Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum 
Volume XVIII 
1890 
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CATALOGUE 

BIRDS 


IN THE 

BRITISH MUSEUM 


VOLUME XVIII. 

LONDON: 
PRINTED BY ORDER OE THE TRUSTEES. 
' 1890. 

CATALOGUE 

OP THE 

PIClRIil. 


IN- THE 

COLLECTION 

OF THE 

BRITISH MUSEUM. 

S CANSOEE S, 

CONTAINING THE FAMILY 

PICIDJ2. 

BY 

EDWARD HARGITT. 

LONDON: 
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 


SOLD BY 
LONGMANS & Co., 39 PATERNOSTER ROW; 


B. QUARTICH, 15 PICCADILLY; ASHER & Co., 13 BEDFORD STREET, COVENT GARDEN; 
KEGAtf PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., 57 LUDGATE flILL; 
AND AT THE 
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, B.W. 

1890, 

'* " I 


PEINTFD BY TAYLOB AND FEANCIS, 

RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. 

PREFACE. 

THIS volume Is published in advance of the sixteenth and seventeenth, 
the manuscripts of which, however, are in course of preparation. 
Its early appearance is due to the fortunate circumstance 
that it was undertaken by Mr. Hargitt, who for many years has 
made the family of Woodpeckers the subject of his special study: 
I have great pleasure in acknowledging the unremitting and conscientious 
care which he has bestowed on the details of every portion 
of the work throughout its progress. 

Beside those benefactors who have so largely contributed to the 
general collection of Birds in the Museum, and whose names occur 
on almost every page of this work, I have to refer to the donations 
by L. Wray, Jr., Esq., H. 0. Y. Hunter, Esq., and P. J. Jackson, 
Esq., which were specially useful in the preparation of the present 
volume. 

ALBERT GtJNTHEK, 

Keeper of the Department of Zoology. 

British Museum (IS, H.), 
June 9, 1890. 

INTRODUCTION. 

THE number of genera of the family Picidce is 50, every known 

genus being represented in the British Museum. The number of 

species and subspecies recorded in this volume is 385, of which 36 

are still wanting to complete the Collection. Of these 385 species 

the Museum possesses the type3 of 75, and the number of specimens 

in the Collection at the present date is 7894. 

As a rule, the species of Picidce are very clearly defined, but in 
Dendrocojnis, Pkoides, and Colaptes there is a decided tendency to 
subdivide into races. Host of the latter have an exact range, and 
it is only in the case of the North-American Colajptes, 0. auntius 
and C. mexicamis^ that there seems to be any definite appearance of 
hybridization (see my remarks, infra, p. 22). This leads us once 
more to the consideration of the question of " what is a species " ? 
I t is generally admitted that birds not intergrading into an allied 
form are species; but where intergradation takes place the allied 
form is a subspecies or race. The regions, however, likely to 
produce these intermediate forms may not have been explored, and 
such forms may, and most probably do, exist in certain localities; 

therefore, if this be the case, are these birds to be regarded as 
distinct species merely because these links are not in evidence ? 
Island forms may or may not possess some slight differences from 
typical birds, but not sufficient to separate them; yet some authors 
take it for granted that with insular separation there can be no 
intergradation: therefore we find insignificant islands made to 
father a host of indifferent species or subspecies; but I fail fco see 
(if perfect intergradation be insisted on in determining the position 

yiii rN"TK0DUCTIO]tf. 

of a "bird as a subspecies) how island forms can "be reduced to this 
rank. If there be no possible intergradation, the birds must, 
according to ornithologists holding this view, be specifically distinct. 
I am, of course, of opinion that where a species intergrades into an 
allied form, the latter is a subspecies; but I do not consider that 
without proof of distinct intergradation a bird must necessarily 
merit specific rank and fail to be regarded as subspecifically distinct 
only. Some island forms, although they may certainly differ 
slightly from typical birds, have differences so suggestive of climatic 
variation only and not of specific value, that I take them upon 
their own merits and assign them a position accordingly. 

The most serious difficulty, however, presents itself in treating of 
the Colaptes of Forth America, O. auratus and Q. mexiecmm, and 
the intermediate form termed 0. ayersi. "Whether we accept the 
strong evidence of the late Professor Spencer Baird and regard the 
varied race as the result of hybridization, or whether we adopt the 
views of Mr. J. A. Allen, who is not in favour of such a theory, and 
seems rather to consider the variation as the result of climatic 
influence and of a change in the conditions of environment, or 
whether we follow Dr. Elliott Coues, who suggests that it may be a 
transitional form, it is evident that a difficulty must arise in 
endeavouring to ascertain whether the intermediate birds which 
are found at a great distance from the point of junction of C. auratus 
and C. meccicanus are really beyond the radius to which a change 
would extend, or whether beyond that to which some of the intermediate 
birds might wander, or whether such change in individual 
examples be a sign of a reversion to a remote ancestral plumage. 
I am certainly in favour of the theory of interbreeding, and I see 
no insurmountable difficulty, by adopting such a view, in accounting 
for certain characters, suggestive of hybridization, appearing in a 
remote region where no interbreeding of C auratus and Q. mexicanus 
could possibly exist. It may be that the ancestors of the 

Colaptes had the red malar stripe in the male, and the black stripe 
in the female, and a red nuchal band may have existed in either 
one or both sexes, and the differentiation in succeeding forms would 
not preclude reversion to the original one,—in fact, it is what might 
be looked for. 

INIEODTCTIOX. 

In our Gedni, many species, or all, may have had the same ancestors, 
and whether we take it that the original form had the malar 
stripe red in both sexes, or black in both sexes, or red in the male and 
"black in the female, yet every conceivable variation has sprung from 
these, viz.: G. viridis, in which the male has a red malar stripe and the 
female a black one; G. awokera, in which both sexes have the malar 
stripe red; 67. vaillcmti, in which the malar stripe is black in both 
sexes ; G. camis, with the malar stripe black in the male and absent 
in the female ; and that we do not find these species interbreeding, 
or varying to any extent, or it may be reverting to an earlier form, 
probably is because no cause exists why they should do so; such 

cause may exist among the Colaptes, although we cannot account 
for it. It may be, however, that in some of the Gedni there has 
been a decided reversion to an earlier form, which, from its fixed 
character, we now regard as forming a species. 

The original form of Cola pies may have come from the north, 

differentiating in the eastern and western branches, and when uniting 

again producing the varied form C. ayresi; or the species may have 

radiated from a centre, say from a bird resembling C. cJinjsoides, the 

various branches retaining certain characters and acquiring others; 

C. auratus retaining the yellow wings and tail, having the red 
malar stripe replaced by a black one, and acquiring a red nuchal 
band; C. mexiccmus retaining the red malar stripe and acquiring 
red wings and tail; and C. clirysoides, possessing some of the 
characters of each of these species ; the union of two of the branches 
producing the varied race now under our consideration, which is 
certainly more nearly allied to (7. dirysoides, but wants the fixed 
characters of that species. 
In the Pieiclce the top of the head, the nape, the malar region, and 
the abdomen are the centres of change of plumage, and in genera 
not possessing a single species with a red nuchal band, an individual 
specimen will sometimes have a trace of red on this region, and 
certain instances could be given of individuals presenting, upon one 
of the above-mentioned regions, a character not possessed by typical 
birds. If this resulted from a tendency to differentiate and acquire 
a new character, I think it would be more frequent and occur whereever 
the surrounding circumstances favoured it, but its infrequency 

INTRODUCTION. 

rather indicates an attempt (although a feeble one) to revert to an 

earlier form. 

The magnificent donations of the " Hume," " Salvin and Grodman," 
and "Tweeddale Collections/' the acquisition of the tcSclater?J and 
the " Shelley Collections," beside other valuable additions obtained 
by the Trustees from various sources, while adding to the bulk of 
the present volume, have, I trust, provided a more solid basis upon 
which to work, by supplying many links in the chain of evidence. 

I have to record my thanks to Professor Alphonse Milne-Edwards 
and Dr. Oustalet of Paris, Dr. Jentink of Leiden, Dr. Smitt of 
Stockholm, Dr. Eidgway of Washington, Count Salvadori oi Turin, 
Professor Alfred j^ewton, Thomas Moore, Esq., of the Derby Museum, 
Liverpool, Messrs. Salvin and Oodman, Sclater, Seebohm, E. W. 
Oates, Sennett, Dresser, Harvie-Brown, also to Canon Tristram, 
Captain Shelley, and Major Wardlaw-Ramsay, for the great services 
rendered, either by the loan of specimens for the purposes of the present 
volume, or l)j much valuable information and assistance during 
the progress of my long-continued study of the birds of this family; 
and I feel sure that the expression of my opinion upon points in 
which I differ from some of my colleagues will be received in the 
same spirit in which such notes have been penned. 

The same sjmbols used in the previous volumes of the 4 Cataloguef 
are adopted here. "[P.]" means "Presented by;" "[C.]*^ 
" Collected by.5' The sex of a specimen enclosed in brackets, thus 
[ <J ], indicates that the bird is in all probability of the sex given, but 
that the collector's label lacks this information. The locality of a 
specimen enclosed in brackets shows that such locality is upon the 
label, but that its correctness is doubtful. 

EDWARD HAEGITT. 
May 3rd, 1890. 

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 


Older PICIRI^E. 

Suborder SCANSORES. 

Fam. Pic ID JB. 

Subfam. I. Pitix^. 

Page 


1. (teocolaptes, Sicainson U 

1. olivaceii^ {(?;«.) 0 

10 


1. aaratjisJ^Ziww.) 12 
2, cK^wcauloeus, Oundl. 15 
3, gujoJEacSi, Cory.. 15 

16 


4. chrysoides (MalL

5 fe^: ; 5(18 

-mSSSSB8*

s&S^xia (#em< 

6. yjlipbexicaims

den.) 21 

7. ayrffj, ./fe/. 22 

8. camgestris ( VieilL) i, 568 

9. a^5F"(JfaZft.) 25 

10. rapkola, D'OrL. 26 

11. i^^Lkht. ... 27 

12. 
cmereicapillus, Bac^
ewft. 


13. pitras (Jfefo/.) .. . 28 
. Hypoxanfnus, J?/?. . 29 

30 


a. brevirostris, Tacz. 31 

2. ,atric§ps2 Selat. # #a£i\ 32 
. (tecinub, ttoie 33 

1. -\iiidis {Linn.) .. 36 

2. &barpiiy Saund. .. 40 

3. vaillanti {Malk,) 41 

4. avo&era (Temm.) 41 

5. sqtiainatus ( Vig.) 43 
(i gdm, Jiarjf/ 45 

k vindaws (Blyth) 47 
50 
52 
ik ^EEi^^.).. 55 

50 

12, occipitalis (Vig.) 

Page 

13. chlorolophus ( Vieill.) . 59 

14. cQ5ogastfiL.(«^r^.; .. 62 

15. puniceus (Horsf.) 64 

16. erjtliropj^us?J^/^.. 66 

17. nigrigenis, Hume .... 67 

5. Chloronerpes, Swains. 69 

1. chrysoehlorup (VieilL). 72 

2. biasiliensis (Swains.) . 73 

3. 
xantbocMorus, Select, fy 
Saiv 73 

4. capiistratus {Bp,) 74 

5. er^thwqiaia*( VieilL) .. 75 

6. leucolaeinus (Malk.),. 76 

7. ttaviguia (Bodd.) .... 77 

8. a^urulentus (Temm.) .. 79 

9. caTIoperu&, Later. .. 80 

10. simplex, Saiv. 81 

11. cenigmosus (Licht) .. 81 

12. auricSJans, Saiv. fy 
Gcdm 83 

13. godmani, Harg 83 
14 pj^to^s (Cabot) . 84 

15. gularis, Harg 86 

16. ruB^mosus (Swains.) 
~ 86,568 

17. «toll»(^«^) £9 

6. Campothera, (xray 90 

1. nubica (&m.) 93 

2. nofaS (Licht.)...... 95 

3. nSJSSjtfi (C<m) 96 

4. pum^lata ( Vaknc.) .. 96 

5. iSSs&Ckeugl) 98 

6. a^j^^2^(^ m2^) • * 98 

^Mte^.. 100 

7. smithi {Math.) .. 100,568 

8. cailliaudi (Malk).... 102 

9. Umm (Smith)r .. . 102 

a. *caprjtcorm, Sfnekl. . 104.. 

10. 
maculo&a,^ Vaknc?} 
—~^ ^ 104,568 
1L permi&ta, Hekhenoiu.. 106 

SYSTEMATIC IXDEX. 

Page 

12. ^oli (Malh.) 107 
13. i^^m {Swains.) .... 108 
7. Chrysoptilus, Sioauis. .. 109 
1. melanochlorus (Gm.) 
— 110,568 
2. cristatus, Vieill 112 
3. icteromela? (Vieill).. 114 
4. chrvsomelas (Malh.) . 115 
5. iS&rEie, Harg 115 
0. punctigula (Bodd.) . . 11(3 
7. g^ajais.^JU') 11" 
8. atncollis (J^z/A.) ... . 118 
8. Chrysophlegma, Gould . . 119 
1. inimatum (Forst.) . . 121 
2. mfficcense(X«^.) 122,508 
8. mentale {Temm.) 125 
4. liumii^Harg. ...... 126 
5. flavinucha {Gould) . . 127 
6. piemT^Ows£ 130 
7. wrayi, Sharpe 130 
8. mystacale, Salvad. . . 131 
9. Gauropicoides, Malh. .. 132 
1. raffles! (Vig.) 132 
10. Gecinulifs, Bli/th 134 
1. grantia (MeCkll) . . 134 
2. vmS^Blyth 136 
11. 
Asyndesmus, Coues .... 137 
l/torquatus (Wils.) .... 137 
12. Melanerpes, "Swains 139 
1. erytliroceplialus {Linn.)
145, ms 
2. candidus (Otto) 148 
3. 
formieivorus (Swains.) 
149, 569 
a. melanopogon(TW??m.) 
151, 569 
jS. angustifrons, Baird. 153 

4. -flavigula, Reichenb. . . 154 
5. xantnolaryrix,i?tfec7ie»&. 155 
6. cruentatus (Bodd.) .. 155 
7. rSbrifrons (Spix) .... 157 
8. portoricen^is (Baud.). 159 
9. chrvsauelien, $«/i\ . . 160 
10. piHclier, &>Za* 100 
11. flavifrons(n«&) .. 161 
12. 
cactorum (Lafr. <§* 
jyOrb.) 162 
13. herminieyi (Less.).. 163 
14. pucherani (Malh.) . . 164 
15. rajgolatas (Wagl.) . . 106 
16. superciliaris (Temm.). 167 
17. bteMi (Ridgw.) 168 
18. nyeanus (Midgw.) 169 
19. caymanensis {Cory) . . 169 
Page 

22. caue§fifiii» (Sale.) .... 174 
23. tricolor (Wagl.) 174 
a. temfiflioE (Berl) 
. . 176 
24. rubriventris. (Sicains.) 176 
25. auifErpiis ( Wagl.) 177 
a. "siota-exuzi (Bp.) 
. . 179 
26. liofTinanni (Cab.) Ibl 
27. wv^Ygialisi Baird) 1^2,569 
28. elggajos (Siiains 
) . .. . 1N4 
29. hygopolius [Wagl.) ..1S6 
13. Sphyibpicus, Bawd .... 1^7 
1. YStfhviJLinn.) . . 1^,509 
a. nuekalis, Baird 192, 509 
2. mber (Gm.) 194 
3. 
Qiyroideus (Cns*.} 100, 509 
14. Hypifpicus Bp 193 
1. hvpervthrus ( Tiff.) .. 199 
2. lpOlIoffis\&km?l.) 
. ... 201 
15. Bendrocopn^,Koch...... 201 
1. 
major {Linn.} . . 211,570 
a", cissa {Pall,) ...... 214 
£. pOPlzami (Bogd.) . . 214 
^, leucopterus, Salt-ad. 215 
2. japonicus (Seek.) 
.... 210 
3. 
mauritanus (Brekm) . 210 
4. 
nuniidicus (Malh.) '.. 217 
5. caSaaiu-C*^^-) 
— -^ 
0. 
liimalavensis (Jurd. 4'* 
JSV/STJ"" .T 22 0 
7. dariilensis, i?/?M 
... . 221 
8. catfipharius, JBlt/tk . . 223 
9. pyrrhothorax (Hume). 224 
10. pernyi (Verr.) ...... 22o 
11. 
s^diffis (Hempr. fy 
Mr.) 225 
12. 
scindeanus (Horsf. $• 
~7fFoore) 227 
13. arizoiue (Harg.) 
. 226,570 
14. 
villosus (Linn.) 230 
a.* maynardi (liidgw.) 
233, 570 
j3. barrisi (And.) . 234,570 

y. 
j%!lnii (Malh.) 237,570 
15. pubes£§ps {Linn.) 238, 571 
a. gaTrdneri (Aud.) 
,. 241 
16. str!BE5iidi(A1fatt.J 243,571 
17. npSffi (Oamb.) 244 
18. sealaris (Wagl.).. 246,571 
a. Tuca^aims (Xanim). 250 
£. graysoni (Laior.) . . 250 
19. borealls9{ F^7/.) 
. 251,571 
20. mnior (Linn.) 2^r2 
a. pipra (Pall.) ., 2oo 
ft. quadntaseiatus 
20. carolinus (Linn.). 170,569 (Radde) 250 
21. &uhi\isJ(Cabot) 172 y danfuidi (Ilatg.) . . 250 
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 
Sill 

Page 

5. kizuki (Temm.) 318 
a. seebohmi, Harg. .. 319 
jS. mgrescens, Seek 319 
6. aurantiiventris (Salvad.)S2i) 
7. puniilus, Harg 321 
8. canicapillus (Blyth) .. 322 
9. picatu&, Harg 324 
10. grandis, Harg 325 
11. auritus (By ton) 325 
12. nanus (Vig.) 327 
13. hardwickii (Jerd.) ... 328 
14. gvmnophthalmus 
'(Blyth) 330 
a. peninsularis, Harg. 331 
15. mactilatus (Scop.) .... 332 
16. fulvifaseiatus, Harg... 333 
17. ramsayi, Harg. . 334 
18. temnifncki (Malh) .. 335 
19. qSibtus. ( Wagl) .... 336 
23. Dendrobates, Swains..... 337 
1. fumigatus (Lafr. $ 
If Orb.) 342 
2. eaboti (Malh.) .. 344 
3. oleaginus (Lieht.) 344 
4. sanguinolentus (Sclat.) 346 
5. callonotus (JVaterh.).. 346 
6. pem\ianus (Tars.) .. 348 
7. sanguineus (Lieht,) .. 348 
8. Mrtlandi {Malh.) .... 349 
9. nigrieeps 
(Lafr. $D'Orb.) 
350 
10. murinus (Malh.) .... 351 
11. dignus (Sclat $ Salv.). 351 
12. tephrodops(JF«r//.) .. 352 
13. tsenionotus (Meiclmib.) 353 
14. frontalis (Cab.) 354 
15. agiEs (Cab. 8f Heine) . 355 
16. olivinus (Malh.) 356 
17. ffleJis, *Harg 357 
18. spilogaster(F«^) .. 358 
19. maculifrons (Spix) 359 
20. cassmi (Malh.) 360 
21. ruficeps (Spix) 361 
22. affinis (Swains.) 362 
23. hsematostigma (Malh.) 364 
24. Mrki (Malh.) ........ 365 
25/c^Oke (2Jf«&.) 366 
24. Mesopicus, Malh 367 
1. goertan (P. X. S. Mull.) 368 
2. spbffoceplialus (Bp.) .. 370 
3. griaeocephalus (Bodd.). 371 
4. pyrrhogaster (Malh.).. 373 
5. ellioti {Cass.) 374 
6. jobnstoni {Shelley) 375 
7. xantholophus (Harg.) 
21. lignarius (Mol.)
22. mixtus (Bodd.)
23. cancellatus ( Wagl)
24. wSSSJTiem.)
2D. atrafus {Blyth) ......
2d. brunneifrons (Vig.) 264,571 

27. analis (&orsf.) ...... 266 
28. a'nffamanensis (Blyth). 267 ' 
29. leuconotus (jBechst.).. 268 i 
Page J 
257 | 
259 | 

.. 260 
260 
263 

a.~cbn&(PaiL)
jS. subcirris (Stejn) ..

y. 
lilfordi (Sharpe 4"
2>m.)
30. mmims {Gould) ....
31. nalniyei {Stejn.)
16. PlcoideSy Laeep.
1- trMa£^dfls (Linn.). ..
a. crfcsuleucus (Bp.)..
2. daT^Hs^Bcwrl
3. ameiicanu^j Brehn...
a. IClabcerisis, Nelson ..
4. arcticua (Swains.)....
5. funebrfc, JVrr. ..... .
17. Xenopicu^, Baird ..
1. albolarvatub {Cass.) ..
18. 
Dendrocoptes, Cto/>. fy 
Heine
1. medius (Linn.)
a. sajctirjohaniiis
(STanflf:.

19. Llopicus, Bp
1. mahrattensis (Lath.)..
20. DendfSpcus; Malh
1. cardinalis (Gm.)
dTzanzibaH, Malh2.wx$mXTemm.) ....

3. bempricM (Mempr. fy 
* Mr.)
4. lafresgayl, Malh 
271 
271 ( 

, 
272 
272 I 
273 i 
274 j 
275 l 
277 
278 
279 

 280 
282 j 
2^3 
2K4 

 284 

 286 . 
286 j 
, 
288 I 
289 
290 
293 
295 
297 
299 

 299 

 30] 

5. lepidus (Cab. 8f Heine) 302 
6. sliarpii, Oust 302 
7. abyssinicus (Staiil.) .. 303 
8. gabonensis (J. $ -& 
Terr.?: 304 

_9 , lizgubris, Hartl 305 

21. Thripias, Cab. $ Heine .. 306 
1. namaquus (Lieht.) 306,571 
2. scboensis (Btqip.) ....
22. Iyngipicus, Bp
1. semicoronatus (Malh.)
2. scintilliceps (Swinh.)..
a. doerriesi, Harg/3. kaleensis (Swinh.)..
3. pygmaeus ( Vig.)
4. WattersiJ Salt ad. .... 
308 
309 
312 
313 
314 
315 
315 i 
317 j 

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 

Page 

Page 

25. Xiphidiopicus, Bp 376 36. CliiTSOColaptes, BIyth .. 442 

1. percussiid (Temm?) 377 1. festiriis {Bodd.) .... 445 

26. SapHSSpipp; Harg 378 | 2. strictus (Horsf.) .... 447 

1. noguchii (Seeb.) 378 ( 8. gttttacristatus (Tick.) . 448 

27. Lepocestes, Cab. ty Seine. 379 ! 4. erytErocephalus, Sharps 

1. pyrrhotis (Hodgs.) 380 , 
452 

2. porpliyromelas (Bote) . 382 i 

28. Miglyptes, Sicaim 384 i 

1. tjistis (Horsf.) 384 j 

2. graminitliorax (Malh.). 385 

3. tu5gT(Le8s.) 388 

4. inluscatus, Sahad..... 390 s 

5. jugularis, BIyth 391 

29. Micropternus, BIyth .. . 392 

1. phaeoceps^ BIyth 393 i 
orlSwdKjurus (Vieill) . 39(5 

2. gvlazis^Tefd*. 399 

4. fokiensls (Sivinh.) .... 402 , 

5. holroydi, Sivinh 403 J 

30. Brackypternus, Strickl. .. 403 

1. aurantius {Linn.) . 404,572 

2. punctic^s {Malh.) .. 407 « 

 ..

3. Basils (Temm.) .... 400 , 

4. leucopogon f Valenc.) . 460 

3. erySEfoSotus {Vieill.).. 409 j 

31. Tiga, Kaup 411 . 

1. javanensis (Ljung).... 412 

2. sEonT(T7^.) 417 | 

3. everetti, Tioeedd 418 | 

32. Nesoceleus, Sclat. $ Salv. 419 

1. fernandinse (Vig.) .... 419 

33. Celeus, Bote ... 420 

1.flavescens(G?n.) 422 

2. lugubris '(Malh.) .... 424 

3. ocnraceus (Spir) 425 

4. immaculate, Berl. .. 426 i 

5. dggamfP. L. S. Mull.) 426 | 

6. reiclienbachi 
(Malh.) j 
427,372 ! 

7. jumana (Spiv) 428 • 

8. eftreopygius, 
/S'cto. 4* 
Salv 429 j 

9. rufus (Gm.) 430 I 

10.ffiHahis(Linn.) 431 j 

11. loricatus (Reichenb.).. 432 

12. oastaneus (Wagl).... 433 
f.« 13. grammicus (Malh.) ,. 434 
"~ 14, spect£^inS"jScIatfySalv. 435 

84. Cerdmeipicus, Bp... 436 

1. torquatus (Bodd.) 437 

2. t^^^^is (Wagl.).. 438 

3. occidStatis, JELarg. .. 439 

85. 
Crocoinorphus, Sarg..... 439 
l.^miB.L.S.Mull.) 

440, 572 
2, semicinnamomeiis 
(Reichenb.) 441 

5. sjricklandi (Layard)., 453 

6. haematribon { Wagl.).. 454 

7. lucidus (Scop.) 455 

8. ru'fopunctatu*, JEfanjr.. 4-57 

9. xanthocephalu^, 
Wald. 
4* Layard 457 

10. Yajidiis. ( Temm.) .... 458 

37. 
Campophilus. Gray 4C0 

1. principalis {Linn.) 408,572 

2. bairdi, Cass 465 

8. im^rklis ( Gould) 4Q~> 

5. rubncoflis (Bodd.).... 467 

6. Sacbelopvrus (Malh.). 469 

7. melanoIeuGiis (<??«.) .. 470 

8. malHSfBiijTrrflry. 472 

9. ^u^emitlSi^ (Hartl) 473 

10. guayaquiiensis (Less.) . 475 

11. pdlSX^l^ 470 

12. roKustus (Lichf.) .... 477 

13. ESmatogaste^j: Tschidi) 478 

14. splendens, i&w// 4i,*0 

38. Tpocrantor, 6'#5. $• Heine . 480 

1. magellanicus (King) .. 480 

39. Tlemicefcu^J^icains. .... 482

1. concrettis (Temm.) .. 482 

2. sordidus (Eyton) 483 

3. cSnente (Less.) 486 

a. cordatus, Jerd. 488 

40. Microstictus, Harg 489 

1. fuhus (QuoyfyGaim.). 490 

2. waHacii (Tiveedd.).... 491 

3. fuliginosus (Tweedd.) . 492 

4. fimebris ( Valene.).... 492 

41. HemHopbus, Swains 494 * 

1. pulveralentiis (Temm.) 494 

42. Tbripcmax, Cab. $* Heine . 497 

1. javensis (Horsf.) .... 498 

2. peetoraiis, Ttoeedd. . . 500 

3. crawfurdi (G?ay) .... 501 

4. ho&^iXBlyth) ...... 502 

5. Eodgsoni (Jerd.) 508 

6. feddeni (Blanf.).. 504,572 

7. kalinowskii, Jbcr..... 505 

8. h&rgijji* Sharpe...... 505 

9. ricbardsi (Tristram) .. 506 

43. Ceojxbloeus, OrJ. §-Heine. 506 

1. lineatus (Linn.) 508 

2. scapularis ( Vig.) 510 

3. fuTOpennis (Selat) .. 512 

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 

J 20. scyiamulatius, Zafr. .. 540 
| 21. Iberingi, Peri. \ 541 
I 2'2- mgutiltf {Linn.) .... 542 

23. imduIatu^-Sgrjy. 543 
24. buffoni, Zafr 544 
25. -^mcE^oiis, Tacz 544 
26. lafresnayii, Malh 545 
27. aurifrons, Pelz 546 
28. borbfle, Peh 547 
\ 29. flarifrons, Harg 547 
30. wallacii, Harg 547 
' 3L oHvaceus^ Zafr....... 548 
a. granadensis, Zafr. .. 549 
32. innoDGonafus, Hurt. .. 549 
i 88. cESSSSSBTSarff.) 551 
j 47. JSTesoctites, Harg. . 552 
, 1. micromegas {Sundev.). 552 
I 48. YerT^xS&pBISrtl. 553 
I 1. africana ( Verr.)...... 553 
49. SasS;Hodgs. .......... 554 
| 1. ochracea, Hodgs 555 
i 2. affiormis {Temm.) .. 557 
! 3. ererettl, Harg 559 
Subfam. III. IYNGINJE. 

50. lynx, Zinn 559 
1 1. tor^uilla, Zinn 560 
1 2. pectoralis, Vig. ...... 565 
| 3. pulcbricollis, Hartl. .. 566 
j 4. sequatorialls,, Pupp. .. 567 
4. erytbrqps { Valene.) .. 512 
5. gafipis (Temm.) 513 
44. DxybiomuS; Strains. .... 514 
1. plleatus (Linn.) .. 515? 572 
2. seEgfi (Cab.)........ 517 
45. Pieus, Xms 518 
1. martins, Zinn. ...... 518 
Safofam. II. PICITMNIX^B. 

46. Picumnus, Temm. . 
1. rufiventjis (2?^) 
2. ciiiDamomens, Wagl 
3. castelnaui, Malh. . 
4. leueogaster, P<?7z. . 
5. fiiscus, Peh. 
6. temmincki, Zafr. ., 
7. cjciato Temm. ., 
8. spilogaster, Sundev. 
0. orbignyanus, £f{/r. 
10. sclateri. Tacz...... 
11. pagittatus, Sundev.. 
12. steindaehneri, TVrcs. 
13.jelskii, Tacz 
14. nebulosus, Smidev.. 
15, pygmreus (Zieht.) .... 

10. astenas, Sundev 
17. guttifer, Sundev. .... 
18. albosquamatns, Zafr. $* 
D'0r4. 
10. lepidofes. Cab.fyJELeim539 
<9mmwmm«if w * 

521 


527 

527 
528 
520 
530 
530 
531 
532 
533 
534 
534 
535 
535 
53G 
537 
538 
538 


539 

CATALOGUE 

OF 

BIRDS. 


Order PI CARLE. 

(See vol. xvi. p. 1.) 

Suborder SCANSORES. 

Synopsis of the Families. 

I. Oil-gland tufted; cseca none. 
A. Tail-feathers twelve. 
1. 
The lateral halves of the vomer separate; 
manubrial process of the sternum 
bifurcate Picidae. 
2. 
Yomer single, bifurcate; manubrial 
process of the sternum pointed ... . In&icatoridae. 
B. Tail-feathers ten. 
1. 
Yomer single, bifurcate; manubrial 
process of the sternum pointed Capitonidae. 
2. 
Yomer single, truncate; manubrial 
process of the sternum pointed Rhamphastid®. 
II. 
Oil-gland nude ; cseca developed. 
Tail-feathers twelve. 
1. 
Yentral tract of the pterylosis with an 
inner branch at the posterior end of 
its gular portion; gonys angular .. GalbulidaB. 
% 
Yentral tract without an inner branch; 
gonys rounded Bucconid®. 
VOL. XVIII. B 


K> 

P1CUL1L 

Family PICID.E. 

Bill generally strong, elongate, chisel-shaped, straight, sometimes 
curved. Tongue very long, worm-like, provided with a pointed, 
horny, barbed lip, capable of great protrusion, the hyoid corona 
extending backwards over the skull (except in Sphyr&jjicus and 
Xenopicus). 

The lateral halves of the vomer separate: maxillo-palatines 

small, not fused together. 
Manubrial process of the sternum bifurcate. 
Pemoro-caudal and semitendinosus muscles present; ambiens and 

accessory femoro-caudal absent. 
Tail-feathers twelve. 
Pterylosis: spinal tract without interscapular fork, and ending in 

a bare dorsal space without being forked behind; two distinct 

feather-tracts on each side of the breast, coalesced on the shoulder. 
Oil-gland tufted. 
Cseca none or quite rudimentary. 
Banging over almost all the temperate and tropical regions, but 

absent in Madagascar, Australia, and Polynesia. 

Key to the Subfamilies and Gtnera. 

A. 
With the tail spinv; all the shafts stiffened 
I. L PICINJE, p. 9. 
a'. Plumage of the neck ordinary, the neck 
not perceptibly compressed or narrowed 
in comparison with the head. 


a". Nasal aperture covered with bristles, 
which more or less effectually conceal it. 
a'". Outer anterior toe longer than outer 
posterior toe, or equal to it. 


a\ Tarsu3 longer than outer posterior 
toe and claw: scarcely any nasal 
shelf j culminal ridge very smooth. 


a5. Wing rounded, the longest 
secondary quill reaching to 
within half an inch of the longest 
primary ,* no golden or coloured 
shafts to the quills 1. GEOCOLAPTES, p. 9. 

//'. Wing pointed, the longest secondary 
quill falling short of the 
longest primary by about an 
inch and a half"* with coloured 
shafts to the quills 2. OOLAFTES^ p. 10. 

IK Tarsus less or equal to outer posterior 
toe and claw, or (in tridactyle 
birds) to posterior toe and 
claw. 


PICIDJE. 

c\ Wing moderately lengthened, 
falling short of the tip of the 
tail by more than the length of 
the cubien. 
a6. With four toes; dwarf tail-
feather not reaching beyond 
the tail-coverts. 
a7. Tail longer, more than two 
thirds the length of the 
wing,* culmen slightly 
curved 3. HYPOXANTHFS, 
b7. Tail shorter, generally less [p. 29. 
than two thirds the length 
of the wing, never more, 
aB. With distinct nasal ridge; 
bill straight or very 
slightly curved, 
aB. Size large; dwarf tail-
feather not nearly 
reaching to the tips 
of the upper tail-
coverts 4. GECINTTS, p. S3. 
6°. Size small; dwarf tail-
feather reaching nearly 
to the tips of the 
upper tail-coverts. 
a10. Wing pointed, primaries 
exceeding 
secondaries by the 
length of the culmen 
5. CHLOBONBBPES, 

b10 

. Wing rounded, nri~ [p. 69. 
maries exceeding 
secondaries by only 
half or less than 
half the length of 
the culmen . . 6. CAMPOTHEEA, p. 90. 

68, Nasal ridge almost obsolete 
; culmen strongly 
curved. 


cs. Tail shorter, less than 
two thirds the length 
of the wing', culminal 
ridge very sharp ... . 7. CHBYSOPTILTJS, 

d?. Tail longer, two thirds [p. 109. 
the length of the wing ,* 
culminal ridge very 
blunt 8. CHEYSOPBXEG-MA, 

b®. With three toes ,* dwarf tail- [p. 119. 
feather very long and extending 
beyond the tail-coverts. 

c7. Tail-feathers very sharp and 
pointed, as well as narrow; 
bill nearly straight and 
with strongly marked nasal 
ridge 9. GATOOPICOIDES, 

d7, Tail-feathers broad and not [p. 182. 
sharply pointed} bill 
B2 

fc PICID.E. 

strongly curved and with 
no marked nasal ridge 10. GECUS'UIIUS, p. 134. 


ds. "Wing very long, reaching to the 
end of the tail, or falling short 
of it by no more than the length 
of the culmen. 


c6. Plumage of the under surface 
of the body hair-like, the 
feathers devoid of barbi- [p. 137. 
cules 11. ASYNDESMO, 

db. Plumage soft and ordinary .. 12. MELANERPES, 
br". Outer posterior toe longer than outer [p. 139. 
anterior toe. 

t\ First primary veiy small, its exposed 
surface not exceeding the 
length of the culmen or only 
slightly exceeding it. 


e>. Tail much longer than or equal 
to second primary, not less. 


e6. Nasal shelf very broad ; nasal 
aperture placed rather low in 
the maxilla. 


e7. Chin-angle exposed, never 
completely hidden by antrorse 
bristles. 

cH. Bastard - primary very 
small and not reaching 
to the end of the primary-
coverts 13. SPHYROPICUS, 

d8. Bastard-primary longer [p. 187. 
and reaching to the end 
of the primary-coverts.. 14. HYPOPICUS, p. 198. 

f7. Chin-angle always hidden 
by antrorse bristles; a conspicuous 
tuft of nasal 
plumes. 

e8. Tongue greatly extensile, 
its tip, when fully protruded, 
reaching about 2 * 
inches beyond the point 
of the bill; chin-angle 
almost in a line with anterior 
part of nostrils. [p. 201. 

e9. "With four toes 15. DENDROCOPUS, 

f\ "With three toes ... . 16. PICOIBES, p. 274. 

/**. Tongue slightly extensile, 
its tip, when fully protruded, 
reaching only f 
of an inch beyond the 
point of the bill; chin-
angle considerably in 
advance of the nostrils. 17. XENOPICUS, p. 284. 

f&. Nasal shelf much narrower, 
the nasal aperture as near to 
the culmen as to the cutting-
edge of the mandible 18. DENDROCOPTES, 

fB. Tail snorter and never equal to [p. 286, 
the second primary. 

PICIDJB. 
O 

</r\ Tardus nearly as long* as outer 
posterior toe with claw. 


g1. Wing rounded, the difference 
in length between 
secondaries and primaries 
about the length of the 
tarsus. 


gH. Nasal shelf narrow; nasal 
ridge (at the base) nearer 
to the culmen than to 
the cutting-edge of the 
mandible 19. LIOPICUS, p. 2cS9. 

h*. Nasal shelf broad, the 
nasal ridge (at the base) 
halfway between the culmen 
and cutting-edge 
of the mandible. 


g*. Bill shorter, not so long 
as the head; chinanglehiddenby 
bristles 
and not extending beyond 
anterior edge of 
nasal plumes 20. DENDROPICUS, 

ft. Bill very long, exceed- [p. 203. 
ing the head in length; 
chin - angle exposed 
and extending beyond 
anterior edge of nasal 
plumes 21. THRIPIAS, p. 30G. 

k7. Wing pointed, the difference 
in length between the 
secondaries and primaries 
as long as the tarsus and 
outer anterior toe combined 
22. IYNGIPICUS, p. 30£>. 

h*. Tarsus only slightly longer 
than outer posterior toe, 
without claw. 


i7. Nasal ridge short and j oining 
the cutting-edge of the 
maxilla at a point about 
half the length of the 
latter; chin-angle on a 
line with the anterior part 
of the nostril 23. BENBRGBATES, 

f. 
Nasal ridge longer and [p. 337, 
reaching the cutting-edge 
of the maxilla at a point 
nearer to the tip of the 
maxilla than to its base; 
chin-angle considerably in 
advance of the nostril 24 MESGPICUS, p. 3G7. 
d*. First primary extremely long (from 
1*75 to 1*95 in.) and far exceeding 
the length of the culmen. 

g5. Wing very short and rounded; 
tail long and equal to the [p. 376. 
longest primary 25. XiPHiMOPictra, 

PICIDJG. 

h\ Wing very long and pointed; 
tail only equal to the second 
primary and falling short of the 
longest by about an inch...... 26. SAPHEOPEPO. p. o, b. 

b". Nasal aperture exposed, not hidden 
by bristles or plumelets. 


c'". Tail very short in comparison with 
the wing, little more than half and 
never exceeding two thirds of its 
length. 


e%. Inner posterior toe distinctly developed, 
with distinct claw. 


i5. Bill very long, far exceeding the 
length of the head ,* nasal aperture 
placed low and nearer to 
the cutting-edge of the maxilla 
than to the culmen; a distinct 
nasal shelf 27. LEPOCESTES, p. 379. 

j*. Bill much shorter, not so long as 
the head; nasal aperture placed 
high and nearer to the culmen 
than to the cutting-edge of the 
maxilla; scarcely any nasal shelf 28. MIGLYPTES, p. JN4. 

f4. Inner posterior toe very small, claw 
almost obsolete; no nasal shelf. 


ft5, "Wing longer, about twice the 
length of the tail ; plumage 
rufous and black 29. MICROPTERXL'R, 

I5. "Wing shorter, less than twice the [p. 302. 
length of the tail ; plumage 
golden or red above 30. BRACHYPTERNUS, 

g4. With three toes only, the inner [p. 403. 
posterior toe altogether absent .. 31. TIGA, p. 411. 

d'n. Tail very long, nearly the length of 
the wing, more than two thirds of 
its length; culmen very much 
curved, slender, and pointed; without 
any nasal ridge; nasal aperture 
elongated 32. XESOCELEUS, 

b\ Neck narrowed and covered with com- [p. 410. 
pressed plumage, close and thickset, in 
contrast to the large head *. 

c". Nostrils exposed. 
e"\ Outer posterior toe shorter than the 
outer anterior toe. 


h4. With a distinct nasal ridge. 
m5. Nasal aperture rounded 33. CELETJS, p. 420. 
n5. Nasal aperture elongated...... 34. CERCHNEIPIGUS, 

i4. No distinct nasal ridge, but some- [p. 436, 
times with a slight indication of 
one; bill curved, the culmen very 
sharp; nasal aperture rounded .. 35. CROGOMORPHCS, 

/'" . Outer posterior toe decidedly long; [p. 430. 
nasal shelf very distinct; nasal [p. 442. 
aperture elongated , . 30. CHRYSOCOLAPTES, " 

See note on Pkus, infra. 

PICID-E. 

/ 

dft 

. Nostrils hidden by antrorse bristly 
plumes, more or less dense *. 
g'". Outer posterior toe longer than outer 
anterior toe. 


j 4. Tail very long, more than half the 
length of the wing; chin-angle 
entirely hidden by antrorse 
bristles; tail-feathers concave. 


o5. Crest distinct, and running to a 
point above the napef; plumage 
ordinary; bill at base 
broader in comparison with its 


depth 37. CAMPOPHILUS, 

p5. Crest extremely long, and com- [p. 460. 
posed of pendent feathers; plumage 
long and soft; plumes 
covering the base of the bill 
very dense; bill at ba=e less 
broad in comparison with its 
depth 88. IPOCRANTOR, p. 4S0. 

kl. Tail very short; the wing three 
times as long as the tail; chin-
angle not hidden . . 39. HEMIC KRCUS, 

h"'. Outer anterior toe longer than outer [p. 482. 
posterior toe. 

I1. Feathers of the head and throat 
scaly and close-set; first primary 
long and about half the length of 
the second; scarcely any indication 
of a crest. 


q1. Bill very much curved and stout, 
but the exposed culmen not 
more than the length of the 
head; chin-angle to tip of 
lower mandible about equal to 
distance between chin-angle 
and gape; nostrils densely 
covered with bristles 40. MECBOSTICTUS, 

r5. Bill enormous and straight; the [p. 489. 
exposed culmen exceeding the 
length of the head; chin-angle 
to tip of lower mandible falling 
short of the distance between 
chin-angle and gape by about 
half an inch; nostrils thinly 
covered with bristles 41. HEMILOPHUS, 

m4. Feathers of the head and throat [p. 494. 
ordinary; crest very distinct; 
first primary not half the length 

* Picus martins, probably on account of its more northern habitat, ia rather 
thickly clothed with feathers on the neck, and Phlceotomus pileatus is also rather 
similarly feathered; but their place seems to be with the section of Great Black 
Woodpeckers, with which their densely feathered nostrils proclaim their close 
affinity. 
t The female of Campophilus imperialis has frequently the crest pendent, and 
in this respect approaches fyocrantor. 

PICIDJ2. 

s 

of the second; tail rather flattened, 
the feathers concave only 
towards the tip. 

s5. Chin-angle exposed, no antrorse 
"bristles whatever; crest moderate 
; tarsi not plumed down 
the front. 


i5. Bin very large and exceeding 
the length of the head; tail 
long, being two thirds (or 
more) the length of the 
wing 42. THBIPOXVX. p. 497. 

f. 
Bill shorter and not exceeding 
the length of the head; tail 
less than two thirds the 
length of the wing 43. CEOPHLOSCSJ, 
t5. Chin-angle with evident antrorse ~p. 500. 
bristles, though not enough to 
hide the angle; upper part of 
tarsus feathered in front 44. DKYOTOMTTS, p, 514, 

us. Chin-angle entirely hidden by 
plumelets; nostrils thickly 
covered; fore part of tarsus 
entirely clothed with feathers.. 45. Pieus, p. 31*. 

B. Tail soft and rounded, not spiny. 
e\ Tail short, not measuring more than from 
the middle of the quills to the carpal 
joint, sometimes less; nasal aperture 
entirely concealed by dense bristles. .. II. PICUMXIXJE, 


e". Orbital region entirely feathered. 
[p. 521. 

i'". Smaller, length S^'inches,wing 2-05; 
upper tail-coverts short and not 
nearly reaching to the middle of the 
tail; bastard-primary &hort, extending 
very little beyond the tips of 
the greater wing-coverts; bill stouter 
and less curved and the tip not so 
depressed; outer posterior toe only 
slightly longer than the outer anterior 
toe 40. Picorxrs, p. 521. 

/" . Larger, length 5 inches, wing 2*0; 
upper tail-coverts long and reaching 
nearly to the middle of the tail; 
bastard-primary long, extending 
considerably beyond the greater 
wing-coverts; bill more slender and 
curved, the tip much depressed; 
outer posterior toe considerably 
longer than the outer anterior toe/. 47. NESOCTITES, p. 552. 

f". Orbital region naked. [p. 553, 
k"'. With four toes. 48. VERBEATTXIA, 
l"\ With three toes 49. SASIA, p. 554. 

cU. Tail long, equal in length to the longest 
primary from the base; nasal aperture 
not concealed by bristles, but partiallv 
hidden by a membrane \ III. IYXGINM, p. 559. 

One genus only 
o0. IYNX, p. 559. 

1. GE0C0L4PTER. 
Subfamily I. PICINiE. 

1. GEOCOLAPTES. » 
Type. 
Geocolaptes,Steams. Faun, Bor.-Am., Birds, p. 315 (1831) G. olivaceus. 
Agripicns, Malh. Intr. Monogr. Pkid. p. liii*(180lj G. olivaceus. 
Range. Cape Colony and Natal. 

1. Geocolaptes olivaceus. 
Crimson-breasted Woodpecker, Lath* Gen. Syn. i. pt. 2, p. -590 (1783). 
Picus olivaceus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 431 (1788, ex Lath.); Less. 
TraitS, p. 218 (1831). 
Le Pic Laooureur, Levaill Ois. a" Afr. vi. p. 27, pis. 254, 255 (1808) ; 
Sundev. Krit. Framst. Levaill. p. 52 (1857). 
Picus arator, Cuvier, Ber/ne Anim. i. p. 423, ex Levaill (1817); 
Wagler, Syst.Av., Picus, &p. 86 (1827)* Sundev. Consp. Av.Picin. 

p. 68 (1866). 
Picus terxestris, Burch. Trav. in South Afr. i. p. 254 (1824). 
Colaptes olivaceus, Stepk Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 171 (1826); Gray, Gen. 
B. ii. p. 446 (1846); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 239 (1867); Gray, 
List Picid. Brit Mm. p. 123 (1868); id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 203, 
no. 8837 (1870). 
Geocolaptes terrestris, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Ar/L., Birds, p. 315 (1831, 
ex Burch.), note; id. Classif. B. ii. p. 389 (1837). 

Geocolaptes olivaceus, 
Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 55: Gumey, 
Ibis, 1868, p. 462; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 18 (1871) ; Sundev. Av. 
Meth. Tent. p. 73 (1872) ; Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 368; Sharpe, ed. 
LayardV B. S. Afr. p. 187 (1875); Butler, Feildm, fy Beid, Zool. 
1882, p. 208; Hargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 403; Symonds, op. cit. 1887, 

p. 330. 
Geopicus arator, Malh. Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-1849, p. 359; id. 
PieidcB, ii. p. 274, pi. cxi. figs. 1, 2 (1862). 
Geocolaptes arator, Bonap. Consp. Av. i. p. 113 (1850); Reichenb. 
Handb. Scans. Tidnm, p. 429, pi. dclxxvii. figs. 4477-4479; Bp, 
Consp. Volttcr. Zygod. p. 9 (1854). 

Adult male. Above, including scapulars, wing-coverts, and upper 
tail-coverts, olivaceous brown, the rump washed with crimson and, 
together with the upper tail-coverts, narrowly barred with buffy 
white, the remainder minutely spotted with dull white; quills 
brown, spotted with white upon both webs, the secondaries externally 
margined with olive; shafts yellowish brown; tail brown, 
barred with pale buff, the central feathers tipped with orange-red; 
shafts orange-brown; nasal plumes dusky• the whole of the top 
of the head, occiput, and nape, also the face, slaty grey tinged with 
olive, the feathers of the malar region tipped with dull crimson; 
sides of the neck olive-dusky, spotted with fulvescent white; chin, 
throat, and fore neck pale buff, the chest, breast, and abdomen also 
pale buff, more or less washed with crimson • the sides of the body, 
flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts olive-dusky, barred with 
creamy or buffy white; under wing-coverts and axillaries dusky 
olive, barred with dull white : " bill black; tarsus black; iris 
orange" (T. & Bucldey). Total length 9*8 inches, culmen 1*5, 
wing 5*3, tail 3*7, tarsus 1• toes (without claws)—outer anterior 
0*78, outer posterior 0*78, inner anterior 0*55, inner posterior 0*4. 

10 
PICIBJE. 

Adult female. Has no red on the malar region, this being entirely 
slaty grey. Total length 9*5 inches, oilmen 1-5, wing 5*3, tail 3*5, 
tarsus 1. 


Young. Eesemble the adult of their respective sexes, hut hare the 
upper parts less olive and the crimson on the rump not bo vivid: the 
under surface of the body is also very much less crimson, being of a 
buff colour, with only a blush of crimson, mottled and transversely 
varied with olive-dusky and huffy whitish; the undtr ttil-eov^rts 
with sagittate spots (not bars) of olive-dusky. The male ha* the 
feathers of the malar region tipped with crimson, as in the older 
birds of the same sex. 

Hah. Cape Colony and Natal; common. 

a. S 
ad.; b. § S. Africa. J. Rocfce, E«q. 'JP.\ 
iniin. sk. 
c. J ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope. Iliocour Coll. 
d. S ad- &t. Gape. Purchased. 
e,f. J ad. sk. Cape. Purcka-wl. 
g. <$ ad. sk. Cape (Butler). Tweeddale Cull. 
h. 2 ad. sk. Cape (E. A. Butler). Slit-IW Cull. 
i. $ ad. sk. Cape, April 24, I860. Tweeddale Cull. 
k. Ad. sk. Cape Town, April 24, 1SGG Sharpe Coll. 
(C. J. Andersson). 
I. $ ad. sk. Colesberg (T. C. At more). Shelley Cull 
llv s

m, n. d 2 j -Natal (Ayres). Sharps I ull. 

o. 3 imm. sk. Natal, May (T. R Buckley). ShellevColl 
p. 
2 ad. sk. Pietermaritzberg, May {T. E. Shelley CulL 
Buckley). 
q~s. $ 
ad. sk. Newcastle, May, Oct. (E. A. Shellev Coll. 
Butler). 

2. C01APIES. _ 
Type. 
Colaptes, JSwains. Zool Journ. 1827, p. 353 C. auratus. 
Cucupicus, Less. Man. cTOrn. ii. p. 110 (1826) C. auratus. 
Soropkx, Glog. Hand. Katurg. p. 108 (1842) C. caoipe-tris. 
Geopicos, Math. Mem. Acad. Mttz, 184S-49, p. &>7 .. C. eampe-trK 
Malkerbipicns, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zyyod. no. 22ti (1S<J4) C. campe^trin, 
Pituipicus, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. no. 230 (lv>4) .. C. eML-n^R 
Theiopicus, Malh. Inirod. Monogr. Picid. p. liii (1881). C. eampe^tris. 

Range. Throughout North America to Alaska; Central and South 
America to Chili and Patagonia; also in the West-Indian Islands, 
Cuba, and the Grand Cayman. 

Key to the Species. 

A. 
Underside of wings and of tail at the ba^e 
yellow. 
«'. Top of the head grey (the feathers tipped 
with red in young); with scarlet nuchal 
band: face, throat, and fore neck \ inaceous 
buff. 


a". Rump uniform white; lores and super


ciliary stripe strongly rufous. 
a'". With black malar"stripe auratus cf ad., p. 13. 
h"\ With no malar stripe auratus £ ad., p. 14, 

2 . COLAPTIS. 
b". Rump varied with black; loreb and 
superciliary stripe less rufous. 


<?"'. Larger:' length 11 inches, wing 5*o; 
rump spotted with black; underside 
of lateral tail-feathers not distinctly 
banded; first primary much shorter. [p. 15. 

a4. With black malar stripe chrysocauhsm $ ad., 
b\ With no malar stripe chrysocaithsvs $ ad., 

d"'. Smaller: length 8*9 inches, wing 5*2; [p. lo. 
rump heavily blotched with black; 
underside of lateial tail-feathers distinctly 
banded; fir&t primary much 

longer. 

c. Writh black malar stripe gundlachi tf ad., p. 15. 
di. With no malar stripe gundlachi $ ad., p. 15. 
V. 
Top of the held pale rufous or cinnamon-
brown ; with no red nuchal band; sides of 
face and neck, chin and throat blue-grey. 
e". "With scarlet malar stripe chrysoides <£ad., p. 10. 
d". With no malar stripe chrysoides 2 ad., p. 10. 

B. 
Underside of wings and of tail at the base 
orange-red. 
c'. Above vinous-brown, more or less dark, 
brownish grey, or dusky brown, narrowly 
barred with black; top of the head brown, 
more or less rufous anteriorly; face and 
neck blue-grey or drabby slate-grey; underpays 
pinky white, with more or less vinous 
or rufescent tinge. 


e". With scarlet malar stripe mexicanus c?ad., p. 18. 

f". Generally with a slight malar stripe of 
cinnamon-brown; occasionally with this 
stripe very distinct, in some specimens 
absent mexicanus 5 ad., p. 18. 

d'. Above blackish brown, narrowly barred with 
rufescent buff; top of the head, occiput, 
and nape lich rufous. [p. 21. 

g". With scarlet malar stripe mexieanoides J ad., 
h". With rufous malar stripe mexieanoides § ad., 

G. 
" Yellow shafts of feathers on wing and tail [p. 22. 
combined with red or red-spotted cheek-
patches ; orange-red shafts combined with a 
well-defined nuchal red crescent and pinkish 
throat; ash-coloured throat combined with 
black cheek-patch or yellow shafts; shafts 
and feathers intermediate between gamboge-
yellow and orange-red " * ayresi, p. 22. 
D. 
Underside of wings pale golden or golden buff, 
or yellowish white; tail black above and 
below, without any red or yellow at the base. 
eT. Sides of the face and neck, also the fore neck, 
bright golden yellow inclining to orange 
(paler in the young) ; top of the head black. 


* These are the specific characters given by Baird, Brewer, and Bidgway 
£N. Amer. B. ii. p. 582), founded upon a large series of specimens, and for 
conciseness are all that is required. 
12 
PICIDJB. 

i!'. Chin and throat black, the upper part 

sometimes striped with white. 
e"r. Malar stripe mulberry-red campestris 3 ad., p. 24. 
f". Malar region black, the feathers mar


gined or spotted at the tip with white campestris £ad.? p. 24. 
g"'. Malar region uniform black campestris jnv., p. 24. 
/' . Chin and throat white. 
h'". Malar stripe mulberry-red, the feathers 
tipped with white ". agricola * ad., p. 25. 
i'". Malar stripe dusky black, the feathero 
tipped with white .. . agricola $ ad., p. 25 
k". Throat greyish, with a few minute blackish 
specks agricola jin., p. 25. 

f. With no yellow on the face or neck. 
I". Ground-colour of the face, neck, and chest 
sandy buflj creamy buff on the underpays 
and on the rump and upper tailco-
verts; the fore neck and chest with 
heart-shaped or transverse sput-s of black. 


f". 
With no red on the nape in either sex. 
c4. Malar stripe crimson posteriorly rupicda d1 ad., p. 2$h 
fi. With no red on malar stripe rupkolu $ a<L, p. 27, 

k,f/ 

. With the nape red in both sexes. 
gi. Malar stripe red posteriorly. puna $ ad.T p. 27. 


mm

h1. With no red on malar stripe j 2 a<^*? P* ~" 

m". Ground-colour of the face, neck, and 
chest rufous buff, grading into rich golden 
buff on the underparts, the rump and 
upper tail-coverts paler and yellower; 
with numerous narrow black bars on the 
foie neck and chest; with no red on the 
nape in either sex. f p. 28. 

l"\ Malar stripe dull crimson posteriorly.. cinereicapiltus $ ad., 
m'". With no red on malar stripe ,"... cinereicapillm 2 ad., 
w". Ground-colour of the under surface of the [p. 27, 
body almost white; the rump pure white. 
n"r. Malar region narrowly striped with 
crimson ;;#«&? $ ad., p. 23. 
o'". Malar region devoid of red, and having 
a few dusky spots ^ pitiits § ad., p. 29. 

I. Colaptes aaxatus. 
Picus auratus, Linn. Sysi. Not. i. p. 174 (1786) ; Gm. Sysi. Nat i. 
p. 430 (1788); Lath. hid. Orn. i. p. 242 (1700); Barton, Nat 
Hist. Penn. pp. 1, 11 (1799); Yieill Ois. Amer. Sept p. GO, 
pi. cxxiii. c? (1807); Pp. Syn. B. U. S. p. 44 (1821*) ; Wagl Sy±t. 
Av., Picus, sp. 84 (1827); Less. Traite, i. p. 226 (1831); Aud. 
Orn. Biogr. i. p. 191, pi. xxxvii. rigs. 1,2)C? ?ad. (1831); Jard. ed. 
Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 43, pi. iii. fig. 1, $ (1832); Nutt. Man. 
Orn. 1832, p. 561; Aud. B. Amer. iv. p. 282, pi. 273, d 22 
(1839); id. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 540 (1839); Peak Bost Journ. Nat 
Hist. 1841, p. 168; Putn. Proc. Essex List 1856, p. 214: Sundec. 
Consp. Av. p. 71 (1866). 
Colaptes auratus, 
Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer. ii. pp. xxvi Introcl. «fc 
314 (1831); id. Classif. B. ii. p. 310 (1837); Bp. Comp. Lkt B. 
Bur. §* N. Amer. p. 40, no. 265 (1838); Be Kay, Nat Mist N. 
York, ii. p. 192, pi. xv. %. 33 (1844): Bp. Comp. Gen. Am i. 

2 . COLAPTES. 
13 

p. 113 (1850) ,* Reichenb. Scans. Picinm, p. 412, no. 970, pi. dclxvi. 
figs. 4419-20, S $ (1854); Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zyqod. p. 11, no. 229 
(1854); Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 118 (1858); Reinh. Ibis, 1801, 
p. 8; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 344, no. 2053 (1862); Verrill, 
Proc. Essex Inst. 1862, p. 144; Can. Tayl. Ibis, 1862, p. 128; 
Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 3, 1863, p. 53; Allen, Proc. Essex List 
1804, p. 53; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 470; Mclhor. Proc. Essex 
hist. 1866, p. 83; Cones, op. cit. 1867, p. 263; Baird, Ibis, 1867, 
p. 280; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 120 (1868); Ball $ 
Bann. Trans. Chic. Acad. 18C9, p. 275; Gray, Kancl-l B. ii, 
p. 202, no. 8828 (1870); Cones, B. N.-West, p. 292 (1874); B., 
B., $ R. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 575, pi. lv. figs, ltfad., 2$ ad. 
(1874); Brewst. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.rk, 1875, p. 144; Ridgw. Btdl. 
Essex Inst. 1875, p. 38; Cones, Bull. V. S. Geol. Surv. iv. no. 3, 
p. 617 (1878); Cory, Magd. Isl. p. 52 (1878); Mayn. B. Florid. 
p. 231, pi. xviii. (1878); Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 
p. 190, no. 378; Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1882, p. 237; 
Coues, Chech-list N. Am. B. 2nd ed., 1882, p. 79; Steams, Proc. 
U. S. Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 118; Coues, Key N Amer. B. 2nd ed., 
1884, p. 493; Turn. Proc. U. S. Nat Mus. 1885, p. 242-,Agersb. 
Auk, 1885, p. 284; Ball, t. c. p. 383; A. 0. V. Check-list N. Amer. 
B. p. 217 (1886) ; Bretost. Auk, 1886, p. 104 ; Sennett, t. c. p. 242; 
Thome, t. o. p. 264; Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 295 (1887) : 
Warren, B. Penn. p. 137 (1888) ; Scott, Auk, 1889, p. 252. 
Geopicos auratus, Math. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49 

p. 359. 
Geopicus auratus, Malh. Picidcs, ii. p. 255, pi. cix. figs. 5-7, r? 2 ad. 
<3 juv. (1862). 

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts drabby brown, 
narrowly barred with black; rump uniform wbite; upper tail-
coverts white, barred and varied with black; quills blackish brown, 
the outer webs of the primaries with a few drabby-white spots on 
the basal portion, the inner webs more or less margined with buffy 
white; outer webs of primaries spotted along their whole length 
with drab-brown, the inner webs margined and scalloped with buffy 
white, the innermost secondaries barred across both webs with drab-
brown ; shafts of quills golden yellow; tail black, the outer large 
feather with a few burly-white specks on the outer web and the tip 
white; shafts of central pair of feathers black with yellowish bases, 
those of the remainder golden yellow, with more or less of the apical 
portion black; entire top of the head and posterior part of neck 
smoky slate-grey; nuchal band scarlet; nasal plumes, lores, and 
superciliary region rufous; face, chin and throat, and the whole 
anterior portion of the neck rufescent drab with a vinous tinge; 
malar stripe black, and upon the chest a broad erescentic patch of 
black; under surface of the body white, more or less washed with 
vinous or rufescent drab and covered with rounded black spots; 
under tail-coverts white, with bars and varied spots of black; under 
wing-coverts pale golden buff, the edge of the wing white and 
spotted with black; axillaries golden white; underside of quills 
and of tail-feathers, except at the tip, and of all the shafts golden 
yellow. Total length 11*5 inches, culmen 1*73, wing 6-65, tail 4*45, 
tarsus 1*2; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*83, outer posterior 

0'73, inner anterior 0*65, inner posterior 0*35. 

14 
PICIDJE. 

Adult female. Resembles the adult male, but wants the black 
malar stripe. Total length 11*5 inches, culmen 1*63, wing 6*2, 
tail 4*2, tarsus 1*1. 

Hob. Sastern United States west to the Great Plains, and north 
to Hudson's Bay and Alaska, occurring occasionally on the Pacific 
slope of the Rocky Mountains from California northwards, 

a. $ ad.; b} c. North America. J. Gould, Esq. 
? ad. sk. 
d. S ad. sk. North America. Sclater Coll. 
e. <3 ad. sk. Canada (Bush). Xweeddaie Cull. 
/> 9-6 ad. sk. Hudson's Bay. Gould Coll. 
h. 6 ad. sk. Fort York, Hudson's Bay Dr. Ilae ^Pf. 
{.cJad.sk. 
Fort Dufferin, June. N.A. B jundaiy Commission. 


k. 
$ ad. sk. 49th Parallel. N.A.Boundary Commi^
ion. 
I. $ ad. sk. Michigan. 
Profe^sr ^teere HP.\ 
m. (S ad. sk. Ontonagon, Michigan, S^pt. Saltin-Gudman Coll. 
n. $ ad. sk. Albany, New York (J. H.Hur^t). Tweeddale Cull 
o, p9 q. S ad.; LYODV Falls, N. Y., J ane (-L Jen-\ 
r. J ad. sk. ings Dai/an. 
s, t. S juv.; u. Lowuile, N.Y., July (A. J". I).). 
5 ad. sk. 
v-a', c? ad.sk. Sing Sing, N.Y., Sept. (Hart u h cn

£iri Uuli*

Merrlam). 
, _^

b'-i'. cJ ad. et Locust Grove, N.Y., April, July •-' *" r*-* 
juv.; h'-m\ (Hart Merriam). 
*$ ad. sk. 

n'. (S ad. sk. East Hampton, Mass., May 
(Hart Jfcrriam), 
o\ 9. ad.sk. H\ de Park, Illinois, April. * R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

[P.]. 
p\ J ad. sk. Englewood, TIL, April. N 
q'. S ad. sk. Mt. Carniel, 111., Oct. I 
r',s'. cjad.; t\ Calumet, 111., Sept., Oct. K (W. E. I rr i n n 

1 § ad.sk. Kelson). ' * \ Henshaw Cull. 
u'-sf. d ad. et "Washington, D.C., March, April, t ^~Lx'^ 
juv.; a"-f". May, Aug., Oct., Nov., Dec. j 
5 ad. sk. /' 
g'\ 2 ad. sk. St. Mary's Co., Indiana, Sept. (E. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Coues). 
h". 2 ad. sk. Florida. Wr. B. Dismore, Esq. 
[P.]. 
i",k". £ 2 ad. Cedar Kevs, Florida, Dec. \ 
sk. " j 
/". <J ad. sk. Cape Canaveral, Florida, Aug. 

(W.Hoxie). \ 
m",n". c? 2 ad. St. Lucia, Florida, Sept., Oct. \ Henshaw Coll. 
sk. / [S.-G.], 
o'\pu, <$ad.sk. Fort Dunn, Florida, Oct. (W. 
Hoxie). j 
q". ^ad.sk. Melbourne, Florida, Sept. (7F. j 
Hoxie). / 

r"-y". c?ad. et Tarpon Springs, Florida, Oct., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
imimbk.;s'-d*. Dec,Fehr. ( Jr. E.D. Scott). 
5 ad. et imin. sk. 

2. COLAPTES. 
e3. S ad. sk. Okahuroka, Florida, Apr. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
/ 3. $ ad. sk. San Patricia, Texas, Dec. (JF. B. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Armstrong). 
g3. 2 ad. sk, Papalote, Bee Co., Texas, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(F. B. Armstrong). 
hz 

. J ad. sk. Texas (F. B. Armstrong). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

2. Colaptes chrysocaulosus. 
Colaptes auratus (non Linn.), Tig. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 444 (1828) ; 
Bamon de la Sagra, Hist. Ms. §c. Cuba, ii. p. 110 (1838) ; 6? Orb. 
in Sagrds Hist. Phys. §e. Cuba, p. 144 (1839); Denny, P. Z. S. 
1847, p. 39; Lembeye, AD. Isl. Cuba, p. 131 (1850) ; Cab. J.f. 0. 
1856, p. 103. 

Colaptes chrysoeaulosus, Gundl. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. York, 1858, 

p. 273; Brewer, Proe. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist 1860, p. 307; Albrecht, 
J.f O. 1861, p. 210; Gundl Bepert. Fis. Nat. Cuba, i. p. 294 
(1866); Scl 8f Salo. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 101 (1873); Gundl. 
J. f. O. 1874, p. 153; id. Contr. Orn. Cuba, p. 274 (1876); Cory, 
List B. W. Lid. p. 20 (1885); id. Auk, 1886, p. 380; Bidgw. Man. 
N. Amer. B. p. 295 (1887). 
Colaptes auratus, var. chrysoeaulosus, B., B., # P. Hist N. Amer. B. 
ii. p. 575 (1874). 
Adult female. Differs from C. auratus in haying the rump spotted 

•with black; the lores and superciliary stripe less rufous ; the throat, 
fore neck, and side of the neck are less vinaceous, and the latter is 
not so grey near the hind neck; the underside of the tail, at the 
base, is of a deeper golden yellow. In other respects the present 
species resembles so closely C. auratus, that a detailed description 
is unnecessary. Total length 11 inches, culmen 1*45, wing 5'5y 
tail 4*05, tarsus 1*05 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*82, 
outer posterior 0*75^inner anterior 0*57, inner posterior 0*45. 
Adult male. " Has a black malar stripe, but is otherwise like the 
female. Length 10*5 inches, wing 5*4, tail 4*5, tarsus 0*8, bill 1*2." 

(Cory.) 
Hab. Cuba. 


a. 5 ad. sk. Cuba (J. Gwidlach). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b. J ad. sk. Cuba. Sclater Coll. 
3. Colaptes groidlacnl. 
Colaptes gundlachi, Cory, Auk, 1886, pp. 498, 502; id. op. cit. 1888, 
p. 159. 
" Sp. Char. Resembles Colaptes clirysocaidosus, but is smaller, 
the yellow of the quills much brighter - under surface of the outer 
tail-feathers distinctly banded; feathers of the rump white, heavily 
blotched with black ; shafts of the quills and tail very bright yellow; 
first primary much longer than in the Cuban species. Length 8*90 
inches, wing 5*20, tail 4, tarsus 0*85, bill 1*10." (Cory.) 

Hab. Island of Grand Cayman, West Indies. 

16 PICID-35. 

4. Coiaptes chrysoides. 
Geopicus chrysoides, Malh. Rev. et Mar/, de Zool. 1852, p. 553; id. 
Pieidcs, ii. p. 261, pL cix. figs. 1-4 (1862). 
Coiaptes chrysoides, Reichenb. Scans. Picinm, p. 413, no. 971 b 
(1854); Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 11, no. 231 (1854); Baird, 

B. N. Amer. p. 125 (1858)-; id. U. 8. $ Mex. Bound. Sure, 
Bds. p. 0 (1858) ; Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 344, no. 2055 (1S02); 
Gray, List Plaid. Brit. Mvs. p. 120 (ISGc-}; Elliot, Xeic & Unfig. 
B. N. Amer. i. pi. xxvi. tf $ ad. (1500); Coop. B. Calif, ed. Baird, 
p. 410 (1870) ; Gray, lland-l. B. II. p. 202, no. S^U (1870); 
B., B., § R. Hist. KAmer. B. ii. p. 583, VL ]iv. %fe* 2* -» d 2 ad. 
(1874); Ridgw. Proc. Essex List. 1&75, p. 38 ; id.Proc. U. 8. Nat 
Mus. 1880, p. 190, no. 379; Beld. op. eit. lfcS2. p. 543; Cones, 
Check-list X. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 79, no. 4i8 (18&2) ; Beld. Proc. 
U. 8. Nat Mus. Ife83, pp. 344-349; Cones, Key N. Amer. B. 
2nd ed. p. 493 (1884); Scott, Auk, 1886, p. 429; A. O. V. Checklist 
N. Amer. B. p. 218. no. 414 (1880) ; Pddyic. Man. N. Amer. 
B. p. 295 (1887). 
Picus chrysoides, Simdev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 72 (1866). 
Adult male. Is smaller than O. auratus and C. me*vica/vus9 both 
of which it resembles in certain points. I t differs from C. auratus 
in having the top of the head and the nape cinnamon-brown, the 
red nuchal band being wanting ; the sides of the face and neck, chin, 
throat, and fore neck slate-grey, with a scarlet malar stripe ; the 
underside of the tail having more of Its apical portion black; the 
tail-shafts entirely black above. The present species mainly differs 
from C. mexicamis in having the underside of the quills and of the 
tail on its basal half golden yellow; the shafts of the quills above 
and below, and those of the tail-feathers below, on the yellow webs, 
are also golden-yellow, the tail-shafts above entirely black; the top 
of the head and the nape are paler and of a cinnamon-brown. 
Total length 10 inches, culmen 1*45, wing 5*45, tail 3*7, tarsus 1*07; 
toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*7, outer posterior 0*65, inner 
anterior 0*55, inner posterior 0*35. 

Adult female. Has no malar stripe whatever, but is otherwise 
like the adult male. Total length 9*8 inches, culmen 1*45, wing 5*4, 
tail 3*55, tarsus 1*05. 

Young female. Has the top of the head of a much duller pale 
brown (not clear cinnamon), and a distinct malar stripe of a rather 
lighter colour; the spots on the underparts are less intense black 
and those on the breast very much smaller; upon the chest there is 
only a small patch of black, and the feathers composing It are 
margined at the tip with grey; the primaries tipped with dull 
white, and the underside of the wings and of the tail, on its basal 
half, less brilliant yellow. 

Hob. South-eastern California, extending into Nevada, Lower 
California, Southern Arizona, and Sonora. 

* Possibly not true C. chrysoides^ but probably & hybrid between It and 
C. mexicamis, judging by the orange tinge in the colour of the quill-shafts. 
a. cJimni.; b. J
ad. sk.
c, d. S ad. sk.

e,f. $ ad. sk.

g. § imm. sk.
h. § ad. sk.
i, k, L J juv. sk.

m. tf act. sk.
n, o. $ ad.; p-s.
2 ad. sk.

t. 
Pull. sk.
u} v. d ad. sk.

iv. S ad. sk.
*?. 2 ad. sk,
2 . COLA.PIES. 
La Paz, Lower California, April 

{A. Form*), 
La 
Paz, Dec, Feb. (A. Abott 
Frazar, Hemli. Coll.). 

 Triurnfo, Lower California 

(A. Abott Frazar, Hensh.Coll.). 
Todos Santos, Lower California 

(J. Xantus). 
San Jose, Lower California, 

April (Hensh. Coll.). 
Cape San Luca*. 
Cape San Lucas (J. Xantus). 
Tucson, Arizona, Dec, March 

(Hensh. Coll.). 

 Fort Lowell, Arizona, May 

(Hensh. Coll.). 
Sonora, Mexico, April (W. 

Lloyd), 
Ysleta, Sonora, May (W.Lloyd), 
Hermosillo, Sonora, Dec. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman ColL 

5. Colaptes mexicanus. 
Golden-winged Woodpecker, var. A, Lath. Gen. Sim. ii. p. 59 
l 
J F

(1782).
Picus cafer *, Gm. Syst Nat. i. p. 431 (1788); Lath. hid. Orn. i. 

p. 242 (1700). 
Picus lathami, Wagl. Syst. Av., Picus, sp. 85 (1827). 
Colaptes mexiemus,Swains. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 440; id. Faun. Bor.~ 
Amer. ii. pp. xxvi Introd. & 315 (1831); Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. 
Om. i. pp. 43, 44 (note) (1832) ; Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 3 3 
(1837) ; Heerm. Journ. Acad. PJiilad. 1853, p. 270 ; Sclat. P Z. S. 
1856, p. 307 ; id. op. cit 1857, p. 127; id. op. cit. 1858, p. 305; 
Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 120 (1858); id. U. S. fy Mex. Bound. Surv. 
1858, p. 6; Sclat. P.Z.S. 1859, pp. 236, 367; id. Cat. Amer. 

B. p. 344, no. 2054 (1862); Blahist. Ibis, 1862, p. 3; Sclat 
P.Z.S. 1864, p. 177; Coues, Ibis, 1865, p. 163; Dresser, t c. 
p. 470 ; Coues, Proc. Essex Inst. 1867, p. 263; Baird, Ibis, 1867, 
p. 280 ; Brown, op. cit. 1808, p. 419; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. 
p. 121 (1868); Ball $ Bann. Trans. Chic. Acad. 1869, p. 275; 
Gray, Iland-l B. ii. p. 202, no. 8830 (1870); Coop. B. Calif, ed. 
Baird, p. 408 (1870); Sclat. $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. JSreotr. p. 101 
(1873); Coues, B. N.- West. p. 294 (1874); B., B., $ P. Hist. 
N. Amer. B. p. 578, pi. Iv. figs. 3, 4, $ $ ad. (1874); Hensh. 
U. S. Geogr. Surv. W. oflQDth Merid. 1875, p. 400; Pidgw. U. S. 
Geol. Fxpl. 40th Par. pt. iii. Orn. p. 555 (1877) ; Coop. Proc. U. JS. 
Nat Mus. 1879, p. 250; Coues, Check-list N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 
1882, p. 80; Salvin, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 425; Cones, Key N. Amer. 
B. 2nd ed. 1884, p. 493; Scott, Auk, pp. 174, 356; Ferrari-Perez, 
Proc. XI. S Nat. Mm. 1886, p. 160. 
Picus 
rubricatus (<£), Wagl. Isis} 1829, p. 516; Bp. Consp. Gen. 
Av. i. p. 114 (1850). 

* Q-melin's name of P. cafer may have priority; but being founded on a 
bird supposed to have come from the Cape of Good Hope, it is misleading, and 
I prefer adhering to the well-known title of C. mexicams of Swainson. 
Y0L. XYI1I. 
C 

18 
PICID.ZE. 

Oolaptes collaris, Yiq. Zool. Joitrn. 1829, p. 534; id. Zool. Beeclmjs 
Voij. p. 28, pi. ix. d ad. (1839) • Wagn. Arch, fur fraiurg. 1841, 

p. 100; Reichenb. Scans. Picbm, p. 414, no. 973, pi. dclxvii. 
fig*. 4424, S (1854). 
Picus 
mexicanus, And. B. Amer. pi. ceccxvi. figs. 5 <£, 6 $ ad, 
(1835-38) ; 2& Orn. Biogr. v. p. 174 (1839); id. B. Am. 8vo, iv. 

p. 290. pi. cclxxiv. J $ ad. (1839),- Simdev. Consp. Ai\ Fichu 
p. 72 (1806). 
Oolaptes rubricatus, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. § fr. Amer. p. 40, 
no. 206 (1838) ; id. Comp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 11, no. 232 (1554); 
Lickt. Xomencl. Ai\ p. 77 (1854); Rev-hen1). Scans. Picincc, p. 413, 
no. 972, pi. delxvi. figs. 4422-23, rf 2 (1*34). 

Oolaptes collaris, Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 414, no. 973, pi. dclxvii. 
fig. 4424, tf (1854). 
Geopicus mexicanus, Malh. Picidce, li. p. 202, pi. ex. figs. 4, 5, 
<5 $ ad. (1802). 

Oolaptes auratus mexicanus, Ridgw. Proc. Essex Inst. 1874, p. 171; 
id. op. cit. 1875, pp. 13-34; id. Proc. U. 8. frat. Mm. Ibfc0,p. 190, 
no. 878 b ; Hensh. Auk, 1886, p. 79. * 

Oolaptes auratus, Tar. mexicanus, Ridgw. Proc. Essex hut 1875, 

p. 88 ; Beld. Proc. XI. S. Nat. Mas. 1878, p. 430. 
Oolaptes mexicanus rufipileus, Ridgw. Bull. U. 8. Geol § Geogr. 
Surv. Terr. ii. no. 2, p. 191 (1876). 
Oolaptes rufipileus,*Ridgxo. Ball fruit. Orn. Club, ii. p. 60 (1877) ; 
id. Proc. XT. 8. fraf. Mas. 1880, p. 190, no. 380 ; A. O. U. Checklist 
N. Amer. B. p. 218 (1880); Ridgw. Man. fr. Amer. B. p. 290 
(1887). 

Oolaptes mexicanus saturation Ridgw. Proc. Biol Soc. Wash. ii. 

p. 90 (1882-4). 
Oolaptes 
cafer, A. O. U. Check-list fr. Amer. B. p. 218 (18S0) * 
Scott, Auk, 1888, p. 428 ; Lloyd, op. cit. 1887, p. 191• Ridgw. Man. 

N. Amer. B. p. 296 (1887). 
Oolaptes 
cafer saturatior, A. O. U. Check-list fr. Amer. B. p. 218 
(1880) ; Ridgw. Man, fr. Amer. B. p, 290 (1887). 

Adult male. Differs from Q. auratus in having the top of the 
head and the posterior portion of the neck brown like the back, the 
forehead more rufescent; the face, chin and throat, and the entire 
anterior portion of the neck slaty grey; malar stripe scarlet; the 
underside of the quills and of the tail-feathers, except at the tip, 
and likewise of all the shafts orange-red; the shafts of the quills 
and of the tail-feathers above are also orange-red, except the 
greater portion of those of the central pair of tail-feathers and of 
the apical portion of those of the lateral feathers. There are other 
minor differences. Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 1-55, wing 0, 
tail 3*8, tarsus 1*12; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*8, outer 
posterior 0*75, inner anterior 0*02, inner posterior 0*88. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red 
malar stripe, this being replaced by a spot of cinnamon-brown at 
the base of the lower mandible, and an almost obsolete trace of 
this colour occupying the same tract the red does in the opposite 
sex. Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 1*35, wing 0*25, tail 4*4, 
tarsus 1*12. 

Specimens from Vancouver Island are of large size and have the 
top of the head and the back dark, and the underparts deeply 

2 . COLAPTES. 
19 

washed with rufescent vinaceous or vinaceous pink; the female 
having the cinnamon-brown malar stripe often very clearly defined 
and large. Examples from California and Nevada are somewhat 
similar, but, as a rule, the malar stripe in the female is less defined. 
In a young female from Colorado the malar stripe is well marked. 
Chihuahua birds have the back lighter grey, and the top of the 
head more rufous anteriorly, while Ciudad Durango specimens have 
the back and the top of the head dark. In San Luis Potosi the 
birds are intermediate; those from Aguas Calientes have the head 
and back dark, but grey, particularly the head; the neck clear 
slate-grey, and the underparts slaty pink or vinaceous. Examples 
from Cofro de Perote are very dark on the head and back, and, as 
in the Guerrero (Omilteme) birds, the forehead is sometimes rufous 
anteriorly; the underparts are vinous-slate or vinous-pink, the 
latter in the older birds, and the neck is less brown in older specimens. 
An example from Jalapa is scarcely separable from a Nevada 
specimen, but it has less rufous on the sinciput; the underparts are 
vinous-pink. At Omilteme, Guerrero, and in the Sierra Madre del 
Sur this species resembles the Vancouver Island bird, but is smaller; 
it has the back and the head very dark and brown, and the neck 
browner than in typical examples; the underparts are vinous or 
pinkish buff as in Vancouver birds, but this colour is scarcely so 
intense. An Oaxaca specimen is rufous-brown above, and rufous 
on the head, and the underparts are vinous-pink. 

The varied forms of C. mexicanus appear to be the result of 
climatic influence, as they are not confined to any particular geographical 
area. An examination of a very large series of specimens 
convinces me that they cannot well be separated. The close resemblance 
in colour between the Vancouver birds and those from 
the State of Guerrero, and also between an example from Nevada 
and one from Jalapa, precludes the possibility of recognizing any of 
the forms as subspecies occupying a fixed area. 

Hob. Mexico (generally), except the eastern portion north of 
Vera Cruz, south into Oaxaca; north through the Western United 
States to Sitka *; also found in Guadalupe Island, Lower Cali


fornia. 

a. (S ad.; [Behring Straits.] Capt. Kellett & Lieut. 
b. Juv. sk. Wood [P.]. 
c-f. tf ad.; Vancouver Island, British CoBr. 
Lyall [P.]. 
(j. $ ad. sk. lumbia. 
h,i. $ J ad. sk. St. Juan Island. Br. Lyall [P.]. 
7c. $ ad. sk. Orcas Island. Dr. Lyall [P.]. 
/. c? ad. sk. British Columbia. Mis. Denman [P.L 
m. 
<$ imm.; n. British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
[ $ ] ad. &k. 
o. S ad. sk. Esquimalt, British Columbia Salvin-Godrnan Coll. 
(A. &. Markham). 
* A specimen in the collection is labelled Behring Straits (Capts. Kellett and 
Wood); the precise locality whence this example came cannot be ascertained, so 
that the range cannot, with certainty, be extended so far north. 
c2 

p. J ad. sk.
q. $ ad. sk.
r. 
J ad. sk.
8. (J ad. sk.
t,u. tf ad.;

v. g juv. sk. 
w. d imm. sk.
x. $ ad. sk.
y. S ad. sk. 
picmas. 

 Whidley Is., Washington Territory", 
Dec. (Hensh. Coll.), 
Snake River, Sept. (Hayden,

Hensh. Coll). 
Albany, Oregon, Jan. (Hensh.
Coll).

 Columbia E., Oregon, Oct.

(Hensh. Coll). 

 California.


 San Francisco. 
San Francisco {Hensh. Coll.). 
Fort Crook, Cal. {J. Feilner).


Zja'. <$ $ ad.; b', Oakland, Gal. (Hensh. Coll).

c'. Q imni. sk. 
d'. d ad. sk.
ef. ($ imm. sk.

f. S ad. sk.
g'. 2 a^. sk.
h',i'. S &&.; k\
I, vri. 2 ad. skri. 3 imm. sk.

o'-r'. tf ad. etimm.; s'-x'.
2ad.etimm.sk. 

y', z'. 2 &&• s^'

a". $ ad. sk.

b". S ad. sk.

c". 2 imm. sk.

d". $ ad. sk.

e". <$ ad.; f\
g'\h". 2ad.sk. 
iu-o". <J 2 ad.
sk. 
p", q". 6 2

 a^»
sk. 
r"} s". d 2 ad.
sk.
t", w". 6 2 ad.
sk.
v". <3 ad. sk.

to". $ ad. sk.

x". 2ad.sk.
y". <S ad.; z".
2 imm. sk.
a3. (3 ad. sk.

 Jolan, Cal., Oct. (Hensh. Coll). 
Los Alamos, Cal., Oct. (Hensh.

Coll.). 
Stockton, Cal. (Hensh. ColL). 
Nevada, Cal., Oct. (Hensh.

Coll). 

 Carson, Nevada, Nov., Dec.

 (Hensh. Coll.). 
Provo, Utah, Aug. (Hensh.
Coll), 


 Colorado Springs, Colorado, 
June, July (Hensh. ColL). 


 Papalote, Bee Co., Texas, Jan.

(F. B. Armstrong), 
Hidalgo, Texas,, April 
(F. B.
Armstrong), 

 Santa Fe, ftew Mexico, Sept.

(Hensh. ColL). 

 San Francisco Elver, New Mexico, 
Oct. (Hensh. Coll), 
Gila Co., Arizona, Oct. (Hensh.
Coll.). 

 Mexico.

 Mexico. 

 Hermosillo, Sonora, Dec.

 Chupadero, Chihuahua, Jan., 
Feb. (W. Lloyd), 
Chihuahua City, Feb. (W. 
Lloyd), 

 San Jos^, Chihuahua, Jan. (IF".

Lloyd), 

 Concepcion, Chihuahua, March

(W.Lloyd), 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godinan Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Tvreeddale ColL 

 Sir E. Belclier LP.J. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman ColL 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman ColL 
Salvin-Godman ColL 
Salvin-Godman ColL 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman ColL 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman ColL 
Salvin-Godman ColL 

 Temosachic, March f W. Lloyd). Salvin-Godman ColL 
Ciudad Durango, June (A. Fo?-~ Salvin-Godman Coll. 
rer). 
Sierra de Jerez, Zacatecas, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(W. B. Richardson). 
2 . COLAPTES. 
h*~gz, <$ ad. et Sierra San Luis Potosi (JF. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
imm.; h3, v*, B. Richardson). 
h\ $ ad. et 
imm. sk. 

P. 
<$ imm. sk. Sierra de Calvillo, Aguas Cali-Salvin-Godman ColL 
entes, Aug. ( W. B. Richardson), 
m3. $ ad.; nz. Aguas Calientes, Aug. (W. B. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
§ imm. sk, Richardson). 
o\;A <$ ad. et Sierra Madre Nayarit, Jalisco, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
juv. sk. July (W. B. Richardson). 

f. 
d ad. sk. Sierra Madre, Tepic; 6000 feet, Salvin-Godman ColL 
June (W. B, Richardson). 
?-3,s3. tfjad.sk. Zapotlan, Jalisco, April (W. Salvin-Godman ColL 
Lloyd). 
t\ $ ad. sk. Tetelco, Xocliimilco, Jan. Salvin-Godman ColL 
u3. $ ad. sk. Chimalpa, Tucubaya, Feb. Salvin-Godman ColL 
v3. $ ad. sk. Huipulco, Tlalpam, April. Salvin-Godman ColL 
to3. § ad. sk. Near the City of Mexico. Salvin-Godman ColL 
^3. $ jav. sk. San Miguel Molino, Huejot-Salvin-Godman ColL 

zingo, Puebla, July. 
y3. 2 imm. sk. Las Yigas, Jalapa, July. Salvin-Godman ColL 
s3. $ ad. sk. Jalapa [de Oca), Salvin-Godman ColL 
tf4,£4. 6 ad.; c4, Oofre de Perote, July (Mat-Salvin-Godman ColL 

d4. tf imm. sk. teo). 
e\f. $ ad. sk. Totontepee, Oaxaca, Feb. (M. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Trujillo). 
#4. tf ad. sk. Tonaguia, Oaxaca, Feb. (M. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Trujillo). 
h\ $ ad. sk. Villa Alta, Oaxaca, March (M. Salvin-Godman ColL 

TrvtjUlo). 
*4. ? ad. sk. Oaxaca (Fenochio). Salvin-Godman ColL 
&4. tfad.; IK <$ Omilteme (8000 feet), State of Salvin-Godman ColL 

imm. sk. 
Guerrero, July (Mrs. M. K. 
Smith). 
m4, J ad. sk. Sierra Madre del Sur (Mrs. Salvin-Godman ColL 

K. IT. Smith). 
6. Colaptes submexicairas. 
Picus rubricatus ( J) , Wagl Isis, 1829, p. 516. 
Colaptes "rubricatus, JBp. P. Z. S. 1837, p. 109; Gray, Gen. B. ii. 


p. 446, pi. cxi. tf ad. (1846). 
Colaptes mexicanoides, Lafr. Rev. de Zool. 1844, p. 42; Sel fy Sato. 
Ibis, 1859, p. 137; Scl. Cat Amer. B. p. 344, no. 2050 (1862): 
Gray, List Ricid. Brit. Mus. p. 121 (1868); id. Eand-l. B. ii. 

p. 202, no. 8831 (1870) ; Scl. fy Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 101 
(1873) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 290 (1887). 
Geopicos mexicanoides, Malh. N. Classif. Mem. Acad. Metz. 184849, 
p. 359. 
Colaptes collaris, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 114 (1850); id, Consp, 
Volucr. Zygod. p. 11, no. 233 (1854). 
Geopicus rubricatus, Malh. Bicidce. ii. p. 265, pi. ex. figs. 1,2, A Q 
al. (1862). ' ' ° * 
Picus submexicanuS; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 72 (1866). 

Adult male. Eesembles G. meoskanus in the underside of the 
wings and of the tail being orange-red, but differs in having the 

22 
PICIM. 

whole of the top of the head, occiput, and nape rich rufous; the 
back, scapulars, and wing-coverts more rufescent and with broader 
black bars ; the rump transversely spotted with black: the central 
pair of tail-feathers with some transverse rufescent spots upon both 
webs ; the shafts of the quills and of the reetrices both above and 
below are the same as in C. memcanus. Total length 11*5 inches, 
culmen 1*77, wing 6*35, tail 4*65, tarsus 1*2; toes (without claws) 
—outer anterior 0*85, outer posterior 0-8, Inner anterior 0*85, Inner 
posterior 0*4. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having a cinnamon-
rufous malar stripe. Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 1*25. wing 
5*95, tail 4-15, tarsus 1*1. 

Hob. Guatemala. 

a. S ad. sk. [Mexico.] 
Purchased. 
b. J imm. sk. [Mexico.] 
Purchased. 
c. j ad. sk. Barranco Hondo, Guatemala, Salvin-Gudman Coll. 
Oct. (O. &). 
d,e. 6 2 ad. sk. Coban, Vera Paz (O. &). Sclater Coll. 
/ . $ ad. sk. Coban (O. #.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

g. $ ad. sk. Coban (O. S.). Twe^ddale Coll. 
h. d ad. sk. Tac-tie, Vera Paz, Xov. (O. S.). Salvin-Godiunu Coll. 
i. S 
ad.sk. Volcan de Fuogo, Guatemala, Salviu-Godinau Cull. 
Sept. (0. S.y 
k} I. $ ad.; m. Guatemala. Tweeddale Coll. 
$ ad. sk. 


7. Colaptes ayresi 
Colaptes ayresii, And. B. Amer. viii. p. 231, pi. ccccxciv. & (1839); 

Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 113 (1850) ; Heerm. loam. Acad. PMkuL 

1853, p. 270; Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 11, no. 230 (1854); 

Meiclienb. Semis. Piei?ice, p. 413, no/971, pi. dclxvi. fig. 4421 

(1854); Gray, List Picid. p. 120 (18G8); id. Hand-l B. ii p. 202, 

no. 8829 (1870). 

Picus ayresi, DeKay, Nat. Hist. N. York, pt ii. v>. 194 (1844). 

Colaptes hybridus, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 122 (1858); B.7 B., § M. 
Hist N Amer. B. ii. p. 582. pi. liv. fig. 3 (1674); Midgiu. JJ. S. 
GeoL JExpl. 4:0th Par. pt. Hi. Orn. p. 556 (1877); Cones, Bull 

U. 8. Geol. Surv. iv. no. 3, p. 018 (1878). 
Geopicus ayresii, Malh. PieidcB, ii. p. 2(50 (1^02). 
Picus hybridus, aurato-mexicanus, 8undev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 72 
(1806). 
Colaptes auratus, var. hvbridus, Bidgto. Proc. Essex Inst. 187o, 

p. 38; Beld. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 430. 
Colaptes auratus hybridus, Ridgw. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1880, 
p. 190, no. 378 a. 
The varied characters of this race are given by Balrd, Brewer, 
and Bidgway as follows:—" Yellow shafts or feathers on wing and 
tail combined with red, or red-spotted cheek-patches. Orange-reel 
shafts combined with a well-defined nuchal red crescent and pinkish 
throat. Ash-coloured throat combined with black cheek-patch or 
yellow shafts. Shafts and feathers intermediate between gamboge-
yellow and dark orange-red." It will therefore be seen that 


C. ayresi is Intermediate between (7. auratus and G. mexkanus. 
2. C0LAPTES. 
The most remarkable feature in connection with the Picidce of 
North America is the interbreeding* between G. auratus and 

0. mexicanus, resulting in a race frequently called Jiyhridus, which 
occupies a district rarely invaded by pure-blooded birds of either 
of the parent species, and but rarely found out of that district. The 
very existence of this race, occupying as it does a distinct region, 
seems to point to the conclusion that the birds are fertile, otherwise 
it would cease to exist, and hybrids would only be found where the 
opposite species came in direct contact. A proof of the fertility of 
G. ayresi is given by Audubon, who states that in the nest-hole of 
the type-specimens there were six young birds. The breed may be 
one of long standing, but that it is replenished by pure blood from 
without seems highly probable, and may account for the violent 
contrast sometimes produced in the two sides of the same bird, 
which I think would not result in a race if left entirely to themselves, 
as the tendency would be towards the acquirement of a fixed 
character. The name of Jiyhridus is untenable. A hybrid or 
simple cross between two species can have no specific name, and it 
is only upon the assumption that the birds resulting from this cross 
are fertile, and are producing a race having the characters of both 
parent forms (although irregular in their distribution and development), 
that they can have a name bestowed upon them, and, if such 
be the case, I see no other title for them than that of G. ayresi of 
Audubon. The name given by this author must therefore be 
understood to apply to the race produced originally by the union of 
0. auratus and 0. mexicanus, and possessing such varied characters 
as to render description vague and indefinite, but evidently suggestive 
of very close interbreeding, and not as tending to show that all 
the individuals comprising the race are the immediate descendants 
of true G. auratus and G. mexieanus. There can be no doubt that 
G. auratus also interbreeds with C. cJirysoides, but I do not see how 
any specific title can be applied to these hybrids, which occupy no 
distinct region. 
Hab. Upper Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers, and the Black 
Hills; occasionally ranging into British Columbia and California. 

a. S ad. sk. British Columbia. J. K. Lord, E^q. [P.], 
6. $ ad. sk. California. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
c. $ ad. sk. San Francisco {Hemli. Coll.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d. S ad. sk. Stockton, California (Belding). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e. S 
ad. sk. Puebla, Colorado, Nov. (Bensh. Salvin-Grodman Coll. 
Coll.). 
8. Colaptes campestris. 
Carpintero campestre, Azara, Apunt. ii, p. 303 (1805). 

Picus campestris, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Mst. Nat. xxvi. p. 101 (1818); 
ZicM. Verz. Douhl. p, 10 (1823); Spiv, Av. Bras. i. p. 57, 
pi. xlvi. 2 (1824); Wagl Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 83 (1827); Less. 
TraitS, i p. 225 (1831); JSundev. Consp. Av. IHcin. p. 77 (180(5). 

Picus chrysosternus, Swains. Mem. Wem. Soe. iii. p. 288, 2 (1821). 
Chrysoptilus campestris, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 308 (1837); Gould, 
in Darwin's Voy. Beag.} Bds. p. 113 (1841); ILartl, Bad. Azara, 

24 
PICIDJ5. 

p. 16 (1847) ; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 12-3 (1850); Heiclienh 
Scans. Picince, p. 418, no. 982, pi. dclxx. figs. 4437-38, 9 $ 
(1854) j Gray, List Pieid. Brit. Mm. p. 94 (1S68); id. Hand~l 
B. ii. p. 195, no. 8742 (1870). 
Soroplex campestris, Glog. JSandb. p. 198 (1842). 
Geopicos campestris, Malh. N. Classif. Mem. Acad. Meiz, 1848-49, 
p. 358. 
Colaptes campestris, 
Liclit. Nomencl. Av. p. 77 (1854); Burm. Tk. 
Bras. ii. p. 235 (1856); Selat Cat. Amer. B. p. 843, no. 2050 
(1862) ; Skids. P. Z. S. 1870, pp. 112, 748 ; Darwin, t c. p. 705 ; 
JSamilt Ibis, 1871, p. 308; Mat, § Salv. Xomencl. Av. Neotr. 

p. 101 (1873). 
Malherbipicus campestris, Bp. Consp. Yolucr. Zygod. p. 11, no. 220 
(1854). 
Geopieus campestris, Malh. Pieidcp, ii. p. 251, pi. cviii figs. 1, % 
3 2 ad. (1862). 
Pediopipo campestris, Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 249 (1870). 

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts blackish brown 
narrowly barred with smoky white; quills blackish brown, the 
outer webs of the primaries having yellowish spots, the secondaries 
with white spots; inner webs of primaries margined and spotted, 
those of the secondaries spotted along their whole length with 
white, except the innermost of all, which are barred across both 
webs with brownish white ; shafts golden 3 eliow; rump and npper 
tail-coverts white, the former with a few narrow transverse markings 
of black, the latter entirely barred with black; tail black, the 
base of the inner webs of the central pair of feathers and the 
entire outer web of the outer large feather spotted with buff; shafts 
black; upper nasal plumes, forehead, crown and elongated occipital 
feathers, chin, throat, and malar region black, the feathers of the 
latter having mulberry-red tips, and bristly in character, the black 
on the side of the neck being on a line with the upper part of the 
malar stripe; lower nasal plumes and lores pale golden buff; face, 
side of the neck, nape, fore neck, and upper part of chest deep 
golden yellow; hind neck like the back, but the feathers having 
golden tips; entire under surface of the body yellowish white with 
narrow transverse markings of black; under tail-coverts barred 
black and white; under wing-co^erts and axillaries golden pale 
buff, the coverts at the base of the primaries having dusky spots. 
Total length 12 inches, culmen 1*55, wing 6*7, tail 4*5, tarsus 1*27 ; 
toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*97, outer posterior 0*85, 
inner anterior 0*68, inner posterior 0*5. 

Adult female. Resembles the male, but has the feathers of the 
malar region tipped with white and not bristly in character. Total 
length 11 inches, culmen 1*45, wing 6-2, tail 4*15, tarsus 1*18. 

A young bird (sex ?) has the malar region uniform black. 
Hah. Southern and Eastern Brazil north to Pernambuco ; Bolivia, 
Paraguay, and through Uruguay to Buenos Ayres. 

a,b. <$ $ ad. sL Brazil. Lord Stuart de 
e. $ ad. sk. Brazil.
Eothsay [P.]. 
Sclater Coll. 
d. S imm. sk. Pernambuco, Brazil. Sclater Coll. 

2 . COLAPTES. 
25 

e. c? ad. sk. Taipu, Brazil, Nov. (J. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Natterer). 
f-i. 
(S ad. ; k-n. $ Chapada, Matto Grosso, Salvin-Godinan Coll. 
ad. sk. March, July, Sept., Nov. 

(II. Smith). 
o. (S ad. sk. Rio Claro, Prov. Goyaz, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Joynei*), 
p. 
Juv. sk. Bolivia. Sclater Coll. 
q. $ imm. sk. Bolivia. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
r. 
$ imm. sk. Interior of Bolivia. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
s. Skeleton. Brazil. 
9. Colaptes agricola. 
Geopicos agricola, Math. N. Classif. Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49? 
p. 359. 
Geopicos campestroides, Rev. de Zool. 1849, p. 541. 
Chrysoptilus campestroides, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 123 (1850); 
Burm. T/i. Bras. ii. p. 235 (1855) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit Mas. 

p. 94 (1868) ; id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 196, no. 8743 (1870). 
Chrysoptilus subcanipestris, Reichenh. Scans. Picince, p. 419, no. 983, 
pi. dclxx. figs. 4439-40; d 6 (1854). 
Malherbipicus campestroides, Bp. Consp. Volucr, Zygod. p. 11, 
no. 227 (1854). 
Colaptes australi^, Burm. J. f. 0. I860, p. 244; id. Reise La Plata-
St. ii. p. 445 (1861). 
Geopicus agricola, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 254, pi. cviii. figs. 4; 5, $ g 
ad. (18(52). 
Colaptes 
agricola, Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 343, no. 2051 (1862); 
Hudson, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 549; Sclat. fy Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. 

p. 101 (1873) ; Lee, Ibis, 1873, p; 134; Barrows, Auk, 1884, p. 25; 
Madar. Zeitsch. c/esamm. Orn. ii. p. 159 (1885); Withing. Ibis, 
1888, p. 468; Sclat $ Binds. Arg. Orn. ii. p. 24 (1889). 
Picus agricola, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 77 (1866). 
Colaptes campestris (non Vieill), White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 618. 

Adult male. Differs from C. campestris in having the chin, throat, 

and anterior portion of the face white, the feathers on the posterior 

part of the malar region being mulberry-red spotted with white and 

having black bases. Total length 12*5 inches, culmen 1*43, wing 

6*5, tail 4*35/tarsus 1*3; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*9, 

outer posterior 0*85, inner anterior 0*7, inner posterior 0*45. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of red on 

the malar region, the posterior feathers being black with white tips. 

Total length 11*5 inches, culmen 1*52, wing 6'6, tail 4*4, tarsus 1*2. 

Young female. Besides having the colour less pronounced than in 

the adult, there are one or two other points of difference, the 

feathers of the throat and immediately behind the malar region 

have the black at the base partially exposed; the central pair of 

tail-feathers margined on both webs with buffy white and having a 

partial intermarginal line or row of irregular spots of the same 

colour, the other tail-feathers oxternally edged, more or less, with 

greyish white; the tips of the quills white • under wing-coverts and 

axillaries creamy white. 

26 
PlCIDiE. 

Hah. Southern Brazil, from Taquara do Hundo KOTO into Lower 
Uruguay and the Argentine Bepublic, and south to the Bio Xegro 
in Patagonia. 

a. 2 ad. sk. S. Brazil. 
Sclater Coll. 
b. $ ad. sk. Uruguay, Dec. 8,1875. Alan Peel, Esq. "0.1. 
c. 5 ad. sk. Paysandu, Aug. 1877. Alan Peel, Esq. ~C.]. 
d. § imm. sk. Gualeguaychu, Arg. Rep. Sclater Cull. 
e. <$ ad. sk. La Plata, Arg. Itep. Purchased. 
ft 9-6 S ad. sk. Cosquin, Cordoya, Arsr. Rep., Sah in-Godman Coll. 
June (E. W. White). 
h, i. S $ ad. sk. Rio Negro, Patagonia, ilarch Salyin-Godman Coll. 

(P. Hudson), 
h. 
<$ ad. sk. Rio Negro, Patagonia, July Sclater Coll. 
(Iludbon). 
10. Colaptes rupicola. 
Colaptes 
rupicola, PPOrb. Voy. Amor. Merid. iy. p. -377, pi. IxiL 
fig. 1, S (1835-44); Bridges, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 29; Bp. Cony. 
Gen. Av. i. p. 114 (1850) ; id. Consp. Valuer. Zyr/od. p. 11, no. 'JXo 
(1854); Gray, List Pieid. Brit Mm. p. 122 (1808); id. ITand-I. 

B. ii. p. 202, no. 8832 (1870); Sclat. # Sah. Komencl. Ai\ Xeotr. 
p. 101 (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 632. 
Geopicus rupicola, Math. Picidte, ii. p. 271 (text partly), pi. cxiii. 
fig. 2, $ ad. (1802). 
Picus rupicola, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picui. p. 78 (1806). 
0 Colaptes longirostris, Cab. J.f.O. 1883, p. 97, <5*. 


Adult male. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts brownish black 
barred with pale sandy brown; quills brownish black with more or 
less buff spots on the outer webs and whiter spots on the inner 
webs, the innermost feathers barred across both webs with sandy 
brown; shafts golden yellow; rump pale buff barred with black; 
tail black, the central pair of feathers on the basal half of both 
webs, the outer large feather along its whole length, and the remaining 
feathers at the extreme base of both webs, or of the inner one 
only, very narrowly barred with buff; shafts black with yellow 
bases, the outer large feather having the shaft yellow; upper nasal 
plumes, forehead, crown, occiput, and nape, also the malar region, 
dark slate-grey, the posterior feathers of the malar stripe tipped 
with crimson; hind neek like the back; lower nasal plumes, sides 
of the face and neck, chin and throat, fore neck and chest sandy 
buff, the two latter having transverse spots of black; the entire 
underparts below the chest, the under tail-coverts, under wing-

coverts, and axillaries pale buff, and (with the exception of a few 
narrow black bars on the lower series of under tail-coverts) perfectly 
uniform : " eye, black centre, cadmium-yellow ring v (D. 
Forbes). Total length 12*5 inches, culmen 2*2, wing 0*65, tail 
3*9, tarsus 1-16; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*9, outer 
posterior 0*8, inner anterior 0*08, inner posterior 0*38. 

* I take this to be only Q. rupicola. The measurement of the bill (which is 
the only stated point of difference) as given by Oabanis is exactly the same as 
that of the male described by me, which is true C. rupicola from Bolivia. 
2 . COLAPTES. 
27 

Adult female. Resembles the adult male, but has the malar stripe 
totally devoid of red. Total length 12-5 inches, culmen 2*05, wing 
6-65, tail 4-2, tarsus 1*25. 

Bab. Bolivia, and south into Tucuman. 

a. J ad sk. Bolivia. 
T. Bridges [0.]. 
b. S ad. sk. Bolivia, Oct. 30, 1862. Sclater Coll. 
c. 
5 ad. sk. Ilumaxuaea, Bolivia, March Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1804 (R. Pearce). 
11. Colaptes puna. 
Colaptes rupicola (non Pi* Orb,*), Tschudi, Av. Consp. Pep. Pervan. 
p. 303; Cab. in TichmWa Faun. Pervan., Av. p.^269 (1845-46); 
Peichenb. Scans. Picincc, p. 410, no. 976, pi. dclxviii.figs. 442S-29, 
2 $ (1854); Malh. Picid. li. p. 271 (pt.), pi. cxiii.fig. 1, $ ad. (1862); 
Sclat. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1808, p. 570; iid. op. cit 1809, p. 154; iid. 
Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 101 (1873) (pt.); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 540 ; 
Select. § Salv. t. c. p. 078; Sclat. op. cit. 1881, p. 488. 
Colaptes puna, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 77 (1854) ; Cab. J. f. O. 1883, 

p. 98 ; Tacz. Dm. Peron, iii. p. 94 (1880). 
Picus rupicola (pt.), Giebel, The*. Orn. iii. p. 178 (1876). 
, Adult male. Resembles the Bolivian C. rupicola, but may be dis


tinguished by having the nape crimson. Total length 13 inches, 

culmen 2, wing Cyo, tail 4*4, tarsus 1*18: toes (without claws)— 

outer anterior 0*88, outer posterior 0*78, inner anterior 0*02, inner 

posterior 0*32 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having no red at the 

extremity of the malar stripe. Total length 13 inches, culmen 1*87, 

wing 6*45, tail 4, tarsus 1*2. 

Hah. The high ' plateaux} of Central and Southern Peru, at from 

11,000 to 14,000 feet elevation. May possibly range into Bolivia. 

a. J ad. sk. Tinta, Peru, June 23, 1868 Sclater Coll. 
(H.W7iitekj). 
b, c. $ ad. sk. Tinta, Peru, May, June (JET. Tweeddale Coll. 
Whitely). 


d. S 
ad. sk. Tinta, Peru, June (H. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Whitely). 
e. S ad. sk. Andes of Lima (Nation). Sclater Coll. 
/. d ad. sk. [Bolivia.] T. Bridges [C.]. 
12. Colaptes cmereicapillus. 
Colaptes cmereicapillus, Meichcnb. Scans. Picin®, p. 416, no. 978 5, 

pi. dclxxx. furs. 4489-90, ? $ (1854). 
Colaptes rupicola (non cVOrb.), Scl # Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 140. 
Colaptes stolzmanni, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 209; id. Orn. Perou, 

iii. p. 92 (1886); Pelz. fy Zorenz, Ann. h.-h. Naturh. Hofm. iii. 
Th. iv. p. 42 (1888). 
Adult female. Back and hind neck, scapulars and wing-coverts 
brownish black barred with buff or buffy white; rump and upper 
tail-coverts pale golden yellow tinged with buff, the lower series of 
the coverts transversely varied with black; bastard-wing and 
primary-coverts brownish black externally spotted with buff; quills 

28 PICID-2E. 

brownish "black, the outer webs of the primaries 021 their basal portion 
and those of the secondaries along their whole length spotted 
with buff, the inner webs of the primaries more or less margined 
with pale buff which scallops the black, the inner webs of the 
secondaries with marginal spots of buff, the innermost of the latter 
feathers narrowly barred across with buff: shafts golden yellow; 
tail brownish black, the inner webs of the feathers, at the base, and 
the whole of the outer large feather with irregular and narrow buff 
bars; shafts black with golden bases, the shaft of the outer large 
feather yellow; upper nasal plumes, forehead, crown, occiput, and 
nape, also malar stripe, dusky slate-grey; lower nasal plumes and 
lores, sides of the face and neck, chin, throat, and fore neck rufescent 
buff, grading into a brighter and paler shade on the chest and 
breast, and more golden yellow on the remaining underparts and 
under tail-coverts, the lower part of the fore neck and the upper 

part of the chest narrowly barred with black ; upon the sides of the 
body a few almost obsolete dusky bars; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries clear rufous buff: " eyes sulphur-yellow " (Skere). Total 
length 14*5 inches, culmen 2*1, wing 0*75, tail 5, tarsus 1*26 ; toes 
(without claws)—outer anterior 1, outer posterior 0-90, inner 
anterior 0*7, inner posterior 0*45. 

Adult male. According to Taezanowski, the male differs from the 
female in having the malar stripe red posteriorly; the measurements 
given by the above author are as follows:—Total length 
14 inches, wing 7, tail 5*3, bill 2-2, tarsus 1*25. 

Hab. Northern Peru, at from 8,000 to 11,000 feet elevation. 

a. § ad. sL Cutervo, Peru. Selater ColL 
13. Colaptes pitius. 
Picus pitius, Molina, Hist. Nat. Chili, p. 209 (1782); LatTi. Ind. 

Cm. i. p. 234 (1790). 
Picus pitiu, Gm. Sijst. Nat. i. p. 432 (1788). 
Picus ckilensis, Gam. <?* Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 241, pi. xxxii. § Imm. 

(1820); Less. Traite, i. p. 226 (1831J ; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. 

p. 78 (1806). 
Colaptes chilensis, Tig. Z00L BeecJmJs Voy. p. 24 (1839); Bridges, 
P. Z. S. 1841, p. 94; Gould, in Darwin's Voy. Bear/., Bds. p. 114 
(1841); Gray, List Picid. Brit Mus. p. 122 (18G8); id. Eand-l. 
B. ii. p. 202, no. 8835 (1870). 
Colaptes pitiguus, Bridges, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 114; Gay, Faun. Chili, 
i. Zool. p. 373 (1847); Phihppi, Cat. At. Mus. Nat. Santiago, 
p. 27 (1869). 
Colaptes pitius, Bp. Consp. Gen. At. i. p. 114 (1850); JReichenb. 
Scans. Pieince, p. 414, no. 974, pi. delxvii. figs. 4425-26, § g 
(1854; • Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 344, no. 2052 (1802); id. |-8ah. 
Ibis, I860, p. 283; nd. op. cit. 1870, p. 499; nd. Nomencl AD. 
Neotr. p. 101 (1873). 

Pituipicus ohilerisis, Bp* Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 11, no. 236 (1854). 
Pituipicus pitiguus, Gray, List Gen. 1855, p. 94. 
Geopicus cnilensis, Malh. Piddce, ii. p. 209, pi. cxi. figs. 4 & 5, $ & 


$ ad. (1862). 

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts dusky brown 

3 . HYPOXJJSTIHUS. 
narrowly barred with smoky white* quills dusky brown, the outer 
webs spotted with more or less smoky white, the inner webs of the 
primaries margined on their basal portion, those of the secondaries 
spotted along their whole longth with white, the innermost of the 
secondaries being barred across both webs with smoky white; shafts 
pale yellow, those of the primaries browner at the base; rump 
uniform white; upper tail-coverts barred black and white: tail 
nearly black, the central pair of feathers having almost the whole 
of the inner web and the base of the outer web transversely spotted 
with buff, and the outer large feather spotted and varied with buff 
on the margin of the outer web, and tipped with the same ; shafts 
black; forehead, crown, occiput, and nape dusky slate-grey; hind 
neck like the back; nasal plumes, face, chin, and throat buffy 
white, the malar region very faintly striped with red; side, of the 
neck and fore neck, entire underparts and under tail-coverts sandy 
white, the abdomen tinged with yellow, the side of the neck, fore 
neck, and chest barred with black, and the latter, as well as the sides 
of the breast, with a few black spots; flanks, thighs, and under tail-
coverts barred with black; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale 
yellowish buff. Total length 12*5 inches, culmen 1*95, wing 6'35, 
tail 4*6, tarsus 1*17 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 1, outer 
posterior 0*85, inner anterior 0*75, inner posterior 0-38. 

Adult female. Has no red on the malar region, this beiug spotted 
with dusky. Total length 12 inches, culmen 1*7, wing 6*25, 
tail 4*45, tarsus 1*2. 

Young (sex ?). Has the whole of the top of the head black, transversely 
spotted with dusky buff; the face, chin, and throat duller, 
the malar region unspotted, the ear-coverts and immediately behind 
the malar region striped with black; the light transverse markings 
on the upper parts more smoky. 

Bab. Chili. 
a, b, J imm.;
c. Juv. sk. 
d, e. Imm. sk.
/*. $ ad. sk.
g. (5 ad. sk.
<h. Skeleton. 
Chili, 
Chili. 
Santiago, Chili (U. C, JReed). 
Santiago. 
Chili. 
Purchased. 
Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
3. HYPOXAOTHUS. 
Type. 

Hypoxanthus, Bp. Consp. Volucr, Zygod. no. 228 (1854) .. H. rivolii. 
Range. Prom Venezuela through Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, into 
Bolivia. 

Keg to the Species.* 

A. 
Wing-coverts and outer webs of secondaries 
almost entirely red ; with red upon the feathers 
* The main characters given in the key hold good, but the "spotted" or it 
may be " uniform " chin and throat, although possessed by the species generally, 
is not constant. Examples of H. rivolii and H. atriceps haxe these parts 
occasionally almost, if not entirely, uniform,, and, on the other hand, they are 
sometimes spotted in JS. brevirostris. The barred (or otherwise) rump and 
upper tail-coverts is a character much more constant. 
30 
PICIDJS. 

of the fore neck and chest; top of the head red 
in the male. 


a'. Chin and throat spotted with yellowish white, 
the rump and upper tail-coverts with yellow 
crescentic markings and bars. 


a". Malar stripe red rivolii) <$ ad., p. 30. 
h". Malar stripe black rivolii, O ad., p. 31. 
b'. Chin and throat, rump, and upper tail-coverts 

uniform black. [p. 31. 
c". Malar stripe red hrerirohtri*, $ ad., 
d''. Malar stripe black hrevirostris, § ad., 

B. 
Wing-coverts and outer webs of secondaries jp. 31. 
almost entirely golden olive, only slightly 
tipped or margined with red ; with no red on 
the feathers of the fore neck and client; chin 
and throat spotted ; rump and upper tail-coverts 
uniform; top of the head black in both sexes. [p. 32. 
c\ "With red malar stripe atriceps, <$ ad., 
d\ With black malar stripe atrieeps, 2 ad., 

[p. 3i>. 
1. Hypoxaiitlms rivolii. 
Picus rivolii, Boiss. Per. Zool. 1840 (January), p. 30; Wagn. Arch, 

filr Naturg. 1841, p. 100; Stindeo. Camp. Av. Picin. p. 71 (l&OUJ. 
Picus elegans (non Swains.), Fraser, P. Z. S. 1840 (July), p. 00. 
Colaptes hypoxanthus, Blyth, J. A, S. B. 1845, p. 198, "c?. 
Colaptes elegans, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 440 (1^40); Bp. Comp. Gen. 

Av. i. p. 114 (1850); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1833, p. 102. 
Geopicos rivolii, Malh. N. Ciassif. Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, 

p. 359. 
Colaptes rivolii, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. SB. ^.61 (1849); Pekhenk 
Semis. Picince, p. 415, no. 977, pi. dclxviii. figs. 4430-31, g $ 
(1854) ; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 345, no. 2057 (1805); Gray, List 
Pieid. Brit Mus. p. 122 (1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 203, no. bboiS 
(1870). 

Hypoxanthus rivolii, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zyr/od. p. 11, no. 228 (1854); 
Sclat fy Salv. Nomencl. Av. Keotr. p. l6I (1873). 
Geopicas rivolii, Malh. Pioidce, ii. p. 207 (pt. text), pi. cxii. fisrs. 1,2, 
cJ & $ ad. (1802). 

Adidt male. Back and scapulars crimson; rump and upper tail-
coverts black with bars and crescentic markings of yellow tinged 
with red, the lower coverts uniform black; wing-coverts olive-
brown margined with dull crimson; outer webs of primaries pale 
olive, those of the secondaries almost ertirely crimson, the inner 
webs of the quills dusky brown, more or less margined with buffy 
white; shafts rather dull golden yellow; tail black, the outer 
large feather externally margined with brownish white; shafts 
grading from black in the central to brownish yellow in the outer 
feathers; nasal plumes black; top of the head, occiput, and malar 
stripe crimson, with partly exposed blackish bases to the feathers, 
the nape and hind neck, also the side of the neck, bright crimson ; 
face pale yellow; chin and throat black, spotted with yellowish 
white; fore neck and chest black, washed with crimson, and covered 
with Y-shaped and crescentic markings of yellow ; from the breast 

3 . HYPOXANTIITJS. 
31 

to the under tail-coverts, both inclusive, dull golden yellow, the 
upper breast, sides of the body, and flanks with erescentie black 
markings• under wing-coverts and axillarics dull golden yellow, the 
edge of the wing varied with black. Total length 11 inches, 
culmen 1*68, wing 5-5, tail 3*9, tarsus 1*05 ; toes (without claws)— 
outer anterior 0*7, outer posterior 0*7, inner anterior 0*62, inner 
posterior 0*38. 

Adult female. Has the forehead, crown, and malar stripe black, 
but otherwise resembles the male. Total length 11 inches, culmen 
1*5, wing 5*4, tail 4*05, tarsus 1*02. 

Bab. U. S. Colombia (Bogota) and Yenezuela. 

a. Ad. sk. Colombia. Tweeddale Coll. 
b, c. c? ? ad. sk, New Granada. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d. § ad. st.
e. $ ad.; f~i,
ad. sk. 
J 
New Granada. 
Bogota. 
E. Wilson, Esq. [P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
h. Iinm. sk.
I,m. tf ? ad. 
n. $ ad.; o, pst.
. 
Bogota. 
Santa FS, Bogota. 
Santa Fe, Bogota. 
Sclater Coll. 
Purchased. 
Purchased. 
$ ad.sk. 

Subsp. Hypoxanthus brevirostris. 

Colaptes elegans (non Swains.), Sclat. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 555• id. op. 

cit. 18U0, pp. 81-95. 
Geopicus rivolii, Malh. Picid. ii. p. 207 (pt. text) (1862). 
Colaptes rivolii (pt.), Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 345, no. 2057 (18G2). 
Hypoxanthus brevirostris, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 44G; id. op. cit. 

1880, p. 209 ; id. op. cit 1882, p. 43. 
Hypoxanthus aequatorialis, Dubois, Bull. Acad. R. Beige, 1S79; 

p. 823. 
Hypoxanthus rivolii (non Boiss.), Sclat. fy Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, 
p. 533. 
Hypoxanthus rivolii brevirostris, Berl. fy Tacz. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 307 ; 
"iid. op. cit. 1885, p. 107 ; Tacz. Orn. JPerou, iii. p. 90 (1886). 

Adult male. Eesembles H. rivolii, but may be distinguished by iis 
uniform black chin and throat, rump and upper tail-coverts. Total 
length 10 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 5*2, tail 3*85, tarsus 095 ; 
toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*8, outer posterior 0*8, inner 
anterior 0*56, inner posterior 0*38. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead, 
crown, and malar stripe black. Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 1*18, 
wing 5, tail 3*55, tarsus 0*95. 

The dimensions of examples from New Granada are considerably 
greater than those of the typical Peruvian birds, and approach more 
to those of E. rivolii. 

Hah. Central and Northern Peru; Ecuador and Western Colombia 
to Antioquia. 

a. 
<$ acl. sk. Retiro, Antioquia (T. K Sal- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
mon).
ach s^


b. 
2 Santa Elena, Antioquia (T. K Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salmon). 
32 
PICIBiE. 

c. c? ad. sk. Antioquia (T. K. Salmon). Sclater Coll. 
& c? ad. sk. Ecuador. Salvin-Godman Coil. 
e. 6 
ad.; /. S Ecuador (C. Buckley). Sclater Coll. 
imm. sk. 
g, h. S $ ad. Ecuador (C. Buckley), Tweeddale Coll. 
sk. 
L (S ad. sk. Sical, Ecuador (C. Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

k. 
$ ad. sk. San Lucas, Ecuador (Villa-Salvin-Godman Coll. 
gomez). 
2. Hypoxantlras atriceps. 
Ilypoxantkus rivolii (jion Boiss.), Sclat. P. Z. S, 1873, p. 780. 
Hypoxanthus atriceps, Sclat. $• Sal v. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 254; lid. op. 
cit. 1879, p. 632. 

Adult male. Eesembles both H. rivolii and H. brevirostris, but 
differs from these in having the forehead, crown, and occiput black; 
the face rather darker, and the ear-coverts much more olive; the 
wing-coverts and the outer webs of all the quills golden olive, the 
former (only) tipped with red, some of the secondaries being slightly 
tinged with red on the external margin only; with less red on the 
side of the neck, and none whatever on the feathers of the fore 
neck and chest, the feathers having yellow apical margins. II. atriceps, 
besides the above differences, may be distinguished from 

B. rivolii by its uniform rump and upper tail-coverts, and from 
E. brevirostris by its white spotted chin and throat. Total length 
9 inches, culmen 1*03, wing 4*95, tail 3*7, tarsus 0*95; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*7, outer posterior 0*05, inner anterior 
0*5, inner posterior 0*35. 
Adult female, Eesembles the adult male, but has the malar stripe 
black. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1*05, wing 4*78, tail 3*65, 
tarsus 0*95. 

Immature (type of the species). Differs from the adult female in 
having the feathers of the fore neck and upper part of the chest 
margined at the tip with red ; the face, including the ear-coverts, 
golden white; the occiput red like the nape ; wing-coverts and 
secondaries dingy brown, the former entirely margined, the latter 
only externally margined with washed-out red ; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries buffy white, slightly tipped with golden yellow. In 
this plumage the bird very closely resembles the immature of 

H. brevirostris from Ecuador. 
Hab. Peru (Huasampilla) and Bolivia. 
a. (J ad. sk, Huasampilla, Peru (JBJ. WJiztely). Salvin-Godman Coll, 
(Type of species.) 
b. <$ imm. sk. Bolivia. 
T. Bridges [C.]. 
c. Imm. sk. Bolivia (JR. Pearce). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d. <$ imm. sk. Barnosani, Bolivia (C. Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e,f. S 2 ad. Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas, Bolivia Salvin-G odman Coll. 
sk. (C. Buckley). 
g}h. (S 5 ad, Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas, Bolivia Sclater Coll, 
sk. (C. Buckley). 

4 . GECINUS. 
4. GECINUS. 
Type. 
Geciniw, Bote, Ms, 1831, p. 542 .. G. viridis. 
Brachylophns, Swains. Classify B. ii. p. 308 (1837) .. G. viridis. 
Venilia, Bp. Cmsp. Gen. Av. i. p. 128 (1850) .. G. purticeus. 

Tail of Gfecimis viridis (reduced). 

Range, Throughout almost the whole of the Palsearctie and the 
Indian Eegions. 

Key to the Sjpecies. 

A. Bump green or yellow. 
a'. No yellow nuchal crest; never any 
red on the wings. 
a!'. Under surface of the body not uniform, 
and more or less varied with 
V-shaped, squamate or crescentic 
markings of black, brown, ox 
brownish olive. 

«'". 
Underparts yellow, the abdomen, 
flanks, and thighs with 
more or less distinct V-shaped 
or crescentic dusky markings. 


«4. Anterior half of face black. 
a5. Malar stripe red, bordered 
with black viridis S &cL> p. 38. 
b5. Malar stripe black viridis J ad., p. 39. 
b%. Entire face grey. 
e5. Malar stripe red, not bordered 
with black sharpii $ ad., p. 40. 
d5. Malar stripe black sharpii 5 ad., p. 40. 
cK Face grey, but crossed by a 
white stripe from the base 
of the upper mandible to the 
extremity of the malar region; 
malar stripe black in both 
sexes. 


TOL. XVIII. 
B 

34 PICIDJS. 

e\ Crown, occiput, and nape red. vaUlanti d ad., p. 41. 

f5. Crown and occiput grey-
striped with, black; nape 
(only) red ...... vaUlanti $ ad,, p. 41. 

bfi\

 Underparts below the upper 
breast covered with V-shaped 
or crescentic markings of black; 
malar stripe red in both sexes. 


dK Crown and occiput red, this 
colour spreading on to the 
black nape awokera <$ ad., p. 42. 

el. Crown grey, varied with black, 
the occiput (only) red ..... . awokera $ ad., p. 42. 

c"\ Underparts below the chest 
with squamate markings of 
black; throat and chest olivaceous 
or yellowish ashy; tail 
entirely barred; malar "region 
black striped with white in 
both sexes. 


fK Wing-coverts uniform; the 
squamate markings on the 
underparts broad, the feathers 
often having black 
shaft-strip es; tail narrowly 
barred with creamy white, 
the black interspaces showing 
clearly on the underside. 


g5. Crown, occiput, and nape 
red squamatus <$ ad., p. 43. 
¥. Crown, occiput, and nape 
black sqiiamaius $ ad., p. 44. 
gl. (pale form). Wing-coverts 
barred with darker green; 
the squamate markings on the 
underparts very narrow, and 
the feathers without black 
shaft-stripes; tail broadly 
barred with creamy white, 
the bars showing faintly on 
the underside, which is 
washed with golden yellow. 
i5. Crown, occiput, and nape red. gorii <$ ad., p. 4*5. 
j s. Crown, occiput, and nape 
black gorii 2 &<!•> P* 45. 

dfff 

, Underparts below the chest 
with elongated squamate markings 
of blackish brown, and 
having a striped appearance; 
the neck and chest uniform 
ochreous yellow or greenish 5 
tail not barred, and with only 
a few bar-like spots on the 
inner webs of the central 
feathers. 


/i4. Crown, occiput, and nape red. vittatus S ad., p. 46. 
i\ Crown, occiput, and nape black, vittatw $ ad., p. 47. 

4 . eECXNTTS. 
e"\ The neck and chest not uniform, 
and varied with markings very 
similar to those of the underpays. 


jK Tail-feathers with only a few 
bar-like spots at the base, the 
outer large one externally 
spotted, not barred; malar 
region deep black striped with 
white in both sexes; plumage 
not soft and silky. 


k5. Crown, occiput, and nape red. viridanus tf ad., p. 48, 
Z5. Crown, occiput, and nape 
black viridanus J ad., p. 48. 

kK Tail-feathers more or less 
barred at the base, the outer 
large one entirely barred; 
malar region greyish white, 
striped with dusky olive or 
blackish in both sexes; plumage 
soft and silky. 


m\ Crown, occiput, and nape red. striolatus tf ad., p. 50. 
n\ Crown, occiput, and nape 
black striolatus J ad., p. 51. 

b". Entire under surface of the body 
uniform; malar stripe black in 
both sexes. 


f"\ Nape grey. 
I1. Crown red canus $ ad., p. 54. 
m1. Crown and occiput grey like 


the nape canus $> ad., p. 54. 
g'"t Nape black• occiput black or 
striped with grey. 


n\ Tail entirely crossed by greyish 
bars; lower mandible yellow 
at the base. 


o5. Crown red guerini $ ad., p. 55. 

p5. Crown and occiput striped 
black and grey, or almost 
entirely black guerini J ad., p. 55. 

o\ Tail black, the central pair of 
feathers with greyish spots 
upon both webs j bill black, 
with no yellow on the lower 
mandible. 


q5. Crown red occipitalis S ad., p. 56. * 
r5. Crown black, like the occiput 
and nape occipitalis $ ad., p. 57. 
If, With yellow nuchal crest and with 
more or less red on the wings. 
c". Wing-coverts green, and the outer 
webs of the quills more or less so. 

hf". Larger, length 10 inches, wing 
5*25 ; underparts below the 
breast fulvescent white barred 
with olive-dusky. 


pK Base of the forehead, outer 
D2 

36 
nomas. 

edge of tlie crown and occiput, 
also the malar stripe, crimson, chlorolophus S ad., p. 60. 


qK Occiput (only) externally bordered 
with red; no red malar 
stripe , chlorolophus § axL* p« 60* 

%'". Smaller, length 9*5 inches, wing 
4*65 ; underparts deep olive, 
the sides of the body and below 
the breast more or less spotted 
transversely with yellowish 
white, 


rK Grown, occiput, and malar 
stripe crimson chlorogaster <$ ad., p. 03. 
sk. Occiput (only) crirn&on; no red 
malar stripe cMorogabter J ad., p. 0-3. 

d". Wing-coverts and outer webs of 
quills (except the apical portion 
of the primaries) ermibon. 


/" . Malar stripe crimson pimiceus <$ ad., p. 65. 
k'". Without any malar stripe ... . pimiceus $ ad., p. 65. 
Eump red; head black; neck and chest 
yellow. 
(/, Bill ivory-white. 
ef/. Crown, with a small quadrate spot 
of red erythropygius J ad., p. 06. 
/". With no red on crown erythropygius 5 ad., p. 07, 
d\ Bill black. 
g". Crown with large quadrate patch 
of red, or almost entirely red.... nigrigenis $ ad., p. 07. 
h". With no red on crown nigrigenis § ad., p. 08. 

1. G-ecinns viridis. 
Le Pic Terd, Briss. Orn. iv. p. 9 (17G0); Buff. Mist. Nat. Ois. 
vii. p. 355 (1783) ; Daub. PI. Enl 879 (d1). 
Le Pic Verd du Mexique, Briss. Orn. iv. p. 10 (1700)*. 
Le Pic jaune de Per&e, Briss. Orn. iv. p. 20 (l760)t; Salerne, Mist. 
Nat. Ois. p. 108 (1707). 

The 
Green Woodpecker, Perm. Brit. Zool, Bds. p. 78, pi. E, <$ 
(1760); Walk's, Nat. Hist Norihumb. i. p. 319 (1769); Lath. 
Gen. Syn. ii. p. 577 (1782) ; Penn. Arct. Zool ii. p. 277 (1785) ; 
Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 110 (1787); Leicin, B. Gt. Brit, ii, 

p. 34, pi. xlvi. d (1796); Mo-id. Orn, Diet. ii. (1802); Bewick, 
Mist. Bds. i. p. 130 (1826); Hetcits. Mag. Zool & Bot. ii. p. 313 
(1838); Thomps. Nat. Mist Irel ii. App. p. 441 (1851). 
Picus viridis, Linn. Syst. Nat i. p. 175(1766); Tzmst. Orn. Brit. 

* Pounded on the bird described and figured as Ardea inexicana by Seba 
(Oab. Cur. Nat i. pt. 2, p. 100, pi. ixiv.fig. 3, 1734), but which is only G. 
viridis furnished with the legs of another bird, not a Woodpecker. This error 
was observed by Brisson, who placed the bird amongst the Pfcida, but failed 
to recognize the species to which it belonged. 
+ Pounded on the Picus lufeus cyanopus persicus of Aldrovandi (Orn. p. 850), 
and nothing more than a variety of G. viridis, peculiar to the East. 
4. GEcnnrs. 
p. 2 (1771) ; Gm. Syst Nat i. p. 433 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. i. 
p. 234 (1790) j jtfejw <^ JFbJ/J Hist Nat Ois. de VAllem. p. 15, 
pi. x. 5 a(i-; pl» x** juv. (1805); Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. 
p. 408 (1811); Leach, Si/st Cat Brit Mus. p. 12 (1816); Nik. 
Orn. Suec. i. p. 103 (1817) ; Vieill N Diet. xxvi. p. 95 (1818); 
Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 391 (1820); Brehm, Naturg. Eur., Fog. 
I p. 134 (1823); Roux, Orn. Prov. I p. 92, pis. 57, 58 (1825); 
Valenc. Diet Sc. Nat. xl. p. 109 (1826) ; Risso, JEur. Merid. iii. 
p. GO (1826) ; Nairn. Yog. Deutschl. v. p. 270, pi. exxxii. (1820); 
Waql. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 32 (1827); Savi, Orn. Toso. i. p. 140 
(1827); Werner, Atl. pi. 201 (1827); Flem. Hist. Brit Anim. 

p. 91 (1828); Less. Traite, i. p. 218(1831); Menetr. Cat Rais. 
Cauc. p. 46, no. 133 (1832); Selby, Brit B. i. pt. 2, p. 372, pi. 
xxxviii. $ (1833); Jenyns, Man. Brit Vertebr. p. 148 (1835); 
Gould, B. JEur. iii. pi. 22Q, tf ad. Sc juv. (1837); Schinz, Wirb. 
Schiveiz, p. 91 (1837); Jard. $ Selb. III. Orn. i. p. 372 (1839) ; 
Macgill. Hist Brit B. iii. p. 91 (1840); Keys. <$• Bias. Wirb. Eur. 
p. 147 (1840); Yarr. Hist Brit B. ii. p. 132 (1843); Schleg. 
Rev. Crit. Ois. cVEur. p. xlix (1844); Brumm. Ann. Nat Hist 
1846, p. 13; Baikie % Hedd. Hist Nat Oread, pt. i. p. 49 (1848); 
Schleg. Vog. Nederl. p. 79, pi. 48 <? J (1854-58); Heioits. Eggs 
Brit B. i. p. 239, pi. lxi. fig. 2 (185G) ; Binderm. Vog. Griechenl 
p. 41 (1860) ; Sundev. Coiisp. Av. Picin. p. 60 (1866); Sabanaef, 
Bull. Mosc. xlii. pt. ii. pp. 185-197 (1869); JElw. $ Backl. Ibis, 
1870, p. 188; Ii. Gray, B. W. Scotl. p. 189 (1871); Harting, 
Handb. Brit B. p. 32 (1872); Cord. Ibis, 1875, p. 184; Mommsen, 
Griech. Jahresz, pt. iii. p. 186 (1875) ; Schleg. Vog. Nederl. p. 38, 
pi. v. figs. 3-5(1878); Mutes, Ibis, 1880, p. 396; Seeb. op. cit 
1882, p. 209. 
Picus semirostris*, Linn. Syst Nat i. p. 175 (1766); Mull Linn. 
Naturg. pt. ii. p. 225(1773); Gm. Syst Nat. I p. 435(1788); 
Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 238 (1790). 

The Yellow Blue-footed Persian Woodpecker, Lath. Sun. ii. p. 584 

(1782). 
Half-billed Woodpecker, Lath. Gen. Syn. B. ii. p. 586 (1782). 
Picus persicus, Gm. Syst. Nat i. p. 435, no. 34 (1788); Lath. Ind. 

Orn. i. p. 236 (1790). 
Colaptes pinetorum,) 

833S Sf 2 »** **. i828, p. wi 

Colaptes viridis, J 
Gecinus viridis, Boie, Isis, 1831, p. 542; Brelim, Vog. Deutschl. 

p. 198 (1831) ; Ross, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 1; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 438 
(1846); Dp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 126 (1850); id. Consp. Volucr. 
Zi/god. p. 10 (1854); Reichenb. Scans. Pieince, p. 347, no. 793, 
pi. dexx. figs. 4131-33 (1854); Pozvys, Ibis, 1860, p. 235; Salvad. 
TJcc. Sard. p. 32 (1864); Gigl. Ibis, 1865, p. 58; More, torn. cit. 

p. 135; Degl $ Gerbe, Orn. Bur. i. p. 156 (1867); Gray, List 
Picid. Brit Mus. p. 72 (1868); Doderl. Avif. Sic. p. 50 (1869); 
Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 191, no. 8671 (1870); Salvad. Faun.ffltal, 
TJcc. i. p. 34 (1871); Dress. B. Eur. v. p. 77, pi. eclxxxv. (1871); 
Dubois, Consp. Av. Eur. p. 19 (1871); Boyd. B. Volga, p. 60, 
no. 41 (1871); Garrod, Ibis, 1872, p. 359; Gould, B. Gt. Brit iii. 
pi. lxxiv. tf.$, pi. Ixxv. JUT. (1873); Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 235; 

* A mutilated specimen. 
38 PICIDJE. 

Danf. $ Barv.-Br, op. cit. 1875, p. 298 ; Blanf. Zool E. Pers. ii. 

p. 135 (1876); Danf. Ibis, 1877, p. 264; id. op. tit. 1878, p. 6; 
Bogd. B. Cauc. (Buss.), p. 119, no. 184 (1879); Goebel, Fog. 
Uman. Kr. p. 154 (1879); Russow, Orn. Esth-, Ziv-u. KurL 
p. 117 (1880) ; Brandt, J. f. 0.1880, p. 229; Wharton, Ibis, 1881, 
1884, p. 144; Saund. t c. p. 379; Seeb. Hist. Brit B. ii. p. 304, 
pi. xviii. (1884) ; Gigl. Avif. Ital p. 205 (1880); Sahad. Ucc. 
Ital p. 67 (1887); Backhouse, Ibis, 1887, p. 72; Harg. op. cit. 
1888, p. 30. 

Gecinus pinetorum,) 
Gecinus frondium, I BreJim, Yog. DeutscM. pp. 197, 199 (18:31). 
Gecinus virescens, j 
Malacolophus viridis, Swains. Classify B. ii. p. 308 {1837). 
Brachylophus yiridis, Jard. Xat. Libr. x. p. 355 (ISJU). 
Picus* karelini*, Brandt, Bull. So. Acad. Imp. St. Petersb. ix. p. 12 


(1842). 

Gecinus karelini, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 433 (1846): Bp. Consp. Gen, 
Av. i. p. 126 (1850); id. Consp. Valuer. Zijgod. p. 10 (1854); 
Reichenb. Scans. Picina, p. 349, no. 795 (lb54); Gray, List Plcid. 
Brit. Mus. p. 74 (1805); id. Hund-L B. ii. p. 191, no. fel>78 
(1870). 

Chloropicos viridis, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1648-49, 

p. 351. 
Ohloropicus viridis, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 118, pi. Ixxix. figs. 1-4 
(1862). 
Ohloropicus karelini, Malh. Picid. ii. p. 126 (1862). 
Gecinus saundersif? Tacz. J. f. 0.1878, p. 349. 


Adult male. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts uniform yellowish 
olive; feathers of the rump and the upper tail-coverts green, with 
the apical portion chrome-yellow; quills dusky, the outer webs of 
the secondaries and of the inner primaries on their basal margin 
washed with green, the outer webs of the primaries spotted with 
dull white, those of the secondaries having almost obsolete greyish 
spots or transverse markings; inner webs of quills spotted with 
pure white; shafts dusky brown; tail dusky black, barred with 
smoky grey, the central feathers margined at the base with green; 
shafts dusky black; top of the head, occiput, nape, and malar stripe 
crimson; nasal plumes, anterior half of face, and outer edge of 
malar stripe black : hind neck and side of the neck green ; posterior 
half of face, and from the chin to the under tail-coverts, both inclusive, 
greenish or yellowish white, whiter on the chin and throat, 
the vent with crescentic dusky-olive markings, the thighs and 
under tail-coverts barred with dusky olive; under wing-coverts and 
axUlaries yellowish white, the former narrowly barred with olive-
dusky, the latter having one or two transverse spots and a sub


* Mr. Seebohm, at my request, examined the type in the Museum of St. 
Petersburg, and he considers it referable to the present species. 
I' JFrom the Caucasus, and inseparable from our own Green Woodpecker. 

4 . GKECOTUS. 
apical bar of olive-dusky: " bill greyish black, the lower mandible 
with a yellowish longitudinal band near the base; irides white; 
feet dull bluish grey, the claws light greyish brown, with a tinge 
of blue" (Macgillivray). Total length 12-5 inches, oilmen 1*9, 
wing 6*5, tail 4, tarsus 1*2; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 
0*85, outer posterior 0*8, inner anterior 0*68, inner posterior 0*4. 

Adult female. Has the malar stripe black, but otherwise is similar 
to the adult male. Total length 12*5 inches, oilmen 1*7, wing 
6*25, tail 3-9, tarsus 1-15. 

Nestlings. Have the back and wing-coverts less vivid green, with 
dull white or yellowish spots, the rump having partially concealed 
bars of dusky black, and the upper tail-coverts barred with dusky; 
the face and sides of the neck, together with the entire underparts 
and under tail-coverts, yellowish white, the face and entire neck 
striped with black, the breast having somewhat V-shaped markings, 
and the remainder with transverse markings or bars of black; the 
feathers of the forehead, crown, and occiput tipped with scarlet; 
suporcilium dusky black, spotted with olivaceous white. The male 
has the malar stripe black, spotted anteriorly with olivaceous white, 
the posterior feathers tipped with red; the female has no red on 
the malar stripe, this being entirely dusky black spotted with dull 
greenish white. 

Hah. Found throughout the greater part of Europe, its northern 
range in Norway and Sweden being about 60° lat. Also inhabits 
Asia Minor and Persia. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

a, b. <$ $ ad.; 
c-g. Juv. st. 
h. 5 ad. sk. 
Norfolk. 
Norfolk. 
LordLord 
Walsingham 
Walsingham 
i. 2 ad. sk. Hethersett, Norfolk. 
[P.]. 

k. <S ad. sk. Drinkstone Park, Suffolk. 
T. Harcourt Powell, 
Esq. [P.]. 
/, m. c? ad. et Cambridgeshire. 

Mr. J. Baker [C.]. 

cS juv. st. 

n. <$ ad. sk. Cambridgeshire. Tweeddale Coll. 
o. J acl. sk. Near Oxford {Murray A. Gould Coll. 
Mathew). 
p, q. <$ ad. sk.; Hendon, Middlesex (O. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

r. Pull. sk. Salmi). 
s,t. (S 2 ad. sk. Tanhurst, Surrey, Feb. 1857 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(F. DuCane Qodman). 
%i. 2 ad. sk. Oookham, Berks. Mr. W. Briggs [O.]. 
v. 2 ad. sk. Cookkam, Berks, Nov. 30, E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
1874. [P.]. 
to. 3 ad. sk. Cookhain, Berks. Dec. 1867 Tweeddale Coll. 

(22. B. S.). 
x. 2 ad. sk Devonshire. 
Montagu Coll. 
y. PuU. sk. Norway (Baker). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
z. 2 ad. sk. Stockholm, Oct. 16, 1870. W. Meves [C.l. 
a'. S ad. sk. Wermland, June 6,1872. W. Meves [O.J. 
V. 
2 ad. sk. Paris. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[p.]. 
40 PICID2B. 

c'. (3 ad. sk. Ain, France. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
d'. J ad. sk. Mentone. Gould Coll. 
e'. 5 ad. sk. 
/ , cj S ad. j h', 
i', k'. 2 a^« s^« 
I', m' 6 ? ad. 
Asia Minor (T. JRobson). 
Asia Minor, Dec, Jan., Feb., 
March (T. Robson). 
Taurus, Asia Minor, March, 
Gould CoH. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. 
n\ (S ad. sk. 
Dec. (C. G.Danford). 
Gimiushkhana, Asia Minor, 
June 27,1848 (Dickson $ 
Gould Coll. 
o'. Ad. sk. 
Ross). 
Persia. Purchased. 
p'~s'. Skulls. 
t'~z'. Sterna. 
2. G-ecinus sharp!! 

Gecinus viridis (non Linn.), Lilford, Ibis, 1866, p. 176; Saund. op. 

eit. 1869, p. 182, 1871, p. 05. 
Picus viridis (non Linn.), A. C. Smith, Ibis, 1808, p. 448. 
Gecinus sharpii, Saund. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 153; Dresser, B. Eur. v. 

p. 89, pi. 286 (1872); Irby, B. Gibr. p. 71 (187*3); Saund. Bull. 
Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p. 325 j Lacroiv, Bull. Soc. Ilisf. Nat. Toulouse, 
1877, p. 183*; id. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p. 480; 
Chqpm. Ibis, 1884, p. 79; Tait, op. cit. 18^7, p. 304; Ilarg. op. 
cit. 1888, p. 27. 
Adult male. Besembles G. viridis, but differs in having the face 
grey, there being only a spot of black upon the loral region; the 
malar stripe more scarlet than crimson, and not bordered with 
black. Total length 12-5 inches, culmen 1*7, wing 6"05, tail 3*7, 
tarsus 1*2; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0'77, outer posterior 
0*65, inner anterior 0*6, inner posterior 0*3. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the malar 
stripe black. Total length 11*5 inches, culmen 1*75, wing 6*15, 
tail 3-6, tarsus 1-23. 

Nestling, male. May be distinguished from that of G. viridis in 
having the face slaty grey, slightly greenish anteriorly, striped and 
spotted with dull white • the supercilium unspotted; sides of the 
fore neck and chest greyer • the spots on the underparts less transverse, 
boing diamond-shaped, heart-shaped, and Y-shaped, except 
on the flanks and thighs, which are barred; the upper tail-coverts 
not barred. 

Hob. Spain south of the Guadarrama Mountains, and throughout 
Portugal. 

a,b.(S2 a(*-'•>e- Cota de Dona Ana, Spain, May Lord Lilford [P.], 
3 juv. sk. 1872. 

d. $ juv. sk. Sta. de Isnalloz, Spain, Feb. 2, Tweeddale Coll. 
1872 (Hotoard Saunders). 
e,f. 2 ad. sk. Coto del Pey, Spain, Jan. 1872. Col. Irby [P.]. 

* Said by M. Lacroix to have been obtained at Martory, Haute Garonne; 
but, as I have pointed out (Ibis. 1888, p. 30), I think there has been a mistake 
in the identification. 
4. GKEcrerus. 41 
g. Jjav.sk.
h. <$ ad. sk. 
Granada, Spain, Sept. 1874{Howard Saunders). 
Coimbra, Portugal. 
Tweeddale Ooll. 
Dr. Lopez Viera 
[P.]. 
3. Gecinus vaillanti. 

Picus (Ohloropicus) viridis (non Linn.), Malh. Cat. Mais. Ois. 
d1 Alger., Mem. Soc. d'llist. Metz, 1846, p. 17. 
Picus (Ohloropicus) canus (non Gm.), Math. Cat. Pais. Ois. d'Alger., 
Mem. Soc. d'Uist. Nat. Metz, 1846, p. 17. 

Ohloropicus vaillantii, Malh. Mem. Acad. Metz, 1846-47, p. 130 ; 
id. N. Classify op. cit. 1848-49, p. 351; id. Pieidce, ii. p. 122, 
pi. lxxxii. figs. 1-3 (18C2). 

Picus algirus, Levaill. Jr. JExpl. So. d1Alger., Ois. pi. v. (1848-49) ; 
Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. GO (1866). 
Gecinus algirus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 21 (1849); Reichenb. 
Scans. Picince, p. 348, no. 793, pi. dcxx. fig. 4134 (1854). 

Gecinus vaillantii, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 126 (1850); id. Consp. 
Volucr. Zygod. p. 10 (1854); Loche, Cat. Mamm. et Ois. dHAlg. 
sp. 191, p. 92 (1858) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 159; Salv. torn. cit. 

p. 315 ; Tristr. op. cit. 1860, p. 373; Brake, op. cit 1867, p. 425; 
Loche, Eapl Sc. d1Alger, ii. p. 83 (1867); Gray, List Picid. Brit. 
Mus. p. 73 (1868) j id. lland-l. B. ii. p. 191, no. 8673 (1870); 
Tacz. J.f.O. 1870, p. 40; Gurney, Jan., Zool. 1871, p. 2579; 
Dresser, B. Eur. v. p. 93, pi. cclxxxvii. (1873) ; Irby, Or?i. Str. 
Gibr. p. 72 (1875) ; Uarg. Ibis, 1888, p. 24. 
Picus viridis (non Linn.), Carstensen, Naumannia, ii, pt. 1, p. 77 
(1852). 

Adult male, Resembles both G. viridis and G. sharpiL It differs 
from G. viridis in having the face grey, and in the malar stripe 
being entirely black. It also differs from G. sharpii in having the 
malar stripe black, and in addition has a white spot at the base of 
the upper mandible, and an indication of a whitish stripe above the 
malar region. " Irides white " (Irby). Total length 11*3 inches, 
culmen 1*5, wing 6*05, tail 3*8, tarsus 1*12; toes (without claws)— 
outer anterior 0*95, outer posterior 0*86, inner anterior 0*68, inner 
posterior 0-38. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the occiput 
alone scarlet, the forehead and crown being greenish slaty grey, the 
feathers having a black central stripe. Total length 11*3 inches, 
culmen 1*45, wing 6, tail 4"05, tarsus 1. 

Hub. Morocco and Algeria, as far as the Tunisian frontier. 

a. cS ad. sk. Algeria. 
Purchased. 
b. $ ad. sk. Tetuan, Morocco, March 29,1874. Col. Irby [P.]. 
4. Gecinus awokera. 
Picus awokera, Temm. PL Col. iv. no. 25, pi. 585 (1826); id. # 
Schleg. Faun. Japon. p. 72, pi. xxxvi. (1847-49) ; Sundev. Consp. 
Av. Pick. p. 60 (1866). 

Gecinus awokera, 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 438 (1846) ; Bp. Consp. Gen. 
Av. i. p. 127 (1850); id. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 10 (1854); 

42 
picro^j. 

Reichenb. Scans. Picincs, p. 349, no. 797, pi. dcxx. figs. 4137-38 
(1854); Stoinh P. Z. S. 1863, p. 333 ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mm. 

p. 72 (1868) ; id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 191, no. 8672 (1870) ; Blah'sf. 4* 
Fryer, Trans. As. Soe. Jap. x. p. 136 (1882); Jouy, Proc. V. S. 
Nat. Mus. vi. p. 308 (1883) ; Earg. Ibis, 1888, p. 40. 
, Chloropicos awokera, Malh. N. Classify Mem. Acad. Jlefz, 1848-49, 

p. 351. 
Chloropicus awokera, 
Malh Picida, ii. p. 128, pi. Ixxx. figs. 1, 2 
(1862). 

Adult male. Back and scapulars olive, the rump and upper tail-
coverts also olive, but the feathers having chrome-yellow tips; wing-
coverts and outer webs of the secondaries of a more golden olive 
than the back; the remaining portion of the quills dusky black, the 
outer webs of the primaries spotted with white, the inner feathers 
having the web partially or entirely margined with olive; inner 
webs, except the apical portion of the primaries, spotted with pure 
white ; shafts dusky brown ; tail brownish dusky, with faint greyish 
bars on both webs, the central feathers margined at the base with 
golden olive; shafts dusky brown with blackish tips ; nasal plumes, 
base of forehead, lores, and below the eye du&ky black; crown, occiput, 
and nape crimson, the bases of the feathers slaty grey spotted 
with black, partly exposed; malar stripe mostly crimson, but black 
anteriorly and posteriorly; hind neck dusky black ; chin and throat 
white; face and side of the neck and fore neck slaty grey, shading 
into yellowish grey on the chest and upper breast; the remaining 
underparts and the under tail-coverts white tinged with yellow, and 
covered with Y-shaped and creseentic markings of black, the lower 
series of under tail-coverts barred with black; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries yellowish white, with transverse and varied spots of 
black: " iris Venetian red; bill dark greenish, base lemon-yellow; 
tarsi and toes dull olive-green" (Jouy). Total length 11-3 inches, 
culmen 1*6, wing 0'6, tail 3*95, tarsus 1*15 ; toes (without claws)— 
outer anterior 0*75, outer posterior 0*68, inner anterior 0*6, inner 
posterior 0*35. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in having the forehead and 
crown smoky grey, the latter greenish posteriorly, the feathers 
being tipped and streaked with dusky, the occiput and nape red; 
the malar stripe red as in the male. Total length 11 inches, culmen 
1*45, wing 5*55, tail 3*9, tarsus 1*05. 

Young (sex?). Has the back and scapulars dusky with the faintest 
green tinge • forehead and crown dusky, the occipital feathers 
tipped with dull orange-scarlet; nape and hind neck dusky blackish; 
face and side of the neck smoky grey; some of the black malar 
feathers tipped with red; chin, throat, fore neck, and chest dingy 
buffy white; the black markings below covering the entire breast; 
the wings and their coverts very much duller. In other respects it 
resembles the older birds. 

Eab. Main island of Japan, also the island of Kiushiu. 
a, b. <$ ? ad. sk. Japan. Gould Coll. 

c. $ ad. sk. Japan. 
C. Maries. 
4 . GKECINTTS. 
43 

d. 5 ad. sk. Japan. Leiden Museum. 
e,f. S S ad. skg. $ imm. sk.
h. J ad. sk. 
Yokohama, Japan. 
Nagasaki, Japan. 
Nagasaki, Japan. 
II. Piyer. 
F. Ringer, Esq. [P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

5. Gecimis squamatus. 
Picus squamatus, Vig. P. Z. S.1830, p. 8; Gould, Cent. B. Himal. M. 
pi. xlviii. (1832); Jard. $• Selby, III. Orn. iii. pi. cviii. $ (circa 
1835) ; Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 998 (1848); Leith Adams, P. Z. S. 
1859, p. 173; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 59 (1866). 

Picus dimidiatus (non Ternm.), Gray, Ilardto. III. Ind. Zool. i. 

pi. xxix. fig. 1 (1830-32). 
Malacolophus squamatus, Sioains. Classif. B. ii. p. 308 (1837). 
Chrysoptilus squamatus, Vig. P. Z, 8. 1841, p. 6. 
Bracliyiophus squamatus v. nepalensis, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. 

Mus.no. 148 ( tf g). 
Bracliyiophus bquaniatus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844). 
Gecinus squamatus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 438 (1846) ; Blyth, Cat. B. 

Mus. As. Soc. p. 57, no. 260 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 127 
(1850); id. Consp. Valuer. Zygocl. p. 10 (1854); Ppkhenb. Scans. 
Picince, p. 350, no. 801, pi. dexxvii.figs. 4174-75 (1854); Ilorsf. 
§ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. B.I. Co. ii. p. 659, no. 959(1836-58); 
Leith Adams, P. Z. S. 1853, p. 475; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 286 (1862) ; 
Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 138 ; Tytler, op. cit. 1868, p. 202; Pelz. torn. 
cit. p. 320; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 76 (1868); Beavan, 
Ibis, 1869, p. 414; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 192, no. 86S4 (1870); 
Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 9; Cock 8f Marsh. 8tr. F. 1873, p. 350; Bidd. 
op. cit. 1880, p. 314; id. Ibis, 1881, p. 49; Scully, torn, cit p. 430; 
id. Str. F.x. p. 102 (1881); Marshall, Ibis, 1884, p. 410; Harg. 
op. cit. 1888, p. 153. 

Chloropicus squamatus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 131, pi. Ixxviii. figs. 1-3 
(1862). 
Gecinus flavirostris *, Menzbier (ex Zarudnoi, MS.), Bull Nat. 
Mosc. 1886, pt. 1, p. 440. 
Gecinus zarudnoi, Menzbier, Ibis, 1887; p. 301. 

Adult male. Above, including scapulars and wing-coverts, uniform 
green; bastard-wing black with whitish spots; primary-coverts 
similar, but having greyish spots; quills dusky, outer webs of the 
primaries margined at the base with green and barred with white, 
those of the secondaries partially or entirely green, and having indistinct 
greyish spots; inner webs spotted or partially barred with 
white ; shafts brownish black; rump and upper tail-coverts green, 
the feathers tipped with chrome-yellow; tail black, edged at the 
base with olive-yellow, and narrowly barred with buffy white; shafts 
black; nasal plumes, base of the forehead, and outer edge of the 
crown black; forehead, crown, occiput, and nape crimson; a spot 

* Dr. Menzbier has not, in my opinion, satisfactorily shown that his G. flavirostris 
is the same as my 67. gorii, and I cannot separate his species from G. squamatus. 
The specific name of zarudnoi was subsequently given by Dr. Menzbier 
to the same bird, on account of his previous name having been (as he imagined) 
preoccupied; but the species to which the name of Picus jlavirostris was given 
by the Abb6 David is not a Cfecinus, but is Eypopims hyperythnis. 
44 
PICTD-2L 

in front of the eye and a short streak behind it black; a broad 
yellowish-white superciliary stripe, and another from the white 
lores passing under the ear-coverts ; sides of the face smoky green, 
varied with greenish white* malar stripe streaked black and white ; 
sides of the neck and hind neck green ; chin, throat, fore neck, and 
chest pale smoky green; underparts, including under tail-coverts, 
yellowish white, the feathers with a broad intermarginal line and 
occasional shaft-streak of black, and having a scaly appearance ; 
under wing-coverts yellowish white, with Y-shaped markings of 
black; axiilaries white, barred with black: " irides, a circle of 
dark pinkish red round the black pupil, surrounded by a second ring 
of light pink; upper mandible horn-coloured at the base, the tip 
and the whole of the lower mandible being of a brightish yellow " 

(li. 0. Beavcm). Total length 13*5 inches, culm en 1*85, wing 6'25, 
tail 4-65, tarsus 1*1 • toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*8, outer 
posterior 0*72, inner anterior 0*63, inner posterior 0*45. 
Young male. Has the upper parts and wing-coverts dusky, the 
margins only of the feathers being green, and on the ramp tinged 
with yellow; the greater wing-coverts and outer webs of the 
secondaries crossed with greenish-white markings ; the quills tipped 
with white; the top of the head black, the bn-»o of the forehead 
spotted with grey, the other feather^ tipped with red or orange-red ; 
chin and throat uniform smoky white : sides of the neck and fore 
neck smoky grey, the feathers having blackish centres or V-shaped 
spots ; the chest like the remaining underparts, but less yellow than 
in the adult, and the black markings not so clearly defined. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of red 

on the head, the whole of the top of the head and nape being black, 

the coronal feathers margined with smoky grey and having a streaked 

appearance. Total length 13*5 inches, culmen 1*9, wing 6*35, tail 

4*5, tarsus 1*3. 

Bab. Northern range, Gilgit; into Cashmere and Afghanistan, 
and through the Himalayas to Kumaon and Xepal. 

a. $ ad. sk. Afghanistan (Griffith). India Museum. 
b, c. $ J ad. sk. Cashmere. * E. M. Langworthv, 
Esq. rP.l. 
d, e. (J ad. sk. Cashmere (Br. Belleic). India Museum. 
/ . 
? ad. sk. Gilorit, March 4, 1879 (J. Bid- Hume Coll. 
dulph). 

a. 
2 ad. sk. Dhurmsala, Cashmere, April Hume Coll. 
1870. 
h, i. <$ ad. et tf Murree. Colonel Way [P.], 
juv. sk. 
hy I. <$ ad.; m. $ N.W. Himalayas. Stackhouse Pin will, 
juv. sk. Esq. [P.]. 
n, o. S 2 ad. sk. Kotefchaie, Feb. 20, 1871. Hume Coll, 
P> £• 6 $ ad. • r, Kotegurk, June. Hume Coll 

cf juv. sk. 
s~y. S ad. et juv.; Simla, April, July, Sept. (i?. C. Tweeddale Coll. 


z. 2 ad. sk. Beavati). 
a',}'. 
S ad. et Simla, July 20,1868 {A. O. JET.), Hume Coll 
juv. sk. 


4 . GKECIFUS. 
c'-k'. c? ad.; l'-o'. Simla, July, Sept., Oct., Nov., Hume Coll. 

J ad. sk. Dec. (W. Davison). 
p\ 5 ad. sk. Masuri (Pinwill). Tweeddale Coll. 
q'-tf. c? ad.; u'. Masuri. Hume Coll. 

v'. <S ad. sk. Dekra Dkoon, Oct. 19,1866. Hume Coll. 
w\ c? ad.; #', y'. Naini Tal, Aug., Sept. 1886. Hume Coll. 

$ ad. sk. 
*'. $ ad. sk. Almorah, Oct. 17,1866. Hume Coll. 
a". $ ad.; 5", c". Kumaon (Strachey). India Museum. 

$ ad. sk. 

6. G-ecinus gorii. 
Gecinus squamatus (non Vigors), Swinhoe, His, 1882, p. 102. 

Geciuus gorii, Hargitt, Ibis, 1887, p. 74, 1888, p. 159; Sir 0. B. 
St. John, op. cit. 1889, p. 158; Aitehison, Trans. Linn. Soo. 2nd ser. 
Zool v. p. 83, pi. vi.fig. 1 tf (1889). 

Adult male. Above pale green, with a few dusky Y-shaped 
markings, the feathers of the rump and the upper tail-coverts tipped 
with chrome-yellow; scapulars and wing-coverts pale green, barred 
with dusky green, the former having a few dusky Y-shaped markings 
; bastard-wing black, spotted with creamy white on both webs; 
primary-coverts dusky black and similarly spotted, but with a 
greyer shade of colour; quills dusky black, the outer webs of the 
primaries broadly barred with creamy white, and more or less 
washed with green on the inner feathers, the inner webs spotted 
with white on the margin; the outer webs of the secondaries barred 
with greenish grey, the inner webs being transversely spotted with 
white along the whole margin ; tail yellowish cream-colour, narrowly 
barred with blackish brown, the basal margin of the central feathers 
washed with yellowish olive, the lateral feathers yellow at the tip. 
(The head is very much damaged, but it has every appearance of 
having been similar to 67. squamatus; the top of the head is red 
and the malar stripe is black and white.) Throat and chest uniform 
dull greenish yellow ; the under surface of the body and under tail-
coverts yellowish white, the feathers of the underparts having a 
thread-like intermarginal line or squamate marking of blackish 
olive ; under wing-coverts yellowish white, transversely varied with 
black ; underside of the tail washed with yellow. Total length 13 
inches, culmen 1*8, wing Q-5, tail 4*7, tarsus 1*2; toes (without 

claws)—outer anterior 0*82, outer posterior 0*82, inner anterior 0*7, 
inner posterior 0*42. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of red 
on the head. As the head, neck, upper back, and wing-coverts 
are much damaged in the male, the following is a description of 
these parts taken from the female :—Nasal plumes black ; forehead, 
crown, occiput, and nape intense black : the face creamy grey, with 
a narrow black line behind the eye; the lores, a superciliary stripe, 
also a stripe under the ear-coverts, creamy white; cheeks white, 
striped with black ; chin and throat creamy buff, shading into yellowish 
cream-colour on the chest, and greenish on the side of the 
neck; hind neck and upper back pale green, the feathers of the 

46 
nomas. 

latter having a central Y-shaped dusky marking. Total length 13*5 
inches, culmen 1-8, wing 6*05, tail 4-6, tarsus 1-15. 
Hab. Southern Afghanistan. 

a. $ ad. sk. Padda Sultan, Helniand River, Dr. Aitchi&on [0.]. 
Afghanistan, Oct. 26,1884. (Type of species.) 
b. § ad. sk. Quetta, Dec. 1877 (Col. Sicinhoe). Hume Coll. 
7. Grecians vittatns. 
Picus vittatus, 
Vieill K. Bid. dHist Kai. xxvi. p. 91 (1818); id. 
Sf Bonn. JSnc. Meth. p. 1817 (1823); Brap. Diet. Class, xiii. p. 505 
(1828); Less. Traite, i. p. 221 (1831); Sundev. Consj). Av. Picin. 

p. 59 (1866), pt. 
Picus affinis, Baffl. Tram. Linn, Soc. xiii. p. 283 (1821); Tig. Mem. 
Eaffl. p. 668 (1830). 
Picus diinidiatus, Horsf. Gen. Cat. Jav. B. (1824); Valeric. Bid. 
Sc. Wat. xl. p. 174 (1826); Wagl Sijst. Av. Picus. sp. 88, add. 
sp. 5 (1827); Brap. Bid. Class, xiii. p. 507 (1828); Temm. PL 
Col texte, 85e livr. (1830). 

Gecinus dimidiatus, Bote, Isis, 1831, p. 542; Gray, Gen. B. ii. 

p. 439 (1846); Blyth (pt.), Cat B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 58, no. 262 
(1849) ; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 127 (1850); id. Omsp. Valuer. 
Zygod. p. 10 (1854); BeicJmib. Scans. Pichue, p. 350, no. 799, 
pi. dexxi. figs. 4141, 4142 (1854), pt.; Horsf. § Moore, Cat. B. 
Mm. B.I. Co. ii. p. 660, no. 900 (l«56-58j; Schmib. Ibis, 1864, 
p. 257 ; Vorderman, Batav. Vog. pt. 2, p. 19 (1882). 
Malacolophus dimidiatus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 30s (1837). 
Gecinus affinis, Horsf. $* Moore, Cat. B. 31m. B.I. Co. ii. p. 662, 
no. 964 (1856-58). 
Chloropicus dimidiatus, IlalL Picidm, ii. p. 132, pi. Ixxvi. figs. 4-6 
(1862). 
Gecinus vittatus, Gray, List Picid. Brit. 31m. p. 76 (1868), pt; id. 
Hand-l. B. ii. p; 192, no. 8683 (1870), pt.; Salvad. Uec. Born. 

p. 51 (1874) ; Tiraui, Ois. Basse-CochmcMne. p. 90 (1879) ; Harg. 
Ibis, 1888, p. 161. 
Adult male. Above yellowish olive, the rump-feathers tipped with 
yellow; wing-coverts golden olive; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts blackish brown, spotted with yellowish grey; quills blackish 
brown, both webs of the primaries and inner webs of the secondaries 
spotted with white, outer webs of secondaries with almost 
obsolete greenish-white spots; shafts brownish black; tail and the 
shafts black ; forehead, crown, occiput, and nape red, the forehead 
and crown edged with black; lores and face dull white, the ear-
coverts mouse-grey; the white forming two stripes, one above, the 
other below the eye; malar stripe black; chin, the whole of the 
neck, and the chest uniform ochreons yellow, sometimes tinged with 
green; underparts yellowish white, the feathers having an inter-
marginal line of olive-green; under tail-coverts whitish, with an 
intermarginal line and shaft-streak of blackish olive, the lower series 
greenish grey; under wing-coverts and axillaries yellowish white, 
the former spotted, the latter barred with black. Sometimes the 
central tail-feathers, or the outer large feather, have a few trans


4. G-Ecmrs.
verse spots. Total length 12 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 5*3, tail 3*8, 
tarsus 1*1; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*92, outer 
posterior 0*8, inner anterior 0*57, inner posterior 0*4. 

Adult female. Has the forehead, crown, and occiput black, but is 
in other respects like the adult male. Total length 10*5 inches, 
culmen 1*22, wing 5, tail 3*7, tarsus 1*1. 

Young. The males have the red on the head more of an orange-
scarlet, and the general colour of the plumage is duller. In the 
nestling-stage not only are the neck and chest uniform, but the 
underparts are nearly so, the dark markings found in the adult 
being almost obsolete, except on the sides of the body, flanks, and 
thighs. 

Ilab. Co chin-China {Germain Sf Pierre)-, Cambodia {Harmancl); 
Siam (Bocourt), and probably ranging down the eastern portion of 
the Malayan Peninsula to the south, having been obtained at 
Jurrum and Xlang; Sumatra and Java. 

a. $ 
ad.; b, c. $ Java. Tweeddale Coll. 
ad. sk. 
d. $ juv. sk. Java. 
Purchased. 
e. S 
ad. sk. E. Java. A. K. Wallace, Esq. 
[O.]. 
/, g, h. $ ad. et Java (Ilorsjield). India Museum. 

juv. j i,k, I $ 

imm. sk. 

m, n. J ad. sk. Salangore, Jan., Dec. (W. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 

ad Xlang, Salangore, Feb. 1880 Hume Coll. 

o, P, £• <$-5 r9 

s. 2 ftd. sk. ( W. Davison). 
t. <5 ad. sk. Mt. Sabab, Siam (Moulwt). Gould Coll. 
u, v. <J ad. et Bangkok, March, April 1872 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
imm. sk. (Copt. Conrad). [P.]. 
w, x, y. 6 ad.; Cochin China. Mons. E. Pierre [P.]. 

z. $ ad.; a1. S 
juv. sk. 
V. Skeleton. Java. ^Eyton Coll. 
c'. Skeleton. Java. Purchased. 
8. (jecinus viridanus. 
Picus squamatus (non Vig.), Blyth, J. A. S. B. x. p, 923 (1841), 
Picus viridanus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 1000 (1843) * id. op. cit. 
1844, App; p. 394. 

Gecinus dimidiatus (non Temm.), Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 58, 
no. 262 (1849), pt.; Reichenb. Scans. Pioince, p. 350, no. 799, 
pi. dcxxi. figs. 4141, 4142 (1854), pi ; Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, 

p. 150. 
Gecinus viridanus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 438 (1846); id. op. cit. Li. 
App. p. 21 (1849); Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. Mm, B.I. Co. ii. 

p. 660, no. 961 (1856-53); Wold. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 539; Blyth, 
Ibis, 1870, p. 163 * id. # Wold. B. Burm. p. 76 (1875) • Oates, B. 
Brit Burm. ii. p. 48 (1883); Earg. Ibis,im, p. 166. 
Picus vittatus (pt.), Sundev. Consp. Ao. Picin. p. 59 (1866). 

48 
PICIDJE. 

Gecimis vittatus (non VieilL), Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 76 
(1868), pt.; id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 192, no. 868S (1870), ptj Hume, 
Str. F. 1874, p. 471; id. $ Gates, op. cit. 1875, pp. 14,68 ; Armstr. 
op. cit. 1876, p. 310; Hume, op. cit. 1877, p. 113; id. $ Damon, 
op. cit. 1878, p. 136; Hume, op. cit. 1879, pp. 52, 160; Bingh. op. 
cit. 1880, p. 163; Gates, op. cit. x. p. 191 (1882). 

Gecimis weberi, Midi. Gm. Ins. Salanga, p. 69 (1882), 

Adult male. Bears a very close resemblance to G. vittatus, and 
has the upper parts, wings, and head almost identical. It, however, 
differs from the latter in never having the chest uniform, this 
being always, and the chin and throat generally, striated or marked 
similarly to the under surface of the body ; the malar region is 
black, striped with pure white; tail-feathers more spotted on the 
margin: " upper mandible and gonys of lower mandible blackish 
horny, rest of lower mandible pale yellow, the tip horn-black ; eyelids 
slate-colour; irides dark red; feet dusky green; claws horny 
brown '* (E. W. Gates). Total length 12 inches, culmen 1 *6, wing 
5-4, tail 3-9, tarsus 1-25; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0-97, 
outer posterior 0*85, inner anterior 0*7, inner posterior 0*4. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in the absence of red on the 
head, the whole of the top of the head, occiput, and nape being 
black. Total length 11*5 inches, culmen 1*45, wing 5*15, tail 4, 
tarsus 1*1. 

Young. The sexes differ like the adult. In the nestlings the 
underparts are duller and more smoky, and the dark markings are 
very much less distinct than in the adult; the ear-coverts are 
darker ; the malar patch is almost entirely black, and in the male 
the red on the head is orange-scarlet. 

This species presents many phases of coloration both in the young 
and in the adult, varying from dark green to golden olive or golden 
brown, the former type being characteristic of Dr. A. Midler's 

G. iveberi from Salanga. 
Hal. Pegu- Tenasserim and the ITalay Peninsula to Salanga, 
and extending to Bangkok, Siam (Hamiand). 

a, b. $ ad. et Burmah (Major Houghton). Tweeddale Coll. 
imm. sk. 

c. c?ad. sk. Tonghoo hills, Burmah, March Tweeddale Coll. 
13, 1875 (P. G. W. P.). 
d,e. <$2 ad. sk. Tonghoo, May, Dec. (P. G. Tweeddale Cull. 

W. P.). * 
/. 
cJad.sk. Pegu. W. T. Blanford, 
Esq. [0.1 

g. 5 ad. sk. Arakan hills, Jan. 1872 (X Hume Coll. 
W. Gates), 
h. 
S ad. sk. China Ba-Keer, Eangoon, Hume Coll. 
Dec. 20, 1875 (J. Ann-
strong). 
I 
<$ ad. • k, I, $ Tenasserim. India Museum. 
ad. sk. 
m, n, o. <$ ad. * p, Pahpoon, Dec, Jan. (W, Hume Coll. 


q. $ ad. sk. Daiison). 
4 . GECOTJS.
r. 
$ ad. sk. Near Kadoe, Sittang Kiver, Hume Coll. 
Feb. 5, 1876 (TF Davison), 
s. 
$ ad. sk. Theinzek, Pec. 13,1876 ( W. Hume Coll. 
Davison) 
t. 
$ ad. sk. Thamban, Thatone, Jan. 20, Bunie Coll. 
1878 (TV. Davison), 
u. 5 ad. sk. Tliatone Creek, Dec. 9, 1876 Hume Coll. 
(W. Davison), 
v, to, x. S ad.; y, Tliatone, Nov., Dec. (W. Hume Coll, 
z. J ad. sk. Davison), 
a', V, c'. cJ ad.; Wimpong, Dec. 1876 (IF. Hume Coll. 
d'. $ ad. sk. Davison). 
e\ J ad. sk. Tlienganee Sakan, Jan. 17, Hume Coll. 
1877 (W.Davison). 
f,g\ JSad.sk . Myawadee, Jan. 1877 (W. Hume Coll. 
Davison), 
h'. Jad.sk. Myawadee, Oct. 1, 1877 (C. Hume Coll. 


T. Bingham), 
i'. J ad. sk. Schouay Goon, Sal ween River, Tweeddale Coll. 
Aug. 1865 (22. a Beavan). 
k\ <$ ad. sk, Moulmein, Oct. 9,1865 (R. C. Tweeddale Coll. 
Beavan). 
I'. Jad.sk. Moulmein, March 22, 1874 Hume Coll. 


(W. Davison). 
m\ $ ad.sk. Karope, April 23, 1874 (W. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 
n'. $ ad. sk. Amherst, March 3, 1877 (J. Hume Coll. 
Armstrong). 
o\ p'. S juv.; Amherst, Jan., June, July, Hume Coll. 
q'f r\ $ ad. sk. Dec. (W. Davison). 
s', tf. J ad. j Yea, March, April ( W. Davi- Hume Coll. 
u'. J ad. sk. son), 
v', w'. J $ ad. Meeta Myo, April 23, 1874 Hume Coll. 
sk. (TV. Davison), 
x'-a". J ad.; Tavoy, Jan., March, May 1874 Hume Coll. 
b", c". $ ad. sk. ( TV. Davison), 
d", e". 
<$ $ Shymotee, May 5, 1874 (W. Hume Coll. 
ad. sk. Davison), 


f. J ad. sk. Mergui Island, Jan. 7, 1874 Hume Coll. 
(W. Damson), 
g". <$ ad.; h", Mergui, Nov., Dec. ( W. Davi- Hume Coll. 
i'f, J ad. sk. son), 
k". r. <$ ad. sk. Thamoti, Mergui dist., Nov. Hume Coll. 
13,1874 (JF. Davison), 
m". $ imm. sk. Chout-pya, Mergui dist., Nov. Hume Coll. 
12,1874 (TF. Davisoyi). 
n". Jad.sk. Bopyin, Dec. 21, 1874 (IF. Hume Coll. 

o". $ ad. sk. Tenasserim Town, Nov. 28, Hume Coll. 
1874 (W. Davison). 
f,<f. J ? Pakchan, Jan. 15, 1875 (W. Hume Coll. 

ad. sk. Daviso7i). 
r". J ad. sk. Bankasoon, March 22, 1875 Hume Coll. 

(W. Davison). 
s". 
S ad. sk. Meplaychoung, Thoungyeen, Hume Coll. 
Feb. 7, 1880 (C. T. Bingham). 


VOL. xvni. 
JE 

50 
PIGIDJB. 

tu. tf ad.; w". Kaukaryit, May, June (J. Hume Coll. 
5 juv. sk. Darling), 
^". $ ad. sk. Phagat, Nov. 27,1877. Huine Coll. 
w",.vn. J ad.; Poongah, Sept. 1879 (J. Hume Coll 
Darling).

f, *"• <$ ? 
imm. sk. 


a\ b\ 3 $ ad. Island of Salanga, Feb., Capt. Weber [CA 
sk. March. (Types of 6r. weheri.) 
c3. (31 ad. sk. Island of Salanga, Jan. (J/ Plume Coll. 

Darling). 
cV-g\ <$ ad,; h\ Salans:, Salansra, Jan., Feb., Hume Coll. 
i\ k\ § ad. sk. March 1870 (X Darling). 

Is z 

. J ad.; m\ n, Taroar, Feb. 1879 (J. Darl- Hume Coll. 
o\ J ad. sk. ing). 


p\ q\ r3. tf ad.; Tapraw, April 1879 (J. Darl- Hume Coll. 
s3, £?, w'. $ ad. ing), 
et juv. sk. 

v3-dK d ad. et imm.; Kossoum, May, June, July (J*. Hume Coll. 
eM4. J ad. sk. Darling), 

9. (redans striolatus. 
Brachylophus squamatus {nan Vig.), Jerd. Madr. Journ. 1840, 

p. 213. 
Picus striolatus, Myth, J, A. S.B. 1845, p. 1000; Jerd. Madr, Journ. 
xiii. pt. 2, p. 138 (1844) ; Sinufea. CW/>. .4r. P/cm. p. 00 (1800). 
Brachylophus xanthopvgaeus, Hodqs. Icon. ined. in Bi-ii. Mas, nos. 
147," 148 ( S ? ) ; «T m Cray's JZooJ. ilisc. p. 85 (1844). 
Gecinus 
striolatus, <?/•«#, Gen. B. ii. p. 439; id. Cat. Mamm. *§•<?. 
Nepal, pres. Hodgs. p. 117 (1846); Blyth, Cat. B. Mas, As. Soc. 

p. 57, no. 201 (1849); JReichenb. Scans. Pieince, p. 350, no. 800, 
pi. dcxxi. fig. 4143 (1854); Mors/. <$• Moore, Cat. B. Mm. E. I, 
Co. ii, p. 600, no. 9Q2 (1856-58); Jerd. B. Lid. i. p. 287 (1862); 
Gray, Cat. Mamm. §c. Nepal, pres. Ilodgs. 2nd ed, p. 63 (1863); 
id. List Picid. Brit. Mas. p. 77 (1868); "id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 192, 
no. 8085 (1870); Blanf. Ibis, 1870, p. 464 ; Bhces, torn. cit. p. 527 5 
Jerd. op. cit. 1872, p/ 9; Legge, Str. F. 1873, p. 488 ; Ball, op. 
cit. 1874, p. 391; Legge, Ibis, 1675, p. 412: J?/yA £ JTafc*. B. 
Burnt, p. 76 (1875) ; Hume § Gates, Str. F. 1875, p. 08; Butler, 
torn. cit. p. 458 ; Godwin-Austen. J. A. S. B. Ib76, p. 70 ; Inglis, 
Str. F. 1877, p. 2Q; Fairbank, 'torn. cit. p. 396; Ball, torn. cit. 
p. 413; Anders. Yunnan Fxped. i. p. 585 (187b), pt.; Hume $* 
Davison, Str. F. 1878, vi. p. 136; Davids. 4* Wend. op. cit. vii. 
p. 78 (1878); jfa#, jfozw. c& p. 206; C/%^, torn. eit. p. 262; 
Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. 1878, p. 14; Hume, Str. F. 1879, 
p. 87; fe/%, fom. cit. pp. 247, 368; JMier, B. Sihd §e. and 
Mount Aboo, p. 19 (1879); id. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 24 (1880); id. 
Str. F. 1880, p. 386 ; Legge, B. Ceyl. p. 194 (1880); Gates, Str. F. 
x. p. 191 (1882) ; W. Davison, torn, cit p. B55; Oates, B. Brit 
Burm. ii. p. 49 (1883); Harg. Ibis, 1888, p. 171. 
Gecinus 
xanthopygius, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 127 (1850); id. 
Consp. Volucr. Zyqod. p. 10 (1854); Reichenb. Scans, Picwce, 

p. 350, no. 802 (1854). 
CMoropicus striolatus, 
Malh. Fields, ii. p. 134, pi. Ixxvii. figs. 1 & 2 
(1862). 

Adult male. Above, including scapulars and wing-coverts, yellowish 

4 . GECOTJS. 
olive, the feathers of the rump and the upper tail-coverts margined 
with chrome-yellow; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quill a 
dusky brown spotted with white on both webs, the outer webs of 
the secondaries washed with yellowish olive; shafts brownish 
black; tail blackish brown, the feathers having indistinct spots of 
greenish or brownish grey at the base, the penultimate feather 
barred to the tip; shafts brown with black tips; nasal plumes 
brownish black * top of the head and the occiput scarlet, face smoky 
grey striped with dusky, the lores, a stripe under the ear-coverts and 
one above the eye white; malar region white, striped with dusky 
olive and yellowish; side of the neck and the hind neck yellowish 
olive, the former striped with pale yellow; from the chin to the vent 
(inclusive) yellowish white, the fore neck and chest strongly washed 
with, yellow, the chin and throat striped, the remainder of the 
feathers having an intermarginal line and an occasional shaft-stripe 
of olive or brown; under tail-coverts white with a broad shaft-
stripe and intermarginal line of brown ; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries yellowish white, with Y-shaped markings of dusky brown: 
"bill plumbeous dusky, the basal three fourths of the lower 
mandible yellowish green horny; irides carmine-red; feet dingy 
plumbeous" {Scully). Total length 11 inches, culmen 1*35, wing 

4-9, tail 3*3, tarsus 1; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*77, 
outer posterior 0*68, inner anterior 0*55, inner posterior 0*4. 

Young male. Eesembles the adult male but is darker above, and 
has the red on the head of an orange-scarlet; a stripe of black 
bordering the forehead and crown; ear-coverts darker, and the 
malar region striped with dusky black; under surface of the body 
less green. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead, 
crown, and occiput black, the feathers of the forehead and crown 
edged with ashy brown and having a striped appearance. Total 
length 11 inches, culmen 1*27, wing 4*9, tail 3*3, tarsus 1. 

Bab. India generally, Ceylon, Assam, Cachar, and Burmah, and 
also in Siam (judging by a young bird obtained at Pitchaburree by 


M. Pierre, and which I take to belong to this species), and Cochin 
China (Jullien). 
a, $ ad. sk. Nillgalla Park, Ceylon, Jan. 13, Tweeddale Coll. 
1867, 
b, c. 9 ad. sk. Seegool, Nilghiris, Feb. 19, Hume Coll. 
1881. 

d. 
cJ ad. sk. KuJlar, Coonoor Ghat, Sept. 22, Tweeddale Coll. 
1876 (22. G. W. JR.). 
e,f. $ ad.sk. Kullar, Coonoor Ghat, Aug. 19, Hume Coll. 
1867. 
g, h, i $ ad.; Kotagberry, Nilghiris, Hume Coll. 
Jc. 
$ ad. sk. March, Nov., Dec. (Miss 
Cockhurn). 


1. $ ad.; m. 
Malabar. Tweeddale Coll. 
3 imm. sk. 
n, o. c? $ ad. sk. Madras. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. 

' E2 

%y. S ad. sk. 

q. S ad. sk. 
r. J ad. sk. 
s. $ ad. sk. 
t7 u. $ $ ad. sk. 
v, to. $ $ 
imm. sk. 

v. <$ ad. sk. 
y. $ ad. sk. 
z. <$ ad. sk. 
a\ b'. S ad. sk. 
c\ $ ad.; d'. 
$ imm. sk. 
e'. (S ad. sk. 
f,9'.6 2 ad.sk. 

h\ $ ad. sk. 
i'. <$ ad. sk. 
#. S ad. sk. 
/'. $ ad. sk. 
m\ <$ ad. sk. 


w', o', p'. <£ ad.; 
#'. J imm.; 
r', s'. $ ad. sk. 

?, u'. d 2 ad. 
sk. 
v't w\ 6 ? ad. 


sk. 
x'. J ad. sk. 
y'. <$ ad. sk. 

s',a",$". dad.; 
e", d". § ad. 
sk. 
e". (5 jiw. sk. 
/". <$ juv. sk. 
/. $ ad. sk. 
A". $ ad. sk. 
«". <? ad. ?- A". 
c? imm. sk. 
I'. ? ad.sk. 
m". tf ad. sk. 
rc". $ ad. sk. 
o". 2 ad. sk. 

p". 6 juv. sk. 

#". Bones of 
trunk. 

>ICID^. 

Satpura Hills, Jan. 1874.
Surjuja, Feb. 1872.
Sumbalpur, Dec. 14, 1870.
Bhundara distr., March 12,


1870. 
Aboo.
Sambliur.


Umbala, Feb. 1867 (Br. Scott I 
Lallonor, Gurhwal Bhabur, 

Dec.^9, 1869. 
Gurhwal, Jan. 11, 1870. 
Masuri. 
Dehra, Jan., Dec. 


KaJsi, Dehra Dhoon. 
Siwalik Ranare, March 1807 

(Dr. Scott)^ 

Kumaon. 
Kumaon (Strachey). 
Kumaon. 
Oudh Terai (& PinwUl). 
Nepal Valley, Dec. 19, 1877 


(J. Scully)". 
Nepal. 

Nepal. 
(Types of Brackylophas 
Nepal (£". H. Hodgson). 

Darjeeling.
Buxa Do'ars, Feb. 1878 (X.

Mandelli). 

Bhotan Doars, Jan., Feb.,
March (L. Jlandelli). 

Assam (McClelland). 
Khasia Hills (Griffith). 
Cachar. 
Dacca, 1871. 
Burmah (S. Feildea). 


Thayetmyo, Dec. 23, 1871. 
Thayetmyo. 
Tonghoo. 
Pegu. 


Pitchaburree Hirer, Siam, 
Au#. 18G8. 

10. Gecinus canus. 
Hume Col. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume ColL 
Hume Coll. 


 E. A. Butler ColL 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Cull. 


Hume Cull. 

TVeeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume ColL 


Hod^on ColL 

Hoclp^on ColL 

xantkopygaits, Ilodgs.) 
India Museum. 

 Hume Cull. 

 Hume ColL 

 Hume ColL 

India Museum, 
India Museum. 
Hume ColL 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
W.T.Bfonford,E*q. 

CO.]


Mons. E. Pierxe [P.]. 

Old Collection. 

The Grey-headed Green "Woodpecker, Udtcards, Nat. Hist Birds, 
$ (1747); Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 583 (1782). 
. de Norwege, Briss. Orn. ir. p. 18 (1760). 

ii. pi. Ixv. ^ 'i»'™ -r •» ~ ~ •• — 
Le Pic verd < 

4 . GECINTJS. 
53 

The Grey-headed Woodpecker, Penn. Arch Zool ii. p. 277 (1785). 

Picus canus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 434 (1788), ex Edivards; Lichh 
Cat. Per. JSamb. p. 18 (1793); Temm. Man. oJOrn. L p. 393 
(1820) ; Prehm, Naturg. Eur. Vog. i. p. 135 (1823) ; Poux, Orn. 
Prov. i. p. 95, pi. lis. (1825); Valenc. Diet. 8c. Nat xl. p. 169 
(1826); Naum. Tog. Deutschl. v. p. 286, pi. 133 (1826) ; Pisso, 
Eur. Mend, iii. p. 60 (1826); Wagl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 33 
(1827); Werner, Atlas, pi. 202 (1827); Less. Traite, i. p. 218 
(1831); Menetr. Cat. Pais. Cauc. p. 46, no. 132 (1832); Gould, 

P. Eur. iii. pi. 227, tf $ ad. (1837) ; Schinz, Wirl. Schweiz, p. 92 
(1837) ; Keys. $ Plas. Wirb. Eur. p. 147 (1840); Schley. Pev. 
Crit. Ois. aVEur. p. xlix (1844); V. d. Miihle, Orn. Griechenl. 
p. 30 (1844) ; Schlegel, Vog. Nederl p. 80, pi. 49, d $ (1854-58) ; 
Linderm. Tog. Grieckenl. p. 41 (1860) ; Pree, P. Eur. iii. p. 136 
pi. <$ (1862) j Simdev. Consp. Av. Piein. p. 61 (1866); Sabanaeff, 
Pull. Mosc. xlii. pt. 2, pp. 185-197 (1869); Elw. $ Puchl Ibis, 
1870, p. 188; David, Nouv. Arch, du Mus. 1871, Pull. vii. p. 4; 
Mommsen, Griecli. Jahresz. pt. iii. p. 186 (1875); Harv.-Proivn, 
Proc. Nat. Mist. Soc. Glasq. 1877, p. 288 (ex Sabanaeff); Seel. 
Ibis, 1882, p. 209. 
Picus norvegicus, Lath. 2nd. Orn. i. p. 236 (1790) j Vieill. N. Diet. 

xxvi. p. 99 (1818). 
Picus viridi-canus, Meyer fy Wolf, Taschenh. Vo'gelh i. p. 120 
Picus chlorio, Pall. Zoogr. Posso-Asiat. i. p. 408 (1811). 

Picus caniceps, Nils. Orn. Suec. i. p. 105 (1817). 

Gecinus canus, Pole, Isis, 1831, p. 542; Prehm, Tog. Deutschl. 

p. 200 (1831); Gray, Gen. P. ii. p. 438 (1846); Pp. Consp. Grn. 
Av. I p. 126 (1850); id. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 10 (1854); 
Peichenb. Scans. Pieince, p. 348, no. 794, pi. dexx. figs. 4135, 4136 
(1854); Powys, Ibis, 1800, p. 235; Swinh. op. cit. 1861, p. 338; 
Plahish op. cit. 1862, p. 325 ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 319; id. op. 
cit. 1863, pp. 267, 333; Zifford, Ibis, 1866, p. 176; Whitely, op. 
cit 1867, p. 195; Degl. $ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 157 (1867); 
Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mm. p. 74 (1868^; id. Hand4. P. ii. 
p. 191, no. 8677 (1870); Salvad. Faun, dltal. Ucc. p. 35 (1871); 
Sound. Ibis, 1871, p. 65; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 392; Dubois, 
Consp. Av.Eur.p. 19 (1871) ; Pogd. P. Volga,^. 60,no.42 (1871); 
Dress. P. Eur. v. p. 95, pi. eclxxxviii. (1872); Alst. $ Harv.Brown, 
Ibis, 1873, p. 59; Irby, Orn. Str. Gibr. p. 72 (1875); 
Swinh. Ibis, 1875, p. 124; Danf. §• Proton, torn. cit. p. 298; Swinh. 
torn. cit. p. 451; Planf. Zool E. Pers. ii. p. 136 (1876); Tacz. 
Pull. Soc. Zool France, 1876, p. 239; Prjevalshy, P. Mongolia, in 
Fotoleifs Orn. Misc. ii. p. 279 (1877); David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, 
p. 51 (1877); Saimd. Bull Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p. 325 ; Tacz. 
op. cit. 1878, p. 139; Blahist # Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 229; Pogd. 
P. Cauc. p. 120 (1879); Goebel, Vog. Uman. Kr. p. 154, no. 140 
(1879); Pussow, Orn. Esth-, Liv- u. Kurl. p. 118 (1880) ; Brandt, 
J.f. 0.1880, p. 229; Seeb. Ibis, 1880, p. 181; Gigl. op. cit. 1881, 
p. 191; Wharton, torn. cit. p. 257; Collett, Norg. Fuglef. p. 314 
(1881); Blahist. $ Fryer, Trans. As. Soc. Jap. 1882, p. 136; Seeb. 
Ibis, 1882, p. 373, 1883, p. 23; Padde, Orn. Cauc. p. 307 (1884) ; 
Gigl. Avif. Ital p. 206 (1886); Salvad. Ucc. ltd. p. 67 (1887); 
Harg. Ibis, 1888, p. 15; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 466. 
Oolaptes canus, ) 
Colaptes viridicanus, > Prehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1274. 
Oolaptes caniceps, ] 


54 
PICTDJ3. 

Geeinus viridicanus, IBeh Vd j)eutschL pp. 199 201 (18:31). 

J rr 

Gecmus camceps, j '
Malacolopkns canus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. SOS (1837). 
Cliloropicus canus, Malh. Picidm, ii. pp. 124, 294, pi. Ixxsi. figs. 1, 


2(1862). 
Pieus canus jessoensis *, Stejnege?^ Troc. U. S. Nat Mu$. IfcSG, 

p. 106. 
Picns canus perpallidus, Stejneger, Proc. U. S\ Nat. Mm. 1858, p. 107 
(footnote). 

Adult male. Back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
yellowish olive, the feathers of the rump and the upper tail-coverts 
broadly tipped with chrome-yellow; wing-coverts and outer webs 
of the secondaries more golden green, the remaining portion of the 
quills dusky brown, the onter webs of the primaries spotted with 
dingy white and margined with green at the base, the secondaries 
having almost obsolete spots of smoky grey on the outer webs; inner 
webs of the quills spotted with pure white, except on the apical 
portion of the primaries ; shafts dusky brown ; tail greyish brown, 
the basal portion of the central pair of feathers and the lateral 
feathers chiefly on their outer webs, with bar-like spots of grey; 
shafts dusky brown; nasal plumes black; top of the head and nape 
greenish grey, with a large coronal patch of crimson: face grey, 

• grading into green 
on the side of the neck, with a small spot of 
black in front of the eye and a narrow black malar stripe • from the 
chin to the under tail-coverts, both inclusive, greyish white, the 
chest and breast, particularly, and the underpays, in a lesser 
degree, washed with green, the tinder tail-coverts having crescentic 
and V-shaped dusky markings; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
white tinged with yellow and barred with dusky black : " bill horny 
brown, more coloured above than below; iris pale red; feet black ,J 
(Degl. fy Gerbe). Total length 12 inches, culmen 1*05, wing 5*8, 
tail 3*95, tarsus 1*1; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*85, 
outer posterior 0*8, inner anterior 0*6, inner posterior 0*37. 
Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having no red on the 
head, the forehead and crown being greenish grey streaked with 
blackish. Total length 11*1 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 5%55, tail 
3*9, tarsus 0*95. 

Hah. Throughout the greater part of Europe, in Southern and 
Eastern Siberia, Manchuria, Corea, Mongolia, Xorthern China, and 
n the Island of Yezo. 
S S a<*


u}b.-sk- Norway. 
Salvin-GodmanColl. 

0. 2 ad. sk. Wermland, Dee. 1872. IV. Me\es ~C.l 
d. d ad. sk. Wermland, Jan. 22, 1874 (W. R. R Sharpe, Esq. 
Meres). [P.]. 
e,f. tfSad.; Gads jo, Sweden, Jam, Dec. Tweeddale ColL 


g. S juv. sk. (E. Wheelwright), 
h. <$ imm. sk. Denmark (It G. W. P.). Tweeddale ColL 
*I n 'The Ibis' for 1888, pp. 19-21, I hare stated fully my reasons for 
uniting this and also Dr. Stejneger's Pieus cam® peqjalltdus witk*6r. taMUb. 

4. GECISTUS. 
3 ad. sk. Black Forest (P. G. W. It.). Tweeddale Coll. 

k. 
<$ ad. sk. Cukarora, Turkey, Dec. 29, Hume Coll. 
1875 {Sintenis). 
I. Juv. sk. Tientsin, China. Tweeddale Coll. 
m. 5 ad. sk. Cliekiang, China (W. Pryer). Tweeddale Coll. 
n~H' 6 juv.; r. South Manchuria, June 3,1886. H. E. M. James, 
2 ad. sk. Esq. [P.]. 

s. $ ad. sk. Hakodadi, Japan, Nov. 2,1805 Tweeddale Coll. 
(JET. Whitehj). 
f, «; J $ ad. sk. Hakodadi, Japan, Dec 12,1805, H. Whitely [C.]. 


v. Skull. S. Germany. 
Dr. Gimther. 
11. G-ecinns gnerini 
Chloropicos guerini, Math. Bev. et Mag. cle Zool. 1849, p. 539. 
Geeinus guerini, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 127 (1850); id. Consp. 
Value?'. Zygod. p. 10 (1854) ; Reichenb. Scans. Piciuce, p. 349, 
no. 790, pi. dexxii. figs. 4144, 4145 (1854); Horsf. § Moore, Cat. 

B. Mus. B.I. Co. ii. p. 659, no. 958 (1856-58); Swink Ibis, 
1863, p. 96; id. P. Z. S. 1803, pp. 268, 333; Gray, List Pieid. 
Brit. Mus. p. 73 (1868); id. Hand-IB. ii. p. 191, no. 8076 (1870) ; 
Siuink P. Z. S. 1871, p. 392; David <§• Oust Ois. Chine, p. 52 
(1877); II. II. Slater, Ibis, 1882, p. 435; Seehohm, op. cit. 1884, 
p. 2GG; Harg. op. cit. 1888, p. 11. 
Geeinus tancolo, Gould, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 283; id. B. Asia, vL 
pi. 35 (1864); David $ Oust Ois. Chine, p. 53 (1877). 
Geeinus tancola, Sioinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 389; Gray, List Pieid. Brit. 
Mus. p. 73 (1868); id. HamU. B. ii. p. 191, no. 8675 (1870); 
Swink P. Z. S. 1871, p. 392. 

Ckloropicus 
guerini, Math. Picidce, ii. p. 127, pi lxxx. figs. 4, 5 
(1862), 
Picus guerini, Sundev. Consp. Av. Pick. p. 61 (1866) ; David, Nouv. 
Arch, die Mus. 1871, Bull. vii. p. 4. 
Picus tancola, Sundev. Consp. Av. Piein. p. 01 (1866) ; David, Nouv. 
A)*ck du Mus. 1871, Bull. vii. p. 4. 

Adult mah. Kesembles G. canus, but differs in the occiput and 
nape being entirely black or in having the occiput sometimes broadly 
striped with black on a grey ground, and the nape pure black ; the 
underparts are rather darker. The present species is intermediate 
between G. canus and G. occipitalis. Total length 10*5 inches, 
culmen 1-65, wing 5*6, tail 3*85, tarsus 1*15; toes (without claws) 
—outer anterior 0*78, outer posterior 0*72, inner anterior 0*58, 

inner posterior 0*35. 

Adult female. Has no red on the top of the head, the crown 
being grey with black striations. Total length 10*2 inches, culmen 
1-5, wing 5*3, tail 3*7, tarsus 1. 

Hal. From Nankin, throughout Central and Southern China, and 
in Formosa. 

a. $ ad. sk. 
N. China. Mr. Fortune [C.]. 
b. $ ad. sk. Nankin, Sept. 1842 (Capt J. Gould, Esq. 
Lice). 
c. S ^d. sk. 
Shanghai (J. R. Beeves). India Museum. 
56 BIGIDM. 

d,e. 3 2 ad. sk. Sha-foo-shan district, Che- Tweeddale Ooll. 
kiang Prov., May 1875 ( W. 
(Pryer). 

f}g. S 2 ad. sk. Ningpo, China {Capt. Ince). Gould Coll. 
h,i. <?ad.$&. ? Ningpo, China, May 1872 Tweeddale Coll. 
ad. sk. (R. Swinhoe). 
I tf ad. sk. Ningpo, China, April 1850 Mrs. Ince [P.]. 
(Capt. Ince). 
m, n. <$ $ ad. sk. Fokien, China. Gould Coll. 

o. 2 ad. sk. Formosa (R. Swinhoe). Tweeddale Coll. 
p,q. $ 2 ad. sk. N. Formosa. Consul Swinhoe^C] 
r. 2 ad. sk. Canton, China. Tweeddale Coll. 
12. Grecians occipitalis. 
Picus occipitalis, Vig. P. Z. S. 1830, p. 8; Gould, Cent. B. Simal 
M. pi. xlvii. (183*2;; McClell P. Z. S. 1839, p. 105: Blyth, J. 
A. S. B. x. p. 922 (1841); id. op. xii. p. 1002 (1843); id. op. cit. 
xiv. p. 191 (1845); Sunder. Comp. Ai\ Pit-in. p. 01 (1800). 
Picus oarbatus, Gray, Bardiu. Ill Ind. Zool. i. pi. xxxi. fig. 2, $ 
(1830-32). 
Malacolophus occipitalis, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 308 {1837J. 
Brachylophus occipitalis, Hodys. Icon. iked, in Brit. Mus. nus. 1411, 

150 (<$ 2); «?• in Grays Misc. p. 85 < 1844). 
Gecinus occipitalis, Gray, Cat. 31amm. Sfo. Xtpal,prts. Il/dys. p. 110 
(1840); id. Gen. B. ii. p. 438 (1S4G); Blyth, Cat. B. Mux. A*. Sot. 

p. 58, no. 263 (1849); Bp. Comp. Gun. Ar. L p. 127 (1850n id. 
Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 10 (1854); Rekhenb. Scam. Pkinm, p. 3411, 
no. 798, pi. dcxxi. figs. 4139, 4140 (1854); Ilorsf. $ Moore, Cat 
B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 001, no. 903 (1850-58); Jerd. B. Ind. i. 
p. 287 (1802) ; Tytler, Ibis, 1808, p. 202 ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. 
Mus. p, 73 (1808); Bulger, Ibis, 1^09, p. 156; *Godain-Amten, J. 
A. S. B. 1870, p. 207; Gray, Sand-l. B. ii. p. 191, no. 8074 (1&70); 
1877, p. 26; id. § Davison, op. cit. 1878, pp, 137, 501; Oaten, op. 
cit. 1879, p. 105; Scully, torn. cit. p. "24h ; Binqh. op. cit. 1880, 

p. 104; Oates, op. cit. x. p. 191 {1&82); Gates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. 
p. 51 (1883); Marshall, Ibis, 1884, p. 410; Mary. op. cit. 1888, 
p. 0; Stone, Sir. F. xi. p. 02 (lfcSfrj. 
Chloropicos occipitalis, Malh. JV. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, 
p. 351. 
Chloropicus occipitalis, Malh. Picidcs. ii. p. 129, pi. Ixxvii. fiprs. 4, 5 
(1862). 
Gecinus striolatus (pt.), Anderson, Yunnan Euped. i. p. 3So (1878)*. 

Adult male. Back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts olive, 
the rump-feathers tipped with chrome-} ellow; wing-coverts and 
outer webs of secondaries golden-olive, the remaining portion of the 

* Dr. Anderson obtained two specimens which he named G. striolatus. One 
(a nestling) is in the British Museum, and in my opinion it has been wrongly 
identified ; the second example is in the Calcutta Museum, and is in all probability 
correctly named (if an adult bird), as Br. Anderson must have been well 
acquainted with the full-plumaged Gr. striolatus. 
4. eEcmrs. 
quills dusky black, the outer webs of the primaries spotted with 
white, more or less smoky; the inner webs of the quills (except on 
the apical portion of the primaries) spotted with pure white; shafts 
dark brown; tail black, the central pair of feathers spotted upon 
both webs with greyish, and margined at the base with olive; shafts 
black; nasal plumes black; base of forehead dark slaty grey; crown 
crimson, the outer edge, also the occiput and nape, black, the feathers 
having their bases and basal margin grey and more or less 
exposed, and having a striped character; face leaden grey, with a 
black spot in front of the eye, the malar region broadly striped 
with or almost entirely black; chin and throat huffy white; side 
of the neck and the whole of the under surface of the body and 
under tail-coverts uniform olive; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
white barred with black, the edge of the wing washed with yellow. 
Total length 12-5 inches, culmen 1*65, wing 5*55, tail 4-15, tarsus 
1*2; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*8, outer posterior 0*75, 
inner anterior 0*67, inner posterior 0*4. 

Young male. Has a central spot of orange-reel upon the forehead ; 
the face mouse-grey; the chin and throat with transverse dusky 
spots ; the sides of the body, flanks, and thighs having dusky olive 
spots and transverse markings of dull yellowish white; the secondary 
quills with the faintest trace of dusky-green bars, and the 
central pair of tail-feathers more distinctly barred. Otherwise like 
the adult, but duller in colour. 

Adult female. Has no red on the crown, this being black like the 
occiput and nape, the grey basal margins of the feathers showing, 
and giving a striped appearance to the top of the head. Total 
length 12*5 inches, culmen 1-45, wing 5*6, tail 3*8, tarsus 1*2. 

Nestling (apparently female). Has all the tail-feathers barred, 
but very faintly; the flanks and thighs broadly barred with blackish. 
In other respects much resembling the young male described. 

tfah. Cashmere, throughout the Himalayas, also in Yunnan, 
Cachar, Assam, south into the central portion of the province of 
Tenasserim, and in Siam, Cambodia (Harmand), and also in South 
Cochin China {Pierre). 

a. <$ ad. sk. Cashmere. E. M. Lang-
worthy, Esq. 
b. $ ad. sk.
c. J ad. sk.
d. J ad. sk. 
Cashmere (Dr. Bellew). 
Murree. 
Kotekhaie, Feb. 20, 1871.
[p.]. 
India Museum. 
Col. Way [P.], 
Hume Coll. 
e. <$ ad. sk.
/ . Q ad. sk.
g, h. (S ad. * i. §
ad. sk. 
Kotegurh. 
Fagoo, Simla. Aug. 17, 1868(A. O. IL), 
Middle range of hills north of 
Masuri. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
h. $ ad. sk. Masuri*. Hume Coll. 
I, m, n. <S ad. sk.
o. ? ad. sk. 
Nairn Tal, Sept. 1866. 
Almorah, Oct. 29,1866. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
p7 q. 2 ad. sk.
r, 8. <S $ ad. sk. 
Kaladoongi, Sept. 1866. 
Siwalik Range. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

58 PICIDJE. 

t. $ ad. sk. 
u. $ ad. sk. 
?;~y. $ ad.; z-5'. $ 
ad. sk. 
c'j <f. S $ imin. sk. 
^'. $ juv. sk. 

/-*'. d ad.; h'. 
Juv. sk. 


Z'-s'. 3 ad. et juv.; 
t-x'. $ ad. et 
juv. sk. 

y\ J ad. sk. 

«', a". $ ad. sk. 

6". <3 ad. sk. 
c". cT ad. sk. 
<#". $ ad. sk. 


*V'.cJad.;<7".2 
ad. sk. 
A'1. J ad. sk. 

i", k". J ad. sk. 

r-r". J ad. et 
imm.; s"}t",u". 
2 ad. sk. 

v". $ ad. sk. 

ic". (S ad.sk. 

.r". S ad. sk. 

?/", s". g ad. sk. 

«3. $ ad. sk. 
P, c3. cJ $ ad. sk. 

;#3. J imm. sk. 

e1. $ imm. sk. 

fz 

. d imm. sk. 

gz. J ad. sk. 

# \ tf ad.; *3. $ 
imm. sk. 
y3-o3. CJ ad. et juv.; 
p3, <f. $ ad. sk, 
r\ Pull. sk. 

s3, £3. J $ ad. sk. 

M3, v3. d ? ad. sk. 

w\x\ tf $ad.;2/3, 
s3. <S S imm. sk. 
a1. <$ juv. sk. 

Dehra. 
Kumaon (Col. Strachey). 
Nepal. 


Nepal (B. 22". Hodgson). 
Nepal valley, July 13,1878 (J. 
faculty). 

Native Sikkini, March, June, 
July, Oct. (X. Manddli). 

Sikhim, Jan.; Feb., March, 
April, Aug.; Oct. Nov. (L. 
Mandelli). 

Darjeeling, Feb, 1873. 
Buxa Doars, Jan. 1878 (L. 

Mandelli). 
Assam (McClelland), 
Assam. 
Sadhya, Assam, Feb. 1877 (J. 

Cockbum). 

Sadhya, As^am, Feb., April 

(J. Codkbam). 
Dollah, Assam, April 13, 1877 

(J. Cockburn). 
Tippook, Assam, March lfc77 
(J". Cockburn). 

Dibrughur, Jan., March, April, 
May, June, Sept., Dec. {J. 
It Cripps). 

Khasia hills (Griffith). 

N. Khasia hills, March 1876 
(A. W. Chennell). 
Cachar (J. Inglis). 
Tipperah hills, Nov. 20,1808. 
Thavetmvo, Nov. 25, 1872 (K 
TV. Oates). 

Eastern slopes of Peon hills, 
April 18,1873 (E. W. Oates). 
Pegu, Dec. 24, 1873 (22. G. 

W. 22.). 
YavthOj Burmah, June 8,1873 
(22. G. W. It). 
H-touk-v-an, Burmah, Dec. 22, 
1873 (22. G. IF. B.). 
Shuay-g-veen, Salween Dist, 
Jaii. 3," 1874 (II G. W. 22.). 
Tonghoo, Burmah, Oct. Ife74. 

Tonghoo, Burmah, March, April, 
Oct., Nov. (22. G. W. It). 
Momien, Yunnan, June 17, 


1808. 
Burmah (221 TV. Feilden). 
Dargwin, Tenasserim, Jan. 1874 

(IP*. Davison). 
Pahpoon, Jan. 1874 (W. Davison). 
Kaukaryit, July (J*. Darling). 

Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 

Hodgson Coll. 

India Museum. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale CoU. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Dr. J.Anderson, 

[Cj. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

4. GEcnnis. 
h\ $ ad. sk. Sinzaway, March 2, 1877 (C. Hume Coll. 
T. Bingham). 
c\ d\ 6 2 ad. sk Myawadee, Jan. 19, 1877 (W. Hume Coll. 
Davison), 
eK <$ ad. sk. KmeeK March 7, 1877 (W. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 
f \ <$ ad. sk. Pabyouk, March 13,1874 (W. Hume Coll. 
Damson). 
gK 5 ad. sk. Meeta Myo, April 18,1874Davison). 
(W. Hume Coll. 
y^4 . $ ad. sk. Tavoy, MarchDavison). 
10, 1878 (W. Hume Coll. 
a4 . J ad. sk. Mooleyit, Jan. 26, 1877 (W. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 
&4 . d1 ad. sk. Moulmein, Dec. 14, 1878 (IF. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 
P, m4 . d1 2 a<i- sk. Thoungyeen valley, March ( C Hume Coll. 
n4 . tf ad. sk. 
T. Bingham). 
Thoungyah, Sept. 17, 1878 (J. Hume Coll. 
ol . $ juv. sk. 
pl , 2h-6 2 ad. sk. 
Darling). 
Pitchaburree, Siam. 
Meklong, Siam. 
E. Pierre [P.]. 
H.C.V.Hiuiter, 
r4, s1, tfl. Skeletons India. 
Esq. [P.]. 
(one skull missing). 
iiK Bones of trunk. 

13. Grecinus cMorolophus. 
Picus chlorolophus, Vieill. N. Diet. Eist. Nat. xxvi. p. 78 (1818); 
Bonn. $ Vieill. Ene. Meth. p. 1309 (1823); Szmdev. Consp. Av. 
Picin. p. 58 (1866). 

Yellow-necked Woodpecker, Lath. Hist. B. iii. p. 365 (1822). 

Picus chlorolophos, Wagl Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 69 (1827). 

Picus chloropus, Drap. Diet. Class. Eibt. Nat. xiii. p. 500 (1828). 

Picus nepalensis, Gray, Hardw. III. hid. Zool. i. pl. xxxi. fig. 1 

(1830-32); McClell P. Z. S. 1839, p. 165; Blyth, J. A. S. B. 

xii. p. 1003 (1843); id. op. cit. xiv. p. 191 (1845). 
Dryotomus sericeocollis, Eodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus. nos. 145, 
146 (6 2). 

Brachylophus sericollis, Sodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. 1844, p. 85. 

Gecinus nipalensis, Gray, Gen, B. ii. p. 438 (1846). 

Gecinus xanthoderus (nonMalh.), Gray, Cat. Mamm. $c. Nepal, pres. 
Eodgs. y. 116(1846). 
Chloropices chlorolophus, Malh. N. Classify Mim. Acad. Metz, 184849, 
p. 350. 

Gecinus chloropus, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 58, no. 266 
(1849); Tytler, Ami. Nat. Mist. xiii. p. 367 (1854); Blyth, J. A. 
S.'B. 1863, p, 75. 

Chrysophlegma 
chlorolophus, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 128 (1850); 
id. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 10 (1854); Eorsf. $ Moore, Cat B. 
Mus. EL Co. ii. p. 662, no. 966 (1856-58); Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 289 
(1862); Gray, Cat. Mamm. §c. Nepal, pres. Hodgs. 2nd ed. p. 63 
(1863); Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. 1870, p. 97; Hume, Str. F. 
1874, p. 472; Blyth $ Wald. B. Burm. p. 76 (1875); Hume $ 

60 PICID^J. 

Oates, Str. F. 1875, p. 71; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. 1S76, p. 70; 
Liglis, Str. F. 1877, p. 26; Same $ Bauson, op. eit vi. p. 138 
(1878) ; Ball, op. eit vii. p. 206 (1878); Scully, op, tit 1&79, pp. 
249, 365 ; Bingham, op. eit 1880? p. 1C4: Gates, op. at. lb&2, 

p. 191; Oates, B. Brit. Bunn. ii. p. 4-5 (1853); Hume, Sir. F. si. 
p. 62(1888). 
Chrysophlegma chlorolophum, Meichenb. Scatts.Picmte, p. 357, nu. s2o? 
pi. elexxvii. figs. 4173-74, <jT 2 ad. (1654). 
Ckloropicus chlorolophus, .Vaift. PiekU, ii. p. 105, pi. kxiv. figs. 1, 
2, 3 (1862). 
Gecmus chlorolopkus, Gray, List Field. Brit. Mm. p. 74 (l^Cftj: id. 
Hand-L B. ii. p. 191, no. 8U80 (1870); Sharpe, P. Z. & 1^7, 

p. 443; iftw#. Ibis, 1888, p. 1^4. 
./4c?u& male. Entire upper parts and wing-coverts yellowish olive; 

quills brown, the inner webs spotted with white, the outer webs 

of the primaries at the base and those of the outer secondaries along 

their whole length red, more or less margined with green ; the inner 

secondaries entirely green on the outer web and apex uf the inner 

web ; the outer webs of the outer primaries with a tew white **pots>; 

shafts brown; tail and the shafts black; natal plume* and a line in 

front of the eye black ; forehead, outer edge of the eiown, and the 

occiput crimson, the top of the head olhe; nuchal cie-t trulden 

yellow; sides of the face and neck deep olive, the lure* and a stripe 

running under the ear-coverts, aho a blight Miptrelthiiy stripe, 

white; malar stripe erinibon barred with duaky olive, the leathers 

with white bases; from the chin to the brea>t include deep olive, 

the bases of the feathers of the chin and throat showing \\ Lite; 

remainder of underparts and the under tail-eoverts yellow i>h white, 

faintly barred with dusky olive ; under wing-coverts and asillaries 

yellowish white barred with olive: ^ bill greenihh yellow horny, 

culmen and tip dark plumbeous; irides carmine-redr |>Vc^%). 

Total length 10 inches, culmen 1*27. wing 5'2o, tail 3-75, tardus 0*0: 

toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*73, outer posterior 0*fjay 

inner anterior 0*53, inner posterior 0*35. 

Toting male. Eesembles the adult male, but is rather duller in 
colour, the chest and breast being dusky brown with scarcely any 
green tinge; the abdomen, flanks, and thighs whiter and with more 
distinct dusky bars; the spots on the outer webs of the primaries 
are, as a rule, larger. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of red 
on the forehead and edge of the crown, and also in wanting the red 
malar stripe. Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 5*05, 
tail 3*55, tarsus 0*9. 

The white spotting on the outer webs of the primaries is inconstant, 
occurring or being absent in apparently equally adult birds 
from the same locality. In Burmese examples the spots are generally 
wanting. The Perak bird is extremely dark, and but for the 
distribution of the red on the head resembles G. cJilorigaskr. 

Hah Nepal and the South-east Himalayas, into Bengal and 
Orissa; eastward to Cachar, Manipur, and Assam; southward 
through the Burmese Empire and the Malayan Peninsula to Perak. 

4 . GECINTTS. 
Has also been obtained in Cochin China (Harmand), and will probably 
be found in the intervening countries. 

a. $ ad. sk. Chumba, Feb. 1882 (C. H. T. Hume Coll. 
Marshall), 
b. 3 iniin. sk. 
Fagoo, Simla, Sept. 14,1868. Hume Coll. 
c. d. J ad.; e. S 
Masuri. Hame Coll. 
imm. sk. 
f,g. S$ ad. sk. Dehra Dhoon, Jan. 20, 1871. Hume Coll. 

h. J ad. sk. 
Dehra Dhoon. Tweeddale Coll. 
i. $ ad. sk. 
Dehra Dhoon. Gould Coll. 
k. <$ ad. sk. 
Kalsi, Dehra Dhoon; Jan. 31, Hume Coll. 
1868. 
I, m. $ $ ad. sk. Kalidoongi. Sept. 29, 1866. Hume Coll. 

n. o. $ § imm. ; p. Naini Tal (8. Pinwitt). Tweeddale Coll 
J ad. sk. 
j, r. 2 ad. sk. Naini Tal. Capt.Stackhouse 
Pinwill [P.]. 


s. 3 ad. sk. Alniorah, Oct. 29, 1866. Hume Coll. 
Sanga, Nepal valley, Sept. 16, Hume Coll. 
£ $ ad. sk. 
1877 (J. Scully), 
Nepal valley, Dec. 19, 1877 (J. Hume Coll. 

u. <$ ad. sk. Scully). 
Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
Vj w. S ? ad. sk. (Types of D. sericeocollis.) 
x9 y, z. <$ ad.; a', Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 

V. $ ad.; d. 
c? imm. sk. 
d'. Ad.; e\ $ juv. Nepal (B. H. Hodysim). India Museum. 
sk. 
f-n'. <$ ad.; o'-t'. $ Sikhim, Feb., March, April, Hume Coll. 
ad. sk. 
June, Aug., Nov. (L. Mandelli). 


w'. $ ad. sk. Darjeeling. Hume Coll. 
v'. Ad. sk. Bootan (Pemberton), India Museum. 
w'} r'. Ad. sk. Assam (McClelland). India Museum. 
y' %\ a'1. (S ad. et Assam (A. W, Chennell). Tweeddale Coll. 

imm.; &",*". $ 

ad. sk. 
d". & ad. sk. Assam. Gould Coll. 
e". d1 ad.;f%y". ? N. Khasia hills, Jan., Feb., Tweeddale Coll. 

ad. sk. ' 1876 (A. W. Chennell). 
h",i", dad.; h". $ Sadhyia, Assam, April, June Hume Coll. 
ad. sk. (J. Cockburn). 
I". 2 ad. sk. Dollah, Assam, April 19, 1877 Hume Coll. 
(J". Cockburn). 

m"-r". S ad. et Dibrughur, March, May, July, Hume Coll. 
imm.; s", i'\u". Aug., Dec. (J. R. Cripps). 
$ ad. et imm. 
sk. 


v'\ J imm. sk. Cachar (J. Inglis). Hume Coll. 
w\x". 6 $ ad.sk. Manipur,April 1881 (A. 0. &.), Hume Coll. 
y". $ ad. sk. Tipperah, Jan. 1871. Hume Coll. 
z",a\ tfad.; b\ $ Tonghoo, April (22. G. W. P.). Tweeddale Coll, 


ad. sk. 

62 PI-CIDJE. 
e3 . 5 &d. sk. Tongboo, Oct. 1874 (K W: Hume Coll. 
c£3 . cJ ad. sk. 
Oates). 
Karennee, March 25,1874 (i?. Tweeddale Coll. 
e3 . <$ ad. sk. 
G. IF. JR.). 
Thavetmvo, April 1873 (j& JF. Home Coll. 
/*. ? ad. sk. 
(f. 5 ad. sk. 
A3, c? ad. sk. 
i3 . (S ad. sk. 
&3 . $ ad. sk. 
Z3 , m3 . <5 ad. sk. 
«8 . c? ad. sk. 
o3,p3 . cf ad; <f. $ 
ad. sk. 
?*3j sd . d" $ ad. sk. 
t\ d ad. sk 
w3. J ad. sk. % 
v3. J ad. sk. 
Salween district, Feb. 12, 1874 
(W. Davison). 
Kollidoo, Nov. 18, 1874 (IF. 
Davison). 
Pahpoon, Dec. 24, 1873 (If: 
Davison). 
Thatone, Jan. 2, 1877 (W. 
Davison). 
Myawadee, Jan. 18, 1877 (IF*. 
'Davison). 
Kaukaryit, Jan. 1^77 (IF". Davison). 
Kaukaryit, Sept. 5, 1878 (J. 
Darling)* 
Mooleyit, 'Feb. 1877 (TT. Davison). 
Amherst, Dec. 18, lb70 (IF. 
Davison). 
Mopapoo district, Thounirwn 
yaller, Jan. 23, 1^0 ( V. T. 
Bingham). 
Tbouugyah, Sept. 24, lfc7S {J. 
Darling). 
Mountains of Perak. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Cull. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Ct ill. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume G 11. 
L. "Wrav, Esq. 
zv3 . Skeleton; a.3 , 
y3 . Bones of 
trunk. 
Nepal. IIod<rsun Coll. 

14. Geeinus cHorogaster. 
Picus mentalis {non Te?n?n.), JercL JIadr. Journ. 1840, p. 214, 
Picus cklorigaster, Jerd. Madr. Jm/rn. 1844, p. 138. 

1888, p. ISO. 
Gecinus chloropbanes, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. 8oc. p. 50, no. 207 

Gecinus ebloropbaus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 21 (1849). 
Cbrvsopblegma cblorolophus (non VieilL), Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. L 
p." 128 (1850). 
Cbrysopblegma xanthoderus, Bp. Comp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 10 (1854) ; 
Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 197 (1880). 
Venilia chlorophanes, Reichenh. Scans. Ficincp7 p. 359, no. 829, 
pi. dexxix. figs. 4182, 83, females (1854). 
Chrysopblegma chlorophanes, Jerd. B. Lid. L p. 290 (1802); Legge, 
Ibis, 1874, p. lo; id. op. cit. 1875, p. 283; Hume, 8tr. F. 1870, 

p. 390 ; Fairbank, op. cit. 1877, p. 390. 
Picus xanthoderus, Stmdev. Consp. Av. Ficin. p. 58 (1808). 
4 . GEC1NUS. 
63 

Gecimis xanthoderus, Gray, List Pieicl Brit. Mus. p. 75 (1868); id. 

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 101, no. 8081 (1870). 

