Coll. 
imm. hk. {JE. A. Butler). J 
Je. y ad. 6k. Pieteraiaritzburg, April (F. W. E. and C. G 

0ate*)'

 Oates, Esqrs, [P.]. 

6. PE2TIHETRIA.
L e imin.sk. Pietermaritzburg, May (T. E. Sliolley Coll. 
Buchleif), 

m. 
g acl. sk Pongola llivor, Juno 12 (T. E. Shelley Coll. 
Buckley). 
n. 
d imm. sk. Potchefstroom, Transvaal, Dec. Fovhes Coll. 
(21 ^vw). 
o,B£-6 ad. et Iransvaal, June, Dec. (F. W. K. and 0. G. 
imm. sk Oflfeff). Gates, 1 W L P.]. 
r, ^ (J ad. et Transvaal, Dec. (T. E. Buck- Shelley Coll. 
juv. sk. hy). 
t, u, v. cS ad. sk. Transvaal, Nov. to Jan. (T. Shelley Coll. 
Ayres). 

0. 
PENIHEIBIA. 
Type. 
Coliuspasser *, Rupp. Neue Wirb. p. 98 (1835-40) ... . P. laticauda. 
Penthetria, CoJ. ^rc/*./. Naturg. 1847, p. 331 p. laticauda. 
Coliostruthus, Swidev. (Efu. IC Fet.-Akad. Fork. Stoekk. 
1849, p. 158 i\ laticauda. 
Niobe, Reichenh. Sing v. p. 01 (1801) p. ardens. 

Range. Confined to Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. No white on primary-coverts and base of primaries. 
d. 
No orange on wing-coverts. 
a". Head black j only a scarlet collar on fore neck 
(sometimes absent) ardens, p. 21B. 
h". Head scarlet, as well as the collar on the fore 
neck laticauda, p. 218. 
b'. Least wing-coverts orange, the median series 
cinnamon hartlaubi, p. 219. 

b. Primary-coverts and base of primaries white. 
c'. Lesser wing-coverts yellow alhmotata, p. 210. 
d'. Lesser wing-coverts chestnut eques, p. 220. 
1. Penthetria ardens. 
? La Veuve de l'isle de Panay, Sonn. Voy. N. Guin. p. 117, pi. 75 
(1770). 

La Vetrve a poitrine rouge du Cap de Bonne Esp6rauce, Btmbent. 
PL EnL iv. pi. 047. 
La Veuve en feu, Month. Hist Nat. Ois. iv. p. 107 (1778). 
PEmberiza signata, Scop. Bel. Faun, et Flor. Insubr. ii. p. 95 
(178Q, ex &ww».)f. 
Pariayan Bunting, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 184 (1783). 
Eringilla ardens, Bodd. Tabl. PL Enl. p. 39 (1783, ex Baubent.). 
Emberizapanayensis, Gm. Sysi Nat. i. p. 885 (1788, ex Sonn). 

* Notwithstanding the imprimatur which this name has received from 
Captain Shelley and Count Salvador!, I think it is so thoroughly opposed to 
the rules of classical nomenclature that it cannot be allowed to stand. 
t 
Name rejected, as Sonnerat'sfigure is inaccurate. 

216 PLOCEIDJE. 

Vidua lenocinia, Less. TraiU, p. 437 (1831); Gray, Gen. B. ii. 

p. 355 (1840). 
Vidua torquata, Less. Compl. Buff. viii. p. 278 (1837). 
Vidua nibritorques, £W/2s. B. W. Afr. I. p. 174(1837); Gurney, 
Ibis, I860, p. 211. 
Vidua concolor, Cassin, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1848? p. 60; id. Journ. 
S Philad. Acad. i. p. 241, pi. 30. tig. 1 (1849): Gray, Gen. B. ii. 

p. 355 (1849) j Earth Orn. W.-Afr. p. 138 (1857); Gray, 
Eand-h B. ii. p. 48, no. 6670 (1870); Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 343 
(1881). 
Vidua ardens, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 355 (1849); Earth Orn. W.-Afr. 

p. 138 (1857); Kirk, Ibis, 18(34, p. 321; Layard, B. & Afr. 
p. 321 (1867); Gray, Eand-l. B. ii. p. 48. no. C8t>9 (1870) ; Sharpe, 
ed. Layard'sB. S. Afr. pp. 445, 849 (1884). 
. Coliostruthus concolor, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-AJzad. Fork. Siockh. 
/ 1849, p. 158. 
Penthetria rubritorques, Bp. Consp. L p. 443 (1850). 
Penthetria concolor, Bp. Camp. i. p. 448 (1850); Earth Abhandl. 

y not. Ver. Bremen, viii. p. 20 (1883) ; Cab. J.f O. 1883, p. 218. 

Penthetria ardens, Cab. Mas. Eein. Th. i. p. 177 (1^50); Finseh 
8f Earth Vog. Ostafr. p. 423 (1870); Sharpe, Cat Afr. B. p. 03 
(1871); Reiehen. Mitth. Afrik Ges. DeutscM. i. p." 6 {1874 J; 
Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 559 (1881) ; Sliarpe, App. Gates1 Matabek-
Lana\ p. 320 (1881); Beichen. J.f.O. lfc*7, p. 301. 

r-^ Pentberia auricollis, Licht. Komencl. Av. iVpTtfrrp. 49 (1854). 
Pentberia panavenais, Licht. t. c. p. 40 (1854 I. 
Niobe ardens, itekhenb. Singv. p. 01. Taf. xxvi. figs. 219, 220 (1801 j ; 

Butler, Feilden,fyBeid, Zooh 1882, p. 298. 
Penthetria hartlaubi {nee Boeage), Cab. J. f. O. 1883, p. 21b. 
Coliustruthus ardens, Finseh, J.f.O. 1^85, p. 135. 
Coliuspasser ardens, Shelley, Ibis, 1880, p. 340. 

Adult male. Entirely black above and below, with a scarlet 
collar across the fore neck; the back, wings, thighs, and under tail-
coverts with more or less remains of sandy-brown edges to the 
feathers. Total length 12 inches, culmen 0~*G, wing 2*9, tail 8*4, 
tarsus 0*85. 

A specimen from Shnpanga is rather smaller than those from 
Natal (wing 2*7 inches). Sometimes the gorget is orange instead of 
scarlet, and it is probable that these paler-coloured specimens are 
the younger males in their first full plumage. 

Adult female. Different from the male. Sandy brown streaked 
with black, a little less distinctly on the lower back and rump; 
wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers dark brown, edged with 
sandy buff, the bastard-wing and primary-coverts blacker; crown 
like the back ; a distinct whitish eyebrow; lores and feathers below 
the eye whitish; ear-coverts sandy buff; under surface of body 
uniform yellowish buff, the throat, breast, and abdomen clearer 
isabelline, the under tail-coverts with dark brown centres; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries clear isabelline. Total length 4*8 
inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2-5, tail 1*6, tarsus 0*8. 

The males in winter plumage at first exactly resemble the old 
females, but are soon to be told by their blacker wings and tail. 

6. PENIHETRIA.. 
The change to the summer plumage seems to be effected by a change 
of feather as regards the body, only the quills and tail-feathers 
being moulted, but the first parts to get black are the upper and 
under tail-coverts. Some males begin to show signs of change as 
early as July, but it is not until November that the full black dress 
is assumed. 

Hob. Nearly the whole of South Africa from the Eastern districts 
of the Cape Colony to Fatal and the Eastern Transvaal to the 
Zambesi, and occurring also in South-western Africa and Angola. 
Here the form called by Cassin Vidua concolor, in which the scarlet 
neck-band is totally extinct, appears to be frequent, and a perfect 
gradation between the necklaced P. aniens and the black form is 
said by Dr. Cabanis to exist in Angolan specimens. The species 
reoccurs in Senegambia, and at Sierra Leone the totally black form 
has again been found; the latter has also occurred in Equatorial 
Africa at Wakkala (Emin Pasha). Shelley has examined the 
Angolan series at Berlin and confirms the opinion of Dr. Cabanis. 
Specimens with an orange instead of a scarlet necklace are not 

uncommon. 

a. (S ad. sk. Africa. 
Purchased. 
b. $ ad. sk. Africa. 
Purchased. 
e. <S ad. sk. S. Africa. 
Dr. Lee [P.]. 
d. $ 
ad. sk. Alice, S.E. Africa, March 15, Sharpe Coll. 
1870 (E. L. Layard). 
e. cS ad. sk. Eland's Post, S.E. Africa (T. C. Sharps Coll. 
Atmore). 
/. 
$ ad. sk. Eland's Post, S.E. Africa (T. C. Shelley Coll. 
Atmore). 

g. 
<$ ad. sk. Kingwilliamstown, British Caf-Capt. Trevelyan 
fraria. 
h. <$ imm. sk. Natal. 
Purchased. 
i. (S ad. sk. Natal. 
T. Ayres [C.]. 
k, I $ ad. sk. Weenen, Natal, Jan., Feb. (A. Forbes Coll. 
Arnold). 
m, n. $ ad. sk. Durban, Natal [T. L. Ayres). Shellev Coll. 


o. $ ad. sk. Drakensberg Mountains, Dec. 20 Shelley Coll. 
(T. E. Buckley). 
p-t. 
3 ad. etjuv. Newcastle, Oct. (E. A. Butler). Shelley Coll. 
sk. 

u, v. tf; w-y. $ Pinetown, July, Oct. (T. L. Shelley Coll. 
ad. sk. Ayres). 


z. 3 ad. ,• a'. cS Pinetown, Oct., Nov. (7'. X. Seebohm Coll. 
juv. sk. Ayres). 
b'. <$ juv. sk. Lower Umgeni River, Jan. 4 Seebohm Coll. 


(T. L. Ayres). 
c\ S ad. sk. Pietermaritzburg. Shelley Coll. 
d'. S juv. sk. Transvaal (21 Ayres). Sharpe Coll. 
e\ 3 ad. sk. Macamac, E. Transvaal. F. A. Barratt [P.]. 
f,9'. 6 juv.; $ Rustenberg, E. Transvaal, Nov. Shelley Coll. 
ad. sk. 

(W. Lucas). 
Shupanga, Zambesi, May (Sir Livingstone Exped. 
h'. <$ ad. sk. 

J. Kirk). 
PLOCEID-B. 

218 

i' 
Ad. sk. Mamboio, E. Africa (Sir J. Shelley Coll. 

Kirk). 
h\ Ad. sk. Ugogo (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll 
l1'. Ad/ak. Loando, Angola (T. Thompson). Shelley Coll. 

2. Penthetria laticauda. 
Fringilla laticauda, Licht. Verz. DoubL p. 24 (1823). 
(1856). 

~ Yidua laticauda, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 855 (1849); Lafi\ Ret. et 
Mag. de Zool 1850, p. 325; Gray, lfand-l. B. ii. p. 48, no. 0G72 
(1870). 

Pentheria laticauda, Bp. Consp. i. p. 448 (1850). 

Penthetria laticauda, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i, p. 177 (1850) ; HeuyL 
Om. JV.O.-Afr. i. p. 580 (1870), iv. p. cxxxiii (1871); Fischer, 
Zeitsohr. ges. Orn. i. p. 326 (1884). 

Coliuspasser laticaudus, Blanf. Geol. Sr Zool. Abyss, p. 405 (1870); 
Salvad. Ann. Genov. (2) i. p. 182 (1884); Shelley, Ibis, 18SG, 

p. .347, 1888, p. 293 j Salvad. Ann. Genov. (2) vi. p. 280 (1885). 
Adult male. Black, streaked with broad sandy-buff edges to the 
feathers, less distinct on the wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers, 
which are also black; crown and nape scarlet; hind neck velvety 
black; forehead, lores, feathers over the eye, ear-coverts, cheeks, 
and throat black, followed by a broad collar of scarlet across the fore 
neck; this* praepectoral collar joined to the scarlet on the nape, 
though almost disconnected by the black of the hind neck impinging 
on to the throat; remainder of under surface of body velvety black, 
with a few remains of sandy-buff edges to the feathers of the flanks, 
thighs, and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts, axillaries, and 
lower surface of quills black : " bill black ; feet dusky rufous; iris 
chestnut" (Heuglin). Total length 9 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 
3'25, 
tail 5-6, tarsus 0*85. 
Hah. From Abyssinia to Shoa and south to the Kilimanjaro 

district. 
a. S ^d. sk. Abyssinia. Sliarpe Coll. 
b. tf &d. sk. Gondah, Abyssinia. Sharpe Coll. 
c. d. (S juv. sk.*
e. S ad. sk. 
Musgah, south of Antalo, 
9, 1868. 
"Wanenamba, Shoa, Sept.
May 
18 
TV. T. Blanford 
Esq. [C.l 
Shelley Coll. 
(O. Antinori). 
/, g, h. $ ad. sk. Mahal-uonz, Shoa, May, Aug. Shelley Coll. 
(O.A.). " 
i. <$ ad. sk. Let Marafia, Shoa, June 29 Shelley Coll. 
(O. A.), 
k. $ ad. sk. Kilimanjaro. F. J. Jackson, Esq. 
[P.]. 

0. PENTIIETBIA. 
210 

3. Penthetria liartlanbi 
Penthetria hartlaubi, Borage, Orn. Angola, p. ail (1881). 
Coliuspasser hartlaubi, Ridley, Ibis, lb8G, p. 347. 
-4&«Z*. Of large size, ontiroly silky black, tho lesser wing-coverts 
bright orange-yellow, tho median series pule lawn, tho greater 
coverts edged with fulvous; wing-eoverts partly fawn-yellow, \niii ly 
black; quills and tail-feathers shining black; tail long, graduated ; 
bill leaden, the tomia whitish; feet black ; iris dusky. Total length 
10-6 inches, oilmen 0-7, wing 4-3, tail 7«5, tarsus 1. (Botw/e.) 

Hab. Benguela. 

4. Penthetria alboEotata. 
Vidua albonotata, Cass. Froo. Philad. Acad. LW, p. Oo ; id, Journ. 
Philad. Acad. I p. 241, pi. 30. %. 1 (IS4J))j (Iran, 67//. 7/. ii. 

p. 835 (1849); llartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 137(1V;7); Kirk, Ifos, 
18G4;p. 322; Layard, B. ti. Afr. p. 1M) (lhf>7); O'rtn/, JIuwW. 
11 ii. p. 48, no. 6667 (1870); Reiehen. J. f, O. 1877, p/28. 
Urobrachya albonotata, i>>. Consp. i. p. 448 (1830): Monhdro, Ibis, 
1862, p. 337. 

Penthetria albonotata, Finsch § JIartl. Tog. Ostafr. p. 420 (1S70); 
SharpefyBouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool Frame, i. p. 48 (]h70); Bouiye, 
Om. Angola, p. 342 (1881); Sharpe, in Gates' Matabele-land, < Ipp. 

p. 320 (1881); IMuh 8f Von Fdz. Bedr. Orn. Siidafr. p. 121 
(1882) ; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 400 (18b4) \ Alahthw, 
J.f.O. 1887, p. 154. 
Coliuspasser albonotatus, Shelley, Ibis, 1880, p. 348; Bhttik. Notes 
Leyden Mus. xi, p. 75 (1888). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. Entirely velvety black, slightly 
browner underneath; quills and tail black, Mith slight remains of 
whitish edgings on the secondaries; lesser wing-coverts bright 
yellow, forming a conspicuous shoulder-patch ; bastard-wing black; 
median and greater coverts black, externally edged with brown, the 
latter series broadly tipped with white, the outer greater coverts 
entirely white, like tho primary-coverts; all the quills excepting 
the innermost secondaries white at the base; under wing-coverts 
white, the edge of the wing yellow ; auxiliaries yellow with white 
bases: " bill pale bluish violet; legs black; iris hazel" (/'T. Oates). 
Total length 0-3 inches, culmen 0-0, wing :i-S, tail 3-1, tardus 0*8. 

Bob. S.E. Africa from Natal to the Zambesi; West Africa from 
the Cunene River to Gaboon. 

a, S hiem. sk. Umbilo near Durban, Natal, Seobohm Coll. 
July (T.L. Ay res). 
b, c. d ad. sk. Weeuen, Natal, Dec. 1877 Forbes Coll. 
d, e. S ad. sk.
( W. Arnold). 
S.E. Africa. Sharpe Coll. 
f.
. 
d ad. sk. 
tf ad.sk. 
Transvaal, Jan. 24, 1842{Wahlherg). 
Taraas-etsie'lliver, Pec. 16,
l$7<l (F Oates). 
Sharpe Coll. 
.. 
W. E. & (\ d. Gates, 
Esqrs. [1\], 

PIOCEIDJE. 

220 

h r? ad sk. Between the Pantamatenka W. E. & 0. G. Oates, 
6 Biver and the Zambesi, Esqrs. [P.]. 
Jan. 11 (JP. Oates). 

a. Imm. sk. Makalaka Country (Dr. Shelley CoU. 
Bradshaio). . 
7c rf ad sk. Shire Valley (Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Expedition. 
/.' d ad/sk. Angola. Monteiro OolL 

m. 
j ad. sk. Quanza River She ley Coll. 
n. 
<$ ad. sk. Loando, Angola (Z7. 27*o»ijp- Shelley Coll. 
son), 
o, P, <?• d ad- e t L^ndana, Congo, Jan. (Z. Shelley Coll. 
imm. sk. Petit). 
r , 6\ Juv. sk. Gaboon (Du Chaittu). Sharpe Coll. 


5. Peuthetria egues. 
Vidua eques, Marti. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 106, pi. xv.; Scl. P. Z, S. 1864, 
p. 110 j Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 48, no. 6668 (1870); Finsch & 
Eartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 420 (1870); Bohm, J. f. 0. 1883, p. 11)9 ; 
Schalow, L e. p. 363; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 229. 
Penthetria (Urobrachya) eques, Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 326 

(1884). 
Penthetria eques, Cab. J.f. 0.1878, p. 231; Bohm, J.f 0.1885, p. 42. 
Urobrachya eques, Fischer, J.f.O. 1885, p. 135. 
Coliuspasser eques, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 348, 1888, p. 293. 

Adult male. Similar to P. albonotata, but having the lesser wing-
coverts bright rufous instead of yellow: " bill horn-blue; feet 
black; iris brown" {Fischer). Total length 6*7 inches, culmen 
0-6, wing 3, tail 3*4, tarsus 0*8. 

llab. East Africa from Masai-Land to Kilimanjaro and Uniamuesi 
and reaching to Lake Tanganyika. 

a, b. (S ad. et Kilimanjaro. F. J. Jackson, Esq. [P.J. 
imm. sk. 

c. 
$ ad. sk. Maurui, E. Africa, Jan. 20 Shelley Coll. 
(JDr. Fischer). 
7. PENTHETEIOPSIS. 
Mange. Confined to Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Mantle and scapulars as well as lesser wing-
coverts yellow macrwa, p. 220. 
1. Mantle and scapulars blackj only the lesser I macrocerca, p. 223. 
wing-coverts yellow (soror, p. 223. 
1. Penthetriopsis macrirra. 
Moineau du Royaume de Juda, Zaubent. PL Fnl. iv. pi. 183. fk. 1. 
Peie noire a longue queue, Montb. Mist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 487 (1775). 
Loxia moineau, P. X. S. Mull. Syst. Nat. Anhanff. p. 150 (1776): 


Cass. Proc, Philad. Acad. 1864^ p* 252? 

7 . PEHTHETRIOPSIS. 
221 

Long-tailed Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 114 (1783). 
Loxia macroura, Gpt. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 845 (1788). fa, 
Fringilla flavoptera, Vieill. Ois. Chant, pi. 41 (1805). 
Frinsrilla chrysoptera, Vieill. JEJnc. Mefh. iii. p. 964 (1823). 
Vidua ehrysonotus, Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 178 (1837); Fram\ 


P. Z.S. 3843, p. 52. 
Vidua macroura, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 355 (1849); Lap. Bev. et Mag. 
de Zool 1850, p. 325; Eartl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 137 (1857): id. 

J. f. O.1861, p. 257 ; Beichen. J.f. 0. 1877, p. 28. 
Pentheria macrura, Bp. Consp. i. p. 448 (1850). 
^enthetria macrura, Cab. Mies. Eein. Th. i. p. 176 (1850); Eeugl. 
Orn. NO.-Afr. i. p. 579 (1870); id. op. cit iv. p. exxxiii (1871); 
Finsck § Eartl Vdg. Ostafr. p. 418 (1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. 

B. p. 63 (1871); Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 69; Sharpe § Bouvier, 
Bull Soc. Zool France, i. p. 49 (1876); Fischer $ Beichen., J. f. O. 
1878, p. 264; Oust. Nouv. Arch. Mus. (2) ii. Bull p. 108 (1879): 
Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 340 (1881); Feb. Verh. z.~b. Geselkch. 
Wien, xxx. p. 613 (1881), xxxii. p. 508 (1882) ; Eartl. Abhandl 
nat. Ver. Bremen, viii. p. 202 (1884); Biittik. Notes Leyden Mas. 

vii. p. 197 (1885); Eartert, J. f. O. 1886, p. 584: Matschie, 
J.f.O. 1887, p. 298; Beichen. J.f.O. 1887, p. 305. 
Coliostruthus macrurus, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 136; 

Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 192; Shelley <§• Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 289 ; 

Shelley, Ibis, 1883, p. 552. 

Pentlietria flaviscapulata (nee Riijip.), Antin. Cat. descrr. TIcc. p. 69 

(1^04). 
Vidua moineau, Gray, Eand-l. B. ii. p. 48, no. 6671 (1870). 
Culiu^passer macrurus, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 348; id. P. Z. S. 1888, 

p. 33; Biittik. Notes Ley dm Mus. viii. p. 259 (1886), x. p. 91 
(1888). 
Adult male. Velvety black with a slight gloss; the mantle, 
scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts bright yellow; remainder of wings 
and tail black, with a few brown margins on some of the 
coverts and inner secondaries; entire under surface of body black, 
excepting the axillaries and under wing-coverts which are isabellme, 
yellow along the edge of the wing: " bill and feet bluish black ; 
iris brown " (Buttilcofer). Total length 8*5 inches, culmen 0-6, 
wing 3*2, tail 4*7, tarsus 0-85. 

Adtdt female. General colour above brown, streaked with darker 
brown on the mantle and back; the lower back, rump, and upper 
tail-coverts uniform; lesser wing-coverts dark brown, edged with 
olive-yellow; median and greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills dark brown, edged with whity brown; tail-
feathers dark brown, with paler brown margins; the ends also 
decidedly lighter brown ; crown of head brown like the back and 
similarly streaked with black, especially distinct on the sides of the 
crown ; lores and a distinct eyebrow yellowish buff; feathers round 
eye and ear-coverts brown; cheeks and under surface of body 
ochreous buff with a decided yellow tinge on the throat and fore 
neck, the latter being slightly more dusky; sides of upper breast 
with a few short streaks of darker brown; sides of body and flanks 
pale brown, as also the thighs; on the lower flanks a few streaks 
of clear brown; under tail-coverts isabelline; under wing-coverts 

222 PLOCBTD^S. 

and axillaries isabelline with darker centres, the edge of the wing 
yellow; quills below dusky, ashy isabelline along the inner edge^; 
" bill and legs pale fleshy, the upper mandible homy; iris brown " 

(W. A. Forbes). Total length 5 inches, oilmen 0*6, wing 2% tail 
r8 , tarsus 0'75. 
The adult male in winter plumage resembles the adult female, but 
is larger and has some bright yellow on the wing-corerts. There 
is also a stronger tinge of yellow on the eyebrow and throat; and 
the chest and flanks are more distinctly streaked with dark brown. 
The black plumage is assumed by a direct moult. 

ffab. West Africa from Senegambia to Angola and extending 
across to Equatorial Africa and the Lake countries. 

a, b. <S ad.; c, d. River Gambia. 

? ad.; e. tf 
imm. sk. 
/. $ imm. sk.

g. cJ ad. sk. 
k <$ ad. sk. 
i. Ad. sk. 
k. (S ad, sk. 
l~n. <$ ad. sk. 
o. o* ad. sk. 
p. £ ad. sk. 
q, o* ad. sk. 
r. $ ad. sk. 
s. <S ad. sk. 
t. $ ad. sk. 
u. $ imm. sk. 
v, w. Imm. sk. 
#, y. hum. sk. 
«', a'. $ ; b'. J ad. 
sk 
c',d'. tf? ad.; «'. 
£ juv. sk. 
/. <* juv. sk. 

g\ S imm. sk. 
A'. $ imm. sk. 
i'. <$ ad. sk. 

k\ l'j m'. £ imm. 
sk. 
n'. $ ad. sk. 

o'. 2 ad.; p'. (S 
imm. sk. 
#'. o* imm. 

r\ c? ad. sk. 

 River Gambia. 


River Gambia. 
River Gambia. 


Sierra Leone. 
Sierra Leone (Dr. Clark). 
Fantee. 
Fan tee. 
Fantee. 
Fantee (JET. T. Ussher). 
Fantee (If. T. Ussier). 
Amainoah, Cape Coast, April 


1872 (JET. F. Blissetf). 
Elmina (Nachtglas). 
Accra (Smith). 
Accra, Feb. (G. E. S.\ 
Accra, Feb. (T. E. Buckley). 
Abutchi, R. Niger, Aug. 

(W.A.F.). 
Lokoja, R. Niger (W. A. F). 

ShoDga, R. Niger, Nov. 

(W.A.F.). 
Gaboon (Du Chaillu). 
Gaboon (Du Chaillu). 
Fernand Vaz, Gaboon (A. 

Marche), 

R. Congo. 
Chinch onxo, Congo, March 18 

(X. Petit). 
Angola. 
Tobbo, Equatorial Africa, 
May 10, 1883. 
Ndoruma, Niam-Niam, Aug. 

Sharpe Coll. 

Governor Rendall 

[P.]. 
Forbes Coil. 
Rev. D. F. Morgan 

[P.l 
Tweed*lale Coll 
Sharpe Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Sah in-< roclnian Coll. 
Forbes (^ilL 
Sharpe Vail. 
ShelW ('oil. 
Sharpe CoIL 
Salvin-Gudman Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Shellev Coll. 
Forbes Coll. 


Forbes Coll 


Forbes CoIL 


Sharpe CoIL 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Shelley Coll 


Commander Sperling 
[p.j-

Shelley Coll. 

Monteiro Coll. 

Emin Pasha [P.]. 

F. Bohndorff [C.]. 
7. PENTHETRIOPSIS. 
223 

2. Pentketriopsis macrocerca. 
Yellow-shouldered Oriole, Brown, III. Zool. pi. xi. p. 22 (1776). 
Fringffia macrocerca, Licht. Verz. DoubL p. 24 (1823). 
OoliuspasserflaTiscapulatug,JSM^.iVr(3Me Wirb., Fog. p. 98(1835-40). 
Vidua macrocerca, I)es Murs in Lefebvre's Voy. Abyss, p. 172 (1845); 

Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 355 (1849).' 
Coliuspasser macrurus (nee Gm.), Biipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 77 (1845); 

JELevgh Syst Uebers, p. 39 (1856). 
Pentheria flaviscapulatus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 449 (1850). 
Penthetria macrocerca, Cab. Mas. Eein. i. p. 170 (1850); Hengl Orn. 

X.O.-Afr. i. p. 577 (1670), iv. App. p. exxxiii (1871); Sharpe. 

Cat. A'fr. B. p. 63 (1871). 
Penthetria flaviscapulata, Finsch, Trans. Z. 8. vii. p. 264 (1870). 
Vidua flavoscapulata, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 48, no. 0673 (1870). 
Coliuppasser flaviscapulatU3, Blanf. Geol. § Zool. Abyss, p. 407 

(1870). 
Coliuspasser macrocercus, Shelley} Ibis, 1886, p. 347. 


Adult male. Similar to P. macrura, but distinguished by the 
absence of yellow on the mantle and scapulars, which are black, 
only the lesser wing-coverts being bright yellow and forming a 
fell oulder-patch: "bill black, bluish horn-colour at the tip and 
along the tomia; feet rufescent; iris dusky" (Eeuylm). Total 
length. 8*5 inches culmen 0*05, wing 3*5, tail 4*5, tarsus 0*95. 

The coloration of the female and the changes of plumage undergone 
by both sexes are doubtless similar to P. macrura, but I have 
no properly marked specimens to describe. 

Hah. North-eastern Africa ; Abyssinia. 

a. J inim. sk. N.E. Africa. Purchased. 
h, S ad* sk. N.E. Africa. Sharpe Coll. 
c. S &d. sk. Abyssinia (Br. Rilppell). Sharpe Coll. 
&. c? ad. sk. Abyssinia. Lord Mountmorris, 
rp.]. 

e. $ ad. sk. Goon-goona. 
W.T.Blanford,Esq. 
[C.]. 

/. <$ imm. sk. Goon-goona, May (W. Jesse). 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Facado, May 1868 (IF. 

gf h. S imm. sk. Sharpe Coll. 

3. Penthetriopsis soror. 
Penthetria soror, Beichen. J.f. 0.1887, p. 70. 
Adult. Similar to P. macrocerca, but differing in its considerably 
smaller dimensions and somewhat brighter-yellow shoulder-spot. 
Black, with yellow shoulders ; quills and wing-coverts with small 
tawny-brown edges; under wing-coverts tawny brown : " upper 
mandible and base of lower mandible black; rest of lower mandible 
horny white; iris brown" (67. A. Fischer). Total length 7*0 
inches, culmen 0'6, wing 3*2, tail 3-5, tarsus 0*9. (Beichenoiv.) 

Ilak Kawanga, N.E. of the Victoria Nyanza. 

PLOCEIBJE* 

8. FBOBKACHYA. ^ ^ 
Urotoachya, Bp. Consjp. I p. 447 (1850) U- axillaris. 

Jfcwwrc Confined to Africa, from Port Elizabeth along the whole 
of Eastern Africa to the Upper White i\Tile. Entirely absent in the 
West Coast region, but found m Benguela. 

Key to the Species* 

a. Patch on lesser wing-coverts scarlet. , axillaris, p. 224. 
a'. Greater wing-coverts black jMMebrandtii p. 225. 
. V. Greater wing-coverts light chestnut ^frl^rS; pP*226?" 

b. Patch on lesser wing-coverts orange-yellow .. bocagii, p. 228. 
1. TTrobrachya axillaris. 
Vidua, sp., Smith, S. Afr. Q. Journ. 1831, p. 12. 

Vidua axillaris, Smith, III Zool. & Afr., Birch, pi. 17 (18S8); Grmjf 
Gen B ii. p. 355 (1849); Gurnet/, Ibis, 3860, p. 211; Layari^ 
B S Afr. p. 189 (1867); Gray, Mand-l B. ii. p. 48, no. 0CWJ 
(1870) j Sharps, Cat Afr. B. p. 62 (1871). 

r._~"L„.,^«!»-.« «ir;llow a 7?<M /"1/vnon I n AA/7 HQ 

, p. __ , 

Penthetria axillaris, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Xeotr. p. 40 (18**54); Finsrh 
# Hartl Vog. Ostafr. p. 421 (1870); Sharpe, ed. Layaeds Ii* *V. 
Afr. pp. 461, 849 (1884). 

Coliuspasser axillaris, Shelley, Ibis, 1880, p. 348. 

Adult male. General colour above and below velvety Hack, with 
rather a pronounced gloss; lesser wing-coverts brilliant orange-
scarlet ; median coverts uniform cinnamon-brown ; greater coverts 
black, externally edged with cinnamon-brown, the inner ones and 
the inner secondaries with whity brown; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts black, the latter with cinnamon-brown bases; under wing-
coverts and axillaries uniform cinnamon-brown; quills and tail-
feathers black. Total length 6*3 inches, culmen 0*05, wing 3*4, 
tail 2-8, tarsus 0*95. 

Adult female. Different from the male. Sandy buff, broadly 
streaked with black, the edges to the feathers of the mantle whiter ; 
lesser wing-coverts orange with black centres; median and greater 
coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers 
blackish brown, edged with sandy buff or whity brown, the median 
coverts slightly washed with orange ; a broad eyebrow of brownish 
white; sides of face and ear-coverts light brown, with a narrow 
blackish line along the upper and lower edge of the ear-coverts; 
cheeks and under surface of body uniform pale sandy buff, browner 
on the flanks, which are faintly streaked with dusky brown; thighs 
cinnamon-buff; under tail-coverts isabelline; under wing-covers 
and axillaries uniform cinnamon-brown. Total length 5*2 inches, 
culmen 0*65, wing 3, tail 1-75, tarsus 0*95. 

8. UROIMUCHYA. 
225 
Young males at first resemble the old females, but are generally 

rather blacker, have the lesser wing-coverts washed with yellow, 

and show some distinct black streaks on the sides of the breast and 

flanks. Some specimens in July show the scarlet wing-patch and 

black wings of the adult malo. 

Rah. S.E. Africa, from 
the neighbourhood of East London to 

Natal and Mozambique and the Zanzibar district of East Africa. 

a. <3 ad. sk. Natal. 
Purchased. 
b. S ad. sk. Natal. 
T. Ayres, Esq. [0.1. 
e. 2 ad. sk. Natal (T. Ayres). Salviu-Godman Coll. 
d, e. S ad. sk. Natal. Forbes Coll. 
/. 
<5 ad. sk. Bushman's ttoad, Natal, Feb. Sharps Coll. 
2, 1840 (J. Wahlberg). 

g. 
$ juv. sk. Klapper'e Lager, Natal, Feb. Sharpe Coll. 
840 (J] Wahlberg). 
h~l. S 
ad .own, Natal, Jan., Feb., Shelley Coll. 
m, n ,o.ay to July, Oct., Nov. (T. 
sk L. Ayres). 

p. 
Bothas Hill, Natal, July 16 Shelley Coll. 
(T.L.A.). 
Lower Unigeni River, near Shelley Coll. 

Durban, July 21 (T.L. A.). 

sk. Durban (T. L. Ayres). Shelley Coll. 

ad. ak. Durban, Feb. 25 (G. E. S.). Shelley Coll. 

id. sk. Newcastle, Nov. 17 (A. E. Shelley Coll. 

Butler). 

• 

Subsp. a. Urobrachya hildebrandti. 

Penthetria axillaris, Cab. J.f 0. 1878, p. 264 (pi). 

Adult male. Similar to U. axillaris, but with a larger and deeper 

bill, which has a slight inclination to a swelling at the base of the 

culmen : " bill yellowish white ; feet blackish; iris brown " (Hilde


brandt). Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3'35, tail 2-5, 

tarsus 0*85. 

Hab. Mombasa district, E. Africa. 

a. $ ad. sk. Lake Bombo, near Mombasa, July. Dr. Hildebrandt [C.]. 
2. Urobrachya phcenicea. 
Coliuspasser phoenicea, Ifeugl. Si/st. Uebers. p. 39 (185G, descr. 
nulla); id. J.f. 0. 1862, p. 304'(desc. orig.), 1863, p. 167. 
Urobrachya axillaris (nee Smith), Reich. Singv. p. 64, Taf. xxix. 
fig. 228 (1861, nee tig. 229); Antin. Cat. descrr. Ucc. p. 68 
(1864); Hartl. Abhandl. not, Ver. Bremen, vii. p. 102 (1881); 
Pelz. Verh. s.-b. Cesellsch. Wien, xxx. p. 151 (1881), xxxi. p. 508 
(1882). 
Vidua axillaris, Heugl. J.f. 0. 1867, p. 395. 
Penthetria axillaris (nee Smith),Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 581 
(1870) ; Cab. J. f. 0. 1878, p. 231; Fischer a. JReichen. J. f. 0. 
1878, p. 264, 1879, p. 351 ; Hartl. Zool. Jahrb. 1886, p. 325. 
Vidua phoenicea, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 48, no. 6674 (1870). 
Urobrachya zauzibarica, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 586. 
Penthetria (Urobrachya) axillaris, Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. 

p. 326 (1884). 
VOL. XIII. , Q 
226 
PLOCETDJE. 

Pyromelana sp., Bohm, J. f. O. 1885, p. 61; Matschie, J. f. 0. 
' 1887, p. 158. 
Urobrachya phoenicea, Cab. J. f. 0. 1832, p. 122 ; Matschie, J.f. 0. 
1887, pp. 158, 298. 
Penthetria phoenicea, Peichen. J.f. 0. 1837, p. 70. 
Coliuspasser axillaris (nee Smith), Shelley, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 33. 

Adult male. Differs from U. axillaris in having the greater wingcorerts 
chestnut-brown like the median series : "hill bluish white ; 
feet black; iris brown " (G. A. Fischer). Total length 6 4 inches, 
culmen 0-75, wing 3-5, tail 2-45, tarsus 1. 

Hah. Upper White Nile from Sobat to Lado, and south to the 
Zanzibar district. 

a. S inim. sk. Lado, March 31. Emin P P.]. 
b. $ imm. sk. Lado, May 15 (Emin Pasha). Sh 
c. 3 
ad. sk. Lake Bombo, near Mombasa, Shelley 
Aug. (Dr. Ililtlebrandt). 
d. <$ ad. sk. Melin'da {Sir J. Kirk). Shelley (Ml. (Type 
of tl. wn 
e. J ad. sk. Pangani (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley I 
/, ff- 6 $ ad.; h, Lamu (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley CoU. 
i. Juv. sk. 
Subsp. a. Urobrachya traversii. 

Urobrachya traversii, Sahad. Ann. Mas. Civic. Genov. (2), yi. p 
(1888). 

Adult. Allied to V.phcenicea of Heuglin, but larger and with the 
isabelline base of the primaries broader, forming a larger alar 
speculum, which is, however, nearly hidden ; greater wing-coverts 
rufous-cinnamon, appearing broader but paler; primary-coverts 
cinnamon, marked with a small apical spot of black; bastard-wing 
cinnamon, black at the tip. (Salvadori.) 

Hah. Shoa. 

3. Urobrachya hocagii. (Plate IX.) 
Penthetria axillaris (nee Smith), Bocar/e, Jam. IAsb. 1867, p. 140, 

1868, p. 48, 1870, p. 346 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. I860, p. 566. 
Urobrachya boca<rii, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 63 (1871). 
Penthetria bocagii, Bocar/e, Orn. Anqola, p. 343 (1877-81) ; Sharpe, 

ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 461 (1884). 
Urobrachya affinis, Cab. Orn. Centralbl. 1881, p. 183 (teste Shelley); 
id. J. f. 0. 1882, p. 122. 
Urobrachya mechowi, Cab. Orn. Centralbl. 1881, p. 183: id. J. f. O. 
1882, p. 122. 
Coliuspasser bocagii, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 349. 

Adidt male. Similar to U. axillaris, but easily distinguished by 
the uniform cinnamon-brown primary-coverts, the lesser series being 
bright orange-yellow: " bill bluish white ; feet black ; iris brown " 
(Anchieta). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3*45, tail 2*7, 
tarsus 1-05. 

Hab. Angola and Benguela. 

9 . PYEOMELANA. 
22 7 
?• Ad. sk. [Benguela.] 
Shelley Coll. 

o. Ad.sk. Huilia, Benguela (J.Anchkta). Sharpe Coll. (Type 
of species.) 
c. Ad. sk. Benguela. 
Skarpe Coll. 
d. <$ ad.sk. Caconda, Benguela (J". Anchieta). Lisbon Museum. 
e. Ad. sk. Colunibo, E. Quanza. Mouteiro Coll 
9. PYROMELANA. 
_ Type. 
Oryx, Less, (nee Oken, 1816), Traits, p. 437 (1831) P. capensis. 
Euplectes, Swains, (nee Leach, 1817), B. W. Afr. i. p. 186 

(1837) P. capensis. 
Pyromelana, Bp. Saggio Bistr. Met. Anim. Vertebr. p. 141 
(1831) *.... Rorjx. 
Orynx, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 176 (ex Reichenb. Sgst. 

Nat. Taf. lxxvi.) P, capensis. 
Taha, Reichenb. Singv. p. 73 (1861) P. talia. 
Xanthomelsena, Bp. Consp. i. p. 447 P. capensis. 

Range. Confined to Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Lower back and rump scarlet. 
a. 
Crown scarlet like the hind neck; no black 
on the crown. 
a". Larger : wing 2*55-2*9 inches; fore neck 
and chest scarlet; under tail-coverts 
tawny buff; under wing-coverts black.. fiammiceps, p. 228. 

b". Smaller: wing 2'l~2-4 inches; fore neck 
and chest black like the rest of the under 
surface; under tail-coverts scarlet; under 
wing-coverts tawny buff nigriventris, p. 230. 

b'. Fore part of crown black. 
c". Under tail-coverts scarlet. 


a"'. Upper tail-coverts not reaching beyond 
the tail: larger; wing 2'6-3*l inches; 
throat black oryx, p. 230. 

h'". Upper tail-coverts not reaching beyond 
the tail; no black on the throat; 
black on fore part of crown not reaching 
beyond the forehead nigrifrons, p. 233. 

c'". Upper tail-coverts reaching beyond 
the tail; no black on the throat; forehead 
and fore part of crown black .. franciscana, p. 233, 

d". Under tail-coverts brown friedrichseni, p. 235. 

b. Lower back and rump yellow. 
c'. With black on the crown. 

e. WTith the mantle and back yellow, contrasting 
with the black on the head. 
d"'. Forehead and fore part of crown black; 
hinder crown like the throat and chest, 
orange gierowi, p. 235. 

e"'. 
Forehead black like the rest of the 
crown aurea, p. 235. 
f". Forehead orange: hind head and nape 
black diademata, p. 236, 
Q2 

PLOCEID^. 

228 

/" . With the mantle black like the head; 
a shoulder-patch of bright yellow on the 
lesser and median coverts. [pp. 236-239. 

g'". Thighs pale brown capemis and allies, 
h'". Thighs black xanthomelcena, p. 239. 
d\ Crown yellow, followed by a broad band of 

black across the mantle. 
g''. With a band of yellow across the chest. afra, p. 241. 
h". With no yellow" on the chest, which is 


black like the rest of the under surface. 
i'". Sides of body black. 


a4. Larger: wing 2*75 inches; the yellow 
patch on the sides of the upper 
breast very small and indistinct .. scioana, p. 241. 

b\ Smaller: wing 2'55 inches ; the yellow 
patch on the sides of the upper 
breast very distinct taha, p. 242. 

h'". Sides of body yellow or mixed with 
yellow ladoensis, p. 244. 

1. Pyromelana flammiceps. 
Euplectes flammiceps, Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 186, pi. 13 (1837) ; 
Jiiipp. Neue Wirb., Vdg. p, 101 (1835-40); id. Syst. TJebers. p. 70 
(1845); Gordon, Contr. Orn. 1849, p. 9; Bp. Consp. i. p. 446 
(1850) j Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 127 (1857); Monteiro, P. Z. S. 
1860, p. Ill; Hartl. J. f. 6. 1861, p. 175; JReichenb. Singv. p. 57, 
Taf. xxiii. fig. 203 (1861); Monteiro, Ibis, 1862, p. $$$} Sel 

P. Z. S. 1864, p. 109; Heuql. J.f. 0. 1867, p. 373; Hartl. P. Z. S\ 
1867, p. 826; Heuql. Orn. iV". O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 567 (1870) ; Sharpe, 
Ibis, 1869, p. 191; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 62 (1871); Shelley § 
Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 289; Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 69; Sharpe 
fy Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 47 (1876) ; Bocar/e, Orn. 
Angola, p. 335 (1877-81); Cab. J. f. 0. 1878, p. 231; Fischer $ 
Beuhen. t. c. p. 263, 1879, p. 351; Fischer, J. f. 0. 1880, p. 187; 
Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 585; Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, 
viii. p. 201 (1883) ; Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 327 (1864); 
id. J.f. 0. 1885, p. 134; Biittik. Notes Leyden Mus. 1885, p. 194 ; 
* Harter\ J.f. 0. 1886, p. 586. 
Oryx petiti, Pes Murs in Lefebvre's Voy. Abyss, pi. x. fig. 1 (1845-50). 
Loxia (Euplectes) petiti, Pes Murs, op. eit. p. 112 (1845). 
Ploceus flammiceps, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 353 (1849); id. Hand-l. B, 
ii. p. 46, no. 6639 (1870). 
Euplectes craspedopterus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 446 (1850); Heugl. Syst 
TJebers. p. 39 (1836); Reichenb. Singv. p. 58 (1861). 
Euplectes flaviceps, Hartl. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 106 (lapsu cal.). 
Euplectes pyrrhozona, Heugl. J. f. 0.1864, p. 247. 
Pyromelana flammiceps, Finsch $• Hartl. Vdg. Ostafr. p. 414 (1870); 

Reichen. J. f. 0. 1875, p. 40, 1877, p.*28; Shelley, Ibis, 1883, 

p. 552,1886, p. 352; Reichen. J.f. 0.1887, p. 308: Shelley, P. Z. S. 
1888, p. 33. ' 
Adult male. General colour above bright scarlet, the mantle and 
scapulars more or less sandy brown ; the scapulars black near the 
base of the outer web; wing-coverts and quills entirely black, with 
remains of sandy-brown margins, more distinct on the inner second


9 . 
PYEOMELANA. 229 
aries ; upper tail-coverts bright scarlet like the back; tail-feathors 
black, the centre ones edged with sandy brown; crown of head and 
hind neck very bright scarlot, the latter surrounded by a " wig " ; a 
line across the base of the forehead ; lores, eyelid, sides of face, ear-
coverts, and fore part of cheeks black, as also the throat; hinder 
cheeks, sides of neck, fore neck, and chest bright scarlet; breast 
and abdomen glossy velvety black, as well as the sides of body and 
flanks; a patch of tawny buff at the sides of the upper breast; 
thighs, sides of vent, and under tail-coverts tawny buff, deeper near 
the vent, the thighs with black bases; under wing-coverts black ; 

axillaries pale tawny buff or fulvous with black edgings; quills 
below black: " bill black; feet flesh-colour; iris brown " (J. Buttileofer). 
Total length 5*2 inches, culmen 065, wing 2*9, tail 1-65, 
tarsus 0#8. 

The winter plumage of the male resembles the plumage of the 
adult female, and the scarlet dress is assumed by a direct moult. 
At first the mantle is distinctly browner than the lower back and 
rump, but it becomes gradually overshaded with scarlet until it 
entirely resembles the rest of the upper surface. 

Adult female. Similar to the female of P. oryx and tinged with 
yellow on the eyebrow. It has rather a more massive bill than 
that wspecies, with blacker wings and tail. Total length 4*5 inches, 
culmen 0*6, wing 2'55, tail 1-35, tarsus 0*75. 

Hab. Senegambia to the Niger on the west coast of Africa, 
apparently absent in the Cameroons and Gaboon, but extending from 
the Loango coast to the CJuanza. Southern Senaar in N.E. Africa, 
extending as far as the Zanzibar district. 

a. J ad. sk. West Africa (Fraser). Sharpe Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. [Sierra Leone.] Tweeddale Coll. 
c. $ ad. sk. Ashantee. 
Gould Coll. 
d. S 
ad. sk. Enimill, Wasa, April 1872 Sharpe Coll. 
(J5T. F. BHssett). 
e. <$ ad. sk. Amonieah (IL F. BUssett). Tweeddale Coll. 
/, 
g. S ad.; h. 6 Fantee (J2". T. Ussher). Sharpe Coll. 
juv. sk. 


I. 
9 ad. sk. Fantee (Swamsif). Sharpe Coll. 
k. 
<$ ad. sk. Fantee (If. T. Ussher). Shelley Coll. 
I, m, n. 
<$ ad.; o. Fantee. Sharpe Coll. 
<5 imm. sk. 


p. <$ ad. sk. Fantee. Oapt. Moloney [P.]. 
<7, r. 2 ad. sk. Cape Coast Castle, Feb. Shelley Coll. 
(C ~fi R\ 

s, t. <J juv. et 5 Abokobi* Feb. 26 (67. & S. $ SheUey Coll. 
ad. sk. T. R B.). ,rT)1 

u. 6 ad. sk. Biver Niger. Mrs Heywood [P.]. 
v 
w d &&• sk. Abutchi, River Niger, Aug. Forbes Coll. 
(W.A.F.). 


x. 2 ad. sk. Gaboon (Du Chaillu). Tweeddale Coll. 
Vj z 6 ad. sk Landana, Congo (Z. Petit). Shelley Coll. 
a> c? ad. sk. Angola {Furtado dAntas). Sharpe Coll. 
V Sad.sk. Bembe, Angola (J.J.Monteiro). Sharpe Coll. 
'; $ ad. sk. Zanzibar. F. ^ Jackson, Es^. 
230 PIOCEID^:. 

d'. S ad. sk. Zanzibar. Sir J. Kirk TL]. 
e', f9 </'> 6 ad. et Pangani {Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll. 
juv. sk. 
h', i'. 6 S ad. sk. Melinda (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll. 
#, /'. c? ad. sk. Mombasa {Hanson). Key. A. F. Buxton 
m', «', o'. cJ ad. ; Tingasi, Equatorial Africa, Eniin'Pafcha 'P.]. 


y . § ad. sk. July, Aug. 
q'. $ ad. sk. Kubbi, July 1881. Emin Pa*ha^P.\ 
r'. S ad. sk. Abyssinia." Dr. Rrippell TV. 
«'. cJ ad. sk. Abyssinia. Sharpe Coll. 
2. Pyromelana nigriventris. 
Euplectes nigrhTentris, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1848, p. GO; zVL 
Jowrw. Philad. Acad. i. p. 242, pi. 81. tig. 1 (1849} : J?/?. 0*/*s/?. 


i. p. 447 (1850); Cab. in von der DtoJzens JReis. iii. p. #1 (l^Utij ; 
Sharpe, P. #. A 1878, p. 715; Nichols. P. Z. S. 1^78, p. 00 &; Cao. 
•7! f. 0. 1878; p. 231; Fischer £ Peichen. J.f.O. 1*79, pp. 2-tj, 
803 ; Fischer, J. f. 0. 1880, p. 187 ; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1&S1, p. O&G; 
JF&cte/-, 7. / . 0. l88o, p. 134. 
Ploceus nigriventris, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 353 (1840); id. Hand-l B. 

ii. p. 46, no. 6643 (1870). 
Euplectes sp.3 Licht. Nomenel. Ai\ p. 40 (1804). 
Pyromelana nigriventris, Finsch § Hard. Vug. Osfafr. p. 410 
(1870); Gumey, Ibis, 1881, p. 128; Shelley, Ibis, lost), p. 308, 
1888, p. 802. 

Adtdt male. Similar to P. Jiammiecjis, of which it is a diminutive 
form, much smaller than that species, and diffcrins* in its scarlet 
under tail-coverts and tawny butf thighs and under wing-coverts, 
as well as by the absence of the scarlet band aeros the fore neck, 
the whole of the under surface of the body being velvety black. 
Total length 3-75 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*4, tail 1*20, tar^u* 07 . 

Adult funale. Scarcely to be distinguished from the female of 

P. franciscana. Total length 4*4 inches, culmen 0 5, wing 2*1, 
tail 1*1, tarsus 0*6. 
Hah. East Africa, throughout the Zanzibar district, from Mombasa 
south to Mozambique. 

a, b. 3 § ad. sk. Mombasa (Hanson). Eev. A. F. Buxton 
[Pf. 

c. 3 ad. sk. Mombasa (Wakefield). II." B*. Sharpe, E>q. 
d. S ad. sk. Ugogo (Sir J. Kirk). Sliellev Cull. 
e. $ ad. sk. Lamo (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley I "oil. 
/. 3 ad. sk. Pangani River (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll. 
V-6 ad. sk. Manda Island. F. J." Jackson, Esq. 
[IV. 
h. $ ad. sk. Mozambique, March. Di\ Gueinzius [C.]. 
8. Pyromelana oryx. 
The Grenadier, Edwards, Nat. Hist. B. iv. pi. 178 (1751). 

Le Caidinal du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 114, pi. v. 
fig. S (1760) ; Baubent. PL Bnl iv. pi. 6. fig. 2; Buft. Hid. Nat. 
Ois. iii. p. 400 (1775). 

9 . PIEOMELANA. 
231 

Einberiza orix, Linn. Syst Nat i. p. 309 (1766). 

Grosbec de Cayenne, Daubent. PL Enl iv. pi. 309.fig. 2. 

Grenadier Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 120 (1783). 

Loxia orix, Gm. Syst Nat. i. p. 803 (1788): Daad. Traite, ii. p. 377 

(1800). * n ' * 

Le Loxie orix, Vieill Ois. Chant, p. 100, pi. lxvi. (1805). 

Coccotbraustes orix, Vieill. N. Bid. cUlist. Nat xiii. p. 536 (1817). 

Oryx oryx, Less. Traite, p. 438 (1831). 

Euplectes oryx, Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 187 (1837); Bp. Consp. I 

p. 440 (1850) ; Cab. Mus. Mem. Th. i. p. 177 (1850); Marti Orn. 
JV.-Afr. p. 128 (1857) j Meichenb. Singv. p. 57 (1861)', Meugl, 
Om. NO.-Afr. i. p. 569(1870); Sharpe, Cat Afr. B. p. 02; 
Gurney, Ibis, 1871, p. 255; Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 381; Bocage, 
Om. Angola, p. 335 (1877-81); Ayres, Ibis, 1878, p. 296; Sharpe, 
in Oates' Matabele-Land, App. p. 320 (1881); Butler, Feilden. 
$ Reid, Zool. 1882, p. 297, 
Ploceus orvx, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 352 (1849); Layard, B. S. Afr. 

p. 185 (1867); Gray, Mand-l B. ii. p. 46, no. 6637 (1870). 
Euplectes simdevalli, Bp. Coup, i. p. 446 (1850); Reichenb. Singv. 
p. 50 (1861); Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 322; Gurney, Ibis, 1865, p. 261), 
1868, p. 465. 
Euplectes pseudorvx, Reichenb. Singv. p. 50 (1861). 
Euplectes edwardbi, Reichenb. t c. p. 57 (1861). 
Euplectes petiti (nee Des Murs), Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 322. 
Ploceus simdevalli, Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 46, no. 6638 (1870). 
Pyromelana oryx, Finsch # Marti Yog. Odafr. p. 410 (1870); 

Gurney in A?iderss. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 172 (1872); Sharpe, ed. 

Bayard's B. S. Afr. pp. 462, 849 (1884); Shelley, Ibis, 1880, p. 382; 

Bilttik. Notes Leyden Mm. x. p. 240 (1888), xi. p. 74 (1889). 

Pyromelana sundevalli, Molub & Von Teh. Beitr. Orn. Sudafr. p. 117 
(1882). J * 

Adult male. General colour above brilliant scarlet, the feathers 
of the mantle slightly duller and more orange; round the neck a 
scarlet "-wig;""the forehead and sinciput, lores, eyebrow, ear-coverts, 
fore part of cheeks, and upper throat black ; hinder cheeks, side of 
neck, lower throat, and fore neck scarlet; remainder of under surface 
of body from the chest downwards velvety black ; lower Hanks and 
under tail-coverts scarlet; thighs isabelline brown; axillaries and 
under wing-coverts isabelline brown; quills light brown below, ashy 
isabelline along the inner web : " bill dark brown ; feet brownish ; 
iris dark brown" (C. J. Andersson). Total length 4'8 inches, 
culmen 0-55, wing 3*1, tail 1*4, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Different from the male. Dull tawny brown, 
streaked with black centres to the feathers, narrower on the head; 
wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers brown, edged with tawny or 
isabelline brown ; a narrow but distinct eyebrow of yellowish buff; 
ear-coverts and cheeks light brown streaked with blackish; under 
surface light tawny brown, narrowly streaked with black, more 
broadly on the sides of the body and flanks; throat, breast, and 
abdomen uniform isabelline ; thighs, under wing-coverts, and axillaries 
tawny buff, the latter with a yellow tinge; quills dusky 
brown below, isabelline along the inner web: u bill pale brown,, 
the upper mandible darker; tarsi and feet pale ; iris ashy brown " 

232 
PLOeiSID-E. 

(1\ Ayres, MM.), Total length 4*7 inches, culmon 0*55, wing 2*6, 

tail KJ, tarsus 0-75. 

Adult male in wiutw plumaye. Similar to the summer dress of 

the adult female, but distinguished by its larger size: "bill light 

brown, the under mandible paler ; tarsi and feet light brown ; iris 

duhky hazel" (T. Ai/ns9 MM.). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*6, 

wii)g2-i), tail 1-55,'tarsus (KS. 

Adult fi male In winter 'plumage. Similar to the summer plumage, 

but with broader pale edges to the feathers and much more dis


tinctly streaked below; wing !i*7. 

Sir J. Kirk enumerates the present species and E. petiti from the 

Zambesi; but only E. oryx is represented in his collections. The 

Zambesi specimens are decidedly smaller than those from the Capo 

Colony and Natal, and have the black on the face and throat a little 

more restricted ; but the diminution in size of these more northern 

specimens is so gradual that it is difficult to say where the large 

form (E. oryx) ends and the small form (E. smuhvalll) begins. 

Hah. Confined to 
South Africa, from the Cape Colony to Natal 

and the Transvaal and thence to the Zambesi. Great Namaqua-

Land to Damara-Land and the Lake Regions, to Benguela. 

a, b. <5; c. 2 Kails River, Cape Colony, Shelley ColL 
ad. sk. Oct. 30 (J. Butler). 


d. cJ hiem. sk. New Jtormen, Aug. 13, 18G4 Sharpe Coll. 
(C. J. Anderson). 
e. <$ ad. sk. Eland's Post (71 0. Atmore). Sharpe Coll. 
/ . tf ad. sk. Bloomfonte-in. Tweeddale ColL 
g. (S imm. sk. Umgeni River, near Durban, Shelley Coll. 
July 21 (T. L. Ayres). 
L $ ad. sk. Pietermaritzburg, Oct. 20 Shelley Coll. 
(R A. Butler). 
i 2 ad. &k. Newcastle, June 18 (2?. A. Shelley Coll. 
Butler). 
k c? ad.; /, m. Natal. Sharpe ColL 
2 ad. sk. 
n, o. [$ ] ad. Weenen, Natal, Pec. (T. ArForbes 
Coll. 
sk. nold). 
p, 
q. (S ad. sk. TraxiMaal, Dec. 1G (T. E. Shelley Coll. 
BucUey), 

r. d ad. sk. Transvaal (T. Ay res). A. Foresman, Esq, 
s. 
d}t 2 ad. Potchefstroom, Jan. (T. Ayres). H.Seebohm,Esq.[P.]. 
sk. 
u. 
§ ad. sk. Potchefstroom, Dec. 11, 1876 J. H. Gurney, Esq(
7! Ayres). 
[P.]. 

v~z. d ad. et Potchefstroom, June, July, Nov., 

Shelley Coll. 

juv. ;«',$'. $ Dec. (T. Ayres). 
ad. etjuv.sk. 
c\ $ ad. sk. Hope Fontein, near Gubule-W. E. & C. G. Oates, 
weyo, Dec. 1873 (F. Oates). Esqrs. [P.], 
d h'. tf ad. j i\ Zambesi River (Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Expe2 
ad.; k\ 6 dition. 
imm. sk. 
I', c? imm. sk. Zambesi (Dr. Meller). Sharpe ColL 

9 . PYEOMELANA. 
233 

m, n\ tf ad. sk. Zambesi (Dr. Meller). Tweeddale Coll. 
o'. $ ad. sk. Otiimbinque, Damara-Land, Sharpe Coll. 
Feb. 16,1865(0. J. Andersson). 
p\ $ ad. sk. Ondonga, Ovampoland, Nov. 6, Sliarpe Coll. 
1SG0 (C. J. Andersson). 

4. Pyromelana mgrifrons. 
Pyromelana 
nigrifrons, Bohm, J.f 0, 1884, p. 177 ; Shelley, Ibis, 
188G, p. 353 j Beichen. J.f. 0.1887, p. 70; Matschie, J.f. 0.1887, 

p. 09. 
Pyromelana 
flammiceps (nee Sw.), Bohm, J. f 0. 1885, p. 67; 
Matschie, J.f 0.1887, p. 159. 

Adult male. Like P. franciscana, but with only the forehead and 
not the upper part of the head black, and the tail-coverts not elongated 
; bill black; feet clear brownish flesh-colour; iris brown. 
Total length 4*85 inches, wing 2-8. (Bohm.) 

Ilab. Lake Tanganyika to the Yictoria Nyanza. 

5. Pyromelana franciscana. 
Momeau 
du Cap de Bonne E&p&ance, Daubent. PL Enl. iv. pi. 134. 
%. 1. 
Loxia franciscana, Isert, Schrift. Geselkch. not. Freunde Berlin, ix. 

p. 332, pi. ix. (1789). 
Loxia ignicolor, VieilL Ois. Chant p. 92, pi. 59 (1805). 
Fringilla ignicolor, VieilL N. Diet. d'Hist Nat. xii. p. 198 (1817); 
Ilempr. f Mr. Symb. Phys. fol. W. pi. ii (1828). 

Euplectes ignicolor, 
Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 184(1837); Gordon, 
Contr. Orn. 1849, p. 9; Bp. Consp. i. p. 446 (1850); Scl. Contr. 
Orn. 1852, p. 125; Brehm, J.f. 0. 185G, pp.466, 476, 496; 
Antin. Cat descrr. Ucc. p. 67 (1864); Sclater, P. Z. S. 1804, 

p. 109. 
Fringilla oryx (nee X.), Dubois, Orn. Gal. p. 44, pi. 29 (1839). 
Ploceus franciscanus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 352 (1849); id. Iland-L 
B. ii. p. 46, no. 6640 (1870). 
Euplectes franciscanus, Ileugl. Syst Uebers. p. 38 (1856); Hartl. 
Orn. W.-Afr. p. 128 (1857); id. J. f. 0.1861, p. 175; Meichenb. 
Singv. p. 55, Tal xxiii.figs. 193-19*9 (1861); Ileugl. Orn. N.O.-
Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 571 (1870), iv. App. p. exxxii (1871); Sharpe, 
Ibis, 1869, p. 191; id. Cat Afr. B. p. 62 (1871) ; Shelley Sf Buckley, 
Ibis, 1872, p. 289; Antin. fy Salvad. Viagg. Bogoz, p. 118 (1873); 

Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 69; Hartl Abhandl. not. Ver. Bremen, vii. 

p. 103 (1881), viii. p. 201 (1883); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. 
Genov. (2) i. p. 184 (1884); Eartert, J f O. 1886, p. 58; 
Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) vi. p. 288 (1888). 
Pyromelana oryx (nee L.), Horsf. §• Moore, Cat. B. Mus. F.I. Co. ii. 

p. 519 (1856). 
Pyromelana 
franciscana, Finsch, J. f. O. 1869, p. 336; Finsch $ 
Hartl. Tog. Ostafr. p. 412 (1870) ; Beichen. J. f. 0.1875, p. 40; 
Shelley, Ibis, 1885, p. 402; id. Ibis, 1886, p. 353; Buttik. Motes 
Leyden Mus. x. p. 89 (1888). 

Adult male. Above scarlet; crown as far as the nape black, continued 
in a line down the ear-coverts, sides of face, and lores; cheeks, 

PLOCEIM. 

234 

throat, and breast bright scarlet, as also the sides of the neck; 
remainder of under surface of body velvety black, except the lower 
flanks, vent, and under tail-coverts, which are bright scarlet; thighs 
isabelline buff washed with red; scapulars rather duller than the 
back, with black centres ; lesser wing-coverts brown; median and 
greater coverts blackish brown, edged with whity brown ; babtardwing, 
primary-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers dusky brown, edged 
with whity brown, the primaries with olive-yellow; under wing-
coverts and axillaries isabeUine-buff, the latter tinged with yellow ; 
quills dusky brown below, isabelline along the inner web : u bill 
black; feet reddish; iris dusky" (HeugVut). Total length 4*5 
inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2-4, tail 145, tarsus 0*7. 

Adult female. Similar to the female of P. oryx, and having a 
yellowish eyebrow and a yellow tinge on the cheeks, but much 
smaller in size, and rather whiter on the abdomen. Total length 
4 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2-2o, tail 1*15, tarsus 0*155. 

Eab. "West Africa, from Senegambia to the Gold Coast and the 
Niger. I n N.E.Africa from Southern Nubia to Shoa, Somali-Land, 
and Unyoro. 

a. 3 imm. sk. West Africa. Sharps Coll. 
h. 3 ad. sk. Senegambia (L. Laglaize). Tweeddale Coll. 
c. 
<$ ad.; d, e,f. River Gambia. Sharpe Coll. 
$ ad. sk. 
g. 2 ad. sk. River Gambia. Purclia-wl. 
h. fS ad. sk. River Gambia (Capt. Moloney). Sh lle\ Coll. 
i. 3 ad. sk. A&hantee. 
(UMU Coll. 
h. 
(3 ad. sk. Eluiina, May 1872 (1L F. yharpe Cull. 
Blmett). 
I. $ ad. sk. Denkera (H. T. Ussher). Shelley Coll. 
m. (3 imm. sk. Fautee. 
A.fcJwauzy, E>q. [P.] 
n. (3 ad. sk. Fantee. 
Sliarpe Coll 
o. 3 inim.. sk. Fantee (J21 T. Ussher). Sharps Coll. 
p, 
q. § ad. sk. Cape Coast Cattle, Jan., March Shelley Coll. 
(G.MS.). 


r. 
<3 juv.; s, t, u. Cape Coast Castle,Feb.; March Shelley Coll. 
$ ad. sk. (T.E.Buckley). 
v. 3 ad. sk. Accra (J. Smith). Shelley Coll. 
w. 
(3 ad. * x} y. River Volta (If/T. Ussher). Sharpe Coll. 
5 ad. sk. 
s. S ad. sk. River Volta (H. T. Ussher). Shelley Coll. 
a', b'. 3 ad. sk. Abeokuta. F.Nieliolbon, E*q.~P.]. 
c'. 3 ad. sk. Abutehi. River Niger, Aug. Forbes Coll. 
(W.A.F.). 
d\ <3 ad. sk. Rabba, River Niger (W.A.F.). Forbes Coll. 
e'. (3 ad. sk. River Niger. Mrs. Hey wood [P.]. 

/'. S ad. sk. White Nile. 

Sir Samuel BakerL P.]. 

g'. (3 ad. sk. Khartoum. 

Gould Coll. 

h'. $ ad. sk. Senaar. 

Shctrpe Coll. 
i'. (3 ad. sk. Shoa (Sir W. C. Harris). India Museum. 
k', I'. 3 ad. sk. Ambukara, Shoa, July (0. Shelley Coll. 

Antinori). 
m'. (3 ad. sk. Lado, Equatorial Africa (25mm Shelley ColL 
Pasha). 
n\ (3 ad. sk. Redjaf, July 6 (Emin Pasha). Shellev ColL 

9. PYB0MELA2U. 
235 

6. Pyromelana friedrichseiri. 
Euplectes 
friedrichseni, Fischer §• JReichen. J. f. 0. 1884, p. 55; 
Fischer* Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 327, tab. six. fig. 2 (1884): id. 

J.f. 0.1885, p. 134. 
Pyromelana friedrichsoni, Shelley, Ibis, 1S8G, p. 352. 
-4'ZvZi ?«a7e. Upper part of the head, throat, breast, belly, wings, 
and tail black; hinder part of the head, nape, back, and crop 
scarlet; upper tail-coverts black, with pale brown margins; quills, 
greater wing-coverts, and tail-feathers also with narrow margins of 
pale brown; under tail-coverts and bill clear brown: " bill black; 
feet horn-brown; iris brown" (G. A. Fischer). Total length 5*75 
inches, wing 3*15, tail 2, tarsus 0*9, bill 0*65. (Fischer and 
MeichtnowJ) 

Hah. Masai-Land, E. Africa. 

7. Pyromelana gierowi. 
Euplectes ffinrowi, Cab. J.f. 0. 1880, p. 100, tab. iii. %. 2; Bocage, 
Orn. Angola, App. p. 558 (lKbl). 
Pyrumelana gierowi, Shelley, Ibis, 1880, p. 352. 

Adult male. Bright yellow above, inclining to orange or scarlet on 
the hinder head and neck; forehead, lores, feathers round the eye, 
sides of face, and chin black; throat and chest orange or scarlet; 
lower breast and abdomen black; thighs and under tail-coverts 
brown ; wings and tail black. (Deser. ex Qah. fig. I. c.) 

Hah. Quango, interior of Angola. (2Ius. Berol.) 

8. Pyromelana aurea. 
Golden-backed Finch, Brown, Hlustr. ZooL p. 60, pi. xxv. (1776). 
Guld-backed Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. part i. p. 115 (1783). 
Loxia aurea, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 846 (1785;. 
Coccothraustes aurea, VieilL N. Diet. d}Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 528 

(lb!7). 
Euplecte* auriuotus, Swains. An. 271 Menag. p. 310 (1837); Hartl. 
Orn. JF.-4fr.p. 120 (1857). 
Ploceus aureus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 353 (1849) • id. Hand-L B. ii. 

p. 40, no. 6041 (1870). 
Euplectes aureus, Socage, Orn. Angola, p. 339 (1877-81). 
Pyromelana aurea, Shelley, Ibis, 1880, p. 354, pi. ix. fig. 2. 
Adult male. General colour above golden yellow, the feathers of 
the lower rump fringed with black at the ends ; scapulars black, 
edged with sandy brown; wing-coverts black, the median coverts 
edged with white, the greater coverts with tawny or sandy buff; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, the latter with 
sand} -brown edges; upper tail-coverts brown, with some yellow and 
Mack-tipped feathers intermixed, as if they were all going to be 
yellow in time ; tail-feathers black, with brown margins, the outer 
ones with a small white tip; crown of head and nape entirely black; 

PXOCEIDJE. 

lower eyelid white; sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, sides of neck, 
and under surface of body velvety black; lower flanks, thighs, and 
under tail-coverts white": under wing-coverts and axillaries pale 
sandy buff; quills below dusky brown, whitibh along the inner web. 
Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2*7, tail 1-5, tarsus 0-8. 

Hah. Benguela northwards to Gaboon. 

a. <$ ad. sk. West Africa (JIus. Lisb.). Sharpe Coll. 
b. S ad. sk. West Africa. Purchased. 
c. $ ad. sk. E. Quanza. Shelley Coll. 
9. Pyromelana diademata. 
Euplectes diadematus, Fischer $ Brichrn. J.f. 0. 1*75, pp. 264, 354, 
pi. 2. fig. 4; Fischer, Zeitscltr. yes. Oni. i. p. S'JT (lba4j ; id. J.f.O. 
J 885, p. 134. 

Pyromelana diadernata, Shelley, Ibis, 18*0, p. 354; id. Ibis, 1^88, 

p. 302. 
Adult male. General colour above golden yellow, brighter on the 
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts; the mantle and upp<*r back 
yellow, with dusky blackish centres to the feathers; wing-coverts 
dusky brown, with yellow edges to the lesser series ; median arid 
greater coverts brown, edged with whity brown ; ba&rard-vvmir, 
primary-coverts, and quills brown, narrowly edged with yellow, the 
secondaries broadly margined with white or tinged with yellow; 
tail-feathers brown; forehead bright orange; hinder crown and 
nape black, as also the sides of the neck ; bides of face and ear-
coverts black, mixed with yellow; throat yellow, suited with black 
at the ends of the feathers; fore neck, breast, and abdomen block, 
some of the €ank-feathers edged with yellow ; lower flanks, sides of 
vent, and under tail-coverts bright yellow; thijrhs and under wing-
coverts and axillaries sandy buff, the latter washed with bright 
yellow; quills light brown, edged with isabelline along the inner 
edge. Total length 3*9 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2-2, tail 1"3, 
tarsus 0*65. 

Hab. East Africa, from Lamu to Pangani. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Lamu, E. Africa. F. J. Jackson, Esq- [P.], 
10. Pyromelana eapensis. 
Le Pincon du Cap de bonne Esperance, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 171, BL xvi. 
fig. 1 (1760). * 'V 
Loxia eapensis, Linn. Syst Nat i. p. 300 (17C0). 
Gros-bec tacket6 du Cap de Bonne EspSrance, JDauhent. PL Btd. iv. 
pi. 659. fig. 1; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ok. iii. p. 47£S (1775). 
Gros-bec de Coromandel, Daubent. PL Enl i\\ pi. 101. % 1; Buff. 
Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 456 (1775). 
Cape Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. 8yn. ii. pt. i. p. 113 (1783). 
Loxia naevia, Gm. Syst. Nat. p. 845 (1788). 

9. PYKOMELANA. 
237 

Coccothraustes eapensis, VieilL N. Diet d'llist. Nat. xiii. p. m7 

JFiingilla phalerata, LicM. Verz. Doubl p. 22 (1823). 
Oryx eapensis, Less. Traitt, p. 438 (1831). 
Corytlius eapensis, JSahn § Kiister, Vog. Lief. x. Taf. 4 (1834) 
Euplectes eapensis,Swains. B. W. Afr.l p. 180 (1837); Bp. Conm 

i.p.447 (1850); Grill, Zool. Anteclm. pp. 10,22(1858); Sclater 
P. Z. S. 1866, p. 23; Sharpe, Cat Afi, X p. fa (1871, pi). ' 
Ploceus eapensis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 352 (1850); Belz. Rets. Novara 
Vog. p. 90 (1865); Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 184 (1807): Grm/\ 
Hand-l B. ii. p. 45, no. 6633 (1869). Jj 

Orynx eapensis, 6fe&. Mm. Hein. Th. i. p. 177 (1850). 
Pyromelana eapensis, Sharpe, ed. Bayards B. 8. Afr. pp. 4G3 849 
(1884, pi). ' 
Coliuspasser eapensis, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 349. 

Adult male. Yelvety black, with a slight gloss as far as the middle 
of the back; the lower back and rump bright golden yellow; scapulars 
brown, with longitudinal blackish centres and washed with 
bright yellow ; lesser and median wing-coverts golden yellow ; greater 
coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, edged 
with lighter brown, washed with yellow on the outer margins; 
upper tail-coverts and tail black; entire head and neck and under 
surface glossy velvety black; thighs brown; under wing-coverts 
pale isabelline buff, edged with yellow; edge of wing bright yellow; 
quills dusky below, isabelline along the inner webs. Total length 
6*7 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*4, tail 2*4, tarsus 0*95. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
brown, very broadly streaked with blackish centres to the feathers, 
those of the upper back with whity-brown edges ; lower back and 
rump dull olive-yellow, streaked with dusky brown; scapulars like 
the back; upper tail-coverts light brown, darker in the centre ; 
lesser and median wing-coverts dark brown, edged with olive-yellow ; 
greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, quills, and tail-
feathers dark brown, edged with whity brown, washed with olive-
yellow ; crown of head like the back, but with a slight wash of yellow ; 
lores and an ill-defined eyebrow olive-yellow; feathers round eye 
whitish; sides of face and ear-coverts dark brown ; cheeks and 
under surface of body whity brown ; the cheeks, throat, sides of neck, 

and fore neck narrowly streaked with dark brown, with a tinge of 
yellow on the fore part of the cheeks ; abdomen uniform whitish; 
the sides of the body and flanks broadly and distinctly streaked with 
blackish brown ; thighs and under tail-coverts uniform isabelline; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries isabelline buff washed with golden 
yellow ; quills below dusky, isabelline along the inner edge. Total 
length 6 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3«3, tail 2-2, tarsus 0-95. 

Bab. South Africa, confined to the western districts of the Cape 

Colony. 
a, K e. 2 ad. sk.
I h ad. sk. 
South Africa (K L. Layard). 
South Africa. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Forbes Co . 
e f d ad. sk. South Africa. Sharpe Coll 

PLOCEIDJL 

1238 

g. ? juv. sic. South Africa, Sept. 1841. Sharpe Coll. 
h, i $; k. J ad. sk. Cape Town (Butler). Shelley Coll. 
if m. <5* ad. sk. Cape Town, Nov. 1865 (C. J. Sharpe Coll. 
Andersson). 

Subsp. a. Pyromelana minor. 

Oryx minor, Beiohenb. Singv. p. 59, pi. 24. figs. 210, 211 (1861). 

Eupleetes capeiisis (nee L.), Gurnet/, Ibis, 1865, p. 209; id. in 
Anderss. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 170 (1872); Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 381 j 
Barratt, Ibit, 1870, p. 206; Sharpe, in Oates1 Matabele-Land, 
App. Birds, r>. 820 (1881). 

Euplectea xanthomelas (nee Rihpp.), Gitmey, Ibis, 1808, p. 51. 
Pyromelana capensis (nee L.), Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. pp. 463, 
849 (1884, pt.). 
Euplectea capensis, var. minor, Grill, Zool. Anteckn. pp. 10, 22 (1858) ; 
Sharpe, Cat Afr. B. p. 62 (1871). 
Orynx capensis (nee L.), Fischer, Zeitsehr. yes. Orn. i. p. 326 (1884); 
id. J.f 0. 1885, p. 134. 

Adult male. Similar to P. capensis, and having the same "brown 
thighs, but very much smaller: " bill pale dusky ; tarsi and feet 
light brown; iris dusky" (T. Ay res). Total length 5 inches, culmen 
0-6, wing 3, tail 2, tarsus 0*85. 

Adult female. Similar to the female of P. ccqjensis, but smaller. 
Eab. Erom the Enysna district in the Cape Colony through Natal 


and the Transvaal to the Matabele country. 

a. a. 
Imm. sk. Knysna, Dec, Jan. (C. J AnSharpe 
Coll. 
dersson).
b. $ ad. sk. Port Elizabeth. Sharpe Coll. 
c. tf ad. sk. Eland's Post (21 C. Atmore). Sharpe Coll. 
d. $ 
ad. sk. Kingwilliamstown (H. Tre-Shelley Coll. 
velyan). 
e. tf ad. sk. Natal. 
Sharpe Coll. 
/. 
6 ad. sk. Burg Mount, Natal, June Shelley Coll 
(Gordge). 

g. 
$ ad. sk. Bothas Ilill, July 16 (T. L. Shelley Coll. 
Ayres).
h, i. <$ $ hiem. Pinetown, May 14 (T. L. Shelley CoU. 
sk. Ayres).
k,l. tfad.etimm. Drakensberg Mountains, Dec. Shelley Coll. 
sk. 19 (T. F. Buckley). 
m-q. <?ad.etjuv.; Drakensberg, Aug., Oct. (JS. SheUey CoU. 

r. Jad.sk." A. 
Butler). 
s. 
cS ad. sk. Newcastle, Oct. 26 (F. A. Shelley CoU. 
Butler). 
t. $ ad. sk. Kaar Kloof Heights, May 19 
W. E. & C. G. Oates, 
(F. Oates). 
Esqrs. [P.]. 

u. $ Mem. sk. Transvaal (F. Oates). 
W.E.&0.G. Oates, 

v. ^ (S ad.; w. $ Macamac, NOT. 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
imm. sk. F. A. Barratt, Esq. 
#. <$ hiem. sk. Matabele-Land, Sept. 9, 1873 [C.]. * 

(T. F. Buckley). 
Shelley Coll. 

9. PTROMEUNA. 
239 

y. 
tS lnem. sk. Inyati, Sept. 29 (P. Oates). W. E. & 0. 0. Oaten, 
_ . _ Esqiu [ P."). 
*. 
6 ad. sk. Hope Eontein, near Gubnlo- W. 10. & (5. U. Oates, 
weyo, Matabele-Land, Doc. Esmu f P. 1 

(P. Cto). 
i L J 
Subsp. /3. Pyromelana phoeiiicomera *. 
Euplectes phcenicomerus, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. Nat. Ilht. (11) x.p. 444 

(1SG2); Sharpy P. Z 8. 1671, p. 015; Ziehen. J. / . 0. 187,1 

p. 50. J J 
Coliuspasser capensis, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1887, p. 12(1. 
Adult 
male. Similar to P. capensis, "but very much smaller, and 

the yellow paler and more of a bright lemon-yellow than golden in 

intensity. Total length 5 inches, cnlmen 0*0, wing 2*8o, tail 1-7, 

tarsus 0-95. 

Ackdt female. Similar to the female of P. capensis, but very much 

smaller, and having the lower back and rump deep oohreous brown, 

with scarcely any olive tinge. Total length 4*5 inches, cuhnen 0*5, 

wing 2-6, tail 1-3, tarsus 0*8. 

Captain Shelley has united P. phoenicomera of the Cameroons to 

P. capensis; and, indeed, he only recognizes one species where I can 
trace three races with well-defined geographical ranges. 
The true P. capensis has the wing [ <$ ] 3*l~-3"4, [ J ] 3*l-~3*2; 


P. minor varies from 2*75 to 3-15 in the males, and from 2*57 to 2*9 
in the females; but P. phoenicomera has the wing 2*7-2-8 in the 
males and 2 5 in the females. 
The bill is extremely large in the males of P. capensis, but it is 
difficult to draw the line between them and P. minor, while P. 
phoenicomera has a still smaller bill. The female is also much 
darker below and has less distinct stripes. 


Hob. 
Confined to the Cameroons Mountains in "Western Africa. 

a. <$ -,b,c. J ad.; Cameroons Mountains, Sir R Burton [P.], 
d. Juv sk. 7000 feet. (Types of species.) 
e, f. r? 2 ad.; a. Cameroons Mountains, II. II. Johnston, Esq. 
$ imm.sk. Oct., 8000 feet. [!>.]. 
h, i. <$ ad. sk. Cameroons Mountains, II. II. Johnston, Esq. 
Nov., 10,000 feet. [P.]. 
k 
I 3 2 ad. sk. Cameroons Mountains, Shelley Coll. 
' Sept., 9-10,000 feet 


(It. JZ. Johnston). 

11. Pyromelana xanthomelseua. 
Euplectes xanthomelas, P%?. iV>we Wirb., Tog. p. 94 (1835-40]);id. 
Smt. Uebers. p. 76, pi. 28 (1845); Bp. Camp. i. p. 447 (18o0); 
Heugl. Syst. Uebers, p. 38 (1850); Antin. Cat. descrr. Uco. p. Ob 

* This name is somewhat inapplicable for a bird which is half black 
hdlQ/ellow I 

PIOCEIDIE. 

nftfUV Kirk, Ibis. 1864, p. 322; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. 
(9U v 186 (1884), Ti. p. 289 (1868). 
Ploceus Whomelas, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 352 (1849); id. Hand-L B. 
\\TA5 no. 6634 (1870) ; Sperling, Ibis, 1868, p. 290. 
> "; £ ^OTOximans, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 177 (18o0), teste Cab. 
/. /. 0. 1878, p. 231. 

fw™r Tranthomelas. Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. 1. p. 177, note (1S50); 
^^b.Si^v^^T^.^v.^.^7-2(^(l861U Cab.J.f.O. 

1878 p 2^1; Fischer <§* Beic/ien. J. f. 0. 1879, p. 351. 
Pvromelana xanthomelas, Horsf. § Moore, Cat. B. ii. p. 519 (l^ H 
Eimlectes capensis (nee £.), Ifi?i#/. Orw. JV.O.-^/r. ii. p. 573 < 1 -i 0); 
Pvromelana capensis (nee L.), Finseh $ Marti. Fog. Ostafr. p. 40b 

(1870). 

Orvnx capensis, Fischer, J.f. 0. 1885, p. 134. 

Coliuspasser xanthomelas, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 350,1883, p. 29;>. 

Adult male. Similar to P. capensis, but distinguished by its 
entirely black thighs: " bill black, the lower mandible yellowish 
horn-colour; feet reddish; iris dusky ,J (Heuglm). Total length 
6 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3-15, tail 2-3, tarsus 0-85. 

The birds from the Shire Valley, though referable to P. armttlmmelcena, 
are much smaller (wing 2*65-2'7 inches) than individual* 
from more northern localities. 

Hob. Erom Abyssinia south to the Zambesi, and westward to 
Angola. 
Abyssinia. Dr. RLipplI TV . 

a, b. S ad. s^


Aby»sinia (Br. liilppeU). Gould Coll. 

c. 2 ad. sk. 
d,, e. <S 5 ad. sk. 
Lake Ashangi, May. W.T.Blanford, 3*H 
rp.i. 

Ankober, Shoa, Jan. 18-4:2 
(Sir W. C. Harris). India-Museum. 
3 hiem. sk. AngolHikyMaylS^ {Sir IF. 


f. <$ hiem. sk. 


C. Han-is). India Museum. 
h. 
$ ad. sk. Benz, Shoa, May 28 (O. 
Antinori). SheUey Coll. 
i. S ad. sk. Shoa, Sept.fO. Antinori). Shellev Coll 
$ ad. sk. Hitni in Ukamba, April SheUey Coll. 
(Dr. Hildebrandt). 

1. 3 ad. sk. Usambara Mountains (Sir J. Shelley Cull. 
Kirk). 
m.. S ad. sk. Ugogo {Sir J. Kirk), Shellev Coll 

n., 3 ad. sk. JLamu (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll. 
o--r. <S ad. et juv. Mamboio (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll. 
sk. 

s. £ ad. sk. Bar-es-Salaam (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll. 
<$ ad. sk. Kilima-njaro. F. J. Jackson, Esq. t [C.J. 

u. 
$ ad. sk. Kilima-njaro. II. C.V. Hunter, Era. 
[P.]. 
w. c? ad. sk. River Shire (Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Expedih 


tion. 

X. <5 imm. sk, River Shire (Dr. Meller). Tweeddale Coll. 
3 
ad. sk. Caconda, Benguela (J. An-Shelley Coll. 
chieta). 


9 . PYROMELANA. 
241 

12. Pyromelana afra, 
Black-beUied Grosbeak, Broton, III. Zool p. 58. pi. 21. %. 2 (1770)

Lath. Gen. Syn. ii pt. i. p. 155 (1783). 
Loxia afra, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 857 (1788). 
Loxia nielanogastra, Lath. Lid. Orn. i. p. 394 (1790). 
Worabee, Vieill Ois. Chant, p. 52**, pi. xxviii» (1805). 
Fiingllla abysriinica, Vieill. N. Diet (VIEst. Nat. xii. p. 232 (1817). 
Coecotiiraustes melanogastra, Vieill. torn. cib. p. 542 (1817). 
Fringilla raiiunculacea, Lie/it Verz. Doubl. p. 23 (1823). 
Eupleetes abyssinicus, Cab. Mies. Rein. Th. i. p. 178 (1850); Forbes,

Ibis, 1883. p. 514. r v ; > ; 
Eaplectes nielanogaster, Swains. B. West Afr. i. p. 182 (1837) ; Bp. 
Consp. i p. 447 (1850); Earth Orn. W.-Afr. p. 128 (1857) ; Bo-
cage, Jorn. Lisb. v. p. 257 (1876); id. Orn. Angola, p. 337 (L87781); 
Hartert, J. f. 0. 1880, p. 585. 
Eupleetes afer, Hartl. Beitr. Orn. Westafr. p. 29 (1848); Sharpe, Ibis, 
1870, p. m; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 62 (1871) ; Ussher, Ibis, 1874, 

p. 69. 
Ploceus afer, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 352 (1840): id. Sand-l. B. ii. p. 46, 
no. 6646 (1870). * 
Ploceus abyssinicus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 352 (1849), 
Pyromelana afra, Shelley, Ibis, 1883, p. 552 ; id. Ibis, 1886, p. 355. 

Adult male. Black and yellow like P. taha, but distinguished by 
the sides of the body being bright yellow, as well as a broad collar 
across the fore neck, this collar having more or less of a rich orange 
shade. Total length 4*2 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2% tail 1* L5, 
tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Similar to the female of P. tafia, but very much 
smaller. It has the same broad eyebrow, but is tinged with yellow 
on the lores, sides of face, and chest. Total length 4*1 inches, 
culmen 0*5, wing 2*05, tail 1*05, tarsus 0*6. 

Hah. West Africa, from Senegambia to the Niger and Fernando 

Po. ? Angola. 
a. <$ ad. sk.
b. $ ad. sk.
c. <$ ad. sk. 
Senegambia. 
Senegambia. 
Ashautee. 
Forbes Coll. 
Purchased. 
J. Gould, Esq.. 
d. e. <J ad. sk.
f. £ ad. sk.
>. fj ad. sk.
h. $ ad. sk.
I <$ ad. sk.
k. <$ ad. sk.
l-m. c? 2 ^ sk,
n. 6 ad. sk. 
Fantee (S. T. Ussher). 
Fantee. 
Fantee (K T. Ussher). 
Accra (J. Smith). 
Accra (J. Smith). 
Eiver Volta (JET. T. Ussher). 
Egga, R. Niger ( W. A. F.). 
Fernando Po. 
Shelley Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Shelley ColL 
Sharpe Coll. 
Forbes Coll. 
Oapt. Thomson [P.]. 

13. PyxomelaEa scioana. 
Eupleetes abyssinicus {nee V), BUpp. Netie Wirb., Vog.p. 96 (1835I)); 
id. Syst Uebers. p. 76 (1845); Heugl Syst Uebers. p. 38 
? Eupleetes strictos, Heugl. Syst Uebers. p. 39 (1856). 

VOL. XHI. B 

242 P10CEID.2E. 

? Euplectes strictus, Hartl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 129, note (1857); Gray, 

Hand-L B. ii. p. 46, no. 6644 (1870;. 

Euplectes habesskdca, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 575 

(1870, pt.)*. 

Euplectes scioanus, Sahad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) i. p. 185 

(1884): id. op. eit (2) vi. p. 289 (1868)v 

Euplectes taha scioamis, Reichen. J.f.O. 1885, p. 218. 

Pyromelana scioana, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 354. 

Adult male. General colour above golden yellow, except on the 
mantle, which forms a black band across and separates the head 
and neck from the back and rump ; entire crown of head, hind neck, 
and sides of neck golden yellow; mantle and scapulars black, some 
of the feathers fringed with golden yellow, more broadly where they 
adjoin the back, which, with the rump and upper tail-coverts, is 
golden yellow; wing-coverts and quills edged with whity brown, 
lighter on the greater coverts and quills, except near the base of the 
secondaries, where the latter are margined with yellowish; tail-
feathers dark brown, margined with yellowish butit; lores and a 
narrow line across the base of the forehead black, the adjoining part 
of the forehead being slightly tinged with rufous ; a narrow line 
surrounding the e}Te, sides of fae<% ear-coverts, cheeks, and undersurface 
of body black, the fore neck with concealed yellow ba-es to 
the feathers; thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts golden yellow ; 
axillaries and under wing-coverts pale tawny buff, with du^ky 
bases; quills dusky below, ashy fulvous along the inner web: *" bill 
black; feet dusky; iris chestnut" (Antinori). Total length 
5*7 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*75, tail 1*75, tarsus u*75. 

Similar to P. taha, but much larger; the feathers of the fore neck 
with concealed yellow bases, and the sides of the breast without the 
yellow patch conspicuous in P. taha. 

Hab. Shoa, extending into Abyssinia. 

a, b. <$ ad. sk. Ttior-Hamesck, Shoa, Aug. lb, Shelley Coll. 
1 877 {A. Antinorl). 

14. Pyromelana taha. 
Euplectes taha, Smith, Report Exped. C. Afr. p. 5'i (1^30); id. III. 
Zool S. Afr. pi. vii. (1840) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 447 (1>J0) ; Bayard, 
Ibis, 1808, p. 267 ; Ayres, Ibis, 1869, p. 204; Sharpe, Cat Afr.B. 

p. 62 (1871); Gurney, in Anderss. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 171 (1872); 
Gurney, Ibis, 1873, p. 255; Shelley, Mis, lb75, p. 79; Bar raft. 
Ibis, 1876, p. 206; Bocage, Jom. Lisb. v. p. 255 (1&76); id. Orn. 
Angola, p. 338 (1877-81). 
Ploceus dubius, Smith, Report Biped. C. Afr. p. 50 (1636). 
Ploceus taha, Gray, Gen. B, ii. p. 252 (18*40) • Layard, B. S. Afr. 


p. 184 (1867); Gray, Hand4. B. ii. p. 46, no. 0045 (1870). * 
* Dr. Hartlaub has been so kind as to examine for me all the specimens of 
this species in the Museums of Frankfort and Stuttgart; and he finds that all 
the specimens of true P. afra are from West Africa, and neither museum possesses 
a single example from 3ST.E. Africa. Count Salvadori also tells me that the 
Kassala specimen procured by the late Marquis Antinorl (I. c.) is P. iadoemls. 
9. PYBOJMEIANA. 243 
Euplecte* abyssinieus (nee V.), Strickl. $ Selater, Contr. Oni. 185?, 

p. 150. 
Taha dubia, ReichenK Sinyv. p. 73 (1861). 
Pyromelana taha, Sharpe, ed. Layard's £. 8. Afr. p. 405 (1884); 
Shedey, Ibis, 1886, p. 354; Buttih. Notes Ley dm Mm. xL p. 75 
(1888). 

Adult male. General colour above bright golden yellow, the feathers 
of the back and rump voluminous and uniform bright yellow ; centre 
of back yellow, with a broad black streak on each side of the 
mantle; the lateral feathers with black centres like the scapulars, 
the outer ones of which are entirely black; wing-coverts blackish, 
with whity-brown margins; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and 
quills black, edged with whity brown, the secondaries more broadly 
and slightly tinged with yellow; upper tail-coverts bright yellow; 
tail-feathers blackish, edged with whity brown; crown of head 
golden yellow, separated from the back by a broad black collar 
round the hind neck; feathers at base of bill, lores, eyelid, ear-
coverts, cheeks, sides of neck, and entire under surface of body 
velvety black, with a patch of yellow leathers on the sides of the 
upper breast; thighs and under tail-coverts yellow; under wing-
coverts and axillaries isabelline, the former ashy brown at the base; 
quills below dusky brown, isabelline along the inner edge: " bill 
black; feet dusky brown; iris dusky1' (T. Ay res). Total length 
4*4 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2'55, tail 1*3, tarsus 0*75. 

In winter, according to Mr. Ayres, the male, which is brown like 
the adult female, has the bill pale dusky, darker along the culminal 
ridge. 

Adult female. Different from the male. Brown, streaked with 
black centres to the feathers; wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers 
blackish, broadly edged with brown; head like the back, but more 
narrowly streaked; over the eye a broad streak of yellowish buff, 
widening above the ear-coverts, which are brown, with a blackish 
line along the upper margin; under surface of body sandy brown, 
streaked with black on the lower throat, breast, and sides of body, 
more broadly on the flanks; throat and abdomen whiter, especially 
the latter, both unspotted; under wing-coverts and axillaries isabelline, 
with a tinge of yellow on the edge of the wing: " upper 
mandible light dusky brown, the under mandible paler; tarsi and 
feet light dusky brown; iris light umber-brownv (T. Ayres). 
Total length 4*2 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2-4, tail 1*25, tarsus 0-7. 

flab. Interior of S.E. Africa from about 26° S. lat.: from the 
Orange Free State to Natal and the Transvaal, extending to Ovampo-
Land in the west. 

a. 6 ad. sk. South Africa. Earl of Derby [PA 
b. c. (S 2 ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.J. 
(Types of species.) 
d. $ ad. sk. South Africa (Sir A. Smith). Gould Coll. 
e. 2 ad. sk.
f. <J iuv. sk.J J 
Lower Umgeni .River, Natal,
July 21 {T.L Ayres). 
Natal. 
Shelley Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
E 2 

PLOCBlD-ffi. 

244 

a 2 ad. sk. Durban (Gordge). Shelley Coll. 
h 5 ad. sk. Transvaal (T.Ayres). Sharpe Coll. 
i k. d ad. sk. Transvaal (T. At/res). Shelley Coll 
I m, n. (5 ad. et Potchefstroom, Jan., June (T. Shelley Coll. 


' juv.; o, p, q. Atjres). 
'Q ad. sk. _ 
r s. '6 j^v., ? Potchefstroom, Jan., Feb. (T. J. H. Guxney, Esq. 
9 ad. sk. Ayres). [P.]. 
t, (S ad. sk. Potchefstroom, Feb. 3 (T. Forbes Coll. 
Ay?'es). 
u, v. S 2 ad. sk. Potchefstroom, Jan., March H. Seeboh.ru, Esq. 
; (T.Ayres). [P.]. 
V) 6 5x) ¥' S ac^' Ondonga, Ovampo-Land,Nov. Sharpe Coll. 
'sk. I860 (C. J, Andersson). 
z 6 ad. sk. Ondonga, Jan. 22 (C. J. A.). Tweeddale Coll. 

15. Pyromeiana ladoensis. 
Euplectes taha (nee Smith), Antin. Cat Ucc. p. QS (180-4) ; JELartL 
Abhandl not. Ver. Bremen, vii. p. 103 (1881), viii. p. 201 (1883); 
Pete. Verh.z.-b. Gesellsch. Wien, xxxii. p. 506 (1882). 

Euplectes habessinica, pt., JECeugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i.p. 575 (1870). 
Euplectes abysdnicus (nee V.), Antin. fy Saload. Viagg. Bogos, 

p. 118. 
Euplectes ladoensis, Beichen. J.f. 0. 1885, p. 218. 
Euplectes taha ladoensis, Beichen. t. e. 
Pyromeiana sticta (nee HeugL), Shelley, Ibis, 1880, p. 354. 
Pyromeiana ladoensis, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 33. 
Adult male. Similar to P. tafia, but much smaller, and distinguished 
by a little more yellow on the sides of the body; the 
feathers below the yellow patch on the sides of the breast slightly 
mottled with yellow bases, and the feathers of the sides of the body 
with narrow yellow edges. Total length 4*2 inches, culmen 0*55, 
wing 2*25, tail 1*1, tarsus 0*65. 


The amount of yellow on the sides of the body seems to vary a 
good deal. 
Hab. North-eastern Africa, from the Eastern Soudan and White 
Nile districts to Larno. 


a, b, c. c? ad.; d. Lado, June, Aug. (JEmin Shelley Coll. 
§ ad.sk. Pasha), 


e. <$ ad. sk. Lado, Aug. 30, 1884. Emin Pasha [P.], 
f-k. 
$ ad. j I tf Lamo, E. Africa (Sir J. Shelley Coll. 
juv. sk. Kirk). 

10. PLOCEIPASSEE. 
Type. 

Plocepasser, Smith, Pep. Kvped. C. Afr. p. 51 (1836). P. mahali. 
Agrophilus, Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 209 (1837) P. superciliosus. 
Leucophrys, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 287, %. 262 

(1837) ................./.... P. mahali. 
Philagrus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 179 (1850) P. mahali. 
Range. Confined to Africa. 


10 . PLOOEEPASSBR. 
245 

Key to the Species. 

a' ? r°7\fkead black; eyebrow white. 
a *J> °T?II P^ng s or spots on the fore neck. 

*"' B S 6« M llora"brown

 9»«wi, p. m. 
' <
<< ^Vl^k^'kags ou tho fore neck. * 

fcgESS; ^w.i,247 

b. Crown of head Lhy grey wi^ a broad laterVl ^ ^ ^ * **' 
stage of black; eyebrow ashy grey; back 
0*1lfT:br0W11

, • • ?. : ntfoseapulatus, p. 248. 

e. Oiown tawny rufous; eyebrow whitish; bill 
Pa e

 supereiUosm, p. 218, 

1. Ploceipasser mahali. 
Plocepasser mahali, Smith, Rep. Riped. C. Aft. App. p. 51 (1880); 
Aves> P-C5 (1841); 6^/»

#0-f«;Zo^-^ 4 ^ ^ #• «• P-^W 
(1849); j%>. Cowap. i. p. 443 (1850); <W , Hand-IB. ii. p. 47, 
no. 6655 (1870); -4y/v», JR«*, 1871, p. 256; flfozr^, 0<tf. Aft. B. 

p. 61 (1871); Gumeyin Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 106 (lh72); 
Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 380; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 818 (1877-81); 
Ayres, Ibis, 1880, p. 2G3; Sharpe in Oates" Malabele-latuL App. 
B. p. 321 (1881) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 351; Holub § Von Pete, 
Beitr. Orn. Sildafr. p. 120, cumfig*.(1882); Sharpe, ed. ImmrcTs 
B. S. Afr. pp. 447,848 (1884); Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 5. ' 
Leucophrys pileatus, Swains. Clmsif. B. ii. p. 287 (1887). 
Philagrus mahali, Cab. Mm. Hem.'Th. i. p. 179 (1850). 
Agrophilus haematocephalus, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mm. Berol p. 50 
(1854). 
Plocepasser pileatus, Layard, B, S. Aft. p. 187 (1867). 
Adult male. General colour above light brown; scapulars like 
the back; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts pure white ; 
lesser wing-coverts rather more ashy brown than the back; median 
coverts brown, with a broad white ending forming a bar; greater 
coverts blackish, tipped with white, forming a second wing-bar but 
not so broad; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, 
broadly edged with light fawn-colour or whity brown, the inner 
secondaries resembling the innermost greater coverts; tail-feathers 
dark brown, edged with lighter brown and tipped with white; 
crown of head black, as far as the occiput and nape; hind neck 
brown, as also th e sides of the neck; lores, feathers round eye, and 
cheeks black; sides of face and ear-coverts brown, above the latter 
a broad white eyebrow extending to the sides of the neck; throat 
white; sides of neck brown like the back ; remainder of under 
surface of body isabelline, browner on the sides of the breast, sides 
of bodv, and flanks ; lower breast, abdomen, thighs, and under tail-
coverts isabelline whitish; under wing-coverts and axillaries isabelline; 
quills below dusky brown, ashy isabelline along tho inner 
edge : "bill, feet, and toes yellowish red" (<7. J. Arulemon): " bill 
dusky, nearly black; tarsi and feet pale brown; iris bright red


PLOCEIDiE. 

246 

brown" (T. Ayres). Total length 6*8 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 
3-9 tail 2*3, tarsus 0*9. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but rather smaDer: "bill 
li^ht dusky brown, paler on the lower mandible,J (T. Ayres). Total 
length 7 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 3*85, tail 2-D^ tarsus 0-9. 

Bab. South Africa from the Orange Biver to Damara-Land and 

J3en°iiela on the west, and to Matabele-Land on the east. 

a. Ad., b. Juv. fek. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C-Z(
Types uf specie-*.) 
c Ad. sk. South Africa (Sir A. Smith). Purchased. 
d e. <$ ad. sk. Griqiia-Land, 3Iay [T. C. Shelley Coll. 

; 
" Afmore). 

•f r? acl sk. Transvaal (T. Ayres). Sharpe Coll. 
a h A ad. sk. Matahele-Land, Sept. (T. JE. Shelley Coll. 
J' ' ° Buckley), 
i A ad sk. Palatsie Biver, near Shoshong, W. E. & C. (T. Gait??, 
' 
Aug. 13,1874 (JF. Dates). Esqis. [P.], 

h. I Ad. sk. Matalko, Damara-Land? July Sharpe Coll. 
: ; 14,1868 (C J. Andersson). 
m. 
$ ad. sk. Eio Ohiniba, iMossamedes (J. Sharpe Coll. 
AncMeta). 
n. 6* ad. sk. Maconjo, Aug. (/. AncMeta). Shelley Coll. 
o. Ad. sk. Capangombe (J. AncMeta). Shelley Coll. 
2. Ploceipasser melanorhynclixis. 
Ploceus supexeiliosus, Des Mtirs in Lefebvre's Voy. Abyxs. p. HO, 
pi. is. %. 2 (1843-50). 

Plocepasser 
iiielanorhynchus, Biipp. Syd. Uebers. p. 7M (1845); 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 444^1850) ; Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 47, no. ISSfS 
(1870; j Antin. $ Salvad. Viagg^Bogos,p. 110(1873); JWz. J>rA. 
s.-#. 6rVs. TFfefl, xxs. p. 150 (18b 1); Sahad. Ami. 3Iua. dmc. Gmoi\ 

(2) i. p. 177 (1884), vi. p. 295 (1888) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. J5. 
Philagrus melanorliynchus, Gr#. iVws. _5«w. Th. i. p. 179, note 
(1850); Eeugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 538; pi. 21 (1870), iv. p. cxxviii 
(1871); Cab. J. f. O. 1878? p. 232; Bartl Abhandl nat Vet. 
Bremen, vii. p. 101 (1881); Ifecher, Zeitsehr. yes. Orn. i. p, 323 
(1884) 5 id. J.f.O. 1883, p. 184. 

Plocepasser mahali (nee Smith,), Eeugl Syst. Uebers. p. 43 (1850); 
Antin. Cat. deserr. Ucc. p. 67'{1864); Ileur/I. J. f. 0.1807, p. 3GU ; 
id. Orn. KO.-Afr. I p. 537 (1870) ; Sahad. AUiR Aecad. Tm-ina, 

v. p. 740 (1870). 
Adult male. General colour above light brown, the rump and 
upper tail-coverts white; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median 
coverts white, forming a broad band; greater coverts dark brown, 
broadly tipped with white; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and 
quills dark brown, the primaries fringed with whity brown, the 
secondaries more broadly edged, the innermost also lighter brown ; 
tail-feathers blackish brown, fringed with whity brown, and tipped 
with a bar of white; crown of head brownish black, as far as the 
occiput; hind neck like the back; lores black, as well as the 
feathers "below the eye; a broad eyebrow of white extending above 


10 . PIOCEIPASSER. 
the ear-coverts, which are dark brown ; cheeks black, continued into 
a broad line along the sides of the throat, which is white like the 
rest of the under surface, with a large patch of light brown on the 
sides of the lower breast; thighs and under tail-coverts while ; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries dark brown; quills below dusky 
brown, lighter along the inner edge: "bill blackish; feet reddish 
brown; iris chestnut" (Ileuglin). Total length 7 inches, oilmen 07, 
wing 4-05, tail 2-6, tarsus 0*9. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 7 
inches, culmen 0-65, wing 4*05, tail 2-5, tarsus 0'9. 
Hah. KE . Africa from Bogos-Land and the Upper Kile districts 
to Fkamba and Masai-Land. 

a. Ad. sk. Khartoum (Knoblecker). Sharpe Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Shoa (Sir W. C. Harris). India Mus. 
h 

(S ad. sk. Ambukarra, Shoa, Aug. 13 Shelley Coll. 

d. 
(O. Antinori). 
e. Ad. sk. White Nile. Purchased, 
f, ff- cJ; &> 5ad. Lado, Equatorial Africa, March Shelley Coll. 
sk. (Emin Pasha). 

i. 5 ad. sk. Kitui in Ukamba, May 1877. Dr. Hildebrandt TC.]. 
k., <$ ad. sk. Kitui, May (Dr. Hildebrandt). Shelley Coll. 
3. Ploceipasser pectoralis. 
Agrophilus melanorhynckus (nee Piipp.), Licht. Nomencl. Av. Beroh 
p. 50 (1854). 
Philagrus pectoralis, Peters, J.f.O. 1868, p. 133; Heugl Orn. N.O.-
Afr. p. 539, note (1870); Fimch $ Hartl. Fog. Ostafr. p. 387 
(1870). 
Plocepasser pectoralis, Gray, HandA. B. ii. p. 47, no. 6658 (1870). 

Adult. Similar to P. mahali, but smaller, rather more rufous-brown 
in colour, and is further distinguished by its black bill and especially 
by the black markings across the fore neck. Total length 6 4 inches, 
culmen 07, wing 375, tail 2-4, tarsus 0*85. 

Hah. South-eastern Africa from the Zambesi to Inhambano. 

a, b, c. Ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Expedition. 

4. Ploceipasser propinquatus. 
Plocepasser propmquatus, Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 0 (ex Oustalet, MSS. 
in Mas. Paris). 
Adult. Similar to P. pectoralis, but distinguished by the pale 
brown bill and the less distinct spots on the throat 
(Shelley). 
Hah. Somali-Land. 


VZOCETDM. 

5. Ploceipasser rofoscapnlatus. 
Plocepasser 
rufoscapulatus, Biittik. Notes Leyden Mus. x. p. 288, 
pi. 9. fig. 2 (1888). 

J.c?w^ male (type of species). General colour above rufous cho


colate ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts more ashy brown, 

the latter much, clearer ashy; lesser wing-coverts rufous-brown like 

the back; median and greater series black, tipped with white, the 

former rather browner and forming a double wing-bar; bastard-

win°*, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, fringed with light brown, 

more rufous on the secondaries, the inner secondaries edged with 

isabelline, like the greater coverts; tail uniform light brown ; centre 

of crown ashy grey like the hind neck; base of forehead and a 

broad lateral stripe on the crown black, followed by a broad eye


brow of grey ; lores, feathers round the eye, and a stripe along the 

upper edge of the ear-coverts black; ear-coverts and cheeks ashy 

orey, the latter whiter anteriorly; throat white, separated from the 

cheeks by a distinct malar stripe of black from the chin, widening 

out below; lower throat and fore neck and chest light ashy grey, 

with a shade of ochreous brown on the lower throat; remainder of 

under surface of body greyish white, a little more ashy on the lower 

flanks; thighs and under tail-coverts ashy white; under wing-

coverts ashy white, the lower greater coverts ashy brown, the outer 

coverts also mottled with ashy brown; quills dusky brown below, 

isabelline along the inner edge : " bill and feet horn-colour : iris 

dark brown " (Van cler Kellen). Total length 0*2 inches, culmen 

0-75, wing 3*8, tail 2-3, tarsus 0-8. (Hue. Lugil) 

Hab. Cunene River, S.W. Africa. 

6. Ploceipasser snperciHosus. 
Ploceus superciliosus, 
ex Biipp. MS8.y Cretssehm. in Biipp. Atlas. 
Fog. p. 24, pi. 15 (1826). 
Plocepasser superciliosus, SmitJi, Rep. Exped,7 C. Afr. App. p. 51, 
note (1836); Rilpp. Si/st. Uehers. p. 78 (1845); Gray, Gen. BAi. 

p. 354 (1849); Bp. Comp. i. p. 170, note (1850); HeuqL SIJSL 
Uehers. p. 43 (1856) ; Haril Orn. W.-Afr. p. 131 (1«57) • Antin. 
Cat. descrr. Tlce. p. 67 (1864); Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 47, no. 6657 
(1870); Shelleij, Ibis, 1887, p. 5; Salvad. Ann. Mm* Civic. Genoa. 
(2) i. p. 194 (1884), vi. p. 295 (1888). 
Agropkiltis superciliosus, Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 209 (1837). 
Philagrus superciliosus, Cab. Mtts. Hem.Tk. I p. 279 (i860); Hmgl 
Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 530 (1870), iv. App. p. exxviii (1871); Hartert,
J.f. 0.1886, p. 585. 

Adult. Greneral colour above light brown, paler and more ashy 
brown on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts; lesser 
wing-coverts like the back; median and greater coverts dark brown, 
tipped with white, forming a double wing-bar; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills dark brown, edged with fulvous, the 
secondaries margined with white ; tail-feathers brown, with lighter 

11 . PHXLiETERITS. 
249 

brown margins; crown of head tawny rufous as far as the nape; 

b a c k lores and a distin^t

v ? "f* l e ^> eyebrow white ; eyelid 
and feathers below the eye white; ear-coverts rufous-brown, 
surmounted by a narrow line of tawny rufous; cheeks whitish, 
followed by a broad malar stripe of black; throat white; fore neck 
and remainder of under surface pale ashy, whiter on the lower breast 
and abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts 
and axillaris ashy whitish; quills below dusky, isabelline along 

th* "bil1 a*d f

mf*T/T^V'eet rufous horn-colour; iris dusky 
rufous (Heuglm). Total length 6-3 inches, culmen 0-05, wing 
3-o, tail 2*5, tarsus 0-8. 

Hob. Senegambia to the Niger. N.E. Africa, from Bogos-Land 

to Shoa. 
a Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk.
a, e. d ad. sk. 
Senegambia. 
Bogos-Land (EaUr). 
Shoa (Sir W. C. Harris). 
Shoa, Nov. (O. Antinori). 
Purchased. 
Sharpe Coll. 
India Museum. 
Shelley Coll. 

11. PHIL^TERUS. 
Type. 
t Philetaims, Smith in Charlesio. Mag. 1837, p. 53G P. tocius. 

Batiye. Confined to Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

«. Upper plumage and flanks scaly, with white edges to 
the feathers; head brown socks, p. 249. 

b. No scaly markings on back or flanks. 
a'. BH1 black: head pearly grey; under surface of ( ^. m 
body drab-brown like the back i donate t> 251 
b'. Bill yellow; head black; under surface of body ' >!•**• 
white, with black on the sides of the body and 
in the centre of the breast cabanisi, p. 251. 

1. Philseterus socius. 
Social Grosbeak, Paterson's Voyage, p. 12G, pi. 19. 
Loxia socia, Lath. 2nd. Orn. i. p. 381 (1790, ex Paierson). 
Cuceothraustes socia, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat xiii. p. 540 (1817). 
Ploceus socius, CUD. Regtie Anim. i. p. 384 (18L7). 
Philatterus lepidus, Smith in Charlesw. Mag. 1837, p. 530; id. 111. 


Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. 8 (1838). 
Euplectes lepidus, Swains. An. in Menag. p. 309 (183/); Chapm. 
Trav. S. Afr., App. p. 401 (1SU8). 

PhilsBtems socius. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 353 (1849); Bp. Lwup. l. 
n 445 (lb50): Bayard, B. 8. Afr. p. 180 (1867); Agres, Ihs, 
1871, p. 253; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 01 (lb71); Gumeg MI 
AnderL B. Dam.-Ld. p. 107 (1872); Holub $• Von Pek. heitr 
Orn. Sudafr. p. 119 (1882) ; Sharpe, ed. Layard 6 h. S. Afr. p. 449 
(18&4); Shelley, Ibis, 1880, p. 307. 

Adult male. General colour above brown, the feathers of the 

250 PLOCELD^:. 

hind neck, mantle, and upper back having a scaly appearance, being 
edged -with pale ochreous or sandy buff, before which is a subterminal 
shade of black; rump and upper tail-coverts pale brown, with 
whitish margins, more distinct on the latter ; quills brown, edged 
with paler brown, inclining to whity brown on the greater coverts 
and inner secondaries ; tail-feathers blackish, brown externally and 
at the ends, with a white spot near the tip of the inner web; centre 
tail-feathers light brown ; head uniform drab-brown ; eyelid white : 
lores, feathers in front of the eye, fore part of cheeks and chin, and 
upper throat black : remainder of sides of face, ear-coverts, hinder 
cheeks, and under surface of body from the middle of the throat 
downwards pale drab-brown, the sides of the neck mottled with 
scaly blaek markings like the back; on the sides of the body a patch 
of scaly feathers, blaek, with sandy-white margins : axillaries and 
under wing-coverts like the breast: ** bill pale livid horn-colour; 
legs and toes light brownish horn-colour; iris dark brown " (O. J. 
Andersson). Total length 5*4 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2*9, tail 1*7, 
tarsus 0*8. 

Young. Similar to the adults, but more distinctly mottled above 

with sandy-brown edges to the feathers ; the head also minutely 

spotted with black; the patch of scaly feathers on the side of the 

body not so distinctly pronounced. 
Hah. Southern Africa from the interior districts to the Transvaal 
and north of the Diamond Fields to Damara-Land, not occurring 
south of the Orange River. 

(i, h. Ad. et juv. -k. Latakoo. Sir A. Smith(Typt'i* of P. tepitlm.) 
<'. . 
c. 3 ad. sk.
d. rf ad. sk. 
Transvaal (T. Aijre*). 
Transvaal (T. Ayres). 
Sharps C 
Shelley ' toll. 
e. $ juv. sk.
/ . Juv. sk. 
Damara-Land. 
Damara-Land (C. J. A.). 
I J. Anderse 
Sharpe Coll. 
an [C.} 

2. Philaeterus arnaudi 
Nigrita arnaudi, Bp. Camp. i. p. 444 (1850, ex Pucker. MS8. in 
Mm. Pan's); Eurtl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 131, note (1857); Gray, 
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 46, no. 6649 (1870); Hevgl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. 

i. p. 541, Taf. xx. (1870); Hartl. Abhandt. nat. Ver. Bremen, vii. 
p. 104 (1^1); Fischer, Zeiitchr. ge*. Orn. i. p. 329 (1884); id. 
J.f.O. 1885, p. 134; Hartl. J.f. 6.1867, p. 310. 
Fringllla (Pvrgita) molybdocephala, HettyI. Sytt. Uebers. p. 41 
(1850). 
Philaeterus arnaudi, Shelley, Ibi*, 1886, p. 308. 

Wing of Philattrus arnaudi,to show bastard primary. 
Adult male. General colour above light drab-brown; lesser wing-
coverts dark ashy with dusky margins ; median and greater coverts 

11 . PHIL2ETERTJ8, 
251 

drab-brown like the back; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and 
quills black, tipped -with, drab-brown, the secondaries edged with the 
same colour, the innermost being externally drab-brown, internally 
black; upper tail-coverts like the back; tail-feathers blackish, 
broadly tipped with drab-brown, white at the ends, extending along 
the outer web of the outermost; crown of head and nape pearly 
grey; lores drab-brown.; eyelid whitish ; ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, 
and under surface of body drab-brown, including ihe thighs, under 
wing- and tail-coverts, and auxiliaries; quills below dusky brown, 
isabelline along the inner edge : " bill black; feet dusky flesh-colour; 

iris chestnut" (Heuglin). Total length 4*6 inches, oilmen 0'5, 
wing 2-55, tail 1*25, tarsus 0*65. 
Eab. N.E. Africa, Upper White-Nile districts to Equatorial 
Africa and the Lake regions. 

a. Ad. sk. White Nile. 
Purchased. 
b. $ 
ad. sk. Eedjaf, Equatorial Africa, July 3 Shelley Coll. 
(JEmin Pasha). 
c. J ad. sk. Eedjaf, December 2. Emin Pasha [P.]. 
d. S ad. sk. Lado, March (Emm Pasha). Shelley Coll. 
e. <$ ad. sk. Waso-neibor, Masai-Land, April 13 Shelley Coll. 
(Br. Fische?-). 
3. Philateius dorsalis. 
Nigiita canidorsalis, Meichen. J. f 0. 1887, p. 41 (lapsu cal). 
Nigrita dorsalis, Meichen. t. c. p.* 71. 

Similar to P. arnaitdi, but differing in its grey back, darker grey 
shoulders, clear grey head, in wanting the black tail-bands and 
black loral spot: " bill black; feet reddish brown; iris brown " 

(Fischer). (Reichenow.) 
Eab. Wembacre Steppes and Speke Gulf on the Victoria 
Nyanza (Fischer). 

4. PMlseterus cabanisi. 
Nigrita cabanisi, Fischer $* Meichen. J. f. 0. 1884, p. 54; Fischer, 
Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 330 Q884): id. J. f. 0. 1885, p. 134; 
Meichen. J.f. 0. 1887, p. 71. 
Philgeterus cabanisi, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 308 j id. Ibis, 1888, p. 292, 
pi. vi. 

Adult female. General colour above clear drab-brown, the upper 
tail-coverts a little more blackish brown; wing-coverts like the 
back; quills ashy brown, externally like the back; tail-feathers 
blackish, the outer ones fringed with white along the end of the 
inner web; crown of head, lores, feathers round eye and upper part 
of ear-coverts black; remainder of sides of face, cheeks, and under 
surface of body white, with a streak of black down the centre of 
the breast ; sides of body and flanks drab-brown, the feathers 
mottled with black spots ; thighs and under tail-coverts white ; 
under wing-coverts and axillaiies white, the outer coverts pale 
drab; quills below pale dusky, ashy along ihe inner edge: "bill 

252 
PLOCBIDiE. 

horn-colour, greenish towards the base ; feet flesh-colour; iris red " 

(G. A. Fischer). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2-6. 
tail 1"8, tarsus 0*7. 
Adult male. Similar in plumage to the female. Total length 
4-7 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-7, tail 1*9, tarsus 07 . 
Eab. Kilimanjaro district to the East Coast. 

a, b. S; 
c-2 ad. sk. Kilimanjaro, F. J. Jackson, Esq. [P.]. 
March 14, 1887. 

12. PYRENESTES. 
Type. 
Pyrenestes, Swains. B. W. Aft: i. p. 156 (1837) P. ostrinus. 

Bill of Pyrenestes ostrinus, to show tooth in tomiuin. 

Range. Confined to West Africa. 

1. Pyrenestes ostrinus. 
Loxia ostrina, Vieill. Ois. Chant, p. 79, pi. 48 (1805). 
Coccothraustes ostrinus, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. jS'at. xiii. p. 548 

(1817). 
Pyrenestes sanguineus, Swains. B. W. Afr. p. 1£6, pi. 9 (1837). 
Pyrenestes ostrinus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 35G (1844); Up. Consp. i. 

p. 4/30 (1850) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afi: p. 139 (1857); Gray, Uand-l. 
B. ii. p. 49, no. 0078 (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 08 (1871); 
Forbes, Ibis, 1883, p. 526 ; Shelley, t. c. p. 549 ; Shelley, Ibis, 
1886, p. 314 (pt.). 
Adult male. General colour above velvety black, from the hind 
neck to the rump ; scapulars like the back; rump and upper tailcovcrts 
bright crimson ; wing-coverts and quills brownish black ; tail-
feathers entirely dark crimson, the rest blackish, externally dark 
crimson ; a narrow line of black along the base of the forehead ; 
crown of head and hind neck, lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, 
cheeks, throat, sides of neck, fore neck, and chest bright crimson ; 
breast and abdomen velvety black; sides of body bright crimson 
like the throat; thighs and under tail-coverts black ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries black ; quills below dusky, more ashy along 
the inner edge : "bill blue-black, culmen greyish blue at the base; 
eyelids black, with pale blue median spot on each ; feet dark horny; 
iris chestnut-brown" (W. A. Forbes). Total length 5*6 inches; 
exposed culmen 0-0, wing 2*9, tail 2-25, tarsus 0'85. 

Adidt female. Differs from the male in being brown where the 
latter is black, the vent and under tail-coverts being washed with 

253 

12 . PYKENESTES. 
crimson, Total length 5-6 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2*9, tail 2-25, 
tarsus 0*8. 
Hah. West Africa from Senegambia to the Niger. ? Gaboon. 


- [ 2 ] ac^s^-River Gambia. Shelley Coll. 
River Gambia. Sharpe Coll. 
b. [J] ad. sk. 
c. [?]ad. sk. River Gambia. Forbes OoU. 
d. [Sjjun. sk River Gambia. Old Coll. 
Shonga, R. Niger, 
e. J ad. sk. 
Nov. 1882 (W. A. P.). Forbes Coll. 

2. Pyrenestes coccinens. 
Pyrenestes coccineus, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1848, p. 67; id. Journ. 
-—-Philad. Acad. i. p. 242, pi. 31.fig. 2 (1848); Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. 

p. 139 (1857) j Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 139 j Sharpe, 
Ibis, 1870, p. 54; Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 49, no. 6679 (1870) j 
Sharpe, Cat Afr. B. p. 68 (1871) 5 Reichen. J. f. 0. 1875, p. 41, 
1887, p. 301. 
Pyrenestes personatus, 
Bu Bus, Bidl. Acad. Brux. xxii. pt. i. p. 151 
(I800) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 139 (1857); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. 

p. 49, no. 6680 (1870); Reichen. J. f. O. 1875, p. 41; Biittih. 
Notes Leyden Mzis. vi. p. 199 (1885), vii. p. 199 (1885), viii 
p. 260 (188G), x. p. 91 (1888); Reichen. J.f.O. 1887, p. 305. 
Pyrenestes ostrinus {nee V.), Reichen. J.f 0.1877, p. 29 j Bocaye, 
Orn. Angola, p. 300 (1877-81) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1880, p. 314 (pt.). 


Adult male. Similar to P. ostrinus, but smaller in size: " bill 

metallic cobalt-blue; feet olive-brown; eyelid cobalt-blue; iris 

brown" {Buttikofer). Total length 5 inches, exposed culmen 0-6, 

wing 2*5, tail 2, tarsus 0*7. 

Adult female. Similar to the female of P. ostrinus, but smaller: 

" bill dark steel-blue; feet olive-brown; eyelid ochraceous; iris 

brown " (Biittikofer). Total length 4*7 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*4, 

tail 1*85, tarsus 0*75. 

Young. Entirely brown, without any crimson colour whatever: 

tail dull red; soft parts as in adult female. (Mus. Lugd.) 

That the male takes some time before assuming the fully adult 

black plumage seems to be certain, for Biittikofer discovered a colony 

of breeding birds in Liberia, wherein there was not a single black-

backed male, and he never saw one during his residence in that 

country. It is. evident that the black-plumaged birds are very rare, 

and very few specimens exist in collections. The males collected by 

Biittikofer vary from alight brown to a dark, almost chocolate-brown; 

while the females resemble the males, but are paler still, and have 

scarcely any wash of crimson over the brown plumage; tho crimson 

colour of the head and throat is less vivid, and the bill is conspicu


ously smaller. Underneath, the colour resembles that of the male 

but is decidedly lighter, the red of the throat less extended and not 

reaching to th@ fore neck; the sides of the breast brown (not crim


son) and with only a slight shade of red. Total length 4*7 inches, 

exposed culmen 0*45, wing 2*4, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*7. (Mus. Lugd.) 

Dr. Reichenow says that in a Gaboon specimen of P. personatus 

25 4 
PLOCEIDiB. 

the bill was blue-black, the feet yellowish brown, and the eyelid 
white The Camoroons specimen, which ho separates as P. coccmews, 
had the bill stoel-bluo, the foot yellowish grey-brown, the iris clear 
reddish brown, and the eyelid white. These soft parts will be seen 
to differ somewhat from those given by Mr. Biittikofer. 

TIah. West Africa from Senegambra _ to the Congo, extending 
along the Congo region to Equatorial Africa. 

a. r c? 1 ad. sk. Fantee. A. Swanzy Esq. [P.]. 
I,
ce 
I 9.1 ad. sk. 
<l[Q 1 ad. sk. 
6 ad. sk. 
Fantee. 
Fantee (Kirbij). 
Gaboon. 
baarpe Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
M. Verreaux. 
/ahi 
T 21 ad. sk. 
Jiiv. sk. 
ad. sk. 
9 imm sk. 
Gaboon. 
Gaboon. 
Gaboon (DuChaillu). 
Leopoldville, Upper Con 
Sharpe Coll. 
M. DuChaillu [C.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
go, F. Bohndorff [C.]. 
Dec. 
k d ad. sk. Tingasi, Equatorial AfriJuly 4, 1885. 
ca, Euiin Pasha [P.]. 

13. 
CRYPTOSPIZA. „ 
Type. 
Oryptospiza, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genoo. (2) i. p. 180 
(1884) C. reichenowi. 
Range. Confined to Africa. 

1. Cryptospiza reichenowi. 
Pytelia reichenowii, Hard. Ibis, 1874, p. 166 ; JReichen. J. f. O. 1875, 
p. 41, p'l. 2. fig. 1. 
Cryptospiza reichenowii, Salvad. Ann, Mus. Civic. Qenov. (2) i. 
p. 180 (1884); Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 317. 
Adult. Head, neck, and under surface of body yellowish 
olive-brown ; back, rump, upper tail-coverfcs, and sides of body 
brownish carmine-red ; coverts and inner secondaries edged with 
brownish red: iris dark; feet and bill black. Total, length 12 
inches, culmen Tl , wing 5*3, tail 4, tarsus 2. (Hartlaub.) 

Hab. Bonjongo in the Cameroon Mountains, and extending across 
to Shoa. 

14. QUELEA. 
Type. 
Quelea, Reichenb. Si/st. Nat. Taf. lxxvi. fig. 1 (1850) ? Q. que lea. 
Hyphantica, Cab. Mus. Hem. i. p. 180 (1850) '. . ? Q. quelea. 

Bill of Quelea quelea, to show deflected angle in toiniuni. 
Mange. Confined to Africa. 

14 . 
QTTELEA. 255 
Key to the Species. 

a. 
Crown, sides of face, and throat bright crimson. 
a'. Some black on the throat en/throps, p. 255. 
b\ No black on the throat '..'... cdrdinalii p. 25(5. 
5. 
JNo crimson on the crown or throat, which may be 
rose-coloured in very old birds. 
a'. Ear-coverts black like the upper throat. 
a". Forehead black, forming- a broad band quelea, p. 257. 
b". No black on forehead cethiopica, p. 250. 
c". "With a little black on the forehead intermedia, p. 250. 

b'. 
Ear-coverts sandy buff,- no black on forehead 
or throat rUssi, p. 2(10. 


1. Uuelea erythrops. (Plate X. fig. 1.) 
PFringilla erythrocephala, I)es Murs in Lefebore's Voy. Abi/sK p. 110 
(1845). 
Ploceus erythrops, Hartl. Rev. ZooL 1848, p. 100; Gray, Gen. B. ii. 

p. 353 (1840) j Keulem. N. T. I). iii. p. 304 (1866); dray, Hand-l. 
B. ii. p. 45, no. 6623 (1870); Finsch 8> Hartl. Voy. Ostafr. p. 407 
(1870, note) ; Reichenb. Corresp. uifrih. Geselkch. 1874, p. 181; id. 
J.f O. 1877, p. 28 j Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 310 (1877-81); 
Buttih. Notes Leyden Mus. vii. p. 194 (1885). 
Euplectes erythrops, Hartl, Beitr. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 53, Taf. viii. 
(1848). 
Foudia erythrops, Bp. Consp. i. p. 446 (1850); Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. 

p. 129 (1857); Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 134; Hartl J 
f. 0. 1861, p. 176 j Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 62 (1871); id. Ibis, 
1872, p. 72; Shelley # Buckley, Ibis] 1872, p. 280. 
Quelea capitata, DuBus, Bull. Acad. P. B?-ux. xxii. pt. i. p. 151 
(1855). 
Calyphantria erythrops, Heine, J.f. 0. 1860, p. 144. 
Quelea erythrops, Reichenb. Singv. p. Q7, pi. xxx. fig-s. 230-241 

S (1861); Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 356; id. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 33. 
Foudia haeniatocephala, Heugl. J. f. 0. 1864, p. 250. 
Calyphantria hsematocephala, Heugl. J.f. 0. 1867, p. 390. 
Hyphantica hsematocephala, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 545, 

pi. 19 a (1870). 
Hyphantica erythrops, Fischer $ Beichen. J. f. O. 1879, p. 352 ; 
Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 327 (1884); id. J.f O. 1885, 

p. 134. 
Adult male. General colour above brown, streaked with dark 
brown centres to the feathers, the mantle-feathers with paler and 
more sandy-brown edges; wing-coverts like the back, and similarly 
edged, the median coverts margined with white ; the greater coverts, 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, with olive-
yellow margins, some of which are tinged with rosy; upper tail-
coverts uniform brown ; tail-feathers dark brown, with olive-yellow 
edges ; crown of head and nape crimson, as also the lores, sides of 
face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat, the latter mottled with black 
bases to the feathers, extending on to the fore neck; chest uniform 
tawny brown; breast and abdomen whitish; sides of body and 

256 PLOCEIDJB. 

flanks tawny brown, with dusky-brown centres; thighs rosy; under 
tail-coverts uniform isabelline buff; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
pale tawny buff, edged with rosy along- the bend of the wing; 
quills below dusky brown, ashy along the inner edge: "biH horn-
black, with a slight tint of rose-colour; angle of mouth whitish; 
feet and claws pale rosy ; iris dusky " (Htwjlia).. Total length :3*9 
inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2-35, tail 1*3, tarsus 0*7. 

An adult male from Kibiro (Euiin PasJta) ib larger (wing 2*b*) 
and has whiter under tail-coverts. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
brown, streaked with darker brown centres to the feathers, the 
mantle-feathers margined with whity brown; wiiig-eo\eiN and 
quills dark brown, edged with paler brown, whitish o-i the median 
and greater coverts, and olive-yellow on the quill-*: upper tail-eoverf> 
like the back; tail-feathers dark brown, with lighter br< >wn edge-. 
tinged with olive-yellow; crown of head more unifuirn brown, 
washed with olive-yellow on the forehead; a distinct eyebrow of 
pale orange-yellow ; lores ashy brown ; ear-coverts and checks litrM 
tawny brown, with a reddish tinge: throat whitish, wi^Le I with 
tawny brown; fore neck and upper breast pale tiwny brown : the 
lower breast and abdomen pure white: bidts of body. iLmk% .ind 
thighs brown; under tail-coverts mbelliue buff: under wing-
coverts and auxiliaries pale tawny brown, yellow ahnu the r-dtco of 
the wing; quills below dusky brown, a^hy along the inner edge1. 

Total length4*1 inches, culmen0*55, wint? 2*35, tail 1*3. Mr-ii* U*l]5. 

Hah. West Africa, from Senegambia extending throughout the 
Congo region to Angola, and across to Equatorial Africa. 

a. S ad. sk. Kibiro, June 3, l^t>. Emin Pd^lm "P.". 
b. J ad. sk.
e, d. 2 ad. &ke. S kiem. sk. 
Fantee. 
Accra, March 1 ( 0. R S.l 
Prince's Island, June W*o 
Sharp* C**1L " 
>h liny t 'nil. 
Shelhy Coll. 
(J. G. Keulpmam). 
f. $ ad. sk. Gaboon {BuChaillu). Sharpe Poll. 
g. S ad. sk. Gaboon. M. A. Bouvier. 
h. <$ ad. sk. Gaboon. M. "Wrrea-ix. 
h &• o* $ imm.sk. Gaboon (DuChaillv). Tweeddale Cull. 
/. <$ ad. sk.
m, n, o, £ ad. sk.
p. (S ad. sk. 
Landana, Congo. 
Landana, Congo (L. Petit), 
River Quanza. 
M. L. Petit 
Shelley Coll." 
Shelley Coll. 
'Cf. 

2. Oaelea cardinalis, (Plate X. %. 2.) 
Hyphantiea cardinalis, Hartt. J.f. 0.18% p. $'2-% 1881, pi. L %«. 1, 
2; id. Abhandl not. Ver, Bremen, vii. p. 102 1188 If, viii. p." 201 
(1883); Pet. Verk.z.-b. Ges. Wie,i7 xxxii. p. 508(^82); Fkckcr. 
Zeitsehr. ges. Orn. i. p. 329 (1884); id. J.f O. 1885, p. l;J4. 

Quelea cardinalis, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 3o7; id. P. Z. & 1888, 

p. 33. 
Adult male. Similar to Q. erythrops. but with the head and throat 
lighter crimson, and extending over the whole of the fore neck. The 
crimson on the crown does not extend beyond the hinder crown, the 

14 . QTJELEA. 
257 

occiput, nape, and hind neck being brown, streaked with, black and 
washed with crimson. Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0'5, wing 
2-25, tail 1-25, tarsus 0-65. 
Hah. Equatorial Africa, 


a, b,c. $ ; d,e. $ Lado, Equatorial Africa, June to Shelley Coll. 
ad. sk. * August (JEmin Pasha). 


f. 
<5 ad. sk. Lado, July 17, 1879 (Emin Forbes Coll. 
Pasha). 
g, h, i. (S ad, sk. Wadelai, July 1885, Emin Pasha [P.]. 

3. Guelea quelea* (Plate X. fig. 3.) 

Brazilian 
Sparrow, Edwards, Gleanings, ii, p. 128, pi. 271. fig. 2 
(1760). 
Le Moineau a bee rouge du Senegal, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 110, pi. vi. 
tig. 1 (1760) ; Baubent. PI Enl. iv. pi. 183.fig. 2. 
? Loxia sanguinirostris, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 303 (1766). 
"Emberiza quelea, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 310 (1766, ex Briss.); Gm. 
Syst. Nat. i. p. 877 (1788). 
Moineau du Senegal, BatibenL PL Enl iv. pi. 233.fig. 1: Buff. Hist. 
Nat. iii. p. 484 (1775). 
Black-faced Bunting, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 192 (1783). 3 
Loxia quelea, Baud. TraiU, ii. p*. 448 (1800); Less. TraiU, p. 446 
(1831). 
Bioch, Vieill. Ois. Chant, p. 46, pis. 22, 23 (1805). 
Bioch rose, Vieill. t. c. p. 48, pi. 24 (1805). 
Fringilla quelea, Vieill. N. Bict. cCIIist. Nat. xii. p. 233 (1817); 
Liaht Verz. Bouhl. p. 27 (1823). * 
.. Loxia lathami, Smith, Hep. S. Afr. Exped., App. p. 51 (1836). 
S^ Loxia sanguinirostris, Hahn 8f Kiister, Orn. Atlas, Lief. i. Taf. 4 
(1834). 
Euplectes sanguinirostris, Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 188 (1837); 
Marti. Beitr. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 30 (1848). 
Ploceus sanguinirostris, Gray, Gen. B. ii/p. 353(1849); Sundev. 
(Efa K. Vet.-Akad. 1850, p. 126; Strickl § Scl Contr. Orn. 1852, 

p. 150; Gray, Hand~l B. ii. p. 44, no. 6618 (1870); Finsch $ 
llartl. Vdff. Ostafr. p. 407 (1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 61 
(1871, pt.); Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 320 (1877-81) ; Bohm, J"./. 

O. 1883, p. 199. 
Aniadina lathami, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p, 370 (1849). 
Quelea sanguinirostris, Bp. Consp. i. p. 445 (1850); Reiehenb. Singv. 

p. 66, pi. xxx. figs. 233-235 (1861); Gxtrney in Anderss. B. Bam.-
Ld. p. 173 (1872) ; Holub Sf Von Pelz. Beitr. Orn. Sudafr. p. 116 
(1882). 
Hyphantica sanguinirostris, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 180 (1850); 
Heichen. J.f 0.1886, p. 392. 
Ploceus quelea, Licht. No?nencl. p. 50 (1854). 
Quelea occidental, Marti Orn. W.-Afr. p. 129 (1857); id. J.f.O. 
1861, p. 176. 
Quelea lathami, Reichenb. Singv. p. 67, Taf. xxx. figs. 236-238 
(1861). 
^ Ploceus lathami, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 186 (1867). 
Quelea quelea, Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 356; Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. 
Afr. p. 458 (1884); Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 357 ; id. P. Z. S 1888, 

p. 34. 
VOL. XIII. * S 


258 
PLOCEIDiE. 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above brown, 
mottled with blackish centres to the feathers, those of the mantle 
with whity brown edges; lesser wing-coverts like the back, the 
median and greater coverts margined with whity brown ; bastard-
wing and primary-coverts uniform dark brown : quills dark brown, 
the primaries edged with olive-yellow, the secondaries with light 
brown or whity brown ; upper tail-coverts like the back ; tail-
feathers dark brown, edged with lighter brown, and fringed with 
white along the inner web ; crown of head rosy pink, as far as the 
occiput, which is uniform brown like the nape and hind neck ; forehead, 
lores, eyelid, ear-coverts, fore part of cheeks, and throat dn<ky 
black; hinder cheeks, sides of neck, lower throat, and under surface 
of body rosy pink; the sides of body and flanks browner, the lower 
flanks with dark brown centres to the feathers ; thighs light brown ; 
under tail-coverts white, with a slight fulvous tinge; under winircoverts 
and axillaries light fulvous, with a tinge of yellow near the 
edge of the wing; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge: 
" bill scarlet, merging into vermilion at the base and at the corner 
of the mouth; legs and toes flesh-colour; iris brown ; ring round 
the eye reddish orange " (C. J. Anderssoa). Total length 4*3 inches, 
culmen 0*5, wing 2'o5, tail 1*5, tarsus 0*7. 

The rosy tint on the head and underparts is apparently the sign 

of a very old male. Host of the males in breeding-plumage have 

the head and chest light tawny or straw-colour. 

Adult female. Different from the male, and entirely lacking the 
black face and straw-coloured or rosy head and neck; the quills 
and tail-feathers as in the male, the latter as well as the primaries 
having a distinct yellow edging; crown of head uniform brown like 
the hind neck; above the eye a line of creamy white ; lores ashy; 
eyelid and feathers below the eye creamy white; ear-coverts ashy; 
cheeks and under surface of body creamy white, the throat, breast, 
and abdomen purer white; lower throat, fore neck, and chest washed 
with buff; sides of upper breast ashy; sides of body and flanks 
brown, the latter streaked with dusky brown ; thighs white; under 
tail-coverts whitish; under wing-coverts and axillaries isabelline. 
Total length 4*2 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*45, tail 2*3, tarsus 0*05. 

The adult male in winter plumage resembles the female, but has 
the head more ashy brown, an ashy white eyebrow, the sides of the 
face ashy, and the under surface of the body more ashy. 

Hob. The greater part of Africa. 

a. Var. mel. sk. Africa. Sharpe Coll. 
b, c. $ ad. sk Kurriehaine, Oct. 1880 (J. Gould Coll. 
Verreaux). 
d, e. <5 ad. sk. Transvaal (T7. Ayres). Shelley Coll. 
/-»'. d 2 ad. sk. Transvaal (T. Ayres). Sharp Coll. 

k. $ ad. sk. Transvaal (T. Ayres), J.H.Gurney, Esq. [P.]. 
/. <$ ad. sk. Potchefstroom, Dec. 11,1870 J. II. Gurney, Esq. [P.]. 
(T. Ayres). 
m. 
$ ad. sk. Potchefstroom, Dec. 11,1876 Forbes Coll. 
(T, Ayres), 
n. 
(S imm. sk. Omaruru, Damara Land, Shelley Coll. 
Nov. 8 (A. Erickmn). 
14 . QUELEA. 
259 
o. 
S ad. j p,q. J Damara Land (<?. J. An- Sharpe Coll. 
ad. sk. dersson). 
r. 
$ hiem. sk. Otjimbinque, Damara Land, Sharpe Coll. 
'Oct. 2, 1866 (C. J Andersson). 
s. 
$ hiem. sk. Elephant Viey, Aug. 21, Sharpe Coll. 
1850 (C. J A.), 
t. S 
hiem. sk. Swakop Eiver, June 23, Sharpe Coll. 
1863 (C. J. A.), 
u. 
$ ad. sk. Swakop River, June 23, Tweeddale Coll 
1803 (C. J. A). 
v. $ ad. sk. Capangombe, Benguela (J. Sharpe Coll. 
AncMeta). 
w. <S ad. sk. 
Kibiro, June 5,1886. Emin Pasha [P.]. 
x. $ ad. sk. West Africa. Eiocour Coll. 
Subsp. a. ftuelea intermedia. (Plate X. fig. 4.) 

Hyphantica quelea (nee Z.\ Cab. J.f 0. 1878, p. 232. 
Hyphantica intermedia, Beichen. J. f 0.1886, p. 394. 
Quelea intermedia, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) vi, p. 29-1 


(1888). 

Adult. Similar to Q. quelea, and only differing in the smaller 
amount of black on the forehead. This, however, varies considerably 
with individuals, and the characters are not of great importance 
Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-0, wing 2*7, tail 1-4, tarsus 0*75, 

Bob. East Africa. 

a, 6, o. Ad.; d. Juv. sk. Lamo, E. Africa (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll 

4. Quelea a&thiopica. (Plate X. fig. 5.) 
Emberiza quelea (neo Z.), Des Murs in Zefebvre's Voy. Abyss, p. 119 
Ploceus sanguinirostris (nee Z.), Strickl P. Z. S. 1850, p. 218; 
Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 61 (1871, pt.); Bohm, J.f 0.1883, p. 199. 
Ploceus sanguinirostris, var. sethiopicus, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet,-Akad. 

Fork. Stockh. 1850, p. 126. 
Ploceus sanguinirostris, var. major, Sundev. t. e. p. 126. 
Coccothraustes sanguinirostris, Heuql Syst. Uebers. p. 39 (1856). 
Quelea orientalis, Eeugl. J.f 0.1862, p. 27, 
Quelea sanguinirostris, Aniin. Cat descrr. Ucc. p. 67 (1884). 
Ploceus sethiopicus, Gray, Rand-l. B. ii. p. 44, no. 6619 (1870); 

Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 263 (1870); id. £ Hartl Voy. Ostafr. 

p. 409, note (1870). 
Hyphantica asthiopica, Eeugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 543 (1870); 
"Fischer fy Beichen. J. f. O. 1879, p. 352; Hartl Abhandl nat. 
Ver. Bremen, viii. p. 201 (1883); Fischer, Zeitschr. yes. Orn. i. 

p. 327 (1884); Beichen. J.f O. 1880, p. 393,1887, p. 70. 
Quelea sethiopica, Blanf. Geol 8? Zool Abyss, p. 405 (1870); Antin. 
$ Salvad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 119 (1873) ; Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 

xxxii. p. 506 (1881); Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 585; Salvad. Ann. 
Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) i. p. 177 (1884); Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 358. 
Adult male. Similar to Q. quelea, but rather larger, and having the 
black confined to the sides of the face and throat, but not extending 
s2 

PL0CEXDJ2. 

on to the forehead, which resembles the rest of the head •. « bill dark 
Wood-rod lighter at the tip; feet clear orange, claws horn-colour; 
SS^iS^red; iris b/own » ,(ft A «. ) Total length 
4-8 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-9, tail 1-55, tarsus 0-/5 

^«7 * *W« . Apparently not distinguished from the female of 
0 <w7«r " bill dull straw-yellow; eyelidyeUow; ins brown (Cr. 
I". ») . Total length 4-7 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2*7, tail 
0*55, tarsus 0*75. . 

JHM. North-eastern Africa, extending to the Zanzibar district on 
the east coast. 
a 2 ad sk. Sennaar. Sharpe Coll. 

b, c,d. d ad.; e. Ailat, Samhar (Esler). Sharpe Coll. 
/ ? ad sk Ailat, June 29,1868 (WJesse). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
a Q ad sk Ailat, June 29,1868 (W. J.). Sharpe Coll. 
a t tf 2 ad. sk. Ailat, June 29 (IF. J".). Tweeddale Coll. 


* 1 I $ ad. sk. Ailat; June 29, 1868. W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
7M w. r? 2 ad. sk. Beiook, Bogos Land, July 18, Sharpe Coll. 
' 1868 {W. Jesse), 


o. [ 21 ad. sk. Abyssinia (von Midler). Shelley Coll. 
p, 
(S imm. sk. N.E. Africa (Hemprich fy Shelley Coll. 
Ehrenherg). 


q. S imra. sk. Kordofan. 
Sharpe Coll. 
r. <$ juv. sk. Shoa, April (0. Antinon). Shelley Coll. 
8. Ad. sk. Kilimanjaro. H. C. V. Hunter, Esq. 
t Ad. sk. Lamu, E. Africa (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll. 

u. Juv. sk. Lanio (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll. 
v. Ad. sk. Ugogo (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll. 
5. Guelea russi (Plate X. fig. 6.) 
Ploceus russi, Finsch, Gefied. Welt, 1877, p. 3^7. 

Adult male. Similar to Q. quelea, but without any black on the 
head or throat, the ear-coverts being light sandy buff; the crown 
and under surface of body in old birds being deep rosy pink. Total 
length 4-8 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2'6, tail 1*45, tarsus 0*7. 


Eab. Transvaal, probably extending into West Africa, but the 
exact distribution is unknown. 


a. tf ad. sk. [West Africa ?] Sharpe Coll. 
b. 3 ad. sk. [West Africa (L. Fraser).] Sharpe Coll. 
c. $ ad. sk. Gambia *. 
Sharpe Coll. 
d. <$ ad. sk. Transvaal (T. Ayo-es). Sharpe Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Pinetown, Natal (T. At/res). Shelley Coll. 
/. 
cS juv. sk. Potchefstroom, Transvaal, Shelley Coll. 
July 30 (T. At/res), 

g. 
$ ad. sk. Maragaz, Bogos Land, July Tweeddale Coll. 
27, 1868 (W.Jesse). 
* Doubtful. Perhaps the female of Q. mihiopica or whatever the species 
may be from Senegambia. I have not seen authentic specimens from the 

•Gambian region. 
15 . SPERMESTES. 
15. SPERMESTES. 
Type, 
ilk 

Spermestes, Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 201 (1837) S. cucullatus. 
Lepidopygia, Reichenb. Singv. p. 48 (1861) S. nana. 
Range. Africa and Madagascar. 

Key to tJie Species* 

a. 
Feet blackish; no yellow on the rump and upper 
tail-coverts. 
a'. With no white spots or bars on the lower back 
and rump, or on the secondaries or primaries; 
back, throat, and fore neck greenish black .. bicolor, p. 261, 

b'. With, no white bars or spots on the rump; 
secondaries externally checkered with white 
spots punctata, p. 262. 

e'. With white bars or spots on the rump. 
a". Secondaries checkered with white on the 


outer ^ ebs as well as the primaries. 
a'". Back glossy greenish black like the head, poensis, p. 262, 
b'". Back chestnut, contrasting with black 

head , 
nigriceps, p. 203, 

i>". Secondaries brown like back; primaries 
faintly checkered with white; back brown, 
with a scapular patch of glossy green. 


o'". A patch of glossy green on the sides of 
the breast , cucullata, p. 264* 
d'". A patch of blackish oxi the sides of the 
breast, not green scutata, p. 265-. 

b. 
Feet reddish; rump and upper tail-coverts straw-
yellow ; back brown \ head grey nana, p. 266. 
1. Spermestes Mcolor. 
Amadina bicolor, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 145; Allen fy Thomps. 
Biped. Niger, ii. p. 500 (1848); Fraser, Zool. Typ. pi. 50. figs. 2, 3 
(1849) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 54, 
no. 6748 (1870). 

Spermestes 
bicolor, Bp. Consp. i. p. 454 (1850) ; Kartl. Orn. W.~ 
Afr. p. 148 (1857); Reichenb. Singv. p. 36, Taf. xiii. figs. 112,113 
(1861) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 481; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 64 (1871); 
Shelley # Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 289; Sharpe, P. Z. & 1874, 

p. 306; BuUik. Notes Zeyden Mus. vii. p. 202 (1885), viii. p. 261 
(1886), x. p. 91 (1888) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 310. 
Adult Glossy greenish, black, tbe lesser and median wing-coverts 
like the back; greater coverts, quills, and tail-feathers black with 
greenish gloss externally; tbe inner secondaries with one or two 
tiny white dots (sometimes absent): head all round, throat, and fore 
neck glossy greenish black, which continues down the sides of the 
breast; remainder of the under surface pure white, except the 
thighs, which are black; the sides of the body mottled with black 
bars where the white adjoins the black, the feathers being black, 
white externally and at the ends; under wing-coverts and axillaries


PL0CEIDJ5. 

white, with a black patch near the outside of the wing: " hill blue; 
feet black ; iris black" (J. Bilttilcofer). Total length 3*5 inches, 
culmen 0*45, wing 2, tail 1-25, tarsus 0*5. 

Obs. Occasionally a white spot or two is visible on the outer webs 
of the secondaries. 

Young. Chocolate-brown, darker on the head; quills brown, with 
lighter brown edges ; tail-feathers blackish; throat, fore neck, and 
sides of body chocolate-brown, the breast and remainder of under 
parts whity brown. 

Ilab. West Africa, from Sierra Leone to Dahomey. 

a. Ad. sk, Sierra Leone (Dr. Clark). Sharpe Coll. 
b. Ad, sk. t Sierra Leone. Tweeddale Coll. 
c,d. Ad.etjuy.sk. Cape Palmas. L. Fraser [0.]. 
(Types of species.) 

e. Ad. sk. Elmina, April (J5T. F. Blissett). Sharpe Coll. 
f,g. Ad.etjuy.sk. Fantee. Sharpe CoU. 
h. Ad. sk. Fantee (H. T. Ussher). Shelley Cull. 
i Ad. sk. Ashantee. Gould Coll. 
h, I. Ad. sk. BiverVolta, Aug. (II. T. Ussher), Sharpe Coll. 
m. Ad. sk. River Volta (II T. Ussher). Shelley Coll. 
n, 
Ad. sk. Abouri, Aguapim, Feb. 23 Shelley Coll. 

(T.E.Buckley). 
o, p. Pull. sk. Abeokuta. F. Nicholson, Esq. 
[P.]. 

2. Spermestes punctata. 
Spermestes punctata, Heuglin, Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 594, note (1870). 
Spermestes poensis (nee Fraser), Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 04 (1^71). 

Adult. Intermediate between 8. bicolor and 8. poensis, but 
lacking the spots on the rump of the latter. The primaries are not 
checkered with white spots as in 8. poensis, but the secondaries are 
numerously checkered with white, which character separates the bird 
from 8. bicolor. Total length 3 inches, culmen 04 , wing 1*9, tail 1*1, 
tarsus 0*5. 


Eab. West Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. Cameroons. 
Sharpe CoU. 
3. Spermestes poensis. 
Amadina poensis, Fraser, P. Z. S. 184% p. 145 ; Allen fy Thomps. 
Fxpe.d. Niger, ii. p. 500 (1848) ; Fraser, Zool. Typ. pi. 50. fig. 1 
(1849); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849); id. Hand-l B. iL p. 54, 
no. 6747 (1870). 

Spermestes 
poensis, Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 454 (1850); EartL Orn. 
W.-Afr. p. 148 (1857); Cass. Pr. PMad.Acad. 1859, p. 188; Mont 

P. Z. S. 1860, p. Ill; Reichenb. Singv. p. 86, Taf. xiii. fig. Il l 
(1861),-Hartl. J.f.O. 1861, p. 250; Peichenow,J.f.O. 1875, 
p. 42, 1877, p. 29; Bocaye, Orn. Angola, p. 851 (1881); Oust. 
Now. Arch. Mus. (2) ii. Bull p. Il l (1879); Shelley, Ibis. 
1886, p. 309. 
Adult. ^ Similar to 8. bicolor, but not so greenish, and differing 
in the white bars on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, 

15 . SPEBMESTES. 
20a 

and the white checkered spots on the outer edges of the miiik 
Total length 3*7 inches, oulmon 0*45, wing 2-L, tail Hf>,tarHUB 0-5. 
Mab. West Africa, from Angola to Gaboon and Fernando Po. 
a, b, c. Ad. sk. Fernando Po (X. Fraser). Jtyton Coll (Typerf 

•, n -i i ^ 
oi'speciea) 
d. ? 
ad. sk. Fernando Po. Purchased. 
«. Ad. sk. Gaboon. H. T. Anwll, Ksn. 
/. Ad. sk Gaboon. Sharne OoIL 

g. Ad. sk. Gaboon (JDu Chaittu). Shelby Coll. 
A,». Ad. et imm. Gaboon (DM Chailhi). Tweecfdale Coll. 
sk. 

*• ? ad-sk- Landana, Congo (Dr. J&MCCM). Shelley Coll. 

J. Ad. sk. Benibe, Angola. Monteiro Cull. 
4. Spermestes aigriceps. 
Spermestes nigriceps, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1852, p. IHo. 
- 
Spermestes rufodorsalis, Peters, J.f.O. 180rt, p. 401; C«ft.t» Few 
der Deckers Em. iii. p. 30 (1809) ; JftWi ^ Hurt!. Vntf. ihtnfr. 
p. 438 (1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 01 (1S71); Ct!h. J\ f O. 
1878, p. 230; Gurney, Ibis, 1881, p. 128; liohn, J. f. O. iMtt, 
p. 184; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 450 (lssf) • FLvkrf 
Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 323 (1884);' id J", f. 0. 18 V>, p. UO; 
Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 309. 
Amadina punctipennis, J?j'awc. #/?«?. Zool. Musamb. fasc. xviii. p. 323. 
pi. 41. fig. 1 (1867). 
Amadina nigriceps, Gray, IIand4. B. ii. p. 54, no. 0750 (1*70). 

Adult female. General colour above chestnut, the rump and upper 
tail-coverts black, barred and spotted at the tips of the feathers 
with white ; wing-coverts chestnut-brown, the inner ones like the 
back; the median-coverts with a pale btreak near the ends ; outer 
greater coverts, bastard-wing, and primary-coverts dusky blackish, 
edged with chestnut-brown; quills black, minutely spotted with white 
on the outer web, producing a barred appearance, the inner Beeondaries 
externally rufous brown, the inneriuobt chestnut like the 
back; tail-feathers black; crown of head, hind neck, lores, bides of 
face, ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, sides of neck, and fore neck black ; 
breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts white; Bides of body mid 
flanks black, spotted and barred with white; thighs black, internally 
white; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the ed^e of 
the wing mottled with black; quills below blackish, ed^ed with 
ashy, whitisTi towards the base. Total length 3*1 inches, culmen 
0*35, wing 1*85, tail 1*2, tarsus 0*5. 

Adult male. Similar to the female. Total length 3*3 inches, 
culmen 0*4, wing 1*85, tail 1-15, tarsus 0*5. 
Hah. East Africa, from the Zanzibar region down to Natal. 

a. Jad.sk . Mombasa. Kev. A. Buxton [0.]. 
I * ad. sk. Mombasa (Von der Dechen). bharpe OOLI. 
c rf iuv. sk. Zanzibar ( Von der Becken). bharpo I oil 
d Ad sk. Kibe (JR. C. JZamsham). fchdley C oil. 
I 5 ad. sk. Durban, Natal, Aug. 27 (T. Z, Shelley Coll 
Ay res). 

PLOCEIDJk 

2U 

5, Spermestes cueuHata* 

Spermestes cucullata, Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 201 (1837); Sp. 
Consp. i. p. 454 (1850) ; Cab. MILS. Sein. Th. 1. p. 173 (1850); 
MM. Descr. Nouv. Ois. Afr. pt. iv. pL 16 (lfc54): Hartl. Orn. U'.-
Afr. p. 147 (1857); Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 185% p. 138; 
Hartl J.f. 0. 1861, p. 259; Reichenb. Singv. p. 37, Taf. xiii 
ffrs. 114,115 (1861); JDohm, P. Z. S. 1&66, p. 329; Keidmi. Onze 
Vog. i. pi. 43 (1869) ; 6'toy^, ite , 1869, p. 192 ; id. Cat. Afr. B. 

p. (54 (1871, pt.); >S'M% # Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 289 ; tlsiher, 
Ibis, 1874, p. 69 ; Meichen. J.f. 0. Ib75, p. 42 ; Sharpe 4* Soulier, 
Bidl Soc, Zool France, i. p. 49 {lfc7oj ; Oi^t. Xouc. Arch. Mus. 
(2) ii. Bull. p. Ill (1879) ; Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxxl p. 152 
(1881); Hartl Ahhmidl not. Ver. Bremen, liii. p. 202 (lb83); 
Forties, Ibis, 1883, pp. 505, 508, 517 ; Shelley* t. r. p. 553 ; Buttik. 
Notes Leyclen Mus. viii. p. 201 (18^0); Harteri, J. f. 0. lbrf, 
p. 584; Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 309 (pt.). 
Loxia prasipteron, Less. 2in\ Zool 1839, p. 104. 
Amadina cucullata, Swidev. (Efv. K. Vet.-AMd. Stochh. 1849, p. 159 ; 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849); id. HmuU. B. ii. p. 54; no. 0746 
(1870). 
Adult male. General colour above ashy brown : lower back and 
rump barred with dusky brown and whitish, the feathers being 
tipped with whitish with a subterminal bar of blackish or dusky 
brown; scapulars glossy steel-green, forming a shoulder-patch ; 
lesser wing-coverts brown, with a slight shade oi glos.vv green ; 
median and greater coverts brown, edged with ashy whitibh at the 
ends; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills brown, fringed with 
lighter brown, the primaries margined v, ith hoary white: upper 
tail-coverts ashy grey; tail-feathers blackish ; crown of head glossy 
steel-green; nape and hind neck uniform brown; lores, sides t>f 
face, feathers round eye, ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat blackish, 
with a purplish bronzy or greenish gloss; sides of neck brown, as 
also the hinder ear-coverts and sides of hinder crown; fore neck and 
ehest rather browner than the throat; breast and abdomen pure 
white; sides of body and flanks mottled, brown, broadly tipped with 
white, before which is a line or shade of glossy green like the shoulder-
patch ; thighs brown, edged with white; under tail-coverts white, 
crossed with a few zigzag bars of blackish brown ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries isabelline buff, the coverts near the edge of 
the wing more dusky; quills below dusky, isabelline along the inner 
edge: "bill black; feet dark brown; iris clear brown" (Hartert). 
Total length 3*6 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*0, tail 1*2, tarsus 0-45. 

After the nesting-season the colours of the male become somewhat 
worn and the throat especially is browner, with less gloss. Probably 
only old birds have the scapular patch entirely green, as many males 
have only a small patch of brown with green tips to the feathers. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but rather browner; the 
scapulars brown with glossy green tips. Total length 3*5 inches, 
culmen 0*4, wing 1*8, tail 1*2, tarsus 0*45. 

Bah. West Africa, from Senegambia to the Congo, and extending 
across to Equatorial Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. W. Africa, Purchased, 
1-5. SJPERMESIES. 
2(15 

b. Ad. j c. Juv. sir. River Gambia. Sliarpe Coll. 
d. Ad. sk. Batlmrst, Gambia River (Z. Tweeddale Coll. 
Zaglaize), 
e, f. Ad.; g. Juv. Ashantee. Gould Coll. 
sk. 

h. Ad. sk. Elmina (JET. F Blissett). Sharpe Coll. 
t. Ad. sk. Elmina, April (If. F Blissett). Shelley Coll. 
k. 
Ad. ; /. Juv. Cape Coast Castle, Feb. and Shelley Coll. 
sk. March (0. E. S.) 
m. Ad. sk. Fantee (JET. T. Usther). Sharpe Coll. 
n, o, p. Ad. sk. Accra, Sharpe Coll. 
q. Ad. sk. Accra, April (J. Smith). Shelley Coll 
r. Ad. sk. River Volta (II rA Utsher). Sharpe Coll. 
s. Ad. sk. River Volta (U. T. Ussher). Shelley Coll. 
t. Juv. sk. Lokoja, R. Niger (W. A. F). Forbes Coll. 
v. Juv. sk. Cameroons. 
Sharpe Coll. 
v. Ad sk. Gaboon (Du Chaillu). Tweeddale Coll 
w, Ad. sk. Gaboon (Du Chailht). Sharpe Coll. 
x. Ad. sk. Landaua, Congo (Z, Petit). Shelley ColL 
?/. 
(5 ad. sk. ^ llimo, Equatorial Africa, Shelley Coll. 
,'~* Aug. 20 (Emin Pasha). 

6. Spermestes scutata. 
Coccothratistes scutatus, Ileugl Sysf. Uebers. p. 89 (descr. nulld). 
Spermebtes cucullata (neo Sivains.), Mouteiro, Ibis, 1802, p. 835; 
HartL P. Z. S. 1863, p. 106; Peters, J.f 0. 1863, p. 401; Scl 

P. Z. S. 1864, p. 110 ; Marti. P. Z. 8 1867, p. 820; Sperling, Ibis, 
1868, p. 200; Ileugl. J.f.O. 1862, p. 1; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. 
p. 593 (1870), iv. App. p. exxxv (1871); SaUad. Atti M. Accad. 
Torino, v. p. 743 (1870); Finseh fy HartL Vdg. Ostafr. p. 436 
(1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 64 (1871, pt.); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 
Ib73, p. 715 ; JB. Neivton, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 299; Shelley, P. Z. S. 
1871), p. 677 ; Cab. J.f.O. 1878, p. 230; Fischer $ Reichen. t. c. 
p. 266; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 587; Boeage, Orn. Angola, p. 350 
(1881, pt); Bohm, J.f O. 1883, p. 184; Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. 
Orn. i. p. 323 (1S84) ; id. J.f.O. 1885, p. 136; Salvad. Ann. Mus. 
Civ. Genov. (2) i. p. 179 (1884); Sehabw, J.f.O. 1887, p. 242; 
W. Ayres, Ibis, 1887, p. 60; Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 309 (pt.) ; Milne-
Edwards $ Oust N. Arch, Mus. (2) x. p. 272 (1889). 
Spermestes scutatus, Ileugl J. f O. Ib63, p. 18; Cab. in Von der 
Decken's Beis. iii. p. 30 (1869). 
Amadina, sp.; Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 321. 
Estrelda cucullata (nee Swains.), Gitmey, Ibis, 1865, p. 162,1868, 

p. 46. 
Adult male. Similar to S. cucu2lata,but distinguished by the want 
of the metallic green on the sides of the body, which have only a 
blackish patch. Total length 3-6 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 1-9, 
tail 1*2, tarsus 0-5. 

Young. Different from the adults. General colour above chocolate-
brown ; wing-coverts and quills dusky brown, edged with dull 
reddish brown ; upper tail-coverts rather more dusky brown than 
the back; tail-feathers blackish; crown of head and sides of face 
and ear-coverts dusky brown, inclining to sooty black; cheeks and 
throat more ashy brown ; remainder of under surface of body pale 

266 
PL0CEID.3S. 

reddish brown, the abdomen isabelline; thighs dull ashy brown ; 

under tail-coverts light reddish brown, washed with dull ashy brown 

at the ends; """under wing-coverts and axillaries isabelline buff; 

quills below dusky, ashy isabelline along the inner web: "bill 

black; legs grey; iris brown " (T. L. Ayres). 

Both sexes appear to be alike in plumage when young, and they 

apparently gain the full plumage by a direct moult. Mr. T. L. 

Ayres has sent young specimens in full moult procured in April 

and July. 

Hah. South Africa from Natal to the Zambesi, extending across 

to South-west Africa and the Congo, where it meets with the allied 

S. cucullata. It likewise extends all over Eastern Africa to the 
Equatorial Lake regions, as far as "Western Abyssinia. Introduced 
to the Comoro Islands. 
a. Ad. sk. Newcastle, Natal (Capt. Sauik SlieHey Coll. 
Eeid). 
b. <$ ad. ; c, d. $ Durban, Natal (Oordge). Shelley Coll. 
ad. sk. 
«,/. 6 ? ad.; Durban, Nov. (T. L. Ayres). Shelley Coll. 

g. d jttv. sk. 
h-l. d ; m-t. $ Pinetown, Natal, Feb.-April, Shelley Coll. 
ad. et imm. sk. July, Oct. (T. L. Ayres). 


u. 
$ ad.; v9 w. $ Mozambique; March, April. Dr. Gueinzius [C.]. 
juv. sk. 
£* $ juv. sk. Shupanga, Shire Biver, April Livingstone Exped. 
(Sir J. Kirk). 


y. Ad. sk. Zambesi Kiver (Dr. Metier). Tweeddale Coll. 
z, a'. Ad. sk, Zanzibar, Dec. (Von der Sharpe Coll. 
Declcen). 
b'. Ad. sk. Zanzibar (Sir J. Kirk). Sharpe Coll. 
c', d'j e'. Ad. sk. Pangani liiver (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll. 

/,/.Ad.; h\ Juv. Mombasa (Eev. J. Wakefield). Sharpe Coll. 
sk. 
i',k'. c?ad. etjuv. N'dura, Teita, Aug. H.C.V. Hunter, Esq. 

sk. [P.]. 
I'. <5 ad. sk. Ambucarra, Shoa (Eagazzi). Shelley Coll. 
m\ Ad. sk. Angola (J. J. Monteira). Sharpe Coll. 
n'. Ad. sk. Angola. Monteiro Coll. 
o'. Ad. sk. Quilombo, Angola, July (A. Shelley Coll. 

Heath).
p', q\ Ad. sk. Kabinda, R. Congo, Aug. Commander Sperling 
[P.]. 
r\ sr. Ad. sk. Joanna Island (Sir J, Kirk). Shelley Coll. 

f. 
Ad. sk. Great Comoro Island (Sir J. Shelley Coll. 
Kirk). 
7. Spermestes nana. 
Ilalalavie, Flacourt, Hist Madag. p. 166 (1GC1). 
Le Petit Marteau, Sganzin, M4m. Soc. Mus. cPHist, Nat. Strasb* 
1840, p. 28. 
Pyrrhula nana, Fueher. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 52 j id. Mag. de ZooL 
pi. Iviii. (1845) j Hartl. Ann. $ Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) ii. p. 390 (1848). 
Spermestes nana, Bp. Consp. i. p. 454 (1850); Hartl J. f. O. I860, 

p. 105 j id. Faune Madag. p. 56 (1861); S. Koch | E. Newt. 
Ibis, 1862, p. 275; Scl. P. 2. S. 1863, p. 163; E. Nezvt. Ibisf 
16 . AMATJRESTHEfl. 
207 

1863, p. 350 ; Vim. Voy. Madag. Ann. B, p. 2 (18tW); A Mw*. 

P. <£ 8. 1805, p. 8M; tfc/*/. l\ Z. AV. LS(5(5, p. 424; 6'mwW. AVr. 
etMag.deZool.lM7, p. 88i); AW*/. # 7W/.ftnmfi-Matiw;.,<>i*. 
p. 107(1808); S/tarpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. Oi (1*71); Hark Vog. 
Madag. p. 210 (1877J; Milne-Edward* § Uramlid, Hint. Nat. 
Madag., Ois. p. 455, pi. clxxvii. a. fig. 4, pi cUxxiii, tig^. I, 2 
-4dtoft male. General colour above brown, the lower rump and 
upper tail-coverts straw-yellow; wing-coverts like the buck ; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown, the inner HOCOIIdaries 
like the back; tail-feathers blackish brown; crown of head 
dark ashy grey, contrasting slightly with the back ; lores black ; 
feathers round eye and sides of face ashy grey, the car-cove its a 
little browner; cheeks pearly grey; throat black; remainder of 
body from the lower throat downwards light tawny brown, with an 
ashy shade over the fore neck and breast; abdomen paler and more 
Mvescent; under tail-coverts dusky blackish, with broad oehreousbuff 
margins ; under wing-coverts light tawny but!; quills below 

dusky, ashy along the inner edge: " upper mandible black, the 

lower one whitish ; feet flesh-colour ; iris brown " {Pollt n). 

Total length 3*6 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 1*8, tail 1*2, tarsus 0*5. 

The adult female is similar to the male, but wTants the black chin 

(Grandidier). 

Young, Browner than the adults, the head like the back ; sides 

of face brown ; cheeks and under surface of body light tawny brown, 

paler and more ashy on the throat. 

Hal. Madagascar, Mayotte, Great Comoro. 

a. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Sir A. Smith [0.]. 
b, c. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Sharpe Coll 
d. Ad. sk. Madagascar. 
Mr. Gemini [0.|. 
e. Ad. sk. Madagascar (Capt. Betoshcr). Shelley Coll. 
/ . Ad. sk. Madagascar. Shelley Coll. 
g, h. Ad. et Ankafana Forest, Betsileo, Shelley Coll. 
juv. sk. 
March & April (IF. Deans 
Cowan), 


i. Q iuv. sk. Ankafana, March. Rev. W. Deans 
"•" J Cowan [C. j. 
16. AMAUEESTHES. Typ0 t 
Amauresthes, Reichenb. Singv. p. 86 (1861), A. Mngilioides. 

Range. Confined to Africa. 

1. Amauresthes fringilloides. 
Ploceus fringilloides, Lafr. Mag. de Zf<}mq):^\Am . mrf, 
Amadina fringilloides, Gray, Gen. B. IL p. 3<> (184JI, Ilmtl. 

no 6752

P. Z. S. 1867, p. 826; Gray, Han<U. 2-*-ft*h« (l8'°>-
Munia fringilloides, Bp. Camp. Av. i. p. 4o«3 (1850). 
VLQCmDJi*.

2(>8 

Spormestcs frhigilloides, Hartl Orn. W.-Afr. p 147 (185/); e^. 

P.Z.S. 1867, p. 820; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 64 (1871); Oust 
Nonv. Arch. Mus. (2) ii. Bull p. 112 (1879); Biittih Notes Leyd. 
Mm. viii. p. 261 (1886), x. p. 91 (1888); Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 308. 
Amaurestliea 
fringilloides, Beichenh. Sinyv. p. 86, pi. 44. fig. 322 
(1861); Finsch $ Bartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 434 (1870) ; Fischer $ 
Ueichen. J.f.O. 1878, p. 265; iid. 1879, p. 352; Buttih, Notes 
Leyd. Mus. vii. p. 201 (1885). 

Adult male. General colour above chocolate-brown, the upper 
back varied with light rufous tips to the feathers and pale linear 
apical shaft-stripes; scapulars with whitish shaft-lines ; rump and 
upper tail-coverts glossy blue-black ; wing-coverts chocolate-brown, 
the median series with white shaft-streaks ; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills brown; tail-feathers black, the outer feathers 
fringed with white along the inner web; crown of head and hind 
neck black with a steel-green gloss, as well as the lores, sides of 
face, ear-coverts, cheeks, sides of neck, and throat; remainder of 
under surface from the fore neck downwards white; sides of breast 
with a purplish-black patch; sides of body with a large patch of pale 
chestnut, the outer feathers of which are streaked with black and 
margined with white ; flanks white ; thighs black, white internally ; 
under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries isabelline 
buff; quills below dusky, deep isabelline along the inner edge: " upper 
mandible dark brownish black, the lower mandible horny greyish 
blue, with the point and edges darker; feet horny blackish; iris 

brownish red" (67. A. Fischer). Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 
0*6, wing 2-35, tail 1-35, tarsus 0-55. 

The specimen described was shot by Mr. T. L. Ayres near Pine-
town in Natal, on the 30th of June, and is probably in full winter 
plumage. A specimen procured by the same gentleman on the 
5th of February differs in some minor particulars. The centre of 
the back is pale, but does not show the rufous barring of the other 
male, caused by the pale tips to the feathers, but every feather has a 
distinct pale shaft-streak; the chestnut flank-patch is very pale, 
and the gloss on the head and throat is duller. The differences of 
plumage are doubtless only duo to the fact that the bird procured 
in February is rather faded after the breeding-season. 

Hob. The greater part of Africa, excepting the north-east, southwest, 
and south of the continent. 

a. $ ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk.
c. Juv. sk.
d. e. Juv. sk. 
West Africa. 
West Africa. 
River Gambia. 
River Gambia. 
' 
Sharpe Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Purchased. 
/,</•<$;&•$ Zanzibar, April {G. A. Shelley ColL 
ad. sk. Fischer), 
i, k. cS ad. sk. Pinetown, Natal, Feb., June(T7 . L. Ayres), 
Shelley ColL 

17 . OKTTGOSPIZA. 20 0 
17. ORTYGOSPIZA, 
Ortygospiza, Sundev. <Efv. It Vet.-Akad. Stockh. 18/50, ^ 
p. 98 M . . . n 
i 

Mange. Confined to Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

f White on the chin and round the eve poli/zona, p. 2(10, 

o. JNo white on chin or round the eye, both these 
parts being black atricollis, p. 270. 
1. Ortygospiza polyzona. 
Fringilla polyzona, Temm. PI. Col. iii.pl. 221.fig. 3 (1823): llvtwl 
Syst. ZTebers. p. 40 (1856). 

Amadina polyzona, Hupp. Neue Wirb.,Jrog. p. 101 (1835-40); id. 
Syst. Uebers. p. 77 (1845); Earth Orn. IV.-Afr.v. 148(1857, 
pt.); Blanf. Geol. $ Zool. Abyss, p. 408 (1870). 

Estrelda polyzona, JDes Murs in Lefebvre's Toy. Ahjss. p. 117 (1845) • 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 3G8 (1849); Licht. NomencL Av. p. 48 (1854); 
Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 198(1807); Gurney, Ibis, 1808, p. 102; 
Layard, Ibis, 1809, p. 370; Gray, Rand-l B. ii. p. 57, no. 0798 
(1870) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 355. 

Ortygospiza polyzona, Sundev. CEfv. K Vet.-Akad. Fork Stoekh. 
1850, p. 98; Bp. Consp. i. p. 455 (1850) ; Reichenb. Singv. p. 2(5, 
Taf. vii. fig. 66 (1801); Ayres, Ibis, 1863, p. 329; Sharpe, Cat. 
Afr. B. p. 66 (1871); Ayres, Ibis, 1873, p. 282, 1878, p. 297, 
1880, p . 107; Sharpe in Oaiei Matabele-Ld. App. p. 321 (1881); 
id. ed. Bayards B. S. Afr. p. 457 (1884) ; Butler, Peilden, cV Beid, 
Zool 1882, p. 299 ; Sahad. Ami. Mm. Genov, (2) i. p. 179 (1884); 
Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 337; Reichen. J.f O. 1887, p. 71. 

Ortygospiza fuscocrissa, Ileuyl. J.f O. 1803, p. 18. 

Adult male. General colour above brown, slightly mottled with 
darker brown centres to the feathers; wing-coverts dusky brown, 
fringed with ashy; the greater coverts rather darker; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills lighter brown, the first primary 
margined with white, the secondaries fringed with ashy like the 
coverts ; upper tail-coverts like the back ; tail-feathers brown, edged 
with lighter brown, the two outer ones wdth a white spot at the 
end of the outer web; crown of head like the back, tl e base of forehead 
black, extending backwards in a line above the eye, below this 
black line being a distinct white one ; lores blackish; eyelid and a 
streak below the eye white; ear-coverts and sides of neck dark ashy 
brown ; cheeks and feathers below the eye blackish, extending 
backwards over the fore part of the ear-coverts ; chin white; throat 
black ; fore neck ashy blackish, banded narrowly with white; 
breast light chestnut; abdomen isabelline ; sides of body and 
flanks brown, barred with white, each white bar having a corresponding 
bar of black; thighs fulvous; under tail-coverts pale 
tawny buff, with longitudinal black centres; under wing-coverts 


PLOCEID^. 

270 

and axillaries pale isabelline with a slight tawny tinge ; quills 
below dusky, ashy isabelline along the edge of the inner web : "bill 
crimson ; tarsus and feet very light brown ; iris light reddish hazel» 
(Aures).' Total length 3*4 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*1, tail 0*95, 

tarsus 0*6. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but wants the blacJi on the 
face and throat, these spots being dark ashy brown. The markings 
are the same as in the male, but the under surface of the body is 
paler and the bars browner and less pronounced ; " upper mandible 
black lower one red; tarsi and feet pale; iris light reddish hazel" 

(T. lyres). Total length 3*7 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*15, tail 
1*15, tarsus 0*6. 
Hah. South-oast Africa, through the interior of Eastern Africa 
to Abyssinia and on the west to Senegal. 

a. $ ad. sk. South Africa. Purchased. 
b\ c d ad. sk,
d. tf ad. sk.
e, f, c? ; 9-?
'ad. sk.
h, i $ ; k, I, m.
? ad.sk.
n. 9 ad. sk.
o.p. $ ad. sk.
q. 2 ad. sk.
r. 2 ad. sk.
s. 5 ad. sk. 
Eland's Post, S.E. Africa(T. C.Atmore), 
Eland's Post, S.E. Africa,
July (T. C. A.). 
Pinetown, Natal, Oct. (T. 
L. Ayres). 
Pinetown, Natal, July, Oct. 
(T.L.Ayres). 
Near Newcastle, Natal (F.
Oates). 
Newcastle, June, Oct. (A.
E. Butler), 
Potchefstroom, Transvaal,
April 15, 1878 (21 Ayres). 
Senaf6, Tigre, Abyssinia,
May 26,1878. 
Senegal. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
W. E. & C. G. Oates, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
Shelley Coll. 
Forbes Coll. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[C.]. 
M. L. Laglaize [C.]. 

2. Ortygospiza atricollis. 
Eringilla atricollis, Vieill N. Diet. xii. p. 182 (1817) : id. Enc. Mtth. 
iii. p. 990 (1823). 
Estrelda* atricollis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 369 (1849). 
Arnadina lunulata, JELartl. Orn. Westafr. p. 148 (1857, ex Temm. 
MSS.). 

Arnadina polyzona, Jffartl. Orn. Westafr. p. 148 (1857, pt.). 
Ortygospiza atricollis, Cass. JProc. PMlad. Acad. 1859, p. 138; 
JReickenb. Singv. p. 26 (1801); Keuql Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, 

p. 598 (1870), iv. App. p. exxxv (1871) ; Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. 
p. 325, note (1870); Shetteyjbis, 1886, p. 338; id. P. Z.S. 1888, p. 32. 
Arnadina atricollis, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 57, no. 6799 (1870). 
Arnadina lunulata, Gray, t. c. p. 57, no. 6800 (1870). 
? Ortygospiza polyzona, Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 352 (1881) ; Buttik. 
Notes Ley dm Mus. viii. p. 259 (1886). 

Adult male. Similar to the male of 0. polyzona, but distinguished 
by the entirely black throat and sides of face, which only show a 
few whitish plumelets round the eye. Total length 3*7 inches, 
culmen 0*35, wing 2-1, tail 0-9, tarsus 0*5, 

18 . LAGOETOSTICTA. 
Adult female. Differs from the female of 0. polyzona in tho same 
way as the male, viz. by the entirely black face and chin. Total 
length 4'1 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 2-05, tail 0-95, tarsus 0'55. 

Hah. West Africa, from the Niger to Angola, extending across 
to Equatorial Africa. 

a. 5 ad. sk. Lokoja, K. Niger (W. A. F.). Forbes Coll. 
b, c. $ § ad. sk. Gaboon (DuChaillu). Sharpe Coll. 
d, e, f. S $ ad. Redjaf, Equatorial Africa, Emin Pasha [P.], 
et juv. sk. Nov. & Jan. 

18. LAGONOSTICTA. 
Type. 
Lagonosticta, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 171 (1850) L. rubricata. 
Hypargns, Reichenb. Singv. p. 21 (1861) L. margaritata. 
Mormolycia, Reichenb. t. c. p. 07 (1801) L. larvata. 
Rhodopyga, Seugl. J.f.O. 1808, p. 13 L. rhodopsis. 
Lychnidospiza, Ileugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. iv. App. 

p. cxxxvii (1871) L. rara. 
Tail of Lagonosticta rubricata. 

Range. Confined to Africa. 

Key to tlie Sjpecies. 

With no black on head or throat. 
a'. With crimson or scarlet on the throat. 

a". Red on throat confined to a triangular patcb; 
remainder of head and throat grey ; under 
surface of body chestnut-brown, thickly 
spotted and barred with white, including 
the under tail-coverts monteiri, p. 273. 

b". Entire throat and chest rosy or crimson, or 
tinged with the latter colour. 
a"'. Breast and sides of body black, thickly 
spotted with ovate spots of white. 
a4. Spots of breast smaller and snow-
white niveiguttata, p. 274. 
b\ Spots of breast larger and shaded with 
pink margaritata, p. 275, 

272 
PLOCEIDJE. 

b"'. Breast and sides of body crimson or rosy, 
with or without tiny white spots or bar*. 
e4. Under tail-coverts not black. 
a3. Bill red in life, yellow in skin with 
black culmen. 
a8. Plead crimson like the back. 
a7, Ko white spots on the sides of 
the breastb7. With tiny white spots on the 
sides of the breast¥. Head brown or ashy brown, not 
washed with rosy or orimsun. 
c7. With no bars, but spots on the 

senegtdu, p. 275. 
minim*, p. 278. 

breast; throat and breast pink. bnmnn'eeps} p. 277. 

* 
cf. With tiny white bars on the 
fore neck and breast; throat and 
breast rosy nifopicta^ p. 27b. 

e. Throat and breast thickly spotted 
with white in the form ot large 
rounded dots
¥. Bill blackish ; general colour below 
ashy, the belly and under tail-covertb 
whitish ". ,

d*°. Under tail-coverts black. 
c5. Bill black, or with a paler base to the 
lower mandible. 
c8. Head not washed with crimson. 
f7. Head and back of the same 
colour. 

a9. Head and b^ck dark slatecolour 
; a distinct crimen 
eyebrow

58. Head and back h'trht slaty 
grey; no crim-on eyebrow,
g7. Head slaty grey; back brown..
d6. Head strongly washed w ith crimson, 
h7. Back also washed with crimson 
like the headt1, Back browner, washed with 
crimson. 
eq. Deep crimson below, with distinct 
white spots on the sides 
of the breast

d?, Rosy pink or pale crimson 
below, with no white spots 
on sides of breast

€?5. Bill yellow, with black tomia andtip; back brown; head washed with 
crimson.,

b'. With no crimson on the throat, which is pearly 
grey. 
c". Tail red ,
d". Tail black. 

<?'". 
Lower abdomen and under tail-coverts 
light grey

 nitidnla, p. 271). 

rhodopxis* p. 270. 

polio/wfa, p. 2N0. 

congira, p. 2<l. 

rubricata, p. 2^1. 

rara, 
p. 2^2, 

rhodoparia, p. 2o2. 
jamemni7 p. 283. 

' 
landan&j p. 283. 

emrulescem, p. 284. 

ineana^ p. 284. 

18 . LAGKOTOSTICTA. 
d'". Lower abdomen and under tail-coverts 
black peiTeini, p. 285. 

b. With black on the face and throat. 
c'. Black of head and throat surrounded by red. 
e", Black of crown confined to forehead j chest 
red, with no white spots on the sides ... . vinacea, p. 286. 
/' . Front half of crown and lower chest black, 
writh white spots on sides of chest larvata, p. 286. 
cT. Black of head surrounded by grey; forehead, 
crown, mantle, and breast uniform grey, with 
white spots on the sides of the chest niyricollis, p. 286. 

1. Lagonosticta monteiri. 
Pytelia monteiri, 
Sartl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. Ill, pi. 161; Peichenb. 
Singv. p. 25 (1861); Sharpe § Boimer, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 

i. p. 809 (1876); Peichen. J. /. 0. 1877, p. 29; Eartl Abhandl 
not. Ver. Bremen, viii. p. 203 (1882). 
Zonogastris monteiri, Ileugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 624, note (1870). 
Estrilda monteiri, Gray, lland-l B. ii. p. 53, no. 6735 (1870). 
Hypargus monteiri, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 318; id. P. Z. S. 1888, 

p. 30. 
Pytelia stictolsema, Peichen. J.f. 0.1887, pp. 213, 305, 308. 
Adult male (type of species). General colour above brown, the 
wings like the back; quills externally like the back; rump and 
upper tail-coverts crimson ; tail-feathers black ; head and hind neck, 
including the sides of the face, car-coverts, cheeks, and throat, dark 
slaty grey, with a triangular mark of crimson down the centre of 
the latter; remainder of under surface of body chestnut-brown, 
mottled all over with bar-liko spots of white; under tail-coverts 
barred with chestnut-brown and white. Total length 4*7 inches, 
culmen 0*5, wing 2*2, tail 1*8, tarsus 0-65. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but rather duller in colour, 
and wanting the crimson throat-patch, which is represented by a 
median broad streak of white slightly tinged with red on the lower 
throat. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2-25, tail 1-75, 
tarsus 0*7. 

Young male. Differs from the adult in being more dingily 
coloured and in not being spotted below. The throat is uniform 
slaty grey without any sign of the crimson patch, and the fore neck, 
breast, and sides of body are uniform tawny buff without any white 
spots, and the under tail-coverts are slightly barred with white. 

Hah. KE. and W. Africa ; Upper White Nile, about 5° N. lat.; 
and from Angola to the Loango Coast. 

a. S ad. sk. Bembe, Angola. Monteiro Coll. 
b, c. <J 2 ad« sk-
d. <$ ad. sk. 
Landana, Congo, June (Petit). 
Leopoldville, Upper Congo,
Dec. 
(Type of species.) 
Shelley Coll. 
E. Bohndorff [C.]. 
e. cJ imm, sk. Kudurma, Equatorial Africa, Shelley Coll. 
Nov. 11 (JEmin Pasha). 
VOL. XIII. i T 

274 PXOCEIDJS. 
f. d iuv. sk.
{. J id. ak.
1 $ ad. ak. 
Foda, Nov. 
Tin^asi, Sept. 23 
Tanjimoro, Oct. 5. 
|toan Pasha TP. 
fn m Pasha fe 
Emm Pasha [P. 

2. Lagonosticta niveiguttata. 
Spermo&piza guttata {nee V.), Biane. Spec. Zool Mvsamh fasc. sviiL 
p. 320 (1867). 
Spermophaga niveiguttata, itafe/-*, J.f 0. 1868, p. 133; Cab. J.f O. 
1878, p. 230; J&jc^w. •/"./. O. 1887, p 309. 
Ebtrilda niveiguttata, Gray, HancU. B. li. p. 52, no. 6727 (1870). 
Ilypargus niveiguttatus, Fimch $ Marti. Vdg. Ostafr. p. 448 (1870) ; 

Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 558, pL 52. fig. 2 j Fischer, ZeiUchr. yes. 
Orn. i. p. 323 (1884); Sharps, eel. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 477 
(1884) j Fischer, J f 0. 1885, p. 135; Matschie, J.f. 0. 1877, 

pp. 143, 154. 
Adult. General colour above warm chocolate-brown, with a wash, 
of crimson on the hind neck and back; rump and upper tail-coverts 
dark crimson; wing-coverts like the back, with a tinge of crimson 
on their margins; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky 
blackish, externally brown like the back; centre tail-feathers dull 
crimson, the remainder black, externally dull crimson; crown of 
head dark ashy, contrasting with the back; lores, eyebrow, sides of 
face, ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, and chest deep crimson; remainder 
of under surface black, the sides of body plentifully spotted with 
large rounded spots of white; a slight wash of crimson visible on 
the black underparts here and there, especially on the under tail-
coverts ; under wing-coverts white, with a dusky patch near the 
edge of the wing ; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge : 
" bill bluish grey, the point, culmen, and cutting-edges of upper 
mandible as well as the tip of the lower mandible black ; feet leadcolour, 
claws brownish; iris brown" (Gr. A. Fischer). 
Adult female (?). Browner than the male, especially on the sides 
of the head and throat, the latter being brown, washed with crimson9 
the fore neck becoming entirely crimson, but much duller than in 
the male, as is the red colour of the upper tail-coverts and tail; 
breast browner, slightly tinged with red, and spotted with white., 
the white spots having a black line above and below. 
Young (?). Browner than the adults, the head only a little more 
ashy; the throat and chest tawny brown, with a little crimson on 
the latter; breast and abdomen ashy brown, spotted with white, 
each white spot bordered with black above and below. 
The above description may be found to apply to the adult female, 
and the bird which I suppose to be the old female may be after all 
a young male, just getting his crimson throat. 
Hob. East Africa, from the Lake districts and Zanzibar to 
Inhambane. 

a. Imm. sk. East Africa. Sharpe OoIL 
b, c. Ad. sk. Pangani (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll. 
18. LAGONOSTICTA.
d, e. Ad. et imm. Melinda (Sir J. Kirk), Shelley Coll. 
/ . Ad. sk. Zambesi (Sir 7. Kirk). Sliarpo Coll. 
g. Imm. sk. Zambesi. Sir j . Kirk [P.]. 

3. Lagonosticta margaritata, 
Spermophaga margaritata, Strickl Ami. # Mar/. Nat Mint, xiii 
p. 418, pi. x. (1844); Salvin, Cat. Strickl. CW/.'p. 244) (1882). 
Spermophaga margarita, Bes Murs, Iconogr. Orn. pi. (54 (1848) ». 
Spermospiza margaritata, Gray, Gen. B. lii. yl/>^. p. 16 (1810). 
Habropyga margaritata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 461 (1850). 
Hypargus verreauxi, Reichenb. Singv. p. 22, Taf. vi. fig. 40 (1861). 
Hypargus margaritata, Fimch fy Ilartl. Vdtj. Ostafr. p. 440 (1870); 
Sharpe, eel Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 476 (1884); Shelley, Mis, 1886, 

p. 317. 
Estrelda margaritata, Gray, Iland-l B. ii, p. 52, no. 0726 (1870). 
Adult. The whole of the upper parts are rich ferruginous brown, 
except the quills, which are dusky within; the upper tail-coverts 
and outer margins of the rectrices dull vinous red, and their inner 
webs and apical portions black. The circuit of the eyes, cheeks, 
throat, and breast pale claret-red, rest of lower parts deep black, 
spotted next the breast and on the sides with large pearl-like spots 
the colour of peach-fr'ossom, of which two are placed transversely 
and subterminally on each feather. Total length 4*75 inches, 
culmen 0*5, wing 2*1, tail 2, tarsus 0*75. (Strickland.) 

Hal. Cape Colony. 

4. Lagonosticta senegala. 
Le Senegal! rouge, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 208, pi. x. fig. 2 (1700). 

Fringilla senegala, Linn. Syst. Nat i. p. 320 (1766). 

Le S6n6gali, Daubent. PI. Enl. iv. pi. 157. fig. 1; Month Mist Nat. 

Ois. iv. p. 99 (1778). 
Fire-bird, Brown, III Zool pi. 2, fig. 2 (1776). 
Senegal Finch, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 812 (1783). 
Fire Finch, Lath, t c. p. 318 (1783, ex Brown). 
Fringilla ignita, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 906 (1788, ex Brown). 
Estrelda senegala, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 368 (1840); Bp. Comp.i. 

p. 460 (1855); Eartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 143 (1857); Gray, IlamU. 
LagoSsIcta'ignita, Reichen..'Singv. p. 18, Taf. iv.fig. 36 (1861). 

Lagonosticta senegala, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 323 (pt.). 

Adult male. General colour above crimson, the back browner but 
washed with crimson; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
deep crimson; wing-coverts brown with crimson ^^^J^J " 
winl primarfcoverts, and quills brown, narrowly edged with olive-
Sown ; tail-feathers black, washed with deep crimson along the 

* Amadina verreauxi on the plate. 
T2 

PLOCEID-H. 

outer webs; crown of head, sides of face, ear-coverts, throat, and 
breast deep crimson, fading into brown on the abdomen, which, 
like the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts, is ochreous brown; 
under wing-coverts brown with silky-white bases; quills below 
dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total length 3*75 inches, 

cnlmen 04, wing 1*9, tail 1*3, tarsus 0*5. 
Eab. Senegambia. 
a. <$ ad« sk. River Gambia. ' Sharpe Coll 
b. cJ ad. sk. River Gambia. Shelley Coll. 

5. Lagonosticta minima. 
Le Petit Senggali rouge, Vieill Ois. Chant pi. 10 (1805). 
Fringilla minima, Vieill N. Diet d'Eist. Nat xii. p. 183 (1817). 
Estrelda minima, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 369 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. 


p. 460 (1850); Marti. Orn. Westafr. p. 144 (1857); Gray, Eand-l. 
J?, ii. p. 52, no. 6716 (1870). 
Lagonosticta minima, Cab. Mus. Hein, Th. i. p. 172 (1850); ReicTienb* 
Singv. p. 18, Taf. iv. figs. 34-37 (1861); Sharpe, Ibis, 1872, p. 72 ; 
Sharpe 8f Bonder, Bull. Soc. Zool France,!, p. 49 (1876)• Shelley, 
Ibis, 1883, p. 554. 

Lagonosticta 
senegala (nee L.), JReichenb. Singv. p. 18, Taf. iv. 
fig. 37 (1861). 

Adult male. Similar to L. senegala, but pink as a rule, never 
reaching such a fine crimson colour, and always distinguished by 
some tiny white spots on the sides of the breast: " feet dark fleslicolour 
; iris olive-brown ; eye-ring yellow " (W. A. Forbes). Total 
length 3*7 inches, cnlmen 0-4, wing 1*85, tail 1*35 tarsus 0*5. 

Adult female. Different from the male. Dark brown above, 
with crimson on the rump and upper tail-coverts; wings like the 
back; tail as in the male; sides of face brown, with a crimson 
loral spot• under surface of body ochreous brown, clearer ochreons on 
the abdomen, with white rounded spots on the sides of the breast: 
"bill rosy red, the cnlmen and symphysis black, shaded off on the 
upper mandible; feet fleshy brown; eye-ring yellow" (W. A. 
Forbes). Total length 3*5 inches, culmen 0-35, wing 1*75, tail 1*25, 
tarsus 0*5. • 

Captain Shelley considers that L. minima and L. senegala are trie 
same species. This is quite likely to be correct, as the white spots 
on the sides of the breast vary a good deal, and may perhaps 
disappear altogether with age, in which case L. senegala will turn 
out to be the very oldest stage of plumage. 
Eab. West Africa from Senegambia to the Niger. 

a. Ad. sk. W. Africa. 
Purchased. 
b. "Var. alb. sk. River Gambia. Purchased. 
c. d, <$ ad.; e. ? juv. sk. Dakar, Senegambia (L. Tweeddale ColL 
Laglaize). 
f. 5 ad. sk. Dakar (X. Laglaize). Sharpe Coll. 
g,h. J ad., tf juv. sk Eiver Gambia. Sharpe Coll. 
%. <f ad. sk. River Volta (E, T. Ussher\ Sharpe Coll. 
18 . LAGONOSTICTA. 
277 

h. J ad. sk. 
A. ^ ad.sk. EiTor Niger (Dr, ito&v). Sluil'pn (1oll, 
*, m. d 2 ad. sk. Lokoja, River Niger, Forbes Coll. 
, n , August (JF. A. F.). 

J ad sk

n'« West Africa. Riocour Ooll. 

6. lagonosticta brunneiceps. 
Fringilla senegala (w«j X.), X^ A Tf e Jhuhl p. 27 (1823). 
Estrilda minima (nee V.),Hiipp. Nkie IHrh, Vmh p. 101 (1835 JO): 
w*. %tf. Z7«Jera. p. 77 (1845); lleitgl, J. f. 0, 1801, p. 1J)5, 1802, 

p. 29,1864, p. 249,1808, p. 14; Marti. P. Z. S. 180,% p. 100; 8eL 
P. J£. & 1864, p. 110; Antin. Cat descrr. Uve. p. 71 (1801); 
p. 409 (1870). ' '' 
Fringilla (Estrelda) minima (nee V.\ lleuol Smt Uehers. p. -10 
(1856). \ f J J i 

Lagonosticta minima (nee V.), Brehm, Rein. Jlafosrfi, pp. 217, 310 
(1863); Hartm. J. f. O. 1803, p. 400; Cub. in lm der Deefu^s 
Bets, iii. p. 52 (1809); lleuql Oni. KG.-Afr. I p. 012 (1870); 
Sharjpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 143; id. Cat Afr.'B. p. 00 (1871, pt.); 

Gurney^n Anderss. B. Dam.-Zcl p. 170 (1872); Antin. b 8airad. 
Viagg. Bogos, p . 115 (1873) ; Cab. J. f. O. Is78, p. 230; /Aww/<-, 
Om -4«<7<?to, p . 363 (1881) • Stoyw, in OateJ Matahvle-Lmul 
App. p. 321 (1881); Shelley, P. Z 8. 1883, p. 588; id. Ibi',% 
1882, p. 356; Bohm, J. f. O. 1883, pp. 184, 201; Svhahw, 
t c. p. 363; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. 8. Afr. p. 470 (1884); Salvml 
Ann. Mm. Civ. Genov. (2)1. p. 177 (188*4); Fist her, Zeifsehr. //<>*. 
Om. i. p. 324 (1884) ; id. J. f. O. 188,5, p. 135; Matechie, J. f. O. 
1887, p. 143; Salmd. Ann. Mm. Civ. Genov. (2) \i. p. 27i) (IS'm). 

Pytelia minima (nee V.), Finsch, Trans. Z. 8. vii. p. 207 (1870); id. 
$ Mara. Vdg. Ostafr. p. 444 (1870). 
Lagonosticta senegala (nee Z.), Ai/res, Mm. 1887, p. 00; toheHet/, 

P. Z. S. 1888, p . 31. 
Adult male. Similar to L. senegala, but having tlio head always 
brown, without any crimson wash on the centre of crown and nape ; 
sides of the breast always spotted with white: " bill vinous red, 
the culmen and tomium dark grey; feet reddish grey ; iris reddish 
brown ; eyelids leaden grey, with a fine eye-ring of ochre-yellow " 

(E. Bohm). Total length 3-5 inches, culmon 0*4, wing 2, tail K55, 
tarsus 0-5. 
Adult female. Similar to the female of L. minima. Total length 
3*8 inches, culmen 035 , wing 2*1, tail 1*4, tarsus 0*5. 
% Hob. North-eastern Africa throughout Eastern Africa and the 
south-east and south-west portions of the continent. 

a, b. S 2 ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith. 

c. tf ad. sk. Pretoria (Pratt). Shelley Coll. 
d. 2 ad. sk. Rustenberg, E. Transvaal, Shelley Coll. 
Aug, 2 (W. Lucas). 
e,f. 2 ad. sk. Potehefstroom, Transvaal Sharpe Coll, 

(T. Ayres). 
g. h. S ad. sk. Crocodile River, July W. E. & C. G. Gates, 
(F. Oates). Esqs. [P.]. 
i9 h. $ 2 ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Expedition. 


PI00EID2B. 

Zambesi Kiver. Sir J. Kirk [P.]. 

/. $ ad. sk. 

Br. Gueinzius *C.]. 

m, n. <$ $ ad, sk. Mozambique. 

o. 
Jad.sk. Ondonga,Nov. 28 (G J Sharpe Coll. 
Andersson). 
p. 
$ ad. sk. Ovaquenyarna, Damara Land. Sbarpe Coll. 
May 20 (C. J. Andersson). 
q. cT ad. sk. Katenbella, Benguela (J. Sharpe Coll 
Sola). 
r, s. S ? ad- sk. Ujiji? Upper Congo, Aug. F. Bohndorff "C". 
t,u. <$ J ad. sk. Pangani, E. Africa (Sir J. Shelley Cull. ' 


Kirk). 

v. $ ad. sk. Lamu (Sir J. KirJz). Shelley Coll. 
i0. $ ad. sk.; v. <$ Skoa (Sir W. C. Harris). India Museum 
juv. 


y, § ad. sk. Dongolo, Tigre, May 18. W. T. Blanford, Esq. 

s, a'. <3 ad. et juv. Keren; Bogos Land (Ester), Sharpe Coll. 
sk. 


V. <$ ad. sk. Keren (Esler). Shelley ColL 
c\ $ ad. sk. Bejook, July 15 (W. Jesse). Sharpe Coll. 
«?'. <S ad. sk. Bejook, July 15 ( W. Jesse), Tweeddale ColL 
*'. § ad. sk. Maragaz? July 27 ( IF. Jesse). Tweeddale ColL 
f. <? ad. sk. Maragaz, July 27 ( W. Jesse). Sharpe Coll. 
#'. § ad. sk. Soudan (Capt. Vmmer). Shelley CuH. 
h\ $ ad. sk. Kibiro, Equatorial Africa, Emin "Pasha. 
Oct. 7. 

7. Lagonosticta rufopicta. 
Estrilda rufopicta, Eraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 27 ; Allen &e Thorns. Rip. 
Niger, ii. p. 501 (1848) ; Eraser, Zool Typ. pi. 51 (184i»); Marti 
Orn. W.-Afr. p. 143 (1857); Gray, iland-L B. ii. p. 52, no. 
6715 (1870); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1674, p. tfGtf; Furben, Ibis, 1683, 

p. 517. 
Estrelda rufopeetus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. SOS (1849). 
Lagonosticta (Estrelda) lateritia, Heugl. J.f. 0. 1804, p. 251. 
Estrelda lateritia, Heugl. J. f. 0.1808, p. 15; Gray, ITand-l. B. ii. 
p. o% no. 6720 (1870). 
Pytelia rufopicta, Finsch, J.f.O. I860, p. 3SG. 
Lagonosticta rufopicta, Heugl Orn. N.O*-Afr. i. p. 615 (1870); 
Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 192; id. Cat Afr. B. p. 06 (1&71); Shelley £ 
Buckley, Ibis^ 1872, p. 280; Ussier, Ibis, 1^74, p. 70; Pek. 
Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxxi. p. 152 (1881); Shelley, Ibis, 1863, 

p. 555; Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 822. 
Astrilda rufopicta, Hartl. Abhandl. not. Ver. Bremen, ?ii. p. 103 
(1881). 
Estrelda rubropicta, Forbes, Ibis, 1883, p. 532. 


Adult male. General colour above brown, the upper tail-coverts 
deep pink; wing-coverts brown like the back; quills dark brown, 
externally lighter brown like the back; tail-feathers brown, washed 
with dark pink towards the base of the outer web ; crown of head 
brown like the back ; base of forehead, lores, eyebrow, sides oi face, 
ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, and breast rosy pink, becoming paler on 
the abdomen, flanks, and thighs, which are pale brown washed with 
rosy pink; under tail-coverts oehreous white, the long ones brown 

18 . LAGONOSTICTA. 
with whitish edges; under wing-coverts ochreous; quills below 
dusky, ashy fulvous along the inner edge; on the fore neck and 
chest some tiny white spots or bars: ei bill violet-red, the culmen 
and genys black; bare eyelids yellow; iris pale dusky brown; feet 
dusky reddish" (Heuglin). Total length 3*8 inches, culmen 0*35, 
wing 1-95, tail 1-4, tarsus 0*55. 

Hal. West Africa from Sierra Leone to the Gold Coast and ISTiger 
districts, occurring also in Equatorial Africa and the Upper Nile. 

a. <$ ad. sk. West Africa. Purchased. 
b, <$ acl. sk. 
o. <$ ad. sk. 
Sierra Leone (Dr. Clark). 
Sierra Leone. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
d. Ad. sk. Ashantee. Gould Coll. 
e. $ ad. sk. 
f~i. S ad. sk. 
k, L (S ad. sk. 
Cape Coast Castle. 
Cape Coast Castle, March 
[G. E. S.). 
Cape Coast Castle, March 
(T. & Buckley). 
L. Fraser [C.]. 
(Type of species.) 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
m, n. <$ ad. sk. 
o. $ ad. sk. 
p. $ ad. sk. 
River Yolta (R. T. Ussher). 
River Niger. 
Abo, River Niger, August 
Sharpe Coll. 
Mrs. Ileywood [P.], 
Forbes Coll. 
q. S ad. sk. 
(W.J. F.).
Abutcki, River Niger (W. Forbes Coll. 

8. Lagonosticta nitidula. 
Lagonosticta nitidula, Hartl. Bull. Mus. Boy. d'Hist. Nat. Belg. iv. 
p. 145, pi. iv. rigs. 1, 2 (1886) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 46. 
Adult male. Above pale olivaceous dusky; eyebrows very 
narrowly joined in front, sides of head and throat pale vinaceons 
red; breast vinous red, thickly marked with minute rounded spots 
of white; abdomen more ashy, becoming gradually paler; rump 
and upper tail-coverts uniform with the back: tail uniform dusky 
brown; quills dusky ; under wing-coverts ochreous white; bill 
orange-reddish, the ridge of the bill darker. Total length 3*75 
inches, culmen 0*35, wing 2*05, tail 1*4, tarsus 0*65. (Ilartlaub.) 

Young. Above uniform pale dusky; underneath paler, the 
abdomen fulvescent; throat conspicuously varied with reddish. 
(Hartlaub.) 

Eab. Lake Tanganyika. 

9. Lagonosticta rhodopsis. 
Estrelda rhodopsis, Ileugl. J. f. 0. 1863, p. 166; Gray, Hand-l. B. 
ii. p. 50, no. 6701 (1870). 
Rhodopyga rhodopsis, Ileugl J.f. 0. 1868, p. 13, pi. i. fig. 3; id. 
Om. N.O.-Afr. iv. App. p. exxxvii (1871). 
Habropyga rhodopsis, Ileugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 610, pi. xix. 
fig. c (1870). 
Lagonosticta rhodopsis, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 325. 


Afhdi male. Entirely dull dusky ashy ; paler underneath; middle 

PLOCEIDiE. 

of the belly and under tail-coverts whiter; eyebrows, lores, cheeks, 

and chin washed with rosy; tail rather graduated, above black, 

below smoky brown; rump and tail-feathers crimson, brown towards 

the bases of the outer margin; bill blackish, washed with rosy, 

with a white spot at the angle of the mouth ; feet dusky, the soles 

ashy; iris brown. Total length 3*8 inches, bill from forehead 

scarcely 04, wing 1*85, tail 1-6, tarsus 0-6. (EeiigMn.) 

Hob. Gazelle Eiver, N.E. Africa. 

10. Lagonosticta polionota. (Plate XI. fig, ±) 
Lagonosticta polionota, Shelley, Ibis, 1873, p. 141 ; id Ibis, 188G, 
p. 825 j Hartert, J.f 0. 1886, p. 584, 
Adult male (type of species). General colour above dark slaty 
brown, with a rosy tinge, especially on the head and hind neck, 
which are otherwise slaty brown like the back; rump and upper 
tail-coverts deep crimson; wing-coverts and quills slaty brown like 
the back, also with a slight rosy wash; tail-feathers black, deep 
crimson towards the base of the outer web; base of forehead, lores 
and eyebrow, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, throat and breast, 
and sides of body deep crimson, with a few tiny white spots on the 
sides of the breast ; abdomen and thighs slaty black: under tail-
coverts black; under wing-coverts ochreons buff; quiUs below 
dusky, ashy along the inner edge: a bill slaty grey ; feet and claws 
slaty brown, iris dark brown" (G. E. Shelley); eye-ring yellowish 
white {Hartert). Total length 3*8 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 1*05, 
tail 1*55, tarsus 0*55. 

Hab, West Africa, from the Gold Coast to the ^iger. 

a. S ad. sk. West Africa. Purchased. 
b. S cid.sk. Fantee. Sharpe Coll. 
c. d. (S ad. sk. Cape Coast Castle, March (G. Shelley Coll. 
B. SX (Types o£ species.) 
e. <$ ad. sk. Cape Coast Castle, March (T. Shelley Coll. 
B. Buckley). 
11. Lagonosticta congica. (Hate XI.fig, 3.) 
Estrelda rubricata {nee Licht.), Beiclien. J.f O. 1877, p. 29. 
Lagonosticta rubricata (nee Licht.), Boeage, Orn. Angola, p. 362 

Lagonosticta polionota (nee Shelley), BeicTim. J. f. 0,1887, p. 805: 

Bartl. Zool Jahrb. ii. p. 323 (1887). 

^ Adult female. Similar to L. polionota, but with a much smaller 
bill; the colours very much paler, the head being light slaty grey 
like the back; lores crimson, but no crimson on the eyebrow: 
" iris blackish brown" (F. Bohndorff). Total length 4 inches, 
culmen 0-45, wing 1*8, tail 1*45, tarsus 0*55. 

Hah. Upper Congo region. 

a. 2 ad. sk. Kassongo, Upper Congo. F. Bohndorff [C.]. 
18. LAGONOSTICTA, 
281 
12. Lagouosticta rubricata. 
Le Senegali rouge, VieilL Ois. Chcmt, pi. ix. (1805): ul N Diet, 

cVIIist. Nat. xii, p. 183 (18 [7). 
Fringilla rnbricata, Lichk Verx. DouhL p. 27 (1H&J). 
Estrelda rubricata, Gray, Gen. B.\l p. lti\H (IMl)); lip. (busp.u 

p. 450 (1850); Zicht. Nomencl AD, p. 48 (1K*>|); fa,,, //,/*, 
1864, p. 352; Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 107(18(17); iV/, //«S, lhW, 
p. 370; Fmsc7i $ Ilartl. Toy. Oxtufr. p. 41U (1870); f//w/, 
Hand-lB.il p. 52, no. 6714(1870). 
Lagouosticta 
mbricata, CW>. ifw. Ilefn. Th. i. p. 171 (1850); 
jStojw, Orf. 4/)-. i?. p. 06 (1871); Mwflcy, Ihl, 1»7J>, p. HO; 
^yre«, J&w, 1870, p. 431 ; Shurpe. ed. Lammh H. K Af)\ p. 175 
(1884); Shelley, Zfoa, 1886, p. 324. * 

^M i wiaZe. General colour above brown, the rump and upper 
tail-coverts dark crimson; wing-coverts brown like the back ; (pulls 
dusky, the primaries externally slaty grey, the secondaries browner 
like the back; tail-feathers black, externally dark crimson; enrwu 
of head and hind neck slaty grey, contrasting with the back; lores, 
base of forehead, eyebrow, and sides of face deep crimson; hinder 

ear-coverts slaty grey like the sides of the neck; cheeks, throat, 
breast, and sides of body deep crimson, with some tiny while spots 
on the sides of the breast; abdomen slaty black • thighs and 
nnder tail-coverts deep black ; under wing-coverts dull oehraoeous; 
quills below dusky, ashy fulvous along their inner edge: kk upper 
mandible ashy black ; lower mandible ashy, but pink at the base; 
tarsi and feet dusky; iris dusky" (7r. Ayn}s). Total length 4'1 
inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2*05, tail 1*65, tarsus 0-53. 

Adult female. Duller in colour than the male, and never HO 

crimson; further distinguished by the ochreous-brown abdomen ; 

thighs dark ashy; under tail-coverts blackish with ashy margins-

Total length 4 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 1*7, tail 1*0, tarsus 0*0. 

Young male. At first resembles the old female, but has generally 

some trace of black on the abdomen. 

Hab. South-eastern Africa. 

a, b. <$ $ ad. sk. S.E. Africa. 8iv A. Smith [C\], 
c,d. o* 2 ad. sk. Eland's Post (T. C. At more). Sharp Coll. 
I A ad. sk. Eland's Post (T. C. A.). Shelley Coll 

f. tf ad. sk. Grahamstown (T. C. A.). fchaiw < oil. 
a, k 8 2 ad. sk. Durban, Natal (T. L. Ayres). Sheliey (\> 11. 
%,k. 8 ad. et juv. Pinetown, Natal (T. L. AS). Sharp ( oil. 
l~P> 6 i Q, r, s. Pinetown, Natal, May to Shelley ('oil. 

Q ad. et juv. sk. August (T. L. A.). 

t,vLt% **• ^ . Pretoria (Pratt). ^^ley Coll. 

I 
9 ad sk. Macamac, E. Transvaal, Dec. F, A. Borratt, Esq. 

4,1874. 
Li't 

w ? ad. sk. Macamac, E. Transvaal, Dec. J. H. Gurney, Esq. 

PIOCEID-aS. 

282 

13. Lagonosticta rara. 
Estrelda melanogaster (nee Swains.), Heugl J.f. 0.1863, p. 273. 
Habropyga rara, Antin. Cat. descrr. TIcc. p. 72 (1864, March). 
Habropyga hypomelas, Heugl J.f 0.1864, p. 252 (June). 
Bkodopyga hypomelas, Heugl J.f 0. 1868, p. 13, pi. i. fig. 4. 
Ehodopyga rara, Salvad. Atti B. Accad. Torino, v. p. 742 (1870). 
Estrelda rara, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 50, no. 6699 (1870); Forbes, 

Ibis, 1883, p. 513. 
Habropyga hypomelsena, Heugl. Orn. KO.-Afr.l p. 611 (1870). 
Lychnidospiza rnelanogastra, Heugl. ojo. oil ii. App. p. cxxxvii 

(1871). 

Habropyga senoehroa, Hartl J. f. O. 1882, p. 322; id. Omith. Centralbl 
1882, p. 91; id. J. f. 0.1883, p. 322; id. Abhandl nat. Verein. 
Bremen, viii. p. 203 (1882); Beichen. $ Schalozv, J.f 0.1884, p. 404. 

Lagonosticta melanogastra (nee Swains.), Shelley, Ibis, 1883, p. 553. 
Lagonosticta rara, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 325; Salvad. Ann. Mus. 
Genov. (2) vi. p. 281 (1888); Shelley, B. Z. S. 1888, p. 31. 
Lagonosticta genochroa, Hartl Abhandl. nat Ver. Bremen, viii. p. 226 
(1882) j id. Zool Jahrb. ii. p. 322, Taf. xiii. fig. 6 (1887). 

Adult male. General colour above rich dark crimson everywhere, 
the bases of the feathers being dnU ashy blackish; rump and 
upper tail-coverts uniform with the back; lesser and median coverts 
dusky blackish with crimson edges; greater coverts, bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills dusky blackish ; tail-feathers black, 
externally dark crimson near the base; crown of head, sides of face, 
and under surface of body dark rich crimson; centre of breast, 
abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts black; sides of body crimson 
like the throat; under wing-coverts buffy white; quills below 
dusky, ashy along the inner edge: "bill rosy, upper mandible 
blackish; feet dark grey; iris olive-brown; eyelid very pale pink " 
(Emin). Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2, tail 1-6, 
tarsus 0'6. 

Adult female. Duller crimson than the male, the rump and upper 
tail-coverts a little brighter than the back; crown of head and hind 
neck, sides of face and sides of neck dark ashy grey; lores bright 
crimson; throat ashy, becoming tinged with pink on the lower 
parts; fore neck, breast, and sides of body pale pink; centre of 
breast and abdomen ochraceous; lower abdomen mixed with black; 
under tail-coverts black. Total length 4*3 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2, 
tail 1*55, tarsus 0-6. 

Hctb. Equatorial Africa, extending to the Figer region in West 
Africa. 

a. $ 
ad.; b. Juv. Lokoja, B,. Niger, Aug. (W. Forbes Coll. 
sk. A/F.). 
c, d. <3 $ ad. sk. Tingasi, Equatorial Africa, Emin Pasha [P.]. 
July, Aug. 

e. Imm. sk. Foda; Oct. 24. Emin Pasha [P.]. 
14. Lagonosticta rhodoparia. 
Lagonosticta 
rhodopareia, Heugl. J. f. 0.1868, p. 16; Cab. J. f. O. 
1878, p. 229 ; Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 324. 

18 . LAGONOSTICTA. 
283 

Estrelda rhodopareia, Gray, IIand~l B. ii. p. 52, no. 0710 (1870): 
Fmsch # Hartl V<$(Jt Ostafr. p. 446 (1870). 

 rukicata

^ot 1^ (too*Stmdev.),ireuffL Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 015 

? Lagonosticta poliauota (nee Shelley), Cab. J. f. O. 1878, p. 230; 

Shelley, P, Z. S. 1881, p. 588. * 

Adult male, General colour above brown, washed with rosy; lower 
rump and upper tail-coverts bright crimson ; wings brown like the 
back ; tail-feathers black, the centre feathers dull crimson towards 
the base, the remainder black, externally dull crimson ; head and 
neck crimson, the crown a little browner; lores, eyebrow, sides of 
face, and under surface of body rich crimson; centre of abdomen 
and thighs blackish; under tail-coverts black; on the sides of the 
breast some tiny spots of white; under -wing-coverta ashy with 
brown bases; quills dusky, ashy fulvous along- the inner web: " bill 
lead-colour, the tip black; feet dusky lead-colour; iris duskyn 
(Eeuglin). Total length 4*2 inches, culmon 0*4, wing 1*85, tail 
1-55, tarsus 0*5. 

Hah. Prom the Zanzibar region in East Africa to Gala, Land and 
Bogos Land in North-eastern Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. Dar-es-Salaarm, E. Africa (Sir J. lurk), Shelley Coll. 
15. Lagonosticta jamesoni. (Plate XL fig. 1.) 
Lagonosticta jamesoni, Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 86*5; JReichen. Ornith. 
Centralbl. 1882, p. 91 ; Sharpe, eel Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 475 
(1884) ; Eeichen. <§• Schalow, J. /. O. 1884, p. 404; Shelley, Bit, 
1886, p. 324. 

Adult male. Similar to L. rhodojxtria, but much paler and more 

pink, especially on the under surface, and with hardly a trace of 

white dots on the sides of the breast: «* bill bright bluish ash, with 

the culmen and tip somewhat dusky; tarsi and feet pinkish; iris 

dusky brown " (T. Ay res). Total length 4 inches, culmen 0* i, 

wing 1*85, tail 1-3, tarsus 0*55. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but duller in colour, especially 

below, the under 
surface being salmon-pink; under tail-eoverts 

blackish with pinkish-huff margins. Total length IVi) inches, 

culmen 0*45^ wing 1*9, tail 1*6, tarsus 0*55. 

Hal. Mashoona Land, S.E. Africa. 

a 
6 ad. sk. Tatin River, Dec. 0 (J. S. Shelley Coll. (Typo 
Jameson). of speciea) 


b. $ ad. sk. Umvuli Elver, Aug. 17 (/. Shelley Coll. 
S. Jameson). 
16. Lagonosxicta lan&anae. (Plate XII. fig. 2.) 
? Estrelda rubricate, Heichen. J.f.O.1877, p. 229. 
? Lagonosticta rubricata, Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 302 (1881). 
Adult male. Similar to L. rliodoparia, but distinguished by its 
yellow eyelid and yellow bill, the latter being blackish at the ends 

PLOCEIDiE. 

of both, mandibles and along the tomlum of the upper one. Total 
length 4*1 inches, culmen 043, "wing 1*9, tail 1*4, tarsus 0*5. 

Ada/t female. Everywhere duller and paler brown than the male ; 
eyebrow, sides of face, and under surface of body salmon-red, 
oohreous on the abdomen and blackish on the under tail-coverts; 
sides of body with distinct white spots. 

jlab. Lower Congo Eegion. 

a,b. S $ ad. sir. Landana, Feb. (X. Petit). Shelley Coll. 

17. Lagonosticta caerulescens. 
Le Bengali gris-bleu, Vieill Ois. Chant, p. 27, pi. 8 (1805). 
Fringilla caerulescens, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xii. p. 17G 
(1817); id. Enc. Meth. p. 986 (1823). 

Estrelda coerulescens, Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 195 (1837); Gray, 
Gen. B. ii. p. 369 (1849); Ep. Consp. Av. i. p. 460 (1850;; Marti. 
Dm. W.-Afr. p. 142 (1857); Gray, Hand-l. E. ii. p. 52, no. 0718 
(1870) ; Slwlleij, Ibis, 1886, p. 328. 

Lagonosticta caerulescens, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 172, note (1850). 
Habropyga caerulescens, Peichenb. Sinc/v. p. 12, pi. 2. figs. 14, 15 
(1801); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. E. p. 65 (1871;. 
Habropyga finibriata, Peichenb. Singv.* pp. 12, 49, pi. 18. figs. 165, 
166 (1861) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 52, no. 6723 (1870). 

Adult. General colour above and below pearly grey; the lower 
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts bright crimson ; centre tail-
feathers dull crimson, the remainder black, externally dull crimson ; 
quills dusky, externally hoary grey; lores blackish; face and throat 
a little paler grey than the rest of the upper parts ; the fore neek 
and breast dusky grey, gradually darkening towards the abdomen 
which is blackish; under tail-coverts crimson ; under wing-coverts 
hoary whitish ; quills dusky below, ashy along the inner web. 
Total length 3*85 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 1'9, tail 1*4, tarsus 
0-55. 

Hob, "West Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. Senegambia. Governor Rendall [C.]. 
b, o. Ad. sk. Senegambia. Shelley Coll. 
d. Ad. sk. Senegambia. Sharpe Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. S. Louis, Senegal Tweeddale Coll. 
(L. Laglaize). 
18. Lagonosticta incana* 
Estrelda incana, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forltandl Stoehh. 1850, 
p. 98 j Gray, Hand4. B. ii. p, 51, no. 6709 (1870) ; Shelley, Ibis, 
1875, p, 80; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 470 (1884): Shelley, 
Iks, 1886, p. 329. 
Habropyga natalensis, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 170 (1850) ; Reichen.. 


Smgv. p. 12 (1861). J' 
Estrelda caerulescens (pt.), Lioht. Nomencl. Av. p. 48 (1854). 


* Br. Bei^enow separates the specimens from Mozambique in the Berlin 
Museum as Habropyga pokogastra (J. f. 0. 1886, p. 121). 

285 

18 . LAGONOSTICTA. 
Habropyga mcana, JReiche?ib. JSmgv. p. 12 (1801). 
Fnngilla cseruleaceus (nee VieilL), Bianc. tipec. Zoo!. Mosmnb. fasc. 
zviii. p. 326 (1867). 
Pytelia mcana, Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 197 (1807) : Finsch & EartL 
Fog. Ostafr. p. 440 (1870). J 

Adult male. General colour above delicate blue-grey, the lower 
back and rump and upper tail-coverts crimson; wing-coverts like 
the back • quills dusky, externally like the back, the primaries 
edged with hoary grey ; tail-feathers dusky blackish; crown of 
head like the back, -with a narrow black lino along the extreme 
base of the forehead ; through the eye a narrow black streak; base 
of chin black; lores, sides of face, and throat light pearly grey, 
deepening on the lower breast and abdomen, as well as the sides of 
body ^ and flanks; thighs ashy grey; under tail-coverts dusky 
blackish* under wing-coverts white, those near the edge of the wing 
ashy; axillaries like the breast; quills below dusky, ashy along the 
inner edge : " bill grey ; feet black; iris red " (T. L. Ay res). Total 
length 4-1 inches, culmen 035, wing 1-95, tail 1*9, tarsus 0-0. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 4*25 inches, 
culmen 0*35, wing 1-9, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*6. 
Hah. South-eastern Africa from Mozambique to Natal. 

a, b, c. Ad. sk.
d, e. 6 ad. sk. 
Durban, Natal (Gordge). 
Durban, July, Oct. (T. L.
Ay res), 
Shelley Coll. 
Sholloy Coll, 
f. ? ad. sk. Pinetown, July (T. I. Aijres). Shelley Cull. 

Subsp. a. Lagoxiosticta perreini. 

Fringilla perreini, Vieill N. Diet. d'llist. Nat. xii. p, 179 (1817). 

Estrelda inolanogastra, Swains. B, W. Afr. i. p. BM (1887): (trait. 
Gen. B. ii. p. §m (1849). * K ' 
Estrelda perreini, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 809 (1849); Bp. Camp. Ai\ 


i. p. 460 (1850) ; llartl. Orn. W.-Jfr. p. 143 (1857); Gray, 
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 50, no. 6090 (1870); Sharpe # Bonvier, Bull 
$oc. Zool France, i. p. 309 (1870) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 359 
(1881); Shelley, Ibis, 1880, p. 328. 
Habropyga perreini, Cab. Mm. Hem. i. p. 109, note (1850); Meiehmh. 
Singv. p. 12 (1861)• Eeichen. J.f.O. 1877, p. 29. 
Pytelia perreini, Finsch $ Hart!. Vog. Ostafr. p. 447, note (1870). 

Adult male. Similar to L. mcana, but with the lower abdomen 
blackish as well as the under tail-coverts. Total length 4 inches, 
culmen 0-4, wing 1-95, tail 1*8, tarsus 0-6. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 4#1 inches, 
culmen 0*35, wing 1*9, tail 1*65, tarsus 0-55. 
Hab. Congo region. 

a. <5ad. sk. Landana, Congo (Dr. Lucan). Shelley Coll. 
b, c. S ? ^-sk- Landana (Z. Betit). Shelley Coll. 
286 
P100ETDJE. 

19. Lagonosticta vinacea. 
Estielda vinacea, Hartl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 143 (1557) j {?/•«?/, Hand-L 
B. ii. p. 52, no. 6722 (1870). 
Lagonosticta vinacea, 
Reichenb. Singv. p. 18 (1861) j Shelley, Ibis, 
1886, p. 325. 

AZMZ^ Beautiful vinous red, more brightly tinged below; tail 

above more intense red, black underneath; head ashy; sides of 

head, throat, and margin of forehead black ; flanks with some tiny 

white spots; under tail-coverts black; under -w mg-tovert* white ; 

bill and feet lead-colour. Total length 4 inches, cuimen :>&3, 

wing 1-9, tail 1*75, tarsus 0*55. (Hartlaab.) 

Hab. Senegambia. 

20. Lagonosticta larvata. 
Amadina larvata, Hilpp. Neve Wirb., Tog. p. 07, pi. 3*1 ru. 1 
(1835); id. Syst. Uebers. p. 77 (1845) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. "370 
(1849). 

Rabropyga lanata, Bp% Comp. Ac. i. p. 401 (185Q>. 
Fringilla (Amadina) larvata, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 40 (1850?. 
Mormolycia larvata, JReicke/ih. Singv. p. 07 (l^Olj, 
Lagonosticta larvata, Heugl. J.f. 0.18th, p. 10: id. Or a. X.O.-Afr. 


p. 017, App. p. cxxxuii (Ibfl) ; Shelby. Ibis, 1H**0* p. 3iC>. 
Estrelda larvata, Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 52, no. t»7iK (li"0j. 
FPytelia larvata, Fischer <£• lieiehe/i. J.f 0. l^>7i', p. "Jl'J. 
Adult. General colour beautiful vinaceous red on an tx4ij ground ; 
ear-coverts and throat black, well defined, the crown washed with 
slaty grey; interscapulary region dark dusky ashy, the wings more 
dusky ; quills pale smoky brown, margined with ashy ; tail-feathers 
black below and on the inner web, crimson on the outer web like 
the upper tail-coverts; under tail-coverts, vent5 and abdomen black, 
the former washed with purple, the latter more ashy towards the 
breast; under wing-coverts whitish, varied with vinous and grey ; on 
the flanks some rather large dots of white, surrounded with blackish ; 
bill purplish lead-colour; feet and bare region of the eve lead-colour; 
iris dusky. Total length U", hill from front 4f~4ff/, wing 1" 10'", 
tail 1" 6"'-l" 8'", tarsus 6|f"-7m, (Hewjlia.) 

Hab. BT.E. Africa. 

21. Lagonosticta nigricolHs. 
Lagonosticta nigricollis, Heugl J. f. 0. 1505, p. 273 ; id. Onu I.O.-
Afr. p. 618, App. p. exxxviii (1871) $ Shelby, lbhf 1853, p. 555, 
1886, p. 325. 

Habropyga larvata (nee Riipp.), Antin. Cat. descrr. Uec. p. 71 (1664); 
Salvad. Atti R. Aeead. Scl Tor. v. p. 742 (1870). 
Estrelda nigricollis, Heugl. J.f 0. 1808, p. 17, pi. 1. fig. 1; Forbes, 
Bis, 1883, p. 508. 

Adult male. General colour above slaty grey, the upper tail-
coverts dull crimson like the centre tail-feathers ; wing-coverts like 
the back; quills dusky, externally slaty grey, inclining to hoary 

19. STICTOSPIZA. 
287 

white on the outer web of the primaries; tail-foathors blaok, 
externally dull crimson; crown of head slaty groy like the back ; a 
line across the base of the forehead, feathers round the eye, ear-
coverts, sides of face, cheeks and throat, black; remainder of under 
surface of body pearly grey, a little darker on the sides of the body, 
which are ornamented with tiny whito dots ; thighs slaty grey : 
sides of vent and under tail-coverts black ; under wing-covorts ashy 
grey, with whitish bases to the featbors; quills dusky bolow, ashy 
along the inner web : " bill pale greyish blue, darker on the culmen 
and apex ; feet dark grey j eyelid palo greyish blue ; iris brown " 

(W. A. Forbes). Total length 4-4 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 1-95, 
tail 1*7, tarsus 0*5. 
'Hal. N.E. Africa in the countries of the Upper Whito Nile, 
across to the Niger River in Western Africa. 

a. S ad. sk. Lokoja, River Niger, Aug. Forbes Coll. 
(W. A. F.). 
19. STICTOSPIZA. 
Tail of Sticto&piza formosa. 

Range. Confined to the Indian Peninsula. 

1. Stictospiza formosa. 
Lovely Finch, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 018 (1787). 
Fringilla formosa, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. 441 (1790). 
Estrelda formosa, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 309 (1849); Bli/th, Cat. B. 


Mus. As. Soc. p. 119 (1849); Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 861 (1803); Gray, 
Hand-l. ii. p. 53, no. 0734 (1870) ; Hume, Nests fy Er/qs Ind. B. 

p. 450; Butler, Str. F. iii. p. 496 (1875) ; Fairbank, Str. F. iv. 
p. 261 (1870); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 107 (1879) ; Butler, Cat. B. 
Sind $c. p. 46 (1879); id. Cat B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 01 (1880); 
Beid, Str. F. x. p. 56; Davidson, t. c. p. 313 (1882) ; Swinh. 8f 
Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 129. 
Pytelia lateralis, Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 402 (1850). 
Pytelia formosa, Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 421 (1874), vii. p. 222 (1878). 


Adult male. General colour above light olive-green, the wing-
coverts like the back; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
dark brown, narrowly edged with olive, the inner secondaries 
entirely olive-green like the back; upper tail-coverts brighter olive


288 
TLOCEWM. 

yellow; tail-feathers black \ sides of face and sides of neck light 

olive-green ; checks, throat, and under surface of body bright 

yellow, paler on the throat and deepest on the abdomen and under 

tail-coverts; sides of body barred with black and white, the black 

bars very broad, the white bars narrow ; under wing-coverts 

isabelline ; edge of wing bright yellow ; quills dusky below, ashy 

isabelline along the inner web: "bill waxy red; feet plumbeous 

brown; iris pale brown " (Jerclon). Total length 4-4 inches, culmen 

0-4, wing 1-85, tail 1*4, tarsus 0*55. 

Adult female. Duller green than the male, the upper tail-coverts 
washed with brighter olive-yellow ; head and back ashy olive-green, 
as also the sides of the face ; throat and fore neck ashy white, the 
sides dull ashy; breast, abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts 
pale yellow, the sides of the body barred with black and white as in 
the male, but not so distinctly. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0*4, 
wing 1*9, tail 1*45, tarsus 0*55. 

Young. Distinguished by its black bill and olive-brown colour; 
throat and chest ochreous buff; remainder of under surface pale 
sulphur-yellow, with light brown flanks. 

Hab. Central India. 

a. Ad. sk. India. Zoological Society. 
b, c. (J; d. $ ad. Mount Abu, March, May, Hume Coll. 
sk. July (G. King). 
e,f, g, Ad. sk Jhansi. Phrwill Coll. 
h-r. c? $ ad. sk. Jhansi, Aug., Sept. Hume Cull. 

s. Ad. sk. Behar. 
Hodg-oii Coll. 
t. <$ ad. sk. Saugor, March 19. Hume Cull. 
u. 3 juv. sk. Palamow, April 5 (V. Ball) Hume Coll. 
v-&. Ad. et j uv. sk. Kaipur, J an. Hume Cull. 
a\ b'} c'. Ad. sk. Mundla district, April Hume Coll. 
(_H. Thotnpson). 
cT. Ad. sk. Valley of the Tapti, Khan-Hume Coll. 
deish, May. 
e'>f'?g'' 6 ad. sk. Pranhita River, April. Hume Coll. 

20. AMADIEA. 
Arnadina, Swains. Zool Journ, iii. p. 849 (1827) A. iaseiata. 
Sporothlastes (nom. emend.), Cab. Arch. f. Naturg. 1847, 

p. 331 
A. fasciata. 
Range, Confined to Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
With a crimson band across the throat extending 
to the ear-coverts. 
a' Black lines on imderparts subterminal, and 
not forming a fring-e fasciata, p. 289. 
b'. Black lines on underparts forming an edging 
to each feather marginalise p. 290. 

b. Head and throat as well as sides of face red erythrocephala, p. 290. 
20 . AMADTNA. 289 
1. Amadina fasciata. 
The Fasciated Grosbeak; Brown, III. Zool p. 04, pi. xxvii fig. 1 
(1770); Lath. Gen.tiyn. ii. pt. i. p. 150 (1788). 
Loxia fasciata, Orn. Syst. Nat. I p. 800 (1788): I)es Murs in Lefohm's 

Voy. Abyss, p. 118 (1845). J 
La Loxie fasciae, Vieill Ok Chant, p. 90, pi. oS (1805). 
Coccothraustes fasciata, Vieill. N. Diet, d'Eist. Nat. xiii. p. 528 

(1817). k 
Fringilla detruncata, Licht. Verz. Doubl. pp. 25, 20 (Ls23). 
Amadina fasciata, Swains. Zool. Jour. m. p. 341) (1827); ui. I/. JT. 

4/7-. i. p. 197, pi. 15 (1837); Des Alters m Lefchores fot/. Abyss. 

p. 173(1845); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 309 (1841)); Bp. (Jonsp.Av. 
I p. 454 (1850); Ilartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 140 (1857) ; Bolle. 
J.f.O. 1859, p. 43; Ilewhenb.tiim/o. p. 34, Taf. 12. figs. 102-104 
(1801); Ilartl. J. f. O. 1801, 259; Heugl. J.f.O. 1802, p. 28; 
Antin. Cat. descrr. (Jco. p. 70 (18(54) ; Gray, iland-l. B. ii. p. 53, 
no. 0741 (1870); Sharps, Cat. B. Afr. p. 05 (187 L); Antin. # 
Salvad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 110 (1873); Mscher, Zeitschr. yes. Orn. 
i. p. 323 (1684); Shelley, Ibis, 1880, p. 313 ; id. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 30; 
Salvad. Ann. Mm. Ge?iov. (2) i. p. 179 (1884), vi. p. 283 (1888). 
Arnadina detnmcata, Hupp. Neue Wirb.. J oY/.p. 101 (1835); id.Si/st.
J K J' J

Uebers. p. 77 (1845). *

Sporotklastes fasciatus, Cab. Arch. f. Nat. 1847, p. 331; id. Mas. 
Ilein. i. p. 173 (1850); Eeuyl Orn. N. O.-Afr. p. 596, App. p. cxxx\ 
(1871); Ilartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, yiii. p. 203 (1883); 
Beicken.J.f. 0.1887, p. 71. 

Fringilla (Aniadina) detruncata, Eeuyl. Syst. Uebers. p. 40 (1856). 
Munia fasciata, Keulem. Onze Vcy. ii. pi. 54 (1873). 

Adult male. General colour above ruddy brown, numerously 
crossed with black bars, the rump and upper tail-coverts paler, and 
the latter white at the ends; wing-coverts brown, the lesser ones 
barred like the back, the median and greater scries pale fawncolour 
at the ends with a subterminal bar of black ; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with ashy brown, 
the inner secondaries spotted with fawn at the ends like the greater 
coverts; tail-feathers blackish, the centre ones washed with grey 
towards the base, the remainder tipped with white, and the outer 
one white along the outor web; head like the back, and barred in 
the same manner; feathers round the eye, cheeks, and throat 
white, with a broad band of crimson reaching Ironi the ear-coverts 
across the hinder cheeks and throat; lower throat and remainder of 
under surface pale fawn-colour, with narrow cross bars of triangular 
shape; in the centre of the breast a large patch of pale chestnut; 
lower abdomen and vent white ; under tail-coverts buffy white with 
blackish bases; under wing-coverts and axillaries uniform pale 
fawn-colour: "bill pale lead-colour; feet reddish; iris umber-
brown " (Eeuylin). Total length 5'2 inches, culmen 04, wing 2-6, 
tail 1*4, tarsus 0'6. 

The adult female, according to Heuglin, wants the crimson on the 
throat, and also the chestnut spot on the abdomen. 
Hah. Senegambia across to North-eastern Africa, and south to 
Masai-Land. 

VOL. XIII. u 

290 PI0CEID2E. 
a Ad. at. West Africa. A. \\ iener,Ebq. [P.]. 
b \d. &i. West Africa. Mr. J. Baker. 
c[ Xd. st. West Africa. J. Grould, Esq. 
d. hum. sk West Africa. Shea?© Coll 
f Ad hk. West Africa. Riocour Coll. 
f. Ad" sk.
% Ad. sk1 Imm. sk£ AcL sk.
£, /, m. Ad. ct 
River Gambia. 
Abyssinia. 
Ailat, Bogos-Land. 
Ailat, Bogos-Land {Esler). 
Ailat, Bogos-Land (Esler). 
Sharpe Coll. 
Purchased 
Mr. Esler [C, j . 
Sharpe ColL 
Shelley Coll. 
w.^ad . sk. Daimbi, Shoa, May 27 Shelley Coll. 
o. c? ad. sk.
(O. Autinori). 
Redjaf, Equatorial Africa, Emm Pasha [P.]. 
Dec. 17. 

2. Amadina marginalis. 
Ak/tf. (Similar to A. fasmata, but having a throat-band of deeper 
crimson, a generally darker rufous coloration, and all the feathers 
of tho breast and flanks edged, not subterminally hatred, with black. 
Total length 4*2 inches, oilmen 0*4, wing 2*5, tail 1-5, tarsus 0*0. 

Hal. West Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. West Africa. I. Pulham, Ebq. [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. West Africa Sir A. Smith. 
3. Amadina erythrocephala. 
The Sparrow of Paradise, Edioards, Nat. Hist. B. iv. pi. IbO (1751). 
Le Cardinal d'Angola, Briss. Orn. vi. Suppl. p. 78 (1700). 
Loxia erythrocephala, Linn. Sijst Nat. i. p. 801 (1760); Gm. Syst 


Nat. I p. 849 (1788; • Smith, III. Zool S. Afr. B. pi. 09 (1841). 
Gros-bec du Br6sil, JDaubent PL Enl. iv. pi. 309. fig. 1. 
Le Grivelin, Buf. Hist Nat Ois. iii. p. 401, pi. xxx. fig. 2 (1775); 

Viei/l. Ois. Chanty. 80, pi. 49 (1805). 
Brasilian Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 122 (1783). 
Paradise Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 122 (1783). 
Loxia brasiliana, Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl p. 19 (1783) ; Gm. Sust Nat. 

i. p. 848 (1788). 
Coccothraustes erythrocephala, Vieill. N. Diet $Rist. Nat xiii. 
p. 530 (1817). 
Loxia maculosa, Burch. Trav. S. Afr. ii. p. 209 (1824). 
Eringilla reticulata, Voigt, Cuv. Thierreich, p. 582 (1831). 
Amadina erythrocephala, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 369 (1849); Bp. 
Consp. Av. i. p. 454 (1850) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 146 (1857) ; 
Eeichenb. Singv. p. 35, Taf. xii. figs. 105-107 (1861): Gumeu, 

P. Z. S. 1864, p. 7; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 200 (1867); Chapman, 
Trav. S. Afr. ii. App. p. 402 (1868); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 53 
no. 6742 (1870); Sharpe, Cat Afr. B. p. 65 (1871); Gurney, in 
Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 174 (1872); T. Ay res, Ibis, 1874, p. 103; 
Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 352 (1881); Sharpe in Oates' Matabek-
Land, App. B, p. 320 (1881); Holub # von Pelz. Beitr. Orn. S'udafr. 
p. 131 (1882) ; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. pp. 467, 849 
(1884); Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 313; Symonds, Ibis, 1887, p. 332. 
Sporothlastes 
erythrocephala. Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p 173 (1850)* 
Ileugl. Orn. NO.-Afr. p. 597, App. p. exxxv (1871). ' 

20 . AMADIKA. 291 
Amadina arg us, Meiohend. Sin^v. p. 3/5, Taf. xii. fig. 108 (1801): tf w//, 
-ZEWMW i?. ii. p. m, no. 0745 (1870). ^ 

Adult male. Light ashy grey above, the upper tail-oovoria ashy 
grey, with white tips and a subtorminal blackish bar; wing-coverls 
like the back, the lesser coverts spotted with while ai their ends, 
the median and greater series barred with white, before which is a 
subtcrminal black bar; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, aud quills 
brown, externally edged witli ashy, the inner .secondaries tipped 
with white like the greater coverts; tail-feat hora blackish, ashy 
brown towards the base, all but the centre feathers tipped with 
white, the outer one aLo edged with white externally; head dull 
scarlet as far as the nape; hides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, chin, 
and upper throat also scarlet; hinder oar-coverts light ashy ; lower 
throat and sides of nock very pale ashy, with a few diihky cross 
bars ; fore neck and breast ashy brown, barred with white, each 
white bar fringed above and below with a nan ow line of black ; 
sides of body much more broadly barred with white and black, and 
tinged with fawn-coloured bases to the feathers, especially in the 

centre of the breast; under tail-coverts white, with dusky bases ; 

under wing-coverts and axillarieb pale isabelline, with dusky bars 

on the edge of the wing; quills dusky below, ashy along the inner 

web: "bill dusky blue; feet dirty ilesli-colour ; iris pale hazel; 

skin round eye reel" (F. Oates). Total length 5'2 inches, culmen 

0*45, wing 2*9, tail 1-8, tarsus 0-65. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the red on the 

face and throat, the head being brown, slightly washed with red; 

the throat whitish, with narrow cross bars. Total length 4*8 inches, 

culmen 0*45, wing 2*9, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*05. 

Young. Differs from the female in being reddish brown under


neath, with no white spots or bars, and having the upper surface 

brown, barred with black, as in A. faseiata. This description is 

taken from Mr. F. Gates's Tali specimen, which looks very much as 

if it were the young of A. fasviuta or of some kindred form not 

before known in South Africa. 

Hab. South Africa. 

a,b. $; c. <$ ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [O.]. 

d. 6 ad. sk. Griqualand (T. C. Atmore). Sharpe OolL 
e. <J ad. sk. Bloemfontein, June IS (Dr. Shelley Coll. 
f. Juv.sk Tati Tdver, Matabeie-Land, W.E.&O.G.Oates, 
J Oct. 1 (F. Oates). fcaqw. [P.]g,
h,i. <J; k9l9m. ? Makalaka Country (Dr.Brad- Shelley Coll. 
ad. sk. shaw). 

n. <3 ad. sk. Damara-Land (C. /. Anders Shelley Coll. 
o, p. d ? ad. sk. Damarl-Land (G J. AX Sharpe OolL 

q.g ad.sk. Otjimbinque, Sept. 8 (C. Sharpe 0oil. 
r rf ad. sk. Otjimbinque, March 28 (C. Tweeddale Coll. 

J. A.). 
v2 

• i 2 KLOCTCIDJE. 
0 

21. STAG^NOPLEURA. T oe 
Stagffaopleura, Rrichmb. Syst. Av. Nat. Taf. lxxv. fig. 25 
(JL85J) S. guttata. 
Sporothlastos, Bp. (wee Cab.) Cotup. i. p. 455 (1850) S. guttata. 
Range. Confined to Australia. 

(J 

1. Staganopleura guttata. 
White-headed Fiucli, Lath, Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 210, pi. 132 

(1787)*. 
Fringilla leueocephala, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. xlviii (1790). 
Loxia guttata, Shaw, Mi®. Lever, p. 47, fig. 2 of plate (1792). 
Fringilla leueocephala, Vieill. Ois. Chant, p. 50, pi. 20 (1805). 
Spotted Grossbeak, Leioin, Nat. Hist. Birds N. 8. W. pi. xi. (1822). 
Fringilla latliami, Vig. fy Ilorsf. Trans. Linn. Soe.xv. p. 256 (1827). 
Aniadiua guttata, Gould, B. Austr. fol. iii. pi. 80 (1848); Start, 

Expcd. Centr. Austr. ii. p. 27 (1840); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 
(1849); BeicJimb. Fog. Neuholl. p. 112 (1850); Gray, lland-l. B. 

ii. p. 56, uo. 6789 (1870). 
Sporothlastes guttata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 455 (1850). ^ 
Steganopleura guttata, Cab. Mas. llein. Tli. i. p. 172 (1850) ; 
lleichenb. Sinyv. p. 20, Taf. v. figs. 44-40 (18(52) ; Gould, Ilandb. 

B. Austr. i. p. 417 (1805). 
Aniadiua latliami, Biggies, Orn. Austr. pi. 49. fig. 5 (1870) ; Keulem. 
Onze Fog. ii. pi. 52' (1873). 
Estrilda (Steganopleura) guttata, Ramsay, Proa. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 

ii. p. 186 (1878) ; id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 10 (1888). 
Adult male. General colour above brown ; rump and upper tail-
Urerts rich crimson, with a patch of black feathers on the sides of 
,e rump; vving-covorts like the back; bastard-wing, primary


• verts, and quills dusky brown, edged with brown like the back, 
more ashy on the primaries; tail-feathers black; crown of head 
id hind neck ashy grey: lores black, with a hoary whitish line 
bove; sides of face and ear-coverts more pearly grey below the 
.jye; cheeks and throat white, followed by a broad black band across 
6.6 fore neck, the lateral feathers having white spots at the end ; 
' reast and abdomen pure white ; sides of body and flanks black, 
ich feather with a large white subterminal spot; thighs and under 
ul-coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, dusky 
iear the edge of the wing; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner 
dge: " bill blood-red, passing into lilac at the base and on the 
ulmon; feet purplish brown; iris red, surrounded by a narrow, 
aked, lilac-red lash" {Gould). Total length 4-3 inches, culmen 
0*4, wing 2*55, tail 1-55, tarsus 0-55. 
The sexes are alike in colour. (Gould.) 
The young for the first year has the bill black, except at the 

•/ase, where it is flesh-colour ; the band across the breast and the 
fiauks greyish brown, the latter being barred indistinctly with 
* Taken from a drawing and doubtless intended for the present species; but 
he description is so inaccurate that I do not adopt the name leueocephala. 
22 . Z0JO5GINTHTTS. 
Mack and greyish white; in other respects the plumage nearly 
resembles the adult. (Gould.) 
Hah. South Australia to ISTew South Wales, and north to the Wide-

Bay district. 
a, b. Ad.et jiiv. st. 
c. Ad. sk. 
d. $ ad. sk. 
Australia. 
Australia. 
Australia. 
J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
Eev. A. Strong [P.]. 
Forbes Coll. 
e. Juv. tok. 
/ . $ juv. sk. 
g. Ad. sk. 
h. J ad. bk. 
i. Ad. sk. 
Australia. 
South Australia. 
South Australia. 
South Australia {J. G.). 
New South Wales. 
Sir T. Mitchell [P.]. 
Gould Coll. 
Sir G. Grey [P.]. 
Gould Coll. 
Forbes Coll. 
k} I Ad. sk. 
m. Ad. >sk. 
New South Wales («/. T. 
Cockerell). 
New South Wales. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 

22. ZOHMHNTHUS. 
Type. 
Zonsegmthus, Cab. Mm. Hem. Th. i. p. 171 (1850). Z. bellus. 

Range. Confined to Australia. 

Key to the Sj>ecies. 

a. No red spot on the ear; under surface transversely 
narrowly barred bellus, p. 203. 
b. A crimson ear-spot j throat and fore neck brown, 
transversely barred with black ; rest of under surface 
largely barred and spotted with white oculatus, p. 294. 
1. Zonsegintlnis bellus. 
Black-lined Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Si/n. Sitppl. ii. p. 198 (1801). 
Nitid Grosbeak, Lath, t. c. p. 198, pi. 181 (1801). 
Loxia bella, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. ii. p. xlvi (1801). 
Loxia nitida, Lath. t. c. p. xlvii (1801) ; Vieill. Ois. Chant p. 93, 


pi GO (1605). 
Fringilla bella, Fig. § Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 257 (1827). 
Estrelda belk, Gould, B. Austr. foL iii. pi. 7S (1848); Teh. Ibis, 

lb78, p. 115. 
kws$^T&t\l&?Gray, Gen. B. ii, p. 370 (1849). 
Astrilda bella, lieichenb. Vog. Neuholl. p. 90 (1850). 
Zonaaginthus bellus, Cab. Mm. Hein. T\\ i. p. 171 (1850); Gould, 

llandh. B. Austr. i. p. 406 (1865). 
JSporothlastes nitida, Bp. Consp. i. p. 455 (1850). 
ZomeginthiLs nitidus, Reichenb. 6'ingv. p. 13, Taf. iii. figs. 19, 20 

(1802). 
Amadina bella, Gray, Rand-L B. ii. p. 57, no. 079i» (1870;. 
Estrelda (Zomeginthus) bella, Raimay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. JF, 

ii. p. 180 (1878) ; id. lab. List Austr. B. p. 10 (1888). 
Adult. Brown, vermiculated with very narrow blackish cross 
lines, less distinct on the head and mantle, more pronounced on the 
back and scapulars and wing-coverts; greater coverts and secondaries 
more distinctly barred with blackish cross lines, the latter 

PLQCEID2E. 

somewhat greyer; primaries brown, scarcely barred at all with 
lighter brown on the outer web ; lower rump and upper tail-coverts 
bright crimson ; centre tail-feathers black, washed near the base 
wilh dull crimson, the remainder barred with light brown on the 
outer web; head and sides of face, car-coverts and sides of neck 
brown, Hko the back, but so finely vermiculated as to appear almost 
uniform ; lores and a narrow frontal band as well as the feathers 

round the eje black; cheeks a little greyer than the ear-coverts; 
under surface of body silvery grey, more coarsely vei miculated with 
black cross bars, finer on the throat and fore neck, the breast and 
abdomen having whiter and coarser bars ; abdomen and under tail-
coverts black; under wing-covcits pale fulvous brown, with remains 
of dusky vcrmidilations ; " bill crimson, becoming paler at the base 
of the upper mandible ; feet flesh-colour: iris very dark brown; 
eyelash beautiful light blue " (J. Gould). Total length 4*4 inches, 
culmen 0'45, wing 2*2, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*65. 

The sexes are alike in colour. (Gould.) 

Young. Much browner and more dusky than the adults; the 
head uniform brown; the black on the lores and base of forehead 
scarcely indicated; under surface of body browner, with indistinct 
vermiculations of blackish cross lines, but not distinct cross-barring, 
as in the adult: bill dusky. 

Bab. New Soufh Wales; South Australia; interior Province to 
Wide Bay District (E. P. 11). 

a, b. Ad. sk.
e. Juv. sk. 
Australia. 
Australia. 
F. Nicholson, Esq. [P.]. 
Forbes Coll. 
d, e. Ad.;
/. Juv. sk.
q. $ ad. sk.
\ L Ad. sk.
k, 1. Ad. &t. 
New South Wales {J. T. 
Coeherell). 
South Australia. 
Tasmania (X B. Jukes). 
Tasmania. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sir G. Grey [P.]. 
Voy. IJ.M.S. ' Fly.' 
Ronald Gunn, Esq. f P.]. 
m,n. $\
o, p. J ad. sk. 
Bryn Ebtyn, New Norfolk, 
Tasmania. 
C. G. IT. Lloyd, "Esq.. 
[P.]. 

2. Zonaegintlras oculatus. 
Ermgiha oculata, Quoy et Garni. Voy. de VAstrol i. p. 211, pi. 18. 
fig. 2 (1830). * 
Estrelda oculea, Gould, B. Austr. fol. iii. pi. 70 (1848); Grew, Gen. 

B. ii. p. 308 (1849). 
Zona^inthus oculetih, Cab. Mm. llein. Th. i. p. 171, note (1850); 
Reichenb. Sinyv. p. 14, Taf. iii. figs. 21, 22 (1862): Gould, Handb. 

B. Amfr. i. p. 407 (1865). 
Astrilda oculea, Reichenb. Toy. Neuholl p. 90 (1850). 
Sporothlastes oculea, Bp. Consp. i. p. 455 (1850). 
Amadina oculea, Gray, Iland-l B.\i. p. 57, no. (1797 (1870). 
Estrelda (Zonsegmthiis) oculea, Bamsay, Proe. Linn. Boo N. S. W 
ii. p. 180 (1878); id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 10 (1888). 
Adult. General colour above brown, with wavy cross lines of 
black, less distinct on the head and neck; rump and tipper tail-
coverts crimson: wing-coverts like the back; quills dusky, exter


23 . EMBLEMA. 295 
nally barred with narrow linos of black, the inner secondaries 
barred across; tail-feathers dusky brown, narrowly barred with 
black, the central feathers crimson near the base of iho outer web; 
a narrow frontal line, lores, and feathery below the eye black ; below 
the hinder part of the eye a spot of crimson; ear-coverts, cheeks, 
throat, and chest paler brown, very finely venniculatod on the sides 
of the face and throat, more coarsel} lined on the foro neck and 
chest; remainder of under surface white, barred with black, the 
spots more ovate on the sides of the bieast; under tail-coverts like 
the breast; thighs pale brown, very finely vermiciliated with 
blackish lines; under wing-coverts ashy whitish, with a few dusky 
crobs lines : " bill bright vermilion, the base of the upper mandible 
edged with pearl-grey ; eyelash greenish blue ; legs yellowish grey'' 

(J. Gould), Total length 4*o inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2*2, tail 1'8, 
tarsus 1-05. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. 

Young. Similar to the adults, but much duller in colour, especially 
the crimson on the rump and base of tail-feathers; no crimson 
spot below the eye ; entire under surface pale brown, with 
narrow lines of blackish and a few whitish interspaces, producing a 
mottled appearance. 

llab. "Western and South-western Australia. 

a. Ad. sk, Australia. Purchased. 
b, c. Ad. • cl Juv. sk. Australia. Forbes Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. West Australia (J. T. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Cocherell). 
f. Ad. sk. West Australia. J. Gould, Esq. [P.]23. 
EMBLEMA. 
Type. 
Emblema, Gould, P. Z. S.1842, p. 17 E. picta, 
Range. Confined to Australia. 

1. Emblema picta. 
Emblema picta, Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 17; id. B. Austr. fol. iii. 
pi. 97 (1848); Reiehenb. Vdg. KeuJwlL p. 118 (1850); Bp. Consp. 
Av. i. p. 461 (1850); Reiehenb. Sing v. p. 21, Taf. vi. figs. 47, 48 
(1801) ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 429 (lb05); Ramsay, Proe. 
Linn. Soc. N. S. IF. ii. p. 187 (1878) ; id op. cit. (2) i. pp. 881, 
1093 (1887); id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 10 (1888). 

Estrelda picta, Gray, lland-l. B. ii. p. 53, no. 0739 (1870). 

Adult male. General colour above pale brown, the wing-coverts 
like the back; quillb darker brown ; rump and upper tail-coverts 
rich scarlet; tail-feathers blackish, with a little scarlet on the 
ed^cs ; head brown like the back, as also the sides of the face and 
sides of neck; lores, a narrow eyebrow, feathers below the eye, and 
fore part of cheeks scarlet; throat and under surface of body black, 
the chin and upper throat with scarlet-tipped feathers; centre of 
fore neck and chest also scarlet; sides of the black breast and 

PL0CEID2E. 

abdomen spotted with white; sides of body and flanks brown; tinder 
tail-coverts black : under wing-coverts fulvescent: " upppr mandible 
black, tipped with scarlet; under mandible scarlet, with a triangular 
patch of livid blue at the base" (R Gibson). Total length 
4-2 inches, oilmen 045, wing 2% tail 1-45, tarsus 0-5o. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but with only the lores and 
the feathers above the eye scarlet; no red on the cheeks o™ hr °at ; 
the latter, as well as the fore neek, black, spotted with white; the 
whole of the under surface browner below and more plentifully 
spotted with white; only a tinge of scarlet on the breast Total 
length 4 inches, oilmen 0-5, wing 2-2, tail 1*25, tarsus 0-oo. 

The males differ from each other in the amount of scarlet, wnien 
sometimes extends over the whole of the throat and down the entire 
breast. 

Hah. Northern and Central Australia. 

a. ? ad. sk.
b. <J ad. sk.
c. $ ad. sk. 
Champion Bay. 
Interior of Northern Australia. 
Interior of Northern Australia. 
Purchased. 
F. Gibson [0. j . 
Forbes Coll. 
d e. 3; Interior of Northern Australia Gould Coll. 
/ . $ ad.sk. (F. Gibson). 

24. ZONOGASTBIS. Typ6 j 
Zonogastris, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 172 (1850) Z. citerior. 
Marquetia, Reichenb. Singv. p. 48 (1861) Z. nielba. 
Range. Confined to Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Red colour of head not extending beyond the eye, 
but produced over the fore neck. 
a'. Colour of head and throat scarlet vermilion .. melba, p. 206. 

V. Colour of head and throat rosy vermilion ... . soudanensis, p. 298. 
b. Scarlet colour of head extending over the eyebrow 
and behind the eye, but confined to the upper 
throat j the lower throat golden yellow like the 
fore neck .. citerior, p. 299. 
1. Zonogastris melba. 
The Green 
Goldfinch, Edwards, Nat. Hist. B. iii. p. 128, pi. 128. 
%. 1 (1750), (nee Glean, pi. 272. fig. 2) ; Lath. Gen. Sun. iL pt. i. 

p. 286 (1783). * 
Le Chardonneret verd, Briss. Orn. vi. Suppl p. 70 (1760): Month. 
Hist Nat Ois. iv. p. 211 (1778). 
Fiingilla melba, Linn. Stjst. Nat. i. p. 319 (1766); Vieill. N. Diet. 
d'llist. Nat. xii. p. 168 (1817); id. Ene. MM. iii. p. 984 (1823). 
Le Beau Marquet, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 497 (1775). 
266 (178 
(1783). 

24. JZONOGASXKIS. 
207 

Fnngilla olegans, Gm. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 912 (1788); VieM. Enc. 

MM. iii. p. 984 (1823) ; id. Gal. Ois. p. 77, pi. lxiv. (1825 34). 
Pnngilla beau Marquet, Twill. Ois. Chant, p. 49, pi. 25 (1805). 
Loxigilla olegans, Less. Traite, p. 444 (1831). 
Ebtrelda s&peciosa, Gray, Gen, B. ii.p. 3(59 (1849). 
Pytelia elegaus, Bp. Camp. Av. i. p. 461 (1850). 
Zonogaatris melba, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 172, note (1850). 
Pytelia melba, 8trkU. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 150; Finsch $ Earth 

Vdy. Ostafr. p. 441 (1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. GO (1871); 
Gnmey in Anders*. B. Dam. Ld. p. 178 (1872); Buvhley, Ibis, 
1874, p. $18*2; Sharpe $ Boavier, Bull. Soc. Zool France'i. p. <J9 
(1870) ; Meiohen. J.f.O. Ib77, pp. 29,172 ; Fisher, J.f. 0. 1878, 

p. 282; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 355 (1881) ; Sharpe in Gates1 
Matabele-Land, App. B, p. 320 (1881) ; Shelley, Ibis, 18cS2, p. 35(5; 
Bohm, J. f. 0. 1883, p. 184; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Aifr. 
p. 468 (1884); Bohm, J. f. 0. 1884, p. 200; Shelley, Ibis, IfcfcO, 
p. 319; Bitttih. Notes Zeyden Mm. xi. p. 74 (1888): Shelley. 
Ibis, 1888, p. 302; id. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 30. 
Marquetia elegaus, Reichenb. Sinav. p. 48, pi. 18. %s. 159, 160 
(1861). ^ b 
Estrelda melba, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 199 (1867); Gray, Hand4. 

B. ii. P/ 52, no. 6729 (1870); Ayres, Ibis, I860, p. 295. 
Pytelia citerior (nee Stricld.), Fischer $ Beichen. J.f 0.1879, p. 352 ; 
Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 324 (1884); Beichen. J.f.O. 1887, 

p. 71. 
? Pytelia elegantissima, Bbhm, J.f.O. 1884, p. 178. 
Adult male. General colour above olive-yellow; the lower rump 
and upper tail-coverts dull scarlet; wing-coverts like the back : 
bastard-wing and primary-coverts dusky, with olive-yellow margins; 
quills dusky brown, edged with olive-yellow, ashy on the margins 
of the primaries, the inner secondaries almost entirely olive-yellow; 
centre tail-feathers dull scarlet, with black shafts, the remainder 
black, dull scarlet externally : crown of head and hind neck slaty 
grey, as also the ear-coverts and sides of neck; forehead scarlet; 
lores dusky ; fore part of cheeks scarlet, the hinder pait slaty gicy ; 
throat scarlet; fore neck olive-yellow with a golden tinge ; chest 
washed with yellow, the feathers spotted with white at the ends, 
and sub terminally barred with white and black; the spotted character 
disappearing on the rest of the under surface, which is more 
regularly barred with white and black, especially on the sides of the 
body; thighs ashy brown; lower abdomen and under tail-coverts 
white, the latter with a fulvous tinge ; under wing-coverts ashy, 
washed with yellow near the edge of the wing; quills belowr ashy, 
lighter along the inner edge : " bill light brick-red, the culmon 
dusky; feet light ashy brown (T. Ayres): feet and toes purplish; 
iris orange-brown" (O. J. Andersson), "light hazel" (T. Ayres). 
Total length 4*3 inches, oulmen 0*5, wing 2-25, tail 1-9, tarsus 0*7. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in being duller in colour, in 
wanting all the scarlet on the head and sides of face, which parts 
are ashy grey ; the throat also is light ashy, with slight indications 
of whitish bars ; there is also no golden yellow on the fore neck and 
breast, the under surface being less strongly barred and spotted than 
in the male: "bill crimson, foot dark brown; iris rod'1 (1\ E. 

298 
PLocEmas. 

Buckley). Total length 4-5 inches, cnlmen 0-5, wing 2-3, tail 1-7, 

lU7o<ni<f'vmle. Similar to the adult female, and without any red on 
tho forehead or throat, but duller in colour, being brown with a 
wash of olive on the head ; under bxirfo.ee of body ashy broYin, butty 
whitish on the lower abdomen and under toil-coverts, and with 
scarcely any indications of whitish cross barring. 

Ilah From the Congo region in W. Africa to Angola and Damara 
Land; "thence lo the Transvaal and Natal; throughout East Africa 
to Equatorial Africa. 

a. 
J ad. HL Landana, Congo, Feb (X. Shelley Coll 
IHit). 
b, J ad. sk. Quanza 1th or, Angola. Sliarpe Coll. 
cJ ad. sk. Quanza River, Angola, Shelley Coll. 

cS ad. sk. Bonguela. 
Monteiro Coll. 

J ad. Ai. Otj imbinque, Damara-Land, Tweeddale Coll. 

Aug. 21 (C. J. Andersson). 
ad.; //, h, i. Otjimbiuque, July, Oct. (C. Sharpe Coll. 

f. g
Juv. sk. J. A.). 
It, L d ? ad.; m. Otjimbiuque, July, Sept. (C. Shelley Coll. 


6 juv.sk. «X A.). 

w. $ ad. bt. Ma^alie.sbergen, Transvaal, Prof. Wahlberg [C.]. 
Dec. 22. 
«, ;>• d 2 &d. sk. Transvaal (T. Ay res). Sharpe Coll. 
</, (5 ad. sk. Natal. Sliarpe Coll. 
r, *. d $ ad. sk. "Weenen, Natal. Shelley Coll. 
/. J ad. sk. Bamangwato, Oct. 26 (T. JE. Shelley Coll. 


Buckley). 
u, $ ad. sk. Matabele-Land, Sept. 29 Shelley Coll. 


(T. E. Bucldey), 
u, w, .r. d innit. Tali, Matabele-Land, Sept., W. E. & C. G. Oates, 
sk. Oct. (R Oates). Esqrs. |_P.]. 
?/. ^ ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Exped. 

z. 
Ad. &k. Lamu, East Africa (Sir J. Shelley Coll. 
Kirk). 
«', b\ d $ ad. sk. Manda Island, Nov. F. J. Jackson, Esq. 
[P.]. 
<"'. cJ ad. sk. Kibiro, Oct. 11. Emm Pasha [P.]. 


Sulxsp. a. Zonogastris soudanensis. 

Zonoga4rih elegaiib (nee Gm.\ Ilartm. J. f. 0.1863, pp. 313, 407. 
IStelia elegaiih (nee Gm.)7 Antin, Cat. descrr. Ucc. p. 73 (1864); 
\Sa!ca<L Atti 11 Accad. Torino, v. p. 742 (1870). 
Pytolia mdba (nee X.), Ileityl J. f. 0.1864, p. 248 ; I>ek. Verh. z.-K 
7xV.s\ Wien, \xx. p. 614 (1881), xxxii. p. 509 (1882). 
Pytelia nielba, var. ctterior, Ilartl. Ahhandl. not. Ver. Bremen, vii. 

p. 104 (1881). 
Adult malt. Himilar to Z. meTba, but rather more golden on the 
fore neck and chest, the reel on the throat extended in the same 
manner, but of a rosy red instead of scarlet. Total length 4*8 
inches, culmcn 0*5, wing 2-25, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*6. 

24 . ZONOGASTKIS. 
29 9 
Adult female. Similar to the female of P. citerior, and equally 
pale. Total length 4*6 inches, culmcn 0*5, wing 2*3, tail 1*8, 
tarsus 0*6. 
Bab. KE . Africa, from Bogos-Land to the Soudan and to Lado in 

Equatorial Africa. 

a. $ imm. sk. Keren, Bogos-Land (Esler). Sharpe Coll. 
&, c <$ 2 ad. sk. Khartoum. * Sharpe Coll. 
d. (S ad. sk. Lado, Equatorial Africa, May 5 Shelley Coll. 
(Emin Pasha). 
2. Zouogastris citerior. 
The Green Goldfinch, Edwards, Gleanings, vi. p. 130, pi. 272. fig. 2 
(1700), 
? Estrelda olegans (nee GmX Hupp. Neue Wirb., Yo<j, p. 101 
(1835-40)5 <d. Syst. Uebers. p. 77 (1845). 
Estrelda speciosa (nee JBodcl), IJes Murs in Zefebvre's Voir, Abi/ss. 

p. 173 (184o). J J J 
Estrelda, melba (nee X.), Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 3(50 (J840). 
Pytelia elegans (nee Gm.), Strickl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 218; LhhL 
Nomencl. p. 48 (1854). 
Pytelia melha (nee Z.), Bp. Consp. i. p. 401 (1850); Ileiehenb. 
Singv. p. 24, Taf. ui. tigs. GO, 01 (1861); IleuqJ. J. f. 0. 1802, 


p. 29; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 620 (1870, pt.); Shelley, 
Ibis, 1886, p. 319 (pt). 
Pytelia citerior, Strickl. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 151; Blanf. Geol, $ 
Zool. Abyss, p. 410 (1870); Fhiseh, Trans. Z. SMii. p. 267 (1870); 
Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 66 (1871) ; Ant in. $• Salvad. Viagg. Botjos, 

p. 115 (1873) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 248 (1882) j Salvad. 
Ann. Mm. Genov. (2) i. p. 176 (1884). 
Fringilla (Pytelia) elegans, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 40 (1856). 
Zonogastiis citerior, lleugl. J.f.O. 1868, p. 19; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. 

iv. App. p. exxxviii (1871). 
Estrelda citerior, Gray, Handrh B. ii. p. 53, no. 6730 (1870). 
Adult male. Similar to Z. melba, but haying tho scarlet confined 
to the chin and upper throat; tho lower throat and fore neck golden 
yellow, brighter than in Z. melba: " bill coral-red; feet reddish ; 
iris red" (lleuglin). Total length 4-2 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*3, 
tail 1-8, tarsus 0*6. »*y 

Adult female. Similar to the female of Z. melba, but very much 
paler and much more faintly barred below ; the throat ashy white, 
with scarcely a trace of dusky cross bars. Total length 4*7 inches, 
cnlmcn 0*5, wing 2*3, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*6. 

Hab. N.E. Africa across to Sencgambia. 

a. 2 ad. sk. Zoulla, Annesley Bay, Abys- \V. T. Blanford, Esq. 
* sima,Feb.4,1608. [O.]. 
b. 6 ad.sk. Anseba Valley, July 27,1868. W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
c d ad.sk. Beiook, Bogos-Land, July 17, Tweeddnle Coll. 
1868 (W. ifesse), 


d. 6 
ad. sk. Rairo, Aug. 13, 1808 (W. Shelley Coll. 
Jesse). 
300 PLOCEIDJE. 
e. d1 ad. ale. St. Louie, Senegambia (Z.
Laqlaize). 
f. <f ad. sic. St. Louis.
ff. 9 ad. sic. Senegambia.
k. j ad. sk. Senegambia.
25. PYTELIA

 Tweeddale Coll. 

 L. Lagkize [0.]. 
Forbes Loll. 
Sir A. Smith [P.]. 
Type 

Pytilia, OM&M. i?. PT. Afr. I p. 203, note (1837) . . P. pboenicoptera. 
Pytelia, Swauu. (Jlassif. B. ii. p. 280 (1837) P. pboenicoptera. 

Head of Pytelia afra. 

Range. Confined, fco Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
With red or orange on the wings, and with 
crimson on the tail-feathers j no ovate white 
spots on under surface. 
a'. Outer aspect of quills bright red; no red on 

the face hi the male. 
a". Bill slaty grey
b". Bill red


b'. Outer aspect of quills orange or golden yellow. 

c". Under surface of body slaty grey with 
narrow white cross bars, but no orange 
on the breast

d". Under surface strongly tinged with olive-
yellow, especially on the breast, and 
barred with white and dusky olive on the 
flanks

b. 
With the quills and tail olive-yellow like the 
back; bead grey ; face white; throat black ; 
sides of body bright yellow
c. With the outer aspect of the quills green; tail-
feathers green; conspicuous ovate spots of 
white on the under surface, 
c'. Lores and throat, as well as sides of face, 
orange-scarlet or orange; breast blackish 
with white spots

a". Lores slightly tinged with orange; sides of 
face and throat and under surface of body 
ashy, with white spots

 phonnicoptera, p. 301. 
lineata, p. 301. 

hypogrammica, p. 302. 

afra, p. 302. 
sharjrii, p. 303. 

schlegrti, p. 304. 
nitidula, p. 305. 

25 . PYTELIA. 301 
1. Pytelia phcenicoptera. 
Pytelia phoonicoptera, Swains. B. W. Afr. I p. 203, pi. 10 (18,17); 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 4(52 (3850); JIartl. Orn. IV.-Afr. pp. 145,1274 
(1857); Reichenb. 8ingt\ p. 25, Taf. vii. %. 05 (lrf(Jl); Ant in. Oat. 
descrr. Ucc. p. 78 (1804); Zftw//. /. /'. O. 1801, p. 248; id. Orn. 
N.O.-Afr. i. p. (522 (1870); liewhen.\L f. 0. 1875, p. 42 ; Shelley, 
Ibis, 1886, p. 321; id. P. Z. S. 1SH8, p. 31. 

Estrelda erytliroptera, Less. Echo du Monde Savant 1844, p. 295; id. 
Descr. Mamm. et Ois. p. 343 (1847). 
Estrelda phoenicoptera, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 3(50 (1840): id. llmid-l. 

B. ii. p. 53, no. 6732 (1870). 
Zonogastris phoenicoptera, Cab. Mm. lleiu. Th. i. p. 172, notes (1850) j 
Heugl. J.f.O. 1868, p. 20. 

Adult. General colour above ashy brown with a blight wash of 
crimson, a little more distinct on the scapulars; lower back, rump, 
and upper tail-coverts dark crimson; lesser wing-coverts brighter 
and more vermilion; median and greater coverts ashy brown, with 
vermilion edges; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky 
brown margined with dull vermilion, the inner secondaries entirely 
ashy brown; centre tail-feathers dark crimson, the remainder blackish, 
ext em ally dark crimson ; crown of head and hind neck rather lighter 
ashy than the back; base of forehead, lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, 
cheeks, throat, sides of nock, and fore neck clearer and more hoary 
grey, the latter with some narrow whitish cross lines, slightly visible 
also on the throat; chest and remainder of under surface light ashy 
grey, barred with white, these bars more distinct on the lower 
breast and abdomen, the dusky bars browner; lower abdomen and 
vent white; sides of body, flanks, and thighs barred with dusky 
brown and white; under tail-coverts dusky brown with some white 
bars near the ends of the feathers; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
white, the edge of the wing vermilion ; quills below dusk}', 
ashy brown along the inner edge: " bill black ; foot pale brown; 
iris red *' {Emm Pasha). Total length 4*2 inches, culm on 0-45, 
wing 2-2, tail 1*35, tarsus 1*3. 

The specimen from Lado differs from the Oambian bird in having 
the under wing-coverts barred with ashy, but as slight traces of 
similar bars can be traced in the former bird, these differences are 
probably only due to age. The dimensions are the same, but the 
bill is a little stouter in the Lado example. 

Had. Erom Senegambia to the Upper Nile regions and Equatorial 

Africa. 
a. Ad. sk. Elver Gambia. Purchased. 
b. S ad. sk. Lado, Equatorial Africa, Aug. 10. Emm Pasha [P.J. 

2. Pytelia lineata. 
Fringilla (Pytelia) lineata, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 40 (1856, descr. 
Pvtelia lineata, Hartl. Orn. Westafr. p. 146, note (1857); Heugl 


J. f. 0.1863, p. 17 (descr. orig.)$ Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 321. 
302 PLOCEIDiE. 

Fringilla polyzonn, Heuyl J. f. 0. 1807, p. 303 (e.r Pt\ Whrtemb. 
Mm).
Zouon.tstrLs linoala, Ileiu/l. J. f. 0. 1808, p. 2L ; ?rf. On*. N.O.-Afr. 

p. 023, pi. 10. fio. 1 (1870)/ 
Ifotrelda lineata, Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 53, no. 0737 (1870). 
J<frfft. Similar to P. phenieoptera, but with the bill more slender 
and of a rosy-cinnabar colour ; the red colour of the rump, wings, 
and tail more extensive; edge of wing crimson: iris scarlet: foot 
ilesh-eolour. Total length 4-" (}"' to 4" 8'", oilmen 4i'" to 5'", wing 
2" 3"', tail 1" 7}'" to 1" dl"\ tarsus 7'". (Ileuglin.) 

I/ab. Western Abyssinia. 

3. Pytelia hypogrammica. (Plate XII. fig. 2.) 
Pytelia afra (nee Gnu), Hartl.rn. W.-Afr. p. 145 (1857). 
Pytelia hypogrammica, Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 50; id. Cat Afr. B, 
"p. 07(1*71); Shelley $ Buckley, Ibis, 187:2, p. 289; Shelley, Ibb9 
188.'), p. 553 ; id. Ibis, 1880, p. 320. 
Estrelda hypogrammica, Gray, IIand4. B. ii. p. 53, no. 0738 (1870). 

Adult (type of species). General colour above slaty grey; the 
forehead, cheeks, ear-coverts, throat, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
rich crimson; wing-coverts orange, the lesser series tinged with 
red; primary-coverts and quills dark brown, externally edged with 
orange; two centre tail-feathers like the rump, the rest blackish 
brown, margined with crimson; entire under surface of body dark 
slaty grey, with narrow transverse white lines, broader on the 
abdomen: bill black; feet light brown (in skin): " iris crimson " 
(IF. A. Forbes). Total length 3-5 inches, culmon Q*-lo, wing 2'2, 
tail 1*5, tarsus 0-0. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but wanting the crimson on 
the head and throat; the white barring on the under surface a little 
more distinct. Total length 3*8 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*2, 
tail 1*3, tarsus 0*55. 

Ilab. West Africa, from the Gold Coast to the Mgor. 

a. $ acl. sk. Fantee. Sharpe Coll. 
b. 2 ad. sk. Abokobi, Aguapim, Feb.
20 (67. E. S.). 
(Type of species.) 
Shelley Coll. 
c. $ ad. sk. Loko, River Niger ( W. Forbes Coll. 
A. F). 
4. Pytelia afra. 

Rod-faced Finch, Broton, III. Zool. p. 00, pi. 25. tig. 2 (1770): Lath 
Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 280 (1783). 
Fringilla afra, Gm. Syst Nat. i. p. 905 (1788); Vieill. N. Diet. 
d'llist Nat. xii. p. 243 (1817). 

Estrelda afra, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 309 (1849) : id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 53, 
no. 0731 (1870). * ' 
Pytelia afra, Bp. Consp. i. p. 402 (1850); Rekhenb. Singv. p. 25 
(1861); Socage, Orn. Angola, p. 350 (1881) : Shelley, Ibis, 1886, 

p. 320; Reichen. J.f. 0,1887, p. 301. 
25 . PYTELIA. 303 
Pytelia inelba, pt., Finsch $ Hartl Vog. Ostafr. p. 442 (1870). 

Pytelia cinereigula, Cab. Orn. Centralbl 1877, p. 182; id. J. f. 0. 
Ib78, pp. 101, 230; Fischer $ Beichen. J.f. 0. 1878, p/203; 
Fischer, J.f. 0. 1880, p. 103: Shelleij, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 5SHj 
Sehahw, J.f 0. 1884; p. 177; Bohm, J.f 0. 1883, p. 09; 
Schaloiv, J. f. 0. 1886, p. 413 ; Matschie, J.f. 0. 1887, p. 154. 

Pytelia wieneri, Buss, Gefiecl Welt, 1887, p. 317; Forbes, P. Z. S. 
"1880, p. 40, pi. 47. %. 2. 
Pvtelia pyropteryx, Schaloiv, J. f. 0. 1881, pp. 177, 178 (ex Bohm, 

^MSS.). 

Adult male. General colour above dull orange-yellow ; lower rump 
and upper tail-coverts crimson; wing-coverts like the back, the median 
and greater series washed externally with orange-scarlet; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, with orange or orange-
scarlet on the outer webs; centre tail-feathers dark crimson, the remainder 
black, dark crimson externally ; crown of head and nape ashy 
grey, as also the sides of the neck and lower throat; the forehead, eyebrow, 
feathers round eye, sides of face, ear-coverts, and fore part 
of cheeks and upper throat crimson ; hinder cheeks ashy grey; 
remainder of under surface of body olive-yellow with a golden olive 
tinge on the fore neck ; breast barred irregularly with white, these 
bars more distinct on the abdomen; sides of body also slightly 
barred; under tail-coverts dusky olive with white tips and bars; 
xmder wing-coverts whitish, with ashy bases, the edge of the wing 
washed with olive-yellow ; quills below dusky blackish, ashy along 
the inner edge: " bill red, base of upper mandible brown ; feet 
horn-) ellow ; iris orange " (G. A. Fischer). Total length 4*7 inches, 

oilmen 0*5, wing 2-35, tail 1*4, tarsus 0*6. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but duller in colour and 
wanting the red on the forehead, face, and throat. Total length 
4*5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*3, tail 1*25, tarsus 0*6. 

Young. Similar to the adult female, but with a paler and more 
horn-brown bill, and whiter throat. 
Hah. "West Africa, from the Congo to Angola and Mossamedes 
and across to Lake Tanganyika and the Zanzibar district of Eastern 

Africa. 
a. Ad. sk.
I.e. c? ad. * d. Jad. sk.
e. J ad. sk.
f. cfad.sk.
a. Ad. sk. 
West Africa. 
Landana,Congo, Feb., March 
(L. Petit). 
Ujiji, Upper Congo, Aug. 
Kassongo, June. 
Mamboio, E. Africa (Sir J. 
A. Wiener, Esq. [P.]. 
Shelley Coll. 
F. BohndorfffC.]. 
F. Bohndorff[C], 
Shelley Coll. 
h, i, k. Ad. sk.
I. Ad.sk.
Kirk). 
Lamo (Sir J. Kirk). 
Dar-es-Salaam(^rJ".Xw7v). 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
5. Pytelia sliarpiL 

Amadina sharpii, Nichols. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 130, pi. x. r; *• 
Munia sharpii, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 311. 
Pytelia sharpii, Bilttik Notes Leijden Mm. x. p. 91 (1883). 


C \,\ 

304 PLOCEmas. 

Adult (type of species). General colour above olive-yellow, the 
scapulars and wing-coverts like the back; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills dusky brown, externally olive-yellow, brighter on 
the primaries, the inner secondaries entirely olive-yellow like the 
back; tali-feathers olive-yellow, the inner webs dusky brown 
towards the base• crown of head and hind neck light grey, the ba«e 
of the forehead, lores, eyebrow, sides of face, ear-coverts, and cheeks 
white; throat black, extending up behind the ear-coverts ; sides of 
neck and under surface of body light grey: the abdomen slightly 
washed with olive-yellow; sides of body and flanks bright golden 
yellow, more brilliant on the sides of the breast; thighs and under 
tail-coverts ashy, washed with olive-yellow ; under win-i-coverts 
and axillaries isabelline, washed with yellow near the tjflg^j of the 
wing : quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total length 
4*2 inches, culm en 0*4, wing 2*3, tail 1*9, tar-siis n*fif>. 

An example from the Gambia is much duller in colour and luib the 
ear-coverts blue-grey like the head, leaving the cheek* gre\I4i 
white; the yellow on the sides of the body i& not nearly so brilliant. 
This may be the adult female. 

Flab. West Africa, from Senegambia to Dahomey. 

a. Ad.sk. Abeokuta (F. llohin). Y. Nicholson, Es«j 
b. Ad. &k. River Gambia.
(T\pt- oi\|H'ei<'-. I 
Pun-lia* d. 

0. Pytelia schlegeli. 
Pytelia schlegeli, Sharpe, Ibis, 1^70, p. 4N2, pi. \iv. iij>. *f» »*>; 
"Oust.X. Arch. JIuh. (2) ii. p. 112(1^79); ButHL Xotr> Lnjdm 
MILS. vii. p. 201 (1S<>); Shelly, Ibi% l->?0, p. :Jiy. 

Adult male (type of species). General colour ab we olive-green, 
golden brown on the rump and upper tail-covei fc>; Mdt^ of faee and 
chin crimson ; throat and upper part of breast orange-brown, tinged 
with crimson ; sideb of neck like the back ; quiiU brown, externally 
like the back, the secondaries almost entirely olive-green ; tail-
feathers olive-green, blackish internally; breavt and remainder uf 
under surface blackish, slightly washed with olive-green and thickly 
spotted with white ; lower abdomen, thigh*, and under tail-coverts 
olive-green : " bill blackish, blue at base, the tips of both mandibles 
and the greater part of the lower mandible ro-e-coluur ; feet greyish 
flesh-colour; iris dark brown r (J. Bilitlhjfr). Total length "4*7 
inches, wing 2, tail 1*15, tarsus 0*0. 

Adult female. Different from the male. Olive-green above, 
brighter on the ramp ; face fulvous; throat and remainder of under 
surface of body dull ashy, tinged with olive. Total length 4*7 
inches, wing 2, tail 1*1, tarsus 0*0. 

Hal. West Africa, from Sierra Leone to Gaboon. 

a. Ad. sk. West Africa. A. Wiener, EMI. rP.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Sierra Leone. Sir E. Sabme [P. J. 
c. Ad. sk. Fantee. Sharpe Coll. 
d. $ ad. sk. Accra (Copt. Hayms). Sharpe Coll. 
26. COCCOPYGHA. 
305 

7. Pytelia nitidula. 
Estrelda nitidula, Hartl. Ibis, 1865, p. 269; Gray, Hand-IB. ii. 
p. 50, no. 6691 (1870); Sharpe, ed. Bayard's R S. Afr. p. 472 
(1884). 
Amadina hartlaubi, Bianc. Spec, Zool. Mosamb. xviii. p. 324, pi. iv. 
fig. 2 (1867). 
Pytelia hartlaubi, Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 469 (1884). 
Pytelia nitidula, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 319. 

Adult. Olive-green, the rump and upper tail-coverts yellowish 
green, with an anteocular spot of orange-buff, extending also round 
the base of the mandible; under wing-coverts varied with olive and 
whitish, the abdomen prettily spotted with rounded white spots 
surrounded with black; tail and wings olivaceous; bill black ; feet 
lead-colour. Total length 3" 2'", bill 3f , wing 1" 9'", tail 1" 2'", 
tarsus 6'". (Hartlaub.) 

Hah. JSTatal to Mozambique. 

a. $ imm. sk. Durban, Natal (Gordge). Shelley Coll. 
26. C0CC0PYGIA. 
Type. 
Neisna, Bp. Consp. i. p. 460 (1850) G. subflava. 
Coeeopygia, Reichenb. Singv. p. 23 (1861) O. dufresnii. 
Range. Confined to Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Throat black 
dufremii $, p. 305. 
b. Throat grey. 
a'. Abdomen and under tail-coverts pale fulvous 
or isabelline buff dufresnii g, p. 305. 
b'. Abdomen yellow; under tail-coverts isabelline 
buff; sides of body green quartinia, p. 307. 

d. 
Abdomen and under tail-coverts deep ochraceous 
hilimensis, p. 307. 
1. Coeeopygia dufresnii. 
? Red-rurnped Finch, Brown, III Zool p. 70, pi. xxix. (1776). 
Fringilla dufresnii, Vieill N. Diet, d'Rist. Nat. xii. p. 181 (1817); id. 

Enc. Meth iii. p. 9e>9 (1823). 
Fringilla erythronotus, Vieill t. c. p. 242 (1817, ex Temm. MSB.). 
Fringilla inelauotis, Temm. Bl Col iii. pi. 221. iig. 1 (1833). 
Ehtrelda melanutis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 368 (1849). 
Ebtrelda dufresnii, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 369 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. 

p. 460 (1850); Hartl Orn. W,-Afr. p. 142 (1857) ; Gurney, Ibis, 
1862, p. 32; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 197 (1867); Gurney, Ibis, 
1868, p. 162 ; Gray, Hand I B. ii. p. 51, no. 6703 (1870); Sharpe, 
Cat. Afr. B. p. 65 (1871); Ayres, Ibis, 1880, p. 107; Bocage, Orn. 
Angola, p. 361 (1881); Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. pp. 469, 
849 (1884) 5 Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 330. 

VOL. XIH.

306 
M.OCEIDJS. 

Estrelda melanoaeinb, Sundet. (Eft. K Vd.~Akad. bfrnkk. 1850. 

p. 97. 
Estrelda neisna, Licht Xomtucl Ac. p. -Jb (1>54 u 
Coccop\gia diifre&nii, Eekhenh. ttingv. p. 23, Taf. \i. tig-. 53, 54 
(18(51). 
Ilabropyga dufreanii, Heuql Ora. X.O.-A*r. i. pt. li. p *Tb, liOte 
(1^0); 
Ortygospiza dufre&nii, Butler. Fedde/i, S-End. ZooL 1^2. p. 30O, 

Adult male. Geneial colour above oli\ e-\ elluw. with a fciuht wa 4 

of crimson on the back ; rump and upper tail-e:voi t-crimson : wing-

coverts like the back, SL^ al&o the inner &econd iriea, with a wa^h of 

crimson on the latter as well as on the greater coverts ; bastard-

wing, primary-coverts, and primary-quills du-k\, "with, ashy-olive 

margins; tail-feathers black : crown of head and hind neck pale 

slaty grey; lores, sides of face, ear-eoverK cheeks, and upper throat 

black; lower throat, sides of neck, and fore neck pearly grey, in


clining to white behind the ear-coverts and extending on to the *ide* 

of the breast; centre of breast, abdomen, and under tail-covert* 

pale ochreous buff; sides of body, flanks, and thighs a-shy brown ; 

under wing-coverts ochreous buff; quills below duaky, ashy oehiVHiis 

along the inner edge: "upper mandible black, lower one -carlet; 

feet very dark brown ; iris crimson " (T. Aym). Total b imi o*0 

inches, culm en 0*85, wing 1*8, tail K3, tarsus U-55. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in being pihr and having 
more vermilion on the iump and upper tail-covert"-*, and in wanting 
the black mask on the face and thro it, the-e parl> beinir pearly 
grey, becoming ashy gre} on the breast. Total length Ji*5 incite^ 
culmen 0*35, wing 1*9, tail 1\*J5, tarsub 0*55. 

Hob. South Africa, from the Ivnysna to Natal • and the Transvaal 
to the Zambesi. 

a. S ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A, Smith XV. 
b. cfad.; c. tfjuv. Knyssna, Jan. (C. J. Audir^-Sheik*} Coll. " 
"" 
sk. son). 
dj e. S ? ad.; Kny>na, Jan., March, April Sliarpt Cull. 
/, g. 6 imm. bk. (C. J. A.). 

h. 
$ ad. sk. Grakanistown (T. C. At-Shelley Cull. 
more). 
i. 2 ad. sk. Grahamstown { T. C. A. u Sharp*-Coll 
h S ad. sk. Natal (T. At/res). Salvin-Gudaun Coll. 
/, m. cT ; n. $ ad. Natal, July, Oct. Shelley Coll. 
sk. 

o. $ ad. sk. Pmetowm Xatal, Oct. 1 i T. Seeboltm Coll. 
Z, Ay res). 
p. Ad. sk. 
Pieterniaritzbmg (E. A. Shellev Coll. 
Bidler).

q c? ad. sk. 

Lydenburg, E. Trans\aal. F. A. Barratt, E^q. 

26. coooopreiA. 307 
2. Coccopygia quartinia * 
Bengali, Des Mtirs, in Lefebvre's Voy. Abyss., Ois. p. 117 (1845). 

Estrelda quartinia, Bp. Consp. i. p. 4G1 (1850); Hartl Orn. W.-
Afr. p. 142, note (1857); Ileugl. J /. 0. 1808, p. 11; Blanf. 
Geol. 8f Zool. Abyss, p. 409 (1870) j Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. 

p. il-26 (1870); Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 51, no. 0704 (1870). 
Fringilla (Estrelda) flaviventris, Heugl Si/st. Uebers. p. 40, 
Coccopygia quartinia, Reichenb. Singv. p. 23 (1861) -Salvad. Ann. 
Mus. Genov. (2) i. p 178 (1884), vi. p. 282 (1888). 
Ebtrelda ernesti II., Ileugl. J.f.O. 1862, p. 29. 
Estrelda ernesti, Ileugl. J.f O. 1868, p. 10. 
Habropyga ernesti, Ileugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 607, tab. xix.fig*.2 

(1870). 
Habropyga quartinia, Ileugl. t. e. p. 608. 
Coccopygia ernesti, Ileugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. iv, p. cxxxvii (1870). 

Adult. Similar to C. dufresnii, but differing in its greener 
colouring and greener flanks and sides of body, leaving the centre 
of the breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts more decidedly 
ochraceous than in O. dufresnii; " upper mandible deep black, lower 
one coral-red; feet blackish; iris red" (Heuglin). Total length 
3*7 inches, culmen 0*3, wing 1*85, tail 1*45, tarsus 0-55. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in the same way as the 
female of O. dufresnii by the want of the black mask. Total length 
3*6 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 1*9, tail 1*4, tarsus 0*55. 

Eab. N.E. Africa. Dr. Eochebrune says that it occurs also in 
Senegambia, but the statement requires confirmation. 

a. Ad. sk.
b. <$ ad. sk. 
Shoa (Sir W. C. Harris). 
Ankober, Jan. 1842 (Sir W. 
India Museum. 
India Museum. 
e. 2 ad. sk.
C. Harris), 
Senafe, Abyssinia, Feb. 26. W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[O.J 

Subsp. a. Coccopygia Mlimensis. 

f Estrelda quartinia, Boeage, Orn. Angola, p. 360 (1881). 

Adult male. Similar to O. quartinia, but differing in the deep 
ochraceous breast and abdomen. Like O. quartinia there is no 
black on the face. Total length 3*3 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 
1-85, tail 1*2, tarsus 0*55. 

Hal. Kilimanjaro district. It may be the form of O. quartinia 
which extends across to Angola. 

a. S ad. sk. Kilimanjaro, Aug. 6. Ii. C. V. Hunter, Esq. [P.], 
* Estrelda savatieri, Boehebr. Fmn. S6n$g., Ols. p. 252, pl.xxi.fig.1 (1884) ; 
Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 330. 
Is probably the same as O. quartinia. 

x2 

PLOCEIIL3E. 

27. HYPGCHJIEA*. 
Hypochs4a, Bp. Consp. i. p. 450 (1850) 
? 

.Bawgfe.' Confined to Africa. 

ifoy 2o the Species. 

a. With a gloss of steel-green or bottle-green, so 
that the effect of the plumage is greeni-Ii 
black. 
a. 
With the wings black, not contrasting 
strongly with the back .. . ania, p. oCb. 
b'. With the wings brown, contrasting greatly 
with the back; green gloss not to pronounced 
and approaching greenish black . . amattnipUryj. p. ^09. 

b. With a purplish or yiolet glo-s. 
c'. Wings dark, scarcely contracting with the 
back; globs of plumage purplish blue ... . nlttY/mf/rim, p. :*W. 
d\ Wings light brown, contrasting with the 
back; glos^ of plumage more distinctly 
purple. 


a". Purplish glosb more Ihely and slightly 
more bluish ." f uttered, p. 310. 

b". Purplish gloss more dead and general plumage 
more of a dead black both above 
and below niyerrima, p. 811. 

1. Hypoclisera asnea. 
,-? Le Pere noir a bee rousre, Urm. Orn. iii. p. 1;J0 f 17f>0). 
^ P Moineau du Itresil, Dai bent. Pl.Enlrh. pi. 2'Jl. %s. l,i>: Bvff. 
Mist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 4M3 (17773J. 
^ PFiingilla chalybeata, P. L. 6'. Mali, fybt. Sat., Anhang, p. 255 
(1776, ex Daub.); Cass. JProe, PMlmL Am L 1M**4, p. *2oo~ 
st ? Glossy Finch, Lath. Gen. tiya. ii. pt. i. j». i}07 (17s3). 
? Fringilla nitens, Gm. 8yd. Sat. i. p. 901) f 17b^, K*% Laili.\. 

^l Le Comba-sou, VieilL Ois. Chant, p. 44, pi. 21 (1*05). 
Fringilla nitens, Bo?m. ef Yieill. Ene* Jleik. iii. p. 955 {IdL^iJ. 
Loxigiila nitens, Less. Traite, p. 444 (LSJlj. 
Y Amadina nitens, Swaim. B. W* Afr. i. p. lid {lsi7f. 
Amadina nitens, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (I84ii). 
Hypochera nitens, Bp. Couxp. i. p. 450 (1>J0|; Cab. 31UK linn* 

Th. i. p. 175 (1850); SartL Dm. W.-Afr. p. 142 |l-57i; id. 

J.f. 
O. 1801, p. 259; Beichenh tihwv. p.*5;i, ph xaii. tig*. 1*4189 
(1861). 
Hypoclisera senea, JEartl. J.f O. Ife54, p. 115. 
Amadina chaljbeata, Gray, IlamM. R ii. p. 55, \v\ WJO f 1*70I. 
Hypoclisera chalybeata, pt., Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 04 tWlj. 

-ieZwfe *w«7*. Black, with a distinct gloss of fated-green; quills ami 
tail-feathers blackish. Total length 3*b inches, oilmen U-35, v> ing 
2-35, tail 1-35, tarsus 0-5. 

Hab. Senegambia. 

* Further differences in these species may probably be found in the colour 
of the bill. The southern birds appear to hare had red bills; while some living 
birds I saw recently in Paris (presumably from Senega!) had the bill iron-white. 
27. HYPOCHiEEA. 
309 

a. (S ad. ; b, o. River Gambia. Sharpe Coll. 
$ ad. sk. 
<:/. cT ad sk. River Gambia. Shelley Coll. 


e. <$ ad. sk. Dakar, Senegal (L. Laglaize). Tweeddale Coll. 
/. <$ imm. sk. West Africa. Mr. Pulrnan [P.J, 
2. Hypochaera amauropteryx. 
Hypochsera nitens (nee Gm.), Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 322. 
Amadina nitens (nee Gm.), Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 201 (1867). 
Hypochsera ultramarina (nee Gm.), Gurney, Ibis, I860, p. 213,* 


Sharps, Cat. Afr. B. p. 64 (1871, pt.); Gurney in Anders. B. 
Barn. Ld. p. 175 (1872): Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 457 
(1884, pt.). ' J * 

? Hypochsera ultramarina, Rekhenb. Singv. p. 54, pi. xxii.fig's. 190, 
191(1861). ' b 
Hypochsera chalybeata {nee Mull), Barratt, Ibis, 1876, p. 207; 
Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 339. 

Adult male. With a steel-green gloss like the preceding, but 
altogether darker and appearing greenish black; wings brown, 
contrasting with the back. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0*4, 
wing 2*7, tail 1-5, tarsus 0*55. 


Hal. South Africa from the Transvaal to the Zambesi and Mozambique, 
extending westwards to Ovampo-Land. 


a. 
S ad. sk. Rtistenberg, E. Transvaal. F. A. Barratt, Esq. 
[C.]. 
b. tf ad. sk. Rustenberg, Jan. 5 (W.Lucas). Shelley Coll. 
c. <$ ad. sk. Zambesi. 
Dr. Bradshaw [O.]. 
d. e. S ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Expedition. 
/. (S ad. sk. Mozambique. Dr. Gueinzius [C.]. 

g. 
$ ad. sk. Ondonga, Ovampo-Land, Jan. Sharpe Coll. 
22, 1867 (C. J. Andersson). 
3. Hypochasra ultramarina. 
Outre-mer, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 5Q (1778, ex Bruce, Icon.). 

^-Ultramarine Finch, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 301 (1783). 
Fringilla ultramarina, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 927 (1788, ex Lath.). 
Amadina nitens (nee Gm.), Miipp. Neue Wirb., Vog. p. 101 (1835-40). 
Philasterus nitens, Striehl P. Z. S. 1850, p. 218 , 
Hypochsera ultramarina (nee Gm.), Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 175 

(1850) ; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. JE.I. Co. ii. p. 513 (1856); 

—Fischer, J.f.O. 1885, p. 135; lieiehen. J.f.O. 1887, p. 70. 
Fringilla (Amadina) nitens, Beugl. Syst. TJebers. p. 41 (1856). 
Hypochaera nitens, Antin. Cat descrr. TJce. p. 70 (1864); Scl. P. Z, S. 

1864, p. 110 j Beugl. Orn. NO.-Afr. I pt. 2, p. 588 (1870); 
Salvin, Cat Stricld. Coll. p. 247 (1882); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. 
Genov. (2) i. p. 181 (1884). 

Hypochasra nitens, var. ultramarina, Hartl. Abhandl. nat, Ver. Bremen, 

viii. p. 202 (1883); Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 325 (1884). 
Hypochsera nitens,Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver.Bremen,vm. p. 202 (1883) 
Hypocha^ra chalvbeata, Shelley, Ibis, 1S86, p. 338, pt.; Salvad. Ann. 
*Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) vi. p. 284 (1888). 

810 PLOCETDJB. 

Adult male. Glossy purplish Hue both above and below; quills 
and tail-feathers blackish. Total length 3-8 inches, culmen 0*35, 
wing 2-Qy tail 1*4, tarsus 0-55. 

Adult female. Above dusky brown, the feathers margined with 
dull whitish : a vertical streak, with another above the eye, and a 
third below the latter dull whitish; under surface of body dull 
whitish; throat, breast, and flanks dusky ashy, the former and the 
vent in some specimens more fulveseent: tail-feathers smoky brown. 
(HeugL KO.-Afr. p. 588.) 

Hah. Abyssinia and Shoa as far as the Upper White Nile. 

a. Ad. sk White Nile. F. Gallon, Esq. 'P 
k cj ad. sk. Abyssinia. Purchased. 
e. 
d. 
Ad. sk. 
$ ad. sk. 
Abyssinia. 
Shoa (Sir W. C Harris). 
Shelley Coll. 
India Museum. 
e. $ ad. sk. Lake Sanne, IPtesa's country 1L A. Bonner [P." 
(Piaggzd). 
f c? ad. sk. Daimbi, Shoa, Nov. 22 (0. 
Anfinori). 
Shelley Coll. 

4. Hypochsera funerea, 
PThe Black Linnet, Edwards, Gleanings. Hi. p. 322. pi. 382. %. 1 

(1764). 

Frbgilk funerea, Be Tarrag. JRei\ ZooL 1847, p. ISO. 

Tiaris funerea. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 375 (1849j. 

Hvpochaera ultramarina, Hartl.rn. W.-Afr. p. 14!J (l^-">7j; Fisher, 

>./. 0.1583, p. 135: Reichen. J.f. 0. LSST. p. 70. 
Hypoeiisera purpuraseen-, lieieke/i. J. f. O. leb-1, p. 221; FL«ekerf 

J.f. 0.1885, p. 135. 
Hypoehsera nitens? Hartert, J.f. 0. IfcStf, p. 554. 
Adult male. General colour above dull purplish Llaek with scarcely 
any gloss: on each side of the lower hack a patch of silky white; 
wing-coverts like the back; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and 
quills light brown, the inner secondaries purplish black like the 
back; tail-feathers light brown, fringed with whity brown ; sides 
of face and entire under surface of body dull purplish black like the 
back; axillaries and under wing-coverts creamy buff; quills light 
brown, below, creamy buff along the inner web : ** bill white ; feet 
red; iris brown " (Hartert). Total length 4-3 inches, culnien 0*4, 
wing 2*7, tail 1*55, tarsus 0*55. 

Hah. Natal to Eastern Africa, and apparently West Africa from 
Senegambia to Abeokuta * and the Niger. 

a. S ad. sk. Burg Mountain, Natal (Gwdge). Shelley Coll, 
b, c. S ^d. sk Weenen, Natal, Jan.,Feb. (JF. Forbes Cull. 
Arnold), 
d, e. d ad. sk. Weenen, Natal, Feb., Apiil Shellev ColL 

(W. Arnold). 
* The specimen from Abeokuta bas been in spirit and therefore the actual 
shade of gloss on the plumage cannot be trusted. The only specimen from 
Senegambia in the Museum is not in full plumage, but appear* to be donning m 
much more violet-black plumage than the Natal birds, so that in all probability 
the Senegambian specimens wiE be found to belong to a distinct species. 

28 . T2E2M:OPr<3IIA. 
31 1 
f. Ad. sk. Mamboio, E. Africa (Sir J. Shelley Coll, 
Kirti), 
g.
h. 
cj imm. sk. 
d ad.sk. 
Sedhiou, Senegambia. 
Abeoktita. 
M. A. Marche f 0.1 
R Nicholson, Esq. 
[*•]. 

5. Hypochasra nigerrima. 
Hypochcera nigemma, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1871. p. 133 ; id. Cat Afr. 
B. p. 64 (1871). y 
Hypochsera nitens («#? #/».), -Boc^e, 0/v*. ^ot o p. 348 (1877-81). 
Hypochsera ultraniarina, Reichen. J. /. 0. 1887, p. 308. 
Adult (type of species). Similar to II. funerea, and with the 
same brown wings, but with the plumage deep purplish black above 
and below. Total length 4*4 inches, culmen 4-4, wing 2-1), tail 1*4, 
tarsus 0-55. 

Hah. Erom Angola to the Upper Congo Eegion and south to the 
Zambesi. 

CL <3 ad. sk. Galungo-alto, Angola (Hamil- Sharpe Coll. (Type 
f°n). of species.) 

b. <$ ad. sk. Kassongo, Upper Congo, June. F. Bolmdorff [C.]. 
e, d. $ ad. ^k. Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Expedition. 


2S. 
TiEMIOPYGIA. 

Type. 
Tseniopygia, Reichenb. Singv. p. 26^(1801) T. oastanotip. 
Range. Australia and the Timor group of islands. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Throat grey, with distinct narrow cross lines of 
black castanotis, p. 311. 
b. Throat uniform grey, the cross lines obsolete, so 
that the throat appears practically unbarred ... . insularis, p. 312. 
1. Tseniopygia castanotis. 
Bengali mouchete, Vieill Ois. Chant, pi. 3 (1805). 

Amadina castanotis, Gould, B. Z. S. 1835, p. 105 ; id. B. Austr. 
fol. iii. pi. 87 (1848); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849); Reichenb. 
Toy. NeuholL p. 113 (1850); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 57, no. 0770 
(1860); Biggies, Orn. Austr. pi. 49. fig. 4 (1870). 

Steganoplema castanotis, Cab. Mm. Main. Th. i. p. 172 (1850). 
Sporothlastes castanotis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 455 (1850). 
Tseniopygia castanotis, Keiclienb. Singv. p. 26, Taf. viii. figs. 07-69 


(1862) ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. I p. 419 (18G5). 
Estrelda (Tseniopygia) castanotis, Ramsay, Broc. Linn. Soe. N. S. JV 

ii. p. 187 (1878); id. Tab. List Amtr. B. p. 10 (1888). 
Estrelda castanotis, Ramsay, Broc. Linn. Soe. N. S. TV. (2) I. 
p. 1091 (1887), ii. p. 168 (1888). 
312 PLOCEmae. 

Adult Ashy brown, greyer on the head; wing-coverts like the 

back; quills dusky, externally ashy brown like the back; rump 

white, with a black patch on each side: upper tail-coverts Mack, 

with a broad white band at the end; tail-feathers dark brown; 

lores and fore part of cheeks white, skirted by a narrow black line 

along the line of the bill, and another from below the eye ; entire 

ear-coverts and adjacent region of the side^ of the neck light orange-

rufous ; sides of neck ashy grey : throat and fore nt ck pearly grey, 

with narrow blackish cross lines: across the fore neck a distinct 

bar of black; breast, abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts white; 

sides of body deep tawny or chestnut, spotted with white; under 

wing-coverts white, washed with chestnut; quills dusky, pale buff 

along the inner web : im bill reddish orange ; feet ruMi-h orange, 

rather lighter than the bill; iris red " f J. GuvW)* Total length 

3*8 inches, cuhnen 0*4, wing 2*15. tail 1*4, tarsus Ov5. 

Adult female. Like the male, but with entire!} grey sides to the 

face; lores and cheeks white, skirted b\ the tame black line- a« in 

the male; throat and ehe&t uniform a-hy grey, but with no Maiki-h 

cross lines ; breast and abdomen pale ochreou^ buff. Total length 

3*6 inches, cuhnen 0*4. wing 2*2, tail 1*3, taiMi-* 0*55. 

Eab. Korth-western, Northern, and Wtsttrn Australia, New 

South Wales, Tietoria, South Australia, and Interior Province (E. 

P. B.). 
a. (S ad. sk, S. Australia. J. a >::.}:*.. r 
k tf ad. sk. Rh er Darling. (tiuM< ;i. 
c, cl tf $ ad. sk. Quepii^lzii d {J, 7\ Coele/t ? Suhi.-n di.a\ (Ml 
e9f. 6 2 ad. sk. S. Queen-Iaiid, / TVM k.IeC JL 
ff, h. Ad. ,<k. N.W. Austialia. J. 11 LU\. 11 MJ. 
. 1IV* 

i. <$ ad. <*k. Fitzroy Elver, X. W. A. { Z II. 
Capt. Bowver Bower 

Bovcyer Boiueru 

P.". 

Is, I. Ad. sk. Australia. 

>ir TC Mitch* U "P.\ 

m, n. $ 2 a$* Australia. 

-ir T. Mitchell *1\ \ 

sk. 

Australia. PfiL^e 11 
2>, q. d 2 ad- &k. Australia. ilrmllVijll 

o. <$ JUD. sk. 
2. Tmmo^jgm insularis. 
Amadina insularis, Wall. P.Z.S. IbCO, p. 4ti5; Fi/mk Xtu-Guin*ti% 
p. 17G (1865) ; Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 07, no. \*VSl (1^70/. 
Adult male (type of species). Similar to T. cabtanotts, hut with 
the throat and fore neck uniform pearly giev, viith no cruk* lines of 
black; across the fore neck a broad band of bke L Total length 
3*8 inches, culmen 0*45 -wing 2y tail !•&>, tarsu- U'30. 

Adult female. Similar to the female of 7\ ta±tauhtl% but rather 
browner. Total length 3"S inches, culmen U'4om win# 2, tail 1*5$, 
tarsus 0*55. 

Red). Timor and Mores. 

29 . STICTOPTEEA. 
313 

a. S ad. sk. Timor (A. R. Wallace). Gould Coll. 
&,*.(?$ ad. sk. E. Timor. Wallace Coll. 
(Types of species.) 
d. $ ad. sk. E. Timor. Wallace Coll. 
e. (S ad. sk. Seinao, Timor. Wallace Coll. 
ft 9- cJ; h,i. $ Elores. WaUace Coll. 
ad. sk. 
h, I $ 2 ad. sk. Flores (A. R. Wallace). Tweeddale Coll. 
m. 2 ad. sk. Flores (A. R. Wallace). Gould Coll, 

29. STICIOPTEKA. 
Type. 
Stictoptera, Reichenb. Singv. p. 31 (18G1) S. bichenovii. 
Range. Confined to Australia. 

Key to the Species. 

a. With the rump white 
bichenovii, p. 313. 
b. With the rump black 
annulosa, p. 314. 
1. Stictoptera bichenovii. 
Fringilla bichenovii. 
Vig. § Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 258 
(1*527). 
Estrelda bichenovii, Gould, R. Austr. fol. iii. pi. 80 (1848) j Ramsay, 
Proc. Linn. Soc. K S. W. (2) ii. p. 168 (1888). 
Amadina bichenovii, Gray, Gen. R. ii. p. 370 (1849); id. Hand-l. 

R. ii. p. 57, no. 6793 (1870). 
Astrilda bichenovii, Reichenb. Vdg. Neuholl. p. llo (1850). 
Staganopleura bichenovii, Bp. Consp, i. p. 456 (1850). 
Stictoptera bichenovii, Reichenb. Singv. p. 31, Taf. x. figs. 91, 92 
(1862); Gould, JECandb. B. Austr. i. p. 409 (1865). 
Estrelda (Stictoptera) bichenovii, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 

ii. p. 186 (1878); id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 10 (1888). 
Adult. General colour above light brown, vermiculated with 
indistinct transverse bars of dusky brown; upper tail-coverts white, 
preceded by a black bar across the rump; lesser and median wing-
coverts like the back, the latter with coarser blackish cross bars; 
greater coverts and quills blackish, checkered with white spots; 
tail-feathers black; head like the back; forehead blackish, extending 
backwards in a line along the sides of tho crown and descending 
behind the ear-coverts in a narrow collar across the lower throat, 
enclosing the latter, as well as the sides of face, which with, the 
lores and a narrow eyebrow are white ; remainder of under surface 
of body yellowish white, crossed by a second black band across the 
breast; chest tinged with ashy, the sides of it light brown like the 
back, with faint vermiculations; under tail-coverts black; under 
wing-coverts fulvescent; quills dusky, ashy fulvous along the inner 
web: " bill beautiful pale blue; irides black, surrounded by a 
narrow black lash " (Gould). Total length 3*8 inches, culmen 0*4, 
wing 2-15, tail 1*6, tarsus 0-6. 

314 PL0CEID2E. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but less brilliant in plumage 
and the bands on the chest narrower (Gould). 

Young. More uniform above, without the transverse vermiculations; 
the black bands on the throat and breast imperfect, the 
latter merely represented by a few black feathers. 

Hab. Australia. 
a. Ad. sk.
b. $ ad. sk.
c. Acl. st. 
Australia. 
Australia, Sept. 25. 
Australia. 
Linnean Society. (Type 
of species.) 
Sir T. Mitchell [P.J. 
Purchased. 
d. Ad. sk. New South "Wales. Forbes Coll. 
e. Juv. sk.
/ . Ad. sk.
g, h, i. Ad. sk. 
Liverpool Plains. 
N. Austialia. 
N.W. Australia. 
Gould Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
J. E. Elsey, Esq. [P.]. 

2. Stictoptera annulosa. 
Amadina annulosa, Gould, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 143; Gray, Gen. B. ii. 
p. 370 (1849) ; id. Hand4. B. ii. p. 37, no. 6792 (1870). 
Estrelda annulosa, Gould, B. Auslr. fol. iii. pi. 81 (1848); Biggies, 
Orn. Austr. pi. 48. fig. 3 (1870). 
Astrilda annulosa, Reicfienb. Vog. Neitfioll. p. 116 (1850). 
Steganopleura annulosa, Bp. Consp. i. p. 456 (1850). 
Stictoptera annulosa, Reichenb. Singv. p. 33, Tar. x. figs. 89, 90 

(1802) j Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 410 (1865). 
Estrilda (Stictoptera) annulosa, Ramsay, Broc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 

ii. p. 186 (1878) ; id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 10 (1888). 
Estrelda annulosa, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. (2) i. p. 1090 
(1887); id. op. cit. (2) ii. p. 168 (1888). 

Adult male. Similar to S. biclienovii, but having the rump black 
instead of whito: "bill and feet lead-colour" (J. Gould); "iris 
red-brownv (J. B. Elsey). Total length 4 inches, culmen 0*4, 
wing 2, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*5. 

Adult female. Similar to the male : " bill and feet slate-colour; 
iris brownv (J. B. Elsey). Total length 4 inches, culmen 0*4, 
wing 1*9, tail 1*6, tarsus 0*55. 

Hab. Northern and North-western Australia. 

a. Ad. sk. N. Australia (J. T. Cockerell). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Port Essington. Dr. Richardson [P.]. 
c. 2 ad. sk. Fitzroy River, N.W. Australia Capt. Bowver Bower 
(T.II. Bvioyer Boim*). [P.]. 
d. e. $ J ad. sk. Victoria River, N.W. Australia, J. R. Elsey, Esq. [P.]. 
May. 
30. NICHLITA. 
Type. 

iEthiops, jStrickl. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 30 (nee Martin, Nat. 

II. Quadr. p. 508,1840) , N. canicapilla. 
Nigrita, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1842, p. 145 JS. canicapilla. 
Percnopsis, Heine, J.f.O. I860, p. 144 N. pinaronota. 
Range. Confined to Africa. 

30 . ETIGBITA. 315 
Key to the Species. 

a. Belly black or dark iron-grey. 
«'. Forehead black; belly black. 
a". Hump greyish white; wing-coverts and secondaries 
spotted with white canicapilla, p. 315. 
b". Rump grey, only slightly paler than the 
back ; no white spots on secondaries ... . emilice, p. 31G. 
b'. Forehead ochreous; belly hlack luteifrons, p. 317. 
c'. Forehead ochreous ; hellygrey lucieni, p. 317. 

b. Belly chestnut like the forehead and sides of face ; 
back Iron-grey bicolor, p. 318. 
c. Belly white. 
d'. Bump like the back pinaronota, p. 318. 
e'. Rump ochreous, contrasting with back uropyyialis, p. 319. 
Head of Nigrita, canicapilla. 

1. Nigrita canicapilla. 
yEthiops canicapilla, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 30. 
Nigrita canicapilla, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 145; id. Zool. Typ. 
pi. 48 (1849); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 354 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. 

p. 444 (1850); Marti. Orn. W.-Aft: pp. 130, 273 (1857); Cass. 
Proc. Philad. Acad. 1857, p. 37, 1859, p. 135; Gray, Hand-l. 
B. ii. p. 40, no. 0G48 (1870); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 133; id. 
$• Bouv. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 48 (187G); Boeaqe, Orn. 
Angola, p. 322 (1877-81^); Shelley, Ibis, 188G, p. 30G; Reichen. 
J.f.O. 1887, p._ 307. 
Nigrita cinereieapilla (laps, cal.), Sharpe, Ibis, 18G9, p. 385 ; Reichen. 
J.f. 0.1877, p. 28. 
Adult male. General colour above dark slaty grey, brighter on the 
rump, which is pearly grey; wings black, spotted with white at tho 
ends of the featbers, the spots on the greater coverts and inner 
secondaries being larger; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
entirely black; upper tail-coverts ashy grey, washed with pearly 
grey ; tail-feathers black, with a narrow fringe of ashy grey at the 
end of the outer ones ; crown of head dark slaty grey like the back, 
the forehead black, as well as the lores and a broad eyebrow, sides 
of face, ear-coverts, and sides of neck; the black separated from the 
grey of the upper parts by a narrow line of hoary whitish which 
skirts the black forehead along the sides of the crown and along tho 
sides of the neck ; entire under surface of body black, the sides of 
body and flanks dark slaty grey ; thighs and under tail-coverts 
black; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the edge of tho 
wing black ; quills below dusky blackish, ashy along the inner edge. 
Total length 5-4 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-75, tail 1-9, tarsus 0*7. 

316 PL0CEIDJ3. 

Young. Differs from the adult in being much browner, the rump 
only a little greyer than the back ; scarcely any white spots on the 
wing-coverts and inner secondaries ; forehead like tho back; under 
surface of body dull slaty grey, interspersed with a few black 
feathers of the approaching adult plumage. 

Tlab, West Africa from Dahomey to the Congo. 

a. Ad. sk. Abeokuta.* F. Nicholson, Esq. 
b, c. Ad. sk. 
el Ad. sk.
e,f. Ad. j </. Juv.
sk. 
Fernando Po. 
Fernando Po (L. Fraser). 
Gaboon. 
[P.]. 
L. Fraser [0.]. 
(Types of species.) 
Eyton Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
ft. Ad. sk.
i. Ad. sk.
k, I. Ad. ot imm.
sk.
m. Ad. sk.
n. $ ad. sk.
o. Ad. sk. 
Gaboon (Du Chaillu). 
Muni Biver, Gaboon. 
Landana, Congo Biver (X. 
Petit), 
Landana (Dr. Lucan). 
Ohinckonxo, March 2 (Dr. 
Lucan). 
[Angola (Hamilton).'] 
Tweeddale Coll. 
P. Du Chaillu [0.1. 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 

2. Nigrita emiliae. 
Nigrita canicapilla, pt., llartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 130. 

Nigrita emilice, Sharpe, Ibis, 18G9, p. 384, pi. 11. fig. 2j id. Ibis, 
1870, p. 473; Gray, HancU. B. ii. p. 47, no. G651 (1870); Sharpe, 
Cat. Afr. B. p. 61 (1871) ; Shelley $ Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 289; 
Reichen. J.f.O. 1875, p. 41; Shelley, Ibis, 1880, p. 807; BUttik. 
Notes Lmjden Mus. x. p. 90 (1888). 

Nigrita canicapilla (nee Strickl), BUttik. Notes Leyden Mus. viii. 

p. 261 (1886). 
Adult. Similar to N. canicapilla, but smaller, with the rump like 
the back or only a little paler grey: no white spots on the wings, 
the coverts and inner secondaries faintly fringed with ashy grey at 
the ends : " bill black; feet smoky brown ; iris yellowish white " 

(J. Statnpfli); "iris cinnabar-red" (A. Beiclienotu). Total length 
4*4 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*45, tail 1*6, tarsus 0*55. 
Young. Uniform sooty black, with no white or ashy spots on tho 
rump ; tail blacker than the back. 
Hab. West Africa from Liberia to the Gold Coast. 

a. Ad. sk. 
b. Ad. sk. 
c. Ad. sk.
d, e. Juv. sk.
/,<?. Ad.; h. Juv.
[Sierra Leone.] 
Fantee. 
Fantee. 
Fantee (Aubinn). 
Fantee (JT. T. Xlssher). 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
(Tjpe of species.) 
Sharpe Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
, k, I. Ad. sk. Denkera (II. T. Ussher). Shelley Coll. 

* Paler in colour, but it is impossible to say if it is specifically distinct, as 
tho specimen was sent home in spirits, and the colours may have faded. 
30. NIGBIIA. 
317 
m. Juv. sk. Denkera (Auhnri). Sharp© Ooll. 
n, o. Ad. sk. Abouri, Aguapim, Feb. 2 (T. Shelley Coll. 
E. Buckley), 
p. 
Juv. sk. Biver Volta (JS1 T. Ussher). Sharpe Coll. 
q. Ad. sk. [Gaboon] * 
Sharpe Coll. 
3. Nigrita luteifrons. 
Nigrita luteifrons, 
Verr. Rev. et Mag. de Zoo I. 1851, p. 420,-Marti. 
Om. W.-Afr. p. 131 (1857); Cass. Proc. PMlad. Acad. 1859, 

p. 135; Gray, Hand4. B. ii. p. 47, no. 6650 (1870); Sharpe, 
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 612; Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 306. 
Adult. General colour above light ashy grey, slightly paler 
towards the rump; wings and tail black, slightly washed with ashy 
on the wing-coverts; head lighter grey than the back, the forehead 
ochreous buff, shading into pearly grey; lores, feathers round the 
eyes, ear-coverts, cheeks, and entire under surface of body black, as 
well as the thighs and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries white, the edge of the wing grey; quills dusky below, 
whitish along the inner web. Total length 4*3 inches, culrnen 0*35, 
wing 2-25, tail 1*55, tarsus 0*6. 

Young. Entirely grey above and below, with the forehead and 

sides of face also grey ; quills and tail black : under surface of body 

a little more dingy than the upper surface. 

Hob. West Africa from the Cameroons to Gaboon. 

a. Ad. sk. Cameroons Mountains {A. Cross- Sharpe Coll. 
ley). 
b. Juv. sk. Gaboon (Bu Chaillu). Sharpe Coll. 
a 
Ad. sk. Gaboon. P. B. Du Chaillu 
[C.]. 


d. Ad. sk. Gaboon (Bu Chaillu). Forbes Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Gaboon. 
Shelley Coll. 
4. Nigrita lucieni. 
Nigrita luteifrons (nee Verr.), Sharpe, Cat. Aft. B. p. 61 (1871). 
Nigrita lucieni; Sharpe §* Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool France, iii. p. 75 
(1878) ; Socage, Orn. Angola, p. 557 (1881); Shelby, Ibis, 1886, 

p. 306. 
Adult (type of species). Very similar to N. luteifrons, but differing 
in its grey under surface. It has the same ochreous buff forehead, 
but has only the lores and feathers round the eye black. 
Total length 4*3 inches, culrnen 0'35, wing 2*3, tail 1*5, tarsus 0-6. 

Hab. West Africa, from the Congo to Gaboon. 

a. Ad. sk. Gaboon ( Walker). Sharpe Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Ungomongo, Interior of the M. A. Bouvier. 
Congo State (L. Petit). (Type of species.) 
* I quite agree with Captain Shelley (Ibis, 1885, p. 305) that this specimen 
is probably wrongly ticketed by M. Verreaux. The skin has every appearance 
of the usual Gold Coast " make/* 
318 
piocEiD-ae. 

5. Mgrita bicolor. 
Pytelia bicolor, ifor#. %$£. P^-s. Bremen, 1844, p. 76. 
N'ierita bicolor, Sol. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 83, cum tab.; Cass. Proe. 
Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 185; Hartl J.f. 0.1861, p. 176; Kmikm. 

N. T. D. ill p. 391 (1866); Sharpe, This, I860, p. 191; Gray, 
Eand-l. P. ii. p. 47, no. 665% (1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. 3. p. 61 
(1871); Shelley $ Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 254; Shaipe 8f Boimer, 
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, Hi. p. 75 (1878); Boeaye, Orn. Angola, 
p. 556 (1877-81); Buttik. Notes Leyden Mus. vii. p. 195 flSso), 
uii. p. 261 (1886); Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 307. 
Adult. General colour above dull slate-colour; wing-coverts like 

the back; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, 

edged with the same slate-colour as the back; tail-feathers blackish, 

the outer ones pale ashy at the end ; crown of head like the back, 

the base of forehead and eyebrow, ear-eoverts, and entire under 

surface of body deep vinous-chestnut; thighs ashy grey; under 

wing-coverts and axillaries white with a faint ruddy tinge: quills 

dusky below, ashy along the inner edge: "bill black; feet sooty 

brown; iris blood-red" (BiittiJcofer). Total length 3*9 inches, 

culmen 04, wing 2-2, tail 1*55, tarsus 0-55. 

Young. "Distinguished by its pale horn-coloured lower mandible 

and by the colour of the face and underpartsT TEPupper surface 

is of a paler slaty grey than the adults; the sides of the face and 

throat are also light ashy grey, and there is no chestnut on the 

forehead or face ; the rest of the under surface is a pale vinous-red 

washed with ashy. 

Hob. West Africa from Fantee to the Congo. 

a. Ad. sk. Ashantee. J. Gould, Esq, 
K Ad. sk. Fantee. Sharpe Coll. 
c, d, e,f. Irani, sk. Fantee (Atthiun). Sharpe Coll. 
y. Imm. sk. Fantee (Aubinn). 
Shellev Coll. 
h. Ad. sk. Fantee (E. T. Ussher). Sharpe Col. 
i. Ad. sk. Fantee (J21 T. Ussher). Shelley Coll. 
h. Ad. sk. Abrobonko, Fantee, Jan. 30 (G. E. &). Shelley Coll. 
I. Ad. sk. Denkera (H. T. Ussher). Shelley Coll 
m. Ad. sk. Abouri, Aguapim, Feb. 22 (G. E. &). Shelley Coll. 
n. Ad. sk. Cameroons, Jan. 7,1871 (A. Crossky). Sharpe Col. 
o. Ad. sk. Gaboon. 
Sharpe Coll. 
6. Mgrita pinaxoEota *. 
Nigrita fusconota, 
Fraser, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 145; id. Zml Tup. pi 49 
(1849); Allen $ Thomps. Exped. Niyer, ii. p. 501 (1848) ; Cass. 
Proc. PMlad. Acad. 1859, p. 135; Gray, JEand-L B. ii. p. 47 no 
6652 (1870); Sharpe $ Botmer, Bull. Soe. Zml Frame, i. p. 48 
(1876); Beichen. J. f. O. 1877, p. 28; SMkyf Ibuf 1880, 

p. 306. 
Percnopsis dorsofusea, Heine, J.f.O. 1860f p. 144, 
* Mr. Eraser's intention was to mark the character of the dusky brown bmsk • 
but fasconota is a hybrid word. Dr. Heine's amendment is of suckmMSkdmsmL


characterthat I have altered the name entirely, so as to bring it back to Fraser's 

original" nieaning. 

31. SPOR2E<HOTH:IJ"S. 
310 

Adult (type of species). General colour above light ochreous 
brown; scapulars like the back; rump black; upper tau>overts 
glossy purplish black ; lesser wing-coverts glossy purplish black; 
median and greater coverts dark chocolate-brown; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills black, the inner secondaries chocolate-
brown; tail-feathers black, glossed with purple on the edges; crown 
of head and nape glossy purplish black, as well as the lores, sides 
of face, feathers round eye, and ear-coverts; cheeks, throat, and 
under surface of body pure white; thighs, under iail-coverts, 
under wing-coverts, and axillaries also white ; quills below brown, 
light ashy along the inner edge. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0*4, 
wmg 2-15, tail 1-55, tarsus 0-55. 

Hal. Prom Fernando Po and Gaboon to the Congo. 

a. 
Ad. sk Fernando Po. L. Fraser j 0.). 
(Type of species.) 
b. 
cf ad. sk. Ckmchonxo, Congo, April 2 Shelley Coll. 
(Dr. Zucan). 
e. Ad. sk Landana. 
L. Petit [C.l 
7. Klgrita uropygialis. 
rTigrita uropygialis, Sharpe, Ibis, 1860, p. 384, pi. 11. fig. 1; Gray, 
Handrl B. ii. p. 47, no. GG54 (1870) ; id. Cat. Aff. R p. 01 
(1871); Shelley, Ibis, 3880, p. 300. 

Adult (type of species). Similar to N.pinaronota, but differing in 
the pale ochreous-bufT band across the lower back and rump. Total 
length 3*9 inches, culmen 0*4, wing'2, tail 1-9, tarsut* 0-55. 

Young. Differs from the adult in being duller in colour, the head 
sooty black -without any gloss, and the white underparts washed 
with ochreous buff. 

Hal. Confined to the Gold Coast. 

a. Ad. sk. Fantee. Sharpe Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Fantee. Skarpo Coll. (Type 
of species.) 
c Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk.
/ . Juv. sk.
ff, A. Ad. sk. 
Fantee (H. T. Ussher). 
Fantee (Aubinn). 
Fantee (Aubinn). 
Fantee. 
Denkera (H. T. Ussher). 
Sharpe Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
A bwanzy Esq. [I.]. 
Shelley Coll. 

31. SPORJECHNTHITS. , ^ 
Sporseginthus, Cab. Mm. Hem. Th. i. p. 170(1864).... S. amandava. 
SSaya, Beiohenb. Singv. p. 15 (1861) | . amandava. 
Malpoda, Eeichenh. t. c p! 26 (1861) S. melpoda. 

Range. Indian Peninsula ; Burmese countries. Malayan Peninsula; 
Java; Flores; Timor. 

320 
PLOCEID^. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Throat crimson, with white spots on the chest 
and sides. 
at Belly black amandava, p. 320. 
b'. Belly orange-yellow. Jlavidiventris, p. 823. 

b. 
Throat yellow; belly orange or yellow, with 
ashy bars on the sides; a crimson eyebrow .. subflava, p. 324. 
c. 
Throat pearly grey; lores, eyebrow, ear-covert-, 
and cheeks" orange meljrjda. p. 325. 
1. Sporaginthus amaadava. 
The Amaduvads, cock and hen, Albin, Nat Hist JB, ill. p. 72, pi 77 

(1740). 
The Araadavad, Edwards, Gkanings. iii. p. 301, pi. 355 11774i« 
Le Bengali piquete, Briss. Or a. iii. p. 200, pi. x. fiU. 4 i!70lh: 

Daubent. PL Enl iv. pi 115. fig. 3; Month. Hist Sat. Oi\ h. 

p. 06 (1778). 
Le Bengali bran, Briss. t. c. p. 200, pi. x. fiur. 3 : DwihfM. i. f. 
pi. llo. %. 2, 
Fringilla amandava, Linn, Syst. Nat. i. p. 310 (1706)$ Vieitf. N. 
Diet d'Hist. Nat. xii. p. 175 (1817). 
Araadavade Finch, £«?/*. Gen. Syu. ii. pt. 1. p. 311 (1763>* 
Amandava, F/«7/. Ois. Chant, pis. 1, 2 (1605, lad). 
Fringilla punicea, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Sue. xiii. p. 1UO ilsi'l,. 
Linaria anianrlava, Sylces, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 03. 
E&trelda amandara, Jerd. Madr. Jour. xl. p. 2* J i W0«: Bhj*h* 

J. A. S. Beny. xiii. p. 049 f 1644>, xvi. p 407 (1^47 j ; <rV<; y, /& /i. 
5. ii. p. 3*58 flb49); if/ytf, Otf. if. J/w. .K *bm. p. 11- fl-401; 
i?^. Co^. i. p. 459 (1-501; Horn. ^ Mo /•<-, 'W. /;. Aft/*. 
-£I. Co.ii. p. 502(l<36j ; Jerd. B.lhd, ii.p. ZoU 1IsOOt; Mtoi/dt. 
Ibis, 1864, p. 2t>2: Bearaa, Ibis, 1^07, | . 3-*J. 15t'«\ j>. 173; 
Gray, J2flWflW. i?. 'ii. p. 51, n<». 0710 fW<M; H ld*w. P. Z. & 
1872, p. 404; Hume. Sir. F. 1573, p. 2 Jit; id. Nt^ and Eg*/* 
Inch B. p. 454 (1*73; ; itorff, &r. P. 1&74, p. 421: I/i/^, /. V. 
p. 258; Oafcs, Str. F. 1675, p. 342; Under, /. r. p. 40*0: Murgauy 
Ibis, 1875, p. 322; JFIKV/J. »SYr. JT 157t», p. 2til; //;/„«. SJr. F. 
lfc>77, p. 39; Ball, Str. F. b7^, p. 22^ ; Cr'pjn, f. t. p. 2i<4; Ltyye, 
B. Ceylon, p. (522, note (l*7i»): HHHH>* Str. F. l*7it, p. 10"; 
Butler] Cat. B. Sindfye.ip. 40 (1579); «7. Oi/. B. Bomk Prt*. 
p. 61 (1850) j J2k»z^ tifr. JT. Ix. *p. lis fi550t; i&itf, tf//-. P. x. 
p. 50 (1881); Davidson, t c. p. 312 (1862); Barium, L r. j». 403 
(1883); Murray} Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 1^2 (I^H.^. Siriiik. 
# Barnes, Ibis, 1«5, p. 129; Tag far, i. c. p. 403 (1^7) ; Ttrry* 
t. c. p. 478 (1887); 2fe?V, C'«f. Liiehmc Mm. p. 130 (1**7 j . 
Amadiua punctata, i'/?/^7 -i/z/z. ^ JS/ltz/y. A>rf. 7//V. xii. p. 10li 11^43», 
Estrelda punicea, J&;;. C'msp.i. p. 450; Ilor*f. »y Moort, Cat, II Mu-%. 
E. I. Co. ii. p. 503 (1850); iSrm/, lltuid-L B. ii. j*. 51, ii ». !*i71I 
(1870); Vordenn. Nat. Tijdsehr. Nedtrt Ltd. \r>) iii. p. *7 11^H3|. 
Sporaeginthus amandava, Cab. Mas. Iltin. Th. i. p. 170 (1^»*0|. 
Amandaya punctata, Iteichenb. Singe, p. 15, Taf. iv. figs. 25-33 {I 'sOl j . 
Amandava panicea; Ilewhenb, t. c. p. 17 {1801). 

Adult male in full jjlumage. General colour above crimson, with 
dull ashy bases to the feathers and crimson edges; OE the back 

31 . SPOIUEGINTHI/S. 
a few tiny white spots, rather larger on the scapulars, lower back, 

rump, and upper tail-coverts, which are brighter crimson, the white 

spots being tinged with rosy : wings dark brown, the coverts and 

inner secondaries with large terminal spots of white; bastard-wing, 

primary-coverts, and quills uniform dusky brown; tail-feathers 

black, the outer feathers with white spots at one end; head, sides 

of face, and under surface of body bright crimson; lores black; 

below the eye some tiny white plumelets; throat somewhat mottled 

with black bases to the feathers, as also the feathers of the lower 

breast; abdomen and under tail-coverts black; thighs black, barred 

with whitish; on the chest as well as the sides of the fore neck 

and sides of "body some rounded spots of white, larger on the sides 

of the body and the flanks; under wing-coverts white; quills 

dusky below, ashy along the inner web : " bill red, dusky at base 

of culm en; legs and feet brownish flesh-colour ; iris or age-red" 

(R A. Butler). Total length 4-3 inches, cuimen 0*4, wing 1*85? 

tail 1*5, tarsus 0*5. 

Adult male in winter plumage. Dark chocolate-brown, with the 

crimson white-spotted rump and upper tail-coverts as in the full 

plumage; wings dark brown, with round white spots, also on the 

inner secondaries (these easily distinguish winter-plumaged adults 

from^the brown-plumaged young); sides of face dark brown; chin 

whitish; throat and chest ashy brown, as also the sides of the body, 

the flanks having a few white spots; breast and abdomen ochreous 

buff, with a little scarlet on the former; under tail-coverts white. 

Adult female. Brown; wings darker brown, with small white 

spots on the wing-coverts and inner secondaries; lower rump and 

upper tail-coverts dull crimson, with whitish edges and spots; 

head like the back; lores, eyelid, and feathers behind the eye 

black; a whitish streak below the eye; sides of face, cheeks, and 

ear-coverts ashy brown; throat ochreous white, fading into ashy 

brown on the lower throat and chest, washed with ochreous buff; 

breast and abdomen saffron-buff, a little tinged with orange on the 

former; sides of body, flanks, and thighs ashy brown; under tail-

coverts like abdomen; under wing-coverts white, washed with 

saffron-yellow: " soft parts as in male " (E. A. Butler). Total length 

4*3 inches, cuimen 0*4, wing 1*9, tail 1*5, tarsus 0*55. 

Young. Like the old female, but rather more olive-brown; no 
white spots on the wing-coverts, which are distinctly tipped with 
fulvous ; quills dusky brown, the inner secondaries edged externally 
with fulvous; tail-feathers blackish, the outer feathers rather 
broadly edged with fulvous-brown; lores ashy whitish; sides of 
face brown; under surface of body ochreous buff, paler on the 
under tail-coverts. 

Considerable variation in the number and size of the white spots 
is seen in a series of specimens. I thought at first that the Javan 
and Malaccan specimens were rather more minutely spotted, but I 
find specimens from India which match them exactly, and I have 
come to the conclusion that E. punicea cannot be separated from 

E. amandava, 
ir

VOL. XIII.

322 
VWVVADM 

Hah. Indian Peninsula to Assam, Cochin China, and Siam,; 
Malayan Peninsula (probably local); Java. 

a, ft. <$ ad. sk. Kusmore, Sindh, Pec. (A. 0. II.). Tweeddale Coll. 
c, <7. Ad. sk. Sindh (Dr. I/. 6Wr/h India Museum. 

e. Ad. sk. Mooltan (Ctytf. Tweedie). Gould Coll. 
/, 
<7- J 2 «<*. sk ' Dceaa, Oct. 25 (#. A iteffcr)-Hume Coll. 
Umbala. Hume Coll, 

A-7/i. Ad.sk. 

w. Ad. sk. Umbala (& JPforfZ). Tweeddale Coll. 
Eta wah. Tlume Coll. 
o,jp. Ad. etjuv.sk. 

q. Ad. sk. Dehra Dhoon, Oct. 24. Hume Coll. 
Iumiaon. Hume Coll. 
r. Ad. sk. 
5, t Ad. sk. N.W. Provinces. Pinwill Coll. 
«, r, w. c? ad, j .r, Futtehgurh, Jan. 2 {A. Anderson). Seebohm Coll. 

y. tf juv. sk. 
*. Ad. sk. 
Oudh. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

«l. Ad. sk. Behar. 
Hodgson Coll. 
ft1-*1. Ad. sk. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
f\ Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodgson). India Museum. 

y . Juv. sk. Sikhim. Hume Coll. 
hl. 5 juv. sk. Sikhim. Seebohm Coll. 
k]~n\ Ad. j o1. Buxa Doars, Jan. (L. Mandelli). Hume Coll. 
Juv. sk. 
pl-ztl. c? a<I.; f1, Bliotan Doars, Jan., Feb., April Hume Coll. 
w1,^1. 5 ad. j (Z. Mandelli), 
yl-b2. Juv. sk. 
c2, d2. Ad. sk. Kamroop, Assam, Dec. (A. W. Tweeddale Coll. 

Clt ennell) 
e2. tf l*uv. sk. Cacliar, Jan. 27 (A. 0. &.). Hume Coll. 
/2, ^, h\ Ad.; Cachar (J. Inglis). Hume Coll. 

i2, P. Juv. sk. 
Sylhet, Jan. 24 (A. 0. H.). Hume Coll. 


imm. sk. 
o\ Ad. sk. Dacca. Hume Coll. 
w2. J imm. sk. Commillah, Tipperah. Hume Coll. 
?2. Ad. sk. Silligoree, Bengal, April 2 (JET. J. Tweeddale Coll. 

Elwes). 
r2 s2. Imm. sk. Palamow, Jan., Feb. (V. Ball). Hume Coll. 
f, n\ Ad. j IT. Raipur. Hume Coll. 


Var. sk. 
w2, x2,y2. Ad.sk. Kamptee. Dr. B. Hinde 


[p.]. 
z2, a\ Ad. sk. Khandeish. India Museum. 
ft3, c3, d3. d ad. j Khandeish,May, Sept. (J.Davidso7i). Hume Coll. 


e3. § ad. sk. 
/«, i;3. Ad. sk. Deccan (Col Syltes). India Museum. 
A3, i'3. tf ad.; 7<?,Belgaum, Sept. 28 (E. A. Butler). Hume Coll. 

P. ? ad. sk. 
m3~<f. Ad. sk. Slopes of Nilghiris. Hume Coll. 
r3, s3. Ad. sk. Nilghiris (Br. Bay"). India Museum. 
*>, u\ S ad.; v3, Khotagherry, Sept. 17 {Miss Cock- Hume Coll. 
w3. $ ad. sk. burn). 
^3-c4. <$ ad.; d4-Ootacamund, Jan., Feb., April ( W. Hume Coll. 


acl* et 

/. 2 
Davison). 

juv. sk. 

Ootacamund, Aug., Sept. (R. G. Tweeddale Coll. 

h*,i4.($ ad.sk. 

W. R). 
31 . SPOR^GIXTHTTS. 
323 
kl, l\ $ ad. j m\ Coonoor, Sept., Oct. (R. G. W. R.). Tweeddale Coll. 

o\ p\ £; q\ } Coonoor, Jan, 24, April (IF. Davi- Hume Coll 
ad. sk. son). 
r4. cj ad. sk. Coonoor, Oct. 18. W. Davison, 

Esq. [P.], 
s4. (S juv. sk. Siaxn. Seebohin Ooll. 
i4, uK <5 ad. sk. Saigon, Cochin China, Jan, (& Tweeddale Co3L 

P^aYZ). 
ta, «•*, x4. S\ 1/S Singapore Island, Oct. (IF. I).). Hume Coll. 

y. 2 ad.sk. 
«\&s, e5. Ad. sk. Java (Dr. Horsfield). India Museum. 
(Types of 2?. punicea.) 

2. Sporaeginthus fiavidiventris. 
E«trelda flavidoventris, 
Wall P. Z. & 1863, pp. 486, 495; (?r«y, 
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 51, no. 6712 (1870); Wardlaic Ramsay, Ihis, 
1877, p. 461: Anderson, Rep. Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, Aves, p. 600 
(1878): Hume §• Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 406 (1878); Hume, Str, 

F. 1870, p. 107 ; id. Str. F. 1880, ix. p. 118. 
Estrelda amaodava (nee L.\ Oates, Str. F. 1875, p. 342. 
Estrelda burmanica, Hume, Str. F. 1876, p. 484; Armstr. t. c. 
p. 3^>0 ; Oates, Str. F. 1877, p. 163. 
Astrilda amaodava {nee £.), Bh/th, B. Burm. p. 93 (1875). 
Estrilda punicea {nee Horsf.), Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 371 (1883); 
Reld, Cat Lueknow Mm. p. 130 (1887). 

Adalt male. Very similar to S. amandma, but without the black 
belly, this part being bright ochreous yellow: " bill deep red, the 
posterior half of culmen black; legs flesh-colour; claws horny: iris 
crimson; eyelids purpurascent; inside of mouth salmon-colour" 

(E. W. Oates). Total length 3*7 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 2*15, 
tail 1*2, tarsus 0*45. 
Adult female. Differs from the male exactly as does the female 
of E. amandava* Total length 4 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 1*75, tail 
1*3, tarsus 0*5. 

Hah. Burma and Tenasserim; islands of Flores and Timor. 

a7 h. Ad. sk. Sanda Valley, May, July. Dr. J. Anderson 
[C.]. 
c, d. $ : e. 9. ad. Tsitkau, Upper Burmah, Feb. 7. Dr. J. Anderson 
sk. [C.]. 
/-*. d 2 ad. et Pegu, March-Dec. (E. IF O.). Oates Coll. 

juv. sk. 
t d1 ad. sk. Pegu, July (E. IF. O.). Tweeddale Coll. 
u7 v, w. <$ ; x. $ Pegu, May, July, Aug. {E. IF. O.). Forbes Coll 

ad. sk. 

y. 
<$ ad. sk. Elephant Point, Jan. 1 (J". Arm- Hume Coll. 
strong). (Type of E.burmanica.^ 
z. 6 ad.sk. Sittang Valley, Dec. 28 (R. G. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
IF. R.). 
a1, b', e'. $ ad.sk. Thatone, Feb., Nov. ( IF. Davison). Hume Coll. 
d', e', f. 6 ; 9% Flores. ' Wallace Coll. 

h\ 
9 ad. sk. 
Y2 


324 PLOCEIDJE. 
*', k'. S ? ad. sk.
V. J ad. sk. 
Flores (A. R. Wallace). 
Florts (-4. R. Wallace). 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Forbes Coll. 
m\ ri. 6; o',p'. Jad, sk.
q'. <J ad. sk. 
E. Timor. 
E. Timor (A. R. Wallace). 
Wallace Coll. 
(Types of species.) 
Gould Coll. 

3. Sporaegintlms subfiavus. 
Fringilla subflava, Vieill N. Diet dHht. Nat. xxx. p. 575 (1819). 
Fringilla sanguinolenta, Temm. PI Col. iii. pi. 221. fig. 2 (1828). 
Estrelda sanguinolenta, Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 100 (1837) ; Licht. 

Nomencl. Av. p. 48 (1854) ; Gurnet/, Ibis, 1804, p. 252. 
Amadina sanguinolenta, Des Murs, in Zefebvre's Voy. Ali/ss. p. 173 

(1845) ; Gray Sf Mitchell, Gen. B. ii. pi. xc. figs. 2, 3 (1849); 

Heugl.J.f. 0.1862, p. 28. 

Estrelda snbfkva, Gray. Gen. B. ii. p. 369 (1849); Bp. Consp. Av. 

i. p. 460 (1850) ; Marti. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 144 (1857); Layard, B. 
S. Afr. p. 200 (1867); Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 162 ; Gray]Eand-l. 
B. ii. p. 51, no. 6718 (1870); Reichen. J. f 0. 1875, p. 41; 
Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 360 (1881); Forbes, Ibis, 1883, p. 529; 
Shelley, t. c. p. 555; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. pp. 469, 849 
(1884); Fischer § Reichen. J. f. 0. 1884, p. 178; Shelley, Ibis, 
1886, p. 334; id. B. Z. S. 1888, p. 32. 
Sporasginthus subflavus, Cab. Mus. Hem. i. p. 170 (1850) ; Heuql. 

J.f O. 1863, p. 19; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr., App. p. exxxvii (1870). 
Pytelia mitchelli, Reichenb. Singv. p. 24, Taf. xviii. figs. 161, 162 
(1861). 
Sporsegmthus miniatus, Hettgl. J.f.O. 1863, p. 167. 
Estrelda subflava orien talis, Heugl. J.f.O. 1868, p. 11. 
Habropyga subflava, Heuyl Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 609 (1870); Sharpe, 

Cat. Afr. B. p. 66 (1871) ; Reichen. J.f O. 1887, p. 71. 
Pytelia subflava, Russ, J. f O. 1869, p. 78. 
Zonoeginthus subflavus, Reichen. Mitth. Afrih. Ges. i. p. 6 (1880). 
Ortygospiza polyzona, Butler, Feilden, §Reid, Zoologist, 1882, p. 300. 
Pytelia sanguinolenta, Bohm, J.f O. 1885, p. 69. 

Adult male. General colour above olive-brown, rump and upper 
tail-coverts crimson; wing-coverts like the back; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills dusky, externally edged with olive-
brown ; tail-feathers dusky, edged with olive-brown, the centre ones 
entirely of the latter colour, the outer ones fringed with white at 
the ends; crown of head like the back ; lores and a broad eyebrow 
dark crimson; feathers below eye and sides of face orange-yellow, 
the ear-coverts washed with ashy olive, as also the hinder cheeks ; 
fore part of cheeks and throat orange-yellow, the throat washed 
with scarlet on the lower part, which with the fore neck and remainder 
of under surface is scarlet or vermilion; the sides of body 
ashy olive or barred with ashy olive and pale red; thighs olive ; 
under tail-coverts scarlet; under wing-coverts ashy olive, with 
whitish edges; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge: " bill 
scarlet, black along the culmen and symphysis; feet fleshy ; iris 
red " (W. A. Forbes)). Total length 3*8 inches, culmen 0-3, wing 
1*65, tail 1*2, tardus 0*45. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in the want of the red 

31 . SPOIUEGINTHTJS. 
325 

eyebrow and sides of face, the latter being dark ashy olive-brown 
like the head; under surface of body yellow, not scarlet, except on 
the under tail-coverts. Total length 3*5 inches, cuimen 0*35, wing 
1*7, tail 1*15, tarsus 0*4. 

Young males are not so scarlet underneath as the old birds, but 
are yellow like the females. 
Hab. The greater part of the Ethiopian Region, but apparently 
locally distributed. 

a. Ad. &t. Natal. Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. Umlazi River, Natal (T. Shelley Coll. 
L. Ay res), 
c. Ad. sk. Natal (T. L. Ayres). Seebohm Coll. 
d,e. $-7f. § ad.sk. Newcastle, Sept., Feb. Shelley Coll. 
{Copt. Sadie Reid). 

g. S ; k,«. ? ad.; Potchefstrooni, Transvaal, J. H. Gurney, Esq. [P.], 
7c, I. J uv. bk. J uly, Aug., Oct. (T. Ayres). 
m. Ad. sk. Potckefstroom, Oct. 23 Forbes Coll. 
(T. Ayres). 
w-s. <S ad. et juv.; Lado, Equatorial Africa, Emin Pasha [P.]. 
ty uf v. J ad. sk. March. 
ic. Ad. fck. Shonga, R. Niger, Dec. 1 Forbes Coll. 
( W, A. F). 
jc. Ad. sk. S. Luuib, Senegal(Z.La- Tweeddale Coll. 
glaize). 

4. Sporsegmtlras melpo&us. 
Bengali a joues Oranges, Vieill. Ois. Cliant. p. 20, pi. 7 (1805), 
Fiingiila nielpoda, Vieill. N. Diet. aVHist. JS'at. xii. p. 177 (1817). 
Estrelda melpoda, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 309 (18-19); Bp. Consp. AD. 

i. p. 4(50 (1850; ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 141 (1857) ; Cass. Proc. 
Fialad. Acad. 1859, p. 138 ; Heine,J.f.O. l&bO, p. 141 j Hartl J. 
f. O. 1801, p. 258 j Sliarpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 482 ; Shelley <§* Buckley, 
Ibis, 1872, p. 290 j ReicJien.J.f.O. 1875, p. 41; Sharpefy Bouvier, 
Bull. Soc. ZooL France, iii. p. 76 (lb78); Oustalet, Nouv. Arch. 
Mus. (2; ii. Bull. p. 112 (1879) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 358 
(lbed); Forbes, Ibis, 1883, p. 510; Shelley, Ibis, 1883, p. 565; 
Bidtik.Xvtesleyden, Mus. viii. p. 200 (1880); Shelley, Ibis, 1886, 
p. 332. 
Frmgilla lippa, Licht. Mas. BeroL, teste Bp. Consp. p. 468 (1850). 
Habropvga melpuda, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 169, note (1850); Sharpe, 
Cat. Afr. B. p. 06 (1871); Cab. J.f.O. 1885; p. 404 j Reichen. J. 

f. O. 1887, p. 301. 
Melpoda lippa, Reichenh. Singv. p, 26, pi. vii. figs. 62-64 (1861). 
E&toida melpuda, Gray, Hand-L B. ii, p. 51, no. 0702 (1&70). 
Adult male. General colour above light chocolate-brown; wing-
coverts like the back; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
dusky brown, edged with chocolate-brown; upper tail-coverts dark 
crimson ; tail-feathers black, the outer feathers edged with ashy 
near the ends of the outer web; crown of head slaty grey, contrasting 
with the back; lores, leathers round the eye, and ear-
coverts scarlet; eyelid whitish; feathers at base of mandible, 

320 
PLOCEIDJE. 

cheeks, and sides of neck ashy grey; throat and fore neck light 
pearly grey ; breast and abdomen whitish, with a slight tinge of red 
on the latter ; sides of body and flanks ashy grey; thighs and under 
tail-coverts also ashy grey ; under wing-coverts ashy, the lower ones 
pale iaabelline j axillaries ashy; quills below dusky, ashy along the 
inner edge : " bill scarlet; legs dark horny ; iris light brown" (IF. 

A. Forbes). Total length 3-8 inches, culmen 0'35, wing T85, tail 
l'G, 
tarsus 0'5. 
Hah. West Africa, from Senegambia to Angola. 

a. 
Ad. st. "West Africa. 
b. Ad. sk. Senegal (L. Laglaize). Tweeddale Coll. 
c. Ad. sk. River Gambia (A. Marche). Shelley Coll. 
d. 
Ad. sk. Fantee {A. Sivanzy). Sharpe Coll. 
Gould Coll. 

e. Ad. sk. Fan tee. 
f. Ad. sk. Abrobonko, Fantee, Jan. 30 Shelley Coll. 
(G.JE.S). 
'/• J ad. sk. Shonga, R. Niger (W.A. F.). Forbes Coll. 

h. Ad. sk. Lolioja, K. Niger (IF A. R). Forbes Coll. 
X, Ad. sk. Gaboon. Purchased. 
k. 
Ad. sk. Gaboon (Du Chaillu), Forbes Coll. 
1. c?; m, n. $ ad Landana, Congo (L. Fetit). Shelley Coll. 
32. MUNIA. Type 
Lonchura, Sykes, F. Z, S. 1832, p. 94 (nee Schon. 

1801) , M. punctulata. 
Mania, Iloclgs. Asiat. Researches, xix. p. 153 (1836). M. atricapilla. 
Derraopkrys, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 28 (1841). . M. atricapilla. 
Donacolsj,, Gould, B. Austr. iii. pi. 94 (1842) M. castaneiceps. 
Oxyeerca, Gray, List Gen. B., App. p. 10 (1842) . . M. punctulata. 
Padda, Eeiehenb. Sgst. Nat. Taf. Ixxvi. fig. 0 (1850). . M. oryzivora. 
Maia, Feichenh. Sgst. Nat. Tai'.lxxvii. fig. 7 (1850). . M. maja. 
Oryzornis, Cab. Mus. Hein. Tb. i. p. 174 (1850) ... . M. oryzivora. 
Diachmura, Feichenb. Singv. p. 48 (18151) M. quinticolor. 

Tai.il of Mimia punctulata. 

Eant/e. Indian Peninsula and Ceylon ; Indo-Chinese Region : 
alayan Peninsula; Indo-Malayan Islands and Timor, Fbresj 

Mai 
unhook, to the Papuan Islands and Australia. 

Lombocli 

32. MTXNIA. 327 
Key to the Species, 

a. Legs pale, yellow or white; upper tail-coverts 
and tail black; head black, with a large white 
patch on the ear-coverts. 
a\ Abdomen rosy pink; breast and fore neck 
light greyh\ Abdomen white; breast and fore neck drab-
brown

b. Legs dark; upper tail-coverts and centre tail-
feathers maroon or golden yellow. 
c'. Under tail-coverts black." 
a". Upper tail-coverts chestnut or deep maroon. 
a'". Sides of body white like breast; 
lower breast and abdomen black ... .
b"\ Sides of body chestnut or brown. 
a1. Head white. 
a\ Throat and fore neck black, joined 

oryxivom, p. 328. 
fuscata, p. 330. 

malacca, p. 330. 

to black of breast and throat ... . fenmginosa, p. 332. 

65. Throat white or light brown ; chest 
brown; abdomen black maja> p. 332. 
6 >HIiaedaStkr ^ j £?*? $ «* 

I J agon, p. 337. 
« TT , t formosana. p. 338. 

d Head brown

_-Tbrunneiceps,?. 338. 

b'\ Upper tail-coverts golden or straw-yellow 
or deep orange. 
c"'. Throat deep chestnut. 
cK Upper tail-coverts and tail golden 
straw-colourd%. Upper tail-coverts and tail golden 
oranged"\ Throat black. 
e\ Centre of abdomen white. 
e5. Chest fawn-colour, followed by a 
black pectoral band. 
a8. Ear-coverts black, with hoary 
grey shaft-streaks; head hoary 
grey

6s 

. Ear-coverts black; head black, 
spotted with ashy

f5 

. Chest white like breast and abdomen 
; head black all round/*. Centre of abdomen chestnut. 

gs. Entire fore neck, breast, and sides 
of body tawny rufous; back 
chestnut

h5. Throat, breast, sides of body, and 
back black

gA, Centre of abdomen black like the 
throat and breast; sides of body 
chestnut

&4, Centre of abdomen black like the 
throat and breast; sides of body 
also black; head hoary grey

 quinticolor, p. 339. 
tcallacii, p. 339. 

castaneithorax, p. 340* 
nigrieeps, p. 341, 
spectabilis, p. 342. 

forbesi, p. 343. 
melarna, p. 343. 

grandis, p. 344. 

hunsfeini, p. 344, 

328 
PL0CEID-T3. 

e'". No black on throat, which is grey or 
v> hitiHli. 


a*1. Head ashy; back dark chocolate-
brown ; breast smoky brown ; abdomen 
black * canieeps, p. 345. 

A*1. Head whitish; back pale chestnut; 
tin oat, bieast, and abdomen isabelline 
or light tawny but? .. jlaviprynma, p. 345. 

d'. Under tail-coverts chestnut; upper tailco-
verts maroon; tail golden yellow; head 
and throat whitish; back brown; breast 
and abdomen pale reddish pallida, p. 316. 


e'. Under tail-coverts buffy white ; throat deep 
chestnut; sides of body ocellated with 
black and white spots punctulata and allies, 

c. 
Legs pale; upper tail-coverts and tail dusky [pp. 346-852. 
blackish; head drab-grey like the back; sides 
of face and tin oat black ; fore neck and chest 
white, subterminally barred with black cabamsi, p. 353. 
1. Italia oryzivora. 
The Cock Padda or Rice bird, Fdivards, Nat. Hist. B. i. p. 41, 
pi. 41 (1743). 
Le Gros-bec cendi4 de la Chine, Briss. Dm. iii. p. 244, pi. xi.fig-.4 
(1766). 
Loxia oryzivora, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 302 (1766) ; Vieill. Ois. Chant, 

p. 94, pi. ixi. (1805); liaffi. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 314 (1820); 
Hahn § Kuster, Vog. am Aden etc. Lief. x. Taf. 3 (18*21) ; Schl. $" 
Poll. Faun. Madag, Ois. p. 154 (1868). 
Le Padda on l'Giseau de riz, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 463 (1775). 
Le Calfat, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 371 (1778;. 
Grosbec de la Chine, Daubent. PI. Fnl. iv. pi. 152. fig. 1. 
Java Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 129 (1783). 
Bed-eyed Bunting, Lath. t. c. p. 210 (1783). 
Emberiza calfat, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 887 (1788). 
Loxia javensis, Gm. Sijbt. Nat. i. p. 850 (1788) ; Sparrm. Mus. Carls. 


fasc. iv. pi. 89 (17b9). 
Coccothraustes oryzivora, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 545 
(1817). 
Fringilla oryzivora, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 161 (1820) j 
Swains. Zoo!. Illustr. iii. pi. 156 (1822-23). 
Amadina oryzivora, Stricld. P. Z. S. 1842, p. 167; Blyth, J. A. S. 

B. xv. p. 285 (1846); id. Cat B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 118 (1849) ; 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 369 (1849); id. Hand-L B. ii. p. 55, no. 6776 
(1870); Hume, Str. F. viii. pp. 67,107 (1879). 
Munia oryzivora, Bp. Covisp. Av. i. p. 451 (1850); Szuinh. This, 1861, 

p. 45 ; F. Neivton, t. c. p. 115; Sal. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 219; Hartl. 
P. Z. S. 1867, p. 826; id. Vog. Madag. p. 404 (1877); Shelley, 
Ibis, 1886, p. 312 ; Bartlett, Monogr. Weaver-B. pt. i. (1888). 
Oryzornis oryzivora, 
Cab. Mus. Hem. i. p. 174 (1850;; id. in Von der 
Bcchen's Reis. iii. p. 80 (18C9); Finsch # Hartl. Vog. Obtafr. 

p. 433 (1870); Sharpe, Cat.Afr. B. p. 68 (1871). 
Padda oryzivora, 
Horsf. fy Moore, Cat. B. F.L. Co. Mus. ii. p. 504 
(1856); Moore, P.Z. S. 1859, p. 443; Peichenb. Singv. p. 42, 
pi. xv. %«. l;J5-139 (1861); Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 486; Mellm, 

32 . MTTNIA. 
329 
Ibis, 1870, p. 100; Sioinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 385; Wald. Tr. Z. 8. 

viii. p. 72 (1872) ; iftwwe, -Afafc £ j% $ /»& A p. 454 (1878); 
Stolker, J. / . 0. 1874, p. 19 ; ISVJM^ tfbe. jfcv-w. p. 263 (1874); 
Walden, Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 207 (1875) ; 2^^ . JT&w, 1877, p. 317; 
David 4* Ousial Ois. Chine, p. 344 (1877); Legge, Birds of Ceylon, 
p. 646 (1879); JKeyer, jftw, 1879, p. 132; Sharpe, P. Z. S. i879, 
p. 844; Nicholson, 
Ibis, 1881, p. 153; Forderm. Nat, Tijdschr. 
Nederl 2nd. xliv. p. 222 (1885), xlvi. p. 87 (1887). 
Padda verecunda, Reichenb. Singv. p. 41, Taf. xv. fig. 133 (1861). 
Oryzivora leucotis, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 359 (1863). 
Speiinestes oryzivora, Buss, Stubenv. p. 136, Taf. viii. fig. 33 (1879). 

Adult male. General colour above delicate blue-grey; lower back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts black; wing-coverts like the back*. 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, narrowly edged with 
grey, the inner secondaries entirely blue-grey, like the back; tail-
feathers black ; crown of head glossy black as far as the nape, where 
the black is sharply defined; lores and eyelid black; sides of face, 
ear-coverts, and cheeks pure white, forming a large patch, which is 
girt by a narrow black line; chin and upper throat black; remainder 
of throat, sides of neck, fore neck, and breast delicate blue-
grey ; abdomen, sides of body, and flanks clear vinous; thighs and 
under tail-coverts white, with a slight tinge of vinous ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries pale vinous, the edge of the wing blue-grey• 
quills below ashy, paler along the inner edge: " bill and eyelid rosy 
pink, shading to a delicate rosy white towards the tip; feet pale 
pink; iris dull lake " ( W. Davison). Total length 5*4 inches, culmen 
0*65, wing 2-65, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*7. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 5*4 inches, 
culmen 0*6, wing 2*65, tail 1*75, tarsus 0*7. 
Bab. Java, Sumatra, and Malacca. Introduced into many other 
countries. 

a. Ad. sk. Japan. Gould Coll. 
b, e. Ad. sk. Cochin China. M. E. Pierre [P.], 
J. O. D. Packman, Esq. 
I?.]. 
d. Ad. sk. 
Tenasserim. 
e. Ad. sk. 
Malacca (Cantor). 
India Museum. 

f-l d; m-t. $ Singapore Island, Jan., 

Hume Coll. 

ad. sk. 
Feb., Aug., Sept. ( W. 
Damson). 


u. 
Ad.; 'v, w. Juv. Java. Tweeddale Coll. 
sk. 
x. S ad. sk. 
E. Java. "Wallace Coll. 
y. Ad. sk. 
Java (Horsfield). India Mus. 
z. Juv. sk. 
Lamjjong, Sumatra (E, Tweeddale Coll. 
C. Buxton). 
a', b'. $ ad,; c. $ Lombock. Wallace Coll. 
juv. sk. 


d'. Ad. sk. Labuan. Sir Hugh Low [C.]. 
e\ Ad. sk. Labuan (H. Low). Tweeddale Coll. 
/ . Ad. sk. Banjermassing, Borneo Wallace Coll. 

(J. Motley). 
g', K, i'. Ad. sk. Manila, Luzon, Sept. Tweeddale Coll. 
(Maitland-Heriot). 

330 PLOCEIiLE. 
k'. Ad. j I'. Juv. Amoy, Sept., Oct. (R. Seebokm Coll. 
sk.
m'. Juv. sk.
«'. Ad. sk.
o'. Ad. sk.
p'. Ad. sk.
q'. Var. sk.
/ . Var. sk. 
Swinhoe). 
Seychelles. 
Mauritius. 
Zanzibar (Sir 
Pangani (Sir JJ. Kirk).
. Kirk). 
Sharpe Coll. 
Zool. Society. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Forbes Coll. 
Riocour Coll. 

2. Munia fascata. 
Loxia fuscata, Vieill. Ois. Chant, p. 95, pi. lxii. (1805). 
Coccothraustes fuscata, Vieill N. Diet d'Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 545 (1817). 
Amadina fuscata, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 369 (1849) ; id. Hand-l B. ii. 

p. 55, no. 6777 (1870). 
Munia fuscata, Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 451 (1850); Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, 
p. 486 ; Bartlett, Monogr of Weaver-Birds, part iiL (1889). 
Oryzornis fuscata, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 174, note (1850). 
Padda f iibcata, Reichenb. Singv. p. 43, pi. xv. fig. 140 (1861) ; Salmd. 
lice. Bom. p. 2C4 (1874). 
Spermestes fuscata, Buss, Stubenv. p. 142 (1879). 

Adult male. Light chocolate-brown, inclining to dull ashy on the 
lower rump and upper tail-coverts; wing-coyerts and inner secondaries 
a little duller chocolate than the back; quills blackish brown, 
externally washed with chocolate-brown ; tail-feathers blackish; 
crown of head dusky black, becoming chocolate-brown towards the 
nape; lores and eyelid black; feathers below the eye, cheeks, and 
ear-coverts white; chin and upper throat black; remainder of 
throat, sides of neck, fore neck, and upper breast light chocolate-
brown ; the remainder of the under surface of the body white, 
which is separated from the brown chest by a band of black ; under 
wing-coverts white; quills dusky below, ashy isabelline along the 
iuner web. Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*45, 
tail 1*65, tarsus 0*65. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 4 7 inches, 
culmen 0-55, wing 2*45, tail 1*6, tarsus 0*7. 
Hal. Timor. 

«, b, c. Ad. sk. E. Timor.^ 
Wallace Coll. 

d. J ad. sk. Semao, Timor. Wallace Coll. 
e. $ ad. sk. Timor Coupong. Wallace Coll. 
/ . Ad. sk, Timor (Wallace). Gould Coll. 
*g. S ad. sk. Timor. Forbes Coll. 
3. MuMa malacca. 
The Chinese Sparrow, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. ii. p. 49, pi. 53. fig. 1, 
nee fig. 2 (1738). 
White-breasted Indian Sparrow, Edicards, Gleanings, iii. p. SOL 

pi. 355. % 2 (1764). 
Le Gros-bec de Java, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 237, pi. xiii. fig. 1 (1760). 
Loxia malacca, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 302 (1766) j Gm. Svst. Nat, i 

p. cS51 (1788). 
Le 
Jacobin, Buff. But. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 468 (1775): Vieill. Ois. 
Chant, p. 83, pi. 52 (1805). 

52. MUNI*. 331 
Grosbec de Java dit de Jacobin, Daube?it PL Enl. iv. pi. 139, %. 3. 
Loxia jacobin, P. L. S. Mull. S. N., Auhang, p. 151 (1770); Cass. 

Proc.PMlad.Acad.m4:,ix252. 
Malacca Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 140 (1783).' 
Ooccothraustes malacca, VieilL N. Diet. dDIist. Nat. xiii. p. 532 

(1817). 
Spermestes malacca, Jerd. Madr. Joiirn. xi. p. 27 (1840). 
Amadina malacca, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1842, p. 107; Blyth, J. A. S. B. 

xv. pp. 36, 285 (1846); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849); Kelaart, 
Prodr., App. p. 125 (1852) ; Layard, Ami. $> Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) 
xiii. p. 258 (1854); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 54, no. 0758 (1870) ; 
Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 107; Butler, Cat. B. 8. Bomb. Pres. p. 00 
(1880); Tidal, Str. F. ix. p. 71 (1880); Davison, Str. F. x. p. 402 
(1883); Taylor, t. c. p. 462 (1887) ; Terry, t. c. p. 478 (1887). 
Munia malacca, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 116 (1849); Bp. 
Consp. Av. i. p. 452 (pt.) (1850); Horsf $ Moore, Cat. B. E.I. 
Co. Mm. ii. p. 507 (1856); Reichenb. Sinqv. p. 39, pi. xiv. figs. 121, 
122 (1861); Jerd. B. Did. ii. p. 352 (1803); Holdsw. P. Z. S. 
1872, p. 464; Hume, Nests §• Eggs Ind. B. p. 443 (1873); Salvad. 
Ucc. Bom. p. 206 (1874); Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 39 (1878); Ball, 
t c. p. 222; Legge, Birds of Ceylon, p. 652 (1879); Bartlett, 
Monogr. Weamr-B. pt. iii. (1889). 

Dermophrys malacca, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 174 (1850). 
Spermestes braccata, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 49 (1854). 
Spermestes malaccensis, Buss, Stubenv. p. 169, Taf. vi. fig-. 31 (1879). 


Adult male. General colour above chestnut, deepening towards 
the lower back and rump and upper tail-coverts, which are maroon, 
with a wash of golden on the latter ; wing-coverts like the back; 
quills dusky brown, edged externally with chestnut• tail-feathers 
dusky brown, externally golden orange ; head all round, throat, and 
chest black; remainder of under surface of body white, the centre 
of the breast, abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts black ; under 
wing-coveits white, mottled with chestnut along the edge of the 
wing; quills dusky brown below, ashy rufous along the inner edge 
of the wing: " bill pale lavender ; feet leaden blue ; iris dark brown." 
Total length 4*3 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2*2, tail 1*35, tarsus 0*6. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 4*1 inches, 
culmen 0'45, wing 2*1, tail 1*25, tarsus 0*65. 

As far as I can judge there is no seasonal change of plumage in 
this species, though some specimens show a few dusky or blackish 
edgings to some of the white feathers of the breast adjoining the 
black abdomen. 

Young. Reddish brown, the head more dusky brown; wing-
coverts like the back ; quills dusky, externally reddish brown; tail-
feathers dark brown ; sides of head dusky brown, as also the cheeks ; 
under surface of body isabclline buffi, more ashy on the throat and 
whiter on the chin. 

Hab. Southern and Central India, and Ceylon. 

a Ad sk. Cevlon. Gould Coll. 
b c. 6 $ ad. sk.
d ^d. sk. 
Badulla district, Dec. 26, 1886 
(S. Chapmaii). 
Anjango, Travancore. 
Tweeddale Coll, 
Hume Coll. 
0 A ad sk. Vellarnev Lake, Travancore, Hume Coll. 
* June 21 {F, Bourdillon). 

332 PLOCEIDJE. 

/ . Ad. sk. Malabar Coast. Hume Coll. 
a, h. Ad. sk. Coorg. Tweeddale Coll. 
L <$ ad. sk. Bangalore, Sept. 22, 1874 Hume Coll. 


(F. Cowsmaker). 
k. rf ad. sk. Bangalore, Sept. 2% 1874 MajorC.T. Bingham 
(F. Coussmaker). [P.]. 
/-w. <$ ad. ak. Madras, March. Hume 0611. 
v. Ad. ak. Madras {T. C. Jerdon). Gould Coll. 
zo. <$ ad. sk. Pothanore, Oct. '24: (A. G. P. Himie Coll. 
Theobald), 


x. Ad. sk. Mysore (F. Day). India Mus. 
y~ft g ad. etjuv.; Belgaum, July-Oct. (E. A. Hume Cull. 
g'-l'. 2 ad. sk. Butler), 


m. ? ad. sk. Bimdara district, Central Pro- Hume Coll. 
vinces, July (F. Blewitt). 
ri, o'. Ad. sk. Raipur, July {F. Blewitt). Hume Coll. 
p'. Ad. sk. India. Biocour Coll. 


4. Munia ferruginosa. 
Loxia ferruginosa, Spmrm. Mus. Carls, fasc. iv. pis. 90, 91 (1789) j 
Sundev. Crit. om Sparrm. p. 14 (1857). 
Pringilla maja (nee Linn.), JELo7msf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 162 

(1820). 
Fringilla maianoides, Tem?n. PI. Col. iii. pi. 500. % . 3 (1830). 
Amadina ferruginea, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849). 
Munia ferruginosa, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 116 (1849) ; 

Peiclienh. Singv. p. 41, pi. xv. tigs. 134, 135 (1861); Nichohon, 
Ibis, 1881, p. 152 ,* Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederi. Ind. xliv. 


p. 219 (1885). 
Munia ferruginea, Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 451 (1850). 
Demiophrys ferruginea, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 174, note (1850). 
Amadina ferruginosa, Gray, Kand-l. B. ii. p. 54, no. 6756 (1870). 
Adult male. Similar to M. maja, but very much deeper chestnut, 
and distinguished by its entirely black throat and fore neck; 
remainder of under surface of body deep maroon, the centre of the 
breast, abdomen, thighs, lower flanks, and under tail-coverts black : 
" iris black" (&. 0. Forbes). Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0*45, 
wing 2*05, tail 1*3, tarsus 0*6. 

Eab. Java. 

a. Ad. sk. \ Java (JDr. Horsfield). * India Museum^ 
b, e. Ad. sk. Java, Tweeddale Coll. 
d, 6. d ad. sk. Batavia, Feb. 23 (JBT. O. Forbes). Forbes Coll. 
5. Munia maja. 
Malacca Grosbeak, Edwards, Gleanings, ii. p. 202, pi. 306. fig-. 1 
(17(30). 8 
Le Maia de la Chine, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 212, pi. ix. %. 2 (1760) • 


Daubent. PI Bnl iv. pi. 109. fig. 1. JJ 
Loxia maja, Linn, &yst. Nat. i. p. 301 (1766) ; Gm. Syst. Nat p. 849 
(1788). 
Le Maian, Month Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 107 (1778); Vieill. Ois 
Chant, p. 87, pi. m (1805). 
While-headed Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 151 (1783). 

32 . MXJNIA. 333 
Fringilla maja, Bodcl Tabl PL Enl. p. 7 (1783); LichL Vera. 

DOMM. p. 2(3 (1823). 

Loxia leucocephala, Raffl. Trans. Linn. Soe. xiii. p. 314 (1822). 

Amadina maja, Bli/fh, J. A. S. B. xiii. p. 049 (1844), xv. pp. 30, 285 

(1846) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849) : id. ILmd-l B. ii. p. 54, 

no. 6754 (1870); Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 66. 

Muuiamaja, J?//y^, Cat. B. Mus. As. tfoc.p. 110 (1849); Bp. Consp. 

Av. i. p. 451 (1850) ; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. Mas. KI. Co. 

ii. p. 505 (185(3); Reichenb. Sing v. p. 40, pi. xv. figs. 130-132 
(1861); Stoliczha, J. A. S. B. xxxix. p. 329 (1870); Walden, Ibis, 
1871, p. 177 ; Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 460 ; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. 
Nederl Ind. xliv. p. 218 (188o), xlvi. p. 87 (1887). 
Dermophrys maja, Cab. Mus. Hein. i, p. 174 (1850). 

Adult male. General colour above dull chestnut-brown ; ramp 
and upper tail-coverts glossy maroon, the latter inclining to deep 
crimson ; tail-feathers blackish, with deep crimson edges to the 
centre ones; wing-coverts and inner secondaries like the back; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with 
the same colour as the back; head all round and throat white, the 
hind neck white, washed with brown, as also the centre of the 
throat, which is chocolate-brown ; the centre of the breast and 
abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts black; sides of the breast 
and flanks deep chestnut: under wing-coverts tawny burl; quills 
dusky, chestnut along the inner web : " bill very pale blue, whitish 
towards the tip and along the commissure; feet and claws very 
dark plumbeous; iris dark brown " (W. Davison). Total length 
4-1 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*15, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*65. 

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length 4 
inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*1, tail 1*55, tarsus 0-55. 

Young. Entirely brown, inclining to ochreous brown on the rump 
and upper tail-coverts; quills and tail-feathers brown, edged with 
the same colour as the back; sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and 
under surface of body pale tawny buff, lighter on the throat and 
centre of the body. 

The young birds moult directly into the red plumage of the adult, 
but the head, throat, and chest are smoky brown, leaving only a 
little white on the face and chin; there is very little black on the 
abdomen compared with the adult, at least in the females. "Whether 
the adults moult into a seasonal plumage, I am unable to find out 
from our series. 

Hab. Malayan Peninsula, from the Wellesley Province south


wards. Sumatra. Java. 

a. 5. Ad.; c. Juv. Welleslev Province, Malacca, Hume Coll. 
sk. Nov. 27 (F. Stoliczha). 
d, e. <$ ad. sk. Perak, Feb., May (H Kelham). Forbes Coll. 
f-g. $ ad. sk. Penang, July ( W. Davison). Hume Coll. 

7?, i, h. Ad. sk. Penang (Dr. Cantor). India Museum. 
l-y. <$ ad. et juv.; Klang, Salangore, Feb,-April, Hume Coll. 
z-h\ 2 ad.sk. Aug., Oct. (TV. Davison). 
i'f hr. $ ad. sk. Jerome, Salangore, Aug. ( W. Hume Coll 
Davison)* 

334 
PLOCFIDJE. 

/', m', S ad. sk. Gunong Pulai, Jahore, March, Hume Coll. 
July (W. BX 

n'-q'. 9 ad. etjnv.; Singapore, Sept. (TT. D.). Hume Coll. 
r'-v'. ($ ad. et 
JUT. sk. 

%o'-fm g ad. et Singapore Island, Jan., Feb., Hume Coll. 
juv.; (f-x'\ J Aug.7 Sept {W. £>.). 
ad. et juv. sk. 

y". Juv. sk. Acheen, Sumatra, Feb. 4, 1573 Hume Cull. 

(w. D.). 
z". Ad. sk. Sumatra. Wallace Coll. 
a!". Jad.sk. Sumatra (A. P. Wallace >. Tweed late Coll. 
5'". Ad. sk. Sumatra {C. £<*&«. Twet-dlate Coll. I 
o'". Juv.sk. Lamponsr (i?. C. Biwimi). Tw*-edltle Coll. 
d'". Ad. sk. Java {Horsfieli). India Museum. 
<?'". Ad. sk. Ja\a." * Kio-our Coll. 

6. ISIxuiia atricapilla*. 
Loxia atricapilla, Vieill. Ois. Chant, p. 84, pi. 53 (1805). 
Coccothraustes atricapilla, Vieill. X. Diet. dtHisi. yat. xiii. p. 534 

Munia rubronifrra, Hodgs. Asiat Researches^ xlx. p. 133 118*10t; 
Blyth, Cat B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 110 (IS40*: J^ra/l £ Mmre, Cat. 
B, 31ns. E. I. Co. ii. p. 507 (1*50); Meuhenb. Singe, p. 3<J (1*01 I; 
Jer<af. 5. 2nd. ii. p. 253 (1803j; Godicin-Au*ten< J. A. K IJ* nq. 

xxxix. p. 110 (1870); Stoliezha, t c. p. 32i»; Tntf/frn, !/,/«, Kl , 
p. 177 j Holdsic.P. Z. S. 1S72, p. 4<*4: Lmiard. P. Z. *V. l-73f 
p. 205; Blyth £ TTffW. 5 . ^r/n . p. 02 (1*75*; J/i/7/^. £/r. !«'. v. 
p. 39 (1877); Gates, t. c, p. 1C0 (1^77 \; Hum** # Datkon, Sir. F. 
vi. p. 401 (1878;; ite//, tffr. F. vii. p. 222; £W>;/*, *. <\ p. 2*13; 
Leqqe, B. Ceylon, p. (552, note (1370 u Bingham, Sir. F. ix. p. Mf3 
(1880). 
Lonchura melanoeephala, MeCMl. P. Z. S. 15***0, p. 10;), 

Spermestes melanoeephala, llodqs. Icon. ined. in B)%if, JIvs.. Pawres, 
pi. 307.figrs. 4, 5(uos. 322, 323 h id. in Graffs Z,*>L JIW*.p.te4 
(1844); Blyth, Ann. <§-Mag. X. JET. xiii. p. 100(1543i. 

Munia malacca, Gray, Cat. 31amm. Src. Xepal pros. lB»dm. p. !0*"> 
(1846). 

Munia sinensis, Moore, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 444; Rekhmh. S'nqr.f. 3*.l, 
Taf. xiv. figs. 123, 124 (1801 j ; Sirmh. P. Z. S. 1-71, p. SS>: 
Dai id $ Oust. OIK Chine, p. 343 11577*. 

Donaeola atricapilla^ Blyth, Ibhj 1>>70. p. 171. 
Amadina atricapilla, Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 54. no. H750 11^70|; 
J2w»itf, 6^?r. J', liii. p. 00 (1879); Oaten. Handk B. Brit. B. i. 

p. 306 (1883), 
Munia 
atricapilla, Hume, Neds 8c Eggs Ind. B. p. 444 18731; id. 
8tr. F. ii. p. 481 (1874), iii. p. l^j {1^751; Anrbrwi* Za*A. Rrped. 

* It is possible that the ' Chinese Sparrow ' of Edwards is al*o Intended for 
the present species; but EelwarcU's figure is inaccurate, the undrr tall-fenerti 
being represented as chestnut. The name too, i* misleading. 
The Chinese Sparrow, Edwards, Xut Hi>i. B. I p. 43, pi. 43 (1743l. 
Le Grosbec cle la Chine, Brim. Orn. iii. p. 237» {1700*. 
Loxia malaeea, var. ft, Gtn. Sybf. Xat. i. p. 302 (17881 
Amadina sinensis, Gray. Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (I84U); id. Hand-L B. ii. p. 54, 


110.6700(1870). 
Munia malaeea, pi, Bp. Consp. i. p. 452 n850\ 


32. MCNIA. 335 
Yun-nan, Birds, p. 598 (1878) * Vordenn. Nat. Ti/dschr. Nederl. 
Ind. xliy. p. 220 (1885). 
Amadina rubronigra, Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 107 (1879); Scully, t. c. 

p. 332; Vidal Sir. F. it. p. 71 (1880) -Raid, Str. F. x.'p. 55 
(1881) ; Cedes, t c. p. 232 (1882); Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 272 (1888). 
Adult male. General colour above light rufous or chestnut, the 
wing-coverts like the back • quills dusky brown, externally chestnut, 
the inner secondaries entirely of the latter colour; rump and 
upper tail-coverts glossy maroon, the latter with a slight golden 
gloss ; tail-feathers brown with deep orange margins; head and 
neck all round, throat, and fore neck glossy black; remainder of 
under surface of body chestnut, the centre of the lower breast, 
abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts black; under wing-coverts 
pale tawny buff, the edge of the wing chestnut: " bill pale leaden 
blue; legs and toes dark bluibh plumbeous; iris dark brown " (J. 
Sadly). Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-1, tail 1*35, 
tarsus 0-6. 

Although, at first sight, a considerable difference is apparent between 
a Malaccan and a Himalayan specimen of the liufous-andblack 
^eaver-Einch, there are many specimens which are thoroughly 
intermediate between these two forms, especially in the Burmese 
provinces. The grey mottling on the mantle appears to be a decided 
character of the Malayan race, but it is less developed in some of 
the Tenasserim birds, and it is by no means certain that the Himalayan 
birds do not possess a similar stage of plumage. After the 
moult it is evident that the mantle of Malaccan specimens is much 
more uniform, for instance in August, than it is in February, when 
the grey mottling on the mantle is very distinct; the latter may be a 
sign of breeding-plumage. 

The following is a description of a pair from. Malacca:— 

Adidt male. Similar to the Himalayan form, but smaller, with less 
black on the abdomen and with hoary-grey edges to the feathers of 
the mantle, which is slightly mottled: " bill leaden blue; feet dark 
plumbeous; iris dark brown" (E. W. Oates). Total length 3*7 
inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2, tail 1*3, tarsus 0*6. 

Adidt famale. Similar to the male. Total length 3*8 inches, 
culmen 0*45, wing 2, tail 1*3, tarsus 0*6. 

Young. Brown, more or less tinged with chestnut, especially on 
the wing-coverts; head and sides of face ashy brown; cheeks, 
throat, and undcrparts ochreous buff, inclining to hoary white on 
the former. 

The adult plumage is gained at once by a moult, but there seems 
to be no seasonal change in the species. 
Hah. Himalayas and Central India to the Burmese countries and 
the Malayan Peninsula. 

a. 3L rubronigra. 
a-e. S ad.;
Jtiv. sk. 
y. Ad. sk. 
/. N.W. Himalayas. 
Delira Boon. 
Pinwill Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

336 

h. Ad. sk. 
i. Ad. at. 
k, I. Ad.; m, n. 
Juv. sk. 
o, p, q. Ad. sk. 
r-w. Ad.; v-w. $ 


juv. sk. 
x, y. Ad. sk. 
z-e\ Ad. sk. 


Z1. Ad.sk. 

ad. sk. 

«n. c? ad. sk. 
jfc1, Zl. Ad. sk. 
ml-ql. S ad.; r1, 

a1. $ ad. sk. 
t\ Ad. sk. 
w1, vl. $ ad. sk. 

a?i, y\ as1. <3 5 «2? 
62, e2. 2 ad. et 
juv. sk. 

&\ e\f\ 6 ; g\ 

h\ 2 ad.sk. 
a2, k1. Ad. sk. 
Z2. Ad. sk. 
m2. c?; ^2? o2. J; 

p2. Juv. sk. 

q2. Ad. sk. 
r2, s2. Ad. sk. 

2 22

£2, w, v. (S', w. 
$ ad. sk. 

#2-e3. ^ ad. et 
juv.; ift. § 
juv. sk. 

e3,'/3. Juv. sk. 
#3, h2, i3. <$ ad. et 
juv.; k\ 2 a(i-s^« 

P. $ ad. sk. 
m3. J ad. sk. 
w3-i>3. (5* ad. et juv. j 

wz. $ ad. sk. 
a-3. Ad. sk. 
?/3. c? ad- sk. 


s3~a4. Ad. et juv. 
sk. J 

644

-s. c? ad.; t*-b\ 

g ad. et juv. sk. 
c5. S ad. sk, 
d\ (S ad. sk. 

PLOCEIDJE. 

Dehra Dhoon. 
Nepal. 
Nepal. 


(Types 
Nepal (R H. Hodgson). 
Nepal Valley, June, Sept. (J*. 

Scully). 

Sikhim. 
Bkotan Doars, Jan., Feb., April 

(X. Mandelli). 
Assam (J. McClelland). 
(Type of 
Skillong, July (J, Cockbum). 

Shillong, June (A. TV. Chennell). 
Near Sadliyia, April, June (J. 
Cockbum). 
Dibrughur, July, Sept. (J. R. 
Cripps). 

Mymensing. 
Caehar, Feb. (J. Inglis). 
Cachar, March (J. Inqlis). 
Sylhet, Jan. (A. O. if.). 


Manipur, May (A. 0. IT.). 

Dacca. 
Tippera. 
Sumbulpur, Central Pro\ inces. 


ft. M. atricajpilla. 

Upper Burmali. 
Mungla, Sanda Valley, July. 
Tonghoo, May, Oct. (It G, 


W. R). 
Pegu, Jan. to May. 

Saigon, Cochin China, Aug. 
Kaukaryit, Tenasserim, July, 
Sept. (J. Darling). 
Kaukaryit, May. 

Yeaboo, March (W. Davison). 
Mergui, June, July (W.D.). 

Perak, May 23 (JET. Kelham). 
Province Wellesley, Malacca, 
Nov. 25 (jP. Stoliezka). 
Penang (Dr. Cantor). 

Klang, Salangore, Feb., March, 

May, Aug. (W. Davison), 
Johore, March ( W. Davison). 
Singapore Island, Feb. (W. D.). 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Hodgson Coll. 
Hodgson Coll. 
of M. rubronigra.) 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 

Z. mehmoiepJiala.) 
Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Forbes Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll 

Hume Coll. 

Dr. Jerdon [P.]. 
Dr. Anderson "C]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Oates Coll. 

M. E. Pierre [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Major C. T. Bing


ham J P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Forbes Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

32. MUNIA, 
337 
7. Munia jagori. 
Munia (Dermophrys) jagori, Cab. in Mus. Berol; Martens, J. f, 0. 

1866, p. 14. 

Dermophrys jagori, Cab. J.f. 0. 1872, p. 316. 

Amadina jayori, Gray, Kand~l. B. ii. p. 55, no. 67G6 (1870), 

Amadina minuta, Gray, t. c. p. 55, no. 6761 (1870). 

Munia jagori, Walden, Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 207 (1875); Sahad. 

Ann. Mus. Genov. vii. p. 667 (1875); Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 
2nd ser. i. p. 353 (1876) ; Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 549, 699, 
764; id. P. Z. S. 1878, pp. 288, 343, 710, 951 ; id. Bep. Voy. 
' Challenger; Zool ii. p. 22 (1880); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. xvi. 

p. 192 (1880); id. Orn. Papuasia etc. ii. p. 437 (1881); Wardlaw 
Ramsay, Tweeddale Mem. p. 654 (1881). 
Munia atricapilla (nee V.), Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 202. 


Adult male. Similar to M. atricapilla, "but with much, more 
extended Mack patch on the belly, this black extending nearly to 
the throat, and leaving a very narrow chestnut band between ; 
head and throat deep black: "bill pale grey; feet dark grey; iris 
brown " (A. Everett). Total length 3*7 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2, 
tail 1-4, tarsus 0*6. 

Adult female. Similar to the male: " bill pale bluish grey ; legs 
darker grey; iris red-brown " (A. Everett). Total length 4 inches, 
culmen 0-45, wing 1-95, tail 1-25, tarsus 0-55. 

Probably identical with M. jagori is Munia minuta of Meyen*, 
but the figure is so absolutely unlike any of these Elack-headed 
Weaver-Pinches that I am obliged to leave the species unidentified, 
as was also Lord Tweeddale. There are several specimens of black-
headed Munia? from the Philippines in the Tweeddale collection 
which show somewhat of a brown head, but a complete gradation 
between the two forms appears to take place. 

Hab. Philippine Islands. 

a. J ad. sk. San Mateo, Luzon, Feb. 1877 Tweeddale Coll. 
(A. Everett). 
b,c. $2 ad. sk. Oebu, April (A. B. Meyer). Tweeddale Coll. 
d, e. <$ ad. sk. Cebu, March (A. H. Everett). Tweeddale Coll. 
/. 
<$ ad.; g, h. <J> S.Leyte, July, Sept. (A.M.E.). Tweeddale Coll. 
ad. sk. 

t. c? ad. sk. N. Bohol, Oct. (A. H. E.). Tweeddale Coll. 
k, I, m, n. <$ ad. Valencia, Negros, Aug. Tweeddale Coll. 
et juv. j o. $ (A. H. E.). 
ad. sk. 


p. 
2 ad. sk. Dumagnete, Negros, Aug. Tweeddale Coll, 
(A. H. E.). 
q. <$ ad. sk. Dumaguete, Aug. (A. H. E.). Forbes Coll. 
* MUNIA MINUTA. 
Fringilla minuta, Meyen, K Acta Acad. C<BS. Leop.-Carol. Nat C 
Cur. xu. 
Suppl. p. 86, pi. |xii.fig.2 (1834); Martens, J.f.O. 1866, p. 14. 
Munia minuta, Walden, Trans. Z. S.ix. p. 208 (1877). 
Hab. Manila. 
VOL. XIII. 

PJLOCDIDJE. 

r. A ad. sk. Butuan, N. Mindanao, May Tweeddale Coll. 
(A. II E.). 
* & <$2 ad. sk. Placer, S. Mindanao, July Tweeddale Coll. 
(A. II E.). 
w, y. 6 $ a<^-s^* Zamboanga, Mindanao. Voy. II.M.S. ' Glial* 
lenger.' 
«', #» y- c? ad. et Zaniboanga, March (A. II. E.). Tweeddale Coll. 
imm.; z. J ad. 
sk. 


a', d ad. sk. Taguso, Palawan, July. J. Whitehead, Esq. 

8. Hmnia formosana. 
Munia formosana, Swink Ibis, 18G5, p. 366 j id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 385 • 
Walden, Trans. Z. 8. ix. p. 207 (1877) ; David, fy Ottst. Ois. Chine, 

p. 342 (1877); Sahad. Orn. Papuasia^ etc. ii. p. 438, note (1881). 
Amadina fornio&ana, Gray, Hand-l, B. ii. p. 55, no. 6764 (1870). 
Adult (type of species). Similar to 31 atricapilla but duller 
chestnut^ perfectly uniform above, the black on the belly very much 
extended, so as to leave only a little chestnut between the throat and 
the black of the breast, but especially distinguished by its smoky-
brown head and neck, the fore part of the crown and sides of face 
being blacker: " bill cobalt-blue, deeper on the cnlmen and gonys; 
feet and claws plumbeous, with light yellowish soles and bases ; iris 
deep rich brown " (E. Swinhoe). Total length 3*8 inches, cnlmen 
0*45, wing 1*9, tail 1*4, tarsus 0-6. 

Bab. Island of Formosa. 

a, b. Ad.etfuv.sk. Formosa (JR. Swinhoe). Tweeddale ColL 
c-k Ad. etjuv.sk. Formosa, Jan., Feb. (JR. Sivinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
*-/. Ad. sk. Takow, Formosa, Maich (JR. 8.). Seebohm Coll. 

m. Ad. sk. Takow, March (JR. 8.). Tweeddale Coll. 
n. Ad. j o,p. Juv. Takow, March (JR. 8.). Seebohm Coll. 
sk (Types of species.) 
Subsp, a. Munia brttnneiceps. 

? Amadina sinensis, Moth <$• JDillw. Nat. Hist. Labuan, p. 25, pi. 6 

(1855)* 

Munia malacca (nee L.\ 8cl P. Z. S. 1863, p. 219. 

Munia brunneiceps, Wcdden, Trans. Z. 8. viii. p. 73, pi. ix.fig. 1 (1872). 

Munia atricapilla (?iec F.), 8alvad. Ucc. JBom. p. 2Q5 (1874). 

Adult. Similar to M. atricapillay and apparently without any grey 
mottling on the back, the black on the belly strongly marked and 
reaching so far up as to leave only a narrow chestnut band between 
it and the black of the throat; the head is sooty black or dusky 
chocolate, slightly browner on the hinder head and nape. Total 
length 3*9 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 1*9, tail 1*2, tarsus 0*6. 

Hob. Borneo and Celebes. 

* Although the Bornean specimens examined by me are clearly M. brunneiceps,
the specimen figured by Wolf on the plate quoted is apparently true M. 
africapilla. 
32 . MUNIA. 339 
a. Ad. sk.
b, c. $ 2 a(i- &k. 
N. Celebes. 
Makassar. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
"Wallace Coll. 
d, e. Ad. sk.
/ . JUT. sk.
ffj h. Ad. sk. 
Menado. 
Labuan (Si?9 H. Low). 
Lawas River, N.W. Borneo(Types of species.) 
Gould Coll. 
H. B. Sliarpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
II. Veitch, Esq. 
*. § ad. sk.
k. Ad. sk.
(IF. Burbidye). 
Sarawak, Borneo. 
Banjermassing {J. Motley). 
[P.]. 
Wallace Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
9. Munia quiaticolor. 

Loxia quinticolor, Vieill. Ois. Chant, pi. 54 (1805). 
Coccotkraustes quinticolor, Vieill. Ar. Diet. d'Hkt. Nat. xiii. p. 538 
(1817). 
Aniadina quinticolor, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849) j Finsch, Ken-

Guinea, p. 176 (1865, pt.); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 56, no. 6783 

(1870). 
Munia quinticolor, Bp. Consp. i. p. 451 (1850) j Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, 
j>. 486 (j>t). 
Diachmura quinticolor, JReidienb. Singv. p. 48, Taf. xvii. fig. 155 
(1863). 