Ckrysophlegma chlorigaster, JSkime, Str. F* vii. p. 517 (1878); Butler, 

Cat B. S. Bomb. Presid. p. 24 (1880) ; id. Str. F. 1880, p. 3S6 ; 

Davison, op. cit. 1882, p. 298 ; id. op. cit x. p. 355 (1883) : Hume* 

op. cit. x. p. 457 (1887). 

Adult male. Above uniform yellowish olive ; wing-coverts golden 
olive, dull red near the shaft; quills blackish brown, the inner webs 
spotted with white, the outer webs of the primaries at their base 
and entire outer webs of the secondaries dull red, more or less margined 
with green, the primaries having a few small spots of greenish 
white; shafts brown; tail brownish black, the shafts black; forehead, 
crown, and occipital crest, also malar stripe, crimson; nuchal 
crest yellow; sides of face and neck dull olive, a narrow white 
stripe from the gape running under the ear-coverts; chin and throat 
pale greenish buff; the whole of the under surface of the body deep 
olive or brownish olive, all below the chest being barred and spotted 
with whitish; under tail-coverts dull olive, tipped and barred with 
dull white; under wing-coverts and axillaries dusky brown, spotted 
and barred with yellowish or white : " iris sombre red or brownish 
red ; bill blackish, with the sides of the lower mandible and margin 
of the upper, next the gape, yellow ; legs and feet olive-greenish or 
dusky sap-green " ( W. V. Legge). Total length 9-5 inches, culmen 
1*1, wing 4*65, tail 3*25, tarsus 0*85 ; toes (without claws)—outer 
anterior 0*68, outer posterior 0*63, inner anterior 0*55, inner posterior 
0*28. 

Young male. Eesembles the adult male, but is more dusky on the 
face and neck, and the underparts are spotted, even on the flanks, 
and not barred as in the older birds. 

Adult fSmale. Differs from the adult male in the absence of 
crimson on the forehead and crown, these parts being blackish olive, 
also in being without the crimson cheek-patch. Total length 9 inches, 
culmen 0*95, wing 4*65, tail 3*15, tarsus 0*85. 

Sab. Southern portion of India, as high as Khandeish on the west, 
and in Ceylon. 

a. $ ad. sk. India. 
Purchased. 
b. 2 imm.; c. $ Khandeisk, March 1880 Hume Coll. 
juv. sk. (/. Davidson). 
d' 3 imm. sk. Khandeish. Tweeddale Coll. 

e. 3 
ad. sk. Koombarwara, N. Kanara, Hume Coll. 
May 4,1877 (H. CJames). 
Malabar. Tweeddale Coll 
ad.; I. J imm. sk. 


m. 
3 ad. sk. Cannanore, Aug. 9, 1882 Tweeddale Coll 
(JR. G. W. JR.). 
n. 3 ad. sk. Wynaad, Aug. 10,1877. Hume Coll. 
o. 3 ad. sk. Goodalore, Wynaad, Mar, Hume Coll. 
28,1881 (W, Davison). 
p,q. 3 2 ad. sk. Calicut. Hume Coll. 

r. 
3 imm.; s. $ Nilghiris, March, July. Hume Coll. 
ad, sk. 
64 PICIBJB. 

t § ad. sk. 

u, v. S ad. sk. 

to. $ ad. sk. 

a\ <$ ad. ; y. ? 
imm. sk. 
». d1 ad. sk. 

a\ b'. S ad.; d. 
5 Inim. sk. 
d', e'. $ ad. sk. 

/ . Ad. sk. 

(J. 5 ad. sk. 
h',i'. tfad. ;&'. ? 
ad. sk. 
£'. $ ad. sk. 

?«', w', #'. J ad.; //, 
gf, r'. J ad. sk. 
$'. d1 ad. sk. 

Kullar, Nilgliiris, Sept. 9, 
1867. 
Kullar, Nilsrliiris, Sept. 

(R. 6?. JFTJ2.). 
Coonoor Ghat, April 1878 
(JE. G. W. R.). 
Madras. 


Madras (T. C. Jerdon). 

Anjanofo, Travancore, Dec. 
1872. 

Mynall, Travancore, Mar. 

13,1873 (F Bourdilloii). 
Travancore. 
Travancore. 
Pusiwella, Ceylon, Dec. 

186-5 (S. Chapman). 
KandvRoad, Cevlon, Julv 
18, I860 (S. Chapman).

Ceylon (H. Nemll). 

Ceylon. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Rev. H. H. Baber ."P/. 
Gould Coll. <T\pe of 

species.) 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Cull. 

F. BourJiUon, E^j_. X'."\ 
GouMColl. " " 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Cull. 

T. Thwaites, Esq, TV. 
15. Geciaus punicetis. 
Picus puniceus, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xlii. nt. 1, p. 170 (1821); 
Raffl.tom. tit pt. 2, p. 289 (1822); LatL ffitt. B. iii. p. 302 
(1822); Temm. PL Col. ccccxxiii. (1827): Wtiql ipt)tt</>t.Av. 
Picas, sp. 90 (1827); id. Isis, 1829, p. 518; Yitf. Mem. liaffl. 


p. 608 (1830) ; Less. Traite, i. p. 222 (18311; Sunder. Camp. Ai\ 
Piein. p. 58 (I860). 
Picus gularis, Wagl. Syst Av. Add. Picus. sp. no. 0 (nee no. 89), 9 
(1827). 
Bracliyloplius puniceus, StrichL P. Z. S. 1841, p. 31: Bp. Consp. 
Votitcr. Zygod. p. 10 (1854). 
Gecinus puniceus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 4-39 (1840); Blyth, Cat B. 
Mus. As. Soc. p. 59, no. 270 (1849) ; Wall. Ann. $• Mag. Sat 
Mist xv. p. 96 (1855) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mm. p. 77 (186^) ; 
id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 192, no. 80d7 (1870) ; Ilarq. Ibis, 1888. 

p. 176. 
Venilia puniceus, Bp. Consp. Gen. Ai\ i. p. 128 (1850). 
Venilia punicea, Reichenb. Scans. PieintB, p. 858, no. 876, pi. dcxxylii. 
figs. 4176-77, <$ 2 ad. (1854); Horsf. $ Moore, Cat B. Mus. K 

1. Co. ii. p. 004, no. 908 (1850-58) ; *Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 450. 
Cliloropicus puniceus, Malk. Picidm, ii. p. 110, pi. Ixxiv. %s, 5, 6, 
6 2 (1862). 
Clirysophlegma puniceus, Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 291 (1802); Blyth § 
Wald. B. Burm. p. 77 (1875); Oates, B. Brit. Burm, ii. p. 44 
(1883). 

CaHoloplius puniceus, Salvad. Ucc. Bom. p. 49 (1874); Sharpe, 

P. Z. S. 1875, p. 103; id. Ibis, 1876, p. 36; Hume fy Davison, Sir. 
F. vi. p. 139 (1878); Hume, op. tit 1879, p. 88; Sharpe, Ibis, 
3879, p. 242; id. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 792; Guilhmard, op. tit 1885, 
p. 405; Butiihofer, Notes Leyd. Mm. ix. p. 23 (1887). 
4 . GECINUS. 
Ohrysophlegina puniceum, Sahad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. JSrat. Geneva, 
ser. % iv. pp. 519, 529 (1887). 

Adult male. Above yellowish olive, the feathers of the rump 
broadly tipped with lemon-yellow; wing-coverts, outer webs of 
primaries at the base, and the entire outer webs of the secondaries 
carmine-red, the remaining part of the quills blackish brown, the 
inner webs spotted with white on the margin, the spots on the primaries 
confined to the base and sometimes confluent; shafts black; 
tail and shafts black; nasal plumes black; the whole of the top of 
the head, occipital crest, and malar stripe crimson; nuchal crest 
yellow; a black stripe in front of the eye; chin and throat greenish 
buff; face, sides of the neck, the fore neck, and the whole of the 
under surface of the body, and under tail-coverts green ; the sides of 
the body, flanks, and thighs spotted more or less transversely with 
yellow or yellowish white, with partially concealed dusky black and 
white bars: the under tail-coverts slightly spotted with white; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries dusky brown, spotted and barred 
with yellowish white : " iris crimson; orbital skin greenish grey; 
lower mandible and edges of upper mandible at gape dark greenish 
yellow; upper mandible black; legs and feet pale green, claws 
greenish horny " (IF. Davison). Total length 10-75inches, culmen 
1*35, wing 5*1, tail 3*5, tarsus 0-87 ; toes (without claws)—outer 
anterior 0*7, outer posterior 0*62, inner anterior 0*55, inner posterior 
0*27. 


Adult female. Resembles the male, but wants the red malar 

patch. Total length 11 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 5-25, tail 3*65, 

tarsus 0*9. 

Young. The sexes differ as in the adult; the colour of the plumage 

is duller, and the underparts are less green, the chin and throat 

being of a drab-brown and the breast more or less crossed by pale 

brown and dusky lines. As a rule there is more spotting on the 

underparts, but this is not constant. 

In examples of this species from Malacca, Sumatra, and Borneo 

the orbital region is less dusky and the sides of the face and neck 

are of a paler green. 

Hab. Southern Tenasserim and the Malayan Peninsula, Sumatra 

and also the Island of Mas on the west, Java, Borneo. 

a. 
J imm. sk, Java (Horsfield). India Museum. (Type 
of species.) 
b. 2 ad. sk. E. Java (A. R. Wallace). Tweeddale Coll. 
c. d. S 9 ad. sk. E. Java. 
Wallace Coll. 
e. J ad.sk. Java (Mus. Ltigd.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
/. <$ ad.; g. Juv. sk. Java. Gould Coll. 
A, i. S ad.; k, $ Borneo. 
Rajah Brooke [P.]. 

ad. sk. 

I $ juv. sk. Lawas River;N. W.Borneo. H. Veitch, Esq.. [P.]. 

m. <$ imm. sk. Labuan. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
n, o. J $ ad.; p. Lampong, Sumatra [E. C. Tweeddale Coll. 
Juv. sk. Buxton). 
g, r. $ ad.; s. $ ad. sk. Sumatra (C. Bach). Tweeddale Coll 
VOL. xvur. 

 PICIDJE. 

t. 3 ad. sk. 
u. S ad. sk. 
2?. $ ad. sk. 
w. $ ad. sk. 
w-a\ cj'ad.; &'.$ 
ad. sk. 
c'. <y ad. sk. 


d!. $ imrn.; #'. $ 

juv. sk. 
/. $ ad. sk. 
g'. <S ad. sk. 
h'. S ad. sk. 
$, k'. J S ad. sk. 

J', m', n'. S ad.; 
o'-r'. 5 a(i- sk. 
«'.t J ad.; t\ <S 
imm. sk. 
u\ $ ad. sk. 

t/, w'. S ad.; xr. $ 
ad. sk. 

Sumatra (A. JR. Wallace). 

Sumatra. 

Singapore Island, Feb. 8, 

1879 (IF. Davison). 

Singapore (W. Davison). 

Gunnong Pulai, Joliore, 

Mar.. July ( W.Davisoji). 
Joliore, Aug. 21,1S75 (W. 
Davison). 
Malacca {Dr. Cantor). 

Malacca (A. JR. Wallace). 
Malacca. 
Malacca (Dr. Ma in gay). 
Mt. Ophir, Malacca, Ausr. 

14,1673 (J2. G.W.R.). 
Malacca. Jan., July, 1S77 
(JJr. Davison). 

Nealys, Malacca, Oct. 
1&75 ( W. Davison). 
Kuroo, Malacca, Xov. 1, 
1875 (W. Davison). 
Pulo S^ban, Malacca, Oct., 

Xov.,Dec.( W.Davi^m). 

t/'--£". J ad. et Imm.: ; Klang, Salansrorp, Feb., 

c",d'. Qimm.sk, 
e", S ad. sk. 

/". S ad. sk. 
g", h". J $ ad. 
sk. 
i"-q"-6 ad. et 
imm. ; r", $"f 
tn 

. $ ad. sk. 
u". $ ad. sk. 

v". $ ad. sk. 

w,r, cc". £ ad. sk 

y\ Skeleton. 

July, Nov. (W.Dacimn). 
Ulu Lansrhat, Salantrore, 

Apr.0,b>79( W.Davison). 
Mte. of Perak. 
Malewoon. Tenasserim, 

Apr. 1877 (W. Davison). 
Bankasoon, Feb., April, 
May, June ( W.Davison). 

' Laynah, May 18,1875 (IF. 
Davison). 

Bopyin, Mergni distr., May 
16,1875 ( W. Davison): 
Tavoy^ April 1878 (J. 
Darling). 

Java. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 
Gould Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 
TweecLlale CJI L 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

L. Wray, Es$. [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Purchased. 

16. G-ecinus erythropygras. 
Gecinus erytbropygius, Elliot, iVT. Arch, du Mus^ Bull. L p. 76, pi. iii. 
(1865) ; TirauL Ois. Basse-CochincMne* p. 89 (1879): Harg. Ihis9 
1888, p. 189. 

Adult male. Back, scapulars, wing-coverts, and tail-coverts yellowish 
olive, the tail-coverts more or less tinged with red ; ramp 
brilliant scarlet; quills black, tbe outer webs of the secondaries 
broadly margined with or entirely yellowish olive; the inner webs 
of all the quills and the outer webs of the primaries spotted with 
white, the spots being very large and sometimes confluent on the 
inner webs, the outer webs of the secondaries having at most indistinct 

4 . GECINTTS. 
marginal lines of white; shafts black ; tail black, the outer web of 

the large outer feather with marginal spots of buffy white at the 

base, and the inner webs of the two feathers on either side of the 

central pair having at their base spots of pure white ; shafts black; 

nasal plumes, face, the top of the head, occiput, and nape deep blue-

black, with a quadrate spot of red in the centre of the crown ; hind 

neck greenish yellow ; side of the neck, chin, throat, fore neck, and 

chest yellow, slightly greenish on the chest; below the chest dull 

white, with faint dusky squamate markings ; under tail-coverts also 

dull white, but having broader and blacker squamate markings ; 

under wing-coverts white, crossed by irregular and narrow dusky 

bars, the edge of the wing yellowish, with blackish squamate 

markings; axillaries yellowish white; bill white. Total length 

12-5 inches, culmen 1*58, wing 6*35, tail 4*5, tarsus 1*23; toes 

(without claws)—outer anterior 0*9, outer posterior 0*85, inner 

anterior 0*62, inner posterior 0-44. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red on 

the crown. Total length 11-5 inches, culmen 1*35, wing 6-25, tail 

4*3, tarsus 1*15. 

Young female, Eesembles the adult female in the distribution of 

the colours, but they are less vivid, the red of the rump being more 

of an orange-scarlet, and the head wanting the intense blue-black 

shade possessed by the older birds. 

Hah. Cochin China and Laos. 

17. Geciims nigrigenis. 
G-ecinus erythropvgius (non Flliot), Wardl. Ra??isay. P. Z. S. 1874, 
p. 212, VL xxxv. (d $); Wold. Ibis, 1875, pp. 148, 463 ; Wardl. 
Hams. Tweedd. Mem. p. 290 (1881); Oates, Sfr. F. x. p. 191 
(1882); id. B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 52 (1883) • Harg. Ibis, 1888, 
p. 189. 
Gecinus nigrigenis, Hume, Proc. A. 8. B. 1874, p. 106; id. Str. F. 
1874, pp. 444, 471; id. $ Damson, op. cit. vi, p. 136 (1878); 
Bingham, op. cit 1880, p. 163. 

Picus nigrogenis, Gieb. T/ies. Orn. iii. p. 170 (1876). 

Adult male. Resembles G. erytliropygms, from Cochin China, but 
may be easily distinguished by its black bill; the dimensions are 
also less, and there is a greater amount of red upon the crown ; 
but as I have only been able to compare one male example of 

G. erythropygius with the present species, the small amount of red 
on the crown possessed by the former may not be a constant 
character. Occasionally specimens of G. nigrigenis are found possessing 
a white or yellowish stripe behind the eye *. This I have 
never met with in G. erythropygius; but the number examined has 
* The variability as to presence or absence of this stripe in adult birds of 
either sex is a remarkable feature and does not exist in any other known 
Woodpecker. All other species of Pieid<s either do or do not possess a facial 
stripe as a constant character. 
*2 
68 
PIC1D.2E. 

been small, and it may exist in individual examples. " Legs and 

feet dirty brownish or plumbeous green ; bill dark horny brown or 

blackish, yellowish at base of lower mandible ; irides pale to bright 

gamboge-yellow" (W. Davison). Total length 12 inches, culmen 

1-4, wing 6*15, tail 4*5, tarsus 1*15; toes (without claws)—outer 

anterior 0*8, outer posterior 0*75, inner anterior 0*65, inner poste


rior 0*45. 

Young male. Besembles the adult of the same sex, but is less 

brilliant in colour. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red on 

the crown, the entire head being velvety black. Total length 12 

inches, culmen 1*4, wing 6*35, tail 4*7, tarsus 1*15. 

Obs. Occasionally, but rarely, a specimen occurs in which the 

under mandible is slightly yellow ; but this is very strongly pro


nounced in an example from Mecklong. Siam, the under mandible 

being almost entirely yellow, and showing an approach to G. ery~ 

thropygius. 

Hah. Northern and Eastern Pegu, North Tenasserim and Siam. 

a. 9 
ad. sk. Karen Hills, COO feet, Jan. Tweeddale Coll. 
IbTofi?. G. IF. JR.). 
b. $ ad. sk. Foot of Karen Hills Jan. Tweeddale Coll. 
1875 (R. Q. If. It) 
c,d. 6' ? ad.sk. Tunprkoo, Feb. 25, LN 4 Tweeddale Coll (Types 
(JR. G. W. 22.). of G. erijtkropijgms, TV." R.) 
e-l S ad. et imm.; Tongkoo, Julv, Oct., Nov. Tweeddale'Coll 
L $ ad.sk. (JR. G. W.~JR.). 
I, m. (S ad.; n, o, p. Kollidoo, Feb., Nov. ( W. Hume Coll 
§ ad. sk. Davison). 


q. $ ad. sk. Darguin, Jan. 10, 1874 Hume Coil. 
( W. JDavison). 
r. 5 ad. sk. Makana, Jan. 17, 1877 Hume Coll. 
(W. Davison). 
a. c? ad. sk. Thoungveen Kiver, Bee. Hume Coll. 
(C. f. Bingham). 
t,u,v. c?ad.; w-z. Myawadee, Jan. 1877 Hume Coll. 
5 ad. sk. ( W. Davison), 
a'-d'. $ ad. sk. Endingnone, Jan. 1677 Hume Coll. 

( W. Davison). 
e',fr* 6 ? ad. sk. Lathorgee, Jan. 1877 (TV. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 
g\ (S ad. sk. Epoo, Myawadee, Jan. 2*5, Hume Coll. 
1877 ( W. Davison). 
h'9 t\ <S S ad. sk. Mooleyit, Jan. 26, 1877 Hume Coll. 

( W. Davison). 
*', V. & ad. ; m'. Tavoy, Feb. 1879 (IF. Hume Coll. 
2 ad. sk. Davison). 
n', o'. <5 ad. • p\ Pakchan Creek, Feb. 8, Hume Coll. (Types of 
5 ad. sk. 1874 ( W. Davison). species.) 
q'. $ 
ad. sk. Mecklong, Siam. II. O. V. Hunter, Esq. 
[p.]. 

5 . CHLOKONERPES. 
5. CHL0R01SEBPES. ,r 
Type. 
Chioronerpes, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 307 (1837) C. rubiginosus. 
Chrysopicus (pt.), Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. no. 143 

(1854) C. rubiginosus. 
Lanipropicus, Malh. Introd. Monog. Pioid. p. liii 
(1861) 0. aurulentus. 
Craugasus, Cab.fy Heine, Mus. Hem. iv. p. 157 (1863) 0. flavigula. 
Range, Southern and Eastern Mexico to Sierra Madre above 
Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas; through Central and South America 
south into Paraguay and the Argentine Eepublic (Tucuman). 

Key to the Species. 

A. 
Underparts not uniform; upper tail-coverts 
not red. 
a'. Quills rufous on more or less of the inner 
webs. 
a''. Quills without bars or spots. 
a!". Underparts entirely barred. 
a4. Chin and throat uniform yellow. 
a5. Crown, occiput, and nape red in 
the male, and olive in the female. 
aB. Smaller, length 8*3 inches, wing 
4*85; side of the neck yellow, 
the yellow stripe from the 
upper mandible uniting with 
it; with only a short olive 
stripe behind red malar region 
in male and not separating the 
yellow of the neck from the 
barred fore neck. [p. 72. 

a7. With red malar stripe ehrysochlorus <$ ad., 
b7. Malar stripe olive ehrysochlorus $ ad., 

¥. Larger, length 9*3 inches, wing [p. 72. 
5*6; side of the neck as well 
as the face olive, crossed by a 
yellow stripe from the base of 
the upper mandible to the 
nape; the olive behind the red 
malar region in the male appearing 
as a broad stripe bordering 
the throat and fore neck. [p. 73. 

c7. With red malar stripe Irasiliensis $ ad., 
d7. Malar stripe olive brasiliensis $ ad., 
b5. Crown, occiput* and nape yellow; [p. 7Z. 

malar stripe olive xanthoehlorus d ad.*, 
b\ Chin and throat barred like the [p. 73. 
underparts ; the malar region in the 
young males olive, devoid of red. 

* The female is apparently unknown. The only two examples of this species 
with which I am acquainted are in the Collection, and are labelled males. It 
is yery remarkable that tbis sex should be totally devoid of red upon the head. 
70 
PICID-B. 

c5. Crown, occiput, and malar stripe ^ [p. 74. 
re& capisiratus g ad., 
ds. Crown, occiput, and malar stripe ^ [p. 75, 

olive capistratus § ad., 
c4. Chin and throat uniform red. 
e5. Top of the head and the occiput _ [p. 75. 
red erythropsis $ ad., 

f. 
Top of the head dull golden, oc- J>. 78. 
ciput red ." erythropsis g ad., 
V". Underparts below the chest barred, 
chest transversely and otherwise 
spotted with white; chin and threat 
white. 


dl. Top of the head, occiput, nape, and j>. 78. 
malar stripe red ieucolesmtts £ ad., 

e4. Forehead, crown, and malar stripe 
olive, the occiput and nape (cnlv) ^p. 77, 
red leucolamus § ad., 

c'". Fore neck, chest, and breast covered 
with diamond-shaped spots of white; 
flanks and thighs barred or transversely 
spotted with white ; chin and 
throat yellow like tbe face. j). 78. 

/*. Crown, occiput, and malar stripe red. Jtaviynla $ ad., 
g*. The red on the head confined to the "p. 78. 
occiput Jiaiiguia $ &oL, 
b'\ Quills barred with black. 

d"'. Face crossed by two yellow stripes; 
with red malar stripe; chin and throat 
uniform golden yellow; under surface 
of the body entirely barred. rp. 79* 

A4. Top of the head and occiput red ... . aurulenius J ad., 
*4. Top of the head olive, with a rel [p. 80. 
occipital band aurtdentus $ ad., 

£'". Face crossed by one yellow stripe; 
throat pale fulvous with dusky spots; 
breast olive, spotted with pale yellow ; 
with scarlet occipital band ; * top of [p. 80* 
the head olive-brown callopierus $ ad., 

f". Face not crossed by a yellow stripe ; 
chin and throat uniform olive. 
y4. Top of the head, nape, and malar 
stripe red simplex <J ad., p. 83. 

k4-. Top of the head olive; with red 
nuchal band and some red specks 
on the cheeks simplex § ad., p. 81. 

>'. Quills yellow or whitish on more or less of 
the inner webs, and without bars or spots. 
e". With no red on the top of the head, 


occiput, or nape. 

ff"\ Lores (only) dingy buff; face dull 
white, varied with olivaceous duskv, 
the ear-coverts very distinctly barred; [p. 83. 
with red malar stripe auricularu $ ad., 

Am. Orbital region and ear-coverts, as well 
as the lores, pale brownish buff, the 
posterior ear-coverts having dusky 


5 . CHLOEONEKHES. 
longitudinal stripes; malar region 
dusky, spotted with dingy white

". With red on the occiput and nape, and 
sometimes also covering the whole top 
of the head. 

in\ Chest and breast not barred, but 
covered with more or less hastate 
markings of yellowish white or yellow; 
chin and throat striped olive 
dusky and white ; anterior half of face 
buff, the ear-coverts greji&h, with 
dusky striations ; rump generally 
uniform.

V°. Milar region redm4-. Malar region striped black andwhite

f". Chest and breast, as well as the remaining 
underparts, evenly barred; 
face brownish drab. 

rc4. Rump (as well as the tail-coverts) 
barred. 

g5. Rump and upper tail-coverts 
coloured like the back, and narrowly 
barred with yellow; chin 
and throat striped dusky black 
or olivaceous, and white ; groundcolour 
of fore neck, chest, and 
breast olive, the latter parts rusty.

c6. Malar region redd6. Malar region striped black andwhite

7^5. Rump and upper tail-coverts yellow, 
narrowly barred with dusky 
olhe ; chin and throat black, 
spotted with yellowish white 
(uniform in young); groundcolour 
of fore neck, chest, and 
breast olive-black. 

eB. Malar region redfQ. Malar region black, spotted with 
yellowish whiteo4. Rump uniform. 
i5. Chin and throat striped black and 

white.
gG. Malar region redh6. Malar region striped black and

white

f. 
Chin and throat black, spotted with 
white; malar region uniform 
black
B. 
Underparts uniform ; upper tail-coverts red. 
c\ Crown, occiput, and nape redd\ Crown black; occiput and nape (only) red. 
e". Crown uniformf\ With white hair-like shaft-streaks oncrown

 godmani J ad., p. 83. 

 [p. 8:2. 
ceruginosustf acL, 
[p. 82. 
ceruginosus £ ad., 
[p. 84 
yucatanensis $ ad., 
[p. 84. 
yucatanensis $ ad., 
gularis $ ad., p. 86* 

gularis $> ad., p. 86. 

 [p. 87. 
rubiginosus S ad., 
[p. 88. 
rubiginosus J ad., 
rubiginosusjuv.,]). 88. 

striatus <$ ad.; p. 89, 

striatus g ad., p. 90. 

 [p. 90. 
striatus juv. (^ g ?), 
72 
PICIDJE. 

1. Chloronerpes ehrysoehlorits. 
Picas chrysochlorus, Vieill S. Diet. cTHist. Xat. xx\i. p. 98 (1818) ; 

id. § Bonn. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1320 (1823): Sundev. Consp, Ac. 

Piein. p. 12 (1866). 

Picus macrocephalus, Spix, Ai\ Bras. i. p. 60, pi. liii. fig. 2, g 

(1824). 

Picus auralentus (non III), Wwjl Sysf. Ac. Picus, sp. 49 (1827) 

(<$ only) ; Lesson, Trait4, i. p. 224 (1531 ) (£ onlyj._ 

Chloronerpes macrocephalus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 308 (1837). 

Chloronerpes aurulentus (non III.), Bp. Consp. Gen. Ai\ i. p. 116 

(1850). 
Chloronerpes brasilieusis {non SwainsA, Reichenb. Scam. Picinee, 

p. 351, no. 804, pi. dexxii. figs. 414S-49 (1854 ). 
Chrysopicus brasiliensis, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zi/r/od. p. 0, no. 152 
(1854). 
Chloropicus chrvsoehlorus, Malh. Picida, ii. p. 141, pi. lxxxiv. figs. 1, 
2, d ? (1862). 
Chloropicus brasilientis, Math. Picid^ ii. pi. IXXXT. figs. 1 £ (juv.?), 
2 $ (1862). 
Craugasus chrysochlorus, Cab. 4* Heine, Mm. Hein. iv. p. 159 
(1863). 
Chloronerpes 
chrysocMorus, Gray, List Pirid. Brit. Mm. p. 106 
(1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 109, no. 87fcl 11^70); Pelz. Orn. 
Bras. p. 243 (1870): Scl £ Salt*. XomencL A v. Xeotr. p. 01) 

(1873). 

Adult male. Entire back, rump, upper tail-coverts, scapulars, 
wing-coverts, and outer webs of quills olive, brighter on the back 
and wing-coverts; inner webs of the quills brown, with, a broad 
and elongated marginal patch of rufous or rufous buff on the basal 
portion; shafts brown; tail blackish brown, the feathers paler on 
the margin, and more or less edged with olive at the base; shafts 
brown with black tips, the base of the central pair yellowish; upper 
nasal plumes deep olive, the lower ones yellow; forehead, crown, 
occiput, and nape, also the malar stripe, crimson ; face dark olive, 
with a bright yellow stripe from the base of the upper mandible 
running on to the side of the neck, which is also yellow; chin and 
throat uniform golden yellow : fore neck to the vent golden yellow, 
the under tail-coverts whiter, the whole barred with blackish olive• 
under wing-coverts and axillaries rufous buff, the tips of the latter 
and the edge of the wing golden yellow. Total length 8-3 inches, 
culm en 1, wing 4*85, tail 2So, tarsus 0*8 ; toes (without claws)— 
outer anterior 0*63, outer posterior 0*63, inner anterior 0*55, Inner 
posterior 0*27. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the entire absence of 
red on the head, the top of the head, occiput, and nape being golden 
olive like the back, and the malar stripe deep olive. Total length 
8 inches, culmen 0*98, wing 4*85, tail 2*8, tarsus 0*78. 

Hab. South Brazil, north to Cujaba, and in Paraguay. 

a. $ ad. *k. S.E. Brazil (J. VernmLi}. Sclater Coll. 
5 . CHLORONERPKS. 
73 

2. Cliloronerpes brasiliensis. 
Picus brasiliensis, Swains. Zool. Ilhistr, pi. xx. $ ad. (1820-21); 

id. Trans. Wern. Soc. N. Hist.Edin. iii.p.291 (1821); StepL Gen. 

Zool. xiv. p. 168, d (1826). 
Picas polyzonus, Yalenc. Diet. Sc. Nat xl. p. 170 (1S26)• Bray. 
Diet Class, xiii. p. 499, 9 (1828) j Sundev. Consp. Av., Picin. p. 12 
(1806). 

Picus polyzonos, Less. Traits, i. p. 225 (1881) ( J only). 

Cliloronerpes 
polyzonus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 443, pi. 110. fig. 4 
(1846); Rcichenh. Scans. Picina, p. 353, no. 810, pi. dclxxv. fig-. 
4466, $ (1854); Gray, List JPicid. Brit. Mus. p. 107 (1868) j id. 
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 109/ no. 8783 (1870) ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. 

p. 396,110. 1935(1882). 
Chrysopicub polyzonus. Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 9, no. 145 
(1854). 
Chloropicus polyzonus, Malh. PicidcB, ii. p. 136, pi. Ixxxiii. figs. 1, 2, 
cS 2 ad. (1862). 
Craugasus polyzonus, Cab. § Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 159 (1863). 
Ohloronerpes capistratus (pt.), Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 243 (1870). 

Adult male. Besembles G. clirysochlorus, but is very much larger, 
and differs in having the face and entire neck, with the exception 
of the yellow stripe which runs from the nostrils to the side of the 
nape and the red malar patch, deep olive; the dark olive stripe 
behind the malar region extending in an unbroken line to the 
shoulders and not barred across the lower part as in C. chrysochlorus, 
which has only a short olive stripe behind the red malar one, the 
side of the neck being yellow, and the lower anterior portion barred 
with olive. Total length 9-3 inches, culmen 1*34, wing 5-6, tail 
2*83, tarsus 0*86 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*86, outer 
posterior 0*75, inner anterior 0*75, inner posterior 0*32. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the head devoid 
of red, the whole of the top of the head and the occiput being 
olive, and the malar stripe also olive, but of a blacker shade. Total 
length 9*5 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 5*9, tail 2*7, tarsus 0*95, 

Hob. Brazil (Province o£ Bahia). 
a. $ &&-s^ S. America. Purchased. 
b. c? ad. sk. Brazil. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

3. Chloronerpes xanthochlorus. (Plate I.) 
Ohloronerpes xanthochlorus, Scl # Salv. P. Z. S. 1875, pp. 237, 238, 
et 1879, p. 533. 

Adult male. Back, rump and upper tail-coverts, scapulars, wing-
coverts and outer webs of quills olive; inner webs of the quills 
rufous externally, in an oblique line from the base of the shaft to 
the margin, about halfway down on the second and third primaries, 
and reaching nearly to the tip in the secondaries, the remaining 
portion of the web brownish dusky, slightly tinged with olive • 
shafts brown ; central tail-feathers bright oliyc, the lateral feathers 

74 PICID^. 

duller and with the apical third black next the shaft, the base of the 
inner webs of the two central feathers bright buff; shafts brown 
with black tips and yellowish-brown bases ; na^al plumes deep 
olive; forehead, crown, occiput, and nape golden yellow; sides of 
the face and neck olive, more golden on the malar region and lower 
side of the neck, which is barred with du&ky olive; a yellow stripe 
from the nostrils crosses the face and extends to the side of the hind 
neck; from the chin to the under tail-coverts(both inclusive) golden 
with a bufTy tinge, the chin and throat uniform, the remainder 
narrowly barred with dusky olive ; under wing-eovertb and axillaries 
golden rufous buff, the edge of the wing bright golden \ eliow. Tutal 
length 8 inches, culmen 0ii7, wing 5*05. tail 2*55, tarsus 0-78 ; toes 
(without claws)—outer anterior 0*77, outer posterior 0*07. inner 
anterior 0*54, inner posterior 0*37. 

Hub. San Cristoval, "Western Tenezuela, and westward into 
Antioqtiia. 

a. (51 ad. sk. San Cristoval, Tenezuela (A. Sclafer Cull. 
Goerimj). (Type of «recie«.) 
b. S ad. sk. Remedios Antioquia, U. S. C. S*iIvih-Godmun Coll. 
(T. K. Salmon). 
4. Chloronerpes capistratus. 
Picus polvzonus (non Valenc), Wagl. Syst. Ai\ Picus, sp. 41 (1827) : 

id. Aw," 1829, p. 513. 

Picus polyzono% Less. Tra'de, i. p. 223 (1831) (rf onhf). 

Picus aurulentus, $, Lesson, Traite, i p. 224 f g it W3I). 

Chloronerpes polvz<,nus>, Graij7 Gen. B. ii. p. 443 {1 *4("); Bp. Consp. 

Gen. Av. i. p. 117 (1850); JBurm. TL Bras. ii. p. 220 (l^oO). 

ChiTbOpieus capistratus, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zwjod. p. 9, no. 151 

(1854). 

Chloropicus capistratus, JIalh. Pieidee, ii. p. 140. pi. lxxxiii.fisrs. 4, 

6, d ? (1802). 

Craugasus capistratus, Cab. §• Heine, Jim. Hein. iv. p. 100 (1863). 

Picus capLstiatus, Sundev. Consp. Av.f Picin. p. 12 | I&UO). 

Chloronerpes capistratus, Gray, List Pit id. Brit. Mits. p. 107 (1808) ; 

id. Hand-!. B. ii. p. 191). no. b7^2 (1&70); Ptlz. Orn. Bras. 

p. 243 (1870); Sclat. § Sate. Xomencl. Ac. Xeoir. p. 09 (1873). 
Adult male. Eesemhles C. IrasiJiensis, hut differs in having the 
chin and throat less yellow, and entirely barred with blackish olive 
like the underparts. The quills are not barred, and on the face 
there is only one yellow stripe, which commences at the nostiils, 
passes under the ear-coverts and runs down the side of the neck ; 
these points presenting a strong likeness to both O. brnsiliensis and 

C. chrysoclilorus. Total length S\5 inches, culmen 1-08, wing o~d&, 
tail 2-8, tarsus 0*8; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*78, outer 
posterior 0*63, inner anterior 0*53, inner posterior 0*33. 
Immature male. Resembles the adult male, but has the malar 
stripe olive. 

5. CHX0K0NEKPE3. 
Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the entire absence 
of red on the head, the forehead, crown, occiput, and nape, as "well 
as the malar region, being olive. Total length 8*5 inches, culmen 
1*13, wing 5-42, tail 2-86, tarsus 0*77. 

Hob. Upper Amazons, from Barra do Rio Negro west into 
Ecuador, and north into British Guiana (Rupummi River). 

a. $ ad. sk. South America. Old Coll. 
b. c? imin.; c. $ Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. BuckSalvin-
Godman Coll. 
ad. sk. ley). 
d. J ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. BuckSalvin-
Godman Coll. 
ley). 
e. J ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased. 
/ . cj ad. sk. Barra do Rio Negro, Brazil, Sclater Coll. 
Aug. 1838 (J. Natterer). 
9i h. 6 $ ad. sk Rupununi River. British Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Guiana, April-July {II. 
Whitely), 
5. CMorouerpes erythropsis. 

Pieus icterocephalus, var. (non Ind. Orn. i. p. 241), Lath. Incl Orn. 
Snppl. p. xxxi (1801). 
Picus erythropis, Vieill N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 98 (1818); id. 
8f Bonn. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1320 (1823). 
Picus icteroceplialus (non Lath.) tf, Sftix, Av. Bras. p. 62, pi. liv. 
fig. 1, = ? (1824). 
Picus eryihrops, Waql. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 53 (1827); Neuicied, 
Beitr. Nature/. Bras. iv. p. 427 (1832). 

Chloronerpes erythrops, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 443 (1846); Bp. Consp. 
Gen. Av. 5. p. 116 (1850) ; Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 352, 
no. 806, pi. dexxiii. tigs. 4152-53, <$ S (1854) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1857, 

p. 268. 
Chrysopicus erythropsis, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zggod. p. 9, no. 149 
(1854). 
Chloropicus erythropsis, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 143, pi. lxxxvii. tigs. 12, 
6 $ (1862). 
Chloronerpes erythropsis, Sclat. Cat Amer. B. p. 338, no. 2022 (1862) • 
id. «$• Solo. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 594; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mm. 

p. 106 (1868) ; id. Eand-l. B. ii. p. 198, no. 8780 (1870); Sclat. 
# Salv. Nomencl. Av, Neotr. p. 99 (1873) • Salt). Cat. Stric/d. Coll. 
p. 395, no. 1933 (1882). 
Craugasus erythropes, Cab. ty Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 158 (1863). 
Picus erythropes, Stmdev. Consp. Av., Picin. p. 12 (1866). 
Chloionerpes erythropes, Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 244 (1870). 
Adult male. Back, rump and upper tail-coverts, scapulars, wing-
coverts, outer webs of the secondaries and inner webs of the innermost 
golden olive, the outer webs of the primaries brown margined 
with olive at the base * inner webs of quills rufous at the base, 
brownish black on the apical portion, the latter colour occupying 
the greater part of the outer primaries and diminishing in extent 
upon each inner feather until it only forms an apical spot: shafts 
brown; tail-feathers brownish black, margined with olive at the 
base, shafts brown with black tips; nasal plumes dark brown; 
forehead, crown, occiput and nape, malar region and immediately 

76 riciDjs. 

behind it, chin and throat crimson : sides of the face and upper 
neck golden yellow ; lower side of the neck olive, barred with dull 
yellowish white ; from the fore neck to the under tail-coverts, both 
inclusive, yellowish white, barred with olive-black; asillaries and 
edge of the wing yellowish white, barred with olive-black, the inner 
wing-lining rufous buff. Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*85, 
wing 4*3, tail 2-25, tarsus 0*75• toes (without claws)—outer anterior 
0*48, outer posterior 0*48, inner anterior 0*42, inner posterior 0-25. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead 
and fore part of the crown dull golden yellow, and the red on the 
malar region, chin, and throat less intense. Total length 7*3 inches, 
culmen 0*82, wing 4*53, tail 2*45, tarsus 0*68. 

Hob. Eastern and Southern Brazil. Dr. Sclater (P. Z. S. 1857, 

p. 268) records a specimen from Ega, Upper Amazons (Bates). If 
this be a correct identification, the species would appear to range 
right through Web tern Brazil also. 
a. $ ad. sk. Brazil Purclia^d. 
b,c> cS 2 a<^ sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll. 
d, e. $ $ ad. sk. Brazil. Gould Cull. 
ffg. 6 ad.; h. ? Brazil. Tweeddale Coll. 
ad. sk. 
i. S ad. sk. Brazil. Riocotir Coll. 
k, I d $ ad, sk. Pernambuco. Purchased. 
m. <$ ad. sk. Pernambuco (W. A. Forbes), Salvin-Godman Coll. 
n. 2 ad. sk. 
o,p. c? ad. j q.% 
Pernambuco (Craven). 
Bahia (Dr. Wneherer). 
Sclater Coll 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ad. sk. 
r. $ ad. sk. Rio Janeiro. R. H. "Wood, Esq. 

6. Chloronerpes leucolaemus. 
Picus leucolsemus, Malk. Mem. Soc. Roy. Liege, 1845, p. 68; Sundev. 
Consp. Av., Piein. p. 13 (1866). 
Chloropicos isidori, Math. Rev. et Mag. de Zool 1850, p. 154, 
Chrysopicus leucolsemus, Bp. Consp. Voluer. Zygod. p. 9, no. 14S 

Chrysopicus isidori, Bp. Consp. Voluer. Zygod. p. 9, no. 153 (1854). 
Chloropicus leucolsemus, Math. Picidm, ii. p. 145. pi. Ixzxv. figs. 3,4, 

d$(1862). 
Craugasus leucolsemus, Cab. §* Heme, Mus. Hem. iv. p. 160 (1863). 
Chloronerpes leueolasnius, Gray, List Picid. Brit. 3fus. p. 105 (1868); 

id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 199, no. 8784 (1870) * Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 244 
(1870) ; Sclat. $ Salv. Xomencl Av. Neotr. p. 100 (1873) ; Tacz. 

P.Z. S. 1874, p. 546 • id. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 85 (1880). 
Adult male. Back, rump, upper tail-eoverte, scapulars, wing-
coverts, outer webs of the secondaries and part of the inner webs 
of the innermost, also the basal margin of the outer webs of the 
primaries, golden-olive, the remaining portion of the latter webs being 
brown with the base rufous ; inner webs of the quills rufous with 
the apical portion blackish brown, the latter colour occupying quite 
the half of the outer primaries and diminishing in extent upon each 

5 . CHLORONERPES. 
inner feather; shafts brown; tail-feathers brownish black, margined 
at the base with golden-olive, shafts brown with black tips; 
nasal plumes black; forehead, crown, occiput, nape, and malar stripe 
crimson; sides of the face and neck golden olive, with a golden-yellow 
stripe from the base of the tipper mandible crossing the face and 
running down the side of the neck ; hind neck golden ohVe; chin 
and throat yellowish white; fore neck, chest, and breast olive, with 
varied transverse spots of yellowish white, these parts in old birds 
being distinctly barred; under surface of the body and under tail-
coverts yellowish white, narrowly barred with blackish olive; axillaries 
and edge of the wing yellow, barred with blackish olive, the 
inner lining of the wing rufous buff. Total length 7 inches, 
culmen Q-9, wing 4*65, tail 2*5, tarsus 0*75 ; toes (without claws)— 
outer anterior 0-62, outer posterior 0*02, inner anterior 0'5, inner 
posterior 0*28. 

Adult female. Differs from tbe adult male in having the forehead 
and crown golden olive, also in wanting the red malar stripe, this 
region being golden olive like the top of the head. Total length 
7*5 inches, culmen 0-87, wing 4-8, tail 2-35, tarsus 0*67. 

Immature. Differ from the adult of their respective sexes in having 
the chest-feathers longitudinally centred with yellowish white and 
a subterminal olive-black band. 

Hah. South Matto Grosso, Brazil, and north into Eastern Ecuador 
and Kew Granada. 

a. rf ad. sk. Bogota. Purchased. 
b, c. <$ § imm.; Sarayacu, Ecuador (C.Buckley). Salvin-Godtnan Coll. 
d. 2 ad. sk. 
e,f. 
$ J ad.sk. Engenho-do-Garna, Brazil, July, Sclater Coll. 
Aug. (J". Natterer). 

7. Chloronerpes flavigula. 
Le Petit Pic a gorge jaune, Buff. Hist Nat. Ois. p. 379, <$ (1783). 
Pic a gorge jaune de Cayenne, Baubent. PL JEnl. 784, <$. 
Picus flavigula, Bodd. Tail. PI Bnl p. 49, no. 784, d (1783) • 


Sundev. Clomp. Av., Picin. p. 13 (1866). 
Picus chlorocepbalus, Gm. St/st Nat. i. p. 432 (1788) • Less. Traitt, 

i. p, 229 (1831) ; Cab. in Schomb. Beis. Guian. iii. p. 716 (1848). 
Picus icterocephalus, Lath. hid. Orn. i. p. 241 (1790) ,* Steph. Gen. 
Zool ix. p. 191, pi. xxxv. (1815); Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist Nat. 


xxvi. p. 86 (1818) ; id.fy Bonn. Enc. Metk iii. p. 1314 (1823) j 
Spix, Av. Bras. p. 62, pi. liv. fig. 2, $ (1824); Waql Syst Av. 
Picus, sp. 54 (1827) ; Drap. Diet. Class, xiii. p. 499 (1828). ^ 
Chloronerpes icterocephalus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 443 (1846); Reichenb. 
Scans. Piclnce, p. 351, no. 805, pi. dexxiii. figs. 4154-55, S ? 
(1854). 

Chloronerpes flavigula, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 22 (1849) ; Sclat. 
# Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 587-594; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. 

p. 105 (1868); id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 198, no. 8778 (1870); Pelz. 
Orn. Bras. p. 244 (1870); Salv. Cat Stwkl. Coll p. 395, no. 1934 
(1882); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 42. 
78 
PICIDJE. 

Chloronerpes chlorocephaliis, Bp. Co?isp. Gen. Av. L p. 118 (18-50). 
Clirvsopicus clilorocephalus, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 9, no. 147 
(1854). 
Chloropicus clilorocephalus JIalh. Ticidm, ii. p. 144, pi. Ixxxvi. figs. 
4, 5 tf rf sen., 6 2 ad. (18G2). 
Chloronerpesfiavigularfc, Scforf. Orf. -4//z«\ B. p. 339, no. 2023 (1862) ; 
*tf. * &*/r. NomencL Av. Xeotr. p. 99 <1S73) ; zYtf. P. Z S. 1873, 

p. 291; &tfw. 75**, 1880, p. 58 ; Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 84JJ836). 
Oraugasus flavigula, C«6. $• Heine., MILS. Hem. iv. p. 157 (1563). 
J/foift mflrZ^. Back, rump and upper tail-coverts, scapulars, wins:coverts 
and outer webs of secondaries olive, brighter on the back 
and scapulars; the outer webs of the primaries blackish brown, 
more or less margined with olive; inner webs of quills rufous on 
the basal portion, blackish brown on the apical portion, the latter 
colour occupying the greater part of the wt-b in the outer primaries 
and diminishing in extent upon each inner feather, except the innermost 
secondaries, which have the inner webs black, margined with 
smoky-grey at the base; shafts black; tail black, the feathers 
margined at the base with yellowish olive, shafts black: nasal 
plumes brown ; forehead, crown, occiput, nape, and malar stripe 
crimson; sides of the face and upper neck, chin and throat golden 
yellow ; hind neck olive ; lower side of the neck, fore neck, cheat, 
and breast olive, the fore neck and chest with longitudinal spot* of 
yellowish white, the breast having larger heart-shaped or triangular 
spots of white; remainder of the underparts dusky olive with barlike 
spots of white; under tail-coverts white with crescentic markings 
of olive-black or dusky black ; under wing-coverts rufous buff, with 
transverse spots of dusky olive; axillaries and the edge of the wing 
yellowish white barred with dusky olive. Total length 7 inches, 
culmen 0*8, wing 4*35, tail 2*35, tarsus 0*7 ; toes (without claws)— 
outer anterior 0*53, outer posterior 0*53, inner anterior 0*45, inner 
posterior 0*25. 

Immature male. Has the feathers above the eye and bordering 
the crown and occiput olive with yellowish tips, most of the feathers 
of the forehead, crown, and occiput are tipped with red, those not 
so are dusky olive with dull yellowish tips. 

Adult female. Wants the red malar patch, and has the forehead 
and crown dull golden yellow, slightly olivescent. Total length 7 
inches, culmen 0*85, wing 4*6, tail 2*55, tarsus 0*7. 

Young female. Has the upper parts dull olive; the forehead and 
crown also dull olive, with a narrow occipital band of scarlet; face 
lemon-yellow ; chin and upper throat dull white; fore neck and chest 
dusky, with diamond-shaped spots of white; the remainder of the 
underparts and under tail-coverts dull white crossed by dusky bars. 

Hah. Guiana and Upper Amazonian Region, and extending into 
Korth-east Peru. 

a. 
$ ad. fik. Bartica Grove, British Guiana, Sclater Coll. 
Oct (H. Whitehj). 
b,c. 3 2 
ad.; Bartica Grove, Jan., Sept., Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
tf.tfjuv.sk. (J5T. Whitely). 

e. J ad. sk. 
f. $ Imm. sk. 
g. (S imm. sk. 
h. $ ad. sk. 
i. c? ad. sk. 
h. o* imm. sk. 
1 $ imm.; m. 
2 juv. sk. 

n. 5 ad. sk. 
5. CHLOEONEEPES. 
Cayenne. 
Oyapoc, Cayenne. 


Ovapoc. 
Para, Lower Amazons (A B. 

Wallace). 
Amazons (A. B. Wallace). 
Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. Buckley). 
Ch ami euros, Peruvian Amazons, 

July, Oct. 
[Peruvian Amazons.] 

79 


Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-G od m an Coil. 

E. Bartlett [C.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

8. CKLoronerpes aurulentus. 
Carpintero verde dorado, Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 318, no. 256 (<~?) 
(1805). 
Carpintero dorado pardo, Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 320, no. 257 (9 ) 
#(1805). 
Picus auratus (iion Linn ) , Vieill. N. Diet. d7Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 70,2 
(1818); id. 8f Bonn. Enc. Mith. iii. p. 1305 (1823). 

Picus aurulentus, Temm. PI. Col. 10e livr. pi. lix, fig. 1, tf (1823): 
Licht. Yerz. Doubl p. 10, nos. 05, C6, d 2 (1823); Steph. Gen. 
Zool. xiv. p 166 (1826; ; Sundev. Consp. Av., Picin. p. 12 (1866). 

Picus xanthotaenia, Wagl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 50 (1827). 
Picus maculipennis, Wagl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 51, § (1827) : id. Isis, 


1829, p. 514. 
Picus subauratus, Drap. Diet Class. Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 496, § (1828). 
Cliloronerpes aurulentus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 443 (1846) ; Hartl. 

1ml. Azara, p. 16, nos. 256 J , 257 $ (184"); Reichen.. Scans, 
Picma, p. 351, no. 803, pi. dexxiii. figs, 4150-51 (1851); Burm. 
Th. Bras. ii. p. 227 (1856) ; ScL Cat Amer. B. p. 338, no. 2021 
(1862); Gray, List Picid. Brit Mus. p. 105 (1868) ; id. Hand-l 

B. ii. p. 198, no. 8779 (1870); Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 243 (1870) ; 
Scl. 8f Salo. No?nencl. Av. Neotr. p. 99 (1873); White, P. Z. S. 1882 
p. 617; Sol # Euds. Arg. Orn. ii. p. 21 (1889). ' 
Chloronerpes xanthotaenia, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 443 (1846). 
Chloronerpes maculipennis, Gray, Gen. B, ii. p. 443 (1846) ; Bp 
Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 116 (1850). 
Chloropicos aurulentus, Malh. N. Classify MSm. Acad. Metz. 184849, 
P. 352. 
Clirysopicus aurulentus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 9, no. 144 
(1854). 
Chrysopicus maculipennis, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 9, no. 146 
(1854). 
Cliloropicus aurulentus, Malh. Picidee, ii. p. 137, pi. lxxxiv. figs. 4-5 
c?£ad. (1862). 
Craugasus auratus (non Lin?i.)j Cab. $• Heine, Mm. Hein. iv. p. 158 
(1863). 

Adult male. Back and scapulars golden olive; rump and tipper 
series of upper tail-coverts dusky olive, the outermost of the latter 
transversely varied with whitish, the lower series of the coverts 
"blackish brown with olive margins; wing-coverts olive; quills 
rufous, barred with black and having black tips, the outer primaries 
not barred on the outer webs, the secondaries having their outer 
webs broadly margined with or entirely golden olive; shafts dark 
brown ; tail and the shafts black; upper nasal plumes dusky olive 

80 
PIClDiE. 

the lower ones yellow; forehead, crown, occiput, and malar stripe 
crimson; lores, a stripe above the eye and extending to the nape, 
and another stripe running under the ear-coverts yellow, and 
between these a broad dusky olive stripe: chin and throat golden 
yellow; hind neck like the back: side of the neck, fore nee*, and 
entire underparts olive dusky barred with dull white, the side of 
the neck and the breast washed with olive ; under t til-coverts barred 
dusky black and dull white; axilkries and elxe of the wing pale 
yellow, barred with olive-black; the inner wing-lining rnibns-buff, 
with a few dusky transverse .-pots. Total lencrth 5\3 inches, cui-
men 1*03, wing 4*8, fail 2-b5, tarsus 0*77 ; toes { without claws)— 
outer anterior 0*6S, outer posterior 0*0:2, inner anterior 0*52, inner 
posterior 0*3. 

Adult fimale. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead, 
crown, and the outer edge of the occiput deep golden olive, with a 
broad occipital band of crimson. Total length $ inches, culnien 0*93, 
wing 4*75, tail 2*78, tarsus 0*8. 

Hah. South Brazil and the Argentine liepnblle. 

a. S ad. sk. Brazil. 
Purchased. 
b. (S ad. sk. Brazil. 
Srlaler Coll. 
c. d. <$ $ ad.sk. Brazil. PfllvlKWifl. 
e,f. $ 2 ad.sk. Brazil »Sthiii-(iuilman Coll. 
ff^h- d ? ad.sk. Brazil. Twtwldalp Ct»lL 
V. S ad. sk. Brazil iiiijf.'our Coll 
k,l. d $ad.sk. Novo Fribourgo, llio de Janeiro iiul\ in-< fOtliiian Co!!. 
(J. Youds), 
m. 
J ad. sk. Lagos dos Patos, Rio Grande do balvtn-Gutlmaxi Coll. 
Sul, Brazil {II. Moger$\. 
n. 
2 imm. sk. Pelotas, Bio Grande do Sul Sah in-Godznas Coll 
{Joy iter), 
o. Skeleton. Brazil. 
Evton Coll. 
9. Chloronerpes callopterns. 
Chloronerpes callopterus, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. iV. York, 1862, 
p. 476 (?); Gray, List Pit-id. Brit Mm. p. 106 (1808); id. 
Hand-l B. ii. p. 199, no. 8785 (1870); Sah\ lhiB, 1874, p. 317. 
Craugasus eallopterus, Cab. <§* Hritw, Mim. Hnm. iv. p. 159 (1863). 
Picus callopterus, Simdev. Oomp. Ai\, Piein. p. 12 f MOfJ). 

Adult female. Back, scapulars, wing-coverts, rump, and upper 
tail-coverts deep golden olive, the tail-coverts edged with yellowish 
at the tip; quills rufous, externally margined (more or less broadly) 
with golden olive, and having transverse spots or partial bars of 
black upon both webs, and the tips also black, hut those of the 
secondaries washed with olive- shafts of primaries brown and of 
secondaries orange-reddish; tail brownish black, the central feathers 
edged with olive at the base; shafts brown, with black tips; head 
and neck, chest and breast olive (darker on the forehead and crown), 
with a crimson occipital and nuchal band, and a yellow stripe from 
the base of the upper mandible running backwards under the ear-
coverts • the chin varied with brownish white, the feathers of the 

5 . CHLOEONEEPES. 
81 

throat, chest, and breast with a yellow shaft-stripe terminating in a 
diamond-shaped spot; the remainder of the underparts and the 
under tail-coverts yellow, narrowly barred with deep olive; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries golden buff. Total length 6*8 inches, 
culmen 0*9, wing 4*3, tail 2*3, tarsus 0*73 ,* toes (without claws)— 
outer anterior 0*63, outer posterior 0*67, inner anterior 0*52, inner 
posterior 0*27. 

Hah. JSTew Granada, and extending into Veragua. 

a. § ad. sic. Veragua (E. ArcS). Salvin-Gfodman Coll. 
10. Chloronerpes simplex. 
Ohloronerpes simplex, Sah. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 212; id. fy JScl. Nomend. 
Av. Neotr. p. 01) (1873); Sah. Ibis, 1874, p. 317; Zeled. Cat At. 
Costa Rica, 1882, p. 23, no. 490 • id. Proe. U. S. Nat. 3Ius. 1385, 

p. 111. 
Adult female. Resembles C. callopteras, but differs in wanting 
the yellow stripe across the face, and in having the feathers which 
surround the eye more or less tipped with dull red. Total length 
7 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 4*45, tail 2-5, tarsus 0*66; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*58, outer posterior 0*58, inner anterior 
0*45, inner posterior 0*3. 

Adult male. " Has the top of the head entirely red, and an elongated 
rictal spot of the same colour. In other respects it resembles 
the female. Total length 7*0 inches, wing 4*5, tail 2*6, bill 1*0, 
tarsus 0*7 " (Salvin). 

Hob. Chiriqui and southern part of Costa Eica. 

a. 5 ad. sk. Chiriqui, Veragua (P. ArcS). Sclater Coll. (Type 
of species.) 
b. $ ad. sk. Bugaba, Chiriqui (JE. ArcS). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

11. Chloronerpes aeruginosus *. 
Chloronerpes rubiginosus (non Swains.), Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 443, 
pi. ex. d (1846)._ 
Chloronerpes amiginosus (Licht. in Mus. Berol), Gray, Gen. B. iii. 
App. p. 22 (1849): Licht. Nomend. Av. p. 76 (1854) • Bp. Camp. 

Volucr. Zygod. p. 9, no. 155 (1854); Scl P. Z. S. 1859, p. 388; 
id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 339, no. 2024 (1862) ; Cab. $ Heine, Mus. 
Hein. iv. p. 161 (1863); Scl P. Z. S. 1864, p. 177; Gray, List 
Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 104 (1868); id. Hand4. B. ii. p. 198, no. 8775 
(1870); Scl. § Salv. Nomend. Av. Neotr. p. 100 (1873); Lawr. 
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, 1876, p. 35. 

Chloronerpes 
yucatanensis [non Cabot), Scl P. Z. S. 1856, p. 307, 
1859, p. 367. 

* I cannot see to which species Chrysopkics perspioillatus of Malherbe 
(Picidas, ii. p. 176) ought, to be referred. The description given agrees with 
C. (srugmostts, but the measurements belong to a much smaller species, and the 
habitat (Colombia, Trinidad, &c.) is not that of the present bird, which is confined 
to Mexico. In Malherbe's plate cxiv,figs. 1 tf, 2 J appear to have been 
taken from O. ceruginosus, but the face and neck differ entirely from those 
parts in this or indeed any Chloronerpes known to me. 
VOL. XVIII. 
<3t 

82 
PICIDJE. 

Chrysopicus aeruginosas, Malh. PieMte, ii. p. 171, pi. xc. figs. 1, 2, 

Chloronerpes yucatensis (?2o« Cabot), Cabanis, J. f. 0.1882, p. 821, 

J.<Mf ma7<?. Back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts olive, 
the rump and upper tail-coverts crossed by yellow bars more or less 
distinct• wing-coverts and outer webs of all the quills brownish 
golden olive, the inner webs browner and margined with white or 
yellowish white on the basal portion ; shafts brownish yellow ; 
central tail-feathers black with olive bases, the lateral ones brown 
tinged with olive; shafts of central pair of feather bhek. the remainder 
brown ; nasal plumes, forehead, and crown dr*>ky slate-
grey, the outer edge of the crown, together with the occiput, nape, 
and" malar stripe crimson; anterior part of race pale buff, the 
hinder part dull white finely streaked with dusky black; chin and 
thront white, striped with blackish olive; side of the neck, fore Buck, 
and entire underparts and under tail-coverts deep or blackish olive, 
the feathers tipped with yellow, and having varied markings of 
yellowish white or yellow, those of the side of the neck unci fore neck 
being irregular and transverse, those of the cht^t and breast having 
more or less hastate markings, the remaining underparts distinctly 
barred, and the under tall-coverts with bar> and V-shaped markings ; 
under wing-coverts and axillarles pale golden transversely >jH>tk»d 
with olive. Total length 8*7 inches, oilmen l*lo, wing ,3*05, tail 
3*2, tarsus 0-95 ; toes (without claws)-—outer anterior 0*70, outer 
posterior 0*76, inner anterior 0*53, inner posterior 0%'JS. 

Adult female. Has the malar region striped black and white, and 
the crown is not bordered with red. Total length 8*7 inches, culmen 
0*95, wing 5*05, tail 3*35, tarsus 0*9. 

Hab. Southern and Eastern Mexico, north to Sierra Madre above 
Cmdad Victoria, Tamaulipas, and south into Oaxaca, Tehuan tepee, 
and Chiapas. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
b, c. <$ ad., tf Mexico (de Oca). Tweeddale Coll. 
inrm. sk. 
d,e,f. 
rfad.;^. Sierra Madre, above Ciudad VicSalvin-
Godman Coll. 
5 ad. sk. toria, Tamaulipas, April, Mav 

(W. B. Richardson). 
h. 
<$ ad. ; i} h, Tampico, Mexico,Feb., June (W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
S ad.; I $ B. Richardson). 
imm. sk. 


m. c? ad. sk. Cordova, Mexico. M. Salle" [CA 
n. J ad. sk. Cordova. 
M. Salll [C.j. 
o. <$ imm. sk. Near the city of Mexico (G. H. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
White). " 
p. 
c?ad.; q. $ Jalapa, Jan., Feb., May, June Salvin-Godman Coll 
imm.; r9 s. (F JD. G.).
$ ad. sk. 


t. «. J? ad. Jalapa (de Oca), Sclater Coll. 
sk, 

v. <*? ad. sk. Atoyac, Mexico, May (D. W. &). Salvin-Godman Coll 
w. $ ad. sk. Orizaba, Vera Cruz, March. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
x. 
d ad. sk. Coatepee, Vera Cruz, Aug. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
5 . CHLOEOSTEKPES. 
12. CMoronerpes auricularis. 
Okloronerpes auriciilarisj Salv. fy Godm. Ibis, 1889, p. 381. 
Adult male. Besenibles G. ceruginosus, but differs in haying the 
whole of the occiput and nape, as well as the crown, leaden or 
slaty grey, devoid of red, this colour being confined to the malar 
stripe which is deep crimson; the ear-coverts barred with dusky 
instead of being striped; the lower rump-feathers and the upper 
tail-coverts deep olive clearly and narrowly barred with pale yellow 
or yellowish white; the shafts of the quills yellowish brown, 
not yellow; the dimensions are also considerably less. Total 
length 8 inches, culmen 0*97, wing 4*65, tail 2*7, tarsus 0*82; 
toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*67, outer posterior 0*63, 
inner anterior 0*48, inner posterior 0*32. 

This species is much more closely allied to O. ceruginosus than to 

O. yucatanensis, although it bears some resemblance to the latter 
species in its barred rump and upper tail-coverts, but in G. 
ceruginosus examples are found in which these parts are decidedly 
barred. The ground of the face in the present species is white as 
in G. ceruginosus, whereas in the Guatemalan species it is brownish 
buff. 
Hah. State of Guerrero, Mexico. 

a. 
S ^d. Xautipa, State of Guerrero, Mexico, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
July (Mrs. H. H, Smith), (Type of species.) 
13. CMoronerpes godmani. 
Adult female. Eesembles G. auricularis (the male only of which 
is known), but differs in having the entire orbital region and ear-
coverts, as well as the lores, pale brownish buff, the posterior ear-
coverts having dusky longitudinal stripes; the* entire top of the 
head and the nape of a much paler slate-grey; the chin and upper 
throat whiter; the malar region dusky, with indistinct dingy white 
spots (a character which will probably be shared by the female O. 
auricularis). In the present species the inner primaries have an 
indistinct trace of yellow marginal spots on the outer webs; the 
central tail-feathers are browner, and have the apex margined with 
dull golden yellow, but this may prove not to be a specific character. 
The type (? ) of this species (like the type (<$) of O. auricularis) 
may be readily distinguished from both sexes of its allies G. cemginosus 
and G. rubiginosus by the entire absence of red on the p of 
the head. Total length 7*85 inches, culmen 1, wing 4*7, tail 2*95, 
tarsus 0*82; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*65, outer 
posterior 0*65, inner anterior 0*52, inner posterior 0*23. 

Hab. Jalisco, Mexico. 

a. 
2 &&- Hacienda San Marcos, Jalisco, Salvin-Godman ColL 
Mexico, 5200 feet, May 13,1889 (Type of species.) 
(W.Lloyd). 
Qc2 

84 P1CIDM. 

14. CMoroiterpes yiicatanensiis. 
Picus yucatensis, Cabot, Bust. Journ. Nat. Mist. 1845, p. 92. 
Picus yucatacensis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 21 (1849). 
Ohiysoptilus conipileus \non UOrb.), Selat. P. Z. S. 155-5, p. 101. 
Ohloronerpes yucatanensis, Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. GO; Selat. & 


Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 136 ; ud. op. cit 1860, p. 44; Selat. Cat. Amer. 

B. p. 339, no. 2025 (1862); Cab. J. /. O. 1802, p. 321; Cab. £ 
Heine, Mas. Sein. iv. p. 161 (1863), pt.; Gray, List Picid. Brit. 
Mus. p. 104 (1808), pt ; id Haad-l B. II p. 198, no. 8777 (1870): 
Sclat # Salv. Nomencl AD. Neotr. p. 100 (1873); ##/i\ Cat. 
Strickl. Coll. p. 398, no. 1936 (1882); Med. Cat. At. Costa Pica, 
1882, p. 23, no. 488; Boucard, P. Z. S. 16&3, p. 452 ; Zeled. Proe. 
U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1885, p. 111. 
Ohloronerpes uropygialis, Cab. J.f.O. 1862, pp. 321, 322. 
Chloronerpes canipileus {non D'0rb.\ 8dat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 339, 
no. 2027 (1862) j Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 104 «1868}, pt.; 
id. Jland-l. B. ii. p. 198, no. 877G (1870), pt.; Sclat. P. Z. S. 
1870, p. 212; id. § Salv. Nomencl. Ac. Neotr.j. 100J1573). pt. 

Olirysopicus rubiginosus (pt), Malh. Picidce. ii. p. 174; text only 
(1862). 
Picus yucatanensis, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 70 (1860); Gieb. 
TJies. Orn. iii. p. 186 (1870). 
Ohloronerpes yucatensis, Later. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N Turk, 
1868, p. 13L 
Ohloronerpes riibiginosus (non Steams.), Wyatt, Ibi,% 1S71, p. 3MX 

Adult male. Back and scapulars olive, slightly rusty; rump 
and upper tail-coverts dusky olive narrowly barred with yellow; 
wing-coverts rusty olive; bastard-wing and primary-coverts dubky, 
externally olive; outer webs of quills brownish or rusty olive, the 
inner webs blackish brown, the basal margin of these being yellowish 
white ; shafts brownish yellow ; tail brownish black, shading into 
umber-brown on the lateral feathers, the central feathers more or 
less olive-brown at the base, dwarf feather olive ; shafts of central 
feathers blackish brown, yellow at the base, those of the outer 
feathers more or less yellow; nasal plumes black ; forehead, crown. 
and occiput dusky leaden grey, the outer edge of these, as well as 
the nape, being crimson; lores and face dingy buff, the posterior 
portion of the face (not including the ear-coverts) barred with 
blackish; malar stripe crimson; chin and throat white, the upper 
half striped, the lower half barred with Mack; fore neck, sides of 
the neck, and the chest blackish olive, the feathers having yellowish 
tips and being crossed by narrow white bars ; the remainder of the 
under surface of the body and the under tail-coverts barred dusky 
olive and pale yellow; under wing-coverts golden burl with faint 
dusky bars; axillaries yellow7 barred with dusky olive; underside 
of quills and of lateral tail-feathers glossed with golden ; the underside 
of the shafts golden yellow. Total length 8*3 inches, culmen 
1*05, wing 4*65, tail 2-8, tarsus 0*8; toes (without claws)—outer 
anterior 0*72, outer posterior 0*73, inner anterior 0*55, inner posterior 
0*36. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the crimson 
on the malar region, this being white striped with black; also in not 

5. CHLORONERPES. 
having the forehead, crown, and occiput bordered with crimson, 
this colour being confined to the nuchal band. Total length 8*3 
inches, culmen 1, wing 4*8, tail 2*75, tarsus 0*8. 

Examples from Colombia and Ecuador have the rump and upper 
tail-coverts very clearly barred with yellow, and the males assume 
the red crown. Bogota specimens are large and rusty above, and 
approach very closely to (7. gularis from Antioquia; the Ecuador 
bird is of considerably smaller dimensions. 

Hob, Throughout Central America as far as Teapa, Southern 
Mexico, and south into U.S. Colombia to Bogota, and entering Venezuela 
: on the West of the Andes, south to Babahoyo, Ecuador. 

a, h. S ? ad.; 
S imm. sk. 


d. $ ad.; e. 
imm. sk. 
/ . d1 ad. sk. 

g, h, (S 2 ac^ s^« 

ij k. d* ad. 

i ? 

imm. sk. 
m, n. S ? ad.; 
5 imm. sk. 
p, q. (S ad. sk. 

r. $ ad. sk. 
s. 9 ad. sk. 
imm. sk. 
ad. sk. 

v, w. <S ad. sk. 

ad. sk. 
ad. sk. 

z. S imm.; a'. 
? ad. sk. 

b'j e'. $ ad.; df. 
5 imm.; e% 
f\ Juv. sk. 
(Jfi ti. 6 $ ad. sk. 

iv, If. e $ ad. sk. 

V. $ ad. sk. 
m''. Ad. sk. 
ri 5 ad. sk. 
o'. $ ad. sk. 
, $ ad. sk. 
$'• $ ad.; / , 
c? 5 imm. sk. 
if. $ ad. sk. 

P'-

Teapa, Mexico (Mrs, & H. 
Smith). 
PetOj Yucatan (G. F. Gauiner). 


Orange Walk, British Honduras, 
Dec. (G. F. Gau~ 
?nef). 

Southern Pine Ridge, Brit. 
Honduras, April (F. Blancctheaud'). 


Guatemala. 

Dueiias, Guatemala (0. #.),

Coban, Guatemala (0. 8.). 
Coban, Nov. (0. 8.). 
Tactic, Guatemala, Nov. 

(O.S.). 
Chisec, Guatemala (0. 8.). 
Barranco Hondo, Guatemala, 

Oct. (0. 5'.). 
Savana Grande, Guatemala 

(O. S.). 
Savana Grande (Q. 8.). 
Volcan de Agua, Guatemala, 
Nov. (0. 8.). 
Costa Rica (J. Carmiol). 

Costa Rica. 

Volcan de Chiriqui, Veragua

(E. Arce). 
Cordillera del Chucu, Vera


gua (F. Arce). 
Panama. 
Venezuela. 
Caraccas, Venezuela. 

U.S. Colombia. 
Bogota. 
Bogota. 
Esmeraldas, Ecuador 
(£. Fraser). 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Goclman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Sclater CoU. 
Purchased. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 

Sclater Coll. 

PICIBJE. 
, <$ ad. sk. Babahoyo, Ecuador Sclater Coll. 
(Z. Fraser). 
cj imm. sk. Balzar Mts., Ecuador Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Illingivorih). 

15. Chloronerpes gnlaris. 
Chloronerpes rubiginosus (non Swains.), Sdat. <§• Sab\ P. Z. S. 1879, 
p. 533. 
Ohloronerpes gularis, Harg. 3is, 1889, p. 230. 
-4dw& waZ*. Eesembles C. rubiginosus, but differs in having the 
whole of the rump and Tipper tail-coverts golden yellow barred with 
dusky olive; tbe size is also larger. The present species resembles 

C. yueatanensis in having the rump and upper tail-coverts barred, but 
in the former the ground-colour is yellow. It differs, however, in 
having the chin and throat deep black clearly spotted (not -trlped) 
with white. C. gularis has the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts 
very rusty in colour; the forehead, crown, occiput, nape, and malar 
stripe crimson, this colour even spreading on to the feathers of 
the hind neck; the lateral tail-feathers have faint clunky bars. 
Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 4*9. tiii 3*1, taisin 
0*85 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*73, outer posterior 0*7, 
inner anterior 0*53, inner posterior 0*35. 
Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the malar 
region black spotted with dull yellowish white. Total length 
9-3 inches, culmen 1-08, wing 5"2, tail 3*2, tarsus 0-9. 

Immature female. Has the malar region and behind it, together 
with the chin and throat, uniform black ; the feathers of the forehead 
and crown, as well as those of the occiput and nape, are 
tipped with red * the ear-coverts are of a more smoky olivaceous 
colour than in the adult, which it otherwise resembles. 

Hah. Antioquia. 

a. c? ad. \ b. £ Santa Elena, Antioquia, U. S. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
imm. sk. Colombia (T. K. Salmon). 
e. $ ad. sk. Eetiro, Antioquia (T. K. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salmon). 
d. S 
ad. sk. Ketiro, Antioquia (T. X. Sclater Coll. 
Salnion). 
16. Ohloronerpes ruhigiiiosus, 
Picus rubiginosus, Swains. Zool Illmtr. 1st ser. i. pi. xiv. (1820-31) ; 
Wagl Stjst. Av. Picus, sp. 55 (1827) ; LPM. Traitt, I p. 227 
(1831; • Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 09 (1800): FinseL J* Z. K 
1870, p. 782. ; 

Ohloronerpes rubiginosus, Swains. Classif B. ii. p. 308 (1837); Cab. 
in Schomb. Pels. Guian. iii. p. 715 (1848) ; Bp, Consp. Gen. Ar. i. 

p. 118 (1850;; id. Consp. Vohwr. Zygod. p. 9, no. 154 (1854); 
PeicJienb. Scans. Picince, p. 332, no. 807, Til. dcxxiv. rfca. 41o<«7 
(1854); Sdat P. Z. S. 1800, p. 280; Cab.J.f.O. 1862. p?322; Mat. 
Cat. Amer. B. p. 339, no. 2026 (1862); Cab. $ Heine, Mm. Hem. iv. 
5. cHLOEOsnesPEs. 
87 

p. 161 (1883); Cav.-Tayl Ibis, 1864, p. 93; Leot. Ois. Trinid. 
p. 889 (1866); Sclat. § Sato. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 169; Gray, List 
Pieid. Brit. Mm. p. 103 (1868) ; id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 198, no. 8774 
(1870); Selat. § Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 782; iid. Nomencl Av. 
Keotr. p. 100 (1873); iid. P. Z. S.1875, p. 287; iid. op. cii. 1879, 
p. 032; Serf. Ibis, 1880, p. 114; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll p. 396, 
no. 1937 (1882) ; id. Ibis, 1886, p. 59. 
Picus canipileus, UOrb. Voy. Amir. Merid. iv. p. 379, pi. Ixiii. 
%. 2 (1835-44); Tschadi, Consp. Av. Pep. Pernan. in A)*ek. filr 
Naturg. 1841, p. 303; Cab. in Tschid. Faitn. Peruan., Aves7 
pp. 48,^268 (1845-46); Sandev. Camp. Av. Picin. p. 09 (1866). 

Chrvaoptilu* canipileus, Gray, Gen. B. ill. App. p. 22 (1849); Bp. 
Consp. Gen. Av. I. p. 122 (1850). 
Chloronerpes warscewiczii, Peiehenb. Scans. Pieince, p. 480, no. 1015 
^808/y), pi. dclxxx. %s.^4491-92, $ $ (1854). 
Colaptes canipileus, Peiehenb. Scans, Pieince, p. 415, no. 978, 
pi. dekviii. %. 4432, tf (1854). 

Chrvsopicus canipileus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 9, no. 148 
(1854); Malh. Picidm, ii. p. 173, pL xe, figs. 4, 5, 6, <$ $ 6 
(1862). 

Chrvsopicus rabiginosns, Malh. Pieidte, ii. pi. Ixxxix. figs. 4. o, $ $ 
(not text, ii. p/174) (1862). 

Chloronerpes canipileus, 
Cab. J. f. O. 1862, p. 321; id. 8f Seine, 
Mm. Hem. iv. p. 162 (1£G3) ; Gray, Lid Pieid. Brit. Mus. p. 104 
(180*) pt; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 198, no. 8776 (1870) pt.; Selat. # 
Salv. Komencl. Av. Keotr. p. 100 (1873) pt.; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874. 

p. 546, lb77, p. 827, 1*79, p. 244; id. $ Berl. op. cii. 1688', 
• p. 571; Tacz. Dm. Perou, iii p. 82 (1880). 
Chloronerpes tucunianus, 
Cab. J. f. O. 1883, p. 103; Sclat. *|* Iluds. 
Arg. Orn. ii. p. 21 (1889). 

Adult nude. Back, scapulars, and rump rusty olivo; upper tail-
coverts dusky olive, narrowly barred with yellow; wing-coverts 
like the back, but duller in colour; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts blackish brown, externally brownish olive; outer webs of 
quills brownish olive, the inner webs blackish brown, more or less 
margined with yellowish white; shafts clear brown; tail black 
shading into umber-brown on the lateral feathers, these having the 
webs more or less crossed by paler bars, the central feathers 
margined with olive at the base; dwarf feather olive, the tip darker, 
with narrow yellow bars on the outer web; central tail-shafts 
black with greyish-brown bases, those of the lateral feathers brown, 
and of the dwarf feather yellow; nasal plumes dusky black; forehead 
and crown dusky leaden grey, the outer edge, as well as the 
occiput and nape, crimson; lores and face buffy white, the ear-coverts 
slightly darker; a broad malar stripe of crimson ; chin and throat 
white, the feathers having a black central stripe: fore neck black 
spotted with white; sides of the neck and the chest yellowish white, 
the former narrowly, the latter broadly barred with olive-black; 
the remainder of the underparts and the under tail-coverts bright 
yellow barred with dusky olive, the bars being fainter on the abdomen, 
vent, and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts pale golden 
buff, the axillaries yellow *, underside of quill-shafts bright yellow, 
the underside of the tail-shafts duller, those of the central feathers 

8 8 PICTD.2B. 

having Mack tips. Total length. 8*5 inches, oilmen 1-05, wing 
4-68, tail 2-95, tarsus 0*85; toes (-without claws)—outer anterior 
0-66, outer posterior 0*7, inner anterior 0*53, inner posterior 
0-32. 

Adult female. "Wants the crimson on the outer edge of the forehead 
and crown, and also the red malar stripe, the latter being 
replaced by black striped with white. In other respects resembles 
the adult of the opposite sex. Total length 8*3 inches, culmen 1, 
wing 4*35, tail 2*85, tarsus 0*7. 

Immature birds have the anterior halt of the face whiter, the 
posterior half barred with blackish, the ear-coverts being du>ky and 
faintly barred with a darker shade; the side of the neck is whiter 
and barred with dusky black; the general colour above is duller. 

Young birds are much duller in colour both above and ! eiow. and 
have the face whiter; the male has the feather> of the nrilar -trip** 
more or less tipped with dull crimson, the ground being bkck : the 
outer edge of the forehead and crown with *eareel\ any indication 
of red; the female has the malar stripe uniform black: thv chin 
and throat are more spotted than striped with white. 

Examples of the present species from Tobairo are nr.re n>ty brown 
on the sides of the neck, fore neck, and eliot, and soiiiitiiiif & Live 
very faint dusky olive bars on the under v*ing-a*va1> mid axillnr'us. 
Trinidad specimens run smaller, and in Brazil the spud* -s rlimixii^Lc^ 
considerably in size, without presenting any iinpoitaut points of 
difference. Specimens from Peru and Bolivia are very yellow below? 
and have a strong tendency to lose the bar> on the abdomen, flanks 
thighs, and under tail-coverts. Tncuman examples are dull-coloured 
birds completely barred below, and are identical with specimens 
from British Guiana. Southern males are inclined to assume a red 
crown as well as their constantly red occiput, but I have never yet 
seen this in examples from Yenezuela or Guiana. 

Sab. Guiana, Yenezuela, and in the islands of Trinidad and 
Tobago; Brazil north of the Amazon, and extending south into Peru, 
Bolivia, and Tucuman. 

a, h. S ad. sk. 
c. <$ ad. sk. 
Trinidad. 
Trinidad. 
Zoological Society. 
Gould Coll. 
d. <$ inim.; e. § 
ad. sk. 
Trinidad. Sclater Coll. 
/. § ad. sk. 
g. c? imm. sk. 
k $ ad. sk. 
Yenezuela. 
N". Andalusia, Yenezuela (A* 
Goering). 
Yenezuela. 
Sclater Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
i. J ad. sk. Caraecas, Yenezuela, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
h. $ ad. sk. 
(A Goering). 
Guiana. Sclater Coll. 

/. <$ imm.; m. $ Roraima, British Guiana, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ad. sk. {S IVJdtehj). 

n. $ imm. sk. Bartica Grove, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Jan. (II. Whitehj). 
Oj p. <$ J imm. sk. Merume Mis., British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. 

June, July (II. Whitehj). 

5 . CHIORQ-KEEPES. 89 
q. JUT*, sk. Cayenne. Purchased. 
r. <$ ad. sk. Mantes, Peru (Jelski). Sclater Coll. 
s. J ad. sk. Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas, Bolivia Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(C. Buckley), 
t, u. S 2 ad. sk.
v. Juv. sk. 
Tucuman, Arg. Rep. (Schuefy. Sclater Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

17. CMoronerpes striatas. 
Le Pic Pave de Saint Dorningue, Briss. Orn. iv. p. 65, pi. iv. 
fig. 1, tS ("1700); Buff. Hist Nat Oh. ui. p. 371 (1783); Ban-
bent. PL Enl 281, tf ad. 

Le Petit Pic RavS de Saint Doiningue, Briss. Orn. iv. p. 67, pi. iii. 
fig. 2,2 (1700). 
Picas striates, J/M//. >S^f. 2Vto. %;_/£ p. 91 (1776); Boclcl Tall. PI 
Eal. p. 17; no. 2bl $ ; p. 37, no. 014 2 (1783); Gm. Syst Nat. i. 

p. 427, no. 2o tf, var. /3. $ (1788); Zatf. Bid. Orn. i. p. 288 
(1700) ; VwilL Ois. Amer. Sept. ii. p. 01, pi. exiv., d ad. (1807) ; 
id. N Bid. <THUt. Nat xxu. p. 90 (1818); Bonn. $ VieilL JEno. 
Meth p. 1310 fI-23) ; J«&«e. D?U Sc. Nat. xl. p. 173,$ (1826); 
Wagl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 40, tf 2 (1827); Brap. Bid. Class, xiii. 
p. 505 (1828); Bryant, Proc. Post. Soc. Nat. Hid. xi. p. 90 
(1800) ; Sundev. Cbnsj). Av. Finn. p. 52 (1800). 
Rami Woodpecker, Bath. Gen. Syn. ii, p. 587, c? (1782). 
Payed Woodpecker, var. A, Bath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. o8b, $ (1782). 
Centuras striatum, 6->«y, Gte;*. J?, ii. p. 442 (1&40); i//;. Camp. Gen. 

Av. i. p. 119, no. 4, 2 (1850); id. Consp. Valuer. Zyyod. p. 11, 
no. 210 (1854); Reichenb. Handb. Scans. Picincr, p. 409, no. 900, 
pi. dcixiii. figs. 4404-4405, 2 2 (1854); Salle, P. Z. S. 1857, 

p. 234; Gray, Bist Picid. Brit Mus. p. 102 (1808); id. Hand-l 
B. ii. p. 197, no. 8700 (1870); Sclat. § Salv. NomencL Av. Neoir. 
p. 100 (1873); Bidcjw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1881, p. 117; Cory, 
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi. p. 154 (1881); id. B. Haiti and San 
Domingo, p. Ill, <$ 2? heads figured (1884): Tristr. Ibis, 1884, 
p. 168; Cory, Bist B. W. 2nd. p. 20 (1885); 'id. Auk, iii. p. 378 
(1886). 
Zebrapicus striatus, Malh. Pieidcs, ii. p. 231, pi. evil figs. 3^,4 2 
(1862). 

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and rump greenish yellow, the back 
and scapulars broadly barred with black, the rump with narrower 
black bars; upper tail-coverts crimson: wing-coverts black, with 
bars and transverse spots of yellow; outer webs of quills black 
spotted with yellow, the inner webs browner and spotted with 
white; shafts brownish black; tail nearly black, the lateral 
feathers browner and externally margined with brownish white; 
shafts almost black; nasal plumes, frontal band, face, chin, and 
throat dull ashy, browner posteriorly; crown, occiput, and nape 
crimson ; hind neck like the back, and upon the side of the neck a 
large longitudinal patch of Hack, and in front of this a longitudinal 
patch of yellowish white ; fore neck and chest brown, grading into 
yellowish olive on the under surface of the body, the under tail-
coverts duller; under wing-coverts dull creamy or biiify white. 
Total length 9 inches, culmen 1*35, wing 4*55, tail 3-4, tarsus 1; 

90 
PIOTM, 

toes (without claws)—onter anterior 0*7, outer posterior 0*73, inner 
anterior 0*5, inner posterior 0*36. 

Adult female. Besembles the adult male, but differs in having 
the crown uniform black. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1% 
wing 4*6, tail 2*95, tarsus 0*87. 

The younger female has the crown black, with white hair-like 
shaft-streaks. Otherwise like the adult of the same sex. 
Hob. Island of Haiti and San Domingo. 

a, b. $ $ ad. sk. San Domingo. Purchased. 

c. S 
ad. sk. San Domingo. Zuulogieal Society. 
d,e. (S 2 ad. sk. San Domingo. Purchased. 
/. J imm. sk. San Domingo, Jan. (C. B. 0>ry\, Selatev Coll. 

g. S 
ad.; A, L $ Puerto Plata, San Domingo, Salviu-Gudman tull. 
imm. sk. Jan., Xow, and Dec. { C. 'B. 
Cory), 
h. $ imm. sk. Haiti, Feb. (C B. Cory). Sclater Cull 
/. § imm. sk. Haiti. * Salvm-Godman Cull. 
m, n. 5 imm. et Haiti. 
juv. sk. 

6. CAMPOTHERA. 
ITJJP. 
Dendromus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. SOT (ls$7) C. maculosa. 
Campethera, Gray, Lhf 6ren. Birth9 lfc4l. p. 70...... C\ imwuh^d.. 
Chrysopicos, Malh. Mem. Acad. Metz71^4^—-4U, p. il»?2 ( \ imbiea. 
Stictopicus, Malh. Introd. Mo/wgr. Pieid. p. liii (IteiJI^i («. niva-a. 
Ipagrus, Cab. $ Hein. 31m. Hem. iv. p. 1&> (lfct*3» .'. C. bennetti. 
Stictocraugus, Cab. $• Hein. Mm. Hein. ix. p. 1#0 

(1868) V. iiiir»Mi. 
Cnipotheres, Cab. $ Hem. 31m. Hein.lv. p. 131 11.SJ3) l\ caroli. 

Range. Throughout the Ethiopian Eegion. 

Key to the Species. 

A. Back spotted or with yellowish transverse 
* 
markings (not bars)" in addition to the 
spots. 
a\ Throat uniform; underparts entirely 
covered with rounded spots of Mack." 
a". Top of the head, occiput, and malar 

stripe crimson 
nubica <5 ad., p. 93. 

b". Forehead and crown black, spotted 
with white, occiput (only) red; no 
red on malar region ntima $ ad., p. M, 

b'. Throat spotted with black. 
c". Underparts entirely covered with 
rounded spots of black. 

a'". Larger: length 8*5 inches, wing 
4*25; rump and upper tail-
coverts barred; tail narrowly 
barred. 

a\ 
Top of the head, occiput, and 
malar stripe red notata J ad., p. 95. 

6. CAMPOTHEEA. 
¥. Top of the head blackish olive, 
spotted with white, occiput 
(only) red; no red on malar 
region

bw. Smaller: length &5 inches, wing 
3*75; rump and upper tail-
coverts spotted like the back; 
tail-feathers with marginal spots. 

cK Top of the head, occiput, and 
nape scarlet

d\ Top of the head black spotted 
with white, occiput and nape 
(only) scarlet

cT, Lower breast and abdomen, or the 
abdomen only, uniform, the remaining 
underparts spotted. 

e'". With no black stripe behind the 
eye; rump and upper tail-coverts 
with light shaft-spots on the yellow 
bars. 

eK Top of the head, occiput, nape, 
and malar stripe red

fK Top of the head black, striped 
with white, occiput and nape 
(only) red; no red on malar 
region

d"f. With black stripe behind the 
eye; rump and upper tail-coverts 
barred and without spot. 

g 
. Top of the head, occiput, nape, 
and malar stripe red
JiK Top of the head black, spotted 
with white, occiput and nape 
(only) red; no red on malar 
region ..

c'. Throat striped with black. 
e". Top of the head black, spotted with 
white in the female. 
«"'. Top of the head, occiput, nape, 
and malar stripe redf". Occiput and nape (only) red; no 
red on malar regionf". Top of the head olive, spotted with 
white in the female. 
(/'". Top of the head, occiput, nape, 
and malar stripe redh'". Occiput and nape (only) red; no 
red on malar regiond'. Throat black, spotted with white. 
g". Top of the head, occiput, nape, and 
malar stripe crimson

h". 
Top of the head black, spotted with 
white, occiput and nape (only) red; 
no red on malar region

B. Back barred. 
ef. Smaller: length 7*5 inches, wing 4-2; 
throat spotted with black

91 

notata J ad., p. 95. 

malherbii $ ad., p. 90. 
malherbii $ ad., p. 90. 

 punctata $ ad., p. 97. 

punctata $ ad., p. 97, 

balia S ad., p. 98. 

balia $ ad., p. 98. 

alingdoni <$ ad., p. 99. 
abinc/doni § ad., p. 99. 

 momhassica <$ ad., p. 100. 
momhassica J ad., p. 100. 
smithti rf ad., p. 101. 
smithii $ ad., p. 101. 
cailliaudi ? ad., p. 102. 

92 
PICED.2B. 

f. 
Larger: length 8*5 inches, wing 4*8; 
throat uniform. 
i". Kump and upper tail-coverts distinctly 
barred, j imderparts (except 
the abdomen) conspicuously spotted. 

%'", Chin and throat unicolorous with 
the imderparts ......

/" . Chin and throat, anterior portion 
of the face? and the ear-coverts 
chestnut-brown .

/' . Rump and upper tail-coveit* i*pott id; 
underpaits with only a few minute 
bpots on the sides of the chest and 
body,flank*, and thighs. 

k'". Chin and throat unicoloroua with 
the imderparts

I'". 
Chin and throat, region below the 
eye, also the ear-coverts deep 
chocolate-brown

0. 
Back uniform. 
g\ Barred below. 
W. 
Larger: length 6*7 inehe>, -\\ ing ;i 0 ; 
chin and throat with bomewhat 
rounded spot^ of black; (under wingcoierts 
uniform in young). 
mf,/. 
Crown and occiput red ........


»'". 
Occiput (only) led, the forehead 
and crown "black, spotted with 
white

r. 
Smaller: length G inches, wing 3*7 ; 
chin and throat with transverse 
spots or bars of black. 
o'". Crown and occiput red

p'". Occiput (only) red, the top of the 
head olivaceous black, with yellowish 
spots

q'". Coronal and occipital feathers 
tipped with yellowh\ Spotted with fulvescent or bu% white 
below. 

m". With broad stripe of dark rufous 
or chocolate-brown on the side of 
the neck. 

r'". Coronal and occipital feathers tipped 
with dull red

s'". Crown and occiput blackish oli\e, 
the feathers not tipped with 
red

n". With no rufous patch on the side of 

the neck. 
t'". With red nuchal bandit'". With no red nuchal band

 btanetti J ad., p. 103. 

hennetti 2 ad., p. 10:]. 

rapriotmi J ad., p. 104. 
eapriri*rni J ad , p. 10 i. 

 vuu u^a J ad., p. 1IJ5. 
mamb*sn 2 ad., p. 103. 

permiJa f ad., p. lOti. 

 permit fa O ad., p. 100. 
permhta imra,, p. 106. 

camli d ad., p. 107. 
caroli $ ad., p. 107. 
m'rosa <J ad., p. 108. 

nkosa$ ad., p. KR 

6 . CAMPOTHEEA. 
1. Campotliera nubica. 
KEpeieke de Nubie onde* et tachete', Buff. Hist. Nat Ois. vii. p. 6(5 

(1780). 
Pic tachete de Nubie, Itoft. Fl. Enl. no. 6(57. 
Nubian Woodpecker, Lath. Gen. Syn. no. 23, vol. i. pi. 2, p. 576 

(1782). 
Picas rabicus, Gm. Syst. Nat p. 430 (1788), $; Z<rfj&. I?M*. Orn. 

i. p. 233 (1790); Steph. Gen. Zool. ix. pt. 1, p. 180 (1815); 
LichL Verz. Boubl. p. 11 (1823), pt.; Bonn, fy Vieill Enc. Meth. 
iii. p. 1313 (1823), pt.; Sundev. Consp. Av. Fichu p. 67 (1866); 
Blanf. GeoL $ Zool. Ahjss. p. 305 (1870); Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. 
p. 2*53, no. 160 (1870); Finseh $ Haril Tog. Ostafr. p. 508 
(1870): Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 881 (1871); Fisch. £ Feickenb. 
J. f. 0. 1878, p. 253 ; Felk Yerhandl. h-L zool-bot Gesellsch. 
1882, p. 510; Bohm, op. cit. 1883, p. 168. 
Picus sethiopicus, Hempr. § Fhrenb. Symb. Fhys. i. fol. 2, p. 2 
(1828j, J ; Itupp. New Wirb. Tog. p. 59 (1835); Dresser $ 
Bumf. Ibis, 1874, p. 330. 

Picus notatus (pt), Way!. Syst. AD. Pieus, sp. 35 (1827). 

Canrpediera nubica, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 439 (1846); Meichenb. 
Handb. Scans. Fiance, p. 423 (1854); Gray, List Ficid. Brit. 
Mus. p. 82 (1868); id. Hand-l. B ii. p. 193, no. 8698 (1870); 
Skarpe, Cat Afr. B. p. 17 (1871); Antin. § Salvad. Viayy. 
BoyoSj p. 45 (1873). 

Campetkera sethiopica, Gray, Gen. B. sp. 7 (1840); Feichenb. 
Scans. FieincB, p. 422, pi. dcixxii. fig&. 4449-50 (1854). 
Dendrobates gethiopicus, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av.\,y>. 123 (1850); Selat 
Fep. Coll. Somali Country, 1860, p. 10. 
Chrvsop^cus nubicus, Malh. Ficidce, ii. p. 159, pi. xciii. tigs. 2; 3, 5 

(1862). 
Ipagrus nubicus, Cab.fy Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 125 (1863). 
Dendrobates nubicus, Antin. Cat descr. TIcc. 1864, p. 80; Salvad. 

Atti F. Acead. Torino, 1870, p. 743. 
Campotkera nubica, Hargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 451; Shelley, op. cit 
1885, p. 393; id. F. Z. S. 1889, p. 356. 
Stictopicus nubicus, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genov. Ib84, 

p. 88; Giyl. op. cit 1888, p. 47; Salvad. t. c. p. 211. 
Adult male. Back, scaptdars, and wing-coverts blackisb olive, 
spotted and transversely varied with yellowish white, the spots 
more or less diamond-shaped; rump and upper tail-coverts blackish 
olive barred with yellowish white; quills brown, slightly olive externally, 
the outer w?ebs spotted with butTy white, the inner webs 
having pure white spots • shafts yellow; tail brown, washed with 
olive and barred with golden buff,' the tips of the feathers and also 
the shafts golden yellow; forehead, crown, occiput, nape, and malar 
stripe crimson; nasal plumes, lores, face, chin, and throat buffy 
white, the ear-coverts finely striped with black; side of the neck 
white, the fore neck and entire underparts and under tail-coverts 
yellowish white, the whole being covered with rounded spots of 
black; under wing-coverts burly white or yellowish, with rounded 
black spots: " bill dusky, paler beneath; iris pink ; legs greenish 

94 
PICIBJG. 

horny" (W. T. Blcmford). Total length 8 inches, culmen 1*2, 
wing 4*3, tail 2*4, tarsus 0*83; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 
0*7, outer posterior 0*65, inner anterior 0*5, inner posterior 0*3. 
Adult female. Has the forehead and crown blacky spotted with 

white, the occipnt alone being crimson ; the malar stripe black, the 

feathers having greyish tips. Otherwise like the male. Total 

length 7*3 inches, cnlmen 1*1, wing 4*3; tail 2*5, tarsus, 0*5. 

Young. In the first stage both sexes have the top of the head 

uniform, dusky black, with a scarlet band on the occiput, a few 

minute rounded or stripe-like specks of white nest appear; the 

female then assumes the large rounded &pots oi white on the fore


head and crown, 
and these parts in the male lose the white specks 

and become red. 

Hah. Southern Xubia, Abyssinia, and the Egyptian Soudan, into 
the Somali Country, and South, probably almost to the Equator. 

a. § juv. sk. Nubia. Sharpe dM. 
b,c. <S2 ad.; Malti, Bogos Land (Esler). Sharps Cull 
d. S juv. sk. 
e. $ ad. sk. Ain, Bogos Land, Julv 0, lKte Salvii2-<rudmaii Coil. 
(W. Jesse). 
/. $ ad. sk. Abyssinia. Sharpe Cull. 
<7, h. c? ad. sk. Abyssinia (Ester). Shelley CMII. 
i. (S ad. sk. Abyssinia. 
India Muslim. 
h. S &d. sk. Abyssinia. Twtvddab* Coll 
I $ ad. sk. Undel Wells, May 30, 1M*. W. T. Bianfbrd, ENJ. 
m. <$ juv. sk. Undel Wells, May 27, 1808 Sharpe Coll. 
( W. Jesse). 
n. 
2 ad.; o. J Undel Wells, May 27, 1868 Tweetitlale Coll. 
imm. sk. ( W. Jesse). 
p. 
$ juv.sk. Anseba (Esler). Shelley Coll. 
q. <5 ad. sk. Anseba Valley, Aug. 1, 1815b. 
W; T.* Blaxifunl, E^|. 

r. $ imm. sk. Waliko. 
W^f;kanford,Ebfj. 
s. $ ad. sk. Bejook, July 18,1H3^| W. Jes*e). TweeJdale Coll. 
t 
S ad. sk. Gonfallon, 'Aug. 7. lfcOS { W. Tweeddaie Coll. 
Jesse), 

u. <$ ad. sk. 
Shoa (Antmori). Shelley Cull. 
v. 5 ad. sk. Butai, Sennar, Feb. (V. Mutter). Shelley Coll. 
ID. S ad. sk. Khartoum. Sharpe Cull. 
x. 
2 j^v. sk. Eedjaf, Jan. 17, 1884. Emin Pasha [P.\ 
y. 
S ad. * z, a'. Lamu * F. J. Jackson, TEsq. 
$ad, sk. [P.]. 
V. § imm. sk. Useri River. IL C. V. Himter, 
Esq. [P.l 
c\ S hum. sk. Malimboa, June 1877. Dr.HildebrandtrC.l 
d'. $ ad. sk. Tkariga, Ukamba, June 1877. Dr.HildebiandtCC.j


* These specimens are conspicuously white about the head and neck, the 
spots upon the head of the female being unusually large. 
6. CAMPOTHERA. 
2. Campotkera notata. 
Le Pic tigre, Lemill. Ois. tfAfr. vi. p. 14, pi. ccl. (1808), S ; 

Sundev. Ej-it. Framst. Levaill p. 52, no. 250 (1857). 

Picus notatus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. 1823, p. 11; Wagl. Syst. Av. 
Picus, sp. #5 nee $ (1827 ) ; id. Isis, 1829, p. 511; Sundev. Consp. 
Av. Bicin. p. 66, no. 191 (1866). 

Picus nubicus, Bonn. § Yieill. Bnc. Metk. iii. p. 1313 (1823), pt. 
Campethera nubica, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 439 (1846), pt.; Layard, 

B. S. Afr. p. 17 (1871). 
Dendrobates notatus, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 123 (1850), 
Campethera notata, Reichenb. Scans. Bicince, p. 423, pi. delxxiii. 
figs. 4453-54 (1854) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit Mus. p. 82 (1868); 
id. Hmid-l. B. ii. p. 193, no. 8697 (1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. 

p. 17 (1871) * id. ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 186 (1875). 
Dendromus notatus, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 9 (1854). 
Ckrysopicus notatus, Malh, Picidce, ii. p. 162, pi. xcv. figs. 4, 5 
(1862). 

Ipagrus notatus, Cab.fyHeine, Mxts. Hein. iv. p. 127 (1863). 

Carupothera notata, Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 393 (1882) j Hargiit, 

Ibis, 1883, p. 461. 

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts olive, minutely 
spotted with dull white, the spots somewhat diamond-shaped on the 
upper parts; rump and upper tail-coverts olive barred with yellowish 
white ; quills brown, the outer webs of the secondaries and 
of the primaries at the base olive, the outer webs of the primaries 
with rounded spots of dull white, the secondaries having bar-like 
spots on the outer webs, inner webs of all the quills largely spotted 
with pure white; shafts light brown, yellowish on the inner feathers; 
tail-feathers brown with golden tips, narrowly barred with buffy 
white, the bars not reaching to the shaft, the central feathers washed 
with olive; shafts brownish yellow; nasal plumes blackish brown ; 
feathers of the forehead and crown crimson at the tip, blackish 
olive at the base, the occiput bright crimson; hind neck olive barred 
with dull white• malar stripe red; sides of the face and neck, and 
from the chin to the under tail-coverts (both inclusive), dull white, 
more or less fulvescent below, the whole being spotted with black, 
the spots on the underparts very large and rounded or heart-shaped; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries yellowish white spotted with 
black: "iris hazel" (T. C. Atmore). Total length 8*5 inches, 
culmen 1*1, wing 4*25, tail 2*85, tarsus 0*9; toes (without claws)— 
outer anterior 0*6, outer posterior 0*6, inner anterior 0*4, inner 
posterior 0*25. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead 
and crown black spotted with dull white, and also in the absence of 
red on the malar region, this being yellowish white, barred and 
spotted with black. Total length 8*1 inches, culmen 0*97, wing 
4*25, tail 3, tarsus 0*8. 

Hdb. Eastern part of Cape Colony, from Knysna north to Coles-
berg, and east into the Transkei. 

a. <$ ad. sk. South Africa. Purchased. 
b. $ ad. sk. South Africa. J. Bocke, Esq. [P.]. 
96 2ICIDM. 
c. <S ad. sk. South. Africa. Gould Coll. 
d. S ad. bk. Cape Colony. F. ^ Thackeray, E*q. 
e. 6/ . J 
ad. sk. 
ad. sk. 
George, S. Africa (T. Atmore). 
Eland's Po&r, June 1870 {T. AtSharpe 
Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
more), 
(j. <$ ad. sk.
'h. cS ad. sk. 
Kny&na. 
Knysna, Feb. 3, I860 (C. J. 
>harpe Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Andenson). 

3. Campothera nialherbiL 
Chr*. &opicu& inalkerbei, Cass, Juum. Acad. PhVad. 1SU3, p. 400. pi. li. 
hg. 3, cf ; id. Proc. Acad. Phlad. W>3. p. 1SK 

Picus imberbis, Sundev. Gmsp. Ai\ Pioin. p. b"b (l^idy: Fiii^ih ty 
Hartl. Vng. Ostafr. p. 511 (1370) • Fisch £ Rtkhenotr, J. /. O. 
1878, p. 253• Bohm, op. ci't. 1^3, p. 10^. 

Campethera nialherbei, 6-Vw/, Lht Pit id. Brit. Mm. p, *>3 {]Mjsj; 
#. JZWMW. J?, ii. p. 193, no. 8702 (1^70). 
Dendrobates hartlaubi (noa Malh.). v. d. Declcen, Pei^e/i. L p. 00 

(1860). 
Campothera iniberbls, Cah. in v. d. Decken, Rehitu iii. p. -/J {JNji»). 
Caoapothera malherbii, Hargitty Mis, 1883, p. 40a 

^Lc?wZ* female. Resembles C. cailliawU in having the chin and 
throat spotted, but is much smaller and differ* in ha\in^ the back, 
rump and upper tail-covertb, scapular*., and wing-eowrts olive with 
longitudinal spots of yellow, also in the abdomen and vent bein# 
spotted with black like the rest of the underparts. The upper parts 
somewhat resemble those of 0. balia, but the present species mav 
be distinguished from the latter by the absence of the black atripe 
behind the eye, by the tail-feathers being spotted on the margin 
instead of barred, also in the entirely spotted abdomen and vent, 
and the smaller dimensions. Total length 6*5 inches, culmen iHJJ, 
wing 3*65, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*65 ; toes (without claws j—outer anterior 
0-5, outer posterior 0*43, inner anterior 0*4, inner posterior {)-22. 

Adult malt. Has the forehead and crown, ah well as the oeeiput 
and nape, crimson. In other respects it resembles the adult female. 
Total length 6*5 inches, culmen 0*85, w ing 3*72, tail 2*3, tarsus* 0*05. 

Hab. Zanzibar, 

a. $ ad. sk. Dar-es-Salaam (Mir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll. 
4. Campothera punctata. 
Picus nubicus, LicJit. (nee Gm.) Terz. DoubL p. 11 (1823). 
Picus punctatus, Valenc. Diet. Sc. Nat. xl. p. 171 (1820); Zetit. 
TraitS7i. p. 219 (1831); Pupp. Kern Wirk, Tog. 1*35-1840, p. 90 ; 
PucJier. Rev. et Mag. ZooL 1852, p. 478; Sundev. Consp. Ai\ 
Piein. p. G7 (1866). 
Picus punctuligerus, Wagl. Syd. Av. Picus, sp. 30 (1827) ; id. Isis, 
1829, p. 512. * • 
Picus puDC-tulatus, Drap. Diet. Class. Hid. Nat. xiii. p. 505 (1828). 
Dendromus punctatus, Swaim. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 103 (18^7). 

6. OAJCPOTHBEA. 
Campethera punetuligera, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 439 (1846)* Reichenb. 
Scans. Picinm, p. 423, pi. dclxxiii. figs. 4455, 4456 (1854); Cass. 
Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, p. 327; Oust Nouv. Arch. 1879, p. 150. 

Dendrobates punctuligerus, Bp. Comp. Gen. Av. i. p, 123 (1850) ; 
Marti. J.f. 0. 1854, p. 198. 
Dendronius punctuligerus, Bp. Consp, Volucr. Zygod. p. 9 (1854); 
JBLaril Orn. W.-Afr. p. 180 (1857). 
Chrysopicus punctuligerus, Malh. Picid^ ii. p. 164, pi. xcii. figs. 4


6 (1862). 
Ipagrus punctatus, Cab. $ Heine, Mas. Hein. iv. p. 124 (1863). 
Campethera punctata, Gi*ay} List Bicid. Brit. Mus. p. 82 (1868); id. 

JSand-t. B. ii. p. 193, no. 8699 (1870) ; Sharpe, Oat. Afr. B. p. 17 
(1871) j id. Ibis, 1872, p. 68. 
Campothera punctata, Salvin, Cat. StricH. Coll. p. 394 (1882); 
Hargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 463. 

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts yellowish olive, 
with longitudinal yellow spots, and also spots of dusky olive ; ramp 
and upper tail-coverts olive barred with yellow, the latter washed 
with golden; quills dusky brown, the outer webs, except the tips 
of the primaries, golden olive spotted with yellow, the inner webs 
spotted with white; shafts yellow; tail olive-brown barred with 
golden buff, the tips of the feathers as well as the shafts golden 
yellow; forehead, crown, occiput, nape, and malar stripe crimson ; 
nasal plumes, lores, and sides of the face and neck white tinged 
with yellowish, the ear-coverts finely striated with black and having 
a grey appearance, the side of the neck spotted with black; chin 
and throat buffy white, the under surface of the body and under 
tail-coverts yellow, the lower breast, abdomen, and vent almost 
entirely uniform, the remainder, including the chin and throat, 
covered with minute black spots; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
buffy white or yellowish spotted with black. Total length 8 inches, 
culmen 1-15, wing 4*5, tail 2-25, tarsus 0*9 * toes (without claws)— 
outer anterior 0*67, outer posterior 0*6, inner anterior 0*47, inner 

posterior 0*3. 
Adult female. Has the forehead and crown black striped with 
white. In other respects it resembles the adult male. Total length 
8 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 4*5, tail 2-6, tarsus 0*9. 
A young bird (sex ?) in the Shelley collection has the forehead 
and crown uniform dusky black, the occipital band crimson * upper 
parts less yellowish olive, and underparts whiter. 
Hob. Erom the Gold Coast, into Senegal on the west, and extending 
east to the River Figer. 

a. $ ad. sk. 
b. ? ad. sk. 
Senegal. 
Gambia. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
c. d. $ 2 ad. sk. 
e. $ ad. sk. 
/ . ? ad. sk. 
g, 5 imm. sk. 
h. 2 ad. sk. 
i. <$ ad. sk. 
h. $ ad. sk. 
I. Juv. sk. 
Gambia. 
Gambia. 
River Gambia. 
R, Niger (Dr. Baihie). 
Oasamanze. 
Bissao. 
Fantee (JT. T. Ussher). 
Accra, April (J. Smith). 
Sharpe Coll. 
University College. 
Shelley CoU. 
Tweeddale CoU. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
VOL, XV1H. H 

98 
PIOIBJS. 

5. Campotliera balia. 
Picus pimctuligerus (non Wagl)% Cab. J. f. 0.jbU4, p. i>5U: Finsck 

<§* ITar#. FbY/. Ostafr. Scans, p. oil. note (lfc70t. 
Picus balius, Eeugl Or?i. X. O.-Afr. p. 510 (1571j . 
Campotliera cailliaudi fpt.), Eargitt, Ibis. 1553. p. 455. 
Campotliera balia, Skarpe. Jour. Linn. Sor*. xvii. p. 431 11^541. 

J>?«?£ female. Above, including scapulars and wing-eovert>, olive 
minutely'spotted with yellow; rump and upper tail-eoverta olive 
barred with yellowish : quills dusky brown, the outer webs of the 
secondaries and of the primaries at their ha&e olive, the outer webs 
of the quills spotted with brownish or dull fulveseent white, the 
inner webs having whiter spots; sharN brownish yellow: tail 
brownish black, barred with umber-brown and waxherl with crolden 
olive ; shafts golden yellow ; forehead and crown bliek .^petted with 
white, the occiput and nape crimson : na^al plume-, lore-, and j-ide* 
of the face and neck bufiy white, behind the eye a du-ky black 
stripe, and the malar region as well as the bide of the neck closely 
spotted with black; chin and throat huffy white, sparingly and 
minutely spotted with black; under surface of the body (except the 
abdomen which is nearly uniform) and under tail-eoverts yellowish 
white spotted with black ; under wing-coverts and axillaris? mure 
or less buffy white spotted with black. Total length b inches, 
culmen 0*9, wing 4*3, tail 2*35, tarsus 0*b; toe.> (without claw-j— 
outer anterior 0*57, outer posterior 0*53, inner anterior U*4. inner 
posterior 0*25. 

Adult mule, I have never seen the male of this species, but, 
according to Heuglin, it has the top of the head and the malar 
stripe red. 

Hob. jSTorth-east Africa, extending into the Xiam Xiam Country. 

a. 
$ ad, sk. Senunlo, Niain Xiani Countrv, F. Bofmdorff ~C~L 
Jan. 1885. 
6. Campotliera abingdoni 
Chrysoptilus abingoni, Smith. Hep. S, Afr. ExpeiL, App. p. 53 
(1830). 
Dendromus chrvsurus, Swains. B. W. Afr. ii. p. L > {1837j; Earth 
Orn. W.-Afr. p. 18] (1857); id. J.f\0. 15(51, p. 204. 

Canipethera chrysura, Gray, Gen. B. ii, p. 439 (184IJI; lleiehmk 
Seems. Picince, p. 424, pl/dclxxiii. tigs. 4457,445* (1 s54); Gurim/7 
Ibis, 1800, p. 213 ; Lm/ard, B. S. Afr. p. 23^ (1S07); Gray, Linf 
Ticid. Brit. Mm. p. 81 (1868); id. Emid-l B. ii. p. 102, no.ftO'M 
(1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 17 (1871); Duhvi*, Bull Mm. 
Motj, d'Hist. Nat. Belg. lb&>. p. 147. 

Dendrobates clirysurus, Bp. Consp. Gen. Ai\ i. p. 123 (1850); IlartL 

J.f. 0.1854, p. 190. 
Chrysopicus chrysurus, Math, Bicidm, ii. p. 153, pi xciv. figs. 4, 5 
(1862). ° 
Dendromus smithii, Gurnet/ (non MalL), Ibi#} IS6% p. 37 ; id. torn. 
cit p. 157. 
Ipagrus chnsurus, Cab. § Eeine, Mm. Eein. iv. p. 128 (1&03). 

6. CAMPOTHEEA. 
99 

Oampetliera chrysura, var. lineata, Cass. Proc. Acad. Philad. I860, 

p. 327 ; Gray, List Field. Brit. Mus. p. 81 (1808). 
Picns chiwsurus, Sundev. Consp. Av. Piein. p. 64 (1866). 
Oampetliera abingtoni, SJiarpe, ed. LayarWs B. 8. Afr. p. 182 (1875); 
id. in Oates's Matabele Land, App. p. 306 (1881). 
Campotliera abingoni, Hargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 471. 
Oampothera chrysura, Hartl. Z00L Jahrb. ZeitscJir. Syst. r/es. Biol. 

Thiere, 1887, p. 307. 
Canipotbera abingtoni. Ay res, Ihis, 1887, p. 53. 

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts olive spotted with. 
yellowish white, sometimes transversely varied with the same; 
rump and upper tail-coverts olive barred with pale yellow; quills 
blackish brown, the outer webs of the secondaries and of the primaries 
at the base olive, and the webs spotted with yellowish, the 
inner webs spotted with pure white, the inner secondaries barred 
with white at the tip; shafts clear brown; tail blackish brown 
barred with buffy brown, the central feathers washed with olive ; 
shafts yellow; nasal plumes black; forehead, crown, occiput, nape, 
and malar stripe crimson: sides of the face and neck white, the 
former striped and varied with black, especially above and behind 
the eye, the latter spotted with black ; chin and throat white with 
longitudinal black spots ; under surface of the body yellowish white, 
the chest and breast broadly striped with black, the stripes contracted 
in the middle, the abdomen with longitudinal but more 
spot-like markings, and the flanks and thighs transversely spotted 
with black; under tail-coverts yellowish white, with heart-shaped 
or transverse black spots ; under wing-coverts and axillaries yellowish 
white spotted with black; underside of quill-shafts and of tail-
shafts golden yellow. Total length 7*8 inches, culmen 1*05, wing 
4*4, tail 2*35, tarsus 0*73; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*65, 
outer posterior 0*65, inner anterior 0*44, inner posterior 0*27. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead 
and crown black spotted with yellowish white, the occiput alone 
being scarlet; the malar region white striped with black: "bill 
horn-colour, paler on the lower mandible; iris brown; tarsus 
yellowish olive" (G. E. Shelley). Total length 7*8 inches, culmen 
1-05, wing 4*3, tail 2*35, tarsus 0*8. 

Young female. Is more dusky above than the adult and has the 
spots whiter; the top of the head brownish dusky, the forehead and 
outer edge of the crown being minutely speckled with white, the 
nuchal feathers orange-scarlet. 
Hab. Natal, Zulu Land, and Swazi Land. 

a. 2 ad. sk. South Africa. Purchased. 
b. 2 ad. sk. South Africa. Purchased. 
c. 2 ^ . sk.
d. <J ad. sk.
e. <$ ad. sk.
f.y. 9 ad. sk. 
Natal. 
Pinetown, Natal, May (T.
L. Ayres). 
Pinetown, Jan. 6 (Ayres). 
Durban (Gordge). 
T. Ayres [C,]. 
Shelley Coll. 
H. Seebokm, Esq. [P.]. 
Shelley Coll. 
% I 6 2 ad. sk.
h. $ ad. sk. 
Durban, April (G E. 8.). 
Newcastle (JReid). 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley CoU. 
K2 

100 xioiDm. 
I $ ad. sk. Swazi Land. S. Cuthbert, Esq. [P.]. 
m.m d ad.; $ Zulu Land, July (Gordge). Shelley Coll. 
irnni sk. 
n. $ ad. sk. River Loge, Angola (J. J". Sharpe Coll. 
Monteiro). 
o. £ ad. sk. [Gambia.] UniTersity College. 

Subsp. CL Campothera mombassiea. 

Picus abingoni {non Smith), Fisch. $• Beichen. J. f. 0. 1878, p. 250; 

Bohm, J.f. 0. 1888, p. 168. 
Campothera chrysurus {non Swains,), Gurney, Ibis, 1881, p. 128. 
? Picus (Campothera) abingoni, Fisch. in Madardsz, Zeitsch. gesamm. 

Orn. 1884, p. 869. 
Picus (Campothera) mombas&icus, Fisch. # Beichen. J. f, 0.1884, 

p. 262, 
Adult female. Differs from the adult female of C. abiagdoni m 
having the forehead and crown deep olive spotted with white; the 
back with only a few small spots of yellow; the rump narrowly 
barred with yellow; the upper tail-coverts with almost obsolete 
barring, and the striations on the chest broader. Total length 7*8 
inches, culmen 0*95, wing 4*25, tail 2*4, tarsus 0*75 ; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*58, outer posterior 0*62, inner anterior 0*43, 
inner posterior 0*3. 

Adult male. I have not had an opportunity of examining the 
male of this species, but from Fischer and Beichenow's diagnosis of 
it, as compared with O. dbingdoni, it would appear that the male of 

G. mombassiea differs from the female in having the top of the head 
and the malar stripe red. The red on the crown is confined to the 
tips of the feathers, the remaining portion being brownish olive. 
The measurements, according to Fischer and Reichenow, are as 
follows:—total length 7*05 inches, wing 4*1, tail 2 9, tarsus 0*7, 
culmen 0*85. 
Hcib. Only known from Mombasa*. 

a. $ ad. sk. Mombasa. Rev. F. A. Buxton [P.J. 
7. Campothera smithii. 
Picus (Chrysoptilopicus) smithii, Malli. Bev. Zool. 1845, p. 408. 
Dendrobates abingtoni {non Smith), Bj). Consp. Gen. Av, i. p. 124 
(1850) * Bocage, Jorn. Sc. List. no. iv. 1867, p. 386. 
Campetliera abingtoni {non Smith), Strickl. § Sclat Contr. Orn. 1852, 

p. 156. 
Dendromus abingtoni (non Smith), Bp. Consp. Vohtcr. Zygod. p. 9 
(1854). 
Chrysopicus brucel, Malh. Pieidce, ii. p. 170, pi. xciii. %. 1 (1862). 
Ipagrus brucei, Cab. fy Heine, Mus. JSein. iv. p. 125 (1863) • Gurney, 

in Anderss. B. Damara Land, p. 221 (1872). 

* Picus {Campothera) abingoni, of Fischer (Madar&sz, Zeitsch. gesamm. 
Orn, 1884, p. 369), from Gross Aruscha, is very probably referable to the present 
species. 
6. CAMPOTHERA. 
101 

Picus smithii, Sundev. Consp. Av. Piein. p. 65 (1866). 

Picus brucei, Sundev. Consp. Av. Piein. p. 66 (1866). 

Dendrobates brucei, Bocage, lorn. Sc. Lisb. no. v. 1868, p. 45; id. op, 

cit. no. xiv. 1873, p. 386; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 134 

Campethera smitliii, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 81 (1868); id. 

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 193, no. 8695 (1870); Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. 

Afr. p. 184 (1875); id. in Oates's Matabele Land, App. p. 306 

(1881). 

Campethera brucei, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 81 (1868); id. 

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 193, no. 8696 (1870) ; Sharpe, Oat. Afr. B. p. 17 

(1871) ; Bocage, Orn. Any. 1877, p. 79; id. Jorn. Sc. Lish. 1880, 

p. 232. 
Campethera chrysura (non Swains.), Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 170 * 
Bocage, Orn. Any. 1877, p. 78. 
Dendrobates striatus, Laijard, Ibis, 1871, p. 227. 
Campothera smithii, Hargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 467; Biittik. Notes Leyd. 

Mus. 1889, p. 69. 

Adult male. Differs from 0. abingchni in having the upper parts 

transversely varied as well as spotted with yellowish; the orbital 

region black, more or less spotted with white; chin, throat, and 

fore neck black, spotted with white; the malar region also black, 

the feathers being tipped with crimson• ear-coverts and region 

immediately behind them uniform white• the underparts, in addi


tion to the black striations, having numerous Y-shaped markings of 

black, and on the chest squamate markings, the latter being decidedly 

conspicuous and giving the chest a very black appearance ; shafts 

of primaries yellow, those of the secondaries browner: " bill bluish 

brown ; iris pink wine-colour* legs and toes greyish green " (An


dersson). Total length 7*8 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 4*75, tail 2*5, 

tarsus 0*85; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*7, outer poste


rior 0-6, inner anterior 0*55, inner posterior 0*3. 

Adult female. Has the forehead and crown black, spotted with 

white; the malar region black with white spots. Otherwise it 

resembles the adult of the opposite sex. Total length 8 inches, 

culmen 1*2, wing 4*7, tail 2-55, tarsus 0*85. 

Hal. The Transvaal and the Matabele Country, west to Damara 

Land and north to Mossamedes and Angola. 

a. <$ ad. sk. S. Africa. 
Purchased. 
b. $ ad. sk. S. Africa. Sir A. Smith. 
c, d. <$ imm.; e. Rustenberg, Natal, Dec. (T. Shelley Coll. 
2 imm. sk. Ayres).
/. d ad. sk. Ondonga, Damara Land, Sharpe Coll. 

Jan. 19, 1867 (C. J. 
Andersson). 

g. 
J imm. sk. Oranis Biver, Damara Land, Tweeddale Coll. 
April 12, 1865 (C. J. 
Andersson). 
h, i. $ ad. sk. Otjimbinque, May 30, 1866 Sharpe Coll. 

(C. J. Andersson). 
,h. § ad. sk. Otjimbinque, Nov. 21, 1864 Tweeddale Coll. 
(O. J. Andersson). 
1. (S ad. sk. Ovaquenyarna, May 20,1867. Sharpe Coll. 
102 PICJDJE. 
m. $ imm. sk. Elephant Vley, Oct, 18, 1859 Skarpe Coll. 
(C. J. Andersson). 
n. 8 ad. sk. Daniara Land. Piircliased. 
o. J juv. sk.
p. tf imrn. sk, 
Angola (J. X Monteiro). 
Galungo Loanda, Sept. 28, 
Skarpe Coll. 
Sliarpe Coll. 
q. (S imm, sk.
1869 (Sala). 
Kanye. Sliarpe Coll. (Type 
of C, striates.) 
r. 6 ad. sk, Tati, Oct. 6,1874 (F. Oates). C. G. & W. E. Gates 
[P.], 

8. Campothera cailliau&i. 
Chrysopicos cailliauti, Malh. Rev. Zool 1849, p. 540. 
Dendromus cailliauti, Bonap. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 9 (1834). 
Ckrysopicus cailliaudi, Malh. Picidee, ii. p. 167 (1862). 
Ipagrus cailliaudi, Cab. <§* Seine, Mus. Sein. iv. p. 127 (18(13). 
Picus punctnligenis ?, Seugl J.f. 0. 1864, p. 253 ; Finsch 4* Ifcwtf. 


Fo#. Ostafr.'j). oil, note (187*0). 
Picus cailliaudi, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 03 (13(30). 
Campethera cailliauti, 6rVq*/, Zzstf Picid<% Brit. Mus. p. 81 (1808); 

«A J2i?««W. B. ii. p. 193, no. 8701 (1870). 
Picus nubicus (non Gfm.), Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 393. 
Campothera cailliaudi, Ilargitt, Ibis, 186**1, p. 433. 
Campethera cailliaudi, Sousa, Jora. Se. Luh. xii. p. 43 (1H&7). 

Adult female. Kescmbles C. hemic it I in having the back barred, 
but differs from it in not having the face uniform and also in the 
chin and throat being white spotted with black ; the rump and 
upper tail-coverts are likewise less yellow, and the blackish-olive 
bars are broader. The present species also bears a close resemblance 
to C. nubica, but may be distinguished by its smaller'size 
and its spotted throat, as well as by its unspotted abdomen. Total 
length 7*5 inches, culmen 0-92, wing 4*2, tail 2*45, tarsus 0*8 ; toes 
(without claws)—outer anterior 0*0, outer posterior 0*52, inner 
anterior 0*42, inner posterior 0*3. 

The male of this rare species is unknown to me. 
Bab. Lamo, south of Zanzibar, and, according to Br. de Bonsa, 
found in the north of Mozambique. 

a. J ad. sk. Lamo (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll. 
9. Campotkera bennetfei. 
Chrysoptilus bennettii, Smith, Sep. 8. Afr. Kip., App. p. 53 (1830) ; 
(hrney, Ibis, 1869, p. 296. 
Campethera variolosa (Licht, in Mus. Berol), Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 439 
(184(3) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. 1854, p. 76; Reichenb. Scans. Pimm, 

p. 425, pi. dclxxv. figs. 4464-5 (1834); Gray, List Picid. Brit. 
Mus. p. 80 (1868); id. Sand-L B. ii. p. 192, no. 8693 (1870). 
Campethera abingtoni, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 21 (1849); 
Reichenb. Scans. Pitinte, p. 427(1854). 
Dendrobates variolosus, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 123 (1850). 

6. CAMPOTffEBA. 
103 

Dendromus bennettii, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 9 (1854). 

Dendromus guttatus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 9 (1854). 

? Picus abingtoni, Grill, Zool. Anteckn. 1859, p. 44. 

Chrysopicus variolosus, Malh. Monogr. Bicid. ii. p. 165, pi. xcv. 
--figs. 1, 2 (1862). 

Ipagrus bennetti, Cab, 8f Heine, Mm. Eein. iv. p. 123 (1863). 

Picus bennetti, Simdev. Consp. Av. JPicin. p. 63, no. 186 (1866). 

^ Campethera bennetti, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p, 17 (1871); Layard, 
Ibis, 1871, p. 227; Sharps, ed. Bayard's B. 8. Afr. p. 181 (1875); 
Ayres, Ibis, 1879, p. 299; Sharpe, in Oates's Matabele Band, App. 

p. 306 (1881) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1886, p. 291. 
Ipagrus variolosus, Gumey, in Anderss. B. Bamara Land, p. 222 
^ (1872). 
Carnpotkera bennetti, Hargitt, Ibis, 1883, p, 456; Ayres, op. cit. 
^ 1887, p. 53, 

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts deep olive, barred 
with pale yellow; rump and upper tail-coverts pale yellow, narrowly 
barred with deep olive; quills nearly black, the outer webs 
of the secondaries and of the primaries at their base olive, the outer 
webs of the quills spotted with yellowish white, the inner webs 
having purer white spots, the innermost feathers barred right 
across ; shafts golden yellow ; tail rufous-brown, barred and tipped 
with black; shafts yellow; forehead, crown, and occiput crimson; 
nape and hind neck brownish black; nasal plumes burly white; 
lores and sides of the face and neck bufTy white, the side of the neck 
covered with large black spots; malar stripe crimson; chin and 
throat uniform bufTy white; entire underparts and under tail-
coverts yellowish or buffy white, and (except on the abdomen) 
entirely spotted with black • under wing-coverts yellowish or bufTy 
white spotted with black : " bill black; iris red; tarsus greyish" 

(T. E. Bucldey). Total length 8*5 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 4*8, 
tail 2-6, tarsus 0*82; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*65, 
outer posterior 0*53, inner anterior 0*5, inner posterior 0*27. 
Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead 
and crown black spotted with white * the lores, orbital region, ear-
coverts, chin, and throat chestnut-brown; the malar region and the 
remaining portion of the face white, the feathers having partially-
exposed black bases. In other respects it resembles the male. 
Total length 8*3 inches, culmen 1*05, wing 4*5, tail 2*35, tarsus 0*85. 

Hab. Natal and the Transvaal, through the Makalaka Country 
to the Zambesi and the Lake Ngami district. 

#, b. c? $ ad. sk.
c, d. $ $. ad. sk.
e,f 3 2 ad. sk. 
Cape Colony. 
Transvaal (Ayres). 
Swazi Land, July (T. E.
Buckley), 
S. African Museum. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
g. cS hnm. sk.
Ji. S ad. sk.
i. Q ad. sk. 
Lake Ngami district(C. J. Andersson). 
Makalaka (Dr. Bradshaio). 
Makalaka Kraal, Sept. 7,1874 (F. Oates). 
Sharpe Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
C. G. & W. E. Oates 
[P.]. 

104 PICIB^. 

Subsp. a. Campothera capricorni. 

Carnpethera capricorni, Strickl. § Sclat. Conir. Cm. 1852, p. 155 : 
Jardine, Mem. Strickl 1858, p. 344• Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mm. 

p. 81 (1868) • Neictoii, Ibis, 1869, p. 323, pL is.; Gray, Hamhl B. 
ii. p. 193, no. 8700 (1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. 1871, p. 17; id. 
ed. LayarcTs B. 8. Afr. p. 180 (1875); Sousa, Jom. Sc. Lisb. 1859, 
p. 121. 
Dendromus capricorni, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p.^9 (1854). 
Chrysopicus capricorni, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 109 (1802). 
IpagTus caprieomis, Cab. § Heine, Mus. Hem. iv. p. 123 (1S63). 
Picus capricorni, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 04, no, 187 (180G). ^ 
Dendrobates nigrogularis, Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. iv. 1807, p. 330; id. 
op. cit. x. 1868, p. 45. 
Tpagrus capricorni, Gurney, in Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 221 (1872). 
Oampethera bennetti, Socage, 0m. Ang. p. 80, no. 61 {1877)* id. 

Jorn. Sc. Lisb. 1880, p. 232. 
Campotbera capricorni, Salvin, Cat Stricld. Coll. p. 304 (18c2) ; 
Hargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 458. 
Campotbera bennettii, Bilttik. Notes Legd. Mas, 1889, p. 09 ; Sousa, 
Jorn. Sc. Lisb. 1889, p. 43. 

Adult female. Resembles tbe female of C. henmiti, but differs in 
having tbe rump and upper tail-coverts spotted instead of barred 
and also in having the under surface of the body almost uniform 
yellow, with only a few spots of black on the sides of the chest and 
body, flanks, and thighs. Tbere is very much less black on the side 
of the neck in. tbe present bird: u bill brown slate-colour: iris 
claret-coloured; legs and toes lead-coloured" (Andtrsson). Total 
length 8*5 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 5*0, tail 3*2, tarsus 0-95 ; 
toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*7. outer posterior 0*03, inner 
anterior 0*55, inner posterior 0*35* 

Adult male. Differs from the adult female in having the face, 
chin, and throat uniform white, the whole top of the head and a 
very large malar stripe being crimson. Total length 8*5 inches, 
culmen 1*15, wing 5*15, tail 2*7, tarsus 0*9. 

Hob. South-western Africa, from the Upper Cunene Eegion into 

Angola. 
a. <$ ad. sk.
b. 5 ad. sk.
c. $ ad. sk. 
Omanbondi, Damara Land (C. J.
Andersson). 
Kiver Cunene, Damara Land, June25, 1807 (C. J Andersson). 
Capangombe, Angola {Anchieta). 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 

10. Campotliera maculosa. 
Picus raaciilosus, Valenc. Diet. Sc. Nat. xl. 1826, p. 173 (5) • Sun


dev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 62 (1860). 

Picus olivaceus, Gray, Zool. Misc. 1831, p. 18 ($). 

Dendromus bracbyrbyncbus, Swains. B. W. Afr. ii. p, 100 (1837): 
id. Classif B. ii. p. 307 (1837). 

Campetbera bracbyrhynchus, Gray, List Gen. 1841, p. 70. 

105 

6. CAMPOTHEEA. 
Picus (Chloropicos) rufoviridis, Malh. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 401. 
Chloronerpes rufoviridis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 443 (1845); Reichen.. 

Scans. Picina, p. 335 (1854). 
Dendrobates olivaceus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 437 (1846). 
Oampetliera maculosa; Gray, Gen. B. hi. App. p. 21 (1849); id. List 

Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 78 (18G8); id. EarnU, B. ii. p. 192, no. 8688 

(1870). 
Dendrobates brachyrhynckus, Bp. Consp. Gen. Ac. i. p. 123 (1850). 
Picus chloronotus, Cuv. in Mus. Paris; Pucker. Bev. et Mag. Zool. 

1852, p. 479. 
Dendromus rufoviridis, Bp. Co?isp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 9 (1854). 
Dendropieus olivacens, Marti. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 177 (1857). 
Chrysopicus maculosus,' Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 156, pi. xcii. fig. 3 

(1862/. 
Campothera maculosa, Cab.fy Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 133 (1863); 
Hargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 475; Bhttih. Notes Leyden Mus. 1885, 

p. 220; id. op. cit. 1886, p. 264. 
Campethera vestita, Cass. Proc. Aead. Pliitad. 1863, p. 197* id. Journ. 
Acad. PUlad. 1863, p. 458, pi. h\ fig. 2. 
Picus (Campothera) maculosus, Beichenow, J. f. O. 1876, p. 98. 
Adidt male. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, scapulars, wing-
coverts, outer webs of secondaries and of primaries at the base 
golden-olive, the upper parts and scapulars having a few yellow 
shaft-stripes and the upper back spotted with buff, the lesser and 
the median coverts having longitudinal spots of buff; the remaining 
portion of the quills blackish brown, the inner webs more or less 
spotted or margined with white ; shafts dark brown ; tail black, the 
central feathers margined with olive at the base; shafts black; 
nasal plumes black ; forehead, crown, occiput, and nape crimson; 
hind neck dusky olive spotted with buff; face, chin, and throat pale 
buff spotted with black: side of the neck, fore neck, and entire under 
surface of the body yellow barred with black; under tail-coverts 
margined with yellow and having a V-shaped black marking with 
a white centre; under wing-coverts and axillaries yellowish buff, 
the former sometimes unspotted, the latter having their tips slightly 
dusky. Total length 6*7 inches, culmen 0*77, wing 3-9, tail 2*4, 
tarsus 0*67; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*55, outer 
posterior 0*5, inner anterior 0*42, inner posterior 0*2. 
Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead 
and crown black, spotted with white or yellowish white. Total 
length 6-5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 4*1, tail 2*3, tarsus 0*65. 
Young. Have the top of the head black, with rounded spots of 
buff; the sides of the face and neck, chin, and throat buff, spotted 
with black; under wing-coverts uniform. Otherwise like the adult. 
Herr Biittikofer (' Notes from the Leyden Museum,7 vii. p. 220, 
1885) mentions having obtained in Western Liberia a female specimen 
agreeing in every respect with Cassin's description of C. vestita. 
This I take to be a bird in first plumage, 
Eab. Senegal to the Gold Coast, and extending into the Niam 
Mam Country and the Tingasi District. 
a, b. Juv. sk. West Africa. Purchased. 


c. <5 ad. sk. Gold Coast, Jan. (Kirby), Shelley Coll. 
106 PICID-2E. 
d. 6 ad. sk. Fantee. S. T. Aubin [G.]. 
«. 6 ad.; / . $
imm. sk. 
Aburi (T. & Buckley). Shelley Coll. 
y. $ ad. sk. Nclortima, NiaNov. 1880. 
m Niam Country, E. BobndorfffC.l. 
& $ ad. sk. Tingasi. Einin Paska "P.J. 

11. Campotliera permista. 
Dendrornus brachyrhvnehns (non Sicaim.), Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. 
p. 182 (1857); U. J.f. 0. 1801, p. 264. 
Chrysopicus brachvrhynchtis, MaHi. Pieidcp, ii. p. 152, pi. xci. furs. 0, 
7"(1862). 
Campotliera brachyrhyncha, Cab. $ Heine, Mm, Hein. iv. p. 132 
(1803). 
Picus braehyrhynehus, Sundew Consp. Av. Picin. p. 02 (I860). 
Campetbera brachyrhvncha, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mas. 18C8, p. 78 ; 

id. Hand-L B. if. p." 192, no, 6089 (1870). 
Picus (Campotliera) permistue, Ileichenoic, J.f.O. lb7G7 p. 07. 
Campetbera maculosa {non Valenc), Sharpe fy Bouvier, Bull. Soe. 

Zool. France; 1870, p. 51. 
Campetbera permista, Sharpe fy Bonder, Jjfo//. *Vor. -£W. France, 
1876, p. 312; Bocage, Orn. Any., App. p. 536 (lc?sl). 
Campotbera permista, Ilargitt, Ibis, Ibbo, p. 47b; Sharpe, Jour. 
Linn. Soe. xvii. p. 431 (lbS4). 

Adult male. Resembles C. maculosa, but is very much smaller 
and has always the under wing-coverts and axillaries transversely 
spotted with black; the tail is browner and the shafts are brown, 
only the tips being black* the lateral feathers occasionally have 
bar-like spots of brownish white upon the base of the inner 
webs. Total length 6 inches, cnlmen 0*67, wing 3*7, tail 2*4, 
tarsus 0*65; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*6, outer posterior 
0*5, inner anterior 0*45, inner posterior 0*2. 

Adult female. Has the forehead and crown black spotted with 
yellowish white, the occiput (only) being scarlet. Otherwise like the 
adult male. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*55, tail 2*15, 
tarsus 0*65. 

Immature (sex ?). The feathers of the forehead and crown are 
yellow with sooty-black bases, the nuchal crest being bright golden 
yellow inclining to orange ; under wing-coverts buffy white spotted 
with black : tail dusky olive, all the feathers having faint blackish 
bars. This is an interesting stage, and apparently rare in collections. 


Bab. Gaboon and the Congo Region. 

a. $ ad. sk. Gaboon (Du Chaillu). Sharpe Coll 
b. 2 ad.; c. Gaboon (Walker). Sharpe Coll. 
imm, sk. 
d, e. <$ ad. sk. Gaboon. II. T. Ansell, Esq. [P.". 
/. J ad. sk. Gaboon, A. Bouvier, Esq. [PA 

g. $ ad. sk. Congo (Petit). Shelley Coll. 
6. CAMPOTHERA, 
107 
12. Campothera caroli. 
Chloropicus caroli, Malh. JRev. de Zool. 1852, p. 550. 
Dendrobates caroli, Hartl. J.f. 0. 1854, p. 198. 
Pardipicus caroli, Bonap. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 9 (1854). 
Scolecotheres caroli, Meichenb. Scans, Picince. p. 429, no. 1012 5 


(1854). 
Dendronius caroli, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. pp. 182, 274 (1857); Cass. 
Proc. Acad. PMlad. 1859, p. 141 ; Heine, J. f. 0. I860, p. 191; 
Hartl. op. cit. 1861, p. 264. # 

Chrysopicus caroli, MaTh. Picidte, ii. p. 157, pi. xci. fig. 4 (1862). 
Cnipotheres caroli, Cab.fy Heine, Mas. Hem. iv. p. 131 (1863). 
Picus caroli, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 56 (I860): Beichenow.J. f. 


0. 1877, p. 18. 
Campethera 
caroli, Cass. Proc. Acad. PMlad. 1863, p. 326• Gray, 
List Picid. Brit. Mas. p. 79 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 192, 
no. 8691 (1870); Sharpe, CaLAfr. B. p. 17 (1871) ; id. Ibis, 1872, 

p. 68; TJssher, op. cit. 1874, p. 55 ; Sharpe $• Bouvier, Bull. Soc. 
Zool. France, 1876, p. 16; Bocage, Orn. Ang., App. p. 536 (1877). 
Campotliera caroli, Hargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 480 j Biittik. Notes Leyden 
Mas. 1885, p. 221; Sharpe, Joitrn. Linn. Soc. xvii. p. 431 (1884); 
Biittik. Rotes Leyden Mas. 1888, p. 96, 1889, p. 125. 

Adidt male. Has the upper parts uniform olive and the underpays 
spotted with buff' or fulvesccnt white as in C. nlvosa; but it 
is a very distinct species, and differs from the latter in having a 
large rufous patch on the posterior part of the face and the side of 
the neck ; the malar region, chin, and throat being spotted like the 
underparts, and the feathers of the forehead, crown, occiput, and 
nape tipped with dull crimson, their bases being dusky olive. The 
dimensions of C. caroli are also very much greater: " eyes dark 
brown ; feet greenish " (Luean Sf Petit). Total length 7*3 inches, 
culmen 1*05, wing 4*15, tail 2'5, tarsus 0*72; toes (without claws) 
—outer anterior 0*63, outer posterior 0*57, inner anterior 0*45, 
inner posterior 0*27. 

Adult female. Has the forehead, crown, and occiput uniform 
blackish olive. In other respects the sexes resemble each other. 
Total length 7 inches, culmen 1, wing 3*95, tail 2*4, tarsus 0*7. 

The peculiar green colour distributed over the face and the under 
wings of Gaboon examples is, without doubt, a stain derived from 
the trees affected by the species in Gaboon alone. 

Hah. Prom Gaboon to the Gold Coast and Liberia, and extending 
eastward into the Niam Niam Country. 

a, b. J ad. sk.
e. <$ ad. sk. 
Denkera {H. T. Ussher). 
Gaboon. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Purchased. 
d. (S ad. sk.
e. 2 a(l-s^/ 
. § ad. sk.
y. 5 imm. sk.
*/i. $ ad. sk.
i. $ ad. sk.
k. $ ad. sk. 
Gaboon (Walker). 
Gaboon (Du Chaillu). 
Gaboon. 
Gaboon (Walker). 
Gaboon (Du Chaillu). 
J£. Muni (Du Chaillu). 
Sa^sa, Niam Niam Country. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
F. Bohndorff [C.]. 

108 
PICIDJE. 

13. Campothera nivosa. 
Dendromus nivosus, 
Swains. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 162 (1837); Earth 
Orn. W. Afr. p. 183 (1857); Cass. Proc. Acad. PMlad. 1859, 

p. 1415 Heine, J.f 0. I860, p. 192 ; Hartl. op. cit. 1861, p. 264: 
Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 194 ; Ussher, op. cit. 1874, p. 55. 
Campethera nivosa, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 489 (1846); id. List Pidd. 
Brit. Mus. p. 80 (1868); id. Hand~l B. ii. p. 192, no. 2154 (1870); 
Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 17 (1871); id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 607. 

Chloropicus nivosus, Malh. Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, p. 852. 
Dendrobates nivosus, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 126 (1850) ; HariL 
Jf O. 1854, p. 198. 
Scolecotheres nivosus, Reichenb. Scans. PitincB, p. 428; no. 1012 

(1854). 
Pardipicus nivosus, Bp. Consp. Valuer, Zygod. p. 9 (1854). 
Chrysopicus nivosus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 151, pi. xcii. %s. 1, 2 

(1862). 
Stictocraugus pardinus, Cab.fy Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. ISO (1863). 
Picus pardinus, Temm. in Mus. Lugd.; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. 

p. m (1866). 
^Dendrobates congicus *, Bocage, Jorn. Acad. Sc. Lisb, no. xxix. p. 50; 
id. Orn. Any., App. p. 535 (1877). 
Campothera 
nivosa, Hargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 482; Biiitik. Leyden 
Notes, 1885, p. 221, 1886, p. 264. 

Adult male. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, scapulars, wing-
coverts, outer webs of secondaries and of primaries at the base uniform 
golden olive; the remaining portion of the quills brownish 
black, the primaries spotted with white on the outer webs; the 
inner webs of the quills margined with white on more or less of the 
basal portion, the white scalloping the black web; shafts black; 
tail brownish black, the lateral feathers spotted with buffy white on 
the outer webs; shafts black; nasal plumes brownish black* forehead, 
crown, and occiput olive-brown, the nape scarlet; face (except 
above the ear-coverts), chin, and throat fulvescent white, the malar 
region, chin, and throat striped with olive-black : above the ear-
coverts, the side of the neck and fore neck, and the whole of the 
underparts and under tail-coverts brownish olive, covered with 
rounded spots of buffy or fulvescent white; under wing-coverts uniform 
buffy white. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*3, 
tail 1*7, tarsus 0*75; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*62, 
outer posterior 0*55, inner anterior 0*4, inner posterior 0*25. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red 
nuchal band. Total length 6*5 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*55, 
tail 1*8, tarsus 0*7. 

Hab. Casamanze, through Liberia and the Gold Coast to the 
Cameroons; Gaboon, and the "West Congo region. 

* I have examined the type, aud found it to be an immature example of the 
present species. 
7 . CHKYSOPTILUS. 109 
a. $ ad. sk. West Africa. Zoological Society. 
b. J ad. sk. West Africa. Purchased. 
c. c? imm. sk. West Africa. Tweeddale CoU. 
d. J ad. sk. Gold Coast {Kirby). Shelley CoU. 
e. (J ad. sk. 
f}g. dad. etjuv.; 
A, e, h. $ ad. et 
Fantee. 
Fantee. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 
imm. sk. 
1. $ ad. sk. Fantee. Tweeddale Coll. 
m. <J ad. sk. Fantee. R. Bowdler Sharps, 
?i. $ ad. sk. 
o. tf ad.; p, q. $ 
Fantee (E. T. Ussher). 
Denkera, Jan. 1872 (Blis-
Esq. [P.]. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
ad. sk. 
r. $ ad. sk. 
sett).
Wassau (Blissett). Sharpe Coll. 
s. $ ad. sk. Wassait (Blissett). Shelley Coll. 
£. J imm. sk. 
u. J ad. sk. 
Accra (Haynes). 
Cameroon mountains, Feb. 
4, 1871 (Crossley). 
Sharpe Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 

7. CHEYSOPTILUS. 
Type. 
Chrysoptilus, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer. p. 300 
(1831) C. guttata. 
Chrysopicus (pt.), Bjp. Consp, Vohter. Zygod. no. 142 
(1854) ' C. atricohis. 

Range. South America, south into the Argentine Republic and 
Chili. 

Key to the Species. 

A. Underparts spotted. 
a\ Chin and throat distinctly striped; the 
entire margins of the feathers being 
white. 

a". Shafts of the six central tail-feathers 
black. 
a'". Ground-colour of the under sur


face of the body green. [p. 111. 
a4. With red malar stripe melanochlorus <$ ad., 
¥. Malar region striped black and [p. 111. 

white melanocldorus J ad.; 

&'". Ground-colour of the under surface 
of the body yellow, or sometimes 
orange on the chest. 

c4. With a broad black stripe behind 
the malar region; chest orange; 
rump and upper tail-coverts 
nearly white. 

a5. With red malar stripe cristatus <$ ad., p. 112. 

65. Malar region black,with stripelike 
spots of white cristatus £ ad., p. 113. 
c5. Malar region uniform black .. cristatus, juv., p. 113. 

110 
PICID^). 

(IK With no black stripe behind the 
malar region; chest not orange; 
rump and upper tail-coverts 
bright yellow. 


d5. Runrp and thighs barred. 
aG. With red malar stripe ... . icttromelas $ ad., p. 114. 
5°. Malar region striped black 

and white icieromelets 2 ad., p. 114. 
e\ Rump uniform or spotted, not 

barred; thighs spotted. 
&. "With red malar stripe ... . chnjsomelas J ad., p. 115. 
dr\ Malar region striped black 

and white chryso?ndas 2 ad., p. 11*5. 
b". Shafts of all the tail-feathers yellow, 
the central ones brown at the tip . . marice S ad., p. 115. 

b' Chin and throat spotted, the white spots 
being one on each web, sometimes large 
and reducing the black in the middle 
of the feather to a stripe, but the white 
never forming an even margin to the 
feather, 


c". Smaller : length 7 inche>, wing 3*04 
; the spots on the chin and throat 
small and rounded, the feathers not 
having a striped appearance. 


c'". With red malar stripe pu/icfigula J ad., p. 1 10. 
d"'. Malar region black, minutely spotted 
with white '. pmictiguia 2 ad., p. 117. 
e'". Malar region uniform black punciigula 2 juv., p. 117. 

d". Larger : length 8 inches, wing 4*3 ; 
the spots on the chin and throat, 
in the adult, large and narrowing the 
black in the middle of the feather to 
a stripe, rounded in the young. 


/"'. With red malar stripe".... T gutiatus J ad., p. 118. 
(/'". Malar region striped black and 
white guttatus 2 **d., p. IIS. 
h'". Malar stripe uniform black guttatus juv., p. 118. 

B. 
Underparts barred ,* chin and throat uniform 
black, with red malar stripe atricollis <$ ad., p. 110. 
1. Chrysoptilus melauocHorns. 
Picus melanochloros, Gin. Syst. Nat. L p. 427, J (1788); Lath. Lid. 
Orn. i. p. 239 (1700); Vieill X. Diet tfffist. Xat. xxvi. p. 76 
(1818); id. § Bonn. Ene. 3Ieth. iii. p. 1308 (1823); Wagl Si/st 
Av. Picus, sp. 42 (1827), pt ; Drap. Diet Class, xiii. p. 490 (1828); 
Neuaned, Beitr. Xaturg. Bras. iv. p. 423 (1832). 

Carpintero verclinegro, Azara, Apunt. Hist Nat. Pdvar. Parar/. ii. 

p. 306, no. 252 (1805). 
Picus melanochlorus, Ltckt. Verz. Doubl p. 10 (1823); Sundev. 
Consp.Av. Picin. p. 75 (1866). 
Picus chlorozostus, Wagl Isis, 1820, p. 513, 2 • 
Picus melanochloris, Cm\ Itegne AniniA. p. 451 (1829). 
Chrysoptilus melanochlorus, Marti, hid. Azara, p. 16, no. 252 (1847); 

7 . CHBYSOPTILTJS. 
Il l 
Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 242 (1856); ScL Cat. Amer. B. p. 340, 
no. 2032 (1862); Cab. $ Heine, Mus. Hem. iv. p. 164 (1863); 
Gray, ZistPicid. Brit. Mus. p. 93 (1868): id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 11)5, 
no. 8735 (1870). 

Chrysopicos melanochlorus, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metx. 
1848-49, p. .354. 
Chrysoptilus buffonii, Bp. Co?isp. Gen. Av. i. p. 122 (1850); id. Consp. 
Volucr. Zygod. p. 9, no. 141 (1854); Reiehenb. Scans. Picince, 

p. 419. no. 984, pi. dclxx. fig. 4441 S (1854). 
Chrysoptilus melanochloros, Reiehenb. Scans. Picinm. p. 420, no. 987 
pi. dcixxl. figs. 4444-45, $ $ (1854). 
Clirysopicus melanochlorus, Malh. Bull. Soc. dHist. Nat. Moselle, 
1857, p. 11; id. Picidee, ii. p. 187, pi. lxxxvii. bis,figs. 4,5, $ $ (1862). 
Clirysopicus clilorozostus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 183, pi. lxxxvii. bis, 
figs. 1, 2, 6 $ (1862). 
Chrysoptilus clilorozostus, ScL Cat. Amer. B. p. 340, no. 2031 (1862), 
pt.; Pelz, Orn. Bras. p. 249 (1870) ; Berl. # Jhering, in Madar. 
Zeitschr. ges Orn. 1885, p. 158. 

Chrysoptilus 
cristatus (pt.), Cab. Sf Heine, Mtis. Hein. iv. p. 165 
(1863); Gray, List Pieid. Brit Mus. p. 93 (1868)• id. Hand-l. B. 

ii. p. 195, no. 8740 (1870). 
Adult male. Back and scapulars bright yellowish olive barred 
with black; the rump and upper tail-coverts golden yellow, the 
former with varied spots of black, the latter having an apical 
Y-shaped marking and basal bars of black; wing-coverts rather 
browner than the back, with an apical heart-shaped spot and basal 
bars of black, the lesser series black with golden-olive margins only; 
quills blackish brown, the outer webs (except the apical portion of 
the primaries) spotted with golden olive, the inner webs of the 
primaries margined with greyish white at the base, those of the 
secondaries spotted with white on the margin, the innermost feathers 
barred with olive across both webs ; shafts yellow, brownish at the 
base; tail black, the central pair of feathers transversely spotted 
with, yellowish brown at the base, the outer large feather barred 
across with smoky buff, the shaft being yellow, the other shafts 
black or brownish; nasal plumes, forehead, and crown black; 
occiput, nape, and malar stripe crimson ; face yellowish white; 
chin, throat, and fore neck yellowish white striated with black; 
side of the neck, hind neck, chest, and breast yellowish olive, 
becoming yellower on the remaining underparts and under tail-
coverts, the whole being covered with rounded or heart-shaped spots 
of black; under wing-coverts golden buff, the axillaries golden 
yellow. Total length 11*5 inches, oilmen 1*17, wing 5-8, tail 4*2, 
tarsus T06; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 1*03, outer posterior 
1, inner anterior 0*75, inner posterior 0*52. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the malar 
region black with stripe-like spots of white. Total length 11 inches, 
culmen 1*15, wing 5*55, tail 3*9, tarsus 1. 

Hab. Southern provinces of Brazil (Minas Geraes to Rio Grande 
do Sul) and Paraguay. 

112 
PI0ID-2B. 

a. $ ad. sk. South America. Lord Stuart de Roth-
say [P.]. 
b. $ ad. sk. South America. J. Gould, Esq. [P.], 
c. g ad.; d, e, $ Brazil. Sclater Coll. 
ad. sk. 
/. ? ad. sk. Brazil. Gould Coll. 
. cS ad. sk. Minas Geraes, Brazil Sclater Coll, 
(Rogers), 
k $ ad. sk. NOTO Fribourgo, Eio Salvin-CTodman Coll. 
Janeiro (J. Youds). 
i, h. cS $ imm. Pelotas, Eio Grande do Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. Sul (Joijner). 
I $ ad. sk. Eio Grande, Brazil. Tweeddale Coll. 

2. Chrysoptilus cristatns. 
Chrysoptilus cristatus, Vieill N. Diet. dHist. Nat. xxvi. p. 08 
(1818); Cab. Sf Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 105 (1863), pt.; ticl. $8alv. 
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 100 (1873); Zee, Ibis, 1873, pp. 132, 
134; Gibson, op. tit. 1880, p. #ll; White, P.Z.8. 1882, p. (518; 
Dalgl. Proc. JR. Phys. 8oc. Edi/ib. 1884, p. 80; Gibson, Ibis, 1885, 

p. 282; Withingt. Ibis, 1888, p. 468; Set. $ Ilads. Arg. Orn. ii. 
p. 21 (1889). 
Chrysoptilus 
chlorozostus (non WagL), Lieht. Nomencl Av. p. 70 
(1854); Scl. # Sah. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 143; Huds. op. tit 1870, 

p. 158. 
Chrysopicus melanolaimus *, Malh. Picidte, ii. p. 185, pi. Ixsxix. 
figs. 7, 8, d ? (1862). 
Chrysoptilus nielanolaemus, Scl Cat. Amer. B. p. 340, no. 2033 
B(1862) ', Cab. $ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 165 (1863). 
Picus chlorozostus (nofi Wagl.), Sundev. Consp. Ai\ Pitin. p. 75 
(1866). 
Picus melanolsemus (ex Malh.), Sundev. Consp. Av. Pitin. p. 76 
(1886). 
Chrysoptilus melanolaimus, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 93 
(1868); id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 195, no. 8736 (1870). 
Chrysoptilus ehrysornelas (non Mai/i.), Gray, List Picid. Brif. Mus. 

p. 92 (1868); id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 19o,_no, 8734 (1870). 
Colaptes leucofrenatus, Zeybold, Leopoldina, 1873, yiii. p. 53; Von 
Martens, J.f. 0.1875, p. 445. 
Picus leucophrenatus, Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 162 (1876). 

Adult male. Bears a great resemblance to C. melanocldorus as 
regards the pattern of the plumage, but is very distinct in colouration. 
The present species differs in having the ground-colour of 

* 
Under this name Malherbe has described a bird from Bolivia as allied to 
O. cristatns, but differing from it by having in the adult stage a uniform black 
throat. The type is in the British Museum, and although it cannot be denied 
that the throat is blacker than in typical C. cristatns, still it is striped with white, 
and not uniform, and I am not disposed to accord it a specific title. Malherbe 
(Picid^e, ii. p. 185) mentions having seen four examples (which he supposes were 
collected by D'Orbigny, but which bear no indication as to the exact locality) 
in the Paris Museum; I have searched for these, but cannot find a trace or 
record of them; so probably they no longer exist in that Museum. 
7. CHKYSOPTILTJS. 
the back and scapulars pale yellow ; the ground-colour of the rump 
yellowish white, and of the upper tail-coverts white, the black 
markings on the former being V-shaped and crescentic instead of 
spots• the outer large tail-feather very narrowly barred with pale 
buff, the bars about one quarter of the width of the deep black 
interspaces; anterior half of the face bufTy white, the posterior half 
buff; chin and throat with at most only a tinge of yellow, broadly 
striped with black; behind the crimson malar region a longitudinal 
spot of black; the under surface of the body yellowish white, the 
chest conspicuously washed with orange, the under tail-coverts 
white, the black spots upon these parts very much larger and upon 
the flanks and thighs more transverse ; the light markings on the 
wing-coverts and exposed portions of the quills white, more or less 
tinged with buff or yellow; the shafts of the quills bright golden 
yellow to the base: "iris dark brown" (E. W. White). Total 
length 11*5 inches, culmen 1*6, wing 6*03, tail 3*8, tarsus 1*16; toes 
(without claws)—outer anterior 1*02, outer posterior 0*93, inner 
anterior 0*7, inner posterior 0*5. 

The younger male has the face white, and lacks the uniform 
black longitudinal spot or stripe behind the red malar region, the 
feathers being striated with yellow or yellowish white on the 
margins. 

Adult female. Wants the red on the malar region, this being 
black spotted with greyish white, the posterior portion of the stripe 
uniform black. Total length 11*3 inches, culmen 1*45, wing o-8t 
tail 3*8, tarsus 1*12. 

Hah. Argentine Eepublie, Uruguay, and the extreme southern 
part of Brazil; Chili and Bolivia. 

a. 2 ad. sk. Rio Parana, Arg. Rep. April H. Burnford, Esq. 
14, 1876. 
L (S ad. sk. Gualeguaychu, Arg. Rep. Sclater Coll. 

JP 

c. 5 ad. sk. Pay&andu, Arg. Rep., Aug. Alan Peel, Esq. [C.1 
d. <$ ad.sk. Uruguay, Aug. Alan Peel, Esq. fC.J. 
e. <$ imm. sk. Monte Video (Johnston). Salvin-Godruan Coll. 
/ . $ imm. sk. Vicinity of Buenos Ayres Salvin-Godman OolL 
(Haslehurst). 

Conchitas, Buenos Ayres, Oct. Sclater Coll. 

(W. H. Hudson). 
*. $ imm. sk. Punta, Lara, Buenos Ayres, H. Burnford, Esq. 
Dec. 1876. [C.J. 

h. c? ad. sk. La Plata. Selater Coll. 
1) m. <$ J ad. sk. Cordova, Arg. Rep., July, Dec. Salvin-G-odman Coll. 
(E. W. White). 
n. 
c? ad. sk. Mendoza, Arg. Rep., Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
( Wmshaupt). 
o. c? ad.; p, g-. $ Bolivia. T. Bridges [C.]. 
ad. j r. S imm. 
st. 
s. (3 ad. sk. Chili. 
Zoological Society. 
t. $ ad. sk. Chili, July 1849 (Admiral Gould Coll. 
VOL. xvin. 

114 
PICIBJ3. 

3. Chrysoptilus icteromelas. 
Picus icteromelas, VieilL N. Bid. xxvi. p. 84, <$ (1818) ; id. 4'Bonn. 

Enc. Meih. iii. p. 1313 (1823); Wagl Syst. At. Picus, sp. 43 

(1827); Drap. Diet. Class, xiii. p. 503 (1828); Sundev. Consp. Av. 

Picui.ip. 74(1866). 

Picus nattereri*, MalJi. Mem. Soc. Box/. Liege, 1845, p. 66. _ 

Chrvsoptilus icteromelas, 
Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 122 (1850); id. 
Consp. Yolucr. Zi/qod. p. 9, no. 140 (1854); Reichenb. Scans. 
Picina, p. 421, no! 988, pi. dclxxi. n>. 4446, £ ad. (1854); Cab. dy 
Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 164 (1863) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. JIus. 

p. 92 (1868); id. HandU B. ii. p. 195, no. b7S8 (1870); Pelz. Orn. 
Bras. p. 248 (1870); Scl. 4' &*&• Xomencl. Av. Keotr. p. 100 
(1873). 
Dendromus meriani, Hartl Syst. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 181 (1857)t. 
Chrysopicus icteromelas. Malh. Pieidm, ii. p. 182, pi. IxxxTiii. 
figs. 1 <J,2 ? ad. (1862). 

Adult female. Back, scapulars, rump, and upper series of upper 
fcail-coyerts bright yellowish olive, the lower series of the upper tail-
coverts less yellow, the whole being barred with black: wing-
coverts and quills brownish black, the coverts barred, the outer webs 
of the quills spotted and the inner feathers barred across both webs 
with drab-brown more or less washed with olive-yellow ; the inner 
webs of the quills spotted with white, and the shafts entirely golden 
yellow; tail black, the six central feathers more or less barred at 
the base with buify yellow and having black shafts, the two outer 
large feathers on either side entirely barred with yellowish buff and 
having golden shafts ; upper nasal plumes, forehead, and crown 
black; occiput and nape scarlet, the hind neck yellowish olive with 
longitudinal spots and bars of black; lower nasal plumes and anterior 
half of face nearly white, the posterior half buff; malar 
region striped greyish white and black ; chin, throat, and fore neck 
yellowish white narrowly striped with black; side of the neck, the 
whole of the under surface of the body yellow spotted with black, 
the spots almost entirely heart-shaped, but on the abdomen very 
minute, and on the thighs somewhat V-shaped or transverse ; under 
tail-coverts pale yellow barred with black ; under wing-eoverts and 
axillaries golden pale buff. Total length 8*7 inches, culmen 1*1, 
wing 5, tail 3-2, tarsus 0*9 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 
0*82, outer posterior 0*75, inner anterior 0*58, inner posterior 0*42. 

Adult male. *' Has the malar stripe red,* but otherwise resembles 
the adult female. Total length 9*4-9*8 inches, bill to gape 0*951*
15, wing 4*9, tail 3*3, tarsus 0*75." {Malherhe.) 

Bab. Brazil (Southern part of the Provinces of Matto Grosso and 
Goyaz). 

* Malherbe in his Monograph (ii. p. 182) expresses a belief that his P. nattereri 
and P. icteromelas of Vieillot are identical, at the same time admitting that 
he has neter seen the latter species. Judging from Malherbe's description of 
P. nattereri, I should have been inclined to refer it to C. melanock'oruSi with 
which it agrees better; but as the latter species was apparently well known to 
Malherbe, I presume that authors conclusions are correct. 
t According to Malherbe this was founded on a " made-up" bird of the 
present species, said to have been obtained in Aguapim. 

7. CHRYS0PTILTJ3. 11 5 
a. 5 ad. sk. Cuyaba, Brazil, Aug. (J". Natterer). Sclater Coll. 
h. 2 ad. sk. Chapada, Matto (irosso, March Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(H. H. Smith). 
4. Chrysoptilus chrysomelas. 
Chrysopicus chrysomelas, Malh. Picid(B} ii. p. 189, pi. Ixxxix. figs. 1, 

2, d S (1862). 

Chrysoptilus chrysomelas. Cab. fy Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 163 

(1863). 

Picus flavilumbis, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 74 (1866). 

Chrysoptilus flavilumbis, Gray, Lid Picid. Brit. Mas. p. 92 (1868) ; 

id. Kand-l. B. ii. p. 195, no. 8739 (1870); Salv. Cat. Strichl Coll 

p. 396, no. 1939(1882). 
Adult male. Very closely resembles C. icteromdas, but differs in 

having the rump uniform bright yellow, or sometimes spotted with 

black, not barred; the abdomen uniform, and the exposed black 

markings on the thighs being heart-shaped or varied spots and not 

black bars. Total length 10 inches, culmen 1*25, wing 5*05, tail 

3*6, tarsus 0*9 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*82, outer 

posterior 0*75, inner anterior 0*55, inner posterior 0*35. 

Adult female. Wants the red on the malar region, this being 

greyish white striped with black. Total length 10 inches, culmen 

1*18, wing 5*3, tail 3*75, tarsus 0*88. 

Young female. Differs from the adult of the same sex in having 

the plumage almost devoid of yellow, there being only a slight 

tinge of this colour on the back and rump and also on the chest; 

the under surface of the body and the under wing-coverts are more 

of a buify white, the former having the faintest tinge of yellow; the 

shafts of the quills are white or nearly so ; the crest is of a washed-

out scarlet. 

Hah. East Brazil (Bahia, north to Pernambuco). 

a. 2 &&-s** Brazil. Zoological Society. 
b. <$ ad. j c. d. 2 Brazil. Tweeddale Coll. 
ad.; e.f.<$ 
9 imm. sk. 
g, h. <$ 5 ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll. 

i. 2 imm. sk. Pernambuco, Brazil. Sclater Coll. 
k, I. d 2 a^« 5 Bahia, Brazil {Br. JVucherer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
m. J imm. sk. 
5. Chrysoptilus maris. 
Chrysoptilus marise, Hargitt, Ibis, 1889, p. 59. 
Adult male. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts olivaceous yellow 
broadly barred with black- rump and upper tail-coverts yellow 
with heart-shaped spots of black; quills brownish black, the primaries 
spotted with dull yellow on the outer webs, the inner webs 
more or less margined and scalloped with white; the outer webs of 
the secondaries barred with dull yellow, the inner webs having mar


i2 

116 PICJDJ3. 

ginal white spots, the inner secondaries barred with dull yellow 
across both webs; shafts golden yellow ; tail brownish black, the 
central feathers at the base and the lateral ones along their whole 
length barred with buffy white tinged with } ellow ; shafts golden 
yellow, those of the central feathers blackish brown at the tip; 
upper nasal plumes, forehead, and crown black; occiput and nape 
crimson; lower nasal plumes and face golden white, with a broad 
crimson malar stripe ; chin and throat pale yellow narrowly striated 
with black ; side of the neck greenish } ellow, the fore neck and the 
entire under surface of the body bright yellow, the whole being 
covered with rounded spots of black; under tall-coverts yellow with 
heart-shaped spots of brownish black ; under wing-coverts pale buff 
washed with yellow; axillaries bright yellow. Total length 8*5 
inches, culmen 1*05, wing 4*5, tall 2-8,. tarsus 0*9; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*67, outer posterior 0*62, inner anterior 
0*47, inner posterior 0*3. 

Eab. Korth-east Peru (Chamicuros). 

6. Chrysoptilus ptnxctignla. 
Le Petit Pic raye" de Cayenne, Buff. Hist. Xat. Ois. vii. p. 374 

(1783). ^ 
Pic ra ^ de Cayenne, Dauhent. PL Enl. 01S, 2 (1783). 
Picus punctigula, Bodd. Tabl. PL Enl. p. 37, no. 013. 
Pieus cayennensis, Gm. Si/st. Xat. i. p. 428 (17bs) ; Burm. Tk. Bras* 

ii. p. 243 (1850). 
Picus cayanensis, Lath. Lid. Orn. i. p. 239 (1790). 
Picus gutttilatus, WagL SyU. Av. Pieus, pp. 87 (1827). 
Chrysoptilus cayennensis, Swains. Ciassif. B. ii. p. 308 (1837); Bp. 
Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 122 (1850), pt.: Reiehenh. Seam. Pieinm, 

p. 420, no. 968, pi. dclxxi. fig*. 4442-43, d d ad. (1854); Bp. 
Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 9, no. 138 (18o4). 

Chrysoptilus cayanensis, Gray, List Gen. 1840, p. 54. 

Chrysoptilus punctigula, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 440 (1846); Cab. f 

Heine, Mus. Hrin. iv. p. 162 (1863) ,* Gray* List Picid. Brit. 

Mm. p. 91 (1868); id. lland-l. B. ii. p. 195, no. 8731 (1870); 

Mat. §• Salv. Nomencl. Av. Xeofr. p. 100 (1573), pt.; Salv. Cat. 

Strickl. Coll. p. 397, no. 1940 (18*2). 

Chrysopieos cayennentis, Malh. 2VI Classify Mim. Acad. Jfetz, 184849, 
p. 354. 
Chrysoptilus punctigularis, SelaL Cat Amer. B. p. 340, no. 2029 
(J862),pt 
Picus punctigularis, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 73 (1866). 

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts deep golden 
olive narrowly barred with black, the rump more golden yellow and 
spotted with black; wing-coverts, both webs of inner secondaries, 
and outer webs of all the other quills, except the apical portion of the 
outer primaries, golden olive barred with black; the inner webs 
brownish black, notched or transversely spotted on the margin with 
white or smoky white ; shafts golden yellow; tail black, the lateral 
feathers narrowly barred with buffy brown; shafts of the two outer 
large feathers yellow, those of the others brown; nasal plumes, 

I . CHRYSOPTILTJS. 
forehead, and crown black, some of the feathers slightly tipped 
with red ; occiput, nape, and largo malar stripe crimson ; lores and 
side of the face white; chin and throat black spotted with white, 
the black ground greatly predominating ; side of the neck, chest, and 
breast olive, grading into yellow on the remaining underparts and 
under tail-coveits, the whole (except the abdomen which is uniform) 
being spotted with black, and some of the chest-feathers tipped with 
red ; under wing-coverts and axillaries dull golden buff. Total 
length 6*8 inches, culmen 0*93, wing 4*1, tail 2*45, tarsus 0*83 ; 
toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*7, outer posterior 0*7, inner 
anterior 0*5, inner posterior 0*3. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red on 
the malar region, this being black minutely spotted with white ; the 
black feathers of the forehead and crown always devoid of red tips. 
Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 3 9, tail 2*4, tarsus 0-82. 

The younger female has the malar region black, without white 
spots. 
Hab. Cayenne, and west into Demerara and Trinidad. 

aj b. S ad. sk. Trinidad. Zoological Society. 
c. c? ad. sk. S. America. Purchased, 
d. $ ad. sk. Demerara. Purchased. 
e. (S ad. sk. Cayenne. Sclater Coll. 

7. Chrysoptilus gnttatus, 
Picus guttatus, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 61, pi. liii. fig. 1, c? (1824). 
Chrysoptilus guttatus, Steams. Classif. B. ii. p. 308 (1837): Grayy 

Gen. B. ii. p. 440 (1846). 
Chrysoptilus cayennensis, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 122 (1850), pt. 
Chrysoptilus guttifer, Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 420, no. 986 # 

(1854). 

Chrysoptilus punctigula (non Bodd.), Sclat. P. Z. S. 1855, pp. 33, 
l6l; Belz. Oni. Bras. p. 248 (1870); Sclat fy Salv. Nomeml. Av, 
Neotr. p. 100 (1873), pt. 

Chrysopicus cayennensis (non Gm.), Malh. Picidte, ii, p. 179, pi. lxxxvii. 

fig. 4, 5, <j tf,6, $ (1862). 
Chrysopicus guttifer (e.v Reichenb.), Malh. Picidm, ii. p. 181 (1862). 
Chrysoptilus punctigularis, Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 340, no. 2029 

(18152), pt.; Cav.-Tayl. Ibis, 1864, p. 93 • Sclat fy Salv. P. Z. S. 
1866, p. 197, 1873, p. 291. 

Chrysoptilus 
speciosus *, Sclat. MS. ; id. Cat Amer. B. p. 340, 
no. 2030 (1862); id. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 979 • Gray, List Picid. 
Brit. Mus. p. 91 (1868); Sclat. $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 100 
(1873). 

* Malherbe gets the credit of ha\ ing described C. speciosus in his Monograph. 
All that he has done is (after giung a translation of Reichenbach's characters 
of his Chrysoptilus guttifer) to ask if it be not the same as Selater's speciosus, of 
which he gives a figure on plate lxxwii. The figure should be 5, not 6, as 
stated on the plate (see text under C. guttifer, Malh. Picicbe, ii. p. 181). 
Malherbe, under the above heading, distinctly states that he considers 
Selater's C. speciosus to be a variety of C. cayanensis of the Monograph. 

118 
PICXDJE. 

Chrysoptilus punctipectus, Cab. fy Heine, Mm. Hein. IT. p. 163 
(1883); Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 92 (1868) ; id. Hand-L 

B. ii. p. 195, no. 8732 (1870); Salw Cat. Strickl. Coll p. 897, 
no. 1941 (1882); Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p.^88 (1886). ^ 
Picus punctipectus, Swidev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 74 (1866). 

Adult male. Resembles C. punctigula of JBoddaert, but differs in 
having the chin and throat white striped with black, the stripe expanding 
at the base and on the tips of the feathers. In younger 
birds the white is le^s developed and appears as a spot on the web^ 
but in the adult the extent of the white marginal spots reduces the 
black to a distinct stripe; the underparts below the chest are of a 
brighter yellow, and the upper tail-coverts more spotted than 
barred; the measurements are also greater. Total length 8 inches, 
culm on 0'9o, wing 4-25, tail 2-55^ tarsus 0*83; toes (without claws) 
—outer anterior 0*7, outer posterior 0*7, inner anterior 0*52, inner 
posterior 0*33. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the malar 
region black longitudinally spotted with white. Total length 8 
inches, culmen 0*88, wing 4*38, tail 2-65, tarsus 0*82. 

Young (sex ?). Has the malar stripe black, or with at most a few 
almost obsolete white specks; the chin and throat black, spotted 
with white; the underparts duller, and no red on the chest-feathers ; 
no red on the feathers of the forehead and crown, and the red 
occipital band narrower. 

JEah. Upper Amazon region, into Xorth-east Peru, and Xorth 
into the U.S. of Colombia, and Yenezuela. 

a. £ ad.; b, c.$ U.S. Colombia. Tweeddale Coll. 
ad.; d. ginim. 
sk. 
e. S ad.; / . c?
juv. sk. 
g. $ ad. sk 
Bogota. 
New Granada. 
Selater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
L (S ad. sk. Remedios, U.S. Colombia Salvin-Godman Coll. 
t. S ad. sk.
(T. K. Salmon). 
Santa Marta, U.S. Colombia. Tweeddale Coll. 
k. S ad. sk. Upper Amazons. Sclater Coll. 
/. <$ ad. sk.
m. c? ad. sk. 
Pebas, E. Peru, Dec. (J*.
Hauxwell). 
Upper Ueayali, Peruvian 
Salvin-Godman Coil 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Amazons, Aug. (E. Bartleit). 

8. Chrysoptilus atricollis. 
Chrysopieos atricollis, Malk 2VT. Classify Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, 
p. 355. 
Chrysopicus 
atricollis, Math. Mev. et Mag. de Zool 1850, p. 156; 
Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 9, no. 142 (1854); Maih. Picidce, ii. 

p. 178, pi. Ixxxviii. ftg. 4,<5; (1862). 
Chrysoptilus peruvianus, JReichenb. Scans. Picinm% p. 419, no. 985, 
pi. dclxxx. figs. 4493-94, 6 6 (1854). 
Chrysoptilus atricollis, Peichenb. Scans. Picin<e} p. 430, no. 1015 h 

8. CHRYSOPHLEGMA. 
119 

(1854) ; Cab.fy Heine, Hits. Rein. iv. p. 165 (1863) ; Gray, List 
Picitl Brit. Mus. p. 94 (1868); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 148; Gray, 
Hand-IB. ii. p. 195, no. 8?41 (1870); Sclat. Sf Salv. Nomencl 
Av. Neotr. p. 100 (1873); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1880;p. 209,1882, p. 42; 
id. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 86 (1886). 

Picus atricollis, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 76 (1866). 

Adult male. Back, scapulars, wing-coverts, outer webs of secondaries 
and partly of the primaries golden olive, all but the latter 
being narrowly barred with black, the primaries spotted with 
black; the remaining portion of the quills dark brown, on the 
inner webs grading into greyish or brownish white, the innermost 
feathers having more or less of the apical portion of the inner webs 
golden olive and barred with black; shafts yellow, the basal part 
washed with brown; rump and upper tail-coverts dull yellowish 
white barred with black ; tail blackish brown, the central feathers 
margined with olive at the base, the central pair transversely spotted 
with brown on the basal half, the lateral feathers narrowly barred 
with buffy white and having golden shafts, the shafts of the remaining 
feathers being brown with yellowish bases; nasal plumes 
black; forehead, crown, occiput, nape, and malar stripe crimson *; 
face yellowish white; chin, throat, and fore neck uniform black; 
side of the neck and the entire undorparts pale yellow barred with 
black, the bars on the abdomen almost obsolete; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries yellowish white, the edge of the wing transversely 
spotted with black. Total length 9*8 inches, culmen 1*25, wing 4*7, 
tail 3*75, tarsus 0*95; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*75f 
outer posterior 0*75, inner anterior 0-55, inner posterior 0*35. 

Hah. Peru, from Lima northwards. 
a. <$ imm. sk. Pacasmayo P., Peru (J. Orion). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b. <$ ad. sk. Lima, Peru (Nation). Sclater Coll. 

8. CHEYSOPHLEGMA. 
Type. 
Chrysophlegma, Gould, B. Asia, vi. pi. xxxvi. (1849).. C. flavinucha. 
Chloropicos, Malh. Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, p. 350. C. flavinucha. 
Calopicus, Malh. Introd. Monogr. Picid. p. liii. (1861) . C. flavinucha. 

Range. The Himalayan Provinces; Assam; Cachar; south into 
Burmah and Cochin China, and through the Malayan Peninsula into 
the Islands of Sumatra, Bangka, Java, and Borneo. 

* Dr. Taczanowski (Orn. Pe>ou, iii. pp. 86, 87,1886) describes the adult 
male as having the crown plumbeous, and the young as having the feathers of 
this region tipped with red. I certainly think that the adult male has the 
crown-feathers tipped with red ; the young may be similar, but I have not seen 
such examples as would justify my hazarding an opinion on this latter point. 
I have never seen a female, neither can I find any description of one, although 
Dr. Taczanowski gives (in the work above quoted) the measurements of a specimen 
of that sex, but without any further information. 
120 
PICIBJS. 

Key to the Species. 

A. 
Underparts crossed by wavy lines of brownish 
black. 
a'. Upper parts strongly washed with redf 
yellow nuchal crest also more or less 
washed with red. 


»". Forehead and entire face more or less 
recldisk, and, together with the chin 
and throat, nearly uniform mimaium <J ad, p. 123. 

6". Forehead and fore part of the face 
brown, and, together with the chin 
and throat, distinctly spotted with 
blackish brown and buffy white ... . miniatum 2 ad., p. 122. 

b'. Upper partb green varied with yellow, 
and having at most only a few spots of 
red; nuchal crest entirely yellow. 


e". Forehead and entire face more or less 
red, and, together with the chin and 
throat, nearly uniform malarceme $ ad., p. 12S, 

d". Forehead and fore part of the face 
brown, and, together with the chin 
and throat, distinctly spotted with 
blackish brown and bully white mdaceense 2 a^->P« 123. 

B. 
Underparts uniform. 
<?'. Sides of the neck and the chest rufous. 
e". Chin and throat black spotted with 
white. 
a11'. Malar region black spotted with 
white meniale S ad., p. 12.x 

br,t 

. Malar region rufous mentah 2 &d.y p. 125. 
f\ Chin and throat striped black and 
white. 
c"'. Malar region dusky brown spotted 
with white humii d &d.? p. 126. 
d'". Malar region rufous humii $ ad., p. 126. 

d'. Sides of the neck, likewise the chest, olive. 
g". Throat or fore neck varied with white. 
e'". Larger: length 18inches, wing 6*15 


to ms. 

«4. Feathers of the fore neck white, 
the apex being occupied by a large 
spot (more or less triangular) of 
olive-black. 
«*. Chin, throat, and malar region 
lemon-yellow Jlamnueha <$ ad., p. 128. 
Zr5. Chin and malar region rufous, 
the throat like the fore neck .. Jtminucha $ ad., p. 128. 

h*. Feathers of the fore neck dull olive, 
with a narrow rufous apical margin 
and a broad basal margin of 
white, forming a large spot upon 
each web. 


e*. Chin 
and malar region pale 
yellow pierrii <$ (ad. ?), p. 180. 
d5* Chin and malar region rufous, 
the throat like the fore neck .. pierrii § ad.„ p. ISO. 

121 

8. CHRYSOPHLEGMA. 
/'" . Smaller: length 10*5 inches, wing 
5*6; feathers of the throat margined 
with white, except at the tip, and 
having a broad black median stripe 
expanding about midway; malar 
region rufoub (male unknown) ... . ivrayi J ad., p. 180. 

h". Throat and fore neck not varied with 

white. 
g'". Malar region yellow mystacale <$ ad., p. 131. 
ti". Malar region rufous mystacale J ad., p. 131. 

1. ChrysopMegma miniatum. 
Picua miniatus, Forst. Ind. Zool. p. 14, pi. iv. (1781); Lath. Syn. i. 
pt. 2, p. ,595 (1782) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 4S2 (1788); Lath. Ind. 
Orn. p. 241 (1790); Perm, ind. Zool. p. 39, pi. vi. (1790); Shaw, 
Gen. Zool. ix. p. 210, pi. xxxv. (1815); Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. 

xiii. p. 176 (1821); Lath. Hist. B. iii. p. 361 (1822); Gray $ 
Hardiv. III. Ind. Zool. i. pi. xxx. fig. 1 (1830-32); Less. Traite, 
i. p. 222 (1831). 
Picus miniatus (pt.), Wagl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 98 (1827); Vig. 
Mem. liaffi. p. 069 (1830); Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 59 (186(5). 
Malacolophus (Braclij lophus) miniatus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 308 
(1837). 
Gecinus miniatus (pt.), Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 439 (1846); id. List 
Picid. Brit. Mas. p. 75 (1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 191, no. 8682 
(1870). 

Chloropicos 
miniatus (pt.), Malh. N. Classify MSm. Acad. Metz, 
1848-49, p. 350. 
Veuilia miniatus (pt.), Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 128 (1850); Horsf. 
Sf Moore, Cat. B. Mus. JS. I. Co. ii. p. 664 (1856-58). 
Brachylophus miniatus, Strichl. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 31; Bp. (pt.) Consp. 
Volucr. Zygod. p. 10 (1854). 
Venilia miniata (pt.), Reichenb. Scans. Picinm, p. 358, no. 830, 
pi. dcxxix. figs. 4184-85 (1854). 
Chloropicus miniatus (pt.), Malh. Picida3, ii. p. 116, pi. lxxvi.figs. 1, 
2 (1862). 
Chrysophlegma miniatum, Margitt, Ibis, 1886, p. 273. 

Adult male. Upper and middle back, scapulars, wing-coverts, 
outer webs of secondaries and more or less of the basal portion of 
the primaries carmine, the back having spots and transverse markings 
of yellow; lower back and rump lemon-yellow, with olive barlike 
markings and whitish spots, the lower back tinged with red; 
upper tail-coverts blackish brown spotted with white; inner webs 
of quills and outer webs of primaries (except at the base) brown, 
spotted with buff (except on the apical portion of the inner webs); 
shafts of primaries brown, those of the secondaries black; tail 
nearly black, -with black shafts; nasal plumes brown ; forehead, 
crown, and occipital crest carmine, the bases of the feathers buffy 
brown ; nuchal crest yellow washed with red ; hind neck barred olive 
and buff washed with red; sides of the face and neck brownish buff 
spotted with pale red, the lower side of the neck transversely varied 
with dusky brown ; chin and throat buff with a few almost obsolete 

122 PICIDJB. 

brown spots ; fore neck and chest buff, the remaining under surface 
of the body whiter, the whole being crossed by zigzag markings 
of dusky brown; under tail-coverts blacki=>h brown barred with 
huffy white ; under wing-coverts dusky olive-brown, barred and 
spotted with dull white. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 
5*2, tail 3*15, tarsus 1 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*63, 
outer posterior 0*8, inner anterior 0*58, inner posterior 0-35. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead, 
face, neck, and chest covered with minute rounded spots of blackish 
brown and buffy white. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1*07, wing 5, 

tail 3*1, tarsus 0-92. 
Hob. Confined to the Island of Java. 
a. Ad. sk. Java. J. In>kipp, Esq. ~P.]. 
b. S ad. sic. Java {Hor afield). I*.dia Museum. 
c. <$ ad. sk. Java. G^uld Coll. 
d. $ ad. sk. Java. Wallace Coll. 
e. $ ad. sk. E. Java (A. F. Wallace). Tweedtlale Coll. 
f,g. Skeletons. Java. Purchased. 

2. Chrysophlegma malaccense. 
Le Pic de Malacca, Sonn. Toy. Ind. ii. p. 211 (17^21, 
Malaccan "Woodpecker, Lath. 8yn. SuppL p. iii. {I7&7I. 
Pictis malaecensis. Lath. Lid. (Jrn. i. p. i4l (17i*0) ; id. Hist. B. iii. 


p. 302 (1822); JDrap. Di*. Claw. lihf. Xat. xiii. p. 500 (lS2bj ; 
Blyth J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 1(12 (1^45 \. 
Picus miniatus (non Ford.), ShawfyXodd. Xai. 3/*V. xi. pLccccxili. 
(1800). 
Chrysonottis miniatus (non Ford.), Eytoti, P. Z. &'. 1S-J9, p. 100. 
Gecmus miniatus (pt.), Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 4-VJ (1840); id. List 

Ficid. Brit Mm. p. 75 (18138); id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 191, no. 81*82 
(1870). 
Chloropicos miniatus (pt.), Malh. X. Classify Mi'm. Acad. Metz, 

1848-49, p. 350. 
Gecinus malaecensis, Biyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 59 (1849). 
Gecinus miniatus, Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. App. p. 33C (1849). 
Venilia miniatus (pt), Bp. Coasp. Gen. Ar. i. p. 12b f 18*30); Horsf. 

$ Moore, Cat. B. Mm. F. I. Co. ii. p. (304 (lb50~^8). 
Venilia miniata, FeieJwib. JSandb. 6>am. Ficuu?, p. 358, no. 830, 
pi. dexxix. figs. 4184-85, S ? (1854) {pt.) * Moore, F. Z. 8. 1859, 

p. 456. 
Brachylophus miniatus (pt.), Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 10 (1854). 
Chloropicus miniatus (pt), Malh. Ficidee, ii. p. 110. pi. lxxvi. figs. 1, 
2(1862). 
Chrysophlegma miniata, Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 291 (1802); Hume, Sir. 

F. 1873, p. 450; id. op. cit. 1874, p. 472. 
Venilia malaecensis, SclaL F. Z. 8. 1803, p. 211 *. 
Chrysophlegma malaecensis, Stolhzka, J. A. S. B. 1870. p. 292: 
Wald. Ibis, 1871, p. 165; Eume, Sir. F. 1875, p. 324. 
Callolophus malaecensis, Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 50 (1874); Sharpe, 

* In this paper Dr. Sclater clearly points out the differences between thii 
species and its ally C. miniatum. 
8. CHRYSOPHLEGMA. 
123 

P. Z. S. 1875, p. 103; id. Ibis, 1876, p. 35 ; Tweedcl op. cit. 1877, 
p. 289 ; Hume § Davison, Str. F. vi. pp. 140, 510 (1878) ; Hume, 
op, cit. 1879, p. 52; Sharps, Ibis, 1879, p. 242; Sahad. Ann. 
Mus. Civ. Genov.idY. p. 182 (1879); Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. 
p. 47 (1883); Sahad. Ann. Mas. Civ. Star. Nat. Genoa. 1887, 
p. 530. 
Picus miniatus (pt.), Vigors, Mem. Baffl. p. 669 (1830); Sundev. 
Consp. Av. Bicin. p. 59 (1866). 
Chrysophlegma malaccense, Hargitt, Ibis, 1886, p. 276; Sharpe, 

P. Z. S. 1887, p. 442. 
Adult male. Resembles G. miniatum, but may be distinguished 
by having the back olive, with irregular transverse or zigzag 
markings of yellow, and only a few spots or blotches of red; the 
yellow nuchal crest not washed with red. Total length 10*25 
inches, culmen 1*1, wing 4*8, tail 2*7, tarsus 0*9; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*78, outer posterior 0*75, inner anterior 
0*55, inner posterior 0*4. 

Young male. Has the upper parts dusky green, the upper part of 
the back without any of the irregular transverse markings of yellow, 
the tips, only, of the feathers being of the latter colour; the forehead 
and crown dusky brown, the feathers having dusky tips; 
occipital crest dull red, and the nuchal crest pale yellow; the face 
with faint dusky transverse markings, the side of the neck and the 
chest having these markings more pronounced, the chin and throat 
uniform. In other respects the coloration and markings resemble 
those of the adult, but the former is duller and the latter are fainter. 

Adult female. Resembles the adult male, but has the forehead, 
face, chin, and throat spotted with buffy white, and the latter 
region with blackish brown: " legs and feet pale dirty green, claws 
horny green; lower mandible bluish white, upper mandible horny 
black; irides red: eyelids dark grey " ( W, Davison). Total length 
10*6 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 4*8, tail 2*6, tarsus 0*87. 

Nestling (sex ?). Eesembles the young bird described, but has the 
feathers on the top of the head tipped with red • from the chin to 
the lower breast dingy brown, mottled with a lighter dingy rufous, 
the remaining underparts and the under tail-coverts dusky, with 
large, faint, and more or less triangular spots of dingy white or 
brownish white. It wants the reddish face of the adult male and 
the white spotted face of the adult female. 

Hab. Southern Tenasserim and throughout the Malayan Peninsula 
; also Sumatra, Bangka, and Borneo. 

a. <$ ad. sk.
b. S ad. sk. 
Tavoy, Tenasserim, Feb. 1879(W. Davison). 
Mergui Islands, Dec. 7, 1874(W. Davison). 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
c. J ad. sk. TenasserimTown,Nov.26,1874 Hume Coll. 
d. <$ »d.sk.
e. $ ad.; /, g, h.
$ ad.; i, h. c?
(W. Davison). 
Bopyin, Dec. (W. Davison). 
Bankasoon, March, May (W. 
Davison), 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
juv. si. 

124 
PIC1DJE. 

/, 77i, n. J ad.; o, Malewoon, Jan., Feb. (IF. Hume Coll. 

p. 
$ ad. sk. Davison). 
q, r. 
J ad.; s, t Kossoum, April, May, July Hume Coll. 
(J J itnm. sk. (J". Barling). 


u. 
6 ad, sk. Tonkak, Jan. 31, 1879 (J. Dar- Hume CoU. 
liny), 
v, w. S $ ad. sk. Taroir, Feb. 1879 (J. Darling). Hume Coll. 
x,y,z. ($&&.; a', Salary, Feb., March (J. Bar- Hume Coll. 


b',c'. Jad.sk. ling). 
d'. J ad. sk. Perak Mts. m L. Wray, Esq. ~P.]. 
e'-li. c? ad.; &'- Klans:, Salanorore, March, April, Hume Coll. 

V. 5 ad.; m'. May (W.Davison). 
cJ juv. sk. 
ra', o'. c? ad.; / . Malacca (Dr. Maingay). Tweeddale CJL 
JUT. sk. 
q'.r'.s. 2ad.sk. Malacca {Dr. Cantor). India Museum. 
t'. <$ ad. sk. Malacca (R. G. IV. II.). Tweeddak Coll. 
u',v'. (S 5ad.sk. Malacca, Jan. 1879 ( W. Davi- Hume Coll. 


son). 

tc'-a".($&&.\ b"- Malacca, Jan., July { W. Davi- Hume Coll. 
/". 5 ad.;/', son). 
k." $ 5 'imm-J 


i". Juv. sk. 
k" J",m". ($&&.; Malacca, Aug. 1873 (R. G. Tweeddale Coll. 
n". 5 juv. sk. W. JR.). 
o". c?ad.; /' , g". Nealys, Malacca, Oct. 157o (JF. Hume Cull. 
c^ imm.; r". Davison), 
s".d 5juv.sk. 
£". 5 ad. sk. Kuroo, Malacca, Xov. 1, 1874 Hume Coll 


(W. Davimn). 
u". 6 ad. sk. Jaffaria, Johore, March 20,1880 Hume Coll. 
(JF. Davison), 
v", w"} x". $ ad.; Gunnong Pulai, Johore, March, Hume Cell. 
y", «", a3. 5 July, Aug. (IF. Davison). 
ad. sk. 


bz, c3. S ad.; of. Johore, Aug. 1875 ( W. Davi- Hume Coll. 
$ juv. sk. so?z). 
e3. 5' ad. sk. Singapore. Gould Coll. 
/ S / • d $ ad. Singapore Island, Oct. 27, 1879 Hume Cull. 
sk. ( W. Davison). 
kz. $ ad. sk. Meklong, Siam. H. C. V. Hunter, 

Esq. ;P.]. 
iz. 5 ad. sk, Sumatra (Raffles). India Museum. 
k*. S ad. sk. Sumatra. Wallace Coll. 
Z3-r3. <$ ad. et Sumatra, Sept., Oct. (Carl Tweeddale Coll. 

juv.; s3, i3,w3. Bock). 
5 ad. sk. 
^3, w3. <$ ad. sk. Lampong, S.E. Sumatra (J?. 6r. Tweeddale Coll. 
Buxton). 
xz} yz. $ 5 imm» Borneo. Wallace Coll. 

sk. 
s3. £ ad. sk. Borneo. ' Rajah Brooke [P.]. 
a4. Imm. sk. Borneo (H. ZMC). Tweeddale Coll. 

64. 5 a<^-; °4' 6 Labuan. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
imm. sk. [P.]. 
d4. c? ad. sk. Sarawak (A. Everett). Tweeddale Coll. 
e4. 5 num. sk. Banjermassing (J. Mottley). Tweeddale Coll. 

125 

8. CHRYSOPHLEGMA.. 
3. Chrysophlegma meiitale. 
Picus mentalis, Temm. PI Col. 384, tf (1826). 
Picus gularis, Te7)im. MS.; $ Wagl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 89 (1827), 
uec 2Picus 
squamicollis *, Less. Traite, i. p. 220 (1831). 
Gecinus mentalis (pt.), Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 43) (1846), & iii. App. 

p. 21 (1840); id. List Picid. Brit. Hits. p. 77 (1868); id. Kand-l 
B. ii. p. 1<>2, no. 868G (1870). 
Venilia mentalis, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 128 (1850). 
Brachylophus mentalis, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 31 ; Bp. Consp. 
Valuer. Zygod. p. 10 (1854). 
Venilia gnhris, Reiehenb. Scans. Picince, p. 3o8, no. 827, pi. dexxviii. 

figs. 4180, 4181 (1854). 
Picus mentalis (pt.), Sirndev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 58 (1860). 
Chloropicus mentalis (pt.), Malh. Picidm, ii. p. 112. pi. lxxv. figs. 4, 

5 (1862). 
Chrysophlegma mentale, Haryitt, Ibis, 1886, p. 267. 
Adult male. Back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and scapulars olive ; 
wing-coverts, outer webs of secondaries and of inner primaries at 
their base bright indian-rcd, both webs of the quills, except the 
apical portion of the primaries, spotted with rufous, the innermost 
of the secondaries olive on their apical half or more ; shafts brown ; 
tail and the shafts black; nasal plumes dusky brown; forehead, 
crown, and occiput deep olive, some of the occipital feathers entirely 
or partially rufous ; nuchal crest lemon-yellow ; superciliuin blackish, 
with minute white spots ; face olive, the malar region, chin, 
and throat black, the exposed portion of the feathers having a 
white spot at the tip of each web, the lower feathers sometimes 
having the apical margin white instead of being spotted; region 
between the ear-coverts and the occiput, side of the neck, hind 
and fore neck, and upper part of chest rufous, the entire underpays 
and the under tail-coverts olive*; under wing-coverts rufous, 
barred with dusky olive, the axillaries olive. Total length 11 inches, 
culmen 1*5, wing 5*6, tail 4*2, tarsns'0'9 ; toes (without claws) — 
outer anterior OS, outer posterior 0-65, inner anterior 0-6, inner 
posterior 0-35. 
Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the superciliuin, 
the malar region, and the chin rufous. Total length 11 
inches, culmen 1'45, wing 5-6, tail 4-2, tarsus 0*95. 
Young, sexed female. Has no rufous stripe above the eye; the 
occipital feathers are more or less rufous and mostly tipped with 
dull red ; malar region rufous, but with dusky transverse markings ; 
the throat-feathers more dusky and margined on the apical portion 
with greyish white, very few being spotted. 
Hah. Java. 
afb. $ J ad. sk. Java. Gould Coll. 
c, d. Skeletons. Java. Purchased. 

* I have recently examined, in the Paris Museum, the specimen which I 
believe served as the type of this species, and find it to bo the Javan C. mentale, 
and not the Malaccan species as I supposed. The latter I have named 
C. humii. 
126 
PICID^I. 

4. ChrysopMegma lmmii. 
Picus gularis (no?i Temm. MS.), ? Wagl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 89 

(1827), nee J . 
Picus mentalis (non Temm.), Tig. Mem. Rnffl. p. 668 (1830):> 
Gecinus mentalis (pt.), Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 439 (1846j, iii. App, 

p. 21 (1849); id. List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 77 (1868); id. Baad-l. 
B. ii. p. 192, no. 8686 (1870). 
Gecinus mentals 
(non Temm.), Blyth. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soe. p. 59, 
no. 269 (1849),- Wall. Ann. $ May. Sat. Mist. 2nd ser. XT. 

p. 96 (1855). 
Picus mentalis (pt.), Sundev. Consp. Av. Piein. p. 58 (1866). 
Venilia mentalis (non Temm.), Reicheab. Scans. Picince, p. 358, 
no. 827, pi. dexxviii. figs. 4178, 4179 (1854): Horsf. $ Moore, 
Cat. B. Mus. E. 1. Co. p. 605, no. 970 (1856-58); Moore, P. Z. S. 
1859, p. 456, 

ChrY&ophelgema 
mentalis (non Temm.), Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 291 
(1862); Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. 1870, p. 292; Hume, Str. F. 1874, 

p. 472 ; Blyth $ Wald. B. Burm. p. 70, no. 115 (1675J. 
Chloropieus mentalis (pt.), Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 112, pi. Ixxv. fisrs. 4, 
5(1862). 
Callolophus mentalis (non Temm.), Srfvad. Vcc. Born. p. 49 (1874); 
Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 9 ; Phone ty Davison, Str. F. vi. p. l;J8 
(1878); Hume, op. cit. 1879, pp. f)~2, 87; Sharpe,, Ibis, 1879, 

p. 242; Sahad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xiv. p. Ibl (1879); Gates, 
B. Brit Burm. ii. p. 46 (1883); Guillemard, P. Z. S. 1885, 
p. 405. 
Chrysopblegma squamicolle {non Lew.), Hargitt7 Ibis, 18S6, p. 269. 
Chrysophlegma humii, Mary. Ibis, 18:59, p. 231. 
Adult male. Resembles C. mentale, but may be distinguished bj 
its striped instead of spotted cbin and throat, the feathers being 
deep black, margined (except at the tip) with white; the malar 
region is dusky brown (not black) and somewhat similarly spotted; 
nearly all the primaries have their outer webs entirely spotted with 
rufous* the dimensions are considerably less. Total length 10*7 
inches, culmen 1*4, wing 5*3, tail 3*7, tarsus 0*9; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*8, outer posterior 0*65, inner anterior 0*55, 
inner posterior 0*4. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the malar 
region and the chin rufous. It may be distinguished from the 
female of C. mentale (apart from its specific characters) by the 
absence of the rufous stripe from the nostril to the occiput. 
Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 5*3, tail 3*7, tarsus 0*95. 

Young. The female resembles the adult of the same sex, but has 
the striations on the white throat of a pale brownish dusky; the 
green portion of the plumage duller, and the rufous portion paler; 
the ear-coverts pale brown, with the slightest tinge of green.
have not seen a very young male, but an immature bird has the 
white spotted dusky malar stripe varied with rufous, and it is very 
probable that the still younger male will be similar to the female. 

Hah. Southern Tenasserim, Malayan Peninsula, Sumatra, and 
Borneo. 

8 . CHRYSOPHLEGMA. 
a. (51 ad.; b, c, d. 
5 ad. sk. 
e. <$ ad.; /, g} h. 
2 ad. sk. 
i. Juv. sk. 
h, I, m. $ ad.; n. 
? ad. sk. 
o, p. S 2 ad. sk. 

g. 2 ad. sk. 
r. 
j ad. sk. 
s, t, u. $ ad. sk. 
v-z. 3 ad. et 
imm. ; a'-d't

2 ad. sk. 
e. S ad.; /, /. 
2 ad. sk. 

7i'. £ ad.; ^', k'. 

2 ad. sk. 
Z', m', n'. <$ ad. 
etimm.; o',p', 
q'. J ad. sk. 

r'. c? ad. s^. 

5'. <5 ad. sk. 

t'. ? ad.; u'. (S 

imm. sk. 

v'j to', .i-'. cJ ad.; 

y'. $ ad. sk. 

z'. $ imm.; a". 

Juv. sk. 

b". c? ad. sk. 

c". c? ad. sk. 

d". $ ad.; e". 

5 imm. sk. 

/". 2 ad. sk. 

g". $ ad. sk. 

h". <$ imm.; i". 
2 ad.sk. 

Bankasoon, May, June (W. 
Davison). 

Klang, Salangore, March, April, 
Sept. (W. Davison). 
Malacca. 

Malacca, Aug. (Ii. G. W, JR.). 


Malacca (Dr Maingay). 
Malacca. 
Malacca. 


Malacca (Dr. Cantor). 
Malacca, July, Nov. (W. Davison). 


Nealys, Malacca, Oct. 1875 (W. 
Davison).

Pulo Seban, Malacca, Oct., 
Nov. (W. Davison). 
Johore, Feb., March, August 

(W. Davison). 
Singapore. 

Singapore Island, Dec. 10,1879 

(W. Davison). 
Sumatra. 
Sumatra, Sept. (Carl Bock). 

Lampong, S.E. Sumatra (E. C. 
Buxton). 

Sarawak, Sept. 20, 1877. 
Sarawak. 
Sarawak (A. R. Wallace). 

Tagora, Sarawak, May 3, 1875 

(A. Everett). 
Matang, Sarawak, Sept. 1870 

(A. Everett). 
N.E. Borneo. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 

W. 
Harvey, 
[p.]. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Gould Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Wallace Coll 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

5. ChrysopMegma flaviuixclia. 
Picus flavinucha, Gould, P. Z. S. 1833, p. 120; Blyth, J. A. S. B. 

xii. p. 1003 (1843); Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 57 (1806). 
Dryotomus flavigula, 
Hodgs. J. A. S. B. 1837, p. 106; id. Icon. 
ined. in Brit. Mus. nos. lo7, 1G8; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. 1844, 

p. 85. 
Gecinus flavinucha, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 438, pi. cix. tf (1840); id. 
Cat. Mamm. #c. Nepal, pres. Hodgs. p. 116 (1846); Blyth, Cat. 

B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 58 (1849); Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 229; Gray, 
ListPicid. Brit. Mus. p. 74 (1868); 'id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 191, 
no. 8679 (1870). 
Chloropicos flavinucha, Malh. N. Classify Mfon. Acad. Metz, 184849, 
p. 350. 

128 PICIDJS. 

Chrysophlegma flavinucha, Gould, B. Asia, vi. pi. xxxvi. (1850); 
Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. I p. 127 (1850); id. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. 

p. 10 (1854); Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 357, no. 824, pi. dcxxvii. 
tigs. 4171, 4172, J $ ad. (1854) : Mortf. & Moore, Cat. B. Mil*. 
B. I. Co. ii. p. 6(32 (1856-58); Gray, Cat. Manna. Src. Sepal, 
pres. Hodgs. 2nd ed. p. 63, no. 481 (18t>3); Jerd. B. 2nd. i. p. 2^9 
(1862); Beavan, Ibi«, 1865, p. 411; Bulger, op. eit. Ib09, p. 156; 
JBeavan, torn. cit. p. 414; Jerd. op. cit. le>72, p. 9; Hume, Str. I\ 
1874, p. 472; id. # Oate*, op. cit. 1875, pp. 12, 71; Blyth # 
TFffR B. Burm. p. 76 (1875); Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 26; ztf. # 
Davison, op. cit. \i. p. 1-37 (1878): Hume, op. cit. 1879, p. 87; 
Bingham, op. cit. IteK), p. 104; Oates, Str. F. 1882, p. 191; id. B. 
Brit. Burm. Ii. p. 43 (18S3) ; Hargitt, Bus, lc-6, p. 262. 

Chloropicus flavinueha, J/<z$. Pkidte, ii. p. 106, pi. ixxiii.fi js. 1, 2, 3 
(1862). 

Adult male. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, scapulars, wing-
coverts and almost tie whole outer webs of the secon laries glossy 
yellowish olive, the remaining portion of the quills rufous barred 
and tipped with black, the tips having a browner tinge: shafts 
blackish brown ; tail black, the central feathers margined with 
olive at the base; shafts black; na^al plumes brown ; forehead 
rufous, shading into olive on the crown and occiput, the whole being 
striped with dull brownish red ; nuchal crest eolden j ellow; face 
dingy olive, the loral region drabby green ; malar region, chin, and 
throat lemon-yellow; side of the neck and fore neek olive-bhckish, 
the latter region varied with longitudinal white stripes, the feathers 
in reality being white with a longitudinal or somewhat iiianjrular 
apical spot of olive-black, the basal part more or less concealed; 
chest olive grading into olivaceous grey on the whole of the underpays 
and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts wThite tinged with 
yellow and rufous, and transversely spotted with black; axillaries 
yellowish white occasionally tinged with rufous, and with similar 
transverse spots and bars, the latter feathers (externally) and the 
edge of the wing are sometimes washed with olive: " bill dusky 
bluish white* iris red ; eyelids, gape, and naked skin at gape 
greenish blue; legs dusky blue; claws hornyJJ (E. W. Oates). 
Total length 13 inches, culmen 1*7-3, wing $-5, tail 4*7, tarsus 1*1; 
toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*87, outer posterior 0 8, inner 
anterior 0*6, inner posterior 0*4. 

Adult female. Has the malar region, chin, and upper part of the 
throat rufous faintly striped with blackish. Total length 13 
inches, culmen 1*7, wing 6 63, tail 4*7, tarsus 1*15. 

Nestling, probably male. Eesemhles the adult, but has the malar 
region, chin, throat, and fore neck dull buffy white, the throat and 
fore neck having dusky brownish spots ; the underparts smoky grey, 
browner on the chest. 

Hab. Has been obtained about 100 miles west of Masuri, and 
extends through the Himalayas into Assam and Cachar, and south 
into the central portion of the province of Tenasserim, but not as 
far as Meetan. 

8. CHRYSOPHXEGMA. 
a. 
$ ad. sk. 
b. 
$ ad. sk. 
c. $ ad. sk. 
d. e. (S 2 ad. sk. 
f. cS ad. sk. 
g. 
$ ad. sk. 
^, z. <$ 2 ad. sk. 
/t. cj ad. sk. 
/, m. S 2 ad. sk. 

n, o. S ad. sk. 

p. 
^ 6 ad. ; q. $ 
imni.; r. Juv. sk. 
s-//. $ ad. et 
juv.; z-e'. J 
ad. sk. 

/ . $ ad.; (/', h', i'. 
<S ad. sk. 
k'. <$ ad.; /'. $ 

iirmi. sk. 
on'. 5 ad. sk. 
ri. 6 ad. sk. 
o', p'. S ad. et 


juv. sk. 
q'. (J ad. sk. 
r\ c?; *'• ? ad.; 
£'. cJ imm. sk. 
u'. S ad. sk. 


vf, w'. <$ 2 inim. 
sk. 

y. ^ ad. sk. 
?/. J ad. sk. 
*', a". <S 2 ad-s^« 

b", c". d ad. sk. 

d". d ad. sk. 

ad. et imm. sk. 
i". 2 ad. sk. 


k". 2 ad. sk. 

/". $ ad. sk. 

m". 6 ad. sk. 

n". 8 ad. sk. 

o". $ imm. sk. 

VOL. XVIII. 

N.W. Himalayas* 
MabUri. 
Kaladoongi, Sept. 24, 1866. 
Kumaon (Stracket/). 
Kurnaon. 
Naini Tal. 


Naini Tal, Sept. 25, I860. 
Almorah, Oct. 29, 1866. 
Nepal. 


Capt. Stackhouae 

Pin will [P.]. 
Hume Ooll. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 
Tweeddale Ooll. 
Capt. Stackhouse 

Pmwill [P.} 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hodgson Coll. 

(Types of Dryotomu:stflavigida, Hodgson.j 

Nepal. 
Nepal (B. 1L Hodgson), 

Sikhim, Jan., Feb., March, 
April, Aug., Sept., Oct., 
Dec. (L. Mandelli). 

Darjeeling, Feb. 1873. 


Darjeeliiig\ 


Assam. 
Caeliar. 
Karen Hills, April, Oct. 1874 


(J?. G. W. It.). 
Tonghoo, Oct. (K W. Oates). 
Tonghoo, Sept., Nov. 1874 

(R. G. W. J&). 
Tonghoo Hills, March 12, 
1875 (R. G. W. JR.). 
Yaytho, June 11, 1873 (R. 

G. W.R.). 
Thayetmyo, Feb. 23,1873. 
Kollidoo, Tenasserim, Feb. 3, 
1874 (W. Davison)* 
Kyouknyat^ Jan. 29, 1874 

(W. Davison). 
Pahpoon, 
Jan., Dec. (W. 
Davison). 

Younzaleen, Feb. 18, 1874 

( W. Davison). 
Kaukaryit, Aug., Sept. 
(J. Darling). 
Thamban, Thatone, Jan 19, 
1878. 
Thamban, Thatone, Nov.* 
Jan. 
Wimpong, Dec. 21, 1876 

(W. Davison). 
Myawadee, Jan. 20, 1877 
(W. Davison). 
Megaloon, Jan. 9, 1877 {W. 
Davison). 
Lothargee, Jan. 22, 1877 
(W. 
Davison). 

Hodgson Coll. 
India Museum. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale ColL 
Tweeddale Coll 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale ColL 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale ColL 

Tweeddale ColL 

Tweeddale ColL 

Hume Coll. 

Hume ColL 
tin me CoJL 
Hume ColL 
Hume ColL 
Hume Coll. 
Hume ColL 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume ColL 
Iluine Coll. 

fc 

130 PICID.TJ. 
p". <S imm.sk.
q". ? ad. sir.
r", s". Bones of trunks. 
Shwav - bat - Ohming, ZameeIther, Mau-li 17, 1*78 (C 
T. Bingham), 
Thounarah, Oct. 7, 1878 (J.
Darling)* 
Hume Coll 
Hume Coll. 
Old Coll. 

6. Chrysophlegma pierrii 
Chrysophlegma pierrei, Ou^talet, ZP Xaturali^te, IS^O, pp. 44, 45. 
Adult female. Differs from the female of C. flavinvilia in the 
different colour and character of the feathers of the throat and fore 
neck. Instead of being olive-black at the tip and white on the 
basal portion as in C\ flavinvchi, each feather is of a rather dull 
olive with a narrow rufous apical margin and a broad white basal 
margin forming a spot, the olive colour appealing as a broad stripe; 
the sides of the neck and the chest are al^o pah r and together ^ ith 
the feathers of the throat have a vinous shade of colour ; the fop of 
the head is much more purple ; the upper mandible i» entire!} black, 
the lower mandible yellow at the base and ha\ing a blackish tip. 
Total length 13 inches, oilmen 1*4, wing 0*15, tail 4*4, tardus 
0 07; toes (without elaw.s)—outer anterior 0-96, outer posterior 
1*83, inner anterior 0*62, inner posterior 0-34. 

Male (immature*?). Differs from the adult female in having the 
malar region and the chin pale yellow; the bill is entire!} black, 
except at the angle of the low er mandible. Total length 13 inches, 
culmen 1*5, wing 5-Qb^ tail 4, tardus 1*03. 

It may be that this is the adult male of this specie*, which may 
differ from the male of O. jiaviiwvlw in not having the yellow 
spread over the throat, but confined to the chin and malar region, 
and also in the colour being very much paler. Two other female 
examples have the bill black like the male, the angle of the lower 
mandible alone being yellow, thereby differing from the female 
described, which has the base of the lower mandible yellow. 

Hob, Cochin China. The $ type of this species is from Lower 
Cochin China (Pierre); the 3 from Hu-Xoai Mountains, Province 
of Baria, French Cochin China (Pierre). 

7. Chrysophlegma wrayi (Plate II.) 
Chrysophlegma wrayi, Sharpe, P. Z. S.1888, p. 279. 
Female (type of species). Resembles the female of C. flavinucha, 
but differs in having the feathers of the throat pure black margined 
(except at the tip) with white, the black expanding about midway; 
the bill black, yellowish at the angle of the lower mandible ; the 
rufous bars on the wings about equal in width to the black interspaces 
; the dimensions considerably less, and the general coloration 
darker, especially on the face, this being less olive; " irides red


8. CHRYSOPHLEGMA. 
brown; feet and legs ash-colour; bill black above, grey beneath 

and at angle" (Wray). Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 1*28, 

wing 5*6, tail 4, tarsus 0-93 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 

0*85, outer posterior 0*78, inner anterior 0*65, inner posterior 

0-35. 

The male of the present species is unknown. Only one specimen 

(a female) was obtained by Sir. L. Wray. 

Hab. The Mountains of Pcrak, Malay Peninsula (Gunong Batu 

Putch, from 3400 to 4000 feet). 

a. 
J ad. sk. Mountains of Perak, Malay L. Wray, Esq. [P.]. 
Peninsula. (Type of species.) 
8. ChrysopMegma mystacale. 
Chrytoophlegma mystacalis, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xiv. 
p. 182 (1879) ; Wardlaw-Ramsay, P. Z. B. 1880, p. 16; Nicholson, 
Ibis, 1883, p. 242. 
ChrysopMegma mystacale, Hargitt, Ibis, 1886, p. 265. 


Adult male. Entire upper parts, including upper tail-coverts, 
wing-coverts, outer webs and tips of inner webs of innermost 
secondaries, also the top of the head and the occiput golden olive, 
the forehead and outer edge of the crown slightly rufous; nuchal 
crest yellow; nasal plumes, sides of the face and neck, the whole 
underparts below the throat, and the under tail-coverts uniform 
olive, the chin and throat olive-black, the former varied with rufous, 
and the malar stripe yellow; quills brownish black, the outer webs 
of the outer secondaries and of the inner primaries at the base dull 
red margined with golden olive, the outer webs of the primaries and 
the inner webs of all the quills (except the innermost of all, which 
are only margined with rufous at the base) barred with rufous; 
shafts brownish black; tail and the shafts black, wing-lining black 
barred with pale rufous, the edge of the wing and the axillaries 
olive : " irides reddish brown, bill very pale blue, legs and feet 
bluish green" (E. O. Forbes). Total length 11 "5 inches, culmen 
1*5, wing 5'6, tail 4*6, tarsus 1*05; toes (without claws)—outer 
anterior 0*82,souter posterior 0*8, inner anterior 0*6, inner posterior 
0*38. 

Adult female. Eesembles the adult male, but has a rufous malar 
stripe. Total length 11 inches, culmen 1*25, wing 5*4, tail 4*25, 
tarsus 1. 

Hab. Confined to the Island of Sumatra. 

a-d. $ ad.; e-h. $ ad.sk. Sumatra {CarlBock). Tweeddale Coll, 

i. c£ ad. sk. Sumatra, Von Eaber [C.]. 
K2 

132 
PICIDJE. 

9 GAUEOPICOIBES. T _ 
Gauropicoid.es, Math. Introd. Moaogr. Find. liii. (Ib61) .. G. raffled. 

Tail of Gauropuoidts rajjksi, \ 

Range. South Tenasserim, Malayan Peninsula, Sumatra, and 
Borneo. 

1. Gauropicoid.es rafflesi. 
Picus rafflesii, 
Vig. Raffl. Mem., App. p. 669 (1831) ; StricJd. P. Z. S. 
1846, p. 103; Sitndei. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 57 (1&G6). 
Tiga rafflesii, Blyth, J. A. S. B. Ib46, p. 16; Gray, Gen. B. ii, 

p. 441 (1846); Blyth, Cat. B. Jim. As. Soc. p. 57 (1840); Bp. 
Consp. Gen. Av. i, p. 120 (1850); Reiekfnh. Scans. Pieime, p. 396, 
no. 919, pi. dclii. tiffs. 4346-47 £ S (1854) ; Gray, Lid Picid. 
Brit. Mus. p. 98 (1808); id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 197, no. 6755 (1870) ; 
Tueedd. Mem. ed. W.-Ramsay, p. 479 (1&81), 
Tiga amictus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 441 (1846). 
Picus (Tiga) labarum, Less. Ois. He. decouv. 1847, p, 199, <J ad. 
Cliloropicoides rafflesii, Malh. 2V. Classify Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848


49, p. 347; id. Picidte, ii. p. 102, pi. Ixxii. figs. 1 £ ad., 2 $ ad., 
3 d juv. (1862). # 

Chrysonotus rafflesii, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 10, no. 184 (IBM); 
JSorsf. $ Moore, Cat B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 658 (1856-58); 
Moore. P. Z. & 1859, p. 450; Cab. $> Heine. Mus. Bern. iv.p. 173 
(1863). 

Gauropicoides rafflesii, 
Malh. Picid. 1. p. liii (1861); Salvad. Uec. 
Bom. p. 54 (1874); Hume, Sir. P. 1875, p. 319; id. $ Davison, 
op. mt. vi. p. 146 (1878); Hume, op. cit. 1879, pp. 53, 88, 
no. 185 bis ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll p. 392, no. 1918 (1882) ; Gates, 

133 

9. GATTEOPICOIDES. 
B. Brit. Burnt, ii. p. 42 (1883); Vord. Over. Nat. Tijds. Nederl. 
Ind. xliv. p. 191 (1884). 
Adult male. Upper parts and wing-coverts uniform golden olive, 
the feathers of the rump slightly tipped with reddish orange; the 
upper tail-coverts almost entirely black; quills black, the outer, webs 
of the secondaries and both webs of the innermost golden olive, the 
inner webs of the quills with a few intermarginal spots of pure 
white, the shafts black; tail and the shafts black, the outermost 
feather about an inch and three quarters in length ; nasal plumes 
brown; the whole of the top of the head and the crest scarlet; lores 
reddish brown; malar region, chin, and throat golden buff, the 
malar region tinged with red anteriorly; sides of the face and neck 
black, traversed by two white stripes, the hind neck black ; entire 
underparts deep olive, the sides of the body, flanks, and thighs 
spotted with white; under tail-coverts brown, tipped with olive; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries olive-black, the former spotted, the 
latter barred with white. Total length 10*5 inches, oilmen 1-^7, 
wing 5-75, tail 4*3, tarsus 1; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 
0*7, inner anterior 0*48, posterior 0*55. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the top of 
the head and the entire crest black; the base of the forehead and 
lores orange-brown ; the malar region, chin, and throat rufesceut 
buff, with only a faint golden tinge; the fore neck shading into 
the olive-brown of the underparts. Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 
1*3, wing 5*7, tail 4*55, tarsus 0*95. 

The young have the underparts dusky, with a slight olive tinge; 
the chin, throat, and fore neck smoky or brownish white, or dusky 
buffy white. A very young male has the top of the head dusky 
black, the posterior feathers tipped with red, the occiput and nape 
being scarlet; the occipital crest is very long. Females with the 
throat and fore neck as above (dingy), consequently immature, have 
no red on the head. I have never yet seen a female nestling. 

Suinatran examples are dull in colour, and Bornean specimens are 
remarkably small. 
Hab. Tenasserim, south of Myawadee; Malayan Peninsula to 
Singapore; Sumatra; JBorneo. 

a. <$ ad. sk.
b-g. cS ad.; h-l. $
ad. et juv. sk.
tw.# $ ad. j n. 2juv. sk.
o,p. tf $ ad.; q. 
Thenganee Sakan, Myawadee,
Jan. 17,1877 ( TV. Davison), 
Bankasoon, Dec., Feb., April, 
May (W. Damon). 
Malewoon, April 8, 1877 ( W. 
Davison). 
Klang, Feb. 1880 (W. Davison). 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
S juv.sk. 
r, s. J ad. sk.
t, u. £ ad.; v, to.
J ad. sk.
x. <$ ad. sk. 
Malacca, Jan. (W. Davison), 
Malacca, Jan., July (W. 
Davison). 
Malacca. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 

134 
PICID-3B. 

z,a'.5 ad.etimrn.; Malacca, Aug. (22. 6s. TF. JR.). Tweeddale Coll. 

yt 

V. <$ ad. sk. 
o\ cV. $ ad. sk. 
Malacca (Dr. Maingay). Tweeddale Coll. 
e', S § ad. sk. Malacca (Dr. Cantor). India Museum. 

l ./'• 

Kuroo, Malacca, Nov. 4, 1875 Hurae Coll. 

ad. sk. 

g. ? 
(7J~. Davison). 
h',•'. <? ? ad. sk. Gunnono' Pulai,
(TV. Damson). 
July, Aug. Hume Coll. 
h'• ? ad. sk. Singapore. Wallace Coll. 
V. $ ad. sk. Singapore. Gould Coll. 
m 
°'i 
Q' 
S'I 
u' 
',"' 
>P• 
? 
juv 
t'. 
'. S ? ad. sk. 
3 ? ad. sk. 
ad.; r'. <$ 
\ sk. 
£ 2 ad. sk. 
. S ad. sk. 
Sumatra.
Sumatra, Oct. (Carl BocJc).
Lam pong, S.E. Sumatra (E.
C. Buxton). 
Sarawak, June (A. Everett).
Simmy on (A. Everett). 
Zoological Society. 
Tweeddale Cull." 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddak Coll. 
Tweeddale Cull. 

10. GKECINULUS* 
Tvpe. 
Gecinulus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1845, p. 102 ....... G. jrranrfa. 
Spaniopicoide-J, Malh. Inirocl. Monogr. Bind. p. liii (]stt I. (J. trniiitia. 
Geciuiscus, Cab. $ Heine, Mus. If em. iv. p. 174 ( l^tt) .. ({.gmi.tiii. 

Range. Kepal and Sikhim, extending into As^irn, CacLar, and 
Manipur; south into Tenasserim as far as Ko^boum, and ranging 
eastward Into Laos. 

Keg to the Species. 

a. 
Aboye dull red. 
a'. Crown pale red grantia £ ad., p. 13*5. 
5'. Feathers of the occiput, nape, and hind neck, as 
well as those of the crown, tipped with red.. grantia juv., p. 135. 
c'. With no red on the crown grantia £ ad., p. 135. 

b. 
Above green. 
d'. Crown, occiput, and nape brilliant scarlet... . viridis d ad., p. 130. 
e. With no red on the head 
viridis $ ad., p. I;i6. 
1. Cjecinulus grantia* 
Picus (Chrvsonotus) grantia, McClell P. Z. S. 1839, p. 165. 

Gecinulus grantia, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1845, p. 11)2; id. Cat. B. Mus. 
As. Soc. p. GO, no. 273 (1849) ; Up, Camp, Valuer. Zygod. p. 10, 
no. 185 (1854) j Horsf. fy Moore, Cat. B. E.L Co. Mux. ii. p. 603, 
no. 007 (1856-58); Jerd.B. hid. i. p. 292 (1802); Gray, Cat. Mamm. 
§c. Nepal, pres. Hodgs. p. 03, no. 485 (lbtiS) ; Bulg. Ibis3 1809, 

p. 157 ; Ht/me, Str. F. 1877, pp. 20? 113 ; id. op. fit. xL p. OS (1&88). 
Tiga grantia, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 441 (1840) ; Bp. Cousp. Gen. ulv. 
i. p. 120 (1850) ; Meichenb. Scans. Picina, p. 307, no. 020 (1854) ; 
Gray, List Picid. Brd. Mus. p. 99 (IfeGSj : id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 197, 
no. 8756 (1870). 
Chloropicoides grantia, Malh. A7". Classify M4m. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, 

p. 348; id. Pwidce, ii. p. 104, p i Ixxii. figs, otf, 6 J (1802). 
Geciuiscus grantia, Cab. § Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 174 (1803). 
Picus grantia, Sunder. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 48 (1806). 
10 . GEClNtTLTTS. 
Adult male. Above, including wing-coverts and tail-coverts, dull 
reel; quills dusky brown, the outer webs of the secondaries and of 
the inner primaries at the base red, the outer webs of the primaries 
with longitudinal spots of ochreous yellow, those of the secondaries 
having pinkish spots, the inner webs of quills with rounded white 
spots, the innermost secondaries unspotted on either web; shafts 
pale brown; tail-feathers dusky, partially margined with red and 
faintly barred with buff; shafts light brown, with dusky tips; nasal 
plumes brownish buff ; head yellowish olive, buff or brownish anteriorly, 
the coronal feathers pink, tipped with deeper red ; neck and 
the whole of the under surface of the body olive, rather darker 
below; under tail-coverts dusky green; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries dusky, the former varied with olive and dull white, the 
latter tipped with olive. Total length 8-Q inches, culmen 1*1, wing 5, 
tail 3-2, tarsus 0*9 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*6, inner 
anterior 0*47, posterior 0*53. 

Tountj male. Has the upper parts darker and of a more purple-

red, and the occipital and nuchal feathers, as well as those of the 

crown, are tipped with pale red, although in a less degree; the 

under surface of the body is dusky blackish with scarcely a tinge of 

olive, the chin and throat being very much paler. 

Adult female. "Wants the red on the crown, this being yellowish 

olive like the rest of the head. Total length 8*7 inches, culmen 1 -05, 

wing 5*25, tail 3*4, tarsus 0*95. 

Ilah. Nepal, Sikhim, Assam, Cachar and Manipur, and south-east 

into Laos *. 

a, h. $ § ad. sk. Nepal. 
Hodgson Coll. 

c, d. <$ J ad. sk. Nepal (B. II. Mode/son). India Museum. 

e. 
? ad. sk. Native Sikhiin, Oct. 187G (Z. Hume Coll. 
Mandelli). 
f~P> d ad.; q-w. $ Sikhim, Jan., Feb., April, July, Hume Coll. 
ad. et imm. sk. Aug.,Se$t.,Nov.(L.Mandeili). 
.v. tf ad. sk. Mongphoo, Darjeeling, March Hume Coll. 
1873. 
y,z. $ ad.; ar,b'.$ Darjeeling, May, Nov. Hume Coll. 
ad.; c',d'. Jjuv.sk. 
e'. <$ juv. Assam {McClelland). India Museum. 
(Type of species.) 
/'. $ hum. sk. Assam. l)r/Uorsfield [P.], 
V'. $ ad. sk, N. Khasia hills, March", 1876 Tweeddale Coll. 

(.4. W. Chennell). 
h'. $ ad. sk. Tippook, March 1877 (J. Cock- Hume Coll. 
htm), 
i', h'. <$ $ ad. sk. Sadhya, April 1877 (J. Cock- Hume Coll. 

burn), 
I'. <$ ad. sk. Cachar. Hume Coll. 
ml. <$ ad. sk. Eerung* R., Manipur, Feb. 9, Hume Coll. 

1881 (A. O. II). 

* An undoubted specimen from this country, collected by Dr. Harmancl, is 
in the Paris Museum. 
130 
P1CID-E. 

2. G-ecmulus viridis. 
Gecinulus viridis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1862, p. -341; Mice*, P. Z. S. 
1873, p. CGI; Hume, Sir. F. 1874, p. 472; id. 4' Oates, op. cit. 
1875, pp. 14, 71; Blyth § Wold. B. Burm. p. 77 (1875); Hume, 
Str. F. 1877, p. 113; id. 4* Davison, op. cit. T,L p. 144'(1878); 
Hume, op. cit. 18^0, p. 112; Binyh. t. c. p. 164 ; Oates, op. cit. x. 

p. 191 (1882) ; id. B. Brit Burm. II. p. 41 (1S83). 
Geciniscus viridis, Cab. § Heine, Mus. Hei/i. iv. p. 174 (1803). 
Picus scotoclilorus, Sundew Consp. Av. Pici'/i. p, 48 (I860), 
Tiga viridis, Gray, List Pieid. Brit. Mies. p. 99 (1566) ; id. Hand-l. 
B. ii. p. 197, no. 8757 (lfc?0). 
Adult male. General colour green, the face and sides of the neck 
yellower; the feathers of the crown and the crest scarlet on their 
apical portion, and those of the rump margined with dull red at the 
tip; quills (except the outer webs of the secondaries and base of 
inner primaries) dusky brown, the inner webs with rounded spots 
of white, and the shafts brown; tail-feathers blackish, brown, externally 
olive at- the base, the basal portion of the inner webs spotted" 
with white; shafts brown, with black tips; under wing-coverts 
olive dusky with large white spots. Total length 8*7 inches, culnien 
1*1, wing D-2, tail 3-45, tarsus 1*05; foes (without claws)— 
outer anterior 0*58, inner anterior 0*45, posterior 0*55. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the crown, 
occiput, and nape yellowish green. Total length h*5 inches, culmen 
I, wing 4*9, tail 3*8, tarsus 1*05. 

Hah. Pegu, Tenasserim, and the Malayan Peninsula south to 
Jiossoum. 

a. $ ad.sk. Tonghoo Ilills, March 10, 1874 Tweeddale Coll. 
(22. G. W. P.). 
b. (S ad. sk. Tonghoo, April 6, 1874 (is?. G. Tweeddale Coll. 
W.B.I 

c. $ ad. sk. E. Pegu Hills, April 21. 1573 Hume Coll. 
(B. W. Oates). 
(/, e. <S ad. sk. Kyouk-nyat, Jan. 1874 (W. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 

f. 
$ ad.sk. Dargwin, Jan. 10, 1^>74 { TV. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 
(j, 7i, i. J ad. bk. Pahpoon, Dec, Jan., Feb. ( W. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 
h <S ad. sk. Head-waters of the Thoim<ryeeut Hume Coll. 
Sept. 24,187? (C. T. Bingham). 
/. 
(S ad. sk. Assoon, March % 1877 (jr. Tweeddale Coll. 
Juimborg). 

m. 
$ ad. sk. Assoon, March 3, 1577 (TV. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 
ii, o. (S ad. sk. Meetan, Feb. 12, lb77 (W. Hume Cull. 
Davison). 
j>, q. ? ad. ; /-, s. <$Yea, March, April, 1874 (W. Iltmie Coll. 
ad. et imio. sk. Damson). 

t. J ad. sk, Meeta Myo, April 30,1S74 (II". Hume Coll. 
Davison). 
w, v, d 2 ad. sk. Pabyin, Nov. 1874 ( W. Davison). Hume Coll. 


11. ASYNDESMUS. 137 
to. $ ad. sk.
x. S ad. sk.
y. 5 imm. sk. 
Pakchan Creek, Feb. 8, 1874( W. Davison), 
Thoungyali, Nov. 19, 1878 (J.
Darling). 
Ko^soum, July 22, 1879 (J.
Darling). 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Asyndesmus, Coues,
11. ASYNDESMUS. 
Proc. Acad. Philad. 18QG, p. 56.
Type. 
A. torquatus. 
b 

a. Body-feather of Asyndesmus torqiiatus (enlarged). 
b. Body-feather of Dendrocopus major (enlarged). 
Range. Western United States from the Black Hills and the 
llocky Mountains, north to the southern part of British Columbia 
and the Bow Biver about 51° N. lat., south into Arizona and western 
Texas. 

1. Asyndesmus torqiiatus. 
Picus torqiiatus, Wils. Am. Orn. iii. p. 31, pi. xx. fig. 3 (1811) ; Vieill, 
N Diet d'Bist. Nat xxvi. p. 80 (1818) ; id. 8? Bonn. Bne. M6th. iii. 

p. 1310 (1823); Valem. Diet. Sc. Nat xl. p. 177 (1826); Way I. 
Si/st. Ao. Picus, sp. 82 (1827) j Drap. Diet. Class, xiii. p. 497 
(1828) ; Bp. Syn. Bds. U. S. 1828, p. 46; Nutt. Man. Orn. i. 
p. 577 (1832); And. B. Amer. pi. cecexvi figs. 7 J ad., 8 $ (183538) 
; id. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 170 (1839); id. Syn. 1839, p. 184; id. B. 
Amer. 8vo; iv. p. 280, pi. eclxxii. figs. 1,2 (1842) j Sundev. Consp. 
Av. Picin. p. 51 (I860). 
Picus montanus, Ordin Guthrie's Geogr. Am. 2nd ed. 1815, ii. p. 316. 

JMelanerpes 
torquatus, Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 321, pi. xx. 
fig. 3 (1832); Swains, Classif. B.ii. p. 3i0 (1837); Bp. Camp. 
List B. Eur. § N. Amer. p. 40, no. 263 (1838); Gray, Gen. B. ii. 
p, 444 (1846); Gamb. Jouni. Acad. Philad. 1847, p. 56; Bp. 
Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 115 (1850); Ileerm. Journ. Acad. Philad. 
1853, p. 270; Reichenb. Scans. Pkiiue, p. 381, no. 881, pi. dcxlii. 
figs. 4282-83 (1854); Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 10, no. 206 
(1854); Newb. P. R. R. Rep. vi. p. 90 (1857); Sclat P. Z. S. 

138 
PICTDJ3. 

1858, p. 2; Baird, B. Amer. 1853, p. 115 ; Cass. U. S. JBjpl. Expect 
1858, p. 242 j Heerm. P. R. It. Rep. x. 1^69, pt. si p. 58 ; Coop.& 
Suck!. S. H. Wash. Ter. 1860, p. 101; BiaJM. Ibis. 1W2, p. 3, 
lb(>3, p. 53 ; Cones, op. cit. 1805, p. 102 ; Gray, List Pic id. Brit. 
Mu#. p. 110 (ISCb) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 20L no. feSIS (1-70); 
Coop. B. Calif, ed. Baird, 1870, p. 406 <heart, Utrcl.J; Afcen, 
Proc. Bast Soc. lt>7'2, p. 207: B. B. $ M. if/*/. X Amer. B. ii. 

p. 501, pi. liv. fis*. 5 $ (1874); Ilendi. U. S. Groyr. Surv. W. of 
100th Mend. p. 397 {1875); Pa'dyir. L\ S. Geol. £>pl 4Utli Par., 
Orn. p. 553 (1877); i>V/V/. Proc. U. S. Sot. Mm. I pp. 39L 430 
(1^7-) ; Ridgic. op. cit. i-SO, p. 1^0, no. 370; Dw , -4wA-; 18-5, 
p. 17; Scott, op. cit. li^ti, p. 427 ; A. O. V. Check-List, lbH0y 
p. 210, no. 408 {Lloyd, Auk, 18-7, p. 101; Ilidyic. Man. S.Atner. 
B. p. 2Dl(18-7). 
Melampieo5 torquatus, J/«//z. S. Classify Mem. Acad. Metz,18^-4d, 
p. 305. 
Melampicus torquatus, Malh. Picidcs, ii. p. 214, pi. xcvi. figs. 1-5 
(1H*2). 
As-sndesmus torquatus, 
COUPS, Proc. Acad. Phrfad. L-OO, p. 50; ?VJ. 
X>// X ^iww. B. p. 107 (1-72); id. B. S. W* */, p. 2<Jl 1-74;; «/. 
Bud. U. S. Geol Sure. 1-73, iv. no. 3, p. hl7 ; id. Chtck-IJ t S. 
Amer. B. p. 79, iiu. 45] (1882); id. Key S. Amer. B. '2,id td. 

p. 490, no. 450,fig-% 342, 343 (lfe-4). 
Adult male. Entire upper parts, wing-*, and tail dark bronze 
green, tinged with steel-blue ; shafts of quills and of roetrices black ; 
nasal plumes black ; forehead, lores, around the eye, including" fore 
part of ear-coverts, malar region, and chin, criin^m; crown, occiput, 
and nape, also posterior half of face and of ear-coverts dark bronze 
green; side of the neck, fore neck, and client, txho a broad cellar round 
the hind neck, hoary white, the featliei> h tving a hair-like appearance, 
the neck and chest with a slight rovv tinge ; the feather^ forming 
the collar on the hind neck having the middle portion deep 
black, those of the chest crossed by a narrow brownish-red band; 
underparts deep rose-red, inclining to crimson, varied with hoary 
white, especially on the breast, the white of the feathers having a 
hair-like character, bases of the feathers dusky black ; under tail-
coverts, also the under wing-coverts* and axillaries, dark bronze 
green. Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 0*05, tail 3*3, 
tarsus 1 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*72, outer posterior 
0*72, inner anterior 0*0, inner posterior 0*35. 

Adult female. Eesembles the adult male. Total length 9*5 inches, 
culmen 1*37, wing 6*4, tail 3*45, tarsus 1. 

Young. Differ from the adult in being duller and more dusky 
brown on the head and neck, the former being only slightly red 
anteriorly, with no trace of a white collar round the hind neck ; 
the whole of the under surface of the body ^rooky brown, the feathers 
of the breast margined with dull white, the abdomen brick-red. 

Hab. Western United States from the Black Hills and the Boeky 
Mountains to the Pacific, extending north to Bow Itiver and Southern 
part of British Columbia, about 51° X. lat, and south into Arizona 
and Western Texas. 

12. MELAFEKPE3. 
a, b. Ad. st West side of Rocky Mts.

c, cl S 2 ad. sk. British Columbia.

e. Ad. sk. British Columbia.
f,g. 
$ $ ad. sk, Fort Klamath, Oregon, May,
July (C. Bendire. Hensh. 
Coll.). 

h. 
$ ad. sk. Umatilla Agency, Oregon, Aug.
{Hensh. Coll.). 
i. 
(S ad. sk. North Eork of Snake .River,
Idaho, July (Hart Merriam, 
Hensh. Coll), 
k. 
$ ad. sk. Eed Bluff, N. California, April(C\ H. Townsend, Hensh. 
Coll.). 
I 
$ ad. sk. Eedwood, California, April(Hensh. Coll), 

m. 
Ad. sk. Nevada, Cal., Oct. (Hensh.
Coll). 
n, o. c? ad. sk. "Walker's Basin, Cal., Aug.
Nov. (II Wheeler, Ilensh. 
Coll), 

p, 
q. 6 2 ftd. sk. Grayson, Cal., March (Bryant,
Ilensh. Coll.). 
r7 s. <$ ad. ; t. 2 Jolon, Cal., Oct. (Ilensh. Coll)
ad. sk. 

u. 
2 &d. sk. Fort Crook, Cal. (J". Fellner).
v. d ad. sk. Fort Crook (J. Feilner).
to. $ ad. sk. Cloverdale, Cal., April (Hensh.
Coll). 
.v. Juv. sk. California.

y. 
Juv. sk. California.
z. 
ar. (S imm. sk. Tucson, Arizona, Sept., Oct.
(Hensh. Coll), 
b', c'. $ 
ad.; d'. Colorado Springs, Colorado,
5 juv. sk. May, Aug. (Ilensh. Coll.). 

12. MELANERPES. 
Melanerpes, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 310 (1837)
Centurus, Sioains, Classif.'B. ii. p. 31U (1837) .
Leuconerpes, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 310 (1837).
Tripsums, Steams. Classif. B. ii. p. 311 (1837).
Zebrapicus, Malh. Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, 

p. 360 ,
Melampicos, Malh. Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, 
p. 303Trichopicus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. no. 37 
(1854)
Linnaeipiciis, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. no. 225 
(1854)
Phymatoblepharus, Reichenb. Scans. Fici)ue} 

p. 379 (1854)
Meropicus, Malh. Introd. Monogr. Field, p. liii 
(1861)
Columbipicus, Malh. Introd. Monogr. Ptrid. 

p. liii (18(51) 
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P/ 
J. K Lord, Esq. [P/, 
G. Barclay, E*»q. [P.". 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 


 Salvin-Godman Coll. 


 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Sclater Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Sclater Coll. 

 Sir. E. Belcher [P.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Type. 

 M. erythrocepkalus. 
M. carolinus. 
M. candiclus. 
M. flavifrons, 
M. carolinus. 
M. cruentatu5. 
M. cactorum. 
M. herrainieri. 
M. candidus. 
M. cruentatus. 
M. candidus. 
140 
PICIBJE. 

Cactocrangus, Cab, 8? Seine, Mus. Stin. iv. T\pe. 
p„ 72 (186*3j 3d. eactorum. 


Range. United States and Canada to about oUz S. lat.; through 
Central and South America into the Argentine Bepublie and 
Uruguay; also in several of the West Indian iblands. 

Key to tht Sgecieg. 

A. 
Back uniform Hack globed with bluUh or 
greenish; rump and upper tail-eo\erts 
white. 
a'. 
With yellow on throat or underparN, but 
no red. 
a'\ Under paxis uniform. "pi*. 14*>t 147. 
a". Head and neck crimson ; ^exesaliLe. erythmt**} /«/*>- ^ $ ad., 

buf 

. Head and neck white. " j* . 14*\ 
a"*. With yel'ow nuchal band ..... . rfttiriMu* *-* ad." 
&l. With no yellow band on nap>*.. . . aaviifi^ j ad., 

&". Underparts not uniform, 
p. Hi*. 

e?//f 

. With no blick on chin or tht at ; 
side& of face and neck white; with "p. 1-7-1 
black malar stripe ranihuhiryHX J adM 

J"'. With bltck on chin and thro it; 
upper half of face and posterior half 
of neck black. 


e4. Black chest striped \\ itli white. 

A5. White front d band and black 
crown-band toother in 2 
M.formieivonts and $ M.Jia cigala 
greater in width {longitudinally) 
than red occipital 
band. 


a6. Width of red occipital ban 1 
considerably broader than 
white frontal band ,* middle 
of breast and ab lumen mure 
or less uniform. 

a7. Crown, occiput, and nap»A "p. 1411. 
crimson form*}intnn> rad.t 
5\ Red on head confined to 
the hinder part of th»* 'p. IoO. 
crown, occiput, and nap-*.. fonnin&*rus ^ u*L, 
bh. Width of red occipital hmd 
not broader than white 
frontal band; entire underparts 
striated. 
c7. Crown black, occipital band 
(only) red flamjntas ad., p. LI i. 
d7. With no red on the head.. fiaviynla$ad., p. 154. 
IP. White frontal band and black 
crown-band together in $ le^s 
in width (longitudinally) than 
the red occipital band. * r p. 143, 
c6. Crown and occiput crimson .. nnyttstifrom ^ m.f 

12 . MELANRKPRS. 
141 

da. Ked on head confined to hinder [p. 154. 
part of crown and occiput .. angustifronsQiiA., 
cK With uniform broad black band 

across the chest. [p. 152. 
c5. Crown and occiput crimson ... . tnelatityMffond&d., 
d5. Grown crossed by a broad black [p. 152. 

band, the occiput (only) crimson, melanopogon J ad., 
b'. With more or less red on underparts, and 
no yellow. 


c". Middle of the breast and abdomen 
crimson j sides of the body barred 
black and white. 


e". With white superciliary stripe and 
yellow nuchal band. 
eK With red patch on fore part of 
crown crumtatus S ad.^ p. 156. 
f\ With no red on crown trumtatas § ad., p. 157. 
/"' . With no white superciliary stripe, 
and with no yellow nuchal band. 
gK With red spot on fore part of 
crown rubrffrons <$ ad., p. 158. 
/i4. With no red on crown rufo>{frons2&&., p. 158. 

d". Chin, throat, and underparts almost 
entirely crimson, the sides of the body [p. 159. 
uniform brown; sexes alike pwtoricenm <$ §&d., 

B. Back black, with a broad median stripe of 
white or pale drab, 
c'. With red on underparts ; stripe down the 
back white. 
e". Middle of abdomen (only) crimson 5 
chin and throat olivaceous or drabby 
white. 
g',r. With white spot behind the eye; 
forehead golden yellow; with red 
on the head in $ only. 
iK Crown and occiput red, nape [p. 160% 
yellow chrysanchen <£ ad., 
;"4. With black band across posterior 
part of crown, remainder of the 
top of the head and the nape [p. 160* 
yellow . ; ehrxjsauchen § ad., 
h'". With no white spot behind the eye ; 
forehead drabby white; with red 
on the head in both sexes. 

k*. Crown and occiput red pukher tf a,dL.3 p. 1G0. 
£4. Crown black, occiput (only) red .. pulcher $ ad., p. 160. 
/". Abdomen and breast crimson; forehead 
and throat golden yellow. 
i'". Crown and occiput crimson * jlavifrons J ad., p. 161. 
/" . With no red on the head JZavifronsQ&d., p. 162. 
d'. With no red on underparts j stripe down 
the back pale drab. 
<j". With a short stripe of red in the 
middle of the crown cactorum <$ ad., p. 163. 
h". With no red stripe on the crown ... . cactorum J ad., p. 163* 

C. 
Back, together with the rump and upper 
tail-coverts, uniform black glossed with 
142 
PICIDJE. 

bronze-green; sexes alike, except that the 
S lias the forehead tinged with red ~p. 164. 
(possibly not constant) herminierig § ad., 

D. 
Back black, with light transverse markings 
or distinct bars. 
e. 
Back with crescentic niarkirgs and ill-
defined bars of smoky grey : head, neck, 
and chest smoky brown varied with 
black; with no red or yellow in plumage; rp, 147. 
sexes similar erythrocephalus JUT. 
/'. Back distinctly barred with white, more 
or less pure ; with red or yellow in the 
plumage of both sexes. 


i". Abdomen red. 
k'". Underparts below the middle of 


breast barred with deep black. 
mK Crown, occiput, and nape red... . pucfierani gad., p. 105. 
nl. Occiput and nape (only) red, crown 

black 
pucJteraniQsA., p. 105. 

V". Underparts in adult uniform, with 
only a few transverse spots or bars 
on Hanks and thighs, and with the 
abdomen sometimes barred. 


oK Underparts deep crolden olive, 
contrasting strongly with the 
white face and throat; rump and 
upper tail-coverts black, and w ith 
broader white bars than on the 
back, wings, or central tail-
feathers. 


e\ Crown, occiput, and nape red .. radiolatus $ ad., p. 100. 
f5. Crown smoky brown, occiput 
dusky, the nape (only) red radivlatmQfLd., p. 107. 
p*. Underparts pale fulvescent drab, 
drabby white, or drab-brown. 
</5. With black spot above the eye. 

e6. Larger: length 11 inches wirg 
6; underparts with strong 
fulvescent tinae. 

e7. Crown, occiput, and nape "p. !(>$. 
red supereiUark <5 ad., 

f7. Crown uniform black, and 
uniting with the black 
spot over the eye; occiput "p. 108. 
and nape (only) red superciliaris J ad., 

f6. Smaller: length 10 inches, 
wing 5*2 to 5*85; underparts 
scarcely fulvescent. 


g1. Darker: nasal plumes less 
red ; frontal band not pure 
white. 

a8. Crown, occiput, and nape 
red blakugad., p. 109. 

bs. Grown black, transversely 
spotted with smoky grey; 
occiput and nape ied .. bkkiiQ ad., p. 160. 

A7. Paler: nasal plumes entirely 

12 . 
MELANEEPES. 
red; frontal band pure 
whitei\ With no black spot above the 
eye, and no black on the head. 

g*. Feathers at the base of the 
forehead more or less red, 
not yellow. 

e7. Central tail-feathers more or 
less barred with white. 
c8. With no red on the face 
or chest. 

«9. Crown, occiput, andnape redb9. Crown dusky grey; 
occiput and nape(only) redcf. With more or less of a 
red tinge on the face and 
chest, particularly in the 
cf ; the young slightly 
striated or spotted below. 
c*. Crown, occiput, and 
nape redd?. Crown grey; occiput 
and nape (only) red..
j 7. Central tail-feathers uniform 
black. 
e8. Outer webs of the primaries 
uniform black; 
white bars on the upper 
parts narrower than the 
Qblack interspaces. 

e 
. Crown, occiput, and 
nape red
f9. Crown drab or clrabby 
white, more dusky on 
the occiput j nape 
(only) red

/ 8 . Outer webs of primaries 
with from two to three 
white bars at the base; 
black and white bars on 
upper parts equal in 
width. 

g*. Grown, occiput, and 
nape red

A9. Crown creamy, white, 
the occiput slightly 
smoky; nape (only) 
red

hR 

. Feathers at base of forehead 
more or less yellow, or sometimes 
tinged with red. 

h7. Base of forehead slightly 
yellow; no yellow on the 
chin; bars on the back 
broad. 

143 
nyeanus <$&&., p. 1G0. 

 [p. 1G0. 
caymanensis <$ ad., 
[p. 160. 
caymanensis $ act., 
carolinus <$ ad., p. 171. 
carolinus $ ad., p. 171. 

dubiusgod., p. 173. 
$wfaW$ad.? p. 173. 

canescens <? ad., p. 174. 
canescens 5 &d., p. 174. 

144 
P1CIDJE. 

£s 

. Head, neck, and tinder-
parts lighter ; rump and 
uppir tail-coverts "uniform 
white; thighs and 
under tail-coverts barred, 
but with no bars on 
abdomen. 

i9. Crown, more or less of 
the occiput; and the 
nape red tricolor c? ad., p. 17o. 

J9, Sinciput nearly white, 
shading into smoky 
grey on hind head, 
the nape (only J red .. tricolor gad., p. 175. 

hs 

. Head, neck, and underpays 
darker; rump and 
upper tail-covert* mure 
or le>s barred; lower 
part of abdomen, as well 
as thighs and under tail-
coverts, barred. 

£a. Crown, occiput, and 
nape almost entirely 
red, terrieoIor^mL,. p. 170. 

P. 
Crown and occiput 
siiioky p-ey or brown, 
the nape (only) red ,. terricolor$ ad., p. 176. 
P. 
Base of forehead and the 
chin bright yellow; bars 
on the kick narrow. 
zH. Crown, occiput, and nape [p. 177. 
red rubrivenirh $ a<fM 

f. 
Crown drab, occiput and "p. 177. 
nape (only) red nibriveniris J ad., 
j'\ Abdomen yellow, rarely tinged with 
red. 
m'". Eyes not surrounded by black. 
q*. With yellow or red on nape. 
i*. Central tail-feathers uniform; 
base of the forehead and the 
nuchal band yellow or sometimes 
tinged with red ; the red 
on the crown in the $ separated 
from the nuchal band by a grey 
belt. Young duller in plumage 
and slightly striped below. 


i6. Crown whitish anteriorly, and 
with crimson central patch.. aurifrom<$ad., p. 178. 

f. With no red on the crown .. aurifrom%zA^ p. 170. 
'h&. Crown dusky, with dull crimson 
central patch, the occiput 
striped with blackish mtnfrms cJjuw, p. 178. 

f. 
Central tail-feathers more or less 
barred with white. 
/c. Base of forehead and nuchal 
band red, and in the J 
uniting with the red of the 

12. MELANEKPES. 
]4 5 
crown; the white bars on 
the back narrower. 
m7. Crown, occiput, and nape 
red santacnw <3 ad., p. 180. 

?i7. Crown smoky grey, the red 
confined to the occiput 
and nape santacruzi% ad., p. 180. 

mG. Base of forehead with only a 
tinge of yellow; occiput (in 
male) and nape yellow. 


o7. Entire crown crimson, and 
not distinctly separated 
from the yellow of the 
occiput and nape h&fmdnni J ad., p. 181. 

p7. Crown and occiput grey, 
the yellow confined to the 
nape » huffmanni 2 ad., p. 182. 

rK With no yellow or fed on occiput 
or nape. 
k\ With crimson spot or patch on 
crown uropygialis <$ ad., p. 183. 

P. With no red on crown uropygialis 9 ad., p. 183. 
n'". Eyes surrounded fey black, with 
conspicuous spot abovfe, posteriorly. 
s4. Crown, occiput, and nape red, tliB 
nape varied with golden yellow. . elegans <$&&., p. 184 
ll. Crown and occiput smoky grey, 
nape (only) reel varied with 
yellow elegems J ad.> p. 185. 

k". Abdomen white; eyes surrounded by 
black; with red spot below ear-
coverts. 


or". With qiladrate patch of red on 
crown , hyjycpoUus<? ad., p. 180. 
p1". With no red on crown kyp&pdkis J ad., p. 187. 

1. Mekn^rpes erythrocephakl 
Red4ieaded Woodpecker, Catesby, Nat. EM. Carol i. p. 20, pi. xx. 
(1731): Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 561, ad. (1782) ; Pe?m. Arct. Zool. 

ii. p. 271 (1785). 
Le Pic a teste rouge de Virginie, Briss* Orn. iv. p. 53, pi. iii, fig. 3 
(1700). 
Picus erythrocephalus, 
Linn. Syst Nat i. p. 174 (17G6) ; Gm. Syst 
Nat. i. p. 429, ad. (1788); Bart. Nat. Hist. Term. pp. 3, 11 (1799); 
Weill. Ois. Amer. Sept. ii. p. 00, pis. 112 ad., 113 juv. (1807); 
Wils. Amer. Gm. I p. 142, pi. ix. fig. 1 (1808) ; Vieill. N Diet. 

xxvi. p. 83 (1818); id. $ Bonn. JEnc. Meth. iii. p. 1317 (1823); 
Vahnc, Diet. 8c. Nat xl. p. 181 (1826); Wagl. Syst Av. Picus, 
sp. 14 (1827); JDrap. Diet Class, xiii. p. 496 (1828); Bp. Syn. Bds. 
U.S. 1828, p. 45; Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 518, juv.; Aud. B. Amer., Atl. 
i. pi. xxvii. figs. 1 <$ ad., 2 ? ad., 3, 4, 5 juv. (1827-30); Less. 
TraiU, i. p. 227 (1831); Aud. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 145 (1831); Jard. 
ed. Wilson's Amer. Orn. i. p. 146, pi. ix. fig. 1 ad., iii. p. 430, 
pi. xiv. fig. 3 juv. (1832); Nutt Man. Orn. 1832, i. p. 569; Sahn 
8f Kiist. Orn. Atlas, pi. ii. (1834) ; Aud. Om. Biogr. v. p. 536 
VOL. XVIII. 
L 

146 
PICIDJE. 

(1839) ; Peab. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. 1841, p. 171; And. B. Amer. 
8vo ed. iv. p. 274, pi. celxxi. figs. l,2d ? ad., 8,3,3 juv. (1842) ; 
Giraud, B. Long Island, p. 180 (1844); Be Kay, X. JSwtf. 2V. IV&, 
pt. 2, p. 185, pi. xvi. fig. 34, tf (1844); Puin. Pr. Essex Inst. 1850, 

p. 214 j Maxim. J.f O. 1858, p. 419; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. 
p. 50 (1866); Trippe, Proc. Essex Inst. 1871, p. 118. _ 
White-rumped Woodpecker, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 503, juv. (1782). 
Pic noir a domino rouge, Buf. Hist. Xat Ois. vii. p. 394 (17b3). 
Pic de Virginie, Daubent. PL Enl 117. 
Pieus obbcurus, Gm. Syst. Sat. i. p. 429, jur. (17S8); Lath. lad. Orn. 
i. p. 228(1790). 
Melanerpes ervthroceplialus, 
Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer. ii. pp. 3Lvvi, 
IntrocL, & 310 (1831); id. Classif. B. ii. p. 310 (1837); Bp. Comp. 
Lkt B. Bur. # X. Amer. p. 39, no. 202 (lb3S); Gray, Gen. B. ii. 

p. 444 (1840); Gamb. Jour. Acad. Philad. 1847, p. 55 ; Bp. Consp. 
Gen. Av. i. p. 115 (1850); Iieichenb. Scans. Pieince, p. 381, no. 8b2, 
pi. dcxlii. tigs. 4284-80, ad. & juv. (1854); Bp. Gump. Valuer. 
Zygod. p. 10, no. 205 (1854); Gray, Li^t Gen. B. 1855, p. 93; 
Baird, B. X Amer. p. 113 (1858); Srlat Cat Amer. B. p. 340, 
no. 2034 (1862); Terr. Proc. Essex Inst. Ib02, p. 144; Allen, op. 
cit. 1804, p. 53; Coue*, Ibis, 1805, p. 159; Brewer, t.c. p. 409; 
Mellwr. Proc. E^ex Inst 180(5, p. 83; Cove^op. fit 1807, p. 203, 
1808, p. 203; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 115 flbOb); id. 
Hand-L B. ii. p. 201, no. 8814 (lb70); Coop. B. Calif, ed. Baird, 
p. 402 (1870) ; Coues, Key X. Amer. B. Ib72. p. 190; Hold. Proc. 
Bost. Soc. 1872, p. 207; Ilensh. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.rk, lb74, p. 9; 
Coues, B. X.-West, p. 290 (1874) ; B. B. fylt Hist. X. Amer. B. ii. 
p. 564, pi. liv. fig. 4, J (1874); Brew*t. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.rk, lb75, 
p. 144; Hensh. U.S. Geogr. Sure. W. of IQOth MerM. Ib75, p. 398; 
Midgio. U.S. Goal. Expl. 40th Par., Dm. p. 554 (1877); Mayn. B. 
Florida, p. 229, pi. x\iii. (1878) ; Coues, Bull. U.S. Geol tiurv. iv. 
no. 3, p. 617 (1878); Merriam. Bull. Xuft Orn. Club, iii. p. 123 
(1878); Bidgic. Proc. U.S. Xat. Mas. Ib80, p. IbO, no. 375; Coues, 
Cheekhl X. Amer. B. 1882, p. 79, no. 453: XekrL J. f. 0. 1883, 
p. 95 ; Coues, Key X. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 489, no. 453, fig. 340 
(1884); Drew, Auk, 18b5, p. 17; Agertb. t. c. p. 283; A.*0. U. 
Check-list, 1886, p. 210, no. 400; Pretest Auk, IbbO, p. 104; 
Lloyd, t c. p. 191; Bennett, t. c. p. 242 ; liidqic.Man. X.Amer.B. 
p. 290 (1887) ; Warren, B. Penn. p. 133 (1888). 
Melampicos ervthroceplialus, Malh. X. Classif, Mem. Acad. Metz, 
1848-49, p. 365. 
Melampicus erythroceplialus, 
Malk. Picidce, ii. p. 209, pi. xevii. figs. 1 
ad., 2, 3 juv] (1802). 

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts black, glossed with 
greenish blue ; rump and upper tail-coveits white; primaries black, 
the innermost one having the inner web paitially margined with 
white and the tip white; secondaries white, with black bases concealed 
by the coverts, the outer feather having the outer web and a 
subapical bar on the inner web black; shafts of quills black; tail 
black, the outer large feather externally margined and tipped with 
white, all the feathers except the central pair having a basal patch 
of white on the inner webs; shafts black ; nasal plumes brownish 
black ; entire head, neck, and chest, except the sides of the latter, 
crimson, this colour on the chest bordered narrowly with black; 

12. M*ELASTF;RPFS„ 
entire underparts below, also the under tail-coverts, white, the ab


domen slightly yellowish ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, 

the edge of the wing black. Total length 8*5 inches, culmen 1*15, 

wing 5-65, tail 3*2, tarsus 0*87; toes (without claws)—outer 

anterior 0 7, outer posterior 0*7, inner anterior 0-53, inner pos


terior 0*37. 

Adult female. Resembles the adult male, but is slightly smaller. 

Total length 8*3 inches, culmen 1*12, wing 5*3, tail 2-9, tarsus 0-85. 

Young. The sexes are similar and bear no resemblance to the 

adult except in having the white rump, upper tail-coverts, and 

secondaries • the back and scapulars are brownish black, only slightly 

glossed, the feathers being tipped with smoky drab ; the head, neck, 

and chest brownish dusky, the feathers margined at the tip with 

smoky drab, excejri those of the chin and throat, which are margined 

on both webs with 
smoky white, giving a striped appearance to 

these parts ; under surface of the body (except the abdomen) smoky 

•white, with broad dusky striations or longitudinal spots; the 
secondaries crossed by a subapical black bar, and with a transverse 
spot, or sometimes bar, nearer the base, but generally on the outer 
web only. 
Hah. United States, north to about 50° lat, west to the Rocky 
Mountains, rarely further west, but observed in the Salt-Lake Yalley; 
south to Arizona and Gulf States. 

a,b. A4.etjuv.sk. Canada (C. Shelley). Tweeddale Coll. 

e. Ad. sk. Fort Dufferin, Manitoba 
(G. Dawson)* N. A. Boundary Comro. 
d. § ad. sk. Pembina, Dakota, June 
(E. Coues, Hensh. Coll.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e. 
<$ juv. sk. Pueblo, Colorado, July (H. 
Wheeler, Hensh. Coll.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
/ ? ad.; g,h. $ Colorado Springs, Colorado; 
ad. sk. May, June (Hensh. Coll.). •Salvin-Godmau Coll. 
h & 6 ? ad. sk. Michigan. Prof. J. R. Steere [P.]. 
J, m, n. <$ Ad.; o, Waukegan, Illinois, May, Salvin-Godman Coll. 

$ ad. sk. 
Aug. (jfe W. Nelson, 
Hensh. Coll.). 


p. <$ ad. sk. Mt. Carmel, 111., Aug. (E. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
W. Nelson, Hensh. Coll.). 
q. $ ad. sk. Englewood, 111., Sept. (E. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
W. Nelson, Hensh.Coll.). 
r. 
$ juv. sk. Noble, Richland Co., 111., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Aug. (E. W. Nelson, 
Hmsh. Coll.). 
s~x. <$ ad. et juv ; Locust Grove, New York, Salvin-Godman Coll. 

y-d'. J ad. et 
April, June-Aug. (Hart 

juv. sk. Merriam, Hensh. Coll.). 

e', f, 
g\ 6 ad.; Lowville, N.Y., July (A. Salvin-Godman Coll, 
h', i'. $ ad. sk. Jenings Dayun, Hensh. 
Coll). 
k', I'. <$ "imm. et Lyons Falls, N.Y., March, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
juv. sk. Aug. (A. Jenings Dayan, 
Hensh. Coll.). 

i2 

148 
PICIDJB. 

m\ ri, o'. S ad.; Leyden, New York, Aug., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
p's'. § ad.; t', Bee. (Hart Merrzam, 
u', v'. 2 inim. sk. Hendi. Coll.). 

w', x'. S 2 &&-? y'j Washington, D.C., Hay, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
z\ a". Juv. sk. Sept. (Hensh. Coll.). " 
b"., $ ad. sk. Hawes Wood, B.C., llav Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(E.Coues, Sin. no. 28720). 

c"., 5 ad. sk. Aiken, S. Carolina, March(Hart Merriam, Sensk. 
Salvin-Godman Cull. 
a" 
f" 
h". 
i". 
, e". 2 ac*. 
Ad. sk. 
, $ ad. sk. 
, Juv. sk. 
<$ ad. sk. 
sk. 
Coll.). 
Miami, Florida (Hensh.
Coll.). 
Florida.
Papalote, Bee Co., Texas,
Jan. (F. B. Arnu»trong). 
[Mexico.]
North America. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
W.B.Di-more.E^q. P.]. 
Salvin-GodmanColl. J 
Gould Coll. 
liiocour Coll. 

2. Melanerpes candidus, 
Picus candidus, Otto hi Bufforfs Xaturg. Vebers. xii. p. 251, pi. xxiii. 
(c. 1772); Wagl Syst. Av. Picus, sp. bl (lb27j; Xeuwied. Beitr. 
Katurg. Bras. IV. pt 1, p. 415 (lb'-tt). 
Picus dominicanus, 
VieilL X. Diet d%Hist. Xat. xxvi. p. 72 (MS); 
id. $ Bonn. Enc. Meth. ill p. VMS {l^Sij ; Lkht Vfrz. IfovbL 

p. 10 (1823); Spii\ Av. Bra*, i. p. r><\ pi. 1. h>. ] 0, 2 £ {1.^24}; 
Valenc. Diet. Se. Nat xl. p. 175 (1820}; Drap. Diet. Ciu.su. xiii. 
p. 498(1828); Leas. Traite,i. p. 224 (1831); Sundev. Chnsp. Ai\ 
Fiein. p. 49 (18661. 
Picus melanopterus, Xeiacied, Reis. Bra*, i. p. 10*3 (1820), ii. p. 389 
(1821); Such, Zool. Journ. i. p. 556 (Ib25). 
Picus bieolor, Sicai?is. Zool. Illustr. i. pi. xxxviii. $ (1820-21); 
Steph. Gen. Zool xiv. p. 170 (1820j; 
Leuconerpes candidus, Swains. Clmsif. B. ii. p. 310 (1837); Bvrm, 

J. f. O. 1860, p. 244; id. Beise La Flata-St ii. p. 445 (1801)' 
Sclat. Cat.Amer.B. p. 342, no. 2041 (l802f; id. § Huds. Arg, 
Om. ii. p. 23 (1889); Felz. Orn. Bra*, p. 247 (1870); Sdat. # 
Salv. Xomencl Av. Xeotr. p. 100 (1873); Salt. Ibis, 1880, p. 301; 
White, F. Z. S. 1882, p. 018; Barrows, Auk, 1884, p. 25. 
Leuconerpes dominicanus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 444 (1846); HartL 
Lid. Azara, p. 16, no. 2-34 (1847); Bp. Co/i#p. Gen. Av. i. p. 114 
(1850); id. Consjy. Volucr. Zygod. p. 10, no. 203 (1854); Gray, 
Cat. Gen. Brit. Mas. p. 03 (185o); id. Lid Field. Brit Mm. 

p. 119 (1868); id. Hand-L B. ii. p. 202, no. 8827 (1870). 
Melampicos dominicanus, Math. X. Clamf., Mem. Acad. Metz. 184849, 
p. 336. 
Plivmatoblepharus candidus, Reichen.. Scans. Pieiam, p. 379, no. 875, 
pi. dcxlL figs. 4275-76, <$ 2 (1854). 
Melampicus dominicanus, Malh. PicidtB. ii. p. 217, pi. ci. fiffs. 1, 2, r? 
2 acl. (1862). 

Adult male. Back, scapulars, wing-coverts, and secondary quills 
brownish black, the primaries dark brown : shafts of the primaries 
brown, those of the secondaries nearly black ; nasal plumes, head 
and neck (except the hind portion), the entire under surface of 
the body and under tail-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts white, 

12 . MELANERPES. 
149 

with the nuchal feathers lemon-yellow, this colour forming a hand; 
the abdomen also lemon-yellow, and the middle of the chest occasionally 
tinged with the same; an auricular stripe of black running 
on to the hind neck which is brownish black like the back; tail 
nearly black, the six central feathers having their basal half white, 
with one or two black bars near the black portion of the feathers, 
the two outer large feathers on either side having their inner webs 
white and almost entirely barred with black; shafts corresponding 
in colour with the surrounding webs; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries brownish black. Total length 11 inches, culmen 1*4, 
wing 6-2, tail 3*7, tarsus 1; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 
0*8, outer posterior 0*8, inner anterior 0*65, inner posterior 0*43. 

Young male. Is almost identical with the fully adult of the same 
sex, but is of a more sooty black above • the yellow nuchal band is 
nearly as bright as in the old male, but the yellow of the abdomen 
is very much less so. 

Adult female. Resembles the adult male, but wants the yellow 
nuchal band, the nape being white like the rest of the head. Total 
length 11 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 6*75, tail 4, tarsus 1. 

Hah. Southern and Eastern Brazil, north to the Province of 
Bahia; Bolivia; Paraguay • Argentine Republic, and south into Lower 
Uruguay. 

a. $ ad. sk. Brazil. Riocour Coll. 
b, c. S ad. sk. Bahia, Brazil (Dr. Wuckerer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d. J ad. sk. Minas Geraes (Rogers). Sclater Coll. 
e; f) 9- 6 ad. et Chapada, Matto Grosso, May Salvin-Godman Coll. 
juv.; h. J -Nov. (E. Smith). 
iinm. sk. 

i. 
§ ad. sk. Bolivia. Purchased. 
k. $ ad. sk. Bolivia. 
Sclater Coll. 
I. [ $ ] ad. sk. Salta, Arg. Rep., June. H. Dumford, Esq. 
[o.]. 

3. Melanerpes fonnicivoms. 
Picus formicivorus * Swains. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 4-39. 

Melanerpes formicivorus, 
JBp. P. Z. S. 1837, p. 109; Sclat P. Z. S. 
1856, pp.143, 807, 1858, p. 305, 1859, p. 367; Moore, P. Z. S. 
1859, p. 60; Sclat. fy Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 137; Sclat. Cat Amer. 

B. p. 341, no. 2035 (1862); Cab. J.f. 0.1862, p. 332; Sclat. P. Z. S. 
1864, p. 177; Lamr. Ann. Lyc. N. Hist. N. York, 1868, p. 131; 
Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 213; id. fy Sclat Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 100 
(1873); Lawr. Bull. TJ. S. Nat Mus. iv. 1876, p. 35; Boucard, 
P. Z. S. 1878, p. 49; Salv. Cat StrkH. Coll p. 397, no. 1944 (1882) 
(pt.); Ridgw. Proc. IT. S. Nat Mus. 1883, p. 497 ; Zeled. op. cit 
1885, p. Ill; Pidgio. Man. N Amer. B. p. 291 (1887). 
Melanerpes 
striatipectus, Zeled. Cat Av. Costa Rica, p. 23, no. 491 
(1882). 

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts black, more or less 
glossed with greenish blue; rump and upper tail-coverts white; 

* Swainson's type (now in the Cambridge Museum) is from Termscaltipec, 
Mexico; by permission of Professor Newton I have had the opportunity of examining 
this specimen. 
150 
FTCIDJEL 

quills black, most of the primaries with? a large basal patch of white 
on both webs, the secondaries having their inner webs spotted on 
the apical half with white, the spots frequently confluent, the innermost 
secondaries nnspotted; shafts of quills Mack; taS and the 
shafts black; nasal plumes, feathers at the base of upper ani 
lower mandible,, chin, and part of the throat black ; forehead and a 
line downwards in front of the eye white, this uniting with the 
white of the malar region: erown and occiput crimson ; orbital 
region ana! upper part of the face, also the posterior part of the side 
of the neck, nape, and hind neck glossy black; hind portion of the 
malar region and the lower part of the throat and fore neck mere 
or less pale sulphur-yellow ; underparts white, the abdomen imifocm, 
the remainder broadly striped with black, the stripes on the chest 
and breast being very close and making these parts appear as though 
black striped with white, the chest having a s>mall central spot of 
red; under tail-coverts white with narrow shaft-stripes of black ; 
under wing-coverts greyish white striped with black, the edge of 
the wing black varied with pure white. Total length S*S Inches, 
culmen 1*12, wing 5*62, tail 3*1, tarsus 0*9 ; toes (without claws)— 
outer anterior 0*75, outer posterior 0*7b, inner anterior 11*57, inner 
posterior 0*36. 

The young males very much resemble the adult of the same sex. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in having the anterior half 
of the crown black, glossed with greenish bine, this forming a broad 
band about half an inch in width- Total length bv3 inches, culmen 
1*03, wing 5*4, tail 3*2, tarsus 0*86. 

Hob. Central America, south to Yeragua, north to British Honduras 
; Southern and Eastern Mexico into Tamaulipas. 

a. Ad. sk. Mexico. 
b,c. <S $ ad. sk. Mexico. J. Taylor, Esq. IV. 
d. d 
ad.; e, f. Mexico. Gould Coll. 
2 ad. sk. 
g. $ imm. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
h, i. S ad. sk. Mexico. Tweeddale Coll. 
k-o. 3 &&,;p-t. Sierra Madre, above Ciudad Salvin-Godman Coll. 
$ ad. sk. Victoria, Tamaulipas, April 

(W. B. Richardson). 
u. $ imm. sk. Coatepec, Vera Crux, July. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
v. § ad. sk. Vera Cruz. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
w. $ ad. sir. Jaiapa, Oct. 
Salvin-Godinan Coll. 
x. 
(S ad. sk. Enc. de San Lorenzo, Cordova, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Vera Cruz, Jan. 
y. 
d1 ad. sk. Jaiapa (de Oca). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
z, a\ b'. <$ ad. j Jaiapa, Jan., March, May (F. Salvin-Godman CoH. 
</, d', ef. 2 

ad. sk. Omilteme (8000 ft), State of Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Guerrero, July (Mrs. S. JET. 

i'. $ ad. sk. Smith). 
Xautipa, State of Guerrero, July Salvin-Godman Coll. 
k',!', $ ad. sk. (Mrs. H. H. Smith). 
Sierra Madre del Sur (Mrs. H. Salvin-Godman Coll, 

«i'. ? ad. sk. Smith).


12. MELANEKPES. 151 
ri-? ad. sk. Oaxaca, W. Mexico (Fenochio). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
o\ <$ ad.; p', (/. Cayo, Western District, British Salvin-Godman Coll. 
5 ad. sk. Honduras, Dec. (F. Blancaneaux). 
r'. <$ ad.; / , if. Southern Pine-ridge, British Salvin-Godman Coll. 
5 ad. sk. Honduras, May, Dec. (F. Blancaneaux). 
u', v'j wT. S ad. Guatemala. Tweeddale Coll. 
sk. 
#', %f. $ ad.; zf. Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala, Salvin-Godman Coll. 

$ ad. sk. Sept. (0. 8.). 
a", g ad. sk. Volcan de Fuego, Nov. (0. 8.). TweeddaleJMl. 
b'\ 5 ad. sk. Alotepeque, Guatemala (0. 8.) Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c", d". d S ad. Honduras. Sclater Coll. 

sk. 
e". $ ad. sk. Dota, Costa Rica, July (J". Car- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
miol, Sm. no. 85202). 
/" . J ad. sk. San Jose, Costa Rica (A. von Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Frantzius, Sm. no. 33484). 
g'\ $ ad. sk. Volcan de Cartago, Costa Rica Salvin-Godman Coll. 

{E. Arce). 
h". $ ad. sk. Volcan de Chiriqui, Veragua Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(F. Arci). 
Suhsp. a. Melanerpes melanopogoiL 

Picus melanopogon, Temm. PL Col. 451, J (1828); Wagl Isii, 1820, 

p. 515 ; Less. Compl. Buff, ix. p. 319 (1837); 8undev. Consp. Av. 
Ficin. p. 51 (1866). 
Picus formicivorus (?ion Swains.), Less. Compl. Buff, ix. p. 318 
(1837); Vig. Zool Beech. Voy. 1839, p. 23. 
Melanerpes formicivorus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 444 (1846); Gamb. 
Jour. Acad. Fhilad. 1847. p. 56 ; Feichenb. 8ca?is. Ficincs, p. 383, 
no. 885, pi. dcxliii. figs. 4295-96, tf <$ (1854); dm. B. Calif, p. 7, 
pi. ii. c? $ ad. (1856) ; Sclat. F. Z. 8. 1856, p. 307, 1857, p. 127, 
1858, p. 305; B^d,B. Amer. p. 114 (1858); id. U. 8. $ Mex. 
Bound* 8urv. 1858, p. 6 ; Cones, Ibis, 1865, p. 162; Gray, List Ficid. 
Brit. Mus. p. 116 (1868); id. Eand4. B. ii. p. 201, no. 8816 (1870); 
Coop. B. Calif, ed. Baird, 1870, p. 403 (heads of $ 2 figured) ; 
Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 1872, pp. 196,197; Hensh. U. 8. Geogr. 
Surv. W. of 100th Merid. p. 399 (1875) ; Ridgw. U. 8. GeolBxpl. 

40th Far., Orn. p. 553 (1877) ; JBeld. Froc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1878, 
pp. 390-393, 430; Fidgw. op. cit. 1880, p. 189, no. 377 ; pt, 8alv. 
Cat. Strichl. Coll. p. 397, no. 1944 (1882). 

Melampicos melanopogon, Malh. N. Classify MSm. Acad. Metz, 184849, 
p. 336; id. Fev. et Mag. de Zool. 1849, p. 542. 
Melanerpes melanopogon, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 115 (1850); id. 
Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 10, no. 207 (3854). 
Picus melampogon, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p; 76 (1854). * <€ * » " 
Melampicus formicivorus, Malh. Ficidce, ii. p. 199, pi. xcix. figs. 1 <$ 
ad., 2 $ ad., 3 £ juv. (1862). 
Melanerpes formicivorus, var. formicivorus, B. B. 8f F. Hist, JV. 
Amer. B. ii. p. 566, pi. liiL figs. 1 $ ad., 2 $ ad. (1874). 
Melanerpes formicivorus "bairdi, Coues, Chech-l, N. Amer. B. p. 79, 
no. 454 (1882); id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 489, no. 454 
fig. 341, head of <$ (1884); Scott, Auk, 1885, pp. 174, 356; A. 0\ 

152 
PICIDJE. 

U. Check-list, 1686, p. 216, no. 407; Ssoff, J«A\ 1S8G, p. 427; 
Shufeldt, op. cit. 1887, p. 345; Bitlgw. Man. X ^w#% I?, p. 201 
(1867). 
Adidi male. Beseinbles JLf. fonnicivonts* but differs in having 
across the chest a broad band of black glossed with, greeni&h blue, 
but with the same red central spot close to the yellow throat; with 
rather more black on the upper throat; the sides of the body, flanks, 
and thighs having less broad striations. Total length S'b inches, 
oulmen 1*3, wing 5*S, tail '3-3, tardus 0*S5; toes (without claws)— 
outer anterior 0*73, outer posterior 0-78, inner anterior 0*53, inner 
posterior 0*4. 

Male nestlings are very similar to the adult male, but are duller 
red on the top of the head. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the crown 
crossed by a broad black band, which separate*, the narrower white 
frontal band from the very broad crimson occipital one. Total length 
8'5 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 5*b2, tail 3*32, tardus 0*8. 

Nestling yfemaU. Has the crown red as in the male. The general 
distribution of colour as in the adult; the dark markings on the 
underparts more dusky, those of the flanks being bar-like. 

Hal. Pacific coast-region of the United ^tate^, north to British 
Columbia, through California into Arizona and New Mexico, and 
through the pine-regions of Mexico (except the extreme Southern 
and South-eastern States). 

a. <$ ad. sk. San Gorgonia, California, Mav G. Frean Morcom, 
(F. Stephens). 
E:q. P.". 
b. Imm sk. Petalume, near San Francisco Salvin-Gudinan Ottll. 
(F. Gruher, Sim no. 232:% f 
c. 
tf ad. sk. Nevada, CaL, Sept. (B. IF. Xel~ Salvin-Godinan Coll. 
son, Hemh. 0*11.). 
d: S ad. sk. Greenwood Valley, Eld« »rado Co., Sah in-Godman Coll. 
CaL, Jan. {A. Ferrer, Hen&lu 
Coll.). 
?. J ad. sk. Nepa Valley, Cal (Hen^h. Coll). Sah in-Godman Coll. 
/. ? ad.; ff. d Fort Tejoti, Cab, Atu. (H. 
imm. i>k. Wheeler, Hmsk. Colt)I Salvin-Godmau Coll. 
$. <$ ad. sk. Fort Tejon, Aug. (J. Xun&ux% 
HensL Coll.). Sab in-Godman Coll. 
i $ ad. sk. Anderson, Cal., May (W. B. 
Brewster, Hemh. Colt). Sabin-Godman Coll. 

k. 
c? ad. sk. Sunal, CaL, Feb. { W. E. Brewster, 
Hensh. OtlL). Salvin-Godmau Coll. 
1 
6 ad. sk. lied wood Co.. CaL, April (Hmsk 
Coll.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

m. ? ad .sk. Jolon, CaL, Oct. (Hensh. Coll.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
<$ ad. sk. Los Alamos, CaL, Oct. (Hemh. 
Coll.). 
*>p. c?¥ : ad. sk. San Diego Co., Cal., Oct. (B. B, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Her ran). 

n. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ft ? ad. sk. White Sulphur Springs, Sept. Salvin-Godman Cull. 

(Hemh. Coll.). 
ft s.t rf imm. sk. Fort Whipple, Arizona, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coil. 

(B. Cones, Hensh. Coll.). 
12 . MELANERPES. 
t. 
2 ad.sk. Apache, A.viz.1Oct.(I£ensLCoU.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
u. 
$ ad. sk. Crittenden, Ariz., Sept. (Hensh. Salvin-Godinan Coil. 
Coll.). 
v. 
J ad.; 10. 2 Pinal Co., Ariz., July, Oct. (IF. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
juv. sk. J3. D. Scottj Sensh. Coll.). 
x-c'. <S ad.; d', Santa F6 Mts., New Mexico, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e%f. $ ad.sk. Aug., Sept (Ilensh. Coll.). 
g, $ ad. sk. Sonora ( W. Lloyd). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
h'. $ ad. sk. Jesus Maria, Chihuahua. Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(W. Lloyd). 
/'. 5 ad. sk. San Jos<3, Chihuahua, Jan. (W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Lloyd), 
h'. $ ad. sk. Kefugio, Chihuahua, Dec. (W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Lloyd). 
V'. $ ad. bk. Tomochic, Chihuahua, Dec. (W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Lloyd), 
m'. J ad. sk. Pinos Altos, Chihuahua, Me-xico, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
July {Buclian-lie plum), 
n'jd. <5 ad. ;j»', Sonora, Chihuahua, April (JF1 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
q', r'. 2 ad, sk. Lloyd). 
s',t'. $ J ad. sk. Ciudad Burango, July, Nov, Salvin-Godman Coll, 

(A. Fo?rer). 
u', 
v\ tv'. $ ad. Sierra Jerez, Zacatec&s, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
et num.; x\ ( W. B. Richardson), 

y'. 5 ad. sk. 

z. 
J ad. sk. Sierra de Valparaiso, Zacatecas, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sept. ( W. B. Richardson) 
a", b". $ inam. Sierra Valparaiso, Zacatecas, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. July (W. B. Richardson), 
c". d". 3 5 a^« Zapotlan, Jalisco, March, April Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. {W.Lloyd), 
e", J ad.; /" , Sierra Madre, Tepic, 6000 feet, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
g". J ad.sk. June (W. B. Richardson), 
h", i". S ad.; Sierra, San Luis Potosi, July Salvin-Godman Coll. 
%". J ad. sk. ( W. -#. Richardson). 
I". S ad. sk. Chimalpa, Tacubaya, April. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
m". c? ad. sk. Mexicalcingo, Tlalpam, Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
n". (S ad.; o". Sola, Oaxaca, April (M. Tru- Salvin-Godman Coll. 

2 ad. sk. jillo). 
p''. $ ad. sk. Juchatengo, Oaxaca *; April Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(M. Trvjillo). 
q". 2 ad. sk. S. Mexico. Sclater Coll. 
Subsp. /3. Melanerpes angustifrons. 
Melanerpes formicivorus, var. angustifrons, Coop. B. Calif, ed. Baird, 

p. 405 (heads of tf $ figured) (1870); B. B. §• R. Hist N. Amer. 
B. p. 573, pi. liii. figs. 3^,4 ? (1874). 
Melanerpes formicivorus 
angustifrons, Ridgw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 
1880, pp. 190, 219, no. 377 a; Beld. op. cit. 1882, p. 549; Coues, 
Chech-L N. Amer. B. 1882, p. 79, no. 455; Beld. Proc. U. S. Nat. 
Mus. 1883, p. 349 ; Cones, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 1884, p. 490, 
no. 455; A. 0. U. Chech-list, 1886, p. 216, no. 407 a ; Ridgw. Man. 

N. Amer. B. p. 291 (1887). 
Adult male. Resembles M. formicivorus in having the black 

* I cannot separate the Oaxaca specimens from M. onelanopoyon; it is 
posbible that this species ranges so far southwards occasionally only. 
154 
PICIILE. 

chest striped with white, but differs from that species as well as 
from M. melanopogon in having the white frontal band narrower, 
and together with the chin and throat more strongly washed with 
lemon-yellow. Total length 8*5 inches, cnlmen 1*1, wing 5*45, 
tail 3*1, tarsus 0*85 • toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*73, 
outer posterior 0*73, inner anterior 0*53, inner posterior 0*35. 

Adult female. Has the crown crossed by a black band, but is 
otherwise like the adult male. It differs from the females of 

31. fonnicivorus and 31. melanopogon in having the white and the 
black bands together less in width (longitudinally j than the red band 
on the occiput and nape. Total length 8 inches, culmen 1*15, 
wing 5*2, tail 3, tarsus 0*75. 
Hub. Southern portion of Lower California. 

a. $ ad.; b, c. Sierra de Laguna, California, Salvin-GodmanColl. 
§ ad. sk. 
May, June (31. Abott Frazar, 
Hensh. Coll.). 


d. (S ad. sk. Triumfo, Lower California, Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(31. AbottFrazar, Hensh. Coll.). 
4. Melanerpes flayigula. 
Picus melanopogon (non Temm.), Lafr. Rev. Zml 1*44, p. SI. 
Melampicos flavigula (non Bodd.), Malk. Rec.et May. da Zmd. 1849, 

p. 522. 
Melanerpes formicivorus (non Swains.), Bp. Gmsp. Gen. At\ i. p. 115 
(1850). 
Melanerpes melanopogon fpt), Bp. Cunsj). Valuer. Zyyod. p. 10, 
no. 207 (1854). 
Melanerpes 
flavigula, Reichenb. Scam. Piei?ite, p. 384, no. 886, 
pi. dcxliii. figs. 4297-99, ? e 6 (1^4); Sclat. P. Z. S. lr>>5, 

p. 161* Gray, List Picid. Brit. 31u«. p. 115 (18TS); id. lland-l. 
B. ii. p. 201, no. 8815 (1870); Sale. Cat StrickL Coll p. ,398, 
no. 1945 (1882). 
Melanerpes flavigularis, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 307; id. Cat. Am. B. 

p. 341, no. 2036 (1802); Wyatt, Ibi*, 1871, p. 881 : Sclat. 4* Salv. 
KomencL Av. Neotr. p. 100 (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 533. 
Melampicus flavigula, Malk. Picidm, ii. p. 202, pi. xcix. Hs&. 5 d ad., 
6 § ad. (1862). 
Picus flavigularis, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 51 (1806), 


Adult male. Differs from the male of 31. formicivoms in having 
the crown black and occiput (only) red, in this respect resembling 
the female of M. formicivorus, except that in the latter species 
the black space between the white forehead and red occiput is 
narrower and has more the appearance of a band; upon the chest 
there is an approach to a black belt as in 11. melanopogon, but it is 
narrow and varied with a few greyish-white stripes. Total length 8*8 
inches, culmen 1*07, wing 5*6, tail 2*9, tarsus 0*76 ; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*75, outer posterior 0*75, inner anterior 0*54, 
inner posterior 0*34. 

Adult female. Wants the red occipital band, but is otherwise like 
the male. Total length 8'8 inches, culmen 1*05, wing 5*43, tail 3*25, 
tarsus 0*85. 

12. MELAWERPES. 
155 

The young female resembles the adult) of the same sex, but is 
more of a sooty black above, with much less of the greenish-blue 
gloss possessed by the adult, this being almost entirely wanting on 
the top of the head and on the hind neck; the white of the underparts 
less pure, and with dusky striations. 


Hob. U. S. Colombia. 

a, b. 2 ad. sk. U. S. Colombia, Tweetfdale Coll, 
c, d. (S ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll. 


e. $ ad. sk. Bogota (Chesterton). Salvin-Grodman Coll. 
f,9-6 $ ad.sk. Bogota. Purchased. 
h. $ ad.sk. Retiro, Antioquia (T. K. Salmon). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
i. <$ ad. sk. 
Retiro, Antioquia {T.K.Salmon). Sclater OolL 
k. 
<$ ad. sk. Santa Elena, Antioquia (T. IL Salvin-Godman ColL 
Salmon). 
I. $ ad. sk, Potreros, Magdalena Valley, Salvin-Godman Coll, 
U. S. Colombia (C W. Wyatt), 
5. Melanerpes xantholarynx. 
Melanerpes xantholarynx, Heicftenb. Scans. Pitince> p. 384, no. 887, 
pi. dcxliii. figs. 4293-94, S 6 (1854); Gray, List Picid. Brit. 
Mm. p. 116 (18G8) ; id. Hand~l. B. ii. p. 201, no. 8817 (1870). 

Melanrpicus 
xantholarynx, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 204, pi. c. fig. G, r? 
(18(52). 
Picus xantholarynx, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 51 (1866). 

Adult male. From the description and figure of this species given 
by lleichenbach, it appears to differ from M. formicivorus (Swains.) 
in having the face and side of the neck white, without any black 
stripe running through and behind the eye; the chin and throat 
golden-ochre, devoid of black, the malar region alone being of the 
latter colour; the yellow throat is separated from the white neck 
and chest by a few stripe-like spots of black, there being also a few 
similar spots on the side of the neck; the underparts are striated 
with black ; but there is not a trace of even a narrow black band 
on the chest, this being, like the rest of the underparts, white striped 
with black. The measurements, according to Eeichenbach, are as 

follows:—Length 9" 6'", culmen 11'", wing 5" 0'", tail 3" 5'", 
tarsus 11'". 
Hah. Mexico? 

6. Melanerpes craentatus. 
Lesser Black Woodpecker, var. A, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 559, £ 
(1782). 
Lesser Black Woodpecker, var. B, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. SCO, J $ 

(1782). 
Le petit Pic noir, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 54 (1783). 
Petit Pic noir de Cayenne, Daubent PL Enl. no. 694, fig. 2. 


T-»-- ...L.J TJ.J7J7 '•nil TiT r\.7 ., A"> &C\A O / T700\ 

Picus cruentatus, Bodd. Tabl PL Enl. p. 43, 694, 2 (1783). 
Picus hirundinaceus, y, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 426, tf (1788) j Lath, 
Ind. Orn. i. p. 227, J $ (1790). 

156 
PICIJDJE. 

Picus hirundinaceus, jS, Gm. Syst. Xat i. p. 426, J (1788) ; Lath. 
Ind. Orn. i. p. 227, d (1790). 

Picas hirundinaceus * Temm. Cat. Syst p. 62 (1807); Tieill X. Bid. 
ctJECist. Xat. xxvi. p. 87, tf (1818): id. § Bona. Em. Meth. p. 1315, 
cJ (1823) ; TFa?/. %**. ^ir. Picus, sp. 64, tf (wee fcemina) (1827) ; 
id. Isit, 1829, p* 515; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 50 (1868). 

Picus occipitalis, Valenc, Did. Sc. Xat. xl. p. 172? Q (1826); Less. 

Traiti, i. p. 223 (1831}. 
Picus ischnorhynchos, Waff I. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. C6. g (1827). 
Picus meropirostri^ War/l. Syst. Ar. Picus. sp. r>5, J (IS-7). 
Melanerpes meropiro^tris, Bp. P. Z. S. 1837, p. 120: Gray, Gen. B. 

ii. p. 444 (1840; ; Bp. Consp. Gen. Ar. i. p. 115 (1&50): Iteichenb. 
Scans. Pici/ice, p. 384, no. 888 (1KJ4); ^ray, X4Y Pieid. Brit. 
Mm. p. 119 (1868); id. Sand-L B. ii. p. 202, no. ^2 0 {1^70). 
Centurus 
hirundinaceus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 442 (ife40); Cab. in 
" Schomb. Beis. Oman. iii. p. 714 (184s? |. 
Mfdampicos hirundinaceus, JIalh. X. Classify Mem. Acad. Mefz7 
1848-49, p. 364. 
Melanerpes hirundinaceus, Bp. Consp. Gen. Ar. i. p. 116, 2 (1N50); 
mat. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 400 ; Peiz. Orn. Bras. p. 24^ <1*70); Tacz. 

P. Z. S. 1874, p. 546; Peiz. VerhanrfL k.-k. zwl.-bvt. Gexelbck. 
Wien, 1882, p. 448. 
Tripsurus saucius, Lie/it. XomencL Ar. p. 70(lS54t. 
Phvmattjblepharas hirundinaceus, Jieic/tenb. beam. Pieinm} p. 379, 

lio. 876, pi. dcxli.fig*. 4277, <$ (18541. 
Phymatoblepharus ischnorhynchos, lieichenb. Sean*. Pinna, p. 379, 
iio.877(1854). 
Tripsurus hirundinaceus, Bp. Comp. Valuer. Zy*/t*d. p. 10, no. 209 
(1854). 
Tripsurus meropirostris, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygwl. p. 10, no. 212 
(1854). 
Melanerpes cruentatus, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1855t p. 161; id. Cat. Amer. 

B. p. 341, no. 2040 (1862) : id. $ Salr, P. Z. S. 1806, p. 197; iid. 
op. cit. 1867, pp. 587, 753; Gray, List Pit-id. Brit. Mm. p. 118 
(1868); id. Eand-l B. ii. p. 201, no. 8h25 (1*70); Mat. &r 8alv. 
P.Z.S. 1873, p. 291; iid. XomencL Av. Xeotr. p. 100(l873|; 
iid. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 237 ; iid. op. cit. IhTi), p. 032; Sah\ Cat. 
Strickl. Coll. p. 398, no. 1947 (1882); Tacz. P. Z.8. 1882, p. 43 ; 
id. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 89 (Lb84). 
Melampicus hirundinaceus, Malh. Picidte, ii. p. 192, pi. xcviii. figs. 4 
S ad., 5 J ad., 6 $ JUT. (1862 f. 
Melampicus meropirostris, Malh. Picirf/e, ii. p. 197 (1862). 

Adult male. General colour glossy blue-black, the rump and 
upper tail-coverts white : the middle of the breast, the abdomen, 
and a large quadrate patch on the crown vermilion: a yellowish-
white superciliary stripe extending to the nape, which is golden 
yellow; the inner webs of the quills more or less spotted with white, 
and the base of the inner webs of the central pair of tail-feathers 
spotted or margined with white; shafts of quills and of tail-feathers 
black, the central pair of the latter white at the base ; the sides of 

* Some ornithologists refer Picus hirundinaceus of Linneras to the present 
species ; but the brief diagnosis and synonymy given by that author {Syst. Kat. 
i. p. 174, 1766) do not seem to warrant this, and I have no alternative but to 
leave it an open question. 
12 . ME1ANERPES. 
157 

the body, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts barred with white 
more or less tinged with yellow ; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
white barred with black. Total length 7*3 inches, culmen 1-15, 
wing 4*55, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*85; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 
0*65, outer posterior 0*7, inner anterior 0*45, inner posterior 
0-35. 

Adult female. Has no red on the crown, but otherwise resembles 
the adult male. Total length 7*3 inches, culmen 0-98, wing 4*55, 
tail 2-2, tarsus 0*7o. 

Young, probably male. Resembles, generally, the adult male, but 
differs in having the black of the plumage less glossed with blue ; 
the red patch upon the crown smaller and of a duller crimson, the 
anterior part of the malar region having a dull white spot; the 
sides of the body, flanks, and thighs scarcely tinged with yellow, 
and the under tail-coverts varied with squamate markings of black 
and white, instead of being evenly barred ; the margin of the outer 
webs of the secondaries spotted on the apical half with dull white. 

In some examples (apparently belonging to this species) said to 
be from Guiana, the white or yellowish-white stripe bordering the 
forehead and crown is wanting, but exists on the side of the occiput, 
although it is not constant. In this plumage the species differs only 
from M. rubrifrons in possessing the yellow nuchal band. 

Hah. New Granada; Yenezuela and British Guiana; northern 
part of Brazil into Pernambuco ; the Amazonian region; Ecuador ; 
Northern, Eastern, and Central Peru; Bolivia, and into Matto 
Grosso. 

a, I. $ 2 ad. sk. Bogota, Colombia. Purchased. 

c, d. $ J ad. sk. Bogota. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

e, / . <$ ad.; y, 
Bogota. Tweeddale Coll. 

h, i. $ ad. sk. 
k, I. tf 2 ad- sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

m. $ ad. sk. E. Peru (W. Nation). Sclater Coll. 
n. 
cS ad. sk. Chyavetas, E. Peru, Aug. (JEL Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Bartlett). 
o. S ad. sk. Ucayali Eiver, June (J. Haux- Gould Coll. 
well). 
p,q. 6 ad. sk. Simacu, Bolivia (C. BucMey). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
r, s. <$ ad. sk. Ckapada, Matto Grosso, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(J9T. Smith), 

t. J ad. sk. Rio Negro. Tweeddale Coll. 
u,v. <$ $ ad.sk. Rio Negro {A. R. Wallace). Sclater Coll. 
w. d ad. sk. Pernambuco (Craven), Sclater ColL 
7. Melaiierpes rubrifrons. 
Lesser Black Woodpecker, var. A, Lath. Gen. Syn* ii. p. 560, $ 

(1782). 

Picus rubrifrons, Spix, A%\ Bras. i. p. 61, pi. lv. figs. 1S, 2 $ (1824); 

Waff I Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 67 (1827), tf; id. Isis, 1829, p. 515, $j 

Sundev. Consp. Av. Pitin. p. 50 (1866). 

Picus 
hirundinaceus (non Gm.), Valenc. Diet. Sc. Nat. xl. p. 172 
(1826), <?; Wagl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 64, $ (1827). 

158 PICfD.E. 

Centurus rubrifrons, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 442 (1646). 
Melanerpes rubrifrons, Bp. Consp. Gen. Ai\ L p. 110, <$ (1350); Sol. 


Cat Amer. B. p. 341, no. 2030 (1802); Gray, Lid Pieid. Brit 
Mus. p. 118 (1863); id. Kand-l. B. ii p. 20l, no. b824 (1S70); 
Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 247, <$ (1870); Set # Sale. Xomrncl. Av. Xeotr. 

p. 100 (1873); JS. L. Bayard, Ibis, 1873, p. 391; Salv. op. cit. 1588, 
p. 59. 
Phvmatoblepharus rubrifrons>, Reichenb. Scans. Pici/ia, p. 380, no. ^73, 
pi. dcxli. figs. 4278 juv., 4279 d ad. (1854}. 
Tripsurus rubrifrons, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 10, no. 210 
(1854). 
Melampicus rubrifrons, Malh. PHdre, ii. p. 196, pi. xcviii, fisrs. 1, 2, 
tf ? ad. (1862). 
Melampicus melanocephalus, Malh. Pirida, ii. p. 10-J (1802). 
Melanerpes melanoeephalus, PtJz. Orn. Bras. p. 247 (1^70), 2 . 

Adult male. Differs from 21. crweatafus in wanting the superciliary 
stripe and the yellow nuchal band, and also in having the 
red patch on the crown smaller. Total length 7*3 inches, euimen 1, 
wing 4*35, tail 2*3, tarsus 0*8; toes (without claws)'—outer anterior 
0*63, outer posterior 0*66, inner anterior 0*5, inner posterior 
0*32. 

Adult female. Wants the red on the top of the head, but is in 
other respects similar to the adult male. Total length 7*3 inches, 
euimen 0*95, wing 4*05, tail 2*25, tarsus* 0*7. 

Young ( S ? )• Has the red more spread over the crown and of a 
less brilliant crimson than in the adult male; the plumage {gent-rally) 
more dusky or sooty brown; the feathers of the back and chest only 
slightly glossed with blue-black; underparts below the breast dull 
white (only slightly rufescent), with dusky bars; the middle of the 
lower breast and the abdomen orange-red. 

Occasionally specimens both of adult and young are found which 
have a short white stripe above the posterior part of the eye. 
Bab. Guiana, and extending north into Trinidad; Northern 
Brazil east to Para. 

a, b, $ ad. et juv. Barra, Rio Negro, Jan. (A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. '
e,d. S 2 a(** sk* 
It. Wallace). 
Para, Lower Amazons, Jan. Tweeddale Coll. 
(B. L. Layard). 
e. J ad. sk/ . $ ad. sk.
g. J ad. sk. 
Cayenne. 
Cayenne. 
Maroni River, Surinam 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll 
(Kappler). 
h. S ad. sk. Guiana (Broim). Sclater Coll. 
L $ ad. sk. River Apapurow, BritishGuiana, Jan. (M. Whitely). 
Salvin-Godman Coll 
h. $ ad. sk. Camacusa, March (H. W.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
I $ ad. sk.
m. S ad. sk. 
Merume" Mts., July (H. W.) 
Bartica Grove, Oct (H. W.). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll, 

12 . MELA.NERPES. 
159 

8. Melanerpes portoricensis. 
Picus portoricensis, Baud. Ami. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. ii. p, 285, pi. li. 
(1803); Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 50 (1866); Bryant, Proc. 
Post Soc. N Hist. 1866, p. 256. 

Picus rubidicollis, 
Vieill. Ois. Amir. Sept. ii. p. 63, pi. cxvii. (1807); 
Shaw, Gen. Zool. ix. p. 156 (1815); Vieill N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat 
xxvi. p. 75 (1818); id. $ Bonn. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1321 (1823) ; 
Wagl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 62 (1827); Brap. Bid. Class, xiii. 

p. 499 (1828). 
Le Pic a ventre ensanglante, Temm. Cat. Syst. pp. 65, 210 (1807). 
Melanerpes portoricensis, Valenc. Bid. Sc. Nat. xl. p. 172 (1826) ; 
Brap. Bid. Class, xiii. p. 505 (1828); A. fy E. Nexoton, Ibis, 1859, 

p. 377; Cass. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1800, p. 377; Scl. Cat. Amer. 
B. p. 341, no. 2037 (1862); Cav.-Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 170; Gray, 
List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 115 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 201, 
no. 8819 (1870); Scl. § Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 100 (1873); 
Gundl. An. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. vii. p. 227 (1878); Cory, List B. 
W. Ind. p. 20 (1885); id. Auk, 1886, p. 377. 
Picus carolinus (non Linn.), Less. TraiU, i. p, 227 (1831). 
Melanerpes rubidicollis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 444 (1846); Bp. Consp. 
Gen. Av. i. p. 115 (1850); id. Consp. Vohicr. Zygod. p. 10, no. 208 
(1854); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 76 (1854): Peichenb. Scans. Picince, 

p. 383, no. 884, pi. dcxliii. figs. 4289-90(1854). 
Melampicus portoricensis, Malh. Picidce, ii, p. 205, pi. xcvii. fig. 5, 
cS ad. (1862). 

Adult male. Frontal band, nasal plumes, and orbital region wbite: 
the remainder of the head, neck, entire back and upper rump, wings, 
and tail black, with a steel-green gloss ; shafts of quills and of tail-
feathers black; lower rump and upper tail-coverts white; cheeks, 
chin and throat, the middle of the chest and breast, also the entire 
abdomen and vent, crimson ; sides of the body and under tail-coverts 
pale umber-brown, slightly dusky on the sides of the breast and 
thigbs, the latter having a few red strktions ; under wing-coverts 
white; edge of wing black; axillaries smoky white. Total length 
8 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 4*8, tail 2*9, tarsus 0*85 ; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*75, outer posterior 0*65, inner anterior 0*55, 
inner posterior 0*4. 

Hob. Porto Eico. 

a. Ad. sk. Porto Eico. Dr. H. Bryant [C.]. 
b. Imm. sk. Porto Eico (P. Stoift). U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Porto Eico [Br.H.Bryant). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d. e. Ad. et imm. Porto Eico (G. Latimer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. 
f. 
$ ad. sk. Porto Eico (C. P. Streator, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Cory Coll.). 
g. Imm. sk. Porto Eico {P. Swift). Sclater Coll. 
h. Ad. sk. Porto Eico {Dr. H. Bryant). Sclater Coll. 
i. Ad. sk. Bieque Island (Piise). Sclater Coll. 
160 
PICIDJ3. 

9. Melanerpes chrysanclieii. 
Melanerpes 
ckxysauehen, Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 213; id. £ Scl. 
Nome/id. Av. Xeotr. p. 100 (1873;. 
Picus clirysauclien, Gieb. The*. Orn. iii. p. 150 (1870), 

Adult male. Resembles 21. flavifrons (YIeilL). but differs in having 
the whole of the upper back striped with white : the lower back 
spotted with black; the nape yellow : the lorai region and a stripe 
under the eye white, the nasal plumes yellow; the black stripe 
behind the eye broader and extending right clown the side of the 
neck, and with a white spot behind the eye: the malar region and 
chin pale olivaceous yellow grading into darker dingy pale olive on 
the fore neck, chest, and breast, the crimson being confined to the 
abdomen; the innermost secondaries slightly spotted with white on 
the outer webs. Total length 0*5 inches, oilmen 1*05, wing 4*4, 
tail 2-25^ tarsus 0*7; toes (without claws j—outer anterior 0-05, 
outer posterior 0*65, inner anterior 0*5, inner posterior 0*3. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the alienee of the 
red crown and occiput, the forehead and the greater part of the 
crown being bright yellow, with a stripe of black above the eye and 
a band of the same on the hind part of the crown, the occiput and 
nape being dull yellow. Total length 0*3 inches, culiaen 1, wing 4*4, 
tail 2, tarsus 0*75. 

Hab. Veragua, State of Panama. 

a. xS ad.; b, c. $ Bugaba, Chiriqui, Veragua Salvin-Oodman Coll. 
ad. sk. (& Aree). (Types of the specie, j 
d, & <$ 2 ad. sk Chiriqui (E. Aree). Sclater ColL 

10. Melanerpes pnlcher. (Plate III.) 
Melanerpes pulcher, Scl. P. Z. S. 1870. p. $30: TH/aft, Ik\ 1871, 
pp. 129, 380 ; Scl.$ Sale, Xomencl. At\ Xrotr. p. 'l00 {1873}; iid, 

P. Z. S. 1870, p. 533 • Berkp^k, Ibi*7 1880. p. 114 
Picus puleker, Gieb, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 175 (1370). 
Adult male. Resembles 2L clirysauchen^ but differs in having the 
frontal band and the nasal plumes buffy white, only slightly tinged 
with yellow-, with more red on the top of the head anteriorly; with 
no white spot behind the eye; the throat and chest duller, and the 
barring on the underparts extending on to the breast and covering it. 
Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 4*4, tail 2-15, tarsus 0*78; 
toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*03, outer posterior 0*03, 
inner anterior 0*45, inner posterior 0*3. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the red on 
the head confined to the occiput Total length 7 inches, culmen lf 
wing 4*3, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*73* 

Hah. IT* S. Colombia* 

12 . MELANEKPES. 161 
a, b. <$ g a<^ s^Naranjo, 
Magdalena valley,
U.S. Colombia (C. W. 
Sclater Coll. 
'Hyatt). 
c,d.<3 2 ad. sk.
e, f. (S g ad. sk. 
Naranjo (G W. Wyatt). 
Bogota. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 
g. g ad. sk.
h, L $ g ad. sk. 
Bogota. 
Kemedios, Antioquia (T.K.
Salmon). 
(Types of species.) 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

11. lEelanerpes flavifrons. 
Carpintero vientre roxo, Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat, Pdxar. Parag. ii. 
p. 816, no. cclv. (1805). 
Picus flavifrons, Vieill. N. Diet. xxvi. p. 75, $ g (1818) ; Spiv, Av. 
Bras. i. p. 60, pi. lii. figs. 1 g, 2tf (1824); Wagl. Syst. Av. Picus, 
sp. 63 (1827); Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 50 (1866). 

Picus rubriventris, 
Vieill. N. Diet. xxvi. p. 103 <$ (1818); id. c$* 
Bonn. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1324 (1823), tf; Vieill. Gal Ois. i. pt. 2, 

p. 8, pi. xxvii., (S (1825); Less. Traite, i. p. 224 (1831); id. Oompl. 
Buff.ix. p. 321(1837). 
Picus coronatus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 10, $ g (1823); Valeric. 
Diet. Sc. Nat. xl. p. 173, £ (1820); Drap. Diet. Class, xiii. p. 497, tf 
_(1828) ; Max. Beitr. Nat. Bras. iv. 1, p. 419 (1832). 
Picus rufiventris, Drap. Diet. Class, xiii. p. 507, S (1828). 
Picus erythrogaster, Beckl. N. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc. i. p. 377, 

pi. xxil, <S (1829). 
Tripsurus flavifrons, Sioaim. Classif. B. ii. p. 311 (1837); Bp. Consp. 
Volucr. Zygod. p. 10, no. 211 (1854); Gray, List Gen. B. 1855, 

p. 93. 
Centurus flavifrons, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 442 (1846). 
Centurus coronatus, Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 16 (1847). 
Melanipicos flavifrons, Malh. N. Classif., Mim. Acad. Metz, 184849, 
p. 364. 

Melanerpes flavifrons, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 116 (1850); Scl. 
Cat. Amer. B. p. 341, no. 2038 (1862); Gray, List Picid. Brit. 
Mus. p. 118 (1868); id. Iland-l. B. ii. p. 201, no. 8823 (1870); 
Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 248 (1870); Scl. 8? Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. 

p. 100 (1873); Salv. Cat. Strichl. Coll. p. 398, no. 1946 (1882); 
Berl. #• Jher. in Madar. Zeitsch. gesamm. Orn. 1885, p. 159. 
Tripsurus coronatus, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 76 (1854); Bunn. Syst. 
Ueb. ii. p. 239 (1856). 
Phymatoblepharusflavifions,Beielienb. Scans. Picince, p. 380, no. 879, 
pi. dcxliii. figs. 4291-92, g S ad. (1854). 
Melarnpicus fla\ifrons, 
Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 207, pi. c. figs. 2, 3(5" ad., 
4 g ad. (1862). 

Adult male. Upper and middle back blue-black centred with 
numerous white stripes ; the lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts white; scapulars, wing-coverts, and quills black, more or 
less glossed with blue, the inner webs of the quills spotted with 
white, the shafts being black; tail black, the inner webs of the 
central pair of feathers having occasionally one or two transverse 
spots of white; shafts black; forehead, chin, throat, and malar 
region golden yellow ; nasal plumes, lores, orbital region, and a 

VOL. XVIII. 
M 

162 PICID-E. 

broad stripe behind the eye black ; crown, occiput, and nape crimson 
* side of the neck and upper part and sides of the chest ashy 
olive, yellower on the fore neck, the sides of the chest with varied 
spots of black; the middle of the lower chest, breast, and abdomen 
crimson ; the remainder of the nnderparts fulvescent white barred 
with black; under tail-coverts black, with bars and squama! e 
markings of white, and having fulveseent white margins: under 
wing-coverts white, the axillaries yellowish, both being barred with 
black: the edge of the wing black, w ith a few white spots. Total 
length 8 inches, oilmen 1, wing 4*75, tail 2*8, tarsus OS; toes 
(without claws)—outer anterior 0*72, outer posterior 0*72, inner 
anterior 0*55, inner posterior 0*32. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of red 
on the head, the crown and occiput being deep blue-Mack. Total 
length 8 inches, culmen 1*05, wing 4*5, tail 2*45, tarsus 0*7. 

Hob. Southern Brazil, north into Minas Geraes and Goyaz, and 
ranging into Paraguay. 

a, b. <$ ad. etjuv.; Brazil. 
c, d. 2 ad. sk. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
e. S ad. sk, Brazil. Sclater Coll. 
/ . <5 ad. sk.
g-k 6 2 &d, sk.
i, k. (S 2 ad. sk.
1. (S ad. sk. 
Brazil. 
Brazil. 
Minas Geraes (II. Ro 
Bio Claro, Prov. Ggers). 
oyaz 
Itiocour Coll. 
Purchased, 
b'alvin-fiodman Coll. 
Sitlvin-Godniaii Cull. 
. m. $ ad. sk.
(Joyner). 
Isoxa Fribonrgo, S.E. Salvin-Gcdman Coll. 
n. <$ ad. sk.
Brazil (J. Toudtt). 
San Paulo, S. Brazil (Jog-Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Tier), 
o, jp. <$ ad.; q. $ Bio Grande do Sul. Twetddale Coll. 
imm. sk. 
r. Skel. 

12. Melanerpes cactorum. 
Picas eaeforum, Lafr. §• cPOrb. Yog. Amer. Mend, iv. p. 878, } 1. Ixii. 
fig. 2 $ (1835-44); Tsch. Consp. At. Rep. Reman, in Wiegmanns 
Arch, fur Naturg, 1844, p. 303, no. 252; Gray, Gen. R. ii. p. 435 
(1845); Rp. Consp. Gen. Ai\ i. p. 139 (1850); Malh. Ticidce, I 

p. 102, pi. xxv. tigs. 1, 2, tf $ (1801); ScL Cat Amer. R. p. 333, 
no. 1980 (1862) ; Sitndev. Consp. Av. Ticin. p. 32 (180(1); Gray, 
List Ricid. Brit. Mm. p. 50 (1868); id. Hand-L B. ii. p. 18%, 
no. 8615 (1870); ScL §• Salr. NomencL Av. Keotr. p. 90 (1873) ; 
Zee, Ibis, 1873, p. 134; ScL # Salt. P. Z. S. 187% p. 03; Sale. Ibis, 
1880, p. 361; White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 617; Barrows, Auk, 1884, 
p. 25 ; Tacz. Orn. Rirou, iii. p. 77 (1886) ; ScL <§• Hud®. Arg. Orn. 
± p. 19 Q889). 
Picas (Gecinus) cactorum. Cab. i?z Ttck. Faun. Tertian., Ares, p. 207 
(1845-46). 
Colaptes cactorum, Reichenb. Scans. Rieince* p. 417, no. 079, pi. 
dclxix. figs. 4433-34, 2 2 (1854). 
Trickopicus cactorum, Rp. Consp. Tolucr. Zggod. p. 8, no. 37 (1854). 

12. MELANERPES. 
163 

Dendrobates cactoruni, Burm. J. / . 0.1860, p. 244; id. Peise La 
Plata-St. ii. p. 445 (1801). 
Cactocraugus cactoruni, Cab. § Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 72 (1803). 

Adult male. Back and scapulars black, the former striped with 
drab down the centre; rump and upper tail-coverts white, with 
broken bars of black; wing- coverts black, the lesser and the median 
series having the apical portion drabby white spotted with black, 
the light part of the feathers forming a conspicuous patch on the 
wing, the greater series spotted with white on both webs• quills 
blackish brown, spotted with white on both webs, the shafts dusky 
brown ; tail-feathers brownish black, entirely barred with white upon 
both webs, the shafts black; nasal plumes and sinciput white, slightly 
drab ; hinder part of the crown, the occiput, upper part of face, and 
a broad stripe bordering the nape black, and in the middle of the 
crown a longitudinal spot of crimson• chin and throat golden yellow 
; lores and malar region creamy white, grading into vinous drab 
on the side of the neck, nape, and hind neck; under surface of the 
body and under tail-coverts brownish buff, the thighs and under 
tail-coverts with bar-like spots and bars of black; under wing-
coverts and axillaries drab. Total length 6*7 inches, culmen 0*8, 

•wing 4*1, tail 2-3, tarsus 0*77; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 
0*58, outer posterior 0*6, inner anterior 0*43, inner posterior 0*32. 
Adult female, Resembles the adult male, but wants the red 
feathers in the centre of the crown: " beak black; legs grey; iris 
brown " (Alan Peel). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*83, wing 4-1, 
tail 2*15, tarsus 0*63. 

The young female has the chin and upper throat white (not yellow), 
and the underparts smoky grey, instead of brownish buif as 
in the adult. 

Hah. Peru (probably in the southern part only), Bolivia, Argentine 
Republic, and Lower Uruguay. 

a,b. d $ ad. sk.
c 2 j uv -&k*
d, e. S $ ad. sk, 
Bolivia. 
Bolivia. 
Mendoza, Arg. Rep. (WeissT. 
Bridges [O.]. 
Purchased. 
Sclater Coll. 
haitpt). 
/ , g. 6 $ ad. sk.
h. $ ad. &k.
i. $ ad. st.
k. $ juv. sk.
/. g ad.; m, n Jad. sk. 
Mendoza, Feb. (Weisshaupt). 
Mendoza (Weisshavpf). 
Mendoza. 
Salta, Arg. Rep. 
Uruguay. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Mr. Weisshaupt [0/ 
n.Durnford,Esq.[C/ 
Alan Peel, Esq. [C* 

13. Melanerpes nerminieri. 
Picus heirainier], Less. Traiti, i. p. 228 (1831); Des Mars, Icon. 
Orn. pi. xxxviii. (1849); Simdev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 51 (1866). 
Melampicos herminieri, Mallx. JST. Classify MSm. Acad. Metz, 184849, 
p. 305. 

Melanerpes herminieri, Pp. C<msp. Gen. Av. i. p. 115 (1850) j 
Peiclienb. Scans. Picinte, p. 381, no. 880, pi. dcxlii. figs. 4280-81 
(1854); Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 117 (1868); id. Eandl. 

i2 

164 
piciD-as. 

B. ii. p. 201, no. 8822 (1870): Sclat. # Salr. Xomencl Ai\ Xeotr. 
p. 100 (1873); Later. Proc. U.S. Xat. Mm A., pp. 439, 487 (1878); 
Cory, ListB. W. Ind. p. 20 (1885); id. Auk, 1886. p. 377. 
Linnaeipieus lierminieri, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 10. no. 225 
(1854). 
Linneopicus herminieri, Gray, Cat. Gen, B. lr>5o, p. 03. 
Melanipicus herminieri, Math. Picidce, ii. p. 198, pi. c. %. 1 (1862). 

Adult (female?)*. Uniform black glossed with greenish bine, the 
feathers of the throat, fore neck, chest, and breast tipped Trith dull 
pnrplish crimson, this colour being less prominent on the throat and 
fore neck; the shafts of the quills and of the tail-feathers black : 
" iris reddish chocolate" (F. A. Oher). Total length 10*5 inches, 
culmen 1-3. wing o-2, tail 3-65, tarsus 0*97: toes (without claws)— 
outer anterior 0-88, outer posterior 0*83, inner anterior 0*64, inner 
posterior 0*35. 

Adult male. From the description given hj Mr. Cory (Auk, 
1S86, p. 377) the male would appear to differ from the female 
solely in having cc a faint reddish tinge on the forehead," although 
this is "possibly not constant." Mr. Lawrence {Proc. U. S. Xat. 
Mus. 1878, p. 459) gives the measurements as follows ;—" Length 
11*0, wing D±'' (F. A. Ober). 

Bab. Guadeloupe, West Indies. 

a. 
(S [? ad.] sk. Island of Guadeloupe, West Indies Sclater Coll. 
Sept. (Ober). 
14. JManerpes pucherani 
Picus carolintis, var. d. Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 231, >p. 18 (17U0). 
Picus aurifrons (non Wagl.)} Lees* lieu, Zool. 1 **?*&, p. 102; Wagn. 
A rch. fur Xaturg. 1841, p. 100. 

Zebrapicus pucherani, Malh. Ben. Zoo!. 18411, p. r542; Bp. Consp. 
Volucr. Zygod. p. 11, no. 224 (1854); Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 227, 
pl.ciii.figs. 1,2, d ? (1862). 

Centurus pucherani, Bp. Consp. Gen. Ai\ i. p. 120. no. 9 (1850); 
Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 411, i.u. U( i) (1854);'Sclat. ty Sate. 
Ibis, 1859, p. 136; Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 60; Sclat. <$• Nate. 
Ibis, 1800, p. 43; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860, pp. 286, 2U7;'Later. 
Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1861, p. 229 ; Cab. J. f. O. 1862, p. 328; Sclat. 
Cat. Amer. B. p. 342, no. 2044 (1862); id. fy Salr. P. Z. S. 1*04, 

p. 367; iid. op. cit. 1867, p. 280; iid. op. eit. 1870, p. 837; Salr. 
Ibis, 1872, p. 320; Sclat <$* Sate. Xommd. Av. Xeotr. p. 101 
(1873); Boy card, P. Z. S. 1^78, p. 49; Xutting7 Proc. U.S. Xat 
Mus. vi. p. 406 (1883). 
Zebrapicus gerini, Malh. Picid&, ii. p. 231 (1862). 
Picus gerini, Simdev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 55 (1806). 


* As this species is represented in the Collection by a single male, which 
appears to be not fully adult, I have drawn up my description from the type 
(an adult bird) in the Paris Museum. I take it to be a female, not only*"on 
account of the absence of any red tinge on the forehead, but also of" the 
measurements, the wing being only 5*2, Mr. Ober (Lawr. Proc. "C.S. Nat. 
JMus. 1878, p. 459) giving the length of wing in the female as 5*25. 

12 . MELANERPES. 
Centurus gerimi, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 101 (1808); Lawr. 
Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1868, p. 131; Gray, Eand-l. B. ii. p. 197, 
BO. 8765 (1870); Giebel, Thes. Orn. i. p. 609 (1872). 

Melanerpes pucherani, Berl. fy Tacz. P. Z. S, 1883, p. 571; iid. op. 
cit. 1885, pp. 107, 123; Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 291 (1887). 

Adult male. Back and scapulars blue-black narrowly barred with 
white; rump and upper tail-coverts white, sometimes slightly-
spotted or varied with black; wings and their coverts black, the 
lower series of the coverts, both webs of the secondaries, and the 
inner webs of the primaries spotted with white; shafts blackish 
brown ; tail black, the inner webs of the central pair of feathers 
barred with white, the outer webs with a longitudinal white stripe 
at the base, the outer large feather with transverse white spots on 
the apical portion of both webs; shafts black; nasal plumes and 
base of forehead golden-yellow ; crown, occiput, and nape crimson: 
lores, lower half of face, chin, and throat buny or drabby white; the 
upper half of the face and the posterior half of the side of the neck 
black, with a white spot behind the eye; anterior half of the side 
of the neck, fore neck, and chest smoky brown, with a strong fulvescent 
tinge and almost olive ; the remaining underparts fulvescent 
white barred with black, the abdomen crimson ; under tail-coverts 
also fulvescent white, with squamate markings of black and white ; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries white (slightly yellowish), barred 
with black. Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 1-07, wing i'52, tail 

2*3, tarsus 0*82; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*6, outer 
posterior 0*65, inner anterior 0-5, inner posterior 0*37. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the fore part 
of the crown dingy burly white, the feathers having a black spot at 
the tip, the outer edge and the hinder part of the crown black; a 
narrow olivaceous ashy band on the occiput and a broad nuchal 
band (only) of scarlet Total length 7 inches, culmen 1, wing 
4-22, tail 2-05, tarsus 0*77. 


Bab. Southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras, through Nicaragua, 
Costa Eica, and Veragua into New Granada and Western 
Ecuador, south to Babahoyo. 

a. 2 ad. sk. Mexico. Gould Coll. 
b, c. c? $ ad. sk. Mexico. Tweeddale Coll. 
d. J ad. sk. Orizaba, Mexico. Sclater Coll. 
e. $ ad. sk. Guatemala. Gould Coll. 
/ . $ ad. sk. Vera Paz (O. Salvin). Sclater Coll. 
g. (S ad. sk. Sources of the Rio de la Pasion, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Vera Paz. 
Ji. $ ad. sk. Chisec, Vera Paz. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

i. $ ad. sk. Yzabal, Guatemala. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
k. J ad. sk. Honduras. 
Mr. Dyson [C.]. 
I, m. 
(S ad. sk. British Honduras (Blancan- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
eaux). 

n. 
$ ad.sk. Chontales, Nicaragua, Jan. [T. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Belt). 
o. (S ad. sk. San Jose, Costa Eica (J, Car- Salvin-Godman Coll 
miol). 
PICIDJE. 

j>. c^ad.sk. Turrialba, Costa Hies. (E. A rce). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
q, r. S S ad. sk. Panama (J. McLtannan). SalvLi-Godman Coll. 
8,& 6 $ ad. sk. Babahovo,Ecuador(L.Eraser). Selater Coll. 
«,t?. c? $ ad. sk. Santa llita, Ecuador. Ralvin-Godman Coll. 


15. Melanerpes radiolatus. 
Picus carolinus (pt.), Linn. Si/st. Xat. I. p. 175 fl7€0); Gnu 8y*t. 

Xat. i. p. 431. sp. 10 (17&S). 

Carolina Woodpecker, var. A, Z<?f$. frV/z. %/?. ii. p. '"371 |1782L 

L'jfepeiche ou Pic varie de Li Jamaique, J>a/T. ///«'?. A*itf. G/*\ \ ii. 

p. 407, tf <17b3). 
Pic yarie femelle de la Janiaique, D'wbent. PL EnL 597, f ad. 
Picus jamaicensis, Brmv/i, Xat. J9>V. Jam, p. 474 117*9}. 
Picus carolinus, "war. ,3, Jtf/7i. Lid. Qrn. i. p. 2*"U 1171HJJ. 
Picus radiulatus. JJ>//. tit/st. Ar. Pi-u*. sp, :Ji*t ^ ad. 11^27); *77. 
J#$, 1829, p. 512; Si/ud'ec. Cott^y. Ar. Pui>t. p. -"32 I iM^ti. 
Piciib albifrons *, Swains. PML 3/r/y. i. p. 4-19 (1^7); Wagl. lsi% 

1829, p. 514. 
Picub lanatu^, Temm. PL Co1, liv. 7;i art. <*n P. ^ifperciliarh f 1*27). 
Centurus radiolatus, Gray, Gen. IL ii. p. 442 11^4*5 j ; Gh&sp.B.Jam. 

p. 271 (1847); 2>/>. (hasp. Gen. Ar. i. p. 11* (K>0t; *77. (ump. 
Valuer. Zygod. p. 11, no. 215 il*5ij; lb it huh, Sums. Piunre, 
p. 409, no. 901, pi. dclxiii. tijr. 44H] f * ud. incmvftj |b"4) ; 
Mat. PAZ. 8. 18iil, p. 79: 277," Oi/. J//^'. /?. p. :J4:J, in. -040 
(1802); Marsh, Proc. Pkilad. A* *nh I "•«;:{, p. 1>H4 : *SV«//rf. ^ Sah\ 
Nomenel Av. Xeoir. p. 100 (l*-3) ; Pidytr, Pro*-. I'M. Xtf, Mm. 
1881, p. Ill; A. «$* j£ Xeicton, Hundh. Jam. p. HUf ilW); 
&*/». 6W Wc/ . 6'o//. p. 399, no. 1951 j i*»2s; tVy, Xi^ /A Hr. 
JTK/.JP. 20 (1885); id. Aid:, iii. p. 37* (l**tif. 
Zebrapicus radiolatus3 Malk. Picidms ii. p. 237, pi. civ, fig». 5, 0,o $ 
ad. (1862). 

-4^iJf wflfe. Above, including the wings and fail and their coverts 
black, the back and scapulars very narrowly barred with greyish 
white, the rump and upper tail-coverts more broadly birre 1 with 
the same ; the wing-coverts and innermost secondaries very narrowly 
barred with white, the remaining secondaries transversely spotted 
with white on both webs, the inner webs of the primaries spotted 
on the basal half, or less, some of the outer webs having one or two 
small spots of white ; shafts black ; the central pair of tail-feathers 
very narrowly barred with white, the outer large feather externally 
spotted ; shafts black; nasal plumes, frontal band, almost the entire 
face, also the chin and throat, creamy white ; crown, occiput, and 
nape crimson.; hiad neck like the back; hinder part of the face 
smoky brown, the side of the neck and fore neck dusky olive, grading 
into the white throat; the underparts deep golden oliye, the abdomen 
tinged with crimson ; the vent, thighs, and under tail-coverts black 
narrowly barred with white, the feathers margined at the tip with 
olive-yellow or dull orange ; under wing-coverts black barred with 

* I entirely agree with Dr. Ridgway (P. U. S.X.M. 1881, p. Ill, note) in 
thinking that P. albifrons of Swainson was founded on the Jamaican species 

M. radiolatus. 
12 . MELANERPES. 
167 

white, the axillaries olivaceous grey. Total length 10 inches, eul


men 1-62, wing 5*3, tail 3-3, tarsus 0*95 ; toes (without claws)— 

outer anterior 0-8, outer posterior 0*83, inner anterior 0*65, inner 

posterior 04 . 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the crown 

smoky grey, with a few transverse markings of black, the occiput 

and nape (only) red. Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 

5*1, tail 3-3, tarsus 0*96. 

Young male. Differs from the adult male in having the crown 
dusky, but with some of the feathers tipped with crimson; the 
underparts less bright golden olive, and varied with transverse 
dusky spots or faint bars ; the thighs and under tail-coverts dusky 
black barred with dull white, not tinged with yellow. 

Bab, Confined to the island of Jamaica. 
a, b. $ ad. sk. Jamaica. Purchased. 

c. § ad. sk. Jamaica. 
Philip Gosse, Esq. 
CO.]


d. <$ ad. sk. Jamaica. Tweeddale Coll. 
e>f J ? ad.sk. Jamaica. Sclater Coll. 
9)h. $ j ad.sk. Moneague, Jamaica, Feb. (Dr. Mrs. Bryant [P.]. 
Bryant), 
i, k, I. <$ ad. et Moneague, Feb., Aug. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
imm. sk. 

m. $ ad. sk. Near Spanish Town. Jamaica Salvin-Godman Coll. 
{W. W. Marsh). 
n. Sternum. 
Purchased, 
16. Melanerpes superciliaris. 
Picus superciliaris, 
Temm. PI. Col. iv. pi. 433, <$ ad. (1827); Less. 
Man. tfOrn. p. 112 (1828) ,* Drap. Diet Class, xiii. p. 50o (1828); 
Wagl. Jsis, 1829, p. 515; Less. TraiU, i. p. 227,6 (1831) j Thienem. 

J.f O. 1857, p. 153; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 55 (1866). 
Colaptes superciliaris, 
Vig. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 445 (1828); Wagner, 
Arch, fur Naturg. 1841, p. 100 ; Ramon de la Sagra, JSist. Phys. 
Cuba,Av. p. Ill, pi. xxiii., var. alb. (1838); D'Orb. # Sagra, 
Mist. Phys. Cuba, Orn. p. 146 (1839); Lembeye} Av s Cuba, 

p. 131 (1850). 
Picus striatus (non Gm.), Less. Traite, i. p. 227, J (1831). 
Picus subocularis, Less. Beser. dOis. RSc. DScouv. 1847, p. 205, 
no. 33, (5. 

Colaptes superciliosus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 446 (1846). 

Zebrapicus superciliaris, Malh. N. Classify Mim. Acad. Metz, 

1848-49, p. 361; id. Picidce, ii. p. 223, pi. cii. figs. 1, tf (ad. ?), 2 

$ ad., 3 $ ad. alb. (1802). 

Centrums superciliaris, 
Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 118, no. 1 (1850); 
id. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 11, no. 214 (1854); Reichenb. Scans. 
Picince, p. 408, no. 958, pi. dclxii. figs. 4400 S ad., 4401 $ alb. 
(1854); Gundl. J.f O. 1856, p. 103; Brewer, Proc. Post. Soc. 
Nat. Hist vii. p. 307 (1860) ; Sclat Cat. Amer. B. p. 342, 
no. 2042 (1862); Gundl. Repert 1866, p. 294; Sclat # Sab. 
Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 101 (1873); Ridgiu. Proc. U.S. NatMus. 
1881, p. 115; Cory, List B. W. Ltd. p. 20 (1885); id. Auk, iii. 

p. 379 (1886). 
Meianerpes superciliaris, Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 202 (1887). 
168 PICID-E. 

Adult male. Above, including tail-coverts, and the wing-coverts 
barred black and white, the back and scapulars washed with 
yellowish; quills black, the basal portion of the primaries white, 
and the apical margin also white; the secondaries barred with 
white upon both webs; shaft* black : the central pair of tail-
feathers white, narrowly barred and tipped with black, the remaining 
feathers black, the two outermost large one* on either side 
barred with white on more or less of their apical half; shafts black ; 
nasal plumes reddish cream-colour: ba*e of the forehead, hiii ler 
part of the crown, occiput, and nape eiimson : frontal band. lore*, 
and region above and below the anteiior half of the eye creamy 
white; above the posterior half of the eye ml running backwards 
a broad black stripe or spjt; posterior portion of the face 
dull cream-colour; the chin and thr »at drab, irndiog info ashy 
brown on the sides of the neck, cheat, an i bici-t. and strongly 
fulvescent below, the abdomen being crimen, j.ml the thighs 
barred with dusky black ; under tail-eovtrN inherent white barred 
with black; under wing-covert's white (4igiitly }el!owLii) with 
varied black markings, the axiilarie^uniformdiiitry ullowinh white. 
Total length 11 inches, culinen 1*7- ving '*, tul J5'H5. t ir-us 1*1 ; 
toes (without claws)—outer anterior O**o, outer posterior H-*s7, inner 
anterior U*G, inner posterior 0*45. 
n Adult female. Differs from the adult male in Ii.nintr the lovat^r 
part of the crown huffy white, with a smoky tirure posteriorly, the 
hind part of the crown and the occiput black, striped with binoky 
grey; the nape (as in the male) crimson. Totii length 11 inches, 
culmen 1*53, wing 5*3, tail 3*0, tardus iHj;l 

Young ( £ ?). Besembies the adult male, but differs in having 
scarcely a trace of red at the base of the forehead, the latter being 
dull white with dusky spots; the red on the crown and occ iput 
very much duller, and the black portion of the or own-feat hers 
showing through; the upper parts with hardly any fulvescent tinge, 
and the barring less black, and dusky on the rump; underparta 
only slightly fulvescent, and the red on the abdomen not so intense; 
the barring on the flanks, thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts 
dusky. 

Hab. Cuba. 

a. $ ad. sk. Cuba. Zoological Soeietv. 
b. <$ ad. sk. Cuba. Iw. Br\ant "P."." 
c. J ad. sk. Cuba (C. Wright). U.S. Nat. Mik "P.], 
<L d ad. sk. Cuba. Selaier Coil. 
e}f. (S ad.* g1 h. $ Cuba. Salvin-Cxodnian Coll. 
ad.; i. Juv. sk. 

17. Melanerpes blaML 
Centurus blakei* Ridgw. Auk, iii. p. 3S7 (18b0). 
Melanerpes blakei, Ridgw. Meat. S. Amer. B. p. 292 (1887). 


* Certainly comes very close to M. iiyeamm from Watlingp Island, Bahamas, 
judging from the description of that species gi\en by Dr. Eidgway. 
12. MELAtfEKPES. 
169 

Adult male. Besembles M. superciliaris, but differs in being 
smaller, and having very much less white on the plumage; the 
white on the base of the primaries broadly barred with black; the 
tail shorter and the central pair of feathers black, barred with 
white, the black interspaces slightly narrower than the bars; the 
nasal plumes less red; the posterior half of the face darker and 
more of a drab ; the neck and chest vinous drab, the underparts 
somewhat similar in colour and tinged with yellow, but very much 
less so than M. superciliaris. Total length 10*3 inches, culmen 1-4, 
wing 5*33, tail 3*65, tarsus 0*9 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 
0*8, outer posterior 0*8, inner anterior 0*55, inner posterior 0*35. 

Adult female. Has no red on the crown, the anterior portion 
being ashy drab, blending into the buffy-white frontal band, the 
posterior part black with transverse markings of ashy grey • the 
occiput and nape (alone) being red. Total length 9*8 inches, culmen 
1*32, wing 5, tail 3*6, tarsus 0*9. 

Hab. Abaco, Bahamas. 

18. Melanerpes nyeanus. 
Oenturus nyeanus, Ridgw. Aide, iii. p. 386 (1886). 
Melanerpes nyeanus, Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 292 (1887). 


Adult male. (i Similar to C. supercHliaris (Temm.) of Cuba, but 

much smaller, the white bars of upper parts and grey of lower 

parts almost devoid of yellow tinge; red of belly and black super


ciliary spot more restricted, and outer webs of middle tail-feathers 

without spots. Wing 5*20, tail 4-00, culmen 1*50, tarsus 0-92.'* 

(JRidgway). 

Hab. Watlings Island, Bahamas. 

19. Melanerpes caymanensis. 
Oenturus caymanensis, Cory, Auk, iii. pp. 499 & 502 (1886). 
Adidt male. Differs from both of the Bahaman species, and also 

from the Cuban M. super ciliaris, in wanting the black patch above 

and behind the posterior part of the eye, also in the black bars on 

the upper parts being narrower, and the light bars drabby white; 

the nasal plumes slightly red; the frontal band and the anterior 

half of the face pale drab (not white) ; the whole of the underparts 

brownish drab and less fulvescent. In the amount and distribution 

of white on the wings and tail this species is much more closely 

allied to the Bahaman species M. nyeanus and M. blalcii, but, apart 

from the more important specific differences, it is less in size than 

either of these. Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 1*25, wing 5*15, 

tail 3*6, tarsus 0*92; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*82, 

outer posterior 0*82, inner anterior 0*6, inner posterior 0*35. 

Adult female. Has the crown smoky or dusky grey, the red being 

confined to the occiput and nape. In other respects the sexes are 

170 PICIDJB. 

alike. Total length 9*3 inches, culmen 1*25, wing 4*7, tail 3*4 
tarsus 0*9-. 
Bab. Island of Grand Cayman, West Indies. 

a, b. <$ ad. sk. Grand Cayman, W. I. (C. P Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Streator, Cory Coll). 

20. Melanerpes carolinus. 
The Bed-bellied Woodpecker, Catedtf, Xat. Hist, Carol i. p. 19, 
pi. xlx. fig. 1, <$ (17311. 
Pieus carolimis, Linn, {ex Catesby) Sysi. Xat. i. p. 174 (1700); 
Forster, Cat. Anim. X. Amer. p. 10 f 17711; Gm. iSyst. Xai.'u 

p. 4:31, sp. 10 SJ W . 3 OT var. y c s^i. |17^J; Vie'll X. Ditt. 
d'Hist. Xat. xxvi. p. 77 {1^1^); Yftlenc. iJkt. S-. Xat. xl. p. 1^1 
(1820); Drap. Did. Cla^if. <CHte. Xat. xill \K 4m fl-2*-); 
WHs. Bp. <$* Jard. Amer. Or/i. i. p. 113, pi ^IL titr. 2. -" (non 
Mn.) (Ifc32): Xuttall, Man. Orn. i. p. 572 (ls&>jt; .W . Or«. 
Z%. v. p. 109, -4fc, pi. 415. &r. 3 o a«l.f pi. 410. hjr. 4 2 ! 1 *#)); 
id. Synop. 1839, p. Ib3; Peabody, B. Ma^m L p. 330 ! **41): . lw</. 
i?. y3t;»e/\ iv. p. 270, pi. eclxx. (*W2>; De Kay, Xuf. J fiat. X. Y. 
p. 189, pi. xviL fisr. 37, d (1^44) • &itiuUr. Coasp. Ar. Pitta, p. 53 
(I860). 
Carolina Woodpecker, var.B, Lath. Ota. %//. ii. p. 571 (17^}. 
JEpeiche ou Pic rave de la Louiaiaiif*, Buf. llitt. Xat. On, \\{. 

p. 409 (I78;i); Baubent. Pi. Eat. W'J. £ ail. 
Picus zebra, iW & JViW. IV. Etil p. 43, no. tji*2 117*3 J. 
Picus caroliims, Tar. y, .Z</£A. //««?. Or«. i. p. 231 {17*»*0*. 
Picus griseus, Yieill Ois. Amer. h'tpf. ii. p. *»:>, pi. c*.vi. o*ad. (1807); 
Bonn. # T7e>7/. JStoc. JI^ . p. laO^s f 1*^23). 
Picus carolinensis, WHs. Amer. Orn. i. p. 113, pi. vii. fig. 2, <£ 
(1808). 
Picus ervthrauchen, Wagl Syst. AM. Picui?, sp. 38 (1527); id. Isis, 
1829, p. 518. 
Centura** carolinensis, Swains. Clasnf. B. ii. p. 310 (1837); Seton, 
Auk, 1885, p. 335. 

Centurus carolinus, Bp. Geoyr. 4" Comp. List, p. 40, no. 264 (1838); 
Gray, List Gen. Brit. Mm. i. p. 71 f 1K41); id. Gta. B. ii. p. 442, 
pi. ex. fig. 3 (1846); Bp. Qjmp. Gen. Ai\ i. p. 119, no. 3 (l&oO); 
id. Cuiisp. Yolucr. Zi/f/od. p. 11 (1&34); Ileahenb. Ilamlb. &<rim. 
Piehm, p. 408, no. <Joi>, pi. dclxiii. fitM. 4402-3, £ $ (1854); Sdat 

P.Z. 8 1857, p. 8; Baird, B. X. Amer. Ib58, p. 109; i& CSrf. X. 
Amer. B. 1859, no. 91; Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 342, no. 2045 
(1862); Cab. J.f. 0.1802, p. 324 : Cav.-Tayhr, Mis, lbC2, p. 128; 
Jifoi, Proe. Essex Inst. iv. p. 53 (18114); Dresser, Ibis, 18&of 
p. 469 ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. 3£us. p. 1*9 (IMJb) ; id. Hand-l. B. 
ii. p. 197, no. 8758 (1870); Allen, Bud M. C Z. ii. p. 308 (1871): 
Coues, Key X. Amer. B. p. 196 (lb72); Alien, Bull M. C Z. ill 
p. 180 (1872); Coues, Cheek-lid, 1873, no. 30U; I£id</w. Bull 
Essex Inst.1873, p. 185; Coven, B. X. West, p. 2811(1574); B., B., 
Sr B. Mist. X. Amer. B. ii. p. 554, pi. Hi figs. 1 ^ , 4 J (1&74); 
Breioster, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. xi. p. 144 (1875); Xels. Ball Essex 
Inst viii. p. 110 (1870); Brewster, Bull Xatt Orn. Club, lb77, 
p. 108; Mayn. Bds. Florida, p. 220, pi. x\iiL (1878); Mourns, 
Trans. Conn. Acad. 1878, p. 146; Midywu Proc. U. 8. Xat. Mas. 
12 . MELANERPES. 
171 

iii. p. 189, no. 372 (1880) ; Bklgw. Troc. U. S. met Mus. 1881, 
p. 99; Coues, Check-list, 1882, no. 450; id. Key N. Amer. B. 1884, 
p. 488; Drew, Auk, 188*5, p. 17; Agersborg, torn, cit, p. 283. 
Zebrapicns carolinus, Malk, N. Classify Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, 
p. 301; id. JPicidce, ii. p. 234, pi. ciii. figs. 7 tf ad., 8 5 a(*« 
(1862). 
Melanerpes carolinus, Mdgio. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1874, p. 378; A. 0. 

U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 217, no. 409 (1886); Ridgw. Man. 
K. Amer. B. p. 293 (1887); Wan en, B. Penn. p. 135 (1888). 
Adult male. Back and scapulars, also the wing-coverts, barred 
black and pure white; rump and upper tail-coverts white, the 
former varied with Y-shaped markings of black, the latter nearly 
uniform* quills black, the primaries having the base of the inner 
web white partially barred with black, the outer webs at the base 
spotted with white; secondaries spotted upon both webs, and the 
innermost barred across with white, the tips of the quills white, 
and the shafts black; tail black, the inner webs of the central pair 
of feathers barred with white, the outer web longitudinally striped 
at the base with white, the two outer large feathers on either side 
tipped and transversely spotted with white on more or less of the 
apical portion : shafts black; nasal plumes buffy drab washed with 
red; top of the head, occiput, and nape bright red; face, neck, and 
the whole of the under surface of the body drab-grey, whiter on 
the chin and throat, the anterior part of the face, the chest, and the 
abdomen more or less tinged with red, below the chest being also 
delicately tinged with yellow, the thighs barred and spotted with 
black * under tail-coverts white, with stripes and varied markings 
of black; under wing-coverts white, transversely spotted with 
black, axillaries smoky white. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1*35, 
wing 5*25, tail 3*3, tarsus 0*9 ; toes (without claws)—outer anteiior 
0-6, outer posterior 0*65, inner anterior 0*46, inner posterior 0*32. 

Adult female. Has the crown pale ashy grey anteriorly, leaden grey 
posteriorly, the occiput and nape red as in the male, which it also 
in other respects resembles. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1*22, 
wing 5-35, tail 3*38, tarsus 0*9. 

Young male. Differs from the adult male in having the underpays 
covered with almost obsolete dusky striations; the forehead 
and crown dusky brown with drab transverse markings, and with 
a faint tinge of red on some of the feathers ; the occiput and nape 
clrabby brown with faint dusky bars, and very slightly tinged with 
red; the abdomen with a yellowish or pinkish tinge; under mandible 
yellowish at the base (below). 

Hob. Eastern United States, to the Eocky Mountains, has 
occurred as far north as Toronto, and is rare east of the Hudson 
River, extends south into Florida and Southern Texas. 

a. <S ad. sk. Canada. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
b. S a<i-sk- Michigan. 
Prof. Steere [P.j. 
c. 
§ ad. sk. Locust Grove, New York, Henshaw Coll. [S. 
winter (I)r. Bagg). 
172 PICIDJB. 

d. 5 ad. sk. 
e. $ ad. sk. 
/. $ imni.; g. S 
]uv. sk. 
K-k. S ad.; /. ? 
ad. sk. 
m, n, o. S ad. et 
imm. sk. 
2>, q. <$ J ad. sk. 

r. 2 ad. sk. 
s. £ ad. ;t f, w. $ 
ad. et imm. sk. 
v. $ ad. sk. 
«;. tf ad.sk. 

#. $ ad. sk. 

y. J ad. sk. 
z. $ ad. sk. 
a'. $ ad. sk. 
&', <?'. <$ ad.; «f, e', 

/'. 2 ad. sk. 
/ . Imm. sk. 
ti. 2 a<*. sk-

Madisonville, Hamilton Co., ~) 
Ohio (-F. JF. Langdon). 
Evanston, Illinois, Oct. (j?. 
JF. Xekori). 
Fox Prairie, EicHaDcl Co., \ Henshaw Coil, 


111., Auo-. (E. jr. JNVWOTV *S.-G.\ 
Mt Carniel, 111.. April, Oct., 
XUT. (5. Ridgway). 
Mt. Carmel, July {-£ JJ 

J 

Washington, D.C. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Florida. W. B. Disuiure. E-q. 
"P.". 
Cedar Keys, Florida, Dec. 

(Hemhfiw). 

Blutftun, Florida, March 

(Henshaw). 

Hawk, Florida, April (£. 
-ET. Warren), 
Hawken&vilie, Florida, 

Hen-haw Coll. 

March (R. II Warren u 
Volusia Co.. Florida, March 

(B. II Warren). 
Okahumk^e, Florida, April 

(Hart Merriam!. 
Florida (E. W. Kelson). 
Florida, Aug., fcsept, Oct. 

(W.Boxie). 

Texas. Tweeddale Coll. 
[Mexico.] J. Gould; E»i|. IV."j. 

21. Melanerpes dabins. 
Picus earolinensis (non Linn.), Cabot, App. Siepk. Trav. Tucai. ii. 
p. 475 (1843). 
Picus dubius, Cabot9 Proc. Bost. Soc. Xat. Bid. i. p. 1M, (1344); id. 
Post Jvurn. Xat. But. v. p. 01 (1845). 
Picus erythrophthalmus, Lie/it. Xmnencl. A v. p. 76 (18*i4). 
Centurus santa ciuzi (pt.), Selat. Sf Sale. Ibis, lb39, p. 13H 
Zebrapicus ervthrophthalmus, Math. Pieida, ii. p. 243, pi. cv.figs.1 <£, 

2 ? (1862)J 
Centurus albifrons (non Strains,}, Gray, Lut Picidte Brit. Mus. 

p. 102 (1868); Later. Ann. Lyc. X. t . ix. p. 205 (1859); Gray, 
Handrl. B. ii. p. 108, no. 8768 (1870); Sah. Cat Striekl CM. 
p. 309, no. 1952 (1882). 
Picus albifrons (non Swains.), Sundev. Cbmp, Ai\ Pici/h p. 52 (IbGG). 
Centurus aurifrons dubius, Ridgic. Pruc. U.S. Xat. Mm. iv. p. 108 
(1881). 
Centurus dubius, Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 452; Salt. Ibi*, 1885, 

pp. 186 & 192, 1889, p. 3G9. 
Centurus leei*, Ridgw. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. in. p. 22 (1885). 
Centurus dubius leei, Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Xat. Mus. 1*83, p. 575. 
Melanerpes dubius, Ridgw. Man. X. Amer. B. p. 293 (1887). 
Melanerpes leei, XLigw. Man. W. Amer. B. p. 293 (1887). 

12 . MELA^EKPES. 
173 

Adult male. Back and scapulars black, very narrowly barred -with. 
greyish white; rump and upper tail-coverts white, occasionally 
barred with black; wings and their coverts black, the latter, likewise 
the innermost secondaries, very narrowly barred with white, 
the remaining secondaries with small transverse spots of white on 
both webs, the primaries more or less spotted at the base of the 
inner webs, some of the outer webs irregularly spotted at the 
extreme base; shafts black; tail and the shafts black ; nasal plumes, 
base of the forehead, middle of the crown, occiput, and nape 
crimson; hind neck like the back ; frontal band pale drab or buffy 
white, the supercilium, face and neck, and the under surface of the 
body darker drab, paler on the chin and throat, more ashy on the 
hinder part of the supercilium, side of the neck and fore neck, and 
the underparts slightly fulvescent; lower abdomen and vent crimson, 
the latter with dusky bars showing through, the thighs barred 
dusky black and white; under tail-coverts white, with bars and 
apical Y-shaped markings of black; under w7ing-coverts white, 
barred with dusky black; axillaries smoky white. Total length 9-5 
inches, culmen 1*35, wing 5*1, tail 3*12, tarsus 0*95 ; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*8, outer posterior 0*8, inner anterior 0*6, 
inner posterior 0*33. 

Adult femcde. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red on 
the top of the head, the fore part of the crown being creamy drab, 
darker posteriorly and grading into dusky or smoky grev on the 
occiput; the red confined to the nape and forming a broad band. 
Total length 9*3 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 4*9, tail 3*05, tarsus 0*86. 

Hab. Yucatan and Cozumel Island, south into Honduras, and 
ranging into Southern Mexico to Teapa. 

a, b,c. c? ad. j d-g. Teapa, Mexico, Jan., Feb., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
2 ad. sk. Mar. (Mrs. H. H. Smith). 
h, i. $ $ ad. sk. Northern Yucatan (G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Gaumer). 
k-o. $ ad.; p-s. Buctzotz, Yucatan, April (G. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
$ ad. sk. F. Gaumer). 
tj u. cS ad. • v. 2 ad. Temax, Yucatan, May. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. 

w-a'. tf ad.; b'. $ Peto, Yucatan, April (G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

ad. sk. Gaumer). 
c\ S ad. sk. Tabi, Yucatan, Feb. {F. D.G.). Salvin-Godman Coll, 
d'. <S ad. sk. Cozumel Island, Jan. 1885 Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(F. C. J, Denis), 
e'-ri. (S ad. et Cozumel Island (G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
inim.; o'-u\ J Gaumer). 
ad. et imm. sk. 

v\ S imm. sk. Meco Island (G. F. Gaumer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

* I cannot regard this species, from Cozumel, as distinct from M. dubkib, 
simply on account of its barred rump and upper tail-coverts, as we have in 
the same small island a bird identical with the latter species. The occurrence 
of so many examples of each form is certainly remarkable; but in some of the 
other species of Melanerpeb similar variations are found, though rarely. 
174 
PJCIBJE. 

w\ x\ y\ S ad.; Cavo, Western District. Salvin-Gcdman Coll. 
zr. $ ad. sk. BritishHonduras,Feb.,Mar.. 
April (F. Blaacaneaiw}. 
a", b". S ad.,* c". San Felipe, Britisli Bondu- Salvin-GodmaB Coll. 
5 ad. sk. ras, March, April (F. Blaneaneaux). 
d". 6 ad. sk. Rio Mopan.British Honduras, Salvin-Godican Coll. 
April (F. Bla/ica/iemw). 
e"/"• 6 2 ad. sk. Belize, British Honduras Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(Blaneaneaiuc). 
g". $ ad. sk. Honduras. Mr. I)y>.on C.~. 
h". J ad. sk. Honduras. Mr. Dysun _C.~. 

22. Kelanerpes canescens. 
Centurus canescens, Salv. Ik's, 1859, p. 370. 
Adult male. Resembles M dulim, but differs in having from two 
to three bars of white at the base of the outer weK of the primaries; 
the white bars on the back and wrings rather broader, and the longest 
upper tail-coverts slightly tipped with red. Total Itntitli U'o inches*, 
culmen 1-42, wing 5*1, tail 3-15, tarsus 0*0 ; iae^ (without ekw>|— 
outer anterior 0*77, outer posterior 0*S, inner anterior <H», inner 
posterior 0*37. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead 
and crown creamy white, the occiput slightly smok\% the nuchal 
band (only) red. Total length \}-2 inches, culmen 1*22? wing 51*3, 
tail 3*2, tarsus 0*85. 

There is more white on the crown of the female than in M. dttbiirs, 
and in both sexes of the present species the face i?> I generally) conspicuously 
whiter. 

Bab. Confined to the Island of Ruatan, Bay of Honduras. 

a, b. S 2 a(^-sk- Ruatan I-lancl. Bay of Hon- Pah in-fit diiian Cell. 
duras (G. F. Gmaner). (Types of the specie**.) 
c-l\ $ ad.;/-#. § Ruatan Inland (G. F. Gnu- fc5ah In-Gudiiian Coil. 

ad. et imm. sk. mer). 

23. Melanerpes tricolor. 
Picus tricolor (/ion Gm.), Wagl. Imf 18'29} p. 512, tf ad.; Sunder. 
Co?i$p. Ai\ Piein. p. 54 (I860). 

Centurus subelegans, Bp.Consp.Gen.Av. i.p. 110 (1850 J; id. JXbtesOm. 
Coll. Bajrp. JDelatt. p. 85 (1854): lieichenb. Scam. P/rtW, p. *11, 
no. 966, -pi dclxv. figs. 4415-10 (1854J; ticlat. P. Z. S. Ib55? 
pp. 34,162 ; id. op. tit. 1850, p„ 14a 

Centurus 
tricolor, LieM. Komenel. Ai\ p. 76 (1N54); Cab. J. f. O. 
1802, p. 327; Sdat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 343, no. 2049 (l&?>); "•>/. b 
Salv. P. Z. S. 1804, p. 367 * Salv. op. eit. 1867, p. 157; id. %$clat. 
op. tit. 1868, p. 169 ; Gray, List Pitid. Brit Jim. p. ICO (181*8): 
id. Handrl B. ii. p. 197, no. 8761 (1870); Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, 

p. 213; Wyatb, Ibts, 1871, pp. 115, 3815 Scl £ Sale. Hwmml Ar. 
12. HELAN-EKP.ES. 
175 

Neotr. p. 100 (1878) ; Sate. % Godm. Ibis, 1879, p. 205; iid. op. 
cit. 1880, p. 174 xPidgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mies. 1881, p. 101. 
Centurus rubriventris (non Swains.), Laivr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.rk, 1861, 

p. 299. 
Zebrapicus tricolor (pt.), Malh. Picida, ii. p. 247, pi. cvi. figs. 1, 2, 
S ? ad. (1862). 
Centrums earolinus, var. tricolor, B., B., fy P. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. 

p. 554 (1874;. 
Adult male. Small in size. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts 
black, barred with white; rump and upper tail-coverts uniform 
white; quills black, spotted with white upon both webs, except 
on the apical half or more of the primaries; shafts brownish black; 
tail black, the central pair of feathers barred on the inner web and 
spotted on the basal portion of the outer web with white, the outer 
large feather spotted on the margin of the outer web and the tip of 
the inner web; shafts black; forehead drabby white, the base and 
the nasal plumes tinged with yellow* the centre of the crown crimson, 
the occiput fulvescent brown washed with red, and the nape 
red; hind neck like the back; outer edge of crown, face, neck, and 
under surface of the body pale drab, more or less fulvescent, the chin 
whiter and the malar region slightly yellow, the abdomen orange-
red, the thighs and the under tail-coverts having Y-shaped markings 
of black; under wing-coverts white, with a few dusky bars, the 
axillaries dingy fulvescent white. Total length 6*8 inches, culmen 1, 
wing 4*2, tail 2, tarsus 0*73; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 
0*65, outer posterior 0*65, inner anterior 0*45, inner posterior 0*3. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the crimson 
crown, the sinciput being pale buffy brown grading into ashy brown 
on the hinder crown and occiput, the latter having a yellow tinge; 
the nuchal feathers red as in the male. Total length 6*5 inches, 
culmen 0*85, wing 4*05, tail 1*85, tarsus 0*7. 

Bogota specimens are very pale in colour and strongly fulvescent 
below. 

Hah. U.S. Colombia and east into Venezuela, being replaced in 
the Orinoco district by if. terricolor. 

a. Juv. sk. Central America. Gould Coll. 
b. Juv. sk. Central America. Tweeddale Coll. 
c. d. S ? ad. sk. Veragua {E. ArcS). Sclater Coll. 
e,f. $ 5 ad. sk. Veragua (K ArcS). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
g,h. c? S imm-> Panama. Tweeddale Coll. 
i. § ad. sk. 
7c, L $ S ^ . sk. Panama (J. McLeannan). Sclater Coll. 
m, n. <$ $ ad. sk. Panama (J*. McLeannan). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
o,p. 3 ad. sk. Panama. G. Barclay, Esq. [P.]. 
q. $ ad. sk. Paraiso Station, Panama {A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Hughes). 
r, s. $ ad. • t. $ New Granada. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
juv. sk. 
u,v. S $ ad. sk. New Granada, Purchased. 
w, x. <S $ ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll. 

176 PICID.E. 

y-h'.S ad.etirum.; Bogota. Tweeddale Coll. 
c', d'. $ ad. et 
imm. sk. 

e'9f. J $ ad. sk. Valle Bupar, Santa Marta, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Colombia (F. Simons), 
g\ <$ imm.; ti. § Venezuela. Purchased. 

ad. sk. 
i', h'. £ 2 a<^ s^-Venezuela. Tweeddale (Ml. 
I'. £ ad. sk. Venezuela (Ber!ep*ek), Sclat^rC JIL 
m'. <$ ad. sk. Cayenne. Purchased. 
ri. 6 ad. sk. Cayenne. Purchased. 
o'. Skeleton. S. America. 

Subsp. a. Melanerpes teiricolor. 
Zebrapicus tricolor (pt.\ Math. Picirff, ii. p. 347 il^i'ai. 
Centurns terricolor, Berlepsch, lbis7 Ib^O, p. 113 : 2luttft\ Pror. U.S. 
Kat Mm. 1S81, p. 104. 
Centurus tricolor (non WagL), Sair. Cat. Stricld. Cull, p. 400, no. 1954 
(1882). 

Adult male, Besembles 2L tricolor, but differs in beinor larger, and 
darker in colour on the head, neck, and tinrlerpart<, and in having-the 
rump and the upper tail-coverts more or le-s barred wi'h bLick ; the 
under tail-coverts, vent, and thighs also distinctly barred with hi tek ; 
the red on the abdomen darker and not tinge! with yelluvr. Total 
length 7*3 inches, oilmen 1*1. \riu# 4*25, tail 2*2, tar^im U**; t<«*s 
(without claws)—outer anterior 0*7, outer posterior ^-7, inner anterior 
0*52, inner posterior 0*3. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in harintr the crown 
and occiput dark smoky grey or brown, paler anteriorly, the nipe 
dull orange-red. Total length 8*7 inches, culmen 0 05, wing 4*U#, 
tail 2, tarsus 0*73. 

Hah. The Orinoco district, also the islands of Trinidad and 
Tobago * 


a. $ ad. sk. Venezuela. SVlater ColL 
b. £ ad. sk. Tobago. Sir W. Jardine ~P.". 
24. Melauerpes nihriveiiMs. 
Picus aurifrons (no?i WagL), Bp. P.Z.S. 18*37, p, 110; id. Camp. 
Gen. Av. i. p. 110 (1850;. 

Centurus rubriventris, Strains. An. in Mettag. p. "54, no. 214 | W?)b I; 
Gray; Gen. B. ii. p. 442 <lb40); Bp. Omnp. Valuer, Ziffptd. p. 11, 
no. 222 (1854); Gray, List Pieid. Brit. Mm. p. IVO f1&]&); Lmrr. 
Ami. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 206 (1800); Gray, lland-l IL ii p. 197, 
no. 8762 (1870) ; Midgw. Proc. U. S. Xat. Mm. 1N*1, p. liyl; 
Lawr. Ann. Acad. Sc. N. Y. iii. p. 247, J de,<cr, 118^2); Barnardf 

P. Z S. 1883, j>. 452 ; Salt. lhi% 1885, j>p. 180, 192, Ibbtt, p. m>. 
Zebrapicus rubriventris, Malk. Pieidm. ii p. 24>$, ph evil. tig. 1, rf 
ad. (1862). 
Centurus tricolor (pt.), Cab. J.f.O. 1862, p. 327. 


* Specimens from Trinidad and Tobago have the bars on the rump and 
upper taii-coverts less developed than those from Venezuela. 
12 . MELANERPES. 
177 

Picus tricolor (pt.), Stindev. Consp. Av. Pidn. p. 54 (180G), 
Centurus rubriventris pygmseus, Ridgw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mm. 1885, 

p. 576. 
Melanerpes rubriventris, Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 293 (1887). 
Melanerpes pygmasiis, Ridgw. Man. N. Anier. B. p. 293 (1887). 
Adult male. Resembles M. tricolor, but may be distinguished by 
having the nasal plumes, base of the forehead, lores, anterior half 
of malar region, and the chin brilliant golden yellow; the upper 
part of the forehead, the face and neck, and the underparts (generally) 
paler; the barring on the upper parts much narrower, the 
light bars being greyer. Total length 7*7 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 
4*2, tail 2-6, tarsus 0*75; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0-62, 
outer posterior 0*62, inner anterior 0*46, inner posterior 0*28. 

Young males. Resemble the adult of the same sex, but have only 
a just perceptible tinge of yellow on the forehead and none on the 
chin or malar region; middle of crown red, and separated from the 
paler red nape by the smoky-grey occiput; or with the crown, 
occiput, and nape entirely red, but less brilliant than in the adult; 
the abdomen of a bright brick-red colour. 

Adult female. Has no red on the crown, this being entirely smoky 
white, darker posteriorly, the occipital feathers tipped with scarlet, 
but this colour not spreading on to the nape. Total length 7*5 inches, 
culmen 0*85, wing 4*15, tail 2*5, tarsus 0*73. 

Examples of this species from the islands of Cozumel and Bonacca 
are somewhat darker than typical birds, and those from the latter 
island have the black barring above broader and the bill more 
powerful than Cozumel specimens. 

Hab. Yucatan, also the islands of Cozumel and Bonacca. 

a, b. S $ ^d. sk. Yucatan (G. F. Gaumer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

c. 3 
ad* sk-j Merida, Yucatan, May (G. F. Sclater Coll. 
Gattmer). 
d, e,f. 3 
ad. * g. Peto, Yucatan, April (G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
2 ad. sk. Gaumer). 

h. 
5 ad. sk. Cozumel Island (B. C. J. Bevis). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
i~-p. 3 ad. et Cozumel Island (G. F. Gaumer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
imm.j q-v.$ 
ad. et imm. sk. 

w, oc. 3 ad.; y, Bonacca Island, Bay of Honduras, Salvin-Godman ColL 

z. 
3 juv. sk. Sept. 1887 (G. F. Gaumer). 
25. Melanerpes auxifrons. 
Picus aurifrons, Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 512, 3 ad.; Sundev. Consp. Av. 

Picin. p. 53 (1866). 

Centurus flaviventris (non VieilL), Swains. An. in Menag. p. 354, 

3 ad. (1837)* Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 442 (1846); Sclat.P.Z.S. 

1857, p. 8; Bairdj B.N. Amer. 1858, p. 110; id. Cat. Am. B. 

1859, no. 92* id. B. N Amer. ed. 1860, p. 110, pi. xlii. figs. 1 

cJ, 2 $ ; Bresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 469. 

Centurus subelegans, Bp. P. Z. S.1837, p. 109, c? ad.; Gray, Gen. 

B. ii. p. 442 (1846); Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygody. 11, no. 220, non 
syn. (1854); id. Notes Orn. Coll Rapp. Belatt. p. 85 (1854). 
VOL. XVIII. BT 


178 P1CIDJS. 

Picus ornatus, Less. Rev. ei Mag. Zool 1839, p. 102, £ ad.; Wagn. 
Arch, fur Xaturg. 1&41, p. 100. 
Centurus elegans {non Swains.), Later. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. v. p. 116 
(1851). 
Centurus santa-eruzi (/ton Bp.), Laicr. Ann. Lyc. X. T. v. p. 123 

<1851

>-

Centurus aurifrcn^, Licht. Xommd. Ar. p. 76 {2fc04j: Srfat. Cat. 

Amer. B. p. 343, no. 2047 (I-OL'I: Cab. J. f. 0. 1802, p. 323; 

Gray, Lkt Picid. Brit. Mas. p. 103 |l-r-, ; R J/fi/^-/. Z?. il. 

p. 19S, no. b770 (IS 70) ; Choj,er, B. (faK eth Ba'mh i. p. 390 < lb7< i); 
Coves, Key X. Amer. B. p. 190 tlS72t ; zV. Checl-!i>f7 2K73, n >. 
30; ; &/«£. ^ iSV//>. XoynencL Ar. Xe»tr. p. 100 11^73 j : Z?., J5.. £• 
2?. IT/sf. X. Amer. B. il. p. 507. pi. lii. iLr*. 3 c»4 g <W4t: 
Semtett, Bull. U. S. Ged. Hurt. iv. no. 1, p. 39 ilb7wi; Merrill, 
Froe. U. S. Xat. Mv*. i. p. 101 (1&78J: Setutett, Bull. U. #. 6-Vo/. 
&m\ v. p. 410 tl^79) : Bidgir. Proc. V. X. Xat. 3/z/«. iii. p. 1^9, 
no. 373, & p. 233 (INSOJ : id. op. (it. IT. p. 104 fl^Hl); Coires, 
Check-list, lefc2, no. 401 ; «V7. iT«/ X. AM B. 1**S4, p. 4v*. 
Centurus ornate, Rekhenh. Man*. "Pi< iti&, p. 410, no. 903, pi. dcL\iy. 
figs. 4409-10, gef (l"04i. 
Zebrapicus aurifrons, Math. Pindfp, ii. p. 240, pi, civ. fig*. 1-3, c g 
ad.. J juv. (1^02). 
Melanerpes aurifron^, Bidgir. Pror. U. ft. Xat. Mvs, ^ ill. p. 305 (1 ^0} ; 

A. 0. 271 Check-list X. Amer. B. p. 2l7T no. 410 {1*W»|. j^7///?r, 
Jf«?z. X Amer. B. p. 294 (1*^7); X%^ -iwAr, 1^7, p. 191; 
Hasbrotich, op. cit. lfcfcO, p. 236. 
JLCZW7Z5 »w7e. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts equally barred 
black and white ; rump and upper tail-coverts white ; tjuillh black, 
the primaries having conspicuous spots or patches of white on the 
basal portion, the secondaries spotted with whitt* on the margin of 
both webs, the innermost of all being barred right across, the tips 
of the quills white, and the shafts black; tail black, the outer large 
feather spotted with white on the margin of the outer web and the 
tip of the inner web, the next inner feather tipped with white; 
shafts black ; nasal plumes varied yellow and dusky; base of the 
forehead golden yellow, the crown and occiput slaty grey, grading 
into ashy white on the upper part of the forehead, and the crown 
centred by a large crimson patch ; nuchal band golden yellow or 
orange, sometimes nearly red ; face, neck, and the whole of the 
under surface of the body ashy drab, the chin and throat whiter, 
the abdomen golden yellow; thighs, vent, and under tail-eoverts 
white, tinged with yellow, varied with black, the thighs and under 
tail-eoverts being barred as well as striped, and the vent striped ; 
under wing-coverts white varied with black; axillaries uniform 
smoky white. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1*5, wing 5*3, tail 
3*22, tarsus 1; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*7, outer 
posterior 0*7, inner anterior 0*55, inner posterior 0*35. 

Fledgling, male. Differs from the adult male in having the red 

feathers of the crown dingy crimson and their bases blackish, the 

remaining portion of the top of the head dusky with narrow blackish 

striations on the occiput, the nape smoky yellow ; the feathers at the 

base of the forehead slightly yellow and tipped with black ; the chest 

12 . MELANEEPKS. 
179 

having a few blackish striations, the sides of the body, flanks, and 
thighs with almost obsolete dusky stripes. 

Adult female. Wants the red on the top of the head, the crown 
being drab shading into the grey of the occiput. Otherwise resembles 
the male. Total length 9 inches, culrnen 1*35, wing 5, tail 2*85, 
tarsus 0*9. 


Hab. Southern Texas and N.E. States of Mexico, also along the 
tablelands, south to the city of Mexico and westward into Jalisco. 

a-f. $ ad.; g. Hidalgo, Texas, April (F. B. Salvin-Godraan Coll. 
$ ad. sk. Armstrong). 

h -n. $ ad.; o, Corpus Christi, Texas, Oct., Nov,, Salvin- Godman Coll. 
p} q. § ad. e t Dec. (F. B. Armstrong). 
imm. sk. 

r. Laredo, Texas, July (H. B. But- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
$ ad. sk. 

cher, Hensh. Coll.). 
8, t. <$ 2 ad. sk. San Antonio, Texas, Feb., Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(II. JS. Dresser). 
u,v. c? 5 ad. sk. N. Mexico. Sclater Coll. 
w-z. c?ad.; a',br. Nuevo Leon, Mexico, May (F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
$ ad. sk. B. Armstrong). 
c\ $ ad.; d', e\ Nuevo Laredo, Mexico, March Salvin-Godman Coll. 

f. ? ad. sk. (F. B. Armstrong). 
g', h'. J ad.; i'. Soto la Marina, Tamaulipaa, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
2 ad. sk. April (W. B. Michardson). 
k', V. <5 5 ad. sk. Sierra Madre, above Ciudad Vic- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
toria, April ( W. B. Richardson). 
m/. c? ad. sk. Silao, Mexico Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ri. <$ ad. sk. Morelia, Mexico, Jan. (F. D. G.). Salvin-Godman Coll, 
o'. $ ad. sk. City of Mexico. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
P', q'. <$ ad.; r', Santana, near Guadalajara, Jal- Salvin-Godman Coll. 

*'. $ ad. sk. isco, Feb. (W. Lloyd). 
. <$ ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 


Subsp. a. Melanerpes santacruzi. 
Centurus santa-cruzi, Bp. P. Z. S. 1837, p. 110, <£ ad. ,* Gray, Gen. 

B. ii. p. 442 (1846); Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 119 (1850); id. 
Consp. Vohcr. Zygod. p. 11, no. 221, non syn. (1854); Sclat P. Z. S. 
1856, p. 307; id. op. cit 1858, p. 359; id. op. cit 1859, p. 367; 
id. $ Sah. Ibis, 1859, p. 136 (pt.); Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 60 j 
Cav.-Taylor, Ibis, I860, p. 119; Owen, op. cit. 1861, p. 67; Sclat. 
Cat A?Aer. B. p. 343, no. 2048 (1862); id. P.Z. S. 1864, p. 177; 
Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 102 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. 
p. 198, no. 8769 (1870); Sclat. § Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 837. 
Picus grateloupensis, Less. Pev. Zool. 1839, p. 41, <$ ad. j Wagn. 
Arch, fur Naturg. 1841, p. 100. 
Picus chrysogenys, Vig. Zool. Beech. Voy. p. 24 (1839); Weigm. (ex 
Vig.), Arch, fir Naturg. 1841, p. 99. 
Picus subelegans (non Bp. P.Z.S. 1837), Less. Descr. d'Ois.rSc. 
decouv. p. 206, no. 34, tf (1847). 
Centurus erythrophthalmus, Reichen.. Handb. Scans. Picince, p. 409, 
no. 962, pi. dclxiv. figs. 4407-08, <$ (1854). 
Centurus grateloupensis, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 11, non syn. 
(1854). 
Centurus flaviventris, ScL P. Z. S. 1860, p. 252. 


J?2 

180 PICIDJE. 

Centurus polvgrannmis, Cab. J. f. 0. 1802, p. 820; Gray, List 

Picid. lint Mus. p. 10;5 (18(58); id. lland-l £. ii. p. 108, 

no. 877« (1870); Cab. J.f O. 1872, p. 157. 

Zebrapicus santa-eruzi, Malh. Pieidce, ii. p. 24.1, pi. cv. figs. 4, 5, 

<? ^ ad. (1802). 

Centurus albii'rons (nan Swains.), Cab. J.f.O. 1862, p. 324; Sclat. 
& Sah\ P. Z. S. 1800, p. 804; iid. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 100 
(1873). 

Picus polygranimus, Simdev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 53 (1800). 
Picus albifrons (pt.), Sunder. Consp. A v. Picin. p. 53 (1800). 
Centurus aurifroiis (non JVagL), Lawr. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1875, 

p. 85. 
Centurus aurifroiis santa-cruzi, Pidgw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 
p. 100. 
Melanerpes santa-cruzi, Ridyio. Man. N. A?ner. P. p. 294 (1887). 
Adult male. Differs from M. aunfrons in having both the black 
and the white bars on the upper parts narrower, and the latter 
with a fulvescent tinge• the white bars on the wing-coverts and 
the innermost secondaiies also narrower; the central pair of tail-
feathers spotted with white on the inner web, the outer web being 
striped with white at the base ; the base of the forehead orange or 
reddish; the entire crown and the occiput red ; the frontal band 
and the face buffy drab, the latter (posteriorly) and the side of the 
neck darker and greyer; the whole of the underparts brownish drab, 
with a fulvescent tinge below the chest; the thighs, vent, and 
under tail-coverts fulvescent white entirely barred with dusky 
black, the bars on the vent showing through the golden colour; 
under wing-coverts clearly barred with black. Total length 
8*8 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 5*1, tail 3*05, tarsus 0-93 ; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*75, outer posterior 0*75, inner anterior 
0*53, inner posterior 0*38. 

Adult female. Has the greater part of the crown creamy white, 
shading into greyish brown on the hinder part and on the occiput, 
the nape (alone) being red. Total length 8*5 inches, culmen 1*15, 
wing 5*05, tail 2*7, tarsus 0*88. 

Young. Resemble the adult of their respective sexes, but differ 
in having the forehead less white, and more of a smoky drab or 
grey and with no red at its base; the red on the top of the head 
and on the nape of the male, and on the nape of the female, duller; 
there is less white on the wing-covorts, and this partakes more of 
the character of spots than of bars. 

In Honduras this species assumes the uniform central tail-
feathers, and in this respect resembles M. aurifrons. The dimensions 
of the former are, however, considerably less, and the white 
barring above and on the wings is extremely narrow. 

Hab. San Salvador ; Honduras ; Guatemala; also Southern and 

Eastern Mexico, as far north as Tampico. 

a. 2 ad. sk. [La Paz, Lower California.]* Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Winter (Kensh. Coll.). 
* This locality has been queried upon the label. 
12 . MELANEBPES. 
181 

b. <y ad. sk. Mexico. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
c, d. (S ad.; e,f. $ Mexico. Tweeddale Coll. 
ad. sk. 

g. $ ad. sk. Mexico. 
Sclater Coll. 
h~m. <$ ad. ; Tarnpico, Mexico, Feo. (W. Salvin-Godtnan Coll. 
n-q. $ ad. sk. B. Richardson), 

r. c? ad. sk. San Juan del Rio, Mexico Sclater Coll. 
(Rebouch). 

5. c? ad. sk. Vera Cruz, Jan. (W. B. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Richardson). 
t. ? ad. sk. Vera Cruz, Mexico (Boucard). Tweeddale Coll. 
w. <$ ad.; v. § Atoyac, Mexico, May (Mrs. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
inini. &k. JE. IT. Smith). 
w, x. <$ ad, sk. Misautla, Mexico, March Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(F. D.G.). 
y. $ ad, sk. Jomotla, Mex. (Trujillo). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
z. $ ad. sk. Tortugas, Jalapa, Oct. 
a'. 5 ad. sk. Santa Ana R., Jalapa, Oct. 
6'. c? ircim. sk. Plan del Rio, Jalapa, Aug. 

Commis. Geogr. Ex


6-'. § juv. sk. Huatusco, Vera Cruz, July. 
^r,er,/. dad.;/. S> Cuichapa, Cordova, Vera 

* plor, Mex. [S.-G.]. 
ad. sk. Cruz, Jan. 

h\ S juv. Coatepec, Vera Cruz, July. 
t', k', lf. <3 ad. sk. Tonala, March, Nov., Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(F. Sumichrast). 
m'. Ad. sk Guatemala. Gould Coll. 
w', of. S S ad. sk. Guatemala. Sclater Coll. 
#', qJ. 6 ? ad. sk. Duefias, Guatemala (0. 8.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
r'. c? ad. sk. Duenas (0. 8.). Tweeddale Coll. 

/. $ ad. sk. Eetalhuleu, Guatemala (0. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

8.). 
If. $ ad. sk. Baoul, Guatemala, Nov. Salvin-Godman ColL 

(0. 8.). 
uf. $ ad. sk. Julian, Honduras (G. M. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
WHtely). 
if. <$ ad. sk. San Pedro, Honduras (G. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

M. Whitely). 
vf. <$ ad. sk. San Pedro (G.M. Whitely). Tweeddale Coll. 
26. Melanerpeshoitaanni. 
Centurus 
hotlmanni, Cab.J.f. 0. 1862, p. 322; Gray, List Picid. 
Brit Mus. p. 100 (1868); Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. p. 131 
(1868) j Gray, Hand-l B. ii, p. 197, no. 8760 (1870); Sclat # 
JSalv. NomencL Av. Neotr. p. 100 (1873); Boucard, P. Z. & 1878, 

p. 49; Zeled. Cat Av. Costa Rica, p. 23 (1882). 
Picas hoffnianni, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 54 (1866). 
Centurus aurifrons, var. hoffnianni, j?., B., fy R. Hist N Amer. B. 
ii. p. 554 (1874). 
Centurus aurifrons hoffrnannii, Ridgw. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1881, 
p. 110 ; Nutting, op. cit. 1882, p. 399; Ridgw. t c. p. 501; Nutting, 
op. cit 1883, pp. 375, 387, 394. 
Adult male. Differs from M. aurifrons in being smaller; the nasal 
plumes and base of forehead only tinged with yellow; the crimson 
covering more of the crown, which has an olive tinge, and the red 

182 
PICIDJS. 

of the crown not distinctly separated from the yellow ^or orange 
nuchal hand, the occipital feathers being more or le^s tipped with 
golden yellow; the central pair of tail-feathers having their basal 
portionVhite barred with black; the face, neck, and the whole of 
the nnderparts very much darker "and more of a brownibh drab 
with a fulvescent tinge below the chest. Total length & Inches, 
culmen 1'15} wing 5 05, tail 2-35, tarsus U-S: toes (without claws)— 
outer anterior 0*6, outer posterior 0*07, inner anterior U*45, inner 
posterior 0*3. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red on 
the head, the crown, as well as the occiput, bting smoky giey: 
"iiis hazel" (0. Sahiii). Total length 7*3 inches, culmen 0*95, 
wing 4*6, tail 2*18, tarsus 0-8. 

Hah. Nicaragua and Costa Kica. 

a, b. (S ad. sk. Costa Rica, Iwepddale Coll. 

c. cS ad. sk. San Ju^, LVta Rlea, Sab in-G jdiuan C J!1. 
Ma} (M.L. Calh]a\. 
d. $ ad. &k. San JW, G »ta 11J a Nib in-Godman Coll. 
(J. Carmioh. 
«,/. <J ? ad, sk. Punta Armas Cn-ta Xtbin-GudxnanCull. 
Rica, March (O. b | 

g. S 
ad.; A. $ Costa Rica (J. CurnmJ). SeLiter Coll. 
juv. sk. 
27. Melanerpes uropygialis. 
Centurus nypopolius (non Wagl.), Pucker. Itei\ et Mag. ZmJ. 1>J3, 
p. 163. 
Centurus uropygialis, Bai?mdt Proc. Pkilnd. Acre?. *ui. p. 120 (1<A) ; 
Peichcnb. Scam. Picina, p. 430, DM. 9t*4// Mvi4i ; Lrtur. Mrui. 
Post Soc. Xat. Hist. ii. p. 204 {ItsoZ); tifot. P. Z. S. 16Z7, p. *» ; 
Baird, Cass.j §• Laicr. B. X. Annr. p. Ill fl^-j^t ; Kf>atitdtyyPaaf. P. P. Pep. JExpLtySun. \ ft, lH5ti, pi. wwi.; Heerm. id. 
xc, p. 17 (1&5D) ; BainL Cat.. X. Amer. B. 1S>9, p. 03: Cab. 

J.f.O. 1S62, p. 330; Coves* IbiX lMJ3, p. 5.>; id. Proc. Pkflml. 
Acad. 1866, p. 54; Gaper, B Calif, etl. Baud, i. p. tfJH (IN 0i; 
Cones, Key X. Amer. B. p. 19*3 |1N2| ; id. Cherk-lisU BO. S(M 
(1873); JB.9 B.. 8? R. Hte. X. Amer. B. ii. p. 55N pi. Hi. ti*r-. 2 <*, 
5 $ (Lb74); Midgtc. Proc. U. S, Xat. Mu*. in. pp. WJ, 233 
(lb80); id. op. at. ix. p. 112 (1^1): CUtes, Chefh-list, lfc*2, 
no. 452; Belding, Proc. U. S. Xat. MK*. T. p. 543 (lK^2j; id. 
op. cit. vi. pp. 3447 345 (lbs3); COM^S, JE?y X. Amer. B. 1*534, 
p. 488. 
Centurus sulfiirrrenter, Mekhenb. Scam. Picinm7 p. 410, no. 904, 
pi. dclxw. figs. 4411-12, $ tf (1*54). 
ZeBrapicus kaupii, .Ma/A. Picida, ii. p. 245, pi. cvi. figs. 4, 5, c? 2 
(1862). 

Picus uropygialis, Sundev. Comp. Ai\ Picin.-p. 54 (1W5G). 

Centurus kaupii, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 100 (188^); id. 

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 197, no. *759 (1*70). 

Melanerpes uropvpialfc, Bidgw. Proc. U. S. Xat. Mm. viii. p. 355 
(1885); .4. (A 17. Check-list X. Amer. B. 1*HG, p. 217, no. 411; 
Scott, Auk, 1886, p. 428; Pidgm. Man. X. Amer. B. p. 294 
(1887). 

12 . MEIANEEPES. 
Adult male. Back and scapulars almost equally barred black and 
buffy white• rump and upper tail-coverts white, or the latter 
slightly buffy, narrowly barred with black; wings and their coverts 
black, the latter, as well as the innermost secondaries, barred with 
white, the remaining secondaries spotted on both webs, the primaries 
having large spots and patches of white on the basal half, 
and partially margined with white on the outer webs; tips of the 
quills white, and the shafts black; tail black, the central pair of 
feathers having the inner web white barred with black, the outer 
web with a longitudinal stripe of white, the two outer large 
feathers barred with white on the apical half or more; shafts 
black; nasal plumes, head and neck, and the under surface of the 
body drab, darker on the back of the head and hind neck, and with 
a just perceptible tinge of yellow on the nape, with a quadrate 
patch of crimson on the crown, and the abdomen golden yellow; 
thighs and under tail-coverts buffy white, with bars and sagittate 
markings of black• under wing-coverts white, barred with black; 
axillaries pale smoky drab. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1*5, 
wing 5'2, tail 3*3, tarsus 0*9 ; toes (without cla«s)—outer anterior 
0*68, outer posterior 0*7, inner anterior 0*6, inner posterior 
0-35. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of the 
red patch on the crown. Total length 8'5 inches, culmen 1*25, 
wing 4*9, tail 3*2, tarsus 0*85. 

Immature, liesemble the adult of their respective sexes, but have 
the head and neck paler in colour, the male having a few of the 
feathers in the middle of the crown tipped with orange-red. 

Hob. South-eastern California and Lower California to Cape St. 
Lucas; Southern Arizona and Western Mexico, south to the State 
of Aguas Calientes. 

a. 
$ ad. sk. San Pedro, Arizona, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Henshaic). 
b, c7 d. c? ad. • e, Tucson, Arizona, Dec, Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
/. J ad. sk. (Hemhaw). 

g. 
<$ ad.; h. S Camp Lowel, Arizona, Aug., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
juv. sk. Sept. (Dr. Mothrock). 
i,k. cJad.sk. Low el, Arizona, April (K TV. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Kelson). 
I, m. <$ § ad. sk, Gila Co., Arizona, Nov. (Hen- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
shaio). 
n, o. S $ a<^« &k- Yuma, Arizona, May (F. G. Frean Morconi, 
Stephens). Esq. [P.]. 

p. S ad. sk. La Paz, Lower California, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
winter (Henshaio). 
q, r. (S $ ad. sk. La Paz. Sclater Coll. 
#, t. d S ad. sk. La Paz, March, Nov. (A. For- Salvin-Godman Coll. 

re?'). 
n, v. <$ ad.; w. San Jose' del Cabo, Lower Cali- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
j ad. sk. fornia, Nov. (M. Aboit 
Frazar). 

x. 
$ imm. sk. Cape San Lucas, Lower Cali- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
fornia (J. Xantm). 
184: 
meiBM, 
y. $ ad. sk. Cape San Lucas («71 Xanius). Salvin-Godman Coil. 
z. S ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
a'. $ ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
V. 6 
ad.; c'. $ Mexico. Gould Coll. 
imm. sk. 
d'. $ ad. sk. Mexico. Capt. Kellett & Lieut. 
Wood yr. 
e'-h'. $ ad. et Sonora, Mexico, April (IF. Salvla-Godsian Coll. 
Lloyd). 

ad. et innn. sk. 
/'. 2 ad.sk. Ysleta, Sonora, May { TV.Lloyd). Sal\ in-Godman Coll. 
m'. 2 a(^-s^-Eio Mavo, Sonora, Mav {TV. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Zloyd]. 
nr. 2 ad. sk. Moctezunia, Sonora, Anjr. Salvin-G« dman Coll. 
Q\ $ imm. sk. Hermosillo, Souora, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

p. 
£ ad,sk. Mazatlan, W. Mexico, Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(-4. jPor?w). 
qr, 2 ad. sk. Presidio, Mexico, Dee. (X Sah Iii-Godman Coll. 
JFbrre?*). 
r'. 5 imm-8^-San Bkti, Tepie, Jalisco. April Salvin-Godman Coil. 
(IF. B. RichartJwn). 
a'. 
<J ad. sk. Santana, near Guadalajara, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Jalisco, Feb. ( TV. Lhgd). 

t'. 2 inrm. s^-Calvilio,
Mexico, 
Ap:uas 
Aug. 
C'aik'iit«*st 
{IV, B. 
Salvin-Uodman Coll. 
Itichardsun). 

28. Melanerpes elegans. 
Picas elegans, Swains. Phil. Mag. i. p. 439, £ ad. (1827); Sunder. 
Ctmsp. Av. Picin. p. 65 (18CG); Fiusch} Abft. nut. Yer. Brim. 
1871, p. 356. 

Centuros elegans, Gray, Gen. B. ii, p. 442 (1640); JBp. Cowp. Gen. 
Ai\ i. p. 119, no. 5 (1650) ; id. O/n^p. Valuer. Zygod. p. 11, 
no. 219 (1854); Meichenh. Scans. Picince. p. 411, no. Dr»5 h (1654); 
Cab.J.f.O. 1662, p. 357; Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 342 (1*02); 
Baird, Ik's, 2863, p. 476; Sclat. P.Z.S. 1884t p. 177; Grayt 
List Pieid. Brit. Mm. p. 101 (166*8); id. Hand-L B. ii. p. 107, 
no. 8763 (1870); Sclat 4* Salv. Xtmencl Av. Ktotr. p. 101 
(1873); Later. Mem. Lost. Soc. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 204 (Jb74); 
Bidgw. Proc. 17. S. Nat. Mus. 1661, p. 114; Sah. Cat. StrickL 
Coll. p. 399, no. 1953 (1882) ; id. P. Z. S. Ifcfc3, p. 425 ; Ferrari-
Perez, Proc. If. S. Nat. 3Jus. 1888, p. 160. 

Zebrapicus elegans, Malh. N. Classify Mem. Acad. Metzt 1848~49? 

p. 361; id. Picidte, ii. p. 225, pi. cii. figs. 5, 8, d 2 (1&02). 
Melanerpes elegans, Bidgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 202 (1887). 
Adult male. Back and scapulars broadly barred black and white, 
the rump and upper tail-coverts white, with narrower black 
barring; wings and their coverts black, the latter, likewise the 
innermost secondaries, barred with white, the remaining secondaries 
spotted on both webs, and the primaries having large spots and 
patches of white on the basal portion, and the apical portion 
externally margined with .greyish white, the tips also being white; 

12. MEfANERPES. 
185 
shafts black; tail black, the central pair of feathers and the outer 
large feather barred with white on both webs, the next inner 
feather barred on the inner web and spotted on the apical half of 
the outer web ; shafts black; crown and occiput crimson, the nape 
golden; orbital region and a patch above the posterior part of the 
eye black; forehead smoky drab, the base and the nasal plumes 
orange or golden; face, neck, and the under surface of the body 
dark smoky brown, with a fulvescent tinge below, the malar 
feathers tipped with dull golden yellow, the lower part of the 
abdomen and the vent golden, and having dusky spots ; the thighs 
and under tail-coverts dull white, the feathers having yellowish 
margins and crossed by bars and Y-shaped markings of black; 
under wing-coverts barred black and white. Total length 8*7 
inches, culmen 1*2, wing 4*9, tail 3, tarsus 0-9; toes (without 

claws)—outer anterior 0*7, outer posterior 0*75, inner anterior 0*53, 
inner posterior 0*33. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the crown 
smoky grey, lighter and more buffy on the forehead; the black 
patch above and behind the eye larger and spreading more on to 
the hind crown, but not uniting with its fellow. Total length 8 
inches, culmen 1*12, wing 4*7, tail 3, tarsus 0-85. 

Young male. Differs from the adult male in having the red on 
the head confined to the crown, the occiput being entirely yellow ; 
tho forehead, sides of the face and neck, and the whole of the 
underparts from the chest, inclusive, downwards smoky white (the 
chin and throat being whiter), the middle of the abdomen slightly 
yellow, and the faintest possible tinge of this colour on the base of 
the forehead, malar region, and chest; the forehead, sides of the face 
and neck, chin, throat, and fore neck irregularly striped with black ; 
the chest, breast, and remaining underparts transversely and 
irregularly varied with black or dusky black. 

Hah. Western and Southern Mexico, from Sonora to the States 
of Puebla and Guerrero. 

a. <$ by e. [La Paz, Lower California] * Salvin-Godrnan Coll. 
$ ad. sk. (Henshaio). 

d. $ ad.sk. Mexico. 
Purchased. 
e. S imm. sk. Mexico, Nov. 1869. Tweeddale Coll. 
/ 
6 ad.; g. $ Mexico. Sclater Coll. 
mini. sk. 

h. § inmi. sk. S. Mexico (White). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
i. 
S ad. * h. <$Mazatlan, Mexico, Aug., Nov., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
imm.; I. $ Dec. (A.Forrer). 
ad. sk. 
m. 
S ad. sk. Putla, W. Mexico, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Mibonch). 
n-r, 
$ ad. ; s. San Bias, Tepic, April, May Salvin-Godman Coll. 
$ ad. sk. (TV. B. Richardson). 

* This locality is queried upon the label. 
186 
PICIDJS. 

u. 
<5 $ ad. sk. Tepic, May (IT. 5 . Richard-Salvin-Godman CLIL 
son). 
v, w. <$ ad. sk. Beltran, Jalisco, April (IT. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Lloyd). 


t, 

X. J ad. sk. 
Hac. San ATarcos, Jalisco Salvin-Godman Coll. 
4000 ft. (W. Lloyd). 
<$ ad. sk. Plains of Colima, Jan. {J. Salvin-Golnian Coll. 



Xcmti(s). 
z, a'. S ad.; J', Acapulco, State of Guerrero, Salvin-Godman Coll. 


d. $ ad. sk. Sept, (Mrs. M. H. Smith). 
,<?'. d $ ad.sk. Acapulcu, ITareli (A, If. Mark-Salvin-Godman Cull. 
< 

Jicaa). 

/'. tf ad. sk. Dos Arrovos. State of Guerrero, Salvin-Godman Cull 
Sept. {Mrs. H. H. Smith j . 
ff'j h'. $ $ imm. Epatlan (Izuearj, Puebla, Siilvin-Gcdttian Coll. 

sk. Xov. 

29. Hela&erpes 
hypopolitts, 
Picus 
hypopolius, Wagl. Lsiss 1M?0, p. 514; tivadev. 0>mp< A*\ 
Picin.f. 55 (lst>6). 
Zebrapicus hypopolius, Malk. X. Cfaw'f.* Mt M. Arid. Mt tz, 1 **4**-0, 

p. 361; id", Picirfa, ii. p. 22% pi. cin. titr-. 4,5, £* 2 ad. 11 ^J*2j, 
Centurus hypopolius, Bp. &*m*pt Y*>lmr. Zy/*>d. p. 11 tJs54i; 
lieichenb.'Scam. Piemi,y. 410, no. D*M, pi. <iclx\. fL<*-. 44Hi-14 
(8 2> incorrect) (1854); £?V/i£. Xt*m*aff. At. p. 7t» f !<*>!,; f WA 
J*./. 0. 1862, p. 329; tfc//rf. 4* *$fc/r. Xwirnrl, Jr. 3Wr. p. 100 
(1873); Sclat. P. Z, S. 1^74y p. 170; Lawr. JJt/IL 1\ S, X/f. 
Mm. 1876, p. 35; Mdgir. Pme. T\S. Xat. Mm. 1—1/ p. 11;J; 
Ferrari-Perez% op. cit. 1—8, p. It JO. 

Melanerpes hypopolius, Eidgtc. Man. X Amer. U. p. 2U2 {IHH7|. 

Adidt male. Back, rump, and scapulars greyish white, barred with 
black; upper tail-coverts white, striped -with black; wing-coverts 
and quills black, the former barred with pure white, the primaries 
white on their basal portion, and the secondaries spotted on both 
webs with the same, the tips of all the quills margined with white, 
and the shafts black ; tail black, the central pair of feathers* white 
at the base and crossed on the inner web by narrow black bars, the 
two outer large feathers spotted or margined on the outer web and 
tip of the inner web with w"hite; shaft* black ; nasal plumes smoky 
brown ; frontal band huffy white; lores smoky white; the tup of 
the head, face and entire neck, and the whole of the underparts, 
except the lower part of the abdomen, vent, and thighs, smoky or 
purplish drab, darker on the top of the head and whiter on the chin, 
the centre of the crown and a spot below the ear-coverts crimson, 
and the eye encircled with black; vent, thighs, and under tail-
coverts white, the abdomen spotted, the flanks and thighs barred, 
and the under tail-coverts with stripe-like spots and squamate 
markings of black; under wing-coverts white, spotted and barred 
with black ; axiEaries smoky brown. Total length 8 inches, 
culmen 0*95,wing4*95, tail 3*15, tarsus 0*85; toes (without claws) 
—outer anterior 0*52, outer posterior 0*55. inner anterior 0*42, inner 
posterior 0*27. 

13 . SPHYBOPICUS. 
Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the crimson 
on the crown, this being entirely of the same colour as the hinder part 
of the head and the neck. Total length 8 inches, culmen 1, wing 
4-85, tail 3-2, tarsus 0-85. 

Young male. Eesembles the adult of the same sex, but differs in 
having the white on the back and wings very smoky; the under 
surface of the body more smoky; the vent, thighs, and under tail-
coverts very dingy and smoky white, the black markings on these 
being extremely faint; the red patch on the crown smaller and 
less crimson, being more of a dull scarlet colour. 
Hob. Southern Mexico (Puebla and some of the adjoining states). 

a, b. 2 ad. sk. Mexico. Sclater Coll. 
c. J ad. sk. 
d. S ad. sk. 
e,f. $ § ad. sk. 
Mexico (Becker). 
Valley of Mexico (H. S. le 
Strange). 
Chietla (Chiantla) Puebla, 
Dec. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
g. S juv. sk. 
h. cT ad. sk. 
San Bartolo, Puebla, June. 
Izucar, Puebla, Nov. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
t. 2 ad. sk. San Miguel Molino (Huajot-Salvin-Godman Coll. 
k. £ ad. sk. 
zingo), Puebla, Feb. 
Sierra Madre del Sur, Mexico Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Mrs. H. H. Smith). 

13. SPHYKOPICUS. Type. 
Pilumnus (non Leach), Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. no. 26 
(1854) ^ S. thyroideus. 
Sphyrapicus, Bairdj Rep. JSvpl.fySurv. Mississ. Pact/. 
Rail. Route, ix. p. 101 (1858) S. varius. 
Cladoscopus, Cab. fy Heine, Mus. JECein. iv. p. 80 
(1863) S. varius. 

Chin-angle of Sphyropicus varius. 

Range. The whole of North America to South Alaska (possibly to 
Behring Straits) and into Greenland; through Central America to 
Costa Bica, and in the Island of St. Andrew; also into several of 
the West-Indian Islands. 

188 
PICTDJS. 

Key to the Species. 

A. With more or less red in the plumage. 
«'. With red on the head, hut none on the 
neck (except upon the throat) and never 
any on the chest or breast. 
a". j\Tuchal band white, and the two stripes 
across the face also white, never tinged 
with red. 
a'". Chin and throat red varim <? ad., p. ISO. 
b'". Chin and throat white varhis 2 ad-» p. 1U0. 
b". Nuchal band red; the feathers comprising 
the two white stripes across 
the face generally having some of their 
tips red. 
c". Chin and throat entirely red nuckalis * ad., p. 193. 
d'". Chin and throat white, considerably 
varied with red nuehalis § ad., p. Iii3. 
¥. Head and neck, chest, and more or less of 
the breast red. 
c". Breast entirely washed with red ... . ruder c a3., p. 194. 
d!f. With less red on the breast. ruber $ ad., p. 195. 

c\ 
Head, neck, and chest blue-black, like 
the back; gular spot red thyrtAdeus <*&&., p. 190. 

B. 
With no red in the plumage. 
d'. Head, neck, and chest black, like the back; jp. 107. 
gular spot white tkyroideus $ num., 
ef. Head, neck, and chest brown, more or less 
varied with black fp. 100. 
e". 
Wing-coverts black, with a conspicuous I varim £ 2 nestlings, 
white patch } mtckalis d 2 nestlings, 

f. 
Wing-coverts barred like the back, j>. 193. 
without any white patch. 
e"1. With very large spot or patch of 
black on the chest tkyroideus $ ad., p. 107, 
f'\ 
Chest entirely barred like the back, 
without any black central spot.... thyroideim]\x\\^, 197. 

1, Sphyropleus varius. 

The Yellow belly'd Woodpecker, Catesby, Nat Hist. Carol, L p. 21, 
pi. xxi., <$ ad, (1731). 
Pic varie de la Caroline, Briss. Orn. iv. p. 62 (17G0); JDaubent, PL 
Enl. 785, <$ ad. 
Picus varius, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 176 (1766); Penn. A ret, ZooL 1L 

p. 275 (1785); Gm. Syst Nat i. p. 438 (1788); Lath. ImL Orn. 
I. p. 232 (1790); Barton, N. Hist. Penn. p. 8 (1799); VieiiL Oi*. 
Amir. Sept. ii. p. 63, pis. cxviii. J , cxix. jnv. (1807); Wife. Amer* 
Orn. i. p. 147, pi. ix. %. 2, <y ad. (180?); Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hmt, 
Nat xxvi. p. 80 (1818); id. |* Bom. Em. Mith. iii. p. 1311 (1823); 
Bp. Syn. Bds. U. 8. p. 45 (1826); Swains. Mil Mag. 1827, p. 439; 
Wagl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 16 (1827); id. Im, 1829,p. 509; Jard. ed. 
Wils. Amer. Orn. L p. 152, pi. ix. fig. 2, <$ ad., ih. p. 331, pi. viii. 
figs. 1 imm., 2 $ ad. (1832); Nutt. Man. Orn. 1832, p. 574; 
Bamon de la Sar/ra, Hist. Fis. fyc, Cuba, ii. p. 108 (1B38); Bp. 
Comp. List B. Bur. $ N. Amer, p. 30 (1838); Aud. Orn. Biogr. 

13 . SPHYROPICUS. 
189 

ii. p. 519 (1834), v. p. 537, pi. cxc.figq.1 <$ ad., 2 J ad. (1839); 
IT Orb. in. Ram. Sagra's Hist. Phys. Cuba, p. 141 (1839); Peab. 
Bost Jour. N. H. 1841, p. 173; Aud. B. Amer. iv. p. 263, 
pi. cclx\ii. figs. 1,2, c?$ (1842); De Kay, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 
Aves, p. 188, pi. xviii, %. 38, S (1844); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 435 
(1845); Gosse, B. Jam. p. 270 (1847); Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. 
p. 138 (1850); Lembeye, Av. Isl Cuba, p. 131 (1850); Barry, 
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. 1854, p. 8; Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 37(3, 
no. 868, pi. dcxxxix. figs. 4258-00, <$ <$ $ ad. (1854) ; Cab. 
J. / . 0. 1856, p. 102; Putn. Proc. Essex Inst. 1856, p. 214; 
Sclat P. Z. S. 1856, p. 308, 1858, p. 305; Maxim. J. f. 0. 1858, 
p. 417; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1859, pp. 367, 388; Bryant, Proc. Bost 
Soc. 1859, p. 106; Cav. Tayl Ibis, 1860, p. 119 ; Newt t. c. 
p. 308; Reinh. op, cit. 1861, p. 8; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. 
p, 33 (1866); Gray, List Picxd. Brit Mus. p. 51 (1868); id. 
Handrl B. ii. p. 186, no. 8017 (1870). 
Picus atrothorax, Less. Traite, i. p. 229 (1831). 

Picus (Dendrocopus) varius, Sivains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Bds. ii, 

pp. xxvi introd. & 309 (1831). 

Pilumnus varius, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 27 (1854). 

Sphyrapicus varius, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 103 (1858); Malh. 

Picidm, i. p. 157, pi. xxxvii. figs. 2-4, tf ad., juv., § ad. (1861) ; 
Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 3 ; Verrill, Proc. Essex List. 1862, p. 143 ; 
Dress. Ibis, 1865, p. 468 ; Gundl. Repert i. p. 294 (1866); Cones, 
Proc. Essex Inst. 1867, p. 262; Allen, Am. Nat. 1870, p. 571; 
Cozies, Bds. N.-West, p. 285 (1874); Lawr. Bull. U. S. Nat. 
Mus. iv. 1876, p. 35; Gundl. Orn. Cuba, p. 273 (1876); Cones, 
Bull. XI. S. Geol. Surv. iv. 1878, p. 616; Mayn. B. Florida, p. 223, 
pi. xviii. (1878); Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1879, p. 1; Cory, 

B. Baham. Isl. p. 121 (1880); Ridgw. Proc. U. S. Nat Mus. 1880, 
p. 189; Nehrling, J. f. O. 1883, p. 95; Merriam, Auk, 1884, 
p. 295; Drew, op. cit 1885, p. 17; Cory, List Bds. W. Ind. p. 20 
(1885); A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 214, no. 402 (1886); 
Ferrari-Perez, Proc. 27. S. Nat Mus. 1886, p. 159; Brewst. Auk, 
1886, p. 104; Cory, t c. p. 375; Cory, op. cit 1887, p. 181; Sennett, 
t c. p. 242 ; Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 288 (1887); Warren. 
B. Penn. p. 129 (1888). 
Sphyropicus varius, Sclat. fy Salv. Ibis, 1859, pp. 136,236; Sclat Cat. 
Amer. B. p. 335, no. 1997 (1862); Blakist Ibis, 1863, p. 52; Sclat. 

P. Z. S. 1864, p. 117; Allen, Proc. Essex Inst. 1864, p. 53; Dresser, 
Ibis, 1865, p. 468 ; Mclkor. Proc. Essex Inst 1866, p. 83; Baird. 
Ibis, 1867, pp. 270-288; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. p. 205 (1869); 
Sclat Sr Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 99 (1873); Ridgw. Ann. Lyc. 
N. Y. x. p. 337 (1874); Coues, Check-list N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 
p. 78, no. 446 (1882); Cookety Widm. Ridgw. Orn. Club, Bull. 
i. p. 36 (1883); Coues, Key N Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 486 (1884). 
Cladoscopus varius, Cab.fy Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 80 (1863). 
Sphyropicus varius, var. varius, B., B., ty R. Hist N. Amer. B. ii. 
p. 539, pi. Ii. figs. 1 tf,2 g (1874). 
Adult male. Back yellowish, white, varied with irregular stripes, 
bar-like spots, and blotches of black; rump white, striped with 
black, the outer feathers black, with a subapical spot of white; 
upper tail-coverts white, externally edged with black; scapulars 
black, barred with white at the tip; wings and their coverts black, 
the outermost coverts white, this forming a conspicuous stripe 

190 PICIDJB. 

parallel with the edge of the wing; quills tipped and spotted with 
white on both webs ; shafts black ; tail blaek, the inner webs of the 
central pair of feathers partially white and barred with black, the 
two outer large feathers on either side externally margined with 
greyish white * shafts black ; forehead and crown, chin, and throat 
crimson ; occiput black; hind neck black, with longitudinal spots 
of white ; face and side of the neck, fore neck and chest (except the 
sides of the latter) blue-black, with a white stripe from behind the 

eye, uniting on the nape with the corresponding one, and another 
white stripe from the base of the upper mandible, passing under the 
ear-coverts and down the side of the neck ; the lores and nasal plumes 
white; under surface of the body pale sulphur-yellow, the sides, 
flanks, and thighs smoky brown, with stripes and sagittate markings 
of black; under tail-coverts yellowish white, a few being striped 
with black: under wing-coverts yellowish white with dusky Y-shaped 
markings; axiHaries smoky white with faint dusky stripes. Total 
length 8 inches, culmen 1, wing 5, tail 2*1>, tarsns 0*8 ; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*5, outer posterior IK57, inner anterior 
04, inner posterior 0*25. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the chin and 
throat white. Total length 7*8 inches, culmen 0*05, wing 4*75, 
tail 2*7, tarsus 0*72. 

The various plumages may be given as follows ;— 

1st Plumage—Nestling. Has no red whatever upon the top of the 
head or on the chin and throat; the head and neck are duhky brown, 
spotted with dingy whitish, except the chin and upper throat which 
are dull white; there is a dull white superciliary stripe and another 
white stripe under the eye and ear-coverts; there is no Hack crescentic 
patch on the chest, the whole of the under surface of the 
body (except the middle of the breast and the abdomen, which are 
yellowish white) being smoky brown, with crescent-shaped or barlike 
markings of dusky black; the blaek on the upper parts is less 
intense. 

2nd Stage. In autumn the forehead and crown are still dusky 
brown, with paler brown or brownish-white stripe-like spots, but 
some of the feathers are tipped with red, and in the males some of 
the feathers of the chin and throat are also tipped with red ; the 
black feathers appear on the occiput, and an occasional black feather 
is found on the chest *. the middle of the breast and the abdomen 
and vent are yellower. 

Brd Stage—Spring* In the female the feathers of the forehead 
and crown become black, with small stripe-like spots of white, and 
tipped with red. The chest becomes black ; the white on the upper 
parts is still deeply washed with yellowish brown. 

4th Stage,—Autumn. In both sexes the feathers of the forehead 
and crown are tipped with crimson and have black bases and devoid 
of white spots; the throat in the male is crimson and the feathers 
bordering the gular patch, as well as those comprising the auricular 
stripe, are becoming deep black; the back is still washed with yellowish 
brown. 

13 . SPHYROPICTJS. 
btli Stage.—Spring. This is the fully adult plumage, in which 
both sexes have the forehead and crown uniform crimson, the male 
having the chin and throat crimson, these in the female being 
white; the white on the back has generally lost its yellowish-brown 
tinge. 

It appears, therefore, that this species is two years in arriving at 
maturity. 

Hob. Northern and Eastern North America; has been found as 
far north as Julianshaab, South Greenland; extends into Mexico, 
Guatemala, Yucatan, Honduras, Costa Rica, and into the island of 
St. Andrews; also occurs in several of the West-Indian Islands 

(Jamaica, Cuba, St. Croix) and in the Bahamas. 

a. 
S ad.; b. § 
imm. sk. 
c. S ad. sk. 
d. d ad. sk. 
e. 
$ ad. sk. 
/ . 
.d1 ad.; g. $ 
juv. sk. 

h. $ ad. sk. 
i-l. (S ad. et juv.; 
2 aa et 

m, n.


imm. sk. 

o-c'. S ad. etjuv.; 
d'-k'. $ ad. et 
juv. sk. 


/', W, n'. 3 ad. sk. 

o'. J imm.; p'. 
Juv. sk. 
q'. $ ad.sk. 


rr, $''. 3 ad. et juv.; 
t', u'. $ imm. sk. 
v',w'. 3 B,d.;x'-a". 

J ad. et imm. sk. 

b". S ad.; c", d", 
e". J ad. et 
imm. sk. 


/". $ ad. sk. 
g". 3 ad. sk. 

h". J juv. sk. 

i". 3 imm. sk. 

h", I", c? hum.; 
m"-r". $ ad. et 
imm. sk. 


s". 5 imm. sk. 

t". J imm. sk. 

Fort Simpson. 


Hudson Bay, July. 
49th Parallel. 


Crystal, Michigan. 
Salem, Washington, N.Y. (/. 


H. Hurst). 
New York {Hurst). 
Lyons Falls, New York, \ 
Apr., Sept., Oct. {A. Jenings 
Bay mi). 

Locust Grove, New York, 
April-Aug. {Hart Mer-
1'iam). 

Big Otter Lake, N.Y., April 

{Hart Merriam). 

West Turin, N.Y., June, 
Aug. {Hart Merriam). 
Leyden, N.Y., May {Hart 


Merriam). 

Chicago, Illinois, April, Sept. 

{E. W. Nelson). 
Waukegan, 111., April, May 

(E. W. Nelson). 
Evanston, 111., April {E. W. 
Nelson). 

Massachusetts (Henshaw). 
Cambridge, Mass., Oct. 

(He?ishaw). 
Newtonville, Mass. {Henshaw). 


Wellesley, Mass., Oct. 

{Henshaw). 

Washington, D.C., Nov., 
Jan., Feb. (Hart Merriam). 

Hollisters, Virginia, Nov. 

{Henshaw). 

Aiken, S. Carolina, March 

{Hart Merriam). 

B. R. Ross, Esq. [P.]. 
Gould Coll. 

N.A. Boundary Commission. 
Prof. Steere [P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Sclater Coll. 

Henshaw Coll. 
[S.-G.]. 

192 

u". <$ ad.; v'\%o". 
Imm. sk. 
x". 5 ad sk. 

y". S ad.; z"-c\ 
2 ad. et imm. sk. 
<P,«»,/8. ? ad. j 

<73. Juv. sk. 
AV3.c?2ad.;^3.? 
imm.; P. Juv. sk. 

3 sk


*mm

m. §w3, 
o3,£>3. Imm. sk. 

q*. $ ®&' sk* 

r3. <J ad. sk. 
s\&. 6 2 imm.sk. 
w3. 2 ad. &k. 
i£. 2 ad. sk. 
w3. $ juv- &k. 
A.*3. $ imm. sk. 

f. (? (5) imm. sk. 
z3. J ad. sk. 
a\ b\ <$ ad.; c\ 
2 ad. sk. 
d\ 2 ad. sk. 


6*. § ad.sk. 

/4. 5 imm. sk. 
£*, ^4. $ ad. et 

juv. sk. 
i*, k4. 2 ad. sk. 
l\ m%ri**. Juv. sk. 
oi,pK 2 a&* s^* 
#4. $ ad.; r4, «*. 

Juv. sk. 
**, w4. ? ad. sk. 


v4. <5 juv. sk. 

w*. Juv. sk. 
A*4. Sternum. 


PICIDJE. 

Miami, Florida, Dec. (Senshaw). 


Papalote, Bee Co., Texas, 

Jan. (F. B. Armstrong). 
Corpus Christi, Texas, Oct., 
Dec. (F. B. Armstrong). 

Mexico. 

Mexico. 

Sierra Madre, above Ciudad 
Victoria, Tamaulipa*, May 

(W. B. Richardson). 
Jalapa, Jan., Feb., March 

(F. D. G.). 
Hacienda de los Atlixcos, 

March (P. I>, G.). 
Coapa, TIalpam, April. 
Yxtapalapa, TIalpam, Jan. 
Mexicalcingo, TIalpam, Jan. 
Hac. Efclava, TIalpam, Jan.
Culhuacan, TIalpam, Dec.
Coajimalpa, Tucubaja, Feb.
Ohimaipa, Tucubaya, Jan.
Orizaba, Mexico. "
Tonaguia, Oaxaca, Feb. (M.

Trujillo). 

Villa Alta, Oaxaca, March 

(M. Trujillo). 
Totontepee, Oaxaca, Feb. (M. 
Trujillo). 

Tetelco, Xochimilco, Jan. 
Guatemala. 


Guatemala. 
Coban, Guatemala (0. S.). 
Vera Paz. Guatemala. 
Dueias, Guatemala (O. &). 


Volean de Fuego, Guatemala


(0. S.). 
Volean de Agua, Guatemala,
Nov. (0. $.). 
Costa Rica.

N. America.
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Gould CoH. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman CoH. 

l Commis. Geosrr. Ex


y , ^ ~g _(, •, 
l ' " *•---•> 
| 
J 

 Felater Coll. 
Sah in-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-G< »dman Coll. 


Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Tweeddale Col. 


Gould Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Tweeddale CoH 

 Purchased. 

Subsp. a. Sphyropicus uuclalis. 

Sphyrapicus nuchalis, Baird, B. JV. Amer. p. 103, pi. xxxv. figs. 1, 
2, (S 2 (1858) ; Cooper, Proc. Cal.Acad. 1863, p. 122; Cass. Proc. 
Acad. Fhilad. 186$, p. 204; Coues, Ibi$, 1805, p. 162; id. Proc. 
Acad. Fhilad. I860, p. 53; Mdgw. U.S. GeoL Rqd. 40th Par. 
pt. iii. Orn. p. 549 (1877). 

Sphyrapicus varius fpt.), MalL Pkidm, i. p. 1G1 (1801); Gray, 
Sand-l B. ii. p. 186, no. 8(517" (1870). 
Cladoscopus nuchalis, Cab. $ Seine, Mm. Sem. iv. p. 82 (1863). 

IB. SPHYROPICUS. 

Picus varius (occidentalism Sun (lev. Consp. A v. Picin. p. 34 (1860). 
Sphyropicus varius, var. nuchalis, Baird, Ibis, 18(37, p. 270 • B.,B.,ty 

R. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii, p, 542, pi. li. figs. 3tf, 4 $ ad. (1874). 
Sphyropicus varius (jwn Linn.), Broicn, Ibis, 1808, p. 419. 
Picus varius, var., Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 52 (1808). 
Sphyropicus nuchalis, Coop. B. Calif, ed. Baird, i. p. 390 (1870). 
Sphympicus varius, var. nuchalis, Ridgw. Proc. Essex Inst. 1875, p. 88; 
Hensh. U.S. Geogr. Surv. W. oflWih Mend. 1875, p. 392. 
Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis, Rigw. Proc. Essex List. 1875, pp. 24, 
34; id. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1880, p. 189; Beld. op. cit. 1883, 

p. 349; Drew, Auk, 1885, p. 17; Scott, t. c. p. 427; A. O. U. 
Chech-list X. Amer. B. p. 215, no. 402 a (1886); Ridgw. Man. N. 
Amer. B. p. 288 (1887). 
Picus varius (pt.), Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. pp. 184, 185 (1870). 

Sphyropicus varius nuchalis, 
Cones, Check-list N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 
1882, p. 78, no. 447• id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 1884, p. 486, 
no. 447; Scott, Auk, 1885, p. 174. 

Adult male. Differs from S. varius in having many of the black 

malar feathers, and the feathers composing the stripes across the 

face, and the nuchal band (which are white in that species) tipped 

with crimson, the nuchal feathers being almost entirely red. Total 

length 8 inches, culmen 0*93, wing 4-95, tail 2*9, tarsus 0*8; toes 

(without claws)—outer anterior 0*55, outer posterior 0*55, inner 

anterior 0*45, inner posterior 0*25. 

Adult female. Has the chin white, the throat-feathers red on their 

apical portion; the face crossed by two black and two white stripes 

without any red upon the feathers * the nuchal feathers tipped with 

red. In other respects it resembles the adult male. Total length 

8 inches, culmen 1, wing 4*9, tail 2'65, tarsus 0*8. 

The young are very similar to the young of S. varius, but are 

slightly darker. 

Hah. Rocky-Mountain region of the United States, west to the 
eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada, north into British Columbia, 
extending south into New Mexico, Arizona, and the southern portion 
of Lower California, and also into Mexico (Chihuahua). 

a. S ad. sk. 
British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
b. 
J ad. sk. N.W. Boundary (Kennerley). Sclater Coll. 
Bidwell, California, July 
c. 
c? ad. sk. (Henshaio). 
Toquerville, Utah, Oct. 
d. 
<$ imni. sk. (Hevishaw), 
Fort Garland, Colorado, May, 
e,f. 
tf $ ad. sk. June (Henshaio). 
Rio Grande, Colorado, June Henshaw Coll. 

g. $ ad. sk. 
(Henshaw). 
' [S.-G.]. 
Park Co., Colorado, July (Et 

h. 2 juv- sk. E. Aiken). 
i, Jc. c? ad.; I, m, Gila Co., Arizona, Oct., Nov. 
n. $ imm. sk. 
(Henshaw). 
o. 
<$ imm. sk. Tuczon, Arizona, Dec. (Henshaw). 
p. S ad. sk. 
New Mexico. Sclater Coll. 
q-u. S ad.etimm.; 
Santa FǤ Mts., New Mexico, Henshaw Coll. 

v-y, $ ad. et 
July-Sept. (Henshaw). [S.-G.]. 

imm. sk. 

VOL. XVIII. 

194 
PICID-E. 

z. $ ad. sk. Fort Benton, Mississippi, Safoin-Godman Coll. 
April (J. A. Mullan). 
a', b'. <$ ad. sk. Temosachic, Chihuahua, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Mexico, March ( W. Lloyd). 
d. $ ad.; d'. S Guerrero, Chihuahua, Jan., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
imm. sk. March (TV. Lloyd), 
e'. <$ ad. sk. Casa Colorado, Chihuahua, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
March (W.Lloyd), 
f . Jad. sk. Refuario. Chihuahua, Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(W. Lloyd). 

2. Sphyropieus ruber. 
Picus ruber, Gm. Sybt. Xat. i p. 429 (1785); Lath. Lad. Orn. i. 
p. 228 (1790); Steph. Gen. Zool. ix. p. ICO (lfclo); Wagl. Syst.Av., 
Picus, sp. 15 (1827) ; Audi. Syn. B. X. Amer. p. ISf (18:59) ; id. 
Orn. Biogr. v. p. 179, pi. ccccxvi. hg^. 9, 20. £ Q ad. (1839); Vig. 
in Beeeheys Voy. p. 23 (18-i9); Avd. B. Amer. IT. p. 261, pl. eclxvi 
figs. 1 $ ad., 2 $ ad. (1842?; Heerm. JW/?. Acad. Philad. 1853, 
p. 270 ; Malk. Pieidte, i. p. 132, pi. xxxi. tiff*. 1, 2, c? 2 ad. (lbGl); 
Simdev. Consp. Ai\ Picin. p. 32 (1800 j: Gray, Li*t Field. Brit. 
Mvs. p. 51 (lfc«fe>): id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 1M\ no. fcUlli (1*70). 
Picus 
fkvh entris, Vieill. Oi\ Amer. Sept. ii. p. (57 (lfc07); Steph 
Gen. Zool ix. p. 101 (1KI5); Vieill. X. Diet. (Tllte. Xat. xxvL 

p. 95 (1818); id. cV 2iW . J7/?/-. J/////, iii. p. 1320 (1N23). 
Picus niger, Vieill. X. Did. /THiat. Xat. \\\L p. 90 (1Mb): id. $ 
Bonn. Erie. Meth iii p. 131G (1&2:)). 
Melanerpes ruber, Bp. Comp. Lid B. Evr. 5c X. Amer. p. 39, no. 201 
(2838); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 444 (lh4T>); Gamhel. Journ. Acad. 
Philad. 1847, p. oil: Bp. Consp. Gtn.Ar. 5. p. IKS (IKK)); Lteichenb. 
Scan*. Pieinee. p. 382, no. bb3, pi. dexlii n< s. 4387-88 (1854); 
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1N57. p. 127: id. op. cit. lb5S, p. 2. 

Pilumnus mber, i//>. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 8, no. 28 (1854). 

Sph\rapicus ruber, 
Baird. B. X. Amer. p. 104 (1N58); Bidytv. U.S. 
Geol. Exped. 40th Par. pt. iii. Orn. p. 549 (1877) ; .4. O. T. Gfedfclist 
X. Amer. B. p. 215. no. 403 (lbfcU); Pddgw. Mem. X. Amer. 

B. p. 2b9 (18*7). 
Sphvropicus ruber, Sclat. P. Z. S. Ib59, p. 230; Broirn, L6is, lB('Sf 
p.*419 ; C'oqp. j>\ Ctf/Zf. ed. Baird, i. p. 392 (1870); Hartl.J.f.O. 
1883, p. 275. 

Cladoscopus ruber, Cfc?>. ^* Heine. Mm. Hem. IT. p. 82 (18**3). 
Sphvrapieus varius ruber. Itidgir. Proc. JSss&t J/w£. Ib74. p. 173; id. 
Proc. U.S. Xat. Mm. lb^O.'p. 1*9, no. 3* 9 fl. 
Sphvropicus varius, var. ruber, j>% I>\, ^" Li. Hid. X. Amer. B. ii 
p."544, pl. Ii % . 0, tf ad. (1874). 
Sphvrapieus varius, var. ruber, Bidyir. Proc. Essex Ln&t. 1875, p. 38; 
Beld. Proc. U.S. Xat. Mus. 1«78, p. 429. 
Sphvropicus varius ruber, Cozies, Cheek-list X. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 
1882, p. 78, no. 448; id. Key X. Amer. B. '2nd ed. 1884, p. 480. 

Adult male. Has the upper parts, also the wings and tail and 
their coverts, similar to those of 8. varius; but it differs from that 
species in having the head, neck, chest, and breast red, with a trace 
of markings similar to those of S. varius showing through, in so far 
as the parts which are black in the latter species are deeper and 
duller reel in #. rnhn\ caused by the feathers having blackish bases; 

13 . SPHYKOPICUS. 
the nasal plumes and lower half of lores, and an indication of a 
stripe backwards, white ; the red on the breast only tips the feathers, 
the yellow basal portion of the central ones and the smoky-grey 
feathers on the sides of the breast with their stripes and sagittate 
black markings showing clearly through. Total length 7*5 inches, 
culnien 1*07, wing 4-85, tail 3, tarsus 0-83; toes (without claws)— 
outer anterior 0*55, outer posterior 0*6, inner anterior 043, inner 
posterior 0*25. 

Adult female. Resembles the adult male, but has the red less 
spread over the breast. Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 1*05, wing 
4*95, tail 3*23, tarsus 0-83. 

Young. Differ materially from the adult, and resemble the young 
of S. nuchalis and of J3. varius. They may be distinguished from the 
latter by their darker and more uniform head and the total absence, 
or only the sligbtest possible indication, of a white superciliary stripe. 
Even in this plumage there is a slight suffusion of red on the head 
and neck, and sometimes on the chest. 

Hab. Pacific-coast region of the United States, from Southern 
Alaska* into California as far as the San Bernardino Mountains. 

a. Juv. sk. [Behring Straits.] Capt. Kellett & Lieut. 
Wood [P ]. 
b,c. Ad.; tZ.Juv.sk. British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.], 

e. Ad. sk. Fort Rupert, British Co Tweeddale OolL 
limibia. 
/ . Ad. sk. Vancouver Island. Earl Russell [P.]. 

g. Ad. sk. St. Juan. Dr. Lyall [P.], 
hj z, k. 3 ad.; I $ j Fort Klamath, Oregon, April, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
m, n. § juv. sk. July, Aug. (C. E. JSendire, 
JELensh. Coll). 


o. Juv. sk. California. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
p. Imm. sk. California. Sir E. Belcher [P.]. 
q, r. <5 $ ad. sk. Greenwood V., Eldorado City, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
California (A. Forrer). 
$, t, u. <$ ad. sk. Jolon, California, Oct. (JSenshaw). 
v, w. Ad. sk. Nevada, Cab, Sept., Oct. (E. 


W. Nelson). 
x. 
Ad. sk. Stocton, Cal., Dec. (L. Bel-
ding) . 
y. 
Juv. sk. Big Trees, Cal., Aug. (L. 
JBelding). '^Henshaw Coll. 
z. 
<$ ad. sk. Kernville, Cal., Oct. {Sen-r [S.-G.]. 
shaw). 
San Luis, Obispo, Cal., Oct. 

(Henshmo). 
b', c'. $ ad. sk. Nicasio, Marin Co., Cal., 
Oct. (Senshmv). 
dJ. Ad. sk. San Mateo, Cal., April {A. 
Forrer). 

* This species may be found even further north, as there is in the Collection 
a specimen labelled "Behring Straits (Capts. Kellett $ Wood);" but there is-
no certainty that the specimen was procured actually in the Straits. 
o 2 
196 
PICIDJS. 

e'. Q ad. sk. San Bernardino. Cal., Xov. Wilson Crewdson, 

+ 
Esq. y.\ 
f. S ad.sk. San Bernardino ITts., June Sak in-Godmaii Coll. 
(P. B. Herron). 
g\ Ad. sk. California [A. L. HeerMann). Henshaw Coll. 
S. Sphyropicus tliyroideiLS. 
Picas thyroidens, 
Cassia, Proc. Acrid. Philad. 1651, p. 349: Hterm. 
Jour a. Acad. Philad. 1:>53, p. 270: Simde>\ Consp. At. Picin. 

p. 32 (186(5); 6-V^ Z£tf Picid. Brit. Mm. p. o^j Iteb'W. 
Pilunimis thvroideus, P/A Cousp. Tolacr. Zygud. p. 8, no. 20 (1854). 
Picus natalias, Malh'.J.f. 0. 1854, p. 171. 
Centurus natalise, Eeichenb. Scans. Pici/ue, p. 41L no. 908 (1854). 
Colaptes thyroideus, Eeichenb. Scan*. Pici/ue, p. 410. no. 078 f 18*541. 
Melanerpes* thvxoideus, Cass. LIL X. Amer. B. p. 201, pi. xxxiL 
(1854); « . P. Z. 6'. 1838, p. 2. 
Picns williamsoni, Xetcberry, P. P. M. Pep. ZooL £>//. $* Or. Eoute, 

vi. p. 89, pi. xxxiv. fig. 1, c? inmi. (1857|; hiuidre. Co/isp. Ac. 
Pici?i.y. 32 (1866).^ 
Melanerpes rubrigularis, Sclat.Ann. 4* 3J7///. X//f. JfAf. 1838, p, 127 
(cj ad.j ; id. P. Z. S. 1838, p. % pi. t-xxxi. ^ ad. 
Sphvrapicus williamsoni, Baird, B. X. Amer. p. 103, pi. xxxiv. fitr. 1, 
<f (1838); Jlf«2&. P/«Vfcp, i p. 10:jT pi. xxx\i. iitr. 4. <f ad. 12 -03); 
C&ss. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1H03, p. 204 ; CW s 2^A\ Ife05, p. 102; 
i£. Proc. ^tm^. PfoVflrf. lfeOO, p. 34. 

Sphyrapicus 
thyroideus, Ba'rd, B. X. Amer. p. 100 ii^>) (" g ); 
J4W/*. P/«tf. i. p. 102, pi. xxxvii. fig. 1 I J I |ls01) ; LW#.». Prm\ 
Acad. Philad. 1863, p. 204; Coues, Ms, l^w, p. 102; iV/. PJOC. 
^tctf/f. Philad. 1&00, p. 54; P7//of, 3>r 4- Frf////. B. X. Amer. i. 
pi. xxv.? 5 $ ad. (1809); Hensh. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.rk, xi. p. J) 
(1874) ; id. lr. S. Geogr. Surv. W. of lOOtk Mend. 1*75, p. tf04; 
Eidgw. Proc. Essex Int>t. 1875. pp. 04-3^; id. V. S. Geol. Er/d. 
40th Par. pt. iii., Orn. p. 55 (1877); ///. Proc. £\ S. Xat. Mas. lb&0, 

p. 189; P?w, -4H&. 1885, p. 17 ; A. O. U. Chech-list X. Amer. 
B. p. 213, no. 404 (lb66) ; Scott, Auk, 1880. p. 427; Lloyd, op. tit. 
1887, p. 191; Eidgw. Man. X. Amer. B. p. 289f no. 404 <1«&7V 
Cladoscopus williamsoni, Cab. fy Heine 9 Mus. Hem. iv. p. P2 (1803). 
Cladoscopus thyroideus, Cab. $f Heine f Mus. Hem. iv. p. 84 (lb63). 
Melanerpes williamsoni, Gray 7 List Picid. Brit. Mvs. p. 116 (1868); 

id. lland-l B. ii. p. 201, no. 8820 (1870). 
Sphyropicus williamsoni, Coop. Orn. Calif, ed. Baird, i. p. 394 (1870); 
P., P., # -ft-&&> -2V* -4wer. P. ii. p. 345, pi. Ii. fig. 5, J ad. 'f 1874). 
Sphyropicus thyroideus, Coop. Orn, Calif\ed. Baird, i. p. 394; Gray, 
Hand-l B. ii. p. 186, no.te<318 (1870);" P., Bn £ P. Hist. X. Amer. 

B. ii. p. 547, pi hi. fig. 6? $ (lb74); P^M. Pw. Cr. JSL Xat. Mits. 
1878, p. 429 ; Cfcwes, Chech-list X. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 78, no. 449 
(1882); id. Key X. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 486 (lfc84); Scott. Auk. 
1885, p. 174. 
Adult male *. Back and scapulars Hue-Mack, with, a few stripes 
of white on the lower back; rump and upper tall-eoverts white, 

* Owing to the great dissimilarity of the plumage in the sexes, the male was 
described as Picas williamsoni, and for some time supposed to be a species 
distinct from S. thyroideus, which was founded on the female. 
13 . SPHYEOPICUS. 
the latter margined and varied externally with black ; wings and 
their coverts black, the outer coverts entirely or with the outer webs 
white, and forming a conspicuous patch running parallel with the 
edge of the wing ; outer webs of the middle primaries and the inner 
webs of all the quills, except the innermost secondaries, spotted with 
white; shafts black,* tail and the shafts black; head and neck, 
chest, and sides of the breast blue-black, with a white stripe from 
behind the eye to the side of the nape, and a second white stripe 
from the white nasal plumes, which passes under the ear-coverts to 
their end; on the chin and upper part of the throat a longitudinal 
spot of bright red ; middle of the breast and abdomen uniform deep 
lemon-yellow; sides of the body, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts 
white, the body-feathers with bars and squamate markings of black, the 
under tail-coverts varied with black stripes and squamate markings; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the former having bars and 
V-shaped markings of black, the latter barred only: " iris brown " 

(A. Forrer). Total length 8*8 inches, culmen 1*05, wing 5*5, tail 8*5, 
tarsus 0*9 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*57, outer posterior 
0*62, inner anterior 0*43, inner posterior 0*3. 
A male in plumage not fully mature has the red spot on the chin 
and throat less vivid and with a slight orange tinge, and the white 
stripe which borders the hind crown and the occiput unites upon the 
nape with the corresponding stripe. 

The younger male has the spot upon the chin and upper throat white; 
the black of the plumage is almost devoid of gloss, and the middle 
of the breast and the abdomen have only a slight lemon-yellow tinge. 

Adult female. Back and scapulars barred black and drabby white; 
rump and upper tail-coverts white, some of the latter externally 
margined and barred on the outer web with black ; wings and their 
coverts brownish black, the coverts spotted and barred with drabby 
white, the quills spotted with white on both webs; shafts nearly 
black * tail black, the central pair of feathers narrowly barred with 
white upon both webs, the two outer large feathers on either side 
with a few spots, more or less transverse, on the apical portion; 
shafts black; nasal plumes, head, chin, and throat sandy rufous-
brown, darker on the top of the head and on the ear-coverts and 
whiter in front of the eye, with a few black stripes on the occiput and 
malar region * the side of the neck, fore neck, and chest less rufous 
than the head, the fore neck longitudinally spotted with black, 
the side of the neck and the chest barred with black, the latter being 
centred by a large black spot, glossed with greenish blue; breast 
and abdomen lemon-yellow, the sides of the body, flanks, and thighs 
drabby white barred with black ; the under tail-coverts dull white, 
with black squamate markings; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
white barred with black. Total length 7*8 inches, culmen 1*05, 

wing 5-2, tail 3*05, tarsus 0*9. 
The immature female wants the black patch on the chest, this 
being entirely barred; the chin and throat are duller and less rufescent, 
and the top of the head is dusky brown; the occiput and nape 
are striped and transversely spotted with black. 

198 
PICXTLF. 

The young female resembles the latter, hut is duller in colour, that 

of the chin and throat scarcely differing from the fore neck and chest, 

only slightly paler, but without any rnfescent tinge; the black 

barring on the underparts is less intense, and the middle of the 

breast and the abdomen are white with scarcely a trace of j ellow. 

Rah. Rocky Mountains, from Laramie Peak south into Xew 

Mexico and Western Texas, and we<t to the Pacific coast. Also 

ranging into Chihuahua, Mexico. 

a. $ 
ad.; h. $ Laramie Peak, Upper Mi-^ouri >alvin-Gi dman Cull. 
JUT. sk. and Yellowstone, Aug. f F. 
V. Rayi?en). 
c. (S ad. sk. Fort Klamath, Oregon. Xov. ( C. 
Bendire). 1 
d. S juv. sk. Warner MR, Oregon. Aug. 
K IJen^liaw Coll. 

{Re/ifihair). 

e. c? ad. sk. Murphys, Calaveras Co.. California 
(L. BtlrHuffS. 
f. $ imm.sk. Mt. Whitney, Cal. iReu^hmr). J 
g. S ad. sk. California. PurHhn^wl. 
\i* d 2 ad-sk. Fort Whipple, Arizona. Oct., huhin-Oudman Coll. 
Bee. (77. Owe*), 
k, 
I. J ad. et Mt. Graham, Arizi na. »S pt, 
imm.sk. (Remkmt). 

m. 3 ad. sk. Gila River, Sew Mexico, Xu\. 
(RenJiau f. 
n-ti. S ad.; v-Santa Fe MR. Xew Mexico, 

lh*ii4m\v Call, 

July-Sept. (Eemkmr).

y. o'imm.;:V


/'. 
$ ^. et 

mini. sk. 

g\ S ad.sk. Eio Blanco, Colorado, Rept. , 

(Wheeler). j 
k'. 3 ad. sk. Fort Garland, Colorado, May | 

(Renskav). J 

i\ $ ad. sk. Pinos Altos, Chihuahua, Mexico, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Bee. (Bvchrt/i-Rephutn t. 
h\ 2 ad. sk. Pinos Alto«, Dec. { W. Zlot/dl Sabin-Godman Coll 

V. <$ ad. sk. Je^us Maria, Chihuahua, Bee. £<th iu-Godwan Coil. 
( W. Lloyd). 
m\ $ ad. sk. Casa Colorado, Chihuahua, Jan. Sab in-GOilman Coll. 
(W.Lloyd). 
ri. 
<$ ad. sk. Befugio, Chihuahua, Bee. (W. Sahiii-Godman Coll. 
Lloyd). 

14. HYPOPICUS. 
Type. 

Rypopicus, Bp. Camp. Vohwr. Zygod. no. 62 (1K)4). .11. hyper} thru*. 

Xyluigus, Cat. fy Reine, Mvs. Rein. IT. p. 50 {IHfcJ). .If. hyperythrus. 

Bangs. From Cashmere, through the Himalayan region, to the 
Khasia Hills and Manipur; southward into Cochin China, and to the 
north (prohahly through Eastern Tibet) as far as Koko-nor and into 
North China (neighbourhood of Pekin). 

Key to the Sjpeeies. 

A. Underparts rich 
rufous; the primaries (when 
closed^ crossed by the or six white him; under 
14. HTPOPICUS. 
199 

mandible yellow; nasal pinnies black; the 

bars on the back and on the thighs narrower. 
a\ Top of the head, occiput, and napa crimson .. hyperythrus $ ad , 
b'. Top of the head, occiput, and nape black, [p. 199. 

spotted with white 
hyperythrus, § ad., 

B. 
Underparts rufous-brown j the primaries (when [p. 200. 
closed) crossed hy not more than four white 
bars; under mandible not yellow, and of the 
same colour as the upper mandible; nasal plumes 
buff tipped with black; the bars on the back 
and on the thighs broader. 
c'. Top of the head, occiput, and nape crimson .. poliopsis J ad., 
d'. Top of the head, occiput, and nape black, [p. 201. 
spotted with white poliopsis $ ad., 

[p. 201. 
1. Hypopicus hyperythrus. 
Picus hyperythrus, Vig. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 23; Gould, Cent. B. Himal 
Mts. pi. 1. <$ $ ad. (1832); Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1845, p. 196; Gray, 
Gen. B. ii. p. 435 (1845); id. Cat. Mamm. fyc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. 
1846, p. 115 ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mas. As. Soc. p. 63 (1849); Bp. Consp. 
Gen. Av. i. p. 136 (1850); Reichenb. Scans. Pkince, p. 368, no. 850, 
pi. dcxxxv. figs. 4224-25, d ? (1854); Malh. Picidce, i. p. 130, 
pi. xxx. figs. 4, 5, 6, $ J ad., <$ jur. (1861); Sundev. Consp. Av. 
Picin. p. 30 (1806); Gray, List Pieid. Brit. Mus. p. 40 (1868); 
id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 183, no. 8572 (1870); Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 7. 

Dendrocopus hyperythrus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. 1844, p. 85. 
Hypopicus hyperythrus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zyyod. p. 8, no. 62 (1854); 
Horsf. 8r Moore, Cat. B. Mus.B. I. Co. ii. p. 675 (1856-58); Jerd, 

B. Ind. i. p. 276 (1862); Gray, Cat. Mamm. §~c. Nepalpres. Hodgs. 
1863, p. 63 • Hume, Sir. F. xi. p. 59 (1888). 
Xylurgus hyperythrus, Cab. $* Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 50 (1863). 
? Picus flavirostris*, David, Nouv. Arch, du Mies. 1871, Bull. vii. p. 4. 

Adult male. Back, rump, and scapulars barred black and white ; 
upper tail-coverts black; wings and their coverts black, the latter, 
as well as both, webs of the quills, spotted with white; the primaries 
(when closed) crossed by five or six white bar3; shafts brownish 
black ; tail black, the two outer large feathers on either side barred 
with white on the apical half, the next inner feather spotted with 
white near the tip; shafts black; nasal plumes black; base of the 
forehead greyish white; crown, occiput, and nape crimson, this 
colour spreading on to the side of the neck, the bases of the feathers 
dusky leaden grey, with an occasional small streak or spot of white; 

anterior half of face white, the malar region and the chin dusky; 
posterior half of face, the neck (except the hind part), and the 
under surface of the body rich rufous, the thighs barred black and 
white, and the vent and under tail-coverts scarlet; under wing-
coverts white barred with black; axillaries white. Total length 8 
inches, culmen 1*15, wing 5, tail 3, tarsus 0*85; toes (without 

* This Woodpecker was only seen (not obtained) at Koko-nor by the Abbe* 
David, and the name *' Pic roux a bee Jamie" given by this author is suggestive 
of the bird having been either H. hyperythrus or a new species. 
200 PICID.E. 

claws)—outer anterior 0*53, outer posterior 0*62. inner anterior 0*47, 
inner posterior 0*25. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the whole of 
the top of the head, occiput, and nape Hack, spotted with white. 
Total length 7*7 inches, culmen 1, wing 4*05, tail 2'ik tarsus 0*S. 

Young. A specimen from the X.~flT. Himalayas sPhurilh, which I 
take to he the young of the present species < the only young example 
I have seen), differs from the adult male in having the white on the 
hack partaking more of the character of transverse spots than or 
distinct bars; the red on the head almost confined to the forehead 
and crown, and the feathers transversely varied with Mack, and 
without any white spots: the neck and imderparfs rather paler and 
more dingy rufous; chest deephj washtd with sen Ait; the breast-
feathers with a few dusky black spots and concealed black bars; 
the remainder of the underparts having large bar-like «*pots of 
black, and partially concealed white ones; bill entirely black. 

I cannot say whether the scarlet on the- chest is a character in 
the young, or whether it is abnormal. The young of the allied 
species H. poliopsh do not possess it. 

Hab. Cashmere and through the Himalayan region to the Kh'tsia 
hills and Manipur, and probably northward through Eastern Thibet 
to Koko-nor, as the Abbe David observed a Woodpecker at th«* If Iter 
place answering to the present species. It al*o ranges into Cochin 
China, in which country it was obtained by Br. Hariaand. 

a. <£ad.; 5, c ? Cashmere (JDr. Belter). India Muslim. 
ad. sk. 
d. $ ad. sk. Kotegliur, April 1871. Iltiine Coll 
e. cJ ad. sk. Murree. llmmt Coll 
f,ff.<3$ ad.sk. Murree (J. Biddwlph). Twpefldaie Coll. 
h, i. S 2 ad. sk. Mastiri. lftiiiieri.ll 
*, I 6 2 ad.; Masuri. Pin will CNIL 
m. Juv. sk. 
M, o.cJad. ;p. $ Ma>«ri (S. Pinmll). Tweeddale Cull. 
ad. sk. 

g. 2 ad- sk. Middle ranore of hills north uf Ma^uri. 11 nine (\ >1I. 
r, s. (S 2 ad- sk. Almorah, Oct. l&fty. Hume Cnll. 
*. 2 ad. sk. Naini Tal, April 1*, 38«V. Hume Coll. 
u. <$ ad. sk. Bheem Tal, Xuv. 10,18mk Hume Cull. 
v, to. J ad. ;x~a'. Nepal. ' lIod«js»ju Coll. 
2 ad. sk. 
b'7 c'. (S 2 ad. sk. Nepal (B. 11. Hodgmn). India Museum. 
d'. 2 ad. sk. Nepal, Jan. 1876. llmmt Coll. 
«',/.£ ad. ;#/#. Native Sikkim, Jan., April (X. Man- Hume Coll. 

2 ad.; f. 2 delli).
imm. sk. 
k\ l\ m'. <S ad. Sikhim, April, June (L, Matulelli). Hume Cull. 
et imm.; n'. 
2 imm. sk. 
o'. 6 ad. sk. Darjeeling. Hume Coll. 
/#'.<? ad.; r',*'> Darjeeling. TweecMale Coll. 
t\ 2 ad. sk. 

u', ?*'. $ ad.; ic\ Khasia hills, Oct. 1870 i A. U\ Ckea- Tweeddale Coll 
2 ad. sk. nell). 

15 . DENDKOCOPTTS. 
x'.
y'. 
Q ad. sk. 
S ad. sk. 
Kokshinkoonoo, Manipur, April1881 (A. 0. J?.). 
Tankool Hoondoong, Manipur, M 
3,
ay 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
20, 1881 (A. 0. H.). 

2. Hypopicus poliopsis. 
Pied Woodpecker, Picus P, Sivinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 339 ; 1863, p. 96. 
Picus hyperythrus (non Vig.), Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 319. 
Picus hyperythrus, yar. poliopsis, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 268. 
Xylurgus subrufinus, Cab.fy Heine, Mus. Hem. iy. p. 50 (1863). 
Picus hyperythrus, yar., Sundew Consp. Av. Picin. p. 31 (1866). 
Picus poliopsis, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 40 (1868) ,* Sivinh. 


P. Z. S. 1870,' p. 440. 
Picus subrufinus, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 183, no. 8573 (1870). 
Hypopicus poliopsis, Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 392 j David § Oust. 
Ois. Chine, p. 51 (1877). 

Adult male. Resembles H. hyjperythrus, but differs in haying the 
bars on the back broader ; the primaries (when closed) crossed by 
not more than four white bars ; the underparts browner and less 
rufous, and in the centre of the chest a spot of red• the white 
interspaces between the black bars on the thighs broader; nasal 
plumes buff tipped with black; bill entirely horny black. Total 
length 8 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 5*1, tail 2*95, tarsus 0*9 • toes 
(without claws)—outer anterior 0*57, outer posterior 0*63, inner 
anterior 0*5, inner posterior 0*3. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the top of the 
head, occiput, and nape black spotted with white. Total length 
8-5 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 5*1, tail 3*4, tarsus 0*83. 

Young male. Has the top of the head red; the chin and throat 
whiter and striped with dusky; the sides of the neck, fore neck, and 
chest rufescent white, the feathers partially margined with dusky 
black and having blackish bases, the whole having a spotted appearance 
; the breast also slightly spotted in a similar manner; the tips 
of the primaries white. 
Hah. Northern China (neighbourhood of Pekin). 

lb. DEffDEOCOPUS. 

Type. 
Dendrocopos, Koch, Baier. Zool. i. p. 72 (1816).... D. major. 
Dryobates, Bote, Isis, 1826, p. 977 D. pubescens. 
Dendrodromas, Kaup, Naturl. Syst. p. 136 (1829) . D. leuconotus. 
Leuconotopicus, Math. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 373 ... . D. stricklandi. 
Dvctiopicus, Bj). Consp. Volucr. Zygod. no. 29 

"(1854) D. mixtus. 
Pipripieus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. no. 50 (1854). D. leuconotus. 
Phrenopicus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. no. 34 

(1854) D. borealis. 
Piculus, Brehm, Vollst. Vogelf. 1855, p. 70 1). minor. 
Pyroupicus, Malh. hitrod. Morwgr. Picid. p. liii 

(1861) \ D. borealis. 