Adult. General colour above clear chestnut or bay, with indistinct 
hoary margins to the feathers; rump and upper tail-coverts glossy 
golden yellow; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back; remainder 
of wing-coverts and quills dusky brown, externally dull chestnut 
; tail-feathers dusky brown, the centre feathers edged with straw-
yellow, the others chestnut on the margins; crown of head and 
hind neck dusky brown, with hoary margins• forehead, lores, sides 
of face, and ear-coverts chestnut, the cheeks and ear-coverts with 
whitish shaft-lines ; throat maroon-chestnut, becoming blacker on 
the lower throat; remainder of under surface of body from the fore 
neck downwards white: sides of lower back, thighs, and under 
tail-coverts black- axillaries and under wing-coverts white with a 
tinge of fawn-colour, the lower coverts dusky brown like the under 
surface of the quills, which are light tawny along the inner edge. 
Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*15, tail 1*3, tarsus 0*65. 

Another specimen shows none of the pale hoary margins to the 
feathers of the upper surface, and these may be a sign of seasonal 
plumage only. 

Hab. Timor and Mores. 

«, b, c. $; d, e. Ad. sk. E. Timor. Wallace Coll. 
/ . Ad. sk. Timor (A. R- Wallace). Gould Coll. 

g. Ad. sk. Timor {A. JR. Wallace). SeebohmColl. 
h, i. Ad. sk. Flores. / Wallace Coll. 
10. Muuia wallacii. 
^Munia quinticolor, 
Wall P. Z. S. 1863, p. 486 (pt.). 
Amadina quinticolor {nee F.), Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 176 (1865, pt.). 

Adult male. Similar to H. quinticolor, but with the rump and 
upper tail-coverts glossy maroon, not yellow : " bill and feet pale 

34 0 
PLOCEIDJS. 

lead-colour; iris dark» (A. R. Wallace). Total length 4*5 inches, 
culmen 0-5, wing 2*05, tail 1*4, tarsus 0*65. 
Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 4*3 inches, 
culmen 0*5, wing 2, tail 1*3, tarsus 0*65. 
Hob. Lonibock. 

a. 2 ad. sk. Lombock. 
Wallace Coll. 
k 
d ad. sk. Lombock (-4. JR. Wallace). Gould Coll. (Type 
of species.) 

11. Mnnia castaneithorax. 
Aniadina castaneothorax, Gould, Syn. B. Ausir. pt. ii. (1837) ; Gray, 
Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849) ; id. Hand-l B. ii. p. oo, no. 6767 (1870). 

Donacola castaneothorax, 
Gould, B. Ausir. fol. Hi. pi. 94 (1848) ; 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 453 (1850) ; Reichenb. Vog.Neuholl p. 118 (1850); 
id. Singv. p. 27, Taf. yiii. figs. 72, 74 (1862); Gould, Bandb.B. 
Austr.'i. p. 426 (1865); Ra?7isai/, Proo. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W.l. 

p. 54 (1877); id. op. ait. ii. p. 187 (1878). 
Donacola bivittata, Reichenb. Singv. p. 28, Taf. yiii. fig. 75 (1802). 
Amadina bivittata, Gray, Hand-l. B- ii. p. 55, no. 6769 (1809). 
Donacicola castaneothorax, Sharpe, Rep. Voy.l Alert,7 p. 21 (1884) ; 
Ramsay, Proe. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. (2) i. p. 1147 (1887) * id. List 
Austr. B. p. 10 (1888). 

Adult male. General colour above cinnamon-brown, the feathers 

obscured by their ashy tips; lower rump and upper tail-coverts 

glossy straw-colour; wing-coverts cinnamon-brown, tipped with 

ashy like the back; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills 

dusky brown, edged with cinnamon-brown; centre tail-feathers 

straw-colour, the rest dusky brown with yellowish or light brown 

margins; crown of head and hind neck more dusky than the back, 

and obscured by ashy tips to all the feathers; lores, eyebrow, sides 

of face, and ear-coverts blackish, with tiny brown shaft-lines : cheeks 

and throat also blackish, with less distinct pale shaft-lines ; sides of 

neck, fore neck, and chest pale cinnamon, followed by a black "band 

across the breast, which is white like the abdomen; sides of body 

cinnamon, with some white and black bars, the feathers having a 

subterminal white bar between two black ones; flanks, thighs, and 

under tail-coverts black; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale 

cinnamon-buff; quills below dusky, ashy along 
the inner edge. 

Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*15, tail 1*45, tarsus 0*6. 

Adult female. Scarcely to be distinguished from the male, except 

by a slightly paler coloration and by the black markings on the 

flanks less pronounced. Total length 4*3 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 

2-15, tail 1-15, tarsus 0*55. 

Young. Nearly uniform brown above, a little dusky on the 
head, and slightly more fulvous on the lower back and rump ; 
wing-coverts like the back ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts 
uniform dusky brown; quills and tail-feathers dusky brown, edged 
with pale brown like the back, the centre tail-feathers somewhat 
olive in tint; lores dusky blackish • ear-coverts and sides of face 
brown, with whitish shaft-lines ; throat ashy whitish, mottled with 

32. MUMTA. 
341 
dusky bases to the feathers; lower throat and fore neck, as well as 

the sides of the body, flanks, and thighs, fulvous-brown ; breast and 

abdomen isabelline, 
clearer white on the latter and on the under 

tail-eoverts, the latter mottled with black bases; under wing-

coverts and axillaries pale tawny buff. 

Young birds gain the adult plumage by the first moult, and speci


mens are often seen with the throat spotted with black. D. bivittata 

of Eeichenbach is merely a bird which has not quite completed its 

moult! 

Hal. Australia. 

a. Ad. sk. Australia. 
Dr. Giinther [P.], 

b, c, d. Ad. sk. Australia. 

Forbes Coll. 

e. j imm. sk. New South Wales. Gould Coll. 
/. Imm. sk. Richmond Rivrer. A. P. Goodwin [0.1. 
g- Ad.; h. Imm. Queensland. 
Forbes Coll. 

sk. 

i, k, I Ad.; m. Queensland (J. T. Cockerell). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Juv. sk. 

n. Ad.; o. Imm. Cape York. 
J.B.Jukes,Esq.[P.]. 
sk. 
p, q. Ad. sk. Cape York. J. Macgillivray, Esq. 

r. Ad.; s-v. Imm. Thursday Island, Torres Strait, Voy. H.M.S.' Alert/ 
sk July 1881 (Dr. Coppinger). 
w. $ 
ad. sk. West Island, Torres Straits, Toy. H.M.S. 'Alert/ 
Oct. 1881 (Dr. Coppinger). 
x. y, z. $ ad. ; a', Port Darwin, Oct. 1881 (Dr. Voy. H.M.S. 'Alert/ 
V. $ ad.sk. Coppinger). 
c'. Ad. sk. Port Albany (C. Coxen). Tweeddale Coll. 
d'. S ad. sk. Mabiak, Torres Straits (0. Tweeddale Coll. 
Ftnsch). 

12. Munia nigriceps. 
Donacola 
nigriceps, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p, 392 
(1877) ; Sharpe, Linn. Soc, Jburn., Zool. xiii. p. 501 (1877), xiv. 

p. 688 (1870); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. iii. p. 289 
(1879), iv. p. 100 (1879). 
Donacicola nigriceps, Salwd. Ann. Mus. Genov. xvi. p. 192 (1880) ; 
id. Orn. Papuasia etc. ii. p. 441 (1881); Sharpe in Goulds B. 
New Guinea, iv. pi. 25 (1881); id. Linn. Soc. Journ., Zool. xvi. 

p. 442 (1882). 
Adult. General colour above delicate burnt-sienna, with ashy 
shading to the feathers of the back; the rump and upper tail-coverts 
orange, with dusky bases to the feathers ; tail-feathers pointed, dark 
brown, witli straw-yellow margins, the two centre feathers almost 
entirely straw-yellow; head and nape chocolate-brown, veined with 
streaks and spots of ashy whitish, the nape-feathers edged with the 
latter colour; lores, feathers above the eye, entire sides of face, 
and throat uniform black; fore neck and chest entirely pinkish 
fawn-colour, forming a large plastron, succeeded by a band of black 
across the lower breast; centre of the body and abdomen pure white ; 

342 PLOCEIIUK. 

the flanks regularly barred with black and white ; thighs and under 

tail-coverts black; under wing-coverts butty white, the edge of the 

wing minutely barred with black and white; wing-coverts above 

sienna-brown ; quills light brown, externally washed with sienna-

brown, ashy brown below, edged with buff along the inner web: 

"legs slate-colour; iris very dark" (A. Goldie). Total length 3*8 

inches, culmen 04, wing 2, tail 1*55, tarsus 0*6. 

Considerable difference is observable in a series with regard \o 

the amount of spotting on the head, but there never seems to be 

the uniform ashy-brown appearance wThich is generally characteristic 

of M. castaneithorax. The sides of the face likewise are always 

uniform, with no lines on the ear-coverts. 

Young. Nearly uniform brown above, the head rather more du«ky 

brown ; -wing-coverts brown like the back, with slightly paler ends 

to the median and greater series; bastard-wing and primary-coverts 

uniform dusky brown; quills and tail-feathers dusky brown, edged 

with the same colour as the back; lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts 

dark brown, the latter streaked with whity-brown shaft-lines ; base 

of cheeks and chin ashy whitish; throat dark brown, obscured by 

whity-brown edges to the feathers; remainder of under surface of 

body pale tawny brown, lighter and more isabelline on the breast 

and abdomen; under tail-coverts isabelline, mottled with blaekHi 

bases; axillaries and under wing-coverts like the breast; quills* 

dusky below, rufous along the inner web. 

Bah. South-eastern Kew Guinea. 

a, h. Ad. sk. Port Moresby. H. Broadbent ~C.]. 

c. Ad. sk. Port Moresby. O. C\ Stuiie ~CC\ " 
d, e. Ad. sk. Port Moresby (Goldie). Gould ColL 
f,g. Ad.; k Juv. Port Moresby (Goldie). Porbes ColL 
sk. 

i. Ad. j 7c, I Juv. Astrolabe Mountains. A. Goldie r€."l 
sk. u " 
m, Ad. sk. Astrolabe Mountains (Goldie). Tweeddale ColL 


13. Muma spectabilis. 
Donaeicola spectabilis, ScL F.Z. 8. 1879, p. 449, pi. xxxviL fig. 2; 
id. P. Z. & 1880, p. 66; Layard, Ibis, 1880, p. 297; Salrad. Am, 
Mus. Genov. xvi. p. 19*2 (1880); Finsch, iMs, 1881, p. 5-17 ; Sharjte, 
in Gould's B. New Guinea, iv. pi. 24 (1881); Salmd. Orn. B&pnmki 
etc. ii. p. 441 (1881), iii. App. p. 549 (1882J; Finseh, Tog. thr 
Sudsee, p. 14 (1884). 

Adirtt male (type of species). General colour above dusky chestnut, 
shaded with blackish on the mantle, the rump paler cinnamon ; 
upper tail-coverts golden yellow; lesser and median wing-coverts 
dull chestnut; greater coverts and quills blackish, externally dull 
chestnut; tail-feathers externally chestnut and washed on the 
outer web writh golden yellow; head and hind neck, sides of face, 
sides of neck, and throat black ; remainder of under surface of body 
from the lower throat downwards white; sides of lower flanks, 

32. MT7NIA. 
343 
thighs, and under tail-coverts black; under wing-coverts pale fawncolour; 
quills dusky below, fulvesoent along the inner web. Total 
length 3*4 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 1*85, tail 1-2, tarsus 0*6. 

Adult female. Paler than the male, with loss dusky black on the 
mantle and back, the wing-coverts like the back, with palo creamybufT 
tips to the median wing-coverts ; greater coverts and quills 
dusky blackish, externally dull chestnut; lower rump and upper 
tail-coverts pale chestnut, not golden; tail-feathers brown; head 
dusky brown, streaked with black in the centres of the feathers; 
sides of face and ear-coverts black with whitish shaft-streaks ; throat 
ashy whitish, with blackish bases to the feathers ; remainder of 
under surface of body pale fawn-buff: " bill and feet black; iris 
brown" (G. E. Richards). Total length 3-5 inches, cnlmon 0*45, 
wing 2, tail 1*2, tarsus 0*6. 

Hah. New Britain. 

a, b. Ad. sk. New Britain. Rev. G. Brown fO.]. 
(Types of species.) 

c. S ad. sk. New Britain, Nov. 3,1880 (Dr. Tweeddale Ooll. 
O. Finsch), 
d, ef d ? a&- &• Blanche Bav, New Britain, Forbes Coll. 
June 16 (& E. Richards). 
f} g. d $ ad. sk. New Britain. . Dr. Kleinschmidt 
[C.]. 

14. Italia forbesi 
Mania forbesi, 
Sol P. Z. S. 1879, p. 449, pi. xxxvii. fig. 3; Salvad. 
Ann. Mus. Genov. xvi. p. 192 (1880); Sharpe in Gould's B. New 
Guinea, iv. pi. 23 (1881); Salvad. Orn. Papuasia etc. ii. p. 438 
(1881), iii. App. p. 549 (1882). 

Adult male (type of species). General colour about light chestnut, 
the lower rump and upper tail-coverts deep golden yellow; 
wing-coverts like the back, the quills dusky brown, externally 
chestnut; tail-feathers chestnut, externally golden, the outer ones 
dusky, edged with golden; crown of head and nape, sides of face, 
ear-coverts, and throat black; rest of under surface of body from 
the lower throat downwards pale cinnamon-rufous ; sides of lowor 
flanks, thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts black; under wing-
coverts pale fawn-colour; quills dusky brown, pale rufous along 
the inner web. Total length 4*2 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2-05, 
tail 1*45, tarsns 0*6. 

Hah. New Ireland. 

a. d 
ad. sk. Topak, New Ireland, Sept, 1878. Rev. G. Brown [P.]. 
(Type of species.) 
15. Munia melsena. 
Mimia mekena, Scl P. Z S. 1*80, p. 60, pi. vii. tig. 2 ; Salvad. Ann 
Mv*. Genov. xvi. p. 192 (1880); id. Orn. Papuasia etc. u. p. 439 
(1881). 

Munia hemimelama, Scl P. Z. S. 1880, p. 60 Qapsu). 
Adidt (type of species). Black above, washed with chocolate on 

344 
PLOCEIDJE. 

the mantle and back, the lower back and rump chocolate-brown, 
the latter washed with chestnut; upper tail-coverts deep golden 
yellow, with a chestnut tinge; tail-feathers blackish, externally-
golden yellow; lesser wing-coverts blackish like the back; remainder 
of wing-coverts and quills brown, edged with blackish; 
entire hend, sides of face, and under surface of body black, the centre 
of the abdomen very pale cinnamon-buff, the sides and flanks 
cinnamon-buff, tipped or barred with black; lower abdomen, thighs, 
and under tail-coverts black; under wing-coverts pale cinnamon-
buff. Total length 4*3 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*05, tail 1*3, 
tarsus 0*65. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 4*1 inches, 
culmen 0-55, wing 2-15, tail 1*45, tarsus 0*65. 
Hob. New Britain. 

a. Ad. sk. Kabahadai, New Britain. Rev. G. Brown [C.]. 
(Tvpe of species.) 
b, c. J $ ad. sk. New Britain, Nov. 1880. Dr.'Kleinschmidt [O.]. 

16. Munia grandls. 
Munia grandis, 
Sharpe, Linn. Soc. Journ., Zool. xvi. pp. 319, 442 
(1882); Sahad. Ann. Mus. Genov. xviii. p. 426 (1882); id. Orn. 
Papuasia etc. iii. App. p. 549 (1882) ; Sharpe in Gould's B. New 
Guinea, iv. pi. 22 (1883). 

Adult male (type of species). General colour above light bay, the 
rump and upper tail-coverts shining straw-yellow; least and median 
coverts like the back; greater coverts darker and more chestnut; 
primary-coverts and quills dusky brown, externally chestnut, the 
innermost secondaries entirely of the latter colour; central tail-
feathers straw-yellow, dark brown along the middle; remainder of 
tail-feathers edged with straw-yellow; entire head and neck all 
round jet-black, as well as the breast and entire under surface, with 
the exception of a patch of light chestnut on the sides of the breast 
and upper flanks; under wing-coverts and axillaries light reddish, 
the lower series ashy rufous ; quills dusky brown below, ashy rufous 
along the edge of the inner web. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0-5, 

wing 2-2, tail 1*55, tarsus 0*65. 
Hal. South-eastern New Guinea. 
a. <S ad. sk. Astrolabe Mountains, S.E.
New Guinea. 
A. Goldie [C.]. 
of species.) 
(Type 

17. Munia hunsteini. 
Donacicola hunsteini, Finseh, Ibis, 1886, p. 1, pi. i.; Sharpe in Gould's 
JB. New Guinea, iv. pi. M (1888). 

Adult male (type of species). General colour above black, the rump 
and upper tail-coverts chestnut with a wash of golden yellow; wing-
coverts black like the back; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and 
quills rather paler blackish brown edged with golden; tail-feathers 

32. MUNIA. 345 
blackish brown, the centre ones golden towards the ends, like the 
upper tail-coverts; crown of head, nape, and hind neck hoary grey, 
mottled with blackish bases to the feathers• lores and feathers 
below the eye, eyelid, and fore part of cheeks black; ear-coverts 
boary grey like the head, a shade of the same colour overspreading 
the hinder cheeks • throat and entire under surface of body velvety 
black; under wing-coverts pale tawny buff, the edge of the wing 
black; quills below blackish, pale tawny buff along the inner edge: 
"bill and feet black, iris dark" (0. Finsch). Total length 3*5 
inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2, tail 1-15, tarsus 0*6. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 3*5 
inches, culmen 0*4, wing 1*9, tail 1-2, tarsus 0-55. 

Young. Brown, without any of the chestnut on the rump and 
tail, and only a slight indication of grey here and there on the 
head ; sides of face, cheeks, throat, and chest dark chocolate-brown, 

the breast and abdomen isabelline buff. 
Hob. £Tew Ireland. 
a, b. <$ 2 ad.; c. J juv. sk. New Ireland. Dr. 0. Einsch [C.]. 
(Types of species.) 
18. Munia caniceps. 

Munia nigriceps, juv., Bamsay, Troc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 393 
(1876). 

Munia caniceps, Sakad. Ann. Mus. Genov. ix. p. 38 (] 876); Sharpe, 

Linn. Soc. Joum., Zool xiv. p. 088 (1878); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. 

Soc. N. S. W. iii. p. 289 (1879); id. opf cit. iv. p. 100 (1879). 
Donacicola caniceps, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. xvi. p. JL92 (1880); 
id. Orn. Papuasia etc. ii. p. 439 (1881). 

Adult. General colour above dark chocolate-brown, including the 
wings; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts bright golden 
orange, including the two middle tail-feathers, the latter with dark-
brown centres; remainder of tail-feathers blackish, edged with 
golden ; head and neck all round, including the throat, light ashy 
or pearly grey; fore neck and breast as well as the sides of the 
body smoky brown; centre of breast, abdomen, thighs, and under 
tail-coverts black • under wing-coverts light tawny buff : " bill and 
feet black or dark ashy ; iris black " (D'Albertis). Total length 3*5 
inches, culmen 0-4, wing 1*95, tail 1*2, tarsus 0*6. 

Hob. South-eastern Few Gfuinea. 

a. Ad. sk. Port Moresby. K. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
19. Munia flaviprymna. 
Donacola flaviprymna, Gould, P. Z. S. 1845, p. 80; id. B. Austr. 
fol. iii. pi. 96 (1848); Reichenb. Tog. Neuholl. j). 88, no 397 
(1850); Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 453 (1850); Reichenb. Singv. 

p. 27, pi. viii.figs. 60, 61 (1862). 
Amadina flaviprymna, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849) ; id. Hand-l. 
B. ii. p. 54, no. 6757 (1870). 
Dermophrys flaviprymna, Cab. Mtis. Rein. Th. i, p. 174, note (1850). 
340 PL0CEIDJ2. 

Munia flaviprymna, Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 428 (1865) ; 
Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Sac. N & W. ii. p. 87 (1878) j id. Tab. List 
Auktr.'B.?. 10(1888). 

Adult male. Chestnut-brown; upper tail-eoverts golden ochre ; 
tail-feathers brown, with straw-coloured margins; scapulars and 
wing-coverts chostnut-brown like the back ; quills dusky brown, 
externally edged with chestnut; head all round hoary grey, whiter 
on the throat; under surface of body creamy buff, tinged with 
fawn-colour on the breast; thighs brown, spotted with white ; 
under tail-coverts black; under wing-coverts and quill-lining isabellino 
buff: "iris dark brown" (J. E. Whey, MSS.). Total 
lengih 4*3 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2-2, tail 1*35, tarsus 0-6. 

Hah. Northern Australia, from Port Essiugton to the Yietoria 
River. 

a. Ad. sk. N.W. Australia. J. R. Elsey, Esq. [P.]. 
20- Munia pallida. 
Munia pallida. Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, pp. 486, 495. 
Donacola pallida, Finsch, Neu~Guinea, p. 175 (1865). 
Amadina pallida, Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. M, no. 6755 (1870). 


Adult male. Light brown, with maroon on the rump; the 
head all round, throat, and chest white, suffused with a slight 
brown shade, the sides of the fore neck and chest rather pearly 
grey; breast and abdomen bright tawny buff; the under tail-
coverts chestnut; no black on the under surface: u bill and feet 
light blue ; iris dark " (A. B. Wallace). Total length 4-2 inches, 
culmen 0*5, wing 2*1, tail 1*15, tarsus 0*6. 

Adult female. Similar to the male but paler in colour. Total 
length 3*9 inches, culmen 0J45, wing 2, tail 1*25, tarsus 0*6. 

Hah. Lombock and Elores. 

«; b. <$ $ ad.; c. Lombock. Wallace Coll. 
Juv. sk. (Types of species.) 

d. <5 ad.; e. Juv. sk Lombock (A. B. Wallace). " Gould Coll. 
/. <$ ad. sk. Floras. Wallace Coll. 
21. Munia punctulata. 
The Chinese Sparrow (J) , Albin, Nat. Hist. B. ii. p. 49, pi. 53. 

fig. 2 (1738). 

The Gowry Bird, Edwards, Nat Hist. B. i. p. 40, pi. 40 (1743). 

Fringilla punctulata, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 302 (1766). 

Grosbec de Java dit le Domino, JDaubent PI. JSnl. iv. pi. 139. fig. 1 

(misprinted fig. 2). 

Loxia undulata, P. L. S. Mull. Syst. Nat, Anhang, p. 151 (1776); 

Cass. Proc. Phil. Acad. 1864, p. 252. 

Cowry Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. 8yn. ii. pt. 1, p. 142 (1783). 

Loxia punctularia, Ghn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 851 (1788). 

Lonchura nisoria (nee Temm.), Sykes, P. Z. & 1832, p. 94. 

Munia lineoventer, Hodgs. Asiat. Pes. xix. p. 154 (1836). 

Spermestes nisoria (?iec 2emm.), Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi. p. 26 (1840). 

Spermestes lineoventer, Hodqs. Leon. imd. in Brit Mvs., Passeres, 

pi. 307. %. 5 (no. 324); id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844). 

82. MUNIA. 34-7 
Amadina lineoventer, Hay, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 554, note (1845). 
Munia punctularia, Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. 

p. 140(1846). 
Amadina punctularia, JBh/th, J. A. S. B. xv. -pp. 37, 285 (1846); 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 270 (1M9). 
Munia undulata, Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 117 (1849); Horsf. 
# Moore, Cat. B. Mus. JS.I. Co. ii. p. 606 (1856) j Jerd. B. Lid. 

ii. p. 354 (1863); Holdsiv. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 464. 
Urolonclia punctulata, Cab. Mus. Hern. i. p. 175 (1850). 
Amadina undulata, Kelaart, Prodr. Cat. p. 125 (1852)• Layard, Ann. 
$ Mag. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 258 (1854). 
Amadina punctulata, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 56, no. 6779 (1870) ; 
Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 107; Scully, t. c. p. 332; Vidal, Str. F. 

ix. p. 71 (1880) : Peid, Str. F. x. p. 55 (1881); Davidson, t c. 
p. 312 (Ib82) ; Damon, t. c. p. 402 (1883)• McGregor, t c. p. 439 
(18&7) ; Taylor, t. c. p. 463 (1887). 

Oxycerca punctulata, Hume, Nests $ Eggs Ind. B. p. 444 (1873). 

Munia punctulata, Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 481 (1874) ; Fairhanh, Str. F. 

1876, p. 260, 1877, p. 408; Daiidson # Wend. Str. F. vii. p. 85 

(1878); Ball, t. c. p. 222 ; Cripps, t. c. p. 293. 

Loncbura punctulata, Adams, Str. F. 1873, p. 387; Ball, Str. F. 

1874, p. 420; Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 156; Butler, t. c. p. 459. 

Adult male. General colour above warm cbocolate-brown, with 
narrow whitish sbaft-lines ; the lower back waved with dusky-brown 
cross bars: rump and upper tail-coverts straw-yellow, with a golden, 
gloss; tail-feathers dusky brown, glossed externally with straw-
yellow ; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back, as also the 
inner secondaries, all showing white shaft-lines; greater coverts a 
little brighter rufous than the back; quills dusky brown, externally 
bright rufous; head vinous chestnut, with feebly indicated shaft-
lines ; sides of face and throat deep vinous chestnut; sides of neck 
paler, with narrow whitish shaft-lines ; remainder of under surface 
of body thickly mottled with white spots, all the feathers being 
barred and edged with chestnut on the breast and with blackish on 
the sides of the body; thighs ashy brown, with dusky cross bars; 
centre of breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts white, the latter 
with a bullish tinge; under wing-coverts buff, with a few dusky 
cross bars • the edge of the wing mottled with white ; quills dusky 
below, ashy fulvous along the inner web: " bill black• legs and 
feet lavender" (A. 0. Hume, MS8.) Total length 4 4 inches, culmen 
0*45, wing 2-25^ tail 1*65, tarsus 0*6. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 4*5 
inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*15, tail 1*75, tarsus 0*6. 

Towig. Nearly uniform reddish brown; upper tail-coverts more 
yellowish brown; wing-coverts like the back, the greater series and 
the outer aspect of the quills ruddy brown, the primaries inclining 
to chestnut on the outer web; tail-feathers brown, externally ruddy 
brown, the centre ones washed with yellowish brown; crown of 
head and sides of face like the back; under surface of body deep 
ochreous or sandy brown, the centre of the breast, abdomen, and 
under tail-coverts white: " bill black; legs dull lavender; iris 
brown ; orbits bluish slate " {JR. G. Wardlaw Ramsay). 

Young birds remain in their uniform plumage from September to 

348 PJ.OCEID.E. 

January without any sign of change; but in the latter month signs 
of moulting can be perceived, and in nearly every month from 
January to August the young birds are putting on the adult plumage. 
The back of the freshly moulted young bird is almost without 
stripes; but white shaft-lines are very evident on the rump. 

The adults appear to have their best plumage in June and July, 
the freshly moulted feathers having indistinct pale fringes on the 
back; the white shaft-lines to the feathers are often very faintly 
indicated and are sometimes absent altogether from the back, though 
the feathers of the rump generally have some white-centred spots 
or streaks. During the nesting-season the plumage becomes remarkably 
abraded, especially visible in individuals procured from 
January to March, when they begin to moult. 

The feathers of the rump are blackish brown, tipped with pale 
yellowish, before which is a bar of blackish brown, which is again 
preceded by an ashy bar, in the centre of which the white shaft-line 
forms a diamond-shaped spot. The yellow colour increases towards 
the upper tail-coverts, which are conspicuously golden or deep straw-
yellow, and this colour pervades the tail. 

Feather from lower back of .V. pnnetiilaia (enlarged). 

Hob. The greater part of India and Ceylon, ranging eastwards 
into Assam and Cacbar, where the rauge coalesces with that of M. 
subundulata. 

«. $ ad. sk. Mount Abu, Sept. 27 (Dr. G. Hume Coll. 

King).

& Ad. sk. Mount Abu. Colonel E. A. 
Butler [C.l 


c, d, e,f. Ad N.W. Himalayas, Pinwill Coll. 

Juv. sk. 

h. Juv. sk. Koteghur. 
Hume Coll. 

i, It. Ad. sk. Simla, July (-#. C. Beavan), Tweeddale ColL 

I 2 ad. sk. 

Simla, July (J. Biddulph). Tweeddale ColL 

m, n. <$ ad.; 

o.2 Simla, July, Nov. (A. O.JZ.). Hume Coll. 
juv. sk. 
p, q. Ad.; r, s, t. Masuri, Oct. 

Hume ColL 

Juv. sk. 

u. Ad. sk. Alinora, Oct. Hume Coll. 
v, w, x. Ad. sk. 

Dhoon, Jan. Hume ColL 

y. 8 ad. sk. 
Dhoon, Jan. Forbes ColL 

z. Ad. sk. 
Kaladoongi, Dhoon, Sept. 25. Hume Coll. 

a', b', c'.$ ad. ,• 

Jhansi district, Aug., Sept. Hume Coll. 

d'. o" imm. sk 

32. MUfflA. 349 
/,#'. Ad. etjuv. 
sk. 
h'-lr. <$ j m', ri. 
2 ad. sk. 
v',p',q'. Ad. j 
r', s', £'. Juv. sk. 
u\ vl. Ad.; w'} x'. 

Imm. sk. 
y , sr. Ad.; a2. 
Imm. sk. 


&2. Ad. sk. 

c2. Ad. sk. 
d*~g\ Ad. j h\ 
Juv. sk. 
*2~o2. Ad.; p2-s\ 
Juv. sk. 

222 22

, w. Ad.; r, w, 

a*2. Juv. sk. 
y%
y z2. Ad. etjuv.sk. 
a?-d\ Ad.; #-f. 

JUT. sk. 
A3. Ad. sk. 


?-f. £ 2 ad. et 

JUV. bk. 
to3. Ad. sk. 
ar*. Ad. sk. 
y3. Ad. sk. 
s3, aK Ad. sk. 
6*, c\ d\ Ad. sk. 
eK Ad. sk. 

/*. Ad. sk. 
g\h\ dad.; i4,&4. 
5 juv. sk. 
IK <$ ad. sk. 

m4. $ juv. sk. 
n\ Ad. sk. 
o4. Ad. sk. 
p4-. cS ad. sk 

g4. Ad. sk. 
r4. Ad. sk. 
«*, t\ u4. Ad. sk. 
t?S w4. <5" 2 a(i. sk. 
^,2/4-2ad-;^a5* 

S 2 iuv*s^


&5, c5. Ad. et juv. 
sk. 
d?,e\f. Ad.;^5, 
A5, t5,&\ Juv.sk. 
/3, Ad. sk. 

2 a<i-s^* 

tn5.

Etawah, Jan. (7F. J£ Brooks). 
Sarun district, March (i£. if. 

Futtekgurh district; July (A. 
Anderson). 

Nepal. 

Nepal (i?. JET. Hodgson). 

Nepal Valley, May, Aug. (J". 

faculty). 
Mogulserai, Oude, Sept. (W. E. 
Brooks). 

Behar. 
Native Sikhim, March, June, 
Oct. (L. Mandelli). 
Sikhim, June, July, Oct., NOT. 

(L. Mandelli). 
Sikhim. 

Darjiling. 
Bhotan Doars, Jan. {L. Man


delli). 
Assam {McClelland). 
ShiHong, July, Sept.-Dec. (J. 

Cockhum), 
Shillong, July (A. W. Chennell). 
Cachar, July 3 (J. luglis). 

iJ'lf'Cfl 

Patna, Oct. 8 (W. E. Brooks). 
Dinapur (Stackkome Binwill). 
Saugor. 
Raipur. 
Maunbhoom, Jan., July {It. 0. 


Beavari). 
Godavery Valley, Dec. (W. T. 

Blanford). 
Khandeish, April (J". Davidson). 
Deccan {Col. Sykes). 
Mather an, Bombay, Nov. 1. 
Belgaum, March 17 (2?. A. But


ler). 
Mysore (F. Bag). 
Madras. 
Madras (R. G. TV. R.). 
Slope of Nilghiri Hills, July. 
Ootacamund, March, April {W. 

Davison). 
Coonoor, March (F. Dag). 

Coonoor, Sept., Oct. (B. G. W. 

JR.). 

Lower Palani Hills, June 17 (S. 

B. Fairbank). 
Lower Palani Hills, June 12 (S. 
B. F.). 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Hodgson Coll. 

India Museum. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hodgson Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale CoU. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 
Gould CoU. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hnme Coll. 

350 rr.ooEiD.'n. 

n". Ail, BIC. Anjango, Travancoru, Doe. Ilunio Coll. 
o". Ad. ak. Ceylon. T.Thwuitoa, Eaq. 

CO.]


j)K 2 ad.sk. Ootta, Ceylon, March J 5. Colonel V. Logge 

[P.f. 
(f, r», a5. Ail.; t\ Ceylon (JtiwiZI). Tweeddala Coll. 
u\ Juv. sk, 
u\ d1; w", .t"1. 2 Ceylon, Nov. (W. Jirtr<). Hume Coll. 
ud. sk. 

Subsp. a. Munia subundulata. 

Munia punctularia (nee Gin.), Schomb. Ibis, 18(34, p. 2(38 ; Blylh § 
Wald. B. Barm, p. 93 (1875) ; Anders. Zoul. JExped. Yun-nau, 

p. 599 (1878). 
Munia subundulata, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 48; Hume, 
Str. F. iii. p. 398 (1875) ; Oates, Str. F. v. p. 162. 
Munia superstriata, Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 481, note (1874); id. § 
Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 402 (1878). 
Munia inglisi, Hume, Str. F. v. p. 39 (1877). 
Amadina subundulata, Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 107 (1879) ; id. Str. 

F. xi. p. 272 (1888). 
Amadina superstriata, Hume, t. c. p. 107 ; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 232 
(1882). 
Amadina inglisi, Hume, t. c. p. 107. 
Amadina punctulata (nee L.), Oates, Handb. B. Brit. Burin, i. p. 308 

(1883). 

Adult. The characters which separate this race from If. punctulata 
are extremely slight. They consist in the more olive-yellow 
shade of the rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail, and the generally 
more ashy black of the flank-barring, which, moreover, is not BO 
strongly pronounced as in M. punctulata. On the rump the 
feathers have not the socond subterminal dusky bar which is seen 
in the latter species. 

Feather from lowor back of M. subundulata (enlarged). 

M. subundulata is in reality very similar to M. punctulata and 
intermediate between that species and M. nisoria. It differs from 
the former in having the black barring on the sides of the body 
much less pronounced, the bars being narrower and more ashy 
blackish in tint. The shade of yellow over the rump and upper 
tail-coverts is pale straw-yellow with an olive tinge, and a shade of 
hoary olive pervades the tail. Of the two forms, M. subundulata 
approaches nearest to M. nisoria; but the yellow shade which is 
found on the rump and tail of many specimens shows an approach 
to 11. punctuluta. As a rule the chestnut on the throat is less 
32. MUKIA. 351 
extended in M. mbundalaia. In Pegu the birds hare a great deal 
more yellow on the rump and tail, and show a decided approach to 

M. punctulata; but the chestnut on the throat is still restricted 
and the bars on the flanks are narrow. 
Bah. Erom Cachar to Manipur, Burmah, and Tenasserim, eastwards 
to Cochin China. 

a, b. S ad.; c, d, Dibrusrlmr, Assam, May, July, Hume Coll. 
e,f. Imrn. sk. Oct. (J, B. Cripps). 
g~n. S 2 ad.; o. Cachar, March, April, July, Hume Coll. 
JUT. sk. Sept., Oct. (J. Inglis). (Types of M. inglisi.) 

p. S ad. &k. Cachar, March (J. Inglis). Forbes Coll. 
q, r. Ad. sk. Manipur (B. B. Godwin-Am- Tweeddale Coll. 
ten), 
s-y. <$ ad. et juv. Manipur, Feb.-April (A. O. JET.). Hume Coll. 

sk.; z-g\ § ad. 

et juv. sk. 
ti, i', k'. <5 ad. et Tonghoo, Feb., April, May, Oct. Tweeddale Coll. 
juv.; r-p'. ?ad. (22. G. W. JR.> et 
juv. sk. 

q\ Ad. sk. Tondioo (Col. Lloyd). Tweeddale Coll. 
r'. Ad. sk. ^ Rangoon, June (It G. W. It.). Tweeddale Coll. 

8'ft'. Ad. et juv. Bashein, Pegu. Hume Coll. 

sk. 
«', v'Tw'. 2 ad. sk. Pegu, July, Aug. Gates Coll. 
x', y\ $ J ad. sk. Pegu, Aug. Forbes Coll. 
z\ 2 ad. sk. Kaukaryit, Tenasserim, Sept. 12 Hume Coll. 

(J. Barling), 
a", b". $ ad. sk. Schouay Goon, Salween River, Tweeddale Coll. 
Aug.*8 (JR. C. Beavan). 
G". CS ad.; d'f-k". Moulmein, Dec. and Jan. ( W, B. Hume Coll. 
2 ad.etjuv.sk. $ J. B.). 
i", k". (S ad. sk. Moulmein, Oct., Nov. (C. T. Hume Coll. 
Bingham). 
I". 2 ad. sk. Tavov, June 13 ( W. Bavison). Hume Coll. 
ffi!'j n". S ad. et Tkatone, March (W. B.). Hume Coll. 

juv. sk. 
o". (S ad. sk. Momien, Yun-nan, "W. China, Dr. J. Anderson 
June. [C.]. 
p''. Imm. sk. Saigon, Cochin China, April. M. E. Pierre [P.], 

Subsp. ft. Munia topela. 
Munia malacca, Swinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 61; id. Ibis, 1861, p. 45. 
Munia topela, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1863, p. 380; id. B. Z. S. 1870, p. 299; 
id. Ibis, 1870, p. 354; id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 38o; David % Oust. 
Ois. Chine, p. 343 (1877). 
Adult male. Similar to If. jpwictidata^ but with a shade of ashy 
olive over the rump and with the upper tail-coverts and tail shaded 
with pale straw-yellow; the chestnut throat more restricted than 
in the Indian species and the barring on the flanks more dusky 
blackish: " bill deep bluish grey, approaching to black; tarsi and 
feet light purplish lead-colour; iris chocolate-brown" (Swinhoe). 
Total length 4*25 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*15, tail 1*55, tarsus 
0-55. 

352 PLOCEIDiE. 

The Manipur specimens in the Hume Collection are almost undis


tinguishable from Chinese and Formosan examples of 31. tope la, and 

several Burmese and Assamese specimens appear to bo intermediate, 

but iho flank-barrings arc generally very distinct and broad, and the 

golden colour on the rump and tail is usually so well-pronounced that 

they appear to belong as much to 31.<punctulata as to 31. subunduhta. 

The specimens, however, from these localities form a very strong 

connecting-link between the two species. 

JHab. Southern China, Formosa and Hainan. 

a. Ad. sk. Foochow, China (JR. Seebohm Coll. 
StvinJioe). 
b. Ad. sk. Foochow (JR. S.). Tweeddale Coll. 
c. Ad. sk. Foochow (JR. SJ). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d, e. Ad. et juv. Tingchow, Oct. (JR. S.). Seebohm Coll. 
sk. 
/, g, h. Ad.; i, k, Amoy, Jan.. April. June. Oct., SeebohmColl. (Types 
l} m. Juv. sk. Nov. (JR. S.). of species.) 
n, o. Ad. et juv. Amoy, June, Nov. (JR. SJ). Hume Coll. 


sk. 

p. Var. sk. Shanghai. Seebohm Coll. 
q. Ad. sk. Macao, March 21 (JR. SJ). Seebohm Coll. 
r, s. i, u, Juv. sk. N. Formosa, March (JR. S.). Seebohm Coll. 
v, IO. Imm. sk. N. Formosa, March (JR. SJ). Tweeddale Coll. 
x. Ad. sk. N. Formosa, March (JR. S.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
y. Ad. sk. Takow, Formosa; Dec. Forbes Coll. 
(R. S.) 
a, d. Ad. sk. S.W. Formosa (JR. SJ). Seebohm Coll. 

b'. Ad.; d, d'. Hainan, Feb., March (JR. S.). Seebohm Coll. 

Juv. sk. 
e'. Ad. sk. Hainan, March (JR. S.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
f, 9'- Ad. et Hainan, Feb. Consul Swinhoe [C.]. 

imm. sk. 

Subsp. y. Mnnia nisoria. 

Le Grosbec tachet£ de Java, JBriss. Orn. iii. p. 239, pi. xiii. fig. 2 

(1760). 

Loxia imdulata (nee Midi.). Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 387 (1790). 

Fringilla punctularia (nee GmJ). JBJo?sf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 161 

(1820). 

Fringilla nisoria, Temm. PL Col iii. pi. 500. fig. 2 (1830). 

Amadina punctularia (nee GmJ), Hay. J. A. S. JB. xiv. p. 554, note 

(1845). 

Oxycerca nisoria, Gray. Gen. JB. iii. App. p. 10 (1849). 

Munia punctularia (nee GmJ). JBlyth, Cat. JB. Mus. As. Soc. p. 117 

(1849); JBp. Consp. Av. i. p. 452 (1850); JHorsf. £ Moore. Cat. JB. 

Mus. E. I. Co. ii. p. 6G5 (1856). 

Amadina undulata, Gray, JHand-l. JB. ii. p. 56, no. 6778 (1870). 

Amadina nisoria, Mime. Str. F. viii. p. 66 (1879). 

Loncliura undulata, Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xliv. 

p. 224 (1885). 
Adult. Similar to M. punctulata, but has a groy shade over the 
rump and tail, with scarcely any olive-yellow; the rump-feathers 
are like those of M. tojoela, plain with a pale edging, but with 

32. MUKTA. 353 
indications of two dusky bars. A good many specimens are nearly 
uniform on the ramp, and I am not sure that these light bars are not 
signs of age, and they may be absent in the younger birds. Flores 
examples show more yellow on the tail than those from Malacca. 

Sab. Malayan Peninsula; Java. 

a. Ad. sk.
b-6 ; e,d. $
ad. et juv. sk. 
e,f. Ad. sk. 

g. 5 ad. sk. 
h. 5 ad. sk. 
i. 2 ad. sk. 
k,l d 2 ad. sk. 
m, ?i. 2 ad. sk. 
o~v. <$ ad. et JUT. ;Singapore, Aug.. Sept. 

w~bf. 2 act. et 
juv. sk. 

c'-l'. c^ad.etjuT.; 
m'-v'. 2 ad. et 
juv. sk. 

w'-b". d ad. et 
juv. sk. 
e", d!\ Ad.; e"9 
fW.JvLY.Bk, 

N. Juv. sk. 
i". Ad. sk. 
Jo". $ ad. ak. 
l",m". Ad. et 

juv. sk. 
»". Ad. sk. 
o". Ad. sk. 
p". Ad. sk. 
q". Ad. sk. 
r". Ad. sk. 
«", t". 2 juv. sk. 

f\ v". 2 ad. et 
juv. sk. 

to". Ad. sk. 
a?". Ad. sk. 

Penan
PenanPenang
gg (Br. 
(Br.(Br. Cantor). 
Cantor).Cantor). 
Elang
ElangElang,
,, Salangore 
SalangoreSalangore,
,, July 
JulyJuly,
,, Aug 
AugAug. 
.. 

(W. Bavison). 
Malacca, Aug. (W. D.). 
Malacca. 
Malacca (A. R. Wallace). 
Pulo Seban, Nov. 9 ( W. B.). 
Nealys, Oct. 15(JF. I).) 
Kuroo, Oct. 29 (W. B.). 
(W. B.). 
Singapore Island, Jan., Feb., 
July-Sept., Dec. (W. B.). 

Mount Sago, Sumatra 

(Carl Bock). 

Java. 

JaTa (Br. Horsfield). 
Near Batavia, NOT. 27 

(JS. 0. Forbes). 

BaH. 
Mores. 

Flores (A. £. Wallace). 
Flores (A. M. Wallace). 
Flores (A. M. Wallace). 

E. Timor. 
Makassar, Celebes. 
Island of Larat, Timor Laut, 
Aug. 2 (J2*. 0. Forbes). 
Larat, Aug. 11. 

Introduced Specimens. 

Mauritius. 

Hilo, Owhyhee. 

India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
"Wallace Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

India Museum. 

Forbes Coll. 

Wallace Coll. 

Wallace Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Seebohm CoU. 
Wallace Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

H. 0. Forbes, Esq. 
Zoological Society. 
Voy. H.M.S. < Challenger.' 


Subsp. d. Mtuiia caTbanisi. 

Uroloncha jagori (nee Munia jagori, Cab.), Cab. J f. 0. 1866, p. 14. 
Oxvcerca jagori, Cab. J.f. 0. 1872, p. 317; Walden, Trans. Z. S. 

ix. p. 208 (1875) j Tweedd. R Z. S. 1877, p. 699. 
Adult male. General colour above brown, with slight indications 
of dusky cross lines, the feathors with narrow and indistinct shaft-
lines of whitish; rump and upper tail-coverts more ashy, the latter 
shaded with straw-yellow; lesser and median wing-coverts brown, 
with white shaft-lines slightly dilated at the ends; greater coverts 

VOL. xm. 2 A 

PLOCBIDJS. 

and quills dark brown, externally lighter "brown; centre tail-
feathers ashy straw-colour, the remainder dark brown, externally 
dull straw-colour; crown of head darker and more chocolate-brown 
than the back; the sides of the hinder crown with whitish shaft-
lines ; lores dusky; feathers round eye and sides of face brown, 
inclining to hoary whitish on the ear-coverts and hinder cheeks ; 
fore part of cheeks rufous-brown ; throat rufous-brown ; lower 
throat, sides of neck, fore neck, and under surface of body mottled, 
the feathers being ashy whitish with brown edgings, and a brown 
spear-shaped mark in the centre of the feather ; sides of body and 
flanks more strongly marked, as also the under tail-coverts; under 
wing-coverts buffy white; quills below dusky, ashy rufous along 
the inner edge : " bill dull blue; feet blue-grey; iris Indian red " 

(A. E. Everett). Total length 4 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2-05, 
tail 1*35, tarsus 0*45. 
Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 3-9 inches, 
culmen 0*4, wing 2, tail 1*4, tarsus 0*5. 
This species differs from M. nisoria in having the chestnut throat 
much more restricted, and in having pale brown markings below as 
in M. subundulata and M. tojpela. 

Hab. Confined to the island of Luzon. 

a. Ad. sk. Philippine Islands. Zoological Society. 
b, c. d 2 ad* sk- Luzon, Feb. 7 (A. B. Meyer) Tweeddale Coll. 
d. Imm. sk. Manila [Maitland-Heriof). Tweeddale Coll. 
e. J ad. sk. Monte Alban, Feb. {A. If. Tweeddale Coll. 
Everett). 
f. 
$ ad.; g, h. San Mateo, Feb. {A. H. Tweeddale Coll. 
Juv. sk. Everett). 
22. Mxuiia pectoralis. 
Donacola pectoralis, Gould, B. Austr. iii. pi. 95 (1848); Reichenb. 
Yog. Neuhott. p. 118 (1850); Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 453 (1850); 
Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 427 (1805); Ramsay, Broc. Linn. 
8oe. K S. W. ii. p. 187 (1878). 

Amadina pectoralis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849) : id. Sand-l. B. 

ii.p. 55,no. 6768(1870). 
Donacicola pectoralis, 
Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 1091 
(1887); id. op. oit. ii. p. 168 (1888); id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 10 
(1888). 

Adult male. Above lavender-grey, the upper tail-coverts dusky 
blackish; wing-coverts light brown, washed with ashy, and with 
minute terminal white dots; quills dusky, externally light brown; 
tail-feathers blackish brown; head lavender-grey like the back; a 
narrow line from the base of the forehead above the eye, and running 
down the sides of the neck, pale vinaceous buff; lores, sides of face, 
and ear-coverts, as well as the throat, purplish black; fore neck 
black, with a patch of broad white-tipped black feathers; sides of 
body pale vinaceous brown, ornamented with white bars, edged with 
a black line on each side of the bar; under tail-coverts dusky, the 

33 . TTBOLONOHA. 
long ones with broad pale tips of vinaceous, before which is a subterminal 
line of white; under wing-coverts vinaceous, as also the 
inner edge of the quills: ''bill slate-colour; legs dirty pinkish 
white; iris dark " (J. R. Elsey). Total length 4 7 inchos culmon 
0-5, wing 2-3, tail 1*4, tarsus 0-6. 

Hah. N.W. Australia. 

a. 3 ad. sk. N.W. Australia. 
J. R. Elsey, Esq. [P.]. 
33. UKOLONCHA. 
Typo. 

Lonchura, Si/kes (nee SeJib'nh.), P. Z. S. 1832, p. 95 U. striata. 

Uroloncha, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 173 (1850) .. 

U. molucca. 
Trickogranioptila, HeieJienb. Singv, p. 37 (1861) .. 

U. striata. 
Tail of U. acuticauda. 

Range. Eastern Africa; Indian Peninsula and Ceylon; Indo-
Chinese Eogion and Malayan Peninsula; Sumatra, Java, Borneo, 
Philippine Islands, Celebes and the Moluccas to New Guinea. 

Key to the Species. 

a. With a "white rump. 
d. 
Wibh white upper tail-coverts ; head grey; 
back pinkish brown ; sides of face and throat 
grey mottled with white spots and bars ... . caniceps, p. 35(5. 
b'. With blackish upper tail-coverts. 
a". Back distinctly streaked with white shaft-
lines. 
d". Sides of neck reddish brown, mottled 
with white spots i chest washed with , amticmda p< 35a 

V«. SidesSof n S like thebackV throat and I ^^icollis, p. 359. 
chest entirely uniform black striata, p. 359. 
6". Back with scarcely any indication of white 
streaks, or quite uniform. 
c'". With slightly indicated scale-like edges 
to the feathers of the fore neck semistriata, p. 361. 
a"". No indications of scale-like markings on 
the fore neck, which is uniform black.. fumigata, p. 361. 
2A2 

356 
PLOCEIDJS. 

b. With no white on the rump. 
d. With white on the belly, 
c". Back distinctly lined with white shaft-
streaks ; tail-feathers washed with golden 
or straw-yellow. 


e'". Throat and breast black leucogastra, p. 362. 
/'". Throat and breast chocolate-brown .... everetti, p. 363. 
cf. Back scarcely perceptibly lined with white; [p. 363. 
no golden or straw-yellow on the tail.... leucogastroides, 
d'. Belly black. 
e". Slack, with no white shaft-streaks or lines, fuscans, p. 364 
/'. Chowlafe^b^ \tristissima,V.S64. 
shaft-streaks at the end of the feathers .. 17, „„„,,•„,'£ o(>T 

lcucosucm P-6{J0

e'. Belly white, thickly mottled with spots and '>bars 
of black; tail black; upper tail-coverts i pectoralis, p. 365. 
straw-yellow (kelaarti, p. 366. 

e. With the rump white, barred with black; back 
light brown; breast white, barred with black I molucca, p. 367. 
verniiculations jpropinqua, p. 368. 
1. Urolonclia caniceps. 
Pytelia caniceps (nee Sahad.), Reichen. Orn. Centralbl. 1879, p. 139; 
id. $ Schaloiv, J. / . 0. 1879, p. 326; Fischer $ ReicJien. J- f. 0. 
1879, p. 352, Taf. ii.fig. 3. 

Spermestes caniceps, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, viii. p. 203 
(1882); Fischer, J. f. 0. 1885, p. 136; Beichen. J.f. 0.1887, p. 71. 
Munia caniceps (nee Salvad.), Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 312. 

Adult wide. General colour above pinkish brown or pale reddish, 
the scapulars brown; lower back more ashy brown; rump and 
upper tail-coverts white; wing-coverts brown; bastard-wing black; 
primary-coverts brown ; quills black, the secondaries browner 
towards the ends, the inner ones entirely brown; tail-feathers black, 
the outer ones whitish towards the ends; crown of head slaty grey, 
more ashy on the nape and hind neck; forehead slightly mottled 
with whitish tips to the feathers ; lores black; feathers round eye, 
sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and chin dusky grey, profusely 
mottled with white dots, the latter with narrow blackish bars; 
lower throat and sides of neck slaty grey ; fore neck and under 
surface of body pinkish brown, becoming paler on the lower breast, 
abdomen, and under tail-coverts, which parts are more isabelline ; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries like the breast with whitish 
edges; quills below dusky, ashy rufous along the inner edge: 
" upper mandible dark grey, the under one clear bluish grey, darker 
at the point; feet lead-colour; iris brown" (G. A. Fischer). Total 
length 4-7 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2-35, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*55. 

Hub. East Africa, ranging into Equatorial Africa. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Tarrangole, Equatorial Africa, April Shelley Coll. 
23 (Bmin Pasha). 
2. Uroloucha acuticauda. 
Munia acuticauda, 
JKodgs. Asiat. Research, xix. p. 153 (1836); id. 
Icon. ined. Brit Mus., Passeres, pi. 283. figs. 1, 2, pi. 307. ^.g. 3 

33 . TTROLONCHA. 
357 

(no. 325); Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. B. I. Co. ii. p. 510 
(1856); Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 356 (18G3) ; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. 

B. xxxix. p. 271 (1870); Hume, Nests fy JEggs Ind. B. p. 450 
(1873); Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 481 (1874) ; Brooks, Str. F. iii. 
p. 254 (1875); Blyth $ Wald. B. Burm. p. 93 (1875); Hume $ 
Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 403 (1878); Kelham, Ik's, 1881, p. 523. 
Spermestes (Lonchura) acuticauda, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Miseell. 

p. 84 (1844). 
Arnadina acuticauda, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii. p. 949 (1844); StrkU. 
P. Z. S. 1846, p. 103; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 56, no. 6781 (1870); 
Hume, Str. F. viii. pp. 6Q, 107 (1879); Scully, t. c. p. m{Hume, 
Str. F. ix. p. 257 (1880); Gates, Str. F. x. p. 232 (1882); id. 
Handb. B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 364 (1883); Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 273 
(1888). 
Munia leuconota, Gray, Cat. Mamm. $c. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 106 

(1846). 
Munia molucca, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 117 (1849). 
Munia muscadina (Mus. Lugd.), Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 172. 
Lonchura acuticauda, Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 156 (1875). 
Spermestes acuticauda, Buss, Stubenv. p. 153 (1879). 
Uroloncha acuticauda, A. Mutter, J.f.O. 1882, p. 387. 


Adult. General colour above chocolate-brown with distinct shaft-
lines of white, these streaks less pronounced on the head, which is 
blackish brown; across the lower back a broad band of white; 
rump and upper tail-coverts reddish brown, with white shaft-lines, 
the upper tail-coverts blackish brown with a slight wash of straw-
yellow ; wing-coverts blackish, with narrow white shaft-lines; quills 
blackish brown; tail-feathers black; lores, sides of face, throat, and 
chest blackish, with a shade of warm chocolate-brown or reddish 
brown on the sides of the fore neck and chest, the feathers being 
edged with this colour; ear-coverts and sides of neck tawny rufous, 
spotted with white ; remainder of under surface of body from the 
chest downwards white, with a few traces of dusky brown mottlings 
and edgings to the feathers of the sides of the body; flanks, thighs, 
and under tail-coverts tawny rufous, centred with white shaft-
streaks; axillaries light tawny buff; under wing-coverts whitish 
mottled with brown bases; quills dusky below, tawny buff along 
the inner webs: " upper mandible .blackish, the lower one plumbeous 
; feet plumbeous; iris dark brown" (B. W. Oates). Total 
length 4-5 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2-05, tail 1*65, tarsus 0-55. 

Young. Differs from the adults in being browner, the head like 
the back, all the upper parts streaked with white shaft-lines; sides 
of face, throat, and chest brown, the latter being washed with 
rufous and mottled with dusky markings; breast white, mottled 
with dusky brown centres and edgings to the feathers^ 

Malayan specimens vary somewhat. They are similar to Himalayan 
examples, but are more scaly in appearance on the throat, ^the 
feathers being much more distinctly edged with whitish, the sides 
of the face being also spotted with whitish. S. Total length 4-2 
inches, culmen 0*45, wing 14)5, tail 1-45, tarsus 0*55. 

$. Total length 4*1 inches, culmen 045, wing 1*9, tail 1*6, 
tarsus 0*5. 

358 PLOOEEDJE. 

Bah. Himalayas from the neighbourhood of Hasmi to Sikhlm, 
through Assam and the Burmese Provinces to Malacca and Sumatra. 

a. Ad. sk 
b. S ad. sk 
& $ ad. sk. 
$-#. Ad, sk 

h-m. Ad.; «. 
Tmm. sk 
o, p, y. Ad. sk. 

r, 5, £ Ad. sk. 

u. Ad. sk 
2>-Ax. Ad.; s1. Juv.
sk.
h\ J1, m1. Ad. sk^-M2. Ad. skvl. Ad. sk.
w1. $ &&.; <vltyl.

2 ad. et j UT. bk.
zK J ad. sk.
a2. Ad. sk.
¥~e*. <$ 2 ad. sk.
f\ gK Ad. sk

h2j t2. Ad. sk&2; Z2. Ad. sk.
m2, w2. c5 &d. sk.
o2. Ad. sk.
p2. 2 ad. skq2. Ad. sk.
r2. $ ad. sks2. Ad. sk

t2. S ; u% v2, 2

ad. sk
v?. <$ ad. sk.
x2. 2 ad. sk


f. 2 ad. skz2, a\ $ 2 ad. sk'" eK $ 2 ?d. sk
J", f. <!*&;&. 

Juv. sk 
i\ As8. <$ • P, m\ 
2 ad. sk 

n?-v\ (S ad.; v?e4. 
2 ad. et juv, 
sk 

f,gK $ ad.sk 

k4 

. hum. sk. 
i1-***. $ ad. et 

imm.; o*. 0 ad. sk. Darling). 

Middle range of Hills north of

Masuri. 
Doonda, May 0 ( TV. JB. BrmJ:n,
"Ilupkote/^June 1 (A. A/ukr


son), 

Nepal. 

Nepal (B. JBJ. Hodgson \. 

Nepal Valley, Feb. 17 {Dr. J. 
Scully), 

Native Sikhim, May, Julv. Aug. 

(L. ManMli). 
Sikhlm; Jan. 
Sikhim, Jan., Feb., April, June, 


 Sept., Nov., Dec. {L. Maiuklliu 
Sikhim. 
Near Darjillng; Feb.. March, Bee. 
As»am (McChUmul^ 
Dibrughur, April, Maj (J, It 

Ct-ifp >). 
Tiprn* ik, April 1 (/. Ojthbura). 
Saclhvia, April (J. Cur kbit m *. 

 Dkollah, April I J*. CmMm-a). 

 N. Kha-ia 11111-, Dec, Jan.t A. TV 
ChtnuiU). 
Mvmen-iDjr. 
Cachar f J.'Infflk). 
Manipur, April, May (A. 0. ILj, 
Tippera. 
Akyab, March 21 {J. Armdrunys, 
Thayetmyo. 
F^gu, June 19. 
Toaghoo Hill*, April (R G. 

W. JR.). 
Pahpoon, Tenasserim, Jam { TV* 
Damson), 
Moulmein,' Aug. (JR. C, Btaran % 
Amher&t, Aug. 4 { W. D.). 
South of Yea, April 2 ( IV, III. 
Meetan, Feb. {TV. D. I 
Tavoy, March f TV. D. i 
Meigiii, Dec, Jan. ( TV. Jif. 

Pakchan, Jan* (JV. D.f* 

Bankasuon, Feb., April. Mav 

(W.D.). 

Malewoon, Jan. {TV. IXi 
Malewoon. 
Kossoum, Aprils May, Sept. (J. 


 Hume Coll. 

 Hume CulL 

 Seehohm CJII. 

Hodg-on Cull. 
Types"cf species.) 
India Museum. 


Huiati CuU. 

Hume Coll. 

Seeb hm CtiD. 

Hunif (All. 

Hume Cull. 

Huni* V II. 

luiia Mu^-iim, 

IIum« CMIL 

HUII^CI ii. 

IIuL^C 11, 

TwH-i!dal. Coll. 

HdHUJ C ill. 
HiPLeCML 
IfilL^- C 11. 
Oatt^ColL 
Oate- Gill. 
Twt-eddak* CulL 

Hume Coil 

Twi t-dilalti Coll 
Hume ijil 
Huiiif Cull. 
Home Coll. 
f fuiiiti CulL 
Hum* CMIL 

llll!21»; CMI L 

Hume Cull. 

Humo Coll 

Oati^ <\>1L 

Hume ColL 

33 . TTEOLO^CHA. 
359 

P%<t-6 ; *"*. $ Salang, Feb., March (J. Barling). Hume Coll. 

s4, tK $ $ ad. sk. Poungyah, July, Aug. (/. D.). Hume Coll. 
n\ $ ad, sk. Kwala Kangsar, Perak, April (M. Forbes Coll. 
Kelharn), 
«*-#*. d ad.; z1-Klang, Feb., March (W. D.). Hume Coll. 

d5 

. $ ad. sk 
e 5,/. Ad. sk. Malacca, Aug. (R G. W. 22.). Tweeddale Coll. 
g5, V. Ad. sk. Malacca, May, Dec. (8. Pinwill). Tweeddale Coll. 
£5. Ad. sk. Malacca (Dr. Cantor). India Museum. 
h\ $ ad. sk. Kuroo, Nov. 2 ( W. D.). Hume Coll. 

P. ? ad. sk. Johore, Aug. 18 ( W. D.). Hume Coll. 
m5-u5. <5 j s;5, w?5. Singapore, July, Sept. (W. D.). Hume Coll. 
$ ad. et juv. sk. 
cvK $ ad. sk. Sumatra, Oct. 28. H. 0. Forbes, 
Esq. [P.]. 

3. Urolo&cha squamicollis. *>wvi4q>£t HoJl)-
Munia molucca (nee L.), Swinhoe, Ibis, 1860, p. 61. ^ i &*!%$". 
Munia acuticauda (nee Hodgs.), 8wink Ibis, 1863, p. 379; id. Ibis. 
1870, p. 354; id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 385; id. Ibis, 1873, p. 371; 
David 8? Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 843 (1878). 

Adult male. Similar to U. acuticauda, but distinguished by the 
more scaly appearance of the throat and fore neck, these parts being 
light rufous like the sides of the face, with indistinct whitish shaft-
stripes and margins to the feathers: "bill brown, with the lower 
mandible tinged with bluish; feet leaden grey; iris hazel-brown" 

(A. David). Total length 3*8 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2, tail 
1*75, tarsus 0*55. 
Adult female. Similar to the male, Total length 3*6 inches, 
culmen 0*45, wing 2, tail 1*35, tarsus 0*5. 
Hah. China; Formosa and Hainan. 


a, b. Ad. sk. China (Tuckett). Tweeddale Coll. 
e, <£ tf ? ad. sk. Szechuen, May 4 (It. Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 
e,f, g. Juv. sk. Shanghai, July, Nov. (R 8.). Seebohm Coll. 


h. $ ad. sk. Shanghai, March (Capt, Ince). Gould Coll. 
i. $ ad. sk. Mngpo, March (R. 8.). Seebohm Coll. 
k, I, m. ad. sk. Foochow, Feb. (R. 8.). Seebohm Coll. 
n. 2 a<^* s-k* Canton, April 11 (R. 8.). Seebohm Coll. 
o, p. Ad. sk. Whampoa, April 17 (R 8.). Seebohm Coll. 
q-v. Ad. sk. Formosa, March, April Seebohm Coll. 
(R 8.). 

w. Ad. sk. Formosa, March (R. 8.). Hume Coll. 
.r, y. Ad. sk. N. Formosa, March, April Tweeddale Coll. 
(R. 8.). 
s, a\ 6 ? ad. sk. Hainan, Feb. (JR. 8.). Seebohm Coll. 
4. Urolonaha striata. 
Le Gros-bec de ITsle de Bourbon, 
Briss. Orn. iii. p. 243, pi. xiii. 
fig. 4 (1760) ; Daubent. PL Rnl iv. pi. 153. fig. 1. 
Loxia striata, Linn. 8yst. Nat. i. p. 306 (1766); Gm. 8\jst. Nat. i. 

p. 861 (1788). 
Striated Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. 8yn. ii. pt i. p. 142 (1783). 
PLOCEIDJ&. 

360 

Fringilla lenconota, Temm. PL Col iii. p i 500. fig. 1 (1830). 

Lonehura leuconota, Syles, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 95. 

Spermestes leuconota, Jerd. Madr. Jown. xi. p. 27 (1840). 

Aniadina striata, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii p. 949 (1844), xv. p;38 

(1846); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849) ; KelaaH, Prodr. p. 126 

(1852): X^r^, Ami. $ Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) xiii. p. 258 (1854) : 

Horsf. & Moore, Cat B. E. L Co. Mas. ii. p. 511 (1856) ; Gray. 

Hand-L B. ii. p. 56, no. 6786 (1870); Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 107; 

Butler. Cat B. S. Bomb. Pres, p. Gl (1880); Vidal, Sir. F. ix 

p. 72 (1880); Oates, Handb. B. Brit JBurm. I p. 805 (1883); 
Terry, Str. F. x. p. 478 (1887). 
Munia striata, Blyth, Cat B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 117 (1847) ; Bp» 
Consp.Av. i. p. 453 (1850); Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 356 (1*68); 
Holdsw. P. Z. S.1872, p. 464; mime, Nests § Eggs Ind. B. p. 44b 
(1873) ; Wold. Ibis, 1874, p. 144; Fairh. Str. P. iy. p. 260 (1870; ; 
Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 222 (1878); Legge, Birds of Ceylon, p. 6€0 

(1879). 
Urolonclia striata, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 173 (1850). 
Trichogramoptila striata, \Reichenb. Sing®, p. 37, Taf. xiii. fig?. 110


117 (1861); Ball Str. F. ii. p. 420 (1874). 
Munia leuconota, Blyth $ Wald. B. Burm. p. 93 (1875). 
Spermestes striata, Puss, Stubenv. p. 151 (1879). 

Adult Sooty brown, distinctly streaked with white shaft-lines*, 
the dorsal feathers pale at the ends with a faint dusky subterralna! 
bar ; wing-coverts a little darker than the hack, with similar 
whitish shaft-lines; quills blackish brown, the inner ones with 
white shaft-lines; rump white; upper tail-coverts blackish with 
brown edges and with white shaft-lines ; tail-feathers black; head 
blacker than the back, the nape and hind neck similarly streaked 
with white shaft-lines, as also the sides of the neck and ear-
coverts ; forehead, lores, sides of face, throat, and chest black, 
with very faintly indicated pale shaft-lines on the latter; breast 
and abdomen white, the lower flanks, thighs, and under tail-
coverts dark brown washed with rufous, and having whitish 
shaft-lines, more distinct on the flanks; axillaries and under wing-
coverts buhy white, the edge of the wing mottled with black; 
quills below blackish, buhy white along the inner web: "bill, 
upper mandible blackish leaden, the lower one bluish with dark 
tip; legs and feet bluish or dusky leaden; iris brown or reddish. 
brown " ( W. V. Legge). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*45, \\ ing 2, 
tail 1*7, tarsus 0*6. 

Hab. Central and Southern India and Gey Ion. 

a. Ad.; 5. Imm. Maunbhoom, March, April Tweeddale Coll. 
sk.
c, d. Ad. sk. 
(P. C. Beavan). 
Sumbulpur, Central Provinces,
Dec. 
Hume Coll. 
e-i Ad.; k, I.
Imm. sk. 
Baipur, Jan. Hume Coll, 
m-p. cS ; q, r, s. Seoni District, May (P. Hume Coll. 
$ ad. sk. Thompson), 
t, u. Ad. sk. Deccan {Col. Syhes). India Museum. 
v. (S ad. sk, Khandala, July. Gould Coll, 

33 . UROLONCHA. 
361 

w. 3 imm. sk. 
Kkandala, March 23 (S. B. Tweedcialo Coll. 
Fairhanh).

 ad. sk. 

x. SGoa Frontier, April 19 Tweeddalo Coll. 
(S. B. F.). 
yf z. <$ J ad. j a'. 

Madras. Hume Coll. 

2 imm. sk. 
h', c', d\ Ad. sk. Madras (J2. £. W. 11). Twocddale Coll. 
e\ (S ad. sk. Bangalore, Aug. 3 (11. G. Tweeddalo Coll. 

W. JR.).
/ . Ad. sk. Mysore (Dr. F. Bay). India Museum. 
g\ h\ c? 5 ad. sk. Slope of Nilghiris, March, Hume Coll. 
June. 
i\ Ad.• k'. tf Coonoor, Sept. 14 (R. G, Tweeddalo Coll. 

imm. sk. W. JR.).
I', m\ Ad. sk. Coorg. Tweeddalo Coll. 


n\ Ad. sk. Malabar. 

Tweeddalo Coll. 

o\ Ad. sk. 

!! Malabar. Forbes Coll. 
p, q. Ad. sk. Ceylon. Seobolmi Coll. 
r'. $ ad. sk. Ceylon (H. Nevill). Tweeddalo Coll. 
s'} t'. (S 2 ad. sk. Cotta, Ceylon, Nov. 1(3 Hume Coll. 

(Hart). 

5. Urolonclia semistriata. 
Munia semistriata, Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 257. 
Amadina semistriata, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 107. 
Adult male (type of species). Similar to U. striata, but not nearly 
so plainly streaked, thereby approaching U. fumigata. It differs 
from both these species, however, in having the fore neck and chest 
scaly, the feathers of these parts being brown with reddish or whitybrown 
edges : " bill, upper mandible black, the lower bright leaden 
blue; legs and feet plumbeous green or greenish horny; iris brown " 
(Hume). Total length 3*7 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 1*9, tail 1*4, 
tarsus 0*5. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length <V7 inches, 
culmen 0*4, wing 1*8, tail 1*55, tarsus Of). 
Hah. Nicobar Islands. 

a. Ad. sk. Nicobar Islands. Tweeddalo Coll. 
b. <$ ad.; e. $ Nicobar Islands, Jan. 18 Tweeddalo Coll. 
juv. sk. (22. J. Wimherley). 
d, e. Ad. sk. Nicobar Islands. Hume Coll. 
Camorta, Nicobars, Feb. Hume Coll. (Types 
ad. sk. (W. Davison). of species.) 

6. TJrolonclia famigata. 
Munia fumigata, Walden, Ann. # Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xii. p. 488 
(1873) • id. Ibis, 1874, pp. 144, 145 • Hume, Str. F. iv. p. 21)1 
(1876). 

Munia striata (nee Linn.), Hume, Str. F. 1874, pp. 257, 497. 
Munia nonsteiata, Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 257. 
Amadina fumigata, Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 107 (18/9). 


Adult male. Similar to U. striata, but uniform above, with only 
the faintest indications of pale shaft-lines * the upper and under 

362 
PLOCEIDiE. 

tail-coverts, as well as the thighs and lower flanks, black washed 

with rufous; sides 
of neck washed with rufous-brown, but not 

streaked with whitish: " upper mandible black, the lower one leaden 

blue; legs and feet plumbeous green or greenish horny; iris 

reddish brown r (A. 
0. Hume). Total length 4*2 inches, culmen 

0*4, wing 1*95, tail 1*5, tarsus 0*45. 

Ilab. Andaman Islands. 

a, b. Inim. sk. S. Andamans, Feb. (B. G. Tweeddale Coll. 

W. JR.). 
(Types of species.) 
c-g. $ 
j k~m. S. Andaman, March, June, Tweeddale Coll. 
Q ad. sk. Oct. (B. /. Wimberley 4 


B. G. W. JR.). 
n, o. $ $ ad. sk. S. Andaman, July. Hume Coll. 
p. 
Ad. sk. Aberdeen, S. Andamans, Hume Coll. 
Nov. 11 ( W. Davison). 
q, r, s. <$ • t, u, Port Blair, June ( W. Davi- Hume Coll. 
v,w. J ad. sk. son). 
x-z. 
<$ ad. et juv. • Mount Harriet, June, Dec. Hume Coll. 
d-d. $ ad. sk. ( W. Davison), 

7. Uroloncha leucogastra. 
Amadina leucogastra, JBlyth, J. A, S. Beng. xv. p. 286 (1846); Gray, 

Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 60, 107, 101; 

Oates, Handb. B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 367 (1883). 

? Munia melanictera, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 117 (1849). 

Munia leucogastra, Horsf. 8>-Moore, Cat. B. F. 2. Co. Mus. ii. p. 510 
(1856) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 359 (1863); Salvad. Ucc. Bom. p. 267 
(1674) j Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 323; Davison, Str. F. 1877, 
p. 400; Hume $ Davison, Str. F. iv. p. 402 (1878); Vorderm. Nat. 

Tijdsehr. Nederl. Ind. xlvi. p. 234 (1887). 
Munia ckrysura, Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 172 (ex MSS. Mus. Zugd.). 
Oxycerca leucogastra, Tiveedd, Ann. fy Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 96 

(1877) ; id. >. Z. S. 1878, p. 622. 

Adult male. Above brown, streaked with white shaft-lines, the 
wing-coverts like the back and similarly streaked, as also the 
secondaries; quills blackish; rump and upper tail-coverts uniform 
black ; tail-feathers blackish, broadly edged with golden- or straw-
yellow *. crown of head more uniform brown, with scarcely any 
whitish shaft-streaks; the forehead, lores, sides of face, throat, and 
chest black; remainder of under surface of body white; the sides 
of the body, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts black, with a 
slight wash of chocolate-brown; the white feathers on the sides of 
the body spotted or marked with black in the vicinity of the blackish 
flanks; under wing-coverts white; quills blackish below, fulvous 
along the inner web: " bill, upper mandible brownish black or 
black, lower dull smalt or pale blue; legs and feet plumbeous or 
dull smalt-blue; iris dark brown" (W. Davison). Total length 
3*8 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 1-95, tail 1*4, tarsus 0 5. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 4*6 
inches, culmen 0*45, wing 1*95, tail 1*3, tarsus 0*5. 

Young. Similar to the adults but lighter brown, with less straw


33 . TJBOIOTCHA. 
363 
yellow on the tail, and the white shaft-streaks almost obsolete; 
under surface of body as in the adult, but browner. 
Bah. Malayan Peninsula* ranging into Southern Tenasserim, 
Borneo. 

a, h. 2 ad. sk. Choungthanoung, Tenasserim, Hume Coll. 
Dec. (W. Davison), 

c-s. J ad. et juv.; Bankasoon, Feb., April, May Hume Coll. 
t~e\ 2 ad.et (W.D.). 
JUT. sk. 

f-d;g',K. ? Malewoon, Jan. (W. D.). Hume Coll. 
ad. sk. 

i'f h\ $ ad. sk. 
Malewoon, Dee. 29. Oates Coll. 
Salang, March 20 (J. Darling), Hume Coll. 

v. 2 &&-sk. 
Klang, Salarigore (W. D.). Hume Coll. 

iii. <$ ad. sk. 
f Malacca (S. Piniuill), Tweeddale Coll. 

n. Ad. sk. 
l Malacca. 
Wallace Coll. 

o\ p. 3 2 ^d. sk. 

! Malacca (Wallace). Could Coll. 

q. 2 ad. sk. 
Mount Ophir, Malacca, Aug. 14 Tweeddale Coll. 

rf, s\ d 2 ad. sk. 

(JR. G. W. It.)* 

8. Uroloncha everetti, 
OxTcerca 
ereretti, Ttceedd. Ann. % Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) sx. p. 96 
flb77)- id. P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 690, 764, pi. Ixxiii. tig. 2• id. 

P. Z. S. 1878, p. (522 ; Sliarpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 202. 
Aflidt -male. Yery similar to U. leueogasira, but more distinctly 
streaked with white above, and haying the sides of the fore neck and 
chest distinctly chocolate-brown, not blackish: " bill black, lower 
mandible lead-grey, feet dark grey, iris Indian red" (Everett). 
Total length 3*f> inches, culmen 0*o, wing 1*9, tail 1*4, tarsus 0-55. 

Adttlt female. Similar to the male. Total length 4 inches, 
cnlmen 0*5, wing 1-95, tail 1*4, tarsus 0*55. 
Hob. Philippine Islands. 

a, b* S ad. sk. 
Monte Alban, Luzon, Feb. 1877 Tweeddale CoU. 

(A. JET. Everett). (Types of species.' 
cf i. 2 ad. sk. San Mateo, LUZOD, Feb. 1877 Tweeddale Coll. 
{A. M. R). 
e9f. 6 5 aa* sfe-Cebu, March, April (A. B. R). Tweeddale Coll. 
ff-k. d ; /. 2 Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Tweeddale Coll. 
ad. sk. 
Dec. (A. II R). 

9. "Uroloncha leucogastroides. 
Fringilla striata 
(me linn.), Horsf. Trans. Linn. Boo. xiii. p. 161 
(1*20). 

Mimm leucppasrroidfcs, Horsf. §* Moore, Cat. B. E. I Co. Mm. ii. 

p. 510 (1&50); Wald. Ibis, 1874, p. 145; Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, 
p. .118; JSlcMmiis Ms, 1870, p. 170. 
Tnchugramoptilamelanopvgia, Beieketih Singv. pp. 38,48, Taf. xvii. 
ligu. 153, 154 (1861). 
Amadina leucogastroides, Gray, Hand4. B. ii. p. 56, no. 6787 (1870). 
Amadina melanopygia, Gray, Hand4. B. ii. p. 56, no. 6788 (1870). 
Spermestee meianopygia, Buss, Siubenv. p. 152 (1879). 

364 
PLOCEIDJE. 

Tricliogramoptila leucogastroides, Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. 
2nd. xliii. p. 105 (1884). 

Adult Similar to U. striata, but not so distinctly streaked with 
white shaft-lines, rather lighter brown, and distinguished at once by 
the absence of the white rump: " bill, upper mandible black, the 
lower lead-blue ; feet lead-blue; iris Vandyke brown " (A. G. Vordermcm). 
Total length 4*3 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*1, tail 1*5, 
tarsus 0*55. 

Young. Much lighter brown than the adult, with no black on the 
forehead or face, and only a little on the throat, which is also light 
brown. 
Hah. Java and Sumatra. 

a, b. Ad. sk. 
*-/. c? J g. 
Java. 
Java. 
India Museum. 
(Types of species.) 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Juv. sk. 
h. Ad. sk. W. Java (23. C. Buxton). F. Nicholson, Esq. 
i, k Ad. et juv. 
sk. 
Lampong, SumatraBuxton). 
(23. C. Tweeddale Coll. 
10. Ilrolonclia Tuscans. 

Spermestes fuscans, Cass. Pr. Phil. Acad. vi. p. 185 (1852). 
Fringilla nigerrima, Cass. Pr. Phil. Acad. vi. p. 185 (1852). 
Fringilla atemma, Cass. Pr. Phil. Acad. vi. p. 185 (1852). 
Munia fuscans, Scl P. Z. S. 1863, p. 219; Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 268 


(1874) ; Sharjpe, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 344 ; Briigg. Ahhandl not. Ver. 
Bremen, v. p. 461 (1877) ; Vorderm. Nat. tijdschr. Nederl. 2nd. 

xlvi. p. 234 (1887) ; Sharpe, 2bis, 1889, p. 434. 
Amadina fuscans, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 55, no. 6763 (1870). 
Adult male. Entirely uniform blackish chocolate, somewhat 
obscurely mottled with browner centres to the feathers; quills and 
tail-feathers black : " iris brown " (Dona). Total length 4*2 inches, 
culmen 0*45, wing 2, tail 1*45, tarsus 0*5. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 4-3 inches, 
culmen 0*45, wing 1-9, tail 1*45, tarsus 0*5. 
Hal. Borneo. 

a?b. <$ $ ad. sk. Sarawak. Wallace Coll. 
c, d, e. Ad. sk. Sarawak (Rajah Brooke). Gould Coll. 

f. 
Ad. sk. Sarawak. A. Everett, Esq. 
ro.]. 
g. (5 ad. sk. Sarawak (A. Everett). 
Hume Coll. 

h. Ad. sk. Banjermassing {J. Motley). 
Wallace Coll. 

11. Uroloncha tristissima. 
Munia tristissima, Wall P. Z. S. 1865, p. 479 ( $ juv.) ; Meyer, Site. 
k Ahad. Wien, Ixx. p. 126 (1874); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. 
Genov. vi. p. 86 (1874), x. p. 148 (1877), xvi. p. 191 (1880); id. 
Orn. Papuasia, ii. p. 435 (1881). 

Amadina tristissima, Gray, 22and4. B. ii. p. 55, no. 6765 (1870). 
Munia, sp., Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. vi. p. 86 (1874). 

365 

33 . UEOLOtfCHA. 
Adult (type of species). Nearly uniform chocolate-brown, above 
and below, with a slight appearance of paler brown stripes on the 
head ; sides of face, sides of neck, fore neck, and breast with scanty 
narrow whitish shaft-lines; centre of breast and abdomen and 
under tail-coverts blackish; wing-coverts like the back, with tiny 
white dots: bastard-wing, primary-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers 
blackish brown; the inner secondaries like the back, with pale 
fulvous tips ; under wing-coverts and inner lining of quills ochreous 
buff. Total length 3*9 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 1*95, tail 1*3, 
tarsus 0*5. 

Hob, Xew Guinea. 

a. Ad. sk. New Guinea. Wallace Coll. (Type of species.) 
12. Froloncha leucosticta. 
Munia leucosticta, JO?Alb. § Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv. 
p. 88 (1879); Reicken. $ Sclialow, J.f. 0. 1879, p. 327; Salvad. 
Ami. Genov. xvi. p. 191 (1880^; id. Orn. Papuasia, ii. p. 437 
(1881). 
Adult. General colour above brown; head dusky, marked with 
white shaft-lines; back and wing-coverts brownish, with white 
spots; rump yellowish; upper tail-coverts black; underparts 
rufous-brown, gradually whitish towards the throat; breast scaled 
with white ; under tail-coverts blackish; quills dusky; under wing-
coverts white, uniform with the throat; tail black; bill pearly grey ; 
feet ashy ; iris black (DAlbertis). Total length 3*9 inches, culmen 
0*45, wing 1*95, tail 1*5, tarsus 0*95, (Salvad.) 

Said to be near U. tristissima, but differing in its clearer brown 

colour, especially below, and by the little white spots on the back 

and wing-coverts, and by the breast scaled with white markings. 

Hah Ely River, S.E. New Guinea. 

13. Uroloncha pectoralis, 
Spermestes, sp. nov., Jerd. Madr. Jour. xiii. p. 171 (1844). 
Munia pectoralis, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 355 (1863) ; Hume. Sir. F. 
1875, p. 263,1876, p. 403. 

Amadina pectoralis, 
Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 56, no. 6782 (1870); 
Hwne, Nests §• Eggs Ind. B. p. 448 (1873); id. Str. F 1879, p. 107; 
Butler, Cat. B. 8. Bomb. Pres. p. 61 (1880) ; Davison, Str. F. x. 

p. 402 (1883); Terry, t c. p. 478 (1887). 
Adult male. Above warm chocolate-brown, streaked with narrow 
buffy-white shaft-lines to the feathers; the head rather darker; 
rump blackish, with broader shaft-lines of burly white and broad 
terminal spots of the same colour ; upper tail-coverts straw-yellow ; 
wings and tail-feathers black; lores, feathers round the eye, sides 
of face, cheeks, throat, and fore neck black; feathers behind the 
eye, hinder ear-coverts, and sides of neck light chocolate-brown, 
with the same white shaft-lines as the back; sides of neck and 

PLOCEID-SB. 

sides of fore neck light pinkish brown, like the rest of the under 
surface of the body; the lower abdomen, thighs, and under tail-
coverts blackish, with broad central streaks of pinkish brown or 
whitish; under wing-coverts and axillaries like the breast: " bill, 
legs, and feet slaty• iris brown " (Miss Goclcbum). Total length 
4*5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2-2, tail 1*5, tarsus 0*55. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 4*5 inches, 
culmen 0-45, wing 2*15, tail 1*6, tarsus 0*55. 
Hob. Southern India. 

a 9 imm. sk. Peria Forests, Wynaad, May 1, Hume Coll. 
1881 (W.Davison), 
b-k. 3 ad. etiuv.; Coonoor, Nilghiris, Sept.-Nov. Tweeddale Coll. 
ho. ? ad. sk. (E. G. W. R.). 
p r? ad. sk. Coonoor, Nov. 9 (W. D.). W. Davison, Esq. 
[P.]. 
q, r. $ ad. sk. Slope of Nilghiris, June. Hume Coll. 

s. $ ad. sk. Slope of Nilghiris, June. Forbes Coll. 
t-b'. 
J ' o'-i'. $ Kotagherry, Nilghiris, July Hume Coll. 
ad.; h\ Jjuv.sk. (Miss Cockbum). 

I1 

. Ad. sk. Malabar. Tweeddale Coll. 
m'-f'. Ad. sk. Mynall, Travancore, July, Aug. F. BourdOlon [C.]. 
q', r'. Juv. sk. Mynall, May (F. Bourdillon). Hume Coll. 

14. Uroloucha kelaarti. 
Munia pectoralis (nee Jerd.), Blyth, J. A. S. B. xx. p. 178 (1851). 
Amadina pectoralis (nee Jerd.), Kelaart, Prodr. p. 126 (1852); 
Layard, Ann. fy Mag. Nat. Hist (2) xiii. p. 258 (1854). 

Munia kelaartii, Blyth, MSS.• Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. BoQ (1863); 
Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 299; Holdsio. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 464; Hume, 
Str. F. vii. p. 410 (1878) • Legge, Birds of Ceylon, p. 650, pi. xxvii. 
fig. 2 (1879). 

Amadina kelaartii, 
Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 56, no. 6780 (1870); 
Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 107 (1879). 

Adult male. Similar to U. pectoralis, but distinguished by the 
mottled abdomen, the feathers being white barred with black, the 
bars somewhat irregular and in the form of lateral notches; the 
sides of the neck and sides of breast pale pinkish fawn-colour : " bill 
blackish leaden, bluish at the base of lower mandible; legs and feet 
plumbeous, in some with a greenish tinge; iris sepia-brown" 
(Legge). Total length 4*2 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*2, tail 1*55, 
tarsus 0-55. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 4*1 inches, 
culmen 0*55, wing 2*15, tail 1*3, tarsus 0*55. 

Young. Uniform brown above, with only a few white marks on 
the rump; under surface light brown, streaked with white shaft-
lines on the fore neck and chest • throat whitish, spotted with 
dusky blackish; abdomen whitish, with scanty spots and bars of 
dusky blackish, these bars being more distinct on the lower flanks 
and under tail-coverts. 

Hob. Ceylon. 

33 . TTBOLOKCHA.. 367 
a, b. Ad. et juv. sk, Ceylon. Dr. Kelaart [P.]. 
c, d. Ad. et JUT. sk. Ceylon. T. Thwaites, Esq. [0.]. 
e-h. $ ad. etjuv.;
I $ ad. sk. 
Xuwara Eliya, Aug., 
Oct. (E. W. jff. HoldsTweeddale 
Coll. 
£,/• c? S ad -sk*
woj*th). 
Ceylon, Feb.,Aug. (W. Seebohm Coll. 
V. Legge). 

15. Uroloncha molucca. 
Le Gros-bec des Moluques, 2?/m. Orn. iii. p. 241, pi. 13. fig. 3 (1760)* 

Daubent, PL Enl. iv. pi. 139. ftg. 2 (nee fig. 1)*. 
Loxia molucca, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 302 (1766). 
Molucca Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 141 (1783). 
Loxia punctulata, tf (nee L.), Bodd. Tall PL Enl. p. 9 (1783). 
Loxia variegata, Vieill. Ois. Chant, p. 82, pi. 51 (1805). 
Ooccotliraustes variegata, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 544 

(1817). 
Amadina molucca, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849). 
Amadina variegata, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1840) ; id. Hand-l. B. 

ii. p. 50, no. 6784 (1870). 
Munia molucca, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soe. App. p. 323 (nee p. 117, 
= M. acuticauda). 
Munia molucca, Bp. Consp. i. p. 453 (1850); Reichenb. Sinyv. p. 38, 
Taf. xiv. fes. 118-120(1863); Wall. Ibis, 1863, p. 33; Salvad. 
Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. viii. p. 380 (1876), xiy. p. 056 (1879), xvi. 

p. 191 (1880); id. Orn. Papuasia etc. ii. p. 434 (1881). 
Urolonclia molucca, Cab. Mm. Hein. Tli. i. p. 173, note (1850). 
Amadina molucca, Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 355; Finsch, Neu- Guinea, 
p. 17i> (1865); Gray, HandA. B. ii. p. 54, no. 6753 (1870). 
Amadina nioluccensis, Mose?ib. Heist, naar GeeMnkb. p. 7 (1875). 
Adult male. Above light brown; rump and upper tail-coverts 
white, crossed with wavy lines of blackish brown, rather broad; 
the long upper tail-coverts black; scapulars and wing-coverts like 
the back; bastard-whig, primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown, 
the inner secondaries washed with light brown; tail-feathers blackish; 
crown of head black, becoming browner on the occiput and nape : 
sides of face, throat, and fore neck black; remainder of under surface 
white, crossed with wavy lines of black; under wing-coverts buffy 
white ; quills dusky brown below, fulvescent along the inner web. 
Total length 3*9 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 1-9, tail 1*35, tarsus 0*45. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 3*8 
inches, culmen 0*4, wing 1*9, tail 1*35, tarsus 0*5. 

Young. Browner than the adults, the head a little darker brown, 
but not blackish; sides of face and throat dingy brown, slightly 
vermiculated with white ; rump whitish, slightly vermiculated with 
black; under surface dull fulvous brown, with a few dusky cross 
lines. 

Hab. Molucca Islands. 
a, K Ad. sk. Batchian. Wallace Coll. 

e. Ad. sk. Batchian (A. £. Wallace). Gould Coll. 
d} e. c? 2 ad-sk* Ternate. Wallace Coll. 
* As Count Salvador* nas shown, Daubenton'sfigures are numbered wrongly. 
368 PL0CEIM!. 
/ . tf ad.; g. $ Bourou. Wallace Coll. 
/*. ^al'sk . Amboina, Feb. 13, 1866 Tweeddale Coll. 
(JKoedt). 
i. 2 juv, sk. N. Oeram. Wallace Coll. 

Subsp. a. Urolonclia propinqna. 

Mimia molucca (nee L.), Wall. P. Z. S.1863, p. 486; Walden, Trans. 

Z. S. viii. p. 73 (1872); Meyer, Ibis, 1874, p. 132. 
The adults from Flores are almost entirely white on the sides of 
the breast, so as to form an indistinct collar, without black markings* 
They belong apparently to a distinct race ( U. propinqua, nob.). The 
Celebean birds appear to be intermediate, being more sparsely 
barred than the Ifoluccan birds, but not so devoid of bars as in the 
birds from Flores. I have not been able, however, to examine many 
adult birds from Celebes. 

Hah. Celebes; Flores. 

a. Ad. sk. Flores. 
Wallace Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Flores (A. JR. Wallace). Forbes Coll 
c. d. Ad. sk. Flores (A. JR. Wallace). Seebohm Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Flores (A. JR. Wallace). Gould Coll. 
/. Ad. sk. Flores (A. R. Wallace). Tweeddale Coll. 
g. Ad. sk. Menado, Celebes. Tweeddale Coll 
h. 
tf ad.; i, k. Makassar. Wallace Coll. 
$ $ juv. sk. 
34. AIDEJCOSYNE. 
Type. 
Aidemosyne, Meicherib. &ingv, p. 14 (1861) A. modesta. 
Euodice, Eeiehmb. t. c. p. 46 (1861) A. cantans. 
Bab. Australia. Indian Peninsula., and Ceylon. South Arabia. 

Senegambia to North-east Africa, extending into East Africa. 

Key to the Sjoecies. 

a. Chin black, followed by a barred throat and chest; 
forehead dark crimson; outer tail-feathers tipped 
with white modesta, p. 268. 
b. No black on throat or lores; no crimson on forehead 
; no bars on throat and chest; no white tips 
to outer tail-feathers. 
a\ Upper tail-coverts white malabariea, p. 309. 
b\ Upper tail-coverts black cantans, p. 371. 

1. Aidemosyne modesta. 
Arnadina modesta, Gould, P. Z. S.1836, p. 105; id. Syn. B. Ausir 
pi. 10. %. 3 (1837) j id.B.Austr. fol. iii. pi. 85 (1848); G-W 
Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849) j Reiehenb. Vog. NeuholL p. 89 (1850). 

Steganopleura modesta, Bp. Comp. i. p, 457 (1850). 
Aidemosyne modesta, ReicJienb. Singv. p. 14, Taf. iii. fio*s 23 04 
(1863) $ Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 414 (1865). & * ' ~ 

34 . A1DEM0SYNE. 
309 

Estrilda modesta, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 52, no. 0274 (1370) : 
Biggies, Orn. Austr. pi. 48. fig. 5 (1870). 
Estrilda (Aidemo&yne) modesta, liamsay, Proc. Linn. 8oc. N. 8. W, 

ii. p. 286 (1878); id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 10 (1888). 
Adult male. General colour above brown, tho rump with broad 
white bars at the ends of tho feathers; upper tail-coverts more dusky, 
and with broad white spots at the ends; wing-covorts brown like the 
back, but minutely spotted with white at the cuds ; bastard-wing 
and primary-coverts brown ; quills dusky brown, externally light 
brown like the back, the inner secondaries spotted with white at 
the ends; tail-feathers blackish, the outer ones with a white spot at 
the end ; crown of head dark brown, the forehead and sinciput dull 
vinous crimson ; a black loral spot; feathers above and behind tho 
eye silvery white ; sides of face and ear-coverts silvery white, the 
latter with brown bars, producing a scaled appearance; chin and 
upper throat black; sides of neck and under surface of body barred 
with white and pale brown in regular alternate bands; breast, 

abdomen, and under tail-coverts uniform white ; thighs brown; 
under wing-coverts buffy white, with pale brown cross-bars ; quills 
dusky below, isabelline buff along the inner web: " bill black; 
feet fleshy white ; iris reddish brown; eyes surrounded by a very 
narrow lash of blackish brown " (J. Gould). Total length 4*3 inches, 
culmen 0*4, wing 2*2, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*6. 

Adult femcde. Similar to the male, but less strongly barred with 
pale brown underneath, less crimson on the forehead; lores dusky; 
throat ashy whitish without any black spot. Total length 4-2 inches, 
culmen 0*4, wing 2-2, tail 1-7, tarsus 0*55. 

Hob. Erom the Wide Bay District to New South Wales, Yictoria 
and South Australia. 

a, b. Ad. st.
c, d. $ $ ad. sk.
e. J ; / , g. 2 ad* 
Australia. 
Australia (J. T. Cooherell). 
Australia. 
J. Gould, Esq. [P.l 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Forbes Coll. 
sk. 
h, i.' $ ad. sk. New South Wales. Gould Coll. 
h 2 ad. sk. New South Wales. Hume Coll. 
I. 3 ad. sk. Banks of the Narra. Sir T. Mitchell [P.]. 

2. Aidemosyne malabarica. 
Loxia malabarica, Linn. 8yst. Nat. i. p. 305 (17G6). 
Malabar Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. 8yn. ii. pt. i. p. 154 (1783). _ 
Ooccothraustes malabarica, Vieill. N. Diet d'Hist. Nat. xm. p. 533 


Lonchura cheet, fykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 95 ; id. P. Z. S.1834, p. 148; 
MClell. P. Z. S.1839, p. 163. #< 
Loxia bicolor (jiecLath.), Tiehell, J. A. S. B. n. p. 5/8 (1833). 
Erythura cheet, Jard. $ 8elby, III. Orn. pi. 34 (1839) 
Spermestes cheet, Jerd. Madr. Jour. xi. p. 27 (1840); Burgess, 

Amadina malabarica, 'myth, J. A. S. Bengal, v. 949 (1844), xv. 

p. 37 (1846); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849); Kelaart Prodr. 
VCat. p. 125 (1852); Layard, Ann. $ Mag. Nat, Hist. (2) xm. 
VOL. XIII. 2 B 

3*0 

t 2fiv h T>J' B\ 451 (1873); id. Str. R 1870, p. 107 ;

Nests & Bags Iw/._-?• P-V>\-,\U ^ ;'-,7 n„+ 7? .<? 7?J„A 7>,„» 

£ »,Ci1873 p. 2097^»,^.p.S«,7i 2M btr. F. 

293! LeMe> Birds Ceyl0U pb2

p. 222; C/V/M, *• «• P-"f>-° 
EuSmalabarica, Beuhenh. Siagv. p. 47, ™--L %• 150 (1861). 
Euodeia malabarioa, JBefcftMfc <.*• Nachtr. p. iv (1*1). 

Jd.*B «w7«. Above light brown, a little darker on the head, which 
is slightly mottled, with blackish bases to the feathers; rump and 
upper tail-coverts white, the latter black along the outer web; the 
white rump-feathers adjoining the lower back narrowly barred with 
brown • tail-feathers black, the centre ones with a ferruginous lateral 
mark about the middle of the outer web; wing-coverts and inner 
secondaries brown like the back, the latter narrowly fringed with 
white at the ends; basfcard-wiug, primary-coverts, and quills black; 
lores, eyelid, sides of face, ear-coverts, and under surface of body 
white, with an isabelline tinge on the later ; sides of neck and 

sides of body light tawny buff, the latter faintly mottled with whitish 
bars-under wing-coverts and axillaris light tawny buff; quills 
dusky, pale tawny buff along the inner web: <
<< upper mandible 
plumbeous horn-colour, lower mandible lavender; legs and feet pale 
purplish pink ; iris dark brown " (E. A. Butler, MS.). Total length 
4-4 inches, culmen 04, wing 2-15, tail 1-8,.tarsus 0-55. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 4-3 inches, 
culmen 0-4, wing 2-1, tail 1-8, tarsus 0-5. 
Hah. Ceylon and Indian Peninsula, khelat, and Afghanistan. 

„ Afl ,k Afghanistan {Griffith). India Museum. 
be Adsk. ZeSri, Khelat, 5500 feet Hume Coll. 
' ' ' (Sir O. St. John). 
d e. Ad. sk.
' ' 
Khelat, July 15 (O. 
Duke), 
2". Hume Coll. 
f. cJ ad.; g. ? Dehra Ghazi Khan. Hume Coll. 
JlTat'sk . Karachi, Aug. 29 (E. A. Hume Coll. 
i 9 ad. sk.
Butler). 
Sukkur, Sind, Dec. 1871 Hume Coll. 
' * {A. o. a.). 
x. A a sk Banks of R. Ohenab, near Hume Coll. 
*"
I Juv sk 
Mooltam Dec. 1871 (.4. 
O. JET.). 
Hyderabad (Dr. ILGould). India Museum. 

34 . AIDEMOSYNJE. 
371 

m, n, o. $; p. J ad. 
sk. 

r. Ad. sk. 
M-6 S ad.sk. 
?/. Ad. sk. 

r. Ad. sk. 
w-x. <5 9 ad. sk. 
y, cf ad. sk. 
-r. Ad. sk. 


(C-<£, Ad. sk. 
e'. g ad. sk. 


/ . Ad. sk. 

//-&'. J ; £', m'; 
«'. J ad. et 
juv. sk. 

</. Ad. sk. 
p\ (/. Ad. sk. 
r\ Ad. sk. 
*\ £'. Ad. sk. 

u\ 2 ad. sk. 

r. $ ad.sk. 
a?'. Ad. sk. 
.*•'. Ad. sk. 
y\ z\ d ad. sk. 
cr. d; *a,ca. S 

ad. sk. 
r/2-A2. Ad. sk. 

r, V. 6; I1. $ 
ad. sk. 
nr. J ad. sk. 

n\ Ad. sk. 
oa. Ad. sk, 
jr. Ad. sk. 

<f, r~. J ad. sk. 

Sambbur district, Feb., 

July (R. M. Adam). 
Samblmr, July (22. M. A.). 
Sirza district/Jan. 
Unibala. Nov. (R. C. Bea-

van). 

Debra Boon. 
Debra Boon. 
Jbansi district, N. W. P., 


Sept. 10. 
Mooradabad, Nov. 2, 1872. 

N. W. Provinces, Dec. 9 
(-4. Anderson). 
Etawali, Sept. 
Cawnpore, Feb. 4 (W. E. 

BrooJcs). 

Oude, Dec. 1874. 
Futtebgurli, March (.4. Anderson). 


Dinapur (#. linwill). 
Behar. 
Dacca. 
Maunbkoom, March (R. C. 


Beavan). 
Palamow, Jan.24 (V.Batt). 
Lobardugga, Jan. S (V. 

Ball). ~ 
Satigor ( W. T. Hooper). 
Jubbulpur district. 
Mbow, March, Nov. 
Khandeish, Feb., March, 

Oct. (J. Davidson). 
Beccan (St/Ices). 

Abmednuggur, Nov., Dec. 

(S. B. Fairbank). 
Mysore, May 23, 1881 (TV. 
Davison). 
Mysore (F. Bay). 
Madras. 
Madras {Jerdon). 

S.E. Ceylon, March ( W. V. 
Legge). 
3. Ai&emosyne cantans. 
Plume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Gould Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hodgson Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Col.C.Swinboe[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 

India Mus. (Types of 

Lonchura cheet.) 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 
Dr. Jerdon [P.l. 

Gould Coll. 

E. 
B. Sbarpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
The Brown Grosbeak, Brown, III. Zool. p. 60, pi. 27. fig. 2 (1776). 

Warbling Grosbeak, Lath Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 157 (1783). 

Loxia cantans, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 859 (1788) ; Vieill Ois. Chant. 

p. 88, pi. 57 (1805); Rtipp. Neue Wirb., Vog. p. 101 (1835-40). 
Coccothraustes cantans, VieilL N. Diet, d'flist. Nat. xiii. p. 529 (1817); 
Heugl Syst. TJebers. p. 39 (1856), 
Fringiila cantans, Zicht. Verz. DoubL p. 27 (1823). 
Estrelda cantans, Riipp. Syst. TJebers. p. 77 (1845). 
Amadiua cantans, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849); Bp. Consp. Gen. 

2B2 

372 PLOCEIDJE. 

Av i p. 434 (1850) ; Strickl P. Z. S. 1850, p. 518 * Defil Rev. et 
Mag. de Zool. 1853, p. 290; Hartl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 147 (1857); 
BoUe, J f. 0. 1859, p. 88; Heugl Ibis, 1859, p. 343; Hartl 

J. f. 0.18(31, p. 259; Antin. Cat. descrr. Uco. p. 70 (1864); Blanf. 
Geol. $ Zool Abyss, p. 408 (1870); Gray, HamU, B. II. p. 57, no. 
6785 (1870). 

Urolonclia cantans, Cab. Mus. Hem. Th. i. p. 173 (1850): Heugl 
J f. 0. 1802, p. 28; id. J. f. O. 1868, p. 2 ; Rim, J. f. O. I860, 
pp. 75, 79; Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 594, App. p. csxx (1871) ; 
Sharpe, Cat Afr.B. p. 66 (1871); Antin. |* £Wiwi. F%</. i?<#oa, 

p. 116 (1873); Bohm, J. f. 0.1883, p. 200 ; Fischer, Zeitsehr. ges. 
Om. i. p. 323 (1884) ; Fischer, J.f.O. 1885, p. 136. 
Euodice cantans, Reichenb. Singv. p. 46, Taf. xvi. tigs. 146-149 
(1861). 
Euodeia cantans, Reichenb. Singv. Nachtr. n. iv (1861). 
Spermestes cantans, Fimch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 268 (1870); id. # 

Hartl. Yog. Ostafr. p. 435 (1870) ; Fischer $ Reiehen. J. f. O. 
1878, p. m. 
Munia cantans, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 311. 

Adult mcde. Similar to A. malabarim, but distinguished by its 
black upper tail-coverts, barred upper surface, and by the rufous 
spots on the chin and sides of face : " upper mandible dark greyish 
blue, clearer at the base, the lower mandible clear blue-grey ; feet 
pale vinous red, claws brown; iris reddish horny" (Htuglin). Total 
length 4*7 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*2, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*5. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 
4*1 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*15, tail 1*55, tarsus 0*45. 
Hab. Western and North-eastern Africa, extending south to the 
Zanzibar district. Southern Arabia. 

a. Q ad. sk. Ain, Lebka Valley, Bogos, W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
Aug. 17. [O.]. 
b. S ad. sk. Bejook, Bogos, July 15 Tweecidale Coll. 
(W. Jesse). 
c. <5 ad. sk. Amba, Aug. 19 ( W. Jesse). Sharpe Coll. 
d-g. Ad. sk. Ailat (Eder). 
h, i. Ad. sk. Lahej, near Aden, Jan. Major Yerhnry [P."\ 
/c. Skeleton. Aden, Jan. C.6kevallier,Esc|.[P^ 
35. JEGINTHA, 
„ lype. 
^Egintha, Cab. Mm. Hein. Th. i. p. 170 (1850) iE. temporalis. 
Range. Confined to Australia. 

1. JEgintha temporalis. 
Temporal Pinch, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 211 (1801) * 
Fringilla temporalis, Lath. hid. Orn. SuppL ii. p. xlviii (1801). 

* Taken from drawings. The definition is uncertain, the underparts being 
described as white. 

35. iEGINTHA. 373 
lie Senegali quintieolor, Vieill Ois. Chant p. 38, pi. 15 (1805). 
Fringilla quintieolor, Vieill N. Diet d'Ifist. Nat xii. p. 183 (1817). 
Common Grosbeak, Lewin, Nat Mist B. New JToll. pi. xii. (1822). 
Fringilla temporalis, Vig. 8? Horsf. Trans. Zinn. JSoo. xv. p. 258 

(1827) ; Jard. $ Selby, lit Orn. i. pi. 12. figs. 1, 2. 
Estrelda temporalis, Gould, B. Austr. fol. iii. pi. 82 (1848); Biggies, 
Om. Austr. pi. 49. fig. 2 (1870). 
Amadina temporalis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1848); id. Hand-l B. 

ii. p. 57, no. 6794 (1870). 
Sporotlilastes temporalis, Bp. Consp. I p. 455 (1850). 
iEgintka temporalis, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 170(1850); Reichenb. 
ttingv. p. 13, Taf. iii. figs. 16-18 (1862); Gould. Hondo. B. Austr. 
L p. 411 (1865). 
Estrelda (iEgintha) temporalis, Ramsay, Proc. Zinn. Soc. N. S. W. 
ii, p. 186 (1878) ; id. Tab. Zist Austr. B. p. 10 (1878). 

Adult. General colour above olive-yellowish• wing-coverts like the 
"hack; bastard-wing and primary-coverts ashy brown fringed with 
olive; quills dusky brown, externally edged with olive, brighter on 
the primaries, which are ashy towards the ends of the outer webs; 
rump and upper tail-coverts crimson; tail-feathers dusky brown, 
shaded with ashy grey ; crown of head and nape slaty grey; lores, 
eyebrow, and a streak above the ear-coverts crimson; eyelid crimson 
above, ashy below; ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, and under surface 
of body ashy grey, pearly grey on the latter: centre of breast and 
abdomen isabelline, as also the under tail-coverts, the latter washed 
with ashy; sides of body and flanks ashy grey• thighs ashy grey ; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries isabelline• quills below dusky, 
ashy whitish along the inner edge: " bill fine blood-red, with the 
ridge of the upper and lower part of the under mandible black; 
feet yellowish, white ; iris brownish red; eyelash narrow, nut-red 
and black" (J. Gould). Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0*4, 
wing 2*05, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*55. 

Hal. Australia, Queensland to Wide Bay District and New South 

"Wales. 
a. Ad. st.
b. $ ad. sk.
c Ad. sk.
d Ad.sk. 
South Australia. 
South Australia (J. G.). 
South Australia. 
South Australia. 
Sir G. Grey [P.]. 
Gould Coll. 
Sir G. Grey [P.1 
J. O. D. Packman, 
Esq. [P.]. 
e Ad. sk. New South Wales. Gould Coll. 
f a Ad. sk. New South Wales. Forbes Coll. 
% S ad.sk. New South Wales. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
«, k Ad. sk. Queensland (J. T. CockSalvin-
Godrnan Coll. 
I Ad, sk.
erell). 
Australia. Sir D. Cooper [P.]. 

PLOCEIDJE. 

36. BATHILBA. 
Type. 
Bathilda, Reichenb. Singv. p. 10 (1801) B. ruficauda. 

Range. Confined to Australia. 

1. Bathilda ruficauda. 
Amadina ruficauda, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 106 ; id. Syn. B. Austr. 
pt. i. pi. 10. fig. 2 (1837); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. ;j?0 (1840). 

Estrilda ruficauda, Gould, B. Austr. fol. in. pi. 84 (1848) ; Digylet, 
Orn. Austr. pi. 40. fig*. 1 (1870) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. o-j, 
no. 6725 (1870); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. K S. W. (2) i. p. 1000 
(1887), ii. p. 168 (1888). 

Astrilda ruficauda, Reichenb. Vog. Xeulwll. p. 114 (1850). 
Steganopleura ruficauda, Bp. Consp. i. p. 456 (1850). 
Bathilda ruficauda, Reichenb. Singv. p. 10, Taf. v. furs. 41-43 (1803) ; 


Gould, Eandb. B. Austr. i. p. 413 (18(>5). 
Estrelda (Bathilda) ruficauda, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. 

p. 180 (1878); id. Tab. List B. Austr. p. 10 {1866). 
Adult male. General colour above olive-brown, the wing-coverts 
like the back; quills dusky, externally olive-brown ; upper tail-
coverts dull crimson, with a large subterminal spot of rosy white; 
tail-feathers dusky brown, externally dull crimson, the centre 
feathers entirely dull crimson; head like the back, the forehead, 
lores, sides of face, and chin crimson, with tiny wrhite dots on the 
ear-coverts and fore parts of cheeks ; hinder ear-coverts and hinder 
cheeks olive-brown spotted with white; throat, fore neck, and 
upper breast ashy olive with large white spots, as also the sides of 
the body ; lower breast and abdomen and thighs olive-yellow, 
whiter on the under tail-coverts : under wing-coverts pale fulvous ; 
quills dusky below, ashy fulvous along the inner web: *f bill red; 
iris orange-yellow or red " (J. R. Ehey, JZ&S.). Total length 4-3 
inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*05, tail 1*75, tarsus 0*55. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but duller everywhere, with 
no rosy spots on the upper tail-coverts, but only a subterminal 
rosy-white bar; very little crimson on the forehead and face, and 
scarcely any on the chin. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0*4, win*1* 
2*1, tail 1*55, tarsus 0-6. 

Young. Uniform buffy brown; eye yellowish olive, surrounded bv 
a narrow olive lash ; bill reddish brown; feet brownish yellow. 
Hal. North-western and Northern Australia, Queeusland. Xew 
South Wales and Interior of Australia (JE. P. 11.). 

a,b. [ tf $ ] ad. N. Australia (J. T. Cockerel!). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
st. 
c, d. S ad. sk. N.AV. Australia, Feb. 1856. J. R. Elsev, Esq. 

[P.]. ' 

ey f. Ad.; g. Australia. 

J. Gould, Esq. 
Juv. St. 

h. Ad. sk. Australia. 
Seebohm Coll. 

37. POEPHILA. 
875 
37. POEPHILA*. 
Type. 
Poephila, Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 18 P. acuticauda. 
Chloebia, Reichenb. Singv, p. 31 (18(51) , P. gouldise. 
Put age. Confined to Australia. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Back reddish or ashy brown ; upper tail-coverts 
? wliite; sides of low"er abdomen black. 
a. 
Head giey 5 a black band across the rump. 
a'. Bill red or yellow In .skin ; breast and back 
pale Tmoul Labelline acuticauda, p. 375. 
U\ Bill black; breast and back tawny vinous . cincta, p. 370. 
h\ Head like the back. 
c". Ear-coverts like the breast personata, p. 377. 
d". Ear-coverts white, contrasting with the 

breast 
leucotis, p. 377. 

b. Back <zreen, with blue on the hinder crown, sides 
of neck, rump, and upper tail-coverts. 
d. 
Head black, followed by a blue line gouldia, p. 378. 
d1. Forehead crimson, vertex black, followed by a 
blue line , ". . mirabilis, p. 378. 

1. PoepMla acuticauda. 
Amadina acuticauda, Goidd, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 143; Gray, Gen, B. 
ii. p. 370 (1849); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 55, no. 6770 (1870). 
Poephila acuticauda, Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 18; id'. B. Austr. fol. 
iii. pi. 90 (1848); Bp. Camp. i. p. 450 (1850); Reichenb. Voy. 
Neuhott. p. 110 (1850); id. Singv. p. 29, Taf. ix.figs. 82,83 (1802) ; 
Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 42i5 (I860) ; Ramsay, Rroa. Linn. 
80c. N. 8. W. ii. p. 187 (1878); id. op. cit. (2) i. p. 1091 (1887), 
ii. p. 109 (1888); North, t. c. p. 408; Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. 
B. p. 10 (1888). 
Adult male. Pinkish brown on the mantle and back; lower back 
and wing-coverts more earthy brown, as also the inner secondaries ; 
quills dusky blackish, the primaries ashy whitish along the outer 
web ; upper tail-coverts white, with a black band across the rump ; 
tail black; crown of head and nape, sides of face and ear-coverts, 
and cheeks delicate pearly grey; a loral spot, eyelid, and entire 
throat black; remainder of under surface of body from the fore 
neck downwards pinkish fawn-colour; the vent, thighs, and under 
tail-coverts white; a large patch of black on the lower flanks, with 
a line of black separating the white vent from the pinkish-brown 
breast; under wing-coverts and quill-lining deep fawn-colour: 
" bill waxy orange ; feet coral-red; iris black " {spec. viv.). Total 
length 4-6"inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2*4, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*55. 

* Dr. E. P. Bamsay mentions (Tab. Li&t Austr. B. p. 10) a species from the 
Gulf of Carpentaria as Poephila atropygialis, Diggles (Queensl. Phil. Soc. 
p. 870). I have not been able to find the quotation and cannotfix the species. 
PIOCEIDJE.

376 

Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male. Total length. 5*4 
inches, oilmen 0-41, wing 2-35, tail 2*9, tarsus 0-55. 

Young. Similar to the adults, but much duller in colour, and 
having all but the centre tail-feathers broadly tipped with white. 
The head is not so grey, and approaches the brown of the back. 

Ilab. Forth and North-west Australia. 

a. Ad. sk. N. Australia (/. T. Coeherell). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b. Juv. sk. Port Essington. Capt. Chambers [P.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Port Essington. Gould Coll. 
d. Ad. sk. Port Essington. Sir J. Richardson 
[P.]. 
<?,/• <$\ g-i-?ad. N.W.Australia. J. R. ELey, Esq. 
et juv. sk. [PJ. 
7c. tf) l-?i. $ ad. Fitzroy River, N. W. A. (T. Capt. Bowyer Bower 
et juv. sk. IL Bowyer Boioer). [P.]. 

o. Ad. sk. W. Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.]. 
2. PoepHla cincta. 
Amadina cincta, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 10*5; Gray, Gen. B. ii. 
pp.
.. 37 
37370
00 (1849) 
(1849)(1849);
;; id. 
id.id. Hand-lHand-l. 6772 
B.
B.B. ii 
iiii.
.. p 
pp.
.. 55, 
55,55, no 
nono.
.. 6772 (1870) 
(1870)(1870). 
.. 
Poephil Reichetih.
oephila
aa cincta 
cinctacincta,
,, Gould, 
Gould,Gould, B. 
B.B. Austr. 
Austr.Austr. fol 
folfol.
.. iii 
iiiiii.
.. pi 
pipi.
.. 9 
998
88 (1848 
(1848(1848)
)) • 
•• 
Vog. Neitholl. p. 117 (1858) ; id. Singv. p. 29, Taf. xi. fig. 79 (1802); 
Gould, Ilandb. B. Ausir. i. p. 425 (1865) ; Ba?nsay, Proc. Linn. 
8oc. N. S. W. ii. p. 187 (1878); id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 10 
(1888). 

Sporothlastes cincta, Bp. Consp. i. p. 456 (1850). 

Adult male. General colour above light cinnamon-brown, a little 
more dingy brown towards the rump, which is crossed by a black 
bar• lower rump and upper tail-coverts white ; wing-coverts drab-
brown ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, 
externally drab-brown, tbe primaries margined with whitish ; tail-
feathers black; crown of head delicate ashy grey, pearly grey on the 
forehead• lores black• eyelid, ear-coverts, and cheeks pearly grey, 
whitish at the base of the cheeks; throat entirely black; tinder 
surface of body from the fore neck cinnamon, with a black bar 
across the flanks ; lower abdomen, lower flanks, thighs, and tinder 
tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale cinnamon ; 
quills below dusky, light cinnamon along the inner edge : " bill black; 
feet pink-red• iris reddish brown; eyelash blackish brown *' (,/. 
Gould). Total length 4*4 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*35, tail 1*65, 

tarsus 0*6. 
Hab. Forth-east and South Australia. 

a. Ad. sk. Australia. J. Gould, Esq. 
b, c. Ad. & Australia. Gould Coll. 
imm. sk. 

d. Ad. sk. Australia. Sir T. Mitchell [P.l 
e,f. Ad. sk. New South Wales. Forbes Coll. 
g. Ad. sk. New South Wales. R. B. Sharpe, Esq FP1 
h. Ad. sk. Queensland (J. T. Coeherell). Salvin-Godman Coll 
37. POEPHILA. 0/ / 
3. Poephila personata. 
Poepliila personata, Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 18; irf. i?. Austr. fol. 
iii. pi. 91 (1848); Reichenb. Tog. Neuholl p. 117 (1850); Ity. 
Cwzsj}. i. p. 4oG (1850); Bekhenb. Siw/v. p. 29, Taf. ix. figs.'80, 81 
(1862); Gould, Handb. B, Austr. i. p. 423 (1805); Mammy, Proc. 
Linn. Soc. ii. p. 187 (1878) ; id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 10 (1K88). 
Amadina personata, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849): id. IIand4. B. 

ii. p. 55,110. G771 (1870). 
Adult male. Pinkish brown; rump and upper tail-coverts white; 
wing-coverts like the back ; quills brown, externally like the 
back ; tail-feathers black ; head a little more cinnamon-brown than 
the back; base of forehead, lores, base of cheeks, and a largo chin-
spot, black ; sides of face and under surface of body i>inkish brown, 
with a large black patch on either flank separated by a lino of 
white from the brown of the breast; abdomen and under tail-
coverts white; under wing-coverts like ihe breast; quills dusky 
below, reddish along the inner web : " bill bright orange; legs and 
feet fleshy red; iris red" {Gilbert). Total length 5*2 inches, 
culmen 0*45, wing 2*2, tail 2*05, tarsus 0-55. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but somewhat duller in colour. 
Total length 4*7 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*3, tail 1*75, tarsus 0*6. 

Young. Browner than the adult, with a blackish bill; the whole 
plumage with less pink, and the black mask and flank-spots not so 
pronounced. 

Hab. North and North-west Australia. 

aj b. Ad. sk. N. Australia. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

c. Juv. sk. N. Australia. Gould Coll. 
d. Ad. sk. Port Essington. Sir J. Richardson [P.]. 
e. £ tf ? ad.; g. $ N.W. Australia, April 1856. J. R. Elsey, Esq. [P. J 
juv. sk. 
4. Poephila leucotis. 
Poephila leucotis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1846, p. 106; id. B. Austr. fol. iii. 
pi. 92 (1848); Bp. Consp. i. p. 456 (1850); Gould, Handb. B. 
Austr. i. p. 424 (1865); Kamsay, Proc. Zimi, Soc. JSr. S. W. ii. 

p. 18 (1878) ; id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 10 (1888). 
Amadina leucotis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849); id. IIan&4. B. 
ii. p. 55, no. 6773 (1870). 
Adult. General colour above warm cinnamon-brown, the rump 
and upper tail- coverts white, with a black patch on the sides of the 
former, and the lateral tail-coverts externally black; wing-coverts 
like the back, the quills dusky blackish, externally like the back, 
the primaries edged with whitish; tail-feathers black; crown of 
head rather darker cinnamon-brown like the back; base of forehead, 
lores, eyelid, fore part of cheeks, and chin black ; hinder cheeks and 
ear-coverts silvery white ; sides of neck, throat, and breast pinkish 
isabelline; abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts white; sides of 
lower breast also white, followed by a broad black patch on the 
flanks ihe lower feathers being black with white tips; under wing


37S 
PLOOEIT)JE. 

coverts like the breast; quills dusky below, reddish on the inner 
web: u bill yellowish horn-colour ; feet led; iris dark brown" {J. 
Gould). Total length 4 inches, culm en 0-45, wing 2-15, tall 1-75, 
tarsus 0*55. 

Hah. North Australia. 

a. 
cf ad. sk. Australia. Forbes Coll. 
5. Poephila gouldise. 
Poephile 
admirable (pt.)? Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud, Atlas, 
pi. 2^. ticy. ^ (1842-53). 
Amadina gouldise, Goidd, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 5; Gray. Gen. B. ii. 

p. ^70 (1840); Reichenh. Voy. Neuholl. p, 111 ('l'SoOj ; Gray, 
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 55, no. 0774 (1870). 
Poephila 
gouldue, Des Murs, Lconoyr. Orn. pi. iii. fig. 2 (1845); 
Gould, B. Austr. fol. pi. 88 (1848) : Bp. Consp. i. p. 450 (1850); 
Gould, B. Austr. i. p. 420 (1805); Armit, Jour/i. Linn. Soc. 
(Bond.), Zool. xiv. p. 90 (1877); Ra?nsay, Proc. Linn. 8oc. X. 8. W. 

ii. pp. 70, 187 (1878); id. op. cit. (2) i. p. 1001 (lb87), ii. P-l6-1 
(1888) ; hi Tab. List Austr. B. p. 10 (1888). 
Ckloebia gouldias, Reichenb. 8inyv. p. 30, Taf. x. figs. 84-80 (1802). 

Adult male. Similar to P. mirahilis, but distinguished by a black 
forehead and sinciput, followed by a broad band of cobalt-blue, 
separating the black forehead from the green of the nape and back: 
" bill pink and white, the tip yellow " (J. R. Ehey); " feet fleshcolour 
" (Gilbert). Total length 5*8 inches, oilmen 0*45, wing 2*55, 
tail 2-7, tarsus 0-55. 

Adult female. Duller in colour than the male, especially as regards 
the blue on the head and the lilac breast. 

Young, Dingy yellowish green; the head ashy grey, with a little 
black on the face; throat ashy grey, the breast pale brown and the 
abdomen pale yellowish. 

Hah. North and North-west Australia. 

a-d. Imm. sk. N. Australia. Gould Coll. 

e. Ad.;/. Juv. sk. Port Essington. Sir J. Richardson [P.]. 
ff, k Ad. et juv. st. Port Essington. Sir J. Richardson *P.5. 
i\ Ad. sk. Port Essington (Capt. Stan- Toy. H.M.S. < Rattle"*leif). 
snake.' 

k. 
Ad. st. Port Essington. Capt. Stanley IP.1. 
I, on. tf; n. $ ad.; N.W. Australia. J. R. Elsey/Eiq. |P.^. 
o, p. q. Ad et 
juv. sk. 

6. Poephila mirabilis *. 
Poephile 
admirable (pt.), Hombr. et Jacq. I ri.y. Pole Sud, Afkm. 
pi. 22. fig. 1 (1842-53). 

* POEPHILA AILMITIANA. 
Poephila armitiana, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. pp. 70, 187 
(1878); id. Tab. List Aubfr. B. p. 10 (1888). 
'• May be looked upon as the golden- or yellow-headed phase of P. onirabilh " 
(Ramwiy, Tab. List, L c). 
Bab. Derby, N.W. Australia. Ckilf of Carpentaria. 

37. roErniiA. 379 
Poepliila mirabilis, Des Murs, Iconoqr. Orn. pi. iii. (1843); Gould, 

B. Amir. fol. iii. pi. 89 (1848);' Iteivhenb. ViUf. Keulioll p. 91 
(1850); Bp. Consp.i. p. 436 (1830); Jacq. et Pucker, Vol/. Pole 
8nd, iii. p. 99 (1833); Gould, Ilandb. B. Auxtr. i. p. 421 (18(53); 
Armit, Journ. Linn. Hoc. xiv. p. 93 (1877) ; Bamsmi, Proc. Linn. 
8oc. N. 8. W. ii. p. 187 (1878); id. op. cit (WJ) i. p! 1091 (1887), 
li. p. 169 (1888); id. Tab. List An*1r. B. p. 10 (1888). 
Arnadina gouldire, pt., Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849). 
CliloeUa mirabilis, Beiclwnb.tiingv. p 80, Taf. x. figs. 87, 88 (180:2). 
Aniadina rnirabilis, Gray, Hand-l, B. ii. p. 33, no. 0773 (1870). 
Adult male. Very pale grass-green, the feathers of the rump and 
upper tail-coverts light blue with ashy whitish tips; wing-coverts like 
the back ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts dusky brown with narrow 
greenish margins ; quills dusky brown, the primaries externally 
olive-yellow, the secondaries greener on the outer web, the inner 
ones yellow in the centre; tail-feathers black, the outer ones 
spotted with white at the ends ; forehead and sinciput, lores, sides 
of face, and ear-coverts scarlet; this red patch surrounded by a 
narrow line of black, followed by a band of beautiful blue between 
the black line and the green, of the occiput and hind neck, which is 
rather lighter than the rest of the back; throat black, followed by 
a line of bright cobalt-blue, and then by a broad band of beautiful 
lilac across the fore neck and chest; remainder of under surface of 
body golden yellow, with a tinge of light green on the flanks; thighs 
fulvescent; under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts fulvescent; 
quills dusky below, isabelline along the inner web : " bill 
pink and white; legs yellow; iris deep brown" (J. It. Elsey). 
Total length 4-1 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2'55, tail 1*9, tarsus 
0-55. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 
5 inches, culmen 0--45, wing 2*6, tail 2, tarsus 0*55. 


Young. Very much paler than the adults; head black, mixed 
with dark crimson, and this frontal patch bordered behind by a 
distinct broad line of blue ; throat black, as also the sides of the 
face, which show a little crimson below the eye; sides of neck pale 
green, with a little blue shade in the centre ; chest-patch very pale 
lilac; breast and abdomen very pale yellow. 

Eab. North and North-west Australia. 

a Ad. sk. N. Australia. Twcedchile Coll. 

b. Ad.; c. Juv. sk. Port Essington. Dr. Richardson [P.]. 
i e. Ad. et juv. st. Port Essington. Capt. Stanley [ P.] 
f g £ § ad. sk. N.W. Australia, April, May. J. 11. Elsey, Ebq. [P.J. 
380 
PIOCEID^. 

38. 
EETTHKFBA. T 
Erythrura, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 280 (1837) ..... . E. prasina. 
Geo&piza (nee Gould), Peak, U.S. Expl. JExpecL, ZuoL 

p. 117 (1848). 
Ambhnura, Rtichenh. Singi\ p. 32 (1850) E. p -alii. 
Acalanthe, JEteichenb. t c. p. 32 (1861) E. p-ittaeea. 
Lobiospiza, Hartl. § Fiusc/i, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 817. .. . E. cyan jviren-. 
Range. Southern Tenasserim, through the Malayan Peninsula to 
Java, Sumatra, and Borneo, Teniate, Xew Guinea. Felew ami Caroline 
Islands, Solomon Islands, Xew Hebrides, Xew Caledonia. Fiji 
Islands, Samoa Islands. 

Key to the Spicks. 

a. lied, yellow, or ashy brow n on the breast 
and abdomen; tail longer. 
a. 
Breast red ur 3ellow; thri at blue; forehead 
blue ...: ptftwm J, p. *J-1. 
b'. Breast and throat mhy brown; forehead 
green like the head ... . pragma 2 , p. >^1. 


b. Breast and abdomen blue or green. 
c\ Forehead crimson. 
«". Forehead only crimson; remainder **f 
head green like the back. 
a'". Throat crimson, like the side* of the 
face jmttmea z , p. 3^2. 
b'n. Throat blue, contracting with the 
crimson sides of the face* pt alii c?. p. 3*3. 
b". Entire head crimson, followed by blue 
on the nape or hind neck; throat Hue. 
cnt. Sides of neck green, as also the fore 
neck and ehe.>t; throat only blue .. cyamrirem <* T p. 384 
d"'. Sides of neck blue like the throat 
and chest; nape crimson like the 
head. 


a4. A blue collar round the hind neck; 
back and abdomen green ..... . #erena cf, p. &s>. 
bK Back blue; entire underparts blue, rtyia cf,p. 3S5. 
d'. Forehead blue, 
c". Throat green like the underparts; chin 
also green trkhrva c 4» p. 3>I 
d". Throat green like the underparts; chin 
blue eyaneifnm* <f 2 * p. 3K0. 
e". Throat blue like the underparts 
e'". Head blue, confined to the crown; 
nape green like the back ... . forhm c f p- 3^7. 
f". Head blue, this colour extending* 
over the hack tricolor £, p. 3*7. 

e'. Forehead black like the rest of the crow n, 
sides of face, and chin; green above and 
below, with scarlet rump and upper tail-
coverts ., Meinsehmidti, p. 3d7, 

38 . EBrXHBTTBA. 
381 
1. Erythrura prasina. 
Le Verdler de Java, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 198, pi. vii. fig. 4 (1760). 
Le Quadricolor, Buff, Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 4G7 (1775). 
Le Toupet bleu, Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 179 (1778). 
Gfros-bec de Java, Dauhent. PL Ed. iv. pi. 101. fig-. 2. 
Red-nmrped Banting, Lath. Gen. St/n. ii. pt. i. p. 208 (1783). 
Blue-faced Banting, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 209 (1783). 
Loxia prasina, Sparrm. Mus. Carls, ii. pis. 72, 73 (1788) • Raffles, 


Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 314 (1820); Simdev. Crit. om Sparrm. 

p. 12 (1857). 
Eniberiza eyanopis, Gm. Si/st. Nat. p. 886 (1788), 
Emberiza quadricolor, Gm. Syst. Nat. p. 886 (1788). 
Coccothraustes prasina, VieilL N. Diet tfHist. Nat. xiii. p. 537 
(1817). 
Fringilla prasina, Ho?-sf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 161 (1820). 
Fringilla spliecura, Temm. PL Col. iii. pi. 96. figs. 1-3 (1824). 
Lonchura quadricolor, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 94. 
Erytlirura vhidis, Sioains. Class. B. ii. p. 280 (1837). 
Erythrina prasina, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 118 (1849). 
Amadina prasina, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849); id. Hand-l. B. ii. 

p. 58, no. 6805 (1870). 
Erytlirura 
prasina, Bp. Consp. AD. p. 457 (1850); Horsf. § Moore, 
"Cat. B. E. I. Co. Mus. ii. p. 503 (1850); Hartl. P. Z. S. 1858, 

p. 461; Reichenb. Singv. p. 34, Taf. xi.figs. 99-101 (1801); Sahad. 
Ucc. Born. p. 208 (1874); Hume, Sir. F. 1875, p. 323; Sharpe, 
Ibis, 1876, p. 50; Hume fy Ddvison, Str. F. vi. p. 405 (1878); 
Nicholson, Ibis, 1879, p. 170; Sharpe, t. c. p. 262• Hume, Str. F. 
viii. pp. 67, 107, ix. p. 121 (1881); Scl. Ibis, 1881, p. 545; 
Nicholson, Ibis, 1882, p. 63; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. 
xliii. p. 106 (1884), xlvi. p. 234 (1887) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1889, p. 435. 
Adult male. General colour above grass-green, the upper tail-
coverts scarlet; centre tail-feathers dull crimson, the remainder 
blackish, edged with crimson and tipped with olive• wing-coverts 
and inner secondaries dull grass-green, the remainder blackish, 
edged with grass-green, the primaries with olive-yellow ; head green 
like the back, as also the sides of the neck; the forehead, sides of 
face, ear-coverts, and throat blue; lores and feathers at base of bill 
black; remainder of under surface of body from the lower throat 
downwards deep cinnamon-buff• centre of breast and abdomen 
scarlet; under wing-coverts like the flanks ; quills dusky below, 
ashy along the edge of the inner web. Total length &•& inches, 
culmen 0*55, wing 2*3, tail 2-35, tarsus 0*55. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but much duller in colour 
and with a shorter tail; the blue not being so pronounced on the 
face and throat and shading off into oehreous brown on the fore 
neck; the scarlet on the underparts reduced to a small patch in the 
centre of the breast. Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*3, 
tail 1*7, tarsus 0*55. 

Young. Everywhere much duller in colour than the adults, and 
having a tinge of saffron-yellow on the rump ; no blue on the forehead 
and only a slight tinge of blue on the face, which is otherwise 
green ; throat pale smoky brown with an ashy-greenish shade, the 

332 
PL0CEIBJ5. 

sides of the chest green ; remainder of under surface of body ochreous 

buff, browner on the sides. Total length 4*6 inches, culmen 0*55, 

wing 24 , tail 1*6, tarsus 0-6. 
m 

In the collection are several specimens of a curious variety ot the 

present species, in which the upper tail-coverts and tail are golden 

yollow instead of scarlet, and the pectoral patch is also yellow in


stead of scarlet. Mr. Everett collected a young bird on Marintanan 

which has yellowish upper tail-coverts, showing that this yellow 

variation begins early in life, and is probably always retained.^ 

Hah. Prom Southern Tenasserim, down the Malayan Peninsula 

to Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. 

Bopyin, Tenasserim, Dec. Hume Coll. 
jtiv. bk. (JV. Davison). 
Pakchan, Jan. (TV. JD.). Hume Coll. 


a-h cf ad.; i, k. $ 

I, m. Ad. et juv. sk. 

s^-Baukasoon, Dec. ( JV. D ). Hume Coll. 

n. 2 ]*uvad* 
Malewoon, Jan. (W. JD.). Hume Coll. 

o-ih 6 ; &-&'• ?
bk. 

Selangore, Nov. (TV. B.). Hume Coll. 

c',d'. d ad.; e',f. 
J 2 juv. sk. 

Sumatra, Oct. (C. Bock). Tweetldale Coll. 

r/'-i". Ad. sk. 

Java (Kuld Sf Von Has-Gould Coll. 

%'. Ad. sk. 

sett). 
I', Ad. sk. Java {Dr. Horsfield). India Museum. 

m. Ad. bk. Java. Forbes Coll. 
»'. Juv. tok. W. Java (E. C. Buxton). F. Nicholson, E*q. 
:P.]. 
o', p'. Ad. et juv. sk. Borneo. Gould Coll. 

q. 
<3 ; r',s'. $ ad. et Sibu, Sarawak, July. 
juv. sk. 
Alfred Everett, Esq. 
t', u'. Ad. j v'. Juv. Lawas River (II. Bar


sk. bidge). II.LVeitch,E8q.^P.]. 
w',,%'. Ad.; y\ Juv. Island of Marintanan, X. 
sk. Borneo. A. II. Everett. Esq. 

z\ Ad. sk. Java. 
Purchased. 

2. Erythriira psittacea. 
Parrot Finch, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 287, pi. 48 (17vJ). 

Fringilla psittacea, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 903 (17b^); VieUL Ow. 

Chant, p. 50, pi. 32 (1805). 

Fringilla pulcliella, Forster, Bescr. Anim. p. 273 (1^44h 

Estrelda psittacea, Gray. Gen. B. ii. p. 309 (1849); id,' Cat B Trm? 

Isl. p. 27 (1859). 
*' 

Erythrura psittacea, Bp. Consp. i. p. 457 (1850); E. L. $ L C 

Bayard, Ibis, 1878, p. 260,1882, p. 522; Tristr. Ibis, 1879, p. 184; 

ScL Ibis, 1881, V. 543. 
F 7 

Poephila paddoni, Maegill. Ann. $* May. Nat. Hist. (3) ii. p. 264 
(18*58). 
^ Acalantlie psittacea, Reichen.. Singv. p 32, Taf. xi. fig. 90 (IMtl)* 

* Amadina psittacea, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 57, no. 0803 (1870). 
Adult male. Bright grass-green, the rump and upper tail-coverts 
crimson-scarlet; tail-feathers blackish, edged with dull crimson; 

•wing-coverts like the hack; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and 
3b . ERYTHEU1U. 

3b;j 

quills dusky brown, edged with green, the inner secondaries entirely 
green^ th e primaries edged with greenish yellow ; hind part of head 
and sides of neck like the back; forehead and sinciput, eyebrow 
sides ot face, and ear-coverts, as well as the throat and fore neck' 
bright crimson-scarlet; remainder of under surface of body from 
the chest downwards bright grass-green, as also the thighs and 
under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts pale yellow; quills dusky 

below, yellowish along the inner web: "bill black; legs brown • 
ins dark brown " (E. L. Layard). Total length 4-4 inches, oilmen 
04, wing 2*2, tail 1*75, tarsus 0*65. / 

Toimy. Duller green than the adult, with no bcarlet on the face 
or throat, the entire head and throat groan like the back. 
Hah. j^ew Caledonia. 

a. 
d ad. sk. Port de France, New J. Brenchley, Esq 
Caledonia, Oct. [P.], x 
h. (S ad. sk. Nu, Port de France, New J. Macgillivray, Ebq 
Caledonia, May. [0.] x 
c 6 ad.; d. $ juv. sk. Noumea, Aug. & Oct. (E. Tweeddale Coll. 

L. Layard). 
e. 6 ad. sk. Demhea, Ji\lylS(E.L.L.). Forbes Coll. 
f. Ad. sk. New Caledonia." Forbes Coll. 
3. Erythrura pealii. 
Geospiza pra&ina (nee Sparrm.). Peak, U. 8. Eipl. JBxped.. Birds 
p. 110, pi. 31. %. 3 (1848). ' 
Ervthrura pealii, Jlartl, in Wiegm. Arch. 1852, pp. 104, 132 ; Cans. 
U. 8. Eapl Eaped., Birds, p. 138, pi. 8. fig. ] (1858): Marti 
Z>. Z. 8. 1858, p. 462; id. Ibis, 1884, p. 232; Finsch $ HartL 
Faun. Centralpolyn. p. 99 (1867); Layard, B.Z.8. 1875, p. 435, 
Ibis, 1876, pp. 151, 392; ScL Ibis, 1881, p. 546. 
Arxiadma (Erytkrura) pealii, Gray, Cat. B. Tropical IsL p. 27 

(1869). 

Aniblynura pealii, ReicJiekb. Singv. p. 32, Taf. xii. figs. 93, 94 (1861). 

Amadma pealii, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 57, no. 6801 (1870). 

Adult male. Grass-green, the wing-coverts like the back; quills 
dusky brown, the inner secondaries entirely green, the rest of the 
quills externally green, the primaries yellowish green on the outer 
web: lower rump and upper tail-coverts dull scarlet, as also the 
centre tail-feathers ; remainder of tail-feathers blackish, externally 
dull scarlet, olive greenish towards the ends of the outer web; 
crown of head scarlet as far as the hinder crown, the occiput and 
nape green like the back; a dusky loral spot and a small dusky 
mark on the fore part of the cheeks; sides of face, ear-coverts, and 
cheeks scarlet; throat blackish, washed with blue on the lower 
throat, the fore neck inclining to cobalt-blue, shading off into the 
emerald-green of the remainder of the under surface; under wing-
and tail-coverts also green : quills dusky below, ashy along the 
inner we b : " bill blackish ; feet brown or pinkish grey; iris black " 

(E. L. Layard). Total length 4'3 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-25, 
tail 1*2, tarsus 0*6. 
riOCETDJE. 

Adult female. Similar to the male: " bill black; feet and iris 
brown" (E.L. Layanl). Total length 4 inches, oilmen 0*4:5, wing 
2-25, tail 1-2, tarsus 1'65. 

Young. Differs from the adult in being duller in colour, and lacks 
the scaiiet on the head and face, these parts as well as the throat 
being blue, with a few scarlet plumes on the former and some black 
feathers on the latter : " base of bill wattled " (E. L. Layanl). 

Hah. Fiji Islands. 
a -Ct j j d. 2 iuv« s ^ Kewa, Fiji, Oct,, Nov. Tweeddale Coll. 
e. Q ad« sk.
(E. L. ^Layard). 
Taviuni, Aug. 18 (E. X. Forbes Coll. 
/. Juv. sk.
g. Imm. sk. 
Taviuni (Liardet). 
Taviuni, April 21 (X. C. 
Layard). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

4. Erythrura cyanoyirens. 
Geospiza cyanovirens, Peak, Zool. U. 8. Expl. Exped., Birds, p. 117, 
pi. 31. fig. 4 (1848). 
Erythrura cyanovirens, Hartl. Arch. f. Nature/. 1852, pp. 104, 132; 
'Cass. U. 8 Expl. Exped., Zool p. 137, pi. 8'. fig. 2 (1858); Hartl. 

P. Z. S. 1858, p. 457 ; Finsch # Hartl Faun. Centralpolyn. p. 100, 
pi. ix. fig. 4 (1867) ; Whitmee, Ill's, 1875, p. 441; Layard, P. Z. S. 
1876, p. 495; Scl. Ibis, 1881, p. 546. 
Erythrura pucherani, Bp. Consp. AD. i. p. 457 (1850); Hartl. 

P.Z.8. 1858, p. 457 j Reichenh. Sinyv. p. 34 (1861); Scl Ibis, 
1881, p. 546. 
Amadina (Erythrura) cyanovirens, Gray, Cat. B. Trop. Isl. p. 27 
(1859). 
Amadina (Erythrura) pucherani, Gray, Cat. B. Trop. Isl. p. 27 
(1859). 
Amblynura cyanovirens, Reichenb. Sine/v. p. 32, Taf. xi.fig. 95 (1861): 
Hartl. $ Finsch, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 23. 
Amadina cyanovirens, Gray, Hand-h B. ii. p. 57, no. 0802 (1870). 
Lobiospiza notabilis, Hartl. $• Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 817, pi. 49, 

1871, p. 24; Finsch, J. f. O. 1872, p. 43; Hartl P. Z.8. 1875, 

p. 269; Finsch, Jour. Mm. Godeffr. Heft xii. p. 36, note (1876) ; 
Layard, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 495. 
Adult. Similar to E.pealii, but differs in having the back washed 
with blue ; the entire head and nape deep scarlet or crimson. The 
throat also is blue, not black, and the blue colour extends over the 
whole under surface, the green of the breast and abdomen being 
washed with blue: " bill black: feet black; iris brown " (Peale). 
Total length 4-3 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2*4, tail 1-2, tarsus 0 7. 

Young. Has the bill yellow, tipped with black, with wattled 
base, the crimson of the head mixed with blue on the hinder crown 
and nape ; lores, eyebrow, and sides of face blue; all the colours 
duller than in the adult. 
Hah. Samoa Islands. 

a-c. Ad. et juv. sk. Samoa. Rev. S. J. Whitmee [C.]. 

d. Ad. sk, Upolu, Samoa. Forbes Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Navigators' Islands. Gould Coll. 
38. EEYTHEUEA. 
385 

5. Erythnira serena. 
Erytlirospiza (!) serena, ScL Ibis, 1881, p. 544; pi. xv. fig. 1. 
Adult, Similar to E. cyanovirens, and with a bright scarlet head 
and upper tail-coverts; the scarlet of the head extending to the 
hind neck, which is separated from the uniform green back by a 
broad blue collar; throat and chest blue, this colour extending on 
to the upper breast: remainder of under surface light green : " feet 
dusky flesh-colour; iris dark umber-brown" (J. Macgillivray) * 
Total length 4*25 inches, oilmen 0*55, wing 2-6, tail 1*35, tarsus 07. 
Young. Entirely green above, excepting the upper tail-coverts 
and tail-edgings, which are dull red; a slight bluish tinge on the 
sides of the face and crown; under surface of body pale ochreous, 
the throat and chest light green. 
Eab% Island of Aneiteum, !STew Hebrides. 

a-e. Ad. et jay. sk. Aneiteum. J. Macgillivray [0.]. (Types 
of species.) 

6. Erythrura regia. 
Erytkroapiza (!) regia, ScL Ibis, 1881, p. 544, pi. xv. fig. 2. 

Adult. Similar to E. serena, but with the entire back and underpays 
blue instead of green. u Total length 4 inches, wing 2*5, 
tail 1*5r5 (Sclattr). 

Hah. Island of Api, 'New Hebrides. 

7. Erythrura trichroa. 
Fringilla trichroa, Kittl. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. ii. p. 8, pi. 10 

(1835). " 
Estrelda trichina, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. #69 (1849). 
Ervthrura trichroa, Bp. Consp. Av: i. p. 457 (1850) ; Kartl. P. Z. S. 

1853, p. 461; Reichenb. Sinyv. p. S3, pi. xi. 1ig. 98 (1861) ; ScL 

P. Z. S. 1870, p. 1.58 ; Meyer, Sitz. k. Ahad. Wien, Ixx. p. 127 
(1874); Salcad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xvi. p. 192 (1880); Finsch, 
P. Z.'S. 1880, p. 576; id. J. f. 0. 1880, p. 290; id. Ibis, 1881, 
pp. 108, 115; ScL Ibis, 1881, p. 545 ; Salvad. Orn. Pap. ii. p. 442 
(1881); id. Ibis, 1884, p. 354; Guillem. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 573; 
Grant, P. Z. & 1888, p. 197. 
Erythnira kittlitzi, Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 457 (1850, ex Bp. MJSS.) ; 

Gray, Sand-L B. ii. p. 58, no. 6804 (1870). 
Estrelda trichroa, Gray, Cat. B. Prop. IsL p. 27 (1859). 
Erythrura modesta, Wall P. Z. S. 1862, p. 351. 
Amadina modesta, Finsch, Neu-Gidnea, p. 176 (1805). 
Erythrura phcenicura, Bernst. Kederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. ii. p. 331 

(1865). 
Amadina trichroa, Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 58, no. 6806 (1870); Bosenb. 

BeistocM. Geehinkb. p. 7 (1875); id. Malay. Archip. p. 406 (1879). 
Erythrura glauca, Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godefr. xii. p. 36 (1876). 
Erythrura sp. inc., Finsch, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 779. 

Adult male. Grass-green, a little lighter on the hinder crown 
and sides of neck; wing-coverts like the back, as also the inner 

* The feet are given in the ' Ibis' plate as brown and the iris as black. 
VOL. XIII. 2 c 
PL0CE1DJ3. 

386 

secondaries; hastard-wing and primary-coverts blackisb; quills dusky 

brown, edged with green, the primaries with yellowish green ; ramp 

and upper tail-coverts dull crimson : centre tail-feathers doll crim


son, the remainder blackish, dull crimson along the outer web ; base 

of forehead, lores, and base of cheeks blackish; a brral frontal 

band, eyebrow, sides of face, ear-coverts, and cheeks cobalt-blue; 

throat and under surface of body clear gra^s-green. a little lighter 

on the throat and breast; thighs oihreous yellow: UL ler ^ii^g


coverts and axillaries ochreous buif, the latter wu^h* tl rA 1th gretn ; 

quills dusky below, ochreous buif along the inner wtb ; •• biL bLck ; 

feet pale brown ; iris bkck" ( C\ 31. Woo If on7) Tut .J length o*3 

inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*35. tail lm0. tarsus *H>o. 

Adult ft mah* Everywhere duller in colour than the i^dle. Total 

length 4*7 Inches, culmen U*5, wing 2'15. tail 1*05. tir-ua M*05. 

Young. Differs from the adults in having no bl j* *LI the fu re head 

or face, both of which are green ; thro it and brea-t dr.cry green, 

shading off into ochreous huif on the ibdomen an 1 tin I».r 11 J- jverf>; 

bill blackish, with more or Ie^ white on the I %LT U*L\L\IU and 

edge of the upper ; *' iris d irk brown " \ C. M. W df / / . 

The specimens from the Solomon i4axi h ,n\ »\ir t i me t» h tve a 

somewhat narrower frontal band, but are uu*enu-e idtuii.il \uth 

those from Tern ate. 

Hah. Moluccas, Xew Cluinei, Caroline Winds, -rid SAmiun 

Islands. 

a, &• $2 ad.sk. Ternate. Walla*v C II. tl\|it^ 
id* E. JI dffa.ji 

ac^-&^.

e-i. d 2 Ternate. 

&. 5 juv. &k. Teraate. 
Punha-^d. 

I, m. <$ $ ad. sk. Aola, Guadalcanal*, V, M. Wuudfurd, E^ . 

July o. 
'<'.* 

b. Erythrora cyaiieifrons. 
Erythrum cvanifrons, E. L. Layard9 AMU. 4* May. X. II. Jo/ i. 
p. 374 (18f&). 
Ervthrura 
cvaneifrons, E. L. i$ L. €. Ltnjurd, Ibi*. IS"*, p. LW ; 
Trisir. Msf 1&7U, p. 11M ; E. L. # I. C. Lnytwl, Ih*9 1-^'J, 

p. 230. 
Adult male. Similar to E. ttkhrm^mi iiiulleraiid with a decidedly 
smaller bill: " bill black ; legs brown; iri^ vand} ke brown " {E. 

L. Layard). Total length 4"3 inches, culmen 0*4*3, wing 2"27 tail 
1*75, tarsus 0*65. 
Adult female. Similar to the male, but duller 211 colour. Total 
length 4 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2 2*>, tail 1*4, tarsus U-&5. 
Hah. Loyalty Iblands; IXew Hebrides. 

a. # ad. sk. Lifu,Loyalty lslanis, Aug. i>3. E. L. Layanl, E*q. j:.\ 
b,c. 
(S 5 ad. Port Resolution, Tarnia, Xew 
sk. Hebrides, July. 

38 . EBYTHETTEA. 
9. Erythnira forbesi 
Erythrura tricolor (nee VieilL), Sclater, P. Z. S. 1883, pp. 51, 200. 
Erythrura fricliroa (nee KM.), Forbes, P. Z. S. 1884. p. 443; id. 
Nat. Wand. Malay Arch. p. 365 (1885). 

Adult male. Similar to E. tricolor, but with the hinder head 
entirely green like the back, without any wash of blue on the head, 
back, and wings. Total length 4 inches, oilmen 0*45, wing 2-05, 
tail 1-15, tarsus 0*55. 

Hah. Tenimber Islands. 

a. S 
ad. sk. Loetoer, Timor Laut, Sept. H. O. Forbes, Esq. rc.l 
19, 1882. 
10. Erythrara tricolor. 
L'Azuvert, Vieill. Ois. Chant, p. 43, pi. 20 (1805). 
Ermgilla tricolor, VieilL N Diet cVHist. Nat. xii. p. 233 (1817) ; id. 


Enc. Meth. p. 974 (1S23). 
Diacmura tricolor, Reichenb. Singv. p. 48, pi. xvii. fig. 156 (1861). 
Erjthrura tricolor, Wallace, P. Z. S. 1803, p. 480; ScL Ibis, 1881, 

p. 545. 
Amadina tricolor, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 58, no. G807 (1870). 
Adult male. Above green, the head washed with blue, which also 
overspreads the neck and mantle; wing-coverts and the inner 
secondaries green, washed with blue; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 
and quills dusky brown, externally narrowly fringed with green, 
yellower on the primaries• lower rump and upper tail-coverts 
scarlet; tail-feathers dusky brown, externally dull red* forehead, 
sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat purplish blue, shading off 
into paler cobalt-blue on the sides of the crown, sides of neck, lower 
breast, and abdomen; thighs ochreous yellow; wing-coverts ochreous 
buff; axillaries green. Total length 3*9 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 
2-05, tail 1*15, tarsus 0*55. 

Hob. Timor. 

a. Ad. sk. 
Timor. Wallace Coll. 
11. Erythrura kleinschmidti. 
Amblynura kleinschmidti, Finsch, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 440, pi. xxix. 
Front, fore part of cheeks to the posterior edge of the eye, and 
chin black; vertex obscure blue; upper surface dark grass-green, 
the same as the outer edge of the remiges, which are blackish brown 
like the tail-feathers; upper tail-coverts splendid scarlet-red ; underpays 
grass-green, much brighter and lighter than the upper parts; 
ear-region bright greenish yellow ; under wing-coverts isabelline ; 
bill and feet ivory-yellow in the skin, in the living bird apparently 
flesh-coloured; nails dark brown. Total length 4 inches, culmen 
0*6, wing 2-5, tail 1*15, tarsus 0*85. (Finsch.) 

Hab. Yiti Levu, Eiji Islands, 

2c2 

388 PLOCETD^. 

39. CHLORURA. 
Type. 
Ohlorura, Peiclwib. Smgvogel, p. 33 (1863) C. hyperythra 

Range, Java and Borneo. 

1. CMorura hyperytlira. 
Ohlorura hyperythra, Reickenb. Singvogel, p. 33, Taf. xi. n>. 97 (1862); 
JScL Ibis, 1881, p. 516 ; Salvacl Orn. Pap. ii. p. 443 (1881) ; Vorderm. 
Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Bid. xlii. p. 248 (1888), xlv. p. 395 
(1886); Sharpe, Ann. § Mag. Nat Hist. (6) iii. p. 434 (1889). 

Amadina hyperythra, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 58, no. 6808 (1870) ; 
JRosenb. Malay. Arehip. p. 558 (1879). 

Adult female. General colour above dark grass-green, the wing-
coverts like the back or edged with grass-green, the primaries externally 
margined with olive-yellow ; upper tail-coverts dull orange ; 
tail-feathers blackish, green at the ends, the centre ones green washed 
with orange ; head green like the back ; the forehead blue, with a 
black band along the bases of the bill,- lores, sides of face, ear-
coverts, cheeks, and under surface of body deep tawny rufous, 
almost chestnut, becoming rather paler on the abdomen, thighs, and 
under tail-coverts • sides of breast, sides of body, and flanks grass-
green ; under wing-coverts and axillaries tawny rufous; quills 
dusky below, ashy along the inner web : " bill black ; feet and claws 
dirty flesh-colour• iris dark vandyke brown ?J (A. G. Vorderman). 
Total length 4*3 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2-2, tail 1*35, tarsus 0*65. 

Hab. Java. 

a. £ ad, sk. Java {Leyden Mas.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
2. CMortira borneensis. 
Ohlorura hyperythra (nee Peichenb.)f Sharpe, Ibis, 1887, p. 453. 
Ohlorura borneensis, Sharpe, Ann. §- Mag. Nat. Hist (6) iii. p. 424 
(1889); id. Ibis, 1889, p. 435, 

Adult male. Similar to G. hyperythra, but paler tawny rufous 

below, and distinguished at a glance by the absence of the orange 

upper tail-coverts. Total length 4-2 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*25, 

tail 1*25, tarsus 0*6. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but with less blue on the 
forehead. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2*4, tail 1*15, 
tarsus 0-65. 

Young male. Similar to the adults, but less intense in colour and 
much paler on the face and under surface of body; no blue on the 
forehead. 

Hab. Kina Ealu, N.W. Borneo. 

a, b. S ? ad.; c. Kina Balu, 8000 feet, John Whitehead, Esq. [O.]. 

c? uv. sk. Feb. 

40 . NEOCHMIA. 
389 

40. HEOCHMIA. 
Neoehmia, Bp. Consp. i. p. 458 (1850) , N. phaeton. 
Range. Confined to Australia. 

1. Neoehmia phaeton. 
Fiingilla 
phaeton, Hombr. et Jacq. Ann. Sci Nat. (2) xvi. p. 314 
(1^41). r 
Xeochmie phaeton, Uombr. et Jacq. Voy. Pole Slid, Atlas, pi. 22. 
fig. 2 (1842-58) ; Gould, Bandb.B. Austr. i. p. 415 (18(55). 
Estnlda phaeton, Gould, B. Austr. fol. iii. pi. 83 (1848) ; Gray, Gen. 

B. ii. p. 368 (1849); id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 53, no. 6740 (1870) j 
Biggies, Orn. Austr. pi. 49. fig. 3 (1870); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. 
N.&.W. (2) i. p. 1091 (1887), ii. p. 169 (1888). 
Neoehmia phaeton, Bp. Consp. i. p. 458 (1858); Reichenb. Sinyv. 

p. 19, Taf. v. figs. 39, 40 (1862). 
Astrilda phaeton, Reichenb. Vog. Neuholl. p. 115 (1850). 
Enthrura phaeton, Jacq. et Pucher. Voy. Pole Sud, iii. p. 99 (1853); 
Hartl. P.Z.8. 1858, p. 462. 
Estrelda (Neoehmia) phaeton, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N S. W. ii. 

p. 186 (1878); id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 10 (1888). 
Adult male. General colour above crimson; rump brown• upper 
tail-coverts bright crimson; wing-coverts and outer aspect of 
secondaries deep crimson; primaries brown, externally ochreous 
brown; tail-feathers crimson, all but the centre ones dusky on the 
inner webs; head and hind neck dull ashy brown, blacker on the 
crown; base of forehead, lores, eyebrow, sides of face, and under 
surface of body fiery crimson, with some white spots on the sides of 
the breast; centre of breast, abdomen, and under tail- coverts black; 
under wing-coverts fulvous; edge of wing crimson; quills dusky 
below, fulvescent along the inner web : " bill rich carmine, bounded 
at the base by a band of greyish white about one tenth of an inch 
in breadth; hinder part of tarsi and inside of the feet ochre-yellow, 
front of tarsi and upper surface of the feet ochre-yellow, strongly 
tinged with hyacinth-red w (/. Gould). Total length 5 inches, culmen 
0'4, wing 2, tail 2*35, tarsus 0*55. 

This species probably has a seasonal change, when the crimson 
back is obscured by ashy-grey edges to the feathers. The specimens 
which have the back more or less mixed with ashy grey are also 
paler ashy on the head and neck and lighter crimson on the face 
and underparts. 

Adult female. Paler in colour than the male and having the back 
ashy brown, with very little crimson ; the eyebrow, fa.ee, and throat 
paler crimson; the fore neck and chest ashy brown; the flanks 
lighter brown, tinged with crimson and with more frequent white 
spots than the male; breast and abdomen ochreous white. Total 
length 5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2-15, tail 2-6, tarsus 0-6. 

Young. Distinguished by its dusky bill and nearly uniform ochre


FLOCEIDJE. 

390 

brown plumage; the upper tail-coverts and tail dull crimson, a slight 
tinge of the latter colour being apparent on the back and wingcoyerts, 
with a little stronger shade on the secondaries. 

Eab. Northern Australia from the north-west to Cape York and 
to "Rockingham Bay and Port Denison (E. P. B.). 

a~d. Ad.; e,f. N.W. Australia. J. B,. Elsey, Esq.. [P.]. 
Juv. sk. 

g. Imm. sk. Port Essington {J. B. Juices). Voy. H3I.S. ' Fly.' 
h-k. Ad. sk. Port Essington. Dr. Eichardson fP.]. 
/. Ad. sk. Port Essington. Capt. Chambers "[P.]. 
m-o. S ? ad. sk. Cape York. 
p. Ad. sk. Queensland. Mrs. Fitzgerald. 
q. Ad. sk. N. Australia. J. Gould^Esq. [P.], 
41. BSTEHiDA* 
Type. 
Estrilda, Swains. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 349 (1827) E. astrilda. 
Habropyga, Cab. Arch. f. Katurg. 1847, p. 331 (no?n. 

emend.) E. astrilda. 

^ Urseginthus, Cab. Miis. Bern. Th. i. p. 171 (1850) E. phoenicotis. 
Mariposa, JRekhenb. Singv. p. 48 (1801) E. angolensis. 
Brunhilda, Reichenb. Sinf/v. p. 48 (1861) E. erythronota. 
Haplopyga, Ileugl. Orn. iV. O.-Afr., App. p. exxxvii 

(1873) E. astrilda. 

Range. Confined to Africa and Arabia. Introduced into Madagascar 
and the neighbouring islands, St. Helena, &c. 

* The following species are unknown to me:— 
E3TEILDA CAPISTRATA. 

Bstrelda capistrata, Hartl. J. f. 0.1861, p. 259 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 53, 
no. 6736 (1870); Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 330. 

Supra olivaceo-viridis; eapite, collo corporeque subtus einereis; gula circum


scripta nigra; rostro nigro. Long, circa 4". (Hartlaub.) 
Mob. Bissao, Senegainbia. 
But for the absence of the white face and the yellow of the flanks, this might 

have been leferred to Bytelia sharpei. It may be the young bird of that 
species. 
EsTRILDA VIRIDIS. 

Bengali vert, VieVl. Ois. Chant, p. 22, pi. 4 (1805). 
Fringilla viridis, Vieill. N. Lid. d/Hht. Nat. xii. p. 180 (1817). 
Estrelda viridis, Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 450 (1850); Hartl, Orn. W.-Afr. 


p. 142 (1857); Gray, Hand-h B. ii. p. 50, no. 6695 (1870); Shelley, 
Ibis, 1886, p. SSfi. 
Astrilda viridis, Reichenb. Singv. p. 11, pi, ii. fig. 16 (1861). 


General colour olive-green; head ashy ; a red streak through the eye; underneath 
white, shaded with pale reddish; vent more distinctly red ; bill and feet 
red. Total length 3 | inches. {Hartlaub.) 

Hab. Senegambia. 

41. 
ESTEILDA. 391 
Key to the Sj)eeie$. 

a. "With the upper tail-coverts "brown, barred with 
black and whitish cross-lines like the rump and [pp. 391,303, 
_baek ; under tail-coverts black astrilda and allies, 

b. 
Upper tail-coverts black ; upper surface more or 
less barred; under tail-coverts whitish 
d. Bill black ; veriniculations on back and flanks 
coarse _ rufibarba, p. 304. 
b\ Bill red; vermiculations almost obsolete .... cinerea, p. 304. 

c. 
Upper tail-coverts crimson. 
e'. Crown not black. 
a". Chin and side of face whitish or ashy. 
a'". Bill for the most part black; a broall crimson 
streak through the eye ; wing-coverts 
washed with crimson rliodopyga, p. 396. 

b"\ Bill orange; no red eye-streak; no red 
on wing-covertsj abdomen yellowish; 
under tail-coverts white paludicola, p. 397. 

b". Chin and sides of face black; upper surface 
vinous ashy, with dusky cross-bars; wings 
plainly barred. 


c"'. Under tail-coverts black ,. erythronota, p. 307. 

d"V Under tail-coverts white j cto~« , P- *»• 
[ mgnmentum, p.399. 
d'. Head black; back narrowly barred. 
c". Throat and breast dark grey; under tail-
coverts black atricapilla, p. 399. 
d". Throat and breast white like the sides of 
the face; under tail-coverts also white.... nonnula, p. 400. 

d. 
Upper tail-coverts verditer-blue. ' 
e\ Ear-coverts crimson phoenicotis, p. 400. 
f. Ear-coverts blue 
migolenm, p. 402. 
1. Estrilda astrilda*. 
The Waxbill, Edwards, Nat. Hist. B. iv. p. 179, pi. 179. tig. 2 (1751); 
id. Gleaning*, iii. r. :>«Q pL354. fi~ 2 (1764). 

Le Senegal! rav£, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 210, pi. x. fig. 6 (17C0): P"~J,^. 
PL Enl iv. pi. 157. fig. 2 (bad) ; Montb. Hist. Nat Ois. iv. p. 101 
(1778). 

Fringilla imdulata,' Pali. Adumbr. p. 143. 
Loxia astrild, Linn. Syst Nat i. p. 303 (1700); Bodd. Tabl PI Enl 


p. 10 (1783); Gm. Si/st Nat i. p. 852 (1788); Vieill. N Bid. 
tfllist Nat. xii. p. 232 (1817). 
Waxbill Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 152 (1783). 
Astrild, Vieill. Ois. Chant p. 35, pi. 12 (1805). 
Fringilla astrild, Vieill Enc. Meth. iii. p. 974 (1823); Eittl. Xvpf. 

Yog. Heft i. p. 7, Taf. 10. fig. 2 (1832). 
Estrelda astrild, Sicains. Zool. Jow-n. iii. p. 349 (1827); Gray, Gen. 

B. ii. p. 368 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 458 (1850); StricJd. $ Sel. 
Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 150; Grill, Zool. Anfechi. pp. 10, 23 (1850) ; 
Newton, Ibis, 1861, p. 272; Gurney, Ibis, 1862, pp. 31, 156; 
* Astrild seems to have been a misprint for astrilda, which might be restored 
as having a more classical appearance. The generic name has been written 
Estrilda, Estrelda, and Astrilda. I retain the name as written by Swainson. 
392 PLOCEIDJE. 

Bayard, B. 8. Afr. p. 100 (1807); Ckapm. Trav, KJ.fr. ii. p. 402 

(1868); ScM. $ FoU. Fauna Madag., Ois. p. 153(1868); itoks, 
Jto, 1870, p. 100; Gray, ILand-l. B. ii. p. 50, no. (5683 (1870); 
Sharp*, Cat. Afr. B. p. 65 (1871) ; Gurney in Andcrss. B. Dam.-
Lil p. 178 (1872); Ayres, Ibis, 1873, p. 282; Barratt, Ibis, 1876, 

p. 208; y(//rw, (". e. p. 433; Ilartl. For/. Madag. p. 402 (1877); 
>$7;«/p' id'Oaf as Matabele-Ld., App. p. 320 (1881); lineage, Orn. 
Angola, p. 358 (1881); Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 355 ; Butler, Feilden, 
8/ lleid, Zool. 1882, p. 200 ; Ilolub § Von Feb. Beitr. Orn. Siidafr. 
p. 120, cum fig. (1832); Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. pp. 470, 
849 (1884); Shdley, Ibis, 18S0, p. 322; Symonds,' Ibis, 1887, 
p. 333; Bffitik. Notes Leyden, Mas. x. p. 240 (1883). 
Habropyga astrild, Cub. Mus. Hem. i. p. 100 (1800). 
/Egintha astrild, Buss, S/ubenv. p. 43, Taf. i. fig. 2 (1870). 
Adult male. General colour above earthy brown, with a slight 
reddish tinge on the rump and upper tail-coverts, the whole upper 
surface finely barred with dusk}'' cross-linos; lesser and median 
coverts dusky brown, with less distinct fine barring; greater coverts 
like tho back; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills uniform 
brown, edged with paler brown, the innermost secondaries obsoletely 
barred with dusky ; tail-feathers dusky brown, edged with paler 
brown, the centre ones with obsolete cross-bars and washed with. 
reddish near the base; the outer webs of all the feathers paler 
underneath; crown of head rather more ashy than the back, the 
fore part more uniform and the fine barring also not so distinct on 
the hinder crown and nape ; lores and feathers round the eye 
crimson, forming a longitudinal streak ; ear-coverts pale ashy grey ; 
cheeks and throat light ashy, washed with rosy pink ; sides of neck 
like the hind neck; fore neck and remainder of under surface light 
ashy brown, barred with fine lines of darker brown ; breast uniform 
rosy pink in the centre ; lower abdomen black like the under tajh 
coverts ; sides of body and flanks like the rest of the under surface, 
but rather more coarsely barred ; thighs uniform ashy brown ; under 
wine-coverts oebreonjj buft; jxilhirii,r' ,:
0h^ ashy brown; quills 

below ttufcky, ashy ochreous along the inner web : " bill bright red ; 
lege and feet liver-brown ; iris brown" (C. ,f. Anderssoa). Total 
length 4'2 inches, cultnon 0-35, wing 3-85, tail 1*9, tarsus ir55. 

AduUfmah. Duller in colour than the male, with ranch less pink 
on the underparts and the lower abdomen ; under tail-coverts and 
tail sooty black. Total length 4*2 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 1*8, 
tail 1*8, tarsus 0-55. 

After the breeding-season the bars on the underparts become s:> 
obliterated that the chest is almost uniform in many specimens. 
Hah. Southern Africa, ranging as far* as the Matabele country on 
the east and to Damara-Land on the west. Introduced into various 

countries. 
a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk. 
S. Helena, Jan. (G. B. 8.). 
8. Helena. 
Shelley Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
c. d. Ad. sk. Ceres, Cape Colony, Jan. Shelley Coll. 
e,f. rf 2 ad. sk. Kuysna, March (C. J. An• 
Sharpe Coll. 
uerssmi). 

41. ESTRILDA. -YSA 
ff6 
ad. sk. Natal, July (Dr. QueinGould 
Coll. 
h. 
i-
Ad. sk. 
n. $ ad.; o-r. 
$ ad. sk. 
t. d ; u. $ 
ad. sk. 
w. <S 2 a<l- sk. 
zius). 
Pretoria (Pratt).
Natal, March, June, July,
Oct. (T. L. Ay res). * 
Newcastle, June, July(E. A. Butler). 
Weenen, Natal, Dec. (T. 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Forbes Coll. 
X, 
*> 
V 
e' 
y. Ad. RIC 
a'. $ ad. 
Ad. sk. 
d'. cJ ad. 
"sk. 
sk. 
Arnold). 
Natal.
Transvaal (T. Ay rex).
Lydenberg, E. Transvaal.
Tati, Matabele-Land, Oct, 
T. Ayres [0.]. 
Sbarpe Coll. 
F. A. ] Jarratt, Esq. [P.]. 
W. E. & C.G. Gates, 
e',/',</'• Ad. sk. 
(F. Oates).
Hykomkap,Damara-Land, 
Eaqm. [P.]. 
Sharpe Coll. 
h , i'. Ad. sk. 
. Ad. sk. 
April (C. J. Anderson). 
Mauritius (Bewsher).
Madagascar. 
Shelley Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 

Subsp. c<. Estrilda rubriventris. 

Hartl, Orn. Westafr. p. 140 (1857). 

Estrelda rubriventris, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 369 (1849) ; JIurtl. Orn. 
W.-Afr. p. 141 (1867)3 id, J.f. 0. 1861, p. 258; Cass. Proc. 
Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 138; Bocaye, Jam. Lisb. ii. p. 141 (1867). 

Estrelda cinerea tf, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 141 (1857). \tA 

- Estrelda undulata (nee Pall.), Reichen. J.f.O. 1877, p. 29. 
Adult. Similar to E. astrilda, but haviug all the colours much 
rielier, the whole upper surface being washed with crimson, which 
is especially bright on the rump and upper tail-coverta; the sides 
of the face and under surface of Ihe body, including the flanks, 
strongly suffused with crimson. Total length 4-2 inches, culmen 
0S5 , wing 1*75, tail 1*7, tarsus 0-65. 

Hah, Gaboon to Angola. 

c, b. Ad. sk. Gaboon. 
<: (/. Ad. sk. Landana, Congo (Lucan §• Petit). Shelley Coll. 
e,f. Ad. sk. Quiloiubo, Angola (A. Heath). Sharpe Coll. 


Subsp. jS, Estrilda minor. 

Estrelda cesrulescens (nee V.), Rupp. Nene Wirb., Viiy. p. 101 (183540); 
id. Syst. Uebers. p. 77 (1845); Heuyl. Syst. Uebers. p. 40 
(1856). 

Fringilla rubriventris (nee V.), Des Murs in Lefehvre's Voy. Abyss. 

p. 172 (1845). 
Estrelda astrild (nee L.), Mont. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 95 ; Heuyl, J.f.O. 
f. O. 1883, p. 
p. 422; Reiehen. J. f. 0. 1887, p. 309. 
394 PLOCEIDJE. 

Habropyga minor, Cab. J.f. 0. 1878, p. 229. 
HabropVga astrild, var. minor, Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 325 
(18b4). 
Habropyga astrilcl minor, Fischer, J.f 0. 1885, p. 135. 

Adult Similar to E. astrilda, but darker, with a dusky head, and 
distinguished by its sharply defined white face and throat: " bill 
coral-red ; feet blackibh; iris umber-brown ; eyelid crimson ,J (Yon 
Heuglln). Total length 4 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 1-65, tail 1-5, 
tarsus 0*55. 

Hah. From Bcnguela in the west and the Zambesi in the east 
throughout Eastern Africa, and from the Upper Congo and the Lake 
country to Abyssinia and Southern Nubia. 

a. S ad. sk.
b, e. Ad. &k.
d, e. Ad. sk.
/, g. Ad. sk. 
Shoa (Sir W. C. Harris). 
Melinda (Sir J. Kirk). 
Pangani (Sir J. Kirk). 
Ufiogo (Sir J Kirk). 
India Museum. 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
SkehVy Coll. 
/i. V ^d. sk.
i. Ad. sk.
k Ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk. 
Kibiro, Upper Congo. 
Gaboon (Bu Chaillu). 
Benguela. 
Shire Valley, Zambesi. 
F. Bohndoifi [C] 
Sharpe Coll. 
Monteiro Coll. 
Sir J. kirk [P.]. 
2. Estrilda rufibarba. 

Fringilla rufibarba, Ehrenb. in Mus. Berol. 
Fringilia buccalis, Ehrenb. in Mus. Berol. 
Habropyga rufibarba, Cab. Mm. Hein. Th. i. p. 109, note (1850). 
E&trelda ruflbaiba, Licht. Nomenel. Av. Berol. p. 48 (1854); lieu (fl. 


J. f. 0. 1868, p. 7; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 50, no. 0093 (1870); 
Terbury, Ibis, 1886, p. 18 ; Shelley, t. c. p. 334. 
Estrelda buccalis, Licht. Nomenel. p. 48 (1854). 

Achdt. General colour above ashy brown, crossed with wavy 
cross bars of dusky blackish; lower rump and upper tail-coverts 
black ; wing-coverts like the back; quills dusky brown, the secondaries 
externally barred; centre tail-feathers black, the outer 
feathers ashy white along the outer web, which is slightly barred 
with ashy; head like the back, but the barring almost obsolete; a 
line of pale crimson from the lores running through the eye ; sides 
of face, car-coverts, and throat distinctly white ; breast and sides of 
body pale ashy brown, barred with dusky brown, the bars more 
distinct on the sides of the body; centre of breast, abdomen, and 
under tail-coverts ochreous buff: " bill red, with the culmen and 
gonys black" (Yon Heuglin). Total length 4 inches, culmen 0*3, 
wing 1*8, tail 1-6, tarsus 0*55. 

Hah. South Arabia and coast-land of Abyssinia. 

a. Ad. sk. Hyteleme, Aden, Mar. 14. C Chevalier, Esq. [P.], 
b, c. Ad. sk. Lahej, Aden, Jan. Major Yerbury [P.J. 
3. Estrilda ciuerea. 
Le Bengali cendr6, Vieill. Ois. Chant p. 25, pi. vi. (1805). 
Fringilla cinerea, Vieill. N. Diet d'llist Nat. xii. p. 176 (1817): 
Kittl. Kupf. Vdg. Heft i. p. 7, Taf. x. fig. 1 (1832). 

41 . ESTEILDA. 395 
Fiingilla troglodytes, LichL Verz. Doubl p. 26 (1823); Antin. Cat. 
descrr. Ucc. p. 71 (1804) ; Sahad. Atti R. Accad. Torino, v. p. 741 
(1870). 

Estrelda elnerea, R'upp. Keue Wirb., Yog. p. 101 (1835-40) ; id. Si/st. 
Uebers. p. 77 (1845); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 3(39 (1849); Bp. Consp. 
Ac. i. p. 459 (1850) ; Heuql JSi/st. Uebers. p. 40 (185G); Eartl 
Oni. W.-Afr. p. 141 (185}"); Ileugl. J. f. 0. 1888, p. 6; Gray, 
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 50, no. 6690 (1870;; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 65 

Estrelda troglodytes, Bp. Cvnsj). Av. i. p. 4o9 (1850). 
Habropyga cinerea, Cab. JIus. Hein. i. p. 169 (1850); Ileugl. Oni. 
S.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 600, Iv. App. p. cxxxvi (1871) ; Matschie, 

J.f.O. 1887, p. 154. 
Astrilda cinerea, Reiehenb. Singv. p. 9, pi. ii. figs. 10, 11 (1861). 
Astrilda nigricauda, Reiehenb. Singv. p. 10, pi. vi. figs. 55, 56. 
E^relda nielanopygia, Ileugl J.f.O. 1864, p. 251. 
iEgintka cinerea/l^ss, Stubenv.^j). S'o, Taf. i. fig. 1 (1879). 
Adult female. General colour above drab-brown, faintly barred 
with dusky cross lines; wing-coverts nearly uniform ashy brown, 
the margins slightly paler; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
light brown, margined with ashy brown ; upper tail-coverts and 
tail feathers black, with whitish borders to the outer webs of the 
two outermost feathers; crown of head almost uniform, a little more 
ashy than the back, the dusky cross lines almost obsolete; lores, 
eyelid, and a streak above the ear-coverts crimson ; ear-coverts pale 
ashy, hoary below the eyes and on the fore part of the cheeks, 
which are otherwise pale rosy lilac, the throat and under surface of 
body with scarcely any cross lines ; abdomen isabelline, with a 
rosy patch in the middle ; sides of body and flanks pale drab-brown, 
with nearly obsolete dusky cross lines.; thighs pale brown; under 
tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts isabelline; quills below 
dusky, ashy isabelline on the inner edge. Total length 4 inches, 
culmen 0*35, wing 1*9, tail 1*55, tarsus 0*5. 

The adult male is doubtless similar to the female, but probably 
brighter in colour. 

Young male. Browner than the adults and without wavy cross 
lines ; bill blackish ; no crimson eye-streak ; under surface of body 
isabelline brown, the throat slightly more ashy. 

Hab. Senegambia to the River Niger, across to North-eastern 
Africa and Equatorial Africa, south to the Tanganyika district. 

a-e. Ad. sic. Senegambia. Sharpe Coll. 

d. Ad. sk. River Gambia. Shelley Coll. 
e. § ad. sk. Dakar, Senegal (Z. Laglaize). Tweeddale Coll. 
f. Ad. sk. Penkera, Fantee (H. f. Ussher). Shelley Coll, 
V/-z. Jad.sk. Shonga, River Kigev(W.A.F.). Forbes Coll. 
%. Ad. sk. White Nile. * Sharpe Coll 
/, m. $ ad. sk. Lado, Equatorial Africa, May Shelley Coll. 
{Emin Pasha), 

n. $ ad. sk. Redjaf, July {Emin Pasha). Shelley Coll. 
o, p. d S inini. sk. TVadelai, Aug. 3. Emin Pasha [P.], 
390 
PLOCTHD-T. 

4. Estrelda rhodopyga. 
Estrelda rliodopyga, Sundev. dfv. IC Vet.-AJiad.I6rh. Stochh. 1850, 
p 1'H): Gray, Iland-L B. ii/p. 50, no. 009:2 (1870) ; Blanf. Geol. 
%Zool. Ah/k p. 408 (1870)j Shelley, Ibis, 1880, p. 33:}; I/w^/. 
#oo7. J?//A ii. p. 322 (1^7) ; #/<e%, i>. £. tf. 188b, p. 32. 

E^tiehla rhodoptem, " 6'widev.f Bp. Consp. i. p. 
459 (1850, «ec 

IIabiopv°a frenata, Cab. Mas. He in. Tli. i. p. 109, note (<?# Ehrenb. 
MHk in MM. Berul.); Ileugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. (505 (1870). 
Ilabropyga lhodoptera, CV/6. Mm. Hein. Th. i. p. 109, note (1850, 

e.x lip.), 
Estrelda etlrenata, Licht. Komend. Av. p. 48 (1854); Ileugl J. f. O. 
Ib08, p. 9. 

* 
Astrilda rliodoptera, Reidienb. Singv. p. 11 (1861, ex Bp.). 
Astrilda frenata, Reichenb. t. c. p. 11 (1801). 
Estrelda leucotis, Ileugl J.f O. 1802, p. 29. 
Estrelda frenata,SewjL J.f.O. 1868, p. 8. 
" Ilabropyga rliodopyga, Finsdi, Trans. Z. S. vn. p. 266 (1870); id. § 
m IlartlVog. Osiafr. p. 441 (1870); Ileugl Orn. KO.-Afr. iv. 
App. p. cxxx\ii (1871). 

Adult male. General colour above light brown, barred with 
dusky ; the head more ashy and less distinctly barred; upper tail-
coverts rosy crimson; lesser wing-coverts like the back, with obsolete 
dusky vermidilations; median series ashy brown ; greater ^ 
coverts ashy brown, washed with crimson externally and forming a 
broad crimson band, the inner secondaries also similarly washed 
with crimson; quills dusky brown, edged with ashy brown; tail-
feathers dusky blackish, edged with crimson, the .*oute^ones margined 
with whity brown ; a crimson streak from the lores through the 
eye, with a supraloral streak of ashy whitish ; cheeks, sides of face, 
and throat white: remainder of under surface of body light tawny 
brown, with narrow bars of hoary whitish on the sides of the fore 
neck, breast, and flanks; centre of breast and abdomen paler tawny 
buff; thighs tawny buff; under tail-coverts deep crimson, freckled 
with tawny and blackish bars; under wing-coveits and axillaries 
tawny buff; quills dusky below, pale fulvescent along the inner 
web: " bill blackish, the tomium and base of the mandible red; 
feet dusky; iris umber-brown" (Emin Pasha). Total length 4-1 
inches, cuimen 0*4, wing 1*8, tail 1-55, tarsus 0*55. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 4*5 
inches, cuimen 0*4, wing 1*9, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*55. 

Young male. Similar to the adults, but much duller as regards 
the red on the wings and rump; under tail-coverts tawny buff 
washed with crimson ; soft parts as in the adults : " iris reddish 
umber9) (Emin). 

Hal. N.E. Africa from Senaar and Bogos-Land to Equatorial 
Africa. 

a. Juv. sk. Nubia (Iledenborg). Sharpe Coll. 
b. 
$ juv. sk. Zoulla, Abyssinia, Feb. 10. TV T. Blanford, Esq. 
[c0
41 . ESTRILDA, 307 
e. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk. 
Bejook, Bogos-Land, July17 (W. Jesse), 
Lado, Equatorial Africa 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
e,f,y. d ad. etjuv.;
h, i. J ad. sk. 
(Emin Pasha). 
IVadelai, Sept., Oct. Emin Pasha [P.], 

5. Estrilda palu&icola. 
Estrelda 
paludieala, Heuyl. Z /. 0. 1863, p. 103, 1868, p. 9, 
pi. i. fig. 2 ( £ ) ; £M%, Ifca, 1886, p. 331 j .£&*/•& £w>/. <Mr&. 

ii. p. 321 (1887); Shelley, P. £ & 1230^38. 
Ilabropyga palustrk, Heugl. in Peterm. Geoyr. MHth. 1869, p. 415. 
Estrelda rhodopsis, pt, Gray, Haml-L B. ii. p. 50, no. 6701 (1870). 
Habropyga paludicola, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt.2, p. 006 (1870); 
id. op. cit. iv. App. p. cxsxvi (1871). 

Adult male, General colour above brown, with indications of * 
obsolete cross markings; wing-coverts like the1 back, the greater 
series and quills dusky brown, edged with the same brown as trie 
back; lower rump and upper tail-coverts rosy crimson ; tail-feathers 
black, the outer feathers ashy whitish along the outer web; crown 
of head ashy grey, forming a tolerably distinct cap; lores white 
as well as the eyelid; sides of face and ear-coverts lighter and more 
pearly grey; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body ochreous 
buff, shaded with ashy over the throat and fore neck, and clearer 
ochreous on the abdomen; sides of body and flanks ashy brown, 
rather deeper on the latter ; thighs ashy grey; under tail-coverts 
white : " bill coral-red ; feet blackish ; iris red" (Emin). Total 
length 4*2 inches, culmen 0*3, wing 1*8, tail 1*85, tarsns 0*55. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 4*1 
inches, culmen 0*35, wing 1-85, tail 1*65, tarsus 0*6. 
Hah. "White Nile districts to Equatorial Africa. 

a. 5 ad. sk. Lado, Equatorial Africa, Jan, 31 Shelley Coll. 
(Emin Pasha). 
b. J ad. sk. Tingasi, July 3. Emin Pasha [P.], 
6. Estrilda erythronota. 
Astrild a moustaches noires, Vieill. Ois. Chant, p. 37, pi. 14 (1805). 
Fringilla ervthronotos, Vieill. N. Diet dHist. Nat. xii. p, 182 
(1817). 
Estrelda lipiniana, Smith, Pep. Expl. C. Afr., App. p. 49 (1836); 
Strickl $ Scl. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 150. 

Estrelda erythronota, 
Gray <$• Mitch. Gen. B. ii. p. S68, pi. 90. fig. 1 
(1849); Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 459 (1850); Peichenb. Sint/v. p. 11, 
Taf. ii. fig. 13 (1861); Zayard, B. S. Afr. p. 198 (1867); Gray, 
Handd. B. ii. p. 50, no. 6700 (1870) j Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 256; 
Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam.-Zd. p. 178 (1872); Sharpe in Oates* 
Matabele-Zand, App.B, p. 320 (1881); Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 355 ; 
Sharpe, ed. ZayanVs B. S. Afr. p. 473 (1884) ; iShelley, Ibis, 1886, 

p. 329. 
PLOCEIDiE. 

Ilabropyga erythronota, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 1G9, note (1850): 
Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 324 (1884); id. J. f. 0. 1885, 

p. 135, 
Adult wale. General colour above ashy grey, with a vinous or 
crimson tinge and crossed with delicate dusky bars, a little more 
distinct on the scapulars; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
deep crimson ; wing-coverts like the back, the cross bars more 
distinct on the median and greater coverts ; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts uniform diibky brown ; quills dusky brown, with 
slightly indicated bars of ashy and black near the base, these bars 
very di tinot on the inner secondaries, which are like the greater 
coverts; tail-feathers entirely black, the outer ones ashy towards 
the ends, with dusky bars• crown of head ashy grey, the cross 
vermiculations very delicate and indistinct; forehead slightly more 
hoary; lores, eyebrow, sides of face, ear-coverts, and cheeks black, 
with a silvery-grey shade on the hinder cheeks, extending behind 
the ear-coverts ; chin black; throat, sides of neck, and under 
surface of body ashy grey, slightly vermieulated with dusky cross 
bars and washed with crimson, becoming more uniform deep 
crimson on the breast: abdomen blackish; sides of body ashy 
brown with dusky cross bars; flanks crimson with dusky bars; 
thighs and under tail-coverts black ; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries ashy, barred with dusky: quills below dusky, ashy along 
the inner edge : "bill black, except near the head, where it is 
whitish blue; feet and toes black; iris wine-coloured red" (C.J. 
Andersson). Total length 4*3 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 2*1, 
tail 2*35, tarsus 0*55. 

Adult female. Not to be distinguished from the male. Total 

length 4*7 inches, culmen 0*35, wing 2*15, tail 2*2, tarsus 0*55. 

Young. Browner than the adults, with less distinct crimson shade 

above and below ; rump duller crimson. 

Hob. Interior of South Africa to the Matabele country on the 
east and to Damara-Land on the west. Tt is said to extend as far 
as the Kilimanjaro district by Dr. Eischer. 

«; b. S ? a(l« sk« Transvaal (T. Ai/res). Sharpe Coll. 
c, d. S ad. sk. Tati, Matabele-Land, Oct. W. E. & C. G. Oates, 
1874 (F. Oates). Esqrs. [P.]. 

e. d 
ad.sk. Itustenberg, July 10 (W. Shelley Coll. 
Lucas). 
f, g. Ad. sk. Makalaka Country (Dr. Brad- Shelley Coll. 
slum). 
h~m. Ad. et juv. Damara-Land, June, July, Sharpe Coll. 
sk. Aug. (C J. Andersson). 

n. Ad. sk. Otjimbinque, June 9, 1866 Forbes Coll. 
(C. J. A.), 
o. £ ad. sk. Omaruru, Damara-Land, Nov. Shelley Coll. 
11 (A. Fricson). 
p. 
<S ad. sk. Matalko, Damara-Land, July Shelley Coll. 
U(C.J.A.). 
<?. Ad. sk. Scutk Africa. 
Sir A Smith [C.]. 

41 . ESTBILDA, 
390 

7. Estrilda chamosyna. 
" Kt? PJf

 ch^™osyna, Rekhen. J. /. 0. 1881, p. 333; Fischer, 
Zeitsehr. ges. Orn. i. p. 325 (1834). 
Estrelda charmosyna, Shelley, Ibis, 1836, p. 330. 

.Afofc Pale vmaceous, greyish on the upper surface; head, nock, 
back, and throat obscurely barred ; forehead whitish; sides of hoad 
Mack, edged with white below; rump and upper tail-coverts red; 
under tail-coverts white; tail-feathers and inner secondaries barred 
with black and white; quills dusky; tail graduated and black: 
bill dusky lead-colour; feet black. Total length 4*3 inches, oilmen 
0*3, wing 2, tail 2-25. (Rdclwiow.) 

Ilab. Berdera, E , Africa. 

8. Estrilda nigrimentum. 
Estrelda nigrimentum, Solved. Ann. Mm. Genov. (2) vi. p. 281 (1888). 
Adidt. Similar to E. charmosynet, but larger and with the chin 
black: the cheeks black behind and below, margined with white; 
the reddish vinous colour of the under surface brighter and the 
under tail-coverts distinctly banded (Salvadori). 


Hah. Shoa. 

9. Estrilda atricapilla. 
Estrelda atricapilla, J. $ E. Verreaux, Rev. et Mag. de Zool 1851, 
p. 421; Hartl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 141 (1857); Cass. Proc. Philad. 
Acad. 1859? p. 138; llaril. J.f. 0. 1861, p. 258; Gray, lland-l 
B. ii. p. 50, no. 6697 (1870); Rekhen. J. f. O. 1875, p. 41; 
Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 330. 
Adult. General colour above dark cindery grey, the back barred 

with wavy cross lines of black; the lower back, rump, and upper 

tail-coverts light scarlet; scapulars and wing-coverts like the back, 

and similarly barred; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills 

black, the inner secondaries barred externally with ashy grey and 

black; tail black ; crown bJack, separated from the barred back by 

a collar of cindery grey ; sides of face and chin ashy white, shading 

off into the cindery grey of the lower throat and breast; the lower 

abdomen blackish, as also the thighs and under tail-coverts; sidesof 

breast and flanks bright scarlet; under wing-coverts and axillaries 

ashy whitish ; quills blackish below, ashy along the inner web. 

Total length 3*7 inches, culraen 0'35, wing 1*8, tail 1*7, tarsus 0-55. 

Young. Much more dingy than the adults, with the scarlet on the 

back and rump much duller; underneath dark cindery grey, with 

scarcely any scarlet on the flanks. 

Uah. VT. Africa from Cameroons to Gaboon. 

a, b. e. Ad. sk. Gaboon (Du Chaillu). 
d Ad. sk. Itiver Danger, Gaboon (JET. T. AmelJ). Shelley Coll. 
<?." Ad.sk. Gaboon. ' M. Verreaux. 

f. Ad. sk. Gaboon. M. Verreaux. 
q Ad sk. Cameroons. Sharpe Coll. 
400 
PLOOEIDJJ!. 

10. Estrilda nonntila. 
Astrilda nomiula, Hartl..f 0.1863, p. 425. 
Estrelda nonnula, Shelley, Ibis, 188G, p. 330; Hartl.ool Jahrb. ii. 


p. 321, pi. xiii. fig. 5 (1887) ; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 31; Ilartl. 
J. f. 0. 1881), p. 40. 
Ilabropyga tenerrima, Beichen. J.f 0. 1887, p. 307. 
Adult male. Similar to E. atriccqrilla, but white underneath and 
on the bides of the face; sides of body and under tail-coverts washed 
with ashy, with a patch of rosy crimson of the sides: " bill crimson, 
the base of culmen, sides and base of bill black; feet black; iris 
dusky" (Euan Pasha). Total length 4*3 inches, culmen D'4, wing 
1-9, tail 1-75, tarsus 0*0. 
Yowuj female. More dusky and uniform in colour than the adult 
male, the white of the face and underparts shaded with ashy, the 
sides of the body with brown, and lacking the crimson patch on the 
latter; 
the crimson on the rump and upper tail-coverts duller. 
Hab. Equatorial Africa to the Upper Congo. 

a, b. 3 ad.; $
juv. sk. 
c. (S ad. sk.
d. <$ imm. sk. 
Foda, Equatorial Africa, Oct. 27. 
Belliina, June 20. 
Kubbi, July. 
Einin Pasha [P.]. 
Einin Pasha [P. 
Emm Pa&ha [P. 
11. Estrilda phoenicotis. 

Le Bengali, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 203, pi. x.fig.1 (1760) ; Month. Hist. 
Nat. Ois. iv. p. 92 (1778) ; Daubent. PI Enl. iv. pi. 115. fig. 1. 
Fringilla bengal us, Linn, Si/st Nat. i. p. 323 (1766); Gm. Syst. Nat. 

i. p. 920 (1788) ; Yieill. JBno. Meth. p. 987 (1823); Kiitl. Kupf. 
Voy. p. 7, Taf. x. fig. 3 (1832). 
Blue-bellied Finch, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 310 (1783) ; Shaw & 
Nodcl Nat. Mkc. v. pi. 150 (1?93). 
Le Mariposa 
ou le Bengali bleu, Yieill. Ois. Chant, p. 25, pi. 5 
(1805). 

B. ii. p. 51, no. 0707 (1870). 
Estrelda mariposa, Less. Traite, p. 444 (1831). * 
Estrelda phoenicotis, Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 192, pi. xiv. (1837); 
Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 458 (1850); ilartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 145 
(1857); id. J.f.O. 1861, p. 258; Ileugl. J. f. O. 1802, p. 28 ; id. 

P. Z. S. 1803, p. 106; Sol. P. Z, S. 1864, p. 110 ; Antin. Cat. descrr. 
Ucc. p. 71 (1804); Ileugl J.f.O. 18G8, p. 18; Keul Onze Voqels, 
ii. pi. 51 (J873) ; Beichen. J.f.O. 1877, p. 29; Forbes, Ibis, 1883, 
p. 509. 
Ura^ginthus phoenicotis, Cab. Mm. Hein, i. p. 171 (1850); Ilartm 
J. f. O. 1863, p. 466,-Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 260 (1870) ; Heuql 
Orn. NO.-Afr. i. p. 619, iv. App. p. exxxviii (1871): Shelley. 
P. Z. S. 1881, p. 588; id. 1882, p. 303; Bbhm, J. f. O. 1883, 
p. 200; Salvad. Ami. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) i. p. 177 (1884); 
Fischer, Zeitschr. c/es. Orn. i. p. 324 (1884); id. J. f. O. 1885, p. 71: 
Bbhn, J. f. 0.1885, p. 42; Rartert, J.f. 0.1886, p. 584; Matschie, 
J. f. 0.1887, p. 154; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) vi. p. 278 
(1888). 
41 , ESTRILBA. 
401 

Pvtefia pkcenieotis, Fimch fy Hartl. Vbg. Ostafr. p. 447 (1870J; 
*Blanf. Geol. $ Zool Abyss, p. 409 (1870) ; Cab. J.f. 0. 1878, 

p. 285, 
Estrelda cyanogastra (me Bmd.), Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 717 j 
JStckolson, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 358. 
iEgintha phcenieotis, Puss, Stubenv. p. 93 (1879). 
Mariposa phosnicotis, Gurney, Ibis, 1881, p. 128. 
Astrilda phcenieotis, Hartl. AbhandL nat. Verein. Bremen, BcL vii. 

p. 103 (1881). 
Estrelda 
ansrolensis (nee Linn.), Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 336 (pt.); 
Peiche?i. J.f. 0.1887, p. 308. 

Adult male. Above light drab-brown, the wing-coverts like the 
back; quills dusky brown, edged with the pale brown of the back; 
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts pale verditer-blue; tail-
feathers dusky verditer-blue, rather lighter externally; head like 
the back, with the base ofsthe forehead, eyebrow, lores, sides of face, 
cheeks, throat, and breast bright verditer-blue, extending along the 
sides of the body : ear-coverts bright crimson, forming a conspicuous 
patch ; centre of breast, abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts, as 
well as the under wing-coverts, light drab; quills dusky below, pale 
drab along the inner web : "bill reddish, the tip and cutting-edges 
blackish; feet reddish ; iris yellowish" (Eeuglm). Total length 
4*7 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*1, tail 2*25, tarsus 0*55. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but wanting the red ear-patcb. 
Total length 4*3 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*1, tail 1*95, tarsus 
0*6o. 

Young male. Similar to the adult female, but with the sides of 
the face browner with very little blue. 

The male from Kassongo is much more brilliantly coloured than 
the rest of the series. The blue is more cobalt than verditer, the 
back is darker and more ashy brown, and the crimson of the ear-
coverts is darker. 

Hab. Senegambia to Gaboon. KE . Africa and Eastern Africa as 
far south as the Zanzibar district; Equatorial Africa and the Congo 
River. 

a, b. (S ad. sk. Senegambia. Shelley Coll. 
e7 d. <$ J ad. sk. River Gambia. Sharpe Coll. 

e. r£ ad. sk. Senafe", Abyssinia, March. \V. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[CIfyg. 
c? $ ad. sk. SenafB, May (W. Jesse). Tweeddale Coll. 

h. 2 ad. sk. Anseba Valley, Bogos- W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
Land, July 28,1868. [C.]. 
i, k. $ ad. sk. Bejook, July. TT. Jesse, Esq. [C.]. 
I <$ ad. sk. Keren (Esler). Sharpe Coll. 
m, n. <$ J ad. sk, Shoa, May, Aug. (O. An- Shelley Coll. 

tinori). 
o,p. <$ $ ad. sk. White Nile (Brun-Rollet). Sharpe Coll. 

q. J ad. * r, s. $ Lado, Equatorial Africa, Shelley Coll. 
ad. sk. Feb. (Mnin Pasha), 
t $ ad. sk. Sobat, June (Emm Pasha). Shelley Coll. 
u S ad. sk. Larnu (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll. 

2B 

VOL. XIII. 