202 
PICIDJB. 

Dendrotypes, Cab. <§* Heine, Mm. Hein. IT. p. 46 
(1863) .. . % D. macii 
Xylocopus, Cab. <$* Seine, Mus. Hein, IT. p. 51 

I)' minor

(1863) .. .""'L'-
Threnopipo, Cad. <§* Seine, Mm. Hein. IT. p. 70 
(1863) D. bureaiis. 
Dictropipo, Cab. fy Heine, Mm. Hein. iv. p. 74 
(1863) D. sealaris. 

a. Cliin-asgle of Dendroeopirs major. 
h. Wing of Dendroe&pua imjtjt (reduced). 
Range. Almost the entire Palsearefic. Indian, and Xearetic 
Regions, reappearing in the Neotropical Beglon below 2CP S. lat. 

Key to the Species. 

A. 
Back and rump uniform black or brown. 
a'. With red on the abdomen, vent, or under 
tail-coverts. 
a". Sides of the neck crossed by a Mack 
band. 
a'". Scapulars white. 
a\ 
The black stripes bordering the 
throat and fore neck not uniting on 
the chest, or not connected by a 
distinct red crescentic patch, occasionally 
with a small central 
chest-spot of red; the black bars 


1 5 BENDEOCOPTTS. 
203 

on the lateral tail-feathers nar


rower than the interspaces. 

a5. Innermost secondaries uniform 
black. Underparts in the young 
uniform, or slightly striped on 
the Hanks and thighs. 
a6. The white spots on the secondaries 
small, rounded, and 
marginal. 
a7. Larger: length 9*5 inches, 
wing 5*6; underparts varying 
from sandy brown to 
pure white. 
a8. Underparts sandy brown 
to buffy white • lateral 
tail-feathers regularly 
barred with black. 
a9. With red occipital band. major <$ ad., p. 212. 
b9* With no red on occiput . major $ ad., p. 212. 
c9. Crown red major juv., p. 212. 
bs. Underparts pure white; 
lateral tail-feathers with 
narrow and irregular 
bars of black. 
dQ. With red occipital band. cissa <$ ad., p. 214. 
e9. With no red on occiput., cissa $ ad.; p. 214. 
b1. Smaller: length 8*4 inches, 
wing 4*8; underparts chocolate-
brown, smoky brown 
in young. 
c8. With red occipital band .. pcelzami<$&&., p. 214. 
d*. With no red on occiput .. pcelzami$a,(l.? p. 214. 
eH. Crown red pcehami juv., p. 215. 
b8. The white spots on the secondaries 
very large, and approaching 
close to the shaffc, 
and more or less confluent on 
the margin j underparts pure 
white. # ^ [p. 215. 
e7. With red occipital band ... . leucopterus tf ad., 

<P. With no red on occiput ... . leucopterus J ad., 
[p. 215. 
e7. Crown red leucopterus c? juv., 
¥. Innermost secondaries spotted (j). 215. 
and barred with white j underparts 
uniform buff or buffy 
brown in the adult, and entirely 
spotted and striped with blackish 
in the young. [p. 216. 

c6. With red occipital band japonicus $ ad., 
dQ. With no red on occiput japonicus § ad., 


[p. 216. 
e6. Crown red japonicus juv., 
The 
black stripes bordering the [p. 216. 
throat and fore neck connected on 
the chest by a crescentic patch of 
red • the black bars on the lateral 


2<M PICIDiE. 

tail-feathers as broad as the inter


spaces, [p. 217. 
c5. With red occipital band ... . mauriianus $ ad., 
d'\ With no red on occiput mauriianus $ ad., 

c4. The black stripes bordering the ~p. 217. 
throat and fore neck distinctly 
uniting in the middle of the chest 
and forming a complete cre^eentic 
band, the tips of most of the black 
chest-feathers beimr red. jp. 218. 

£5. With red occipital band nmnidirus c* ad., 
f°. With no red on occiput numidieus 5 ad., 
g%. Crown red; frontal band sootj _p. 218. 

brown numidieus <? juv., 
b'". Scapulars black. _p. 218. 

dl. Underparts varying from buffy white 
to brown; abdomen, as well as 
Tent and under tail-coverts, red : 
sometimes with red spot on the 
chest; the cruwn never red in the 
adults. "p. 210. 

P. With red occipital band ........ cahanisi <f ad., 
i'\ With no red on occiput ........ cttbanln J ad., 
j . 219. 
j\ Crown red eabaaisi juv., p. 211). 
e*. Underparts fulvescent brown, the 
vent and under tail-coverts (only) 
red; never with a red bpit on the 
chest; the top of the head red in 
the adult male as well as in the 
young. 'p. 220. 

h5. Crown and occiput red ftimtilayenxis <j ad., 

P. With no red on the head ........ kimakiyemis J ad., 
m5. Crown (only) red ; underparts ~p. 220. 
slightly striated himnlayemis J juv,, 
b". Sides of the neck not crossed by a black "p.* 220. 
band. 
c". Underparts striated with black. 
fK With no black patch on the chest. 
«\ Larger: length 8*6f5 inches, wing 
5*1; with no red on the chest. [p. 222. 
fG. With red occipital band ..... . darjiiensis (j1 ad., 

<78. With no red on occiput ...... darjiiensis 5 ad., 
LP* ~~2* 
hB. Crown red darjiiensis juv., 
o5. Smaller : length 6'Bo inches, wing [p. 222. 
8*87 ; with red on the chest. 
i*. The red on the chest confined to 
a small spot; the sexes dissimilar, 
[p. 223. 
f7. With red occipital band cathpharius 6 ad., 
g1. With no red on occiput cathpharius $ ad., 
j®. With conspicuous and intense [p. 223. 
red gorget; sexes similar, in 
both having a red occipital 
band*. 

* Fidr Hume. 
15 . DESTDROCOPUS. 
h7 

. The chest covered with broad 
striations

z7. The striations on the chestand breast fewer and narrower, 
and more confined 
to the sides

gK With large black patch on the chest,
and a very conspicuous crescentic 
spot of crimson. 

p5. With red occipital bandq5, With no red on occiputd'". Underparts uniform. 

hK The black stripes bordering the 
throat and fore neck almost uniting1 
on the chest; lateral tail-feathers 
black, narrowly barred with white. 

r \ With red occipital bands5. With no red on occiputtn. Crown red; underparts duller and 

with red spot on the chest

t*. The black stripes bordering the throat 
and fore neck not extending on to 
the chest; lateral tail-feathers 
white barred with black.

us. Crown and occiput redv5. WTith no red on the head

b'. With no red on the underparts ; above

brown.
c". With red occipital band
d", With no red on the head


e". Crown red

B. Back with a broad median stripe of white orbrownish white. 
c'. None of the tail-feathers barred. 
/" . Larger: length 11 to 8 inches,wing5*40 
to 4'40. 
e"'. Wing-coverts and all the quills profusely 
spotted with white. 
J4. Lores partly or entirely black, thus 
separating the white superciliary 
stripe from the light nasal plumes; 
underparts pure white. 
to5. With red occipital bandx5. With no red on occiputy5. Crown orange or reddish&*. Lores partly or entirely white, thus 
uniting the white superciliary 
stripe with the light nasal plumes; 
underparts ashy, the sides mottled 
and striped with black; the white 
feathers of the back with black 
shaft-lines.

z5. With red occipital bandaa5, With no red on occiputf". Wing-coverts uniform or sometimessparingly spotted; with fewer and 

205 

 pyrrlwthorax $ ad., 

 [p. 224. 
pyrrhothorcLV § ad., 

 [p. 224. 
pemyi $ ad., p. 225. 
pemyi $ ad., p. 225. 

sy?'iaczisdti&., p. 226. 
syriacusQ&d., p. 226. 

syriacus juv., p. 22G. 

 [p. 227. 
scindeanus $ ad., 
scindieanus § ad., 
[p. 227. 
[p. 229. 
arizonm $ ad., 
arizonce § ad., 
O 229. 
arizonm $ J juv., 

 [p. 229. 
villosus $ ad., p. 232. 
villosus <j^ad., p. 232. 
villosus $ juv., p. 232. 

 [p. 234. 
maynardi $ ad., 
maynardi $ ad., 
[p. 234. 
206 
PICIDJE. 

smaller spots on the quills, sometimes 
none on the outer -webs of the 
secondaries ; underpants smoky 
white. 

I1. With red occipital handmK With no red on occiputnl. Crown orange-red

g". Smaller: length 7*5 inches, wing 4*35; 
imderparts dark brown; the median 
stripe on the back brownish white; 
wing-coverts unspotted; with small 
spots on the quills and few or none on 
the outer webs of the secondaries. 

g"'. With red occipital bandh"'. With no red on occiputi"'. Crown more or less red .

d'. Lateral tail-feathers barred. 
k". Wing-coverts profusely spotted; underparts 
pure white.
/" , With red occipital bandA*"'. With no red on occiput ,.

Zf". Crown redi". Wing-coverts uniform or with very few

spots; underparts smoky white.
m"\ With red occipital bandn'". With no red on occiputo"\ Crown more or le»s red, and spotted

with dull white

C. Back and rump barred with white.
e'. With no red on underparts. 
j". Central tail-feathers uniform. 
p'". With black auricular stripe. 
o4. Auricular stripe extending to the 
occiput and cutting off the white 
superciliary stripe from the white 
on the side of the neck; chin and 
throat striped.

h¥\
% 
With red occipital band........


cc. With no red on occiput
dcP. Crown red ........ ......


p*. Auricular stripe more or less dis~
tinctly uniting on the side of the 
neck with the malar stripe; chin 
and throat uniform. 

een. Nasal plumes black; white superciliary 
stripe cut oft* from the 
white at base of bill by a black 
band; underparts white or 
slightly smoky; top of the head 
more or less striped with white. 

hB. With red occipital bandZ8. With no red on occiputm*. Crown-feathers tipped with red

ff*>. Nasal plumes brownish white, 
and together with the white 

Jiarrisi g ad., p. 23*5. 
harrisi $ ad., p. 235. 
karri&i juv., p. 235. 

jfrdinii <* al, p. 237. 
jardinii 9 ad., p. 237. 
jardinii juv., p. 237. 

 "p. 240. 
pubexrem <? ad., 
pubeseem J ad., 

> 240. 

pnbesvens $ juv., 

 *"p. 240. 

 "p. 242, 

 gairdneri £ ad., 
yairdneri 2 ad., 
'p. 242. 
gairdneri 5 juv., 

 [p. 242. 
*"p. 244. 
sirzcMundi £ ad., 
stricklandi $ ad., 

[p. 244. 
strichlandi $ 
juv., 
j>. 244. 

 nuiialli $ ad., p. 245. 
nutiatti $> ad., p. 245. 
mdta!li($jm.7 p. 245. 

15 . DENDROCOPTJS. 
lores uniting with the white 
superciliary stripe; underparts 
& 
sandy brown. 


n 
. Outer tail-feathers entirely barred 
with black. 
j 7. Top of the head and occiput 
red, spotted with white 
anteriorly scalaris <5 ad., p. 247. 

W. 
Top of the head and occiput 
black scalaris $ ad., p. 247. 
o6. The three large outer tail-
feathers uniform white on 
three-fourths or sometimes 
the whole of the outer webs. 


Z7. Primary-coverts spotted with * 
white; bill long and slender, 
width at base 0*28 
inch, depth (lateral view) 
0'2 ; tail longer, length 2'6. 

fs. Top of the head and occiput 
red, spotted with white 
anteriorly lucasanus <$ ad., 

g9. Top of the head and occiput [p. 250. 
black lucasanus $ ad., 

m7. Primary - coverts uniform [p. 250. 
black; bill short and stout, 
width at base 0*36, depth 
(lateral view) 0'4; tail 
shorter, length 2*25. 

h8. Top of the head and occiput 
red, spotted with white 
anteriorly graysoni $ ad., 

i8. Top of the head and occiput [p. 250. 
black graysoni $ ad., 
q'". With no auricular stripe. [p. 251. 

(f. 
Ear-coverts pure white like the sides 
of the face and neck; underparts 
pure white, spotted on the sides 
with black. 
gg5. With red stripe on the side of 
the occiput borealis <$ ad., p. 251. 
hh5. With no red stripe on the side of 
the occiput borealis $ ad., p. 252. 
r4. Ear-coverts brown, more or less pale. 

ii5. Malar stripe branching out behind 
ear-coverts, but not joining the 
occiput. 


p®. The primaries (with closed 
wing) crossed by five white 
bars. 


ri7. Underparts varying from 
smoky white to sandy 
brown and clearly striated 
with black on the sides; 
the under tail-coverts spotted; 
the black barring on 
the lower back and rump 
distinct. 


208 PICID-E. 

j*. Crown red

k*. With no red on the crown. 
the forehead and greater 
part of crown white ... .

o>. Underpaid pure white, and 
together with the under 
tail-co^ erts almost d^oid 
of stripe or *pot; thr black 
barring on the lowwr hack 
and rump more oL-< Irte. 

l\ Crown crinicon

m\ With no red on the headt 
the forehead and givater 
part of the crown white .

rf. The primaries (with elo«nl 
wing-) cruised by four white 
bars.

p1. With red on crown ........


q7. With no red on crown ......

jf\ Malar stripe branching: out behh dthe ear-coverts and joiiiinir the 
black of the occiput. 

r€. Crow n red .

8h. With no retl on the crown, tht* 
forehead and Greater pa it ot 
the crown huffy white

Central tail-feather* as* well as the 
lateral ones all barred. 

••'". Larger: length (»*25 inches, wintr 
3*47; plumajre Mack (or ^litrhtly 
brownish) and -white. 

$*. Central tail-feathers crowed by ii\e 
transverse narrow white *bar*; 
white striationsj on the top of the 
head, in male, hair-like : underpays 
broadly striped with black. 

kk"\ With red occipital band........


IP. With no red on the head, thecrown and occiput blackmm5. Feather^ of the forehead and

crown tipped with oiange-ivd.

tK Central tail-feathers crossed by ceven 
oblique black bars; the* white 
striations on the top of the head 
drop-like; underparts fulvescent, 
and the markings on the client and 
breast more sj jotted in character. 

im\ The sides of the occiput red, hot 
this colour not forming a distinct 
band; forehead and crow n 
striped with white

GO5. With no red on the head, the top 
of the head and the occiput 
brown, the forehead with a 
few whitish shaft-streaks

;". Smaller: length 5*7 inches, wing 3*4, 
tail 1-62; central tail-feathers crossed 

minor c ad., p. 254. 

minor O ad.? p, 254. 

pi] an J adM p. 250. 

pipva 5 ad., p. 25B. 

 "p. 550. 
qnfuJrifasciaivs fad., 
fpt*ftlrifu*eiatus J ad,, 


 j». 25o". 

(fruif^rdi * ad., p. 2>"V* 

 ///////* />// } ad., p. 257. 

tig nanus rf ad.. 

 p. 25S. 
lig/iarm* J a^-? 
j>. 258. 
lignanm j uvj p. 25^. 

mietm J ad., p. 259. 

mizfus J ad.? p. 259. 

15 . DENDKOGOPTTS, 
by five black bars; underparts not 
fulvescent and having* minute dusky 
spots more or less longitudinal. 

u%. Entire top of the head uniformumber-brownv%. Top of the head striped with white-
occiput (only) red.
wK Top of the head red

f. With more or less red on the underparts orunder tail-coverts. 
I". Red on underparts confined to the vent 
and under tail-coverts; malar stripe 
entirely black; ear-coverts only slightly 
dusky. 
t"'. Sides of the face and neck, chin, 
throat, and fore neck uniform buff; 
underparts faintly striated on the 
breast and barred on the thighs 
with black. 
#4. Crown and occiput redyK Crown and occiput blacku'". Sides of the face and neck pure white; 
underparts rich fulvescent, and 
these as well as tbe fore neck closely 
striped with deep black. 
is4.
% 
Crown and occiput redaa. Crown and occiput blackm". Red on the underparts extending on to 
the lower part of the abdomen; anterior 
portion of the malar stripe and 
the ear-coverts umber-brown; top of 
the head olive-brown; forehead and 
crown uniform in the adult, spotted 
in the young. 
v'"> Occipital feathers golden yellow, tipped 
with redw"\ "With no red on the dull yellow occipital 
feathersx"r. Forehead and crown spotted withdull yellowish; feathers of hind 
part of crown tipped with red ... .
n". Red on the underparts confined to theunder tail-coverts. 
y'". Ground-colour of underparts buffy 
white; black spots on chest very 
small; bases of red feathers on the 
head in the male dusky black; red 
on under tail-coverts faint. 
bb4. Crown and occiput redccK Crown and occiput black.
z'". Ground-colour of underparts below 
the chest fulvescent dusky; black 
spots on chest very large; bases of 
red crown-feathers in male leaden 
grey; under tail-coverts bright red.

ddK Crown and occiput redee1. Crown and occiput black

VOL. XVIII.

200 

 [p. 260. 
cancellatus § ad., 
[p. 200. 
cancellatus $ ad., 
cancellatus juv., 
[p. 200. 
macii $ ad., p. 261. 
macii g ad., p. 261. 

 atratus tf ad., p. 203. 
atratus J ad., p. 263. 

 h umeifrons <$ ad., 

 [p. 264. 
hrunneifrons J ad., 
[p. 265. 
hrunneifrons juv., 

 [p. 265. 
analis $ ad., p. 266. 
analis J ad., p. 267. 

 [p. 267. 
anda?nanensis <$ ad., 
andamanensis $ ad., 
[p. 268. 
P 

210 
KCTDiE. 

D. 
Lower part of the hack uniform white, the 
upper hack uniform hlack, 
g. 
Face, neck, and underparts anteriorly white; 
ear-coverts only slightly darker. 
o". With less white on lower back, scapulars, 
wing-cm erts, and innermost 
secondaries, upon the latter forming 
spots or bars; striatiun& on underparts 
broader; lateral tail-feather& inoiv 
distinct!}' barred.

aa'". Crown and occiput redW". Crown and occiput Mack

cc". 
Crown reddish orange

p 
. "With the whilemarkiagfa ni< ne developed.
the white on the innermost secundaria 
occupying' the apical half of the 
feather; &triatious below nai rower; 
lateral tail-feathers le-> haired, the 
outer webs uniform or onh slighth 
spotted. 
dd'". Crown and occiput red

ee'". Crown and occiput black

ti. Face, neck, and underparts anteriorly el*»ar 
pale buff; ear~eo\ erlb pale umber-brown; 
white of lower back tinged -with huff; 
striatioiis below 1 ery broad; under tail-
coverts with dusky brown fchaft-*tripe^. 

(/'. Crown and accipiit red
r". Crown and occiput black
s". Crown orange-red


E. 
The white of the lower back birred "withblack; tipper back uniform black. 
/'. Larger: length 10v5 inches, wing ?r&; 
ground-colour of underpaits anteriorly 
white; median and gieater wing-eoi erts 
with large spots of white. 

i", Crown and occiput red .. . ...
u". Crown and occiput black

f. Smaller: length 9inches, wing o'25 to o'7&. 
v". Ground-colour of underparts atrungiy 
fulyescent anteriorly; wing-coverts 
uniform black, or only slightly spotted. 

ff"\ "With less black on the sides of the 
chest and breast, and more -white 
on lower back; no red on the chest. 

ffK Crown and occiput r^d ,. .
gg*. Crown and occiput black ... .
h¥. Crown orange-red , .

gg'". 
With more black on the sides of thechest and breast, and less white on 
IOWA back ?with red on the che&t; 
crown and occiput red ..........

 j>. "Ml 
// unnatfir* c ad., 
kucojiotio J ad., 

[p. 27(1 
h uvvnatiib c ju\.? 
p. 270. 
nWi* s adM p. 271. 
</m% 4 ad., p. i*7L 

*tib< issi\ * ad., p. 271. 

tultrirria 4 ad., p. "272. 

wbvirm <f juw, 

SJI. 272. 

 lilfordi d ad., p. 272. 

Ittfordi $ ad., p. 272. 

imsidaristfad., p. 27:1 

mmiark $ ad., p. 27>i. 

 insular is J juv., 

 [p. 273. 
namiyei<$&&., p. 273. 

15 . DENDEOOOPTTS. 211 
1. Dendrocopus major. 
Picus major, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 176 (17GC); Penn. Brit. ZooL 

p. 79, pi. E (1766); Scop. Ann. i. p. 47 (1769); Gm. Syst. Nat. 
i. p. 430 (1788); Lath. Lid. Orn. i. p. 228 (1790) ; Lewin, B. Gt. 
Brit. p. 38, pi. 48 (1796) ; Bechst. Orn. Taschenb, i. p. 63 (1802); 
Blum. M. Hist. Nat. i. p. 205 (1803) ; Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. 
ii. p. 1022 (1805) ; Temm. Cat. Syst.]). 62 (1807); Meyer fy Wolf, 
Taschenb. i. p. 121 (1810); Meyer, Yog. Liv-u. JEsth. p. 62 (1815); 
Steph. in Shard's Gen. Zool ix. p. 163, pi. 33 (1815); Meisn. 8f 
ScJwiz, Yog. Schiueiz, p. 40 (1815) ; Font. Syn. Cat. Brit. B. p. 7 
(1817) ; Nilss. Orn. Suec. i. p. 108 (1817); Yieill. N. Bid. dHist 
Nat. xxvi. p. 74 (1818); Temm. Man. oVOm. i. p. 395 (1820); 
Bonn. # Yieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1303 (1823); JRou,v, Orn. Prov. 
i. p. 96, pi. Ix. (1825) ; Valenc. Diet. Sc. Nat xl. p. 179 (1826); 
Risso, Bur. Mend. iii. p. 60 (1820) ; Werner, Atlas, pi. 203 (1827) ; 
Wac/l. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 17 (1827) ; Sam, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 142 
(1827); Less. TraitS, i. p. 218 (1831) ; Selby, Brit. B. i. p. 376, 
pi. xxxviii. fig*. 3 (1833); Glog. Nat. Gesch. Bur. Yog. i. p. 458 
(1834) ; Jenyns, Man. Brit. Yertebr. p. 150 (1835); Webb, Berth. 
# Moq.-Tand. Hist. Nat. Canar., Orn. p. 26 (1830-44) ; Keys, dy 
Bias. Wirb. Bur. pp. 148 & xxxv (1840); Schinz, Eur. Faun. 
i. p. 2151 (1840); Benoit, Orn. Sic. p. 32 (1840); Car a, Orn. Sard. 
p. 89(1842); Schleg.Rev. Crit.y.l (1844); Y. d. Muhle, Orn. 
Griechenl. p. 30 (1844); Gray, Gen. B. ii'. p. 435 (1845); Malh. 
N. Classify Mem.^ Acad. Metz, 1848-49, p. 326; Bp. Consp. Gen. 
Av.i. p. 134 (1850); Reichenb. Scans. Picinm, p. 304, no. 842, 
pl. dexxxiii. figs. 4210-11 (1854); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 75 
(1854) ; Bolk, J. f. 0.1854, p. 462; Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. 
p. 8, no. 55 (1854); Brehm, Yogelf. 1855, p. 69; Sundev. Sv. Fogl 
p. 140, pl. xxiii. figs. 1 c? ad., 2 juy. (1856); Hewits. Eggs Brit 
B. i. p. 240 (1856) ; Schrenek, Amur-Reise, p. 263 (1859); [Jaub. 
fy Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 330 (1859); Von Wright, Finl, 
Fogl. p. 272 (1859) ; Linderm. Yog. Griechenl p. 42 (1860); Malh. 
Picidce, i. p. 56, pl. xvi. figs. 4, 6, 7, 8 (1861) ; Gould, B. Gt Brit. 
iii. pl. Ixx. (1863), pl. lxxi. (juv.), under P. leuconotus; Prev. fy 
Lem. Hist Nat Ois. dEur. p. 168 (1864); Salmd. Ucc. Sard. p. 32 
(1864) ; Filippi, Yiagg. Pers. p. 350 (1865) ; More, Ibis, 1865, 
p. 135; Lilf. op. cit. 1866, pp. 385, 388; Sundev. Consp. Ad. Picin. 
p. 21 (1866); Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 448 ; Gray, List Picid. Brit 
Mus. p. 32 (1868); Borggr. Yogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 68 (1869); 
Gray, Handrl. B. ii. p. 181, no. 8541 (1870); Dress. B. Eur. v. 
p. 19, pl. celxxv. (1871); R. Gray, B. W. Scotl. p. 190 (1871): 
Godm. Ibis, 1872, p. 168; Hart Handb. Brit. B. p. 32 (1872) ; 
Elw. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 649; Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 235; Perini, 
Man. Orn. Veron. p. 402 (1874); Cord. Ibis, 1875, p. 184; Danf. 
& Harv.-Br. t c. p. 299 ; Severtz. t c. pp. 488, 489 ; Irby, Orn. 
Sir. Gib. p. 70 (1875); Sound. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1876, p. 324; 
Dress. Ibis, 1876, p. 320; D'Hamonv. Cat Ois. d'Eur, p. 10 
(1876); Tacz/Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1877, p. 152; Schleg. Yog. 
Nederl i. p. 39, pl. v. figs 8-10 (1878) ; Elw. Ibis, 1880, p. 395; 
Madar. Syst Aufz. Yog. Ungarns, p. 23 (1881); Seek Ibis, 1882, 
p. 209; Marsch. $ Pelz. Orn. Yindob. p. 91 (1882); Carls, 
Kongl. Yet-Akad. Fdrhandl. 1SS2, i. p. 31; Bolau,J.f. 0.18823 
p. 337; Martor. Ucc. Sard. p. 23 (1884); Russoio, Arch. Naturk 
Liv-Esth. u. Kurl ix. p. 116 (1884); Radde, Orn. Cam. p. 309 
212 PICTDJS. 

pi. xix. h>. 1 (1884); Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. iL p. 354 (1884); Chapm. 
Ibis, 1885, p. 172; Gigl Avif. Ital. p. 200 (1880); Toes. B. Z. S. 
1888, p. 466. 
Dendrocopos major, Koch, Syst. hater. Zool. i. p. 72 (1816). 
Dryobates major, Bote, Isis, 1828, p. 326; Gray, List Gen. B. 1855, 

p. 91; Gigl. Ibis, 1865, p. 58. 
Picus pinetorum,) 
Picus pitvopicus, ( Brehm, Tog. Bentsehl. pp. 187-189 (1831); id. 
Picus frondium, X Vogelf. p. 69 (1855). 
Picus montanus, J 
Dendrocopus major, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 307; Jard. Nat. Lib. 
x. p. 351 (1839); Cab. § Heine, Mm. Hein. iv. p. 32 {1803); Irbt/, 
Ibis, 1883, p. 178; B. O. U. list, 1883, p. 77; Clarke, Ibis, 1884, 
p. 144 ; Saund. t. c. p. 379; Whiteh. op. cit. 1885, p. 28; More, 
List Irish Bds. p. 16 (1885) ; Tait, Ibis71887, p. 304; Beid, op. 
cit 18S8? p. 74. 
Picus pipra (non Ball), Macgill Brit. B. iii. p. 80 (1840). 
Picus brevirostris, Reichenb. Scans. Bicintz, p. 365, sub no. 842, pi. 
dexxxiii. fig. 4212 (1854). 

Picus numidicus {non Malh.), Bolle, J.f. 0.1857, p. 320*. 

Adult male. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform blue-
black; scapulars slightly smoky white; wings and their coverts 
black, the innermost of the median and of the greater series of the 
latter white, the quills (except the innermost which are uniform) 
spotted with white on both webs, the spots on the primaries, when 
the wiug is closed, forming five bars ; shafts black ; the four central 
tail-feathers uniform black, the next feather black spotted with 
white on the apical portion, the two outer large feathers on either 
side black at the base, the apical half white barred with black; 
shafts of the same colour as the surrounding web ; nasal plumes 
black; frontal band drabby brown; crown, nape, and hind neck blue-
black, the occiput red; sides of the face and neck white, the latter 
brownish, a broad black malar stripe extending on to the side of the 
chest, and a branch, from it joining the nape ; from the chin to the 
breast (both inclusive) uniform drabby brown; the abdomen, vent, 
and under tail-coverts as well as the thighs crimson, the short tibial 
plumes of the same colour as the underparts ; under wing-coverts 

and axillaries white, the lower series of the former spotted with 
dusky black. Total length 10 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 5-5, tail 3*7, 
tarsus 1; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*55, outer posterior 
0*65, inner anterior 0*45, inner posterior 0*3. 

Adult female. Wants the red occipital band, but in other respects 
resembles the adult male. Total length. 9*5 inches, culmen 3/1 
wing 5'$, tail 3*6, tarsus 1. 

Young. May be known from the adult by their red crowns; the 
scapulars are striped and transversely varied with dusky or black; 

The Canary Islands species, which is D. major. 

15 . DENDROCOPUS. 
the underparts duller and the flanks and thighs striped with dusky; 
the primaries tipped with white. 

Hub. Throughout almost the whole of Europe, extends in Lapland 
to a little above 70° $". lat., and ranges through Southern Siberia 
to the Amour and into Corea. Pound also in the Canaries *. In 

Asia Minor occurring south to Smyrna, 

a. Juv. sk. 
b. $ ad. sk. 
c. Ad. sk. 
d. 
$ ad. et iuv. 
sk. 
e. tf ad. sk. 
f9g. S ? ad. sk. 
^ «. 6 ? ad.; h. 
I, m. Juv. st, 

n. Ad. sk. 
o. $ ad. sk. 
p. Ad. sk. 
q. <5 ad. sk. 
r. J ad. sk. 
s. j ad. sk. 
t. <$ juv. sk. 
u. S ad. ; v. $ 
juv. sk. 
w, x. $ ad. sk. 


y. 5 ad. sk. 
z, a'. Juv. et pull, 
sk. 
b\ c? ad. sk. 
c'. 


S ad.sk. 
<5 ad. sk. 

d\ 

<$ ad. sk. 

e'. 

<$ ad. sk. 

f. 
h't i\ $ ad. sk. 

y. S ad. sk. 
t,m'. J $ ad.sk. 
ri. 5 ad. sk. 

o'. tf ad. sk. 

y. $ ad. sk. 
#'. 9. ad. sk. 
r',*\ c^? ad.sk. 

t\ u'. Skulls. 
v'} wr, x'. Skulls. 

England. 

Wiltshire. 

Cookham (Briggs). 

Hendon, Middlesex. 

Hampstead, Middlesex. 

Essex. 

Norfolk. 

Leicestershire. 

Sweden. 

Sweden. 

Stockholm, JSTOV. 

Werniland, Jan. 1872. 

Russia. 

N. Russia. 
Archangel, Sept., Dec, 
Carlesruhe, Jan. 1871 (R. 

G. W.R.). 
Leiden (Keulemans), 
Belgium. 
Transylvania, May 1874. 
Constantinople (2\ Robson). 
Turkey, March [T. Robson). 
Turkey, Oct. (T. Robson). 
Turkey, April (T. Robson), 
Asia Minor, Feb., April 

(T. Robson). 
Asia Minor, Jan. (T. Robson), 
Smyrna, Asia Minor (Br. 
Kriiper). 
Sardinia, April (A, B. 
Brooke). 
Oporto, Portugal^ Feb. {J. 

J. Forrester). 
Sierra Nevada,{Spain, April 

(H. Saunders). 
Pulverilla, Gibraltar, March. 
Villa Flora, Teneriffe, May 
1871 (F. D. Godman). 

S. Germany. 
Gould Coll. 

Montagu Coll. 

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Sal\ in-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Purchased. 
Lord Walsingham [P.]. 


Theodore Walker, Esq. 


pp.]. 

Hume Coll. 

Gould Coll. 

Mr. Meves [0,1. 

Mr. Meves [C.J, 

Purchased. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Brussels Mus. 

C. G.Danford,Esq.[C.]. 
Tweeddale Coll 
Hume Coll. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.7. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Gould Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Colonel Irby [P.l. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Dr. Giinther. 
Old Collection. 

* The form inhabiting these islands J3 very dark below, but examples lig] 
iu colour also occur. 
214 picmae. 

Subsp. a. Dendrocopus cissa. 

Picus cissa, Pall Zoogr. Mosso-Adat. i. p. 412 (1831) ; Seeb. Ibis, 
1882, p. 423. 

Picus major (pt.), Reichenb. Scans. Picinm, p. 364, no. 842 (1S54); 
Malk. Pieidcz, i. p. 56 (1861): Sunder. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 21 
(1866). 

Picus major (wow Li?in.), Middend. Sib. Eeise, Zool. p. 132 (1851) ; 
Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool Fr. 1876, p. 239 ; Fin*ch> Verhaadl. k. l\ 
zool-bot. Gesellsch. Wien. 1879, p. 227- Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool Fr. 
1882, p. 395. 

Picus major kamtscliaticus, Dpb. £ Tacz. Bull Sac. Zool Fr. 1883, 

pp. 146, 157 ; Dyb. t. c. p. 368. 
Dendrocopus purus, Stejn. Auk, 1884, p. 35. 
Drvobates purus, Stejn. Bull U. S. X/it. Mus. no. 20 (1885), pp. 

230, 342. 

Adult male. Resembles D. major, but may be distinguished by its 
baying tbe under surface of the body pure wJiitr, and al&o in baring 
a greater amount of white on the lateral tail-feathers, the black bars 
being narrower. Total length 0 inches, culmen 1*22, wing 5*7, 
tail 3*6, tarsus 1*03; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*57, 
outer posterior 0*67, inner anterior 0*5. inner posterior 0*3. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of the 
crimson occipital band, the occiput being black, like the crown. 
Total length 9 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 5*5, tail 3*55, tarsus 1. 

Hob. Across Siberia, north of the Altai range to 60s lat. East 
into Kamtschatka and Behring Island *. 

Subsp. /3. Dendrocopus poelzami. 

Picas poelzami, Boyd. B. Cauc, Trans. Soc. Kazan, Tiii. 4. p. 121 
(1879), in Russian; Seek Ibis, 1^82, p. 23; Badde7 Oni. Caue. 

p. 310, pi. xx., d S ad. (1884); Dresser, Ibis, 1**9. p. 91. 
Picus major poelzami, Seek P. Z. S. 1864, p. 409. 
Picus major (iion Idmi.)> Lorenz, Or??. Faun. Kaukasus, p. 44 
(1887). 

Adult male. Resembles D. MOJO7\ but is very much smaller and 
has the under surface of the body very dark brown, inclining to 
chocolate; the white patch on the wing-coverts is considerably less, 
owing to fewer of the inner coverts being white. Total length 8*5 
inches, culmen 1*25, wing 4*97, tail 2*9, tarsus 0*95 ; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*52, outer posterior 0*0, inner anterior 0*48, 
inner posterior 0*3. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red 

* The exact limits of the range of this species cannot be accurately given. 
They appear to be very much the same as those of D. pipra. 
215 

15 . DEISTDBOCOPTTS. 
occipital band. Total length 8*3 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 4*63, 
tail 3-15, tarsus 0*88. 

Young. Differ from the adult of both sexes in having the crown 
crimson, the red occipital band characteristic of the adult male is 
wanting and replaced by black; the general colour above of a sooty 
black, without any blue gloss; forehead dusky brown; a dusky 
stripe behind the eye, and including the upper half of the ear-coverts; 
sides of the face and neck smoky white; under surface of the body 
smoky brown, the sides of the body, flanks, and thighs having faint 
dusky striations; vent and under tail-coverts brick-red. 

Hab. Caucasus. 

a. J ad. sk. Lenkoran, December. Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
Subsp. y. Bendrocopns lencopteras. 
Picus (Dendrocopus) leucopterns, Scdvad. AttiR. Ace. Sc, Tor. vi. 

p. 129 (1870-71). 
Picus cabanisi {non Math.), Severtz. Trans. Imp. Soc. Nat. Hist. 
viii.pt. 2, p. 08(1873). 
Picus leptorhynchus, var. leucoptera, Severtz. Ibis, 1875, p. 488; id. 
Str. F. 1875, p. 430. 
Picus 
leptorhynchus, Severtz. Str. F. 1875, p. 430; id. Ibis, 1875, 
pp. 487-491; Dresser, op. cit. 187G, p. 320; Menzb. op. cit. 1885, 

p. 357. 
Picus leucopterus, Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 219; Scully, op. cit. 1870, 
p. 134; Dress. Ibis, 1889, p. 91. 
Picus syriacus leucopterus, Seeb. Ibis, 1882, p. 423. 
Adult male. Differs from D. major in having the frontal band, 
sides of the face and neck, and the under surface of the body pure 
white, the red extending much higher up and on to the lower breast; 
the scapulars pure white, and the quills crossed by very broad bars 
of white, the innermost secondaries having large spots of white not 
reaching to the shaft and confluent on the margin. Total length 
9 inches, culmen 1*27, wing 4*95, tail 3*4, tarsus 0*87 ; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*55, outer posterior 0*63, inner anterior 
0-5, inner posterior 0*3. 

Young male. " Has the crown red " (JSevertzoff). 

Adult female. "Wants the red occipital band, but is otherwise like 
the adult male. Total length 9 inches, culmen 112, wing 4-95, 
tail 3*45, tarsus 0*85. 

Hab. Turkestan and Western Mongolia (Lob For). 

a. ? ad. sk. Turkestan, Jan. 1809 {Dr. Tweeddale Coll. 
Severtzov). 
b. <$ ad. sk. Kokand, March 14, 18G9 Tweeddale Coll. 
c. S ad. sk.
(Dr. Severtzov). 
Maralbashi, E. Turkestan, Hume Coll. 
d. $ ad. sk.
Jan. 1874 (/. Biddvlph). 
Maralbashi, Jan. 1874 (J. Tweeddale Coll. 
e. $ ad. sk.
Biddulph). 
Yarkand, Nov.' 28, 1874 (J. Tweeddale Coll. 
Biddulph). 

216 PICTB:E. 
f. ? ad. sk. Oi Tograh, Nov. 3, 1874 Tweeddale ColL 
(J. Biddulph). 
g,h. <$ $ ad. Khoten. Eev. H. Lansdell 
n 
2. Dendrocopus japonicus. 

Picus major (wow Linn.\ Blakist. Ibis, 1SG2, p. 325 ; JJ7iitely7 op. cif. 

1867, p. 195; Swinh. op. cif. ls7o, p. 451; Blakist. §• Fryer7 

op. cif. 1878, p. 228; £'<?£>&. oj?. c/£. 1879, p. 29 ; Blakid. § Fryer, 

Trans. As. Soc. Jap. 1880, p. 207, 18b2? p. 132. 
Picus japonicus, $?e&. I#*s, 1K82, p. 24. 
Pious major japunicus, Blakist. Gkrysaath. 1853, pp. 28, 77, no 107; 
tftwy, Proc. cT". 8. Xat. Mus. 1883, p. 307; Blakist. Amend. Lkt 

B. Jap. pp. 13, 44 (1884). 
Bryobates grouldii (aon Malh.)7 Stejneger, Froe. U.S. Xat. Mus. 1&86, 
p. 112. 
Adult main. Eesembles D. major, but differs In having the under 
surface of the body and the frontal band more of a buff colour * the 
apical half of the lateral tail-feathers is also of a pale buff and the 
black bars are narrower; the scapulars have more black at the 
base, and the innermost of the secondaries are spotted with white; 
the dimensions are also less. Total length 8*5 inches, culmen 1*2, 
wing 5*3, tail 3*3, tarsus 0*95 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 
0*55, outer posterior 0*05, inner anterior 0*47, inner posterior 0*3. 

The points of distinction between the adults of this species and 
those of D. major may appear trifling, but that they are not the 
same is clearly proved by the young of the two species being totally 
different. 

Adult female. Wants the red occipital band, but is otherwise like 
the adult male. Total length 8*3 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 5*15, 
tail 3*25, tarsus 0*93. 

Young. Differ from the adult of both sexes in having the crown 
red, the light portion of the plumage less pure, the chin, throat, 
and fore neck thinly covered with dusky spots, the under surface of 
the body (except the middle of the breast and abdomen) smoky 
brown, the sides of the chest and breast striped, the remainder 
with dusky blackish transverse markings ; the vent and under tail-
coverts of a pale washed-out red, the tips of the primaries white. 
Bah. The If am Island of Japan, Yezo, and the Huriles. 

a, b. d$ J ad. sk. Japan. 
Tweeddale ColL 

c. § a<*. sk. Japan. 
C. Maries, Esq. [P.]. 
d. 2 ad. sk. Yezo, Japan (C. McYean). Tweeddale Coll. 
e. 
d ad.; / . $ Hakodadi, Japan, Oct. Nov. Mr. H. Whitely [O.]. 
hum. sk. 
ff,h.c$$ 
ad. sk. Hakodadi, Nov., Bee. (M. Gould ColL 
Whitely). 

i. <$ ad. sk. Hakodadi. 
Sir O. St. John [O.]. 
3. Dendrocopns mauritairas. 
Picus mauritanus s. Picus lunatus, Brelim, Xaum. 1855, p. 274. 
Picus numidicus (nm Malh.), Mekhenb. Scans. Biting p. 366, 

15 . BE^DROCOPTJS. 
217 

no. 844, pi. dcxxxiii. figs. 4213-14, <f $ (1854), Hab. partly; 
Tyr•w.-Drake, Ibis, 18G7, p. 425 ; Irhy, Orn. Str. Gibr. p. 71 
(1875); id. Ibis, 1879, p. 343, 
Picus mirmdiciis (partimj, Sundew Consp. Av. Picin. p. 22 (1886) ; 

Sharpe $ Dress. B. Eur. v. p. S3 (1871). 

Adult male. Eesembles D. numidicus, but may be distinguished 
by the black stripes which border the throat and fore neck and 
extend on to the sides of the chest, not uniting or forming a complete 
ereseentic band, the central chest-feathers being of the same 
colour as the under surface of the body, but tipped with scarlet; a 
few of the black feathers on the chest have their tips buffy white 
washed with scarlet, but the latter colour is confined (on the chest) 
to the buify-white feathers or portions of the feathers and does not 
spread on to the black as is the case in D. numidicus, the latter 
species having a broad and complete ereseentic band of black across 
the chest, the feathers composing it being conspicuously tipped with 
crimson. In D. mauritanits the lateral tail-feathers are much 
more broadly and distinctly barred with black; the bill and legs 
are also less powerful. Total length 7*8 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 
4*7, tail 2-8, tarsus 0*8; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*46, 
outer posterior 0*55, inner anterior 0*45, inner posterior 0*28. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red 
occipital band. Total length 7*8 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 4*65, 

tail 3, tarsus 0*8. 
Hab. ilorocco. 
^b. <$ 5 ad. sk. Tangiers. Colonel Irby [P.]. 
c. 5 imm. sk Morocco. Tweeddale Coll. 

4. Dendrocopus numidicus. 
Picus 
numidus, Malh. Mini. Acad. Metz, 1842, p. 242; id. Faun. 
Orn. Sicil. 1843, p. 144; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 435 (1845). 
Picus (Leuconotopicus) numidicus, Malh. Bev. Zoo). 1845, p. 375; 
id. Cat. Mais. aVOis. dJAlgir. p. 15 (184(3). 
Picus numidicus, Malh. N. Classify Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, 

p. 327 ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. xxi (1849); Bp. Consp. Gen. 
Av. i, p. 135 (1850); id. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 56 (1854); 
Zoche,Cat Mamm. et Ois. d'Alger, sp. 189, p. 92 (1858); Tristr. Ibis, 
1859, pp. 157, 159; Salv. t. c. p. 315; Tristr. op. eit. 1800, p. 373; 
Malh. Picidce, i. p. 05, pi. xviii. figs. 1-3 tf 2 ad., S juv. (1861), 
Hab. partly; Mtnm*, J. / . O. 1802, p. 382; Loche, Rvpl. Sci. 
Alqer., Ois'.ii. p. 79, pi. ix. rigs, ltf ad., la juv. (1867); Gray, List 
Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 34 (1808) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 182, no. 8547 
(1870); Sharps fy Dresser, B. Eur. v. p. 33, pi. eclxxvi. <$ $ ad. 
& juv. (1871). 
Dendrocopus 
numidicus (pt), Cab. fy Seine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 34 
(1803). 
Picus numidicus (partim), Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 22 (1866). 

* Becorcled from GElde, Minister, Germany. A very improbable locality for 
this African species. 
218 
PICTD^J. 

Adult male. Differs from D. major in the black stripes which 
border tlie throat and chest uniting upon the latter and forming a 
broad gorget, the tips of the feathers of the latter being crimson; 
the exposed white spots on the primaries (when the wing is closed) 
forming four bars. Total length 8'5 inches, cnlnien 1*4, wing 4-9, 
tail 3*2, tarsus 1 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*63, outer 
posterior 0*75, inner anterior 0*52, inner posterior 0*3. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red 
occipital band. Total length 8*5 inches, culnien 1*2, wing 5, tail 
3*2, tarsus 0-85. 

Young male. Differs from the adult of both sexes in having the 
whole of the crown crimson, the tips of the feathers being of this 
colour, the bases dark leaden grey, and a median spot of black; 
frontal band very dark smoky brown ; space behind the e\ e. also 
the upper ear-coverts, dusky brown: the black portion of the plumage 
of a sooty colour and not blue-black; the underparts whiter, and 
having (in addition to the black and red cl.e-t-bunfl) a few blackish 
stripes on the sides of the breast; under tail-covert^ pale ocarlet, 
this colour not spreading on to the vent, abdomen, or thighs 

Hah, Algeria. 

a. 2 ail. s-t. Algiers. 
Pureha-tMl. 
b. 
<$ ad.; e. £ Algeria. Purchased, 
juv. 4i. 
d. S 
ad. sk. Algeria, April 1857 ill. B. 7VA- Twteddal** Coll. 
tram), 
e. J ad.sk. Djebei Dekma, Prov. of Con^tan- Salvin-Gu.1 man Coll 
tine, Algeria, April (O. Sale in). 
f. 
Sternum. Algeria. 
5. Bendrocopus cabanisi. 
Picus cabanisi, Malh. J.f.O.18*34, p. 172 ; Bp. Camp. Valuer. Zygod. 
p. 8, no. 58 (1854); Reichenb. Scam. Piei/M*, p. 363, no. 843, 
pi. dclxxix. figs. 4487-88, d1 cf (1854); Gould. B. A*ia, vi. pi. xvii. 
d $ acl. (1857); Malh. Pieidce, i. p. GO, pi. xvii. lig.s 1-2, rf $ 
(1801); Sicinh. Ibis, 1801, p. 207; Sunder. Consp. Ar. Piein. p. 22 
(1806); Gray, List Pieid. Brit. Mas. p. 3:3 (IbOb); id. Hand-IB. 
}i. p. 181, no. 8544 (1870); Styan, Ibis, lfe&7, p. 229.^ 

Picus lucianij Malh, in Mug. Paris; Bp. Consp. Voliter. Zyqod, p. 8, 
no. 60 (1854); Malh. Man. Soc. (THisf. Xat. Mobile. 1NJ7? p. 2 ; 
id. Pieidce, i. p. 03, pi. xvii, fig. 4, <5 (1MU); Sunder, Consp. An. 
Picin. p. 23 (1866); Gray, List Field. Brit Mm. p. 33 (1868); 
id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 182, no. 8551 (1*70). 

Picus mandarinus, Malh. Bull. Soe. dlliht. Nat. Moselle, 1857, p. 17; 
id. Pieidce, i. p. 61, pi. xvii.tigs. 8-9, $ <$ ad. (1861); Smnli. P. Z. S. 
1863, p. 88 ; Sundev. Consp. Ai\ Picin. p. 22 (186.6); Gray, List 
Pieid. Brit. Mus. p. 33 (1868); id. Hand-1. B. ii. p. 181, no. 8542 
(1870); Sicinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 94: id. P.Z.S. 1871, p. 391; id. 
Ibis, 1874, p. 425,1875, p. 123; David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 47 
(1877); Seed. Ibis, 1884, p. 86; Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 56 (1888). 

Picus major ?, Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 46. 
Large Pied Woodpecker (Picus cabanisi ?), Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 339, 
1863, p. 96. 

219 

15 . DEKDEOCOPTJS. 
Picus gouldi, Malh. Picidce, i. p. 62, pi. xvii. figs. 6,7, 6 2 (18G1) 5 

Sundev. Coyisp. Av. Picin. p. 22 (1866); Gray, List Picid. Brit. 

Mus. p. 33 (1868); id. Hand-L B. ii. p. 181, no. 85-43 (1870). 
Dendrocopus eabanisi, Cab.fy Heme, Mus. Rein. iv. p. 34 (1803). 
Dendrocopus mandarinus, Cab. $ Heine, Mus. Rein. iv. p. 34 (1863). 
Dendrocopus gouldi, Cab.fy Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 35 (1863). 
Dendrocopus luciani, Cab.fy Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 36 (1863). 
Picus manderinus, var., Godto.-Aust. J. A. S. B. 1876, p. 194. 

Adult male. Besembles D. major, but may at once be distinguished 
by its black scapulars and tawny brown ear-coverts; the 
under surface of the body is generally of a darker and tawny brown, 
and the feathers between the extremities of the black stripes, 
which border the throat and extend on to the chest, are tipped with 
red; the under wing-coverts are more conspicuously spotted with 
black. Total length 9'3 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 5, tail 3, tarsus 
098 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*6, outer posterior 0*68, 
inner anterior 0*5, inner posterior 0*3. 

Adult female. Wants the red occipital band, but is otherwise like 
the adult male. Total length 9-3 inches, culmen 1*05, wing 4*95, 
tail 3, tarsus 0-93. 

Young. In both sexes, before the autumn moult, the crown is red; 
the young have also the primaries conspicuously tipped with white ; 
the underparts duller and the flanks and thighs with some dusky 
striations; the abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts of a washed-
out brick-red colour. 
I consider the birds bearing the titles P. eabanisi, P. mandarinus^ 

P. gouldii, and P. luciani to be one and the same in moro or less 
different plumages, depending upon age, season, or climate. Northern 
examples have the white spotting more developed and sometimes 
tipping the lower scapulars. Varieties occur; I have seen a male 
from the Min River, obtained December 12th, in which the rump is 
crossed by white bars, or spots having a barred character • the 
s capillaries were also considerably varied with white. This example 
is mentioned by Mr. Styan in the l Ibis' for 1887, p. 229. 
Hah. Throughout China, in the north extending into Western 
Kansu, and ranging south-west into Manipur *. 

a. Juv. sk. Pekin. Purchased. 
b. § ad. sk,
c. § ad. sk.
d. e. 6 ? ad. sk,
/ , g. <$ ad. sk.
h, i. d $ ad, sk.
k, I. $ ad. sk.
m, n-6 ? ad. sk. 
Ichang, N. China, May 1888. 
Shanghai. 
Shanghai (/. R. Beeves). 
Ningpo. 
Chekiang (Shanghai Museum). 
Fokien. 
Canton. 
Mr. Pratt [C.]. 
India Museum. 
Gould Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Gould Coll 
Tweeddale Coll. 

* Dr. Stejneger (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1886, p. 110) has stated that in the 
Main Island of Japan a species is found which has black scapulars and the 
underparts uniform (thereby resembling the Chinese D. cabanlsi), and which he 
provisionally named JDrgobates goiildii. I ha\e reasons for believing that 
I)r. Stejneger is no longer of the same opinion, and I am glad to think that this 
220 PICJD^S. 

6, Deudroc-opus himalayensis. 

Picus himalayensis, Jarcl § Selby, III. Orn. iii. pi. cxvi. $ (c. 1835) ; 
BJyth, J. A. S. B. 1845, p. 196; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 136 
(1850); id. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 59 (1854); Malk. 
Picidce, i. p. 67, pi. xix. figs. 3 S ad. & <$ juv.. 4 2 ad. (1861); 
Sundev. Consp, Av. Picin. p. ±2 (1860); Pelz. Ibis, 1868, p. 319 ; 
£'/w/, List Picid. Brit Mus. p. 33 (18138) ; id. Hand-l B. ii. 

p. 181, no. 8545 (1870); Wardl.-Bams. Ibis, 18fc0, p. 50 ; Bidd. 
Str. F. 18S0, p, 313; Scully, op. cif. 1881, x. p. 101; Bidd. Ibis, 
1881, p. 48; Sadly, t, c. p. 429 ; Marshall, op. cit. 1884, p. 410. 
Dendrocopus kirnalayaniis, Yigne, P. Z. S. 1841, p. 6. 
Picus himalavanus, Gray, Gen. B. Ii. p. 435 (1845); Blyth, J. A. S. 


B. 1847, p" 406; id. "Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 62 (1849) : Horsf. 
$ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. B. I. Co. ii. p. 070 (Ib56-5S); Leith-
Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 475, 1859, p. 173; Irby, Ibis, 1861, 
p. 229; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 269 (1862) ; Cock § Marshall, Str. 
F. 1863, p. 350 ; Broolcs, Ibis, I860, p. 47; Beamn, i. c. p. 412 ; 
Jerd. op. cit. 1872, p. 6 ; Hume ty Headers. Lahore to Yarlc. p. 179 
(lb73) ; Brooks, 8lr. F. 1875, p. 232; Wardl.-Bams. Ibis, 1879, 
jp. 447. 
Picus himalaienhis, Reichenb. Scans. Pici/zcs, p. 366, no. 845, 
pi. dcxxxiii. figs. 4215-16,$ S (1854).^ 
Dendrocopus himalaven&is, Cab. fy Heine, Mus. lie in. iv. p. 36 
(1«M). 
Dryobates kirnalayaniis, Tytler, Ibis, 1868, p. 201» 

Adult male. Resembles D. major, but differs in having the 
scapulars black ; the top of the head and the occiput crimson, and 
the lower breast, abdomen, flanks, and thighs strongly fulveseent, 
the red being confined to the vent and under tail-coverts: " legs 
and feet plumbeous brown ; bill brown, pale at base of lower mandible; 
irides red-brown n (A. O. Hume). Total length 9*9 inches, 
culmen 1*35, wing 5*3, tail 3*35, tarsus 0*95 ; toes (without claws)— 
outer anterior 0*55, outer posterior 0*65, inner anterior 0*5, inner 
posterior 0*33. 

Young male. Is very like the adult of the same sex, hut has the 
red on the top of the head more restricted, and not spreading on to 
the occiput; the primaries are tipped with wThite; there is much 
more white on the lateral tail-feathers, the outer webs being almost 
without spot or bar; the under surface of the body is duller and 
very slightly tinged with yellow, and the feathers have faint dusky 
tips ; the feathers of the thighs have faint dusky bars. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the crown and 
occiput black. Total length 9*4 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 5, tail 3*25, 
tarsus 0*9. 

Bab. Kumaon to Cashmere, north to Gilgit and ranging Into 
North-eastern Afghanistan. 

a. $ ad. sk. Afghanistan (Griffith). India Museum. 
b, c. cJ ad.; d. £ Bvan Kheyl, May 1879 (R. Tweeddale Coll. 
jiw. sk. "Q. W. JR.). 
e. '$ ad. sk, Peshawar, Jan. 1877. Colonel Way [P.], 

221 

15 . DENDROCOPTJS. 
f,g. $2 ad.; K Cashmere. R. Bowdler Sharpe, 
Juv. sk. Esq. TP.]. 

i. <$ ad. sk. Cashmere. 
E. M. Lang worthy, 
Esq. [P.]. 

h. 
$ ad.; I. Juv. Cashmere (T. C. Jerdon). Tweeddale Coll. 
sk. 
m, n. (S $ ad. sk. Cashmere May 1876 {J. Bid-Hume Coll, 
dulph). 


o. c? imm.; ^?, <y. Cashmere (Dr. Belleio). India Museum. 
Juv. sk. 
r, s. 3 $ ad. sk. Goond, Cashmere, May, June Hume Coll. 


(W. B. Brooks). 
*. ? ad. sk. 
Ilirpore, May 13,1871 (W. E. Hume Coll. 
Brooks). 


M. S ad. sk. Bhago-ee, Bussahir, Sept. 17 Hume Coll. 
1860. 
2?. cJ ad. sk. Koteghur. Hume Coll. 
w,i, c? S ad.; y. Simla, July, Aug. (JR. C. Tweeddale Coll. 


Juv. sk. Beavan). 
«-&'. (5 ad.; Z'-/. Simla, Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov. Hume Coll. 
$ ad. sk. (W. Davison). 


?•'. c? ad. sk. Masuri (A. Singer). Edward Hargitt, Esq. 
[P.]. (Type of 
species.) 

s, 
t\ S ad.; u', Masuri. Hume Coll. 

#', w'. $ ad. sk. 
#'. $ acl. sk. Masuri (8. Pimvill). Tweeddale Coll. 
y\ «', a", c? ad.; Masuri. Pinwill Coll. 


6". <5 imin. sk. 

c". c? ad. sk. Valley of the Bhagaratti, May Hume Coll. 

1874 ( W. E. Broohs). 
d". $ ad. sk. Kumaon, Oct. 24,1886. Hume Coll. 
e",/". tf ad.sk. Kumaon (Strachey). India Museum. 
</', A". Juv. sk. Binsur, Almorah, June, Aug. Hume Coll. 
*",#'. d ad.; T. Naini Tal, Sept., Oct. Hume Coll. 


5 
ad.sk. 

7. Dendrocopus darjilensis. 
Picus (Dendrocopus) himalayanus (non Jard. §* Selby), Blyth, J. A. 
8. B. 1842, p. 165. 
Dendrocopus maj oroides, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. 1844, p. 85 
(nomen nudum). 

Picus (Dendrocopus) darjellensis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1845, p. 196. 

Picus maj oroides, Gray, Cat Mamm.fyc.Nepal, pres. Ilodgs. pp. 115, 

App. 155 (1846); Horsf. $ Moore, Cat B. Mus. E. I. Co. ii. 

p. 671 (1856-58); Malh. Picidce, i. p. 70, pi. xvi. figs. 1-2, rf $ 
(1861); Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 270 (1862); Gray, Cat. Mamm. Sfc. 
Nepal pres. Hodgs. 1863, p. 62; Beavan, Ibis, 1865, p. 410; Gray, 
List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 34 (1868); Bulq. Ibis, 1869, p. 156; 
Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 182, no. 8549 (1870); Sioinh. P. Z. S. 
1871, p. 391; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 7 ; Wold. op. cit 1876, p. 344; 
Scully, Str. F. 1879, pp. 244, 365. 

Picus darjellensis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1847, p. 466; id. Ann. N. Hist 
1847, p. 321; id. Cat B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 62 (1849); Gray, Gen. 

B. iil App. p. xxi (1849); Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 136 (1850); 
Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 367, no. 847, pi. dcxxxiv. figs. 421920, 
S 6 (1854). 
222 
PICTB^l. 

Hypopicus darjellensis, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 8? no. 64 

(1854). 

Dendrocopus darjeelensis, Cab. § Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 36 (1863). 

Picus darjilensis, Sundev. Consp. Av. Piein. p. 23 (1866). 

Picus desmirrsi *, Terr. N. Arch, du Mm. vi. BidL 7. p. 33 (1870); 

id. op. cit. vii. p. 25, pi. i. figs. 1 tf, 2 $ (1871); Elwes, P. Z. S. 

1873, p. 665; Sioinh. t. c. p. 089 ; David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 47 

(1877). 

Adult male. Ptesembl.es D. catlipliarius^ but is very inuch larger 
and differs in the following points:—the side of the neck is never 
crossed by a patch or band of red extending from the nape, and is 
of a golden buff, and with, at most}, the tips only of the feathers 
orange or slightly reddish; the chin-angle is not varied with black; 
the thighs are barred with black, and the vent and under tail-coverts 
are bright scarlet. Total length 8*8 inches, culmen 1*35, wing 5*05, 
tail 3*15, tarsus 1 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*6, outer 
posterior 0*7, inner anterior 0*55, inner posterior 0*35. 

Adidt female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red 
occipital band. Total length S*5 inches ; culmen 1*3, wing 5*15, 
tail 3*3, tarsus 0*0. 

Young. Have the feathers of the crown and occiput tipped with 
scarlet, sometimes with an orange tinge, and occasionally the nuchal 
feathers are tipped with the same; the chin and upper throat 
striped with blackish brown; the primaries tipped with white. 

Hah. Nepal, Sikhim, and through Southern Thibet to Moupin and 
Western Setchuan. 

a. S ad. sk. Himalayas. G.mld Coll. 
b, G7 d. S ad.; Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
e-li. J ad. sk. (Types of the species.) 
i-m. 
S ad.; n. J Nepal (B. H. Hodgson). India Museum. 
ad.; o. <$ imm. 

sk. 

JK S ad. * q. $ Sheopuri Hidge, Nepal Valley, Hume Coll. 

imm.; r. $ May 1878 (/. Scully). 

juv. sk. 

s,t. Juv. sk. Thibet, March (L. Mandelli). Hume Coll. 
u, Vj w. ($ ad.; Native Sikhim, Jan., March, Hume Coll. 

•r, y, «. $ ad.; April, Sept. (L. Mandelli). 
a'. Juv. sk. 
b'-h'. <$ ad. et Sikhim, Jan., Feb., March, Hume Coll. 
juv.; l'~t>. ? April, June, Aug., Sept. 
ad. sk. (X. Mandelli). 

u'-y'* 6 ad. et Darjeeling. Hume Coll. 
imm.; z\ a". 

? ad. sk. 
b", c". d ? ad.; Darjeeling (Pearson). India Museum. 
d". 9 imm. sk. 
«",/'. <f $ad.; Darjeeling. Tweeddale Coll. 
£*".juv. sk. 
k". Skeleton. India. 

* I have carefully examined Verreaux's types and fail to find any specific 
character by which they can be separated from B. datjileiisis. 
15 , DEOT3E0C0FUS. 

8. Dendrocopus cathpharius. 
Picus (Dendrocopus) cathpharius, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1843, p. 1006. 
Dendrocopus cathphorius, Hodgs. in Gray's Misc. 1844, p. 85; id 
Icon. hied, in Brit. Mus. no. 154 cf $ ad. 
Picus cathpharius, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1845, p. 196; Gray, Gen. B. ii. 

p. 435 (1845); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 63 (1849); Borsf. 
$ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. B. I. Co. ii. p. 673 (1856-58); Jerd. B. 
Ind. i. p. 271 (1862); Gray, Cat. Mamm. 8?c. Nepal pres. Hodgs. 
1863, p. 63; Beavan, Ibis, 1865, p. 410 j Gray, List Pieid. Brit. 
Mus, p. 37 (1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 182, no. 8559 (1870). 
Picus cathphorius, Gray, Cat. Mamm. &c. Nepal pres. Hodgs. 1846, 

p. 115; Malh. Picidce, i. p. 104; pi. xxiii. figs. 7c5; 8$ (1861). 
Hypopicus cathphorius, Bp. Consjp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 03 
(1854). 
Picus cathphoricus, Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 377, no. 871, pi. dcxl. 
figs. 4267-68, <$ § (1854); Swidev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 24 
(1866). 

Xylocopus cathpharius, Cab.fy Heine, Mus. Hem. iv. p. 51 (1863). 

Adult male. Back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and scapulars blue-
black ; wings and their coverts black, the innermost of the median 
and of the greater coverts white (except at the tip), this forming a 
conspicuous patch; the quills spotted with white on both webs; 
shafts blackish brown; tail black, the four central feathers uniform, 
the remainder barred with buff on more or less of the apical half; 
shafts of the same colour as the surrounding web; nasal plumes and 
frontal band buffy white, the former tipped with black; crown blue-
black ; occiput and nape scarlet, the hind neck black; sides of the 
face and neck fulvescent white, the neck crossed by a patch or 
band of red extending from the nape; chin buffy white, mixed 
with black at the angle, the throat and fore neck uniform buff, 
and a broad black malar stripe bordering these; entire underparts 
below the fore neck, also the under tail-coverts, fulvescent buff 
broadly striped with black (more densely so on the chest and 
breast), the central feathers of the chest and the under tail-coverts 
tipped with red; under wing-coverts white broadly striped with 
black, and a conspicuous black patch on the edge of the wing; 
axillaries fulvescent white. Total length 6*3 inches, culmen 0*8, 
wing 3*93, tail 2*45, tarsus 0*62: toes (without claws)—outer 
anterior 0*42, outer posterior 0*58, inner anterior 0*37, inner posterior 
0*23. 

Adult female. Wants the red nuchal band; the transverse patch 
on the side of the neck reddish buff instead of bright scarlet; the 
chest devoid of red. Total length 6*4 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 
3-95, tail 2-5, tarsus 0*65. 

Young, In the male the side of the neck is pale buff, a few of 
the feathers being tipped with orange or red; the side of the neck, 
in the female, is clear pale buff devoid of any reddish colour. The 
underparts in the young are very much less fulvescent. 

Hab. South-east Himalayas, Nepal, Sikhim and Bhotan. 

224 
PICIDJE. 

a. 2 imm- sk. 
b. d ad. sk. 
c. 
d ad.; *?, e. 
Imm. sk. 
/, #, A. tf ad.; 2. 
$ ad.sk. 
&~s. c? ad.; t-
c'. $ ad. et 
imm. sk. 


d'-r/. d ad.• h'. 
$ ad.sk. 
%'. $ ad.; k'. d 

juv. sk. 
I'. J imm, sk. 
?;*', n'j o. d ad. sk. 

Himalayas. 
Nepal. 
Nepal (B. H. Hodgson). 


Native Sikkim, Jan., March, April, 
Aug. (L. Mandelli). 
Sikhim, Jan., Feb., March, April, 
July, Aug., Oct., Nov., Dec. 

(L. Mandelli). 
Darjeeling*. 

Darjeeling. 

Darjeeling. 
Bhotan (Pembertori). 

Gould Coll. 
Hodgson Coll. 
India Museum. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
India Museum. 

India Museum. 

9. Den&rocopus pyrrkotkorax. (Hate IT.) 
Picus pvrrhothorax, Hume, Str. F. x. p. 150 (1881)• id. op. cit. xi. 

p. 57 "(1888). 
Adult male. Eesembles I). cathpJiarius, but differs in being 
smaller, and in having the lores and sides of the face and neck 
pure white; the -whole under surface of the body very much less 
fulvescent and with less black on the chest; the apical portion of 
the feathers of the fore neck and chest scarlet, this colour forming 
a conspicuous patch ; the under tail-coverts not striped with black 
and more washed with red ; the greater wing-coverts having in 
addition to the two wrhite spots on the inner web a white spot 
near the base of the outer web, this being more or less exposed; the 
barring on the outer large tail-feather more developed; the bill 
smaller and narrower and of a leaden dusky, not horn colour: 
" legs and feet dull sap-green : claws horny dusky ; bill leaden 
dusky, paler at base of lower mandible towards gonys; irides lac " 
(Hume). Total length 0*8 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*8, tail 2*4, 
tarsus 0*68; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*4, outer posterior 
0*45, inner anterior 0*37, inner posterior 0*2. 

Female (fide Hume). Eesembles the adult male, the slight 
differences being that in the present sex the black stripes down the 
sides of the throat do not unite on the chest, and the black sf nations 
on the chest and breast are fewer and narrower; there is also a 
larger amount of white on the outer tail-feathers, the white bars 
being broader and more or less confluent with the spot nearer the 
base. " Legs and feet dusky lavender; claws brown; bill blackish 
horny, greyish at base of lower mandible; irides lac-redJ? (A. O, 
Hume). Total length 6*8 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*8, tail 2*4, 
tarsus 0*02. 

It is very remarkable that in the present species, so closely allied 

to P. cathpliarius, the female should not possess the same sexual 

distinction as the female of the latter. Mr. Hume sexed both 

specimens of his P. pyrrkothorcue, which proved to be a male and a 

15. DENDKOCOPTTS. 225 
female, and we cannot but accept his decision.
is evidently a fully adult bird. 
Hah. Manipur (Aimole). 
The female example 

a, b. 6 $ ad. sk. Aimole, Manipur, April 1881 Hume Coll. 

(A. O.H.). (Types of species.) 
10. Bendrocopns pernyi. 
Picus pernyi, Verr. Rev. et Mag. de ZooL 1867, p. 271; Sioinh. 
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 302; David § Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 48 (1877). 
Picus pernii, Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 182, no. 8562 (1870). 
Adult male. Differs from both. D. catJipharius and D. darjilensis 
in having the broad black malar stripe which extends down the 
side of the throat and fore neck united on the chest to the corresponding 
stripe, and then running down the middle of the breast, 
and in the centre of the chest a large crimson patch or spot; the 
underparts are less fulvescent: the sides of the face and neck are 
uniform burly white, the ear-coverts slightly smoky brown, the side 
of the neck wanting the orange-buff colour which is found in D. 
darjilensis, and the transverse red patch which is characteristic of 

D. cathpharius. The under wing-coverts are the same as in the 
latter species. " Irides reel; bill greyish, the base of the lower 
mandible yellow; feet greenish; claws brown" (David). Total 
length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 4*37, tail 2*9, tarsus 0*7; toes 
(without claws)—outer anterior 0*4, outer posterior 0*52, inner 
anterior 0*35, inner posterior 0*25. 
Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red 
occipital band and in having rather less red upon the chest. Total 
length 6-5 inches, culmen 0*74, wing 4*12, tail 2-73, tarsus 0*7. 

Hob. Western China (Setchuan to Kansu) and Eastern Thibet 
(Moupin). 

a. (J ad. sk. Kansu, N.W. China, Dec. M. Berezowski [C.]. 
11. Dendrocopus syriacus. 
Picus syriacus, Hempr. # Hhrenb. Sy?nb. Phys., Av. dec. i. fol. r. note 
(1828); Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zxjgod. p. 8, no. 57 (1854) ; Malh. 
Picidce, i. p. 95, pi. xx. fig. 4, juv. (1861); Tristr. Ibis, 1862, p. 270; 
id. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 432; id. Ibis, 1866, pp. 62, 283, 284; Sundev. 
Consp. Av. Picin. p. 23 (1866) • Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 333 j Gray, 
List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 36 (1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 182, 
no. 8556 (1870); Dress. Sf Blanf. Ibis, 1874, p. 336 ; Blanf. East. 
Pers. ii. p. 130 (1876); Danf.Ibis, 1880, p. 88; Salv. Cat. Striekl. 
Coll. p. 386, no. 1883 (1882) ; Tristr. Faun. $ Flor. Palest, p. 85 
(1884); Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 312, pi. xix.fig. 2, <$ ad. (1884). 

Picus major (non Linn.), Striekl P.Z. S. 1835, p. 79. 
Oampethera syriaca, Gray, Gen. B. hi. App. p. xxi (1849). 
Picus fuliginosus, LicJit.'Nomencl.Av. p. 75 (1854); Reichenb. Scans. 


Picina, p. 378, no. 872, pi. dcxl. ficrs. 4269 £ juv., 4270 ? juv. 
(1854). 
VOL. XVIII. <*> 

226 reicmaa. 

Picus cruentatus (non Bocld.), Antin. JSrauin. 1656, pp. 411,414, pi. ii. 

figs. 1 juv., 2 $ ad., 3 juv. 
Picus felicise, Malh. Picidce, i. p. 127, pi. xxviii.figs. 8 J ad., 9 <? juv. 
(1861); Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 22 (1866) : G-ray, ZZS£ P/atf. 
Brit. Mus. p. 34 (1868); id. Hand-L B. ii. p. 182, no. 8548 (1870). 

Dendrocoptes syriaeus, Cab. § Sei?ie, Mus. Heia. iv. p. 42 (1863). 

Dendrocopub feliche, Cab. #• Heine, Mus. Rein. iv. p. 30 (1863). 

Picus khan, Filippi, Arch. Zoul. ii. p. 400 (1864); id. Tiagg. Pers. 

p. 350 (1865); Gray, List PicirJ. Brit. Mus. p. 35 (18158); id. 
Sand-l. B. ii. p. 182, no. 8550 (1870). 
Picus major (var. ?), Tristr. Ibis, 1864, p. 230. 

Adult male. Back, rump, and upper tail-eoverts uniform black; 
scapulars white barred with Mack at the base; wings and their 
coverts black, the innermost of the median and of the greater coverts 
white, this forming a conspicuous patch, the innermost only of the 
secondaries uniform, all the remaining quills being spotted with 
white upon both webs; shafts dark brown ; tail black, the outer 
large feather having a subapieal bar of white, the next inner feather 
with a subapieal white spot on each web ; shafts black ; nasal plumes 
and forehead buffy white, the former varied "with black ; crown, nape, 
and hind neck black, the occiput scarlet, this colour forming a band; 
sides of the face and neck, chin, throat, and underparts white with 
a buffy tinge, a black malar stripe extends down the side of the fore 
neck on to the side of the chest, a branch from it running on to the 
shoulders, the face and neck not crossed by a black stripe ; the flanks 
and thighs striped with dusky black; the abdomen, vent, and under 
tail-coverts more or lebS strongly washed with scarlet; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white, some of the former btriped with dusky 
black. Total length 8*7 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 5*05, lail 3*05, 
tarsus 0-8S ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*66, outer posterior 
0*7, inner anterior 0*48, inner posterior 0*35. 

Young male. Differs from the adult of both sexes in having the 
crown red, the occiput being black ; some of the chest-feathers tipped 
with red, this colour being in the form of a crescent; there are also 
a few blackish striations on the side of the chest; the black portion 
of the plumage of a more sooty colour; the underparts pale buffy 
brown, the red on the abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts more 
of a brick-red; the primaries tipped with white. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red 
occipital band, the occiput being black, like the crown and nape ; 
the striations on the flanks and thighs are more marked. Total 
length 8*7 inches, culmen 1*22, wing 5*05, tail 3, tarsus 0*92. 

Young female. Besembles the young male. 
Hah. Asia Minor and south through Palestine to Hebron, and 
Western Persia south to Farsistan. 

a. $ ad. sk. Asia Minor Oct. 14, 1871 {Dr. Tweeddale Coll. 
Kruper). 
b. $ ad. sk. Banias, Hermon. Canon Tristram [P.1 
c. S ad. sk, Lebanon, Canon Tristram jjP.J. 

15 . DENDEOCOPUS. 
227 

d. J ad. sk. Near Plains of Ebdraelon, Salviu-Godnmn Ooll. 
March 18, 1864 (H B. 
Tristram).
e,f. $ ad. sk. Persia. 
C. Darwin. Esq. TP.1. 

(j. _c? juv. sk. Persia, July 21, 1872. W. T. Blanford fc.l 
h. "J ad. sk. Near Neyreez, S. Persia, Feb. Gould Ooll. 
9,1850 {Keith Abbott). 
i. 
5 juv. sk. Kolirud, N. of Ispahan, July W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.l. 
24,1872. 
Ii. <$ ad. sk. Shiraz, June 1870 (Sir 0. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.], 
St. John). 
I 2 ad. bk. Caspian {Sir 0. St. John). W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.]. 

12. Den&rocopus scmdeauas. 
Picus abbimilis, Natt., Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 61 (1854); 
Malh. Ball. Soc. d'Hist. Nat. Moselle, 1857, p. 6; id. Picida, i. 
1>. (59, pi. xix. figs. 1,2, <$ 5 (1861); Sundew Consp. Av. Picin. 

p. 23 (1866); Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 34 (1868); id.Hand-l. 
B. ii. p. 181, no. 3540 (1870). 
Picus scindeanus, Horsf. § Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I, Co. ii. p. 671 
(1856-58); Malh. Picidce, i. p. 73 (1861); Sundev. Consp. Av. 
Picin. p. 23 (1866); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 182, no. 8557 (1870); 
Hume,{Str. F. 1873, p. 170. 

Picus seindianus, Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 273 (1862); Gray; List Picid. 
Brit. Mus. p. 36 (1868); Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 579; Jerd. op. cit 
1872, p. 7; Hume 8f Senders. Lahore to Tarh. Nat. Hist. p. 179, 
pi. ii. (1873); Murray, Str. F. vii. p. Il l (1878); Scr. Doig, op, 
cit. 1879, p. 370; Sir O. B. St. John, Urn, 1889, p. 157. 

Denelrocopus assimilis, Cab.fy Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 37 (1863). 
Dendrocoptes scindeanus, Cab. §• Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 42 (1863). 
Picus sindianus, Blanf. Fast. Pers. ii. p. 132 (1876); Butl Cat. B. 

Sind Sf-c. p. 18 (1879); C. Swinh. Mis, 1882, p. 102. 

Adult male. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts black; scapulars 
white; wings and their coverts black, the innermost of the median 
and of the greater series of the coverts white, this forming a conspicuous 
patch, the quills spotted with white upon both webs; shafts 
dark brown; tail black, the four central feathers uniform, the next one 
tipped with white, the two outer large feathers on either side having 
their apical portion white barred with black; shafts black* nasal 
plumes and forehead buffy white; crown and occiput crimson ; nape 
and hind neck black; sides of the face and neck and the underparts 
from the chin downwards white, the ear-coverts and the underparts 
more or less tinged with buff; the abdomen, vent, and under tail-
coverts washed with scarlet; a black malar stripe borders the throat 
and extends to the side of the chest, and the thighs are faintly striped 
with black ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white. Total length 
8 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 4*7, tail 2-8, tarsus 0-8; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0-5, outer posterior 0*56, inner anterior 0*43, 
inner posterior 0*28. 

, Adult female. Has the crown and occput black, but otherwise 
resembles the adult male. Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 1, 
wing 4*45, tail 2*65, tarsus 0*8. 

0,2 

228 
PICIDJE. 

Young. Resemble the male, but have the red on the bead more 
of an orange-scarlet; the outer primaries tipped with white and 
some of the chest-feathers occasionally tipped with red. 

Hal. Sindh, west toBampur and Bahu Kelat, Persian Beluehistan; 
north into Afghanistan, Peshawar, and the Punjab. 

a, b. $ 5 ad. sk. India. 
Br. Horsfield ~P.~. 

c. $ ad. sk. Kkojak, March 4, 1881. Colonel Swinhoe "P.l 
d, 
e. S 2 ad.; Kkojak, Aug., Sept. (Sir 0. St. Hume Coll. 
/ . $ I'UY. sk. John). 


g. 
S imm.; h. Xal Kelat, May 8,1877 (O. 21. Hume Coll. 
9 ad. sk. Duke), 
i. 
<$ ad. sk. Baku Kelat, Feb. II, 1872. W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
P.". 
k. 
2 ad. sk. Banipur, April 8, 1870. W? T.~Blanford, E*q. 
Z, m. <$ $ ad. sk. Sindh. 
Gould Coll. 

n. (S ad. sk. Sindh (Br. H. Gould). India Museum. 
o. <$ ad. sk. Karachi, Feb. 18,1877 {W. T. Hume Coll. 
Blanford). 
2), q, r. <$ ad. et Hydrabad, Feb., May, June (E. Hume Coll. 
juv.; s. J ad. sk. A. Butler). 

t. 
<$ ad. sk. Sehwan, Jan. 25, 1872 (A. Hume Coll. 
0. S.). 
«, ^. d $ ad. sk. Jacobabad, XOT., Dec. (J.. 0. Hume Coll. 
JET.). 
K?,#. S ad.; y,2. Dil-Moorad, Dec, 1871 (A. 0. Hume Coll. 
$ ad. sk. H.). 
*',$'.<? S ad.sk. Boree Disk, Nov., 1871 (JF. Hume Coll. 

Day). 
c'j d'. $ 2ac^ s^' Mungranee, Sukkur, Jan., 1872 Hume Coll. 

(A. 0, H.). 
e',f. 6 2 ad. sk. Sukkur, Dec, 1871 {A. 0. II.). Hume Coll. 
g\ hl. <$ $ ad. ^k. Shikarpur (Griffith). India Mubeum. 
(Types of the species.) 
i', k'.(S $ ad. sk. Shikarpur, Jan., 1872 (A.O.K.) Hume Coll. 

V. 2 ad- sk. MItkenkote, Dec 13,1871 {A. Hume Coll. 
0. JT.). 
m'. $ ad. sk. Banks of Jkelum, April 8,1870. Hume Coll. 
ri. S ad. sk. Mnrree. Colonel Way "P.]. 
o',_p'. d* ad.; </. Lawrence-pore, Feb., March (M. Tweeddale Coll. 
2 ad. sk. G. W. It.). 
r\ % ad. sk. Peshawar, Feb., 1809. Hume Coll. 
s'f €. S ad. sk. Salt Range, Nov. (T. C. Jordan). Tweeddale Coil. 
u'. 2 ad. sk. Urnecwalla, Sirsa, Feb. 4,1870 Hume Coll. 

(A. 0. H.). 
13. Bendrocopus arizoEae. 
Picus stricklandi (pt), Malh. Picidte, i. j). 108 (descr. of J ad., and 
pi. xxviii. fig. 4, $ ad. taken from specimen of D. arizonm in Brit. 
Mus.) (1861) ; Sundev. (ex Malh.) Consp. Av. Pioin. p. 20 (I860). 

Picus stricMandi (non Malh.), Gray, List Pteid. Brit. Mm. p. 37 
(1868) j id. Hand-L B. ii. p. 182, no. 8560 (1870); Henshaw, 

V. S. Geogr. Surv. W. oflQQth Merid. 1875, p. 389; Ridgw. Proc. 
U.S. Nat. Mm. 1880, pp. 189, 219, 233, no. 365$ (hues, Check
15 . DJSNDKOCOPTTS. 
229 

list JV. Amer. B. p. 77, no. 437 (1882); Brewster, Bull Nutt. Orn. 
Club, viii. p. 22 (1883); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 1884, 

p. 482; Brewst Auk, 1885, p. 199. 
Dryobates stricldandi (non Math.), Scott, Auk, 1886, p. 426• A. 0. U. 
Check-list JV. Amer. B. p. 213, no. 398 (1886). 
Picus arizonae, Hargitt, Ibis, 1886, p. 115. 
Dryobates arizonse, Ridgw. Man. JV". Amer. B. p. 286 (1887). 
Dryobates arizonse fraterculus, Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 286 

(1887). 

Adult male. Differs from D. stricldandi of Malherbe (Rev. Zool. 
1845, p. 373) in having the upper parts perfectly uniform and of a 
lighter brown colour, the dark markings on the undorparts being 
rounded and drop-like spots. Total length 8 inches, culmen 1*15, 
wing 4-55, tail 2*6, tarsus 0*83; toes (without claws)—outer 
anterior 0*48, outer posterior 0*55, inner anterior 0*4, inner posterior 
0*3. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red 
occipital band. Total length 7 inches, culmen 1*05, wing 4*6, 
tail 2*7, tarsus 0*78. 

Young. In both sexes the crown is red, the red occipital band of 
the adult male being wanting in the young of that sex. In other 
respects they closely resemble the adult. 

Dr. Eidgway separates the bird from the Sierra Madre de Colima 
on account of its smaller size, and names it D. arizonce fraterculus. 
I think the difference in measurement too trifling to justify the separation 
of these specimens. I give below the size of the wing in 
specimens from various localities :— 

Arizona $ ad. 
m. 
4*47 
m. 
$ ad. 4-45 
ChihuahuaZaeatecas 
„ 
„ 
4*5 
4-4 
„ 4*3 
Jalisco (Tepic)
„ (Sierra Madre) 
„ 
„ 
4*3 
4*25 4*0 

Fab. Southern Arizona, and through the mountain-ranges of 
Sonora and Chihuahua south into Zaeatecas and Jalisco, as far as 
the Sierra Madre. 

a. $ ad.; b, c. Santa Rita Mts., Arizona, 
6 $juv. sk. May, June (Henshaw). 
d, e. tf juv.; f~h. Pinal Co., Arizona, Aug., Henshaw Coll. 
5 ad. et juv. sk. Oct. (W.B.D. Scott). • [S.-G.]. 
cT ad. sk. 


Ohiricahui Mts., Arizona, 
Aug. (H, Wheeler). 

k. <J ad. sk. Mexico, 
Purchased. 
I. $ ad. sk. Mexico. 
Gould Coll. 
m. c? ad. sk. New Oposura, Sonora, June Henshaw Coll. 
(J. V. Cahoon). [S.-G.]n. 
S ad.; o. 5 Chihuahua, Mexico (Buchan-Salvin-Godman Coll. 
imrn. sk. Repburn). 
p. $ ad. sk. Chihuahua, April( W.Lloyd). Salvin-Godrnan Coll. 
q, 
r. tf $ ad. sk. Rio Verde, Chihuahua, Salvm-Godrnan Coll. 
March (W. Lloijd). 

5, t. $ ad.; u. $ 
ad. sk. 

v. $ ad. sk. 
w. <$ ad. sk. 
&\ c? ad. sk. 

?/. c? ad. sk. 

z, </, 5'. tf ad. et 
iuv. sk. 

*,#,<<,/'. 6 2 

ad. et juv. sk.

PICTD^E. 

Temosachie, Chihuahua, 
March (TV. Lloyd). 
Tornochic, Chihuahua, Bee. 

(JV. Lloyd). 

Bio de Urique, Chihuahua, 

^ov. (W.Lloyd). 

Sierra Valparaiso, Zacatecas, 
8000 feet, July (IT. B. 
Bichardson), 

Sierra Madre Navarit, Jalisco, 
8000 feet,* July ( TV. 

B. Bichardson). 
Tepic, May (TV. B. Richardson). 


Hac. San Marcos, Jalisco, 
5200 ft., May ( IV. Lloyd). 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godraan Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

14. Dendrocopus viliosus. 
Typical. 
Picus villosus, Linn. Syst. Xat. i. p. 175 (1700); Gin. Syst. Xat. i. 

p. 435 (1788); Lath. hid. Orn. i. p. 232 (1700): Barton, Xat. Hist 
Venn, p. 11 (179!)) ; Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. ii. p. €4, pi. cxx. d 
(1807); Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 150, pi. ix. iig. 3, <? (1808); 
StepJi. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 171 (1815): X7e*7/. X 2>/W. J Hist. Xat. 
xxvi. p. 71 (ltel*); Vieill 4* JJora. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1305 (1823); 
J5/). >Styw. B. U.S. p. 40, no. 42 (182(1); Valeae. Diet. Sc. Xat. xl. 
p. 180 (1828); Less. Traite, i. p. 228 (1831); Xtiff. Man. Orn. i. 
p. 575 (1832); Jard. eel. TVils. Amer. Orn. i. p. loo, pi. ix. hV. 3, 
<$ ad. (1832); i?/>. Co???/;. List, p. 30 (Ls>); Br ah. Bost. Journ. 
Xat. Mist. 1841, p. 174; Bp. Consp. Gen. Ar. I p. 137 (1850): 
And. Orn. Biogr. Y. p. 104, pL ccccxvi. fLrs. 1, 2 (Is59); id. Syn. 

p. 179 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. Iv. p. 244/pi. eclxli. £ ® (1842); 
Qiraud, B. Long Isl. p. 174 (1844); BeKay, Xat Hist. X. York, 
pt. ii. p. 180, pi. xv. fig. 32 (1&44) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 435 
(1845) ; Beichenh, Scans. Bicina?, p. 374, no. 803, pi. dexxxviii. 
figs. 4252-54 (1854); Putnam. Broc. Es^r List. 1850, p. 214; 
Malh. Bicidce, i. p. 7o, pi. xxi. fis>. 1-2 (1801); Vert-ill, Broc. Essex 
Inst 1802, p. 143; Cass. Prw. Acad. Philad. 1803, p. 200 ; Allen, 
Proa. Essex Inst. 1804, p. 52 ; Melhcr. op. cit. I860, p. 83; Cones, 
op. cit. 1867, p. 201 : Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 184t no. 8592 (1870); 
Coues, X.Amer. B. 1872, p. 193; Breust. Ann. Lyc. Xat. Hist. X 
York, 1875, p. 144 ; Coues, Bull. U.S. Geol. San\ iv. no. 3, p. 615 
(1878); Mayn. Birds E. X. Amer. p. 239, pi. six. (1879); Bidyw. 
Broc. U.S. Xat. Mus. 1880, p. 1SS, no. 3(j0; Coues, Cheek-list'' K. 
Amer. B. 1882, p. 77, no. 438 ; Xehrl. J. f. O. 1883, p. 94; Coues, 
Key X. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 1884, p. 483, fig. 333, p. 4»-2. 
Picus leueomelanus, Way!, Sysf. Av. Picas, sp. IS, juv. (Ib27). 
Drvobates villosus, Bote, Isis, 1828, p. 320; Cab.*§• Heine, Mus'. Hein. 

iv. p. 66 (1863) ; Breicst. Auk, 1886, p. 104 ; A. O. U. Check-list 
X. Amer. B. p. 210, no. 393 (1886); Bidyw. Man. X. Amer. B. 
p. 282, pi. lxxxiii. fig. 1 (1887) ; Warren, B. Penn. p. 124 (1888). 
Picus martini, Bp. Comp. List, p. 39, no. 268 (1838); Malh. Bicidm, 
I p. 82, pi. xxii. figs. 1,2, juv. (1801). 
Picus 
martinge, Aud. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 181, pi. cccexvii. fijjs. 1,2 
(1839); id. Syn. p. 178 (1839); id. B. Amer. iv. p. 240, pi. eclx. 

15 . JDENDROCOPTJS. 
figs. 1 tf, 2 ? (1842) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 435 (1845); Bp. Consp. 
Gen. Av. i. p. 138 (1850); Reichenb. Scans. Picmce, p. 364, no. 840, 

pi. dcxxxii. figs. 4200-7, juv. (1854). 
Picus rubricapillus, Nutt Man. Orn. i. p. 685 (1840), 
Trichopicus villosus, Bp. Consp. Vohicr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 38 (1854). 
Trichopicus martinae, Bp. Consp. Vohicr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 44 (1854). 
Picus villosus, var. medius, Baird, B. N Amer. p. 84 (1858) ; Sundev. 

Consp. Av. Bicin. p. 16 (1860). 
Picus villosus, var. villosus, B., B., # B. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 503, 
pi. xlix. fig. 345 (1874). 

Large Northern form. 

Picus villosus, Forst. Phil Trans, (abr. ed.), lxii. p. 333 (1772); 
Gray, List Pieid. Brit. Mus. p. 45 (1808), pt.j id. Hand-l B. ii. 

p. 184, no. 8592 (1870), pt.; Cory, Nat. Maqd. Isl p. 51 (1878); 
Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1882, p. 230; Steams, Broc. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 118; Scott, Auk, 1884, p. 161. 
Picus leucomelas, Bodd. Tabl PL Fnl. p. 21, no. 345. 1 (1783) ; 
Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1863, p. 199; Gray, List Pieid. Brit. 
Mus. p. 46 (1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 185, no. 8599 (1870). 

Picus canadensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 437 (1788) ; Lath. Lnd. Orn. i. 

p. 230 (1790) ; Steph. Gen. Zool ix. p. 173 (1815); Tieill N. Bid. 
d'Hist Nat.xxxi.-p. 92 (1818) ; id. $ Bonn. Enc. MM. iii. p. 1318 
(182;5); And. Orn. Bioqr. v. p. 188, pi. ccccxvii. (1839) ; id. Sijn. B. 
N.Amer. p. 177 (1839); id. B. Amer. iv. p. 235, pi. cclviii. S (1842) ; 
Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 137 (1850); Reichenb. Scans. PicincB, 
p. 373, no. 862, pi. dcxxxviii. figs. 4250-51, <J 6 (1854); Malk 
Picidce, i. p. 78, pi. xxi. fig. 4, <$ (1861). 
Picus (Denclrocopus) villosus, Swains. 8f Rich. Faun. Bor.-A?ner. ii. 
pp. xxvi (introd.) & 305, figs. 1-4 (1831); Ball $ Bami. Trans. 
Chic. Acad. 1869, p. 274. 

Picus 
phillipsi, Aud. Orn. Bioqr. v. p. 186, pi. ccccxvii. figs. 5, 6 
(1839); id. Syn. B. N Amer. p. 177 (1839); Nutt. Man. Orn. i. 

p. 086 (1840); Aud. B. Amer. iv. p. 238, pi. cchx., juv. (1842); 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 435 (1845); Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 138 
(1850); Reichen.. Scans. Bicince, p. 3G4, no. 839, pi. dcxxxii. 
figs. 4204-5, juv. (1854); Malh. Picidm, i. p. 84, pi. xxi. fig. 5, juv. 
(1861) ; Gray, List Pieid. Brit Mus. p. 46 (1868); id. Hand-l B. 
ii. p. 185, no.'8601 (1870). 
Picus septentrionalis, Nutt. Man. Orn. i. p. 684 (1840). 

Trichopicus philipsi, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 43 (1854). 
Picus villosus, var. major, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 84 (1858) ; Sundev. 

Consp. Av. Bicin. p.* 16 (1866). 
Dryobates leucomelas, Cab. 8? Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 67 (1863). 
Picus villosus, var. canadensis, B., B., $• B. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 503 

(1874). 
Picus villosus (majores), Coucs, B. N.-West, p. 279 (1874). 
Picus villosus leucomelas, Bidgtv. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1880, pp. 188, 

219. 
Dryobates villosus leucomelas, A. O. U. Chech-list N. Amer. B. 
p. 210, no. 393 a (1886); Seton, Auk, 1886, p. 155 ; Bidgw. Man. 
N. Amer. B. p. 282 (1887). 
Small Southern form. 

Picus auduboni, Stoains. Faun. Bor.-Amer. ii. p. 306, figs. 5-7 (1831); 
Trud. Jour. Phtlad. Acad. 1837, y. 404, juv. ,* Bp, Comp. List, 

232 PICTD.2B. 

p. 39, no. 257 (1838); And. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 194, pi. ceccxvii. 
&%. 10 (1839) * id. Syn. B. N. Amer. p. 181 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. 
iv. p. 259, pi. cclxv. tf (1842); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 435 (1845); 
Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 138 (1850); Reichenb. Scans. Picinae, 
p. 363, no. 838, pi. dcxxxii. fig. 4203, juv. (1854) ; Malh. Picidte, 
i. p. 87, pi. xxii. fig. 4, <$ juv. (1861). 
Trichopicus auduboni, Bp. Consp. Valuer* Zygod. p. 8, no. 40 (1854). 
Picus villosus, var. minor, Baird, B. X. Amer. p. 85 (1858) ; Sunder. 
Consp. Av. Picm. p. 16 (1866). 
Picus euvieri, Malh. Picidce, i. p. So, pi. xxii. fig. 3, § juv. (1861). 
Picus villosus, Allen, Bull. M. C. Z. Ibll, p. 302 • Beckham, Aid; 

1887, p. 303. 
Picus villosus, var. auduboni, B.} B., $* -S. X. Amer, B. ii. p. 503 
(1874). 
Dryobates villosus auduboni, Breicsi. Auk, 1580, p. 104; Batclielder, 

t. c. pp. 313, 314 ; Fox, t. c. p. 319; A. O. U. Check-list X. Amer. 
J9.p. 211, no. 393 £ (1886); Senneft, „4v*, 1887, p. 242* Pa'df/ic. Man. 
X. Amer. B: p. 282 (1887). 
Adult male. Back black, with a broad median stripe of white; 
rump, upper tail-coverts, and scapulars Mack; wings and their 
coverts black, the median and the greater coverts, as well as both 
webs of the quills, spotted with white ; shafts blackish brown; the 
four central tail-feathers black, the next one having the basal half 
black, the apical half white, the two outer large feathers on either 
side white, with only a black basal spot; shafts corresponding 
in colour with the surrounding web; nasal plumes buffy white, with 
black tips; top of the head, sides of the face and neck, and hind neck 
black, with a white superciliary stripe extending on to the occiput 
and uniting with the corresponding stripe above the scarlet occipital 
band, and another white stripe from the base of the upper mandible 
running down to the side of the hind neck ; from the chin to the 
under tail-coverts (both inclusive) pure white, the black stripe which 
borders the throat prolonged on to the side of the chest* under 
wing-coverts and axillaries white, the former having one or two 
black spots and a black patch on the edge of the wing. Measurements 
of typical bird:—Total length 8*5 inches, culmen 1*25, 
wing 4*85, tail 3, tarsus 0*88 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 
0*62, outer posterior 0*7, inner anterior 0*5, inner posterior 0*32. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the scarlet 
occipital band; the middle of the occiput black, the white stripes 
which border the crown scarcely uniting. Total length 8*5 inches, 
culmen 1*16, wing 4*8, tail 3*1, tarsus 0*84. 

Young male. Has some of the feathers of the crown tipped with 
orange-red, and a small dull white spot between this colour and the 
black base; the under surface of the body is of a less pure white than 
in the adult, and the flanks and thighs have dusky stripes and a 
trace of dusky bars ; the white on the back is striped with black ; 
the shafts of the quills clear dark brown. In other respects it 
resembles the adult female. 

Hah. North America, from the Atlantic to the Eastern base 

15 . DEtfDEOCOPUS. 
of the Rocky Mountains, sometimes found on the west side of these 

mountains. 

a,b. <$ J ad. sk. 

c. 2 a(i- sk. 
d. <$ ad. sk. 
e,f. $ 2 ad. sk. 
9, h. (S $ ad. sk. 
2 ad. sk. 

h. $ ad. sk. 
/, »i. 
$ ad.; n. 
Juv. sk. 
0) P> d1 2 ad. sk. 

q. 2 ad.$ r. tf 
juv. sk. 
s, t. $ ad.; u. 2 
ad. sk. 
«. S ad.; «?, #. 
<$ 2 juv. sk. 
y, is. J ad. et juv. 


sk. 

a'. 2 ad. sk. 

h\ $ ad. sk. 

c' 2 a<^« sk* 

d', *'. c? 2 a(i-s^* 
f\gf. d2ad.sk. 

N, i!. cS 2 ad. sk. 

hf. <$ ad. sk. 

I'. 2 ad. sk. 

m'. 2 ad. sk. 

n'. 2 ad. sk. 

o'. (S juv. sk. 
/ , #'. d?ad. sk. 
rf. $ ad. sk. 
$'. 2 ad. sk. 

West side of Rocky Mts. 
Canada. 
Fort Simpson. 
Fort Dufterin. 
British Columbia. 
United States. 
Upton, Maine, August 


(Henshaio). 

Michigan. 

Leyden, N. Y., Dec. {Hart ^ 
Merriam). 

Locust Grove, New York, 
April & July {Henshaio). 

Lyons Falls, N. Y., Jan., 
Dec. (A. J. Dayan). 
Adirondacks, N. Y., June 

{Hart Merriam). 

Big Moose Lake, N. Y., 
Aug. & Nov. {Hart 
Merriam). 


Concord, Massachusetts, 
May (Henshaw). 
Grantville, Mass., April 


{Henshaw). 

Wellesley, Mass., Oct. 

(Henshaw). 

New Haven, Connecticut 
Nov. {Hart Merriam). 
Munsen Hill, Washington, 


D. C, March {Henshaio). 
Washington, D. C, Nov., 
Dec. {Henshaw). 
Calumet, Illinois, Sept. {JEJ. 

W. Nelson). 
Evanston, Illinois, Dec. 

{Henshaw). 
Mt. Carmel, III, Aug. {E. 

W. Nelson). 
St. Lucie, Florida, Oct. 

{W.Hoxie). 

Sunbeam, Florida, Aug. 

{W. HoxieX 
Cedar Keys, Florida, Dec. 

{Henshaw). 

Okahumkee, Florida, April | 
{Hart Merriam). j 
California. 

J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
B. H. Ross, Esq. [P.]. 
N. A. Boundary Comm. 
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.], 
SclaterColl. 
Henshaw Coll. 
[S.-G.]. 
Prof. Steere [P.]. 

Henshaw Coll. 
[S.-G.]. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Subsp. a. Dendrocopus maynardi. 

Picus villosus Onon Linn.), Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. 1859, p. 106; 
Cory, B. Bahama Isl p. 120 (1880). 

234 PICID.3S. 

Picus insularis (non Gould), Maynard, Nat. in Florida, i. no. 4 

(1885). 
Picus villosus insularis, Cory, List B. W. Lid. p. 19 (1885). 
Dryobates villosus insularis, Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 375. 
Dryobates villosus rnaynardi, Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 282 

(1887). 

Adult male. Differs from D. villosus in having the entire loral 
region white, and uniting with the white superciliary stripe: the 
eye surrounded by white; the malar region more varied with white; 
the red occipital band broader; the white down the back more 
striped with black, and the underparts tinged with buff; the 
dimensions are considerably less. Total length 7%5 inches, culmen 
1-1, wing 4*1, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. " The scarlet crescent wanting, replaced by white. 
Length 7'25 inches, wing 4*2, tail 3, tarsus 0*7, bill 1." (Cory.) 
Eab. Korthem Bahama Islands. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Bahamas (Blake). Sclater Ooll. 
Subsp. /3. Bendrocopus harrisi. 

Picus villosus (non Linn.)7 Tig. in Beeehey^s Toy. p. 23 (1830). 
Picus harrisi, And. Orn. Bior/r.\\ p. 191 (1839}; uL Si/n. N. Amer. B. 

p. 178 (1839); Townsend,* Excur. Rocky Mts. ii. p. 304, App. (1340): 
Giraudj B. Texas, p. 1 (1841); And. B. Amer. iv. p. 242, pi. celxi. 
S 9- ad. (1842); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 435 (1Q45); Gamb. Joitrn. 
Philad. Acad. 1847, p. 54; Bp. Consp. Gen. Ac. I. p. 138 (1850); 
Reichenh. Scans. Pieinm, p. 3(34, no. 841, pi. dcxxxii. fisr*. 4208-9, 
c? ? ad. (1854); Lieht. Nbmenol Av. p. 75 (1854) ; Sc'lat. P.Z.S. 
1857, p. 127, lfe58, p. 3; Baird, B. 2s. Amer. p. 87 (1S53); id. U.S. 
4* Mex. Bound. Surv. 1858, p. 5; Kenn, P. It. B. Bep. Ex. pt. iv. 
p. 21 (1859); Heerm. op. cit pt. vi. p. 57 (1859); Malh. Picida>, i. 
p. 73, pi. xx.'figs. 1, 2, d 2 ad. (1801) ; Cass. Proe. Philad. Acad. 
1863, p. 200 ; Coues, Ibis, 1865, pp. 162, 507 ; Sunder. Consp. Av. 
Picin. p. 17 (1866); Coues, Proe. Philad. Acad. 1866, p. 52 ; Baird, 
Ibis, 1867, p. 270; Broicii, op. cit. 1868, p. 419 ; Gray, List Picid, 
Brit. Mm. p. 47 (1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 184, no. 8593 (1870); 
Coop. B. Calif, ed. Baird, i. p. 375, figured pp. 373-375 (1870); 
Aiken, Proe. Post Soe. 1872, p. 200; Cones, B. 2?.-West, p. 280 
(1874); Gieh. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 158 (1876); Bidaw. Dm. 40tA Par. 
p. 545 (1877); Belding, Proe. U.S. Xat. Mus. 1«787 pp. 391, 393. 
Trichopicus harrisi, Bp. Consp. Voluer. Zygod. p. 8, no. 45 (1854). 
Dryobates harrisi, Cab. 8f Heine, Mus. Hem. iv. p. 68 (1863). 
Dryobates hyloscopus, Cab.ty Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 69 (1863). 
Picus hyposcopus, Gray, Hand4. B. ii. p. 185, no. 8604 (1870). 
Picus villosus, var, harrisi, Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 1872, p. 194; B., 
B., fy B. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 507 (1874) ; Hensh. Ann. Lyc. Nat. 
Hist. N. York, xl p. 9 (1874): id. U.S. Geor/r. Suri\ W. oflWth 
Merid. 1875, p. 386; Beld. Proe. US. Wat Mus. 1878, p. 428; 
Coop.^ op. cit 1879, p. 250; Bidgw. op. cit. 1880, p; 188, no. 360 b. 

Picus villosus harrisi, Coues, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. no. 3, p. 616 
(1878); id. Checklist, p. 77, no. 439 (1882); Hartl. J. f. O. 1883, 

p. 275; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 1884, p. 483 ; 'Drew, Aukf 
1885, p. 17; Batchelder, t c. p. 127; Scott, t. c. pp. 174, 356 
Agersb. t. c. p. 283; Hensh op. cit. 1886, p. 78. 
15 . DENTEOCOPTJS. 
Dryobates villosus harrisi, JSverm. Auk, 1886, p. 93; Anthony, t. c. 

p. 165 j Scott, t. c. p. 425 ; A. 0. XT. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 211, 
no. 309 c (1886) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 283 (1887). 
Adult male. Differs from B. villosus in having the wing-coverts, 
the outer webs of the inner secondaries, and both webs of the innermost 
of these almost devoid of white spots ; the spots on the primaries 
very small on the outer webs ; the under surface of the body buffy 
white or smoky white, the under wing-coverts having large and conspicuous 
spots of black; the four central tail-feathers are totally 
black, and there is a greater amount of black upon the next outer 
feather, the inner web being almost wholly so. Total length 
8-8 inches, culmen 1*38, wing 5-05, tail 3*35, tarsus 0-92; toes 
(without claws)—outer anterior 0*62, outer posterior 0*7, inner 
anterior 0*5, inner posterior 0-35. 

Adult female. Eesembles the adult male, but wants the scarlet 
occipital band, the middle feathers of the occiput being black, the 
white on either side not forming a complete band. Total length 
8*5 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 5*03, tail 3-3, tarsus 0*83. 

Young. Differ from the adult of both sexes in having red upon 
the crown, and resemble the adult female in having the occiput 
black. The amount of red upon the crown varies, in some individuals 
forming a band across the middle of the crown, the feathers having 
between the red tips and black bases a small white spot; other 
examples have only a few of the coronal feathers tipped with dull 
red and a short white shaft-stripe. In other specimens the whole of 
the crown-feathers are tipped with orange-scarlet, and have a distinct 
white spot between this colour and the black base; the frontal 
feathers have also stripe-like spots of white ; the flanks and thighs 
have faint dusky stripes and bar-like spots, but sometimes these are 
almost entirely wanting ; the primaries tipped with white. 

In this species the underparts vary from buffy white to smoky 
white and brown, the latter colour tinting the white of the face and 
also of the median stripe down the back. 

Ilah. Western United States, from the Eocky Mountains io the 
Pacific coast, north to Ckilcoot, Alaska, south along the tablelands 
of Mexico to the Sierra de San Luis Potosi, and on the west to the 
Sierra Madre de Colima, Jalisco. 

a. 5 imm. sk. N.W. America. Sir E. Belcher [P.]. 
<?, d. S $ ad. sk British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
h 

e. Juv. sk. Vancouver Island. Dr. Lyall [P.]. 
f. cJ ad. sk. Orcas Island. _ Dr. Lyall [P.]. 
</• $ ad. sk. Fort Steilacooni, Puget "~ 
Sound, Washington State 

(Dr. Suckley). 

h. 
$ imm. sk. Teton Canon/Montana, July ^ Hengha w ^ 
(Mart Memam). }-CQ A -. 
i 
cjjuv.sk. Sarpy Fort, Montana, Aug. I '*c'" *^ 
(Jflerishaw). 


k. 
g ad. sk. Dead Wood, Dakota, Oct. 
(Fcmon Bailey). 
236

I, m. $ 5 ad. sk. 
n, o. d J ad. sk. 

p. d ad. sk. 
q, r. d ad. sk. 
Juv. sk. 

w. Juv. sk. 
.r. 
J ad.; y, c, a'. 
$ ad. sk. 

V. d ad. sk. 
&. 2 ad. sk. 
d'. J ad. sk. 

e'. $ ad. sk. 

/ . $ad.;/.Juv. 
sk. 
h'-h'. 3ad.; /', w'. 
$ ad. sk. 

M',O\ (Jad.; pr, q\ 
r'. 2 ad. sfc* 
sf, i'. <$ 2 ad. sk. 

u. d ad. sk. 
v'. 
d ad.; «0r, .r\ J 
ad. sk. 

y. 2 ad-s^» 
ss'. 5 ac^ Rk. 
«". d ad. sk. 
b",c". djad.sk. 
d". d ad. sk. 
e". d juv. sk. 
/". dad. ($?) 
sk. 
/', A'7, d ad. et 
juv.; i!'. 2 ad. 
sk. 
h"J'. dSad.sk. 
m", n". d ad. sk. 
</',*>". 2 ad.sk. 

 PICXDJE. 

Custer, Dakota, July 

( Vernon Bailey). 

Fort Klamath, Oregon, Oct., 
Jan. (C Bendire). 
Fort Bridger, Wyoming, 

Sept. ( Vernon Bailey). 
California. 
California. 

California (X. Belding). 
Fort Crook, California, Nov., 

Jan. (D. F. Parkiyison). 
Fort Crook, California. 
Nevada, California, Nov. 

(R W. Kelson). 

Lake Tahoe, California 

(Henshaw). 
Carson, Nevada, Nov. {Kenshaiv). 


Garland, Colorado, May, 
Aug. (IT. Wheeler), 

Santa F£ Mts., New Mexico, 
Aug., Dec. (Hemhaw). 
Springerville, Arizona, Jan., 


Feb. (Henshaw). 
Casa Colorado, Chihuahua, 

Mexico, March( W.Lloyd). 
Pinos Altos, Chihuahua. 
Temosachic, Chihuahua, 

March (JF. Lloyd). 
Eio de Iglesias, Chihuahua, 
Dec. ( W. Lloyd), 

Eio de Emeiitano, Chihuahua, 
Dee. ( W. Lloyd). 
Eeiugio, Chihuahua, Dee. 

( W. Lloyd). 
Eio de Urique, Chihuahua, 
Nov. ( TV. Lloyd). 
Ciudad 
Durango, Mexico, 
June (A. Forre?-). 


S. Nayarit, Jalisco, 8000 ft., 
June (W. B. Riehardsmi). 
Huayimic, 
S. Madre Nayarit, 
June ( W. B. Richardson). 


Sierra Valparaiso, Jalisco, 
Jan., July (W. B. Richardson). 


S. Nevada de Colima, Jalisco, 
April {W.Lloyd). 
Sierra de San Luis Potosi, 
July ( W. B. Richardson)* 
Mexico, Dec. {Buchan-Kep~ 
burn). 

[ Henshaw Coll. 

~ 
[S.-G.]. 

Purchased. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

[ Henshaw Coll. 
r IS.-G.]. 
Sclater Coll. 


Henshaw Coll. 

' 
[S.-G.\ 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 


Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

15 . DENDBOCOPUS. 
237 

Subsp. y. Dendrocopus jardinii 

Picus (Leuconotopicus) jardinii, Malh. JRev. Zool. 1845, p. 374. 
Picus jardinii, Malh. N. Classif., MSm. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, p. 327; 
Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. xxi (1849) j Bp. Consp. Gen. Ai\ i. 

p. 137 (1850); Sclat P. Z. S. 1856, p. 308, 1857, p. 214, 1858, 
p. 359,1859, pp. 367, 388; id. $ Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 136 ; Cav.-
Tayl. op. cit. 1800, p. 119; Malh. Picidce, i. p. 103, pi. xxv. figs. 4 <$, 
5$ (1861); Sclat. Cat Amer. B. p. 334, no. 1990 (1862) ; Cass. 
Proc. Philad. Acad. 1863, p. 200; Sclat. P.Z.S. 1864, p. 177; 
Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 17 (1866) ; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. 
N. York, 1868, p. 130 ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 50 (1868); 
id. Hand4. B. ii. p. 186, no. 8614 (1870); Salv. P. Z. S.1870, p. 212; 
id. Sf Sclat Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 99 (1873) ; Zeled. Cat. Av. Costa 
Rica, p. 23 (1882). 
Plirenopicus jardinii, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 35 (1854). 

Picus harrisii, Hoffm. J.f.O. 1862, p. 175 ; Sumieh.Mem. Bost. Soc. 
Nat Hist 1869, p. 562: Lawr. Ann. Lyc. Nat Hist. N York, 
1870, p. 130. 

Dryobates jar din ei, Cab. § Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 69 (1863). 
Dryobates villosus harrisii (pt.), A. O. TJ. Chech-list N. Amer. B. 

p. 211, no. 393 c £1886). 
Dryobates villosus jardinii, Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 283 (1887). 
Adult male. Resembles the male of D. Jiarrisi, but is a much 
smaller and darker bird, the under surface of the body becoming deep 
brown in southern examples, this brown colour tinging the white on 
the face and back; the wing- coverts are generally without spots, and 
the wings, when closed, only exhibit a few small white spots on the 
primaries and the outer secondaries, but occasionally the secondaries 
are devoid of any exposed spots when the wing is closed. In some 
examples there is a profusion of large heart-shaped spots and stripes 
of black on the sides of the chest, these being a continuation of the 
stripe which borders the throat and fore neck. A specimen from 
Jalapa measures as follows:—Total length 8 inches, culmen 1*15, 
wing 4*65, tail 2*8, tarsus 0*8 • toes (without claws)—outer anterior 
0*55, outer posterior 0*6, inner anterior 0*48, inner posterior 
0*32. An example from Costa Eica measures 7 inches, culmen 1*07, 
wing 3*95, tail 2*25, tarsus 0*75. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red 
occipital band, the occiput being black, the white superciliary stripes 
extending on to its sides, but not uniting. Measurements of a specimen 
from Jalapa:—Total length 8 inches, culmen 0*93, wing 4-45, 
tail 2*6, tarsus 0*8. A Guatemalan female measures 7 inches, 
culmen 0*88,, wing 4*3, tail 2*2, tarsus 0*76. 

Young. Differ from the adult of both sexes in having most of the 
feathers of the crown tipped with red, and at the base of the red 
tips a small stripe-like spot of dingy white, the outer feathers being 
tipped with dull buffy white; the forehead very narrowly striped 
with white; the primaries having a Y-shaped marking of white at 
the tip; the two large outer tail-feathers on either side uniform 
white. 

238 
VICIDM. 

Hab. The mountainous parts of Central America to Yeragua, 
State of Panama; and Southern Mexico to about 20° N. lat. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Mexico. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

c. 2 ad. sk. Mexico. 
Gould Coll. 
d. $ ad. sk. Valley of Mexico {H. S. le Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Strange). 
e. 5 ad. sk. Mexlcalcingo, Tlalparn, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
f. (J* d ad. sk. Cliimalapa, Tacubaya, Jan., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Feb. (Com.Explor. Ilex.). 
h. 
$ ad. sk. San Pedro, Tacubaya, Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Com. Explor. Mex.). 
i. d ad. bk. Tonaguia, Oaxaca? Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
k. 
<$ ad.; /, m. Cofre de Perote, Mexico, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d 2 juv. sk. Julv (Mateo). 
n. d ad. sk. Popoeatapetl (10-12,01)0 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
feet), Mexico. April (F. 
D. G.).
ac^ hk


o, p. d 2 Jalapa, Mexico. Sclater Coll. 

q. $ ad. sk. Jalapa (de Oca). Tweeddale Coll. 
r, s. d 2 ad. sk. Sierra del Sur, Mexico (Mrs. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
H. H. Smith). 
t, it. 2 
ad.; »• Omilteme (8000 feet), State Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Juv. sk. of Guerrero, Julv {Mrs. 

H. H. Smith). " 
to, x. d ad. j //, z, Amula (6000 feet), State of Salvin-Godman Coll. 
a!. 2 a^-s^- Guerrero, Aug. {Mrs. H. 

H. Smith). 
//, $ ad. sk. S. ^ Miguel Molino (Hue-Salvin-Godman Coll. 
jotzing*)), Puebla, July 
(Com. Explor. Mex.). 

e\ d'. 2 ad. sk. Guatemala. 
Gould Coll. 

e. 
Jad.sk. VeraPaz,Guatpmala(A'«/ym). Tweeddale Coll. 
f. 2 ad. sk. San Geronimo, Vera Paz Salvin-Godman Coll 
(O.S.). 

<f. d ad. sk. Duenas, Guatemala (O. S.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
hr. d ad. sk. Volcan de Fuego, GuaSalvin-
Godman Coll. 
temala, Aug. (O. S.). 
i'. 2 ad. sk. Volcan de "Fuego, Aug. Sclater Coll. 


(O. S.). 
hr. 2 ad. sk. Calderas, Volcan de Fuego Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(O. S.). 
I'. d ad. b«k. Costa Rica. Tweeddale Coll. 
mf. d ad. sk. Costa Bica. Purchased. 
n'} or. 2 ad. sk. Costa Pica (J. Canniol). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
p'. d ad. sk. Volcan de Cartago, Costa Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Rica (E. Arm). 
q'. d ad.; r\ Juv. Irazu Distr., Costa Rica (H. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. Rogers). 
s'} t'. d ? ad. sk. Southern Slope of Ghiriqui Salvin-Godman Coll. 

{E. Arce). 
15. Dendrocopus pttbescens. 
The smallest spotted Woodpecker, 
Catesby, Nat Hist. Carol, i. p. 21, 
d £gd. (1731). 

15. BWDEOCOPTTS. 
239 

Le petit Pic vane* de Virginie, Brian. Orn. h\ p. 50 f 17(30). 
Picus pubescens, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 175 (1706) j Gm. Syst. Nat. 

i. p. 435 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 232 (3790); Bart. Nat. 
Hist. Pern. p. 11 (1799); Vieill. Ois. Amer. Sept. ii. p. 65, 
pi. cxxi., <$ (1807); Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 153, pi. ix. fig. 4,dad. 
(1808); Steph. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 170 (1815); Vieill. N. Diet. 
tfHist. Nat. xxvi. p. 82 (1818); id. # Bonn. JEnc. MSth. iii. 

p. 1311 (1823); Wagl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 23 (1827); Bp. Syn. 
Bds. U.S. p. 46, no. 43 (1828); Less. Traitd, i. p. 228 (1831); 
Jard. ed. Wilson's Amer. Orn. i. p. 158, pi. ix. fig-. 4, <5 (1832); 
Nutt. Man. Orn. i. p. 576 (1832); Aud. Om. Biogr. ii. p. 81 
pi. cxii. tf 2 (1834); Bp. Comp. List B. Mir. $ N Amer. p. 39, 
no. 256 (1838); Aud. Orn. Biogr. j . p. 539 (1839) ; id, Syn. p. 180 
(1839); id. B. Amer. iv. p. 249, pi. eclxiii., rf 2 (1839); Peab. 
Bast. Jour. Nat. Mist. 1841, p. 174; De Kay, Nat. Hist. N. York, 
pt. 2, p. 187, pi. xvi. fig. 35, tf (1844); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 435 
(1845); Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 138 (1850); Peichenb. Sca?is. 
Picince, p. 374, no. 864, pi. dexxxyiii. figs. 4255-57, $ <$ 5 (1854); 
Putn. Proe. Essex Inst. 1856, p. 214; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 89 
(1858); Malh. Picidce, i. p. 119, pi. xxix. figs. 8, 9, <$ ? (1861); 
Verrill, Proc. Essex List. 1862, p. 143; Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. 

p. 334, no. 1993 (1862); Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 3, 1863, p. 51; 
Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1863, p. 201; Allen, Proc. Essex Inst. 
1864, p. 52; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 468; Mcllwr. Proc. Essex 
Inst. 18(56, p. 83; Simdev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 17 (1866) ; Baird, 
Ibis, 1867, pp. 270, 285; Coues, Proc. Essex Inst. 1867, p. 262; 
Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 44 (1808); id. Iland-l. B. ii. 
p. 184, no. 8590 (1870); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 1872, p. 194, 
fig. 130; B., B., 8fP. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 509, pi. xlix. figs. 6, 
7, S 2 (1874); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 282 (1874); Brewst. Ann. 
Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York, 1875, p. 144; Cory, Nat. Magd. Isl. 
p.' 51 (1878); Beld. Proc. V. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 428 *;' Mayn. 
Bds. E. N. Amer. p. 242 (1879); Pidgin. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 
1880, p. 188, no. 361; Coues, Chech-list N. Amer. B. 1882, p. 77, 
no. 440 ; Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1882, p. 286; Steams, 
Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 118; Hartl. J.f. 0. 1883, p. 275; 
Coues, Key N. Amer. B, 2nd ed. 1884, p. 483, fig. 334; Agersb. 
Auk, 1885, p. 283. 
Picus (Dendrocopus) pubescens, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer. ii. pp. xxvi 
(Introd.), 307 (1831). 
Picus (Dendrocopus) medianus, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer. ii. p. 308 
(1831). 
Picus (Dendrocopus) meridionalis, Stvains. Faun. Bor.-Amer. ii. 

p. 308 (1831). 
Picus medianus, Nutt. Man. Orn. ii. p. 601 (1834); Gray, Gen. B. 
ii. p. 435 (1845) ; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 138 (1850); Peichenb. 
Scans. Picince, p. 375. no, 866 (1854); Malh. Picidm, i. p. 122 
(1861) ; Gray, Hand4. B. ii. p. 184, no. 8594 (1870). 
Picus meridionalis, 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 435 (1845); Bp. Consp. Gen. 
Av. i. p. 138 (1850); Malh. Picidce, i. p. 124 (1861); Gray, Hand-l 

B. ii. p. 184, no. 8595 (1870). 
Picus lecontei, Jones, Ann. Lyc. N. Y.rk, 1848, p. 489, pi. xvii. 
Trichopicus pubescens, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 39 (1854). 
* Prom Central California, and pronounced by Dr. Eidgway to be a typical 
D. pubescens. 
240 
picmae. 

Tricliopicus niedianus, Bp. Consp. Volxicr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 40 (1854). 
Tricliopicus meridionalis, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 41 

(1854). 
Tridactylia leeontii, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 8, no. 85 (1*54). 
Picoides leeontei, Matt. Fields, I. p. 182, pl.jd. fig. 7, $ (1861). 
Dryobates pubescens, Bote, Isis, 1826, p. 977, 1828, p. 326; Cab. 4* 

Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 62 (1863); BrewsL Auk, 1886, p. 104: 

j 
S\ TY /~n...l. ,',J. -\-A...„.. T> _ ."HI _ OCli nOOQ L T7....7 

Adult male. Back black, with a median stripe of white; rump 

and upper tail-coverts uniform black; scapulars black, with whitish 

tips; wing-coverts and wings black, both webs of the latter and the 

coverts (except along the forearm) spotted with white; shafts of 

quills black; the four central tail-feathers black, the next one black 

on the basal half, the apical half white and crossed by a black bar, 

the two outer large feathers almost entirely white and barred on 

the apical portion with black; shafts corresponding in colour with 

the surrounding web: top of the head, sides of the face and neck, 

and the hind neck black, the occiput red varied with white; nasal 

plumes and a superciliary stripe to the occiput, and another stripe 

passing under the ear-coverts to the hind neck white; from the 

chin to the under tail-coverts (both inclusive) white, the latter with 

a few sagittate spots of black; under wing-coverts and axiilaries 

white, the former having a conspicuous black patch on the edge of 

the wing. Total length 6 Inches, culm en 0*05, wing 3*7*5, tail 2*3, 

tarsus 0*67; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*4, outer pos


terior 0*47, inner anterior 0*35, Inner posterior 0*25. 

Young nude. Instead of having a red occipital band as In the 
adult male, the crown-feathers are tipped with red, and have dusky 
bases crossed by a black bar, a few feathers, chiefly on the occiput, 
being spotted with dull white ; the sides of the body, flanks, thighs, 
and under tail-coverts with faint dusky stripe-like spots. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red 
occipital band, the occiput being more or less white. Total length 
6 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3*9, tail 2*43, tarsus 0*65. 

Eab. Northern and Eastern Xorth America, north Into Alaska, 
south into Florida. Occasionally occurring in Western Xorfh 
America (Colorado, California, &e>). 

a. $ ad. sk. Golsova River, Alaska, Jan. Henshaw Coll. 
(JE. W. Nelson). [S.-G.]. 
b, c. <$ 9 a<^ s&* Nulato, Alaska, March (JE. Henshaw Coll. 

W. Nelson). [S.-G.j. 
d. 
dad.; e}f,g. Canada. Tweeddale Coll. 
5 ad. sk. 
h. <$ ad. sk. Hudson's Bay. Gould Coll. 
% h. cS ? ad. sk. Port Duflerin. K.A.Boundary Commission. 
I, m. <$ $ ad, sk. Niagara FaHs. Gould Coll. 
% o. cS $ ad. sk. Waukegan, Illinois, April (JE. Henshaw Coll. 

W. Nelson). [S.-G.]. 
15 . DENEEOCOPTTS. 
241 

5 a<*

p.- sk* Evanston, Illinois, April (E. -\ 
W, Nelson). 
5'. 5 ac*« sk-Pine, Indiana, Sept. (E. W. 
Nelson). 
r, s. $ ad. sk. Lyons Falls, N. Y., April 

(A. Jenings Bay an). 
$-&'. tfad.etimm.; Locust Grove, New York, 
<?'-^'. $ ad. et Apr.-Nov. {Hart Merimm. 
sk. riam). 

t'. $ ad. sk. Lowvijle, N. Y., July (A. 
Jenings Day an). 


&'-</. c? ad. sk. Leyden, N. Y., Sept., Dec. 

(Hart Merriam). 

/ . $ ad. sk. East Hampton, Massachusetts, 
Oct. (Hart Merriam). 
Henshaw Coll. 

q', r. $ ad. sk. Concord, Mass., Oct., Nov. 
(Henshaw).
*'. <$ ad. sk. Cambridge, Mass., Oct. . 
(Hemhaio). 
t'. S ad. sk. Watertown, Mass., Nov. 
(Henshaw). 
w', v'j iv\ $ ad. sk. Wellesley, Mass., Sept., Oct. 
(Henshaw). 
x'-b". tfad.jc"-/"* New Haven, Connecticut, 
$ ad. sk. Oct., Nov. (Hart Merriam).


^". ? ad. sk. Elizabeth, New Jersey, Mar. 

(Hart Merriam). 

h"-o". cjad.etjuv.; Washington, D. C, Feb.j>", 
?", r". ? ad. Dec. (Henshaw). 
sk. 


*", t". (S $ ad. sk. Washington, D. C, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
u". $ ad. sk. Virginia. Tweeddale Coll. 
v", w". c? $ ad. sk. Falls Church, Virginia, Nov. Henshaw Coll. 

(Henshaw). [S.-G.jxn, 
y". 2 ad« sk* Miami, Florida, Dec. (Hen- Henshaw Coll, 
shaw).m [S.-G.]. 
z". Skeleton. N. America. 


Subsp. a. Dendrocopus gairdneri. 

Picus gairdneri, Aud. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 317 (1839); id. Syn. N. 
Amer. B. p. 180 (1839); id. B. Amer. iv. p. 252 (1842); Gray, 
Gen. B. ii. p. 435 (1845); Reichenb. Scans. Picinte, p. 375, no. 805 
(1854); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 127; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 91, 
pi. Ixxxv. figs. 2, 3 (1858); Sclat P. Z. S. 1859, p. 236; Coop. # 
Suchl. Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr. p. 159 (1860); Malh. Picidce, i. 

p. 123 (1861); Sclat, Cat. Amer. B. p. 334, no. 1994 (1862); Cass. 
Proc. Philad. Acad. 18G3, p. 201; Coues, Ibis, 1865, p. 162; Sundev. 
Consp. Av. Picin. p. 17 (1866); Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 270 ; Brown, 
op. cit. 1868, p. 419 ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 44 (1868); 
id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 184, no. 8591 (1870); Coop. B. Calif, ed. Baird, 
i. p. 377 (1870); Aiken, Proc. Bost Soc. 1872, p. 206; Coues, B. 
N.-West, p. 282 (1874); Belding, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mm. 1878, 
pp. 390, 391, 398. 
VOL. XVIII. R 

24c2 V10THM. 

Picus nieridionalis, Xutt. Man. Orn. i. p. 090 (1840) ; Gamk Jour. 
Philacl Acad. 1847, p. 55 j Meerm. P. P. M. Pep. x. pt. vi. p. 57 
(1859J. 

Trichopicus gairdneri, Bp. Consp. Yolucr, Zygml. p. 8. no. 48 (1854). 
Trichopicus leucunts (Wiirt.), Marti. Xamn. II. p. 55 (1852); Bp. 

Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 42 (1854). 
Picus leucurus; Malh. Picidm, i. p. 122 (1861). 
Picus turati, Malh. Picida, i. p. 125, pi. xxix. figs, o, 6, d1 ? (1861) ; 

Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 185, no. b5U7 (1870). 
Dryobates gairdneri, Cab. 4'* Seine, MKS. Hem. iv. p. 64 (J&JS). 
Dryobates turatii. Cab. # Seine, Mm. Mem. iv. p. 65 (1803). 
Dryobates homorus, Cab. §* Htine, Mm. Meln. iv. p. 05 (15(53). 
Dryobates leucurus, Cab. § Meine, Mas. Mein. iv. p. 65 (1863). 
Picus homorus, Gray, Mand-L B. ii. p. 185, no. bod6 (1870). 
Picus pubescens, var. gairdneri, Cones, Key X. Amer. B. 1872, 

p. 194 ; B., B., $ JR. Hist. X Amer^Bds. ii. p. 2U (1674}: Mensh. 
Ann. Lyc. Xat. Mist. X. York, 1874, p. 9; id. U. S. Geogr. Surr. 
W. of 100^ Merid. p. 388 (1875)• Bekl Proc. U. & Xat. Mm. 
1878, p. 428. 
Picus pubescens gairdneri, Pidgic. Proc U. S. Xat, Mm. 18^0, 

p. 188, no. 361 a; Cones, Cheek-lid X. Amer. B. 18^2, p. 77, 
no. 441; id. Key X. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 1884, p. 483; Drew> Auk, 
1885, p. 17. 
Dryobates pubescens gairdneri, A. O. TJ. Check-list X. Amer. B. 

p. 211, no. 394 a (1886); Scott, Auk, 1886, p. 426; Midgw. Man. 
X. Amer. B.-p. 28$ (1887). 
Dryobates pubescens oroecus, Batckelder, Auk, 1889, p. 253 *. 
Dryobates pubescens funiidus, Mayn. Orn. $ Ool. 1889, p. 58. 
Adult male. Besembles D. puhescens, but differs in having the 
wing-coverts either entirely uniform, or with, at most, a few small 
spots of white upon the greater series; the spots on the quills 
smaller and fewer, and sometimes entirely wanting on the Innermost 
secondaries; the under surface of the body darker, varying 
from smoky white to pale brown or smoky brown. Total length 
6 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*9, tail 2*35, tarsus 0*6; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*4, outer posterior 0*5, inner anterior 0*3* 
inner posterior 0*25. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of red 
on the occiput, the occipital band being white, slightly striped with 
black. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*8, tail 2*45, 
tarsus 0*65. 

Xestlhxg female. Differs from the adult of the same sex in being 
of a less intense black above, and slightly browner; the occiput 
wanting the white band, or having at most a few dull-white stripelike 
spots; upon the crown a few spots of dull red. In two females 

of the same age, one has the sides of the body, flanks, and thighs 
striped witb dusky black, and in tbe other these striations are 
almost wanting. The nestlings differ, like the adults, in the coloration 
of the underparts, some being very dark. 

In my opinion barely worthy of subspecifie rank. 

15 . DENBROCOPTJS. 
Bab. "Western United States, from the Pacific to the Rocky 
Mountains, north into British Columbia, south into Arizona and 
New Mexico. 


af b. <$ 5 ad. sk. British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
Cj d. S 2 &&*s^- British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.J. 
e,f. 3 J ad. sk. Vancouver Island. J. K. Lord, Esq.IP.J. 
g,h. 6 2 ad. sk. Vancouver Island, April (A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Forrer). 

i. $ 
ad. sk. Walla Walla, Washington "^ 
State, Oct. (Henshaw). 
h. 
$ ad.sk. Columbia River, Oregon, Oct. 
(JBT. Wheeler), 
L 2 ad. sk. Albany, Oregon, Jan. (Hen- [ Ilenskaw Coll. 
shaio). <' [S.-G.]. 

m. 
<$ ad. sk, Umatilla Agency, Oregon, Aug. 
(Henshaw). 
n. c? ad. sk. Dalles, Oregon, "Nov. (Henshaw). 
°t Pi $ $ a(^* sk* California. Sclater Coll. 

q. 
§ ad. sk. Monterey, California, Oct. Henshaw Coll. 
(Henshaw). [S.-G.]. 
r. 
2 &&• sk-Los Alamos, California, Nov. Henshaw ColL 
(Henshaw), f&-G.]. 
g. 3 ad. sk. Fort Crook, California, Jan. Salvin-Godman ColL 
(D. F. Parkinson). 
t. 
S ad. sk. San Bernardino, California (W. 
E. Zawson). 
u. tf ad. sk. Visalia, California, Jan. (Henshaw). 
v, 2 &&<s^* Bedw<rJ '*-«*—-••• *--•« 

w. $ ad- ak 
x,y. c?ad.;«. $ 
imni. j a'f Juv. 

sk. 

16. Dendrocopus stricklandi 
Picus (Leuconotopicus) stricklandi, Malh. JRev. Zool 1845, p. 373. 
Picus stricklandi, Malh. iV. Classify Mim. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, 


p. 327; id. Bull. Soc. tfHist. Nat. Moselle, 1849, p. 14; Bp. Consp. 
Gen. Av. I p. 137 (1850); Sclat P. Z. S. 1859, p. 367; Malh. 
Pieidce, i. p. 108, pi. xxviii. (descr. & figs, of <j> & tf juv. only) 
(1861); Selat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 334, no, 1991 (1862) • Sundev. 
Consp. Av. Picin. p. 20 (1866), pt.; Selat. fy Salv. Nomenel. Av. 
Neotr. p. 99 (1873); Salv. Cat. Strichl Coll p. 387, no, 1894 (1882), 
2 *; Harg. Ibis, 1886, pp. 112-114. 
Phrenopicus 
stricklandi, J&p. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 36 
(1854). 

* This is a true D. stricklandi of Malherbe, and a very rare species in collections. 
B2 

244 PICIDJE. 

Pieus cancellatus (non Wagl), Selat P. Z. S. 1856, p. 303. 
Threnopipo stricklandi, Cab. $• Heine, Mas. Keia. iv. p. 71 (1863). 
Dryobates stricklandi, Ridgw. Man. X. Amer. B. p. 286 (1887). 

Adult male. Back and rump barred blackish brown and white; 

scapulars, wing coverts, and quills blackish brown, the primaries 

and outer secondaries spotted with white upon both webs, the inner 

webs only of the inner secondaries being spotted; shafts reddish 

brown ; upper tail-coverts and the four central tail-feathers uniform 

brownish black, the next feather black, with an apical bar and spots 

of buffy white, the two outer large feathers on either side buffy 

white, narrowly barred with black ; shafts corresponding in colour 

with the surrounding web; nasal plumes ru&ty brownish white; 

forehead and crown brownish black, the occiput scarlet; sides of 

the face and neck brownish black, with a short white stripe from 

above the eye running backwards, and another white stripe from the 
loral region running under the ear-coverts arid then crossing the 
neck to the nape, but not uniting on the latter region with the corresponding 
stripe ; from the chin to the under tail-coverts, both inclusive, 
white ; the chin and throat, chest, breast, and sides of the 
body striped or longitudinally spotted with black, the flanks, thighs, 
and under tail-coverts having the markings more barred, the abdomen 
and vent*spofted: under wing-coverts and axillaries white, 
with dusky varied markings and spots. Total length 7*5 inches, 
culrnen0*92, wing 4*6, tail 2'^ tarsus 0-82 ; toes (without claws) 
—outer anterior 0-5, outer posterior 0*55, inner anterior 0*4, inner 
posterior 0*28. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male In the absence of the red 
occipital band. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*77, wing 4*4, 
tail 3-45, tarsus 0*8. 

Young male. Differs from the adult of both sexes in having the 
crown red, the black striations on the underparts broader, and the 
flanks and thighs distinctly barred with dusky black ; the primaries 
narrowly margined with greyish at the tip. 

Hub. South-eastern Mexico (Jalapa &c). 

a. $ ad. sk. Xochimilco, Tetelco, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b. $ ad. sk. Jalapa (de Oca). Sclater Coll. 
Q. (S ad, sk, Las Vigas, Jalapa, Aug. Salvin-Godman Coll, 
17. Dendrocopus nuttalli 
Picas nuttalli, Gamb. Proc. Philad. Acad, 3843, p. 250; Sclat. P. Z. S. 
1857, p. 127 ; id. op. tit. 1858, p. 3; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 93, 
pi. xli. fig. 2 (1858); Malh. Picidm, i. p. 100, pi xxiv. figs. 8?>9, 
6 § (1861); Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1863, p. 195; Sundev. 
Consp. Av. Picin. p. 19 (1866); Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 270; Gray, 
List Picid. Brit Mus. p. 49 (18C8); id. Kand-l. B. ii. p. 185, no. 
8607 (1870); Coop. B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 378, head of tf %d. 
(1870) j J?., B., $ P. Hist. X. Amer. B. ii. p. 521, pi. 1. figs. 3 <$ ad., 
6 2 ad. 11874) ; Itidgw. Orn. 40th Par, p. 547 (1877); Held. Proc. 

U.S. Nat. Mm. 1878, p. 428; Cop. op. cit. 1879, p. 250; Bidgw. 
op, dt. 1880, p. 189, no. 364. 
245 

15 . DENDBOCOPTJS. 
Picus scalaris (non Waql.), Gamb. Journ. Philad. Acad. 1847, p, 55, 
pi. ix. figs. 2, 3, <$ ?*. 

Picus wilsoni, Malh. JEtev. de Zool 1849, p. 529; Bp. Consp. Gen. 
AD. i. p. 138 (1850) ; Reichenb. Scans. Picinm, p. 375, no. 867 
(1854). 

Tricbopicus wilsoni, Bp. Comp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 47 

(1854). 
Dictyopipo nuttalli, Cab. f Heine, Mus. Hem. iv. p. 75 (1863). 
Picus scalaris, var. nuttallii, Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 1872, p. 193. 
Picus scalaris nuttalli, Coues, Check-list JST. Amer. B. 1882, p. 77, 

no. 435 ; id. Key JV". Amer. B. 2nd ed. 1884, p. 482, fig. 332. 
Dryobates nuttalli, Everm. Auk, 1886, p. 94; A. 0. U. Chech-list 
Ar. Amer. B. p. 212, no. 397 (1886; j Mdgw. Man. N. Amer. B. 

p. 285 (1887). 
Adult male. Besembles B. scalaris, but may be distinguished from 
the latter by its larger size, in having the black bars on the back 
very much broader, and a broad belt of black on the upper part o 
the back; the lateral tail-feathers only barred on the apical portion; 
the nasal plumes broadly tipped with black ; the forehead and crown 
black, striped with white, and devoid of red, the latter colour being 
confined to the occiput and nape; the face, neck, and under/parts 
very much whiter, the face and neck being almost pure white ; the 
auricular and the malar stripes very broad and of a jet-black, and, 
after uniting, running on to the shoulders; the spots on the sides 
of the body larger, and the stripes on the sides of the chest broader. 
Total length 6*7 inches, culraen 0*95, wing 4*05, tail 2*65, tarsus 
0*75 • toes (without claws)—outer anterior 045, outer posterior 
0*55, inner anterior 0*45, inner posterior 0*25. 


Young male. Has no red on the occiput or nape, these being black; 
the forehead and crown black, with more or less stripe-like spots of 
white, the coronal feathers being tipped with red. 


Adult female. Has the forehead and crown, occiput and nape 
uniform deep black, or with, at most, one or two spots of white on 
the sides of the occiput': "iris brown* bill black; feet grey" (Dr. 
Cooper). Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0*87, wing 4*1, tail 2*63, 
tarsus 0*75. 


Hab. California, and extending north into Oregon. 

a,b. d $ ad. sk, Ashland, Oregon, Feb. (Hen-Henshaw Coll. 
shaw). [S.-G.]e, 
d. 3 2 a& * «• California. Purchased. 

3 imm. &k. 
/. <S ad.; g. $ California. Sclater Coll. 
imm, sk. 

h, i. Juv. sk. California. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

k. $ 
ad. sk. Gait, San Joaquin Co., California, 
April {Bryant). 
/. 3 ad. sk. Redwood, California (Men[ 
Henshaw Coll,. 
tn. c? imm. sk. Kernville, Oct. (Henshaw). " [S.-G.], 
n, o. <$ 2 ad. sk. Jolon, Oct. {Henshaw). 

p. 2 juv. sk. Fort Tejon, Aug. ( Wheeler). 
q. $ ad. sk. Tejon iVlts., Aug. {Henshaw). 
246 2WIDM. 

r. (S ad. sk. Stockton, Bee. (Henshaic). Henshaw Coil. 
WS.-G/\ 
s. $ ad. sk. Los Alamos, Cal., Nov. (HenHenshaw 
Coll. 
shaiv). S.-CT.^, 
t, u. S 5 ad. sk. Greenwood Y., Eldorado Co., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Cal., Jan., Feb. (A. Forrer). 
v. J ad. sk. San Bernardino, May (F. Or. Frean Iloreoni, 
Stephens). " Esq. TPf. 
%\ $ JUT. sk. Oakland (Bryant). Henshaw Coll. 
[S.~G.]. 
x. § ad.sk. Santa Inez, Sept. (Henshaic). Henshaw Coll, 
js.-Gr. 
18. Dendrocopns scalaris. 

Pieus scalaris, Way I. Ms, 1820, p. 511: Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 435 
(1845); Bp. Consp. Gen. Ar. i. p. 138 (1850); Liekt. Nomencl AT. 
1854, p. 75; Bekhtnb. Scans. Pieincc, p. 877, no. 870, pi. dexxxix. 
figs. 4204-00, S 6 $ (18H) ? &^- -P- ^* & 1^0, p. 807 ; J?<w>d, 
27.*$'. 4" Mew. Bound. Surt. 1858, p. 5, pi. iii. fig. 1, J : *W. -ff. X 
Amer.-p. 04 (78ofr); jSfcfaf. #*SWr. 2fa«, 1850, p. 180; Sclat P. Z. S. 
1850, p. 3157 ; Math. Picidm, I. p. 110, pi. xxyii. furs. 1-4 (1801); 
Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 833, no. 108* fl<v02); Cbue% Ibis, 1865, 

p. 150; Dresner, t. c. pp. 313, 40^; Sunder. Consp. Ac.Picin. p. 18 
(181HJ); Baird, Ibis, 1807, p. 270; O'ray, X/^ Pieid. Brit, Mm. 
p. 48 (ISO*); Elliot, New fy Unfig. B. X iw««. i. Into id. p. 7 
(1800); Lawr. Ann. Lyc.N. York, lbOO, p. 205 ; {?/Y/?/, Hand-l. 
B. ii. p. 185, no. 8005 (1&70) ; Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 370 
(heads figured p- S30) (1870) ; Sclat. 4* &/r. Namend At. Neotr. 
p. 00 (1&73); B.,B.,fyB.Hi*L X .<*/««•. 2?.ii.p. 515, pi. L figs.4, 
5,c? 2ad. (1874); Ilemhaw, U.S. Gtot/r. Surv. IV. oflOQfkMerid. 
1875, p. f.90; Ztfar. J?«//. C.& X«f. J/ws. iv. p. 34 {1876}; Merrill, 
Proe. U.S. Nat. Mm. 1878, p. 150 ; Sennetf, Bull U.S. Geol. Surv. 
iv. p. 415 (1870); Bidyw. Proe. U.S. Nat. Mm. 1880, pp. 189, 
233, no. 303 ; Cones, Cheek-lht N. Amer. B. 1882, p. 77, no. 434 ; 
Salt. Cat. Stricld. Coll. p. 387, no. 1803 (1882): Boueard, P. Z. S. 
1883, p. 52 ; Coues, Key X. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 481 (1884); Salw 
Ibis, 1885, p. 101. 
Picus gracilis, Less. Bev. Zool. 1840, p. 41. 
Picus parvus, Cabot, Bast. Jovrn. Nat. Hid. v. p. 92 (1845); Gray, 


Gen. B. iii. App. p. 21 (1849). 
Dyctiopicus scalaris, Bp. Consp. Yolucr. Zyyod. p. 8, no. 32 (1854). 
Picus scalaris, var. d'orizaba, Malh. Pieidte. pi. xxvii fig. 0 (1861). 
Picus hairdi, Malh. Picid. i. p. 118, pi. xxvii figs. 7, 8, tf $ (1861) ; 

Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 333, no. 10KT (1802): Cassin, Proe. Acad. 
Philad. 1803, p. 108; Sclat P. Z. S. 1804. p. 177: Gray, List Pieid. 
Brit. Mus. p. 48 (1868); id. Hand-IB. ii. p. 180,no. 8800 (1870); 
Couesj Hey N. Amer. B. 1872, p. 108. 

Picus vagatus, Cassin, Proe. Acad. Philad* 1803, p. 106; id. Journ* 
Acad. PkUad. 1803, pi. Iii. fig. l,c? ; Gray, Lid Picid. Brit Mm* 

j). 40 (1808); id. Hand-l B^ii. p. 180, no. 8010 (1870). 
Dictyopipo scalaris, Cab. $ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 74 (1803). 
Picus orizake, Cass. Proe. Acad. Philad. 1803, p. 106, 
Dryobates scalaris, Scott, Attic. 18h0, p. 420; A. O. TI. Cheek-list N 

Amer. IL p. 212. no. 300 (1880); Lloyd, Auk, 1887, p. 100; Salt: 
Ibis, 1880, p. 368. 
Dryobates scalaris parvus, JRidr/n\ Man. X. Amen B. p. 284 (1887), 

15 . DENDEOCOPUS. 
Dryobates scalaris bairdi, Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. pp. 284, 285 
(1887). 
Dryobates scalaris sinaloensis. Mdqw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 285 
(1887)#. 

Adult male. Entire back, rump, and scapulars barred black and 
white; upper tail-coverts black; wing-coverts, bastard-wing, and 
primary-coverts black, spotted with white; quills black, spotted 
with white on both webs, the innermost feathers barred across with 
white; shafts brownish black; four central tail-feathers uniform 
black, the nezt one black, spotted on the apical half of the outer 
web and tipped with buffy white, the two outer large feathers on 
either side (except the base of the inner web of the innermost) bufFy 
white or pure white barred with black; shafts corresponding in 
colour with the surrounding web; nasal plumes smoky brown; 
forehead black, spotted with white; crown and occiput crimson, 
the feathers of the crown spotted with white and having dusky 
black bases; nape black, the lower part of the hind neck barred 
with white; lores and face creamy or brownish white, the side of 
the neck slightly darker; a black auricular and malar stripe, the 
two uniting behind the ear-coverts; chin dull white, the throat, 
chest, and breast sandy brown, the remainder of the underparts and 
under tail-coverts dull white, the sides of the chest and breast spotted 
with black, the flanks and thighs with bar-like markings of the 
same, the vent having more sagittate spots, and the under tail-
coverts with bars or sagittate spots of black ; under wing-coverts 
white, barred with black; on the edge of the wing a conspicuous 
spot of blackish brown; axillaries sandy white, transversely spotted 
with black. Total length from 6*8 to 5*8 inches, culmen 0*9 to 0*8, 
wing 4*2 to 3*55, tail 2*45 to 2, tarsus 0*72 to 0*66; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*52 to 0*46, outer posterior 0*57 to 0*54? 
inner anterior 0*42 to 0*4, inner posterior 0*28 to 0-25. 

Young male. Besembles, generally, the adult of the same sex, but 
has the red on the head confined to a dull crimson spot or quadrate 
patch on the crown, the hinder part of the crown and the occiput 
being black; the sides of the face and neck are duller than in the 
adult, and the ground-colour of the under surface of the body is more 
of a smoky white and wants the sandy-brown tint on the throat, 
chest, and breast. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead, 
crown, and occiput uniform black. 

Texan examples run large, and the species decreases in size 
towards South-east Mexico, the minimum being reached in Yucatan. 
The typical bird is evidently that from South-east Mexico; the 
Texas bird is known as D. bairdi, and the small Yucatan bird bears 

* From an examination of Dr. Ridgway's type, I was at first inclined to think 
that the Sinaloa bird might be separated from the true D. scalaris; but after 
studying the extensive collections from Mexico, recently presented to the Museum 
by Messrs. Salvin and Goclmau, I am induced to unite D. smaloensis with D. 
scalaris. 
248 PICIDJB. 

the name of D. parvus. I have united these three so-called species, 
as I fail to find any character (except size) npon which to separate 
them. In specimens from Southern Mexico the black auricular 
stripe is, if anything, less broad, and its union behind the ear-coverts 
with the malar stripe is not always complete. D. scalaris has 
occasionally the primary-coverts unspotted, as in D. gray so id from 
the Tres Marias Islands, but this is as exceptional as is that of the 
latter species having an occasional spot on these feathers. 

Hah. Southern border of United State>? from Texas to Arizona, 
south through almost the whole of Mexico, and extending into Yucatan 
and Cozumel Island. 

a, b. <S 2 ad. sk. 

c. 2 imm. sk, 
aci fek

d. 2-ad. 
sk. 
a<I-fek*

z, k. S 2/. c? ad. sk. 

m} n. £ 2 a<*- sk


o. S ad. sk. 
p, q. $ ad.:r. $ ad.sk 
ad sk*

s,t S 2


u. $ ad. sk. 
v. S ad. sk. 
San Gorsronia Pass, Cal., Xov. 
(-5. B^Herron). 
Apache, Arizona, Sept. (Xeicberry). 


San Pedro, Arizona, Oct. 
{ Wheeler). 
Tuoon. Arizona, Dec. 
(Henshaw). Henshaw Coll. 
Gila Co., Arizona, Oct., Xov. 


(Henshaw), 

Gila River, Arizona, Oct. 

(Henshaw), 

Grant Co., Xew Mexico, Mar., 
April (A. W, Anthony). 
Laredo, Rio Grande, Texas 
(JET. IB. Butcher). 
, Presidio Co., Texas, Dec. 
San Antonio, Texas (If. F. 

Dresser). 
San Antonio (H. E. Dresser). 
San Diego, Duval Co., Texas*, 

Dec. {F. B. Armstrong). 

tv-z. <$ s,d.; a', b'}cr.Corpus Chiisti, Texas, Oct., 

2 ad. bk. 
AT, e', /'. S ad.; 

2 ad s&


g'-k'.


r. 2 ad. sk. 
mf. 2 a<l-$k


ri,or. rfad.;/. 2 

ad. sk. 
q'} r'. ($&&.; s',t', 
«'. 2 ad. sk. 

v. <3 ad. sk. 
w',x\ <$ imm.sk. 
y\ 2 ad. sk. 

z'. (S ad. sk. 

«", b". S 2 ad. sk. 

c". $ imm.; d", 
e", 2 ad-&&. 

Nov., Dec. (F. B. Armstrong). 
Hidalgo, Texas, April (F. B. 
Armstrong). 

Papalote, Bee Co., Texa*>, Feb. 

(F. B. Armstrong). 
Br< >wns\ die, Texas, March (F. 
B. Armstrong). 
Xuevo Leon, Mexico, May 

(F. B. Armstrong). 
Xuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, 

March (F. B. Armstrong). 
Hermosillo, Sonora, Oct. 
Sonora, Mexico, April (TV. 

Lloyd). 

Moctezuma, Sonora, Sept. 
Indines, Chihuahua, Xov. (W. 
Lloyd). 
Presidio, Jan., Mar. ( A Forrer). 
Aguas Calientes, Aug. (W. B. 
Bichardson). 

 "S.-G."*. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

15 . DESTDEOCOPUS. 
/W-cJ? ad.sk. 

h". <$ ad. sk. 

i". <$ ad. sk. 

k". $ ad. sk. 

I". S ad. sk. 

m". $ ad. sk, 

ra", o". cS 2 ad- sk. 

p". J ad. sk. 

2"-£". 3 ad.; «*", 

*/'. 2 ad. sk. 
tc". c? ad. sk. 
x". J ad. sk. 


y". $ ad. sk. 
«", a3. $ ad. sk. 
bz 


. ^ imm. sk. 
3 ad.s^

c. 2<
23. $ ad. sk. 
e3. $ ad. sk. 
f\9i-6Z ad.sk. 
A3. $ ad. sk. 
t3. § ad. sk. 
h2. $ imm. sk. 
Z3. $ ad. sk. 
iw3. $ ad. sk. 
w3. $ ad. sk. 


o3. tf ad. sk. 
p3, q3. 2 ad. et 

juv. sk. 
r3. 2 ad. sk. 
s3. J ad. sk. 

tn,u3. cS2 ad.jw3, 

«03. c? 2 imm.; 
a?3. Juv. sk. 
y3. Ad. sk. 
s^tfad.; a%,b\c\ 

2 ad. sk. 
d\ 2 ad. sli


£4. cJ ad. sk. 

f\ 2 ad. sk. 

y.4 c? ad. sk. 
h\ 6 ad, sk. 

Santana, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 
Feb. (W. Lloyd). 
Zapotlan, Jalisco, April (W. 
Lloyd). 
Beltran, Jalisco, April (W. 
Lloyd). 
Zacoalco, Jalisco, March. ( W. 
Lloyd). 

HuajimiCj Sierra Madre, 6000 
ft., June (W. B. Richardson). 
Plains of San Luis Potosi, July 

(W. B. Richardson). 
Sierra 
Madre, above Ciudad 
Victoria, Tamaulipas (W. 

B. Richardson). 
Soto la Marina, Tamaulipas, 
April (W. B. Richardson). 
Aldama, Tamaulipas, March 

(W. B. Richardson). 
Tamaulipas (W, B.Richardson), 
Tampico, Tamaulipas ( W. B. 
Richardson). 
Jalapa (C. F. Ildge). 
Jalapa (F. D. G.j. 
Tlacolula (Retouch). 
Atlisco, Mexico. 
San Andres, March. 
Cordova, Mexico. 
Orizaba (Botteri). 
Near the City of Mexico. 
Tetelco, Tlalpam, Aug. 
Tetelco, Xochimilco, May. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Purchased. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Pinal, Puebla, Mexico, April Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(F. D. G.). 
Chietla, Ckiantla, Puebla, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
San Miguel Molino, Huejot-Salvin-Godman Coll. 

zin^o, Puebla, May. 
Sola,Oaxaca, April(M. Trujillo). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Juchatengo, Oaxaca, April Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(M. Trujillo). 
Oaxaca, W. Mexico (Fenochio). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Amula, Guerrero, Aug. (Mrs. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
II. H. Smith). 
Mexico. 
Sclater Coll. 

Mexico. Purchased. * 
Mexico. Gould CoU. 

Northern Yucatan (G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Gaumer). 
Merida, N. Yucatan (G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Gaumer), 

Tizimin, N. Yucatan, June Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(G. F. Gaumer). 
Chable, N. Yucatan,Dec. (G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Gaumer). 
Cozumel Island (E. C.J.Devis). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

250 
PICIILE. 

Subsp. a. DeBdrocopus 1-acasaram 

Pious lucasanus, Xantas, Proc. Acad. Pkilad. 1859, p. 302; Malk. 
Picid. I p. 166 (lb61); &*to. Cat. Airier. 3. p. 333, no. 1986 (1862); 
Gray, List Picid. Brit Mm. p. 50 (1668) ; Elliot, Xeic $ TJqflg. B. 

X. Amer. I. Introd. 
p. 7 (1869); Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 186, 
no. 8(312 (1870). 

Dictyopipo lucasana, Cab. § Heine, Mm. Hem. IT. p. 75 (1863). 

Picas scalaris, var. lucasanus, Cooper9 B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 383, 

head figured (1870); B., B., £ P. Hist X. Amer. B. ii. p. 519 (1874). 

Picus scalaris lucasanus, Pidgw. Proc. U. S. Xat. Mm. IbSO, pp. 189, 
219, 229, no. 363 a; Cones, Chech-list X. Amer, B. 1S:>2, p. 77, 
no. 436 ,* Belding, Proc. U. S. Xat. Mus. 1882, p. 543; id. op. cit. 
1883, pp. 344, 345, 349; Coues, Key X. Amer. B. f>d& ed. 1884, 

p. 482. 
Drvobates 
scalaris lucasanus, A. O. U. Chech-list, p. 212, no. 396 a 
(1886) j Pidgw. Man. X. Amer. B. p. 285 (18^7). 

Adult male. Besembles B. scalaris, but differs in having the outer 
-webs of the lateral fail-feathers barred only near the tip, the basal 
two-thirds or three-fourths being uniform ; the whole of the hind neck 
is black and the feathers of the extreme upper back have more black. 
It is allied to D. graysoni by its whiter lateral tail-feathers and 
conspicuous black patch on the hind neck, but may be distinguished 
by its spotted primary-coverts and also by Its longer bill and larger 
dimensions. Total length 6*8 inches, culmen 1, wing 4*05, tail 2-55, 
tarsus 0*76* toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*55, outer posterior 
0*57, inner anterior 0*43, inner posterior 0*28. 

Adult female. Has the top of the head and the occiput black like 
the hind neck. In other points it is similar to the male. Total 
length &5 inches, culmen 0*77, wing 3*9, tail 2*45, tarsus 0*73* 

Hab. Southern portion of Lower California. 

a. 
<$ ad. sk. La Paz, Lower California, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
December (A. Forrer). 
b, c. (S $ ad. sk. Cape San Lucas, Lower Call- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ibrnla, Sept. (J. Xantm). 

d. <$ num.-e. Cape San Lucas (J. Xantus). Sclater Coll. 
2 ad. sk. 
/ . tf 1mm. sk. [Southern Mexico.] Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Subsp. /3. Bendrocopns graysoni 

Picus scalaris (non Wagler), Grayson, Proc. Post $oc. Xat Hist. 
1871, p. 273.' 
Picus scalaris, var. graysoni, Laivr. Mem. Post. Soc. Xat. Hist. Ii. 

p. 294 (1874). 
Dryobates scalaris graysoni, Pidgw. Man. X% Amer. B. p. 285 (1887). 
Adult male. Differs from D. scalaris in having the outer webs of 
the lateral tall-feathers barred only on the apical half: the primary-
coverts unspotted; the whole of the hind neck black, and the feathers 
of the extreme upper back with more black, the white being sometimes 
absent or reduced to a spot, the black forming a conspicuous 
patch or generally a distinct band ; the under surface of the body 

15 . DE27DKOCOPUS. 
251 

is also less spotted with Mack. Total length 6*3 inches, culmen 0*93, 
wing 3*9, tail 2*3, tarsus 0'7; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 
0*47, outer posterior 0*55, inner anterior 0*43, inner posterior 0*25. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red on 
the head, the forehead, crown, and occiput being black. Total length 
6-2 inches, culmen 0*88, wing 3*95, tail 2*05, tarsus 0*65. 


Young male. Has the red on the head confined to the tips of the 
central crown-feathers, the hinder part of the crown and occiput 
being black; there is also a greater number of black bars on the 
outer webs of the lateral tail-feathers. In other respects it is very 
similar to the adult. 


Hob. Tres Marias Islands, "Western Mexico. 

a, b. <$ ad. sk. Tres Marias Islands, West Mexico Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(A, Forrer). 

19. Dendrocopus borealis. 
Picus borealis, Vieill. Ois. Amir. Sept* ii. p. 66, pi. cxxii. (1807) 
Jard. ed. Wilson's Amer. Orn. i. p. 251, pi. xv. fig. 1, tf (1832) ; 
Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 96 (1858); Cav.-Tayl. Ibis, 1862, p. 128; 
Cass. JProc. Acad. Philad. 1803, p. 203 ; Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 270 ; 
Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 50 (1868); id. Hand4. B. ii. p. 186, 
no. 8013 (1870); Cones, Key N. Amer. B. 1872, p. 192, fig. cxxix.; 
B., B., Sf B. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 524, pi. xlix. fig. 8, <$ (1874); 
Mayn. Bds. B. N. Amer. p. 244, pi. xix. (1879) ; Coues, Key N. 
Amer. B. 2nd ed. 1884, p. 481,fig. 331. 

Picus querulua, Bp. Syn. Bds. U. S. p. 46, no. 44 (1826) ; Nutt. Man. 
Orn. 1832, p. 577 j Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 137 (1850) ; Cass. 
Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, p. 203 j Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 21 
(1866); Bidgw. Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus. 1880, p. 189, no. 362. 

Picus vieillotii, Wagl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 20 ( $) (1827). 
Picus leucotis, Bp. Comp. List B. Bu*r. & N. Amer. p. 39, no. 253 

(1838); Licht. Nomencl Av. p. 75 (1854). 
Threnopipo borealis, Cab.fy Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 70 (1863). 
Dryobates borealis, A. O. U. Checks-list JV. Amer. B. p. 212, no. 395 

(1886); Bidgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 283 (1887) j Scott, Auk, 
1889, p. 251. 

Adult male. Back, rump, and scapulars barred black and white; 
wings and their coverts brownish black, the latter as well as both 
webs of the quills spotted with white; shafts brown; upper tail-
coverts and the four central tail-feathers uniform blackish brown, 
the next feather having the basal portion obliquely black, and the 
apical portion white spotted with black at the tip, the two outer 
large feathers almost entirely white, the inner webs being barred and 
the apical portion of the outer webs spotted with black; shafts 
corresponding in colour with the surrounding web; nasal plumes 
white ; entire top of the head, occiput, nape and hind neck, lores, 
a small stripe-like spot behind the eye, and a long and broad 
malar stripe intense black; upon the side of the occiput a stripe of 
red: sides of the face and neck, chin and throat silky white, the 
entire under surface of the body and the under tail-coverts also, 

252 
PICIDJ5. 

white, the sides of the chest striped, those of the breast spotted, the 
flanks and thighs barred with black, the under tail-coverts having 
varied markings (stripes, spots, and bars) of black; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white, the lower series of the former having 
rounded spots of black. Total length 7*3 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 
4*75, tail 3*1, tarsus 0*8 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*53, 
outer posterior 0*6, inner anterior 0*42, inner posterior 0*3. 

Adult female. Eesembles the adult male, but has no scarlet stripe 
on the side of the occiput. Total length 7*8 inches, culmen 0*85, 
wing 4*7, tail 3, tarsus 0*75. 

Hab. South-eastern United States, from Tennessee and Xorth 
Carolina to Gulf Coast, and west to Indian Territory and Eastern 
Texas. Occasionally north to Xew Jersey. 

a. Ad. sk. X. America. 
J. Audubon, Esq. 
b. 
S ad. sk. Aiken. S. Carolina April (Hart} 
Merman). I 
c. ? ad. sk. Southern States (Nelson). Hprwlviw Poll 
d. e. <$ ad.; / . 2 Cedar Keys, Florida, Dec, April >-g .Q ^ 
ad. sk. (Henshaiv). " ~ 
g. h. $ ad.; i-~m. Y<>lubia Co., Florida, Feb.,Mareh 
$ ad. sk. (B. II. IF.). J 
n. 
(S ad.; o. 5 Clear Water, Florida (&". T. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
juv. sk. Walker), 
p. 
<$ ad. sk. Enterprise, Florida, Feb. (G.A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Boardmari). 
q. c? ad. sk. Florida {Maynard). S-th in-Godman Coll. 
r, s, t tf ad. et Florida, Aug., Sept., Oct. (W. Henshaw Coll. 
iram.; u9v}w.Q Hoj.ie). ~S.-G.]. 
ad, et imm. sk. 

20. Deiidrocopns minor. 
Picus minor, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 176 (1766); Scop. Ann. i. p. 49 
(1769) j Gm. St/st. Nat. i. p. 437 (1788); Lath. Lul Orn. i. p. 229 
(1790); Perm. Arct. ZooL i. p 326 (1792); Leivm, B. Gt. Brit ii. 

p. 42, pi. L (17915); Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. p. 07 (1802); Blum. 
Man. dHist. Nat. i. p. 205 (1803); Bechst. Naturg. Deidschl ii. 
p. 1039 (1805) ; Temm. Cat. Syst p. m (1807) ; Meyer 4* Wolf, 
Taschenb. p. 124 (1810) ; Meyer, Yog. Liu- u. Esth. p. 63 (1815) j 
Meisn. fy Schinz, Vor/. Schweiz, p. 41 (1815); Sieph. Gen. ZooL ix. 
p. 166, pi. xxxiv. (1815); Forst. Syn. Cat. Brit. B. p. 7 (1817) ; 
Niks. Orn. JSuee. p. Ill (1817) ; YieilL N Diet. d'But Nat. xxvL 
p. 88 (1818) ; Temm. Man. cTOrn. I p. 399, iii. p. 283 (1820); 
Brehm, Naturgesch. Eur. Tog. i. p. 141 (1823); Bonn. # VieilL 
Enc. Mith. iii. p. 1304 (1823); Roux, Orn, Prov. p. 99, pi. Ixii 
(1825); Naum. Tot/. Deidschl. v. p. 334, pi. cxxxvi. (1826); 
Misso, Eur. MSrid. 'iii. p. 60 (1826) ; Valenc. Diet Sc. Nat xl. 
p. 180 (1826); Wagl St/st. Av. Picus, sp. 25 (1827); Savi, Orn. 
Tosc. i. p. 145 (1827); Drap. Diet. Oassif. xiil p. 498 (1828); 
Less. TraitS, i. p. 219 (1831); Brehm, Yog. Detdschl. p. 193 (1831); 
Selby, III Brit. Orn. i. p. 379 (1833) ; Gtog. Handb. Naturgesch. 
Yog. Eur. p. 461 (1834); Jem/ns, Man. Brit Vertebr. p. 151 
(1835); Gould, B. Eur. (not plate) (1837); Bp, Comp. List B. 
15 . DENDROCOPUS. 
253 

Eur. 8f N. Amer, p. 39 (1838) ; Keys, fy Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. 149 
& xxxv (1840) ; Benoit, Orn. Sicil. p. 32 (1840) ; Schinz, Eur. 
Faun. i. p. 263 (1840); Cara, Orn. Sard. p. 89 (1842) ; Yarr. Hist. 
Brit. B. ii. p. 147 (1843) ; Sehkg. Rev. Crit. p. 1 (1844) ; V. d. 
Muhle, Orn. Griechenl. p. 30 (1844); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 435 
(1845) ; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 134 (1850); Reiehenb. Scans. 
Picin<e, p. 370, no. 855, pi. dcxxxvi. figs. 4234-35 (1854); Sundev. 
Sv. Fogl. p. 142, pi. xxiii. figs. 4, 5 (1856) ; Ilewits. Eggs Brit. 

B. i. p. 241 (1856); Loche, Cat. Mamm. et Ois. d'Algir. p. 92 
(1858); Schrench, Amur-Reise, i. p. 263 (1859) ; Jaub. ty Barth.-
Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 331 (1859) ; Von Wright, Finl Fogl. 
p. 274 (1859); Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 43 (I860) ; Poioys, Ibis, 
1800, p. 235 ; Math. Picidce, i. p. 113, pi. xxvi. figs. 4-7 (1861); 
Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iii. pi. lxxii. figs. <S, ? , and iuv. (1863); 
Salvad. Cat Uee. Sard. p. 33 (1864); PrSv. $ Bern. Hist. Nat. 
Ois. cPJEur. p. 170 (1864); More, Ibis, 1865, p. 136; Sundev. 
Consp. Av. Piein. p. 25 (1866); Lilf. Ibis, 1866, p. 183; Degl $ 
Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 153 (1867); Bettoni, Uce. Bomb. ii. 
pi. lxxviiL (1868); Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mas. p. 36(1868); 
Borggr. Vog.-Faun. Norddeutschl p. 68 (1869); Gray, Hand-l. B. 
ii. p. 182, no. 8558 (1870); Elw. $ Buckl. Ibis, 1870, p. 188; 
Fritsch, Vog. Eur. p. 69 (1870), pi. xv. (1871) ; Gum. jun. Ibis, 
1871, p. 294; Salvad. Faun. Ital, TJcc. p. 39 (1871); Sa'und. Ibis, 
1871, p. 66 ; Hart. Handb. Brit. B. p. 32 (1872) ; Br ess. B. Eur. 
v. p. 53, pi. cclxxxii. (1872); Elw. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 649 ; Alst. fy 
Earv.-Br. Ibis, 1873, p. 59; Brooke, t.c. p. 236 ; Perini, Man. 
Orn. Veron. i. p. 405 (1874); Danf. $ Harv.-Br. Ibis, 1875, 
p. 299; E'Hamonv. Cat. Ois. dSEur. p. 10 (18761; Saund. Bull 
Soc. Zool. Fr. 1876, p. 324; Tacz. op. cit. 1877, p. 152; Schleg. 
Vog. Nederl. i. p. 40, pi. v. figs. 12,13 (1878) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1879, 
p. 29; Elw. op. cit. 1880, p. 396; Blahist. fy Pry&r, Trans. As. 
Soc. Jap. 1880, p. 207 ; Madar. Syst. Aufz. Vog. Ungarns, p. 23 
(1881); Carls. Kongl. Vet-Akad. Fb'rhandl 1882, i. p. 30; 
Bolau, J.f. 0. 1882, p. 337; Marsch. $> Pelz. Orn. Vindob. 1882, 
p. 92; Seeb. Ibis, 1882, p. 25; Newt. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 477 
(1882); Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 359 (1884) ; Blahist. Amend. 
List B. Jap. pp. 28,44 (1884) ; Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 204 (1886). 
Lesser Spotted W oodpecker, Penn. Brit. Zool. p. 79, pi. E (1766) ; 
Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 566 (1782), Suppl. i. p. 107 (1787); Mont. 
Orn. Diet. i. (1802) ; Seeb. Sib. in Eur. p. 21 (1880). 

Bendrocopos minor, Koch, Syst. baier. Zool. i. p. 73 (1816). 
Picns hortorura, Brehm, Vog. DeutscM. p. 193 (1831). 
Dendrocopus minor, Selby, Brit. Orn. pi. xxxviii. fig. 4 (1833) ; 


Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 307; B. O. U.List Brit. B. p. 78 (1883); 

Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 304. 
Picus striolatus, Macgill. Brit. B. iii. p. 86 (1840). 
Pipripicus minor, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 53 (1854). 

Piculus hortorum, 1 
Piculus herbarum, 
Piculus minor, ;> Brehm, Vollst. Vogelf. p. 70 (1855). 
Piculus crassiro&tris, | 
Piculus pusillus, J 

Picus ledouci, Math. Faun. Orn. AlgSr. p. 22 (1855). 
Picus kamtschatkensis (pt), Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. F\ 1876, p. 239. 
Picus kamtschatkensis (non Bp.), Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1878, 


p. 139. 
Xylocopus minor, Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hem. iy. p. 51 (1863). 
254 PICID-ffi. 

Dryobates minor, Gigl. Ibis, 1865, p. 58. 
Picus minor, var. pipra, Collett, Norges Fuglef. p. 810 (1881). 
Picus pipra (non Pail), Blahist. fy Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Jap. 1882, 


p. 133; Seeb. Ibis, 1882, p. 374. 
Picus minor pipra, Blakist. Ckrysanth. iii. p. 28 (1883). 
Adult male. Upper back and upper scapulars black, the lower 
scapulars white narrowly barred with black; remainder of the 
back barred black and white; rump and upper tail-coverts black : 
wing-coverts black, the median series having a subapical white bar 
or spot, the greater coverts being spotted with white on both webs ; 
bastard-wing and exposed portion of primary-coverts black; quills 
black, spotted with white upon both webs, the innermost being 
barred across with white ; shafts brownish black ; the four central 
tail-feathers black, the next one on either side black at the base, 
the tip and the margin of half the outer web white, with a subapical 
black bar; the two outer large feathers on either side white, narrowly 
barred with black on both webs, the extreme base black; 
dwarf feather black, tipped with white; shafts corresponding in 
colour with the surrounding web; lores white: a broad frontal 
band of pale buff, brownish at the base; crown crimson, with 
partly concealed white spots, the bases of the feathers dusky: outer 
edge of the crown, the occiput, nape, and hind neck black; sides of 
the face and neck white, the ear-coverts palo brown ; a black 
malar stripe bordering the throat and fee neck, and passing 
behind the ear-coverts but not joining the occiput, the black widening 
on the side of the neck and forming a conspicuous patch ; from 
the chin to the under tail-coverts (inclusive) brownish white, the 
chin and upper throat whiter, narrowly striped with black on the 
sides of the chest and of the body, also on the flanks and thighs : 
the under tail coverts having heart-shaped or sagittate spots of 
black; under wing-coverts white, with, at most, a few dusky spots; 
on the edge of the wing a conspicuous patch of black; axillaries 

•white. Total length 5*8 inches, culnien 0*76, wing 3*6, tail 2*4, 
tarsus 0*6; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*38, outer 
posterior 0*46, inner anterior 0*33, inner posterior 0*22. 
Adult female. Has no red on the head, the forehead and fore 
part of the crown being buffy white. Total length 5*8 inches, 
cnlmen 0*65, wing 3*6, tail 2*27, tarsus 0*6. 

Nestling (S ?)• Is of a more sooty-brown colour above; the 
centre (only) of the crown crimson, the feathers being dingy white 
at the base * the base of the frontal band not dusky brown. In 
other respects resembles the adult. 

Southern examples of this species are smaller and darker below 
than typical birds, and the striations on the underparts are broader 
and blacker. In the Altai mountains, South-eastern Siberia, and 
the region of the Amour, birds are to be found almost identical with 
typical examples of both D. minor and D. pijora, while others are 
intermediate between these two forms. In Yezo the bird is not 
typical, although I place it under D. minor. 

Hal. Europe, generally, and extending east through the moun


15 . DEKDR0C0PTJS. 
255 

tainous regions of Southern Siberia to the Amour, ranging south 
into Mongolia and into the island of Yezo. Also occurs in 
Algeria and in the Azores. 

a. 
<$ ad.; b. $ imm. Taunton, Somersetshire. Cecil / Smith, Esq. 
[P.]. 
c. $ ad. sk. Wiltshire. Montagu Coll. 
d,e. S 
2 a(*. ; f. Juv. Cookham, Berks. Gould Coll. 
sk. 

g. 
<$ ad. sk. Cookham ( W. Brit R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[p.]. 
h. Juv. sk. Cookham, June (R. B. S.). Hume Coll. 
h k. <$ $ ad. sk. Cookham, May (P. B. S.). Tweeddale Coll. 
I. Juv. sk. Avington, Hants, Dec. Shelley Coll. 
m. $ ad. sk. Sussex. Hume Coll. 
n,o. S $ imm. sk. Cain Wood, Middlesex. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
p, q. Ad. sk. Cambridgeshire. Mr. Baker. 
r, s. c? 2 ad. sk. Sweden, Nov. Gould Coll. 
t. 
cJ ad. sk. Sweden (IT. W7ieelwrigh£).Tweeddale Coll. 
w. J juv. sk. Shane, Sweden. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
PP.]v, 
w. 6 $ ad. sk. Wermland, Oct., Dec. Mr. Meves [0.]. 
#, y. <$ 2 ad. sk. Algiers. Purchased. 
», #'. cT 2 ad. sk. Russia. Gould Coll. 
6'. $ ad. sk. Russia, Sept. Moscow Museum. 
c'. c? ad. sk. Archangel, April. Hume Coll. 
d\ J ad. sk. Petchora. Colonel Feilden [P.l 
e\ (S imm.;/'-. 2 ad. Narimskaja, River Ob, SiDr. 
0. Finsch [C.]. 


sk. beria, Sept. 
Juv. sk. Tschematschewskaja, River Dr. 0. Finsch [CI 
Ob, July. 
3 ad. sk. Ussuri River, E. Siberia, Warsaw Museum. 
Oct. 
Skull. England. Yarrell Coll. 
Skull. South Germany. Dr. Giinther [C.]. 

Subsp. a. Dendrocopus pipra. 

Picus pipra, Pall Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. p. 414 (1831),* Seeb. Ibis, 
1880, p. 181; id. Sib. in Fur. p. 109 note (1880); id. Sib. in Asia, 

p. 293 (1882). 
Picus minor (non Linn.), Gould, B. Bur. pi. ccxxxi., ^ J ad. (not 
text) (1837) ; Middenb. Sib. Beise, Zool. p. 132 (1861; ; Seek $ 
Harv.-Br. Ibis, 1876, p. 112; Finsch} Verhandl. h. k. zool.-bot. 
Gesellsch. Wim, 1879, p. 227. 

Picus minor (pi), Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Bur. p. 51 (1842); Bsichenb. 
Scans. Picince, p. 370, no. 855 (1854). 
Trichopicus kamtschatkensis, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 8 no. 49 
(1854). 

Picus kamtschatkensis, Malh. Picidm, i. p. 115, pi. xxvi. tigs. 1S> 
2 $ (1861) ; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 26 (1866) ; Gray, List 
Pieid. Brit. Mus. p. 37 (1868) ; id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 182, no. 8561 
(1870) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1876, p. 239 (pt), 1882, p. 396; 
Dyb. op. cit. 1883, p. 368. 

Xylocopus kamtschatcensis, Cab.fyHeine, Mus. Rein. iv. p. 53 (1863). 
Picus minor kamtschatkensis, Byhx <$• Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1884, 
p, 146, 

256 PICID.S. 

Dendrocopos immaculatuSj Stejn. Proc.BioLSoc. Wash. ii. p. 98 (1884). 
Dryobates immaculatus, Stejn. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 29 (1885), 
pp. 231, 842. 

Adult male (tuinter). Differs from D. minor in haying the whole 
of the under surface of the body and the under tail-coverts pure 
white, the latter being occasionally uniform, but more often with a 
few small spots of black; with fewer black bars or transverse spots 
on the lateral tail-feathers; the lower half of the back and the 
rump almost spotless wbite, with only a trace of bar-like markings 
of black; the white bars on the wings broader ; the measurements 
are also greater. In other respects it resembles B. minor. Total 
length 6i5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*75, tail 2-45, tarsus 0*6; toes 
(without claws)—outer anterior 0*33, outer posterior 0-43, inner 
anterior 0*3, inner posterior 0*2. 

Adult female (winter). Differs from the adult male in the 
absence of red on the crown, this being for the greater part white, 
the outer edge, likewise the occiput, being black as in the male. 
Total length 6'2 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*75, tail 2*0, tarsus 0*58. 

In summer both sexes have a few black striations on the sides of 
the chest and on the thighs, and the white of the back is more 
barred with black; the under surface of the body, although white, 
is scarcely so pure. In this plumage they more resemble northern 
examples of D. minor in winter. 

Hah. From the South Ural Range, across Siberia north of about 
55° lat., and into Kamtschatka and Behring Island.* 

a,b. $ $ ad.sk. Upper Ural River, Ural Mts., Dr. Severtzoff "C.1. 
March 26th. 

Subsp. /3. Dendroeopus quadrifasciaius. 

Picus minor (non Linn.), Bogd. B. Caue. p. 123 (1879). 
Picus minor, var. quadrifasciatus, Badde, Orn. Cam. p. 315, pi. xix. 
£g. 5, <J (1884). 

Adult male. According to Eadde the small Spotted Woodpecker 
of the Caucasus differs from D. minor in having only four bands of 
white on the wings (when closed) instead of five^ as in the latter 
species; the dimensions are also less, and are given by Eadde as 
follows:—Total length 128 millim., wing 83, tail 55, culmen 14, 
tarsus 15. 

Adult female. Has no red on the top of the head. Total length 
126 millim., wing 82, tail 55, culmen 12, tarsus 15. 
Hah. Caucasus. 

Subsp. y. Dendrocopus danfordi. 

Picus minor (non Linn.), Danf. Ibis, 1877, p. 264, 1878, p. 7. 

Picus danfordi, Harg. Ibis, 1883, p. 172. 

Adult male. May be distinguished from D. minor by having the 

* The want of specimens, as well as the absence of information on the subject, 
prevents me from being more precise as to the range of |his subspecies. 
15 . DENDROCOPTJS. 
257 

brancli from the black malar stripe passing quite round trie 
posterior portion of the ear-coverts and joining the occiput. It is 
also darker and browner below and more striated, and the flanks 
and thighs are distinctly barred with dusky black. The present 
species resembles (as might be expected) in coloration the more 
southerly form of D. minor rather than typical Swedish birds. 
Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3*4, tail 1*85, tarsus 0*55 ; 
toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*35, outer posterior 0*45, inner 
anterior 0*3, inner posterior 0*22. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of red 
on the head, the crown, as well as the forehead, being buffy white. 
Total length 5*2 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*3, tail 1*S5, tarsus 0*52. 

Bab. The Taurus range, Asia Minor, and extending into Turkey 
and Greece. 

a. $ 
ad. sk. Zebil, Taurus, Asia Minor, Jan. 7, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
1876 (C G. Danford). 
b. 5 ad. bk. Anascka, Tauras, Asia Minor, March Salvin-Godman Coll. 
24, 1876 (C. G. Danford). 
21. Dendrocopus lignarius. 
Picus lignarius, Molina, Stor. Nat. Chili, p. 343, juv. (1782); Gm. 
Syst. Nat. i. p. 424, no. 22 (1788); Lath. Ind. Dm. i. p. 224, no. 2, 
juv. (1790); Steph. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 157 (1815); Vieill N Diet. 
oVKist. Nat. xxvi. p. 90 (1818) ; Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 114; 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 435 (184-5); Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 139, 

$ ad. (1850); Bum. Th. Bras. ii. p. 225 (1856); Math. Picidce, 

i. p. 109, pi. xxvi.figs. 9-11, d ? & juv. (1861); 'Mat. Cat.Amer. 
B. p. 334, no. 1992 (1862); Sundev. Consp. Av. Pioin. p. 20 (1866) ; 
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 328, 338; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. 
p. 49 (1868); Sclat. $ Sah. Ibis, 1869, p. 283; Gray, Rand-l. B. 
ii, p. 185, no. 8606 (1870) ; Sclat. fy Sah. Nomenel. Av. Neotr. 
p. 99 (1873); Sclat. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 631; Sah. Cat. 
Strickl Coll. p. 387, no. 1895 (1882) ; id. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 425; 
Tacz. Orn. PSrou, iii p. 78 (1886). 
Picus melanocephalus, King, P. Z. S. 183], p. 14, J ad.; Gay, Faun. 
Chil, Zool. p. 372 (1847); Philippi, Cat. Av. Chil. Mus. Santiagoj 

p. 27 (1869). 
Picus puncticeps, dOrb. Voy. AmSr. Merid. iv. p. 379, pi. Ixiv. fig. 1, 
<5 ad. (1835-44); Tsch. Consp. Av. Rep. Penian. in WiegmannJs 
Arch, fur Naturg. 1844, p. 303, no. 250; Cab. in Tschudi's Faun. 
Peruan., Aves, p. 43, no. 5 (1845-46). 

Picus kingii, Gould, in Darwin1s Voy. 'Beagle,7 Bds,p. 113,juv. (1841). 
Picus kaupii, Hartl. Bev. et Mag. de Zool 1852, p. o ; id. Naumannia, 

1853, p. 215 ; Rekhenb. Scans. Picinm, p. 417, no. 981 b (1854). 
Picus gradatus, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 75 (1854). 
Oenturus gradatus, Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p.411, no. 967, pi. dclxv. 

figs. 4417, 4418, $ ad., <$ juv. (1854). 

Colaptes lignarius, Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 417, no. 980, pi. dclxix. 
fig. 4435, $ ad. (1854), and pi. dclxv. figs. 4417 $ ad., 4418 juv., 
sub Oenturus gradatus. 

Dyctiopicus lignarius, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 30 (1854). 
Dyctiopicus kaupii, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. n. 8, no. 31 (1854). 
Dictyopipo lignaria, Cab. 8? Heine, Mus. Rein. iv. p. 78 (1863). 

VOL. XVIII. 
s 

258 picmas. 

Adult male. Back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and scapulars barred 
black and white ; wings and their coverts brownish, black, the latter 
as well as both webs of the quills spotted with white; shafts brown ; 
tail black narrowly barred with white, the bars on the central 
feathers five in number and half the width of the interspaces ; shafts 
black; nasal plumes brownish white; forehead and crown black 
with hair-like stripes of white ; occiput scarlet; nape and hind neck 
black with a few white stripes; sides of the face and neck white, the 
ear-coverts striped black and brown, with a black postauricular stripe 
spotted with white, and an elongated black malar stripe varied with 
white anteriorly, the side of the neck striped with black; from the 
chin to the under tail-coverts white, slightly fulvescent below, striped 
with black, the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts with bar-like 
spots and bars of black; under wing-coverts and axiilaries white, 
the lower series of the former having a few rounded black spots. 
Total length (ro inches, culmen 0*95, wing 3'&o, tail 2*3, tarsus 0*7; 
toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*45, outer posterior 0*5, inner 
anterior 0*4, inner posterior 0*2. 

Adtdt female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of the 
red occipital band and the white stripes on the forehead and crown, 
the forehead being brown with a few stripe-like spots of a paler 
shade at its base, the entire crown, occiput, and nape being brownish 
black. Total length 6*3 inches, culmen 0*78, wing 3*55, tail 2*2, 
tarsus 0*7. 

Young (sex ?). Differs from the adult of both sexes in having the 
whole of the feathers on the top of the head and on the occiput tipped 
with dull red; on the forehead a few stripe-like spots of white ; the 
white on the face and neck dingy; the under surface of the body 
dingy white and very considerably varied with black, the chest and 
breast having broad and irregular stripes, the abdomen being spotted, 
and the sides of the body, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts 
barred with black; the upper mandible brownish black, the lower 
mandible pale brown with a blackish-brown tip. 

Hab. Peru (Tsclmdi), Bolivia, the Argentine Republic, and through 
Chili south to the island of Chiloe. 

a, $ ad. sk. Chili. T. Bridges, Esq. [C.l 
b,c. $ ad. sk Chili, Jan. 1837 (C. Darwin). Gould Coll. 
d? e. S $ «L 5 Chili. Sclater Coll. 
/ Juv. sk. 
g, L cS ad. • I Chili. Salvin-Godman Col. 
Juv. sk. 
h. $ ad. sk. Goquimbo, Chili, Nov. 1881 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(A. H. Markham), 
I <$ ad. sk. Chilian Andes, Tweeddale Coll, 
m. c? ad. sk. Valparaiso. Sir W. Burnett and 
n* S ad. sk.
o. <5 ad. sk.
P> <2-$ %&* e timm. sk.
r. 5 ad. sk. 
Island of Chiloe. 
Bolivia. 
Cosquin, Cordova, Arg. Rep., 
Aug. (JE1 W. White). 
Capt. Fitzroy [P.]. 
Zoological Society, 
T. Bridges, Esq.. [C.]. 
Sclater Coll 
Riocour Coll. 

15 . DENDKOCOPTTS. * 25 9 
22. Den&rocopus mixtus. 
L'Epeiclie on Pic varie de la Encenada, Buff, Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. 

p. 409 (1783). 
Pic male de la Ene&aada, Dcmbent. PL JRnl. 748.fig. 1. 
Picus mixtus, Bodd. Tall PL JEnl. p. 47 (1783); Gray, Gen. P. iii. 
App. p. xxi (1849); Sclat Cat Amer. B. p. 334, no. 1996 (1862); 
Sundev. Consp. Av. Pmn. p. 20 (1866) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. 
Mus. p. 48 (1868); Sclat. $ 8alv. P-Z- & 1868, pp. 138, 143; 
Hudson, op. cit. 1870, p. 158 j Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 185, no. 
8608 (1870); Peb.Om.Bras. p. 443 (1870); Sclat.fySah,Nomencl. 
Av. Neotr. p. 99 (1873) ; Bumf. Ibis, 1878, p. 62; White, P. Z. S. 
1882, p. 617, 1883, p. 40 ; Barroios, Auk, 1884, p. 25 ; Withinqt&
n, Ibis, 1888, p. 407; Sclat. $ Jluds. Arg. Orn. ii. p. 19 (1889). 

Picus bicolor, Gm. Syst Nat i. p. 438 (1788) ,• Bp. Consp. Gm. Av. 

i. p. 139 (1850); Reichenb. Scans. Picinc?, p. 372, no. 860, pi. 
dexxxvii.fig\ 4241, S (1854) ; Malh. Picidce, i. p. 137, pi. xxxiv. 
figs. 1-3, d ? ad., tf juv. (1861). 
Picus variegatus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 233 (1790); Steph. Gen. Zool. 

ix. p. 193 (1815) ; Bonn. # Twill. JEnc. Mtth. iii. p. 1318 (1823) j 
Bnrm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 225 (1856). 
Carpintero chorreado, Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 324, no. 259 (1805). 
Picus. maculatus, Vieill. N. Diet dJHist Nat xxvi. p. 91 (1818) 5 

id. 8f Bonn. JEnc. Meth. iii. p. 1317 (1823) ; Way!. Syst Av. Picus, 
sp. 58 (1827). 
Ohloronerpes maculatus, Hartl. Lid. Azara, p. 17, no. 259 (1847); 

Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 355, no. 816 (1854). 
Dyctiopicus "bicolor, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 8, no. 29 (1854). 
Dictyopipo mixta, Cab. 8f Heine, Mus. Hein, iv. p. 76 (1863). 
Dendrobates lignarius (nmi Molina), Burm. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 634. 

Adult male. Kesembles D. lignarius, but differs in having the top 
of the head browner and entirely, as well as more broadly, striped 
with white; the red on the occiput confined to the sides• the ear-
coverts browner and with less black behind, the malar region spotted 
with black, and behind it a broken stripe of black; the upper parts 
fulvescent and the transverse light markings broader; the central 
tail-feathers crossed by seven black bars; shafts of tail-feathers 
brown; chin and throat fulvescent white spotted with black; 
under surface of the body strongly fulvescent and covered with 
drop-like spots of black; the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts 
also spotted. Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*5, tail 2, 
tarsus 0*73; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*4, outer posterior 
0-52, inner anterior 0*33, inner posterior 0*25. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red 
occiput; the feathers of the forehead and crown brown, with paler 
tips, those of the forehead having buffy-white shaft-lines, the occiput 
and nape being brownish black. Total length 5-8 inches, culmen 
0-7, wing 3*3, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*65. 

Hah. Southern Brazil and Uruguay, south to Monte Yideo; 
Paraguay and the Argentine Eepublic, south to Euenos Ayres, and 
in Chili. 

s2 

260 PICID-&. 
a,b. <3 2 ad. sk. S. Brazil. Sclater Coll. 
c. <$ juv. sk. Pampas Argeniinas, Cliili Saivin-Godxnan Coll. 
{Leybold). 
d, e. $ 5 ad. sk.
/ . 2 ad. sk.
g. $ ad. s^k. 
2 a(i. sk.
i. $ ad. sk. 
Punta Lara, Arg. Piep.j Oct 
Punta Lara, May, 
Buenos Ayres (Haslehusf). 
Conchitas, Buenos Ayres,
Sept. {W. H. Hudson). 
Mendoza (Weisshaitpt). 
H.DurrifordjEsq/C.'l 
Alan Peel, Esq. _QX 
Salvin-Godman CoC. 
Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
k91 cf ad. : m. $ Chili. Zoological Society. 
ad. sk. 
n. $ ad. Tar. sk. Cliili. Old Coll. 

23. Bendrocopus cancellatns. 
Picus cancellated Wagl Ms, 1829, p. 510. <$ ad. f ]iiv. ?). g (d* ad. ?); 
i?j9. Cons/?. 0<w. A . i. p. IBB, juv. (IkoO); &te*. P. Z. S. 1856, 

p. 808; Sundev. Comp. Ac. Picin. p. 21 (IfcUO); Gray, List Pirid. 
Brit. Mm. p. 49 (1808); id. Haad-L B. ii. p. 1-6, no.*8011 (1870); 
Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 245, 443 (1870). 
Dyctiopicus wagleri, Pp. Co/isp, Valuer. ZyyotL p. 8, no. 33 (1854). 
Bendrobateb maculatus, Burm. Tk. Bras. ii. p. 224 (1850). 
Picus waslerii, Malh. Piricfa, i. p. 112. pi. xxix. tier5, l-o, d1 ad., 


c?ju<S ad (18IJ1). 
Dictyopipo cancellata, Cab. ef IMne, Mm. Rein. iv. p. 7S (1803). 

Adult faaale. Resembles B. mictus § , but differs in having the 
whole of the top of the head umber-brown ; the dark barring above 
as well as on the wings and tail browner; the rump conspicuously 
whiter, with small longitudinal and transverse blackish spots; under 
parts creamy white (not fulvescent), with extremely minute dusky 
spots, slightly longitudinal; the central tail-feathers crossed by five 
black bars. Total length 5*7 inches, culnien 0*7, wing 3"4, tail 1*62, 
tarsus 0*58 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*42, outer posterior 
0*48, inner anterior 0*38, inner posterior 0*22. 

I have only seen one example of the present species, and this has 
the top of the head uniform umber-brown, and in this respect 
resembles the uniform head possessed by the females of the allied 
species D. mixtus and D. lignariiis. I believe (judgingby analogy) 
that Wagler's adult male is the young bird, and that his female is 
the adult male, the former having been described as having the top 
of the head red, the latter as having the occiput (only) red, the 
forehead and crown-feathers striped with white. 

Hah. South Brazil (Province of San Paulo) *• 

24. Bendrocopus macii. 
Picus niacei, Vieill. N. Bid. d'Hwt. Nat xxvi. p. 80 (1818); id. 8f 
* The exact range of this species is probably not known, as it is no doubt 
often confounded with P. mixtuh. Wagler gives " Mexico " as the habitat of 
J), eancettatus, but I apprehend there has been some mistake. 
15 . DENTDBOCOPTTS. 
261 

Bonn. Em. Mith. iii. p. 1310 (1823); Temm. PI Col pi. lix. 
fig. 2, tf (1823) j $teph. Gen. Zool xiv. p. 159 (1826); Less. 
Man. oVOm. ii. p. 113, tf (1828); id. TraM, I p. 220 (1831); 
Gray, Hardw. Illustr. Ind. Zool. i. pi. xxxii, <£ $ (1830-32) ; 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 435 (1845); Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1845, p. 196 ; 
Gray, Cat. Mamm. fyc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. 1846, p. 115 ; Swidev. 
Ami. $> May. N. Hist. 1846, p. 309; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. 

p. 62 (1849); id. J. A. S. B. 1849, p. 804; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. 
i. p. 135 (1850); Reichenb. Scans. Plcinm, p. 369, no. 852 
(1854); Horsf. # Moore, Cat. B. Mus. U. I Co. ii. p. 672 (185058); 
Malh. Picidce, i. p. 96, pi. xxiv. figs. 1-2, <$ $ (1861); 
Jerd. B. Bid. i. p. 272 (1862); Gray, Cat. Mamm. #c. Nepal 
pres. Hodgs. 1863, p. 63; Swidev. Consp. Av. Picin, p. 25 
(1866); dray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 37 (1868); id. RandA. 
B. ii. p. 183, no. 8563 (1870); Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 7; Hume, 
Str. F. 1874, p. 471; Hume 8f Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 123 (1878); 
Cripps, op. oil vii. p. 261 (1878); Scully, op. cit. 1879, pp. 245, 
367; Marshall, Ibis, 1884, p. 410. 
Dendrocopus utacei, Sivains, Classif. B. ii. p. 307 (1837). 
Dendrocopus pyriceps, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. 1844, p. 85. 
Picus wagleri, Hartl. Cat. Brem. Mus. p. 91 (1844); Gray, Gen. B. ii. 

p. 435 (1845) ; Reichenb. Scans. Picince. p. 368, no. 849, pi. dcxxxiv. 
fig. 4223, <$ (1854). 

Yungipicus macei, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 72 (1854). 

Dendrotypes macei, Cab. fy Heine, Mus. Rein. iv. p. 46 (1863); 

Blyth $ Wald. B. Burm. p. 77 (1875). 

Picus macii, Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 354; Layard, Ibis, 1868, p. 249; 
Cock § Marshall, Str. F. 1873, p. 350; Mime, op. cit. 1880, p. 247; 
Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 33 (1883); Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 57 
(1888). 

Picus westennani, Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 163. 
Adult male. Back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and scapulars black, 
the upper tail-coverts and a broad zone across the upper back uniform, 
the remainder being barred with white; wings and their 
coverts black, the median and the greater coverts as well as both 
webs of the quills spotted with white; shafts black; tail black, the 
two outer large feathers barred with white on more or less of the 
apical portion; shafts black; nasal plumes and base of forehead 
brownish buff; crown and occiput crimson; nape and hind neck 
black; sides of the face and neck uniform buffy white or pale buff; 
the chin, throat, and fore neck also uniform, but of a pure buff; a 
black malar stripe borders the throat and fore neck and terminates 
on the side of the chest in a series of longitudinal spots or stripes ; 
the underparts below the fore neck dusky buff:, striped with 
blackish, the stripes more intense on the sides of the body, the flanks 
and thighs barred with black; vent and under tail-coverts scarlet; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the former barred with 
black. Total length 7'5 inches, culmen 1, wing 4*4, tail 2*55, 
tarsus 0*7; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*5, outer posterior 
0*6, inner anterior 0#45, inner posterior 0*25. 
Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the entire 
crown and occiput black; " bill plumbeous dusky, grey horny at 
base; feet greenish plumbeous " (Scully). Total length 7*5 inches, 
culmen 0*97, wing 4*2, tail 2-55, tarsus 0*75. 

262 PICTDJ3. 

Young male. Has the underparts more dusky than the adult 
male, and the flanks and thighs have dusky barring; the under tail-
coverts are of a less brilliant red ; the red on the head not extending 
on to the nuchal feathers; the tips of the outer webs of the primaries 
white : " bill horny; legs dirty greenish; iris brownJJ (J. 
Cockbum). 

Hab. Himalayas west to Hurree; Assam, Cachar, Manipur, 

Tipperah, and Eastern Bengal *. 

c. $ iro.ni. sk. 
d, e. J ad. sk. 
/. 6 ad. sk. 
</. S ad. sk. 
X $ ad. sk. 

i, k. £ ad.; /, m. g 
ad.; n9 o. Imm. sk. 
p, q* <£ ad. j r, $
ad. sk. 
S~ID. S ad. et Imm.; 
x, 5 ad. sk. 
y-e' <$ ad.; f'-i'. 

2 ad. sk. 
k', V. <$ ? ad. sk. 
m'9 n\ <$ ad. sk. 
o\ $ ad. sk. 
p',q'. c? ad.; ;•'. J 

imm. sk. 
*', t\ 6 2 ad. sk. 
u\ $ juv. sk. 

v'j w'. <S ad. efc 
juv. sk. 
x\y\ <J ad.;*'. $ 
ad. sk. 

a"~d'\ £ ad. et 
imm.; e",/'. $ 
ad. sk. 


g'\ J ad. sk. 
h'\ $ ad. sk. 


i". $ ad. sk.
krt~v". 3ad.;y''-m\


$ ad. etimm. sk.
w3, o'\ g 5

 a$* gk.

JP3. 2 ad.; q\ <S Tipperah. "
imm. j r3. <$ juv. 
sk 

s% ti S 2 ad. sk. Dacca, March 1871.

N.W. India. 
Murree, June % 1872 (<?. H. T. 
Marshall). 

Masuri. 
Dehra Dhoon. 
Kaladoongee, Sept. 24, 1800. 
Birmdeo, Kumaon Bhabur, 


March 19,1871 (G. King). 
Nepal. 

 Nepal (B. H Hodgson) 

Native Sikhim, April. July, Aug,

(L. Mandelli). 
Sikhim, March, April, N«»v., Dec.

(L. Mandelli). 
Parceling, March 187**).
Darjeelinpr.
Ehasia Hills {Griffith).
Assam (McCkiland).


Assam.
Shillong, June 1875 (A. W.
Chennell). 
Shillong, Aug., Oct. (J. Coekburn).

Tippook, March 1877 (J.
Coekburn). 

Dibrughur, Dec, March, May,
June (J. R. Cripps). 

Sadhya.
Barak Bh er, Cachar, Oct. 1878


(W.Davison). 
Cachar, Jan. 20, 1881 (A. 0. H.). 
Manipur, Feb., March, April

 (A. 0. H.). 
Akyab, Pegu, March, April

(J. Armstrong). 
Pmwill Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hodgson Coll. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 
India Museum. 
India Museum. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

* Ceylon has been given as a habitat of this species, but this is evidently 
an error. 

15 . DEETDROCOPTTS. 263 
w3. c? ad. sir.
v3 . <S juv. sk. 
Calcutta. 
Muddapur, Oct 10,1878 ( W. F. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
w\ 2 ad. sk,
Brooks). 
Bkudesen, Oct. 10, 1878 (W. F. Hume Coll. 
xs . Skeleton.
Brooks). 
India. Purchased. 

25. Den&rocopus atratus. 
Picas atratus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1849, p. 803; id. Cat. B. Mus. As. 
Soa, App. i. p. 313 (1849) ; id. J. A. S. B. 1859, p. 412; Malh. 
PicidtB, I p. 72 (1801); Jerd. B. Lid. i. p. 275 (1862); Sundev. 
Co?isp. Av. Picin. p. 25 (1866) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 38 
(1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 183, no. 8567 (1870); Hume, Sir. F 
1874, p. 471; Wald. Ibis, 1876, p. 343, pi. ix., tf $ * Hume, Str. F. 
1877, p. 113; id. $ Davison, op. cit vi. pp. 123, 500 (1878); 

Wardl.-Bams. Ttoeedd. Mem. p. 427 (1881); Oates, B. Brit 
Burnt, ii. p. 34 (1883); Hume, Sir. F. xi. p. 58 (1888). 
Dendrotypes atratus, Cab. $• Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 49 (1863); 
Blyth $ Wald. B. Burm. p. 77 (1875). 
Picus harmandi, Oicstalet, Bull. Soe. Philom. 1879, pp. 214-5 (^ juv.). 

Adult male, Eesembles B. madi, but differs in having the face 
and side of the neck pure white; the chin arid throat also white, 
the lower throat, fore neck, and chest striped with black, the latter 
very broadly so • the under surface of the body more fulvescent and 
the black striations broader; a broader frontal band of smoky white, 
the upper feathers having dusky tips; the dimensions are greater : 
" legs and feet dusky leaden, soles yellowish hoary: claws dark 
brown; bill horny black, bluish groy at gape and base of lower 
mandible; irides lac-red " {Hume). Total length 8'25 inches, culmen 
1*12, wing 4*5, tail 2*7, tarsus 0*73 ; toes (without claws)— 
outer antorior 0*53, outer posterior 0*62, inner anterior 0*43, inner 
posterior 0'28. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red on 
the top of the head; the forehead (except at the extreme base), 
crown, occiput, and nape being uniform deep black; the under surface 
of the body rather less fulvescent. Total length 8'6 inches, 
culmen 1*15, wing 4*8, tail 2*8, tarsus 0*82. 

Toung male. Eesembles the adult male in having the top of the 
head red, but it is of an orange-scarlet, not crimson; the chin and 
throat are purer white, and the underparts are much more dusky 
and have scarcely any fulvescent tinge; the under tail-coverts are 
pale brick-red. 

Hal. British Burmah (and probably Native Burmah), north to 
Manipur; in Tenasserim south to Mooleyit; eastward ranging into 
Laos *• 

a, b. c?ad.j c, d} Aimole, Manipur, April, May Hume Colh 

e. $ ad.sk. (A. O. H). 
* P. harmandi of Oustalet, which I take to be the young of the present 
species, is from the latter country. 
264 PICIBJ3. 
/ . J ad.; g, k $ Karen Hills, Jan., April (M. G. Tweeddale Coll, 
ad. ak. W. JR.). 
i. (S ]*uv. sk. Karen-nee, April 3,1874 (JR. G. Tweeddale Coll. 
W. JR.). 
k,l c?ad.; m,n,o.
$ ad.etjuv.sk.
p,q. <$ adl; r. ?
ad. sk. '
s,t S S ad. sk. 
Tonghoo, March. April (B. G. 
Jf. JR.). 
Pine Forests, Salween Distr., 
Feb. 1874 (JF. Daemon). 
Mooleyit, Feb. 1677 {IF. Zto - 
Tweeddale Coll 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
u. $ ad. 8k.
son), 
Paraduba, Jan. 27. 1877 f W. Hume Coll. 
Dansrj/i). 

28. Bendrocopns bmaneifrons. 
Picus auriceps, Vig. P. Z. S. 1631, p. 44; Z<?A«. Co?npl. Buffi ix. 
p. 307 (1837): Sunder. (Joasp. Ac. Picm. p. 30 < lMir*j. 
Picus brunni irons, Vig. P. Z. S. I*£l, p. 17*5; Gould, Cent. B.Himal. 
lit*, pi. lii., cf 2 (1*321; Gray, Gen. 3. ii. p. 400 \ 1 ^40 t ; Blyth, 

J. A. S. B. 1^40, p. 100; Gray* Cat. Ma/tun. &e. Xtpal pres. 
Hodgs. 18411 p. 110; Blyth, Cut B. Mm. A*. .W. p. 02 (1*40); 
Bp. Consp. Gen. Ar. I. p. 100 (lv>0); Belch ah. Stan*. Pirince, 
p. 300, no. fcOI, pi. ihxxxr. fi«r*. 4220-27, f 2 fi<>4); J/«M. 
Pickke^ I. p. 107, pi. xuii figs. 0-0, ^ $ U^f'l |; G'ra?/, Haad-l 
B. ii. p. 183, no. *509 {1870>; /<•/< iftw, I N 2, p. 7. ^ * 
Dendrocopus brumtrims, Sicaia*. Clastif. B. ii. p. 007 (1*371; Hodgs. 
hi Gray*s Zool. Misc. 1844, p. 80. 
Pieus (Leiopicns) brimneiiron% Bp. Cmmp. Vulvar. Zygod.ji.ft, iw.Q& 
(1854). 
Leiopicus brunirifrons, Ilorsf. 4* Moure, Cat. B. Mm. E.I. Co. ii, 

p. 674 (IS0C-08): Gray, Cat. Mamm. Sfe. Xepai pres. Hodgs. 
1803, p. 03. 
Picus brunneifroiis, Jerd. B. Bid. I. p. 273 (1862); Gray* Lid Pkid. 
Brit. Mm. p. 30 (1868); Peh. Ihis, 180b, p. 020; Brooks, op. cit. 
1809, p. 47$ Beavan, t. c. p. 412; Brook*, Sir. F. 1870. p. 232; 
Marsh. Ibis, 1884, p. 410. 

Liopipo auriceps. Cab. § Heine, JMits. Hein. iv. p. 45 (1803). 
Dryobates brmmeifrons, Tytler, JCbis, 1806, p. 202. 
Picus incognitas *, Scully, Sir. F. 1870, pp. 240, 300. 


Adult male. Back, rump, and scapulars barred black and white, 
the tipper back crossed by a broad band of almost uniform black; 
upper tail-coverts black; wings and their coverts black, the median 
and the greater series of the latter and both webs of the quills 
spotted with white; shafts nearly black; tail black, the four central 
feathers uniform, the next one spotted with white on the apical 
portion of the outer web, the two outer large feathers having the 
apical half, or thereabouts, white irregularly barred with black, the 
outer webs margined with white to the base; shafts Mack; nasal 
plumes fervescent brown; crown umber-brown, slightly olivaceous, 
the hinder feathers having golden tips and the occipital feathers 

* Not specifically distinct. 
15 . DEtfDKOCOPUS. 
scarlet; nape and hind neck black : sides of the face and neck, chin 
and throat white narrowly striped with black, the ear-coverts smoky 
brown; malar region smoky brown, and behind this a black stripe 
down the side of the throat and fore neck; chest and under surface of 
the body fulvescent white striped with black; the lower part of the 
abdomen, the vent, and under tail-coverts pale scarlet*, under wing-
coverts white, with varied spots of black; axillaries fulvescent white : 
" base of lower mandible pale plumbeous; rest of bill bluish horny 
brown; legs and feet pale glaucous green; irides deep brown " (W. 
Davison). Total length 8*3 inches, culmen 1, wing 4-65, tail 3*1, 
tarsus 0*75; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*5, outer posterior 
0*58, inner anterior 0*4, inner posterior 0*25. 

Adult female. "Wants the red occipital feathers, the occiput being 
only slightly yellower than the crown. In other respects it resembles 
the adult male. Total length 8 inches, culmen 1, wing 4*5, 
tail 2-9, tarsus 0*78. 

Young. The male has the forehead, crown, and occiput dusky 
brown, with stripe-like spots of pale yellowish brown, the occipital 
feathers tipped with crimson. The female has the occipital feathers 
more golden than those of the crown, but devoid of red. 

Ilab. Nepal, Kumaon, and North-west Himalayas, also Cashmere 
and Northern Afghanistan. 

a, b. 3 § ad. sk. 
c. $ ad. sk. 
d. J ad. sk. 
e. $ ad. sk. 
f,g. 6 $ ad. sk. 
A. $ ad. sk. 
L <$ ad. sk. 
h. c?ad.; l,m. $ 
N.W. India. 
Cashmere (Jerdon). 
l\ish\it (Griffith). 
Agrore, May 6, 1870. 
Cliamba, Feb., March (C. II T. 
Marshall). 
Kotegurh, Dec. 1870. 
Murree, Aug. 1877. 
Simla, April (JR. C. Beavan). 
Gould Ooll. 
Gould Coll. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Ooll. 
Hume Coll. 
Col. Way [P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
ad. et jav. sk. 
n-d'. cTad.; <?'-w'. 
$ ad. sk. 
Simla, March, Aug., Sept., Oct., 
Nov. 
Hume Coll. 
D',W'. 6 ?ad.sk. 
x',y'. c?ad.; %', 
a". J ad. sk. 
Simla (S. Pinwitt). 
Masuri. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Ooll. 
b", c". # $ ad. Masuri (S. Pimoill). Tweeddale Coll. 
sk. 
d",e". S ad.sk. 
/' . $ ad. sk. 
g". <$ ad.; A". 
Juv. sk. 
Masuri. 
Dhoon, May 11, 1808 (G. F. L. 
Marshall). 
Kumaon (Strachey). 
Pinwill Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
India Museum, 
i". <$ ad. sk. Kumaon. Tweeddale Coll. 
k". $ juv. sk. 
l",m",n". c?ad.; 
o". $ ad. sk. 
Kalee, Almorah, June 19,1868. 
Naini Tal, Sept. 18G6. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
p". £ ad. sk. 
q",r". ^Jad.sk. 
s",t"ju". (S ad.; 
Naini Tal, Sept. 20, 1860. 
Nepal (B, H. Hodgson). 
Nepal. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
India Museum. 
Hodgson Coll. 
v". $ ad.; w". 
Juv. sk. 

266 picmas. 
# ". § ad. siry". 2 ad. sk. 
]NTepal Valley, ITarcIi % 1878(J. Sadly). 
Dolaka, Xepal, Jan. 1876 (£.
Mandelli). 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
27. Dendrocopus analis. 

Picus minor (no/i Lina.)} Eonf. Tram. Linn, Sac. xilL p. 177 (1822); 
Raffi. t. c. p. 290. 

Picus analis, Korsf. Zool. Research. Jam (1824) ; Bhjtk J. A. S. B. 
1840, p. 80±;'Bpt Consp. Gen. Av. L p. 1:37 (1850); Licht. 
Nomencl Av. p. 75 (1854); Horsf. 4* Moore, Cat R. Mus. E.l. 
Co. ii. p. 672 (1858-58); Malk. Picida, i. p. 99, pi. xxiv. figs. 3<?, 
0 2 (lbt>l) ; Jerch B. lad. i. p. 275 (1802;: bimdev. Cojtsp. Av. 
Ricin. p. 25 (1866) j Gray, List Field. Brit. Mm. p. 3b (IbOS); 
?W. lland-L B. ii. p. 183, no. b564 (18701; Hume £ 0«tes, >S?r. .P. 
1875, pp. 14, 57 ; Arm*tr. op. eit 1^76, p. 309; J2w«e 4* Damon. 
Str.R vi. p. 123 (1878}; 2Y/w/, O/S. JB. thiMn-f'h. p. ^ (1870) ; 

Vordenn. Qier. Sat Tijds. XederL Ittd. xlii 2. p. 20 flv-2|; 
Oata, Sir. F. x. p. 100 (18^2;; id. R. Brit. Bvrm. ii. p. 35 
(lbb3). 

Picus macei (nan VmlL), Watjl. 8t/*>L Av. Pieu-, ^p. 26 f lb27). 
Dendrocopus macei, IlartI, Cat. Bir-m. Mus. p. Oil 1^44f. 
Picub pectoralis, Bbjflt.J.A. *V. 2?. Ib4*j, p. 15, W9 , p. Mil; $?>/. CVtf. 


J5. 3/tts. .4s\ #*,r. p. 03 (1849f, 
Picu^ lnolaccen^i"* (/ion Om.)t Reiflwnh. Scam. Pi* aire, p. 371, no. d58, 

pi. dcxxxui. iig*. 4239-40, <? S (1>>4). 
Yungipicub analis, 2?/>. Cwitp. Volurr. Zijgmi. p. % no. 73 11N54). 
Dendrutvpes analis, Cab. ty Heine, Mm. Ileui. i\. p. 47 (18i»3); 

Salvad. Utc. Bom. p. 40 (1874) ; Wuld. lbi\ 1^75, p. 463 ; id. ty 
Bh/tk, B. Bitrm. p. 7b (1575)• Tweedd. Ibis, 1^77* pp. 2^5, 200; 
Xuhohon, op. cit. 1870, p. 165, IbSi, p. 141 ; WtirdL-llaim. 
Tweedd. Mem. p. 4b0 (1881); Vmxhrm. Over. Sat. Tijth. Xederl 

Ltd. xliv. 3. p. 101, no. 51 (1854). 

Adult male. Back, rump, and. upper tail-coverts, also the scapulars, 
barred Hack and white; wings and their coverts black or 
slightly brownish, the coverts and both webs of the quills spotted 
with white• shafts blackish brown ; tail black, the central feathers 
spotted, the lateral ones barred across with white; shafts black; 
nasal plumes brownish, with black tips; base of the forehead dusky 
brown, spotted with smoky white; crown and occiput crimson, the 
feathers having black bases; nape and hind neck black; sides of 
the face and neck almost uniform white, the latter with a few 
blackish stripes; chin and upper throat uniform buffy white, the 
chest and the underparts duller and more fulvescent; a black malar 
stripe borders the throat and fore neck, the latter, as well as the 
chest and breast, being minutely spotted, the flanks and thighs 
barred with brownish black; the under tail-coverts dull white, 
barred and spotted with brownish black and tipped with pale red; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the former having bar-like 
spots of black. Total length 6*8 inches, culmen 0*93, wing 4*1? 
tail 2*15, tarsus 0*75; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*47, 

outer posterior 0*6, inner anterior 0*4, inner posterior 0*28. 

15 . DENDHOCOPTTS. 
267 

Adult female. Has the crown and occiput black, but is otherwise 
like the adult male. Total length 6*4 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 4, 
tail 2% tarsus 0-73. 

Young. Have the under surface of the body smoky grey; the 
under tail-coverts devoid of red ; the primaries more or less white 
at the tip ; the male has the red on the top of the head more confined 
to the sinciput, while in the female this is wanting. 

Ectb. Pegu, Siam, and Cochin China; south to Malacca and 
South-east Sumatra, also the islands of Java, Madura, and Lom


bock. 
a, h. $ $ ad.; c. 
Juv. sk. 
d-i. (S ad.; k, I, 
m. § ad.; n-s. 
Juv. sk. 
Java (Horsfleld). 
Java. 
India Museum. 
(Types of the species.) 
Tweeddale Coll. 
t. (3s ad. sk. 
w. <5 ad. sk. 
Java {Leiden Museum). 
E. Java. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 
v. c?ad.; W,A\
ad. sk. 
y. d ad. sk. 
$ W. Java. 
Madura, Nov. 1871 (A. B. 
F. Nicholson, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
z. $ ad. sk. 
a'. Juv. sk. 
Meyer). 
Lampong, S.E. Sumatra 
(K C. Buxton). 
Malacca. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
b', c'. $ ad. sk. 
d', e'. $ ad. sk. 
ad. sk, 
Cochin China. 
Bangkok, April 5,
(Ccipt. Conrad). 
Thayetinyo. 
1872 
Mons. E.Pierre [P.]. 
R. Bowdler Sharpe, 
Esq.. [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
i'. $ imm. sk. 
h\ d ad.; I'. $ 
ad. sk. 
Thayetmyo. 
Pegu. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
m'. § ad. sk. Karen-nee, March 20,1874 Tweeddale Coll. 
n'. Skeleton. 
(R G. W. JR.). 
Java. Purchased. 

28. Dendrocopus andamanensis. 
Picus 
andamanensis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1850, p. 412, note; Jerd. B. 
Ind. i. p. 275 (1862); Blyth, App. Mouatfs Andam. pp. 357, 358 
(1863); Bundev. Consp. Ao. Picin. p. 25 (1866) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1866, 

p. 221 ; Beamn,op. eit. 1867, pp. 321, 334; Gray, List Pidd. Brit 
Mus. p. 38 (1868); id. Iland-l. B. ii. p. 183, no. 8506 (1870); 
Wald. Ibis, 1873, p. 300; Ball, Str. P. 1873, p. 62; Hume, op. dt. 
1874, p. 187; Wardl-Bams. Tweedd. Mem. p. 238 (1881). 
Dendrotypes 
andamanensis, Cab. ty Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 48 
(1863). 

Adult male. Besembles D. analis, but may be distinguished from 
the latter by its smaller dimensions ; in having the face striped, 
the side of the neck, chin, and throat spotted with black or blackish; 
with no distinct black stripe on the malar region itself, but only 
indicated by a few spots, the stripe being more clearly marked 

268 
PICED-ZB. 

behind the malar region ; the red feathers of the crown and occiput 

having grey bases ; the chest covered with large spots of black; 

below the chest fulvescent or olivescent brownish, the breast having* 

faint dusky-brown stripes ; the nnder tail-coverts tipped with bright 

vermilion-red. In other respects similar to D. analis: " legs and 

feet greenish plumbeous ; upper mandible blackish or horny brown, 

bluish towards the base ; lower mandible plumbeous, darker at the 

tip; irides brown" {Hume). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*8, 

wing 3*75, tail 2*3, tarsus 0*65 : toes (without claws)—outer anterior 

0*45, outer posterior 0*57, inner anterior 0*4, inner posterior 

0*22. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the crown and 

occiput black instead of red. Total length 6*75 inches, culmen 0*8, 

wing 3*7, tail 2, tarsus 0*63. 

Young male. Differs from the adult male in having the red on the 

top of the head of a dull orange-scarlet, less extended, and more 

confined to the crown ; the nape less black, as are also the spots on 

the fore neck and chest; the barring of the plumage more dubky ; 

the underparts of a more smoky-grey colour; the feathers of the vent 

and the under tail-coverts tipped with a faint washed-out red. 

Hob. South Andaman Islands*. 

a--e. <$ ad. et S. Andaman?, Jan., Feb., Tweeddale Coll. 

mini.* f,g. 2 May, July (JR. G. W. It). 

ad. sk. 

h, 2 imm. sk. S. Andamans. Hume Coll. 

h 
k. J ad.; I, Mt. Harriett, Dee., March, Hume Coll. 

m. 2 ad. et 1873 ( W. Damon). 
imm. sk. 
n., o. $ ad.; p. Aberdeen, May 1873 (IF. Hume Coll. 
$ juv. sk. Davison). 
r, s. (S ad.; t, u, Port Mouat, Jan., April 1873 Hume Coll. 


V> 

v. 2 a&-; WJ x-(W. Damson). 
$juv.sk. 
z, a'. S ad.; Port Blair, Aug., Sept. ( W. Hume Coll. 
y> 

ao^ e*

b\ c\ 2Davison). 

imm.; df. Juv. 

sk. 
e',• dad.;/. 2 Port Blair, July 1873 (JR. J. R. Bowdler Sharpe, 

ad. sk. Whnberley). Esq. [P.]. 

. 
2 a<*- sk. Stewart Sound, April 1873 Hume Coll. 

9' 

(W. Damson). 
h'. <$ ad. sk. Maepherson's Straits, March7; Hume Coll. 
1873 ( W. Davison). 

29. Den&rocopus leuconotns. 
Picus leucotos, 
Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. i. p. GO, 9 (1802): Brehm, 
Tog. Deutschl. p. 190 (1831). 
Picus leuconotns, Bechst. Natitrg. Deutschl ii. p. 1034, pi. xxv. tigs 

* Blyth (Ibis, 1866, p. 221) states that this species inhabits Sumatra. It is 
more probable that the bird referred to is D. analis, which is known to be 
found in that island. 
15 . DEKDKOCOPTJS. 
269 

1 6, 2 $ (1805); Meyer fy Wolf, Taschenb. Deutsch. i. p. 123 

(1810); Meyer, Vog. Liv-u. JEsth. p. 60 (1815); Nilss. Orn. Suec. 

i. p. 107 (1817); Vieill N Diet. d'Eist Nat. xxvi. p. 73 (1818); 
Temm. Man. cPOrn. i p. 396, iii. p. 282 (1820); Brehm, Naturgesch. 
eur. Vog. i. p. 138 (1823) ; Naum. Vog. Deutschl. v. p. 313, 
pi. 135. figs. 1 <?,2 2 (1826); Wagl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 19 
(1827); Werner, Atlas, $1,204, tf ad. (1827); Drap. Diet. Classify 
xiii. p. 501 (1828) ; Leas. Traite, i. p. 218 (1831); Glog. Handb. 
Naturgesch. Vog. Eur. p. 460 (1834) ; Nilss. Skand. Faun. i. p. 128 
(1835); Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. 8f N. Amer. p. 39, no. 266 
(1838); Keys. # Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. 148 & xxxiv (1840) ; 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 435 (1845) ; Math. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. 
Metz, 1848-49, p. 327; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 135 (1850); 
Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 366, no. 846, pi. dexxxiv.fig. 4217, $ 
(1854); Licit. Nomencl. Av. p. 75 (1854); Brehm, Vogelf. p. 69 
(1855); Sundev. Sv. Fogl p. 141, pi. xxii. figs. 4 tf, 5 $ (1856); 
M. Von Wright, Finl. Fogl. p. 271 (1859); Schrenck, Amur-Reise, 
i. p. 262 (1859); Malh. Picidce, i. p. 89, pi. xxiii. figs. 1-2 <$ $ 
(1861), ii. Add. p. 294 (1862) ; Bree, B. Eur. iii. p. 142, pi. S 
(1862); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 333; PrSv. fy Lem. Hist. Nat. 
Ois. d'Eur. p. 169 (1864); Sundev. Consp. Av.Picin.^.2A (1866); 
Degl. 8r Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 151 (1867); Gray, List Picid. Brit. 
Mus. p. 35 (1868); Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 67 (1869) ; 
Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 182, no. 8552 (1870); Salvad. Faun. Ital, 
TIcc. p. 38 (1871); Dress. B. Eur. v. p. 39, pi. eclxxix., tf § ad. 
(1871); Altum, Zool. Gart. 1872, pp. 369, 871; Gould, B. GL Brit. 
iii. pi. lxxi., <$ J ad. only (1873); Alst. $ Harv.-Br. Ibis. 1873, 
p. 59 ; Danf. fy Harv.-Br. op. cit. 1875, p. 299; D'llamonv. Cat. 
Ois. d'Eur. p. 10 (1876); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool, Fr. 1877, p. 152; 
Gir/l. Bis, 1881, p. 190; Madar. Syst. Aufz. Ungarns, p. 23 (1881) ; 
ColleM,Norg. Fuglef. p. 309 (1881) ; Seek Ibis, 1882, pp. 209,374; 
Carls. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forhandl. 1882, i. p. 30 ; Marseh. § 
Pelz. Orn. Vindob. p. 91 (1882); Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 314 (1884); 
Gigl. Avif. Ital p. 201 (1886); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 466. 
Picus leuconothus, Bonn.fy Vieill. Enc. Mith. iii. p. 1302 (1823). 

Picus leuconotos, Valenc. Diet. Sc. Nat xl. p. 179 (1826) ; Schinz, 

Eur. Faun. i. p. 262 (1840). 

Dendromas leuconotus, Kaup, Natur. Syst. p. 136 (1829); Gray, 

App. List Gen. B. 1842, p. 12;' id. List Gen. 1855, p. 91; Cab. $ 

Heme, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 39 (1863). 