402 
PLOCEII)^, 
v, 20. (3 ; x. 5 ad. sk. Mombasa. Rev. A. F, Buxton 
v*'
a' 
z 22 a 
ad. sk.
d sk 
Mombasa, July, Aug. 
(Dr. Hildebraadt). 
Dar-es-Salaani {Sir J.
Kirk). 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 

V. 
$ ad. sk. Boyuma Riyer (J*. Thorn- Shelley Coll. 
son), 
c'. $ ad. sk. Kassongo, Upper Congo, F. Bohndorff ~Cr. 
June. 
d'. Ad. sk. Congo, Commander Sperling 

12. Estril&a angolensis. 
The Blue-hellyed Finch, Edwards, Nat. Hist. B. Hi pi. 131 (1750). 
Fringilla angolensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. I. p. 323 {170t>j. 
Losia cyanooraastra, Baud. TraifS, ii. p. 436 (16CKJ }. 
Estrelda angolensK, Bp. Comp. Ai\ L p. 458{lb50); Shelley, Ibis, 


1886, p. 336 (pt). 
Estrilda bengala {nee Linn.), Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 199, pt. (1667); 
Ayres, Bis, 1809, p. 294. 
Mariposa cyanogastra, Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 179 
(1872). 

Estrilda eyanogabtra, Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 352; Barratf, Ibis, 
187G, p. 207 j ^?/m, Jfe, 1880, p. 107 ; Sharpe in Gates" Mata-
bele-Land, App. B, p. 321 (1881). 

Ursegintkus pncenicutis (#*<? Linn.)9 Borage, Orn. Anyola, p. 354 
(1881); Butler, Feilden, § Beid, Zoohgidj l&%% p. 300; Shelley 
Ibis, 1882, p. 355. 

Mariposa phoenicotis 
{««? Linn.), Holub 8f von Peiz. Beiin Orn. 
Sudafr. p. 129 (1882). 
Uraeginthus eyanogaster, Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. pp. 473, 
850 (1884). 

Adult male. Similar to LI. jphosnicotis, bat wanting the red ear-
patch, so that it resembles the female of that species more than the 
male: u bill lilac, blackish at the tip; tarsi and feet pale; iris reddish 
hazel7' {T. Ay res); "iris cherry-colour " (C. J. Andtrsson) ; 
" iris orange-red " (Z7. K Buckley). Total length 4-9 inches, culmen 
0*4, wing 2*05, tail 2*2, tarsus 0*55. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 3*8 inches, 
oilmen 0*4, wing 2*05, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*6. 
Hah. South-eastern Africa to the Zambesi, and apparently to 
Mozambique on the east, and to Damara-Land on the west. 

a. Ad. sk. Natal. 
Sharpe Coil 
b. 6 ad. sk. Weenen, March 19,1878 Shelley Coll. 
(T. Arnold). 
c. d. Ad. sk. Transvaal (T. Ayres). Sharpe Coll. 
e~9* <S $ ad. sk. Eustenberg. 
k <$ ad. sk. Swaziland, July 15, 1870 Shelley Coll. 
{T. B. Buckley). 
i. 2 
ad. sk, Matabele-Land, Sept. 29, Shelley Coll. 
1873 (JT. K Buckley). 
42. GEANATI^A. 403 
h l d ; m* 2 ad. sk. Tati, Matabele-Land, Oct., W. E. & C. G. Oates, 
A J .
n. Ad sko, p. Ad sk.
9' n ^ ? is. ? ad. sk.
t 2 ad. sk. 
Sk' 
March (F. Oates). 
Zambesi. 
Tete, Zambesi. 
Mozambique. 
Elephant Vley, Damara-
Land, Aug. (C. J, Andersson). 
Ondonga, Ovampo-Land,
Nov. (G J: A.). 
Esqrs. [P.], 
Sir J. Kirk [P.]. 
Livingstone Exped. 
Br. Gueinzius [0.1 
Sharpe Ooll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
* 

42. GRANATINA* 
Mange. Confined to South Africa. 
1. Granatina granatina. 
The Red and Blue Brasilian Finch, Edwards. Nat Hist B. iv. pi. 
191(1751). r 
Le Grenadin, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 216, pi. ix. fig. 3 (1760); Month. 
Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 169, pi. vii. fig. 1 (1778): Vieill. Ois. Chant 

p. 40, pis. 17,18 (1805). 
Fringilla granatina, Linn. Syst. Nat i. p. 318 (1766); Gm. Syst. 
Nat. i. p. 906 (1788) ; Vieill N. Diet d'Mst Nat xii. p. 180 (1817). 
Grenadin, de la cote d'Afrique, Batibent. PL Enl. iv. pi. 109. fig. 3. 
Brasilian Finch, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 316 (1783). 
Loxia granatina, Baud. TraiU, ii. p. 446 (1800). 
Estrelda granatina, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 368 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. Av. 

i. p. 458 (1850); Strickl $ Set Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 150; Hartl. 
Orn. W.-Afr. p. 144 (1857); id. J. f. O. 1861, p. 258; Bayard, 
B. S. Afi\ p. 199 (1867); Chapman, Trav. S. Afr. ii. App. p. 402 
(1868); Gray, Eand4. B. ii. p. 51, no. 6706 (1870) ; Ayres, Ibis, 
1871, p. 256; Buckley, Ibis, 3874, p. 382 ; Ayres, Bis, 1880, p. 107 ; 
Sharpe in Oates1 Matabele-Band, App.B, p. 321 (1881) ; Shelley.
K Ji y

Ibis, 1886, p. 335. ^ *
Urseginthus granatimis, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 171 (1850); Gurney 
in Anderss. B. Bam.~Ld. p. 180 (1872); Bocage, Orn. Angola, 

p. 353 (1881); Holub 8c von Teh. Beitr. Orn. Sudafr. p. 129 
(1882) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 355 ; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. 
p-p. 474, 850 (1884). 
Mariposa granatina, Reichenb. Singv. p. 7, Taf. i. figs. 4, 5 (1861). 
iEgintha granatina, Rass} Stubenv. p. 100 (1879). 

Adult male. General colour above chestnut^brown, the lower back 
ashy; scapulars like the back ; wing-coverts and quills ashy brown, 
narrowly edged with, reddish brown ; upper tail-coverts deep metallic 
cobalt; tail-feathers black, with a bluish shade on the margins; 
head chestnut like the back; base of forehead cobalt, forming a 
narrow line which reaches above the eye; lores dusky; eyebrow, 
ear-coverts, and sides of face beautiful lilac; base of cheeks, chin, 

* * Granatinse' was the name proposed by Bonaparte for a section of the 
genus Estrelda (Consp. i. p. 458). It has been mentioned by several authors as 
a genus Granatina, and for that reason I retain the name, but it has never been 
described. 

2D2 

404 PLOCEID.E. 

and upper throat black, disappearing gradually on the lower throat; 
the whole of the under surface from the lower throat downwards 
rich chestnut; lower abdomen and vent blackish; under tail-coverts 
cobalt-blue like the upper tail-coverts ; quills ashy whitish, slightly 
washed with tawny rufous; quills dusky brown, whitish along the 
inner web : " bill purplish, but red at the extremity ; the legs purplish 
grey; iris red, and the naked ring round the eye usually red 
also, but sometimes of a greyish drab57 {C. J. Anthrsson). Total 
length 5-3 inches, oilmen 0-4, wing 2-3, tail 2-75, tarsus 0*6. 

The intensity of the lilac colour on the face and the extent of 
black on the abdomen vary considerably in a series of male birds. 

Adult female. Different from the male. Ashy brown with a little 
chestnut shade on the head, the throat whitish ; the fore neck and 
the rest of the under surface pale tawny buff: on the forehead a 
little blue, and the lilac of the face paler than in the adult; otherwise 
like the male. Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2-2, 
tail 2'DO, tarsus 0*65. 

Young. Similar to the old female but almobt entirely brown, 
rather tawny underneath. 
Bob. South Africa, to the Zambesi on the east and to Angola on 
the west. This last record seems somewhat doubtful. 

a. J ad. sk. South Africa. Purchased. 
b, e. $ ad. sk. Gricjualand C T. C. At more). 
d,e.c$2 ad. sk. Transvaal { T. Ayrts). 
f. <$ ad. sk. Tati, Matabele-Land, iSept. W. E. & C. G. O&tes, 
30 (F. Gates), E^qm. 'P.". 
g, h. S $ ad. sk. Maiabele-Land, Sept. (T. Shelley Cull.JB. 
Buckley). 
I £ ; k, L 2 a<l- sk. Matabele-Land (Dr. Shelley Coll. 
Bradshaw). 
fft-t, <? J & juv. sk. Damara-Land, June & 

July (C. J, Aiider&smi). 

2. Granatina ianthmogastra. 
? Uraeginthus granatinus (nee Linn.), Cab. J.f.O. 1*78, p. 229. 

Urseginthus iantbinogaster, Beichen. Orn. CmtralhL 1679, p. 114 
Fitcher $ Beichen. J. f O. 1&79, p. 353, pi. 2. %*. I, 2; Fischer, 
Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 324 (IbMj; id. J.f.O. Ie85, p. 135; 
Shelley, Ibis} 1885, p. 408; Beichen. J.f.O. 1867, p. 71; Salmd. 
Ann. Mm. Genov. (2) vi p. 27 i) {18&&}. 

Estrelda ianthinogastra, Shelley, Ibis, Ib&% p. 3&>. 

Adult male. Similar to 67. granatina, but of a light cinnamon-
brown above and on the sides of the face and throat; lores and 
feathers round the eye bright cobalt; under surface of body beautiful 
deep cobalt from the fore neck to the under tail-coverts*; no 
black on the throat or abdomen: " bill coral-red; legs greyish Mack; 
iris red; eyelid clear yellow " (Fischer). Total length 4-4 inches, 
culmen 0-4, wing 2-1, tail 2% taisus 0*55. (Mm. K Lort Phillips.) 


Eab. East Africa, from Massa to Somali-Land. 

PXOCEIN^;. 
405 

Subfamily II. PLOCEINJS. 

Key to the Genera. 

a. 
Tail square and even slightly forked, the 
middle feathers being the shortest; nostrils 
completely hidden by feathers 43. SPOROPIPES, p. 407. 
b. Tail graduated, the outer feathers being ^ t 
the shortest. 
a'. Chin-angle triangular or gently rounded. 
a". Bill black or horn-coloured, more or 
less pointed. 
ant. Culmen rounded at base. 
a4. Nostril oval and exposed, not 
reached by the nasal plumes; 
distinct hair-like plumes on the 
nape and hind neck. 
a5. Hind claw * very long, about 
equal to the hind toe itself; 
wings not pointed, the distance 
between the tips of the 
primaries and tips of secondaries 
less than the length of 
the tarsus 44. ICTEROPSIS, p. 410. 
bs. Hind claw curved, and by no 
means as long as the hind 
toe. 
£6. Wing pointed, the distance 
between tips of primaries 
and tips of secondaries as 
much as length of tarsus . 45. ANAPLECTES, p. 411. 
¥. Wing rounded, the distance 
between the tips of primaries 
and secondaries less 
than tarsus 46. HETERHYPHANTES, 
b*. Nostril oval and exposed, but [p. 414. 
reached by the nasal plumes at 
the base; the nostril shut in by 
a homy membrane; no hairs on 
nape or hind neck 47. SYCOBROTUS, p. 421. 
c4. Nostril long, oval, or rounded, 
with sometimes a slight overhanging 
horny shelf; the nasal 
plumes just reaching to base of 
nasal opening; distinct hairs 
on nape or hind neck. 

c8. Bill about equal in height and 
depth at nostrils 48. SITAGRA, p. 424. 

# The claw is measured from its root to the tip, and the hind toe from th» 
root of the ckw to the junction with the tarsus. 

406 
PXOCEID.2. 

d5. Bill Hglier than it Is broad at 
the nostrils . .

a. 
With scarlet "back and raider 
surface; hen Sparrowlike 
£. 
With grey belly and rufous 
under tail-coverts ..

y. With yellow as the predominating 
colour
d. 
With chestnut as the pre-
Tailing* colour
€. With yellow as the pre-
Tailing" colour; bill very 
obtuse *.... *

£ 31ale entirely black; female 
olive ..."
7j. Plumage black and red, orblack and orange ......

dK Nostril rounded and exposed,
the nasal plumes reaching to 
the posterior edge; no nuchal 
hairs. 

e5. Hind claw curved, but not 
particularly strong, not equal 
to hind toe

fs. Hind claw strongly curved 
and very stout, equal to hind 
toe...."

b"'. Culmen flattened at base, and 
sometimes crested. 

e*. Nostrils overhung by nasal 
plumes at the base, these reaching 
to the nasal aperture ... .

f\ Nostrils not approached by thenasal plumes, but ovate and 
exposed. 

gs. Bill very distinctly curved, 
the angle of the culmen more 
curved" than the ascending 
angle of the genys

h?. Bill more pointed, the curveof the culmen about equal to 
the ascending angle of the 

genys.

I". Bill metallic blue, with an orangetip; culmen gently rounded; bill 
deep, like that of a'Grosbeak......

b\ 
Chin-angle square; bill very deep andlike that of a Grosbeak; culmen ridged 
and produced backwards beyond the 
middle of the eye

 HYPHANTORXIS. 

 49. FOUDIA* p. 432. 
50. NEUCUBYTTS * p. 430. 
51, 
HYPHAXTOBNIS*, 

 [p. 457. 
52. 
CIXXASIOPTEBYX*, 
jp. 471. 
53. PLOCEELEA * 
p. 474. 
54. 
MELANGPTERYX *, 
~p. 476. 
55. MAEIMBCS*. p. 477. 
* 50. 
XESACANTHIS, p. 463. 
o7. 
PLOCEUtf, p. 4*7. 

 60. 
HISTURGOPS, p. 505. 
**"*' 
01. BIXEMELLIA, p. 506. 
*""~"" 
82. 
TEXTOR, p. 508. 
-* 
58. SPBBMOHPIZA, p. 408. 

"~ 

 59. AMBLYOSPIZA, p. 501. 
* These subgenera might all be considered as belonging to Hifphantornis* 
the structure appearing to be identical. The style of plumage is, however, 
rather peculiar in each case, and 3* have therefore recognized seven subgenera 
for the sake of convenience. 
43. 
SPOROPIPES. 407 
43. 
SPOROPIPES. Type. 
Sporopipes, Cab. Arch.f. Naturg. viii. p. 332 (1847). S. squamifrons. 
Pholidocoma, JReichenb. Singv. p. 49, pi, xix. figs. 

169-170 (1861) 
S. frontalis. 

Tail of Sporopipes squamifrons. 

Ilcuige. Confined to Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Hind neck ashy brown like the back; wing-
coverts black, conspicuously edged with white; 
lores, chin, and a broad line down the sides of 
the throat black squamifrons, p. 407. 
b. 
Hind neck rufous; wing-coverts brown, edged 
with whity brown ; lores and sides of face ashy 
brown : a narrow malar streak of black, dotted 
with white frontalis, p. 409. 
1. Sporopipes squamifrons. 
Estrelda squamifrons, Smith, Rep. Exped. Centr. Afr. p. 49 (1836) ; 
Gray, Gen. B.ii. p. 368 (1869); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 199 (1867) ; 
Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 257,1880, p. 263. 

Fringilla lepidopterus, Licht. Verz. Vbg. Kaffernl. p. 15 (1842). 
Amadina squamifrons, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. 95 (1844) ; 

Chapm. Trav. S. Afr. ii. App. p. 402 (1868). 
Euplectes lepidopterus, Hartl. Syst. Verz. Bremen, 1844, p. 69. 
Sporopipes lepidopterus, Cab. Arch.f. Naturg. 1847, p. 332; Bp. 

Consp. i. p. 179 (1850); Cab. Mas. Hein. Th. i. p. 179 (1850); 
Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 49 (1850) ; Reichenb. Singv. p. 49, pi. xix. 
figs. 167, 168 (1861); Mont. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 95; Heugl. J.f.O. * 
1867, p. 371; id. Orn. NO.-Afr. I p. 540 (1870), iv. p. cxxix 
(1871). 

Ploceus lepidopterus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 353 (1849) ; id. Hand-l. 

B. ii. p. 45, no. 6632 (1870). 
Phiketerus squamifroms, Strickl. $ Sol. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 150. 
Sporopipes squamifrons, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 61 (1871); Gurney 
PLOCEXBJS, 

inAnderss. B. Dam^Ld. p. 177 (1872;; Buckley, Ibis, 1874, 

p. 380; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 321 (1877-81) ; Sharpe in Oates1 
Maiabele-Land, App. B, p. 319 (1881); Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 351; 
Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. pp. 451, 848 (1884); Shelley, 
Ibis, 1887, p. 3. 
Adult male. General colour above ashy brown from the hinder 
crown to the npper tail-coverts ; lesser wing-coverts like the hack ; 
median and greater coverts as well as the bastard-wing Hack, 
broadly edged with white ; primary-coverts and quills dusky brownf 
externally edged with ashy brown, the secondaries broadly edged 
with white like the greater coverts; tail-feathers black, broadly 
edged with white; crown, of head scaly, the feathers black with 
ashy-brown edges, tbose of the forehead with hoary-white margins ; 
lores and feathers round eye black ; sides of face and ear-coverts 
pale ashy brown like the sides of the neek ; cheeks white, forming 
a moustache ; throat white ; chin and a broad line on each side of 
tbroat black ; fore neck and breast isabelline. the abdomen a little 
whiter; sides of body and flanks isabelline ; thighs and under tail-
coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axilkries pale ashy ; quills 
below dusky, ashy isabelline along the inner edge: •• bill pink, darker 
on the culmen and at the tip; feet pale brown; iris red" (T. 
Ay res). Total length 4*3 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2%i5, tail l\3r3, 
tarsus 0*6. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 4 
inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2*2, tail 1*45, tarsus (HL 

Young. Like the adults, but having the white edges to the quills 
and tail-feathers isabelline ; the head like the back, streaked with 
dusky brown ; the white cheeks and the black streaks on the sides 
of the throat indistinctly indicated. 

Hah. South Africa, from the Orange-River district to Benguela 
on the west, and to Matabele-Land on the east. 

a. Ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk 
Latakoo. 
Eland's Post, S.E. Africa 
Sir A. Smith T„V. (Type 
of *peelps.l 
Sharpe Coll. 
c. J ad. sk.
d. S ad. sk.
e,f. £ ad. sk.
g. (5 ad. sk.
(T. C Atmore). 
Transvaal ( W. Litem). 
Transvaal ( 71 Ayres). 
Rustenbeig, Jan. 6 (T.
Ayres). 
HeatMv River, BanianShelley 
C.dl. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
h. 8 ad. sk.
I ? ad. sk.
gwato, Oct. 24 (T.E. 
Buckley), 
Matabele-Land, Sept. 29(21 E. B.). 
Semokwe River, Sept. 30(E Gates). 
Shellev Coll. 
"W. E & C. G. Gates. 
Esqre. 'p. \ 

£. Juv. sk. Otjimbinque, Bamara-Land, Sharpe Coll." 
Jure 4 (C, J. Andermm? i. 

I. Ad. sk. S. Benjruela. Monteim C 'oil 
43 . SPOROPIPES. 
409 

2. Sporopipes frontalis. 
Loxk frontalis, Baud. TraiU, ii. p. 445 (1800). 

Le Sgn&rali a front pointelle, VieilL Ois. Chant, p. 39, pi. 16 (1805), 

Fringilla frontalis, Vieill. N. Diet. adi. p. 181 (1817) ; Heugl. Sijst 

Uehers, p. 40 {1856). 

Amadina frontalis, Riipp. Rene Wirb. p. 101 (1835-40) ; id. Syst 

Uehers. p. 77 (1845). 

Esrrelda frontalis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 368 (1849). 

Sporopipes frontalis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 444 (1850) ; Cab. Mm. Hein. 

Th. i. p. 179 (1850); Hartl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 131 (1857); id. J.f.O. 
1861, p. 170; Heugl J.f 0. 1862, p. *27; Antin. Cat. desorr. Ucc. 

p. 07 (1864): Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 539 (1870), iv. App, 
p. exxviii (1871) j Antin. $* Sahad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 118 (1873); 
Hartl Abkandl not. Ver. Bremen, vii. p. 102 (1881); Pek. Verh 
%.-h. Ges. Wien, xxxl p. 151 (1881) ; SchaZow, J.f 0.1883, p. 363; 
Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 3. 
Ploceus frontalis, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 45, no. 6631 (1870). 

Adult male. General colour above light brown, scapulars and 
wing-coverts like the back, with whity-brown edges; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, edged with lighter brown, 
the inner secondaries margined with whity brown ; tail-feathers 
dark brown, edged with whity brown; forehead black, with small 
wbite tips to the feathers, producing a scaly appearance : eyebrow, 
lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts pale asby brown : hinder crown 
rufous like the hind neck and sides of neck; on the fore part of the 
cheeks a streak of black, dotted with white spots; throat white ; 
fore neck and breast light ashy brown ; abdomen white ; sides of 
body and flanks isabelline; thighs and under tail-coverts white; 
under wing-coverts pale ashy with whitish edges; quills below 
dusky, isabelline along the inner edge: " bill and feet pale yellowish 
horn-colour ; iris dusky brown " ( Von Heuglin). Total length 4*9 
inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*75, tail 1*75, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length 4'7 
inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*5, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*7. 

Young male. Similar to the adults, but duller in colour, the pale 
edges on the wings and tail more rufescent; the black of the forehead 
and cheek-stripe uniform, without any white dots: "bill 
fleshy horn-colour ; feet greyish ; iris dusky " (Emin Pasha). 

Hah. Senegambia to X.E. Africa and south to Equatorial Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Dr. Riippell [C.]. 
b. S ad. sk. Abyssinia. Sharpe Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Bogos-Land (Bskr). Shelley Coll. 
d. Ad. sk. Senaar (Dr. Kotschy). Sharpe Coll. 
e. <$ juv. sk Lado, Equatorial Africa, Feb. 4 Shelley Coll. 
{Emin Pasha). 
/ ; <7- cJ ? ad. sk. Redjaf, June, July (Emin Pasha). Shelley Coll. 

410 PLOCEIDiE. 

44. ICTEROPSIS. Type. 
Icteropsis, Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxxi. p. 149 
(1881) I. pelzelni. 

Head of Icteropsis pehsehii, to show nostril. 

Range. Equatorial Africa, extending to the Victoria Nyanza. 

1. Icteropsis pelzelni. 
Icteropsis crocata (nee IlartL), Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxxi. 
p. 149 (1881). 
Sitagra pelzelni, llartl. Zool. Jahrb. ii. p. 343, Taf. xiv. figs. 9, 10 
(1887). 
Ploceus pelzelni, Beichen. J.f.O. 1887, p. 69; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1888, 

p. 35. 
Adult male. General colour above olive-yellow; the hind neck 
yellow, extending on to tho occiput, and forming a broad collar, 
separating the back from the black of the head ; scapulars like the 
back, but slightly streaked with dusky ; lesser wing-coverts like the 
back ; median and greater coverts dusky blackish, with pale yellowish-
white margins and tips; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and 
quills dusky blackish, edged with olive-yellow; tail-feathers pale 
olive, with yellow margins: crown of head black to the centre, as 
well as tho lores, eyebrow, feathers round eye, sides of face, ear-
coverts, cheeks, and throat; sides of neck, fore neck, and remainder 
of under surface of body bright yellow, including the under tail-
coverts and under wing-coverts; quills below dusky, yellowish 
along the inner edge : " bill black ; feet lead-colour; iris dusky 
brown" (Emin Pasha). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 
2-4, tail 1-6, tarsus 0'75. 

Adidt female. Like the male, but wanting the black on the head, 
which is yellow on the forehead, eyebrow, sides of face, and entire 
under surface; the hinder crown and nape olive like the back : 
" bill and feet as in the male ; iris dusky umber " (Emin Pasha). 
Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2*2, tail 1*5, tarsus 0*6. 

Young male. Like the old femalo, but having the head olive like 
the back, leaving a bright yellow eyebrow : " bill horn-colour, the 
mandible paler; feet lead-colour; iris dusky umber" (Emin Pasha). 

Excepting that it has a prominent yellow collar on the hind neck, 
this species is almost an exact reproduction of Sitagra luteola. The 

45. 
ANAPLECTES. 41 1 
elongated bill and differently formed nostril, however, show that the 
style of colouring is only a case of external resemblance. 
Hob. Equatorial Africa to the Victoria Nyanza. 

a-e. cj ad. et juv.; f-h. Wadelai, August. Einin Pasha [P.]. 
$ ad. sk. 

45. ANAPLECTES. 
Type. 
Anaplectes, Reicherib. Singv. p. 86 (18(51) A. melanotis. 
Sharpia, Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 1878, p. 258 A. angolensis. 

Bill of Anaplectes rubriceps, to show nostril. 

Range. Confined to Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. With red on the head and throat. 
a. 
With no black on the chin or sides of face ; 
primaries externally yellow rubriceps <$, p. 411. 
b. With black on the chin and sides of face. 
a. 
A patch of black on the ear-coverts; 
cheeks red; outer aspect of primaries 
orange-yellow yurneyi $, p. 412. 
V. 
Cheeks and ear-coverts black; outer 
aspect of primaries red melanotis $, p. 413. 
b. With no red on the head and throat. 
c. 
Back streaked with white ; median wing-
coverts tipped with white, forming a 
band ; upper tail-coverts yellowish; 
throat white angolensis, p. 413. 
d. 
Back ashy grey as also the upper tail-
coverts ; head yellow, as well as the 
outer aspect of the primaries and the 
ends of the median coverts; throat also 
yellow , rubriceps J, p. 411. 
1. Anaplectes rubriceps. 
Ploceus rubriceps, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-u4.kad. Fbrh. Stockh. 1850, 
p. 97 ; Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 17. 
Sycobius rubriceps, Bp. Consp. i. p. 438 (1850). 
Anaplectes rubriceps, JReicJienb. Singv. p. 87 (18G1). 
Malimbus rubriceps, Elliot, Ibis, 1876, p. 466,'pl. xiii. fig. 2 ; Sharpe, 
ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 444 (1884); W. Ayres, Ibis, 1887, p. 59. 
Sharpia ayresi, Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 353, pi. vii. fig. 2. 
Calyphantria rubriceps, Reichen. J.f. 0. 1885, p. 373. 

Adult male. General colour above dusky brown, washed with pale 

412 
PLOCEIDJE. 

vermilion on the mantle, the feathers being of the latter colour 

with dusky-brown edges: scapulars, lower back, rump, and upper 

tail-coverts ashy brown; wing-coverts^ bastard-wing. primary-

coverts, and quills dusky brown, margined with yellow, brighter on 

the primaries, the inner secondaries edged with ashy ; tail-feathers 

ashy brown, with olive-yellow margins: head all round, the hind 

neck, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, sides of neck, fore 

neck, and chest scarlet vermilion; breast, abdomen, sides of body, 

and flanks, as well as the thighs and under tail-coverts, white; 

under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy, washed with yellow near 

the edge of the 
wing: quills below dusky, ashy alone: the inner 

edge. Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*7. wing S%35. tail 1-9,3, 

tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in being olive-yellow where 

the male is red, but the yellow does not come >o far over the chest 

as the scarlet does in the male: " bill orange ; feet flesh-colour ; 

iris reddish brown" (W. Ay res). Total length 5*2 inches, culmen 

0*7, wing 3*1, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*75. 

Young male (type of tikarpia ayrest). Similar to the old female, 
but rather brighter olive-yellow, blackish on the ba*e of the forehead, 
the lores, and round the eye: '• hill bright dirk jrambogeyellow; 
tarsi and feet light abh>colour; iris dark brown M iJ. S. 
Jameson) 

Bah. S.E. Africa. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Limpopo I*iver (J. WuMherg). Sharpe Coll 
k 
2 ad. sk. TTmzeila's Country, X.E. of J. 11. Gunipv, Esq. 
Transvaal ( W. Ayres), "P.". 

c. <$ juv. sk. Makara Kiver, Dec. 10 (J. S. tfh'elJev Coll. (Type 
Jameson). of & ayiym.) 
2. iaaaplectes gurneyi. 
Svcobius 
rubriceps (nee Sunder.), Socage-fJorn. Li*b. 1S77, p. 275; 
"id. Orn. Angola, p. 334 (1877-81). 
Ploceus gurneyi, SJwrpe, IMs, 1SST7 p. 17, pi. i. fig. 1. 

Male, not quite adult (type of species). Similar to A. rifbriceps, 
but with yellow on the back, not red : the bead deep scarlet, as also 
the throat; a spot on the chin black, as well as the base of the 
cheeks; the lores, the feathers round the eye, and the ear-coverts 
black: "bill orange-yellow; feet reddish; iris brownish red*' 

(J. AncMeta). Total length 6-2 inches, culmen 0*7? wing 3-35, 
tail 2, tarsus 0*75. 
Hab. S.W. Africa. 

a. S ad. sk, Caconda, Dengue!a (J. An- Shelley Coll. (Type 
t*hieta). of species. I 
45 . ANAPLECTES. 
3. Anaplectes melanotis. 
Ploceus melanotis, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1889, p 20; id. Mag. de Zool. 

1839, pi. 7; SMley, Ibis, 1887, p. 18 ; id. R. Z. S. 1888, p> 34 

Ploceus erythroeephalus, Riipp. Syst. Uebers. pp. 71, 76 (1845) j 

Heugl. Syst Uebers. p. 38 (1856). 

Hyphantornis melanotis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1849): id. Hand-L 

'£. Ii. p. 42, no. 6589 (1870). 

Hyphantornis erythrocepbalus, Gray, t e. p. 351 (1849). 

Sycobius melanotis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 438 (1850); Horsf. $* Moore, 

Cat. R. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 520 (1856); 
Marti. Orn. W.-Afr. 

p. 133 (1857) j id. J f. 0. 1861, p. 257; Heugl. J.f. 0. 1862, 
p. 25; Antin. Cat. descrr. Uce. p. 66 (1864); Heugl."Orn. NO.-
Afr. i. p. 535 (1870): Hartl. Abhandl. not. Ver. Bremen, vii. 
p. 101 (1881); Rek/VerkzA. Ges. Wien,xxxl p. 150 (1881), 
xxxii. p. 506 (1882); Bo'/im, J.f O. 1883, p. 197. 
Ploceus leuconotus, Mull. Kaum. 1852, part iv. p. 28. 
Euplectes pyrrhocephalus, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 38 (1856). 
Ploceus pyrrhocephalus, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 39 (1856). 
Ploceus hsematocephalus, Wurtt. Naum. 1857, p. 433: Heugl. J. f. 
0.1887, p. 298.* ' _ 

Anaplectes melanotis, Reichenb. Singv. p. 86, pi. 44. fig. 323 (1861); 
Heugl. Orn. NO.-Afr. iv. App. p. cxxxviii (1871); Salvad. Ann. Mus. 
Civic. Genov, (2) i. p. 194 (1884); Hartl. Zool. Jahrb. ii. 

p. 337 (18S7); Salvad. Ami.Mtis. Civic. Genov. (2) vi. p. 296 (1888). 
Malimhus melanotis, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 60 (1871) ; Elliot, Ibis, 
lb70, p. 465. 
Calvphantria melanotis, Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 332 (1884) ; 
Reichen. J.f O. 1887, p. 68. 
Calvphantria erythrogenys, 
Fischer fy Reichen. J.f O. 1884, p. 181; 
Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 332 (1884). 

Adult male. Similar to A, mbriceps, but with the edges to the 
wing-coverts, quills, and tail rosy instead of yellow; the head rosy 
crimson, as well as the throat and chest; the chin, cheeks, lores, 
and ear-coverts black: "bill red, with the cutting-edges and the 
angle of the mouth fiery yellow; feet rosy red; iris umber-brown " 
(Von Heugl in). Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*45, 
tail 1*9, tarsus 0*7. 

Hah. Senegambia to Forth-eastern Africa. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Senegambia. 

c. 
Ad. sk. Shoa {Sir W, C. Harris). India Museum. 
(Type of P. erytht-oeephalus.) 
d. 3 
ad. sk. Kolla of Ballanu, Oct. 24 (A. An- Shelley Coll. 
tinori). 
e. 
<$ ad. sk. Lado, Equatorial Africa, March 13 Shelley Coll 
(Emm Rasha). 
f. S ad. sk. JRedjaf, Jan. 9. 
Emin Pasha [P.], 
4. Anaplectes angolensis. 
Sharpia angolensis, Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 1878, p. 258 ; id. 0)*n. Angola, 
p. 558 (1881). 
Ploceus angolensis, Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 18, pi. i. fig. 2. 
Adult. General colour above chocolate-brown, mottled with 

414 
PL0CH1DJE. 

white; the feathers of the mantle and back white or yellowish 
white on the inner webs, brown on tho outer ones; scapulars 
uniform chocolate-brown ; lower back chocolate-brown, the feathers 
sulphur-yellow at the tips; rump entirely sulphur-yellow; upper 
tail-coverts dusky brown, washed with sulphur-yellow; wing-
coverts chocolate-brown, the median and greater coverts white at 
the ends, forming a double wing-bar, of which the median one is 
the broader; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills chocolate-
brown, with whity-brown edges to the latter ; tail-feathers ashy 
brown, fringed with whity brown, yellowish on the centre feathers; 
crown of head, sides of face, ear-coverts, and sides of neck dark 
chocolate-brown; cheeks and under surface of body white, with a 
wash of sulphur-yellow, a little more distinct on the sides of body; 
under wing-coverts white ; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner 
edge : " bill blackish; feet brown ; iris brick-red " (J. Ancltieta). 
Total length 5-4 inches, culmen 07, wing 3-25, tail 1-65, tarsus 0*7. 

Hah. Benguela. 

a. Ad. sk. Caconda, Benguela (J. AncMeta). Shelley Coll. 
4(5. HETERHYPHANTES. 
1^M/V^AXVA><YA^ low 


Head of Heterhyphantes melanogaater, to show nostril and nuchal hairs*. 

Range. Confined to Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Ear-coverts orange or yellow. 
a'. Wing-coverts and inner secondaries 
edged with yellow. 
a". Breast and abdomen yellow. 
a'". 
Head orange-yellow, contrasting 
with the back. 


«4. Back, wings, and tail deep chocolate-
brown nigricollis 3, p. 415. 
6*. Back, wings, and tail black ... . melanoxanthus <$, p. 416. 
b'". 
Head black, with a broad yellow 
eyebrow; throat and underparts 
bright yellow. 


* This species has been chosen for illustration, as it shows the nuchal hairs 
developed in an extraordinary way. It is not often that they can be seen so 
plainly. ' 
415 

46. HETBRHYPH ANTES. 
cl. Back and wings chocolate-brown 
or blackish chocolate.. s nigricollis ? , p. 415. 
dl. Back and wings black melmioxanthus $, p. 416. 
b". Breast and abdomen black; throat 
orange melanogaster tf, p. 417. 
b'. 
Wing-coverts and inner secondaries 
with large white spots at the end of 
the outer web * sancti thomcB, p. 418. 


b. Ear-coverts black. 
c". Forehead yellow. 
e"!. Lower back and rump yellow; 
back uniform, black, not streaked. . reichenowi S, p. 418. 

3f/ 

. Lower back and rump ashy grey. 

el. Nape and hind neck olive-yellow 
or ashy; back olive-yellow or 
ashy,with dusky blackish streaks baglafeeht tf, p. 419. 

f\ Nape and hind neck black; back 
blackj with yellow margins to 
the feathers emini $ , p. 420. 

d". Forehead black like the crown. 

e'". Under surface entirely yellow; 
back black like the head; rump 
olive-yellow reichenowi J , p. 418. 

f". Throat and breast yellow; rest 
of under surface isabelline; rump t 
ashy grey; back ashy grey, 
streaked with black .'. emini J , p. 420. 

1. Heterhyphautes nigricollis. 
MaHmbus nigricollis, Vieill. Ois. Chant p. 74, pi. 45 (1805). 
Ploceus atricapillus, Vieill N. Diet d'Hist Nat. xxxiv. p. 128 
(1819)*; Less. Compl Buff. viiL p. 307 (1837). 
Ploceus nigricollis, Vieill.t c. p. 129 (1819); Shelley. Ibis, 1887, 

p. 22 ; id. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 34. 
Ploceus jonquillaceus, Vieill. t. c. p. 130. 
Ploceus atrogularis, Voigt, Cm. Thierr. p. 564 (1831). 
Sycobius nigricollis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 352 (1849). 
Svmplectes nigricollis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 439 (1850); Hartl. Orn. W.~ 
*Afr. 
p. 153 (1857); Reichen. J. f. O. 1875, p. 40,1877, p. 26, 
1885, p. 373, 1887, pp. 301, 307. 
Hyphantornis grayi, J. <§r JS. Verr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1851, 

p. 514; Bharpefy Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool France, i. p. 47 (1876); 
Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 329 (1881). 
Sympiectes chrysophrys, J. $ B. Verr. J.f 0.1855, p. 106. 
Euplectes jonquillaceus, Mull J.f 0.1856, p. 116; Reichen. J.f.O. 

1875, p. 40. 
Svmplectes jonquillaceus, Hartl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 135 (1857) j id. 
"j.f. 0.1801, p. 257; Oustal N. Arch. Mus. (2) ii. Bull p. 108 

(1879). 
Hyphantornis flavigula, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 134. 
Hyphantornis nigricollis, Reichenb, Singv. p. 87, pi. 44.fig. 325 (1861). 
Hyphantornis jonquillaceus, Reichenb. t c. p. 87 (1861). 
Hyphantornis amauronotus, Reichm. J.f 0.1877, p. 27. 

* Hartlaub quotes "flavicapilhis" and so does Eeichenow, but I cannot find 
this name. 
416* 
PLOCEIDJE. 

Adult male. General colour above dark chocolate-brown, with, a 

little olive-yellow on the scapulars; ramp and upper tail-coverts 

olive-yellow; lesser wing-coverts uniform like the back; remainder 

of the coverts, quills, and tail dark brown, edged with, olive-yellow; 

crown of head, sides of face, and sides of neck deep yellow, inclining 

to orange on the forehead and vertex as well as the ear-coverts; lores 

and region of the eye, as well as the base of the cheeks and throat, 

black; remainder of cheeks and fore neck orange-yellow ; the breast 

and abdomen, thighs and under tail-coverts bright yellow; under 

wing-coverts white, edged with yellow; quills light ashy brown 

below, pale ashy along the inner web: 46 bill black; feet dusky 

red; iris straw-colour75 (Em'ui Pasha). Total length 5*7 inches, 

culmen 0*7, wing 2*9, tail 2, tarsus «J*75. 

'Adult female. Different from the male as regards the head, which 

is black with a distinct streak of yellow running from the base of 

the nostrils above the 
eye; lores and a broad streak through the 

eye black * sides of face and under surface of body bright yellow, 

orange on the ear-coverts and throat. Total length o*4 inches, 

culmen 0*75, wing 2-85, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*8. 

One Immature male is moulting from the black-headed stage, and 

has the crown spangled with new yellow feathers. 

Young {?female). Dull olive above, more or less dusky; a little 

brighter yellow over the eyebrow; sides of face, ear-coverts, and 

under surface of body brighter yellow. 

Hah. West Africa, from the Cameroon:* to Gaboon and the Congo, 

reaching to the Honbuttu country in Equatorial Africa. 

a. o* ad. sk. Gaboon. M. Yerreaux. 
b, c. 2 ad. 8k. Gaboon, M. Verream;. 
d. $ ad. sk. Gaboon (A. Marche). M. A. JBouvier. 
*,/. <$ ad.; g. Juv. Gaboon, P. B. Du Chaillu "Q.\ 
sk. 
h-L o* ad. et imm. j. Landana, Congo (Z. Shelley Coll. 

m. 2 imm. sk. Petit). 
ac^ sk

n, o. J 2 K- Congo {Zuean 4' Shellev Coll 
Petit)." 

p. 
<5 ad. sk. Bellima, Equatorial Emm Pasha ~P/\ 
Africa, June 23, 
2, Heterkyphaates meianoxaathus. 

Syeobrotus nigricollia (nee V.% Fimch 4* Hartl. J%. Ostafr. p. 405 
(1870) ; Sharpe, Cat Afr. B. p. GO (1871 j ; Shelktj, R Z. tf. 1881, 

p. 585. 
Hyphanturgus melanoxanthns, Cab. J. f. 0. 1878. pp. 205. 232; 
Fucker, Zf. O. 1878, p. 263. 
Hyphanturgusnigricollis (««? V.), Cah.Zf. O.1878, p. 232; Fkeker 
8f Pekhm, Zf. 0.1878, p. 283 j iid. Zf. 0.1879, p. 350; Fischer, 
Zf. O. 1879, p. 280; id. Zeitmhr. oes. Orn. I p. 832 (1884) ; id. 
Z f. O. 1885, p. 133. 

Syeobrotus melanoxanthus, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. &&)« 
Ploceus melanoxanthus, Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 22, 1888, p. 302. 

Adult male. General colour above black, with a slight glo&s; 

46 . HETEBHYPKANTES. 
upper tail-coverts like the back; wing-coverts like the back, the 
greater coverts and quills more sooty black; tail-feathers black; 
crown of head orange-yellow, the occiput and nape black like the 
back; lores and a line through the eye black; sides of face, ear-
coverts, and cheeks orange-yellow; throat black, as also the sides of 
neck; fore neck orange-yellow, becoming golden yellow on the 
chest and remainder of the under surface; sides of body, flanks, 
and thighs slightly mottled with black bases; under tail-coverts, 
under wing-coverts, and axillaries golden yellow; the lower coverts 
white; quills below blackish, rather more ashy along the inner 
^dge : li bill black ; feet fawn- or horny brown ; iris red or reddish 
brown " (G. A. Fischer); " feet pinkish flesh-colour; iris crimson " 

(F. J". Jacleson). Total length 5'5 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 2*9, 
tail 2, tarsus 0-8. 
Adult female. Black above like the male, and entirely golden 
yellow below, with no black on the throat, which has only a slight 
tinge of yellow ; crown of head black like the back, with a distinct 
yellow eyebrow, followed by a black line from the lores running 
through the eye to the sides of the nape; rest of sides of face 
yellow, like the underparts. Total length 5-0 inches, culmen 0-7, 
wing 2*7, tail 1*0, tarsus 0*8. 

This species is similar to II. niyricollis, but is blacker and wants the 
olive-yellow shade on the wings, lower back, and tail, the latter 
being entirely black. The black colour of the back extends upwards 
in a square patch on the nape. 

The female is similar to the female of IL nigrivoTlis, but differs, 
like the male, in being blacker and having no olive-yellow on the 

wings, back, or tail. 
Hab. East Africa. 
(t-d. <$ S ad. sk.
e. $ ad. sk.
/ , (j. <S; h. 9ad. sk. 
Lanm (Sir J. Kirk).
Melinda (Sir J. Kirk). 
Manda Island. Nov. 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
F. J. Jackson, Esq. 
[P.]. 

3. Heterhyphantes melaiiogaster. 
Ploceub melanogaster, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1887, p. 126, pi. xiv. %. 2. 
Advlt male (type of species). General colour above black, with a 
slight gloss; wings and tail black; entire head, sides of face, and 
throat yellow, inclining to orange on the latter and on the cheeks; 
lores and streak through the eye black; occiput also mixed with 
black ,* entire under surface of body black from the fore neck downwards, 
with a few yellow feathers on the thighs; under wing-
coverts black ; quills blackish below. Total length 5 inches, culmen 
0*75, wing 2'ti, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*75. 
Hub. Cameroons, "W. Africa. 

a. S &<1. sk. Cameroons Mountains. 8000 feet, H. H. Johnston, 
Sept. 
E*q. [P.]. 
(Type of species.) 

VOL. XIII. 
2 E 

PLOCEIDJE. 

4. Heterhyphantes sancti thomae. 
Sycobius sancti tkoniaB, Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 100 • id. AhhamlL 
nat. Ver. Hamb. pi. 9 (1848). 
Anaplectes sancti tliomse, Reiehenb. Singv. p. 8/, Tat xhv. fig. 324 
(1861). 
Ploceus nijjricollis, pt., Shelley, Ibis, 18s7, p. 22. 

Adult male. General colour above chocolate-brown washed with 
olive-yellow, the rump ochreous ; upper tail-coverts brown, washed 
with ochreous ; wing-coverts and quills du&ky brown, edged with 
olive-yellow, the median and greater coverts as well as the inner 
secondaries with a large white spot at the end of the outer web ; 
tail-feathers brown, with olive-yellow margins; crown of head, 
nape, and hind neck black; a broad eyebrow from the base of the 
forehead to the side of the nape, entire sides of lace and sides of 
neck, throat, and breast orange-yellow ; abdomen isabelline ; sides 
of body, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts isabelline brown, the 
former with a slight wash of olive• under wing-coverts and axillaries 
pale ashy, edged with yellow ; quills dusky below, ashy along 
the inner web. Total length 5*0 inches, culmen U'75, wing 3*1, 
tail 1*9, tarsus 0*95. 

Hab. Island of S. Thomas, West Africa. 

a. J ad. sk. S. Thomas, Sept. 18 (F. Xeivto/i). Lisbon Museum. 
5. Heterhyphaxites reichenowi. 
Sycobrotus reichenowi, Fischer, J. f. 0. 1554, p. IfcOj Shelley, 
P. Z. S. 1885, P / 229. 
Hyphanturgus reichenowi, Fischer, Zeihchr. gts. Orn. i. p. 831 
(1884); id. J.f. 0. 1885, p. 132. 
Symplectes reichenowi, Reiehen. J.f: 0. 1885, p. 373. 
Ploceus reichenowi, Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 21. 


Adult male. Similar to II. baglafecht and,- like that species, 
entirely golden yellow below; the crown also golden yellow, but the 
back and scapulars black instead of olive-yellow : " bill black : feet 
clear reddish brown ; iris clear yellow" (G. A. FLrlur). Total 
length 5*4 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*15, tail 2, tarsus 0*95. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in having no yellow on the 
crown, which is black like the back and sides of the face. Total 
length 5*4 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3, tail 2, tarsus 0*9. 

Hab. East Africa: Masai-Land and the Kilimanjaro district. 

a, b. $ $ ad. sk. Kilimanjaro, 5000 feet. II. II. Johnston, Esq. 

e,d. djad.je , Kilimanjaro,3000-UOOOfeet Shelley Coll. 
/ . tfiiam. sk. (22. II JoImstu?i). 


46 . HETEEHYPHANTES. 
419 

6. Heterhyphaiites baglafecht *. 
Ploceus 
baglafecht, Vieill N. Diet. dHist. Nat. xxxiv. p. 127 
(1819) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 352 (1849); Shelley, Ibis, 1887, 

Ploceus melanotis {nee Lafr.), Guerin, Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 321; Des 
Murs in Lefebvre's Voy. Abyss, p. 110 (1845); Midi. Descr. Nouv. 
Ois. d'Afr. part iv. pi. 2 (1854); Heugl J.f 0. 1801, p. 195. 

Plucetis auricularis, Des Murs in Lefebvre's Voy. Abyss., Atlas, pi. iii. 
%. 1 (1845). 

Hyphantornis guerini, Lafr. in Ferr. $ Gal. Voy. Abyss, iii. p. 229 
(1845) 5 Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 851 (1849); Mull. Naum. 1852, 
part iv. p. 28', Heugl. J.f 0. 1867, p. 388; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. 

i. p. 562, pi. xviii. fig. e (1870); id. op. cit. iv. p. exxxi (1871); 
Salvad. Ann. Mas. Civic. Genov. (2) i. p. 192 (1884). 
Textor melanotic, Bp. Consp. i. p. 442 (1850); Heugl. J.f 0.1862, 

p. 26. 
Ploceus aurantius, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 38 (1856). 
Ploceus leucoplitlialmus, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 38 (1856). 
Hyphantornis baglafecht, Speke, Ibis, 1860, p. 246. 
Ploceolus melanotis (nee Lafr.), Reichenb. Si?wv. p. 78. pi. 37. Iii*, 
280(1861). 

Hyphantornis melanotis, Blanf. Geol. t§* Zool. Abysss p. 403 (1870) ; 
Finseh, Trans. Z. 8. vii. p. 325 (1870); Antin. <§* Salvad. Viagg. 
Bogos, p. 122 (1873). 

Symplectes baglafecht, Reiehen. J.f. 0.1885, p. 373; Salvad. Ann. 
Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) vi. p. 292 (1888). 
Symplectes eremobius, Haril. Zool. Jahrb. ii. p. 320 (1887) f. 

Adult male. General colour above olive-yellow, with scarcely 
distinguishable black shaft-lines; scapulars like the back, but with 
more distinct black centres; lower back and rump ashy brown ,upper 
tail-coverts olive-yellow; wing-coverts blackish brown, the 
lesser series edged with olive-yellow; the median and greater series 
edged with whity brown, tinged with yellow; bastard wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown, margined with olive-
yellow, whiter towards the ends of the secondaries; tail-feathers 
olive-brown, with yellow margins; hinder crown and occiput like 
the back; forehead and vertex rich golden yellow; lores, a narrow 

* HETEEHTPHANTES TEMPORALIS. 
Hyphantornis temporalis, Socage, Jorn. Llsb. 1880, p. 244; id. Orn. Angola, 
p. 557 (1881). 
" Similar to H. guerini, but with the head and abdomen more yellow. Total 

length 6*5 inches, wing 3 4, tail 2*1, bill 0*G5, tarsus 09." (Socage.) 
Hab. Caeonda, Benguela. 
Captain Shelley has united this species to H. baglafecht, but I think it 

prubable that it will prove to be distinct, as the range of E. baglafecht is so 
restricted to N.E. Africa that I cannot believe the Benguela bird can possibly 
be the same. 

f This is described from Emm Pasha's MSS. by Dr. Hartlaub, and is compared 
with H. einini, but I perceive no characters whereby it can be distinguished 
from K baglafecht. The original specimen is lost. 

2E2 

420 
PL00EIDJ3. 

oyobrow, feathers round the eye, sides of face, and ear-coverts black; 

cheeks and under surface of body golden yellow, with a slight 

tinge of olive-green 
on the sides of the breast, sides of body, and 

flanks ; under tail-coverts rather paler yellow; under wing-coverts 

ashy whitish, yellow along the edge of the wing: quills below 

dusky, ashy yellow along the inner edge: " bill black; feet 

reddish ; iris pale yellow " ( Yon Eeuglin). Total length 6 inches, 

culmen 0*65, wing 3*05, tail 1*6, tarsus 0-85. 

Winter plumage. Upper surface grey, often washed with fawn


colour, the middle of the feathers darker or smoky blackish; lores 

and ear-coverts smoky grey; under surface clear yellowish white, 

the fore neck, breast, and flanks washed with reddish grey; lower 

back and upper tail-coverts olive-greenish ; wing-coverts and inner


most secondaries edged with clear dusky yellow : u bill clear horn


colour, with horny brown culmen; iris greyish white" (Von 

Ileuglin). 

Adult female. More ashy brown than the male, and rather 

broadly streaked w.th blackish on the upper surface: rump creamy 

white; wings and tail as in the adults, but less strongly tinged with 

yellow; head ashy brown like the hack, with only a faint Huge of 

yellow on the forehead; lores blackish; sides of face and ear-

coverts pale ashy brown, lighter on the cheeks, throat, and chest ; 

remainder of under surface of body white. Total length 5-8 inches, 

culmen 0-65, wing 3, tail 2, tarsus 0*85. 

Hab. N.E. Africa from Bogos-Land to Shoa, extending apparently 

into Equatorial Africa. 

a, b. <$ $ ad. et Senafe, Tigi-6, March, May. W. T. Bknford, E*<£. 
juv.j c. $ad. sk. " [C.J. 

d. tf ad. sk. Lake Askangi, May. W. T. Blanford, E?q. 
[<?•]• 
e. S ad. sk. Ankober, Shoa, July (Sir W. India Museum. 
C. Hams). 
f,g. 
6 ad. sk. Shoa, Jan., May {A.Anti- Shelley Coll. 
nori). 

7. Heterhyphantes emini. 
Sycobrotus emini, Hartl Orn. CmtraJbl 1882, p. 92; id. J. f O 
1882, pi. i. fig. 1. * " 
Hyphantornis emini, HarU. J.f.O. 188% p. 322: id. AbkandL nat. 

Ver. Bremen, viii. p. 199 (1882). 
Symplectes emini, JReichen. J.f O. 1885, p. 373. 
Ploceus emini, Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 21. 


Adult male. Similar to H. haglafeclit, but differing in its black 
back, the feathers of the nape, hind neck, and sides of neck edged 
with ashy, those of the back with yellow; lower back, rump, and 
upper tail-coverts ashy, the latter slightly washed wit!/ yellow ; 
scapulars like the back, with ashy edges; wing-coverts and quillj 
black edged with yellow, paler on the median and greater coverts, 
the inner secondaries edged with ashy; tail-feathers dfull olive


! 

47. srcoBROTtrs. 
yellow; forehead and vertex golden yellow; lores, eyebrow, ear-
coverts, and sides of face entirely black ; cheeks, throat, and breast 
golden yellow, the rest of the under surface pale ashy isabelline ; 
under wing-coverts ashy brown, the edge of the wing yellow ; quills 
dusky below, pale yellow along the inner web: " bill black; feet 
brownish ; iris pearly grey or straw-yellow " (Emin). Total length 
6-3 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3-2, tail 2-1, tarsus 0*9. 

In the full plumage it is probable that the ashy edges to the 
feathers of the hind neck are shed, and that these parts become 
entirely black. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the yellow on 
the forehead, which is black like the rest of the crown and sides of 
face; the back ashy grey, broadly streaked with black; under 
surface as in the male, but the yellow on the throat and breast 
much paler. Total length 6 inches, culmen 07 , wing 2-95, tail 
1*95, tarsus 09 . 

Hah. Equatorial Africa. 

a, b. (5; c. 2 ad. sk. Agaru, Equatorial Africa, April, Shelley Coll. 
May (Emin Pasha). 

47. 
SYCOBROTUS. 
Type. 
Synrplectes, Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 170 (1837, nee 
Meigen, 1830) S. hieolor. 
Eupodes, Jarcl. Sf Selhy, III. Orn. new ser. pi. x. (1837, nee 
Latreille) S. hieolor. 
Sycobrotus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 182 (1850) S. bicolor. 

Head of Syvobroius bicolor, to show nostril. 

Range. Confined to Africa. 

Key to the Sjtecies. 

a. Forehead uniform like the rest of the head, 
the feathers not tipped with hoary grey. 
a'. Back chocolate-brown ; throat edged 

with hoary grey or yellow margins to 

the feathers 
bicolor, p. 422. 

b'. Back greyish brown washed with olive .. amourocephalm, p. 423. 
c'. Back intense black like the throat kersteni, p. 423. 

b. Forehead and throat edged with hoary grey 
margins to the feathers sUctifrons, p. 424, 
422 PLOCEIDJS. 

1. Sycohrotus bicolor. 
Pyranga icteromelas, Vieill. JSf. Diet. cVIIist. Nat. xxviii. p. 201 
(1818); Pucker. Arch. Mm. vii. p. 355 (1854). 
Plocous bicolor, Vieill. N. Diet, xxxiv. p. 127 (1819) ; Shelley, Ibis, 

1887, p. 19. 
Fringilla gregalis, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 23 (1823). 
Plocous ehrysogaster, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 92. 
Symplectes chrybonius, Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 170 (1837). 
Eupodes xanthosomus, Jard. $• Selby, III. Orn. n. s. pi. 10 (1837). 
ITyphantornis clirysogastra, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1819). 
Sycobius gregalis, Gray, t. c. p. 352 (1849); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 50 

(1854). 
Sycobius bicolor, Gray, t. c. p. 352 (1849); Gumey, Ibh, 1804, 

p. 352 ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 183 (18(57) j Gurnet/, Ibis, 1808, 
p. 51; Layard, Ibis, 1809, p. 74; Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. 
p. 432 (1881). 
Symplectes bicolor, Bp. Consp. i. p. 439 (1850); Marti. Orn. TV.-Afr. 
p. 135 (1857) ; Reichenb. Singv. p. 79, Taf. xxxviii. figs. 288, 289 
(1861). 
Sycobrotus bicolor, Cab. Mus. Mein. Th. i. p. 182 (1850). 
Hyphantornis bicolor, Finsch, J. f. O. 1867, p. 247 ; Gray, Hand-l 

B. ii. p. 42, no. 6587 (1870) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 78. 
Symplectes ehrysogaster, lieichen. J. f. O. 1885, p. 373. 
Adult male. Blackish chocolate, more decidedly brown on the 
lower back: rump and upper tail-coverts washed with yellow ; 
wings black, with an ashy shade on the outer edge of the greater 
coverts, and especially on the primaries, which are edged with 
hoary whitish; the secondaries narrowly fringed with yellow • tail-
feathers black, edged with ashy; head a little blacker than the 
back, the sides of the face and sides of neck also black ; throat 
black, the feathers of the chin obscured by hoary margins, the throat 
by yellow edges; remainder of tinder surface of body from the fore 
neck downwards bright yellow, slightly inclining to orange on the 
chest; under wing-coverts white, the edge of the wing black; quills 
blackish, edged with ashy along the inner web : u bill very pale 
hoary grey, shaded with black on the culmen towards the tip; feet 
lilac-pink; iris dark brown"(G. E Shelley). Total length 5*7 inches, 
culmen 0*8, wing 3*45, tail 2, tarsus 0*95. 

Adult female. Similar to the'male in plumage. "Bill bluish 
ash-colour; iris dark hazel" (F. Ayres). Total length 6 inches, 
culmen 0*8, wing 3*85, tail 2*05, tarsus 0*9. 

The specimens collected by Mr. T. L. Ayres in March and April 
are moulting, and those shot in May have white or yellow throats. 
The dark throats are apparently derived by the falling off of the 
hoary margins of the throat-feathers. 

Eab. S.E. Africa from Port Elizabeth to Natal. Its occurrence 
in West Africa seems to us to be extremely doubtful. 

a. Ad. sk. South Africa. Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk.
c Ad. sk. 
East London (T. C. Richard). 
Kingwilliamstown. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Major H. H. Trevelyan 
[P.]. 

47 . SYCOBEOTTJS. 423 
d. Ad. sk.
e. tf ad. sk.
/ . d ad. sk.
a. Juv.sk.
f ? ad.sk.
i. Ad. sk.
k. <$ ad. sk.
I, m. ($; n-q.
0 ad. sk. 
Grahamstown (T. 0. Atmore). 
Eland's Post (T7. C. Atmore). 
Eland's Post, May (2\ C. Atmore). 
Natal (21 0. ^-^) . 
Durban (Gordge). 
Durban, April 4 (G. U. S.). 
Durban, Nov. 10 (T. L. Ay res). 
Pinetown, Natal, March to June 
(T. L. Ayres). 
Sliarpe Coll. 
Shaipe Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Sliarpe Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
J 

2. Sycobrotas amanroceplialTis. 
Syeobrotus amaurocephalus, Cab. J. /. 0. 1880, p. MO, pi. 81. fig. 1. 
Symplectes amaurocephalus, Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 558 (1881); 
Sclmhio, J. f. 0. 1887, p. 241. 
Symplectes bicolor {nee V.), Beichen. J. /. 0. 1836, p. 373 *, 1887, 

p. 300. 
Ploceus amaurocephalus, Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 20. 
Adult. Differs from S. bicolor in the colouring of the upper surface, 
flic head being blackish brown, and the whole of the upper 
surface clear greyish-brown olive (Gabanis). 

Hub. Interior of Angola to the Upper Congo region. 

3. Syeobrotus kersteni. 
Syeobrotus 
kersteni, Finsch # Marti Vog. Ostafr. p. 404 (1870); 
"Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 716; Fischer # Beichen. J. /. 0. 1879, 

p. 350, 1880, p. 143; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 684; Schalow, 
J.f. 0.1883, p. 3G2; Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 333 (1884); 
id. J. f. 0.1886, p. 132, 
Symplectes kersteni, Finsch 8f Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. Taf. vi. (1870). 
Ploceus kersteni, Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 18. 

Adult. Similar to S. bicolor, but more jet-black above and having 
the throat also entirely black: " bill bluish grey, with light yellow 
edges and tip ; feet greyish, flesh-colour • iris dark brown" (G. A. 
Fischer). Total length 6-7 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3"5, tail 2*1, 
tarsus 0*9. 

As with. S. bicolor, the throat is sometimes washed with yellow, 
which doubtless indicates seasonal plumage. 

Hab, East Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. Mombasa (T. Wakefield). Sliarpe Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Mombasa (T. Wakefield)- Shelley Coll. 
c. Ad. sk. Lamo (Sir J. Eirk). Shelley Coll. 
d. Ad. sk. Usarnbara Mountains (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Lamu (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll. 
* Dr Reichenow suggests that the West-African bird is the true Ploceus 
bicolor of Vieillof, the range of which he ghes as from Senegambia to Angola. 
My belief however, is that Yieillot described the South-African bird, and that 
the records of its occurrence in Senegambia and Sierra Leone are erroneous. 
424 PLOCEIDJE. 

4. Sycobrotus stictifrons. 
Svcobrotus bicolor (nee F.), Finsch <$• Ilartl. Yog. Ostafr. p. 403 

"(1870) ; Fischer, J. / 0. 1885, p. 132. 
Symplectes stictifrons, Fischer § lieichen. J. f. O. 1885, p. 873. 
Ploceus stictifrons, Shelky, Ibis, 1887, p. 19. 

./ltfwZk Similar to P. foVo/or, and brown like that species, but 
distinguished by greyish tips to the brown feathers of the crown 
and throat. Total length 5-7 inches, culmcn 0*75, wing 3*5, tail 2, 
tarsus 0*9. 

Two of the Shire specimens have the throat yellow, and arc 
probably young birds or old birds in seasonal plumage. 

Hab. East Africa from the Rovuma River to the Shire. 

a. Ad. sk. Rovuma River (J. Thomson). Shelley Coll. 
b. Ad.; c, d. Shire' Cataract (Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Expedition. 
Juv. sk. 

48. SITAfflRA. 
Tjpe. 

Sitagra, Meicherib. Syst. Nat. Taf. lxxix. fig. 15 (1850) .. ? S."luteola. 

Sitagra, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 181 (1851) S. luteola. 

Range. Confined to Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Throat black. 
a'. Forehead and sides of face black. 
a". Forehead only black; remainder of 
crown yellow. 
a'". "Wing-coverts and secondaries edged 
with yellow luteola <$, p. 425. 
b'". Wing-coverts and secondaries inconspicuously 
fringed with olive-yellow, monacha $, p. 420. 
b". Forehead and vertex black; the hinder 
crown orange-yellow subpersonata $, p. 427. 
b'. Forehead orange like the crown ; sides of 
face orange, with a black line through 
the eye. 

c". Bill slender ocularia tf, p. 427. 
d". Bill stout brachyptera $, p. 429, 

b. Throat yellow or orange. 
c'. Wing-coverts edged with white or yellow, 
the wings not of the same colour as the 
back; no black stripe through the eye. 

e". Larger; back uniform. 
c'". Forehead orange-yellow like the , . -,oA 
sides of the face and throat eapmmj, p. 430. 

ca$ra

d'». Forehead brown like the head and ? \' P* ,AA 
back m^^?,p 430. 
j caffra $, p. 43L 
/". Smaller; back streaked; bill black .. luteola $, p. 425. 
g". Smaller; back uniform and like the 
head; bill horn-brown monacha $ , p. 420. 

48 . SITAGRA. 
425 
'. Wings uniform and like the back. 

h". Forehead orange; sides of face and 

throat hay and chestnut, ocularia $, p. 427. 

i". Forehead orange; sides of face and 

throat orange, with a very little shade 

of chestnut 
subpersonata $, p. 427. 

It". Forehead and crown olive-yellow like 

the "back; a broad eyebrow of yellow. brachyptera $, p. 429. 

1. Sitagra luteola. 
Fringilla luteola, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 23 (1823). 
Ploceus personate, Vieill Gal. Ois. i. pi. 84 (1825). . 
Ploceus melanotis, Steams. B. IF. Afr. I p. 307 (18371, h 
Ploceus luteolus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 352 (1849); Reiehen. Zool. Jalxrh. 4 


i. p. 153 (1886) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 31; id. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 85. 
- 
Hyphantornis personate, JBp. Consp. i. p. 440 (1850); Antin. Cat. 
descrr. Ucc. p. 00 (1864); Eeugl J. f. 0. 18G7; p. 390; id. Orn. 
N.O.-Afr. iv. p. exxxii (1871).' ^ 
Sitagra luteola, Cab. Mm. Hein. Th. i. p. 101 (1850); Peh. Verh. 

z.-b. Ges. JVien, xxx. p. 612 (1881). 
Fringilla (Acanthus) chrysomelas, Tleugl. St/st. Uebers. p. 41 (1850). 
Ploceus minute, Von Mall. Naum. 1851, Heft 4, p. 28. 
Fringilla muelleri, Bald. Naum. 1851, Ileft 4, p. 28. 
Hyphantornis luteolus, Hartl. Orn. Wettafr. p. 123 (1857); Finsoh, 

J. f. O. 1S08, p. 170; Ileuql. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 565 (1870); 
Gray, Iland-l B. ii. p. 42, no. 6577 (1870); Blanf. Geol. & Zool 
Abyss, p. 404 (1870); Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 202 (1879); Antin. 
$ Sahad. Yiagg. Bogos, p. 322 (1873); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874, 
p. 306; Hartl. AbJmndl. nat. Ver. Bremen, mi. p. 100 (1881), viiL 
p. 200 (1882) ; Sahad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. (2) i. p. 191 (1884), 
vi. p. 290 (1888). 
Ploceolus luteolus, Reichenb. Singv. p. 77, pi. 85. fig. 273 (1861). 
Hyphantornis chrysomelas, Heugl. J. f. O. 1862, p. 25. 
Adult male. General colour above olive-yellow, with faint indications 
of dusky centres to the feathers ; the rump and upper tail-
coverts rather brighter yellow; scapulars like the back, but more 
distinctly streaked with blackish centres; lesser wing-coverts 
blackish, edged with olive-yellow; median and greater coverts 
VacLi&h, edged with yellow or white ; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills blackish, edged with olive-yellow, lighter and 
broader on the inner secondaries ; tail-feathers light olive-brown, 
edged externally with olive-yellow and internally with pale yellow; 
crown of head yellow, inclining to olive-yellow on the occiput, nape, 
and Kind neck ; a broad band of black across the forehead ; lores, 
feathers round eye, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat 
black, descending on to the fore neck 5 sides of neck, sides of fore 
neck, and remainder of under surface of body bright yellow, including 
the under wing-coverts; quills below dusky, yellow along the inner 
edge: "bill black; feet lead-colour ; iris crimson" {Von Ileuglin). 
Total length 4*7 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2-4, tail 1*7, tarsus 0-65. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the black of the 
head and throat, the back being ashy, washed with olive-yellow 
and streaked with dusky brown; rump and upper tail-coverts 

PLOCEIDiE. 

426 

brighter olive-yellow; head ashy washed with yellow, with a 
brighter yellow eyebrow; under surface of body pale yellow, whiter 
on the abdomen; bill black. Total length 3-9 inches, crimen O-oo, 
wing 2-3, tail 145, tarsus 0-6. . . 

1Mb. Seneganibia to North-eastern Africa, and Equatorial Axrica. 

Sir A. Smith. 

a. <$ imm. sk. West Africa. 
River Gambia. 
Dr. JLtendall [0 / 

&, c. c? ad. sk. 

<i J imm. sk. Senaar (Dr. Kotschy). Shai*pe Coll. 

^. $ ad. ak. Kordofan (Petheriek). Evton Coll. 

/. c? ad. sk. Waliko, Anseba Valley, J uly. W. T. Blanford, Esq, 

LO.]. 

#, 7i.tfg ad. sk. Bogos-Land, July, Aug. ( W. 

Jeste). 

?\ k 6 ? ad. sk. Lado, March, July (B?nm Paslta). Shelley ColL 

Einin Pasha [P.]. 

I, m, n. $ ad. sk. Kiri, May. 

o,p. 6 ? ad.; q. Redjaf, June, July (JEhninPasha), Shelley Coll. 

Imm. sk. 

r, s. S ad. et Redjaf, May 8. Eruin Pasha [P.]. 
imm. sk. 


2. Sitagra monacha.* 
Ploceus personatus (nee V.\ Jard. Contr. Orn. 1840, p. 35, pi. 7 
(iig. mala); Meiehen. J. f. 0. 1887, pp. 300, 307; Shelley, Ibis, 
1887, p. 31. 

Ilypliantomis 
personata (nee V.\ Gray, Gen. B. n. p. 351 (1849); 
%. Consp. i. p. 440 (1850) ; HartL Orn. W.-Afr. p. li>3 (1837); 
id. J. f. O. 1861, p. 175 ; Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 42, no. 0578 
(1870);'Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 348; Shelley fy Buckley, Mis, 1672, 

p. 289 ; Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 08; Forbes, Ibis, 18b3,pp. 504, 514, 
552; Shelley, t. c. p. 550. 
Ilyphanturgus personatus (nee V.), Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, 

p. 134. 
Ploceolus personatus (nee F.), Reichenb. Singv. p. 77, pi. 35. figs. 274, 
275 (1861). 
Hypkantomis luteola (nee Licht), Sharps, Ibis, 1870, p. 56. 
Adult male. Similar to S. luteola, but with more black on the 
crown, the hinder crown and hinder neck brighter and more orange-
yellow, the back perfectly uniform, and the wing-coverts and inner 
secondaries edged with olive-yellow and not with pale yellow or 
white. Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*3, tail 1*4, 
tarsus 0*7. 

Adult female (or young male). Wants the black on the head of 
tho male, and resembles the female of $. luteola, but is altogether 
brighter yellow below; the head is dark olive-yellow like back. 
Total length 4*3 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*25, tail 1*4, tarsus 1*2. 

Congo birds appear to differ in having the black of the throat 
more produced on to the fore neck. Total length 4*4 inches, culmen 
0*55, wing 2% tail 1*45, tarsus 0*7. 

Ilab. West Africa from the Gold Coast to the Congo. 

* Emended naxaQioe P.jpersomita of Vieillot, which is undoubtedly the same 
as true 8. luteola. 

48 . SITAGRA. 
427 
a, ?, G. c? ? ad. et Ashantee. Gould Coll 
juv. sk. 

d, e. d1 $ ad. sk. Fantee (JET. 7. Cfafcer). Sharpe Coll. 

/> & A- rf ; *-w. Fantee, Feb. & Marcli ((7. JE. A * JSholloy Coll. 

S ad. sk. T. E. Buckley). 

n. cJ ad. sk. Cape Coast (L. Fraser). Forbes Coll, 
o. P ad. sk. River Volta (II. T. U^her). Sharps Coll. 
p. § ad.sk. River Niger. MrUieywood, 
2-? ad. sk. Egga, It. Niger (PF. .4. P.). Forbes Coll. 
r. tf ad. sk. Gaboon (Verreaux). Sliarpe Coll. 
*, t. 6; u. ? ad.sk. Landana, R. Congo, Feb. (X. PcfcY). Shelley Coll. 
3. Sitagra subpersonata. 
Hyphantornis 
subpersonatua, Cab. J. f 0. 1870, p. 92; *S7^rp> ty 
Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 47 (1870). 
Hyphantornis ocularius (nee Smith), Reiehen. J. f. 0. 1877, p. 27 ; 
? Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 328 (1881). 
Hyphantornis brachypterus (?iec 8w\ Sharpe & Bouvier, Bull Soc. 
Zool France, i. p. 309 (1870). 
Ploceus subper&onatus, Reich&nh. Zool Jahrb, i. p. 152, pi. 5. fig. 4 
(1886) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 32. 

Adult male. Similar to S. luteola, but very much larger and with 
a longer bill, the general colour above being dull olive-green, olive-
yellow oil the rump and upper tail-coveits; forehead and vertex 
black; the hinder crown, occiput, and nape deep orange like the hind 
neck, sides of neck, and under surface of body; the throat black, 
extending on to the fore neck; bill black. Total length 5*0 inches, 
culmen 0*75, wing 2*6, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Different from the male, and scarcely to be distinguished 
from the lien of S. ocularia. Olive-yellow above, brighter 
yellow below, with a wash of orange on the throat and fore neck, 
cheeks and ear-coverts; a black streak through the eye ; forehead 
and eyebrow orange-yellow : rest of the crown yellow, becoming 
olive-yellow like the back on the occiput and nape. Total length 
5*5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2*65, tail 2, tarsus 0*8. 

Hah. Lower Congo. 

a. tf ; b, c. J ad. sk. Landana, E. Congo (X. Petit). Shelley Coll. 
d. $ ad. sk. Landana. 
L, Petit [C.]. 
4. Sitagra ocularia. 
Ploceus ocularius, 
Smith, Proc. S. Afr. Inst. 1828 ; id. III Zool 8. 
Afr. pi. 30. fig. 2 (1839) ; Gumey,Ibis, 1802, p. 37; Shelley, Ibis, 
1887, p. 23; id. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 34. 
Ploceas gutturalis, Vig. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 92. 
Hyphantornis gutturalis. Gray, Gen. B. li. p. 351 (1849). 

Lm/ari Ibis, 1809, p. *74; Gray, HancU B. ii. p. 43,, no. 05U7 
(1870) Sharpe, e l Afr. B. p. 59 (1871); id P.Z.S.1S7Z, 
p. 715; Ayres, Ibis, 1870, p. 431; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 326 

423 
PLOCETDJE. 

(1881); Sharpe in Oates1 Matabele-Land, App. p. 318 (1881); 
HartL Abhandl, nat. Ver. Bremen, viii. p. 200 (1882); Butler, 
Feilden, § Reid, ZooL 1882, p. 297 ; Reichen. J.f O. 1887, p. :j()8. 

Hypkauturgus ocularius, Cab. Mus. Hem. Tli. i. p. 182 (1850); 

Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 435 (1881) ; Fischer, Zeitschr. 

c/es. Orn. i. p. 331 (1884) ; id. J. f O. 1885; p. 133 ; W. Ayres, 

Ibis, 1887, p. 58. t^XiiU) 
? Ilyphantornis olivacea, HeugL Orn. K.O.-Afr. i. p. 505 (1870), iv. 

p. exxxi (J 871). 
Ilyphantornis crocata, HartL Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, \i\. p. 100 
(1881); Reichen. J.f O. 1885, p. 374. 
Hyphantomis 
ocularius, var. crocata, HartL ZooL Jahrb. ii. p. 341 
(1887). 

Adult male. General colour above olive-yellow, the scapulars like 
the back; rump and upper tail-coverts rather brighter yellow ; wing-
cover fs and quills dusky brown, edged with the same olive-yellow 
as the back; tail-feathers dull olive-yellow, with brighter olive 
edges ; crown of head bright orange-yellow, inclining to olive-yellow 
on the nape and hind neck; lores and a short broad streak through 
the eye black; eyelid black : sides of face, ear-coverts, and cheeks 
rich orange-yellow, the extreme base of the cheeks black, as well 
as the throat, the black of the latter surrounded by a deep orange 
shade ; sides of neck and under surface of the body brilliant yellow, 
the fore neck inclining to orange ; sides of body and flanks olive-
yellow ; under wing-coverts and axillaries yellow with ashy bases ; 
quills below ashy, whitish along the inner edge: " bill light brown, 
the base of the lower mandible flesh-coloured; feet ash-coloured ; 
iris light brown" (W. Ayres), "pale ashy yellow" (T. Ayres). 
Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 2*9, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*9. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but wanting the black on the 
throat, this being deep orange like the sides of the face. Total 
length 5*9 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 2-9, tail 2-45, tarsus 0*85. 

Young male. Similar to the adult female but rather greener, with 
a dusky mark from the lores through the eye; the forehead rather 
brighter yellow than the head, and the eyebrow, sides of face, and 
underparts rather bright yellow. 

B. crocata, HartL, from Equatorial Africa is a race of S. ocularia, 
distinguished by its smaller size, thinner and smaller bill, and yellow 
face without the orange of the latter bird. As with so many 
African species, however, the southern birds are the largest, and a 
gradual diminution in size takes place in the more northern individuals, 
the birds from the Zambesi, Mozambique, and Kilimanjaro 
being intermediate between the true S. ocularia and #. crocata. 
The western 8. brachjptera is a stout-billed form of S. ocularia, 
with a differently coloured female. 
Hal. South Africa from the Eastern Cape Colony to the Zambesi 
and through East Africa to the Upper Congo and Equatorial Africa. 

a, $ ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.]. 
(Type of species.) 
b. c? ad. sk. Kingwilliarcbtown. Capt. Trevelyan [P.]. 

48. SITAGJU.
c, d. J ad. et Eland's Post (T. C. At more). Sharpe Coll. 
imixt. sk. 

e. J ad. sk. Xatal (T. Ay res). Salvin-Godmau Coll. 
/, g. $ ad.etjuv. Durban, Natal (T. L. Ayres). Shelley Coll. 
sk. 
h-o. 
<5ad. etjuv.; Pinetown, Natal, Feb. to Dec. Shelley Coll. 
p-ic. § ad. et (T. L. Ayres). 
juv. sk. 

x. 
<$ ad. sk. Pietennaritzburg, April 30 (F. W. C. & E. G. Oates, 
Oates). Esqrs. [P.]. 
y. 
? ad.sk. Swazi-Land, July 22 (T. E. Shelley Coll. 
Buckley). 
z. 5 ad. sk. Macamac, E. Transvaal; June J. H. Gfurney, Esq., 
19 ( W. Ayres). [P.]. 
a1. Ad. sk. Zambesi River. Sir J. Kirk [P.]. 
b'} c'. S 2 a $. *&• Mozambique. Dr. Gueinzius [C.]. 
d' e'. 6 ad. sk. Kilimanjaro, 2800to 6000 feet. H. H.Johnston, Esq. 

[P.]. 
/. d ad. sk. Mombasa (T. Wakefield). Sharps Coll. 
(/'. <$ ad. sk. Agar u, Equatorial Africa, May Shelley Coll. 
1 (Fmin Pasha), 
ti, i'. <$ J ad. sk. Tanjimoro, Oct. 5. Emin Pasha [P.], 

5. Sitagra brachyptera. 
Ploceus brachvpterus, Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 168, pi. 10 (1837); 
Reichenb. Singv. p. 83, Taf. xli. fig. 308 (1861): £/^%, Ibis, 
1887, p. 23. 

Ploceus flavigula, Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 406; Mull. Descr. Nouv. 
Ois. d'Afr. pi. 20. tig. 1 (1854, teste Shelley). 

Hyphanturnis flavigula, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1849) ; Cass. Proc. 
Philad. Acad. 1850, p. 134 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 012 ; id. Ibis, 
1872, p. 72. 

Hyphantornis brachyptera, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1840) j Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 440 (1850); Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 122 (1857); 
Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 59 (1871); Sharpe, Ibis, 1872, p. 72; 
Shelley § Buckley, t. c. p. 289; Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. (58 ; Nichols. 

P. Z. S. Ib78, p. 130; Shelley, Ibis, 1883, p. 552; Blltiik. Notes 
Leyd. Mus. vii. p. 189 (1885). 
Textor flavigula, Bp. Consp. i. p. 442 (1850). 
Hvphantornis gravi (nee Verr.), Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 122 (1J&57); 

"id. J. f. O. 1861", p. 175; Beicheub. Singu. p. 85, Taf. xliv. fig. 320 
(1801). 
Hvphantornis ocularius (nee Smith), Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 122 
"(1857J j id. J. f. O. 18(51, p. 175; Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 43, 
no. 0598 (1870). 
Sympleetes brachypterus, Hartert, J.f.O. 1860, p. 585. 

Adult male. Similar to £>. ocularia, but smaller and with a much, 
stouter bill *: " bill black ; feet livid or bluish grey; iris pale stonecolour 
or yellowish grey " (IF. A. Forbes) ; "iris yellowish white" 

(J. BilUikofer). Total length 5*7 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2*9, 
tail 1*95, tarsus 0*85. 
* 
Captain Shelley alludes to the absence of an olive shade (present in 
S. ocularia) as an additional specific character for 8. brachyptera. I do not 
find this of much avail in a large series. 
430 
PLOCEIDJE. 

Adult female. Similar to the female of S. ocularia, "but distinguished 
by its yellow throat, which, entirely lacks the orange colour 
of the latter bird. Total length 0-5 inches, oilmen 0*75, wing 3*1, 
tail 2-3, tarsus 0*85. 

Ifab. West Africa, from Senegambia to Gaboon. 

a. J ad. sk. 
b, c. 6 2 ad. sk. 
d, e. rf 2 ad. sk. 
/. tf ad. sk. 

y. 
$ ad. sk. 
h. Juv. sk. 
I (S ad. sk. 
k. d ; /, m. $ ad. 
sk. 
n. $ ad. sk. 
o. $ ad. sk. 
p. 
<$ ad. sk. 
q. 6 ; r, s. $ ad. 
sk. 
t, u. g ad. sk. 

u, to. $ ; x, y, z. 
g ad. sk. 
a', g ad. sk. 

b', c'. <$ ; d'} e'. 

g ad. sk. 
/". g ad. sk. 

Senegambia. 


Senegambia *. 
River Gambia (Cqpt. Moloney). 
Iirver Gambia. 
Eiver Gambia. 
Ashantee. 
Fantee (II. T. Ussher). 
Connor's Hill, Fantee, March 


(G. E. 8.). 
Chama, Gold Coast, Sept. 28 

(Sintenis). 

Beulah Road, Nov. 25 

(II F. Blisseit). 

Abouri, Aguapim, Feb. 24 

(G.E.S.). 
Eiver Volta (II T. Ussher). 

Abeokuta. 

Shonga, R. Niger, Nov., Dec. 

(W.A.F.y 
Cameroons 
Mountains (A. 
Crossley). 

Fernando Po. 

Kibiro, Equatorial Africa, 
Oct. 8. -* ° *


Governor Itendall 

[C.]. 
Sir A. Smith [0.1 
Shelley Coll. 
Purchased. 
Forbes Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 

Sharpe Coll. 

Sharpe Coll. 

Shelley Coll. 

Sharpe Coll. 

F. 
Nicholson, Esq. 
[P.]Forbes 
Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 

L. Fraser [C.]. 
Emin Pasha [P.], 
6. Sitagra capensis. 
Le Carouge du Cap de Bonne Espe*rance, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 128 (1760): 
Daubent. PL Enl. iii. pi. 607. lig. 2. 
Oriolus capensis, Linn, Syst. Nat. i. p. 163 (1766); Bodd. Tall. PL 
EnL p. 37 (1783); Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 392 (1788). 
Le Carouge olive de la Louisiane, Month. Hht. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 2ol 

(1775). 
Olive Oriole, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. pt. ii. p. 444 (1782). 
Ploceus aurifrons, Temm. PL Col. iii. pis. 17o, 176 (1823). 
Ploceus abyssinicus (nee Gm.), Less. Traits, p. 434 (1831). 
Ploceus icterocephalus, Swains, Classif. B. i. p. 180 (1837). 
Ploceus capensis, Smith, III. ZooL S. Afr., Birds, pi. Ixvi. fig. 2 (1841); 

Reichen. ZooL Jahrb. ii. p. 116 (1886, pt.); Shelley, Ibis, 1887, 

p. 24 (pt.). 
Hyphantornis aurifrons, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 3-51 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. 
i. p. 440 (1850); Grill, ZooL Anteckn. p. 22 (1859); Layard, B. 
S. Afr. p. 179 (1867). 
* Those are marked " H. ocularms" by Mr. G. Ii. Gray, but they are evidently 
the We&t-African specimens mentioned by Smith in his description of 
the last-named species. The type of 8. ocular ia ia ulbo in the Museum. 
48. SITAGRA, 431 
Hyphantornis capensis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1849); Bp. Consp. 

i. p. 440 (1850); Cab. Mm. Hein. Tli. i. p. 182 (1850); Layard, 
B. 8. Afr. p. 179 (1867). 
Orioliiius capensis, Rekhenb. Singv. p. 84, pi. 42. figs. 315, 316 (1801). 
Oriolinus aurifrons, Rekhenb. t. c. p. 85, pi. 43. figs. 317, 318 (1861). 
Hyphantornis olivaceus, Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 41, no. 6575 (1870). 
Adult male. General colour above bright olive-yellow, scarcely 
mottled with dusky bases to the feathers, which are a little more 
distinct on the scapulars ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
a little brighter than the back and more uniform ; wing-coverts and 
quills dusky blackish, edged with olive-yellow, bright yellow on the 
edges of the secondaries and median and greater coverts; tail-
feathers brown washed with olive, edged with yellow; crown of 
head bright orange-yellow, inclining gradually on the occiput and 
nape to olive-yellow; lores and feathers round eye dusky olive; 
sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and under surface of body brilliant 
yellow; chin, the sides of the face, throat, and fore neck rather 
inclining to orange • under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy brown, 
edged with yellow* quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge : 
" bill livid brown; feet and claws flesh-colour• iris light red" 
(Sir A. Smitli). Total length 6*7 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 3*55, 

tail 2*3, tarsus 0*95. 

Adult female. Much duller in colour than the male, especially 
below * the yellow on the forehead and sides of face also absent. 
General colour above olive, slightly washed with yellow, the feathers 
mottled with dusky centres, the lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts more decidedly washed with yellow,* wings and tail as in 
the male; head like the back; lores ashy ; sides of face ashy olive;. 
cheeks and remainder of under surface of body olive-yellow, washed 
here and there with brighter yellow; abdomen whitish, slightly 
washed with yellow; under tail-coverts white with yellow edges. 
Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 3*65, tail 2*3, tarsus 1*05. 

One male in the collection, obtained by Mr. Butler near Cape 
Town, has a most curious dusky throat and ear-coverts, inclining 
to blackish. 

Ilab. Western Cape Colony. 

a-d. £ ad. et juv. Cape Colonv. Sir A. Smith [C.]. 
sk. 
e,f. S ad. et juv.; Cape Colony (E. L. Laijard). Skarpe Coll. 
y, h, i. J ad. sk. 
k, I. 6 $ a(^»s^- Cape Colony (E. L. Layard). Forbes Coll. 


m. (S ad. sk. Cape Colony. Hardwicke Coll 
n, o. d $ ad. sk. Caledon, Cape Colony (Butler). Shelley Coll. 
p. cJ ad. sk. Cape Colony(C.J.Andersson). Sharpe Coll. 
qf r. d imm. sk. Kirysna, Dec. & Jan. (O, J. A.). Sharpe Coll. 
Subspecies a. Sitagra caffra. 

Icterus caffer, LicM. Verz. DoubL p. 19 (1823). 
. Icterus olivaceus, Hahn, Voy. cms Aslen etc. Lief. vi. pi. 4 (1822). 
f Pluceus aureus, Des 3furs in Lefebire's Voy. Abyss, p. 180 (1845). 

432 
PLOCEIDJS. 

Ilyphantornis olivaceus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1800, p. 23 ; Gurney, Ibis, 18(J8, 

p. 101 j Gray, Ilcuid-l B. ii. p. 41, no. 0o7o (1870) • Sharpe in 
Oates' Matalele-Band, App. B, p. 318 (1881) ; IIAub § Von Pelz. 
Beitr. Orn. Sudafr. p. 113 (1882). 
Ilyphantornis capensis (nee L.), Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 380 ; Barratt, 
Bus, 1876, p. 206 j Butler, Feikhn, § Iieid, Zool. 1882, p. 250. 
Ilyphantornis aurifrons (nee T.), Ayres, Ibis, 1878, p. 296, 1880 

p. 105. 
Ilyphanturgus olivaceus, Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. pp. 432. 840 
(1882) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1885, p. 344, 1886, p. 290. 

Adidt male. Similar to S. capensis, but distinguished by its 
brighter colour and the chestnut tinge on the head, sides of face, 
throat, and fore neck : " bill black, greenish yellow at base ; tarsi 
and feet pale yellowish; iris pale chrome or pale tawny yellow 7J (T. 
Ayres). Total length 0*8 inches, oilmen 0-95, wing 3*6, tail 2-2, 
tarsus 1-05. 

Adult female. Similar to the female of S. capensis: " upper 
mandible light brown, the lower one straw-colour; feet light brown; 
iris buff" (T. L. Ayres). Total length 6*4 inches, culmen 0-9, 
wing3'45, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*95. 

Young male. At first similar to the female, but show ing more or 
less chestnut on the throat as the moult progresses. The fact that 
the male at once puts on the chestnut throat disposes of the notion 
that this bright rufous colour is a sign of age. 

Hob. Eastern Cape Colony to Natal and the Transvaal, as far as 
the Zambesi. 

a. S ad. sk. Port Elizabeth. Shaipe Coll. 
b. d ad. sk. Kingwilliamstovv n. Capt.Trevelyan[P.]. 
a-y. cT ad.etjuv.; Newcastle, June, Sept., Shelley Coll. 
h. $ ad. sk. Oct. (B. A. Butler). 
i, k. (S 2 imin. fck-Pinetown, Natal, June, Shai'pe Coll. 
July (T. B. Ayres). 
l,m,n. S imm.;o,p. Pinetown, June, July, Oct. Shelley Coll. 
5 ad. et imm. sk. (T. B. Ayres). 
q, r. <$ ad. sk. Transvaal. Forbes Coll. 

s. J ad. sk. Transvaal, Dec. 16(I.E. Shelley Coll. 
Buckley). 
t. 2 
ad. sk. Transvaal, Dec. 16 (F. W.E. &C. G.Gate*, 
Oates). Esqrs. [P.]. 
u. S ad. sk. Potchefbtroom. F. A. Barratt, Esq. 
[P.J. 
% w

> d ? imm. Rustenburg, Aug., Sept. Shelley Coll. 

( W. Lucas). 
49. F0UDIA. 
Type. 

Foudia, Reichenb. Syst. Av. Taf. Ixxix.'%. 20 
(1850) F. madagascariensis. 

Range. Confined to Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. 

49 . FOUDIA. 
433 

Key to the Species. 

a. Head and under surface of body scarlet madagascariensis, p. 433. 
b. Throat and breast yellow, the former orange; 
forehead orange Jlaticans, p. 434. 
1. Foudia madagascariensis, 
Fouliniene, Flacourt, Hist. Madag, p. 163 (1661). 
Le Cardinal de Madagascar, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 112, pi. vi. ftr. 2 (1760); 
Sganzin, Mem. Soc. Mus. Hist. Nat. Strasb. 1840, p. 28. 
Loxia madagascariensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 300 (1766); Less. 

Traite, p. 440 (1831); Vim. Voy. Madag. Ann. B, p. 144 (1865}. 
Le Foudi Lehenien<S, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 495 (1775). 
Moineau de Madagascar, Baubent. PI Fnl. iv. pi. 134. fig. 2. 
Madagascar Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. i. p. 119 (1783). 
Foudi, Vieill Ois. Chant, p. 96, pi. 63 (1805). 
Fringilla madagascariensis, Vieill N. JJict. cTHist. Nat. xii. p. 235 

(1817). 

Plocetis madatrascariensis, Hartl. Ann. § Mag. N. II. (2) ii. p. 389 
(1848); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 353 (1849); Lafr. Rev. et Mag. de 
Zool. 1850, p. 324, pi. y.; Schl. §• Boll. Faune Madag., Ois. p. 109 
(1HJ8); Gray, IlamU. B. ii. p 45, no. 6620 (1870); Milne-
Edwards and Grundid. Hist. Nat. Ois. p. 449, Atlas, pi. 177a. 
fig. 3, pis. 181, lb2 (1885); Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 15. 

Ploceus ruber (nee Gm.), Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 353 (1849). 

Foudia iiiadagascarien&is, Bp. Cotisp. i. p. 445 (1850); Hartl. Faun. 
Madag. p. DO (1861); Reiehenb. Singv. p. 68, Taf. xxxi. fig. 243 
(lfc6l) ; E. Neirton, Ibis, 1861, p. 272, 1863, p. 350; Roch 8f B. 
Newton, Ibis, 1862, p. 275; ScL Ibis, 1864, p. 299; A. Newton, 
I\ Z. S. lfeOd, p. 830; F. Newton, Ibis, lh67, pp. 346,359; Grandid. 
Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 18<>7, p. 3bS; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1871, 

p. 319 ; Hartl. Tog. Madac/. p. 212 (1877) ; Oust. Bull. Soc. Philom. 
1877, p. 101, 1878, p. 174; Sharpe, Rep. Voy. H.M.S. < Alert; 
p. 4b3 (1881). 
Calypliantria madagascariensis, Cab. in Von der Decken's Reis. iii. 
p! 31 (lbUO); Finsch fy Hartl. Vdg. Ostqfr. p. 407 (1870). 
Ploceus (Foudia) madasrascariensi^, Mibie-Fdicards §• Oust. N Aa-ch. 
Mus. (2) vi. p. 207 (1884). 

Adult Male. General colour above bright crimson, the feathers of 
the mantle, back, and scapulars with black centres : lower back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform crimson; lesser and median 
coverts black, with crimson edges; greater coverts black, edged 
with whitish, slightly tinged with olive, the inner ones with crimson 
; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, with olive 
margins; tail-feathers blackish, edged with olive, the centre ones 
with rosy ; crown of head, occiput, and nape bright crimson; hind 
neck like the back, but less distinctly mottled with black; lores and 
feathers round eye black, extending in a patch above the ear-coverts; 
sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and entire under surface of body 
bright crimson ; under wing-coverts and axillaries whitish, tinged 
with olive, the latter with crimson ; quills below dusky, ashy along 

VOL. XIII. 2 P 

VLQGE1BM. 

the inner edge: " bill brownish, beeoming black in the breeding-
season ; feet rosy; iris brown " (A. Qrandidier). Total length 5*3 
inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2-Qo, tail 1-65, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Dull olive, mottled with black centres to the 
feathers of the back, the head and hind neck not so distinctly 
streaked ; the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform dull 
olive; wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers blackish, edged with 
olive, inclining to greenish white on the median and greater coverts 
and inner secondaries ; a distinct eyebrow and sides of face olive-
whitish, more or less inclining to green on the latter, with a dusky 
line along the upper ear-coverts; under surface of body ashy grey, 
yellowish on the throat, and greener on the sides of the body, flanks, 
and under tail-coverts, as well as on the under wing-coverts. "Wing 
2*8 inches. 

Young male. Like the old female, but with more ashy on the 
back; the underparts also ashy grey instead of olive; on the head 
and throat some red feathers. 
Hob. Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. 

a. $ ad. sk. Madagascar. Fdocour Coll. 
b, c. $ ad.
juv. sk. 
d. 2 ad. sk. 
et Madagascar. 
Madagascar. 
Mr. Gerrard [C.]. 
Zoological Societv. 
e, <$ juv. sk. 
/. <$ ad. sk. 
g. $ ad. sk. 
N. Madagascar. 
Madagascar. 
Saralalan, N. Madagascar 
{A. Crossley). 
Mr. A. Crossley [C.l 
Shelley Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
h, I S 2 a<^s 
k * Ankafana Forest, Betsileo, 
Feb. ( W. Deans Coioan). 
Tweeddale Coll. 
7c. g ad. sk. Ankafana Forest, Betsileo, 
Feb. (W. D. Cowan). 
Shelley Coll. 
1. J ad. sk. 
m. <$ juv. sk. 
Mauritius (Barclay). 
Mauritius (Bewsher). 
Gould CoU. 
Shelley Coll. 
n. (S ad. sk. 
o. <$ ad. sk. 
Mauritius. 
Reunion, March 23 ( Van 
Purchased. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Dam). 
p. $ ad.sk. Isle des Roches, Amirante Br. Coppinger [C.]. 
q, r, s, $ ad. et 
juv. St. 
t. $ ad. sk. 
grouj, March. 
Mahe, Seychelles. 
MahS, Jan. 3. 
J. J. Lister, Esq. [P.]. 
J. J. Lister, Esq. [P.]. 

2. Foudia flavicans. 
Foudia flavicans, E. Neviton, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 47, pi. i. figs. 1,2; id. 
Ibis, 1865, p. 148; Sartl Vog.Madaq. p. 215 (1877): Sharpe, 
Phil. Trans, extra vol. 168. p. 461 (1879). 

Ploceusflavicans,Schl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 434; id. <§* Poll Faun. Madag,, 
Ois. p. 110 (1868) ; Gray, Band-l. B. ii. p. 45, no. 6624 (1870) j 
Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 17. 

Foudia rodericana, JS. Netcton, P. Z. S.1875, p. 42. 

Adult male. Above brown, slightly washed with olivaceous, the 

49 . FOUDIA. 435 
back "broadly streaked with dark brown; lower back uniform, tbe 
rump yellow, forming a band across it ; upper tail-coverts light 
olivaceous brown; wing-coverts blackish brown, with greyish-olive 
edgings to the lesser series, the greater and median coverts broadly 
edged with whitish; quills dark brown, the primaries narrowly 
edged with yellowish, the secondaries more broadly margined with 
whity brown, lighter on the innermost; tail-feathers ashy brown, 
all edged with olive-yellow; head and neck all round bright yellow, 
as also the breast; the forehead, lores, sides o£ face, and cheeks 
orange-scarlet, the throat also washed with the latter colour; feathers 
in front of, and round the eye, black; rest of under surface of body 

light yellow, the flanks brownish; under wing-coverts light ashy 
brown. Total length 5'2 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2*7, tail 2*1, 
tarsus 0-8. 

The series of male specimens is very complete, showing gradual 
transitional changes from the time when the back is like that of the 
female without any trace of the yellow band on the rump, the orange 
colouring on the head and neck being apparently gained by a moult. 
The yellow band across the rump appears to be assumed after the 
yellow head and neck are fully coloured. Of two males killed by 
Mr. Gulliver in November, 1874, one has the band tolerably well 
defined, the other only shows its approach by the presence of a single 
yellow feather. 

Adult female. General colour above brown, the head washed with 
olive, all the feathers mesially centred with dark brown, more distinct 
on the back and scapulars; rump uniform brown; wing-coverts 
blackish brown, with greyish edgings to the least series, the median 
and greater coverts rather broadly edged with white; quills dark 
brown, narrowly margined with olive-yellow, the secondaries with 
lighter brown; tail-feathers dark brown, with narrow olive-yellow 
margins; lores yellowish; ear-coverts olivaceous brown, with paler 
shaft-streaks ; cheeks and under surface of body light yellow, the 
sides of the neck ashy, the sides of the body light brown; under 
wing-coverts light ashy brown; bill brown. Total length 5 inches, 
culmen 0-55, wing 2"G5, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*85. 

The size of the bill in this species varies very much in length and 
also in stoutness. In some examples of the brown-plum aged birds 
the beak is black, and these I take to be young males, as the black 
bill is accompanied by a certain bright-yellow shade about the face 
and throat, and the under surface is rather brighter yellow. 

Hah. Island of Rodriguez. 

a, 6. <$; Cj d. § Rodriguez (J". Gulliver). Transit of Venus Exped. 
ad. sk. 
e-h. <$; i-m. g Rodriguez (If. If. Slater). Transit of Venus Exped. 
ad. sk. 

2P2 

rLOCElDJS. 

50. KELICUEVIUS. ^ 
NolicuniiiH, Bp. Consp. i. p. 439 (1850) N. nelicouni. 
Range. Confined to Madagascar. 

1. Nelicurvius Eelicourvi. 
Le Nelicourvi do Madagascar, Sonn. Voy. hid. ii. p. 2C0, pi. CA.il. 
(1782). 
Pensile Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 131 (1/83). 
Parvus (en\ pro Paras) nelicourvi, Scop. Bel. Faun, et Flor. Inmlr. 

p. 96(1780). ^ ^ 7 m . .. 
Loxia pensilis, Gm. Syst. Nat. 1 p. 860 (1/88); Baud. Trade, n. 
p. 390 (1800). 
Ploceus pensilis, Tieill N. Diet d'Hist Nat. xxxiv. p. 128 (1819) ; 
Less. Cornpl Buff. viii. p. 311 (1837) ; Schl P.Z. S. I860, p. 4i>3 id. 
8r Poll. Faun. Madag., Ois. p. 108 (1SG8); Skarpe, F. Z. S. 

(1848); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 352 (1849) ; hi lland-L B. ii. p. 447 
no. 6617 (1870). 
Nelicurvius pen&ilis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 439 (1850); Ilarth Faun. Madag. 

p. 54 (1861); Reichenb. Singv. p. 74, Taf. xxxiii. %. 201 (1811); 
E. Newton, Ibis, 1863, p. 349; Grandid. Mei\ ei Mag. de ZooL 
1807, p. 388. 
Ilyphantornis pen&ilis, Hart I. Fog. Madag. p. 210 (1877). 
Nelicurvius nelicourvi; Bartlett, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 771. 


Adult male. General colour above olive-green, the wing-coverts 
like tho back* quills and tail-feathers dusky blackish, externally 
olive-green; the centre tail-feathers dull olive-yellow, dusky blackish 
at the ends ; head, ear-coverts, fore part of cheeks, and a spot on 
the chin black ; hinder cheeks, sides of neck, and a collar round the 
hind neck, as well as the throat and fore neck, bright orange-yellow, 
inclining to deep orange on the hinder neck; sides of fore neck 
olive-yellow like the back; remainder of under surface from the 
chest downwards clear slaty grey, washed with olive-green on the 
lower flanks and thighs; under tail-coverts chestnut; under wing-
coverts pale ashy, washed with olive-yellow, the edge of the wing 
brighter yellow; quills dusky below, ashy along the inner wehs: 
" bill black* feet maroon ; iris brown" (A. Grandidier). Total 
length 5*8 inches, culmen 0*65, wing £*0, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*85. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the black on the 
head and sides of face; the yellow neck-hand and throat are the 
same as in the male; the forehead also is yellow, as well as the eyebrow, 
the crown being olive-green and the ear-eoverts dusky olive, 
forming a patch; the fore neck is olive-green between the yellow 
throat and the grey breast, which are like the male. Total length 
5-4 inches, culmen 07 , wing 2*95, tail 1-8, tarsus 0*75. 

Young. Olive-green, the head being like the back; ear-coverts 
dusky olive; an eyebrow, feathers in front of eye, cheeks, throat, 

51 . IJYPTUfTTOItNIS. 
and fore neck dull yellow; remainder of under surface pale ashy, 
washed with olive ; under tail-coverts palo tawny rufous ; hill white 
with a dusky tip. 

Even after the bill i3 black, and the undorparts resemble those of 
the adult, the young bird has the head olive-green like the back, 
with a yellow eyebrow. Every observer has hitherto determined 
the bird with the yellow forehead to be the old female, but no attempt 
has yet been made to find out what the seasonal plumage is 
like, and yet it ought to be well markod in such a strikingly-coloured 
bird. My own impression is that some of the specimens asserted to 
be young birds are really the old ones in seasonal plumage. 

Hah. E. and N.W. Madagascar. 

a. 
Juv. sk. Madagascar. Sir A. Smith [O-lb. 
rf inini. sk. N.E. Madagascar {Pollen Sharpe Coll. 
§ Van Dam). 
c. S ftd. sic. Nossi Vola, N. MadaMr. 
A. Crossley [0.]gascar. 
d,e,f.\6% jad.sk. Nossi Vola {A. Crossley). Sharpe Coll. 
ff.l$ Jad.sk. Nossi Vola {A. C). Salvin-OI oilman Coll. 
h,i. [rf$ ] ad.sk. Saralalan (A. C). Shelley Coll. 

k. 
$ juv. sk. Ankafana Forest, Bet-Shelley Coll. 
sileo, March IS {W. 
Deans Cowan). 
/. 
Juv. sk. Hetsileo. Rev. A. Shaw[C.]. 

51. HYPHANTORNIS Typo. 
Hvphantornis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1840) IT. cucullatus. 
Xanthophilus, Reichenb. Sinr/v. p. 84 (18(ft>) II. aureillavus. 
Oriolinus, Reichenb. t. e. p. 84 (18G1) II. suhaureus. 

Head of Hvphantornis cucullatus, to show nostrils and nuchal bristles. 

Range. Confined to Africa. 

* IIYIMUNTORNIS ANOMALUS. 
Ploceus anomalus, Reichenb. J.f. 0. 1887, pp. 214, 307. 
Described from a male, not fully plumaged, but said to differ in the very-
short first primary 
and short tail from all other Weaver-birds. 
Hub. Stanley Falls, Upper Congo. 

PLOCEIDJE. 

Key to the Species. 

Abdomen never uniform chestnut. 
a". Throat not black. 
a'". Abdomen yellow like the breast. 
a\ Chin and throat chestnxit-brown. 
ar>. Base of forehead chestnut, as well 
as the fore part of the cheeks. 


aG. Chin and ear-coverts chestnut-
brown, extending beyond the line 
of the eye; base of forehead 
chestnut; bill stout galbula $ , p. 442. 

b6 

. Entire throat chestnut-brown, 
descending to a point; ear-
coverts golden yellow, the chestnut 
not extending beyond the 
line of the eye . eastanops <$, p. 44.3, 

¥\ Forehead orange-yellow like the 
head. 


e6. Sides of face deep chestnut like 
the throat j back and underpays 
golden yellow xanthopterin p. 444. 

dQ, Sides of face orange like the head; 
back dark olive-yellow; under 
surface of body orange ........ aurantius $ ,p» 444, 

bK Throat orange or yellow. 
cK Bill black. 


e6. Outer tail-feathers for the most 
part pale yellow on the inner 
web. 

«7. Larger; olive golden above; 
rump similar, with scarcely 
any yellow on it. mbaureus <?, p. 445. 
V. 
Smaller; bright golden yellow; [p. 4411 
rump bright yellow aureiflavus d*, 
fB, Outer tail-feathers pale olive-
brown, fringed with yellow along 
the inner webs. 

c7. With orange on the cnin and 
throat. 

a9. Forehead or crown yellow; 
the nape olive-yellow like 
the back; rump and upper 
tail-coverts olive-yellow. 

au. Ear-coverts bright yellow 
like the head and sides of 
neck xanthcps <?, p. 447. 

b\ Forehead yellow; rest of 
crown, ear-coverts, and 
sides of neck olive-green, 
not yellow jamesoni tf, p. 447. 

b8. Crown brilliant orange like 
the sides of the face and 
throat; back golden yellow; 

51 . 
HTPHANTORNIS. 
439 

rump and upper tail-coverts 
golden yellow bojeri <$, p. 448. 
7 Throat yellow, but witli no 
orange. 

c8. Head olive-greenisli like the 
back, with a yellow eye-( ,7 n AAf7 
brow . I f^^S;P.447. 

" * \jamesom § , p. 447. 

d8. Head rufons-bay or chestnut. 

c9. Size smaller; hind neck 
like the back; wing-
coverts edged with yellowlike the primaries

<P. 
Size larger; hind neck 
chestnut like the crown; 
wing-coverts with pale 
yellow ends, lighter than 
the primaries
d\ Bill horn-brownb'". Abdomen whitish. 
c4. Head olive-greenish, in contrast to the 
brown or greyish back. 

e\ Larger; with white edges to the 
greater coverts; wing exceeding 
3 inches; bill massive; throat 
yellow, contrasting with the rest of 
the under surface. 

</e. Back ashy, contrasting with the 
head. 
e7. Breast and sides of the body 
isabelline. 
e8. Bill horn-brown

f8 

. Bill black/ 7 . Breast and sides of body light 
tawny buff; bill horn-brown •

hQ. Back brown, contrasting with the 
head; sides of body light tawnybuff ; bill horn-brown

/ 5 . Smaller; wing not exceeding 
3 inches ; with yellow edges to the 
greater coverts; bill smaller, blackish, 
with a horny base to the 
lower mandible. 

i6. Back very distinctly streaked with 
blackh6. Back scarcely streaked with darker 
browndK Head not strikingly different from the 
colour of the back. 

g5, Wing-coverts and quills edged with, 
brown or whity brown; back 
brown, streaked with black; breastwashed with tawny buff

 [p. 448. 
castaneiceps $, 
princeps $, p. 449. 
sulaureus §, p. 445. 

spilonotus $, p. 468. 
nigriceps $, p. 456. 

cueullatus J , p. 451. 

_ [p. 453. 
ahjssinicus $, 

fischeri J , p. 458. 

capitalis $, p. 458. 

 [p. 473.* 
rubiginosus J, 
* Of. subgenus Cinnamopteryx, infra p. 471. 
PLOCEIDJE. 

hs. Quills edged with olive-yellow. 

F. Throat bright yellow; a bright 
yellow eyebrow. 
(f. 
Bill blackish; head greenish 
yellow, contrasting with the 
browner back
h7. Bill horny w^hite; head olive-
yellow, a little lighter than 
the back

mn. Throat whitish or only slightly 
tinged with yellow. 

i7. Upper surface ashy "brown, 
streaked with dusky; toes 
ashy whitish; throat washed 
with pale yellow

h1. Upper surface yellowish green, 
scarcely streaked with dusky; 
size small

nG. Throat yellowish white; size 
large; wing 4 inches ; culnien 
1*05 inch; no pale eyebrow

h". Throat black. 
c'". Head entirely or for the most part black, 
i, e., more than a frontal band of black. 

e\ Back olive-yellow or greenish, 
separated from the black head by a 
broad chestnut collar, which also 
separates the black throat from the 
yellow breast ; oilmen 1*1 inch ... .

f%. Back golden yellow, uniform on the 
mantle and bordered on each side by 
a broad band of black. 

i5 

. Entire crown black; sides of neck 
deep chestnut, forming a collar 
which extends round the hind 
neck

h5 

. Forehead and vertex black; hinder 
crown orange-chestnut; hind neck 
and sides of neck golden yellow,
orange on the nape

P. 
Similar to the foregoing, but the 
hinder crown deep chestnut, the 
black extending further on to the 
crown and nearly reaching to the 
nape
g*. Back golden yellow, mottled with 
black bases to the feathers. 

m5. Throat black, ending in a point on 
the fore neck; sides of the latter 
and chest with a deep chestnut 
patch

n5. Throat black, ending in a point on 
the fore neck, but the sides of 
the latter and the chest golden 
yellow

 collans J , p. 435. 

princeps $ , p. 449. 

velatus $ , p. 4G4. 

cahanisi J , p. 4G1. 

grandis $ , p. 430. 

grandis <$» p. 450. 

eumttaim <$, p. 451. 

 [p. 4*53. 
abyssinlcus S 7 

bohndorffi <$, p. 455. 

eollaris <J, p. 455. 

nigriceps <$, p. 456. 

51. HYPH1NT0RNIS. 44 L 
hK Back uniform olive-yellow; head 
black, forming a cap with a brighter 
yellow collar round the hind neck. 


o5. With no chestnut shade below the 
black throat; head black; fore [p. 457. 
neck and under surface yellow... . melanocephalm $ , 

p*. With a distinct shade of chestnut 
or orange-chestnut below the black 
throat. 


o6. Smaller; chestnut colour not 
extended over the sides of the 
b;east; wing-coverts brighter 
yellow with dusky bars capitaUs tf, p. 458. 

pG. Larger; chestnut colour extended 
over the sides of the breast and 
sides of body; wing-coverts 
black, tipped with yellow jhclieri S, p. 458. 

ik. Back bright yellow, the hind neck 
being the same, so that there is no 
yellow neck-collar below the black [p. 459. 
head dimidiatus $, 

7c4. Back reddish or burnt-sienna brown ; 
abdomen yellow badius $, p. 400. 

IK Back olive-yellow; no black cap, but 
the fore part of the crown black; 
hinder crown yellow or chestnut-
brown, but no distinct collar of bright 
yellow on the hind neck. 


q5. Hinder crown chestnut; a deep 
orange shade below the black # [p. 400. 
throat intermedins J, 

r5. Hinder crown bright yellow, only 
separated from the black forehead 
by a chestnut line cabanisi $, p. 461. 

d'". Head yellow, sometimes with a black 
forehead. 
m%. Back uniform or only slightly streaked 
with dusky. 
s5. Base of forehead black as well as the 
lores. 
qQ. Black of throat restricted, not 
reaching to a point on the fore 

n™ k\

rr ,-, J± xi + I vitelline tf, p. 402. 

V. Black restricted to upper throat. \reichardi Jk&, 
m7. Black occupying the entire l ' r 
throat shelleyid, p. 404. 
r6. Black of throat ending in a point 
on the fore neck; cheeks and 
ear-coverts black. 


n7. Ear-coverts entirely black ... . velatus <?, p. 4G4. 
o7. Ear-coverts chestnut like the 
hinder cheeks and crown tanioptems, p. 407. 

t5. Base of forehead yellow; lores black; 
throat black, extending in a narrow m t 
line on the fore neck. heuglim S, P- 40b. 

442 PLocsmai. 
w4. Back mottled, Being yellow with black 
bases to the feathers; no Mack on the 
forehead. 
u5 , "With no chestnut shade round the 
black on the fore neck; back 
strongly mottled with yellow and 
black; the black not" continued 
v\
above the eye 
A chestnut shade round the black 
sjjilo?iotus <£, p. 403. 
of the fore neck; the black 
continued above the eye; back 
feebly mottled with black and 
yellowe'". Head blackish, with a broad yelloweyebrow ..»....* 
speJcii z . p. 460. 
~p. 470. 
svpmilio&m f, 
1. Hyphantoruis galbula. 

Ploceus galbula, Hupp. Xeve With. p. 92, pi. 32. fig. 2 (16:35-40); 
id. 8ytf. Uebtrs. p. TO (1645; ; Heugl. 8y$t. Uebers. p. o7 il>)lj) ; 
Horsf. # Moore, Cat. B. Mm. JS. L Co. li. p. 52G i Isotf I: Hdt hnib. 
Singv. p. SI, Taf. xxxix. tig. 2D7 (1^**1»; Ileichm. Zmi. Jakrk i. 

p. 110 (l&fcO; ; Shelley, Ibis, 1*^7, p. 20. 
Ploceus aureus. Des 3/wo ^ Lefibirt\\ Voy. Ahy**. p. 10^ ( 1H4.J>. 
Hyphantorni's galbula, Gray, Gen. B. il p. ;J51 |lK41lj; O k 3/w?# 
"i/«w. Th. i. p. 181 (1^50) ; Brthnu Iteh. Jlaht^ik p. 217 ( 1M;:J) ; 
Gray, Iland-l. B. il p. 40, no. 0500 (1*70); Iltwji Orn. XO.^
t/r. i. pt. 2, p. 557, tab. x\iii. n>. d U*70;, i\\ p. exxx I lH7i); 
Blanf. Gcol. $ Zool. Ahy&s. p. 404 (1&7U1; Fu&ch, Tram, Z. 8. 

vii. p. 202 (lb70); id. 4* I/«W/. r<#. 0>/«/>. p. tf(b (1^70; ; Sharp?, 
Cat. Afr. B p. 58 (1^71); Ant in. «$r Sal cad. Viagg. Itogos, p. 121 
(1873); Salcad, Ann. Mim. Genoc. |2) i. p. 1U1 (Jsfc4jU vi. 
p. 291 (1S80) ; Yerbury, Ibis, IbbO. p. Id. 
Textor galbukj BJJ. Cwisp. i. p. 441 (1^50). 
-4^tZi widfo. General colour above olive-yellow slightly mottled 

with dusky centres to the feathers, which are much more distinct 

on the scapulars ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts clearer 

yellow; lesser wing-coverts dusky brown, fringed with olive-yellow; 

median and greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and 

quills dusky brown edged with yellow, brighter on the coverts aod 

inner secondaries, the outer greater coverts whitish at the ends; 

tail-feathers dull olive-brown, yellow on the outer webs and having 

also a pale yellow margin along the inner web; crown of head 

golden yellow, as also the sides of the face, sides of neck, and under 

surface of body; lores and chin black ; babe of forehead, feathers 

round eye, fore part of ear-coverts and fore part of cheeks, as well 

as the upper throat, chestnut; under wing-coverts and axillaris ashy 

whitibh edged with yellow ; quills below ashy, pale yellow along the 

inner edge: " bill black ; feet reddish ; iris rufous chestnutJ? (Von 

Heuglin). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*0, wing 2m89 tail 1-75, 

tarsus 0*8. 
Adult female. Different from the male. Brown with a yellow 
wash, the back with central blackish streaks, the lower back, 

51 . RYPHANTOBSriS. 
rump, and upper tail-coverts clearer yellow; head almost uniform 
olive-yellow; wings brown, washed with yellow, the median 
and greater coverts whitish at their ends, the quills brighter yellow 
on their margins; tail pale olive-brown, with yellow edges ; a faint 
yellow eyebrow; sides of face light isabelline with a yellow tinge, 
slightly more pronounced on the cheeks; throat whitish washed 
with pale yellow; fore neck, breast, and sides of body isabelline 
brown, with a slight yellow tinge; centre of breast and abdomen 
whitish. Total length 5 inches, culraen 0*6, wing 2'6, tail 1-65, 
tarsus 0*8. 

Hah. North-eastern Africa from Shoa to Nubia, and also occurring 
in Southern Arabia. 

a. Pull. sk. Nubia {Hedenborg). Sharpe Coll. 
b. S ad. sk. HorTauranib, Nubia (J". K.Lord). Sharpe Coll. 
c. <$ ad. sk. Sennaar. 
Sharpe Coll. 
d. (S ad. sk. Anseba Valley, Bogos, July 23. W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
e. J juv. sk. Ailat, June 29 (IF. Jesse). Tweeddale Coll. 
f,g. $ ad.sk. Bejook, July 16 (W. Jesse), Salvin-Godman Coll. 
h. 
2 ad. sk. Am, fcamkar. July 6. W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[C.]. 
i-m. S imm., Azoos, Samhar (JEsler). 
5 ad. sk. 
7i. tf ad. sk. Abyssinia. Sir A. Smith, 


o. $ ad.; p. <$ Zouila, Feb. 4. ' W.T. Blanford, Esq. 
juv. sk. [C.]. 
q, r. d 2 a<^* s^* Koomaylee, March 28 (W. Jesse). 


s. 3 ad. sk. Undid Wells, May 28 (W. Jesse). Shelley Coll. 
f. it,. S ad. sk. Shoa, March, April (0. Antinori). Shelley Coll. 
r, w. $ ad. sk. Shoa, May (Sir TV. C. Harris). India Mus. 
x\ d ad. sk. Southern Arabia (Uempricli $• Shelley Coll. 
JEhre7iberg)t 
y,». <5 2 a(3-s^' Aden. C. Chevallier, Esq. 

[p.i 
«'; &'• 6 2 ^d. Lahej, Aden, Jan. Major Yerbtiry [P.]. 
2. HypMntomis castanops. (Plate XIII. fig. 1.) 
Ploceus castanops, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 35. 
Adult male. Similar to H. xanthopterus but with, the back green ; 
lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and greater coverts as 
well as the secondaries blackish, rather broadly edged with yellow ; 
the bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, edged with 
yellowish green; crown, sides of neck, and under surface of body 
yellow as in H. wanthopterus, the base of the forehead, lores, fore 
part of cheeks and ear-coverts, and entire throat, chestnut: u bill 
black; feet reddish; iris straw-yellow" (Emin Pasha). Total 
length 5*8 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 2*8, tail 1*75, tarsus 0*9. 

Hah. Equatorial Africa. 

a-e. <$ ad.; / . 5 Wadelai, Aug. Emin Pasha [P.]. 
juv. sk. (TvPes of species.) 

444 
PLOCEID-H. 

3. Hyphantornis xanthopterin. (Plate XIII. fig. 2.) 
Hy pliant ornib, sp., Kirk, Ibis, 18G4, p. .322. 

HypkantorW xantliopterus, Fuisch 4* Earth Tog. Ostafr. p. 309 

(1870) ; Gray, Haad-l B. ii. p. 43, no. 6002 (1^70): Sharp-7 ed. 

LayarcTs B. S. Afr. p. 443 (lfc&4). 

Hypkantornis castaneigula, 0«5. «/"./. 0. 1884, p. 240. pi. 3. fig. 1. 
Ploceus castaneigula, Beichen, Zool. Jahrh. I. p. 118 (1^0). 
Ploceus xantkopteius, Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 2o. 

AZnft male (type of species). General colour above bright yellow. 

almost uniform, with a few dusky greenish centres to the leathers 

of the back, more distinct on the scapulars ; lower back. rump, and 

upper tail-coverts perfectly uniform yellow : wing-covert-5 yellow, 

with dusky bases ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts dusky brown, 

edged with yellow; quills yellow, blackish brown at the tip.- and 

along the outer margin of the shaft, the edges of the quills bright 

yellow; tail-feathers light olive-brown, yellow along the shaft, the 

remainder pale yellow, pale olive-brown along the outer web and at 

the end, the margins yellow; crown of head and nape gulden \eliow, 

as also the sides of face and hinder ear-coverts: lort - blaekhdi; 

feathers below the eye, fore part of ear-coverts, and eheek<, a- \v<*Il 

as the throat, deep chestnut; sides of neek and uiider Mirfhee of 

body bright yellow ; under wing-coverts and quili-linintr bright 

yellow: bill black. Total length fro inches, culmen < HJ3. w ifig LM,f3, 

tail 2, tarsus 0*95. 

Bab. Zambesi and Shire Rivers. 

a. <$ ad.sk. Shire Valley {Sir J. Kirk). Lhlng>toiie Exped. 
| Type uf-pHru'H.) 
4. Hyplantornis aurantius. (Plate XIII. %. ?>.) 
Malirnbtis aurantius, TieilL Oi$. Chant, p. 73, pi. 44 (1^031. 

Ploceus aurantius, TieilL X. Diet, d'JIi^t. Xat. xxxiv. p. 130 fl^llM; 

Strains. An. in Menag. p. SOU (1837): Shtttnj, Ibi**, 1^7, p. 23 ; 

Biitiik. Kates Leyrfen Mm. xi. p. 134 {18^). 

Il\phantornis aurantius, 
Gray, Gen, B. ii. p. 331 f 1^40); Bp. Ofmp. 
1 p. 440 (1850): Hartl. Dm. JT-Afr. p. 121 (1S57;: IteMttab. 
Singv. p. 85, Taf. xliii. %. 319 (ldrf); Gray, llaml-l B. ii. p. 43, 
no. 0309 (1870); Finsch $ Hartl Vat/. Ottafr. p. 81*8 (1*70»; 
Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 012; Oust. Xaiv. Arch. Mm. ('Ji ii. Butt. 

p. 107 (1879); Shelley, BJL% 18^3, p. 33; Bitttik. Xotea Leydm 
Mus. vii. p. 188 (1883). 
Ilyphantornis royrei, Hartl J. f. O. 1805, p. 97 (ex Terr. MSS.); 
Finsch, J.f. 0. Ife08, p. lift*. * 
Hyphanturgus aurantius, Bouvier, Cat. Ok. March?, p. 24 (1873). 
Symplectes aurantius, Reichen. J.f 0. Ifcs7, p. 307. 

Adult. General colour above olive-yellow, nearly uniform? the 
scapulars and lower back like the mantle ; rump inclining to orange»; 
upper tail-coverts olive-yellow, with dusky centres; lesser wing-
coverts blackish, broadly edged with olive-yellow; median and 
greater coverts black, with broad tips and margins of bright yellow; 

51 . HYPHAXTORNIS. 
445 

bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, edged with bright 
yellow; tail-feathers dull olive-yellow, edged with brighter yellow 
on the inner web; crown of head, nape, and hind neck orange-yellow, 
as also the sides of face and ear-coverts; cheeks and throat deep 
chestnut; chin, remainder of under surface of body from the fore 
neck downwards, orange-yellow, paler on the lower abdomen, flanks, 
thighs, and under tail-coverts; the breast slightly washed with 
orange; under wing-coverts yellow; quills below dusky, yellow 
along the inner edge: " bill black in adult; iris yellowish brown " 

(J. Bilttilcofer) : "feet flesh-colour; iris orange-brown" (IV. A. 
Forbes). Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 2-8, tail 1*7, 
tarsus 0*7. 
Adult female, Eesembles the male in colour; feet flesh-colour ; 
iris red (J. Biittilcofer). 

Young. Uniform olive-green above, with darker centres to the 
feathers; edges of secondaries and wing-coverts olive-yellow, but 
not so bright or so broad as in the adults; chin, throat, a superciliary 
stripe, edge of wing, and under wing-coverts yellow; chest, 
abdomen, vent, sides of body, and under tail-coverts pale grey, 
whitish on the centre of the breast and abdomen and on the under 
tail-coverts: ''-bill and feet flesh-colour ; iris red " (J. Bllttikofer). 

Hob. West Africa, from Liberia to the Niger and to the Congo. 

a. Ad. &k.
b. (S ad. sk.
e~e. Ad. sk. 
Bonny, Nov. 21 (A. Crossley). 
Abutschi, liiver Niger, Aug. ( IV. A. F.). 
Gaboon (Du Ghaillu). 
Sharpe Coll. 
Forbes Coll. 
f\g. (S ad. sk. Landana (Dr. Lucan). Shelley Cull. 

5. Hyphantomis subaureus. 
Ploceus subaureus, Smith, True. S. Afr. Inst. 1832, April, fide A. 
Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. 30. ^g. 1 (1839); Shelley, Ibis, 
1887, p. 25. 
Hvphantornis subaureus, dray, Gen. B. ii. p 350 (1849) ; id. Iland-l. 
7i. ii, p. 41, no. 0573 (1870); Gnmey, Ibis, 1873, pp. 255, 282. 
Oriolinus subaureus, Iteichenb. Sing v. p. 84, Taf. xlii. fig. 314 (1801). 

Adult male. General colour above yellow, with somewhat of a 
dusky olive shade in the middle and on the margin of the feathers; 
lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and greater coverts, 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky olive, edged with 
bright yellow; tail-feathers dusky olive-yellow, brighter yellow 
along the inner web; crown of head golden yellow, duller on the 
hinder crown and nape, which are like the hind neck; forehead 
bright golden yellow, inclining to orange; lores and eyelid dusky 
blackish; sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and under surface of 
body yellow, inclining slightly to orange on the sides of the face, 
throat, and chest; sides of body and flanks slightly washed with 
olive-greenish ; under wing-coverts and axillaries, as well as the 
quill-lining, bright yellow : ubill liver-brown, the under mandible 
slightly mottled with reddish brown; legs, toes, and claws deep 

PLOCEIDJS. 

446 

flesh-colour, the latter clouded with brown; iris red" (Sir A. 
Smith). Total length 6*1 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2% tail 2*1, 
tarsus 0-9. 

Adult female. Xot very different from the male, "but a little duller 
in colour, and the yellow of the underparts less brilliant. Total 
length 5*8 inches, culmen 07> wing 3*15, taH 1*95, tarsus 0*9. 

Hah. S.E. Africa; apparently confined to ^atal • ? Transvaal. 

a, b. S ad. • c, d: Algoa Bay. Sir A. Smith rC."\ 
J ad. sk. (Type- of species.) 

e. $ ad. sk. Xatal. Dr. Gu.ein.zius ~C.~. 
/. [ J ] ad. sk. Xatal. F< nbes Cull. 
q. §" ad. sk. Xatal { T. Ay res). ^ahin-Gndman Cull. 
h. 9. ad. sk. Lower Umjreni Elver, Jan. Shelley Cull. 
(T. AyreX). 
i. $ ad. sk. Durban (Gordge). Shelley Coll. 
k, I 6 
ad. sk. Pinetown, July, Oct. (T. L. Shelley Cull. 
Ayres), 


m. 
$ ad. sk. Ladysmith, Xatal, XOT. IS Shelley Coll. 
(8avile JEteid). 
6. HyphaHtornis anreiflaYHS. (Plate XIII. fig. 4.) 
Ploceus aureoflavus, Smith, HI. Zuol. S. Afr., Ar**, h*\t to pi. 30. 
fig. 1 (1839); Reichen. ZooL Jahrb. I. p/121 < l^J); Shdlnj, Ibis, 
1887, p. 2G. 

Hyphantornis 
aureoflavus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. S"A (1^4itj; HartI. 
"Orn. JV.-Afr. p. 122 {1857); Gray, Iland-L IJ. iL p. 41, no. 0571 
(I870J ; Finsch § Ilartl. Vor/, Ostafr. p. 400 l WO); Cab. J. f. O. 
Ifc78, p. 231; Fischer £f Iltiehtii. J. /. 0. W*, p. ^ ig^o, 

p. 142; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1&>1, p. 5^4; Fischer, Ztdtsihr. yes. 
Orn. i. p. 330 (1&84); id. J.f O. 15*3, pL133. 
Textor aureuflavus, J?p. Cmisp. i. p. 441 f 1>X!J. 
Hypbantornis aurea, Marti. X f O. 181)0. p. 1*0 (ex J\>tf. MSS); 

Fin8ch,J. f. O. 1S68, p. 100; Cab. in Ton der Dickens litis, ill. 

p. 32 (lfc09j. 
Xanthophilus sulfureus, Reichen.. Singv. p. 84? Taf. xlii. fig. 31.1 
(1801). 
Ploceus aurantius, var. (nee J.), Bianc. Spec. Zool Mosrmik fa&c. 
xviii, p. 322 (1865). 
Hypbantornis concolor, Heugl. J.f.O. 1807, p. 359. 
Hypbantornis subaurea (nee Smith), Hartl. J.f.O.1607, p. 828. 

Adult male. Similar to II. sahaureus, but much smaller and 
brighter, with the rump and upper tail-coverts bright yellow; outer 
edge of the quills very bright yellow as well as the greater part of 
the tail-feathers, which are pale olive on the outer web ; " bill black: 
feet clear flesh-colour; iris orange 5' (&. A. Fischtr). Total length 
5*8 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 8, tail 1*85, tarsus 0*9. 

In the female, according to Dr. Fischer, the iris is reddish brown, 
the bill brown, with the base of the lower mandible buff; feet 
fawn-brown. 

Hub. East Africa, 

51 . HXPHAKTGKKIS. 447 
a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk.
c. d, e. Ad. sk.
f. JUT. sk. 
[E. Africa.]* 
Zanzibar. 
Pangani River (Sir J. Kirk). 
Malmdi (Sir J Xi?'k). 
Sir A. Smith [C.]. 
(Type of species.) 
Sir J. Kirk [0.]. 
Shelley Coll. 
SheUey Coll. 

7. Hyphantornis xanthops. 
Hyphantornis xanthops, JELarth Ibis, 1862, p. 342; Mont, t. c. 
p. 836; Gray, JSand-L B. ii. p. 43, no. 6600 (1870); Sha?pe, 
P. Z. S. 1873, p. 717 - id. $ Bouvier, Bull 8. Z. France, i. p. 47 
(1876), iii. p. 74 (1878) * Bocage, Joni. Lisb. vii. p. 244 (1880); 
id. Orn. Angola, p. 327 (1881); Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S.-Afr. 
p. 438 (1881); Sauza, Joni. Lisb. 1886, p. 166, 1887, p. 90; 'id. 
op. eit. (2) i. p. 48 (1889). 
Hyphantornis aurantiigula, Cab. J. f. O. 1875, p. 238; Beichen. 

J. f. 0.1877, p. 27; Cab. J. /. 0. 1878, p. 231; Beichen. Mittk 
Afrilc. Ges. i. p. 5 ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, pp. 331, 557 (1881). 
Ploceus xanthops, Beichen. Zool. Jahrb. i. p. 123, pi. 5. fig*. 1 (1886)• 
Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 25. 

Adult male (type of species). Similar to II. svbaureus, but having 
a decidedly chestnut tinge on the throat and fore neck; the wings 
and tail are both darker than in the latter species, the wing-coverts 
and quills being dark brown, with olive-yellow margins, the inner 
webs wanting the broad edging of bright yellow ; the tail-feathers 
dingy olive-brown with yellow edges, but wanting the broad yellow 
edging to the inner web. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-8, 
wing 3*6, tail 2*6, tarsus 1*15. 

Hob. S.W. Africa, from Loango to Angola and Benguela. 

a. J ad. sk. Loango. Forbes Coll. 
by c. S ; d, e. $ Lower Congo (L. Betit). Shelley Coll. 
ad. sk. 
f} g. Ad. sk. Kabinda, Congo, Aug. Commander Sperling 

h. Ad. sk. Angola. Monteiro Coll. 
(Type of species.) 
i. ^ ad. sk. Maconjo, Angola (J. Anchietd). Skarpe Coll. 
k. J ad. sk. Maconjo (J*. Anchieta). Shelley Coll. 
/. $ ad. sk. Quissangue (J. Anchietd). Lisbon Mus. [P.]. 
m. $ ad. sk. Capangombe,Benguela(J*. A.). Lisbon Mus. [P.]. 
n. <$ ad. sk. Rio Chimba (J. A.). Shelley Coll. 
8. Hyphantornis jamesoni. 
Hvphantornis xanthops (nee HartL), Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 352 


*? Matschie, J. f. 0.1887, pp. 154, 158,159. 
? Hyphantornis, sp., Bohm, J.f. 0.1885, p. 61. 
? Hyphantornis aurantius (nee V.), Bohm, J.f. 0. 1885, p. 70. 
? Ploceus xanthops, Dubois, Bull. Mus. M. Belg. iv. p. 148 (1886). 

* Said to ha\e been procured at Sierra Leone, but the species probably never 
vi&its West Africa. 
PLQCEID-E. 

448 

Adult male. Similar to II. xanthops but greener, and having only 

the forehead yellow, the ear-coverts being also washed with olive-

green like the sides of the neck: "bill black; legs and feet pale 

brown: iris light tawny yellow" (J. 8. Jameson). Total length 

7-2 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*75, tail 2*7, tarsus 1*05. 

Adult female. Huch greener than the male, the wings dark 

brown with greenish-yellow edgings ; the whole tail dingy as in 

the male and not showing any of the bright yellow edgings to the 

inner web : " bill horn-colour, the lower mandible lighter; feet 

dark brown; iris light hazel*' (T. E. BaJchy). Total length 

7 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 8*35, tail 2*4, tarsus 1. 

Hah. S.E. Africa from Swazi Land to the Makalaka Country and 
Mashoona Land, and probably extending through Central Eastern 
Africa to Lake Tanganyika. 

a. 2 acI sk Swazi Lan(i; jLme 1S7tJ < T
-- --•- -^ Shelley Coll. 
Bifcldey). 
b-d. $ ad. sk. Makalaka Country (Br. Brmhhmc). Shelley Coll. 

e. <$ ad. sk. Unruiii Itiver, tfupt. 11 {J. S. Jame- Shelley Coll 
son). (T\pe of specie*.; 
0. Hyphaiitoniis castaneiceps. (Plate XIII. fig. o.) 
Ploceus aureofia\us (nee Smith), Shelley* 1\ Z. S. l^\\ p. :IV>7. 
Adult. Similar to II. aunifl'tnts but Miialler, darker and mom 
olive-green, and having the ciown light chestnut or bay. forming a 
cap; wings and tail-feathers dingy olive-brown, \ufh a wry narrow 
fringe of yellow along either web. Total length o"b iuche^ culmen 
0*65, wing 3, tail 2To, tarsus 0*b5. 

Hab. Teita district, E. Africa. 

a. S ad. sk. Tavefa. II. C. V. Ilunter? LVp _P.~, 
10. Hyphantoniis bojeri (Plate XIII. fig. f>.) 
Xanthophilus aureofla\ us (mc Smith), Iteiche/tL S'uiyu. p. 64. Taf. slii. 
%. 312 (180U 

Hyphantornis 
bojeri, Fhwh fy HartL in Cab. Von der Beckers 
Meis. iii. p. 32 (ISi'Oj; lid. Jot/. 0»tafr. p. 402 (1870); Gray. 
Sand-L B. ii. p." 41, no. 0o72 (L-7U); Cab. J.f.O. 1K>, p. 231; 
Fischer § lleicfan. J. /. O. Jb7d, p. iJOO; Chmuy, Ibitt, 1681, 

p. 127; Fischer, ZeiU(fu\ yes. Orn. i. p. 331 (lbfc4); id. J". / . O. 
1885, p. 133. 
Ploceus bojeri, Beichim. Zool. Jahrb. i. p. 120 (1609) ; Shdltih Ibis. 
1887, p. 26. 

Adult male. General colour above yellow, brighter on the rump 
and upper tail-coverts; wing-coverts like the back, the median and 
greater series with brighter yellow edges; quills and tail-feathers 
olive-brown, externally edged with yellow, and having a margin of 
clear yellow to the inner web; entire head rich orange all round, 
this colour extending on to the throat and fore neck; remainder of 

449 

51 . HYPHIJTTOE^IS. 
under surface of bod}7 bright yellow, including the under wing-
coverts and quill-lining: " bill black; feet dark flesh-colour; iris 
yellowish red " ( G. A. Fischer). Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*65, 
wing 2-85, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*85. 

A young male, according to Br. Fischer, had the upper mandible 
horn-brown, the lower one clear yellowish; feet buff; iris 
brown. 

Hub. East Africa. 
a, b. (j1 ad. sk. Mombasa (Wakefield). Be v. A. E. Buxton 

[P.J


c. cf ad. sk. Mombasa Island, July (Dr. Shelley Coll. 
Hildebrandt). 
11. Hyphantornis princeps. 
Symplectes princeps, Bp. Consjp. i. p. 439 (1850) ; Cass. Proc. Philad, 
Acad. 1855, p. 439; Ilartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 134 (1857); Dohm, 

P. Z. S. 18G0, p. 828 • Shmye, Cat. Afr. P. p. 60 (1871); Dubois, 
Bull Mus. Roy. Belg. iv. p. 148 (1886). 
Hvpkantornis princeps, Peichenb. Singv. p. 87 (1861); Gray, Hand-l. 
"B. ii. p. 43, no. 6592 (1809). 
Ploceus princeps, Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 24. 


Adult male* General colour above bright yellow, very faintly 
mottled with dusky bases to the feathers of the back and scapulars; 
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts more uniform; wing-
coverts and quills blackish, edged with yellow, except on the primaries, 
which are margined with olive-yellow; tail-feathers ashy 
brown edged with yellow; crown of head and hind neck as well as 
the sides of the neck light bay or chestnut; eyebrow, feathers 
round eye, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and under surface of 
body brilliant yellow; chin, sides of the faco, and the fore neck and 
chest slightly washed with chestnut; sides of body and flanks 
slightly washed with tawny ; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
yellowish white with brighter yellow margins; quills below dusky, 
yellowish or tawny along the inner edge. Total length 6-8 inches, 
culmen 0*9, wing 34, tail 2, tarsus 1. 

Adult female. Duller yellow than the male and having the head 

like the back, with a yellow eyebrow, followed by a dusky streak 

from the lores through the eye; no orange or chestnut on the sides 

of the face or throat, these parts being yellow, which colour extends 

to the sides of the breast, and becomes isabelline-brown on the lower 

flanks; thighs pale yellow ; lower breast, abdomen, and under tail-

coverts white; under wing-coverts and axillaries yellow; quills 

dusky below, yellow along the inner webs. Total length 7 inches, 

culmen 0*9, wing 3*4, tail 2*1, tarsus 1. 

Hab. West Africa from Lagos to Gaboon and the interior of the 
Congo State; Prince's Island. 

a. c? ad. sk. Prince's Island. Purchased. 
b,c.($Q ad. sk. Prince's Island (A. Dohm). Sharpe Coll 
d, e. $ 2 ad.; / . J Prince's Island (A. Dohm). Shelley Coll. 
juv. sk. 
VOL. XIII. 2 a 


450 
PLOCEIDJ3. 

12. Hyp&antornis grandls. 
Ploceus collaris {nee V.), Fraser. P. Z. S. 1542, p. 142 : /r7. ZooZ. jfyp. 
pi. 45 (1800) ; -4//#i £ Thomps. Mrp. Xiger, ii. p. 499 (1848). 
Hvphantornis grandis. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p.*351 flb49) : iZiwtf. Orw. 
"Westafr. pp. 155, 578 (1856); id. J.f.O. 1801, p. 175: Skarpe, 

P. Z. S. 18(59, p. 504; Gray, Ilaud-L B. ii. p. 41, no. 6562 (1870 j ; 
Sauzaj lorn. Lisb. 1888, p. 157. 
Ploceus grandis, 
BeieJtenb. Singv. p. 83, Taf. xl. fig. 307 (181311; 
JReichen. ZooL JaJtrb. i. p. 141 (18S0) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1657, p. 35." 

^Mwfr r/2«?^. General colour above olive-yellow, the scapulars like 
the back, but the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts brighter 
and more golden yellow; lesser wing-coverts like the back, the 
median and greater coverts blackish, edged with bright yellow, the 
median series with a broad tip of the latter eoloui*; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown, edged with olive-yellow, 
the innermost secondaries with brighter yellow ; tail-feathers dusky 
brown, washed with olive-yellow on the edges ; crown of head hlaci, 
as well as the sides of face and throat; the nape, hind neck, and 
sides of neck chestnut, forming a collar, which extends across the 
fore neck; remainder of under surface of body golden yellow, with 
a slight wash of chestnut on the sides of the body ; under wing-
coverts golden yellow ; quills below dusky, yellowish along the inner 
edge. Total length 8 inches, oilmen 1*1, wing 4*5," tail 2*fj, 
tarsus 1*15. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
brown, washed with olive-yellow; the feathers of the mantle and 
upper back dusky brown in the centres, with olive-yellow margins; 
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts more uniform a>hy brown 
slightly washed with olive; lesser wing-coverts ashy brown", washed 
with olive; median and greater coverts blackish, edged with yellow 
and white at the ends; remainder of wings and tail-feathers as in 
the male; crown of head brown, with slightly indicated darker 
centres; hind neck rather lighter brown, tinged with rufoii* ; hides 
of face, ear-coverts, and cheeks olive-brown, the latter a little 
lighter; throat and chest whitish, washed with yellow, inclining to 
reddish brown on the sides of the neck ; breast and abdomen white 
as well as the thighs and under tail-coverts; sides of body and 
flanks clear brown; under wing-coverts and asiilaries white," with 
yellow edges; quills below dusky, yellowish along the inner edge. 
Total length 7*2 inches, culmen"l*65, wing 4-05, tail 2*35, tarsus 
1-05. 

Hah. Island of S. Thomas, West Africa. 

a. S ad. sk. [S. Thomas.] Sir E. Sabine "P.". 
b, c. <$ $ ad- sk. S. Thomas. L. Fraser [CVT (Types 
of P. collars, Eras., and of If. yrandix, Gray) 
d~ff> 6 $ ad. sk. S. Thomas. Lisbon Museum [P/. 

51 . BXPHANTOENIS. 
451 

13. Hyphantonris cncuHatus. 
Le Pinion de Senegal, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 173, pi. 15. fig. 2 (1760). 

Le Cap-more, Montb. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 226 (1775). 

Troupiale du Senegal, JJaubent. PL EnL iii. pis. 375, 376, 

Orioius cucullatus, P. L. S. Mull. Syst. Nat. Suppl. p. 87 (1776); 

Cass. Proc. PMlad. Acad. 1864, p. 242. 

Weever Oriole, Lath. Gen. Sijn. ii. pt. ii. p. 435 (1782). 

Orioius textor, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 390 (1788). 

Ploceus textor, Vieill. N. Diet. WHisi. Nat. xxxiv. p. 128 (1819); 

Sicains. B. W.Afr. i. p. 167 (1837),- Gordon, Contr. Orn. 1849; 

p. 9 ; Bekhenb.Singv. p. 79, Taf. xxxviii. figs. 292, 294 (1861). 
Fringilla yelata, pt. (nee V.), Licht. Verz. DouhL p. 28 (1823). 
Fringilla longirostris, Vieill. Erie. Meth. iii. p. 591 (1823). 
Ploceus senegalensis, Shaw, Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 34 (1826): Swains. 
Zool. 111. n. s. pi. 37. 
Ploceus mndestus, Bartl. Pev. Zool. 1845, p. 406. 
Hyphantomis textor, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1849); Cab. Mm. 

Hein. Th. i. p. 181 (1850); Bartl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 124 (185&); 
Cass. Proc. PMlad. Acad. 1859, p. 133; Marti. J. / . 0. 1861, 

p. 175 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 191; id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 612 ; id. 
Cat. Afr. B. p. 59 (1871); Shelley $ Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 289 ; 
Peichen. $ Lilhder, J. f 0.1873, p. 214; XJssher, Ibis, 1874, p. 68; 
Nicholson, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 130; Oust. Nouv. Arch. Mus. (2) ii. 
Bull. p. 108 (1879) ; Forbes, Ibis, 1883, pp. 506-518; Shelley, t. c. 
p. £50 ; Bilttik. Notes Leyden Mus. vii. p. 190 (1885), viii. p. 259 
(1886). 
Hypliantornis modesta, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1849). 
Textor melanocephalus (nee Gm.), Bp. Consp. i. p. 440 (1850). 
Hyphantomis rnagnirostris, Bartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 127 (e.v Verr. 

MSS.). 
Ploceus rnagnirostris, Reicherib. Singv. p. 82 (1861). 
Ploceus solitarius, Pr. Wurtt.; Bevgl. J.f.O. 1867, p. 297. 
Hyphantomis gamhiensis, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 552 (1870), 

IV. p. exxx (1871). 
Hyphantomis cucullata, Gray, Band-l. B. ii. p. 40, no. 6557 (1870). 
Hyphantomis cincta (nee Cass.), Sharpe, Ibis, 1872, p. 72. 
Ploceus cucullatus, Beichen, Zool. Jahrb. i. p. 133 (1886); Biiitik, 
Notes Leyden Mus. viii. p. 259 (1886); Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 36; 
Biittik. Notes Leyden Mus. x. p. 88 (1888), xi. p. 134 (1889). 

Adult male. General colour above golden yellow on the mantle, 
with a broad black band down each side of the latter, which unites 
across the lower back; scapulars yellow, with black bases; rump 
and upper tail-coverts golden yellow, the long ones blackish with 
olive-yellow ends : lesser wing-coverts black; median coverts golden 
yellow, with black bases : greater coverts black, edged with yellow, 
more broadly at the ends ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
black, margined with yellow, more broadly on the inner secondaries; 
tail-feathers brown, washed with olive, margined with olive-yellow 
externally and with pale yellow on the inner web; crown of head 
black; hind neck and sides of neck deep chestnut, forming a collar; 
sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat black, which descends 
to a point on the lower throat, and is surrounded by deep chestnut 
on the latter and on the fore neck; remainder of under surface of 

2&2 

452 piocEmas. 

body bright orange-yellow, with a slight chestnut wash on the sides 

of the body ; abdomen, lower flanks, thighs, under tail-coverts, and 

under wing-coverts bright yellow, mottled with blackish bases near 

the outside of the wing; quills below dusky, broadly edged with 

yellow along the inner edge : k* bill blackish horn-colour; feet flesh


colour ; iris orange" (TK A. Forbes), Total length 6 inches, 

culmen 0*85, wing 3*35, tail 1*8, tarsus 1. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 

ashy brown, with darker brown centres to the feathers of the mantle * 

scapulars like the back ; lower back and rump more uniform ashy 

brown; under tail-coverts olive-yellow ; wing-coverts brown, edged 

with olive-yellow: the median and greater coverts margined and 

tipped with pale yellow or yellowish white; remainler of wings 

and tail as in the male, but not *o brightly edged with yelluw; 

crown of head, nape, and hind neck olive-) eilow. with a sulphur-

yellow streak from the base of the nostrils above the eye; feathers 

round eye, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat sulphur-

yellow ; throat, breast, and abdomen white, with here and there a 

tinge of yellow; sides of body and flanks earthy brown, slightly 

washed with olive; thighs yellow; under tail-coverts white, the 

longer ones isabelline brown, with a yellow tinge: under wing-

coverts, axillaries, and quill-lining bright yellow. Total length 5%3 

inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*1, tail 1*1], tarsia 0*0. 

The adult male seema to adopt a winter plumage exactly like the 

breeding-plumage of the old female, excepting that the thighs are 

not so yellow, and the full breeding-dre-^ i^ giinel by a direct 

moult. Exact information as to the changes of plumage under


gone by the present species is wanting, I have described a pair of 

birds procured by Mr. T. E. Buckley at Abouri on the :20th of 

February, and several birds in moult are in the collect ion, llr. 

Forbes obtained two specimens on the Xi^er, one of nhieh he ha& 

himself marked "juv.,JJ and I describe them as the young of the 

present species. 

Young. Like the old female, but washed with yellow on the 
whole of the upper surface, so that the brown of the back loses its 
contrast with the olive-yellow of the head ; the hide.- of the face are 
as in the adult female, but the cheeks and throat are bright } eliow, 
this colour spreading over the whole of the breast, sides of body, 
and abdomen, leaving only a little tinge of isabelline on the lower 
flanks and the abdomen, the under taii-eoveits also being yellow : 
"bill livid fleshy ; feet light red ; iris scarlet,J (W. A. F\ The 
second bird is said by Mr. Forbes to have had the Ms brownish 
black. 

Hah. Vest Africa from Senegambia to Gaboon. A re-examination 
of the specimens from Fantee, referred by me to 1L cuictva in lb72, 
shows that they are only the young of the present species. Yon 
Heuglin gives some instances of its occurrence in X.E. Africa, but 
they seem to me to require confirmation. 

453 

51 . HYPHASTTOEffJS. 
a. 
<£ad.; b. Imm. 
sk. 
c. J ad. sk 
de,/,</.^ gad.sk. 
A, ?. $ imm. sk. 
&, J. $ ad. sk. 
2ft, ». $ ad. sk. 
O7;A CJ ad. etimm. 
q.. $ ad. sk. 
;*. $ ad. sk. 
s} t. $ ad. et imm. 
sk. 

lti v

-6 S inmi. sk. 
w, a?. $ ad. et imm. 

sk. 
?/. Juv. sk. 

2i. <?; a', b'. J ad. sk. 

c'-e'. S ad. sk. 
/'. cJ ad. sk. 

</,/*'. c? ad. st.&sk. 

«'. o ad. ^k. 

//-r/, <* ad. et imm. 

sk. 

//, ?r. c? 2 a<3-* sk. 

?•'. 2 ad. sk. 

"West Africa. 

P. Gambia. 
P. Gambia. 
P. Gambia. 
RufLsque (X. Laglaize). 
Sierra Leone. 
Askantee. 
Wasa Province, Gold Coast. 
Elmina (Nagtglas). 
Cape Coast. 

Fantee (H. T. Ussher). 

Cape Coast. 

Accra (T. Haynes). 
Afiruapim (T. E. Buckley). 
Paver Volta {II. T. U^'her). 
Abeokuta. 

P. Niger. 
It. Xiorer. 
It. Niger ( W. A. F.). 
Gaboon. 

R. Ogow6 (Mardie). 
Sir A. Smith. 


Sir A. Moloney [P.]. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Forbes Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Sir P. Burton &Capt. 


Cameron [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

L. Eraser [C.]. 
Sharpe Coll. 

[II. cineta, 1. c."I 
Shelley Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 

F. Nicholson, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Mrs Ileywood [P.]. 
Br. Baikie [C.]. 
Forbes Coll. 

M. Verreaux. 
M. Bouvier. 
14. Hyphantomis abyssMcns. 
Gro^bpc d'Abyssinie, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 470 (1775). 
Abyssinian Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 131 (1783). 
Loxia abys^inica, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 3G0 (178b). 
Ploceus melanocephalus (pt.), Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxiv, 


p. 1:31 (1810). 
Ploceus larvatus, Miipp. Neue Wirb., Yog. p. 01, pi. 32. fig. 1 (183540); 
id. Syst. Uebers. p. 70 (1845); Ilew/I. Syst. Uebers.-p. 138 
(1855); Meichmb. Singo. p. 81, Taf. xxxix.*%s. 208, 200 (1861). 

Ploceus fiavoviridis, Hiqyp. Syst. Uebers. pp. CO, 70, pi. 29 (1845=pt. 
hiem.); HtugL Sy&t. Uebers. p. 37 (1850). 
Hyphantornis larvata, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1849); Blanf. Geo!. • 
\ Zool. Abyss, p. 403 (1870). 
Hyphantornis flavoviridis, Gray, Gen. B, ii. p. 351 (1849) ; BreJun, 
*Pei$. Habesch, p. 217 (18G3). 

Textor Ian atus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 440 (1850). 

Textor flavoviridis, Heugl. J.f. 0. 1802, p. 20. 

Ploceus solitarius, Pr. Wiirtt; Heugl J.f. 0.1867, p. 297. 

Hyphantornis abyssinicn^ Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 201 (1870); Gray, 

Ilanchl B. ii. p. 41, no. 0576 (1870); Finsclify Hartl. Tog. Ostafr. 
p. 388 (1870) ; Hartl.bhandl not. Ter. Bremen, vii. p. 99 
(18S1); Pelz. Terh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxxi. p. 612 (1881), xxxii. 

p. 505 (1882); Salcad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) i. p. 187 (1884), vi. 
p. 280 (18S8). 
Hyphantornis 
habessinica, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 547 (1870); 
"iy. p. cxxix (1871). 

454 
PIOCEID^. 

Ploceus abyssinieus, Peiclien. Zoo!. Jahrb. i. p. 131 (1880) ; Dubois, 
Bull Mvs. B. Belg. iv. p. 148 (1886) ; SMley, Ibis, 18b7, p. 37 ; 
id. P. Z. & 1888, p. 36. 

Adult male. Similar to H. cucullatus, and, like that species, having 
a yellow mantle with a broad black band on each side of it, but this 
band does not meet across the lower back as in H. cvcullatus, the 
yellow being continuous from the neck to the ramp; the greater 
coverts edged with white instead of yellow; the under surface 
resembles that of H. cucullatus. but the head is different. Tbe 
black does not extend much further than the level of the eye, the 
hinder crown, occiput, and nape being chestnut, the bind neck and 
sides of neck being bright yellow like tbe back : C4 bill black ; legs 
greyish black ; iris scarlet *' { \Y. T. Elanfurd) : ** iris rufous 
chestnut; feet reddish" (Von Htugliu). Total length trO* inches, 

culmen 0*9, wing 3'6, tail 2, tardus 1. 
Adult female. Similar to the female of E. cvc*rtlahiz, but browner 
on the back and clearer isabelline on the sides of the body; the 
olive-yellow on the head not so strongly pronounced, and the yellow 
on the throat and face not so strongly developed. 
The skin above described is from a specimen obtained in Senaar 
in January, and is presumed to be the old female. I have no speci


km * "

mens accurately determined, for those marked by Messrs. 
Blaoford and Jesse are undoubtedly males, and are moulting into 
the black-throated adult stage. 

The adult male in winter (Emia Pasha) closely resembles the 
adult female described, but has a little more yellow on the breast 
and abdomen: " bill dusky horn-colour, the mandible paler *? ( Von 
Heuglin). 

A young bird is washed with bright yellow both above and below, 
and is especially bright on the throat and breast. It closely 
resembles the young birds of II. cvcullatus obtained by Hr, Forbes 
on the ISTiger. 

Hah. XE . Africa to Equatorial Africa. 

a. c? ad. sk. 
Abyssinia. Sliarpe Coll. 
b. c? ad. sk. 
Abyssinia. Forbes Coll 
c. cJ ad. sk. 
Abyssinia. Dr. Riippell ~G.\ 
d. J ad. sk. 
Abyssinia. M. Verreaux. 
e. J ad. sk. Abyssinia (J. W. ton Jlilikr). Shelley Coll 
/ . $ ad. sk. Senegal. Sharpe Coll. 
ff. $ ad. sk. Soudan. Sharoe Cull. 
h} i tf ad. et imm. . xigre, March, May. \V. T. Bianford. Esq. 
k $ ad. sk. TV. 
1, m. <J ad. et Goougoona, May (TJr. Jesse). Tweetfdale ColL 
imm. sk. 


n. 
(S ad. sk. Daimbi, Shoa, May (0. Shelley ColL 
Aniinori). 
p. 
S ad. sk Lado, Equatorial Africa, June, Shelley ColL 
Julv {Emin Paska). 
q. <$ ad. sk. 
Kiri, May i>2. Emin Pasha. 
r. J hiem. sk. 
Tingasi, Sept. 12. Emin Pasha. 
51 . HYPHANTOE^IS. 
455 

15. Hyphantornis bolmdorffi. 
Ploceus cucullatas (nee 3IUU.), Dubois, Bull. Mies. R. Belg, iv. p. 148 
(1886), 
Ploceus bohndorffi, Reichen. J.f. 0. 1887, pp. 214, 307. 

Adult male. Similar to H. dbysslncius, but with the black on the 
head a little more extended and reaching nearly to the nape: " bill 
black; feet light brown; iris red" (F. Bolmdorff). Total length 
7 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 3*45, tail 2, tarsus 1*1. 

Hab. Upper Congo. 

16. Hyphantornis collaris. 
Plqssws collaris, Vieill N. Diet, d Hist. Nat. xxxiv. p. 129 (1819); id. 
Enc. Metk iii. p. 699 (1823). 
Hyphantornis collaris, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1819); Hartl. Orn. 
"W.-Afr. p. 1215 (lb5f). 

Hyphantornis 
cincta, Cass. Proc. Pliilad. Acad. 1859, p. 133; id. I) 
Jour. Philad. Acad. i. p. 184, pi. 23. fig. 2 (1862); Mont. P. Z. S. / 
1805, p. 93; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii, p. 41, no. 6566 (1870) ; 8harjpe}

P. Z. & 1&70, p. 114, 1873, p. 717; id. § Bouv. Bull Soc. ZooL 
France, L p. 47 (1870) ; Reichen. J.f. 0.1877, p. 26 ; Bocaye, Orn. 
Anyola, p. 323 (18^1). 
Pluceus einctir^ Reichenb. Singv. p. 80 (1861); Reichen. ZooL Jahrb. 

i. 
p. 130 (1880); id. J.f.O. 1887, p. 305; Shelley, Ibis, 1887, 
p. 35. 
Hyphantornis gambiensis, Reichen. Corr. Afrik. Ges. 1874, p. 181. 
Adult male. General colour above yellow, the whole of the mantle 
and scapulars mottled with black bases to the feathers; the lower 
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts more uniform, the long coverts 
being ashy brown, yellow at the ends; lesser wing-coverts greenish 
yellow; median and greater coverts as well as the inner secondaries 
black, rather broadly edged with bright yellow; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills blackish, edged narrowly with yellow; 
tail-feathers olive-brown, margined with olive-yellow; crown of 
head, nape, and hind neck black; ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat 
black, descending to a point on the fore neck; sides of fore 
neck deep chestnut, spreading on to the chest and sides of neck ; 
remainder of under surface of body bright yellow, becoming a little 
paler on the abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts; under wing-
coverts pale yellow ; quills below dusky, yellowish along the inner 
edge; "bill black; feet flesh-coloured; iris red" (J. Anchieta). 
Total length (>'o inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*35, tail 2*05, tarsus 0-9. 

Adult female. Very similar to the female of U. cucidlatus, greyish 
brown on the back, strongly mottled with blackish-brown centres to 
the feathers ; the head yellowish green; throat and chest lemon-
yellow ; breast and abdomen white, with a few yellow feathers; 
sides of body ashy brown. Total length 0*5 inches, culmen 0*75 
wing 3*2, tail 2*3, tarsus 0*9. 

Hah. West Africa, from Gaboon to Benguela. 

456 PLOCEIDiB. 
a. d ad. sk. Gaboon (J. Shertchley). Sharpe Coll. 
b. cJ ad. sk. R. Congo. Commander Sperlingc. 
d, e,f. J ad. Lower Congo (L. P^Y). Shelley Coll. 
et juv. sk. 
a. cf ad. sk. Benguela. Monteiro Coll. 
h, £ ad. sk. Kattenbella, Oct. 30 {Said). Sliarpe Coll. 

17. Hyphantornis nigriceps. 
Hyphantornis larvatus (nee Hiipp.), Sci. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 110 ; Kirk, 
"Ibis, 1864, p. 322. 

Hypliantornis nigriceps, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 180 (1867); Gray, 
'lland-l. B. ii. p. 42, no. 6585 (1870); Fimch $ Uartl. Voq. 
Ostafr. p. 392 (1870); ? Gurney, Ibis, 1873, p. 255; Sharpe, 

P. Z. S. 1873, p. 715; Nicholson, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 358; Cab. 
J. f 0.1878, p. 231; Fischer §> Reichen. J. f. O. 1878, p. 2(52, 
1880, p. 143 ; Fischer, J.f. 0. 1879, pp. 281/302 ; Socage, Jom. 
Lisb. 1880, p. 143; id. Orn. Angola, p. 324 (18*1); Gurney, Ibis, 
1881, p. 127; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 584; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's 
B. S. Afr. p. 436 (1884); Fischer, Zeitschr. yes. Orn. i. p. 330 
(1884) ; id. J.f. 0. 1885, p. 133• Soma, Jom. Lisb. 1886, p. 10; 
Matschie, J.f. 0.1887, p. 154. 
Hyphantornis 
cucullatus (nee P. L. S. Midler), Bocage, Jom. Lisb. 
1867, p. 334. 
Hyphantornis spinolotus (nee Vig.), Finsch § Uartl. Toy. Ostafr. 

p. 393, pt. (1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 59 (1871) ; Gurnei/ 
in Anderss. B. Dam.-Zd. p. 169 (1872). ^ 
Ploceus nigriceps, Reichen. Zool. Jahrb. i. p. 137 (1886) ; Dubois, 
Bidl Mus. R. Bely. iv. p. 148 (1886); Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 35, 
1888, p. 302. 

Adult mods. Similar to H. coilaris and with the same yellow 
hack, mottled with black bases to the feathers; the black of the 
head not extending to tho hind neck, which is orange-yellow like 
the sides of the neck and underparts ; the black of the throat 
descends in a point on to the fore neck, but there is no chestnut 
as in H. coilaris, the whole of the sides of the fore neck being 
orange-yellow like the underparts: a bill black; feet and claws 
horny brown; iris orange" (G. A. FiscJier). Total length 6'5 
inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*4, tail 2*1, tarsus 0-85. 

Adult female. Scarcely distinguishable from the female of 

E. coilaris, but with rather a shorter and stouter bill: "upper mandible 
brown, the lower one fulvous brown; feet horn-brown : iris 
brownish yellow" (G. A. Fischer). Total length 6 inches, culmen 
0-75, wing 3, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*85. 
Eab. Eastern Africa from the Lake Eegions to Mombasa and 
south to the Zambesi, Fatal, and Kurnman, occurring also at Lake 
Ngami and in Benguela. 

a, I. <$ $ &d. sk. Mombasa ( Wakefield). 
Sharpe Coll. 

c. d. tf 2 ad. sk. Mombasa. 
Eev. A. F. Buxton 
e. <$ ad. sk. Mombasa (G. A. Fischer). Shelley Coll. 
/. 
9 ad. sk. Manda Island. F. J. "Jackson, Esq. 
[p.]. 

51 . HTPHANTORNTS. 
457 

g. d ad. sk. Tangani, Aug. 21. F. J. Jackson, Esq. 
[P.]. 
h, i, k. <$ P ad. sk. Lamo (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Ooll. 
I, m. d $ ad, sk. Belinda (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Ooll. 
n, o. $ ad. sk. Usambara Hills (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll. 
p* 61 &r. 5 ad. Dar-es-Salaam (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Ooll. 

sk. 

a(i-sk.

s9t $ J Mozambique. Dr. Gueinzius [C.]. 

u. $ ad. sk. Zambesi (Chapman). Sharpe Ooll. 
v. J ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Exped. 
18. Hyphantornis nielauocephalus. 
The Gamboa Grosbeak, Albin, Nat. II. B. iii. p. 58, pi. (32 (1740, 

fig. pess.). 

Le Grosbec de Gamble, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 230 (1700). 

Loxia melanocephala, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 30&7170G) * Gm. Syst. 

Nat. I p. 859 (1788). * 

Gambia Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 149 (1783). 

Coceotkraustes melanocephala, Vieill. N. Diet. cVHist Nat. xiii. p. 529 

(1817). 

Ploceus cucullatus, (nee Milll.), Swains. B. W. Afr. p. 201 (1837); 

id. An, in. Me nag. p. 307 (lb37). 

Ilvpkantornis cucullatu , Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1849); Hartl. 

"Om. W.-Afr. p. 125 (1857). 

Textor cucullatus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 441 (1850). 

Ilyphantornis sp., (fray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 41, no G559 (1870). 

Ploceus duboisi, Hart I. Bull. Mas. R. Belg. iv. p. 144, pi. iv. tig. 1 

(kbOj ; Dubois, t c. p. 148; Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 33. 
Ploceus melanocephalus, Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 33. 


Adult male. General colour above uniform olive-yellow, a little 

brighter on the rump ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median 

coverts blackish, broadly tipped with bright yellow; greater coverts 

dusky brown, edged with whity brown; bastard-wing, primary-

coverts, and quills blackish brown, edged with olive-yellow, brighter 

yellow on the primaries and inner secondaries ; tail-feathers 

olive-brown, edged with olive-yellow; crown of head and nape 

black ; sides of neck and hind neck orange-yellow forming a collar; 

eye or eyelid, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat as well as 

the centre of the fore neck black; sides of fore neck, chest, and 

remainder of under surface bright orange-yellow, a little paler towards 

the abdomen; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale yellow, as also 

the quill-lining. Total length 5'2 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3, 

tail 1-9, tarsus 0-8. 

Hah. West Africa from Senegambia to the Niger, and extending 

into the Upper Congo Eegion. P. duhoisi seems to me to be this 

species, as suspected also by Capt. Shelley. 

a, S ad. sk. West Africa. Sir A. Smith. 

b. S ad. sk. Senegambia. Purchased. 
e. <5 ad. sk. Eiver Gambia (Capt. Moloney). Shelley Coll. 
d. d ad. sk. Eiver Gambia. Dr. Kendall [O.]. 
e. <5 irnrn. sk. Shonga, E. Niger (W, A. F.) Eorbes Ooll. 
458 PLOCEIDJE. 

19. Hypiantornis capitalis. 
Capital Tanager, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. p. 102, pL 112 (1787). 
Tanagra capitalis, Lath. Incl Orn. i. p. 432 (1790). 
Fririgilla capitalis, Licht. Vers. Doubt, p. 23 (1823). 
Ploceus capitalis, Less. CompL Buff. viii. p. 308 (1840); Shelley, 


Ibis, 1387, p. 34, pi. ii. fig. 1. 

Hyphantornis capitalis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1849); Hartl Orn. 
W.-Afr. p. 124 (1857); Gray, JSand-l B. ii. p. 42, no. 0579 
(1870); Shelley, Ibis, 18&3, p. 550 ; Sharpe, eel LayarcTsB. S. Afr. 

p. 442 (1884) ~. 
Te\tor capitalis, Bp. Consp. L p. 441 (1850). 
Ploceus cucullatus (nee JIull.), liekhenb. Suigv. p. 79, pi. xxxviii. 
fig. 291 (ltotfl;. 

Adult male. Similar to H. iiielauoefphahis, but distiiiguislied "by 
the warm orange-chestnut shade which pervades the sides of the 
fore neck, chest, and breast, contrasting with the golden \eliow on 
the sides of the neck and hind neck, whereas in IT. ovm^latiis the 
breast is of the same colour as the above-mentioned parts: 44 bill 
black; feet fleshy; iris brown" (IF". A. Forbes). Total length 
5 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2*7, tail 1*0, tardus 0*b. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
brown, with darker brown centres to the feather* ; low er back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform brown, the latter slightly 
rufescent; wing-coverts and quills dn^ky brown, edged with olive-
yellow, the median coverts and inner secondaries broadly margined 
with dull whitish, slightly tinged with yellow; tail-feather& brown 
with olive-yellow margins ; crown of head olive-green, a^ al&o the 
sides of the face and sides of neck; a faint eyebrow of pale sulphur-
yellow ; cheeks also a little brighter sulphur-yellow; throat whitish, 
washed with yellow, inclining to saffron-yellow on the fore neck ; 
breast, sides of body, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts pale isabelline 
brown; lower breast and abdomen white: under wing-coverts and 
axillaries saffron-yellow; quills below du&ky, yellow along the inner 
edge: " bill blackish, the base of the mandible horny; feet greyish 
fleshy; iris pearlyn (TV. A. Forbes). Total length 5*2 inches, 
culmen 0*55, wing 2*05, tail 1*55. tarsus 0*8. 

Ilab. AVest Africa, from Senegambia to the Xiger. 

a, b. J ad.et irrini.; W. Africa. Sir A. Smith. 
<?. J ad. sk. 
d, e. $ ad. et j uv. sk. R. Isiger, Aug. ( TV. A. F.). Forbes Coll. 

20. Hyphautornis fischeri 
Hyphantornis dimidiata (nee Salracl), Feb. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 
xxx. p. 148 (1881); Marti. Abliandl. nat Ver. Bremen, viii. 
p. 199 (1882); Shelley, P. Z. S. lbSS, p. 30. 
Ploceusfibcheri,Reichen. J.f.O. 1^87, p. 09. 
* When I included this species among the birds of South Africa, I thought 
that Sir Andrew Smith's specimens were from this region. 
459 

51 . ETPEMTOKSTIS. 
Adult male* Similar to H. capitalis, but rather darker olive-
yellow above, causing the yellow collar on the hind neck to stand 
out in stronger relief; under surface of body also similar to H. 
cttpitalis9 ^a^ ^ne black descending much more over the fore neck, 
and the chestnut colour much more developed, pervading the whole 
of the breast and sides of the body : " bill black* feet dusky reddish; 
iris umber-brown" (Emm Pasha). Total length 6 inches, culmen 
0-7, wing 2*9, tail 1*8, tarsus 0 9. 

Adult female. Similar to the female of H. capitalist but rather 
larger and more distinctly streaked with black centres to the dorsal 
plumage: " bill dusky horn-colour, the mandible paler; feet reddish• 
iris pale brown" (Emm Pasha). Total length 5'o inches, culmen 
0-65, wing 2*9, tail 1*6, tarsus 0-9. 

Bab. Equatorial Africa, from Wadelai to the Victoria Kyanza. 

a-h. d ', i~p' Sad. sk. 
Wadelai, July, Aug. Eniin Pasha [P.]. 
q. $ ad. sk. Magungo, Dec. 1 (Emin Pasha). Shelley Coll. 

21. Hyphantornis dimidiatus. 
Ploceus afntris, Ileugl. Si/st. TIebers. p. 37 (1850, descr. nulla). 

Textor rubigiuobus (ueo Riipp.), Uengl J.f 0. 1802, p. 27. 

HyphantormS diuiidiata, Antin. § Salvad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 120, 

pi. Ill (1873) • Fischer. Zeitschr. ges. Om.i. p. 831 (1864:): id. 

J.f O. IbSo, p. 1*3. 
Ploceus dimidiatus, Ileichen. Zool. Jahrb. i. p. 130, pi. v.fig. 3 (1880) * 
id. J.f O. 1887, p. 08 * Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 33. 
Ploceus jacksonij Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 293, pi. vii. 

Adult male. General colour above uniform bright golden yellow 
from the hind neck to the tail; lesser wing-coverts olive-greenish; 
median and greater coverts blackish, the former broadly tipped, the 
latter narrowly edged with yellow; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 
and quills blackish, edged with bright yellow, the inner secondaries 
more broadly * tail-feathers olive-brown, narrowly edged with olive-
yellow externally, broadly margined with pale yellow on the inner 
web; entire head and hind neck, sides of face and throat black, 
descending to a point on the fore neck; all the sides of the neck 
and fore neck, breast, and sides of body deep chestnut; abdomen, 
lower flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts bright yellow, the latter 
washed with chestnut• axillaries and under wing-coverts bright 
yellow; quills dusky below, yellow along the inner webs: " bill 
black; feet reddish brown; iris light orange" (G. A. Fischer). 
Total length 5*4 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3*85, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*5. 

Rah. From Kassala in ISLE. Africa to the Yictoria JSTyanza, and 
Kilimanjaro district to Manda Island. 

a. 3 
ad. sk. Manda Island. F. J. Jackson, Esq. [P.]. 
(Type of P. jaeksoni.) 
4G0 PL0CEIBJ3


22. Hyphantornis "badius. 
Hvnhantomisbadtas, Cass. Proe. PMlad. Acad1850, p. 57'; Fmsch, 
HypnantoiiiLs , tf.O.-Afr. i. p< 5o3 (16*0); 
aLiHmti \ ii. p. 43, no. 6601 (1870). 

PloiM^ 1Q55 B 76 
P oceus mordoreus, Less. MSS.; ifc. i&0. «* ^ - f^f \%%&tf: 
Ploceus badius, I^W . S%». p. 83, Taf. sli. ^?0 9 310 (18bl) ; 
Ziehen. Zool Jahrb. ip , 129 (1886); » y Ihs^ V^ 
Tester ca>taneoauratus, .4* ^ Cat. descrr.Uee. p. 62 (lfcb4), fca/urf. 


Ilyphantornis axillaris, Ifer//. J.f.O.lbO/, P-Sbl. 
Bolus melanoceplialus ( ^ X.), PA TFK^., 2&i^. * /• ^ !<*/, 

p. 298. 
Ploceus, sp., JHaw^. «71/. 0. 1867, p. 98. 

Jdwfc male. Head, nape, face, and sides of fore neck shining black; 
hinder neck, scapulars, back, rump, sides of neck, breast, upper 
abdomen, and flanks chestnut on an orange ground ; remainder of 
abdomen and under wing-coverts orange-yellow, toe former somewhat 
washed with chestnut; lesser wing-coverts olive-brown, broadly 
and conspicuously margined with greenish yellow; greater wing-
coverts and inner secondaries yellow, tinged with chestnut, black 
in the centre; wing-coverts of the second order more chestnut, 
yellow at the base, with an obsolete blackish spot on the inner web ; 
quills dusky brown, internally broadly, externally narrowly edged 
with yellow; tail-feathers pale olivaceous brown, edged with bright 
yellow, pale yellowish below; bill black; feet reddish. ^ Total 
length' 5-5 inches, oilmen 0-7-0-75, wing 2*05-3*05, tail 1-8, 
tarsus 0-85-0-9. (Von Henglin). 

Hal. KE . Africa. 

23. Hyphantornis Mermedins.* 
Ploceus intermedins, Hupp. Syst Uebers. pp. 71, 76 (184-5); IleugL 
Syst. Uebers. p. 38 (1856); Reiclien. Zool. Jahrb. i. p. 145 (18h6, 
pt.); Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 32 (pt.) ; ? Reieken. J.f O. Ibb7, 

p. 69. 
? Ploceus erythrophthalmus, Heugl Syst Uebers. p. 38 (1850). 
Hyphantornis intermedia, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1849) ; Heugl 
Om. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 550, tab. xviii. ftg. a (1869); Gray, Ha/id-l 

B. ii. p. 42, no. 6584 (1870); Salvad. Aim. Mm. Gemot. (2) vi 
p. 290 (1888). 
? Ilyphantornis erythrophthalmus, Heugl. J.f. 0.1867, p. 380. 
Adult male (type of species). General colour above dull olive-
yellow ; scapulars like the back but with blackish centres ; rump a 
little brighter than the back; upper tail-coverts like the back; 
lesser wing-coverts dull olive-yellow, with blackish bases; median 
and greater coverts blackish, broadly edged with pale yellow or 
yellowish white; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, 


* What the Hyphantornis [intermedins from S. Thomas (Soaza, Jorn. Lisb. 
1888. p. 157) can'be, I do not know, but I strongly suspect that it is a different 
species. 
51 . HYPHAKT0B1TCS. 
46 1 
edged with olive-yellow, paler on the inner secondaries, which arc 
like the greater coverts ; centre tail-feathers olive-brown, dusky 
towards the ends, edged with olive-yellow; remainder brown, edged 
with olive-yellow, paler on the inner web; forehead and vertex 
black, the line being drawn a little behind the eyes, the black occupying 
the whole of the ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat, and coming 
to a point on the lower throat; the hinder crown chestnut, ending off 
"with deep orange on the nape and hind neck; sides of neck bright 
yellow; sides of lower throat, fore neck, and chest distinctly orange ; 
remainder of under surface of body bright yellow, with a slight wash 
of orange along the sides of body; flanks, thighs, and under tail-
coverts whitish; under wing-coverts yellow; quills below dusky, 
whitish along the inner edge. Total length Scinches, culmen 0-55, 
wing 2-8, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*85. 

Hab. Bhoa, perhaps extending to the Victoria Nyanza. 

a, $ ad. sk. Shoa {Sir W, C. Harris). India Museum. 
(Type of species.) 


24. Hyphautornis cabanisi. 
Hyphantornis capitalis {nee Lath.), Licht. Nomeyicl. Av. p. 50 

(1854). 
Hyphantornis mariquensis (nee Smith), Licht. t. c. p. 50 (1854). 
Ploceus capitalis (nee Lath.), Reichenb. Singv. p. 77, Taf. xxxvii. 

fig. 276 (1861, pt). 
Jivphantornis cabanisi, Peters, J. f. 0.1868, p. 133; Gray, Rand-l. 

B. ii. p. 42, no. 6584 (1870) ; Finsch $ Hartl Vog. Ostafr. p. 800 
(1873): Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 331 (1884); id. J.f.O. 
1885, p.'133. ^ 
Hypiiantomis 
nigrifrons (nee Cab.), Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 380; 
Sharpe in Oated Matabele-Land, p. 319 (1881); Shelley, P. Z. S. 
1881, p. 584; ? Holab $ Von Peh. Beitr. Orn. Sudafr. p. 116 
(1882j ; Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 326 (1884). 

Adult male. Similar to H. intermedins, but with the back of the 

head orange-yellow, not chestnut, with a line of chestnut separa


ting the black frontal patch from the hinder crown: " bill black ; 

feet brown; iris yellowish white" (T. E. Buckley). Total length 

5*9 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 2*8, tail 1-9, tarsus 0*85. 

Adult female. Different from the male. Olive-yellow, with dusky 

centres to the feathers of the back; lower back, rump, and upper 

tail-coverts clearer and uniform olive-yellow ; wings and tail as in 

the male; head olive-greenish, with a bright yellow eyebrow; lores 

and sides of face bright yellow ; throat white with a yellow tinge; 

fore neck washed with saffron-yellow : lower breast and abdomen 

white ; thighs ashy ; under tail-coverts white with a yellow tinge ; 

under wing-coverts isabelline with a yellow tinge. Total length 

4*6 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2*7, tail 1*65, tarsus 0*75. 

The adult male in whiter plumage probably resembles the adult 

female, to judge from specimens in full moult in the Museum. 

462 
PLOCEID^. 

Young males, as I determine them, are like the old females, but 
brighter yellow above, especially on the head, and underneath they 
are bright yellow inclining to orange on the chest. 

Sab. Eastern Africa from the Zanzibar region to Hatabele-Land 
and JNatal, extending to Damara-Land. 

a. 2 ad. sk. Lamu. 
F. J. Jackson, Etq, 
b. $ imm. sk. Lanio (Sir J. Kirk)* Stellar Coll. 
c. <$ ad. sk. Pangani River {Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll. 
d-h. d ad. etimm.; Matabele-Land. Sept. 20, Shellev Coll. 
i. $ ad. sk. Ib7;3 (T. E. Buckley), 
k. S imm. sk. Tati, Oct. 21 (F. Oates). \V. E. kjC. G-. Caleb, 
I $ ad. sk. Durban, Natal f T. L. Ayres). Shelley Coif. 

m. 
<$ ad. sk. Omaruru, Daniara-Land, J$LebV\ Cull. 
Feb. 11 (-4. Erikson). 
ny o. 2 ad. et $ Swakop Eh er, June, Dec. Sharpe ColL 
juv. sk. (C J. Andersson). 

2D. Hyphaatornis vitellines. 

Fringilla Titellina, Lieht. Verz. Doahl p. 23 (1*2?/). 
Ploceus ruficep«, Strains. B. IV. Afr. ii. p. 2tj2 (I***"}; id. An, in 
Menag. p. 303 f 1K37); Gray, Gin. B. ii. p. 3*3:} \ Wi»). 
Hyphantornis vitellina, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 3~A (L*4H)i Sail. Orn. 
'W.-Afr. p. 124 (l^57)i Fimsch, J. f. O. IMS*, p. ios; n*wjl. 

t. c. p. 1(58; id. Or/i, X.O.-Afr. Taf. x\iii. fu, C (INOf, i\. 
p-cxxx (1871); tfrw/, I£aad-l. B. ii. p. 42, no. f>*>2 (1670) j 
JYw*?7* # JE&rtf. Tog. Ohfnfr. p. 305 {WO.pt); Sharpe, Ifa\ 
1872, p. 71; Shelley $ Buckley, t. c. p. 2^1; ifor//. AbhaadL nat. 
Ver. Bremen, Vm. p. 200 (18^2). 
Textor vitellina, Bj). Con*p. i. p. 441 (ISJOI. 
Ploceus sublarvatus, Midi. Xaum. 1851, Heft IT. p. 2?; id. Deser. 
Ois. dAfr. pi. 12 (lb54). 

Textor galbula (nee Bupp.\ Tierth. Xaum. 1553, p. 21; Antin. Gat. 
descrr. Ucc. p. 03 (1864); Salmd. Atti Ii. AtcmL Torin. v. p. 740 
(1870). 

Ploeeolus sublarvatus, Reichen.. Singv. p. 77, Taf. xxxri. figs. 279, 
280 (1861). 
Ploeeolus vitellines, Reichen.. t. c. p. 78, Taf. xxxvii i!pr>. 284. 285 
(1801). 
Xanthophilus sulphureus, Reichen.. t, c. p. 84, Taf. xlii. fig. 313 

(1801). 
Textor chrysopygus, Seitgl J. f. 0.1804, p. 240. 
Ploceus flavomargroates, Br. Wilrtt.; tes/tf HeugL J. f. O. 1807, 

p. 290. 
Ploceus vitellines, Reichen.. Zool. Jahrb. i. p. 148 (1880) ; Shelley, 
Ibis, 1887, p. 27 ; id. P. £. & 1888, p. 35. 

^M? £ »2«7^ General colour above olive-yellow, nearly uniform, 
with only very faint indications of dusky centres to the feathers of 
the back, the scapulars more distinctly centred with black; lower 
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts bright golden yellow; wing-
coverts black, edged with olive-yellow, the median and greater 

463 

51 . HYPHANIOKNIS. 
coverts with brighter yellow margins, inclining to whitish on the 
edges; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky blackish, 
edged with yellow, the innermost secondaries rather whiter on their 
margins • tail-feathers pale olive-brown, edged with yellow externally 
and with pale yellow along the inner web; crown of head 
chestnut as far as the middle, gradually fading off into golden 
yellow on the hinder crown and nape ; feathers above the lores, the 
lores themselves, feathers round eye, as well as a patch formed by 
the sides of face, fore part of ear-coverts, and fore part of cheeks 
black; remainder of ear-coverts and cheeks as well as the sides of 
the neck and under surface of body golden yellow; chin and upper 
throat black, this colour not extending to the end of the rami of 
the jaws ; the lower throat and fore neck tinged with rich orange ; 

under wing-coverts and axillaries yellow; quills below dusky, 
yellowish along the inner edge: " bill black; feet reddish ; iris 
pale brown" (Von Eeugliri). Total length 5*2 inches, culmen 0*6, 
wing 2*9, tail 1*75, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Pale brown washed with yellow, and rather broadly 
streaked with pale brown centres to the feathers • the rump and 
upper tail-coverts olive-yellow; lesser wing-coverts like the back; 
median and greater coverts dusky brown, with broad yellowish-
white edges, like the innermost secondaries; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with yellow ; tail-feathers 
olive-brown, with yellowish margins to both the inner and outer 
webs; crown of head uniform ashy brown washed with olive-
yellow; a faint eyebrow and the feathers below the eye pale 
yellowish; ear-coverts light brown, washed with yellow; throat 
and chest light yellowish or yellowish buff; remainder of breast 
and abdomen isabelline white. Total length 4*6 inches, culmen 0*6, 
wing 2-6, tail 1*6, tarsus 0*7. 

Hob. Senegambia and Korth-east Africa to the Equatorial region. 

a. $ ad. sk. West Africa. Shelley Coll. 
b. c? ad. sk. Senegambia. Sharpe Coll. 
c. <$ ad. sk. [Senegambia.] Sir A. Smith. 
d. $ ad. sk. Accra (R. T. Ussher). Sharpe Coll. 
e. f. 3 J ad. sk. "Accra, Feb., April (/. Smith). Shelley Coll. 
g, h. $ 2 ad. sk. Accra, Feb. (T. E. Buckley). Shelley Coll. 
i. c? ad. sk. Abyssinia. Sharpe Coll. 
h. S ad. sk. Senaar (Eedenborg). Shelley Coll. 
L dimm. sk. Upper Nile. F. Galton, Esq. [P.]. 
m. (S ad. sk. Wadelai, Oct. 7. Emm Pasha [P.j. 
Subsp. a. Hyphantornis reichardi. 

Ploceus reichardi, JReichen. Zool Jahrb, i. p. 148 (1886). 
Hyphantornis vitellinus (nee Licht.)* FiscJier, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. 

p. 331 (1884) j id. J.f 0. 1885, p.' 133 ; Bohn, t. c. p. 70. 
Ploceus vitellinus (nee Zicftt.), Dubois, Bull Mm. R. Belg. iv. 
p. 148 (1846). 
Hyphantornis reichardi, Matseliie, J.f. 0.1887, p. 159. 
Closely allied to E. vitellinus, but differing chiefly in the reddish* 

464 PLOCEIME. 

brown chest, and in the strong tinge of reddish brown on the under 
surface (lleichenoiv): "bill black; feet brownish flesh-colour; iris 
orango" (67. B. Fischer). 

Hab. Tanganyika district to the Kilimanjaro district. 

26. Hyphantoriiis shelleyi. 
Hypharttornis vitellina (nee Zzcht.), Sharpe, eel LayarcTs B. 8. Afr. 
p. 439 (1884). 
Adult male. Similar to II. mtellimts, but with rather distinct 
blackish shafts on the back; forehead orange, not che&tmit; the 
black on the throat more extended, and reaching quite to the end of 
the rami of the jaw; chest scarcely tinged with orange. Total 
length 5*5 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3, tail 1-8, tarsus I>b5. 

Adult female. Similar to the female of E. viiellinvs, but with 
the back" more distinctly streaked with dusky black. Total length 
4-7 inches, culmen 0-0, wing 2-6, tail 1*7, tarsus O'feo. 

Young males or, it may be, males in winter plumage have the 
entire under surface yellow like the throat, instead of the abdomen 
white. 
Hab. Zambesi region south to Swaziland, and westwards to 

Pamara-Land. 
a,b.<$, e. $ ad.j d, Tete, Zambesi. Sir J. Kirk ^C.: 
e,f. d jay. sk. 
g, h. <$,i $ ad. sk.
h, I. $ 2 ad. sk. 
Swaziland; July (T. B. Buckley), 
Damara-Land, Jan., Feb. (C. J. 
Shelley Coll. 
Sharpe Coll 
7)i. <$ ad. sk.
Andersson). 
South Africa (Mvs. Holm.). Sharpe Coll. 

27. Hyphantoriiis velatus. 
Ploceus yelatus, Vieill N. Diet dllist. Nat. xxxly. p. 132 (1M0); 
Bonn, et Vieill Em. Metli. Hi, p. 701 (1823 J; Ileichenb. Zooi. 
Jahrb. I p. 142 (188C); Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 88; Biffiik. Notes 
Leyden Mus. xi. p. 74 (1888). 

Ploceus tahatali, Smith, BepJlExped. Centr. Afr. p. 50 (3830). 
? Ploceus personatua {nee V.), Swains. An. inMenag. p. 300 (3*37). 
Ploceusauricapillus, Swains, t c. p. 346 (1837); liekkeu. Zool Jahrb. 

i. p. 144 (1886). 
Ploceus rnariquensis, Smitn, III Zool 8. Afr. pi. 103 (1845). 
Hyphantornis velata, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1649) ; id. Hand-l. 
B. ii. p. 42, no. 6580 (1870); Fimch # Hartl Vikj. Ottafr. p. 301, 
note (1870) j Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 254; Gumey in Anders8.lt. 
Bam.-Zd. p. 100 (1872); Bocaye, Orn, Angola,-p. 325 (lt86); 
Butler, Feilden, $ Beid, Zool 1882, p. 257; Sharpe, ed. Lmiar<T* 
B. S. Afr. pp. 439, 847 (1884); Ayres, Ibis, 1&4, p. ±te/l*Wt 
p. 345. 
Hyphantornis mariquensis, Gray. Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1849); Ottniet/, 
Ibis, 1868, p. 4C6, pi. x. 5 Socage, Jam. Lisb. 1*70, p. 340 -Awr*\ 
Ibis, 1871; p. 254; 1873; p. 284,1877, p. 345, 1880, p. 105 ; Shwjw, 

51 . HTFHANTOKNIS. 
Hyphantornis nigrifrons, Cab. Mm, Hem. Tli. i. p. 182 (1850) : 

cVn//, Zool Antecln. p. 22 (1859). 
Ploceolus nigrifrons, Reichenh. Singh, p. 78, pi. xxxvii. fig. 287 (1801). 
-Ploceus ckloronotus, Reichenh. t. c. p. 82. pi. xl. figs. JKU, 305 

(1861). r 

Hyphantornis capitalis (wc Z«^.), Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 180 (1867); 
id. Ibis, I860, p. 369; SJiarpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 5S'(1871); Buckley, 
Ibis, 1874, p. 379. 

—- Hyphantornis auricapillus, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 183 (1867). 
r Hyphantornis sethiops, JEfew^. J". f, Ol 1807, p. 3S0 : id. Orn. 

JV.O.-4fr.i.p.451(1870). 
Hyphantornis tahatali, layard, Ibis, 1808, p. 207. 
Hyphantornis cabanisi (wee Petera), Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 5& 

(1871). ;> / > ^ r 
Hyphantornis vitellines (nee Licht), Ayres, Ibis, 1880, p. 100. 
Hyphantornis melanops, Cab. J.f. 0.1884, p. 240, pi. iii. %. 2. 

Adult male. General colour above greenish olive-yellow, narrowly 
streaked with, dusky centres to the feathers of the back and 
scapulars, more distinct on the latter; lower back rather more 
ashy washed with olive ; rump yellow : upper tail-coverts greenish 
yellow ; wing-coverts and quills brown, edged with olive-yellow; 
tail-feathers olive-brown, edged with yellow, and narrowly fringed 
with yellow along the inner web ; crown of head yellow, becoming 
orange or chestnut towards the forehead, which is black, 
ith well as the lores; feathers round eye, sides of face, ear-coverts, 
cheeks, and throat black, narrowing to a point on the fore neck ; 
sides of neck and remainder of under surface of body bright yellow; 
under wing-coverts ashy whitish, washed with yellow; quills below 
dusky, pale yellow along the inner edge : " bill black ; tarsi and feet 
pale dusky; iris bright crimson" (21 Ayres). Total length 
0*2 inches,* culmen 0*7, wing 2*3, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*25. 


In winter Mr. Ayres says that the iris is light brown, the bill, 
tarsi, and feet are pale dusky. 


Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
brown, somewhat ashy on the back, the whole mantle and back 
rather thickly and broadly streaked with blackish-brown centres; 
scapulars like the back • lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
more uniform ashy brown, the latter washed with olivc-yollow ; 
lesser wing-coverts ashy brown, with an olive tinge; median and 
greater coverts blackish brown, edged with whity brown ; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown, edged with olive-
yellow, the inner secondaries broadly margined with white : centre 
tail-feathers olive-brown, the remainder dark brown with olive-
yellow margins externally, the inner webs narrowly margined with 
yellowish white; crown of head like the back, but less distinctly 
mottled with dusky brown centres to the feathers, the head slightly 
washed with olive; lores dusky; a faint eyebrow of ashy whitish, 
olive on the hinder part; sides of face and ear-coverts olive-brown; 
cheeks and throat sulphur-yellow, inclining to saffron on the fore 

2 II 
vol.. XIII. 


PL0CE1DJE. 

4GG 

neck ; "breast and abdomen isabelline, with a tinge of yellow here 

mid there ; sides of body, flanks, and thighs light ashy : under tail-

coverts white like the abdomen, with a yellow tinge ; under wing-

coverts and axillaries pale saffron-yellow, with a dusky patch near the 

edge of the wing; quills below dusky, yellow along the inner edge : 

"bill, tarsi, and feet pale dusky; iris light brown*7 (T. Ayres). 

Total length (r2 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3-1, tail 2-1, tarsus 0*85. 

Adult male in whiter plumage. Very similar to the adult female, 

but distinguished by its olive-yellow lower back, rump, and upper 

tail-coverts; the wing-coverts edged with yellow, as well as the 

inner secondaries, which are yellow like the primaries ; there is more 

yellow on the throat, and the axillaries and under wing-coverts 

bright yellow. Total length 5-6 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3, tail 2, 

tarsus 0*8. 

In the more northern parts of South Africa a small bright


coloured race (//. mariquensis, Smith, H. melanqps. Cab.) occurs, 

which is at first sight quite different in aspect and size from the 

specimens from the Cape Colony and Natal. There is also much less 

black on the forehead. When a large series, however, is examined, 

it is found that many of the Transvaal birds hold an absolutely 

intermediate position as regards colouring and the extent of black 

on the forehead, and it is impossible to define these northern and 

southern races. It is another case of the phenomenon so often met 

with in South Africa, that the individuals become smaller in size 

and brighter in plumage as they approach nearer towards the 

Equator. 

Hab. South Africa, as far as Benguela on the west and Matabele-

Land on the east. The northern specimens are smaller and brighter. 

a. H. velatus. 
«, b. (S; c. 2 ad. sk. Cape Colony. Sir A. Smith fC.]. 
d, <$ juv. sk. Between the Orange River Sir A. Smith [C.J. 
„ 3 , and the Tropic. (Type of F. tahatalL) 
e,f- d;ff-2 ad. sk. Cape Colony (JE, L. L. $ Sharpe Coll 


a i. A.),

h. cS ad. sk. Cape Colony. Shelley ColL 
«. c? 5 *, l. Q ad. sk. Natal. Sharpe ColL 
m. 
6 ad. sk. Weenen, April (T. Shelley Coll. 
Arnold). 
n. 
2 ad. sk. Durban, Aug. 25 (Savtle Shelley ColL 
JReid). J 
o,p, d;q.$ ad. sk. Newcastle, Oct. OS. A. Shelley Coll 
JSidler). J 
r~u. e ad. et hieai.; Transvaal (T. Ayres). Sharpe Coll. 

v. ^ act. hiem sk. 
to. 6 ad. sk. Transvaal (T. Ayres). Shelley Coll. 
Vot2^toom 0ct

*. e «L sk.> 3 (T. J. H. &umey, Esq. [P.]. 

y. <J Mem. sk. EustenW, J„ly 4 (W. Shelley Coll. 
Lucas), 
z, a'. 4 ad. sk. Macamac. F. A- Barratt) E ^ [R]_ 

51 . BTPHANIOBNIS. 
407 

j3. II, mariqiiemis. 

a-g. $ ad. hiem. Be\oud Kumeliaine. Sir A. Smith [C.]. 
etjad.sk. (Types of Ploceus mariqitensis.) 

n. S ad. sk. Interior of Cape Shelley Coll 
Colony {Butler). 
\ [ J ad.] sk. Cok\,berg(/L.F. Ortkpp). Sharpe Coll. 
k,l. 6$. hiem. sk. Rustenburg, Aug. ( W. Shelley Coll. 


Lucas), 
m, n. <$ J ad. sk. Matabele-Land, Oct. \V. E. & C. G Oates, 

(F. Oates). Esqs. [P.]. 
tf, P. o* ad. sk. Limpopo River, Nov 22 Shelley Coll. 
(T, E, Buckley). 
q, r. (5 imm.; s-w. Damara-Land (C, J. Sharpe Coll. 
<3 J hiem. sk. Andersson), 
a?. tf ad. sk. Ondonga, Ovauipo-Land, Shelley Coll. 
Jan. 22 (C. J". A.). 
y, 6 ad. sk. Ilumbe, Cunene River Shelley Coll, 


(J. Atichieta), 
as. c5 ad. sk. Humbe (/. A.). Lisbon Museum [P.]. 
28. Hyphantornis taeniopteras. 
Ploceus intermedius (nee Rupp.), Heugl Syst. Uebers. p. 38 (1856): 
Ilmgl. J.f. 0. 1862, p. 26, 1867, p. 383. 
Ploceus taeniopterus, Iteichenb. Singv, p. 78, pi. xxxvL figs. 281, 282 
(1861); Reichen. Zool Jahrb. i. p. 151 (1886); Shelley, Ibis, 1887, 

Hyphantornis taenioptera, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 42, no. 6583 (1870) ; 
Heugl Orn. N. O.-Afr. i. p. 554, Taf. xviii. hg. /* (1870), iv. p. exxx 
(1871) j HartL Abkandl. nat. Ter. Bremen, Vii. p. 99 (1881); Pek, 

Verh. z.-h Ges. Wien,xxx. p. 506 (1882). 
Hyphantornis atrogularis (nee Voigt), Finschfy HartL Vdg. Ostafr. 
pp. 394, 395 (1870). 

Adult 'male. Similar to H, vitellinus, and with chestnut on the head, 
bu t with a narrow hand of black across the forehead; the sides of 
th e face and cheeks only black as far as the line of the eye; ear-
coverts chestnut where they adjoin the black, becoming afterwards 
golden yellow like the sides of the neck; the black on the throat 
produced on the lower throat to the beginning of the fore neck, 
and everywhere surrounded by chestnut: " bill black; feet reddish ; 
iris reddish dusky" (Von Beuglin), Total length 5 inches, culmen 
0*65, wing 2*7, tail V6, tarsus 0-8. 


Young male. Scarcely different from the female of 11. vitellinus, 
bu t more distinctly streaked above. Total length 5-8 inches, 
culmen 0*65, wing 2*8, tail 1/7, tarsus 0*85. 

Bab, White Nile from 10° N. lat. to the Lado district. 

a d ad. sk. White Nile (Pethericli). Tweeddale Coll. 
b, c, 6 ad. et juv. sk. Lado, March, May (Emm Shelley Coll. 
Pasha), 

d. 
d ad. sk. Bor, July 10 (Emm Pasha), Shelley Coll. 
2 H 2 
468 
PLOCEIDJE. 

29. Hypkantoruis heuglini 
Textor atrogularis (nee Toigt). Ilaujl. J.f.O. 1S04. p. 245. 

Hyphantornk atrosrularis {nee Voiyti, HeztgL J. /*. O. 1^07. p. :J87; 
«/. Or«. XO.-i/y. i. pt. 2, p. 559. pi. xlx.^l&rOt; Shelley, Ibis, 
1853, p. 550; Sharpe, Juurn. Linn. Sue. x\ii. p. 42* > c 1&84». 