Pipripicus leuconotus, Bp. Consp. Volacr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 50 

(1854). 

Picus polonicus, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 69 (1855). 

Dendrocopus leuconotus, Menzb. Rev. Comp. Faun. Orn. Gouv. Mosc. 

Sf Toula, p. 7 (1883). 

Adidt male. Upper half of the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
uniform black; lower back white, crossed by a black bar anteriorly; 
scapulars black, the apical portion white; wings and their coverts 
black, the median and the greater series with a row of white spots, 
forming a bar upon each, the quills having both webs spotted with 
white ; shafts blackish brown; the four central tail-feathers uniform 
black, the next feather black, barred at the tip with bufYy 
white, the two outer large feathers having the apical half or two-
thirds white barred with black; shafts of the same colour as the 

270 PICID.2E. 

surrounding web; nasal plumes and forehead buffy white, the 

former tipped with black ; crown and occiput red, the bases of the 

feathers leaden grey; nape and hind neck black ; sides of the face 

and neck, chin, throat and underparts white, the lower breast, 

abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts washed with rose-red; a black 

malar stripe sends off a branch behind the ear-coverts, but does not 

join the nape, and descending, borders the fore neck and runs on 

to the chest, the sides of which as well as of tbe breast, together 

with the flanks and thighs, are narrowly striped with black, the latter 

parts slightly rosy ; under wing-coverts and auxiliaries white, the 

former having a few stripes and spots of dusky black. Total length 

10 inches, culmen 1/3S, wing 5*02, tail 3*35, tar.Mis 1-05; toes 

(without claws)—outer anterior 0*00, outer posterior 0*72, inner 

anterior 0*50, inner posterior 0'4. 

Yomig male. Differs from the adult male in having the feathers 
of the crown and occiput tipped with dull reddish orange, and not 
scarlet as in the old male; the sides of the body, flanks, and thighs 
smoky in colour; the striations on the side of the breast of a less 
intense black, those on the flanks and thighs being very faint and 
having a washed-out appearance; the abdomen, vent, and under 
tail-coverts with the faintest rosy tinge; the lateral tail-feathers 
very much whiter and without the orange-brown tips, the two large 
outer feathers on either side white, with transverse spots of black 
on the inner webs, the innermost of these having the base black ; 
the six central feathers black, the outermost- of these having only 
the apical margin of the outer web and the tip of the inner web 
white; the primaries tipped with a Y-shaped marking of white. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red on 
the crown and occiput, these being black. Total length 9-8 inches, 
culmen 1*4, wing 5*60, tail 3*45, tarsus 1*02. 

Hah, North-western and Central Europe, south to the northern 
part of Italy ; Dalmatia and Turkey, and extending through 
Southern Russia and Southern Siberia into Manchouria, Corea, and 
Mongolia. 

ay b. £ $ imm. Europe. Purchased. 
sk. 

c. ^ 3 ad.; d. $ Sweden (_H*. WJieekvrigM)* Tweeddale Coll. 
imm, sk. 
e. ^ $ ad.; / . 6 Sweden, March, Dec. Gould Coll. 
imm. sk. 
g. $ ad. sk. Wermland, Dec. Mr. Meves [CV\ 
h. $ ad. sk. Zabadagh, Turkey, Dec. Hume Coll. 
i. cTjuv.sk. Onega, N. Russia (Meves). Salvin-Guelman Coll. 
7w $ acl.sk. Kandagatai, Mongolia. Dr. SevertzufE [C.]. 
I, m, n. $ ad.; S. Manchouria, June, July. Dr. James "P."]. 
o. $ad.;j?. $ 
juv. sk. 
q> r. (S J ad. sk. Ussuri River, E. Siberia, Oct., Warsaw Museum. 
Nov. 3873. 

15 . DEIH)EOCO£TTS. 
271 

Subsp. a. Dendrocopus cirris. 

Picus cirris, Pall. Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat i. p.410 (1831); Brehm,Volld. 
Vogelf. p. 69 (1855); Sundev. Co?isp. Av. Pici?i. p. 24 (I860). 

Picus leuconotus {non Bechst), Gould, B. Eur. pi. (1837); Malh. N. 
Classify Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-4% p. 327 (pt.); Middend. Sib. 
Beise, Zool. p. 132 (1851); Reichenb. Scans. Piehice, p. 367, no. 
846, pi. dcxxxiv. tig. 4218, d (1854), pt.; Licht. Nomencl Av. p. 75 
(1854), pt ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1876, p. 230, 1878, p. 139 j 
Finsch, Verhandl k. h. zool-bot. Gesellscli. Wien, 1879, p. 2*27; 
Bolau, J. f. 0. 1882, p. 337. 

Pipripicus uralensls (Malh.), Bp. Comp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 8, no. 51 

(1854). 
Picus uralensis, Malh. Ficidce, i. p. 92, pi. xxiii. figb. 4, 5,^ § (1861). 
Dendrodromas cirris; Cab. et Jleme, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 39, note (1863). 

Adult male. Differs from D. leuconotus in having a greater amount 
of white upon the wing-coverts, scapulars, back, and innermost 
secondaries, occupying upon some of the latter almost the apical 
half of the feather ; the striations on the underparts are narrower, 
and the lateral tail-feathers less distinctly barred, the outer webs 
being nearly uniform, and having at most one or two small spots of 
black; the dimensions are slightly greater. Total length 11 inches, 
culmen 1*7, wing 5*8, tail 3*6, tarsus 1*05 ; toes (without claws)— 
outer anterior 0*6, outer posterior 0*7, inner anterior 055, inner 
posterior 0*88. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red on 
the crown and occiput, these being black, the partially exposed 
white bases of the feathers of the fore part of the crown showing, 
and producing a spotted appearance. Total length 10*5 inches, 
culmen 1*5, wing 5-8, tail 3*55, tarsus 1. 

Hab. Central and Eastern Siberia, and westward into Central 
Eussia. Exact limits of range not known, 

a. 
<$ ad, sk. Upper Ural River, Ural Mts., Dr. Severtzoff [C.]. 
Oct. 5th. 
Subsp. /3. Dendrocopus subcirris. 

Picus leuconotus (non Bechst), Blahist. Ibis, 1862, p. 325; Sivinli. 
op. cit. 1875, p. 451; Blahist. $ Fryer, op. cit 1878, p. 229; iid. 
Trans. As. Soc. Jap. 1880, p. 208,1882, p. 133; Blahist Chrusanth. 
1883, pp. 28,77- Jouy, Froc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 307; Blahist 
Amend. List B. Jap. p. 13, no. 169 (1884). 

Picus uralensis {non Malh.), Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 195; Gray, List 
Ficid. Brit. Mus. p. 35 (1868); id. Kand-l. B. ii. p. 182, no. 8553 
(1870). 

Dryobates subcirris, Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat Mm. 1886, p. 113. 

Adult male. Differs from D. leuconotus in having the face, neck, 
and the under surface of the body clear pale buff, and the black 
striations rather broader, the underparts below the breast being 
washed with brighter red ; there is also less white on the back, and 
this has a yellow tinge; the bill is longer and more powerful. 

272 picmzB. 

Total length. 10*5 inches, culmen 1*65, wing 5-85, tail 3*65, tarsus 
1*08 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*72, outer posterior 0*9, 
inner anterior 0*65, inner posterior 0*4. 

Young male. Has the crown orange-red. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the ahsence of the 
red on the crown and occiput, these being intense black. Total 
length 11*5 inches, culmen 1*55, wing 6*15, tail 3*8, tarsus 1*1. 

Hab. Japan (the northern half of the Main Island and Yezoj. 

a. b. <3 2 ad. sk. Hakocladi, Japan, Dec. Gould Coll. 
(H Wkitehj). 
c, d. J ad. sk. Hakodadi, Nov., Dec. H. Whitely X1.]. 

Suhsp. y. Dendrocopus Iilfordi. 
Picus leuconotus (non Bechst.), v. d. Miihle, Ont. GrieekenL p. 30 

•(1844); Lindenn, TlUf. GriechenL p. 42 (IcOO); Powys, Ibia, 
1800, pp. 234, 341; Elic. # Bucld. op. tit. 1870, p. IN8. 
Pic us Iilfordi, Sharped Dress. Ann. § Mag. Xaf, Hist. 1871, p. 43f;; 
Danf. Ibis, 1877, p. 264, 1878, p. 6; GigL op. cit. 18^1, p. 100; 
id. Acif. Ital p. 202 (1886). 

Adult male. Resembles D. leuconotus, but differs in having the 
lower back entirely and broadly barred with black; the black stripe 
which runs down the side of the throat and chest much broader, 
and the branch from it which runs behind the ear-coverts uniting 
with the nape; the striations on the sides of the body broader and 
the thighs barred with black; the under tail-coverts striped with 
blackish brown; the black bars on the lateral tail-feathers broader, 
and the under wing-coverts very much more varied with black. 
Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 1*6, wing 5*85, tail 3*75, tarsus 
1*05; toes (without claws)—outer anterior O'&o, outer posterior 
0*75, inner anterior 0*6, inner posterior 0*38. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the crown 
and occiput black. Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 1*5, wing 5*75, 
tail 3*5, tarsus 1. 

Mr.Danford gives the soft parts of this species as follows : u Iris 
red; bill and legs slate-coloured." 

Hah. Greece, Turkey, and the Ionian Islands, extending into 
Dalmatia, and has occurred as far west as Ancona and Genoa. In 
Asia Minor it is found in the Taurus range. 

a. Ad. sk. Europe. Zoological Society. 
b, o. S ? ad* sk* <^sia Minor, March. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
30. Bendrocopns insularis. 
Picus insularis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 283; 8wink. op. cit. 1863, 
p. 333; id. Ibis, 1883, p. 390 ,* Gould, B. Asia, vi. pi. xvi., $ $ ad. 
(1864); Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 24 (I860); Gray, List. Picid. 
Brit Mus, p. 35 (1808): id. Eand-L B. ii. p. 182, no. 8554 (1870); 
Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 392; Elwes, op. cit. 1873; p. 667; David 
§> Oust Ois. Chine, p. 49 (1877). 
Dendrodromas insularis, Cab. 8f Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 38 (1863). 

15 . DENDEOCOPUS. 
273 

Adult male. Upper and middle back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
uniform black ; the lower back white, narrowly barred with black; 
scapulars black, tipped with white; wings and their coverts black, 
a few of the central median coverts and both webs of the quills 
spotted with white; shafts black; the four central tail-feathers 
uniform black, the next one black, spotted with white on the apical 
portion of the outer web, the two outer large feathers on either side 
having their apical half barred with white; shafts black; nasal 
plumes buffy white, broadly tipped with black : frontal band buff; 
crown and occiput crimson, bases of the feathers black; nape and 
hind neck black; sides of the face and neck, chin, throat, and fore 
neck white, the ear-coverts fulvescent, the remaining underparts 
(except the abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts, which are rose-
red) being fulvescent white; a broad black malar stripe, after sending 
off a branch behind the ear-covcrts (but not joining the nape), 
extends clown the side of tha fore neck and chest, uniting on the 
latter with the corresponding stripe and sending off numerous broad 
stripes of black, the remaining fulvescent white underparts being 
broadly striped with black; the under tail-coverts with a few 
blackish stripes; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the 
former with a few large black spots, the edge of the wing conspicuously 
black : " iriclcs red ; bill horny ; feet lead-colour" (David). 
Total length 9 inches, culmen 1*45, wing 5'2o, tail 3*15, tarsus 1 ; 


toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*65, outer posterior 0*78, 

inner anterior 0*55, inner posterior 0-4. 
Young male. Has the crown orange-red. 
Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of the 


red on the crown and occiput, these being black. Total length 
9 inches, culmen 1*35, wing 5*3, tail 3*15, tarsus 1. 
Hab. The island of Formosa. 


a, b. S ? ad. sk. N. Formosa. Purchased. 

c. cS ad. sk. Tamsui, Formosa, Dec. 1876 (12. Hume Coll. 
Swinhoe). • 
d. $ ad. sk. Tamstii, Dec. 1866 (H. Sivin/ioe). Tweeddale Coll. 
31. Deu&rocopns namiyei. 
Picas leuconotus (non BecJist), Blakist. 8; Fryer•, Trans. As. Soc. Jap. 

x. p. 133 (1882). 
Dryobates namiyei, Siejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mies. 1886; p. 116. 
Adult male. Eesembles D. insular is of Gould, from Formosa, but 
is larger (excepting the tail) and has less white upon the lower back, 
this being confined to three bars across; there is also more red on 
the under surface of the body, this colour extending on to the breast; 
the broad black stripe which borders the chin, throat, and fore neck, 
and extends on to the side of the chest, does not unite with the 
corresponding stripe and form a distinct crescontic band, there being 
only an approach to this in the form of a few stripe-like spots of 
black on the central chest-feathers, a few of these being tinged 

VOI/. XVIII. T 

274 
PICIDJE. 

with dull carmine. Dimensions: " Wing 146 mm., tail-feathers 
88 mm., exposed culmen 34 mm., est. ant. toe (without claw) 
18 mm." (Stejnejer) *„ 

Bab. Japan, south-western portion of Main Island. 

16. 
P1C0IBES. r r 
lype. 
Picuidt'6, Lacep. Mem. de TLitfitvte, Paris, ill. p. oOO 
(]S01) P. tridactylus. 
Tridaet\lia, Sliaic, Gen. Zool. vs.. p. 21* (1SL5) ...... P. amerieanu^. 
Aptemus, Sicaim. Faun, Bor.-Ampy. ii. p. 302 (L>31). P. amerieanus. 
Pipudetf, Glog. Sandb. Xaturg. p. 108 (1845) P. tridactylus. 

Range. Xorthern and Central Europe ; Siberia; south into China: 
Karntschatka; Alaska and Xortliem Xorth America to the border 
of the United States, and on the west along the Rocky Mountain 
region south into Xew Mexico. 

Key to the JSptcies f. 

A. 
Back -white, broadly striped with black. 
a\ Lateral tail-feathers almost entirely barred 
with black. 
a". Sides of the chest broadly striped, the 
sides of the body broadly barred with [p. 27*1 
black tridaetylus ad,, 

b'\ Sides of the chest and breast with only a 
few narrow striations, the flanks and thighs [summer, pp. 277-8. 
sparingly spotted with black. crissoleucus ad. 

b'. Lateral tail-feathers uniform; with scarcely 
any white on the top of the head \ dowalis ad., p. 278. 

B. 
Back uniform white; under surface of the body 
uniform pure white; lateral tail-feathers uni- [winter, p. 278. 
form or partially barred crksohucits ad. 
0. 
Back barred. 
c'. Back distinctly barred with white, the bars [p. 280. 
narrower than the black interspaces amerieanus ad.; 
d\ 
Back irregularly barred with white, the bars 
broader than the black interspaces and sometimes 
confluent in the centre and forming a [p. 281. 
partial stripe alascensis ad., 

D. 
Back uniform blue-black arctieus ad,? 
[pp. 282-3. 
* Dr. Stejneger, in the ' Proceedings of the United States National Museum/ 
1886, p. 116, has given a full description of the type specimen, which need not 
here be repeated. In his diagnosis of the species lie has been compelled (for 
want of a specimen of 2). insularis) to compare his bird with D. Uiwcmoim. 
I have founded my brief diagnosis upon Br. Stejneger's description and plate, 
compared with JO. insularis. 
t GCJbe males of all the species comprised in this genus may be known by 
their yellow crowns. 


16. PICOIDES. 275 
E. Back brownish black, with a narrow and broken 
median stripe of white; under surface of the 
body biownish black spotted -nitli white; 
throat and fore neck, also two stiipes across 
the face and down the side of the neck, pale [p. 283. 
buff fimebris (J juv.*, 

1. Picoides tridactylus. 
Pious tridactylus, Linn. Syst Nat i. p. 177 (1700) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. 

i. p. 480 (1788); Lath. Incl Orn. i. p. 243 (1700); Meyer, Fog. 
Liv-u. Edh. p. 63 (1815); Meisn. § Schinz, Fog. Schweiz, 1815, 
p. 42; Niks. Orn. Suec. i. p. 112 (1817); Cur. Beg. Anim. 1817, 
i. p. 423; Wagl Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 101 (1827) ; Brehm, Naturq. 
Eur. Tog. i. p. 142 (1823); Naum. Fog. Deutsch. v. p. 340, 
pi. cxxxvii. figs. 1 d, 2 <j? ad. (1826); Glog. Eandb. Nafurqesch. 
Fog. Eur. p. 462 (1834); Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 232, tf $ ad. 
(1837); Keys. $ Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. XXXY and 149 (1840) ; 
Schinz, Eur. Faun. p. 2153 (1840); Schleg. lieu. Crit. p. 1 (1844) ; 
Sundev. Sv. Fogl. p. 142, pi. xxiii. iig. 6, <$ (1856); Magnus v. 
Wright, Finl Fogl. p. 275 (1859); Dubois, Ois. Eur. p. 112, 
pi. cxii., S 5 ad. (18(32); Frev. § Lemaire, Hid. Nat Ois. Eur. 

p. 175 (lb04); Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 14 (18G6); Borggr. 
Fogelf.* Norddeutschl p. 08 (1809); Fmsch, Ferhandl. h k. zool.~ 
bot Gesellsch. Wien, 1879, p. 227; Seeb. Ibis, 1882, p. 374. 
Picoides 
tridactylus, Lacep. Mem. de Vlnst. 1801, p. 509; Kaup, 
Naturg. Syst. 1829, p. 135; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 434 (1845); 
Degl. fy Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 154 (1807) ; Gray, List Picid* 
Brit. Mus. p. 30 (1868); id. IIand4. B. ii. p. 181, no. 8536 (1870); 
Salvad. Faun. Ital, Uce. p. 39 (1871); Dress. B. Eur. v. p. 69, 
pi. cclxxxiv., <3 2 ad« (1872) ; Danf. $ Harv.-Br. Ibis, 1875, 

p. 299 ; Dress. Ibis, 1876, p. 3^0; d'Hamonu. Cat. Ois. d'Eur. p. 10 
(1876) ; Harv.-Brown, Ann. $ Mag. Nat. Hist 1877, xx. p. 496; 
Gigl. Ibis, 1881, p. 190; Madar. Fog. Vng. 1881, p. 23; B. O. U. 
List Brit. B. p. 78 (1883) ; Menzb. Bev. Comp. Faun. Orn. Gouv, 
Mosc. f Toula, 1883, p. 7 ; Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 205 (1886). 
Tridaefcylia hirsuta, Steph. Gen. ZooL ix, p. 219, pi. xxxviii., tf 

(1815); Cab. $ Heine, Mus. Hem. iv. p. 25 (1863). 
Dendrocopos tridactylus, Koch, Syst baier. Zool. i. p. 74 (1816). 
Picus hirsutus, Fieill, N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 103 (1818), pt.; 

id. $ Bonn. Enc. Mith. iii. p. 1324 (1823), pt. 
Picoides variegatus, Falenc. Diet. Sc. Nat. xl. p. 191 (1826), pt. 
Dryobates tridactylus, Bote, Isis, 1828, p. 326. 
Picoides europaeus, Less. TraiU, i. p. 217 (1831) ; Malh. N. Classify 

Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, p. 329; id. Ficidce, i. p. 170, pi. xxxviii. 
figs. 1, % 3, 6 (1861). 
Picoides alpinus, Brehm, Tog. Deutschl. p. 194 (1831); id. Fottst. 
Fog. p. 71 (1855). 
Picoides naontanus, Brehm, Fog. Deutschl. p. 194, pi. xiv., c? ad. 
(1831); id. Follst. Fog. p. 71 (1855). 

* The type only is incmn, and exists in the Paris Museum. It is very 
nrobable that the female will be found to want the yellow crown possessed by 
le male. 
T2 

276 PICIDJE. 

Apteruus tridactylus, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer. ii. p. 301 (1831); 
id. Classif. JB."il p. 300 (1837) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. $ K. 
Amer. p."39, no. 270 (lb38) ; id. Consp. Gen. Ai\ i. p. 139 (1850); 
id. Consp. Valuer. Zyyod. p. 8, no. 81 (1854) : BeicJienb. Scans. 
Picinm, p. 316, no. 835, pi. dexxxi., A. montamis, figs. 4201-02, 

A. septentrionalis, figs. 4l95-9l>? A. alpinus, figs. 4199-4200 
(1834); ScJirenclc, Amur-jReise, i. p. 204 (1859); JRi^soio, Orn. 
Ehd-l Liv-u. Curl. ISfcO, p. 115: Marsch. £ Pelz. Orn. Tindob. lfc&2, 
p. 91. 
Picuides septentrional^, BreJon, Toy. Deutbchl p. 195 (1831); id. 
Tolht. Toy. p. 71 (1835). 
Pi<oides longirostiics, BrtJim. Tottst. Toy. \>. 71 (1&55). 
Tndactylia tridactylus, Metes, Bur. Toy. LSbO, p. 24. 


Adult male. Back white, broadly striped with black; scapulars, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform brownish black, or the rump 
sometimes spotted with white ; wings and their coverts brownish 
black, the quills (except on the outer webs of the inner secondaries) 
spotted with white upon both webs; shafts brown ; tail black, the 
two outer large feathers barred with white on the apical half; shafts 
black; nasal plumes black varied with white; forehead black 
broadly striped with white ; the crown-feathers tipped with yellow 
and having black bases with an intermediate white spot: occiput 
and nape blue-black, the occipital feathers tipped with wThite; face 
and neck, and the underparts from the chin to the vent (both 
inclusive) whit e; a broad blue-black stripe from behind the eye runs 
down the side of the neck, and a black malar stripe borders the 
throat and fore neck and branches out into a number of broad 
stripes on the side of the chest and breast, the malar region spotted 
with white; the sides of the body, flanks, and thighs barred with 
black; under tail-coverts white on the apical portion, the bases 
black and partly showing as a stripe-like spot; under wing-coverts 
white barred with black. Total length 8'5 inches, oilmen 1-25, 
wing 4*95, tail 3*3, tarsus 0*8 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 
0-4, inner anterior 0*25, posterior 0*45. 

Young male. Has the dark portions of the plumage of a sooty 
brown and totally devoid of any blue-black gloss, even on the head; 
there is very much less yellow and white on the top of the head, 
the white having the character of distinct spots ; the underparts 
are duller and there is more dusky black on the sides of the 
body, and a few dusky crescentic markings in the middle of the 
chest. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of the 
yellow on the top of the head, the feathers of the forehead and 
crown oeing black at the base, the apical portion white, with a black 
shaft-stripe. Total length 8*5 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 4*65, 
tail 3, tarsus 0*8. 

Examples from Switzerland have the underparts (except the 
middle of the breast and abdomen) very much varied with black, 
and the white stripe down the back is also varied with sagittate and 
transverse black markings, these, in some specimens, forming distinct 
bars across the feathers. This peculiar form is deserving of recog


16 . PICOIDES. 
nition, although, from its geographical position, it might he unwise 
to separate it from P. tridactylus. 
Hob. The greater part of Europe, hut rare in the south; extending 
east through Southern Siberia to the A moor, and into Mongolia. 

a, b. $ $ ad. sk. N. Bothnia. Purchased. 
c, d. S ad. j e. c? 


Sweden, Dec. f JVheehorigM). Tweeddale Coll. 

imm. sk. 
/, g. 6 ad.; h, <$ Kopvand. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

imm. sk. 
i <3 ad. sk. Stockholm, Jan. Mr. Meves [0.1 
k, I 6 2 ad. sk. Wermland. Mr. Meves [C.J. 
in. 2 ad. sk. Wermland, Dee. (ScMuter). Hume Ooll. 
n> °' 6 2 ad. sk. Archangel, Nov., Dec. Hume Coll. 


p,q. <$ $ ad. sk. Ursern, Switzerland, Aug. Tweeddale Coll. 

(H. Saunders). 
r. 
cJ ad. sk. Nisamskaja, Eiver Ob, Sept. Dr. 0. Finsch [0.]. 
1876. 
s. Juv. bk. Lepsa River, Turkestan, June. Moscow Museum. 
^ w. 6 2 a<^« *k. Semiretchje, May 27th. Dr. Severtzoff [0.]. 
Kossogol, Mongolia, Sept. Dr. Severtzoff |C. |. 


v. 2 ad. sk. 
17th. 

w. 6 
ad. sk. Teksa Eiver, Mongolia, Dr. Severtzoff rC.l. 
Aug. 19th. 
x. Skull. S. Germany. Dr. Giinther. 
y. Sternum. 
Purchased. 
Subsp. a. Picoides crissoleucus. 

Picus tridactylus (non Linn.), Pallas, Zoogr. Posso-Asiat. i. p. 415 

(1831) j Middend. Sib.-Peise, Zool. p. 132 (1851). 
Aptenuis crissoleucos, Pp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 8, no. 82 (1854). 
Tridactylia camtschatcensis, Licht. Nomencl. Av. 1854, p. 75 (pt.); 

Cab. $ Heine, Mus. Hem. iv. p. 25 (1863). ^ 
Apternus crissoleucus, Peichenb. Scans. Picinm, p. 362, no. 836, 
pi. dexxxi. figs. 4197-98, <3 2 (1854). 

Picoides crissoleucus, Malh Picidce, i. p. 180, pi. xl. figs. 1 tf ad., 
2 2 ad., 5 <$ juv. (1861) ; Gray, List Picid. Prit Mus. p. 30 
(1868); id. Hand4. P. ii. p. 181, no. 8540 (1870); Tacz. Pull. 
Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 240; id. op.pit. 1882, p. 390. 

Picus crissoleucus, Stmdev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 14 (1806). 
Picoides tridactylus (non Linn.), Seek Ibis, 1878, p. 325. 
Picoides albidior *, Stejn. Pull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 29,1885, pp. 321, 


338, 342 j id. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1888, p. 168. 

Adult male, summer plumage. Eesembles P. tridactylus, but 
differs in the sides of the chest and breast having only a few narrow 
striations of black, and the flanks and thighs being sparingly spotted 
with black; the lower scapulars tipped with white, and the wing-
coverts occasionally spotted with white ; upper series of upper tail-
coverts spotted with white; the white on the back is less striped 

* I have carefully examined the type of Stejneger's species, and cannot 
separate it from P. crissoleucus. 
278 PICIDJE. 

with black. Total length 8-o inches, culm en 1*3, wing 4-9, tail 3*2, 
tarsus 0*78 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0-4(5, inner anterior 
0*4, posterior 0*54. 

Adult female, summer plvrnage. "Wants the yellow crown, the 
feathers of this region having white tips and black bases. With 
the exception of this sexual distinction, it resembles the adult male 
in summer. Total length 8 2 inches, culnien 1*15, wing 4*78, tail 3*1, 
tarsus 0-78. 

Adults winter plumage. The back and the under surface of the 
body are pure white and uniform ; all the upper tail-coverts tipped 
with white or spotted with white on the tip ; the lateral tail-feathers 
are less barred with black and sometimes without a trace of bar or 
spot; axillaries pure white, and the under wing-coverts sometimes 
unspotted; the white spots on the quills occasionally confluent. 
Hah. Central and Northern Siberia, and Ivamtschatka. 

a. $ imm. sk. Siberia. Tweeddale Coll. 
b. 5 ad. sk. Krasnoyarsk, Central Siberia,
Oct (II. Seebohm). 
Tweeddale Coll. 

2. Picoides dorsals. 
Picoides dorsalis, Baird, B. S. Amer, p. 100, pi. Ixxxv. fig. 1, £ 
(1853); Malh. Picidce, i. p. 170 (IfcGl) ; Cass. Iroc. Acad Philatl. 
1603, p. 203 j Gray, Lid Pick!. Brit. Mus. p. 81 (1808); id. 
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 181, no. 8->38 (1870); Merriam, U. 8. Geo!. Surr. 

Terr. 1872, p. 004. 
Tridactylia dorsalis, Cah. § Heine, Mm. Hvin. iv. p. 20 (18(53). 
Picus dorsalis, Sunder. Consp. Ac. Picin. p. 14 (18i50). 
Picoides americanus, Mir. dox\-alis, Coop. B. Calif., ed. Baird, i. 

p. 380, head figured (1870); Cones, Key S. Amer. B. 1872, p. 104; 
Allen, Bull. M C. Z. ill p. 180 (1872); Cones, B. S.-Wetf, p. 285 
(1874) ; Hensh. V. 8. Geogr, Surv. W. oflWVi Mirid. 1875, p. 391. 
Picoides tridactylus dorsalis, Itidgic. Proc. U, 8. Sat, Mus. 18fc0; 

p. 189 ; Drew, Auk, 1885, p. 17 ; Hensh. op. cit. 1880, p. 78. 
Picoides americanus dorsalis, Cones, Check-list X. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 
p. 78 (1882) ; id. Key X. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 1884, p. 485; A. O. U. 
Chech-list S. Amer. B. p. 214, no. 401 b (18&0) j Midgw. Man. 
X.Amer. B. p. 287 (1887). 
Picoides americanus (non Brehn), HartL J.f.O. 1883, p. 27o. 

Adult male. Resembles P. iridaciyliis, but differs in having the 
lateral tail-feathers uniform ; the rump is more spotted with white, 
and there is also very much less black on the sides of the chest and 
body, flanks and thighs; the under tail-coverts have more of the apical 
portion white, and the black on the basal portion does not show; 
the dimensions are also less. Total length 8 inches, culmen 1*27, 
wing 4*85, tail 2*8, tarsus 0*88; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 
0*45, inner anterior 0*4, posterior 0-53. 

Adult female. Wants the yellow patch on the top of the bead, the 
crown being blue-black sparingly spotted with white; there is also 

10. PICOIDES. 
less white on the top of the head than in P. tridactylus. Total 
length 8 inches, oilmen 1*1, wing 4*7, tail 3, tarsus 0*83. 
Hal. Eocky Mountain region of the United States, north to 
Alaska (south of the mountains) and south into "New Mexico. 

a. <$ imm. sk. Fort Bridger, Wyoming, Sept. 
(Henshaw). 
b. [?juv.]sk . Santa Fe" Mts., New Mexico, 
o-h, J1 ad]uv. ;i,k. 
et 
$ 
Aug. 27, 1883 (IXenshaiv). 
Santa F£ Mts., New Mexico, 
Aug.,Sept.,Oct. (Henshaw). 
Henshaw Coll 
[s.-a.] 
ad. sk. 
I. $ imm. sk. llio Grande, New Mexico, Sept. 
(H. Wieeler). 

3. Picoides americanus. 
Picus tridactylus (pt.), Gm. Syst Nat i. p. 439 (1788); Lath. Lid. 
Om. i. p. 243 (1790); Nutt. Man. Orn. 1832, p. 578; Peab. Post 
Journ. Nat. Hist 1841, p. 175. 

Picus tridactylus (non Linn.), JBp. Syn. B. U. 8. p. 40, no. 46 (1826). 
Picoides variegatus (pt.), Valenc. Diet So. Nat. xl. p. 191 (1820). 
Picus hirsutus (non Steph.), Wagltr, Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 132 (1827); 

And. B. Amer. iv. p. 208, pi. 209, £ $ ad. (1839); id, Orn. Biogr. 

v. p. 184, pi. cceexvii. figs. 3-4, <$ £ ad. (1839) ; IJe Kay, JS at Hist 
N. York, pt. 2, p. 19], pt. x\ii. (1814); Putnam, Proc. Bsse.c List 
ISOIJ, p. 229. 
Picoides 
americanus, Br elan, Toq>. DcuUcltl. 1831, p. 195; Malh. 
Picidte, i. p. 170, pi. xxxix. figs.'l tf, 2 $ (1801); Sclat Cat Amer. 

B. p. 335, no. 1998 (1802); Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 30 
(1808)5 id. Iland-l B. ii. p. 181, no. 8537 (1870); Coues, Key 
N. Amer. B. p. 194 (1872) j id. B. N.-West, p. 284 (1874); Merriam, 
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1879, p. 0; Coues, Check-list N 
Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 78 (1882); id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 
1884, p. 485; Turner, Proc. TJ. 8, Nat. Mus. 1885, p. 242 ; A. O. U. 
Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 214, no. 401 (1880) j Ridyw. Man. N. 
Amer. B. p. 287 (1887). 
Apternus americanus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 300 (1837), 
Aptemus hirsutus (non Stepk), Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. # N. Amer. 


p. 39; no. 259 (1838) ; id. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 139 (1850); id. 
Consp. Volucr. Zyyod. p. 8, no. 84 (1854); lieichenb. Scans. Picince, 
p. 301, no. 834, pi. dexxx. figs. 4192-93, tf ? ad. (1854). 
Picus arcticus (non Sioains.), Be Kay, Nat Ilitt N. York. pt. 2, 
p. 190, pi. xvii. fig. 30, tf (1844). 
Picoides 
Meatus (non Steph.), Gray) Gen. B. ii. p. 434 (1845); 
Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Mets, 1848-49, p. 323; Baird, B. 

N. Amer. p. 98 (1858) ; Blakist Ibis, 1803, p. 52; Mayn. Bds. B. 
N. Amer. p. 247 (1879). 
Tridact)lia undulala*, Cab. # Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 28 (1803). 
Picus americanus, Sundev. Consp. AD. Picin. p. 15 (1806). 
* The species so named by Stephens, together with P. undatus oi Ttoiuruinok 
and P. undobus of Cuvier, ,niay possibly be referred to Picoides americanus, but 
haying been founded upon Brisson's li Pic varie de Cayenne," which in itself 
appears to be a combination of two species (the male being evidently P. americanus 
and the female P. arcticus), I do not think these names can be accepted. 
PlCmffi. 

280 

Picoidw americanus, var. feadatiw, Coop. B. Calif., ed. Baird,

Pi^oSStS ^ g U B, B., * B. ins, X Anu, B. 

Picoides tndactyiusDnmeiicanus, Ridgw.Proc. U.S. Xat. Mus. 1330, 

p. 180. 
Adult male. Differs from P. anticus in having the back distinctly 
barred -s\ith white, the bars being narrower than the black Interfaces 
; the central tail-feathers occasionally having marginal spots 
of white, the lateral ones barred with black at the ba.se ; the yellow 
on the crown of a pale lemon-or straw-yellow; the white stripe 
which borders the nape uniting on the hind neck with the corresponding 
stripe, the ^hite only tipping the fiather& ; the top of the 
head spotted with white, and the white stripe which runs under the 
ear-coverts and clown the side of the neck narrower. Total length 
8 inches, oilmen 1*12, wing 4-5, tail 3, tarsus O-So; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*40. inner anterior 0*4, posterior 0*51. 
Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the yellow 
on the crown, the whole of the top of the head being blue-black, 
the forehead and crown more or less spotted with white. Total 
length 8 inches, culm en 1*05, wing 4*35, tail 2'CJ^>, tarsus Ob. 
Hob. Northern North America east of the Rocky Mountains, 
north to about 60° N. lat., south, in winter, to the Northern United 

States. 
a,b. $2 ad. sk. Arctic America. Sir J. Rae [P.]. 
c,d. <$ $ ad. sk. Labrador. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e, $
f-k. 
ad. sk. 
tfad.;J-o. $ 
British Columbia. 
Big Moose Lake, Ne^v York. ] 
J.K.L«>rd,E«q.;Rl 
ad. et hum. sk. Feb., April, May, Juh% 
Aug., Oct., Nov., Dec. 
(Hart Me?:nam). 
j). $ ad.; q. $ Moose River, New York, 
iiom. «k. June (Hart Iferriam). IIen>haw Coll. 
)', s, t. 5 ad. sk. 7th Lake, Hamilton Co., fS.-G. 
N. Y., May, June (Hart 
Merriam) 
vt v, w, <$ ad.; x9 
y, z, <j> ad. sk. 
a'. Skeleton. 
Ilerkina Co.. 
June, Oct. 
Ham). 
N. Am erica. 
N.Y.,
{Hart 
Mav, 
Mer-
J 

Subsp. a. Picoides alascensis. 

Picoides americanus (non BrehnX Ball Bann. Trans. Chic. Acad. 
Sc. 1869, p. 274. 

Bnsaon distinctly states that in the male the crown is rid, and the habitat 

• 1S a^arentl? an
J^ T «"*>*• 1 bave therefore omitted all these 
reerencea in my synonymy. The Three-toed Woodpecker of Edwards 

crown is said to be orange-red. 

10 . PICOIBES. 
281 
Apterous hirsutus (non Stepk.), Fimc/i, Ahh. Nat. in, p. 01 (IWi), 

Piens tridactylus (non Limi.), Adams, Ibis, 1878, p. 427. 

Picoides tridactylus alascensis, Kelson, Aid; 1881, p. 105. 

Picoides americauus alaseciihis, A. 0. U. Check-list K. Amvr. 21 

p. 214, no. 401 a (1880) ; Ridgw. Man. K. Amer. B, p. 1287 (1887). 
Adult male, whiter plumage. Resembles P. americanm in having 
the back barred with white, but the black interspaces are interrupted 
in the middle of the back by a line of white, caused by the 
apical portion of the central feathers being uniform white; the 
white stripe above the ear-coverts, which borders iho occiput and 
nape, and joins, on the hind neck, the corresponding stripe, is more 
defined ; the yellow on the crown golden; the upper tail-coverts 
are barred with white, as are likewise the tips of the scapulars; 
the tips of the primaries are also white. Total length 8 inches, 
culmen 1-2, wing 4-6, tail 3, tarsus 0*82; toes (without claws)-— 
outer anterior 0-4, inner anterior 0*35, posterior 0-5. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the yellow 
crown, the whole of the top of the head being blue-black, the forehead 
spotted and the crown striped with greyish white. Total 
length 8 inches, culmen 1*05, wing 4-55, tail 3, tarsus 0*8. 

Immature. Resemble the adult of their respective sexes, but 

differ in having the central tail-feathers spotted more or less trans


versely with white upon both webs. In the male the yellow on 

the top of the head 
does not advance so far forward, and in the 

female the forehead and crown are spotted, rather than striped, with 

greyish, white. 

In summer this species has much less white upon the wings, the 

upper tail-coverts are not barred, and the upper scries have at most 

a few minute white spots; the lateral tail-feathers are more or less 

barred with black 
at the base; there is a smaller amount of white 

on the top of the head, and none, or merely a trace, on either the 

-wing-coverts or scapulars ; the barring on the sides of the body, 

flanks, and thighs is broader and blacker, aud there is a less amount 

of white on the under wing-coverts and axillaries. 

Hah. Alaska, north 
of the mountains, and eastward through 

Arctic British America to Hudson's Bay. 

a. S 
imm. sir. N. Land Expedition. Oapt. Back [P.]. 
Fort Halkett, Dec. (7. Lock-Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b. $ ad. sk. 
hart) . 

c. <$ ad. sk. Unalaklut, Alaska (R W. 1 
Kelson). 
d. e. <$ ad.; /. Q 
Nulato, Alaska, March (R. 
imm, sk. W. Kelson). Henshaw Coll. 
g9 h. cJ ad.; i-l 2 Fort Reliance, Oct., Dec, [S.-C!.] 
ad. sk. (R W. Kelson). 


m. 
6 iuam. sk. Shaktolik, Alaska, Dec. (TF. 
Kelson). J 
n. S ad. sk. 
Mackenzie River(Kennicott). SchuVr Coll. 
Great Bear Lake. B. R.Ross, Esq. [P.l. 

o. d ad. sk. 
B. R. Ross, Esq. [P]. 
p, q. 6 ad. ; r. Fort Simpson. 
ad. sk. 


2S2 piCIBiB. 

4. Picoides arcticus. 
no. m, pi. dcxxx. flgl 4180-91, d 6 ? ad. (1854) ; Aewb. P. 22. JJ. 

iiVw. vi. p. 91 (1857). „,., , n ••• , (OQ 

pi. xh. Jiff. 2, ij (1KB): ^IKA Orn. Biogr. u. p. 19/ (18-^v. 

p. 638, pi. cxxxii. h>. 1, 2, d $ (1839) ; .V««. J/««. Or». i. p. o,b 
Picus arcticus, G%. JT««f?6. Naturgesch. Vog. Eur. p. 4<-2 note 
(1834); „Ia* S»n. B. N. Amer. p. 182 (1880); id. B. Awer.bro, 

p. 208, pi. cclxviii. ligs. 1, 2 (T, 3 ? (1839) ; Putnam Proe. JtoaiJ?
itf. 1850, p. 214; ««<?«». Co^J. -<4». •#'«»• P- lo d&w). 
Picoides arcticus, Gray, ffen. -6'." ii. p- 434, pi. 108. fag. / ilfeijj ; 
2?«</tf, Ii. K Amer. p. 98 (1858); 3f«M. iW« , i-P- 1'*, 

IM**. 1874, pp. 13/88; Coues, B. N.- Wed, p. 284 (1&74) ; £., B., $ 

R. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 530, pi. 1. fig. 1, 6 ad. (1874) ; llidyw. 
U. S. Geol. ExpL AQth Bar. pt. iii. Birds, p. 548 (1877); Beld. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mm. 1878, p. 429 ; Merr. Bull Nutt. Orn. Club, 
1879, p. 6; Roberts, t.c. p. 154; Mearns, t c. p. 175; Mayn. Bds. 
JE. K Amer. p. 245 (1879); Ridgw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mm. 1880, 
o. 189; Merr. Bull Nutt. Orn. Club, 1882, p. 230; Coues, Cheek-Eist N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 78 (1882) ; Stearns, Proe. U. S. Nat. 
Mii6.1883, p. 118 ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 1884, p. 485 ; 
Turner, Proc. U. S. Nat Mus. 1885, p. 242; A. O. U. Cheek-list 
N. Amer. B. p. 213, no. 400 (1886) ; Ridgw. Man. K Amen B. 
p. 287 (1887) ; Merrill, Auk, 1888, p. 254. 
Tridactylia aretica, Cab. § Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 27 (1863). 
Adult male. Back, rump and upper tail-coverts, scapulars and 
wing-coverts blue-black, the lower rump-feathers occasionally tipped 
with white; quills black, spotted with white upon both webs, 
except upon the outer webs of the inner secondaries ; shafts black ; 
tail black, the four central feathers uniform, the next having the 
apical third taffy white, the two outer large feathers on either side 
having the apical half, or more, bnffy white, and the basal half of 
the inner web irregularly barred with white, the dwarf feather 
white barred with black on the inner web; shafts of the same 
colour as the surrounding web; nasal plumes black ; crown golden 
yellow, the remainder of the head, side of the neck, and hind 
neck "blue-Mick, with the base of the forehead and a stripe thence 
running under the eye and ear-coverts and down the side of the 
neck white, and a very narrow white stripe running backwards 

16 . PICOIDES. 
from the eye; the black on the malar region spotted with white; 
from the chin to the under tail-coverts (both inclusive) white, more 
or less pure, the black malar stripe extending on to the side of the 
chest; the entire sides of the body, flanks, and thighb barred with 
black; under wing-coverts and axillaries barred black and white: 
" iris brown ; bill and feet black ,5 (Cooper). Total length 0 inches, 
oilmen 1*5, wing 5-05, tail 3*35, tarsus 0-95; toes (without claws) 
—outer anterior 0*45, inner anterior 03 , posterior 0*5. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the yellow 
on the crown, the whole of the top of the head being blue-black. 
Total length 9 inches, oilmen W , wing 4-95, tail 3-35, tarsus 0-9. 

Eab. Northern North America from about 57° JN\ lat. south to 
the northern border of the United States, and, in the Western part of 
the latter, extending along the mountain-ranges to the Hierra 
Nevada, California, about 39° lat. 

a. <5 ad. sic. 
Canada, Salvin-Godnmn Coll. 
b. ? ad. sk. 
Canada ((?. Shelley). Tweeddale Coll. 
c. $ ad. sk. 
Fort Simpson, Sept. B. It. Ross, Esq. [P.], 
d, e. $ ad.; / . British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. 
$ ad. sk. [p.i. 

(j. <$ ad. sk. St. Lawrence Itiver, Canada, TIenshaw Coll. 
Nov. (A. Lechevallier). 
h. J ad. sk. 
Lake of the Woods, May Salvin-Goclman Coll. 
(li. Kenmcott). 
i, k. S ad.; /, Big Moose Lake, New York, 
m. 
2 ad. sk. June, Aug. (Hart Mernam). 
n. S ad.; o, p. 
7th Lake, Hamilton Co., 
2 
ad. sk. N.Y., June (Hart Merriam). 
Ilon&haw Coll. 


q. 
§ ad. sk. Menomonee, Wisconsin, Oct. [S.-C4.J 
(Nelson). 
r. 
tf acl. sk. Fort Klamath, Oregon, April 
(Capt Bendire). 
s. 2 imm. sk. 
Honey Lake, Nevada, June 
{II. Wheeler). J 
5. Picoides funebris. 
Ficoides funebris, 
Ferreaitx, N Arch. 3Ius. vi. Bull 33. no. 2 (1870) ; 
id. oj). cit. vii. p. Ti (1871); id. op. cit. viii. pi. i. (1*7:2) ; fflwes, 

P. Z. S. 187;3, pp. 064, 005, 089; Sclat. Ibis, lh74, p. 171 ; David 
# Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 49 (1677). 
Male, young. Above, including scapulars, rump, and upper tail-
coverts brownish black, with a narrow and broken lino of white 
down the middle of the back; wing-coverts uniform brownish 
black; quills brownish black, the primaries and some of the outer 
secondaries spotted with white upon both webs, the former tipped 
with white ; the inner secondaries having the outer webs uniform, 
the inner webs spotted with white, and having near the tips of the 
innermost a diagonal stripe of white upon each web ; shafts blackish 

284 
-PICTDM. 

brown; tail black, the six central feathers uniform, the remainder 
barred with white upon both webb, the dwarf feather spotted or 
barred on the outer web only ; shafts black ; nasal plumes black, 
with buffy-white bases; forehead, crown, occiput, and nape glossy 
blue-black, the feathers of the forehead banded with white at the 
tip, those of the crown being tipped with bright saffi on-yellow and 
having grey bases; lores, a stripe from behind the eye passing 
down the side of the neck, also one from the ba^e of the upper 
mandible and running under the ear-coverts and down the side of 
the neck, buffy white ; ear-coverts and a broad stripe behind 
blue-black: a broad blue-black malar stripe ; chin, throat, and 
tore neck buffy white; from the chest to the under tail-coverts 
inclusive, partly black, partly brown, more or less spotted with 
white, the brown portions being nearly uniform, the black more 
cleaily spotted with white : under wing-coverts brownish black, 
barred and varied with white: a irib brown ; bill brownish ; legs 
blackish" (David). Total length (J inches, culmen 1*17, wing 5, 
tail 3*15, tar&us 1 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*5. inner 
anterior 0*45, po&teiior 0*55. 

Hah. Moupin. and the high wooded mountain* of Western China. 

17. 
XEHOPICUS. „, 
Tjpe. 
Xenopicus, Baird, Rep. Bxpl $ Surv. Musk. Pacif. 
Raib: ix. Birds, p. 83 (1858) X. albolarvatus. 
Xenocraujyus, 
Cab. # Heme, Mus. Hem. iv, p. 74 
(18r>3) '..,. . X albolan arus. 

Head of Xenoph us albolarvatus. 

Range. Pacific coast-region from British Columbia to Southern 
California, including both slopes of the Sierra Nevada. 

1. Xenopicus albolarvatus. 
Leuconerpes albolarvatus, 
Cassin, Proc. Acad, PMlad. 1850, p. 10G ; 
Bp, Oomp. Vohtcr. Zggod. p. 10, no. 204 (1854). 
Melanerpes albolarvatus, Cass. Jouni. Acad. PMlad. 1853, p. 257, 
pi. xxii., $ $> ad, * Newberry, Zool Cat § Oreg. Route 9, Rep, P. 

17. xENOPiotrs. 285 
P. P. vi. pt. iv. p. 91 (1857); Bridges, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 3; Gray, 
List Picid. Brit Mus. p. 117 (1868); id. Iland-l B. ii. p. 201, 
no. 8821 (1870). 
Picus (Xenopicus) albolarvatus, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 90 (1858); 
Cass. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, p. 202; B.} B., $ B. Hist N. Amer. 

B. ii. p. 526, pi 1. fig. 7 tf, %. 8 $ ad. (1874). 
Xenopicus albolarvatus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 221, pi ci. figs. 8, 4, 
6 2 (1862); Elliot, New # Unfig. B. N. Amer. i. pi. xxiv., tf $ 
ad. (1869); Jta^w. Proc. U. 8. Nat Mus. 1880, pp. 6,189; Cones, 
Check-list N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 1882, p. 78; id. Keif N. Amer. B. 
2nd ed. 1884, p. 484; A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. Ifc80, p. 218 ; 
Coop. Auk, 1887, p. 88; JRidgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 2SQ (1887); 
Merrill, Auk, 1888, p. 258. 

Xenocraugus albolarvatus, Cab. # Heine, Mus. Hein.iv. p. 74 (1868). 
Picus albolarvatus, Sunder. Consp. Av. Piein. p. 29 (1866); Coop. B. 
Calif, ed. Baird, i. p. SS2 (1870); Ridgw. Proc. Essex Inst. 1875, 

p. 38; Pidgw. U. 8. Geol. Expl. iOth Par. pt. iii. Orn. pp. 888, 
547 (1877); Beld. Proc. U. 8. Nat Mus. 1878, pp. 898; 428. 
Adult male. Forehead and crown smoky white \ a bright scarlet 
occipital band ; nasal plumes, lores, side of the face, chin, and 
throat pure white ; the remainder of the plumage blue-black (except 
the wings, these being slightly browner); dwarf primary having a 
white spot at the base of the inner web, the next feather having 
the base of the inner web white, with a small spot at the base of 
the outer web; the remaining primaries having their basal portion 
white on both webs, that on the outer not extending to within an 
inch of the tips: " iris brown" (A. Forrer). Total length 8*5 
inches, culmen 1*25, wing 5*15, tail 3*45, tarsus 0-9: toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0-55, outer posterior 0*65, inner anterior 0*48, 
inner posterior 0*3. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of the 
red occipital band, the occiput being, like the hind neck, black : 
" iris brown " (A. Forrer). Total length 8*5 inches, culmen 1*05, 
wing 5-2, tail 3'6, tarsus 0*87. 

Young. General colour of a more dusky black: the male has the 
crown-feathers tipped with red, and no red on the occiput. A 
young female examined resembles the adult of the same sex, but 
has the forehead and crown smoky white ; there is moro white on 
the outer webs of the primaries, and they are barred with black on 
the apical portion; sometimes the white upon the inner webs is also 
barred, the white-appearing as a spot. I am not aware that the 
female has an earlier stage of plumage. 

Bab. Pacific coast-region from British Columbia to Southern 
California, including both slopes of the Sierra Nevada. 

a. S ad. * h, c. British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
5 ad. sk. 
d,e. S 2 a(*sk.
f. <$ ad. sk. 
^ or t Klamath, Oregon, D 
& Jan. (C. Bendire). 
Nevada, California,
(H. W. Henshaw) [
no. 72618]. 
ec. 
Sept.
Sm. 
Henshaw Coll. 
Salvm-Godman Coll. 

PICIDJS. 

286 

Henshaw Coll. 

Nevada, California, Oct. 

//. f hum. sk. 

(Nelson). 

Henshaw Coll. 

Lake Tahoe, Nevada, Cal. 

h. c{ ad sk. 
(Henshaw). 

Salvin-Godrnan Coll. 

fort Crook, Cal., Nov. (D. 

«. J hum. 8k. 

.F. Parkinson) [Sro. no. 

22073]. 

h. 
$ ad. ak. Fort Crook (D. i77. ParkinSclater 
Coll. 
son). 
Big Trees, Cal., July (i . j

/. J juv. sk. 

Belding), i 
Blue Canon, Cal., June, [ IIen^haw Cull. 

m, n. J $ ad. 

Oct. {Henshaw). f [S.-CI.] 
Walker's Basin, Cal., Nov. |

w, y;. cT ad. sk. 

(Wheeler). j 
Bear Valley, Cal., June G. Freao Moreoii: 

5, >"• d ? ad. 

(F. Stephens). Esq. [P.], 
18. DENDBOCOPTES. 
Type. 
Dendrocoptes, Cab. # JSfeww, xlf^s. JSVzVi. iv. p. 41 (1863). D. mediu-. 

Range. Europe (generally), north to Finland; Asia Minor and 
east into Persia. 

Key to the Species. 

A. 
The white bars on the lateral tail-feathers broader 
than the black interspaces; the red occipital 
feathers less elongated ; the breast less yellow, 
and the striations on the sides of the body, flanks, 
and thighs narrower. 
a'. The red on the occiput as bright as that of the 
crown medius <$ ad., 
b'. The rod on the occiput duller than that of the [p. 2^>7. 
crown medius $ ad., 

B. The white bars on the lateral tail-feathers narrow, [p. 288. 
and less in width than the black interspaces; 
the red occipital feathers more elongated; the 
breast deeply washed with yellow ; the striations 
on the sides of the body, flanks, and thighs 
broader. 
c\ The red on the occiput as bright as that of the 
crown sancti-johanms 
d'. The red on the occiput duller than that of the [ <$' ad., p, 288. 
crown sancti-Johannis 

[ ? 
ad., p. 288. 

1. Dendrocoptes medius. 
Le Pic varie*, Briss. Orn. iv. p. 88, pi. ii. ftg. 1 (1700). 
Reus medius, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 176 (1766); Scop. Ann. i. p 48 


GJn' Sljst Nat LP-43° (1788) 5Lath*

G2S$; 
In<$-Orn. i. pf 229 

(1/90); Lewm, B. Gt. Brit. ii. p. 40, pi. xlix. (1796); BecMt 

Naturg. Deutschl. ii. p. 1029 (1805); Temm. Cat. Syst p. 65 

18 . DKNDROCOPTES. 
287 

(1807) ; Meyer Sf Wolf, Tasclienb. i. p. 122 (1810); Meisn. $ 
Schmz, Tog. Schweiz, p. 41 (1815); Miss. Orn. Suec. i. p. 110 
(1817) ; Temm. Man. cVOm. i. p. 398 (1820); Brehm, Naturgeseh. 
Eur. Tog. i. p, 140 (1823) ; Bonn. § Vieill Em. Meth. iii. p. 130:) 
(1823); lloux, Orn. Prov. i. p. 08, pi. lxi. (1825); Naum. Fog. 
Deutschl. v. p. 320, pi. cxxxvi. ligs. 1, 2 (1820) ; Vaknc. Diet. Sc. 

Giog. Handb. Naturgeseh. Yog. Eur. p. 459 (1834); Bp. Comp. List 

B. Eur. § N. Amer. p. 30 (1838); Keys. 8? Bias. Wirb. Eur. 
pp. 148 & xxxv (1840) ; Schinz, Eur. Faun. i. p. 202 (1840) ; 
Schley. Ilev. Orit. p. 1 (1844) j Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 435 (1845); 
Bp. Vonsp. Gen. Av. i. p. 134 (1850) ; Meichenb. Scans. Picince, 
p. 3(38, no. 848, pi. elexxxiv. %. 422 (1854); Licht. Nomencl. 
Av. p, 75 (1854); Brehm, Togelf. p. 70 (1855); Sunder. Sv. Fogl. 
p. 140, pi. xxiii. fig. 3 (1856); Ton Wright, Finl. Fogl. 1850, 
p. 274; Jaub. § Barth.-Lapomm. Mich. Orn. p. 330 (1859); Malh. 
Picidce, i. p. 93, pL xx. figs. 0,7 (1861); Bree, B. Eur. iii. p. 140, 
pi. tf (1802) ; Sperl Ibis, 1804, p. 218; Prev. $ Bern. Hist. Nat. 
Ois. d'Ear. p. 109 (1864); Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 30 (I860); 
Degl. ty Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 152 (18G7); Gray, List Picid. Brit. 
Mus.y. 35 (1868); Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 448; Borggr. Togelf. 
Norddeutschl. p. 68 (1869) ; Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 182, no. 8555 
(1870); Elw. 8? Buckl. Ibis, 1870, p. 188; Samul op. cit 1871, 
p. 06 ; Salvad. Faun. Italy JJcc. p. 37 (1871); Dress. B. Eur. v. 
p. 47, pi. eclxxxi. (1871); Perini, Man. Orn. Teron. p. 404 (1874) j 
Danf. 8fHarv.-Br.Ibis, lb75, p. 299 ; DHamonv. Cat. Ois. d'Eur, 
p. 10 (1876); Saund. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1876, p. 324; Tacz. 
Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1877, p. 152; Schley. Tog. Nederl p. 40, p]. v. 
fig. 11 (1878); Elw. Ibis, 1880, p. 395; Gigl. op. cit. 1881, p. 190; 
Madar. Syst. Aufz. Tog. Ungarns, p. 23 (1881); Carls. Kongl. 
Tet.-Akad. Forhandl 1882, no. 1, p. 30; Marsch. # Pelz. Orn. 
Tindob. p. 92 (1882); Padde, Orn. Cauc. p. 313, pi. xix. %. 4 
(1884); Gigl Avif. Ital p. 203 (1880); Lore?iz, Orn. Faun. 
Kaukasus, p. 44 (1887). 

Dendrocopos medius. Koch, Syst. baier. Zool. i. p. 73 (1810). 
Picus varius (non Linn.), Tieill N. Diet. d'Hist Nat. xx\L p. 94 

(1818). 
Dryobates medius, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 320. 
Picus cyanaedus, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 413 (1831). 
Picus quereuum, Brehm, Tog. Deutschl. p. 191 (1831); id. Tollst. 

Togelf. 1855, p. 70. 
Pipripicus medius, Bp. Consp. Tolucr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 52 (1854). 
Picus roseiventris, 1B ; ym n ^ 185g m

? J J ; r

Picus mendionalis, j
Dendrocoptes medius, Cab. Sf Heine, Mm. Ilein. iv. p. 41 (1863). 
Dendrocopus medius, Irby, Ibis, 1883, p. 178; B. O. U. List Brit. B. 


p. 78 (1883); Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 304. 
Adult male. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts black; scapulars 
white; wing-coverts black, except the innermost of the median and of 
the greater series, which are white, this forming a conspicuous patch; 
quills black, spotted with white upon both webs ; shafts black ; tail 
black, the two outer large feathers on either side broadly barred 

288 M0ID2B. 

with white on the apical portion, the next Inner feather tipped 
and spotted near the tip with white ; shafts black; nasal pinnies 
dusky black; forehead smoky or brownish white ; crown and occiput 
crimson ; nape and hind neck black; sides of the face and neck, chin, 
throat, fore neck, and chest white, the malar region smoky or brownish, 
and behind this a very broad black stripe extending on to the 
side of the chest, a branch from it running behind the ear-coverts 
but not joining the nape ; the breast lightly yellow ; the abdomen, 
vent, and under tail-coverts rose-red : the sides, of the body. Hanks, 
and thighs narrowly striped with black, the latter part- ^iulrly pink ; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries white. Total length **'3 inches. 
culmen 1*1, wing 4*83, tail 3*2, tarsus u-S; toes (without claws,)— 
outer anterior 0*55, outer posterior 0'5b, inner anterior 0*5, inner 
posterior 0*25. 

Young male. Ee&embles the adult, but has the red on the head. 
abdomen, and under tail-coverts much paler, and the si nations 
on the nnderparts less black ; the primaries are tipped with white. 

Adult female. Has the red on the crown h>s brilliant than in 
the adult male, the red on the occiput more dubky and with a tdi^ht 
yellowish tinge. Total length <b*3 inches culmen 1, win# 4-i», 
tail 3*32, tarsus 0*b3. 

JJah. Western and Southern Europe, north to Finland, ea>t to 

the Caucasus. 
a. $ ad. st.
b, c. c?jad.sk.
d. <$ ad. sk.
e. Juv. sk. 
Europe. 
Sweden, Jan., Oct. 
Skane,fcswedt-p, Aug. IT, 1*57.1. 
Turkey (T. liobson). 
Old C Ikjctmn. 
C. M^\^ C.~. 
L\ Mv\^ J\\ 
Tweeddak Coll 

Subsp. a. Dendrocoptes sancti-johaxuiis. 

Picas feancti-jokannis, Blatif. Ibis, lb73, p. 220: id. Eftxt. Per,<. ii. 

p. 138, pi. ix. (1870). 
Pieus medius (nun Linn.), Dan ford. Ibis, 1877, p. 2f4, 157*, p. 7: 
Tristr. op. cit 1882, p;418; uL Cat. OJIL p. 101 (1^-lij. 
Picas medius, Tar. saneti-juhamris, Iiad<h<7 Ora, Cane. p. 313, pi. xix. 
fig. 3 (1884). 

Adult male. Besembles I). medius, but differs in being smaller, 
and in having the nnderparts of a richer yellow and a deeper red, 
also in the striatums on the sides of the body, flanks, and thighs 
being conspicuously broader and blacker, the black upon the latter 
parts taking the form of transverse spots or bars. There is rery 
much more black on the lateral tail-feathers, these appearing as 
though black barred with white, the white bars being narrower 
than the black interspaces, the reverse being the case in D. medius. 
Total length 8 inches, culmen 1*05, wing 4*7, tail 3, tarsus 0*82 ; 
toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*5, outer posterior 0*0, inner 
anterior 0*43, inner posterior 0*3. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult of the opposite sex in having 
the crown of a less brilliant crimson, and this colour upon the 

19. LIOPICITS. 289 
occiput having a washed-out appearance. Total length 8 inches, 
culmen 1, wing 4*75, tail 3, tarsus 0*83. 
Hab. Asia Minor, east into Persia. 

<$ ad. sk. 
<$ ad. sk. 
S ad. sk. 
Xanthus. 
Belgrade (T. Robson). 
Asia Minor, March 6,1866 (T. 
C.Fellowes,Esq.[P.l 
Gould Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
<$ ad. sk. 
<S ad. sk. 
Robson). 
Asia Minor, Oct. (T. Robson). 
Asia Minor, Jan. 18, 1866 (T. 
Shelley Coll. 
Salvin-Godinan Coll. 
/ . d ad.sk. 
Robson). 
Petin-a-hore, Jan. 8,1867 (T. Tweeddale Coll. 
g. S imm.; h. 
Robson). 
Taurus, Asia Minor, Feb. 1876 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
L$ ad. sk. 
S ad. sk. 
(<?. G. Danford). 
Oak Forest, near Shiraz, June, 
1870. 
Sir 0. St. John [0.]. 

19. LIOPICUS. 
Type. 
Leiopicus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. no. 65 (1854).. L. mahrattensis. 
Liopipo, Cab,fy Heine, Mus. Rein, iv. p. 44 (1863).. L. mahrattensis. 

a. Foot of Liopicus mahrattensis. 
b. Wing of Liopicus mahrattensis (reduced). 
Range. India and Ceylon, Pegu, and into Cochin China. Will 
probably be found in the intervening countries, but specimens are 
wanting. 

YOL. XVIH.

 v 

PICII^E. 

1. Liopicns mahrattensis. 
Pi2us mahrattensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. Suppl p. xxxi, § (1801) ; 

p. 121; Sylces, op. cit. 1832, p. 07; Gray, Hardir. III. Inrl. ZooL 
I pi. xxxiii., cS 2 ad. (1830-32); Gould, Cent B II'imal Jits. pl.lL, 
' 9 (1832) ; id. P. Z. S. 1842, p. 92: Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 435 
(1845); Blyth, J. A. S. B. 184-3, p. 1915; id. Cat B. Mus. As. Sac. 

p. 02 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. Gen. A v. i. p. 135 (1850); Lnyard,Ann. 
<§* Mag. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 448 (1^54); Lkht. Kommcl. Av. p. 75 
(1854); Bek-henh. Scans. Pic-hue, p. 3(39, no. 853, pi. dcxxxv. (fiprs. 
4230-31 6 2, inconect) (1854j; Leith-Adam*, P. Z. S. 1858, 
p. 475; Malh. Pieidce, i. p. 105, pi. xxviii. figs. 1-2, 6 2 (1861); 
Jerd. B. Lid. i. p. 274 (1802); Beavan, 2bis,'l866t p. 410; Blyth, 
op. cit. 1806, p. 354; Sundev. Consp. Av. Piciu. p. 31 (1866) ; Gray, 
List Picid. Brit. Mis. p. 39 (18G8) ; id. Iland-l B. ii. p. 183, 
BO. 8570 (1870); Iloldsio. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 420 ; Fhces, op. cit. 
1873, p. 072; Ilayes-Lhyd, His, 1873, p. 407; Adam. Str. F. 
1873, p. 373 : Ball, op. cit. 1874, p. 390 ; JIvmc £ Gates, op. cit. 
1875, p. 58 ; Butl t c. n. 4ort; Leggc. Ibis7 3875, p. 274: J[7?/c/. 
Ifa>, 1870, p. 344; Fairh. Sir. F. 1^70, p. 255 j Blanf. op, cit. 
1877, p. 245; Hume, t. c. p. 329; lw&. f. e. p. 395; * Hume §• 
Davison, op. cit vi. p. 124 (Ls78); Hume. op. cit. vii. p. 55 (Ls78); 
Davids. 8f Wend. t. c. p. 78; Murray* t. e. p. 111; i»V/. f. c. p. L^l; 
2?«//, *. c. p. 205; AVr. T)oiq, op. cit. W0 , p. 370 ; /totf. <"<rf. Zf. 
Si.d $c. p. 18, no. 1(50 (W9); id. Cat B. 8. Bomb. Preset p. 22, 
no. 1G0 (1880) ; Legge, B. Ceyl. I. p. 184 (1880): Vidal, Mr. F. 
18,^0, p. 52; Butl t. c. p. 3^5; Beid,op. cit. x. p. 24 (1>81); 
Gates, t. c. p. 190 (1882); Davidson, t c. p. 297 (1^2); W. Davison, 
Str.F. x. p. 354 (1883); Gates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 37 
(1883) : Marshall, Ibis, 1884, p. 410; Swinh. § Barnes, op. cit 1885, 
p. 02; Barker, op. cit 1886, p. 183. 
Picus haeinasoma, Wagl Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 30, $ (1827). 
Pious aurocristatus, Tick. J. A. S. B. 1833, p. 579. 
Dendrocopus niaratteiteis, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 307 (1837). 
Leiopicuss maliratteusis, 
Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zi/god. p. 8, no. 05 (1854); 
Gray, Cat. Gen. B. 1855, p. 91 ; Horsf. '§- Moore, Cat B. Mm. 

F. I Co. ii. p. 674 (1856-58) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. §c. Xepal pres. 
Hodgs. 1863, p. 63. 
Liopipo mahrattensis, Cab. # Heme, Mus. Hetn. iv. p. 44 (1863); 
Blyth § Wald. B. Burm. p. 78 (1875). 
Picus blanfordi, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1803, p. 75; Gray, List Picid. 
Brit. Mus. p. 39 (1868); id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 183, no. 8571 (1870); 
Blanf. Ibis, 1870, p. 464. 

Picus (Leiopicus) mahrattensis, var., Stoliczka, J. A. 8, B. 1872, 

p. 232. 
Adult male. Back and scapulars -wMte, very broadly striped and 
transversely varied with black ; rump and upper tail-coverts white, 
the latter broadly striped with black : wings and their coverts black, 
the median and the greater series of the latter and both webs of the 
quills spotted with white; shafts dark brown ; tail black, the central 
feathers entirely spotted, the lateral ones entirely barred with white; 
shafts black; nasal plumes, forehead, and crown pale golden yellow; 

19 . LIOPICTJS. 
291 
occiput and nape scarlet; hind neck black; sides of the face and 
neck white, the ear-coverts slightly brownish; the malar region 
smoky white, and behind it a broad brown stripe running on to 
the side of the chest, a branch from it extending behind the ear-
coverts ; from the chin to the under tail-coverts (both inclusive) 
white, the chin, throat, and fore neck uniform, the remaining parts 
broadly striped with brown, except the abdomen which is brilliant 
scarlet: " bill clear plumbeous, dark on the culmen and tip of both 
mandibles; inside of mouth bluish fleshy; eyelids dark brown; 
irides deep red; legs and feet bright plumbeous; claws horny blue " 

(E. W. Oates). Total length 6'8 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 4, tail 
2*3, tarsus 0*8; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*5, outer 
posterior 0*57, inner anterior 0*42, inner posterior 0-28. 
Adult female. Wants the red on the occiput and nape, these being 
dull yellow, like the forehead and crown. Total length 6-8 inches, 
culmen 0*93, wing 4, tail 2-5, tarsus 0"75. 

Young. The males differ from the adult of the same sex in having 
the sinciput of a very much duller yellow, and the red on the head 
also duller and confined to the hinder part of the crown ; the underpays 
less white and more broadly striped ; the red on the abdomen 
less intense; the bill brown. The male nestling is similar, but 
(together with the female) differs in having the chin and throat 
faintly spotted with dusky brown; the female has no red on the 
head, the forehead and crown being smoky or brownish drab, with 
scarcely any yellow tinge. 

Bob. Throughout almost the whole of India to the foot of the 
Himalayas, extending in the north-west up to Chamba; Ceylon; 
ranging also into the northern part of Pegu. Has also been 
obtained by Dr. Harmand in Cochin China, and will probably be 
found to inhabit the intervening countries. 

a. 5 ad. sk. Umarkoti, Sindh, Jan. 20,1876 Hume Coll. 
( W. T. Blanford). 
b, c. <$ J ad. sk. Kutch. Hume Coll. 
d. 6 
ad. sk. Kattiawar. Ma] or Hayes Lloyd 
[p.]. 
e. (S ad. sk. Deesa, Feb. 18, 1876 (JE. A. 
Hume Coll. 

Butler). 
f-i. § ad. et inim. Mt. Aboo, Rajputana. Hume Coll. 
sk. 
k,l <$ $ ad. sk. Mt. Aboo. Major Butler [C.]. 
m, n, o. <$ ad.; p, Sambhur, 'Feb., March, June, Hume Coll. 
q, r. $ ad. sk. Oct., Nov. (B. M. Adam). 
Sj t. tf ad.; u, v. Jodhpur, Jan. and Oct, Hume Coll. 

$ ad. sk. 

w, cc. $ 5 ad. sk. Tatghur, Oodeypur, Feb. 1878. Hume Coll. 

y. 
tfad.; a, a'. ? Delhi, March, Oct., Nov. (C. T. Hume Coll. 
ad. sk. Bingham). 
b'. c?ad.; </, d', e'. Sultanpur, G-urgaon Dist., Dec, Hume Coll. 
5ad.sk. Jan., Feb. (IF. N. Chill). 
f,g'. tfad.;A'. ? Unibala, March, July, Sept. Hume Coll. 
ad. sk. 
i', h'. $ ad. sk. Umbala (Fimoill). Tweeddale Coll 


292 PICIEJE. 

/'. <$ ad.; m'j n'. § 

ad. sk. 
o\ $ ad. sk. 
p\ q'. c?ad.; ?•', s', 

f. $ ad. sk. 
u'. tf ad. sk. 
v', w\ (S $ ad. sk. 
a,', y\ $ ad. sk. 
»'. c5" ad. sk. 
«V'.c?$ ad.sk. 
c", d". cT ad.; «". 
$ad. sk. 
f\y". $ ad.sk. 
A". $ ad. sk. 

i". <$ ad. sk. 
V\ $ ad. fck. 
Z". <? ad. sk. 
w'r. cT ad. sk. 


M". $ ad. sk. 
o". (5* ad. sk. 
;/',<?". c?$ ad.sk. 
r". <£ ad. sk. 


sr', $". <J J ad. sk. 
u", v". <$ ad. et 
juv.; w"-z". 2 
ad. et juv. sk. 


#3, b3. $ ad.; c3. 
5 inim. sk. 

d3 

. <$ ad. sk, 
ez. $ ad. sk. 


f\g\ 6 S ad. sk. 
A3, i8. tf $ ad. sk. 

kz,¥. <?ad.; m3. 
$ ad. sk. 
n3. S ad. sk. 

o3, p3. cf $ ad.; 

q3. Juv. sk. 
r3. § ad. sk. 
s3, **, w3. cJ ad.; 

iP. ^ imm. sk. 
v?,a?,y*. 6 ad.; 
s3. J imm. sk. 

a4, <J ad, sk. 

&4. tf ad. sk. 

c\ $ ad. sk. 

dV4.tfad.;f^. 
2 ad. sk. 

Umbala, Nov. (S. C. Beavari).

Sakarunpur, Dec, 2,1872. 
Simla. 

Dehra Dhoon. 

N.W. India. 
Etawah, Feb, and March. 
Muttra, Jan. 14, 1&G8 (£. Jf. 
Futtehgurh, Sept. (A. Anderson), 
Oudh, Jan., Feb., Nov. 

Gondah, Oudh (Pinwill). 
Mogul Serai, Oudh, Sept. lo, 

1874 ( W. JG. Brooks). 
Lucknow, Oudh, May 10,1879. 
Nepal. 
Darj eeling (Pearson). 
Bkotan Boars, Jan. 1877 (X. 

Mandelli). 

Bekar. 
Behar. 
Saugor (Hooper). 
Mhow, Dec. 19, 1881. 


Iihandeish. 
Khandeish, Feb., March, May 


(J. Davidson), 
Khandeisk. 

Raipux. 
Chanda, Feb. 1870 (W. T. 
Stanford). 


Matterhan, Nov. 1875. 
Mahabaleshwar, May 1874 (& 

B. Fairbanh). 
Ahmednuggur, Feb. and Sept. 

(S. B. Fairbanh). 
Khandala, May 1876 (S. B. 
Fairbanh), 
Deccan (Sykes). 


Deccan (Lieut. Burgess). 

S. Konkan, March and April 
(G. Vidal). 
"Wynaad, March, Nov., and Dec. 

Kotagherry, Nilghiris, Dec. 1874 

(Miss Cochburn). 

Seegore, Nilghiris, Feb. 1881 
( W, Davison). 
Mudda, Mysore, May 1881 

(W. Davison). 
Malabar. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Gould Coll. 
Pinwill Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Colonel Way [P.]. 
Hodgson Coll. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 

Hodgson Coll. 

Hodgson Coll. 

India Museum. 

Colonel Swinhoe 

r P "*. 

India Museum. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

India Museum. 

Gould Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll 

Tweeddale Coll. 

293 

20 . 
DENDEOPICXTS. 
h\ i". tf S ad. sk. Calicut. .Hume Coll. 
&y4,m4.dad.;«4. Anjango, Travancore, Dec. 1872. Hume Coll. 

$ ad. sk. 
o4. Ad. sk. Ceylon. Hume Coll. 
p4, q4. Ad. sk. Ceylon. Tweeddale Coll. 
r\ (S ad. sk. Ceylon, Sept. 16,1875. Colonel Legge[P.]. 
s4, t\ 6 ? ad. sk. Aripo, N.W. Ceylon, Nov. and Tweeddale Coll. 

Dec. 1869 (R M. Holdsworth). 
u4, v4. <$ ad.; to4. Madras. Kev. H. H. Baber 
Juv. sk. [P.]. 
a,4. Juv. sk. Kajamundry, April 4, 1871. W. T. Blanford, 
Esq. [P.]. 
y\ *'. c? $ ad.; Maunbhoom, March 1865 (R. C. Tweeddale Coll. 
«% 5°. Juv. sk. Beavmi). 
e5. tfad.; d5,e5. $ Thayetmyo, Upper Burrnah. Hume Coll. 
ad. sk. 
f'\ d ad. sk. Palow, Thayetmyo, Sept. 18, Hume Coll. 

1872. 
g\ #*. c? $ acl. sk. Pegu. Tweeddale Coll. 
e5; F . (51 ad.; I5, m5, Tonghoo, May, Oct. Nov. Tweeddale Coll. 

5 (22. G. W. JR.). 

n. 2 ad. sk. 
20. DENDROPICUS. 
Typs, 
Dendropicus, Malli. Mev. Zool. 1849, p. 532 D. cardinalis. 
Erythronerpes, lieklienb. Scans. TicincB, p. 856 (1854). D. abyssinicus. 
Pardipicus, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. no. 135 (1854). D. gabonensis. 
Ipoctonus, Cab. § Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 114 (1863). D. hemprichi. 
Ipopatis, Cab. §* Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 129 (1863). D. gabonensis. 

Range. Throughout the greater part of the Ethiopian Region (probably 
including the countries between Kordofan and Senegambia). 

Key to the Species. 

A. 
Shafts of quills and of tail-feathers golden 
yellow above and below. 
a'. Above distinctly barred in both adult 
and young. 
a". Upper parts olive or dusky olive 
barred with yellow or yellowish 
white; upper tail-coverts olive-golden 
tinged-with red j underparts entirely 
striped. 


a"\ Larger: length 6 inches, wing 3*75 j 
underparts dull white or slightly 
yellowish, broadly striped with 
black; hind neck dusky black. 


a4. Hind part of crown, occiput, and 
nape red j sinciput umber-brown cardinalis $ ad,, p, 296* 
¥. Entire top of the head, occiput, 
and nape black car $ ad,, p. 296, 

b"\ Smaller: length 5*5 inches, wing 
3*6 • underparts pale yellow narrowly 
streaked with blackish; hind 
neck dusky, washed with olive. 


c4. Hind part of crown, occiput, and 
nape red; sinciput umber-brown, zanzibarl <$ ad., p. 21 

294: 
PICID-S:. 
d\ Entire top of the head, occiput, 
and nape blackb". Upper parts dusky brown barred with 
v> bite; upper tail-coverts red. 

c"'. Chin and throat uniform, the chest 
and underparts as well as the 
under tail-coverts spotted with 
brown, the thighs barred. 

eK With red occipital band ..... .

/ \ With no red on the occiput, this 
being pale umber-brown like the 
forehead and crown

fl'". Chin, throat, and chest striped, the 
abdomen spotted; the flanks, thighs, 
and under tail-coverts barred. 

gK Crown red; forehead umber-
brown

7iK With no red on the crown ; hind 
part of the crown, occiput, and 
nape brownish black

b'. Above uniform in adult, with faint dusky 
bars in young' only. 
c". Upper tail-coverts tipped with red. 
e'". Ilind part of crown, occiput, and 
nape red

/"'. With no red on the head, the forehead 
and crown dark biown, the 
occiput and nape black

d'K With no red on the upper tail-covert-. 
g'/f. With dark auricular stripe as well 

as malar stripe. 
2*4. Yeitex and occiput redjK Vertex and occiput smoky brown,

h"\ With no auricular stripe. 

k*. Hind part of the crown and the 
occiput red ; sinciput umber-
brown

IK With no red on the crown or 
occiput, these being black ... .

B. 
Shafts of quills and of tail-feathers brown 
above, yellow or whitish below. 
c'. Upper tail-coverts and lower rump-
feathers brilliant scarlet; the nape 
nearly black, and the back with faint 
dusky bars in the young. 

e". Ilind part of the crown and the occiput 
red

f'\ With no red on the crown or occiput, 
these being umber-brown like the 
forehead

d'. With no red on the upper tail-coverts 
or rump. 

g". Face, including the ear-coverts, 
striped with black; malar stripe 
black and short; underparts spotted 
with black, 

i"K Ilind part of the crown, occiput, 
and nape red.

 zanzibari J ad., p. 298. 

 mimdus $ ad., p. 290. 
mhiuius $ ad , p. 299. 

liemprichi $ ad., p. 300. 
hempricM J ad., p. 300. 

 lafresnayi $ ad., p. 301. 

lafresnayi J ad., p. 301. 

 lepidits $ ad., p. 302. 

lepidits $ ad., p. 302. 

sharpii d ad., p. 302. 
sharpii § ad., p. 303. 

 abyssinicKS <$ ad., p. 303. 
abyssiniem J ad., p. 304. 

 gabonensis $ ad., p. 304. 

20 . DENDKOPICTTS. 
295 

./''. With no reel on the crown, occiput, 
or nape, these, together with the 
forehead,being dark brown washed 
with olive gabonensis J ad., p. 305. 

h". With no black striations on the face j 
the ear-covertb and stripe behind, 
also a broad malar stripe bordering 
the chin, throat, and fore neck, uniform 
dark umber-brown; underparts 
broadly striped with deep olive. 


k'". Occiput and nape (only) red ... . lugubris S ad., p. 305, 
I'". With no red on the ciow n, occiput, 
or nape lugitbris J ad., p. 805. 

m'". The olive-brown feathers of the 
crown and occiput tipped with 
dull red Ivgabris juv., p. 305. 


1. Den&ropicus cardinalis. 
Le Pic Cardinal de 1'Isle de Lucon, Sonn. Toy. Nouv. Guxn. i. p. 72, 
pi. xxxv. (1776). 
Le Grand Pic vaiie cle lTsle de Lucon, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. \ii. p. 403 
(17b3). 
Picus guineensis, Scop. Del. Fl. et Faun. Insuhr. ii. p. 89 (1786, ex 


Sonn.) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 435 (lb45). 
Cardinal Woodpecker,Z«M.6W?. Syn. i. p. 570, no. 22 (17rt8, ex Sonn.). 
Picns cardinalis, Gm. Si/st. Na$. i.fjp. 438, no. 51 (1788, ex Somi.); 


Lath. hid. Orn. i. p. 233 (1790); Stepk. Gen. Zool. ix. p. J76 (1815); 
Bonn. $ rmll Fnc. Meth. iii. p. 1308 (lb23); Wagl Syst. Av. 
Picus, sp. 91 (1827); Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 42, no. 124 (18G6). 

Le Petit Pic a baguettes d'or, Temm. Cat. Syst. Cabin. Orn. 1807, 

p. 212 ; Levaill. Ois. d'Afr.Vi. p. 25, pi. ecliii. (1808) j Sundev. Krit. 
Framst, Levaill. 1857, p. 52. 
Picns fuscetcens, rieill. N. Diet. cVHist. Nat. xxvi. p. 86 (1818, ex 
Levaill.) ; Bonn. $ Vieill Fnc. Meth. iii. p. 1314 (1823). 
Picus fulviscapus 
(111.), Licht. rerz. Douhl. 1823, p. 11; Wagl Sysf. 
Av. Picus, sp. 45 (1827); id. Isis,y. 513 (lb29); Bupp. Neue Wtrb. 
Troc/. p. 89 (1835); Licht. rerz. Saugeth. und Trog. Kaffeml. 1842, 

p. IS; Grill, Zool Anteckn. pp. 11, 44 (1858) ; Shelley (pt.), P. Z. S. 
1881, p. 593. ^ 
Colaptes capensis, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 171 (1826). 
Picus chrysopterus, Cuv. in Mus. Ban's; Less. Traite, i. p. 220 (1831); 

id. Compl Buff: ix. p. 303 (1837). 

Dendrobates fulviscapus, Sivains. Classif B. ii. p. 306 (1837); Gray, 
List Gen. 1841, p. 70 ; id. Gen. B. ii. p. 437 (1846); Bonap. Consp. 
Gen. Av. i. p. 124 (1850; ; Layard, B. S. Afr. 1867, p. 237. 

Picus capensis, Forst. Descr. Anim. no. 47, p. 43 (1844). 
Dendropicos hartlaubii * Malh. Rev. de Zool 1849, p. 532. 
Dendropicus hartlaubii, Malh. Mem. Acad. Metz, 1849, p. 339; Bonap, 

Consp. rolucr. Zygod. p. 9 (1854); Malh. Picidce, i. p. 201, pi. xliv. 
%s.*l, 2 (1861); Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. 1868, p. 65; id. 
Iland-l B. ii. p. 189, no. 8651 (1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 18 
(1871) ; Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 219 (1872) ; Buckley 1 
Ibis, 1874, p. 368 ; Sharpe, ed Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 189 (1875) j 
Gurney, Ibis, 1877, p. 342. 

* Only a A cry old bird. 
296 PICID2B. 

Chrysocolaptes cardinalis, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av. I p. 132 (1850); 

Beiclienb. Scans. Picince, p. 339 (1854). 

Dendrobates hartlaubi, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 124 (IfcoO), pt.; 

Bocage, Jom. So. Lish. 1880, p. 232. 

Dendrobates fuscescens, Strickl. § Sclat. Contr. Orn. 1552, p. 155. 

Dendropicus fuscescens, Bonap. Consp. Tolucr. Zygod. p. 9 (3&34). 

Dendropicus cardinalis, Bonap. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 9 (1854); 

Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mm. 1868, p. 64 ; id. Hand-l B. II. p. ISO, 
no. 8649 (1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. 1871, p. 18; Gurney, in 
Anderss. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 220 (1872j ; Sharpe, ed. LayardsB. S. Afr. 
1875, p. 190; Barrait, Ibis, 1870, p. 200; Sharpe, in Gates' Matabek-
Land, App. p. 300 (IfeSlj ; Butler, Feilden, fylieid, Zoologist, 1&&2, 

p. 208; Hargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 437 ; Symonds, op. cit 1^7, p. 330; 
Biittik. Notes Leyd. Mas. 18^9, p. 69. 
Campethera fulvlscapa, Beiche/ib. Scans. Picina, p. 424? pL delxxiv. 
figs. 4459-60. 
Campethera hartkubii, EeicTienb. Scam. Picinm, p. 426 (1^54). 
Dendropicus fulviscapus, Malh. Picidce, I p. 190, pL sliii. iisrs. 1-3 

(1861); Ayres, Ibis, 1879, p. 2£b; Holub fy Pelz. Orn. Sudafr. 

p. 103(1882). 
Ipoctonus cardinality Cab. <$- Heine, Mus. Hem. iv. p. 110 (1803). 
Ipoctonus hartlaubi, Cab. § Heine, Mm. llein. iv. p. 115 (1803). 
Picus hartlaubi, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 43, no. 125 (MJO) ; 
Finsch $ Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 512 (1870) ; Fischer 4* Iteirhenow, 

J. f O. 1877, p. 207; id* op. cit. 1878, p. 254; Fischer, torn. cit. 
p. 292. 
Dendrobates cardinalis, Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 308; Saivin, Cat. 
Strickl Coll p. 392 (L&82) j Soma, Jom. Se. Lisb. 13s0, p. 0. 


Adult male. Back, scapulars, and rump deep olive barred -with 
yellow; upper tail-coverts olive-golden, with almost obsolete darker 
bars and tinged with red; wing-coverts brown, transversely spotted 
with yellowish white, the forearm uniform olive; quills brown, the 
outer webs minutely spotted with yellow or yellowibh white, the 
inner webs with larger white spots ; shafts "golden yellow ; tail 
brownish black, narrowly barred or transversely spotted with huffy 
white, the central pair of feathers washed with olive-golden ; shafts 
golden yellow; nasal plumes and sinciput umber-brown ; hinder part 
of crown, also the occiput and nape, scarlet; hind neck dusky black ; 
sides of the face and neck, chin, and throat white, the former with 
a few narrow blackish striations; malar stripe blackish brown, and 
bordering the throat; fore neck white, and all the underparts pale 
yellow or yellowish white, the whole being striped with black or 
blackish brown ; under tail-coverts like the underparts, but barred 
as well as streaked with blackish brown ; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries yellowish white, the former striped and barred with blackish 
brown : " iris red ; hill lead-colour; legs dull green " {T. Ayres). 
Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*75, tail 1*9, tarsus 0-63 ; 
toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*45, outer posterior 0*55; 
inner anterior 0*35, inner posterior 0*25. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of red on the 
head, the crown being dark sepia-brown, the occiput and nape black. 
Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*73, wing 3*6, tail 1*8, tarsus 0-65. 

20. DEXDEOPICTS.
Hob. Cape Colony and north to the Zambesi; on the west through 
Great Namaqua-Land, Bamara-Land, and in Angola north to the 

Quanza Elver, 

a. Ad. sk.
b. S ad. sk.
c. JUT. sk.
d. <$ ad. sk.
e. (S ad. sk
f,g. 6 ad.; 7i. Jad. sk. 

i. Ad.sk.
k, J ad. sk.
/. 2 ad. sk.
m,?i. $ Jad.sk.
o. S ad. sk.
2). Ad.sk.
& r. 6 2 ad. sk.
s. S imm. sk.
t, u. (S 2 
a^-s^


v. <$ ad.sk.
w. cT ad. sk.
.r. cJ ad. sk.

y. $ ad. sk.
«. J ad. sk.

a. $ ad. sk.
£', c'. S ad.
d'j e'. Ad. sk.

f. g'. <$ 2 ad. skti, $ ad.; i'9 h\
V. 2 ad. sk.
m'. 2 ad-sk. 
a<*

n', o'. $ 2-sk.

p'. <$ imm. sk.

 ad sk

q\ r'. J 2-


s'. <$ ad. sk.

 South Africa. 
Cape Colony. 
Cape Colony.

 Kingwilliamstown, 
Elands Post, April (T. C.
Atmore). 
Elands Po^t (T. C. Atmore).

 Khinoceros Itiver. 
Natal. 
Natal, May (T. E. Buckley). 
Durban, Natal, Ojt (T. i .


 PInetown (T. L. Ay res). 
"VVeenen, March (Gordge). 
Newca>tle, Natal, Nov. {E. A.


Butler). 
Swaziland,July{T.E.Btrvktey). 
Zulu-L'ind, Julv ( Gurdgei.

 Transvaal,July? T.EJJuckiryj. 
Transvaal, July.

 Transvaal.

 Between Pretoria and Baniangwato 
(F. Oaft-s). 
Bamanjrwato, Nov. (T. E.
Buckley), 
Tati, MataMe-Land, Oct. {F.

Gates). 
Kanye (Dr. Extort). 
Makalaka Country {Br. Brad


shaw). 

Bamara-Land. 
Otjimbinque, April, June, Oct.

 (C. J. Andersson). 
Otjimbinque, 
June (C. J.
Andersson). 

Otjimbinque, June, Sept. (C

J. Andersson). 
Elephant Vley, Sept. (C. J.
Andersson). 
Swakop 
Kiver, April (C. J.
Andersson). 

Benguella. '

 Gould Coll. 

Tweedd^e Coll. 

Sharpe Coll. 

Major Trevelyan _P..» 

Shelley Coll. 

Sharpe Coll 

F. A. Barratt "C.". 
Sharpe Coll. 
Shelley ClI. 
Shelley Coll. 
Seebohm Coll. 

Shelley Cull. 

Shellev I 'oil. 

Shelley K\ill. 
Shelley i' ill. 
ShelhA Cull. 

T. H. Bu.'Lley, ]>•$, 
A. K^re^um, K->J. 
\\ . E. & V, (r.Oat*vf 
Kw^r.% h? t-, 
Shelley CulL


W. E. & C. G. (hde.% 
JEsqrs. T. \ 
Sharpe Coll.Shelley 
Coll. 


C. J. Andersson X'.". 
Tweeddale Coll. * 
** 
Shelley Coll. 

Sharpe Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Monteiro Coll. 

Subsp. a. Deu&ropicus zanzibari. 

Dendropieus zanzlbari, Malh. JPicidte, i. p. 201 (1861); Gurnet/ 
Ibisj 1882, p. 73; Hargitt, torn. cit. p. 73 (note); id. Ibis, 18x1* 

p. 441; Hartl. Zool. Jahrb. ZeiUeh. Syst. Geogr. Bud. Thicre* lbd7 
p. 307. 
' ' 
298 
pieman 

Dendropieus hartlaubi, Malh. Ficidte, i. p. 201 (1861) (pi); Skarpe, 

P. Z. S. 1609, p. 569 (pt.); Dubois, Bull Mm. Hog. d'ffist Nat, 
Belg. 1880, p. 147. 
Dendrobates hartlaubii, Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 328; Socage, Orn. Aug., 
App. p. 535 (1881); 
Dendrobates cardinalis (non Gm.), Skarpe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 135; 
Socage, Orn. Ang. 1877, p. 70. 
Picus hartlaubi, Skarpe, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 711; Fiseh. *|* Feiehen. 

J.f. 0. 1878, p. 254; Bbhm, J.f.O. 1883, p. 163. 
Ipoctonus h^tiltuxhi, Vabanis, J. f. O. 1878, p. 238. 
Picus. fulviscapus (pt.), Shelby, P. Z. S. 1^81, p. 593. 
Dendropieus cardinalis* {non Gm.), Dubois, Bull. Mm. Hog. d'Uist. 
Nat. Belg. 188(5, p. 147; Shelley, Ibis, 18^, p. 2i)o. 

Adult male. This well-defined subspecies or race may be dis


tinguished from D. cardinalis by its smaller size, with yellower 

underparts and the striatums on these very narrow, by its yellowish-

olive colour above, and also by the olive shading on the nape, which is 

never so black as in D. cardinalis. " Iris reddish brou n ; bill and 

feet leaden grey " (Fischer). Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0*8, 

wing 3*4, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*6; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 

0*45, outer posterior 0*55, inner anterior 0*35, inner posteiior 0-25. 

Young male (1st year). Is more dusky above than the adult, and 

has a somewhat spotted rather than a distinctly barred appearance; 

the shafts of the quills are white; the tail more dt^ky and the shafts 

yellowish white; the sides of the face and neck duller white; under 

surface of the body not tinged with yellow, and the underside of 

the tail without any golden gloss. The nestling has the barring on 

the back almost pure white. 

Adult female. Resembles the male, but wants the scarlet on the 

posterior portion of the crown and occiput, these parts being dull 

brown; under tail-coverts barred with dusky. Total length 5'8 

inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*4, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*6. 

Ilab. East Africa from the Zambesi north to Lama, and on the 
west from Loanda to the Congo. 

a. S ad. sk. Caconda, Angola (AneMeta). Skarpe Coll. 
b, c. J P ad. sk. Loanda. Congo. J. J. Monteiro, Esq. 
[0.]. 

d. § ad. sk , Loanda, Sept. (Said). Sliarpe Coll. 
«»/• 6 $ ad. sk. Shupanga, Shire River, April. Sir J. Kirk [O.]. 
g. cJ ad. sk. Zanzibar, April (Dr. Fischer), Shelley Coll. 
h, L cf 2 ad. sk. Zambesi. Sir J. 'Kirk [C.]. 
k. (J ad. sk. Zambesi, April (Dr. Miller). Tweeddale Call 
I $ imm. sk. Ugogo (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll. 
on, n. $ 2 ad. sk. Usambara Hills, Pangani R. Shelley Coll. 
(Kirk), 

o. c? ad. sk. Dar-es-Salaam (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll. 
p. 
2 ad. sk. Mombas. R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
q. 6" ad. sk. Ngele Kele, July. Br. Hildebrandt [C.]. 
r. tf ad.; $. Imm. Rovuma River (J. Thompson). Shelley Coll. 
sk. 
20 . DE^TDEOPICUS299 
t, u. 9 ad. sir. Laniu. F. J. Jackson, Esq. 
[p.]. 
v. w. S ad.sk. Manda Island. F. J. Jackson. Esq. 
[P-3


2. Den&ropicus minutus. 
Picus minutus, Temm. PL Col pi. 197.fig-. 2 (1823); Steph. Gen. ZooL 
xiv. p. 163 (1826); Wagl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 28 (1827) ; Lesson, 
TmiU} i. p. 220 (18-31); Sundev. Consp. Av. Piein. p. 44 (1866) ; 
Ileiigl. Oni. KO.-Afr. p. 805 (1STI). ^ 
Ahtlienums minutus, Less. Compl Buff. ix. p. 302 (1837). 
Dendropicos minutus, Malh. Mem. Acad. Metz, 1849, p. 339. 
Dendrobates minutus, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 125 (1850) ; Hartl, 

J.f.O. 1854, p. 199. 
Campethera minuta, ReicJienb. Semis. Picince, p. 425, pi. dclxxiv. 
tig. 4463 (1854). 
Dendropicus minutus, Bp. Consp. Yolucr. Zygod. p. 9 (1854) ; Hartl 
Oni. W-Afr. p. 177 (1857); Mcdh. Picidce, i. p. 208, pi. xiv. 
figs. 4, 5 (1861) ; Hartl J. f. 0 1801, p. 263 ; Gray, List Picid. 
Brit. Mas. p. 06 (1868); 'id. Iland-l B. ii. p. 190, no. 8656 
(1870); llaryitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 435. 

Ipoctonus minutus, Cab. Sf Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 114 (1863). 

Adult male. Entire back, scapulars, and rump dark umber-brown, 
barred with white; wing-coverts pale umber-brown, more or less 
spotted with a darker brown and with whitish, the spotting having a 
barred character on the greater series; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts dark umber-brown: quills dark umber-brown, spotted with 
white upon both webs ; shafts golden yellow; upper tail-coverts 
scarlet; tail dark brown, the feathers deeply indented with buffy 
white and having a barred appearance; shafts golden yellow; nasal 
plumes, forehead, and crown light umber-brown ; a broad scarlet 
occipital band; hind neck light brown, with darker brown spotting; 
lores and sides of face pale umber-brown ; chin and throat white; 
sides of the neck, under surface of the body, and under tail-coverts 
dull white, spotted with dark brown, the spotting on the chest and 
breast being larger and strongly marked, that upon the thighs 
having a barred character• under wing-coverts buffy white, 
minutely spotted with brown. Total length 4*8 inches, culmen 0*65, 
wing 2*9, tail 1*35, tarsus 0*55* toes (without claws)—outer anterior 
0*4, outer posterior 0*48, inner anterior 0*32, inner posterior 0*25. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red 
occipital band, the occiput being of the same colour as the forehead 
and crown, a pale umber-brown, with almost obsolete darker striations. 
Total length 4*8 inches, culmen 0 6, wing 2-95, tail 1*43, 
tarsus 0*58. 

Hob. Senegal. 

a. S ad. sk. Senegambia. Tweeddale Coll. 
3. Dendropicus hemprichi. 
Picus 
hemprichii, llempr. Sf JE/irenb. Symb. Pfo/s. Aves, fol. r, p. 2 
(1828); Riipp. Neue Wirh, Tog. 1835, p. 50 ; Heugl. J.f O. 1864, 

300 
PICID^B. 

p. 253 ; Sandev. Consp. Av. Piein. p. 43, no. 126 (1866) ; Finsch 
k Earth Vog. Ostafr. p. 514 (1870) ; Bkmf. Geol. $ ZooL Abyss. 
1870, p. 306 j Finsch, Tr. Z. S. 1870, p. 284; Beugl Orn. KO.~ 
Afr. i. p. 804 (1871); Dresser $ Blanf Ibis, 1874, p. 336. 
Dendrobates 
hemprichii, Rupp. Syst TJebers. 1854, p.fc?8, pi. xxxv.; 
Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 124 (1850); Betty I. Syst. TJebers. 1856, 

p. 47; id. Ibis, 1859, p. 343 ; Bianc. Spec. ZooL Mosamb. 1865, 
p. 327. 
Dendropicus 
hemprichii, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 9 (1854) ; 
Malh. Picidce, I. p. 109, pi. xliii. tigs. 5, 6 (1861}; Brehm, Babesch, 
pp. 221, 336 (1863); Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. 18(58, p. 05; id. 
Band-l B. il. p. 180, no. 8650 (1870); Sliarpe, Cat Afr. B. IfcTl, 

p. 18; Beuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. iv. App. p. elxvi Clb71) : Fisoh. #• 
Reicken. J.f 0.1878, p. 254 ; Baryitt, Ibis, 18^3, p. 433 ; SheUey, 
op. cit. 1885, p. 303. 
Campethera hemprichii, Reiehenb. Scans. Picinte, p. 424, pi. dclxxiv. 

figs. 4461-4462 (1854). 

Dendrobates abyssinicus, Ziclit. NomeneL Av. 1&34, p. 76. 

Dendromus hemprichii, Blyth, J. A. S.Beny. xxiv. p. 299 (18o^); 

Speke, Ibis, 1860, p. 245; Sclat. Rep. Coll. Somali Country, 18611, 
P- 1L 
Ipoctonus hemprichi, Cab.fy Berne, Mus. Bern. iv. p. 114 (1863); 
Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genov. 1588, p. 211. 

Adult male. Upper parts, together with the wings and their 
coverts, dusky brown, the back, scapulars, rump, and upper series of 
upper tail-coverts barred with white, the lower series of the latter 
being blood-red; wing-coverts and quills on both webs spotted with 
white, shafts of the latter golden yellow; tail blackish brown, 
narrowly barred with buff; shafts golden yellow; nasal plumes 
brownish white; forehead umber-brown, with paler brown spots; 
crown and occiput dull scarlet, the nape black; hind neck like the 
back; sides of the face and neck, chin and throat pure white, 
striped with dusky black; malar stripe umber-brown; underparts 
below the throat, also the under tail-coverts, dull white; the fore 
neck, chest, and breast striped (more or less broadly), the abdomen 
spotted, and the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts barred with, 
brownish black; under wing-coverts white, spotted with blackish 
brown. Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0*68, wing 3, tail 1*68, 
tarsus 0*55; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*45, outer posterior 
0*55, inner anterior 0*37, inner posterior 0*23. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red on 
the head, the sinciput being of a darker umber-brown and devoid 
of lighter spotting, the posterior part of the crown and the occiput 
brownish, black. Total length 5*3 inches, culmen. 0*7, wing 3*2, 
tail 1*55, tarsus 0*55. 

Bab. Abyssinia, Bogos-Land, and Adal; south into Shoa and 
Somali-Land, and west into Senaar and Kordofan. Possibly occurs 
also in Senegal, as there is an example in the collection said to be 
from this locality ( Verreauso). 

a. 2 ad.; b. tf juv. sk. Abyssinia. Dr. Eilppell [0.1 
c. <$ imm. sk. Magen, near Senafg, Feb. W.T. Blanford, Esa. 
[CJ. 
20 . DENDROPICTJS. 
301 

d. S ad.; e. $ imm. Ailat, Bogos {Fsler). Sharpe Coll. 
sk. 
/ , g. g ad. sk. 
A. $ ad.sk. 
i. 2 ad. sk. 
h, I. S $ ad. sk. 
m. J ad. sk. 
Aflat {Esler). 
Ailat, June ( W. Jesse). 
Bairo, Bogos ( W. Jesse). 
Bairo, Aug. ( W. Jesse), 
Somali-Land. 
Shelley Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
E.Lort Phillips, Esq. 
n. $ juv. sk. 
o. <$ ad. sk. 
jp. Bones of trunk. 
Ukambani, E. Africa. 
Senegambia ( Verreatix). 
Abyssinia. 
[P.]. 
Dr.Hildebrandt[C.]. 
Sharpe Coll. 
W.T.Blanford,Esq. 
[0.]. 

4. Dendropicus lafresnayi. 
Dendropicos lafresnayi, Malh. Rev. de Zool. 1849, p. 533. 
Dendrobates lafresnayi, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 125 (1850}; 

J. fy F. Verreaux, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1855, p. 272; Bocage, 
Orn. Ang., App. p. 535 (1877). 
Campethera lafresnayi, Reichenb. Scans. Ficince, p. 426, no. 1002 
(1854). 
Dendropicus lafresnayi, 
Bonap. Consp. Voluc?: Zygod. p. 9 (1854); 
Eartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 177 (1857); Malh. Ficidce, i. p. 204, 
pi. xliv. %. 4 (1861); Marti. J. f. 0. 1861, p. 203; Gray. List 
Ficid. Brit. Mtis. p. 66 (1808); id. BCand-l B. ii. p. 192, no. 8654 
(1870) j Sharpe $ Bouvier, Bull Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 50 ; 
Rekhenoio, Mitth. Afrik. Gesellsch. i. p. 3; Bocage, Jorn. Acad. Sc. 
Lish. xxix. 1880, p. 49; FLargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 425; Shelley, t c. 

p. 556. 
Ipoctonus lafresnayi, Cab.fy Seine, Mus. FLein. iv. p. 116 (1863). 
Picus lafresnayi, Sundev. Consp. Av. Ficin. p. 43, no. 127 (1866); 
Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 162 (1876). 
Dendrocopus lafresnayi, Reichenow, J.f.O. 1877, p. 18. 

Adult male. Has the back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
uniform golden olive, the upper tail-coverts tinged with red; the 
lateral tail-feathers with buffy-white marginal spots, not barred 
across. In other respects this species closely resembles D. zanzibari, 
but the dimensions of D. lafresnayi are less. u Bill dark horncolour 
; feet dark greenish; iris clear brown " (Falkenstein). Total 
length 5'5 inches, culmen 0*73, wing 3*2, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*55 ; toes 
(without claws)—outer anterior 0*4, outer posterior 0*5, inner 
anterior 0*3, inner posterior 0*2. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of red 
on the head, the forehead and crown being dark brown, the occiput 
and nape black. Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0-67, wing 3*2, 
tail 1*65, tarsus 0*6. 

Young {sex ?). The top of the head and the occiput are dark 
brown,the feathers of the crown being tipped with red; the face 
and neck white, the underparts rather yellower, the former spotted, 

-the latter entirely covered with faint dusky stripes, these being 

darker on the chest; the back with only a trace of very indistinct 

dusky olive and yellowish bars. 

Hab. West Africa from the Congo (or further south, as it has 
been recorded by Reichenow from Malange in Angola) to the Gold 

302 PICIDJE. 
Coast, and west to Casamanzo (Hartlaub); Equatorial Africa (Tabbo, 


Emin Pacha). 
a, b. S 2 ad. sk. Landana, Congo (Lucan § Shelley ColL 
c, d. d ? ad. skPetit), 
Congo. E--^/; sP*rlill£f > ^<1e. 
J ad. sk.
f. Juv. sk.
*g. S ad. sk. 
Shonga, R. Niger. 
Fantee (Aubinn). 
Tabbo, Equatorial Africa,
May. 
Forbes Coll. 
Sharpe Coll. _ 
__ 
Einin Pacha ~P.~. 

5. Dendropicus lepidus. 
Ipoctonns lepidus, Cab. 4* Heine, JIus. Hem. iv. p. 1 IS (1*03). 
Picus lepidus, Smtdev. Cansp. Av. Picin. p. 44 flfcGO, ; Heugl. Orn. 
N.O.-Afr. p. 807 (1871). 
Dendropicus lepidus, Gray, Lkt Picid. Brit. Mm. p. 00 (1%'<5?; id. 
Iland-l. B. ii. p. 100, no. S053 (1&70); Hargitt, Ibis, lSs;j, 

p. 428. 
Adult male. From the description given by Cabani.s and Heine, 
this species would a]>pear to bear a very elo>e resemblance to Lorh 

D. lafremaiji and D. sharpii in having the upper parts uniform, 
and from there being no mention of any red upon the upper tail-
coverts it would come closer to the latter bird. The present species 
differs, however, from both the above-mentioned in having a broad 
postocular stripe (not so dark as the malar one) which neither of 
those possess, and agrees in this respect with I). ahg^inkas^ but 
the brilliant red upper tail-coverts of the latter, combined with the 
uniform back, clearly separate it from all the other Dtntlropia. 
Female. Very like the male, but distingui>hed by the vertex and 
occiput being smoky brown ; upper parts duller and somew hat varied 
with paler and more obsolete spots. Total length o"7 wing 3" 1"\ 
tail 1" 8'", culmen 7'", tarsus (5'", middle toe without claw 5" \ 
(Ex Cabanis 4' Heine.) 

Hab. Abyssinia. 

6. Dendropicus sharpii. 
Dendropicus sharpii*, Oustalet, X. Arch. Mus. (2) ii. p. 62 (1879); 
Hargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 426. 

Adult male. Back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform 
golden olive, the upper tail-coverts devoid of any red, and in 
this respect differing from D. lafresnayi, with which it is otherwise 
almost identical. Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0*08, wing 3*15, 
tail 1*8, tarsus 0*5 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*4, outer 
posterior 0*5, inner anterior 0*35, inner posterior 0*22. 

** I have not seen any other examples of this species besides the types in the 
Paris Museum, from which my descriptions are taken. I am under the impression 
that, when we have a series for comparison, D. sharpii will be found 
to be the same as I), lafresnayi. 

303 

20 . DEXDROPICUS. 
Young male. Resembles the adult of the same sex but is duller 
above and has dusky bars ; the sinciput is darker, and the remainder 
of the crown and the occiput black, the feathers of the posterior 
half of the crown having scarlet tips, this colour coming more 

» forward on the crown than in the adult. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red on 
the head, the sinciput being darker brown, the remainder of the 
crown and the occiput black. Total length 5 Inches, culmen 0*0, 
wing 3-25, tail 1*8, tarsus 0-57. 

Hub. Upper Ogowe River, Vest Africa. 

7. Dendropicus abyssinicns. 
Pictis abyssinicus, Stanley in SaWsVoy. Abyss, ii. App. p. Ivi (1814}; 
Hupp." Syst Uebers. p. 95 (1845); Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 44, 
no. 129 (I860). 

Denclrobates abyssinicus, Gray, Gen. B. Ii. p. 437 (1845). 
Mesopictis de&mursi, Malh. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1840, p. 537. 
Cliloronerpes deainursi, Bp. Consp. Gen. AD. i. p. 118 (1850, ex 


Malh,). 
Cyanopieu^ mursii,2?/j. Consp. Valuer. Zyyod. p. 10 (1854, ex Malh.). 
Campethera aby^inica, Reichenb. Scans. Pichue, p. 4:26 (lb54). 
Ervthronerpes desnmrsii, Reichenb. Scam. Piiince, p. 337 (lbo4, ex 

Malh.). 
Cliloronerpes (Erythronerpes) desinursii, Reichenb. Scans. Picincc, 

p. 350(1*54, ex Malh.). 
Dendromus abyssinicus, Ileuyl. Syst. Uebers. 1856, p. 47. 
Dendropicus desmursi, Malh. Pieidce, i. p. 202, pi. xlii. figs. 5 & 0 
(1861); Gray, List Pieid. Brit Mm. 1868, p. 65. 
Ipoctonus abyssinicus, Cab. §• Heine, Mas. Hem. iv. p. 116 (1863) j 

Salvad. Ann. Mas. Civ. Star. Nat. Genov. 1888, p. 210. 
Picus habessinicus, Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 806 (1870, ex Cabanis). 
Dendropicus abyssinicus, Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 189, no. 8i>")2 

(1870); HeuqL Orn. N.O.-Afr. iv. p. elxvii (1871) j Hargitt, Ibis, 
1883, p. 420.* 
Dendropicus melanauchen, Hengl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 808 (1871); 
Hargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 430 (ex Heugi). 

Adult male. Has the upper parts and scapulars uniform golden 
olive, the lower feathers of the rump and the upper tail-coverts 
scarlet, these two characters separating it from all the other members 
of the genus. In other respects this species is almost identical with 


D. cardinalis, except that the shafts of the quills and rectrices are 
brown (not yellow) and the tail is entirely brownish black barred 
with buff or brownish buff, none of the feathers having a trace of 
the golden-olive colour found in that species: " iris bright chestnut 
; bill and feet plumbeous" (Antinori). Total length 6 inches, 
culmen 0*8, wing 3*85, tail 1*83, tarsus 0*63; toes (without claws) 
—outer anterior 0*5, outer posterior 0*57, inner anterior 0*35, inner 
posterior 0*25. 
Young male *. Resembles the adult male, but is of a duller green. 

* The specimen from which this description is taken is in the Leiden Museum, 
and is the t}pe of Heuglin's I).meZa?iaucheu. 
304 PICIBJE. 

above, and marked with indistinct dusky bars ; the nape brownish, 
black, this forming a conspicuous patch.: upper tail-coverts orange-
red ; the auricular and malar stripes darker and of a dusky brown 
colour, and much more extended : a bill blackish-horn colour; feet 
dusky lead-colour; iris red " (Heuglin). 

Adult female. Has no red on the head, the forehead, entire crown, 
and occiput being uniform brown, and the nape du^ky brown, l a 
other respects like the adult male. Total length 6 inches, culmen 
0*7, wing 3*75, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*62. 

Hob. Abyssinia and Shoa. 

a. (S ad. sk. Shoa, Aug. 1,1879 (A. Aniiaori). Shelley Coll. 
8. Dendropicus gabonensis. 
Dendrobates gabonensis, J. 4* B. Terreaux, Rev. ei Mag. de ZooL 

1851, p. 513; Marti. J.f. 0. 1854, p. 198. 
Dendrodroams nigriguttatus, Terr. MSS. (female). 
Dendropicus gabonensis, Bonap. Omsp. Tohtcr. Zijgod. p. 9 (1<54); 

ReicJienb. Scans. Picince, p. 429, no. 1012 d (1<34 K HartL Orn. 
W.-Afr.-p. 178(1857); Cass. Proa. Acad. Philad. KAi, p. 141 ; 
Heine, J.f. 0. 1860, p. 191; HartL op. cit l^il, p. 2V/«$; Uargitt, 
Ibis, 18b;i? p. 444, pi. xii. fig. 1. 

y Pardipicus nigriguttatus, Bonap. Consp. Tohm\ Zggad. p. (J (1*54). 
Scolecotheres nigriguttatus, Peichenb. Scans. Pieina. p. 4211, no. 1012 c 
(1854). 
Dendromus (Pardipicus) nigriguttatus, Hartl Orn. W.-Afr, p. 1*2 
(1857); id. J.f 0.1861, p. 284. 
Dendropicus nigriguttatus, Cass. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1859, p. 141. 
Ohrysopicus gabonensis, Malh. Picidce7 ii. p. 141), pi. xcL figs. 1, 2 
/ (1862). 
Ipopatis gabonensis, Cab.fy Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 129 (1863). 
Picus gabonensis, Sundev. Cvnsp. Ai\ Picin. p. 153 (1806). 
Campethera gabonensis, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, p. 326; 

Gray; list Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 79 (1868); id. Hand-L B. ii. p. 192, 
no. 81590 (1870). 

Adult male. Back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform 
bright olive, the wing-coverts uniform deeper olive; quills blackish 
brown, the outer webs of the secondaries and the margins of the 
outer webs of inner primaries at the base bright olive, the outer 
primaries having a few dull white spots on the outer webs, the inner 
webs of all the quills with larger spots of white; shafts dark brown; 
tail blackish brown, the central feathers margined with olive at the 
base, the lateral ones having fulvescent whitish spots on both webs, 
and the whole with a trace of blackish bars or transverse marginal 
spots; shafts clear brown; nasal plumes brownish black ; forehead 
greenish brown; crown and occiput scarlet; sides of the face and 
neck greenish white striped with black; a narrow black malar 
stripe; chin, throat, and fore neck yellowish white, with triangular 
spots and stripes of black; the whole of the underparts and under 
tail-coverts greenish yellow; the chest and breast in reality striped 

20 . DENDKOPICTJS. 
-with black, but having a spotted appearance, owing to the stripes 
contracting in the centre, and also from the yellow tips of the 
feathers concealing the basal part of those beneath ; the thighs are 
barred, but all the remaining underparts as well as the under tail-
coverts are spotted with black: under wing-coverts and axillaries 
pale yellow, the former having rounded spots of black, the latter 
barred with the same. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*1, 
tail 1*55, tarsus 0*57,* toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*42, 
outer posterior 0*5, inner anterior 0*35, inner posterior 0*2. 

Female, From Malherbe's description of this sex, it would appear 
to differ from the male mainly in the absence of red on the head, the 
whole of the top of the head being brown slightly washed with olive. 

Hob. Gaboon. 

a. (5 ad. sk. Gaboon. 
Purchased. 
9. Dendropicus lugubris. 
Dendropieus lugubris, Kartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 178 (1857); Haryitt, 
Ibis, 1883, p. 445, pi. xii. fig. 2; Biittik. Notes Leyd. Mus. 1885, 

p. 220 ; id. op. cit. 1886, p. 263. 
Campethera 
gabonenbis {non Verr.), Sharps, Cat. Afr. B. p. 17, 
no. 156 (1871) j id. Ibis, 1872, p. 68; Shelley $* Buckley, torn. cit. 

p. 287. 
Adult male. Resembles D. gahonensis, but differs in having the 
ear-coverts and a stripe behind uniform dark umber-brown, and a 
broad malar stripe bordering the throat and fore neck of the same 
umber-brown colour ; the red confined to the occiput and nape and 
not extending (in the adult) on to the dark brown crown ; the underparts 
and under tail-coverts yellow, and (except the thighs which 
are barred) very broadly striped with deep olive; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries pale yellow spotted with black: " iris carmineous ; 
bill greyish black; feet greyish green " (Buttil-ofer). Total length 
5-3 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*2, tail 1*45, tarsus 0*58; toes 
(without claws)—outer anterior 0*42, outer posterior 0*5, inner 
anterior 0*35, inner posterior 0*25. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red on 
the occiput and nape, these, as well as the forehead and crown, 
being brown. Total length 5*2 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*2, tail 
1*45, tarsus 0*6. 

Young {sex ?). In general plumage like the adult, but duller; the 
point in which it differs from the adult of either sex is in having the 
olive-brown feathers of the crown as well as of the occiput tipped 
with dull scarlet. 

Hah. Fantee ; Aguapim (Riis). 

a. J ad. sk. Wassa Country. Capt. Cameron & Sir 
R. Burton [P.]. 
b. $ ad. sk, Fantee. Mr. Aubinn [C.]. 
c. Juv. &k. Fantee. Sharpe Coll. 
d. $ 
ad. sk. Fantee. A. Swanzy, Esq. [P.]. 
VOL. XVIII. x 
306 PICIDJE. 
e. 2 ad.; / . Imni. Fantee (JET. T. Ussher). Shelley Coll. 
sk. 
fft h. $ ad. sk. Abouri, Aguapim, Feb. Shelley Coll. 
*. ? acl.: k. tf imm.
sk.
(G. E. S.). 
Abouri, Aguapim, Feb. 
(T. E. Buckley). 
Shelley Coll. 

21. 
THRIPIAS. 
Type. 
Thripias, Cab, § Seine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 121 (1863).. T. namaquus. 

Range. From Swazi-Land and the Transvaal extending westward 

into Damara-Land and Angola as far as Galungo; on the east 
ranging north into Somali-Land and westward into Shoa and the 
Mam-Niam Country. 

Key 
to the Species. 

A. 
Chest and breast barred like the rest of 
the underparts. 
a'. Occiput and nape red namaquus S ad., p. 307. 
b' "With no red on the occiput or nape.... namaquus J ad., p. 308. 

B. Che&t and breast black, spotted with 
white. 
e'. Occiput and nape red schoensis <$ ad., p. 309. 

d. With no red on the occiput or nape .. schoensis $ ad., p. 309. 
1. Thripias namaquus. 
Picus namaquus, Licht. Cat rer. Nat. Hamb. p. 17, no. 179 (1793); 
Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 42, no. 122 (1866) ,* Fimch 8f Marti. 
Vbg. Ostafr. p. 507 (1870) ; Bohm, J.f.O.1883, p. 186. 

Pic a moustaches noires, Temm. Cat. Syst. 1807, p. 213. 
Le Pic a double moustache, LevailL Ois. d'Afr. vi. p. 22, pis. 251, 
252 (1808) ; Sundev. Krit. Framst. LevailL p. 52 (1857). 
Picus mystaceus, Vieill. N. Bid. d^JEEist. Nat. xxvL p. 73 (1818); 
Bonn. $ Vieill Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1307 (1823). 

Picus punctatus, Vieill. {nan Cuv.) N. Diet. d?Hist. Nat xxvi. p. 89 
(1818); Bonn. $ Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1316 (1823); Wagl 
Syst Av. Picus, sp. 37(1827, ex Vieill.). 

Picus biarmicus, Cuv. in Mus. Paris: Valenc. Diet. Se. Nat. xl. 

p. 176 (1826); Wagl Syst. Av. 
Picus, sp. 44 (1827); Less. 
% TraitS, i. p. 220 (1831); itiipp. Syst. Uehers. 1845, p. 85. 
Picus diophrys, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 161 (1826). 
Dendromus punctatus, Swains, (non Cuv.) Classif. B. iL p. 307 

(1837, ex Wagl); Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zyyod. p. 9 (1854). 
Dendrobates namaquus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 437 (1849); Bp. Consp. 
Gen. Av. i. p. 124 (1850); Strichl §• Sclat Contr. Orn. 1852, 

p. 155; Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 328; Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. iv, 1867, 
p. 336; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 236 (1867); Socage, Jorn. Lisb. 
viii. 1870, p. 348; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 134; Layard, Ibis, 
1871, p. 227; Ayres, torn, cit p. 261; Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. xvi 
p. 286 (1873); Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 368; Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 
xxil 1877, p. 143 j id. Orn. Angola, p. 75 (1877); id. Jorn. 
21 . THEIPIAS. 
307 

Zisb. 1880, p. 232; Sousa, op. cit. 1889. p. 43 ; Salvin, Cat Stricld. 
Coll p. 392 (1882). r ' ' 
Dendropicus nrystaceus, iJfa/A. iJf^n. ^c«^. Metz, 1849, p. 339. 
Campethera namaqua, Peichenh. Scans. Picince, p. 422, pi. dclxxii. 
figs. 4451,4452 (1851). r * 
Campethera punctata, Meiohenb. Scans. Picince, p. 425 (1851, &r 
Dendropicus namaquus, ^ . Co«5j?. Volucr. Zygod.y. 9 (1854); Gray, 
List Picid. Brit. Mus.y. 69 (1868); id. Hand4.B. ii. p. 190, no. 8664 
(1870); Sharpe, Cat Afr. B. p. 18 (1871); Bocaye, Jam. Zisb. xvii. 
1874, p. 57 ; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 188 (1875) ; Ayres, 
Ibis, 1879, p. 300; Sharpe, in Oates' Matabele-Land, App. p. 306 
(1881). > M V 
Dendropicus biannicus, Malh. Picidce, i. p. 193, pi. xlii. fiffs. 4-6 

'F 

Thripias naraaquus, Cab. 8f Seine, Mus. JELein. iv. p. 121 (1863). 
Dendrobates schoensis (non liiipp.), Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p, 593. 
Mesopicus schoensis (non Riipp.% Earg. Ibis, 1883, p. 410. 
Mesopicua decipiens*, Sharpe, Jour. Linn. Soc. xvii. p. 430 (1884). 
Mesopicus namaquus, Harg. Ibis, 1883, p. 407; Fischer, Madar. 

Zeitschr. gesamm. Orn. 1884, p. 368 ; Ayres, Ibis, 1887, p. 53 ; 
Buttik Notes Leyd. Mus. 1889, p. 69. 

(1861). F

Adult male. Back, scapulars, wing-coverts, and rump dusky olive, 
the upper tail-coverts more golden and tipped with yellow, the 
whole being covered with narrow crescentic or bar-like markings 
of dull white, the upper tail-coverts sometimes tinged with red* 
quills dusky brown, spotted with white on both webs; the outer 
webs of the secondaries and of the primaries at the base washed 
with golden olive, this colour tinging the white spots ; shafts golden 
yellow; tail dark brown, the feathers having narrow bar-like 
spots of buffy white on both webs, the latter being washed down 
each side of the sbafts with golden olive; shafts golden yellow; 
nasal plumes dull white tipped with black; sinciput black spotted 
with white, posterior half of the crown and the occiput scarlet; 
nape and hind neck black; sides of the face and neck, chin and 
throat white, the side of the neck crossed by dusky bars; a short 
auricular stripe of black, and a second broad black stripe bordering 
the throat and fore neck and quite separated from the former by a 
stripe of white; chest and entire underparts and under tail-coverts 
dull white barred with dusky, with an olivaceous tinge, the under 
tail-coverts tinged with yellow; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
white or slightly yellowish, barred with dusky brown or black: 
" bill dusky, with the under mandible lighter; irides bright garnet 
colour; tarsi and feet pale dingy olive-green " (T. Ayres). Total 
length 8*5 inches, culmen 1*45, wing 5*2, tail 2*7, tarsus 0*85 ; 
toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*62, outer posterior 0*72, inner 
anterior 0*45, inner posterior 0*35. 

* Founded upon specimens of Th, namaquus which have the auricular stripe 
more or less bordering the ear-coverts posteriorly, and described by me in. the 
* Ibis,' for 1883, p. 410, as Mesopicus schoensis. Further examination of specimens 
shows me that M. decipiens is synonymous with Thripias namaquus, as the 
supposed differences are not constant, nor confined to any geographical area. 
X & 

308 
PICIDJS. 

Young male, Resembles the atlulL male, "but is duller iu colour ; 
iho shafts of tlio quills are nearly white ; the barring on the tail 
more distinct, and tho dusky bars on the underparts narrower: 
" iris pinkish brown " (on label). 

Adult female. Has no red upon the posterior half of the crown 
nor on the occiput, these parts being black, tho forehead and crown 
spotted with white. Total length 8*5 inches, culmcn 1-4, wing 54 , 
tail 2 -7, tarsus 0*75. 

Hah. Southern and Central Africa; on the east, from Swazi-Land 
and the Transvaal north to Zanzibar and probably into Masai-Land, 
and on the west, from Daniara-Land north into Angola as far as 
Galungo. 

a, J ad. sk. Zambesi (Dr. Miller). Tweeddale Coll. 
b, c. c? ad. sk. Ugogo, Zambesi (Sir J. Shelley Coll. 

Kirk), 
d, e. <$ $ ad. sk. Tette, Zambesi. Livingstone Exped. 
/ . $ ad. sk. Makalaka, Zambesi (Dr. Shelley Coll. 

Bradshaw). 
g, h. (5s $ ad. sk. Ramaqueban River, July C. G. & W. E. Oates, 

(F. Oates). 
Esqrs. [PA 
i. 
c? ad. sk. Motlontse River, nr. Tali, C. G. & W. E. Oates, 
Aug. (F. Oates). Esqrs. [PA 
k. § ad. sk. Transvaal (Ayres). Sharpe Coll. 
I, w. <5 $ ad. sk. Transvaal, July (T. E. Shelley Coll. 
Buckley). 

n. $ ad. sk. Swazi-Land, July (T. E. Shelley Coll. 
Buckley). 
o, p. $ J ad. sk. Ondonga, Daniara-Land, Jan. Sharpe Coll. 

(C. J. Andersson), 
q. $ 
ad. sk. Otjimbinque, March (C. J. Tweeddale Coll. 
Andersson). 
r. 
(S ad. sk. River Qkavango, Damara-Tweeddale Coll. 
Land, May (C.J.A?idersson). 
s. 2 imm« sk. Ombongo,Damara-Land, J uly Shelley Coll. 
(C. J. Andersson). 
t 
$ ad. sk. Rio Chimba, Benguella Sharpe Coll. 
(AncMeta). 

u. 
$ ad. sk. Loanda, Sept. J. J. Monteiro, Esq. 
[0.]. 
2. Thripias schoensis. 
Picus (Dendrobates) schoensis, Biipp. Mvs. Sencken. iii. p. 124 (1842) j 
Finsch Sf Ilartl. Vby. Ostafr. p. 509 (1870). 

Dendrobates schoensis, Bupp. Syst. Uebers. 1845, p. 88, pi. xxxiii.; 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 487 (1849); Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 124 
(1850); Heugl Syst. Uebers. 1856, p. 47. 

Dendropicos schoensis, Malh. M&m. Acad. Metz, 1849, p. 339. 

Dendropicus schoensis, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 9 (1854) ; Malh. 
Picidai, i. p. 195, pi. xlii. fig. 8 (1861) ; Gray, List IHcid. Brit. 
Mus. p. 70 (1808); id. Hand-L B. ii. p. 190, no. 8665 (1870); 
Dubois, Bull. Mus.B. d'Mst Nat. Belg. 1886, p. 147. 

Campethera 
schoensis, Reichenb. Scans. Picinc®, p. 422, pi. dclxxii, 
figs. 4447-4448 (1854). 
Thripias schoensis, Cab, fy Heine, Mus, Hein. iv. p. 121 (1863). 

22. roTG-rpicirs. 
309 

Pieus sehoensis, Simdev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 42, no. 123 (1806); 

Fischerfy JReieh&iioto, J./.0.1879, p. 343,* Marti. Abhandl nat.Yer. 

JBrem. 1882, p. 207. 
Plcus sehoanus, Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 809 (1871). 
^lesopicus sclioensis, Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. p. 430 (1884). 

Adult male. Differs from Th. namaquus in having the chest and 
upper part of the breast brownish black, spotted with white. There 
is scarcely any olive tinge either above or below, the back being 
much darker and the barring below also blacker; the black stripe 
which runs backwards from the eye unites with the black stripe 
which borders the throat and fore neck and encircles these by its 
junction with the black chest. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1*5, 
wing 5*3, tail 2-6, tarsus 0*87; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 
0*62, outer posterior 0*7, inner anterior 0*6, inner posterior 0*35. 

Adult female. Wants the red on the hind part of the crown and 
on the occiput, these being uniform black, like the hind neck. In 
other respects it resembles the adult male. Total length 9 inches, 
culmen 1*42, wing 5*25, tail 2*6, tarsus 0*85. 

Hah. Shoa, and west into the Niam-Niam Country (Bohndorff) 
and Wakkala (Emin Pacha), and east into Somali-Land. 

a. J ad. sk. Somali-Land. E. Lort Phillips, Esq. [P.]. 
bj e. (S ? ad. sk, Muscharek, GazelleEiver, Nov. 
F. Bohndorff [C.]. 

22. IYMHPICITS. _ 
Type. 
Yungipicus, Bp. Consp. Voluer. Zygod. no. 67 (1854) .. I. liardwickii. 
Baeopipo, Cab. §* Heine, 3£us. Hein. iv. p. 54 (1863) .. I. auritus. 
Ipophilus, Cab Sf HehiA, Mus. Hein. iv, p. 113 (1863),. L obsoletus. 

Wing of Iyngipious auritus. 

Range. Throughout India and Ceylon ; Assam; the Burmese 
Provinces, Siam, and Cochin China; through the Malayan Peninsula 
into Sumatra, Java, Lombock, and Flores, Borneo, Celebes, the Sulu 
and the Philippine Isles; north into China, Hainan, and Formosa; 

310 
PICIDiB. 

the Loo Choo Islands, Corea, Eastern Siberia, apan, and mto the 
Kurile Islands. Appearing again in Africa, from Senaarthrough 
Kordofan, south to Bongo and Langomeri, and west into benegambia 
*. 

Key to the Species f. 

A. 
Above black and white, the white uniform 
or barred. 
a'. With red occipital band ; upper ^ tail-r 
coverts and four central rectrices uniform ^ _p. oil. 
black • semicoronatas <$ ad., 

b\ With a longitudinal red stripe on each 
side of the occiput. 
a". Upper tail-coverts and four central rectrices 
uniform black. 


a'". White superciliary striae united 
with the white on the side of the 
neck. 


a*. Underparts striated. 
a5. Lateral rectrices with faint dusky-
bars. 


a6. Smaller: upper back brownish 
black; the lower back as well 
as the rump more or less 
barred; with a less conspicuous 
white patch on the side 
of the neck and on the wing-
coverts sciniilliceps $ ad.? p. 813. 

W. Larger: upper back intense 
black ; remainder of back and 
the rump white, the latter 
more or less barred; with very 
conspicuous white patch on 
the side of the neck and on 
the wing-coverts doerriesi S &d., p. 314. 
b5. Lateral rectrices distinctly barred 
with black. 


c6. Larger: length 6 inches, wing 
3*7; middle back partially, 
the lower back and rump 
distinctly barred Jcaleensis <$ act, p. 315. 

dP. 
Smaller: length 5*2 inches, 
wing 3*47; the whole of the 
white of the back and rump 
distinctly barred pygmems $ ad., p. 310. 

64. Underparts spotted; middle and 
lower back, also the rump, white, 
the latter barred watterd tf ad., p. 317. 
* The range in Africa is that of I. obsoletus, the generic characters of which 
are those of an lyngipictts. 
t The females of the species comprised in this genus differ only from the 

males in the absence of red on the head, in the form of either a stripe on the side 

of the occiput, or of an occipital band. 

22. IYHGIPICTTS. 
bf". 'White superciliary stripe not joining 
the white on the* side of the neck. 


c4. Top of the L-^d brown ; outer webs 
ot the primaries with not more 
than fiTe spots Tzizuki $ ad., p. 318. 

d*. Top of the head ashy grey; with 
six spots on the outer webs of 
some of the primaries seeboJimitf ad., p. 319. 

e4. Top of the head nearly black; 
^pound-colour of the underparts 
fulvescent, contrasting with the 
pure white chin and throat; with 
not more than four spots on the 
outer webs of the primaries nigrescens $ ad., p. 320. 

h". Upper tail-coverts barred with white or 
n/
with white squamate markings. 
c, The four central rectrices uniform 
black. 


f4*. Chest and breast conspicuously 
washed with reddish orange; outer [p. 320. 
webs of primaries spotted aurantiiventris <$ ad., 

g*. Chetet and breast without any tinge 
of orange pumiZus S ad., p. 321. 
d'". Central rectrices as well as the lateral 
ones spotted. 
¥. Underparts striated. 
c\ Crown and occiput bordered with 
black; nape black. 
e6. Crown ashy grey. 
a7. Ear-coverts rnfescentbrown; 
malar stripe du^ky canicapillus <$ ad., p. 322. 

¥. With blackish-brown ear-
coverts and a blackish stripe 
bordering the throat and 
fore neck picatics c? ad., p. 324. 

f6 

. Crown dark brown. 
c7. Underparts clearly striated. 
a8. Larger: with four spots 
on the central rectrices . grandis & ad., p. 325. 

Z»8. Smaller: with not more 
than three spots on the 
central rectrices auritus $ ad., p. 326. 

d7. Underparts faintly striated . nanus <$ ad., p. 327. 
dP. Crown and occiput not bordered 
with black; nape not black. 
g6. Top of the head, nape, and ear-
coverts cinnamon-brown JiardwicTzii <$ ad., p. 328. 
A6. Top of the head, nape, and ear-
coverts dark brown peninsularis 3 ad., p. 331. 
%K Underparts uniform, or nearly so, in 
adult, more striated in the young. ggmnapMhalmus S ad., 

ef". Tail black, narrowly barred with [p. 330. 
bufry white; rump white, spotted 
with black; throat and chest spotted, maoulatm <$ ad., p. 333. 

cf. With a transverse spot of red on each side 
of the occiput, but not forming a complete 
band ; tail pale buffy brown, barred with [p. 333. 
black; rump uniform pale butf fulvifastiattis <f ad., 

PICIBiE. 

B. Above olive-brown, striped or barred with 
^Laraer : with complete occipital band of 
red* this colour also bordering the crown ; 
a white superciliary stripe running down 
to the side of the nape which is dark olive-
brown, back striped with Whitehall . ^ 3 ^ 
umiorm ,* V " J *: V * * 

»'. Smaller: with red occipital band interrupted 
in the middle, but extending to 
behind the ear-coverts; superciliary stripe 
not running backwards beyond the middle 
of the ear-coverts ; nape white ; back and m 
tail barred temmmcki J ad., p. 33a. 

C. 
Above, including scapulars, umber-brown, 
the rump and upper tail-coverts (only) barred 
with dull white; with red occipital band.. obsoletus 6 ad., p. ^Ax 
1. lyngipicus semicoronatns. 
Picus pygmanis (old bird), Blyth, X A. S. Bang. xiv. p. 197 (1845, 
non Vigors), 

^2o\im8);'id.'kand4. B^il p." 184, no.' 85fc4 (lb70). 

Picus rubricatus, Btyth, J. A. S. Beng. xviii. p. b04 {lb49) 5 *tf, Crtf. 

B. Mus. As. Soe. p. 63, no. 299 (1849) ; Meichenb. ticans. Pimm, 
p. CO; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 87. 
Bseopipo semicoronata, Cab. $ Heine, Mm. Hem. Th. iv. p. 54 
(1863). 
Bfeopipo menisca, Cab. §• Heine, Mus. Hem. Th. iv. p. 55 (1863). 
lyngipicus meniscus, Harg. Ibis, 1882, p. 26 (es Malh.). 
Iyngipicus semicoronatus, Harg. Ibis, 1882, p. 25; Gould, B* Amaf 

vi. pi. xxvi., d S (1883) ; Hume, Str. F. x i p. 59 (1888). 
Adult male. Upper parts and wings black, the middle and lower 
back, rump, and scapulars barred with white, the greater wing


* JPicus meniscus of Malherbe was founded upon a bird with a spotted 
tail, but otherwise resembling I. semicoronatus. There are, however, in the 
collection four specimens of the latter species, two from the K. Khasia Hills, 
one from Shillong, and one from Sikhira, which have the central tail-feathers 
more or less spotted. In almost all the species or subspecies of Iyngipici there 
are found individuals differing slightly from typical examples (i. e. species 
having, as a rule, the central fcail-ieatbers uniform, have these occasionally 
spotted, and vice ver&d). It is therefore very probable that it was from such 
a specimen thatMalherbe's P. meniscus WAS described, and the abo\ e-mentioned 
birds being undoubted L semicoronatusy I cannot regard Malherbe^ species as a 
valid one. 
22. IYKOIPICUS. 
313 

coverts and the quills on both webs spotted with the same : shafts 
blackish brown; npper tail-coverts and the four central tail-feathers 
uniform black, the lateral tail-feathers dusky brown, margined and 
barred with huffy white; shafts blackish brown; forehead and 
crown ashy brown; occipital band scarlet; nape and hind neck 
black; nasal plumes and lores buffy white; face fulvescent, the side 
of the neck and a superciliary stripe extending to it white, the 
whole more or less streaked with blackish brown, the auricular 
region having a broad stripe of this colour; the malar region 
dusky; chin and upper throat white; the whole of the under 
surface of the body fulvescent, striated with blackish brown; the 
under tail-coverts fulvescent, with broader brown central stripes; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries fulvescent white, the former spotted 
with black : " bill plumbeous ; irides red ; feet brown " {Jerdon). 
Total length 4*9 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3*3, tail 1-75, tarsus 
0*55 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*4, outer posterior 0-5, 
inner anterior 0*35, inner posterior 0*2. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red 
occipital band. Total length 4*8 inches, culmen 0*62, wing 3*3, 
tail 1*65, tarsus 0*6. 

Hah. Sikhim, Bhotan, Assam (Khasia and Naga Hills). 

a. S ad.; b, c. Q ad. Native Sikhim, March, Oct. (L. Hume Coll. 
sk. Mandelli). 
d-p. S ad. et imm.; Sikhim, Jan., Feb., March, June, Hume Coll. 
q-x. § ad. sk. Aug., Oct., Nov. (X. Mandelli). 

y. <$ ad.; s, a', g Darjeeling, March. Hume Coll. 
ad. et imm. sk. 

b\ £ ad. sk. Darjeeling. Hume Coll. 

c',d'. dad.; <?',/', Bhotan JDoars, Jan., Feb., April Hume Coll. 

g\ J ad. sk. (X. Mandelli). 
ti, i'. <$ ? ad. sk. Khasia Hills (T. C. Jerdon). Gould Coll. 
k', I'.cS ad. etimm.; N. Khasia Hills, Nov., Jan. (A. Tweeddale Coll. 

m', n'. $ ad. sk. W. Ckennell). 
</. $ ad. sk. Naga Hills {H.H.Godwin-Austen). Tweeddale Coll. 
p'. S ad. sk. Jeypore, Assam. Tweeddale Coll 
tf. 3 imm. sk. Shillong, July 1877 (J.CocJchtrn). Hume Coll. 

2. lyngipicns scintilliceps. 
Picus sp., Stoinhoe, Ibis, 1861, p. 340. 
Picus scintilliceps, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1863, p. 96; Sundev. Consp. Av. 
Pkin, p. 27 (1866); Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 41 (1868); 
id. Sand-l B. ii. p. 183, no. 8577 (1870). 
Baeopipo scintilliceps, Cab. $ Heine, Mus. JELein. Th. iv. p. 55 (1863). 
Picus canifrons, Su?id-ev. Consp. Av. Hcin. p. 26 (1866). 
Yungipicus scintilliceps, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, p, 392; David $ 
Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 50 (1878). 
Iyngipicus scintilliceps, Uargiti, Ibis, 1882, p. 33; Gould, B. Asia, vi. 
pi. xxi. (1882); Styan, Ibis, 1887, p. 229. 

Adult male. Upper back, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts brownish 
black, the middle and lower back as well as the rump white, the 
two latter more or less barred with black; wing-coverts and quills 

314 PICID2E. 

brownish black, the median and the greater coverts partly white, 
this forming a conspicuous patch ; both webs of quills spotted with 
white ; shafts brownish black; the four central tail-feathers uniform 
brownish black, the next feather externally margined with brownish 
white; the two outer large feathers on either side more or less 
brownish white, with indistinct dusky brown bars on the apical 
portion ; shafts black; top of the head ashy grey, the occiput, nape, 
and hind neck black; on the side of the occiput a stripe of scarlet; 
nasal plumes, lores, sides of the face and neck buffy white, the ear-
coverts and a stripe behind pale umber-brown malar stripe dusky ; 
chin and throat white; entire under surface of the body brownish 
white, slightly fulvescent, striped with black or brownish : the under 
tail-coverts brownish white with faint brown streaks; under wing-
coverts and axillaries smoky white, the former with a conspicuous 
black patch and a few small spots of black: " iris red; bill horny 
bluish ; feet bluish " {David). Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*67, 
wing 3-9, tail 2*2, tarsus 0*65 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 
0*4, outer posterior 0*47, inner anterior 0*3, inner posterior 0*2. 

Adult female. Wants the red stripe on the side of the occiput. 
Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*73, wing 3*55, tail 2*3, tarsus 0*157. 

Examples from Ichang are intermediate between I. scintilliceps 
and 7. kaleensis, having the tail resembling that of the former 
species, and the lower back and rump distinctly barred with black 
as in I. Icaleensis. 

Hab. China, from Pekin south to Foochow and west to Southern 

Kansu. 
a. $ ad. sk. Pekin (A. David), Tweeddale Coll. 
b, c. S ad. • d. $ ad. sk. Ichang, Jan. 1888. Mr. Pratt [C. j . 

Subsp. a. lyngipicus doerriesi. 

Picus mitschelli (non Malk.), Badde, Beis. Ost-Sibir. p. 140 (1862); 
Tacz. Bull Soe. ZooL France, 1876, p. 240. 
Picus scintilliceps, Tacz. Bull. Soe. ZooL France, 1878, p. 130; Bolauf 
Journ.f. Orn. 1880, p. 131. 
lyngipicus doerriesi, Hargitt, Ibis, 1881, p. 308; id. op. cii. 1882, 

p. 35; Gould, B. Asia, vi pi. xxii., d 2 (1882) * Tacz, P. Z. S. 
1888, p. 466. 
Adult male. Resembles I. sdntiUiceps, but is larger and ha<* the 
white of the plumage more developed, the middle and lower back 
being pure white; the black of the plumage is also more intense; 
the forehead and crown greyer, and the underparts less fulvescent; 
"iris brown" (Doerries). Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*8, 
wing 4*15, tail 2*5, tarsus 0*65; toes (without claws)—outer 
anterior 0*4, outer posterior 0*48, inner anterior 0*32, inner posterior 
0*22. 

Adidt female. Resembles the adult male, but wants the scarlet 
stripe on the side of the occiput: " iris brown " (Doerries). Total 
length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 4*1, tail 2*6, tarsus 0*63. 

22 . IYNGIPICUS, 
315 

Hah. Island of Askold, East Siberia, and the adjacent portion of 
mainland, south, into Corea. 

a. S ad. sk. Island of Askold, November Henry Seebohm, Esq. 
(Domes). 
[P.]. 
(Type of species.) 

Subsp. /3. lyngipicus kaleensis. 

Picus kaleensis, Swinkoe, Ibis, 1863, p. 390; Sundev. Consp. Av. 
Picin. p. 26 (1866); Gray, List Fidel Brit. Mus. p. 38 (1868); 
id. Hand-l B.ii. p. 183, no. 8565 (1870). 

Dendrotypes nesiotis, Cab.fy Heine, Mus. Hein. Th. iv. p. 49 (1863). 
Yungipicus kaleensis, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 392; David fy Onstalet, 
Ois. Chine, p. 50 (1877). 
Iyngipicus kaleensis, Hargitt, Ibis, 1882, p. 32. 

Adult male. Resembles I. SGintilliceps, but is smaller, and the 

•white of the plumage is less developed; the middle back is partially 
and the lower back and rump are evenly and distinctly barred with 
black; the lateral tail-feathers are also very clearly barred with 
black, and the underparts are more fulvescent and have broader 
striations. "I n October, bill light leaden grey, blackish towards 
the tip, and tinged with greenish yellow at basal half of lower 
mandible; irides reddish brown; legs greenish grey; claws same 
with pale bases" (Bwinhoe). Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*77, 
wing 3*7, tail 2*05, tarsus 0*63; toes (without claws)—outer 
anterior 0*45, outer posterior 0*53, inner anterior 0*35, inner 
posterior 0*25. 
Adult female. "Wants the red stripe on the side of the occiput, 
but otherwise resembles the adult male. Total length 5*8 inches, 
culmen 0*75, wing 3*85, tail 2*15, tarsus 0*65. 

Hah. The island of Pormosa, and Eastern China, from Eokien 
south into the island of Hainan. 

a, b. <$ ad. et imm.; Formosa, 
Purchased. 

c. 2 ad. sk. 
d. 
$ ad. sk. Tamsui, Dec. 1866 (M. Tweeddale Coll. 
Sminhoe). 
e. $ ad; / . $ imm. Eungshan, Dec, Jan, (JR. Hume Coll. 
sk. Sivinhoe). 
g, h. 3 ad. sk. Fokien. Gould Coll. 

i. S 
ad.; h. £ imm. Hainan, Eeb. 1868 [JR. Tweeddale Coll. 
sk. Swinhoe). 
3. Iyngipicus pygmaeus. 
Picus pygmaeus *, Vigors, P. Z. S.1831, p. 44; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. 
xiv. p. 197 (1845); id. op. tit. xvi. p. 466 (1847); id. Ann. <§r Mag. 
Nat. Hist. xx. p. 321 (1847); id. Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 63 
(1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 135 (1850) ; Horsf. § Moore, Cat. B. 
El. Co. Jfws.ii. p. 676 (1856-58); Reichenb. Scans. Pieince, p. 369, 
* A careful search has revealed the type, which still exists in the collection 
(cf. Hargitt, Ibis, 1882, p. 22). 
316 PICED2E. 

Taf. dcxrxvi. figs. 4232-33 (1854); Mall. Picidce, i. p. 147, 

pi. xxxiv. figs. 5-7 (1861); Gray, List Pieid. Brit Mus. p. 41 

(1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 183, no. 8576 (1870). 
Dendrocopus raoluccensis, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, 

pi. 334, figs. 159, 160 j id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844). 
Picus molucceritis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 435 (1845, non Gm.). 
Picus zizuki, Gray, Cat. Mamm, #*c. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 116 

(1846). 

Picus mitcitelli, Mali. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1849, p. 530; Bp. 
Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 136 (1850) ; Reichenb. Scans. Pitinte, p. 173 
(1854); Math. Picidce, i. p. 142, pi. xxxii. figs. 1, 2 (ISOlj ; Sunder. 
Consp. Av. Picin. p. 27 (I860); Gray, List Pit-id. Brit. Mits. 

p. 40 (1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 183,' no. 8574 (1870). 
Picus trisulensis, Licht. in Mus. BeroL 
Picus nepalensis, LicJit. in Mus. BeroL 
Yungipicus mitchelli, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 8 (1854). 
Yungipicus scintilla, Bp. Consp. Volacr. Zygod. p. 8 (1854, ex Natt. 
MSS. in Mus. Vindob.). 
Yungipicua pygmseus, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 8 (1854); Jerd. 

B. Ind. i. p. 277 (1863); Gray, Cat. Mamm. fyc. Nepal pres. 
Bodqs. p. 63 (1863); Brooks, Str. F. 1875, p. 232; Hume, op. eit. 
1879, p. 87; Scully, torn, eit 1879, p. 247. 
Baeopipo pygmaeus, Cab. $* Heine, Mus. llein. Th. iv, p. 56 (1863). 
Bseopipo ruitchelli, Cab. $* Heine, Mus. Hein. Th. iv. p. 55 (1863). 
Iyngipicus pyginseus, Hargitt, Ibis, 1882, p. 30. 

Adult male. Upper parts, also wings and their coverts, black, the 
lower back and rump barred with white; the median and the 
greater wing-coverts and both webs of the quills spotted with 
white, the shafts of the latter being black; upper tail-coverts and 
the four central tail-feathers uniform black, the lateral rectrices 
browner and either barred or margined with buffy white; shafts 
brown with black tips; forehead and crown smoky brown, the 
outer edge of the crown, also the occiput and nape, black; nasal 
plumes and sides of the face and neck white, the ear-coverts sepia-
brown, with a black stripe behind, and a faint dusky malar stripe : 
chin and throat white; the under surface of the body fulvescent, 
narrowly striped with sepia-brown; under tail-coverts slightly 
fulvescent, broadly streaked and varied with brown ; under wing-
coverts bufly white spotted with black, the axillaries white. " In 
December, bill horny-grey; irides dark red; feet dingy green " 
(Scully). Total length 5-2 inches, culmen 0*67, wing 3*47, tail 
1*8, tarsus 0*6; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*35, outer 
posterior 0*45, inner anterior 0*3, inner posterior 0*22. 

Adult female. Wants the scarlet stripe on the side of the occiput. 
Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3*4, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*55. 
Hal. Himalayan Provinces, west to Masuri, and extending east


ward into Bengal. 
a. $ &cL gk* Himalayas. Zoological Society. 
\ c, d. <J ad. sk. N.W. India.
(Type of species.) 
Pinwill Coll. 
e,f. $ ad.; g, h. Masuri, Aug., Sept, Oct. Hume Coll. 
$ ad. sk. 

22. ITNGIPICUS. 
317 

i. 2 ad. sk. Dekra Dhoon, Dec. 2,1870. Hume Coll. 
h, I. d $ ad. sk 
m. d ad. sk. 
Kalsi, Sept., Jan. 
Patlee IJhoon, Gurhwal, 
Jan. 23, 1870. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
n. $ ad. sk. Sansoo, May 29, 1874 
(W. B. Brooks). 
Hume Coll. 
o. $ a^L sk. 
p. $ ad. sk. 
Nairn Tal, Sept. 25,1866. 
Bursotee on Ramgunga, 
Jan. 28, 1870. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
q. d ad. sk. Nepal Valley, Dec. 24,1877 
{J. Scully). 
Hume Coll. 
r, s, t. d ad.; u, Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
v. $ ad. sk. 
w, x. d 2 ad-j y-Nepal (B. H, Hodgson). India Museum. 
5 inmi. sk. 
2. d imm. sk. 
a', 5'. d 2 aa* s ^ 
Nepal (B. H. Hodgson). 
Bengal {Blagrave). 
Gould Coll. 
India Museum. 

(Types of P. mitcMli. Of. Horsfield & Moore, Cat. B. Mus. 
EX Co. p. 676.) 

4. lyugipicus wattersi. 
Iyngipicus wattersi, JSalvad. $* Gig,, Abti della R. Aecad. Sc. Tor. 
xx. p. 825 (1885). 
Adult male. Upper back and scapulars black, with, a few white 
stripes ; the remainder of the back and rump white, the latter with. 
a trace of black barring; wings and tbeir coverts black, the median 
and the greater series, likewise botb webs of the quills, spotted witb 
white; sbafts of the latter black; upper tail-coverts and .the six 
central crectrices black without spots; the lateral rectrices black, 
more or less barred with buffy white: shafts black, brownish at the 
base; nasal plumes buffy white, tipped with black; forehead pale 
smoky brown, the crown ashy grey; outer edge of the crown, the 
occiput, nape, and hind neck black; upon the side of the occiput 
an orange-scarlet stripe ; sides of the face and neck white, the 
ear-coverts umber-brown, and behind these a broad brownish-
black stripe; malar stripe dusky; chin and throat dusky, striped 
with whitish; under surface of the body dull white, becoming 
browner posteriorly and on the under tail-coverts; the underparts 
are apparently spotted with black, but the feathers are in reality 
broadly striped, the stripe being contracted in the centre and the 
base hidden by the feathers above, the exposed part has the character 
of a spot; thighs barred; under tail-coverts with an almost 
obsolete subapical brown spot; under wing-coverts and axiilaries 
white, the edge of the wing black. Total length 6 inches, culmen 
0-7, wing 3*7, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*7; toes (without claws)—outer 
anterior 0*48, outer posterior 0*53, inner anterior 0*35, inner 
posterior 0*28. 

Bab. Island of Formosa, the exact locality not known. 

riCIDiE. 

5. lyngipicus HzuM. 
o. 
, • i • m „„ p ; /7/)/ iv livr. 99, nee pi. 585 (1836); Bp. 

Picu* ^fX'^^f-Rllclenb. Scans. Picin*, p. 370, Trf. 

£«««?. .1. $;/%^ 42^ (1854); Gray, List Plaid. Brit. Mm. 

dCTnkm-idHattl.B. ii. p 184, no. 8586 (1870). 

x icus *!»'""> , xvii_ (1850 ; Afa&. _P«cz<fe, I. p. lo4, pi. xxxvi. 

fiT i;?j (1801); SuJev-cJp. Av. Pkin. p. / s (1866); TFatf. 

Kfs|^lkrSfS.^. ii-P- «5 (1845); Jerd. P. Ind. i. p. 270 

YuSpicus lrisuki, Bp. Consp. Vohtcr. Zycjod. p. 8 (1854); Stejn. 
Froc. U.S. Nat. Mu*. 1886, V. 120. 
Ticus kogera, Malh. Picidce, i. p. lo4 (1861, MSS. ex spec, ohm in, 
Mm. Aool. Soc.). . . ,,„„.. 

Brcopipo ldsuki, Cfc*. «• Seine MM Bein.Th. iv. p. GO (1863). 

lyngipicus kizuki, Hargitt, Ibis, 1882, p. 36 (pt.); «</. op. cit. 1884, 

Piciis (lyngipicus) kizuki, Blah, Amend. List B. Jap. pp. 25 & 45 

(1884). 

Adult female. Above, also the wings and their coverts, blackish 
brown, the middle and lower back, rump, and scapulars barred with 
white ; the median and the greater coverts, likewise both webs of 
the quills, spotted with white, the spots on the outer webs of the 
latter not exceeding live, the shafts of the quills dark brown; upper 
tail-coverts and the four central tail-feathers blaqk, the next feather 
having the inner web black and the outer web huffy white, the 
remaining feathers barred black and buffy white; shafts black: 
nasal plumes smoky white, tipped with black; top of the head 
ashy brown, tinged with rufous ; lores white; sides of the face and 
neck brown, with a white spot above the eye, a patch of white on 
the side of the neck, and a white stripe separating the ear-coverts 
from the black malar stripe; the sides of the throat and fore 
neck broadly striped with brown; chin and throat pure white; 
fore neck and middle of the chest, also the under surface of the 
body and under tail-coverts, fulvescent white, more dusky posteriorly; 
the body from the breast, inclusive, downwards striped with brown, 
the under tail-coverts spotted with the same; under wing-coverts 
white, spotted with brownish black, the axillaries smoky white. 
Total length 4*8 inches, culm en 0*6, wing 3*22, tail 1-82, tarsus 
0*6; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*35, outer posterior 
0-42, inner anterior 0*3, inner posterior 0*2. 

Adult male. Differs from the adult female in having a red stripe 
on the side of the occiput. 

Immature female. Is browner above and on the wings; the fop of 
the head is browner, and the brown which borders the chest and 
breast is less rufescent; the chin, throat, and under surface of the 
body are duller, but similarly striped with brown, the flanks and 
thighs, however, having confluent spots of brown, in the form of a 
stripe. 

22 . IYNGIPICUS. 
319 
Hob. Japan (island of "Kiushiu), and, according to Dr. Stejneger, 

the southern part of Hondo. 
a, b. <$ ad.; c. J ad. sk. Japan. Gould Coll. 
d. $ ad. sk. Kobe. Tweeddale Coll. 
e. 2 ad. sk. Nagasaki. Tweeddale Coll. 

Subsp. «. Iyngipicus seebolimi. 

Picus kizuki (non Temm.), Sioinh. Ibis, 1875, p. 451; Blahiston $ 
Fryer, op. cit. 1878, p. 229; Seebohm, op. cit. 1879, p. 29. 
Picus kisuM, Blahist. Ibis, 1862, p. 325; id. $ Fryer, Trans. As. Soc. 

Jap. x. p. 134 (1882). 
Iyngipicus kizuki, Hargitt, Ibis, 1882, p. 36. 
Iyngipicus seebohmi, Hargitt. Ibis, 1884, p. 100: Tacz. P. Z. S. 

_1888, p. 467. 
Picus (Iyngipicus) seebohmi, Blahist. Amend. List B. lap. pp. 13 & 
4o (1884). 
Yungipicus seebohmi, Stejn. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1886, p. 123. 

Adult male. Eesembles I. Tcizvlci, but may be distinguished by the 
very much greater amount of white in the plumage; the top of the 
head being ashy grey instead of brown; the ground of the entire 
under surface of the body pure white, with a very distinct rufous-
brown gorget, and the outer webs of the outer primaries having six 
spots of white. Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3*3, 
tail 1*95, tarsus 0*62; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*4, 
outer posterior 0*45, inner anterior 0*33, inner posterior 0-23. 

Nestling, male. Has the top of the head bluish ashy, the forehead 
spotted with smoky white; the under surface of the body white, 
without any yellow tinge on the chest, and the striations dense; the 
stripe on the side of the occiput exists, as in the adult male, but it 
is of a more orange-scarlet. 

Adult female. Wants the red stripe on the side of the occiput, 
and has the chest and upper breast less rufous brown. Total length 
5*1 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 347, tail 2, tarsus 0*58. 

Hob. Japan (the Main Island and Yezo); on the Continent, in 
Ussuri and Corea. 

a. 
2 ad. sk. Ussuri. St. Petersburg Museum 
[P.]. 
b. d1 ad. sk. Japan (Pryer). Tweeddale Coll. 
c. d. $ $ ad. sk. Yokohama. PL Pryer, Esq. [C.]. 
e,f. (S imm.; g, Yokohama {H. Pryer). E. Bowdler Sharpe, Esq. 
A. $ ad. et [P.]. 
imm. sk. 
Subsp. j3. Iyngipicus nigrescens. (Plate V.) 

Iyngipicus kizuki nigrescens, Seebohm,Ibis, 1887, p. 177. 

Yungipicus nigrescens, Stejn. Zeitsch.'gesam?n. Orn. 1887, p. 171. 

Adult female. Differs from J". Icizuki in being smaller and very 
much blacker, having the top of the head, occiput, and nape blackish 
brown; the ear-coverts, baud across the side of the neck, and 

320 PICIBJE. 

the extreme upper back very dart brown; the malar *n, « 
blacker; the white spots on the wings smaller, those o^heou | 
webs of the outer primaries four in number and the bars on th, 
wings, also the bars on the back, narrower: the stnatwnson: tu, 

Liter posterior u*40, inner aiiLenux v ~, **-— *; - - -. , 

^ ^ awfo. Differs from the adult female in having a red 

stripe on the side of the occiput. Total length 4-b inches, cu*mcn 

0-62, wing 3-03, tail 1*6, tarsus 0*5. 

Bab. Too Choo Islands (Xaha). 

a. Q ad. sk. Great Loo Choo Island (J3". Henry &*bobm, K^. 'P.:Fryer), 
{I ype ot * p*'t i»-O 

6. lyngipicus auxantiiventris. 
Picus (Basopipo) aurantiiventris, Salvad. Aiti 2?. Aecmt &i. 7V««% 
iii. p. 524 (1868). . 
Iyngipicus aurantiiventria, &z/w«*. £«?*//* A Bt>rM*>, p. 41, f»% n, 

fig. 2 (1874); Bargitt, 1MB, 18&2, p. 2U; 6W«/, li. -.!<*<#, u. 

pi. xxiii., J $ (1882). 

Yungipicus aurantiiventria, Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 24CA, 

Iyngopicus aiirantiiventris, Sharpe, P. Z. *Sf. lw*lT p. 7t#« 

-4dtoZ< wafo. Back and rump broadly barred black arid wliil«*; 
upper tail-coverts black, with a broad intermarginal H\tmmnU* 
marking of while; scapulars, wing-coverts, and qui!l< bla^k, the 
scapulars barred with white at the tip, the greater eovertn uwl 
the quills on both webs spotted with white; shafts black; flu* 
six central tail-feathers uniform and black or brownish, the lateral 
ones dark brown, margined or barred with bully white ; fchuft* 
clear brown with black tips; top of the head ashy grey, the outer 
edge of the crown, the occiput, nape, and hind neck black; ujmn 
the side of the occiput a streak of scarlet; sides of the face ai*d 
neck, throat, and fore neck white, the malar region and front of 
neck broadly striped with dusky brown ; ear-eoverts dark brown, with 
a broad black stripe behind; under surface of the body and uncle r 
tail-coverts fulvescent, the chest and breast washed with orange or 
reddish, and the whole striped with brownish bMek; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white, the former spotted and varied with 
black: " irides bluish white " (Doria). Total length 3-3 iaehi*»t 
culmen 0*72, wing 3-15, tail 1*2, tarsus 0*57; toes (without; clawHf 
—outer anterior 0*4, outer posterior 0*47, inner anterior 0-38, inner 
posterior 0*2. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of the 
scarlet feathers on the side of the occiput, and in having the unci imparts 
less rich in colour. Total length 5*4 inches, culmen OfiT 
wing 3-1, tail 1*4, tarsus 0-57. * 

Bab. Borneo, probably confined to the northern pait of tie 
island. 

22. ITXSIPICTTS. 
nm cf imm. *k Sarawak, Sept. 20, 1877 (HI 
JEIeerett). 

b. f* ad- ii. Sarawak. 
e. 2 ad. sk. Mutant Mar 1870. 
rf. e. f 2 ad. *k. Paku, Oet.,Xov. 
/ . 2 ad. sk. Lambidan. 

5/- 2 ad. sk. Liibuan. 

h. 2 ad si-Elopura. 
321 

Hume Coll. 

H.Everett, Esq. T.]. 
Gould Coll. 
H.Everett, Esq. [C.]. 
Governor Ussher"* 

[C.]. 
Hon. Hiurh Low 

rc.i. 

nev.B.F.Frere[P.]. 

7. Ijngipiens pxnnilus. 
lynzii icu* jmxuilu*,HnrgitK Ibit> 18S1, p. 509; id &/*. e#. Ib82, p. 37 ; 
AV/W. AMU. MV** Ch\ *S7w\ Xnt Genova, 1888, p. 5C5. 
Picu-j piiiiiilii^ Oat**) £. Brit* Durm. II. p. 37 (1883). 

Adult mall. AJ^ve, Including scapulars and upper taE-coverts, 
barred Mack and wltlfre : wings and their coverts black, both webs of 
the quilb, itlm tht* median and the greater coverts, spotted with 
white*; shaft"* of qiitlK Muck; tall black, the four central feathers 
uniform, thu next «#m* spotted with white on the outer web, the 
lateral f-'athf-r** harm! with white on both webs; shafts black, 
%lih liniwii bu*rh; isn-al plumes btifij wbite; forehead and crown 
aohy #rey; out«T nlge of crown, the occiput, nape, and hind neck 
Mark, with a scarlet fctripe upon the side of the occiput; lores and 
mim of the face and neck white, the ear-coverts brown with a broad 
Mack htripe behind ; the malar region dusky, with a blackish-brow n 
stripe on the side of the throat and fore neck; chin and throat pure 
white, with a few dusky spots; fore neck and chest white, the 
remaining imderparts more fulveseent, the whole (except the flanks 
and thighs which are sported) being striped with black; under tail-
covert* dull oehreous wMte spotted with brown; under wlngcoverts 
and aaiilaries white, the former spotted with black. Total 
length 4-85 inches, oilmen 0-52, wing 2*78, tail 2/3. tarsus 0-55; 
toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0-35, outer posterior 0*42, 

inner anterior 0-28, inner posterior 0*17. 

Adidt ft. male. Wants the scarlet stripe on the side of the occiput. 
Total length 4*35 Inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2-78, tail 1*25, tarsus 
0*5:i 

Hab. Tenasserim, and Malayan Peninsula south to Kossoum; 
north to Rangoon, South Pegu. 

a. d ad. sk. Elephant Point, Rangoon, Dec. 
&17 1875 (J. Armstrong). 
Hume Col 
b* cf inim. sk. S- Tenasserim, March 24,1877. Tweeddale Coll. 
ef </. d ad.; e, 
f. $ ad. sk. 
g, J ad. tsk. 
Tavuy, April 1878 (W. Davison). 
Mer«ui, Nov. % 1874 (IP. Bammn). 
Hume Col 
Hume Coll, 
VOL. XVIII, 

322 PICIDJE. 
h. $ inrni. sk.
i. $ ad.; k.
<$ imm. sk. 
Malewoon, April 24, 1875 (W.
Davison). 
Kossoum, May 30,1879 (J*. Darling). 
Hume Coll. 
Hume CoU. 

8. lyngipicus canicapillus. 
Picus canicapillus, Blyth, J. A. S. Bmg. xiv. p. 107 (1845), xv. p. 14 
(1846), xvi. p. 467 (1847), xviii. p. 805 (1849); id. Cat. B. MILS. 
As. Soc. p. 64 (1849); Gray, Gen.^ B. iii. App. p. 21 (1849); 
Reichenb. Scans. Picinm, p. 373 (1854): Main. Picidce, i. p. 141 
(1861); Simdev. Comp. Av. Piein. p. 29 (1866); Gray, List Pieid. 
Brit Mus. p. 43 (1868); id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 184, no. 8581 (1870); 
Oates, B. Brit. Bvrm. ii. p. 36 (1883). 

Yungipicus trisulensis, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 8 (1854, non 
Zicht).

Yungipicus canicapillus, JSorsf.fy Moore, Cat B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. 
pp. 677, 992 (1856-58); Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 279 (1862) ; Blyth, Ibis, 
1870, p. 163; Hume, Str. F 1874, p. 471; Blyth $ Wald. B. 
Bitrm. p. 78 (1875); Hume, Str. F. 1875, pp. 14. 59; Armstrong, 
Sir. F. 1876, p. 309; Hume, op. cit 1877, pp. 25, 113; Hume $ 
Davison, op. eit. 1878, vi. p. 125; iid. torn. tit. App. p. 500; Hume, 
op. at. 1879, p. 87. 

B*eopipo canicapilla, Cab. fy Heine, Mus. Hein. Th. iv. p. 58 (1863). 

Picus, sp., Beaiwi, Ibis, 1869, p. 413. 

lyngipicus canicapillus, Hargitt, Ibis, 1882, p. 39 ; Oates, Str. F. 

1882, p. 190 ; Gould, B. Asia, vi. pi. xxvii., <$ $ (1883); Salvad. 
Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 1887, p. 578 * Hume, Sir. F. 

xi. p. 60 (1888). 
Adult male. Above, including wings and tail and their coverts, 
black, the back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and the scapulars barred 

•with white; the median and the greater wing-coverts, and the 
quills, on both webs, spotted with white; the central rectrices 
spotted, and the lateral ones barred with white; shafts of quills and 
of rectrices black ; top of the head ashy grey, the occiput, nape, and 
hind neck black; upon the side of the occiput a scarlet stripe; nasal 
plumes and sides of the face and neck white, the ear-coverts sepia-
brown, with a broad black stripe behind; malar region slightly 
dusky ; chin and throat uniform pure white; the under surface of 
the body dull white, slightly fulvescent, entirely striped with black; 
under tail-coverts dull white with a broad brown central stripe, or 
other transverse and varied markings; under wing-coverts white 
spotted with black, the axillaries white: " bill dark plumbeous, 
paler at gape and on the greater portion of the lower mandible ; 
iris reddish hazel; eyelids purplish blue; feet dusky green ; claws 
horn-colour" (Oates). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*67, 
wing 3*2, tail 1*65, tarsus 0*53; toes (without claws)—outer 
anterior 0*35, outer posterior 0*45, inner anterior 0*3, inner 
posterior 0*2. 
Adult female, llesembles the male, but lacks the red stripe on the 

22. IYNGIPICUS.
side of the occiput. Total length 5 inches, culmen 065, wing 3*2, 
tail 1*6, tarsus 0*53. 
Hah. British and Native Bnrmah, extending into Manipur and 
Cachar, and south through the Malayan Peninsula to Singapore 

Island. 

a. 
S ad.; b.
5 imm. sk. 
c, d. $ ad.; e.
$ ad. sk.

f. (S ad. sk.
g. 
J imm. sk.
h. J ad. sk.
i, k. $ 5 ad.
sk.
I, m. S ?
imm. sk.
nf o, p. <$ ad.
sk.
q-t. & ad.; u~

w. 2 ad. sk.
x. 
<$ ad. * y.
Juv. sk. 
z, a'. <$ ad.sk.
b'. <S imm. sk.

<i. 3 ad.; d'j
e'. 2 ach s^.
/• . S sd- st. 

</« . ? ad. sk. 

h', k'. S 

ad. 
ad. et imm. 
sk. 

ad. sk. 

. 
s 

*.. 6 ad. sk. 

r'.• 6 imm. 
sk. 

s'. 
? ad. sk. 

u'. <$ ad.; 
v'. $ ad. sk, 
id ' x'. $ ad. 
'sk. 
y • 6 imm. 

sk. 
zf,• ? ad. sk. 

ad. . sk. 

 Cachar (J. Inglis).

 Aimole, Manipur, April 1881

 {A. 0. E.\. 
Hirok, 
Manipur. May 1881 (A.
O.H.). K 

 Tipperah. 
Tipperah Hills, Jan. 1870.


 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Kyouk-Kyee, Jan. 5, 1874 (JR. Tweeddale Coll. 

 G. W. JR.). 
Karen-nee, March 1874 (JR. 0. Tweeddale Coll. 
W. JR.). 
Karen Hills, Sept., Jan. (JR. G. 
W. JR-). 
Tonghoo, Feb., March, May, Nov.

 (JR. G. W. JR.). 

 Thayetmyo.

 Thayetmyo.

 E. Pegu Hills, April 16,1873 (E.
W. Oates). 
Elephant Point, Rangoon, Dec. 
1875 (J. Armstrong). 
Tenasserim.

Kyouk-nyat, Jan. 30, 1874 (W.
JDavison). 
Pahpoou, Dec, Jan. 1874 (W.
JDavison). 

Beeling, Jan. 29,1876 (W. Bamson). 


Shouay Goon, Salween River,

Aug. 8, 18(55 (JR. C. Beavan). 
Meplay R., Thoungyeen Forests,
March 19, 1879 (C. T. Bing-

Thamban, Jan. 15, 1878 (W.
JDavison). 

 Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 J. C. D. Packman, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

Thatone, Nov., Dec. (W. JDavi- Hume Coll. 
son). 
Wimpong, Dec. 1876 (W. JDavi- Hume Coll. 
son). 
Moulmein (W. Limborg). Tweeddale Coll, 

Megaloon, Houngthraw R., Jan. Hume Coll. 
9,1877 {W. JDavison). 
Amherst, March, Dec. (JW. Lam- Hume Coll. 
son). 

Y2 

324 PICIDJE* 
c". <$ ad. sk. Epoo, Myawadee, Jan. 25, 1877 Hume Coll. 
d". $ ad. sk. 
(W. Davison). 
Yea, 3Iarch 30, 1874 (W. DamHume 
Coll. 
e". $ ad. sk. 
/',*".*? 
ad. sk. 
A". $ ad. sk. 
son). 
Meeta Myo, April 18, 1874 {W. 
Davison). 
Tavoy, April 13,1878 (W. Davison).
Bankasoon, June 5, 1877 (W. 
Davison). 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume CoU. 
i". J ad. sk. Malewoon. Hume Coll. 
#'. $ ad. sk. Khotown, Victoria Point, ^Tarch Hume Coll. 
2, 1875 (W. Davison). 
ad. sk. 
Klang, }Iay 1879 ( W. Davison). Hume Coll. 
Gunnong Pulai, Johore, July, Hume Coll. 
ad. sk. Aug. (W. Davison). 
j*W".c?ad.; Johore, Aug., Sept. ( W. Davison). Hume Coll. 
«". $ ad.sk. 
#". $ ad. sk. Sineapore Island,
(W. Davibon). 
Feb. 6, 1879 Hume Coll. 

9. lyngipicus picatus. (Plate VI.) 
Iyngipicus picatus, Hargitt, Ibis, 1882, p. 41. 

Adult male. Above, including the wings and their coverts, jet-
black, the back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts barred with 
white, the median and the greater wing-coverts and both webs of 
the quills spotted with white• shafts of quills black ; tail black, the 
six central feathers spotted with white upon both webs, the spots 
not exceeding three in number, the two outer large feathers on 
either side spotted with white on the outer web and barred on the 
inner web; shafts black* nasal plumes black ; forehead and crown 
smoky grey ; outer edge of the crown, the occiput, and hind neck 
black; upon the side of the occiput a stripe of scarlet; lores, likewise 
the sides of the face and neck, white, the ear-coverts dark 
brown, and behind these a large patch or broad stripe of black; 
malar region dusky, varied with light brown, and behind this a 
blackish stripe bordering the throat and fore neck, and becoming 
dark brown varied with rufous or ochreous brown on the side of the 
chest; chin, throat, and fore neck white, the latter striped with 
brownish black• under surface of the body and under tail-coverts 

ochreous or yellowish white striped with black ; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries white, the former spotted, the latter striped with 
black. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*72, wing 3*05, tail 1*35, 
tarsus 0*6 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*4, outer posterior 
0*47, inner anterior 0*32, inner posterior 0*22. 

Hal. K W.Borneo. 

a. $ ad. sk. Sir Hugh Low [0.]. 
22 . rra-GiPicTis. 325 
10. lyngipicus grandis. (Plate VI.) 
Picus moluccensis, Wall, (non Gm.) in 8ahad. TJcc. Born. p. 43, 

note (1874). 
Ivngipieus grandis, Hargitt, Ibis, 1882, p. 45. 
Y ungipicus grandis, Guillem. P. Z. S.1885, p. 503: id. Voy. March 

ii.pf 149 (1886). '* ^ 

Adult male. Hesembles / . auritus in coloration and markings 
generally, but is conspicuously larger, and the tail-feathers (except 
the outer large one which is barred) haye four buffy-white spots 
upon each web: " iris reddish brown• bill nearly black; tarsus 
dirty black" (Guillemard). Total length 5-7 inches, culmen 0*75, 
wing 3*15, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*55: toes (without claws)—outer 
anterior 0*37, outer posterior 0*5, inner anterior 0*35, inner 
posterior 0*2. 

Adult female. Has no scarlet stripe on the side of the occiput. 
Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 3*25, tail 1*65, tarsus 
0*55. 

Average measurements of L. grandis and J. auritus:— 
/. grandis Wing 3*22 • culmen 0*77. 
i". auritus „ 2-9 : „ 0*62. 


Hah. The islands of Lombock and Flores. 

a. $ ad. sk. Flores. . Wallace Coll. 
b, c. <$ $ ad. Flores (A. B. Wallace). Tweeddale Cull, 
sk. 

d. cTad.; e,f. • Lombock. Wallace Coll. 
§ ad. sk. (Types of species.) 
g, h. $ ad.; i. Lombock (A. B. Wallace). Gould Coll. 
$ ad. sk. 

11. Iyngipicus auritxts. 
Le petit £peiehe brun des Moluques, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. 
p. 68 (1783). 
Petit Pic des Moluques, Baubent. PI 3rd. pi. 748. fig. 2. 
Picus moluccensis, Gm. 8yst. Nat, i, p. 439 (1788, ex Buff.); 8teph. 
Gen. Zool. ix. p. 178 (1815) ; Vieill N. Diet, d'Hist Nat. xxyl 

p. 86 (1818)* Horsf. Trans. Linn. 8oc. xiii. p. 177 (1822); Bonn, 
et Vieill. Bnc. MUh. iii. p. 1314 (1823); Vigors, Mem. Baffi. 
p. 669 (1830); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 435 (1845, exclus. syn.); Blyth, 
Cat. B. Mus. As. 8oc. p. 63 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 137 (1850) • 
Temm. fy Schl. Faun. Japon. p. 74 (1850); Cab.fyHeine, Mus. 
Hein. Th. iv. p. 61 (1863) ; Gray, List Picid Brit. Mus. p. 42 
(1868); id.Hand-l. B. iL p. 184, no. 8588 (1870); Vorderm. 
Batav. Vog. p. 200 (1882). 
Picus minor, Baffl. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 290 (1822, non L.). 

Picus yariegatus, Wagl. 8yst. Av. Picus, no. 27 (1827, non Lath.); 
Malh. Picidce, i. p. 139, pi. xxxiii. figs. 8-10 (1861); 8undev. 
Consp. Av. Picin. p. 28 (1866); Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 43 
(1868); id. Hand-IBM. p. 184, no. 8580 (1870). 

Tripsurus auritus, By ton, Ann.fyMag. Nat. Hist. xyi. p. 229 (1845). 
Yungipicus moluccensis, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 8 (1854); 
Horsf. % Moore, Cat. B. Mus. ML Co. ii. p. 675 (1856-58). 

326 
PIC1D.ZE. 

Yungipicus auritus, Bp. Consp. Folucr. Zygod. p. 8 (18-54). 
Beeopipo variegata, Cab, § Heine, Mus. Hein. Th. iv. p. 54 (1863). 
Bseopipo aurita, Cab.fy Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 59 (1863). 
Yungipicus sondaieus, Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 354; id. op. cit. 1870, 

p. 163. 
Picus auritus, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 41 (1868); id. Hand-L 
B. ii. p. 188, no. 8575 (1870). 
Picus sondaicus, Wall. MSS.; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 184, no. 8589 
(1870); Wall, in Salvad. Ucc. Bom. p. 43, note (1874). 
Iyngipicus fusco-albidus, Salvad. Ucc. Bom. p. 42 (1874); Nicholson, 
" Ibis, 1879, p. 105; Sharpe, t. c. 1879, p. 240; Vorderm. List B. 
Java, no. 52 (1884). 
Yungipicus canicapillus (non Blyth), Tiraut, Ois. B.-Cochinch. p. 88 
(1879). 
Iyngipicus 
auritus, Hargitt, Ibis, 1882, p. 42 ; Gould, B. Asia, vi. 
pi. xxix., <$ $ (1883); Nicholson, Ibis, 1883, p. 242; Bias. Verhandl. 
zool-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, p. 29 (1883); id, J. f. 0. 1884, 

p. 223; Guillem. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 405. ^ 
Iyngipicus frater*, Salvad. 8$ Gigl. Atti delta B. Accad. Sc, Tor. 
xx. p. 824 (1885). 
Adult male. Above, including wings and tail and their coverts, 
blackish brown, the entire back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-
coverts barred with white; the median and the greater wing-
coverts and the quills upon both webs spotted with white; the 
central tail-feathers spotted, fhe lateral ones barred with white; 
shafts of quills and of rectrices brown, those of the latter paler at 
tbe base; top of the head brown, the outer edge of the crown, the 
occiput, nape, and hind neck nearly black; upon the side of the 
occiput a scarlet stripe• nasal plumes buffy white ; sides of the face 
and neck, chin and throat white; the ear-coverts and a broad 
stripe behind, also the malar stripe, dark brown; entire under 
surface of the body and under tail-coverts dingy buffy white, broadly 
striped with brown or dusky brown; under wing-coverts white 
spotted with brown; axillaries white : u irides brownish red; upper 
mandible black, lower one on underside greyish white ; legs and feet 
sepia-green " (H. 0. Forbes). Total length 5*2 inches, culmen 0*65, 
wing 2-95, tail 1*3, tarsus 0-55; toes (without claws)—outer 
anterior 0*35, outer posterior 0-45, inner anterior 0-27, inner posterior 
0*2. 

Adult female. Wants the scarlet stripe on the side of the occiput. 
Total length 5-2 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2'85, tail 1*35, tarsus 
0*55. 

Hah. Malayan Peninsula into Siam and Cochin China; Sumatra, 
Java, and Borneo, including the island of Labuan. 

* When Count Salyadori kindly sent for my inspection the type of I. frater, 
I expressed my belief that it was distinct from Ey ton's 1. auritus; but a further 
examination of specimens of the latter species shows me that individuals occur 
which have the six central tail-feathers unspotted, and others in which the outer 
webs of the primaries are uniform, and I am now of opinion that /. frater is 
only an example of I. auritus in which these individual variations are combined. 
22. iYtfGiPicus.
a. $ ad. sk. Penang. 
b-e. S ad.; / , Klansr, Jan., Pel). (PF. Bad-
g. $ ad. sk. son), 
h. (5 ad. sk. Malacca. 
i. 
(S ad. sk. Malacca (-D/*. Cantor), 
h. $ ad. sk. Malacca. 
1, m. $ ad. sk. Malacca (Br. Maingay). 
n. $ ad. sk. Malacca, Aug. 22,1873 (R. G. 
iir T> \ 

o. c? ad. sk. Singapore. 
p, 
q. S ad. et Singapore, Aug., Dec. (W. 
juv.sk. Bavison). 

r. 
$ ad. sk. Singapore Island, Dec. 12, 
1879 (W, Bavison), 
5. 5 ad. sk. Sumatra. 
t. <$ ad. sk. Sumatra* 
w. J ad. sk. Sumatra (Carl Bock). 
v. 
J ad.; to, 5 "West coast of Sumatra. 
imm. sk. 
#> V-<S 2 . ad.; Lampong, S.E. Sumatra (B. 
a, a'. (5 inim. C. Buxton).
sk. 

b', d. 5 imm.; Java (Horsjield). 

d'. Juv. sk. 
e'. tf ad. sk. Java (Beiden Museum), 
/-/*'. c? ad.; V. Java. 

$ ad. sk. 
m'. <$ ad. sk. W. Java. 

rc'. S ad. sk. E. Java. 
o'. c? ad. sk. E. Java (A. B, Wallace). 
p'. S ad. sk. Borneo. 
q'. $ ad. sk. Borneo. 
r', / . c? ad. sk. Sarawak (A. JEverett). 


t', v!. <$ ad. sk. Labuan (IT, Bow) 
v', w'. $ ad. sk. Labuan (if. Bow). 


x'. <S ad. sk. Lawas River. 


Purchased. 

Hume Coll. 

Major Charlton [P.]. 

(Type of species.) 
India Museum. 
Purchased. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 


Purchased. 
Wallace Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Dr. VonFaber[C.]. 


Tweeddale Coll. 


India Museum. 


Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Tweeddale ColL 


F. 
Nicholson, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Wallace Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Purchased. 
Gould Coll. 
Tweeddale ColL 

Tweeddale Coll. 

R. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[p.]. 
H. Veitch, Esq. [P.]. 
12. Iyngipicus nanus. 
Picus nanus, Vigors, P. Z. S.1831, p. 172; Gray, Gen, B. ii. p. 435 

(1845). 
Yungipicus nanus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. n. 8 (1854). 
Bseonipo nana, Cab.fy Heine, Mus. Hein. Th. iv. p. 57 (1863, note). 
Iyngipicus nanus, Beid, Str. F. 1881, p. 24 ,* Hargitt, Ibis, 1882, 

p. 38; Gould,B. Asia, vi. pi. xxxiv., <J <$ (1883). 
Male. Above, including rump, dusky brown barred with white; 
wing-coverts dusky brown spotted with whito; quills dusky brown, 
spotted with white upon both webs, the spots upon the outer webs of 
the outer primaries being mere specks; shafts brown; upper tail-
coverts dusky brown, barred and edged with white; tail dusky brown, 

PICtBJE. 

a28 

the feather* spotted upon both webs with white, the ^*^ 
a L liiHwd wththo name; shafts brown, the tips black; forehead 
£SaSLo r than the back; nape black; lores, a broad 

^ ^ continued down the side of the neck, and cheeks 
whit, ; from behind the eye, including the ear-coverts, and running 
down the hide of the neck, a broad stripe of brown ; a well-defined 
brown malar htripo; chin and throat white; entire nnderparts, 
including under tail-coverts, brownish white, broadly but faintly 
streaked with duskv brown; under wing-coverts white spotted 
with dusky brown; axillaries white. Total length 5 inches, 
culmen (Wif>, wing 2-95, tail 1*35,tarsus 06 2 ; toes (without claws)— 
outer anterior 0*42, outer posterior 0*48, inner anterior 0*35, inner 

posterior 0*2. 
lt«?>. North-west Himalayas (Dhurmsala &c.) *. 
a. cS acL sk. Dhurmsala. Pinwill Coll. 
b, c. d ad. sk. N.W. India. Pinwill Coll. 

13. Ipigipicus har&wickii. 
Picus moluccensis, Gray (non Gm.) in Hardio. III. Ind. Zool. i. pi. 33. 
figs, a, b (1830-32); JBlyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 197 (1845). 
Picus (Dendrocopus) kardwickii, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xiii. p. 138 
(1844). 
Picus hardwickii, Bh/th, J. A. S. Beng. xv. p. 15 (1846); Gh-ay, Gen. 

B. iii. App. p. 21 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 136 (1850). 
Picus cinereigula, Malh. Bev. et Mag. de Zool. 1849, p. 531; Bp, 
Consp. i. p. 136 (1850); Reichenb. Scans. Picime, p. 373 (1854). 
Picus variegatus, Blyth (non Wagl.), Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 64 
(1849). 
Yungipicus variegatus, Ilorsf. $* Moore (non Wagl.), Cat. B. JE. 1. 
^ Co. Mus. ii. p. 675 (1854). 
Yungipicus hardwickii, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 8 (1854); Jerd. 

B. hid. i. p. 278 (18G2) • Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 354; Jerd. Ibis, 
1872, p. 8; Butler, Sfr. F. 1876, p. 36 ; Fairb. torn. cit. p. 255. 
Picus (Yungipicus) kardwickii, Blanf. J. A. S. B. 1869, p. 168. 
Yungipicus nanus, Ball (non Vigors), Str. F. 1874, p. 390; JSuTne, 

8tr. F. 1875, p. 60; Butler, Cat. B. 8ind 8fc. p. 18 (1879); 
Mume, Str. F. 1879, p. 87; Butler, Cat. B. of the 8. Portion of 
Bombay Presidency', 1880, p. 22. 

lyngipiais hardwickii, Hargitt, Ibis, 1882, p. 45: Gould, B. Asia, 

vi. pi. xxviii., d4 d (1883). ' 
Adult male. Back, scapulars, and rump dusky brown, barred with 
white ; upper tail-coverts white, striped with brownish black; wing-
coverts and quills dusky brown, the median and the greater coverts 
and both webs of quills spotted with white ; shafts dark brown • 
tail brownish black, the feathers spotted with white on both webs 


m ^^TTmf m a ^ h a remote region of a species which is almost identical 

with the Malayan/, anntus, is very remarkable, but Captain Stackho use Pinwill 

mam m® that there u not a shadow of doubt as to the specimens in question 

harag hmn obtained by him in the region assigned to them ^estion 

22 . IYNGIPICUS. 
shafts "black -with, brown bases; nasal plumes buffy white • top of 
the bead, occiput, and nape cinnamon-brown or pale umber-brown, 
the bind neck darker brown; upon the side of the occiput an 
orange-scarlet stripe; lores, sides of tbe face and neck, cbin, tbroat, 
and fore neck white, the ear-coverts and a stripe behind pale brown; 
the malar region dusky, with a stripe of pale brown down the side 
of tbe throat and fore neck, these latter with almost obsolete stripes 
or spots of pale brown • entire under surface of the body and under 
tail-coverts dull buffy or brownish white, broadly striped with 
umber-brown; under wing-coverts white, spotted with sooty black ; 
axillaries white, faintly streaked with brown : " bill and legs plumbeous 
: orbital skin lake ; irides pale yellow " (Jerdon). Total length 
4*3 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2-9, tail 1*25, tarsus 0-55 ; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*38, outer posterior 0*47, inner anterior 

0*3, inner posterior 0*2. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the scarlet stripe 
on the side of the occiput. Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0*6, 
wing 3, tail 1*55, tarsus 0*55. 

Hah. Central India, from Oudh south to the Godaveri Valley, and 
west to Oodypore. 

ay b. <$ imm 
c. $ ad.sk. 
Oodypore, Feb. 1878. Hume Coll. 
d. e. <$ ad. € 
imm. ; / , , 
Saharunpur, Feb., March. Hume Coll. 
? ad. sk. 
$ juv. sk. Kumaon Bhabur,
1871. 
March 20, Hume Coll. 
$ ad. sk. Etawab, Oct. 20,1865. Hume Coll. 
$ ad. sk. 
m. <$ ad. 
Cawnpore, Oct. 9,1868. 
Allahabad, Dec. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
imm.; n. 
ad. sk. 
o. 
P$ 
ad. sk. 
$ ad. sk. 
$ ad. sk. 
$ ad.sk. 
d ? ad. 
Sirguja, Jan. 1872. 
Oudh. 
Oudh, Jan. 1874. 
Gondah (S. Pinwill). 
Gondah. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Pinwill Coll. 
sk. 
c? § ad. Futtebgurh, March, Oct. Hume Coll. 
sk. 

c?S ad. Mirzapur, March 1869 (JK. Hume Coll. 

*) Thompson). 
d ad. Lallgunj, Tirhoot, April 22, Hume Coll. 

z. 
1869. 
a'. (S ad. sk. Behar. Hodgson Coll. 

V. ? ad. sk. N.B. India. Tweeddale Coll. 
c'j d'. S ad. Sumbalpur, Dec, Jan. Hume Coll. 
e.
$ ad. sk. 
f-i. S ad. • #, Raipur, Jan., Feb. Hume Coll. 
I'. J ad. sk. 

m', ri. d $ ad. Kamptee. Dr. B.B.Hmde[P.]. 
sk. 
</. S ad.; p\ $ Khandeish. Tweeddale Coll. 
imm. sk. 

aio PICID^S. 
/ . <? «1. Hk. KlM«.doiflli, Dec. 14, 1879 Hume Coll. 
»*'. <{ ad, nk.
±::fvA 
(lodavor 
1871. 
, April 18, W.T.Blante^Es, . 
[P.]. 

14. lyngipicus gymnophtlialmus. 
Liitlo Brown Woodpecker, Lath Gen Syn. Suppl. i. p.^109 (1787). 
Pirns molurcen.is, vor. ft ^^/ w^. 0r^ix P™N (1' 9°^ 
Picas minor, Miv. y, Lath. Inch Orn i.p.230 (1790). 
Picus tfviiinophthalmos, J?/^, /. A. 8. Beng. xvm p. 804 (1849); 
id (\it B. Mus, As. JSoe. p. 04 (1849) j Laywd, Ann. $ Mag. A at. 
Hist, xiii. p. 448 (1854) ; Meichenb. Scans. Pieinm,^. 373 (1854) ; 
ana/, Hand-L B. ii. p. 184, BO. 8578 (1870). 

p7fif?5 f 7^>?7r>r o^7?^Y. "l87G, p. 389, pt.;"Legge, Birds of Ceylon, 

Yim*nWcus tfymnophthalmus, ify. C<wwip. Foto\ Zygod. p. 8 (1854); 
JeU Ms,im, p. 8; P«/-ter, ito, 1886, p 183 _ 
Pieus nanus, 3/«/A. ( « F#0/'«), PACM&S, i. p. 145, pl.xxxm. figs. 1-3 

Pic us gymnophthalmus, Malh. Picidca, i. p. 153 (1801); Sundev. 
Consp. Ai\ Picin. p. 298 (1866); Gray, List Piekl Brit. Mm. 

p. 42 (1808). 
Bcoopipo gyinnophthalma, Cab. fy Heine, Mus. Hein. Th. iv. p. 59 
(1803). 
lyngipicus 
gymnophthalmus, Hargitt, Ibis, 1882, p. 47; Gould, B. 
Asia, vi. pi. xxxii., 6 ? (1883). 

Adult male. Back and scapulars barred "brownish black and white; 
rump and upper tail-coverts white, the feathers more or less margined 
with black, the rump transversely varied, and the coverts with 
a broad stripe-like spot of black ; wings and their coverts brownish 
black, the median and the greater coverts as well as both webs of 
the quills spotted with white; shafts of the latter dark brown ; 
tail blackish brown, spotted with white upon both webs; shafts 
black, with brown bases; nasal plumes brown; top of the head 
very dark brown, the occiput, nape, and hind neck nearly black; 
upon the side of the occiput a scarlet stripe; lores, sides of the face 
and neck, chin and throat white, the ear-coverts dark brown with 
a broad stripe behind, the malar region only slightly dusky; entire 
under surface of the body and under tail-coverts burly white, 
the body-feathers nearly uniform, with almost obsolete brown 
striatums, the under tail-coverts more distinctly striped with brown; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the former having a few 
dusky brown spots. Total length 4-7 inches, culmen 0*53, wing 
2*85, tail 1-3, tarsus 0-52; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 
0*4, outer posterior 0-47, inner anterior 0*28, inner posterior 0-22. 

Adult female. Resembles the adult of the opposite sex, but wants 
the scarlet stripe on the side of the occiput: " iris white; bill 
brownish green ; legs and feet greenish plumbeous » ( W. V. Legge) 

22 . IYNGIPICXJS. 
331 

Total length 4*7 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*9, tail 1*25, tarsus 
0-52. 
The young have the underparts striated, and in the male the red 
stripe on the side of the occiput is more of an orange-scarlet. 
Hob. Ceylon, and the extreme southern portion of the peninsula 
of India. 

a, b. $ ad. sk. Ceylon. 
II. Cuming, Esq, [C.]. 

c. $ 
imm,; d. J Ceylon. Gould Coll. 
ad. sk. 
e,f, ff. ($&&.-, h,i,k. Ceylon (H. Nemll). Tweeddale Coll. 
? ad. sk. 

I. <5 ad. sk. Cevlon. 
Hume Coll. 
m. S ad. sk. Ceylon, Sept. 9, 1875. Colonel Legge [P.]. 
n. $ ad. sk. Ceylon, Jan.26,1872 (W. Hume Coll. 
V. Legge). 
o. J ad. sk. Colombo. 
Philip Green, Esq. 
p. 
<5 imm. sk. Kandy, July 19, 1877 Hume Coll. 
(Whyte). 
q. $ ad. sk. Colta, Feb. 1,1877 (Hart). Hume Coll. 
r. 
$ ad. sk. Anjango, Travancore. Hume Coll. 
s. 6 ad.; t. ? Anjango, Dec. 1872. Hume Coll. 
imm. sk. 
Subsp. a. lyngipicus peninsularis. 

Picus nanus, Malherbe (non Vigors), Picidce, p. 145, pi. xxxiii. figs. 4, 

5 (1861), pt.; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 28 (1866); Gray, Cat. 

Picidm Brit. Mus. p. 42 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 184, no. 8579 

(1870). 

Yungipicus gymnophthalmos, Bourd. JStr. F. 1876, p. 389, pt. 

Iyngipicus peninsularis, Hargitt, Ibis, 1882, p. 48; Gould, B. Asia, vi. 

vi. pi. xxxiii., d 2 (1883). 
Yungipicus gymnophthalmus (non Blt/tk), Davison, Str. F. x. p. 354 
(1883). 

Adult male. Back and scapulars blackish brown barred with 
white; rump and upper tail-coverts white, with stripe-like spots 
of dark brown; wings and their coverts, also the tail-feathers, 
blackish brown, the median and the greater coverts and both webs 
of the quills and tail-feathers spotted with white; shafts of quills 
dark brown, those of the rectrices darker and nearly black at the 
tip; nasal plumes brownish white; top of the head and occiput 
dark brown, rufescent anteriorly, the nape and hind neck darker 
than the crown ; upon the side of the occiput a scarlet stripe; lores, 
sides of the face and neck, chin and throat white; ear-coverts of 
the same colour as the crown, and behind them a broad darker 
brown stripe down the side of the neck; fore neck and the whole 
of the underparts burly white, more or less narrowly striped with 
rufescent brown ; under tail-coverts dull white, striped with umber-
brown ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the former with 
conspicuous blackish-brown spots : " bill and legs plumbeous ; 
irides yellow-ochre; the bare orbital skin dull lake-red " (F. BOUT


332 
PICIDJB. 

diUon). Total length. 4*5 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2*9, tail 1*45, 
tarsus 0*55: toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*33, outer 
posterior 0*42, inner anterior 0*32, inner posterior 0-2. 

Adult female. Wants the red stripe on the side of the occiput. 
Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2*9, tail 1*4, tarsus 0*5. 
Hah. The Peninsula of India, north to Eelgaum. 

a. J ad. sk. Madras (T. C. Jerdon). Gould Coll. 
b. $ ad. sk.
c. g ad. sk.
d. tf ad. sk. 
Madras. 
Belgaum (E. A, Butler), 
Malabar Coast. 
Kev.H.ILBaber[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
e-L cS ad. * i. Malabar Coast. Tweeddale Coll. 
Juv. sk. 
k. d ad. sk. Malabar Coast, Dec. 1868 Tweeddale Coll. 
(Col. Shirt). 

I3 m. £ imm.• n, o, p. Bandapnr, Mysore, May 1881 Hume Coll. 
5 ad. et imm. sk. ( W. Davison). 
q, r, J imm. sk. Muddur, Mysore, May 22, Hume Coll. 
1881 (W'Davison)' 

s. c? imm. sk. Beegore, Xilgbiris, Feb. 21? Hume Coll. 
1881 (W. Davison). 
t, 
P ad. sk. Mynall, Travaneore, Feb. 18, Hume Coll. 
"1876 (F. W. Bourdillon). 

u. S 
ad. sk. Machur, Lower Palani Hills, Hume Coll. 
June 14, 1877 (S.B. Fair-
bank). 
15. lyngipicES maculate. 
Petit Pie d'Antigue, Bonn. Voy. Nouv. Guin. p. 118, pL 77 (1776). 
Le petit fipeiche (pt.), Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. yii. p. 64 (1780, ex 
Bonn.). 
Picus maculatus, Scop. Del Faun, et Flor. Insubr. p. 89 (1786, ex 

Sonn.); Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 279 (1863). 
Picus minor, var. 5, Lath. Ind. Orn. L p. 230 (1790). 
Picus moluccensis, Less. Traite, i. p. 221 (1831, non Gm.); Mah 

herbe, Bieidm, i. p. 143, pi. xxxii. (1861). 
Picus nanus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 197 (1845, non Vigors). 
Picus validirostris, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Sac. p. 64 (1849); id. 

J. A. S. Beng. xviii. p. 805 (1849); Beiehmb. Scans. Pieinte, 
p. 373 (1854) • Sundev. Consp. Av. Bicin. p. 29 (1866) ; Gray, 
List Bicid. Brit. Mus. p. 43 (1868); id. HanM. B. ii. p. 184, 
no. 8582 (1870). 
Picus flavinotus, Malh, Hcicke, i. p. 144 (1861, ex spec, in Mus. 
Brit.). 
Baeopipo validirostris, Cab. fy Heine. Mus. Hein. Th. iv. p. 60" 

(1863). 
Picus (Yungipicus) validirostris, Martens, J.f.O. 1866, p. 20. 
Yungipicus maculatus, Walden, Tr. Z. 8. is. p. 148 (1875); Sharpe, 

Tr. Linn. Soc. 1877, Zool i. p. 350 ; Kutter, J.f O. 1883, p. 295. 
Iyngipicus maculatus, Hargitt, Ibisf 1882, p. 26; Gould, B. Asia. vi. 
pi. xxx., S ? (1883). 

Adult male. Upper parts, together with the wings and tail, also 
their coverts, brownish black, the back and scapulars narrowly 
barred, the rump and upper tail-coverts more broadly barred with 

22. iTNGHPicxrs. 
white; the wing-coverts and the quills on "both webs spotted with 
white; the central rectrices barred, the lateral ones spotted more 
or less transversely with white ; shafts of quills and of tail-feathers 
blackish brown, those of the central rectrices pale ochreous brown 
at the base; forehead and crown dark brown; occiput, nape, and 
hind neck nearly black; upon the side of the occiput a narrow 
scarlet stripe; nasal plumes ochreous white, with black tips; sides 
of the face and neck, chin, throat, and fore neck white, a very broad 
brownish-black auricular stripe, the malar region, sides of the throat, 
and the fore neck with large spots of black; under surface of the 
body fulvescent,broadly striped with black; the under tail-coverts 
fulvescent, with dusky-broWn centres ; under wing-coverbs and 
axillaries white, the former spotted with black: " iris brown ; bill 
black; legs greenish" (A.H.Everett). Total length 5*2 inches, 
culmen 0*7, wing 3*05, tail 1-35, tarsus 0*6 ; toes (without claws)— 
outer anterior 0*4, outer posterior 0'5, inner anterior 0*35, inner 

posterior 0*2. 

Adult female. Wants the red stripe on the side of the occiput, 
but is otherwise like the male. Total length 5'2 inches, culmen 0*7, 
wing 3, tail 1*45, tarsus 0*6. 

JSab. Philippine Islands: Luzon, Panay, and Guimaras. 

a, b. S $ ad. sk. Philippines. Ii. Cuming, Esq. [C.]. 

c,d. g ad.; e. Jad.sk. Manila. Gould Coll. 
/, g. d ? ad. sk. Manila (Maitland Keriot). Tweeddale Coll. 

h}
%l tf $ ad.; k. $ Monte Alban, Feb. 1877 (A. Tweeddale Coll. 

imni. sk. JEverett). 

16. lyngipicus Mvifasciatus. 
Iyngipicus fulvifasciatus,Hargitt, Ibis, 1881, p. 598 ; id. op.cit 1882, 
p. 28; Gould, B. Asia, vi. pi. xxxl, <$ $ (1883). 
Adult male. Above, including axillaries, deep black barred with 
pale buff; rump and upper tail-coverts pale buff, a few of the latter 
having a black shaft-stripe; wing-coverts deep black, with large 
spots and bars of buffy white; quills black, spotted upon both webs 
with buffy white, giving a barred appearance to the wing, the spots 
upon the outer webs of the primaries very minute; a few of the 
innermost secondaries barred with white upon both webs; shafts 
black; tail pale buffy brown barred with black; dwarf feather 
blackish brown, tipped and barred with white ; shafts of the central 
pair of feathers buffy white, black at the tip, those of the remainder 
dark brown; base of the forehead rufous, the remainder and the 
crown dark brown, the edge of the latter, likewise the occiput and 
hind neck, black ; upon the outer part of the occiput a tuft of scarlet 
feathers, but not uniting with the corresponding one; from above 
the eye and running down the side of the neck a broad stripe of 
buffy white; lores and cheeks also buffy white; from behind the 
eye, including the ear-coverts, and running* down the side of the 
neck a broad black stripe ; chin and throat buffy white, the latter 
having a few spots of black; a black malar stripe, composed 

334 PICID.E. 

of numerous spots ; chest pale buff, largely spotted with black ; 
underparts dull saffron-yellow striped with black: under tail-coverts 
buffy brown with darker centres * under wing-coverts white, spotted 
and varied with intense black; axillaries white: "iris crimson" 

(A. H. Everett). Total length b'b inches, culmen 0-75, wing 3*25, 
tail 1*45, tarsus 0*6 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*4, outer 
posterior 0*5, inner anterior 0*35, inner posterior 0*2. 
A younger male has the rump and upper tail-coverts uniform the 
white on the sides of the face and neck, chin and throat purer; 
the spots on the chest and breast smaller, and the breast not so 
yellow; the under wing-coverts less spotted with black, and the 
primaries tipped with white. 

Adult female. Eesembles the male, but wants the scarlet feathers 
on the side of the occiput. Total length o-5 inches, culmen 0*8, 
wing 3*35, tail 1*55, tarsus 0*6. 

Hah. Philippines: Mindanao (Zamboanga) and Basilan. 

#. § ad. sk. Zamboanga, May 1878 (A. Tweeddale Coll. 
b. ? imm. sk.
Everett). 
Zamboanga, MaEverett). 
y 1878 (A. 
( $ type of species.) 
Tweeddale Coll. 
c. S ad. sk.
d. <$ ad. sk. 
Basilan, MayEverett). 
Basilan, 'MayEverett). 
1878 
1878 
(A. 
(A. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
(Tvpe of species.) 
Tweeddale Coll. 

17. lyngipicus ramsayi. 
Iyngipicus ramsayi, Hargitt, Ibis, 1831, p. 508; id. op. eit. 188*2, 
p. 40; Goitld, B. Asia, vi. pi. xxiv., $ tf (1882); Guillem. P. Z. & 
1885, p. 254:. 
Adult male (type of species). Upper and middle back dingy olive-
brown varied with white, the bases of the feathers being white 
and giving the back a striped appearance ; lower back, rump, and 
upper tail-coverts white, striped with brown; scapulars and wing-
coverts uniform brown* quills blacker, but edged externally with 
brown, the inner webs only spotted with white, except a few of the 
innermost secondaries, which have both webs spotted as well as the 
tips white; shafts dark brown, in some quills black; tail uniform 
brown, dwarf feather (only) tipped and spotted on the outer web with 
white; shafts of the central rectrices brown, lighter at the base, 
those of the remainder being black ; nasal plumes brownish black; 
forehead, crown, nape, and hind neck dingy olive-brown; edge of 
the posterior half of the crown and occiput bright scarlet, the 
feathers being elongated; lores brownish white; a broad superciliary 
stripe continued dowrn the side of the neck white, as are likewise 
the cheeks ; from behind the eye, including the ear-coverts, 
and running down the side of the neck a broad stripe of brown ; 
chin and throat white, the latter spotted with dusky brown; a 
broad dusky brown malar stripe uniting on the fore neck with the 
corresponding one; chest rich saffron-yellow, faintly striped with 

22 . 1TKGIPICUS. 
335 

dusk}"; underparts dull yellowisli white, faintly streaked with dusky 
brown ; tinder tail-coverts pale dusky brown, edged with dingy 
yellowish white; under wing-coverts brown varied with white : 
axillaries white: " iris indian red; bill slate; tarsus dull blue-
black" (Guillemard). Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 
3*2, tail 1*3, tarsus 0*6 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*4, 
outer posterior 0*5, inner anterior 0*33, inner posterior 0*22. 

Adult female* Differs from the adult male in wanting the scarlet 
feathers bordering the hinder portion of the crown and on the 
occiput, these parts being dark brown: " iris indian red; bill 
brownish; tarsus brownish black" (Guillemard). Total length 
5-6 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*4, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*6. 

The younger female has some indistinct spots of pale brown upon 
the inner webs of the four central rectrices: "iris brown; bill slate-
black ; tarsus olive-green " (Guillemard). 

Hob. Sulu Islands. 

a. tf ad. sk. [Sulu Islands] (A. Everett). Tweeddale Coll. 
(Type of species.) 
b. S ad. sk. [Sulu Inlands] (A. Bve?-ett). Tweeddale Coll. 
18. lyngipicus temmincki. 
Picus temmincki, Malherbe, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1849, p. 529; 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 137 (1850)* Malh. Pieidce, i. p. 155, pi. xxxvi. 
fig. 3 (1861); Sundev. Consp. Av. Pidn. p. 29 (1866) ; dray. List 
Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 43 (1868); id. Kand-l. B. ii. p. 184, no. 8583 
(1870). 

Yungipicus temmincki, Bonap. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 8 (1854) • 
Walden, Tr. Z. S. viii. pp. 41, 111 (1872); Salvad. Ann. Mus. 
Civic. Genov. vii. p. 647 (1875) • Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 57; Bias. 

J. f 0.1883, p. 135. 
Bseopipo temmincki, Cab.fy Heine, Mus. Rein. Th. iv. p. 60 (1863). 
Yumjiceps temmincki, Meyer, J. f. O. 1873, p. 405 (laps, cal.)^ 
Iyngipicus temmincki, Harqittr Ibis, 1882, p. 49; Gould, B. Asia, vi. 
pi. xxv., $ ? (1882); Gudlem. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 546. 

Adult male. Back and scapulars pale dusky olive, barred with 
pale buff; rump and upper tail-coverts buff, the latter having a 
reddish-brown tinge and barred with dark brown; wing-coverts 
olive-brown, the quills brown, the median and greater coverts, as 
well as outer webs of the quills, spotted with buffy white, the spots on 
the inner webs of the latter pure white; shafts of quills dark brown; 
central pair of tail-feathers of the same colour as the coverts, the 
rest rather darker, and the whole barred with umber-brown; shafts 
brown, yellow at the base; forehead and crown olive-dusky; a band 
of scarlet spreads across the occiput on to the side of the neck; 
nape buffy white; lores white: sides of the face and neck olive-
dusky, with a white superciliary stripe, and another white stripe 
from the lores passing under the ear-coverts and down the side of 
the neck; malar region dusky, mixed with white ; chin and throat 
dusky, crossed by whitish markings, and a median stripe of buffy 

336 PICTDiE. 

white on the fore neck; underpays dingy buffy white, broadly 
striped with brown, the chest and breast washed with yellow; 
under tail-coverts pale ochreous brown, with umber-brown striations; 
under wing-coverts white, with a few large dusky-brown 
spots: " iris brown; bill greyish brown; tarsus dull olive " (Gidllemard). 
Total length b'2 inches, culmen 0*72, wing 3*05, tail 1*55, 
tarsus 0*57 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*45, outer posterior 
0*52, inner anterior 0*37, inner posterior 0*22. 

Adult female. Wants the scarlet occipital feathers. Total length 
5'2 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*05, tail 1*6, tarsus 0*6. 

Hah. Confined to Celebes. 

a. J ad. sk. Celebes. Purchased. 
b, e. <$ $ ad. sk. Celebes. Gould Coll. 
d. <$ imm. sk. Celebes. Wallace Coll. 
e,f. ^2 ad. sk. N. Celebes. Tweeddale Coll. 
g. (S ad. sk. Menado. Gould Coll. 
kj i. <$ 2 ad. sk. Makassar. Wallace Coll. 
19. lyngipicus obsoletus *. 
PIcus obsolete, Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 510; JRiipp. Syst Uehers. 1854, 
p. 88; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 435 (1840) ; Reichen.. Scans. Pidiue, 
p. 378, pi. dcxl. figs. 4271, 4272 (1854) ; Sundeu. Consp. Av. Piein. 
p. 31 (1806); JBfatgL Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 803 (1871). 
Dendrobates hernprichii, juv., Bilpp. Syst. Uebers. 1845, p. 88 (teste 
Malkerbe). 
Picus murinus (non Malk.), Sundev. (Efv. Kongl Vet.-Ahad. Barfaandl 
Stockh. 1850, p. 131; Hartl Abhandl. not. Ver. Brem. 1882, 

p. 207. 
Dendromus obsoletus, Bp. Consp. Voluer. Zygod. p. 9 (1854). 
Dendrobates obsoletus, Ha?'tl J. f. O. 1854, p. 199. 
Dendropicus obsoletus, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 178 (1857); Malk. 
Picidm, i. p. 206, pL xlv. ffcs. 1, 2 (1861); Hartl J. f. O. 1861, 

p. 203; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mm. p. 69 (1868); id. Hand-l 
B. ii. p. 190, no. 8662 (1870); Hargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 431; Hartl 
Zool JiiJirb. Zeitsch. Syst. Geog. Biol. T/iiere, 1887, p. 308. 
Ipophilus obsoletus, Cab.fy Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 113 (1863). 
Ipophilus murinus, Cab. 8f Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 113, note 

(1863). 
Picus hedenborgi, Sundev, Consp. Av. Picivi. p. 31 (1866). 
Dendropicus murinus, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 69 (1868) ; 

id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 190, no. 8663 (1870). 

Adult male. Back, rump and upper tail-coverts, scapulars and 
lesser wing-coverts umber-brown, the rump and npper tail-coverte 
barred with white; median and greater wing-coverts and the quills 
blackish brown, the former, as well as both webs of the latter, 
spotted with white; shafts of quills clear brown; tail brownish 
black, barred or transversely spotted with creamy white; shafts 
pale brown; nasal plumes, forehead, and crown umber-brown; 

* I think this is without doubt a true Iyngipieus, and the occurrence of this 
Indian genus in the Ethiopian Region is remarkable. 
23 . DENDIiOBATES. 
337 

occipital band scarlet; nape rather darker than the crown; sides 
of the face and neck, chin, throat, and fore neck white, with a broad 
umber-brown auricular stripe, and a broad malar one, of the same 
colour, bordering the throat and fore neck; under surface of the 
body and under tail-coverts dull white, striped with umber-brown ; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the former having dusky-
brown spots. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*15, tail 
1*3, tarsus 0*58; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*46, outer 
posterior 0*5, inner anterior 0*37, inner posterior 0-25. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red 
occipital band. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3-2, tail 
1*55, tarsus 0*5. 

Hob. In North-eastern Africa it ranges from Senaar through Kordofan 
south to Bongo and Langomeri • westward into Senegambia. 

#, b. S 2 ac*- sk. Senegambia. Purchased. 
c, d. S ? ad. sk. Senegambia. Old Coll. 

e. 2 
^d. sk. Langomeri, Equatorial Africa, Aug. Shelley Coll. 
(jEmm Pacha). 
23. DENDE0BATES. ™ 
Type. 
Dendrobates, Szoains. Faun. Bor.-Amer. p. 300 (1831). D. affinis. 
Eleopicus, Bp. Cimsp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 10 (1854) D. olivinus. 
Capnopicus, Bp. Comp. Voluci\ Zygod. p. 10 (1854) .. D. fumigatus. 
Callipicus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 10 (1854) .. D. callonotus. 
Campias, Cab. 8? Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 145 (1863) . D. tephrodops. 
Phaeonerpes, Cab.fyHeine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 139 (1863) D. fumigatus. 

Bill and foot of Dendrobates affinis. 

Eange. South America as far south as the northern provinces of 
the Argentine Republic • through Central America, north to Jalapa 
in Southern Mexico. 


VOL. XVIII.

PICIPiE. 

»;w 

Kaf to the Species. 

" ' with olive, the bock-featiiMB some


time* tipped with rusty red. 
/,' li'n<•(> lii'ht brown. 


3-85; upper tail-coverts m adtiIt, 
as well as in young, nearly 
black, rarely lipped with olive 


a{] "crown and" occiput red ftmiigatus <$ ad., p. 343. 
b«. Top of the headand the occiput 
brown, without any red. fumigatus J ad., p. tf4d. 
b\ Smaller: length 6 inches, culmen 
3-53; upper tail-coverts m adult 
generally tinged with olive. _ 
cc Top of the head and the occiput 
red cafotftfad., p. 344. 
d°. Top of the head and the occiput 
blackish brown caboti% ad., p. 344. 
bK Anterior half of face white, shading 
into brown posteriorly. 
c\ Crown and occiput dull red ... . oleagimisS&&., p. 345. 
d\ With no red on the crown or 
occiput oUaginus%&Lr p. 345. 
//", Above golden brown, conspicuously 
washed with red, this colour also 
extending on to the wing-coverts, 
bide of the neck, and the chest; top [p. 346. 
of the head and the occiput crimson, sanguinolmtm <$ ad., 
*'"'. Above bright red ; below uniform 
white or buffy white; the face and 
side of the neck posteriorly pale 
buffy brown. 
c\ Top of the head, occiput, and nape 
red callonotusS ad., p. 347. 
dK Top of the head, occiput, and nape 
dusky or brownish black callonotus $ ad., p. 347. 
6". Below barred; uniform or slightly 
spotted above. 
d"1. Underparts white, with very narrow 
dubky bars. 
eK Orbital region and upper part of the 
face, including the ear-coverts, 
dusky brown, this colour not separated 
from the crown and occiput 
by white; imderparts with only a 
few faint dusky bars callonotus juv., p. 347. 
/*. Orbital region and auricular stripe 
blackish brown, the latter separated 
from the crown and occiput 
by white; imderparts entirely 
barred in adult (the barring more 
obsolete in young). 

23 . DENDKOBATES. 
e\ Feathers of tlie crown, occiput, 
and, nape black, tipped -with 

red

/' . With, no red on the black feathers 
nt of the top of the head or nape..

e . Underparts dusky olive, with narrow 
whitish bars. 
gl. Crown, occiput, and nape redh*. Crown, occiput, and nape blackish 

brown, spotted with dingy white,
/'" . Above entirely olive, golden olive, 
or brownish olive. 
i4. Chin, throat, and entire underparts 
barred. 
g5. Underparts white or yellowish, 
barred with black or olive-black. 

eQ. Rump spotted with yellow ; 
no red on the back* central 
tail-feathers spotted at the 

a7. Feathers of the crown and 
occiput black, tipped with 
red

b7. Crown and occiput olive, 
without any red

fQ. Rump not spotted; back 
spotted with dull red; central 
tail-feathers not spotted. 

c7. Top of the head, occiput, 
and nape redd7. Top of the head, occiput, 
and nape black

h5. Underparts niouse-grey,narrowly 
barred with pale brown j rump 
barred with yellow. 

gQ. Top of the head redh6. Top of the head dusky olive, 
striped with yellowish white.

j 4. Chin and throat striped; chest and 
breast barred• the remainder of 
underparts uniform,* top of the 
head, occiput, and nape red ... .

Upper wing-coverts spotted with yellow 
or white. 
o". Chin and throat as well as underparts 
barred. 

g'". Face umber-brown, with no white 
on malar region; underparts dark 
olivaceous dusky or brownish, narrowly 
barred with dingy white; 
back with almost obsolete yellowish 
shaft-stripes. 

7cK Top of the head and the occiput 
redI4. Top of the head and the occiput 
dusky brown, with pale buffy 
brown spots

339 

peruvianus$&&., p.348. 

peruvianas 2 ad., p. 348. 

 sanguineus <$ ad., p. 348, 
sanguineus $ ad., p. 349. 

kirtlanditf ad., p. 350. 
JcirtlandiQ ad., p. 349. 

nigriceps S ad., p. 350. 
nigriceps § ad., p. 351. 

murium J ad., p. 351. 
mwrmw^J ad., p. 351. 

dignusd&d,., p. 351. 

 tephrodops <$ ad., p. 353. 
tephrodops $ ad., p. 353. 

z2 

340 picnm 

h"!. Face olivaceous, the ear-coverts 
uniform, the remainder spotted or 
barred with white; underparts 
equally barred fulvescent white and 
pale olive-brown; back with transverse 
yellow spots. 


m4. Top of the head; occiput, and nape 
scarlet tcenionotus £ ad., p. 353. 

w4. Top of the bead, occiput, and nape 
dusky brown, minutely spotted 
with'dull white tmnionotus § ad., p. 3*34. 

". Chin and throat spotted or striped. 
i'". Entire underparts barred. 


o4. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
spotted with yellow, the back 
transversely so; spots on wing-
coverts white; underparts olivaceous 
dusky, narrowly barred with 
dull white. 


i5. Crown and occiput red, forehead 
spotted with white frontalis <5 ad., p. 355. 
jst Crown and occiput not red, but 
spotted like the forehead frojitah's2&&*i p. 354. 

^4. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
with faint yellow shaft-stripes; 
spots on wing-coverts yellow; 
underparts barred olive and fulvescent 
white. 


k5. Cz'own and occiput red, the forehead 
spotted with smoky white, agilis <$ ad., p. 356. 

P. Top of the head, occiput, and nape 
dusky brown, spotted with 
wbite agilis § ad., p. 355. 
q4. Back and upper tail-coverts uniform, 
the rump narrowly barred 
with yellow; underparts olive 
dusky or brown, narrowly barred 
with dull white. 


m5. Occiput and nape red, the forehead 
and crown umber-brown . olimniis <$ ad., p. 356. 

n5. With no red on occiput or nape, 
these, together with the forehead 
and crown, being dusky 
olive-brown, the feathers having 
lighter tips and on the occiput 
a somewhat spotted appearance 
olkinus J ad., p. 357. 

f". Chest and upper breast olivaceous 
brown, not barred, but with spots 
and shaft-stripes of dull whitish; 
central tail-feathers uniform. 


r4. Top of the head, occiput, and nape 
red fidelis<$&<l,, p. 357. 

s4. With no red on the top of the head 
or nape, these being dusky brown 
with hair-like streaks of yellowish 
or whitish posteriorly Jldelis 5 ad., p. 357. 

23 . DEtfDKOBATES. 
A*'". Underparts spotted with dull yellowish 
white; above entirely spotted 
with yellow. 


t4. Top of the head and the occiput 
brownish black, the forehead with 
longitudinal spots of white, the 
crown and occiput striped with 
red spilogaster $ &&., p. 358. 

u4. With no red on the head, the feathers 
of the entire top of the head 
and occiput having* white shaft-
stripes terminating in a spot ... . spihgasterQ&H., p. 359. 

B. 
With yellow nuchal band, always distinct in 
the female, but more or less washed with 
red in the old male. 
cf. With no red on rump or upper tail-coverts. 
e". With no red on back or wings. 
l"\ Upper parts and outer webs of quills 
spotted. 


v 
. Top of the head dusky black, the 
forehead and greater part of the 
crown striped with white, the feathers 
of the hind part of crown [p. 360. 
and of the occiput tipped with red. maculifrons $ ad., 
ID*. With no red on the top of the head 
or occiput, the whole being striped [p. 360. 
with white maculifrons § ad., 

m"'. Upper parts and outer webs of 
quills uniform. 
a4. Top of the head and the occiput 
red eassiniS ad., p. 360. 
yA. Top of the .head and the ocpiput 
blackish brown, with no red .... #mim$ad., p. 361. 
/" . With red on back or wings. 
n'n. Malar region uniform ochreous buff, 
like the face. 


z\ Wing-coverts almost entirely blood-
red, with large triangular pinkish-
white spots; the back conspicuously 
washed with red; the dark 
barring on underparts nearly 
black. 


o5. Top of the head and the occiput 
red ritficepstf ad., p. 361. 

jp5. With no red on the top of the 
head or occiput, these being 
dusky brown, olive posteriorly, 
the forehead with a few minute 
brownish-white spots ru/icepsQ ad., p. 362. 

aa\ Wing-coverts and upper parts only 
slightly tinged with red, the spotting 
on the coverts more of a buff; 
the dark barring on underparts 
olivaceous dusky or brown. 


2s. Top of the head and the occiput 
red affinistf ad., p. 303. 

342 
PICID^I. 

r5. Top of the head and the occiput 
dusky brown, with no red affinis $ ad., p. 363. 
o"\ Malar region spotted like the chin 
and upper throat. 

bb4. Wing-coverts spotted with buff, 
the spots sometimes washed with 
red; sexual differences as in the 
adult affinis juv., p. 363. 

cc4. Wing-coverts margined with red 
and not spotted, the median series 
with (at most) a yellowish shaft-
stripe. 


ss. Top of the head and the occiput [p. 3(4. 
red licematosiigma $ ad., 

f. 
Top of the head and the occiput [p. 3(4. 
olivaceous dusky, with no red . hceiaatostigma 2ad., 
d'. Rump and upper tail-coverts crimson. 
g". Wing-coverts spotted; malar region, 
chin, and upper throat covered with 
dusky spots on a white ground. 


p"'. 
Top of the head and the occiput red. kirhigoA., p. 305. 

q'". Top of the head and the occiput 
almost uniform dusky brown, with 
no red. . kirhiQ ad., p. 305. 

h". Wing-coverts not spotted; the malar 
region, chin, and upper throat less 
spotted and conspicuously whiter. 


r'". 
Top of the head and the occiput red. cecilm S ad., p. 300. 

s'". 
Top of the head and the occiput 
brownish dusky, with conspicuously 
lighter tips to the feathers, but with 
no red cecilice $ ad., p. 366. 

1. Dendrobates fumigatus. 
Picus fumigatus, Zafr. $* oTOrb. Voy. Amer. Me rid, iv. p. 380, 
pi. Ixv. fig. 1, S (1835-44) ; Tsch. Av. Consp. Pep. Peruan. in Arch, 
fiir Naturg. 1844, p. 303, no. 251; Cab. in Tschudi's Faun. Peruan., 

Orn. pp. 43,267 (1845-46); Sundev. Consp. Av. Piein. p. 35 (1800). 
Mesopieos fumigatus, Malh. N. Classify Mem. Acad. Metzf 1848-49, 

p. 341. 
Dendxobates fumigatus, Gray, Gen. P. iii. App. p. 21 (1849). 
Ohloronerpes fumigatus, Pp. Consp. Gen. AD. i. p./ Z18 (1850); 
Meichenh. Scans. Picince, p. 356, no. 822. pi. dcxxvi. fig. 4170, $ 
(1854); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 101; id.'op. eit. 1859, p. 146; id. 
Cat. Amer. B. p. 337, no. 2009 (1862); Gray, List Pieid. Brit. Mm. 

p. 112 (1868); id. Hand-L P. ii. p. 200, no. 8807 (1870) ; Sclat. $ 
Salv. Nomencl. Av. p. 99 (1873); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 546; id. 
op. cit 1879, p. 240 ; JSclat. $ Salv. t. c. pp. 533, 631; Tacz. op. 
cit. 1880, p. 209; Salv. Cat. Strickl Coll p. 394, no. 1927 (1882); 
Perl $ Tacz. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 307; iid. op. cit. 1885, p. 106; 
Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 79 (1886). 
Capnopicus 
fumigatus, Pp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 10, no/168 
(1854). 
Mesopicus fumigatus, Malh. Pkidte, ii. p. 51, pi. Ivii. figs. 3, 4, S $ 
(1862). 
PhsBonerpes fumigatus, Cab. 8? Heine, Mus. PCein. iv. p. 139 (1863). 

23 . DENDROBATES. 
Adult male. Back, scapulars, and rump olive-brown, the feathers 
having yellower tips, those of the back being slightly tinged with 
rusty red; upper tail-coverts black • wing-coverts, bastard-wing, 
primary-coverts and quills brown, the wing-coverts and outer webs 
of the secondaries narrowly margined with brownish olive, the 
inner webs of the quills (except at the tips of the primaries) having 
marginal quadrate spots of white; shafts brown, slightly reddish; 
central tail-feathers almost black, the lateral ones browner: shafts 
of central feathers black, brown at the base, those of the lateral 
feathers brown ; nasal plumes and forehead brown; crown, occiput, 
and nape crimson, the bases of the feathers dusky black; hind neck 
like the back, but slightly lighter; sides of the face and neck 
brown with a fulvescent gloss, the lores and under the eye lighter : 
the malar region dusky, the feathers having pale brown tips; the 
whole of the under surface of the body brown, the feathers more or 
less with fulvescent tips, the partly exposed bases of those of the 
chin and upper throat dusky white ; under tail-coverts of the same 
colour as the underparts; under wing-coverts dull white, striped 
and transversely spotted with brown. Total length 6*3 inches, 
culmen 0*84, wing 3*85, tail 2, tarsus 0*7 • toes (without claws)— 
outer anterior 048, outer posterior 0-52, inner anterior 0*43, inner 
posterior 0*25. 

The younger male, although resembling generally the adult, is 
more dusky in colour, and the red on the head and nape is very much 
duller, this being particularly the case with the nuchal feathers. 

Adult female. Has the forehead, crown, occiput, and nape dark 
brown, the feathers having lighter brown tips. In other respects it 
resembles the adult male. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*85, 
wing 3*72, tail 1*86, tarsus 0*72. 

Eab. Bolivia, and south into the Province of Corrientes, Argentine 
Republic; north into Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia. 

a, b. $ ad. sk. U.S. Colombia. Tweeddale Coll. 
c, d. <$ 2 i mm -s ^Bogota^ U.S. Colombia. Purchased. 

e. ($ ad. sk. Bogota. 
Gould Coll. 
/ . 
$ ad.; g. <$ Bogota. Sclater Coll. 
juv. sk. 

h. 
$ ad. sk. Medellin, Antioquia (T. K. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salmon). 
i. 
(S ad. sk. Santa Elena, Antioquia (T. K Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salmon). 
h. 
J ad. sk. Quito, Ecuador. Purchased. 
L J ad. sk. Quito. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

m: <$ ad. sk. Maravino, Ecuador (Villa-Salvin-Godman Coll. 
gomez). 
n. 
(S ad. sk. San Jose*, Ecuador (O. Buck-Salvin-Godman Coll. 
leg). 
o. <5 inim. sk. Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas, Bolivia Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(C. Buckley). 
344 
PICID.ZB. 

2. Deiidrobates caboti. 
Chloronerpes oleagineus (non Zicht), Selat. $ Salv. Ibis, I860, 
p. 400 j Zeled. Cat Av. Costa Rica, 1832, p. 23, no. 487 : B&ucard, 
P. Z. S. 1883, p. 
452 j Zeled. Proc. 77". 8. Nat. Mus. 18b5; 
p. 111. 
Mesopicus caboti, Malk. Picidce, ii. p. 58, pi. lvii. %. 1, $ (1862). 
Chloronerpeo caboti, Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 337, no. 2011 (1862); 
Salv. Ibis, 1806, p. 206; id. P. Z. S. lfet>7, p. 157; Gray, List 
Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 113 (1868) ; id. Hand-L B. ii. p. 200, no. 8809 
(1870); Sato. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 212; id. $ Sclat XomeneL Av. 
Neotr. p. 99 (1873); Zeled. Cat. Av. Costa Rica, 1882, p. 23, 
no. 489 j id. Proc. JJ. 8. Xat Mus. 1885, p. 111. 

Phseonerpes caboti, Cab. § Seine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 139 (1803). 
Picus caboti, Sundev. Consp. Av. Pim/i. p. 35 (186t>). 

Adult male. Similar to D. fumigatus, but is considerably less in 
size, and has the upper tail-coverts, in the adult, generally tinged 
with olive. It also resembles D. oleaginus, but may be distinguished 
by not having the anterior part of the face white, the fore part of 
the face being only of a lighter shade of brown than the hinder 
part. The dimensions of the present species are also less than 
those of D. oleaginus. Total length 6 inches, culraen 0*b7, wing 
3*53, tail 2, tarsus 0*75 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*48, 
outer posterior 0*58, inner anterior 0*43, inner posterior 0*26. 

Adult female. Has the top of the head, occiput, and nape blackish 
brown, but is in other respects like the adult male. Total length 
6 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*27, tail 1*83, tarsus 0*64. 

Hab. Yeragua, Costa Rica, Guatemala, British Honduras, and 
Yucatan, and extending into Southern Mexico to Teapa. 

a. 
<$ juv. sk. Teapa, Mexico, Feb. (D. TV. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Smith). 
b. S ad. sk. Guatemala. 
O. Salvin, Esq. [0.]. 
c. $ ad. sk. Savana Grande, Guatemala Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(O. &). 
d. <$ imm. sk. Sources Rio de la Pasion, \ era Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Paz (O.8.). 
e,f. 3 imm.; g. Choctum, Vera Paz, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
2 ad. sk. (O. 8.). 
Ji. $ imm. sk. Choctum, Vera Paz (O. 8.). Sclater Coll. 

i. § ad. sk. Retaluleu, Guatemala {O. 8.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
fa <5 ad. sk. British Honduras {F. Blanoan-Salvin-Godman Coll. 
eaux). 
I 2 
ad. sk. Orange Walk, British Honduras, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Dec. (G. F. Gaumer). 

m. tf juv. sk. Costa Pica (^i. R. JSndres). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
n. c? ad. sk. Costa Rica. Tweeddale Coll. 
o, p. $ ad. sk, Veragua (JS. Aree). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
3. Demdrobates oleaginus. 
Picus oleaginus, Licht. Preis-Verz. Mea\ Tkier. ges. v. Deppe $* Schiede, 
i .no. 22 '1830); id. J. f. O. 18G3, p. 55 • Sundev. Comp. Av. 
Picin. p. 35 (1866). 

23 . DENDKOBATES. 
315 

Capnopicus oleaginus, Bjp. Co?isp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 10, no. 170 

CHoronerpes oleaginus, Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 356, no. 823, 
pi. dclxxv. figs. 4467-68, $ tf ad. (1854); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1856, 

p. 307 ; id. op. cit. 1859, pp. 367, 368 ; w&. to. ^tmer. B. p. 337, 
no. 2010 (1862) ; id. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 177; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. Nat. 
Hist N. York, 1868, p. 131 ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. 
p. 112 (1868); id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 200, no. 8808 (1870); Sclat. Sr 
Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 99 (1873); Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. 1886, p. 159. 
Mesopicus oleaginus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 53, pi. lvii. figs. 6,7, r? 2 
ad. (1862). 
Phaeonerpes oleagineus, Cab.fy Heine, Mus. Hem. iv. p. 140 (1863). 

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and rump brown tinged with, 
golden olive; upper tail-coverts brownish black; wing-eoverts, 
bastard-wing, primary-coverts and quills brown, the basal half of 
the inner webs of the primaries and nearly the whole of the inner 
webs of the secondaries (except the innermost) spotted with white 
on the margin ; shafts orange-brown; tail uniform blackish brown, 
the shafts nearly black except the base of those of the central 
feathers which are brownish white ; nasal plumes and base of forehead 
brown; crown and occiput crimsom, the bases of the feathers 
dusky black; hind neck like the back ; lores and anterior half of 
face creamy white, shading into pale brown on the posterior 
half of the face, and darker brown on the side of the neck; 
malar region, chin, and throat dusky, some of the feathers 
having dull whitish tips; the whole of the under surface of 
the body uniform brown, the feathers tipped with a brighter or 
more golden brown; under tail-coverts blackish brown; under 
wing-coverts white striped with brown, the edge of the wing brown; 
axillaries brown, with paler tips. Total length 6'8 inches, culmen 
0*9, wing 4*12, tail 2*18, tarsus 0*82; toes (without claws)—outer 
anterior 0*56, outer posterior 0*63, inner anterior 0*48, inner 
posterior 0*26. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead, 
crown, and occiput brownish black, the feathers being tipped with 
brown, this producing a somewhat spotted appearance. Total 
length 6-2 inches, culmen 0*86, wing 3*95, tail 2-23, tarsus 0*7. 

Hob. Southern Mexico, north to Jalapa and City of Mexico, and 
ranging into Northern Yucatan (Tizimin)*. 

a. S ad. st.
b. § ad. sk.
c. 6 ju-v. sk.
d. S ad.; e. <$
imm. sk. 
Orizaba, Mexico. 
Orizaba. 
Orizaba (Botteri). 
Near the City of Mexico (G. 
JBL. White). 
M. Sails' [0.1. 
M. Salle [O.j. 
Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-G-odman Coll. 
f. J ad. sk.
g, h. S 2 ad. sk.
i. cJjuv.sk. 
Jalapa (de Oca). 
Jalapa, May (F. D. G.). 
Tizimin, Northern Yucatan (G. 
Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

F. Gaumer). 
* I cannot separate an example from tins locality from true D. oleaginus* 
PIOIDxE, 

m 

4. Dendrohates sauguiuoleirtixs. 
i i a i + v 7 S 1859, p. GO, pi. cli.; 
p. L>00, no. 880(3 (1870) j /SWatf. 9" ^^7;* 
MS5cuSuinolentus, « I« , ii- P-70, pL xliiL bis. fig. 0, 

vd}n^^gumolontus,Cab. $ Heme, Mus. Mem. iv. p. 140 

L>h(imS!i>oB reichenbachi* Cab. *• Bane, Mus. Mem. iv. p. 141 

(186C

Piiut(sangumolentiLs, >W<^. Cowp. -^ -?&£. p. f |> 

Picas rubidusf, to^- Owsp. -4o. ^P-0 ^?*? " 119/1ft^v 

Ohloronerpcs reichenbachi, 0r«y, £w* J*** ^< ^to* P' 112(1808); 

&. #««£./. ii. ii. p. 200, no. 8805 (1870). 

Adult male. Resembles R caboti, but differs in having the hack, 
scapulars, and hind neck conspicuously washed with blood-red, the 
feathers of the rump, the upper tail-coverts, wing-coverts, the 
feathers of the lower side of the neck and of the chest, also the 
under tail-coverts, margined or tipped with the same blood-red 
colour. The present species also hears a strong resemblance to both 

I), oleayinus and J), fumvjatus, but its dimensions are considerably 
less, and in addition to the characters which separate it from 
1). caboti, it differs from D. oleaginus in not having the anterior 
half of face white, and from D. fumigatus in having^ olive-tinged 
upper tail-eoverts. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*87, wing S'35, 
tail 1-72, tarsus 0*7; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0-48, 
outer posterior 0*54, inner anterior 0-4, inner posterior 0*28. 

Hub. Honduras (Omoa); Venezuela (Caraccas t). 

5. Den&robates callonotus. 
Picus 
callonotus, WaterJi. P. Z. & 1840, p. 182, $ ad.; Lafr. Itev. 
Zool. 1847, p. 77, c? j Des Murs, Iconogr. Orn. Hvr. 10, p. 4, pL lix., 

* I cannot see any specific difference between this arid the present species. 
The wide extent of country between the habitats of the two birds may at first 
sigbt seem not to favour this view, but it is not more surprising than to find 
Pimmnm olivaceus from Bogota reappearing in Honduras, the intervening 
country being tenanted by the yellow-crowned P. granaden&is. Oabanis and 
Heine's species may be only a very red-backed D. fumigatus, of which I have 
seen an example from Medellin. 
t I have already expressed my belief that this bird is no other than D. $anmdnolentus. 
Sundevall has been completely misled by the figure of the 
latter species, and places it in a section separate from his P. rtcbidus, on account 
of the former having (according to the figure) the lateral tail-feathers barred 
externally. The tail, on the contrary, is perfectly uniform, thus corresponding 
with Sundevall's P. rubidub, and there are none of the bar-like markings on 
the outer webs of the quills, as represented in the figure. I have the type of 

D. scmffuinolentm before me as I write this. 
X I give this as a habitat, presuming that Sundevall's P. rubidus is 
identical with CMoromrjoes sanguinohnttts of Sclater. 

23 . DENDROBATES* 
347 

c? ad. (1849); Malh. Pirida, I p. 129, pi. xxx. figs. 1, 2, tf ? 
(1861); &>&*. to. Amer. B. p. 334, no. 1995 (1862); Sundev. 
Consp. Av. Pichi. p. 35 (1866). 

Dendrobates callonotus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 437 (1845). 
Chloronerpes cardinalis (non Gm.)9 Less. Echo Moncl. Sav. 1845, 

p. 920, $; id. Descr. Ois. Bee. decoiw. 1847, p. 201, $. 
Yenilia callonotus, Bp. Consp. Gtm.Av. i. p. 129 (1850). 
Callipicus callonotus, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zyyod. p. 10, no. 202 
(1854). 

Chloronerpea callonotus, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1800, pp. 286,297 ; Gray, List 
Field. Brit. Mus. p. 114 (1808) ; id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 200, no. 8813 
(1870); Select. Sf Sah. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 99 (1873); Tacz. 

P. Z. JS. 1883, p. 570 j id. # Berl op. cit. 1885, p. 100. 
Adult male. The whole of the top of the head, hind neck, back, 
rump and upper tail-coverts, scapulars and wing-coverts, and margins 
of outer webs of secondaries scarlet, the remaining portion of 
the quills brown, the outer webs having a yellowish tinge, the inner 
webs more dusky, the basal half being margined with white and 
barred with dusky brown, except on the innermost secondaries, 
which want the dark bars; shafts reddish brown ; the six central 
tail-feathers uniform brownish black, the lateral ones blackish brown 
barred with brownish buff, shafts blackish brown; nasal plumes 
blackish brown ; sides of the face and neck buffy brown ; from the 
chin to the under tail-coverts, both inclusive, white with a slight 
buffy tinge, the under tail-coverts having a few narrow dusky bars ; 

under wing-coverts white, the edge of the wing brown. Total length 
5*5 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 2-8, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*6 ; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*52, outer posterior 0*6, inner anterior 0*4, 
inner posterior 0*25. 


Adult female. Has the top of the head, occiput, and nape black, 
but is otherwise like the adult male. Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 
0*7, wing 2*95, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*57. 


Young. May be distinguished from the adult by the very narrow 
dusky barring on the underparts, and also on the lower side of the 
neck; also in having the face, only, dusky brown, this colour not 
extending down the side of the neck, and not separated from the 
crown by a white stripe. 

Hal. Western Ecuador. 

a. 
$ ad. sk. Guayaquil, Ecuador. Zoological Society. 
(Type of species.) 
b. d 
ad. sk. Guayaquil. Oapt. Kellett and 
Lieut. Wood [P/j. 
e, d. <5 ad. sk. Puna Island, Gulf of G. Barclay, Esq. [P.J. 
Guayaquil. 

e. $ ad. sk. Puna Island. Sclater Coll. 
f g. 
J ad. ,* k Puna Island. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
tf imm. sk. 

i. 
<5 ad. sk. Babahoyo (L. Fraser). Sclater Coll. 
P1CXD7E. 

:W8 

6. Dendrobates peruvianus. 
iA*x ,!»n n,V 1014 ^821 « , pl. dcxxvi. fig. 41696, pl. delxxxi. figs. 
Sli&5t S rf?^ad. (1854); Ctaft. * Heine, Mus. Rein. iv. p. 142 

PieTcalionotus (pt.), 0« . TkesOrn iii p 146 (1876) 
Chloronerpes callonotus (wow Waterh.), Sacs. P. Z. 6. 18/7, p. 32, j 

(«lKne% S callonotus major, Tacz. P.Z.S. 3883, pp. 570,571. 
Chloionerpos callonotus peruvianus, Tacz. Orn. Perou, in. p. 80 
(1880). 

Adult male, llesembles D. callonotus, "but differs in baying the 
loral and orbital region and a short auricular stripe blackish brown, 
the white of the neck running above the latter stripe almost to the 
eye, and clearly separating it from the occiput and nape; the side 
of the nock, fore neck, and entire underparts and under tail-coverts 
crossed by extremely narrow and faint dusky bars; the dimensions 
are also greater. Total length 5-7 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 3*05, 
tail 1-77, tarsus 0-66 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0'52, 
outer posterior 0-62, inner anterior 0-4, inner posterior 0*26. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the entire absence 
of red on the top of the head or nape, these being uniform black. 
Total length 5*7 inches, culmen 0*77, wing 3*25, tail 1*9, tarsus 
0*06. 

Ilab. Northern Peru. 

7. Dendrobates sanguineus. 
Picus sanguineus, Liclit. Cat. Per. Hamb. p. 17 (1793); Wagl. Syst. 
Av. Picus, sp. 97 (1827),* id. Isis, 1829, p. 519; Sundev. Comp. 
Av. Picin. p. 36 (1866); Salv. Cat. StricH. Coll. p. 394, no. 1928 

(1882). 

Picus rubescens, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 90 (1818) : id. 
<y Bonn. Enc. Mith. iii. p. 1317 (1823). 

Chloronerpes sanguineus, Ilartl. Syst. Verz. Mus. Br em. p. 92 (1844); 
BeicJienb. Sca?i$. Picince, p. 356, no. 821, pl. dexxvi. figs. 4167-68 
(1854); JSclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 338, no. 2020 (1862); Gray, List 
Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 113 (1868); id. JECand-L B. ii. p. 200, no. 8810 
(1870); Solat. 8f Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 99 (1873): Salv 
Ibis, 1886, p. 58.^ 

Dendrobates sanguineus, Cab. in Schomb. Peis. Guian. iii. p. 716 
(1848); Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 21 (1849). 
Mesopicos sanguineus, Malh. N. Classif., Mini. Acad. Metz4 184849, 
p. 341. ' 
Venilia albertuli, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 129 (1850); Peichmb. 

Scans. PkincB, p. 360, no. 832. 
Venilia sanguineus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 10, no. 158 (1854). 
Mesopicus sanguineus, Malh. Pieidte, ii. p. 74, pl. lx.figs. 4-5 <$ Q ad* 

(1862). 
Eiythxonwpes sanguineus, Cab, Sr Heine, Mus. Sein. iv. p. 143 
(1803). 

Adult male. The crown and hind neck, back, rump, and upper 

23. DENDEOBATES. 
349 

tail-coverts, scapulars, wing-coverts, and the margins of the outer 
webs of the secondaries vermilion-red; quills brown, the inner 
webs spotted with white, the outer webs of the primaries dingy 
yellowish with one or two whitish spots ; shafts brownish black ; 
tail brown, the lateral feathers having bar-like spots of brownish 
white on both webs; shafts brown with black tips; nasal plumes, 
forehead, and face umber-brown, the forehead spotted, the ear-
coverts streaked with pale buffy brown; malar region and chin 
dusky brown, transversely varied with dull buify white; side of the 
neck, throat, and fore neck, the whole under surface of the body, and 
under tail-coverts dusky olive-brown, very narrowly barred with 
dull white; under wing-coverts creamy white, barred with dusky 
brown. Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 2-9, tail 1-55, 
tarsus 0*65; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*42, outer poste


rior 0*5, inner anterior 0*35, inner posterior 0-22. 

Adult female. Has the top of the head, occiput, and nape brown 
tinged with olive, the forehead and crown having pale bufTy-brown 
spots. Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 2*9, tail 1-7, 
tarsus 0*65. 

Hah. Guiana and Venezuela. 

a, h. <$ $ ad. sk. Venezuela. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

c. J ad. sk. Guiana. Tweeddale Coll. 
d. (S ad. sk. Cayenne. Sclater Coll. 
8. Dendrobates kirtlandi. 
Mesopicus kirtlandi, M<alh. Picidce, ii. p. 54, pl.lviii. fig. 1, S (1862). 
Campias kirtlandi, Cab.fy Seine, Mm. Hein.iv. p. 150 (1863). 
Picus kirtlandi, Sundev. Consp. Av. JPicin. p. 39 (1866). 
Chloronerpes kirtlandii, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus, p. 109 (1868); 


id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 199, no. 8797 (1870). 

Female. Entire upper parts, wing-coverts, outer webs of secondaries, 
and those of the primaries at the base golden-olive, the 
back almost uniform, with only a few nearly obsolete stripes of 
yellow; the rump spotted and the tail-coverts narrowly barred with 
yellow; outer webs of primaries spotted with dingy white, the 
ground-colour of the apical portion being brown; inner webs of quills 
spotted with white; shafts brownish black; tail brownish black, 
the four central feathers with almost obsolete buffy-brown spots at 
the base, the remaining feathers barred with burly brown; shafts 
black; forehead, crown, and occiput olivaceous brown, the two 
latter spotted with yellowish brown ; nape olive, with dull yellow 
spots; sides of the face and neck brownish or greyish white, the 
ear-coverts dusky, the malar region and side of the neck barred 
with dusky black; "from the chin to the under tail-coverts, both 
inclusive, dull white, the chest washed with rufous, the whole 
being barred with black: under wing-coverts and axillaries pale 
yellow, the former transversely spotted and otherwise varied with, 
olive-black, the latter having only one or two dusky olive spots. 

PICIDJE. 

Total length 6-2 inches, culmen 0*83, wing 3-6, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-6p : 
Lr ( !Xi t claws)~~outcr anterior 0-46, outer posterior <h>6, 
inner anterior 0-4, inner posterior 0-25._ 

^fa/fwak.Erom Malherbe's description of the male» bud, it 
differs from the female in having the feathers of the top of the 
head and the occiput more or less red. The dimensions given equal 
the following :-Total length 6-26 inches, bill from gape 0-,b, 

wing 3\S2, tail 2-22. 
Ifab. Brazil (Malherbe), probably the extreme north, and 
Surinam. 
a. $ ad. sk. Maroni Kiver, Surinam Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Kappler). 

9. Dendrobates nigriceps. 
Picus 
nigriceps, Lafr. fy oVOrb. Voy. Am6?\ MSrid. iv. p. 380, 
pi. 1x7. fig. 2, $ (1835-44) • Sundev. Consp. Av. Pwin. p. 40 

Eleopicus nigriceps, JBp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 10, no. 103 (1854). 
OoLiptes nigriceps, Meichenb. Scans. Pinna, p. 417, no. 981, pi. delxix. 
lig. 4436, ? (1854). 
Mesopicus nigriceps, Malh. PicidcB, ii. p. 68, pi. Irx. figs. 1,2, <J $ ad. 
(lbC2). 
Chloronerpes malherhii, Sclat. Cat Amer. B. p. 338, no. 2016 (18G2); 
id. § Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 99 (1873) j id. P. Z. S. 1879, 

p. 631; Berl. $ Tacz. op. cit. 1884, p. 307; iid. op. cit. 1885, 
p. 106. 
Caoipias malherbei, Cab. #• Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 155 (1863). 
Chloronerpes nigiiceps, Gray, List Picid. Brit Mus. p. Il l (1868); 
id. Iland-l. B. ii. p. 200, no. 8802 (1870). 

Adult male. Back and rump golden olive, the former having 
dull red spots, the latter spotted with yellow; nppor tail-coverts 
dusky olive, barred and spotted with yellow; scapulars, wing-coverts, 
outer webs of secondaries and of primaries at their base olive; 
remaining poition of the quills brownish black, the inner webs 
spotted with pure white • the outer webs of the primaries with a 
few dull buffy-white, spots; shafts dark brown; tail brownish 
black, the central feathers margined with golden olive at the base, 
the lateral feathers narrowly barred with brownish buff; shafts 
black; nasal plumes brown; forehead, crown, occiput, and nape 
vermilion-red; a white superciliary stripe and another white stripe 
below the ear-coverts, and between these an olive-brown auricular 
patch or stripe; remainder of the face white and the side of the 
neck yellow, the whole transversely varied or barred with blackish 
olive; chin dull white, spotted with dusky olive; throat and the 
whole under surface of the body and under tail-coverts barred 
yellowish white and blackish olive; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
yellowish white with blackish bars : lower mandible more or 
less white. Total length 6-8 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4, tail 2*4, 

23 . DENDKOBA.TES. 
351 

tarsus 0-8; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*5, outer posterior 

0-63, inner anterior 
0-45, inner posterior 03 . 

Adult female. Has the top of the head devoid of red, the crown 
and occiput being black, the forehead browner, the feathers of the 
latter having buffy-brown shaft-stripes. Total length G'8 inches, 
culmen 0*83, wing 3*96, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-6. 

The younger female has the top of the head more of a sooty-
brown, with no pale shaft-stripes on the forehead. 
Hah. Bolivia, Eastern Peru, and Ecuador. 

a, h. tf ad.; c. Ecuador. Salvin-Goclman Coll. 
$ imm. sk. 

d. $ 
ad.sk. Sical, Ecuador (C. Bach- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ley). 
e. $ 
ad. sk. San Jos6, Ecuador (C. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Buckley). 
f. 
<$ ad. sk. Matos, Ecuador (L. Fva- Sclater Coll. 
ser). 
g. $ ad. sk. Bio Napo, Ecuador. Sclater Coll. 
h. 
S ad. sk. Huasampilla, Peru, Mar. Sclater Coll. 
1872 {H. Whitely). 
10. Dendrobates murium 
Picus muriims, Mallu Mim. Soc. Hoy. Se. JJSge, 1845, p. 67 j Sundev. 

Qmsp. Av. Picin. p. 40 (1866). 

Eleopicus murinus, Bp. Camp. Volucr, Zygod. p. 10, no. 167 (1854). 

Mesopicus murinus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 62, pi. lviii. tigs. 5 $ ad., 

6 <f juv., 7 $ (1862). 
Campias murinus, Cab.fy Heine, Mm. Rein. iv. p. 151 (1863); Teh. 
Om. Bras. p. 246 (1870) ; id. fy Zorenz, Ann. k. k, Naturh. Hofm. 
-iii.Th.iv. p. 44(1888).' 
Ohloronerpes murinus, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. Il l (1868); 
id. Hand4. B. ii. p. 200, no. 8801 (1870). 

According to Malherbe, the present species differs from D. olivines 
as follows:—In the male the forehead, crown, and half of 
the sinciput (occiput ?) are red, this colour not extending on to the 
nape; whilst in 1). olwinus the reverse is the case—that is to say, 
the red is found only on the nape. The underparts are pale brown 
barred with whitish grey, instead of being olivaceous. The olive 
colour of the back, rump, and wings is less bright, with scarcely a 
trace of yellow on these parts. The female scarcely differs from 

D. olivimts, it has some small spots of yellowish white on the olive-
brown of the head. The measurements in inches are:—length 
6-2, culmen 0*8, wing 3*62, tail 1*72, tarsus 0*67. 
Hah. Provinces of Bahia and Goyaz, Brazil. 

11. Deudrobates dignus. 
Chloronerpes dignus, SclaL 8f Sah. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 20, pi. 1, d" ; *«*. 
op. cit 1879, p. 533. 

Adult male. Eesembles R niyriceps, but presents the following 

PICIDiE. 

352 

differences :--The median series of wing-coverts are striped with 
yellow ; the buff bars on the lateral tail-feathers much broader : 
the malar region, chin, and upper throat more dusky black, and the 
auricular patch blacker ; the red extending from the nape on to the 
side of the neck; the under surface of the body and under tail-
coverts yellow, the lower abdomen, vent, thighs, and under tail-
coverts uniform, the barring on the remainder deep olive; under 
wing-coverts pale golden buff, the edge of the wmg varied with 
blackish olive ; axillaris golden yellow ; bill entirely black. Total 
length 7 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 3-95, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*72; toes 
(without claws)—outer anterior 0*56, outer posterior 0*02, inner 

anterior 0*45, inner posterior 0*3. 
Hob. Province of Antioquia, Colombia. 

a. rf ad. sk. Kemedios, Antioquia, U.S. Colombia Sclater Coll. 
(T.K.Salmon). (Type of species.) 
12. Dendrobates tephrodops. 
Le 
petit Pic de S. Domingue, Briss. Orn. iv. p. 75, pi. iv. % 2 
(1760). 
Picus passerinus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 174 (1700) ; Gm. Sy*L Nat. 

i. p. 427 (1788) ; Lath, Ind. Orn. i. p. 238 (1790); Vieill. Oh. 
Amh\ Sept ii. p. 61, pi. cxv., tf (lfc07) ; Steph. Gen. Zool. ix. p. L'OO 
(1815) ; Vieill N. Bid. a? Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 87 (lbl8); id. ,y 
Bonn. Enc. MMh. iii. p. 1315 (1823) ; WagL Syst Av. Picus, 
sp. 60, ad. (non juv.) (1827). 
Le petit Pic ray6 du Senegal, Buffi. Mist. Nat. Ois. yiL p. 25 (17fc0). 
Petit Pic du Seiie^al, Daubent Pi. Enl 345. %. 2. 
Picus senegalensis, Gm. Syst. Nat i. p. 430 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. 


i. p. 237 (1790); Steph. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 198(1815); VieilL X 
Diet d'ffist Nat. xxvi. p. 88 (1818); id. $ Bonn, Em. Meth. iii. 
p. 1315. 
Picus tephrodops, Wagl. Syst Av. Picus, sp. 48 (1827); Sundev. 
Consp. Av. Bicin. p. 39 (1866). 
Picus striolatus, Less. Traite, i. p. 226 (1831). 
Dendrobates jasserinus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 437 (1845); Cab. in 

Schomb. Beis. Guian. iii. p. 716 (1848). 
Dendrobates senegalensis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 437 (1845) ; Bp. 
Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 125 (1850). 
Mesopicus passerinus, Malh. N. Classify Mem. Acad. Mefz, 1848-49 

p. 341. 
7 
Chloronerpes passerinus, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 117 (1850); 
Reichenb. Scans. Bieince, p. 354, no. 814, pi. dexxiv. figs. 416162, 
S $ ad. (1854) ; Gray, List Bicid. Brit. Mm. p. Il l (1868); 
id. Band4. B. ii. p. 200, no. 8803 (1870). 

Eleopicus 
passerinus, Bp. Consp. Voluer. Zygod. p. 10, no. 163 
(1854). 
Eleopicus tephrodops, Bp. Consp. Voluer. Zygod. p. 10, no. 166 
(1854). 
Mesopicus passerinus, Malh. Bicidce, ii. p. 59, pi. lxii. n>s. 4, 5 A O

ad. (1862). 
> v >v o ,», o 4 

Chloronerpes tephrodops, Sclat Cat. Amer. B. p. 337, no 2013 
(1862); Sdat. 9Mv.PZ.S. 1867, p. 587; fray, List Bicid. 
Bnt. Mm. p. 110 (1808); id. ELand-L B. ii. p. 199, no. 8792 

23 . DENBROBATES. 
(1870); Sclat. $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. JSfeotr. p. 99 (1873); Salv. 

Cat Strickl ColL p. 395, no. 1931 (188:2). 

Campias passerinus, Cab. $* Heine, Mus. Hei?i. iv. p. 147 (1863). 

Campias tephrodops, Cab. c§* Heine, Mm. Hein. iv. p. 145 (1863) : 

Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 246 (1870). 

Adult male. Back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts golden 

olive, with a few very faint spots of yellow, the upper back slightly 

tinged with reddish * wing-coverts olive, with white sagittate spots ; 

bastard-wing and primary-coverts dusky brown; quills dusky brown, 

the outer webs of the primaries, at the base, and those of the 

secondaries along their whole length more or less golden olive, the 

outer webs of the primaries spotted with buff, those of the secon


daries having dull yellow spots; the inner webs of the quills with 

large marginal spots of white; shafts brown; tail blackish brown, 

the feathers spotted with brownish white on both webs, and having 

a barred appearance, shafts brown ; base of forehead umber-brown 

with dull whitish spots, the remainder of the forehead, the crown, 

and occiput crimson ; nasal plumes brown; sides of the face and 

neck umber-brown, the lores and a stripe above the malar region 

whiter; the whole of the under surface of the body from the chin 

to the under tail-coverts, both inclusive, olive-brown, very narrowly 

barred with dull white; under wing-coverts white, transversely 

varied with olive-dusky. Total length 5*4 inches, culmen 0-75, 

wing 3, tail 1-65, tarsus 0*62; toes (without claws)—outer ante


rior 0*46, outer posterior 0*56, inner anterior 0*4, inner posterior 

0*23. 

Adult female. Has no red on the head, the forehead and crown 

being brown with dull whitish spots, the occiput and nape washed 

with golden olive and spotted with yellow. Total length 5*4 inches, 

culmen 0*75, wing 3*05, tail 1*55, tarsus 0*6. 

Hal. Guiana and Northern Brazil, east into the island of 
Mexiana. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Berbice; British Guiana. Mrs. Atkins [P.]. 
h. <$ ad. sk. Cayenne. M. Verreaux. 
c. 2 ad. sk. Cayenne, Sclater Coll. 
d. $ ad. sk. Island of Mexiana (A. B. Sclater Coll. 
Wallace). 
e c? ad. sk. Island of Mexiana, Dec. Salvin-Godman ColL 

(A. P. Wallace). 
f. 3 ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased. 
13. Dendrobates tsemonotus. 
Chloronerpes tsenionotus, Peichenb. Scans. Picina, p. 354, no. 813, 
pi dcxxv. figs. 4164-65, 6 <$ ad. (1854); Gray, List Ptcid. 
Brit. Mns. p. 110 (1868); id. Handrl B. ii. p. 199, no. 8798 

(1870); Sclat. $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 99 (1873). 
Mesopicus tsenionotus, Malli. Picid^ii. p. 58 (1862). 
Campias tsenionotus, Cab. % Heine, Mm. Hem. iv. p. 149 (1863). 
Pious tanionotus, Stmdev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 40 (1866). 

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and rump bright olive golden with 

VOL. XVHI. ^ A 

354 PICID-E. 

i A 0 nT^-nAr tail-coverts rather duller in 

faint narrow yellow bars he upper t aU c overts oliv6) 

odour and hav>i,g f ^ ™ ^tpo t ,' bastara-win| and primary-
with transverse ye llowlbh-^ riX dusky brown, the outer webs 
coverts blackish ^f!™'f^Sdwt h golden olire at the base, 
spotted with.dull-whitand^V^f^Vpure white; outervebs 
the: inner webs having la g ^ ^ ^ tr^evse spots, the 
oi the secondaries goiacn onvo wi _ jV-fA qnrtf(-. oWfs brown • 

irmor webs cluskv brown with marginal white spots , snaits Drown., 
ZhZ^ZLn the six central feathers slightly margined with 
o^c f tit base bnt otherwise uniform, the lateral feathers narwilybarred 
across with brownish white, shafts black with brown 
K;Snead umber-brown with a few -mute doll Je# ; 
crown, occiput, and nape deep scarlet, the bases of the feathers 
dusky grey; lores, a stripe above the eye and another under the 
ear-coverts dull white; ear-coverts umber-brown ; side of the neck 
golden, rather whiter near the ear-coverts, barred with dusky olive; 
from the chin to the under tail-coverts, both inclusive olive-dusky 
(slightly glossed with golden on the chest), narrowly barred with 
dull white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white transversely 
spotted and barred with blackish olive. Total length ir7 inches 
culmen 0-8, wing 3*25, tail 1-8, tarsus 0-65 ; toes (without claws) 
—outer anterior 0*5, outer posterior 0-6, inner anterior 0*38, inner 
posterior 0*22. 

The younger male has the red on the head of a paler scarlet; 
the golden olive of the back and wings brighter; the back, rump, 
and upper tail-coverts more tinged with red and with partly exposed 
transverse markings of dull white ; the spots on the wing-coverts 
are also larger, and the tail-feathers are more distinctly spotted and 
barred. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of red 
on the head, the crown and occiput being dusky brown, inclining to 
rusty brown at the base of the forehead, the whole being minutely 
spotted with dingy white. Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 07, 
wing 3*15, tail 1*75, tarsus 0*67. 

Jrlab. Eastern Brazil (Bahia and Pernambuco). 

a. $ ad.sk. Pernambuco, Brazil (IV. A. Salvhi-Godman Coll. 
Foibles). 
b. S ad. sk. Pernambuco. Sclater Coll. 
c. <$ ad. sk.
d. (S ad. sk. 
Bahia, Brazil {Dr. 
Bahia.
Wucherer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 

14. Dendrobates frontalis. 
Campias frontalis, Cab. J.f.O. 1883, p. 110. 
Chloronerpes frontalis, Sclat. ty Huds. Arg. Orn. ii. p. 20 (1889). 


Adult female. Back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts golden 
olive spotted with yellow ; wing-coverts olive, with yellowish-white 
sagittate spots; quills brownish black, the outer webs of the secondaries 
and the external basal margin of the primaries golden olive ; 
outer webs of the primaries spotted with dull buffy white, those of 

23 . DENDROBATES. 
855 

the secondaries spotted with yellow, the inner webs of the quills 
having large marginal spots of white ; shafts very dark brown ; tail 
blackish brown, the central feathers margined with olive at the base, 
the central pair having marginal spots of pale brown on the basal 
half, the remaining feathers narrowly barred with buffy brown; 
shafts black in the middle feathers, brown in the lateral ones; nasal 
plumes brown; forehead, crown, and occiput dusky brown, spotted 
with dull white ; the nape and hind neck golden olive spotted with 
dull yellow ; lores, a stripe above the eye, and one under the ear-
coverts white, transversely spotted with black posteriorly, the ear-
coverts brown, striped with paler brown* malar region dusky, spotted 
with white ; chin and upper throat white, with a few dusky spots ; 
side of the neck, fore neck, and the entire underparts and under tail-
coverts olive-dusky, narrowly barred with dull white : under wing-
coverts white, the axillaries yellower, the whole being barred with 
olive-dusky : " iris brown" (Sohulz). Total length 6*3 inches, 
culmen 0*85, wing 3*65, tail 2*18, tarsus 0*7; toes (without claws) 
—outer anterior 0-48, outer posterior 0*56, inner anterior 0*4, 
inner posterior 0*27. 

Adult male. Differs from the adult female in having the forehead 
brown, spotted with brownish white; the crown and occiput dull 
crimson, the bases of the feathers being dusky black, the nape of the 
same olive as the hind neck, but slightly tinged with red, and instead 
of being spotted both of these are striped with dull yellow. Total 
length 6-5 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*7, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*66* 

Hah. Tucuman. 

a, b. <$ $ a(*. sk. Tucuman, Arg. Rep., July Sclater Coll. 
(Schulz). 

c. S ad. sk. Tucuman (Schulz). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
15. Dendrobates agilis. 
Campias agilis, Cab.fyHeine, Mm. Hein. iv. p. 147 (1863). 
Picus agilis, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 40 (1866). ^ V 
Ohloronerpes agilis, Gray, List Picid. Brit Mm. p. 110 (1868) * id. 


Handr-l B. ii. p. 199, no. 8799 (1870). 

Adult female. Back, rump, scapulars, and wing-coverts golden 
olive, the rump barred, the remainder having stripe-like spots of 
yellow, the spots on the median coverts partly surrounded with red; 
upper tail-coverts barred blackish olive and golden olive, with reddish 
tips, and having yellow shaft-stripes ; quills dusky brown, the 
outer webs of the secondaries and those of the inner primaries on 
more or less of their basal margin golden olive spotted with yellow, 
the apical portion of the outer webs of the primaries spotted with 
fulvescent white ; inner webs of the quills spotted with white, and 
the shafts black; tail blackish brown, barred with brownish buff, 
shafts black ; nasal plumes brown ; the forehead, crown, and occiput 
also brown and spotted with dull white; nape and hind neck like 
the back, with longitudinal spots of yellow • lores and face yellowish 

356 MCIDJS. 

white, the malar region with transverse markings of olive, the ear-
coverts yellowish olive, striped with dusky black; chin and npper 
throat white, spotted with olive, the remainder of the neck and the 
whole of the underparts and under tail-coverts fulvescent white, 
barred with olive; under wing-coverts creamy white, with a few 
olive spots. Total length 5-2 inches, cnlmen 0*75, wing 3*27, 
tail 1'68, tarsus 0*63; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*38, 
outer posterior 0*55, inner anterior 0*32, inner posterior 0*23. 

Adult male. Differs from the adult female in having the feathers 
of the upper part of the forehead, crown, and occiput tipped with 
scarlet, the base of the forehead spotted with smoky white. Total 
length 5*5 inches, culmen 0*86, wing 3*2, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*72. 

Hah. Xorth-eastern Peru and Eastern Ecuador, north to Santa Ee 
de Bogota, Colombia. 

a. <$ juv. sk. Yquitos, Peru, Oct. (JET. Whitely). Selater Coll 
16. Deu&robates olivinns. 
Picus olivinus, Malh. Mem. Soe. Boy. 8c. Liege, 1845, p. 67 ; Sundeo. 

Qmp. Av. Picin. p. 40 (I860). 
Eleopicus olivinus, Hp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 10, no. 161 (1854). 
Mesopicos olivinus, Malh. Pieides, ii. p. 65, pi. 3ix. figs. 4, 5, $ $ 

(1862). 
Phseonerpes olivinus, Cab. $* Heine, Mus. Hem. iv. p. 140 (186-3). 
Chloronerpes olivinus, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mm. p. Il l (1868); 

id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 200, no. 8804 (1870); Selat. <$• Salv. Nomencl 
Av. Feotr. p. 99 (1873); Salv. Cat Strickl. Coll p. 395, no. 1932 
(1882). 

Campias olivinus, Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 246 (1870) ; id. $• Lorenz, Ann. 

k. k. Naturh. JELofm. iii. Th. iv. p. 44 (1888). 
Adult male. Back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts olive-
golden, the rump having faint and narrow yellow bars; wing-coverts 
golden olive, spotted with white or yellowish white ; bastard-wing 
and primary-coverts brown; quills brown, the outer webs of the 
primaries at the base and those of the secondaries along their 
whole length margined with golden olive; the outer webs of the 
primaries spotted with dull white, the inner webs with larger and 
whiter spots on the basal half, the outer webs of the secondaries 
spotted with dull yellow, the inner webs having transverse spots of 
pure white; shafts orange-brown; tail dark brown, both webs of 
the feathers having marginal spots of brownish white, giving the 
tail a barred appearance; shafts blackish brown ; forehead and crown 
pale umber-brown, with dull whitish spots; occiput and nape 
brilliant scarlet; hind neck like the back ; face pale umber-brown, 

shading into golden olive on the side of the neck, the latter being 
crossed by a few indistinct whitish bars; lores and a stripe above 
the malar region dull white; malar stripe brownish dusky; chin dull 
white, striped with pale brown; throat, fore neck, and the whole of 
the under surface of the body pale brown with an olivaceous tinge, 
and narrowly barred with white, more or less fulvescent; under 

23 . DE3OK0BATES. 
357 

tail-coverts darker 
brown, barred with dull white; under wing-

coverts white, the edge of the wing and the axillaries pale olivaceous 

brown, crossed by dull white bars or transverse spots. Total length 

5-8 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3-45, tail 1-85, tarsus 0-68; toes 

(without claws)—-outer anterior 0*5, outer posterior 0*57, inner 

anterior 0*4, inner posterior 0*26. 

Adult female. Wants the red upon, the occiput and nape, the forehead 
and crown being dusky brown, becoming more olive on the 
occiput and nape, the whole being faintly spotted with dusky white 
or posteriorly with yellowish. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*78, 
wing 3*6, tail 2, tarsus 0*67. 

Hah. Interior of Erazil (Provinces of Goyaz, Matto Grosso, and 

Amazonas); extending into Bolivia and south into the Province of 

Corrientes, Argentine Bepublic. 

a, 2 ad. s&- Corrientes. 
Sclater Coll. 

b. 
tf ad. sk. Engenho do Gam a, Matto Sclafcer Coll. 
Grosso, Sept. (X Natterer). 
c-f. d1 ad.; g-i. Chapada, Matto Grosso, Mar., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
§ ad. et juv. sk. May, July, Aug. (H. Smith). 
h (S ad. sk. Caicara, Brazil, Dec. (J. Nat- Salvin-Godman Coll, 

t67*67*) 

I § ad. sk. Bolivia." 
T. Bridges [C.]. 

17. Dendrobates fidelis. (Plate VII.) 
Dendrobates fidelis, Karg. Ibis, 1889, p. 59. 
Adult male. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, scapulars and 
wing-coverts bright golden olive, narrowly striped with yellow, the 
median series of the wing-coverts and the upper tail-coverts tipped 
with dull red, and the rump having concealed transverse spots or 
bars of white; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish brown, 
externally margined with olive; quills blackish brown, the entire 
outer webs of the secondaries and those of the primaries at their 
base bright golden olive; inner webs of the quills spotted with white; 
shafts black; tail brownish black, the central pair of feathers uniform, 
the remainder having whitish bar-like spots on the inner webs, 
shafts black; nasal plumes and forehead brown, the latter with 
a few minute bufry-white stripes ; crown, occiput, and nape scarlet; 
lores, a stripe above the eye and another below the eye white, the 
remainder of the face olive-brown, with hair-like stripes of white; 
side of the neck olive, spotted with yellow*. malar region, chin, and 
throat olive-dusky, spotted with dull white; from the fore neck to 
the under tail-coverts, both inclusive, olive, the fore neck, chest, and 
upper breast with stripes or longitudinal spots of dull fulvescent 
white, the remainder narrowly barred with dull fulvescent white; 
under wing-coverts white, with a few olive spots. Total length 
5*3 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3, tail 1*7, tarsus 0*68 ; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*47, outer posterior 0*6, inner anterior 
0*4, inner posterior 0*25. 

Adult female. Has the forehead, crown, and occiput dusky brown, 

PICIDJ5. 

the two latter having short hair4ike stripes of J^ TO **^JJ * 
nape with broader and yellower stnpe-hke spots Total length 
5*2 inches, crimen 0-72, wing 3-15, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-&>. 

Bob. U.S. Colombia (Santa Pe de Bogota). 

a. 6 ad. sk. Bogota. ^hasf l <T™ of species.) 
b. 6 imm. sk. Bogota. B^Gfmm Loll. 
c. J ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Cull. 

18. Dendrohates spilogaster. 
? Picus squamosus *, Yieitt. N. Diet. cVHkt Nat. xxvi. p. 74 (HlN; 
id. $ Bonn. Fmc. Meth. iii. p. 1307 (lfe23); Wagl. Si/st A v. PietH, 

Picas spilogaster, Wagl Syst. Ai\ Picus, sp. 59 (IS'27); *$'«s^. 
Cbwsp. Av. Picin. p. 41 (1866). „ 
Ohloronerpes spilogaster, e?r<z;/, &?». B. n- p. 444 <1*40); />/'• 

Ccms/>. Gtera. ^ . i. p. 117 (1650); id. Comp. Yolurr. Zygui. p. N, 
no. 157 (1854); Reichenh. Scans. Piano;, p. #53, no. Mfc {1*54*; 
©ray, Z&* Pw?zU -#n£. J/?«. p. 110 {1815-5); id. Ilaml-l 1L II. 

p. 200, no. 8800 (1870); Sclat. |* Sah. Xomettci. Ac. Xrotr. p. JH) 
(1873). . t r> 
? Ohloronerpes squamosus, #/•«?/, <&«. i?. il. p. 443 (IH#»); #/*. 
Cowsp. 67m. -4 v. i. p. 117 (1850); Meichenh Seam. Picitue, p. &V3, 
no. 817 (1854). 
Ohloronerpes ruficeps (non Spiz), lieichenb. Scam. JViW; p. 353, 
no. 812, pi. dcxxii. figs. 4140-47 (1854). 
Eleopicus adspersus, Bp. Comp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 10, no. 162 (1854). 
Mesopicus spilogaster, Malh. PitidtB, ii. p. (S'2 {1802} (er Wagl)* 
Meaopicus adspersus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 64, pi. Ix. %>» 7, 8 (I8t*2). 
Ohloronerpes adspersus, &?&£. Cat. Amer. B. p. 337, no. 2014 (l«i>2). 
Oampias spilogaster, Cab. <§* Heme, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 158 (L8t&); 
J?«?&. Orn. Bras. p. 247 (1870) ; Berk J J O.1873, p. 28l. 
-4<£wZi wifirZe. Back, rump, scapulars, wing-coverts, outer webs of 
primaries at the base, and almost entire outer webs of secondaries 
olive, the upper parts barred and spotted with yellow and having 
brighter yellow shaft-stripes, the wing-coverts and outer webs of 
quills spotted with yellow ; inner webs of quills spotted with white; 
shafts blackish brown; upper series of upper tail-coverts olive, the 
lower series barred black and brownish white and margined with 
olive, the whole being spotted with yellow; tail brownish Mack barred 
with buff, the shafts brownish black; nasal plumes rufous buff; 
forehead, crown, and occiput brownish black, the forehead having 
longitudinal spots of buffy white, the crown and occiput striped 
with red, and the feathers with yellow shaft-stripes, the nape and 
hind neck olive, also with yellow shaft-stripes; lores and a stripe 
above the eye and running down the side of the neck and another 
passing under the ear-coverts and down the side of the neck white, 
and between these a broad stripe of dusky olive; malar region 
dusky striped with greyish white, and behind this a dusky-olive 
stripe; lower side of the neck dusky olive, spotted and striped with 

* This is possibly the present species, but tbe description is inaccurate and 
the habitat wrong. I therefore adopt the title of B. spUogader (WagL). 
23 . DENDBOBATES. 
yellowish white; chin and throat white striped with olive-dusky ; 

entire imderparts, under tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts dusky 

olive; the chest, breast, sides of the body, flanks, and under wing-

coverts spotted with yellowish white, the remainder barred with the 

same. Total length 
6-8 inches, culmen 0*97, wing 3-9, tail 2*27, 

tarsus^ 0-75 ; toes 
(without claws)—outer anterior 0*52, outer 

posterior 0*6, inner anterior 0-45, inner posterior 0*25. 

Immature male. Resembles the adult of the same sex, but has 

the underparts less 
fulvescent, and the ground of the face and 

neck white, the superciliary stripe as well as the stripe below the 

ear-coverts showing very conspicuously; the spots on the forehead 

whiter, and the crown-feathers, in addition to their red tips, having 

very distinct white shaft-stripes ; the back presents a more barred 

appearance, and the 
yellow transverse markings are narrower, as 

are also the light bars and transverse spots on the wings and tail. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of red 

on the head, the forehead, crown, occiput, and nape being brownish 

black, each feather 
having a white shaft-stripe terminating in a 

spot. Total length 
6*4 inches, culmen 0*97, wing 3*75, tail 1-75, 

tars as 0*7. 

Uab. Sao Paulo and the more southerly provinces of Brazil; 
Uruguay, south to Monte Yideo, and the eastern part of the 
Argentine Republic (Misiones). 

a. cj ad. sk, Brazil. Sclater Coll. 
h $ ad. sk. Ypanema, S.E. Brazil, June Sclater Coll. 
(J. Natter ef). 
c, d. d 
ad. sk. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Jbyner) 

e. <$ imm. sk. Paysandu, August. Alan Peel, Esq. [P.]. 
f. c$ ad. sk. San Javier, Misiones, Arg\ Sclater Coll. 
Rep., June (JS. W. White). 
19. Dendrobates maculifrons. 
Picus affinis, J nee <$, Swains. Zool. III. ii. (nee pi. 78), (1821-22) ; 

Wfflpl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 61, J only (182/) j Sundev. Consp. 

Av. Piein. p. 37 (1866). 

Picus maculifrons, Spiv, Av.Bras. i. p. 62, pi. Ivi. figs. 1, $ (1824). 

Picus passerinus, <$ juv., Way I. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 60 (<J ad.) 

(1827). 

Chloronerpes afEnis (non Swains.), Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 337, 
no. 2012 (1862); id. fy Sah. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 99 (1873; ; 
Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll p. 394, no. 1929 (1882) ; Sclat. 8f Suds. Arg. 
Orn.ii. p. 20(1889). 

Mesopicus affinis (non Swains.), Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 50, pi. lxi, 

^.6 S,7 % (1862). 

Campias maculifrons, Cab. fy Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 148 (1863 ; 

Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 245 (1870). 

Picus albipes, Simdev. Consp. Av. Piein. p. 37 (1866). 

Chloronerpes maculifrons, Gray, List Pidd. Brit. Mus. p. 108 

(1868); id. Hand-L B. ii. p. 199, no. 8787 (1870). 
Chloronerpes albipes, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 108 (1868) ; 
id. Hand-L B. ii. p. 199, no. 8793 (1870). 

360 
PICID.2E. 

Adult male. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, scapulars and 
wing-coverts light golden olive, covered with longitudinal spots of 
yellow: outer webs of secondaries and of primaries at the base 
light golden olive, the remaining portion of the quills blackish 
brown, the outer webs spotted with yellowish, the spots being 
almost obsolete on the secondaries; shafts blackish brown; tail 
blackish brown, the central feathers spotted with greenish buff, the 
lateral ones transversely spotted and barred with buff, shafts brown 
with black tips; nasal plumes brown; sinciput blackish brown 
striped with buffy white, the feathers of the hind crown and 
occiput tipped with scarlet, the outer edge of the occiput and 
the nape golden yellow, this colour spreading on to the side of 
the neck; lores white ; face olive-dusky striped with white; chin 
and throat white, with olive-dusky longitudinal spots; sides of the 
neck and the whole under surface of the body and under tail-
coverts olive-dusky barred with fulvescent white; under wing-
coverts yellowish white with a few dusky-olive spots, the edge 
of the wing varied with blackish olive. Total length 6-3 inches, 
culmen O86, wing 3*55, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*7; toes (without claws)— 
outer anterior 0*5, outer posterior 0*03, inner anterior 0*4, inner 
posterior 0*25. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead, 
crown, and occiput blackish brown with short stripes of dull white. 
Total length 6*3 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 3*72, tail 2*05, tarsus 

0*7* 
Hah. Brazil (Bahia) *. 
a. <$ ad. st.
b. c? ad. sk.
c. d. <$ ad. * e. 5 ad. sk. 
Brazil 
Brazil 
Brazil 
M. Claussen [P.], 
M. Claussen [P.J. 
Purchased. 
/ , g> 6 $ ad. sk.
h, i. S ad.; k. § ad. sk. 
Brazil 
Bahia 
Sclater Coll. 
Gould Coll. 

20. Deudrobates cassini 
Mesopicus cassini, Malh. PicidcB, ii. p. 55, pi. Iviii. figs. 2, 3, S 6 

(1862). 
Campias sedulus, Cab. $* Heine, Mus. Hem. iv. p. 153 (1863). 
Campias cassini, Cab.fy Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 149 (1863). 
Picus cassini, Sundev. Consp. Av. Piein. p. 39 (1806). 
Picus sedulus, Sundev. Consp. Av. Piein. p. 39 (1806). 
Chloronerpes cassini, Gray, List Pieid. Brit. Mus. p. 109 (1868) • id. 

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 199, no. 8791 (1870). 

Chloronerpes 
sedulus, Gray, List Pieid. Brit. Mus. p. 109 (1868); 
id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 199, no. 8790 (1870); Sclat. $ Sato. Nomencl. 
Av. Neotr. p. 99 (1873); Sato. Lbis, 1886, p. 58. 

Adult male. Back, rump and upper tail-coverts, scapulars and 
wing-coverts, outer webs of secondaries and of primaries at the 

* Messrs. Sclater and Hudson include this species in their * Argentine Ornithology 
* relying upon the identification by Mr. White of a pair obtained by 
him at Campo Santo in Salta. The authors, however, say that Mr. White's 
determination requires confirmation. 
23 . DENDROBATES. 
base golden olive, the wing-coverts -with longitudinal spots of 
yellow; remaining portion of quills brownish black, the inner webs 
having large rounded spots of white ; shafts brown ; tail brownish 
black, the central feathers margined at the base with olive and 
spotted on both webs with greenish brown, the remaining feathers 
spotted with brown on the outer webs and with buff or brownish 
white on the inner webs; shafts black; nasal plumes and forehead 
brown, the latter with brownish-white spots; crown and occiput 
crimson, the bases of the feathers nearly black; nuchal band yellow, 
this colour extending on to the side of the neck in stripes; face, 
chin, and throat drabby white, the ear-coverts and above broadly 
striped with blackish brown; the malar region, chin, and throat 
spotted with black; side of the neck, fore neck, entire underparts, 
and under tail-coverts buffy white barred with black, the light interspaces 
on the chest more burly in colour; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries bnffy white or slightly yellowish, with transverse and 
varied markings of olive-black. Total length 6*3 inches, culmen 
0*85, wing 3*8, tail 2-25, tarsus 0*7; toes (without claws)—outer 
anterior 0*47, outer posterior 0*57, inner anterior 0*4, inner posterior 

0*25. 
Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of red 
on the head, the forehead, crown, and occiput being blackish brown, 
the feathers faintly tipped with dull olive. Total length 6*3 inches, 
culmen 0*85, wing 3*65, tail 2*05, tarsus 0*65. 
Bab. Guiana. 

a, b. <J ad. sk. Bartica Grove, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sept., Nov. (R. Whitely).' 

c. 
<$ ad. sk. Bartica Grove, Nov. [H. W.) Sclater Coll. 
Horairna, British Guiana, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d. $ 
ad. sk. (JBT. Whitely). 
Merume* Mts., British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e. § iinm. sk. June (H. Whitely). 
Takutu R., British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
f7g. d $ ad.sk. Feb., March {H. Whitely.). 

h. $ ad. sk. 
Guiana (Brown). Sclater Coll. 
i. $ ad. sk. 
Cayenne. Purchased. 
h. $ ad. sk. 
Oyapoc, Cayenne. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
21. Dendrobates ruficeps. 
Picus ruficeps, Spiv, Av. Bras. i. p. 63, pi. lvi.figs. 2, 3, $ $ (1824). 
Campias ruficeps, Cab.fy Heine, Mus. Hein. iv, p. 153 (1863). 
Chloronerpes hsematostigma (non Malk), Sclat. §• Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, 

pp. 587, 595; Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 838, no. 2017 (1862). 

Chloronerpes ruficeps, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 109 (1868); 
id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 199, no. 8796 (1870); Sclat. $ Salv. Nomencl. 
Av. Neotr. p. 99 (1873); Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 390. 

Campias ruficeps, var. a, Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 245 (1870). 

Adult male. Back and scapulars deep golden olive, the feathers 
washed with blood-red on the tip ; rump of the same olive colour as 
the back, but spotted with yellow and slightly tinged with red; 

362 
PICIDJ2, 

upper tail-coverts dusky olive, with yellower bars arid an indication 
of a lighter shaft-spot; wing-coverts deep golden olive tipped 
with blood-red, the outermost having pinkish-burl sagittate spots, 
these forming two rows ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts brownish 
black, margined externally with olive ; quills blackish brown, 
the outer webs of the secondaries and the inner webs at the tip, 
also the outer webs of the primaries at the base golden olive, the 
outer webs of the outer primaries having one or two bufTy spots on 
the apical portion ; the inner webs of ilLe quills with large marginal 
spots of wbite : shafts dark brown ; tail-feathers black, with bar-like 
spots of buff on both webs, the lateral feathers being more distinctly 
baned across both webs; shafts black, brown at the base; nasal 
tufts and base of forehead brown ; the coronal and occipital feathers 

crimson with black bases, the nuchal feathers crimson with ochreous 
golden bases* hind neck like the back; lores and sides of the face 
and neck ochreous yellow, becoming more golden on the side of the 
neck, the ear-coverts brown; chin and throat pale ochreous, 
spotted, more or less transversely, with dusky black; the whole of 
the under surface of the body and under tail-coverts ochreous white 
barred with black slightly tinged with olive; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries yellowish white spotted with olive-black. Total 
length 0*3 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 3*6, tail 2*05, tarsus 0*68; 
toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*53, outer posterior 0*0, inner 
anterior 0*44, inner posterior 0*23. 

Adult female. Has the forehead, crown, and occiput dusky brown, 
slightly olive posteriorly, the forehead having a few minute brownish-
white spots. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*87, wing 3*5, tail 1*76, 
tarsus 0*68. 

Bob. jNorthera and j^orth-eastern Brazil. 

a> b. 6 ? hnm. Para, Lower Amazons, Dec. Tweeddale Coll. 
sk. (JS. L. Layard). 

c. $ 
imm.; d. Rio Tocantins, Brazil (A. B. Sclater Coll. 
g ad. sk. Wallace). 
e. $ ad. sk. Peraambuco, Brazil (W. A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Forbes). 
22. Dendrobates affims. 
Carpfntero pardo dorado, Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Fdxaj\ Farag. ii. 
p. 321, no. 258 (1805). 
Picus aftinis, Swains, Zool. III. ii. descr. of $, pi. 78, not $ (182122); 
Step*- Gen. Zool. adv. p. 167 (1826); S & pull. WagL Syst. 
Av. Picus, sp. 61, <$ § ad. (1827) * Swains. Faun. £or.~Amer. ii. 

p. 301 (1831). 
Picus passerinus (non Zinn.), Licht. Yerz. DoubL p. 10 (1823); 
Neutoied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras, iv. p. 431 (1832). 
Chloronerpes affinis, 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 443 (1846); Bp. Co?isp. 
Gen. Av. i. p. 117 (1850); Feichenb. Scam. Ficinw. p. 353, no. 811, 
pi. dcxxiv, figs. 4159-60, $ $ ad. (1854); Gray, List Field. 
Brit Mus. p. 108 (1868) : id. Mand-l B. ii. p. 199, no. 8794 
(1870). 

23 . DENDKOBATES. 
363 

Dendrobates passerinus (non Linn.). Sartl. Ind. Azara, p. 17, no. 258 

(1847). 

Eleopicus affinis, Bp. Co?isp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 10, no. 164 (1854). 

Ohloronerpes selvsii (Malk), Sclat. P. Z. S.1858, p. 74 j id. Cat Amer. 

B. p. 337, no."201o (1862); Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mm. p. 108 
(1868; ; id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 199, no. 8788 (1870) ; Sclat. $ Salv. 
Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 99 (1873): Salv. Cat. StricH. Coll. p. 395, 
no. 1930 (1882). 
Mesopieus selybii, Malk Picida, ii. p. 67, pi. lxii. fig's. 1, 2, tf § ad. 

(1862). 
Campias affinis, Cab.fy Heme, 3Ius. Rein. iv. p. 151 (1863). 
Picus selvsii, Sundev. Consp. An. Picin. p. 38 (1866). 
Campias selysii, Pelz. Or?i. Bras. p. 245 (1870). 

Adult male. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, scapulars, wing-

coverts, outer webs of secondaries and of primaries at the base 

golden olive, the back slightly tinged with red, the rump and upper 

tail-coverts with a few longitudinal spots of yellow, and the wing-

coverts with sagittate spots of yellow occasionally washed with red; 

outer webs of primaries spotted with buff, those of the secondaries 

having almost obsolete yellow spots, the inner webs of the quills 

spotted with buffy white; shafts brown; tail brownish black, the 

central feathers olive on the basal margin and transversely spotted 

with brownish buff, the lateral feathers barred with the same, but 

lighter on the inner webs, shafts brown with black tips; nasal 

plumes brown; forehead, crown, and occiput crimson, the bases of 

the feathers nearly black; face and upper side of the neck ochreous, 

the ear-coverts with lighter shaft-stripes, the nuchal band golden ; 

chin and upper throat dull buff spotted with brown ; lower side of 

the neck, throat, fore neck, and the entire underparts and under 

tail-coverts buff, barred with dusky brown; under wing-coverts and 

axillaries buffy white or yellowish, with transverse spots of blackish 

olive. Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0*92, wing 3-65, tail 2*1.5, 

tarsus 0*6; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*4, outer posterior 

0-55, inner anterior 0*4, inner posterior 0*23. 

Adult female. Has no red on the head, the feathers of the forehead 
and crown being dusky brown faintly tipped with olive, those 
of the occiput being also dusky brown but having bright golden tips. 
Total length 6'Q inches, culmen 0*87, wing 3*67, tail 2-25, 
tarsus 0*68. 

Young. Have the malar region spotted, like the chin and throat. 
Hab. Eastern Brazil (Provinces of Bahia, Eio Janeiro, and 
Goyaz). 

a,b. $2 imm. * Brazil. Tweeddale Coll. 

c. $ ad. sk. 
d, e. <$ ad. et Brazil. Sclater Coll. 

imm.; /. $ 

ad. sk. 

y, Ti. J ad. sk. Bahia, Brazil. Purchased. 
i-L S ad. et Bahia (Br. Wucherer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
imm.; m-o. 
5 ad. et imm. 
sk. 

364 
PICID.ZE. 

p, q. S ? ad. sk. Bahia (Berlepsch). Sclater Coll. 

r. 
(S imm. sk. Bio Claro, Prov. Goyaz; S,E. Salvin-Godrnan Coll. 
Brazil (Joyner). 
23. Dendrohates haematostigma. 
Picus passerinus (non Linn.), Tschudi, Av. Consp. Hep. Peruan. in 
Arch, fur Naturg. 1844, p. 303, no. 249; Cab. in TseJiudis Faun. 
Peruan., Aves, pp. 43, 265 (1845-46). 

Mesopicus hsematostigma, MaXh. Pieidte, ii. p. 72, pi. lsi. figs. 2-5, 

J ? 5^(1862). 

Campias Pilaris, Cab. <§* Heine, Mm. Mem. iv. p. 154 (1863). 

Pieus hsematostigma, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 38 (1866). 

Cbloronerpes hsematostigma, Select,fy Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 197, 

1867, p. 753; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Ilus. p. 109 (1868); id. 
Mand-l. B. ii. p; 199, no. 8789 (1870) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 42. 
Cbloronerpes bilaris, Gray, Lid Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 109 (1808); id. 
Mand-l B. ii. p. 199, no. 8795 (1870); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1873, 

p. 780 ; id. fy Salv. Xomencl Av. Xeotr. p. 99 (1873) ; Tacz. Orn. 
Perou, iii. p. 81 (1886). 
Campias ruficeps, var. b, Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 246 (1870). 
Cbloronerpes ruficeps (non Spix)7 Sclat. <§• Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 632. 

Adult male. Yery much resembles B. ruficeps, but differs in the 

back and scapulars 
having only a just perceptible red tinge; the 

wing-coverts without spots, but with a yellowish shaft-line showing 

through the red 
on the tip; a pale ochreous stripe from the 

nostrils passes under the ear-coverts; sides of the face and neck 

dusky olive striped with ochreous white or yellowish; the malar 

region spotted like 
the chin and upper throat, the lower throat 

being barred like the underparts. Total length 6*3 inches, culmen 

0*82, wing 3-65, tail 2*05, tarsus 0*66; toes (without claws)— 

outer anterior 0*48, outer posterior 0*6, inner anterior 0*42, inner 

posterior 0*25. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the crown 

and occiput olive-brown, shading into rusty brown on the forehead. 

Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 3*9, tail 2, tarsus 0*68. 

Hab. Eastern Ecuador aud Peru; Bolivia, and ranging into West 

Brazil (Eio Madeira). 

a. <$ ad. sk. Eio Napo, Ecuador. Purchased. 
b. £ 
ad.; c. J Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. Buch-Salvin-Godman Coll. 
imm. &k. ley). 
d. 
$ imm. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (01 BuckSclater 
Coll. 
ley). 
e. (S imm. sk. Upper Amazons. Sclater Coll. 
/. 
$ imm. sk. Yquitos, E. Peru, Aug. (M. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Whitely). 

g. $ 
ad. sk. Chamicuros, Peruvian AmaE. 
Bartlett [C.]. 
zons, Sept. 
h. 
<$ ad. sk. Xeberos, E. Peru, June (JE. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Bartlett). 
i. 
2 imm. sk. Sarayacu, E. Peru, June 3rd. E. Bartlett [C.]. 
1865. 
23 . DENDROBATES. 
365 

k}L <$ ? ad. sk. Simacu, Bolivia (C. Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

m. 
S ad. sk. Destacamento do Ribeiroa, W. Sclater Coll. 
Brazil, Sept. (J. Natterer). 
24. Dendrobates kirki. 
Chloropicus kirkii, Math. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 400. 

Chloronerpes 
kirkii, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 443 (1846) ; Bp. Consp. 
Gen. Av. i. p. 117 (1850) • Reichenb. Scans. Picitice, p. 352, no. 
808, pi. dcxxv. fig. 4163, tf (1854) ; Mat Cat. Amer. B. p. 338, 
no. 2018 (1862) ; Uot. Ois. Trinid. p. 339 (1866) ; Sclat. # Sab. 

P. Z. S. 1868, p. 629; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 113 (1868); 
id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 200, no. 8811 (1870) ; Sclat. \ Salv. Nomencl. 
Av. Neotr. p. 99 (1873) ; Salv. Ibis, 1886, p. 58. 
Chrysoptilus kirkii, Jard. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1847, p. 333; id. Contr. 

Orn. pi. 2, <$ (1848-62). 

Mesopicos kirkii, Malh. N. Classif.. Mem. Acad. Metz, p. 341 

(1848-49), 

Venilia kirkii, Bp. Consp. Volticr. Zygod. p. 10, no. 159 (1854). 

Mesopicus kirkii, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 70, pi. lix. figs, 7, 8, <? 5 ad. 

(18b2). 
Erythronerpes kirki, Cab.fy Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 144 (1863). 
Picus kirkii, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 36 (1866). 

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts rich golden olive, 

sometimes tinged with red, the median series of the coverts spotted 

with yellow and frequently having their apical portion red• rump 

and upper tail-coverts vermilion-red; quills blackish brown, the 

outer webs of the secondaries and of the primaries at the base golden 

olive, the inner webs spotted with white• shafts black ; tail brown


ish black, the central pair of feathers margined with golden olive 

at the base and unspotted, the remainder with brownish-white or 

obscure brown spots on the inner or upon both webs: shafts black, 

with brown bases; nasal plumes brown * forehead, crown, and 

occiput vermilion ; nape varied with yellow • lores and face white, 

striped with olive-black, the ear-coverts dusky brown j side of the 

neck blackish olive, striped with yellow; chin and throat white, 

spotted with olive-black ; entire underparts, from the throat down


wards, and the under tail-coverts blackish olive barred with ful


vescent white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries yellowish or buffy 

white, transversely spotted with blackish olive. Total length 6-3 

inches, culmen 0*93, wing 3*43, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*67 ; toes (without 

claws)—outer anterior 0*45, outer posterior 0-6, inner anterior 0*37, 

inner posterior 0*25. 

Adult female. Has the feathers of the forehead, crown, and occiput # 

brownish black with lighter brown tips, the outer edge of the occiput 

striped with yellow, the nuchal feathers having golden-yellow tips 

and brownish-black bases. Total length 6*3 inches, culmen 0*9, 

wing 3*5, tail 2*15, tarsus 0*65. 

Bab. Venezuela and British Guiana; also the islands of Trinidad 

and Tobago. 

366 -PIGIDM. 
a. Ad. st.
b. $ ad. sk. 
Island of Tobago. 
Trinidad. 
Purchased. 
Sclater Coll. 
c,d. $ $ ad. sk. Venezuela. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e. $ imm. sk. San Esteban, Venezuela Sclater Coll. 
/, a. $ ad. sk.
(A. Goering). 
Eoiaima, British Guiana,
Aug., Sept. {H. Wiitely). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

25. Dendrobates eeeilise. 
Mesopicos cecilii, Malh. Rev. ei Mag. de Zoo!. 1849, p. 538; id. X. 
Classify Mem. Acad. Jletz, 1848-9, p. 341. 

Ckloronerpes cecilii, Bp. C<msp. Gen. Av. i. p. 117 (1850) ; Rekhenb. 
Scans. Pkina, p. 352, no. 829 (1854) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 161, 
1856, p. 143, 1860, pp. 286,297; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mm. 

p. 114 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 200, no. 8812 (1870). 
Venilia cecilii, Bp. Camp. Yolucr. Zygod. p. 10, no. 160 (1854). 
Me&opicus cecilise, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 71, pi. Ix. figs. 1 <5, 2 $ 
(1862). 
Chloronerpes ceciliee, Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 338, no. 2019 (1862); 

Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 157, 1870, p. 213 ; id. £ Sclat NomencL Av. 

Keotr. p. 99 (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 533* Bed. $ Tacz. op. 

eit. 1883, p. 571. 

Erythronerpes cecilise, Cab. $ Heine, Mus. Kein. iv. p. 143 (1863). 
Pieus cecilise, Sunder. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 36 (1806). 

Adult male. Has the rump and upper tail-coverts red, and the 
colour, generally, as in J). JcirJci, but differs from the latter species 
in having the wing-coverts devoid of yellow spots ; the malar region, 
chin, and upper throat conspicuously whiter and with only a few 
dusky spots; the bill much lighter at the tip, and the entire dimensions 
considerably less: "iris brown n (Siemiradshi). Total length 
5-5 inches, oilmen 0*82, wing 3-35, tail 1*78, tarsus 0*67; toes 
(without claws)—outer anterior 0*55, outer posterior 0*58, inner 
anterior 0*4, inner posterior 0*28. 

Immature male. In addition to its less brilliant coloration, it differs 
from the adult in the rump having a mottled appearance, caused by 
the feathers having, as well as the red tip, a dusky-olive crescendo 
marking and a yellowish spot, the latter being more or less 
exposed. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead, 
crown, and occiput blackish brown, the feathers of the forehead and 
crown with paler umber-brown tips, those of the occiput having 
minute whitish stripe-like spots. Total length 5'5 inches, culmen 
0*68, wing 3*26, tail 1*96, tarsus 0*57. 

Hob. Colombia and Western Ecuador; north into the Province of 
Chiriqui. 

a. 
<$ ad. sk. Mina de Chorcha, Chiriqui, Salvin-Godruan Coll. 
Veragua (E. Arce). 
b. $ ad. sk. Bibalaz, Chiriqui (E. Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c. 2 ad. sk. New Granada. Purchased. 
d. <J ad. sk. New Granada. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e}f. (S ad.; g. $ ad.sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
24. MESOPICTJS. 367 
h. S ad. sk.
i. (S imm,; k. §
ad. sk.
h m. S $ad. sk. 
Bogota. 
Antioquia, U. S. Colombia 
(T. K. Salmon), 
Antioquia (T. K, Salmon). 
Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-G-odinan Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 

24. MESOPICTJS. 
Type. 
Mesopicos, Math. Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, 

p. 340 M. goertau. 
Scolecotheres, Reichenb. Scans. Ricina, p. 427 
(1854) M. griseocephalus. 
Carnponomus, Cab. 8f Heine, Mus. Hem. iv. 

p. 137 (1863) M. pyrrhogaster. 
Polipicus, Cass. Rroc. Acad, Philad. 1863, p. 196, M. ellioti. 
Bill of Mesopicus goertan. 

Range. Senegambia to Angola and east through. Equatorial 
Africa to Abyssinia and Massai-Land. From Angola ranges in a 
south-easterly direction into the Transvaal and extreme south of 
Cape Colony. 

Key to the Species®. 

A. Rump and upper tail-coverts red. 
a'. Underparts uniform, or with only a trace of 
dusky bars posteriorly; with no auricular or 
malar stripes. 


a". Head and neck silver-grey or bluish grey, 
the underparts yellowish grey; one or 
more of the lateral tail-feathers always 
spotted or partially barred on both webs. 


a'". Middle of the abdomen yellow, orange, 

or reddish. 
a*. Crown and occiput red goertan c?ad., p. 369. 
fr. With no red on the crown or occiput goertan § ad., p. 369. 

b'". Entire abdomen and middle of the lower 
breast bright scarlet. [p. 371. 
c4. Crown and occiput red spodocephalus S ad., 

* I have not included Gray's Pious africanus in this or any other of my 
genera. The type no longer exists, and there is so much reason to doubt its 
being a good species that I prefer to leave it out. If such a species do exist, 
I should say, from the description, that it will be found to belong to the present 
genus and to be nearly allied to M. pyrrhogaster. 
PICID.^. 

d* With BO red on the crown or occiput. spodocepkalu* J ad., 

6". Head slate-grey; underparts olive, more [p. 3/ L 
golden on the neck and chest; lateral tail-
feathers always uniform on the outer 

webs. , . 7 7i-P;°r" 
c'". Crown and occiput red griteocepMusgad., 
df". With no red on the crown or occiput.. gnseocepMim v ad., 

V. 
Underparts from the chest downwards spotted [p. 372. 
or varied with white ; with a median stripe 
of red on the chest, breast, and abdomen. [p. 373. 
c". Crown and occiput red pyrrkogaster•<$ acL, 
d". With no red on the crown or occiput, these [p. 374 
being black pyrrhogaster % ad., 

B. With no red on rump or upper tail-coverts. 
c'. Underparts more or less striped; with, no 
black auricular or malar stripes; with red 
on the head in the male. 
e". Underparts and under tail-coverts dull 
yellow, and together with, the chin and 
throat broadly striped with blackish; face 
brownish buff. 
e". With red occipital and nuchal band .. ellioti<$ ad., p. 374* 
/"' . With no red on the occiput or nape, 
these being black Eke the crown eUioti J ad., p. 375. 
f". Underparts bright yellow, the chin and 
throat whiter, and, together with the breast 
and abdomen, uniform; the chest and remaining 
parts below with very narrow and 
faint striations of dusky brown; face 
greenish; with red occipital and nuchal [p. 373. 
band .. johnstoni <$ act, 
d\ Underparts spotted; with black auricular and 
malar stripes; face white; with yellow on 
the crown in the male. 

g". 
Feathers of the posterior part of the crown [p. 376. 
tipped with yellow xantholopku&gaA., 
h". With no yellow on the crown xantftolqpkusQ&d., 

[p. 376. 
1. Mesopicus goertan. 
Picus goertan, P. L. S. Mull. Nutu?*syst. SuppL 1776, p. 91. 
Le Goertan ou Pic vert du Senegal, Buff. Mist. Nat. Ois. viL p. 25 
(1780) ; Daubent. PI JEnl pi. 320. 
Crimson-rumped Woodpecker, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. pt. % p, 583, no. •*,) 
(1782). r 

Picus 
goertan, Gm. Syst. Nat. I p. 434 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Om 
1790, p. 236; Steph. Gen. Zool. ix. pt. 1, p. 179 (1815) ; Vidll. N 
Diet tfHisb. Nat. xxvi. p. 75 (1818); Bonn, et Yieitt. Une. MStk 

p. 1321, no. 71 (1823); Wagl. Syd. Av. sp. 34 (1827); id. Im] 
1829, p. 511; Sundev. Consp. Av. Pietn. p, 45, no. 133 # (I860! • 
Meugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 814(1871). ; 
Dendrobates poicephalus, Swains. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 154 (1837). 

Dendrobates immaculatus, 
Stvains. B. W. Afr. ii p 152 (1837) * 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 437 (1846) ; Bp. Consp. Gm. Av. i p. 125 
(1850); Sharpefy Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool France, 1876, p. 16* 
Socage, Orn. Ang. 1877, p. 74. ' ? F ' 

24 . MESOPICUS. 
369 

Dendrobates poliocephalus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 437 (1846); Bp. 
Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 125 (1850). 

Dendrobates^ goertan, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 437 (1846); Bp, Consp. 
Gen. Av. i. p. 125 (1850); Hartl J.f 0. 1854, p. 199 : Bocage, 
Orn. Any., App. p. 535 (1877). 

Gecmus goertan, Blyth, Cat B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 57 (1849). 

Mesopicus goertan, Malh. Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, p. 340; Bp. 
Consp.^ Volucr. Zygod. p. 9 (1854); Malh. Picidce. ii. p. 45, 
pi. lxiii. figs. 1, 2 (1862) ; Cass. Proc. Acad. BJiilad. 1863, p. 324; 
Hargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 412 ; Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. p. 431 

Picus poliocephalus, Cuv. in Mus. Paris; Pucker. Bev. et Mag. Zool 
1852, p. 479 j Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 47 (1866). 
Picus spodocephalus {non Bp.), Brehm, J.f 0. 1854, p. 78; Sundev. 
Consp. Av. Picin. p. 45, no. 133 a (1866): Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. 

ii. p. 813 (1871). J 
Scolecotheres goertan, Reichenb. Scans. Picin®, p. 428, pi. dclxxvi. 
figs. 4475-76 (1854) ; Cab. $ Heine. Mus. Hein. iv. p. 136 
(1863). ' * 
Scolecotheres poliocephalus, Reichenb. Scans. Picina, p. 427, 
^ pi. dclxxvi. figs. 4473-74 (1854). 
Scolecotheres immaculatus, Reichenb. Scans. Picinw, p. 428 (1854) 
Cab. $ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 135 (1863), 
Dendropicus goertan, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 179 (1857): Sharpe, 
Ibis, 1869, p. 386. 
Dendropicus immaculatus, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 180 (1857) ; Gray, 
List Picid. Brit. Mus. 1868, p. 67 ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 190, no. 
8659 (1870) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 717. 

Dendropicus poliocephalus, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 179 (1857). 
Mesopicus spodocephalus, Malh. Picidce, ii, p. 49, pi. lxiii, figs. 4,5 

(1862). 
Mesopicus poicephalus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 48 (1862). 
Mesopicus immaculatus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 47 (1862) ; Cass. Proc. 

Acad. Philad. 1863, p. 324. 
Dendropicus goerta, Gray, List Picid. Brit Mus. p. 67 (1868); id. 
Hand-l B. ii. p. 190, no. 8658 (1870); Sharpe, Cat AJr. B. 1871, 

p. 18 j Nicholson, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 131. 
Dendrocopus poliocephalus, Beichenow, J.f. 0.1877, p. 18. 
Adult male. Back and scapulars pale golden olive; rump and 
upper tail-coverts scarlet; wing-coverts pale golden olive, the greater 
series having whitish, spots; quills dusky brown spotted with white 
on both webs, the outer webs of the secondaries and of the inner 
primaries at the base washed with golden olive, and this tinting the 
white spots; shafts brown ; tail dark brown, the outer large feather 
with transverse marginal spots of buffy white; shafts brownish 
black; crown, occiput, and nape scarlet; nasal plumes, forehead, 
entire face and neck silvery grey, grading into drabby grey on the 
underparts, with a yellow, orange, or reddish tinge on the abdomen; 
under tail-coverts yellowish drab ; under wing-coverts and auxiliaries 
slightly yellowish white, barred with brownish dusky, the bars 
on the axillaries very faint. Total length 7*8 inches, culmen 1*14, 
wing 4*45, tail 2-55, tarsus 0*77 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 
0*62, outer posterior 0*68, inner anterior 0*48, inner posterior 
0-28. 

VOL. XVIII. 2 B 

PlCIDiE. 

370 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red on 
the crowii, occiput, and nape, these being silver-grey like the rest of 
the head.' Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 1, wing 4*2, tail 2*45, 
tarsus 0-73. 

Homo adult birds, as well as immature specimens, have the underpays, 
below the breast, and the under tail-coverts faintly barred 
with dusky, and some examples have all the tail-feathers transversely 
spotted, or the central ones narrowly barred, with bufiy 
white or brownish white; others from the same locality, and identical 
in other rospects, having these feathers almost entirely uniform. 
Undoubtedly young birds have the tail almost without spots ; 
the back and wings of a dusky brown, with very little olive tinge, 
and the tipper tail-coverts of a washed-out scarlet; the underparts 
are darker and more smoky brown or dusky, and with no more 
distinct bars below the breast than in fully adult specimens. 

Hob. "West Africa from Senegambia to Angola, eastward into 
Niam-Mam Country, and north into Kordofan, Senaar, and Abyssinia 
*. 

a. § ad. sk. "West Africa. Sharpe Coll. 
b, c. c?ad. et imm.; St. Louis, Senegal (L. La-Tweeddale Coll. 
d. $ ad. sk. glaize). 
e. cJad. sk. St, Louis, Senegal. L. Laglaize [CI. 
St. Louis, Senegal (L. La-Shelley Coll. 
imm. sk. glaize).
*. Ad. sk. Senegal. Sharpe Coll. 


7c o* ad.; I, Imm. sk. River Gambia. Sharpe Coll. 

m. Ad. sk. Piver Gambia. 
Purchased. 

n. Imm. sk. Eantee. 
Sharpe Coll. 

o. <$ imm. sk. Amamoah, Cape Coast, Sharpe Coll. 
April (Blisseit). 
p. 
cfimra, sk. Amamoah, April (Blissett). Shelley Coll. 
q. <$ ad. sk. Abeokuta. 
F . 
Nicholson, Esq. 
[P.]. 
r. Imm. sk. Congo. 
P . 
B. Sperling Esq 
[P.]. 
*. d ad. sk. 

Semmio, Niam-Niam 

F.~Bohndorff[C.]. 

Country, Aug, 

t. Imm. sk. 
East Africa. 

Sharpe Coll. 

2. Mesopicus spodocephalus. 
Dendrobates poiocepkalus, Hupp, (non Stv.), Beschr. neuer abyss. 
Klettervoget, in Mus. Senckenb., Extra-Band iii, p. 119 (1842); id. 
JSyst. Uebers. p. 86, pi. xxxiv. (1845) ; Heugl. Syst Uebers. p. 47, 
no. 485 (1856). 

Dendrobates spodocephalus, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 125 (1850). 
Mesopicus spodocephalus, Bp. Consp. Voluer. Zygod. p. 9 (1854) j 

* Heuglin (Ora. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 813, 1871) gives the three last-named 
countries as the habitat of his Picus spodocephalus, which I take to be nothing 

more than M. goertan. 

24. MEboricus. 
371 

Hart! Om W.-Afr. p. 180 (note) (1857); Salvad. Ann. Mm. 

Ctv. &or. hat. Genova, 1884, p. 88 ; id. op. ctt. 1888, p. 211. 

Scolecotheres spodocephalus, Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 427, 

pi. dclxxvi. %s. 4471-72 (1854) (ex Hupp.). 

Dendropicus spodocephalus, Gray, List Haiti. Brit Mm. p. 68 

(1868) (pt.) 5 id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 190, n. 8660 (1870) (pt.); Pet. 

Verhandl k. h. zool-hot Oesellsch. xxxi. p. 615 (1881). 

Picus (Mesopicus) rhodeogaster, Fisch. 8f Meichenoio, J.f. 0. 1884, 

p. 180; FiscJi. in Madardsz, Zeitsch. gesamm. Orn. 1884, p. 369. 
Adult female. Back and scapulars uniform golden olive, the 
feathers having hrighter golden margins; wing-coverts browner 
than the back and more or less margined with golden olive ; quills 
brown, the outer webs of the inner primaries margined with golden 
olive, those of the secondaries partially or entirely olive-brown, 
similarly margined; a few minute and almost obsolete yellowish 
spots on the outer webs of some of the primaries; the inner webs of 
the primaries at their base, and those of the secondaries along their 
whole length, spotted with white; the innermost secondaries washed 
with olive on the inner webs, shafts dark brown ; rump and upper 
tail-coverts scarlet; tail brown, the lateral feathers with a few 
indistinct spots of yellowish brown, shafts dark brown: nasal 
plumes, entire head and neck, also the under surface of the body, 
bluish grey, the breast having a slight tinge of olive : the abdomen 
scarlet-vermilion; under tail-coverts uniform, and rather browner 
than the under surface of the body; under wing-coverts dull white, 
with a slight tinge of yellow, and having dusky barring: " irides 
chestnut; bill plumbeous black; feet dusky bluish" (Antinori). 
Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4*37, tail 2*3, tarsus 0*7 ; 
toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*56, outer posterior 0'62, 
inner anterior 0*45, inner posterior 0*3. 

Adult male, " Differs from the female in the Antinori Collection 

in having the ashy-grey feathers of the crown and occiput tipped 

with red; the forehead is ashy grey and without red w (JSalvadori). 

" Irides dusky; bill and feet bluish " (Ragazzi). 

Hah. Shoa and south-west to Lado, and ranging into Massai-
Land. 

3. Mesopicus gxiseoceplialiis. 
Le Pic verd de Plate de Lucon, Sonn. Voy. Nouv< Gmn, 1776, 

p. 73, pi. xxxvi. 
Le Pic a tete grise du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 

vii. p. 26 (1780) ; Daub. PL Enlim. fig. 2. 
Cape Woodpecker, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. B86, pi. 2 (1782). 
Manilla Green Woodpecker, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 583, no. 28 
(1782). 
Picus griseocephalus, Bodd. Tall. PI JEnl p. 49 (1783). 
Picus menstruus, Scop. Bel Fl et Faun. Lnsubr. n. p. 89, no. 50 

(1786) ; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 45, no. 132 (1866). 
Picus capensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 430 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. i. 
2B2 

372 PlOIDiE. 

p. 237, no. 87 (1790) ; LichL Cat. Rer. Nat Hamb. p. 16, nos. 
175,176 (1793); Yieill. N. Diet. d'JEist. Sat xxvi. p. 92 (1818) ; 
Steph. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 194 (1826) ; Less. Traite, I p. 219 (1831); 
Hupp. Syst. Uebers. p. 87 (1845). 
Picus manillensis, Gm. Syst. Nat i. p. 434 (1788, ex Sonn.) ; Latham, 

2nd. Oni. i. p. 236, no. 31 (1790) • Steph. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 189. 

Le Pic Olive, Levaitt. Ois. d'Afr. vi. p. 16, pis. ccxlviii, ccxlix. 

(1808); Simdev. Krit. Framsi. Levaill. p 52 (1857). 

Picus caniceps, Wagl. Syst Av. Picus, sp. 46 (1827). 

Picus obscurus, Wagl Syst Av. Picus, sp. 90 (1827). 

Dendrobates capensis, Swains. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 154 (1837); Bp. 

Co?isp. Gen. Av. i. p. 125 (1850). 
Dendrobates griseocephalus, Gray7 Gen. B. ii. p. 437 (1849); Laya?mdf 

B. S. Afr. p. 236 (1807). 
Chrysocolaptes menstruus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. A pp. p. 21 (1849) ; Bp. 

Consp. Gen. Av. i p. 122 (1850) ; id. Consp. Voluer. Zygod. p. 10 

(1854)• JReichenb. Scans/ Fitinm, p. 400, pi. deli v. %. 4356 

(1854). 

Mesopicus capensis, Bp. Camp. Voluer. Zygod. p. 9 (1854); Malh. 

Ficida, ii. p. 42, pi. xlii. figs. 7, 8 (1862). 

Mesopicus griseocephalus, Cass. Froc. Acad. Fhllad. 1863, p. 324; 

Harg&t, Ibis, 1883, p. 417 ; Sousa, Jorn. Se. Lish. 1889, p. 43. 

Scolecotberes menstruus, Cab. 8? Heine, 31m. LTein, iv. p. 134 

(1863). 
Dendropicus menstruus, Gray, List PiekL Brit Mits. p. 67 (1868); 
id. Hand~l B. ii. p. 190, no, 8657 (1870); Sharpe, Cat Afr. B. 

p. 18 (1871) ; id. ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 191 (1875); Barratt, 
2bis, 1876, p. 200 ; Butler, Feilden, $ Reid, Zoologist, 1882, 
p. 208. 
Mesopicus menstruus, Ayres, 2bis, 1876, p. 432. 
Dendrobates menstruus, Salvin, Cat Sinckl Coll. p. 393 (1882). 
Adult male. Upper parts, including scapulars and wing-coverts, 
uniform golden olive; quills blackish brown, the outer webs edged 
with golden olive, this colour being more developed on the secondaries 
; inner webs spotted with white; shafts brownish black; rump 
and upper tail-coverts crimson; tail uniform blackish brown, shafts 
black; crown and occipital crest crimson ; forehead, lores, and 
entire side of the face, also chin and throat, ashy grey; fore neck 
and chest golden olive, tinged with dull red; underparts olive 
mixed with grey, the bases of the feathers being of the latter colour; 
the centre of the abdomen tinged with scarlet; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries yellowish white crossed by dusky bars: " upper 
mandible dusky, the under one pale ashy; tarsi and feet greenish 
ashy; iris dusky" (F. A. Barratt); " iris reddish hazel" (T. C. 
Atmore). Total length 7*6 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 4*4, tail 3, 
tarsus 0*8; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*55, outer 
posterior 0-6, inner anterior 0*4, inner posterior 0*25. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the head 

entirely grey. Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 4*2, tail 

2*75, tarsus 0*8. 

Hah. Cape Colony, Natal, and into Zulu-Land and Eastern 

Transvaal; extending on the west to Huilla in Angola. 

a. <5 ad. sk. 
h, e. $ $ ad.; d. 
Imm. sk. 

e. S imm. sk. 
/, g. $ ad. sk. 
h. $ ad. sk. 
i. J ad. sk. 
k, l. <$ ad. sk. 
m. c? ad. sk. 
w, o. $ ad.; p. 
3 imm. sk. 
q, r. S $ ad. sk. 

s. o ad. sk. 
t, u. £ $ ad. sk. 
t\ c? ad. sk. 

w, .r. S $ ad. sk.

24 . MESOPICUS. 
Cape Colony. 

Cape Colony. 

Cape Colony. 
Cape Colony. 
Knysna, Jan. (C. J. Andersson). 
Knysna, Dec. ( C. J. Andersson). 
Elands Post, May, June (21 


C. Atmore). 
George (T. 0. Atmore). 
Kingwilliamstown. 
Drakensberg, Aug. (E. A, Butler). 
Newcastle, Aug. (JE. A. But


ler). 
Zulu-Land (Gordge), 
Macamac; June. 

 Macamac (F. A. Barratt). 

F. Thackeray, Esq. 
Sharpe Coll. 

India Museum. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Sharpe Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Sharpe Coll. 


Shelley Coll. 
Major Trevelyan [P.'j. 


Shelley Coll. 


Shelley Coll. 


Shelley Coll. 


E. A. Barratt. Esq. 
[P.J. 
Shelley Coll. 
4. Mesopicus pyrrhogaster. 
Picus (Chloropicus) pyrrhogaster, Malh. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 399. 
Dendrobates pyrrhogaster, Gray, Gen, B. iii. App. p. 21 (1849); 

Hartl. J. f. 0.1854, pp. 201, 433. 
Chloropicus pyrrhogaster, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 126 (1850). 
Scolecotheres pyrrhogaster, Reichenb. Scans. Pitince, p. 428 (1854). 
Mesopicus pyrrhogaster, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 9 (1854); 

Malh. Pioidce, ii. p. 41, pi. viii. figs. 9, 10 (1862); Hargitt, 
Ibis, 1883, p. 419; Buttikofer, Notes Leyd. Mus. 1885, p. 219; 
id. op. cit. 1886, p. 263,1888, p. 96, 

Dendropicus (Mesopicus) pyrrhogaster, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 180 
(1857). 

Dendropicus pyrrhogaster, Gassin, Proc. Acad. Wat. Sc. Philad. 
1859, p. 141; Hartl. J.f.O. 1861, p. 263; Gray, List Picid.Brit. 
Mus. p. 68 (1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 190, no. 8861 (1870) ; 
Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 486; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 18 (1871); Ustier, 
Ibis, 1874, p. 55. 

Camponomus pyrrhogaster, 
Cab.fy Heine, Mus. Hein. Th. iv. p. 137 
(1863). 
Picus pyrrhogaster, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 45, no. 131 (1866). 

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts deep golden olive 
the outermost of the median wing-coverts spotted with buff; rump 
and upper tail-coverts crimson; quills blackish brown, the outer 
webs of the secondaries and the external margin of the inner 
primaries deep golden olive; the outer webs of the primaries spotted 
with white or yellowish, the inner webs of all the quills spotted 
with white ; shafts black ; tail uniform blackish brown, the shafts 
black; upper nasal plumes and the forehead brown, the latter 
spotted with paler brown; crown and occiput crimson; nape and 
hind neck black; lower nasal plumes, sides of the face and neck, 

374 
PICIDJ5. 

chin, throat, and fore neck buffy or yellowish white, with a black 

auricular stripe and another black stripe bordering the throat and 

fore neck; undcrparts blackish olive, the median feathers of the 

chest and breast, as well as those of the abdomen, tipped with 

crimson, this colour forming a broad stripe: the sides of the chest 

striped, the sides 
of the breast, the flanks, and thighs spotted 

with yellowish white; under tail-coverts olive, slightly striped with 

white; under wing-coverts and axillaries golden white, the former 

spotted with black. Total length 8*3 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 4*4, 

tail 2*7, tarsus 0*75; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*6, outer 

posterior 0*67, inner anterior 0*5, inner posterior 0*3. 

Young male. Similar to the adult of the same sex, but having 

the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts dingy olive; the red on the 

underparts confined to the tips of a few of the central feathers of 

the chest and breast, and of a very dull crimson. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of red 

on the head, the crown and occiput being black. Total length 7*5 

inches, culmen 1*1, wing 4*6, tail 2*9, tarsus 0*8. 

Hab. West Africa, between Sierra Leone and the Gold Coast. 

a. J ad. sk. Gold Coast. Capt. Moloney [P.]. 
b, c. <$ ad.; d, e. Fantee. Sharpe Coll. 
Imm. sk. 
/ . $ ad. sk. Fantee (J9T. T. Ussher), Shelley Coll. 

g. $ ad. sk, Fantee. 
IVeeddale Coll. 
h. <$ ad. sk. Denkera, Jan. (BUssetf). Sharpe Coll. 
i. 9 ad. sk. Commendah, June {Blissetf}. Shelley Coll. 
k. 6 ad. sk. Aguapim, Feb. (G. 25. &). Shelley Coll. 
I 
$ ad. sk. Enimill, Wassaw, March Shelley Coll. 
(Blissett). 

5. Mesopicus ellioti. 
Polipicus elliotii, Cass. Proc. Acad. PMlad. 1863, p. 197; id. Journ, 

Acad. PMlad. 1863, p. 457, pi. li. fig. 1, $. 

Picus ellioti, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picm. p. 63 (1806). 

Campethera ellioti, Grragt List Pieid. Brit. Mies. p. 83 (1868); id. 

Eand-l. B. ii. p. 193, no. 8703 (1870). 
Poliopicus ellioti, 22argitt7 Ibis} 1883, p. 448. 


Adult male. Back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform 
olive ; the wing-coverts also uniform olive but with a golden-
brown tinge ; quills blackish brown, the outer webs of the secondaries 
and the margins of those, of the primaries at their base olive, 
the inner webs of the quills spotted with white; shafts brown ; tail 
brownish black, the inner webs spotted with dull white at the 
extreme base, and the central feathers partially margined with 
olive, shafts brown; nasal plumes, forehead, and most of the crown 
black, the hinder part of the crown and the occiput scarlet; nape 
black; lores and face buffy brown * side of the neck and the hind 
neck yellowish olive • chin and throat white, the fore neck, chest, 
and the remaining underparts and under tail-coverts dull yellow, 
the whole being striped with black anteriorly, as far as and in


24 . MESOPICUS. 375 
eluding the chest, and with deep olive posteriorly, except on the 
thighs which are barred, the under tail-coverts having, in addition 
to the striations, blackish-olive bars; under wing-coverts yellowish 
white, striped and spotted with dusky olive; upper mandible Hack, 
the tip pale horny; lower mandible pale horny. Total length. 7*5 
inches, culmen 0*92, wing 3*8, tail 2*7, tarsus 0*7; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*5, outer posterior 0*53, inner anterior 04, 
inner posterior 0*25. 

Adult female. With Cassin's figure before me, the adult of this 
sex differs from the adult male in wanting the broad red occipital 
band. The measurements are given as follows:—" Total length 
about 7 inches, wing 3f, tail 3 " (Gassin). 

Hob. "Western Africa (Biver Muni to Landana). 

6. Mesopicus johnstoni. (Plate IX.) 
Poliopicus johnstoni, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1887, p. 122. 
Adult male. Entire upper parts and tail-coverts, wing-coverts, 
and outer webs of the secondaries, also those of the primaries at 
their base, yellowish olive; remaining portion of the quills dusky 
black, or brownish on the outer webs of the primaries, the inner webs 
of the quills being spotted with white; shafts brown * tail dusky 
brown, the central feathers margined at the base with yellowish 
olive; shafts brown; forehead and crown black, the occiput and 
nape scarlet; nasal plumes black; lores and face buffy green, 
brighter yellowish olive on the side of the neck; chin and throat 
yellowish white, grading into brilliant yellow on the whole of the 
underparts and under tail-coverts, the sides of the fore neck, body, 
flanks, thighs, and the under tail-coverts having only a few almost 
obsolete dusky striations; under wing-coverts and axillaries yellowish 
white ; bill yellowish white, darker at the base of the upper 
mandible. Total length 6*5 inches, culmen 0*82, wing 3*55, tail 
2*45, tarsus 0*68; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*57, outer 
posterior 0*62, inner anterior 0*45, inner posterior 0*26. 

Hab. Cameroon Mountains, 6000 feet 

a, b. <$ ad. sk. Oameroons, W. Africa (JET. H. British Association [P.]. 
Johnston). (Types of the species.) 

7. Mesopicus xantholophus. (Plate VIII,) 
Dendromus africanus (non Gray), Cassin, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1859 
p. 141; Eeine, J.f.O. 1860, p. 192. 
Dendropicus africanus, Hartl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 263; Cassin, Proe. 
Acad. Philad. 1863, p. 322 * Sharjne ty Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zod 
France, 1876, p. 312. 

Piens africanus, Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. n. xx. 1876, p. 259. 

Dendrobates africanus, Bocage, Orn. Ang. 1877, App. p. 536. 

Dendropicus xantholophus, BLargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 173. 

Mesopicus xantholophus, JIargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 421; Shaiye, Journ. 

Linn. Soc. xvii. p. 430 (1884), 
Dendropicus pecilei, Oust. Le Naturaliste, 1886, p. 299. 


376 PICTDiE. 

Adult male. Back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts olive, 
the rump-feathers tipped with yellow; wing-coverts olive, the lesser 
and the median series sparingly spotted with white; quills black, 
the outer webs of the primaries partially or entirely margined with 
olive and spotted with white, those of the secondaries entirely olive ; 
inner webs of the quills (except the innermost) spotted with white ; 
shafts black; tail and the shafts black ; nasal plumes dusky brown 
mixed with white; forehead and crown brown, the feathers of the 
hind crown tipped with golden yellow* occiput and nape black ; 
hind neck like the back, the sides transversely spotted with white; 
face, chin, and throat white, the supercHium striped with black; 
an auricular stripe of black, and bordering the throat and fore neck 
another black stripe, the tips of many of the feathers of the latter 
white; sides of the neck and chest olive-black, and, with the 
remainder of the underparts which are dusky olive, spotted with 
white (except upon the abdomen, which is uniform or sometimes 
transversely varied with yellowish), some of the abdominal feathers 
tipped with dull golden yellow; under tail-coverts dusky olive, 
spotted with white; Tinder wing-coverts black, spotted and barred 
with white; axillaries barred black and white. Total length 8*5 
inches, culmen 1*23, wing 4*5, tail 2*06, tarsus 0*87; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*62, outer posterior 0*75, inner anterior 
0*5, inner posterior 0*32. 

Adult female. Eesembles the adult male, but wants the yellow on 
the crown. Total length S'5 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 4*46, tail 
2M, tarsus 0*8. 

Bah. Gaboon and the Congo, east to the northern part of the 
Congo Eree State (Aruwimi Biver), and in the Xiam-^Xiam Country. 

a. $ imm.; b.
§ ad. sk. 
c. <$ ad. sk. 
Gaboon. 
N'doruma, Kiam-Niam Countrv,
Aug. 
A. Marche [C.]. 
F. Bokndoiif [OA 
25. XIPHIDIOPICUS. 

Xiphidiopicus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. no. 213 (1854). X. p^rcussus. 

Wing of XvpMdiopicus permssus (reduced). 
Mange. Confined to the island of Cuba. 

2D. XIPHIDIOPICTJS. 

377 

1. XipHdiopicus percussus. 
Picus 
percussus, Temm. PL Col 66e livr. 300 <j, 424 $ (1826)• 
Vig. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 444 (1828) ; Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Fis. 
$c. Cuba, ii. p. 109 (1838); d'Orb. in Sagra's Hist. Phys. 8fC. Cuba, 

ii. p. 143 (1839); Denny, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 39 ; Lembeye, Av. M. 
Cuba, Supl. p. 131 (1850); Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 48 (1866). 
Picus ruppellii, Wagl Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 29 (1827); id. Ms, 1829, 

p. 509. 
Dendrobates percussus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 437 (1845). 
Chloropicos percussus, Malh. K Classif., Mim. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, 
p. 352. 
Chloronerpes percussus, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 118 (1850) ; Meichenb. 
Scans. Picina, p. 407, no. 957, pi. dclxii.figs. 4398-99, £ $ (1854); 
Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 107 (1868); id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 199, 
no. 8786 (1870) ; Gundl Contr. Orn. Cuba, pp. 115, 273 (1876). 

XipHdiopicus percussus, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zyqod. p. 11, no. 213 
(1854) ; Sol. Cat. Amer. B. p. 339, no. 2028 (1862); id. § Salv. 
Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 100 (1873); Cory, List B. W. Ind. p. 20 
(1885); id. Auk, 1886, p. 376. 

CMoropicus percussus, Malh. Picidcs, ii. p. 147, pi. Ixxxvi. figs. 1, 2, 
S $ ad. (1862), 

Adult male. Back, scapulars, rump, and upper series of upper 
tail-coverts yellowish, olive, the lower series of the latter "bluish grey-
tinged with olive, the tail-coverts more or less barred with dusky 
and at the base with whitish, and having shaft-spots or stripes of 
white; wing-coverts olive; quills brownish black, the outer webs 
of the primaries spotted with white, those of the secondaries (except 
the innermost which are uniform) spotted with green, the inner 
webs of the quills spotted with white ; shafts black; tail bluish or 
slaty grey with the faintest trace of blackish bars, the lateral feathers 
having minute marginal spots of buffy white; shafts black; nasal 
plumes, frontal band, sides of the face and neck white, with a 
black auricular stripe; erown, also occipital and nuchal crest, crimson; 
chin and upper throat black; fore neck crimson; chest, breast, 
and abdomen golden yellow, the remaining underparts and the under 
tail-coverts whiter, the chest and npper breast striped with black, 
the lower breast and abdomen uniform, the sides of the body, flanks, 
thighs, and under tail-coverts barred with black ; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries yellowish white barred with b]ack ; the underside of 
the lateral tail-feathers conspicuously barred and the central feathers 
having distinct marginal spots of grey. Total length 10 inches, 
culmen 1*15, wing 4*75, tail 3*75, tarsus 1 ; toes (without claws)— 
outer anterior 0*82, outer posterior 0-86, inner anterior 0*56, inner 
posterior 0*43. 

Adult female. Eesembles the male, but has the crown black striped 
with white. Total length 9 inches, culmen 0*83, wing 4*65, tail 3*45, 
tarsus 0*92. 

Young, secc ? Wants the crimson on the throat and fore neck, 
these, together with the chin, being brownish dusky; there is a 
very narrow median line of lemon-yellow on the breast and abdomen, 
and the remainder of the underparts (except the thighs) and the 

378 
PICTDJE. 

under tail-coverts are striped, the thighs alone having dusky bars; 

the chest is less yellow than in the adnlt; the white on the face 

and neck not so pure, and the auricular stripe of a paler dusky 

brown ; the upper part of the forehead and the crown are blackish 

brown, the former having a few stripe-like spots of white, the coronal 

feathers tipped with crimson, the occiput and nape entirely crimson; 

the back and the wing-coverts are less green than in the adult. 

Hah. -Cuba. 

a. 5 ad. sk. Cuba. Sclater Coll. 
b, c. c? ad. et imm.; Cuba. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
UP Q nn. ^k 
/. 
d ad. sk. Monte Verde, Cuba (C. XL S. Nat. Mus. [P.]. 
Wright) [Sm. no. 17746]. 

26. SAPHEOPIPO. 
Type S. noguchii. 
Wing of Sapheopipo noguchii (reduced). 

Range. Loo Choo Islands. 

1. Sapheopipo noguchii. 
Picus noguchii, Seeh. Ibis, 1887, p. 178, pi. viL 
Blythipicus noguchii, Stejn. ZeitscK gesamm. Orn, 1887, p. 172. 


Young, sex? Back, scapulars, rump, and upper taitcoverts sooty 
brown, the feathers tipped with dull brick-red, the underparts from 
the chest to the vent (both inclusive) as well as the under tail-coverts 
rather browner than the back, especially on the chest; the breast, 
abdomen, and under tail-coverts tipped with brighter brick-red; 
wings and their coverts brownish black, the outer primary long, 
measuring 1*95 inch ; some of the primaries having one exposed 
and one concealed white spot on the outer webs, the inner webs 
having two or three spots of white, most of the secondaries having 
a concealed white spot at the extreme base of each web, shafts 
black; tail and the shafts black; nasal plumes buffy brown tipped 

27 . LEPOCESTES. 
379 

with black; forehead, crown, occiput, and nape dull crimson, the 
bases of the feathers sooty brown ; hind neck sooty brown; lores, 
face, and upper part of the side of the neck buffy brown, the malar 
region and lower side of the neck darker brown ; chin, throat, and 
fore neck buffy brown, the feathers having creamy-white bases; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries brownish black, the former having 
one or two longitudinal spots of white near the edge of the wing. 
Amongst the body-feathers, both above and below, are one or two 
of a rich maroon-colour, more or less tipped with crimson, appearing, 
evidently those of the adult plumage ; the bill is whitish, horny or 
bluish at the base; legs and feet plumbeous blue; claws blackish 
brown. Total length 10*3 inches, culmen 1*32, wing 5*76, tail 3*8, 
tarsus 1*1 * toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*7, outer posterior 
0*86, inner anterior 0*6, inner posterior 0*38. 

Hah. Loo Choo Islands. 

a. 
Juv. sk. Great Loo Choo Island, Aug. Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.], 
1886 (H. Fryer). (Type of species.) 
27. LEPOCESTES. 
Type. 
Blythipicus, JBp. Consp. Vohwr. Zygod. no. 98 (1854) L. porphyromelas. 
Pyrrhopicus, Malh. Introd. Mo nog r. Picid. p. liii. 

(1861) L. pyrrhotis. 
Plinthopicus, Malh. Introd. Monogr. Picid. p. liii. 
(1861) L. porphyromelas. 
Lepocestes, Cab. fy Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 110 
(1863; L. pyrrhotis. 

W 
Bill of Lepocestes pyrrhotn 

Range. Eastern Himalayan Provinces, into Cachar and Manipur; 
through Burmah and the Malayan Peninsula irlto Sumatra and Borneo. 

Key to the Species. 

A. 
Larger: length 10*5 inches, culmen % wing . 
5'5} barred above. 
a'. With red on the sides of the nape. 
a". 
Top of the head nearly uniform; the 
red on the side of the nape very brilliant 
and forming a conspicuous patch ... . pyrrhotis $ ad., p. 380. 

380 
PICIDiE. 

b". Top of the head striped; the red on the 
side of the nape forming a narrow hand, pyrrhotis $ juv., p. 381. 

b'. With no red on the sides of the nape. 
c". Top of the head uniform pyrrhotis § ad., p. 381. 
d". Top of the head striped pyrrhotis J juv., p. 381. 

B. 
Smaller: length 8*5 inches, culmen 1'55, 
wing 4*8; uniform above. 
c'. Wings spotted; tail uniform. 
e". With a patch of red on the side of the [p. 382. 
nape porphyromelas S ad., 
/". With no red on the side of the nape .. porphyromelas § ad., 
d'. Wings and tail narrowly barred with dusky [ p. 383, 
white porphyromelas $ juv., 

[p. 383. 
1. Lepocestes pyrrhotis. 
Pieus pyrrhotis, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. 1837, p. 108, $ ; Simdev. Consp. 

Av. Picin. p. 47 (18(56). 
Chloronerpes pyrrhotis, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. 1844, p. 85. 
Meiglyptes pyrrhotis, Gray, Cat. Mamm. §c. Nepal pres. Hodgs. 

184(5, p. 117; id. Gen. B. iii. App. p. 22 (1849),-Reichenb. 
Scans. Picince, p. 404, no. 943, pi. dclix. figs. 4378-79, <S S (1854). 
Celeopicos pyrrhotis, Malh. N. Classify Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, 

p. 335. 
Uecinus pyrrhotis, Blyth, Cat. B. Mas. As. Soc. p. 59, no. 271 
(1849). 
Blythipicus pyrrhotis, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 9, no. 99 (1854) ,* 
"Hume, Sir. F. vii. p. 520 (1878); id. op. cit. 1879, p. 88, no. 176; 
Hume, Sir. F. xi. p. 63 (1888). 

Venilia pyrrhotis, Horsf. fy Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. GOO, 
no. 972 (1856-58); Jerd. B. Lid. i. p. 291 (1862); Gray, Cat. 
Mamm. fyc. Nepal jires. Hodgs. p. 64, no. 487 {1863J ; Beavan, 
Ibis, 1865; p. 411; Bulq. op. cit 1869, p. 157 ; Jerd. op. cit. 1872, 
p. 9 ; Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 472; Blyth $ Wold. B. Burm. 1875, 
p. 77; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 2ij• id. 4* Davison, op. cit. 1878, 

vi. p. 142 ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 39 (1883). 
Celeopicus pyrrhotis, Malh. Picidm, ii. p. 37, pi. xlix. figs. 4j,5 9 
(1862). 
Lepocestes pyrrhotis, Cab. fy Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 110 (1863); 
Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 279. 
Campephilus 
pyrrhotis, Gray, List Picid. Brit Mm, p. 58 (1868) ; 
id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 188, no. 8&S3 (1870). 

Adult male. Above, together with the wings, tail, and their 
coverts, barred rufous and black, the back washed with dull reddish; 
shafts of quills and of rectrices orange-reddish; head and neck 
brown, paler and more buff anteriorly, with a few pale brown 
striations on the fore part of the crown ; on each side of the nape 
a large patch of scarlet, the central nuchal feathers only tinged with 
red* fore neck and chest reddish brown, grading into dusky brown 
on the remainder of the underparts • under tail-coverts barred rufous 
and black; under wing-coverts rufous, barred with black. Total 
length 10-5 inches, culmen 2, wing 5*5, tail 8*3, tarsus 1-05 • toes 
(without claws)—outer anterior 0*85, outer posterior 0*87, inner 
anterior 0*6, inner posterior 0*5. 

27 . LEPOCESTES. 
In very old males there is a complete nuchal band of scarlet. 

Immature male. Has the head more or less striped with ruf escent 
buff; the red patch on the side of the nape smaller in extent and 
less vivid ; the back less washed with dull red, consequently the bars 
showing more distinctly; the underparts dusky black, the feathers 
tipped with dull reddish rufous, which produces an appearance of 
barring. 

Adult female. Kesembles the adult male, but lacks the brilliant 
red feathers on the side of the nape, there being only a trace of this 
colour. Total length 10 inches, culmen 1*9, wing 5*65, tail 3*2, 
tarsus 1*15. 

Young female. Is striped on the head like the young male, which 
it resembles, but the red on the side of the nape is wanting. 

Hah. Nepal and Sikhim, eastward into the Khasia Hills, Cachar, 
and Manipur • south into Pegu (Tonghoo Hills and Karen-nee), and 
Tenasserim, and ranging as far as the mountains of Perak, Malayan 
Peninsula. 

a. S 
ad. sk. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
(Type of species.) 
b, c. $ ad.; d, e, Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
(S juv. sk. 
/, g. $ ad. et imm.; Nepal (JB. Jff. Hodgson). India Museum. 
h, i. 5 ad. sk. 
Jc-g. <S ad. et juv. *Sikhim, Feb., March, April, June, Hume Coll. 
z-h'. $ ad. et Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov. (JL. 
juv.sk. Mandelli). 

i'. § ad. sk. Darjeeling. Hume Coll. 
"kf. <$ ad. sk. N. fchasia Hills, April 1876 (A, Tweeddale Coll. 

W. Chennell). 
V. $ ad. sk. Cachar. Hume Coll. 
mf, n\ 2 ad- sk. Machi, Manipur, May 7, 1881 Hume Coll. 
(A. 0. JR.). 
o\ <$ juv. sk. Karen-nee, Jan. 1876 (R. G. Tweeddale Coll. 
W. JR.). 
p'. $ juv. sk. Karen Hills, April 22, 1875 Tweeddale Coll. 
(R. G. W.R.). 
tft cJ ad. sk. Tonghoo Hills, March 9, 1874 Tweeddale Coll. 
(JR. G. W.R.). 
r'. £ juv. sk. Tenasserim, April 11,1877 (W. Tweeddale Coll. 
Limborg). 
s'. $ juv. sk. Kollidoo, Feb. 2, 1874 (W. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 
if, iL S ad. sk. Kyouk-nyat, Jan. 1874 (W. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 
v'. cf ad. sk. Pahpoon, Jan. 8, 1874 (W. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 
w'. <$ imm. sk. Mooleyit, Feb. 3, 1877 (W. Hume Coll. 
'Davison). 
x'. <$ imm. sk. Mts. of Perak. L. Wrav, Esq. 

[p.i 
y\ Skeleton. [Java.] 

Purchased. 

382 PICID^. 

2. Lepocestes porphyromelas. 
Picus porpnyromelas, Bote, Briefe geschr. cms Ostind. p. 143 (1832); 
Simdev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 47 (1866). 
Picus (Hemicircus) rubiginosus, Swains. Ciasdf.-B. -ii. p. 150 
(1837). 
Picus melanogaster, Hay, Madr. Journ. 1844, p. 153 ; Tweedd. Mem. 
ed. W.-jRamsay, p. 7 (1881). 
Hemicercus rubiginosus, Hartl. Bev. Zool. 1844, p, 402, $ ; Gray, 
Gen. JB. ii. p. 437 (1845) ; StrickL P. Z. S. 1846, p. 104. 
Picus rubiginosus, JEyton^ Ami. § Mag. Nat. Hist, xvi. p. 220 
(1845). 
Gecinus rubiginosus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1846, p. 52 ; id. Cat. B. Mus. 
As. Soc. p. 59, no. 272 (1849). 
Oeleopicos rubiginosus, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848


49, p. 335. 
Dendrobates rubiginosus, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 126 (1850). 
Veniliaporpnyromelas, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 128 (1850); JReic7ie?ib. 

Scans. Picince, p. 359, no. 831, pi. dcxxix. figs. 4187-88 (1854); 
Hume <§• Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 143 (1878) j Oates, B. Brit.Burm. 


ii. n. 40 (1883). 
Blythipieus rubiginosus, Bp. Consp. Voluer. Zygod. p. 9, no. 98 (1854); 
Gray, Cat. Gen. B. Brit. Mus. p. 94 (1855). 
Scolecotheres rubiginosus, Bekhenb. Scans. Fiance, p. 428, no. 1011 
(1854). 
Yenilia melanogaster, Horsf. $* Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. 

p. 6m (1856-58). 
Venilia melanogastra, Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 457. 
Venilia rubiginosa, Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 292 (1862). 
Celeopicus porpnyromelas, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 39, pi. xlix. figs. 1 
<?,2 ? (1862). 
Lepocestes rubiginosus. Cab. & Heine, Mus. Rein. iv. p. Ill 
(1863). _ 
Campephilus rubiginosus, Gray, List Bicid. Brit. Mus. p. 58 (1868) ; 
id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 188, no.*8632 (1870). 
Lepocestes porphyromelas, Salvad. Ucc. Bom. p. 48 (1874); Hume, 
Str. F. 1875, p. 319; Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 9; id. op. cit. 1879, 

p. 242; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Genova, 1879, p. 181; Sharpe, 
P. Z. S.1887, p. 443 ; id. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 279. 
Blythipieus porpnyromelas, Hume, Str.F. vii p. 520 (1878) ; id. op. 
cit. 1879, pp. 52, 88, no. 176 bis. 

Adult male. Upper parts and wing-coverts uniform purplish red, 
the tipper tail-coverts dusky black, margined with the same purplish 
red; quills brownish black, the outer webs of the secondaries and of 
the inner primaries at the base margined with red, the quills having 
dusky-greyish spots or narrow bars; shafts black; tail and the shafts 
black; head brown anteriorly, becoming blacker posteriorly and on 
the neck, some of the feathers on the side of the nape tipped with 
bright crimson, the malar feathers slightly tinged with dull red; 
under surface of the body and the under tail-coverts blackish 
brown, with a reddish tinge on the chest; under wing-coverts 
blackish brown mixed with dull red. Total length 8*5 inches, 
culmen 1*55, wing 4*8, tail 2*7, tarsus 0*95 - toes (without claws)— 

27. LEPOCESTES. 
383 
outer anterior 0*88, outer posterior 0*96, inner anterior 0*6, inner 
posterior 0*38. 

Young male. Has the upper parts more of a dull brick-red, the 
rump and upper tail-coverts being devoid of this colour; the wingb 
and their coverts more distinctly barred with brownish giey, and the 
tail entirely barred with the same; head brown, bufty brown anteriorly, 
the feathers of the crown, occiput, and sides of the nape dull 
brick-red ; chin and throat brownish, the under surface of the body 
dusky black, with no red tinge on the chest and none on the malar 
region ; under wing-coverts barred with dusky grey. 

Adult female. Wants the bright crimson feathers on the side of the 
nape, and the malar region is not tinged with red. Total length 8-5 
inches, culmen 1*32, wing 4*75, tail 2-8, tarsus 0*87. 

Hah. Tenasserim, south of Bopyin; Malayan Peninsula to Singapore 
; Sumatra; Borneo. 

a. $ 
ad, sk. Bopyin, Dec. 20, 1874 (W. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 
h. 
$ ad.sk. Palaw-ton-ton, Dec. 29, 1874 Hume Coll. 
(W. Davison). 
c-i. S ad.; h-s. 5 Bankasoon, Dec, Feb., March, Hume Coll, 
ad. et juv. sk. Apr., May, June( W. Davison), 
tj u. 
$ ad.; v. Malewoon, Dec, April (W. Hume Coll. 
$ ad. sk. Davison). 

w. Juv. sk. Penang. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
x. S ad. sk. Mts. of Perak. L.Wray,Esq.[P.l 
y, z. <$ ad.; a'9 br, c1.KLang, Feb., March, April Hume Coll. 
2 ad.etjuv.sk. (W. Davison). 
d'. S ad. sk. Malacca. Purchased. 
e\f. tfSad.; g\ Malacca, July (W. Davison). Hume Coll. 

h'. Imm. sk. 
%'. £ ad. sk. Malacca. W. Harvey, Esq. 
[p.]. 
h', I', m\ S ad. et Malacca {Dr. Cantor). India Museum. 
imm.;ri.$ ad. sk. 
o', p'. S ad, * #'. Malacca (R G. W. JR.). Tweeddale Coll. 
Juv. sk. 
r\ <$ ad.; s'. <$ Malacca (Dr. Maingay). Tweeddale Coll. 
juv. sk. 
t\ cf ad. sk. Kuroo, Malacca, Nov. 2,1875 Hume Coll. 

(W. Davison). 
ur. <$ ad.; v', w'9 Johore, Aug. 1875 ( W. Davison). Hume Coll. 
&'. $ ad. et juv. sk. 
y'. Juv. sk. Singapore. Lord Ellenborough 
[P.]. 
z'. Juv. sk. Singapore. Gould Coll. 
a". 2 ad. sk. Sumatra (CarlBock). Tweeddale Coll. 
b". 2 imm. sk. Lawas Eiver, Borneo. H.Veitch,Esq.[P.]. 

384 
PICID.E. 

28. MIQLYPTES. 
Tjpe. 

Meiglyptes, Swains. Classif. B ii. p. 309 (183/) ^ M. tnstis. 
Stugnopicus, Malh. Introd. Monogr. Picid. p. liii (1861) . . M. tri&tis. 

Head of Miglgpteb tristh. 

Range. Burmah, Siam, and Cochin China, and through the Malayan 
Peninsula into the islands of Sumatra, Xias, Jara, and Borneo. 

Key to the Species. 

A. Upper back barred. 
a'. Lower back and rump buffy "white. 
a". Centre of breast and abdomen uniform 
black. 
a". With red malar stripe tnstis rf, p. 385. 
b'". Malar region barred like the chin 
and throat , tristis J , p. 385. 
b". Breast and abdomen barred with 
buffy white. 
c". With red malar stripe grammithorax $, p. 3b6. 
d'". Malar region barred like the chin 
and throat gramrnithoroui $ , p. 386. 
b'. Lower back and rump barred like the 
upper back. 
c". Head dusky brown or oliyaceous 
dusky. 
e". With red malar stripe tukki <5, p. 3b9. 
fn. Malar region barred like the chin 

and throat tukki $, p. 389. 
d'r. Head brownish black j malar region 
uniform brown infmeatus (<J on label), 

B. 
Entire back uniform black j rump creamy [p. 390. 
white; breast and abdomen uniform 
black. 
c\ 
Feathers of the malar region tipped 
with red jugularis S > p- 391. 
d\ Malar region deyoid of red Jugularis § , p. 391. 


1. Mglyptes tristis. 
Picus tristis, 
Horsf. Trans. Linn* Soc. xiii. p. 177 (1822) ; Glebel 
(pt.), Thes. Orn. iii. p. 183 (1876). 
Picus poicilolophus, Temm. PL Col. iv. pi. exevii. fig. 1 (1823) 
Wagler (pt.), Syst.Av. Picus, sp. 68 (1827). 

28 . MIGLYPTES. 
385 
Meiglyptes poicilophus, Sioains. Classif. B. ii. p. 309 (1837). 

Meiglyptes tristis, Gray, List Gen. 1840, p. 55 ; id. Gen. B. ii. p. 447 

(1846); Blyth (pt.) Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. 1849, p. 60; Bp. (pt.) 

Consp. Gen, Av. i. p. 112 (1850); id. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 9 

(1854) ; Meichenb. (pt) Scans. Bicincs, p. 402, pi. dclvii. figs. 4370 


4371 (1854) ; Morsf. $> Moore (pt.), Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. ii. 

p. 668 (1856-58); Gray, List Pwid. Brit. Mus. p. 123 (1868); 
id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 203, no. 8838 (1870); Nicholson, Ibis, 
1879, p. 164; id. op. cit. 1881, p. 141: Vorderm. List B. Java. 
no. 64 (1884). 
Phaiopicos tristis, Malh. N. Classif., MSm. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, 

p. 338. 
Phaiopicus tristis, Malh. Ficidcs, ii. p. 10, pi. xlviii.figs. 1, 2 (1862). 
Pious tristis, var. a, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 91 (1866). 
Miglyptes tristis, JELume, Str. F. 1879, p. 497 (note); Hargitt, Ibis, 
1884, p. 189. 

Adult male. Upper and middle back, scapulars, and wing-coverts 
black, narrowly barred with, buffy white: bastard-wing and primary-
coverts black, spotted with, buffy white; quills black, spotted with 
buffy white upon both webs, the innermost being barred with the 
same across both webs; shafts black; lower back and rump buffy 
white, the former with a few dusky cross-markings; upper tail-
coverts black, narrowly barred with buffy white; tail black, with 
buffy white spots upon both webs, shafts black; lores, entire head 
and crest, sides of the neck, chin, and throat black, finely vermiculated 
with buffy white; a small red malar patch; under surface of 
the body black, the sides of the body, flanks, and thighs barred with 
buffy white; under tail-coverts black, narrowly barred with buffy 
white; under wing-coverts and axillaries buny white. Total length 
6 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 3*7, tail 1*95, tarsus 0*7• toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*6, outer posterior 0*55, inner anterior 
0*4, inner posterior 0*28. 

Adult female. Besembles the adult male, but wants the red malar 
patch. Total length 5*8 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*6, tail 1*7, 
tarsus 0*65. 

Hah. Confined to the Island of Java. 

a. 
$ hum. sk. Java (Iforsfield). India Museum. (Type 
of species.) 
b. 2 ad. sk. Java {Horsjield). India Museum. 
c. d. (S $ ad. sk. W. Java. P. Nicholson, Esq. [P.]. 
e. Skull. Java. 
Purchased. 
2. Miglyptes grammithorax. 
Picus poicilolophus (non Temm.), Less. Traite, i. p. 221 (1831). 

Hernicirctis tristis, Eyton, P. Z. S. 1889, p. 106. 

Meiglyptes tristis (pt.), Blyth, Cat B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 60 (1849); 

Bp. Consp. Gem. Av. i, p. 112 (1850) ; id. Consp. Volucr. Zygod* 

p. 9 (1854); Meichmb. Scans. Bieince, p. 402, pi. dclvii.figs. 43704371 
(1854). 
YOL. XVIII. 2 <3 


386 PIC1DA 

Meiglyptes tristis (nm Horsf), Stohczka,J. A, &-#• 18/0, p. 204 ; 

Wild. Ibis, 1872, p. 365; Salvad. ^B%n^'fS}E^SjT^ 
Str. F 1874, p. 471; id. op. cit. 18^, pz324; £/ ^ 
JBurm. p. 77 (1875) j Sharpe, P. Z. S. lb/o, p. 103; zd. Ibis, 18*6, 

p. 36: Tu*a<W. op. cit. 1877, p. 290; Briigg. AbhandL not. T er, 
Bremen, v. p. 455 (1877); Hume $ Damson, Sfr. F. lb/fc, YI. 
pp. 131, 501; Hume, op. cit. 1870, p. 52 ; Sharpe, p. £. & lb/9 
p. 327; tVZ. JSw, 1879, p. 243 ; Tiraut, Out. B.Cochmchine, p. 88 
(1870); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov.xiY. p. 184 (lb/ 9); Kelham, 
Ibis, 1881, p. 388 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 792 ; Xicholson, Ibis, 
1882, p. 55i; &rfw», Ca*. tftoc&J. <M. p. 402 (1852) ; Midler, 
Orn. Salanga, p. 72 (1882) ; Bias. Verhandl zool-boi. Gesellsch. 
Wien, 1883, p. 31; Guillem. P. Z. S. 183-5, p. 405; Trist. Cat. 
Coll p. 105 (1889). 
Phaiopicus grarnniithorax, ifcfaZA. Pieidce, 11. p. 12, pi. xlvm.figs. 4,5 

(1862). 
Picus tristis, var. b, Sundev. Consp. Ai\ Picin. p. 92 (1808). 
Meiglyptes grammithorax, Gray, List Picicl Brit, 3£us. p. 124 

(18G8); id. Hand-L B. ii. p. 203, no. 8839 (1870); Oates, B. Brit 

Bunn.il. p. 59 (1883). 
Miglvptes tristis (non Horsf.), Hume, Sir. F 1879, p. 87. 
Mifflyptes grammithorax, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 497 (note); 

Harg. Ibis, 1884, p. 191; Sharpe, P.Z. 8. 1887, p. 443; Salvad. 
Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genov. 1687, pp. 519, 530. 
Adult male. Mantle, scapulars, and wing-coverts Mack narrowly 
barred with white; lower back and rump buffy white ; upper tail-
coverts black narrowly barred with white; quills black, spotted 
with white on both webs, the innermost of all being barred right 
across ; shafts black; tail black, spotted, more or less transversely, 
on both webs with white, shafts black; head, neck, and chest 
black, closely and finely vermiculated with white, or? on the chin, 
with buff; the lores and anterior half of orbital region buff; malar 
stripe crimson; underparts below the chest and the under tail-
coverts black barred with buffy white, the bars less defined in the 
middle of the abdomen; under wing-coverts and axillaries uniform 
buffy white. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*55, tail 
1*75, tarsus 0*7; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*52, outer 
posterior 0*55, inner anterior 0*35, inner posterior 0*22. 
Adult female, Besembles the adult male, but wants the red malar 
stripe. Total length 5^8 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3-47, tail 1*65, 
tarsus 0*7. 
Fledgling female. In the grey phase; differs from the adult 
female in having the top of the head and the occiput du&k}% with 
smoky white crescentic markings; the rump is even lighter buffy 
white than an adult grey-phased female; the underparts are not 
entirely barred below and quite as uniform on the middle of the 
breast and abdomen as in some adult birds. The general character, 
however, of the immature is to be browner in colour and entirely 
barred below. 
Examples of this species from Nwalabo have the breast and 
abdomen darker and more uniform than from any other locality, 
and very much resemble M, tristis, but differ from it in having 
these parts brown instead of black, and the chest is always 

28. MIG-LTPTES. 
3h7 
barred. A very rufous male from Malacca, in which the top of iho 
head has creseentic black markings on a brownish-white or huffy 
ground, is tinged with red on the forehead. 

Bab. Tenasserim, from Nwalabo southward; entire Malayan 
Peninsula, including the islands of Salanga and Singapore; Sumatra 
and the island of Nias; throughout Borneo, but not in Labium. 

a. <$ ad.; Z>, e. $ ad.
sk.
d, e. <S ad. sk.


f-l <$ ad.; m-q. $
ad. sk.

r. S ad. sk.
s, t, u. (5 ad. etimm. sk.
v, to. (S 2 ad.; x.
$ juv. sk.

y. S ad. sk.
z. d ad. sk.
a'-U. <$ ad. et imm.;

m'-v'. $ ad. etimm. sk.
to'. <S ad. sk.

z',y'-6 $ ad.sk.

zT. 2 ad.sk.

a", b", c", d". 6ad. et ]uv.; e".
5 ad. sk. 

f\ (f* 6 ad sk.

h", i". S ad.; Jsf', V\
J ad. etimm.sk. 
m". 6 ad.; «", o1'.

cJ $ imm. sk.
p". <$ ad. sk.
tf\ S ad. sk.
r", s". tf ad.; t', w".

Q ad. sk. 
2)"
; 
%ou. 2 ad. sk.

#" y'\ $ ad. sk.

z'\ a3. 6 imm. sk.

53_e34 ^ ad. et imm.;
fCfc3. ? ad. et*imm. sk.

I3

 m3. $ $ imm. sk.

 Foot of Nwalabo, April 5, 1878

 (J. Darling), 
Hankachin, 'Feb. 
6, 1875 (W.
Dctvisoji), 

 Bankasoon, Dec, April, May,

 June (W. Davison), 
Ooppah, Nov. 8, 1879 (J.
Darling), 
Kossoum, May, July, Sept. (J. 
Darling), 
Tapraw, April 5, 1879 (J.

 Darling), 
Penang (Dr. Canfor). 
Dingding River, Feb. 28, 1879

(W. Davison). 
Klang, Salaugore, Jan, Feb., 
March, April, July, Sept. (W. 
Davison), 

 Qualla Lampah, Salangore,

March 18,1879 (W.Daviwn). 

 Langbat, April 1879 (W.
Davison). 
Salangore, Nov. 1879 (W.
Davison), 
Malacca, July 1877 (W. Damson). 


 Malacca.

 Malacca (Dr. Maingay).

 Mt. Ophir, Malacca, Aug. 1873

 (JR. G. W. JR.). 

 Malacca (A. JR. Wallace). 
Malacca. 
Malacca (Dr. Cantor).

 Pulo Seban, Malacca, Nov. 
1875 ( W. Davison). 
Chohong, Malacca, Oct. 1875

(W. Damson). 
Neal}s, Malacca, Oct. 1875 (TV.
Daviso?i). 

 Foot of Guimong Pulai, Jokore, 
March, July, Aug. {W. 
Davison). 

 Johore^ March, Aug. (W. 
Davison). 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Cell. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 W. 
Harvey, Esq. 
[I3-]Tweeddale 
Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 
India Museum. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
zc2 

388 picrD-as. 

w3. $ ad. sk. 
o3. S ad, sk. 
p3. ? ad. sk. 

<f. $ ad. sk. 
r3. c? ad. sk. 
s\ S ad.; t3. c?. 
juv. sk. 

«3. J ad. sk. 
*>3, w3. 6 $ ad. sk. 
.r3. $ ad. sk. 
?/3. c? imni. sk. 
z\ a\ d $ ad. sk. 
b\ $ ad.sk. 
c4, dK 6 $ ad. sk. 
e*. S ad. sk. 

<5 imm. sk. 
t4. <? ad. sk. 

Singapore. 
Singapore. 
Singapore Island; Feb. 6, 1879 


( W. Davisoii). 
Sumatra. 
Sumatra (A. R. Wallace). 
Lampong, S.E. Sumatra (E. C. 
Buxton). 

[Java.] 
Borneo. 
Sarawak. 
Sarawak (A. Everett). 
Mar up, Sarawak (A. Everett). 
Simunjon, Sarawak(A. Everett). 
Borneo (H. Low). 


Tegora, N.E. Borneo (EC. 
j&verett). 

Lawas River, Borneo. 

Banjamassing (J. Motley). 

Gould Coll. 
Bajab Brooke [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 


Wallace Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


TweeddaleColl. 


Tweeddale Coll. 
Rajah Brooke HP.]. 
"Wallace Coll." 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


E. Bowdler 
Sharpe, Esq.[P.l 
Tweeddale Coll. 

H. Veitch E^q. 
[P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll 

3. Mglyptes tnHd. 
Picus tukki, Less. Bee. Zool. 1809, p. 167. 

Hemicercus brunneus, Eyion, P Z. S. 1839, p. 100. 

Picus luridus, Nitzsch, Fteryl p. 187 (1840). 

Meiglyptes brimnens, Hartl. Syst Verz. Mus. Hamb, p. 93 (1844); 

Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 447 (1846); Bonap. Consp. Gen. AD. i. 

p. llS (18,30) ; Horsf. # Moore, Cat. B. Mm. E. L Co. ii. p. 068, 
no. 976 (1856-58); Sclat P. Z. S. 1863, p. 210; Gray, List 
Ficid. Brit Mus. p. 125 (1868); id. Hand-L B. ii. p. 203, no. 8842 
(1870). 
Meiglyptes fuscus, Peale, U.S. Expl. Exped. viii. p. 131, pi. xxxvi. 
fig. 1 (1848). 
Phaiopicos pectoralis (non Latham), MalJi. N. Classify Mem. Acad. 
Metz, 1848-49, p. 338. 

Meiglyptes pectoralis (non Lath.), Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 60 
(1849); Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 9 (1854); Beiche?ih. Scans. 
Ficince, p. 402, no. 938, pi. deMi. %. 4372 (1854). 

Phaiopicus pectoralis (non Lath.), Malh. Ficidm, ii. p. 8, pi. xlvii. 

figs. 5, 6 (1862). 
Picus brunneus, Sundev. Consp. Av. Ficin. p. 91 (1866). 
Meiglyptes marginatus, Reinw. MS. (1821) ; Stoliczha, J. A. S. B. 

xxxix. p. 295 (1870). 
Meiglyptes tukki, Salvad. Ucc. Bom. p. 57 (1874); Sliarpe, F. Z. S. 
1875, p. 103; Hume, Str. F. 1875. p. 319; Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, 

p. 36; Tiveedd. op. cit. 1877, p. 290; Hume <§* Davison, Str. 
F. 1878, vi. p. 132; Hume, op. cit 1879, p. 52; Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, 
p. 243; id. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 327, 1881, p. 792; Nicholson, Ibis, 
1882, p. 55; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 61 (1883); Bias. Verhandl. 
zool.-bot Gesellsch. Wien, 1883, p. 31; Guillem. F. Z. S. 
1885, p. 406. 
28. MIGLTPTES. 
389 

Picus tukki, Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 183 (1876). 
Meiglyptes tucci, Briigg. Abliandl. not. Ver. Bremen, v. p. 455 (1877). 
Miglyptes tukki, Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 87; Hargitt, Ibis, 1884 


p. 193 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S.1888, p. 279. 
Adult male. General colour olive-dusky, "browner below; upper 
parts, Including wing-coverts and tail-coverts, more or less vermiculated 
-with pale buff; quills and tail-feathers brownish black, 
the former having marginal spots of buff on the outer webs and 
white spots upon the inner webs, the rectrices spotted with buff on 
both webs; shafts of quills and of tail-feathers blackish brown; 
head uniform dusky olive, with scarlet malar stripe; the chin and 
throat narrowly barred buff and dusky black; neck and chest almost 
black, and upon the side of the neck a conspicuous patch of buff, 
some of the lower feathers of the chest narrowly vermiculated with 
buff; middle of the breast and of the abdomen uniform; the sides of 
the body, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts darker and of a 
dusky olive, narrowly barred with buff or yellowish; under wing-
coverts and axillaries yellowish white or buffy white, the latter 
having dusky bars. Total length 7*3 inches, culmen 1*05, wing 
3*95, tail 2*4, tarsus 0-78 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*6, 
outer posterior 0-6, inner anterior 0*4, inner posterior 0-27. 

Young male. Has the plumage less olive and more of a dusky 
brown ; the feathers on the top of the head and on the occiput are 
tipped with dull brick-red and have a subapical dusky bar, the 
feathers of the malar region are also tipped with red; the chest and 
the entire under surface of the body are barred, and the innermost 
secondaries are also barred across both webs; under wing-coverts 
buffy or rufescent white, but without any yellow tinge. 

Adult female. Eesembles the adult male, but wants the red malar 
patch, the cheeks being brown barred with buffy white: "iris 
brown: legs and feet dull dirty green; lower mandible pale 
plumbeous olive; upper mandible black; claws pale horny brown " 

{W. Damson). Total length 7'3 inches, culmen 0*95, wing 4, tail 
2-5, tarsus 0*82. 
Hah. Extreme southern portion of Tenasserim; entire Malayan 
Peninsula to Singapore Island; Sumatra; Borneo, including the 
island of Banguey (but not in Labuan Island). 

a-fm g ad.; g-h $ Bankasoon, Dec, Feb., April, Hume Coll. 
ad. sk. May, June (W. Davison), 

m. <$ ad. sk. Dingding River, Feb. 25, 1879 Hume Coll. 
( W. Davison). 
n. d ad. sk. Mts. of Perak. L. Wray, Esq.pP.]. 
o-r. c?; ad. et imm.; Klang, Salangore, Feb., March, Hume 0oll. 
s-z0.5ad.etimm. April, May, July (W. 
sk. Davison), 

x. <$ ad. sk. Ulu Langhat, April 6, 1879 Hume Coll. 
(W. Davison), 
y, 
z. S ad.; a', V. $ Malacca, July (W. Davison). Hume Coll. 
ad. et imm. sk. 


PICTDJ2. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Malacca, Aug. 1873 (-K. G.

c'~f. $ ad.: g'-k\ 

W. B.).
$ ad. sk. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Malacca (Dr. Maingay).

V. tf ad. sk. 
Wallace Coll. 

Malacca. 

m'. tf ad. sk. 

r 
Old CoH. 

Malacca. 

n. Juv. sk. 
India Museum. 

Malacca (Dr. Canto?').

o'-q'. d ad.; r'-V. 
J ad. sk. 

r Pulo Seban, Malacca, Xov. 13, Hume Coll. 

v\ $ ad.; w, x'. 

1875 (TV. Damson).

$ § imm. sk. 

Hume Coll. 

Kuroo, Malacca, Oct. 31, 1875 

y\ <3 imm. sk. 

( W. Davison). 
Kealys, Malacca, Oct. 13, 1875 Hume Coll. 
z'. 3 ad. sk. 

(W. Davison). 
Gumiong Palai^ Jobore, March, Hume Coll. 
a", b", c". <3 ad.; 

Sept. (W. Davison).

d"-h". $ ad. sk. 

i". $ ad. sk. 
Jaffaria, Johore, March 20,1880 Hume Coll. 

(W. Davison). 
&", V. 6 ? ad. sk. 
Johore, Aug., Sept. (W. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 

Singapore, 
Gould Coll. 

m",n".($ $ ad.sk. 

Singapore Island, Aug. 1, 1875 Hume Coll. 

o". tf ad. sk. 

(W. Davison), 
p". 
$ ad.sk. Sumatra. Wallace Coll. 
Lampong, S.E. Sumatra (E. C. Tweeddale Coll. 


j", r". <3 $ ad. sk. 

Buxton). 
s". $ ad. sk. Sarawak (H. Everett). Tweeddale Coll. 
*",«". 6 $ ad.sk. N.W. Borneo (If. Low). R. Bo wdler Sharpe, 

Esq. [P.]. 
i?". c? ad. sk. Sandakan. Dr.McKinIay[P.]. 
w". ? imm. sk. Lawas River. H. Veitch, Esq. 

[P.l 
x", yn. Skeletons. [Java.] Purchased. 
4. Mglyptes infascatns. 
Miglyptes infuscatus, 
Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genov* 
ser. 2, iv. p. 531 (1887). 

Adult ( 2 ?)> seated male. In markings the present; bird is almost a 
counterpart of M. tukki; therefore a detailed description is not 
necessary. M. infuscatus is an extremely dark form, the head being 
nearly black, and all the light markings on the plumage are rich 
buff or rufous buff, but its chief point of difference consists in its 
having the malar region uniform brown. The type specimen is 
sexed male, and, if this be correct, it is not only a very interesting 
feature, but adds to the specific value of the bird. The probability, 
however, is that the true male will be found to have a red malar 

stripe. Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0*9, wing &65, tail 2*5, 
tarsus 0*83 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*62, outer posterior 
0*62, inner anterior 0*4, inner posterior 0*25. 

Hab. Island of ISTias, west of Sumatra, whence the type specimen 
was obtained by Signor Elio Modigliani. 

28 . MIGLYPTES. 
391 

5. Miglyptes jugularis. 
Meiglyptes jugularis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 195 (1845); id. Cat. 
JB. Mus. As. Soc. p. GO (1849); Horsf. $> Moore, Cat B. Mas. 

U*P* G69

io%> no' 977 (18'^--58); 'Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 471; 
id. cy Oates, op. cit 1875, p. 14; Hume Sf Davison, op. cit 1878, 

vi. pp. 132, 501; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. i>. CO (1883). 
Pliaiopicus jugularis, Malh. Picida, ii. p. 11 (18G2). 
Hemicircua jugularis, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 71 (18G8) ; id. 
Hand-l B. ii. p. 191, no. 8670 (1870). 
Miglyptes jugularis, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 87; Bingham, op. cit. 
1880, p. 1(51; Oates, op. cit.188'2, p. 190; Ilargttt, Ibis, 1884, 

p. 197; Salvad. Ami. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 1888, p. 508. 
Adult male. Back, scapulars, upper tail-coverts, tail and the shafts 
Mack, the rump buffy white ; a very conspicuous patch of huffy 
white extends along the forearm and comprises some of the median 
and the greater wing-coverts, the remainder of the coverts black, 
with a few transverse white spots ; quills black, with minute white 
spots on the outer webs and larger spots on the inner webs, the 
innermost feathers barred with white right across • shafts black ; 
head black, the lores spotted, the remainder finely vermiculated 
with buffy white; occipital crest uniform black; a small dull red 
malar patch; side of the neck and hind neck buffy white, this forming 
a distinct collar, and a branch from it, on the side of the neck, 
running on to the side of the chest; from the chin to the under 
tail-coverts, inclusive, black, the chin and throat spotted with 
white, the sides of the body, flanks, and thighs transversely varied 
with, white; under wing-coverts and axillaries uniform buffy white: 
" bill and claws black; legs and feet dirty dull green ; irides dark 
brown " (J". Darling). Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0*93, wing 
4*05, tail 1*8, tarsus 0*8; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*55, 
outer posterior 0*55, inner anterior 0*35, inner posterior 0*28. 

Adult female. Wants the red malar patch, but otherwise resembles 
the male. Total length 6*5 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 4, tail 1*8, 
tarsus 0*78. 

In this species, as in the x)ther members of the genus, the light 
portions of the plumage vary from buffy white, sometimes tiuged 
with yellow, to buff or rufous buff. It does not appear to bo a 
question of age, as male birds thus differing have the red malar 
stripe equally bright in colour. 

Hub. British Burmah (Arrakan and Pegu Hills, and Tenasserim 
south to Toungyah) ; Siam; Cochin China *. 

a A ad sk E. Pegu Hills, April 27,1873 Hume Coll. 
{R W. Oates). 
b S imm.sk. Tonghoo. Tweeddale Coll. 

c. 
tfacL sk. Tjaloba, Tenasserim, April 1877 Tweeddale Coll. 
(Limborg). 
* An example from this country (collected by Dr. Harmand) is in the Paris 
Museum. 
392 

d. $ ad. sk. 
e,f. <J J ad. sk. 

g. S ad. sk. 
h, i. S ad. sk. 
h} I, m. $ ad.; n, 
5 ad. sk. 

o. 5 a<^ s^' 
p. §imm. sk. 
q, r. <J $ imm. sk. 

5. c?&d. sk. 
2-?/. <$ ad. et. imm.; 
z. $ ad. sk. 
a'. $ ad. sk. 
&',c'.c?ad.;d,.?ad. 
sk. 
e'. (S ad. sk. 

PICID.2E. 

Pahpoon, Jan. 8, 1874 {W. 
Davison). 

Meplaychoung, Thoungyeen 
Valley, Feb. 1880 (C. T. 
"Bingham). 

Kappa Village, Zamee Silver, 
March 6, 1878 (C. T. Bingham). 


Assoon, March 3, 1877 (W. 
Davison). 
Meetan, Feb. 1877 (IT. Davison). 
Amherst, Jan, 24, 1877 (W. 
Daviso?i). 

Lemyne, near Yea, March. 28, 
1874 ( W. Damson). 
Yea, April 22, 1874 { W. Davison). 


Kya Yoo, Jan. 5, 1878 (7F. 
Davison). 
Tavoy, March, April (IF. Davison), 


Foot of Nwalabo, April 8 

( W. Davison). 
Thoungyah, Nov. 28 {J. Darling). 


Siam, 

29. MICEOPTERinrS. 
Hume OolL 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Cull. 
IIum«j Coil. 
Hume Coll. 
Gould ColL 

Type. 

Micropternus, JBlt/th, J. A. & B. 1845, p. 194 ..... . M. brac&ytinis. 
Phaiopicos, Malh. Mim. Acad. Metz, 1848-49? p. 336. M. brachyurua. 


Foot of Micropternus phsoe^s. 

Uange. Indian Eegion ; China and the countries south ; Malayan 
Peninsula, and into the islands of Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. 

29 . M1CK0PTEENUS. 
393 

Bley to the Species *. 

A. Above rufous, more or less barred with black. 
a. Shafts of quills clear orange-reddish ; feathers 
of the chin and throat unicolorous with 
the underparts, but with paler margins; 
tail narrowly barred with black; with red [p. 394. 
spot under the eye phaoceps <$ &&., 
6r. Shafts of quills dark brown, dusky, or reddish 
brown, 


a". Feathers of the chin and throat darker 
than the tmderparts ; the red on the face 
confined to a spot under the eye. 


a"', Feathers of the chin and throat entirely 
margined with white or burly 
white; tail barred equally rufous and [p. 396. 
black bracJiyurus^ tfad., 

b'". Feathery of the chin and throat margined 
with white only on the apical 
portion ; tail narrowly barred with [p. 399. 
Black gularis <S ad., 

£". 
Feathers of the chin and throat unicolorous 
with the tmderparts; apical third (or 
more) of the tail-feathers black ; eye en- [p. 401. 
tirely surrounded with red ladiostts S ad., 

B. 
Above dark brown, narrowly barred with rufous, 
with red spot under the eye. 
ef. Larger: length 8 3 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 
5 ; the central stripe on the feathers of the 
chin and throat darker than the underparts* 
head and neck much lighter than the body; [p. 402. 
upper parts distinctly barred fokiensis <$ ad., 

d}. Smaller : length 7*5 inches, culmen 1, wino* 
4*5; centres of the feathers of the chin and 
throat unicolorous with the underparts • 
head and neck only slightly lighter than the 
body; the rufous barring on the back and [p, 403. 
rump almost obsolete , holroyditf ad.t 

1. Micropternus phaeoceps. 
Picus rufus 
(non Gonel), Gray, BLardw. 111. Ind. Zool. pi. xxix.fig*.2 
(1821-22). 
Meiglyptes badius (non Maffi.), Sodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. 1844, 

p. 85. 
Micropternus phaioceps, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. pp. 195, 551 (1845) • 
id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 60 (1849); Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zijgod. 

p. 9 (1854); Tytler, Ann. fy Mag. Nat. Hist. 1854, p. 367; 
Reichenb. Scans. Bicina, p. 403, no. 939, pi. dclvii. fig. 4373 $, 
* I have not entered the females of the species in the Key. They differ 
from the males solely in the absence of red on the face. 
t In the extreme north of Tenasserim 'where this species meets M. phasoceps, 
it is very probable that they interbreed, individuals occurring which possess 
the characters of both species. It is almost an impossibility to determine these 
birds and I have included them in the species to which I think they are 
most nearly related. 

394 TICKLE. 

pi. dclviii. fig. 43775(1854); Eorsf. § Moore, Cat. B. E.I Co. 
Mus. ii. p. 667 (1856-58) ; Jercl B. Inch i. p. 294 (1862) ; Gray, 
Cat. Mamm. fyc. Nepal pres. Eodgs. p. 64, no. 488 (1863); Jerd. 
Ibis, 1872, p. 10; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. xliii. p. 176 (1874) ; 
Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 892 ; Hume, i. c. p. 472; id. £ Gates, op. eit 
1875, p. 72: Blyth # Wold. B. Burm. p. 77 (1875); Gammie, 
Str. F. 1876, p. 511• Hume, op. cit. 1877, p. 4bO ; id. op. eit. Ib78, 

li. pp. 145, £01: Ball, op. cit. 1878, ^ii. p. 206, Cripps, t, c. p. 262; 
Scully, op. cit. 1879, pp. 249%36o. 
Meiglypted bracliyurus {non Vieill.), Gray, Cat. Mamm. 8fc. Sepal 
pres. Hoch/s. p. 117 (1846). 
Phaiopicos blytkii, Malh. liev. et Mag.Zool. 1849? p. 534. 
Meifirlypto^ phaioeeps, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 22 (1849); id. List 

Field. Brit. Mus. p. 124 (1868) j id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 203, no. 8b40 

(1870). 
Meiglyptes rufinotus, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 113 (1850). 
Phaiopicus ruiinotu^, Malh. Ficidm, ii. p. 1. pi. xlvi. %s. 1, 2 (1862). 
Micropternus piiseoceps, Bearan, Ibis, 1865, p. 411; Bulger, op. eit. 

lb(/J, p. 157 j Hume, Str. F. Ib70, p. b6; id. op. cit. Ibk), p. 112 j 
Bingham, t. c. p. 164; Gates, op. eit. 1882, x, p. 192 ; id. B. Brit. 
Burnt, ii. p. 57 (1883); Ilargitt, Ibis, lNio, p. S; Sakad. Ann. 
Mus. Civ. Star. Sat. Genova, Ibbl, p. 5b0, Ib&B, p. 508; Hone, 
Str. J^xLp. 64(18b8). 

Picus rufinotus, Sundev. Consp. Av. Fici?L p. 88 (1866); Giebel, Thes. 

Om. iii. p. 178 (1876). 
Micropternub burmanicus, Hume, F. A. S. B. 1872, pp. 70, 71. 
Micropternus rufinotus, Godw.-Ausi. J. A. S. B. 1870, p. 70. 
Micropternus bracliyurus (non Vieill.), Tiraui, Ois. Basse Cochin-

chine, p. 90 (1879), 

Adult male. General colour rufous, the top of the head dusky 
brown; above, including wings and tail and their coverts, entirely 
and narrowly barred with black, the bars on the tail much narrower 
than the interspaces; the tips of the primaries and of the central 
tail-feathers black; shafts of quills clear orange-brown, those of the 
tail-feathers darker and of a dusky-reddish colour; immediately 
below the eye a crimson spot; feathers of the chin, throat, and 
malar region of the same colour as the underparts, each web margined 
with pale ochreous; underparts with only a few black bars 
on the flanks and thighs, and the under tail-coverts having some 
almost obsolete bars of black: under wing-coverts with only a few 
transverse black spots. Total length 8*5 inches, culm en 1-18, wing 
4*9, tail 2*5, tarsus 0-9 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*72, 
outer posterior 0*68, inner anterior 0*5, inner posterior 0*28. 

Adult female. Eesembles the adult male, but wants the red spot 
below the eye. Total length 8 inches, culmen 1*07, wing 4*75, tail 
2*6, tarsus 0*85. 

Younger birds have the underparts considerably varied with black 
crescentic markings. The soft parts in this species are as follows:— 
" irides brown; eyelids plumbeous ; bill dark brown, nearly black, 
plumbeous at base of lower mandible; inside of mouth rosy fleshy; 
legs and feet greyish brown; claws horn-colour " (E W. Gates). 

Hah. North-eastern India (extending west to Dehra Dhoon) and 

29. MICROPTEKNTJP. 39 5 
Central India; Assam ; Cachar and Manipur; southwards through, 
the Burmese Provinces as far as Moulmein; Siam, Cambodia, and 

Cochin China. 

a. $ ad. sk. 
b, c. S ad. sk. 
d. $ ad. sk. 
e. c? ad. sk. 
/ . c? ad. sk. 

g. J ad. sk. 
h. <^ad. sk. 
i. 2 ad. sk. 
k, I, m. 3 ad.; n~q. 
2 ad. et juv. sk. 
r, s. S 2 ad. sk. 

t. d ad. sk. 
u. 2 ad. sk. 
v. 2 ad. sk. 
w. c5"ad. sk. 
.r. § ad. s^* 

y,s. J ad.; «',&'. 2 
ad. et imm. sk. 
o'. 6 ad.; d'. 2 
juv. sk. 
e'-A'. tfad.; fcv-ft'. 

2 ad. sk. 
</. 2 ad. sk. 
p'-s^ad.etimin.; 

t'y u'. 2 ad.etinim. 
sk. 
«'. cJad.sk. 

w'. d"ad. sk. 

rf^y'-<$ 2a(^-s^* 

z'. tfad. sk. 
a", b". chimin, sk. 

c". cf ad. sk. 

«?",«",/". tfad.et 
imm.; #". 2 ad.sk. 
h", i". tfad. sk. 

kn 

. 2imm-gk. 

r , m", w". d ad.; 
</>",?". 2 ad. 
et imm. sk. 

r". 6 ad. sk. 

India (Jerdon), 
Dehra Dhoon, Nov. 1870. 
Eastern Dhoon. 
Mugdagnee River, Gurhwal, 


March 1,1870 (J". Blackett). 
Kumaon Bhabur, March 18, 

1871. 
Kumaon. 
Kumaon (Strachey). 
Naini Tal. 
Nepal. 

Nepal (B. H. Hodgson).
Behar.
Tirhoot Dist, April 23,1869.
Bengal.
Bengal.


Gould Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
flume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
India Museum. 

Pinwill Coll. 
Hodgson Coll. 

 India Museum. 
Hodgson Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 
India Museum. 

(Type of P. rwfinotus, Malh.) 

Kasbargur, Maunbhoorn, April1804 (72. C. Beavan). 
Dacca. 

Native Sikhim, July 1874 (X. 

Mandelli). 

Sikhim, Dee., Jan., Feb., April, 

May (L. Mandelli). 
Sikbim (J". Biddulph). 
Darjeeling, Feb., March. 


Buxa Boars, Feb. 1878 {L. 
Mandelli). 

Bhotan Doars, Feb. 1873 (X. 

Mandelli). 

N. Khasia Hills, Feb. 1876 
(A. W. Chennell). 
Assam. 
Tippook, March, April (/. 


Cockburn). 
Dollah, April 26, 1877 (J. 
Cockburn). 

Dibrughur, May, June, Sept. 

(J. R. Cripps). 
Manipur, Feb., March (A. . 
0. £[.). 
Tipperah, Jan. 1871. 
Tonghoo, Nov., Feb. (22. G. 
W.B.). 

Thayetmyo. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

(Type of M. burmamcus, Hume.) 
8n,t'*.<S $ ad.sk. Pegu Hills, April 1873 (U. Hume Coll 

W. Oates). 
oyt> 
PICTD2E. 

u". dad.sk. Pegu, Dec. 24, 1873 (JR. G. Tweeddale Coll 

W. It.). 
v". S ad.; w"9 x". Bassein, Pegu. W. T. Blanford, 
$ ad. ak. Esq. [P.]. 
y". tfad. sk. Tenasserim, Jan. 17, 1877 ( W. Tweeddale Coll. 
Limborg). 
z", a3. (S ? ad sk. Thoungyeen River, Oct., Feb. Hume Coll. 

(C. T. Bingham). 
P-e3. <$ ad. et imm.; Kaukaryit, June, July, Aug., Hume Coll. 
f3. $ad. sk. Sept. (J. Darling), 
g^. Jacl.sk. Thatone, Jan. (W. Davison). Hume Coll. 
h\ J ad. sk. Moulmein, Dec. (TV. Davison). Hume Coll. 
rK Bones of trunk. 

Subsp. a. Mcroptenms braclyitrus. 

Picus brachyurus, Vieill N. Diet. dJHist. Nat. xxvi. p. 103 (1318) ; 
Bonn. $ Vieill. Enc. Meth. p. 1324 (1823) ; Wagl. Syst Av. Picus, 
sp. 71 (1827); Drap. Diet. Class. Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 505 (1828); 
Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 89 (1800). 

Picus badius, liaffl. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 289 (1822) ; Sundev. 

Consp. Av. Picin. p. 00 (1800). 
Heniicircus badius, Eyton, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 100. 
Micropternus badius, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 551 (1845); id. Cat. 

B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 61 (1849); Peichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 403, 
no. 940, pi. dclviii. fig. 4374 (1854) ; Horsf. 8? Moore, Cat. B. E.I. 
Co. Mus. p. 060 (lfc50~58); Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 319; Ttceedd. 
Ibis, 1877, p. 289; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xiv. p. 184 
(1879); Nicholson, Ibis, 1881, p. 141; id. op. cit. 1882, p. 55. 
Meiglyptes brachyurus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 22 (1849); Bp. 
Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 113 (1850); Gray, list Picid. Brit. Mus. 

p. 125 (1868) ; id. Hand4. B. ii. p. 203, no. 8843 (1870). 
Phaiopieos brachyurus, Malh. N. Classify Mem. Acad. Metz, 184849, 
p. 337; id. Rev. Zool. 1849, p. 536. 
Micropternus gularis (pt.), JReichenb. Sca7is. Picince, p. 403, no. 941, 
pi. dclviii.figs. 4375-4370, $ d (1854). 
Micropternus brachyurus, 
Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 9 (1854); 
Gray, List Gen. 1855, p. 94; Sioliczka, J. A. S. B. 1870, p. 293 ; 
Hume, Str. F. 1877, pp. 480, 481; id. q- Davison, op. cit. 1878, vi. 

p. 145 ; Hume, op. cit. 1879, pp. 52, 88; Muller, Orn.Ins, Salanga, 
p. 72 (1882); Oates, B. Brit Burm. ii. p. 58 (1883); Hargitt, 
Ibis, 1885, p. 10 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 279. 
Phaiopicus brachyurus, Malh. Picidm, ii. p. 5, pi. xlvL figs. 4, 5 

Picus squamigularis, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 89 (1866). 
Meiglyptes badius, Gray, List Picid. B?it. Mus. p. 12(5 (1868); id. 
Hand4. B. ii. p. 203, no. 8845 (1870). 
Meiglyptes squamigularis, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 126 (1868); 
id. Hand~l B. ii. p. 203, no. 8844 (1870). 

Adult male. General colour rufous, the back and rump with 
crescentic markings or bars of black, the upper tail-coverts, scapulars, 
wing-coverts, and quills barred with black; shafts of quills 
brown; tail entirely and narrowly barred with black, the bars 
well defined and rather less in width than the interspaces; shafts 

29 . MICKOPTEKKTFS. 
blackish brown; feathers of the forehead and crown centred with 
dusky brown; immediately below the eye a patch of crimson; 
feathers of the chin, throat, and malar region very dark brown, 
entirely margined with dull buffy white, some of the feathers 
having a pale rufescent basal shaft-streak; under surface of the 
body with a few almost obsolete black bars on the flanks and thighs, 
the under tail-eoverts similarly marked; under -^ing-coverts 
transversely spotted with black: " irides reddish brown; upper 
mandible black; lower mandible black at tip, and behind dirty 
white; legs and feet grey" (H. 0. Forbes). Total length 7*5 
inches, culmen 1*05, wing 4*25, tail 2-25, tarsus 0-83; toes 
(without claws)—outer anterior 0-62, outer posterior 0*57, inner 
anterior 0*47, inner posterior 0*25. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red 
patch under the eye. Total length 7 inches, culmen 1, wing 4*2, 
tail 2-05, tarsus 0*8. 

Immature birds have the head lighter, and the feathers of the 
chin and throat of a less dark brown. In very young specimens the 
dark centres to these feathers are of a still paler brown, and the 
dark centres of the occipital feathers have a spotted character., 
I have seen an example of a young female in which the rufous 
nuchal feathers were tinged with red; but this would appear to be 
of very unusual occurrence, and I regard it as purely accidental. 

Hob, Tenasserim Province * ; Malayan Peninsula, including the 
island of Salanga, south to Singapore; Sumatra, Bangka, and 
Java. 

a. S 
&d. sk. Tenasserim. J. C. D. Packman, 
Esq. [P.]. 
h. <S ad. sk. Tenasserim, March 28, 1877 Tweeddale CoU. 
(W. Limborg). 
c. 
5 ad-; & Pahpoon, Jan. 13, 1874 (W. Hume OolL 
Davison),
imm. sk. 

Beeling, Feb. 11, 
1876 (W. Hume ColL 

e. 2 a#-sk» 
Davison). 

/, <7, h. <J ad. Kaukaryit, Jan., Aug., Sept. Hume Coll. 
h} I $ ad. et 
imm. sk. 

m. 
$ ad. sk. Wimpong, Dec. 9, 1876 (W. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 
n. 
$ ad. sk. Thatone, Dec. 17, 1876 (W. Hume Coll. 
Davison), 
o. S iflnm. sk. Hoimgthraw R, Jan. 8, 1877 Hume Coll. 
(W. Davison), 
p. 
$ ad.; q. Myawadee, Jan. 20, 1877 (W. Hume Coll. 
imm. sk. Davison). 
r. S 
ad. sk. Moulmein, Nov. 27, 1876 (TV. Hume Coll. 
Davison), 
* In the extreme north the species probably interbreeds with M. ph&oceps, 
which also occurs there, birds possessing intermediate characters being often 
found. 
398 PICIDJB. 
8 tm d ad.; K- Amherst, Dec, Jan.? March, Hume C II 


v 2 a&s^*
a, V. d ad. et
JjuT.; V, c\
Q Irani, sk, 
#-/*'. d ad. et


iinm. : /'->•'.
Q ad. et inim. 

5'. d imm. sk.

t\ J ad. sk.

ti o*. 6 ? ad. *>k.

w'-z\ <$ &&\d\
b'% c". 2 ad,
et imm. sk. 

d". J ad.; «".
cf imm. skf'y 
/'* c? »<!• ^


»r. d ad. sk.

t", &". cf ju?- *&

£% ?»". ? ad. etimm. sk. 
«rf. J imm, ftk.

ort-r"* Jasl.; afl


y. J ad. *k.
z". d ^d,; a . £
imm. sk.
b1-^* d ad. etimm. \f*-P* Jad. sk. 

#»-»*. d ad. etimm.; v\ j>*.
$ ad. et Imm. 

sk. 
gV*3* d $ad. .4c.
s3-?*. d ad.; ic3


d*. J ad. et 
imm. sk. 
c4. S ad.; ^4.
d imm. sk. 

e\ 2 &&* B^


f^y <f-d ad.; h\
«*. $ ad. »LA;*,/*. d 2 ad. sk.

mK 2 ad. sk.
n4. 5 ad. sk.
0% pK $ ad. et

imm. &k. 

J"lll2e

 ( ^ Davison I. 
Meeta #Myo, April 1S74 (JK H^ufCuU. 

Dauiaon). 

 Tavuy. March, April, May * If"", Ha u C IL 
Davison). 

 Nwalabo. March 27. 1^7* I ft*. 11 *i-* » **. 

 Merj-ui. Dtc. 2, W 4 I If".

Du*i*jn K 

 Pak<-lan, Jan. Ib75 I If"". Drf 


sun l. 

 Bankasjun, April Jmw i Jr.

 Dawonu 

 MaU*wa>m, Apiii W 7 III"

 Daemon h 

 Ko^oum, April, May 1 J. />>##•/


 Taroar, Feb. 7f Wi* iX IhtrL

 Tapr.tw, April 4, 1*70 (/. /*irf


Penant% I>»*c Oi l D*ni*mku

 Killan, Salanjror*-, Jan. i*i*,

1^0 f IF. lMifi<M . 
Klantr* Jan., Feb., March, Apt"J, 
^ July {If**. Datum). 
Salan/«*rt% XI#T. 1*75* IIH

 Darixtm). 

 II * -•-<-' * I. 
II * «*- *" *i. 
H^iu f * II. 

ilmii i" 11 

 Hvn i * »IL 
Hi.* HI 
1! in.* < * II. 
II HI*** <' H. 

 11 .m <' II 
Haiti* I 111 
HuaA* f* !L 
Malacca, Jan., July, Aii^. | ft". Hiiiite <f»?H, 

Davison). 
Malacca, An/. 1-573 (It 
JF. -&). 

 Malacca (Dn Afmngay). 
Malacca (2>r. Cantor).

 Malacca (A Jt. IfW#«4

 (i*

 TvHo Seban, Malacca, "Dec. 13,167*1 {W. Dtivimm h 
Gunnonjr Pulai, Joliore, Aug. 
1*79 (lfr. Durituu % 
SinprajKire Island, Feb*, Au^

(Fl". Daci&m). 
Sumatra (Raffle*). 
Sumatra. 
Sumatra, Aug. (Car/ itodfc).

 Tw*d In!" I* 11 


 Twrnldal** V II 
India Mu^*iuu. 


 GuuldTolL 
Humt* I Ml 
lliiuii* IJ11IL 

 Ilimii* T ill. 

 India Mu*«'tmi. 
Waikiv I \>!L 

 Twt^ddalv Cull 

29 . 1TICE0PTEENUS. 
399 

q\ r*, sK 2 ad.
&k. 
Lainpong, S.E. Sumatra 
C. Buxton). 
(E. Tweeddale Coll. 
t*. 2 ad. sfc. Billiton. Tweeddale Coll. 
u\ <3 ad. sk. [Java.] Tweeddale Coll. 

2. Mcropternus gularis. 
Micropternus gularis, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xiii. p. 139 (1844); Blyth, 
J. A. S. B. 1840, p. 17; id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soe. p. 61 (1849); 
Bp. Consp. Voluer. Zygod. p. 9 (1854, pt); ReicJienb. Scans. 
Pidnte, p. 403, no. 941, pL dclviii. figs. 4375-4376, 9 <$ (18-54): 
Jerd. B. Lid. I p. 294 (18m) • Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 297 ; Hume, 
Str. F. 1873, p. 434; Blanf. Ibis, 1874, p. 92; Legge, Str. F. 
Ife75, p. 201; id. Ibis, 1875, p. 283; Fairbanh, Sir. F. 1876, 
pp. 255, 265; Hume, op. cit. 1877, pp. 480, 481; id. op. eit. 1879, 
p. 88; Legge, B. CetjL p. 200 (1880); Butl Cat. B. S. Bomb. 
Presid. p. M (1880) ; Vidal, Str. F. 1880, p. 53; Butt. t. c. p. 386 ; 
Davison, Sir. F. x. p. 356 (1883) ; Hargitt, Ibis, 1885, p. 7. 
Pliaiopicos jerdoni, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, 

p. 338; id. Mev. Zool. 1849, p. 535. 
Meiglyptes 
gularis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 22 (1849); Bp. 
Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 113 (1850); Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. 

p. 125 (18G8); id. Eand-l. B. ii. p. 203, no. 8841 (1870). 
Micropternus phaioceps (non Blyth), Layard, Ann. ty Mag. Naf. 
Mist 2nd ser. xiii. p. 450 (1854). 
Phaiopieua jerdoni, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 3, pi. xlvii. figs. 1, 2, 3 

Picus gularis (non Waal.), pt, Sundev. Consp. Av. PIG' 
(1866). 

Adult male. General colour rufous, the top of the head, also the 
chin and throat, browner, the feathers of the chin and throat having 
a dark brown crescent-shaped subapieal marking, the apical margin 
being whitish; immediately below; the eye a patch of crimson; 
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts with almost obsolete narrow 
black bars, the wings narrowly but distinctly barred with black, 
the tips of the outermost quills black; shafts of quills reddish brown ; 
tail with narrow and incomplete bars of black, the shafts brown; 
entire under surface of the body and the under tail-coverts uniform, 
with the exception of some almost obsolete black bars on the flanks 
and thighs; under wing-coverts barred with black. Total length 
9 inches, culmen 1*25, wing 5, tail 2-6, tarsus 0*9 * toes (without 
elaws)—outer anterior 0*7, outer posterior 0*6, inner anterior 0*55, 
inner posterior 0*23. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red 
spot under the eye: "bill dull black; legs, feet, and claws the 
same, bat tinged with plumbeous • irides deep brown" (W. Davison). 
Total length 8*5 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 4*8, tail 2*4, 
tarsus 0*88. 

Hah. The Peninsula of India and Ceylon; the most northerly 
range appears to be South Konkan. 

a. $ ad. sk. 
b. $ inim. sk. 
c. J ad. sk. 
d. $ ad. sk. 
e. $ ad. sk. 
f,g. 6 ? ad. sk. 
/j. <£ ad. sk. 

i. 2 ad. sk. 
k. <S ad. sk. 
/, m. $ ad.; w, 
o, 2 ad. sk. 
JP, ?• c? 2 a<i-s^« 
r, a. d1 imm. sk. 

t, <$ ad. sk. 
«. 2 ad. sk. 

v. 5 ad. sk. 
to. 2 ad. sk. 
x. cf ad. sk. 
y. <? ad. sk. 
2. 2 ad. sk. 
a!, b', c'. cS ad.; 
j-gr. 2ad.sk. 

K. 2 ad. sk. 
i\ ¥. c? ad.; Zr. 
2 ad.; m'; ri. 
Juv. sk. 

of. J ad. sk 
p'. <$ ad. sk. 
q\ r\ <$ ad.; $\ 

PICID-2B. 

[Assam] (McClelland). 
Ratnaghiri, April 17, 1878 (J. 
Armstrong). 
G-oliagar, S. Konkan, March 18? 
1879 (G. Vidal). 
Pewe, S. Konkan, April 2, 
1879 (G. FwZaQ. 
Purdaria, N. Oanara, Itfay 3, 
1877 (J3T. C. JflOTfi«j. 
Madras. 

Madras. 
Madras. 
Seegore G-hat. 
Wynaad, April, May ( W. Davi


son). 

Malabar. 
Cannanore, Oct. 1882 (JR. G, 

W. MJ), 
Calicut, Jan. 9,1883 (Haines). 
Calicut. 
Nilghiris, June 9,1874. 
Ootacamund, Feb. 7, 1881 (TV. 
Davison). 

Tippokardu, foot of ^ilghiris, 

May 25,1881 (W. Damscm). 
Burliar, July. 
Kullar. 

Anjango, Travancore, Dec. 


Ceylon. 
Ceylon (H. Nevitt), 


Ceylon, Feb. 1872. 
Ceylon, June 29,1876. 
Ceylon, April, Nov. (S. Chap


India Museum *. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Rev. H. H. Baber 

India Museum. 

W. Elliott, Esq. [P.], 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll, 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coil. 
Hume Coll. 

Gould Coll 
Tweeddale Coll. 


Hume Coll. 
Gol. Leorge [P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll 


Juy. sk. man). 

3. Mcropternus "badiosns. 
Meiglyptes badiosus, Temm. Mm. JLugd.; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. 
p. 113 (1850) j Sclater, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 210; Gray, List Find. 
Brit. Mm. p. 126 (1868); id. JHandnl. JB. ii. p. 203, no. 8646 
(1870). 
Micropternus 
badiosus, Bp. Consp. Voluer. Zygod. p. 9 (1854); 
JReicJienb. Scans. Picinm, p. 404, no. 942 (1854); Salvad. Ucc. Born, 

p. 58 (1874) ; Sharps, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 103; Hume, Sir. F. 1877, 
pp. 480, 481; Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 243 ; id. P. Z. S.1881, p. 792; 
id. Ibis, 1883, p. 89; Bias. Verhandl. zool.-bot. Geselhch. Wien, 
1883, p. 32; JEargitt, Ibis, 1885, p. 6. 
* I cannot place this specimen anywhere but under the present species. If 
the labelling be correct, I am unable to account for the species reappearing in 
Assam; for my own part I rather doubt it? and think there has been some 
mistake. The Assam species is M. phmoceps. 
29 . MICE0PTEE1TTJS. 
40 1 
Phaiopicus badiosus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 6 (1882). 
Picus badiosus, Simdev. Camp. Av. Picin. p. 91 (I860): GiebeL Thes. 
Orn. iii. p. 148 (1876). 

Adult male. General colour rufous, slightly dusky on the top of 
the head; back, rump, scapulars, and -wing-coverts sometimes 
nearly uniform, but more often considerably barred with black; quills 
narrowly barred with black, the tips of the primaries black• shafts 
brown; upper tail-coverts distinctly barred across both webs, but 
in extremely old birds there exists a broken intermarginal line on the 
apical half, the basal half having an irregular and broad shaft-stripe 
or broken bars of black; tail black, the basal half narrowly barred 
with rufous, shafts black; the feathers of the entire orbital region 
tipped with crimson; the feathers of the chin, throat, and malar 
region of the same colour as the underparts, but margined (except 
at the tip) with whitish ; underparts almost entirely uniform, with 
only the faintest trace of blackish transverse markings on the flanks, 
thighs, and under tail-coverts: under wing-coverts and axillaries 
unspotted: " iris dull red" (Doria). Total length 7*5 inches, 
culmen 1-03, wing 4*25, tail 2*15, tarsus 0*83; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*63, outer posterior 0*57, inner anterior 
0*55, inner posterior 0*15. 

Adult female. Eesembles the male, but wants the red on the 
orbital region. Total length 7*2 inches, culmen 1*05, wing 4*23, 
tail 2-25, tarsus 0*83. 

The young are duller on the underparts as well as upon the chin 
and throat, and the white edging to the feathers of the latter parts 
is not so well defined ; the upper parts are almost entirely uniform, 
as in the adult. 

Labuan examples of this species are very dark. A male in the 
Collection has the occipital feathers tipped with dull crimson, but 
this is apparently only individual variation. 

Hah. Borneo *. 

a. $ ad. sk. [Sumatra] (Mm. Lugd.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
h. Juv. sk. Borneo. 
Wallace Coll. 
c. <S acl. sk. 
Sarawak. Wallace Coll. 
d. 
<$ ad. sk. Simunjon, Sarawak [A. Tweeddale Coll. 
Everett). 
e,f. 
<$ $ ad. sk, Labuan {II. Low). R. Bowdler Sharpe, 
Esq. [P.], 

g. £ ad. sk. Labuan. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
h. $ ad. sk. Tegora, N.E. Borneo (H. Tweeddale Coll. 
Everett). 
L 2 ad. sk. Elonura. Rev. H. Frere [P.]. 

k. 5 ad.sk. Banjarmassing {J. Motley). Tweeddale Coll. 
* The Collection contains an example, from the Leiden Museum, said to 
have been obtained in Sumatra. I have examined the Sumatran Micropternim 
the above Museum, and they are all M. braohyim®. I think there has been 
some mistake in labelling the above-mentioned specimen. 
VOL. XVIIT. 
2 D 

402 
PICIDJE. 

4. Micropteruus fokiensis. 
Brachypteraus badins (non Paffi.), Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 267. 
Brachypternus fokiensis, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 87 ; id. Ibis, 1868, 

p. 63. 
Micropternus fokiensis, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 267; id. op. cit. 
1871, p. 393; David $ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 54 (1877); JKargitt, 
Ibis, 1885, p. 12; Styan, op. cit. 1887?>p. 229. 

Picus 
fokiensis, Sundev. Consp. Ai\ Piein. p. 91 (1806); Giebel, 
Thes. On?, iii. p. 154(1876). 
Meiprlvptes fokiensis, Gray, List Picid. Brit Mm. p. 126 (1868); id. 
Handrl B. ii. p. 203, no. 8847 (1870). 
Micropternus braehyurus (pt.)» Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 481. 

Adult male. Upper back uniform dark brown ; middle and lower 
back, rump, scapulars, and wing-coverts blackish brown, narrowly 
barred with rufous; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish 
brown, barred with rufous; quills barred brownish black and 
rufous on both webs; shafts reddish orange on the rufous portion 
of the web, and blackish where the feather is crossed by a black 
bar; the shafts of the inner quills blackish brown ; upper tail-
coverts barred black and rufous; tail rufous, crossed by five bars of 
black, these bars being rather narrower than the rufous interspaces 
; shafts reddish or purplish brown ; lores, forehead, crown 
and occiput, sides of the face, and upper neck brownish buff, the 
feathers having dark-brown central stripes ; below the eye a patch 
of crimson; bind neck and lower side of the neck more rufous than 
the head, the feathers having similar central stripes ; chin and 
throat buff, each feather centred with a very dark brown stripe; 
fore neck and chest rufous; entire under surface of the body dark 
brown, the flanks and thighs barred with rufous; under tail-coverts 
dull rufous, with either an intermarginal blackish line or transverse 
and other varied blackish markings; under wing-coverts rufous 
varied wiih black. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1*12, wing 5*1, 
tail 2*8, tarsus 0-9; toes (without claws)-—outer anterior 0*7, outer 
posterior 0*7, inner anterior 0*55, inner posterior 0*23. 

Swinhoe's type of the male is apparently a bird not fully adult, 
and the soft parts are given as follows:—" bill bluish grey, with 
more or less greenish yellow on the lower mandible 5 iris reddish 
brown ; legs and claws greenish slaty " (Swinhoe). 


Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red 
patch under the eye. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 
4*95, tail 2-95, tarsus 0-85. 


Nestling. In general coloration and marking almost identical with 
the adult, but differing in having the upper back barred black and 
dull rufous, the striations on the throat of a less dark brown, and 
the under wing-coverts almost uniform pale rufous. 


Hab. Eastern China (Fokien), and possibly south into the northern 
part of Cochin China *. 


* A specimen of M. fokiensis, said to be from Cochin China ( Verreaux), is 
in the Leiden Museum. It is probably confined to the north. 
30 . BEACHYPTEENTJS, 403 
a, b. <$ ad.- c, d. Fokien, China.
$ ad. et juv. sk. 
e. tf ad. sk. Fungan, OMna. 
Gould Ooll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
5. Idicropternns holroydi. 

Micropternus holroydi, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 95 ; id. P. Z. S. 1871, 

p. 393; David $* Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 54 (1877) ; JBfargitt, Ibis, 
1885, p. 15. 
Picus holroydi, Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 159 (1876). 

Adult male. General colour brown or rufous brown, the upper 
parts dark brown with, narrow and almost obsolete lighter rufous 
barring; wings and their coverts barred with black, the shafts 
reddish to dark brown ; tail and the coverts barred with black, the 
bars on the former not exceeding six, and slightly narrower than 
the rufous interspaces; shafts reddish brown; the feathers of the 
head and neck dark brown with paler margins, those under and 
behind the eye tipped with crimson; the centres of the throat-
feathers unicolorous with the underparts; the underparts almost 
entirely uniform rufous brown, the thighs and the under tail-coverts 
barred rufous and black: under wing-coverts with bar-like spots of 
black, the axillaries striped with black: "irides ochreous white; 
bill deep bluish grey, with the greater part of the lower mandible 
and edge of the upper mandible greenish yellow; legs and claws 
slate-colour tinged with green" (Swinhoe). Total length 7*5 
inches, culmen 1, wing 4*5, tail 2-4, tarsus 0*85; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*65, outer posterior 0*62, inner anterior 0*47, 
inner posterior 0*2. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the crimson spot 
under the eye. Total length 7*5 inches, culmen T05, wing 4*75, 
taH 2-45, tarsus 0-87. 

Hah. Island of Hainan. 

a. <$ ad. sk. 
Hainan, Feb. 1868. Consul Swinhoe [O.]. 
b. S 
ad. sk. Hainan, Feb. 1868 (JR. Sivin- Tweeddale Coll. 
hoe). 
30. BEACHYPTERNUS. Type 
Brachypternus, Strickl. Ann. fy Mag. Nat. Hist. 1841, 

p. 35 B. aurantius. 
Brachypternopicus, Malh. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 404 B. puncticollis. 
Brahmapicus, Malh. Mim. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, 
p. 334 ,... . 
B. aurantius. 
Range. Throughout India and Ceylon. 

Key to the Species. 

A. 
Above golden yellow or orange, sometimes 
" tinged with red. 
a'. Chin, throat, fore neck, and malar 
region black, striped with white. 
a". 
Top of the head and crest red aurantius $ ad., p. 405. 
2D2 

404 
PICTD-S!. 

b". Crest (only) red. 
a'". Forehead and crown witli rather 
elongated triangular spots of white, aurantius $ ad., p. 406. 
b'". Forehead and crown uniform 
black aurantivs 5 juv., p. 406. 

b'. Chin, throat, fore neck, and malar region 
black spotted with white, the feathers 
of the chin and throat having a basal 
bar of v>hite. 


c". Top of the head and crest red puncticoilis d ad., p. 408. 

d". Crest (only) red; forehead and 
crown black, with rounded spots of 
white puncticoilis § ad., p. 408. 

B. 
Above entirely bright red. 
c". Crown and crest red erytkronotus 3 ad., p. 410. 
d'. Crest (only) red; forehead and crown 
black, spotted with white erytkronotub J ad., p. 411. 

1. Brachyptenras aurantius. 
Le Pic du Cap de Bunne Evperance, Bris*. Orn. iv. p. ft, pi. \i. 
n>. 1, cf (17<)0). 
lie Pic vercl de Bengal, Briss. Orn. iv. p. 14, $ (1760); Daubent. PL 
Enl. 605, §. 

Picus aurantius, Linn. Synt. Nat. i. p. 174, <$ (1766) ; Can. Si/M. Nat. 
I p. 4-30 (1788); Lath. Lid. Orn. i. p. 237 (1700); Sfeph. Gen. 
Zool.ix.y. 195, 3 (1815); Bonn. $ VieilL Etic. Mith. iii. p. 1305, 

.tf(1823). 

Picus bengalenaib, Linn. Syst. Nat i. p. 175, $ (1766); dm. Syst. 
Natl p.433, § (1788); Lath. Lnd. Orn. i. p. 235 (1790); Steph. 
Gen. ZooL ix. p. 185, pi. xxxv. $ (1815); VieilL X Diet, d'Hist 
Nat xxvi. p. 07 (1818); id. $ Bonn. inc. Meth. iii. p. 1320, $ 
(1823) ; Valenc. Bid. Sc. Nat xl. p. 174, <J (1826); Cia\ Begne 
Anim. 1820, i. p. 450; Sundev. SalfcJc, Physiogr, Tidskrift, p. 162 
(1837); id. Ann. $ Mag. Nat. Hist 1846, p. 300; id. Consp. 
Av.Picin.ji.8I (1866). 

The Orange Woodpecker, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 585, no. 32 (1782). 
Picus p^arode*, Lickt. Cat. JRer. Nat Hamb. p. 18, nos. 189, 190, <? 

$ (1793). 
Picus nuchalis, JT agl. Syst. Ai\ Picus, sp. 94, <£ $ (1827). 
Picus chrysonotus, Less. Traite, i. p. 220, 9 (1831); Bp. Consp. Gen. 

Av. i. p. 121 (1850). 
Braehvlopkus hernipodius, Sicains. Classif. B. ii. p. 308, note 

(1837). 
Malacolophus melanochrysos, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. 1837, p. 109. 
Braehvlopkus bengalensis, Jerd. Madr. Journ. 1840, p. 214. 
Brachvpternus aurantius, Stricld. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 31; Blyth, J*. A. 

S. B. 1845, p. 194; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 441 (1846); id. Cat. 
Mamm. &c. Nepal, pres. Hodgs. 1846, p. 117; Blyth, CatB. Mm. 
As. Soc. p. 56 (1849); Reichenb. Scans. Picmce, p. 397, no. 922, 
pi. dcliii. fig. 4348, 5 (1854); Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 10, 
no. 178 (1854); Horsf. $ Moore, Cat B. Mus. ML. Co. ii. p. 654 
(1856-58); Philipps, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 100; Leith-Adams, op. cit 
1858, p. 475,1859, p. 174; Lrby, LUs, 1861, p. 229; Jerd. B. Lnd. 
L p. 295 (1862); Gray, Cat Mamm. $c. Nepal pres. Hodgs. 1863, 
p. 64, nu. 486; Cab. $ Heine, Mus. Hem. iy. p. 169 (1863); 
30 . BRACHYPTEKNUS. 
405 

Beamn, Ibis, 1865, p. 411; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 05 
(1868); Beamn, Ibis, 1869, p. 415; Gray, HancU. B. ii. pf 196, 
no. 8744 (1870); Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. 1870, p. 267; Iloldsw. 

P. Z. S. 1872, p. 428; Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 407; Hume, Sir. F. 
1878, p. 92; Adam, t. c. p. 373; Ball, op. cit. 1874, p. 392 ; Butl. 
op. cit. 1875, p. 458,1876, p. 34; Ball, op. cit. vii. p. 206 (1878); 
Cripps, t. c. p. 263 ; Same, op. cit. 1879, p. 88, no. 180; Butl. Cat. 
B. 8ind §c, BOS. 180,182 (1879); Beid, 8tr. F. x. p. 25 (1881); 
J. Davidson, t c. 1882, p. 298; W. Davison, 8tr. F. 1883, x. 
p. 356; Stvinh. # Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 62. 
Brachypternns igniceps, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 85, no. 172 
(1844). l ' 
Brachypternus dilutus* Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1845, p. 550; Jerd. B. 
Ind. i. p. 297; Cabt fy Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 170 (1863); 
Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 356; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 95 
(1868); id. Hand4. B. ii. p. 196, no. 8749 (1870); Jerd. Ibis, 
1872, p. 10; JSume, t. c. p. 468; Flwes, P. Z. S.1873, p. 675; 
Murray, 8tr. F. vii. p. Ill (1878) ; Hume, op. cit. 1879, p. 88, 
no. 182 ; Sa-ope Doig, t. c. p. 370. 

Brahmapicus aurantius, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 184849, 
p. 345. 
Brachypternus aurantius, yar. dilutus, Blyth. Cat. B. Mus. As. 8oc. 

p. 56 (1849). 
Brachypternus chrysonotus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 10, no. 179 
(1854). 
Brahmapicus bengalensis, Malh, Picidce, ii. p. 93, pi. lxix. figs. 5 S 
.6 J (1862). 

Adult male. Middle back and scapulars deep golden yellow, the 
extreme upper back and hind neck, lower back, rump, and upper 
tail-coverts brownish black; lesser and median wing-coverts black, 
the latter washed with golden olive, the greater series golden olive, 
the whole (except along the forearm) being spotted with buffy 
white or golden white; quills brownish black, the outer webs of 
the secondaries uniform olive-golden, the primaries spotted with 
white upon both webs, the secondaries (except the innermost) 
having the inner webs spotted with white; shafts blackish brown; 
tail-feathers and the shafts black; upper half of loral region and 
the superciliura black, striped with white; forehead and crown 
crimson, the feathers having black bases, the occipital feathers 
crimson, with a white shaft-stripe; sides of the face and neck 
creamy white, behind the eye, and the auricular region striped with 

black; the malar region, chin, throat, and fore neck black broadly 
striped with white; the wbole of the under surface of the body 
buffy white, the feathers margined with black, very broadly so on 
the chest; the upper series of under tail-coverts buffy white 
margined with black, the lower series black with large and irregular 
spots of white; under wing-coverts and axillaries buffy white, the 
former margined with black, the latter barred with the same. 
Total length 11 inches, culmen 1*65, wing 5-6, tail 3-45, tarsus 1*03 ; 

* Founded on the Scinclean bird, which is generally somewhat whiter, but 
not specifically distinct. 
PICIDJS. 

toes (without claws)-outer anterior 0-8, outer posterior 0-76, inner 

anterior 0-6, inner posterior 0-28. >,QTn-T1I, +hp fWhpad 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male 1\^ pXi7cfular soots 
and crown black, with small and rather elongated trmnguLr spots 
of white, the hinder feathers of the crown haying a median stnpe 
Total length 11 inches, culmen 1-58, wmg o-,3, tail 3 W, tarsus 

0*96 - i. 

Male, fledging. Resembles the adult of the same se* in J^™ & 
the crown and crest red, but differs m the chm throat, and fore 
Beck being covered with drop-like spots of dull white on a dusk} 
black ground. „ ,, 

Female, fledging. Differs from the male of the same age m 

having the forehead and crown brownish black the crest alone 

being red. The uniform feathers of the forehead and crown are 

replaced by others of a deep black with an apical triangular spot oi 

white, when the moult takes place. 

Bab. Northern and North-western Provinces of India, westward 

extending from Cashmere into Khandeish, eastward through Bengal 

and into Cachar. 

a, b. $ ad. sk. 
c. (S ad. sk. 
d. $ ad.; e. 6* 
Dera Ghazi Khan, March 1872. 
Meeanee, Sindh, Jan. 1855 (Dr. 
H. Gould). 
Shikarpur, Sindh (Griffith). 
Hume Coll. 
Gould ColL 
India Muueum. 
imm. sk. 
/ . <$ ad. sk. 
g, h. S ad.; i9 kf 
I J ad. sk. 
m. <$ ad. sk. 
Shikarpur, Jan. 8, 1872 (A. 
o. jar.). 
SuMmr,Dec. 1871 (A. O. H.). 
Jhelum, Nov. 21, 1871 (A. 
IInine Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
n, o. <$ ad.; p. $ 
ad. sk. 
q. <$ ad. sk. 
r, s. 6* $ ad. sk. 
t. $ ad. sk. 
O. H.). 
Larkhana, Jan. 1872 (A. O. 
IL). 
Jacobabad, Dec. 22, 1871 (A. 
O. H.). 
Hyderabad, Jan. 1878 (E. A. 
Butler). 
N. Guzerat, Dec. 1877 (J2*. E. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
it, v. (S juv. sk. 
w9 #. c? ? ad. sk. 
y. $ ad. sk. 
s, a', 6* ad. sk. 
b\ </. S ? ad. sk.« 
d'. $ ad. sk. 
M. James). 
Mount Aboo, May 22, 1868. 
Meerut. 
Delhi. 
Saharunpur, April. 
Umbala, Feb., Oct. 
Umbala, Feb. 25,1874. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume ColL 
Hume Oc*lL 
Tweeddale ColL 
Hume Coll. 
a',/. d?ad . sk. 
#'. 5 ad. sk. 
Umbala, Feb., March 27,1874. 
Gurhwal Bhabur, Jan. 3, 1870. 
Hume ColL 
Hume ColL 
h'. 6 ad.; i'} 7c'. 
5 ad. sk. 
Dehra Dhoon. Hume Coll. 
T. $ ad. sk. Siwalik Hills, March 1867 Tweeddale ColL 
mr . o* ad. sk. 
(Br. Scott). 
Kumaon (Strachey). India Museum. 

30 . BRACHYPTEKNTTS. 
407 

ri~s'. d ad. et 
juv.; tf-w\ $ 

ad. et juv. ak. 

a'. d ad. sk. 

y\ z'. S ad.; a", 
b". $ ad. sk. 
c". S ad.; d", e". 

cS 2 juv. sk. 
/'. d ad. sk. 

ff». $ad. ;A". d 
imm. sk. 


«". $ ad. sk. 

k", r. d ad.; 
m $ ad. sk. 


}\

n". d ad.; o". 

§ iniro. sk. 

p", g". d ad.; r". 

5 ad. sk. 

$",t". d $ ad.sk. 

u'\ d ad. sk. 

v". ? ad. sk. 

w". $ juv. sk. 

x". 2 ad« s^« 
y". $ ad. sk. 

a", #3. d $ ad. sk. 
63, e3. d $ ad. sk. 
<P,<* dad.;/ 3, 
#r3. $ ad. et 

juv. sk. 

hz 

. <$ ad. sk. 
i\hz. 6 ? ad.sk. 

P. d ad. sk. 
m3, ?fc3. d S ad. 
sk. 
o3. d ad. sk. 
p3. djuv.jjV*3. 

$ ad. et juv. 
sk. 


s3, tf3. d ad.; u. 
J imm, sk. 

Etawah, Jan., Maxell. 

Jhansei, May 9,1868. 

Allahabad, Dec. 18, 1879. 

Oudh. 

Gondah, Oudh (Stockholm.Pin-

will). 

Lucknow, May 1879. 

Lucknow, Dec. 21, 1879 (G.

Heid). 
Behar. 

Nepal. 

Sikhira, Sept., Nov. (L. Man


delli), 
Darjeeling. 
Bhotan (Pemberton). 
Cachar, March 1871. 
Bengal (Falconer)* 

Dacca. 

Maunbhoom, Jan. 1865 (R

. a 

Beavan). 

Calcutta, Feb. 


Calcutta, Feb., May. 


Raipur, Jan., March. 


Jubbulpur Dis't. 


Seoni. 


Kamptee. 
Depalpur, Jan. 1882. 


Khandeish. 
Khandeish, Dec, March (j. 


Davidson). 

Khandeish. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Pinwill Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Colonel Way [P.]. 

Hume Coll. 

Hodgson Coll. 

Hodgson Coll. 

(Types of B. igtiiceps.) 
Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Dr.H.B.flinderP/1. 
Col. Swinhoe [£] . 

India Museum. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

2. Brachypternus puncticollis. 
Brachypternopicus puncticollis, Mctlh Rev. Zool: 1845, p. 405. 

Brachypternus miexopus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1845, p. 194 ; Jerd. Madr. 
Journ. 1845, p. 139; Cab. 8? Heine, Mus. Sein. iv. p. 170 (1863). 
Brachypternopicus chrysonotus {non Less.), Malh. Rev. Zool. 1845, 

p. 404. 
Brachypternus aurantius (non Linn.), Kelaart, Frodr. Cat. p. 128 
(1852); Layard, Ann. $ Mag. Nat Hist 1854, p. 448; Taylor, 
Str. F. x. p. 458 (1887). 

Brachypternus chrysonotus, Reichmb. /Scans. Ficince, p. 398, no. 924, 
pi. dcliii.fig'. 4350, d (1854); Horsf. § Moore, Cat. B. Mus. F. I. 
Co. ii. p. 656 (1856-58); Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 296 (1862); Gray, 

408 
PICIDiB. 

List Picid. Brit. Mm. p. 95 (1868); id. Eand-L B. ii. p. 196, 

no. 8745 (1870) ; Fairb. Str. F. 1876, pp. 255, 265. 

Brahmapicus puncticolli, Malh. Picidm, ii. p. 92, pi. Ixx. figs. 1 ^ , 

2 $ (1862). 

Picus chrysonotus, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 81 (1866). 

Picas puncticollis, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 82 (1866). 

Bracliyptemus puncticollis, Gray, List Picid. Bi*it. Mas. p. 95 
(1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 196, no. 8746 (1870); Holdsic. P. Z. S. 
1872, p. 428; Hume, Str. F. 1876, p. 457; Fairb. op. cit. 1877, 

p. 896; Hume, op. cit. 1879, p. 88, no. 181; Legge, B. Ceylon* 
p. 205, $ S %& (1«Q80): Tidal, Str. F. 18^0, p. &J: Butl t. c. 
p. 386 ; id. Cat. B. S. Bomb. Presid. no. 181 (1880); W. Davison, 
Str. F. x. p. 356 (1883). 
Brachypternus 
intermedins * Legge, Str. F. 1876, p. 242; W7iitef 
op. cit 1877, p. 201; Parker, op. cit. 1880, p. 479 ; id. Ibis, 1886, 

p. 184. 
Adult male. Eesembles B. aurantius, but maybe distinguished by 
having the malar region, chin, throat, fore neck, and chest spotted, instead 
of striped, the feathers of the chin and throat having, in addition 
to the apical triangular white spot, a basal white bar, the two not 
being connected by a white shaft-stripe ; the auricular stripe which 
runs on to the nape is blacker and more marked, and the feathers 
of the rump are margined at the tip with dull olive-golden : " iris 
red; bill blackish, or very dark plumbeous, edges of upper mandible 
paler; legs and feet dull sap-greenish, claws blackish leaden?1 
(IF. V. Legge). Total length 11 inches, culmon 1*62, wing 5*8, 
tail 3*^5, tarsus 1; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*8, outer 
posterior 0*72, inner anterior 0*6, inner posterior 0*18. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the feathers 
of the forehead and crown black, with an apical rounded spot of 
white. Total length 11 inches, culmen 1*62, wing 5'82, tail 3*45, 
tarsus 1*02. 

Young male. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead 
and crown black, the base of the forehead with a few specks of 
brownish white, the occipital crest (only) scarlet; the chin and 
throat want the transverse white markings, and, together with the 
fore neck, have more or less rounded spots of dull white: the 
feathers of the underparts entirely margined with dusky black. 
The feathers of the forehead and crown nest assume their red tips. 

Young female. Eesembles the young male, but has the forehead 
and crown rather browner, and the forehead more distinctly spotted 
with white. In the next stage, the sinciput becomes deep black and 
the feathers have a white apical spot. 

Hah. Southern portion of India, in the west extending up to 
Khandeish. Northern part of Ceylon, south to Trincomalie, and 
west into Eamisserum Island. 

* The reddish-backed Ceylonese forest form, but which, in my opinion, 
cannot be separated either from the yellow-backed Ceylonese bird or from 
B. ptmcticollis of Southern India. It seems to be the connecting-link between 
B. en/fhronotus and the species from Southern India. 
a. <$ ad. sk. 
b. $ juv. j c. J. 
5 ad. sk. 
e,f. <$ J ad. sk. 

30 . BE10HTPTEENUS. 
W. Khandeish, May 1877 (JK. E. 
M. James). 
Khandala, 
Jan., April (8. B. 
Fairbank).

Kelsi, S. Konkan, March 7, 1878 

{G. Vidal). 
(/, h. S 2 ad. sk. Guhagra, S. Konkan, March 4, 

z. <S ad. sk. 
A*. J ad. sk. 

/. $ juv. sk. 
?». $ ad. ; n. § 
imm. st. 

o. (S juv. sk. 
p. 5 ad. sk. 
q. 2 ad. sk. 
r. 
2 ad. sk. 
s. $ ad. j f. <S 
juv. sk. 
z^. c? imm. sk. 

v. <$ ad.; to, x. 
2 ad. &k. 
ij,s. <$ $ ad. sk. 
«'. 2 ad. sk. 

b'. $ ad.; c', (T'. 
2 ad. sk. 
e'-h'. <3 ad.; £'. 

2 ad. sk. 
#, /'. c? 2 ad. sk. 
mf, n't o'. <S ad. ; 

y,<2". ? ad.sk. 

r',s'. tf ad.; f, 
u'. J ad. sk. 
v', w'. <S 2 ad. 

sk. . 
#'. (51 ad. sk. 
y'. 2 ad.sk. 

z'. $ imm.; a". 

2 ad. sk. 
6". (5 ad. sk. 
c". d1 juv. sk. 
d", e". J 2 ad. 

sk. 

1879 (G. Tided). 
Ratnagiri, S. Konkan, Dec. 5,1878 
(<?. Vidal). 
Chiplun, S. Konkan, Dec. 14,1878 

(G. Vidal). 
Madras (B. G. W. 2?.). 
Madras. 
N. Canara, April 15,1876. 
Belgaum (E. A. Butler). 
Segore, Feb. 20, 1881 (W. Bad-
son). 
Mysore, May (W. Davison).

Mysore, Aug. 1878 (i2. G. W.R.). 

Manantoddy, Wynaad, April 6, 
1881 (W* Davison). 
Wynaad, Dec, May ( W. Davison). 

Buiiiar, Nilghiris, Sept. 18G7. 
Kullar, Sept. 15, 1870 (R. G. W. 

E^ . o ,

Ooonoor Ghat, April, Sept. (R. 

G. W. JR.). 
Calient [Barnes). 
Calicut. 
Malabar. 

Anjango, Travancore, Dec. 1872. 

S. India. 
S. India. 
Paumben, Ramisserum Isl., 
March 17, 1875 {A. 0. H.). 
Ceylon. 

Ceylon. 

Ceylon (JET. Nevill). 
Jaffna, Ceylon (F. W. Gordon). 

Hume Coll. 


Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Rev. H. H. Baber 


[P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 

(Types of the species.) 
Gould Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Col. W. V. Legge 
[P.]. 

Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

3. Bradiypternus erythronotus. 
Bengal Woodpecker, var. A, Lath. Gen. JSyn. ii. p. 580 (1782). 
Picus bengalensis, var. /3, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 433 (1788); Lath. 
Lid. Orn. i. p. 235 (1790). 
Picus erythronothos, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvL p. 73 (1818); 
id. £ Bonn. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1307 (1823). 

410 PICID^J. 

Picus neglectus, Wagl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 99 (1827). 
Picus erytkronotos, I)rap. Diet. Class, xiii. p. 498 (1828). 
Picus ceylonus, Cuv. Regne Anion. 1829, i. p. 451. 
Picus sonneratii, Less. Traite, i. p. 221 (1831). 
Brachypternus erythronotus, Strickl P. Z. S. 1841, p. 31; Gray, 


Gen. B. ii. p. 441 (1846); Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 121 (1850); 
id. Consp, Volucr. Zygod. p. 10, no. 180 (1854) ; Reichenb. Scans. 
Picince, p. 398, no. 923, pi. dcliii. fig. 4349, $ (1854) ; Gray, List 
Fieid. Brit. Mus. p. 96 (1868); id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 196, no. 8747 
(1870). 

Brahmapicus erythronotus, Malh. N. Classify Mem. Acad. Metz, 
1848-49, p. 345 ; id. Picidce, ii. p. 90, pi. lxix. figs. 1 $ ad., 2 S 
juv., 3 $ ad. (1862). 

Brachvpternus ceylonus, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 66, no. 251 
(1849) ; Layard, Ann. fy Mag. Nat. Mist. 1854, p. 449 ; JSorsf. $ 
Moore, Cat. B. Mus.E. I. Co. ii. p. 656 (1856-58); Cab. $ Heine, 
Mus. JEein. iv. p. 171 (1863); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 297 ; Holdsio. 

P. Z. S. 1872, pp. 405, 428 : Layard, op. cit. 1873, p. 204; Legge, 
Bis, 1874, p. 15,1875, p. 284; id. Str. F. 1875, p. 202; Hume, 
op. cit vii. p. 369 (1878), 1879, p. 88, no. 182 bis; Legge, B. Ceylon, 
p. 202, $ & $ figd. (1880); Parker, Ibis, 1886, p. 183. 
Picus erythronotus, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 82 (1866). 

Adult male. Back and scapulars crimson, the extreme upper part 
of the back and the hind neck black ; ramp and tipper tail-coverts 
brownish black, the rump-feathers tipped with dull crimson; lesser 
and median wing-coverts brownish black, tipped with dull crimson 
and spotted with pinkish buffy white, the greater series almost 
entirely crimson; quills brownish black, the outer webs of the 
secondaries dull red, those of the primaries spotted with white at 
the base, the inner webs of the quills, except the innermost of all, 
spotted with white; shafts black; tail-feathers and the shafts 
black; the feathers of the forehead and crown and the elongated 
occipital feathers crimson, with black bases ; sides of the face and 
neck black, with two buffy-white stripes, one from above the posterior 
half of the eye and running down the side of the hind neck, 
the other from the base of the upper mandible and passing under 
and to the end of the ear-coverts; the supercilium, loral and malar 
regions spotted with white, the postorbital region being striped with 
the same; the ear-coverts striped with dull white; chin, throat, 
and fore neck black, the feathers of the chin and throat having an 
apical spot and the base white, those of the fore neck having a 
central white spot; entire under surface of the body and under 
tail-coverts buffy or rufescent white, the feathers of the chest and 
breast broadly margined with black, which sometimes coalesces in 
the middle of the feather and forms a bar; the feathers of the abdomen 
with triangular marginal spots and concealed basal bars of 
black; flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts barred with black; 
under wing-coverts black, spotted with white or buffy white, the 
axillaries barred black and buffy white: " iris red; upper mandible 
dark horn-colour, lower mandible light bluish horn-colour; legs and 
feet dull sap-green" ("FT. V. Legge). Total length 11*5 inches, 
culmen 1-6, wing 5*45, tail 3*7, tarsus 1 ; toes (without claws)— 

31 . 
TIGA. 411 
outer anterior 0*8, outer posterior 0*77, inner anterior 055, inner 
posterior 03 . 

Young male. Differs from the adult of the same sex in having the 
forehead and crown black, a few only of the hinder feathers of 
the crown tipped with dull red, the crest (alone) being scarlet. 
There is also a greater amount of black upon the chin, throat, fore 
neck, and chest, and these parts are covered with more rounded 
spots of white ; the feathers of the underparts.are entirely margined 
with black. 

Adult female. Has the forehead and crown black, the feathers 
having buffy-white apical spots, the red on the head being confined 
to the occipital crest. Total length 11 inches, culmen 1-46, wing 
5*3, tail 3*6, tarsus 0-98. 

Hab. Ceylon, found throughout almost the entire island. 

a, b. <S ad.;
$ ad. sk. 
c. Ceylon. Gould Coll. 
d-k. $ ad. etimm.; l-p. § 
Ceylon, Dae, March, April, July. Tweeddale Coll 
ad. et imm. sk. 
q-to. (S ad. etimm.; x~b\ J 
Ceylon, July, Sept., Oct., Nov. Hume Coll. 
ad. et imm. sk. 
c'. <$ juv. sk. N.W. Province of Ceylon. Colonel Legge [P.]. 

31. 
TIGA. 
Type. 
Tiga, Kawp, TTiierrekh, §c. Band 2, Th. i. p. 38 (1836). T. javanensis. 
Chrysonotus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 309 (1837) T. javanensis. 
Chloropicoides, Malh. Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, p. 345 T. shorii. 

Range. India (locally); Burmah, Siam, Cambodia, and Cochin 
China; through the Malayan Peninsula into the islands of Sumatra, 
Java, Bali, Borneo, and Palawan. 

Key to the Species. 

A. 
Feathers of the fore neck and chest buny or 
rufescent white edged with black. 
a\ Chin and throat white, with one row of 
black spots down the middle; the red 
tips of the feathers on the top of the 
head, in the male, separated from the 
dusky base by black. 

a". Top of the head and the crest vermilion 
javanensis $ ad., p. 413. 
b". Top of the head and the crest black 
striped with white javanensis $ ad., p. 414. 

b\ 
Chin and throat with two rows of black' 
spots arranged longitudinally, the space 
between these being buff or pale drab j 
the red tips of the feathers on the top of 
the head, in the male, separated from 

PICID-&. 

412 

the 
pale umber-brown bases by creamy 

white. 
e". Top of the head and the crest scarlet.. shorn S &«-., p. 417. 
d". Top of the head and the crest black 

striped with white 
shorn $ ad., p. 417. 

13. Feathers of the fore neck and chest uniform 
olivaceous or ochreous brown; chm and 
throat buft; more or less closely spotted 
with black. 
cf. Top of the head and the crest \ ermilion; 
malar feathers tipped with red everetti <$ ad., p. 418. 

d\ Top of the head and occiput black, the 
former with longitudinal specks of white, 
the latter haying hair-like stripes of the 
same; the nuchal feathers, only, red; 
malar region spotted with black and 
devoid of red everetti $ ad., p. 418. 


e'. 
Forehead brownish buff; crown and occiput 
uniform black; the nuchal feathers 
also black, but occasionally tipped with 
red everetti $ juv.? p. 418. 

1. Tiga javanensis. 
Picus 
javanensis, Ljung, Mem. Acad. Hoi/, Stochh. 1797, p. V?A, 
pi. vi. $ ; Sundev. Consp.Av.Picin. p. 83 (18CC). 
Picus tiga, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Sac. xiii. p. 177 (lb22) ; Maffi. t, c. 

p. 290 (1822); Horsf. ZooL Research. Jam {Gen. Cat) p. 4 (1824;; 
Wagl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 100 (1827); Gray, Ilardic. Ill Ind. 
ZooL pi. 30. figs. 2 S, '2a, head of 9 (1830-3:*); Via. App. 
Mem. Baffl. p. 609 (1831). 
Chrysonotus tridactylus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 300 (1837): Jerd. 
Ibis, 1872, p. 10. 
Chrysonotus tiga, Eyton, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 106: JSorsf. & Moore. 
Cat, B. Mus. E.t. Co. ii. p. 657 (185G-58). 

Tiga 
tridactyla, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1845, p. 193; Strieh?. P. Z. S. 
1846, p. 104; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 441, pi. eix. fig. 7 (1840); 
Blyth, Cat B. Mus. As. Soe. p. m (1849); Bp. Comp. Gen. Ai\ 

i. p. 120 (1850) ; JReichenb. Scans. Picincs. p. 390, pL dclii. fio-s. 
4344-4485, d ? (1854); Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, pp. 150, 151; 
Sclat. op. cit. 1863, p. 210; Vvrd. Over. Nat. Tijds. Nederl Ind, 
xlii. p. 17 (1882). 
Picus (Tiga) intermedins, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1845, p. 193. 
Picus (Brachypternopicus) rubropygialis, Malh. Rev. de ZooL 1845 
p. 400. ? 
Ohloropicoides tiga, Malh. N. Classif., MSm. Acad. Meiz, 1848-49, 
p. 347: id. Picidm, ii. p. 97, pi. Ixxi. figs. 5 tf, 6 § (1862). 
Tiga intermedia, Blyth, Cat.B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 56 (1849); Meiclienb. 
Scans. Pzcmce, p. 396, no. 918 5 (1854); Schomb. Ibis, 1804, p.257Blyth, 
op. cit. 1865, p. 30; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 97 
(18C8); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 196/no. 8752 (1870); Armstr. Str. 

F. 1876, p. 311: Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Mat. Geneva, 1887* 
p. 580,1888, p. 5Q7. 
f 
Tiga rubropygialis, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 120 (1850) ; id. Comp. 
Volucr. Zygod p. 10, no. 183 (1854); Reichenb. Scans. Picinm, 

p. 397, no. 921 (1854); Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mm. p. 97 
31. TI£A. 413 
(i8?oU td' Eond-l-B. ii. p. 196, no. 8753 (1870) ; Hume, Str. 
.F. 1879, p. 88, no. 185. F ' 
Ohiysonotus intermedins, Horsf. § Moore, Cat. B. Mus. B.I. Co. ii, 

p. 65/ (1856-58); Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 456 ; Jerd. B. Lid. i. 
p. 299 (1862); Cab. $ Heine, Mus. Hem. iv. p. 172 (1863); Bea-
van, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 4; id. Ibis, 1869. p. 415 ; Hume $ Oates, 
Str. PI 1875, p. 74. 
Chloropicoides intermedia, ifcfaM. PwaVfc®, ii. p. 99 (1862). 
Liirysonotns rubropygialis, Jerd. B. Lid. i. p. 299 (1862): Hume, 
Str. F. 1876, p. 390. 
CHoropicoides rubropygialis, Malh. Picidm, ii. p. 100, pi. lxx. fig-. 5, 

 ?i c

jLIT. (1862). *"° ' ' * ' 
Chrysonotus jayanensis, Cfc&. # JETe^e, i^wa. Hew. iv. p. 172 (1863); 
Mutt. Orn. Ins. Salanga, p. 64 (1882). 
Chiysonotus erythropygius, Cab. & Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 173 
Picus jayanensis, var. B, Swidev. Consp. Av. Pkm. p. 83 (1866). 
Pieus jayanensis, var. C, Sundev. Consp. Av. Pici?i. p. 83 (1866). 
Tiga javanensis, Gray, List Picid. Brit Mus. p. 97 (1868); id. 
Haad-L B. ii. p. 196, no. 8751 (1870); Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 54 
(1874) ; Blyth 8r Wald. B. Burm. p. 75 (1875) ; Hume $ Davison, 
Str. F. vi. pp. 146, 501 (1878) ; Oates, op. cit. 1879, p. 165 ; 
Nicholson, Ibis, 1879, p. 164; Tiraut, Ois. B.-Cochinehine, p. 90 
(1879); Sahad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 1879, p. 183 ; 
Sliarpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 243; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 53, 88, no. 184; 
Bhiyh. op. cit. 1880, p. 164; Tiueedd. Mem. ed. W.-Rummy, 

p. 479 (1881) ; Kelh. Ibis, 1881, p. 388 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, 
p. 792 j Oates, Str. F.x. 1882, p. 192 ; Davison, t. c. p. 357 (1883); 
Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. od (1883); Vord. Over. Nat Tijds. 
Nederl. Ind. xliv. p. 191 (1884); Guillem. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 405; 
Salvad. Ann. Mm. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova. 1887, p. 518. 
Tiga rnfa, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxix. p. 289 (1870). 

Adult male. Upper and middle back and scapulars deep golden 
or orange; lower back and rump crimson• upper tail-coverts 
brownish, black• wing-coverts olive-golden with brighter margins• 
quills black; the outer webs of the secondaries olive-golden, the 
inner feathers almost entirely of this colour, the tips of the primaries 
brownish white• inner webs of quills spotted with, white; 
shafts black; tail-feathers and the shafts black; forehead, crown, 
and occipital crest crimson, the feathers having dusky blackish 
bases; hind neck black ; sides of the face and neck, and from the 
chin to the under tail-coverts, both inclusive, buffy white or slightly 
rufescent; a broad black stripe runs from behind the eye to the 
hind neck, the malar region is encircled by black, and a stripe runs 
from behind and borders the throat and fore neck, down the 
middle of which is a row of black stripe-like spots ; the chest-
feathers very broadly margined .with black, those of the breast and 
abdomen tipped and partially margined with black, the thighs and 
under tail-coverts barred with the same; under wing-coverts 
brownish black spotted with buffy white, the axillaries barred 
buffy white and black. Total length. 10 inches, culmen 1*3, 
wing 5*18, tail 3*35, tarsus 0*9 * toes (without claws)—outer anterior 
0*72, inner anterior 0*52, posterior 0*65. 

414 PICIDiE. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead 
brown at the base, the remainder, as well as the crown and occiput, 
black; the whole (except the lower feathers of the occipital crest) 
being striped with white. Total length 10 inches, culmen 1*22, 
wing 5*1, tail 3*2, tarsus 0*95. 

Young. The male in first plumage has the sinciput uniform brown, 
the remainder of the crown and the crest being scarlet, the sincipital 
feathers next assume stripe-like spots of white. The female has 
the top of the head and the crest black striped with white, the 
stripes having their tips enlarged in the form of a drop. The underpays 
of the young have a spotted character, and down the throat 
there is a broad stripe of dusky black with large rounded spots of 
dull white. 

Hal. The islands of Java, Bali, Borneo, and Sumatra, through 
the Malayan peninsula into Tenasserim ; eastward into Siam, Cambodia, 
and Cochin China; northward through British Eurmah into 
Bengal *. In Southern India it occurs in the Wynaad and Travancore. 
I have no record of the species being found between the 
latter countries and Bengal. 

a, Juv. st. Java. Purchased. 
b. ? ad. sk. Java. Gould Coll. 
c,d. c? ? ad. sk. E. Java. Wallace Coll. 
*. 6 ad.; / , g. $ 
ad. sk. 
Java (Mus. Lugd.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
h} i. d ad.; h. $ 
ad. sk. 
Java {Horsfleld). India Museum. 
I. J juv.; m. (S 
ad. sk. 
n. J imm. sk. 
Java (Horsfield). 
W. Java {E. C. Buxton). 
India Museum. 
(Types of Picus tiga.) 
P. Nicholson, Esq. 
o-t. c?ad. et juv.; 
u-y. J ad. et 
Java. 
[P.l. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
juv. sk. 
z. 'c? ad. sk. Bali. Wallace Coll. 
a', V. <$ ad.;
$ ad. sk. 
c'. Lawas River, Borneo. H. Veitch, Esq. [P.]. 
d'. (S ad. sk. Sarawak, Sept. 20,1877 (A. Hume Coll. 
ef . (S ad. sk. 
/ , <J- d ¥ ad. sk. 
h'} i'. S ad.; &', 
I'. 2 ad. sk. 
Everett). 
Lumbidan (H. Loio). 
Lumbidan (H. Low). 
Sumatra (Carl Boch). 
Tweeddale Coll. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
m'. $ juv.sk. 
n'j o'. $ ad. sk. 
Sumatra. 
Lampong, Sumatra (E. C. 
Wallace Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
p',q',r'. 2 ad.sk. 
*', t'. <$ ad.; u', 
v', w'. $ ad. sk. 
Buxton). 
Malacca (JDr. Maingay). 
Penang (Dr. Cantor). 
Tweeddale Coll. 
India Museum. 
#'. <$ imm. sk. "Wellesley Prov., Nov. 1869 
(F. Stoliczka). 
Hume Coll. 

* The type of Malherbe's B. rubropygialis was from this Presidency. 
y\ <$ imm.; z'. 
$ ad. sk. 
d'-e". 6 ad.; /", 
g", A-.5ad.sk. 

if'. 6 ad.; &", I". 
$ ad. sk. 
m". 5 a&* sk. 

»",<>"• tf ad.;/'. 
$ ad. sk. 
2". <5 ad. sk. 

/ W . tf ad.; »", 
w",.r". $ ad. 
sk 

y", i". c? ? ad. 
sk. 

«s. 5 ad. sk. 
//. S ad. sk. 

c3. 2 ad. sk. 

cP, e\ tS ad.; f\ 
$ ad. sk. 
^.#CJ ad.; KK ? 
iram. sk. 

i33

-m. S ad. et 
imm. ; ns, </*, 
jp*. $ ad. sk. 

q3. $ ad. sk. 

r3. $ ad. sk. 

s3-vz. d> ad.; w?3, 

#3. $ ad.sk. 
y3. $ ad. sk. 
z3. 3 ad. sk. 


a4,64, c4. c? ad. et 
imm. sk. 
&. £ ad. sk. 

e4. c? ad. sk. 

f*,g\ 6 2 ad.sk. 