Hvphanturnis tsenioptera (pt.), 
Gray, Hond-L B. ii. p. 42. no. 6553 
"(1870.). 

Ploceus heuglini. Beirhen. ZooL Jahrb. i. p. 147 tlsstJt: HartL op. 
cit. ii. p. 3i0 (1^7): Shdhy, Ik's. 1^7, p. :J0. 

^MuZ? //?aZt-. Similar to H. bt-niopteffs and Laving the Mack of 
the throat brought down to the base of the fore neck, a- In that 
species. The ear-coverts however, are Mack, and not chestnut, the 
hinder ear-covert* being yellow like the sides of the neck. The 
head is like that of true H. vifdlitms hut has no chestnut, nor is the 
base of the forehead black : u bill black; feet fleshy; irib huffy 

•white "(7F. A. Forks). Total length 5*3 inches culmen 1**7, wing 
2*75, tail 1-7, tarsus 0*5. 
Bob. West Africa from the Gambia to the Niger, across to the 
Niam Niam Country and Equatorial Africa. 

a. (J ad. sk. River Gambia. 
Furb*** full. 
b. $ ad. sk. Lokoja, River Niirer ( W. A. FA. Fori*- Cull 
c. $ ad. sk. Sa^sa, Niam Niam CouLtry, Sept. F, Bobnduiff X'.". 
30. HyphaHfornis spflonotus. 
Ploceus f-pilonutus, Vi<jor»< P. Z. K 15-1L p. 02; Smith, Fl. Z ah S. 
Afr.,Binh, pi. CO. "ti*r. 1 <Wli; Gunny, lh\ J^U p. :U2; 
Beidien. ZwL Jahrb. i. p. 13i> I l^ii); >S? * !b y, Iti\ 1*^7, p. 2U. 

Ploceus stictouotus, Smith, S. Afr. Q. Juurn. Isil, p. 11. 
Ploceus flavieeps (««? Or . J, Swains. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 200, pi. iJ2 
(1837). 

Hvphanturnis spilonota. Gray, Gen. J?, ii. p. 851 /H40); HnrtL 
"Orn. W.-Afr. p. 125 (1N37 j ; *SW. P. X & lsUti, p. 23; Lw/wL IJ. 
&4/>\p.l'81(lM>7): Gray, II</nd-l. B. ii.p. 40, iat. f'55^| 1S"0$; 
Shelley, Bn's, 1?>75. p. 71*; Sharpe, ed. LayarcTa B. S. Jt>. pp. 4-i77 
847 (]>84); Ztof&r, FdiJut. ^ lit id, Zml 1--2. p. 2^7. 

Ploceus ehry&ostictos, Li'ht. MSS.: Bp. Cf*ny*. i. p. 441118501. 
Textor spilonotus, Bp. Con^p. i. p. 441 flH50K 
Hypbantornis spinonota, Luht. Xomenei. p. 00 {1*04*. 
Ploceus cvcluspilos, Reichen.. Sinyv. p.fcu. p i x.\x\iii. fvj*. 290. 2i't> 


(1851)/ 
Ploceus brandtij Reichen.. t. r. p. tK2» pl.xl. tig. **)0fj \ iHll |» 
H\phantornib brandti, Gray, Hand-L B. ii, p. 4L no. I?070 |1^70|. 

AZ«Z£ male. General colour above black, spotted all over with 
yellow ends to the feathers, the rump more uniform ashy brown : 
the scapulars more distinctly tipped with yellow ; tipper tsiil-co\eirs 
olive-yellow tipped with brighter yellow ; wing-coverts black, broadly 
edged with yellow, whitish at the ends of the median and greater 
coverts ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blaekkh, * clged 
with olive-yellow, the inner secondaries whitish on the nrirgliH and 
the ends ; tail-feathers light olive-brown, edged with olive-}< llow, 
the inner web also margined with yellow ; crown of head and nape 
brilliant yellowy ; lores and a narrow^ line above the eye, feathers 

51 . HYPHAlSTTORtflS, 
round eye, sides of face, the ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat black, 
narrowing down into a pointed line on the fore neck and chest; 
sides of neck, sides of lower throat, and under surface of body brilliant 
yellow, pale on the under tail-coverts and under wing-coverts; quills 
below pale brown, yellow along the inner edge: " bill brownish 
black; feet flesh-coloured, tinted with brown; claws a pale browncolour 
; iris deep vermilion red " (Sir A. Smith). Total length 6'2 
inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*45, tail 2, tarsus 0*95. 

Adult female. Different from the male. Ashy brown above, 
streaked with dusky-brown centres to the feathers of the back and 
scapulars; lower back and rump uniform ashy brown ; upper tail-
coverts and tail pale brown washed with olive-yellow, especially the 
former ; wings as in the male, but with the yellow less bright; 
head and neck olive-yellow, with dusky centres to the feathers; a 
distinct eyebrow of pale yellow; sides of face light yellow, olive on 
the ear-coverts; cheeks and under surface of body pale yellow, 
whiter on the abdomen and under tail-coverts ; lower flanks and 
thighs light brown tinged with yellow; tinder wing-coverts pale 
yellow, with a patch of brown near the edge of the wing; quills 
dusky brown, yellow along the inner edge. Total length 5*7 inches, 
culmen 0*8, wing 3*25, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*9. 

You tic/ birds are light ashy brown on the under surface, with only 

the throat and sides of the face yellow; upper surface as in the 

adult female. 

Hab. S.E. Africa. 

a. ? ad. sk. S.E. Afiica. 
SfrA. Smith fC.]. 
b. (S ad. sk. Kingwilliamstown. Major II. Trevelyan 
c. d. S 9- ad. sk. Elands' Post (T. C. Aimore), Sharpe Coll. 
e. S ad. sk. Natal. Forbes Coll. 
/. 3 ad. sk. Natal (J. Wahlberg). Shelley Coll. 
g. $ ad. sk. Natal. Dr. Gueinzius [0.]. 
h} L <3 imm. et 5 Durban, April. Shelley Coll. 
ad. sk. 
k,l,7n. 
d1; n,o,p. Pinetown, Feb., March, July, Shelley Coll. 
§ ad. et imm. sk. Oct. (T. L. Ayres). ^ 

q. 6 ad. sk. Weenen, Dec. 19 (T. Arnold). Shelley %11. 
r. 
tf ad. sk. Buffalo River. Sharpe Coll. 
s. 
? ad.sk. Swazi-Land, July 25 {T. K Shelley Coll. 
Buckley). 
31. Hyphantornis speML 
Hvphantornis baglafecht 
(nee V.), Blyth, J. A. S. Beny. xxiv, p. 301 
(1836; ; Eartl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 276 (1857) ; ScL Ibis, 1860, 

p. 246 j Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 41, no. 6565 (1870). 
Hyphantornis spekii? Heugl. in Peterm. Mitth. 1861, p. 24 ; id. Orn. 
X.O.-Afr. i. p. 550 (1870); Finsch $ Hartl Yog. Osto/h p. 394 
(1870); Salvad. Ami. Mus. Genov. (2)i. p. 188 (1884). 

Hyphantornis somalensis, Heugl. J.f O. 1867, p. 379. 
Hyphantornis somalicus, Finseh, J.f. 0.1868, p. 169. 
Hyphantornis meloxit, Antin. MSS.} teste Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. 

(2) i. p. 188 (1884). 
Ploceus spekii, Reiclien. Zool. Jdhrb. i. p. 146 (1886); Shelley, Ibis, 
1887, p. 29. 

PIGCEIDJL 

Adult male. General colour above mottled, the back olive-yellow, 
with spear-shaped central markings of black; lower back, rump, 
and upper tail-coverts olive-yellow, with rather brighter yellow tips 
to the feathers; wing-coverts diioky blackish, edged with yellowish 
green; median wing-coverts black, broadly tipped with yellow, 
forming a broad wing-band; greater coverts black, edged with dull 
yellow ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish, edge! with 
greenish yellow; tail-feathers dusky brown, edged narrowly with 
olive-yellow ; crown of head, nape, and hind ntck deep gulden 
yellow, almost orange ; a narrow line commencing at the ba&e of the 
nostrils, passing just over the eye, lores, ear-coverts, sides of face, 
cheeks, and throat black, descending tc a point on the centre of the 
lower throat; remainder of under surface ox body bright yellow, 
gradually deepening to orange-chestnut on the fore neck and sides 
of the lower throat; flank-feat her& with some bldeki&h aiibterniiiril 
spots, not very distinctly indie tted : sides of upper breast like the 
back, olive-yellow with black centre*; axillaris and under wing-
coverts pale tawny buif, with a>hy ba-e* and wu-hed with yellow 

near the edge of the wing, which is, bright \ ellow : quill-* du-ky 
below, olive-buff alone: the inner web : u bill black; feet carmine ; 
iris orange-red M (Atitiauri). Total lentrth 3'o inches, culmen u-7-3, 
wing 3 25, tail 1-0, tardus n-tj. 


Yoiuuj male. Similar to the female of If. spUvnhtins, but much 
darker, the diibky markings of the srrey hick more pronuur.ced ; 
throat and breast yellow (Cull. F. J. JtfrL-fon). 

The adult femah will doubtless be very similar to the young 
male described. 
Hah. From Bhoa to the Somali Country, and south to Ukanibani. 

a, b. J ad. sk. DemLe and Dairnbe, Shua, April, SLelle\ Cull. 
May {0. AnHmri}. 

32. Hyphantornis superciliosus. {Plate XIV.) 
Hyphantornis supercilious Sltellry, &t\ 1*>73, p. 140 : I&iehm. 
J.f. 0. Ib77, p. 27; Hot aye, Or a. ^bujoh, p. *>iU |1^1; ; tihrlley, 
Ibis, lfc83, p. o5l. 
Ploceus supercilioMi>, Mtiehm. Zool. Jahrb. i. p. 1->J (IbSu'f: id. 

J.f. 0. 1857, p. :J00; Mrlley, Ibix, 1^7, p. 'J7. 
Adult [female]. General colour above dull olive-yellow, the feathers 
with dusky centres ; rump and upper tail-eoverts browner, the 
latter streaked with dusky ; wings entirely brown, the feather* with 
whifcy brown edges, more distinct on the median and greater coverts; 
the primaries slightly tinged with olive on their edges ; tail-feathers 
dark brown; crown of head blackish, washed with orange-yeFow; 
the occiput and nape more olive like the back; a broad eyebrow of 
golden yellow, deepening to orange on the fore part; lores, feathers 
round eye, sides of face, ear-coverts, and fore part of cheeks black ; 
hinder cheeks and sides of neck golden yellow, as also the hinder 
part of the ear-coverts ; throat black ; remainder of under surface 
of body golden yellow, inclining to orange on the fore neck and 
lower throat; abdomen whitish; flanks, thighs, and under tail


52. 
CIOTAMOPTERYX. 
471 

coverts pale isabelline-buff; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
isabelline brown; quills below dusky, whitish along the inner edge. 
Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2-5, tail 1-6, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult male. Differs from the female in having the crown yellow, 
no yellow eyebrow, and the sides of the face and upper throat 
black: u upper mandible blackish horny, lower one pale blue-grey; 
legs dirty flesh-colour; iris brown " ( W. A. Forbes). Total length 
4 5 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 2*45, tail 1-45, tarsus 0*75. 

Young birds are browner than the old female and have the head 
blackish, followed by a broad eyebrow of tawny buff like the sides 
of the face and underparts; lores and a broad streak through the 
eye black. Wing 2*5 inches. " Maxilla horn-colour; mandible 
pale fleshy; feet dirty Mesh-colour; iris olive-brown" (W. A. 
Forbes). 

Hah. West Africa from the Gold Coast to the Loan go Coast, 
extending to the Upper Congo. 

a. [ 2 ad.] sk. West Africa. Sharpe Coll. 
b, c. I mm. sk,
d. Imm. sk.
e. <5 ad. ; f-h,
3 2 imm.sk. 
Fantee (Auburn). 
Accra (J. Smith). 
Shonga, R. Niger, Nov., Dec. 
(W. A. F.). 
(Type of species.) 
Sharpe Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Forbes Coll. 
i. $ ad.; k, I. 2ad. et juv. sk. 
Landana, R. Congo (L. Petit). Shelley Coll. 

52. 
CINNAMOPTERYX. Type 
Chmamopteryx, Meichen. Zool. Jahrb. i. p. 126 (188G). C. castaneofusca. 

llange. Confined to Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Abdomen chestnut; head and throat black. 
a\ No light edgings to the wing-coverts and 
quills, which are entirely black. 
a'. Mantle yellow; remainder of "back black; 
throat only black tricolor $, p. 471. 
&". Mantle chestnut like the remainder of [p. 472. 
the back; throat and breast black castaneofusca <$, 
b\ 
"Wing-coverts and quills edged with whitish ; 
back entirely chestnut, as well as the under 
tail-coverts rubiginosa $, p. 473. 

1. Cinnamopteryx tricolor. 
Ploceus collaris (nee V.), J. F. Gray, Zool. Misc. i. p. 6 (1831). 

Hvphantornis tricolor, Eartl. J. f. 0.1854, p. 110; id. Orn. W.-Afr. 
"{. 126 (1857); Gray, Eandd. B. ii. p. 41, no. 6567 (1870); Shelley 
§ Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 292; B'dttik. Notes Leyden M,lis. vii. 

p. 193 (1885).
Ploceus tricolor, Heicherib. Singv. p. 81 (1861) ; Beiclien. Zool Jahrb. 
i p. 128 (1886); Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 38; Biittik. Notes Lexjden 
Mus. x. p. 88 (1888), xi. p. 134 (1889). 

? Hyphantornis fuscocastanea, Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 1880, no. 29; id, 
Orn. Angola, p. 558 (1881). 

PLOCEIDJE. 

Adult male. General colour above "black with a slight gloss : quills 
and tail black; mantle golden yellow ; entire bead and throat black ; 
remainder of under surface fiom the lower throat downwards rich 
chestnut; sides of body, liunks, thighs, and under tail-coverts black, 
the latter edged with chestnut; axillaries and under wing-ccverts 
black; quills blackish below, ashy whitish along the inner web: 
u bill black; feet greyish brown; iris brown" (J. Bifttikofrr). 
Total length 0*3 inches, culmen 0*8. wing 3*5, tail 1*S, tardus 0*^5. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour {J. Buitikuf r). 

A young bird has the head dusky brown mixed with black : the 
tin oat dusky reddish brown with a tinge of chestnut; the breast 
not so bright a chestnut as in the adult. 

Hab. IVest Africa from Sierra Leone to the Lcango Coast. 

u. Ad. sk. West Africa. Sir E. Sabine "IV, 
(Type of P. collar is.) 
5. <? ad. sk. Fantee. 
Sliar|»e Coll. 
c. $ juv. sk. Fantee. 
S. 1). Aubinn ~C.~. 
d. tfad. sk. Fantee. 
A. Swai«zy, E-qVlV. 
a. Ad. sk. Funtre. 
>hellev Cull. 
f-h 
Ad. et juv. sk. Ainiapim, Feb. {T. E. Sheikv Cull. 
'Buckley). 

2. Cumamopteryx castaneofusca. 
Ploceus caslaneofu^ctis. Let**. Btv. Zool. WO, p. f*0; ]*ti<fonb. 
Singv. p. b'2> (lfcUl) j llt>irhen. Zu**l. Juhrb.\.\\. 120* WO); Bfittik. 
Notes Leyden Mus. viii. p. 2*> (WO , x. p. !^H f W^|, xi. p. 1;>4 
(W9) ; %Shdley, Ibi\ W7, p. ;>. 

? Ploceus isubelliiia, Less, lie v. Zoal. 1840, p. 220; JRiiehntb. Sitig*:. 

p. 83(1801). 
HvphantornU castaneofusca, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 331 f lS4i*f; Hartl. 
"Orn. W.-Afr. p. 120 (W71; itf. J", f. O. WL p. I7">: M^K? 
i5«, 1600, p. 191; Ileugl Qrn. X.O.-Afr. I p. ^01 (1570), iv. 
p. exxxi (Wl); Skarpe, Cut. Afr. %B. p. -7,* |LS711; Sheltey ty 
Bud-ley,'Ibis, 1672, p. 260; lltichtn. ^ ZwMe/\ J. / . 0. W:J, 

p. 215; UsJur, Ills, 1*74, p. 07; Beit-he a. J. f. 0. lx7»i, p. ;j{) ; 
Sharpe fy Bma xer, Bull. Soc. Zoul. Fr. iii. p. 74 11 ^761; Oust. 
Noui\ Arch. Mus. f 2) ii. Bull. p. 13i> (1*79 j ; Bocage, Orn. Any«la, 
p. 507; Forbes, Ibis, !&&:% p. oOO: Shelley, i.e. p.\*30:>; But til:. 
Notes Ley den Mus. vii. p. 192 (18>3). 
Hyphantornis isabellina, G'rr/;/, 6-V*/?. J?, ii. p. 331 1S49), 
Textor castaneofu&eus, BJK Consp. i. p. 442 |l^-jl)t 
Cinnamopteryx castaneofusca, Ilartert, J. f. 0. I860, p. ~J&~). 


Adult male. General colour above chestnut, slightly mottled with 
black bases to the feathers, especially on the scapulars, which are 
black, tipped with chestnut: upper tail-coverts Mack; wing-coverts, 
quills, and tail black; head, nape, and hind neck, ab well a< the 
sides of the head, entire throat, and breast black, leaving only the 
abdomen, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts chestnut; axillaries 
and under wing-coverts black: quills below black : H bill black '* 

(J. B'dttil'ofer); '"legs dark livid flesh-col3iir" {IV. A. Forks): 
''iris yellow" (Shelley tj* Buckley). Total length Cr2 inches, 
culmen 0*8, wing 8*25, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*S5. 
Adult female. Different from the male. Brown, streaked with 

52 . CrSTNAMOPTEETX. 
473 

black on the mantle, the head slightly more olive; lower back and 
rump reddish brown, deepening on the tail-coverts; wings blackish, 
the median and greater coverts margined with whity brown, a little 
more olive on the greater series and primaries; tail-feathers brown; 
lores and sides of face brown with an oehreous wash; under surface 
of body olive-yellow, the middle of the breast and abdomen sulphur-
yellow, the chest, sides of body, thighs, and under tail-coverts tawny 
buff: "iris brown" (G. E. Shelley). Total length 5'5 inches, 
culmen 075, wing 2*95, tail 1*8, tardus 0*8. 

Hab. West Africa from Senegambia to the Congo. 

a. <$ ad. sk.
b. c^ad.;cTf. 
Efuenta, Wasa, Gold Coast. 
Asliantee. 
Sir R. Burton & Capt. 
Cameron [P.]. 
Gould Coll. 
JUT. or J 
ad. sk. 
<7, k. Juv. sk.
i,h. Jad. sk.
I, m, n. $ ad.
sk.
o. S ad. sk.
y. 3 ad. sk.
q. $ ad. sk. 
Fantee. 
Abrobonko, Cape Coast, Jan. 30(G. E. 8). 
Abomi, Aguapim, Feb. (G. E. 8. 
$ T. E. Buckley), 
Accra (Capt. Iluynes). 
Iliver Volta (If. T. Ussher). 
Onitscha, U. Niger, Aug. ( W,
A. F.). 
Sharpe Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll 
Sharpe Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Forbes Coll. 
r, s. Ad. sk. R. Niger. Mrs. Hey wood. 

3. Cinnamopteryx rubigiiiosa. 
Ploceus rubiginosus, Btipp. Neite Wirb. p. 93, pi. 33. fig. 1 (1835-40); 
id. 8yst Uebers. p. 76 (1845); Heugl Syst. Uebers. p. 38 (1850); 
Eeiehenb. Singv. p. 83, Taf. xli. fig. 311 (1861); Eeichen. ZooL 
Jah-b. i. p. 128 (1886) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 38. 

Hvphantomis rubiginosa, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1849); Earth 
"Ora. W.-Afr. p. 127, note (1857); Eeur/l J. f. 0. 18(57, p. 383; 
id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 500 (1870), iv. p. cxxi (1871); Cab. J.f. 0. 
1878, p. 231; Fischer, J.f. 0.1885, p. 133. 

Textor rubiginosus, Bp. Camp. i. p. 442 (1850). 
Hvphantornia castaneosoma, Eeichen. Orn. Centralbl. 1881. p. 79; 
"id. J.f. 0.1881, p. 334, 

Adult male. General colour above uniform light bay or chestnut 
from the nape to the upper tail-coverts, the latter somewhat paler; 
scapulars chestnut, with black centres; lesser wing-coverts ashy 
brown, slightly mottled with black centres : median and greater 
coverts black, edged and tipped with white or reddish white; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, edged with whity brown, 
the secondaries with broader white margins ; tail-feathers brown, 
with pale olive-brown edges; crown of head black; occiput and 
nape like the back; lores, feathers round eye, sides of face, ear-
coverts, cheeks, and throat black, having a sharply-defined line along 
the sides of neck, which are rich chestnut like the fore neck and 
remainder of the under surface of body, becoming paler on\ 
the abdomen, sides of body, flanks, and under tail-coverts, the 
latter with whitish ends; under wing-coverts and axiliaries 

474 PL0CEIM3. 

isabollino whito; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge: 

" bill black ; feet reddish ; iris reddish dusky " (Hexuflin). Total 

length 7 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3-25, tail 2-15, tarsus 0-9. 

Adult female. Different from the male. Ochrcons brown, with 
broad black centres to the feathers of the back ; lower back, rump, 
and upper tail-coverts uniform; wing-coverts and quills dusky 
brown, edged with pale brown or whity brown, the margins very 
broad on tho median coverts, the primaries edged with olivo ; tail-
feathers brown with olive margins; crown of head brown but less 
distinctly streaked with dark brown ; a narrow eyebrow and feathers 
round the eye yellowish buff: ear-coverts uniform pale brown ; 
throat, lower breast, abdomen, and thighs white; cheeks, fore neck, 
and breast pale tawny brown; sides of upper breast ashy brown 
with blackish centres; under wing-coverts and axillaries whitish; 
quills ashy brown below, whitish along the inner web. Total length 
5 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3T5, tail 1/9, tarsus 0-9. 

Bab. Abyssinia to the neighbourhood of Kilimanjaro in East 
Africa *. 

(I. $ ad. sk. Abyssinia. Dr. Kiippell. 
b. ad. sk. Abyssinia. Sharpe Coll.
$ 

c. 6 ad. sk. Mombasa ( Wakefield). Rev. A. F. Buxton 
d. $ ad. sk. Useri River.
[P.]. 
II._ 0. V. Hunter, 
Esq. [P.j. 
53. PLOCEELLA. 
Type-. 

Ploceella, Oates in Hume's Nests $ JEggs Ind. 23. 

p. 443 (1873) P. javanensis. 
Head uf J?loccdla javanensis. 

Range. Java; Burmese countries to Siam. 
.. I 
4«*-* k-yvw * *-**-* 1. Ploceella javanensis. 
">V

>>V>»*"r<"'"-<*•"*--1 

Pringilla philippina, Ilorsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 160 (1820). 
Tfi \ ~}H l ?£ £ ItOxia philippina, llajjl. trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 313 (1820). 
^ \£**+, i !.Loxia javanensis, Less. TraitS, p. 446 (1831). 


* Three specimens from Damara-Land are apparently females or young 
males of a Weaver-bird akin to this species, but in all probability not identical 
with 0. rubiginosa. 
53 . PLOCEBLLA. 
475 
Ploceus philippinus {nee L.), Blyth, J. A. S. JBeng. xiii. p. 945 (1844) ; 
id. Ibis, 1867, p. 40. 

Ploceus hypoxanthus, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 114 (1849); 
Bp. Consp. Av. I p. 443 (1850); Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 180 
(1850) j Horsf. § Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. ii. p. 513 (1850); 
Gray, Hand4. B. ii. p. 44, no. 0013 (1870; ; Hume, Nests § Eggs 
Ind.B. p. 442 (1873); id. Str. F. iii. p. 154(1875); Vorderm. 
Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl Lid. xlii. p. 85 (1883) ; Reichen. Zool. Jahrb. 

i. p. 161 (1886). 
Ploceolus hypoxanthus, Reick&rib. Singv. p. 77, Taf. xxxv. figs. 277, 
278 (1861). 
Ploceella javanensis, 
Oates in Hwne's Nsts § Eggs Lid. B. p. 443 
(1873); id. Str. F. v. p. 160(1877); id. ibid. x. p. 231 (1887); 
Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 107 (1879) ; Oates, Bandb. B. Brit. Burm. i. 

p. 362 (1883). 
Ploceus javanensis, Wald. Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 210 note (1875); Blyth $ 
Wald. B. Burm. p. 91 (1875), 
Ploceus chrysseus, Hume, Str, F. vi. p. 399, note (1878). 


Adult male. General colour above golden yellow, the mantle and 
upper back mottled with black centres to the feathers; the lower 
back uniform brown ; scapulars like the back; rump and upper 
tail-coverts uniform golden yellow; wing-coverts brown, the median 
and greater series edged with whity brown or yellowish: bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown with olive-yellow 
margins: tail-feathers dusky brown washed with yellow on the 
outer web; crown of head golden yellow; hind neck slightly mottled 
with dusky: lores, feathers round eye, and ear-coverts blackish; 
fore part of cheeks, chin, and throat black ; hinder cheeks, sides of 
neck, fore neck, and under surface of body golden yellow, including 
the thighs and under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts and axilkries 
isabelline, the outer greater coverts dusky ; quills below dusky, ashy 
along the inner edge. Total length 5*4 inches, culmen 0*6, 
wing 2-65, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. General colour above brown, the mantle and upper 
back with blackish centres and whity-brown edges; scapulars like 
the back ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform reddish 
brown ; lesser wing-coverts brown, slightly washed with olive; 
median and greater coverts as well as quills brown with whitybrown 
edges, the light margins to the greater coverts and inner 
secondaries tinged with olive,; tail-feathers brown, edged with 
whity brown tinged with olive; crown of head like the back but 
less distinctly streaked, the hind neck with a reddish tinge; a broad 
eyebrow of orange-yellow ; lores, feathers round eye, sides of face, 
ear-coverts, and cheeks pale tawny buff, which overspreads the chin 
and throat, sides of neck, fore neck, and breast; abdomen whiter; 
sides of body, flanks, and thighs light brown washed with tawny; 
under tail-coverts whitish; under wing-coverts and axillaries isabelline 
with a slight yellow tinge; quills below dusky, ashy isabelline 
along the inner edge. Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2*7, 
tail 2*15, tarsus 0*75. 

In winter plumage the male resembles the full plumage of the 

476 
PL0CE1D33. 

adult female. The young birds are quite rufescent below, and are 
also tinged with rufous on the upper surface. 
Hah, Java, Burmese countries, and Siam. 

a, h. <$ ad. sk. Java (Horsfield). India Museum. 

c. £ ad. sk. Java. 
Purchased. 
d. cj ad. sk. Bekas&i, Java, Feb. 28 (SI 0. Furbts Cull. 
$ ad. sk. Tkatone. Tenasserim, Oct. {!<?. C. Tweeddale Coll. 
Bear an). 
/ . $ juv. sk. Ta\oy. April 20 ( W. JDavhou). Hume Coll. 

g. 
<$ ad. sk. Lcraer Pegu. W. T. Blanfurd, E*q. 
rP.~. 
7i-p. 6: q-v.2 Pegu, April to July (R W. 0.). Gates "Coll. 
ad.etjuv.&k. 
w-x. d; y>«, «'• Pegu, April to Sept. (JS, W. 0.). Hume Cull. 
? ad. sk. 
&f-tfc^«W'.2 


Pegu, July to Sept. (E. W. O.J. ForbfsCoIl. 

ad. et juv. sk. 
k'. Juv. sk. Bunnali. Pin* III Coll. 
l'-q\ d ad.; Iianir< on district, June, Julv I w twiddle CMIL 

r',s'.$ juv.sk . {It G. W.Ii.}. 

f. 
<$ ad. bk. Paiuoon. Hiin^roiL 
vt-tf.<$;y'-a". 
Tonjhoo, June, Julv (11. fJ. TWiI.ial-Coll. 
5 ad. sk. 


w. n. i 
Z>". tf ad. &. Siam {Sir JR. Stlwmhurgk). Gould Coll. 

54. MELAHOPTEBYX. 
Type. 

Melanopteryx, JRewkcn. Zool Jahrh. i. p. 123 < l**6j. ttm y{t nii»*rriina. 

Range. Confined to Vest Africa. 

Key to the Sjjalts. 

a. Entirely black above 
, n>(jprrimay p. 478. 
b. With a white patch on the hind neck albinuckr?, p. 477. 
1. Melanopteryx nigerrima. 
Ploceus 
nigerrimus, Vieill X. Diet. ftUht. Xaf. xxxiv. p. ISO 
(1819); JReicken. Zool Jahrh. i. p. 123 f lv?0»: Hartl. op. n't ii. 

p. 320 {lb87); Shelley, Ibis, 1 **7? p. 35; Jfc iVri™. J"./ a 1**7,p. 305. 
Ploceus niger, Swains. An. in Jlemig. p. 30IJ < 1 r*-i7* J. 
Sveobius nigerrimus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 332 {1*40); Bp. Consp. I. 
*p. 439 (1850J; Ilartl. Orn. TV.-Afr. p. 133 <L*37); Ctes. Pw . 
P7«7<w?. ^eatf. 1KJ9, p. 130: J5fartf! /. ^ O. 1*01, p. 237. 

Malimbus nigerrimus, Gray, Haml-l B.* ii. p. 43, no. 0**07 {1*70); 
JSharpe, P. Z. S. L*7I,'p. 01 2; id. Jy JJouvier, Bull Sue. Zml 
France, i. p. 47 (1870); JS7/i^, I&6, 1^70, p. 4€4; Orn. X. Artk. 
Mus. (2} ii. Bull p. 108 < 1679). 

IIv}hantorais 
nigeirimu*. Meiclten. Con. Afrik. Ges. no. x. p. 181 
'(1874) j id. J.f.O. Ib77, p. 26. 

Adult male. Entirely black above and below ; u bill Mack ; feet 
brownish flesh-colour; iris golden-yellow ^ (A. Miiehenow). Total 
length 0*o inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*3, tail 2'lo, tarsus 0*9. 

55. MALIMBUS. 
477 
Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
ochreous-olive, with broad black centres to the feathers of the back 
and mantle ; the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform 
ochreous-olive, the latter with dusky centres ; wings black, with 
light ochreous edges to the wing-coverts and inner secondaries; tail-
feathers black, edged with olive ; head olive-greenish, slightly varied 
with dusky centres to the feathers of the nape; eyebrow lighter 
olive; sides of face dull olive; cheeks and under surface of body 
olive-yellow, brightest on the throat and abdomen ; fore neck, breast, 
and sides of body olive-brown; thighs and under tail-coverts with 
a ruddy tinge; under wing-coverts olive ; quills dusky below, olive 
on the inner web. Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 3*45, 
tail 2*1, tarsus 0-9. 

Bab. "West Africa from the Cameroons to the Congo. 

a, b. <$ ; c. 2 ad. Cameroons Mountains; Jan.. Sharpe Coll. 
Feb. (A. Crossletj). 

d. c? ad. sk. Gaboon. M. Verreanx. 
Lsk. Gaboon. P.B.DuCkaillu[C.]. 
h. c5 ad. sk. E. Ogowe (B. T. Ansell). Shelley Coll. 
i. 
d ad. sk. E. Congo (Dr. A. Lucan). Shelley Coll. i 
2. Melanopteryx albiuttclia. 
Malimbus 
nigerrimus (nee V.), Sharpe, IbtSj 1872, p. 72; Ussher, 
i&«, 1874,p.C8. 
Ploceus nigerrimus (nee V.), Biittik. Notes Ley den Mus. x. p. 88 
(1888), xi p. 134(1889). 
Sycobius albinucha, Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 1876, p. 247. 

Adult. Black all over like M. nigerrhna, but with a much smaller 
bill, and distinguished by having the hind neck and upper mantle 
mixed with white, so as to form a patch. Total length 5*4 inches, 
culmen 0*75, wing 3-1, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*7. 

Young. Sooty black above with scarcely any white on the neck; 
bill horn-brown; under surface dark ashy grey, hoary whitish on 
the throat and cheeks. 

Bab. West Africa from Liberia to the Niger. 

a. Juv. sk. "West Africa. Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. Gold Coast. 
Forbes Coll. 
c. d, e. Ad. sk. Gold Coast. 
Shelley Coll. 
/, g. Ad. 5 h Juv. Denkera (JET. T. Ussher). Sharpe Coll. 
sk. 
Ad. sk. E. Niger. Dr. Baikie [C.]. 

55. MALIMBUS. w 
Type. 
Malimbus, Vieill. Ois. Chant, p. 71, pi. 42 (1805) M. cristatus. 
Sycobius, Vieill. Analyse, p. 33 (1816) M. cristatus. 
Fieophagus, Vieill (ubi ?), teste Gray, 1849. 
Atalochrous, Elliot, Ibis, 1870, p. 458 M. racheliaj. 

Range, Confined to West Africa. 

478 
PLOCEID-E. 

Key to the tijjtcits. 

a. 
Under tail-coverts black. 
af. Forehead crimson like the rest of the crown. 
a". No crimson on the throat or fore neck; 
the whole under surface Mack. 
^^4-~Ji£5. and neck crimson . ^^_JL1_L^ ..... rvbrieolfis c 7 p. 478. 
b"f. Head and neck scarlet o¥~fenn5ioiT^ bartletti -"*, p. 479. 
bf\ Entire throat and client crimson tnalimbii-VB c ? p. 4S0. 
c". Throat black; fore neck and chett crimson capita -"*, p. 4&2. 

b'. 
Forehead v>ith a br<*ad black band; hind \ rubric ollis $ , p. 470. 
head and neck crimson t bartkifi 2, y. 470. 
c'. Forehead black like the re*t of the upper 
surface; bill with more or le^ shilling white niten>\ p. 4*1. 

b. Under tail-coverts searlet 
scittatu% p. 4si. 
c. 
Under tail-covertb yellow ; head scarlet; hind 
neck yellow $ fore neck sscarlet; chest yelluw rachdiff\ p. 4ts3. 
1. Xalimbns rubric ollis *. 
Tanaarra malimbica $ j Baud. Ann. du Mm. i. p. 151, pi 10, %. 2 

(18m 
Malimbus crutatus $ , Vieill. Ois. Chant, p. 71, pi. 4»*1 < W>5). 
Ploeeu* cristatus 2 ? Viall. X, iJirt. xxxiv. p. I'JU i W.»i. 
Fringilia textrix. Lv-ht. V**rz. DmhL p. 54, nute 1!**#/*. 
Ploceus rubrieolli*, Simi/w. An. in Mmay* p. #0t> < WJ7t. 
Eupleetejs nif»velatii\ Era<t r, P. Z. *Y. 1 *4:>, p. 14i*; -1*/** /* LV Thumps. 

Erped. Xiyer, ii. p. 500 (1?4N; Fruv i\J/s,d. Tijp. pi. 4r» 11*4* If. 
Sycobius rubricoIli>, 6'/Y/y, <**•«. J?, ii, p. 355 I 1S4^* 1 ; liekhnb. 
"Sinqv.y. 90, pi. CI. %«. 332-334 fl^tili; Bocatj*, Orn. Amjola, 

p. 332(1881), 
Ploceus rufovelatus, Gray, Gen. 2?. ii. p. 353 1 lt?40j. 
Ploceus textrix, GVoy, /. c. p. S52 f l*>49j. 
Malimbus rubricolliSj Striekl. Contr. Orn. 1*51, p. 133 ; Elliot, Ibis, 
1870, p. 401. 
Sycobius malinibus, Bp. Comp. i. p. 43S; ITrr. IiVr. rf Mag. de 

"Zool. 1851, p. 419; Liehf.XmneMLf.~jt)\Ib?)4): Ilmii. Oin. W.-
Afr. p. 133 (1857); Cas*. Proc. FMlad. AUML lft50, p. 135; 
Aaril J.f.O. 1801, p. i>37. 

Textor rufovittatus <!), J5y«n, Orf. Coll. p. 245 (lt>56 j . 
Sycohius nucbalis, Elliot, Ibis, 1850. p. 34*3. 
Malimbus textrix (pi), Gray. Ihmd-L B. ii. p. 43, no. 0* 04 (1870). 
Malimbus occipitalis (!), Gray, t, c. p. 43, no. tirOtt 11 ^701+. 
Sycobius rufovelatus, Sharpe 4* Bovvier, Bull. tiov. Z*JVL Eranre, iii. 


"p. 75 (1878). 
Malimbus malimbicus (pt.), Shelley ^ Ibis, 1887f p. 40; BartL Monog* 
Weaver-B. pt. iv. p. 1 (1880, pt.). 

* This species has not the smallest title to the name of 21. mtdhtJ/h its. 
Daudin gave that name to the bird afterwards called 3/. rrfcttfti/*, ai.d if it is 
to be revived, the latter species must bear it. He wrongly identified the present 
species as the female. Swainson was the first naturalist who recognized that 
the supposed female belonged really to a different specie**. 
t Mr. Elliot apparently presented the type of bit* S. mwhuli* to the British 
Museum with the MSS. name of & eccij'ttali*, "which he never published. 

55 . MALIMBUS. 479 
Adult male. Black, with the head, hind neck4 and sides of neck 
rich scarlet. Total length 7*3 inches, culm en 0-95, wing 4, tail 2*3, 
tarsus 1. 

Adult female. Similar to the male but having a "broad frontal band 
of black: "bill and feet black; iris reddish hazel" (L. Fraser). 
Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4, tail 2*4, tarsus 0-95. 

Mr. Edward Bartlett has drawn attention to the difference in the 
colour of the head between specimens from the Gold Coast and 
Fernando Po. I find the difference quite constant, and I have 
named the Gold Coast species after him, as the first discoverer of 
the characters of these two forms. 

Young. Eesembles the adult male, but is duller black, and has 
the red crown dingy vermilion; the black on the sides of the face 
and chin washed with dull red. 

Hab. West Africa from Fernando Po and Gaboon to the Congo. 
Mr. Bartlett says it ranges to Angola, in spite of Bocage's positive 
statement that it has never been found south of the Zaire. 

a. § ad. sk.
b. $ ad. sk. 
Gaboon. 
Fernando Po. 
M. Verreaux. (Type 
of S. nuchalis.) 
Lady Isabella Burton 
[PL 
c. Ad. st.
d. e. J ad. etjuv. sk. 
Fernando Po. 
Clarence, Fernando Po. 
Capt. Thomson [P.]. 
L. Fraser [C.]. 
(Types of B. rufovelatus.) 

2. lyCalimbus "bartletti. 
Sycobius nuchalis (nee Elliot), Sharpe,Ibis, 1869, p. 191. 
Malimbus textrix (pt.), Gray, Band-l. B. ii. p. 43, no. 6604 (1870). 
Malimbus mfovelatus (nee Fras.), Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 60 (1871) j 


Ussher, Ibis, 1874. p. 68. 
Sycobius malimbus (necBp.), Beichen. J.f.O. 1875, p. 38. 
Sycobius rubricollis (nee /SW), Bilttik. Notes Leyden Mus. vii. p. 195 
(1885), viii. p. 259 (1886). 

Malimbus malimbicus, Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 40 (pt.) ; Bilttik. Notes 
Leyden Mus. x. p. 90 (1888), xi. p. 133 (1889) 5 Bartlett, Monoyr. 
Weaver-B. part iv. pi. i. (1889, pt.). 

Adult male. Glossy black above and below, the feathers being 
black with greenish-black margins; the entire crown, nape, hind 
neck, and sides of neck crimson, the feathers close-set and bristly : 
" bill very dark blue: feet dark lead-colour; iris dark brown " (J. 
BilttiJcofer). Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0'85, wing 4*15, tail 
2*6, tarsus 1. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in having the forehead black, 
leaving the hinder crown and sides of neck crimson. Total length 
7 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 4, tail 2*4, tarsus 1. 

Young. Much duller black than the adults, and the crimson on 
the head much duller and the black forehead indicated by a dusky 
band slightly washed with crimson. 
Hab. West Africa from Liberia to the Gold Coast. 

PLOCEID2E. 

480 

a. S ad. sk. Wasa Province, Gold Coast, Sliarpe Coll 
Mavcli (KF.Blissett). r 
b,c. <$2 ad. et Fantee {B. T. Ussher). Sliarpe Coll. 

jllV. Slv". 

d,Kf-<3i ff-9 Fantee (Kirby). 
Shelley Coll. 

ad. sk. 

7i. Ad. sk. Asliantee. 
Gould Coll. 

i. Ad. sk. Abouri, Feb. (G. JE. S.). Shelley Coll. 
3. Halimbus malimbicus. 
Tanagra malimbica <$ {nee J) , DAMC?. J??w. afw fc i. p. 131 
pi. 10. fig. 1 (1802) Shaw § Nodd. Nat. Misc. pi. 581. ' 

Malimbus cristatus, 
Vieill Ois. Chant, p. 71, pi. 42 (1805); G-W 
Eandrl B. ii. p. 43, no. 6C03 (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 60 
(1871) j ?V*. P. £. & 1871, p. 612 ; Shelley § Buckley, Ibis, 1872 

p. 289: Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 68; -EZ/e'ctf, Ibis, 1876, p. 459; /S%an?e 
<§• Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, iii. p. 74 (1878) ; Owstf. 2VbwB 
Jr^ . 7J4W. (2) ii. 2?w& p. 140 (1879); Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 40 •' 
Bilttik. Notes ley din Mus. xi. pp. 124, 133 (1889); Bartleti, 
Monogr. Weaver-B. part iv. pi. 11 (1889). 
Plocens cristatus, 
Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat, xxxiv. p. 129 (1819) ; 
Sioains. An. in Menag. p. 305 (1837). 
Sycobius cristatus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 352 (1849); Bp. Consp. i 

p. 438 (1850) ; Hartl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 133 (1857) ; Cans Proc 
JPhilad. Acad. 1857, p. 369, 1859, p. 135 j Hartl. J. f. O. 1861 
p. 257 ; Reichenb. Singv.y. 90 (1861) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 3869, p. 191' 
Beichen. J. f. O. 1877, p. 26; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 331 (1881)• 
Biittik. Notes Ley den Mus. vii. p. 195 (1885). 
Ficophagus cristatus, Vieill. (ubi?)9 teste Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 352 

(1849). 
Sycobius nigrifrons, Hartl. J.f.O. 1855, p. 356. 
? Sycobius, sp., Bocage, Jam. Lisb. 1866, p. 140 *. 


Adult male. Black above and below, with a certain steel-black 

gloss on the margins of the feathers ; head (strongly crested), sides 

of face, throat, and chest bright crimson; a narrow band across the 

base of the forehead, lores, feathers round the eye, base of cheeks, 

and chin black : " bill and feet black; iris brown " (J. Butitkofer). 

Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*35, tail 2*35, tarsus 0*85. 

In the males from the Cameroons there is far less black on the 

forehead and one of them has none at all; the crest-feathers are 

also longer. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in having the throat black, 

with a few red feathers generally intermixed; the head is not 

crested, and the red colour is continued on to the hind neck. Total 

length 6 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*25, tail 2*4, tarsus 0-75. 

Nestling. Sooty black all over, rather greyer below, with a tinge 

of dull crimson on the throat and chest. 

Hab. West Africa from Liberia to the Congo. 

* The specimen here described by Professor Barboza du Bocage, and further 
commented on in his ' Ornithologie d'Angola,' seems to me to be different from 
any stage of plumage of M. cristatus, and may turn out to be the young of 
M. rachdia or some kindred species. 
OD. MALTMBITS. 

481 

a. Ad. sk. 
b. Ad. sk. 
c-h. Ad. et JUT.
i. Ad. sk. 
k. Ad. sk. 
sk. 
Wasa Province, Gold. Coast(if. iP. Blmett). 
Fantee. 
r3TttPP 
Fantee" (IT T. Cfo/w?-). 
Fantee. 
Shelley Coll. 
Sir A. Moloney [?.]. 
Sliarpe Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
/. Ad. sk. 
m. Ad. sk. 
n, o. Ad. sk. 
Ashantee. 
Abouri, Aguapim, Feb. 
Cameroon Mountains, Feb. 
Gould Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Sharpe Coll 
(Crossley). 

4. KCalimbus nitens. 
Ploceus nitens, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 7 (1831) ; Sundev. GSfv. K. Vet -
Akad. Fork Stotkh. 1849, p. 158. 

Sycobius nitens, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 352, pi. 87. fig. 1 (1849); Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 439 (1850); Marti. Orn. Westafr.^. 133 (1857); Cass. 
Proo. FJnlad. Acad. 1859, p. 136; Kartl. J. f. 0 18(0, p. 257; 
Reicheub. Suigv. p. 90 (1861) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 192; JReichen. 

J.f. 0. 1877, p. 26; Bocac/e, Orn. Angola, p. 558 (1881) ; Buttik. 
Notes Ley den Mvs. \ii. p. 196 (1885), 
Malimbus nitens, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 43, no. 6606 (1870); Sharpe, 
Cat Afr. B. p. 60 (1871) ; Shelleyfy Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 289 ; 
Uxsher, Ibis, 1874, p. 68 ; Elliot, Ibis, 1876/ p. 463 ; Oust. Now. 
Arch. Mus. (2) ii, p. 154 (1879); Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. 

p. 426 (lb84): Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 41 ; Buttik. Notes Leyden 
Mas. x. p. 90 (1888), si. pp. 124,133 (1889). 
Adult. Black above and below, with a steel-black gloss; lower 
throat, fore neck, and chest brilliant crimson, forming a large chest-
patch : " bill clear bluish grey; feet dark grey ; iris carmine " (A. 
Reichenow): " bill and feet bluish horn-colour ; iris cherry-brown " 

(J. BiittiJcofer). Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 3*7, 
tail 2, tarsus 0*85. 
There is considerable difference in the amount of black on the 
chin and throat in the Museum series; but I do not see that there 
can be more than one species, and I think that the differences are 
due to the immaturity of the specimens. 

Young. Dusky black all over, with a reddish tinge on the throat 
and breast. 
Hob. West Africa from Sierra Leone to the Loango Coast, and 
extending to Equatorial Africa. 

a, b. Ad. et juv. sk. West Africa. Purchased. 

c. Ad. sk. Sierra Leone. Sir E. Sabine [C.]. 
(Tipe of species.) 
d, e. Ad.; /, g. Fantee (H. T. Ussher). Sharpe Coll. 
Juv. sk. 

h. Juv. sk. Accra (Haynes). Sharpe Coll. 
i, k. Ad. sk. Cameroons, Jan., Feb. Sharpe Coll. 
(A. Crossley). 
/, m, n. Ad. sk. Gaboon. P. B.DuChaillu[C.]. 

o. Ad. sk. Gaboon. Sharpe Coll. 
p . Ad.. &k. Niam-Niarn Country, Nov. F. BohndorfF [C.]. 
2i 

VOL. xiir. 

48 2 
PLOCElDJffi. 

5. Malimbus cassini. 
Sycobius cassini, Elliot, Ibis, 1859, p. 392 j Cto. «#/w;«ra. Philad. Acad. 
(2) v. p. 180 (1802). 
Malimbus 
cassini, <lrm/, Hand-L B. ii. p. 43, no. 0008 (1870) ; 
Elliot, Ibis, 1870, p. 401, pi. 13. fig. 1; Shelletj, Ibis, 1887, p. 41. 

Adult male. Black all over, including the under tail-coverts; but 
with the head, nape, hind neck, fore neck, and chest scarlet vermilion. 
Total length 0 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*55, tail 2, 
tarsus 0*8. 

Young. Similar to the adult, but dusky and more ashy black; 
below dark ashy grey, the crimson colour of the head dull and extending 
over the sides of the face, tliroat, and chest. 

Hob. "West Africa from Gaboon to Angola. 

it. Ad. sk. Gaboon. M. Verreaux. 
of species.) 
(Type 
b. 
C. 
Ad. sk. 
Ad. sk. 
Gaboon. 
Fernand Vaz (Marelie et 
Sharpe Coll. 
M. Bouvier. 
De Compiegne). 
d. Juv. sk. Loanda (J, Thompson). Shelley Coll. 

6. Malimbus scutatus, 
Sycobius scutatus, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1849, p. 157 ; id. Journ. 
Philad. Acad. i. p. 297, pi. 41. figs. 1, 2 f!850); Pp. Consp. i. 

p. 439 (1850) ; Ilartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 132 (1857); Reiohenb. 
Slmjv. p. 90 (1801); Sharpe, Ibis, 18G9, p. 101, 1870, p. 472; 
Biittik. Notes Lei/den Mus. vii. p. 190 (1885), viii. p. 259 (1880), 
x. p. 90 (1888), xi. pp. 124, 133 (1889). 
Malimbus scutatus, Gray, Hand-L P. ii. p. 43, no. 0005 (1870); 
Sharpe, Cat. Afr. P.'-p. 00 (1871); Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 08; 
Elliot, Ibis, 1870, p. 400. 

Malimbus rubropersonatus, Shellexj, Ibis, 1887, p. 41, pi. ii. fig. 2. 

Adidt male. Glossy black above and below; the entire crown, 
hind neck, and sides of neck scarlet, extending in a broad band 
across the fore neck and chest; the vent and under tail-coverts also 
scarlet: " bill black ; feet greyish, brown ; iris dark brown " (J*. 
Buttilcofir). Total length 0 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3*6, tail 2, 
tarsus 0*85. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the scarlet on the 
head and neck, these parts being black like the rest of the head. 
Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*4, tail 1*95, tarsus 0*85. 

Young (ill. rubropersonatus, Shelley). Differs from the adult in 
having the forehead scarlet, the sides of the face washed with scarlet, 
and the whole of the throat, fore neck, and chest pale scarlet. 

I have no doubt that this is the young plumage of If. scutatus, as 
it has the scarlet under tail-coverts from the nestling stage. An 
otherwise fully adult bird still has a few red feathers in the throat 
and a few black feathers in the crown, and there are other intermediate 
specimens in the Museum. One bird from Camcroons has 
a broad black line across the scarlet chest, joining the black throat 

483 

56 . NE8ACANTHIS. 
and black breast, and may belong to a different species. Tt has a 
little tinge of scarlet on the black throat., and otherwise does not 
seem quite adult, so that the black on the client may be remains of 
immaturity; but the nestling from Urn Gold Coast does not show 
any trace of black on the chest. 

Ilab. "West Africa from Liberia to Gaboon. 

a, b. Ad. sk. [Sierra Leone."] Tweoddale Coll. 

c. $ ad. sk, Wasa Province, March (II. Shelley Ooll. 
F. filmett). 
d, e. J ad. sk. Gold (W t Shelley Coll. 
/. Juv. sk. Gold Coast. Forbes Coll. 
g, h,i. r? ad.; k. 2 Fan tee (II T. Ihsher). Sharpe Coll. 
ad. sk. 
/, m. Juv. sk. Fautee (II T. Fssher). Sharpe Coll. (1 vpes 
of M. rubropersomtua.) 

n. o. A 9 ad. sk. Ashantee. Godfrey Lagden, 
° * Esq.lP.l. 
p. tf ad. sk. Onitscha,R. Niger (TV. A. F.). Forbes Coll. 
q, r. 
d $ ad. sk. Cameroons, Feb. 0 (A. Sharpe Coll 
Crossley). 

s. $ ad. sk. Gaboon. 
M. Verreaux. 
7. Malimbus rachelise. 
Sycobins rachelias, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1857, p. 30; HartL 
p. 464. 
Adult. Glossy black above and below, the vent and under tail-
coverts being lemon-yellow ; head fine scarlet, as well as the lower 
throat and fore neck; the chest lemon-yellow as well as the sides of 
the fore neck, the side3 of the neck, and a collar round the hind 
neck. Total length b'b inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3 1, tail 2*4, 
tarsus 0*8. 
Hab. Gaboon. 


a. <$ ad. sk. Gaboon (Walker). Sharpe Coll. 
m. NESACANTHIS *. 
Foudia, pi, auct. recfint. 

Range. Confined to the Mascarene Islands. 

Key to the Species. 

a. With red on the head. 
a'. Head scarlet-vermilion; no black round the 

eye 
emimnthsima, p. 484. 

* Type N. cminenttssima. 
2i2 

484 
PLOCEID^. 

b'. Head crimson; feathers round the eye black, 
extending above the ear-coverts rubra*,p. 485. 

b. With yellow on the head. 
c'. Forehead and vertex only yellow; nape and 
occiput like the back; sides of face and 
throat ashy brown, washed with yellow .. seychellarum *, p. 486. 

d\ 
Head entirely yellow, as well as the sides of 
the face, throat, and chest sakdlava, p. 487. 

1. ITesacanthis eminentissima. 
Foudia eminentissima, Bp. Consp. i. p. 446 (1850) ; PeicJienb. Singv. 

p. (9 (1801); J. Very. Nouv. Arch. Mus. iii. p. 7, pi. 2. fig. 2 
(1867); Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 467 (1881). 
Foudia madagascariensis {nee L.\ Scl. Ibis, 1864, p. 299. 
Ploceus algond», Schl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 423 {ex Pollen, MSS.); id. 

§ Poll Faun. Madag., Ois. p. 109, pi. 34 (1868) j Gray, Haml-l 

B. ii. p. 45, no. C627 Q870). 
Calvphantria comorensis, Cab. in Von der Deckeds Pets. iii. p. 32, 
pi 10 (1869); Finsch 8? Bartl Tog. Ostafr. p. 406, note (1870). 
Oalyphantria eminentissima, Cab. t. c. p. 31 (1869); Finsch 8c 
Marti Fog. Ostafr. p. 406 (1870). 
Oalyphantria algondas, Finsch fy Hartl t c. p. 406, note (1870). 
Plocens eminentissimus, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 45, no. 0622 (1870) j 

Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 15. 
Plocens comorensis, Gray, i. c. p. 45, no. 6628 (1870). 
Foudia algondee, Hartl. Vog, Madag. p. 216 (1877); B. Netct. 

P. Z. S. 1877, p. 300; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1879, p 677. 
Foudia comorensis, Hartl Vog. Madag. p. 217 (1877). 
Foudia consobrina, Milne-JSdw. <§* Oust. C. P. Acad. Sci. vol. ci. 
p. 222 (1885). 
Plocens (Foudia) algondse, iid. N. Arch. Mus. (2) vi. Bull p. 208 
(1888). 
Plocens (Foudia) anjuanensis, iid. t. c. p. 271. 
Ploceus (Foudia) consobrinus, iid. t. c. p. 271, pi. 9. 


Adult male. General colour above dull olive, uniform on tlie 
rump and lower back, the rest of the back having blackish centres 
to the feathers; wings and tail blackish, all the feathers edged with 
olive; lower rump with a scarlet patch ; head all round crimson, 

* These species have much more slender bills than N. eminentissima and 
N. sa&alava, but may be considered thin-billed representatives of the genus. 
NESACANTHIS FUSCO-F-ULVUS. 

Bruant de lisle de Bourbon, Daitbent. PI EnL v. pi. 321. fig. 2. 

Fringilla bruante, P. L. S. Mull Syst. Nat Anhang, p. 164 (1776); Cess. 

Proc. Phited. Acad. 1864, p. 254. 

Emberiza fusco-fulva, Bodd. Tall PI. Enl p. 20 (1783). 

Emberiza borbonica, Gm. Syst Nat. i. p. 886 (1788). 

Foudia borbonica, Reichenb. Singv. i. p. 09 (1861). 

Foudia bruante, E. Newton, Trans. Nor/. § Norw. Nat. Soc. 1889, p. 548. 

Ibis species seems to be extinct. C/. Sir E. Newton (Trans. Norfolk and 
Norwich Nat. Soc. 1889, p. 543). It has generally been considered identical 
with Foudia madagascariensis. 

5(j. NnSACAN'lIUS. 4S5 

this colour extending o n to the breast, ihe lowor part of whiVh m 
ashy whitish with a slight wash of crimson ; mlm ofiho bwl\ dark 
abhy with an olive tinge, the under tail-wortH being similar; ihigliB 
ashy fulvous washed with rosy ; under wing-eoverin and axillaris 
ashy isabolhno with an olive tinge, the latter slightly v, ashed with 
rosy ; quills dusky below, ashy along the inner web, Tola! length 
5-5 inches, culmou 0*7, wing ;V7, tail 2, tiimxiH 0*K\ 

Fount/ males are much more ochreous below, and do not have the 
red on the head HO rich or deep in colour, being more nearlet ; there 
is also no red on the upper tail-coverts, which are like the rnst of 
the back. 

Acfolt female. Olivo-biown, with rather broad blackish stripes to 
the dorsal feathers, and having distinct white tips to the median 
and greater wing-coverts. Total length 0 inches, cuhnen 0'75, 
wmg 3, tail 1-8, tarsus 0 9, 

Bab. Islands of Mayotto, Anjuan, Grand Comoro, and Muhilla. 

a, b. <$ imm. sk. Anjuan *. Sir J, Kirk J C, . 
c,d.<$;e.$ ad. Anjuan (Sir J. Kirk), Shelly Coll. 
&k. 
/ . <5 ad. sk Anjuan (C. E. B< w$her\ Forl>es ('oil. 
ff, h. cf; i. 2 Anjuan. M. Humblot [C.]. 
ad. sk. 
h, /, m. tfad.; n. Great Comoro Island. M. Ilumblot ! <\1. 
2 ad. sk. 
o. £ acl. sk. Great Comoro Island (C. E. Forbes Coll. 
Bewsher). 
p, q. c?; *'• ? ad. Great Comoro Island {HumSliolle\ 
Coll. 
sk. blot). 
$, t. J ad. et juv. Great Comoro Island t8ir J, Shelley Coll. 
sk. Kirk). 
2, NesacantMs rubra. 

Red-headed Finch, Brown, IU. pi. L'8, % 2 (1770); i«M. <*'<«. »S^/i. 

ii. pt. i. p. 287 (1783). 
Le Moineau de Tisle de France, Dtiubent. PL En!, iv. pi (503. 
figs. 1, 2. 
Crimson Bunting, Lath. Gen. tiyn. ii. pt. i. p. U)4 (178JS). 
Emberiza rubra, Gm, Ht/at. Nat. i. p. 877 (1788). 
Fringilla erythrocepiiala, Gm. tfytf. Nat. i. p. ilOtf (178^). 

* One of these specimens is registered as from the Zambesi, but it doubtless 
came from Anjuan, as it was received on the same da\ as the other birds from 
that island. Mr. Gray apparently registered it with other birds collected by 
Sir John Kirk on the Zambesi, which arrived simultaneously, under the belief 
that the original specimen of N. e/dintntt^tma really came from Zanzibar, and 
thus the species might be looked for on the Zambesi. I do not believe that any 
of the specimens labelled in collections a* coming from Zanzibar really inhabited 
that island; they may have been cage-birds from the Comoros, or else some 
mistake as to their habitat has taken place. The species finds no place in any 
of the lists of Kirk, Fischer, Ilildebrandt, or liolmi, some of whom must have 
found the bird if it existed at Zanzibar m a wild state. It will be seen that 
I am unable to recognize more than one species in the Mascarene Islands, and 
in this respect I adopt Capt. Shelley's conclusions. 
486 
PLOCEIDJB. 

Fringille cardeline, TieilL Ok. Chant, p. 52, pi. 28 (1805). 

Ploceus ervtliroeephalus, Swains. An. in Menag. p. 308 (1837); Gray, 

Gen. B.*ii. p. 353 (1840); Lafr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1850, p. 32(3. 

pi. 6; Schl $ Poll. Faun. Madag., Ois, p. 213 (1868): Gray, 

Haad-L B. ii. p. 45 (1870). 
' J 

Foudia erythrocepnala, Bp. Consp. i. p. 445 (1850); JReicJienh. 

Shy v. p. 69, Taf. xxxi. fiprs. 246, 247 (1861) ; Hartl. Faun. Madag. 

p. 55 <1801); E. Xewt. Ibis, 1861, p. 272; Hartl Yoq.Madag. p. 2i3 
Ploceus ruber, Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 16. 

Adult male. Similar to X. emmmtissima, but with a much 
more slender hill, and further distinguished by the uniform light 
olive breast and abdomen ; lores and region of the eye black, 
extending in a streak above the ear-coverts. Total length 5-5 
inches, culmen 0*05, wing 2*75, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*85. 

Ad ylt female. Similar to the female of Foudia madag ascanensis, 
but more uniform above and more olive-green below, with broader 
and whiter edges to the median and greater wing-coverts. Total 
length 5 inches, culmen 0*05, wing 2*75, tail 1*6, tarsus 0*75. 

11ah. L-land of Mauritius. 

a. rf ad. hk. Mauritius 
Old Coll. 
b. ^ ad. .4i. Mauritius 
Sir A. Smith [C]. 
r. 
2 && H^* Mauritius. Sharpe Coll. 
d. g ad. &k. Mauritius {Bewnher). Shelley Coll. 
3. Hesacanthis seychellarum. 
Fuudia 
sevchi-lliiruna, E. Xeicton, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 346; id. Ibis, 
lfcf.7. pp. 353, 35fl; Owtf. Bull. She. Philom. (7) i. p. 101 (1877) ; 
Mart I. Vi'ty. Madag. p. 218 (1877); Oust Bull Soc. Philom. 1878, 

p. 175; E Xtwi. Tnms. Xorfe 4* Xono. Xat. Soc. 1889, p. 548. 
Ploceus .seyehellitrum, Gray% Hand-l. B. ii. p. 45, no. C626 (1870). 
Pluceus aeychellen^is, Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 17. 
Adult male. General colour above nearly uniform olive, with 
dusky centres to the feathers of the back and mantle, the lower 
back and rump uniform olive; wing and tail dusky brown, edged 
with olive; forehead and vertex dull yellow, the hinder crown 
du>ky olive-brown ; lores and sides of face brown, with a blackish 
line along the ear-coverts, and a dusky mark under the eye ; throat 
and fore part of cheeks dull golden yellow ; remainder of under 
surface of body dull olive, rather more ashy on the sides of the body; 
under wing-coverts like the breast, with the edge of the wing yellow. 
Total length 5*2 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2*95, tail 1*85, 
tarsus 0*85. 

Adult female* Similar to the male, but without the yellow on the 
forehead or throat, the former being like the crown, and the latter 
whitish; a faint eyebrow of olive-whitish; median wing-coverts edged 
with whitish at the ends. Total length 5*4 inches, culmen 0-65, 
wing 2*9, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*8. 

HaK Sevchelles. 

57. PLocEtrs. 487 
a. $ ad. sk. Marianne Island, Seychelles Paris Museum [P.]. 
b,c. S; d, e.
ad. sk. 
5(Lants). 
Marianne Island (Lantz). Shelley Coll. 
/ . Juv. sk. Seychelles, June. Tweeddale Coll. 

4. Nesacanthis sakalava. 
Ploceus sakalava, Marti. Peitr. Faun, Madag. p. 54 (1SG1); Schl. 
P. Z. S. 1806, p. 423 ; Grand. Rev. ct Mag. de Zool. 1867, p. 388; 
Hartl. P. Z. S. 18(57, p. 823; Schl. $ Poll. Faun. Madag., Ois. 
p. xv (1808) j Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 45, no. 6029 (1870);' Ilarbl. 
Vog, Madag. p. 200 (1877); Milne-Edw. fy Oast. Nouv. Arch. 
Mus. (2) Pull. pis. 177«, 178 (1885); Shelley, Urn, 1887, p. 15. 
Ploceus sacalavus, Reiclien. Zool, Jahrb. i. p. 102, pi. 5. fig. 2 (1880). 

Adult male (type of species). General colour above ashy brown 
with a slight tinge of olive ; Avings and tail brown, the feathers 
edged with ashy brown; head all round, throat and fore neck and 
chest lemon-yellow; remainder of under surface pale ashy brown, 
with a little yellow on the thighs ; centre of abdomen and under 
wing-coverts ashy isabelline: " bill pearly grey ; feet rosy; iris 
brown ; bare skin round eye rosy " {A. Grandidier). Total length 
5*6 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3-25, tail 2-05, tarsus 0-85. 

Adult female. A little smaller and has a paler plumage; the head 
has the same coloration as the back, and on each side there are 
two stripes of a chestnut-red, the one above, the other below the eye ; 
their inferior surface is whitish. Bare skin round the eye greenish. 

(Grandidier.') 
Hub. S.W. Madagascar. 

a. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Sir A. Smith [C.]. (Type of species.) 
57. PLOCEUS. 
Typo. 
Ploceus, Cue. PJgne An. i. p. 363 (1817) . P. baya. 

Foot of Ploceus bengalcnsis. 

Range. Indian Peninsula and Ceylon, Indo-Chinese countries and 
Malayan Peninsula to Java and Sumatra. 

488 
PLOCEID^. 

Kaj to the Species, 

a. 
Head orange-yellow; hind neck uniform "blackish, 
as ako'the sides of the neck; a black jp. 493. 
band across the breast . bengalensis £ sestiv., 
b. 
Head lemon-yellow; hind neck &tr* aked. 
a'. Throat dusky blackish, the fore neck and _p. 496. 
breast streaked with black mateyar <* gestiv.? 
h'. ~So streaks on fore neck and client. 
ci'. Fore neck and breast yellow, contracting 
vcith blackish throat . ." ~ baya s astiv., p. 48^. 
b". Fore neck and breast tawny buff, with- "p. 401. 
out yellow atriguki Q seasti\., 

c. 
Head streaked like the back { 2 et £ Mem.) : 
a \ellow ejehro^. 
c'. Fore neck mottled with black bases; sides 
of fore neck with a black patch; sld*s of 
n^ek } (41 ow bengalensis, p. 408. 

df. 
Fore neck, breast, and Hanks streaked v, ith 
black ?nanyar9 p. 400. 
e'. Under ^urikce uniform buff or tawny buff, \baya, p. 4b*. 
whiter on the throat and abdomen "...... \atrigula, p. 4iil. 


1. Ploceus baya *. 
Le Grosbec d**s Philippines, Brfcs. Orn. iii. 1700. p. 2:32, pi. xii. 
%. 1 (d h pk iuii. tig-. 1T 2 (ne^tM ; Daubvat. PL iW. i\. pi. lo5. 
fii. 2. 

Loxia philippina, Zi'/M. *SJ/S/. Xaf. i. p. 005 117**0). 
Le Touenam-courvi, 2?*4f. iTiV. Sat. Ois. iii. p. 405 (1775). 
Philippine Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. tiya. ii. pt. i. p. 12U {17*3). 
PloceiLs philippirms. CVr, lit que An. i. p. 003 11*17 ); 8?/ke% P. Z. S. 


Ifc82, p. 04; Orai/, Gen. B. ii. p. 252 ^1*49); Biyth. Cat. B. p. 115 
(1840); Layard. Ann. $• J.%1 X //. i 2) xiii. p. 250 (1*54); J?«V/, 
IStr. F. \. p. 54; Davidson, i.e. p. *>12; Dav&rfi. t. e. p. 402; 
Tat far, & c. p. 402; /»«//, »S/r. F. \ii. p. 22: Ze//<//», X*. Ceylon9 

p. 041 (1-70); J/w??f. # A F. I*7l», p. 106; Butler] Cat. B. Xmd 
be. p. 45 11*710; itf. Cat B. 8. Btmb. Pre* p. 00 (1650) ; Hrf*/, 
Str. F. ix. p. 71 (1*80); Bavirhoa 4* IVenden, i.e. p. 415: tiiei/ih. 
<§* Barnes, Ik's. 1K£5, p. I2fc ; nVfaA £&*. P. ix. p. 71 f 1**01; i&/V/, 
titr. JF. x. p. 54 fl^bli; Davidson 4* Wend en7 t, c. p. 312 
(1882) ; Davison, t. c. p. 402; 2ty/or, i. e. p. 402.' 
Euplectes philippinu*, Jerd. Madr. Joitrn. xi. p. 25 (1840J ; Blyth9 

J. A. S. Bern/, xi. pp. 671, N>0 (1*42). 
Ploceus baya, Myth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 943 C1&44) ; Bp. Coiisp. i. 
p. 442 (L*50); Hwrf. 4; Moore, Cat. B. Mm. B, 1. (h. ii. p. 515 
(1850); Jerd. B. Bui ii. p. 343 (lfe0;il; Stoliezka* J. A. &. Beng. 
xli. p. 240 (1672); -5T%, J". A & i?/^ . xxxvii. p. 215 (lfc6*); 
* Ploceus hay a is in every way a suitable name for the common Weaverbird 
of India, for as no Weaver-bird has efer come from the Philippines, the 
name of philippinus, though older, is quite misleading. Blyth's name of baya 
has recently been restricted to the more eastern bird -which I call P. tttriyula. 
Bljth says that his P. baya w extends its range throughout India,'* which cannot 
be said to apply to the eastern bird. He ctid not apparently distingutbh the 
two races clearly, as he places specimens from Agra and Calcutta under the 
same heading in his " Catalogue.' 
57. PLOCEUS. 489 
Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 463; Hume, Nests 8?Eggs Ind. B. p. 436 
(1873); Adam, Str. F. 1873, p. 387 ; Hume, Str!F. 1874, p. 481; 
Ball, t c. p. 420; Butler $ Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 495 • Butler, 
Str. F. 1876, p. 39; Fairb. t. e. p. 260; Hume, Str. F. 1877, 

p. 323; Walden, Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 209 (1875); Scully, Str. F. 1879, 
Ploceus bengalensis (nee L.). Stmdev. Ami. & Mag. Nat. Hist, xviii. 

p. 260 (1846). 
Euplectes baya, Jerd. Madr. Jour. xiii. p. 134 (1844). 
Nelicurvius fuscieollis, Reichenb. Sinqv. p. 75, Taf. xxxiii.figs. 263265 
(1861). 
Ploceus fuscieollis, Beichen. Zool. Jahrb. i. p. 156 (1886). 


Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above streaked, 
the feathers being brown with blackish centres, the mantle-feathers 
yellow, centred with black; scapulars brown with paler edges ; 
lower back and rump uniform brown; upper tail-coverts yellow; 
lesser wing-coverts dark brown, with paler brown edges ; median 
and greater coverts dark brown, edged with white or buffy white 
like the secondaries; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and primary-
quills dark brown, edged with olive-yellow ; tail-feathers light brown, 
with olive-yellow margins; crown of head uniform golden yellow ; 
a line along the base of the forehead, lores, feathers round eye, sides 
of face, and ear-coverts blackish brown, the cheeks rather paler, and 
the throat paler still, being often ashy brown ; sides of neck golden 
yellow, streaked with dusky; fore neck and breast uniform golden 
yellow; abdomen isabelline white with a yellow tinge; sides of 
body and flanks very pale brown; thighs tawny buff; under tail-
coverts isabelline with a yellow tinge ; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries pale tawny buff; quills below dusky, ashy isabelline along 
the inner edge; bill horny brown above, yellow at base of lower 
mandible : feet flesh-colour : " iris dark-brown " (E. A. Butler). 
Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 2*85, tail 1*75, tarsus 
0*75. 

Adult female. Different from the male, and wanting the yellow 
on the head and breast. The head brown, streaked with black like 
the back, though without the pale whity-brown edges which are 
visible on the mantle-feathers; wings and tail as in the male; lores 
dusky, surmounted by a broad eyebrow of buffy white, which 
widens above the ear-coverts; feathers below the eye whitish ; ear-
coverts ashy brown ; sides of neck pale tawny buff; cheeks, throat, 
and under surface of body buffy white, purer white on the abdomen 
and under tail-coverts; the fore neck, breast, and sides of the 
body ochreous buff, inclining to tawny buff on the flanks, which 
show slight signs of dark brown shaft-streaks; on the sides of the 
upper breast there are also a few small streaks of black; under 
wing-coverts light tawny buff; quills dusky below, isabelline along 
the inner web : " bill homy brown, above, yellow at the base of the 
lower mandible : legs and feet flesh-colour; iris dark brown " (E. 

A. Butler). Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 2*85, tail 
1*7, tarsus 0*75. 
490 
PLOCEID^. 

Some adult females have a Trash of yellow on the breast, throat, 
cheeks, and eyebrow. 

Adults in ivinUr plumage. Both sexes are alike at this season of 
the year, and are in general appearance like the adult female in 
summer, but are much more tawny everywhere, with broad margins 
of olive-yellow to the quills and tail-feathers ; the eyebrow, the 
cheeks, the breast, and flanks have a strong tawny-buff tinge, and 
there is a little yellow on the throat. 

Young male. Like the old female, but much more strongly tinged 
with golden yellow, especially on the head and breast; eyebrow 
strongly marked and tinted with saffron. 

Bab. The greater part of the Indian Peninsula and Ceylon. 

a. d ad. sk. 
b, c, d. <$ ad. ; 

e. Juv. sk. 
/. 
2 ad.; g. d 
juv. sk. 

h. c? ad. sk. 
i. d ad. sk. 
k. d; l3 m. 2 ad. 
sk. 
n,o. d)P> ?ad. 
sk. 
q, r, s. d ad, et 


Hambantota, S. Ceylon, Dec. 17, 
1&77 (IF. Mart)." 
Ceylon. 

X.E. Ceylon, July, Aug. 
Mysore (J?. tf. 7F1 12. h 
Muridur, Mysore, Aug. 7. 
Wynaad, April, May {W. I)A. 

Belgaum? July {E. A. Butler j . 
Madras. 

imm.; t $ ad. sk, 
a, v. d ad. et Madras. 
imm. sk. 
w, x. d 2 ad. sk-Madras, June (K G. W. It.). 

y. 
<$ ad. sk. Malabar. 
2. J ad. sk. Malabar. 
a', b'. d ad. et Wadale, X.W. of Ahmednutr^ur, 
juv. sk. Sept., Nov. (S. B. Fairbank). 
c'9 d'. $ ad. sk. Mababaleshwar Hilla (Eastern 

ef-i'. Ad. etjuv.sk. 
&', V. d $ ad. sk. 
m'-of. $ ad. ; p\ 

g^.c^et juv. sk. 
r'. c?j s','?. 2 

ad. sk. 
u,,v\ d $ ad.sk. 
vf)jfjy>. Imm.sk. 
zf. d imm. sk. 
a, ]3. <? 5 ad. sk. 
y, 8. d 2 ad. sk. 
€. ($ ad. sk. 

f.[5]ad.sk. 

rj. 5 ad.sk. 

0, t. <J ad. sk. 

*, A. c? 2 ad. sk. 
ft; v. d 2 ad. sk. 

slope), May (S. B. F.)\ 
Deccan (Col. Sgkes). 
Deccan (Lieut. Burgess). 
Khandeish, July, Dec. (J. David


son). 

Seoni district, Central Provinces. 


Raipur, C. P., Sept. 19. 
Saugror, C. P. 
Sunibulpur, Dec. 10. 
Jubbulpur, July (It Thompson). 
Mhow, June, I)ec. 
Rajkute, Kattiawar, June 10. 


Karachi, Sind, Sept. (JS. A. Butler). 


Sind. 
Deesa, July 23 (E. A. Butler). 
Mount Aboo, July (Dr. G. King). 
Sambhur, May (It. "M* Adam), 


Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Cull. 

Col. V . Y. Lesrire 

Tweeddale Cull. 
TV. Da\i&on, Esq. 
rIV. 
Hume" Coll. 

Hume Cull. 

T. C. Jt-rdon, 
Esq. rV.l. 
Guuid Cull. 


Tweeddale Cull. 
Furbe* C< )11. 
Tweeddale Cull. 
Tweeddale Cull. 


Hume Cull. 


India Mu-eum. 
Gould Cull. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Cull. 


Hume Cull. 
Hume Cull. 
Hume Cull. 
Hume Cull. 
Col. Swinlioe ""IV. 
Col. Haves Lloyd 


[P.V 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coil 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coil. 

57. PLOCEUS. 
491 
£, o. 2 ad. sk. Gurgaon District, Feb. 17 (F. R. Hume Coll. 
Bleicitt). 
tr~T. <$ ad.; v-ik Punjab, Aug. & Sept Hume Coll. 


? ad. sk. . 
ta. cj ad. sk. N.W. Provinces. Pinwill Coll. 
^3',y . ? ad.; N.W. Provinces, Feb. (A. AnderSeebohm 
Coll. 


h', Juv. sk. son), 
e'j C? *?'• d ad. et Dehra Doon, Feb. (Dr. G. King). Hume Coll. 


juv. sk. 
0'. tf ad. sk. Dehra Doon. Tweeddale Coll. 
tf. $ juv. sk. Kumaon Bhabur, March 18 {Br. Hume Coll. 

G. King). 
K', X', //. (^ ad. Etawah, Aug. (A. 0. H. # W. Hume Coll. 
etimm.; j/. J E. B.). 
ad. sk. 


£'. (J ad. 8k. E. Jumna Canal, July 2,1873 Hume Coll. 

{A. Anderson). 
o'. J ad. sk. Sarun district, March 12 (R. M. Hume Coll. 
Adam). 
7Tr, p', a', tf ad.; Futtehgurh district, July, Sept. Seebohm Coll. 
T'. (S juv.; v% (A. Anderson). 
4>'> x'-$ ad.sk 

$', 
©'. d $ ad. Mogulserai, Oudk, Jan., Sept. (W. Hume Coll. 
sk. E. Brooks). 
«. (S juv. sk. Lalgunj, Oudh, April 21 (R. M. Hume Coll. 
Adam), 

6, c. J ad. sk. Behar. 
Hodgson Coll. 

d~l. S ad. et Nepal Valley, April to July (J*. Hume Coll. 
Imm.; ??2. g Scully). 
ad. sk. 

2. Ploceus atrigula *. 
Ploceus atrigula, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in BriL Mus., Passeres, pi. 278. 
figs. 1, 2 (no. 743); id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844). 
Ploceus passerinus, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Bibl. Zool. Soc., Passeres, 
pi. 277. fig. 3 (no. 70); ReiclienTfZool Jahrb. i. p. 156 (1880). 
Ploceus baya (nee Blyth), Horsf. §• Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. 

ii. p. 515"(1856, pt.j ; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. xxxix. p. 110 
(1870); Blanf. op. cit. xli. p. 167 (1872); Hume, Str. X1875, 
p. 153 ; Biyth Sf Wold. B. Burm. p. 92 (1875); Anders. Hep. Zool. 
Exped. Yunnan, Aves, p. 597 (1878); Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 106; 
id. Str. F. ix. p. 257 (1880) ; Oates, Handb. B. Br. B. i. p. 358 
(1883) ; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xlii. p. 84 (1883). 
Euplectes 
flaviceps (nee Cuv.), Gray, Cat. Mamm. fyc. Nepal pres. 
Hodgs. p. 105 (1846).. 
Nelicurvius baya, Reichenb. Si?igv. p. 76, Taf. xxxiv. figs. 266-268 
(1861). 
Ploceus philippinus (nee Linn.), Hume fy Davison, Str. F, vi. p. 399 
(1878). 
Ploceus megarhynchus, Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 406, 1878, p. 400, 
1879, p. 106. 

Adult male* Similar to P. baya, but with very little yellow on 

* Dr. Beichenow resuscitates Hodgson's name of passerinus for this species. 
Tbe title is founded on a bird in winter plumage, and atrigula on an adult bird. 
Dr. Reich enow would have us reject the latter name on aecount of the name of 
afrigularis, of Yoigt; but this is an African species, the name is only a synonym, 
and there is not the slightest risk of confusion in adopting the name of atrigula. 
492 
PLOCEID-E. 

the back, and never 
showing the yellow band across the breast: 

" bill black ; Inside of month flesh-colour : eyelid grey ; legs flesh


colour ; claws pinkish horn-colour ; iris dark brown " (E. If". Dates). 

Total length 5*7 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2*8, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Similar to the female of P. bay a, but-generally 

more tawny botb above and below. Total length 5 inches, euimen 

0*7, wing i-6, tail 1*5, tarsus 0*8. 

Yoiuiy birds and old birds in winter plumage are very similar to 

the correspanding stages In P. bay% but the general aspect of the 

species at all ages is more tawny. 

In the southern portions of its range, P. hay a is remarkable for 
its deep tawny-rufous appearance, not only on the upper surface, 
but also on the breast and sides of the body, the throat being at the 
same time decidedly blackish. In Tenasserim, however, the coloration 
of specimens Is paler, and In Pegu paler still, till in the Bootan 
Dooars the throat is extremely pale, but the size of the bird 
gradually Increases, especially as regards the bill, till in the Terai 
it reaches the maximum In this respect, and has been separated by 
Mr. Hume as P. meyarhytultus. 

Hah. From the Dhoon throagh the Lower Himalayas to Assam, 

and from the neighbourhood of Calcutta throughout the Burmese 

countries and the Malayan Peninsula to Sumatra and Java. 

«, b. Imm. sk. Kaladoongi, Dhoon, Dec. Hume Cull. (Type* of 
P, mrgarhytiekus.) 
c, d, e. $ ad.; /-/. Nepal Terai. Hodgson < 'oil. iType& 
2 ad. et j uv. sk. of P.atrigula and P.passprinus.) 
A*, /. c? ad.; m-p. Nepal Terai (P. II. Ilody- India Muslim. 
2 ad. et juv. s>k. son). 
q~it. (S ad. sk. Sikhim Terai, July {Of to Hume Cull. 
_MiMh>r). 
Vj u\ $ 2 a(h sh. Sikhini Terai, May, June. S^ebohm Coll. 

x. 
Imm. sk. Sikhim Terai, April (L. Hume Coll. 
Maridelli). 
y. (S; z~V. 2 ad. Darjiiing Terai. Hume Coll. 
et juv. sk. 
c\ Imm. sk. Buxa Dooars, Jan. (L. Hume Coll. 

Mandelli). 

d'-i/. 6 $ ad. et Bootan Dooars. Jan., May Hume Cull. 

juv.sk. (L. Mandelli). 

%'. Ad. sk. Bootan (Pembertm). India Museum. 

a"-ef'. (S ad, et Sadkyla district, Assam, Hume Coll. 

juv. sk. April {J. Cockburn). 

f'-p"> 6 ? ad. sk. Dibrughur, Assam, May, Hume Coll. 

June (J. JR.. Cripps). 

q", r". $ 2 hiem. N. Khasla Hills, Feb. (A. Tweeddale Coll 

sk. TV. Chennell). 

s'r. $ ad. sk. Mvmensing. Tweeddale Coll. 

if', <J; u"-v/'. 2 Cachar, Jan. {A. O. If.). Hume Coll. 

ad. sk. 

a", y". 2 ad. sk. Cachar, March, April (J. Forbe* Coll. 

Im/lis). 

«", a\ 61. cJ 5 ad. Dacca. Ihime Coil. 
sk. 

57. PLOCEXTS. 
493 
e3, &. <$ 2 ao\&k


fi3t/3

-d ? Mem. 
sk. 
^, k\ Ad. sk, 

i3, fi8. <$ ad. sk. 

T3. Imm. sk. 

ad. etjuv. sk. 
r3,20s. tf ad. sk. 
^-s3. tf; a1, bK 

ad. sk. 
c4, <74. cS ad. sk. 


a*-*i*. cJ $ ad. et 
juv. sk. 
o\ d; f\ f. $ 
imm. sk. 
rA-yl. dad. etjuv.; 
z4-d'\ $ ad. sk. 
e\ S juv. sk. 

f\y\'c$ ad. etjuv.; 
#-&'. Jad.sk. 
/', wi\ <$ juv. sk. 


?*5. J juv. sk. 

o\ p5. $ ad. et 
imm.; q5. J ad.sk. 
r5~u'\ <$ ? ad. sk. 

v\ <$ ad. sk. 

^-y5' 6 ad. et juv. 

sk. 
s5, #8. c? ^d. sk. 
¥-mB. tf 2 ad. sk. 

wB~s6. c? ? ad. et 

juv. sk. 
f>, ws. S ad. sk. 
t;6. <J ad. sk. 
we-y6. Imm. sk. 

z\ Ad. sk. 
a7, S7. Imm. sk. 
c7. Ad. sk. 

Barrackpur (Col. Tytler). 
Calcutta, Feb. (J. Btddidph). 


Maunbhoorn, March, April 

(R. C. Beawri). 
Muddapur, Sept. 
(IT. & 
Brooks). 

Bhamo, Upper Burmah, 
Feb. 3. 
Tonghoo and Rangoon,May-

July (R. Q. W. R.). 
Rangoon. 
Akyab district, March, 

April (J. Armstrong). 
Thayetmyo, Aua:., Sept. 

(27. W. Gates). 
Lower Pegu, June, July 
(E. W. 0.). 
Pahpoon, Tenasserim, 
Jan. ( TV. Davison), 
Tavoy, March to May 

(W.D.). 
Amherst, June ( W. D.). 
Mergui, June, Sept. 

,(IF.2>.). 
Kossoum, April (J. Darling). 


Wellesley Province, Nov. 
25 (W. Davison). 
Penang (Dr. Cantor). 

Dingding Islands, Feb., 
March ( W. D.). 
Klang, Salangore, Jan. 21 

(W.DX 
Malacca (S. PimoiU). 

Malacca (JR. G. W. R.). 
Malacca, July to Sept. ( W. 
Davison). 
Malacca (Dr. Cantor). 

Singapore. 
Sumatra. 
Lampong, Sumatra (E. C. 


Buxton). 

Java. 
Java. 
Java. 


3. Plocens bengalensis. 
India Museum. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Dr. J. Anderson [C]. 


Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Oates Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 
Purchased. 


Wallace Coll. 


Tweeddale Coll. 
Zoological Society. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Purchased. 

Cock and Hen Sparrows from Bengal, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. ii. p. 48, 
pi. 52 (1738). 
The Yellow-headed Indian Sparrow, Ed%cards7 Nat. Hist B. iv. 

p. 189, pi. ISO. fig. 1(1751). 
Le Moineau de Bengale, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 95 (1760). 
494 
PL0CEID-3B. 

Loxia bengalensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. L p. 30o (1 / 60). 

Grosbec des Indes, Baubent. PL Enl iv. pL 398. %. 2. 

L'Orchef, Buff. Hist. Nat Ois. iii. p. 466 (17/5). 

Loxia aurata, P. L. 8. Midi Byst. Nat. Suppl p. 152 (1776) ; Cass. 

Proc. Fhilad. Acad. 1864, p. 2-rl. 
Bengal Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. iL pt. I. p. 183 (1783). 
Loxia regina, Bodd. Tall. PI. Enl. p. 24 (1783). ^ 
Coccothraustes chrvsomelas, VieilL N. Bid. d?Hisi. Nat. xiii. p. 5:36 

Ploceus aureus, Less. Traiie, p. 435 (1831). 

Euplectes albirostris, Steams. An. in Menatj. p. 309 (1837). 

Ploceus flavigula, Hodgs. Icon. hied, in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pL 278. 

fig. 4 (no. 451); id. in Gray's Zoo!. Misc. p. 84 (1844). 

Euplectes manvar (nee JZorsf.)* Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi. p. 25 (1840j ; 

myth, J. A."8. Beng. xi. p. 872 (1S42). 

Ploceus bengalensis, BIyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 945 (1844); Gray, 

Gen.Btii.y.3o2 (1&49); £fy*A, Cirf. J?. J/a». ,4s. *Soc. p. 115 

(1849); Jfp. CW/>. i. p. 443 (1850); Blanf. Ibis, 1870, p. 460; 

Gray, Hand4. B. ii p. 44, BO. 6615 (1870); Godmn-Austen, J. 

A. 8. Beng. xxxix. p. 271 (1870) ; Hume, Sir. F. 1873, p. 2(K>; 
j% & # JT«W. JB. Burm. p. 92 (1875); .£«#<>}-, Sir. II ife77f 
p. 210; J?«0, i. e. p. 418; *W. Sir. F. vil. p. 222 (1878) ; Cripps, 
t c. p. 293; Butler, Cat. B. Bind §e. p. 45 (1879); Hume, Sin II 
viii. p. 107 (1*70), ix. p. 257 (1880); 3Inrrayf Vertebr. Faun, 
Sind, p. 181 (1881); Gates, Handb. B. Br. Burm. i. p.361 {I b^31; 
Swinh. $ Barnes, Ibis, 1*85, p, 1'28; MeieJien. ZooL Jahrb. i. p. 1(30 
(1886); Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 270 (188*). 
Euplectes 
manyar (nee Ilorsf.l, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p- 134 
(1844) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. §c. Nepal pre*. Hodgs. p. 105 < l*40j. 
Nelicurvius bengalensis, Reiehenb. Siayv. p. 75, Taf. xxxiii. fig. 262 
(1861). 

Adult male. Similar to P. baya, but differing in the total 

absence of yellow on the "breast, and by the black band across the 

chest; the throat sooty blackish : " bill pearly white; legs flesh


colour ; iris light brown w (E. W» Gates). Total length 4*5 inches, 

culmen 0*7, wing 2*75, tail 1*45, tarsus 0*8. 

Great variation takes place in the colour of the sides of face and 
throat, which are sometimes quite white, and at others so Hack as 
scarcely to be distinguished from the black neck, collar, or hind 
neck. 

Adult female. Not very different from the winter-plumsged male, 
when adult, but having the black band across the chest less strongly 
developed, and the yellow of the eyebrow and sides of neck not 
quite so bright: "upper mandible light broira, the lower one 
whitish horny with a pinky-bluish tinge; feet fleshy pink; iris 
brown" (A. 0. Hume). Total length 5-3 inches, culmen 0"55f 
wing 2*7, tail 1*6, tarsus 0*95. 

Young. Like the adult female, but much browner, especial!}" on 
the head, which is washed with yellow; ear-coverts and sides of 
face ashy grey, with a broad black streak along the upper part of 
the former, and a less distinct line along the inner margin ; cheeks 
and throat yellow, but without a sign of the black malar stripe; 

57 . PLOCEUS. 495 
under surface of body tawny buff, the chest slightly mottled with 
black bases to the feathers. 

Winter plumage of adults. Yery little different from the summer 
plumage, but having a more tawny-buff tinge below, the black 
breast-band entirely obscured by sandy-buff edges to the feathers; 
down the centre of the crown a slight indication of a pale streak: 
" upper mandible dusky brown in the male, the lower one pale 
lavender; feet brownish fleshy pink; iris brown" (A. 0. F.). "In 
the^ females the upper mandible was light brown, the lower one 
whitish horny, with a pinky bluish tinge" (A. 0. H.). 

Young male after first moult. Like the female. General colour 
above light tawny brown, broadly streaked with black, the feathers 
fading off to whitish buff on their margins ; scapulars like the back; 
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ashy brown, with darker 
brown centres, the tail-coverts brown with ashy margins; lesser 
wing-coverts brown, shaded with olive, with blackish bases ; median 
and greater coverts blackish, edged with tawny or sandy buff; 
bastard-wing blackish ; primary-coverts and quills blackish brown, 
externally fringed with olive-yellow, the secondaries broadly edged 
with sandy buff, becoming whitish towards the end of the inner 
secondaries, which resemble the scapulars ; tail-feathers dark brown, 
narrowly edged with sandy buff, and washed with olive-yellow near 
the ba-e; crown of head dark brown, shaded with ashy, especially 
towards the occiput, the feathers having indistinct dusky centres; 
nape and hind neck ashy grey, with dusky centres; lores dull ashy, 
surmounted by a streak of yellow, forming a distinct eyebrow; 
feathers round eye, sides of face, and ear-coverts blackish brown, with 
a small streak of yellow below the eye; the ear-coverts hoary near 
their lower margin, and showing a black line along their upper edge; 
cheeks yellow, separated from the throat by a malar line of black ; 
throat yellow or whitish with a wash of yellow; a patch of yellow also 
on the sides of neck behind the ear-coverts; fore neck and chest black, 
forming a broad prepectoral band; breast light isabelline brown, as 
also the sides of the body, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts, 
the latter paler ; the breast and sides of the body faintly streaked 
with dusky brown stripes; the abdomen isabelline whitish; under 
wing-coverts isabelline buff; edge of wing yellow; quills below 
dusky, ashy isabelline along the inner edge. Total length 5*5 
inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2*9, tail 1*8, tarsus 0-8. 

llab. The greater part of the Indian Peninsula, extending into 
the Eurmese countries. 

a. Ad. hk. India. Purchased. 
b. Imm. ste. Imm.sk. 
India. 
Shah Hoosein, Sindh, Jan. 25. 
Zoological Society. 
Hume Coll. 
d-g. 6 kiem. sk.
h. (S ad. sk.
*". S ad. &k. 
Upper Sindh, Jan. {A. O. H.). 
Deeea, July {E. A. Butler). 
Bhandoop, 15 miles from 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
k-m. Ad. et juv. 
w. J ad. sk.
sk.
Bombay, Aug. 
N. W. Provinces. 
Monghyr, July. 
Pinwill Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

496 PLOCEID-E. 

o. 2 ad- skp,
q. <$; r, s, t 

. $ ad. sk. 

u, v. c?; w-y. $ ad. 

et imm. sk. 

z, a'. Ad. et imm. 

sk. 
bf. J irum. sk. 
c'. tf ad. sk. 

*-/. 3; [/, h\ 

$ ad. sk. 
%'. Ad. sk. 

A/,/'. d;<»'. ? 

ad. sk. 
o'. Ad. idem. sk. 

p't qf. 6 2 ad. sk. 
r'~V. d1\ y, y*. 2 

ad. et juy. sk. 
2'. Ad. sk. 

a". JUT. sk. 
5", c". c? ? ad. sk. 
<?'. $ ad. sk. 
c",/'. Ad. .sk. 

(f.h". e juv.; r. 

9 ad. sk. 
*"-K". d: I;"-*". 

Delhi, March 25 (C. T. Bingham 
}. 
Etawah, Feb., Sept., Dee. (.4. 

o. 2?. £ jr. J?. JB.V 
Jheenjuck, Etawah, Sept., Oct. 

04. o. H. $• jr. JE: J?.). 
Pilibbeet, Oct. 

Allahabad, Mar (J*. Cockbum). 
Oudh. 
Mogulserai, Aug. (IT. E. 

Brookes). 
Oudh Terai (& Pimciir). 
Futtehgnrh District, Feb., 

Oct. (A. Anderson). 
Xepal Terai. 
Dinapur (S. PimviM). 
Calcutta, Feb. 

Buxa Dooars, Jan. (L. Man


delli). 
Bootan {Pemherton\ 
Faridpur, June (J. P. Cripps). 
Dibrughur, Assam (F. Day). 
Cachar (J. Intjlu \. 
Cachar, April {J. Inglis). 

Manipur, Feb., March {A. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll 
Seebohm Coll. 

Hodgson Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Forbes Coll. 

Hume Cull 

4. Hoceu$ manyar. 
Fringilla manyar, Horxf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 163 (1820). 
Ploceus flaviceps, JLeas. Traite, p. 435 {LS31, ex Cia\ 3ISSJ): Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 443 fl8->0); Reichen. ZooL Jahrh. I p. 159 {l^SQu 
Ploceus manyar. Mors/ P. Z. S. 18:10, p. 103: Blyth, J. A. & Beng. 

xiii. p. 945*{1844} ;"Jerd. JMadr. Junrn. xiii. p. 134 (1544); Gray, 
Gen. B. ii. p. 352'(1849); Blyth, Cut. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. lU 
(1649); Bayard, Aim. SfJIagSXat Hist. (2) xiii. p. 200 (1854); 
Horsf. 4* Moore, Cat B. 31uk E.I. Co. ii. p. 514 (1^50); Jtrd. B. 
Indiii, p. 348 (18«>3); Gray, Kand-L B. ii. p. 44, no. 0014 11670):. 
Hume, Sir. F. 1873, p. 208; id. Xests 4' Egff* Ind. i?/p. 440 
(1873J; id. # Oafes, Mr. F. 1873, p. 154 ; Butter 8f Hume, i. e. 
p. 495; Blyth f Wald. B. Burm. p. 92 (1675); Bxttkr, Sir. F. 
1870, p. 39; Ball, t c. p. 235; Butler, 8tr.I\ 1*77, p. 221; Afiderso?
it Rep. Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 598 (1878); Hume & Davison, 
Sir. F. vi. p. 401 (1878); Bali, Sir. F. vii. p. 222 (3*78); Cripps, 
t. e. p. 292; Legye, B. Ceylon, p. 640 (1879); Hume, Str. F. 1879, 
p. 100; Butler, Cat B. Siwl £c. p. 00 (IhTOj; id. Cat. B. S. Bomb. 
Pres. p. 00 (1880); JReid, Str. F. x. p. 55 (1881); Gate*, Handb, 
B. Br. Burm. L p. 300 (1883); Sivinh. $ Barnes, Has, 1885, p. 128; 
Parker, Ibis, 1886, p. 186. 
Euplectes striatus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 873 (1842). 
? Ploceus striatus, Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 403. 
Nelicurvius emberizinus, Reiehenb, Singv. p. 70, Taf. xxxiv. fiirs. 209


272(1861). 
Nelicurvius naviceps, Reichenb, t. c. p. 70 (1861). 

57 . PLOCEUS. 497 
Adult male. Similar to P. baya, but without the yellow oil the 
"breast; the fore neck and breast, as well as the sides of the body, 
tawny rufous or yellowish buff, these parts all forcibly streakod 
with broad black centres to the feathers; the throat sooty blackibh 
like the sides of face and ear-coverts; nape and hind neck tawny 
brown streaked with black like the back. Total length 5-5 inches, 
Guimen 0*7, wing 2'7o, tail 1*6, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult femah. General colour above ashy brown, broadly streaked 
with black, the feathers of the mantle and scapulars margined with 
tawny buff; wing-coverts blackish, edged with whity brown or 
tawny buff; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, quills and tail-feathers 
blackish, margined with olive-yellow; crown of head like the 
back, but less distinctly streaked; lores dusky; eyebrow white 
tinged with yellow, extending in a streak behind the ear-coverts; 
sides of face and ear-coverts sooty blackish ; cheeks and under 
surface of body white, with a yellow tinge on the breast; the fore 
neck, breast, sides of body, and flanks distinctly streaked with 
black, more broadly on the latter; thighs white, also streaked with 
black; under tail-coverts buffy white; under wing-coverts tawny 
butf; quills below dusky, ashy rufous along the inner edge: " bill 
brown above, darkening on the culmen towards the tip, pale yellowish 
flesh-colour below; feet flesh-colour; iris dark brown" 

(E. A. Bade?*). Total length 5-2 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2*65, 
tail 1*0, tarsus 0-85. 
Adult in winter plumage. Resembles the plumage of the adult 
female, but are always much more tawny, especially on the foie 
neck and breast, which are both strongly streaked with black centres 
to the feathers, the throat ashy or blackish, the yellow eyebrow 
and streak behind the ear-coverts and the cheek-stripe all well pronounced. 


Young. Much more tawny buff than the adults, broadly streaked 
with black; the greater coverts, quills, and tail-feathers edged with 
olive-yellow ; under surface of body deep tawny buff. After the first 
moult*the young birds resemble the old female, but are much more 
tawny rufous, with the throat washed with yellow. 

Hah. Ceylon and the greater part of the Indian Peninsula from 
Sind to Assam, and south to Tenasserim; Java. 

a, b. Ad. sk.
c. $ ad.; d. Juv.
s\ite f. S ;(J<$ a(^
sk.
h. g* ad. bk.
i"-r/"rf; r s. 2 ad.
tkt J ad. sk.
u. £ ; r, ID. J ad.
sk.
x. cjad.sk. 
Ceylon. 
YellarneyLake,Travancore, 
June 21 (F. Bourdillon). 
Belgaum, Sept., Oct. (E. A. 
Butler), 
Sind, Feb. 28. 
Sind, Dec. to April (A.
O.B.). 
Hyderabad, May 27 {E. A.
"Butler). 
Futtehpur, Sind (Dr. H, 
Gould), 
Etawah, May (JV. J$.
Brooks). 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll 
Hume Cull. 
Hume Coll 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
VOL. XIII. 2K 

498 FLOCEID^. 
y,». i ad. sk.
«'-*'. Ad. sk.
f. 2 ad. sk,
g\ J ad. sk.
A'"«' 9 ad sk.
' ' + "
k'. c? biem. sk. 
E. BengalE. 
Bengal. 
Sookpur, Feb. 2. 
Assam {McClelland). 
Dibrughur, Assam, June, 
July (J. JR. Cripps). 
Bhamo, Feb. 
Htirae Coll 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum, 
Hume Coll. 
Dr. J. Anderson [C.]. 

V-u'. cS ad.; v'-;v'. Lower Pegu, Marcb to May, Gates Coll. 

$ ad. et juv. sk. Aug., Sept. (JE. W. 0.). 
?/' z'. A ; cc. 9 ad. Lower Pegu, Marcb, April, Forbes Coll. 
J 'sk. Sept. (JB. W. 0.). 
/3. J ad. sk. Tbatone, Tenasserim, Xov. 2 Hume Coll. 

(W. Davison), 
y. S ad. sk. Khykehto, Feb. 10 (W. D.). Hume Coll. 
8. $ ad. sk. Beeling, Feb. 11 (W. D.). Hume Coll. 
e. (S ad. sk. Java. 
Purchased. 
£-8, <$ ad. sk. Java (Sorsfield). India Museum. 
(Types of species.) 

i. J ad. sk. Java. 
Purchased. 
58. 
SPEEMOSPIZA. 
Type. 
Spermopbaga, Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 164 (nee Schonh. 
183J8) . ... . S. haematina. 
Spermospiza, Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 43 S. bsematina. 
Range. "West Africa, but reoccurring in the forest-region border


ing the Albert Nyanza. 

Key to the 8j>ecies. 

a. Abdomen black like the back. (Males.) 
a!. Lower rump and upper tail-eoverts black like 
the back; tip of under mandible only yeEow 
or reddish h&matina, p. 498, 

V. Lower rump and upper tail-coverts bright 
crimson; lower part of upper mandible and 
greater part of lower mandible towards the 
end reddish guttata, p. 500. 
h. Abdomen dark ashy, spotted with white. (Fe?7iaks.) 
c\ Head dark ashy; lores and eyebrow crimson. 
a". Upper tail-coverts dull crimson; bill as in 
the male Jimnatina7 p. 406, 
b". Upper tail-coverts bright crimson; bill as in 
the male guttata, p. 500. 
d'. Head entirely crimson rubricajrilla, p. 500. 

1. Spermospiza ksematiaa. 
Loxia haematina, FieiU. Ois. Ghant. p. 102, pi. 67 (1805). 
Coccothraustes hsematina, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Mist. Nat. xiii. p. 534" 
(1817). F 
Spermopbaga cyanorhynchus, Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 105 (1837); 
Gordon, Contr. Orn. 1849, p. 9. 
Spermospiza haematma, Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 43; id. Gen. B, 

ii. p. 356 (1844); Bp. Comp. i. p. 450 (1850); Verr. Bett. et Mag, 
58 . SPEBMOSPIZxV. 
499 

de ZooL 1853, p. &U; Hartl Oni. W.-Afr. p. 138 (1857); Cans. 
Prvc. Bhilad. Acad. 1859, p. 137; Iteichenb. tSimjv. p. f>2, Taf. \xi. 
figs. 182,183 (18(31); tfray, ifa/KU B. ij. p. 40, no. OC57C5 (1870) ; 
tf/w/ytf, CVtf. .4/h ii. p. 68 (1871); Bultih. Kotes Lei/den Mm. vi. 

p. 198 (1885); Shelley, Ibis, m<$, p. 310; jfcWo. IVc^a Leyden 
Mus. vii. p. 198, viii. p. 200 (1880), x. p. 91 (LS88). 
Spermospiza guttata, SJiarpe, Ibis, 18(59, p. 384 (J). 

-dLrM mafe. General colour above blue-black, with a slight glo^a ; 
on the upper tail-coverts a scarcely distinguishable wash of dull 
crimson; wings and tail black; bides of face, ear-coverts, and fore 
part of cheeks black, as also a narrow line along the base of the 
chin ; throat, breast, and sides of body bright crimson ; lower 
breast, abdomen, flanks, thighs, under tail-coverts, under wing-
coverts, and axillaries black: "bill metallic cyanean blue, the tip 
and edges vermilion; feet sooty brown; iris red; eyelid milky 
white" {J. Bihttilcofer). Total length 5*2 inches, culmen 0 05, 
wing 2*7, tail 2-1, tarsus 0-85. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour abovo 
dark slaty grey, the upper tail-coverts conspicuously dull crimson ; 
wing-coverts like the back, the bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and 
quills blackish brown, edged with slaty grey; tail-feathers black ; 
crown of head dull crimson, the occiput and nape slaty grey like the 
hind neck; lores, eyebrow, feathers round eye, sides of face, ear-
coverts, and cheeks dull crimson; throat, tore neck, and breast 
bright crimson; lower breast and abdomen blackish, with twin spots 
of white near the end of the feathers; sides of body bright crimson ; 
flanks dark slaty grey, also spotted with white; thighs and under 
tail-coverts dark slaty grey; under wing-coverts and axillaries slaty 
grey, spotted with white; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner 
edge: " bill metallic blue, the tips and edges vermilion ; feet sooty 
brown ; eyelid milky wrhitc; iris red " (Buttikofer). Total length 
4*8 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 2-6, tail 1*95, tarsus 0*75. 

Young male. Dull slaty grey like the female, but more dusky; 
the dark crimson upper tail-coverts very distinct; head blackish 
slate-colour, with very little appearance of crimson; under surface 
of body dusky slate-colour, the feathers of the throat, breast, and 
sides of body edged with dull red. 
Hub. West Africa from Senegambia to Abeokuta. 

a. S ad. sk. West Africa. Twecddale Coll. 
b, c,d. <$ $ ad. et West Africa. Shelley Coll. 
JUT. sk. 
e. $ ad. sk. Abeokuta. F. Nicholson, Esq. 
f,g. d ? ad.sk. 
h. <$ ad. sk. 
i. Ad. sk. 
k, I. S ', #*j n. $ 
Ashantee. 
Accra (Copt Hmjnes). 
Fantee. 
Fantee (H. T. Ussher). 
Gould Coll. 
Sharpe Coll, 
Capt. Moloney [P.]. 
Shelley Coll. 
ad. sk. 
o. $ juv. sk. 
j?,jr. d?ad.;r . $ 
juv. sk. 
Fantee. 
Denkeia (Aubimi). 
A. Swanzy, Esq. [P.], 
Sharpe Coll. 
2K2 

50 0 PLOCEID-E. 
S ,U ; u. Q ad.
sk.
v, ID. $ 2 ad. sk.
x. 9 ad. sk. 
Cape Coast, March (G. J 
4-&> T-u-)Gold 
Coast. 
Wa*a, March 1872 (R.
Blissett). 
S. S. 
F. 
Shelley Coll. 
Forbes. Coll. 
Shellev Cull. 

2. Spermospiza guttata. 
Loxia guttata, Vzeill Ois. Chant, p. 103, pi. OS (180-5,= §). 
Coccothrau&tes guttata, Yieill. X. D/rf. d^Hist. Xat. xiii p. 533 

(1817). 
Friagilla pustulata, Io?r// (wc Illig.), Cuv. Thierr, ii. p. 581 (1831). 
Spermospiza guttata, 7e>v\ Rev. et May. de Zool. 1>>>2, p. 312; 

jHflf/^. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 138 (1557. pt.j ; On®. Pre*?. P/«W. ,4C<K?. 
1859, p. 137; Reiehe/ib. Sing v. p. 52, tab. xxl. tig. LSI (1801); 
Gray, Eand-l. B. ii. p. 40, no. 0077 (1870); Ileichea. J.f. 0. 
18/5, p. 41, 1877, p. 28; Sharpe fy Bonder, BitlL Soc. 'Zool 
Franca, i. p. 40 (1870); Bovage, Or a. Angola, p. 349 (1877-bl) ; 
Shelley, Ibis, 1^0, p. 310. 

Spermo.spiza luematina, 
pt., Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 08 (1871); 
Oust X Arch. Mu«t (2) ii. p. 113 (1870). * 
Spermospiza Imuiuctiksa, Reichen. J.f O. 1877, p. 20. 

Adult male. Similar to S. ht-matina, but distinguished by the 
red markings on the bill and face, and especially by the brilliant 
crimson of the lower rump and upper tail-coverts : *4 bill dark blue 
with red edges; feet black; boles yellow ; irk carmine-red : eyelid 
white " (Rtichtnuw). Total length 5'2 inches, culmen 0*05, 
wing 2*7, tail 2, tarsus 0*8. 

In a young bird, according to Dr. Reiehenow, the bill was u dark 
blue, with yellowish-brown margins, the feet black or greenish 
slate-colour, and the iris dark.n 

Adult female. Similar to the female of S. huaatiaa, but also 
distinguished by the bright crimson of the lower rump and upper 
tail-coverts. Total length 5*2 inches, culmen 0*0, wing 2*05, 
tail 1*8, tarsus 0*85. 

Hab. West Africa from Cameroons to the Congo. 

a, h. <$ ; c} d. § Gaboon. 
Sharpe O 11. 

ad. sk. 
e,f. <$ 2 ad. sk. Gaboon (Ike Chaittu). TwmMale Cull. 
g, h. 6 ; «• § ad. Gaboon. Shelley Cull 

sk. 

h. J ad. sk. Landana, Congo (L. Petit). Skelle\ Coll. 
3. Spermospiza rtLbricapilla, (Plate XT.) 
Spermospiza mbricapilla, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 30. 
Adult female (type of species). Similar to the female of S. hcematina, 
but differing in the whole of the head being rich crimson, as 
well as the sides of the face ; " bill bluish black, the cutting-edges 
aud tip vermilion ,* feet dusky brown; iris dusky umbern {Emm 

59. AMBLYOSPIZA. 50 1 
Pasha). Total length 6-3 inches, oulmon 0-7, wing 2-85, tail 2-a, 

tarsus 0-9. ' ' ' 
#a&. Equatorial Africa. 
«. $ ad. ak. Belliina, July 15. Emit) Pasha [P.]. 
(Type of species?) 

59. AMBLYOSPIZA. Typo. 
Pyrenestes, pi, avct. 
Amblyospiza, Sundeu. CEfo. K. VeL-Afaul Fiirh. Stockh. 
JboO, p. 98 A> albifrona, 
boiyphegnathiis, Reiakenb, Syst. An. Taf. Ixxx. flir. 0 
(lb'5°) ' A. albifrons, 

1. Head of Amblyospiza albifrons, ho show culminal ridge. 
2. Bill of Amblyospiza alhifrons from beneath, to show elun-anglo. 
Range. Confined to Africa. 
Key to the Species. 

a. 
Ear-coverts and sides of face dark brown like the 
head and mantle, and throat albifrons, p. 501. 
b. Ear-coverts and sides of neck black like the throat; 
head and mantle black with a shade of chocolatobrown 
xtnicolor, p. 503. 
c. Head and mantle chestnut; sides of face and throat 
also chestnut. 
a'. Underparts from the fore neck downward [p. 604. 
blackish melananota, 
b'. Underparts from the fore neck palo slaty grey .. capita/bit, p. 504. 

1. Amblyospiza albifrons. 
Pyrrhula albifrons, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 92. 

Pyrrhula frontalis, Steams. An. in Menag. p. 319 (1837). 

Pyrenestes frontalis, Smith, HI. Zool S. slfr.,Aws, pis. 61,62 (1840) ; 

Zayard, B. S. Afr. p. 191 (1807). 

Pyreni sles albifrons, 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 350 (1844); Qwney. Ibis, 
1800 p. 213; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 49, no. 0081 (1870); Shelley, 
Ibis, 1875, p. 79 ; Barratt, Ibis, 1870, pp. 207, 433. 

PLQCEIDJE. 

Aml>lvo«piza albifrons, Sundev. CE/v. X Vet-Ahad. EJrJt. Stoekk. 
1850 p 98; Butler, Ftilden, 4* -2«£ ^y/* ^— P--7}iy'« &arpe, 
ed Layartfs B. 8. Afr. pp.449,848 (1SS4j: SheVty, Ibi% lbS7, p. 45. 

Coryphesmatku* albifrons. Bp. Comp. i. p. 4-30 (l^o(J>: Ctoft. J/IM. 
i&iw. \ p. 179 (1&30); Ileielwnb.tiingv. p. 31, Taf. xx. tig*. 174177 
(lbbl). 

? Corypliesmathus sclilffi, Bp. Con<*p. i. p. 450 (1850). 
? Pyrenestes schiifi, Gray, Hund-L L\ ii. p. 49, no. (5(553 '1^70). 

J.<M£ ?/2tf7e. General colour above chocolate-brown, the lower 
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts blackish, the feathers narrowly 
efcek with sandv buff; wing-coverts and quills blackish, with faint 
sandy-buff edges to some of the coverts and secondary quills*, the 
primaries white at the base, forming a large speculum : tail-feathers 
black; crown of head chocolate-brown like the upper back, slightly 
rufescent towards the nape ; forehead white ; lores and feathers 
below the eye blackish ; ear-coverts, cheeks and sides of face, throat, 
sides of neck, fore neck, and chest chocolate-brown, a little blacker 
on the throat; breast, abdomen, sides of body, Hanks, thighs, and 
under tail-coverts dark ashy grey, with dusky shaft-stripes and pale 
sandy-buff margins; under wing-coverts and axillaris blackish; 
quills below black, with a large white patch at the base of the 
primaries; " ba«e of the upper mandible and the under surface 

of the lower one livid blackish brown, the other portions dull 
yellowish grey, clouded with ere-mi-yellow; tardus, leg^ and toes 
brownish red" (-1. Smith): iris d trk brown. Total length 7*3 
inches, culmen 0*9, wing 3*95, fail 2-S3, rar^u-s H-95. 

An adult nude hi suisju'tl phtmwjt iJuly 31} is much browner, 
and has all the feathers of the upper -uriaee, as> well u> the coverts 
and quills, distinctly edged with &andy buff. The lower part* are 
also very distinctly'margined in the same maimer. The white on 
the forehead is much restricted. 

Males in full plumage appear to lose entirely the pale margins to 
the feathers. 

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above 
rufous brown, mottled with dark-brown centres to the feathers, 
which have paler and more oehreous-hrown margins ; lesser wing-
coverts like the back; median and greater coverts black with 
rufous-brown margins; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills 
blackish brown, edged with rufous brown, the piiinaries with ashy 
brown; upper tail-coverts dark brown, fringed with >a»dy bin!; 
tail-feathers blackish brown, edged with rufous brown, and tipped 
with whitish on the outer feathers; crown of head like the back 
and similarly mottled; lores and feathers below the eye blackish ; 
ear-coverts uniform reddish brown ; cheeks and sides of neck dark 
brown, streaked with white; throat and under surface of body 
white, streaked with dusky brown centres to the feathers, very 
distinct on the fore neck and chest, more longitudinal on the breast, 
and smaller on the abdomen, which is purer white; sides of body 
and flanks washed with reddish brown, and broadly streaked with 
dark brown; thighs brown, broadly edged with white; under tail


59 . AMBLYOSPIZA. 
coverts white, with dark brown centres to the feathers ; under wing-

coverts and axillaries uniform pale tawny buff, whiter near the edge 

of the wing; quills below dusky brown, ashy isabelline along the 

inner web : " bill greenish yellow, the upper mandible dusky at 

tip; tarsi and feet dusky; iris dusky" (W. Ayres). Total length 

7 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3-4, tail 2-4, tarsus 0*9. 

Young male. At first resembles the old female, but is rather 
more rufous brown. The stripes on the under surface are much 
paler brown. The bill is generally stronger than in any female 
bird, and the yellow colour is more or less mixed with black, the 
dark bill being essentially a distinct characteristic of the adult male. 
The speculum is absent at first, or only feebly indicated by a shade 
of pale tawDy buff at the base of the primaries : " bill Dutch-orange 
colour, the tip of the uj3per mandible and the base of both mandibles 
livid liver-brown " (Sir A. Smith). 

Bab. South-eastern Africa. 

a, b, c. <J ad. South-east Africa. Sir A. Smith [0.]. 
sk. 

d. 
§ ad. sk. Maclean Town, British Caf- MajorTrevelyan[P.]. 
fraiia. 
e. $ ad. sk. Natal. T. Ayres [C.]. 
f (J- 6 ? ad. Pinetown, Natal, Oct., Dec. Seebohm Coll. 
(T. L. Ayres). 
h-o. 
(S ad. et Durban and Pinetown, July, Oct. Shelley Coll. 
juv. ; p, q. $ 
ad. sk. 

r. 3 juv. sk. Port Natal, July 24, 1839 (J. Sharpe Coll. 
Wahlhery). 
s,t. S 2 ad. sk. Transvaal. Forbes Coll. 
u, v. <$ $ ad. sk. Macamac, Eastern Transvaal, F. A. Barratt, Esq. 

July 30,1874. 
[P.]. 

2. Amblyospiza xmicolor. 
Pyrenestes albifrons (nee Vig.), Sha?-pe, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 713. 
Pyrenestes unicolor, Fisch. §• Reichen. Orn. Centr. 1878, p. 88 \ iid, 

J. f. 0. 1878, pp. 264, 354, 1879, p. 353; Fischer, J.f. 0.1880, 
p. 195, 
Amblyospiza unicolor, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 589; id. Ibis, 1887, 
p. 45; id. Ibis, 1888, p. 294. 
Coryphegnathus unicolor, Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 328 (1884); 
id. J.f. 0.1885, p. 134. 

Adult male. Similar to A. albifrons, but smaller and blacker, the 
head and mantle being black with only a blight wash of chocolate-
brown ; the throat and breast also black, not brown as in A. albifrons 
: " bill and feet black; iris dark brown " (G. A, Fischer). 
Total length 6*5 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 3-6, tail 2*4, tarsus 0-9. 

Adult female. Similar to the female of A. albifrons, but slightly 
smaller and darker : " upper mandible horn-brown, lower mandible 
horny yellow; feet dark brown; iris brown'*' (G. A. Fischer). 
Total length 5*7 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*7, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*85. 

Hab. East Africa; Zanzibar district from Mombasa to Kilimanjaro. 

50 4 PLOCE1DJE. 
a. 9 ad. sk. Mombasa, E. Africa (Bev. T. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Wakefield). [P.]. 
£, <?. d ? ad. Habari river, Kilimanjaro district, F.^J. _ Jackson, Efcq. 
&k. Jan. [P._. 
<?. cJ ad. sir.
e-f6; 
g. ?
ad. fci. 
Pangani River, (#/r J". J57?-Ar). 
I,zmii(SirJ. Kirk). 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 

3. Amblyospiza melanonota. 
Corypkegnathiis melanotus. Heitgl. J. f. 0. 18G8, ipj). 21,183 ; Pe/z. 

J>/^. £.-£. Gtes. TF*>H, xxx. pp. 152, G78 (1&<8L), xxxii. p. 50$ 

(18.-2). 
Pyrenestes frontalis (We Steams.), HevgL J.f.O. 1SG7, p. 865. 
Cbrvphegnathus albifrons (ntc Vig.), HeugL Orn. N.O.-Afr, i. 

p! 591 (1^70), iv. p. cxxxv f 1871). 
Pyrenestes melanotic, Gray, Hand-!. B. ii. p. 40, no. 00$4 (1870). 
Ambhospiza albifrons (/z«? Vig.), Marti. AbhandL not. Ver. Bre?nen, 

vii.p. 101 (1*81). 
Ambho&piza melanotis, Marti. AhhandL not. Ver. Bremen} viii. 
p. 221 (1*82) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 40. 
Adult male. Similar to A. albifrons,, but easily distinguished by its 
rufous head, with a shade of chestnut overspreading the mantle? 
sides of face, sides of neck, and entire throat and fore neck rufous ; 
breast and abdomen blacker than in A. albifrons : " iris brown " 
(Emm). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*9, -fling 3*8, tail 2*0, 
tarsus 0*85. 

Bob. "White Nile districts to Equatorial Africa. 

a, b. d ad. sk. Magungo, Equatorial Africa, March, Shelley Cull. 
Nov. {JSmin Pcaha). 

4. Amblyospiza capitalba. 
Coryphegnatlms 
capitalbus, Bp. Consp. L p. 4*51 (1850) ; BeieJmib. 
Stitgv.$.5l (1861). 
Pyrenestes capitalbus, Marti. J.f. 0,1855, p. S01; id. Orn. W.-Afr. 

p. 141 (1857) ; Gray, Mand-l B. ii. p. 49. no. 06*2 (1*70); Sharpe, 
Ibis, 1872, p. 72; fresher, Ibis, 1874, p. 70; Reichen. J.f.O. 1*77, 
p. 22 ; Sharpe § Bmiier, Bull Soc. ZooL Frame, L p. 49 (1870) ; 
Bocage, Orn. Angola, pp. 850, 559 (ISbl). 
Amblyospiza capitalbus, Shelley, Ibis, ISbT, p. 40. 

Adult male. General colour above black, with a slight shade of 
ashy; wings and tail black, with a conspicuous white base to the 
primaries, forming a large speculum ; head and hind neck, sides of 
face, sides of neck, throat and fore neck bright chestnut, with a 
broad white band across the forehead and lores ; remainder of the 
under surface of body pale slaty grey with sandy-buff margins to 
the feathers, especially distinct on the'thighs and under fail-coverts: 
"bill blackish; feet leaden grey" (A. Beklienotv). Total length 
5-8 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 3-8, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*75. 

60 . HISTCRGOPS. 
505 

The changes of plumage are apparently similar to those of tho 
allied species, bat I hare nut yet seen a properly identified female 
of A, enpitalha. 

In the young bir>I, according to Dr. A. Reiehenow, the iris is 
brown, feet greyish brown; upper mandible horn-colour, the lower 
mandible dusky yellow. 

Hab. West Africa from the Gold Coast to the Congo. 

a, cf ad. sk. f»nld Coast. Purchased. 

A. <J ad. sk. Fant«*e I I '**her). Shelley Coll. 
<% «f- cf 9 ad. Rk. IhiikenM//. T. Us^her). Sharpe Cull. 
e. $ ad. sk. Cntttin»>ndah, Elmiua, June Sharpe Coll. 
1872 ( //. F. Blisitett). 
/, if. £ ad. »k. Accra. Sharpe Coll. 

k. $? ad. sk. Abeukuta. F. Nicholson, Esq. [P.]. 
60. HISTUEGOPS. 
Ilistargopfi, Beichen. J.f.O. 1887, p. 07 . II. rutic£ auda. 
Head of Hutttrgapg mficauda. 

Rtmgt, Interior of East Africa. 

I. Histurgops ruficauda. 
ilbturgope mficauda, Jteiehen. J.f O. 1887, p.G7. 
Adult mahr. General colour above brown, with dull whity-hrown 
edges to the feathers, producing a somewhat sealed appearance ; 
rump washed with cinnamon-rufous; lesser wing-coverts like the 
hack ; median and greater coverts darker brown, with whity-brown 
margins, slightly tinged with rufous; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 
and quills dark brown, with pale cinnamon-rufous edges, whiter on 
the inner secondaries; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers cinnamon-
mfuus with black shafts, the centre feathers dark brown with 
rufous edges; crown of head like the back, the edges to the feathers 
a little more ashy ; lores and feathers below the eye dusky blackish ; 
ear-coverts and cheeks ashy brown, streaked with dusky centres to 
the feathers; throut white,the sides ashy, with broad black centres; 
remainder of under surface of body ashy whitish, mottled with dark 
brown centres to the feathers -. abdomen isabelline; sides of body 
and flanks like the breast; thighs tsabelline; under tail-coverts palo 
iaabelline, with chestnut centres to the feathers; under wing-coverts 

506 PLOOEIDiB. 

and axillaries clear isabollino; quills bolow dusky, light rufous at, 
the base of the inner web: " hill brown, under mandible yellowish ; 
feet brown; iris greyish blue" (T)r. Fischer). Total length S-5 
inches, cuhnen 0\S, wing 5-1, tail 3-7, tarsus 1-05. 

JIab. Interior of Eastern Africa. 

a. $ ad. sk. Ruwana River, Jan. 22. Dr. Fischer [C.J. 
61. DINEMELLIA. 
Type. 
Dinemellia, Reichen.. Siia/r. p. 88 (1861) I), dinemelli. 
Limoneres, Beichen. J.f. 0. 1885, p. 372 D. dinemelli. 

Head of Dinemellia dinemelli, to show shape of eulinen. 

Range. N.E. and E. Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Back black, with -white edgings to the feathers .... dinemelli, p. 506. 
b. Back black, without white edgings boehmi, p. 507. 
1. Dinemellia dinemelli. 
Textor dinemellii, Biipp. Syst. Uebers. pp. 12, 76, pi. 30 (1845, ex 
Horsf. MSS.) ; Des Murs inLefebvre's Very. Abyss, p. 108 (1845) ; 
Gray $ Mitch. Gen. B. ii. p. 350, pi. 87. tig. 2 (1849) ; Horsf. # 
Moore, Cat. B. Mm. E. I. Co. ii. p. 521 (1854); Ileuyl. Syst. 
Uebers. p. 37 (185G); id. J. f. O. 1867, p. 367; Gray, Iland-l. B. 

ii. p. 40, no. 6556 (1870); Ileuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p.534 (1870), 
iv. p. exxviii (1871); Mnsch $ Ilartl. Yoq. Ostafr. p. 386 (1870) ; 
Cab. J. f. O. 1878, pp. 299, 351 ; Mocha-# Beichen. J. f. O. 
] 879, pp. 299, 351; Ilartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, vii. p. 101 
(1881); Belz. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxx. p. 148 (1881); Shelley, 
P. Z. S. 1872, p. 307 ; Fischer, Zeitschr. yes. Orn. i. p. 333 (1884); 
Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) i. p. 194 (1884); Fischer, J. f. O. 
1885, p. 132; Shelley, Ibis, 1885, p. 409 • id. Ibis, 1887, p. 44; Bartl. 
Monoyr. Weaver-B. pt. i. pi. i. fig. 1 (1888). 
Textor leucocephalus, Biipp. Si/st. Uebers. p. 72 (1845). 
Alecto dinemellii, Ileuyl. J. f. O. 1867, p. 25; Antin. Cat. descrr. 
Ucc. p. 03 (1864). / 
Dinemellia loucocephala, Reichenb. Sinr/v. p. 88, Taf. xlv. figs. 3^7, 
328 (1861); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) vi. p. 296 (1888). 
Limoneres dinemelli, Beichen. J.f O. 1885, p. 372. 

61 . DltfEMELLIA. 
Adult male. General colour above brown, with lighter brown edges 
to the feathers of the back and mantle ; rump and upper tail-coverts 
scarlet; some of the scapulars edged with white; lesser wing-
coverts blackish, with a patch of scarlet near the edge of the wing; 
median coverts brown ; greater coverts brown, edged narrowly with 
white; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown, 
the secondaries edged with white, the primaries white at the base, 
forming a conspicuous patch; tail-feathers blackish brown; crown 
of head, hind neck, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, sides of neck, 
and entire under surface of body white ; thighs black ; under tail-
coverts scarlet; under wiug-coverts and axillaries blackish brown ; 
quills below brown, the basal half of the wing white. Total length 
7*7 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 4*9, tail 3, tarsus 1*2. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 7*8 inches, 
culmen 0*85, wing 4*5, tail 3, tarsus 1*25. 
Hah. Upper Nile districts to Equatorial Africa and Shoa and 
south to the Zanzibar district. 

a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk. 
Soudan (Knoblecker). 
Shoa (Sir W. R. Harris). 
Shelley Coll. 
India Museum. 
c. 
d. 
<$ ad. sk. 
? ad. sk. 
[Abyssinia.]
Shoa, Feb. 1842 (Sir W. C.
(Type of species.) 
Skarpe Coll. 
India Museum. 
Han-is). 
e. 
f, 
h. 
i. 
k. 
$ ad. sk. 
g. Ad. sk. 
*c? ad. sk. 
Ad. sk. 
S ad. sk. 
Shoa, Aug. 14 (0. Antinori).
Somali-Land (E.Lort Phillips).
Lndo, March 22 (Emin Pasha).
Masai-Land (J. Thompson).
Ukambani, Feb. 25,1877. 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Dr. J. M. Hildebrandt 
1. S ad. sk. Useri River, July.
[0.]. 
H. 0. V. Hunter, Esq. 
m. Ad. sk. Maniboio (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll. 

2. Dinemellia hoehmi 
Alecto dinemellii (nee Hupp.), Scl. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 109. 
Textor dinemelli (nee Riipp.), Bohm, J.f.O. 1883, p. 19G ; Schalow, 


t. c. p. 361. 
Textor boehmi, Reichen. J. f O. 1885, p. 372, 1887, p. 67 ; Shelley, 
Ibis, 1887, p. 44* Matschie, J.f.O. 1887, p. 154. 
Textor (Limoneres) boeknii, Reichen. J.f.O. 1887, p. 67. 

Adult female. Similar to B.dienemelli, but altogether darker and 
of a more uniform chocolate-brown, and easily distinguished by the 
absence of white edgings to the scapulars, greater wing-coverts, and 
inner secondaries : u bill brownish grey ; feet brownish black ; iris 
browrn ; bare space round the eye black " (R. Bohm). Total length 
7*8 inches, culrneu 0*95, wing 4*9, tail 3, tarsus 1*2. 

Hah. Lake districts between the Victoria Nyanza and Western 
Masai-Land. 

a. $ ad. sk. Gonda, Oct. 23 (R. Bohm). Shelley Coll, 
508 
I'UIC'HIIUO. 

02. TEXTOR. 
I .vpn. 
Textor, Tmm. VI. Col iii. (ext to pi. 440 (1828) T. aibirosfm. 
AKH'II), Lean, TraiU, p. 4?13 (1831) T. nlbiroatrin. 
Bubalornis, Smith, liep. B.rpl. B.rped. Ccntr. Afr. p. 50 

(1850) T. niger. 
Pertruides, Swains*. />'. /r. ,•///•. p. 101 (1837) T. albirostris. 
Aloetroniis, lieichenb. t. c p. 80 (1861) T. albirostris. 

Henri of 7'c.vtor niger. 

Range. Confined to Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Bill white in living bird, white with black tip 
generally in skin; no white whatever on the 
base of the inner webs of the quills albirostris, p. 508. 
b. Bill coral-red in the living bird, red or yellowish 
in akin. 
a'. With a large white base to the inner lining of 
the quills; bill swollen at base of cuhnen in 
adults niger, p. 509. 


I)'. 
With a very small white base to the inner 
lining of the primaries; base of oilmen, not 
swollen intermedins, p. 511, 

c. 
"With a scarcely perceptible shade of pale ashy 
at the base of the inner lining of the primaries; 
base of culmen swollen scioanus, p. 511. 
1. Textor albirostris. 
Coccothraustes albirostris, Vieill. N. Diet, d'llist. Nat. xiii. p. 535 
(1817). 

Textor alecto, Temm. PL Col. iii. pi. 440 (1840) ; Des Murs in 
Zefebwe's Voy. Abyss, p. Ill (1845); Biipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 7(5 
(J8-15); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 350, pi. 87. tig. 1 (1849);-Cab. Mm. 
llein. Th. i. p. 183 (1850); Heuc/l. Syst. Uebers. p. 37 (1850); 
Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 131 (1867); id. J. f. O. 1801, p. 176; 
Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 40, no. 0552 (1870) ; Beugl. Orn. N.O.-
Afr. i. p. 532 (1870), IV. p. exxviii (1871) ; Blanf. Goal. $ ZooL 
Abyss. p. 402 (1870) ; Finch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 201 (1870); Antin. 
# Salvad. Yiagg. Bogos,]). 123 (1873) ; Hartl. Abhandl nat. Ver. 
Bremen, vii. p. 101 (1881); Beh. Verh. 2.-6. Ges. TVten, xxx. 

p. 148 (1881). 
Alecto alecto, less. Traite,-p. 434 (1831). 
Ploceus alecto, Biipp. Keue Wirb., Yog. p. 100 (1835). 
Dertroides albirostris, Swains. Gassif. B. ii. p. 279 (1837) ; id. B. 
W. Afr. i. p. 163 (1837). 
62. TEXTOE. 509 
Alecto albirostris, Bp. Consp. i. p. 438 (1850); Hartl J. f. 0. 1854, 

p. 105; Antin. Cat descrr. Ucc. p. 62 (1864). 
Alecfcrornis albirostris, Reichenb. Singv. p. 89, pi. xlv. fig. 330 (1861). 
Adult male. Black, but with the bill whitish (in skin), black at 
the ends, the basal portion of the culmen swollen into a prominent 
knob; also distinguished by the absence of white on the lower 
surface of the quills : " bill black, the basal portion covered with a 
pale yellow fleshy cere; legs dusky horn-colour77 (W. T. Blanford). 
Total length 8-7 inches, culmen 1, wing 4*95, tail 4*2, tarsus 1*15. 

Adult female. Similar to the male (Von Heuglin). 

Young. Similar to the male, but everywhere brown instead of 
black • the feathers showing the same white bases as in the adult 
male; the wing-coverts with reddish-brown margins, the primaries 
edged with buffy whitish. Total length 9 inches, culmen 0*9, 
wing 4*6, tail 3*6, tarsus 1*2. 

The two Senegambian specimens have the bill jet-black, the base 
of the culmen perfectly smooth and not swollen. Total length 8*3 
inches, culmen 0-9, wing 5*1, tail 3*85, tarsus 1*15. I cannot 
determine whether this black bill is a permanent characteristic 
of G-ambian birds or whether it is only a sign of immaturity. 

Hob. Senegambia and £LE. Africa. 

a, &.• Ad. sk. River Gambia. Purchased, 

c. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Br. Riippell [C.]. 
d. 2 ad. sk. Abyssinia (Dr. E. Kotschy). Shelley Coll. 
e. [ ? ] ad.; /. <5 Malta, Bogos-Land (Baler). Sharpe OolL 
juv. sk. 
//. Juv. sk. Anseba Valley (Baler). Shelley OolL 
k, i. <$ ad. sk. Anseba Valley, July. W. T. Blanford, Esq. 


h h «n. <?$ Waliko, July 21,1868 (W. Jesse). 
ad. sk. 


n. 3 ad. sk. Nubia. Sharpe Coll. 
2. Textor niger. 
? Le Bouvreuil noir d'Afrique, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 317 (1760), 
? Loxia panicivora, Linn. Syst Nat i. p. 302 (1766) *. 
Bubalornis niger, Smith, Rep. Bxped. Centr. Afr. App. p. 52 (1836). 
Textor erythrorhynchus, Smith, III. Zool S. Afr. pi. 64 (1841) : 


Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 350 (1849); Hartl J. f. O. 1861, p. 176; 
Reichenb. Singv. p. 88, Taf. xlv.fig. 329 (1861): Layard, B. S. Afr. 

p. 178 (1867); id. Ibis, I860, p. 78 - Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 40, 
no. 6554 (1870) j Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 255; Buckley, Ibis, 1874, 
p. 379 ; Bocaye, Orn. Angola, p. 317 (1881) ; Sharpe in Oates1 
Matabele-Land, App. p. 318 (1881) ; Ilolub $ Von Felz. Beitr. 
Om. Sildafr. p. 113 (1882); Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 352 j Sharpe, ed. 
* Linnaeus quotes the Black Bullfinch of Albin (N. H. B. iii. p. 65, pi. 69), 
which is certainly not a Textor. Brisson's bird may be the present species; 
but Linnaeus can hardly be haid to have founded his Loxia panicivora on 
Brisson's description, as he writes * rostro incarnato,' which looks as if he was 
thinking of Albin's plates. The name had better be dropped. 
510 
PLOCEIDJE. 

Layards B. S. Afr. p. 445 (1884) ; Biittik. Notes Leydan Mm. xi. 

p. 74 (1889). 
Alecto erytkrorhynehus, Bp. Comp. i. p. 438 (1850). 
Textor niger, Striclcl $ Scl Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 150; Salvin, Cat. 
Strickl.Coll. ?. 24Q {18*2). 

Alecto panicivorus, Mull J.f.O. 1855, p. 460. 

Textor panicivorus, Hartl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 131 {1857) : Gray, 

Hand-l B. ii. p. 40, no. 6553 (1*70) ; Shelley, Ibis] 1S87; p. 43 ; 

Bartl Monogr. Weaver-B. pt. ii. pi. 2 {188s-}. 

Alectrornis panicivora, HeicJtenb. Singi: p. 89 (1861). 

Textor alecto {nee Temm.), Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1^0% p. 566. 

Bubalornis erytlirorhvnckus, Gurney in Aniens. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 165 

(1872). 

Adult male. Entirely black, the feathers more or less mottled 
with snowy-white bases; the primary quills externally edged with 
white, which extends nearly to the end of the outer web on the 
inner primaries: " quills black below, with more than the inner 
half white; bill coral-red ; legs salmon-colour; iris hazel" (Frank 
Oates). Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4*6, tail 3*9, 
tarsus 1*2. 

Adult female. Duller and more brownish black than the male, 
with less pronounced white bases to the feathers; sides of face 
decidedly washed with a&hy grey ; throat hoary whitish, especially 
towards the chin; a few of the breast-feat hers with remains of 
whitish margins. Total length 9 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4*4.3, 
tail 3*9, tarsus 1*1* 

Narrow fringes of white are seen on the primary-coverts in the 
specimen described. These are more distinct in a female from 
Angola, which is, however, decidedly blacker, so that it is probable 
that in fully adult birds there is very little difference between the 
sexes. 

Young birds resemble the old female on the upper surface of 
the body, but are whiter below, the feathers of the under surface 
being all margined with white. Some specimens have the centre of 
the breast white with mesial streaks of black, and a few blackish 
margins. The bill likewise appears to be more horn-brown. 

Hab. South Africa from the interior of the Cape Colony and the 
Transvaal to the Bamangwato country, the district of Lake Xgami, 
Darnara-Land, and Benguela. 

a. 1mm. sk. Kurrichaine. Sir A. Smith T.] . 
(Tvpe of >peeieb.) 
b. S 
ad. sk. Transvaal, July 16 (T. E. BuckShelley 
ColL 
ley). 
c. § ad. sk. Transvaal (T. Ay res). Sharpe ColL 
Shelley ColL 

d. <$ imm. sk. 
Bamangwato, Aug. 21 ( T. E. B.). 
^atb 
TV. E.\~ C. G. Oates, 

h f* 9* <$ a^-5 Matabele-Land, March, 

Enjr*. P."1.

$ juv. sk. Sept., Oct (F. Oates). 

TV. E. & C. (T. Oates, 

I. 
J imm. sk. Makalaka Kraal, beyond Tati 
River, June 17 {!< Oates). Esqr>. PR"1. 
Shelley ColL" 

(J sd. sk. Makalaka country (Dr. Bradshaio). 


62. TEXT0K. 511 
k, 1. J ad. sk.
m, n. $ ad. sk.
o. $ juv. sk.
p, q. <$ ad. et 
Damara-Land, July (CI J. Andersson). 
Otjimbinque, Oct.,Nov.(C.J.A.) 
liiver Quanza, May 1860 (/. J. 
Monteiro). 
Galungo, Angola, Sept. (G. A. 
Sharp e Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
imm. sk.
r, s. (S J ad. sk. 
Said), 
Kiulo and Humbe, Oct. (J. An-Shelley Coll. 
chieta). 

Subsp. a. Textor intermedins. 

Textor intermedins, Cab. in Von der Deckeris Reis. iii. p. 33, pi. ii. 
(1869); Finsch $ Kartl. Yog. Ostafr. p. 385 (1870); Gray, 
JEandA. B. ii. p. 40, no. 6555 (1870); Fischer, Zeitschr. yes. Orn. 
1884, p. 333; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) i. p. 196 (1884); 
Shelley, Ibis, 1885, p. 410 ; Reichen. J.f. 0. 1887, p. 67. 

Textor albirostris (pt.), Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 44. 

Adult male. Similar to T. niger, but with, only a little white at 
the base of the inner web of the primaries: " bill red, the edges 
and tip brownish ; feet yellowish grey-brown; iris brown " (67. A. 
Fischer). Total length 8*8 inches, oilmen 0*95, wing 4*75, tail 3-6, 
tarsus 1*3. 

Hab. Zanzibar district of Eastern Africa, north to Somali-Land. 

a, b. <$ ad. et juv. sk. Somali-Land (E. Lort Phillips). Shelley Coll. 

Subsp. j3. Textor scioanus. 

Textor erythrorhynchus (nee Sm.), Horsf. fy Moore, Cat. B. Mus, 
K I. Co. ii. p. 521 (1856). 
Textor scioanxis, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) i. p. 195 (1884), 

vi. p. 296(1888). 
Textor albirostris, pt., Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 44. 
Adult male. Similar to T. niger, but without the white base to 
the inner lining of the quills, which are ashy towards the base of 
the inner web; bill red and having a swelling at the base of the 
culmen : " bill blood-red, inclining to brown at the tip; feet horn-
brown ; iris dull chestnut:i (Ragazzi). Total length 8*7 inches, 
culmen 0'85, wing 4*7, tail 3*7, tarsus 1*2. 

Hab. Shoa. 

a. 
J imm. sk. Harbodi, Shoa, July (Sir TV. C. India Museum. 
Phillips), 
h. 
tf ad. sk. Daimbi, Shoa, Nov. 9 (O.Anti- Shelley Coll. 
nori). 
512 
ALAUDIDJ3. 

Family ALAUDIDiE. 

The arrangement followed in the present volume is practically the 
same as that proposed by me in my Synopsis of African Larks in 

rae
1874. 


>74. The characters for separating some of the genera ma) be 
somewhat slight; but as they are perfectly capable of illustration and 
easy of comprehension, I see no reason lor modifying the arrangement 
then set forward, excepting in one or two instances where an examination 
of increased material has enabled me to detect some errors. 

Key to the G titer a. 

a. 
Bill elongated, the culmen longer than 
the middle toe and claw, or equal to it. 
a'. First primary about equal to or a 
little longer than the tarsus. 
a". Hind claw long and perfectly 
straight 1. CERTHILAUDA, p. 514. 
b". Hind claw curved. 
o!'\ Hind claw slightly curved,about 
equal to hind toe 2. ALJEAION, p. 517. 
//". Hind claw very much curved, 
and shorter than the hind toe. 3. HETEROCORYS, p. 5:24. 
b'. First primary very much diminished in 
size and not equal to half the tarsus. 
c". Bill long and slender, about as 
high as it is broad at nostrils. .. . 4. CHERSOPHILUS, p. o2~J. 
d". 
Bill \ery stout, much higher than 
broad at nostrils 5. UlIAMPHOCORYS, p. 5:27. 

b. 
Bill stouter and shorter, the culmen 
shorter than the middle toe and claw. 
d. 
With lateral elongated hornlets on 
the side of the head (1 OTOCORYS, p. 528. 
cV. No elongated hornlets on the side of 
the head. 
e". First primary rudimentary, shorter 
than the inner toe and claw, or not 
exceeding these in length. 


d". Distance between tips of primaries 
and tips of secondaries 
equal to or greater than the 


length of tarsus 7. MELANOCOBYPHA, p. 550. 
df". Distance between tip* uf primaries 
and tips of secondaries 
less than length of tarsus. 
aK Distance between tips of primaries 
and tips of secondaries 
much less than hind claw. 
a5. Bill equal in height and 
breadth at nostrils 8. TEPHROCORYS, p. 561. 
b\ Bill higher than it is broad 
at nostrils 0. SPIZOCORYS, p. 564. 
bK Distance between tips of primaries 
and tips of secondaries 
much greater than the length 
of the hind claw. 

ALArDlD^ 
513 

c3. Bill short and slender; wing 
shorter, falling short of tail 
by more than the length of 
the tarsus ; hind claw very 
long and straight 10. ALAUDA, p. 566. « 

d5. Bill short and conical; wing 
long, falling short of tail 
by less than the length of 
the tarsus; hind claw short 
and curved. 


a6. Secondaries as long as the 
^^^" primaries ] 1. CALANDBELLA, p. 579. ^ 
b5. Secondaries much shorter 

than the primaries .... 12. ALAUDULA, p. 586. 

f. 
First primary well developed, equal ~ 
to or exceeding the inner toe and 
claw in length. 
a'". Nostrils exposed, with a supe-, 1 3 Mm 59a 


XJXJAAJ!JX

nor membrane it*-> y "?• 

I14

/".Nostrils covered with stiff SPH-OCOBYDON• 
bristly plumelets. LP* ^ ^ 
c4. Bill slender, about as broad as 
it is high at nostrils. 

e5. Head with a very distinct 
median crest; exposed oilmen 
longer than hind claw. 


c6. Oulmen much less than 
the crown; bill short 
and stout. 


a7. First primary not longer 
than the hind claw; 
crest very fully developed 
15. SPIZALAXJDA, p. 621. 

b7. First primary rather 
long, exceeding the 
length of the hind 
claw ; crest feebly 
developed 16. HELIOCOBYS, p. 623. ^ 

d*. Culmen about equal to 
the crown; bill long and 
slender 17. GTALEBITA, p. 625. 

f5. Crest rounded and full; 
hind claw longer than exposed 
culmen 18. LULLULA, p. 636. _ 

d4-. Bill stout, higher than broad 
at nostrils. 


ff5. Hind claw long and pointed, 
longer than hind toe; back 
mottled with black centres 
to the feathers 19. CALENDULA, p. 639. 

hs 

. Hind claw curved, shorter 
than hind toe; plumage 
uniform above 20. AMMOMANES, p. 641. 

i5. Hind claw curved and short, 
" about equal to the hind toe 21. PYBBHULAUDA, p. 650. 

* I have not seen a specimen of this genus, but I beliere that its position is 
near 
Mirafra. 
VOL, XIII, ^ £ 

514 AUUD1DJ3. 

1. CERTHILAUDA. 
Certhilauda, Swaina. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 344 (1827) . ... 

Thinotretis, (Hotjer, Ilandb. Nature/, p. 200 (184-2) .... 

Cheruomant'S, dab. Mas. Iloin. Th*. i. p. 120 (1850) 

Toxocorys (nom. emend.), Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 155 

(1872) 

Typo. 

C. capensis. 
0. capensis. 
C. rul'ula. 
C. capensis. 
Foot of Ccrthilanda capensis, to show straight hind claw. 
Range. Confined to South Africa. 

Key to the Species. 
a. No white spots at the end of the tail-feathers ; 
flanks as broadly streaked and spotted as the 
breast capensis, p. 514. 
b. Large white spots at the end of the tail-feathers; 
spots confined to the throat and chest rnfula, p. 515. 

1. Certhilauda capensis. 
Le Sirli du Gap de Bonne EsptSrance, Daubent. PI. JE?il. x. pi. 712 : 

Montb. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 05 (1778). 
Alauda capensis, Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 45 (1783). 
African Lark, Lath. Oen. Si/n. ii. pt. 2, p. 389 (1783). 
Alauda africana, Gm. S. N. i. p. 798 (1788); Vieill. Gal Ois. ii. 

pi. clix. (1825). 
L'Alouette Sirli, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. iv. pi. 192 (1805); Sundev. 
Crit. om Levaill. p. 46 (1857). 
Alanda duponti (nee V.), Roux, Orn. Prov. pi. 180; Werner, Atlas, 

Oranivores, pi. 2 (1827). 
Certhilauda longirostris, Sivains. Classif. B. ii. p. 293 (1837). 
Certhilanda africana, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 383 (1844); Smith, III. 

Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. xc. fig. 1 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 246 
(1850); Gumey, Ibis, 18G0, p. 208; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 217 
(1867); Sharps, Cat. Afr. B. p. 71 (1871). 

Chersomanes africana, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 126 (1850). 
Alamion africana, Licftt. Nomencl. Av. p. 39 (1854). 
Certhilauda capensis, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 120, no. 7788 (1870) : 


Sharpe, P. Z, S. 1874, p. 615 ; id. ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 494 
(1884). 

1 . CEETHILATTDA. 
515 

Adult. Above brown, slightly washed with sandy colour and 
streaked with dark brown centres to the feathers, many of which 
are tipped with whitish; hind neck greyish; wing-coverts darker 
brown, washed with sandy colour on the outer web and tipped with 
whitish, the primary-coverts narrowly tipped with the latter colour 
also; quills ashy brown, narrowly margined with sandy buff, tho 
innermost secondaries with a broad whitish margin; rump and 
upper tail-coverts sandy rufous, with dark brown central streaks to 
the feathers; upper tail-coverts ashy brown, darker brown in the 
centre of the feathers; tail-feathers dark brown, narrowly margined 
with ashy fulvous, the two middle ones washed with greyish, 
the outermost margined and tipped with pale sandy buff; a very 
distinct eyebrow creamy white; feathers under tho eyo dusky 
white, those in front of the latter blackish; ear-coverts dull sandy 
colour; cheeks whitish, minutely spotted with black; chin white; 
rest of under surface huffy white, the breast slightly washed with 
sandy colour, the lower tbroat, fore neck, and breast plentifully 
marked with triangular spots of black, larger and more longitudinal 
on the lower breast and sides of the body; sides of the upper breast 
shaded with ashy; under wing-coverts sandy buff, the outermost 
minutely spotted with dark brown, the lower series ashy brown, 
like the inner lining of the wing, the inner webs being pale rufous 
near the base ; under tail-coverts white, broadly streaked down the 
centre with black : " bill yellowish brown, shaded with umber-
brown ; legs and toes clear buff-orange, tinted with flesh-red; claws 
yellowish brown, shaded with umber-brown; iris dark brown " (Sir 

A. Smith). Total length 7*4 inches, culmen 10*5, wing 3-9, tail 3, 
tarsus 1*15. 
Hah. Cape Colony. 


cC Ad. sk. South Africa. Tweeddale Coll. 
by c. Ad. sk. South Africa {E. L. Layard). 
d-f. Ad. sk. George, Knysna (H. Atmore). 


2. Certhilauda rafula. 
Anthus ruMus, Vieill N. Diet, d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 494 (1818); 
id. Gal Ois. ii. pi. clxi. (1825); Bp. C. R. xxxviii. p. 65 (1854). 
Certhilauda alhofasciata, Lafr. May. de Zool. 1836, Ois. p. 58; Gray, 
Gen. B. ii. p. 383 (1844). 

Certhilauda garxula, Smith, III Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. 106. fig. 1; 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 246 (1850) ; Zayard, B. S. Afr. p. 216 (1867); 
Ayres, Ibis, 1869, p. 295,1871, p. 268; Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 121, 
no. 7791 (1870); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 618; id. ed. Bayards 
j?.&4/h p. 498(1884). 

Chersomanes garrula, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 126 (1850). 
Alsemon albofasciata, Licht. Nomencl. p. 39 (1854). 
Certhilauda rufula, Sharpe, Cat Afr. B. p. 71 (1871); Gurney, in 


Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 201; Sharpe, R Z. S. 1874, p. 618; 
Ayres, Ibis, 1880, p. 264; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 49G 
(1884). 

Alauda gamda, Gieb. Tlies. Orn. i. p. 296 (1872). 
2L2 


510 ALAUDIDJE. 

Adult male. Above bright sandy rufous, with narrow and indis


tinct brown centres to the feathers, many of which are also mar


gined with buffy white in a more or less conspicuous manner; the 

head of the same rufous as the back, with slight fulvous margins 

and small dark brown centres to the feathers; lores and a very 

indistinct eyebrow buffy white; ear-coverts uniform bright sandy 

rufous ; cheeks buffy white, with a few tiny spots of brown ; quills 

sandy brown, with white margins to the feathers, which are all dark 

brown in the centre, the greater coverts externally inclining to 

greyish; quills ashy brown, the primaries tipped with whitish, the 

secondaries darker, externally margined with sandy rufous, inclining 

to buffy white towards the tips of the feathers; rump and upper 

tail-coverts nearly uniform rufous, the long plumes of the latter 

dark brown in the centre and narrowly tipped with whitish; tail 

blackish, with a large spot of white at the tip of all the feathers 

except the two centre ones, which are rufous, more or less marked 

down the centre with greyish brown, all the feathers more or less 

rufous towards the base, this colour sometimes extending for half 

the feather; the external rectrix narrowly margined on the outer 

web with buffy white; throat entirely white ; rest of under surface 

of body bright sandy rufous, with a few more or less distinct white 

margins to some of the feathers, on the breast minutely spotted with 

dark brown; under wing-coverts pale sandy rufous, those on the 

edge of the wing slightly mottled with brown : " bill dusky brown, 

paler on the lower mandible and on the edges of the upper ; tarsi 

and feet pale: iris dark hazel" (T. Ayres). Total length 6*1 

inches, culmen 0*85, wing 3-7, tail 2-6, tarsus 1*15. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but smaller and 

having a much shorter bill: u iris and bill somewhat lighter than in 

the male" (T. Ayres). Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 

3*5, tail 2*1, tarsus 1*05. 

Young, Principally distinguished by its spotted plumage, the 

white margins to the feathers of the upper surface being rather 

spots than terminal margins, and being further discriminated by 

small subterminal black spots. Around the hind neck is a distinct 

shade of fulvous, almost forming a collar and much plainer than in 

the adult birds ; the margins to the wing-coverts very broadly and 

distinctly white; throat, lores, and a scarcely perceptible super


ciliary line white; rest of under surface pale sandy rufous, becoming 

gradually more fulvous on the abdomen; the breast slightly spotted 

with pale brown, the feathers margined with whitish. 

In winter the young hird is very different, having very broad 
circular margins of white to all the feathers of the upper surface, 
with obscure brown central streaks, the under surface very pale and 
with scarcely -any perceptible brown spots on the breast. 

In 1871 I united C. garrula and G. rufula together; but on 
revising the facts in 1874 I came to the conclusion that they might 
be separated on the colour of their secondaries. I regret to find 
that the receipt of further specimens does not confirm this conclusion, 
and between the rufous birds of the Transvaal and the dark


2. AX2EM0N. 
517 
coloured birds of the Eastern Cape Colony there is a perfect gradation 
in the amount of rufous in the plumage, the very light-coloured 
birds from Great Namaqua-Land and Damara-Land being only the 
extreme rufous forms. The difference in depth of coloration probably 
depends upon the habitat of the birds themselves and the 
nature of the country they frequent. 

Hob. The northern districts of the Cape Colony to Natal and the 
Transvaal on the east, and Great Namaqua-Land on the west. 

a. Ad. sk. South Africa. E. Wilson, Esq. [P. 
b, c. Ad.; d. Juv. Northern Cape Colony. Sir A. Smith [C] 
sk. (Types of 0. garrula.) 
e,f. $ ad.sk. Hope Town (T. C. Atmore). Shelley Coll. 
g-i. Ad. sk. Colesherg (Ortlepp). Sharpe Coll. 
k, I. tf ad. sk. Port Elizabeth, June, Aug. Sharpe Coll. 

(Ortlepp). 
in. $ ad- sk. Drakensburg Alts., Natal Sharpe Coll. 
(Wahlberg). 

n. 
$ ad. sk. Ingagane River, Natal, June Shelley Coll. 
23 (Savile Reid). 
o. 6; P, q-$ Newcastle, May, June (JE. A. Shelley Coll. 
ad. 
sk. Butler). 
Transvaal (T. R Buckley). Shelley Coll. 


r. 
Ad.; s. S juv. 
sk. 
t, u. Ad. sk. 

Rustenburg, E. Transvaal Shelley Coll. 

(W. Lucas). 
v-.r. 
c?; y, z, a', b'. Great Namaqua-Laud, May, Sharpe Coll. 
$> ad. sk. June (C.J. Andersson). 

2. ALJEMON. 
Type. 
Alaemon, Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xxxvi (1840) .. A. alaudipes. 
Calendulauda, Blyth, J, A. S. Beng. xxiv. p. 258 (1855) A. nivosa. 

< 
B 

A. Foot of JJamon alaudipes, to show bind toe. 
B. Wing of Alamon alaudipes, to show first primary. 
518 
ALAXJDIDJS. 

Range. Desert districts of Southern Spain and the countries to the 
south of the Mediterranean basin, extending through North-eastern 
Africa to Arabia and thence to North-west India; Southern Africa. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Size larger; bill longer; outer secondaries 
broadly tipped with white. 
a'. Upper surface sandy buff, the inner secondaries 
sandy bun> like the back alaudipes, p. 518. 
b\ 
Upper surface ashy buff, greyer on the head, 
the inner secondaries ashy, with sandy 
buff edges desertorum} p. 519. 

b. Size smaller; bill shorter ; no white tips to the 
secondaries. 
c'. Larger; culmen 0*75-0*95 inches; wing 
#•7-4*4 inches: spots on breast small and 
thinly dispersed; under wing-coverts isabelline, 
as well as the inuer web of the 
quills below semiiorquata, p. 521, 

d'. Smaller; culmen 0-65-0*75 inches; wing 
3,25~3*6 inches: spots larger and more 
pronounced nivosa, p. 522. 


1. Alasmon alaudipes. 
Upupa alaudipes, JDesf. Mem. Acad. 1787, p. 504 

Alauda bifasciata, Licht. Verz. Doubt, p. 27 (1823) ; Temm. PL CoL 
hi. pi. 393 (1820) ; Cretzscfon. in Riipp. Atlas, p. 8, Taf. 5 (1820); 
Temm. Man. iii. p. 199 (1635) ; Werner, Atlas, Granivores, pi. 3; 
Math. Fatm. Orn. Sieil. p. 107 (1843); SchL Rev. Crit. p. lviii 
(1844). 

Certhilauda bifasciata, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 293 (1837). 
Certhilauda desertorum {nee Stanley), Riipp. Keue Wirb., Yog. p. 104 
(1835-40); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 383 (L-44) ; Riipp. Sgst Uebers. 

p. 78 (1845); JBCeuqL Syst. Uebers. p. 43(1550); id. Ibis, 1859, 
p. 343; Tristr. Ms, 1859, p. 427; Adams, Ibis, 16G4, p. 24; 
Tristr. Ibis, I860, p. 289; Degl $• Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 355 
(1867); Locke, Rrpl. Set. Alger., Oh. ii. p. 43 (1867); Ileugl. Orn* 
N.O.-Afr. I p. 692 (1870, pt.); Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 121, 
no. 7794 (1870); Tacz. J. f. O. 1870, p. 44; Fritsch, Yog. Eur. 
tab. 16. % . 12 (1870) ; JVyati, Ibis, 1&70, p. ID; Gurnet/, Mis, 
1871, p. 291; Shelley, R. Egypt, p. 135; Dresmr, B. Eur. iv. 
p. 275, pi. 226 (1874, pt). 
Certhilauda bifasciata, Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 108 (1837). 
Alaeuion alaudipes, Salvad. Elench. Uee. ItaL p. 159 (1880). 
Adult male. General colour above uniform sandy buff, the head 
like the, back, but the hind neck slightly more ashy, a shade of this 
colour also extending over the mantle; upper tail-coverts whitish 
or pale sandy buff, with dusky brown centres; lesser wing-coverts 
like the back; median coverts ashy brown, edged with whitish and 
having blackish shaft-stripes; greater coverts dusky brown, broadly 
tipped with white ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts dusky brown, 
fringed with white* quills dusky brown, the primaries white at the 

• 2 . AliEMON. 519 
base, the two outer ones only on the inner web; the secondaries 
white at the base and at the ends, leaving a broad band of dusky 
brown in the middle ; the inner secondaries sandy buff, with ashy 
centres, resembling the inner greater coverts; centre tail-feathers 
sandy buff, with ashy-brown centres, the remainder blackish brown, 
edged with whity brown, the outer feather white along the outer 
web ; all the tail-feathers with a concealed white base ; crown of 
head like the back, but rather more ashy and with slight traces of 
reddish-brown centres to the feathers ; lores, eyebrow, and sides of 
face and ear-coverts white, with a blackish streak behind the eye 
and another below the latter; cheeks, throat, and remainder of 
under surface of "body white ; sides of neck and sides of fore neck 
and chest light ashy grey ; throat and chest spotted with black, the 
former minutely, the latter more largely marked; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white. Total length 8-1 inches, culmen 1*15, 
wing 5*05, tail 3*3, tarsus 1*35. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but scarcely so distinctly 
spotted on the breast. Total length 8*3 inches, culmen 1-25, 
wing 5*1, tail 3*4, tarsus 1-2. 

In summer plumage the feathers become very much worn and 
abraded, and the spots on the chest very much more distinct, these 
spots being very much overshaded in the winter dress. The spots 
are probably more developed with age, as a young male after the 
first moult has the spots very small and much concealed. 

The Cape-Verde Island bird seems rather small and deeply 
coloured—wing 4-2 inches. 

Young. Similar to the adults, but mottled with dusky bars and 
light edgings to the feathers; the broad edgings to the greater 
coverts and inner secondaries yellowish buff; under surface of body 
white, with a slight mottling of dusky spots on the fore neck. 

Hah. Cape-Verde Islands to the Algerian Sahara and Tripoli, 
thence to Egypt and JSTubia and perhaps the peninsula of Sinai. 

a. Ad. sk.
b, c. S $ ad. sk.
d. 2 ad. sk.
e,f. Ad. sk.
g. <$ ad.; h,i 
Cape-Verde Islands. 
Algeria (Gregory). 
Algeria (Tristi*a?n). 
Algerian Sahara. 
Algerian Sahara (Loche). 
M. A. Bouner [C.]. 
Gould Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Juv. sk. 
k. Ad. sk.
I Q ad. sk. 
Desert between Cairo andSuez ( Von Heuglin). 
Benisouef. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Dr. A. Leith Adams 
[P.]. 

Subsp. a. Alsemon desertorum. 

Alauda desertorum, Stanley, in SaWs Exped. Abyss. App, p. lx 
(I814)


Saxicola? pallida (nee Hupp.), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 130 

(~\Q.±7\ 

Certhilauda desertorum, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 133 (1849); 
Bp. Consp. I p. 246 (1850); Horsf. § Moore, Cat B. Mus. E.L 

520 i.LAUDID-35. 

Co. ii. p. 464 (1856) ; Jerd. B. Ind.il p. 488 (1863); Blanf. Geol 
4-Zool Abyss, p. BSo (1870) ; -£tae? #&*. Jl 1873, p. 216; 
Dresser, B. Bur. iv. p. 275" (1874, pt.); j?to/. Eastern Persia, 

Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool. v. p. 82 (1889j ; St. John* Ibis, 

1889, p. 173. 
Certhilauda dorias, Sahad. Atti B Accad. Torino, ill. p. 202 (1867), 
Certhilauda salvini (nee Tristr. 1^50), ZWsfr. ifo£, 1869, p. 435. 
Alaemon desertorum (nee Stanl.), Ileugl. Orn. X.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, 

p. 692 (1870, pt.) ; Yerbury, Ibis, I860, p. IS. 
Alaemon jes-ei, Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. p 273 (1870); id. fy Haril. 
Yog. Ostafr. p. 465 {1870). 
Certhilauda jessei, Gray, Uand-l. B. ii. p. 121, no. 7795 (1870). 
Alasmon desertorum (neeStanley). Keys. w. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p.xxxvi 
(1840); Mnhk, Orn. Gwchtnl. p. 34 (1844); Cab. Mm. Hein. 

Th. i. p. 120 (3850; ; Linderm. Tog. Grieckenl p. 47 (I860). 
Certhilauda ineridionalis, A. E. Brefoa, J.f.O. 1854, p. 77, note. 
Certhilauda palvini, Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 67. 
Certhilauda alaudipes, Dresser, B. Eur. iv. p. 273 (1881) : Hornby, 

Ibis, 1883, p. 124. 

Adult nude. Much more ashy isabelline than the Algerian birds 
and not nearly so sandy, the inner secondaries being "brownish, with 
sandy margins: " hill variable, sometimes pale plumbeous, sometimes 
pale slaty grey, darker at base and tip, and sometimes horny 
grey or greenish grey, in all ca^es whitish at base of lower mandible 
; legs and feet pure china white, greyish on claws ; iris 
brown " (A. 0. Hume). Total length 9*3 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 
5*1, tail 3*6, tarsus 1*2. 

Adidt female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 8*3 
inches, culmen 1, wing 4*75, tail 3, tarsus 1*2. 
Hab. Abyssinian coast to Somali-Land; Arabia, Persia, and the 
coast-lands of the Indian Ocean, as far as Afghanistan, Cutch, and 

Sind. 
a, b. Ad. sk.
c, d. <? § ad.sk.
e,f. Ad. sk. 
Zoulla, Abyssinia, June (IT.
Jesse). 
Zoulla, June (W. J.). 
Zoulla, Jan. 
Tweeddale Cull. 
(Types of A. jessei.) 
Sharpe Coll. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
g. Ad. sk. Jeddah, Arabia (Zohrab). Slielkv Coll. 
h. Ad. sk.
i. Ad. sk. 
Sheik Othman, Aden, May 8. 
Bushire, Jan. 
Major Yerburv [P.~L 
Sir O.St John C.l 
h. 9 ad. sk.
1. £; m-o. g ad.
sk.
p. $ ad. sk.
q. Ad. sk.
r. 2 ad. sk.
s. Ad. sk. 
Mekran Coast, Baluchistan.
Dee. 
Mekran Coast, May (E. A. 
Butler), 
Zagin, N. Afghanistan. 
Tlmll Chotiali, Bee. 
Kandahar, Sept. (Sir O.
St. John). 
Karachi (Dr. H. Gould). 
"W. T. BlanfordfEsq. 
[P.\ 
Hume Coll. 
Br. Aitchi^on r C.l 
Col. Swinhoe £P.jm 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 
t. 2 ad. sk. Karachi, Jan. (E. A. Butler). Hume Coll. 
u. $ ad. sk. Meerpore (Griffith). India Museum. 

2 . AL2EM0N". 521 
v, IO. Ad. sk.
x-i\ d; k'-m'.
ad. sk.
ri-p'. Ad. sk.
g'. Ad. sk. 
J 
Upper Sind, Jan. (A. 0. H.). 
Sind, Dec, Jan., Feb. (A. 
0. IT.), 
West of Kotri, Nov., Dec. 
Cutch. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

2. Alaemon semitorquata. 
Certhilauda semitorquata, Smith, Rep. Exped. Centr. Afr. p. 47 
(1836); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 383 (1844); Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr. 
pi. 106. fig. 2 (1846); Bp. Consp. i. p. 246 (1850) ; Mont. P. Z. S. 
1865, p. 94; Layard, B, S. Afr. p. 216 (1867); Gray, Hand-l. 

B. ii. p. 120, no. 7790 (1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 71 (1871) j 
Gurnet/1 in Ande?*ss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 201 (1871) ; Buckley, Ibis, 
1874, p. 383 ; Sharpe, in Oates'Matabele-Land, App. p. 317 (1881). 
Certhilauda rufopalliata, Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1836, Ois. pi. 59; 

Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 383 (1844). 
Certhilauda subcoronata, Smith, III. Zool S. Afr., Aves, pi. 90.fig".2 
(1843); Bp. Consp. i. p. 246 (1850); Scl. 'P. Z. S. 1866, p. 23; 
Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 217 (1867); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 121, 
no. 7793 (1870). 

Cheryornanes subcoronata, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 126 (1850). 
Alsemon rufopalliata, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 39 (1854). 
Certhilauda coronata, Layard, Ibis, 1869, p. 371. 
Alauda semitorquata, Giebel, Thes. Orn. p. 300 (1872). 
Alauda subcoronata, Giebel, t. c. p. 301 (1872). 
Algernon semitorquata, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 620; id. ed. layard1s 


B. S. Afr. p. 499 (1884). 
Adult female in summer plumage. General colour above clear 
vinous brown, -with distinct black stripes, the bind neck indistinctly 
ashy grey ; lower back and rump the same as the rest of the upper 
surface, and streaked in the same manner; upper tail-coverts dark 
brown with rufescent margins ; upper wing-coverts and quills dark 
brown, with broad rufous margins; ear-coverts deep rufous, with 
slight rufous shaft-streaks; cheeks and throat white, with a few 
black spots; under surface of body isabelline, with a tinge of 
vinous on the flanks; the breast broadly streaked with black; 
under wing-coverts deep isabelline vinous. Total length 6*9-7*3 
inches, culmen 0*75-0-8, wing 3*7-3-75, tail 3-05-3-2, tarsus 1*01*
1. 

The adult female in winter plumage differs from the summer 
plumage in being sandy isabelline, with fulvous margins to most of 
the dorsal feathers; the head and interscapulary region with small 
black shaft-stripes ; hind neck decidedly ashy grey, contrasting with 
the head; lower back and rump entirely uniform isabelline, with no 
shaft-streaks; upper tail-coverts light ash-colour, paler than the 
tail, and margined with whitish; upper wing-coverts and quills 
brown, broadly margined with pale sandy, shading off into white 
on the margins; ear-coverts very pale sandy; cheeks and throat 
pure white, unspotted ; under surface of body white, with a few 
triangular spots of dusky black on the throat; under wing-coverts 
very pale isabelline sand-colour. 
The male is like the female in plumage, but is larger, and has 

522 ALAUDIDJ2. 

a very much larger bill- Total length 7*2-8*0 inches, culmen 0-90*
95, wing 3*95-4*4, tail 3'25-3*65 tarsus 1*05-1*15. 
Hah. South. Africa, from the interior of the Cape Colony to 
Benguela on the west, and the Transvaal on the east. 

a. Ad.sk. 
b} c. Ad. sk. 
d,e.e;f. ? ad.sk. 
g, h. $ ad. sk. 
i. J ad. sk. 
Jc. £ ad. sk. 
I. (J ad. sk. 
m. $ ad. sk. 
n, o. <$ ad. sk 
p,q. 6, r. Jad.sk. 
§, t <$ ad. sk. 
«. <$ ad. sk. 

v. <$ ad. sk. 
IG, x. <$ 2 a& s&y. 
Ad. sk. 
South Africa. 

South Africa (K L. 

Layard). 
Upington, Orange Biver^ 

April, June. 
Hope Town (71 C. Atmore). 
Culesbersr (T. C. Atmore). 
Eland's Post (T. C. Atmore). 
Stormberg (T. C. Atmore). 
Griqualand (T. C. Atmore). 
Ingagani River, Natal, June 

1881 {Savilte Beid). 
Newcastle, Natal, June, July 

{E. A. Butler). 
Transvaal, June 1873 {T. E. 
Buckley). 

Transvaal, Dec. 18,1873 

(F. Oates). 
Great Namaqua-Land. 
Damara Land, May (C. J. 
Andersso/i), 

Ben^ruella. 

Sir A. Smith [C.]. 
(Type of species.) 
Sharpe ColL 

Dr. Bradbhaw ~P.]# 

Sharpe Coll. 
Sharpe CoE. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Shelley ColL 

Shelley CoE. 

Shelley ColL 

W. E.&C.G. Oates, 
Esqis. [P.]. 
C. J. Andersson [C.]. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Monteiro ColL 

3. Alsemon nivosa. 
Certhilauda nivosa. Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 213 (1837); id. Classif. 

B. ii. p. 293 (1837). 
Alauda albescens, Lafr. JRev. Zool. 1839, p. 259. 
Alauda guttata, Lafr. Eev. Zool. 1839, p. 259. 
Alauda codea, Smith, III Zool. S. Afr., Ares, pi. 87. %. 1 (1843, 
ptil. Mem.); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 209 (1807); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. 

B. p. 72 (1871). 
Alauda lagepa, Smith, III Zool S. Afr., Ares, pL 87. %. 2 (1843, 
ptil. mstiv.). 
Megalophonus guttatus, Bp. Cwisp. i. p. 243 (1850) ; Layard, B. S. 
Afr. p. 215 (1867); Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 123, no. 782ti (1870). 
Megalophonus lagepa, Bp. Consp. i. p. 243 (1830); Layard, B. S. 
Afr. p. 214 (1867); Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 122,'no. 7fc22 (1870) ; 
Gurney, in Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 200 (1872). 

Galerita pyrrhonota, Bp. Comp. i. p. 245 (1850). 
Calendulauda albescens, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv. p. 258 (1805). 
Megalophonus albescens, Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p 123, no. 7828 


(1870). 
Alsemon nivosa, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 623; id. ed. Bayard's B. & 
Afr. p. 501 (1884). 

Adult hi summer plumage. Above brownish cinnamon, streaked 
with black down the shafts of the feathers, these shaft-streaks disappearing 
on the rump; hind neck with a scarcely perceptible 
shade of greyish, slightly distinguishable on the bides; wing-coverts 

2. ALiEMOff. 523 
and quills dark brown, margined with, cinnamon-rufous, shading off 
into a fulvous edging on the extreme margin of the greater coverts 
and some of the secondaries, the innermost of which are more 
broadly edged; upper tail-coverts rufous, with distinct blackish 
shaft-streaks ; tail dark brown, with pale edgings of fulvous brown, 
the two centre feathers broadly and the two outermost narrowly 
margined with cinnamon-rufous; lores and a distinct eyebrow 
creamy buff; feathers in front of the eye blackish; under the eye 
another line of creamy-buff feathers ; ear-coverts cinnamon; cheeks 
and throat dull white, varied with a few blackish spots; rest of 
under surface buffy white, slightly rufescent on the sides of the 
body, the fore neck and breast thickly spotted with dark brown, 
the spots becoming narrower and more longitudinal on the sides of 
the breast and flanks : thighs rufous ; under tail-coverts white, the 
shafts rufous, the longest plumes rufous, with black shafts and a 
whitish tip; under wing-covcrts ashy brown, like the inner lining of 
the wing: " bill light reddish brown, the lower mandible pale buff-
orange towards the base; legs and toes intermediate between 
broccoli and yellowish brown, and tinted with flesh-red; claws 
light reddish brown ; iris bright brown; eyebrow rusty white" 
(Sir A. Smith). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*65, 
tail 3-8, tarsus 1*05. 

Winter plumage. Entirely different from the summer dress. 
Above ashy grey, with a slight sandy-coloured tinge, the black 
central stripes broad but obscure, rather plainer on the middle of 
the back and scapularies, which are rather broadly margined with 
creamy white; wing - coverts dark greyish brown, with ashy 
margins to least series, the greater and median series broadly edged 
with whitish; quills dark brown, margined with ashy, the secondaries 
broadly edged with whitish; rump and upper tail-coverts 
rather more distinctly washed with sandy colour than the back, the 
latter with dark brown shaft-stripes ; tail-feathers dark brown, the 
centre feathers shaded with greyish, and plainly margined with 
ashy white, the outermost feathers having also a slight edging of 
the same; eyebrow and streak below the eye white; feathers in 
front of the latter blackish; ear-coverts uniform ashy grey like the 
back, but without dark shaft-streaks; hinder part of the cheeks 
washed with ashy grey; fore part of cheeks and throat white, with 
an indistinct moustachial line of blackish spots; sides of neck and 
under surface of body white, with triangular blackish spots from 
the lower throat to the breast, changing into longitudinal streaks 
on the sides of the breast and flanks and under tail-coverts; sides 
of the body inclining to greyish, as also the thighs ; under wing-
coverts and wing-lining entirely ashy brown: " bill, legs, toes, and 
claws deep orange-coloured brown, shaded with brownish red, the 
lower mandible towards the base sienna-yellow " (Sir A. Smith). 

Young. Similar to the winter plumage of the adult, but more 
sandy brown, most of the feathers of the upper surface with white 
edges or tips, producing a spotted appearance; underneath dingy 
white, thickly mottled with brown spots, fringed with whitish 

524 
AIAUMDJE. 

edgings, the sides of the body more sparsely mottled on the Hanks, 
where, however, the spots are still rounded. 
Uab. Interior of the Cape Colony to Nurnaqua-Land. 

a. Ad. sic. Cape Colony (JE. L. Layard). Slinrpo Coll. 
b c. Ad. et hum. "Karoo Plains between the Sir A. Smith [C.]. 
sic, Oliphant and Orange (Types of A, codea.) 
Rivers." 
d c. Ad.sk. "Between the Berg and Sir A. Smith [0.]. 
Orange Rivers." (Types of A. kujcpa *.) 
f-h. Ad. sk. Berg River (Ii1. L. Layard). Sharpe Coll. 
i-l. Ad. et jnv. sk. Karoo (E. L. Layard). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

m. Ad. ak. Swellendam (M. L. Layard), Salvin-Godman Coll. 
n. Ad. sk. Cape Town (Butler). Shavpe Coll. 
op 
r? 2 ad. sk. Grootberg, Little Nnmarpia- Sharpe Coll. 
Land, July 20 (C. J. 
Andersson). 

3. HETEROCORYS. 
Type. 
Heterocorys, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 025 IT. brevmnguis. 

Foot of Heterocorys breviunguis, to show hind claw. 

liange. Confined to South Africa. 

1. Heterocorys breviunguis. 
Alauda breviunguis, Simdev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Ahad. Fork. Stochh. 1850, 

p. 99. 
Certhilauda breviunguis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 246 (1850) ; Gray, Hand-l. 
B. ii. p. 121, no. 7792 (1870). 
Megalophonus pyrrhonotus (nee Bp.), Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 123, 
no. 7827 (1870). 
Heterocorys breviunguis, 
Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 020, pi. lxxvi. 
fig. 1; id. ed. Layard''s B. S. Afr. p. 503 (1884). 

* "When I wrote about the South-African Larks in 1874, I believed that the 
Museum did not possess the types of some of Sir A. Smith's species, as the 
figures in the plates were so unlike tbe specimens. Subsequent experience has 
taught me that tbe figures of this work are generally such feeble representations 
of the species that very few of the specimens can actually be recognized from 
their portraits, but it may reasonably be supposed that every actual type from 
Smith's collection was transferred to the British Museum. 
4 . CDUGRSOPHTLtrS. 
Adult male. Above rufous fawn-colour, the margins of the dorsal 
plumes paler and more fulvescent, with broad centres of blackish 
brown; the head slightly created and coloured like the back, the 
bind neck more greyish and somewhat separating the head from 
the back by an indistinct collar; wing-covorts coloured liko the 
back, dark brown, with broad fulvescent margins, causing a somewhat 
mealy appearance ; quills brown margined with fulvous fawncolour, 
very broad on the secondaries and paler in the outer edges; 
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts bright rufous fawn-colour 
with narrow blackish shaft-lines, broader on the last-named• tail-
feathers brown, bordered with fulvous, a little broader on tho 
outermost foathcr and moro rufous on centre ones, which aro shaded 
with ashy ; lores and a distinct eyebrow fulvous white, tinged with 
fawn ; ear-coverts rufous fawn, inclining to dark brown on their 
upper margin; checks fulvous white, witli a few spots of dark 
brown ; under surface of body isabclline buff, the throat unspotted ; 
the flank's and chest washed with fawn-colour, the lattor marked 
with a good many triangular spots of dark brown ; under wing-
coverts light fawn-colour, the outermost spotted with brown, the 
greater series ashy brown like the inner lining of the wing, which 
is almost entirely of the lattor colour, with a tinge of isabellino on 
the inner web : bill horn-brown, inclining to yellowish horn-colour 
at base. Total length 6*8 inches, culmen 08, wing 4, tail 3*1, 
tarsus 1*1. 

Hah. Interior of the Cape Colony to the Transvaal. 

a, h. Ad. sk.
c. <$ ad. sk. 
Interior of Cape Colony. 
Transvaal, April 16 {J. WahlSir 
A. Smith [0.]. 
Sharpe Coll. 
herg). 

4. CHERSOPHILUS. 
Certhilauda, pt., auct. recent. 
Wing of Chersophilus duponti, to show short first primary. 

Range. Algeria, Southern Spain, and Portugal. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Larger; wing 4-0 inches : general colour sandy 
brown, the upper tai -coverts like the rump; 
throat and chest sparsely streaked with brown; 
scarcely any streaks on the flanks duponti, p. 526. 
52® 
ALATJDIDJE. 

b. Smaller; wing S*8o inches: general colour grey 
with broad white margins to the wing-coverts 
and interscapular^ region; throat, "breast, and 
flanks strongly streaked with blackish brown .. lusitanicus, p. 527. 
1. ChersopMlus duponti. 
Alauda duponti, Vieill. Faun. Frang. p. 173, pi. 78.fio*.2 (1820); 
Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Fur. p. xxxvi (1840); Bree, B. Fur. ii p. 184 
(1807). 

Certhilauda duponti, 
Temm. Man. d'Om. pt iii. p. 198 (1535); Bp. 
Cat Met. Uec.Fur. p. 31 (1843) : Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 383 (1844) ; 
Bp. Camp. i. p. 24G (1850);_ Tristr. Ibis, 1859. p. 427; Beyl $ 
Gerbe, Orn. Fur. I p. 350 (1807) j Zocfte, Fxpl Set. Alger., Ois. ii. 

p. 42 (1807); Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 120, no. 7789 11870); Dresser, 
B. Fur. iv. p. 279, pL 227 (1873);-Saunders, Bull. Soc. Zool 
France, ii. p. 91 (1677); Saluad. Flench. Ucc. Ital p. 159 (1880). 
Galerita duponti, Jaub. ^* Bartk.-Lapomm. Mich. Orn. p. 289 (1859). 
Algernon margaritee, Fctniy, J.f.O. 1888, p. 228, pi. ii. 

Adult. General colour above sandy brown, with dark brown or 
blackish centres to the feathers of the mantle and back, some of 
them with whitish edges ; wing-coverts and quills light sandy 
brown, edged with isabelline ; primaries dusky brown, with ashy 
isabelline margins; inner secondaries dark brown, with lighter 
brown or whitish edges and with a white shaft-line, very distinct; 
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ashy isabelline, with 
dusky brown centres; centre tail-feathers sandy brown, with blackish-
brown centres and conspicuous white shafts; remainder of the 
feathers dark brown, edged with lighter brown, the penultimate 
one with white ; the outer tail-feather for the most part white, 
with an oblique mark of brown on the inner web, the shaft brown 
towards the ends; crown of head like the back, and similarly 
mottled, the centre feathers edged with white, forming a streak; 
hind neck more hoary, greyish white, mottled with black centres to 
the feathers; the sides of the neck white, with scarcely any blackish 
spots; lores and a narrow eyebrow, as well as the feathers below 
the eye, sandy white; ear-coverts dark brown, with a sandy wash ; 
cheeks white, spotted and streaked with black; a Ene along the 
lower cheeks and the throat white, separated by a dusky streak; 
the lower throat minutely spotted with dark brown, increasing in 
size on the fore neck and chest, and still more on the sides of the 
breast; the latter slightly washed with rufous; entire abdomen, 
thighs, and under tail-coverts isabelline white; sides of body and 
flanks strongly washed with isabelline brown, and slightly streaked 
with darker brown ; under wing-coverts isabelline white, the axillaries 
ashy with hoary margins; quills dull ashy below, isabelline 
along the inner webs: " bill black; feet reddish; iris brown " 
(Loche). Total length 6'$ inches, culmen 0*8, wing 4, tail 2*4, 
tarsus 0-95. 

The Spanish bird, which has always been identified with the 
Algerian C, diqionti, seems to be different, but 1 have only been able 

5 . EHAMPHOCOKYS. 
527 

to examine three specimens from Malaga, all in winter plumage. 
These Malaga specimens are smaller than the Algerian, and are not 
so uniform in colour, having a reddish hind neck and mantle, and 
also reddish upper tail-coverts; the back and wing-coverts are 
very conspicuously edged with whitish, imparting a peculiar scaly 
appearance, which is not seen in the Algerian bird as a rule; the 
throat and chest are very distinctly streaked with black, these black 
streaks having a lateral tinge of reddish on the chest. Total length 
6*5 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*6, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*85. 

I should have decided to keep the Spanish bird distinct as a subspecies 
on account of its scaled appearance, had not Canon Tristram 
lent me an Algerian specimen, which had slightly developed white 
margins to the dorsal feathers, so that these edgings may, after all, 
only be signs of winter plumage 

Hob. Algerian and Southern Spain. 

a. 
$ ad. sk. Malaga, Spain, Oct. 31 (JET. Tweeddaie Coll. 
Saunders). 
b. Ad. sk. Algeria (Locke). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c. Ad. sk. Algeria. 
Capt. Loche [C.]. 
Subsp. a. Chersophiliis lusitaraicus. 

Certhilauda duponti, var. lusitanica, Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 1887, p. 214. 

Adult female (type of species). Smaller than 0. duponti, but 
greyish instead of sandy colour, the feathers of the back and wings 
rather broadly edged with white, imparting a scaly appearance; 
the throat, breast, and sides of body very broadly streaked with 
blackish brown. Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 3*85, 
tail 2*4, tarsus 1*05. (Mus. Lisb.) 

Hah. Portugal. 

5. RHAMPH0C0RYS. _ 
Type. 

Rhamphocorys, Bp. 
C. R. xxxi. p. 423 (1850) R. clot-bey. 

Ierapterhina, JDes Murs fy Lucas, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 

1851, p. 24 
R. clot-bey. 

Range. Deserts of Lybia and Algeria. 

1. Rhamphocorys clot-bey. 
Melanocorypha clot-bey, Bp. Consp. i. p. 242 (1850, ex Temm. MSS. 
in Mus.^Lugd.); Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 120, no. 7787 (1870). 

Ramphocorys clot-bey, Bp. C. R. xxxi. p. 423 (1850), xxxviii. p. 66 
(1854); Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 424; Homeyer, /./. O.1863, p. 2G8; 
Locke, Rxpl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 32 (1867); Taczan. J. f. O. 
1870, p. 41; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 144 (1872); Dresser, B. Eur. 

iv.p. 383, pi. 24 5(1873). 
Ierapterhina cavaignacii, Bes Murs et Lucas, Rev. et Mag. de Zool 
1851, p. 24, pi. 1. 
Alauda clot-bey, Malh Faun. Orn. oVAlgdr. p. 21 (1855). 
Hierapterhina clot-bekii, Heuglin, J. f. O. 1868, p. 220; id. Orn. 

N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 673 (1870), iv. p. cxlviii (1871); Homeyer, J.f. 

O. 1873, p. 187. 
ALAUDIDJB. 

Adult. General colour above uniform isabelline brown, with a 
few dusky shaft-lines on the feathers of the crown, faint traces of 
similar lines being visible on the scapulars and feathers of the 
lower back; wings a little more sandy than the back, the median 
and greater coverts dark brown, edged with sandy buff, whitish 
on the extreme margins ; bastard-wing blackish brown ; primary-
coverts and quills blackish brown, externally ashy brown, the long 
primaries edged with white, all the quills tipped with sandy buff, 
the inner secondaries broadly edged and tipped with this colour; 
outer secondaries very broadly banded with white at the ends; 
upper tail-coverts white, with a tinge of sandy buff; centre tail-
feathers dark brown, edged with sanely buff; the remainder for the 
most part white, blackish towards their ends, forming a broad 
band, which diminishes in extent towards the outer feathers ; lores 
isabelline; feathers above the eye blackish, as well as the sides of 
the face; the feathers immediately above the eye white, with a 
larger mark below the latter ; the black overspreads the ear-coverts, 
which are sandy buff behind ; fore part of cheeks white, as well as 
a mark on the hinder cheeks, separated by a band of black which 
traverses the cheeks and joins the black on the sides of the throat, 
which is white; remainder of under surface of body white, thickly 
mottled with large ovate centres of black on the feathers, which 
render the abdomen almost entirely black, except for a few fringes 
of isabelline to the feathers ; the flanks and thighs vinous isabelline 
with dusky centres to the feathers ; lower abdomen, thighs, and 
under tail-coverts white, tinged with isabelline ; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries ashy black, narrowly fringed with whitish, more 
distinctly on the ecfge of the wing; quills dusky below, ashy along 
the inner edge of the wing. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*7, 
wing 5*1, tail 2*4, tarsus 0*9. 

Hah. The same as that of the genus. 

a, h Ad. sk. Algerian Sahara. Purchased. 

6. 0T0C0EYS. 
Type. 
Eremophila, Boie, Jaw, 1828, p. 322 (nee Humh 1*05).. 0. alpestris. 
Phileremos, Brehm, Vog. JDeutscM. p. 321 (1831, nee 

Latr. 1809) .... .# ........... : ...._........ 0. alpestris. 
Otocoris, Bp. Euom Ann. Sci. Xai. Bologna, ii. p. 407 

(1838) .. ............... O. alpestris. 
Philamnus, Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 47. 0. alpestris. 
Otocoryx, Ideht. Komencl. p. 38 (1854) .............. O, alpestris, 

Cf. Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 184; Hensfamc7 Auk} L p. 254. 

Range. The northern portions of the old and new worlds, extending 
to Mongolia, the Himalayas, and throughout the Mediterraneo-
Persic subregion. In America it extends to ITexico and 
reoccurs in the neighbourhood of Bogota. 

6. OTOCOEYS. 52 9 
Mr. W. H. Henshaw has given in the ' Auk' for 1884 an elaborate 
review of the Horned Larks of the "New World, and has divided them 
into eight races (vol. i. pp. 254-268). Mr. Eidgway in his 
4 Manual? (pp. 348, 349) has also tabulated these same races and 
adopted Mr. Henshaw's conclusions. Thanks to the liberality of 
Mr. Gfodman, the whole of Mr. Henshaw's series of these birds has 
been acquired for the Salvin-Godman collection and now forms part 
of the British-Museum collection, so that I have had the inestimable 
advantage of studying the very specimens on which Mr. Henshaw 
and Mr. Eidgway founded the bulk of their conclusions. Anything 
more puzzling than these races of Horned Larks it has never been 
my lot to describe. The differences between 0. alpestris and 

0. rubea are as well marked as could be wished, but between 
these two extreme forms are interposed a number of races which 
seem absolutely to connect them, and both the above-named 
American authors admit that these connecting-links actually exist. 
To unite all the races under the heading of (9. alpestris would be 
to obscure the existence of several highly interesting geographical 
forms, and I have therefore thought it best to recognize the races 
determined by Mr. Henshaw and confirmed by Mr. Eidgway, with 
certain notes of my own upon the series now lying before me. 

I have drawn my characters from specimens in autumn and winter 
plumage, as the Horned Larks are birds which gain their breeding-
plumage by the shedding of the light tips to the feathers, and 
therefore the autumn plumage is the most perfect before the 
feathers become abraded. 

In summer plumage the races are still more difficult to distinguish, 
and size is the best test of identification. The yellow on the forehead 
and eyebrow becomes obliterated in nearly every species, even 
in 0. alpestris. Two groups can be recognized when a series of all 
the species is available for comparison. The large 0. alpestris 
is the type of one section, with pale primrose-yellow throat, 0. leucolama 
being a western white-throated representative, and 0. praticola 
and 0. aremcola being more southern resident forms. In the 
" rube a " group the size is constantly smaller, the colours in stronger 
contrast, the vinous colour more richly indicated and even inclining 
to chestnut, while the yellow of the throat is richer in colour. All 
the southern races, however, are very difficult to define, and they 
seem to run one into the other. 

Key to the Species. 

a. No yellow on the chest. 
a'. Eyebrow white ; forehead also white, 
a". Cheeks white ; throat white or with a faint 
tinge of yellow. 
a'". Back perfectly uniform or with slender 
streaks of black. 
aK Black throat-band united to the black [penicillata, p. 530. 
ear-coverts , < bicornis, p, 532, 
[pallida, p. 533. 
yoLf XIII. 2 M 

530 
ALA.UDIDJB. 

bK Black throat-band distinctly separated 
from the black ear-coverts by a broad 
white interspace 

a'\ Head and neck more vinous than the 
back, which is lighter ochraceous or 
ashy elwesi and allien 

¥\ Head and neck exactly like the back, [pp. 533—33H. 
all the upper surface being of a 
bright sandy colour . . hilopha, p. 537. 

b". Back coarsely streaked with broad black 
centres to the feathers. 
c\ Cheeks white: throat white with a 


faint tinge of yellow sometimes. 
c\ Larger: wing 4*0-4*05 inches ... . leircoleema, p. 538, 
d5. Smaller; wing 3*7-4*3 inches praticola, p. 530. 

b". Cheeks pale primrose-yellow, like the throat arenicola. p. 540. 
b\ Eyebrow yellow; forehead yellow, like the 
cheeks and throat. 

c". Size larger; wing 4*4 inches : chest slightly 
mottled with dusky tip* to the feathers in 
winter ". cdpestris} p. 542. 

dn. Size smaller; wing 3*9 inches: chest with 
scarcely any sign of dusky tips to the 
feathers in winter ". ehryholmma, p. 540. 

e". fcsize smaller: winir 3*7 inches: chest obscured 
by blackish edges to the feathers, 
head and Jjack broadly streaked with 
bkvk peregri/ia, p. 54S. 

. With yellow on the client. 
c'. Yellow colour confined to the client. 
f". With scarcely any dusky edges to the 
feathers of the client rubea #, p. 548. 
(/''. Chest thickly mottled with blackish edges 
to the feathers giraurfi. p. 54tl. 
d' Yellow colour tinging the breast and abdomen, btrigaia, p. 549. 

1. Otocorys peuicillata. 
Alauda alpestris (nee L \ Me netr. Cat. rais. Cauc. p. 3-S (1882); 
Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 73 (1*279). 
Alauda penicillata, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837. p. 120; Srtbuhn, Hist Br. 

B. ii. p. 2-55 (1884). 
Otocorvs penicillata, 
Bp. Camp. Li<( B. Em; Sf X. Amer. p. 37 
(1838): Gray § Mitch. Gen. B. ii. p. 38L>, pi. 92 {1*44); Fiiippi, 
Tiaqg. Pers. p. 349 (1805); Hume, Sir. F. 1*73, p. 109; Dresser, 

B. Eur. iy. p. 395, pi. 244 (1*741; Sehahiv, J.f.O. ]KTt>, p. 1*3; 
Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 241 (1*7*5); Uanf. Ibi%l **77, p. 27031*7H, 
p. 21; Biddidph, Ibis, 1661, p. 80; Sndiy, t c. p. 5*1; C. ftivitth. 
* I am not quite certain about the -winter plumage of O. rubw, a» the specimens 
in the ITenshavr collection are marked as " intermediate between U. rubia 
and 0. htrigata" I think, however, that 0. ruha is sure to hare yellow on the 
chest in winter. 
6 . OTOCOEYS. 
531 
Ibis, 1882, p. 116; Seebohm, t. c. p. 217; Biddulph, t c. p. 285; 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 11; Dresser, Ibis, 1880, p. 91; St. John, 

t. c. p. 173. 
Philerenios scriba, Bp. Comp. List, p. 37 (1838). 
Otocoris scriba, Bp. Consp. i. p. 246 (1850); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. 
p. 117, no. 7736 (1870). 
Otocoris albigula, Bp. Consp. i. p. 246 (1850) ; Degl. fy Gerbe, Orn. 
Eur. i. p. 348 (1867). 
Otocorvs bilopha {nee Temm.), Cab. <J- Seine, Mus. Hem. i. p. 122 
(IS*). 
Otocoris lavvata, 
Filippi, Arch. Zool. Anat. etc. ii. p. 882 (1863); 
id. Tiayg. Pers. p. 848 (1865 J ; Salvad. Atti R. Accad. Torino, iii. 

p. 295 (1867); Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 117, no. 7743 (1809); 
Schaloio, J.f.O. 1876, p. 183. 
Adult male in tuinter plumage. General colour above ashy with a 
slight oehreous tinge, and with slight indications of dusky blackish 
streaks on the lower back; the upper tail-coverts marked with 
vinaeeous and centred with dusky; lesser wing-coverts vinous ashy ; 
the median and greater series as well as the primary-coverts dusky, 
edged externally with ashy, whitish on the margins, the inner 
greater coverts and inner secondaries externally sandy brown, the 
outer primary white along its outer web; centre tail-feathers 
ashy with more or less of a sandy tinge near the base, the centres 
dark brown; remainder of the tail-feathers black, the penultimate 
one edged with white, the outermost white along the outer web : 
crown of head like the back and slightly tinged with vinous like the 
hind neck ; the forehead yellowish ashy, the black frontal band and 
the feathered horns obscured by dusky ashy margins • eyebrow pale 
sulphur-yellow ; nasal plumes, lores, and extreme base of forehead, 
as well as the sides of the face, black, more or less obscured with 
yellowish tips to the feathers ; cheeks and throat pale sulphur-yellow 
; lower throat and a broad band on the fore neck black, obscured 
with yellowish margins to the feathers and joined to the black on 
the ear-coverts; remainder of under surface of body dull white, 
with ashy tips to the feathers of the chest; sides of body and thighs 
washed with pale vinous ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white ; 
quills ashy below, white along the inner webs: ubill blackish above, 
bluish grey below; tarsi and upper surface of toes black, claws 
black, soles of feet whitish; iris deep reddish brown1' {W. T. 
Blanford). Total length 7*4 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 4*75, tail 3, 

tarsus 0-9. 
The summer plumage is gained by the shedding of the pale tips to 
the plumage, and as this process progresses the black band on the 
crown and the feathered horns, as well as the white forehead and 
eyebrows, become visible, and the black of the face and throat is at 
once strongly developed; the hinder crown and hind neck become 
entirely vinaeeous, in contrast to the grey back, in which the blackish 
centres to the feathers are well pronounced. 
Adult female. Wants the black band across the crown, the head 
and back being very distinctly streaked with blackish brown; 
the whole general appearance of the bird more dusky than in the 

2M2 

AUTJDIDJB. 

male. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 4*2, tail 2-6, 
tarsus 0-85. . 
ifafi. From Asia Minor to the Caucasus and ^ through ^ Persia to 
Ferghana and Afghanistan, and thence to the Gilgit district. 

a r? ad sk Taurus, Asia Minor. April 30 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(C.G. Banford). 
b. c? ad. sk. 
c, & d1 ad. sk. 
e-~g. d ad. sk. 
h. d ad. hiem. sk.
Taurus, April 30 (C. G. D.).
Erzeroum [K. JE. Abbott).
Erzerotiui. 
Kislovodsk, Cis-Causasia. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Zoological Society. 
Gould Coll. 
(Types of species.) 
St. Petersburg Mus>. 
"E" 
i. Ad. Mem. sk.
hi r? 2 ad. sk.
' +
m, n. d J ad. sk. 
Near Isfahan, Persia, Sept. 
Hanaka, S.S.E. of Karman, 
S.E. Persia, May 2. 
Candahar, Jan. 25. 
Sir O.'St. John TV. 
W. T. Blanford/Esq. 
Colonel Swinhoe 
o, p. d ? ad. sk. Gilgit, 5000 feet, March. Colonel Biddulph 
q> r, s. d 5 t. $ 
ad. sk. 
u. d juv. skv. 
Imm. sk. 
Gilgit, Feb. March (J. 
Biddulph). 
Chashi, Yassin, 10,500 feet, 
Aug. 
Wakhan, April 20 (Z Bid-
Hume Coll. 
Colonel Biddulph 
Hume Coll. 
dulpli). 
Ferghana, April, Nov. Dr. Severtzow fC.~. 