A4, *4. <J S ad. sk. 

&*, Z4. c? ad.; m\ 
5 ad. sk. 

ra4-^. ^ ad. et 
imm.; u4-a5. $ 
ad. et imm. sk. 

31. TIGA. 
415 
Jaram, Salangore, Dec. 21, Hume Coll. 
1879 (7. Darling). 

IOang,Salangore,Feb.,Mar., Hume Coll. 
April,May, Oct. (W. Davison). 


Salang^ March 1879 {J. Hume Coll. 
Darlinq). 
Tonka, Jan. 22, 1879 (J. Hume Coll. 
Darling). 
Wippitan, Dec. 1878 (J. Hume Coll. 
Darling). 

Malewoon, April 12, 1875 Hume Coll. 

(W. Davison). 
Bankasoon, Dec, Feb., Hume Coll. 
April, May, June (W. 
Davison). 

Pakchan, Jan. 1875 (IF. Hume Coll. 

Davison). 

Usheetberrpone, Nov. 23, Hume Coll. 

1874: (W.Davison). 

Tenasserim Town, Nov. 26, Hume Coll. 

I87& (W.Davison). 
Mergui, Dec. 7, 1874 (W. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 
Nwalabo, April (W. Da- Hume Coll. 
viso?i). 
Shymotee, May 1874 (W. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 

Tavoy, April, May, June Hume Coll, 

(W. Davison). 
Meeta Myo, April 20,1874 Hume Coll. 

(W. Davison). 
Soutb 
of Yea, March 26, Hume Coll. 
187A(W. Davison). 

Amherst, Dec, Jan., Feb. Hume Coll. 

(W. Davison). 
Yeaboo, Dec. (J. Darling). Hume Coll. 
Moulmein, March 21, 1874 Hume Coll. 
(W. Davison). 
Thoungyah, Sept., Oct. Nov. Hume Coll. 
(J. Darling). 
Kohbaing, Attaran Dist., Hume Coll. 
March 15, 1874 (W. Davison). 


Mophasoo-Choung, Jan. (C. Hume Coll. 

T. Bingham). 
Pabyouk, March 13, ]874 Hume Coll. 

(W. Davison). 
Thamban, Nov. 29, 1877 Hume Coll. 
(W. Davison). 
Thatone, 
Dec, Jan. (W. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 

Kaukaryit, Jan., May, June, Hume Coll. 
July, Aug., Sept., Oct. 

416 

b&, $ ad. sk. 

cV s . c^ad.; <f~ 
h\ 2 ad. s^"« 

P. <$ ad. sk. 
m\ 5 ad. sk. 
n5, o\ 6 $ ad. &k. 

p\ q\ $ $ ad. sk. 

r'%s\ 6 $ ad.j t5. 
5 imm. sk. 
u\ (S ad. sk. 

u5,w5-6 $ad. sk. 

^-S0. c? ad. et 
imm.; cG-W\ $ 
ad. sk. 

i\ tf ad. sk. 

k«. $ ad. sk. 

IK $ ad. sk. 

mu. J ad. sk. 
< o°. S $ ad. sk. 

p°. $ ad. sk. 
#(5 

. tf ad. sk. 

(!

r. $ ad. sk. 
*°, $°. tf ad.; uK 

5 juv. sk. 
V°. d ad. sk. 
w1*. (S ad. sk. 

ti'a. $ ad. sk, 

«A $ ad. sk. 

zQ. cJ ad. sk, 

a7. (S ad. sk. 

b\ e ad.; c7, d7, 
e7. $ ad. sk. 
f,cf. S ad.; A7, 

s7, W. $ ad. sk. 

P. Skeleton. 
PICIDJS. 

Phaya, Nov. 27, 1877 (W.

Davison). 

Palipoon, Bee, Jan., Feb.

(W. Davison). 
Kyouk-nyat ( W. Davison).
Borongho Island, Rangoon,
March 27, 1876 (J. Ann-
strong). 
Syriam, Jan. 1876 (J. Armstrong).


China Ba-keer, Dec. 18/o

(J. Armstrong).
Rangoon, June 1876 (JR. G.
W. It.).
Rangoon, July 7,1873 (R.

G. W. JR.). 
Tonghoo, Oct. 1874 
(E. W.
Oates). 

Tonghoo, Nov., Dec, Jan.,
Feb., April (R.G.W.R.). 

Shuay-g-yeen,Burmah, Jan.
2, 1873 (R. G. W. JR.). ^ 
San-g-yeen, Dee. 21, 1873

(JR. G. W. R.). 
Yay-tho, June 11,1872 (R.

Thayetmyo*(i?. W. Oates).
Pegu.

Karen-nee, March 19, 1874

(JR. G. W.JR.). 

Meklong, Siam.

Bangkok, April 2, 1872

(Conrad).

Siam.

Cambodia.
[Burmah ?].

Bengal.

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
"\V. T. Blanford, E&q. 
[P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

 II. 
C. V. Hunter, 
Esq. [P.]. 
R. B. Bharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Mons. E. Pierre [P.]. 

 Mons. E. Pierre [P.]. 
India Museum. (Type 
of T. intermedia.) 
Old Coll. (Type of 

JBraehyptemopicus mbropygialis, Malh.) 

Nellacotta, Wynaad, March29, 1881 (W. Davison). 

Manantoddy,
April 23, 1881son). 

Assamboo Hills,
1872. 

 Wynaad,

 (W.Davi


 Jan. 13,

Mynall, Travancore, July,
Oct. *
Mynall, Oct., Nov. (F. W.

Bourdillon). 

Java.

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 F. "W. Bourdillon, 
Esq. [CI. 
Hume Coll 

 Purchased. 

31 . TIGA. 417 
2. Tiga sliorii. 
Picus sliorii, Vig. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 175 j Gould, Cent. B. Ilimal. 

Mts. pi. 49, tf (1832); Sundev, Consp. Av. Picin. p. 83 (1800). 

Brachypternus shorii, Hodgs. in Grai/s Zool. Misc. 1844, p. 85. 

Tiga sliorii, Blyth, J. A. 'S. B. 1845, p. 193, 1846, p. 282; Gray, 

Ge?i. B. ii. p. 441 (1846); id. Cat. Mamm. &c. Nepalpres. Hodgs. 
1846, p. 117; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 56 (1849); Bp. 
Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 120, J (1850); id. Comp. Volucr. Zygod. 

p. 10, no. 181 (1854); Reichenb. Scans. Pkince, p. 396, no. 918 
pi. dclii. fig. 4345, tf (1854); Gray, Cat. Mamm. 8>°c. Nepal pres. 
Hodgs. 1863, p. 63, no. 484; id. List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 98 
(1868) ; id, Hand-l B. ii. p. 196, no. 8754 (1870) ; Hume $ Oates, 
Sir. F. 1875, p. 73 ; Hume, op. cit. 1877, p. 497 ; Ball, op. cit 

vii. p. 206 (1878); Hume, op. cit. 1879, p. 88, no. 183; W. Davison, 
op. cit. x. p. 357 (1883). 
Chloropicoides sliorii, Malh. N. Classify M6??i. Acad. Meiz, 1848-49, 

p. 347 ; id. Picidm, ii. p. 101, pi. lxxi. figs. ltf, 2$ (1&Q2). 
Brachypternus striaticeps, Meichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 398, no. 925 
pi. dcliii. fig. 4351, £ (1854) 
Chrysonotus shorei, Horsf.fyMoore, Cat. B. Mus. JEJ.I. Co. ii. p. 658 
(1856-58) ; Jerd. B. 2nd. i. p. 298 (1862); Cab. $ Heine, Mus. 
Hein. iv. p. 172 (1863). 

Tiga javanensis (pt.), Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 55 (1883). 

Adult male. Eesembles Tiga javanensis, but differs in having two 
rows of black spots down the throat and fore neck, the space between 
being drab, as is also the malar region; the red on the head more of 
a scarlet, and the bases of the feathers pale umber-brown, with a 
whitish spot; the rump more scarlet; the underparts very much less 
varied with black; the dimensions are also greater. Total length 
11-3 inches, culmen 1*5, wing 6, tail 3*8, tarsus 1*02; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*85, inner anterior 0*65, posterior 0*72. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red on 
the top of the head, the forehead being brown; the crown, occiput, 
and nape black striped with white, the stripes on the forehead 
short and brownish. Total length 11 inches, culmen 1*42, wing &25, 
tail 3#85, tarsus 1. 

Young. The male differs from the adult of the same sex in having 
no red on the feathers of the forehead, these being dusky umber-
brown with a white central stripe; the tips of the feathers of the 
back and of the scapulars and wing-coverts washed with red ; the 
malar region of the same colour as the forehead, and similarly 
striped, as well as broadly bordered with black above; the chin, 
the stripes down each side of the throat, and the two across the 
face white, without any buff tinge; underparts whiter and the 
margins of the feathers less black, the thighs being faintly barred; 
the female has the crown and occiput black striped with white; the 
forehead browner, with stripe-like spots of dull white. 

Hah, Nepal and west to Kaladoongi, Dhoon, east into Sikhim and 
Bhotan. In Eastern India it has been recorded from Gumsur, and 
in the south from Nedivuttum, Nilghiris; but I have no record 

VOL. xvni. 2 E 

PICIDJ5. 

of its occurrence between these localities. Ranges in the Burmese 
Territory into Pegu. 

«, b. a $ ad. sk. Kaladoongi, Dhoon, Sept. 29, Home ColL 
1866. TT , n „ 
c. cjad.5rf,«. $ Nepal. Hodgson CoE. 
/. $ "iiiv. sk.
g. 6 1mm. sk. 
Nepal (B. H. Hodgson), 
Sikhini Terai, April 20, 1870 
India Museum. 
Hume GoE. 
h. $ ad. sk.
(i. Mandelli). 
Sikliim, Dec. 1875 (i . ManHume 
ColL 
i-l. S ad.; m, n. Bhotan Doars, Dec, Jan., Feb. Hume Loll. 
$ ad. sk. (Z. Mandelli). 
o,p. 6 2 ad.; q, Thayetmyo, May. Hume Coll. 
r. c? juv. sk. 
s. 9 ad. sk. Burmah (J5T. Feilden). Tweeddale CoE. 
«. tf juv. sk. Aiakan Hills, Pegu, June 1873 Hume GoE. 
(JE. W. Oates). 
3. Tiga everetti 

Tiga javanensis (non Ljung), Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2nd ser. L 

p. 315 (1877) ; Tweedd. Mem. ed. W.-Bam&ay, pp. 607, C05, 670 
(1881). 
Tiga everetti, Tioeedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 612, pi. xxxvii. d 2 \ &&$** 
Ibis, 1884, p. 317,1888, p. 197. 

Adult male. Besembles Tiga javanensis above, but wants the 
distinct black collar at the base of the hind neck. It, however, 
differs mainly in having the fore neck and chest olivaceous brown ; 
the chin and throat rufescent buff, spotted with black; the feathers 
of the malar region tipped with red : the feathers of the tipper 
breast margined at the tip with black, and having a broad black 
squamate marking in the centre; the remaining under parts transversely 
spotted and barred with black; under tail-coverts like the 
under surface of the body, but the lower series are uniform blackish 
brown, faintly margined with olive ; under wing-coverts olivaceous 
buff, with black bars and some whitish spots, the axiUaries yellowish, 
barred with black: " iris dark brown; bill black, basal half of 
mandible grey ; feet greenish, nails grey " (Everett). Total length 
10 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 5*4, tail 3*5, tarsus 0-9 ; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*68, inner anterior 0*58, posterior 0*63. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead 
buffy brown varied with black, the crown and occiput black, the 
feathers of the forehead and crown with longitudinal specks of white, 
the occiput having hair-like stripes of the same, the nuchal crest 
(only) scarlet; malar region spotted with black and devoid of red. 
Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 1*25, wing o% tail 3*3, tarsus 0*9. 

Young female. Differs from the adult female in having the forehead 
more distinctly brownish buff, the crown and occiput uniform 
black, the nuchal feathers also black, but a few are tipped with red; 

32 . NESOCELEFS. 
419 

the chin and throat darker and almost without spot; the chest 
darker and rather more olive. 
Bab. Palawan. 

a, b'. $ $ ad.; c. Puerto Piincesa, Palawan, Tweeddale Coll 
tf imm sk. Nov. 1877 (A. Everett). (Types of the species.) 

a. 
$ ad. sfc. Puerto Princesa, Palawan. E. Lempriere, Esq. 
[0.]. 
32. ^ESOCELEUS 
Nesoeeleus, Scl. et Salv. Nomenel. Av. Mot?* App 
p. 155(1873) 
;_ff; Kfemandin*. 
Range. Confined to the island of Cuba. 

1. Hesoceleus fenxandinaa. 
Colaptes fernandinse, Tig. Zool. Journ. iii. p 445 (1828); Ramon de 
la Sagra, Hist. Ms. fyc. Cuba, ii. p. 112, pi. xxiv. (1838); d'Orb. in 
Sagra's Hist Nat. Cuba, p. 148, pi. xxiv. (1839) • Wagn. Arch. 

fiir Naturg. 1841, p. 100; Benny, P. Z. S, 1847, p. 39,-Bp. Consp. 
Gen. Av. I p. 114 (1850) ; Lembeye, Av. Isl. Cuba,?. 131 (1850) ; 
Bp. Consp. Vblucr. Zygod. p. 11, no. 234 (1854) j LicJit. Nomenel. 
Av. p. 77 (1854); Cab. J. f. O. 1856, p. 104 j Brewer, Proc. Bost 
Soc. Nat. Hist 1860, p. 307; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 122 
(1868) ; id. Hand4. B. ii. p. 202, no. 8833 (1870) ; Gundl. J.f.O. 
1874, p. 155. 

Picus fernandinse, Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 517. 
Geopicos fernandinse, Math. N. Classify M4m. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, 


p. 359. 
Colaptes fernandiae, Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 415, no. 975, pi. dclxvii 
fig. 4427, $ (1854). 
Geopicus fernandinse, Malh.Picidce, ii. p. 273, pi. cxiii.figs.4,5,$ 9 
(1862). 
Picus fernandi, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 78 (1866). 
Nesoceleus feraandinge, Scl. fy Salv. Nomenel. Av. Neotr. p. 101 

(1873) 5 Cory, List B. W. Ind. p. 20 (1885); id. Auk, 1886, 

p. 380. 
Adult male. Entire back, rump, upper tail-coverts, tail, scapulars, 
and wing-coverts olive-black, narrowly barred with pale yellow; 
bastard-wing and primary-coverts brownish black, spotted with 
yellowish; quills brownish black, with yellow or whitish transverse 
spots on the outer webs and pure white spots on the inner webs, 
the innermost feathers barred with whitish right across both webs; 
shafts yellowish brown, darker at the base; shafts of the tail-
feathers clear brown ; top of the head, occiput, and nape rufous, 
narrowly striped with black; lores, face, and upper half of the side 
of the neck uniform rufous; hind neck and lower side of the neck 
like the back ; malar stripe black; feathers of the chin, throat, and 
side of the neck immediately behind the malar region with a black 
central stripe and white margin; entire under surface of the body 
and under tail-coverts yellow, narrowly barred with black; under 
win^-coverts and axillaries clear golden buff, with a few dusky 

2E2 

420 PICIDJ3. 

black bar-like spots; underside of quill-shafts and of tail-shaftsgolden 
yellow, and the feathers themselves also deeply washed with 
yellow. Total length 12 inches, culmen 1*65, wing 5-8, tail 4*8, 
tarsus 1*15 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*82, outer posterior 
0*73, inner anterior 0-6, inner posterior 0*38. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in having the malar region 
striped like the chin and throat. Total length 11*5 inches, culmen 
1*55, wing 5'8, tail 4*65, tarsus 145. 

Hah. Cuba. 

a. (S ad. sk. Cuba ( W, 8. Macleay). Zoological Society. 
(Type of species.) 
b. J ad. sk. Cuba. Selater Coll. 
c. <$ ad. sk. Cuba. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
33. CELEUS. Type 
Celeus, Bote, Isis, 1831, p. 542 C. flaveseens. 
Celeopicos, Malh, Mini. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, p. 332 .. C. flaveseens. 
Xanthopicusj Malh. Introd. Monogr. Picid. p. liii. (1861) C. flaveseens. 

Bill of Celeus flaveseens. 

Range. Prom Southern Mexico, through Central and South 
America into South Brazil. 

Key to the Species. 

A, Under surface of the body uniform, or with, 
at most, only a few almost obsolete paler 
markings. 

a'. Head and more or less of the neck yellow 
or buff, contrasting with the rest of the 
plumage. 


d\ Back barred. 

a"'. Back, wings and their coverts barred 
black and yellow • underparts deep 
black. 


a\ With red malar patch flaveseens $ ad., p. 423. 
¥. With no red on malar region, this 
being yellow striped with black.. Jlavescens § ad., p. 423. 

b'". Back,wings and their coverts brown, 
barred with dull yellow or with 
rufous* underparts, fore neck, and 
part of orbital region brown 


c\ With red malar stripe luyutristfad., p. 424. 
d4. With no red on malar region, this 
being brown %w£m$ad., p. 424 

33. CELEUS. 
421 
5". Back with longitudinal or heart-shaped 
spots of black, not barred; underpants 
blackish brown. 


c'". With red malar stripe ochracew$&d..} p. 425. 

d'". With no red on malar region, the 
feathers haying blackish-brown centres 
and buff margins ocTiracetis$ ad., p. 425. 

h'. Face and neck of the same rufous colour 
as the body. 


c". Crown and crest lighter than the face 
and neck; back, scapulars, and wing-
coverts with yellowish spots, more or 
less transverse. 


errr. Inner webs of quills uniform 
yellow immaculatus § , p. 426. 
f". Inner webs of quills barred and 
spotted with black. * 

e4. Smaller: length 9*3 inches, wing 
5*53, tail 3*5. General colour more 
rufous (not brown) j upper parts, 
wing-coverts, and outer webs of 
quills not barred. 


a5. With red malar stripe elegans <$ &&., p. 426. 
h5. With no malar stripe elegans $ ad., p. 427. 

f*. Larger: length 11 inches, wing 
6-65, tail 4; back aud underparts 
dark, more rufous brown; upper 
parts, wing-coverts, and more or 
less of the outer webs of the quills 
barred with blackish. [p. 427. 

e5. With red malar stripe reichenbachi &&&., 
d5. With no malar stripe rdchenbacMQ ad., 

d'K Crown and crest of the same dark [p. 427 
chocolate-brown as the face and neck j 
back, scapulars, and wing-coverts not 
spotted with yellow. 

g"K Inner webs of quills barred; the yellow 
on the sides of the body showing 
when the wing is closed ; upper 
tail-coverts as well as rump 
yellow. 


g4. With red malar stripe jumana $ ad., p. 428. 
h4. With no malar stripe jumana $ ad., p. 429. 

h'". Inner webs of quills not barred, the 
yellow on the sides of the body not 
showing when the wing is closed; 
upper tail-coverts rufous. [p. 429. 

i4. With red malar stripe citreopygius $ ad., 
j 4. With no malar stripe cvtreopygius $ ad., 

B. 
Under surface of the body not uniform. [p. 429. 
c'. Tail barred. 
e". Tail rufous at the base and barred with 
black. 
i'". Head and neck transversely spotted 
with black, or with crown uniform. 
k4. With red malar stripe rufus $ ad., p. 430. 
IK With no red on malar region ... . rufus $ ad., p. 430. 

422 
piciDiB. 

f". Head and neck striped with black. 
m4. With red malar stripe undatus S ad., p. 431. 
nl. With no red on malar region undatus % ad., p. 432. 

/" . Tail black, barred with pale buff; underpays 
pale buff, with squamate and 
crescentic markings of black; head 
and neck almost uniform rufous. 


h'". Malar region, chin, and upper throat 
red loricatus <$ ad.7 p, 432. 
/'". With no red on the malar region, 
chin, or throat loricatus § ad., p. 433. 
d'. Tail not barred. 
g". Plumage above and below rich rufous; 
chest not black. 

m'". Head and crest uniform rufescent 
buff and much lighter than the back; 
secondaries uniform, or nearly so; 
the rump scarcely lighter than the 
back. 


oK With red malar stripe castaneustfad., p. 433. 

p*. With no malar stripe castaneus g ad., p. 434. 

ri". Head and crest chocolate-brown 
and darker than the back, the feathers 
of the crown and crest more or less 
centred with black; secondaries narrowly 
barred with black; rump conspicuously 
lighter than the back. 


a4*. With red malar stripe grammicus <$ ad., p. 435. 
r4. With no malar stripe grammicus $ ad.,p. 435. 

h". Plumage above and below fulvescent 
buff, contrasting with the uniform 
rufous head and neck; the back, scapulars, 
wing-coverts, and breast with 
bars or bar-like spots of black; entire 
chest and the tail-feathers uniform 
black spectabilis $ ad., p. 435. 

1. Celens flavescens. 
Picus 
flavescens, Gm. Syst. Nat i. p. 427 (1788); Vieill N Diet. 
dVBzst. Nat. xxri. p. 79 (1818); Neuwied,Beis. Bras. i. p. 72 (1820); 
Bonn. 8r Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1310 (1823) ; Licit. Vera. DoubL 

p. 10 (1823); Spiv, Ao. Bras. i. p. 58, pi. xlix. figs. 1 <?, 2 g (1824) j 
Valenc. Diet. 8c. Nat. xl p. 175 (1826) ; Neuwied, Beitr. Naturg. 
Bras. iv. p. 396 (1832); Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 84 (1866). 
Carpintero gorro pajizo, Azara. Apunt. Hist. Nat. Paxar. Parag. ii. 

p. 303, no. 251 (lS05). 
Oeleusflavescens, Boie, Isis, 1831, p. 542; Gray, Gm. B. ii. p. 440 
(1846); Eartl Ind. Azara, p. 16, no. 251 (1847); Bp. Consp. 
Gen. Av. i. p. 130 (1850); id. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 86 
(1854); Reichenb. Scans. Picincs, p. 406, no. 952, pi. dclxi. figs. 

,4380-81, tf $ (1854); Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 231 (1856); Sclat. 
Cat Amer. B. p. 336, no. 2003 (1862); Gray, List Picid. Brit 
Mus. p. 86 (1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 194, no. 8711 (1870) ; 
Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 250 (1870); Mat fy 8ah. Nomencl.Av. Neotr. 

p. 101 (1873); Berl. J.f. 0.1873. p. 280; Salv. Cat Strichl. Coll 
p. 403, no. 1970 (1882). 
33 . CELETJS. 423 
Malacolophus flaveseens, Szuains. Classif. B. ii. p. 309 (1837). 
Celeopicosflavescens,Malh. N. Classify M6m. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, 

p. 334. 
Celeopicus flavescens, Malh. Pieid. ii. p. 21, pi. liii. figs. 1, 2, tf $ 
ad., 3, 4, S vars. (1862). 

Adult male. Back and scapulars black, narrowly barred with, 
yellow; rump yellow; upper tail-coverts black, some of the upper 
series partially margined with yellow; wing-coverts black, the 
lesser series margined with yellow, the median and the greater 
series margined with yellow at the tip and barred with yellowish 
white; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black, spotted with yellowish 
white; quills brownish black or black, the outer webs of the 
inner primaries sparingly spotted with buffy or yellowish white 
at the base, the inner webs barred with yellowish white ; the 
secondaries narrowly barred across both webs with yellowish white 
tinged with buff; shafts blackish brown; tail brownish black, the 
two outer large feathers spotted with white on the apical portion of 
the inner web, the dwarf feather spotted on the apical portion of 
both webs, shafts black ; head and crest, posterior half of the neck, 
chin and throat yellow, tinged with buff, the lores spotted with 
black; a very large malar patch of crimson; fore neck and under 
surface of the body, likewise the under tail-coverts, black, the 
feathers on the upper part of the fore neck margined with yellow, 
the black appearing as a stripe : some of the feathers of the lower 
fore neck and of the thighs, and also some of the under tail-coverts, 
partially and narrowly margined with dull buffy white ; the sides of 
the body barred with yellow; tibial plumes uniform yellow, with a 
buff tinge * under wing-coverts and axillaries uniform lemon-yellow, 
Total length 11-5 inches, culmen 1*42, wing 6, tail 3*55, tarsus 1*1; 
toes (without claws)—outer anterior 1*02, outer posterior 0-98, inner 
anterior 0*72, inner posterior 0*46. 

Adult female. Has the malar region of the same colour as the 
head, but it is striped with black. In other respects it resembles the 
adult male. Total length 11*5 inches, culmen 1*25, wing 6*1, tail 
3*6, tarsus 1*05. 

Hob. Eastern and Southern Brazil, extending north to Bahia. 

a. cJ ad. sk. Brazil. Lord Stuart de 
Rothesay [P.]. 
b. 3 ad.; c. J Brazil, M. Olaussen [P.]. 
imm. sk. 
d. (S ad. sk. 
e. § ad. sk. 
f-h. $ imm.; I, 
Brazil. 
Brazil. 
Brazil. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
m. 2 imm. sk. 
n. o. ($2 imm. Bahia, Brazil (Dr. Wu-Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. cherer). 
p, q. S ad. sk. Sao Paulo, Brazil (Joyner). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
r. $ ad. sk. Novo Fribourgo, Brazil (J. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
s. (S ad.• t. $ Rio Grande, Brazil. Tweeddale Coll. 
imm. sk. 

424 
PICIDJ3. 

2. Celeus lugubris. 
Picus lugubris, Malh. Mem. Soc. d'Hist. Nat. Metz, 1851, p. 77: 
Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 85 (1866). 

Celeus lugubris, Bp. Qmsp. Valuer. Zygod.^- 8, no. 87 (1854); Sclat. 
Cat. Amer. B. p. 335, no. 2002 (1802); Gray, List Picid. Brit. 
Mus. p. 87 (1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 194, no. 8717 (1870); 
Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 250 (1870)* Sclat $ Scdv. NvmencL Av. Neotr. 

p. 101 (1873). 
Celeopicus lugubris, 
Malh. Picidca, ii. p. 19, pi. liv. figs. 1^,2$, 
3tf,4 $ var. (1862). 

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts brown, trie former 
with a strong fulvescent tinge, the whole being irregularly barred 
with yellow; rump and upper tail-coverts yellow, the latter tinged 
with rufous; outer webs of primaries brownish black, the innermost 
irregularly spotted with rufous; the inner webs black on their apical 
portion, the base yellow, rufous near the shaft, barred with black ; 
outer webs, likewise the tips of the inner webs of the secondaries, 
rufous, the base of the inner webs yellow, the whole being barred 
with black or brown; shafts of primaries brownish black, those of 
the secondaries reddish brown ; tail (except the dwarf feather, which 
is uniform rufous) uniform black, and the shafts black; head and 
crest, hind neck, chin, and throat yellow, more or less ochreous, the 
malar stripe crimson, the loral region and the feathers immediately 
below the eye varied with brown ; stripe behind the malar region 
brown, the feathers having yellowish margins; fore neck and the 
under surface of the body brown, the feathers margined with rufous 
at the tip; sides of the body, flanks, and thighs yellow, the two 
latter with bars and heart-shaped spots of brown; short tibial 
plumes uniform yellow; under tail-coverts rufescent buff, spotted 
with brown; under wing-coverts and axillaries uniform yellow. 
Total length 10 inches, culmen 1-07, wing 5*85, tail 3*45, tarsus 1 ; 
toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*95, outer posterior 0*87, 
inner anterior 0*72, inner posterior 0*42. 

Adult female. Resembles the adult male, but differs in the absence 
of red on the malar region, this being dark brown; the dimensions 
are much the same. 

Immature. Have a greater amount of brown on the orbital region; 
the lower series of upper tail-coverts and the under tail-coverts 
rufous, barred with black, and the dwarf tail-feather also barred 
with black; the short tibial plumes less yellow and considerably 
varied with brown; the under wing-coverts and axillaries less 
yellow, the latter barred with dusky brown ; the underparts have a 
few longitudinal spots of buff or rufous; the male has a crimson 
malar stripe, and in the female this is replaced by brown. 

A. specimen of a female which I take to be immature (judging 
by its pale under wing-coverts and brown-spotted tibial plumes) has 
the lower series of the upper and under tail-coverts, and also the 
dwarf tail-feather, uniform rich rufous. 
33. CELETJS. 425 
Hob. Bolivia, and the southern part of Matto Grosso and Goj-az, 
Brazil. 
a,b. S ? imm.sk.
c. $ imm. sk.
d. S ad. sk, 
Bolivia. 
Piedra Blanca, Bolivia, April 
(J31 H. Smith). 
Chapada, Matto Grosso, Jan. 
(H. m Smith). 
Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

3. Celeus ochraceus. 
Pieus 
ochraceus, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 59, pi. li. fig. 1, <$ (ISM); 
Cuv. JRfr/ne Anim. i. p. 451 (1829) ; Sundew Consjp. Av. Picin. 

p. 85 (J 806); Gieb. T/ies. Orn. iii. p. 171 (1876). 
Celeus ochraceus, Boie, Isis, 1831, p. 542 ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 440 
(1846); Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 130 (1850) ; id. Consp. Valuer. 
Zygod. p. 8, no. 92 (1854); Licht. NomencL Av. p. 77 (1854) ; 
Peichenb. Scans. Pieincs, p. 406, no. 953, pi. dclxi. figs. 4382-83, 

c? J (1854); Gray, List Picid. Brit Mm. p. 87 (1868); id. 
Hand-l.B.\i.^. 194, no. 8718 (1870); Pels. Orn. Bras. p. 250 
(1870) ; Sclat # Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 101 (1873). 

Malacolophus ochraceus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 309 (1837). 
Celeopicus ochraceus, MalL Picidce, ii. p. 23, pi. liv. figs. 5, Q, $ g 
(1862). 

Adult male. Back and scapulars rufescent buff, with heart-shaped 
and longitudinal spots of blackish brown ; rump uniform yellowish 
buff; upper tail-coverts blackish brown, transversely spotted and 
margined at the tip with buff,* wing-coverts and secondary quills 
buff, the former having large heart-shaped spots, or a broad stripe 
down the outer web and bars on the inner web, or other varied 
markings of brownish black, the secondaries being completely barred 
with the same; the primaries blackish brown, with a few rufous 
spots at the base of the outer webs, the inner webs buff, except at 
the tip, and barred or transversely spotted with blackish brown; 
shafts of primaries dark brown, those of the secondaries more orange-
yellow ; tail blackish brown, the dwarf feather having bar-like 
spots of buff on the inner web, the shafts biack; head and crest, 
hind neck, chin, and throat buff, with a large crimson malar stripe, 
and behind this a few blackish-brown stripes; fore neck, under 
surface of the body, and under tail-coverts blackish brown, the sides 
of the body, flanks, and thighs pale yellow, barred and spotted with 
dark brown; short tibial plumes uniform clear buff; under wing-
coverts and axillaries uniform pale golden buff. Total length 10*5 
inches, culmen 1*03, wing 5-6, tail 3*15, tarsus 1; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 1, outer posterior 0*9, inner anterior 0*65, 
inner posterior 0*45. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of red 
on the malar region, the feathers having blackish Jbrown centres and 
buff margins. Total length 10 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 5-6, tail 
3*2, tarsus 0-92. 

42 G PICIDJS. 

Hob. The Provinces of Pernambuco and Ceara, North-east 
Brazil, ranging west to the Tapajoz liiver. 

a. J acl. sk Ceara, N. Brazil ( W. Jesse). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b. d ad. sk. Pernambuco, Brazil (Craven). Sclater Coll. 
4. Celeus immaculatus. 
Celeus immaculatus, Berl. Ibis, 1880, p. 113. 
Female. " Allied to G. elegans, from which it seems only to differ 
in having the inner webs of the wing-feathers plain yellow, without 
the black bands or spots to be seen in that species." (Berlejpsch.) 

Flab. Panama? 

5. Celeus elegans. 
Picus elegans, Mull. Syst. Nat, Anhang, p. 92 (1776). 

Pic mime tachete* de Cayenne, Daubent. PL JEnl no. 524, S. 

Picus fusco-fulvus, Bodd. Tabl PL JEnl. p. 30, no 524 (1783). 

Picus cinnamomeus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 428 (1788) ; Vieill. Hist. 

Nat. d'Ois. Amir. Sejpt. ii.p. 59 (male only), pi. iii. <$ (1807) ; id. 
N Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 82 (1818); id. fy Bonn. Enc. Metli. 

iii. p. 1312 (1823); Valeric. Diet. Se. Nat. xl. p. 174 (1820) ; Less. 
Traite, i. p. 223 (1831) ; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. %6 (18G6) ; 
Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 587; Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 150 (1876). 
Celeus cinnamomeus, Boie, Isis, 1831, p. 542; Gray, Gen. B. ii. 

p. 440 (1846) ; Cab. in Schomb. Beis. Guian. iii. p. 715 (1848) ; 
Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 130 (I860) ; id. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. 
p. 8, no. 91 (1854), pt.; Reichetib. Scans. PieincB, p. 406, no. 950, 
pi. dclx. figs. 4378-79 (1854); Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 336, no. 
2007 (18G2); Cav.-Tayl. Ibis, 1864, p. 93; Leot. Ois. Trinid. 
p. 338 (1866); Sclat. # Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 169; Peh. Orn. 
Bras. p. 251 (1870); id. Ibis, 1873, p. 118; Salv. Ibis, 1886, p. 59. 
Malacoloplrus cinnamomeus, Swains. Classif. B. ii p. 309 (1837). 
Celeopicos cinnamomeus, Malh.N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848— 

49, n. 334. 
Celeopicus cinnamomeus, Malh. Picidm, ii. p. 32, pi. lvi. figs. 1, 2, 
6 ? (1862). 
Celeus elegans, Gray, List Picid. B?*it, Mus. p. 87 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. 

B. ii. p. 194, no. 8712 (1870); Sclat <$r Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. 
p. 101 (1873) ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 403, no. 1971 (1882). 
Adult male. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts rich rufous, with, 
diamond-shaped or transverse spots of yellow; rump and upper 
tail-coverts yellow; primary-coverts rufous, with, at most, indistinct 
black bars ; primaries black, the outer webs rufous o n 
more or less of their basal portion, the inner webs barred wit h 
yellow tinged with rufous; secondaries rufous, the inner webs 
barred with black, the rufous interspaces being centred with yellow ; 
shafts of primaries black, those of the secondaries reddish or brown ; 
tail and the shafts black, except the dwarf feather, which is rufous 
and has an orange shaft, the bases of the black shafts being yellow ; 
entire top of the head and the crest rufous buff, much paler tha n 

33, OKMWH. 42' 

the general rufous colour of ilio bird; entire face and neck, under 
surface of the body, and under lail-eovorts uniform deep rufous, tho 
malar region crimson, and the sides of the body,an well as tbe abort 
tibial plumes yellow; under wing-coverts and axillaries uniform 
yellow. Total length 9-3 inches, euimen l-stf, wingr>-;>3, tail 3-35, 
tarsus 0-96 ; toes (without dawn)—-outer anterior 0-97>, outer pontenor 
0-75, inner anterior 0-05, inner pontoner 0-12. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting" the crimson 
alar stripe. Total length 9 inches, euimen 1-2, wing r>-7.">, tail

malar 
6 0*07.

3-6,
,, tarsu 
tarsutarsus
ss 0*97 
Young. Ilcsemble the adult of their respective sexes, but diiler in 
having the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts unifonn (or nearly HO), 
the spots being generally concealed; the top of the head and the 
crest are slightly lighter. 
Bob. Venezuela and the island of Trinidad, and in North Brazil. 

a. d imm. sk. South America. J. Uould, VM^ 
h, c. $ ad.; d. $ ad.sk. Venezuela. Salvin-Godman Toll. 
e. & imm. sk. Trinidad. Sclater < Vtll. 
/ . d ad. sk. Brazil. Twe.nldale doll 

6. Celeus reichenbachi. 
Coleopicus reichenbachii, Malh. Pieula, ii. p. 28, pi. hi. tigs. 4, 5, 

$ $ ad. (1802). 
Picus reichenbachii, Simdev. Cansp. Av. Picin. p. 85 (1800). 
Celeus reichenbachii, Gray, List Pieiel Brit. Mm. p, 87 (1808); id. 

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 194, no. 8713(1870); Pvh. (ML lira*, p. 251 
(1870) ; Sclat. ^ Sah. Nomeml A v. Neotr. p. 101 (1873). 
Celeus cinnamomeus (pt.), 8al». XMs, 1880, p. 59. 

Adult male. Resembles O. elegans, but may be distinguished by its 
very much larger dimensions, and dark brown back and underparts, 
and in having the crown and crest more rufous ; the black bars 
on the inner webs of the secondaries more numerous and broader, 
and showing on more or less of the outer webs, and alno on the rufous 
outer web of tbe primaries; the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts 
are more or less distinctly barred with blackish brown ; the primary-
coverts more distinctly barred black and rufous ; the sides of the 
body and the under wing-coverts are of a deeper yellow, and occasionally 
tinged with rufous. Total length J1 indies, euimen 1 2f>, 
wing ($-65, tail 4, tarsus 3 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 
095 , outer posterior 0*77, inner anterior 0-0, inner posterior 0*38. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of the 
red malar stripe. Total length 11 inches, euimen 1*38, wing 0*45, 
tail 3-85, tarsus 1. 

Young. Eesemble the adult of their respective sexes, but may be 
distinguished by having the primary-coverts and outer webs of the 
primaries less barred with black; the rump, upper tail-coverts, and 
the under wing-coverts less yellow. 

PIClPiE. 

428 

Ob, There is a very great variety in the colour of the top of the 

Ubs. Ihere ib a very ^ tail-coverts, and also in the under 

head and crest, rump, ana upper L<UI OUV ' , ^^ ^ 
wing-coverts; typi^l specimens are more rufous and yellow where^ 
examples from the Quonga have these par s extremely light the 
rump and upper tail-coverts, as likewise the under wing-coverts 
being occasionally almost white with only a tinge of yellow. 

Mob. Guiana, and ranging into Venezuela. 

J. Gould, Esq. 
S. America. 
a. cT ad. sk. 
Gould Coll. 

S. America. 
/;. J imm. sk. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Goarauno, N. Anaalucia, \ enezuela, 
xMarch [A. Goermg). 
Camacusa, Brit. Guiana, March Salvin-Godman ColL 

c. <$ ad. sk. 
d. <$ ad. sk. 
(EC. WHtely). 

e. d ad ; /. $ Takutu R., British Guiana, SalTin-Godman ColL 
imm. sk. March, May (J5T. WHtely). 
g, h. $ 2 ad. sk. Bartica Grove, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman ColL 
Sept, Oct. (if. WHtely). 
i $ ad.; h. 5 imm. Quonga, British Guiana, Oct. Salvin-Godman CuIL 
sk. (II. Whitely). 

1. S ad. sk. Maroni K., Surinam (Kappler). Salvin-Goclman ColL 
Cayenne. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

m. $ ad. sk. 
Tweeddal** ColL 

n. tf imm. sk. Cayenne. 
o. $ ad. sk. Cayenne. Sclater ColL 
7. Celeus jumaiia. 
Picus jumana, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 57, pi. xlvii. tigs. 1 tf, 2 $ (1824); 
Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 85 (1866). 
Malacolophus castaneus (non WagL), Swains Classif. B. ii. p. 309 
(1837). 

Celeus jumana, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 440(1840) ; Bp. Camp. Gem. A®. 
L p. 130 (1850); BeicJienh. Scans. Picinte, p. 406, no. 951, pi. ddx. 
figs. 4376-77(1854); Sclat. § Salv. P.Z.S. 1867, pp. 580,&t5; 
Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 87 (1868); id. Hand-l B. ii. 

p. 194, no. 8714 (1870); Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 251 (1870) ; Sclat 4* 
Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 101 (1873); Layard, Ibis, 1873, 
p. 390. 
Celeus cinnamomeus (pt.), Bp. Consp. Volmr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 91 
(1854). 
Celeopicus jumana, Malh. Plcidce, ii. p. 27, pi. Iv. figs. 1£9 2 2 
(1862), pt. 

Adidt male. Back rufous brown; rump and upper tail-eoverts 
yellow with a slight rufous tinge; scapulars rufous, the basal portion 
yellow barred with dusky; wing-coverts brown, edged with 
rufous, the greater series spotted with rufous externally, the inner 
webs barred with yellow ; outer webs of primaries brown, with a 
few buff spots at the base; the inner webs black, more or less barred 
with pale yellow, slightly rufeseent; outer webs of secondaries 
rufous, with faint dusky bars, the inner webs black tipped with 
rufous and narrowly barred with yellow; shafts of quills dark 
brown, those of the secondaries rufous at the tip; tail black, the 
shafts also black, with the base of the central ones yellow ; head, 

33 . CELEUS. 
420 
neck, and underparts chocolate-brown, the malar region crimson, 
and the sides of the body yellow, this colour showing when the 
wing is closed ; the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts yellow 
washed with rufous, the latter colour stronger on the coverts • under 
wing-coverts and axillaries yellow. Total length 11 inches, oilmen 
1-25, wing 6*1, tail 3-9, tarsus 0*95; toes (without claws)— 
outer anterior 0*95, outer posterior 0*8, inner anterior 0*62, inner 
posterior 0*38. 

Adult female. Wants the red malar patch, but otherwise resembles 
the adult male. Total length 10 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 6, 
tail 3*35, tarsus 1. 

Eab. Xorth Brazil, from Para and the Capim River west to Marabitanas, 
and south to Salto do Girao on the Rio Madeira. 

a. $ ad. sk. Oyapoc, Cayenne. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
k <? ad. sk. Para, March {A. R. Wallace). Sclater Coll. 
c. (S ad. sk. Para, Bee. {J. Natterer). Sclater Coll. 
d. S ad. sk. Para, Sept. (E. L. Layard). Tweeddale Coll. 
e. 2 
imm. sk. Capim River, Brazil (A. P. Sclater Coll. 
Wallace). 
f. 
J ad. sk. Marabitanas, Brazil, May (J. Sclater Coll. 
Natter er). 
8. Celeus citreopygius. 
Celeopicus jumana (pt.), Malik. Bull. Soc. d'Eist Nat Metz, 1851, 
p. 73; id. Picidm, ii. p. 27, pi. lv. figs. 1, 2 (1862). 
Celeus jumana (non Spix), Sclat P. Z. S. 1858, p. 74; id. Cat.Amer. 
B. p. 336, no. 2005 (1862) • id. fy Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 196; iid. 
op. cit. 1873, p. 291; Tacz. op. cit 1882, p. 43 ; id. Orn. Perou, hi. 
p. 97 (1886)/ 
Celeus eitreopygius, Sclat. § Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, pp 753, 758 * Gray, 
List Picid. Brit Mm. p. 88 (1868) ; id. Eand-l. B. ii. p. 194, 
no. 8719 (1870) • Sclat $ Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 101 (1873)* 
tid. PZ. S. 1873, p. 291; Tacz. Orn. Pirou, iii. p. 98 (1886). 

Adult male. Resembles O. jumana, but differs in having the inner 
webs of the primaries black, with rufous-buff bases, the latter colour 
running obliquely from the base of the shaft towards the margin of 
the web ; the secondaries rufous, lighter on the basal margin of the 
inner webs; the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts darker and 
more rufous, and the yellow on the sides of the body not showing 
when the wing is closed; the upper tail-coverts also deep rufous. 
Sometimes the quills have a trace of black spotting (more or less 
transverse) at the base. The dimensions are also greater. Total 
length 11*5 inches, culmen 1*23, wing 6*15, tail 3*8, tarsus 1; toes 
(without claws)—outer anterior 0*85, outer posterior 0*78, inner 
anterior 0*68, inner posterior 0*4. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the crimson 

malar stripe. Total length 11*5 inches, culmen 1*18, wing 6'6, 

tail 4*1, tarsus 1. 

Bah. Forth-eastern Peru (Yquitos, Santa Cruz, Yurimaguas, 

Sarayacu), and ranging north to Sarayacu in Ecuador. 

430 PICIDiE. 

a-c. <$ ad.;

d. $ ad. sk. 
e. $ ad. sk.
f. $ ad. sk.
(j. <$ imm. sk.
h. d ad. sk.
i. $ ad. sk.
h. $ ad. sk. 
Sarayacu,Ecuador(C.Buckley). 

 Peruvian Amazons (E. Bartlett). 
Yurimaguas, E. Peru (JE. Bartlett). 


 Chamieuros, E. Peru, Get. 
Sarayacu, E. Peru (JE. Bartlett). 
Samiria, E. Peru, Oct. (J. Haux


well). 
Yquitos, Peru, Aug. (JET. Whitely). 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Sclater Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 

E. Bartlett [0. j . 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

9. Celeus rufus. 
Pic roux de Cayenne, Daubent. PL JEnl. 694. fig. 1, 2 • 

Picus rufus, Gm. JSi/st Nat. i. p. 432 (1788); Temm. Cat. SysL j>. 15 
(1807); Vieill. N. Diet, d'ffist. Nat. xxvi. p. 91 (1818); id. $ 
Bonn. Enc. Mith. iii. p. 1317 (1823); Wagl Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 72 
(1827); Less. Traite, i. p. 223 (1831); Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. 

p. 87(1866). 
Celeus rufus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 440 (1846); Cab. in Schomb. Beis. 
Guian. iii. p. 715 (1848); Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 130 (1850) ; 
Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 335, no. 1999 (18G2) ; Gray, List Ticid. 
Brit. Mus. p. 90 (1868); id. Eand-l. B. ii. p. 194, no. 8722 (1870) ; 
Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 253 (1870) ; Sclat. $ Salv. NomencL Av. Neotr. 

p. 101 (1873) ; Salv. Ibis, 1886, p. 59. 
Meiglyptes rufus, JELeichenb. Scans. PicintB, p. 404, no. 945, pi. delix. 
tigs. 4370-71, d 5 (1854). 
Celeopicus rufus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 13, pi. 1. figs. 6, 7, <$ $ (1862). 

Adult male. Back, scapulars, wing-coverts, secondaries on both 
webs, and upper tail-coverts rufous barred with black, the rump 
yellower and more narrowly barred with black; primaries on both 
webs barred rufous and black, with more or less of the apical portion 
uniform black; shafts of primaries black, those of the secondaries 
brown where crossed by the black bar, otherwise orange-reddish; 
tail rufous, barred with black on the basal portion of the feathers, 
the apical portion black, except on the lateral feathers which are 
barred entirely with black ; shafts black; head and neck paler 
rufous than the back, and transversely spotted with black; the 
malar region crimson, this colour extending upwards to the eye; 
fore neck and chest black, the feathers narrowly margined with 
rufous and having a scaly appearance ; remainder of the underpays 
rufous, yellower posteriorly, the under tail-coverts also rufous, 
and the whole crossed by bars or bar-like spots of black; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries yellow; on the edge of the wing a 
few blackish spots ; bill white at the tip. Total length 7*8 inches, 
culmen 0*86, wing 4*3, tail 2-6, tarsus 0*73; toes (without claws)— 
outer anterior 0*65, outer posterior 0*58, inner anterior 0*48, inner 
posterior 0*25. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of red 
upon the malar region and cheeks, these being rufous, and the malar 
region spotted with black. Total length 7*6 inches, culmen 0*88, 
wing 4*3, tail 2*55, tarsus 0*7. 

33 . CELEUS. 
Young In both sexes the top of the head and the crest arc uniform 
; the chest and breast less black, the former being spotted 
with rufous ; the barring on the underpays is very much narrower 
and of a less intense black. The male has a red malar stripe, and 
in the female this is absent. * 

ad appear to P°ssess two

Sbtilh!^ Phases of plumage ; one in 
which the top of the head and the crest are spotted, the other in which 
these are more or less uniform, in which respect they resemble the 
young l have, however, never seen the young with the crowu and 
crest other than uniform. 

Sab. Guiana, and the northern part of Brazil, south to Bnrra do 

Bio JNegro. 

a 
? ad. st Brazil. J. Gould, Esq. 

b. <$ ad Sk Cayenne. 
Purchased. 
c, d cJ2 ad. sk. Cayenne. Sclater Coll. 
eJ Z * , " Albma? Surinam (C. Bartlett). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
/. d ad. sk. Maroni R, Surinam (Kappler). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

g. 
<S ad. sk. Camaeusa, British Guiana, May Salvin-Godman Coll, 
(&. Whitely). 
h. 
$ ad. sk. Camacusa, March (H. Whitely). Sclater Coll. 
i. 
<$ imm.; k. Takutu R, British Guiana, May Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sad.sk. (H. Whitely). 
I, m. <$ J ad. sk. Merumi Mts., British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
July (JET. Whitely). 
n, 
o. (J $ ad. sk. Bartica Grove, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Aug., Nov. (J5T. Whitely). 

10. Celeus iiiidatiLs *. 
Eed-cheeked Woodpecker, Edwards. Glean. Nat Hist. iii. pi. 332, <$ 
(1764). h ' 
Picus undatus, Linn. Syst Nat i. p. 175 (1766) ; Gm. Syst. Nat I 

p. 432 (1788); Wagl. Syst Av. Picus, sp. 73 (1827) : Sundev. Consp. 
Av. Picin. p. 87 (1866). 

Malacolophus undatus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 309 (1837). 

Picus multifasciatus, Malh. Mim. Soc. Sci. ZiSge, 1845, p. 69. 

Celeus undatus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 440 (1846); Bp. Consp. Gen. 

Av. i. p. 129 (I860) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 90 (1808); 

id. Kand-l. B. ii. p. 195, no. 8727 (1870). 

Cerclmeipieus undatus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 9, no. 95 (1854). 

Cerchneipicus multifasciatus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 9, no. 96 

(1854). 
Celeopicus multifasciatus, Malh. Picidce. ii. p. 16, pi. 1, fiffs. 4r?,5 
2 (1862). 
Celeus multifasciatus, Sclat.ty Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 586, 595; Pelz. 
Orn. Bras. p. 253 (1870); Sclat Sf Salv. No?nencl Av. Neotr. 

p. 101 (1873). 
Adult male. Resembles C. rufus, but differs in having the top of 
the head and the crest darker rufous, and, together with the sides 
of the face and neck, chin and throat, narrowly striped with black ; 
the fore neck and chest less black, the former being rufous with 

* Keichenbach's Meiglyptes undatiis cannot be referred to this species, as 
neither the description nor the plate are correct. 
432 PICIDiE. 

heart-shaped spots of black, the latter barred rufous and b] ack like the 

underparts ; the innermost (only) of the primaries barred with rufous 

on the inner web, the inner webs of the others having more or less 

of the basal margin uniform buff or buffy white; tail rufous at the 

base, with only a trace of transverse black markings, the apical 

portion of the feathers black; bill horny brown, with a dark tip. 

Total length 7*8 inches, culmen 0-93, wing 4*5, tail 2-6, tarsus 0*8 ; 

toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0-65, outer posterior 0*55, 

inner anterior 0*43, inner posterior 0*27, 

Adult female. " Differs from the adult male in wanting the red 
' on the malar region. The dimensions are very similar to those of 
the male." (Malherhe.) 
Rah. Para and the Lower Amazon region. 

a. S ad. sk. Amazons (A. JR. Wallace). Sclater Coll. 
b. $ ad. sk. Para. R. Graham, Esq. [P.], 
11. Celeus loricatus. 
JMeiglyptes loricatus, Peichenb. Scans. Fiance, p. 405, no. 047, 

pi. dclxxxi. figs. 4495-96 (1854). 

Celeus undatus, Sclat. P. Z. S,1800, p. 286. 

Celeus mentalis, Cass. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1860, p. 1*37; id. Jour a. 

Acad. Philad. 1863, p. 461, pi. lii. figs. 2, 3, d 2 5 Sclat. fy Salv. 

P. Z. S. 1864, p. 367 * Gray, List Pieid. Brit Mus. p. 91 (1868) ; 
id. Eand-l B. ii. p. 195, no. 8729 (1870); Zeled. Cat. Av. Coda 
Rica, 1882, p. 283, no. 46. 
Celeopicus fraseri, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 16, pi. xliii. bis. fig. 5 (1862). 

Celeus fraseri, Sclat Cat Amer. B. p. 335, no. 2000 (1802). 

Celeus squainatus, Lawr. Ibis, 1863, p. 184 j id. Ami. Lye. N. York, 

1867, n. 11. 
Picus loricatus, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 87 (1866). 
Picus pholidotus, Sundev. Ctmsp. Av. Picin. p. 87 (1866). 
Celeus loricatus, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mm. p. 90 (1868); id. Hand-1. 

B. ii. p. 195, no. 8728 (1870); Sclat. 8f Salv. Nomencl Av. Keotr. 
p. 101 (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, pp. 533, 549; Tacz. $ Berl op.. 
cit. 1885, pp. 118,123. 
Adult male. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts rufous, narrowly 
barred with black, the rump and upper tail-coverts paler, the former 
barred, the latter having crescentic markings and spots of black; 
quills rufous, barred with black, the apical portion of the primaries 
uniform black; shafts reddish, those of the outer primaries brownish 
black - tail black, broadly barred with rufous buff, the shafts black; 
head and neck rufous, the malar region, chin, and upper throat 
crimson; the feathers of the forehead and crown having black centres, 
the hind neck transversely spotted with black, and the throat and 
fore neck also spotted with black * entire underparts from below the 
fore neck to (and including) the under tail-coverts pale buff, the 
feathers of the chest margined with rufous, and, together with those 
of the upper breast, having a broad intermarginal sqnamate marking 
of black, the remaining underparts having crescentic markings of 

33 . 
CELETTS. 433 
black, the under tail-coverts having somewhat similar markings, or 
heart-shaped spots, at the tip, and on the basal portion transverse 
spots of black ; under wing-coverts and axillaries rufous, with a few 
black spots on the edge of the wing. Total length 8*2 inches, culraen 
0*95, wing 4-8, tail 2*8, tarsus 0*75 ; toes (without claws)—outer 
anterior 0*68, outer posterior 0*62, inner anterior 0*5, inner posterior 
0*36. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of red 
on the malar region, chin, and throat, these being uniform rufous. 
Total length 8*2 inches, culmen 0*92, wing 4*8, tail 2*75, tarsus 0*8. 

Bab. Central America, north into Costa Rica, south into Antioquia 
and the western parts of Colombia and Ecuador, and extending into 
Peru (probably only the extreme north-west), Reichenbach's type 
being from the latter country. 

a. S ad. sk.
b, e. $ ad. sk. 
Veragua (E. Arce). 
Panama (J. McLeannan). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d. <$ ad. sk. Remedies, Antioquia (21 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e. $ ad. sk.
K. Salmon). 
Nicki, Antioquia (T. K Sclater Coll. 
f. J ad. sk.
Salmon). 
Babakoyo, EcuadorFraser). 
(£. Sclater Coll. (Type 
of C.fraseri Main.). 

12. Celeus castaneus. 
Picus castaneus, Wagl. Isis, 1829. p. 515 ; Sundeu. Consp. Av. Picin. 
p. 86 (1866). 
Picus badiodes, Less. Cent de Zool. pi. xiv. $ (1830). 
Celeus badiodes, Bote, Isis, 1831, p. 542; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 440 
(1846); Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 1S0'(1850) ; id. Consp. Volucr. 
Zygod. p. 8, no. 90 (1854); Sclat P. Z. S.1857, p. 229. 
Celeopicos badiodes, Malli. 2s. Classify Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, 

p. 334. 
Celeus castaneus, Licht. Nbmencl. Av. p. 77 (1854) * Sclat P. Z. S. 
1858, p. 359 • Moore, op. tit. 1859, p. 60 ; Sclat t c. p. 388; id. $ 
' 
Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 137; Cav.-Tayl. op. cit I860, p. 119; Sclat 
Cat. Amer. B. p. 336, no. 2004 (1802); later. Ann. Lyc. Nat Bist 

N. York, 1868, p. 130 ; Gray, List Picid, Brit Mus. p. 88 (1868) 
id. Band-l. B. ii. p. 194, no. 8716 (1870); Sclat. $ Salv. P. Z. S 
1870, p. 837; Salv. Ibis, 1872, p. 320; id. 8f Sclat Komencl. Av 
Keotr. p. 101 (1873); Zeled. Cat Av. Costa-Pica, p. 23, no. 485 
(1882); Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. -152. 
Meiglvptes 
castaneus, Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 405, no. 946 
pi. dclix. fig. 4372, ? (1854). 
Celeopicus castaneus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 25, pi. 1. figs. 1,2, c? ? 
(1862). 

Adult male. Head and upper part of neck rufescent buff, the malar 
region and the feathers more or less round the eye crimson; the 
remainder of the plumage (except the apical portion of the quiUs 
and of the tail-feathers) rich rufous, the back, scapulars, and wing-
coverts with transverse black markings, the rump uniform, the 
upper tail-coverts with bar-like and sagittate spots of black; the 
VOL. XVIII, 2 p 

434 PICIDJS. 

lower part of the neck with heart-shaped or Y-shaped black spots ; 
the under surface of the "body and the under tail-coverts witli broad 
Y-shaped black markings• shafts of outer quills blackish brown, 
those of the inner feathers reddish ; shafts of tail-feathers black ; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries yellowish or buffy white. Total 
length 9 inches, culinen 1*03, wing 5-05, tail 3*1, tarsus 1*05; toes 
(without claws)—outer anterior 0*8, outer posterior 0*7, inner anterior 
Q'57, inner posterior 0*4. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red on 
the malar region and round the eye. Total length S*S inches, 
culinen 1*1, wing 4*95, tail 2*9, tarsus 1*08. 

Hah. South Mexico, States of Yera Oruz (Orizaba) and Oaxaea, 
extending into Yucatan, and through Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, 
and Costa Bica. 

a. 5 ad. sk. Central America. Sclater Coll. 
b. $ ad. sk. Atovac, Yera Cruz, April Salvin-Goclman Coll. 
(Mrs. H. H. Smith). 
c, d. J ad. sk. Orizaba, Mexico. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e. J ad. sk. Tiziniin, Northern Yucatan, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
May (G. F. Gaumer). 
/ . 2 ad. sk. Orange Walk, British HonSalvin-
Godman Coll. 
duras, Dec. (G.F. Gaumer), 
g § ad. sk. Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [CI. 
A, i. <$ ad. ; 7c} I J Guatemala. Tweeddale Coll. 
ad. sk. 
m. $ ad. sk. Teleman, Yera Paz (O. S.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
n, o. $ 5 ad. sk. Glioctum, Yera Paz (O. S.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
p. cS imm. ; q. g Honduras. Mr. Dyson [P.], 
ad. sk. 
r. <$ ad. sk. Honduras. Sclater Coll. 
s. $ imm. sk. Julian, Honduras (G. 31. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Whitely). 
t. $ ad. sk. San Pedro, Honduras (G. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
M. Whitely). 
u. $ ad. sk. Chontales, Nicaragua (T. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Belt). 

13. Celeus grammicixs. 
Picus grammicus, Malh. M&m. Soe. Roy. Liege, 1845, p. 69; Sundev. 
Consp. Av. Picin. p. 86 (1866). 
Cerchneipicus grammicus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 9, no. 97 

Celeopicus verreauxii, Malh. Rev. Zool 1858, p. 8; id. Picidce, ii. 

p. 14, pi. li. figs. 1, 2, S2 (1862). 
Celeus grainmicus, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 74; id. Cat. Amer. B. 
p. 335, no. 2001 (1862) ; id. § Bah. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 197 * Gray, 
List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 89 (1868); id. Sand-l. B. ii. p. 194, 
no. 8725 (1870); Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 252 (1870); Sclat. $ Salv. 
Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 101 (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 297 * 
Taez. op. cit. 1882, p. 43; id. On?. Pirou, iii. p. 96 (1886). 
Celeus verreauxii, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 74 ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. 
Mus. p. 89 (1868) • id. Kand-l. B. ii. p. 194, no. 8724 (1870). 

33 . CELlt-US. 435 
Celeopictio grainmicus, Malh. Pieidce, ii. p. 18, pi. li. figs. 4, 5, S ? 

Picus verreauxi, Sunclev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 86 (18G6). 

Adult male. Differs from G. castaneus in being darker rufous 
above, and in having tbe greater part of the back, the scapulars, 
wing-covcrts, and both webs of the secondaries (generally) barred 
with black, the rump and upper tail-coverts (alone) being uniform ; 
the rufous on the outer webs of the primaries sometimos barred with 
black, the inner webs black, but with more or less of the basal margin 
dull yellowish buff: head and neck deep chocolate-brown, the 
feathers more or less ceDtred with black ; the abdomen, flanks, and 
under tail-coverts uniform ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale 
rufescent brown. Total length 8*3 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4-85, 
tail 3, tarsus 0*8; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*65, outer 
posterior 0*6, inner anterior 0*40, inner posterior 0*32. 

Adidt female. Has no red on the malar region, this being dark 
rufous with a few almost obsolete spots of black. Total length 8 
inches, culmen 0'85, wing 4*8, tail 2*85, tarsus 0*76. 

Young. Eesemble the adult, but have more rufous at the base of 
tbe central tail-feathers ; the head and crest, as well as the neck, 
are uniform, or very slightly varied with black which centres the 
feathers. 

Hah, Cayenne and west through the Upper Amazon region into 
Eastern Ecuador and North-east Peru. 

a,b. $ J ad. sk. Oyapock, Cayenne. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c. $ ad. sk. Oyapock. Sclater Coll. 
dy e. S ad.; /. $ Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ad. sk. Buckley), 
g. J ad. sk. Upper Amazons (Bates). Sclater Coll. 
h. (j1 juv. sk. Ucayali, Peruvian Amazons, E. Baxtlett [C.]. 
June. 

14. Celeus spectabilis. (Plate X.) 
Celeus spectabilis, Sclat. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 161. 
[Adult female.'] (Type of species.) Back, scapulars, and wing-
coverts fulvous, with a tinge of buff, each feather having broad bars 
and a large subapical spot of deep black; rump and upper tail-
coverts fulvescent buff; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish 
brown, the latter margined with rufous; primaries deep rufous on 
more or less of their basal portion, this colour increasing in extent 
on the inner feathers and prolonged upon the outer webs, the apical 
portion of the primaries blackish brown; secondaries deep rufous 
tipped with blackish brown, the innermost of these feathers more or 
less fulvescent, broadly barred and spotted with black * shafts of 
primaries dark brown, those of the secondaries orange-reddish; tail 
black, the dwarf feather tipped and barred with fulvescent buff, shafts 
black ; entire head and neck deep rufous; chest black ; the under 
surface of the body and under tail-coverts fulvescent buff, the breast, 

2F2 

436 
PICIM. 

abdomen, vent, and upper series of under tail-coverts having more 
or less cordate spots of deep black, these being very large upon the 
upper breast; the flanks and thighs having only a few spots or 
stripes of black ; under wing-coverts and axillaries fulvescent buff, 
the former having rounded spots of black. Total length 10 inches, 
culmen 1*18, wing 5-95, tail 3*85, tarsus 0'86 ; toes (without claws) 
—outer anterior 0-88, outer posterior 0*76, inner anterior 0-66, 
inner posterior 0*4. 

Hab. Sarayacu, Ecuador. 

a. 
J ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(Type of species.) 
34. 
CEECHF1IPICUS. 
Type. 
Cerchneipicus, Bp. Cornp. Volucr. Zyyod. p. 9, no. 93 
(1854) C. tinnunculus. 

Bill of Cerchneipicus iorquains. 

Range, Guiana, and throughout the greater part of Brazil, east 
to Pernambuco, south to the Paraguay and Guapore Eivers, and 
into North-east Peru, 

Key to the Species. 

A. Not barred either above 
or below; the 
lower part of the hind neck and the 
extreme upper part of the back black, 
this forming a broad collar. 
af. With red malar suripe torquatm £ ad., p. 437. 
h'. "With no malar stripe torquatm J ad., p. 437. 

B. 
Barred above and below; with no black 
collar on the lower hind neck and upper 
part of the back. 
c'. Upper parts, wings and their coverts 
broadly barred with black, the bars 
(generally) very much broader than 
the interspaces; the three outer large 
tail-feathers black and not barred, 
but with buff or rufous spots at the 
base of the inner webs. 


a!\ With red malar stripe tinnunculus J ad., p. 438. 
b'« With no malar stripe. tinnunculus $ ad., p, 438. 

34 . CEECHNEIPICTJS, 
437 

d'. Upper parts, wings and their coverts 

narrowly barred with black, the bars 

very much narrower than the inter


spaces • the whole of the tail-feathers 

barred rufous and black. 

c". With red malar stripe occidentalis $ ad., p. 439. 

d". With no malar stripe occidentalis $ ad., p. 439. 

1. Cerchneipicus torquatus. 
Le Pic a cravate noire, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 35 (1780). 
Pic a cravate noire de Cayenne, Daubent PI. Bnl. no. 863, § ad. 
Picus torquatus, Bodd. Tabl. PL Bnl. p. 52, no. 863 (1783). 
Picus multicolor, Gm. Syst. Nat i. p. 429 (1788); Vieill N. Diet. 


d'Sist. Nat. xxvi. p. 71 (1818) ; id. fy Bonn. Bne. MStk iii. 

p. 1306 (1823) ; Valenc. Bid. Sc. Nat. xl. p. 175 (1826); Sundev. 
Consp. Av. Picin. p. 84 (1866). 
Picus scutatus, Wagl. Syst. Av. Picus, no. 77 (1827). 
Picus thoracinus, Bess. Traite, i. p. 223 (1831). 
Celeus torquatus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 440 (1846); id. List Picid. 

Brit. Mm. p. 89 (1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 194, no. 8723 (1870); 
Sclat. 8r Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 101 (1873). 
Celeus multicolor, Cab. in Schomb. Beis. Guian. iii. p. 715 (1848) ; 
Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 130 (1850) * Reichenb. Scans. Picince} 

p. 406, no. 949, pi. dclx, figs. 4374-75, ? ? (1854) ; Pelz. Ibis. 
1873, p. 118 ; Salv. op. tit. 1886, p. 59. 
Celeopicos multicolor, Malh. N. Classify Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, 

p. 335. 
Cerchneipicus multicolor, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 9, no. 94 
(1854). 
Celeopicus multicolor, 
Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 34, pi. Iii. figs. 1, 2, <$ J 
(1862). 

Adult male. Above, together with the wings and tail and their 
coverts rufous, a broad black band across the extreme upper back, 
the outer wing-coverts margined at the tip and with art occasional 
spot of black ; the primaries and outer secondaries narrowly barred 
with black, the outer primaries having their apical portion black, 
the others only tipped with the same; shafts of outer primaries 
brown, those of inner primaries and secondaries reddish: tail-
feathers tipped and narrowly barred with black, the shafts black ; 
head and crest rufous, paler on the chin and throat; a very large 
crimson malar stripe ; the whole of the neck in a line with the hind 
part of the malar stripe, chest and upper breast uniform black, and 
uniting with the black zone on the upper back;'the remainder of 
the underparts and under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts and 
axillaries uniform pale rufous or rufous buff. Total length 10*5 
inches, culmen 1 *35, wing 5*85, tail 3*85, tarsus 0*95 ; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*85, outer posterior 0*75, inner anterior 
0*62, inner posterior 0*35. 

Adult female. May be distinguished from the adult male by the 

438 PICIDiE. 

absence of the red malar stripe. Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 
1-32, wing 6, tail 3-7, tarsus 0-92. 
Hab. Guiana, and Northern Brazil from Barra do Rio Negro to 
Pernambuco. 
a,b. 3 2 ad. sk. Guiana (H. WMtely). Sclater Coll. 

c. d ad. sk. Takutu B.., British Guiana Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(H. Wkitely). 
d. (S ad. sk. Rupimuni River, British Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Guiana, July 12 (H. WMtely). 
e. <$ ad. sk. Pernarnbuco/Brazil (Craven). Sclater Coll. 
2. Cerckaeipicns timmncnlxis. 
Picus tinnunculus, Wagl. Isi% 1829, p. 516*. Keuwied, Beitr. Naturg. 
Bras. iv. p. 401, $ (1832) • Sundei\ Consp. Av. Picin. p. £4 
(1866). 

Celeus tinnunculus, Boie, Isisf 1831. p. 542; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. I 

p. 130 (1850) j Reichenb. Scans. Picuus, p. 405, no. 948, pi. dclx. 
fig. 4373, $ (1854) ; Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 232 (1850); Gray, 
List Bicid. Brit. Mus. p. 89 (1868)* id. Hand-t. B. ii. p. 194, 
no. 8721 (1870); Belz. Orn. Bras. p. 250 (1870); Sclat. $ Salv. 
NomencL Av, Neotr. p. 101 (1873). 
Celeopicos tinnunculus, Malh. N. Classify Mem. Acad. Metz, 184849, 
p. 334. 
Cerebrieipicus tinnunculus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 9, no. 93 
(1854). 
Celeopicus tinnunculus, Malh Bicidm, ii. p. 30, pi. Hi* figs. 4,5, $ $ 
(1862). 

Adult male. Differs from C. torquaius in having the hind neck 
and entire back, rump and upper tail-coverts, wing-coverts, and the 
whole rufous of the quills clearly and broadly barred with black, 
the ground-colour above is also paler; the apical half of the four 
central rectrices black, the basal half narrowly barred with rufous 
and more broadly with black, the remaining tail-feathers black, with 
buff or rufous spots at the base of the inner webs ; the head, chin, 
and throat very much paler ; the side of the neck, fore neck, chest, 
and upper breast black as in C, torqaatus, but the entire underpays 
below the black, also the under tail-coverts are pale buff or 
buffy white barred with black; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
buff, the latter as well as the outermost of the former spotted with 
black. Total length 11-5 inches, culmen 1*65, wing 6, tail 3*75, 
tarsus 0*92; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*95, outer 
posterior 0*82, inner anterior 0*68, inner posterior 0*42. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of the 
red malar stripe. Total length 11-5 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 6'25, 
tail 3*95, tarsus 1*07. 

Hab. Eastern Brazil (Bahia), and westward in Matto Grosso to 
the Paraguay and Guapore Rivers. 

a. 2 ad. sk. Brazil. Zoological Society. 
b. j ad. sk. Bahia, Brazil (Dr. Wucherer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e, <J ad. sk. Bahia (Dr. Wucherer). Sclater Coll. 
35. CEocoiroRPHtrs. 
3. Cerelmeipiciis occidentalis. (Plate XL) 
Celeus tinnunculus (non TFagl), Sclat Cat, Amer. B. p. 336, no. 2008 
(1862); id. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 196,1873. p. 291 ; Tacz. Orn. 
P4rouK iii. p. 96 (1886). 

Cerchneipieus occidentalis, Hargitt, Ibis, 1889, p. 230. 

Adult male. Resembles C. tinnunculus below, the underparts, 
from the lower breast downwards, being barred with black, but 
differs in having the entire upper parts and upper tail-coverts, also 
the wings and their coverts, more rufous and very narrowly barred 
with black, the bars being sometimes only a third the width of the 
rufous interspaces : occasionally the bars on the back are reduced 
to transverse spots, and the wing-coverts only slightly spotted with 
black; the lateral tail-feathers as well as the basal portion of the 
others are barred rufous and black* the hind neck is uniform rufous 
like the top of the head, and the head, chin, and throat are rather 
darker than in G, tinnunculus, and the under wing-coverts are also 
more rufous. Total length 10*7 inches, culmen 1'33, wing 6*12, 
tail 3*75, tarsus 0*95; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 1*05, 
outer posterior 0*92, inner anterior 0*67, inner posterior 0*46. 

Adult female. Wants the crimson malar stripe possessed by the 
male, which it in other respects resembles. Total length 10 inches, 
culmen 1*4, wing 6*05, tail 3*75, tarsus 1. 

Hah. North-east Peru (Upper Ucayali); Brazil, probably confined 
to the western part, but precise range in that country not 
known. 

a. § ad. sk. Brazil. 
Sclater Coll. 
b. $ 
ad. sk. Upper Ucayali, Peruvian Ama- E. Bartlett [0]. 
zons, July. (Type of species.) 
c. 
£ ad. sk. Samiria, E. Peru, Sept. (J". Salvin-Grodman Coll. 
Hauxwell). 
35. CBOCOMORPHUS. 
Type, G.flavus. 

Bill of Croc tymorpJius flaws 

Range. The northern portion of South America • Guiana, Venezuela, 
and Trinidad; westwaid into North-east Peru, and east to 
Bahia. 

440 
PICID^E. 

Key to the Species. 

A. 
Head, neck, and body, above and 
below, uniform yellow. 
a'. Winp:-co\ erts dusky brown or rufous-
brown, tipped only with dull 
pale yellow; secondaries deep 
rufous. 


a1'. With red malar stripe Jlavus d ad., p, 440. 
b". With no malar stripe flavus $ ad., p. 441. 


V. 
Wing-coverts almost entirely pale 
yellow; secondaries more or less 
pale sandy rufous. 
c". With red malar stripe semicinnainomeus <* ad., p. 441. 
d". With no malar btripe semicinnamonteus 2 ad., p. 442. 

B. 
Head, neck, and body not uniform; 
the crown, chest, upper back, and 
upper tail-covert& spotted and varied 
with dark brown ; with a reel malar 
stripe in the male flaws juv., p. 441. 
1. Crocomorplnis flavns. 
Picus flavus, Mull, Syst. Nat. 1770, p. 01. 
Pic jaune de Cayenne, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii, p. 32 (1780) ; 


Daubent. PL JSnl. no. 509, tf ad. 
Picus citrinus, Bodd. Tabl. PL Enl p. 80, no. 509 (17*3). 
Picus exalbidus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 428 (17fc8): Valenc. Diet. 8c. 

Nat.xl.y. 174 (1820); Less. Traite,i.-p. 223 (1*31); Nemcied, 
Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 404 (1832) ; Sunder. Consp. Av. Picin. 

p. 85 (1860). 
Picus flavicans, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 240 (1790) ; Yieill N. Diet. 
d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 78 (1818); Spiv, Av. Bras. i. p. 00, pi. li. 
1ig. % $ (1824). 

Celeus exalbidus, Boie, Isis, 1831, p. 542; Cab. in Schomb. Beis. 
Guian. iii. p. 715 (1848); Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 130 (1850); 
id. Consp. Volucr. Zygocl. p. 8, no. 88 (1854); Reichenb. Scans. 
Picinee, p. 407, no. 954, pi. dclxi. figs. 4384-85, tf ad. & iuv. 
(1854). 

Malacolophus flavicans, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 309 (1837). 
Celeus citrinus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 440 (1846) : Sclat. Cat. Amer. 


B. p. 336, no. 2006 (1862) ; id. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 190,1867, 
p. 753 ; Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 252 (1870); Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 890; 
Sclat. fy Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 291: Tacz. Orn. Perou. iii. p. 99 
(1886); Salv. Ibis, 1886, p. 59. 
Celeopicus exalbidus, MalJi. Picidrn. ii. p. 80, pi. Iv. flops. 4_o, tf 0 
ad., c? juv. (1862). ' * '* ° ' * 
Celeus flavus, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 88 (1808) ; id. JSand-l 
B. ii. p. 194, no. 8715 (1870) ; Sclat. $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. 

p. 101 (1873); Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 403, no. 1969(1882), 
pt. 
Celeus semicinnamomeus (non Reichenb.), Gray, List Picid. Brit. 
Mus. p. 88 (1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 194, no. 8720 (1870). 
Celeus subflavus, Sclat. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 21. 

Adult male. Head, neck, and entire body above and below, also 
the scapulars and upper tail-coverts, canary-yellow; wing-coverts 


35 . CEOCOMOEPHTJS. 
441 

dusky brown tipped with dingy yellow; primaries brownish black, 
with more or less of the outer web rufous, slightly dusky, and the 
basal portion of the inner web also rufous or sometimes inclining 
to pale yellow, the secondaries rufous, sometimes uniform, at 
other times having the inner webs with yellowish margins and a 
blackish-brown stripe next to the shaft and spreading out on the 
tip of the feather, the rufous colour on these feathers occasionally 
dingy; the innermost of all the secondaries yellow; shafts of primaries 
brownish black, those of the rufous secondaries rufous or 
reddish, shading into brown at the base, the shafts of the innermost 
secondaries yellowish white : tail brownish black, the shafts of the 
central feathers black, those of the lateral ones brown; under wing-
coverts and axillaries canary-yellow. Total length 9*8 inches, 
culmen 1*05, wing 5*7, tail 3*2, tarsus 1*1; toes (without claws)— 
outer anterior 0*83, outer posterior 0-83, inner anterior 0*6, inner 
posterior 0*3. 

Adult female. Eesembles the adult male, but wants the crimson 
malar stripe. Total length 10'5 inches, culmen 1-02, wing 5*75, 
tail 3*65, tarsus 1*02. 

Young. Both sexes differ considerably from the adult in having 
the top of the head, the chest, upper part of the back, and the upper 
tail-coverts spotted and varied with dark brown, this colour generally 
forming a central spot on the feather. The male has a red malar 
stripe, and in the female this is wanting. 

Hah. Guiana and the northern part of Brazil, extending westward 
into Korth-east Peru, and eastward to Bahia. 

a. $ ad. sk. Guiana. 
Sclater Coll. 
b. $ ad. sk. British Guiana. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c. S ad.; d. $ Cayenne. 
Sclater Coll. 
imm. sk. 
«,/. 6 2 ad. sk. Cayenne. Zoological Society. 

g. $ imm. sk. Para, Sept. (JEJ. L. Layard). Tweeddale Coll. 
h. $ jtiv. sk. Bahia, Brazil (Dr. Wucheref). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
L <$ imm. sk. Brazil. 
h. 
$ ad.; /. Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. Buck" Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Imm. sk. ley). 
m. $ ad. sk. Sarayacu (01 BucMey). Sclater Coll. 
n3o. J J ad. sk. Samiria,E.Peru (J. Hauxwell). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
p. 
(S ad. sk. Chayavetas, E. Peru, July (JEJ.Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Bartlett). 
2. Crocomorphus semicinnamomeus. 
Celeus semicinnamomeus, Reicherib. Scans. Picinez, p. 407, no. 956, 

pi. dclxi. fig. 4386, $ (1854). 
Celeopicus semicinnamomeus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 26 (1862). 
Picus exalbidus (pt.), Simdev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 85 (1866). 
Celeus flavus (non Mull), Selat. $ 8ah. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 169 ; iid. 

(pt.) Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 101 (1873); Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll 

p. 403, no. 1969 (1882), pt. 
Adult male. Eesembles C. flavus, but differs in having the wing


442 PICTDJE. 

coverts almost entirely yellow, and the secondaries of a more sandy 
rufous. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1*05, wing 5*4, tail 3*2, 
tarsus 0*98 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*85, outer posterior 
0*78, inner anterior 0*6, inner posterior 0*32. 

Adult female. "Wants the red malar stripe, hut is otherwise like 
the adult male. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1, wing 5*15, 

tail 3*1, tarsus 0*95. 
Hah. Venezuela and Trinidad. 
a. 2 ac^-h^.
b. S ad. sk. 
Venezuela. 
1\. Andalucia, Venezuela,March(A. Guering). 
Sah in-Gudman Coll. 
Salvin-Godruan Coll. 

3G. CHEYS0C0LAPTES. 

Type. 
Chrysocolaptes, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1843, p. 1004 .. C. strictus. 
Indopicus, Malh. Mem. Acad. Mefz, 1^48-49, p. 342 . C. guttacristatus. 
Heinwardtipiciis? Bp. Co/isp. Valuer. Zijgod. p. 77 

no. 14(lbo4) C. \alidus. 
X} lolepes, Cab. $ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 108 (1^03}. O. validus. 

Head of Chrysocolaptes stnefm. 

Range. Throughout India and Ceylon; Assam, Cachar, the 
Burmese Provinces, into Siam and Lower Cochin China; south 
thionghthe Malayan Peninsula into Sumatra, Java, and Borneo; 
also occurring in many of the Philippine Islands. 

443 

36 . CHBTSOCOLAPTES, 
Key to the Species. 

A. Entire underparts from the throat 
downwards varied with black. 
a\ Back (except the extreme upper 
part), rump, upper tail-coverts, 
and scapulars black, contrasting 
with the golden wing-coverts. 
a". Top of the head and the crest 
red, the base (only) of the forehead 
spotted with white ... . feslivus <$ ad., p. 446. 
b". Crown and crest golden yellow, 
the entire forehead spotted with 
white festhus 2 ad., p. 44Q. 
b'. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts 
olive-golden, contrasting with the 
red rump. 
c". Ground-colour of the face and 
neck pale golden buff or bufFy 
white. 
a'". Top of the head and the crest 
red strictus <$ ad., p. 447. 
b'". Top of the head and the crest 
yellow strictus $ ad., p. 448. 
d"'. Ground of the face and neck 
white. 
c'". Top of the head and the crest 
red ; S juv. resembles $ ad. guttacristatus S ad., p. 449. 
d'". Top of the head and the crest 
black, spotted with white j 
5 juv. resembles § ad guttacnstatm $ ad., p. 449. 
e". Face and upper part of the side 
of the neck almost entirely 
crimson, the chin and throat 
pinkish buff. 

e'". 
Top of the head and the 
crest red erythrocephalus <$ ad., p. 452. 

f. 
Top of the head and the occipital 
crest golden olive, 
tinged with red and spotted 
with golden white erythrocephalus $ ad., p. 452. 
c'. Back, rump, scapulars, and wing-
coverts red. 


f". With a broad black stripe from 
behind the eye extending down 
the side of the neck. 


g"f. Underparts creamy white, the 
feathers of the fore neck and 
chest entirely margined with 
black and having a squamate 
appearance; the remaining 
under feathers margined, 
but not tipped, with black, 
and having a striated charac-ter. 


a4. Top of the head and the 
crest red strkhlandi <5 ad.; p. 453. 

444 
PICIDiE. 

b4. Top of the head and the crest 
black, spotted with white, strichlandi $ ad.7 p. 454. 

It!". Underparts strongly fulvescent 
white or buffy white, 
with narrow transverse markings 
of black or olive-brown, 
the chest-feathers broadly 
marginedjwith olive, the fulvescent 
portion being reduced 
to spots. 


c4. Top of the head and the 
crest red hamatribon <$ ad., p. 454. 

d*°. Middle of crown and the 
crest red, the remainder of 
crown and the forehead 
blackish brown, spotted 
with dull white ... . kcsmairibon $ juv., p. 455. 

e4. Top of the head and the 
crest black, spotted with 
pure white hmnairihon $ ad., p. 455. 

g". With no black stripe running 
from behind the eye down the 
side of the neck. 


i'". The bases of the feathers of 
the back, scapulars, wing-
coverts, and that portion of 
the secondaries which is not 
red, olive; face golden yellow, 
the orbital region (only) 
with stripe-like spots of 
black ; the malar region with 
a median black line in addition 
to the upper and lower 
black margins; ground-colour 
of upper tail-coverts olive. 


fk 

. Fore neck, chest, and breast with 
buff longitudinal spots 
on a ground of blackish 
brown, only slightly olive ; 
top of the head and the 


crest red 
lucidus <$ ad.? p. 456, 

<74. Fore neck, chest, and breast 
with heart-shaped spots of 
fulvescent white on an 
olive ground. 
a5. Top of the head and the 
crest red lucidus 3 imm., p. 456. 

bs. Top of the bead and the 
crest olive-golden, tinged 
with red and spotted 
with golden white liccidus § imm., p. 456. 

j"\ 
The bases of the feathers of 
the back, scapulars, wing-
coverts, and that portion of 
the secondaries not red, 
brown; ground of upper tail-
coverts brownisb black; face 


445 

36 . OHRYSOCOLAPTES. 
yellowish buff, entirely varied 
with. Mack striations; the 
rufous-buff malar regionwithout 
any black median line; 
top of the head and the crest 
blackish brown, washed with 
red, the feathers haying a 
triangular apical spot of rufescent 
buff rufopunctatus $ ad., p. 457. 

B. 
Fore neck and chest (only) varied 
with black; the remaining underpays 
uniform yellow; upper parts, 
scapulars, wing-coverts, and outer 
webs of secondaries deep red. 
d\ Top of the head and the crest red. xanthocephalus <$ ad., p. 457. 
e'. Top of the head and the crest yellow, 
like the face xanthocephalus J ad., p. 458. 

C. Fore neck and chest, as well 
as the 
underparts, uniform, red in the male 
and dusky brown in the female; 
scapulars, wing-coverts, and quills 
blackish brown (the latter barred 
with rufous), contrasting with the 
back. 
f. 
Top of the head and the occiput 
red; lower part of the back and 
the rump varying from bright red 
to orange validus <$ ad., p. 459. 
g\ 
Top of the head and the occiput 
blackish brown; entire back and 
rump white .. validus $ ad., p. 459. 


1. Ohrysocolaptes festivus. 
Pic verd de Goa, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 22 (1780); Daubent 

PL Enl. 696, <$. 
.Goa Woodpecker, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 582 (1782). 
Picus festivus, Bodd. Tall. PL JEnl. p. 43, no. 696 (1783) ; JSundev. 

Consp. Av. Picin. p. 80 (1866). 
Picus goensis, Gm. 8yst. Nat. i. p. 434 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. i. 

p. 235 (1790) ; Steph, Gen. Zool. ix. p. 187, pi. 35**, <$ (1815); 
Vieill N. Diet. d'&ist. Nat. xxvi. p. 98, # (1818); id. # Bonn, 
Enc. MSth. iii. p. 1321, d (1823) ; Valenc. Diet. 8c. Nat. xl. 
p. 174 (1826); Drop. Diet. Class, xiii. p. 499 (1828;. 
Picus humeralis, WagL 8yst. Av. Picus, sp. 93 (1827). 
Dendrocopus elliotti, Jerd. Madr. Journ. 1840, p. 212, $. 
Brachyptemus goensis, Strichl. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 31. 
Picus (Ohrysocolaptes) melanotus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1843, p. 1005. 
Ohrysocolaptes goensis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 436 (1845); Blyth, Cat. 
B. Mus. As. 8oe. p. 55 (1849); Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 121 
(1850) ; id. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 10, no. 173 (1854); Reichenb. 
Scans. Picince, p. 400, no. 931, pi. dclv. fig. 4359, <S (1854); Jerd. 
B. Ind, i. p. 282 (1862). 
Indopicus goensis, Malh. N. Classify Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, 
p. 343; id. Picidce, ii. p. 82, pi. lxvi. figs. 1, 2, $ $ (1862), 
Ohrysocolaptes festivus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App, p. xxi (1849); Cab. 
446 PICID-E. 

# Heine, Mws. Bern. iv. p. 108 (18(33); i?fy*/i, 2&s, I860, p. 355; 
Gray, List Pioid. Brit. 3Ius. p. 63 (1808) ; Blanf. X A. S, B. 
1809, p. 168; Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 189, no. 8647 (1870); 
Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 427 ; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 8; Adam, Sir. 

F. 1873, p. 373; Ball, op. cit. 1874, p. 391; Legge, Ibis, 1875, 
p. 283 ; Butl. Str. F. 1875, p. 458, 1876, p. 37 ; Ball, op. dt vii. 
p. 206 (1878); Hume, op. cit 1870, p. 87, no. 107 ; Butl. Cat. B. 
Sindfyc. no. 167 (1870); Vidal, Str. F. 1880, p. 52; Hume, /. c. 
p. 191; Butl. t. c. p. 385; J. Davidson, op. cit. x. p. 2U7 (1&82); 
W. Davison, Str. F. x. p. 355 (1883) ; Sivinh. 4* Barnes, Ibis, 
1885, p. 62. 
Adult male. The middle feathers of the upper back and the hind 
neck white, the former edged externally with black ; the remainder 
of the back, the ramp, upper tail-coverts, scapulars, and the forearm 
uniform brownish black* wing-coverts bright golden yellow on the 
margins, the remaining part olive, and the bases black; quills 
brownish black, the secondaries golden olive externally, the outer 
webs spotted with dull brownish or olivaceous white, the inner webs 
having larger and whiter spots; shafts blackish brown ; tail-feathers 
and the shafts black; base of the forehead black, spotted w ith white, 
the remainder of the forehead, crown, and crest crimson; sides of 
the face and neck, and the whole of the underparts from the chin to 
the under tail-coverts (both inclusive) white or slightly butfy, varied 
with black in the following manner:—a stripe borders the crown 
and occiput, a broad stripe from behind the eye, including the ear-
coverts, runs down the side of the neck; the malar region is margined 
below and has .a narrow longitudinal stripe running across it, 
and on the chin and throat there is a median line; from and including 
the fore neck downwards all the feathers are more or less 
broadly margined with black, except at the tip, and the whole has 
a striped appearance; under wing-coverts black, transversely spotted 
with vt hite; the axillaries white, with large black spots. Total 
length 11*8 inches, culmen 2*15, wing 6*08, tail 3*25, tarsus 1*15 ; 
toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*95, outer posteroir 1*1, inner 
anterior 0*73, inner posterior 0*5. 

Adult female*. Has the whole of the forehead as well as the 
feathers bordering the crown brownish, spotted with creamy white, 
the crown and crest brilliant golden yellow. In other respects it 
resembles the adult male. Total length 11*5 inches, culmen 2, wing 
6*05, tail 3*2, tarsus 1*12. 

Young. The male resembles the adult of the same sex in having 
the crown and occiput red, but they are more scarlet. The forehead 
is sparingly spotted with white, but the ground-colour is 
smoky grey. The female is like the male, but the feathers of the 
crown and crest are more or less yellow between the black bases 
and the red tips. 

Bab. India (generally), from the Aravalli range in the west to 

* Sometimes confounded with the female of the Javan C. sirktus, on account 
of its yellow crown and crest. 

36 . CEBYSOCOLAPTES. 
447 

Chota Xagpur in the east, north to Naini-Tal and southward into 
the island of Ceylon. Not found in the South-east Himalayan 
Provinces. 

a. S ad. sk. Sambhur, May 5,1873. Hume Coll. 
b. $ 
ad. sk. Khyree Ghur, Naini-Tal (JS. Tweeddale Coll. 
Piniuill). 
c. 2 irani. sk. Oudh Terai (S. Piniuitt). Tweeddale Coll. 
d. e. (S 2 ad. sk. Oudh Terai. Capt. Stackkouse Pin-
will [P.]. 
/. d ad.; g,h. $ Bhundara district, March. Hume Coll. 
ad. sk. 
i, k. S 2 ac^ st» Behar. Hodgson Coll 
I, m. $ ad.; n. 2 Behar. Hodgson Coll. 

juv. sk. 

o. <$ ad. sk. Sumbalpur, April 9, 1875. Hume Coll. 
p-z. 
J ad. et inim.; Raipur, Dec, Jan., Feb. Hume Coll. 
a'-ft. 2 ad. et 
imm. sk. 

V. 2 ad. sk. Manpur, May 26,1882. Ool. Swinkoe [P.]. 
m'. <$ ad. sk. Taloda, Ehandeish, Dec. 10, Hume Coll. 
1879 (J. Davidson). 
ri. 2 ad.; o'. 2 Khandeish. Tweeddale Coll. 
imm. sk. 
p'. $ ad. sk. Katnagiri, Sept. 15,1878 Hume Coll. 

(G. Vidal). 
q'. S ad. sk. Coonoor Ghat, Sept. 1876 Tweeddale Coll. 
(R. G. W. JR.). 
r, s'. 3 2 &&-gk-Ceylon. Tweeddale Coll. 
2. Chrysocolaptes strictns. 
Picus strictus, Horsf. 
Tram. Linn. Soe. xiil p. 176 (1822); Less. 

Compl. Buff. ix. p. 314 (1837); Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 283 (1862). 
Picus goensis (non Gm.), Horsf. Zool. Research. Java (1824). 
Picus peralaimus, Wagl. St/st Av. Picus, sp. 93, non syn. (1827). 
Chrysocolaptes strictus, Myth, J. A. S. B. 1843, p. 1004; Gray, 

Gen. B. li. p. 436 (1845) j Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 121 (1850) j 
id. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 10, no. 172 (1854) ; Horsf. §* Moore, 
Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 654 (1856-58); Cab. $ Heine, Mus. 
Hem. iv. p. 167 (1863); Gray, List Pt'cid. Brit. Mus. p. 63 (1868); 
id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 189, no. 8645 (1870); Blyth, Ibis, 1870, 

p. 
163; Vorderm. Over. Nat. Tijds. Nederl. Ind. xliv. p. 191 
(1884). 
Picus (Chrysocolaptes) strictus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1845, p. 191. 
Indopicus strictus, Malh. N. Classif, Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, 

p. 343; id. Picida, ii. p. 80, pi. lxv. figs. 1 $ ad., 3 $ ad. (1862). 
Picus sultaneus /3, Sundev. Consp. Av. JPicin. p. 80 (1866). 
Picus sultaneus (pt.), Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 181 (1876). 
Adult male. Back, rump, scapulars, and wing-co verts golden olive, 
the feathers having golden margins, those of the rump being edged 
at the tip with red; quills blackish brown, the outer webs of the 
primaries having more or less of the margin golden olive, those of 
the secondaries entirely of this colour; inner webs of the quills 
having rounded spots of white; shafts clear brown; upper tail


448 PICIDJ2. 

coverts blackish brown, some being slightly margined with dull 
olive; tail-feathers and the shafts black; forehead, crown, and 
occiput crimson, the bases of the feathers sooty black, those of the 
crown having a central speck of white, the occipital feathers having 
a larger spot of white ; upper nasal plumes and upper half of lores 
dark brown; the lower nasal plumes, lower half of loral region, 
sides of the face and neck, throat and chest pale golden buff or 
buffy white, becoming dull white on the underparts and under tail-
coverts : behind the eye a broad black stripe runs backwards down 
the side of the neck, becoming slightly olive posteriorly; the malar 
region is partly encircled by black, and there is a narrow black 
median stripe on the chin and throat; the feathers of the fore neck, 
side of the neck (outside the black stripe), and chest margined with 
black, the remainder of the underparts and the under tail-coverts 
transversely varied and barred with black, the tips of the body-
feathers being occasionally black ; under wing-coverts white, margined 
with dusky black, the edge of the wing olive. Total length 
10 inches, culmen 1*72, wing 5*55, tail 2-8, tarsus 1*15 ; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*82, outer posterior 0*95, inner anterior 
0*68, inner posterior 0*43. 

Adult female. Has the forehead, crown, occiput, and nape golden 
yellow, with a slight ochreous or buff tinge, the bases of the feathers 
being black. In other respects it resembles the adult male. Total 
length 10*7 inches, culmen 1*7, wing 5'6^ tail 3-1, tarsus 1*1. 

Immature female. Differs from the adult of the same sex in being 
less golden above, and in having the forehead and crown spotted 
with golden white; the ground of the face and throat is whiter ; 
the fore neck and chest blacker, the white on the feathers appearing 
as a central spot; the ground of the underparts whiter; the tips 
of the feathers of the rump of a washed-out red. 

Hab. Confined to the island of Java. 
a,b. d ? ad. sk. Java (Horsfield). India Museum. (Types 
c. S ad. sk.
d, e. d1 ? ad. sk. 
Java (Horsfield). 
E. Java.
of species.) 
India Mu&eum. 
Wallace Coll. 
/ . S ad.; g. $ juv.
sk. 
E. Java (A. B. 
lace). 
WalTweeddale 
Coll. 
h. Skeleton. Java. Purchased. 

3. dirysocolaptes guttacristatrts, 
Picus guttacristatus, Tick. J, A. 8. B. 1833, p. 578, $ . 
Picus sultaneus, Hodgs. J. A. 8, B. 1837, p. 105; Blyth, op. cit. 

1842, p. 105; Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. 1844, p. 85. 
Picus strenuus, Gould, teste M'Clett. P. Z. S.1839, p. 165. 
Picus strictus (non Horsf.), Jerd. Madr. Journ. 1840, p. 210; BIytL 

J.A. 8. B.im,y. 970. 
Picus (Chrysocolaptes) strictus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1845, p. 191. 
Chrysocolaptes sultaneus. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 436 (1845); id. Cat. 
Mamm. $c. Nepal pres. Hodgs. 1846, p. 116; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. 
As. 8oc. p. 55 (1849); Bp. Consp. Gen. AD. i. p. 121 (1850); id. 
Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 10, no. 171 (1854); Bmchenb. Scans. 

36 . CHETSOCOLAPTES. 
449 

Fkinm, p. 399, no, 926, pi. dcliv. tig. 4352, g (1854); Gray, Cat. 
Gen. B. Brit. Mus. 1855, p. 92, no. 1566; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. 

B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 653 (1856-58) - Jercl B. Ind. i. p. 281 
(1862); Gray7 Cat. Mamm. fyc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. 1863, p. 63, 
no. 480; Cab. $ Seine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 166 (1863); Gray, List 
Bicid. Brit. Mus. p. 62 (1868) ; Beavan, Ibis, 18(39, p. 413; 
Blanf. op. cit. 1870, p. 464; Elwes, t c. p. 527; Gray, Hand-l. B. 
ii. p. 189, no. 8643 (1870); Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 8 ; Ball, Sir. F. 1874, 
p. 391 ; Hume, t. c. p. 471; id. $• Oates, op. cit. 1875, p. 64 ; Armstr. 
op. cit. 1876, p. 310; Hume, op. cit. 1877, p. 26; id. fy Davison, 
op. cit. vi. p. 133 (1878); Hume, op. cit. 1879, p. 52; Tiraut, Ois. 
B.-Cochinchine, p. 89 (1879); Tidal, Str. F. 1880, p. 52; Bingh. 
t. c. p. 162; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 90 (1882); Salvad. Ann. Mus. 
Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 1887, p. 579, 1888, p. 567; Hume, Str.F. 
xi. p. 61 (1888). 
Indopicus sultaneus, Malh. N. Classif, Mini. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, 
p. 343; id. Ficidcs, ii. p. 77, pLlxiv. figs. Itf, 2 J (1862). 
Indopicus dele&serti, Malh. N. Classif., MSm. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, 
p. 343; id. Ficidm, ii. p. 79, pi. lxiv. figs. 4 $, 5 $, pi. Ixv. fig. 3 $ 
(not $ of C. strictus) (1862). 
Chrysocolaptes baccha, Reichenb. Scam. Ficince, p. 399, no. 927, 
pi. dcliv. figs. 4353-54, J tf (1854). 
Chrysocolaptes delesserti, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 10, no. 174 
(1854); Cab. 8? Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 167 (1863) ; Gray, List 
Ficid. Brit. Mm. p. 62 (1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 189, no. 8644 
(1870); Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 437; Jerd. op. cit. 1872, p. 8; Hume, 
Str. F. 1876, p. 389; Fairb. op. cit. 1877, p. 396; Davidson fy 
Wend. op. cit. vii. p. 7S (1878); Ball, t. c. p. 205 ; Hmne, op. cit 
1879, p. 87, no. 166 bis. 

Picus sultaneus, a, Sundev. Consp. Av. Ficin. p. 79 (1866). 
Chrysocolaptes gutticristatus, Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 8; Blyth $* Wald. 
B.Burm. p. 75 (1875) ; Fairb. Str. F. 1876, pp. 255, 265. 

Chrysocolaptes strictus (non Horsf.), Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 87, 
154; id. op. cit. 1880, p. 107; Butl. t. c. pp. 238, 385; W. Davison, 
op. cit. x. p. 354 (1883); Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 53 (1883). 

Indopicus strictus, Malh. Fieidce, ii. p. 80, pi. Ixv. fig. 2, § (1862) 

e, n. p. 

(pt.); Mull. Orn. Ins. Salanga, p. 61 (1882). 

:, p. 61 ( 

Adult male. Resembles C. strictus, but differs in having the 
ground of face and side of the neck white, but with similar black 
markings; also in having the entire rump red; the broad black 
stripe down the side of the neck not olive posteriorly; the hind 
neck conspicuously white. The dimensions are greater, very conspicuously 
so in Northern examples. Total length 12 inches, culmen 
2-3, wing 6*7, tail 3*4, tarsus 1*33; toes (without claws)— 
outer anterior 1*03, outer posterior 1*17, inner anterior 0*8, inner 
posterior 0*56. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead, 
crown, and elongated occipital and nuchal feathers brownish 
black, with more or less rounded spots of white, some of the spots 
being slightly tinged with buff. Total length 12 inches, culmen % 
wing 6*78, tail 3*55, tarsus 1*23. 

Southern examples of this species run small, and are deeperT 
coloured than those from the north. 

VOL. XVIII. 2a 

PICID^E. 

Hob. Throughout India; Assam; Cachar aud Manipur; south 
through British Eurmah and the Malayan Peninsula to Singapore; 
also ranging through Siam into Lower Cochin China. 

a. 2 ad. sk. 
b. J imm. sk. 
c. <$ ad. sk. 
d. e. S S ad. sk. 
f,g.<S2 ad. sk. 
k, i. $ ad. sk. 

h, I. <$ ad.; m-p. 
$ ad. sk. 

q. $ ad. sk. 
r,s. <$ ad. sk. 

t, u. $ ad.; v. ? 
juv. sk. 

w. <$ ad. sk. 
#, y. $ ad. sk. 

z. 3 ad. sk. 
a', b\ £ $ ad. sk. 
c\ <$ ad. sk. 
d'. S ad. sk. 

e\ $ imm.; /'• 
2 ad.sk. 

(J. 3 imm. sk. 
k\ $ ad. sk. 

»', h'. 3 $ ad. sk. 

Mynall, Travancore. 
Lower Palani Hills, June 18, 
1877 [S.B.Faubank). 
Sisparah, Nilghiri Hills, May 
25,1867 {W.Damon). 
Coonoor, Nilgkiris, Jan. 1881 

(W. Davison). 
Coonoor Grhat, May, Sept. 
Kotagherry, Xilghiris, Jan., 
March (IF*. Davison). 
Ootacaniund, April, May, Sept. 

{W.Damon). 

Nellacotta, "Wynaad, March 20, 
1881 (W. Davison). 
"Wynaad, April, Oct. (W. Davison). 


Mysore. 


Madras. 


Malabar. 
Malabar Coast. 
Moolus, W. Coast( ColonelSturt). 
Kbandala, March 16, 1870 (8. 


B. Fairbanh). 
Goa Frontier, April 24, 1875 

{8. B. Fairbanh). 
Kkandeish, May. 

Maunbhoom, Feb. 1805 (JR. C. 
Beavan). 

Sunnye, Gurhwal Bhabur, Feb. 
5,1870. 
Dehra Dhoon. 

V, mr. <5 $ ad. sk. Kalsi, Jan., Feb., 1868. 

n'. 3 ad. sk. 

o'.mi$ ad.; jp\ $ 

juv. sk. 
q'. $ ad. sk. 
r'. $ ad. sk. 
s'. c? ad. sk. 

*', w. d 2 ad.sk


v',«/. <5 $ ad. sk. 

a/, «/'. cf ad. et 
juv.; a', a", W. 
5 ad. et juv. sk. 
eV'.rf? ad.sk. 

e",f. 6 *&; $", 

hr 

. % ad. sk. 

t'W. c? ad. et 
imm.; o"-r", 
5 ad. sk. 

Eastern Dhoon. 
Kumaon (Strachey). 


Almorah, Oct. 27,1868. 
Almorah. 
Naini Tal. 
Fyzabad, Oudh. 
Nepal. 


Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coil. 

Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

T. C. Jerdon, 
Esq. XV. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Cull. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 

Hume Coll. 
Pinwill Coll. 
Pinwili Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hodgson Coll. 

(Types of P. mltaneus.) 
Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 

Nepal {B. H. Hodgson). 
Native Sikhim, Feb. 1875 (Z. 

Mandelli). 

Sikhim, Jan., Feb., March, 
April, Aug., Nov. (L. Mandelli). 


India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

8",tr,mu". 6 ad. 
et juv.; v". J 
ad. sk. 


w'\xu. Jad.; g". 

5 juv. sk. 
z", $ juv. sk. 
a3, b3, c3. 2 ad. sk. 

d8, e\ 5 ad. sk. 

f\ ? ad. sk. 
g3. $ ad. sk. 

A3, <£ ad. sk. 

i3, &3. 6 2 ad. sk. 

Z3. $ imm. sk. 
w3. c? ad. sk. 
w3. cf ad. sk. 

o3. $ ad. sk. 

pz-s3. S ad. et juv.; 
tf-z-3. $ ad. et 
juv. sk. 
y\ # ad.; s3. <$ 
juv. sk. 

«4. c? ad. sk. 
b*, c\ <$ ad.; d\ 
$ ad. sk. 
eK J ad. sk. 


fSg\ 6 2 ad. sk. 

A4, tf ad. sk. 

a4. $ ad. sk. 
h\ $ ad. sk 

l\ mK d 2 ad. sk. 
n\ <$ ad. sk. 

o^. $ ad. sk. 

p\ qK S ad.; r4. 
5 ad. sk. 
s4. S ad. sk. 

t4 1 

, u\ v. <$ ad. ; 
w4. J ad. sk. 
x\ $ ad.; if, z\ 
cJad.etjuv.sk. 
a\ $ ad. sk. 

b\ 2 ad. sk. 

36 . CHEYSOCOLAPTES. 
Darjeeling. 

Buxa Doars, Jan. 1878 (L, 

Mandelli). 
Bhotan (Pembertori).
Bhotan Doars, Dec, Jan., Feb.

(L. Mandelli). 
Assam (MlClelland).
Hume Ooll 

Hume OolL 

 India Museum. 
Hume Ooll. 
India Museum. 

(Types of P. strenuus.) 

Assam (A. W. OhenneU).
Tippook, Assam, March 25,1877 (J. Cockburn). 
Dibrughur, March 1, 1880 (J.

P. Cripps). 
N. Shasia Hills, Feb. 1876 (A.
W. Chennell). 
Cachar (J. Inglis).
Comilla, Tipperah.
San-g-ya-wa, British Burmah,
Dec/21, 1873 (P. G. W. P.). 
Yaytho, Aug. 8, 1873 (JR. G.

W. P.), 
Tonghoo, Jan., Feb. (P. G.
W. P.). 
Pegu. 

Pegu, Nov. 1875 (P. JK Oates). 
Thayetmyo, Aug. (P. W. Oates). 

China Ba-keer, Rangoon, Feb. 
20,1875 (J. Armstrong). 
Borongho, March 20, 1876 (/. 

Armstrong). 

Elephant Point, Dec. 13, 1875 

(J. ArTYistrong). 
Rangoon, April (/. Armstrong). 
Irrawady Delta, July 1874 (P. 
W. Oates). 
Siam (Mouhot). 
Kollidoo, Tenasserim, Feb 3, 
1874 (W. Davisoii). 
Kyouk-nyat, Jan. 26, 1872 (W. 
Davison). 
Pahpoon, Dec, Jan. (W. Davison). 
Younzaleen, Dec. 20,1873 (W. 
Davison). 
Thatone, Nov., Jan. (W. Davison). 
Tavoy;Feb., March, May (W. 
Davison). 
Nwalabo, April 6, 1878 (W. 
Davison). 

Yeaboo, Atteran River, March 
11, I87± (W.Davison). 

 Tweeddale Coll 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll, 

 Tweeddale Coll. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 

W. T. Blanford, 
Esq. [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Gould Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

2a2 

452 
Hume Coll. 

Nedong, Atteran River, Dec. 

c9, $ ad. sk. 

11, 1873 (TT. Davison). 

Hume ColL 

Zahdee, Aprils 1874 (7F.I)tf


d\ ? ad. sk. 

vison). 

Hume Coll. 

Kaukaryit, Sept., Oct. (J". Jta^


e',/5. <S ad.; 9\ 
h5. $ ad. sk. &V?#). .... -

Hume Coll. 

i*,hKV. $ ad. .et Amherst, Jan., Feb., March, 
juv.; m6, n5. $ June. 
ad. et juv. sk. 

5 Hume Coll. 

Moulroein, March 22, 1874 (TV. 

o. $ ad." sk. 
Davison). 

Hume Coll. 

p\ (S ad. sk. Thounganee Sakan, Jan. 17, 
1877 (W. Davison). 

Hume ColL 

(f. J ad. sk. Mergui, Dec. 8, 1874 (W. Davison). 
Hume ColL 

r5, /.
5 
<J ad. • *5, Pakchan, Jan., Feb., March 
u\ v. J ad. et (W. Davison). 

juv. sk. 

wn-z5. d ad. et Bankasoon, Dec, April, June Hume ColL 
imm. * a6, 66. (W. Davison).

•S 
ad. sk. 

c6. 6* ad.; d6. Malewoon, Feb. 21, 1875 (W. Hume Coll. 
juv. sk. Davison). 
e8. J ad. sk. Wippitan, Dec. 10, 1878 (J. Hume ColL 
Darling). 
/ 6 . cJ ad. sk. Tonka Island, Jan. 28,1879 (J. Hume ColL 
Darling). 

<76. J ad. sk. Salang, Tonka, Feb. 16, 1879 Hume Coll. 
(J. Darling). 
£6, *6. tf ad. sk, Penang (Dr. Cantor). India Museum. 
hQ, l\ <f $ ad. sk. Penang. Wallace ColL 
m?) nQ. d ? ad. sk. Singapore. Dr. Mclnlay 
[p.]. 
o6, p6. Bones of Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 

trunks. 

4. Ckrysocolaptes erytkroeepiialns. 
Chrysocolaptes erythrocephalus, Sharps, Trans. IAnn. Soc. 1877, xxx. 

pp. 315, 350, pi. xlvi. fig. 1; Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 612 j 
Wardl-Rams. Tweedd. Mem. pp. 607, 655 (1881): Sharpe, Ms, 
1884, p. 317, 1888, p. 197. 

Adult male. Eesembles G. strictus, but may be distinguished by 
having the face and the upper part of the side of the neck crimson, 
the ear-coverts alone being Hack; the feathers of the lower side of 
the neck blackish olive tipped with olive-yellow; the chin and 
upper throat pink; the rump entirely scarlet: " iris crimson; 
bill pale yellow tinged with greenish ; feet and claws grey-
green" (Everett). Total length 10-5 inches, culmen 1*75, wing 
5*7, tail 3-25, tarsus 1\L8; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 
0-85, outer posterior 1-05, inner anterior 058 . inner posterior 
0-48. 

Adult female. Diifers from the adult male in having the fore


36 . CHRYSOCOLAPXES. 
teng fapped with a golden-white spot; the outer edge of the crown 
and occipnt and the nuchal feathers crimson. There is rather less 
red on the face and upper part of the side of the neck, and the chin 
and upper throat are of a paler pinkish buff. 

Young [female]. Resembles the adult male'in having the top of the 
head and the crest entirely red, but the colour is scarlet (not crimson) 
and the feathers are extremely soft• there is less red on the 
face and upper part of the side of the neck, and only a tinge of this 
colour on the chin and throat; the general colour above and on the 
wings is more olive, and the feathers of the back, the scapulars, 
and the lesser and median wing-coverts are margined with reddish 
orange; the scapulars and the feathers of the back and rump have 
the partially exposed black bases spotted with white • on the 
outer primaries there is a subapieal spot of dull white. Described 
from a specimen sexed $ by Mr. John Whitehead. 

Hah. The island of Palawan. 

a. & imm. sk. Palawan. 
E. Lempriere, Esq. 
rc i 

b. 2 
ad. sk. P. Princesa, Palawan. Nov. Tweeddale Coll. 
27, 1877 {A. Everett). 
c 
(S ad. sk. P. Princesa, Palawan, Dec. Tweeddale Coll. 
2,1877 (A. Everett). 

5. Chxysocolaptes Strickland! 
Picus ceylomis (non Forst.), Jerd. III. Ind. Orn. pi. 47. 
Brachypternus stricklandi, Zayard, Ann, fy Mag. Nat. Hist. 1854, 

xiii. p. 449. 
Indopicus carlotta, Malh. Red. de Zool. 1854, p. 379; id. Picidce, ii. 
p. 87, pL lrvii. figs. 1 S ad., 2 $ imm., 8 J juv., 4 $ ad. (1862). 
Brachypternus erythronotus (pt.), Peichenb. Scans. Picince. p. 398, 
sub no. 923, pi. dexxix. fig. 4186, $ (1854). 
Brachypternus ceylonus, Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 298 (1862). 
Chrysocolaptes stricklandi, Cab. fy Heine, Mus. Jlein. iv. p. 169 

(1863) j Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 297; Jerd. op. tit. 1872, p. 9; 
Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, pp. 405, 408, 427 j Zayard, op. cit 1873, 

p. 204 ; Legge, Ibis, 1874, p. 15; Holdsw. t c. p. 123; Legge, 
op. cit. 1875, pp. 283, 410; Hume, 8tr. F. vii.p. 368 (1878), 1879, 
p. 87, no. 166 ter; legge, B. Ceyl.v. 188, 6 $ figd. (1880). 
Chrysocolaptes carlotta, Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 31. 
Picus carlotta, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin, p. 80 (1866). 
Brachypternus carlotta, Gray, List Picid, Brit. Mus. p. 96 (1868); 
id. Handr-l B. ii. p. 196, no. 8748 (1870); Legge, S6r. F. 1875, 

p. 200. 
Adult male. Differs from G. guttacristatus in having the entire back 
as well as the rump, the scapulars, wing-coverts, and outer webs of 
the secondary quills deep crimson; the top of the head and the 
crest are of a deep crimson; the head, neck, and underparts present 
the following differences—instead of the white stripe which runs 
backwards from the supercilium to the nape, there is a row of white 

454 
PICIIUB. 

spots, and the hind neck is black with a median row of white spots; 
the light centres to the feathers of the upper breast have a less 
spotted character; the dimensions are less than in typical O. guttacristatus, 
which species it very much resembles except in the colour 
of the upper parts ; " iris golden white; bill brownish olive at base, 
changing into greenish white, then into brownish white at tip; 
legs and feet greenish slate" (W. V. Legge). Total length 10*5 
inches, culmen 1*75, wing 5*6, tail 3*2, tarsus 1-1: toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*85, outer posterior 0*96, inner anterior 
0*66, inner posterior 0*46. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead, 
crown, and occiput intense black, each feather with a rounded spot 
of white near the tip. Total length 10*8 inches, culmen 1*77, 
wing 5*83, tail 3*4, tarsus 1*1. 

Young. The male has the whole of the top of the head and the 
crest blackish brown, the forehead having a few white spots, the 
feathers of the crown and crest being tipped with dull scarlet The 
female has the whole of the top of the head and the crest black 
spotted with white and devoid of red. 

Bab. Confined to Ceylon. 

a. $ ad. sk. Ceylon. 
Purchased. 
b. $ ad.sk. Ceylon, Jan. 7, 1873 {W. V. Hume Coll. 
Legge). 
e, d. S 
ad. * e. $ Ceylon, Jan., July, 1866 (S. Tweedclaie Coll. 
juv. sk. Chapman). 


f. 
(S ad.; g, h, i. $ Ceylon, Jan., March, Oct. W. Vincent Legge, 
ad. et juv. sk. Esq. [P.]. 
6. Chrysocolaptes haematribon. 
Picus haematribon, Wagl. Si/sL Av. Picus, sp. 95, $ (1827); 8undei\ 

Comp. Av. Pimn. p. 80 (1866). 

Picus spiloloplius, Tig. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 08, 9: less. Cumpl Buff. 

ix, p. 310, $ (1837). 

Picus philippinarum (non Lath.), Less. Traite, i. p. 222, $ (1831). 

Brachypternus haematribon, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 31. 

Chrysocolaptes haematribon, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1843, p. 1004 • Gray, * 

Gen. B. ii. p. 436 (1845); Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soe. p. 55 
(1849); Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 121 (1850); id. Cornp. Valuer. 
Zygod. p. 10, no. 175 (1854); Reichen.. Scans. IHeince, p. 400, 
no. 930, pi. dclv. figs. 4357-58, $ $ (1854); Jerd. B. Ind. i. 

p. 283 (1862); Cab. $ Seine, Mm. Hem. iv. p. 169 (1863); Gray, 
List Picid. Brit. Mm. p. 03 (1868); id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 189, 
no. 8646 (1870); Wold. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 526; Tweedd. op. cit 
1877, p. 689; Wardl.-Bams. Tweedd. Mem. pp. 299, 314, 410. 615, 
655 (1881). 
Indopicus haematribon, 
Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 84, pi. Ixviii. fi#s, 1 A, 
2 <S juv., 3 ? (1862). 

Adult male. Resembles C. striclclandi in the upper parts, wings 
and tail, except that the white spots on the inner webs of the quills 
are rather smaller in the present species. It differs from C. 

36 . CHRYSOCOLAPTES. 
slricMancll mainly in having the underparts below the chest pale 
fulvescent huff with narrow blackish transverse markings, the 
feathers of the breast having olive margins, the fulvescent white 
being reduced to spots ; the malar region, chin, and throat are 
rafeseent buff, the black edging to the former and tbe median line 
down the latter formed of a series of crescentic markings; the 
whole of the orbital region spotted with white: " bill greenish 
black; iris deep crimson; feet greenish grey" {Everett). Total 
length 11 inches, culmen 1*65, wing 5-6, tail 3*25, tarsus 1*1; 
toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*8, outer posterior 1*1, inner 
anterior 0*65, inner posterior 0*5. 

Young male. Has the sinciput and supercilium brownish black 
spotted with white, the remaining feathers of the crown and crest 
having scarlet tips and concealed white spots. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult of the opposite sex in having 
the forehead, crown, occiput, and nape black, each feather with a 
subapical rounded spot of white, those of the occiput having, as in 
the male, a concealed central spot of white. Total length 11 inches, 
culmen 1*6, wing 5*57, tail 3*4, tarsus 0*98. 

Hah. Philippine Islands, Luzon and north into Calayan. 

a, b. c^ad. * c, d.% Philippines. Purchased. 

ad. st. 
e,f. 6 ? ad. sk. Philippines. Gould Coll. 
(/, h. <$ ad. et juv.; Luzon, Jan., Feb., April, 1872 Tweeddale Coll. 

i. 2 ad. sk. (A. B. Meyer), 
h. (S ad. sk. Manila. Go aid Coll. 
/. $ ad. sk. Manila {Maitland Ileriot). Tweeddale Coll. 
m, n. <5 ad. sk. Monte Alban, Feb., March (A. Tweeddale Coll. 
Everett). 

7. Chrysocolaptes lucidus. 
Pic grivele* ou Grand Pic de l'isle de Lucon, Sonn. Toy. Nouv. Guin. 

1776, p. 73, pi. xxxvii. 

Le Palalaca ou Pic vert tachete* des Philippines, Buff. Hist Nat. 

0/#vii. p. 21 (1780). 

Pic verd des Philippines, Daubent. JPl. Enh 691. 

Bengal Woodpecker, var. B, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 581 (1782). 

Picus aurantius (non Linn.), Bodd. Tabl BLEnt. p. 43 (1783). 

Picus lucidus, Scop. Bel. FL Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 89 (1786). 

Picus bengalensis, var. y, Gin. Syst. Nat. i. p. 433 (1788). 

Picus philippinarum, Lath, Bid. Orn. I p. 236 (1790); Stepk Gen. 

Zool. ix. p. 190 (1815); Vieill. N. Diet dHist Nat xxvi. p. 8£ 

(1818); id. $ Bonn. Enc. MUh. iii. p. 1314 (1823); Valenc. Diet. 

Sc. Nat. xl. p. 175 (1826); Snndev. Consp. Av. Bicin. p. 80 (1860). 

Picus palalaca, Wagl. Syst Av. Picus, sp. 92 (1827). 

Picus squamosus, Less. TraiU, i. p. 230 (1831). 

Braehypternus philippinarum, Stricld. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 31. 

Chrysocolaptes philippinarum, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 436 (1845) ; 

Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zyqod. p. 10, no. 176 (1854); Gray, List Bicid. 
Brit Mus. p. 63 (1868). 
Chrysocolaptes aurantius, Gray, Gen. B. iii App. p. xxi (1849) * 

45G piciDiE. 

Cab. # Heme, Mus. Hem. iv. p. 168 (1863); Gray, Hand-l. B. 

ii. p. 180, no. 8648 (1870). /1Q.m. 
Chryaoeolaptes palalaca, Jfc. Camp. Gen. Av i. p. 121 (!&») » 
A^ienb. Seais. Picina, p. 400, no. 982, pi. dclv to. 4360 (18D4). 
Indopicus philippinarum, Malh. Picidce, u. p. 65, pi. lxvi. figs. 3 6 •> 

ChtTL(okptes lucidus, Tweed** Z. & 1877, pp 537 539 822, 

1878 p 942 ; Wardl-Rams. Tiveedd. Mem. pp. 314, 410, 461,462, 

403, 548, 633, 665 (1881); Kutter, J.f. 0. 1883, p. 295. 

Chrysocolaptes maculiceps, Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 1877, xxx. 

pp. 314, 350, pi. xlvi. fig. % $ • 

JdieZ* m«Z<?. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts crimson, the tips 
of the feathers being of this colour, the partially concealed portion 
being dull golden olive, the ramp bright crimson, most of th e 
feathers having concealed white spots, but these showing through 
the red on the rump ,* upper tail-coverts olive, margined with dull red 
at the tip and having fulvescent white spots and a black shaft-strips ; 
outer webs of the primaries olivaceous greyish brown, more or less 
washed with golden olive and spotted with dull yellowish white, 
those of the secondaries golden olive washed with dull crimson ; 
inner webs of the quills brownish black with large marginal spots 
of white ; shafts brown ; tail brown, the central feathers margined 
with golden olive at the base, the outer webs of the feathers having 
one basal spot of white, the inner webs having two spots,, shafts 
brownish black• forehead, crown, and occipital crest crimson; 
face golden yellow, the orbital region varied with short black 
stripes ; nape and hind neck golden buff, the feathers margined 
(except at the tip) with black, the nuchal feathers tipped wit h 

crimson; malar region, side of the neck, and from the chin to the 

under tail-coverts, both inclusive, buff, paler posteriorly, the malar 

region tinged with red, margined above and below with black an d 

having a median stripe of the same, the chin and throat also with a 

median black stripe; the remaining feathers of the neck, chest, an d 

breast margined with brownish black, slightly olive on the latter 

parts, and having a squamate appearance, the side of the neck tinged 

with red; the feathers of the underparts below the breast and also 

the under tail-coverts having a central stripe and bars of black• under 

wing-coverts blackish olive spotted with golden buff and white: " bill 

black, mandible green-yellow ; feet dull brownish green " (Everett). 

"Eyes red" (J. Murray). Total length 9*8 inches, culmen 1-6, 

wing 5-1, tail 2*55, tarsus 1-03; toes (without claws)—outer 

anterior 0*8. outer posterior 1*12, inner anterior 0*53, inner pos


terior 0*35. 

Young. The male differs from the adult of the same sex in having 

less red on the feathers of the back, which, together with the scapu


lars, are more spotted with white, some of these spots being exposed ; 

face duller yellow; chest and upper breast dusky olive, the feathers 

having close to the tip a large heart-shaped spot of pale golden 

buff, with a concealed spot of pure white separated from it by a 

dusky bar. The female has the feathers of the forehead, crown, 

cciput, and nape oiive-golden, with dusky olive bases, the crown


36. CHRYSOCOLAPTES. 
457 

feathers slightly tinged with red, those of the occiput and nape 
more so the whole being covered with small rounded spots of golden 
wnite; tne cnm, throat, and malar region whiter, the latter without 
any tinge of red. 

Eab. The following of the Philippine Islands:—Mindanao (Butuan 
and Zamboanga), Basilan * and Negros (Sibulan). 

a. 6 ad.sk. Zamboanga. < Challenger' Ex-
d,c.c?ad.;&Sad.
sk- 
Zamboanga, 
Everett), 
March, May (A. Tweeddale Coll. 
e. S ad. sk. Butuan, May 1877 {A. Everett). Tweeddale Coll. 

8. Chrysoeolaptes rufopunctatus. (Plate XII.) 
Chrysocolaptes lucidus (non Scop.), Tioeedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 379; 
WardL-£am*ay, ed. Tweedd. Mem. p. 603 (1881). 
Chrysocolaptes rufopunctatus, Marg. Ibis, 1889, p. 231. 

Adult female. Has the back, scapulars, rump, wing-coverts, and 
outer webs of secondaries crimson, without any admixture of olive-
golden; the bases of the rump-feathers blackish brown, without spot; 
upper tail-coverts brownish black, the lower series unspotted, the 
outer of the upper series having a subapical huffy-white spot; tail 
brownish black, the central feathers not margined with golden olive 
at the base; top of the head and the crest blackish brown slightly 
tinged with dull red, each feather having a triangular spot of reddish 
huff close to the tip; face buff and, including the ear-coverts, striped 
with black; malar region, chin, and throat yellowish white; the 
black on the feathers of the fore neck, chest, and underparts very 
intense; bill entirely black. Total length 9*8 inches, culmen 1-68, 
wing 5*35, tail 2*75, tarsus 1*12; toes (without claws)—outer 
anterior 0*85, outer posterior 1*08, inner anterior 0*68, inner 
posterior 0*45. 

Hah. The island of Panaon, Philippines. 

«. J ad. sk. Panaon, Philippines, Oct. 1877 Tweeddale Coll. 

(A. Everett)* 
(Type of species.) 
9. Chrysocolaptes xauthocephalus. 
Chrysocolaptes xanthocepkalus, 
Wald. fy Layard, Ibis, 1872, p. 99, 
pi. iv.; Wald. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 526; iSharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 1877, 

xxx. p. 314; Gould. B. As. vi. pi. xxxvii. rf ? (1877) ; WardL-
Mams. Tweedd. Mem. pp. 118, 299, 314, 410, 655, 664 (1881). 
Adult male. Back, scapulars, rump, and wing-coverts crimson, 
the margins of the feathers more vermilion, and the bases dusky 

* It was in this island that C. maculiceps of Sharp© (which I cannot 
separate from the present species) was obtained by Dr. Steere. I take the bird 
to be a young female. 
PICTD^l. 

brown; upper tail-coverts blackish brown, margined at the tip with 
dull rod ; outer webs of primaries brown with more or less of the 
base dull golden olive, the outer webs of the secondaries deep 
crimson ; inner webs of the quills blackish brown, with large rounded 
marginal spots of white, those upon the outer primaries being confluent 
and forming a longitudinal stripe; shafts brown; tail 
blackish brown, the shafts black; forehead, crown, occiput, and 
sides of the nape bright crimson, the feathers having black bases 
and concealed white spots; nasal plumes and face golden yellow, the 
siipcrciliiim striped with black, the malar region dull golden buff; 
chin, throat, and entire neck and the chest pale golden buff, with 
a black line bordering the lower part of the jaw, and a median line 
of black on the chin; the feathers of the throat, fore neck, and sides 
of the neck partially margined with black, those of the chest entirely 
so and having a squamate appearance ; underparts below the chest, 
also the upper series of the under tail-coverts, bufFy golden yellow, the 
sides of the body striped with olive-brown, the lower series of under 
tail-coverts dnsky olive; under wing-coverts having yellowish-white 
centres and olive-dusky margins, the edge of the wing being olive, 
slightly dusky, and tinged with red. Total length JO inches, 
culmen 1*55, wing 5*6, tail 3*15, tarsus 1-07 ; toes (without claws) 

—outer anterior 0*76, outer posterior 1, inner anterior 0*57, inner 
posterior 0-46. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the entire 
top of the head and the crest golden yellow : "eye white (?) ; beak 
and feet horn-colour" (E. L. Layard). Total length 11 inches, 

cnlmen 1*63, wing 5-83, tail 3*45, tarsus 1*15. 
Ilab. Island of Negros, Philippines. 
a. $ ad. sk. Negros, March 1871 (K Z. Layard). Tweeddale Coll. 
(Type of species.) 

10. Ckrysocolaptes validus. 
Picus 
validus, Temm. PI Col. 378 tf, 402 $ (1825); Wagl 
Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 13 (1827) ; JDrap. Diet. Class. cTHist. Kat. 

xiii. p*. 508 (1828); Cuv. Pegne Anim. 1859, p. 450; less, in 
Belong. Voy. p. 242, 2 (1834); id. Compl. Buff, ix. p. 313 
(1837) ; Eyton, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 106; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 283 
(1862) • Simdev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 7 (18(56). 
Campephilus validus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 436 (1845) ; Blyth} Cat. 

B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 54, no. 240 (1849); Gray, List Picid. Brit 
Mm. p. 57 (1868); id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 188, no. 8631 (1870). 
Megapicos validus, MaTh. N. Classify Mem. Acad. Metz. 1848-49. 

p. 319. 
Hemiloplms validus, Bp. Consp. Gen.Av. i. p. 131 (1850); Reichenb. 
Scans. Picince, p. 386, no. 893, pi. dcxliv. ftes. 4304-05, r? 2 
(1854); Sclat.P. Z. S. 1863, p. 6. 9 * 

Keinwardtipicus 
validus, Bp. Consp. Volua\ Zygod. p 7 no 14 
(1854); Gray, Cat. Gen. B. Mm. 1855, p. 92; Ilorsf. & Moore 
^*?Q^'iL J* ?r* "-P; 65 ^ 944 (1856-58); Moore, P. 

Z. S> 1859, p. 455 • Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 52. 
36 . CHHYS0C0LA.PTT3S. 
Me-apicus validus, Math. IHcid^ I p. 28, pi. ix. figs. 5, 0 tf, 7 $ 

r?HdSS? Cab' IIe^

Xffi& 8 # Mu*. J^»<- iv. p. 108 (18(53); 

balvad• Uce. Born, p 43 (1874) ; S/wye, 2&«, 1870, p. SO) 1877 

&v\l8/V;^°; ^*.&&1870, p. 320;W^J. W. 

^VW ^ ' G~>1879>P- 181;tiSarpe,1\Z. & 1881, p. 702 ; 
A^cW Ibis 1882, p. 54, 1883, pp. 87,242; Bias. Verhandl k. 
rv;!^S? fiS*^ W%en}\m\ p. 27; X W. Over. Nat 

xliv*p101 ^188^; Glfillemards lm

t tik-> •?•z--> 

Adult male. Upper back yellowish white, grading into brilliant 
orange or even scarlet on the lower back and rump ; upper tail-
coverts brownish black ; scapulars, wings and their coverts brownish 
black, the quills barred with rufous on both webs ; tail and the 
shafts brownish black ; nasal plumes golden buff tinged with rod; 
top of the head, occiput, and nape crimson ; lores and anterior part 
of face golden, becoming brown posteriorly and down the side of the 
neck, the hind neck white; malar region, chin, and upper throat 
golden yellow more or less washed with red, the latter having a 
dark median line of brownish red ; fore neck and the whole of the 
under surface of the body crimson, the bases of the feathers olivaceous 
brown; under tail-coverts of the latter colour, fringed with red; 
under wing-coverts brownish white with dusky brown transverse 
spots: " irides light yellow or yellow-ochre colour ; legs and feet 
faded yellow-ochre" (#". O. Forbes). Total length 11 inches, 
culmen 1*8, wing 6-1, tail 3-15, tarsus 1-15 ; toes (without claws) 
—outer anterior 0*8, outer posterior 0-88, inner anterior 0*68, 

inner posterior Q-37. 
Yery old males have the back and rump extremely red. 
Adult female. Differs from the male in having the back and rump 

white; the head and -neck (except the hind neck), as well as the 
whole of the under surface of the body, being almost entirely drabby 
brown; the top of the head, occiput, and nape blackish brown; 
the malar region, chin, and throat dingy white, with a dark 
brownish median line, the throat and chest slightly fulvescent or 
rufescent; under tail-coverts dusky brown with greyish tips. Total 
length 10*5 inches, culmen 1*6, wing 5*8, tail *S*25, tarsus 1*1. 

Young. Probably both sexes resemble the adult female, examples 
(evidently males) just acquiring the red tips to the feathers of the 
underparts and top of the head arc otherwise in the female garb. 

Obs. Adult males from Java have the upper parts extremely 
red, much more so than examples from other localities. 
Hob. Java, Borneo, Sumatra, and the Malayan Peninsula, north 
to the Province of Wellcsley. 

a, b. $ ad. sk. Din<r-Ding River, Feb. 1879(TV. Davison). 
Hume Coll. 
c. tfad.sk. Klaog, Feb.
Davison). 
19, 1879 (TV. Hume Coll. 
d. $ ad. sk. Salangore, July 31, 187Davison). 
0 (W. Hume Coll. 

460 
PICIDiG. 

e-h. $ ad.; i-n. 
2 ad. sk. 
0, p. ^ S ad.; q. 
$ juv. sk. 
r-u. (Sad.; y, wf&\ 
$ ad. sk. 

y. $ imm. sk. 
s. J ad. sk. 
a', b', c'. S ad. et 
imm.; d'} e',f. 
$ ad. sk. 

g. $ ad. sk. 
h'} i'. S ? ad. sk. 
k'. § a^-s^* 
Z'/ J ad. sk. 
m'. $ ad. sk. 
w'-y'.fjad.; r',s'.($ 
ad. et imm. sk. 
f, w'. C? ? ad. sk 

v'. d1 ad.; w'. c? 
juv. sk. 
x'. $ ad. sk. 

y\ Skeleton. 

Malacca, Jan., July, Aug. (W. 
Davison). 
Malacca (Dr. Cantor). 

Malacca, Aug. (JR. G. W. It.). 

Pulo Sehan, Nov. 12, 1875 

( W. Davison). 
Kuroo, Nov, 5, 1875 (IF. 
Davison). 

Gunnong Pulai, Joltore, March, 
July (W. Davison). 

Singapore. 
Singapore. 
Sumatra. 
Sumatra (A. JEt. Wallace). 
Sumatra. 
Sumatra, Oct, {CarlBock). 


Borneo. 


Sarawak (H. Everett). 

Janibusan, Sarawak. 

Java. 

Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Wallace Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Wallace Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Old Collection. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Kajah Brooke 

Tweeddale Coll. 

A. Everett Esq. 
[C.]. 
Purchased. 

37. 
CAinPOPHILUS. 
Type. 
Campephilus, Gray, List Gen. Bds. 1840, p. 54 .. C. principalis. 
Megapicos, Math. Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, 

p. 317 C> imperialis. 
Phloeoeeastes, Cab. J.f. 0.1862, p. 176 ........ C. robustus. 
Cniparchus, Cab. § Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 98 
(1863) C. hsematogaster. 
Scapaneus, Cab. 8f Seine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 90 
(1863) C. melanoleucus. 

Part of central tail-feather of Carnpophilus imperialis (underside). 

Range. Gulf States and Lower Mississippi Yalley ; Mexico (except 
the North-east, above Tampico); through Central and South 
America into the Argentine Eepublic and Uruguay. Also the 
island of Cuba. 

37 . CAMPOPHILUS. 
401 

Key to the Species. 

A. 
With no red on the rump. 
a!. Quills not barred. 
a". Underparts uniform. 
a'". Under surface of the body black. 
aK Upper parts black. 
a5. With a white stripe down the 
side of the neck uniting with 
the stripe on the side of the 
mantle ; nasal plumes white. 


a&. The white stripe across the face 
not extending to the nostril, 
but stopping below the anterior 
ear-coverts. 

a7. Outer edge of crown and 
elongated occipital crest 
scarlet principalis £ ad., p. 464 

b7 

. With no red on the head or 
crest, these being glossy 
blue-black principalis $ ad., p. 464. 

b*. The white stripe across the 
face extending right up to the 
nostril. 

cT. With red occipital crest .. bairdi $ ad., p. 465. 
d7. With the crest entirely black bairdi $ ad., p. 465. 

b5. With no white stripe down the 
side of the neck; nasal plumes 
black. 


c6. Outer edge of crown and elongated 
occipital crest scarlet . imperialis tf ad., p. 466. 

dB 

. With no red on the head or 

crest, these being entirely 
' ' ' ' glossy blue-black imperialis 5 ad., p. 466. 
" b*. Upper parts buffy white. 

s ^ c5. Entire head (except auricular 
black and white spot), chin, and 
throat crimson leucopogon $ ad., p. 467. 

d5. Forehead and elongated coronal 
feathers black; nasal plumes, 
anterior part of lores, and the 
malar region white, almost entirely 
encircled by black leucopogon J ad., p. 467. 

br". Under surface of the body rufous. 
c4. Outer webs of quills black. 
e5. Nasal plumes and malar region 
red like the rest of the head .. rubricollis $ ad., p. 468. 

/ 5. Nasal plumes, anterior part of 
lores, and malar region white, 
almost encircled by black rubricollis $ ad., p. 468. 

dl. Outer webs of quills rufous on more 

• or less of the base, this on the 
primaries not being edged externally 
with black. 


0s. Entire head (except the auricular [p. 469. 
spot) and neck crimson trachelopyrus <$ ad., 

462 PICIDJ3. 

hB. Nasal plumes, lores, and malar 
region white, the feathers covering 
chin-angle and bordering [p. 4G9. 
lower jaw black irackelopy7*us $ ad., 

b". Underparts barred. 
c"r. Bump uniform black; with black on 
the top of the head in the female. 


e4. With, white on the face in both 
sexes, in addition to the auricular 
spot. 


i5. Orbital region not red anteriorly: 
underparts bufiy cream-colour, 
narrowly barred with black, the 
bars being much narrower than 
the interspaces; bill whitish 
horny. 


eG. Top of the head, crest, and 
face crimson, excepting the 
lores, anterior part of malar 
region, and the auricular 


spot melanoleucus g ad.,p. 470. 

fQ. Forehead and elongated sincipital 
feathers black; malar 
region and behind it entirely 
white, this uniting with the 
white neck-stripe melanoleucus § ad., p. 471. 

j"\ Eyes entirely 'surrounded with 
red ; underparts rufescent buff, 
the black bars nearly equal in 
width to the interspaces; bill 
horny-blackish. 


gG. Top of the head, crest and face 
crimson, excepting the anterior 
portion of theloraland 
malar regions, as well as immediately 
behind the latter, 
which is white, and the auricular 
spot ?nalherbii <$ ad., p. 472. 

hb. Forehead and elongated feathers 
of the sinciput black; 
the entire malar region white, malherhii $> ad., p. 472. 

/ 4. With no clear white on the face in 
either sex, the lower feathers of 
the auricular spot being fulvescent 
or brownish white; bill ivory-
white. 


k5. Entire head and crest, chin, and [p. 473. 
throat crimson guatetnalemis 3 ad., 

1°. Forehead and elongated coronal 
feathers, chin (except at angle), [p. 474. 
and throat black guatemalensis § ad., 

d'". Bump barred black and rufescent 
buff; with no black on the top of 
the head in the female; with an 
indication of a red throat-band in 
the male. 


37. 
CAMPOPHILUS. 46 3 
g4. Top of the head, crest, and face 
crimson, -with an auricular spot 
which is brown above and yel- [p. 475. 
lowish white below yuayaquilensis $ ad., 

hl. Malar region and immediately behind 
it white, and uniting with [p. 476. 
the white neck-stripe , yuayaquilensis § ad., 

V. Quills barred. 
c'\ Quills barred with white; upper tail-
coverts black, contrasting with the 
light back and rump; bill black. 


e'". Crown and crest scarlet pollens tf ad., p. 470. 

/"' . Crown and crest black pollens 5 ad., p. 477. 

d". Quills barred with rufous; upper tail-
coverts uniform burl like the back and 
rump. 


g"'', Nasal plumes and malar region 
crimson like the rest of the head .. robustus tf ad., p. 478. 

h'". 
Nasal plumes, anterior part of lores, 
and the malar region white, almost 
encircled by black robustus J ad., p. 478. 

B. Rump red. 
c'. Fore neck in both sexes entirely black like 
the chin and throat; the barring on the 
wings white and less broad; bases of the 
feathers of the hind neck white. 
e". The "buff stripe from the lores not Tp. 479. 
reaching beyond the ear-coverts "kcematog aster <$ ad., 
/" . The buff stripe wrhich crosses the face [p. 470. 
extending down the side of the neck . hcematogaster § ad., 
d'. Fore neck in the adult male entirely crimson, 
this colour ascending to the posterior 
part of the malar region and on to it; the 
barring on the wings yellow and broader; 
bases of the feathers of the hind neck 
black. 

g". 
The buff stripe from the lores not 
reaching beyond the ear-coverts ... . splendens S ad., p. 480, 
h". The buli stripe which crosses the face 
extending down the side of the neck . splendens $ ad., p. 480. 

1, Campoplilus principalis. 
The Largest White-billed Woodpecker, Catesb. Nat. Hist. Carol i. 

p. 16, d ad. (1731-43). 
Picus principalis, Linn. Syst. Nat i. p. 173 (1766) ; Bodd. Tabl PI. 
JSnl p. 43, no. (300 (1783) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 425 (1788); Lath. 
Ind. Orn. i. p. 225 (1700) ; Vieill. 'Ois. Amir. Sept. ii. p. 56,pi. cix. 

<$ (1807) ; Wits. Amer. Orn. iv. p. 20, pi. xxix. fig. 1, tf ad. 
(1811); Steph. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 150, pi. xxx. $ ad. (1815); Vieill 

N. Diet, a Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 76 (1818); id. 8f Bonn. Ene. Mtth. 
iii. p. 1307 (1823); Bp. Syn. p. 44 (1826) j Valeric. Diet. Sc. Nat. 
xl. p. 177 (1826); Wagl Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 1 (1827); Drap. 
Diet. Class, xiii. p. 495 (1828); Less. TraiU, i. p. 229 (1831); 
464 
PICIDJE. 

Swains, 

Amer. p. —, v y , 
. _.. ._ . 

pi. cclvi., d1 ? ? ad- (1839) 5 &wwfcr. Cow«p. At. Pictn. p. 4 

(1866). 

Drvocopus principalis, 2?<»<e, is&, 1828, p. S26; 2?p. Owsp. Cre/2. --if. 

i. p. 132 (1850). 
Decdrocopus principalis, Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. § X Amer. p. $», 
no. 251 (1838). 
Campephilus principalis, 
Gray, List Gen. 18407 p. 54, 1S4L p. 70; 
id. Gen, B. ii. p. 436 (1845); Beiekenb. Scans. Pieiaa>, p. ->D)y 
no. 898, pi. dcxlvi. figs. 4315-16, J $ (1854) ; ito/rtf, J?. X Am. 

p. 83 (1858); Cav.-Tayl. Ibis, 1862, p. 128 ; Dress, vp. cit. ls(55, 
Proc, U.S. Nat. Mus. 1880, p. 188; Gntes} Chfick-Uri X Amer. B, 
2nd ed. 1882, p. 76; id. Key X Amer. S. 2nd ed. p. 470, pi. 

p. 478, tig. 329 (1884); A.O.U. Check-lut N. Amer. B-. p. 210 
(1886); Bidgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 281 (1887j ; Scoft, Auk, 
1889, p. 251. 
Megapicos principalis, Math. JSf. Classify MS?n. Acad. Metz7 I^4**-4tt, 

p. 318. 
Megapicus principalis, Bp. Comp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 7, no. 2 (Ib*>4); 
Malh. Bioidm, i. p. 4 ph i. figs. 4, 5, S $ ad. (1861). 
Campophilus 
principalis, Cab. fy Heine, Mm. Hem. iv. p. 100 
(1863). 

^Lc?«Zi wa?£. Plumage black glossed with greenisli blue, with the 
following exceptions :—a patch of brilliant scarlet arising above 
the posterior part of the eye, bordering the ear-coverts, and above 
running parallel with the elongated coronal feathers and covering 
the occiput and nape, the occi|3ital feathers very much elongated, 
but rather shorter than the black feathers above ; the feathers composing 
this patch having the extreme base black, with an intermediate 
spot of white; nasal plumes and a line thence to the gape 
white ; a white line from under the ear-coverts running down the 
side of the neck and of the back, but not uniting with the corresponding 
stripe• the exposed portion of the secondaries white; the 
innermost primaries having the tip of the outer web and a large 
marginal patch on the apical portion of the inner web white ; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries white, and on the side of the breast a 
patch of white concealed by the closed wings ; shafts of the quills 
and of the tail-feathers black, except on the white portion of the 
primaries and secondaries, on this the shafta being white. Total 
length 19 inches, culmen 2-85, wing 10*1, tail 6-25, tarsus Kb ; toes 
(without claws)—outer anterior 1*25, outer posterior 1-55, inner 
anterior 1*17, inner posterior 0*85. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red oa 
the head, those parts which are of this colour in the male being of 

37 . CAMPOPHILTTS. 
465 

a deep blue-black in the present sex. Total length 18-5 inches, 
oilmen 2w, wing 10*1, tail 6% tarsus 1*7. 

Bab. Gulf States and Lower Mississippi Yalley. 

a. 6 ad. sk. X America. General Hardwicke. 
*>. 6 ad. sk. Florida^ R.Same,Kemh. Coll.). Salvin-Godnmn Coll. 
e-ff. d 2 ad. De Soto County, Florida, Feb.. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk- May, Dec. ( W. E. D. Scott). 

h. 
2 ad. sk Aigo, Florida, Mar. (PF. .E. D. &). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
i. 
Spiiil.sk. Tarpon Springs, Florida, Mar. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(W. E. D. S.). 
2. Campophilus bairdi. " 
Picus principalis 
(noa Linn.), Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Fis. fyc. IsL 
Cuba, n. p. 107 (1838); tfOrb. in Sagra'sHist. Phys. fyc. Id. Cuba, 

p. 140 (1630); Lembeye,Av. Isl. Cuba, p. 331 (1850). 
Campepiiilus principalis [non Linn.), Cab. J. f. O. 1856, p. 102: 
Cory, List B. W. Ind. p. 19 (1885),' 
Campephilus bairdii, Cass. Proa. Acad. Philad. 1863, p. 322; Gray, 
List Pieid. Brit. Mus. p. 53 (1868); id. Ilandd. B. ii. p. 187, 


.. ,. . :(1876). 
Campephiius principalis bairdi, Cory, Auk. 1886, p. 373; Ridgw. 
Man. X. Amer. B. p. 281 (1887). 

Adult male. liesembles 0. principalis in having white nasal tufts 
and a white neck-stripe, but differs in the latter being continued to 
the base of the bill; the black feathers of the crown not reaching 
to the tip of the scarlet crest. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the crest 
entirely glossy blue-black. 

]^"ever having seen this species, I have extracted the above 
descriptions from Eidg way's Manual. The measurements are given as 
follows:—Wing 9*50-9-70, tail 6-50-7'OQ, exposed culmen2-30~2-40. 
Cassin, in his original description of the present bird, states the length 
to be about 18J inches. This author's observation that the black 
anterior feathers of the crest are longer than those succeeding, which 
are scarlet, is, however, at variance with Dr. Bidgway's statement. 

Hob. Cuba. 

3. CampopMlus imperialis. 
Picus imperialis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 140; Less. CompL Buff.ix. 
p. 317 (1837); Aud. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 313 (1839) j id. Syn. B. N. 
Amer. p. 175 (1839) ; id. B. K Amer. 8vo, iv. p. 213 (1839) j 
Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 4 (1866). 
Campenhilus imperialis, 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 43G (1845); Reichenb. 
Scans. Pimm, p. 390, no. 897, pi. dcxlvi. fig. 4314, $ (1854); 
Baird, B. JSf. Amer. p. 82 (1858) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. 

p. 53 (1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 187, no. 8621 (1870); Sclat. $ 
Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 98 (1873); Ridgw. Auk, 1887, 
p. 161; id. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 281 (1887). 
VOL. XVIII. ^ H 
VIG1BM. 

Megapicos imperials, Malh. N. Classif, Mem. Acad. Meiz, 1848


40. p. 318. . .ocy /1Q^m 
Dryocopus imperialis, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av.i. p. ld^ (lboU> 
Megapicus imperially Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygodp.7 no £ £*»>'> 
&&. PiciL, i. p. 2, pi. i. figs. 1, 2, a ? ad 3 bill of 2 (1861). 
Diyotomus imperialis, Cass. Ill B. Calif, p. 28o, pi. xlix., rf ad. 
nocc\ 
Campophilus imperialis, Gar*. # Seine, Mus. Rein. iv. p. 101 (1803). 
4CZMZ* wfll«. Bcsembles 0. principalis, but may be distinguished 
by its black nasal plumes and in having the head and neck devoid 
of any white stripe, the red crest much exceeding the elongated 
black crown-feathers, a greater number of the inner secondaries 
tipped with white, and this much more extended on these feathers; 
the dimensions are also very much greater. Total length 22 inches, 
oilmen 3*5, wing 12, tail 7*8, tarsus 1-9; toes (without claws)— 
outer anterior 1*42, outer posterior 1*7, inner anterior 1*1, inner 
posterior 0*8. 
Adult female. Has no red upon the head, this as weE as the 
crest being entirely blue-black, and the latter very long and curled 
upwards at the tip. In other respects the two sexes are alike. 
Total length 21 inches, culmen 3*1, wing 12, tail 7*8, tarsus 1*9. 
Hah. Western Mexico, south to Ciudad Durango, north along the 
Sierra Madre to within 50 miles of the Arizona boundary. 

a. 2 ad. sk. Mexico. Zoological Society. 
b. <$ ad. sk. Mexico. 
c. tf ad. sk. Mexico. Gould Coll. 
d,e. <$ J ad. sk. Mexico. Salvin-Godaian Coll. 
f, <?-6 ? ad. sk.
h. $ skeleton. 
Ciudad Durango, Jan.
(A. Forrer). 
Ciudad Durango.
(Types of the species.) 
Salvin-Godrnan Coll. 
A. Forrer [O.]. 

4. CampopMhis leucopogou*." 
Picus leucopogon, Valenc. Diet. Sc. Nat xl. p. 178, $ (1826), 

Picus boiei, Wag I. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 3, $ (1827); Sundev. Consp. 
Av. Picin. p. 6 (1866). 
Picus boieri, Less. TraitS, i. p. 225 (1831). 
Picus atriventris, d1 Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois. iv. p. 378, pi. lxiii. 

fig. 1, tf ad. (1835-44). 
Oarapepliilus boiei, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 436 (1845); Bp. Camp. 
Volucr. Zygod. p. 7, no. 12 (1854) • Eekhenb. Scans. Picince, 

p. 394, no. 913, pi. del. fig. 4338, <$ (1854) • Gray, List Picid. 
Brit. Mus. p. 56 (1863); id. Band-l. B. ii. p. 187, no. 8620 
(1870) • Lee, Ibis, 1873, p. 133 ; Sclat. % Salv. Nommwl Av. Keotr. 
p. 98 (1873); Bumf. Ibis, 1877, p. 185• Sclat. <§* Salv. P. Z. S. 
1879, p. 63 j Salv. Ibis, 1880, p. 300; White, P. Z. S. 1882, 
p. 617 j Barrows, Auk, 1884, p. 25; Sclat. 8r Huds. Am. Orn. ii. 
p. 17(1889). 
* Valenoiennos's title has priority, and in addition to this his description of 
the species is correct, whereas Wagler's description of his P. boiei does not 
correspond with the type which is in the Paris Museum. 
467 

37. cvMPorniLTis. 
Picus eornentes, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 21 (1849). 
Dryocopus boiei, Bp. Camp. Gen. Av. i. p. 134, 5 only (1850). 
Dryoeopus atriventris, Burm. J. f. 0. I860, p. 244; id. Heise La


Plata-St. ii. p. 444 (1801) 
Megapicus boiei, Malh. Picida, i. p. 10, pi. iii.figs. 1, % <$ ? ad. (1861). 
Phloeoceastes boiei, Cab. $ mine, Mus. llein. iv. p. 97 (1863). 
Dendrocopus atriventris, White, Cam. Silv.-Land, ii. pp. 247, 307 

(1882). 
Adult male * Upper and middle back uniform buffy white, the 
remainder of the upper parts, the wings and tail, as well as their 
coverts, the whole of the undorparts and under tail-coverts, axil-
lanes and under wing-covcrts black, except the inner webs of the 
primaries on more or less of their length and the inner portion of 
the outer webs of these feathers, at the base, which are rufous, 
the inner webs of the secondaries having a basal spot of rufous ; 
shafts of quills ochreous yellow on the rufous web, but otherwise 
black, the shafts of the tail-feathers black; nasal plumes, entire 
head, chin, throat, and fore neck crimson, with a spot (the upper 
part black, the lower part white) over the ears ; sides of the neck 
and hind neck black, the feathers lining the edge of the wing below 
rufescent buff, with, a black spot or patch where they cover the 
bases of the primaries. Total length 12 inches, culmen 1*95, wing 
7*15, tail 3 95, tarsus 1-32; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 
0-93, outer posterior 1*06, inner anterior 0*8, inner posterior 0*6. 
Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead, 
crown, space in front of and under the eye, a line on the lower 
part of the malar region, and the chin black; the nasal plumes and 
a stripe uniting with the white of the lower ear-coverts, also the 
malar region, white. Total length 11*5 inches, culmen 1*72, wing 
6-8, tail 3*8, tarsus 1 25. 
Bah, Bolivia; Argentine Republic, south into the Province of 
Buenos Ayres ; Lower Uruguay; Southern Brazil, probably only in 
the part adjacent to the above countries. 

a. tf ad. sk. South America. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.]. 
b. $ ad. sk. Bolivia. T. Bridges [O.j. 
c. <S ad. sk. Carrapari, Bolivia, May (P. Salvin-Oodman Coll. 
Pearce). 
d. e. 6 ad. sk. Salta, Arg. Rep., June. H. Bumford, Esq. 
re.]. 
/. S ad. sk, Salta (JE. W. White). Sclater Coll. 
>. Qad.sk. Gualeguaychu. Sclater Coll. 


X. d ad. sk. Uruguay. Alan Peel, Esq. [0.]. 
5. Campophilus rubricollis. 
Grand pic huppe* a la tete rouge de Cayenne, Baubent. PI Enl. 

Picus rubricollis, Bodd. Tabl PI Enl p. 37, no. 612 (1783); Gm. 

* Mr W B Lee (Ibis, 1873, p. 134) states that he found on dissection that 
it is the*female which has the head entirely red. There must surely be some 
mistake. 
2 

468 PICIILE. 

Syst. Nat. i. p. 426 (1788); Lath. lad. Orn. I p. 226 (1790) ; 
Steph. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 159 (1815) ; VieilL X. Diet. dHist Nat. 


xxvi. p. 71 (1818); id. fy Bonn. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1306 (1823); 
Bp. Joum, Acad. Nat. So. Ballad, v. p. 137 (1825)• Wagl. Syst. 
Av. Picus, sp. 12, $ (1827) ; id. Isis, 1829, p. 509; Le*s. Traite, 
i. p. 225, ? (1831); Sundev. Consp. Av.Picia. p. 6 (1800). 
Campephilus rubricollis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 436 (184*5); Cab. in 
Schomb. Beis. Guian iii. p. 716 (1848); JZeichenb. Scans. Pieince, 

p. 395, no. 915, pi. deli. figs. 4841-42, 2 2 (1854); Bp. Consp. 
Volucr. Zygod. p. 7, no. 13 (1854) ; Sdat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 332, 
no. 1978 (i802); Gray. Lid Bicid. Brit. Mvs. p. 50 (18C&) ; id. 
Hand-l B. ii. p. 187, no. 8028 (1870); Pet. Orn. Bras. p. 242 
(1870) j Sclat.fySalwNomeitcl. Av. Neotr. p. 98 (1S73); Salv. Ibis, 
1886, p. 58. 
Dryocopus rubricollis. Bp. Consp, Gen. Av. i. p. 134 (1850). 
Megapicus rubricollis, Malh. Picidce, i. p. 25, pi. viii. figs. Qt 7, <$ § 
ad. (1861). 
Phlceoceastes rubricollis, Cab. J. f, O. 1862, p. 176; id. <§* Heine, 
Mus. Hein. iv. p. 96 (1863). 

Adult male. Back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-eoverts, 
wing-coverts, outer webs of the quills and the apical portion (more 
or less) of the inner webs brownish black, the remaining portion of 
the inner webs of the quills being rufous, this colour on most of the 
primaries occupying two thirds of their length and decreasing in 
extent upon the secondaries, the innermost of all having only a 
small spot of dusky rufous at the base, and this confined to the 
margin; at the base of the quills the outer webs are more or less 
striped with rufous next to the shaft: shafts of quills orange-red 
upon the rufous web and black upon the remaining part; tail-
feathers and the shafts black; nasal plumes and entire head and 
neck crimson, with a small spot (the upper half dusky brown, the 
lower half "buffy white) on the auricular region* entire underparts 
and under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts and axillaries rich rufous, 
the feathers of the chest more or less tipped with crimson. Total 
length 13 inches, culmen 1*85, wing 7*4, tail 4*6, tarsus 1*45; toes 
(without claws)—outer anterior 0*9, outer posterior 1*22, inner 
anterior 0*7, inner posterior 0*55. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the nasal 
plumes, lores, space under the eye, and the malar region buffy white, 
and uniting with the bristly white feathers covering the ears; at 
the base of the forehead, and along the upper edge of this white 
patch, a black line ; the feathers covering the chin-angle and a line 
separating the white malar region from the red throat albo black. 
Total length 12*5 inches, culmen 1*75, wing 7*15, tail 4*35, tarsus 
1*4. 

Hah. Guiana, and south-west through the Upper Amazon Region 
(between Barra do Eio rTegro and Marabitanas) into Eastern 
Ecuador. 

a. § ad. sk. S. America. Sclater OolL 
b. <$ ad. sk. Guiana {Brown). Sclater Coll. 
c. $ ad. sk. Oyapock, Cayenne. Salvin-Godman Coll 
37 . CAMPOPHILUS. 
469 

d, e. d1 $ ad. sk. Bartica Grove, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Oct., Nov. (II. Whitely). 
f, 3 imm. sk. Maroni R., Surinam (Kappler). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

g. Jad.sk . Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
h. dad. sk. San Jose', Ecuador (C.Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
6. Campophilus trachelopyras. 
Megapicus trachelopyrus, Malh. Mem. Soc. Hist Nat. Moselle, 1857, 
p. 1; id. Bicidce, i. p. 26, pi. viii. figs. 2tf, 3$ ad. (1861). 
Campephilus trachelopvrus, /Sfc/dtf. Corf. Amer. B. p. 332, no. 1979 
(1862); id. # &*/?;. P. £. A 1S67, pp. 586, 595, 758; Pefe. Orn. 
Bras. p. 242 (1870); Sclat. S> Salv. P. £. S. 1873, p. 291; M& 
Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 98 (1873); Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 390; 
Sclat fy Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 631; Tacz. Orn. Berou, iii. p. 73 
(1886). 

Dryocopus trachelopyrus Sclat. # /Safe. P. £ & 1869, p. 598. 
Campephilus rubricoilis (non Bodcl), Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 546. 

Adult male. Back, rump, upper tail-coverts, scapulars, and wing-
coverts black ; primaries, except the bastard one, rufous on more or 
less of the basal half, not externally margined with black, the 
secondaries on more or less of the base rufous, externally margined 
with black, the remaining portion of the quills and the whole of the 
inner secondaries black; shafts blackish brown on the black webs, 
orange on the rufous webs; tail and tail-shafts black; entire head 
and neck crimson, with a spot (the tipper half black, the lower half 
white) on the auricular region ; the whole of the underparts and 
under tail-coverts rufous, the feathers of the chest and breast more 
or less tipped with crimson; under wing-coverts rufous : " beak 
almost white; legs verditer ; iris yellow " (E. L. Layard). Total 
length 13*5 inches, culm en 1*9, wing 7*3, tail 4*1, tarsus 1*45; toes 
(without claws)—outer anterior 1, outer posterior 1*3, inner anterior 
0*8, inner posterior 06 . 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the nasal 
plumes, lores, and malar region white; the feathers covering the 
chin-angle and bordering the lower jaw black. Total length 13-5 
inches, culmen 1*75, wing 7*2, tail 4*6, tarsus 1*25. 

Hob. Lower and Upper Amazonian regions, from Para (Capim 
River) into Northern and Central Peru; Northern Bolivia and 
South Matto Grosso. 

a. 2 ad. sk. S. America. R. Graham, Esq. 
[P.]. 
b. 2 ad. sk. Brazil (A. B. Wallace). 'Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c. 
J ad. sk. Para, Lower Amazons (A. B. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Wallace). 
d. <$ ad. sk. Para, Feb. {E. L. Laijard). Tweeddale Coll. 
e,f. 6 ? ad. sk. Capim River (A. B. Wallace). Sclater Coll. 
g. S 
ad. sk. Maranham, N. Brazil (B. Wen- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
dehorn), 
h. 
3 ad. sk. Yurimagnas, E. Peru (E. Bart- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
lett). 
470 
PIC1DJS. 

i 
<$ ad. sk. Cosoipata, Peru, Oct. (H. WMtely). Tweeddale Coll. 

h. <$ ad. sk. Bolivia. T. Bridges [0.]. 
I tf imm. sk. Bolivia. Sclater Coll. 
m. 6 ad. sk. Apollo, Bolivia (C. Buckley). Salvm-^odaian Coll. 
n. 5 ad. sk. Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas, Bolivia Salvin-Godtnan Coll. 
(C. Buckley). 
o,p. 
<$ $ ad. Cliapada, Matto Grosso, May, Salvin-Godman Cull, 
sk. Dec, (M. M. Smith). 

7. Campophilus melanoleucus. 
Buff-crested Woodpecker, 
Lath. Gen. Sijn. ii. p 0*58, pi. xxv. 5 
(1782). 
Picas melanoleucos, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 426 (1788); Lath. Ind. 
Orn. i. p. 220 (1790). 
Carpintero lomo bianco, Azara, Apzmt. Mist. Nat. Pdxar. Parag. ii. 

p. 297, no. 249 (1805). 
Picus melanoleucus, Stej)h. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 155, pi. xxxi. (1815); 
Lath. Gen. Hist. B. iii. p. 373, pi. lix. $ad. (1822); Sundev. 
Consp. Av. Picin. p. 5 (1866) ; Fnsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 5SC) 

Picus albirostris, 
Vieill. N. Diet cVIIist. Nat. xxvi. p. 09, <$ (1818) ; 
id. 8? Bonn. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1304 (1823) ; Spix, Av. Bras. i. 

p. 56, pi. xlv. figs. 1, 2, S S (1824); Wagl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 9 
(1827); id. Isis, 1829, p. 509 ; Tsch. Av. Consp. Pep. Peruan. in 
Arch, filr Naturg. 1844, p. 302 ; Cab. in TschudCs Faun. Peruan., 
Aves, p. 43 (1845-46). 
Dryocopus albirostris, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 326; Gray, Gen. B. ii. 

p. 436 (1845); Hartl Ind. Azara, p. 16 (1847); Cab. in Schornb. 
Reis. Guian. iii. p. 716 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 132 
(1850); Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 221 (1856); LSot Ois. Trinid. 
j?. 336 (1866). 
Picus comatus, Neuwied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 393 (1832). 
Megapicos albirostris, Math. N. Classify Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, 

p. 319.# 
Campepliilus albirostris, Beicherib. Scans. Picince, p. 392, no. 905, 
pi. dcxlviii. fig. 4326, <J (1854); Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 331, 
p 1974 (18G2); id. 8f Salv. P. Z. S. 1806, p. 196, 1807, pp. 586, 
595, 753, 1873, pp. 186, 291. 

Dryocopus comatus; Licht. Nomencl Av. p. 75 (1854). 
Dryotomus albirostris, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 7, no. 5 (1854). 
Megapictis albirostris, Malh. Picidce, i. p. 17, pi. iv. figs. 1, 3, c? 9 ad. 


(1861). 
Phlceoceastes albirostris, Cab. J. f. O. 1862, p. 176. 
Scapaneus inelanoleucus, Cab. $- Heine, Mus. Rein. iv. p. 90 (1863). 
Campepbilus melanoleucus, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 55 

(1868); id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 187, no. 8625 (1870); Pelz. Orn. Bras. 

p. 242 (1870) ; id. Ibis, 1873, p. 33 ; Sclat. $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. 
Neotr. p. 98 (1873); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 546, 1879, p. 240; 
id. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 71 (1886) ; Salv. Ibis, 1886, p. 58. 
Adult male. Above, including tbe wings and tail, as well as tbeJr 
coverts, black, and down each side of the upper part of the back 
a broad white stripe, the two uniting in the middle of the back, 
some of the lower feathers with bar-like spots of black, the inner 
webs of the quills having at their base a marginal patch of white; 
shafts of quills and of tail-feathers black; nasal plumes, entire lores, 


37 . CAMP0PHILU8. 
471 
and the anterior part of the malar region buffy white ; the remainder 
of the face and the whole of the top of the head and crest crimson, 
with a spot (the upper half black, the lower half buffy white) covering 
the ears, and a narrow line of black separating the loral region and 
nasal plumes from the red of the forehead; chin, throat, and neck 
black, with a white stripe down the side of the latter uniting with 
the white on the back, and a branch from it extending as far as the 
chest; entire underparts and under tail-coverts buffy or brownish 
white, barred with black, the chest more broadly barred, and sometimes 
almost entirely black; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
uniform white with a slight yellow tinge. Total length 13*5 inches, 
culmen 1*8, wing 7-05, tail 4-25, tarsus 14 ; toes (without claws) 
—outer anterior 1*02, ou^er posterior 1*28, inner anterior 0*85, 
inner posterior 0*63. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead 
and central elongated feathers of the crown blue-black; the space 
below the eye black, this being continued in a narrow line backwards 
and uniting with the upper ear-coverts, which are black; 
the malar region and as high up as the black line, the lower half 
of the ear-coverts, and the feathers immediately behind them white, 
and uniting with the white stripe which runs down the side of the 
neck. Total length 13*5 inches, culmen 1*88, wing 7*5, tail 4*25, 
tarsus 1*23. 

Bab. Guiana, north into the island of Trinidad ; Brazil, west of 
the Rio Tocantins, extending south-east to Eio Janeiro, and ranging 
into Bahia; westward into Colombia (Bogota), Ecuador, and Peru, 
south to Monterico. 

a. <$ ad.* b, c. J ISTew Granada. Purchased. 
ad. sk. 
d. $ ad. sk. Bogota. Tweeddale Coll. 
e,f. <$ J ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll. 
g. <$ ad. sk. Venezuela. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
h. tf ad. sk. San Esteban, Venezuela, May Tweeddale Coll. 
{A. Goering). 
L S ^d. sk. Trinidad. Zoological Society. 
h. $ ad. sk. British Guiana. Zoological Society. 
I. 3 
ad. sk. Bartica Grove, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll 
Dec. (H. Whitely). 
m, n. 3 $ ad. sk. Takutu R.} British Guiana, Salvm-Godman Coll. 
Feb. (E. Whitely). 

o. J ad. sk. Cayenne. 
Purchased. 
p. J ad. sk. Cayenne. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
q. 2 ad. sk. Bio Tocantins, Brazil, Sept. Salvin-Godrnan Coll. 
(A. R. Wallace). 
r. <$ imm. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (C.Buckley), Salvin-Godman Coll. 
s}t <$ $ ad. sk. Yquitos, Peru, Aug. (H. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Whitely). 

u. $ ad. sk. Sarayacu, Peru (H. Whitely). Sclater Coll. 
v, w. S $ imm, sk. Elvira, E. Peru (/. Hauxwell). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
x $ ad. sk. Peru (0. Barclay). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
y. 5 ad. sk. Chapada, Matto Grosso, Bee. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(E. E. Smith). 
PIC1DJE. 

z. <J ad.; «', V. $ Bahia, Brazil (Dr. Wucherer). Salvm-Godnmn Coll. 
c\ V ad*, sk. South America. J. Gould, Esq. 

8. Campophilus malherbii. 
OampephUus malherbii, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 436, pi. eviii <$ ad. 
(1845); Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 392, no. 903, pL dcxlvni. 
ficrs. 4323-24, tf $, 4825 tf (1854) ; tfc/fltf. Ctof. ^mer. A p. 331, 
no. 1973 (1862); id. $ Salv. P.Z. S. 1804, p. 366; Salv. op. cit. 
1867, p. 157; Selat. op, cit 18G8, p. 029; Gray, List Picid. Brit. 
Mus. p. 54 (1868); id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 187, no. 8623 (1870) ; 
Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 212; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 380 ; Selat. $ 
Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 98 (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 23o, 
1879, p. 532 ; Salv. $ Qodm. Ibis, 1879, p. 205. 

Picus anais, Less. Descr. Mamm. %• Ois. rec. deconv. p. 203, $ (1847). 
M egapicos malherbii, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, 

p. 319. 
Meo-apicus malherbii, Malh. Bull. Soc. Hist. Fat. Metz, 1849, p. 17; 
id. Picidce, i. p. 15, pl.vi. figs. 1, 2, 4, d 5 ad., ? juv. (1861). 
Dryocopus pollens, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 133 (1850), pt.; Sclat. 
'P. Z.S. 1855, p. 161. 
Dryotomus malherbii, Bp. Consp. Volucr, Zygod. p. 7, no. 8 (1854). 
Dryotomus verreauxi, Bp. Notes Orn. Collect. Delattr. p. 85, note 

(1854). 
Scapeneus malherbei, Cab.fy Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 93 (1863). 
Picus malherbei, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 5 (1866). 

Adult male. Differs from O. melanoleucus in having the posterior 
part of the loral region red, this colour entirely surrounding the 
eye ; the under surface of the body much more rufescent; the lower 
feathers of the black stripe down the middle of the upper back 
barred with buff; the primaries tipped with brownish white; the 
bill blacker and much more powerful. Total length 13*5 inches, 
cnlmen 2-05, wing 7*65, tail 4*6, tarsus 1*42; toes (without claws) 
—outer anterior 0*9, outer posterior 1*3, inner anterior 0*8, inner 
posterior 0*6. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead 
and the central and elongated feathers of the crown black; the 
whole of the malar region white, this forming a broad stripe which 
includes the lower half of the ear-coverts and unites with the white 
stripe down the side of the neck. Total length 13*5 inches, culmen 
1-9, wing 7*25, tail 4*5, tarsus 1*4. 

Young female. Differs from the adult of the same sex in having 
the eye encircled by black, and a broad black stripe behind it 
including the upper ear-coverts and running on to the hind neck, 
this being separated from the red occiput and nape by a buffy-white 
stripe; the red on the head more scarlet and confined to the occiput 
and nape; the uuderparts duller, and the bars less deep black. 

Hah. U.S. Colombia, north to Yeragua; and Western Venezuela. 

a. $ ad. sk. [Mexico.] Purchased. 
b. & inam. sk. Carthagena. Purchased. 
c. (S ad. sk. Calovevora,Veragua (KArce). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

i*7. CAMVOUIIILXTH. 47*«$ 

d. Jad.sk. CWdillora do Tele, Veragaa Salvm-Oodmnn Coll. 
e 2 ad sk « ^ *,m^' 
J t 1/ •,' ^ai *tiugo do Voraimas. KaUin-Codman Coll. 

r. d ad. sir. Chiri<iui? Veragua. Capis. Kollelt ,V 
« , j n Wood [I».J. 
V % ^ ' . n J'aimina (J. AtcLemwan). Selalor ('oil. 
M , ; *' ¥ I-i<m Hill Station, Panama Saiviu-Godmau Coll. 
«. 6 act. SK. Caiu.n, U.S. Colombia (7T. K. Sahu>Codman Coll. 
, , , Salmon). 
. d aa. sic. Atampies, Santa Maria, Co-Salvin-Codman Coll. 
n , , lombia {F. Minions), 

m. V ad. sk. K e w (h..ma(la< Snlvin-({oilman Coll. 
n. $ ad. sk. Bogota, Twmldale Coll. 
o. ? ad sk Bogota. Helater Coll. 
P, 9A 3 2 ad. St. Bog-ota. Purchased. 
r. § ad. sk. (V) M i Mttihovbo. 
9. Campophilus guatemaleiisis. 
1855, p. 02; Selat. Cat. Amor. B. p. 331, no. 1975 (1M>2) ; iV. 

P. #. #. 1804, p. 177; tf«/i\ o/>. wf\ 1SC>7, p. 157; Later. Ami. Lye, 
Nat. Hist. JV. JTork, J 8(58, p. 130; Gray, List Pic id. Brit. Man. 
p. 57 (1868); id. Hand-l. i>\ ii. p. W , no. Mi30 (1870); &/«A # 
p. 158. 
Picus lessonii, JLess. JSelio Mond, Sai\ 1845, p. 920 ( d ad.); JV/. 
Deser. Marnin. Ois. #<\ /tf<\ </&vHi>. 1847, p. 203 ( J ad.). 
Dryocopus guatimalensis, Mp. Comp. Gen. Ai\ i. p. 133, d (1850); 
tfcto*. P. J£ /& 1857, p. 220, 1*58, p. 350, 1850, pp. 307, 388; *>/. 
$ Salv, Ibis, 1XTA), p. 135 ; Caih-Tayl op. n't. 1*00, p. 110. 
Dryotomus odoardus, lip. Notes Onl. Collect. Dektttr, pp. 85, 80 
(1854). 
Dryocopus reglus, ZicM. Nomenel Ai\ p. 75 (1851). 
Canipephilus regius, JReiclienh. Seam. Pivbue, p. 393, no, 908, 
pi. dcxlix. figs. 4331-32, d 6 (1854). 
Dryotomus guatemaiensis, Bp. Comp. Valuer, 7Afqml. p. 7, no. 4 
(1854). 
Driopicus regius, Comp. Zyyod. p. 8^ no. 25 (185 i).

usj Up. Vohur.
Dryocopus erytlu Selat. 1\ Z. H. IN~>0, p. 3(H>.

tlirops {HOU Valem,),
Megapicus guaieiAomalensis,
,,..,., Mulh.... -Picitto, i._ p. li\ pi. \ii. iigs. 1, 5 

ad., 2, 3 § ad., 4 tf juv. (1801). 
Phloeoceastes gamtemalensis, (V/fc. J.f.O. 1802, p. 175. 
Scapaneus guatimalensis, Cab. fy Heine, MKS. He in. iv. p. 02 (1803). 

Adult male. Ma y b e distinguished from G. melunoleitnis by having 
the nasal plumes, entire head and crest, chin and throat crimson, 
with only a brownish spot over the ears; the white stripes down 
each side of the back just uniting, the middle of the back devoid 

474 
PIClDiE. 

of any white patch; the black bars on the underparts broader; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries pale yellowish buff; bill very 
powerful. Total length 13 inches, oilmen 2, wing 7*35, tail 4-2, 
tarsus 1*3; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0-85, outer posterior 
1*12, inner anterior 0*75, inner posterior 0 5. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead 

and central feathers of the crown, chin (except at the angle, which 

is rod), and the throat black; the black feathers of the crown very 

much elongated; the white stripe which runs down the side of the 

neck commencing behind the malar region. Total length 13 inches, 

culmen 1*9, wing 7*25, tail 4"45, tarsus 1*32. 

Young female. Eesembles the adult of the same sex, but has a 
less amount of red on the face, the black bases of the feathers 
showing; the nasal plumes only assuming their red colour; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries less yellow and more of a buffy white : 
the bill darker. 

Hah. Southern half of Mexico, north to Mazatlan and Tampico, 
about 23° N. lat.; throughout Central America into Yeragua. 
a, b. <$ 9. ad. sk. Central America. Purchased. 

c. J imm. sk. 
Mexico. Sclater Coll. 
d. 
2 ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
$ ad. sk. Mazatlan, W. Mexico, Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(A. Forrer). 
f. 
$ ad. sk. Presidio, Mexico, Dec. (A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Forrer). 
g. 
(S ad. sk. Tepic, Jalisco, May (W. B. Salvin-G-odman Coll. 
Richardson). 
k. 
<$ ad. sk. Tonila, Jalisco, June (W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Lloyd). 
i, 
J ad. sk. Santiago, Colima, June ( W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Lloyd). 

h. S imm. sk. Cualata, Colima, June ( W. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Lloyd). 
I. J ad. sk. Jacolapa, Colima, 1000 ft., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
May (W. Lloyd). 
m. 
<$ ad. sk. Mexico ( W. Lloyd). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Tanipico, Mexico, Feb., June Salvin-Godman Coll. 
n, o. <$ ad.; pj q. 

( W. B. Bicha?*dson).
$ ad.; r. Juv. sk. 

Tamesi, near Tampico, March Salvin-Godman Coll. 

s, $ ad. sk. 

(IF. B. Richardson). 
t $ ad. sk. Mizantla, Vera Cruz, Nov. Sal\ in-Godman Coll. 
it. J ad. sk. Laguna Verde, Vera Cruz, Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Sept. (M. Trujitto). 
v, <$ ad. sk. Santana, Jalapa, Nov. (Mex. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
, Fxpl. Fxped.). 

w. $ ad. sk. Jalapa (de Oca). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
%j y. <$ 2 a<*-&. Colipa, Mexico, March (F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
D. G.). 
z. $ ad. sk. 
Teapa, Mexico, Feb. {Mrs. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
H. H. Smith). 
a',b't(3 $imm. sk. Northern Yucatan (G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Gaumer). 

c'. J ad. sk. 
Buctzotz, Yucatan, April Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(G, Ft Gaumer). 

37 . CAMPOPFILrS. 475 
d'.. $ ad. sk. Orange Walk, British HonSalvin-
Godman Coll. 
duras, Dec. (G.F. G aumer). 
e\ $ ad. sk. Cayo,Western Disk, British Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Honduras(F.Blan caneaus). 
f . $ ad. sk. Belize, British Honduras (F. 
Blancaneauv). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ff\ , A'. S ? ad. sk. Guatemala. Tweeddale Coll. 
i\ k'. 3 J ad. sk. Savana Grande, Guatemala. Tweeddale Coll. 
t. cj ad. sk. Woods near Virgin Bay, Tweeddale Coll. 
Nicaragua, 
m '. J ad. sk. Medio Monte, Guatemala, Sclater Coll. 
Oct. (0 . S.). 
< , o'. 3 ad. sk. Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala, 
Oct., Nov. {O.S.). 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
P'>• $ ad.; q'. $ Pacific Coast-Hegion, GuaSalvin-
Godman Coll. 
juv. sk. temala, Nov., Dec, (0. S.). 
r'. 
s'> 
5 ad. sk. 
t'. 3 ad.; u\ 
Honduras. 
Costa Rica. 
Mr. Dyson [P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
2 ad. sk. 
<»'. 3 ad. sk. Bebedero, Gosta Rica (E. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Arce). 
w' . J ad. sk. San Jos§, Costa Rica (A. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
von Frantzius). 
%'. 
1/'* 
35 
ad.sk. 
ad. sk. 
Dota, Costa Rica (J. Canniol). 
Central America. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Gould Coll. 

10. CampopHltLS guaya^uilensis. 
Picus guayaquilensis, Less. JEcho Mond. Sav. 1845, p. 920, 3 ; id, 
Descr. &£amm. Ois.fyc.?Sc. decouv. 1847, p. 202,3. 
Dryocopns albirostris (non VieilL), Sclat. P. Z. S. 1858, pp. 75, 400, 
1859, p. 146. 
Megapicus sclateri, Maih. 1859; id. Pieidce, i. pp. ^'2,156 (note), 105, 

pi. viiL fig. 1 {$ ad.), pi. xxxv. h>. 8 ( 3) (1861) 
Dryocopussclateri*, Sclat P. Z. S. I860, pp. 71, 286. 
Campephilus sclateri, Sclat. Cat Amer. B. p. 331, no. 1976 (1802); 

Gray, List Picid. Brit Mus. p. 54 (1808); id. JSand-L B. ii. p. 187, 
no. 8626 (1870) ; Sclat. $ Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 98 (1873) ; 
Berk $ Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 570, 1884, p. 307, 1885, p. 122; 
Tacz. Orn. Pirou, iii. p. 72 (1886). 

Scapaneus sclateri, Cab.fyHeine^ Mus. Hew. iv. p. 92 (1863). 
Picus sclateri, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 5 (18(30). 

Adult male. Upper and middle back centred with black and having 
a broad white stripe on either side; lower back and rump brownish 
black, more or less barred with buff; scapulars, wing-coverts, and 
quills brownish black, the inner webs of the latter broadly margined 
with buff on more or less of their basal portion; shafts brown; 
upper tail-coverts and tail blackish brown, the shafts brown; nasal 

* Dr. Sclater (P. Z. S. 1860, p. 286) says be suspects this will turn out to be 
Picus gttayaqi&lensis of Lesson, and I have not the slightest doubt that he is 
correct in this supposition. The red " cravatte" mentioned by Lesson is indicated 
in the male bird in the Sclater Collection, and it may be a striking 
feature in the very old male. 
476 ICID-2E. 

plumes buffy white, with crimson tips; face and top of the head 

and the crest crimson, -with a spot (the upper half brownish black, 

the lower half white) on the auricular region ; chin, throat, and 

neck black, some of the feathers of the lower throat tipped with reel; 

a broad white stripe from a little way behind the malar region runs 

down the side of the neck and joins the white stripe on the side of 

the back ; under surface of the body and the under tail-coverts buff, 

barred with black ; under wing-coverts and axillaries yellowish 

white; bill horn-colour. Total length 14 inches, culmen 1*9, 

wing 7*1, tail 4*25, tarsus 1*33; toes (without claws)—outer 

anterior 098, outer posterior 1*18, inner anterior 0*83, inner 

posterior 0*6. 

Adult female. Has the lower nasal plumes and the lower half of 
the face white, uniting with the white stripe down the side of the 
neck; upper nasal plumes blackish brown. In other respects it 
resembles the adult male. Total length 13*5 inches, culmen 1*85, 
wing 7*05, tail 4*4, tarsus 1*4. 

Eab. Western Ecuador and Xorth-western Peru. 

a. $ ad. sk. Ecuador. Tweeddale Coll. 
b. 2 ad.sk. SantaPita,Ecuador{Villagomez). Salvin-Ciodman Coll. 
e. J ad. sk. Pallatanga, Ecuador (L. Fraser). \ Sclater Coll. (Types 
d. cJ ad. sk. Esmeraldas, Ecuador (X. Fraser). \ of M. sclateri, Malh.) 
11. CampopMLns pollens. 
Picus pollens, Bp. Atti Best. Riun. Sci Ital. 1845, p. 406, $ ; 
Sunder. Consp. Av. Ficin. p. 6 (1866). 
Megaplcus grayii, Malh. Bull. Soc. Hkt Nat. Metz, 1840, p. 17 * id. 

Ficidce, i. p. 13, pi. v. figs. 1, 3, 4, tf $ ad., <$ juv. (1861). 

Piyocopus pollens (pt.)7 Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 133 (1850). 

Pryotomus pollens, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 7, no. 9 (1854). 

Campephilus mesoleueus, Reichenb. Scans. FicincB, p. 393, no. 907, 

pi. dcxlix. figs. 4329-30, $ $ (1854). 

Campephilus albifrenatus, Reichenb. Scans. Ficince, p. 431, no. 902 b, 

& p. 434, <$ (1854). 

Dryocopus mesoleueus, Zicht. Nomencl. Ai\ p. 75 (1854). 

Pryocopus grayi, Sclat. F. Z. S. 1855, p. 161, 1859, p. 146. 

Campephilus grayii, Sclat Cat. Amer. B. p. 331, no. 1972 (1862)* 

Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 380. 

Scapaneus pollens, Cab.fy Heine, Mm. Rein. iv. p. 94 (1863). 

Campephilus pollens, Gray, List Ficid. Brit. Mus. p. 55 (1868) * id. 

Jffand-l B. ii. p. 187, no. 8624 (1870) ; Sclat. $ Salv. Nomencl 
Av. Neotr. p. 98 (1873) ; iid. F. Z. S. 1879, p. 532 * Felz. Verhandl. 
zool.-bot Gesellsch. Wien, 1882, p. 448,* Bed. § Tacz. F. Z. 8, 
1884, p. 307. 

Adult mole. Pilfers from 0. melanoleucus in having no red whatever 
on the face, this, together with a distinct band at the base of 
the forehead, being black; nasal plumes white, and a white stripe 
from these (including the upper part of the malar region), crossing 
the face and running down the side of the neck, then dividing, one 
branch uniting with the stripe down the side of the back, the other 
extending as far as the side of the chest * back white, centred with 

37 . CAMP0PH1LUS. 
m 

black on the upper part, some of the feathers of the middle of the 
back having their inner webs buff barred with black; rump and 
upper tail-coverts rufescent buff barred with black; upper tail-
coverts more or less margined at the tip with rufescent buff; the 
quills tipped with white : underparts rich rufous huff. Total 
length 13*5 inches, culmen 1*8, wing 6-85, tail 4*6, tarsus 1*25 ; 
toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0-9, outer posterior 1*03, 
inner anterior 0*77, inner posterior 0*5. 

L/imature male. Eesembles the adult of the same sex, but has the 
back whiter and the rump also wThite with only a tinge of buff, and 
uniform ; some of the feathers above the ear-coverts are tipped with 
white; the red nuchal feathers are considerably shorter. Young 
birds have always less white on the tips of the quills and upon the 
inner webs of the innermost secondaries. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the entire absence 

of red on the head, the top of the head, occiput, and nape being 

black, the feathers of the latter less elongated than in the male. 

Total length 13 inches, culmen 1*78, wing 7*2, tail 4*8, tarsus 1*32, 

Hab. Northern and Western States of Colombia, and "Western 

Ecuador. 

a. $ ad. sk. New Granada. Purchased. 
b. $ j uv -sk-New Granada. Purchased. 
c. $ 
ad. ; d. $ New Granada. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
imm. sk. 
e. $ ad. sk. Santa Elena, Antioquia (T. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
K. Salmon).
/. <$ ad. sk. 
Purchased. 

Bogota. 

g. J imm. sk. 
Purchased. 
Bogota. 

\ i, k, (S ad.; /. 5 Tweeddale Coll. 
ad. sk. Bogota-
m} n. (S $ ad. sk. Bogota. SclaterCoU. 

o. Juv. sk. Popayan, Colombia. Zoological Society, 
p,q. 
$ $ ad. sk. Okuruco, Ecuador (C. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Buckley). 

12. Campophilus robustus. 
Carpintero 
gorro y cuello roxos, Azara, Apunt Hist. Nat Pdxar, 
Parag. ii. p. 301 (1805). 
Picus robustus, Licht Verz. JDoubl. p. 10 (1823); Spix, Av. Bras. 

i. p. 56, pi. xliv. d (1824); Vahnc. Diet Sc. Nat xl. p. 179, tf, 
nee ? (1826) ; Wagl Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 11 (1827); Drap. Diet 
Class. Hist Nat xiii. p. 503, <$ (1828); Less. Traits, i. p. 225 
(1831); Neuwied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 385 (1832); Swains. 
Classif. B. ii. p. 306 (1837) ; Sundev. Consp. Av. Piein. p. 6 
(1866). 
Campephilus robustus, 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 436 (1845); Hartl Ind. 
Azara, p. 16 (1847); Reichen.. Scans. Picince, p. 395, no. 914, 
pi. dcxlix. figs. 4333-34, 6 c?,pl deli. figs. 4339-40, $ $ (1854) ; 
Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 7, no. 11 (1854); Burm. Th. Bras. 

ii. p. 217 (1856); Sclat Cat Amer. B. p. 332, no. 1977 (1862); 
Gray, List Picid. Brit Mus. p. 56 (1868); id. Hand-l B. ii. 
p. 187, no. 8627 (1870)- Hamilton, Ibis, 1871, p. 308; Pelz. 
478 PICIDiE. 

Om. Bras. p. 243 (1870) ; Bert. J.f 0.1873, p. 280; Sclat. § Sale. 

Nomencl. Av. Neotr.y. 98 (1873). 
Dryocopus robustus, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 133 (1850). 
Dryocopus percoccineus, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 134, g (1850). 
Megapicus robustus, Malh. Picidce, i. p. 23, pi. ill. figs. 4 dV5 $ 

(1861). 
PhlcBoceastes robustus, Cab. J.f. 0. 1862, p. 176 ; id. § Heine, Mus. 
Rein. iv. p. 95 (1863). 

Adult male. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform buff; 
scapulars, wing-coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts and quills 
brownish black, the inner webs of the quills crossed by broad barlike 
spots or bars of rufous or rufous buff, some of the outer webs 
of the secondaries having a concealed rufous spot at the base; shafts 
black; tail and the shafts black: nasal plumes buff tipped with 
crimson• entire head and neck (except the base of the hind neck) 
crimson, with a spot (the upper half of which is dusky brown, the 
lower half buffy white) of bristly feathers covering the ears ; base 
of the hind neck buff barred with black; entire under surface of 
the body and under tail-coverts buffy white barred with black : 
under wing-coverts and axiliaries pale buff, a few of the lower 
coverts with dusky black barring. Total length 14*5 inches, 
culmen 2*15, wing 7*7, tail 4*85, tarsus 1*5; toes (without claws) 
—outer anterior 1, outer posterior 1*36, inner anterior 0*82, 
inner posterior 0*62. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the nasal 
plumes, lower part of the lores, and the malar region buffy white, 
and uniting with the feathers covering the ears; base of the forehead, 
upper half of tbe lores, and a broad stripe bordering the upper 
part of the white patch, black ; the feathers covering the chin-angle, 
and a stripe behind separating the white malar region from the red 
throat, black. Total length 14*5 inches, culmen 2, wing 7*85, 
tail 4*7, tarsus 1*5. 

In immature birds the feathers of the neck have less red on their 
tips, and the bases, which are barred buff and dusky black, show 
through more or less. 

Hob. Southern and Eastern Brazil, north into Bahia ; Paraguay. 
a, b. $ ad. sk. Brazil. Lord Stuart cle 
Rothesav [P.". 
c,d. tf % ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll. 
e,f d 2 ad. sk. Brazil. Tweeddale Coll. 

g. J ad. sk. Rio Grande, Brazil. Tweeddale Coll. 
h. S imm.; i. 2 Bahia, Brazil (Dr. Wit- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ad. sk. eherer). 
13. CampopMLus liaematogaster. 
Picus hsematogaster, Tschudi, Av. Consp. JRep. Peruan. in Arch, fur 
Naturg. 1844, p. 302, pi. xxv.; Cab. in Tschudi's Faun. Peruan., 
Om. p. 43, pi. xxv. $ (1845-46); Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 0 
(1866). 

Dryocopus haematogaster, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 436 (1845) • Bp. 

37« CAMPOPHILUS. 

479 

Consp. Gen. Ac. i. p. 134 (1850); Sclat P. Z. S. 1855, p. 161; 

Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 60 (1868) ; id. Kand-l B. ii. 

p. 188, no. ^630 (1870); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 546. 
Megapieus hsemogaster, Math. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1852, p. 552 *; 
id. Picidm, i. p. 27, pi. ix. figs. 1 S ad., 2 $ imm., 3 $ ad. (1861). 
Campepliilus ksematog aster, Reichenb. Scans. Picinm, p. 395, no. 91(5, 
pi. deli. fig. 4343, $ (1854); Sclat Cat. Amer. B. p. 332. no. 1980 
(1862) ; id. Ǥ* Sulv. KomencL Av. Keotr. p. 98 (1873) j Tacz. P. Z. S. 
1882, p. 42; id. § Bed. op. cit. 18S5, p. 106: Tacz. Orn. Perou. 

iii. p. 74 (1886). 
Drvotomua hsematogaster, Bp. Consp. Volitcr. Zygod. p. 7, no. 10 
(1854). 
Cniparchus hasmatogaster, Cab. 6/ Heine, Mus. Hein. iy. p. VS (1863). 

Adult male. Upper and middle back pale buffy yellow, the outer 
and the lower feathers barred with dusky black ; lower back and 
rump crimson; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers, as well as the 
shafts of the latter, black; scapulars, wing-coverts, and quills black, 
the latter having large, more or less bar-like spots of white upon 
the inner webs, and the outer webs of the outer primaries being 
tipped with dull white; shafts of quills black; face and a narrow 
band at the base of the forehead, chin, throat, and fore neck black ; 
the nasal plumes and a broad stripe from the nostrils running 
between the ear-coverts and the malar region a little beyond the 
end of the former, as well as a narrow stripe running backwards 
from the eye, buff; entire top of the head and the crest, sides of 
the neck and hind neck crimson, the bases of the feathers of the 
hind neck white ; entire underparts and under tail-coverts crimson, 
the feathers having brownish-black bases; under wing-eoverts 
and axillaries pale buff. Total length 14 inches, culmen 2*25, 
wing 7*6, tail 4-6, tarsus 1*52 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 
0*92, outer posterior 1*18, inner anterior 0*78, inner posterior 
0*52. 

Adult female. May be distinguished from the adult male by 
having the buff stripe, \\hich commences at the nostril and passes 
between the malar region and the ear-coverts, continued down the 
entire side of the neck; sometimes this stripe on the side of the 
neck has a slight tinge of red. In other respects the adults of both 
sexes are alike. Total length 14 inches, culmen 2-2, wing 7*33, 
tail 4*35, tarsus 1*4. 

Immature birds have less red on the underparts, and the bases 
of the feathers are barred with dingy buff. 
Hob. Colombia (Bogota), Ecuador, and south into Central Peru. 

a. § ad. st.
b. 2 ach sk. 
Colombia. 
New Granada. 
Purchased. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c. J ad. sk.
d. e,f. $ ad. sk.
g}h. $ ad.sk. 
Bogota. 
Bogota. 
Rosario, Ecuador (C.Buckley). 
Sclater Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

* Malherbe describes the back of this species as " bluish black," which it is 
not. I can only account for this mistake by the author having before him a 
Bogota skin in which the wings were, as usual, drawn together so as to conceal 
the back. 
480 
PICIDJS. 

14. Campophilus splendens. 
Campephilus hsematogaster {non Tschudi), Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 157; 
id. op. cit. 1870; p. 212; id. § Sclat op. cit. 1879, p. 532. 
Campephilus hsematogaster (pt.), Sclat. 4* Saiv. Nomenel Av. Xeotr. 

p. 98 (1873). 
CampopMlus splendens, Hargitt, Ibis, 1889, p. 58. 
Adult male. Resembles C. Tiamatog aster, but differs in having the 
whole of the fore neck and the throat on a line with the end of 
the malar region (or even higher) crimson, this colour also tipping 
the posterior malar feathers; the light bars on the quills are yellow 
and much broader, and approach nearer to the tips of the feathers; 
the bases of the feathers of the hind neck black; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries yellow, with a slight tinge of buff. Total length 
12-5 inches, culm en 2*05, wing 7*3, fail 4*1, tardus 1*4; toes 
(without claws)—outer anterior 0*95, outer posterior 1*15, inner 
anterior 0*74, inner posterior 0-48. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the buffyyellow 
stripe running right down the side of the neck; the chin> 
throat, and fore neck uniform black; the bases of the feathers of 
the underparts barred black and dingy buff, and showing through 
the red colour of the tips. Total length 11 inches, culmen 1*75, 
wing 6'S, tail 3*65, tarsus 1*47. 

Eab. Antioquia, and north into Yeragua. 

a. § ad. sk. Calovevora, Yeragua (JB, Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b, c. J ad. &k. Santiago de\emgu&s(JS.Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d. d 
ad.: e. $ Antioquia, U. S. Colombia (T. Sclater Coll. 
imm. sk. K. Salmon). 
38. IP0CEAE-T0H. 
lype. 
Ipocrantor, Cab.fy Heine, Mus. llein. iv. p. 99 (1863).. I. magellanicus. 

Range. Chili and Patagonia, to the extreme south. 

1. Ipocrantor magellaiiicns. 
Picus magellanicus, King, Zool. Jour. iii. p. 430 (1828) ; Waql 
Ms, 1829, p. 509; Jard. $ Selby, III Orn. ii. pi. cv. $ ad. (circa 
1829) ; Bridges, P. Z. S. 1841, p. 94; Lafr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool 
1843, p. 3. pi. xxxi. §; Gay, Faun. CML,Zool. i. p. 372; Sundev. 
Consp. Av. Picin. p. 5 (1866): Gray, Hand4. B. ii. p. 180, 
no. 8619 (1870). r ' 

Picus jubatus, Lafr. JRev. de Zool 1841, p. 242, J . 

Campephilus magellanicus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 436 (1845) ; Reiehenb. 
Scans. Picince, p. 391, no. 899, pi. dcxlv. figs. 4312-13, tf J (1854) ; 
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1807, p. 338; Gray, List Pieid. Brit. Mus. p. 54 
(1868); Sclat Sf Sato. Ibis, 1808, p. 187; Cunnmgh. Str. Magell 
1871, p. 81; Sclat. $ Sail). Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 98 (1873): iid. 

P. Z. S. 1878, p. 434. 
38 . IPOCEA.NTQE, 
481 

Dr\ ocopus niagellanicus, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 133 (1850). 
Megapicus niagellanicus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 7, no. 3 (1854); 
Malh. Picidce, i. p. 8, pi. ii. figs. 1, 2, <$ $ ad. (1861). 
Ipocrantor magellanicus, Cab. § Seine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 99 (1863). 

Adult male. The whole of the plumage Hack, more or less 
glossed with blue, with the following exceptions: the entire head 
and crest, chin and throat scarlet, most of the feathers having 
a white transverse spot about their middle; the inner webs of 
most of the quills on more or less of their basal portion, and of the 
innermost secondaries entirely, the under wing-coverts (except on 
the edge of the wing) and the axillaries white; the upper tail-
coverts with a stripe of white down each side of the shaft at the 
base; shafts of quills and of tail-feathers black. Total length 
15-5 inches, culmen 2*3, wing 8*3, tail 5*9, tarsus 1*3; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 1*03, outer posterior 1*16, inner anterior 

0*88, inner posterior 0*65. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the head 
and crest blue-black, with only the nasal plumes, base of the forehead, 
lores, front half of the malar region, and the chin red. Total 
length 15*5 inches, culmen 2*25, wing 8*5, tail 6*3, tarsus 1*4. 
The soft parts in this species are as follows:—" irides yellow, bill 
and legs black " {King). 

Young. A. male, with the whole of the top of the head and the 
short crest scarlet, the feathers having black bases and a white 
central spot, has the lores, face, posterior portion of malar region, 
chin, except at the angle, and the throat black, only a few of the 
feathers being tipped with red, the red-tipped feathers on the hinder 
part of the malar region having a white central spot; the quills 
spotted with white at the tip; the inner webs of the innermost 
secondaries barred with black at the tip: the female is like the 
adult of the same sex, but has no red on the lores, and this colour 
on the anterior portion of the malar region and on the chin is less 
in extent; the quills (as in the young male) are tipped with white, 
and the inner secondaries have the inner webs barred with black 
at the tip. 

Hob. Chili and Patagonia, south to the Straits of Magellan 
(Sandy Point). 

a. <$ imm.; b} c. Straits of Magellan. Antarctic Expedi$ 
ad. sk. • tion. 
d, e. <$ § ad. sk. Sandy Point, Straits of Ma- Sclater Coll. 
gellan {Cunningham). 
f,ff-<$2 ad. sk. Porto Bueno. * Challenger' Expedition. 
h, i. c? ? ad.; k. Chili [Leybold). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
<$ juv. sk. 
I, m. $ $ ad. sk. Valdivia, Chili ( Weisshaupt). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

2i 

VOL. xyiii. 

482 
•piCIDM. 

39. 
HEMICEECUS. T 
Hemicircus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 306 (1837) H. concretus. 
Micropicos, Malh. Mem. Acad. Mete, 1848-49, p. 330.. H. concretus. 

Range. From Cachar in the north, through Burmah (locally) and 
into Siam, Cambodia, and South Cochin China; through the Malayan 
Peninsula into Sumatra, Bangka, Java, and Borneo. To the 
west appearing again in Southern India. 

Key to the Species. 

A. 
With the top of the head red or with a red 
crest. 
a'. Forehead and crown red. 
a". Forehead and crown vermilion-red j 
occipital crest olive-grey sordidus S ad., p. 484. 
b". Forehead and crown, as wTell as entire 
crest, scarlet concretus <$ ad., p. 483. 
b'. Forehead and crown rufous buff. 
c". Occipital crest orange-red, varied and 
transversely spotted with dusky .. sordidus J juv., p. 484. 
d". Occipital crest uniform bright flame-red concretus J juv., p. 483. 

B. 
With no red on the head. 
c'. Forehead and crown of the same colour as 
the crest, and uniform or minutely spotted. 
i/ xi i j j j. r f sordidtts 9 ad., p. 484. 

e . Forehead, crown, and crest olive-grey. \concretus\ ad[fp. 48:1 
/" . Top of the head, as well as the crest, 
black, the forehead and crown mi- \ eanente <$ ad., p. 48(5. 
nutely speckled with white ..... . } cordatus <$ ad., p. 488. 

d'. With a frontal patch of buffy white or 
dingy buff. 
g". Forehead and crown buffy white, occi-[eanente § ad., p. 487. 
pital crest black (cordatus $ ad., p. 489. 
h". Forehead and crown dingy buff, occi-J eanente juv., p. 487. 
pital crest black } cordatus juv., p. 489. 

1. Hemicercus concretus. 
Picus concretus, Temm. PL Col. pi. xc. figs. 1, 2 (1824) ; Steph. Gen. 
Zool. xiv. p. ICO (1826); Wagl (pt.) Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 70 
(1827); Less. Traite, i. p. 221 (1831) ; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. 

p. 11, no 266 (1860). 
Hemicercus 
concretus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 306 (1837); Gray, 
Gen. B. ii, p. 437 (1845); Bp. (pt.) Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 129 
(1850); id. Consp. Vohtcr. Zygod. p. 9 (1854); Eeichenb. Scans. 
Picince, p. 401, pi. dclvi. figs. 4361-63 (juv.) (1854); Blyih, His, 
1866, p. 354; Cab. $ Heine (pt.), Mus. Rein. iv. p. 178 (1863); 
Gray (pt), Hand-l B. ii. p. 190, no. 8667 (1870); Gould, B. Asia, 

vi. pi. xix. figs. S juv. and 5 ad. (1876); Hargitt, Ibis7 1884, 
p, 250 j Vorderm. List B. Java, no. 55 (1884). 
Micropicos concretus, Malh. N. Classif., Mi?n. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, 

p. 331. 
Micropicus concretus, Malh. Pieidce, i. p. 187, pi. xli. fig. 1 S iuv., 
fig. 3 J ad. (1861). 
Micropicus hartlaubi, Malh. Pieidce, i. p. 189, pi. xli.fig-.5 g ad., 
fig. 6 2 juv. (1861). 
Hemicercus hartlaubi, Goidd}B. Asia, vi. pi. xx. figs. <? $ ad. (1876). 

39 . HEMICEECUS. 
483 

Adult male. Upper back and scapulars covered with very large 
rounded or slightly heart-shaped spots of black surrounded by buffy 
white, these being on the apical and exposed part of the feather, 
the base being black barred with white ; lower back purplish slatecolour 
; rump buffy white; upper tail-coverts black tipped with 
white; wing-coverts black margined with buffy white; quills black, 
the inner webs of the primaries margined at the base with white, 
those of the secondaries margined and notched along their whole 
length, the outer webs of the secondaries spotted with white, the 
innermost of these feathers barred with buffy white across both 
webs ; shafts black; tail-feathers and shafts black; forehead, crown, 
and elongated crest brilliant scarlet, the latter composed of very 
soft feathers; hind neck buffy white* nasal plumes, sides of the 
face and neck, and from the chin to the vent, both inclusive, dark 
slate-grey, with a slight tinge of olive, chiefly on the underparts; 
a faint trace of a whitish stripe runs down the side of the neck, but 
this is almost obsolete ; the thigh-feathers are black margined with 
buffy white, the black forming a heart-shaped spot, the feathers of 
the abdomen and vent tipped with dull buffy white; under tail-
coverts black with whitish tips; under wing-coverts buffy white. 
Total length 5'5 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3*35, tail 1-15, tarsus 
0*65 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*6, outer posterior 0*65, 
inner anterior 0*4, inner posterior 0*28. 

Young male. Has the forehead and crown bright rufous buff; 
the entire crest flame-red • the feathers of the underparts tipped 
with greyish white; the buffy-white stripe down the side of the 
neck well marked • a greater amount of white on the upper back, 
wings, and wing-coverts; the feathers of the lower back broadly 
tipped with buffy white. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead, 
crown, and entire crest olive-grey. Total length 5*2 inches, culmen 
0*8, wing 3*35, tail 1% tarsus 0*65. 

Hob. Confined to the island of Java. 

a b. <S $ ad. sk. Java. Gould Coll. 
c, d. 6 $ ad. sk. E. Java. Wallace Coll. 

e. $ ad. sk. E. Java {A. E. Wallace). Tweeddale Coll. 
/. <$ ad. sk. E. Java (Mm. Lugd.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
g. <$ juv. sk. Batang, Java. Gould Coll. 
h. Juv. sk. Java. Purchased. 
i. Skeleton. Ja^va. Purchased. 
% Hemicercus sordidus.* 

Picus concretus (pt.), Wagl Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 70 (1827). 
Dendropicus sordidus, JEyton, Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist xvi. p. 229 
(1845). 

* Under the title of Meiglyjptes sordidus, Reichenbach describes a bird from 
Tenasseriin; but from the description given it is impossible to assign it to any 
known species, and it is equally puzzling to know in which genus it should be 
placed. 
2i2 

t 

484 PICIDJE. 

Hemicereus concretus (nee Tem?n.)f Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1845, p. 195; 
id. Cat Mus. As. Soc. p. 54 (1849); Honf. $ Moore, Cat B. 
Mus. JEJ. Co. ii. p. 650 (1856-58); Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 281 (1862); 
Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 70 (1868); Salvad. Ucc. Born. 

p. 47 (1874). 
Hemicereus concretus (pt.), Bp. Consp. Gen. Ar. i. p. 129 (1850); 

id. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 9 (1854); Gray}Hand-l B. ii. p. 190, 

no. 8667 (1870). 

Hemicereus coccometopus, Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 401, pi. dchi. 

fig-*. 4304-4365, <$ $ ad. (1854); Mat. P. Z. S. 1503, p. 211; 

Blyth, Ibib, 1860, p. 354 (note). 

Hemicereus sordidus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1855, p. 272 : Cab. $ Seine, 
Mus. Bern. iv. p. 177 (1863) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 70 
(1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 190, no. 86m (1870); Salvad. Ucc. 
Born. p. 46 (1874); Ticeedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 291; Hume $ Davison, 
Str. F. 1878, vi. p. 128; Hume, op. cit, 1879, p. 52: Sharpe, 
Ibis, 1879, p. 240; Salt ad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Xat. Genov. xiv. 

p. 181 (1879); Eelham, Ibis, 1881, p. 338; JSargitt, Ibis, 1884, 
p. 247. 
Micropicus concretus (pt.), Math. Picidte, i. p. 187, pi. xli. fi>, 2 
d juv. (1861). 
Picus sordidus, Sundev. Consp. Av. Pick. p. 10 (1860); Giebei, T/ies 
Orn. iii. p. 180 (1876). 
Hemicereus brookeamis, Sahad. Ucc. Bom, p. 44 (1874). 


Adult male. Resembles II concretus^ but differs in having the 

occipital crest olive slate-grey ; the forehead and crown vermilion-

red, the feathers, "with the exception of the posterior and elongated 

ones, more rigid; the underparts more tinged with olive. Total 

length 5-5 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 3*35, tail 1, tarsus Q'65 ; toes 

(without claws)—outer anterior 0*6, outer posterior 0*7, inner 

anterior 0*4, inner posterior 0*28. 

Adult female. Has the entire top of the head, as well as the 
crest, slaty grey, the latter slightly olive. It is almost identical 
with the female of H. concretus, but has the crest perhaps a trifle 
longer. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*75., wing 3*3, tail 1, 
tarsus 0*6. 

The following are the various plumages possessed by the present 

species which have come under my notice :— 

1st stage.—Male, nestling. Porehead, crown, and crest rufous 

buff, the latter with only a trace of flame-red, and varied with 

dusky, as well as having dusky tips to the feathers, those of the 

forehead and crown having their tips alone dusky. 

2nd stage.—Forehead and crown rufous buff, the feathers having 
dusky tips, a few red feathers appearing on the crown : the crest a 
mixture of flame-red and rufous buff, the feathers having dusky 
tips. 

3rd stage.—Porehead and crown as in the latter stage, with 
numerous red feathers appearing; crest olive-grey mixed with 
reddish buff. 

4th stage.—Porehead and crown vermilion-red; crest olive-grey, 
barred with dull buff. 

5th stage.—Porehead and crown vermilion-red, the hinder feathers 

39 . HE-MICERCUS. 
of the crown elongated; occipital crest olive-grey. This is the 
fully adult male. 

1st stage?—Female, young. Forehead and crown pale rufous 
buff, the crest more rufous, the feathers of the latter having dusky 
tips. This is the first stage of plumage in which I have seen the 
female; but there is1 very probably an earlier one, in which the 
feathers of the forehead and crown will have dusky tips. 

2nd stage.—Forehead, crown, and crest olive-grey, some of the 
feathers of the crest being barred with buffy whitish. 
Zrd stage.—Forehead, crown, and crest entirely olive-grey. This 
is the fully adult female. 
Hob. Malayan Peninsula and straggling into South Tenasserim; 

Sumatra, Bangka, and Borneo. 

a. <$ juv. sk. 
h. c? ad. sk. 
c. $ ad. sk. 
d. $ ad. sk. 
e. $ ad. sk. 
/. ? ad.;^. <? 
imm. sk. 
h, 2. <$ $ ad. sk. 
&-w.c?ad.etimm.; 


o. $ juv. sk. 
p-v. (5 ad. et juv.; 
w, x, y. $ ad. sk. 
z} a'.Jad. etimm. 
sk. 
b', e', d'. $ ad. et 
juv.; e'. Jad.sk. 
/'. S ad. sk. 

g\ h'. <J $ ad. sk. 

i', 7c'. <$ 5 ad. sk. 

l'-m'. $ ad.etimm.; 
n'-q'. $ ad. et 
juv. sk. 

r't s'. (S ? ad. sk. 
t'. <5 juv. sk. 
u'j v'.d ?ad.; w'. 

(S juv. sk. 

x' y' z'. <$ ad. et 
juv. ;«",*". ? 
ad. sk. 
c". 3 juv. sk. 

d",e".<$$ ad.sk. 

/". 6 juv. sk. 
q". J ad. sk. 
h", i". 6 2 ad.; 
#', 1'. 3 ? 
juv.sk. 

Bankasoon, June 10, 1877 

(W. Davison). 
Penang (Dr. Cantor). 
Klang, Salangore, Feb. 13, 
1880 (W. Davison). 
Salangore, Nov. 10,1879 

(W. Davison). 
Malacca. 
Malacca. 
Malacca (Dr. Cantor). 
Malacca, Aug. (E.G. W.R). 

Malacca, Jan., July, Aug. 

(W. Davison). 
Nealys, Malacca, Oct. 1875 
(W. Davison). 
Pulo Seban, Malacca, Oct., 
Nov. (W. Davison). 

Kuroo, Malacca, Nov. 2, 
1875 (W. Davison). 
Johore, Feb., Aug. (W. 

Davison). 

Jaifaria, Johore, March 18, 
1880 (JF. Davison). 
Gunnong Pulai, Johore, 
March, July, Aug., Sept. 

(W. Davison). 
Singapore, 
Singapore. 
Singapore. 
Lampong, S.E. Sumatra 

(R C. Buxton). 

Sumatra. 
Labuan, Borneo. 
Lumbidan. 
Sarawak. 
Sarawak (H. Everett). 


Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 

Hume Coll. 

Plume Coll. 

W. Harvey, Esq. [P.]. 
Major Charlton [P.]. 
(Types of the species.) 
India Museum. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Wallace Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Gould Coll. 


Tweeddale Coll. 


Wallace Coll. 
Hon. Hugh Low [C.]. 
Hon. Hugh Low [C.J. 
Wallace Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 


486 PICIDJ2. 
m",n". $ $ ad.sk.
o". c? ad. sk.
/' , q"* 6 $ ad.
r". 2 juv. sk. 
Sarawak. 
Banjarmas 
Borneo. 
Borneo. 
H. Everett [0.]. 
sing {J. Motley). Wallace Coll. 
Rajah Brooke [P.]. 
Purchased. 
3. Hemicercus canente. 

Picus canente, Less. Cent Zool. p. 215, pi. Ixxiii. tf (1830); id. 
Belting. Voy. iii. p. 240 (1834), <$. 
Hemicercus canente, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 437 (1845) ; Blyth, J. A. S. 

B. xv. p. 262 (1846) • id. Cat B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 54 (1840); 
Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. EI. Co. Ii. p. 650 (1856-53), pt.; 
Jerd. (pt.) B. Ind. i. p. 280 (lfc62); Blyth, X A. S. B. 1863, p. 75; 
Cab, § Heine, Mus. Rein. iv. p. 176 (1863); Blyth, Ibis, 1806, 
pp. 349, 354; Gray, List Picid. Brit Mus. p. 71 (1868); id. 
Hand-!. B. ii. p. 190, no. 8668 (1870); Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 1(30 ; 
Blanford, t. c. p. 464 ; Ehves, t. c. p. 527 ; HumeS? Davison, Str. F. 
1874, p. 471; id. $ Oates, op. cit 1875, pp. 14, 60; Blyth § Wald. 
B. Barm. 1875, p. 74; Wald. Ibis, 1876, p. 344; Hinae, Str. F. 
1877, p. 25 ; id. # Davison, op. cit. 1878, vi. pp. 127, 500 ; Hume, 
op. cit 1880, p. 112; Bingham, t e. p. 161; Gates, op. cit. 1882, 
p. 190; id. B. Brit Burm. ii. p. 30 (1883) ; Hargitt, Ibis, 1884, 
p. 252 ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Star. Nat. Genova, I8b8, p. 504 ; 
Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 61 (1888). 
Micropicos canente, Malh. K. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, 

p. 331. 
Hemicercus canens, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 129 (1850); id. Ccmsp. 
Volucr. Zygod. p. 9 (1854); Reichen.. Sca?is. Picinte, p. 401, 
pi. dclvi. figs. 43(56-4367, d $ ad. (1854). 

Micropicus canente (pt.), Malh. Pieidce, i. p. 190, pi. xlii. figs. 1, 2 
(1861). 
Picus canente, var. orientalis, Sundev, Co?isp. Av. Piein.-p. 11 (1866). 

Adult male. Back and scapulars black, with a broad median stripe 
of buffy white on the upper back; rump pale buff, the lower 
feathers barred with black at the tip• upper tail-coverts, tail, and 
the shafts black; a very conspicuous patch of pale buff extending 
along the whole of the forearm, the remaining wing-coverts black 
narrowly margined at the tip with bufTy white ; the innermost of the 
secondary quills buffy white with a large heart-shaped subapical 
spot of black, and sometimes a concealed spot or bar, the remainder of 
the quills black, the base of the inner webs margined with white; 
shafts black ; nasal plumes, top of the head and crest, upper half of 
tbe face, and the hind neck black; the forehead and almost the 
entire crown minutely speckled with white; chin and throat dull 
buffy white, the malar region slightly dusky ; fore neck and under 
surface of the body olive dusky ; from under tbe ear-coverts a pale 
buff stripe runs backwards down the side of the neck on to the side 
of the chest, and separated from the fore neck and chest by a row 
of black spots; thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts black, the latter, 
as well as the feathers of the vent, narrowly tipped witb whitish; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries buffy white or slightly yellowish. 
Total length 6*8 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 3*85, tail 1*4, tarsus 
0*78; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*65, outer posterior 
0*72, inner anterior 0*45, inner posterior 0*35. 

39 . HEMICERCTTS. 
Adult female. May be distinguished from the adult male by its 

pale buff forehead and crown. Total length 6*3 inches, culmen 0*8, 

wing 3*85, tail 1*4, tarsus 0*7. 

Young. Both sexes resemble the adult female, but differ in having 

the forehead and crown deeper buff; a dusky black stripe from the 

lower mandible bordering the throat; the greater wing-coverts with 

broader buffy margins • the under surface of the body black. The 

change from the buff crown of the young male to the black crown of 

the adult is apparently not the result of a moult, as the black com


mences at the tip of the feather and by degrees replaces the buff. 

The soft parts in this species are as follows: "legs and feet dark 

greenish horny, dark greenish plumbeous, or very dark sap-green, 

often appearing all but black; the claws blackish plumbeous or 

black; bill black; irides dark brown or dark reddish brown" 

(K W. Oates). 

Hab. Throughout .British Burmah (locally), and ranges north into 
Cachar and Manipur; south through Tenasserim, and into the 
Malayan Peninsula as far as Xossoom; eastward into Siam, Cambodia, 
and South Cochin China. Probably occurs also in Native 
Burmah. 

a, b, c. $ ad. sk. Cachar (J. Inglis). Hume Coll. 
d,e. 3 2 ad.;/, Karen Hills, Burmah, Jan. 1875 Tweeddale Coll. 

g. $ imm. sk. (E. G. W. i2.). 
h. 
§ ad.; i. d Burmah (Houghton). Tweeddale Coll. 
imm. sk. 
k. $ ad. sk. Tonghoo, Oct. 7, 1875 (22. G. Tweeddale Coll. 
W. JR.). 
/. tf imm. sk. Bassein, Pegu. 
W. T. Blanford, 

Esq. [P.]. 

m, n. $ ad. et juv.; Pahpoon, Dec, Jan., Feb. ( W. Hume Coll. 

o,p. $ad.etjuv. Davison). 

sk. 

q. $ ad. sk. Salween Kiyer, Dec. 17,1873 Hume Coll. 
{W. Davison). 
r. 
§ ad. sk. Beeling, Feb. 11,1876 (W. DaviHume 
Coll. 
son). 
s, t. 5 ad. ; u. S Thatone, Jan. 1878 (W. Davison). Hume Coll. 
imm. sk. 

v. S 
imm. sk. Thatone, Dec. 29,1877 ( W. DaviHume 
Coll. 
son). 
w. $ 
ad. sk. Wimpong, Dec. 15, 1876 (W. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 
xra'. <$ ad.; b'~e'. Kaukaryit, Jan.,.May, June, July, Hume Coll. 
2 ad. et juv. sk. Aug., Sept. (J. Darling}. 
/' . <5 imm. sk. Khyin, March 5,1877 (W. DaviHume 
Coll. 
son). 
g'] h!. (S 2 ad. sk. Meetan, Feb. 1877 (W. Davison). Hume Coll. 
i'-m'. S ad. et Amherst, Dec, July {W. DaviHume 
Coll. 

juv.; ri-r'. § son). 
ad. et juv. sk. 


&'. <S ad. sk. Zadee, April 5,1874 (W. Damson). Hume Coll. 
t'. 2 ad. sk. Meeta Myo, April 19, 1874 ( W. Hume Coll. 

Davison). 

piciD-as. 

Mergui, Jan. 7,1879 (XT. Davi-Hume Coll. 

u'. <S ad. sk. 

SUM)* 

Hume Coll. 

?/. $ ad, sk. Zadawoon, Mergui Islands, Kbv. 

21,1874 (W. Davison). 

Hume Coll. 

w'. £ ad. sk. Tenasserim Town, Nov. 25,1874 

(W. Davisoii). 
Hume Coll. 

.r\ $ juv. sk. Laynah, May 17, 1875 (W. Davison). 


Hume Coll. 

y'-z'i a"> 6 ad.; 

Tavoy, March, April, 1878 (W. 
b"-e". $ad.;/". Daviso?i). 


juv. sk. Pakchan, Jan. 22, 1875 (W. Hume Coll. 

<?"". c? Ju^. sk. Daiison). 
//>"".? ad.;fc", Bankasoon, Dec, April (TV. DaviHume 
Coll. 
/", W. 6 ad. et son). 
imm. sk. 

n". Juv. sk. Mts. of Luang, Siani, Aug. 1808. Mons. E. Pierre 

[p.]. 

o". Skeleton. [Java.] Purchased. 

Suhsp. a. Hemicercus cordatus. 

Hemicercus cordatus, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xl. p. 211 (1840); Gray, 
Gen. B. ii. p. 437 (1845); Jerd. III. Ind. Orn. pi. xl. (1847); Bp. 
Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 129 (1850) ; Feichenb. Scans. Ficince, p. 401, 

(1854) J Cab & minei Mm*

pi. dclvi. figs. 4368-4369, S $ ^-
Ilein. iv. p. 175(1863); Blyth, Ibis, 1866, pp. 249,254; Gray, 
List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 71 (1868); id. Haad-L B. ii. p. 191, 
no. 8669 (1870) j Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 169; Hume, Str. F. 1870, 


p. 389; Gould, B. Asia, vi. pi. xviii. figs. J ? ad. (1876); Davidson 
Sr Wenden, Str. F. 1878, vii. p. 95; Butler, op. cit. 1880, p. 385; 
Davison, op. cit. x. p. 354 (1883) ; Hargitt, Ibis, 1884, p. 257. 
Hemicercus canente (pt.), Ilorsf. fy Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I Co. ii. 

p. 650 (1856-58). 
Micropicus canente (pt.), Malh. Ficidce, i. p. 190, pL xlii. figs. 1? 2 
(1861). 
Hemicercus canente (non Less.), Jerd. B. Ind. L p. 280 (1862); Sftlu. 
Cat. Strickl. Coll p. 401 (1882). 
Picus canente, var. occidentalis, Sundev. Consp. Av. Ftcin. p. 11 
(1866). 
Picus cordatus, Giehel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 151 (1876). 
Hemicirens canente (? lapsu), Butler, Str. F. 1877, p. 503. 


Adult male. Although so closely allied to 17. canente as to render 
a detailed description unnecessary, still the conspicuously smaller 
size of the present subspecies precludes the possibility of mistaking 
one bird for the other, and this, together with the isolated geographical 
position of If. cordatus, is sufficient to warrant a separation of the 
Indian from the Burmese bird. The measurements of the toes 
are nearly the same in both, but in H. cordatus they are much more 
slender, H. canente having the tarsi and toes ve"ry stout: '* bill 
black; legs and feet blackish, tinged with plumbeous; irides deep 
brown" (W. Davison). Total length 5*7 inches, culmen 0*85, 
wing 3*7, tail 1*35, tarsus 0*7; toes (without claws)—outer 
anterior 0*63, outer posterior 0*72, inner anterior 0*45, inner posterior 
0*32. 

40 . MICEOSTICTTJS. 
489 

Adult female. Resembles the female of H. canente. Total length 
5-5 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*45, tail 1*3, tarsus 0*63. 
Young. Both, sexes resemble the adult female, but have the 
forehead and crown dingy buff. 
Hah. Southern part of India. 

a. 
J ad. sk. Nellacotta, "Wynaad, March Hume Coll. 
1881 (TV. Davison), 
h. J ad. sk. Charmbadj, Wynaad, April 2, Hume Coll. 
1881 (Jfr. Davison), 
c, d. $ imm. sk. Wynaad, July, Sept. 19, 1877 Hume Coll. 

(J. Darling), 
e. <S ad.; / . tf juv. Malabar. 
Hume Coll. 
g, li, i. S ad. ; &, Malabar. Tweeddale Coll. 
I, m. $ ad. sk. 

n. c? ad. sk. Malabar. 
Gould Coll. 
o, p. S ad. ; q. $ Calicut. Hume Coll. 
ad. sk. 

r. <$ juv. sk. Travancore. Hume Coll. 
s, t. $ 2 ad. sk. Mynall, Travancore, Dec. 3 Hume Coll. 
1874 (F. W. Bourdillon). 
u, v. 
§ ad. sk. Mynall, December. F. W. Bourdillon, 
Esq. [C.]. 

w. £ 
ad. * x-a'. S Anjango, Travancore. Hume Coll. 
juv. sk. 
40. MICBOSTICTTJS. 
Type. 
Lichtensteinipicus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 7 (1854). M. funebrk 

Bill of Microstictusfulmis. 

Range. Celebes and Philippine Islands. 

Key to the Species. 