Subsp. a. Otocorys bicorids *. 

Otocoryx bilopha (nee T.), Lickt. XomencL Av. p. 38 (18*54). 
Otocorys penicillata, Tristr. Ibis, l&b"6, p. 286; id. Faun. <§* Flor. 
Falest p. 81 (1884). 

Adult male. Similar to 0. penicillata, but much paler and more 
vinaceous, the vinous shade extending over the back, wMeh is almost 
uniform. Total length 7-7*2 inches, culmen 0-65-0*7, wing 4*44-
5, tail 2-7-2-9, tarsus 0-8-0*0. 

Adult female* Differs from tbe male in wanting the black band 
on the crown, which is streaked with blackish brown like the back. 
Total length 6*5-7 inches, culmen 0*65-0*7, wing 4-4*1, tail 2-52-
65, tarsus 0*8-0-85. 

Sal. Palestine and Syria. 

a. $ ad. sk. Syria {Kemprich <§* Fhrenbei'g), Shelley Coll. 
b,c. d ? ad. sk. Top of Mt. Hermon. Canon Tristram TV*. 
d, e. d $ ad. sk. Top of Mt. Heroion, June Tweeddale Coll." 
(Jf. JS. T.). 
/iff* c?$ ad.sk. Top of Mt. Hermon, June Salvin-Gedman Coll. 
(if. B. T.). 

* I adopt Hemprich's name for this race, although it has ne\er been published, 
as far as I can find. It has generally been added as a synonym to O. 
bilopha-, but a specimen of Hemprich's own collecting, now in the JShelley 
collection, shows that his O. bicomis belongs to the group of O. penicillata. 
6 . 
OTOCOEYS. 533 
Subsp. j3 Otocorys pallida. 

Otocoryspenicillata {nee Gould), Severtz. J.f. 0.1875, p. 191; Scully, 
Sir. F. 1876, p. 174; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 181; Severtz. Ibis, 
1883, p. 61. 

Adult male. Similar to 0. jiemcillata, but very much paler, the 
vinous tints being of a delicate lilac, the back washed with sandy 
ochraceous and very narrowly streaked with blackish : i( bill bluish 
horn}', blackish towards the tip, the lower mandible paler; feet 
horny black; iris brown" (F. Stoliczlca). Total length 6-8-7*3 inches, 
culmen 0*6, wing 4-5-4*8, tail 2*95-3*25, tarsus 0-9. 

Eab. Central Asia. 

a. Ad. sk. Yarkand {Col Chapman). E. B. Sharpe. Esq. 
[P.]. 
b, c. Ad. sk. Yarkand [J. Biddulph). Hume Coll. 
d, e. A<1. sk. Karghalik, Oct. 24. Eev. Dr. Lansdell 

[P.]. 
/. e a.l. sk. Karghalik, 3ov. 5 {J. Biddulph). Hume Coll. 
g-m. Ad, >k. Kasfigar {Dr. Bellew). India Museum [P.]. 

a. o. 4 $ ad. sk. Kashmir, Dec. {J. Biddulph). Seebohm Coll. 
p, q. rt 0 ad.&k. Kashgar, Oct. 23 (J. Scully). Hume Coll. 
r. 
$ ad.; s, t. Turkestan, Sept. Oct. Dr. Severtzoff [C.]. 
c? J juv. bk. 
u. 3; 
V, w. $ Ferghana, Oct., Nov. Dr. Severtzoff [0.]. 
ad. bk. 
Otocorys elwesi and its allies. 

Elwes's Horned Lark is easily distinguished from 0. penieillata 
by the white space which separates the black of the fore neck from 
the black of the ear-coverts. Care must be taken in searching for 
this character, as in many badly-preserved skins the white interspace 
is not distinctly traceable, if the feathers of the neck should 
happen to be forced up on the throat. 


0. elwesi was described by Mr. JBlanford from Sikhim, and I have 
examined a large series from this country in the Hume collection. 
Unfortunately they are prepared by Mr. Mandelli's collectors, and 
though good skins, they are none of them provided with particulars 
of sex. This is a very important matter in Larks, where the males 
are so much bigger, as a rule, than the females. Eortunately, in 
the Horned Larks the absence of black across the forehead enables 
us to tell the females from the males. 
Mr. Seebohm in the • Ibis J for 1884 (I. c.) has shown that the 
three races 0. lonr/irostris, 0. elwesi, and 0. brandti, run one into 
each other, and that it is difficult to draw the line between them. 
This is quite true; but arguing from an examination of a large 
series, I think that three races can be recognized with a tolerably 
well-defined range to each; though I admit that the connecting-
links between them may be found. 

ALAUDIDJE. 

2. Otocorys elwesi. 
Otocorys penicillata (nee Gould), Hodys. Icon, hied, in Bill. Soc. ZooL 
v pi 708 (no. 968); Horsf. § Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. L Co. ii. 
p' 409 (1856, pt.)*; Sicmh. P. Z. S. 1802, p. 318 ; Jerdon, B. Ind. 

ii. p. 431 (1808). 
Otocorys alpe&tris (nee £.), Smnh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 2/ 2. 
Otocorys sibirica, Eversm. (tdi-f); Swi/ih. P.Z.8. 1871, p. 390; 
Band fy Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 316 (1877). 
Otocorys elwesi, W. Blanford, J. A. S. Bing. 1S7'2, p. 02 ; id. Ibis, 
1873, p. 213; Hume, 8ti\ F. 1873, p. 213; Severtz. Ibis, 1883, 

p. 01. 
Otocorys lonsrirostrie (nee Moore), Hume $ Senders. Lahore to Jarkand, 
p. 207 (1873); Bress^r, Ibis, 1870, p. 181. 
Otocorjs nigrifrons, Prjev. Jlony. f Thibet, ii. p. 103 (1876). 
Otocorys telebckowi, Prjev. Ibis, 1887, p. 410. 

Adult male in winter plumage. Similar to 0. penicillata* "but distinguished 
by the white on the sides of the neck, which forms a 
hand separating the black of the fore neck from the black ear-
coverts. The bill is very long and slender, and has a yellowish 
base to the lower mandible. On some few specimens a tinge of 
yellow is visible on the forehead. The chest has some dusky spots 
or edges. 

In breeding-plumage the whole of the pale edgings to the feathers 

wear off and the black line on the base of the forehead, which never 

seems to be entirely absent even in winter, becomes strongly pro


nounced and is followed by a broad white frontal band which joins 

the eyebrow, and is itself followed by another broad black band, 

extending backwards into the elongated hornlets above the white 

supercilium. The feathers at the base of the bill and the nasal 

plumes become so much abraded that the bill looks longer and more 

slender in breeding-plumage than it does in winter. 

In a series of male birds from 8ikhim and Thibet, collected by 

Mandelli, the length of the culmen is 0*5-0*6 inch, and the wing 

4*5-4*75 inches. In the females from the same localities the culmen 

measures 0*45-0*6 inch, and the wing 4-4*4 inches. 

The female differs from the male in wanting the black on the 

crown and base of forehead, the nasal plumes being dusky brown, 

and the crown streaked with black ; but the white frontal band is 

very distinct and broad. The black band on the fore neck is very 

small. 

The young birds are mottled after the manner of Horned Larks, 

and I believe that after the first moult into winter plumage there 

is no trace of a white forehead or black gorget, the latter being 

replaced by a few streaks of black. 

The series of skins from the Prjewalski collection presented to 

the Museum by Mr. Beebohm is of the highest interest, comprising 

specimens determined by Colonel Prjewalski as O, alhigula and as 

O. nigrifrons, Prj. The latter have certainly a little more black at 
* The Nepalese specimens recorded in this Catalogue were no longer in the 
India Museum when the collection was handed over to the British Museum in 
1881. 
6 . 
0T0C0KYS. 535 
the base of the forehead than is usual in Sikhim or Thibetan specimens 
; but I cannot see how they are to be separated from 0. elwesi, 
which the}7 resemble in form and size of bill. The whole series of 
specimens appears to me to belong to 0. elivesi. Prom Mongolia 
there is a single specimen of a small race (wing 4-2 inches), and 
a Gobi specimen has the wing 4*2 inches and the cnlmen 0*45: 
they seem to indicate the existence of a race with smaller dimensions 
than the average examples of 0. elwesi. 

Hah. Sikhim and Eastern Himalayas into Thibet and westwards 
to Ejimaon and Kulu ; Turkestan to the mountains of Mongolia and 
Northern China. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Kangra Lama Pass, Sikhim, W. T. Blanford,Esq. 
Oct. 6. 
[P.]. 
(Type of O. elicesi.) 

b. 5 ad. sk. Kangra Lama Pass, Oct. 4 (H. Hume Coll. 
J. Ehces). 
c} dj e. c? ad.; Sikhim (X. Mandelli). Seebohm Coll. 
f-i. Pull. >k. 
k-n. 
<$ ad.; o-s. Sikhim, Oct. (X. Mandelli). Hume Coll. 
Juv. sk. 

2lliem

t-d.d-» Sikhim (TV. E. Brooks). Hume Coil. 
V, c\ d'. Pull. sk. 
e'. o ifc&tiv. sk. Native Sikhim, Aug. (X. Man- Oates Coll. 
deUi). 

f. 
J; (J, h\ i1. Native Sikhim, Feb., April, Sept. Hume Coll. 
§ sestiv.; k\ (X. Mandelli). 
V. <$ hiem. sk. 
m'-z'. <S ; a", Thibet, Aug. to Oct. (X. Man- Hume Coll. 
b'\ $ hiem.; delli). 
c''-i". Juv. sk. 

k". 2 ®^tiv. sk. Thibet (X. Mandelli). Oates Coll. 
V'} m". (S ad.; Kumaon (Strachey). India Mus. 

«". $ sk. 
o". J ad. sk. Kulu (Major Hay). Gould Coll. 
p". § ad. sk. Tangsee, Oct. 9 (pr. Henderson). Hume Coll. 
q"-s". d ad. sk. Panjong Lake, Oct. 8 (Dr. Hen- Hume Coll. 

derson). 
t". $; u"-z". Yarkand route (J. Biddulph). Hume Coll. 
c? sk. 


a\ S ad. sk. Aktagh, Karakoram Mts., Seebohm Coll. 
June 13 (J. Biddulph). 
1% c*. S 2 ad. sk. Aktagh, June 14 (X Biddulph). Hume Coll. 


d3 

. $ ad. sk. Ladakh (Dr. Henderson). Hume Coll. 
eK $ ad. sk. Karakash Valley, Aug. 3 (Dr. Hume Coll. 
Henderson), 
f, <73. 6 2 ad. Maiterek and Arkad Mountains, Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 
sk. Turkestan, May (Dr. 0. Finsch). 
hst i3. 2 ad.; Karakul, Turkestan, Aug., Oct. Severtzoff Coll. 

$ pull. sk. 
k\ 6 ad. sk. Semicetchje, June 6. Severtzoff Coll. 
P 9 ad. sk. Turkestan* Sept. 23 {Dr. Severtz- Seebohm Coll. 


off)


m3. <$ ad. sk. Tian-shan, May (Frjewalsky). Seebohm Coll. 

nz. 6 ad.sk. Baganoi\X.W. Mongolia, April 7 Dr. Severtzoff [C.]. 
(wing 4*2 in.). 


ALAtJDIDJS. 

536 

o3. ? ad. sk. N.W. Mongolia, Nov. 2. Dr. Severtzoff[C.]. 
p2,q\ (J ad.sk. N. Thibet, Jan., Nov. (Prjewal-Seebohm Coll. 


ski). 
r3. c? ad. sk, R. Dy-tschn, June (Prjeivalski). Seebohm Coll. 
s3, tf. <$ ad. sk. Gobi Desert, Nov. (Prjewalski). Seebohm Coll. 
u*-w*. <$ ad. sk. Zaidani, Aug., Dec. (Prjeivalski).Seebohm Coll. 
#3. c? ad.sk. Njan-shan, June (Prjeivalski). Seebohm Coll. 
?/. (S ad. sk. Kansuj Aug. (Prjeivalski). Seebohm Coll. 
z3, aK S ad. sk. Kukunoor, Feb., April (PrjewalSeebohm 
Coll. 


ski). 
b\ Ad. sk. Tientsin (Fleming). Seebohm Coll. 


Subsp. a. Otocorys longirostris. 

Otocorys longirostris, Moore, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 21a, pi. 3 (ex Gould, 
M88.); Horsf. $ Moore, Cab. B. Mus. & I. Co. ii. p. 470 {1856); 
Jerdon, B. Ind. ii. p. 431 (1803); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 47 ; Gray, 
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 117, no. 7737 (1870); Hume, 8. F. 1873, p. 2-5*9, 
1879, p. 109; Scully, Ibis, lb81, pp. 50,581; Bidd. Ibis, 1882, p. 285 ; 
Dresser, Ibis, 1884, p. 1115; Seebohm, t. c. p. 184. 

Alauda longirostris, Seebohm, Br. B. ii. pp. 285, 286, notes (1884). 

Adult male. Similar to 0. elwesi, but much larger and with a very 
much longer bill. The general colour is also more ashy in winter, 
with much less vinous colour about the plumage. 


The males have the culmen from 0*55-0-7 inch and the wing 
5-5'2. One male from Elulu approaches O. elwesi and has the wing 
only 4*8, but this dimension, though lebs than that of the other males, 
exceeds the wing-measurement of the longest-winged male of O. elwesi. 

The only female examined has the wing 4*8 inches and the 
culmen 0*65, exceeding in length any of the males of 0. elwesi. 
Hah. Ladakh and Cashmere, extending into the valley of the 
Sutlej and as far as Kumaon. 

a. S ad. sk. Hills north of Kumaon. Tweeddale Coll. 
b. <$ ad. sk. Sutlej Valley (Major Tweedie). Gould CoH. 
c. J ad. sk. Sutlej Valley, June. Hume Coll. 
d. S ad. sk. Sutlej Valley (Br, Jerdon), Tweeddale Coll. 
«>/>£• c?J V -Kulu {Major Hay). Gould Coll. 
k. 5 ad. sk. (Types of O. longirostris).
/. <5 ad. sk. Cashmere. " Hume Cull. 
m. $ ad. sk. Burzil Pass, May 20. Col. Biddulph "C.]. 
n. $ ad. sk. Baltibtan, May 26, CoL Biddulph JO*. 
o. tf ad. sk. Ladakh. Purchased. 
p. (S ad. sk. Pangong Lake, Ladakh, Sept. 21 Seebohm CoU. 
(J. Biddulph). 
q. S hiem. sk. Tanksee, Oct. 9 (67. Henderson). Hume Coll. 
r. tf ad. sk. Ladakh (Br. Bellew). India Museum. 
*. (S ad. sk. Thibet. Earl of Gifford "F.\ 
Subsp. j3, Otocoiys bran&ti 
Otocorys albigula, auct, (nee Bp. Consp. I. c. *). 


* The type of O. albigula, Bp., is in the Leiden Museum; Dr. Biittikofer 
has kindly examined it for me and says that it is undoubtedly O. penicillata. 
6 . OTOCORYS. 
537 
Otocorys albigula, Blanf. Ibis, 1873, p. 214; DybowsM, J.f. 0.1868, 

p. 334; Menzbier, Ibis, 1885, p. 3*54 
Otocorys brandti, 
Dresser, B. Eur. vol. iv. p. 402 (1874); id. Ibis, 
187(5, p. 181; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 424; Dresser, Ibis, 1884, 

p. 117, 1889, p. 01. 
Alaudapenicillata (nee Gould), Finsch, Beis. West-Sibir. p. 114 (1879). 
Otocorys parvexi, Tacz. Bull. Soe. Zool. France, i. p. 161 (1876). 
Otocorys petrophila, Severtz. J.f.O.1873, p. 379. 
Adult male. Similar to 0. elivesi and having the black of the ear-
coverts separated from the black of the fore neck by a white interspace, 
but differing in the shorter and stouter bill. 

The males have the culmen from 0*45-0*55 inch and the wing 
4*0-4-6 inches. In the females the culmen is 0*45-0*5 and the 
wing 3*95-4*1 inches. The difference in size between the sexes is, 
therefore, not so marked as in some of the allied species, and the 
female seems to me to have more black on the crown than in 0. elivesi. 

Hah. From Astrachan and Samarkand to Turkestan, the Altai 
Mountains, and eastwards to the Blachia district. 

a, b. $ ad. sk. Astrachan, Jan. 
Purchased. 

e. r? ad. sk. Samarkand. 
Seebohm Coll. 
d. 
J ad. sk. Khoobh Maidan, Yarkand, Sept. Hume Coll. 
20 (Dr. G. Henderson). 
e. $ ad. sk. Ferghana, Oct. 2-5. Se^ ertzofr* Coll. 
/. d ad. hiem.; Turkestan, Sept., Oct. (Dr. Severt- Seebohm Coll. 
ff,h.2 ad.sk. zoff). 
i (S ad. sk. Fort Perowsk, Syr-Darya, Jan. 20. Purchased. 
k, I $ J ad. sk. Turkestan (Dr. Severtzoff). Tweeddale Coll. 

m. $ ad. sk. R. Oxus, Dec. 3 (Dr. Severtzoff). Seebohm Coll. 
n. 
9 ad. sk. Lake Aral. „ St. Petersburg Mus. 
[p.]. 
o. J ad. sk. Sergiopol, Aug. 31. Severtzoff Coll. 
p. 
(S ad. sk. Katalinska (Russoff). Seebohm Coll. 
q. tf ad. sk. Altai Mountains. Mr. Brandt. 
r. <$ ad. sk. Altai Mountains. Grould Coll. 
s. 
§ ad. sk. Altai Mountains. St. George Little-
dale, Esq. [P.]. 
t, u. <S ad. sk. Kiachta, Transbaikalia, Oct., Nov. Purchased. 

3. Otocorys biloplia, 
Alauda bilopha, Temm. PI. Col iii. pi. 244. fig. 1 (1823); Biipp. 
Keue Wirb. p. 104 (1835-40); Seebohm, Hist. Br. B. ii. p. 285 
(1884). 

Otocornis 
bilopha, Biipp. Syst. TJtbers. p. 78 (1845); Heugl Syst. 
CT«f6er«.p.43(1856). 
Otocorys bilopha, Bp. Consp. i. p. 246 (1850); Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. 

p. 122 (1850); Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 421; Degl. % Gerbe, i. p. 349 
(18G7) * Locke, Hxpl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 20 (1867); id. Ibis, 
18G9,p. 153; Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 117, no. 7741 (1870); Heugl 
Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pi 2, p. 699 (1870) ; Gumey, Ibis, 1871, 
p. 290; Dresser, B. Bur. iv. p. 399, pi. 245 (1874); Irby, B. Gibr. 
p. 115 (1875). 
Pbileremos bicornis, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 123 (1855). 
ALAUDID^). 

538 

Adult male. Entirely bright sandy rufous above, with a vinous 

shade, and with darker rufous shaft-lines to some of the dorsal 

feathers ; wing-coverts entirely sandy rufous like the back; quills 

dusky brown, externally sandy rufous and edged with white at the 

ends, the inner secondaries entirely sandy rufous, the first primary 

externally edged with white ; centre tail-feathers sandy rufous with 

black shaft-stripes, the remainder black, the penultimate feather 

ed^ed with white near the end of the outer web, the outermost one 

white for nearly the whole extent of the outer web; crown of head 

sandy rufous like the back, with a vinous tinge ; forehead and eye


brow white, succeeded by a broad band of black across the fore part 

of the crown, continued into two long ear-tufts above the ear-coverts 

and reaching to the sides of the nape; nasal plumes, lores, feathers 

below the eye, fore part of ear-coverts black, this black patch extend


ing down the centre of the cheeks ; hinder ear-coverts and adjacent 

sides of neck, as well as the remainder of the cheeks and throat, 

white; a very broad crescentic band of black on the lower throat 

and fore neck ; remainder of under surface from the chest downwards 

white, the sides of the breast vinous-sandy, and the sides of the 

body and thighs washed with vinous : under wing-coverts and 

axillaries white, the edge of the wing sandy ; quills dusky below, 

ashy isabelline along the inner web : u bill dusky horn-colour, paler 

on the mandible ; feet pale dusky horn-colour *? (Von HeagUn). 

Total length 6 inches, oilmen 0-55, wing 3*85, tail 2-4, tarsus 0*8. 

In breeding-plumage the vinaceous colour of the upper parts 
becomes obliterated and the back is of a rufous-sandy colour; the 
head sometimes shows a white band behind the black frontal one. 

Hab. Algeria and Arabia. Said to occur in Southern Spain. 

a. $ ad. sk. Algerian Sahara (Locke). Shelley Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Algeria. Sharpe Cull. 
c. $ ad. sk. Desert north of El Baadj, Jan. 17 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(H. B. Tristram). 
4. Otocorys leucolaema *. 
Otocoris occidentalis (nee MlCall), Baird, in Stansburifs Pep. p. 318 

(1852). 

Otocorys alpestris {nee X.), Kewb. P. P. P. Pep. vi. p. Q^ (1857). 

Eremophila cormita (nee Wils.), Baird, P. P. P.Pep. x.. Birds, p. 13, 

pi. 32 (1859); Brown, Ibis, 1808, p. 421; Ball $ Bami. Tr. Chicago 
Acad. i. p. 281 (18G9). 
Eremophila alpestris {nee X.), Allen, Bull. Mus. C. Z. Cambr. ill. 

p. 17G (1872). 
Eremophila alpestris, var. occidentalis, Baird, Breiuer, <|* Pidgw. Hist. 
N. Amer. B. ii. p. 140 (1874). 
Eremophila alpestris, ]8. leucolaema, Coues, B. K.-West^.SS (1874); 
Hensh. Pep. 100th Merid. p. 300 (1875). 

* The synonymy of this species is chiefly derived from the writings of 
Dr. Elliott Coues and Mr. Henshaw, who have examined the specimens mentioned 
in the books quoted. 
6 . OTOCORYS. 539 
Eremophila alpestris leucolsema, Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. Saw. iv. 

p. 555 (1878); id. Cheek-l X. Amer. B. p. 32 (1882); Nelson, 
Cruise ' Corwin,' p. 74 (1883); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. %82 
(1884) ; Hensh. Auk, i. p. 263 (1884) ; A. 0. U. Check-l. p. 238 
(1886); Pudgio. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 348 (1887). 
Adult male. Similar to 0. alpestris and of about the same large 
size, but having a white throat and generally very pale coloration 
everywhere, %< Length about 7'5-8-U inches, wing 4*3~4*65 (4*43), 
tail 2*b5-3'2 (3-11)J1 (Bitbjway). 

Adult female. Wing 4-4*2 (i-12), tail 2*6-2-8 (2*73) (Rklgway). 
Sometimes a tinge of yellow is seen on the throat, and it is very 
difficult to determine a large 0. arenicola from a small 0. leucolcema. 

Hah. North America, breeding from Alaska southward, east of 
the Boeky Mountains, nearly to U. S. boundary, extending in winter 
to British Columbia, west of the Rocky Mountains, and over the 
more northern Great Plains and Great Basin of United States, as 
far as Kansas, Utah, and Nevada (Cf. Pddgw. Man. p. 348). 

a. P ad. sk. Frenchman's Hiver, July 7 (Dr. "] 
E. Coves). 
b. tS ad. sk. Sun River, Dakota (Dr. Hitz : 
Sm. no. 52029.) | 
Henshaw Coll. 

c. Q ad. sk. Black Hills, Dakota, Nov. 3 
[S.-G.j. 

( V. Bailey). 
d. Imm. sk. Three Buttes, Montana, Aug. 30 
(/. H. Batly). 
e,f. Imm. sk. Three Buttes (E. Coues). j 
g-L J ; m-q. § Carson, Nevada, Nov. (H. TV. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

ad. hk. Henshaio). 

r. Juv. hiem.sk. Walla Walla, Wr. T., Oct. 25 Salvin-Godnmn Coll. 
(H. W. Henshaio). 
s, t, u. Ad. sk. British Columbia. J.K Lord, Esq,. [0.]. 
Subsp. a. Otocorys praticola. 
Alauda eornuta (jiec Wils.), Swains. §• Rich. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, 

p. 245 (1831). 
Eremophila eornuta (nee Wils.), Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 5, 1863, 
P* m (P*-). 

Eremophila alpestris (nee L.), JRidgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii. 

p. 185 (1878); Scott, op. cit. iv. p. 141 (1879); Roberts ty Benner, 
op. cit. v. p. 13 (1880); Park, op. cit. vi. p. 177 (1881). 
Otocorys alpestris praticola, Hensh Auk, i. p. 263 (1884); A. 0. IT. 
Check-l. p. 230 (1886); Bidgw. Man. p. 348 (1887); Loomis, Auk, 

v. p. 255 (1888) ; Brewster, Auk,yi. pp. 71, 111, 112 (1889); Park, 
t c. p. Ill ; Smith § Palmer, t. c. p. 148; Butcher, t. c. pp. 180, 
200 ; Loomis, t. c. p. 207 ; Harris, t. c. p. 320. 
Similar to 0. alpestris, and with the same vinous character about 
the neck and wing-coverts ; but it is a smaller bird and generally 
paler, though many specimens are difficult to separate from O. 
alpestris, into which species the race appears to grade. 

r>io ALAtfMIUO. 

According to Mr. Ridgway the dimensions arc as follows :— 
Adult mah\ Length 7 7*r> inches, wing1 4-4 %'$ (average 4*BS), 
iuilLMJ IM C2-\)i)). 
Adult fondle. IiCngih O'Ttl-O-So inches, wing *'**7-4 (3*81), tail 

The nes( lings of this species and the young- after Uioir first 
moult aro unusually dark. 

Hah. Upper Mississippi Yalley and region of the Great Lakes 
(especially within UmtodStates), east, locally, to Now York ; south, 
in winter, to Virginia and north-eastern Texas (cf. Bidgw. Man. 

P. :tkS). 
a, ft. Ad, v. Tail. N.W. America. Capt. Oollinson [P.]. 
sk. 

Fort Simpson, May 23. B.E.Ross,Esq. [P.]. 

d. cS ad. sk. 
Fort Duilerin, Manitoba N. Anier. Boundary 

',/. c? ? ad, 

((r. Dawson). Comiu. 
</, h, i. $ ad. sk. British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
A\ Pull. sk. Grant Co., Minnesota, June Salvin-Godniau Coll. 

12, 1881 (//. W. H.). 
/, m, n. $ ; o. % Locust Grove, New York, Henshaw Coll. [Sad.;/>. 
Pull.sk. Feb., June, July (C. II. G.]. 
Merriam). 

q. Pull. sk. Lewis County, N. Y., June 3 Henshaw Coll. [S.(
W. Brewster). G.]. 
r, s, t $ ad. sk. Lowville, N.Y., March 24 Henshaw Coll. [S.(
E. L. Day an). G.]. 
u, v, to. $ ad. sk, Washington, B.C., Jan., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
March (II W. H,). 
x-af. $ ; b'-f. $j Illinois, Feb. to June (E. Henshaw Coll. [S.(
J\ h'. Pull. sk. jr. Nelso?i). G.]. 
2'. Juv. sk. Ilalfday, Illinois, Aug. 25 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(II IC Coale), [p.]. 
k\ /', w/. S ad. j St. Louis, Missouri, March, 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

u'. Pull. sk. May, Bee. (II IV. II). 
Manhattan, Kansas, March Henshaw Coll. fS.~ 
11 (IK E. Lantz). G.]. 
<?', >'', *'• cJ; *'• S Dallas, Texas, Nov. to Jan. Henshaw Coll. fS.(
61 /. Maynard). G.l. 

ad. sk 

Cook Co., Texas, Bee. 5 Henshaw Coll. [S.


«'. J ad. sk. 

(G. II Maysdale). G.]. 
*/, tf ad. sk. [Cuba (Zoological Gardens.)] Sclater Coll 
Subsp. p. Otocorys arenicola. 

Eremophila cornuta, var. occidentalis (?iec M'Call), Dresser, Ibis. 
1805, p; 480. ' 
Eremophila cornuta (nee Wits,), Corns, Proc. PMlad. Acad. 1880, 

p. 79. 
Eremophila alpestris, Scott, Bull Nutt Orn. Club, iv. p. 92 (1879). 
Otocorys alpestris arenicola, Hensk Auk} i. p. 203 (1884); A. O. if 
Cheek-l p. 239 (1880); Mdgw. Man. p. 349 (1887) j Lloyd, Auk, 

v. p. 193 (1888). u ' 
Similar to O.pratkola, of which it is a small and sandy-coloured 
race, with paler-coloured young. 

6 . OTOCORYS. 
541 
Mr. Bidgway's measurements are as follows :— 
Adult male. Length. 7-7*5 inches, wing 4*05-4*8 (4*1(>), tail 
2*75-3*15 (2-99). V 
Adult female. Length about 6*5-6*75 inches, wing 3#7-4 (3*84), 
tail 2*5-2-8 (2-68). 

This race seems to run into 0. yraticola on the ono hand, and 
into 0. strigata on the other. Occasionally a little yellow appears 
on the chest, showing an approach to 0. strigata. * The Arizona 
specimens are darker than those from Colorado," and show a decided 
approach to 0. ehrysolama in the deep yellow of the throat. 

Hah. Great Plains and Kocky Mountain district (including Great 
Basin) of United States, south to New Mexico and Northern 
Arizona, and Texas (of. Bidgw. Man. p. 349). 


a. $ 
ad. sk» Fort Bufoxd, Dakota, Sept. Henshaw Coll. [S.6 
{V. ito'%) G,]. 
h-n. Si o-t. $; Colorado Springs, Colorado, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
u-V. Pull. sk. May to July, Nov. {H. W* 
Kefishaw).
d-$'.$\i-*t. Ad. Springsville, Arizona. Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. (H. W. H). 
f, uf. 6 2 ad.; t/. Fort "Wingate, New Mexico, Henshaw Coll. [S.-
Juv. sk. June, July {JR. W. Shu-G.]. 
feldt). 
«-', xJ7 yl. <$ ad. sk. Utah, Dec, Jan. (H W. JET.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
»', ct\ d ad. sk. Dallas, Texas, Nov., Dec. Henshaw Coll. [S.


(C. J. Maynard). G.]. 
£". <J ad. sk. Gainesville, Texas, Nov. 15 Henshaw Coll. [S.{
G. H. Ragsdale). G.]. 
c", <2". c* $ ad. sk. Laredo, Texas, Dec. {Dr. H. Henshaw Coll. [S.[
W. 4*15.] B. Butcher: Sni. nos. 
G.]. 

46946, 46234). 
Presidio County, Texas, 

«",/W - <J ad. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Jan. {W.Lloyd).

sk. [W. 4*054*
25.] 


Howard's Eanche, Bexar, Salvin-Godman Coll. 

hu. <$ ad. sk. [W. 

Texas, Feb. 20 (H. E. 

4*2.] 

Dresser). 
i"-.m". d ad. [W. La Mula, Chihuahua, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
4*05-4*2]; »", 27 {W. Lloyd). 

a(i sk*

o". £


fW. 3*9-4*1.] 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

*tr * a A «i£. [W. Fresno, Chihuahua, Jan. 14 

p'\ $ ad. sk. 

(W. Lloyd).
* 4*1.] 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

El Bosario, Chihuahua, Jan. 

a". 2 ad. sk. [W. 

8 {W.Lloyd).

3*8.] 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Guerrero, Chihuahua ( W.

r",J\ dad. [W. 
4*05-4*2]; t". 


Lloyd). 

$ ad. sk. [W. 
3*8.] 


5. Otocorys alpestris. 
The Lark, Catesly, Fat. Hist. Carol I p. 82, pL 32 (1731). 
L'Alouette de Virginie, Briss. Orn. iv. p. 307 (1700, c.t Catesby). 

542 
ALAUDIDJE. 

Alauda alpestris, Linn, Syst. Nat i. p. 289 {ex Cateshj); Gm. Syst 
Nat i. p. 800 (178b) j Wilson, Amer. Orn. i. p. 85, pi. 5. fig. 4 
(1808); Temm. Man. dJOm. i. p. 279 (1820); Audub. B. Amer. 
pi. cc.; Nairn. Toy. Beutschl. iv. p. 149, Taf. 99 (1824); Werner, 
Atlas, Granivores, pi. 4 (1827); Audub. Orn. Biogr. ii. p. 570 
(1834); Gould, B. Bur. iii. pi. 104 (1837); Jlacy. Br. B. ii. p. 159 
(1839) j Nordm. in Bemid. Toy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 161 (lb40); 
Ai(dub, B. Amer. 8vo, iii. p. 44; pi. 151 (1841) : Selys-Longch. 
Faune Beige, p. 83 (1842); Schl Bev. Crit. p. Ix (1844); Midi. 
Reis. Sibir., Zool. p. 133 (1851); Kj>erb. Damn. Fugle, pi. xviii. 
fig. 7 (1852) ; Schl. Vog. Nederl p. 295, pi. 150 (lb54); Hewits. 

Bggs Br. B. p. 178*, pi. xlv* (185G) ; Simdev. Svensk. Fogl. 
pi. viii. fig". 3 (1850); Scht Bier. Nederl. Vog. pi. 17. %. 13 (16i31) ; 
Fritsch, Vog. Bur. tab. H3. %. IS (1870); i?. 6-vW, B. West 
Scotl. p. 118 (1871); Hart'mg, Bandb. Brit B. p. 25 (1872); 
Fallon, Ois. Belq. p. 75 (lb75); Finsch, Reis. West-Sibir. p. 113 
(1879); Seebohm, Hist Br. B. ii. p. 284 (1884). 

Alouette de Sibirie, Daubent. Bl. Fnl. v. pi. 050. tig. 2. 
Le Hausse-col noir ou L'Alouette de Yirginie, Montb. Mist. Nat. 
Ois. v. p. oo (1778). 
La ceintnre de Pretre ou L'Alouette de Sibirie, Month, t. c. p. 61 
(1778). 
Shore Lark, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 385 (1783); Penn. Arctic 

Zool. ii. p. 392 (1785); Tarr. Brit. B. i. p. 402 (1843). 
Alauda fiava, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 800 (178b). 
Alauda cornuta, Wilson, Amer. Orn. i. p. 87 (1808). 
Alauda nivalis, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 519 (1*11), 
Eremophila alpestris, Bote, Isis, lb2S, p. 322; Cooper, B. Calif. 

p. 251 (1870) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. *9 (1872); id. B. A.~ 
West, p. 37 (lb74); Raird, Brewer, § Rtdgic. Hist. N. Amer. B. 
ii. p. 141 (1874) ; Ilensh. Rep. Zool. ILcplor. liM)tk Bar. p. 3l9 
(1875); Loomis, Bull. Nutt Orn. Club, iv. p. 211 (1879); Scott, 
t. c. p. 223; Parker, op. cit. vi. p. 177 (1*81); Merriam, i.e. 
p. 231; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 281 (1884). 
Eremophila cornuta, Boie. Isis, 1828, p. 322 ; Baird, B. N. Amer. 
p. 403 (1858); id. Ibis,'1W7, p. 2b9. 
Phileremos alpestris, Brehm, Vog. Beutschl. p. 313 (1831); Bp. 
Com}). ListB. Bur. § N. Amer.^. 37 (1838); Keys. § Bias. Wirl. 
Fur. p. 150 (1840); Borggr. Vogelf. Beutschl. p. 70 (IfcOO). 

Phileremos cornutus, Bp. Comp. Lisi,^. 37 (1838 j. 
Otocoris alpestris, Bp. Nuovi Ann. Set. Nat. Bologna, ii. p. 407 
(1838); id. Iconogr. Faun. Ital. Uec. p. 5 (1841); Gray, Gen. B. 

ii. p. 382 (1844); Bp. Consp. i. p. 240 (Lb50j {Jauh. et Barth.-
Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 292(1859); Gray, List Brit. B. p. 10b 
(1803); Begl. $ Gerbe, Orn. Fur. i. p. 346 (lb07) ; Broste, Togelf. 
Bork. p. 107 (1869); Finsch, Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, lV-70, 
p. 342; Gray, Hand4. B. ii. p. 117, no. 7734 (1870); Gould, B. 
GL Br. iii. pi. 18 (1870); Hoicey, Bull. Nutt Orn. Club, iii. p. 40 
(1878): A. O. U. Check-l p. 23b (1886). 
Philanmus 
alpestris, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 47 (1840); Sakad. 
Flench. Uec. Ital. p. 157 (18fct>). 
Otocoris cornuta, Bp. Consp. L p. 240 (1850); Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. 

p. 117, no. 7728 (1870). 
Phileremos striatus, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 122 (1855). 
Phileremos rufescens, Brehm, t c. p. 122 (1855). 
Otocorys alpestris, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 121 (1850); Jteinh. 
6. OTOCORYS. 543 
Ibis, 1861, p. 8; Stevens. Ibis, 1862, p. 308; Gigl. Ibis, 1866, 

p. 58; Ekces §* Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 195; Salvad. Faun. Ital. 
Ucc. p. 134 (1871); Sicinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 390; Eeugl Ibis, 
1872, p. 61; Severts. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 67 (1873); Alston ty Sarvie 
Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 02; Xewton, ed. Yarr. Br. B. i. p. 604 
(1874) ; Dresser, B. Eur. iv. p. 387, pi. 243 (1874); id. Ibis, 1876, 
p. 180; Gordeaux, Ibis, 1875, p. 182: Danf. fy Sarvie Brown, 
t. c. p. 310; Seeb. 6j* Sardie Brown, Ibis, 1876, p. 119; Collett, 
P.Z.S. 1877, p. 47; David $ Oust Ois. Chine, p. 315 (1877); 
Seeb. Ibis, 1878, p. 34, 1882, pp. 217, 379 ; B. 0. U. List Br. B. 
p. 73 (1883); Ilensh. Auk, i. p. 263 (1884); Chapm. Ibis, 1885, 
p. 174; Dubois, Bull. Mus. R. Belg. iii. p. 223 (1884) ; Brooks, 
Ibis, 1885, p. 380; Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 59 (1886); A. 0. U. Check-l. 
N.Amer. B. p. 238 (1886); Bidgio. Mem. N. Amer. B. p. 348 
(18b7) ; Irby, Key-list Br. B. p. 21 (1888); Saunders, Man. Br. 
B. p. 249 (lbbfe) ;* Gigl Avif. Ital 1st Resoc. p. 119 (1889). 
Otoeorys cornuta, Cab. Mus. Sein. Th. i. p. 122 (1850). 
Otocoryx alpe&tris, Licht. Nomencl. p. 38 (1854). 
Alauda (Phiieremos) alpestiis, Schrenk, Reis. Amurl. p. 271 (1859); 
Radde, Reis. Sibir. p. 152, pi. Iii.fig.2 (1863). 
Otoeorys penicillata (nee Gould), Sioinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 94; Tristr. 
Ibis^lBm, p. 289. 
Otocoris nivalis, Gray, Sand-l B. ii. p. 117, no. 7735 (1870). 


Adult male in breeding -'plumage. General colour above ashy 
brown with a vinous shade, the back and rump with black centres 
to the feathers; the scapulars less distinctly marked; lesser and 
median coverts pale vinous, the latter with ashy margins; greater 
coverts, bastard-wing, and. primary-coverts dusky brown with hoary 
whitish edges and a slight vinous tinge; quills dusky brown, edged 
with ashy grey, the first primary externally white, the inner secondaries 
browner and more like the greater coverts; upper tail-
coverts pale vinous; centre tail-feathers ashy with black centres, 
the rest black, the outer feather white along the outer web ; hinder 
crown, nape, hind neck, and sides of neck pale vinous; forehead 
and a broad eyebrow white, followed by a broad band of black 
across the crown, which is produced backward into two black horn-
lets ; feathers round eye or eyelid, nasal plumes, lores, feathers 
below the eyes, and fore part of ear-coverts black, extending along 
the cheeks; ear-coverts yellowish white, dusky behind ; malar line 
and throat white, the latter tinged with yellow, extending on each 
side to the sides of the neck, and skiiting the black ear-coverts till 
it reaches to behind the eye and joins the white eyebrow ; a large 
patch of black on the fore neck, extending on to the lower throat; 
chest and remainder of under surface of body white; sides of breast 
clear vinous, paler on the sides of body, which are slightly streaked 
with blackish; thighs vinous; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white ; quills below dusky, the inner edge 
white : " bill greyish black, the base of the lower mandible bluish 
white; feet and claws brownish black, tinged with grey " ( W. Maeqillivray). 
Total length 6*8 inches, culm en 0*55, wing 4*25, tail 
2-9, tarsus 0*9. 

544 AIAUDIDJE. 

Adult female hi Ireeding-plumage. Browner than the male and 
not so strongly washed with vinous ; the black band on the crown not 
so strongly defined, and the hinder crown and nape brown, strongly 
mottled with blackish brown, the back also much more distinctly 
marked than in the male; the black on the throat and sides of face 
not so strongly developed as in the male, and the white forehead 
and throat strongly washed with yellow. Total length 6 inches, 
culmen 06, wing 4*1, tail 2-5, tarsus 0*85. 

Adults in winter plumage, Much browner than in summer, the 
black on the head, face, and throat entirely obscured by ashy or 
vinous-brown tips to the feathers ; the throat and cheeks, forehead, 
and eyebrow sulphur-yellow, and the white of the chest and upper 
breast sullied with dusky tips to the feathers; flanks much more 
reddish brown, and not so vinous as in summer. There is a strong 
shade of yellow not only over the white parts of the face and throat, 
but even over the adjacent brown portions of the feathers. This 
yellow shade gradually disappears from the eyebrow and facial 
markings as the summer progresses and the breeding-plumage 
becomes worn. The black bands on the crown and on the fore 

neck are developed by the shedding of the tips to the feathers. 
Nestling (newly hatched). Covered with tufts of down of a lax 
and feathery nature, of a pale yellow colour. 
Nestling (fully grown and able to fly). Everywhere spotted like 
a young (jame-bird on the upper surface ; the general aspect being 
blackish, thickly covered with spots of sandy buff, mostly triangular 
in shape; the quills and tail-feathers distinctly edged with sandy 
buff; throat yellow, extending behind the ear-coverts, and showing 
the black markings of the face of the adult; remainder of under 
surface of body white, tinged with yellow on the breast, the whole 
of the fore neck, chest, and sides of body washed with sandy buff 
and mottled with subterminal spots of black. 
I quite agree with Mr. Henshaw that the large Horned Lark of 
Europe cannot be separated from that of Xorth America. He 
thinks that there may be more than one race of the species in 
Europe, as a specimen from Southern Russia " differs markedly 
from the 0. alpestris of Northern Europe, and evidently represents 
a large and extremely pale race." This idea is not borne out by 
the specimens in the British Museum, an example from the Crimea 
being absolutely similar in colour to another from Norway; both 
are males, and have the wing 4*2 inches in length. 
The American specimens of 0. alpestris in winter are always 
more spotted with dull ashy on the chest, but otherwise the European 
and North-American examples appear to be precisely identical, 
and, like the Shore-Lark in its breeding-haunts in Europe, the 
specimens from Hudson's Bay and Labrador appear to gradually 
lose the yellow on the forehead and eyebrow. As a rule the larger 
size of the male is very apparent, and the black patch on the fore 
neck is larger and is more distinct than in the female, it being 

6 . 
OTOCOKYS. o45 
evident that the light edges are shed by the male sooner than in the 
female; the black on the face is therefore much more apparent. 
According to Mr. Ridgway the limits of the measurements of 

0. 
cdjpcstns should be as follows :— 
Adult male. Length about 7*5-8 inches, wing 4-2—1*6 (average 
441), taH 2-7-3-1 (2*98). 
Adult female. Wing 3-95-4*o5 (449), taH 2-5-3-1 (2-78). 
Hah. The northern portions of the Old and Uew "Worlds, breeding 

within the Arctic Circle, and going south in winter. 

a. $ ad. hiern. bt.
b, c, d. o ; e. 2 ad.;

f. Pall *k. 
g~h. d\' 1.2 ad. 
sk. 
m, «. J ad. *k. 

o. p. d" 2 af^-s^» 
q* 5 ad. te^tiv. sk. 
r, &. 6 2 <wl-: *• 
Pull. &k. 
?f-j/. Ad. *4. 

~, a\ £ § ad. sk. 

/A//. J: /',//. 2 

ad. -k. 
l\ Ad. .-k. 
»i', w'. 6 2 ^ sk. 
</, ]/, Ad. et juv. 

sk. 
<f, 2 ad sk. 

r'-vt. <5; v't w% «<•*'•

5 ad. .sk. 

2 a{** s^


y\

z'. (S ad. sk. 
a", tf ad. sk. 
//'. $ ad.sk. 
c". Ad. sk. 
cf". 2 ad. sk. 
e". S ad. sk. 
f'\ Ad. sk. 

y. $ ad, sk.» 
A", c? ad. sk. 

£". (^ ad. sk. 

k". 3 ad. sk. 

/". $ ad. sk. 

VOL. XIII. 

 Near Brighton, Sussex. Dec.
1882. 
Norway, May, Aug. to Sept.

Vad*o, Xorwav, June (Jff. 

W emiland, Sweden, Oct. 

(JT. Meves). 
Wermland, Oct. (IF. M.). 
Lapland (F. I). <?.). 
Qmekioek Fell, Lapland, 

July (if. Wheelwright). 
Heligoland, March, Oct., 
Nov. 
Heligoland, May (X. Gathe). 

Lower Petehora River, May, 
June {S. S. 6>- J. A. H. B.). 

X. Russia, April 23. 
Lisistrov, May 19. 
Crimea. 
Kaos-cttat, Ob River, Sept. 
21 (Dr. 0:Fm$ch). 
Yen-e-say Valley, June, 
July (-£&). 

Torgaschino, Krasnoyarsk, 

Dec. 29 (Kihori). 
Tobol River, Oct. 2. 
Omsk, Sept. 28. 
Trendyk, W. Siberia, Oct. 8. 
Altai Mountains, 
Siberia. 
Siberia (Swinhoe Coll.), 

Repulse Bay. 
Labrador {Dr. E. Cones). 

Montreal, Canada, April 8 
(Br. C. JET. Merria?n). 
Ortonagon, Michigan, Aug. 
10 (A. J. Dayan). 
Chicago, Illinois, March 26 

(E. K. Coale). 
Waukegan, III, April 24 

(R W. Nelson). 

 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Prof. R. Oollett PP.! 

Seebokni Ooll. 

R. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[p.]. 
Seebjhui Coll. 
Salvin-Godinan Ooll. 
Gould Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

11. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Seebohm Coll. 


Gould Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Gould Coil. 


Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 


Seebohm Coll. 


Seebohm Coll. 


SevertzoffColL 
SevertzofFOoll. 
SevertzoffColL 
Gould Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebohm Ooll. 
Dr. Rae [P.]. 
Henshaw Coll. [S.


G.]. 
Henshaw Coll. [S.G.]. 
Henshaw Coll. [S.G.]. 
Henshaw Coil. [S.G.]. 
Henshaw Coll. [S.G.]. 


2x 

54:6 
ALAUDIDJE. 
m"-f. $; u"-w". Ipswich, Mass., Oct., Nov. Henskaw Coll [S.9ad.
sk. (W. Brewster). G.]. 
v" J ad sk. Belmont, Mass., Oct. 28 Henshaw Coll. rS.


{W.Breivster). G.J. 
v" s" rf 2 ad. sk. Leyden, New York, Feb. Henshaw Coll. [S.J 
' (C. II Merriam). G.]. 
«3 63 2 ad sk. Long* Island, New York, Salvin-Godman Coll. 

' * Feb. 22 (jy. IT. Henshaic). 
e3 ^3 r? ad. sk. New Haven, Connecticut, Henshaw Coll. [S.' 
Dec. 27 {A. J. Dayan). G.]. 


a& s^.

ea f, S 2 Washington, D.G., Jan,, Feb. Sarrin-Godman Coll. 
(H.W.H.). 

(p. Ad. sk. Washington, Aug. 11 (C. Henskaw Coll. 7S.B. 
Schmidt). G.'. 
A3, P. cJ 2 ad. sk. Washington, Dec, Feh. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(S. F. Baird § E. Cones: 
Sni. nos. 25247, 26UG0}. 
k3. Skeleton. Europe. Zoological Society. 

Subsp. a. Otocorys chrysolsema. 

Alauda cornuta (?zec Wils.\ Swains. ZooL Journ. i. p. 484 (1827). 
Alauda chiysulaema, Wagler, Isis, 1831, p. 300 ; Bp. P. Z. S. 18-37, 

p. 111. 
Otocorys rufa, Ileerm. P. P. P. Pej). x. p. 45, pi. vi. (1859). 
Otocoris ehrvsokvma, Bp. Consp. i. p. 246 (1850); Gray, Hand-IB. 
ii. p. 117, no. 7739 (1870). 
Otocorys chrysolsema, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 122 (1850); Finscft, 
AbhandL nat. Ver. Bremen, ii. p. 341 (1871). 
Otocoryx cornuta {nee Wih). Licht. Xomencl. p. 39 (1854). 
Eremophila cornuta, var. chrvsolsema, Baird, B. X. Amer. p. 403 

(1858). 
Eremophila chrysolsema, Sol. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 372: id. Oat. Amer. 

B. p. 126 (1803). 
Eremophila alpestris. var. chrvsolsenia, Cove*, Key Xt Amer. B. 
p. 89 (1872); id. B. X.-West, p. 38 (lb74); Baird, Brewer, $ 
Pidgw. Hist. X. Amer. B. ii. p. 140 (1S74){ Hensh. Pep. IQQth 
Merid. p. 310 (1875). 
Eremophila 
alpestris ekrvsolasma, Conesf Clteck-l. p. 32 (1882); id. 
Key X. Amer. B. i. p. 282 (1884); Hensk. Auk i. p. 203 (1884) ; 

A. O. U. Check-L p. 239 (1886) ; Pidgio. Man. X. Amer. B. p. 349 
(1887). 
Similar to O. alpestris, but much smaller, and with a rich yellow 
throat; the prevailing colour much more ruddy, and not so vinous. 
The yellow colour of the throat is sometimes so pale that it approaches 
that of 0. arenicdla,) but as a rule it is very strongly 
marked• but this is more the case with the Mexican than with the 
Californian examples, which tend towards O. strigata. 

Mr. Bidgway's measurements are as follows:—Adult male. 
Length about 6*75-7*25 inches, wing 3*8-4*15 (3*99), tail 2-8-3*0 
(2-91). Adult female. Length about 6*5-7*0 inches, wing 3*7o3-
8 (3-78), tail 2-7-2-8 (2-75). 

6. OTOCOBYS. 
547 
The series in the Salvin-Godman Collection give the following 
dimensions:—Males, from the Valley of Mexico, wing 3*75-4*l 
inches ; females, from the Valley of Mexico, wing 3*6-4*05 : males, 
from Jalapa, wing 4*0-4*15; female, from Jalapa, wing 8*8 : males, 
from Puebla, wing 3*8-4*2; female, from Puebla, wing 3*65. 

Hob. Tablelands of Mexico, extending north to southern New 
Mexico and Arizona, and westward across Southern California to 

the coast (Eidgway, Man. p. 849). 

a. Ad. sk. Mexico. 
h. Ad. sk. 
c. Ad. sk. 
d. $ hum. sk. 
I, m. 2 ad. sk. 
nt o. Ad. sk. 
p-w. 3; x-b\ $ 

ad. sk. 

c\d\ S; e'. 2 
ad. sk. 


f'-k'.d; J. $ad. 
sk. 
;«', ?i, o'. 3 ad. et 
juv. sk. 
p'-w'. d; y-z'> ? 

ad. sk. 

a". $ ad. sk. 

b",c". Ad.sk. 

#', e". 3 $ ad. sk. 

f'-h". 6 ad. sk. 

i"-k". <S ad. sk. 

J"-n". 6 ad. sk. 
o"~q". 6\r"ys"\ 

$ ad. sk. 
t". 6 ad. sk. 


u". Ad. sk 

San Luis Potosi, July 

( W. B. Richardson). 
Vera Cruz (A. SalU). 
Las Vigas, Aug. (Ferrari-
Perez) . 
Jalapa, 6000 feet, July (W. 


B. Richardson). 
City of Mexico. 

Valley of Mexico, Jan., 
April, Aug. (Ferrari-
Perez) . 

S. 
Miguel Molino, Huejotzingo, 
Feb. {Ferrari-
Perez). 
Puebla, Jan.-April (F. D. 
^*)* 

Santa Barbara, Oal., Sept. 

(H. W. If.). 
San Diego, Cal., Dec, Jan., 
March, July (L. Belding 
§ F. Stephens). 

Coyote Well, OaL, Dec. 1 

(F. Stephens). 
Mojave Desert, Cal., Oct. 
28 (H. W. Henshaw). 
San G-orgonio, Cal., Feb. 
23 (H. W. JS.). 
Riverside, Southern California, 
Feb. 17. 
Colton, Cal, March (R. 

B. Her ron). 
Marin Co., Cal., April (C. 
A. Allen). 
San Francisco, Sept., Oct. 
(jar. W.H.). 
Tucson, Arizona, Dec. 21 

(Herbert Broion). 

Sumass Prairie, British 
Columbia. 

Purchased. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Hensliaw Coll. 

[S,G.]. 
Henshaw Coll. 

[S.-G.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Wrilson Crewdson, 

Esq. [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Henshaw Coll. 
[S.-G.]. 

J. K. Lord, Esq. [O.]. 
Subsp. /3. Otocorys peregrina. 

Otocoris chrysolaimus, Bp. Atti So. Hal. 1845, p. 405 (nee Wagl). 
Otocoris peregrina, Scl P. Z. S. 1855, p. 110, pi. 102 Gray, Hand-l. 

B. ii. p; 117, no. 7742 (1870). 
Eremophila peregrina, Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 127 (1862). 
2 N-2 

ALATJDIDJ5. 

Adult Similar to 0. clmjsolcema, with the throat as deep yellow 
and the 'rufous colour as brightly contrasted, but distinguished by 
the coarse black stiipes on the sides of the body and flanks. The 
winter plumage is very dark, blacker than in any of the other races 
of Horned Lark. Total length 5*5-6*0 inches, cubien 0*5-0*55, 
wing 3-65-3-8, tail 2-3, tarsus 0*8. 

Hob. U.S. Colombia. 

a, h, c. <S ad.; d, e. $ Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
' ad.: /. Jnv. sk. 
a, h. 6 ad.; i. JUT, sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll. (Types 
of species.) 

h. 6 ad. sk. Bogota. Gould Coll. 
Subsp. y. Otocorys rubea. 

Alauda rufa (nee Gin.), Avduh. B. Am. viii. p. BBS, pi. 497 (1843). 

Otocoris alpestris rubea, Heinh. Auk, i. p. 203 (1884); A. O. U. 

Check-l p. 240 (1&8G); Bidgic. Man. K. Am. B. p. 349 (1887)• 

Jeffries, Auk, vi. p. 222 (1880). 

Similar to 0. ehrysolceiaa, from which It is scarcely distinguishable, 
but it is more ruddy in colour, and the back becomes uniform vinous-
red without any streaks. The following are Eidgway's measurements 
:— 

Adult male. Length about 0*5-7*0 inches, wing 3*7-4*1 (3*8b), 
tail 2*6-2*9 (2*74). 
Adult female. Length about 0*5 inches, wing 3*5-3*7 (3*01), 
tail 2*35-2-65 (2*49)/ 

The Oaxaca male has the wing 3*9 inches, and the females 3*553*
75. The two Zacatecas females measure 3*6-3*7 Inches in the 
wing. 

The specimens from San Francisco are considered by Mr. Henshaw 
and Mr. Eidgway to be intermediate between 0. sirigaia and O. 
rubea. 

Hah Interior valleys of California (ef. Eidgw. Mon. p. 34D), and 
ranging into Central Mexico. 

a, b, c. Ad. sk. California. Lord Walsingham [P.]. 

d. Ad. sk. California. Tweeddale Coll. 
e,f. $ § ad- sk, Marvsville and Stockton, Henshaw Coll. "S.-G."*. 
Cal., Feb. (L. Belding). (Types of O. "rubea.) 
<?. $ ad. sk. Banning, Cal., April 23 G. Frean Morcom, Esq. 
{F.Stephens). [P.]. 

h. 
$ ad. &k. Bear Valley, Cal., Aug. G. Frean Morcom, E&q. 
6 (F. Stephens). [P.]. 
^ k. cT § ad. sk. Gridley, Cal., Oct. 22 (L. Henshaw Coll. [S.-GJ. 
Belding). 
I $ fcd. sk. Salt Springs, Cal, spring Salvin-Godman Coll. 


(H. W. Henshaw). 
«i, n, o. <3) p, q. $ Eed Bluff, N. Cal., April, Henshaw CoU. [S.-GA 
ad.sk. 'K^j(C.H.Towmend). 

6. OTOCORTS. 54 9 
r-x. d; y-e\ $
, a f • sk.
d', e'. $ ad. * f',g'. 
San Erancisco, Gal., Sept. 
18 (S. W. JET.). 
Zacatecas, Mexico, Feb., 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Poll. sk.
h'. d1 ad.; i', h', I'.
2 ad. etjuv. sk. 
Aug. (W. B. Richardson), 
Oaxaca, March (M. Trujillo). 
Salvin-Godman Coll 

Subsp. c. Otocorys giraudi. 

Alauda minor (nee Gm.), Giraud, B. Texas (1841): Set. B.Z.S. 
1855, p. 66. 
Otocoris minor (nee Gm.), Gray. Hand-l B. ii. p. 117, no. 7740 
(1870). 
Eremophila alpestris ckrysokenia, Bennett, Bvll GeoL Surv. iv. p. 9 
(1878). * 
Otocorrs alpestris giraudi, EensJi. Auk. i. p. 263 (1884); A. 0. U. 
Check-l p. 239 (188G) ; Ridgw. Man! X. Amer. B. p. 349 (1887). 

Similar to 0. ehnjsolcema, but yellow on the chest, this yellow 
colour very well marked, and in winter strongly mottled with 
blackish ends to the feathers. As a rule the yellow on the chest is 
well-developed, only two specimens lacking the yellow tinge altogether. 
The winter plumage is very grey compared with that of 
the allied races. 

Adult male. Length about 6*50-6-75 inches, wing 3-80-3*85 
(3*83), tail 2-6 {Ridgway). 
Adult female. Length about 5*8-6-0 inches, wing about 3*5, tail 
2-35 {Ridgway). 
Hah. Eastern and South-eastern Texas (Ridgway, Man. p. 349). 

a, b. S 9. ad. sk. Texas (67. B. Bennett). Henshaw Coll. 
rs.-G.]. 
c-t. (S [W. 3*6-3*9]; Corpus Christi, Texas, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
«. $ ad. sk. [W. Oct., Nov., Feb., March, 
3*85]. (F. B. Armstrong). 

Subsp. e. Otocorys strigata. 

Eremophila minor, Scl Cat Amer. B. p. 120 (1862). 
? Eremophila alpestris (nee Z.), Belding, Proe. U.S. Nat Mus. i. 

p. 423 (1879). 
Otocoris alpestris strigata, Hensh. Auk, i. p. 264 (1S84) • A. O. U. 
Chech-l. p. 240 (1886); Bidgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 349 (1887) * 
Merrell, AuJc} vi. p. 257 (1889). 
Similar to O. clirysolcema, but with the yellow colour distributed 
over the entire breast and abdomen. The dark coloration of the 
back, from which circumstance the bird was named strigata by 
Mr. Henshaw, does not seem to me at all a strongly pronounced 
character, and the race altogether is not very well distinguished. 
Several specimens are marked by Messrs. Henshaw and Ridgway 

550 Ajjwmvxi. 

as intermediate between 0. stru/ata and 0. arenicola, and many of 
thorn soom to mo to bo intermediate between 0. stru/ata and 0. 
giraudi. 

Adult male. Length about 0-75-7-25 inches, wing 3-70-4-1 
(3-94), tail 2-7-3-05 (2-88) (Ridyway). 
Adult female. Length about 6-25-6-5 inchos, wing 3-6-3-85 
(3-61), tail 2-5-2-8 (2-62) (Rklgway). 

Hah. Coast-district of Oregon, Washington Territory, and British 
Columbia; south, in winter, to portions of California and Western 
Novada (Ridgw. Man. p. 349). 

a. Ad. sk. California. Sclater Coll. 
b, e. S 2 ad. sk.
d. <3 ad. sk.
e. 2 ad. sk.
f. 9 ad. sk.
ff, h. cf 2 ad. sk. 
Gridley, Cal., Oct. 25 (L. 
lidding). 
San Lids Obispo, Cal., Oct. 
26 (H. W. II.). 
Marin Co., Cal., April {A. 
A. Alien). 
Santa Barbara, Cal., Sept. 
14 (II. W. H.). 
Albany, Oregon, Jan. 22 
Henshaw Coll. 
[S.-G.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Henshaw Coll. 
[S.-G]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
i,k,l. cjj m,n.
(II. W. II.). 
Umatilla Agency, Oregon, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
?; o. Juv. sk.
p-d. (S\ h'-m',
2 ad. sk. 
Aug. (II. W. II.). 
Carson, Nevada, Nov. 
W. II.). 
(II. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

7. MELANOCORYPHA. 
Type. 
Melanocoryplia, Bote, Isis, 1828, p. 322 M. calandra. 
Calandra, Less. Compl. Buff. ii. p. 120 (1837) M. calandra, 
Londra, Sykes, F. Z. S. 1838, p. 114 M. calandra. 
Corydon, Oloc/er, Ilandb. p. 264 (1842, nee Lesson 

(1828) M. calandra. 
Calandvina, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxiv. p. 205 
(1859) ' M. birnaculata. 
Nigrilauda, Bogdanoff, Trans. N. H. Soc. Kasan, viii. 

p. 76 (1879) M. yeltonienais. 
Pallasia, E. von Homeyer, J.f.O. 1873, p. 190 ... . M. inongolica. 
Wing of Melanocoryplia calandra, to showfirst primary. 

Range. Southern Europe and the countries bordering the Mediterranean 
eastwards, Central Asia, and N.W. India. 

7* MEL1K0C0RYPHA. 

551 

Key to the Species* 

a. Outer secondaries merely tipped with white. 
a!. Outer tail-feather nearly entirely white, excepting 
an oblong brown mark at the base of 
the inner web; penultimate tail-feather white 
at tip and along the whole of the outer web. 

a1'. Smaller: culmen 0*65inch, wing5-1 inches; 
chest washed with burl calandra, p. 551. 

V. 
Much larger: culmen 0*95 inch, wing 5*7 
inches ; chest washed with ashy grey ... . maxima, p. 554. 
b'. Outer tail-feather tipped with a spot of white 
at the end of the inner web, resembling the 
rest of the tail-feathers in markings bimaculata, p. 555. 

b. Outer secondaries almost entirely white with a 
blackish base; crown and wing-coverts bright 
rufous, 
c'. 
Smaller: primary-coverts rufous; no black 
patch on the sides of the fore neck sibirica, p. 557. 

(V. Larger: primary-ccrv erts brown; a large black 
patch on the sides of the fore neck mongolica, p. 558. 
c. 
Outer secondaries not tipped with white; entire 
plumage black; 9 streaked with black on the 
flank* yeltoniensis, p. 559. 
1. Melanocorypha calandra. 
The Calandra, Edwards, Gleanings, ii. p. 122, pi. 268 (1760). 
La Grouse Aluuelte on la Calandre, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 352, pi, xx. 
fig. 2 (1700). 
Alauda calandra, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 288 (1766): Gm. Syst. Nat. 

i. p. 799 (1788); Meyer § Wolf, Taschenb. p. 261 (1810); Pall. 
Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 517 (1811); Temm. Man. W Orn. i. p. 276 
(1S20) ; Naum. Vdg. Betdschl. iv. pi. 98. fig. 1 (1824); Roux, Orn. 
Provence, pi. 185 (1825); Werner, Atlas, Granivores, pi. 2 (1827); 
Menetr. Cat Rats. Cam. p. 37 (1832); Gould, B. Ear. iii. pi. 162 
(1837); Cresj). Orn. Gard, p. 198 (1840) ; Nordm. in Bemid. Voy. 
Russ. Merid. iii. p. 168 (1840); SchL Rev. Crit p. lx (1844) ; 
Poicys, Ibis, 1860, p. 230 ; Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 61; Lilford, Ibis, 
1866, p. 185; Bree, B. Eur. ii. p. 195, cum fig. (1867); Smith, 
Ibis, 1868, p. 443: Saunders, Ibis, 1869, p. 185; Fritsch, Vdg. Eur. 
tab. xvi. fig. 17 (1870); Slices $ Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 195; 
Harting, Kandb. Br. B. p. Il l (1872); Wright, Ibis, 1874, p. 234; 
Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 79 (1875); Cordeaux, Ibis, 1875, p. 181; 
Finsch, Reis. West-Sibir. p. Il l (1879); Danf. Ibis, 1880, p. 95 ; 
Eomeyer # Tancri, MT. om. Ver. Wien, 1883, p. 90; Seebohn, 
Mist. Br. B. ii. p. 282 (1884). 

La Calandre, Baubent. PI. Enl. v. pi. 3G3. fig. 2. 
La Calandre ou Grosse Alouette, Month. Hibt. Nat. Ois. p. 49 (1788). 
Alauda collaris, P.L. S. Mull Syst. Nat., Anhang, p. 137 (1776). 
Calandre Lark, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt.2, p. 382 (1783). 
Melanocorypha calandra, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 322; Brehm, Vdg. 


Beutschl. p. 309 (1831); Bp. Corny. List B. Eur. # N Amer. 

p. 38 (1838); Keys, u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 153 (1840) ; MuUe, 
Beitr. Orn. Griechenl p. 38 (1844); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p 381 (1844); 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 242 (1850); Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 23 (1850); 
Horsf. § Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. ii. p. 470 (1856); Jaub. 
AIAUDIDJ3. 

et Bartk,LaPomn. Rick. O^^Q^hJ^^ s ™%> 

7&r Ibis 1808, p. 208; Borggr. Togelf. Xorddeutschl. p. 
am-Boclerl A SM. p.81 (1869); Gray, ^«-f • f; 
p POno 7780 (1870) ; /Sfc/ww?. Faun. ItaL, Lee. p. 131 (lb/1); 
Sabers, Ibis, 1871, p 217 ; IWr , if.^/r IT. p. &J5, pL 238. 
fio- 1 pi 239 (1871); Gould, B. GL Br.m. pi. 19 (16/2j ; tf/Wtey, 
B BtiVPt, P. 1^3 (1872): 5;w>*e, I&s, 1873. p. 245; Severtz. 

TuriltJelin. pp. C6 143 (1873) ^t.e d Yarrell BritB. i. 
x, 646 (1874); I?%, 5. Gzbr. p. 114 (18/ o); Banf. ^ Marrw 

p. 15(3 (1886); . ... . 
IJ«, 1888.p. 113; Gujl.Adf.Ital. 1st Itesocy. 110 {lfcfcU); Lilforil, 
Ibis, 1889, p. 324; (Jlark^t. c. p. .*i40. 
Jlelanoconpha calandra t-ubcalundra, Brelo/i, Fog. DevMtl p. 310 

(1831); "2V/. 3«WM. IfeoU, p. 374. 
3Ielanocoryplia calandra albigulari-, Brehm, Xaum. 1K"]0, p. 374. 
Melaiiocorvpha calandra megarhynelu s. BreJua, t. c p. 374. 
Melanoeorypha calandra semitorquata, Brefua, t. c. p. 374. 
Londra calandra, fykes, P. £. #. 1KJ8, p. 114. 
Melanocoryplia bimaeulata (nee Meneir.), tifiarpe, Ibis, lfc80, p. 497 

(lapsu) { id. Trans. Linn. Soe. (2) Z00L v. part 3, p. ^2 (L-89). 
^MZ< male. General colour above brown, with fulvescent edges 
to the feathers of the mantle and blackish centres to all the feathers, 
except those of the lower hack, rump, and upper tail-coverts, which 
are uniform brown washed with ashy, the latter with tawny fulvous : 
crown of head like the back and similarly streaked, the hind^neek 
and sides of neck a little more ashy ; lesser wing-coverts uniform 
ashy brown; remainder of wing-coverts and quills dark brown, with 
tawny rufous margins not very conspicuous and washed with ashy; 
the inner primaries and all but the innermost secondaries tipped 
with white, the outer primary white along the outer wth : tail-
feathers dark brown with rufescent brown margins, all but the centre 
feathers with a slight edging of white at the ends, this white gradually 
increasing on the lateral tail-feathers, until on the penultimate 
feather there is not only a broad white tip, but the whole outer 
web is white with a slight rufous shade near the end; outer tail-
feather entirely white, excepting for an oblique mark of brown 011 
the base of the inner web and a rufous shade near the end of the 
outer web; lores and a broad eyebrow sandy white ; below the 
eye several tiny blackish dots, which extend on to the ba<e of 
the ear-coverts, which are brown with sandy-buff shaft-streaks; 
cheeks buffy white, spotted with dusky blackish spots ; a large patch 
of creamy white on the sides of the neck behind the ear-coverts; 
entire throat white, with a large triangular black patch on each 

7 . MELAKOCORYPHA. 
553 

side of the lower throat, extending downwards on to the side of 
the fore neck ; remainder of under surface of hody white, with a 
large brown patch on the sides of the upper breast, slightly mottled 
with darker brown spots and tinged with tawny rufous; the fore 
neck spctted with small triangular markings of black ; sides of body, 
flanks, and thighs ashy brown with a rufous tinge ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries ashy grey ; quills blackish below, with the 
same white tips as the upper surface: " bill horn-colour; feet brown; 
iris hazel"' (H. J. Elwes). Total length 8 inches, culmen 0*65, 

wing 5*1, tail 2-4, tarsus 0*95. 

The length of wing in a series of male birds is from 5*0 to 5*75 
inches, and the females have the wing 4-45-4-85 ; so that there 
is a considerable interval in the dimensions between the wing of the 
largest female and that of the smallest male. 


In addition to the smaller size, the female is generally more rufous 
than the male, and has the throat more plentifully spotted with 
black, and the black patch on the sides of the neck is smaller. 


Very little ^ariation in colour takes place in a series of the 
common Calandru, Lark, but the spots on the chest become diminished 
in bize ab the breeding-season progresses and those on the 
face aie obliterated. Specimens from Turkestan and other eastern 
countrie& are slightly paler and greyer than western birds. 

Jfab. Southern and Central Europe and the countries of the 
Mediterranean eastwards through Persia to Central Asia and the 
Altai dhtrict and south to Northern Afghanistan. 

a. 
Ad. sk. [With deformed bill.] Zoological Society. 
Marseilles. Gould Coll. [Wing 
h. [d]ad. sk. 4-9.] 
Lambesc, near Marseilles, Seebohm Coll. 
e. 3 
ad. sk. Jan. 5. [Wing 5-25.] 
Malaga, Nov. 15 (JET. SaunHume 
Coll. [W7ing 
d. 2 ad. sk. ders) . 
4-6.] 
e. 2 a<l. a^-Seville, March 1 (H. &). Tweeddale Coll. 
/, ff. 2 ad. sk. Ruins of Carthage, Tunis, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Feb. 19 (O. &). [Wings 4-45-4-6.] 
L I 2 ] ad. sk. 

Purchased. [Wing 
Italy. 4-65.] 
/. g ad. sk. Seebohm Coll. 
Italy. [Wing 5-L] 

k. S' ad. sk. India Museum [P.]. 
Rome, Jan. (P. L. Sclater). [WiDg 5'35.j 
h m-1 $ ] aci skSalvin-Godman Coll. 
Macedonia (II J-JElwes). [Wings 4-55-4-65.] 
Shelley Coll. 

/i. g ad. sk. 

Turkey, July 20 (T.Ilobson). [Wing 5-15.] 

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
o. ld~ ad. sk. 
Kart liana, Turkey, Feb. 8 [P.]. [Wing 5-4.] 
Seebohm Coll. 

|j. $ ad. sk. (JF. Pearce). 

[Wing 5-5.] 
Gould Coll. [Wing 

11. Alma, Crimea, March 23 
q. IS 
I ad. sk. (II J. Mwes). 
Crimea. 
fr2.] 

r. [Jjad.sk. 
Purchased. [Wing 
Moscow. 

0-1.] 

ALATTDID^. 

s. 
$ ad. sk. Domaktea, Anatolia, Feb. Seebohm Coll. 
(C.G.Danford). ~\Ving 4-8.] 
t, u. $ ad. sk. Limasol, Cyprus, May 7. Lord Liliord "P.". 
[Wing 5*0.] 

v,zo.[d 21 ad. sk, . Alexandria (S. S. Allen). Hume Coll. [_Winsrs 
4-3-5-15.1 

x.[<$] ad. sk. Palestine (E. B. Trhtrarn). Shelley Coll. 

y. 
J ad. sk. Sudeir, Wilderness of Judaea, Tweeddale Coll 
Feb. 1 (H. B. T). [Wing 4-9.] 
%. $ ad. sk. Plain of Sharon. Canon Tristram CV~ 

[Wing 4795r 

a'. <$ ad. sk. Merom. 
Canon Tristram C. . 

[Wing 5*25? 

£'. [ 6 ] ad. sk. Erzerotim. 
Zoological Society. 

[Wing 5*4-5.[ 

c'. Ad. sk. Persia. 
Purchased. 

<£'. ^ ad. &k. Shiraz, May. Sir 0. St. John TV. 

e'. J ad. sk. Bu&hire, Feb. Sir 0. St. John *C.~. 

/'. tf ad. sk. Bushire. Jan. 27. A. J. Y. PalmeiyEscx. 
[P.[. 
[/, ti. <$ ad. sk. Petro-Alexandrovsk, Dec, Severtzoff Coll. 
Jan. [Wings 5*l-5*25.[ 
i\ $ ad. sk. Ala Kul, Turkestan, March Geogr. Sue. Bremen." 
19 (Br, 0. Fintch). 
#, /'. <$] m\ 2 ad. Ferghana, April, May. Severtzoff Coll. ' d 
sk. 5-15-5-3.>, ? 4-<J5.[ 
»'. [J ] ad. sk. Sang-bar, X. Afghanistan, Di\ Aitehi-on C.[. 

Nov. 8. 

o', //. J ad. sk. Bala lEorghab. Jan. 17. Br. Aitchi-son [C.[. 

#', r', $'. Skeletons. 
Purchased. 

2. Melauocoryplia maxima. 
Melanucorypha 
maxima, Gould, B. Asia, iv. pi. 72 il^in I ; BIyfli, 
Ibis, 1867, p. 40, in te; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 120. no. 7785 f 1870) ; 
Hume, titr. F. i. p. 492 Cl.^7-3): Prjnr. in lioicltif* Orti. Mine. ii. 

p. tfl7 (1877); Hume, Sir. F. lr-70," p. 109 : SvL iht*. 18-4. p. 242. 
Alauda maxima,tie&hohm, IIi>t. Br. B. ii. p. 2^2 flK84j. 
Adult nude in winttr plumage. Similar to 31. mlctudra, but very 
much larger, with a longer and thinner bill, the back, rump, and 
upper tail-coverts much more tawny rufous, the hind neck and sides 
of the neck decidedly more ashy, the black mark on the sides of the 
neck much reduced in size, and the foi e neck and chest ashy grey 
with only a few triangular spots on the lower throat, the.se being 
nearly obsolete. Total length 0 inches, oilmen 1, wing ~rtt, tail 
3*15, tarsus 1*15. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but smaller and with a smaller 
bill. Total length 8 inches, culm en 0*05, wing 5*25, tail 2*7, 
tarsus 1*1. 

In the breeding-season the plumage becomes extremely dark, 
owing to the abrasion of the light edges to the feathers, and the 
upper surface is almost uniform blackish brown. 

7 . MELAN-OCOHYPHA. 
555 

The wing in the males from the PrjewalsM Collection, presented 
by Mr. Seebohm, measures 5*75-5*9 inches, and in the female 
Q-2D inches. Unfortunately the large series from the Hume Collection 
has scarcely any determination of the sexes. Supposed males vary 
in length of wing from 5*7 to 6*05 inches, and supposed females 
from 5*1 to 5*4 inches. 

Young birds have the usual mottled plumage of immature Larks 
at first, but with a great deal of sulphur-yellow on the under surface, 
the breast being largely spotted with black. The feathers of the 
upper surface quickly lose their pale margins, and the head and back 
become almost uniform black. 

Bab. Higher regions of Sikhim and the adjoining portions of 
Thibet to Kansti and Kokonoor. 

a, b. Ad. et pull. Sikhim. Seebohm Coll. 

sk. 
(-f. Ad. sk. Sikhim, May, Sept. (L. Mandelli). Hume Coll. 
ij~s. Ad.; t-w. Thibet frontier, Oct. (L. Mandelli). Hume Coll. 

PuU.sk. 

x. Ad. sk. Thibet frontier, Sept. (II. J. Elwes). Tweeddale Coll. 
y~o\ Ad.: p'-r'. Thibet, March, May to Oct. (L. Hume Coll. 
Juv. sk. Mandelli). 
w\ cS ad. sk. Zaidam, Nov. (N. Prjeivalshi). Seebohm Coll. 
J.'. $ ad. sk. Kansu, Oct. (K. PrjewalsM). Seebohm Coll. 
y'-a". 6 ad.: b". Kokonoor, Feb., March (N. Prje- Seebohm Coll. 

2 ad. sk. ivalski). 
e'\ (S ad. sk. Kokonoor, March (N. P.). St. Petersburg 
Museum [C.]. 

3, Melanocorypha bimaculata. 

Alauda bimaculata, Menetr. Cat. Rats. Cane. p. 37 (1832); E. von 
Homeyer, J. f, 0.1800, p. 51; Danf. Ibis, 1880, p. 95 ; Seebohm, 
Hist. Brit. JB. ii. p. 282 (1884). 

Melanocorypka bimaculata, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. fy N. Amer. p. 37 
{\m%){Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 381 (1844); Sharpe, Ann. § Mag. 
Nat. Hist. (4) viii. p. 180 (1871); Dresser, B. Eur. iv. p. 361, 
pi. 238. figs. 2, 3 (1871) ; Severtz. Turhest Jevotn. pp. 67, 143 
(1873) ; Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 244 (1876); Dresser, Ibis, 1876, 

p. 183; Danf. Ibis, 1878, p. 21; Bogd. B. Cave. p. 76 (1879) ; 
Bume, Str. P. 1879, y. 109; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 89; Scully, 
t c. p. 580; C Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 115 • Seel. Ibis, 1883, p. 12 ; 
Trutr. Faun. $ Flor. Palest, p. 81 (1884); Badde, Orn. Cave. 
p. 201 (1884) ; St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 173. 
Melanocorypka calandra (nee L.), Bi'vpp. Syst. Uebers. p. 78 (1845, 
pt.). 
Melanocorypha torquata, Blyth, J. A. S. Bene/, xvi. p. 476 (1847); 
id. Ibis, 1867, pp. 46, 47; Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 180; Hume, 
Ibist 1868, p. 239; Blyth, t. c. p. 355 ; Gray, Band-l. B. ii. p. 120, 
no. 7782 (1870); Burnt \ Benders. Lahore to Yarh p. 265, pi.27 
(1873) ; Adam, Str. F. 1873, p. 389 ; Scully, Str. F. 1876, p. 173. 

Melanocorypha alboterminata, Cab. Mm. Bein. Th. i. p. 124 (1856) ; 
Bewjl. J.f.O. 1868, p. 221; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pi. % p. 675 
(187*0); Gray, Band-l. B. ii. p. 120, no. 7784 (1870). 

Alauda calandra (nee L.), Midd. Beis. Sibir., Zool. p. 132 (1851). 

ALATTDXD^E. 

556 

Melanocorypha rufescens, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 120 (1855). 
Melanocorypha bimaculata, 0. minor, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 67 
(1873); Dresser, Ibis, 1&7<3, p. Ifc3. 

Adult male. Similar to 31. calandra, but of a more tawny appearance, 
and with generally a distinctly indicated pale mantle. 
It is easily separated by the colour of the tail, all the feathers 
having a large white spot at the tip of the inner web. the outer 
tail-feather not being entirely white, but resembling the other ones 
excepting that it is white along the outer web. The outer tail-
feather of M. bimaculata resembles the penultimate feather of 31. 
calandra. " Bill horny brown or blackish horny on upper mandible, 
the lower one greenish horny, changing to yellow at base and gape; 
legs and feet fleshy, or yellowish fleshy, more or less dusky at 
joints: claws dusky: iris brown, in some light brown" (A. 0. 
Hume). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 4*85, tail 2*2. 
tarsus 1. 

The males have the wing 4*6 to 4*9 inches, and the females vary 
from 4*2 to 4-5 inches in length of wing. There is no difference in 
the colour of the sexes. 

In the winter plumage the general tone of the colour is somewhat 
greyer, and the light edgings to the wing-covertb are broader, 
but there is very little seasonal change in the species. 

Hob. Prom Xorth-eastem Africa to Syria and Asia Minor, thence 
to the Caucasus and Persia to Cuitral A^ia ta> far m> Lkutbk and 
Krasnoyarsk, and south to Afghanistan and Xorth-we^ttrn India. 

a. Ad. sk. Abjsainia. Slutrpe Coll. 
Ana>cha, Tauru>, March, J^eebohm Coll. 
b, c. d ? ad. sk. 

April (C. G. Danford). 

d. J ad. sk. Anaselia." April 0 ( C. G. D.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e. <$ ad. sk. SAY. of Kantian,fc>. Persia. W. T. Bianfurd, Esq. 
May 2± 
/. 
<$ ad. sk. Kokand, C. Asia (Dr. Twneddale Coll. 
Severfzoff). 

g. $ ad. sk. Ferghana, Mav 22. Severtz* »ff Coll. 
h. J ad. sk. Turkestan, May 30. Severtzoft* Coll. 
i 2 ach sk. Yarkand, Feb. (J. Scully). Hume Coll. 
k, I 6 $ ad. sk. Grulran, X. Afghanistan, Dr. Aitchison "C."\ 
March 9. 
m, n, o. Ad. sk.. PiLshut, Afghanistan (Dr. India Museum. 
Griffith). 
P, q. 6\r.% Kandahar, Feb., March. Col C. Swinhoe'P.". 
ad. sk. 

s. [ <$ ] ad. sk. Kelat-i-Glrilzai, Oct. 15 II ii me Coll. 
(Sir 0. St John I 
t.[<$] ad.sk. Kelat(0. T.Duhe). Hume Coll. 
u7 v. d; w. $ ad. Near Sehwan, Hind, Jan. Hume Coll. 


sk. ^ { W. T. Blanford). 
.v-z. cJ; «'• $ 


ad. Samhbur Lake, Dec, Jan. Hume Coll. 
sk. 


(It 31. Adam). 

Beaur, 30 miles from Hume Coll. 
Ajmere, Jan- 4 (A.O.R.). 

II. i ad. sk. 
d. $ ad. sk. West of Jodhpur, Feb. 1 Hume Coll, 
(A. 0. H.). 
7 . MELANOCOEYPHA. 
557 

d',e'. <$ $ ad. bk. Gurgaon district, Jan. Hume Col]. 

{W.K Chill). 
f. Ad. sk. Bhawulpur, Jan. 15 (C Hume Coll. 
H. T.M.). 
(j'-an. ($; b"-h". Sirza district, Punjab, Hume Coll. 
5 ad. sk. NOT., Dec, Jan. (A. 

0. H.). 
i". Ad. sk. Peshawar. Col. Way. 
k". $ ad. sk. Gilgit, Nov. 10, 5000 ft. Col. Bicldulph [C.]. 
l"-ri'. c? ad. sk. Umbala, Feb. (Dr. Scott). Tweeddale Coll. 
o"-r". Ad. sk. Etawak, Dee., J*n. (A. Hume Coll. 
O.H.^W.E.B.). 

s"-V. <$ ad. sk. Dhurous, Dec. (A. An- Seebohm Coll. 
derson). 
v". c? ad. sk. Hurdui, Jan. 16 (A. A.). Seebokro. Coll. 
ic", x". <$ $ ad. sk. Kislimi, Oudb, Dec. 20 (A. Seebobm Coll. 

A.). 

4. Melanocorypha sibixica. 
Alauda calandra {nee L.), Pali. Reis. Russ. Reichs, ii. p. 708 (1773), 
iii. p. 097, note (1776). 
White-winged Lark, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 388 (1783). 
Alauda sibirica, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 790 (1788); Schl. Rev. Orit. 
p. Ix (1844) ; Radde, Reis. Sibir., Fog. p. 140, note (1863) ; Bree, B. 
Evr. ii. pi. to p. 200 (I860); Ehces & Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 195; 
Hart itig, Handb. Brit. B. p. Ill (1872); Finseh, Reis. W.-Sibir. 
p. Il l (1879),* Seeb. Mist. Brit. B. ii. pp. 279, 282 (1884); 
Saunders, Illustr. Man. Brit B. p. 247 (1889). 
Alauda leucoptera, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 518, tab. xxxiii. 
fig. 2 (1811); Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 170 
(1*40); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 380 (1844) ; Fritsch, Vb'g. Eur. 
tab. x\i. fig. 14 (1870); Homeyer $ Tancre, MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 
1883, p. 90: 

Phileremos sibirica, Keys. § Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 153 (1840); Borggr. 
Togelf. Norddeutschl p. 70 (1809). 
llelanccorypka leucoptera, Bp. Consp. p. 243 (1850) ; Gray, Hand-l 

B. ii. p. 120, no. 7783 (1870) ; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 67 
(1873); Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iii. pi. 20 (1873); Seek Ibis, 1882, 
p. 217 ; Irby, Key List Brit. B. p. 21 (1888). 
Calandra leucoptera, Dubois, Ois. Belg. pi. 102 b (1858). 
Melanocorypha sibirica, Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 352 (1867) ; 
Rowley,"P. Z. S. 1870, p. 52 ; id. Zool. 1870, p. 2066; Bond, t. c. 

p. 2022; Dresser, B. Eur. iv. p. 373, pi. 240 (1873) ; Newton, ed. 
Tarrell, i. p. 642 (1874); Danford §• Harvie-Broim, Ibis, 1875, 
p. 311; Lh-esser, Ibis, 1876, p. 183; Gigl. Ibis, 1881, p. 200; B. 
O. U. List Brit B. p. 73 (1883); Seeb. Ibis, 1883, p. 12; Radde, 
Orn. Caue. p. 204 (18S4); Sakad. Elench. Uce. Ital. p. 156 (1886); 
Gigl Av. ltd. p. 57 (1886), and 1st Resoc. p. 119 (1889). 
Pallasia leucoptera, E. von Komeyer, J.f.O. J873, p. 190. 
Calandrella leucoptera, Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 76 (1879). 

Adult male. Above brown, streaked with median blackish centres 
to the feathers of the back and rump; upper tail-coverts ferruginous 
brown towards the edges, which are margined with white; 
lesser wing-coverts bright ferruginous, forming a large shoulder-
patch ; median and greater series blackish brown, with ferruginous 

ALAUDIBJS. 

558 

eclo'tNs; priinaiy-eoverts uniform ferruginous; quilk dark brown, 
the primaries edged with pale rufous at the ends, the inner ones 
white at the tips of the inner web, the secondaries white with a 
blackish base, the innermost secondaries brown with ferruginous 
edgings; tail-feuthers dark brown, with ferruginous margins, very 
broad on the centre feathers, the rest edged with white along: both 
webs, increasing in extent towards the outer feathers, the outermost'feather 
being entirely white; crown of head ferruginous, the 
hinder crown streaked with blackish like the hind neck, which, is 
ashy like the sides of the neck; lores, feathers around and below 
the eye, as well as a distinct eyebrow, creamy white; below the 

eye a slight tinge of rufous, followed by a patch of white on the 
anterior ear-coverts, the hinder ear-coverts ferruginous, with dusky 
streaks; cheeks and throat white, with a row of dusky triangular 
spots along the malar line, and some more tiny spots on the upper 
margin of the cheeks; the dusky spots on the fore neck rather 
larger; remainder of under surface of body white, with a tawny 
tinge on the thighs and sides of the breast, the latter mottled with 
blackish centres to the feathers, and the sides of the body distinctly 
streaked with dark brown; axillaries and under wing-
coverts white, with a reddish tinge along the end of the wing. 

Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 4*7, tail 2*5, tarsus 0*9. 
Adult female. Similar to the male, but differing in the colour of 
the head and ear-coverts, which are ashy brown streaked with 
black like the back, and only slightly tinged with rufous: the spot& 
on the side of the face and on the throat are more plentiful and 
more strongly developed than in the male. Total length 0*8 inches, 
culmen 0-45, wing 4*8, tail 2*25, tarsus 0*85. 
The males have the wing from 4*55-4*0 inches, and the females 
from 4-0 to 4*4. 
ITah. South-eastern Russia, west in winter to Turkey and even 
to Italy, having also occurred once in England. Eastwards through 
Central Asia to the Jenesei. 

a, b. $ § ad. sk. Haskeuy, Turkey, Jan.
(T. Robson). 
Gould Coll. 
• 
c, d. S ? ad. sk.
e. (S ad. sk.
/. $ ad. sk.
g. S ad. sk.
h. $ ad. sk. 
Southern Russia, April. 
Crimea. 
Sarepta. 
Orenburg. 
Russia, April 3 {Br.
JSevertzoff). 
Hume Coll. 
Capt. Blakiston 
Mr. Brandt. 
Mr. Brandt 
Tweeddale Coll. 
r IV. 
i <$ ad. sk. Guriev, Nov. 18 (Dr. Tweeddale Coll. 
Severtzoff). 
k, I <$ $ ad. sk. Chimkent, Syr Daria, Severtzoff Coll. 
Jan. 3. 

5. Melanocoryplia mongolica. 
Alauda mongolica, Pall. Pets. Puss. Peichs> iii. p. 697 (1776) * Gm 
Syst. Nat. i. p. 799 (1788); Pall Zoogr. Posso-Asiat. L p! 516* 
?Taf. xxxiii. %. 1 (1811) * Seel. Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 282 (1884).

Mongolian Lark, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 384 (1783). 
Alauda sinensis, Waterh. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 60. 

559 

7. MEIANOCORYPHA. 
Melanocorypha inongolica, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 381 (1844); Bp. 
Consp. p. 243 (1850); Bwink. Ibis, 1861, p. 333 ; id. P. Z. S. 18(33, 

p. 271; id. Ibis, 18G7, p. 232; Gray, lland-l. B. ii. p. 120, 
no. 7781 (1870); Taczan.J.f. 0. 3874, p. 318; id. Bull. Sac. 
Zool. France, i. p. 160 (1876); Prejv. in Potvlei/s Orn. Misc. ii. 
p. 316 (1877); David £ Oust. Ok. Chine, p. 319, pi. 88 (1877). 
Alauda (Melanocorypha) mongolica, Padde, Pels. Sibir., Toy. ii. 
p. 146, Taf. ill. %. 1 (1863). 
Pallasia inongolica, E. von Homeyer, J.f. 0. 1873, p. 190: Sharpe, 
P. Z. S. 1874, p. 635. 
Adult male. Similar to M. sibir lea, but larger, with more white 
on the outer secondaries, which have only a small base of black; 
primary-coverts brown, with pale margins like the primaries; on 
the sides of the fore neck a large patch of black which meets across 
the fore neck and forms a distinct collar, very narrow in the centre; 
crown of head and hind neck rufous or chestnut, with a light patch 
in the centre of the crown ; a broad white eyebrow produced backwards 
till it joins a creamy-buff band round the nape : " bill clear 
flesh-colour; legs and feet reddish brown; toes reddish yellow; 
claws brown; iris ashy brown" (A. David). Total length 8*2 
inches, culmen 0-8, wing 5-3, tail 3*2, tarsus 1. 

The \s ings of the series of Mongolian Larks in the Museum range 
from 4*9 to 5*0 inches, and from 5*25 to 5*4 inches. The former 
are probably female birds, but unfortunately none are marked. The 
liinrer birds are marked as males. 

In winter plumage the light patch on the head is much more extensive, 
and the whole of the upper surface is much more fulvescent; 
the black on the fore neck is interrupted in the middle. 
There is a decided ashy shade on the margins of the feathers of the 
upper surface, which disappears as these edges become abraded in 
summer. 

Rah. Eastern Siberia to Northern China and Ebkonoor. 

a. Ad. sk.
b. d ad. sk.
e, dy e. Juv. sk.
/ . Ad. sk. 
China. 
Pekin, Dec. (JR. Swinhoe). 
Pekin, July [P. Swinhoe). 
Tientsin, Dec. (B.SioinJioe). 
J. H. Beeves, Esq. [P.], 
(Type of A. sinensis.) 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
f ^ ad. sk,
kt L S a<3-sk. 
Argun River, Dauria, March29 (Dyboioski). 
Gobi desert (N. Prjeivalshi). 
"Warsaw Mus. [E.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 
k9 4 in. $ ad. sk. Kokonoor, March, April,
July (N. Prjewalski). 
Seebohm Coll. 

6. Melanocoryplia yeltoniensis. 
Alauda yeltoniensis, Forst. Phil. Tram. lvii. p. 350 (1767); Finsch, 
Verhandl. zool-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, xxix. p. 224 (1879). 

Alaucla tatarica, Pall. Meis. Buss. Peichs, ii. Anhang, p. 707 (1773); 
Gm. Bust. Nat. p. 795(1788); Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 275; 
Vieill Gal Ois. i. p. 259, pi. 160 (1825-34); Werner, Atlas, 
Granivores, pi. 1 (1827); Gould, B. Eur. in. pi. 161 (1837); 
Kordm. in Demid. Voy. Puss. Mirid. iii. p. 170 (1840); BchL 

5 BO ALATJDIDJ3. 

Rev Crit. p. K (lb44) ; Jliddend. Reis.Sib'r., Zool. p. l-*i3 (1851). 
Bree, B. Eur. iii. p. li)2 (18157);Fritsck, Voy. Eur. tab. x\i. 
tig*. 1-3 (1870); Cordeaia, Ibis, 187o, p. 181 ; Homey er ^* Tanore, 
MT. orn. Ver. Wie/i, 1883, p. 90: fe&. Hist. Bnt. B. ii. p. i>82 
(1884). 

Black Lark, Z«M. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 380 (1783). 
Mutable Lark, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 381 (1783). 
Tanagra sibirica (nee Gm.), Sparrm. Mus. Carls, i. pi. 19 (1780). 
Alauda mntabilis, Gm. Sy^t. Xat. i. p. 790 (1788). 
Le Tracal, Levaill. Oi*. dAfr. iv. p. 119, pi. 191 (IbOo). 
Alauda nigra, Stephen*, in Shears Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 2o (lbiu). 
Melanocorypha tartarica, i?0i>« Jsz£, 1828, p. 322• Up. Comp. List B. 


Eur. # X. Amer. p. 38 (lb3b) ; Keys. % Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 153 
(1840); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 3bl (1844); Degl et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. 

i. p. 353 (1807); Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 120, no. 7786 (1870) ; 
Severtz. Turke*t. Jevotn. p. 07 (1873); Seeb. Ibis. 1882, p. 217, 
1883, p. 12; Radde, Ora. Cauc. p. 203 (1884). 
Saxilauda tartarica, Lesson, Com.pl. Buff. Ois. ii. p. 125 (1837). 
Melanocoivpka veltonienssk, Up. Omsp. i. p. 242 (1850); Dresser, B, 
Eur. iv.'p. 377, pi. 241 (lb71); id. Ibis, 1870, p. 183; Giyl Ibis. 

Adult male in siuam.r ^dttmage. Almost entirely black everywhere, 
with obsolete sandy-buff fringes to a few feathers of the 
back. But for those, scarcely perceptible, markings, and the somewhat 
paler brown tips to the quills, the plumage would be absolutely 
black. Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 5-15, tail 
2*85, tarsus 0*9. 

In winter plumage the male is black, but the whole of the feathers 
are obscured by broad edgings of sandy colour. By the wearing off 
of these margins the full black plumage is attained. 

Adult female. Different from the male, and more resembling an 
ordinary Calandra Lark. Ochreous brown, with dark centres to 
the feathers, the crown mottled with black; quills blackish, with 
whity-brown edges, whiter on the primaries; under surface of body 
white, with a sandy-buff tinge on the throat: the fore neck, breast, 
and sides of body spotted with black, some of the markings rather 
longitudinal, and even spear-shaped, the flanks especially streaked. 
Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 4*7, tail 2'5, tarsus 0*bo. 

The males measure from 5*1 to 5*35 inches in the wing, the 
females 4*7 inches. 
Young. Mottled like all young Larks, and especially resembling 
a Shore-Lark, but blackish on the head and back. 
Hab. Central Asia, ranging into Southern Russia, and sometimes 
even further westward. 

a. $ ad. sk. Orenburg, Dec. Purchased. 
b. <$ ad. sk.
e. g ad. sk,
d. 9 ad. sk. 
Volga River, March 4. 
Volga River. 
River Or, "Western Siberia, 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Severtzoff Coll. 
Feb. 6. 
<e. (S ad. sk. Salsa near Guriev, Dec. 16. Severtzoff Coll, 

8 . TEPHROCOKYS. 
/, ff-<$ S ad.sk. Guriev, Nov., Dec. (Dr. Tweeddale Coll. 
Severtzof). 

h. S ad. 8k. Ur, Caspian Sea (Karelin). Seebohm Coll. 
u 6 ad. sk. Kara-Rum, Jan. 20 (JDr Seebohm Coll. 
Severtzof}. 
k,l6 2 ad. sk Kirghii Steppe's. Seebohm Coll. 

m. J ad. sk. Kirghiz Steppes. Hume Coll. 
n,o,p. <$ ad.sk. Kasalinsk (JRussozv). Seebohm Coll. 
q, Pall. sk. Arkad Mountains, near Senii- Geogr. Soe. Bremen. 
palatinsk, May I (JDr. 0. 
JFinsch). 

r. e 
ad.; s. $ Turkestan, Jan., Feb. Severtzof? Coll. 
juv. sk. 
t, u. Skeletons. Volga. Mr. Brandt. 

8. TE^HEOCOEYS. rj? 
Tephrocorys, SJiarpe, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 03$ T. cinerea. 
Mange. Xorth-eastern and Southern Africa. 

Key 'to the fy)ecies. 

a. 
Crown of head uniform rufous, not streaked; a 
large patch of ferruginous, but no black patch on 
the sides of the chest; light pattern df duter tail-, . _„.. 
feather pure white..!..?,.. cinerea ^. obi. ^ 
//. Crown of head rufous, with Black stripes, especially ' Wie7ita™> P- *><>• 
distinct on the occiput; entire fore neck and chest 
tawny rufous, with a black patch on each side of 
the fore neck; light pattern of oiiter tail-feather . ,„ #„nvxtt ~PO 
tumescent | anderssoni^.m4, 

1„ TephrocoryS cinerea. 

La Cendrille, Mohtb. Kid. Nat V. p. 64 (1778). 
Cinereous Lark, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt 2, p. 388 (1783). 
Alauda cinerea, Gm. &yst. Nttt. p. 798 (1788) ; Bp. Consp. p. 244 


(1850)5 5c/. P. Z. S. 18CB, p. 23; /S'to^e, Cfof. ^4/h J?, p. 71 
(1871) ; Buckley, Ibis, 1874; p. 383; .4j/res, Ito, 1880, p. 2G4. 
La petite Alouette a tete rousse, Levtrill. Ois. a'Afh. iv. p. 137, 
pi. 199 (ifcOo); Sunder. Krif. om LevUill p. 46 (l8o7). 
Megalophonus cinereus, Grhi/, Gen. i?. ii. p. 382 (1844) ; Layard, B. 
& 4/ h p. 212 (1867); Ayres, Ik's, 1869, p. 295; Graj/, Kand-l. 

B. ii. p. 122, no. 7825 (1870); Gitrneift in Andtrss. B. JDam.-Ld. 
p. 197 (1872); Ai/res, Ibis, 1878, p. 410; llolub <§• voh Peiz. Beitr. 
Gm. Sildafr. p. 136 (1882). 
* 
Calandrella cinerea, Ltrht. Nomend. Av. p. 39 (1854); Gumey, Ibis> 
1864, p. 353. 
Tephrocorvs cinerea, Shtirpe, P*Z. S. 1874, p. 633; id. in Otttes's 
Matabeie-Land, App. K p. 318 (1882); Butler, Feildten, $ Meid, 
Zool 1882, p. 302 ; Shtirpe, ed. Luyard's B. S. Afr. pp. 511, 851 
(1884). 

Calandrella cinerea, Saloin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 256 (1882, pt.). 
VOL. XIII. 2 o 


562 ALATJDIDJS. 

Adult male hi ivinter plumage. Above ashy, mottled with dark 
"brown centres to the feathers, some of the dorsal plumes washed 
with sandy colour; crown of head bright chestnut, forming a cap, 
some of the feathers slightly margined with fulvous ; hind neck 
decidedly ashy, paler than the back, and forming a kind of collar; 
wing-coverts ashy brown, with broad fawn-coloured margins, forming 
a conspicuous shoulder-patch ; the greater and primary-coverts 
ashy brown, with ashy-fulvous edgings ; quills dark brown, margined 
with ashy fulvous, inclining to rufous near the base of the 
feathers; the outer primary with a broad external margin of creamy 
white; upper tail-coverts rufous fawn-colour, the longest shaded 
with brown down the middle; tail-feathers dark brown, the penul


timate and outer feather edged with white, occupying the whole 
external web of the latter; the two central tail-feathers margined 
with ashy brown; small frontal plumes whitish: lores and 
a distinct eyebrow white, as also the feathers under the eye and 
cheeks, the latter slightly spotted with brown; ear-coverts pale 
rufous ; sides of neck clear ashy grey ; throat white ; rest of under 
surface also white : the middle of the breast ashy fulvous; the sides 
of the upper breast bright chestnut, forming a patch on both sides ; 
sides of body inclining to ashy fulvous; under wing-coverts pale 
ashy grey; the edge of the wing fulvous white; inner lining of 
wing ashy brown, the inner webs of the quills slightly rufescent 
towards the base : " bill black, the base brown ; legs dark brown ; 
iris dark hazelJ" (T. B. Buckley). Total length 6'2 inches, culmen 
0*55, wing 3*9, tail 2*7, tarsus 0*S5. 

Adult female. Coloured like the male. Total length 6*2 inches, 
culmen 0*5, wing 3*05, tail 2*8, tarsus 0*85. 
Hah. South Africa. 

a. Ad. &k.
b. Ad. sk.
c. d. Ad. sk.
e,/. Ad. sk.
g. J ad.sk.
h. Juv. sk. 
Cape Colony (Butler). 
Cape Colony. 
Cape Town, July. 
Colesberg. " 
Eland's Pobt {T. Q, Atmore). 
Grahamstown (E. L, Layard). 
Shelley Coll. 
Sir A.'Smith ~C.]. 
C. J. Anderssu~h TV. 
A. F. Ortlepp Tf.V 
Shelley Coll. " 
Sharpe Cull 
%t k. J ad.; /,
m. Juv. sk.
n. Ad. sk.
o}p.($ Jad.sk. 
British Kalfraria, Sept., Oct. 
(F. A. Barratt). 
Kiogwilliamstown. 
Newcastle, Natal, June, July(E. A. Butler), 
Shellev Coll. 
Major Trevelyan'P.]. 
Shelley CoiL 
q. cJ ad* sk. Pieterniaritzbttrg, May 2 (F. W. E. & C. G. Gates, 
Gates). Esqrs. "P.], 
r, s. d; %«.
J ad. sk.
t>, u\ Ad. sk. 
Natal, May, Jime (T. E. 
Buckley). 
Orange Free State, May 30(W. Lucas), 
Shelley Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
x, y. 6 ? ad. sk.
z. (S ad. sk. 
Transvaal (T. Ay res). 
Elephant River, Little NamaSharpe 
Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
qua-Land, Aug,
Andersmi). 
8 (€. J. 

8. TEPHROCOltYS. 
503 

Subsp. a. Tephrocorys spleniata. 

Alauda spleniata, Striekl. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 1*52; Chapm. Trai\, 
App. p. 400 (18(58). 
Megalophonus cinereus (nee Gm.), Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam.-Zd. 

p. 197 (1872, pt.). 
Tephrocorys spleniata, Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 511 (1883). 
Calandritis cinerea (nee Gm.), Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 37*5 (1881). 
Oalandrella cinerea (nee Gm.), Salv. Cat, Strickl Coll. p. 256 
(1882, pt.). # 
Tephrocorys cinerea (nee Gm.), Biittik. Rotes Zeyd. Mas. x. p. 241 
(1888). 

Ad alt {type, of species). Similar to the winter pJumage of T. 
cinerea, but very much paler everywhere, the rufous of the crown, 
the romp, wing-coverts, and sides o£ chest being of light cinnamon 
instead of deep ferruginous or chestnut: "bill yellowish brown; 
legs and toes brown ,? (G. J. Awlersson). Total length 5*8 inches, 
culmen 0*55, wing 3*6 (moulting), tail 2*1, tarsus 0*8. (Mies. 

Cantab r.) 
Hah. Northern Damara-Land to Benguela. 


2. Tephrocorys runceps. 
Alauda ruhceps, Riipp. Xeue JYirb., Yog. p. 102, Taf. 38.fig. 1 (1835); 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 3fc0 (1844). 
Megalophonus ruficeps, Ritpp. Sysf. libbers, p. 79 (1845); Bp. Corny. 
L p. 243 (1830) ; Hew/l Si/st. Vetera, p. 44 (1856) : Gray, Kand-l 

B. ii. p. 122, no. 7826 (1870). 
Calmdritis ruficeps, Cab. J. f. O. 1866, p. 307; Sewgl. Orn. N.O.-
Afr. L pt. 2, p. 698 (1870)*; Saluad. Ann. Mm. Genov. (2) i. p. 170 
(1884). 

Oalandrella anderssoni (nee Tristr.), Blanf. Geol. $ ZooL Abyss. 

p. 380(1870). 
Alauda anderssoni (nee Tridr.), Fimch, Trans. Z. 8. vii. p. 327 
(1870). 
Calandritis anderssoni, Heugl. Orn. KO.-Afr. L pt. 2, p. 699 
(1*70). 
Oalandrella ruficeps, Sabad. Ann. Mas. Genov. (2) vi. p. 268 (1888). 

Adult male. Similar to T> cinerea, but distinguished by the fulvescent 
outer web of the external tail-feather, and the black streaks 
on the crown, which are very distinct on the nape and hind neck, 
and by the rufous of the chest being continued down on to the 
flanks; on the sides of the neck a very distinct mark of black: 
"bill dusky, the mandible yellowish fleshy; feet reddish "(Von 
Eeuglin\ Total length o*6 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*7, tail 2*1, 
tarsus 0*85. 

Bab. N.E. Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Br. Ruppell [0.]. 
b ^.d sk. Abyssinia (J. W.vonMuller). Shelley Coll. 
e. 3 ad. sk. Senaf<§, Tigre, Feb. 24. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C] 
d A ad. sk. Ansrollala, Shoa, May {Sir India Museum. 
W. C. Harris), 
e, f. 8ad. sk. Shoa, June, Oct.(O.Antinori). Shelley Coll. 
2o 2 

564 ATATjnm.iii. 

Subsp. o. Tepbrocorys anderssoni. 

Megalophonua anderssoni, Tristr. Ibis, 1869, p. 434, 1870, p. 444 ; 
Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 122, no. 7824 (1870) ; Gurneij in Anderss. 

B. J)am.-Zd. p. 198 (1872). 
Adult. Similar to T. cinerea, but having the rufous of the sides 
of the breast continued down the sides of the body and over the 
thighs and under tail-coverts ; the outer tail-feather is buffy whitish 
along the outer web, like T. rufic&ps. Total length 5*6 inches, 
culmen 0-55, wing 3-5, tail 2-1, tarsus 0-8. 

Hdb. t)amara-Land. 

a. Ad. sic. Otjimbinque, March 10 (C. J. Tweeddale Coll. 
Andersson). 
9. SPIZOCORYS. 
Type. 
Spizocorys, Sundev. Av. Mistfa Tenti p. 55 (187:3) S. conirostris. 

Head of Spizocorys conirostris. 

Range. South Africa from the Transvaal to Great jSTamaqua-Lahd 
and Ondonga. 

1. Spizocorys conirostris. 
Alauda conirostris, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Piirh. Stockh. l850f 
p. 99; Bp. Co/up. i. p. 244 (1850) ; Gray, Handel. B. ii. p, 118, 
no. 7757 (1870); Sterpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 72 (1871) ; Giirney ih 
Anderss. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 192 (1872) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1874, p. 103, 
pi. 3. fig. 1, 1877, p. 345,1878, p. 410, 1880, p. 104. 
Coraphites conirostris, Licht. Nomencl. p. 30 (1854). 
Calandrella sp., Bocdge, Jorn. Lisb. i. p. 152 (1867). 
Calandritis minor {nee Cab.), Bocaye, Jom. Lisb. ii. p. 351 (1869). 
Spizocorys couirostris, Sundev. Tent. p. 55 (1872) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 


1874, p. 631; id. ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 508 (1883). 

Adult female (typical specimen). Above fulvous brown, the 
feathers of the head and back blackish down their centres, which 
are very broad, the margins being sandy, more or less inclined to 
deeper rufous ; all the plumes of tho hind neck, rump, and upper 
tail-coverts, as well as a few of the dorsal feathers, broadly margined 
with greyish, producing a distinct ashy appearance; wiug


9. SPIZOCORYS, 5(J5 
coverts brown, broadly margined with sanely buff, the lesser and 
median series so broadly as nearly to obscure the da.rk browr^ 
centres to the feathers, the greater coverts with a slight greyish 
shade on their outer margins; quills lighter brown, with a slight 
ashy shade, the feathers margined with sandy buff, paling on the 
extreme edge of the feather, the outer edge of the first primary 
sandy white for nearly the entire length of the quill; tail blackish, 
tipped with dull white, with ashy-fulvous margins, broader on the 
centre feathers, which are paler and nearly uniform brown, the two 
outer feathers margined with sandy buff, occupying part of the 
inner web and the tip of the outermost; a distinct line of white 
over and under the eye, with a small patch of blackish feathers in 
front of the latter; ear-coverts brown, blackish on upper margin : 
cheeks white, washed with pale brown on hinder margin, and 
spotted with black, a narrow line of which runs from the gape to 
the ear-coverts : throat pure white, with a few black spots on lower 
portion ; rest of under surface of body sandy rufous, paler and more 
fulvous on the lower abdomen, the fore neck and chest rather 
largely spotted with triangular spots of blackish brown; under 
wing-coverts sandy buff, the lower series inclining to ashy and resembling 
the inner lining of the wing: " bill pale ashy, with the 
ridge very light brown ; tarsi and feet pale flesh-colour; iris hazel" 

(T. Ayres). Total length 4*7 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3, tail 
1'7<5, tarsus 0*75. 
Por remarks on the ivinter plumage and changes undergone by 
this species I must refer to my paper on African Larks (P. Z. S, 
1874, p. 631), as no new material has come to hand since that 
date. 

Young. Above dark brown, the feathers washed with sandy colour 
and tipped with white, the hind neck inclining to ashy grey, the 
white tips almost imperceptible; wing-coverts dull brown, margined 
with sand-colour, and ending in a white tip; quills and tail much 
as in adult, but inclining to whitish at the tip of the feathers ; lores 
dusky blackish ; sides of face nearly uniform brown, with a blackish 
streak running along the upper margin of the ear-coverts and down 
the cheeks; under surface pale isabelline, the throat spotted with 
dusky, and having on each side a moustachial streak of the same, 
the breast inclining to sandy brown on the sides and obscurely 
spotted with dusky. 

Mr. Andersson observes that the u iris is brown; the legs and bill 
flesh-coloured, but the lower mandible paler and more livid than 
the upper." 

Hob. The same as that of the genus. 
a Q ad. sk. Potchefstroom, June 14 (T. Ay res). Sharpe Coll. 

2 ad* sk

b« Megaliesberg, Oct. 28 (J. Wahlberg). Sharpe Coll 
cde. d ? ad. et Great Namaqua-Land, May, June Sharpe Ooll. 

' iuv ;/. $ ad. sk. (C. J. Andersson). 
a 9 ad sk. Ondouga, Ovampo-Land, Nov. (C. Sharpe Coll. 
y' * * J. A.). 

566 
ALAUDIDJB. 

10. 
ALAFDA. Type. 
Alauda, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 287 (1766) A. arvensis. 
Range. The greater part of Europe and Asia, not penetrating to 
the south of the Burmese countries. 

Alauda arvensis and its allies. 

The number of species of Sky-Lark has always been difficult to 
determine. Any one comparing a specimen of the ordinary European 
species with a Sky-Lark from Japan or the plains of Northwestern 
India, would say that the differences in siae and colour 
at once separate them : but on carefully examining a series such as 
the Museum now possesses, it would be found that every possible 
intermediate link between these races is represented, and that no 
exact line can be drawn between any of the so-called species of 
Sky-Lark. 

It may be convenient to divide them into two sections, represented 
by Alauda arvensis and A. gulgula. In the latter section 
the bill is thinner and the rnfous on the wing is more emphasized. 
Were there no such form as A. llopus, these two Sky-Larks would 
appear to be quite distinct, for the shape of the bill in A. a)*vensis 
is different from that of A. gulgula*', while in form of bill A. cantarella 
resembles A. arvensis, but in plumage it differs in being 
greyer. There are many specimens, however, of which it is impossible 
to say whether they should be referred to A. arvensis or 

A. cantarella. In tie mountains of Cashmere occurs another small 
race of Sky-Lark, A. guttata of Brooks, which is evidently A. UOJJUS 
of Hodgson, and to this must be added A. jajjonica of Temminck 
and Sehlegel, for there are specimens from the Eastern Himalayas 
which exactly resemble Japanese specimens. A. hlaHstoni is merely 
a large race of A. japonica. 
Of the slender-billed section of Sky-Larks. A. gulgula may be 
taken as the type, and A. ceelivox must be united to it. In India 
the southern birds are much darker (A. australis of Brooks), but 
there is also a tendency to form a dark race of A. gulgula in specimens 
from the Burmese provinces, and some individuals are difficult 
to distinguish from those of Southern India. Again, in Southern 
Formosa the Sky-Larks are still darker (A. watttrsi of Swinhoe); and 
there is also a somewhat longer-billed race (A. sain of Swinhoe) in 
the northern part of that island. The differences in intensity of 
plumage of Sky-Larks must be studied by the light of their habitats 
and conditions of life, and probably tho increase of rainfall may have 
something to do with modification of colour. 

* It Is understood, of* course, that only specimens in identical stages of 
plumage are compared. It is of no use to compare a Lark in winter plumage 
•w ith another form in summer plumage and vice verba. 
10 . ALATTDA. 567 
1. Alauda arvensis. 
The Sky-Lark, Albin, K H. Birds, i. p. 39, pi. 41 (1738); Lath. 

Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 368 (1783;; Yarr. Br. B. i. p. 409 (1843). 
The Black Lark, Albin, N. H. Birds, iii. pi. 51 (1740). 
L'Alouette, Briss. Orn. Iii. p. 335 (1700); Baubent. PL Enl. v. 

pi. 363. fig. 1; Month. H. X. Ois. v. p. 1 (1778). 
L'Alouette dTtalie, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 355 (1760). 
Alauda arvensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 287 (1766); Gm. S. N. i. 

p. 791 (1788) ; Temm. Man. i. p. 281 (1820); Xaum. Voq. DeutschL 
iv.^pl. 100. fig. 1 (1824); Roia; Orn. Prov. pis. 180, 181 (1825) ; 
Werner, Atlas, Granivores, pi, 5 (1827) ; Brelun, Vog. DeutschL 
p. 320 (1S31); Menetr. Cat rais. Cauc. p. 39 (1882); Gould, B. 
Eur. iii. pi. 100 (1837); Bp. Comp. List, p. 37 (1838): MacqilL 
Br.B. ii. p. 163 (1839); Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 191 (1840); 
Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Ew\ p. 151 (1840); Xordm. in Bemid. Toy. 
Buss. Merid, iii. p. 164 (1840) ; Seli/s-Longch. Faun. Belg. p 84 
(1842); Schl. Rev. Crit. p. lix (1844); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 380 
(1844) ; Hewits. Eggs Br. B. i. p. 137, pi. 37. figs. 1, 2 (1846); 
Thomps. B. Irel. i. p. 231 (1849) ; Bp. Comp. i/p. 245 (1850) ; 
Middend. Reis. Sibir., Zool. p. 134 (1851); Kjcerb. Banm. Fugle, 
pi. 18 (1852); Schl. Voq. Xederl. pi. 148 (1H54) ; Simdev. Sv. 
Fof/L pi. A iii. fig. 1 (1856); Kittl. Benkw. ii. p. 198 (1858); 
Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 290 (1859) ; Sehrenck, 
Reis. Amurl. i. p. 273 (1859); Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 314 ; Tristr. 
t. e. p 424; Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 229; Linderm. Voq. GrieclienL 
p. 49 (I860) ; Schl. Bier. Xederl, Vog. pi. 17. fig. 10 (1861) ; F. fy 
P. Godman, Ibis, 1861, p. 83 ; Simpson, t. c. p. 369; Gray, List 
Br. B. p. lOo (1863) ; Radde, Reis. Sibir., Vog. p. 154 (1863) ; 
Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 60 ; Sperling, t. c. p. 280*; Gigl. Ibis, 1865, 
p. 58; More, t.e. p. 124; Filippi, Viagg. Pers. p.* 348 (1865); 
Bettoni, Ucc.-nidif. Lomb. pi. 60 (1865-70) ; Begl. § Gerbe, Orn. 
Eur. i. p. 339 (1867); Loche, Expl Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 28 
(1867); Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 287; Brake, i.e. p. 427 ; Smith, 
Ibis, 1868. p. 443; Borggr. Vogelf. NorddeufscM. p. 70 (1869); 
Saunders, Ibis, 1869, p. 171; Hume, t.e. p. 355; Keulem. Onze 
Voq. i. pi. 28 (1869): Boderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 93 (1869); Broste, 
Voqehc. Bork. p. 106 (1869); Fritsch, Voq. Eur. tab. xvi. fig. 11 
(1870) ; Elire* $ Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 194; HutUn, t. c. p. 397; 
Graij, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 117, no. 7744 (1870); Salvad. Faun. 
Ital, Ucc. p. 129 (1871); Brewer, B. Eur. iv. p. 307, pi. 231 
(1871) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 389 ; Hume, Ibis, 1871, 
p. 38; Saunders, t. c. p. 216; Gurney, t. c. p. 291; R. Gray, B. 
West Scotl. p. 120 (1871) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 139 (1872); 
Hurting, Handb. Br. B. p. 24 (1872); Goidd', B. Gt. Br. iii. pi. 15 
(1873/; Severtz. Turkest. Jewtn. p. 67 (187'3) ; Alst. § Earvie-
Broicn, Ibis, 1873, p. 62; Brooke, t. c. p. 245 ; Netcton, ed. Yarrell, 
Br. B. i. p. 614 (1874); Baird, Breioer $ Ridgw. Hist. Ar. 
Amer. B. ii. p. 136 (1874); Banf. Ibis, 1874, p. 396; Bybotoski, 

J. f. O. 1874, p. 335 ; Irby, B. Gibr. p. 112 (1875); Roivley, Orn. 
3W/ . i. pL 14. firr. 4 (1875); Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 76 (18"5); 
Banf. # Harvie-Broim, Ibis, 1875, p. 311; Severtz. J. f. O. 1875, 
p. 193 ; Blanf.East. Persia,i\. p. 239 (1876); Tacz. J.f.O. 1876, 
p. 196: id.Bull.Soc.Zool.Fr.i. p. 160 (1876); Wharton, Ibis, 
1876, p. 26; Seel. 8? Harvie-Bromi, t.e. p. 119; Bresser, t. r. 
p. 181; Prjev. in Rowley's Orn. Miscell. ii. p. 314 (1877); David 
§ Ou«t. Ois. Chine, p. 31*2 (1877); Saunders, Bull. Soe. Zool Fr. ii. 
ALAUDIPJB. 

p. 00 (1877); Tacz. t.c. p. 144; Danf. Ibis, 18/8, p. 20; Seek 
t c. p. 31; Boyd. B. Cam. p. 74 (1870); Finsch, Verh. z<-k Ges. 
Wien, xxix. p. 221 (1879); Danf. Ibis, I860, p. 95 ; Seek t.c. 
p. ]88; Bidrl. Ibis, 1881, p. 89 ; Gigl t. c. p. 200 ; Swinh. Ibi.% 
1882, p. 116 ; Seek t. c. pp. 210, 279 ; Dixon, t. c. p. 571 ; B. 0. U. 
List Br. J?, p. 71 (1883); Seeb. Ibis, 1883, p. 12; Ssverts. t.c. 
p. 80; Irhy, tf. c. p. 184; Homeyer § Tancre. MT. am. Ver. 
Wien, 1883, p. 90; Dyboicski, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, viii. p. 361 
(1883); Seek Hist. Br. B. ii. p. 266 (1884); Tristr. Faun. § Flor. 
Palest, p. 78 (1884); Badde, Orn. Cauc. p. 212 (1884); Seek Ik's, 
1884, p. 4} ; Smolders, t. e. p. 377 ; Booth, Bough Notes Br. B. 
I pt. ix. (1885); Uliitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 40; DLeon, t. c. p. 83; 
JReidt t. c. p. 246 ; Gigl Avif. Pal p. 07 (ISfcO); Sakad. Blench. 
Fee. p. 153 (1886); Sharpe. Ibis, 1886, p. 497; Backhouse, Ibis, 
1887, p. 72 ; Tait, t. c. p. 197 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 003, 1888, 
p. 464; Gigl. Arf. Ital 1st JReioc. p. 125 (1880); St. John, Ihis, 
1889, p. 173; Lilford, t.c. p. 323; Meade-Waldo, t.c. p. 515; 
Clarke, t.c. p. 545. 
La Girule, Montb. Hist. Xat. Ois. w p. 47 (If78). 
Alouette noire, Daubent. PL Enl v. pi. 650, fig. 1. 
It iliaii Lark, Lath. G$n. Sy)\. ii. pt. 2, p. 3J:> (1783). 
Alauda italica, Gm. Syst. Xat. i. p. 793 (J788). 


Alauda arvensis ruficeps, Bechst Xatury. Deutschl iv. p. 121 (1795). 
Alauda ca?lipeta, Pall. Zoogr. Bossq-Asiat. i. p. 524 (1811). 
Alauda vulgaris, Leach, Syst. Cat. Ma\nm. etc. p. 21 (1810). 
Alandi agrestis, Brehm, Toy. Deutschl. p. 318 (1831). 
Alauda sejietum, Brehm, t. c. p. 319. 
Aliuda nxontana, Brelnn, /. c. p. 319; Crespon, Faun. Merid. p. 319 


(1844) ; Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p, llf^, no. 7758 (J870). 

Alauda cantarella.2?/?. Iconoyr. Faun. Ital., Ucc p. 5 (1841) ; id. Camp. 
Lid Bs Ear. § X. Amer. p. 37 (1838); id. Cbnsp. i. p. 245 (1850); 
Qrai/, Haqd-L B.il p. 118, no. 7752 (1870); Spink. P. Z. S. 1871, 

p. 389; id. Ibis, 1875, p. 122; Tacz. Bull Soc, Zool Fr. i. p. 160 
(1876); David $ Oifst Ois. Chine, p. 313 (1877); Tristr. Faun. & 
Mor. Palest, p. 79 (1884); Blakist, # Pmr, B. Japan, p. 1(58 
(1882). 
Alauda leiopus yel orientalis5 Kadgs, I^m. infd. in Brit. Mas., Passeies, 
pi. 293 (no. 728); id, in Grays Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844) ; 
Hvme, Str. F. I p. 40 (]873), viii. p. 109 (>79); Gray, Cat. 
Mamm. $c. Nepal pm* Hodys. p. 108 (J846). 

Alauda 
dulcivox, Hodgq. Icon, ined., Passeres, pi. 294 (no. 867 **) ; 
id. in Gray's ZOQL Misc. p. 8-f (1843); Hume, Str. F. i. p. 39 
(1873); Brook*, t.c. p. 484 ; Hume, Str. F. 1*79, p. 109 ; Scully, 

t. c. p. 33S; Bidd. Ibis, 1881, p 89; Scully, t. c. p. 562. 
Alauda japonic^, 
Tei^m. fy S$hl. Faun. Jap., Ares, p. 87, pL 47 (1850); 
Bp. Gump. i. p. 245 (1850); Swink. Ibis, l&tt, p. 333; Blakist. Ihis, 
1802, p. 327; Swinh. Ibis, 18153, p. 443; Whitely, Ibis, 1867, 

p. 2Q3; Qray, Hand-IB. ii. p. 117, no. 7747 (1870); Swinh. Ibis, 
1874, p. 102 ; Blakist. $ Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 242 ; iid. B. Japan, 
p. 167 (1882); Blakist Amended List, p. 59 (1884). 
Alauda crapsirostris, A. bugiensis, A. albigrularis, A. temiirostris, 
Brehm, Vogelf p. 125 (1855). 
Alauda pekinensis, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863. p. 89. 


* The type of this species is not in the Museum, but judging from the 
figure there is little doubt that it belongs to the (antarella form of A. armibts. 
[if. Gray, Cat. Mamm. &e. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 109 (1845).] 
10 . ALAUDA. 
569 
? Alauda incon^picua, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 142 (1873) #. 
Alauda triborhvnclia (nee Hodgs.), Hume $ Henderson, Lahore to 
Turk. p. 268," pi. 28 (1873); Severtz. J.f. 0. 1875, p. 193 ; id. Str. 

F. 1875, p. 424; Hume, Sir. F 1879, p. 109. 
Alauda guttata. Brooks, J. A. S.Beng. xli. pt. 2, p. 73 (1873); id. 
Str. F. 1873, p. 485; Bidd. Ibis, 1881, p. 90 ; Scidlt/, t c. p. 6*83 ; 
Brooks, Ibis, 1885, p. 389 ; Scully, J. A. S. Beng. lvi. p. 84 (1887). 

Alauda gulgula 
(nee FrankL), Harsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. Mus, F.I, 
Co. ii. p. 4(37 (1856, pt.) ; Anders. Zool. Fxped. Tun-nan, Birds, 

p. (S05 (1878); Marsh. Ibis, 1884, p. 421. 
Alauda sp., Blah'si. Amended List B. Japan, p. 59 (1884). 
': Alauda nana, GiyL Avif. Ital. p. 68, note (1886). 
Alauda blaki^toni, Stejn. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. ii. p. 98 (1884); id. 
Bull. U. S. Xat. Mus. no. 29, p. 234 (1885). 

Adult male in winter jdumage. Brown, streaked with black centres 
to the feathers, the scapulars and lower mantle with grey edges 
to the plumes: the mantle contrasting somewhat with the rest of 
the back by reason of broad rufescent margins to the inner webs ; 
a few feathers marked with terminal edges of ashy fulvous, especially 
on the rump and upper tail-coverts; wing-coverts and quills 
dark brown, margined with tawny buff, ashy on the edges, and 
inclining to whity brown on the greater coverts; the first long 
primary white along the outer web; the secondaries externally 
rufous, the inner primaries fringed with white at the ends, all 
but the innermost secondaries tipped with white; inner secondaries 
and centre tail-feathers blackish brown, edged with sandy 
or tawny buff; the penultimate tail-feather white along the 
outer web, the external feather white excepting for an oblique 
blackish mark extending up the inner web; head crested, like the 
back, the hind neck slightly paler and the mesial black streaks 
to the feathers shorter and broader; lores whitish ; eyebrow isabe}line, 
as also the feathers below the eye; ear-coverts rufous-brow^n, 
with broad black streaks; cheeks and sides of face isabelline buff, 
with numerous tiny triangular spots of black; throat white, the-
adjoining sides of the neck also whitish, the throat dotted with 
minute triangular spots of blackish; the lower throat more distinctly 
lined with black streaks, which are developed into broader 
spot-like markings on the fore neck and chest, becoming more 
longitudinal on the sides of the breast and flanks; the fore neck, 
chest, and sides of body washed with tawny buff and a little rufous ; 
remainder of under surface of body pure white, including the under 
tail-coverts; thighs pale sandy buff; under wing-coverts and axil


laries dark ashy isabelline { quills dark ashy below, lighter ashy 
along the inner web : u bill dark greyish brown above and at the 
point of lower mandible, yellowish brown at the edge of upper 
mandible; the lower flesh-coloured tinged with blue ; feet yellowish 
brown; iris hazel" (J. Macr/illivray). Total length 7 inches, 
culmen 0*55, wing 4*5, tail 2'8, tarsus 1. 

* Severtzoff afterwards identified this species with A. gulgula, which it is 
hardly likely to have been, though it was very possibly A* iioptts. [Cf. Str. F. 
}87o, p. 424.] Cf. also Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. Ifil. 
570 ALAUDIDJI;. 

The wing in a series of males measures from 4*35 to 4*55 inches. 

In summer plumage the colouring is more uniform by reason of 
the shedding o£ the pale edges to the feathers. In many specimens 
killed in autumn there is a strong tinge of yellow on the underpays. 
Such specimens are probably young birds after their first 
moult, and the majority of these individuals have a scaly appearance 
on the upper surface from the breadth of the pale edges to the 
feathers. 

Adult female. Similar to the male but smaller. Total length 0*5 
inches, culmen 3*45, wing 4*1, tail 2'5, tarsus 0*95. 

A dark race appears to be found in Portugal (cf Tait, *
** Ibis/ 
1887, p. 197). Dr. Vieira has kindly sent some specimens of this 
form to the Museum, and the male in breeding plumage is certainly 
a strongly marked bird, very dark above and coarsely spotted below. 
The mantle also contrasts somewhat vividly against the back, which 
gives it the appearance of a large A. gvlgula. Total length (5*6 
inches, culmen 0*55, wing 4*25, tail 2*55, tarsus 0*9. Another 
male has the wing 4*1 inches. 

In the south of England the Larks which come during the 
autumn migration are often called {Northern5 Larks, and are 
certainly darker and browner as opposed to the resident Lark, which 
is a more rufous bird. 

The males of this dark form have a wing from 4*45 to 4*0 inches, 
and the females have the wing from 3*9 to 4*25 inches. 

The resident form in the south of England is decidedly a more 
rufous bird than the one which comes from the north during the 
winter season, though some specimens are difficult to distinguish 
from the darker race. The rufous race is decidedly a western bird 
in Europe, as will be seen by the list of localities of specimens in 
the Museum. It is somewhat interesting also to see that, according 
to the specimens sent by Dr. E. Yieira from Coimbra, the rufous 
Lark migrates to Portugal at least a month earlier than the brown 
Lark. 

There is very little difference in size between the two races, the 
males of the rufous form measuring from 4*3 to 4*55 inches in the 
wing, and the females measuring from 3*11 to 4*2 inches. 

Mr. Mansel-JPleydell has forwarded me recently (Feb. 27} three 
pairs of Sky-Larks from Dorsetshire. In each ease the birds had 
paired and the male was of the rufous form and the female of the 
darker form. 

The race known as A. caniarella is similar to A. arvemis* but is 
a decidedly greyer bird, more mealy in appearance everywhere, with 
a purer white belly and with much paler axillaries and under wing-
coverts purer isabelline grey, not so dusky as in A, arvemk. Total 
length 6*7 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 4*5, tail 2*7, tarsus 0*9. 
The adult female is similar to the male in plumage, but smaller. 
Total length 6*1 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3*0, tail 2*25, tarsus i)mJ. 

A. caniarella is, therefore, a mealy form of Sky-Lark which extends 
from the Mediterranean through Persia and Central Asia to 
Central Siberia and Northern China, and also extends to X"W. India. 
It must not, however, be supposed that it is constant throughout 
10. ALAUDA. 571 
its range as regards the characters which I have mentioned. Mr. 
Brooks considers it to be a larger bird than our Sky-Lark, and 
certainly the average length of the wing in the male is from 4*6 to 
4*8 inches, and of the females from 3*9 to 4*25 inches. The males 
therefore do exceed the average of the dimensions of ordinary 

A. arvrfi&is, but there is a great deal of variation in a series of A. 
cantarella, both in size and colour. Some specimens are so brown 
that it is difficult to separate them from A. arvemis. Again, the 
Krasnoyarsk and Chinese specimens have very thin bills, and so 
have some of the Turkestan birds ; but the specimens with slender 
bills are found in other localities, and a gradation is found with 
A% arvensls on the one hand and A. gulgula on the other, by way 
of A. Uopus. The thin-billed A. cantarella are slightly smaller 
( $ , wing 4*1-4-5 inches ; $ , wing 4-05-4*1), but, as with true 
uL arvmsis, size does not go for much. 
The adult male of the form known as A. Uopus (=A. guttata of 
Bro jks) is similar to A. arvensis, but distinguished by its much 
more rufous wing and rufous ear-coverts ; the eyebrow is very broad 
and distinct posteriorly, so as to give the appearance of the head of 
a Wood-Laik. 

Writing in 1871 in the -Birds of Europe' I considered that the 
Sky-Lark of Cashmere was a small race of A. arvensis, and some 
specimens in the Museum still bear my determination of that 
date. Mr. Brooks afterwards named the Cashmere Lark Alauda 
guttata, but subsequently he came to the conclusion that it was the 
same as A. hiojnis of Hodgson. With this identification I thoroughly 
agree, after comparing the types of the two species together; though 
Xepalese specimens are large. Between A. guttata and A. liopus a 
certain difference is observable in a series; thus in Cashmere and 
Gilirit the coloration is much more dingy brown, never so rufous, 
and the abdomen is not so pure white. Gradually throughout the 
Himalayas the species becomes more and more rufous on the upper 
parts and whiter on the belly, and especially rufous on the wing. 
The most rufous of all the birds are the specimens from Japan. 

The wings in the Cashmere and Sikhim specimens vary from 3*7 

to 4**25 inches in the males, and from 3*35 to 3*75 inches in the 

females, so that there would appear to be not much difference in 

size between the sexes, as is also the case with A. gulgula. 

la the Japanese specimens the wing in the male varies from 3*75 
to 4*15 inches. The large form from E. Siberia and Kamtschatka 

(A. hlal'istoni) is in colour similar to A. liopus, but is larger and 
the black markings on the back and scapulars exhibit a tendency to 
coalesce. Wing 4*6-4*8 inches. The wing in the female varies 
from 4*3 to 4*5 inches. 
Hah. The whole of Europe and Northern Asia, the Himalayas 
and X.W. India, and extending through Northern and Central 
China. 

a. Var. alb. sk. England. Montagu Coll. 
b. Var. alb. sk. England. Dr. Day [P.]. 
e. Var. alb. sk. England. WT. J. Hughes, Esq. [P.]. 
tl, e. Var. meL sk. England. Old Coll. 
572 
AL1UDIDJC. 

a. Alauda ctrvensis. Dark form. *; Northern Lark." 
Inland of Tiree, March. 

f, 9* 2 ad. sk. 
h, i. Ad. sk. 


Whitehall, Midlothian (Wardhm-
Ramsay). 
k-n. 2 ad. sk. 

St. Bride's, Pembrokeshire, 
Dec. 

"Wiltshire. 

o. Ad. sk. 
r Avington, Hant^ Nov., Feb. 
$ ad. sk. 

p. J ad.; q,
Cookham, Berks, Feb. B.

s-r. $ ad. sk. 
(It

&). 
u\ Ad. sk. Surrey, Feb. (F. JD. G.) 


u. cf ad. sk. Ho\eJ Sussex, Oct. 8 (jff. 
tiicai/shmd). 
?/, s. c? $ ad. bk. Norfolk, Nov., Jan. 

a'. 2 a<*. SIL 

Bordeaux, France. 
h\ $ ad. sk. Coiiiibra, Portugal, Nov. 
<?'. tf ad. sk. Senile, Spain, Feb. 
«Z\ e. $ ad. sk. Oudena, Tunis, Feb. (0. &). 


/ . tf ad. sk. Milta, Feb. {A. L. Adams). 
s^-Alexandria, March 3 (6-'. E. *$'.). 

V/'. 2 ac^


Turkey. 

V, **'. Ad. sk. 


&'. (j1 ad. sk. Asia Minor,March (T.Itobbon). 
I'.[ (Jlad.sk. Erzerouin. 
pi'. [2 j a<3,s^-Erzeroum. 
w'. [ cT ] ad. sk. Kislovodsk, Cis-Caucasia. 


p'. J ad. sk. Yishki, Lower Petchora, June 


(H.S.$J.A. ILB.). 

/ . 2 ad. sk. Norway, March 17. 


g'. Ad. sk. Heligoland. 
/ . 2 ad. sk. Hiddensee, AUG:. 
/ , cj1 ad. sk. Oldenburg, March 7. 


f. [J ] ad.sk. Dresden, April. 
jy. Alauda arvemis. Rufous 

<i, b* ($ 2 [gi'oiip]. Leicestershire. 

c. Ad. var. st, Hereford, July. 
(I Vau. alb. sk. Merton, Norfolk, June. 

e,f. S 2 a$* J //t h Merton, Norfolk, Jane. 

i. Juv. [group]. 
ht I 2 ^df sk, Qreat Yarmouth, Oct., Nov. 
mf n. 2 ad. sk. Cambridgeshire (/. Baker). 
o, ;;. Ad. ; q-u. Cambridgeshire. 
Juv. st. 
i\ Pull. sk. Taplow, Berks, June. 
w, *r,y. $ ad. sk. Cookha.ni, Berks, July, Aug. 

s, a'. <$ 2 ad. sk. Avington, Hants, Feb., Oct. 

b'. $ ad. sk. Farnham, Suney, May. 
c'. $ ad. sk. Godalming, Jan. (F. 1). O.). 

Colonel Irby [P.]. 
TVeeddale Coll. J 


Hon. W. Edwardes, 

~p.~. 
Montagu Coll. 
Capt._G. E. Shelley 

R: & Sharpe, Efcq. 
Sah in-Godman Coll. 

B. 
B. Sharpe, E&q. 
, IP-]-
Seebohm Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Dr. L. Vieira "P.]. 
Seebohm Colli 
Sal\ in-Godman. Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Shellev Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Zoological Society. 
St. Petei>burg Mu^. 

. ]R"1


Seebohm Coll. 

Prof. It. Collett rP.l. 

L. Gatke, Efcq. Jl\ ^ 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Dr. A. B.Meyer ]1V\ 
form. 

Theodore "Walker, 
Esq. ~Pf. 
It. P. Pailer, E-o. 
.P.]. 
Lord WaWngham 

Lord \\ alsimrhani 
IP-]-
Beebolim Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coil. 
Mr. J. Baker "C.]. 

Gould Coll. 
Ft. B. Sharpe, EM-J. 

[p.: 
Capt. G. E. Shellev 
, ! p-]-
Seebohm Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Cull. 

cl\ S ad.; e,f. 
Q ad. sk. 
(/. Ad. var. st. 

h'. Juv. st. 

i. 
<5 imm. sk. 
k\ l'. d 2 ad. sk. 
?>*', w', o'. (S ad.; 

y. J ad. sk. 
q'. Ad. sk. 
/•'. g var. sk. 
/ , £'. d ad. sk. 
?/'. Var. sk. 

r . Ad. sk. 
%c\ Ad. bk. 
r', */', z'. Sterna; 
n". Skull. 
b"-f". Skeletons; 
y . skuii. 
h". Sternum: 
f.it Skull. 
k"9 I", m", n". 

Skull>. 
o". Var. st. 


a. O ad. >k. 
A, c. J ad. sk. 

(1. $ ad. sk. 
e. g ad. sk. 
/ . Var. sk. 

</, h, i, k. $ ad.; 
9 ad. sk. 
/, m. § ad. sk. 
n-q. 2 ac^ sk. 

7-. Ad. sk. 

s. 5 ad. sk. 
t e ad. sk. 
u. <* ad. sk. 
v-a'. <3 ad. ; U. 
$ ad. sk. 
e\ $ ad. sk. 


tf, e\ 3 2 ad. sk. 
/'-/'. 6 ad.; k'. 
? ad. sk. 

10. A LAUD A. 
Near Brighton, April, Oct., 
Nov. 
Brighton. 

Brighton. 
Romney Marsh, Sept. 11. 


Leiden, Holland, Oct. 
Heligoland, Oct., Nov. (L. 
Giitke). 

Coinibra, Portugal, Oct. 
Se\ille, Spain, Feb. 
Valencia, Oct., April. 


Gibraltar. 
Tangiers. 
"Tagora," N.Africa. 
England. 


England. 


England. 


Silesia. 


New Zealand. 


y. Ah aula cantarella. 
Bordighera, N. Italv, March 29 

(A. B. Brooke). " 
Turkey, March 15 (<?. Bearce). 
Smyrna, Dec. 20 (Dr. 
Kruper). 


Zebil Taurus, Asia Minor, Jan. 3 

(C. G. Bcmford). 
Adalia, Asia Minor, Dec. 19 

(C. G. D.). 
Palestine. 
Beersheba, Palestine, Feb. 
Favoom, Egypt, Feb., March 

(G. R &): 
Persia. 
Near Shiraz, July. 
Bushire, Jan. 27. 


Bushire, Feb. 
Krasnoyarsk, Siberia, April to 
June, Sept. (Kibort). 
Valley of the Yen-e-say, 66^° N. 

lat, April 11 {U.S.). 
Ural River, S.E. Russia. 
Turkestan, July to Ntoyeniber; 

R. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[p.]. 
B. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
II. Swavsland [C.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Dr. L. Vieira HPA 
Colonel Irby [P.J 
Howard Saunders, 

Esq. [P.]. 
Colonel Irby [P.'l. 
Colonel Irby [P.1. 
Gould Coll. 

J. Ingall, Esq. [P.]. 
Purchased. 

J. Itae, Esq. [P.]. 
Dr. A. Giinther [C.]. 

Sir W. Buller [P.]. 

II. 
B. Sharpe, E^q. 
[p.]. 
R. 
B. Sharpe, Etq. 
[P.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Seebohm Colt. 

Seebohm Coll. 


Canon Tristram [C.]. 


Canon Tristram [C.]. 
Shelley Coll. 


Purchased. 
Sir 0. St. John [C.]. 


A. J. V. Palmer, Esq; 
[P.]. 
Sir 0. St. John [P.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Severtzoff Coll. 

S&vertzoff Coll. 

ALATTDIDJ2. 

• 574 
I. S ad. sk. 
m'. Ad. sk. 
n'. S ad. sk. 
o'. S ad. sk. 
//-£'. Ad. sk. 
u', v'. s; w', •**'• 

J ad. sk. 
y\ 3'. S ad. sk. 
a",b",c".S',d". 

9 ad. sk. 
«",/'• <S;ff"-S 
ad. sk. 
A". Ad. sk. 
£". <? ad. sk. 

k",l".S2 ad.sk. 

W. Ad. sk. 
»". $ ad. sk. 
o", p". Ad. sk. 
y". Ad. sk. 


r", 5". Ad. sk. 
t". S ad. sk. 


u". 9 ad. sk. 

ad. sk. 
£3-c'\ $ ad. sk. 
d\ S ad. sk. 


a(i-s^»

e3,/*1. S

a, b, c. Ad. sk. 
<2, e. S ad. sk. 
/. Juv. sk. 

g. <$ ad. sk. 
//, i, h, I Si m; 
n, o. 2 ad. sk. 


PJ q, r. S ad. sk. 

s. Ad. sk. 
t S ad. sk. 
u, v, to. S i #• $ 
ad. sk. 
y, z. S ad. sk. 
a'-d'. S ad. sk. 

e\ Ad. sk, 

/'. Ad. sk. 

Ba*tv, Turkestan, May 21 (Dr. Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 

O^Fimch). 
Kashgar (J". Biddulph). Hume Coll. 
Aftao, N. Afghanistan; Dec. 12. Dr. Aitebison "C."". 
Candahar, Feb. 2. Col. C. Swinhoe "P.]. 
Pu^hnt (Griffith). India Museum "P.Y 
Pishin Valley, Dec. (&> 0. >SY. Hume Coll. ^* " 

John), 

Gilgit, Nov. Dr. J. Scully ~P.]. 
Giltfit, Feb., March, Oct., Dec. Hume Cull. 
(V". Biddulph). 
Gilgit, Dec., -May. Col. Biddulph X1.]. 


Cashmere, May ( W* E. Brooks). Hume Cull. 
Bawd Pindi/Jan. 23 (J2. <9. Tvreeddaie Coll. 


JF. It.). 
Murdan, March, Dec. Hume Coll. 
Murree. Col. Biddulph [C I 
Mooltan, Feb. 23 (G -ff. T. Hume Coll. 

Marshall). 

Umritsur. Hume Coll. 
Naoshera, Punjab, March (W. Hume Coll. 

E. B.). 
Salt Range, Nov. (Dr. Jordan). Dr. Jerdon X\]. 
Gurgaon District, Jan. (W. N. Hume Coll.u 
Chill). 
Gurgaon, Feb. ( W.^K. C\). Seebohm Coll. 
Umballa, Feb, Nov. (22. C. Tweeddale Coll. 

Beavan) 
Oudh, Nov. (A. Anderson). Seebohm Coll. 
Pekin, Nov. (R. Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll. 

(Type of A. pekinensu.) 
Shanghai, March (R. SicMoe). Seebohm Coll. 
(Tyrpes of A. intermedia.) 

o. Alauda liopus. 
Cashmere. Tweeddale Coll. 
Cashmere, May. Hume Coll. 
Cashmere (Dr. Belkiv). India Museum. 
Rembeara River, Kashmir, May Hume Coll. 

15 ( W. E. Brooks). 
Srinuggur, Cashmere, May, Hume Coll. 
June (W. E. Brooks). " (Types of A. guttata.) 
Cashmere Valley, Aug. (J. Hume Coll. 
Blackett). 

Astor Valley. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

Nobra Valley, June 25 (I. Tweeddale Coll. 
Biddulph). 

Gilgit, May-July. Col. Biddulph [C.]. 

G ilgit, April, June (J. Biddulph). Hume Coll. 
Ladakh, Sept., Oct. (Dr. G. Hume Coll 
Henderson). 
Sutlej Valley, June (T. C Hume Coll. 
Jerdon), 

Baja, Khunaitee, Jan. 1. Hume Coll. 

10. ALATTDA. 575 
(J. J ad. sk. 
hr 

. "$~ ad. sir. 
i\ kl. S 2 ad. sk. 
/', m. Ad. sk. 

»', o'. 6; p. ? 
ad. sk. 
q\ r'. Ad. sk. 

#'. Ad. sk. 
t'-z. Ad. sk. 

a". Ad. sk. 
l>"-h". Ad. sk. 


i", A". Ad. bk. 

r . Ad. *k. 
m". £ ad. <&. 
n",o".gip",<{". 
? ad. sk. 
r". Ad. -k. 
5", /". Ad. s.k. 
ul. 0 ftd. sk. 
i"-a". <$ ad. sk. 

#",2". ^ ad.t»k. 
a3. 2 ad.; £J.r? 
juv. sk. 
*', «3. Ad. >k. 

«. -^ ad. sk. 

b. d ad. >k. 
c, d. Ad. sk. 
«,/. cf ad. sk. 
a, b. d ad. sk. 

Chtimba Town, Afarch C. K.

T. Marshall). 
Bhawulpur. 
Dehra, Dec. (Dr. King). 
Nepal. 


Nepal Valley, Feb., March (J. 
Scully). 
Native Sikhinij Dec. (X. Man


^ del11). ^ 
Native Sikkim, Jan. (L. M.). 
Sikhim, Jan., Feb., June, Oct., 

Dec. (L. Mandelli). 
Interior of Sikhim, Oct. (L. 31.). 
Thibet, 3Iay, Sept. (X. Man


delli). 
Bootan {Pemberton). 
Momein, Yun-nan, May 30. 
Canton, China ( Tucketf). 
Sharghai, Nov. (B. Sicinhoe). 

Japan. 
Japan. 
Japan. 
Hakodadi, Yezo, April, Hay, 


Oct. {II. Whitehj). 
Hakodadi, May, Oct. 

Hakodadi, May,
Blakiston). 
South Yezo, Sept. 
June (/. 
e. Aland a hlakistoni. 

Kamtscbatka (Dybowsky). 
Inland of Askold,Nov. (Do'rries). 
Kurile Is. [Snoir). 
Eturup, Kurile Is. (W. Blakis


ton). 

'(. Dark Iberian race. 

Coiinbra, Portugal, May. 

 Huiue Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hodgson Coll. 

(Types of A. liopus.) 
Hume Coll. 

Seebohrn Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Seebohrn Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


India Museum. 
Dr. J. Anderson [C.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Seebohrn Coll. 


Purchased. 


Gould Coll. 


Prof. Milne [CA 


Tweeddale Coll. 


H. THritelv rC.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, "Esq. 
[1M. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


Seebohrn Coll. 
Seebohrn Coll. 
Seebohrn Coll. 
Seebohrn Coll. 


Dr. L. Vieira [P.]. 

2. Alau&a gnlg-ula. 
Alauda firulerula, Frankl P. Z. S. 1831, p. 110; Jerd. Madr. Jwrn. 
xl p. :JQ (1840); Bli/th, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 9(52 (1844); id. Cat. 
£. Mm. AH. SOC. p. 132 (1849, pt.) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 245 ; Jerd. B. 
hid. n. p. 434 (1863) ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. Beng. xxxui. p. 64 (18(>8) ; 
King, t. c. p. 210; Beav. Ibis, 1868, p. 181 ; Brooks, Ibis, 186% 

p. ~A); Gray, HandrL B. ii. p. 117, 110. 7746 (1870); Holdsic, 
IK Z. S. Ih72, p. 465 ; Hume, 4* Henders. Lahore to York. p. 209, 
pL 29 (1873); Hume, Next $ Eggs Lid. B. p. 486 (1873); id. 
Sir. F. i. pp. 397 420 (1873); Adam, t. c. p. 389; Brooks, t. e. 
p. 185 {1877); Ball, t. c. p. 223; Ku?ne $ Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 409 
^1878); Davids. S? Wenden, Str. F. vii. p. 86 (1878); Legge, B. 
AJAVDIDM,

576 

Ceylon, p. 030 (1879); Hume, Str. F. \iii. p. 108 (1870); Scully. 
Lev 338; Tidal, Str. F. ix. p. 73 (1880); IVardiaic Faimsau, 
Ibis, 1880, p. 67; C. Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 116; EeicL Str. F. x. 

p. 58 (1883); Davison, t c. p. 406; Vidal, t c. p. 424; Oates, 
Randb. B. Br. Burm. i. p. 373 (1883); Murray, Vertebr. Faun. 
Sind, p. 1(J7 (1884); Swink. # Barney Ibis, 1885, p. 130; Terry, 
Str. F. x. p. 478 (1887); Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 289 (1888). 
Alauda triborhyncha, Hody*. loon. ined. in Brit. Mas., Fasseres, 
pi. 293. fig. 2 (no. 739); id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844); 
Gray, Cat. Mamm. §e. Sepal pres. Hodys. p. 109 (1840); Horsf. 
$ Moore, Cat. B. Mm. E. L Co. ii. p. 467 {1*56, pt.j ; Gray, 
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 117, no. 774"> (1S70). 

Alauda gracilis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beny. xi. p. 201 (lb42). 
Alauda gangetica, Blyth, J. A. S. Beny. xiL p. 181 (1843). 
Alauda cristata (pt.), Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 350 (1844). 
Alauda malabarica (nee Sykes), Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. MM*. B. I. 


Co. ii. p. 467 (1856). 

Alauda coslivox, Sicink Zool. 1859, p. 6723; id. Ibis. 1^60, pp. o2, 
132,1861) p. 46, 1863, p. 377; id. P. Z. S. 1863, pp. 81), 272 ; id. 
Ibis, 1870, p. 8:3; Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 118, no. 7753 (1870); 
Swinh. F. Z. S. 1ST1, p. 3.sl); ZtaW ^* OKA*. Oh. Chine, p. ;U4 
(1877). 

Altuda &alat Swinh. Ibis, 1S70, p. 3o5; tf. P. Z. S. 1371, p. 389; 
David & Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 314 (1877). 

Alauda watter&i, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p 3M); Band $ Oust. Ois. 
Chine, p. 314 (1*77); Ticeedd. F. Z. S. 1^7*, p. 710; Wardlutr 
Mamsay, Ibis, 18M\ p. 160. 

Alauda australis, Brooks Str. F. 1*73, p. 484; Hume, Str. F. l**7l), 

p. 103; Ji/W^, f. e. p. 4*9 ; Terry, Str. F. x. p 470 <lv*7>. 
Alauda peguenbL, Oaten, Str. F. 1*75, p. 343. 
Adult male. Similar to A. aruensis, or rather to the grey form of 

A. arvemis known as A. canta relict, but distinguished from it by its 
touch smaller size, paler under wing-covert^ and almo&t entire 
absence of flank-stripes. *4 Bill, leg**, feet, and claws fleshy yellow; 
the upper mandible brown ; iris brown r { C. T. Bingham). Total 
length 5-8 inches, culmen 0-6, wing ;3*05, tail 2*1, tarsus 1. 
Adult female. Similar to the male. 'bBiil browni>h, under mandible 
fleshy; legs and feet fleshy yellow, claws dusky; iris dark 
brown" (C. T. Bingham). Total length 5*7 inches, culmen a-oo, 
wing 3*5, tail 1*9, tarsus 0-95. 

The Chinese A. ecelivox seems to me now, as it seemed to me in 
1871, to be inseparable from A. gulgula, of which it is only a pale 
race. 

A darker race, A. waiters'* of Formosa, may possibly be found in 
parts of Southern China, for it occurs in Cochin China. Xone of the 
Swinhoe specimens are in fresh moulted plumage, and the abrasion 
of the plumage gives them, of course, a very black appearance. 

In the north of Formosa and in Hainan a slightly larger and 
longer-billed race (A. sala) occurs, but some of the specimens are 
scarcely to be distinguished from A, tvattersL The wing is very little 
larger than in the latter race. 

The following is a summary of the length of wing in Alauda 
gulgula and its component races;— 

10 . ALATOA. 577 
Males. Females. 
Alauda gulgula: typical 3*4 -8*9 3*3-3*7. 

Alauda gulgula: Eastern race of Burmese prorinces 3*45-3*75 3*2-3*4. 

Alauda gulgula: rerj dark form—Cochin China 

to Formosa and the Philippines (A. wattersi). 3*3 -3*6* 
Alauda gulgula: ligMraceofCMna^.cce^w^jt- 3*45-3*8 3*4. 
Alauda gulgula: dark Formosan race (A. sala).. 3*55-3*7 
Alauda gulgula: dark race of Southern India (A. 

australis) 
3*25-3*9 3*2-3*7. 

Hah. In its various light and dark forms the present species is 
found over the whole of the Indian Peninsula, Ceylon, the Burmese 
countries, and Southern China, with Formosa, Hainan, and the 
Philippine Islands (see anted, p. 566). 

a, Alauda gulgula. 
a, h. <* 9 ad. sk. Candahar, April, May (Sir 0, Hume Coll. 
St. John). 
c, d. £ ad,; e. $ Candahar, March 20-31. Col. C. Swinhoe [P.]. 
ad. sk. 

f. 2 ad. *k. 
Dubrai, April 21. Col. C. Swinhoe [P.l 
g. £ 
ad. 4L B\an Khevl, Afghanistan, May Tweeddale Coll. 
"20 (E. G. W.B.). 
h. 
Ad. bk. Murclan, March. Hume Coll. 
II\ derabad, Oct. 6 (E. A. Butler). Hume Coll. 
Sambhur Lake, Bee. 10 (A. 0. Hume Coll. 
H.). 
/, »i. d $ a<I. sk, Delhi, Feb. 16-20 (C. T. BingHume 
Coll. 
ham). 

«. cfad.; ©,/>.? Sultanpur, Gurgaon disk, Feb. Hume Coll. 
ad. sk. {W.S. Chill). 
*7, **. cT $ a«l. sk, Eohtuk Bist,Feb., Dec. (A. 0. Hume Coll. 
H). 

*, f. c ad. sk. 
Jhansie, Oct. Hume Coll. 

w. J ad. ?k. 
Almorah, May (W* E. Brooks). Hume Coll. 
Etavi ah Disk, Oct., Nov., Dec, Hume Coll 

Jan., Feb., April (W. E. 

Brooks). 
/' . 2 ad. 4c. Cawnpore, April 29 (W. E. Hume Coll. 

Brooks). 
</'j A1. J ad. sk. Allahabad, Oct. (J. CocJchiirn). Hume Coll. 
V'-a'.d'ad.; *'-$ Futtebfrurh distr., Feb.-May Seebohm Coll. 

ad. &k. and Nov. (A. Anderson). 
«', t*. o* ad. sk. 

Futtehgurh disk, 
April (A. Hume Coll. 

Anderson). 
w'-a"\ 2 ad. sk. Mogul Serai, March (W. E. B.). Hume Coll. 
£". c? ad. -k. Mogul Serai, Feb. (W. B. B.). Seebohm Coll. 
Nepal, Hodgson Coll. 

cn~g\ Ad. sk. 

(Types of Alauda triborhyneha.) 
/A Ad. sk. Nepal (H. B. Hodgson). India Museum. 
i". Ad. sk. Behar. Hodgson Coll. 
¥'« g ad. sk. Chunar,Dec. 17 (W. E.Brooks). Hume Coll. 

* Not afaingle bird has the sex determined. 
t The bulk of the specimens in the Swinhoe collection are -without indication 
of sext but the maximum and minimum measurements of the wing are 3*25 and 
3*7 inches, 

TOL. XIII. 
^ P 

ALATJDIDJ3. 

578 

Assensole, Sept. {W. E. 
Brooks).

o",p".%*&•&& 

j",/.c?ad.; *", 

t". $ ad. sir. 
u", v". 6 ad. sk. 
to",x",y". dad. 

sk. 
z". Ad. sk. 
a3,b3,c3. dad.5 

d3. $ ad. sk. 
e3-o3. (S ad.;^3~ 
s3. Jad.etjuv.sk, 
t\ d ad. sk. 

u3,v3,to2. dad.; 
#3, y3. $ ad. sk. 

z\ <$ ad.; a\ ¥. Beeling, Jan., Feb. (W. 2).). 

$ ad. sk. 
c"-h\ dad.; z\ 
$ ad. sk. 

k\ $ ad. sk. 

a-d. Ad. sk. 
e,f. Ad. sk. 
g, h. d $ ad. sk. 

i. Juv. sk. 
kf I d $ ad. sk. 
m-#.dad.etjuv.; 
r-u. 2 ad. sk. 

v. Ad. sk. 
w-z. d ad.; a'. 
$ ad. sk. 
h\ c'. d ad. sk. 
er,f. d ad.; g\ 

ti. $ ad. sk. 
i',k'. Ad.; I'. 
Juv. sk. 

m'-r'. d ad. et 
imm.; s'-w'.Q 
ad. sk. 

x'-b". d ? ad.sk. 

c",d",e". Ad.sk. 
/", g". d ad. et 
juv. sk. 
fc". $ ad. sk. 

a, 5. d ad.; c. 
$ ad. sk. 
d-p. Ad. et juv. 

sk. 
g} r. Ad. sk. 
s, t. Ad. sk. 

w. Ad. sk. 
Dinapur, Feb. (W. JE. Brooks). 

Shoga, Feb. (IF.-£.£.). 

Calcutta. 

Dacca (Col. Tyiler). 

Manipur, Marcli (A. 0. IT.). 
Lower Pegu, Oct., Dec-May. 

Elephant Point; Dec. 1 (J.

Armstrong) . 
Khykehio, Tenasserini, Jan. 

(W. Davison). 
Thatone, Marcli, Dec. (W. D.). 

Sittang Paver, Feb. (W. D.). 

fi. Alauda anstralu. 

Raipur, June. 

Madras. 

Madras. 

Madras (21 C. Jerdon). 
Bangalore, Sept. (R. G. W. JR.). 
Belgaum, April, June, Sept. (JEJ.

A. Butler), 
Malabar.
Neddivuttum, Nilghiris, Marcli


(W. Davison). 
Slope of Nilghiris, March.
Coonoor, Feb., April (W. Damson). 
Coonoor, July (22. G. W. 2?,).

Ootacamund, March to July

(W.D.). 

Kotagherry, July, Aug., Sept.

{Miss Cockbum). 

Anjango, Travancore, Dec.

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 

Oates Coll. 

(Types of A. peguemis.) 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Dr. T. C. Jerdon [P.]. 

Hume Coll. 

Gould Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Ceylon, J an., June (W. V.Legge). Hume Coll. 

Colombo, Ceylon, Oct. (W. V.
Zegge). 

y. Alauda ccelivox. 
Amoy (It. Stmtihoe), 
Anioy, May, July (JR. 8.). 


Amoy, May, Nov. (22. 8.). 
Amoy, May, June. 
Hainan, March 1866 (It. S.). 


 Oates Coll. 

Seebohm Coll 
(Types of species.) 
Seebohm Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Consul Swinhoe [C.]. 
Seebohm Coll. 


11 . CALANDKELLA. 
579 

d. Alaucla wattersi. 
a, b. Ad. sk. Formosa, Jan., March (JR. Seehohm Coll. 
Sicinhoe). I[Types of A, toattersi) 
c-h. Ad. sk. Formosa, Jan., March (i2. Seehohm Coll. 
Swinhoe). 

*. Ad. sk. Cochin China. Mons. E. Pierre [P.]. 
Jc-n. Ad. et Manila (Maitland Heriot). Tweeddale Coll. 
imra. sk. 

o. <$ ad. sk. N. Bohol, Oct. (A. JEL. Everett). Tweeddale Coll. 
e. Alaucla sola. 
a. Ad. sk. North Formosa, March (B. Seehohm Coll. 
Swinhoe). (Type of A. sala.) 
b-f. A&.;g. N. Formosa, March, May Seehohm Coll. 
Pull. sk. (JR. S.). 
h, i, 7c. Ad. sk. N. Formosa, March. Consul Swinhoe [C.]. 
l3 m. ($ 5 ad. sk. Hainan, March (B. S.). Seehohm Coll. 

3. Alauda prsetermissa. 
Alauda praetermissa, Blanf. Geol. fy Zool. Abyss, p. 388, pi. vi. 
(1870); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 118, no. 7750 (1870). 

Galerita prsetermissa, Antin. § Salvad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 474 (1873); 
Salt-ad. Ami. Mus. Genov. (2) 1, p. 168 (18*4), vi. p. 266 (1888). 
Alauda (Galeiita) arenicola, var. fusca, Blanf. Geol. § Zool. Abyss. 


p. 3b7 (1&70). 
Afluli inale (type of species). Similar to A. yidgula, and having 
the same marked pattern of mantle, hut differing in the colour of 
the tail, the pattern of the outer feather not being white but 
smoky buff, more or less fulvescent. Total length. 6*2 inches, 
admen 0*6, vring 3*8, tail 2*15, tarsus 0-9. 
Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little smaller. Total 
length 5*2 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 8*7, tail 1*95, tarsus 0*9. 
Hab. X.E. Africa. 
a, b. d $ ad. sk. Senafe, Tigre, March. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [O.]. 
(Types of species.) 

c. J ad. sk. Senafe,April (W.Jesse). Tweeddale OolL 
d. Ad. sk. Lake Ashanghi, April. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [O.]. 
(Type of G. fusca.) 
e. P ad. sk. Angollala, Shoa, May India Museum. 
(Sir W. C. Barns). 
f. 
Ad. sk. Ticor-Hame&h, Shoa, Shelley Coll. 
Aug. (Antmori). 
11. CALANDKELLA*. _ 
Type. 
Oalandrella, Kaup, Natilrl. Syst. p. 39 (1829) C. hracbydactvla. 
Coraphidea, Blyth, J. A. & Beng. xiii. p. 960 (1844). C. hrachydactyla. 

Calanclritis, Cab. Mm. Hein. Th. i. p. 122 (1850).. C. hrachydactyla. 

* Th© following species has not been identified by me:— 
CALANDRELLA KOLLYI. 

Alauda kollyi, Temm. PL Col. iii. pL 305.fig. 1 (1824); id. Man. cPOrn. 
pt iii. p. 203 (1835); SchL Beu. Crit. p. 75 (1844). 
Phfleremos kollyi, Borggr. Vogclf. Korddeutschl. p. 70 (1869). 
This supposed species is probably only a variety of the Common Short-toed Lark, 

ALAUDIDJ3. 

Range. The greater part of Central and Southern Europe ^an& 
Northern Asia, extending south to Abyssinia* and east into 2T.W. 
India. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Outer tail-feathers with a sandy-buff edging to , brachydady!at p. 580. 
the end of the outer web j dukhummk, p. 584. 
b. Outer tail-feathers entirely white along the f tkibetana, p. 585. 
outer web j aeufirostris. p. 585. 
1. Calandrella braciydactyla. 
? Testaceous Lark, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 393 (1783}. 
? Alauda testaeea, 0»i. S. N. i. p. 797 (1788). 
Alauda brachydactyla, Leisler, Wetterau Geselhch. Ann. iii. pp. 357


359 (1814); Temm. Man. Orn. L p. 285 (1820); Naum. Vog. 
JDeutschl iv. pi. 98. fig. 2 (1824); Werner, Atlas, Graniwrus, 
pL 7 (1827); MSnetr. Cat. rats. Cane, p. 39 (1832); Isid. Geofr. 
St-Eilaire, Exp. Mark, ZooLy. 52,yl. 4. fig. 1 (1883); Gould, B. 
Eur. iii. pi. 103 (1837); Crespan, Orn. Gard, p. 196 (1840); 
Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Russ. 31Srid. iii. p. 165(1840) ; Sckl jRea. 
Grit p. Hx (1844); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 380 (1844); Eewt*. 
Eygs Br. B. i. p. 181, pi. 45. fig. 4 (1856); Janb. ei Earth.-
Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 134 (1859); Gray, LUf Br. B. p. 107 
(18(53); Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 34i (1867); Drake, Ibis, 
1867, p. 428; Doderl. Arif. Sicil. p. 95 (1869) ; Eartiny, Eandb. 
Br. B. p. 110 (1872); Finsck, Verh. z.-b. Geselhch. Wien, xxix. 

p. 222 (1879); Eotneyer $ Tancre, JIT. orn. Ver. Wien% IfcfcS, 
p. 90; Seehohm, Eist. Br. B. ii. p. 274 (1884); Irby, Key Zi*t Br. 
B. p. 21 (1888). 
Alauda arenaria, Vieill. N. Diet &Eist. Nat, L p. 343 (1816) j id. 
Faune Franc., Ois. p. 169, " pi. 74.fig*. 1, 2 " < 1820j. ' 
Alauda ealandrella, Savi, Orn. Tosc. ii. p. Q7 (18201; Bp. Chmp. 1. 

p. 244 (1850); Gray, Eand-L B. ii. p. 119, no. 7775 (18701; 
Fritsch, Yog. Eur. tab. 16. fig. 9 (1870); Gatke, Ibis, 187% pp. 
104, 379. 
CalandreUa brachydactyla, 
Kaup, Nat. SysL p. ;J0 (1820); Tristr. 
Ibis, 1859, pp. 347 422; &rft?m, & c. p. 315; Rowley, t. c. p. 330; 
ZW*fr\ P. 2. & 1864, p. 434; Filippi, Viagg. Per*, p. 348 {1665) ; 
GfyJ. Ite, 1865, p. 58; Chamb. Ibis, 1867, p. 103; Zoche, JSrpl. 
ScL Alger., Ois. ii p. 21 (1867); Smith, Ibis, 1808, p. 44%; 
Saunders, Ibis, 1869, p. 181; Eiwes # Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. lf#4; 
Smdev. Faun. Hal., Ucc. p. 134 (1871); Samiders, Ibis, 1871, 

p. 217; Gumey, & c. p. 289; Godm. t c. p. 2011; Shelley, B. 
Egypt, p. 141 (1872); GouU, B. Gt. Br. iii. pi. 21 <I*73j; 
Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. pp. 67, 141 (1873); Dresner, B. Bur. iv. 
p. 341, pi. 235 (1873); Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 245; ^TK»«T #r . JF*. L 
p. 213 (1873); Ball, Sir. F. ii. p. 423 (1874); Adam, t c. p. 2H»; 
Cordeaux, Ibis, 1875, p. 182; Jr%, 5. #*&r. p. 114 ft875); 
Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 182; Butler, Str. F. iii. p. 500 fl«7£); 
j?&m/. J3M*. Persia, ii. p. 242 (1876) ; Boyd. J.f. 0. 1877, p. Ill; 
Saunders, Bull. Soc. Z00L France, ii. p. 91 (1877); JDanf. Ibis, 
1878, p. 21; Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 06 (1878); Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 75 
(1879); Doig, Str. F. viii. p. 371 (1879); Emm, L e. p. 100 (pt.); 
Butler, Cat. B. Sind, p. 49 (1879); Bidd. Ibis, 1881, p. 88; 
* Cqlandrtlla buchleyi, Shelley, from the (Md Coast, is & Mirafra. 
11 . CALANDREILA. 
581 

Scully t. c. p. 579; B. 0. U. List Br B n 79 fl«Qq\ cr • r 
IMs, 1882, p. 115; Bidd. t c. p. 285; Sell l£ S i fT*.* 
Severiz.t a. p. 61; Tristr. Faun. $ FlormesT^ 
Fadde, Orn. Cauc. p. 285 (1884V Mm ran TJ) P" fr (,8™V 

p. 195 (1884); jp^tf^^18£%^ ^^'/ai,/l' ^ 
Z A' &

iS ^T^'^&^K^ ^^/ viPp. 84 

(loo/J, bt. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 172: Lit ford t o ™ 4M. nr„,h 

to. p. 546; Gigl. Av'if. Ital 1st %^r ^ 

Trans, Linn. Soe. ZOOI.Y. pt. 3, p 81 (188?) j ' P ' 
T/^: 3U (1831)5

M^^p?,iaiia^i?r^ ^^ P-« 
MtSX:^ M»> ^.^«, p. 311 (1831), 

Ma8n38)0lyplia arenark; Bp'Comp'List B'Bur*Lf NAmerp38

a---
Phileremos brachydactyla, Keys. u. Bias. Wirh. Fur. p. 152 (1840); 

G™°henLJ


r m(\^< fj (184-4); Linderm. Yog. Grieehell Pr> 7( I V *°W& ^ ^ N°rddeutscM. p. 70 (1869) ; Drewte, 
Vogelw. Borkum, p. 70 (1869). ;' ^/^^, 
Short-toed Lark, Tarr. Br. B. i. p. 420 (1843) 
Phileremos moreatica, Muhle, Orn. Griechenl p. 37 (1BU) 
Alauda lungipennis,Fversm. Bull Mosc. xxi. p. 219 (1848): id. 

J.f 0 IrioS, p. 283; Bogd. J.f 0. 1877, p. 95. ^ '' 
Calanclntis braclrydactyla, Cab. Mm. Hem. Th. i. p. 122 (1850)F. 
von Homeijer, J.f.O. 1873, p. 193. ^ ;' 
? Oalandritis kollyi, C«i. Mus. Rein. Th. i. p. 123 (1850) 
Melanocorjpha macroptera, A. F. Brehm, J f. 0. 1854 p 77-C 
Z. Brehm, Vogelf. p. 121 (1855). ' * 
Melanoeonpha obsoleta, etc., .#r<?/mi, Fo^//. p. 121 (1855) 
CaJ^relUijfrmonensi^ Tristr P

--^ & 1804, P. 434; 2dT. JBw, 

1866, p. 28o; M?. Ibis, 1882, p. 407 ; id. Faun. # Flor. Palest. 

p. 80 (1884). 
Alauda iiermonensis, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 117, no. 7749 (1870). 
Alauda macroptera, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 119, no. 7777 (1870). 
Calandritis immaculata, F. von Homager, J.f.O. 1873, p. 194. 
Calandritis macroptera, F. von Homeyer, t c. p. 195. 
Adult male. General colour above sandy brown, everywhere 
mottled with blackish centres to the feathers ; lesser wing-coverts 
uniform sandy buff; median coverts dark brown, rather broadly 
edged with sandy buff; greater coverts brown, edged with ashy, 
and with sandy buff at the ends; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, 
and quills dark brown, edged with sandy buff, rather more 
rufescent at the base of the secondaries; first long primary 
isabelline along the outer web; upper tail-coveits sandy isabelline 
as well as the adjacent portion of the ramp, which has a 
uniform appearance, the longer coverts centred with blackish 
brown; centre tail-feathers sandy buff, dark brown along the 
middle ; remainder of tail-feathers blackish with sandy-buff edges, 
the penultimate feathers broadly margined with isabelline, inclining 
to sandy buff towards the end of the outer weD and round the tip; 
the outer feathers for the most part white, with an isabelline tinge 
towards the end of the outer web, the inner web with an oblique 
mark of blackish brown ; head like the back, and distinctly streaked 

ALATJDIDJS. 

with blackish brown; the hind neck a little more uniform and 

sandy brown like the sides of the neck; lores white, as also the 

feathers below the eyes; a distinct eyebrow of sandy isabelline; 

ear-coverts brown, washed with sandy buff; a small mark of 

blackish spots at the base, extending below the eye; cheeks sandy 

isabelline, with a malar line of dusky-brown dots; throat and 

abdomen white, with a slight wash of sandy isabelline, which is 

more distinct on the fore neck and chest, sides of body, and thighs ; 

under tail-coverts isabelline white; on the fore neck and chest a 

few small blackish streaks, increasing in strength towards the sides 

of the fore neck, where they form a blackish patch; under wing-

coverts sandy isabelline, the axillaries ashy isabelline; quills ashy 

brown below, isabelline along the inner web: " bill pale whitish 

brown, darkest on the culmen; legs pale yellowish brown; iris 

brown" (G. K Shelley). Total length 5*o inches, culmen 0'45, 

wing 345, tail 2*05, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male, but with scarcely 

any streaks on the fore neck, the lateral patch on which is also 

smaller. Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3*6, tail 2*15, 

tarsus 0*85. 

Calandrella hennonensis of Tristram cannot be upheld as a 
species, inasmuch as it decidedly grades into O. hracliydaetyla as 
regards every character in which it is supposed to differ from 
that species. In the Palestine specimens the males measure from 
3*55 to 3'9 inches. It should be noticed that this rufous form is 
by no means confined to Palestine, but is indeed found throughout 
the countries of the Mediterranean, and the same form extends to 
Abyssinia and Persia. The Museum possesses specimens with 
rufous heads from,Spain, Italy, Algeria, Greece, and Egypt, which 
can in nowise be distinguished from so-called O. Jiermonensu, but 
individuals from Turkey are both brown and rufous on the head. 

Hob. Southern Europe, extending to X.E. Africa and through 
Persia to Turkestan, and thence into XW . India. 

a. Juv. sk. [Europe.] Gould Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Gibraltar. ^ Colonel Irby [P.], 
c. <$ ad. sk. Southern Spain, March 10 Seebohm Coll. 
(Euiz). 
d. $ ad. sk. Ain Beida, Algeria, May 1 Salvin-Godman Coll 
(O. 8.). 
e. 2 ad.sk. Mourzouk, March. Gould Coil. 
/, g. Ad. sk. Italy. Purchased. 
h. Ad. sk. Naples, Prof. Bonelli [P.]. 
Ad. sk. Liguria (e7. Doria). Seebohm Coll. 
7c. Ad. sk. Austria. Seebohm Coll. 
I tf ad. sk. Mt. Parnassus, May 15 {H. 8.). Seebohm Coll. 
m-p. S ad, sk. Turkey, April (T. "Robson). Tweeddale Coll. 
q,r. tf$ad. sk. Turkey, April (T. It.). Gould Coll. 
s}t. <S ? ad. sk. Pet-na-hore, Turkey, April (C. Seebohm Coll. 

G. Danford). 
u, v. S ¥ ad. sk. Smyrna, Jul-jr {Dr. Kriiper). Tweeddale Coll. 
w. S ad. sk. Smyrna, April (Dr. Kriiper). E. B. Sharpe, Esa 
[P.].' * 
x. Ad. sk. 
y-c\ $ ad. j d\ 
$ ad.; e\ Juv. 
sk. 

f~h\ 2 ad. sk. 

t. 
[<^]ad. sk. 
m>'.[d$]ad. 
sk. 
o'. (5" ad. sk. 

;/. $ ad. sk. 

#'. <£ ad. sk. 

r'. $ ad. sk. 
5'. Ad. sk. 
t'. $ ad. sk. 


«'. c? ad. sk. 
v'. $ ad. sk. 
w'-y'. Ad. sk. 
s'. $ ad. sk. 
a", 5". Ad. sk. 
c", d". Ad. sk. 
«",/'•<? ad. ;$r", 

A". $ ad. sk. 
**', #'. c? $ ad, 
sk. 
T, m". Ad. sk. 
n", o". cJ ad. sk. 
p". Ad. sk. 

y",r". tfad.;*", 
*". $ ad.; u"y". 
Ad. sk. 

s". ? ad. sk. 

a3. $ ad. sk. 
bK $ ad. sk. 
c3, d3. <? $ ad. 

sk. 

Z3. 5 ad. sk. 
m3, w3. c? $ ad. 
sk. 
o3-c4. Ad. sk. 

(i1. <J ad. sk. 

eK S ad. sk. 
/*. Ad. sk. 
<^4. <?$ ad.; 

m4, w4. Ad. sk. 
o% p4. Ad. sk. 
^ , r4. Ad, sk. 

11 . CALANDEEIXA. 
Erzeroum, Aug. 3 (Dickson fy India Museum. 

Boss). 
Palestine, May, June. Canon Tristram [0.]. 

Egypt, March, April (G. E. S.). 
Gore, Egypt, March 7. 

Zoulla, Abyssinia, Jan., Dec. 

Near Bam, S.E. Persia, April 

26. 
Near Shiraz. 
Fao, Persian Gulf, Sept. 25. 

Lower Ural River, Aug. 11. 
Samarcand. 
Sergiopol, Turkestan, May 7 

(Dr. 0. Finsch). 

Petrovalexandrovsk, Sept. 27. 
Aris River, Turkestan, Aug. 7. 
Gulran, N. Afghanistan, March. 
Tirphul, April. 
Afghanistan (Griffith). 
Bolan Pass (Griffith). 
Kandahar, March. 


Kandahar, March (Sir 0. St. 


John). 
Sind, March (Dr. H. Gould). 
Deesa, Feb., Oct. (JE. A. Butler). 
Deesa. 

Sambhur Lake, Dec, Jan., 
Feb. (It. M.Adam). 

Palla, Maswar, Sept. 16 (G. 

King). 
Jodhpur, Jan. 24 (A. 0. E.). 
Ajmir, Jan. 5 (A. 0. E.). 
Delhi district, Feb. 10. 

Gurgaon district, Delhi, Dec, 
Jan., Feb. (W.N. Chill). 
Umritzur, March (C. E. T. 


Sirza district, Punjab, Nov., 
Dec, Jan. 
Ghurry Hursroo, Feb. (Capt. 

Unwin). 
Gilgit, March (J, Biddulph). 
Masuri. 
Etawah, Oct.-Dec, Feb. (A. 

0. E. fy W. E. Broohs). 
N.W. Provinces. 
Ahmedabad (A. Anderson). 
Shelley CoU. 

J. 
II. Gurney, Esq. 
[P.]. 
W. T. Blanford,Esq. 
[P.]. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[0.]. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[0.1. 
W. D. Gumming, 
Esq. [P.]. 
SevertzoffColl. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Geogr. Soc Bremen. 

Severtzoff Coll. 
Severtzoff Coll. 
Dr. Aitchison [0.1. 
Dr. Aitchison [C.J. 
India Museum. 

India Museum. 
Col. Swinhoe [P.]. 

Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
Col. E. A. Butler 

[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Co1 . 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Pinwill Coll. 

Seebohm Col. 

584 ALAODIDJE. 
/ * a d s k Oudh (A. Anderson). Seebohm Coll. 
t\ uK i ad.* sk. Mhow, Jan. Colonel Swmhoe 

Subsp. a. Calandrella dnldiTOiensis. 

Emberiza bagheira, Frankl P. Z. S. 1831, p. 119 (nomen nudum). 
Alauda dukhunensis, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 93. 
? Emberiza olivacea, Tickell, J. A. S. Beng. n. p. 578 (1833). 
Corvr>ha ba°*hera, Eodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 296. 


&L 1, 2 ?nos. 434, 815); Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 200 (1842); 

Eodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844). 
Corophidea bagheira, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng, xiii. p. 961 (1844). 
Calandrella brachydactyla (nee ZeisL), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. 

T> 556, note (1845) ; id. Cat. B. Mus. As. 8oc. p. 132 (1849) : Irby, 
Ibis, 1861, p. 231; Beav. Ibh, 1868, p. 180; Hume, t. c. p. 239; 
Fairb. Str. F. iv. p. 261 (1876); Ball, Str. F. yii. p. 223 (1878) • 
Scully, Str. F. viii. p. 337 (1879); Butler, Cat. B. 8. Bomb. Pres. 
p 64 (1880) ; Davids. Str. F. x. p. 314 (1882) * Swinh. fy Barnes, 
Ibis, 1885, p. 130. 

Alauda brachydactyla (nee LeisL), Gray, Cat. Mamrn. etc. Nepal pres. 
Eodgs. p. 109 (1846). 
Corvpbidea calandrella (nee Savi), Mors/. $ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. L 
Co. ii. p. 473 (1856). 

C. dulchunensis seems to be a large resident race of Short-toed 
Larks, almost confined to India. It is always much more rufous 
than C. brachydactyia, and in the autumn plumage this rufous 
colour is particularly emphasized on the breast and flanks. The 
throat and fore neck are always more fulyescent than in C. brachydactyia, 
and the upper plumage is always more coarsely mottled 
with black. " Bill dark horny brown aboye, pale fleshy below ; feet 
and legs brownish flesh-colour, dusky at the joints; iris brown " 
(E. A. Butler). Total length 6 inches, culmen Q-55, wing 3*85, 
tail 2-25, tarsus 0*75. 
Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little smaller. Total 
length 6*4 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3*65, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*8. 
The wing in the males varies from 3*7 to 4*0*5 inches, and in the 
females from 3*4 to 3-65. 
Hob. Indian Peninsula, west to Sind and eastwards into the 
Burmese countries, 

a S ad. sk. Karachi, Oct (F. Day). Hume Coll. 
I c, d. Ad. sk. Etawah, Aug., Noy. (A. O. E.). Hume Coll. 

e. Ad. sk. Behar. Hodgson Coll. 
/-/. Ad. sk. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
M n o. Ad. sk. Nepal (B. E. Eodgson). India Museum. 
plr! S ad.; s. Nepal Valley, Oct. (J. Sadly). Hume Coll. 
j ad. sk. 

t. Ad. sk. Darjiling. Tweeddale Coll. 
u v IO. Ad. sk. Thibet, Aug. (L. Mandelh). Hume Coll. 
x, $ ad. sk. Mhow, March. Col. Swinhoe [O.]. 
y, %. <$ ad. sk. Khandeish, Oct. (J. Davidson). Hume Coll. 
a'. Ad. sk. Deccan (Sykes). India Museum. 
(Type of A. dtiMwnensis.) 

11 . CALAKBRELLA.
b'. Ad. sk.
cr, d'. $ 2 ad.
sk.
e',f\ tfad.; gr .
'$ ad.sk. 
Deccan (Burgess). 
North of Ahniednuggur, Nov., 
Jan. (S. B. Fairbank). 
Belgaum, Feb. (JE. A. Btttler). 
Gould Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
h', i'. $ ad. sk. Maunbhoom, March (JR. C. Tweeddale Coll. 
Beavan). 

k', I', m'. <$ ad. Shillong, Assam, Sept. (J. Cock- Hume Coil. 

sk. burn). 
n\ <5 ad. sk. Dibrughur, April (J.R. Cripps). Hume Coll. 
o'. <f ad. sk. Pegu, Sept. 25 (JB. W. Oates). Seebohm Coll. 

2. Calandrella thibetana. 
? Calandrella brachydactyla (nee Leisl.), David fy Oust. Ois. Chine, 
p. 318 (1877) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 390. 
Calandrella tibetana, Brooks, Sir. F. viii. p. 488 (1880). 
Adult. Similar to G. brachydactyla, but greyer, like G. acutirostris, 
and having a long thin bill like that species. It has, however, 
the tail of Alaudxda jpispoletta, the outer tail-feather being 
almost entirely white, excepting an oblique blackish mark on the 
inner web; the white pattern is characterized by an absence of 
buff. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3-65, tail 2*3, 
tarsus 0*75. 

So few of the specimens have the sex marked that it is impossible 
to make an exact comparison of the length of wings with that of the 
allied species. In the series of G. thibetana in the Museum the 
wing varies from 3*95 to 3*3 inches. 

Sab. Throughout the Himalayas from Cashmere to Sikhim and 
Thibet, becoming more plentiful in its eastern range. 

a-p. Ad. et Thibet, March, May-Sept. (L. Hume Coll. 
juv. sk. Mandelli). 
Ad. sk. Thibet, Sept. (L. Mandelli). HumeOoll. (Type 

£• 

of species.) 
r, s, t. Ad. sk. Thibet (X. Mandelli). Seebohm Coll. 
w, v, w. Ad. sk. Sikhim (X. Mandelli). Seebohm Coll. 
xi ,y. Ad.sk. Sikhim, Oct. (L. Mandelli). Hume Coll. 

z. Ad. sk. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
a'. Ad. sk. Nepal (B. H. Hodgson). India Museum. 
b'. $ ad. sk. Cawnpore (W~. E. Brooks). Hume Coll. 
*': }d\ <S2 ad. Rohtuk District, Feb. Hume Coll. 
sk. 

e' 
. $ ad. sk. Cashmere (G. Henderson). Hume Coll. 
. $ ad.sk. Chashi Yassin, Aug. Col. Biddulph [0.1. 

f 

9l . $ ad. sk. Indus Valley, June. Col. Biddulph [C.]. 

Subsp. a. Calandrella acutirostris. 

? Alaudula pispoletta, Stoliczka, J. A. S. Beng. xxxvii. p. 64 (1868). 
? Calandrella mjtol (nee Frankl.), Pelz. Ibis, 1868, p. 319. 
Calandrella acutirostris, Hume, Lahore to Yark. p. 265 (1873). 
? Calandrella brachydactyla, j3. tenuirostris, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. 

p. 67 (1873). 
ALAT7DID2E. 

Oalandrella brachydactyla, Sadly, Sir. F. iv. p. 172 (1876, nee 
Leisl.) ; Wardlaw-JRamsay, Ibis, 1880, p. 67, 

Adult male. Similar to G. brachydactyla, but as a rule greyer, 
especially on the chest. It is distinguished from that species by 
the markings on the tail, the outer feather being bufly white along 
the outer web with frequently a sooty-brown marking near the 
end, the inner web being nearly entirely black, with a slight white 
pattern near the shaft : " bill dusky on culmen; yellowish, horny 
at the sides and below; legs and feet brownish fleshy; claws 
dusky brown: iris brown " (J. Scully), Total length 5'5 inches, 
culmen 0*45, wing 3*75, tail 2*3, tarsus 0*8. 

In this race the length of wing varies from 3*55 to 3*7 inches, 
and in the female it is 3 4 inches. 

Hob. Prom Turkestan and Kashgar to Afghanistan and Khelat, 
extending to Cashmere and sparingly into the plains of India. 

a. Ad. sk.
h. (S ad. sk. 
Kashgar (W. Bellew). 
Balakehi, Yarkand, Aug.
(Dr. G. Henderson). 
5 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. (Type 
of species.) 
e, d, e. Ad. sk. Balakehi,
Scully). 
Aug. 25 (Dr. J. Hume Coll. 
f. S ad, sk.
V, h. Ad. sk.
i Ad. sk.
k. $ ad. sk.
Im. ($ 9. ad.
n. Ad. sk.
o. S ad. sk.
p. Ad. sk. 
Karakurgan, Ferghana, June 1. 
Afghanistan (Griffith). 
Byan Kheyl, Afghanistan, May4 (JR. G. W. JR.). 
Quetta, July 13 (0. T. Duke). 
Near Zohrab, Khelat, May 29(O.T.Duhe). 
Boonji, N. Cashmere, Mav 27. 
Deosai Plain, July, 12,000 feet. 
Gurgaon District, March (A. 
Severrzoff Coll. 
India Museum. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Cull. 
Hume Coll. 
Col. Biddulph T*.1 . 
Col. Biddulph t\] J . 
Hume Coll. 
q. Ad. sk.
0. JH.). 
Etawah, Nov. 5 {A. O. JH.). Hume Coll. 
r, 5, t. Ssk. 
ad. Mogul Serai, NOT., Feb. (W. JE. 
JBroohs). 
Hume Cull. 

12. 
ALATJBTJLA* 
Type. 
Alaudula, Horsf.fyMoore, Cat. B. Mm. JE. I. Co. ii. p. 471 
(1856, ex Blyth, MS.) A. raytal 

* ALAUDULA. KUKUNOORENSIS. 
Alaudula kukunoorensis, Prjev. in Bowleg's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 316 (1876). 
Oalandrella kukunoorensis, Bogd. J. f. 0. 1877, p. 93, note; Gigl. An%f. 
Ital p. 61 (1886). 

Described as similar to A. cheeleensis, but much larger, of a paler isabelline 
colour, and with the dusky streaks -and' spots less distinct; the inner web of 
the penultimate feathers white, with a dusky edge; the outer web of the third 
tail-feather quite white. 

Hah. Kukunor, Zaidam, and Kansu. 

The late Prof. Bogdanoff, who examined the type in 1877, says that it is a 
rufous-coloured example of the true C. pis/poletta. The amount of white on 
the tail seems to be peculiar. 

12 . AIATTDTTLA. 
587 

Range, Countries of the Mediterranean, eastwards through Asia 
Minor and S.E. .Russia to Persia and Central Asia, extending to 
Mongolia and Northern China, as well as to Northern India and 
the Burmese countries. 

The races of Short-toed Larks, of which A. pispoletta is the type, 
are very closely allied, but do not seem to grade one into the other, 
the geographical ranges of the various races being apparently well 
marked. 

The pispoletta group of the genus Alaudula divides itself into two 
sections, with a brown and sandy plumage, or a grey one. The grey 
members of the group are three in number, the best-known species 
being A. raytal, which has a very long bill. The allied form, 

A. adamsi, only differs from A. rayial in its shorter bill, and is a 
typical Alaudula as regards the latter, so that it would be absurd 
to consider A. raytal as anything more than a long-billed race of 
A. adamsi, or vice versci. The late Dr. Severtzoff was inclined to 
consider his A. leucophosa as identical with A. adamsi, but I find 
that it constitutes a larger race with much more white on the tail. 
As to the other group, consisting of A. pispoletta, all the races 
appear to he well-defined, and each of them has its own habitat, 
with the exception of A. pispoletta itself, of which there is a paler 
form in Turkestan. All the other races are recognizable by their 

characters given below, which, although slight, appear to be 
constant. 
1. Alaudula pispoletta. 

Alauda pispoletta, Ball Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. i. p. 526 (1811); Bp. 
Comp. List, p. 37 (1838) ; Begl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 341 
(1867) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 119, no. 7778 (1870); Bogd. B. 
Cauc. p. 75 (1879) ; Gdtke, Ibis, 1879, p. 379; Seeb. Ibis, 1880, 

p. 188 j Homey er $ TancrS, MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 1883, p. 90; 
Seeb. Hist. Br. B. ii. p. 275 (1884). 
Calandritis pispoletta, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 122, note (1850). 
Alauda (Philemeros) brachvdactyla (nee Leisl.), Radde} Beis. Sibir., 

Vbg. p, 150 (1863); cf. £ogd. J.f.O. 1877, p. 93. 

Calandrella pispoletta, Filippi, Viagg. Persia, p. 348 (1865); Severtz. 
Turkest. Jevotn. p. 67 (1873) ; Dresser, B. Eur. iv. p. 355, pi. 237 
(1873); id. Ibis, 1876, p. 182 • Bogd. J. f. O.1877, p. 91• Seeb. 
Ibis, 1883, p. 12; Badde. Orn. Cam. p. 206 (1884) ; Gigl. Avif. 
Ital. p. 59 (1886); Salvad. Elench. TIcc. Ital p. 155 (1886); Gigl. 
Avif. Ital 1st Besoc. p. 120 (1889). 

Calandritis heinii, E. von Homeyer, J.f.O. 1873, p. 197. 
Calandrella minor {nee Cab.), Danf Ibis, 1878, p. 21. 
Melanocorypha pispoletta, Seeb. Ibis, 1882, p. 217. 

Adult male in summer plumage. Similar to C, brachydactyla, but 
altogether greyer and browner, and distinguished by the black stripes 
on the fore neck and chest and flanks, and by the shape of the wing, 
the secondaries being very much shorter than the primaries. Total 
length 5*7 inches, culmen 0*4, wing tS*8, tail 2*2, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. -^Total length 5-6 inches, 
culmen 0*45, wing 3*5, tail 2m25, tarsus 0*75. 

588 
ALAUBIDJE. 

Sab. Prom Asia Minor to Southern Russia, and eastwards to 
Central Asia. 

a. $ ad. sk. Ismid, Asia Minor, Nov. 15 (C. G. Seebob.ni Coll. 
JDanford). 
b. $ ad. sk. Anascha, Taurus, March 18 (C. Seebohm Coll. 
Q. JD.). 
c, d. <$ $ ad. sk. E. Volga. Purchased. 
e. 2 ad. sk. E. Volga. 
Seebohm Coll. 
/. 
<$ ad. sk. Alakul, Turkestan, May 9 (Dr. 0. Geogr. Soc. 
Finsch). Bremen. 

g. $ ad. sk. Lower Syr-Daria River, June 24. SevertzofiE Coll. 
/3. Pale race. 

a, <$ ad. sk. Oxus River, Dec. 28. SevertzofT Coll. 
b,c. $ ad. sk. Nukuss Bi\er, Aug. Se\ertzoiFColl. 

d. 2 ad. sk. Irgiz River, S.VT. Siberia, Aug. 17. Severtzoff Coll. 
Subsp. a. Alaudnla baetica. 

Calandrella reboudia (nee Loche), Lilford, Ibis, 1873, p. 98. 
Calandrella baetica, Dresser. B. Fur. iv. p. 351, pi. 236. fig. 2 (1873); 
Irby, B. Gihr. p. 114 (lb75); Saunders, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 

ii. p. 91 (lb77): Ckapm. Ibis, 18b4, p. 65• Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 01 
(1886). 
Alauda pispoletta, var. bastica, Seebohm, Hist. Br. B. ii. p. 275, note 
(1884). 

Adult male. Similar to A. jjispoletta, and brown like that bird, 
but a little more ashy, and having the throat and breast as well as 
the flanks very broadly and coarsely marked with black streaks. 
Total length 5-5 inches, enlmen 0*45, wing 3*45, tail 2-1, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 5*3 inches, 
oilmen 0*4, wing 3*45, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*8. 
Bab. Southern Spain. 

a. 2 ad. sk. Malaga, Spain, Feb. 8 (II. Tweeddale Coll. 
Saunders). 
b. S ad. sk. Seville, June (H. Saunders). Tweeddale Coll. 
c,d,e. <$;fg, Seville, Peb. to May (B. Ruiz). Lord Lilfurd [P.]. 
h. 2 ad. sk. 
Subsp. j3. Alaadnk, minor. 

Calandritis minor, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 123 (1850; ,* Eeugl. 
Om. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 697 (1871); F. von Eomeyer, J.f. 0.1673, 

p. 196. 
Calandrella 
reboudia, Loche, Cat. des Mamm. et Ois. Alger, p. 83 
(1858) (descr. nulla); Tristr. Ibis, 1859, pp. 58, 422 (ex Loche 
MSS.); Loche, Rev. Zool. 1860, p. 148, pi xi. tig. 1; id. Fxpl. 
Sci Alger., Ois. ii. p. 23 (1867); F. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 04 ; 
Tristr. t.c. p. 93; Gnrney, Ibis, 1871, p. 289; Shelley, B. Fgxjpt, 

p. 142 (1872) • Gigl. Avif. Ital. p, 61 (1886). 
12. ALATTOULA. 589 
Calandrella deserti, Tristr. Ibis, 1866, p. 286 (nornen nudum); 

Wyatt, Ibis, 1870, p. 16. 
Alauda reboudia, Giray, MandA. B. ii. p. 118, no. 7751 (1870). 
Oalandritis reboudia, Eeitgl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. (196 ^1871). 
Calandrella minor, Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 142 (1872); Dresser, B. 

Eur. iv. p. 349, pi. 236. tig. 1 (1873); Wric/ht, Ibis, 1874, p. 22o ; 
Gigl. Ibis, 1881, p. 183; Tristr. Faun. $ Flor. Palest, p. 81 (1884); 
Gigl. Amf. Ital p. 61 (1886) ; Salvad. Elenck TIcc. Ital p. 155 
(1886); Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1889, p. 515; Tristr. Cat. Coll. 

p. 245 (1889). 
? Calandrella pispoletta {nee Pall.), Blanf. East, Pers. ii. p. 242 
(1876). 
Alauda pispoletta, var. minor, Seeb. Mist. Br. B. ii. p. 275, note 
(1884). 
Alauda brachydactyla (nee Leisl.), Tristr. Ibis, 1889, p. 23. 

Adult. Similar to A. pispoletta, but is a rufous form of that 
species, especially rufeseent on the upper tail-coverts; sides of body 
vinous buff, the streaks on the fore neck and chest rather broadly 
and distinctly streaked with blackish: " feet reddish; iris dark 
brown " (Locke). Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0'4, wing 3*4, 
tail 1*95, tarsus 0*75. 

This species so closely approaches A. pispoletta that sometimes it 
is almost impossible to distinguish examples. As a rule, however, 
the rufous colour of the species renders it easily recognizable. 

Hob. N.E. Africa and the Canary Islands, east to Egypt, Palestine, 
and the countries bordering the Persian Gulf. 

a. J ad. sk. Algeria. M. Verreaux. 
b. J ad. sk. Beersheba, Palestine. Canon Tristram [C.]. 
c. d. 2 a(i. sk. Fao, Persian Gulf. W. D. Cumming,Esq.[P.]. 
Subsp. y. Alaudula cheeleensis. 

? Alauda brachydactyla, Middend. Reis. Sibir., Zool. Vog. p. 134 

(1851) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1861, pp. 255, 333. 
Calandrella pispoletta, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 271 (nee Pall). 
? Alauda (Phileremos) brachydactyla, Radde, Eeis. Sibir., Yog. p. 150 

(1863). 
Alaudula cheeleensis, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 390; Prjev. in Bow-
ley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 315 (1877). 
? Calandrella brachydactyla, Tacz. J.f. 0.1873, p. 86; id. Bull. Soc. 

Zool France, i. p. 160 (1876), iii. p. 137 (1878). 
Alauda cheeleensis, David fy Oust. Ois. Chine, j). 317 (1877). 
Alauda pispoletta, var. cheeleensis, Seebohm, Hist. Br. B. ii. p. 275 

(1884), note. 
Calandrella cheeleensis, Gigl. Avif. Ital p. 61 (1886). 


Adult female. Similar to A. pispoletta, but much more rufous, 
especially on the upper tail-coverts, therein resembling A. minor. 
I t is, however, larger than the latter species, and has so few streaks 
on the throat and fore neck, that in this respect it approaches 

A. brachydactyla; it can, however, be easily recognized by the 
white outer tail-feather, which is like that of A. pispoletta. " Bill 
A.LA.JJDIDM. 

yellowish, brown at the tip; feet rufous ; iris brown " (A. David). 
Total length b'h inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3*4, tail 2*3, tarsus 0*75. 
Eab. Eastern Siberia to Northern China. 


a b. <$ ad. sk Talienwan, China, June (P. Seebohin Coll. (Types 
; ' Swinhoe). of specie?.) 

c. $ ad. sk. Talienwan, June 26 ' (R. Hume Coll. 
Sioinhoe). 
d. 
2 ad.; e. Chefoo, May (P. Swinhoe). Seebohm Cull. 
JUT. sk. 
Subsp. L Alaudnla persica. 

Calandrella pispoletta (nee Pall.), Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 331$ id. Str. 

F. 1874, n. 458 ; Blanf. Bast. Persia, ii p. 242 (1876). 
Alaudula pispoletta (nee Pall), Mime, Str. F. 1877, p. 528, 1870, 
p. 109. 
Adult. Similar to A. cTieeleensis, but larger and much more distinctly 
streaked on the chest, and further distinguished by the black 
of the inner web of the outer tail-feather extending nearly to the 
end of the inner web in the form of a broad band. Total length 
5-7 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 4, tail 2*35, tarsus 0*8. 

Eab. Prom Persia to Afghanistan and X.W. India. 

a S ad. sk. Near Niriz, eatt of Shiraz, Persia, "W. T. Blanford, Esq. 

May. "_Qr. 
i, &Ad.sk Afghanistan (Griffith). India" Mu>eum. 
d-k Ad. sk Sirza district, Punjab, Dec, Jan. Hume Cull. 

Subsp. €. Alaudula seebohmi. 

Alauda pispoletta (nee Pali), Scully, Sir. F. 1870, p. 173. 

? Alaudula pispoletta (nee Pall.), Bidd. This, 1881, p. 89. 

Adult. Of a sandy-buff colour, resembling A. minor, A. cheelet nais, 

and A. persica, but much paler than any of them and with the outer 

tail-feather almost entirely white, excepting an oblique mark of 

dusky blackish towards the base of the inner web. Total length 

6-2 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3*95, tail 2-8, tarsus 0*7. 

Eab. Central Asia from Yarkand and Kashgar to Mongolia. 

a. <$ ad. sk Mongolia, April (Br. Sererizrff). Seebohm Coll. 
b. Ad. sk Aksu. Her. I)r. Lansdell 
[CA 
c. Ad. sk. Kashgar (Dr. Belleie). India Museum. 
d. $ ad.&k Kashgar, Oct. 30 (Br. Sadly). Hume Coll. 
e 9 ad. sk. Sughuehak, Yarkand, June 10 Hume Coll. 
(Dr. Scully). 
ft g, $ ad. et Bisharik, Aug, (Dr. Scully). Hume Coll. 
JUY. sk 
k $ juv. sk Karakash River, Jan. 31 (Dr. Hume Coll. 

G. Eendersm). 
12 . ALAUDULA. 
591 
2. Alaudnla raytal. 
Alauda 
raytal, Myth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 962 (1844, ex Buck. 
Hamilton M88.) ; id. op. eit. xv. p. 40 (1846); Gray, Hand-l. B. 

ii. p. 119, no. 7779 (1870); Swinh. $ Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 130. 
Calandrella raytal, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 132 (1849). 
Mirafra raytal, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 18 (1849). 
Alaudula raytal, Horsf. <§• Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. ii. p. 471 
(1856) ; Jercl B. Bid. ii. p. 428 (1803) ; Hcdgs. Icon. ined. in 
Bibl. 8oc. ZooL, Fasseres, pi. 762/ figs. 1, 2 (no. 911); Gray, 
Cat. Mamrn. etc. Nepal, p. 58 (1863)* Hume, Nests <§* Eggs Ind. 

B. p. 481 (1873) ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. Beng. xliii. p. 171 (1874); 
Blyth Sr Wald. B. Burm. p. 95 (1875); Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 159 
(1875) ; Anders. Rep. Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 606 (1878) ; 
Cripps, Str. F. vii. p. 295 (1878); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 109 ; 
Sezdly, t c. p. 338; Oates, Handb. B. Burm. i. p. 374 (1883) • 
Hume, Str. F. xL p. 288 (1888). 
Adtdt male. General colour ashy grey, the feathers narrowly 
streaked -with blackish shaft-lines, slightly less marked on the ramp* 
wing-coverts ashy grey, with similar blackish shaft-streaks to the 
median and lesser series, all of them margined with ashy whitish ; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky, edged and fringed 
at the tip with ashy whitish, the first primary white along the outer 
web; centre tail-feathers brown, darker in the middle, and pale 
ashy on the edges, the remainder of the feathers blackish, edged 
with ashy brown, the penultimate feather white along the outer 
web, the outer feather almost entirely white, with a dusky-brown 
edge to the inner web; head like the back, but more distinctly 
streaked with blackish mesial spots; lores and a broad eyebrow 
white, tinged posteriorly with isabelline; ear-coverts brown, streaked 
with hoary whitish; feathers around and below the eye white, as 
also the fore part of the cheeks; hinder cheeks brown, like the ear-
coverts ; throat and under surface of body white, the fore neck and 
chest streaked with central triangular spots of dusky brown; sides 
of upper breast ashy ; the flanks isabelline and faintly streaked with 
dusky; thighs isabelline; under tail-coverts and under wing-coverts 
white; quills dusky below, ashy whitish along the inner web: 

"bill horn-colour with a greenish tinge, the tip dusky, the gape 
yellowish ; legs fleshy yellow, claws horn-brown; iris brown; eyelids 
plumbeous; mouth flesh-colour " (E. W. Oates). Total length 
4*4 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3*2, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 4*6 
inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3*1, tail 1*65, tarsus 0*7. 

In the breeding-season the plumage becomes abraded, and the 
wearing away of the pale tips leaves the upper surface more spotted; 
otherwise there is scarcely any difference between winter and 
summer plumage. As a rule, but not invariably, the males seem 
to me to be rather more plentifully spotted on the chest than the 
females. 

Hah. Sandbanks of the Ganges, Nerbudda, Brahmaputra, and 
Irawady Bivers and their affluents. 

592 
ALATTDIDiE. 

a. S ad. sk. Allahabad, Dec. 8. Hume Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Etawah, April 28 ( W. E. Brooks). Tweeddale Coll. 
c. d, e. d ad.: Etawah, Feb., June, Sept ( W. & Hume Coll. 
f,g,k Ad.sk. B.$A. O.K.). 
i-u. d1 ; v-iri. Cawnpore, Feb. (W. E. B.). Hume Coll. 
2 ad. sk. 
n'. Ad. sk. Pilibbeet (W. E. Brooks). Hume Coll. 
o',p'. S 2 ad.sk. Futtebgurh, Sept. 27 (A. AnderHume 
Coll. 


son). 
a'. 2 ad. sk. Futtebgurh, April (A. Anderson), Seebohm CoU.. 
r's'. Ad.sk. Oudh. Pinwill Coll. 
t', u'. 6 2 ad. sk. Mogul Serai, March 10 ( W. JE. B.). Hume Coll. 
v'-y'. Ad. sk. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
z'. Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodgson), India Museum. 
a", b". Ad. sk. Bebar. Hodgson Coll. 

Patna Feb 1874 K

c",tf"-<3> *"*/'•--(w-Brooks). Hume Coll. 
2 ad. sk. 
g"-i". <$ ; k". Dinapore, Nov. 1875 {W. JE. Hume Coll. 
2 ad. sk. Brooks). 
I"\m". S ad. sk. Faridpur, March 24, 1878 (J. JR. Hume Coll. 
Cripps). 
<n", o". J ad. sk. Boulav, Thayetmyo, March 21, Oates CoU. 
1873. 
p". 2 ad. sk. Yaylaymau Mudbanks, Jan. 7, Dr. J. Anderson 
1875. [C.]. 

Subsp. a. Alaudxda adamsi. 

? Alaudula raytal, Stoliczka,J. A. S. Beng. xxxvii. p. 64 (1868). 
Alauda adarasi, JHume, Ibis, 1871, p. 405. 
Alaudula adamsi, Hume, Nests and Eggs Lid. B. p. 482 {lr>73); id. 


Str. F. i. p. 213 (1873j ; Butler, Sir. F. v. p. M7, note (1*77); 
Brooks, t. c. p. 488* Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 100 (1&79); Butler, 
Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 50 (1879); Murray, Veriebr. Zool. Sind, 

p. 196 (1884). 
Ammomanes adamsi, Trist. Cat. Coll. p. 244 (1889). 
Adult male. Very similar to A. raytal, but with a very much 
smaller bill, like that of a typical Calandrella : " bill pale greyish 
or slaty grey, brownish on culmen and at tip, slightly yellowish 
white at base of lower mandible; legs and feet fleshy brown, or in 
some brownish, dusky on joints; iris pale brown " {A. 0. Hume). 
Total length 4*8 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3*35, tail 1*95, 
tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 5 inches, culmen 
0*5, wing 3*15, tail 1*85, tarsus 0*75. 
Hah. Extreme north-west of India and Sind, straggling east to 
Delhi and Etawah. 

a-g. Ad. sk. Murdan, Dec. (Capt. Unwin). Hume Coll. 

h. Ad. sk. Lahore. Tweeddale G'olL 
i, k. $ ad. • l-t. Banks of Cbenab, near Mooltan, Hume Coll. 
2 ad. sk. Dec. (A. 0. H). 
u, v. $ 2 ad. sk. Sukkur, Dec. (A. O. H). Hume Coll. 
to, x. $ ad. sk. Banks of Jhelum, Nov. Hume Coll. 

y. 
<?; *> «'. 2 Shahpur, Nov. (A. O. H). Hume Coll. 
ad. sk. 
13. MIRAFEA. 
593 
b', c'. S ; d% e". Sehwan, Dec, Jan. ( TV. T. Blan- Hume Coll. 
$ ad. ak. ford $ A. 0. H.). 


f. $ ad. sk. Munchur Lake, Jan. 22 ( W. T. India Mus. 
Blanford). 
(/', ti. $ ad. sk. Sind, Jan. (Mr. F. Bay). Hume Coll. 
i', h\ $ ad. sk. Guzerat, May (W. T. Blanford). Hume Coll. 
?. <$; m'-o'. $ Karachi, April (R. A. Butler). Hume Coll. 

ad. sk. 
pf. <$ ad. sk. Delhi, Dec. 29 (C. T. Bingham). Hume CoU. 

q. 
<$ ad. sk. E,. Jumna, June 26 (W. R. Hume Coll. 
Brooks). 
Hubsp. (3. Alaudula leucophaea. 

Calandrella leucophasa, Severtz. Turhest. Jewtn. p. 142 (1873) ; Giyk 

Avf. Ital, p. 61 (1886). 
Calandrella pispoletta, Cab. (nee Pall), Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 182. 
Alauda pispoletta, Tar. leucoph&a, Seeb. Hist Br. B. iv. p. 275, 

note (1884). 

Adult male. Similar to A. adamsi, but larger, and distinguished 
by the much greater extent of white on the outer tail-feather, which 
has only an oblique dusky mark on the inner web. Total length 
6 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 3*9, tail 2*35, tarsus 0*75. 

Hob. Turkestan. 

a, b. Ad. ck. 
Turkestan (Dr. Severtzqff). Seebohm Coll. 

13, MIRAFEA* rp 

Type. 
Mirafra, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 159 (1820) M. javanica. 
Brachonyx, Swains. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 344 (1827, nee 

ScMnh. 1826) M. apiata. 
Corypha, Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 48 M. apiata. 
Megalophonus, Gray, List Gen. B. 1841, p. 62 ,.. . M. apiata. 
Plocealauda, JEodys. in Grayh Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844).. M. assamica. 
Geocoraphus, Cab. Arch.f. Nat. xiii. p. 328 (1847) ... . M. javanica. 

* The following species are unknown to me:— 
1. MlRAFRA PLEBEIA. 
Alauda (Megalophonus) plebeia, Cab. J.f. 0. 1875, p. 237; Reichen. J.f. 0. 
1877, p. 29. 

Alauda plebeia, Bocayei Cm. Angola, p. 560 (1881). 

Hab. Angola. 
As the description does not contain any information about the colour of the 
under wing-coverts, I have not been able to place this species in the ' Key.' 
Cabanis refers to it as an all? of A. yrayi, but the latter is a true Ammomanes. 

2. MlEAFEA ANGOLENSIS. 
Mirafra angolensis, Boeaye, Jom. Lisb. 1880, p. 60; id. Cm. Angola, 

p. 560 (1881). 
Hab. Oaconda, Benguela. 
Probably near M. frinyillaris, Sundev. 


VOL. XIII. 
% 4 

594 
ALAUDIDiE. 

Range. Throughout Africa, excepting some portions of the west 
coast; Madagascar. The whole of the Indian Peninsula and Ceylon, 
locally in the Burmese countries ; re-occurring iu Java, Borneo, 
Plores, and the Philippines. 

Head of Mirafra javanica, to show exposed nostrils. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Light pattern of outer tail-feather tawny rufous. 
a'. Light pattern of outer tail-feather confined to 
the outer weh, the inner weh sometimes mottled 
with black (in young "birds). 


a". Quills ahnost entirely rufous, this colour extending 
over both webs, leaving the tips 
dusky blackish; centre tail-feathers rufous 
with irregular black cross markings; head 
rufous with a few black spots or bars riifipilea, p. 597. 

b". Quills dusky brown with rufous or ashy 
margins only, but with no rufous extending 
over the base of the primaries; centre tail-
feathers blackish slightly mottled with rufous; 
head for the most part ashy grey with very 
little rufous apiata, p. 598. 

b'. Light pattern of outer feather much extended, 
occupying the whole feather excepting an 
oblique mark of dusky brown or blackish on the 
inner web. 


c". Above brown, streaked with blackish; the 
hinder crown and mantle vinous streaked 
with blackish brown ; upper surface of body 
not transversely barred with black buckleyi, p. 599. 

d". Above brown with transverse black marks; 
no marked vinous mantle and hinder crown; 
outer aspect of quills more rufous than in the 
preceding species fischeri, p. GOO. 

e". 
Entire colour above vinous red, with longitudinal 
dusky streaks; no bghter mantle; outer [p. 600 
aspect of quills chestnut rufocinnamomeu, 

b. 
Light pattern of outer tail-feather sandy buff on the 
inner web, with an oblique dark brown mark towards 
the base; the outer web white horn, p. 001. 
c. 
Light pattern of outer tail-feather white or pale 
fulvous, 
c'. 
Outer tail-feather almost entirely white, with a 
dusky mark on the inner web only. 


13. 
MIRAFRA. 595 
/" . Under wing-coverts and a broad inner lining 
to the quills deep chestnut-red. 


of". With distinct rufous on the head and 
upper surface, the feathers being rufous 
or rufous-brown with black centres, the 
general appearance being rufescent, not 
grey or blackish. 


«4. First small primary 0*6 inch in length and 
very broad javaniea, p. 602. 
bl, First small primary not 0*5 inch in length. 
a5. Eyebrow isabelline or tawny buff; 
shoulder of wing almost entirely 
rufous, the median and greater coverts 
showing scarcely any black bases to 
the feathers secunda, p. 603. 

b'\ Eyebrow broader and whiter and extended 
posteriorly; wings rufous externally, 
but the median and greater 
wing-coverts with distinct blackish 
bases cheniana, p. 603. 

&"'. Grey or blackish brown above, the head 
like the back. 


c4. Head grey like the back with blackish 
centres to the feathers: size larger; 
wing 2'9 inches horsfielii, p. 604. 

d4. Head dusky or blackish brown, with 
scarcely perceptible dusky centres to the 
feathers: size smaller; wing 2*7 inches. 


c5. Flanks uniform parva, p. 604. 
d5. Flanks streaked with blackish philippensis, 
g". Under wing-coverts paler, isabelline or light [p. 605. 
isabelline rufous, but not chestnut. 

c'". Rufous of primaries not continued across 
the base, but the quills blackish, edged 
with rufous on both webs, 


e*. Smaller: more fulvescent; upper surface 
narrowly streaked with blackish centres 
to the feathers cantillans*, 

fA. Larger: much darker brown in plumage; [p. 605. 
the centres to the feathers of the upper 
surface very broad and distinct fringillaris, p. 606. 

d"\ 
Kufous of primaries extending over both 
webs, with dusky brown ends; entire 
upper surface foxy rufous with pale 
margins ; underneath white, with a few [p. 606. 
dusky spots on the chest cordofanica^ 

* Here will probably come— 
Ml£AFE4 SIMPLEX. 
Geocoraphus (Mirafra) simplex, H&ugL J. /. O. 1868, p. 226 (ex Cab. MSS. 
in Mm. JBerol). 
Mirafra simplex, Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 121, no. 7806 (1870). 
Geocoraphus simplex, H&ugl. Dm. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 687 (1871). 
Hab. Coast of Arabia. 

20.2 
ALAXJBIBJE.

59(1 

d', Light pattern of outer tail-feather confined to 
the outer web only. 


A". Inner lining of quills entirely rufous, ^ this 
rufous colour extending over both the inner 
and outer webs of the primaries near the 
base; the shaft dusky. 


e'". Larger: oilmen 075-O8 inch; hinder crown 
rufous with black tips to the feathers, the 
rufous occiput contrasting with the back.. africana, p. 607. 

f". Smaller : culmen not exceeding 0*65 inch. 
gK Upper surface of body ashy grey in tone. 


e5. Colour of back dark grey; spots on 
chest very distinct,* primary-coverts 
and quills' blackish brown with rufous 
margins a8$a?nica} p. 609.. 

f5. Colour of back pale pearly grey; spots 
on chest very minute j primary-coverts 
almost entirely rufous; the quills 
rufous at base except for a line of 
black down the shaft; damarensis, 

M Upper surface of body rufescent or ferru- [p. 612. 
ginous in tone, not ashy. 
g5. Spots on breast large and distinct. 

a6. Smaller: primaries entirely rufous, 
with dusky ends; only a shaft-line 
of brown reaching to the base; 
primary-coverts rufous like the 
quills... . erythroptera, 

b6. Larger: primaries rufous, the brown ["p. 612. 
in the middle of the feather distinctly 
reaching to the base of the 
qnills; primary-coverts dark brown , «, . ,0 , 
edged with rufous <!%»*, P- 614. ^ 

hP, 
Spots on the breast small and nearly » ™<^*™,p.eio. 

obsolete. [p. 616. 
c6. Much larger: back sandy rufous ... . afrkanoides^ 
d®. Much smaller: back foxy red alopex, p. 617. 

i". Inner lining of quills not rufous; the primaries 
leaden grey with isabelline on the inner 
web. 


gu'. Above tawny or sandy buff, broadly 
streaked with blackish centres to the 
feathers. 


24. Larger: with very short bill; breast 
sparsely spotted with dusky black nmvia^ p. 617. 
&*. Smaller: bill much smaller; breast 
thickly spotted with black sabota, p. iSlS, 
h"\ Above uniform black or black with rufescent 
margins; throat and breast thickly 
spotted with black; ear-coverts black nigricans, p. 619. 

d> 
Basal half of tail rufous like the upper tail-coverts j 
breast with large black spots erythropygia, 

[p. 619. 
X3. MIRAFRA. 

1. Mirafra rufipilea. 
L'Alouette 
a calotte rousse, Lemill. Ois. d'Afr. iv. pi. 198 (1805) : 
Sundev. Krit. om Lemill. p. 46 (1857). 
Alauda rufipilea, Weill. 2V". Diet aVEist Nat. i. p. 345 (1810); 
Skarpe, Cat Afr. B. p. 72 (1871). 
Megalophonus rufipileus, Gray, Gen.Rii.y. 382 (1844) ; Bp. Consp. 

i. p. 243 (1850); Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 211 (1867); Gray, Eand-l 
R ii. p. 122, no. 7823 (1870): Ayres, Ibis, 1871. p. 268, 1873, 
'F 
Brachonyx pyrrhonota, « 1 III. Zool. 8. Afr.. Aves, pi. ex. %. 2 
(1847, necVieill). ° 
Alauda fasciolata, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 8tochh. 1850, 

p. 285,1880, p. 265. J
p. 99. ' 
Megalophonus fasciolatus, Licht Nomencl. Av. Berol. p. 39 (1854) : 
6W«/, Ifrm^. B. ii. p. 122, no. 7820 (1870). 
Megalophonus apiatus (nee V.), Ayres, Ibis, 1809, p. 295: Buckley, 
Ibis, 1876, p. 133. y? 
Mirafra rufipilea, Sfla^e, -P. #. S. 1874, p. 641; id. ed. Bayard's B. 

S. Afr. p. 517 (1884)• Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 376 (1881), 
Adult male. Above entirely cinnamon -rufous, the feathers of the 
crown faintly tipped with whitish, these being much broader and 
more distinct on the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts, these light 
tips relieved by a subterminal line of black, most of the feathers 
being blackish at base and having one or two other concealed bars 
of blackish ; hind neck and interscapulary region brighter cinnamon, 
with central streaks of deeper crimson; wing-coverts cinnamon like 
the back, but the margins to the feathers broader and the black 
subterminal margins more pronounced ; quills rufous for two thirds 
of their length, brown for the terminal third, the secondaries 
browner, the outer one mottled with the same externally, the innermost 
deep cinnamon, like the back, with the same distinct margins ; 
tail brown, slightly tipped with rufous, the two outer feathers externally 
margined with creamy buff, the outermost more broadly, 
the two centre tail-feathers cinnamon, dark brown in the centre, 
from which radiate several imperfectly formed bars and mottlings 
of blackish; lores and a fairly distinct eyebrow buffy white; ear-
coverts rufous, deeper on the hinder margin; cheeks and sides of 
neck buffy white, minutely speckled with dark brown; throat buffy 
white, unspotted; rest of under surface pale fawn-colour, rather 
obscured in some places by fulvous margins to the feathers, the fore 
neck and chest numerously marked with little round spots of black ; 
under wing-coverts deep cinnamon, like the inner lining of the 
wing: " bill pale, with the tip dusky; tarsi and feet palo dusky ; 
iris light tawny" (Ayres). Total length 5*8 inches, culmen 0*6, 
wing 3*35, tail 2'6, tarsus 1-05. 

Young. Similar to the adult, but far deeper cinnamon, and everywhere 
barred with black wavy lines on the upper surface, the head 
included; tail with a broad centre of ashy brown, followed by 
another subterminal line along the apical portion of the feathers, this 
line evidently breaking up into the radiations from the shaft which 

ALATJDID-E. 

598 

are seen in the tail-feathers of the adult; ear-coverts cinnamon, 
thickly spotted with black• under surface of body isabelline, the 
throat with a few concealed brown bars; the flanks and thighs deeper 
rufous, slightly mottled with brown barrings; the chest much deeper 
cinnamon, especially on the sides, the latter being slightly varied 
with blackish wavy lines, the centre of the chest sparsely spotted 
with blackish. Total length o'8 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3, tail 2*35, 
tarsus 1. 

Hab. South-eastern Africa, from the Orange Free State to the 
Transvaal, and extending to the Zambesi. 

a. Ad. sk.
b. <$ ad. sk. 
Bloemfontein (H. Exton). 
Orange Free State, June 6 {T. E. 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Buckley). 
c. d. $ ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk. 
Bustenbtirg, E. Transvaal,
Jane (W, Lucas). 
Transvaal (T. Ay res). 
Feb., Shelley Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 

2. Mrafra apiata. 
L'Alouette bateleuse, Lemill. Ois. dAfr. iv. pi. 194 (1805)• Sundev. 
Krit. om LevailL p. 40 (1857). 
Alauda apiata, Vieill JV. Diet. tfHist. JSyat i. p. 342 (1816); Grill 

Zool. Anteckn. p. 40 (1858). ? 
Alauda clanios»a, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 23 (1820). 
Brachonyx apiata, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr. pi. 110. rig. 1 (1847). 
Megalophonus apiatus, Bp. Consp. I p. 244 (1850; ; Zayard, B. 

8. Afr. p. 215 (1867); Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 122, no. 7815 
(1870); Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 81. 
Mirafra apiata, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 038: id. ed. Bayard's B 

S. Afr. p. 515 (1884). 
Adult male in summer plumage. Upper surface dark brown, the 
rufous obscure and the grey shade strongly marked only on the 
lower back and secondaries; head dark brown, with scarcely any 
grey shade or rufous markings; hind neck scarcely lighter than the 
head or back; wing-coverts ending in a rufous tint, with no perceptible 
grey margin; inner secondaries with a narrow blackish 
shaft-line, from which radiate about six narrow blackish cross lines ; 
tail nearly uniform brown, with an obsolete shade of greyish on the 
centre tail-feathers, the external feathers being light fawn-colour on 
the outer web; eyebrow pale fawn ; under surface of body bright 
fawn, the throat and chest speckled with black: <* bill dark horncolour, 
with the basal two thirds of the lower mandible and the 
edges of the upper one towards the gape huffish flesh-colour; legs 
white with a faint pink shade" (G. E. Shelley). Total length 
5 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 8, tail 2*2, tarsus 1. 

Adult in winter plumage. Upper surface grey, the rufous coloi.r 
in broad and half-concealed bands; head entirely grey, mottled 
with hlackish centres to the feathers, and slightly washed here arid 
there with rufous ; hind neck very clear grey, paler than head or 
back; wing-coverts with a broad whitish-grey margin; inner 

13. 1IIEAFEA. 599 
secondaries dark brown in the centre and at entire base of the 
feathers, with only a few imperfect radiations of black near the tip; 
tail dark brown, tipped with white, the centre feathers clearly washed 
with grey as well as slightly tinged with rufous, and plainly marked 
with blackish radiations and spots near the shafts; eyebrow ashy 
fulvous; under surface ashy fulvous, concealing fawn-coloured 
bases to the feathers, the chest-spots much obscured. 

Bab. Cape Colony. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Cape Colony (E. L. Layard). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c Ad. sk. Cape Colony. Eyton Coll. 

d. Ad. sk. Cape Town. C. J. Andersson [C.]. 
e. (S imni. sk. Stellendorf, Cape Colony, Shelley Coll. 
Jan. 22 (<?. E. S). 
3. Mirafra buckleyi. 
Calandrella buckleyi, Shelley, Ibis, 1873, p. 142. 
Megalophonus buckleyi, Hartert, J. f. 0.1886, p. 582. 


Adult (type of species). General colour above brown, with ashy 
margins to the feathers; the mantle vinous, with dusky brown 
centres to the feathers; the head like the back, and the hinder 
crown and nape vinous, also streaked with dusky brown; wing-
coverts and quills brown, edged with ashy, the greater coverts with 
pale vinous buff and having a faint subterminal shade of black ; 
primaries narrowly edged with vinous buff; centre tail-feathers 
light} rufous, with longitudinal blackish centres, rather broad ; the 
remainder of the feathers dark brown, with ashy fulvous margins, 
the penultimate feather broadly edged with tawny buff, the outermost 
one entirely tawny buff excepting for an oblique mark of 
dusky brown on the inner web; upper tail-coverts sandy vinous, 
with dusky brown centres; lores and a distinct eyebrow sandy 
vinous; feathers below the eye whitish; ear-eoverts sandy rufous, 
washed with dusky brown at the ends of the feathers; cheeks, 
throat, and underparts sandy buff, paler on the former, the fore 
neck and chest washed with vinous, and sparsely marked with 
triangular spots of brown; the flanks inclining to tawny buff ; the 
abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts isabelline; on each side of 
the fore neck a patch of dusky brown, as in a Calandrella; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries tawny buff; quills dusky brown, rufescent 
along the inner web: " bill brownish flesh-colour, shading into 
dark brown towards the culmen and the end of the lower mandible; 
tarsi, feet, and claws flesh-colour; iris brown" (G. K Shelley). 
Total length 5-3 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2-85, tail 1*9, tarsus 0-85. 

Bab. W. Africa: plains of Accra to the Niger district. 

a. Ad. sk. Accra, Feb. (T. E. Buckley). Shelley Coll. (Type 
of species.) 
b, c. Ad. sk. Accra, Feb. (<?. E. S.). Shelley Coll. 

d. Ad.sk. Accra (Ussfrer). Shelley Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Accra (J. Smith). Sharpe Coll. 
ALATTDIDJ2. 

4. Mirafra fischeri. 
Calandrella bucMeyi (nee Shelley), Peichen. J.f 0. 1877, p. 29; 

Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 560 (1881). 
Megalophonus buckleyi {nee Shelley), Cab. J.f 0.1878, p. 228. 
Mirafra apiata (nee V.), Sharpe $ Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 

iii. p. 77 (1878); Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 357 (1881); Shelley, 
•n--IC-*'* nm,n m -i T _ ...75. Ti Cl A _t*'_ _. C\ "n /"TOO 4t 
Ibis, lc 
Earth 


Megalopjhonu. «w~~w, _..,. _. , z 7 _ ,_.,. , 
1883, p. 202 ; Schalow, t. e. p. 364; Fischer, J.f.O. 1385, p. 137 ; 
Beichen. J.f 0. 1887, pp. 74, 309. 

Adult male. Very similar to 21. bucMeyi, but larger and with more 
rufous on the lining of the quills, and no appearance of vinous on 
the head and mantle. The chief difference, however, between this 
spec es and M. bucMeyi lies in the cross-barring of the feathers of 
the back and scapulars in 21. fiseheri, and the very distinct subterminal 
black line on the inner secondaries before the pale edging to 
these quills; outer tail-feather tawny, with an oblique blackish mark 
on the inner web : " upper mandible dusky brown, paler on the 
lower mandible and the cutting-edges of the upper; feet pale reddish 
; iris umber-brown " (Bmin Pasha). Total length 5*7 inches, 
culmen 0*65, wing 3*15, tail 2*1, tarsus 1. 


Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 
6 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3*05, tail 2*1, tarsus 1. 
Eab. From Swazi-Land to the Zambesi and Benguela, and thence 
to the Congo Eegion and throughout Eastern Africa. 


a. Ad. sk. Swazi-Land, July (T. E. Shelley Coll. 
Buckley). 
b. Ad. sk. Zambesi Eegion. Dr. Bradshaw [C. j . 
c,d.d2 ad.; e. Landana, Congo (L. Petit). Sharpe Coll. 
Juv. sk. 
/ . $ ad. sk. Landana (L. Petit). Shelley Coll. 
g, h. J 2 ad. sk. Conde, Congo (Z. Petit). Shelley Coll. 
I <$ ad. sk. Kassongo, Upper Congo, F. BohndorfT [C.J. 

June. 

k. $ ad. sk. Wadelai, Aug. 11. Emin Pasha [P.]. 
5. Mrafra rufocinnamomea. 
Megalophonus rufoeinnamomeus, Sahad. Atti Sac. Ital. Sci. Nat' 
viii. p. 378 (1865). 
Alauda rufoeinnamomeus, Gray, Eand-L B. ii. p. 119, no. 7774 
(1870). 
Geocoraphus rufoeinnamomeus, HeuaL Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. BBS 
(1871). 
Mirafra torrida, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 308, pi. 16. 


Adult (type of M. torrida). Entirely vinous chestnut, with longitudinal 
dusky centres to the feathers; the scapulars and wing-
coverts and quills with creamy-buff margins, the greater coverts 
with irregular dusky bars of black across the feather; quills dusky 

13 . M1EAFRA. 
601 
brown, externally rufous, giving them a conspicuous rufous aspect; 
the secondaries dusky brown, externally rufous, with a zig-zag 
subterminal line of blackish and some further lines of black on 
the centre of the feathers; centre tail-feather rufous, with some 
dusky shading near the shaft; the remainder of the feathers blackish 
brown, rather rufescent towards the ends, the penultimate feather 
blackish on the inner web, tawny on the outer one, the outermost 
feather tawny buff, with a dusky inner margin of blackish; head 
like the back, with blackish median streaks to the feathers; eyebrow 
and sides of face pale tawny rufous; the ear-coverts spotted with 
dusky brown, and inclining to chestnut on the hinder margin; 
throat and under surface of body tawny buff, with spots of vinous 
chestnut on the lower throat; the fore neck more distinctly spotted 
with chestnut, with black central spots on the feathers. Total length 
o-Q inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3*15, tail 2-1, tarsus 0*95. 

ffab. East Africa. 
a. Ad. sk. Ugogo {Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll. 
(Type of M. torrida.) 

6. Mrafra hova. 
Hotahota, Flacourt, Hist Madag. p. 166 (1661). 

Mirafra 
hova, SaHl. J.f.O. I860, p. 106; id. Beitr. Faun. Madag. 
1861, p. 57; Roeh $ R Newt. Ibis, 1862, p. 275; E. Newt. Ibis. 
1863, p. 350; Scl P. Z. S. 1863, p. 164; A. Netvt. P. Z. S. 1865, 

p. 836; Grand. Rev. Zool. 1867, p. 389; Gray, ELand-l. B. ii. 
p. 121, no. 7803 (1870). 
Alauda hova, Schl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 424; id. $ Poll. Faun. Madag., 
Ois. p. 107 (1868); Eartl. Vdg. Madag. p. 221 (1877); Milne-
Edwards 8f Grandid. Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois. p. 456, pi. 183. fig. 3, 
pis. 184,187 a. fig. 5 (1882). 

Adult male. Sandy brown, with black centres and pale edges to 
the feathers ; wing-coverts and quills dark brown, with sandy-buff 
edges, the primaries edged with tawny rufous, the outer ones and 
the primary-coverts with ashy fulvous; tail-feathers blackish, the 
penultimate one with the outer web white, the outer feather smoky 
fulvous or sandy buff on the inner web, whiter on the outer, the 
inner web with an oblique mark of blackish brown from the base ; 
head like the back ; lores and a broad eyebrow whitish, as well as 
the feathers below the eye; cheeks sandy buff, spotted with brown 
on the hinder part; ear-coverts sandy white, brown along the upper 
margin and largely spotted with black on the hinder margin ; throat 
white ; remainder of under surface creamy buff or isabelline, washed 
with tawny buff on the flanks ; the lower throat spotted with dusky, 
and the fore neck and breast very thickly spotted with triangular 
black markings ; under wing-coverts and axillaries tawny rufous or 
pale chestnut; the quills dusky below, rufous along the inner web. 
Total length 5'5 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3*2, tail 1*8, tarsus 
0-85. 

002 
ALATJDIDJE. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 5*5 
inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*9, tall 1*75, tarsus 0*85. 

Young. Very tawny in colour, especially below, the feathers 
having light edgings to the dorsal plumes, producing a scaly appearance. 


Hab. Madagascar. 

a. J ad. j b. Juv. sk. Madagascar. Sharpe Coll. 
c, d, e,f. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Shelley Coll. 
g. 6] h* i-? a^-> &' Ankafana Forest, Rev. Beans Cowan TC", 
Juv. sk. Betsileo. 
I, m. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Mr. Gerrard TV 


7. Mirafra javanica. 
Mirafra javanica, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 159 (1820; ; Gray, 
Gen. B. ii. p. 383 {IbU) ; BJJ. Consp.l. p. 243 (1850j : Blyth, 

i." 

(1370) , ._ .... r x._. _,, _.__, _.,, _, ? 

p. 154* Vorderm. 2sat. Tijdschr. Xederl. Lid. xliii. p. 107 (1884) 
xlvi. p. 234(1887). 
Alauda mirafra, Temm. PL Col iii. i± 305. fig. 2 (1824). 
Geocuraplius javainc-ii*, Cab. Arch.f. Faturg. Ifc47, p. 328: 2& Mus. 
Ilein. i. p. b'O (18o0). 

Mirafra 
borneensis, tiicinh. Ann. # JiV///. j\7/£. lft&. (4) vii. p. 257 
(1871; ; JSV*/IW. Ucc. Born. p. 2tj:j (18^4) • Vorderm. Kat. Tijdschr. 
Nederl Lid. xhi. p. 234 (lbb7). 

^c?w/< mak General colour ahove dark brown, with blackish 
centres to the feathers, the dorsal feathers margined with rufous, 
less distinct on the rump and upper tail-coverts; a slightly paler 
mantle of more vinous brown, the feathers niesially streaked with 
blackish; wings rufous, the median and greater coverts with black 
bases, the rufous margins very broad ; bastard-w ing blackish, with 
tawny-buff edges: primary-coverts rufous, dusky blackish on the 
inner webs; quills blackish, externally rufous, the secondaries 
blackish, with narrow rufous margins, which extend round both 
webs of the innermost ones; tail-leathers dark brown, with lighter 
brown edges, the penultimate feather buffy white for the whole of 
the outer web, the external feather almost entirely white, excepting 
the oblique dusky mark on the inner web towards the base ; crown 
of head dark brown, broadly streaked with black like the back; 
lores and a narrow eyebrow tawny rufous; feathers round eye, sides 
of face, and ear-coverts tawny rufous, slightly spotted with'brown ; 
cheeks and throat buffy white, as also the sides of the neck; fore 
neck and rest of under surface of body isabelline buff, washed with 
tawny rufous, the fore neck and chest with triangular spots of dark 

brown, forming larger and more longitudinal streaks on the sides of 
the latter; flanks with a few longitudinal streaks of dus>ky brown; 
under wing-coverts rufous : quills below dusky brown, with broad 
rufous margins along the inner edge. Total length 5*2 inches, 
culmen 0*0, wing 2*85, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*(J. 

13 MIRAFRA. 
003 

Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length. 
D-D inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2-95, tail 1*9, tarsus 0-9. 

Rah. Java; S. Borneo. 

a. 
Ad. sk. Java (Horsfield). India Museum. (Type 
of species.) 
b. g ad. sk Java (Dlard). Seebohm Coll. 
c. d. $ $ ad. sk- Java (JDiard). Salvin-G-odman Coll. 
e~h. Ad. sk. Java, Tweeddale Coll. 
i. Ad. sk. Java. K. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
A*. Ad. sk. Banjertnassing, S. Borneo Wallace Coll. (Type of 
(J. Motley). yi. borneemis.) 
8. Mirafra secunda. 
Mirafra horsfieldi, Goidd, Randb. B. Austr. i. p. 404 (1805). 
Adult. Yery similar to M. javanica, hut smaller, and not so 
streaked on the chest • the wing more rufous on the shoulder, the 
coverts being almost all uniform rufous, and not so mottled with 
black bases as in the Java species. Total length 5 inches, culmen 
0*5, wing 2*8, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*7. 

Rub. {South Australia. 

a. Ad. ^k. South Australia. 
Gould Coll. 
b, c. Ad. sk. South Australia (J". T. Cock- Salvin-G-odman Coll. 
erell). 

d. Ad. sk. Australia. 
Purchased. 
9. Mrafra cheniana. 
Mirafra cheniana, Smith, III. Zool. 8. Afr. pi. 89. fig. 2 (1843, err. 
pro fig. 1); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 644; id. ed. Laijards B. 8. 
Afr. pp. 528, 852 (1807). 

ilegalophonus 
chenianus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 382 (1844) ; Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 244 (1850); Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 214 (1807) ; 'Gray. 
Rand-l. B. ii. p. 122, no. 7817 (1870) • Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 259 ; 
Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 644 j Ayres, Ibis, 1873, p. 286, 1880, 

p. 264. 
Alauda cheniana, Giebel, Thes. Orn. p. 293 (1872). 
Adult (type of species). Above dark brown, almost blackish, the 
feathers margined with sandy rufous, especially broad on the hind 
neck, some few of the scapular feathers with narrow fulvous tips ; 
wings rufous, the coverts having blackish bases, the greater series 
dark brown, margined with rufous, shading off into fulvous on the 
extreme edge ; quills dark brown, with very broad rufous margins, 
the edges of the secondaries more fulvous; upper tail-coverts dark 
brown, with ashy-fulvous margins ; tail dark brown, the two centre 
feathers margined with rufous, shading off into fulvous towards the 
tips ; the two outermost feathers pure white, with a touch of brown 
near the base of the outer one, but occupying the half of the inner 
web of the penultimate feather for all its length, as well as a short 

604 ALAUDIDJL 

distance towards the end of the shaft; feathers above and below 
the eye, forming a distinct eyebrow, creamy buff; ear-coverts 
rufous, slightly mottled with dark brown, as also are the cheeks and 
sides of the neck, which are white; throat white, unspotted; rest 
of under surface creamy buff, strongly inclining to rufous on the 
chest, which is mottled with triangular spots of dark brown, inclining 
to streaks on the side of the breast; flanks and thighs washed 
with rufous• under tail-coverts buffy white; under wing-coverts 
deep rufous, the inner lining of wing ashy brown, rufous along the 

inner web: "bill pale, with a decided yellow tinge and yellow at the 
gape, but dusky brown on the upper mandible, except on the edges ; 
tarsi and feet pale pinkish; iris light reddish umber" (2\ Ay res). 
Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-S5, tail 2*9, tarsus 
0^9. 

Hub. South Africa, from British Caffraria to the Transvaal. 

a, b. Ad.; e. Juv. sk. Latakoo. Sir A. Smith [0.]. 
(Types of species.") 

d. <$ ad. sk. Wkittlesea Flats (T. Sharpe Coll. 
C. Atmore). 
10. Mrafra horsfieldi 
Mirafra horsfieldi, Gould, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 1; id. B. Austr. fol. iii. 
pi. 77 (1848); Bp. Consp. i. p. 243 (1850); Reichenb. Tog. Xeuholl. 
p. 88 (1850); Gouldt Haadb. B. Austr. i. p. 404 (1805) ; 
Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 121, no. 77i)8 (1870) : Ramsay, P. Z. S. 
1875, p. 590; id. Proc. Linn. Soc. X. 8. ^JJr. (2j ii. p. 108 (1887); 
id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 10 (1888). 

Adult male. Similar to 21. javaniea, but grey instead of rufous, 
the whole aspect of the bird being blacker: " biH fleshy brown at 
the base and dark brown at the tip : feet fleshy brown n (J. Gould). 
Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*9, tail 1*85, tarsus 
0*85. 

The sexes, according to Hr. Gould, are alike in plumage. 

Hah. KW. Australia, Southern Queensland south to Xew South 

Wales. 
a. Ad. sk. Australia. Gould Coll. 
b, c. Ad. sk. New South Wales. Gould Coll. 
d-g. Ad. sk,
h-h. Ad. sk.
/. Imm. sk. 
Richmond River, Aug.,
Sept. {A. P. Goodwin), 
Richmond River, Sept. 
Port Essington. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
A. P. Goodwin [C.]. 
Gould Coll. 
m. Juv. sk. N.W. Australia (T. H.
Boxoyer Bolder). 
Capt. Bowyer 
[P.]. 
Bower 

Subsp. a. Mrafra parva. 
Mirafra parva, Swinh. Ami. $ Mag. Nat Hist. (4) vii. p. 257(1871). 
Adult (type of species). Is a small blackish race of 21. Jtorsfieldi. 

13. HIEAFEA. 
605 
There is no rufous on the head and back, and very little grey, the 
general aspect of the bird being blackish. Total length 5-1 inches, 
culmen 0*55, wing 2*7, tail 1*8, tarsus 0-8. 

Hab. Flores. 
a. Ad. sk. Mores. Wallace Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Flores (Wallace). Tweeddale Coll. 
c. Ad. sk. Flores {Wallace). Seebohm Coll. 
(Type of species.) 

Subsp. /3. Mirafra pMlippineiisis. 
Mirafra philippinensis, Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1886, p. 160. 

Adult (type of species). Similar to M. parva, and only differing 
from it in its blacker coloration and the blackish streaks on the 
flanks. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*7, tail 1*7, 
tarsns 0*8. 

Hab. Island of Luzon, Philippines. 

a, b. Ad. et juv. sk. Manila (Maitland-Heriot). Tweeddale Coll. 
(Types of species.) 
c, d, e. Ad.; / . Juv. sk. Manila (M.S.). Tweeddale Coll. 

11. Mirafra cantillans. 
Alauda cheendoola (nee FranJcl), Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi. p. 30 
(1840). 

Mirafra cantillans, Blyth, J A. S. Beng. xii. p. 181 (ex Jerd. MSS.; 
descr. nidld), xiii. p. 960; Blyth, Cat B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 134 
(1849); JSp. Consp. i. p. 243 (1850) ; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xxiv. 

p. 269 (1855) ; Mors/. $ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. ii. p. 477 
(1856);'Jerd. B. Ind. ii p. 420 (1863); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. 
p. 121, no. 7799 (1870); Adam, Str. F. 1873, p. 388,- id. Nests $ 
Eggs Ind. B. p. 476 (1873); Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 422,1875, 
p. 208; Butler, t. c. p. 499; Ball, Str. F. 1877, p. 223; Hume, 
St?\ F. 1879, p. 108; Butler, Cat. B. Sind 8fc. p. 49 (1879); 
Swinh. <§* Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 129; Reid, Cat. Lucknow Mus. 
p. 138 (1886). 
Adult male. Similar to M. javanica, but distinguished by its pale 
wing-lining, which, instead of being chestnut, is only isabelline 
rnfous. Total length 5*8 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3*2, tail 2-2, 
tarsns 0*9. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour but smaller. Total 
length 5*2 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3*15, tail 1-95, tarsus 0*85. 
Hab. Central and Southern India, north from Madras, extending 
to Cashmere. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Deesa, Jan., July (E. A. Hume Coll. 
Butler). 

c. 2 ad. sk. Rohtuk district, Dec. 24 Hume Coll. 
(A. O. H). 
d. 
S ftd. sk. Sambhur, June (R. M. Seebohm Coll. 
Adam). 
606 
ALAUDIDiE. 

e-k. rT; /• S ad. tk. Hansi, Hissar, Dec. (A. Hume Cull. 

0. H.). 
m. S ad. &k. Naobhera, Cashmere, May 6 Hume Coll 
(W. E. Brooks). 
n, 
o, ». Ad. sk. Etawah. July (.4. 0. H. § Hume Coll. 
JT. KB.)', 


q. <S ad. sk. Etawah, July 19 (W. K SeebohnrColL 
Brooks), 
r. Ad. sk. Raipur district. Hume Coll. 
s, t. Ad. sk. Madras. Dr. Jeidon ~P.]. 
(Types of species!) 

u. Ad. sk. Madras (Jerdon). Gould Cull. 
12. Mrafra fringHlaris. 
Mirafra fringillaris, Sunder. (Efi\ K Vet-Akad. Fork. Stockh. 18,50, 
p. 99; Sharpe, P. Z. S. Ib74, p. 649, pi. kxv, fig. 1; id. ed. 
Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 528 (1884). 
Mirafra 
occipitalis, Gray, Sand-L B. ii. p. 121, no. 7804 (1870, 
err.). 

Adult Above dusky brown, the feathers margined with ashy 
buff, but the general colour of the upper surface more dingy than iii 

M. cantillans, to which it is nearly allied; some of The dorsal 
feathers washed with fulvous; wing-coverts dull brown, narrowly 
margined with fulvous, the greater series with rufescent margins, 
especially at the tip; quills dark brown, the primaries with broad 
rufous margins, narrowing towards the tip, the secondaries with 
ashy fulvous edgings; lower back, wings, and upper tail-coverts 
dull brown, slightly varied with ashy fulvous margins; tail dark 
brown, the central feathers paler and plainly margined with fulvous, 
the other feathers less plainly edged, the penultimate one broadly 
margined with white on the outer web. the outermost feather white 
at base, but obliquely white for more than the terminal half; lores 
and a distinct eyebrow sandy buff; ear-coverts rufous, spotted with 
dark brown, especially on the hinder margin ; cheeks, throat, and 
sides of neck buffy white; rest of under surface creamy buff, -washed 
with isabelline on the chest, which is thickly spotted with dark 
brown, a few spots of which colour extend on to the throat; under 
wing-coverts isabelline, resembling the inner lining of the quills. 
with a few spots of brown on the carpal edge of the wing : " bill 
horn-coloured; legs sienna; iris hazel*' {T. E« Buckley). Total 
length 5*8 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*1, tail 2-5, tarsus 6*85. 
Hab. Erom the Transvaal to Damara-Land. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Damara-Land (C. J. Andersson). Sharpe Coll. 

c. Ad. sk. Damara-Land (C. J. A.). Shelley Coll. 
d. 6 ad. sk. Transvaal, Nov. 29 (T. E. Buckley). Shelley Coll. 
13. Mrafra cordofaiiica. 
Mirafra 
cordofanica, Strickl P. Z, S. 1850, p. 218, pi. 23; Gray, 
Mand-l. B. ii. p. 121, no. 7802 (1870). 
Galerita mtila, Von Mull Eescr. Kouv. Ois. d'Afrique, Taf. 13 (lto4). 

13. MISAFBA. 
607 
Alauda praestigiatrix, Heuql. Syst. TIebers. p. 43 (1856); ? Ant in. 

Cat. descrr. Uce. p. 41 (1864). 
Melanocorypha ferruginea, Brehm, Jf. 0.1857, p. 82. 
Calandrella ferruginea, Brehm, Naum. 1856, p. 375. 
Animomanes cinnamoinea, Bp. Notes Delattre, p. 61. 
Geocoraphus cordofanicus, Heugl. J. f. 0. 1868, p. 227; id. Orn. 

N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 687 (1872). 

Adult (type of species). Light cinnamon-rufous, with sandy-white 
margins to many of the dorsal feathers ; wing-coverts like the back ; 
quills cinnamon-rufous, the inner secondaries broadly edged with 
sandy white all round, with a suhterminal line of black ; the primaries 
with pale dusky brown tips; centre tail-feathers cinnamon 
like the back, dusky along the shaft; the rest of the feathers 
dark brown with sandy-buff edges and tips; the outer feather 
almost entirely white, with an oblique dusky mark along the inner 
web, the penultimate feather dusky brown, white on the outer web 
and across the tip of the inner one ; head like the back ; lores and 
eyebrow whitish; ear-coverts cinnamon-rufous, the lower portion 
whitish, as also the feathers below the eye; cheeks and under 
surface of body white, with a few tiny spots of dusky cinnamon on 
the chest; the sides of the latter pale cinnamon; sides of body and 
flanks also washed with pale cinnamon ; under wing-coverts isabelline 
huff; quills rufous below with dusky tips. Total length. 
5*5 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 3'2, tail 2, tarsus 0*9. 

Hob. Ivordofan and Senaar. 

a. 
Ad.sk. Kordofan. H. E. Strickland, Esq. [P.]. 
(Type of species.) 
14. Mirafra africana. 
Mirafra africana, Smith, Rep. Fxped. C. Afr., App. p. 47 (1836); id. 
III. Zool S. Afr., Aves, pi. 88. fig. 1 (1843) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874, 
p. 642; Ayres, Ibis, 1876, p. 432; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 374 
(1881); Sharpe in Oates1 Matabele-Land, App. p. 317 (1881) ; 
Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 350; Sharpe, ed. Layard?s B. S. Afr. 
pp. 519, 851 (1884). 
Alauda planicola, 
Licht. Verz. Vb'y. Kaffernl. p. 14 (1842, descr. 
nulla). 
Megalophonus africanus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 382 (1844) j Layard, 

B. S. Afr. p. 213 (1867). 
Megalophonus occidentalis, Hartl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 153 (1857); 
Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. ii. p. 48 (1868). 
Megalophonus rostratus, Hartl. Ibis, 1863, p. 326, pi. ix.; Layard, 

B. S. Afr. p. 212 (1867). 
--
Megalophonus planicola, Finsch § Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 463 
(1870); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 122, no. 7819 (1870); Ayres, 
Ibis, 1871, p. 259, 1880, p. 104; Fischer, J. f. O. 1885, p. 137; 
Reicken. J. f. O. 1887, p. 74. 

Alauda africana, 
Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 71 (1871); Buckley, Ibis, 
1874, p. 384. 
Megalophonus africanoides {lapsu), Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 81. 

ALAUDID^. 

608 

Adult male in summer plumage. Above light fawn-brown, all the 
feathers with a distinct blackish shaft-streak down the centre and 
margined with ashy fulvous; the rump slightly more ashy than the 
back, narrowly streaked with brown ; the upper tail-coverts shading 
off into light fulvous and having dark brown shaft-stripes ; wing-
coverts fawn-colour, darker brown in the centre of the feather, 
margined with fulvous and streaked with dark brown along the 
shaft, the greater coverts light rufous towards their tips ; primary-
coverts rufous fawn, with narrow whitish margins; quills rufous 

fawn, gradually shading off into dark brown, which occupies about 
the terminal third of the quills, which are margined with ashy 
white or fawn-colour; the secondaries brown, washed with fawncolour 
externally, and broadly margined and tipped with ashy buff, 
especially the two centre ones, which are rufous fawn at base, extending 
some way up the margins of the feathers, a shade of the 
same colour extending over the other feathers near their base, the 
outer feather creamy buff on trie outer web, the penultimate one 
narrowly margined externally with the same colour; crown of head 
bright fawn-colour, with a few narrow shaft-lines of dark brown ; 
the forehead minutely streaked, giving it a certain obscurely mottled 
appearance; lores and a rather broad eyebrow buffy white, as also 
the sides of the face; the cheeks and ear-coverts minutely spotted 
with dark brown; the ear-coverts washed with rufous, and inclining 
to dark brown on their upper margins ; throat white ; the rest of 
the under surface isabelline buff, washed with bright fawn-colour, 
minutely spotted with dark brown on the lower throat and chest, 
and streaked with the same on the sides of the breast; under wing-
coverts entirely rich fawn-colour, a little brighter on the inner 
lining, which is rufous and very conspicuous: "upper mandible 
dusky, lower mandible pale; tarsi and feet pale; iris light hazel" 

(T. Ayres). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 4, tail 2*7, 
tarsus 1*3. 
Adult female. Smaller than male, and with a much thinner bill. 
Total length 6-8 inches, culmen 0'75, wing 3*5, tail 2-7, tarsus 
1-2. 

Adult in winter plumage. Mucb darker than in summer, and not 
nearly so rufous on the upper surface, the rufous of the crown 
entirely obscured by the broad dark-brown shaft-stripes, and the 
forehead entirely brown, shaded with ashy and slightly tinged with 
rufous; the hinder back and rump decidedly shaded with ashy ; 
below rather more richly coloured than in summer, the breast 
largely marked with triangular spots of dark brown ; hind neck 
decidedly more ashy, separating the head from the back. 

The specimens from the Eastern Transvaal are more entirely 
rufous than specimens from other parts of South Africa; but this 
rufous appearance has probably something to do with the nature of 
the ground frequented by the birds, added to the abrasion of the 
plumage during the breeding-season, when the head becomes almost 
entirely rufous, except for the remains of a few black streaks and 
spots. 

13. MIEAFRA. 
600 

Sah South Africa, from the Eastern Cape Colony to the Zambesi 
and thence to the Zanzibar district of Eastern Africa, and on tho 
west to Benguela, and even to Gaboon. 

a, h. Ad. sk. 
c. Ad. sk. 
S.E. Africa. 
Kingwilliamstown. 
Sir A. Smith |(\| . 
(Types of speeieH.) 
Major 11. Travel van 
ad.; h. Juv. sk. 
h™» 6 ? ad. sk. 
w. 5 ad. sk. 
o. tf ad. sk. 
P-6 juv. sk. 
q- $ ad. sk. 
r, s. J $ ad. sk. 
£-#. Ad. sk. 
y. <$ ad. sk. 
z, a'. S ad. sk. 
&', c'. d ? ad. sk. 
d'~g'. <3 ; V. $ 
ad. sk. 
t'. tf ad. sk. 
&'. Ad. sk. 
Z', m'. <5 ad. sk. 
Elands Post, March, July 
(71 a Atmore). 
Natal (T.Ayre*). 
Natal. 
Natal ( T. Ayres). 
Weenen, Natal, April 10 
(T.Arnold). 
Durban, Natal, April (G. 
E. 8.). 
Pinetown, May (T. L. 
Ay res). 
Pinetown, Feb., Oct. IT. 
L. A.). 
Transvaal (T. Ayres). 
Potchefstroom, Jan. (T. 
Ay res). 
Rustenburg, Feb., Aug. 
(W. Lucas). 
Rustenburg, June-Sept. 
( W. Lucas).
Tibakai's Vley (F. Oates).
Makalaka country (Dr.
Bradskazc). 
Elephant Vley, Nov. 20(C. J. AncJersson). 
L"P.|. 
Sharpe Coll. 
J. II. Ournov, Esq, 
[P.]. 
T AN res, Esq. [C.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Shelley Coll 
.j,., . 
W. E. & C. G. Gates, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
Shelley Coll. 
Sharpo Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.J. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Dr. Bradshaw. 
Shelley Coll. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.. 

15. Mrafra assamica. 
Mirafra 
assamica, MeClell P. Z. 8 1839, p. 102; Blyth, J. A. S. 
Beng. xi. p. 199 (1842), xiii. p. 958 (1844); Gray, Gen, B. ii, 

p. 383 (1844) : Bm Consp. i. p. 243 (1850); Horxf. # Moore, Cat 
B. Mus. B. I. Co. ii. p. 476 (1856); Jerd. B. Incl ii. p. 416 (1863); 
Beav. Ibis, 1868, p. 179 ; Qodto.-Aust. J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. p. 272 
(1870); Gray, Kand-l B. ii. p. 121, no. 7797 (1870); Hume, 
m 
<1873) Ball> m'-2< lb3 P-4%

Nests k Egg* J«* B-p-'
1877, p. 223 ; Cripps, t c. p. 294; Blyth $ Wald. B. Burm. p. 95 
(1875) ; Anderson, Zool. Bxped. Ywi-nan, p. 006 (1878); Hume, 
Str F. 1879, p. 108,1880, p. 257 ; Oates, JIandb. B. Br. Burm. 


i. p. 375 (1883). . „ , _-
Plocealauda typica, Bodgs. Icon. ined. «^/w,^ 
nl 297 r>s. 1/2 (no. 724); id. in Gray's Zool Mm. p. 84 (1844). 
Mirafra assamensis, Blyth, Ann. * Mag; Nat.*!**, xii. p. 166 
(1843); id. Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 134 (1849). 
Mirafra 
javanica (nee Eortf.), Gray, Cat Mamm. etc. Nepal pre*. 
Bodgs. p. 109 (1846). 2 R 

VOL. XIII. 

610 ALAFDIDJ5. 

Mirafra immaculate, Hume, Str, F. 1873, p. 12; id. Sir, F. 1879, 

Mirai'm erythrocepliala, Salvad. $ Gigl. Atti JR. Accad. Torino, xx. 

p. 420 (J885 = pt. Mem.). 
Adult male. General colour above dark ashy with, broad black 
centres to the feathers; the lower back and rump more uniform, 
the upper tail-coverts blackish with ashy edges to the feathers, 
wing-covcrts, bastard-wing, and primary-coverts dark brown, edged 
with ashy whitish, tinged with rufous; quills dark brown, conspicuously 
rufous along the outer margin; the secondaries dark brown, 
more narrowly margined with ashy whitish tinged with rufous, 
especially near the base of the outer web; the inner secondaries 
with rather broad ashy margins; tail-feathers dark brown, with 
ashy-whitish margins and tinged with rufous near the base of the 
outer web, the outer feathers margined with white; head and neck 
like the back, and similarly centred with black, the hind neck 
slightly lighter grey ; lores and eyebrow, as well as the sides of the 
face, ear-coverts, and cheeks, sandy buff, wdth a blackish shade on 
the hinder margin of the ear-coverts; sides of neck ashy, striated 
with blackish like the hinder neck, and separated by a line of 
sandy buff from the black mark on the hinder ear-coverts ; throat 
white; remainder of under surface of body sandy buff, the sides of 
the body washed with ashy brown; the fore neck and chest 
distinctly spotted with small triangular spots of dark brown ; a few 
tiny dots on the malar line also ; long under tail-coverts with du&ky 
centres; under wing-coverts and axillaries ferruginous; quills dusky 
below, deep ferruginous or chestnut on both webs, the shaft, however, 
remaining brown to the base : " upper mandible dusky, the 
lower one pale horny; legs pinkish brown, darkest on the toes ; 

iris pale brown" (K W. Cleveland). Total length 6-5 Inches, 
culmen 0*6, wing 3*3, tail 1*8, tarsus 1. 

In the winter plumage the whole tone of the upper surface is 
more distinctly ashy grey, which also pervades the sides of the upper 
breast; tie eyebrow and sides of face are more distinctly fulvescent, 
and the ear-coverts are spotted with black ; the spots along the 
malar line are also much more distinct, and those on the chest also 
well pronounced; the wing-coverts and inner secondaries are 
rather broadly edged with sandy buff, and the margins of the tail-
feathers are also distinctly sandy buff. 

Adult female. Browner than the male both in winter and 
summer, and having the lower back and rump slightly streaked 
with blackish. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3-1, 
tail 1*75, tarsus 0*95. 

Pull-grown young birds are brown like the adult female, but 
have remains of pale fringes to the feathers of the upper surface, 
especially on the wing-coverts; the bastard-wing and primary-
coverts with a good deal of rufous; the quills and tail-feathers 
externally rufous, the primaries being deep chestnut with dusky 
brown centres widening towards the ends; eyebrow, sides of face, 

13. MIIUFRA.. 611 
cheeks, and throat with the same dark marking on the ear-coverts 
as the adult; remainder of under surface of body sandy buff 

•with dusky brown, triangular spots on the fore nook and chest. 
Hah. From the neighbourhood of Masuri in the Worth-western 
Himalayas, along the Himalayas to Assam and Arakan, and throughout 
Eastern Bengal to Maunbhoom ; Cochin China, 

a. Ad. sk.
h. c? ad. sk.
c. $ ad. sk.
d-h. Ad. sk.

i-o. Ad. sk.
p, q. Ad. sk.
r, s. Ad. sk.
t-x. Ad. sk.

y. Ad. sk.
z-i\ Ad. sk,
k'. Ad. sk.

I', m\n'. Ad.sk.

o'. $ ad. sk.

p'-t'. $ ad. sk.

u'. <$ ad. sk.

v', w' x'. cS ad.;

y'. J ad. sk. 
z'. S ad. sk.
a", b". (S ad. sk.

c"-/'. Ad. sk.
g". Ad. sk.
h", i"- d $ ad.

sk. 
k"~p". Ad. sk.
q". $ ad.; r".

Pull. sk.
s". Ad. sk.
t". <$ ad. sk.
M", V"} W". C?

ad.; a'', y".

5 ad.sk. 
»". (S ad. sk

a\ tfad. sk.

b\ Ad. sk.

 Deoban, Masuri. Hume Coll. 

(Type of M. immaculata.) 
Kumaon, March 19 (G. King). Hume Coll. 
MozufYemuggar Dist., June 19 Hume Coll. 

(G. F. L. Marshall), 
Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
(Types of Ilocealauda typica.) 

 Nepal (B. II. Hodgson). 
Sikhim. 
Sikhim. 
Darjeeling. 
BuxaDoars, Jan. (L. Mandelli). 
Bhotan Doars, Jan., Feb., April


{L. Mandelli). 
Assam (McClelland). 
Assam (A. W. Chennell). 
Dibrughar, Jan. 13 (J. R.
Cripps). 

 Sadhya, Assam, Jan., April-
June (J. Cockburn). 

 N. Khasia Hills, Dec. (A. W.
Channel!). 
Sylhet, Jan. (A. 0. H.).


 Dilkoosha, Cachar (J. Inglis). 
Lakhipur, Cachar, Jan. 31 (A.

O. H.). 
Tipperah, 
Tipperah. 
Akyab, April (J. Armstrong).


 Dacca. 
Faridpur, March 21 (J. M. 
Cripps). 
Barrackpur (Tytler). 
Shoga, Feb. 23 ( W. E. Brooks). 
Assensole, April, Oct. (W. B. 
Brooks). 

 Reurwal, Basti Dist., Dec, 27

(JS. W. Cleveland). 
Chota Nagpur, April 9 (V.
Ball). 
Maunbhoon, March (E. C.
Beavan). 

 India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 India Museum. 

(Type of species.) 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll, 

 Hume Coll. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 India Museum. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 

2K2 

612 ALAUBIDJi, 

1(). Mirafra damarensis *. 
Mirafra damareiiNLs, Sharpe, 1\ Z. 8. 1874, p. 050, pi. lxxv. %. 2. 

Adult male in winter plumage (typo of species). Similar to 

M. assamiea, but very much paler and more pearly grey, and having 
the spots on the chest very minute and indistinct; primary-coverts 
almost entirely rufous, with concealed dusky brown on the inner 
webs; primaries entirely rufous at base, this colour extending 
across both webs, and only shaded with dusky brown along the 
shaft. Total length 5-5 inches, culmon 0-05, wing 3*45, tail 2-4, 
tarsus 1*1. 
Hub. Ovarapo-Land, S.*W. Africa, 
a, b. d ad. sk. Ondonga, Ovampo-Land, Oct., Nov.
(C. J. Andersson). 
Sliarpe Call. 
(Types of species.) 
17. Mirafra erythroptera. 

Mirafra javanica (nee Horsf), Jerd. Madr. Jour. xi. p. 33 (1840). 
Mirafra "erythroptera, Jerd. Madr. Jour. xiii. p. 136 (1844) ; id. III. 

Lid. Orn. pi. 38 (1849); Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 958 (1844); 

Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 18 (1849) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. 8oc. 

p. 133 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 243 (1850); Horsf. $> Moore, Cat. 
B. Mus. R I. Co. ii. p. 474 (1856); Jerd. B. Lid. ii. p. 418 (1863); 
Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 45 ; Beamn, Ibis, 1868, p. 179; Gray, Hand-l 
B. ii. p. 121, no. 7800 (1870); Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 414; 
Adam, Str. F. 1873, p. 388; Ball, 8tr. F. 1874, p. 421; Butler, 
8tr. F\ 1875, p. 499; Davidson $ Wenden, Str. F. 1877, p. 85; 
Ball, t c. p. 223; Butler, Cat. B. Si?id etc. p. 48 (1879); Hume, 
Str. F. 1879, p. 108 ; Butler, Cat. B. 8. Bomb. Pres. p. 63 (1880); 
Held, Str. F. x. p. 57 (1881); Davids, t c. p. 314; Sioinh. <§• Barnes, 
Ibis, 1885, p. 129; Beid, Cat. Lucbww Mus. p. 138 (1886); 
Macyr. Str. F. p. 440 (1887). 
Adult male. Light sandy brown, plentifully mottled with dark 
brown centres to the feathers; the lower back and rump more 
uniform brown, the upper tail-coverts with dusky centres ; head a 
little more rufous on the crown, but mottled like the back with 
blackish centres; round "the hind neck a slight indication of a pale 
ashy collar like the sides of the neck; wing-coverts like the back 
with dusky centres and pale edges of sandy white, all distinctly 
washed with sandy rufous near the ends; primary-coverts deep 
cinnamon-rufous with blackish shafts ; quills also entirely cinnamon-
rufous, with dusky shafts and a dusky brown mark near the end of 

* The following species is probably allied to M. damarensis. 
MIRAFRA. PCECILOSTERNA. 
Alaucla pcecilosterna, Eeichen. Orn. CentralbL 1879, p. 155; id. J.f.O. 
1879, p. 353. 
Megalophonus massaicus, Fischer <$* Beichen. J.f.O. 1884, p. 55. 
Megalopbouas pcecilosterna, Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 318 (1884); 
id. J.f.O. 1885, p. 137. 
Bah. Eastern Africa. 

613 

13 . MIEAFKA. 
the primaries ; this brown mark increasing in extent towards the 
outer feathers, which are margined with white externally; toe 
innermost secondaries brown like the greater wing-coverts; tail-
feathers blackish brown with scarcely any pale margin except 
to the centre feathers and the outermost, which is white along the 
outer web; a buffy-white eyebrow; lores also buffy white; teatoers 
below the eye white ; ear-coverts whitish, tinged with sandy butt, 
and with distinct spots of black ; throat, cheeks, andsides ot neck 
white ; remainder of under surface of body white with a tinge of 
sandy buff on the sides of the body and thighs; the lower throat 
fore neck, and chest with distinct triangular black spots; sides ot 

upper breast strongly washed with sandy buff; under wing-coverts 
cinnamon-buff; quill-lining deeper ferruginous : "bill horny^brown 
above, fleshy below; legs flesh-eolour; ins hazel (A. A. Mutter). 
Total length 5-8 inches, oulmen 0-55, wing 3, tail 2, tarsus U-S. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but smaller Total length 
5-8 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 3-05, tail 2, tarsus 0-8o. 

Younq birds are profusely mottled with black, after the manner 
of young Larks, and the rufous on the wing is even more pronounced 
than in the adults, with very little dusky brown at the ends of the 

The'adults in winter plumage seem to differ from the summer 
plumage only in having the light edges to the feathers rather 
broader, imparting a more mealy appearance. j:ot^„t 

Bab North-western India as far east as the Assensole district, 
and south to Central India, the Deccan, and the Carnatic. 

a. Ad. sk. Moolu, Kattiawar, Feb. 25. Ool^ Hayes Lloyd 
h, o, d. 6 ad. sk. Deesa, April, July, Dec. (E A. Hume Coll. 

e f. 6 ad.; g. $ SambE'Mareh, May, July (E. Hume Coll. 

i fit*. Oolyp^Feb. 12 (ft Kiny). Hume Coll. 

n^atsk . KukDist.,Feb. Hume Coll. 

«!'d ad sk Soaa, Guigaon Dirt, Jan. {A. Hume Coll. 

o p 6 2 ad. sk. Hmba^Jan. (Dr. Scott). Tweeddale Coll. 
%Pr. Ad.sk. Skakpur, March, Oct Hume ^ J 
s,t. Ad.sk. Sahamnpur, Nov. (07. F. L. Hume oou. 
L Ad.sk. s£^Ar.CJeM §£OdL 

v. cJ ad. sk. Ferozopur Jan. 24 (C. H. T. Hume uou. _ 
' w J ad sk. LaSfjan. 4 (C. II. T. MX Hume Coll. 
tfdAfb. Etawah Dist., March, July, Hume Coll. 

x e ¥

• 6 Sept, Nov, Dec. (A. O. H. 
& W. E. Brooks). ,, 
,.A<L*. J»ansi,SePt Humegg. 

#&.£*' SS'w.tViUO. CoL Way [P.]. 

k'. Ad. sk. 

V, m', n'. 6 $ 
ad. sk. 
o'. $ ad. sk. 


/, q'. 6 $ ad. 

si 

r'j8'.<3$ ad.sk. 

2', Ad. sk. 

«'-a". c? ad. sk. 
b", c". Ad. et 
juv. sk. 
d". Ad, sk. 

<?". Ad. sk. 
/". <J ad.; /'ft". 
$ ad. sk. 
J". <$ ad. sk. 

w", w". <3 ad. 

et juv. sk. 
o". g ad. sk. 
»". Ad. sk. 
q", r". Ad. sk. 

*". Ad. sk. 

ALAUDID^]. 

Futtehgurh Dist., Oct. (A. 
Anderson).

Mogulseraij Feb., Sept., Oct. 

(W. & Brooks). 
Mirzapur Dist., March (JE. 
Thompson). 
Muddapur, April, Sept. (W. 

E. BJ).
Assensole, Feb., April (W. E. 
B.).
Manbhum, April (JR. C. 
Beavan), 

Raipur, Jan. to March. 
Nagpar, July. 

S.E. Berar, Jan. 21 (IT. T. 
Blanford). 
Chanda, Jan. ( W. T. Blanford). 
Khandeish, Feb., May, July, 

Nov. (J. Davidson). 

Mahabaleshwur Hills, June (S. 

B. Fairbanks. 
Ahmednuggar,' July, Oct. (S. 
B. F.). 
Darwa, Decean, March 29. 
Deccaif (Burgess). 
Carnatic. 

Carnatic (Jerdon). 

Seebohm Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Gould Coll. 
T.C.Jerdon,Esq.[P.]. 

(Types of species.) 
Gould Coll. 

18. Mrafra affinis *. 
Mirafra 
affinis, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xiii. p. 136 ("1844); id. III. Ind. 
Orn. text to pi. 38 (1849) ; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 959 
(1844) j id. Cat B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 133 (1849); Bp. Consp. I. 

p. 243 (1850) ; Sorsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. Mm. JE. L Co. ii p. 475 
(1856); Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 417 (1883); Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 121, 
no. 7801 (1870); JEoldm. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 465; JHume, Nests $ 
Eggs Ind. B. p. 474 (1873); Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 422, 1877, 
p. 223; Fairb. t. a. p. 408; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 634 (1879); Hume, 
Str. F. 1879, p. 108; Davison, Str. F. x. p. 404 (1883) ; Beid, Cat. 
Lucknow MILS. p. 136 (1886). 
Adult male. Similar to M. erythroptera, but much larger; the 
primaries dark brown, externally and internally rufous, but the 
latter colour not occupying the basal portion of these quills; the 
primary-coverts also dark brown, edged with rufous : " upper mandible 
dark brown, the margin and the lower mandible, with the 
exception of the dusky tip, fleshy; gape fleshy; legs and feet fleshy, 
edges of scales brownish; eyelid brownish fleshy; Iris varying from 

* In the Seebohm Collection are two skins labelled "Valley of Chinas, 
Kashmir." Although these two skins apparently still bear the collector's 
original labels, the locality seems to me to be more than doubtful. They were 
purchased* of Mr. Whitely, of Woolwich. 
13 . MIEAPKA. 
615 
reddish to yellowish brown" (W. V. Legge). Total length 5*6 
inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3*3, tail 1*9, tarsus 1*09. 
Adult female. Similar to the male, but smaller. Total length 
5*3 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 3*1, tail 1*65, tarsus 1*05. 
Eab. Ceylon and Southern India as high as Maunbhoom. 

a. 
<$ ad. sk, Trincomalie. Ceylon, Oct. 9. Colonel W. V. Legge 
[C.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Ceylon. 
Gould Coll. 
c. Ad. sk. Ceylon. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
d. e. c? $ ad. sk. Columbo, Ceylon, Nov. {Hart). Hume Coll. 
/, g, )i. Ad. sk. Anjango, Travancore. ' Hume Coll. 
i. <$ ad. sk. Eastern base of Palani Hills, Hume Coll. 
June 7 (& B. Fairbarik). 
k-l. Ad. sk. Coorg. . Tweeddale Coll. 


m. d ad. sk, Coonoor, Jan. (Dr. Day). Hume Coll. 
n~q. cJ; r-u. $ Mysore, March, May (W. Hume Coll. 
ad. sk. Davison), 
v, to. $ ad. sk. Mudclur, Mysore, July (W. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Davison). [P.]. 


x. d ad. sk. Bangalore, Sept. (R. G. W. JR.). Tweeddale Coll. 
y. $ ad. sk. Ellore, Feb. Hume Coll. 
z~e\ <$ ad. ; f~i'. Madras, March. Hume Coll. 
Ad. sk. 
K, V. Ad. sk. Madras. T.C.Jerdon,Esq.[P.]. 
(Types of the species.) 
m'. S ad. sk. St. Thomas' Mount, Madras, Gates Coll. 
March. 
n', o'f p'. Ad. sk. Maunbhoom, Feb., April (R. C. Tweeddale Coll. 
Beavan). 


Subsp. a. Mrafra microptera. 

Mirafra microptera, Hume, Btr. F. i. p. 483 (1873), viii. p. 108 (1879). 
Mirafra affinis Ijiec Jerd.), Blyth $ Wald. B. Burm. p. 95 (1875) j 
Oates, Eandb. B. Br. Burm. i. p. 376 (1883), 

Adult male. Similar to Mirafra affinis, but smaller and rather 

purer white below: " bill, lower mandible and margins of the upper 

very light pinkish flesh-colour, remainder of upper mandible dark 

horn-colour; legs light flesh-colour; claws pinkish; iris hazel" 

(K W. Oates). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2*6-2*8, 

tail 1*75, tarsus 0*9. 

The Cochin China specimens are in worn and dark plumage, and 

I am not quite certain that they are identical with M. microptera. 

The wing measures 2-8-2-9 inches. 

Eab. Thayetmyo district, Burmah, extending to Cochin China. 

a, 2 ad. sk. Palow, Thayetmyo, May 26 Hume Coll. 

(F. W. Oates). (Type of M. microptera.) 
b, c. Ad. sk. Thayetmyo, July, Oct. (F. W. Hume Coll. 
Oates). 
d,e. <J J ad. sk. Thayetmyo,Sept.(R.G.W.R.). Tweeddale Coll. 
/ . Ad. sk. Saigon, Cochin China, May. M. E. Pierr*. 
g, h. Ad. sk. Baria, Cochin China, July. M, E. Pierre. 

616 
ALATTDID.E. 

19. Mrafra africanoides. 
Mirafra 
africanoides, Smith, Rep. Baped. C. Afr. p. 47 (1836); id. 
Ill Zool 8. Afr., Aves,^\. 88.fiar. 2 (1843); Sharpe, F.Z. 8. 1874, 

p. 648; id. ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 523 (1884). 
Megalophonus africanoides, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 38'2 (1844); Bp. 

Consp. i. p. 244 (1850); Bayard, B. 8. Afr. p. 214 (1867) ; Gray, 

Kand-l. B. ii. p. 122, no. 7816 (1870); Gurnet/, in Anderss. JB. 

Bam. Ld. p. 198 (1872). 

Alauda africanoides, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 71 (1871). 

Adult (type of species). Above sandy rufous, with narrow black 
shaft-stripes to the whole of the upper surface, the neck very 
slightly inclining to greyish ; wing-coverts dark brown, with narrow 
blackish shaft-stripes, margined with sandy rufous, inclining to 
fulvous on the extreme edge of the feathers; primary-coverts dark 
brown, with broad margins of sandy rufous; quills ashy brown, 
rufous on the outer web and very conspicuous, the inner web also 
j'ufous, but separated for the entire length of the quill by the dark 
brown of the shaft; the secondaries ashy brown, especially the innermost, 
which are distinctly shaded with grey, all margined with 
sandy buff; upper tail-coverts pale ashy brown, broadly washed 
with whity brown; tail dark brown, the centre feathers washed 
with clear grey and broadly margined with sandy rufous, the others 
narrowly and almost imperceptibly edged with pale sandy, the 
outermost narrowly bordered with whitish for the whole length of 
the outer web ; lores and feathers round the eye whitish, as well as 
a distinct eyebrow; feathers in front of the eye dusky ; ear-coverts 
bright sandy rufous; cheeks, throat, and underparts generally 
whitish, washed with sandy isabelline on the chest, the cheeks with 
a few indistinct spots, the chest sparsely marked with triangular 
spots of dusky black ; under wing-coverts entirely rufous, as also 
the greater part of the inner web of the quills: " bill yellowish 
brown, shaded on the culm en with brownish red; tarsi and toes 
sienna-yellow, brightened with flesh-red ; iris light chestnut" (Sir 
A, Smith). Total length 6*5 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*65, tail 2*7, 
tarsus 1*1. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 5*7 
inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3*45, tail 2*5, tarsus 0*9. 
Hab. South Africa, from the Orange liiver to the Zambesi on the 
east, and to Damara-Land on the west. 

a, b, c. Ad. sk. Orange River district. Sir A. Smith FOA 

(Types of species.) 
d, e. Ad. sk. Orange River (A. Smith). Purchased. 
/. S ad. sk. Orange Jttiver, July 30. Dr. Bradshaw [P.]. 

g. <S ad. sk. Griqualand (T. CCAtmore). Sharpe Coll. 
h. $ ad. sk. Hope Town {J. C. A.). Sharpe Coll. 
i} h, I, m. <$ ad. sk. Damara Land, June to Sept. Sharpe Coll. 
(C. J. Andersson). 
n. Ad. sk. Ondonjra, Ovampo-Land, June Sharpe Coll. 
(0. J. A.), 
o, Ad. sk. 31 akalaka country (Bnukhaic). Shelley Coll. 
13 . MIKAFRA. 617 
Subsp. a. Mrafra alopex. 

Mlrafra cordofanlca (nee StricJcL), Shelley, Ibis, 1885, p. 407. 

Adult. Yery similar to M. africanoides, but much smaller and of 
a deep foxy-red colour above : " bill born-colour, passing into fleshcolour 
on the greater portion of the lower mandible; legs fleshcolour 
" (E. Lort Phillips). Total length d'Q inches, culmen 3-55, 
wing 3*05, tail 1*85, tarsus 0*85. 

Bab. Somali-Land. 

a. Ad. sk. Somali-Land (R Lort Phillips). Shelley Coll, 
20. Mrafra naevia. 
Alauda nsevia, StrickL Conir. Orn. 1852, p. 152; Gray, Hand-l. B. 
ii. p. 118, no. 7756 (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 72 (1871). 
MegalophoBiiS sabota (nee Smith), Gurney, in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. 
p.'105 (1872). 
Megalophonus nsevius, Gurney, t. c. p. 199 (1872). 
Mirafra naevia, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 640; id. ed. Layard's B. S, 

Afr. p. 542 (1884). 

Adult Male hi summer plumage. Above sandy rufous, with dark 
brown centres to the feathers, the head with rather paler sandy 
margins ; the hind neck distinctly inclining to ashy, and separating 
the bead from the back; scapulars blackish in the centre, with 
very broad margins of sandy rufous on both sides; wing-coverts 
like the back, with concealed blackish centres to the feathers, which 
are margined with sandy, shading off into fulvous on the extreme 
edge, the greater series more broadly margined, the primary-coverts 
more narrowly ; quills blackish, the primaries narrowly tipped with 
greyish white and margined externally with sandy rufous, the 
secondaries much more broadly, and bordered with fulvous on their 
extreme edge; upper tail-coverts sandy rufous, inclining to brown 
in the centre of the feathers, and narrowly tipped with greyish 
buff; tail black, very narrowly margined and tipped with sandy 
buff, the centre feathers broadly margined with sandy rufous, the 

outermost externally margined with a narrow edging of light 

sandy colour, changing to white at the extreme tip; lores and a 

tolerably plain eyebrow isabelline; feathers in front of the eye 

dusky, those under it isabelline, marked with blackish ; ear-coverts 

dark brown, very plainly and regularly streaked with sandy buff; 

throat and cheeks white, the latter washed with isabelline on the 

chest and sides of the body, the lower throat and chest plainly 

spotted with triangular markings of light brown; under wing-

coverts ashy brown, the innermost washed with sandy, the inner 

lining of the wing entirely ashy brown or lead-coloured, excepting 

the base of the inner web, which inclines to sandy : " iris hazel" 

(T. C. Atmore). Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3-5, 
tail 2*6, tarsus 0-95. 
ALA.TJVID3E.

618 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but a little smaller. 
Total length 5*7 inches, culmen 0'65, wing 3-4, tail 2*8, tarsus 0-9. 

Adult in winter plumage. Paler and more mealy in colour than 
the summer plumage, the grey collar round the hind neck being 
very distinct, as well as the white eyebrow and the margins to the 
wing-coverts and quills ; under surface of body white, tinged with 
isabelline on the chest, flanks, and thighs, the chest with a few 
narrow streaks of pale brown, the entire lining of the wing ashy, 
as also the under wing-coverts, some of the latter margined with 
sandy .buff. 

Hob. Prom Damara-land south to the Orange Eiver and 
Griqualand. 

a. (S ad. sk. Orange River, June. Dr. Bradshaw [P.], 
b, c, d. d ad. Griqualand (T. C. Atmore). Sharpe Coll. 
sk. 
e,f. S $ ad. sk. Great Namaqua-Land, June (C. Sharpe Coll. 


J. Andersson). 
g,h, 
i. (?• k,l. Damara-Land, July, Aug. (C. Sharpe Coll. 
$ ad. sk. J. A.). 


21. Mirafra sabota. 
Mirafra sabota, Smith, Bep. Exped. C. Afr., App. p. 47 (1830) ; id. III. 
Zool S. Afr., Aves, pi. 89. fig. 2 (1843, err. pro fig. 1); Sharpe, 

P. Z. S. 1874, p. 645; id. ed. ZayarcFs B. S. Afr. p. 526 (1884); 
id. in Oates^s Matabele-Land, App. p. 318 (1881); Reichenb. J.f 
0.1887, p. 74 
Megalophonus sabota, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 382 (1844); Bp. Con.*p. 

i. p. 244 (1850): Bayard, B. S. Afr. p. 213 (1867) ; Gray, Eand-L 
B. ii. p. 122, no. 7821 (1870). 
Megalophonus naevius (nee Strickl.), Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 259,1873, 
p. 286, 1880, p. 104. 
Alauda nsevia (nee Stride!.), Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 283. 
Mirafra nsevia (nee Stiickl.), Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 350; Ayres, Ibis. 
1886, p. 290. 

Adult male. Similar to 31 ncevia, but smaller, and with a very 
much smaller bill, and having the breast more thickly spotted with 
black: " upper mandible and tip of lower one light reddish brown, 
the rest of the lower one sienna-yellow ,* legs, toes, and claws sienna-
yellow, tinted with fleshy red, the claws faintly shaded with light 
reddish brown " (Sir A. Smith). Total length 5*8 inches, culmen 
0*55, wing 3-3, tail 2*4, tarsus 0*9. 

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 5*5 inches, 
culmen 0-6, wing 3*25, tail 2-25, tarsus 0*9. 

Hab. South-eastern Africa, from the Orange Free State to the 
Mashoona country, and extending into Masai-Land in Eastern 
Africa. 

a, b, c, d. Ad. sk. North of Latakoo. Sir A. Smith [C.X 

e. 
$ juv. sk. Orange Pree State (T. C. Shelley Coll. 
Buckley). 
13. MIRAFBA. 
619 
, h. <J 2 ad. 
/ . 2 ad. sk. Weenen, Natal, March 26 (21Arnold). 
Swaziland, July (T. E. BuckShelley 
Coll. 
Skelley Coll. 
h 
sk. 
k, I. (S ad. 
sk. 
ley). 
Transvaal, July (T. JS. B.). Shelley Coll. 
m 
71, 
t. (S ad. sk. 
, $ ad. sk. 
p, g, r. Ad. 
s. Juv. sk. 
u. Ad. sk. 
Transvaal (T. Ayres).
Limpopo River, Aug". 18 ( W.
Lucas). 
Rustenburg, Feb., May, June,
( W.Lucas). 
Tati, Matabele Country, Oct.
25 (F. Oates). 
Sharps Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
"W. E. & C. G. Oates, 
Esqs. [P.], 

22. Mirafra nigricans. 
Alauda nigricans, Sundev. CEfv. K. Vet.-Ahad. Fo'rh. Stoclch. 1850. 
p. 99. 
Mirafra 
nigricans, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 121, no. 7805 (1870); 
Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 651; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 376, pi. viii. 
fig. 1 (1881; j Ayres, Ibis, 1884, p. '231,1886, p. 290. 

Adult male. General colour above ashy black, the feathers 
broadly edged with sandy rufous; wing-coverts, quills, and tail-
feathers black, with- broad rufous margins; the inner primaries and 
secondaries with rather broad white tips; head like the back; a 
broad white eyebrow; lores and feathers round the eye sandy 
white, with a supraloral line of black ; a streak of black fiom the 
base of the bill to the ear-coverts, which are also black with a central 
patch of white; cheeks and throat sandy white, separated by a 
broad malar line of black; remainder of under surface of body 
sandy white, the lower throat, fore neck, and breast thickly spotted 
with large triangular black markings, taking the form of linear 
streaks on the lower breast; flanks also mottled with black bases, 
many of the feathers being black on the inner web ; under wing-
coverts black, with broad wThitish edges; quills dusky blackish below, 
pale rufous near the base of the inner webs : " bill dusky, the lower 
mandible pale at the base; feet yellowish white; iris hazel" (T. 
Ayres). Total length 7'3 inches, culroen 0*7, wing 4-65, tail 2*75, 
tarsus 1*15. 

Adult in breeding-plumage. Blacker than in winter plumage, all 
the pale edgings becoming worn off, the black markings on the face 
and breast being very distinct. 

Hah. Eastern Transvaal to Benguela. 

a. 3 ad. sk. Eustenburg, E. Transvaal, Jan. 10 Shelley Coll. 
(T. Ayres). 
b. Ad. sk. Makalaka Country. Dr. Bradshaw [0.1. 
23. Mirafra erythropygia. 
Alauda erythropygia, Strichl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 219, pi. 24; Gray, 
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 118, no. 7754 (1870); Eeugl Orn. N.O.-Afr.
pt. 2, p. 676(1871). 

ALATJDIDJE. 

620 

Melanocorypha infuscata, Heugl. J.f.O. 1864,P 273. 
Melanocorypha erythropyga, Seugl J.f 0. Ibb8, p. ft*-
Alauda infuscata, Heugl, Orn N.O.-Afri pt 2, p. 0/ / (187 ) 
Ammomanes erythropygia, Ste/w», Otf. &r«?K. Co//, p. 2o8 (lbb2). 


jldtofe. Blackish brown, with distinct rufous margins to the 
feathers of the upper surface, the wing-coverts similarly edged; 
quills black, with whitish tips to the inner primaries and secondaries ; 
rump, upper tail-coverts, and base of tail rufous, the end of the 
tail dark brown, the rufous extending towards the outer feather ; 
lores and a distinct eyebrow yellowish white, as well as the feathers 
below the eye; cheeks and under surface of body creamy white ; 
lores with a black line; ear-coverts black, with a white patch; a 
broad black malar stripe; lower throat and breast thickly spotted 
with black, which forms a patch in the centre of the chest; flanks 
also mottled with black. Total length 7*4 inches, culmen 0*65, 
wing 4*25, tail 2-9, tarsus 1. 

Mr. Salvin has placed this species in the genus Ammomanes, 
doubtless on account of the uniform plumage and the rufous base to 
the tail. In structure, however, it is a Mirafra, and of the same 
form as M. nigricans, 

Mab. N.E. Africa. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Kordofan. 
Old Coll. 
14. 
SPILOCOEYDON. 
Type. 
Spilocorydon, Reichenow, Orn. CentralbL 1879, p. 155 . S. hypermetrus. 
Range. Eastern Africa, northwards to Shoa. 

1. Spilocorydon hypermetrus. 
Spilocorydon 
hypermetrus, Reichen. Orn. CentralbL 1879, p. 15*5; 
Fischer fy Reichen. J. f. 0. It79, p. 354; Fischer, Zeitschr. qes. 
Orn. i. p. 318 (1834); id. J.f 0. 1885, p. 137; Sdlvad. Ann. Mus. 
Genov. (2) vi. p. 266 (1888). 

Adult. Upper surface ashy brown, streaked with dusky, the neck 
paler and tinged with isabelline; throat white ; breast varied with 
white and rufous isabelline, streaked in the centre with dusky 
brown ; a spot of dusky blackish on each side of the neck; abdomen 
buffy whitish ; flanks and under wing-coverts rufous isabelline ; 
quills rufous at the base, brown at the tips : " upper mandible 
dusky, the lower one paler; feet pale; iris pale brown" ((?. A. 
Fischer). Total length 8 inches, wing 4*4, tail 3*2. 

A young bird in the Museum seems to belong to this species, 
which Count Salvador! states to be very similar to M. africana. It 
is impossible to judge from an immature specimen in poor condition, 
but I cannot see that the genus differs much from Mirafra. 

Bab. From Shoa to Masai-Land, and the adjacent parts of 
Eastern Africa. 

a. Juv. sk. Shoa (Sir W. C, Harris). India Museum. 
15Sm.
YTATJDA. 021 
15. SPIZALAUDA. T , e 
Spizalauda, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xxiv. p. 258 (1855) .. S. deva. 

1. Head of Spizalauda daw, to show form of crest. 
2. Wing of ditto, to show first primary. 
Range. Confined to the Indian Peninsula. 

1. Spizalauda deva. 
Alauda deva, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 92; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. 
p. 188, no. 7761 (1870). 
Mirafra hayi, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xiii. pt. 2, p. 136 (1844) ; Blyth y 
J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 059 (1844); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. 
p. 133 (1840). 
Spizalauda hayi, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xxiv. p. 258 (1885). 
Spizalauda deva, Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 477 
(1856) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 432 (1863); Vairb. Sir. F. iv. p. 2G1 
(1876) ; Brooks, t. c. p. 278 ; Davidson 8f Wenden, Str. F. vii. 

p. 86 (1878) ; Flume, Str. F. viii. p. 109 (1879); Butler, Cat. B. 
S. Bomb. Pres. p. 64 (1880) ; Bavidson, Str. F. x. p. 314 (1882). 
Alauda simillirna, Hume, J. A. &'. Beng. xxxix. p. 121 (1870). 
Spizalauda simillirna, Hume, IVests fy Fc/gs Ind. B. p. 484 (1873) ; 
id. Str. F. i. p. 380 (1873); Butler, Sir. F. iv. p. 1 (1878). 

Spizalauda malabarica (nee Scop.), Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 414 ; 
Hume, Str. F. i. p. 486, note (1873); Butler, Cat. B. Sind, p. 50 
(1879) ; Reid, Cat. Luchnoio Mus. p. 138 (1886). 

Alauda (Spizalauda) deva, 
Stoliczka, J. A. S. Beng. xli. p. 248 (1872) j 
Blanf. Str. F. 1876, p. 240. 

Adult male. Mottled above like ordinary Larks, the general 
colour being sandy rufous, with black centres to the feathers; tb o 
lower rump and basal upper tail-coverts vinous isahelline, in strong 
contrast to the back; longer tail-coverts like the tail; wing-
coverts and quills blackish, edged with sandy rufous or isahelline ; 

022 
AIATJDIDJ3. 

tail-feathers dark brown, with rufous markings, the outer tail-
feather vinous isabelline, with an oblique blackish mark on the 
inner web, the penultimate feathers blackish, vinous isabelline on 
the outer web and round the tip 5 crown of head with an extraordinarily 
long crest, the feathers black with sandy-rufous margins; 
the hind neck and upper mantle sandy rufous, with blackish centres 
to the feathers; lores, and a broad eyebrow, sides of face, ear-
coverts, cheeks, and sides of neck vinous isabelline, the latter 
mottled with tiny blackish centres to the feathers; the ear-coverts 
washed with brown, especially along the upper margin; entire 

under surface of body vinous isabelline, paler on the throat; the 
fore neck and chest with a few mesial spots of dusky brown ; on 
each side of the fore neck a patch of black; across the cheeks a row 
of dusky brown spots from the fore part of the eye; under wing-
coverts and axillaries like the breast: u bill horny brown above, 
pale flesh-colour below; legs and feet yellowish brown; iris dark 
brown " (E. A. Butler). Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 
3*4, tail 2-1, tarsus 0-8. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour: "bill dark brown, 
the lower mandible and lower edge of the upper one pale fleshcolour 
; feet pale flesh-colour" (E. A. Butler). Total length 5*3 
inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3, tail 1*75, tarsus 0*8. 

Hob. Prom Cutch, eastwards to the Etawah district, and south 
to Mysore and Madras. 

a-c. Ad. et juv. sk, 
Cutch, Jan. Hume Coll. 
Rajkote, Kattiawar, June 


d. Ad. sk. 
Major Hayes Lloyd 
21,1871. 

e. S ad. sk. Deesa, July (E. A. Butler). Hume Coll. 
/, g* Ad. sk. Ahmedabad, Feb., April. Seebohm Coll. 
h. $ ad. sk. Oodeypur, Feb. 14, 1878. Hume Coll. 
i, k. $ ad. sk. Sambhur, June, July {JR. M. Hume Coll. 
Adam). 
/. 
$ ad. j m} n, 0. 5 Sholapur, April, June, July. Hume Coll. 
ad. sk. 


p. J ad. sk. 
Banda, Bundelkund, Dec. Hume Coll. 
(G. F. L. Marshall). 
q. $ ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Pinwill CoH. 
r, s. tf J ad. sk. Rahun, Etawah, Dec. (W. Hume Coll. 
E. Brooks). 
t. cf ad. sk. 
Rahun, Etawah, Feb. (W, Seebohm Coll. 
E. B). 
u-x. Ad. sk. Jhansie, Aug.^ Sept. Hume CoH 
y-hr. Ad. sk. Saugor, Aug. Hume Coll. 
i\ kr. <$ ad. sk. Bhundara, July. Hume Coll. 
V. Ad. sk. 
Balaghat distr., May (-R. Hume Coll. 
Thompson).
m', nr. Ad. sk. Seoni distr., Aug. Hume Coll. 
0', p'. Ad. sk. Nagpur, July. Hume Coll 
q'-sf. Ad. sk. Khandeish. Tweeddale Coll. 
t'. (S ad.; u', vf. J Khandeish, March, July, Hume CoU. 

ad. sk. Sept. (J, Davidson). 
w'} x\ Ad. sk. Decean (Sykes). India Museum. 
(Types of species.) 

16 . HELIOCORYS. 623 
y'.
t 
Ad. sk. Kondapur, June (8. B. Fairbank). 
Hume Coll. 
« . 6 ; a", b". 5/f ad; sk. ^
c ''"/' • c?j #". $ad.
k , sI5Ahmednuggur, 
July (S. B. 
Fairbank). 
Belgaum, April, June, July 
Sept. (.E ^4. Butler). 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
h' -k . S ad.; I", Mysore, May, Aug. (W. Hume Coll. 
m . 2 ad. sk.
n", o". d1 § ad. sk. 
Davison). 
Bangalore, Aug. (JR. G. W. Tweeddale Coll. 
, ,
^ ', q • Ad. sk.
r". Ad. sk. 
-&)< 
Madras. 
Madras (Jerdon). 
T. C. Jerdon, Esq. 
[P.]. 
(Types of M. Juiyi.) 
Gould Coll. 
16. HELIOCORYS. 

1. Head of Heliocorys modesta, to show form of crest. 
2. Wing of ditto, to showfirst primary. 
Mange. Confined to Equatorial Africa. 
1. Heliocorys modesta. 
Galerita modesta, Heugl. J.f. 0. 1864, p. 274; Shelley, P. Z. S. 
1888, p. 28. 
Geocoraphus modestus, Heugl. J.f 0. 1868, p. 229 ; id. Orn. N.O.-

Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 691, tab. xxiii. (1871). 
Alauda modesta, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 119, no. 7772 (1870). 
Mirafra bucolica, Ilartl. Zool. Jahrb. ii. p. 327 (1886) ; Shelley, 

P. Z. S. 1888, p. 28. 
Mirafra modesta, Earth t. c. p. 328. 
jidult male. Mottled above like an ordinary Lark, the feathers 
being sandy buff with black centres ; the mantle rather lighter 
than the rest of the back; the upper tail-coverts rufescent; 
wing-coverts dusky brown with sandy-buff margins, inclining 
to ashy whitish on the edges of the median and greater coverts; 

AGiUDIDJE. 

primary-coverts and quills dusky brown, with clearer rufous 
margins, the primaries and inner secondaries more ashy on the 
edges; tail-feathers blackish brown with ashy-fulvous edges, the 
outer 'tail-feather rufescent along its outer margin, except at the 
tip, a shade of rufous also pervading the inner web; head with 
a median crest, the feathers like the back, black with edgings of 
sandy buff: a broad whitish eyebrow extending to the sides of the 
nape and becoming tinged with vinous buff; lores and feathers 
below the eye whitish; ear-coverts pale brown, dark brown along 
the upper edge; cheeks white, with a blackish line across them 
below the eye; throat ashy white, with a malar line of black ; 
fore neck and chest ashy, thickly mottled with black spots and 
central streaks, some of which have a lateral tawny shade; sides of 
body and flanks washed with tawny buff, and narrowly streaked 
with dark brown; under wing-coverts and axillaries tawny buff, 
with dusky brown bases to the feathers; quills dusky brown below, 
rufescent along the inner web: *' bill flesh-colour, paler at the base 
of the lower mandible; feet reddish; iris dusky" {Emin Pasha), 
Total length 5*8 inches, culmen 045, wing 3*3, tail 1*85, tarsus OS. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour : "bill blackish horncolour, 
the base of the mandible paler; feet fleshy; iris dusky " 
{Emin Pasha). Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3*1, 
tail 1*8, tarsus 0*8. 

After examining the series of Reliocorys modesta sent by Emin 
Pasha, and comparing with it an authenticated specimen of Jlirafra 
bucolica of Hartlaub in the Shelley collection from Kuderma (spec. 0 
of HartlaubV Dritter Beitrag'), I have no hesitation, in stating that 

M. bucolica is specifically identical with E. modesta. The supposed 
differences in size are, in my opinion, merely due to sex, the male 
being, as in most Larks, larger than the female; and the differences 
in plumage are merely due to season. Thus the specimens obtained 
in November are still in tolerably fresh plumage, in December they 
are much worn, in February the feathers are very much the worse 
for wear, and in May they are fresh moulted, and become 21. bucolica 
of Hartlaub : they are then much more tawny by reason of the greater 
breadth of the pale edgings to the feathers. Similarly the black 
spots on the chest are more concealed in the winter plumage by 
reason of the pale edges, and are much plainer in the nesting-plumage, 
when these pale edges get worn off. The species, moreover, is not a 
true Mirafra, having neither the bill, the nostrils, nor the hind claw 
of that genus, nor do I consider it a true Galerita, but it is nearer 
to the latter genus than to Mirafra. 
Hah. Equatorial Africa. 

a. $ ad. sk. Kuderma, Nov. 14 (Emin Pasha). Shellev Coll. 
b. $ ad. sk. Tamaja, Nov. 3 (Emin). Shelley Coll. 
c. d,e.<$;f.2 Kedjaf, Nov. to Feb. Emin Pasha [P.]. 
ad. sk. 
g. $ ad. sk Tobbo, May 16. Emin Pasha [P.]. 
17. 
GAXERITA. 02 5 
17. GALERITA. 
Galerida, 2fcfc 2te, 1828, p. 321 a crSta. 
ileterops, J2%5. m Grafs ZooL Misc. p. 84 (1841) .. G, cristata. 

Banje. Central and Southern Europe, extending to Abyssinia, 
and to Senega mbia and the Niger in West Africa; eastwards to 
central Asia, India, and Northern China. 

(Merita cristata and its allies. 

There are four forms of Crested Lark which are clearly distinguishable 
by characters: one is the typical G. cristata, the desert 
form G. i&abettina, and the Western Indian bird, always called 
fynzalauda malabarica by authors, but which I consider to be a 
true Galerita. G. thecldte of Brehm also appears to stand distinct, 
but all the races of G. cristata run more or less ono into the other. 
These four forms may be distinguished as follows :— 

Key to tlie Species, 

a. 
Centre tail-feathers ashy brown, the light pattern 
of the outer feather brown or rufeacent; flanks 
streaked with brown or rufous-brown; under 
^wing-coverts rufous iaabelline cristata, p. G2i>. 
b. Similar to the foregoing, but with the underparts 
tinged with yellow; the crest very short; the 
culinen Oo-OG inch; the breast thickly spotted 
and the flanks coarsely streaked with black ... . tkeckke, p. 0*53. 
c. Centre tail-feathers blackish, as also the crest-
feathers ; light pattern of outer tail-feather deep 
rufous ; flanks coarsely streaked with black like 
the breast; under wing-coverts chestnut-rufous, malabarica^.C>)3. 
d. 
Centre tail-feathers sandy rufous like the light 
pattern of the outer feather; flanks not streaked; 
under wing-coverts isabelline isabellina, p. G35. 
Of G. cristata there are several races, at first sight somewhat 
distinct in appearance, but it is impossible to draw an exact line of 
demarcation between them. First there is tho dark form from 
Northern Europe, the true G. cristata of Linnaeus, with a dusky 
outer tail-feather and rather distinctly striped flanks. Then in 
Southern Europe and the Mediterranean countries generally is a 
race of G. cristata, very similar to the typical bird, but differing in 
its rufescent outer tail-feather. It has also the striped flanks of 
the northern bird. The latter, however, must migrate to the south, 
as I have seen specimens from Egypt and Morocco which are absolutely 
identical with the northern specimens. 

The measurements of the true 07. cristata are as follows :— 
Sweden: tf, wing 4-0-4-1; §, 3-8-3-9. Heligoland: <$, wing 
4-1. Gorlitz: d\ wing 4*15. Egypt: tf, wing 1-0-4-2; ?,3*9. 
Total c?, wing 4-0-4*2 ; $ , 3-8-3-9. Of tho rufous-tailed race tho 

VOL. xni. 
2 s 

620 
ALATTDIDJE. 

dimensions are as follows .-—Seville: <$, wing 4-1: 5 , 3-8. Tunis : 
wing 3-7-4-1. 
Specimens from Senegambia (G. senegalemis) are absolutely identical 
with Spanish, ones, and as nestlings are in the collection it is 
evident that the rufous-tailed Crested Lark breeds in this part of 
West Africa. The wing ranges in Senegambian specimens from *6u 
inches to 4-0, but as no sexes are marked on the labels, they are in t 
available for strict comparison. Male birds from Abyssinia measure 
4-1 inches in the wing, and the females from 3-9-3-95. These aie 
also identical with the rufous-tailed form, which is also in the lluseum 
from Bhodes ( tf, wing 4T), Asia Minor (<?, 4-15-4-25 ; $ . 3*^5 i. 
the Eiver Yolga (wing 4 2), and the Caucasus (wing 4*1-4*4). A 
female of the same race from Palestine has the wing 3*75 iiir].4>. 
and a male from Cyprus has the wing 4*05, the female 3*8 inches. 
In Algeria a large-billed form occurs, G. macro rhynxha of Tristram, 
which at first sight appears distinct enough, with a culnien measuring 
0*85-0-95 inch in the males, and having the wing 4*4-4*55 
inches. Many specimens in the collection, however, approach the>e 
large-billed Algerian birds, notably the ones from Palestine (referred 
to G. macrorliyncha by Tristram). The wing is 4*05-4*2 
inches in these specimens, and in another specimen from Kaizarieh. 
in Asia Minor the bill is 0*75 inch and the wing 4-4, so that in 
size this bird nearly approaches G. macrorliyncha. 
There is in fact a sandy-coloured race of G. cristata which extrude 
from Palestine and Asia Minor through Persia to the Indian Peninsula, 
and in Central Asia it becomes extremely pale and rather 
larger in size (G, magna of Hume). This large race has the win^ 
from about 4-25 to 4*65 inches in the male, and in the female iroin 
4*1 to 4*25 inches ; these measurements are approached "by many 
specimens from other eastern localities. 
Specimens from Eao measure 3*95 to 4*25 inches in the wing: from 
Baluchistan males have the wing 4*15-4*5 inches, and the culmen 

0*75. Two specimens from Muscat measure 4'2 inches in the wiupr, 
and have the culmen 0*8, thus nearly approaching G. Macrothynrha. 
A series of specimens from Sind and Xorth-western India, oil 

belonging to the sandy-coloured race, yield the following dimensions 
:— 

Males. "Wing 3*6-42 inches. 
Females. "Wing 3 5-3*9 inches. 
Some of the Indian birds are very small, and there is probably a 


small race of Crested Lark resident in North-western India. 

1. Galerita cristata. 
The Crested Lark, Albin, Nat, Mist B: iii. p. 4S, pi. 52 (1740?: 
Lath. Gen. Syn. ii, pt. % p. 389 (1783): Yarr. Bf\ B. I p. 4Zo 
(1845). 

L'Alouette 
hupee du Senegal, Brm. Orn. iii. p. 302* pi. xix. fltr. 2 
(1700). 
Alauda cristata, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 288 (1700); Gm. Syht Nat. I 

17. GALT3RITA. 627 
p. 79G (1788); Pall Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat i, p. 523 (1811); Temm. 
Man. WOrn. i. p. 277 (1820); Naum. Vog. JDeutschl. iv. tab. 90. 
fig. 1 (1824); Roux, Orn. Prov. pi. 184 (1825); Werner, Atlas, 
Granivores, pi. 3 (1827); MenStr. Cat. Rais. Caue. p. 38 (1832); 
Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 165 (1837) j Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 194 
(1840) ; Nordm. in Demid. Voij. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 163 (1840) ; 
Selys-Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 84 (1842); Miihle, Beitr. Orn. 
Griechenl p. 35 (1844); Schl. Rev. Crit. p. lix (1844); Gray, 
Gen. B. ii, p. 380 (1844); Gray, Cat. Mamm. fyc. Nepal pres. 
Hodgs. p. 108 (1846); Thomps. B. Irel i. p. 235 (1849); Kjcerb. 
Damn. Fugle, Afb. rriii. fig. 6 (1852) ; Schl Vog. Nederl p. 151 
(1854) ; Hewits. Fggs Brit. B. i. p. 178, pi. xlv. fig'. 2 (1856) j 
Sundev. So. Fogl. pi. Ixix. fig. 4 (1856-72); Linderm. Vog. 
Grieclienl. p. 47 (1800) ; Schl Dier. Nederl Vogels, pi. 17. fig. 
(18(31) ; Gray, List Brit B. p. 107 (1863) ; Wright, Ibis, 1864, 
p. 00 ; Daivson Roioley, t. c. p. 224 ; Sperling, t. c. p. 280 ; Filippi, 
Viagrj. Pers. p. 348 (1865); Wright, Ibis, 1865, p, 404 ; Lilford, 
Ibis, 1866, p. 185; Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 69 (1869); 
Flwes fy Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 195; Fritsch, Vog. Fur. tab. 16. 
fig. 16 (1870); Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 118, no. 7762(1870); 
Shelley, Ibis, 1871, p. 139; Taylor, Ibis, 1872, p. 230; Harting, 
Handb. Brit. B. p. 110 (1872); Keulem. Onze Vog. ii. pi. 35 
(1873); Severtz. Turkest Jevotn.y. 67 (1873); Neioton, ed. Yarr. 
Brit. B. i. p. 632 (1874); Danf. $ Harvie Brown, Ibis, 1875, 
p. 311 ; Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 78 (1875); Danford, Ibis, 1878, 
p. 21, 1880, p. 95; Flwes, t. c. p. 393; Seeb. Ibis, 1882, p. 217; 
B. 0. IT. List Brit. B. p. 71 (1883); Seeb. Ibis, 1883, p. 11; id. 
Hist Brit B. ii. p. 261 (1884); Tristr. Faun. $ Flor. Palest p. 78 
(1884); Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 1884, p. 144 ; Saunders, t c. p. 377 ; 
Reid, Ibis, 1885, p. 246 ; Yerbury, Ibis, 1886, p. 18; Backhouse, 
Ibis, 1887, p. 72; Tait, t c. p. 197; Scully, J. A. S. Beng. lvi. 
p. 84 (1887); Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 324; Eagle Clarke, t c. 
p. 546. 
La Coquillarde, Daubent PI. Enl. v. pi. 662; Month. Mist Nat. Ois. 
v. p. 77 (1778). 
Le Cochevis, Daubent PI Enl v. pi. 503. fig. 1; Month. Hist Nat. 
Ois. v. p. 66, pi. 5 (1778). 
Le Cochevis de Senegal, Daubent. PI Enl v. pi. 504. 
La Grisette, Mo?itb. t e. p. 79 (1778). 
Alauda senegalensis, P. L. S. Midi S. N. Suppl. p. 137; Bodd. 

Tabl. PI Enl p. 29 (1783); Gm. Syst Nat. i. p. 797 (1788); 
Hartl B. West-Afr. p. 153 (1857); Cass. Pr. Phil Acad. 1864, 

p. 249; Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 119, no. 7766 (1870). 
Alauda cochevis, P. L. S. Mull S. N. Suppl. p. 136 (1776); Cass. 
Pr. Phil Acad. 1864, p. 248. 
Alauda matutina, Bodd. Tabl PI Enl p. 40 (1783). 
Undated Lark, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 391 (1783). 
Senegal Lark, Lath, t c. p. 392 (1783). 
Alauda undata, Gm. Syst Nat i. p. 797 (1788). 
Galerita* cristata, Boie, Ms, 1828, p. 321; Bp. Consp. i. p. 245 

(1850); Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 293 (1859); 
Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 314; Tristr. t c. p. 425 ; Powys, Ibi% 1860, 

p. 320 ; Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 231; Jerd. B. hid. ii. p. 436 (1863); 
Drake, Ibis, 1867, p. 427; Degl et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 357 
* Often written Galerida by mistake. 
2s2 

ALATTDIDiE. 

(1867); Loclie, Rvph ScL Alger., Ois. ii. p. 38 (1867); Beavmu 
Ibis, 1868, p. 181 ; Smith, t. c. p. 444; Doderl. Avif. Sicil p. 02 
(1869); JDroste, Vogelw. Bork. p. 107 (1869); Salvad. Faun. Ital. 
Ucc. p. 132 (1871); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 217 ; Sir ink. P. Z. S. 
187J. p. 390 ; Shelley,B. Egypt, p. 138 (1872); Gould, B. Gt. Br. 

iii. pi. 17 (1873); Dresser, B. Bur. iv. p. 285, pi. 229 (1873) ; 
Hume, Nests $ Bgc/s lad. B. p. 488 (1873) ; id. Str. F. 1873, 
p. 214 j Adam, t. c. p. 389; Swinh. Ibis, 1875, p. 123; Irhy, B. 
Gibr. p. 112 (1875); Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 1S2 ; Butler, Str. F 
1876, p. 2; Blanf. Bast. Pers. ii. p. 240 (1876); David 4* Orn. 
Ois. Chine, p. 317 (1877); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii. p. 14-5 
(1877); Butler, Str. F. v. p. 185 (1877); Ball, t. c. p. 223 ; lining 
Str. F. vii. p. 66 (1*78); id. Str. F. viii. p. 109 (1879j; S ulhj, 
t. c. p. 338; Doig, t. e. p. 371; Bogd. B. Cuuc. p. 73 (1870); 
Butler, Cat. B. Sind $c. p. 50 (1879); Marti. P. Z. S. 1^1, 
p. 959 ; Gigl. Iconogr. Avif. Ital. pi. 181; Badde, Orn. COUP. 
p. 209 (1884); Murray, Tertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 198 (1884): 
Salvad. Elenc. Ucc. Ital p. 154 (13^6); GigLAvif. Ital. p. 68 
(1886); JReid, Cat. B. Luchnom Mus. p. 139 (1886); JELarterU 
J. f. 0. 1886, p. 582; Lilford, Ibis, 1886, p. 380; Sharp?, t e. 
pp. 165, 487; Kceniq, J. f. O. 1888, p. 218; Irhy, Key List Brit 
B. p. 20 (1888); Gigl. Avif. Ital. 1st Besoc. p. 127 (1889). 
Alauda galerita, Pall. Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. i. p. 524 (1811). 
Alauda chendoola, FranU. P. Z. S. 1#31, p. 119; Gray, Eand-l. B. 

ii. p. 118, no. 7763 (1870). 
Galerida viarum, Brehti, Yog. Deutseld. p. 315 (1831). 
Galerida undata* Brehm, t. c. p. 316 (1831). 
Alauda gulgula (nee Frank!.), Syke% P. Z.'S. 1Q32, p. 02. 
Certbilaiida chendoola, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. Q()2 (1844), xv. 
p. 41 (1846); Button, op. cit. xvi. p. 780 (1847). 
Certbilauda boysii, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xv. p. 41 (1846). 
ELeterops cristatus, Ilodc/s. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus.* Passeres, pi. 295. 
figs. 1, 2 (no. 729); id. in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 84 (1844). 
Galerida chendoola, Blyth, Cat. B. 3his. As. Soc. p. 133 (1840) ; 
Bp. Camp. i. p. 245 (1850). 
Galerida boysii, Blyth, t c. p. 133 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 245 (1850); 

Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 48. 
Galerita senegalensis, Bp. Consp. L p. 245 (1850). 
Galerida nigricans etc., Brehm, Togelf. pp. 12S~12o (1855). 
Galerita cristata nigricans etc., Brehm, Satan. 1858, pp. 200-200. 
Galerita randonii, loehe, Cat. Mam?n. etc. Alger, p. 85 (1858); id. 

Per. et Mag. de Zool. 1860, p. 150, pi. xi. % . 2. 
Galerita macrorlrrciclia, Tristram, Ibis, 1859. pp. 57. 426; Drake, 
Ibis, I860, p. lo3; Gurnet/, Ibis, 1871, p. 200 ; Dresner, B. Bur. 

iv. p. 301, pi. 230. fig. 2 (1873); Irhy,B. Gibr. p. 112 (1875); 
Kcenig, J.f.O. 1888, p. 217. 
Alauda leautungensis, Swinh. Ibis, 1801, p. 256, 1863. p. 87; Gray, 
BandA. B. ii. p. 119, no. 7769 (1870). 
Galerita leautungensis, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 272, 1870, p. 433 ; 
Prjev. in Botcley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 314 (1877). 
Galerita brachyura, Tristr. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 435. 
Megalophonus randonii, Loche, BXIJL ScL Alger., Ois. ii. p. 41 

(1867). 
Spizalauda deva (nee Sykes)7 Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 181. 
Alauda brachyura, Gray, Iland-l B. ii. p. 119, no. 7771 (1870). 
Alauda boysii, Gray, te. p. 118, no. 7764 (1870). 
Alauda macrorhyncha, Gray, & c. p. 119, no. 7768 (1870). 

17 . GALERITA. 629 
Alauda (Galerita) cristata, Blanf. GeolfyZool Abyss, p. 387 (1870). 

Mirafra arenk-ola, Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 122, no. 7tJ4 (1870). 

Galericla magna, Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 407 j Hume # Hender*. 

Lahore to ^Yarh. p. 270, pi. 30 (1873); Severtz. 8tr. F. iii. p. 424 

(1875) ; Scully, Str. F. iv. p. 175 (1876); Menzbier, Ibis, 1885, 

p. 354. 
Galerita microcristata, Homeyer, J.f. 0. 1873, p. 202. 
Galerita parvicri&tata (nom. e?n<md.)9 Slwrpe, Zool. Bee. 1873, p. 64. 
Alauda magna [nee Hume), Dixon, Ibis, 1882, p. 571. 
Alauda cristata, Tar. niacrorhyncha, Seebohm. Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 262 
(1884). 

Alauda cristata, var. magna, Secbo/mi, t. c. p. 202 (1884). 

Alauda ibabehma (nee BpX Tristr. Faun. $* Flor. Palest, p. 78 

(1884). 
Alauda cristata. var. leautungensis, Seebohm. Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 2G2 

(1884). 
Galerita cristata caucasica, Tacz. P. Z. S.1887, p. COS, 1888, p. 464. 
Galerita cristata coreensis, Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1887, 

p. 020. 
Adult male in winter plumage. General colour above brown, with 
blackish centres to the feathers, the back not so strongly mottled as 
in the generality of Larks ; lower back and rump rather more 
uniform and more ashy than the back; the lower rump and upper 
tail-coverts rather more vinaceous; wing-coverts like the back, the 
median and-greater coverts dark brown, edged with ashy brown; 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills brown, externally washed 
with pale rufous, the innermost secondaries with ashy ; tail-feathers 
brown with ashy margins, the penultimate feather sandy buff along 
the outer web ; the outer feather pale brown, externally sandy buff, 
and obliquely darker brown on the inner web ; crown of head like 
the back, slightly tinged with vinaceous, and streaked with darker 
brown; a long median crest of narrow plumes ; lores, an indistinct 
eyebrow, and feathers round the eye buffy white; sides of face and 
ear-coverts brown, the latter shaded with darker brown, with a 
whitish patch just below the eye; cheeks and throat whitish, with 
some blackish spots on the former• sides of neck pale brown ; remainder 
of under surface of body isabelline whitish, browner on the 
fore neck and breast, the chest thickly spotted with black, taking 
more the form of streaks on the sides of the breast, as well as on 
the sides of the body and flanks; thighs and under tail-coverts 
isabelline, the latter with dusky centres; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries clear vinous isabelline; quills below dusky, rufescent 
along the inner edge: " bill greyish brown, the lower mandible 
lighter and more dusky; feet dusky yellowish flesh-colour; iris 
light brown " (J. 0. Naumann). Total length 7 inches, culm en 0-7, 
wing 4-25, tail 2-7, tarsus 0*9. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but smaller. Total length 6*5 
inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*8, tail 2-4, tarsus 0*95. 
Hal. The same as that of the genus. 

ALAUDID.33. 

630 

a. G. cristata. 
a,b. S $ ad.sk. 
e}d. ($; e. $ ad. 

sk. 
/. <$ ad. sk. 
ff. <$ ad. sk. 

X i. <$ ? ad. sk. 

Jc. Ad. sk. 

£-0. c? ad. j jy. 
$ ad. sk. 
q,r. Ad. et JUT. 
sk. 

Maloid, S. Sweden, Jan., Oct. 5. 
Malmo, Dec, March. {W. 
Meves). 

Heligoland, May. 
Gorlitz, Saxony, March 13. 
Westphalia. 
Belgium, Dec. 12. 


Egypt, March, May (G. B. &). 


%ypt. 


^y. Meves [C.]. 

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[*•]• 
Seeholim Coll. 
Salvin-Godxoan Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Brussels Museum 

[P.]. 
Shelley Coll. 

J. H. Gumey, Esq, 
[p.; 
/3. Rufous-tailed race (G. seneyahnsis). 

<z,b. J £ ad. sk. 

c. Ad. sk. 
A 2 ad. sk. 
e. Ad. sk. 
/. Ad. sk. 
g. $ ad. sk. 
h. Ad. sk. 
i, h. Ad. sk. 
/. Ad. sk. 
m, n, o. Ad.; p} 
q. Juv. sk. 
rj s. Ad. sk. 
t Ad. sk. 
w. JUT. sk. 
v. Ad. sk. 
w. Ad. sk. 
.i'. $ ad. sk. 
y. $ ad. sk. 
%. <j ad. sk. 
a', V. Ad. sk. 
o', <*'. <$ $ ad. 
sk. 
e'. (S ad. sk, 

/,/. J ad.j h\ 

$ ad. sk. 
*'. ? ad. sk. 
#, *'. Ad. sk. 

Seville, Spain, April 17 (Ituis). 
Granada {H, Saimders). 
Malaga, Jan. 2 (K. &). 
Gibraltar. 
Ooimbra, Portugal, Dec. 
Tangiers, March 23 (G. B. S.). 
Tangiers (Fame?'). 
Algeria (0. &). 
Sicily (B. W. Oates). 
River Gambia. 


Senegal, 
River Gambia (Sir A, Moloney). 
Sierra Leone. 
Abyssinia. 
Abyssinia. 
Massowa, Aug. 25. 


Massowa (W, Jesse). 
ZouUa, Dec. 26. 


Amba, Bogos Land ( W. Jesse). 
Larnaca, Cyprus, April 17. 


Rhodes, Dec. 3 (0. G. Dan-
ford). 
Asia Minor, Jan., Oct. (T. Mob-
son). 

Volga. 
Kutais, Caucasus, Oct., Nov. 

(Micliahvsky). 

Seebohm Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Col. Irby [P."1. 
Dr. L. Vieira [P.]. 
Shelley Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Salvin-Godinan Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 


L. Laglaize [C.1 
Shelley Coll. 
Sir E. Sabine [P.]. 
M. Verreaux. 
Sharpe Coll. 
IT. T.Blanford,E>q. 
I?.]. 
Sharpe Coll. 

W. T.Blanford,Esq. 
[P.l 
Lord Lilford [P.]. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 
St. Petersburg Mu


seum [E.]. 

y. Large-billed race (G. macrorhyncha). 
a. <$ ad. sk. Algeria. 
I, <$ ad. sk. Algerian Sahara (LocJte). 
c. Ad. sk. Algeria [H. B. Tristram).
(?. Ad. sk. Ain Oussera, March. 
e, Ad. sk. OtMena, Tunis, Feb. (H.B. T.). 

Captain Loche [C I 
Shelley Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

J. H. Gurney, Kfeq., 
jun.fT.]. ^ 
Shelter Coll. 

a. J ad. sk.
b,c. (S $ ad. sk.
d', e'. Ad. sk.

/'. Ad. sk.

d. 9 ad. sk.
e. cS acl. sk.
/, g. 6s ? ad.;
hr-L Ad. sk.
m} n. Ad. sk.

o. (5 ad. sk.
v. <$ ad. sk,
q. d ad. sk.
r, s. (Jad.sk.

t. ? ad. sk.
w. d acl.; v-a\
2 ad. sk. 
y, z. <$ ad. sk.
a'-e. Ad. sk.


/' ; .'/• d ad. etjuv. sk. 

7i',i,k\ dad.;
/'. J ad.; m'.
Juv. sk. 

n\ Ad. sk.
o'. J ad. sk.

y . Ad. sk.
</. Ad. sk.

r'. d ad. sk.

 S 2 acl

s', t\-&•

s' 

vf. d ad.; i/,
w'y x'. 2 ad.
sk. 

y'. Pull. sk.

of'. d ad. sk.
b", c". d 2 ad.
sk. 
d". d ; e",f".

2 ad. sk.
r/", h". 2 a#-st*
i''k". <$; l". 2

ad. sk.

17 . GALEKITA. 
3. Sandy-coloured race. 
Kaizarieh, Asia Minor, May 6

(C. G. Dcmford). 
Palestine. 
Aden.


 Sheik Othman, near Aden,
March 28. 
Mashish, S. Persia, May 21.


 Bam, S.E. Persia, April 22.

 Fao,Turkish Arabia, Aug., Nov.

 Muscat.

 Gwadar, Mekran Coast, Feb. 18(.4. 0. H.). 
Gwadar, Dec.

 Dizak, Baluchistan, March 21.


 Gulran,N. Afghanistan, March. 
Tirphul, April 6. 
Kandahar, Dec, Feb.


 Melkarez, April, May. 
Pushut (Dr. Griffith). 
Chaman, Aug. (Sir 0. St. John),

 Nal, Khelat, May 7 (0. T. 
Duke). 

 Zehree, Khelat, June (O.T.D.). 
Quetta, Dec. 3 {Sir 0. St.
John). 
Pibkm Valley, Dec. 18 {Sir 0.
St. John). 
Khelat-i-Ghilzai, Oct. {Sir 0.
St. John), 
Samarcand (Russozo).

 Karachi, Sind, Oct. (F. Day). 
Karachi, March, May (D. A. 
Butler). 


 Eastern Narra, March 28 (S.
Dozy), 

 Mooltan, Jan. 20. 
Sukkur, Dec. 28 (A. 0. H.).


 Banks of Chenab, Dec. 7 (A.

 0. JS.). 
Mithenkote, Dec. 10 (^4. 0. IT.). 
Hussin-ki-gushi, N. 
Sind, Dec. 
18 (A. O. JEn 

 Seebohm Coll. 

 Canon Tristram [C.]. 

 P. L. Sclater, Esq. 
LP.]. 

 Colonel Yerbury [P.]. 

 W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
LC.]. 
"W. T. Blanford, Esq. 

 "W. B. Gumming, 

 Esq. [P.J 

 Colonel Miles [P.]. 

 Hume Coll. 

 W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[C.]. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[C.]. 
Dr. Aitchison [P.]. 
Dr. Aitchison [P.]. 
Col. Swinhoe [P.]. 

 Col. Swinhoe [P.]. 
India Mus. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Plume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 St. Petersburg Mus. 

[E.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Seebohm Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

G32 

m", n". $ $ ad.

sk. 

</',/'. <J ad. sk.

q"-v". ($; y",

z". J ad.; a3.

Juv. sk.

b3 

. Ad. sk.
c3. Ad. sk.


d3 

, e\ Ad. sk. 

f. Ad. sk. 
(f-r*. Ad. sk. 
s3. Ad. sk. 
f. Ad. sk. 
u\ Ad. sk. 
v3, w3. $ ad. sk. 
s*}tf. (Si a3-^1$ 
ad. sk. 
c^-eK S ad. $&. 

/*. $ ad.sk#*. 
$ ad. sk. 

h\ $ ad. sk. 

i\ hK Ad. sk. 

IK 2 ad. sk. 

m*-o4. S ad. J 

p4. J ad. sk. 
q\ rK $ ad. sk. 
s4, ^. Ad. sk. 
u\ $ ad. sk. 

5; c5-^5. Ad. sk. 

o5, jp5. S ad. sk. 

?5. Ad. sk. 

r5-i5. Ad. sk. 

t«5. Ad. sk. 
v5. $ ad. sk. 
w5. Ad. sk. 
z5,if)zK Ad.sk. 

aa, 6°. c? ? ad.; 
cG. Juv. sk. 


dG 

. (S ad. sk. 
e0,/6. Lnm. sk. 


ALAUDID-E. 

 Seliwan, Jan. (.4. 0. H.). 

 Jodhpur, Feb. (A. O. H.). 
Sambhur, Jan., Feb., April, 
June, July, Dec. (B. M. 
Adam). 
Loodiana, April (A, 0. H.). 

 Lahore. 
Lahore. 
Lab ore. 
Sirsa District, Dec.; Jan. 
Miu'dan, Dec. 
Peshawnr, May 1. 
Peshawnr, Jan. 20. 
Gilgit, March. 
Urabala, NOT. (B. C. Beavau). 


Sahanznpur, Nov., March (G. 


F. L. Marshall). 
Saharunpur, Jan. 31. 
Muttra, Dec. 8 (G. F. L. Marshall). 
Alighur, Nov. 30 (B. Anderson). 


Masuri. 
Dehra, Dec. 27 (G. King). 
Gtirgaon District, Feb., Sept. 


(W.N. Chill). 
Delhi, Feb. (C. T. Bingham). 
N.TV. Provinces. 
Futtehgurh, April 6 (A. A?iderso?
i). 

Etavvah, Jan., March to May, 
July, Nov., Dec. (A. 0. K. 
$ W. E. B.). 

Cawnpore, May, Nov. (W. B. 
Broolts). 

Luclmow, May. 
Oudh, Jan., Dec. (A. Ander-


Nepal. 
Eaipur. 
Saugor. 
Near Pekin, July, Sept. (B. 


Swinhoe). 
Talienwan, June (B. S.). 


Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

HumeCoU. 

C. Bvgrave^V barton 
Esq. [P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Colonel Way [P.l 
Col. Biddulph X1.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 


Seebohm Coll. 
Major Bingham [P.]. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Pinwill Coll. 


Seebohm Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Colonel Way [P. j . 
Hume Coll. 


Hodgson Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


India Museum [P.], 


Seebohm Coll. " 


Seebohm Coll. 


(Types of G. leautungmsis.) 
Chefoo, May (B. &). Seebohm Coll. 
Chefoo, Aug. F. W. Stvan, Esq. 

[P.]. 

G. magna. 
a, b. <$ 5 ad. sk. Petroalexandrovsk, Sept. SevertzoffColl. 
c, d. $ ad. sk. Petroalexandrovsk, Sept. 8 (N. Seebohm Coll. 
Severtzoff). 

17 . GALERITA. 
633 
e. $ ad. sk. Tashkend, Nov. 21. SevertzofF Coll. 
/. 
<S ad. sk. Nija, E. Turkestan (Brje-Seebokm Coll. 
walshi). 

g. Ad. sk. Charwagh, Aug. Eev. Dr. Lansdell. 
f Ad. sk. Alaskan, Jan. (Prjewakki). Seebohrn Coll. 
i} h. <$ ad. sk. Lobnoor, Feb., Dec. (Prje-Seebokm Coll. 
toalshi). 
I, mt n. Ad.; o. Ckadir-kul, Aug. Eev. Dr. Lansdell 
Juv. sk. 

CO.]. 

p, q. Ad. sk. Guma, Sept. 

He v. Dr. Lansdell 

r, s. § ad. sk. Yarkand, Feb.,Marck(X£ctt%). [o.]. 

Hume Coll. 

^ it, v. d ad. sk. Yarkand, Aug*. (Dr. Hender


Hume Coll. 

son). 

w. Ad. sk. Karghahk, Aug. 20 (G. Mender-(Types of G. magna.') 
Hume Coll. 

son).

a*. $ ad. sk. Sanju, Yarkand, Oct. 28 (J. Seebohrn Coll. 

Biddtdph). 
y,z. d 2 ad. sk. Kashgar, Oct. 23 (J. S. # J.B.). Hume Coll. 
«V - Ad. sk. Kaskgar (Dr. Bellew). India 3Mus. 
</', /*'. d ? ad. Hyderabad, Oct. (K A. Butler). Hume Coll. 

sk. 

i'. 6 ad. sk. Jacobabad, Dec. (A. 0. H.). Hume Coll. 

2. (Merita thecklae. 
Galerita 
tkecklse, Bre7<m, Kaum. 1858, p. 210) Homey cr9 Erinn. 
Vers, deutscJil Orn. 1870, p. 47. 
Galerida miramarse, Homeyer, J. f. 0. 1882, p. 315. 

Adult. Similar to G. cristata, but much smaller, and having the 
appearance of a Wood-Lark, with a yellow tinge pervading the 
under surface of the body. The breast-spots and flank-stripes are 
very numerous, the outer tail-feather has the light pattern very 
rufous, and the race is easily distinguished by its very short bill. 
Total length 5'5 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3-9, tail 2*15, tarsus 
0-95. 

Eab. Southern Spain and North-eastern Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. Tangiers. 
Gould Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Tangiers (Olcese). Tweeddale Coll. 
c. Ad. sk. Tangiers [Olcese). K. B. Sbarpe, Esq. [P.]. 
d. $ ad. sk. Tunis, Feb. 21 (0. &)• Salvin-Godman Coll. 
3. Galerita malabarica. 
Alouette hupped de la Cote de Malabar, Sonn. Toy. Indes, ii. p. 20-3, 
pi. 113. %. 1 (1782). 
Alatida malabarica, Scop. Bel. Flor. et Faun. Instilr. ii. p. 94 

(178G); Gm. S. A7", i. p. 795 (1788). 
Malabar Lark, Lath Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 379 (1783). 
Alauda deva (nee tiykes), Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi. p. SI (1840). 

034 
ALAUDIDJE. 

Alauda malabarica (nee Scop.), JercL B. Intl. ii. p. 436 (1863) ; Blanf. 

J. A. S. Beng. xxxviii. pt. 2, p. 183 (1809) ; Gray, Hand-l B. ii.* 
p. 117, no. 7748 (1870); Brooks, Str. F. 1873, p. 48G. 
Spizalauda deva (nee Sykes), Hume, J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. pt

p. 110 (1870). ' 
' ~J 
Spizalauda 
malabarica (nee Scop.), Hume, Str. F. i. p. 486, note 
(1873) j Fairb. Str. F. iii. p. 561 (1875) • Butler, Cat. B. S. Bomb, 
Pres. p. 64 (1880) ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 109 (1870); Tidal Str. 

F. ix. p. 73 (1880) j Davison, Str. F. x. p. 404 '(1883;. 
Alauda (Spizalauda) malabariea, Stanford, Str. F. iv. p. 541 (1876). 
Galerita ciistata (nee Z.), Davidson ^ Wenden, Str. F vii u 86 
(1878). 
' * r' 

Adidt male. Similar to G. cristata, but very much darker and 
more rufescenf, especially rufous below; the breast very strongly 
spotted with black; the flanks without blackish streaks ; li»ht 
pattern of outer tail-feather very rufous; under wing-coverts and 
quill-lining ashy rufous : a bill horny brown above, whitish fleshcolour 
below; legs and feet whitish fiesh-colour; iris dark brown ,? 

(E. A. Butler). Total length 6*3 inches, culmen 0-6 win«* 3*8 
tail 2-3, tarsus 0-0. ' ° 
Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Soft parts as in 
the male. Total length 6*3 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3*7, tail 2-1 
tarsus 0-9. ' ~ ' 


In a series of specimens the males have the wing from 3*7 to " 
3*95 inches, and the females from 3*55 to 3*7. 
Hah. Southern India from Travancore and the XiMiiris as far 
north as the neighbourhood of Ahmedabad. 

a, b. ($; c. J ad. Ahmedabad, March. Hume Coll. 
sk. 
d, e. $ $ ad. sk. Maliabaleshwar, Feb., Tweeddale Coll. 
March (S. B. Fairbanh). 
f, g, h. c?; *-w. Mahabaleshwar, March- Hume Coll 
$ ad. sk. May {S. B. Fairbank). 


n. (S ad. sk. Khanaala, Oct. Hume Coll. 
°,P- 6; q- 2 ad- Khandala Top, April, May Tweeddale Coll. 
sk. (S. B. Fairbank). 


r. 2 ad. sk. Goa Hills. April (S.B.F.). Tweeddale Coll. 
s. Ad. sk. Deccan (Sykes). India Museum. 
a<* sk

t, u. S 2-- Ptatnaghiii, Oct. (G. Vidal). Hume Coll. 
v,w, x. J; y. 2 Belgaum, Aug, Sept. (_K Hume Coll. 
ad. sk. A. Butler). 


z. 
2 Ad. sk. Mangalore, April (Dr. F Hume Coll 
Day), 
a', V, c'. Ad. sk. Mysore, May, July (W. Hume Coll. 
Davison), 
d', e'. £ ad. sk. Wynaad, April (W. Davi- Hume Coll. 
son). 
/', gf, h'. Ad. sk. Kotagherry, July, Aug. Hume Coll. 
(Miss Cockburn). 
i'-m'. $ 2 ad, sk. Ootacamund, Feb., March Hume Coll. 

(W. Davison). 
»'-/. 
6\ S-v'. 2 Ooonoor, Jan., Feb., March Hume Coll 
ad. sk. (W. Damson). 

17. GALERITA. 635 
w'. JvLv.sk. Coonoor, Dec. 1880. A. MacgTegor, Esq. [P.]. 
x'f, tf Ad. sk. Malabar. Tweeddale Coll. 
z', a"j b"x Ad. sk. Anjango, Trayancore, Dec. Hume Ooll. 

4. Galerita isabellina*. 
Galerida abyssinica, Bp. Consp. i. p. 245 (1850); Brehm, Kaum. 
1858, p. 209; Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 425; Gumey, Ibis, 1871, 

p. 290. 
Galerida isabellina, Bp. Consp. i. p. 245 (1850); Tristr. Ibis, 1859, 
p. 425; Adams, Ibis, 1804, p. 24; Zoche, Kvpl Sci. Alger., Ois. 
ii. p. 40 (1867); Toes. J.f.O. 1870, p. 43; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-
Afr. iy. App. p. cxlix (1871); Dresser, B. Eur. iy. p. 803, pi. 230. 
fip^. 1 (1873); Emmy, J.f.O. 1888, p. 219. 
Galerita flava, Brehm, J. f. O. 1854, p. 77 ; id. Naum. 1858, p. 209 ; 
Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr.\. pt. 2, p. 682 (1870), iv. App. p. cl (1871); 
Ilomeyer, J.f.O. 1673, p. 204. 

Galerita lutea, *Brehm, Namn. 1358, p. 210. 
Galerita arenicola, Tristr. Ibis, 1859, pp. 58, 426 ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1870, 


p. 15. 
Alauda abybsinica, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 118, no. 7705 (1870). 
Alauda ibabellina, Gray, t. c. p. 119, no. 7767 (1870). 
Alauda cristata, var. isabellina, Seebohm, Mist. Br. B. ii. p. 262 
(18*4). 

Ad nit. Similar to G. aistata, but entirely rufous isabelline above 
with faintly indicated darker centres to the feathers, the crest-
feathers darker; upper tail-coverts and centre tail-feathers sandy 
rufous, as also the outer webs of the others, the outermost feather 
rufous, with an oblique dusky mark on the inner web ; under surface 
of body white, purer on the breast and abdomen, with numerous 
streaks and spots of dusky brown on the fore neck and chest: '• bill 
brownish above and yellowish below ; feet yellowish ; iris reddish" 
(Loclie). Total length 7*8 inches, oilmen 0-8, wing 4, tail 2*55, 
tarsus 1. 

Hah. The desert portions of North-east Africa, ranging across to 
Abyssinia. 

a. Ad. sk. Biskra, Algeria. Sharpe Ooll. 
b. <$ ad. sk. Tani, Soudan, April. Capt. W. Verner [P.], 
c. S ad. sk. Abyssinia. Purchased. 
d. e, f. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Sharpe Coll. 
(j. Var. sk. Zoulla, Annesley Bay, Feb. 9. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.]. 
h. Ad. sk. Fazogloa. Edward Wilson, Esq. [P.j. 
* I believe 67. abvssinica and Cr. isabellina of Bonaparte's 'Conspectus' 
(p. 245; to be the same bird. Of the two names published on the same page I 
prefer that of isabellina, as abyssinica might infer that it is strictly Abyssinian, 
-which is not the ease. 
G;j() 
ALAUDJD-E. 

18. LULLULA. 
Foot of Lullula arborea, to sliow hind claw. 

Range. Europe generally, not extending very far north, and ranging 
eastwards into Persia. 

1. Lullula arborea. 
La Petite Aiouette hupee, JSriss. Orn. iii. p. 361 (1760). 

Alauda 
arborea, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 287 (176(5); Temm. Man. 
tfOrn. i. p. 282 (1820)*; Kaum. Vog. Beutschl. iv. Taf. 100. fig. 2 
(1824); Werner, Atlas, Granivores, pi. 6 (1827); Mcnetr. CM. 
Mais. Cauc. p. 39 (1832); Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 107 (1837); 
Macgitt. Br. B. ii. p. 174 (1839); Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 193 
(1840) ; Nordm. in Bemid. Voy. liuss. Merid. iii. p. 104 (1840); 
Selys-Lonffch. Faun. Belg. p. 84 (1842); Yarr. Brit. B. i.'p. 417 
(1843); Miihle, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl. p. 35 (1844) ; Schl. Rev. 
Crit. p. lix(1844); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 380 (1844); Thomps. 

B. Irel i. p. 236 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. A». i. p. 245 (1850); Kjcerb. 
Orn. Ban. Afb. xviii. fig. 4 (1852); Schl. Vog. Nederl. pi. 149 
(1854); Ileioits. Eggs Br. B. i. p. 179, pi. xl. fig. 3 (1856); 
Sundev. Svenslc. Fugi. pi. viii. fig. 2 (1856-72) ; Jaub. 8f Barth.-
Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 291 (1859) ; Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. 
p. 48 (1860); Boiuys, Ibis, 1860, p. 229 ; Schl. Bier. Nederl. Vog. 
pi. 17. fig. 11 (186i); Gray, List. Br. B. p. 106 (1863) ; Wright, 
Lbis, 1864, p. 60; Bettoni, TJcc. nidif. Lomb. pi. 01 (1865-70); 
More, Ibis, 1865, p. 124; Tristr. Lbis, 1806, p. 287; Begl. et 
Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 340 (1867); Loche, Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. 
p. 31 (1867); Smith, Lbis, 1868, p. 443; Saunders, Lbis, 1869, 
p. 171; Borqqr. Voqelf. Norddeutschl. p. 70 (1869): Boderl. Avif. 
Sicil. p. 94 (r869); Broste, Vogeho. Borkum's, p. 107 (1809) ; Gray, 
LLand-l. B. ii. p. 118, no. 7700 (1870); Gould, B. Gt. Br. iii. pi. 16; 
Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 16. fig. 3 (1870) ; Ehoes $ Buckley, Lbis, 
1870, p. 194; Saunders, lbis. 1871, p. 216 ; Salvad. Faun. ltal.,Ucc. 
p. 131 (1871) ; Gray, B. W. Scotl. p. 123 (1871); Liartinq, ILandb. 
Br. B. p. 25 (1872) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 139 (1872) ; Bresser, B. 
Eur. iv. p. 321, pi. 232 (1873); Keul. Onze Vog. ii. pi. 34 (1873); 
Brookes, Lbis, 1873, p. 245 ; Newt. ed. Yarr. Br. B. i. p. 625 (1874); 
Banf. ty LLarvie-Brow-n, Lbis, 1875, p. 311 ; Wharton, Ibis, 1876, 
p. 26; Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 77 (1875); Blanf. East. Fers. ii. p. 240 
(1876); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii. p. 144 (1877) ; Banf. Lbis, 
18 . LTTLLTJLA. 637 
1878, p. 21; Seebohm, lbis} 1881. p. 217; DLvon, Ibis, 1882, p. 571; 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 11; Irby, I. c. p. 185; B. 0. TJ. List Br. 

B. p. 71 (188-3); Saunders, Ibis, 1881, p. 377; Seebohn, Hist Br. 
B. ri. p. 256 (1881); Tristr. Faun. $ Flor. Palest, p. 79 (1884) ; 
Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 40; Gigl. Amf. Ital p. 105 (1886) ; 
Backhouse, Ibis, 1887, p. 72; Tait, t.c.^A 08 ; Lilford, t. c. p. 282; 
id. Col. Fig. Br. B. part iv. (1887),- Irby, Key List Br. B. p. 21 
(1888); Gigl. Amf. Ital. 1st Resoc. p. 122 (1889): Lilford, Ibis, 
1889, p. 323. 

Le Lulu ou La Petite Alouette huppe*e, Duubent. PI. Ed. v. pi. 503. 
fig. 2; Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 74 (1778). 
"Wood-Lark, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 371 (1783); Yarr. Br. B. 

i. p. 417 (1843). 
Lester Crested Lark, Lath t. c. p. 391 (1783). 
Alauda nemorusa, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 797 (1788): Ron v. Orn. 
Provenc. pi. 183 (1825). 
Lullula arborea, Kaup, Naturl Syst. p. 92 (1829); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 
1874, p. 635; Irby, B. Gibr. p. 113 (1875)* Radde, Orn. Cauc. 

p. 211 (1884); Reid, Ibis, 1885, p. 246; Salvad. Elenc. Ucc. Ital. 
p. 154 (1886). 
Galerita nemorosa, Brehm, Vo'y. DeutscM. p. 316 (1831). 
Galerita arborea, 'Brehm, t. c. p. 317 (1831); Bp. Co?np. List, p. 37 
(183*); Cab. Mis. Rem. Th. i. p. 125 (1850) ; Hewjl Orn. N.O.-

Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 683 (1871). 
Curys arborea, Boyd. B. Cauc. p. 74 (1879). 
Galerita musica et G. antliirostrid, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 124 (1855). 

Adult. General colour above deep sandy rufous, with broad black 
centres to the feathers, the mantle rather paler and less broadly 
centred with black ; lower back and rump ashy brown; upper tail-
coverts long, ashy brown with a reddish tinge ; lesser wing-coverts 
ashy brown marked with sandy rufous ; median and greater coverts 
dark brown with broad rufous margins ; a conspicuous white spot 
on the edge of the wing; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black, 
with broad whitish ends, the black forming a patch on the latter ; 
quills dark brown, the primaries edged with sandy buff, and 
narrowly fringed with white at the ends; the secondaries dark 
brown, with a median patch of rufous at the end of the feathers ; 
centre tail-feathers reddish brown, with dusky brown in the centre, 
the remainder black, with a triangular white spot at the ends, increasing 
in extent towards the outer feather, which is smoky brown, 
with a broad oblique mark of black on the inner web ; the outer 
web dusky towards the tip ; crown of head sandy buff, the feathers 
broadly centred with black; hind neck and sides of neck lighter 
than the crown ; lores and a broad eyebrow whitish, nearly meeting 
on the nape; eyelid whitish; ear-coverts rufous, dark brown along 
the upper margin ; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body whitish, 
tinged with yellow on the breast and abdomen; the throat and chest 
washed with yellowish buff, the throat narrowly and the fore neck 
and chest broadly streaked with black; sides of body and flanks 
brown, streaked with black; axillaries and under wing-coverts 
leaden grey; quills dusky below, ashy grey on the inner web. 
Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3*65, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-8. 

638 
ALATJDIDJS. 

The males, as determined in the collection, have the wing from 
3*6 to 3-95 inches, the females from 3*6 to 3*8. There is BO difference 
in the colour of the sexes, hut in the winter plumage the 
general coloration is more rufous. The sexes, if the determinations 
are correct, seem to differ less in size than is usual in the famil}T. 

Hab. The same as that of the genus. 

a. Ad. sk. 
b. Ad. sk. 
e. Ad. sk. 
d. Ad. sk. 
e. 
Ad.; /, [/. 
Juv. sk. 
h. i, h. Ad. sk. 
/. cf al. st. 

m. Ad. sk. 
n, o. S 2 ad. sk. 

;;, q. S ad. sk. 

y, s. Ad. sk. 

t. Si u, v. $ ad. 
«k. 
w. (S ad. Ai. 
.r. Ad. sk. 

y. Ad. sk. 
z, a'. Ad. sk. 
b'. $ ad. sk. 

c\ d'. (S ad. sk. 

e. Ad. sk. 
/'. $ ad. sk. 
ff', h'. $ ad. sk. 
i'. $ ad. sk. 
k', l'. d 2 ad. sk. 
m'. Ad. sk. 

2 a(^-s^


n't

o'. 2 ad. sk. 
/>'. Skull. 

England, Oct. 
Bristol, Oct. 2o. 
Axmouth, Devon, Dee. 


"Wiltshire. 
Hampshire. 


Colgate, Sussex, Dec, April. 


Brighton, Feb. 
II implead Heath, Oct. 27 


(It. U.S.). 

S. Norway, April, July 
(J. 
Baker). 
Sktlne, Sweden, Feb., March 

( W. Meres). 
Heligoland, Sept., Nov. 
Heligoland, Apiil, Oct., 
Dec. {L. Gtithe). 
Yalkeiiswaard. Holland, May 

2(\(II. 6'.)/ 

Belgium, Dec. 1. 
France. 
Arcaehon and Pari>, Jan. 


(E. V. Seebohm). 
Seville, Spain, Feb. 20 

(Paiiz). 

Gibraltar, April 21. 
Coirobra, Portugal. 
Tangier (Olcese). 
Asia Minor, Jan., Nov. 
Smyrna, Nov. 27 (C. G. B.). 
Taurus Mountain, Asia Minor, 


Jan., April (C. G. Ban ford). 
Alamut, Anatolia, Feb. (C. G. 

Rhodes, Dec. 3 (C. G. B.). 
Erzeroum [Bichson $• Hoss). 
Berlin. 

Gould Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Ft. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

[P.]. 

Montagu Coll. 

Salvin-Godrnan Coll. 

P. B. Sharpe. E-q. 
[P.\ 
II. Swaysland ~C.~. 
Hume Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

11. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
"P.". 
R." K Sharpe. Esq. 

[P.l. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Brussel-Museuiii[P. . 
Gould Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Colonel Irbv "P.™. 
Dr. L. VieirVP.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

T. Robson "C.\ 
Seebohm Cull. 
Seebohm Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Seebohm Coll. 

Gould Coll 
Dr. Giinther [_Cr. 

19 . CALENDULA. QQj 
19. CALENDULA. 
Erana, Gray, Z«rf fth A 1840, p. 48 , 0 . mifoitrli. 

Foot of Calendula erassiroslris. 

Range. Confined to South Africa. 

1. Calendula crassirostris. 
Alouette a gros bee, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. iv. pi. 103 (1805); Sundeo, 
Krit. am Levaill. p. 40 (1857). 

Alauda 
crassirostris, Vieill. N. Diet, cVItist. Nat. i. p. 373 (1816) • 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 380 (1844) ; Lm/ard, B. S. Afr. p. 208 (1807) • 
Gray, JIand-l. B. ii. p. 119, no. 7773 (1870); Shelleu, Ibis, J 875' 

p. 81. *' ' ' 
Alauda niagnirostris, Ste.ph. Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 27 (1826). 
Melanocorypha crassirostris, Boie, Isis, 18-28, p. 322. 
Calendula inagnirostris, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 292 (1837). 
Erana crassirostris, Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 48. 
Megalophonus crassirostris, Bp. Consp. i. p. 243 (1850). 
Galerita crassirostris, Liclit. Nomencl. p. 39 (1851). 
Calendula crassirostris, Gurnei/'in Anderson's B. J)am.-Ld p 105 
(1872); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 636; id. ed. LayardS li. S. Afr. 

p. 513 (1884). 
Ammoinanes crassirostris, Simdev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 72 (1872). 
Adult. Above dark brown, the feathers tolerably broadly margined 
with sandy fulvous, getting lighter on the extreme odgo of the 
feather, the lower back and rump ashy brown, more uniform, or 
having only a few central streaks of dark brown, on the lower bark ; 
head rather lighter brown than the rest of the upper surface, the 
dark brown central streaks rather narrower; hind neck inclining 
to ashy fulvous and minutely streaked with dark brown; wing-
coverts dark brown, somewhat shaded with ashy and rather broadly 
margined with sandy fulvous on the median and lesser coverts, the 
greater series margined with ashy, but without such distinct edges 
of sandy buff as the other series ; quills brown, nai-rowly tipped and 
margined on the outer web with sandy white, the secondaries 
distinctly shaded with grey ; upper tail-coverts ashy brown shaded 
with sandy and streaked with dark brown down the centres of the 

ALATJDIDJE. 

G40 

lon^ost feathers; tail-feathers dark brown margined with ashy grey, 
the0 penultimate feather narrowly and the outermost a little more 
broadly margined and tipped with sandy white or fulvous ; lores, 
ferthers above and below the eye, as well as a streak running along 
the sides of the crown, fulvous white, but not forming a distinct 
eyebrow: cheeks fulvous white, minutely spotted with blackish-
brown ; ear-coverts dark brown streaked with sandy buff; under 
surface'of body dull yellowish white, the throat very slightly spotted 
with blackish brown, gradually narrowing on the lower breast and 
sides of abdomen to hair-like linos; belly, vent, and under tail-
coverts unspotted : flanks ashy brown streaked with dark brown ; 
under wing-coverts pale ashy brown narrowly margined with sandy 
white, the outer feathers near the bend of the wing sand}' white 
spotted with brown, the centres of the feathers being of this colour : 
" upper mandible horn-colour, the lower one buff shading into dark 
horn-colour towards the tip; legs pale brown; iris brown " (G. E. 
Shelley). Total length 6-8 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 4 tail 2*75, 

tarsus 1. 

The sexes are alike in colour, but the female has rather a smaller 
bill. The wing appears to be from 3*1)5-4-1 in the males, and 
from 3-75-3-9 in the females. 

Young. Duller and more uniform brown than the adult, with 
whitish edgings to the feathers of the crown, ear-coverts, and the 
win^-coverts the greater series of the latter with sandy-rufous 
margins ; quills brown, paler towards the tips, and margined with 
sandy rufous paling into whitish buff towards the tips of the secondaries 
; under surface of body white, the breast streaked with blackish 
brown, each feather narrowly margined with whitish. 

Whiter plumage. Duller and more ashy brown than in summer, 
all the feathers obscured with greyish margins; underneath more 
yellowish, the spots on the breast duller and paler brown, and not 
nearly so largely developed. 

Hah South Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. Cape Colony. Sir A. Smith [0.]. 
b, e, d. Ad.; e. Juv. Cape Colony (R. L. Layard). Sharpe Coll. 
sk. 
/ . Ad. sk. Cape Colony (Butler). Shelley Coll. 
a h. Ad. sk. Ceres and Stellendorp, Jan. Shellev Coll. 

(G. R &)• 
i. Ad. sk. Colesberg (A. F. Ortlepp). S ilvin-Godman Coll. 
k, /. S 5 ad. sk. Hope Town (T. C. Afmore). Sharpe Coll. 
m. 
Q ad. sk. Oranue Frea State, May 28 Sharpe Coll. 
(W.Lucas). 
«. cf ad. sk. Little Namaqua-Land, July Sharpe Coll. 
29 (C. J. Andersson). 


20 . AMMOMANES. 641 
20. AMMOMANES.
Ammomaues, Cab. Mies. Hein. Th. i. p. 125 (1850) 
_, 
Type. 
A. deserti. 
% 

Foot of Ammomanes algcrlensis. 

Range. Desert countries of N.W. Africa to North-eastern Africa, 
Palestine, and through Persia and Arabia to N.W. India. 

Key to the Sjpecies. 

a. With a blackish baud at the end of the tail, 
the feathers being- reddish or white for 
more than their basal half. 
a'. Primaries brown, edged externally with 
rufous or sandy buff, which does not 
extend across the base of the feather. 


a". Under surface rufescent, with broad 
dusky streaks on the breast; under 
wing-coverts chestnut phcenicura, p. 642. 

b". Under surface white, including the under 
wing-coverts; no dusky streaks on the 
breast , ffi'ayi, P- 643. 


b'. Primaries rufous with dusky tips; under 
wing-coverts rufous cinctura, p. 644. 


b. Tail-feathers dusky brown or blackish, rufous 
along the outer webs, sometimes rufescent 
towards the base. 
c'. Under wing-coverts and quill-lining rufous 
or chestnut. 


c". Quills externally rufous for more than 
the basal half of the outer web of the 
primaries. 


a" . Sandy vinous above algeriensis, p. 645. 
b'". Ashy above deserti, p. 646. 
d". Quills dusky brown narrowly edged with 
ashy fulvous ; above mouse-brown ... . phcenicuraides, p. 647. 
d'. Under wing-coverts and quill-lining ashy or 
leaden grey, 

e". Larger : wing 4'1 inches; chestnut above; 
flanks ashy; chest strongly streaked 
with black" fervuginea, p. 649. 

/" . Smaller: wing 3'6 inches; light rufous 
above; flanks washed with light rufous; 
only a few dusky spots on the chest.... erythrochlamys, p. 648. 

e'. Larger : breast thickly spotted with black; 
sides of body ashy; under wing-coverts 
and lining of quills leaden grey ferruginea, p. 649. 


vol. xin. 2 i 

ALATTDID^;. 

642 

1. Ammomanes phcemcura. 
Mirafra phoenicura, Frank!. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 119 ; Sylces, P. Z. S. 
1832, p. 93 ; Jerd. Madr. Jour. xi. p. 32 (1840); Blyth, J. A. S. 
Beng. xiii. pt. 2, p. 060 (1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 383 (1844), 
Bp. Comp. i. p. 243 (1850) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p* 122, no. 
7810 (1870). 

4mmoraanes phoemcura, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 134 (1649); 
id. J. A. S. Beng. xxiv. p. 258 (1855); Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. 
Mus. B. I. Co. ii. p. 477 (1850); Jerd. B. 2nd. ii. p. 421 (1803): 
Beavan, Ibis, 18(38, p. 179; Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 414; Hume, 
Nest § B(/(/6 Ind. B. p. 477 (1873); Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 422 (1874); 
Butler, Str. F. iii. p. 499 (1675); Fairbanh, Str. F. iv. p. 201 (1870); 
Ball, Str. F. A. p. 223 (1877); Daddton § Wenden, Str. F. Vii. 

p. So (1878); Butler, Cat. B. Sind §c. p. 49 (1879); Hume, 
Str. F. -uii. p. 106 (1879) ; Tidal, Str. F. ix. p. 72 (1880); Butler, 
Cat. B. Bomb. Pres. p. 03 (I860); Davidson, Str. F. x. p. 314 
(1682); Swinh. § Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 129; Macgr. Str. F. x. 
p. 440 (1887). 
Adult male. Above dark brown, nearly uniform or with some 
slight remains of sandy-rufous margins to the feathers; lower 
rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail-feathers rufous, the latter with a 
blackish band at the ends, increasing in extent towards the middle 
of the tail, the centre feathers having the terminal half blackish; 
wing-coverts and quills dark brown, with narrow rufous edges to the 
primary-coverts and quills, the latter narrowly edged with sandy 
rufous; head like the back; lores and a faint streak over the eye 
and sides of face tawny rufous; the ear-coverts ashy brown with 
fulvescent streaks; cheeks and under surface of body tawny rufous, 
deepening into ehesinut on the abdomen; the breast washed with 
ashy brown, especially on the sides; the lower throat, fore neck, and 
breast spotted with black, increasing in size on the chest, and rather 
more longitudinal on the breast; under wing-coverts and quill-
lining chestnut-rufous : ^ bill blackish horny ; legs and feet brownish 
black; iris brown" (G. 2L Slaughter). Total length 6*2 inches, 
culmen 0*6, wing 4*15, tail 2-35, tarsus 0*9. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 0*2 
inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*9, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*9. 

Young. Much paler than the adults and with remains of sandy-
buff fringes to the feathers; the wing-coverts and quills broadly 
edged with sandy rufous; under surface paler and more ochraceous 
rufous, the spots on the throat and breast more dusky and not so 
pronounced. 

Bab. Central India as far south as the Kilghiris, extending to 
Deesa and Cutch on the west, and to the Euxar district in Bengal, 
not ascending the Himalayas. 

a. Ad. sk. Kutch. Oates Coll. 
b. <S ; c, d. J ad. sk. Ahmedabad, Feb. Seebohm Coll. 
e. ? ad. sk.
/ . Ad. sk. 
Deesa, Oct. (E. A. Butler). 
Mt. Aboo, Dec. (Dr. NewHume 
Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
man). 

20. JLMMOMAKES. 
643 

g. s ; h, i- 2 &&-s^* 
k, I. <$ : m, n. P ad. 
sk. 

o. (5* J i?; Sr. ? ad. sk. 
r; ^. S ; *, ««, ». $ 
ad. sk. 
w, .i-. $ 5 ad. sk. 

y-e'. Ad. et juv. sk. 

/. 6 ad. bk. 
#'-&'. Ad. et juv. sk. 
l\ m'. Ad. sk. 
n\ o1. <$ 5 ad. sk. 

y . c? ad, sk. 
#', rf. Ad. sk. 
*', £'• 6 $ ad. sk. 

w'. <$ ad. sk. 
z/, w'. Ad. sk. 
a/, xj. J ad. sk. 

z. Ad. fek. 
a"-a". Ad. sk. 
<*V\ c?$ ad.sk. 
/". Ad. sk. 

g", h". Ad. sk. 
i". Ad. sk. 
#', r. Ad. sk. 
m". c? ad. sk. 

»", o". <$ ; p". 2 a&sk. 
q"-u". (S ad. sk. 

v". $ ad. sk. 

iv". ? ad. sk. 

A"". 5 a^* s^* 
y". cJ ad. sk. 

z", a?. Ad. sk. 

Jodkpur, Sept. (Dr. Ring). 
Sanibhur, May, July, Aug*. 

(JR. M. Adam). 
Ajmere, Bee. (A. 0. -5".). 
Giirgaon district, July, Sept. 

(W. N. Chill). 
Banda, Bimdellamd, Dec. 

(G. F. L. Marshall). 
Etawali, Jan., July, Sept. 

(A.0.BJ.8? W.E.B.). 

Jhansie, May 2. 
Jhansie. 
Saugor. 
Allahabad, March. 
Mogulserai, Dec. (W. E. 


Brooks). 
Chnnar,Nov. (W. E. B.). 
Dinapur, Oct., Dec. (IF. 

E. B.). 
Buxar,Nov. (W.E.BJ). 
Behar. 
Mirzapur, March (R. 
Thompsofi). 

Mundla district, April (22. 

Thompson). 

Kainptee. 
Mhow, March. 
Khandeish, Nov. (J. J)amir 


son). 

Khandeish. 
Satpura Hills, Jan. (V. Ball). 
Deccan (Col. Sykes). 


N. of Ahmednuggur, Nov. 
(8. B. Fairbank). 
Belgaum, June, Oct. (E. A. 
Butler).

Mysore, April, Aug. (JR. G. 
Wardlaw Ramsay). 
Bangalore, Sept. (JR. G. 

W. R.). 
Ooimbatore, Oct. (A. G. JR. 
Theobald). 
Pothanore, Oct. (A. G.R. TJ). 

Secunderabad, Oct, (G. M. 
Slaughter). 


Central India. 

2. Ammomanes grayi. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Pinwjll Coll. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hodgson Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Dr. B. Hinde [P.]. 
Col. Swinhoe [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

India Mus. [P.]. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Dr. Jerdon [C.]. 

Alaucla grayi, Wahlb. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh. 1855, p. 213; 
id. J. f 0.1857, p. 2; Gray, JEand-l. B. ii. p. 118, no. 7759 
(1870): Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 71 (1871) ; Gurney in Andersson, 

B. Bam. JLd. p. 193 (1872). 
Alauda mevia (nee Striekl), Chapm. Trav. S. Afr., App, p. 400 
(1868). 
Ammomanes grayi, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 629, pi. Ixxvi. -Gig. 2 ; 
id. ed. Bayard's B. of S. Africa, 
p. 507 (1884). 
2T2 


ALATTDID^E. 

644 

Adult male. Above light sandy isabelline, not paler on the head, 
but slightly fulveseent on the hind neck; forehead, lores, and a 
tolerably defined eyebrow whitish; feathers in front of the eye 
dusky blackish; sides of face whitish, the hinder ear-coverts washed 
with isabelline; entire under surface of body whitish, slightly 
washed with isabelline on the breast, on each side of which is an 
indistinct blackish patch; under wing-coverts white with a very 
faint isabelline tinge • upper wing-coverts sandy isabelline like the 
back, with light whitish margins, mottled also by means of the grey 
bases to the feathers; quills greyish, slightly tipped with white 
and margined with sand-colour on the outer web, the primaries 
very narrowly bordered, but the secondaries very broadly, the innermost 
being entirely rufous sand-colour, with broad longitudinal 
greyish centres : the inner lining of the wing greyish, inclining to 
white near the base of the inner web ; tail dark brown, tipped with 
white on the inner web, the centre feathers grey with sandy-coloured 

margins and tips; the basal third of the tail-feathers isabelline, 
inclining to whitish, and extending further up the outer web of the 
external feathers. Total length 4*8 inches, culnieii 0*65, wing 3*25, 
tail 1*8, tarsus 0-85. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but rather smaller in the 
wing. Total length 4*8 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*05, tail 1*8, 
tarsus 0*85. 

Ilab. B.W.Africa. 

a-f. $ 5 ad. fck. Damara-Land, April to June, Nov., Sharpe Cull. 
Dec. {C.J. Aadersson). 

g. Ad. sk Damara-Land (C J. A.). Shelley Coll. 
3. Ammonianes cinctura. 
Melanocurypha cinctura, Gould, Toy. * Beagle f Birds, p. 67 (1841) * 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 243 (1850). 
Alauda arenicolor, Sundev. (Efi\ K. Yet.-Akad. Fork. Stochh. 1850, 

p. 128. 
Ammomanes pallida, 
Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 125, note (1850); 
Tristr, Ibis, 1859, p. 423; Leith Adams, Ibis, 18(54, p. 25 * lieu ah 

J. f. O.1864, p. 450, 1868, p. 224. 
Geocoraphus pallidus, LicJit, NomencL Av. p. 89 (1854). 
Melanocorypha elegans, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 122 (Ifcoo). 
Ammomanes regulus, Bp. C. JR. xliv. p. 1066 {1847): Tristr. Ibis, 
1859, p. 423"; Loclte, Fxpl. ScL Alger., Ois. ii. p. 27 (1807); 

Gumey, This, 1871, p. 290. 
Alauda elegans, Keulem* Xederl. Tijdschr. iii. p. 309 (IMJG). 
Ammomanes elegans, Bp, t. c\ p. 1006; Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 34; 

Loche, Fxpl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 26 (1867). 
Alauda lusitanica (nee Gm.), Wright, Ibis. 1864, p. 01; Sahad. Faun. 

Ital, Ucc. p. 133 (1871). 
Mirafra cinctura, Gray, Iland-I. B. ii. p, 122, no. 7811 (1870). 
Mirafra pallida, Gray, t. c. ii. p. 121, no. 7807 (1870). 
Mirafra arenicolor, Gray, t. e. p. 122, no. 7812 (1870). 
Mirafra regulus, Gray, t c. p. 122, no. 7813 (1870). 
Ammomanes arenicolor, Shelley, B. Fgxjpt, p. 137 (1872), 

20. A3B1031ANES. 
645 

Arnrnoinanes cinetura, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 685 (1871); 
Dresser, B. Eur. iv. p. 335, pi. 234 (1875); Gigl Avif. Ital p. 05 
(1886); Salvad. Elenc. Ucc. Ital p. 158 (1886); Gigl Avif. Ital. 
1st Besoc. p. 122 (1889). 

Ammomanes deserti, J juv. (nee ZicTiL), Blanf. East. Persia, ii. 

p. 245 (spec. 16). 
Adult. Entirely bright sandy rufous, a little shaded with brown 
on the back and scapulars; wing-coverts like the back, with a subterminal 
shade of brown on the greater series and bastard wing-
feathers : quills entirely rufous, with sandy margins to the secondaries, 
the primaries with a mark of diibky brown near the end; 
tail-feathers rufous, with a broad subterminal black band, diminishing 
in size towards the outer feather, on which it occupies only 
the inner web; lores and feathers above and below the eye whitish; 
ear-coverts sandy rufous; cheeks and throat white; remainder of 
under surface of body isabeHine buff, rufescent on the sides of the 
body and flanks : the chest also rufescent with tiny spots of brown ; 
under wing-coverts and quill-lining sandy rufous. Total length 
5*4 inches, eulnien 0*5, wing 3'55, tail 2, tarsus 0*8. 

In winter%>lmnage the upper surface is a little more ashy, with ashy 
edges to the feathers of the upper surface. Prom Nubia Dr. Leith 
Adams has sent a very pale form of the present species, which may 
indicate the existence of a pale race, but otherwise specimens from 

X. Africa and Persia seem to be exactly like others from the 
Cape Verde Islands. 
The bird which Mr. JBlanford identified as the young of Ammomanes 
deserti from Ispahan is a fully adult female of the present 
species, and he must have overlooked the well-marked differences 
in the quills and tail-feathers of the two species. 

Hab. Prom the Cape Yerde Islands, through the deserts of North 
Africa to Nubia and Arabia, eastwards to Persia. 

a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk. 
Cape Yerde Islands. 
Cape Yerde IslancK 
C. Darwin, Esq. [C.]. 
(Type of species.) 
Sir AV. Burnett & Admiral 
c. d. Ad. sk.
e. <$ ad sk.
/ . ? ad. sk. 
Cape Yerde Islands. 
2nd Cataract of the Nile. 
N. of Ispahan, Persia,
July 16. 
Fitzroy [P.]. 
M. A. Bouvier [C.]. 
Dr. A. Leith Adams [P.]. 
"W. T. Blanforcl, Esq. [P.]. 

4. Ammomanes algeriensis. 
? Portugal Lark, Lath Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 393 (1783), 
t Alauda lusitana, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 798 (1788). 
Annomanes isabeUinus (nee T.), Bj). Be v. et Mag. de Zool. 1857, 


p. 118; Loche, E.ipl ScL AlgCr., Ois. ii. p. 24 (1867). 
Alauda lusitana, Degl Orn. Eur. i. p. 405 (1849). 
Annomanes deserti, Locke, Exph ScL Alger., Ois. ii. p. 25 (18U7). 
Alauda lusitana, Degl §• Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 344 (18G7). 
Ammomanes lusitaniea, Gitrney, Ibis, 1871, p. 289. 
Mirafra (!) deserti (nee Licht.), Dixon, Ibis, 1882, p. 572. 
AIAUDIDJS. 

64:6 
Adult male. General colour above vinous isabelline or sandy-
vinous ; wing-coverts like the back, the greater series slightly paler 
at the ends; primary-coverts pale brown, externally sandy rufous ; 
quills also pale dusky brown, sandy rufous along the outer web ; 
primaries with more than the basal half of the outer web entirely 
rufous: centre tail-feathers dusky brown, sandy rufous at the tips 
and on the edges, this rufous colour increasing towards the base of 
the feathers, which is almost entirely rufous; remainder of the 
tail-feathers dusky brown, rufous along the outer webs and round 
the tips, the extreme bases of the feathers being also rufous ; head 
uniform sandy vinous like the back; lores and feathers above and 
below the eye whitish; ear-coverts sandy vinous like the head ; 
cheeks and throat whitish• remainder of under surface of body pale 
sandy isabelline, lighter on the lower abdomen and under tail-
coverts ; on the chest a few indistinct spots of dusky brown; under 
wTing-coverts and quill-lining rufous: " bill brownish flesh-colour 
above, yellow below and on the margins; iris brown ,J (Loche). 
Total length 6-Q inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3*85, tail 2-55, tarsus 
0-85. 

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but a little smaller. 
Total length 5*7 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*6, tail 2*4, tarsus 0*8. 


Young. Similar to the adult and uniform sandy rufous, but differ! 
Eg in the centre tail-feathers, which are entirely sandy rufous 
with only a little dusky brown along the shaft. In one nestling 
this is even wanting altogether and the feathers are entirely rufous. 


A specimen from Nubia, presented by Dr. Leith Adams, is much 
paler than the Algerian birds, but evidently belongs to the same 
form, on account of the sandy-rufous inner secondaries, these being 
ashy brown in the darker A. deserti. 


Hah. Algerian Sahara, ranging into Nubia. 

a, h. Ad. sk. Algeria. Gould Coll. 

c. $ ad. sk. Algeria (Locke). Sharpe Coll. 
d. <$ ad. sk. Sahara (Loche). Shelley Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Laghouat, April 4. J. II. Gurney, Esq. HP.]. 
f>9*<$ Sa(*-* El Kantara, May (C. Dixon). Seebohm Coll. 
h <$ jr. sk. 
i Juv. sk. Biskra, May 6 (H. J. Elwes). Seebohm Coll. 

h. $ ad. sk. Nubia. Dr. A. Leith Adams HP.". 
5. Ammomanes deserti. 
Alauda deserti, Licht. Verz. JDoahL p. 28 (1826) • Bp. Consp. i. p. 244 
(1850). 
Alauda isabellina, Temm. PL Col iii. pi. 244. fig. 2 (1823); ffiipp. 

Nme With. p. 104 (1835); Sold. Rev. CriL p. lx (1844). 
Mirafra deserti, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 383 (1844). 
Melanucorypha isabellina, Rilpp. Syst. Uehers. p. 78 (184-5). 
Amniomanes deserti, Cah. Mus. Hem. Th. i. p. 125 (1850). 
Melanocoryplia deserti etc., Brehn, Yog. Deutschl pp. 121, 122 

(1855). 
Amniomanes isabellina, Tristr. Ibis. 1850, pp. 34,422; R 0, Taylor. 
I^, 1864, p. 64. ,1! ' 

647 

20 . AMMOMASTES. 
Ammomanes deserti, Tristr. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 434; Wyatt, Ibis, 1870, 

p. 15; FinscJi, Trans. Z. 8. vii. p. 272 (1870); ttugl. Orn. N.O.-
Afr. i. pt. % p. 684 (1871); Dresser, B. Eur. iv. p. 329, pi. 233 
(1874, pt.); Rotdey, Orn. Misc. i. p. 263 (1876) ; 2Wtf>\ -Fto. £ 
-P/or. Palestine, p. 79 (1884). 
Ammomanes fraterculus, Th'stfr. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 434; Taylor, Ibis, 
1867, p. 64; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 137(1872); Tristr. Faun. $ 
Flor. Palestine, p. 80 (1884). 

3Iirafra 
lusitana (nee Gm.), Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 121, no. 7808 
(1870). 
Mirafra fraterculus, Gray, t.c. p. 122, no. 7809 (1870). 

Adult male. Similar to A. alc/eriensis, and having more than the 
basal half of the outer web of the primaries sandy rufous, bat differing 
in the colour of the tipper surface, which is ashy brown with 
a slight shade of sandy vinous; the tail not so rufous, and this 
colour confined to the outer web of the external feather: " bill and 
feet pale horn-colour, the former darker at the tip ; iris dusky " 
(Von Heucjlin). Total length 6-3 inches, oilmen 0*55, wing 3*8, 
tail 2-45, tarsus 0*85. 

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length 5*6 
inches, wing 3-65, tail 2*2, tarsus 0*75. 

The localities inhabited by this Lark have probably something to 
do with the variation in the shade of grey which characterizes this 
species. The Palestine birds arc rather larger than the Egyptian, 
and the Abysbinian birds are much darker grey than any from 
Egypt; they will probably be found to represent a permanent dark 
race. 

Hal. Prom Palestine to Egypt, Nubia, and Abyssinia. 

a, h. Ad. sk. Egypt. Sir Samuel Baker 
[P.]. 
c, d. Ad. sk. Near Assouan, March. J. H. Gnrney, Esq_. 
[P.]. 
e,f, q. 2 ad.sk. Near Assouan and El Kab, Feb. Shelley Coll. 

(G.E.8.). 
h,i. S; h,l. $ ad. sk. Nubia (G. E. 8.). Shelley Coll. 
m, n. Ad. sk. Nubia. Dr. A. Leitli Adams 

[P.]. 

o. Ad. sk. Judaea (T. E. Buckley). Shelley Coll. 
p. $ ad. sk. Jericho, Dec. 30 (II. B. T.). Seebohm Coll. 
q, r, s. <3;t. % Palestine. Canon Tristram [C.]. 
ad. sk. 

xi. i\ Ad. sk. Ain and Amba, Samhar, Aug. W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[C.]. 
w9 x. Ad. sk. Amba, Aug. (W. Jesse). Sharps Coll. 

y. $ ad. sk. Koomayli, June 31 (TV. J.). Sharpe Coll. 
6. Ammomanes phcenicuroi&es. 
Mirafra phcenicuroides, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xxii. p, 583 (1853). 
Ammomanes phcenicuroides, Horsf.fyMoore, Cat. B. E. I. Co. Mus. 

ii. p. 478 (1856). 
Ammomanes lu*itama, Jerd. B. Inch ii. p. 422 (1863); Hume, Nests 
ALA.TJDIDJE. 

648 

£ Eggs hid. B. p. 478 (1ST3); id. Str. F. i. p. 211 (1873); Murray, 
Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 192 (1884). 

Ammomanes deserti, Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 245 (1876); Butler 
Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 49 (1879); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 108; C. Sioinh 
Ibis, 1882, p. 115 ; Dresser, Ibis, 1889, p. 90• St. John, t. c. p. 172. 

AdnTt male. Similar to A. algeriensih\ but easily distinguished hy 
the primaries, which, are simply narrowly edged with, ashy fulvous, 
and do not show the rufous outer web of the foregoing species. 
The general colour also is a mouse-brown above, and the spots on 
the breast are rather numerous and distinct. Total length 5*7 inches 
culmen 0*0, wing 4, tail 2'55, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Does not differ from the male in colour. Total 
length G inches, culmen 0*0, wing 3*9, tail 2*6, tarsus QSQ. 
Hah. From the Persian Gulf, east to Afghanistan and 2f.W. 
India. 


a. J ad. sk. Has Masandiru, Arabian Coast, W.T. Blanf ord, Esq. 
Dec. 
b, c. $ ad.; d. Askan, Gwadar, Dizak, BaluW."
T."i31anford, Esq. 
2 ad. sk. chistan, March, Dec. 


[P.]. * 

e. 2 ad. sk. Gwadar, Dec. (If. T. B.\ 
Plume Coll. 

/, g. <$ ad. sk. Mela-an Coast, Feb. W(A.O.H.). 

Hume Coll. 

h, i S ad.; h. Kandahar, March, 3Iay (Sir 0. St. 

Hume Coll. 

2 ad. sk. John). 
I tf ad.; m) n. Southern Afghanistan, April, Col. C. Swinhoe 
5 ad. sk. May. 


o. <$ ad. sk. Ckarnan, Aug. 7 (Sir 0. St. John). Hume Coll. 
p. c? ad. sk. Quetta, May 5. 
Col. C. Swinhoe ~P.]. 
q. Ad. sk. Quetta, Dec. (Sir O. St. John). Hume Coll. 
r. Ad. sk. Nal, Khelat, April (0. T. Duke). Hume Coll. 
s. Ad. sk. Bolan Pass (Griffith). India Museum. 
t. Ad. sk. Pushut (Griffith). India Museum. 
u, v, ID. $ ad. • Kirthar Mountains, Sindh, Dec. Hume Coll. 
(W. T. Blanford). 
ad. sk. 
d-d'-6 2 ad. Jhelum Distr., Nov. (A. 0. H.). Hume Coll. 

sk. 
e\ c? ad. sk. Jacobabad, Dec. 19 (A. O. H.) Hume Coll. 
/', (f. 8 ad. • Sehwan Distr., Dec. Jan. Hume Coll. 

h\ i. Jad.sk. (A. O. S.). 
//. ? ad. sk. Sukhur, Dec. 28 (A. 0. U.). Hume Coll. 
I'.tf&d. • 7)i/,?i'} Larkhana Distr., Jan. 13, 14 Hume Coll. 

o'. $ ad. sk. (A. O. U.).
i>-tt'.<Jad.; v'-Salt Eange Distr., April 12 Hume Coll. 

a". 2 ad.sk. (A. O. JS.).
V'-f. Ad, sk. Murdan, Dec. Hume Coll. 
g", h". Ad. sk. Cashmere, Aug. Hume Coll. 
i". S ad. sk Between Attock and Peskawur, Hume Coll. 

April 27 (Capt Cod'). 

7. Ammomanes erythrocMamys. 
Alauda eiytkrochlamys, 
Strield. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 1-31; Gray, 
Hand-l B. ii. p. 118, no. 7755 (1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 72 
(1871)* Gurnet/ in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p, 104 (1872). 

649 

20 . AifMO^ANES. 
Megalophonus ervthrochlamvs, Ayres, Ibis, 1874, p. 103, pi. iii. 
fig. 2, 1878, p. §98. 
Ainnionianes ervtkrochlanrys, Sliarpe, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 629; id. eel 
Bayard's B. 8. Afr. p. 506 (1884). 

Adult male in winier plumage. Above uniform pale fawn-colour, 
with, distinct shaft-stripes of dull rufous on some of the feathers of 
the head and back; wing-coverts pale fawn like the back, but with 
pale yellowish-buff margins to the feathers; quills pale brown, 
broadly margined with fawn-colour, the secondaries more broadly, 
the innermost being coloured like the wing-coverts and margined in 
the same manner with yellowish buff; tail dark brown, narrowly 
margined with fawn-colour, occupying the entire outer web 
of the last taiL-feather, and running round the tip and up the 
margin of the inner web of this and the penultimate feather; the 
two centre feathers bleached fawn-colour, paler than the back; 
lores, feathers below and above the eye, forming an eyebrow, and 
cheeks white, the ear-coverts pale fawn-colour like the back; under 
surface of body creamy white, washed with fawn-colour on the sides 
of the body, the chest marked with triangular markings of pale 
brown ; thighs pale fawn ; under tail-coverts creamy white ; under 
wing-coverts buffy whitish, the greater series pale ashy brown, the 
outer plumes fawn-coloured: inner lining of wing also pale ashy 
brown, inclining to pale fawn-colour at base of inner web: " bill 
dusky, under mandible paler; feet pale brown; iris light dusky 
hazel v (T. Ay res). Total length 0*5 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 
3*6, tail 2*8, tarsus 1-05. 

Bummer plumage. Deeper cinnamon above, the quills and coverts 
all being edged with the same dark colour; the tail broadly edged 
and tipped with cinnamon-rufous, the outermost feathers not paler-
margined, the two centre ones being almost entirely cinnamon, 
with a broad streak of greyish black down the middle; a greyish 
shade on the hind neck, which is not seen in the winter dress; 
lores, eyebrow, sides of face, and underparts generally washed with 
yellowish; the chest with more numerous and more distinct 
markings. 

Hah. Southern Africa, from the Transvaal to Damara-Land. 

a. JUT. &k. Damara-Land. C. J. Anderson [C.]. 
b, c, d. Ad. sk. Walwisch Bay, May (C. J. Skarpe Coll. 
Andersson). 
e,f. 
S ? ad. sk. Damara-Land, Nov. {Axel Shelley Coll. 
Ericsson). 

8. Ammomanes ferruginea. 
Alauda ferruginea, Smith, III. Zool 8. Afr., Aves, pi. 29 (1830); 
Lafr. Bev. Zool. 1839, p. 258; Bayard, B. 8. Afr. p. 208 (1867). 
Megalophonus femigmeus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 244 (1850); Gray, 

Hand-L B. ii. p. 122, no. 7818 (1870). 
Ammomanes ferruginea, Shaipe, P. Z. S.1874, p. 627; id. ed. Bayard's 

B. 8. Afr. p. 504 (1884). 
Adult (type of species). Similar to A. erytliroclilamys, but larger 
050 ALATTDIDiE. 

and much darker rufous, much moro strongly streaked with Mack 
on the breast and flanks, tho latter being ashy; the under wing-
coverts loadon ashy, as well as the inner edge of tho quills • " bill 
dark yollowish brown, passing into dusky yellow towards tho base 
of tho lower mandible ; feet and claws light yellowish brown ; iris 
dark brown" (Sir A. Smith). Total length 7*5 inches, culrnen 0-7, 
wing 4-1, tail 3-2, tarsus 1-2. 

//ah. Plains to tho south of the Orango River. 

a. Ad. sk. S. of Orango River. Sir A. Smith [C.]. 
(Typo of species.) 
21. PYRRHULAUDA*. 
Type. 
Megalotis (nee Itluj.), Sioains. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 347 

(18:27) P. leucotis. 
Pyrrhulauda, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr. pt. vi. (1839) P. australis. 
Coraphites, Cab. Arch. f. Nature/, xiii. p. 328 (1847) ... . P. australis. 
Foot of Pyrrhulauda mclanauchen. 

Range. The whole of Africa, Arabia, to Baluchistan and the 
Indian Peninsula. 


* I am unacquainted with the following species :— 
a. PntlUIULAUDA NIQRICEPS. 
Pyrrhulauda nigricepa, Gould, Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 87 (1841); Gray, 
Gen. B. ii. p. 381 (1844); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 123, no. 7835 (1870). 
Pyrrhulauda, crucigora (neo T.), Keidcm. Nederl. lijdschr. JDierk. iii. p. 369 
(18(56). 
" Upper surface brownish white, with the middle of the feathers darker; the 
front, cheeks, and a line on each side of the breast white; beneath, the body 
and a line from the bill, passing over the eyes to the hind head, black; the tail 
with the middle feathers blackish, margined with brownish white, the outer 
feathers deep black; bill and feet pale. Total length 4f inches, wing 2|, tail 
If, tarsus fy, bill T-,
0." {Gould, I. c.) 
Hah. Cape Verde Islands. 
The type of this species must have been in the Zoological Society's collection, 
but, like so many other types, it was apparently not selected for the British 
Museum. The species has been referred to G. melanaucheib by some authors, 
but, as far as I can see, Gould did not describe the head as black (though he 
did name the species nigrioepsl), for he carefully describes a black lateral 
baud ou the head, a character which must ally this bird to P. yrisea. 

21 . PYEKHITLAUDA. 
Key to tlie Species. 

a. 
Xo white ear-coverts, the sides of the face being 
"black like the crown and under surface of 
body australis, p. 651. 
b. Ear-coverts white. 
a'. 
With no black on the crown, which is hoary 
whitish or ashy, with a broad black streak 
along the sides of the crown grisea, p, 052. 


V. 
Crown black. 
a". With no chestnut on the upper surface, 
which is ashy brown or blackish 
a'". Crown black with a white forehead .. melanauclien, p. 655. 
//". Crown black with the forehead black, 

but a whitish patch on the occiput.... verticalis, p. 656. 
//'. Back chestnut; rump and upper tail- (f o ^ G57> 
coverts grey or hoary whitish j ^-^ £ 65 a 

1. Pyrrliulauda australis. 
Megalotis australis, Smith, Hep. Bxped. C. Afr., App. p. 49 (1886). 
Pvrrhulauda australis, Smith*, III. Zool. S. Afr., Aves,j)l. 24 (1839) ; 

"Gray, 
Gen. B. ii. p. 381 (1844); Bp. Consp. i. p. 511 (1850); 
Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 210 (1867); Gray, Kand-l. B. ii. p. 123, 
no. 7830 (1870) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 258 ; Gurney in Anderss. 

B. Bam. Ld. p. 191 (1872) ; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. 
p. 493 (1884). 
Pvrrhulauda melanosonaa, Szvains. Classif. B. ii. p. 294 (1837). 
Adult male. General colour above brown, more or less mottled 
with blackish bases to the feathers; wing~coverts and quills black, 

p. PYRRHULAUDA MODESTA. 
Pvrrhulauda modesta, Finsch, J.f. 0. 1864, p. 412. 
Described from a female specimen said to have come from the Canary 
Islands. 

y. 
PYRRIIULAUDA LEUCOPAR/EA. 
Coraphites leueoparsea, Fischer $ Beichen. J. f. 0. 1884, p. 55; Fischer, 
Zeitschr. yes. Orn. i. p. 318 (1884); id. J. f. 0. 1885, p. 137; Bekhen. 

J.f. 0. 1887, p. 73. 
Hab. East Africa. 
The authors do not give a hint as to the nearest ally of this species. It may 
probably be the winter plumage cf P. smitlui, but I cannot determine this 
without seeing a specimen. 

8. PYRRHULAUDA SIGNATA. 
Pyrrhulauda signata, Oust Bibl. haut. Etudes, xxxi. art. x. p. 9. 
Hab. Somali-Land. 
This species I think will ultimately prove to be founded on one of the 
plumages of P. leucotis. 

* Swainson's ' Classification' is supposed to have been published in 1837, but 
he there quotes "Pyrrhulauda, Smith." I cannot find any mention of this 
genus before Smith's * Illustrations,' and Mr. Waterhouse gives the date of the 
<Jth part of this work as 1839. Smith himself speaks of his having proposed 
Pyrrhulauda as a genus in 1829, but I have not found any published account 
of it. 
65 2 ALAUDIDJE. 

externally edged with brown; upper tail-coyerts black; centre tail-
feathers brown, the remainder of the tail black; head all round and 
under surface of body black: "bill light horn-colour, darkest 
above; legs and toes light flesh-colourv (C. J. Andersson): "iris 
dark hazel" (TF. Lucas): Total length 4-5 inches culmen 0'4, 
wing 3*1, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*6. 

Adult female. Dusky brown above, the head and hind neck being 
streaked' with ochreous-bufT margins to the feathers ; upper tail-
coverts also sandy buff, streaked with blackish centres to the 
feathers; under surface of body sandy buff, with black streaks on 
the breast, and the centre of the breast and abdomen black. Total 
length 4*8 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 3, tail 1-75, tardus 0-6. 

Hah. South Africa from the Orange River to Damara-Land. and 
from British Caffraria to the Transvaal. 

a. <$ ad. sk.
b. J ad. sk. 
Orange River. 
Rustenbarg, Dec. 10 ( W. Lucas). 
Sir A. Smith ~C.~. 
(Tvpe of specie*."} 
Sharps Cull. 
2. Pyrrhulau&a grisea. 

Alouette grise de Gingi, Sonn. Toy.Ind. Orient, ii. p. 203, pi. 113. 

%. 2 (1782). 
Gingi Lark, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2. p. 380 (1783). 
Alauda grisea, Scop. Del. Faun, et Flor. Insubr. ii. p. 95 (1780). 
Alauda gingica, Gm. Syst. Sat. i. p. 795 (17bS). 
Fringilla cruciger, Temm. PI. Col. iii. pi. 2G0. hV. 1 (1824); SyJce?, 

P. Z. 8 1832, p. 1)4. 
Megalotis cruciger, Swains. Zool. Joiirn. iii. p. 347 (1828). 
Pyrrhulauda cruciger, Jercl Madr. Jouni. xi. p. 35 (1840); Hodys. 
Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus. pi. 298.fiors. 1, 2. BO. 809; id. in Grays 
Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844). 
Pyrrhulauda grisea, Blyth, J. A. S. Beny. xiii. p. 958 (1844); Gray, 
Gen. B. ii. p. 381 (1844); id. Cat. Mamm. §c. Sepalpres. Hodys. 

p. 109 (1846) ; Blyth, Cat, B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 134 (1849) ; Bp. 
Consp. Av. i. p. 512 (1850); Horsf. § Moore, Cat. B. El. Co. Mus. 
ii. p. 479 (1856); Jerd. B. Lid. ii. p. 424 (1SG3); Blyth, Ibis, 1S07, 
pp. 45, 184; Beavan, Ibis, 1868, pp. 180, 355; Gray, Hand-l. B. 
ii. p. 123, no. 7834 (1870) ; Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 465 ; Hayes 
Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 414; Hume, Xests # Fyr/s Lid. B. p. 479 
(1873); id. 8tr. F. i. p. 212 (1873); Adam, t/c. p. 3S8; Leage, 
Ibis, 1874, p. 399; Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 422 (1874); Butler, Sti\F. 
iii. p. 499 (1875); Fairbank, Str. F. iv. p. 261 (1876); Hume, t. r. 
p. 459; Ball, Str. F. v. n. 223 (1877); Cripps, t c. p. 295; Davidson 
$ Wenden, Str. F. vii. p. 85 (1878); Leyye, Birds of Ceylon, 
ii. p. 637 (1879) ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind $e. p. 49 (1879); Hume, 
Str. F. viii. p. 108 (1879) ; Scully, t. e. p. 337 ; lldal, Str. F. ix. 
p. 73 (1880); JDoiy, t. c. p. 281*; Butter, Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. 
p. 63 (1880); Beid, Str. F x. p. 58 (1881); Davidson, t e. p. 314 
(1882); Damon, t c. p. 40 (1883); Murray, Tertebr. Faun. Sind, 
p. 193 (1884) ; Sioinhoe $ Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 130; Beid, Cat. 
Luclmow Mus. p. 138 (1886); Macyr. Str. F. x. p. 440 (lbb7). 
Coraphites griseus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 124, note (lfe50). 

Adult male. General colour above ashy grey, some of the feathers 
pearly grey on their margins, the upper surface slightly mottled, 

21 , PYBEHUIrATTDA. 

with dusky brown bases to the feathers; wing-coverts brown, with 
pearly-grey edges, whitish on ^the greater coverts; bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, with ashy-greyish margins; 
central tail-feathers pale brown, with whitish edges, the remainder 
dark brown, edged with ashy, the external feather smoky whitish 
along the outer web and at the end of the inner web; crown of head 
a little paler than the back, and inclining to hoary whitish on the 
forehead; lores and a broad stripe above the eye black; sides of 
face and ear-coverts hoary white, the fore part of the cheeks black, 
extending to the lores and below the eye; throat and under surface 
o£ body black; sides of neck ashy brown like the back; a conspicuous 
patch on the sides of the breast hoary white; sides of body also 
hoary white, but slightly mixed with black on the flanks; thighs 

white; under tail-coverts black, as also the under wing-coverts and 
axillaries ; quills below dusky, ashy whitish along the inner edge ; 
ubill whitish lead-colour; feet brownish flesh-colour; iris dark 
brown " {E. A. Butler). Total length 4-6 inches, culnien 0*4, wing 
2-9, tail 1-6, tarsus 0*6. 

Adult female. Different from the male in having no black eyebrow 
and no black on the under surface of the body : the lores and eyebrow 
are sandy buff or sandy whitish; the cheeks and sides of face 
sandy whitish, the ear-coverts browner; throat white ; rest of under 
surface of body isabelline, slightly rufescent on the chest, which has 
some spots of dusky brown : " bill bluish flesh-colour, horny brown 
on the culmen; feet and iris as in male " (E. A. Butler). Total 
length 4*3 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 3, tail 1-6, tarsus 0-65. 

I cannot find any evidence of a distinct change of plumage during 
the cold season. The pale edges to the wing-coverts and quills are 
broader and more distinct in the winter plumage, and by their 
abrasion the general tone of the colour is darker in the breeding-
season, but the black of the imderparts never has any pale margins. 
Specimens from Travancore and the Nilghiris seem to me to be darker 
than those from Central India and the North-west. This dark form 
ranges to Khandala. 

Young. llcsembles the old female, but is much paler brown, with 
pale sandy-buff edges to the feathers; under surface of body ashy 
white, with pale brown centres to the feathers of the throat and 
breast. 

Hob. Indian peninsula and Ceylon, reaching into the K.W. provinces 
of India, Cutch, and even into Sind. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Banks of Chenab, Sind, Dec. Hume Coll. 
b,o. <$ $ ad. sk.
{A. 0. JET.). 
Cutch, Jan. Hume Coll. 
d, e,f. <J ad.; g.
§ ad. sk. '
h. (S ad. sk.
i, k, I. <£ ; m. $ 
Deesa, April, Aug. (E. A. 
Butler). 
Jodhpur, Sept. 12 {G.King). 
Kakrolee, Oodeypore, Feb. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
ad. sk. 
n. $ ad. sk.
o-t, 3 ad. et juv.;
«, v. J ad. sk. 
Ajniere, Nov. {A. 0. H.). 
Sambhur, Dec, Feb., April, 
June, July (R. M. Adam). 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

654 

to, v. d 5 ad. sk. 

y, c 6; a\ 5 
ad. sk. 
5', c'. S ad. sk. 

<Z', e'. 6 $ ad. sk. 

/>*'.<?? ad. ak. 

A', c? ad. sk. 

i'-r'. d ad. et jav. 
sk. 
«', *'. tf ? ad. sk. 

u', v. $ ; w\ $ 
ad. fak. 
y,^. d4? ad.sk. 


z'-f'.4;e",f. 

$ ad. bk. 
g", h". d1 ad. sk. 
*",#'. d S ad.sk. 
/". J ad. sk. 
w"-o". 6s ? ad. sk. 
_?/'. $ ad. sk. 

q". <$ ad. sk. 

r"~-t". 3 ad. &k. 
M". S ad. &k. 
y". <£ ad. &k. 
to". <$ ad, sk. 
x". S ad. sk. 
y'% z". 6 ? ad. sk. 
a3. <$ ad. sk. 
V, c3. J $ ad. sk. 
^3. §ad. sk. 

$3. J ad. sk. 

f-i\ J $ ad. sk. 

#, P. c? $ ad. &k. 

»&3. <5 ad. sk. 
n3-q\ S ad.; r3. 
$ ad. sk. 

63. S ad. sk. 
£3. J ad. sk. 
zt2, v3. 3 $ ad. sk. 
w3. $ ad. sk. 
#%ys. d ? ad.sk. 

34l

s. d j ad.sk. 
c4. $ ad. sk. 
<#*. d ad. sk. 
Delhi, Jan., March (C. T. 

Binghcmi). 

Gurgaon District, Aug., 
Sept. (W.N. Chill). 
Lahore, March (C. J21 Z 


Marshall). 
Umbala, Jan., Feb. (Dr. 
Scott). 
Dehra Dkoon, March (Dr. 


G. King). 
Kuniaon Bhabur, March (G. 
King). 

Ktawah, April, Aug., Oct. 

(W. E. Brooks). 
Futtehgurh, Dec, Feb. (-4. 

Anderson). 
Allahabad, Dec. 

Oudh, Dec, Jan. 
Nepal. 

Nepal (B. H. Hodgson). 
Behar. 
Dacca (Tytler). 
Calcutta, Dec. 
Assensole, Feb. (W. E. 

Brooks). 
Dinapur, Sept. (If". E. 
JBrooJcs). 

Saugor, Aug., Sept. 
Saugor (Hoojw). 
Kamptee. 
Jubbulpur. 
Raipur. 
Mhow, Oct., Dec. 
Khandeish. 
Deecan [Sglces). 
Deccan (Burgess), 
Berar, W. of* Chanda, Jan. 


(W. T. Blanford). 
Khandala, March, April (S. 
B. Fairbank). 
Belgauni, Aug,, Sept. (E. A. 
Butler). 

Coorg. 
Mudder, Mysore, Dec, Jan., 


July, Sept. (IF". Davison). 
Mysore, Aug. (M. G. W. JR.). 
Seegore, Feb. ( W. Davison). 
St. Thomas' Mount, Madras, 

April. 
Madras (Jerdon). 
Malabar Coast. 
Anjango, Trarancore, Dec. 
Tuticorin, March. 
Ceylon (JET. Nevill). 

Hume Coll 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Seebokm Coll. 

Hiune Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hodgson Coll. 

India Museum. 
Hodgson Coll. 
India Museum. 


Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 
Dr.K.B.IIinde[P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coil. 
Col. Swinhoe "P."*. 
Tweeddale Coll. " 
India Museum. 
Gould Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Tweeddale Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Tweeddale Coll. 
It. B. Sharpe, E&q. 


[PA 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Oates Coll. 

Gould Coll. 
Seebohni Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

21 . PrEEHTTLATTDA. 
655 

3. Pyrrlmlauda inelanauclieE. 
Pvrrhulauda crucigera (nee T.), Ri'qyp. Neue Wirb.} Fog. p. 101 (1835); 
"id. Syst. Uebers. p. 79 (1845); Heugl Syst. Uebers. p. 44 (1856) ; 
Brehn, Eeis. Habeseh, p. 347 (1803). 

Coraphites melanauehen, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 124 (1850); 
Heuql J. f. O. 1868, p. 219; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 67t> 
(1870); Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 275, pi. 26 (1870) ; id, $ Earth 
Vdg.'Ostafr. p. 469, note (1870). 

Coraphites albifrons, Sundev. CEfv. X. Yet-Akad. Fork. Stockh. 1850, 

p. 127. 
Pvrrhulauda frontalis, Bp. Cousp. i. p. 512 (1850, ex Liclit MSS.); 
* Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 123, no. 7836 (1870). 
': Coraphites nigriceps, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 124 (1850); Heuyl. 
J.f.O. 1868, p. 218. 
Coraphites frontalis, Licht. Nomenel. p. '39 (1854); Heiujl. J. f. O. 
16(18, p. 219, note; id. Cm. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 671 (1871); 
Oust Faun, et Flor. Conialis, Ois. p. 11 (1882); id. Bill, liaut. 

Etudes d. Sci. Nat. xxxi. art. x. p. 9 (1886). 
Pvrrhulauda affinis, Blyth, Ibis, 1807, p. 185 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. 
*p. 123, no. 7838 (1870); Blanf. Ibis, 1873, p. 223; Hume, Str. F. 

i. p. 212 (1873). 
Pvrrhulauda sincipitalis, Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 185 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. 
Ii. p. 123, no. 7839 (1870). 
Pvrrhulauda rnelanauchen, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 123, no. 7837 
'(1870); Blanf. Geol. # Zool. Abyss, p. 390 (1870); Antin. # 
Salvad. Yiagg. Bogos, p. 112 (1873) ; Blanf. East Persia, ii. p. 246 
(1870; ; Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 64 (1878); id. Str. F. viii. p. 108 
(1879); Boig, t e. p. 371; Butler, Cat B. Sind, p. 49 (1876) ; Scl. $ 
Hartl. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 172; Hartl. t c. p. 159; Murray, Vertebr. 
Faun. Sind, p. 193 (1884) ; Yerbury, Ibis, 1886, p. 18. 

Adult male. Similar to P. yrisea, but differing in the markings of 
the head; the head black, with a frontal mark of white ; lores, fore 
part of cheeks, and feathers just below the eye black; cheeks and 
ear-coverts white, forming a large patch; under surface of body 
black, which extends on to the sides of the neck in a patch, running 
in a narrow line round the ear-coverts to the black crown, and extending 
injtjbroad black band down to the sides of the mantle and 
forming a ^collar.jmund the lower hind neck: " bill pearly white 
with a bluish" tinge; legs and feet pale hoary flesh-colour; iris 
brown " (A. 0. Hume). Total length 4*8 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 
3, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*65. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the black on the 
crown and under/parts, and resembles the hen of P. grisea. It is, 
however, always paler above and has the chest tinged with sandy 
buff with a few dusky streaks, the throat and abdomen being pure 
white. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 3*15, tail 1*95, 
tarsus 0*7. 

The black collar on the hind neck is evidently gradually assumed 
in the nesting-season, and in some winter-plumaged specimens it is 
absent altogether, while in others it can only be traced with difficulty. 

Hob. Nubia and Abyssinia to Arabia, and thence to Baluchistan 
and N.W. India. 

656 
ALAUDIDJ3. 

a. Juv. bk. otli Cataract of the Nile. F. Galton, Ebq. [P.]. 
Nubia (Hemjmch $ Ehreii-Shelley Coll. 
b. Ad. bk. 
berg). 

c. d. $ ; e. 5 ad. Zoulla, Annesley Bay, Jan. W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
&k. [C.]. 
f. 
J ad. sk. Massowa, Aug. 26. W. T.Blanford.Ebq. 
[C.]. 
(J-l. s 
5 W; >*. S Massowa, Aug. W. Jesse, Esq. J3.]. 
ad. sk. 

o. J ad. sk. 
Amba, Sambar, Aug. W. T. Blanford, Ebq. 
[0.]. 
p. 
S ad. sk. Amba, Aug. (W. Jesse). Shelley CoU. 
q. J ad. sk. Jeddak (Zohrab). Shelley Coll. 
r. S ad. sk. Aden. Maj or * Yerbur v [P.\ 
s, t. d ', a- S ad. Socotra, [March. Prof. I. B. Balfour 
sk. [C.]. 
v, 20. <$ ; ,v~z. 2 Socutra, Feb., March (J. B. Shelley Coll. 
ad. &k. B.). 
a', V. c? ad. sk. 


Karachi, Sind, Nov., Jan. Hume Coll. 

(W. T. Blanforcl). 
c', d!. d $ acl. sk. Karachi, Feb. ( TV. T. £.). Seebohm Coll. 
e'. 2 ad. sk. N.W. of Kuti-i. Sind, Bee. Hume Coll. 
(TV. T.B.). 
/' , </'• c? $ ad. bk. Umarkot, Jan. ( W. T. B.). Seebohm Coll. 
/i'-y'. c? ; w'-d". Jodhpur, Jan., Feb. (A. 0. Hume Coll. 

5 ad. sk. II.). 
e". c? ad. sk. Muttra, Jan. 20 (B. M. Hume Coll. 
Adam). 


4. Pyrriralau&a verticalis. 
3Iegalotib vertically, Smith, Rep. Kvpecl. Centr, Afr. 
p. 48 (183(3). 

Pyrrhulauda verticalis, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Aces, pi. 25 (lb89); 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 381 (1844); Bp. Consp. i. p. oil (l&JOJ; 
Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 210 (1867); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 123, 
no. 7831 (1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 69 (lb71); Gumaj in 
Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 190 (1872); Sharpe § Bouvier, Bull. Soc. 
Zool. France, i. p. 309 (1876) ; Sharpe, ed. LayarWs B. S. Afr. 

p. 492 (1884). 
Coraphites verticalis, Licht. Nomencl. Ai\ p. 39 (1854). 
Adult male. Similar to P. grisea, but with a black head relieved 
by an occipital patch of white ; lores and fore part of cheeks black; 
ear-coverts white; round the nape a collar of white, succeeded by a 
black collar, which joins the black of the sides of the neck and under 
surface of the body : " legs and toes purplish flesh-colour; iris dark 
brown " ((7. J". Andersson). Total length 4'S inches, oilmen 0*5, 
wing 3-2, tail 2, tarsus 0*7. 

Hal. South Africa, extending to the Transvaal on the east and to 
the Congo on the west. 

a. $ ad. sk. South Africa. 
Sir A. Smith "C.1. 
h. S ad. sk. South Africa. 
Mrs. Butler [P.]. J 
e. £ ad. sk. Cape Colony (JB. L. Layard). 
Sharpe Coll. 
d. d ad. sk. Gricmaland (T. €. Atmore). Sharpe Coll. 
e,f <$ act sk. Bustenberg, Dec. (W.Lticas). Sharpe Coll. 
21 . PYEEHTJLATJDA. 657 
ff> k* 6 ; *• ? ad.
bk. 
Otjirnbinque, Daraara-Laud, 
Dec, Feb. (C. J. A?idersso?i). 
Sharpe Coll. 
k, I. <$ ad. bk. Ondonga, Ovarnpo-Land, Nov.
(C. J. A.). 
Sharpe Coll. 
o. Pyrrhulauda leucotis. 

Loxia leucotis, StanL in SaWs Trau, Abyss., App. p. Ix (1814). 
Alauda melanocephala, Licht. Vera. Doubl. p. 28 (1823). 
FringiUa otoleucus, Temm. PL Col. iii. pi. 269. figs. 2, 3 (1824). 
Megalotis otoleucus, Sioains. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 347 (1828). 
Pvrrhulauda leucotis, Riipp. Neue Wirb.,Vog. p. 101 (1835); Gray, 


'Gen. B. ii. p. 381 (1844); Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 79 (1845) ; Bp. 
Consj>. Av. i. p. oil (1850): Scl. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 125; Eeugl. 
Syst. Uebers. p. 44 (1856) ; Rartl.Orn. W.-Afr. p. 154 (1857) ; Speke, 
Ibis, 18U0, p. 247 ; Antin. Cat. descrr. Ucc. p. 75 (1864); JBlanf. 
Geo!. £ Zool. Abyss, p. 392 (1870) ; Gray, Hand4. B. ii. p. 123, 
no. 7832(1870); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) i. p. 171 (1884); 
Hartl. Zool. Jahrb. Jena, ii. p. 29 (1886); Salvad. Ann. Mus. 
Genov. (2) vi. p. 268 (1888) ; Shelley^ P. Z. S. 1888, p. 29. 

Pyrrliulaucla leucotis, var. septentrionalis, Sund., teste Bp. Comp. Av. 
/i . p. 511 (1850). 
Coraphites leucotis, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 124 (1850); Heugl. Orn. 
N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 669 (1870); Finsch <§• Hartl. Tog. Ostafr. 

p. 466 (1870); Oust. Faun, et Flor. Comalis, Ois., p. 11 (1882); 
Hartert, J.f.O. 1886, p. 582; OustBibl. haut. Etudes Sei, Nat. 
xxxi. art. x. p. 9 (1886). 
Coraphites melanocephala, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 39 (1854). 
Adult male. General colour above deep chestnut; the scapulars 
and lower back with hoary whitish margins ; rump and upper tail-
coverts pearl}- grey; lesser wing-coverts whitish; the median and 
greater coverts chestnut, with broad buffy-white edges, the former 
series black at the base, forming a broad black band ; bastard-wing 
and primary-coverts black, edged with white near the end of the 
outer web; quills black edged with rufous, very broadly on the inner 
secondaries, which are fringed with whitish at the ends ; centre tail-
feathers black, edged with rufous and ashy at the ends; the remainder 
black with rufous margins, the outer feather white along the external 
web; crown of head, occiput, and nape black: hind neck with a 
white collar, succeeded by a black collar across the top of the mantle, 
joining the black of the under surface; lores, feathers round the eye, 
and fore part of cheeks black; sides of face, ear-coverts, and cheeks 
white, separated from the white collar on the hind neck by a line of 
black which extends from the crown to the throat; throat and under 
surface of body black; the sides of the breast ashy brown and having 
a patch of chestnut; sides of body ashy brown, the lower flanks 
whitish, with black centres to some of the feathers; thighs white; 
under tail-eoverts black, as also the under wing-coverts and axillaries ; 
quills below dusky, isabelline along the inner edge. Total length 
4*5 inches, culmen 04, wing 3, tail 1*7, tarsus 0'55. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the black on the 
head. Upper surface chestnut; the head like the back and separated 
from the latter by a collar of creamy buff like the sides of the neck; 

VOL. xin. 2 IT 

658 
AL AUDIT) M. 

sides of face rufous or pale chestnut; -wings like those of the male, 
hut with rather broad rufous margins ; underneath sandy buff, with 
a little black in the centre of the abdomen. Total length 4*6 inches, 
culmen 0*4, wing 3-1, tail 1*95, tarsus 0-6. 

Hah. JNT.E. Africa from Nubia to Somali-Land and the Equatorial 
Province. 

The specimen from Kedjaf, procured in December, is marked by 
Emin Pasha as being* in winter plumage. The feathers of the upper 
surface are dusky brown with rufous edges, the head blackish, also 
with rufous margins; the under surface of the body sooty black, the 
cheeks and ear-coverts hoary white, with a wash of sandy rufous on 
the latter; sides of body, flanks, and thighs ashy white. 

a,b. S ? ad. sk. Nubia (Hedenborg). Sharpe Coll. 

c. S ad. sk. Soudan (Kotschy). Shelley Coll. 
d, e. $ 2 ad. sk. Asoos, Samhar, July. W. T.^Blanford, Esq. 
[C]. 

/. S hiem. sk. Eedjaf, Dec. Emin Pasha LP. . 
ffj h. 6 ? ad. sk. Kudurraa, Nov. {Emin Shelley Coll. 
Pasha). 


Subsp. a. Pyrrhnlauda smitMi. 

Ibis, 1882, p. 351, 1888, p. 301. 
Pyrrhulauda smitMi, Bp. Co?isj). i. p. 312 (1850) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. 

"ii. p. 123, no. 7833 (1870; ; Ay res, Ibis, 1871, p. 258; Gurney in 
Anderss. B. JDam.-Zd. p. 189 (1872; ; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. 
Afr. pp. 493, 851 (1884). 

Pyrrhulauda leucotis, var. meridionalis, Sunder., teste Bp. Consp. i. 

p. 512 (1850). 
CorapMtes smithii, Cab. Mus. Hem. TL i. p. 124 (1830, note); 
Finsch $ Hartl Tog. Ostafr. p. 408 (1870). 

Adult male. Similar to P. leucutis, but larger, and with a much 
stouter bill: "bill ashy white; feet ash-colour; iris hazel" (T. 
Ayres). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3*3, tail 1*9, 
tarsus 0*7. 


Adult female. Similar to the female of P. leucotis. 

Hab. South Africa, extending to Damara-Land on the west and 
to the Zambesi on the east, thence ranging into the Zanzibar district 
of Eastern Africa. 

a1 b. S ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith. (Types 
of the species./ 


c. J ad. sk. South Africa. Sharpe Coll. 
d, e. 3 % ad. sk. Transvaal, Feb. Sharpe Coll. 
/. 
<$ Mem. ad. sk. Rustenberg, April ( W. E. B. Sharpe, Esq, [P.]. 
Lucas), 

g. $ 
ad. sk. Damara-Land, Jan, (C. J. Tweeddale Coll. 
Andersson). 
h. c?ad. sk. Zambesi. Dr. Bradshawr [C.J. 
i~r. Ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi. Livingstone Exped. 
s. ? ad. sk. Ugogo (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll. 
t $ ad. sk. Manda Island. • F. J. Jackson, Esq. [P.]. 
ATRICHIIDJE. 
659 

Subdivision II. PASSERES ABNORMALES * 

Cf. Garrod, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 518. 

Synopsis of Families. 

A. 
Furcula rudimentary : sternum with a single 
deep lateral indentation on its hinder 
margin t ; tail-feathers "broad and of ordinary 
texture AtricMidae, p. 651), 
B. 
Furcula complete : sternum with rounded 
posterior margin, with a slight indentation 
near the outer edge of the latter; tail-
feathers produced to an extraordinary 
length, and many of them devoid of hook-
lets (radioli) Menuridse, p. 661. 
Family I. ATRICHIIDiE. 

1. 
ATEICHIA. 
Type. 
Atrichia, Gould, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 1 A. clamosa. 
Range. Confined to Australia. 
In addition to the characters given for the family it should be 
noticed that Atrichia has such a tiny wing that its powers of flight 
must be rudimentary, and it has the planta tarsi more closely 
scutellated than in any Lark. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Larger: throat and breast white, with a blackish 
patch on the lower throat and fore neck * clamosa, p. 659. 
h. 
Smaller: under surface orange-rufous, whiter on the 
throat, the centre of the chest and breast blackish rufescens, p. 660. 
1. Atrichia clamosa. 
Atrichia 
clamosa, Gould, P. ZS, 1844, p. 2; id. B. Austr. pi. 34 
(1844); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 166 (1848); 'Bp. Consp. i. p. 219 
(1850); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 344 (18(56); Gray, 
Iland-l. B. i. p. 205, no. 2897 (1869) ; Bamsay, Tab. List Austr. 

B. p. 8 (1888). 
Adult. General colour above dark chocolate-brown, waved with 

* Of. Cat. B. TOI. iii. p. 3. 
t Dr. Sclater (Ibis, 1874, p. 191, note) refers to the double-notched sternum 
of Atrichia rvfescens, but Garrod figures the sternum of A. rufescens with only 
a single indentation (of. P.Z. S. 1876, pi. Iii. fig. 7), and only one notch exists in 
the sternum of A. clamosain the Museum of the Eoyal College of Surgeons. 

2v2 

660 
ATRICHimaS. 

circular markings of black, one of them subterminal, and the other 

in the centre of the feather, so that the black and brown colours 

alternate; the head and rump similarly marked, but not so dis


tinctly : wing-coverts and quills dusky brown, varied with rather 

more rufescent brown than the back, the feathers being edged with 

rufescent brown, taking the form of notches on some of the quills ; 

many of the greater coverts and inner secondaries patterned like 

the back, with a subterminal and median line of black, alternating 

with the brown colour of the feather ; upper tail-coverts like the 

back; tail-feathers black, varied with alternate wavy markings of 

brown and black on the margins : lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts 

dusky brown, the 
latter somewhat ashy; feathers round the e\e 

varied with fulvous spots, with a few whitish streaks on the fore 

part of the ear-coverts * cheeks dark ashy; throat and breast white, 

fading off into tawny rufous on the abdomen, which becomes deep 

i awny rufous or chestnut on the lower abdomen and vent; thighs 

and under tail-coverts paler tawny rufous, the latter mottled with 
blackish cross bars; centre of throat dull ashy, developing gradually 
into a large patch of dark ashy grey, which occupies the lower 
throat and fore neck, leaving the breast white; sides of breast 
brown, slightly varied with cross bars of black ; under wing-coverts 
and under surface of quills dusky brown : fc< bill horn-colour : iris 
dark brown" (J. Gould). Total length 8-5 inches, culinen 0*75, 
wing 3*1, tail 4*1, tarsus 1*05. 

This species has a very distinct seasonal plumage, in which the 
blackish throat-patch becomes obscured by whitish edges, so that 
the throat and breast are white with the black patch concealed. 
Whether the full plumage is gained by the shedding of these white 
edges I have not had the means of discovering. 

Rah. Western and South-western Australia. 

a. Ad. sk. Perth, West Australia. Colonial Exhibition. 
b, S 
ad. sk. Albany, King George's Sound, Eyton Coll 
June 4 (/. Gould). 

2. Atrichia rufescens. 
Atrichia rufescens, Ramsay, P. Z. S.1866, p. 438: Gould, SuppL B. 
Austr. pi. 26 (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 205, no. 2806 (1869) ; 
Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 8 (1888). 

Adult male. Similar to A. damosa, but more rufous, and having 
the upper tail-coverts and the tail-feathers regularly barred across 
with black; underneath the throat is whitish, gradually becoming 
ashy; centre of breast black ; abdomen clear orange-rufous : " bill 
horn-colour, becoming whitish on the lower mandible; feet light 
reddish brown, claws light horn-colour; iris dark brown " (E. P. 
Ramsay). Total length 6*8 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 2*45, tail 
2-86, tarsus 0*85. 

Hal. Eichmond and Clarence River districts. 

a, b. c? ad. sk. Eichmond River, N.S.W., Nov. Gould Coll. 
(JS. P. Ramsay). 

MENTnaiDJB. 
663 

Family II. MENURID./E. 

1. MEtfUKA. 
Type. 
Menura, Davies, Tram. Linn. Soc. vi. p. 207 (1800) M. superba. 
Parkin&onius, Bechst. Kurze Uebers. Voy. p. 134 (1811). M. superba. 
Range. Confined to Australia. 

Kay to the JSpecies. 

a. 
Outer tail-feather white or a&hy white on the inner 
web with rufou& notches and "tipped with black ; 
under tail-coverts ashy ; back ashy brown. 
a'. 
Outer tail-feather ashy white below, the bars being 
reddish brown superba, p. 601. 

V. 
Outer tail-feather white below, the bars being-
chestnut , victoria, p. 662. 
b. 
Outer tail-feather not barred; under tail-coverts 
chestnut; upper surface also rufous brown or dull 
chestnut alberti, p. 602. 
1. Menura superba. 
Menura superba, Davies, Trans. Linn. Soc. vi. p. 207, pi. 22 (1800); 
Gould, B, Austr. iii. pi. 14 (1841); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 153 (1847); 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 215 (1850); Reichenb. Vog. Neuholl. p. 77 (1850) ; 
Gould, P. Z. S. 1853, p. 45; id. Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 298 (1865); 
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 185, no. 2529 (1869) ; Ramsay, Tab. List 
Austr. B. p. 7 (1888). 

Superb Menura, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 271, pi. cxxxiii. (1801). 
Menura novse hollandise, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. p. Ixi (1801); 

Vieill. Gal. Ois. i. p. 323, pi. 192 (1825), 
Le Parkinson, Aiahb. et Vieill. Ois. JDor. ii. Suppl. pis. 14-16 (18f2). 
Paradisea parkinsoniana, Shaw § Xodder, Nat Misc. xh. pi. 577 

(1802). 
Menura lyra, Shaw. 
Parkinsonius mirabilis, Bechst. Kurze Uebers. Vog. p. 134 (1811). 
Menura vulgaris, Flemingt Philos. Zool. ii. p. 241 (1822). 
Megapodius menura, Wagler, Syst. Av. Megapodius, sp. 1 (1827). 
Menura paradisea, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 251 (1837). 
Mrenura superba, Sold. Dirent. p. 134 (1872). 

Adidt. General colour brown, rather slaty brown on the mantle, 
and slightly washed with hoary grey on the rump; lesser wing-
coverts dark slaty brown, the remainder of the wing-coverts rather 
more rufous; the primaries blackish, externally olive-brown, the 
secondaries more rufous; upper tail-coverts reddish brown ; two 
centre tail-feathers with brown webs along the outer edge, but 
having only a few radii on the inner one ; remainder of the feathers 
having only long lateral filaments, only the basal portion being-
webbed ; the outer feather curving gracefully outward at the ends, 
the outer web being smoky brown and the tip black, the inner web 

MENTJBIDiE. 

662 

bemg ashy grey, with triangular notches of tawny buff, these notches 
boino* transparent by the absence of the radioli of the feather, the 
iuncr edge of the outer tail-feather recurved on itself and edged 
with black; head and neck dark slaty brown, as also the sides of 
the face, ear-coverts, and cheeks; under surface of body ashy brown, 
washed with rufous on the throat; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
ashy: " bill and nostrils black: bare space round the eve 
blackish lead-colour; legs and feet black, the scales mealy: iris 
blackish brown " (J. Gould). Total length 38 inches, culmen 1-65, 
wing 11, tail 24, tarsus 4-4. 

AdvM female. Differs from the male in wanting the lyre-shaped 
tail, all the feathers of the tail being webbed and broad, the centre 
ones the longest, the outer feathers with internal notches of transparent 
plumage without radioli. Total length 3*3 inches, culmen 
1-5, wing 11, tail 19, tarsus 4. 
Nestling. Entirely covered with black down. 
Hah. New South Wales. 

a. S ad. sk. New South "Wales. Hardwiclce Coll. 
b. S ad. sk. New South "Wales. Br. Forbe* "IV. 
c. $ ad. sk. New South Wales. Hardwieke Coll, 
d. J ad. sk. New South Wales. Hume Coll. 

2. Menura victorise. 
Menura victoria^ Gould, P. Z. 6'. IbQ'J, p.;2l id. Ilandb. B. Auhtr. 
i. p. 302 (I860); Gray, Hand-L JB. i. p. lb~>, no. 25-J1 ildUOi; 
Ramsay', Tab. List Austr. JB. p. 7 (18b8). 
Adult male. Similar to 21. siqjerba, but distinguished by the white 
inner web of the outer tail-feather viewed from below, the inner 
web being very broadly notched or barred with chestnut Total 
length 36 inches, culmen 1*5, wing 10*4, tail 24, tarsus 4-4. 

Adult female. Similar to the female of J/, siiperba^ but with 
chestnut bars on the under surface of the outer tail-feather. Total 
length 27 inches, culmen 1*6, wing 10-5, tail lo*5, tarsus 4*4. 

Hah. Victoria and South Australia. 

a. $ acl. sk. Victoria (Prof. McCoy). (iould Coll. |Typ* 
of specie.*. I 
b, c,<$ ad. etjuv.sk. Victoria. Gould Coll. 
d,e,f. <$ ad.etjuv.sk. Victoria (J. T. Cockerdl). Salviii-Godnitiii Cull. 

//. Juv. sk. Gould Coll. 

Victoria. 

3. Menura alherti 
p. 174; Gould, Handb. JB. Austr. i. p. 307 (1865) \ Gray, HawM 
B. i. p. 185, no. 2530 (1869) • Ramsay, Tab. List Austr, 2$. p. 7 
(1888). 
1 . MEtfTTRA. 
663 
Adult male. Similar to M. superba, but chestnut above, with, a 
slaty-grey bead and neck; tbe tail-feathers not so long as in 

M. siuperha, and all more webbed than in that species, the outer 
feather black with no bars on the inner web; under surface light 
ashy, the throat chestnut, the lower breast washed with tawny buff, 
the under tail-coverts chestnut. Total length 31 inches, culmen 1*5, 
wing 10, tail 19*5, tarsus 4*3. 
Adult female. Similar to the female of M. superba, but more 
chestnut above. Total length 28 inches, culmen 1*6, wing 9*5, 
tail 16, tarsus 4*2. 

Rah. Wide-Bay and Richmond-River districts in Eastern 
Australia. 

a. 5 ad. sk. Richmond River. F. Strange [0.]. 
b, c, d. <$ acl. et Richmond River (J. T. Cocke- Salvin-G-odman Coll. 
imm. sk. rell). 
e,f. 
<$ ad. et Richmond River. F. Strange [0.]. 
juv. sk. (Types of species.) 

ADDENDA. 

THE following additions to the collection have been made, and some 
alterations in the letterpress hare become necessary, flurinp: the 
progress of the present volume through the press. 

Mr. Oates (Eaun. Brit. Lid., Aves, i. p. 9) has recently divided 
the Sturnidce into two families—Sfuraidtp or true Starlings, which 
have no rictal bristles, and are mostly terrestrial in habit; and 
Eulabetidce or Tree-Starlings, which have rictal bribtles. This 
seems a natural division, which I am prepared to accept. 

Add:— 

«",/". 6 ; g", 

h". $ ad. sk. 
i". J; k"-m". 
2 ad. sk. 
w". ? ad. .sk. 

o"~r". J; a". 2 

ad. sk. 

f. $ ad. sk. 
v",v". <$; w"y". 
$ ad. sk. 
*"-£ c?; *-*. 
5 ad. sk. 
X,/i. £ $ ad. sk. 

v, $, o. (S; rr, p. 
2 ad. sk. 
o*. $ ad. sk. 
r,v. <J; <£. 2 
ad. sj£. 
X,^,o>. C?ad.; 
a'. 2 jnv. sk. 

0'-*'. <?'; *',r. 

2 ad. sk. 
??', 0'. <? ad. sk. 

i\ K. Ad. sk. 

X'~p'. tf; cr-a". 
2 ad. et juv. 
sk. 

Page 27. Stnrnus vulgaris. 

Isle of Skye, 3Iareh. 
Tiree, Feb. 20. 
Inverne*^ Oct. 5. 
Dims, Berwick, Jan. ± 

Ohorley, Lancashire, Jan. It 
Garstang, Lancashire. Feb. 20. 
Tetney, Lincolnshire, Jan.. Feb. 

Worksop, Notts, Nov. 20. 
Merton, Norfolk, Jan. 25. 
Drinkstone, Suffolk, Jan. 8. 
Sawbridgenorth, Herts, Jan., 
April. 
Kew, near London, April, l£ay, 

July. 
Croydon, Surrey, Dec. 7. 

Dumpton, Ranisgate, Kent, 
March. 
Newhaven, Sussex, Oct. 5. 

Lancing, Sussex, Sept., Oct. 

W. R. Osilvie Grant, 
Esq. "P.". 
Polonel Irby ~P.\ 


W. 
K. Oprihi*- Grant, 
E&q. "P.". 
Peter 
LUIIPV, E-q, 
~p-~* 

J. "F." G**nard, E-q. 
"P.\ 
H>q. T/. 

J. 
11. C&im-Hmiih, 
Esq. 
F. P>. Norcliffe, Esq., 
Lord " Wal*iiHrham 
;pr. 

Dr7 Al G tin flier "P.". 

T.J. Maun, l>q."P.". 
"Dr. Giintber rJ.K\ 

H. 
F. Stmlwr, E*i. 
[P.". 
Lord "Clifton [Pf. 
* 
R, B. Simrpe. Em, 
[Pf. 
& B: Shaipp, Esq. 

ADDENDA. 665 

Near Brighton, Jan. to Dec. R. B. Skarpe, Esq 
y\ $ ad. et 

[p.]. 

juv. sk. 
Avington, Hants. March, Oct. Shelley Coll, 
$ ad. sk. (G. B. S.). 
Whatcombe, Dorset, Feb., J. 0, Mansel-Plevad. 
sk. March. dell, Esq. [P.]. 
77'-/c\ $j XW3. Kingsbridge, Devon, Jan., Feb. Dr. E. Elliot [P.]. 
$ ad. sk. 
St. Bride's, Pembrokeshire, Hon. W. Edwardes, 
? ad. sk. Dec, Jan. [P.]. 
Sweden, April (W. Mere*), E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
5 ad. sk. [P.l 
fMc. 6 ad. et Bohemia, Sept. Dr. A. B.Meyer [P.]. 
juv. sk. 
Agrain, Croatia, Aug.-Nov. Prof. S. Brusina [P.]. 
2 ad. et juv. 

sk. 
7TG. tf ad. sk. France. M. Boncard [0.]. 
pG. d ad. sk. Switzerland. Dr. A. B.Meyer [P.]. 
o-W. tfad.; S7-Italy, Jan.-Dec. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

v\ § ad. sk. [P.]. 
g'-o)7. Ad. sk. Barcelona, Spain, April. M. L. Laglaize [0.1. 
aW . Ad. sk. Morocco. M. Olcese [0.1. 
j3\ $ ad. sk. Egypt, Feb. 22. Shelley Coll 

Page 33. Sturnus menzbieri. 

Add :— 

p'-r'. Ad. sk. Meerut. Capt. B. Jones [P.]. 
v'-o". $; IT"- Lucknow, Dec, Jan., Feb. Cr. Eeid, Esq. [P.]. 
y3. 5 ad, sk. 

^d . Page 37. Sturnus purpurascens. 

q. Ad. sk. Meerut. Capt. B. Jones [P.], 
r. $ ad. sk. Lucknowy Jan. G. Eeid, Esc*. [P.]. 
Page 38. Sturnus porphyronotus. 

Add: 

on', n'. Imm. sk. Charwagh, Central Asia, Rev. Dr. Lansdell [0.]. 

Aug. 
o',p\ Ad. sk. Kashgar, Sept. Eev. Dr. Lansdell [0. 
q',r'. Ad. sk. Yarkand, Sept. Rev. Dr. Lansdell [ C 
s'. Ad. sk. Karghalik, Oct. Eev. Dr. Lansdell [C.]. 

Page 40. 

For « 2. POLIOPSAR" read « 2. SPODIOPSAR." 

Spodiopsar, Sharpe, Ibis, 1889, p. 580. 

Mr. Oates having pointed out to me that my generic name of 
Poliopsar had been preoccupied by Cassin (Proc. Philad. Acad. 1867, 

p. 55), I have substituted the name of ttpodiopsar for it. 
66 6 ADDEITDA. 

Page 45. Spo&iopsar Qurnmniciis. 

Mr. Oatos (Jtoun. Brit. IncL, Aves, i. p. 535) places this species in 
the genus Qramlipica. Count Salvador! has described (Ann. Mas. 
Genov. (2) vii. p. 364) a species from the Karen Hills as S. fusco(
jularis, but I agree with Mr. Oates that it is not different from 

S. burmanicas. 
Page 40. Spodiopsar leucocephalus. 
This species is also placed in the genns Gfracidipica by Mr. (Met* 
(op. cit. p. 536). 

Page 47. Spodiopsar andamanensis. 
Mr. Oates (op. cit p. 529) places this species in the genns 
Sturnia. 

Page 48. Spodiopsar erythropygius. 
This is also a Sturnia according to Mr. Oates (I. c). 


Page 48. Spodiopsar malabaricus. 
Mr. Oates considers S. neiaoricola to be a distinct species, and 
places it and S. malaharka in tho genus Sturnia (op. ciU p. 528). 

Add:— 
y", s". 6 $ ad. sk. Manipur, Feb., March (A. 0. H.). Huine Coll. 

Page 52. Spodiopsar nemoricola. 
Spec, a is the type of Sturnia nemoricola of Jerdon. 


Page 56. STUEKOPASTOE. 
For Hodgs. in Gray's ZooL Misc. p. 84 "(1884)" read "(1844)." 

^^ . Page 63. Pastor roseus. 

q. Ad. sk. Saiar Mountains, 8000 feet, Aug. St. George Littiedale. 
Esq.. [P.], 
Page 71. Sturnia sturnina. 
This is the type of Agrqpsar, Oates, Faun. Brit. Ind., Ayes, L 

p. 530 (1889). 
Page 79. ACEID0THEEES. 

Mr. Oates adopts my subgenus JEtliiopsar and considers it to be 
of full generic rank. The species to be included in it would therefore 
be M. fuscus, 2EJ. malirattensis, JE. javanicus, M. cmersm, 
JE. grandis, M. cristatellus, M. alboeinctus* 

ADDENDA. ^y 

Page 89. Acridotlieres mahrattensis. 
Spec, c is the type of the species. 


Page 98. MAINATUS. 

This genus must after all stand as Ealabes, which Mr. Oates 
(Faun. Brit. Ind., Aves, i. p. 509) has shown to have boon published 
by Guvier in 1817. By some mistake I only consulted the 2nd 
edition of the c Eegne Animal;* which was published in 1829. 

Page 109. 

" Mainatus robustas " must now be called " Enlabes robustus."" 

Add:— Page 121. PHOLIDAUGES. 

Speculipabtor, Eeicken. Orn. Gentralbl. 1879, p. 108. 

A fourth species of PJwlidauges is Notauyes JiscJieri, Kciehen. 
(tipreo Jisclieri of the present work, p. 189), till lately known by the 
female specimen procured by the late Dr. Pischcr in Masai-Laud, 
and now in the Berlin Museum. The male was procured on Kilimanjaro 
by Mr. Hunter, and presented by him to the British 
Museum. 

The ' Key ? to the genus will therefore require modification. 

a. ^So white base to the quills. 
a'. Plumage metallic puce-colour on the upper 
surface, the throat and chest of the same 
metallic colour. 


a". No white edging to the outer tail-feather . leucoyader, p. 121. 
b". A white edging to the outer tail-feather .. vcrrecmui^ p. 12JJ. 
b'. Plumage blue-black with a purplish shade, the 
throat and chest also black fiscJieri, p. Gl>7, 

b. Quills with a white base bicolor, p. 125. 
Add:— Pholidauges fischeri. 

tipreo hscheri {Jteiehen.), Sharpe, Cat. B. xiii. p. 189. 
Pholidauges hscheri, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1889, p. 366. 


Adult male. Entire upper surface blue-black with a purplish 
gloss; lesser wing-coverts and quills black, glossed externally with 
purple on the coverts, and with steel-green on the quills, the inner 
secondaries being entirely green; tail-feathers black glossed villi 
green; entire head and throat and breast glossy black like the upper 
surface, extending down the centre of the breast to the upper part 
of the abdomen ; remainder of breast and under tail-coverts yellowish 
white; thighs black ; under wing-coverts glossy black. Total 
length 6-3 inches, oilmen 0-0, wing 3-9, tail 2-5, tarsus 0*9. 

Hab. Interior of Eastern Africa. 

a. tf ad. sk. Kilimauiaro, 6000 feet, Aug. H. O. V. Hunter, Esq. [P.K 
(303 ADDENDA. 

Page 146. Calornis tytleri. 
Spcc.^, q, from Port Mouat (Hume OoU.\ are the types of the 
species. 
Page 149. 
For " 0." Calornis obscura, read « 8." 

Page 169. 
For " Pyrrhocheira caffer " read " P, caflra/' 

^age LamProco^us

Add-— 1 ^ " sycobixis. 

L. sycobius, Shelley, P. Z. S.1889, p. 308. 
r? ad. sk. Duruma, E. Africa, Aug. 29. H. 0. V. Hunter, Esq. 
[pr. 
^fl. Page 185. Coccycolins iris. 

a. Vix ad. sk. Loss Islands. Paris Museum [P.]. 
Page 189. Spreo fischeri. 
This is a Pholidauges (Tide s?cpra, p. 067). 

^^ . Page 261. Spermestes bicolor. 
q% Imm. sk. Rabba, R. Niger. Capt. M. Ferryman ~P.X 

^fr. Page 276. Lagonosticta minima. 

o. Ad. sk. Lukoja, River Niger. Capt. M. Ferryman [P.]. 
^ft. Page 804. Pytelia sehlegeli. 
e. Ad. sk. Yambuya, R. Aruwliimi, Congo Mrs. Jameson ~P.~. 
(J. 8. Jameson). 

Page 305. COCCOPYGIA. 
Neisna of Bonaparte is a nomen nudum. 

^dd: ^a8e ^09. Hypochaera ultramaxina. 

g. Ad. sk, Rabba, R. Niger. Capt. M. Ferryman [P.], 
324. Sporsegmthus subflavus. 
For " Ortygospiza polyzona, Butler $c." read *'f Ortygospiza subflaya;* 
ADDENDA. 6(]9 

PaS e

Add :— 32G. MUNIA. 
Oryzivora, Jertl B, hid, ii. p. 359 (18G3). 

Page 346. Munia pimctulata. 
Spec, vi-d are the types of Hodgson's Mania lineoventer. 

Page 400. Estrilda nonnula. 

Br. Hartlaub (Ibis, 1890, p. 263) thinks that E. iwiuuda and 
E% tenerrima are not the same species. After a re-examination of the 
series in the Museum, I believe that E. nonnula is the young bird. 

e,f. Ad. sk. Yambuya, Aruwhimi River (/. #.
Ja?neson), 
Mis. Jameson [P.]. 
Add:— ^ a 3 e 4( ^* Estrilda phoenicotis. 
e. Ad. bk. Benue, River Niger. Capt. M. Ferryman [P.], 
^ft. Page 436. Nelicurvius nelicourvi. 
m, Imui. bk. Madagascar. Purchased. 

Page 451. Hyphantornis cucullatns. 

The name of Ploceus solitaries, Wurtt., must be erased from the 
list of synonyms. 

Fa&e

Add •— ^55* Hyphantornis bolmdorffi. 

a. Ad. sk. Yambuya, R. Aruwhimi, Congo Mrs. Jameson [P.]. 
(J, S. Jameson). 

* ^ . Page 472. Cinnamopteryx castaneofusca. 
t Juv. sk. Abouri, Agnapim (G. E, 8X Shelley Coll. 

Page 474. Ploceella javanensis, 

Spec, tv-a' arc the types of P. clmjswus. 

Page 479. Malimbus bartletti 

Add :— 

k. Ad. bk. Gold Coast (if. T. Usslier). Shelley boll. 
I. Ad. sk. Abouri, Aguapim, Feb. (G. E, 8.), Shelley Coll. 
Pa8 e

Add •— ^ * Malimbus nitens. 

q. Ad. sk. Fantee (II, T. Ussher). Shelley Coll 
r. Juv. sk. Abouri, Aguapim (T. E. BucMey). Shelley Coll. 
s. Ad. sk. Wasa Province (H. F. Blissett). Shelley Coll. 
670 ADDENDA. 

PaS° 4S^.

Add •— - Nesacanihis eminentissinxa. 

n. <$ ad, sk. Anjuan. M. Humblot [G.J. 
v, w. $ ad. sk. Great Comoro Island. M. Ilumblot LC.J. 
Page 484. NESACANTHIS EUSCO-FTTLVA. 

For "N. FUSCO-FITLYUS" read " 1ST. FUSCO-FITLYA.'' 

Add.— Page 501. AMBLYOSPIZA. 

Amblyospiza concolor, Boeage. Jom. Lhb. 1388, p. 229. 

Hah. S. Thomas, V . Africa. 

Page 528. OTOCOEYS. 

Mr. J. Dwight has recently written an important essay on the 
'Horned Larks of North America' in the l Auk ' for April, 1890. 
He traverses the conclusions of Mr. Henshaw and divides the 
American forms into some additional races, which, more Americano, 
he designates by trinomial titles. Accordingly, if these races are 
well defined, they will rank as subspecies in the present volume, 
and the following must be added to 0. alpestris :— 


Subsp. f. Otocorys adusta. 
Otocoris alpestris adusta, Diuight, f. c. p. 148. 


Hab. Southern Arizona and New Mexico, Western Texas, and 
southward into Mexico. 

Subsp. 7], Otocorys merrilli. 
Otocoris alpestris merrilli, Dwight, t. e. p. 153. 


Hab. Eastern Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia, between 
the Cascade and Kocky Mountains; southward in winter into 
Nevada and California (J. Dwight). 

Subsp. 6. Otocorys pallida, 
Otocoris alpestris pallida, Dwight, t. c. p. 154 (ex Toicnsencl, MS8.). 

Hab. Lower California and Sonora (J. Dwiglit). 

The adoption by Mr. Dwight of the name of pallida, which I 
had proposed for the Central-Asian race of Otocorys penidllata, 
obliges me to change the name for the latter bird, and I therefore 
alter it as follows :— 

Page 533. 

For " Otocorys pallida " read " Otocorys diluta," sp, n. 

A.DDE2SHDA. 67 i 

^a . Page 536. Otocorys brandti. 

v. Juv. sk. Saiar Mountains, Central Asia, St. George Littleclale, 
6000 feet, Aug. Esq. [P.]. 
&&&. Page 540. Otocorys arenicola. 

u", v". S ad. Texas, Dec, Feb. (H. JEJ. Dresser), Salvin-Godman Coll. 

^^ . Page 54:6. Otocorys chrysolaema. 

v"-y". d ad.; «". $ San Diego, California, Feb., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ad.; a3. Juv. sk. June (F. Stephens). 
Z»3, c3. <$; cP. $ ad. Ajusco, Valley of Mexico, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk Sept. (IV. B. Richardson). 
eKf". d ad. sk. Rio Frio, Iztaceihuatl, Mex- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ico,Sept. (W. B. R.). 
gz. JUT. sk. Las Vigas, Jalapa (F. Fer- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
rari-Perez). 
A3, i\ S $ ad. sk. Zacatecas, Feb. (W. B. R.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Page 572. Alauda arvensis. 

^^ . a. Dark form. 

u'-t/\ $ ad. sir. Carse of Gowrie. C. Heron Watson, 
Esq.. [P.]. 
z', a", b". <$ ad. Whatconibe, Dorset, March 21. J.C.Mansel-Pleydell, 
sk. Esq. [P.]. 

]3. Rufous form. 

p"-*J\ d; *", <". Houghton, Dorset, Feb. 21. J.C.Mansel-Pleydell, 
$ ad. sk. Esq. [P.]. 
u"-z\ tf; */'. Whatconibe, Dorset, Feb. 21, J.C.Mansel-Plevdell, 
Jad.sk. March 21. Esq. [P.]. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 


abyssiuica (Alauda), 635. 
abyssinica (Fringilla), 

24:1. 

abyssinica (Gfalerida), 

635. 
abyssinica {Juida), 177. 
abjbsinica (Loxia), 453. 
ab^ ssmicus (Euplectes), 
241, 242, 244. 
abyssinicus (Hypbantoriiis), 
453. 
abyssinicus (Lamprocolius), 
177. 
abvssmicus (Ploceus), 
244, 430. 
Aealanthe, 380. 
Acridotberes, 79, 066. 
acuticauda (Amadina), 

357. 
acuticauda (Juida), 185. 
acuticauda (Lonchura), 

357. 
acuticauda (Munia), 356, 
357, 359. 
acuticauda (Poephila), 

375. 
acuticauda (Spermestes), 

357. 
acuticauda (Urolonclia), 
356,357. 
acuticaudus (Heieropsar), 

185. 
acuticaudus (Lamprocolius), 
185. 
acutirostris (Calandrella), 

585. 
adamsi (Alauda), 593. 
adamsi (Alaudula), 592. 
adusta (Otocorys), 670. 
^Egintba, 372. 
senea (Hypocbasra), 308. 
senea (Juida), 155, 

156. 
VOL. XIII. 

seuea (Lamprotornis), 

155. 
jeneoides (Juida), 156. 
ameoides (Lamprotornis), 

156. 
seneus (Lamprotornis), 
155, 156. 
ameus (Sturnus), 155. 
asneus (Turdus), 155. 
seneus (Urauges), J 55. 
senocbroa (Habropyga), 

282. 
senocbroa (Lagonosticta), 

282. 
aetbiopica (Hyphantica), 

259. 
^thiopica (Quelea), 259. 
sethiopicus (Ploceus), 

259. 
J£tbiops, 314. 
aetbiops (Hypbantornis), 

465. 
afer (Euplectes), 241. 
afer (Ploceus), 241. 
affinis (Oalornis), 143, 


146. 
afEuis (Grracula), 115. 
affinis (Lamprotornis), 

143. 
affinis (Maina), 49. 
affinis (Mirafra), 614, 

615. 
affinis (Ploceus), 459. 
affinis (Pyrrbulauda), 

655. 

affinis (CTrobracbya), 226. 
afra (Estrelda), 302. 
afra (Fringilla), 302. 
afra (Loxia), 241. 
afra (Pyromelana), 241, 

242. 
afra (Pytelia), 302. 
africana (Algernon), 514. 

africana (Alauda), 514, 

607. 
africana (Buphaga), 195. 
africana (Certbilauda), 

514. 
africana (Obersomanes), 

514. 
africana (Mirafra), 607. 
africanoicles (Alauda), 

616. 
africanoides (Megalopb.0nus), 
607, 616. 
africanoides (Mirafra), 

616. 
africanus (Megalopbonus), 
607. 
agrestis (Alauda), 568. 
Agropbilus, 244. 
Aidemosyne, 368. 
Aksinon, 512, 517. 
Alauda, 566. 
alaudipes (Alsem 

518. 
alaudipes (Oertbi! * 


520. 
alaudipes (Upupa^ w.w. 
Alaudula, 566. 
alberti (Menura), 662. 
albertinse (Cbaritornis), 


153. 
albertinae (Eulabes), 153. 
albescens (Alauda), 522. 
albescens (Calendulauda), 

522. 
albescens (Megalopbonus), 
522. 
albicapilla (Juida), 186. 
albicapillus (Heteropsar), 

186. 
albicapillus (Notauges), 

186. 
albicapillus (Spreo), 

186. 

2x 

674 

albicollis (Pica), 153. 
albicollis (Pitta), 153. 
albicollis (Streptocitta), 

153. 
albifrons (Amblyospiza), 
501, 502,504. 
albifrons (Oalornis), 70. 
albifrons (Coraphites), 

655. 
albifrons (Coryphegnathus), 
502, 504. 
albifrons (Pyrrhula), 

501. 
albifrons (Pyrenestes), 
501,502. 
albigula (Otocorys), 531, 
536, 537. 
albigularis (Alauda), 


568. 
albigularis (Melanocorypha), 
551. 
albinucha(Melanopteryx), 

477. 
albinucha (Sycobius), 
477. 
albirostris (Alecto), 
509. 
albirostris (Alectrornis), 
500. 
albirostris (Amydrus), 
168. 
albirostris (Oalornis), 
147. 
albirostris (Coccothraustes), 
508. 
albirostris (Dertroides), 

508. 
albirostris (Euplectes), 
494. 
albirostris (Juicla), 167. 
albirostris (Kitta), 167. 
albirostris (Pilorhinus), 
167. 
albirostris (Ptilonorhynchus), 
167. 
albirostris (Textor), 508, 

511. 
albiyenter (Ocypterus), 
4,17. 
albiventris (Artamus), 

17. 
albiventris (Lamprotornis), 
187. 
albooinotus (Acridotheres), 
94. 
albofasoiata (Alsemon), 

515. 
albofasciata (Oertbilauda), 
515, 
albofrontata 
(Hetserornis), 
55. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

albofrontata (Sturnia), 

55. 
albofrontatus (Acridotheres), 
55. 
albofrontatus (Temenucbus), 
55. 
albonotata (Penthetria), 

219. 
albonotata (Urobracliya), 
219. 
albonotata (Vidua), 219. 
albonotatus (Coliuspasser), 
219. 
alboterminata (Melanocorypha), 
555. 
albovittata(Leptopteryx), 

19. 
albovittatus (Artamus), 
19. 
albovittatus (Ocypterus), 
18,19. 
alecto (Alecto), 508. 
alecto (Ploceus), 508. 
alecto (Textor), 508, 


510. 
algeriensis(Ammoinanes), 
645. 
algondas (Calypliantria), 
484. 
algondae (Foudia), 484. 
algondae (Ploceus), 484. 
alopex (Mirafra), 617. 
Alouette, 567. 
Alouette a calotte rousse, 
597. 
Alouette a gros bee, 639. 
Alouette a tete rousse, La 
Petite, 561. 
Alouette bateleuse, 598. 
Alouette de Sibirie, 542. 
Alouette de Virginie, 

541. 
Alouette d'ltalie, 567. 
Alouette grise de Gingi, 
652. 
Alouette buppee de la 
cote de Malabar, 633. 
Alouette buppee du Senegal, 
626. 
Alouette buppee, Petite, 

636. 
Alouette noire, 568. 
Alouette Sirli, 514. 
alpestris (Alauda), 530, 
542. 
alpestris (Eremopbila), 
538, 539, 542, 549. 
alpestris (Otocoris), 542, 

548. 
alpestris 
(Otocorys), 534, 
538,541,543,670. 

alpestris (Otocorys), 543. 
alpestris (Pbilamnus), 

542. 
alpestris (Phileremos), 
542, 543. 
Ainadavad, 320. 
Araadina, 288. 
Amandava, 319. 
amandava (Astrilda), 323. 
araandava(Estrelda), 320, 

323. 
amandava (Fringilla), 
320. 
amandava (Linaria), 320. 
amandava (Sporsegintbus), 
320. 
Amauresthes, 267. 
amaurocephalus (Plo


ceus), 423. 
amaurocephalus (Sycobrotus), 
423. 
amaurocephalus (Symplectes), 
423. 
amauronotus (Hyphantornis), 
415. 
amauropteryx (Hypo


ckaera), 309. 
ambiguus (Sturnus), 35. 
Amblynura, 380. 
Amblyospiza, 501, 670. 
amboinensis (Oalornis), 


139. 
amethystinus (Lamprocolius), 
175. 
amethystinus (Lamprotornis), 
175. 
Ammomanes, 641. 
Ampeliceps, 115. 
Amydrus, 161. 
anais (Eulabes), 113. 
anais (Gracula), 114. 
anais (Melanopyrrhus), 

113. 
anais (Oriolus), 113. 
Anaplectes, 411. 
andamanensis (Eulabes), 
107. 
andamanensis(3Iaiiiatus}, 
107. 
andamanensis(Poliopsar), 
47. 
andamanensis (Sturnia), 
47. 
andamanensis (Spodiopsar), 
666. 
andamanensis (Temenuchus), 
47. 
anderssoni (Alauda), 

563. 
anderssoni (Oalandrella), 
563. 
anderssoni (Calandritis), 

563. 
anderssoni (Megalophonus), 
564. 
anderssoni (Tephrocorys), 
563, 564. 
angolensis (Anaplectes), 

413. 
angolensis (Estrelda), 
401, 402. 
angolensis (Fringilla), 

402. 
angolensis (Mirafra), 
593. 
angolensis (Ploceus), 
413. 
angolensis (Sharpia), 413. 
anjuanensis (Foudia), 
484. 
anjuanensis (Ploceus), 
484. 
annulosa (Amadina), 
314. 
annulosa (Astrilda), 314. 
annnlosa (Estrelda), 314. 
annulosa(Steganopleura), 
314. 
annulosa (Stictoptera), 
314. 
anomalus (Hyphantornis), 
437. 
anomalus (Ploceus), 437. 
anthirostris (Galerita). 

637. 
apiata (Alauda), 598. 
apiata (Braehonyx), 598. 
apiata (Mirafra), 598, 
600. 
apiatus (Megaloplionus), 
597, 598. 
Aplonis, 125. 
approximans (Orynx), 

240. 
arborea (Alauda), 636. 
arborea (Corys), 637. 
arborea (Galerita), 637. 
arborea (Lullula), 636, 
637. 
ardens (Ooliuspasser), 
216. 
ardens (Coliustrutbus), 
216. 
ardens (Fringilla), 215. 
ardens (Mobe), 216. 
ardens (Penthetria), 216. 
ardens (Vidua), 216. 
arenaria (Alauda), 580. 
arenaria (Melanoeorypha), 
581. 
arenicola ((Merita), 579, 

635. 
AXPHABETICAI INDEX. 

arenicola (Mirafra), 629. 
arenicola (Otocorys), 

540. 
arenicolor (Alauda), 644. 
arenicolor (Ammomanes), 
644. 
arenicolor (Mirafra), 
644. 
argus (Amadina), 291. 
armitiana (Poepbila), 
378. 
arnaudi (Nigrita), 250. 
arnaudi (Phiheterus), 
& 250. f r v lV rt1 arvensis (Alauda), 56Q, 

567, 669. 
asiaticus (Sturnus), 63. 
assamensis (Mirafra), 

609. 
assamica (Mirafra), 609. 
Astrild a moustaches 
noires, 397. 
Astrild a ventre rouge, 

393. 
astrild (.Ugintha), 392. 
astrild (Estrelda), 391, 
393. 
astrild (Fringilla), 392. 
astrild (Habropyga), 392, 
393. 
astrild (Loxia), 392. 
astrilda (Estrilda), 391. 
Atalochrous, 477. 
ater (Acridotheres), 92. 
aterrima (Fringilla), 
364. 
atricapilla (Amadina), 
334. 
atricapilla .(Coccothraustes), 
334, 
atricapilla (Donaeola), 

334. 
atricapilla (Estrelda), 
399. 
atricapilla (Loxia), 334. 
atricapilla (Munia), 334, 
337. 
atricapillus (Ploceus), 
415. 
Atrichia, 659. 
atricollis (Amadina), 
270. 
atricollis (Estrelda), 
270. 
atricollis (Fringilla), 
270. 
atricollis (Ortygospiza), 
270. 
atrifusca (Aplonis), 134. 
atrifusca (Lamprotornis), 
134. 
atrifusca (Sturnoides), 

134. 
atrigula (Ploceus), 491. 
atrofusca (Calornis), 
134. 
atrogularis (Euplectes), 
415. 
atrogularis (Hyphantornis), 
415, 467, 468. 
atrogularis (Ploceus), 

415. 
atrogularis (Sympleetes), 
415. 
atrogularis (Textor), 
468. 
atronitens (Aplonis), 
128. 
atropygialis (Poephila), 
375. 
aurantiigula (Hyphantornis), 
447. 
aurantius (Hyphantornis), 
444. 
aurantius (Hyphanturgus), 
444. 
aurantius (Malimbus), 

444. 
aurantius (Ploceus), 419, 
444,446. 
aurantius (Sympleetes), 

444. 
aurata (Juida), 175. 
aurata (Lamprotornis), 
180. 
aurata (Loxia), 494. 
aurata (Saroglossa), 120. 
auratus (Lamprocolius), 
175. 
auratus (Sturnus), 180. 
auratus (Turdus), 120, 
175. 
aurea (Coccothraustes), 
235. 
aurea (Hyphantornis), 
446. 
aurea (Loxia), 235. 
aurea (Pyromelana), 235. 
aureiflavus (Hyphantornis), 
446. 
aureoflavus (Hyphantornis), 
446. 
aureoflavus (Ploceus), 
446,448. 
aureoflavus (Textor), 

446. 
aureoflavus (Xanthophilus),
448. 
aureoviridis (Oorvus), 


155. 
aureus (Euplectes), 
235. 
2x2 

aureus (Ploceus), 235, 
431, 444, 494. 
auricapillus (Hyphantornis), 
465. 
auricapillus (Ploceus), 
461 
auricollis (Pcuthetria), 

216. 
auricularis (Ploceus), 
419. 
auriirons(Hyphantorn U), 
430,432/ 
aurifrons (Oriolinus), 


431. 
aurifrons (Ploceus), 430. 
aurinotus (Euplectes), 
235. 
australis (Alauda), 576. 
australis (Aplonis), 125. 
australis (Chalcopsar), 
158. 
australis (Juida), 158. 
australis (Larnprotornis), 
158. 
australis -(Megalotis), 
651. 
australis (Miro), 125. 
australis (Pyrrkulauda), 
651. 
australis (Turdus), 125. 
australis (Urauges), 158. 
axillaris (Ooliuspasser), 
224, 226. 
axillaris (Hyphantornis), 

460. ' 
axillaris (Peuthetria), 
224, 225, 226. 
axillaris (Urobrachya), 
224,225. 
axillaris (Vidua), 224, 

225. 
ayresi (Sliarpia), 411. 
badius (Hyphantornis), 

460. 
badius (Ploceus), 460. 
badius (Turdus), 135. 
bastica (Alauda), 588, 
bsetica (Alaudula), 5S8. 
bsetica (Calandrella), 
588. 
bagheira (Coraphidea), 
584. 
bagheira (Emberiza), 
584. 
baghera (Corypha), 584. 
baglafecht (Heterhyphantes), 
419. 
baglafecht (Hyphantornis), 
419, 469. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

baglafocht (Ploceus), 

419. 
baglafecht (Symplectes), 
419. ^ 
bartlctti (Malimbub), 
479,669. 
Basileornis, 95. 
Basilornis, 95. 
baya (Euplectes), 489. 
baya (Nelicurvius), 491. 
baya (Ploceus), 488, 

491. 
Beau Marquet, 296, 
297. 
Bee-eater, African, 196. 
bella (Amadina), 293. 
bella (Astrilda), 293. 
bella (Estrelda), 293. 
bella (Fringilla), 293. 
bella (Loxia), 293. 
bellus (Zonaeginthus), 
293. 
bengalensis (Loxia), 494. 
bengalensis (JSTelicurvius), 
494. 
bengalensis (Ploceus), 
489, 493, 494. 
Bengali, 307. 
Bengali a joues Oranges, 

325. 
Bengali cendre, 394. 
Bengali gris-bleu, 284. 
Bengali, Le, 400. 
Bengali mouchete, 311. 
Beng ili piquete, 320. 
Bengali vert, 390. 
benghala (Estrelda), 402. 
benghalus (Estrelda), 
400. 
benghalus (Fringilla), 
400. 
berardi (Ocyplerus), 8. 
bichenovii (Amadina), 
313. 
bichenovi (Astrilda), 
313. 
bichenovii (Estrelda), 
313. 
bichenovii (Fringilla), 
313. 
bichenovii (Staganopleura), 
313. 
bichenovii (Stictoptera), 

313. 
bicolor (Amadina), 261. 
bioolor (Amydrus), 188. 
bicolor (Hyphantornis), 
422. 
bicolor (Juida), 188. 
bicolor (Lamprotornis), 
187. 
bicolor (Loxia), 369. 

bicolor (Nigrita), 318. 

bicolor (Notaugcs), 188. 

bicolor (Pastor), 77. 

bicoloi* (Pholidauffes), 

125. 
bicolor (Ploceus), 422, 
423. 
bicolor (Pytelia), 318. 
bicolor (Speculipastor), 
bicolor (Spermestes), 261 

668. 
bicolor (Spreo), 187. 
bicolor (Sturnus), 187. 
bicolor (Sycobius), 422. 
bicolor (Syeobrotus), 422, 
424. 
bicolor (Symplectes), 422 
423. 
bicolor (Turdus), 187. 
bicornis (Otocorys), 532. 
bicornis (Phileremos), 
537. 
bifasciata (Alauda), 518. 
bifasciata (Oerthilauda), 
518. 
bilopha (Alauda), 537. 
bilopha (Otocomis), 537. 
bilopha (Otocorys), 531, 
537. 
bilopha (Otocorys:), 532. 
bimaeulata (Alauda), 555. 
bimaculata (Melanocorypha), 
551, 555. 
bispecularis (Juida), 181. 
bispecularis (Lamproco


lius), 181. 
bispecularis (Spreo), 181. 
bivittata (Amadina), 340. 
bivittata (Donaoola), 340. 
blakistoni (Alauda), 569. 
Blue and G-reen Daw, 

175. 
blythii (Amydrus), 164. 
blythii (Juida), 164. 
blythii (Pastor), 49, 54. 
blythii (Poliopsar), 54. 
blythii (Sturnia), 54. 
bl\ thii (Temenuchus), 54. 
bocagii (Ooliuspasser), 
226. 
bocagii (Juida), 124. 
bocagii (Penthetria), 
226. 
bocagii (Urobrachya), 
226. 
boehmi (Dinemellia), 
507. 
boehmi (Limoneres), 507. 
boehmi (Textor), 507. 
bohndorm* (Hyphantornis), 
455, 069. 
bolindorffi (Ploceus), 

455. 
bojeri (Hyphantomis), 
'448. 
bojeri (Ploceus), 448. 
borbonica (Emberiza), 

484. 
borbonica (Foudia), 4S4. 
borbonicus (Fregilupus), 

194. 
borueensis (Ohlorura), 

388. 
bomeensis (Mirafra), 

602. 
Boscis, 63. 
Bouyreuil noir d'Afrique, 

509. 
boysii (Alauda), 628. 
boysii (Certhilauda), 

628. 
braccata (Spermestes), 


ooL. 

Brachonyx, 593. 
brachydactjla (Alauda), 
580, 5S4, 587, 589. 
brachvdaetUa (Calandrella), 
o80, 584, 585, 
586, 589. 
braebvdactyla (Calandritis), 
581. 
brachyclactyla (Melanocorypba), 
581. 
braebvdactyla (Phileremos), 
581, 587, 589. 
bracbyptera (Hyphantornis), 
429. 
bracbyptera (Sitagra), 

428. 
bracbypterus (Hyphantomis), 
427. 
bracbypterus (Ploceus), 

429. 
bracbypterus (Syinplectes), 
429. 
bracbyura (Alauda), 628. 
braehyura (Gralerita), 
628". 
brandti (Hyphantomis), 

468. 
brandti (Ploceus), 468. 
brandti (Otocorys), 536, 
537, 669. 
brasiliana (Loxia), 290. 
brevipes (Artanius), 

11. 
brevirostris (Aplonis), 


130. 
brevirostris (Lamprotornis), 
130. 

ALPHABETICAL IKB1X. 

breviunguis (Alauda), 

524. 
breviunguis (Certhilauda), 
524. 
breviunguis (Heterocorys), 
524. 
Bruant de Visle de Bourbon, 
484. 
bruante (Fringilla), 484. 
bruante (Foudia), 484. 
brunneiceps (Lagonosticta), 
277. 
brunneiceps (Munia), 

338. 
Brunhilda, 390. 
brunneseens (Aplonis), 

132. 
buccalis (Estrelda), 394. 
buccalis (Fringilla), 

394. 
bucklevi (Oalandrella), 
580,' 599, 600. 
buckleyi (Megalophonus), 
599, 600. 
buckleyi (Mirafra), 599. 
bucolica (Mirafra), 023. 
bugiensis (Alauda), 568. 
Bunting, Black-faced, 

257. 
Bunting, Blue-faced, 


381. 
Bunting, Crimson, 485. 
Bunting, Dominican, 

204. 
Bunting, Long-tailed, 

204. 
Bunting, Panayan, 

215. 
Bunting, Red-eyed, 328. 
Bunting, Ked-rumped, 

381. 
Bunting, Shaft-tailed, 

209. 
Bunting, Variegated, 

204. 
Buphaga, 195. 
burchelli (Juida), 158. 
burchelli (Laniprotornis), 
156,158. 
burmanensis (Temenucbus), 
45. 
burmanica (Estrelda), 

323. 
burmanica (Sturnia), 

45. 
burmanicus (Acridotberes), 
45. 
burmanicus (Poliopsar), 

45. 

burmanieus(Spodiopsar), 

666. 

burmanicus (Temenucbus), 
45. 

cabanisi (Hyphantomis), 
461, 465. 
cabanisi (Munia), 353. 
cabanisi (Nigrita), 251. 
cabanisi (Philneterus), 

251. 
casrulescens (Estrelda), 
284,285, 393. 
casrulescens (Fringilla), 
284, 285. 
crcrulescens (Habropyga), 

284. 
ccerulescens (Lagonosticta), 
284. 
caffer (Icterus), 431. 
caffer (Pyrrhocbeira), 

169. 
caffra (Chera), 214. 
caffra (Coracias), 169. 
caffra (Fringilla), 213. 
caffra (Juida), 169. 
caffra (Loxia), 213. 
caffra (Pyrrhocbeira), 
109, 668. 
caffra (Sitagra), 431. 
Calandra, The, 551. 
calandra (Alauda), 551, 
555, 557. 
calandra (Londra), 552. 
calandra (Melanocorypha), 
551. 
Calandra, Le, 551. 
Oalandrella, 579. 
oalandrella (Alauda), 

580. 
calandrella (Ooraphidea), 

584. 
Calandritis, 579. 
caledoniea (Streptocitta), 

153. 
caledonicus (Aplonis), 
127,128. 
caledonicus (Oorvus), 

153. 
Calendula, 639. 
Calendulauda, 517. 
Calfat, 328. 
calfat (Emberiza), 328. 
Calornis, 137. 
calva (G-racula), 97. 
calvus (Aericlotheres), 

97. 
calvus (Gymnops), 97. 
calvus (Mino), 97. 
calvus (Sarcops), 97. 
cambodianus (Poliopsar), 

45. 
cana (Sturnia), 69. 

canicapilla (iEthiops), 

315. 
canicapilla (Nigrita), 
315, 316. 
caniceps (Donacicola), 

345. 
caniceps (Munia), 345, 
356. 
caniceps (Pastor), 49. 
caniceps (Pytelia), 356. 
caniceps (Sperniestes), 
356. 
caniceps (Uroloncha), 
356. 
canidorsalis (Kigrita), 
251. 
cantans (Aidemosyne), 
371. 
cantans (Aniadina), 371. 
cantans (Coccothraustes), 
371. 
cantans (Estrelda), 371. 
cantans (Euodeia), 372. 
cantans (Euodice), 372. 
cantans (Fringilla), 371. 
cantans (Loxia), 371. 
cantans (Munia), 372. 
cantans (Spermestes), 
372. 
cantans (Urolonclia), 
372. 
cantarella (Alauda), 568. 
cantillans (Mirafra), 
605. 
cantor (AploniB), 143. 
cantor (Calornis), 129, 
143. 
cantor (Lamprotornis), 
128,143. 
cantor (Turdus), 147. 
oantoroides (Aplonis), 

128. 
oantoroides (Calornis), 
128. 
oantoroides (Lainprotor• 
is), 129. 
ansis (Alauda), 514. 
^ensis (Certhilauda), 

14. 
i i tensis (Coccothrauses), 
236. 
i«, | <ensis (Ooliuspasser), 
:]37,239. 
. s ensis (Corythus), 237. 
vwjiensis (Euplectes), 237, 
238,240. 
capensis (Fregilupus), 

194. 
capensis (Hyphantornis), 
431,432. 
capensis (Loxia), 436. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

capensis (Oriolinus),431. 
capensis (Oriolus), 430. 
capensis (Orynx), 237, 

238,240. 
capensis (Oryx), 237. 
capensis (Ploceus), 430. 
capensis (Pyromelana), 

236, 237,238, 240. 
capensis (Sitagra), 430. 
capensis (Sturnus), 58. 
capensis (Upupa), 194. 
capistrata (Estrelda), 

390. 
capitalba (Pvrenestes), 
504. 
capitalba (Arnblyospiza), 
504. 
capitalbus (Coryphegnathus), 
504. 
capitalis (Fringilla), 458. 
capitalis (Hyphantornis), 

458, 461, 465. 
capitalis (Ploceus), 458, 

461.^ 
capitalis (Tanagra), 458. 
capitalis (Textor), 458. 
capitata (Quelea), 455. 
Cap-noire, Le, 451. 
cauea^iea (Galerita), G20 
caucasieus (Sturnus), 37. 
caudatus (Turdus), 155. 
Cardeline, 486. 
Cardinal d'Angola, 290. 
Cardinal de Madagascar, 

433. 
Cardinal du Cap de 
Bonne Esperanee, 230. 
cardinalis (Hyphantica), 

256. 
cardinalis (Quelea), 250. 
carmelita (Estrelda), 205. 
Carouge du Cap de 
Bonne Esperanee, 430. 
Carouge olive de la Louisiana, 
430. 
carunculata (Gracula). 

61. 
carunculata (Pastor), 61. 
caruneulatus (Dilophus), 
61. 
cassini (Aplonis), 131. 
cassini (Maliinbus), 482. 
cassini (Sycobius), 482. 
castaneiceps (Hyphantornis),^. 
castaneigula (Hyphantornis), 
444, 
castaneigula (Ploceus), 

444. 
castaneithorax (Munia), 
340. 
castaneoauratus (Texlor), 

460. 
castaneofusoa (Cinnamopteryx), 
472, 669. 
castaneofusoa (Hyphantornis), 
472. 
castaneofuscus (Ploceus). 

472. 
castaneofuscus (Textor), 
472. 
eastaneosoma (Hyphantornis), 
473. 
eastaneothorax (Amadina), 
340. 
eastaneothorax (Donacieola), 
340. 
eastaneothorax (Donacola), 
340. 
eastanops (HTphantornis), 
443. * 
eastanops (Ploceus), 

443. 
eastanotis (Amadina), 
311. 
eastanotis (E&trelda), 
311. 
eastanotis (Steganopleura), 
311. 
eastanotis (Sporothlastes), 
311. 
eastanotis (Tajniopygia), 
oil. 
cavaignaeii (Ierapterliina), 
527. 
eelebensis (Artamus), 5. 
eelebensis (Basileornis), 

95. 
eelebensis (Basilornis), 
95. 
Cendrille, La, 561. 
Certhilauda, 512,514. 
Chaleopsar, 158. 
chalcura (Juida), 179. 
chalcurus (Lamproeolius), 
179. 
chalcurus (Lamprotor


nis), 179. 
chalybea (Calornis), 143. 
ohalybea (Juida), 176. 
ehalybeata (Amadina), 

. 308. 
ehalybeata (Fringilla), 


308. 
ehalybeata (Hypochsera), 
308,309. 
chalybeus (Lamprocolius), 
176, 177,178. 
chalybeus (Lamprotornis), 
176. 
chalybeus (Turdus), 143. 
Chardonneret yerd, 296. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

Charitornis, 153. 
charmosyna (Estrelda), 

339. 
charmosyna (Habropyga), 
399. 
cheeleensis (Alauda), 

589. 
cheeleensis (Alaudula), 
589. 
cheeleensis (Calandrella), 
589. 
cheet (Erytkrura), 369. 
cheet (Lonchura), 369. 
cheet (Spermestes), 369. 
chendoola (Alauda), 605, 
628. 
chendoola (Certhilauda), 
628. 
chendoola (Galerida), 
628. 
cheniana (Alauda), 603. 
cheniana (Mirafra), 603. 
chenianus (Megalophonus), 
603. 
Ohera, 213. 
Chersomanes, 514. 
Ckersophilus, 512, 525. 
Chinese Starling, 92. 
Chloebia, 373. 
chloronotus (Ploceus), 


465. 
cbloropterus (Lamprocolius), 
178,179. 
chloropterus (Lamprotornis), 
178. 
Clilomra, 388. 
Choucador, 174. 
chrysaius (Ploceus), 

475. 
chrysogaster (Lamproco-
Hus), 191. 
chrysogaster(Laniprotornis), 
191. 
chrysogaster (Ebtauges), 

191. 
chrysogaster (Ploceus), 
422. 
chrysogaster (Symplectes),
422. 
chrysogaster (Turdus), 

191. 
chrysogastra (Hyphantornis), 
422. 
chrysolaama (Alauda), 

546. 
chrysolzema (Erernophila), 
546, 549. 
chrysolaema (Otoeorys), 

546. 
chrysolaiinus (Otocoris), 
547. 
chrysomelas (Coceothraustes), 
494. 
chrysomelas (Hyphantornis), 
425. 
chrysomus (Symplectes), 

422. 
chrysonotus (Vidua), 221. 
chrysophrys(Symplectes), 
415. 
chrysoptera (Pringilla), 
22L 
chrysopygus (Textor), 


462. 
chrysostictos (Ploceus), 
468. 
chrysotis (Juida), 172. 
chrysotis (Lamprocolius), 
172,173. 
chrysotis (Lainprotornis), 

172,173. 
ckrysura (Munia), 362. 
cincta (Amadina), 376. 
cincta (Hyphantornis), 


451, 455. 
cincta (Poephila), 376. 
cincta (Sporothlastes). 


# 376. 
cinetura (Ainmomanes), 
644,645. 
cinetura (Melanocory


pha), 644. 
cinetura (Mirafra), 644. 
cinctus (Ploceus), 455. 
cineraceus (Poliopsar), 


41. 
cineraceus (Sturnus),41. 
cineraceus (Temenuchus), 
42. 
cinerascens (Aplonis), 


133. 
cinerascens (Sturnus), 
42. 
cinerea (JEgintha), 395. 
cinerea (Alauda), 561. 
cinerea (Astrilda), 395. 
cinerea (Calandrella), 
561,563. 
cinerea (Calandritis), 
561,563. 
cinerea (Estrelda), 393, 

394. 
cinerea (Fringilla), 394. 
cinerea (Gracula), 49,85. 
cinerea (Habropyga), 
395. 
cinerea (Tephrocorys), 
561, 563. 
cinereicapilla (Nigrita), 

315. 
cinereiceps (Lamprotornis), 
191. 

cinereigula (Pytelia), 

303. 
cinereus (Aoridotheres), 
91. 
cinereus (iEtbiopsar), 
666. 
cinereus (Artamus), 16. 
cinereus (Leptopteryx), 
17. 
cinereus (Megalophonus), 
561, 563. 
cinereus (Ocvpterus), 

17. 
cinereus (Pastor), 49. 
cinnamomea (Ammomanes), 
607. 
Cinnamopterus, 166. 
Cinnamopteryx, 471. 
Cinnyricinclus, 121. 
circumscripta (Oalornis), 

142. 
citerior (Estrelda), 299. 
citerior (Pytelia), 297, 
298, 299. 
citerior (Zonogastris), 

299. 
clamosa (Alauda), 598. 
clamo&a (Atrichia), 659. 
clot-bekii (Hierapterhina), 
527, 
clot-bey (Alauda), 527. 
clot-bey (Melanocory


pha), 527. 
clot-bey (Bhamphoeorys), 

527. 
coccineus (Pyrenestes), 
253. 
Coccopygia, 305, 668. 
Coccycolius, 185. 
Cochevis, 627. 
cochevis (Alauda), 627. 
Cochevis de Senegal, 
627. 
codea (Alauda), 522. 
coelipeta (Alauda), 568. 
coelivox (Alauda), 576. 
Coliostruthus, 215. 
Coliuspasser, 215. 
collaris (Alauda), 551. 
collaris (Hyphantornis), 
455. 
collaris (Ploceus), 450, 
455,471. 
colletti (Poliopsar), 43. 
columbina (Calornis),l36. 

148. 
columbina (Turdus), 136. 
columbinus (Lamprotornis), 
136. 
columbinus (Turdus), 

147. 
Comba-sou, 308. 

comorensis (Calyphan


tria), 48i. 

comorensis (Foudia),484. 

comorensis (Ploceus), 

484. 
concolor (Amblyospiza), 
670. 
concolor (Coliostrathus), 

216. 
concolor (Hyphantornis), 
446. 
concolor (Peuthetria), 
216. 
concolor (Vidua), 216. 
congica (Lagonosticta), 
280. 
conirostris (Alauda), 564. 
conirostris (Ooraphites), 
564. 
conirostris (Spizocorys), 
564. 
consobrina (Poudia), 484. 
consobrina (Ploceus),484. 
Contra, 57. 
contra (Pastor), 58. 
contra (Psarites), 58. 
contra (Sturnopastor),57, 
58, 59. 
contra (Sturnus), 57. 
Coquillarde, 627. 
Ooraphidea, 579. 
Ooraphites, 650. 
oordofanica (Mirafra), 

606, 617. 
cordofanicus (Geocora


phus), 607. 
coreensis (G-alerita), 629. 
cornuta (Alauda), 539, 

546, 542. 
cornuta (Ereniophila), 

538, 539, 540, 542. 
cornuta (Otoeoris), 542. 
cornuta (Otocorys), 543. 
cornuta (Otocoryx), 546. 
cornutus (Phileremos), 

542. 
coronata (Eulabes), 116. 
coronata (Gracula), 116. 
coronatus (Ampeliceps), 
116. 
coruscans(Lamprocolius), 
182. 
corvina (Oalornis), 134, 
137. 
corvina (Lamprocorax), 
137. 
corvina (Lamprotomis), 
137. 
corvina (Sturnoides), 137. 
Corypha, 593. 
ALPHABETICAL IISDEX. 

Coryphegnathus, 501. 

Corys, 636. 

corythaix (Basilornis), 

95. 
corytliaix (Hetoornis), 
96. 
corythaix (Pastor), 96. 
Cosmopsarus, 159. 
Couigniop, Le, 175. 
eraspedopterus (Eupleetes), 
228. 
crassa (Aplonis), 134. 
crassa (Oalornis), 134. 
crassirostris(Alaucla).568, 

639. 
crassirostris (Ammomanes), 
639. 
crassirostris (Calandula), 

639. 
crassirostris (Oalornis). 
150. 
crassirostris (Galerita), 
639. 
crassirostris (Megalophonus), 
639. 
crassirostris (Melanocorypha), 
639. 
cristata (Alauda), 626. 
cristata (Coracia), 194. 
cristata (Galerita), (525, 

620, 627, 634. 
cristatella (Gracula), 92. 
cristatelloides (Acriclo


theres), 87. 
cristatelloides (Maina), 

86. 
cristatellus (JSthiopsar), 
666. 
cristatellus (Acridotheres), 
86. 
cristatellus (JEthiopsar), 

666. 
cristatellus (Pastor), 87, 
90, 91, 92. 
cristatus (Fieophagus), 

480. 
cristatus (Heterops), 628. 
cristatus (Malimbus),478, 
480. 
cristatus (Ploceus), 478, 
480. 
cristatus (Syeobius), 480. 
crocata (Hyphantornis), 
428. 
crocata (Icteropsis), 410. 
Crow, Caledonian, 153. 
eruciger (Fringilla), 652. 
cruciger (Megalops), 
652. 
crucigera 
(Pyrrhulauda), 
650,655. 

Oryptospiza, 254. 
cucullata (Amadina), 

264. 
cucullata (Estrelda), 265. 
cucullata (Hyphantornis), 
451, 457. 
cucullata (Spermestes), 
264,265. 
cucullatus (Hyphantornis), 
451, 456, 457. 
cucullatus (Oriolus), 

451. 
cucullatus (Ploceus), 451, 
455, 457, 459. 
cucullatus (Tester), 457. 
cupreicauda (Juida), 

184. 
cupreicauda (Lamprocolius), 
184. 
cupreicauda (Lamprotornis), 
184. 
cupreicaudus (Lamprocolius), 
184. 
cyaneifrons (Erythrura), 

356. 
cyanifrons (Erythrura), 
386. ^ " 
cyaniventris (Lamprocolius), 
176. 
cyanogaster(Ora?ginthus), 

402. 
cyanogastra (Estrelda), 
" 401. 
cyanogastra (Loxia), 

402. 
cyanogastra (Mariposa), 
*402. 
cyanogastra (Uraegin" 
thus), 402. 
cyanogenvs (Lamproco 
lius), 179. 
eyanogenys (Lamprotornis), 
179. 
cyanopis (Emberiza), 

381. 
cyanorhynchus (Spermo* 
phaga), 498. 
cyanotis (Lamprocolius), 
17& 
cyanotis (Lamprotornis), 

179. _ 
cyanovirens (Amadina), 
384. ^ 
cyanovirens (Ambly" 
nura), 384. 
cyanovirens (Erythrura), 

384. 
cyanovirens (Geospiza), 
"384. 
cyclospilos (Ploceus), 

468. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

damarensis (Mirafra), 

612. 
daurica (Sturnia), 55,70, 
72. 
dauricus (Aeridotheres), 
71. 
dauricus (Calornis), 72. 
dauricus (Heterornis\72. 
daurieus (Pastor), 71. 
dauricus (Sturnus\ 71. 
dauricus (Temenuchus). 
72. 
decora (Vidua), 205. 
decorata (Juida), 181. 
deeoratus(Larnproeolius). 
181. 
defilippii (Juida), 171. 
defilippii (Lamprocolius), 
Dermophrys, 326. 
deserti (Alauda), G4G. 
deserti ( .Vmniomanes), 

643, 640, 647, 048. 
deserti (Calandrella), 

589. 
deserti (Melanocorypha\ 
640. 
deserti (Mirafra), 645, 
040. 
desertorum (Algernon), 
519,520. 
desertorum (Alauda), 

519. 
desertorum(Certliilauda), 
518,519. 
detruncata (Amadina), 

289. 
detruncata (Fringilla), 
289. 
deva (Alauda), 621,034. 
deva (Spizalauda), 621, 
628. 
Diachmura, 326. 
diademata (Pyromelana), 
230. 
diadematus (Euplectes), 
236. 
diluta (Otocorys), 670. 
Dilophus, 61. 
dimidiata (Hyphantornis), 
458, 459. 
dimidiatus (Ploceus), 

459. 
dinemellii (Alecto), 500, 
507. 
dinemelli (Limoneres), 
500. 
dinemellii (Tester), 500, 
507. 
Dioeh, 257. 
Dioch rose, 257. 
domesticus (Sturnus), 

28. 
dominicana (Sturnia), 54, 

70. 
doinimcanus (Pastor), 71. 
dominicanus (Turdus), . 
71. 
Domino, Le, 346. 
Donaeola, 326. 
dorias (Certbilauda), 520. 
dorsalis (Nigrita), 251. 
dorsalis (Philieterus), 
251. 
dorsofusca (Percnopsis), 
318. 
dubia (Eulabes), 104. 
dubia (Taha), 243. 
dubium (Scissirostrum), 
193. 
dubius (Lanius), 193. 
dubius (Mainatus), 104. 
dubius (Ploceus), 242. 
duboisi (Ploceus), 457. 
dufresnii (Coecopygia), 
305, 300. 
dufresnii (Estrelda), 303. 
dufresnii (Fringilla), 305. 
dufresnii (Habropyga), 

300. 
dufresnii (Ortygospiza\ 
300. 
dukkunensis (Alauda), 
584. 
dnkhunensis (Calandrella), 
584. 
dulcivox (Alauda), 508. 
dumonti (Eulabes), 111. 
dumonti (Gracula), 111. 
dumonti (0-ymnops),Ul. 
dumonti (Mainatus), 111. 
dumonti (Mino), 111. 
duponti (Alauda), 514, 

520. 
duponti (Certbilauda), 
526. 
duponti (Chersophilus), 
520. 
duponti (Gralerita), 526. 
Eclatant, 154. 
edwardsi (Euplectes), 

231. 
efirenata (Estrelda), 396. 
elegans (Alauda), 644. 
elegans (Ammomanes), 
644. 
elegans (Estrelda), 299. 
elegans (Fringilla), 297, 
299. 
elegans (Hetarornis), 09. 
elegans (Loxigilla), 297. 
elegans (Marquetia), 

297. 
elegans (Melanocorypha), 
044. 
elegans (Pastor), 68. 
elegans (Pytelia), 297, 
298,299. 
elegans (Sturnia), 09. 
elegans (Temenuchus), 

09. 
elegans (Zonogastris), 
298. 
elegantissima (Pytelia), 
297. 
elwesi (Otocorys), 533, 
534. 
emberiziuus (Nelicuryius), 
496. 
Emblema, 295. 
emilias (Nigrita), 316. 
eminentissima(Calyphan 

tria), 484. 
eminentissima (Foudia), 

484. 
eminentissima (Nesaeanthis), 
484, 069. 
eminentissimus (Ploceus), 

484. 
emini (Heterhyphantes), 
420. 
emini (Hyphantornis), 
420. 
emini (Syeobrotus), 420. 
emini (Sympleetes), 420. 
emini (Ploceus), 420. 
Enoctes, 192. 
eques (Coliuspasser), 
220. 
eques (Pentbetria), 220. 
eques (Urobraehya), 220. 
eques (Vidua), 220. 
Erana, 639. 
eremobius (Sympleetes), 
419. 
ernesti (Coecopygia^ 
307. 
ernesti (Estrelda), 307. 
ernesti (Habropyga), 
307. 
erythrocepbala (Amadina), 
290. 
erythrocepbala (Coccothraustes), 
290. 
erythrocepbala (Foudia), 

486. 
erythrocepbala (Fringilla), 
255, 485. 
erythrocephala (Loxia), 

290. 
erythrocephala (Mirafra), 
610. 
erythrocephala (Sporotklastes), 
290. 
erythrocephalus (Hyphantornis), 
413. 
erythrocephalus (Ploceus), 
413,486. 
erythrochlamys (Alauda), 

648. 
erythrochlamys (Ammomanes), 
U8, 649. 
erythrochlamys (Megalophonus), 
G49. 
erythrogaster (Turdus), 

191. 
erythrogastra (Juidti), 


191. 
erythrogenys (Calyphantria), 
413. 
erythronota (Estrelda), 

307. 
erythronota(Habropyga), 

398. 
erythronotos (Fringilla), 
305,397. 
erythronotus (Fringilla), 

305. 
erythrophrys - (Oalornis), 

192. 
erythrophrys (Enodes), 

192. 
erythrophrys (Lamprotornis), 
192. 
erythrophthalmus (Hyphantornis), 
460. 
erythrophthalmus (Ploceus), 
461. 
erythrops(Oalyphantria), 

255. 
erythrops (Euplectes), 

255. 
erythrops (Foudia), 255. 
erythrops (Hyphantica), 

255. 
erythrops (Ploceus), 255. 
erythrops (Quelea), 255. 
erythroptera (Estrelda), 

301. 
erythroptera (Mirafra), 

612. 
erythropygia (Alauda), 

619. 
erythropygia (Ammomanes), 
620. 
erythropygia (Melanocorypha), 
620. 
erythropygia (Mirafra), 

619. 
erythropygius (Acridotheres), 
48. 
erythropygius (Poliopsar), 
48. 

ALPHABETICAL ISTDEX. 

erythropygius (Spodiopsar), 
666. 
erythropygius (Temenuchus), 
47, 48. 
erythrorhyneha (Buphaga), 
196, 197. 
erythrorhyneha (Tanagra), 
196. 
erythrorhyneha (Vidua), 

204. 
erythrorhynchus(Alecto)} 

510. 
erythrorhynchus (Bubalornis), 
510. 
erythrorhynchus (Tex-
tor), 509, 511. 
Erythrura, 380. 
Estrilda, 390. 
Etourneau, 27. 
Etourneau du Cap de 
Bonne Esperance, 57. 
Etourneau cle France, 28. 
Etourneau pie, 58. 
Eulabes, 98, 067. 
Euodice, 308. 
Euplectes, 227. 
Eupodes, 421. 
europams (Sturnus), 2ti. 
etirvstomina (Pseudochelidon), 
21. 
everetti (Oxycerca), 383. 
everetti (Uroloncha), 363. 
eytoni (Juida), 155. 

faeroensis (Sturnus), 28. 
fasciata (Amadina), 289. 
fasciata (Coccothrau&tes), 

289. 
fasciata (Loxia), 289. 
fasciata (Munia), 289, 
fasciatus (Sporothlastes), 

289. 
fasciolata (Alauda), 597. 
fasciolatus (Megalophonus), 
f>97. 
feadensis (Aplonis), 129. 
feadensis (Oalornis), 129. 
ferruginea (Alauda), 649. 
ferruginea (Amadina), 

332. 
ferruginea (Amrnomanes), 
649. 
ferruginea (Calandrella), 
607.^ 
ferruginea (Melanoeorypha), 
607. 
ferruginea (Dermophrys), 

ferruginea (Munia), 332. 
ferruginous (Megalophonus), 
649. 

f errugineus (Ficophagus), 

477. 
ferruginosa (Amadina), 

332. 
ferruginosa (Loxia), 332. 
ferruginosa (Munia), 

332. 
firabriata (Habropyga), 

284. 
Finch, Beautiful, 296. 
Finch, Blue-bellied, 400. 
Finch, Brazilian, 403. 
Finch, Fire, 275. 
Finch, G-ol den-backed, 

235. 
Finch, Glossy, 3u8. 
Finch, Lovely, 287. 
Finch, Red and Blue 
Brazilian, 403. 
Finch, Parrot, 382. 
Finch, Bed-breasted 
Long-tailed, 211. 
Finch, Red-faced, 302. 
Finch, Red-rumped, 305 
Finch, Eed-breaated,48c 
Finch, Senegal, 275. 
Finch, Temporal, 372. 
Finch, Ultramarine, 309 
Finch, White-headed, 

292. 
Fire-bird, 275. 
fiseheri (Hyphantornia), 

458. 
fiseheri (Linura), 210. 
fiseheri -(Megalophonus), 

600. 
fiseheri (Mirafra), 600. 
fiseheri (Xotau^es), 139, 

067. 
fiseheri (Pholidauges), 

667. 
fiseheri (Ploceus), 459. 
fiseheri (Spree), 1S9, 667, 

653. 
fiseheri (Vidua), 210. 
fiammieeps (Euplectes), 

228. 
fiammieeps (Ploceus), 

228. 
fiammiceps(Pyromelana), 
228, 233. 
flava (Alauda), 542. 
flava (G-alerita), 635. 
flayicans (Fouclia), 434. 
flayicans (Ploceus), 434. 
flaviceps (Euplectes), 228, 

401. 
flayiceps (Xelieuryius), 

490. 
flayiceps (Ploceus), 488. 

490. 

flavidiventris (Estrelda), 

323. 
flavidiventris (Sporseginthus), 
323. 
fl avigula (Hypbantomis), 
415,429. 
flavigula (Ploceus), 429, 

404. 
flavigula (Textor), 429. 
flaviprymna (Amadina), 
345. 
flaviprymna (Dermopbrys), 
345. 
flaviprymna (Donacola), 

345. 
flaviprymna (Munia), 
345. 
flaviscapulata (Penthetria), 
221,223. 
flaviscapulata (Vidua), 


223. 
fla\iscapulatus (Coliuspasser), 
223. 
flaviscapulatus (Pentberia), 
223. 
flaviveutris (Estrelda), 

307. 
flavomarginatus (Ploceus), 
462. 
flavoptera (Fringilla), 

221. 
flavoviridis (Hyphantornis), 
453. 
flavoviridis (Ploceus), 

453. 
flavoviridis (Textor), 453. 
forbesi (Erythrura), 387. 
forbesi (Munia), 342. 
formosa (Estrelda), 287. 
formosa (Fringilla), 287. 
formosa (Pytelia), 287. 
formosana (Amadina), 
338. 
formosana (Munia), 338. 
fortune (Aplonis), 132. 
Foudi, 433. 
Foudia, 432. 
Foudi Leb6mene\ 433. 
Foulimene, 433. 
franciseana, (Loxia), 233. 
franciseana(Pyromelana), 
233. 
franciseanus (Euplectes), 
233. 
franciseanus (Ploceus), 
233. 
frater (Amydrus), 164. 
fraterculus (Ammomanes), 
647. 
fraterculus (Mirafra), 

647. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

Fregilupus, 194. 
frenata (Astrilda), 396. 
frenata (Estrelda), 396. 
frenata (Habropyga), 

396. 
friedriebseni (Euplectes), 
235. 
friedriebseni (Pyronielana), 
235. 
fringillaris (Mirafra), 


606. 
fringilloides (Amadina), 
267. 
fringilloides (Amaurestbes), 
267. 
fringilloides (Munia), 

267. 
fringilloides (Ploceus), 
267. 
fringilloides(Spermestes), 
267. 
frontalis (Amadina), 409. 
frontalis (Estrelda), 409. 
frontalis (Fringilla), 409. 
frontalis (Loxia), 409. 
frontalis (Ploceus), 409. 
frontalis (Pyrenestes), 
501, 504. 
frontalis (Pyrrbulauda), 

655. 
frontalis (Sporopipes), 
409. 
fulgida (Juida), 165. 
fulgidus (Onycognatbus), 
165. 
fuliginosa (Vidua), 205. 
fuliginosus (Aeridotberes), 
93. 
fulvipennis (Amydrus), 

169. 
fulvipennis (Calornis), 
150,151. 
fulvipennis (Juida), 169. 
fulvipennis (Lamproco


rax), 150. 
fulvipennis (Lamprotornis), 
150, 169. 
fulvipennis (Spreo), 168, 

169. 
fulvipennis (Sturnoides), 
150. 
fumigata (Amadina), 361. 
fumigata (Munia), 361. 
fumigata ( Ur oloncba), 
361. 
funerea (Fringilla), 310. 
funerea (Hypocbasra), 
310. 
funerea (Tiaris), 310. 
fusca (Galerita), 579. 
fusca (Hetseromis), 87. 
fusca (Lamprotornis),130. 
fuscans (Amadina), 364. 
fuscans (Munia), 364. 
fuscans (Spermestes), 364. 
fuscans (Uroloncba), 364. 
fuscata (Amadina), 330. 
fuscata (Coccotbraustes), 

330. 
fuscata (Loxia), 330. 
fuscata (Munia), 330. 
fuscata (Oryzornis), 330. 
fuscata (Padda), 330. 
fuscata (Spermestes), 330. 
fuscatus (Ocypterus), 20. 
fuscicollis (Nelicurvius), 
489. 
fuscicollis (Ploceus), 489. 
fuscocastanea (Hypbantornis), 
471. 
fuscocrissa (Ortygospiza), 

269. 
fuscofulva (Emberiza), 
484. 
fuscofuha (Nesacantbis), 
484. 
fuscogularis (Spodiopsar), 
666. 
fusconota (Nigrita), 318. 
fuscovirescens (Calornis), 

141. 
fuscus (Acridotberes), 81, 
86, 89. 
fuscus (iEtbiopsar), 666. 
fuscus (Aplonis), 133. 
fuscus (Artamus), 11. 
fuscus (Pastor), 86, 89. 

galbula (Hypbantomis), 

442. 
galbula (Ploceus), 442. 
galbula (Textor), 442, 
462. 
Galerida, 625. 
Galerita, 625. 
galerita (Alauda), 628. 
gallinacea (G-racula), 61. 
gallinaceus (Acridotberes), 
61. 
gallinaceus (Dilopbus), 

61. 
gallinaceus (Sturnus), 61. 
gambiensis (Hypbantornis), 
451, 455. 
gauge tica (Alauda), 576. 
garrula (Alauda), 515. 
garrula (Certhilauda), 

515. 
garrula (Cbersomanes), 
515. 
Geocorapbus, 593. 
Geospiza, 380. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

684 

gierowi (Euplectes), 235. 
gierowi (Pyromelana), 

235. 
gigas (Chlamydera), 134. 
gigas (Sturnoides), 134. 
gingica (Alauda), 652. 
ginginiana (Gracula), 
84. 
ginginiana (Hetan'ornis), 
85. 
ginginianus (Acridotheres), 
84. 
ginginianus (Pastor), So. 
giraudi (Otocorys), 549. 
Girole, La, 568. 
glauea (Erythrura), 385. 
glaucovirens (Lamproco


lius), 173. 
gnathophila (Gracula), 

112. 
Goldfinch, Green, 29G, 
299. 
gouldise (Amadina), 378. 
gouldias (Ohloebia), 37S. 
goiildiae (Poephila), 378. 
Gremlin, 97. 
Gowry Bird, 34G. 
gracilirostris (Acridotheres), 
120. 
gracilis (Alauda), 57<>. 
Gracula, 98. 
Graculipica. 70. 
Gracupica, 7(i 
Grakle, Bald, 97. 
Grakle, Crested, 92. 
Grakle, Minor, 99. 
Granatina, 403. 
granatina (.Egintha),403. 
granatina (Estrelda), 403. 
granatina (Fringilla), 

403. 
granat i n a (Granat in a), 
403. 
granatina (Loxia), 400. 
granatina (Mariposa), 
403. 
granatiuus (Urnjginthus), 
403, 404. 
Grand Mainate, La, 99. 
Grande Veuve d'Angola, 

211. 
grandis (Acriclotberes), 
91. 
grandis (jEthiopsar), 666. 
grandis (Oalornis), 150. 
grandis (Hypbantornis), 
450. 
grandis (Lamprocorax), 
150. 
grandis (Munia), 344. 
fp&ndis (Ploceus), 450. 
grayi (Alauda), 643 

grayi(Ammomanes), 643. 

grayi (Hypbantornis), 

415,429. 

gregalis (Fringilla), 422. 

gregalis (Sycobius), 422. 

gregicolus (Pastor), So. 

Grenadier, 230, 403. 

grisea (Alauda), 052. 

grisea (Gracula), 84. 

grisea (Pyrrhulauda^, 

652. 
Grisette, La, 627. 
griseus (Acriclotberes), 
84, 86. 
griseus (Ooraphites), 652. 
griseus (Gymnops), 97. 
griseus (Pastor), So, 90. 
Grivelin, 290. 
Grosbeak, Abyssinian, 

453. 
Grosbeak, Bengal, 494. 
Grosbeak, Black-bellied, 
241. 
Grosbeak, Black-lined, 
293. ^~ 
Grosbeak, Brazilian. 290. 
Grosbeak, Brown, 371. 
Grosbeak, Cape, 23(). 
Grosbeak, Common, 373. 
Grosbeak, Cowry. 340. 
Grosbeak, Faseiated, '2S^. 
Grosbeak, Gambia, 457. 
Grosbeak, Gam boa, 457. 
Grosbeak, Gold-backed. 
235. 
Grosbeak, Grenadier, 
231. 
Grosbeak, Java, 328. 
Grosbeak, Long-tailed, 
221. 
Grosbeak, Madagascar, 
433. 
Grosbeak, Malacca, 331, 
332. 
Grosbeak, Molucca, 367. 
Grosbeak, Xitid, 293. 
Grosbeak, Paradise, 290. 
Grosbeak, Pensile, 436. 
Grosbeak, Philippine, 
488. 
Grosbeak, Social, 249. 
Grosbeak, Striated, 359. 
Grosbeak, Warbling, 371. 
Grosbeak, Waxbill, 392. 
Grosbeak, White-headed, 
332. 
Gros-bec cendre de la 
Chine, 328. 
Grosbec d'Abyssinie, 453. 
Grosbec de Cayenne, 231. 

Gros-bec de Coromandel, 

236. 
Gros-bec de Gamble, 457. 
Grobec de Java, 330, 
331,346,381. 
Grosbec de la Chine, 32S, 

334. 
Gros-bee de l'lsle de 
Bourbon, 359. 
Grosbec des Indes, 494. 
Gros-bec des Moluques, 

307. 
Grosbec des Philippines. 
4SS. 
Gros-bec du Bresil, 200. 
Grosbec tachete de Java, 

352. 
Gros-bec 
tachete du Cap 
de Bonne Esperance, 

236. 
Grosse Alouette on la 
Calandre, 551. 
gryllirora (Gracula i, 80. 
guerini (Hypbantornis), 

419. 
gularis (Calornis), 141. 
gularis (Lamprotornis\ 
142. 
gulgula (Alauda), 509, 
575, 62*. 
gurtieyi (Anaplectes), 

gurne\i (Ploceus), 412. 
guttata (Alauda), 522, 

569. 
guttata (Amadina), 292. 
guttata (Coeeothraustes), 
5(J0. 
guttata (Estrilda>, 292. 
guttata (Loxia), 292, 500. 
guttata (Spermospiza), 

274, 499, 500. 
guttata (Sporotblastea), 

292. 
guttata (Staganopleura), 
292. 
guttatus (Lamproeolius), 
177. 
guttatus (Megalophonus\ 
522. 
guttatus (St urn us), 2S. 
gutturalis (Hypbantornis), 
427. 
gutturalis (Ploceus), 427. 
Gymnops, 96. 

habessinica (Btiphaga), 

196. 
habessinica 
(Eupleotas), 
242, 244. 

ALPHABETICAL IKDEX. 

habeasinica (Hypkantornis), 
453. 
Habropyga, 390. 
keeruatma (Coccotkraustes),
49S. 
ksematina (Loxia), 498. 
kasniatina (Spermospiza), 
498, 500. 
hsematocephala (Calyphantria), 
255. 
ksematocephala(Hypkaiitica), 
255. 
krcniatocepkala (Foudia), 

255. 
k&matocepkalus (Agropkilus), 
245. 
ksematocepkalus (Tloceus), 
413. 
Hagiopsar, 108. 
kainanus (Eulabe&). 105. 
kainanus (Mainatus), 105. 
Ilalalavie, 266. 
Haplopyga, 390. 
kartlaubi (Amadma), 305. 
kartlaubi (Amydrus), 
16G. 
kartlaubi (Coliuspasser), 

219. 
kartlaubi (Juida), 100. 
kartlaubi (Onvcognatkus), 
1C6. 
kartlaubi (Pentketria), 
216,219. 
kartlaubi (Pvtelia), 305. 
Hartlaubius, 120. 
Hausse-col noir ou 
L'Alouette de Yirginie, 
542. 
hayi (Mirafra), 621. 
kayi (Spizalauda), 621. 
keinii (Calandritis), 587. 
Heliocorys, 623. 
kemiraelaana (Munia), 

343. 
kernionensis (Alauda), 

581. 
kermonensis (Calandrella), 
581. 
Heterkypkantes, 414. 
Heteroeorys, 524. 
Heterops, 625. 
Heteropsar, 185. 
keuglini (Hypkantornis),
468. 
keuglini (Ploceus), 4C8. 
kildebrandti (Notauges), 

190. 
kildebrandti (Spreo), 190. 
kildebrandti (Urobrackya), 
225. 
Histurgops, 505. 

kollandiaa (Sturnus), 28. 
Hoopoe, Madagascar, 

194. 
korsfieldi (Mirafra), 603, 

604. 
Hotakota, 601. 
koya (AJaucla), 601. 
bora (Mirafra), 601. 
humii (Sturnus), 33, 35. 
kunsteini (Donacicola), 
344 ^ 
kunsteini (Munia), 344. 
Huppe clu Cap de Bonne 
Esperance, 194. 
Huppe grise, 194. 
Huppe noir et blancke 
du Cap de Bonne Esperance, 
194. 
Hypargus, 271. 
kypermetrus (Spiloeorvdon), 
620. 
kypervtkra (Aruadina), 
'388. 
hyperytkra (Oklorura), 

388. 
Hjpkantica, 254. 
Hypkantomis, 437. 
Hypockera, 308. 
kypockerina (Yidua), 
^208. 
ky pograiu mica(Estrelda), 

302. 
kvpogrammica (Pytelia), 
"302. 
kvpoleucus (Artanius), 
*17. 
kypomelas (Habropyga), 

282. 
kypomelas (Kkodopvga), 

282. 
kypoxantkus (Ploceolus), 
*475. 
kypoxantkus (Ploceus), 

475. 

iantkinogaster (Urieginthus), 
404. 
iantkinogastra (Estrelda), 

404. 
icterocepkalus (Ploceus), 

430. 
icteromelas (Pyranga), 

422. 
Icteropsis, 410. 
Ierapterkina, 527. 
ignicolor (Euplectes), 

233. 
ignicolor (Fringilla), 233. 
ignicolor (Loxia), 233. 
ignita (Fringilla), 275. 
ignita (Juida), 174. 

ignita (Lagonosticta), 

275. 
ignita (Laniprotornis), 

174. 
ignitus (Lamprocolius), 

174. 
imraaculata (Calandritis), 

581. 
immaculata (Mirafra). 


610. 
iinmaculosa (Spermospiza), 
500. 
imperialis (Emberiza), 
m 213. 
incana (Habropyga), 285. 
incana (Pytelia), 285.' 
incognita (Sturnia), 47. 
inconspicua (Alauda), 

569. 
indica (Gracula), 99. 
indicus (Grracula), 105. 
indicus (Sturnus), 33, 35. 
infuscata (Alauda), 620. 
iniuscata (Melanocory 
pka), 620. 
inglisi (Amadma), 350. 
inglisi (Munia), 350. 
inornata (Aplouis), 135. 
iuornata (Calornis), 141, 
insidiator (Calornis), 143. 
insidiator (Lamprotornis), 
143. 
insidiator (Lanius), 143. 
insignis (Artamus), 11. 
insularis (Amadina), 311. 
insularis (Tceniopygia), 

intermedia (Eulabes), 
105,108. 
intermedia (Gracula), 
105,107. 
intermedia (Hypkantica), 

259. 
intermedia (Quelea), 259. 
intermedins (Hypkantornis), 
460. 
intermedius (Mainatus), 

104. 
intermedius (Ploceus), 
460,467. 
intermedius (Textor), 

511. 
iris (Coccycolius), 185, 

668. 
irwini (Calornis), 143. 
isabellina (Alauda), 629, 
635,646. 
isabellina (Ammomanes), 

646\

isabellina (G-alerita), 

635. 

isabeUina (Melanocory


pha), 646. 

isabeUina (Hyphantor


nis), 472. 

isabeUina (Ploceus), 472. 

isabellinus (Ammo


manes), 645. 

itala (Melanocorypha), 

581. 
italica (Alauda), 568. 
jacksoni (Ploceus), 450. 
Jacobin, 330; 
jacobin (Loxia), 331. 
jagori (Amadina), 337. 
jagori (Dermophrys), 

337. 
jagori (Munia), 337. 
jagori (Oxycerca), 353. 
jagori (Uroloncha), 353. 
jalla (Pastor), 57. 
jalla (Psarites), 57. 
jalla (Sturnopastor), 57. 
jamesoni (Hvphantornis), 
447. 
jamesoni (Lagonosticta), 
283. 
japonica (Alauda), 508. 
Jaunoir du Cap de Bonne 
Esperanee, 101. 
javana (Gracula), 107. 
javanensis (Corvus), 102. 
javanensis (Eulabes), 

102, 105, 108. 

invanensis 
(Gracula), 
32,104, 105. 
nensis (Loxia), 474. 
Cnensis (Mainatus), 

02. 
mensis (Ploceella), 
74,475. 
inensis (Ploceus), 
.75. 
jw.anica (Gracula), 107. 
javaniea (Mirafra), 002, 
609,612. 
javanieus (Acridotheres), 
00, 91. 
javanicus (iEtkiopsar), 

660. 
javanicus (Geocoraphus), 
602. 
javanus (Eulabes), 102, 
105. 
javanus (Mainatus), 102. 
javensis (Loxia), 328. 
jessei (Algernon), 520. 
jessei (Certbilauda), 520. 
jonquillaceus (Ploceus), 
415. 
Juida, 154. 
juidffi (Turdus), 175. 
ALPHABETICAL OTDEX. 

kelaartii (Amadina), 

366. 
kelaartii (Munia), 366. 
kelaartii (Uroloncha), 
366. 
kersteni (Ploceus), 423. 
kersteni (Sycobrotus), 

423. 
kersteni (Symplectes), 
423. 
kilimensis (CoccopTgia), 
307. 
Kink de la Chine, 68. 
kittlitzi (Aplonis), 136. 
kittlitzi (Calomis), 136. 
kittlitzi (Erythrura), 385. 
kleinschmidti (Amblynura), 
387. 
kleinschmidti ( Ery


thrura \ 387. 
kollyi (Alauda). 579. 
kollyi (Calandrella), 570. 
kollyi (Cakndritis), 581. 
kollyi (Phileremos), 579. 
kreffti (Eulabes), 112. 
kreffti (Gracula), 112. 
kreffti (Mino), 112. 
kukunoorensis (Alau


clula), 586, 
kukunoorensia (Calandrella), 
580. 

ladoensis (Euplectes\ 

244. 
ladoensis tPvromelana), 
2-44. 
lagepa (Alauda), 522. 
lagepa (Megalophonus), 

522. 
Lamprocolius, 170. 
Lamprocorax, 137. 
Lamprotornis, 154. 
landanie (Lagonosticta), 
283. 
Langrayen de Yiti, 9. 
Lark, African, 514. 
Lark, Black, 500, 507. 
Lark, Ca'andra, 551. 
Lark, Cinereous, 561. 
Lark, Crested, 026. 
Lark, Gingi, 652. 
Lark, Italian, 56S. 
Lark, Malabar, 034. 
Lark, Mongolian, 558. 
Lark, Mutable, 500. 
Lark, Portugal, f"45, 
Lark, Senegal, 627. 
Lark, Shore, 542. 
Lark, Short-toed, 581. 
Lark, Sky, 567. 
Lark, Testaceous, 580. 
Lark, The, 541. 
Lark, Undated, 627. 

Lark, White-winged, 

557. 
Lark, Wood. 637. 
larvata (Amadina), 286. 
larvata (Eatrelda), 286. 
larvata (Fringillaj, 286. 
larrata (Gracula), 61. 
larrata (Habropyga), 
286. 
larrata (Hvphantornis\ 
453. 
larvata (Lagonosticta), 
286. 
larvata (Monnolveia), 
280. 
larvata (Otocoris), 531. 
larvata (Pytelia>/256. 
larvatus t Ploceus), 453. 
larvatus (Textor),' 453. 
lateralis (Pytelia), 287. 
lateritia (Estreldai, 278. 
lateritia (Lagonosticta I 
278. 
lathami (Amadina), 257, 
292. 
lathami (Fringilla), 292. 
lathami (Loxia), 257. 
lathami (Ploceus), 257. 
lathami (Quelea), 257. 
latieauda (Frinffilla"), 
218. 
latieauda fPenthetria). 
218. 
latieauda f Vidua \ 218. 
latieaudus (Coliuspaaser> 
218. 
leautungensis (Alauda), 
028. 
leautunsrensis (Galerita \ 
628. *" 
leiopus f Alauda , 568. 
lenocinia i Vidua), 210. 
lepidopterus (Eupleete»), 
407. 
lepidopterus (FringillaS 
407. 
lepidopterus {Ploceus), 
4U7. 
lepidopterus (Sporopipes\ 
407. 
Lepidopygia, 201. 
lepidus (Eupleetes), 249. 
lepidus (Phikvterusu 

249. 
kssoni (Juida), 173. 
lessoni (Lamprocolius), 
173. 
leucocepliala 
(Binemellia), 
506. 

leucocephala (FrmgiUa), 

202. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

leucocephala (Loxia), 

333. 
leucocephala (Sturnia), 

47. 
leucocephala (Acridotheres), 
46. 
leucocephalus (Pastor), 

44. 
leucocephalus (Poliopsar), 
116. 
leucocephalus (Spodiopsar), 
666. 
leucocephalus (Textor), 

506. 
leucogaster (Artanius), 
3,4. 
leucogaster (Calornisj, 

121. 
leucogaster (Cinmriciuclus), 
121, 124; 
leucogaster (Jidda), 121, 

123. 
leucogaster (Larnproeolius), 
121. 
leucogaster (Lamprotornis), 
123. 
leucogasf er (Leptopteryx), 
4. 
leucogaster (Ocypterus), 

4. 
leucogaster (Pholidauges), 
121, 123. 
leucogaster (Turdus), 


121. 
leucogastra (Amadina), 


362. 
leucogastra (Grandala), 


122. 
leucogastra (Munia), 


362. 
leucogastra (Oxycerca), 


362. 
leucogastra (Uroloncha), 

362. 
leucogastroides (Amadina), 
363. 
leucogastroides (Munia), 

363. 
leucogastroides (Trichogrammoptila), 
364. 
leucogastroides (Uroloncha), 
363. 
leucolsema (Ereraophila), 
538,539. 
leucolaana (Otocorys), 

538. 
leuconota (Fringilla), 


360. 
leuconota (Loxia), 


360. 
leuconota (Munia), 357, 

360. 

leuconota (Spermestes), 

360. 
leueonotus (Plocens), 

413. 
leucopareia (Coraphites), 

651. 
leucopareia (Fyrrhulauda), 
651. 
leucophaja (Alauda), 

593. 
leucophaea (Alaudula), 

593. 
leucophaea (Calandrella), 

593. 
Leucophrys, 244. 
leueophtbalnius (Ploceus), 
419. 
leucoptera (Alauda), 

557. 
leucoptera (Calandra), 

557. 
leucoptera (Calandrella), 

557. 
leucoptera (Melanocorypha), 
557. 
leucoptera (Pallasia), 

557. 
leucopterus (Temenuehus), 
52. 
leucopygialis (Artamus), 

4. 
leucorhynehos (Artamus), 
11. 
leucorhynchus (Artamus), 
4, 9, 11. 
leucorhynchus (Lanius), 

leucorhynchus (Leptopteryx), 
4. 
leucorhynchus (Ocypterus), 
4. 
leucorhynus (Artanius), 

leucosticta (Munia), 365. 
leucosticta (Uroloncha), 

365. 
leucotis (Amadina), 377. 
leucotis (Coraphites), 

657. 
leucotis (Estrelda), 

396. 
leucotis (Loxia), 657. 
leucotis (OryziTora), 


328. 
leucotis (Poephila), 677. 
leucotis (Pyrrhulauda), 
657,658. 
lidthi (Eulabes), 104. 
lidthi (Mainatus), 104. 
lidthi (Limoneres), 506. 
lineata (Estrelda), 302. 
lineata (Fringilla), 301. 

lineata (Pytelia), 301. 
lineata (Zonogastris), 
301, 302. 
lineatus (Artamus), 19. 
lineoventer (Amadina). 

347. 
lineoventer (Munia), 668. 
lineoventer (Spermestes), 

346. 
Linnet, Black, 310. 
Linura, 210. 
liopus (Alauda), 568. 
lipiniana (Estrelda), 

397. 
lippa (Fringilla), 325. 
lippa (Melpoda), 325. 
Lobiospiza, 380. 
Lonchura, 326, 355. 
longicauda (Emberiza), 

213. 
longicauda (Fringilla), 

213. 
longicauda (Lamprotornis), 
155. 
longicauda (Vidua), 213. 
longicaudus (Turdus), 

155. 
longipennis (Alauda), 

581. 
longirostris (Alauda), 

536. 
longirostris (Certhilauda), 
514. 
longirostris (Fringilla), 

451. 
longirostris (Otocorys), 
534,536. 
longirostris (Stumus), 

28. 
Lophopsarus, 194. 
lowii (JSarcops), 97. 
Loxie fasciee, 289. 
lucida (Juida), 175. 
lucida (Lamprotornis), 

175. 
lucieni (Nigrita), 317. 
Lullula, 636. 
Lulu, 637. 
lunulata (Amadina), 

270. 
lusitana (Alauda), 64.5. 
lusitana (Ammomanes), 

645. 
lusitana (Mirafra), 647. 
lusitanica (Alauda), 644. 
lusitanica (Ammomanes), 

647. 
lusitanica (Certhilauda), 

527. 
lusitanicus (Chersophilus), 
527. 
lutea (Galerita), 635. 

luteifrons (Nigrita), 

317. 
lutoola (Fringilla), 42o. 
luteola (Hyphantornis), 
426. 
luteola (Sitagra),42y.< 
luteolus (Hyphantornis), 
425. 
luteolus (Ploccolus), 425. 
luteolus (Ploceus), 425. 
luxuosa (Jidda), 172. 
Lychnidospiza, 271. 
lyra (Menura), 661. 
macrocerca (Fringilla), 

223. 
macrocerca (Pentkotria), 

223. 
macrocerca (Penthetriopsis), 
223. 
macrocerca (Vidua), 

223. 
macrocereus (Coliuspasser), 
223. 
macroptera (Alauda), 


581. 
macroptera (Calandritis), 
581. 
macroptera (Melanocorypha), 
581. 
macrorhyncba (Alauda), 

628. 
macr orliyncha (Q-alerita), 

628. 
icroura (Loxia), 221. 
sroura (Vidua), 221. 

•ura (Penthetria), 
21. 
M-ura (Pentbetriopsis), 
*20. 
Maoruropsar, 152. 
tuacrurus (Ooliuspasser), 

51, 223. 
rurus (Coliustruus), 
221. 

maculosa (Loxia), 290. 
luadagascariensis (Calyphantria), 
433. 
madagascariensis (Foudia), 
433,484. 
madagascariensis (Fregilupus), 
194. 
madagascariensis (Fringilla), 
433. 
madagascariensis (Hartlaubius), 
120. 
madagascariensis (Loxia), 

433. 
madagascariensis (Ploceus), 
433. 
madagascariensis (Saroglossa), 
120. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

madagascariensis (Tardus), 
120. 
madagascariensis 
(Upupa), 194. 
i nadagascarius (Turdus), 

120. 
magna (Gralerida), G29. 
magnirostris (Alauda), 
039. 
magnirostris (Oalandula), 
639. 
magnirostris (Hyphantornis), 
451. 
magnirostris (Ploceus), 

451. 
inagnus (Lamprotomis), 
152. 
magnus (Macruropsar), 
152. 
inabali (Pbilagrus), 245. 
mahali (Plocepasser), 
245, 246. 

mabrattensis (Acridotheres), 
89, 667.§ 
mabrattensis (JEthiop


sar), 666. 
mabrattensis (Pastor), 

85, 87, 89. 
Maia, 326. 
Maia de la 01 line, 332. 
Maian, Le, 332. 
maianoides (Fringilla), 

332. 
Maina, 79. 
Mainate des Indes Orientales, 
99, 184. 
Mainatus, 98, 667. 
maja (Amadina), 333. 
maja (Dermopbrys), 

333. 
maja (Fringilla), 332, 
333. 
maja (Loxia), 332. 
maja (Munia), 332, 333. 
major (Ploceus), 259. 
Malabar Thrush, 149. 
malabarica (Aidemosyne), 
369. 
malabarica (Alauda), 
576, 634. 
malabarica (Amadina), 

369. 
malabarica (Ooccotbraustes), 
369. 
malabarica (Euodeia), 

370. 
malabarica (Euodice), 
370. 
malabarica (Galerita), 
633. 
malabarica (Loxia), 
369. 
malabarica" (Munia), 370. 
malabarica (Spizalauda), 
634, 634. 
malabarica (Sturnia), 

49. 
malabaricus (Acridotberes), 
49. 
malabaricus (Hetajrornis), 
49. 
malabaricus (Pastor), 49, 

54. 
malabaricus (Poliopsar), 
48, 49. 
malabaricus (Spodiopsar), 
666. 
malabaricus (Temenucbus), 
49. 
malabaricus (Turdus), 

49. 
malacca (Amadina), 331. 
malacca (Ooccotbraustes), 
331. 
malacca (Dermopbrys), 
331. 
malacca (Loxia), 330, 
334. 
malacca (Munia), 330, 
331, 336, 351. 
malacca ( Sperm estes), 

331. 
malaccensis (Spermestes), 
331. 
malayensis (Pastor), 71. 
malayensis (Sturnia), 71. 
malimbica (Tanagra), 
478, 480. 
malimbicus (Malimbus), 

478, 479, 480. 
Malimbus, 477. 
malimbus (Sycobius), 

478,479. 
manyar (Euplectes), 494. 
manyar (Fringilla), 496. 
manyar (Ploceus), 496. 
margaritata (Amadina), 

275. 
margaritata (Estrelda), 
275. 
margaritata (Habropyga), 
275. 
margaritata (Lagonosticta), 
275. 
margaritata (Spermopbaga), 
275. 
margaritata (Spermospiza), 
275. 
margaritatus (Hypargus), 

275. 
marginalis (Amadina), 
290. 
marginalis 
(Aplonis), 
130,131. 

margmata (Aplonis), 

ISO. * h 
Mariposa, 390, 400. 
mariposa (Estrelda) 

;' 
Haariquensis (Hyphantornis), 
461, 464. 
inariquensis (Ploceus), 

400.
464. 
mariquensis (Textor), 
465. 
Marquetia, 296. 
Martin, Le. 80. 
Martin, Brarne, 73. 
Martin gris cle fer, 184. 
Martin vieillard de la 
cote de Malabar, 48. 
martinet! (Foudia), 486. 
massaieus (Megalo


phonus), 612. 
matutina (Alauda), 627. 
mavuroata (Aplonis), 

135. 
maxima (Alauda), 554. 
maxima (Melanocorypha), 
554. 
inaximus (Artamus), 8. 
niechowi (Urobraehya), 

226. 
Mpgalophonus, 593. 
Megalopterus, 158. 
Megalotis, 650. 
megarhynchos (Melanocorypha), 
5oL 
megarhynchus (Ploceus), 

491. 
nielaena (Mimia), 343. 
melaleuca (Leptopteryx), 
8. 
melaleuca (Loxia), 8. 
inelaleucus (Artamus), 
8. 
rnelanaueheii (Corapbites), 
655. 
molanauchen (Pyrrhulauda), 
655. 
luelanictera (Munia), 

362. 
melanocephala (Alauda), 
657. 
melanocephala (Ooccothraustes), 
457. 
melanocephala (Ooraphites), 
657. 
melanocephala (Loneliura), 
334. 
melanocephala (Loxia), 


457. 
melanocephala (Spermestes), 
334. 
melanocephalus (Ploceus), 
453, 457, 460. 
VOL. XIII. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX, 

melanocephalus (Textor), 

451. 
melanocephalus(Turclus), 
74. 
Melanocorypha, 550. 
melanogaster (Estrelda), 
282. 
melanogaster (Euplectes), 
melanogaster (Heterby


phantes), 417. 
melanogaster (Jidda), 182. 
melanogaster (Lampro


colius), 182. 
melanogaster (Lamprotornis), 
182. 
melanogaster (Ploceus), 

417. 
melanogastra (Coccothraustes), 
241. 
melanogastra (Estrelda), 

285. 
melanogastra (Lagonosticta), 
282. * 
melanogenys (Estrelda), 

306. 
melanoleuca (Gracupica), 
77. 
melanoleucus (Artamus), 
8. 
melanoleucus (Sturaopastor), 
77. 
melanoleucus (Loxia), 

241. 
melanoleucus (Lychnidospiza), 
282. 
melanonota (Amblyospiza), 
504. 
melanops (Artamus), 17. 
melanops (Hyphan


tornis), 465. 
melanoptera (Graeula), 

78. 
melanoptera (Graculipica), 
78. 
melanoptera (Sturnopastor), 
78. 
melanopterus (Acridotheres), 
78. 
melanopterus (Heterornis), 
78. 
melanopterus (Pastor), 

78. 
Melanopteryx, 476. 
melanopygia (Amadina), 
363. 
melanopygia (Estrelda), 
395 
melanopygia (Spermestes), 
363. 
melanopygia 
(Trichogrammoptila), 
363. 

OSS) 

Molauopyrrhus, \\i\, 
nielanorhynelia (PUUHUpassor), 
240. 
melanorhynoluiH (Agrophilus), 
247. 
nielauorhynohuB (Hiilagrus), 
24l>. 
melanosoma (Pyrrhulauda), 
651. 
melanosternuB (Acridutheres), 
83, 84. 
melanotis (Amblyospiza), 

504. l 
melanotis (Anapleoton) 
413. 
melanot is (Oaly pi lant ria), 
413. 
melanotis (Estrildu), 
305. 
melanotis (Frincilla). 
305. 
melanotis (Hvphantornis), 
413,^419, 
melanotis (Malmibus), 

413. 
melanotis (Plooeolus), 
419. m 
melanotis (Ploceus), 413, 
419,425. 
melanotis (Pyrenestea), 

504. 
melanotis (Sycobiim), 
413. 
melanotis (Textor), 411). 
melanotus (Ooryphognathus), 
504. 
melanoxanthus (I let erhyphantcs), 
416. 
melanoxanthus (Ilyphanturgus), 
416. 
melanoxanthus (Ploceus), 
416. 
melanoxanthus (Syoobrotus), 
416. 
molba (Estrelda), 25)7, 

299. 
melba (Fringilla), 2\Hl 
melba (Pytelia), 297, 298, 
299. 
melba (Zonogastria), 
297, 
meloxit (HyphSwtorni»), 

469. 
Melpoda, 319. 
melpoda (Estrelda), 325, 
melpoda (Fringilla), 
325. 
melpoda (Habropyga), 
325. 
men talis (Artamus), \h 
mentalis (Ocypterus), 
(>90 

Mcnura, 661. 
monura (Megapodius), 

601. 
Menura, Superb, 661. 
menzbieri (Sturnus), 
33, 665. 
ineridionalis (Oerthilauda), 
520. 
meridionalis (Pyrrhulauda), 
658. 
Merlo a venire orange 
du Senegal, 191. 
Merle brim du Cap de 
J3onne Esperance, 187. 
Merle chauve clcs Philippines, 
97. 
Merle couleur de rose, 

63. 

Merle de Madagascar, 

120. 
Merle des Colombiers, 

147. 

Merle des Philippines, 

80. 
Merle Dominiquain des 
Philippines, 71. 
Merle du Cap de Bonne 
Esperance, 161. 
Merle hupe" de la Chine, 

92. 
Merle vert alongue queue 
cle Senegal, 154. 
Merle vert d'Angola, 170, 

172. 
Merle violet a ventre 
blanche cle Juida, 

121. 
Merle violet du Eoyaume 
de Juida, 175. 
Merops hupp6, 194. 
morrilli (Otocorys), 670. 
metallica (Aplonis), 

138. 
metallica (Calornis), 138, 

142. 
metallica (Lamprotornis), 
138. 
mevesi (Juida), 157. 
mevesi (Lamprotornis), 

157. 
miorocristata (G-alerita), 

629. 
microptera (Mirafra), 

615. 
miniatus (Sporseginthus), 

324. 
minima (Estrelda), 276, 

277. 
minima (Frmgilla),276. 
minima (Lagonosticta), 
276, 277, 668. 
minima (Pytelia), 277. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

Mino, 99, 110. 
Minor, 99. 
minor (Alauda), 549, 


589. 
minor (Alaudula), 588. 
minor (Artamus), 20. 
minor (Oalandrella), 587, 

589. 
minor (Calandritis), 
564, 588. 
minor (Calornis), 142. 
minor (Eremophila), 

549. 
minor (Estrelda), 393; 
minor (Euplectes), 238. 
minor (Gracula), 99. 
minor (Habropyga), 

394. 
minor (Lamprocorax), 

151. 
minor (Lamprotornis), 
142,151. 
minor (Leptopteryx), 20. 
minor (Qcypterus), 20. 
minor (Orynx), 238. 
minor (Otocoris), 549. 
minor (Sturnoides), 151. 
minor (Sturnus), 39. 
minuta (Amadina), 337, 

338. 
minuta (Fringilla), 337. 
minuta (Munia), 337. 
minutus (Ploceus), 425. 
mirabilis (Amadina), 

379. 
mirabilis (Ohloebia), 

379. 
mirabilis (Poephila), 
378,379. 
mirabiHs (Parkinsonius), 

661. 
Mirafra, 593. 
mirafra (Alauda), 602. 
miramaree (G-alerida), 

633. 
mitehelli (Pytelia), 324. 
modesta (Aidemosyne), 


368. 
modesta (Alauda), 623. 
modesta (Amadina), 368, 

385. 
modesta (Erythrura), 


385. 
modesta (Estrilda), 369. 
modesta (G-alerita), 623. 
modesta (Heliocorys), 

623. 
modesta (Hyphantornis), 

451. 
modesta (Mirafra), 623. 
modesta (Pyrrhulaucla), 

650. 

modesta (Steganopleura), 

368. 
modestus (Geocoraphus), 

623. 
modestus (Ploceus), 451. 
Moineau a bee rouge du 
Senegal, 257. 
Moineau de Bengale, 

493. 
Moineau de la Cote 
d'Afrique, 296. 
Moineau de l'isle de 
France, 485. 
Moineau de Madagascar, 

433. 
Moineau du Bresil, 308. 
Moineau du Cap cle 
Bonne Esperance, 233. 
Moineau du royaume de 
Juida, 220. 
Moineau du Senegal, 

257. 
moineau (Loxia), 220. 
moineau (Vidua), 221. 
molucca (Amadina), 367. 
molucca (Munia), 357, 
359, 367, 368. 
molucca (Uroloncha), 

367. 
moluccensis (Amadina), 

367. 
molybdocephala (Fringilla), 
250. 
monacha (Sitagra), 426. 
monachus (Artamus), 10. 
mongolica (Alauda), 558. 
mongolica (Melanocorypha), 
558, 559. 
mongolica (Pallasia), 

559. 
montana (Alauda), 568. 
monteiri (Estrilda), 273. 
monteiri (Hypargus), 273. 
monteiri (Lagonosticta), 
273. 
monteiri (Pytelia), 273. 
monteiri (Zonogastris), 

273. 
mordoreus (Ploceus), 


460. 
moreatica (Phileremos), 

581. 
moi*io (Amyclrus), 161, 

168. 
morio (Astrapia), 161. 
morio (Juida), 161. 
morio (Lamprotornis), 
161,166. 
morio (Spreo), 161,166. 
morio (Sturnus), 161. 
morio (Turdus), 161. 
Mormolycia, 271. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

muelleri (Fringilla), 425. 
Munia, 326. 
muscadina (Munia), 357. 
muscheiibroeki (Artanius), 
5. 
Muscicien de l'isle Panay, 

147. 
rnusica (Galerita), 637. 
mutabilis (Alauda), 400. 
mysolensis (Calornis), 
141, 149, 150. 
mysolensis (Lamprotornis), 
150. 

Nabirop, Le, 180. 
Nabouroup, Le, 169. 
nabouroup (Amydrus), 

169. 
nabouroup (Juida), 169. 
nabouroup (Spreo), 169. 
nabouroup (Sturnus), 169. 
Nabouroupus, 169. 
mevia (Alauda), 617, 
618, 643. 
naevia (Loxia), 236. 
nrevia (Mirafra), 617, 

618. 
uasvius (Megalopbonus), 
617, 618. 
nana (Alauda), 509. 
nana (Amadina), 267. 
nana (Lepidopygia), 267. 
nana (Pyrrbula), 266. 
nana (Spermestes), 266. 
natalensis (Habropyga), 

284. 
Necropsar, 195. 
neglecta (Calornis), 148, 

149. 
Neisna, 305, 608. . 
neisna (Estrelda), 306. 
Nelicourvi de Madagascar, 
436. 
nelicourvi (Nelicurvius), 
436, 669. 
nelicourvi (Parus), 436. 
nelicourvi (Ploceus), 436. 
Nelicurvius, 43(5. 
nemoricola (Spodiopsar), 

« 
666. 
nemoricola (Sturnia), 49, 

52. 
nemoricolus (Poliopsar), 

52. 
nemoricolus (Temenuchus), 
52. 
nemorosa (Alauda), 637, 
nemorosa (Galerita), 637. 
Neocbmia, 389. 
Nesacantbis, 483. 
niger (Bubalornis), 509. 

niger (Ploceus), 476. 
niger (Textor), 509, 510. 
nigerrima (Fringilla), 

364. 
nigerrima (Hypocbaara), 

nigerrima (Melanopteryx), 
476. 
nigerrimus (Hyphantorm 
nis), 476. 
nigerrimus (Malimbus), 
476,477. 
nigerrimus (Ploceus), 
476,477. 
nigerrimus (Sycobius), 

ML 

njHAlaiulu).. 560. 
nHp^Nigrilauda), 560. 
nigricans (Alauda), 619. 
nigricans (Galerida), 628. 
nigricans (Mirafra), 619. 
nigricauda (Astrilda), 

395. 
nigriceps (Amadina), 263. 
nigriceps (Ooraphites), 

655. 
nigriceps (Donacicola), 


351. 
nigriceps (Donacola), 


341. 
nigriceps (Hypbantornis), 
456. 
nigriceps (Munia), 341 , 

343. 
nigriceps (Pastor), 74. 
nigriceps (Ploceus), 456. 
nigriceps (Pyrrhulauda), 

650. 
nigriceps (Spermestes), 

263. 
nigricollis (Acridotberes), 
77. 
nigricollis (Estrelda), 

286. 
nigricollis (Gracula), 77. 
nigricollis (Graculipica), 

77. 
nigricollis (Gracupica), 

77. 
nigricollis (Heterbypbantes), 
415. 
nigricollis (Hypbantornis), 
415. 
nigricollis (Hypbanturgus), 
416. 
nigricollis (Lagonosticta), 

286. 
nigricollis (Malimbus), 

410. 
nigricollis (Ploceus), 

415. 

nigricollis (Sycobrotus)* 

416. 
nigricollis (Symplectes), 

415. 
nigricollis (Sycobius), 


415. 
nigricollis (Sturnopastor), 
77. 
nigricollis (Sylvia), 74. 
nigrifrons (Pyromelaua), 

233. 
nigrifrons (Hyphantornis), 
461, 465. 
nigrifrons (Otocorys), 

534. 
nigrifrons (Ploceolus), 


465. 
nigrifrons (Sycobius), 


480. 
nigrimentum (Estrelda), 

399. 
Nigrita, 314. 
nigriventris (Euplectes), 

230. 
nigriventris (Ploceus), 


230. 
nigriventris (Pyromelana), 
230. 
nigriviridis (Aplonis), 

127. 
nigriviridis (Lamprotorm 
nis), 127. 
nigrocinctus (Pastor), 

114. 
Niobe, 215. 
nisoria (Amadina), 352. 
nisoria (Fringilla), 352. 
nisoria (Lonchura), 346. 
nisoria (Munia), 352. 
nisoria (Oxycerca), 352. 
nitens (Amadina), 308, 

309. 
nitens (Fringilla), 308. 
nitens (Hypochsera), 308, 
309, 310, 311. 
nitens (Juida), 170. 
nitens (Lamprocolius), 
170, 176, 179, 180, 

181. 
nitens (Lamprotornis), 
175, 176. 
nitens (Loxigilla), 308. 
nitens (Malimbus), 481, 

669. 
nitens (Pbilseterus), 309. 
nitens (Ploceus), 481. 
nitens (Sturnus), 28, 35. 
nitens (Sycobius), 481. 
nitens (Turdus), 170. 
nitida (Amadina), 293. 
nitida (Calornis), 139. 
2Y2 

nitida (Loxia), 293. 
nitida (Sporotlilastes), 

293. 
nitidula (Estrelda), 305. 
nitidula (Lagonosticta), 
279. 
nitidula (Pytelia), 305. 
nivalis (Alauda), 542. 
nivalis (Otocoris), 543. 
niveiguttafca (Eslrilda), 
274. 
niveiguttata (Lagonosticta), 
274. 
niveiguttata (Sperinophaga), 
274. 
niveoguttatus (Hypar


gus), 274. 
nivosa (Algernon), 522. 
nivosa (Certkilauda), 


522. 
nobilior (Sturnus), 36. 
Nomadites, 63. 
nonnuJa (Astrilda), 400. 
nonnula (Eatrelda), 400. 
nonnula (Habropyga), 
400. 
notabilis (Lobiospiza), 
384. 
Notauges, 187. 
novas hollandise (Menura), 
661. 
nucbalis (Sycobius), 478, 

479. 
obscura (Oalornis), 149. 
obscura (Lamprotornis), 

149. 
obscurus (Aplonis), 127, 
133, 137. 
obscurua (Lamprotornis), 

127. 
obsoleta (Melanocorypha), 
581. 
occidentalis (Eremophila), 
538, 540. 
occidentalis (Estrelda), 

393. 
occidentalis (Megaloplionus), 
607. 
occidentalis (Otocoris), 

538. 
occidentalis (Quelea), 257. 
occipitalis (Malirubus), 
478. 
occipitalis (Mirafra), 606. 
^ularia (Sitagra), 427. 
ilarius (Hyphantorlis), 
427, 429. 
ilarius (Hyphantur>
us), 428. 

—alarius (Ploceus), 427. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

oculata (Fringilla), 294. 
oculea (Arnadina), 294. 
oculea (Astrilda), 294. 
oculea (Estrelda) 294. 
oculea (Sporotlilastes), 

294. 
oculea (Zongeginthus), 
294. 
Oiseau de Kiz, 328. 
Oligoinyodrus, 166. 
olivacea (Ernberiza), 584. 
olivacea (Hyphantornis), 
- 
428. 
olivaceus (Hyphantornis), 
* 
431,432. 
olivaceus (Hyphanturgus), 
432. j^fc 
olivaceus (Icterus), ?§!. 
Onycognatlius, 165. 
opaca (Oalornis), 136. 
opaca (Lamprotornis), 

136. 
Oranvert, 191. 
Orchef, 494. 
oricularius (Pastor), 57. 
orientalis (Alauda), 568. 
orientalis (Estrelda), 
115. 
orientalis (Eulabes), 115. 
orientalis (Gracula), 114. 
orientalis (Lamprocolius), 
175,179. 
orientalis (Melanopyr


rhus), 114, 115. 
orientalis (Quelea), 259. 
orientalis (Yidua), 212. 
Oriole, Kink, 68. 
Oriole, Olive, 430. 
Oriole, fellow-shoul


dered, 223. 
Oriole, Weever, 451. 
Oriolinus, 437. 
orix (Ernberiza), 231. 
orix (Loxia), 231. 
ornata (Juida), 174. 
ornatus (Lamprocolius), 

174. 
ornatus (Sturnus), 174. 
Ortygospiza, 269. 
Orynx, 227. 
Oryx, 227. 
oryx (Euplectes), 231. 
oryx (Fringilla), 233. 
oryx (Oryx), 231. 
oryx (Ploceus), 231. 
oryx (Pyromelana), 231, 
233. 
orvzivora (Amadina), 
328. 
oryzivora 
(Coccothraustes), 
328. 

oryzivora (Fringilla), 

328. 
oryzivora (Loxia), 328. 
oryzivora (Munia), 328. 
oryzivora (Oryzomis), 
328. 
oryzivora (Padda), 
328. 
oryzivora (Spermestea), 
328. 
Oryzornis, 326. 
ostrina (Loxia), 252. 
ostrinus (Coceothraustes), 
252. 
ostrinus (P3rrenestes), 
252, 253. 
Otocoris, 528. 
Otocorys, 512, 528, 670. 
otoleucus (Fringilla), 

657. 
otoleucus (Megalotis), 
657. 
Outre-iner, 309. 
Ouzel, Eose or Carnation 
coloured, 63. 
Oxycerea, 326. 


pacifica (Oalornis), 136. 
pacifiea (Coracias), 127. 
pacificus (Oalornis), 136. 
pacificus (Lanius), 136. 
Padda, 326, 328. 
paddoni (Poephila), 382. 
pagei (Scissirostrum), 

193. 
pagodarum (Acridotheres), 
74. 
pagodarum (Heterornis), 

74. 
pagodarum (Pastor), 49, 
74. 
pagodarum (Sturnia), 
74. 
pagodarum (Temenuchus), 
74. 
pagodarum (Turd us), 74. 
palawanensis (Eulabes), 

104. 
palawanensis (Mainatus), 
104. 
pallida (Amadina), 346. 
pallida (Ammoinaues), 
644. 
pallida (Donacola), 346. 
pallida (Mirafra), 644. 
pallida (Munia), 346. 
pallida (Otocorys), d23} 
670. 
pallida (Saxicola), 519. 
pallidus (Geocoraphus), 
644. 
paludicola (Estrelda), 

397. 
paludieola (Habropyga), 
397. 
palustris (Habropyga), 
397. 
panayensis (Calornis), 
143, 147, 148. 
panayensis (Eniberiza), 

215. 
panayensis (Lamprotornis), 
148. 
panayensis (Muscicapa), 

147. 
panayensis (Pentheria), 
216. 
panicivora (Aleetrornis), 
510. 
panicivora (Loxia), 509. 
panicivoms (Alecto), 
510. 
panicivorus (Textor), 
510. 
papuensis (Artamus), 5. 
paradisea (Emberiza), 
211. 
paradisea (Fringilla), 
211. 
paradisea (Mennra), 661. 
paradisea (Steganura), 
211. 
paradisea (Videstrelda), 
211. 
paradisea (Vidua), 209, 
211. 
Parkinson, Le, 661. 
parkinsoniana (Paradisea), 
661. 
Parkin son ius, 661. 
parvexi (Otocorys), 537. 
parvicristata ((Merita), 

629. 
passerinus (Ploceus), 
491. 
Pastor, 63. 
pealii (Amadina), 383. 
pealii (Arnblynura), 383. 
pealii (Erythrura), 383. 
peetoralis (Amadina), 
354,365, 368. 
peetoralis (Donaeicola), 

354. 
peetoralis (Donacola), 
354. 
peetoralis (Gracula), 114. 
peetoralis (Munia), 354, 
365, 368. 
peetoralis (PMlagrus), 

247. 
peetoralis (Ploeeipasser), 
247. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

peetoralis (Uroloncha), 

365. 
Pecuarius, 63. 
peguensis (Alauda), 576. 
pekinensis (Alauda), 
568. 
pelewensis (Artamus), 9. 
pelzelni (Aplonis), 127, 
136. 
pelzelni (Icteropsis), 
410. 
pelzelni (Ploceus), 410. 
pelzelni (Sitagra), 410. 
penicillata (Alauda), 530, 
537. 
penicillata 
(Otocorys), 
530, 532, 533, 534, 

543. 
pensilis (Hypbantornis), 
436. 
pensilis (Loxia), 436. 
pensilis (Nelicurvius), 
436. 
pensilis (Ploceus), 436. 
Penthetria. 215. 
Penthetriopsis, 220. 
Percnopsis, 314. 
Pere noir a bee rouge, 
308. 
Pere noire a longue 
queue, 220. 
peregrina (Eremopbila), 

547. 
peregrina (Otocorys), 
547. 
perreini (Estrelda), 285. 
perreini (Fringilla), 285. 
perreini (Habropyga), 
285. 
perreini (Pytelia), 285. 
persica (Alaudula), 590. 
personata (Amadina), 
377. 
personata (Hypbantornis), 
426. 
personata (Poepbila), 

377. 
personatus (Artamus), 
16. 
personatus (Hypbantornis), 
425. 
personatus (Hyphanturgus), 
426. 
personatus (Ocypterus), 

16. 
personatus (Ploceolus), 
426. 
personatus (Ploceus), 425, 
426, 464. 
personatus (Pyrenestes), 

253. 
perspicillatus (Artamus) 

18. 
Petit Marteau, 266. 
Petit Martin de Gingi, 
84. 
Petit Merle, 147. 
Petit Senegal! rouge, 
276. 
petiti (Euplectes), 228, 
231. 
petiti (Oryx), 228. 
petropbila (Otocorys), 
537. 
pbaeton (Astrilda), 389. 
phaeton (Erytbrura), 
389. 
phaeton (Estrilda), 389. 
pbaeton (Fringilla), 389. 
pbaeton (Neochmia), 
389. 
phalerata (Fringilla), 
236. 
Philagrus, 244. 
Philamnus, 528. 
Pbileremos, 528. 
Pbiletserus, 249. 
pbilippensis (Acridotheres), 
93. 
pbilippensis (Merula), 

93. 
philippina (Fringilla), 
474. 
philippina (Loxia), 474, 
488. 
pbilippinensis (Mirafra), 
605. 
pbilippinus (Euplectes), 
488. 
pbilippinus (Lanius), 
4. 
pbilippinus (Ploceus), 
475, 488, 491. 
phcenicea (Coliuspasser), 

225. 
phcenicea (Penthetria), 
226. 
phcenicea (TJrobrachya), 
225, 226. 
phcenicea (Vidua), 225. 
pbcenicomera (Pyrome


lana), 239. 
pboenicomerus (Euplectes), 
239. 
pbcenicopbsea (Juida), 

156. 
phoenicoptera (Estrelda), 
301. 
phoenicoptera (Juida), 
180, 181. 
phoenicoptera (Pytelia), 

301. 
ALPHABETICAL DTDEX. 

phcenicoptera (Zonogasfcris), 
301. 
phoenicopterus (Lamprocolius), 
ISO, 181. 
phoenicopterus (Lamprotornis), 
ISO. 
phoenicopterus (Vidua), 

213. 
phoenicotis (JEgintha), 
401. phoenieotis 
(Astrilda), 
401. 
phoenieotis (Estrelda), 
400, 669. 
phoenieotis (Mariposa), 

401. 
phoenieotis (Pjtelia), 401. 
phoenieotis (Urgeginthus), 
401, 402. 
plicenicura (Ammoraanes), 
642. 
phoenicura (Eryt hrura), 

385. 
phoenicura Olirafra), 
642. 
phcenieuroides (Ammomanes), 
647. 
phcenieuroides (Mirafra), 

647. 
Pholidauges, 121, 667. 
Phoiidocoma, 407. 
pieta (Emblema), 295. 
pieta (Estrelda), 205. 
Pie-Grieche dommiquaine 
des Philippines, 4. 
Pie-Grieche tie AlaniHe, 3. 
pileatua (Leueophrys), 

245. 
pileatus (Ploceipasser), 
245. 
pinaronota (Nigrita), 318. 
Pinc^on de Senegal, 451. 
Pinc,on du Cap de Bonne 
Esperance, 236. 
Pique-Bceuf, 195. 
Pique-Bceuf du Senegal, 

196. 
pispoletta (Alauda), 587, 
590,593. 
pispoletta (Alaudula), 
585, 587, 590. 
pispoletta (Oalandrella), 
587, 589, 590, 593. 
pispoletta (Oalandritis), 

587. 
pispoletta (Melanocorypha), 
587. 
placid us (Oalornis), 150. 
planicola (Alauda), 607. 
planicola (Megalopho


nus), 607. 

plebeia (Alauda), 593. 
plebeia (Megalophouus), 

593. 
Plocealauda, 593. 
Ploceella, 474. 
Ploceipasser, 244. 
Plocepasser, 244. 
Ploceus, 487. 
pcecilosterna (Alauda), 
612. 
pcecilosterna (Megalophouus), 
612. 
'pcecilosterna (Mirafra), 

012. 
poensis (Amadina), 262. 
poensis (Spemiestes), 
262. 
Poephila, 375. 
Poephile admirable, 
378. 
poliogastra (Habropvga), 
284. 
polionota (Lagonosticta), 
280, 283. 
Poliopsar, 40. 
poltorutzskii (Sturnus), 

36. 
poly zona (Amadina), 
269, 270. 
polyzona (Estrelda), 269. 
polyzona (Fringilla), 

269, 302. 
polyzona (Ortvgospiza), 
269, 270. 
polvzona (Ortvgospiza), 

324. 
porphyronotus (Sturnus), 
38." 
porphyropteron (Lamprocolius), 
182. 
porphyropteron (Lamprotornis), 
182. 
porphyropterus (Lamprotornis), 
156. 
porphyropterus (Urauges), 
156. 
porphyrurus (Lamprocolius), 
179. 
Porte-Lambeaux, 61. 
prsestigiatrix (Alauda), 

607. 
prastermissa (Alauda), 
579. 
prastermissa (Galerita), 
579. 
prasina (Amadina), 381. 
prasina (Coccothraustes), 
381. 
prasina (Erythrina), 
381. 
prasina (Erythrura), 381. 
prasina (Fringilla), 881. 
prasina (Geospiza), 383. 
prasina (Loxia), 381. 
prasipteron (Loxia), 264. 
praticola (Otoeorys), 

539. 
prineeps (Hvpliantornis), 
449. 
prineeps (Ploceus), 449. 
prineeps (Svmplectes), 
449. 
principalis (Emberiza), 
204. 
principalis (Vidua), 203, 
204. 
procne (Chera), 213. 
proene (Coliuspabser), 
procne (Emberizi\ 213. 
progne i Vidua j, 214. 
propinqua (truhmcha), 

368. 
propinquatus (Ploeei passer), 
247. 
Psarites, 56. 
Psai*oglossa, 117. 
Psaroides, 63. 
Pbeudochelidon, 21. 
pseudoryx (Euplectes), 

231. 
psittacea (Acalanthe), 
psittacea (Amadina). 382. 
psittacea (Frinsrilla), 

362. 
psittacea (Erythura), 
382. 
psittacea (Estrelda), 382. 
ptilogenvs (Eulabesj, 
109. 
ptilogenjs (Gracula;, 
109. 
ptiiogenys (Mainatus), 
109. 
ptilortorbviichus (Juida), 
175. 
ptilonorhynehus (Lamprocolius), 
175. 
ptilonorhynehus (Lamprotornis;, 
175. 
pucherani ^Amadina), 

384. 
pucherani (Erythrura), 
384. 
pulchella (Fringilla), 
382. 
puleher (Spreo\ 191. 
puleher (Turdus), 191. 
pulchra (Juida j. 191. 
punctata (Amadina), 
320. 
punctata (Amandava), 

320. 
punctata (Spermestes), 
202. 
punetatus (Sturnus), 
28. 
punetipemiis (Amadina), 
2(53. 
pimetularia (Amadina), 
347, 352. 
punctularia (Fringilla), 
346, 352. 
pimetularia (Munia), 347, 
350, 352. 
pimetulata (Am ad ma), 

347. 
pimetulata (Fringilla), 
346. 
pimetulata (Lonchura), 
347. 
punetulata (Loxia), 
367. 
pimetulata (Munia), 346, 
347, 668. 
pimetulata (Qxjcerea), 

347. 
pimetulata (Uroloncha), 
347. 
punicea (Amandara), 

320. 
punieea (Estrelda), 320, 
323. 
punieea (Fringilla), 
320. 
purpurascens (Calornis), 
139, 
purpurascens (Hypochaera), 
310. 
purpurascens (Lamprotornis), 
139. 
purpurascens (Sturnus), 
37, 38, 665. 
purpurea (Juida), 158. 
purpureiceps (Calornis), 

142. 
purpureiceps (Joida), 
184. 
purpureiceps (Lamprocolius), 
184. 
purpureus (Lamprocolius), 
175. 
purpureus (Lamprotornis), 
158. 
purpureus (Turdus), 

175. 
purpuroptera (Juida), 
156. 
purpuroptera (Lamprotornis), 
156, 182. 
purpuropterus (Urauges), 

156. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

Pyrenestes, 252, 501. 

Pyromelana, 227. 

pyropteryx (Pytelia), 

303. 
pyrrhocephalus (Euplectes), 
413. 
pyrrbocephalus(Ploceus), 

413. 
Pyrrbocheira, 169. 
pyrrhogenys (Acridotheres), 
70. 
pyrrhogenys (Heterornis), 
70. 
pyrrhogenys (Lamprotornis), 
70. 
pyrrhogenys (Sturnia), 

70. 
pyrrhogenys (Sturnus), 
72. 
pyrrhogenys (Temenuehus), 
70. 
pyrrhonota (Brachonyx), 

597. 
pyrrhonota ((Merita), 
522. 
pyrrhonotus (Megalo"
phonus), 524. 
pyrrhopogon (Lamprotornis), 
70. 
pyrrhopogon (Sturnia), 

70. 
pyrrhozona (Euplectes), 
228. 
Pyrrhulauda, 650. 
Pytelia, 300. 
Quadricolor, Le, 381. 
quadricolor (Emberiza), 

381. 
quadricolor (Lonchura), 
381. 
quartinii (Coccopygia), 
307. 
quartinii (Estrelda), 
307. 
quartinii (Fringilla), 
307. 
quartinii (Habropyga), 
307. 
Quelea, 254. 
quelea (Emberiza), 257, 
259. 
quelea (Fringilla), 257. 
quelea (Hyphantica), 
259. 
quelea (Loxia), 257. 
quelea (Ploceus), 257. 
quelea (Quelea), 257.^ 
quinticolor (Amadina), 
339. 
quinticolor (Coecothraustes), 
339. 
quinticolor (Diachmura), 

339. 
quinticolor (Fringilla), 
373. 
quinticolor (Loxia), 339. 
quinticolor (Munia), 339. 
rachelise (Malimbus), 

483. 
rachelise (Sycobius), 
483. 
randonii (G-alerita), 628. 
randonii (Megalophonus), 
028. 
ranunculacea (Fringilla), 
241. 
rara (Estrelda), 282. 
rara (Habropyga), 282. 
rara (Lagonosticta), 282. 
rara (Rhodopyga), 282. 
raytal (Alauda), 591. 
raytal (Alaudula), 591, 
592. 
raytal (Oalendrella), 585, 
591. 
raytal (Mirafra), 591. 
reboudia (Alauda), 589. 
reboudia (Calandrella), 
588. 
reboudia (Oalandritis), 
589. 
regia (Emberiza), 209. 
regia (Erythropsiza), 
385. 
regia (Erythrura), 385. 
regia (Fringilla), 209. 
regia (Tetnenura), 209. 
regia (Videstrelda), 
209. 
regia (Yidua), 209. 
regina (Loxia), 494. 
regius (Cosmopsarus), 
160. 
regulus (Ammomanes), 
644. 
regulus (Mirafra), 644. 
reichardi (Hyphantornis), 
463. 
reichardi (Ploceus), 463. 
reichenovi (Amydrus), 

166. 
reichenowi (Oryptospiza), 
254. 
reichenowi (Heterhyphantes), 
418. 
reichenowi (HyphanturguB), 
418. 
reichenowi (Ploceus), 

418. 
696 

reichenowi (Pytelia), 

254. 
reichenowi (Sycobrotus), 
418. 
reichenowi (Symplectes), 
418. 
religiosa (Eulabes), 99. 
religiosa (Graoula), 99, 
102, 104. 
religiosa (Maina), 105. 
religiosus (Mainatus), 


99. 
reticulata (Fringilla), 
290. 
Rhamphocorys, 512, 527. 
rhodoparia (Estrelda), 
283. 
rhodoparia (Lagonosticta), 
283. 
rhodopsis (Estrelda), 


279. 
rhodopsis (Habropyga), 
279. 
rhodopsis (Lagonosticta), 
279. 
rhodopsis (Rhodopyga), 
279. 
rhodoptera "(Astrilda), 
396. 
rhodoptera (Bstrelda), 
396. 
rhodoptera (Habropyga), 
396. 
Ehodopyga, 271. 
rhodopyga (Estrelda), 
396. 
rhodopyga (Habropyga), 
396. 
Kice Bird, 328. 
robertsonii (Melanopyrrhus), 
115. 
robertsonii (Mino), 115. 
robusta (Gracula), 109. 
robustus (Eulabes), 667. 
robustus (Mainatus), 109, 

667. 
* rodericana (Foudia), 434. 
ro4ericanus (Necropsar), 
195. 
Boiler, Blue-striped, 127. 
rosans (Bosois), 64. 
rosea (Boscis), 64. 
rosea (Gracula), 64. 
rosea (Merula), 63. 
Rose-coloured Pastor, 64. 
Boselin, 63. 
rosenbergii (G-racula), 
115. 
roseus (Acridotheres), 
64. 
roseus (Nomadites), 64. 
ALPHABETICAL IltfDEX. 

roseus (Pastor), 63, 

666. 
roseus (Pecuarius), 64. 
roseus (Psaroides), 63. 
roseus (Sturnus), 63. 
roseus (Thremnophilus), 
64. 
roseus (Turdus), 63. 
rostratus (Megalophonus), 
607. 
Roupenne, Le, 161. 
royrei (Hyphantornis), 

444. 
rubea (Otocorys), 548. 
ruber (Ploceus), 433, 
486. 
rubiginosa (Cinnamopteryx), 
473. 
rubiginosa (Hyphantornis), 
473. 
rubiginosus (Ploceus), 

473. 
rubiginosus (Textor), 459, 
473. 
rubra (Emberiza), 485. 
rubra (Foudia), 486. 
rubra (Nesaeanthis), 485. 
rubricapilla (Sperraospiza), 
500. 
rubricata (Estrelda), 280, 
281, 283. 
rubricata (Fringilla), 

281. 
rubricata (Lagonosticta), 
280, 281,283. 
rubriceps (Anaplectes), 

411. 
rubriceps (Oalyphantria), 
411. 
rubriceps (Malimbus), 
411. 
rubriceps (Ploceus), 411. 
rubriceps (Sycobius), 411, 
412. 
rubricollis (Malimbus), 
478. 
rubricollis (Ploceus), 478. 
rubricollis (Sycobius), 
478, 479. 
rubritorques (Penthe~ 
tria), 216. 
rubritorques (Vidua), 

216. 
rubriventris (Estrelda), 
393. 
rubriventris (Fringilla), 
393. 
rubronigra (Amadina), 
335. 
rubronigra (Munia), 
334. 
rubropersonatus (Malimbus), 
482. 
rubropicta (Estrelda), 
27(5. 
rueppelli (Amydris), 162, 

164. 
rueppelli (Juida), 162. 
rueppelli (Pyrrocheira), 
162. 
rufa (Alauda), 548. 
rufa (Otocorys), 546. 
rufescens (Atrichia), 659, 
660. 
rufescens (Phileremos), 
542. 
rufibarba (Estrelda), 394. 
rufibarba (Fringilla), 394. 
rufibdrba (Habropyga), 
ruficauda (Amadina), 

374. 
ruficauda (Astrilda), 374. 
ruficauda (Bathilda), 
374. 
ruficauda (Estrelda), 
374. 
ruficauda (Histurgops), 
505. 
ruficauda fSteganopleura), 
374. 
ruficeps (Alauda), 563, 

568. 
ruficeps (Oalandrelia), 
563. 
ruficeps (Calandritis), 
563. 
ruficeps (Megalophonus), 
563. 
ruficeps (Ploceus), 462. 
ruficeps (Tephrocorys), 
563. 
ruficollis (Heterornis), 
70. 
ruficollis (Pastor), 70. 
ruficollis (Temenuchus), 
70. 
rufipennis (Aplonis), 137. 
rufipennis (Oorvus), 161. 
rufipennis (Lamprotorms), 
161. 
rufipilea (Alauda), 597. 
rufipilea (Mirafra), 597. 
rufioileus (Megalopho


nus), 597. 
rufiventer (Leptopteryx), 

rufiventer (Ocypterus), 

11. 
ruflventris (Juida), 191. 
rufiventris (Lamprocolius), 
191. 

rnfiventris (Lamprotornis),
l91. 
rufocinnanaomea (Mirafra), 
600. 
rufocinnamomeus (Alauda), 
600. 
rufocinnamomeus (Geocoraphus), 
600. 
rufocinnamomeus (Megalophonus), 
600. 
rufoeitrinus (Ploceus), 

460. 
rnfodorsalis (Spermestes), 

263. 
rufopalliata (Alaemon), 

521. 
rufopalliata (Certhilauda), 
521. 
rufopectus (Estrelda), 

278. 
rufopicta (Astrilda), 

278. 
rufopicta (Estrelda), 278. 
rufopicta (Lagonosticta), 

278. 
rufopicta (Pytelia), 278. 
rufoscapulatus (Ploeeipasser), 
248. 
rufovelatus (Euplectes), 

478. 
rufovelatus (Malimbus), 

479. 
rufovelatus (Ploceus), 

478. 
rufovelatus (Sycobius), 

478. 
rufovittatus (Textor), 

478. 
rufula (Alauda), 515. 
rufula (Certhilauda), 515. 
rufulus (Anthus), 515. 
russi (Ploceus), 260. 
russi (Quelea), 260. 
rutila (Galerita), 606. 

sabota (Megalophonus), 

618. 
sabota (Mirafra), 618. 
sacalavus (Ploceus), 487. 
sakalava (Nesacanthis), 

487. 
sakalava (Ploceus), 487. 
sala (Alauda), 576. 
salvini (Oerthilauda), 

520. 
sancti-thomse (Anaplectes), 
418. 
sancti-thomte (Heterhyphantes), 
418. 
sancti-thomffi (Sycobius), 

418. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

sanghirensis (Calomis), 

149. 
sanguineus (Pyrenestes), 

252. 
sanguinirostris (Ooccothraustes), 
259. 
sanguinirostris (Euplectes), 
257. 
sanguinirostris (Hyphantica), 
257. 
sanguinirostris (Loxia), 

257. 
sanguinirostris (Ploceus), 
257, 259. 
sanguinirostris (Quelea), 
257,259. 
sanguinolenfca (Amadina), 

324. 
sanguinolenta (Estrelda), 

324. 
sanguinolenta (Fringilla), 

324. 
sanguinolenta (Pytelia), 

324. 
Sansonnet, 28. 
Sarcops, 96. 
Saroglossa, 117. 
savatieri (Estrelda), 307. 
schiffi (Coryphegnathus), 

502. 
schinl (Pyrenestes), 502. 
schlegeli (Pytelia), 304, 

scioana (Pyromelana), 
241, 242. 
scioanus (Euplectes), 

242. 
scioanus (Textor), 511. 
Scissirostrum, 193. 
scriba (Otocoris), 531. 
scriba (Phileremos), 531. 
scutata (Estrelda), 265. 
scutata (Spermestes), 

265. 
scutatus (Malimbus), 

482. 
scutatus (Spermestes), 

265. 
scutatus (Sycobius), 482. 
secunda (Mirafra), 603. 
seebohmi (Alaudula), 

590. 
segetum (Alauda), 568. 
seleucis (Turdus), 63. 
semistriata (Amadina), 

361. 
semistriata (Munia), 361. 
semistriata (Uroloncba), 

361. 
semitorquata (Al&mon), 

521. 

semitorquata (Alauda), 

521. 
semitorquata (Oerthilauda), 
521. 
semitorquata (Melanocorypba), 
551. 
senegala (Estrilda), 

275. 
senegala (Fringilla), 275, 

277. 
senegala (Lagonosticta), 
275, 276, 277. 
senegalensis (Alauda), 

627. 
senegalensis (G-alerida), 

628. 
senegalensis (Ploceus), 

451. 
Senegali, 275. 
Senegali a front pointelle, 

409. 
Senegali bran, 320. 
Senegali, Petit, 276. 
Senegali quinticolor, 

373. 
Senegali raye, 392. 
Senegali rouge, 275,281. 
senex (Heterornis), 55. 
senex (Temenuchus), 55, 
senex (Sturnia), 55. 
senex (Sturnornis), 55. 
septentrionalis (Pyrrhulauda), 
657. 
septentrionalis (Sturnus), 

28. 
serena (Emberiza), 204. 
serena (Erythrospizaj, 

385. 
serena (Erytbura), 385. 
serena (Fringilla), 204. 
serena (Videstrelda), 

205. 
serena (Vidua), 204. 
sericeus (Hetoornis), 

44. 
sericeus (Poliopsar), 44. 
sericeus (Sturnus), 44. 
sericeus (Temenuchus), 

44. 
seychellarum (Foudia), 

486. 
seychellarum (Nesacanthis), 
486. 
seychellarum (Ploceus), 

486. 
seychellensis (Ploceus), 

486. 
Sbarpia, 411. 
sbarpii (Amadina), 303. 
sharpii (Munia), 303. 
sharpii (Pytelia), 303. 

098 

sliolleyi (Hyphantornis), 

404. 
shelleyi (Spreo), 190. 
Shore-Lark, 542. 
Shrike, Dubious, 193. 
Shrike, Pacific, 136, 
Shrike, Tabuan, 130. 
siaraensis (Acridofcheres), 
9L 

sibirica (Alauda), 557. 
sibirica (Melanocorypha), 

557. 
sibirica (Otocorys), 534. 
sibirica (Pbileremos), 
557. 
sibirica (Tanagra), 560. 
signata (Emberiza), 
215. 
signata (Pyrrhulauda), 
651. 
siinillima (Alauda), 621. 
simillima (Spizalauda), 
621. 
simplex (Geoeoraphus), 
595. 
simplex (Mirafra), 595. 
sincipitatis (Pyrrhu^ 
lauda), 655. 
sinensis (Alauda), 558. 
sinensis (Amadina), 334. 
sinensis (Eulabes), 105. 
sinensis (Hetserornis), 

69. 
sinensis (Mainatus), 105. 
sinensis (Munia), 334. 
sinensis (Oriolus), 68 \ 
sinensis (Pastor), 69. 
sinensis (Sturnia), 68. 
sinensis (Teuienuchus), 
69. 
Sirli du Cap de Bonne 
Esperance, 514. 
Sitagra, 424. 
Sky-Lark, 567. 
smithii (Ooraphites), 

05& 
smithii (Pyrrhulauda), 

658. 
socia (Coceothraustes), 
249. 
socia (Loxia), 249. 
socius (Philseterus), 249. 
socius (Ploceus), 249. 
solitarius (Ploceus), 451, 
453. 
solitarius (Sturnus), 28. 
solitarius (Turdus), 28. 
solomonensis (Oalornis), 
129. 
somalensis 
(Hyphantornis), 
469. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

somalicus (Hyphantor


nis), 469. 

Sordid Thrush, 19. 

sordidus (Artamus), 19. 

sordidus (Turdus), 19. 

soror (Penthetria), 223. 

soror (Penthetriopsis), 

223. 
soudanensis (Zonogastris), 
298. 
Sparrow, Brazilian, 257. 
Sparrow, Chinese, 330, 

334, 346. 
Sparrow from Bengal. 


493. 
Sparrow, Java, 328. 
Sparrow, Long-tailed, 
203. 
Sparrow of Paradise, 
294. 
Sparrow, White-breasted 
Indian, 330. 
Sparrow, Yellow-headed 
Indian, 493. 
speciosa (Estrelda), 297, 

299. 
speciosa (Fringilla), 296. 
spectabilis (Artamus), 10. 
spectabilis (Donacicola), 
342. 
spectabilis (Hiraia), 342. 
spekii (Hyphantornis), 
469. 
spekii (Ploceus), 469. 
Spermestes, 261. 
Spermophaga, 498. 
Spermospiza, 498. 
sphecura (Fringilla), 381. 
sphenura (Steganura), 
211. 
sphenura (Vidua), 212. 
Spilocorydon, 620. 
spilonota (Hyphantornis), 
468. 
spilonotus (Hyphantornis), 
456,458. 
spilonotus (Ploceus), 

468. 
spilonotus (Textor), 468. 
spiloptera (Lamprotornis), 
117. 
spiloptera (Psaroglossa), 

117. 
spiloptera (Saroglossa), 
117. 
spilopterus (Saroglossus), 
117. 
spinonota (Hyphantornis), 
468. 
Spizalauda, 621. 
Spizocorys, 564. 

splenclens (Jidda), 154. 
splendens (Sturnus), 35, 

154. 
splendens (Turdus), 154, 
175. 
splenclens / Vidua), 208. 
splendida (Juida), 172. 
splendid us {Lamproeoliusj, 
172, 173. 
splendidus (Turdus), 154, 

172. 
spleniata (Alauda), 563. 
spleniaia (Tephrocorys), 
ms. 

Spodiopsar, 665. 
Sporsegintlius, 310. 
Sporopipes, 407. 
Sporothiastes, 283, 292. 
Spreo, 187. 
squam icollis {Uruloncha), 

359. 
squamifrons (Amadina), 
407. 
squamifrons (Estreltia), 
407. 
squamifrons( PMtetenw % 
407. 
squamifronH(Sporopip£ri), 
? 407. 
Staganopleura, 292. 
Stare, Cape, 3 . 
Stare, Cockscomb, Oh 
Stare, Cum won, 2$. 
Stare, Silk, 44. 
Starling. Black-and-white 

Indian, 37. 
Starling, Silk, 44. 
Starling, The, 27. 
stictifrons (Pluceu*), 

^424. 
stictifrons (Syeobrutus,,, 

424. 
stietifrons (Symplectee), 
424. 
stictolsema (Pytolia), 
273. 
stietonotus (Ploeeiis). 
468. 
stietonotus (Textori 
Stietoptera, 312. 
Stietospls^ 287* 
Stoume brongft, 138, 
Stounic falvipeune, 150. 
Streptodtta, 152. 
striata (Amadina), 360. 
striata (Aploois), 127. 
striata (Caiorois), 127. 
striata (Coracias), 127. 
striata (Fringilla), 363* 
striata (Loxia), 350. 

striata (Munia), 360, 

361. 
striata (Spermestes), 
360. 
striata (Trichogrammoptila), 
360. 
striata (Uroloncha), 359, 

360. 
striatus (Aplonis), 127. 
striatus (Euplectes), 
496. 
striatus (Laniu3), 127. 
striatus (Phileremos), 
542. 
striatus (Ploceus), 496. 
strictos (Euplectes), 241, 
242. 
striga (Turclus), 71. 
strigata (Otocorys), 549. 
strigatus (Turclus), 143. 
Sturnia, 68. 
stumina (Graeula), 71. 
stamina (Sturnia), 71, 
72, coe. 

sturninus (Pastor), 71. 

stuminus (Oligomy


drus), 167. 

Sturnoide geant, 134. 

Sturnoides, 125. 

Sturnopastor, 56, 666. 

Sturnornis, 55. 

Sturnus, 26. 

subaureus (Hyphantor


*nis), 445, 446. ^ 
subaureus (Oriolinus), 

445. 
subaureus (Ploceus), 
445. 
subcalandra (Melauocorypha), 
551. 
subcoronata (Alsemon), 

521. 
subcoronata (Alauda), 
521. 
subcoronata (Certhilauda), 
521. 
subcoronata (Chersomanes), 
521. 
subflava (Estrelda), 324. 
subflava (Fringilla), 

324. 
subflava (Habropyga), 
324. 
subflava (Ortygospiza), 3. 
subflava (Pytelia), 324. 
subflavus (Sporaaginthus), 
324. 
stibflavus (Zonseginthus), 
324. 
sublarvatus (Ploceolus), 
462. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

sublarvatus (Ploceus), 

462. 
subpersonata (Sitagra), 
427. 
subpersonatus (Hypliantornis), 
427. 
subpersonatus (Ploceus), 

427. 
subroseus (Sturnus), 74. 
subundulata (Amadina), 
350. 
subundulata (Munia), 
350. m 
sulaensis (Oalornis), 
149. 
sulfureus (Xanthophilus), 
446. 
sulphureus (Xanthophilus), 
462. 
sumatranus (Mainatus), 

102. 
sundevalli (Euplectes), 
231. 
sundevalli (Ploceus), 
231. 
sundevalli (Pyroraelana), 
231. 
superba (Juida), 189. 
stiperba (Menura), 661. 
superbus (Lamprocolius), 
189. 
superbus*(Lamprotornis), 
189. 
superbus (Notauges), 189. 
superbus (Spreo), 189. 
superciliaris (Sturnopastor), 
59, 60. 
superciliosa (Fringilla), 

203. 
superciliosa (Videstrelda), 
203. 
superciliosa (Vidua), 
203. 
superciliosus (Agrophilus), 
248. 
superciliosus (Artamus), 

15. 
superciliosus (Hyphantornis), 
470. 
superciliosus (Ocypterus), 

15. 
superciliosus (Philagrus), 
248. 
superciliosus (Ploceipasser), 
248. 
superciliosus (Ploceus), 
246,248,470. 
superstriata (Amadina), 

350. 
superstriata (Munia), 
350. 
. 609 

sycobia (Juida), 178, 
Sycobius, 477. 
syeobius (Lamprocolius), 

178, 668. 
sycobius (Lamprotornis), 

178. 
Sycobrotus, 421. 
sylvestris (Maina), 74sylvestris 
(Sturnus), 28. 
Symplectes, 421. 
tabuensis (Aplonis), 130, 

131. * 
tabuensis (Lanius), 130. 
tamioptera (Hyphantornis), 
467, 468. 
taeniopterus (Hyphantornis), 
467. 
taeniopterus (Ploceus), 


467. 
Tseniopygia, 311. 
Taha, 227, 
taha (Euplectes), 242, 
244. 
taha (Ploceus), 242. 
taha (Pyromelana), 242, 
243. 
tahatali (Hyphantornis), 
465. 
tahatali (Ploceus), 464. 
Tanager, Capital, 458. 
Tansombe, 120. 
tartarica (Alauda), 559. 
tartarica (Melanocorypha), 
560. 
tartarica (Saxilauda), 


560. 
teleschowi (Otocorys), 
534. 
Temenucbus, 73, 
temporalis (iEgintha), 
373. 
temporalis (Amadina), 
373. 
temporalis (Estrelda), 
373. 
temporalis (Fringilla), 
372,373. 
temporalis (Heterbyphantes), 
419. 
temporalis (Hyphantornis), 
419. 
temporalis (Pastor), 77. 
temporalis (Sporo


thlastes), 373. 
temporalis (Sturnopastor), 
77. 
tenuirostris (Alauda), 

568. 
tenuirostris (Amydrus), 
167. 
tenulrostrisfOalandrella), 
58ft. 
tenuiroslri.3 (Cinnaruopterui), 
166. 
tenuirostris (Juida), 

166. 
tenuirostris (Lam protornis), 
166. 
tenuirostris (Oligouiyodrus), 
166. 
tenuirostris (Sturnus), 

28. 
Tephrocorys, 561. 
testacea (Alauda), 581. 
Tetrcenura, 209. 
Textor, 508. 
textor (Hyphantornis), 

451. 
textor (Oriolus), 451. 
textor (Ploceus), 451. 
textrix (Fringilla), 478. 
textrix (Malimbus), 478, 

479. 
textrix (Ploceus), 478. 
thecklffi (Galerita), 633. 
thibetana (Calandrella), 

585. 
Thinotretis, 514. 
Thremnophilus, 63. 
Thrush, African, 161. 
Tbrusb, Dominican, 71. 
Thrush, Gilded, 175. 
Thrush, Gingi, 84. 
Thrush, Glossy, 155. 
Thrush, Madagascar, 

120. 
Thrush, Malabar, 49. 
Thrush, Orange-bellied, 

191. 
Thrush, Pagoda, 73. 
Thrush, Pigeon, 147. 
Thrush, Rose-coloured, 

63. 
Thrush, Shining, 172. 
Thrush, Songster, 147. 
Thrush, Sordid, 19. 
Thrush, Whidah, 121. 
Thrush, White-rumped, 

187. 
topela (Munia), 351. 
torquata (Gracula), 152. 
torquata (Melanocorypba), 
555. 
torquata (Pica), 152. 
torquata (Streptocitta), 

152. 
torquata (Vidua), 216. 
torquatus (Coliuspasser), 

218. 
torrida (Mirafra), 600. 
Toucnam-courvi, Le,48S. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

Toupet bleu, Le, 381. 
Toxocorys, 514. 
Traquet des Philippines, 
Le Grand, 70. 
traversii (Urobracbya), 

226. 
triborhyncka (Alauda), 
569, 576. 
trichoa (Amadina), 

385. 
trichoa (Erythrura), 385, 

387. 
trichoa (Estrelda), 385. 
trichoa (Fringilla), 

385. 
Trichogrammoptila, 355. 
tricolor (Amadina), 

387. 
tricolor (Cinnamopteryx), 

471. 
tricolor (Diachmura), 
. 387. 
tricolor (Erythrura), 

387. 
tricolor (Eulabes), 97. 
tricolor (Fringilla), 

387. 
tricolor (Hyphantornis), 

471. 
tricolor (Pastor), 78. 
tricolor (Ploceus), 471. 
tristis (Acridotheres), 80, 

83. 
tristis (Gracula), 80. 
tristis (Paradisea), 80. 
tristis (Pastor), 81. 
tristissima (Amadina), 

364. 
tristissima (Munia), 

364. 
tristissima (Uroloncha), 

364. 
tristoides (Maina), 81. 
tristoides (Pastor), 81. 
tristrami (Amydrus), 

168. 
tristrami (Hagiopsar), 


168. 
tristrami (Juida), 168. 
troglodytes (Estrelda), 

395. 
troglodytes (Fringilla), 

395. . 
Troupiale de S<§n<§gale, 

451. 
turdiformis (Pastor), 


68. 
turdiformis (Temenuchus), 
69. 
Turdus malabaricus, 


49. 

typica (Plocealauda), 

609. 
tytleri (Calornis), 146, 

668. 

ulietensis (Aplonis), 

136. 
ulietensis (Turdus), 136. 
ultramarina (Fringilla), 

309. 
ultramarina (Hypochaera), 
309, 310. 
ultramarina(Hypochera), 

668. 
undata (Alauda), 627. 
undata (Galerida), 628. 
undulata (Amadina), 

347. 
undulata (Estrelda), 

393. 
undulata (Frinmlla), 

392. ° ' 
undulata (Lonchura), 

352. 
undulata (Loxia), 352. 
undulata (Munia), 347. 
unicolor (Amblyospiza), 

503. 
unicolor (Coryphegnathus), 
503. 
unicolor (Cosmopsarus), 

160. 
unicolor (Pyrenestes), 

503. 
unicolor (Sturnus), 35, 
38,39. 
upupa (Pastor), 194. 
Ursegintbus, 390. 
Urauges, 154. 
Urobrachya, 224. 
Uroloncha, 355. 
uropygialis (Nigrita), 

319. 

varia (Fregilupus), 194. 
variegata (Amadina), 

367. 
variegata (Coccotliraustes), 
367. 
variegata (Loxia), 367. 
varius (Fregilupus), 194. 
Tarius (Lophopsarus), 

194. 
varius (Sturnus), 28. 
velata (Fringilla), 451. 
velata (Hyphantornis), 

464. 
velatus (Hyphantornis), 

464. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

velatus (Ploceus), 464. 
venerata (Eulabes), 101. 
veuerata (Grracula), 

101. 
veneratus (Mainatus), 
101. 
venustus (Artamus), 18. 
Verdier de Java, 381. 
vereeunda (Padda) 
328. 
verreauxi (Hypargus), 
275. 
verreauxi (Pholidauges), 
123. 
verreauxi (Steganura), 
212. 
verreauxi (Vidua), 211. 
Vert Dore, Le, 154. 
verticalis (Coraphites), 
656. 
verticalis (Megalotis), 
656. 
verticalis (Pyrrhulauda), 
656. 
Veuve, La, 211. 
Veuve a ailes rouges du 
Cap de Boune Esperance, 
213. 
Veuve a collier d'or, 

211. 
Veuve a epaulettes, 
213. t 
Veuve a poitrine rouge 
du Cap de Boune Esperance, 
215. 

Veuve a quatre brins, 

209. 
Veuve d'Angola, 203. 
Veuve de laCoted'Afrique, 
209. 
Veuve de l'isle de Panay, 
215. 
Veuve dominicaine, 204. 
Veuve en feu, 215. 
Veuve grande, 203. 
Veuve mouchetee, 204. 
Veuve petite, 203, 204. 
viarum (G-alerida), 628. 
victoria (Menura), 6(52. 
Videstrelda, 209. 
Vidua, 203. 
vidua (Emberiza), 204. 
vinacea (Estrelcla), 286. 
rinacea (Lagonosticta), 


286. 
violacea (Motacilla), 70. 
violacea (Sturna), 70. 
virescens (Calornis), 
139'


virescens (Lamprotornis), 

139. 
viridescens (Calornis), 
139. 
viridigrisea (Aplonis), 
127. 
viridis (Astrilda), 390. 
viridis (Erythrura), 
3S1 
viridis (Estrelda), 390. 
viridis (EringiUa), 390. 
vitellina (Hyphantornis), 

m 462, 464. 
vitellina (Fringilla), 

462. 
vitellina (Textor), 462. 
vitellinus(Hyphantomis), 
462, 463,465. 
vitellinus (Ploceolus), 

462. 
vitellinus (Ploceus), 462, 
463. 
vitiensis (Aplonis), 131. 
vitiensis (Artamus), 9. 
vulgaris (Alauda), 568. 
vulgaris (Menura), 661. 
vulgaris (Sturnus), 27,33, 
35, 37, 38, 664. 

wallacii (Munia), 339. 
walleri (Ainydrus), 

164. 
wattersi (Alauda), 576. 
Waxbill, The, 392. 
Whidah Bird, 211. 
wieneri (Pytelia), 303. 
Worabee, 241. 

Xanthoraelgena, 227. 
xanthomelasna (Pyronielana), 
239. 
xanthoinelas (Coluispasser), 
240. 
xanthonaelas (Euplectes), 
238, 239. 
xantliomelas (Orynx), 

240. 
xanthomeias (Ploceus), 
240. 
xanthomeias (Pyromelana), 
240. 
Xanthophilus, 437. 
xanth ops(Hypliantornis), 

447. 
xanthops (Ploceus), 
447. 
xanthopterus (Hyphantornis), 
444. 
xanthopterus (Ploceus), 

444. 
xanthcsomus (Eupodes), 
422. 
yeltoniensis (Alauda), 

559. 
yeltoniensis 
(Melanocorypha), 
559, 560. 

zanzibarica (Penthetria), 

225. 
zealandicus (Aplonis), 
137. 
zelandica(Lamprotornis), 
137. 
Zonajginthus, 293. 
Zonagastris, 296. 
END OP THE THIRTEENTH VOLUME. 

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. 

LIST OF PLATES. 


Plate 

Stumus menzbieri, p. 33 I. 
porphyronotus, p. 38 , II. 
Poliopsar cambodianus, p. 45 III. 
burmauicus (fig. 1), p. 45 

IV. 

• leucocephahis (fig. 2), p. 46 
Sturuopasfcor contra (fig. 1), p. 57 
superciliaris (fig. 2), p. 59 V. 
jalla (lag. 3), p. 57 
Aplonis brunneseens, p. 132 VI. 
Lamprocolms ignitus (fig. 1), p. 174 
glaucovirens (fig. 2), p. 173 

VII. 

lessoni (fig. 3), p. 173 
splendidus (fig. 4), p. 172 J 
purpureus (fig. 1), p. 175 1 
chloropterus (fig. 2), p. 178 I 
sycobius (Rg. 3), p. 178 
cnalcurus (fig. 4), p. 179 
pnrpureiceps (fig. 5), p. 184 >VIIL 
cupreicauda (fig. 6), p. 184 
Urobrachya bocagii, p. 226 
ftuelea erythrops (fig. 1), p. 255 

IX. 

cardinalis (fig. 2), p. 256 

quelea (Rg. 3), p. 257 

y x. 

intermedia 0ig. 4), p. 259 
aethiopica (fig. 5), p. 259. . 
russi (fig. 6), p. 260 .... 


J 

Lagonosticta jamesoni (fig. 1), p. 283 ] 
polionota (Kg. 2), p. 280 I XI. 
congica (Rg. 3), p. 280 J 
landanae (fig. 1), p. 283 

XII. 

Pytelia hypogrammica (Rg. 2), p. 302 
Hyphantornis castanops (-fig. 1); p. 443 "] 
xanthopterin (fig. 2), p. 444 | 
aurantius (fig. 3), p. 444 I 
aureifiavus (fig. 4), p. 446 >A111. 
castaneieeps (fig. 5), p. 448 , 
bojcri (fig. 6), p. 448 , 
superciliosus, p. 470 XIV. 
Spermospiza rubricapilla, p. 500 XV. 

SELECTED LIST 

OF THE 

NATURAL HISTORY PUBLICATIONS 

OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE 

BRITISH MUSEUM. 


EEPOET on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific 
Ocean during the voyage of H.M.S. < Alert/ 1881-2. Edited by 
Dr. Giinther. 54 Plates. 1884, 8vo. £1 10s. 

MAMMALS. 

Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs, and Fruit-eating Bats. 21 Woodcuts. 
By Dr. J. E. Gray. 1870, 8vo. 4-s. 
Catalogue of Carnivorous, Pachydermatous, and Edentate Mammalia. 
By Dr. J. E. Gray. 47 Woodcuts. 1869, 8vo. 6«.'6dL 
Hand-List of Seals, Morses, Sea-Lions, and Sea-Bears. 30 Plates 
of Skulls. By Dr. J. E. Gray. 1874, 8vo. 12s. U. 

Catalogue of Seals and Whales. By Dr. J. E. Gray. Second edition. 
101 Woodcuts. 1866, 8vo. 8s. 
Supplement. 11 Woodcuts. 1871, 8vo. 2s. 6d 

List of the Specimens of Cetacea in the Zoological Department. 
By Prof. Flower. 1885, 8vo. Is. 6cl. 


 SELECTED LIST OP THE ffATUEAX HISTOEY PUBLICATIONS. 

Catalogue of Ruminant Mammalia (Pecora, Linnseus). By Dr. 

J. E. Gray. 4 Plates. 1S72, 8vo. 3s. Gd. 
Catalogue 
of the Marsupialia and Monotremata. By 0. Thomas. 
28 Plates (4 col.). 1888, 8vo. £1 8s. 

BIRDS. 

Catalogue of the Ends. By E. Bowdler Sharpe, H. Seebohm, 

H. Gadow, and P. L. Sclater. Vols. IIL-XV,, 1877-90, 8vo. 
Woodcuts and coloured Plates. 14s. to 28s. a volume. (Vols. I. 
and II. out of print.) 
REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 

Catalogue of the Chclonians, Bhynchoeephalians, and Crocodile^. 
New edition. By G. A. Boulenger. 73 Woodcuts and 6 Plates. 
1889,8vo. 15*. 

Gigantic Land TortoibCb (living and extinct). By Dr. Giinther. 
54 Plates. 1877, 4to. £1 10s. 

Catalogue of the Lizards. Becond edition. By G. A. Boulenger. 
Plates. 3 vols. 1885-87, 8vo. Vols. I., II., 2(Js. each ; III., 
26s. 

Catalogue of Colubrine Bnakes. By Dr. Giinther. 1858, 12rno. 

4s. 

Catalogue of the Batrachia Balientia. By Dr. Giinther. 12 Plates. 
1858, 8vo. 6s. 

Catalogue of the Batrachia Balientia s. Ecaudata. Second edition. 
By G. A. Boulenger. Woodcuts and 30 Plates. 1882, 8vo. 

£1 10s. 
Catalogue of the Batrachia Gradientia s. Oaudata, and Batrachia 
Apoda. Second edition. By G. A. Boulenger. 9 Plates. 1882, 
8vo. 9s. 

PISHES. 

Catalogue of the Pishes. By Dr. Giinther. Vols. IL-YII1. 
1860-70, 8vo. Woodcuts. 7s. to 10s. 6d. a volume. (Vol. I . 
out of print.) 

Catalogue of Lophobranehiate Pish. By Dr. J, J. Kaup. 4 Plates. 
1856.12mo. 2s. 

SELECTED LIST OP THE NATTTKAL HISTORY PUBLICATIONS.

MOLLUSCA. 
Guide to tho Systematic Distribution of Mollusca. Part I. By 
Dr. J. E. Gray. Woodcuts. 1857, 8vo. 5s. 
Catalogue of Pulmonata. Part I. By Dr. L. Pfeiffer. "Woodcuts. 
1855, 12mo. 2s. U.' 
Catalogue of the AuriculidsQ, Proserpinidae, and Truncatellidse. By 
Dr. L. Pfciffer. Woodcuts. 1857, 12mo. Is. del 
Catalogue of the Conchifera, or Bivalve Shells. By Mons. Deshayes. 
2 Parts. 1853-54, 12mo. Part I., 3s.; IL, 6r7. 

BRACHIOPODA. 
Catalogue of Brachiopoda Ancylopoda, or Lamp Shells. By Dr. 

J. E. Gray. Woodcuts. 1853, l2mo. 3s. 
POLYZOA. 
Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa. Part III. Cyclostomata. By 
G. Busk. 38 Plates. 1875, 8vo. 5s. 

CEUSTACEA. 

Catalogue of Amphipodous Crustacea. By C. Spence Bate. 58 
Plates. 1862, 8vo. £1 5s. 

INSECTS. 

Coleopterous Insects. 

Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of Madeira. By T. "V. Wollaston. 
1 Plate. 1857, 8vo. 3s. 
Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of the Canaries. By T. Y. 
Wollaston. 1864, Svo. 10s. M. 

Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Coleoptera. Part I. Lycidoo. 
By C. 0. Waterhouse. 18 Plates, coloured. 1879, Svo. 16s. 
Catalogue of Halticidse. By Rov. H. Clark. 9 Plates. 1860, Svo. 


7s. 
Catalogue of Hispidse. By J. S. Baly. Part I. 9 Plates. 1858, 
Svo. Os. 

 SELECTED LIST OE THE 5TATUKA.L HISTOEY PUBLICATIONS. 

Hymenopierous Insects. 

Catalogue of Hymenoptcrous Insects. By P. Smith. Parts 1,-YII. 
1853-59, 12mo. 2s. to Gs. a Part. 
Descriptions of New Species of Hymenoptera. By P. Smith. 
1879, Svo. 10«. 
List of Hymenoptera, vmh descriptions and figures of the Typical 
Specimens. By W. P. Kirby. Yol. I. Tenthredinidie and Siricdd*. 
16 coloured Plates. *1882, Svo. £1 18s. _ 

Lejjidop tero us Insects. 

Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heteroeera. By 

A. (J. Butler. Parts I.-YII. Coloured Plates. 1877-69, 4to. 
£2 to £2 10s. a Part. (Parts II. and IY. out of print.) 
Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera of the family Satyridas. By A. G. 

Butler. 5 Plates. 1N08, Svo. as. ikh 

Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera described by Pabrieius. By A. G. 
Butler. 3 Plates. 1J>69, *vo. 7s. (kL 
Specimen of a Catalogue of Lyeitmitke. By W. 0. Hewitson. b col. 
Plates. 1802,4to. I I 1^ 

Nc uroptero us Insects. 

Catalogue of the Specimens of Xenropterous Insects. By Dr. EL 
Hagen. Part I. Termitina. 1858. 12mo. (W. 

Orthqpterous Insects. 

Catalogue of Orthopterous Insects. Part I. Phasniidse. By J. 0. 
Westwood. 48 Plates. 1859,4to. £3. 

Catalogue of the Blattarise. By P. "Walker. lbOS5 Svo. 5s. Gd. 

Catalogue of Dermaptera Saltatoria and Supplement to the Blattarise. 
Gryllidse, Blattarias Locustida?. By P. Walker. Ib09, 
8YO. 5S. 

. Part II. Locustidae (continued). 1809, 8ro. 4s. GcL 
. Part III. Locustidce (continued), Aerididas. Ib70? 
Svo. 4s. 

, Part IY. Acrididse (continued). 1870, <8vo. Gs. 

. Part y . Tettigidas, and Supplements. 1870, Svo. Gs. 

SELECTED LIST OE THE NATURAL HISTOKY PUBLICATIONS.

Hemvpterous Imects. 

Catalogue of Heteropterous Hemiptera. By E. Walker. Parts 
I.-YIIL 1867-73, Svo. 4s. to Gs. Gel a Part. 

VEEMES, 
Catalogue of Entozoa, or Tntostiual Worms. By Dr. Baird. 2 
Plates. 1853, 12mo. 2s. 

ANTHOZOA. 

Catalogue of Sea-pens or Pennatulariiclse. By Dr. J. E. Gray. 
Woodcuts. 1870, Svo. Is. Gel. 
Catalogue of Lithoph} tes or Stony Corals. By Dr. J. E. Gray. 
Woodcuts. 1870, bvo. 3s. 

BEITISH ANIMALS. 

Catalogue of British. Eossorial Hymenoptera, Eormicidse, and 
Vespi&B. By E. Smith. 6 Plates. 1858, 12mo. Gs. 

Catalogue of British Non-parasitical Worms. By Dr. G. Johnston. 
Woodcuts and 24 Plates. 1865, Svo. 7*. 

List of British Animals in the Collection of the British Museum :— 
Part V". Lepidoptera. By J. E. Stephens. 2nd edition. 1856, 
12mo. Is. 9cl 
Part XIII. Nomenclature of Hymenoptera. By E. Smith. 
1853; 12mo. Is. U. 
Part XIY. Nomenclature of Neuroptera. By Adam White. 
1853, 12mo. Gd. 
Part XV. Nomenclature *of Diptera, I, By Adam White. 
1853, 12mo. Is. 

PLANTS. 

List of British Diatomacese in the Collection of the British Museum. 
By Rev. W. Smith. 1859, 12mo. 1,9. 

 SELECTED LIST OF THE tfATUBAL HISTOEY PUBLICATIONS. 

FOSSILS. 

Catalogue of the Fossil Mammalia. By R. Lydekker. Parts L-Y. 
Woodcuts. 1885-87, 8vo. 4s. to 6s. a volume. 
Descriptive and IllTistrated Catalogue of the Fossil Reptliia of 

South Africa. By Sir R. Owen. 70 Plates. 1S76, 4to. £3Bs. 

Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia. By Pi. Lydekker. 
Parts I.-IY. Woodcuts. 1888-90, 8vo. 7s. Cull a volume. 
Catalogue of the Fossil Pishes. Part I. By A. Smith Woodward. 
13 Woodcuts and 17 Plates. 1889, 8vo. " 21s. 

Catalogue of the Fossil Cephalopoda. Part I. By A. H. Foord. 
Woodcuts. 1888, 8vo. 10s. 6J. 

A Catalogue of British Fossil Crustacea, with their Synonyms 
and the Eange in Time of each Genus and Order. By Br. H. 
Woodward. 1877,8vo. os. 

Catalogue of the Blastoidea in the Geological Department. With 
an account of the morphology and systematic position of the 
group, and a revision of the genera and species. By 11. 
Etheridge, jun., and P. H. Carpenter. 20 Plates, <Src. 1 SS^i, 

4to. 2os. 

Catalogue of the Fossil Sponges in the Geological Department. 
With descriptions of new and little-known specie*. By Dr. G, 

J. Hinde. 38 Plates. 1883, 4to. £1 lite. 
Catalogue of the Fossil Foraminifera. By T. Rupert Jones. 
1882, 8vo. os. 
Catalogue 
of the Palaeozoic Plants in the Department of Geology 
and Palaeontology. By R. Kidston. 1SS6, flvo. os. 

The above Publications can be purchased of JJtws. LOXGHAXS k 
Co., 39 Paternoster Bow ; Mr, QFABIXCH, 15 Pkmdilhj ; JJWr*. 
ASHEE & Co., 13 Bedford Street, Covent Garden; Mtssrs. fvuax 
PAUL, TEENCE, TRIIBNEE, & Co., 57 LudguU BUI; and at the 
Natural History Iluseum? Cromwell Boad, London, S.W. A 
more detailed list can be obtained on application to the Director 
of the Museum. 

/ 

GUIDE-BOOKS. 

A GENERAL GUIDE to the British Museum (Natural History). With 
2 Plans and 2 Views. 8vo. 3d. 

ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 

Guide to the Galleries of Mammalia (Mammalian, Ostcological, 
Cetacean) in the Department of Zoology. 57 Woodcuts and 
2 Plans. Index. 8vo. 4d. 

Guide to the Gould Collection of Humming Birds. With Map 
showing the distribution of Humming Birds. 8vo. 2d. 
Guide to the Gallery of Eeptilia in the Department of Zoology. 
22 Woodcuts and 1 Plan. 8vo. 2d. 
Guide to the Galleries of Eeptiles and Pishes in the Department 
of Zoology. 101 Woodcuts and 1 Plan. 8vo. 6d. 

Guide to the Shell and Star-fish Galleries in the Department of 
Zoology (Mollusca, Echinodermata, Vermes). 51 Woodcuts and 
1 Plan. 8vo. U. 

[Guides to other sections are in preparation,'] 

GEOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 

A Guide to the Exhibition Galleries of the Department of Geology 
and Palaeontology:— 

Part I. Fossil Mammals and Birds. 119 Woodcuts, table 
of Stratified Bocks, plan of Geological Galleries, and 
Index. 8vo. 6d. 

Part II. Possil Eeptiles, Fishes, and Invertebrates. 94 
Woodcuts, table of Stratified Eocks, plan of Geological 
Galleries, and Index. 8vo. 6d. 

Guide to the Collection of Fossil Fishes in the Department of 
Geology and Palaeontology. 81 Woodcuts. 8vo. 4d. 

GUIDE-BOOKS. 

MlNEBAIOGICAL DEPAETMEXT. 

A Guide to the Mineral Gallery. 8vo. Id. 
An Introduction to the Stud}* of Minerals, with a Guide to the 
Mineral Gallery. Diagrams. Plan of the Mineral Gallery. 

Index. 8vo. 6d. 
The Student's Index to the Collection of Minerals. STO. 2d. 
An Introduction to the Study of Meteorites, with a List of the 

Meteorites represented in the Collection. Plan of the Mineral 
Gallery, and Index to the Meteorites represented in the Collection. 
8vo. 3d. 

The Guide-Boohs can oaly be obtained at the Museum. 

» 

PEINTED BY TAYL0K AND PRAHCIS, RED LION COUET, IXEEI STEEET. 

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