A. 
Dark slaty grey above, sandy buff below. 
a'. "With red on the head. 
a". Forehead and anterior two thirds of 
crown and face, including malar region, 
crimson fulvus <$ ad., p. 490. 

b". The whole of the top of the head and the 
occiput, as well as almost the entire face, 
crimson wallacii $ad., p. 491. 

V. "With no red on the head, this being dark 
slaty grey speckled with white. 
c". Tail brown above and below, the underside 
more sandy ; shafts of tail-feathers 
brown above, the underside white with 
the apical portion dusky brown fulvus $ ad., p. 491. 

490 
PICIDJ3. 

d". Tail dark brownish dusky above and 
below, the shafts nearly'black above, 
their underside dusky, with smoky-
white bases wallacii § ad., p. 492. 

B. Unicolorous above and below. 
c\ Above and below slaty smoke-grey, the 
feathers of the head and neck with a terminal 
linear white marking ; malar region [p. 492, 
crimson fuliyinosus <$ ad. * 

d'. Above and below almost black, more or 
less glossed with blue; chin, throat, and 
fore neck browner, and together with the 
side of the neck covered with rounded 
specks of white, the occiput with more 
linear markings of white. 


e". Forehead and fore part of crown, anterior 
two thirds of face, and entire malar 
region mulberry-red funebris S ad., p. 493. 

f. 
With no red on the head, this being almost 
uniform slaty black, the malar region, 
(only) being distinctly speckled with 
white funebris $ ad., p. 493. 
1. fficrostictus fulvus. 
Picus fulvus, Quoy § Gaim. Voy. TA&troL, ZooL p. 2:28, Atlas, 
pi. xvii. fig. 2, tf (1833); Sundev. Comp. Ah\ Piem. p. 10 (I860). 

Hemilophus fulvus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 439 (1846) ; Bp. Camp. Gen. 
Av. i. p. 131 (1850); id. Comp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 7, no. 17 (18*54); 
Meichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 385, no. 891, pi. dcxliv. figs. 430203, 
$ <5 (1854); Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 84 (18C8). 

Dryopicos fulvus, Malh. N. Classify MSm. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, 

p. 323. 
Dryopicus fulvus, Malh. Pieidce, i. p. 53, pi. xiv. figs. 1 <$, 2 $ 
Campethera fulvus, Gray, JSfand-l. B. ii. p. 193, no. 8705 (1870). 
Alophonerpes fulvus, Tweedd. Trans. ZooL Soc. 1872, p. 41 (pt.); 
Bias. J.f.O. 1883, p. 135; id. Zeitsck.fur Orn. 1886, p. 87. 
Mulleripicus fulvus, Meyer7 Ibis, 1879, pp. 57, 145 ; WardL-Bams. 
Tweedd. Mem. p. 144 (1881), pt.; Guillem. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 54G. 

Adult male. Entire back, rump, wings and their coverts, tail, and 
upper tail-coverts slaty black, the feathers of the rump spotted on 
their tips with greyish white; shafts of quills black, those of the 
tail-feathers browner; nasal plumes brown; lores, forehead and 
crown, side of the face to the middle of the ear-coverts (except immediately 
behind the eye, this being red in very old birds only) 
crimson, the feathers very close and short; the remainder of the 
face, occiput, nape, and entire hind neck slaty black, the feathers 
having white specks on their tips; ear-coverts tipped with greyish 
white; chin and throat ashy brown, slightly rufescent on the fore 
neck, the whole being covered with white specks; entire underpays 
and under tail-coverts sandy brown ; under wing-coverts and 

* The female is unknown. 
40 . MICROSriCTUS. 
axillaries slaty black; under surface of the tail brownish. Total 
length 14 inches, culmen 1*8, wing 7*1, tail 6*1, tarsus 1*25; toes 
(without claws)—outer anterior 1, outer posterior 0-8, inner anterior 
0*75, inner posterior 0*4. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red on 
the head, those parts which are red in the male being slaty black 
covered with very minute whitish specks, these being less marked 
on the ear-coverts. Total length 13*5 inches, culmen 1*6, wing 6*5, 
tail D'6, tarsus 1*22. 

Young, probably female. Resembles the adult female, but has the 
feathers of the upper portion of the forehead and greater part of the 
crown tipped with crimson * underparts sandy brown, the chest 
having whitish spotting. 

Fledgling male. Differs from the young bird above described in 
having the red patch on the forehead and crown more marked and 
richer in colour; the underparts more of a sandy grey • the tail-
shafts lighter, and the under surface of the tail greyer. 

llab. North Celebes. 

at b* 6 ? ad. sk. Celebes. 
Purchased. 

e. <$ imm. st. Celebes. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.]. 
d, e. S imm. 2 Celebes. Purchased. 
ad. sk. 
/. 
$ imm. sk. Celebes, Sept. 12, 1803 {Von Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Rosenberg). 

g. <$ ad. sk. Menado, N. Celebes. Gould Coll. 
\ i. S ? ad. sk. Menado. Hume Coll. 
k9 I. $ ad. * m. $ Menado. Tweecldale Coll. 
ad. sk. 

n. Skeleton. Menado. 
2. Microstictiis wallacii. 
Alophonerpes fulvus (non Quay $• Gaim.), Cab. # Heine, Mus. 
Hein. iv. p. 107 (1863) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. p. 102 (1889). 
Mulleripicus wallacei, Tweedd. Ann. fy Mag. Nat. Hist. 1877, xx. 

p. 533 ; Wardl.-Mams. Tweedd. Mem. pp. 502, App. mi (1881). 
Alophonerpes wallacei, 
Bias, in Madar. Zeitsch. fur gesamm. Orn. 
1885, p. 236, pi. xi. J $. 

Adxdt male. Differs from M. fulvus in having the occiput and 
nape, as well as the top of the head, red, and this colour covering 
the whole of the face except a small space between the posterior 
part of the malar region and the occiput; the tail, both above and 
below, dusky or slaty black, and the shafts nearly black above and 
dusky below, especially at the tip. Total length 15 inches, culmen 
1*9, wing 7*05, tail 6*05, tarsus 1*1; toes (without claws)—outer 
anterior 1*02, outer posterior 0*9, inner anterior 0*83, inner 
posterior 0*42. 

Young male. Differs from the adult male in having less red on 
the side of the face, the red of the malar stripe clearly separated 
from this colour on the top of the head, the lores, orbital region, and 

492 PICJDJE. 

fore part of the ear-coverts being unspotted dasky grey, with, a few 

of the feathers under the eye tinged with crimson; the spots on the 

hinder part of the face, side of the neck, and the hind neck slaty 

white, those upon the chin, throat, and fore neck more rounded and 

very minute, being reduced to mere specks; the ground-colour of 

the chin and throat is more dusky, as are also the sides of the 

body and the under tail-coverts: the chest and breast are likewise 

of a more dingy buff colour, and many of the feathers have dusky 

shaft-streaks• the shafts of the tail-feathers browner, and their 

bases very much paler. 

Ackdt female. Differs from the adult male in the entire absence 

of red on the head, the whole of the head being dark slaty grey, the 

orbital region uniform, the remainder very minutely speckled with 

slaty white, and with larger and whiter longitudinal spots on the 

posterior part of the head. Total length 14*7 inches, culmen 1*55, 

wing 6-85, tail 5*85, tarsus 1*28. 

Hob. South Celebes. 

a,b. $ $ ad. sk, Makassar. Wallace Coll. 
c, c!.<5 2 ad. • e. Makassar (A. R. Wallace). Gould Coll. 
<S juv. pk. 
/, Ih 6 S ad. sk. Makassar (A. JR. Wallace). Tweeddale Coll. 
(Types of the species.) 

3. Microstictns fuliginosus. 
Mulleripicus fuligino&us, Tweedd. Ann. 8f Macf. Nat. Hist. 1877, xx. 
p. 534; id. P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 817, 821, pi. Ixxxiii. d ; WardL-
Pams. Tweedd. Mem. pp. 543, 548, 562, App. 665, 667 (1881). 
Adult male (type of species). Plumage slaty grey, the whole of 
the body, wings, and tail uniform, the head (except the loral and 
orbital region) and neck spotted with white, the spots on the top of 
the head and on the nape having a striped character, those on the 
chin and throat larger and more or less triangular in shape ; a large 
patch of brilliant scarlet covers the entire malar region and extends 
upwards nearly to the eye * shafts of the quills and of the tail-
feathers dusky black : " iris naples-yellow " (Everett). Total length 
12 inches, culmen 1*6, wing 6*3, tail 4*35, tarsus 1*2; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*98, outer posterior 0*86, inner anterior 
0*7, inner posterior 0*46. 

Eab. F . Mindanao, Philippines. 

a. (S ad. sk, Butuan, Philippines, May {A. Tweeddale Coll. 
E. Everett). (Type of species.) 
b. $ ad. sk. Surigao, May (A. E. Everett). Tweeddale Coll. 
4. Mcrostictus funebris. 
Picus funebris, Valenc. Diet Se. Nat. xl. p. 179, $ (1826); Drop. 
Diet. Class. tfHist. Nat xiii. p. 497 (1828)$ Svndev. Consp. A v. 
Picin. p. 10 (1866). 

Picus lichtenstemi, Wagl Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 31, $ (1827). 

40 . MICEOSTIOTTTS. 
493 

Picus modestus, Vig. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 98; Less. Compl. Buff. ix. 

p. 310, d (1837). 
Picus punctatus, Less. Traite, I p. 230, J (1831). 
Hernilophus licktensteini, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 439 (1846) ; Bp. Consp. 
Gen. Av. i. p. 131 (1850); Keiclierib. Scans. Picince, p. 386, no. 892, 
pi. dclxxix. figs. 4485-4486, <$ $ (1854). 
Heiniloplius funebris, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 55, no. 247 
(1849); Gray, List Field. Brit Mus. p. 84 (1868). 
Liehtensteinipieus modestus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 7, no. 16 

(1854). 
Liehtensteinipieus lickensteini, Gray, List Gen. 1855, p. 93, ex Bp. 
Drvopicus funebris, Malh. Biddm, i. p. 54, pi. xv. figs. 1 3, 2 J 

(1861). 
Alophonerpes funebris, Cab.fy Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 107 (1863). 
Carnpethera funebris, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 193, no. 2158 (1870). 
Mulleripicus funebris, Tweedd. Trans. Zool. Soc. 1875, pp. 146, 249; 

Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 1877, p. 350, tab. no. 29; Tweedd. Mem. 
ed. Wardl-Ramsay, pp. 313,410, App. 655 (1881). 

Adult male. General colour slaty black glossed with greenish 
blue ; nasal plumes dusky black* forehead and fore part of the 
crown, loral and orbital regions, also the cheeks, dull crimson, this 
colour forming a complete mask; chin and throat brownish, and 
these, together with the whole of the neck, having minute rounded 
spots or specks of white, the hinder part of the head also minutely 
spotted with white, but the spots having a more pointed or 
elongated character; ear-coverts uniform; the breast and abdomen 
blackish brown without any gloss; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
of the same colour as the wings ; shafts of quills and of tail-
feathers slaty black. Total length 12*5 inches, culmen 1*55, wing 
6*5, tail 5, tarsus 1*15 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*93, 
outer posterior 0*8, inner anterior 0*73, inner posterior 0*45. 

Young male. More dusky in colour than the adult male, but 
similar in plumage, the spotting on the throat and side of the neck 
less distinct, these markings being almost obsolete on the nape and 
hind neck. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red on 
the head, those parts which are red in the male being uniform 
black glossed with bluish, except the malar region, which is minutely 
speckled with white. Total length 12-5 inches, culmen 1*5, wing 
6*25, tail 4*95, tarsus 1*12. 

Hob. Philippine Islands (Luzon and Calayan). 

a, b. S $ ad. sk. Philippines. Purchased. 
c. $ ad. sk. Philippines. Purchased. 
d,e. d1 ? ad. sk. Philippines. Tweeddale Coll. 
/ , g-d ad. sk. Philippines. Gould Coll. 
h. £ ad.; i, h. $ Luzon, Jan., April (A, B. Tweeddale Coll. 
ad. sk. Meyer). 
I, m. S S ad. sk. Manila {Maitland Heriot). Tweeddale Coll. 
n. $ ad. sk. Manila. Zoological Society. 

494 PICIDJE. 

41. HE1CIL0PHUS. 
llenriloplius, Swains. Clasbif. B. ii. p. 309 (18-37). .. . H. puherulentu*. 
Mulleiipicus, i?/;. Contp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 7 (1854) . . H. pulveiulentus. 
Alophoneipes, Peicheub. Scans. Pici?i<re, p. 385 (1854j H. pulverulent us,. 
Macropicus, Malh.Introd. Monogr. Picid. p. liii (1861) H. pulverulent u^. 

Bill of Hemtfophm pidverulintttb. 

EaMje. Himalayan Provinces, west to Iurmaon, east into Assam ; 
through Burmah and into Cochin China, and south through the 
Mala} an Peninsula into Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. Occuiring ako 
in the Island of Palawan. 

1. Hemiloplms pulvernlentus. 
Pitus javensis $ , Horsf. Trans. Linn. Sac. xiii, p. 17(3, <J (1822) ; 
Lath. Hist. B. iii. p. 353, <$ (1822); StepJi. Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 1,59, 
6 (1826). 

Picus puberulentus, Temm. PI. Col. 389, tf (1826); Vig.Mem.Baffl. 

p. C60 (1830) ; Less. Traite, i. p. 222, <$ (1831); Sundev. Consp. 
Av. Picin. p. 10 (1866). 
Picus gutturalis, Valene. Diet. Sc. Nat. xl. p. 178 (1826). 
Picus niackloti, Wagl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 4 5 add., sp. 1 $ ad.. P 

imm. (1827); id. Isis, 1829, p. 508. 
Picus horsfieldii, $, Wagl. Syd. Av. Picu% sp. 5, tf (1827). 
Hemilophus pulverulentus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 309 (1837^; 

Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 54, no. 244 (1849); id. J. A, S. P. 
1854, p. 215; Blanf. Ibis, 1870, p. 4G4. 

Hemilophus maclJoti, Gray, Gm. B. ii. p. 439 (1846); Bp. Consp. 
Gen. Av. i. p. 131 (1850); Peichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 385, no, 8&9. 
pi. dcxliv. figs. 4300-01, <$ $ (1854). 

Hemilophus mulleii, Bp. Consp. Gen. An. i. p. 131 (1850). 

Mulleripicus pul\ erulentub, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 7, no. 15 
(1854); Gray, Cat. Gen. B. Brit. Mus. 1855, p. 93, no. 1576; 
Eorsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. ii. p. 651 (1856-58); 
Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 455; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 284 (lb(12) ; 
Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 355; Jerd. op. cit. 1872, p. 9; Godw.-Avst. 

J. A. S. B. 1874, p. 155; Hume $ Damon, Sir. F. \i. p. 133 
(1878); Hume, op. cit. 1879, pp. 52, 87, no. 168 ; Tiraut, Ois. B-
CocHnchine, p. 89 (1879); Bmgh. Str. F. 1880, pp. 141, 162, 479 -
Kelh. Ibis, 1881, p. 388; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 190 (1882); Shame 
Ms, 1888, p. 197. l ? 
41 . HEM1L0PHUS. 
495 

Dryopicus gutturalis, Malh. Picidce, i. p. 51, pi. xv. figs. 4 £ ad., 

5 § ad., Ojuv. (1861). 

Alophonerpes gutturalis, Cab.ty Heine, Mus. Rein. iv. p. 106 (1863); 

Blyth $ Wald. B. Burm. p. 75 (1875). 

Iiemilophus gutturalis, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 83 (1868). 

Campetnera gutturalis, Gray, JELandA. B. ii. p. 193, no. 8704 (1870). 

Mulleripicus gutturalis, Hume, Sir. F. 1874, p. 471; id. <$• Oates, op. 

cit. lb/o, pp. 12, G<5. 

Alophonerpes puh erulentus, Salvad. Ucc. Bom. p. 51 (1874); Wardl-

Rams. Ibis, 1877, p. 457 ; Sharpe, op. cit. 1879, p. '242; id. P. Z. S. 

1879, p. 326, 1881, p. 792 ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 29 (1883) ; 

Vorderm. Over. Nat. Tijds. Nederl. hid. xliv. p. 191 (1834). 
Hemiloplius fischeri, Brilgg. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. 1877, p. 454 

Ov.). 

Adult male. Entire upper parts, wings, and tail uniform blackish 
slate-eolour; shafts of quills and of rectrices black: nasal plumes, 
entire head, hind neck, and sides of the neck of a lighter slate-colour 
than the upper parts, the forehead and sides of the face uniform, 
the feathers of the crown, hind neck, and sides of the neck covered 
with greyish-white spots and having a powdered appearance ; a pale 
red malar patch; chin, throat, and fore neck ochreous saffron-yellow, 
the feathers having reddish tips, the latter colour increasing in intensity 
on the fore neck; the lower feathers of the fore neck ashy 
at the base, the tips pale reddish; under surface of the body and 
under tail-coverts blackish slate-colour, the feathers having a paler 
spot at the tip; the lower abdominal, as well as the vent-feathers, 
varied with buffy-whitish tips; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
dark slate-colour: " bill bluish white, blackish along culmen and 
at the tips of both mandibles ; the inside of the mouth bluish black; 
eyelids dusky plumbeous ; iris very dark hazel-brown; legs a deep 
dull blue ; claws bluish horny" (Oates). Total length 17*5 inches, 

culmen 2-8, wing 9*05, tail 5'8^ tarsus 1*52 ; toes (without claws)— 
outer anterior 1*2, outer posterior 0*95, inner anterior 0*9, inner 
posterior 0*62. 

Young male. Differs from the adult male in having the entire 
malar region, forehead, and greater part of the crown washed with 
pale crimson, this colour being very faint upon the crown; the head 
darker slaty grey and the tips of the feathers less white• upper parts 
rather browner • the under surface of the body unspotted ; the abdomen, 
sides of the body, and under tail-coverts more of a dusky 
brown, but assuming the dark slaty-grey plumage; chin, throat, 
and fore neck light buff, the latter washed with pale red. It has 
also a pale crimson stripe, rather than a spot, on the hinder part 
of the malar region, as in the adult. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of the 

red malar patch ; the feathers of the chin and throat bright ochreous 

saffron-yellow, without reddish tips ; the fore neck slightly washed 

with reddish. "The soft parts the same as in the male." (Oates.) 

Total length 17 inches, culmen 2*8, wing 8*8, tail 5*9, tarsus 1*52. 

Bab. Sub-Himalayan Provinces, west to Kumaon (probably 

further), east into Assam, south through British and Native Eurmah, 

496 PICID-S. 
and ranging into Lower Cochin China; the Malayan Peninsula, 

Sumatra *, Java, and Borneo. 

a. S ad.; h} c. $ 
imm. sk. 
d, e. 6 ad. sk. 
/. $ ad. sk. 
\j. $ ad. sk. 

h. $ ad. sk. 
i. 5 ad.; h § 
imni. sk. 
/. $ ad. sk. 
m, n. $ ad. sk. 

o. <$ ad. sk. 
p, q, r. <$ ad.; s, 
t J ad. &k. 
u, v. 6 $ ad. sk. 

w. <$ ad. sk. 
x. <$ ad. sk. 
y, z. <S $ ad. sk. 
a'. $ ad. sk. 

b\ <$ ad. sk. 

c'. 8 ad. sk. 

d\ 2 ad. sk. 

e'. S ad.; /', g'. 

$ ad. sk. 
/e', zv, A', c? ad.sk. 
I'. $ ad. sk. 

W. S ad. sk. 
w', o'. 6 ? ad. sk. 
j/. 2 ad. sk. 

q'} r'. o* ad.; s'. 

5 ad. sk. 

t'. $ ad. sk. 

u'. $ ad. sk. 

vr. J ad. sk. 

«?', re', d" 2 ad, sk. 

y'. S jttv. sk. 

a'. 2 ad-sk


a". o* imm. sk. 

5", c". d 2 ad. sk. 

d", 8 ad. sk. 

«". 2 ad sk. 
/",/'. (J ad.sk. 

A", i". <$ 2 ad. sk. 

h". 8 ad. sk. 

Z". d ad. sk. 

Oudh Terai. 

Oudli Terai, Jan., Feb. 
Fyzabad, Oudh, June 4, 1872. 
Rangeet Eiver, Native Sikhim, 

June (Z. Mandelli). 
Assam (A. W. Chennell). 
A ssam. 

Arakan Hills, Pegu, Jan. 1872. 
Tonghoo, Feb. (22. G. W. JR.). 
Tenasserim, Jan. (W* Limbo rg). 
Pahpoon, Jan., Feb., June ( W. 

Davison). 
Younzaleen Creek, Feb. (W. 
Davison). 
Lathorgee, Myawadee, Jan. (W, 

Davison). 
Thatone, Jan. ( W. Davison). 
Thoungyeen Yallev, Feb., Oct. 

(C. T. Bingham). 
Amher&t, March (J. Armstrong). 
Yeaboo, Dec. (J. Darling), 
Tavoy (JV. Davison). 
Pakchan, Jan. (W. Damson). 
Bankasoon, March, June ( W. 
Davison). 
Malewoon, Jan. ( W. Davison). 
Katoung, Victoria Point, March 

( W> Davison). 
Cochin China. 
Taprawjsland of Salanga, April 

(J. Darling). 
Penang {Dr. Cantor). 
Klang, Salangore, May, July 
(IF. Davison). 
Ulu Langhat, June ( W. Davison). 
Malacca. 

Malacca. 
Malacca. 
Malacca. 
Malacca, July (W. Davison). 
Malacca (Dr. Canto?-), 
Malacca, Aug. (R G, W. JR.). 
Johore, Aug. (W. Davison), 
Sumatra. 
Java (Horsjield). 


E. Java. 
Sarawak, Sept. (A. JH. Everett). 
Labuan (JBJ. T. Ussher). 
PinwiU Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Gould Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Earl of Ellen-
borough [IV. 

Gould Coll. 
Wallace CoU. 
Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 
Twededale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

India Museum. 
Wallace Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

* A specimen in the Collection, bears this locality, but no authority is given. 
42 . THRIPONA.X. 
42. THRIPONAX. 
Type. 
Thriponax, Cab. 8f Seme, Mus. Rein. iv. p. 105 (1863) ,. T. javensis. 
Range. Burmese Provinces, Slam and Cochin China; through the 

Malayan Peninsula into Sumatra, Bangka, Java, Borneo, and the 
Philippines ; north into Corea and the island of Tzus Sima. To the 
westward, occurring in the southern part of India and in the 
Andaman Islands. 

Key to the Species. 

A. 
"With red on the head. 
a'. With no white on the upper parts. 
a". With more or less white on the underparts. 
«'". Chest and upper breast black; throat 
and fore neck black, striped with white. 
#4. Top of the head, crest, and malar 
stripe red javensis $ ad., p. 499. 
b\ Crest (only) red; no red malar stripe, javensis $ ad.; p. 499. 
V", Chest-feathers with black centres and 
broad white margins; throat and fore 
neck white; striped with black. 


cK Top of the head, crest, and malar 
stripe red pectoralisS ad., p. 500. 
d*. Crest (only) red; no red malar stripe pectoralis $ ad., p. 501. 

cr". Breast having a lunulate patch of slatecolour, 
with small dark waves; top of 
the head and crest red; no red malar 
stripe cratqfurdif p. 501. 

b". With no white on the underparts. 
d'". Top of the head, crest, and malar stripe 
red Ttodgii $ ad., p. 502. 
e"\ Crest (only)red; no red malar stripe.. hodgii § ad., p. 502. 
br. With white on the upper parts. 

o". With a belt of white across the middle of 
the underparts,* throat and fore neck 
uniform black ; the primaries not tipped 
with white. 


/'''. Top of the head, crest, and malar 
stripe red hodgsoni <$ ad., p. 503. 
g"'. Crest (only) red; no red malar stripe . hodgsoni J ad., p.503, 

d". The white on the underparts extending 
from below the chest to the vent; throat 
varied with white; outer primaries tipped 
with white. 


hu'. Inner webs of the primaries, as well as 
of the secondaries, white at the base 
for a third (more or less) of their 
length. 


<s4. Outer primaries with only a small 
apical spot of white. 
a5. Top of the head, crest, and malar 
stiipe red feddeni S ad., p. 504. 
VOL. XVIII. 2 K 

498 
PICID-2G. 

b\ Orest (only) red; no reel malar 
stripe...." feddeni § ad., p. 504. 

y*4. Outer primaries with a conspicuous 
apical white patch, the extent on the 
outer web of the third feather being 
0*05 inch; top of the head, crest, ^ [p. 505. 
and malar stripe red kalinowshii S ad., 

i'". Primaries not white at the base. 
g*. Top of the head, crest, and malar 
stripe red Jiargitti £ ad., p. 505. 
h4. Creht (only) red; no red malar stripe, hargitii 9. ad., p. 500. 

B. 
With no red on the head. 
c'. Outer primaries with only a small spot of 
white at the tip " ^ ... richardsi % &&., p. 506. 
d'. 
Outer primaries with a conspicuous apical 
patch of white, the extent on the outer web [p. 505. 
of the third feather being about an inch .. halinoicskii § ad., 

1. Thriponax javensis. 
Picus javensic, Horbf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 175 (1822), J ; Steph. 
Gen. Zool. xiv. p.'lot) (1^0),c?: Wff. Mem-Fuiffl. p. ^"'08 (1880). 

Picus leucogaster, Vnleni. Diet. Sc. Nat. xl. p. J7^ (1820), §; Waql 
Syst. Av. Picus, &p. 7, J (1827); id. Isis, 1S29, p. 509. J ; Tenim. 
PL Col. iv. pi. 501, £ (1833) ; Sunder. Comp. Av. Picin. p. 9 
(1866). 

Picus horsfieldii, Wagl Sy.st Av. Picus, sp. 5, £ (1827). 
Dryocopus javensis, Bole, Isis, 1&28, p. 826. 
Dryocopus leucogaster, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 326. 
Picus fulvigaster, Drap. Diet Class, a?Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 503 (1828) *. 
Picus maximus malayensis, Bland, J, A. S. JB. vl. p. 952 (1837). 
Hemilophus leucogaster, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 439 (1846), J . 
Ilemilophus ja\ensis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 439 (1846), c?,* BIyth, Cat. 


B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 55 (1849); Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. 1. p. 131 
(1850); id. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 7 (1854) ; Peichenb. Scans. 
Picince, p. 386, no. 894, pi. dcxlv. figs. 4306-4307, tf $ (1854); 
Motley 8f Dillw. Contr. Nat Hist. Labuan, p. 29 (1855); Selat 
P. Z. S. 1863, p. 211: Gray, List Picid. Brit Mus. p. So (1868) ; 
Stoliczlca, J. A. S. B. 1870, p. 290; Briigg. Abhandl. nat. Ver. 
Bremen, 1878, p. 531. 
Dryopicos leucogaster, Math. Mim. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, p. 322. 
Mulleripicus javen&is, Ilorsf. § Moore, Cat. B. Mus. F.I. Co. ii. 

p. 052, no. 946 (1856-58;; Jerd. B. hid. i. p. 285 (1862). 
Dryopicus leucogaster, Malh. Picidce, i. p. 47, pi. xiii. figs. 4, 5, A 9 
(1861). 
Thriponax 
javensis, Cab. fy Heine, Mus. Hdn. iv. p. 105 (1863): 
Salvad. tfec. Born. p. 52 (1874); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 103; 
Mime, Str. F. 1875, p. 319; Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 288; id. P. Z. S. 
1877, pp. 689, 821; Hume $• Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 135 (1878); 
Hime, op. cit 1879, pp. 52,87 ; Sha?ye, Ibis, 1879, p. 243; Tweedd. 

P. Z. S. 1879, p. 69; Sharpe, torn, cit p. 326; Nicholson, Ibis, 
1881, p. 141; Kelham, torn. cit. p. 388; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, 
p. 792; Mull. Orn. Ins. Salanga, p. 72 (1882); Nicholson, Ibis, 
Evidently the present species, but with a mistake in the measurement. 

42 . THBIPONAJ. 
409 

1882, p. 54 ; id. op. cit. 1883, p. 80; Oatea, R Brit. Bunn. ii. p. 27 
(1883) ; Xhtter, J. f. 0. 1883, p. 295; Bias. Verhandl zool-bot. 
Gesellsch. Wien, 1883, p. 30 j Forderm. List B. Java, no. 61 (1884); 
JBargitt, Ibis, 1885, p. 145. 

Campethera javensis, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 193, no. 8707 (1870). 

Adult male. Entire back, scapulars, wings, rump and upper tail-
coverts, tail, likewise the shafts of quills and of tail-feathers, black, 
the outermost primaries with only a spot of white at the extreme 
base of the inner webs, the secondaries having their inner webs 
white at the base for about an inch of their length ; nasal plumes 
black; forehead, crown, occipital crest, and broad malar patch 
crimson, the feathers of the forehead and crown having greyish bases, 
those of the occipital crest being white at the extreme base; face 
and entire neck, chin, throat, chest, and breast black; under and 
behind the ear-coverts, also the chin and upper throat, varied with 
narrow and short white striations ,* abdomen, sides of the body, 
flanks, and thighs buffy white or pale buff, the thigh-feathers having 
a broad subterminal black band; vent and under tail-coverts black* 
outer under wing-coverts black, the inner ones buffy white; axillaries 
buffy white. Total length 17 inches, culmen 2*2, wing 8*7, tail 6*3, 
tarsus 1*3* toes (without claws)—outer anterior 3/05, outer posterior 
0*95, inner anterior 0*78, inner posterior 0*52. 

Immature male. Has the bases of the feathers of the forehead and 
crown sooty black ; the red on the malar region duller, and the 
feathers of the chin and throat and behind the ear-coverts conspicuously 
white. Tn other respects it resembles the adult of the 
same sex. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead 
and crown black, the occipital and nuchal crest, alone, being crimson. 
Total length 16 inches, culmen 2*1, wing 8*75, tail %'% tarsus 1*22. 

Fledgling female. Resembles the adult of the same sex in the disposition 
of the red on the head, but it is bright scarlet, not crimson. 
As in the immature male, there is also more white on the chin and 
throat and behind the ear-coverts. 

The soft parts in this species are as follows :—" Legs and feet 
pale plumbeous to leaden blue; iris creamy white, creamy yellow, 
clear yellow; orbital skin very dark plumbeous ; bill black, lower 
mandible plumbeous blue to dusky plumbeous " ( W. Davison). 

This species probably interbreeds with Th. feddeni, as I have seen 
an adult bird from Malewoon having the rump-feathers white with 
a subterminal band of black. 

IIah. South Tenasserini: Malayan Peninsula ; the islands of Sumatra, 
Bangka, Java, Borneo, and ihe following of the Philippine 
islands :—Luzon, Negros, Surigao, [Mindanao, and Basilan. 

a. 9 ad. sk. Laynah, Tenasserim, May 27, Hume Coll. 
b,
f. 
c. S ad. j d, e.
2 ad. sk. 
J ad. sk.
1875 (W. Damon). 
Bankasoon, Dec, Feb,, May Hume Coll, 
( W. Davison). 
Malewoon, Dec. 10,1875 (IV. Hume Coll, 
Damson). 
2K 2 

g, h. <S S ad. sk. 

^ 1c. d 2 ad.; J. 
<$ juv. sk. 

w. $ ad. sk. 
n. $ ad. sk. 
o. S ad.; p, q. 
2 ad. sk. 
r, 5. cJ ad.; t. $ 
ad. sk. 

w. g ad. sk. 
v, to. d $ ad. sk. 
a^-sk


x. J
y. c? juv. sk. 
zr-e'. <$ ad. j /'. 
$ ad. sk. 

(J. <$ ad.; A',i\ 
$ ad. sk. 
1c'. d ad. sk. 

1'. $ ad. sk. 

m'. d1 ad. sk. 
n'. (S ad. sk. 
o'. tf ad. sk. 
p'. $ ad. sk. 

q'. tf imni. sk. 

/. tf imin. sk. 

s', t'. 3 ad. sk. 

w', v': $ 2 ad. sk. 

wr. 2 Juv* s^


#f. 2 ad. sk. 
y'. $ ad. sk. 

*>". <Jad.; r. 

2 ad. sk. 

d\ 2 ad. sk. 

<*V'.c?$aa.ak. 

PIC1DJB. 

Dingding Islands, March 
1879 (IF. Davison). 
Klang, Salangore, Aug. 1879 

( W. Davison). 
[Malacca.] 
Malacca. 
Malacca, July, Aug. (W. 
Davison).

Malacca, Aug. 

Malacca (Dr. Cantor). 
Pulo Seban, Malacca, Nov. 
12,1875 (JF. Davison). 
Kuroo, Malacca, Nov. 5, 
1875 ( W. Davison). 
JafFaria, Jokore, March. 17, 
1880 (W.Davison). 
Gunnong, Pulai, Johore, 

March, July, Aug. (W. 
Davison). 
Lampong, Sumatra (E. C. 
Buxton). 
Java (Ilorsfield). 

Java. 

E. Java. 
E. Java (A. B. Wallace). 
Borneo. 
Sarawak. 
Sarawak. 
Labuan. 
Zamboanga, Mindanao, Mar., 
April 1878 (A. Everett). 
Surigao, March 1877 (A. 
Everett).

Basilan, May 1873 (A. 
Everett). 

Negros. 

Monte Alban, Luzon, March 
1877 (A. Everett). 
Luzon, Jan., April {A. B. 

Meyer). 
Manila (Maitland Heriot). 
Manila. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Earl of Ellenborough. 

J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.]. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll 

India Museum. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

India Museum. (Type 
of species.) 
Purchased. 

Wallace Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Rajah Brooke [P.]. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Wallace Coll. 

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Prof. J. B. Steere [C.]. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Gould Coll. 

2. Thriponax pectoralis. (Plate XIII.) 
Thriponax pectoralis, Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1878, pp. 340, 379; Wardl-
Ramsay, Tweedd. Mem. p. 596, 8f Apt), pp. 655. 670 (1881) : 
Marg. Ibis, 1885, p. 143. 

Adult male. Resembles Th. javensis in having the upper parts 
entirely black, but differs from that species in having the chin, 
throat, fore neck, the feathers above and behind the ear-coverts and 
also behind the malar region white striped with intense black; the 

42 . TJSRIPONAX. 
feathers of the chest very "broadly margined with, creamy white, 

the centres alone being black, which produces a squamate appear


ance ; some of the breast-feathers are striped with black; the under 

wing-coverts are similar to those of T7i. javensis, but the black edge 

of the wing is covered with rounded spots of white. Total length 

16*5 inches, culmen 1-9, wing 7*9, tail 6*65, tarsus 1*35; toes 

(without claws)—outer anterior 1*1, outer posterior 0*95, inner 

anterior 0*82, inner posterior 0*53. 

Young male. Differs from the adult of the same sex in having the 

white of the throat and fore neck duller, and the striations less 

intense black; the feathers of the malar region white, with dusky 

bases, a few assuming the red tips. 

Adult female. Has the forehead and crown black; the malar 

region white striped with black. In other respects like the adult 

male. Total length 16*5 inches, culmen 1*9, wing 7*85, tail 6-65, 

tarsus 1-35. 

Bah. The islands of Leyte andPanaon, Philippine group. 

a, h. S $ ad. sk. South Leyte, Philippines, Sept. Tweeddale Coll. 
1877 {A. M. Everett). (Types of species.) 


c. cT juv. sk. Leyte, July 1877 [A. H. Ever- Tweeddale Coll. 
ett). 
d. <S ad. sk. Panaon, Oct. 1877 (A, M Ever- Tweeddale Coll. 
ett). 
3. Thriponax crawfurdi. 
Picus crawfurdii, Gray in Griffiths Cuv. Anim. Kingd., Birds, ii. 
p. 513, £g. (1829). 
Dryopicus leucogaster (pi), Malh. Picidte, i. p. 47 (1861). 
Thriponax javensis (pt.); Cab, <§* Heine, Mus. JE£ein. iv. p. 105 
(1863). 

Hemilophus javensis (pi), Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 85 

(1868). 

Picus leucogaster (pt.), Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 162 (1876). 

Thriponax crawfurdi, Hume, JStr. K 18797 pp. 87 and 409, 410 

(note) j Kargitt, Ibis, 1885, p. 149. 

The following is the description given by Gray in Griffith's 
edition of 'Cuvier's Animal Kingdom,' Birds, ii. p. 513 (1829), 
along with a figure:— 

" Crawfurd's "Woodpecker is from an Indian drawing brought to 
this country by Mr. Crawfurd, jun. The whole upper part (except 
the crest) is deep dark brown, sprinkled with grey on the sides of 
the neck; across the breast is a large lunule patch of slate-colour, 
with small dark waves; the belly is yellow, with the like crescent-
shaped spots, and the crest is deep red." 

The present species is only known from Gray's description, and 
the figure (above referred to) which was taken from nature by an 
Indian artist for Mr. Crawfurd, jun. Many authors have confounded 
Th. crawfurdi with Th. favensis, and also with Th.feddeni; 
hut as the bird described and figured by Gray is evidently a male, 

502 
PICKLE. 

the slate-coloured patch on the breast, as well as the absence of the 
red malar stripe, clearly distinguish it from Th. javemis, while 
the black rump alone would show that it was not Th. feddeni. 

Bab. Probably Ava*, Native Burmah. 

4. Thriponax lio&gii. 
Mulleripicus liodgei, Blyth, J.A.S. B. 1860, p. 105; Jerd. B. Did. 

i. p. 285 (1802) ; Beavan, Ibis, 1807, pp. 820, 334; Ball, J. A. S. B. 
xxxix. pt. 2, p. 241 (1870); id. op.aV.xli. pt. 2, p. 271) (1872); id. 
Str. F. 1873, p. 03. 
Thriponax liodgei, 
Cab. fy Heine, Mus. JEein. iv. p. 100 (1863): 
Wald. Ibis, 1873, p. 301• Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 189, 1879, 

p. 87 ; BJargitt, Ibis, 1885, p. 142. 
Picus liodgei, Sunder. Consp. Av. Piei?i. p. 9 (1806). 
Hemilophtis liodgei, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 86 (1808). 
Campethera liodgei, Gray, JHand-l. B. ii. p. 194, no. 8710 (1870). 
Adult male. Forehead, crown, and elongated occipital crest 

bright scarlet: the malar stripe also scarlet, but duller in colour; 

the remainder of the plumage dull black; shafts of quills and of 

tail-feathers black. Total length 15 inches, culmen 3*87, wing 7*2, 

tail 5'65, tarsus 1*8; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0'95, 

outer posterior 0*85, inner anterior 0-72, inner posterior 0*45. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead 

and crown black, the occipital crest alone being scarlet, and also in 

the absence of the red malar patch. Total length 15 inches, culmen 

1*75, wing 7*2, tail 5*4, tarsus 1*2. 

Mr. Hume gives the soft parts of this species as follows:—" Legs, 

feet, and claws blackish plumbeous; bill black in some specimens, 

but not in all, whitish and semitransparent at the tip • irides 

yellowish white to pale yellow." 

Hdb. Confined to the Andaman Islands. 


b, c. <$ ad. et S. Andamans, Dec, Jan., Feb., Tweeddale Coll. 
imm.; d-h. § March (22. G. W. JR.). 
ad.etimm.sk. 


h, I. J ad. sk. S. Andainans, Aug., Sept. (JR. Hume Coll. 


J. Wimberley). 
)t n, o. <$ ad. et Mt. Harriet, S. Andamans, Hume Coll. 
imm.; p, q. Jan., March (W. Davison). 
5 imm. sk. 

, S ad.; s, t. Port Mouat, S. Andamans, Hume Coll. 

5 ad. sk. Jan. (W. JDavison). 

, v. tf ad. et Aberdeen, S. Andamans, Dec, Hume Coll. 

imm. j w. J May, Sept. ( W. Davison). 

ad. sk. 

, cS ad. sk. Port Blair, S. Andamans, Aug. Hume Coll. 

. $ ad. sk. [Nicobar.] 
Tweeddale Coll. 

* Mr. Crawfurd, for whom the drawing of this species was made, was 
resident in this city. 

42 . THRIPOISTAX."* 
503 

5. Thriponax hodgsoni. 
Hemilopkus hodgsoni, Jerd. Madr. Jour. ser. 1, xl p. 215 (1840); 

Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 432 (1846) ; Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv. p. 283 

(1846) ; id. Cat. B. Mas. As. Soc. p. 55, no. 245 (1849); Bp. Consp. 

Gen. Av. 1. p. 131 (1850); id. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. u. 7 (1854); 

Reichenb. Scans. Picincs, p. 386, no. 895, pi. dcxlv. fig. 4308; c? 

(1854) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 85 (1868). 

? Picus leucogaster, Blyth, J A. S. B. 1842, p. 464. 

Picus hodg&onii, Jerd. III. Ind. Orn. pi. v. d (1847); Sandev. Consp. 

Av. Picin. p. 9 (1866). 

JDryopicos hodgsonii, Malk. Mem. Acad. Mete, 1848-49, p. 322. 

Dryopicus hodgsoni, Malh. Picidce, i. p. 49, pi. xiii. figs. 1, 2, $ $ 

(1861). 

Mulleriplcus hodgsoni, Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 284 (1862). 

Thriponax hodgsoni, Cab. $• Heine, Mas. Hein. iv. p. 105 (1863) ; 

Hume, Str. F. 1876, p. 390, 1879, p. 87; Butler, op. cit. 1880, 

p. 386; id. Cat. Birds Bomb. Pres. p. 23 (1880); Davison, Str. F. 
1883, x. p. 355 ; Hargitt, Ibis, 1885, p. 150. 
Campethera hoclgsonii, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 193, no. 8708 (1870). 

Adult male. Plumage black, with the following exceptions:—the 

rump white; breast and upper part of abdomen, as well as the 

sides of the body, buffy white; the feathers of the lower part of the 

abdomen margined at the tip with buffy white; forehead, crown, 

occipital and nuchal crest, likewise the malar stripe, crimson, the 

bases of the feathers of the occiput and nape creamy white; a few 

white streaks behind the ear-coverts; primaries with a concealed 

white spot at the base, the secondaries having their basal portion 

white for an inch or an inch and a half, at most, of their length; 

under wing-coverts and axillaries buffy white; shafts of quills and 

of tail-feathers black: " bill black; legs dark plumbeous; irides 

crimson " (Jerdon). Total length 18 inches, culmen 2-6, wing 8*7, 

tail 7*2, tarsus 1*42 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 1, outer 

posterior 0*8, inner anterior 0-8, inner posterior 0*5. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of red 

on the forehead, crown, and malar region, the occipital and nuchal 

feathers alone being crimson. Total length 17*5 inches, culmen 

2-35, wing 8*55, tail 6-7, tarsus 1*35. 

Hob. Southern. India, extending as far north as Belgaum. 

a. § ad. sk. S. India. 
Zool. Soc. 
b, c. <$ § ad. sk. Mynall, Travancore, Dec. 8, Hume Coll. 
1874 (F. Bourdillon). 


d. 9 
ad. sk. Mynall, Travancore, Nov. 26, F. Bourdillon, Esq. 
1879. [O.]. 
e. S ad. sk. Madras. 
Sir W. Elliott [P.]. 
f. g. § hum. sk. Wynaad. 
Hume Coll. 
h. <j? ad. sk. Khandeish. 
Tweeddale Col]. 
504 
PICIDJE. 

6. TMponax feddeni. 
Mulleripicus feddeni, Blcmf. J. A. S. B. 1863, p. 75; Blyth, Ibis, 

1870, p. 163. 
Thriponax jerdoni, Cab.fy Heme, Mus. Rein. iv. p. 105 (1863). 
Picus jerdoui (ex Cab. # Heine). Sundev. Consp. Av. Piein. p. 9 (1866). 
Heruilophus feddeni, Gray, List Picid. Brit Mus. p. 86 (1868). 
Campethera crawfurdi, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 194, no. 8709 (1870). 
Thriponax feddeni, Wald. Ibis, 1871, p. 164; Bingham, Sir. F. 1879, 

p. 194; Hume, torn. cit. pp. 87 & 409; Bingham, op. tit. 1880, 
p. 162; Oates, op. cit. x. p. 190 (1882); id. B. Brit. Burm. ii. 
p. 28 (1883); Hargitt, Ibis, 1885, p. 152 ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. 
Stor. Nat. Genova, 1887, p. 578. 
TMponax crawfurdi 
(non Gray), Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 471; id. fy 
Oates, op. cit. 1875, pp. 14, 66; Blyth $ Wald. B. Burm. p. 75 
(1875) ; Hume $ Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 134 (1878). 

Adult male. Resembles Th. liodgsoni, but differs in having a 
considerable amount of white on the base of the inner webs of all 
the quills, this on the outer primaries and on the secondaries 
extending for about two inches, and on the inner primaries 
occupying a space of about three and a half inches; the outer 
primaries tipped with a white spot; the white on the underparts 
more extended; the red on the top of the head and on the malar 
region more scarlet; the chin and throat as well as behind the ear-
coverts striped with white. Total length 15 inches, culmen 2-05, 
wing 8-45, tail 5*7, tarsus 1*25; toes (without claws)—outer 
anterior 0*95, outer posterior 0*85, inner anterior 0*72, inner 
posterior 0*5. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead 
and the greater part of the crown, also the malar region, black. 
Total length 15 inches, culmen 1*85, wing 8*2, tail 6, tarsus 1*25. 

Young. Resemble the adult of their respective sexes, except that 
in the early stage of the male the malar region is devoid of red, the 
feathers next assume dull red tips; the chin and throat are 
conspicuously white, with dusky black stripe-like spots. 

The soft parts in this species are as follows: " iris yellow ; 
eyelids lavender-brown; legs plumbeous; claws horny-grey; bill 
bluish black, darkest on the upper mandible and palest on the lower 
near the base " (E. W. Oates). 

Hah. British Burmah, as far south as Lathorgee, Tenasserim; 
Siam, and extending into Cochin China. 

at S ad. sk. Pegu, Burmah. W. T. Blanford, Esq. 

I. $ ad. sk. Thayetmyo, Sept. 1874 (P. G. Tweeddale Coll. 
W. P.). 
e, d. <J J ad. sk. Thayetmyo, Feb. 1873 (E. W. Hume Coll. 
Oates). 

e. S ad. sk. Arakan Hills, June 1873 (E. Hume Coll. 
W. Oates). 
/, y. <$ ad.; h, i. Tonghoo, Oct., Nov., Dec. (P. Tweeddale Coll. 
$ ad. sk. G. W. P.). 

k. $ ad. sk. Meetan, Tenasserim, Peb. 2, Tweeddale Coll. 
1877 (Limborg). 
42 . THKIP02UX. 
I $ ad. sk. Meklong, Siam. H.O.V. Hunter, 
Esq. [P.]. 

nh n- 6 ? ad. sk. Kaukaryit, Houngthraw B., Hume Coll. 

Aug." 1879 (C. T. Bingham). 

o. J ad.sk. Kyouk-nyat, Feb. 1, 1874 Hume Coll. 
( W. Davison). 
p. 
$ ad. sk. Pahpoon, Jan. 17, 1874 (W. Hume Coll. 
l)aviso?i). 
q. $ ad. sk. Pyniina-ban, Jan. 2, 1878 (W. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 
r, 8. S ad.; £. $ Thamban, Thatone, Nov., Jan. Hume Coll. 
ad. sk. 18, 1878 (W. Davison). 

u. S 
ad. sk. Wimpong, Dec. 23, 1876 (W. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 
v. tf 
ad. sk. Lathorgee, Jan. 22, 1877 (W. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 
7. Thriponax kalinowsMi. 
Thriponax kalinowskii, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 607,1888, p. 467. 

Adult male. Besembles Th. feddeni, but may be distinguished by 
tbe conspicuous white tips to some of the primaries. According to 
Dr. Taczanowski, the five outer quills are tipped with white, the 
bastard quill having only a small terminal spot, while the third has 
the outer web white to the extent of 0*95 inch and the inner web to 
about 0*4; on the fourth quill the white does not attain an extent 
of more than 0*7. There is rather less white at the base of the 
quills : " in the 1st and 2nd it occupies more than the basal §, in 
the 3rd the basal | is white, and in the secondaries the white is 
equally distributed " (TaczanoivsM, MS.). The measurements reduced 
to inches are: "Total length 19-5 inches, wing 9*65, tail 6m8y 
bill to gape 2'53, tarsus 1*2 • toes (without claws)—outer anterior 
1*07, outer posterior 0*66; tail exceeding the end of the wing by 
3*5 " (Taczanowski). The soft parts are as follows : " bill black • 
feet blackish : iris pale yellow " (Kalinovjslci). 

Adult female. " Differs from the adult male in the complete 
absence of red on the head. Total length 17*85 inches, wing 9*85, 
tail (2)?, bill 2-68, tarsus 1*22 " (TaczanowsTci). « Iris yellowish 
white n (Kalinowslci). 

Hab. Corea (Seoul and Siongno). 

8. Thriponax hargitti. 
Thriponax javensis (pt.), Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2nd ser. Zool. i. 
p. 314 (1876). 
Thriponax hargitti, Sharpe, Ibis, 1884, p. 317, pi. viii.; Harg. op. cit. 
1885, p. 115; Skarpe, op. cit. 1888, p. 197. 

Adult male. Eesembles Th. feddeni, but may be distinguished by 
the absence of white at the base of the primaries • the apical white 
spot is either very much smaller or entirely wanting. Total length 
15*5 inches, culmen 2*15, wing 8*4, tail 6*4, tarsus 1*35; toes 
(without claws)—outer anterior 1*05, outer posterior 0*95, inner 
anterior 0*82, inner posterior 0*53. 

£06 v PICIDJE. 

Adult female. Has the forehead and greater part of the crown, 
also the malar region, black, the occipital and nuchal crest alone 
being scarlet. Total length 15-5 inches, culmen 1*9, wing 8*2, tail 

6*1, tarsus 1*3. 
Hab. Palawan. 
a, b. <$ § ad. sk. Palawan. E. Lempriere [0.]. 
e. J ad. sk. Palawan.
(Types of species.) 
Prof. J. B. Steere rC.l 
«tf, e. d ? ad. sk. [Manila.] Gould Coll. 

9. Thriponax richardsi. 
Dryocopus richardsi, Tristram, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 386, pi. xxxi.; 

Stejneger, Proc. TJ. 8. Nat. Mus. 1886, p. 124. 
Mulleripicus richardsi, Wall Isl. Life, p. 370 (1880). 
Thriponax richardsi, JEargitt, Ibis, 1885, p. 156. 

Adult female (type of species). Brownish black, having a blue-
black gloss, with the following exceptions :—the lower back and 
ramp white, a few of the feathers of the lower rump having a small 
black spot near the tip ; the two central feathers of the upper series 
of upper tail-coverts white, with a large heart-shaped spot of black 
on their apical portion, but, when the feathers of the ramp are not 
raised, having the appearance of being black feathers margined with 
white; most of the primaries broadly tipped with white, and their 
bases to the extent of more than an inch, as well as the bases of the 
secondaries for at least two inches, also white; the chin and upper 
throat dark smoky grey • the sides of the upper throat, also the tips 
of the post-malar feathers and of the ear-coverts, finely streaked 
with white ; the feathers of the upper breast narrowly margined at 
the tip with buffy white; lower breast, greater part of the abdomen, 
and the sides of the body buffy white, the thigh-feathers 
having a large spot of black on their apical portion * tibial plumes 
whitish at the base * lower abdominal feathers black, margined with 
buffy white; under wing-coverts (except on the edge of the wing) 
and axillaries white, with a yellowish tinge; shafts of quills and of 
tail-feathers brownish black: " iris, feet, and beak black " (Richards). 
Total length 19 inches, culmen 2-5, wing 9*8, tail 7'25, tarsus 1*3; 
toes (without claws)—outer anterior 1, outer posterior 0*85, inner 
anterior 0*72, inner posterior 0*55. 

Mab. Island of Tzus Sima, between Japan and Corea. 

43. CEOPHLCEUS. ^ 
Type. 
Ceophloeus, Cab. et Seine, Mus. Hem. iv. p. 85 (1865).. C. scapularis. 
Range. Mexico (north into the province of ISTuevo Leon, and on 

the west to Mazatlan), through Central and the greater part of 
South America as far as the eastern portion of the Argentine 
Republic (Msiones). 

* There is doubtless some mistake respecting the locality of these specimens. 
43 . 
CEOPHLGEUS. * 507 
Key to the Species. 

A. With white scapular stripe. 
a'. Above black, or slightly brownish, particularly 
on the quills and rectrices, the 
shafts of the quills black or darker than 
the web; the clear yellowish or buffy 
white of the inner webs of the quills 
cutting sharply against the dark portion 
of the web, on the under side; underpays 
below the upper breast buffy or 
rufescent white, distinctly barred with 
black. 


a". Larger: length 13*5-14 inches, wing 
7*55 ; bill horny black • with a clear 
broad white stripe from the nostril 
uniting with the white stripe down the 
side of the neck; chin and throat 
striped with deep black. 


a'". 
Forehead as well as the crown and 
crest, also the malar stripe, crimson. Uneatus $ad., p. 509. 
b"'. Sinciput slaty black; no red malar 
stripe ; Uneatus J ad., p. 509. 
b". Smaller: length 11*5-12 inches *. wing 
6*5 ; bill ivory-white * with, at most, 
a narrow ill-defined white stripe from 
the nostril running backwacks under 
the ear-coverts and uniting with the 
white stripe on the side of the neck *, 
chin and throat with dusky (not deep 
black) striations. 
c'". Forehead as well as the crown, crest, 
and malar stripe crimson scapularis <$ ad., p. 511. 
d'". Forehead and greater part of the 
crown, except laterally, slaty black j 
no red malar stripe scapularis $ ad., p. 511. 
b'. Above, including wings and tail and their 
coverts, brown, the dull white at the base 
of the quills blending gradually into the 
pale dusky brown portion of the web on 
the underside • the shafts of the quills 
paler brown than the webs; underparts 
below the upper breast pale umber-
brown, with darker brown transverse 
spots. 
c". Forehead as well as crown and crest, [p. 512. 
also malar stripe, crimson fuscipennis S ad., 
d". Sinciput black; no red malar stripe .. fuscipennisQ ad., 

B. 
With no white scapular stripe. [p. 512. 
cr. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts black. 
e". Forehead as well as the crown and 
crest, also the malar stripe, crimson .. erythrops <$ad., p. 513. 
/". Sinciput black; no red malar stripe .. erythrops $ ad., p. 513. 
d'. 
Upper back (only) black, the remainder 
as well as the rump and upper tail-
coverts buf% some of the latter spotted 
with black. 


508 PICIDiE. 

g". Forehead as well as the crown and 
crest, also malar stripe, crimson galeatus <$ ad., p. 514. 
h", Forehead rufous buff,thefeathers tipped 
with red; no red malar stripe galeatus 5 ad., p. 514. 

1. Ceophloeus lineatus. 
Le Pic noir hupe de Cayenne, Briss. Orn. iv. p. 31, pi. i. fig. 2, <$ 
(1760). 

Picus lineatus, Linn. Si/st Nat i. p. 174 (1766) ; Bodd. Tail PL 
Enl p. 45, no. 717 (1783); Gm. Syst Nat. i. p. 425 (1788); Lath. 
Ind. Orn. i. p. 226 (1790); Molina, Stor. Nat. Chili, 2nd ed. p. 215 
(1810); Steph. Gen. Zool ix. p. 152 (1815); Vieill N. Diet oVHist 
Nat. xxvi. p. 85 (1818); id. fy Bonn. JEnc. Meth. iii. p. 1313 
(1823) ; Licht. Verz. Loubl p. 9, nos. 54, 55 (1823) ; Spur, Av. 
Bras. i. p. 58, pi. xlviii. figs, ltf,2$?(tf juv.) (1824) ; Valenc. 
Diet. Sc. Nat. xl. p. 178, g (1826) ; Wagl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 8 
(1827); Nemvied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 389 (1832) ; Tschudi, 
Av. Consp. Hep. Peruan., in Arch, filr Naturg. 1844, p. 302, no. 247 ; 
Cab. in Tschudi's Faun. Peruan., Orn. p. 43 (1845-46) ; Sundev. 
Consp. Av. Picin. p. 7 (1866) ; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 586. 

Carpintero negro, Azara, Apunt Hist. Nat. Pdxar. Parag. ii. p. 294, 
no. 248 (1805). 

Dryocopus lineatus, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 326; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 436 
(1845); Hartl Ind. Azara, p. 16, no. 248 (1847); Cab. in Schomb. 
Pels. Guian. iii. p. 716 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. Gm. Av. i. p. 132 
(1850),- JBurm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 219 (1856) ; Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. 

p. 332, no. 1982 (1862); Liot Ois. Trinid. p. 336 (1866) ; Sclat § 
Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 366, 1866, p. 196, 1868, p. 629; Gray, List 
Picid. Brit Mus. p. 60 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 188, no. 8637 
(1870); Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 380 j Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 243 (1870); 
Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 390; Sclat. et Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 99 
(1873) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 291; Tacz. op. cit. 1874, p. 546; 
Sclat. op. cit 1879, p. 532; Tacz. op. cit 1882, p. 42; id. Orn. Perou, 
iii. p. 75 (1886) (pt.); Salv. Ibis, 1886, p. 58. 
Dryotomus lineatus, Sivains. Classif. B. ii. p. 308 (1837) ,* Bp. Consp. 
Volucr. Zygod. p. 7, no. 6 (1854). 
Campephilus lineatus, Reichenb. Scans. Picinca, p. 391, no. 901, 
pi. dexlvii. figs. 4321-22, ? $ (1854). 
Dryotomus verreauxi, Bp. Notes Orn. Collect JDelattr. p. 85, note 
(1854). 
Campephilus lineatus, var. leucopterylus, Reichenb. Scans. Picince, 

p. 392, no. 902, pi. dexlvii. figs. 4319-20 (1854). 
Megapicos lineatus, Casteln. Exped. Amer. Sud, Ois. JDes Murs, p. 17 
(1855). 
Dryocopus scapularis {non Vig.), Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1861, p. 333, 
1868, p. 130; Zeled. Cat Av. Costa Rica, p. 23 (1882). 
Dryopicus lineatus, Malh. Picidce, i. p. 39, pi. xii. figs. 4, 6 J, 5$, 
7 ? juv. (1861). 
Megapicus lineatus, Hartl. J. f. 0.1862, p. 176. 
Ceophloeus lineatus, Cab. J. f. O. 1862, p. 176: id. fy Heine, Mus. 

Eein. iv. p. 86 (1863). 
Ceophloeus scapularis (non Vig.), Cab. J.f.O. 1862, p. 176. 
Ceophloeus mesorhynchus, Cab. & Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. n. 86 

(1863). * 

43 . CEOPHLCETTS. 50 0 
Dryocoptis erythrops (non Valenc), Cav.-Tayl. Ibis, 1864, p. 93. 
Picus lineatus, var. Occident alls, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. S 
(1866). 
Dryocopus inesorhynchus, Gray, List Picid. Brit. 3£us. p. 60 (1868)• 
id. Sand-L B. ii. p. 189, no. 8641 (1870). 

Adult male. Above, including wings and tail, as well as their 
coverts, black, the outer webs of the upper scapulars being white 
and forming a conspicuous patch, and the margin of the inner webs 
of the quills at the extreme base also white; shafts of quills and of 
tail-feathers black; upper nasal plumes black; forehead, crown, 
crest, and malar stripe crimson; chin and throat white, striped with 
black; neck and chest black; face dark slaty grey; lower nasal 
plumes yellowish white; a buffy-white stripe from the nostril crossing 
the face under the ear-coverts, then becoming broader and 
running down the side of the neck on to the side of the chest; the 
lower feathers of the chest margined with buff; under surface of the 
body buffy white, more or less rufescent, barred with black; the 
under tail-coverts similar in colour, but the feathers having a broad 
black intermarginal line and a black shaft-streak, the former giving 
to the feathers a scaly appearance* under wing-coverts and axillaries 
uniform yellowish white ; bill horny black. Total length 14 
inches, culmen 1*65, wing 7*6, tail 5, tarsus 1*1; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*88, outer posterior 0*8, inner anterior 0*7, 
inner posterior 0*45. 

Adult female. Has the sinciput and the malar region black, but is 
otherwise like the adult male. Total length 13*5 inches, culmen 
1-4, wing 7*5, tail 5, tarsus 1*1. 

Young. Differ from the adult in having the underparts below the 
upper breast greyish white, with bar-like spots of dusky black ; the 
chin and throat in the YQXJ young birds being brownish white, with 
dusky brown striations, or, in rather older birds, pure white, with 
stripe-like spots of dusky'black, but sometimes uniform. The malar 
region, in both sexes, slaty black, some of the feathers in the male 
being tipped with dull crimson. In the male, the forehead, crown, 
and occiput are crimson-scarlet, and in the female this colour is 
confined to the hinder part of the crown and the occiput, the forehead 
and fore part of the crown being dusky black. 

Examples of this species from Costa Pica differ slightly from 
typical birds, being less distinctly barred below, but I do not 
think it advisable to separate them. 

Hob. Guiana, north into Trinidad; throughout the greater part of 
Brazil, westward to Monterico in Peru, and through the eastern part 
of Peru and Ecuador into New Granada, and north to Costa Rica. 

a. $ ad.sk. Santa Fe, Veragua (E. Arci). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b. S juv. sk. Chiriqui, Veragua. Capt. Kellett and 
Lieut. Wood [P.]. 
c. d. $ ad. sk. Panama {J. McLeannari). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e. S ad. sk. Chepo, Panama (E. Arce). Sal vin-Godman Coll. 
/ . J ad. sk. Santa Marta, U. S. Colombia. Tweeddale Coll. 

510 

y. (5 ad. sk. 
h. $ ad. sk. 
i. tf ad. sk. 
k, /, m. tf ad. j 
n. 2 ad. sk. 
o. <$ ad. sk. 
jp. ^ ad. sk. 
g. J ad. sk. 
r. <$ ad. sk. 
s. d ad. sk. 
£. J imm. sk. 

w. c? juv. sk. 
«. tf ad. sk. 
w. $ ad. sk. 
x. 6 ad. sk. 
y. S ad. sk. 
as. $ ad. sk. 
a'.tfad.; £',e'. 
tf J imm. sk. 
£',*'. <$ 2 adsk. 
/. d ad. sk. 

<;', A', <J $ ad.; 
a'. (5 juv. sk. 
2b'. 2 ad. sk. 

t. 2 ad. sk. 
nciDJS. 

Santa Elena, Antioquia {T. K. 

Salmon). 
Antioquia {T. K. Salmon), 
Bogota. 
Bogota. 


Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. Buckley). 
Monji, Ecuador (01 Buckley). 
Venezuela. 
Trinidad. 
Camacusa, British Guiana, April 


(S. Whitely). 
Bartica 
Grove, Aug, (H. 
Whitely). 

Cote Ferme, French Guiana. 
Cayenne. 
Para, Dec. {E. L. Layard). 
Mexiana, Nov. {A. B. Wallace). 
Mexiana, Dec. {A. B. Wallace). 
Maranham {B. Wendebom). 
Bahia (Dr. Wucherer). 


Chapada, Matto Grosso, Jan., 
May (H. H. Smith). 
Corurhba, Matto Grosso, April 
(JE R. Smith). 
Brazil. 

Brazil. 
Brazil. 


Salvin-Godman Cell. 

Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Zoological Society. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

J. Verreaux. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Sclater Coll. 

Purchased. 

2. CeopMceiLs scapularis. 
Picus scapularis, Vig. Zool. Journ. iv. p. 354, S (1829); Wagl. Isis, 
1829, p. 509, c^j Vic/. Zool Beech. Voy. p. 23 (1839); Sundev. 
Consp. Av. Bicin. p. 8 (1866). 

Dryocopus scapularis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 436 (1845); Bp. Consp. 
Gen. Av. i. p. 133 (1850); Sclat. B. Z. S. 1856, p. 306; Cav.Taylor, 
op. cit 1858, p. 359; Moore, op. cit 1859, p. 60; Sclat. 

t. c. p. 367 ; id. 8f Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 135 ; Cav.-Taylor, op. cit. 
1860, p. 119 ; Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 333, no. 1985 (1862); Gray, 
List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 61 (1868); Later. Arm. Lye. N. York, 
ix. p. 205 (1869); Gray, Kand-l. B. ii. p. 118, no. 8638 (1870); 
Sclat Sf Salv. B. Z. S. 1870, p. 837 ; iid. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 99 
(1873); Later. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 34 (1876). 
Picus similis, Less. Descr. Mamm. Ois. rec. decouv. p. 204 (1847). 
Campephilus leucorhamphtis, Reichenb. Scans. Bicince, p. 393, no. 906, 
pi. dcxlviii. figs. 4327-28, $ 2 (1854). 
Campephilus scapularis, Reichenb. Scans. Bicince, p. 394, no. 911 

(1854). 
Picus leucoramphus, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 75 (1854). 
Driopicus scapularis, Bp. Consp. Yolucr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 24 (1854). 
Dryotomus delattrii, Bp. Notes Orn. Collect. Delattr. p. 85 (1854) ; 

id. Consp. Volmr. Zygod. p. 7, no. 7 (1854). 
Drvopicus scapularis, Malh. Bicidce, i. p. 44, pi. x. figs. 1, 2 $ ad., 
3 2 ad. (1861). 

511 

43 . CEOPHLCBUS. 
Oeophlcens scapularis, Cab. Sf Heine, Mus. IIei?i. iv. p. So (1863); 
Ferrari-Perez, Proc. TJ. 8. Nat. Mus. 1836, p. 159. 
Hylotomus scapularis, Nutting, Proc. TJ. 8. Nat. Mas. 1883, p. 387. 

Adult male. Resembles O. lineahis, but may be distinguished by its 
very much smaller dimensions and its light or ivory-white bill, and also 
by the narrow and ill-defined (and sometimes almost obsolete) white 
stripe which crosses the face from the nostril to the side of the 
neck ; the striations on the chin and throat are less intense black ; 
the general colour above, as well as on the wings and tail, is of a 
browner shade. Total length 12 inches, culinen 1*4, wing 6-52, 
tail 4*2, tarsus 0*95 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*72, 
outer pobterior 0-7, inner anterior 0*6, inner posterior 0*4. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult of the opposite sex in having 
the forehead, crown, and malar region slaty black. Total length 
11*5 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 6*5, tail 4*15, tarsus 1. 

In Jalisco this species is small, and has the bill darker ; the face 
is also blacker. 

Hah. Mexico, extending on the east as far as the Province of 
Nuevo Leon, and on the west ranging into Sonora; Central America, 
south into Costa Pica. 

a. (S ad.; h. Juv. sk. Mexico. 
Purchased. 
c. 2 ad. sk. Mexico. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
d. S ad. sk. Mexico. 
Sclater Coll. 
e.$ ad. ;/,</. J ? Nuevo Leon, Mexico, May, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
imm. sk. 

June (F. B. Armstrong). 
Aldama,Tamaulipas,March Salvin-Godman Coll. 

h. 2 ad. sk. 
(W. B. Richardson). 
i. [c?] ad. sk. Sierra Madre above Oiudad Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Victoria, Tamaulipas, 
May (W.B. Richardson). 
k~n. 
(S ad. etimni.; Tampieo, Feb., March, June Salvin-Godman Coll. 
o, p. $ ad. sk. (W. B. Richardson). 

q. $ 
juv.sk. Valles San Luis Potosi, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
May (W. B. Richardson). 
r. 
<$ ad. sk. E,. Juan Martin, Mizantla, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Vera Cruz, Nov. 
s. 
J ad. sk. Zantla, Ruatusco, Vera Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Cruz, Aug. (Mis. Geogr. 
Mea\). 
t, u. S ad.; v. $ ad. Atoyac, Vera Cruz, May Salvin-Godman Coll. 

sk. 
(Mrs. JET. H. 8mith). 

w. J ad. sk. Jalapa (de Oca). Sclater Coll. 
x. 
$ imm. sk. Sierra de Alamos, Sonora, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
2500ft., May (W,Lloyd). 
y} z. S $ imm-sk-Mazatlan,W. Mexico, Dec, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Jan. (A, Forrer). 
d-d', dad.; e',/, San Bias. Tepic, April, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
g', J ad. sk. May ( W.B.Richardson). 
ti, <$ ad. sk. Mexico (W.Lloyd). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
H $ ad. sk. Putla,W.M6xico(JK#0Kf&). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
k'9 f. ? ad. sk. Tonala, Chiapas, Dec, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

[F. Sumiehrast). 
512 
PICIDJ3. 

m\ c? ad. sk. Buctzotz, Yucatan, April Salvin-Godroan Coll 

(G. F. Gaumer). 
ri. $ ad. sk. Belize, British Honduras Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(F. BJancaneaux). 
o',p'. <$ J ad. sk. Guatemala. Gould Coll. 
q'. [($] ad. sk. VeraPaz,Guatemala(0.&). Tweeddale Coll. 
?*'. S ad. sk. Rio Grande, Guatemala Tweeddale Coll. 
(0. 8.). . 
s' t'. <$ 2 ad. sk. San Geronimo, Guatemala Salyin-Godman Coll. 
(0. 8). 
u'. 2 ad. sk. Duenas, Guatemala (0. 8.). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
vr. (S ad. sk. Retalhuleu, Guatemala (0. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
S.). 
zo'. 5 ad. sk. Costa Rica (J. Carmiol). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

3. CeopHoeus fuscipennis. 
Dryocopus 
fuscipennis, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860, pp. 286, 297 ; id. Cat 
Amer. B. p. 333, no. 1983 (1862); Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. 

p. 61 (1868); id. JKand-l. B. ii. p. 189, no. 8642 (1870). 
Dryopicus fuscipennis, Malh. Picidce, i. pp. 165, 186, pi. lxi. %. 1, 
$ ad. (1861). 
Ceophloeus fuscipennis, Cab.fy Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 87 (1863). 
Picus fuscipennis, 8undev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 8 (1866). 
Dryocopus lineatus (non Zinn.), 8alv.P. Z. S. 1883, p. 425: Tacz. $ 

Berl P. Z. S. 1885, p. 118. 
Dryocopus lineatus (pt.), Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. pp. 75,76 (1886). 

Adult male. Resembles C. lineatus, but differs in having the 
upper parts, also the wings, tail, and their coverts brown; the 
shafts of the quills and of the tail-feathers pale brown and lighter 
than the webs; the white at the base of the quills blending gradually 
into the pale dusky-brown web on the underside of the wing ; 
tinder parts pale brown, with darker brown transverse spots• under 
tail-coverts pale smoky brown, with whiter tips, and having a faint 
subapical bar and a shaft-stripe of darker brown. Total length 
13 inches, culmen 1*6, wing 7*25, tail 4*6, tarsus 1*2: toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 1, outer posterior 0*86, inner anterior 
0*72, inner posterior 0*48. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead 
and the malar region black instead of red. Total length 12*5 inches, 
culmen 1*42, wing 6'G^ tail 4*4, tarsus 1*1. 

Hal. "Western Ecuador and the adjoining coast-region of North 
Peru. 

a. 5 ad. sk. [Mexico.] 
Purchased. 
bjC. $ § ad. Babahoyo, Ecuador (L. Fraser). Sclater Coll. 
sk. (Types of species.) 

d. $ ad. sk. Payta, Peru, Jan. (A. IT. Mark- Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ham). 
4. CeopHoeus erythrops* 
Picus erythrops, 
Valenc. Bid. 8c. Nat xl. p. 178 (1826); Zess. 
Traite, i. p. 225 (1831); id. Compl Buff. ix. p. 323 (1837); Gerbe, 

43 . CEOPHLCEUS. 
Diet Univ. x. p. 142 (1848); Des Murs, Icon. Orn. pi. xxvii., 9 
(1849). * 
Picus lineatus (non Linn.). Neuwied, Beitr. Natura. Bras. iv. p. 389 
(1832). 

Dryocopus erythrops, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 436 (1845); Bp. Camp. 
Gen. Av. i. p. 133 (1850) ; Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 333, no. 1984 
(1802); Gray, List Picicl. Brit Mus. p. 61 (1868),- id. Rand-l. B. 

ii. p. 188, no. 8639 (1870); Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 554• Pek. 
Orn. Bras. p. 243 (1870); Sclat. fy Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 99 
(1873); White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 617; Sclat. <$• Huds. Arg. Orn. 
ii. p. 18 (1889). 
Dryopicos erythrops, Malh. N. Classify Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, 
p. 822. 
Oampephilus erythrops, Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 394, no. 910, 
#pl. del. figs. 4335-36, <$ $ ad. (1854). 
Picus sernitorquatus, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 75 (1854). 
Driopicus erythrops, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 23 (1854). 
Dryopicus erythrops, Malh. Piaidce, i. p. 42, pi. xii. tigs. 1, 2, 3 $ ad. 

(1861). 
Ceophloeus erythrops, Cab. J.f.O. 1862, p. 176; id. & Heine, Mus. 
Hein. iv. p. 88 (1863). 
Picus melanotis, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 8 (1866). 

Adult male. Resembles C. lineatus, but may be at once recognized 
by the entirely black scapulars ; the under parts differ slightly, the 
bars on the feathers of the middle of the breast and abdomen being 
paler laterally, the black central portion appearing as a spot. Total 
length 13 inches, culmen 1*62, wing 7*3, tail 4*9, tarsus 1*0S* toes 
(without claws)—outer anterior 0*88, outer posterior 0*75, inner 
anterior 0*67, inner posterior 0*4. 

Adult female. Has the forehead and fore part of the crown black; 
the malar region anteriorly black, posteriorly slaty grey like the 
face. Total length 13 inches, culmen 1*65, wing 7*35, tail 5-2, 
tarsus 1*05. 

Hah. Eastern Brazil north to Pernambuco, Southern Brazil and 
the eastern part of the Argentine Republic (Misiones). 

a. S ad. st.
b. ? ad. sk.
c. § ad. sk.
d. e. $ J ad. sk. 
Brazil. 
Brazil. 
Brazil. 
Brazil. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
Sclater Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll 
/ . $ ad. sk.
g. <$ ad. • h. J 
Pernambuco, Brazil {Craven), 
Rio Grande, Brazil. 
Sclater Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
imm. sk. 
i. tf ad. sk. Sapitiva, Brazil, May {J. Natterer). Sclater Coll. 

5. CeopMoeus galeatus. 
Picus galeatus, Temm. PI Col. 171, S (1823) ,* Steph. Gen. Zool. 
xiv. p. 166 (1826); Wagl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 10 (1827) ; Burm. 
Th. Bras. ii. p. 222, note (1856); Sundev. Consjh Av, Picin. p. 8 
(1866). 
Dryocopus 
galeatus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 436 (1845) ; Bp. Consp. 
Gen. Av. i. p. 133 (1850)-Gray, List Pieid. Brit. Mus. 

p. Q2 (1868); id. lland-l. B. ii. p. 189, no. 8640 (lb70) • Pek. 
VOL. XVIII. 2 L 
514 IICIDJS. 

Dm. Bras. p. 243 (1870); Sclat. £ >&/r. 2iumrneh Ar. -Wr. 

p. 99 (1873) ; Berl Ibis, 1334, p. 442; Pelz. $ I*»'aiz, Ann. k.-k. 
Naturh. Hofm. iii. TL IT. p. 43 (18-fc). 
Dnopicus galeatus, itfatt. X £&»*/., Mem. Arml Mffz, l*-4**-4f*, 

p. 822; iclPiddm, i. p. 38, pi. si. ^. 1 £ ad., 2 x ad., ^ -f J<». 
Campephilus galeatus, BeicTtenh. Scam. Picine* p. 304, n»\ HI* pi del 
%. 4337, cf(lfc34). , 
Driopicus galeatus, 2?j?. CWy?. J olurr. Ziff/hfh p. *, R*<. i2 1>J4 . 
Ceophlceus galeatus, Cab. £ Hei/ie, Mm. Htia. h. p. -0 1-f*;} . 

-4dkfc /<?maZa. Extreme upper Lack black, the lover further * 
barred with pale buff; middle and lower back, romp, ami upper 
tail-coverts buff, the upper series of the latter with a few transverse 
black spots or bars, more or less concealed hx the feathers of the 
rump ; scapulars, wings, and tail Mack, the quills having the ba«al 
half of the inner webs rufous-buff: shafts of quills brown, tliche of 
the tail-feathers black ; forehead rufous or rafou>-biiff, the feathers 
tipped with crimson ; crown, occipital and nuchal cre*>t, and nearly 
the whole of the hind neck crimson; lores, face, chin, and threat 
rufous-buff, slightly greyer on the posterior part of the* face, the 
lores and fore part of the cheeks, also the chin and throat, h«*ing 
uniform, the remainder narrowly barred with black ; fort* neck ntul 
fore part of the side of the neck black, the former spotted irti*h 
buff, a buff stripe running down, the side of the neek; under 
surface of the body and under tail-coverts buff, narrowly barred 
with black, the barring broader on the chest and breast; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries deep buff. Total length ll v inches, 
culmen 1*47, wing 6*7, tail 4*25, tarsus 1 ; toes (without c!aw>f— 
outer anterior 0*8, outer posterior 0*72, inner anterior CHj± inner 
posterior 0*38. 

Adult male. Eesembles the adult female, hut may be distin<rMi».hed 
by its long red malar stripe. Total length 11*5 indies, culmen 1*4, 
wing 6-5, tail 4*3, tarsus 1*05. 

JEfab, Southern Brazil, Province of Eio Grande do Sul, north to 
Ypanema, Province of Sao Paulo. 

a, h. $ ad. sk. Brazil. Zt.olojyieaI Snci*»tv. 

o. $ ad. sk. Brazil E. Wilson, E-q. >/ „ 
44. DEYDTOMFS. 
Pryotomus, Sicaim. Faun. Bor.-Amer. p. 804 (l^?A ) .,.. It piWtur*. 
Hylatomus, Baird, Rep. MxpL §- Star. Mimm. Parif. Jim! 
Route,ix.p 107 (1858)... I..,,.. P. piteatu*, 
PhlcBotomus, Cab.fy Heme, Mm. Hem, iv. p. 102 f 1803).. IX pitattu*. 

Range. Wooded region of North America (generally), north to 
63° lat., and reappearing in Tucuman, Argentine Republic *. 

* The latter locality is the habitat of Dr. Oahanis's PMmimmm m*kmhL 
which is placed by this author in the same genus as the northern P. piimim. 
44 . JDRIOTOMTJS. 
515 

Key to the Species. 

A. 
Larger: length 15-15 to 19 inches; wing 
8*0 to 10; general colour less black ; with 
a greater amount of white on the bases of the 
quills. 
a. 
Chin and throat uniform wrhite. 
a". Entire top of the head, the crest, and 
malar stripe crimson pileatus tf ad., p. 51(1 
b". Hinder part of the crown and the crest 
(only) red; the forehead and fore part of 
the crown, also the malar region, slaty 


^black pikatus $ ad., p. 510. 
b'. Chin and throat with dusky striations pikatus <$ juv., p. 510. 

B. 
Conspicuously smaller and of a deeper black ; 
with less white on the bases of the quills .. selmlzi, p. 517. 
1. Dryotonrus pileatus. 
The larger red-crested Woodpecker, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carol, i. 
p. 17, pi. 17 (1731). 
Le Pic noirhupe de Virginie, Briss. Orn. iv. p. 29 (17G0). 
Picus pileatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 173 (1766) ; Gm. Si/st. Nat. i. 
p. 425 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 225 (1790); Vieill. Ois. 
Amer. Sept. ii. p. 58, pi. ex. (1807) ; Wils. Amer. Orn. iv. p. 27, 
pi. xxix. fig. 2, c?ad. (1811); Steph. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 158, pi. xxxii. 
(1815) ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 84 (1818); Lath. Gen. 
Hist. B. iii. p. 370 (1822) ; Bonn. $ Vieill. Bne. Meth iii. p. 1313 
(1823) ; Valenc. Diet. Sc. Nat. xl. p. 177 (1826) ; Bp. Syn. B. U. 
S. p. 44, no. 38 (1826); Wagl Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 2 (1827"); Drap. 
Diet. Class. dLIist. Nat. xiii. p. 500 (1828); Less. Traits, i.p.229 
(1831) ; Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. ii. p. 19, pi. xxix. fig. 2 (1832); 
Nnlt. Man. Orn. i. p. 507 (1832); And. Om. Biogr. ii. p. 74, 
pi. cxi. figs. Id, 2$ ,3-4 tf juv. (1834), v. p. 533 (1889); id. B. 
Amer. 8vo, iv. p. 220, pi. "cclvii. c??S ad., S <$ juv. (1839); id. 
Syn. B. N. Amer. p. 170 (1839) j Feab. Rep. Nat. Mist. Mass., 
Aces, 1839, p. 834 ; id. Bast. Jour. Nat. Hist. 1841, p. 170; De 
Kay, Nat. Hist. N. York, Aves,y- 184, pL xviii. fig. 39, ^ (1844); 
Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 8 (1866). 
Drvocopus pileatus, 
Bote, Isis, 1828, p. 326 ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 436 
(1845) ; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 132 (1850); Lieht. Nomencl. Av. 

p. 75 (1854) ; Barry, Proe. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1854, p. 8; 
Bridges, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 2; Sclat, Cat. Amer. B. p. 332, no. 1981 
(1862); Gray, List Picid. Brit. Miis. p. 59 (1808); id. Hand4. 
B. ii. p. 188, no. 8635 (1870) ; Ridyw. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. # 
York, 1874, p. 877. 
Dryotomus pileatus, Sioains, Faun. Bor.-Amcr., Birds, ii. p. xxvi 
introd. and p. 304 (1831); id. Classif. B. ii. p. 308 (1837); Bp. 
Comp. List B. Bur. # N. Amer. p. 39, no. 252 (1838). 

Campephilus pileatus, Reichenb. Scans. Picinm, p. 391, no. 900, 
pi. dcxlvii. figs. 4317-18, 6 ? (1854). 
Dryopicus pileatus, Bp. Notes Orn. Collect. Delattr. p. 85 (1854); 

Malh. Picidce, i. p. 34, pi. xi. figs. 5 c?, 6 2 > ad. (1801). 

Driopicus pileatus, Bp. Consp. Voluer. Zygod. p. 8, no. 21 (1854). 

Ilylatomus pileatus, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 107 (1858) ; Verritl, 

Proe. Essex Imt. 
1802, p. 144; BUddsL Tbis, 1802, p. 3; Cau.-TayL 
2L2 

516 
PICIDJE. 

t. c. p. 128; Dress, op. at. 1865, p. 469; Brown, op. cit. 1868, p. 419; 
Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1879, p. 6; Mayn. Bds. B. N. 
Amur. p. 284, pi. xix. (1879). 
Phlceotomus pileatus, Cab.fy Seine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 102 (1863). 

Hylotomus pileatus, Blaki&t. Ibis, 1863, p. 52; Mcllwr. Proc. Essex 
Inst 1866, p. 83 ; Coues, op. cit. 1867, p. 2Q2; Coop. B. Calif, ed. 
Baird, p. 396 (1870); Allen, Am. Nat. 1870, p. 572; Coues, B. 
N.-West, p. 278 (1874); B., B., fy R. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii.p. 550, 
pi. Ivi. figs. 4 2 f 5 d (1874) ; Brmcst. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.rk, xi. 

p. 144 (1875) ; Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 151; Beld. 
t c. p. 429; Ridgw. op. cit. 1879, p. 189; Merriam, Bull Nutt. 
Orn. Club, 1882, p. 236; Coues, Chech-list N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 
1882, p. 76; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 425; Cooke $ Widm. Ridgw. 
Orn. Club Bull. i. 1883, p. 37; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 
1884, p. 480; Agersb. Auk, 1885, p. 283. 
Ceophloeus 
pileatus, A. O. 27. Check-list N. Amer. B. 1886, p. 215 ; 
Breivst. Auk, 1886, p. 104; Warren, B. Perm. p. 132 (1888). 

Adult male. Entire plumage sooty black, with the following exceptions;—
the forehead, crown, elongated occipital and nuchal 
feathers, and the malar stiipe crimson; a narrow white superciliary 
stripe running backwards to the occiput; the lower nasal 
plumes and a broad stripe from the nostril crossing the face, and 
extending down the side of the neck on to the side of the chest, 
white ; chin and throat white; the edge of the wing white, transversely 
spotted with black; the bases of both webs of the quills 
white, this being concealed by the greater wing-coverts, and only 
showing on the outer primaries a little way below the primary-
coverts ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white; the outer webs 
of the outer primaries have an apical spot of dirty white; the 
sides of the body and the flanks are faintly and narrowly barred 
with greyish white; shafts of quills and of tail-feathers black: 
" bill blackish, grey above, pale horn-colour beneath; irides golden 
yellow; legs bluish black?J (Richardson). Total length 16*5 inches, 
culmen 2*2, wing 9*15, tail 6*3, tarsus 1*35 ; toes (without claws)— 
outer anterior 0*98, outer posterior 0*8, inner anterior 0*7, inner 
posterior 0*48. 

Young male. Has the red on the forehead, crown, and crest of a 
brick colour, and there is only a slight trace of a white stripe behind 
the eye; the chin and throat are faintly striped with sooty black, 
and the breast and abdomen are more sooty black than in the adult; 
the malar stripe is dusky black, one or two of the feathers having 

* red tips. Older, but still immature, males have the malar stripe 
entirely red, while still retaining the striated throat. 
Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the malar 
region entirely black; the margins of the feathers of the forehead 
and of the greater part of the crown dark brown, the remaining portion 
of the feathers being black, and giving a mottled appearance to 
the top of the head, the hind part of crown and occipital crest alone 
being crimson. Total length 16 inches, culmen 1*9, wing 8-85, 
tail 6*05, tarsus 1*28. 

Examples of this species from Florida have the white at the base 

44 . DETOTOMTJS. 
of the primaries showing upon hoth webs, below the primary-coverts, 

and forming a patch. This is also well-marked in a specimen from 

Washington, D.C. 

Hah. Formerly the whole wooded region of North America up to 

63° N. 3at. Now rare or extirpated in the more thickly settled 

parts of the Eastern States. 

a. <$ ad. sk. North America. Purchased. 
b, c. £ ad.; d, e. North America. Purchased. 
$ ad. ak. 
/, 
g. 6 2 imm-5 British Colurnhia. J, K Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
# h. $ ad. sk. 

i. (S imm. sk. Esquirrtalt, British Columbia Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(A. H. Marhham). 
k. $ ad. sk. Maine, Oct. (Henshaw). 
1. S ad. sk. 1st Lake, Herkimer Co., 
New York, June {Hart | 
Merriam). 
m, n. tf ad. sk. Big Otter Lake, N. Y., Dec. 

(A. Jenings Dayan). Henshaw Coll. 
o. <$ ad.; p, q. $ Big MooseLake,N.Y., April, • [S.-G.]ad. 
sk. JNOV. {Hart Merriam). 
r. 
S ad. sk. Watson, N. Y., Dec. (A. 
Jenings Dayan). 
s. 
$ ad. sk. West Virginia, Jan. {Hen-| 
shatv). 
t. $ 
ad. sk. Washington, D.C. (J. 22/ Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Pomsell). 
u. 2 ad. sk. Elorida (S. Taylor), Sclater Coll. 
v. 3 ad. sk. Miami, Elorida, March. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
w. 
3 ad. sk. Green Cove Spring, Elorida," 
April {Hart Merriam). 
xi V* 2 ad« sk* Southern Missouri, Dec, Jan. { Henshaw Coll. 
(K W. Nelson). # f [S.-G.]. 

z. c? ad. sk. Union Co., Illinois (M. Kenni-j
cott). J 
a'-a", c? imm. sk. California. Tweeddale Coll. 
e'. 2 imm* s^- Hollisters, California, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

(Henshaw). 

f. 2 ad. sk. Nevada, California, Oct. (E. Henshaw Coll. 
W. Nelson). [S.-G.]. 
g\ h'. S 2*imm>s^. San Patricia, Texas, Dec. (F. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
B. Armstrong). 
2. Dryotomus schulzi. 
Dryocopus atriventris, juv. (non Wagl), JBurm. Eels. La-Plata, ii. 

Anhang, p. 444 (1801). 
Phloeotomus schulzi2 Cab. J.f. 0.1883, p. 102. ^ 
Campephilus sehulzi, Sclat. ty Huds. Arg. Orn. ii. p. 18 (1889). 

According to Dr. Cabanis, this species is a diminutive form of the 
Northern D. pileatus. The general coloration is blacker, and the 

•white markings shown in D. pileatus also exist in the present hird, 
only the extension of the white on the underside of the wings and 
518 PICID.2B. 

on the bend of the wing is perceptibly smaller than in the large 
northern species. 

The occurrence of a second species of Dryotomus at so remote a 
distance from the only known one is remarkable, and it is to be 
regretted that Dr. Cabanis in his description has not supplied us 
with more details. 

Hal. Tucuman. 

45. PICUS. 
Type. 
Picus, Linn. Sijst. Nat. i. p. 173 (1766) P* martins. 
Dryocopus, Boie, Isis, 1856, p. 997 > P. inartius. 
Carbonarius, Kaup, Naturl Syst p. 131 (1829) P. martins. 
Dryopicos, MaTh. Mem. Acad. Mete, 1848-49, p. 320 P. martius. 

Tarsus and foot of Pious martius. 

Range. Palsearctic Region, between 40° and 60° INT. lat. East 
into Kamtschatka, and into the island of Yezo, Japan. 

1. Picus martins. 
Picus martius, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 173 (1766); Gm. Syst. Nat. i. 

p. 424 (1788) j Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 224 (1790) ; Licht. Cat. Her. 
Nat. Bariss. Hamb. p. 16 (1793); Lezain, B. Gt. Brit. ii. p. 32; 
pi. xlv.; d (1796) ; Steph. Gen. Zool.lx. p. 148,pi. xxix., $ (1815) ; 
Meyer, Tog. Liv- u. Esthl p. 58 (1815) ; Meisn. fy Schim, Tog. 
Schweit, p. 38 (1815) j Koch, Syst. baier. Zool. i. p. 71 (1816); 
Niks. Orn. Suec. i. p. 102 (1817); Cuv. Begne Anim. i. p. 422 
(1817) ; Tieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 83 (1818) j id. $ 
Bonn. &e. MM. iii. p. 1302 (1823),* Brehm, Naturgesch. Eur. 
45. PICUS. 519 
Vog. p. 133 (1823) ; Nanm. Vog. Beutschl v. p. 253, pi. cxxxi. 
figs. 1, 2, d1 ? ad. (1820); Wagl. Si/st. Av. Picus, sp. 6 (1827); 
Temm. Man. cVOm. ii. p. 112 (1828) ; Less, TraitS, i. p. 219 
(1831); Pall Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 407 (1831); Glog. Handb. 
Naturgesch. Vog. Bur. p. 457 (1834) ; Gould, B. Bur. iii. pi. 225, 
d ? ad. (1837); Macgill Br, B, iii. p. 77 <]840) ; Benoit, Orn. 
Sicily 31 (1840); Schinz, Bur. Faun. p. 200 (1840); Keys. $ 
Bias. Wirb. Bur. pp. xxxiv introd. and 148 (1840); Yarr. Hist. 
Brit. B. ii. p. 127 (1843); Von der M'dhle, Orn. Grieckenl. p. 30 
(1844) ; Schleg. Rev. Crit. Ois. Bur. p. xlix (184-4); Middend. Reis. 
Sibir., Zool^. 132 (1851); Sundev. Sv. Fogl. p. 143 (185G) ; llewits. 
Bggs Brit. B. i. p. 238, pi. lxi. fig. 1 (1856); Mag. v. Wright, 
Binl. Fogl. p. 208 (1859) ; Linderm. Vog. GriecJienl. p. 42 (1860) ; 
Prev. fy Lemaire, Ilist. Nat. Ois. d'Bur. p. 106 (1804) ; Sundev. 
Consp. Av. Pwin, p. 9 (1866); Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl p. 67 
(1869); Harting, Handb. Br. B. 1872, p. 120; Perhii, Man. Orn. 
Veron. pt. 1, p. 393 (1874); Schleg. Vog. Nederl p. 38, pi. v. 
figs. 1,2, $ $ (1878) ; Finsch, Ver'handl. Jc.-k. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. 
Wien, 1879, p. 227; Stejn. Bull U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, 1885, 

p. 354. 
Drvocopus martius, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 977 ; Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. 
$• N. Amer. p. 39, no. 265 (1838); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 436, pi. 108. 
fig. 5 (1845) ; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 132 (1850) ; id. Consp. 
Volucr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 20 (1854); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 75 (1854); 
Reichenb. Scans. Piemen, p. 388, no. 896, pi. dcxlv. figs. 4309-11, 

<S 2 ad. & juv. (1854); Swinli. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 333 ; Cab. $ Heine, 
Mus. Hem. iv. p. 103 (1863); Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 59 
(1868) ; id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 188, no. 8634 (1870); Salvad. Faun. 
Ital, tfcc. p. 36 (1871) ; Dress. B. Bur. v. p. 3, pi. cclxxiv., <$ 

$ (1871); Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 171; Harv.-Br. Ann. # Mag. 
Nat. Hist. 1877, xx. p. 496; Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 369 (1878); Bogd. 
B. Cauc. p. 119 (1879); Blahist. c$-Pryerf Trans. As. Soc. jap. 
1880, p. 208, no. 171; Madardsz, Fog. Ungarns, p. 23 (1881); 
Marsch. fy Pete. Orn. Vindob. 1882, p. 93; Blahist. # Pryer, 
Trans. As. Soc. Jap. 1882, p. 135; Blakist. Chrysanth. iii. p. 28 
(1883) ; A. O. TI. List Brit. B. p. 76 (1883) ; Russoiv, Orn. Bsth-
Liv-u. Kurl in Arch.fiir Naturh. 1884, p. 115; Blahist. Amend. 
List B. Jap. 1884, p. 28; Gigl Avif. Ital p. 199 (1886); Meves, 
Bur. Vog. 1886, p. 23 ; Stejn. &*oc. U. S. Nat. Mis. 1886, p. 124. 

Dendrocopus martius, Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1274; id. Vog. DeutscM, 

p. 185 (1831); id. Vollst. Vogelf. p. 67 (1855). 
Oarbonarius martius, Kaup, Naiurl Syst. Bur. Thier.ip. 131 (1829). 
Dryotomus martius, Sioains. Faun. B or.-Amer.j Birds, p. 301 (1831); 
Jard. Nat. Lib. x. p. 349 (1839). 
Dendrocopus pinetorum, Brehm, Vog. Beutschl p. 185, pi. xiii. fig. 3, 
<$ (1831); id. Vollst. Vogelf. p. 67 (1855). 
Dryopieos martius, Malli. N. Classif, Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, 

p. 322. 
Dendrocopus alpinus, Brehm, Vollst. Vogelf. p. 67 (1855). 
Dendrocopus niger, Brehm, Vollst. Vogelf. p. 67 (1855). 
Dryopicus martius, Jaub. $* Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 329 
(1859); Malh. Picidce, l p. 32, pi. x. figs. 5-7, tf $ ad. & juv. 
(1861); Begl $ Gerbe7 Orn. Bur. L p. 148 (1867); Tacz. Bull 
Soc. Zool France, 1876, p. 239; Bavid fy Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 49 
(1877). 

Picus niger, Dubois, Ois. Bur. p. 109, pi. cix., <$ J (1862). 
Driopicus martius, d'Hamonv. Cat. Ois. France, 1876, p. 10. 

520 
PlCIDiE. 

Adult male. Forehead, crown, and middle of occiput crimson, this 
colour tapering to a point upon the latter part, the hases of the 
feathers dusky black; the remainder of the plumage black, more 
intense and glossy on the sides of the head; shafts of primaries 
dusky brown, those of the secondaries blacker; shafts of tail-feathers 
black, with grey bases; tarsus clothed in front for about two-thirds 
of its length with dusky black feathers. Total length 17 inches, 
culmen 245, wing 9, tail 6, tarsus 1-4; toes (without clawrs)— 
outer anterior 0-85, outer posterior 0*85, inner anterior 0*67, inner 
posterior 0'47. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the red on 
the head confined to the occiput, and forming a triangular patch 
tapering to a point as it approaches the nape. Total length 17 
inches, culmen 2*35, wing 9-4, tail 6*8, tarsus 1*43. 

Young male. General colour dusky, the new feathers appearing 
(on the back particularly) being black, as are likewise the nasal 
plumes ; the feathers in the middle of the upper part of the forehead, 
crown, and occiput tipped with scarlet more or less brilliant; the 
bases of the feathers of the forehead being paler and browner than 
the supercilium, and at the base of the forehead there are a few 
new crimson-tipped feathers with black bases: " iris yellow * feet 
dusky" (Dr. H. M. James). 

Hal. Palsearetic Eegion between about 38° and 60° N. lat., 
ranging east into Kamtschatka, and into the island of Yezo, 
Japan *. 

a, b. <$ $ ad. St. Europe. 
Purchased, 

c. <$ ad. sk. Europe. 
Purchased. 
d. $ ad. sk. Northern Europe. Purchased. 
e, / . S $ ad. sk. South Norway. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
g. S ad. sk. Sweden, Dec. (H. Wheehcriyhi). Tweeddale Coll. 
h i. 6 ? ad. sk. Wermland, Feb., April. Mr. Meves [C.]. 
h. <$ ad. sk. Wemiland {Meves). Tweeddale Coll. 
m. S ? ad. sk. Switzerland. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
h-

n. $ ad. sk. Turkey, Jan. (T. Bobson). Shelley Coll. 
0. <$ ad. sk. Ismiett, Asia Minor, March (T. Tweeddale Coll. 
Hobso7i). 
P-c? juv. sk. South Manchuria, July. Dr. James [P.]. 
%•$ ad. sk. South Yezo, Japan (T. W. Tweeddale Coll. 

Blahiston). 

r. 
$ ad. sk. Hakodadi, April (T. W. Blah- Tweeddale Coll. 
iston). 
s. Skeleton. 
Old Coll. 
t. Sternum. Lapland. 
Purchased. 
* Mr. Hume (Str. P. 1873, p. 91) mentions the occurrence, in the hills dividing 
Sind from Khelat, of a huge black Woodpecker, with a crimson head, and 
thinks it will most probably prove to be JP. martins. If so, it will considerably 
extend the known range of this species. 
46. 
PICTONUS. 521 
Subfamily II. PICUMNINiE. 

46. 
PICU30US. 
Type. 
Picunmus, Temm. PL Col. livr. 62 (1825) P. niinutus. 
Asthenurus, Swains. ZooL Journ. iii. p. 353 (1828). P. minutus. 
Piculus, Geoffr. St.-Hil. Nouv. Ann. du Mus. 1832, 

p. 396 P. minutus. 
Yivia, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. 1837, p. 107 P. innominatus. 
j\lierocolaptes, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zijgod. p. 11 
(1854) P. orbignyanus. 
Pipiscus, Cab.fy Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 9 (1863). P. innominatus. 
Craugiscus, Cab. fy Seine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 10 

(1863) 
P. cinnamomeus. 

Head and tail of a JPicumnus (minutus). 

Range, South and Central America, from the northern part of the 

Argentine Republic to Honduras; India and China, and through 

Burmah and the Malayan Peninsula into Sumatra. 

Key to the Species. 

A. 
Under parts entirely uniform in adult; sometimes 
with faint bars on the chest in young. 
a'. Under surface of the body deep rufous. 
a". Above olive. 
atn. Feathers of the forehead and crown 
tipped with red rufiventris $ ad., p. 527. 
b"\ "With no red on the head rufiventrisQ ad., p. 527. 
b". Above rufous. 
a'". Crown broadly striped with golden [p. 528. 
vellow cinnamomeus S ad., 
d'". With no yellow on the crown ... . cinnamomeus § ad., 

V. 
Under surface of the body white, or [p. 528. 
slightly yellowish, or ochreous. 
c". With no rufous on the sides of the 
head and neck; underparts white or 
yellowish. 


e'". Above olive ; secondaries externally 
yellow; sides of the chest olivaceous 
; ear-coverts, sides of the neck, 
and hind neck yellowish white 
barred with olive. 


a4. Crown-feathers tipped with red; 
occiput almost uniform black castelnaui <$ ad., p. 528. 

522 
PIC1DJE. 

6l. Crown and occiput uniform "black,

cl. Crown and occiput dusky, the 
latter with a few almost obsolete 
greyish-white spots; the chest 
with pale dusky bars
/'". Above brown; secondaries buffyLrown externally; sides of the chest 
not olivaceous; ear-coverts pale 
brown, and, together "with the sides 
of the neck, barred with dusky 
brown. 

dK Crown-feathers tipped with red ..

e\ With no red on the crown, the top 
of the head and the occiput being 
black spotted with white

fK Top of the head dusky with 
whitish spots; the chest with 
irregular brown bars

d". 
Sides of the head and neck pale rufous ; 
underparts ochreous white; crown 
dusky, uniform in front, the posterior 
feathers having the middle rufescent.

B. 
Underparts not uniform either in adult or 
young. 
c'. Upper parts dusky grey, brown, or rufescent 
brown (not olive). 
e". Entire underparts barred. 
g'". Sides of the face and neck rufous. 
g%. Feathers of the forehead and 
crown tipped with red
hK With no red on the top of the 
head, this being, like the occiput, 
black spotted with white

ft'". With no rufous on the face and 
neck. 
i\ Feathers of the forehead and crown 
tipped with redJK Top of the head entirely black, 
spotted with white/" . The barring on the underparts confined 
to the throat and chest. 

i"', Underparts below the chest spotted, 
sometimes transversely, but not 
distinctly barred. 

ft4. Back with transverse whitish and 
dusky spots, sometimes almost 
obsolete. 

a5. Feathers of the forehead and 
crown tipped with red¥. Entire top of the head black,
spotted with whiteZ4. Back with rounded spots of white.
c5. Feathers of the forehead andcrown tipped with red

 castelnaui $ ad., p. 529. 

castelnaui juv'. *, 

 [p. 529. 
leucogaster $ ad., p. 529. 

leucogaster § ad., p. 530. 

leucogaster juv., p. 530, 

fuseus $ juv., p. 530. 

iemminchiSad., p. 530. 

tem?ninc7d2 ad., p. 531. 

cirrhotics <3 ad., p. 531. 

cirrhatus $ ad., p. 532. 

spilogaster <$ ad., 

 [p. 533. 
spilog aster 2 ad", 
* 
[p. 532. 
[p. 533. 
orbignyanus tf ad., 
* The type, which is an immature male, has the top of the head dusky, with 
a few flame-tipped feathers, the hinder part of the crown and occiput being 
distinctly spotted with white. 
-46. PICUMNTJS. 

d\ Top of the head entirely black, 
spotted with whitef". Underpavts below the chest striped.

m4. Sincipital feathers tipped with 
sulphur-yellow; hinder crown and 
occiput black, with white spots..

n\ With no yellow on the white-
spotted feathers on the top of the 
head

o4. Top of the head and occiput dusky 
black, striped with white

g". Chest with sagittate markings, the 
remaining* imderparts with stripe-like 
spots of black; back and wing-coverts 
spotted with white. 
k"'. Feathers on the top of the head 
tipped with redI'". Entire top of the head black, spotted 
with whiteh". Chest and breast black, with longitudinal 
spots of white; below the 
breast barred. 
m"\ Feathers of the forehead and fore 
part of crown tipped with red ... .
ri". Top of the head black, spotted withwhite.
i". Entire imderparts spotted.
o'". Upper parts not spotted with white. 
j?4. Sides of face and neck white, the 
feathers having dusky margins; 
auricular stripe brownish; the 
black spots on the white imderparts 
somewhat sagittate or heart-
shaped ; crown-feathers tipped 
with redq\ Sides of the face and neck black, 
spotted with white; with no 
auricular stripe; the black spots 
on the fulvescent imderparts 
slightly longitudinal; top of the 
head dusky, spotted with white,
p"'. Upper parts with rounded spots of 
white. 
r4. Underparts brown with rounded 
spots of white. 
e5. Sincipital feathers tipped with 
redf5. Top of the head black, spotted 
with white

54. Underparts black, with rounded 
spots of white. 
g5. Sincipital feathers tipped with 
red¥. Top of the head black spotted 
with white ^
j". Entire imderparts with squamate markings 
of black. 
q'". Above spotted with white. 


523 

orbiymjanus J ad., 

 [p. 533. 
sclateri $ ad., p. 534. 

sclateri § ad., p. 534. 
sclateri j uv., p. 534. 

sagittatm <5 ad., p. 535. 

sagittatm § ad., p. 534. 

steindachieri c? ad., 

 [p. 535. 
steindachieri $ ad., 
[p. 535. 
jelshii $ ad., p. 535. 

nebuhsus $, p. 536. 

pygmceus $ ad., p. 537. 
p>ygmceus $ ad., p. 537. 

 asterias S ad., p. 538. 

asterias $ ad., p. 538. 

524 PICIDJE. 

i4. Face and neck black, spotted with 
white; feathers of the tmderparts 
with a central black stripe; crown-
feathers tipped with red

tiK Face and neck white, the feathers 
with blackish margins. 

i\ Feathers of the chest and breast 
long and pointed, white, and 
broadly margined with black; 
remaining underparts ochreous 
buff, with narrow squamate 
markings or stripes of black; 
spots upon the back entirely 
white. 

aG. Feathers of the forehead and 
crown tipped with red ... .
¥. Top of the head entirely black,
spotted with white

j 5. The leathers of the entire underparts 
from the chin to the 
under tail-coverts short and 
rounded and narrowly edged 
with blackish; spots on the 
back partly black, partly white. 
cB. Feathers of the forehead and 
crown tipped with red ... .
dQ. Top of the head entirely black 

spotted with white

r'"' Above fulvescent brown with 
squamate black markings, not 
spotted with white. 

vK Feathers of the forehead and crown 
tipped with orange-redw4. Top of the head entirely black,
spotted with white

.r4. Top of the head dusky, thefeathers having brownish-grey 
tips ,

h". Entire underparts below the fore neckbroadly striped with black, the groundcolour 
being buff or rufescent white; 
the anterior feathers on the top of the 
head red, the posterior feathers black, 
elongated, and spotted with white ..

d'. Upper parts olive. 
I". Entire underparts barred. 


s"r. Ground-colour of the top of the 
head black in the adult, dusky in 
the young. 

y4-. With red on the top of the head 
in male. 

¥. Back bright in colour and 
spotted with black, the tips of 
the feathers yellow; wing-
coverts with an apical spot of 
yellowish white, and adjoining 
it a spot of black; underparts 
very yellow. 

 guttifer S ad., p. 538. 

albosquamatus $ ad., 

 [p. 589. 
albosquamatus 

 lepidotus $ ad., p. 540. 

lepidotus $ ad., p. 540. 

 squamidatus $ ad., 

 [p. 540. 
squamulatus § ad., 
[p. 541. 
squamulatus juv., 

 [p. 541. 
iheringi <$ ad., p. 541. 

46. PICUMNUS. 
es. Sincipital feathers tipped -with 
orange-redZ6. Top of the liead entirely 
spotted with pure white ... .

g6. Crown and occiput dusky, the 
crown spotted, the occiput 
striped with dull white

P' Back duller, and with dusky barlike 
or wavy spots; the spots 
on the wing-coverts less distinct 
; underparts yellowish 
white. 

he 

. Eeathers of the forehead and 
greater part of the crown 
tipped with red

i6. Top of the head spotted with 
pure white

j 6. Top of the head dusky, the 
crown spotted, the occiput 
striped with dull white ... .

m5. Back with yellowish-white 
spots, and adjoining these a 
blackish spot; wing-coverts 
with a triangular white spot at 
the tip, and no adjoining black 
spot; underparts very yellow. 

&6. Feathers of the forehead and 
greater part of the crown 
tipped with red

Z6. Top of the head entirely 
spotted with pure white

mb. Top of the head dusky, the 
crown spotted with greyish, 
the occiput striped with dull 
white

a;4. With yellow on the top of the 
*•"* head in male. 
n5. Sincipital feathers tipped with 
yellowo5. iop of the head entirely spottedwith white

t'". Ground-colour of the top of thehead umber-brown in the adult, 
brownish dusky in the young. 

aa4. Sinciput minutely speckled with 
redb¥. Top of the head entirely spotted 
with whitecc*. Hinder part of the crown and the 
occiput striped with whitem". The barring on the underparts confined 
to the chest. 
u"\ Below the chest striped. 

ddK With yellow on the top of the 
head in the male, both adult and 
young. 

p\ The posterior feathers of the 

525 

 minutus $ ad., p. 542. 

minufus § &d., p. 542. 

minutus juv., p. 543. 

undiilatm <$ ad., p. 543. 
undulatus $ ad., p. 543. 

undulatus juv., p. 543. 

buffoni <$ ad., p. 544. 

buffoni § ad., p. 544. 

buffoni juv., p. 544. 

 punctifrons tf ad., 

 [p. 544. 
punctifrons $ ad., 
[p. 545. 
lafresnayi $ ad., p. 545. 
lafresnayi $ ad., p. 546. 
lafresnayi juv., p. 546. 

5:26 
PICIDiE. 
crown and the occiput spotted 
with white. 
nb. Sincipital feathers tipped with 
yellow

o8. With no yellow on the top of 
the head, the sinciput spotted 
with white

q"\ The posterior feathers of the 
crown and the occiput stripedwith white

eel. "With red on the top of the head 
in the male. 
r5. Sincipital feathers speckled with 
reds5. Entire top of the head blackish 
brown spotted with white ... .
v"r. Below the chest spotted. 

ff4. Ground-colour of the top of the 
head and of the occiput black in 
the adult, dusky in the young. 

P. 
Sincipital feathers tipped with 
yellow, the posterior feathers 
spotted with white
v?. Crown and occiput striped with 
white flavifrom

ggl. Ground-colour of the top of the 
head and of the occiput umber-
brown, the sincipital feathers 
tipped with yellow, the remainder 
spotted with white

.". Chest uniform olivaceous in the adult; 
below the chest striped. 
to"'. With red on the top of the head in 
male. 

hhK Feathers of the forehead and 
crown tipped with orange-
scarlet

iiA. Entire top of the head black, 
spotted with whitex'". With yellow on the top of the 
head in male. 
jjx. The feathers of the crown tipped 
with golden yellowTik£. Entire top of the head spottedwith white

". Chest and below with large roundedor heart-shaped spots of black, the 
thighs barred; with broad auricular 
and malar stripes. 

y"\ Top of the head olive in adult, 
dusky in young; auricular and 
malar stripes tinged with olive. 

UK Sincipital feathers black, margined 
with reddish orange ..... .
mmK Top of the head entirely olive .

%'", Top of the head rufous; auricularand malar stripes tinged with this 
colour. 

aarifrons $ ad., p. 546. 

aurifrom J , p. 546. 

 [p. 546. 
aurifrons $ iniro., 
borhce tf ad., p. 547. 

borbce J ad., p. 547. 

Jlavifrons <$ ad., p. 547. 

 juv., p. 547. 

 wallacii $ ad., p. 547. 

 ollvaceus $ ad., p. 548. 

olivaceus $ ad., p. 548. 

grcmadenm <$ ad., 

 [p. 549. 
granadensis § a<i-> 
[p. 549. 
[p. 550. 
innominafits <$ ad., 
mnominatus J ad., 
[p. 550. 
46. PICUMNUS. 
527 

nni. Sincipital feathers black, with 

dull orange-red tips chinensis <$ ad., p. 551. 

ooK Sincipital feathers entirely rufous, 

like those of the remainder of the 

crown and occiput .. . chinensis § ad., p. 552. 

1. Picumnns rufiveiitris. 
Asthenurus rufiventris, Bp. P. Z. S. 1837, p. 120; id. Consp. Volucr. 
Zygod. p. 11, no. 252 (1854). 
Picurnnus rufiventris, Zafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 366 ; Gray, Gen. B. 

ii. p. 432 (1845); Bp. Consp. Gen.Av.i. p. 141 (1850); Malh, 
Picidce, ii. p. 283, pi. cxviii. fig. 2, $ (1862) ; Sclat. 8f Scdo, P. Z. S. 
1866, p. 196; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 27 (1868); id. 
Handrl. B. ii. p. 180, no. 8520 (1870); Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 442 
(1870); Sclat. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 291; Tacz. Orn. Perou, 
iii. p. 63 (1886). 
Picumnus rufiventer, Reichenh. Scans. Picince, p. 345, no. 791 (1854); 
Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 96 (1866). 
Craugiscns rufiventer, Cab.fy Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 11 (1863). 

Adult male. Back, rump, scapulars, and wing-coverts olive, 
slightly rufescent; upper tail-coverts rufous; quills dusky brown, 
the primaries externally margined with olive, the secondaries externally 
margined with olivaceous rufous; inner webs of the quills 
margined with buff, shafts dark brown; tail typical, the white webs 
tinged with rufous; nasal plumes rufescent, tipped with black; 
top of the head and occiput black, the feathers of the forehead and 
crown tipped with scarlet, the occipital feathers spotted with rufous 
buff; hind neck rufescent olive; lores rufescent, spotted with white; 
sides of the face and neck, and entire underparts from the chin to 
the under tail-coverts, both inclusive, uniform rich rufous; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries pale rufous, with a dusky spot near the 
base of the primaries. TotaJ length 4 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2*3, 
tail 1*07, tarsus 0*6 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*5, outer 
posterior 0*54, inner anterior 0*32, inner posterior 0*25. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red on 
the head, the forehead, crown, and occiput being entirely spotted 
with white. Total length 4-2 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2*3, tail 
1-2, tarsus 0*65. 

Hab. Eastern Ecuador, North-east Peru, and the adjoining part 
of Brazil. 

a. J a<^-sk- Rio Napo. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
b, c. <$ J ad.sk. Sarayaeu,Ecuador (C.Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d. 5 ad. sk. Sarayacu,Ecuador (C.Buchley). Sclater Coll. 
e. J ad. sk. Sarayacu, E. Peru, Aug. (E. Sclater Coll. 
Bartlett). 
2. Picumims cinnamomeus. 
Picumnus cinnamomeus, Wayl. Isis, 1829. p. 646; Zafr. Rev, Zool. 
1845, pp. 7, 8, 111 ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 432 (1845) ; Bp. Consp, 
Gen. Av. i. p. 141 (1850); Reichenh. Scans. Picince, p. 345, no. 787, 

528 PICID2E. 

pi. dclxxviii. figs. 4483-84 (1854) ; Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 277, pi. cxix. 
figs. 4 <$, 5 2 (1862); Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 96 (18(56); 
Gray, Zw* PicwJ. JBr#. Ito . p. 27 (181J8) ; «tf. Hand-L B. ii. 

p. 180, no. 8525 (1870)- &?M. §• &JSJI\ NomencL Av. Neotr. p. 98 
(1873). 
Asthemirus cinnamomeus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 11, no. 253 
(1854). 
Craugiscus cinnamomeus, Cab. § Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 10 (1863). 

Adult male. Entire plumage rich rufous, with the following exceptions 
:—nasal plumes and frontal band buffy white, the feathers 
having dusky tips ; the top of the head intense black, broadly striped 
with golden yellow, except on the extreme hinder part of the crown, 
which has a band formed of large white spots; wing-coverts and 
quills brownish dusky, the coverts edged with rufous; the inner 
webs of the primaries margined with greyish or brownish white, 
the inner webs of the secondaries edged with buff and the outer 
webs with rufous; shafts brown; tail typical, the white webs with 
a buff or rufous tinge; under wing-coverts pale rufous. Total 
length 3-8 inches, culmen 0*58, wing 2-22, tail 1*15, tarsus 0*58; 
toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*42, outer posterior 0*42, 
inner anterior 0*26, inner posterior 0*23. 

Adult female. Eesembles the adult male generally, but differs in 
the absence of the yellow tips to the feathers of the crown, this 
region being black and the hinder half spotted with pure white, the 
spots being large and forming almost a complete band between the 
crown and the occiput. Total length 3*7 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 
2-25, tail 1*15, tarsus 0-55. 

Hah. The extreme northern States of Colombia, in the neighbourhood 
of Carthagena, Yalle Dupar, and Santa Marta. 

a, b. <$ 2 ad. sk. Santa Marta, U.S. Colombia. M. Verreaux. 

c. J imm. sk. Valle Dupar, U.S. Colombia, Salvin-C4odman Coll. 
Sept. 24 (F. Simons). 
3. Picumnus castelnaui. 
Picumnus castelnaui, Malh, Picidm, ii. p. 281 (not plate) (1862); 
Cab. Sf- Seine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 12 (1863) ; Sundev. Consp. Av. 
Picin. p. 104 (1866); Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 27 (1868); 
id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 180, no. 8528 (1870). 

Picumnus castelnaudi. Sclat. fy Salv. P. Z S. 1866, p. 196, 1873, 

p. 290; Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 64 (1886). 
Adult male. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts pale dusky olive, 
with almost obsolete and narrow dusky and yellowish-olive bars; 
wing-coverts dusky brown with olive margins; quills blackish 
brown, the primaries at their base and the secondaries along their 
whole length margined with olive-yellow, the inner webs more or 
less margined with white; shafts brownish black; upper tail-
coverts yellowish white, crossed by dusky bars ; tail typical; nasal 
plumes black with yellowish bases; forehead, supercilium, crown, 
and occiput black, the crown-feathers tipped with scarlet, the super


46 . PICTJMNTJS. 
529 
cilium and sides of the occiput and nape spotted with white; lores 
uniform buff; sides of the face (except the malar region) and neck, 
also the hind neck, olivaceous white barred with dusky black; malar 
region and entire underparts from the chin to the vent uniform 
pale yellow; the under tail-coverts also pale yellow, but crossed by 
dusky bars; under wing-coverts yellowish white, with a dusky 
spot near the base of the primaries. Total length 3*2 inches, 
culmen 0*5, wing 2, tail 0*95, tarsus 0*52; toes (without claws)— 
outer anterior 0*35, outer posterior 0*35, inner anterior 0*25, inner 
posterior 0*16. 

Adult female. Has the top of the head uniform deep black, but is 
in other respects like the adult male. Total length 3*2 inches, 
culmen 0*48, wing 2, tail 1, tarsus 0*5. 

Young. In this plumage the barring upon the back is more distinct 
; the chest is crossed by very faint dusky bars, and the remaining 
underparts have almost obsolete dusky stripes and spots; 
the top of the head is dusky brown, not deep black. 

Hob. North-east Peru (Sarayacu and Yquitos, on the Ucayali 
River), and extending north to the Rio Napo in Ecuador. 

a. $ ad. sk.
b. S ad. sk.
c. <$ ad. sk. 
Nauta, Peru (E. Barthtt). 
Yquitos, Upper Amazon, Oc(M. WJritely). 
Upper Ucayali River, Perut. 
(E. 
Sclater Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 
d. Juv. sk.
Bartlett). 
Rio Napo. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

4. Pictunnus leucogaster. 
Picunmus castelneau, Malh. Picidce, ii. pi. cxvii. figs. 1 $, 2 ( J ?), 
not text (1862). 

Picumnus leucogaster, 
Pelz. Orn. Bras, pp. 241, 335, 442 (1870) ; 
Gray, Hand~l. B. ii. p. 180, no. 8524 (1870); JPek. $ Zorenz. 
Ann. h.-k. Naturhist. JEofm. Wim} p. 42 (1888). 

Adult male. Back, rump, and scapulars pale brown, transversely 
varied with darker brown and whitish; wing-coverts umber-brown 
with paler brown margins * quills brown, the secondaries externally 
margined with fulvescent white, the inner webs of the quills 
more or less margined with white; shafts brown; upper tail-coverts 
white barred with dusky brown; tail typical; nasal plumes and 
lores bufiy white • forehead, crown, occiput, and nape black, the 
coronal feathers tipped with scarlet, the remainder spotted with 
pure white * hind neck like the back; face and neck white barred 
with dusky brown, the ear-coverts brown with smoky-white bars ; 
from the chin to the under tail-coverts, both inclusive, white, and 
entirely uniform except a few brown spots or stripes on the thighs • 
under wing-coverts creamy white, with a brown spot near the base 
of the primaries. Total length 3*5 inches, culmen 0*52, wing 2*15, 
tail 1*2, tarsus 0*53; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*4, 
outer posterior 0*4, inner anterior 0*3, inner posterior 0*22. 

VOL. XVIII. 
2 M 

530 piciD-as. 

Adult female. " Similar to the male, but rather smaller, and with 
the top of the head entirely spotted with white." (Fehehi.) 
Young female. " Has the chest crossed by irregular brown bars." 
(Pelzeln.) 
Hab. Forth Brazil (Bio Branco and Bio Cauame). 

a. S ad. sir. Bio Branco, Brazil, May 30 Sclater Coll. 
(J. Natterer). 
5. Picummus fasens. 
Picuamus fuscus, Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 242, 335, 442 (1870); Gray, 
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 180, no. 8527 (1870); Pelz. fy Lorenz. Ann. k.-k. 
Naturhist. Hofm. Wien, p. 42 (1888). 

Young female. " Above rufous dusky, the nape more inclining to 
rufous; the crown dusky, uniform in front, the posterior feathers 
rufescent in the middle ; lores, orbital region, sides of the head, and 
neck pale rufous; under surface of the body ochreous white; the 
wing-coverts and secondaries margined with olivaceous; bill obscure 
horn-colour; feet pale. Length 4*3 inches, wing 2-15, tail 1*35, 
culmen 0*55, bill from gape 0*65, tarsus 0*6." (Pelzdn.) 

The tail is typical, and a description of it need not be given. 
Eab. Eio Gruapore, west of Matto Grosso, Brazil. 


6. Picumnus temmrncki 
Carpintero enano, Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Paxar. Par ay. ii. p. 327 

(1805). 
Picus minutus (non Linn.), Licht. Verz. JDoubl. p. 11 (1823). 
Picumnus exilis (non Licht.), Temm. PL Col. livr. 62e, no. 371, %. 2 

(1825); Less. Man. dJOm. ii. p. 115 (1828); Wayl Lsis, 1820, 

p. 646. 
Yunx exilis, Less. TraitS, i. p. 232 (1831). 
Piculus exilis, Geqffr. St~Hilaire, N. Ami. du Mas. 1832, p. 397. 
Asthenurus exilis, Swains. Glassif B. ii. p. 311 (1837). 
Picumnus temminckii, Lafr. Pev. Zool 1845, pp. 6, 111; Gray, Gen. 
B. ii. p. 432 (1845); Hartl Ind. Azara, p. 16 (1847); Bp. Consp. 
Gen. Av. i. p. 140 (1850) ; w?. Consp. Voluer. Zygod. p. 11, no. 243 
(1854); Peiahenb. Scans. Picincs, p. 343, no. 780, pi. dcxvi. fig. 
4110, J , pi. dclxxviii. figs. 4480-82, ^J J (1854); Burm. Th. 
Bras. ii. p. 246 (1856); Cab. $ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 21 (1863); 
Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 240, 442 (1870); Sdat. 8f Salv. Nomencl. 
Av. Neotr. p. 98 (1873); Berl. fy liter, in Madar. Zeitsch. gesamm. 
Om. ii. p. 156, pi. ix. fig. 2, $ (1885). 
Picumnus buffoni (non Lafr.), Malh. Picidm, ii. p. 295, pi. cxvi. 
figs. 3, 4 (1862); 

Picumnus ruficollis, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 97 (1866); Gray, 
List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 24 (1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 170, 
no. 8507 (1870). 

Adult male. Differs from P. cirrliatus in having the sides of the 
face and neck rufous, the feathers of the malar region whiter than 
the remainder of the face and tipped with dusky ; the upper parts 
are much more rufescent, and the wing-coverts have more rufescent 

46 . PICUMNUS. 531 
margins or apical spots; the imderparts tinged with rufous posteriorly 
; under wing-coverts buff. Total length 3*7 inches, culmen 0-5, 
wing 2*15, tail 1*3, tarsus 0-5 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 
0*43, outer posterior 0-43, inner anterior 0*3, inner posterior 0-22. 

Adult female. Has no red on the head, the forehead and crown 
being like the occiput and nape black spotted with pure white. 
Total length 3*5 inches, culmen 0-42, wing 2-1, tail 1*3, tarsus 0*5. 

Immature female. Has the ochreous-brown transverse markings 
on the back more distinct; the posterior half of the face and the 
side of the neck paler, and of a buff colour instead of rufous, with a 
few transverse dusky brown markings. In this plumage the top of 
the head is deep black spotted with pure -white. 

Rah. South Brazil (from Pelotas in the Province of Rio Grande 
do Sul, north to Ypanema) and Paraguay. 

a. cT ad. sk.
b, c. o* ad. • d.
5 imm. sk.
e. J ad. sk. 
Eio Grande do Sul, Brazil. 
Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 
(Joyner). 
Ypanema, Brazil, May (J.
Natterer). 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 
7. PiciuniLTis cirrhatus. 

Yunx minuta, Viettl N. Diet, tfllist. Nat xxxiv. p. 230 (1819); id. 
$ Bonn. Bne. Meth. iii. p. 1300 (1823). 
Picumnus cirrhatus, Temm. PL Col. livr. 62e; no. 371,fig. 1 (1825); 
Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 116 (1828) ; Cab. q Heine, Mus. Hein, iv. 

p. 19 (1863); Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 98 (1866); Gray, List 
Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 24 (1868); id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 179, no. 8502 
(1870) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 241, 442 (1870) j Salv. Cat. Strickl. 
Coll.?. 881,no. 1862 (1882). 
Picumnus minutus (non Linn.)) Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 645 ; Bttrm. Th. 

Bras. ii. p. 245 (1856). 
Yunx cirrhatus, Less. TraiU, i. p. 232 (1831). 
Yunx minutissima (pt.), Less. TraitS, i. p. 232 (1831). 
Piculus cirrhatus, Geofr, St.-HiL K Ann. du Mus. 1832, p. 397. 
Picumnus minutissimus, Neuwied, JBeitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 378 

(1832). 
Astkenurus cirrhatus, Swains. Classify B. ii. p. 311 (1837). 
Picumnus cayennensis, Lafr. Bev. ZooL 1845, pp. 6, 8, 111 (pt.); 

Reichenb. Scam. Picince, p. 343, no. 779, pi. dcxvi. fig. 4109, $ 
(1854) ; MalJi. Picidce, ii. p. 280, pi. cxx. figs. 1, 3 (1862). 
Picumnus exilis {non Licht), Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 140 (1850); 
Reichenb. Scans. PicincB, pi. dcxvi. figs. 4107-8 (not text) (1854). 

Picumnus azarse, Cab. % Seine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 20 (1863); Sundev. 
Consp. Av. Picin. p. 98 (1866) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 24 
(1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 179, no. 8503 (1870); Peh. Oni. 
Bras. p. 442 (1870). 

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and rump brown, indistinctly crossed 
by dusky and ochreous-brown bars ; -wing-coverts brown, tipped or 
spotted at the tip with brownish white or ochreous brown ; quills 
dusky brown, the secondaries externally edged with dull yellowish 
white, the inner webs of the quills more or less margined with dull 
white; shafts brown; upper tail-eoverts white barred with dusky; 

2x2 

532 picmm. 

tail typical; nasal plumes buff tipped with black ; top of the head, 
supercilium, occiput, and nape black, the feathers of the forehead 
and crown tipped with scarlet, the remainder spotted with pure 
white; hind neck brownish white barred with dusky; sides of the 
face and neck, and from the chin to the under tail-coverts (both 
inclusive), dull white, slightly buff on the flanks and thighs, the ear-
coverts ochreous brown, the whole being barred evenly with black; 
under wing-coverts buffy white, with a dusky spot near the base of 
the primaries. Total length 3*7 inches, oilmen 0*53, wing 2*15, 
tail 1*25, tarsus 0*55; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*43, 
outer posterior 0*43, inner anterior 0*32, inner posterior 0*28. 

Adult female. Wants the red on the head, the forehead and crown 
being spotted with white like the occiput and nape. In other respects 
it resembles the adult male. Total length 3*6 inches, culmen 
0*5, wing 2*1, tail 1*15, tarsus 0*5. 

Hob. Eastern Brazil (Provinces of Bahia and Rio Janeiro), and 
ranging westward into Paraguay. 

a. 2 ad. sk. Brazil. M. Claussen [P.]. 
b, c. cS ad. sk. Brazil. Gould Coll. 
d. $ ad. sk. Brazil. J. Gould, Esq. [P.], 
P. azarce of Gray's List, p. 24. 
*>/• 6 2 ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll 
g. $ imm. sk. Bahia, Brazil (Wucherer). Sclater Coll. 
k. d ad. sk. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
i. $ &d. sk. Rio de Janeiro (J. Natterer). Sclater Coll. 
k, I tf; m. 5 Novo Eribourgo, Brazil (J. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ad.sk. Youds). 

8. Picumnus spilogaster. 
Yunx minutissima, Gm. Syst Nat i. p. 423 (1788) ; Vieill. N. Diet, 

d'Hist. Nat xxxiv. p. 230 (1819) • id. Gal. Ois. i. pi. xxviii. 

(1825); Less. Traite, i. p. 232 (1831), pt. 

Picus minimus, Shato ty Nodd. Nat. Miscell. ii. pi. xliv. (1790). 

Picus minutus (non Linn), Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 243 (1790); Steph. 

Gen. Zool. ix. p. p. 211, pL xxxvi. (1815). 

lynx minutissima, Licht. Cat. Rer. Hamb. p. 16 (1793). 

Picus minutissimus, Temm. Syst. Cat n. 64 (1807). 

Yunx cayennensis, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 172 (1826). 

Picumnus minutissimus, Neuweid, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 378 

(1832). 
Piculus minutus (non Linn.), Geoffr. St.-Hilaire, N.Ann.Mus. 1832* 

p. 397. 
Picumnus cayennensis, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, pp. 6, 111 (pt.). 
Picumnus spilogaster, Sundev. Consp. Av. Piein. p. 100 (1866); Gray, 
List Picid. Brit Mm. p. 26 (1868): id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 179, 
no. 8511 (1870). 

Adult female. Resembles P. cirrhatus on the upper parts, but 
differs below; the chin, throat, and chest, only, being barred with 
black, and this more narrowly; the breast and remaining underpays 
having drop-like spots of black, the breast-feathers having the 
apical margin dusky, the flanks and thighs transversely spotted; 

46 . PICTTMNTJS. 
533 
the under tail-coverts dusky at the base, and having the apical 
portion uniform, or at the most very minutely spotted with dusky ; 
the ear-coverts blacker. Total length 3*5 inches, culmen 052, wing 
2*14, tail 1*15, tarsus 0*53; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 
0*5, outer posterior 0*5, inner anterior 0*3, inner posterior 0*25. 

Adult male. Differs from the adult female in having the feathers 
of the crown broadly tipped with scarlet. Total length 3*6 inches, 
culmen 0*53, wing 2*1, tail 1*15, tarsus 0*55. 


Hab. Guiana. 

9. Picumnus orbignyanus. 
Picumnus drorbignyaims;Za/h Rev. Zool 1845, pp. 7, 111; Gray, Gen. 
B. ii. p. 432 (1845); JReiehenb. Scans. Picince, p. 345, no. 789 
(1854); Cab.fy Seine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 15 (1803) : Gray, Hand-l. 
B. ii. p. 179, no. 8510 (1870). 
Picumnus orbignyanus, Bp. Comp. Gen. Av. i. p. 141 (1850); Malh. 
Pieidce, ii. p. 283 (1862) ; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 100 (1866) ; 
Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 25 (1868); Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 442 
(1870). 

Microcolaptes 
orbignyanus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 11, no. 247 
(1854). 
Picumnus exilis (non Licht.), Malh. Pieidce, ii. p. 295, text only 
(1802); White, Cam. Mv.-Zand, ii. p. 333 (1882). 
Picumnus, sp. inc., Salv. Ibis, 1880, p. 360; Bumf, in Diary, t e. 
pp. 423, 428 ; White, P. Z. S.1882, p. 616. 

Adult female. Back and scapulars ashy umber-brown, spotted 
with dull white: the rump darker brown with brownish-white 
bars• quills dark brown, the outer webs of the secondaries edged 
with brownish white, the inner webs of the quills more or less 
margined with whitish; shafts brown; upper tail-coverts white 
barred with blackish; tail typical * nasal plumes rufous buff; forehead, 
crown, supercilium, and occiput black, with rounded spots of 
pure white, the nape also black with drop-like spots of white ; hind 
neck dusky with whitish bars; sides of the face and neck white, 
the feathers having a dusky apical margin, the ear-coverts with 
dusky brown bases, and having a spotted appearance; from the 
chin to the under tail-coverts (both inclusive) white, the feathers of 
the chin and throat margined with black, the chest barred, the 
upper breast and sides of lower breast spotted, the flanks, thighs, 
and under tail-coverts barred with black, the feathers of the middle 
portion of the lower breast margined at the tip with blackish, and 
having a scaly appearance ; under wing-coverts white, with a dusky 
brown spot near the base of the primaries : " iris wood-brown; 
beak dark horn-colour, base of lower mandible lighter; legs and feet 
olive-green " {H. Dumford). Total length 3*5 inches, culmen 0*48, 
wing 2*08, tail 1*28, tarsus 0*5 * toes (without claws)—outer anterior 
0*36, outer posterior 0*4, inner anterior 0*22, inner posterior 0*18. 

Adidt male. u Has the crown-feathers tipped with red." (Sundevall.) 
Hob. Extreme north of the Argentine Republic (Salta). 

a, b, c. 2 ad. sk. Salta, Argent. Rep., June H. Durnford, Esq. [C.]. 

534 PICID.3E. 

10. PicumniLs sclateri. 
Pieunmus sclateri, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 327; Sclat. $ Salv. op. cit. 
1878, p. 140 ; Berl 8? Tacz. op. cit 1883, pp. 537,570,1885, p. 122; 
Tacz. Orn. PSrou, iii. p. 60 (188G). 

Adult female. Back, scapulars, and rump umber-brown, transversely 
varied with paler brown; wing-coverts umber-brown margined 
with brownish white; quills brown, the secondaries externally-
margined with dull yellowish white, the inner webs of the quills 
more or less margined with dull white ; shafts brown ; upper tail-
coverts dull white crossed by dusky bars ; tail typical; nasal plumes 
and lores white; top of the head, supercilium, occiput, and nape 
deep black, the nape with small longitudinal spots of white, the 
remainder having larger rounded white spots; sides of the face 
(except the ear-coverts) and neck, hind neck, chin, throat, and chest 
white barred with black, the ear-coverts brown; underparts below 
the chest, also the under tail-coverts, creamy white striped with 
dusky brown ; under wing-coverts buffy white, with a dusky brown 
spot near the base of the primaries. Total length 3-2 inches, culmen 
0*5, wing 2*07, tail 1*12, tarsus 0*56 ; toes (without claws)—outer 
anterior 0*4, outer posterior 0*4, inner anterior 0*25, inner posterior 
0*2. 

Young. Have the top of the head blackish brown (not deep black) 
with short and narrow white stripes. 

Adult male. u Differs from the adult female in having the sinci


pital white-spotted feathers tipped with sulphur-yellow. Wing 

2*05 inches, tail 0*95, bill 0*6, tarsus 0*43." (Taczanoivshi.) 

Bah. The extreme north-west of Peru (Lechugal andTumbez), and 

north into Western Ecuador (Guayaquil and the Balzar Mountains). 

a. J ad. sk. Guayaquil, Ecuador (J. Stolz- Sclater Coll. 
mann). 
b. $ ad. sk. Guayaquil (J. Stolz?nann). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
c} d. $ ad. et Balzar Mts., Ecuador (Ming- Salvin-Godman Cell. 
juv. sk. tuorth). 

11. Picumnus sagittatus. 
Picumnus sagittatus, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 103 (1866); Gray, 
List Field. Brit. Mus. p. 26 (1868); id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 179, 
no. 8518 (1870); Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 241, 442 (1870). 

Adult female. Back, scapulars, and rump pale umber-brown, 
sparingly spotted with white, each spot having at its base a small 
dusky spot; upper tail-coverts black spotted with white; wings 
and their coverts brown, the latter spotted like the back, the quills 
darker, except on the external margins of the secondaries, and 
having their inner webs margined with whitish; shafts light brown; 
tail typical; nasal plumes buffy white; top of the head, occiput, 
and nape black spotted with pure white ; sides of the face and neck 
white barred with blackish brown, the ear-coverts washed with 
brown; malar region black spotted with white; from the chin to 

46. PICUMNUS. 
535 
the under tail-coverts (both inclusive) white, the throat, chest, and 

upper breast with sagittate markings of brownish black, the re


mainder striped with black, the stripes on the flanks and thighs 

drop-like; under wing-coverts dull white, the edge of the wing 

brown, and close to the edge a dusky spot. Total length 3*8 inches, 

culmen 0*53, wing 2-2, tail 1*35, tarsus 0*45• toes (without claws) 

—outer anterior 0-43, outer posterior 0*45, inner anterior 0-28, 

inner posterior 0*22. 

Adult male. " Has the top of the head red." (Pelzeln.) 

Hah. Province of Groyaz, from the Eio Tocantins to Guy aba in 

South Hatto Grosso. 

12. Picumims steindachneri. 
Picumnus steindachneri, 
Taoz. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 40, pi. ii. figs. 1, 2, 
c? $; id. Orn. JPerou, iii. p. 67 (1886). 

Adult male. Back, rump, and scapulars dusky grey, with a few 
almost obsolete whitish spots; wing-coverts dusky brown, with 
greyish-white margins ; quills brown, the secondaries edged with 
gre}ish white, the inner webs of the quills more or less margined 
with dull white; shafts dark brown • upper tail-coverts white, with 
dusky marginal spots ; tail typical* nasal plumes buff, tipped with 
black; lores, malar region, chin, and upper throat white, the feathers 
margined with black: top of the head, occiput, and nape 
black, the feathers of the forehead and fore part of the crown tipped 
with scarlet, the remainder spotted with pure white; posterior part 
of the face and side of the neck barred black and white • fore neck, 
chest, and breast deep black, with drop-like spots of white; the 
remainder of the underparts and the under tail-coverts broadly 
barred black and white; under wing-coverts creamy white, with a 
dusky spot near the base of the primaries, the edge of the wing 
varied with brown. Total length 3-5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2-28, 
tail 1-25, tarsus 0*52 • toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*38, 
outer posterior 0*38, inner anterior 0*23, inner posterior 0*2. 

Adult female. " Similar to the male, but having the whole of the 
top of the head dotted with white. Total length 4*4 inches, wing 
2^28, tail 1*26, bill 0-5, tarsus 0*42." (TaczanowsJci.) 

Eab. North-east Peru (Chirimoto, in the valley of Huayabamba). 

a. S ad. sk. Chirimoto, Peru (/. Stohmann). Sclater ColL 
13. Picumuus jelskii. 
Picumnus albosquamatus [non d'Orb.), Tsch. Av. Consp. Hep. Peruan. 
in Arch, fur Naturg. 1844, p. 302 • Cab, in Tsch, Faun. Peruan. 
Orn. pp. 43, 264 (1845-46) ,* Tacz. P. Z. S.1874, p. 545. 

Picumnus jelskii, Taw. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 41, pi. ii. fig. 3, S) id. Orn. 
PSrou, iii. p. 68 (1886). 

Adult male. Above ashy grey, the feathers edged with lighter 
grey and less distinct than in P. steindaehneri, the black stripes in 

536 PICIDZE. 

the centre of the feathers indistinct; top of the head black, the 
feathers of the forehead and crown largely tipped with red, the 
remainder spotted with white; nasal plumes and base of the forehead 
ochreous ; auricular region brownish grey ; throat dirty 
whitish, the remainder of the underparts whitish, slightly tinged 
with yellow and varied with black spots, those of the chest having 
a barred character, those of the abdomen and flanks being somewhat 
heart-shaped : under tail-coverts whitish with one or two central 
spots of black; wings greyish brown, the coverts narrowly edged with 
light grey; the secondaries externally margined with whitish; inner 
webs of quills and under wing-coverts white,* tail typical: " bill 
blackish, the mandible ashy at the base, yellowish in the middle, 
and blackish at the tip; feet grey; irides dark brown " (Jehli). 
Wing 2-26 inches, tail 1-18, bill 0*52, tarsus 0*43. 

Adult female. Has the whole of the top of the head black, spotted 
with white. In other respects it resembles the adult male. Wing 
2-2 inches, tail 1*22, bill 0-55, tarsus 0-43. 

J^Fever having seen this species, the above descriptions are extracted 
from Taczanowski s 4 Ornithologie du Perou.' 

Hah. Central Peru (Paltaypampa, in the valley of Chancamayo). 

14. Picunuras nebulosus. 
Picumnus nebulosus, Strndev. Consp. Av. Bicin. p. 103 (1866); Gray, 
List Fidd. Brit. Mm. p. 27 (1868) ; id. JSand-l. B. ii. p. 180, 
no. 8521 (1870). 

Female. " Back dusky rufescent and uniform, the rump of the 
same colour; underparts fulvous (or pale rufescent), the sides with 
large spots, longitudinal in shape, reddish dusky in colour, and of 
indeterminate form ; middle of the belly paler (buffy white), varied 
with black spots. Feathers of the throat soft, broad, loose, black, 
broadly margined with ashy white. Head obscurely dusky (but not 
black; it may be a sign of youth), spotted with larger white points 
or dots; sides of the head black, spotted with white; wings more 
obscurely dusky, the margins of the coverts slightly bright fulvescent; 
the primaries not paler externally, the margins of the secondaries 
broadly fulvescent; tail-feathers black, striped with white, 
as in the others (Picwmni); bill blackish, scarcely paler at the base; 
iris (according to the label) dusky. Length of wing 2*3 inches, 
tail 1*43." (Sundevall.) 

The Salvin-Godman collection contains an example of this species, 
but as it appears to be slightly younger than SundevalFs type 
specimen, I quote the original description of the latter. The 
British Museum example differs from the type in having the spots 
on the dusky crown almost obsolete, and the feathers of the back, 
instead of being uniform, are margined at the tip with ochreous 
brown, while those of the rump have a barred appearance. 

Hal. Peru (Huiro, valley of Urubamba). 

a. Juv. sk. Huiro, valley of Urubamba, Peiu, Salvin-Godman CoH. 
4800 feet (J. Orton). 
46 . PICUMNUS. 587 
15. Picxtmnus pygmseiis. 
Picus pygmaeus, Licit. Verz. Doubl. pp. 11,12, note (1823). 

Picumnus ocellatus, Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 646; Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 280 
(1862) ; Swidev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 97 (1866) ; Gray, List Pioid. 
Brit. Miis. p. 28 (1868); id. Hand-L B. ii. p. 180, no.8528 (1870) j 
Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 442 (1870). 

Picumnus pygmseus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 432, pi. 107, S ad. (1845) ; 
Lafr. Bei. Zool. 1845, pp. 7, 111; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 140 
(1850); Reichenb. Scans. Picinm, p. 344, no. 785, pi. cxvii. figs. 
4117-18, tf <f (1854) ; Burnt. Th. Bras. ii. p. 247 (1856) -Malh. 
Picidce, ii. p. 285, pi. cxv. figs. Stfad., 4 $ ad., 5tf juv. (1862) j 
Mat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 330, no. 1968 (1862); Cab. | Heine, Mus. 
Hein. iv. p. 23 (1863): Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll p. 382, no. 1865 
(1882). 

Piculus pygmseus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 11, no. 246 (1854). 

Adult male. Above and below entirely brown, spotted with white, 
the spots more or less round and partially encircled with black, 
more particularly on the underparts; wing-coverts like the back; 
quills brown, the secondaries externally margined with ochreous 
brown, the inner webs of the quills margined with dull buffy white, 
the shafts brownish black * upper tail-coverts white, margined with 
dusky brown ; tail typical; nasal plumes buffy white, tipped with 
black ; top of the head, occiput, and nape black, the sincipital 
feathers tipped with scarlet, the remainder spotted with white; 
sides of the face and neck brown, the ear-coverts striped, the remainder 
spotted with white; under wing-coverts pale buff, with a 
dusky brown spot near the base of the primaries. Total length 3 5 
inches, culmen 0*47, wing 1*97, tail 1*1, tarsus 0*48 ; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*37, outer posterior 0*37, inner anterior 0'28, 
inner posterior 0*18. 

Adirft female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of red 
on the top of the head, this being entirely black, spotted with white. 
Total length 3*5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2, tail 1*18, tarsus 0*48. 

Young. Have the top of the head dusky brown, with almost 
obsolete paler brown transverse spots * the body, both above and 
below, is of a paler and more rufescent brown, the chin is whiter, 
the fore neck, chest, and middle of the breast have elongated and 
somewhat triangular spots of buffy white, not margined with black, 
the spots on the wing-coverts being similar ; the underparts below 
the breast are burly brown, with darker brown bars. 

Hah. Eastern Brazil (provinces of Bahia and Bio Janeiro). 

a. $ ad. sk.
b. S ad. sk. 
Brazil. 
Brazil. 
M. Claussen [P.]. 
Old Coll. 
e, d. (S; e> 
sk. 
$ ad. Bahia (Dr. Wucherer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
f,gS; 
h«.
ad. sk. 
$ Bahia. Sclater Coll. 
h. (S; ^ ni. § 
sk.
ad. Novo Fribourgo, Bra 
Youds). 
zil (J. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

538 
PICIDiE. 

16. Picumnus asterias. 
Picumnus asterias, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 97 (1866) ; Gray, 
Lid Picid. Brit Mus. p. 28 (1868) ; id. Band4. B. ii. p. 180, 
no. 8529 (1870) ; Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 442 (1870). 

Adult. " Above dusky; below, from the bill to the anus, black, 
closely spotted with white. Similar to P. pygmceus, but with the 
under surface black, closely spotted with round spots of large size; 
the spots on the back also larger, but fewer in number : in the 
female (? young) less distinct. Planks and vent black, banded with 
white. The crown, bill, &c. as in P. pygmceus. Wing 1*93 inches." 
(Sundevall.) 

Hah. Brazil. 

17. PicTannus guttifer, 
Picumnus 
guttifer, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 101 (1866)* Peh. 
Orn. Bras. p. 442 (1870). 

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and rump brown, spotted with 
white, the spots being partially surrounded with dusky; upper 
series of the upper tail-coverts also brown with white tips, the lower 
series black, minutely spotted with white at the tip• wing-coverts like 
the back, but the spots rather smaller; quills brown, the secondaries 
externally margined with greyish white, the inner webs of the quills 
with whitish margins ; shafts brown ; tail typical* nasal plumes 
buff, with black tips * forehead and crown orange-scarlet, the bases 
of the feathers black • occiput, nape, and orbital region black, 
minutely spotted with pure white; ear-coverts brown, barred with 
greyish white; the remainder of the face, side of the neck, chin, 
throat, and fore neck black, with more or less drop-like spots of 
pure white ; taking the remaining underparts as white, the feathers 
of the chest and breast are margined with black and have a black 
central stripe widening at the base on the chest* the remaining 
underparts are mainly striped with black, and the thighs as well as 
the under tail-coverts transversely spotted• the underparts have a 
very scaly appearance • under wing-coverts buffy white, the edge of 
the wing brown and a dusky spot near it. Total length 4 inches, 
culmen 0*5, wing 2*25, tail 1-35, tarsus 0*5; toes (without claws) 
—outer anterior 0*46, outer posterior 0*5, inner anterior 0*32, 
inner posterior 0*25. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of red 
on the forehead and crown, the entire top of the head being black, 
spotted with pure white. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0*52, wing 
2*3, tail 1-4, tarsus 0-5. 

Eat. Provinces of Goyaz and Matto Grosso, Brazil. 

a, b. $ $ ad. sk. Chapada, Matto Grosso, March, Sahdn-Godman Coll. 
April (H. R. S?nith). 

46. picrasnis. 
539 
18. Picumiius albosqnamatus. 
Picumnus albosquamatus, Lafr. in d'Orb. Voy. AmSr.MSrid. iv. Ois. 
p. 380, pi. lxiv. fig. 2 (1835-44)* id. Rev. Zool. 1845, pp. 7, 111; 
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 432 (1845) ; Malh. Pieidce, ii. p. 283; pi. cxv. 
fig. 2, tf (1862); Cab. $ Seine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 13 (1863); 
Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 103 (1866); Gray, List Picid. Brit. 
Mus. p. 26 (1868)• id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 179, no. 8516 (1870); 
Sclat. 8r Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 98 (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 
1879, p. 631; Salv. Cat. Strickl Coll p. 382, no. 1867 (1882). 
Picumnus albisquaniatus, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 140 (1850) ; 
Reichenb. Scans. Picincs, p. 345, no. 786, pi. dcxvii. fig. 4116, $ 
(1854). 

Microcolaptes albisquaniatus, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zyyod. p. 11, no. 250 
(1854). 

Adult male. Back, rump, and scapulars brownish dusky, with a 
few almost obsolete whitish spots ; wing-coverts dusky brown, with 
paler brown margins and dull white spots ; quills darker brown, 
the primaries whitish at the base of the inner web, the secondaries 
externally margined with dusky yellowish, the inner webs edged 
with buffy white; shafts dark brown ; upper tail-coverts white 
margined at the tip with dusky; tail typical; nasal plumes and 
lores buffy white, the former tipped with black; the top of the head, 
occiput, nape, and supercilium black, the feathers of the forehead 
and crown tipped with vermilion, the remainder spotted with pure 
white• sides of the face and neck dull white, the feathers edged 
with black, the ear-coverts dark brown spotted with paler brown ; 
chin and throat, chest, and breast white, the feathers elongated and 
edged with black, those of the breast having a black central stripe ; 
remainder of the underparts and the under tail-coverts rufescent 
white, most of the feathers having a central stripe of black; under 
wing-coverts buffy white, with a dusky spot near the base of the 
primaries ; bill black. Total length 3*5 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 
2-1, tail 145, tarsus 0*55* toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*38, 
outer posterior 0*38, inner anterior 0*3, inner posterior 0*2. 

Adult female. Has no red on the top of the head, this being 
entirely black spotted with white. Total length 3*5 inches, culmen 
0*5, wing 2*1, tail 1*3, tarsus 0*5. 

Hah. Bolivia (Province of Yungas). 

a. (S ad. sk. Bolivia. 
T. Bridges [C.]. 
b. S ad. sk. Bolivia. 
Purchased. 
c. $ ad. sk. Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas, Bolivia Salvin-Godman Coll. 
(C. Buckley). 
19. Picumims lepidotus. 
Le Petit Pic de Cayenne, Briss. Orn. iv. p. 83 (1760). 

Picumnus 
lepidotus, Cab. fy Heine, Mus. Hem. iv. p. 14 (1863); 
Sunder), Consp. Av. Picin. p. 102 (1866) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. 
Mus. p. 26 (1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 179, no. 8514 (1870); 
Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 442 (1870); Sclat. fy Salv. Nomencl. A v. Neotr. 

p. 98 (1873) • Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 382, no 1866 (1882). 
540 
PICID-aE. 

Picumnus squamiger, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picm. p. 102 (1866); Gray, 
List Bicid. Brit Mus. p. 26 (1868); id, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 179, 
no. 8517 (1870). 

Adult male. Kesembles P. albosquamatus, but differs in having 
the upper parts browner, with large fulvescent-white spots, and 
within and joining these a smaller spot of black; the feathers of 
the tmderparts not elongated, but shorter and rounder, with a very 
narrow black margin ; the base of the bill conspicuously yellow. 
Total length 3*8 inches, culmen 0*53, wing 2-16, tail 1*17, tarsus 
0*55; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*42, outer posterior 
042, inner anterior 0*28, inner posterior 0*2. 

Adult female. Has no red on the top of the head, the whole being 
spotted with white. Total length 3*75 inches, culmen 0*46, wing 
2*15, tail 1-12, tarsus 0*53. 


Hob. Surinam and Cayenne. 

a. S 
ad. sk. [N. Brazil.] Old Coll. 
Spec, a of Gray's List, p. 26. 
b. <$ ad.; c. $ imm. sk. Cayenne. Sclater Coll. 
d. <S ad. sk. Surinam. Sclater Coll. 
20. Picumnus s<pamiilatTis. 
Picumnus squamulatus, Lafr. Bev. Zool. 1845, p. 208 ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 
1855, p. 162; id. Cat Amer. B. p. 331, no. 1970 (1862); Malh. 
Bicidce, ii. p. 282, pi. cxvii. figs. 3, 4, <$ $ (1862); Cab. $ Heine, 
Mus. Hein. iv. p. 14 (1863); Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 102 
(1866); Sclat. §* Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 629; Gray, List Bicid. 
Brit. Mus. p. 26 (1868); id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 179, no. 8515 (1870) -
Sclat. <$• Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 98 (1873). 

Microcolaptes squamulosus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 11, no. 251 
(1854). 
Picumnus albosquamatus {non Lafr. fy d'0?*b.), Licht. Nomencl. Av. 

p. 78(1854). 
Adult male. Back, rump, scapulars, and wing-coverts brown, the 
feathers margined with black, and having a subapical squamate 
marking of light fulvescent brown ; quills dark brown, the secondaries 
externally margined with olive-yellow * inner webs of the 
quills more or less margined with white • shafts dark brown ; upper 
tail-coverts yellowish white, with blackish margins : tail typical; 
nasal plumes reddish brown tipped with black; top of the head, 
occiput, and nape black, the feathers of the forehead and crown 
tipped with orange-scarlet, the remainder, including the supereilium, 
spotted with pure white; lores, sides of the face, and neck white, 
with a brown auricular stripe, the white feathers being narrowly 
margined with black ; from the chin to the under tail-coverts, both 
inclusive, white, all the feathers margined with black, and having 
a squamate appearance; under wing-coverts buffy white margined 
with dusky, and having, near the base of the primaries, a dusky 

patch or spot. Total length 3*5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*2, tail 

1*2, tarsus 0*52; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*38, outer 

posterior 0*38, inner anterior 0*22, inner posterior 0*15. 

46. PictJMNtrs. ^ 
541 
Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the feathers 
of the forehead and crown like those of the occiput and nape, black 
spotted with pure white. Total length 3*5 inches, culmen 0*48, 
wing 2-1, tail 1*03, tarsus 0*52. 

Young female. Has the top of the head dusky, the feathers of 
the forehead and crown with a subterminal crescent-shaped marking 
of brownish white, the occipital feathers having a whiter subapical 
spot. 

Hab. New Granada (Bogota) and Venezuela, north to Caraccas. 

a, b. $ 2 ad. sk. New Granada. Sclater Coll. 
c, d. $ ad. et imrn. New Granada. Gould Coll. 
sk. 
e,f. 6 2 ad. sk. New Granada. Purchased. 
ff, h. J ad. sk. New Granada. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
i. $ imm. sk. Venezuela. Gould Coll. 
h. $ ad. sk. 
L 2 imm. sk. 
Caraccas, Venezuela. 
San Esteban? Venezuela, 
Mr. Dyson [C.]. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
m. <$ imm. sk. 
Jan. (A. Goering). 
San Esteban, Jan. (A. Sclater Coll. 
Goering), 

21. Picunuius iheringi. 
Picumnus 
iheringi, Berl Ibis, 1884, p. 441; id, fy Jher. in Madar. 
Zeitsch. gesamm. Orn. ii. p. 156, pi. ix. fig. 1, $ (1885). 

Adult male. Back, rump, and scapulars brown, with paler and 
more rufescent margins to the feathers; the upper tail-coverts 
buffy brown striped with black; wing-coverts blackish brown, 
narrowly margined with rufescent or brownish buff; quills blackish 
brown, whitish on more or less of the inner margin, the secondaries 
externally edged with rufescent buff; quills brownish black; tail 
typical; nasal plumes brownish white tipped with black: base of 
forehead brownish black spotted with white; remainder of forehead 
and anterior part of the crown crimson, the bases of the feathers 
black; the hinder part of the crown and the occiput black, the 
feathers having a white apical spot, and being very much elongated; 
lores and orbital region dusky, spotted with white; supercilium 
black spotted with white; sides of the neck and the nape dingy 
white, the ear-coverts and a broad stripe behind being rufescent 
brown varied with blackish ; malar region, chin, and upper throat 
dusky black, the feathers tipped with white; entire underparts and 
under tail-coverts buff, more or less rufescent, broadly striped with 
dusky black; under wing-coverts buffy white. Total length 
3*85 inches, culmen 0*47, wing 2*15, tail 1*35, tarsus 0*55 : toes 
(without claws)—outer anterior 0*43, outer posterior 0*48, inner 
anterior 0"25, inner posterior 0*25. 

Hab. South Brazil (Taquara do Mundo Novo, Province of Rio 
Grande do Sul). 

542 PIC1DJS. 

22. Picumnus minutus ** 
Pipra minuta, Linn, Syst. Nat. i. p. 340 (1766). 
Picus exilis, Licht. Tens. Douhl. p. 11 (1823); Burm. Th. Bras. ii. 

p. 246 (1856). 
Asthenurus minutus, Swains, Zool. Journ. ill p. 353 (1828). 
Picumnus cirratus (non Temm.\ Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 645. 
Picumnus lichtensteinii, Lafr. Iter. Zool. 1845, p. 6. 
Picumnus exilis, Lafr. JRev. Zool. 1845, p. Il l (pt.); Gray, Gen. B. 
ii. p. 432 (1845) ; Cab. $ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p.'21 (1863). 
Picumnus minutus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 11, no. 242 (1854); 
Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 98 (1866); Gray, List Picid. Brit. 
Mus. p. 25 (1868): id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 179, no. 8504 (1870)* 
Pete. Orn. Bras. pp. 241, 442 (1870); Salv. Cat. Strickl Coll 

p. 382, no. 1864 (1882). 
Picumnus hypoxanthus, Beichenh. Scans. Picincs, p. 344, no. 783, 
pi. dexvii. figs. 4112-3 11854); "Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 294, pi. cxix. 
figs. 1, 2 (1862). 

Picumnus guttatus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 295, pi. cxix. fig. 3 (1862). 
Picumnus buffoni (pt.), Sclat. Cat Amer. B. p. 330, no. 1907 (1862). 

Adult male. Back, rump, and scapulars olive, the feathers having 
yellow margins and blackish spots; upper tail-coverts yellowish 
white ; wing-coverts olive dusky with yellowish margins, and having 
at the tip a yellowish-white and a black spot; quills brownish 
dusky, the outer webs of the secondaries and of the primaries at 
the base margined with olive-yellow, inner webs of quills more or 
less margined with whitish, the inner secondaries having whitish 
tips and a subapical black spot• shafts brownish black• tail black, 
the inner webs of the central pair of feathers white* the two outer 
large feathers on either side having a broad oblique white stripe 
from the base of the outer web to the tip of the inner web; shafts 
of the same colour as the surrounding web, the base of those of the 
central pair of feathers white ; nasal plumes burly white tipped with 
black; top of the head, occiput, and nape black, the sincipital feathers 
tipped with orange-scarlet, the remainder minutely spotted with 
white ; face white, ear-coverts olive, side of the neck yellowish, the 
whole being barred with black; entire under surface of the body 
and under tail-coverts yellow, the chin and upper throat whiter, 
the whole being barred with black; under wing-coverts pale buff. 
Total length 3*2 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2*05, tail 1*05, tarsus 0*5 ; 
toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*37, outer posterior 0*37, 
inner anterior 0*2, inner posterior 0*15. 

Adult female. Has no red upon the head, the forehead, crown, 
and occiput being deep black spotted with pure white. Total length 
3*2 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2, tail 1*15, tarsus 0*5. 


* I have examined the specimens which Sundevall regarded as typical of 
P. minutus of Linnaeus; they are the yellow Brazilian bird, and, without 
hesitation, I accept Sundevall's decision, which would possibly be aided by 
tradition, instead of following Dr. Cabanis, who considers the less vividly 
coloured G-uianan species to be the true P. minutus. 
46. PICUMNUS. 
543 

Young (sex?). Differs from tlie adult female in having the top of 
the head, occiput, and nape dusky, not deep black, spotted with 
dingy white on the forehead and crown, and striped with the same 
on the occiput and nape. 
Bab. Brazil (Province of Bahia), extending westward into Peru. 

a. $ ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased. 
b. 2 ad.sk. Brazil. Gould Coll. 
c. $ ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll. 
d. J ad. sk. 
e,f,ff-d; h. 2 
Bahia, Brazil. 
Bahia (Wucherer). 
Tweedclale Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ad. sk. 
i,k. 3 2 ad.; Bahia (Wucherer). Sclater Coll. 
I. Juv. sk. 
m, n. $ 2 ad. sk. Peru (Tschudi). Sclater Coll. 

23. Picunmus Ttn&ulatus. 
Picumnus minutus (non Linn.), Cab. in Schomb. JReis. Guian. iii. 

p. 714 (1848); id. $ Heine, Mtis. Hein. iv. p. 17 (1863); Salv. 
Ibis, 1886, p. 57. 
Picumnus minimus (non Shaio 8f Nodd.), JSclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 330, 
no. 1969 (1862). 
Picumnus undulatus, Harg. Ibis, 1889, p. 354. 


Adult male. Besembles P. minutus, but may be distinguished by 
its darker and brownish-olive upper parts, crossed by broad and 
wavy dusky markings, and narrow wavy markings of yellow; the 
spotting on the wing-coverts less distinct; the under surface of the 
body very much less yellow. Total length 3*5 inches, culmen 0*4, 
wing 2*1, tail 1*1, tarsus 0*5 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 
0*33, outer posterior 0*33, inner anterior 0*2, inner posterior 0*15* 

Adult female. Has the forehead and crown like the occiput and 
nape, black spotted with pure white. Total length 3*3 inches, 
culmen 0*42, wing 2, tail 1*05, tarsus 0*48. 

Young. Have the top of the head dusky, instead of deep black, 
the forehead and crown with rounded spots of dull white, the 
occiput and nape having stripes or stripe-like spots of the same; 
the transverse markings above less distinct, and the underparts with 
only a faint tinge of yellow. 

Hob. British Guiana, Surinam, and Cayenne. 

a. S ad. sk. S. America. Sclater Coll. 
b. tf ad.; c. 2 Biver Oyapoek, Cayenne. Sclater Coll. 
imm. sk. 

d. <$ ad. sk. Eiver Oyapock, Cayenne. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Merume* Mts., British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
6>f>9-df h>h 

June, July (B. Whitely). 

h. 2 ad. sk. 
Roraima, Nov., Dec. (B. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

I, m. S ad. et 

Whitely).

juv. sk. 

a<i-sk-Boraima, Nov. (JET. Whitely). Sclater Coll. 

n, o. d 2

Camacusa, May (B. Whitely). Salvin-Godman Coll. 

p, q. <S 2 ad. sk. 

54i PICID JE. 

24. Picumnus bufJoni. 
Tres petit pic de Cayenne, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 37 (1780); 
Dauhent. PL Bnl. no. 786 j 'Bodd. Tail. PL Enl. p. 49, no. 786 
(1783). 

Picumnus minutissimus, Temm. PL Col. livr. 62e, Picumn. sp. 1 (1825). 
Picumnus buffoni, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, pp. 6, 9 ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. 

p. 432 (1845) ; Pp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 140 (1850); id. Consp. 
Volucr. Zygod. p. 11, no. 245 (1854) ; Reichenb. Scans. Picince, 
p. 344, no. 782, pi. dcxvi. fig. 4111, <$ (1854); Sclat. Cat. Amer. 
B. p. 330, no. 1967 (1862) (pt.); Cab, et Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 23 
(1863); Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 99 (1866); Gray, List 
Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 25 (1868) ; id. Hand-L B. ii. p. 179, no. 8505 
(1870) ; Pete. Orn. Bras. p. 442 (1870). 
Picumnus guttatus, Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 344, no. 784, pi. dcxvii. 
figs. 4114-5(1854). 
Picumnus exilis (non Licht), Malh. Picidce, ii. pi. cxvi. figs. 5^,65 
(not text) (1862). 
Picumnus guttifer (?ion Sundev.), Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 26 
(1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 179, no. 8513 (1870). 

Adult male. Eesembles P. minutus, but differs in having the back 
and scapulars spotted with white or yellowish white, the spots 
being partially margined with black; the upper parts duller in 
colour, the feathers wanting the yellow margins ; the wing-coverts 
with longitudinal and somewhat triangular spots of white edged 
with black, and without the black subapical spot. Total length 
3 inches, culmen 0*43, wing 1*95, tail 1, tarsus 0-47; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*4, outer posterior 0*4, inner anterior 0*27, 
inner posterior 0*2. 

Young male. Differs from the adult female in having the top of 
the head dusky, not black, the forehead and crown with bars and 
transverse spots of smoky white, the occiput and nape having stripelike 
spots of dull white; the spots on the upper parts rather larger 
and of a dull yellow. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of red 
on the top of the head, this being entirely black spotted with white. 
Total length 3 inches, culmen 0*48, wing 2*05, tail 1*05, tarsus 0*5. 

Bab. Cayenne. 

a. 2 ad. sk. [Brazil.] Purchased. 
b. (S ad. sk. [Brazil] J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
P. guttifer of Gray's List, p. 26. 
c. S ad. sk. Cayenne. Sclater Coll. 
d. <$ ad.sk. Cayenne. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
e. f. <S ad. et juv. E. Oyapock, Cayenne (Jelsh). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
sk. 
25. Picumnus punctifrons, 
Picumnus aurifrons (non Pete.), Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 546, 1882, 
p. 42. 
Picumnus punctifrons, Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 65 (1886). 
Adult male. Eesembles P. aurifrons in having the sincipital 
feathers tipped with golden yellow, but differs in having the hinder 

46. PICTTMXUS.
part of the crown, occiput, and nape black spotted with pure white; 
the entire underparts are barred with olive-black, the groundcolour 
being yellow; the upper parts and scapulars are deeper olive 
barred with dull yellowish olive ; the greater series of wing-coverts 
have an apical white spot, and within this and joining it a spot of 
dusky black : " irides grey " (Stolzmann). Total length 3 inches, 
culmen 0*48, wing 2*05, tail 1, tarsus 0*48; toes (without claws)— 
outer anterior 0*35, outer posterior 0*35, inner anterior 0*23, inner 
posterior 0*15. 

Adult female, " Differs only from the male in having the spots on 
the forehead white, like the remainder of the top of the head. Total 
length 3*7 inches, wing 1*94, tail 0*92, bill 0*52, tarsus 0*43." 

(Taczanowslci.) 

Young, in first plumage. " Differ from the adult in having the 
back of a browner tint, the margins of the feathers reddish olive ; the 
spots on the top of the head ochreous white ; the throat with scarcely 
any dark bars; the bars on the abdomen more broken ; the margins 
of the secondary and tertiary quills less striking." (Taczanoiuski.) 

Hab, Central and North-east Peru (Monterico and Huambo). 

a. 3 ad. sk. Huambo, Peru, Feb. (/. Stolzmann). Sclater Coll. 
26. Picumims lafresnayii. 
Picumnus lafresnavei, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 282, pi. cxviii.figs. 4, 5, $ 
§ (1802) ; Cab. # Heine, Mm. Hein. iv. p. 17 (1863); Gray, 
List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 25 (1868); id. Hand-l JB.il p. 179, 
no. 8508 (1870). 

Picumnus lafresnavi, 
Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 100 (1866); Tacz. 
$ Berl P. Z. S. 1885, p. 106; Tacz. Orn. Pirou, iii. p. 70 (1886)*. 

Adidt male. Differs from P. minutus in wanting the blackish 
spots above, the upper parts being deep olive with dull yellowish 
bars ; the wing-coverts brownish olive with yellowish-olive margins, 
and without any spots of black or white ; the olive-yellow external 
margins to the secondaries are broken by dusky spots* the top of the 
head, occiput, and nape are deep umber-brown, the sincipital feathers 
very minutely tipped with scarlet, the remaining parts being spotted 
with white, but the spots are more or less surrounded with black ; 
underparts less yellow, and the bars fewer and broader ; the 
dimensions are rather less. Total length 3 inches, culmen 0*43, 
wing 1*9, tail 0*87, tarsus 0*45; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 
0*35, outer posterior 0*35, inner anterior 0*25, inner posterior 
0*15. 

* I)r. Taczanowski gives P. buffimi of Sclater and Salvin, P. Z. S. 1866, 
p. 196, 1873, p. 291, as a synonym of the present species. The specimens 
mentioned in the above papers were collected by Mr. Edward Bartlett in Peru, 
and are not P. lafresnayli; they may be known from the latter by the male having 
the sincipital feathers tipped with yellow, and it is upon Mr. Bartlett's 
birds that I have founded my new species P. fiavifrons. We have no authentic 
record of P. lafresnayii being found in Peru. 
VOL. XVIII. 
2 N 

546 
PICHLE. 

Adult female. Has the forehead and crown spotted with white like 
the occiput and nape, the red which characterizes the male heing 
wanting. Total length 3 inches, culmen 0*42, wing 2*12, tail 0*9, 
tarsus 0*42. 

Young. Differ from the adult in having the top of the head, 
occiput, and nape brownish dusky striped with dingy white. 
Hab. South-eastern Ecuador, north to Sarayacu. 

a, b. S ad.; c. Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
$ ad. sk. 
d, <$ ad.• e. § Sarayacu, Ecuador (C, Buckley). Selater Coll. 
juv. sk. 

27. PiciimiLTLS aurifrons. 
Picumnus 
aurifrons, Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 241, 334, 442 (1870)*. 
Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 179, no. 8519 (1870); Pelz. fy Lorenz, 
Ann. k.-h. NaturMst. Hofm. Wien, p. 42 (1888). 

Adult male. Above, including scapulars, dire-brown, the feathers 
of the rump and the upper tail-coverts tipped with olive-yellow; 
wing-coverts olive-brown margined with yellowish olive; quills 
dusky brown, the outer webs of the primaries marrowly margined 
with greyish yellow, those of the secondaries more broadly margined 
with olive-yellow, the inner webs of the quills more or less margined 
with huffy white ; shafts dark brown ; upper tail-coverts yellowish 
white; tail typical, the white on the feathers tinged with yellow ; 
nasal plumes and lores dull huffy white, the former tipped with 
black ; top of the head, occiput, and nape brownish black, the sincipital 
feathers tipped with golden yellow, the remainder spotted 
with white, the nuchal spots having a striated character; sides of 
the face and neck dull yellowish white, the ear-coverts striped, the 
malar region barred, and the side of the neck spotted with black; 
chin and throat dull white, the under surface of the body and under 
tail-coverts dull yellowish white ; the chest barred with dusky 
black, the remaining underparts striped with the same* under wing-
coverts pale buff. Total leugth 3 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 1*9, tail 
0*9, tarsus 0*45 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*3, outer 
posterior 0*3, inner anterior 0*22, inner posterior 0*15. 

Immature male. Has the sincipital feathers tipped with yellow 
as in the adult male, but those of the hinder crown and occiput are 
of an umber-brown more or less striped with dull white, and on the 
forehead and crown some of the blackish-brown feathers which 
characterize the adult are appearing; the markings on the underparts 
are similar to those of the adult but fainter, and the groundcolour 
of the breast and abdomen slightly whiter. 

Female {not fully adult). " Similar to the male but less, and with 
the crown entirely spotted with white " (Pelzeln). 
Hob. Upper Amazon Eegion (Borba and following the course of 
the Rio Madeira). 

a. S ad. sk. Rio Madeira, Oct. 10 (J". Natterer). Selater Coll. 
b. J imm. sk. Borba, Aug. 30 (J. Natterer). Selater Coll. 
46. picxnous. 
547 

28. Picumnus borbse. 
Picumnus borbse, Peh. Orn. Bras. pp. 241, 334, 442 (1870); Gray, 
Hand-l B. ii. p. 179, no. 8512 (1870) ; Pels. $ Zorenz, Ami. k.-k. 
Katurhist. Hoffm. Wien, p. 42 (1888). 

Adult male. e- Similar to P. aurifrons, but having the top of the 
head spotted anteriorly with red instead of yellow " (Pelzeln). " Iris 
dark brown; hinder half of lower mandible blue-grey ; upper mandible 
deep black; feet and claws dark blue-grey. Total length 
4*2 inches, expanse 6*9; the tail reaches 0 5 beyond the tip of the 
wing" (batterer). 

Adult female. " Wants the red on the top of the head." (Pelzeln.) 
Hab. Eorba, Miranha, Brazil, and extending to the Ucayali 
Biver in Peru *. 

29. Picumnus flavifrons. (Plate XIV.) 
Picumnus buff oni 
(non Zafr.), Sclat. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 196, 
1873, p. 290. 
Picumnus flavifrons, Harg. Ibis, 1889, p. 229. 

Adult male. Pesembles P. aurifrons in having the top of the head, 
occiput, and nape black, the sincipital feathers tipped with golden 
yellow, the remainder spotted with white; but differs in having the 
under surface of the body yellower, the chest barred with black, and 
the parts below spotted (not striped) with black. Total length 3*5 
inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2-05, tail 0-95, tarsus 0*45,- toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*3, outer posterior 0*3, inner anterior 0*2, 
inner posterior 0*15. 

Young female. Has the top of the head, occiput, and nape dusky 
brown striped with white ; the underparts are very yellow, and the 
chest is barred as in the adult, but the breast and abdomen, instead 
of being spotted, are striped with dusky brownish olive. 

Hab. Sarayacu, Peru. 

a, b. <$ ad. et J juv. sk. Sarayacu, E. Peru, July. E. Bartlett [O.]. 

(Types of the species.) 

The young specimen was obtained by Mr. E. Bartlett at Sarayacu, 
Peru, upon the same day as the adult male above described, 
and is evidently the young of the same species. It very much resembles 
the young of P. aurifrons. 

30. Picumnus wallacii. (Plate XIY.) 
Picumnus wallacii, Harg. Ibis, 1889, p. 230. 
Adult male. Kesembles P. flavifrons from Sarayacu, Peru, but 
may be distinguished by the umber-brown ground-colour of the 
feathers on the top of the head, these, however, anteriorly being 

* An example in my own collection from the latter locality corresponds in every 
way with DP. Pelzeln's description of P. horbcs, and is without doubt that 
species. 
2sr2 

548 
PICIDJE. 

similarly tipped with yellow, and posteriorly spotted with white ; 
the barring on the chest, and the spotting below this, being dusky 
olive. Total length 3*2 inches, culmen 0*48, wing 1-95, tail 0-95, 
tarsus 0*46 • toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*35, outer posterior 
0*35, inner anterior 0*23, inner posterior 0*18. 

Hab. Upper Amazons. 

a. 
<$ ad.sk. Upper Amazons (A. R. Wallace). Sclater Coll. 
(Type of species.) 
31. Picnmnus olivaceus. 
Picumnus olivaceus, Lafr. Rev. Zool 1845, pp. 7, 111; Gray, Gen. B. 
ii. p. 432 (1845) • Bp. Consp. Gen. AD. i. p. 141 (1850); Reickenb. 
Scans. Picince, p. 345, no. 788 (1854); Malh. Picidm, ii. p. 295, 
pi. cxx. figs. 4-6 (1862)• Cab. f Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 11 
(1863); Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 104 (I860); Gray, List 
JPicid. Brit. Mm. p. 27 (1868); id. Hand4. B. ii. p. 179, no. 8520 
(1870) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 837. 
Microcolaptes 
olivaceus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 11, no. 249 
(1854). 
Picumnus granadensis (non Lafr.), Sclat. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 162 (pt.) ; 
Sclat Cat. Amer. B. p. 331, no. 1971 (1862). 
Picumnusfla-votmctus, Ridgw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1888, p. 543*. 

Adult male. Back, rump, and scapulars pale brownish olive; wing-

coverts pale brown margined with yellowish olive; quills dusky 

brown, the primaries at the base and the secondaries along their 

whole length externally margined with olive-yellow, the inner webs 

of the quills more or less margined with dull white • shafts dark 

brown; upper tail-coverts yellowish white; tail typical; nasal 

plumes black, with yellowish-white bases ; the top of the head, super


cilium, occiput, and nape black, the feathers of the forehead and 

crown tipped with orange-scarlet, the remainder spotted with pure 

white; anterior half of face white, the feathers margined with 

black; posterior half of the face and side of the neck pale oli


vaceous brown ; the ear-coverts darker brown; chin and upper 

throat yellowish wThite, the upper feathers margined with black; 

chest olivaceous or yellowish brown, the remainder of the under


pays and under tail-coverts yellow striped with olive dusky or 

brownish; under wing-coverts pale buff, with a dusky brown spot 

near the base of the primaries. Total length 3*5 inches, culmen 0*5, 

wing 2*1, tail 1*15, tarsus 0*48 • toes (without claws)—outer anterior 

0*35, outer posterior 0 35, inner anterior 0*22, inner posterior 0*18. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the entire 

top of the head black spotted with white. Total length 3*5 inches, 

culmen 0*5, wing 2-2, tail 1*15, tarsus 0*5. 

Hal. Eastern part of New Granada, and reappearing in Costa 

lliea and Honduras. 

* I cannot agree with Dr. Ridgway in separating this bird from the Colombian 
P. olivaceus; the differences given by this author are, to my mind, rather 

subtle. 

46. PICTTMSTTTS. 549 
a, h. S 9. ad. sk.
c, d. <3 ad. sk.
e*f. 6 2 ad. sk.
g. <$ ad. sk.
h. <$ ad. sk. 
Bogota, U. S. Colom 
Bogota. 
Bogota. 
Bogota. 
Julian, Hondurasbia. 
(G. M. 
Gould Coll. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Sclater Coll. 
Purchased. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Whitely). 
L <$ ad. sk. San Pedro, Honduras (G. M. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Whitely). 

Subsp. a. Mcumiius granadensis. 

Picumniib granadensis, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 78 : Gray, Gen. B. iii. 
App. p. 21 (1849); Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 141 (1850); Reichenb. 
Scans. Picince, p. 345, no. 790 (1854); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860, pp. 95, 
287; Malh. Picidm, ii. pi. cxviii. fig. 3 '(1862); Sclat Cat. 
Amer. B. p. 831, no. 1971 (1862); Cab. $ Heine, Mus. Hem. iv. 

p. 12 (1863) ; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 104 (1866); Gray, 
List Picid. Brit Mus. p. 27 (1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 180, 
no. 8522 (1870); Salv. Ibis, 1874, p. 323; Berl $ Tacz. P. Z. S. 
1883, p. 570, 1885, pp. C8, 106. 
Microcolaptes granadensis, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 11, no. 248 
(1854). 
Picumnus olivaceus (non Lafr.), Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 212 ; id. 8f Sclat. 
op. cit. 1879, p. 532; Berl. § Tacz. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 282. 

Adult male. Resembles P. olivaceus, but differs in having the 
feathers of the crown tipped with golden yellow. Total length 3*5 
inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*15, tail 1*15, tarsus 0*5; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*38, outer posterior 0*38, inner anterior 0-22, 
inner posterior 0*15. 

Adult female. Has no yellow on the top of the head, the forehead 
and crown being like the occiput and nape, black spotted with pure 
white. Total length 3*5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*12, tail 1*05, 
tarsus 0*5. 

Hah. "Western part of Ecuador and of the U. S. of Colombia, extending 
to Puerto Cabello in Venezuela, and north into Chiriqui. 

a. S ad. sk. Chiriqui, Veragua (ArcS). Sclater Coll. 
b, c. S $ ad. sk. Bugaba, Chiriqui (ArcS). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
d, e. S 5 ad. sk. Panama (J. McLeannan). Saivin-Godman Coll. 
/, g. S $ ad. sk. Medellin, Antioquia, TJ. S. C. Salvin-Godman Coll. 


(T. K. Salmon). 
h. <$ ad. sk. Puerto Cabello, Venezuela. Sclater Coll. 
i, h. $ 2 ad. sk. Babahoyo, Ecuador (L. Fraser). Sclater Coll. 
1. c? ad. sk. Monji, Ecuador (C. Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. 
32. Picumnus innominatus. 
Picumnus innominatus, Bwtpn, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 154; Blyth, J. A. 
S. Beng, xii. p. 1005 (1843) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 433 (1845); 
id. Cat Mamm. fyc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 114 (1846) ; Lafr. 
Rev. Zool 1847, p. 79, note; Blyth, Cat B. Mus. As. Soe. p. 65 
(1849); Malh. Picidm, ii. p. 278, pi. cxvii. figs. 5, 6 (1862); 
Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 105 (1866); Pelz. Ibis, 1868, p. 320; 
Gray, List Picid. Brit Mus. p. 28 (1868); id, Handel. B. ii. 
p. 180, no, 8531 (1870), 
550 PICID.JS. 

Vivia nipalensls, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. vi. p. 107 (18-37); id. Icon. 

ined. Brit. Mus. App. pi. 85. figs. 1, 2 (No. 161 tf, 162 ?) . 

Piculus nipalensis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 1005 (1848)* Hodgs. 

in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 85 (1844, tf). 

Piculus rufifrons, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool like. p. 85 (1844, §). 

Vivia innominata, Jardine, Contr. Orn. p. 300 (1848-52); Bp. Consp. 

Gen. Av. i. p. 140 (1850); Horsf. § Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I Co. 

ii. p. 677 (1856) j Jerd. B. Bid. i. p 300 (1862); Gray, Cat. Mamm. 
8fc. Nepal pres. Hodr/s. 1863, p. 62 • Gould, B. Ana, vi. pi. xxxix. 
<$, $ (1870) ; Blyth % Wald. B. Burm. p. 78 (1875) ; Brooks, Str. 
F 1875, p. 232 • Hume, op. cit. 1877, p. 351; id. 8f JDavison, op. cit. 
1878, vi. p. 148 ; Sadly, torn. (it. pp. 250,365 ; Hume, op. cit. 1879, 
p. 88; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 184 (1879) ; Harcfitt, 
Ibis, 1881, p. 223; Davison, Str. F. x. p. 357 (1883); Oates, 
B. Brit Burm. ii. p. 24 (1883) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1887, p. 443 * 
Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 64 (1888). 
Vivia nepalensis, MeicJienb. Scans. Picince, p. 342, pi. dexviii. 
figs. 4120-4121 (1854). 
Pipiscus innominate, Cab. § Heine, Mus. Hein. Th. iv. p. 9 (1863). 

Adult male. Back, rump, and scapulars golden olive, the upper 
tail-coverts yellowish white margined with olive, some of the outermost 
being black, hut all hidden by the rump-feathers; wing-coverts brown, 
washed on the margins with olive; quills brown, margined externally 
with golden olive, the inner webs margined more or less at the 
base with whitish; shafts dark brown; tail typical; nasal plumes 
pale yellow tipped with black ; the base of the forehead olive, the 
remainder of the sincipital feathers black margined with reddish 
orange; hinder part of the crown and the hind neck olive without 
any golden tinge; lores and side of the face white, the side of the 
neck yellowish and spotted with blackish olive; behind the eye a 
broad blackish brown, or slightly olive, stripe runs backwards down 
the side of the neck, and there is a malar stripe of the same colour 
and barred with white; chin and throat grading from white to 
yellowish and transversely spotted wTith black, the entire underpays 
and under tail-coverts yellow, the chest and breast covered 
with rounded spots of black, the remainder barred with black; 
wing-lining yellow with a black patch near the base of the primaries; 
axillaries white: " bill plumbeous black ; irides brown ; feet darkish 
plumbeous" {Scully). Total length 3*3 inches, culmen 0-48, wing 
2*2, tail 1*2, tarsus 0-5; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*4, 
outer posterior 0*4, inner anterior 0*27, inner posterior 0*2. 

Adult female. Wants the reddish-tipped feathers on the sinciput, 
this being olive, but brighter than the hinder part of the crown. In 
other respects resembles the male. Total length 3*6 inches, culmen 
0*5, wing 2*27, tail 1*22, tarsus 0*48. 

Young. Resemble the adult of their own sex, but have the top of 

the head and the nape less olive and more of a dusky brown ; the 

underparts less yellow and the spots on the chest and breast more 

heart-shaped than rounded * the tips of the sincipital feathers in 

the male more orange. 

Hab. Throughout the Himalayan range, and has been found as 

40. PICUMNUS. 
551 
far south, as the "Wynaad ; occurs in Assam, Cachar, and Manipur; 
extends south into the Karen Hills and Tenasserim, and also into 
the Malayan Peninsula, having been obtained in the mountains of 
Perak. It also occurs in Sumatra (Salvadori). 

a. c?ad. sk. 
b. S ad. sk. 
c. 2 imm. sk. 
d. (S imm. sk, 
e. J imm. sk. 
/. 6 ad.; g. 2 
imm. sk. 
h, i> 6 2 ad. sk. 

k. c? imm. sk. 
/. $ ad. sk. 
m-p. 2 ad. et 
imm.; q. $ 
imm. sk. 

r. <$ ad. sk. 
s. 2 ad. sk. 
t. 
2 ad. sk. 
u. 2 ad- sk. 
v-a'. $ ad.;6'-&'. 
2 ad. et imm. 
sk.^ 

v. 2 j uv-s^« 
m',n'. <$ 2 ad.sk. 
o'. J ad. sk. 
p'. 2 ad. sk. 

q'. <$ ad.; r\

imm. sk. 
sf. <$ ad. sk. 
t'. 2 ad. sk. 
u'. $ ad. sk. 
v'. <$ juv. sk. 

w'. 2 ad.sk. 

? 

Kotagkerry, Nilghiris, March. Hume Coll, 

Wynaad; July (J". Darling).
Murree.
Agrore, Cashmere, May.
Simla, April.


N.W. India.
Masuri, Oct.
Kalsi, Dehra Dhoon, Feb.
Oak Forest, Dhami, Feb.
Nepal.


Nepal (Hodgson).

 Hume Coll. 
Hume CoU. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Pinwill Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hodgson Coll. 

 India Museum. 

(Type of Plculus rufifrons.) 
Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
(Type of Pictdus nipalensis.) 

Nepal.
Nepal Valley, June (J. Scully).
Sikkirn, Feb. -Nov. (L. Man


delli). 

Sikhim (JB. W. Brooks). 
Darjeeling. 
Darjeeling. 
Jaikeach, Assam, April (J". 


Cochbum). 
Dibrughur, Aug., Nov. (J. P. 

Cripps). 
Cachar, May {J. Inglis). 
Manipur, March (A. 0. H.). 

Karen Hills, Jan. (22. G. W. JR.). 
Thoungyeen River, March 

(C. T. Bingham). 
Larut Hills, Perak. 

 Gould Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

L. Wray, Esq. [P.], 
33. Picumiius chinensis. 
Vrvia innominata 
(non Burt), David, Nouv. Arch, du Mus. 1871, 
Bull vii. p. 4 j id. fy Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 54 (1877). 
Vivia chinensis, Harg. Ibis, 1881, p. 228, pi. vii. <$ ad. 

Adult male. Resembles P. innominatus, but differs in having the 
top of the head, occiput, and nape rufous, the feathers of the forehead, 
however, having similar transverse black spots and dull orange-
red tips ; also in having the stripe which runs backward from the 
eye and down the side of the neck of the same rufous colour as the 
top of the head. The size is rather larger and the colour is duller 
above, and the black spots below are much larger. Total length. 

552 PICIDJE. 

4*5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2*3, tail 1*35, tarsus 0*5; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*4, outer posterior 0*4, inner anterior 0*27, 
inner posterior 0*17. 

Adult female. Besembles the adult male, but wants the orange-
red tipped feathers on the forehead, the latter beins: unicolorous 
with the crown. Total length 4*07 inches, culmen 0*46, wing 2*17, 
tail ] -22, tarsus 0-47. 

Eab. China (probably throughout the whole country, having been 
recorded from Poluen, Sechnan, and Kansu) and ranging to Ko-konor 
in Eastern Thibet. The type is from ITay-chee. 

a. S ad. sk. May-ckee, China. Shanghai Museum. 
(Type of species) 
b. <$ ad. sk. Kan&u, !N.W. China, Feb. M. Berezowsky [C.]. 

47. ISTESOCTITES. T„ e
.yp-

Nesoctites N. micromegas. 
Range. Confined to Haiti and San Domingo. 

Bill, tail, and part of wing of Kesoctites micromegas. 

1. ¥esoctites micromegas. 
Ohloronerpes passerinus, Sails, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 234; Bryant, Proc. 
Post Soc. JSTat Hist 1866, p. 96. 

Picumnus micromegas, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 95 (1866) ; 
Bryant, Proc. Post. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1866, p. 96; Gray, Lid Picid. 
Brit Mus, p. 28 (1868); id. Kand-L B. ii. p. 180, no. 8580 (1870) ; 
Pek. Orn. Bras. p. 442 (1870) : Tristr. Ibis. 1884. p. 167; Cory, 

Auk, 1886, p. 372! >>*>* > 

Picumnus lawrencii, Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn, Club, 1881, pp. 129, lo3, 
pi. i., <? $ j id. B. Jlayti $ San Bom. p. 109, <y & $ figd. (1884) ; 
id. List B. W. Ind. p. 19 (1885). 

48 . VEKREATJXIA. 
Adult male. Back, rump, upper tail-coverts, scapulars, and wing-
coverts uniform olive; quills orown, the outer webs of the secondaries 
and the margins of those of the primaries on more or less of 
their basal portion olive; the inner webs of the quills more or less 
margined with dull pale buff; shafts dark brown; tail uniform 
brownish olive, the shafts of the feathers brown ; nasal plumes 
varied black and white; base of the forehead, upper half of the face, 
the side of the neck from behind the ear-coverts to the hind neck, 
and the hind neck itself, olive, with, on the sides of the latter, a 
number of spots and stripes of yellowish white, which form an almost 
continuous collar; the base of the forehead is also spotted with whitish; 
feathers of the top of the head chrome-yellow at the tip, dusky 
olive at the base, the crown with a quadrate spot of dull crimson 
posteriorly; lower half of the face and the side of the neck between 
the ear-coverts and the fore neck yellowish white, spotted with olive 
or dusky; the ear-coverts dusky olive, margined with yellowish 
white; chin, throat, and fore neck yellowish white, the underparts 
yellow, the whole being covered with drop-like stripes of deep olive, 
except the thighs, which have transverse spots or bars ; under tail-
coverts pale yellow, with rounded spots and crescentic markings of 
olive ; under wing-coverts pale buff, with a few dusky spots near 
the base of the primaries, the edge of the wing yellowish; axillaries 
buffy white: " bill, legs, and feet dark slate-colour; iris reddish 
brown " (Cory), Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-72, wing 2*9, 
tail 1*6, tarsus 0*75; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*58, 
outer posterior 0*65, inner anterior 0*4, inner posterior 0-32. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the crimson 
spot on the crown. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*67, wing 3*03, 
tail 1-6, tarsus 0-73. 

Eab. Confined to Haiti and San Domingo. 

a, h. S ? ad. sk. San Domingo, Sept.(0. B. Cory). Sclater Coll. 

c. $ ad. sk. San Domingo, April (Toogood). Sclater Coll. 
d,e. $ ad.; f,g. Samana, San Domingo, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
5 ad. sk. (C. B. Cory). 

48. VEEREAUXIA. Type. 
Sasia, pt., Verr. Bev. et Mag. de Zool p. 217 (1855). 
Verreauxia, Hartl Orn. W-Afr. p. 176 (1857) V. africana. 
Picunmus, pt., Malh. Monogr. Picid. ii. p. 284 (1862). 
Nannopipo, Cab.fyHeine, Mus. Hein. Th. iv. p. 9 (1863). V. africana. 

Range. Confined to the forests of Gaboon. 

1. Verreauxia africana. 
Sasia africana, Verr. Bev. et Mag. de Zool 1855, p. 218; Gray, List 
Picid. Brit Mus. 1868, p. 29 ; id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 180, no. 8535 
(1870). 

Verreauxia 
africana, Hartl Orn. W.-Afr. 1857, p. 176, no. 523; 
id. J. f. O. 1861, p. 263 ; Hargitt, Ibis, 1881, p. 229. 
Picunmus verreauxii, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 284, pi. 118. fig. 1 (1862), 

554 
PICHXZB. 

Nannopipo africana, Cab.fy Heine, Mus. Hein. Th. iv. p. 9 (1863), 

Picunmus africanus, Simdev. Consp. Av. Bicin. p. 106 (1866). 

Male ** (probably adult). Above, including tail-coverts and wing-
coverts, uniform dusky olive; quills dusky, the outer webs of the 
secondaries margined with dull yellowish olive, the inner webs of 
the quills margined with greyish at the base; shafts brownish 
black; tail and the shafts dusky black ; nasal plumes dusky black ; 
frontal band rufous; top of the head, occiput, and nape dusky olive; 
face slaty grey, shading into olive on the side of the neck; entire 
underparts, as well as the chin and throat, olivaceons slaty, some of 
the feathers, likewise some of those of the malar region, having 
rufous tips; under wing-coverts white; underside of quill-shafts 
white. Total length 2-6 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 1-9, tail 0*55, 
tarsus 0*42; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*3, outer posterior 
0*3, inner anterior 0*22, inner posterior 0*17. 

Female. Appears to differ from the male solely in having the 
head and the underparts nearly concolorous. 

Obs. Owing to the rarity of this species it is impossible to arrive 
at any positive conclusion as to its plumages, but the fact that most 
of the known examples are in the dusky-olive plumage of the male, 
above described, renders it most probable that it is the adult garb. 
The specimen in the British Museum seems to be in a state of 
transition, having the face, neck, and underparts varied with rufous, 
which suggests a more or less rufous young. 

Eab. Confined (as far as is known) to Gaboon. 

a. [?Ad.] sk. Gaboon. 
M. Verreaux. 
49. 
SASIA. 
Type. 
Picumnus, pt., Is. Geoffr. 8t.-Hilairef Nbuv. Arch, du Mus. 
1832, p. 397. 
Sasia, Hodgs. J. A S. Beng. v. p. 778 (1836) S. ochracea. 
Microcolaptes, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 54 (1840) S. abnormis. 
Comeris, JSodgs. J, A. S. Beng. x. p. 27 (1841) S. ochracea. 
Dryaltes, Gloger (teste G. B. Gray) S. ochracea. 
Picumnoides, Malh. Monogr. Picid. ii. p. 286 (18G2).... S. abnormis. 

Head and tail of Sasia abnormis. 

* My description is taken from the specimen in the Paris Museum. It is 
not sexed, but is apparently an adult male. 

49. 
SASIA. 555 
Range. From Nepal and Sikhim into Assam, Caekar, and Manipur; 
through. Burmah and the Malayan Peninsula, into Sumatra 
and Mas, Java, and Borneo. 

Key to the Species. 

A. 
Entire underparts rufous; above olive or 
rufescent olive; young resembling (generally) 
the adult. 
d. 
With a white stripe running backwards 
from above the eye; hind neck and back 
tinged with rufous. 
a". Forehead golden yellow ochracea <$ &&., p. 556. 
b". Forehead rufous, without any golden 
tinge oehraoea $ ad., p. 556. 

c". Forehead dusky olive, like the crown, 
but with scarcely any admixture of 
rufous ochracea juv., p. 556. 

b'. Without a white stripe running backwards 
from the eye; hind neck and back entirely 
olive ; the breast varied witb some golden-
yellow feathers. 


d". Forehead golden yellow. abnormis $ ad., p. 558, 
e". Forehead entirely rufous abnormis $ ad,, p. 558. 

B. 
Entire underparts, head, and neck dusky olive; 
above brighter olive everetti, sex ?, p. 559. 
1. Sasia ochracea. 
Sasia ochracea, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. v. p. 778 (1836) ,* id. icon. ined. 
Brit Mus. App. pl.35, fig. 3 (no. 659); Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. 

p. 1005 (1843) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 433 (1845) ; Gray, Cat. 
Mamm. $c. Nepal pres. Ilodgs. p. 115 (1846); Blyth, Cat B. Mm. 
As. Soc. p. 05 (1849); Bp. Consp. Av. Gen. i. p. 140 (1850) ; 
Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 342 (1854); Horsf. § Moore, Cat. B. 
Mxis. EI. Co. ii. p. G78 (1856); Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 301 (1862); 
Gray, Cat. Mamm. fyc. Nepal pres. Hodys. p. 62 (1863) ; Gray, 
List Picid. Brit. Mm. p. 29 (1868) j id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 180, 
no. 8532 (1870); Gould, B. As. vi. pi. xl., J <$ ? (1870); Jerd. Ibis, 
1872, p. 10; Blyth $ Wald. B. Burma, p. 78 (1875); Hume 8? 
Oates, Str. F iii. p. 75 (1875); Godio.-Aust J. A. S. B. 1876, 
p. 70; Hume # Davison, op. cit. vi. p. 148 (1878); Rume, op. cit. 
?iii. p. 88 (1879) j Hargitt, Ibis, 1881, p. 231; Oates, Str. F. x. 
p. 192 (1882); id. B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 26 (1883); Hume, Str. F. 
xi. p 65 (1888). 
Comeris ochracea, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 1005 (1843). 
Microcolaptes ochraceus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 191 (1845); 
Cab. $ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 8 (1863). 
Picumnoides ochraceus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 287 (1862). 
Comeris (Sasia) ochracea, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. 1844, p. 85. 
Sasia lacrymosa, Lafr. Rev. et Mag; Zool. p. 208 (1854). 
Picumnoides lacrymosa, Malh. Picidm, ii. p. 287 (1862). 
Picumnus ochraceus, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 106, no. 27 (1866). 
Sasia abnormis, Hume fy Davison (non Temm^), Stray F, ii. p. 472 

(1874) ; Blyth $ Wald. B. Burma, p. 78 (1875). 

556 
PICID,3E!. 

Adult male. Above rufous olive ; wing-coverts olive ; bastard-
wing and primary-coverts dusky black, tbe former externally edged 
with buff j quills dusky black, margined externally with olive, the 
bastard-primary edged externally with white, the inner webs of the 
primaries edged with greyish white, those of the secondaries having 
a white patch at the base, the innermost of these feathers entirely 
dingy rufous; shafts black; rump orange-rufous; upper tail-coverts, 
tail, and tail-shafts deep black ; nasal plumes yellow, tipped with 
black; forehead golden yellow, shading into rufous on the fore part 
of the crown, the remainder of the rrown and the nape olive; a trace 
of a rufous collar on the hind neck; a white stripe from above the 
hinder part of the eye, bordering the occiput; sides of the face and 
neck, and from the chin to the under tail-coverts, both inclusive, 
orange-rufous ; under wing-coverts and axillaries nearly white: 
" bill dark brown on the upper mandible, plumbeous on the lower, 
inside of the mouth dusky; eyelids naked and very conspicuous 
dusky red; iris crimson ; legs yellowish red; claws yellowish " 
(Oates). " Legs and feet dull orange; claws very pale brown; 
upper mandible and tip of lower mandible dark horny brown, rest 
of the lower mandible pale bluish; irides from pale red to dark 
crimson; orbital skin dull crimson" (W. Davison). Total length 
3*1 inches, culmen 0-53, wing 2*12, tail 0*9, tarsus 0*5; toes 
(without claws)—outer anterior 0*47, inner anterior 0*3, posterior 
0-45. 

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead 
deep rufous, devoid of golden yellow. Total length 3 inches, culmen 
0-55, wing 2-12, tail 0'9, tarsus 0-55. 

Young. Resemble (generally) the adult, but have the plumage 
very much duller in colour; the top of the head dusky olive, the 
forehead (at most) slightly varied with a few rufescent feathers; 
the under mandible darker. 

Eab. Nepal; Sikhim, extending into Assam, Cachar, and Hanipur 
; and south through the Burmese Provinces to Bahonee, near 
Pakchan. 

a. 
Juv. sk. Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
(Type of species * ) 
b} c. <$ ad.; d, e, Nepal. Hodgson Coll. 
§ ad. et juv. sk. 
fi ffi h' 6 ad« sk. Nepal (J5. H. Hodgson). India Museum. 

i. J ad. sk. Nepal (B. B. Hodgson). Gould Coll. 
\ 
l <$ ad. sk. Native Sikhim, Aug., Oct. (X. Hume Coll. 
Mandelli). 

* In ray paper on "The Pieulets of the Old World" (Ibis, 1881, p. 235) 
I have stated that tbe type of Sasia ochracea is a stuffed example. This is an 
error, but at this distance of time I cannot say bow tbe mistake occurred. 
A careful examination of Hodgson's specimens in tbe Museum, compared with 
bis unpublished plates, shows me that tbe type is not, and never has been, 
stuffed. It is letter c of my paper, and is a young bird. This specimen was 
presented by Mr. Hodgson to the Museum in tbe year 1843. 
49. SASIA, 
557 
m-q. S ad.; r-y. Sikhirn, Jan., June, Aug., Oct., Hume Coll. 
5 ad. et imm. sk, Nov. (L. Mandelli). 

z, a', b', c'. $ ad, Darjeeling. Hume Coll. 
et imm.; d', e'. 
? ad. sk. 

/' . Juv. sk. Darjeering. Tweeddale Coll. 
g\ ti. <$ ad. et Assam (A. W. Chennell). Tweeddale Coll. 

imm. sk. 
%'. S ad.; k'. S Dollah, Assam, April 1877 Hume Coll. 

ex

imm. sk, Cockburn). 
I'. ? ad. sk. Sadhya, Assam, April 1877 {J. Hume Coll. 
Cockburn). 
m'. (S ad. sk. Tippook, March. 18, 1877 (J". Hume Coll. 
Cockburn). 
ri} o'. S ad.; p\ N. Khasia Hills, Jan., Feb. (A. Tweeddale Coll. 


<$ imm. sk. W. Chennell). 
q'. Ad. sk. N. Cachar. Tweeddale Coll. 
r'. $ ad. sk. Cachar, June 27,1878 (J. Inglis). Hume Coll. 
s'. $ imm. sk. Sylhet, Nov. 27,1874 (J. Inglis). Hume Coll. 
t', uT. (S $ ad. sk. Manipur, Feb., May 1881 Hume Coll. 


(A. 0. H.). 
v',w'. c? J ad- sk. Tipperah, Jan. Hume Coll. 
*'. $ ad. sk. Tonohoo Hills, March 10, 1874 Hume Coll. 
{P. G. W. P.). 
y'. $ ad. sk. Pine Forests, Salween Dist., Feb. Hume Coll. 
14, 1874 ( JF. Davison). 
«'. cJ ad. sk. Pahpoon, Feb. 25, 1874 {W. Hume Coll. 
Davison). 
a". $ ad. sk. Meetan, Feb.2G,1877( W. Davison). Hume Coll. 
5", r". cT ad. sk. Ye, March, April ( W. Davison). Hume Coll. 
<2". <£ ad. sk. Tavov,April21,1878 (W.Davisoti). Hume Coll. 
e". 5 ad. sk. Thayetchoung, June 5, 1874 (W. • Hume Coll. 


Davison). 
/". S ad. sk. Pabyn, Mergui Dist., Nov. 15,1874 Hume Coll. 


(W. Davison). 
y". 
<$ ad. sk. Hankaehin, Feb. 6, 1875 (W. Hume Coll. 
Davison), 


2. Sasia abnormis. 
Picumnus abnormis, 
Temm. PI. Col vol. iv. pi. 371. fig. 3 (1825) ; 
id. Man. oVOrn. ii. p. 115 (1828); Wagl Ms, 1820, p. 647; Less. 
TraiU, i. p. 231 (1831) 5 Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 311 (1837) ; Jerd. 

B. Ind. i. p. 302 (1862); Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 106 (1866). 
Microcolaptes abnormis, Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 54; id. List, 
1841, p. 70: Myth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 191 (1845): Cab. 8? Heine, 
Mus. Rein. Th. iv. p. 8 (1863). 

Sasia abnormis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 433 (1845) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. 
As. Soc. p. 65 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 140 (1850) ; 
Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 342, pi. dcxviii. fig. 4119 (1854); 

Wallace, Ann. $ Mag. Nat Mist. [2] xv. p. 96 (1855) ; JETorsf. 
$ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. J5.I. Co. ii. p. 678 (1856-58); Sclatir, 

P.Z.S. 1863, p. 211; Peh. Peis. Novara, Vog. pp. 101, 162 
(1865); Gray, List Picid. Brit Mus.a p. 29 (1868); Gould, B. 
Asia, vi. pi. xlL, S c? ? (1870); Gray, Hand~l B. ii. p. 180, 
no. 8533 ; Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 60 (1874) ; Sharps, P. Z. S. 1875, 
p. 103; Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 292; Sharps, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 327 ; 
558 
PICIDJ3. 

id. Ibis, 1879, p. 243;; Hume, S'tr. F. 1879, pp. 53, 88; Hargitt, 
Ibis, 1881, p. 235; Vorderm. List B.Java, no. 65 (1884); Guittem. 

P.Z.8. 1885, p. 406; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Star. Nat. Genov. 
1887, p. 532 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 279. 
Piciimnoid.es 
abnormis, Math. Picidcey ii. p. 287, pi. cxv. fig. 1 
(1862). 

Adult male. Above uniform olive, brighter on the rump, the tips 
of the feathers of the latter orange-rufous; wing-coverts olive; 
bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish, olive externally; quills 
dusky black, externally olive, the inner webs edged upon their 
basal half with greyish white; the innermost of the secondaries 
entirely olive; shafts black; upper tail-coverts, tail, and tail-shafts 
deep black; forehead golden yellow with a rufous tinge; crown, 
occiput, nape, and hind neck olive; nasal plumes rufous; lores, 
sides of the face and neck, and entire underparts from the chin to 
the under tail-coverts (both inclusive) orange-rufous, with a few 
silken feathers of a bright golden yellow on the breast; under 
wing-coverts bufFy white: "iris crimson; orbital patch dull 
crimson ; legs chrome ; bill black, the mandible greenish yellow " 
(Everett). Total length 3*3 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 2*07, tail 
0*95, tarsus 0*5 ; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*37, inner 
anterior 0*27, posterior 0*37. 

Adult female. Resembles the adult male, but has the forehead 
rufous, without any admixture of golden yellow: " soft parts as 
in the male" (Everett). Total length 3*2 inches, culmen 0*53, 
wing 2*1, tail 0*85, tarsus 0*55. 

Hah. Malayan Peninsula north to Kossoum; Sumatra and the 
Island of Mas; Borneo (but not in Labuan). 

a, b. $ J ad. sk. Kossoum, Malay Peninsula, Hume Coll. 
June 29, 1879 (J. Darling). 

c. <$ ad. sk. Salangore, July 30, 1879 (W. Hume CoU. 
Davison). 
d. d ad.; e,f. ? Klang, July 1879 (W. DaviHume 
Coll. 
ad. sk. 
son). 

p. 
$ ad. sk. Mts. ofPerak. L. Wray, Esq. [P.]. 
Malacca. Purchased. 
*. $ ad. sk. Malacca. W. Harvey, Esq. 
[p.]. 

h. $ ad. sk. 
k. $ ad. sk. Malacca {Cantor). India Museum. 
lf m} n. $ ad.; Malacca, July 1877 (W. DaviHume 
Coll. 
o. $ ad. sk. son). 
p. 
5 ad. sk. Mt. Ophir, Malacca. Wallace Coll." 
q. 5 ad. sk. Mt. Ophir (Wallace). Could Coll. 
r. c? ad. sk. Mt. Ophir, Aug. (P. G. W. JR.). Tweeddale Coll. 
s} t $ ad.; u, Foot of Gunnong Pulai, Jo-Hume Coll. 
v. $ ad. sk. hore, March 1880 ( W. Davison). 
w. $ ad. sk. Sumatra. Wallace CoU. 
xf y. J ad. sk. Lampong, S.E. Sumatra (E. C. Tweeddale Coll. 
Buxton). 
z, 
a\ 3 ad. et Lumbidan, Borneo (Lota). Tweeddale Coll. 
juv. sk. 


50. ITNX. 559 
5',cr . tf$ad. Lunibidan (Low). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
sk.
d! . $ ad. sk.
e\ S ad. sk.
f. Ad. sk. 
Sarawak (Everett). 
Banjarmassing (J*. Motley). 
Borneo (A. R. Wallace). 
[?•]• 
Tvveeddale Ooll. 
Gould Ooll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

3. Sasia everetti*. (Plate XY.) 
Sasia abnormis (pt.); Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 243; Jffargitt, op. cit. 
1881, p. 235. 

Probably adult (sex ?). Back, rump, scapulars, and wing-coverts 
olive; quills dusky black edged externally with yellowish olive, and 
more or less internally with whitish; shafts black; upper tail-
coverts, tail, and tail-shafts deep black; head and neck and the 
entire under surface of the body dusky olive, the nasal plumes, 
anterior part of malar region, and chin pale rufous, the ear-coverts 
tinged with the same colour ; under tail-coverts pale rufous ; under 
wing-coverts white, the edge of the wing dusky olive; bill entirely 
deep black. Total length 3 inches, oilmen 0*5, wing 2, tail 0*8, 
tarsus 0*5; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*42, inner 
anterior 0*3, posterior 0*43. 

Hah. Lumbidan, Borneo. 

a. 
[Ad.] sk. Lumbidan, Borneo. Hon. Hugh Low |"C.]. 
(Type of species.) 
Subfamily III. IYNGIK3B. 

so. irax. 

Type. 
Jynx, Linn. Faun. Suec. no. 97 (1746) I. torquilla. 
Torquilla, Briss. Orn. iv. p. 3 (1760) I. torquilla. 
Yunx, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 172 (1706) I. torquilla. 

Range. Throughout the greater part of the Palsearctic and the 
Indian Begions. In Asia the southern limit is about 16° N. lat. 
Also into Senegal, North and North-east Africa, the Eastern 
Equatorial countries, and probably the Oongo region as it occurs 
again at Landana. South Lo the Oape. 

* Mr. Sharpe ('Ibis,' 1879, pp. 243, 244) noted the differences between this 
bird and 8. abnormis, and he gave a diagnosis of its characters, but, with 
commendable caution, hesitated to name the species upon this single specimen, 
in case it should prove to be only the young of 8. abnormis. In the ' Ibis' for 
1881, p. 237,1 adopted Mr. Sharpe's views, but, with the aid of the series of 
specimens now in the British Museum, I no longer consider the olive-coloured 
bird to be the young of 8. abnormis, but regard it as a new species, and give to 
it the name of 8. everetiti, which title I find upon Mr. Sharpe's original label. 
560 
"B1C1BM. 

Key to the Species. 

A. 
With no rufous on the throat, breast, or under 
tail-coverts , torquilla, p. 562. 
B. 
Fore neck and chest deep rufous, or with this 
colour also extending on to the throat or the 
"breast; under tail-coverts rufous or rufescent 
buff. 
a'. The middle of the throat, fore neck, and 
chest lufous ; under tail-coverts pale rufous 
or rufebcent burl pectoralis, p. 565. 

b'. The rufous confined to the middle of the fore 
neck and the chest, and forming a spot or 
patch; the chin and throat baired black 
and white like the malar region; under 
tail-coverts deep rufous pulchricollis, p. 506. 

c'. 
The entire breast, as well as the middle of 
the throat, fore neck, and chest rufous; 
under tail-coverts rufous cequatorialis, p. 567. 

1. lynx torquilla. 
Yunx torquilla, Linn. Syst Nat. i. p. 172 (1766) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i. 

p. 423 (1788); Lath. Inch Oni. i. p. 223 (1790); Meyer, Yog. 
Liv- u. Edh. p. 66 (1815) ; Meisn. 6f Schinz, "Fog. Schweiz, p. 43 
(1815); Less. Traite, i. p. 231, pi. xxviii. fig. 2* (1831); Swains. 
Classif. B. ii. pp. 311, 312 (1837); Dickson $ Ross, P. Z. S. 1839, 
p. 133; McClell. t. c. p. 165 ; Schinz, Eur. Faun. p. 264 (1840) ; 
Benoit, Orn. Sicil p. 33 (1840) ; Macgill. Hist. Brit. B. iii. 
p. 100 (1840); Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Bur. p. 51 (1842); Bh/th, 
P.Z.S. 1842, p. 94; Strickl. t. c. p. 168; Yarr. Hist. Brit. B. ii. 
p. 151 (1843) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 448, pi. iii. fig. 3 (1845); Bp. 
Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 112 (1850); Strickl P.Z. S. 1850, p. 219; 
Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zyqod. p. 11, no. 238 (1854) ; Heicits. Eggs 
Brit B. i. p. 242, pi. Ixii.fig. 1 (1856); Heugl. Syst. Uebers. Vog. 
N.O.-Afr. p. 47 (1856); Sundev. Sv. Fogl p. 146, pi. xxiii. 
Hg. 7 (1856); Jauh. $ Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 334 (1859); 
Sminli, Ibis, 1860, p. 62; Powys, t. c. p. 235; Irby, op. cit. 1801, 
p. 229; Sioinh.t c. p. 338; id. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 319; Malh. 
Picidce, ii. p. 289, pi. cxxi. fig. 4 (1862); Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 303 
(1862); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 333 ; Tristr. op. cit. 1864, p. 432 ; 
Sahad. Atti dell Soc. Ital Sc. Nat. 1864, p. 32; Wright, Ibis, 
1864, p. 50 ; Sperl t. c. p. 281; Trah. Moggr. t. c. p. 407 ; GigL 
op. cit. 1865, p. 58; More, t. c. p. 136; Beavan, t. c. p. 411; 
Degl. 8f Gerbe, Orn. Bur. i. p. 159 (1867); Wardl-Mams. Ibis, 
1867, p. 458; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 127 (1868); id. 
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 204, no. 8848 (1870); Godio.-Aust. J. A. S. B. 
1870, p. 267: Shell. Ibis, 1871, p. 50; B. Gray, B. West Scoil. 
p. 192 (1871)'; Shell. B. Bgypt, p. 161 (1872); Broolce, Ibis, 1873, 
p. 235; Hume, Nests # Eggs Ind. B. p. 128, no. 188 (1873); id. 
Str. F. 1873, pp. 115, 173; Adam, t. c. p. 373; Wright, Ibis, 
1874, p. 232 ; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 392 ; Stoliczka, t. c. p. 461; 
Hume fy Oates, op. cit 1875, p. 75; Ball, t. c. p. 290; Butt t c. 
p. 459; Irby, B. Gibr. p. 72 (1875); Bygr. Whart Ibis, 1876, 
p. 26; Fairb. Str. F. 1876, p. 255; Saund. Bull. Soc. Zool Fr. 
1876, p. 11; Harv.-Br. Ann. $ Mag. Nat. Hist 1877, xx. p. 496 ; 
50. irxx. 561 
Daniel 4* Oust. Ok. Chine, p. 55 (1677); Hume, Str. F. 1877, 

p. 27; id. fy Davison, op. cit. vi. p. 140 (1878); Davidson $ Wend. 
op. cit. vii. p. 78 (187S): Jfotf, *. c. p. 206; 5irf/. CWf. J?. Sind 
fyc. p. 19 (lfc79) ; id. Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 2o (1880) ; id. Str. 
F 1880, p. 386 ; Madar. Tog. Ungams, 1881, p. 23; Manch. «JP<?&. 
Or/*. Fw^. 18^2, p. 94 ; Davidson, Str. F. 1882, x. p. 298; 
Blakist. Amend. List B. Jap. pp. 13, 47 (1884); Tristr. Faun. § 
Flor. Palest, p. 80 (1884); Stejn. Bull U.S. Nat. Mm. no. 29, 
p. 354 (1885). 
J vox torcpiilla, Lewin, B. Gt. Brit. Ii. p. 44, pi. li. (1706); Landt, 
* Faroe Isl. p. 2'2-i (1810); Nihs. Or a. Sim. i. p. 112 (1817); 
Brehm, Yog. Deutschl. p. 202 (lfe31) ; Von der Milhle, Or?i. Griechenl 
p. 29 (1844); Mag. v. Wright, Finl. Fogl. p. 277 (1859) ; 
Zinderm. Yog. Griechenl. p. 40 (18(30) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1866, p. 284; 
Blyth, t. c. p. 356; Cav.-Tayl. op. cit. 1867, p. oo; Chamb. t. c. 
p. 103; Tijrw. Drake, t. c. p. 425; Smith, op. cit. 1868, p. 448; 
Borggr. Yogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 66 (1869); Elw. § BucM. Ibis, 
1870, p. 189; Saund. op. cit. 1871,p. Oo; Hurting, Handb. Br. B. 
p. 33 (1874) ; Dress. B. Fur. v. p. 103, pi eelxxxix. (1875); Danf. 
cV Han.-Br. Ibis, 1875, p. 298 ; Dress, op. cit. 1876, p. 320 ; Danf. 
op. cit. 1878, ]). 6; Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 119 (1879) ; Finsch, Reis. 
Wcst-Sibir. 1879, p. 116 ; Russoic, Orn. Fhst-, Liv-u. Curl, hi 
Arch, fur Xaturk. ix p. 114(1884); Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 
1886, p. 102. 

lynx torquilla, Licht. Cat. Her. Nat. Bariss. Hamb. p. 15 (1793) ; 

" Bupp. Syst. Uebers. Yog. N.O.-Afr. p. 95 (1845); Temm. 8f 
Schley. Faun. Jap. p. 75 (1847-49); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 78 
(1854); Snndev. Co?isp. Av.Picin. p. 107 (I860)*; Sal cad. Faun. 
Ital, tfec. p. 40 (1871); id. § Antin. B. Bogos, p. 45 (1873); 
Schley. Fog. Nederl. p. 41, pi. vi. fig. 3 (1878); Seeb. Ibis, 1880, 
p. 181; Biddulph, Str. F. 1880, p. 314; id. Ibis, 1881, p. 49; 
Collett, Norg. Fuyelf 1881, p. 314; Reid, Str. F. 1881, p. 25; 
Scully, t. c. p. 102; Yarr. Hist. B. Birds, ed. Newt. ii. p. 487 
(1881); Col. Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 103; Seeb. t. c. pp. 209, 373; 
Dixon, t. c. p. 559; Oates, Str. F. 1882, p. 192; B. O. U. List 
Brit B. p. 80 (1883) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1883, p. 22; Severtz. t. e. p. 71; 
Irby, t. c. p. 179; Oates, B. Brit Buna. ii. p. 23 (1883); Clarke, 
Ibis, 1884, p. 144 ; Seeb. t c. p. 180; Saund. t c. p. 379; Marshall, 

t. c. p. 410; Whitehead, op. cit. 1885, p. 28; Sivinh. §* Barnes, t. c. 
p. 62; More, List Ir. B. p. 16 (1885); Gigl Avif. Ital p. 207 
(1886) ; Meres, Fur. Yog. p. 25 (1886) ; Styan, Ibis, 1887, p. 229 ; 
Tait, t c. p. 304; Hartl. Orn. Ostl.-aquat. Geb. Afr. p. 309 
(1887); Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 65 (1888); St. John, Ibis, 1889, 
p. 159. 
Picus iynx, Pall. Zooyr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 416 (1831). 
Jynx punctata, Brelwi, Yog. Deutschl. p. 203 (1831). 
Jynx arborea, Brehm, Yog. Deutschl. p. 203 (1831). 
Iunx torquilla, Cara, Orn. Sard. p. 90 (1842) ; Cab. § Heine, Mus. 
Hein. iv. p. 4 (1863); Heuyl Orn. N.O.-Afr. i, p. 799 (1871); 
Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 238. 
Yunx japonica. Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 112 (1850); Gray. List 
Picid. Brit Mus. p. 127 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 204, no.'8849 
(1870); Swi?ih. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 393 ; id. Ibis, 1874, p. 162, 1875, 

* SundeTall recognizes two forms of lynx torquilla, which he designates as 
" septentrionalis " and " meridionalis." 
VOL. XVIII. 2 0 

562 PICID-S3. 

p. 124; Blakist. $ Fryer, op. cit. 1878, p. 229; iid. Trans. As. Soc* 
Jap. 1880, p. 209, 1882, x. p. 136. ^ 
Junx torqiiiUa, Reichenb, Scans. Ficince, p. 431, no. 1016, pi. dcxix. 
figs. 4125-26 (1854) ; Gum., Junr., Bis, 1874, p. 294. ^ 
Junx japonica, Feiclienb. Seems. Ficince, p. 432, no. 1017 (1854). 
Iunx japonica, Cab. # Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 4 (1863). 

Adult male. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, as well as the 
top of the head and sides of the hind neck, a mixture of grey and 
rufous finely marbled with black vermiculations ; in the middle of 
the hind neck and of the upper half of the back a broad line of 
rufous striped with black ; the top of the head and sides of the hind 
neck and of the back having transverse spots of white and more or 
less sagittate markings of black, the rump and npper tail-coverts 
similarly spotted; scapulars, innermost secondaries, and wing-
coverts spotted and marbled like the back, but more rufous in 
colour, the two former having black central stripes; quills dusky 
brown, the outer webs of the primaries barred with buff, the inner 
webs spotted with marbled white; the outer webs of the secondaries 
spotted with marbled rufous buff, the inner webs having 
similar, but paler, spots; shafts brown; tail grey, with irregular 
bars of creamy white and black, and the whole finely marbled like 
the back, shafts brown : sides of the face and neck, also the throat 
and chest, buff, the anterior part of the malar region and the chin 
whiter, as is also a stripe above the ear-coverts, the whole being 
narrowly barred with black; the ear-coverts rufous-brown barred 
with black, and behind the malar region a narrow black stripe ; 
remaining underparts creamy white, the upper breast, sides of the 
body, and thighs rufescent brown or buff, more or less marbled, the 
breast and sides of the body having whitish spots and black 
sagittate markings, the thighs narrowly barred with black; the 
lower breast and abdomen with a few small sagittate markings or 
spots of black; under tail-coverts buff, slightly marbled and 
irregularly barred with black• under wing-coverts and axillaries 
buff, barred with black. Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 
3*37, tail 2*6, tarsus 0*7; toes (without claws)—outer anterior 0*58, 
outer posterior 0*58, inner anterior 0*35, inner posterior 0C28. 

Adult female. Eesembles the adult male. Total length 6*5 
inches, culmen 0*57, wing 3*18, tail 2'6, tarsus 0*65. 
Young are very similar to the adult, but in the earliest stage the 
abdomen is quite devoid of spots. 

Obs. The buff colour which sometimes pervades the plumage of 

the underparts in this species is not a sign of maturity, as it is 

found in the very early stages, together with specimens having 

those parts almost pure white. 

Hal. Throughout almost the whole of Europe and Asia, and east 

into Japan. The northern limit appears to be about 62° E". lat., 

and in Asia it extends south to about 16° N. lat. In Africa it 

ranges along the north from Morocco east into Egypt, and south 

into Abyssinia and Kordofan, and on the west into Senegal. 

50. mrx. 
563 
aj b. S ad. et New Forest, Hampshire, April, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
juv. sk. Aug. 


e. Ad. sk. Wiltshire. 
Montagu Coll. 
d. d ad. sk. Taplow, Berks, May 1859. Gould Coll. 
e. Ad. sk. Cookham, Berks. Mr. Briggs [P.], 
ft (/. <$ ad. sk. Cookkain, June. R. B, Sharpe, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Ji. Ad. sk. Windsor, June (C. Shelley). Shelley Coll. 


i. Ad. sk. Near London. Gould Coll. 
7c. Ad. sk. Ilanipstead, Middlesex. Salvin-Godman Coll. 
/. J ad. sk. Ilampstead, April 20, 18(50 (B. Tweeddale Coll. 
B. Sliarpe). 
m. 
Ad. st. Eltham, Kent. Theodore Fisher, 
Esq.. [P.]. 
n. Juv. st. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker. 
o, p. <$ J ad.; Merton, Norfolk. Lord Walsingham 
q-zi. JUT. st. [P.]. 

v. £ ad. sk. Skane, Sweden, Aug. 30, 1873. C. Meves. 
u\ $ juv. sk. Stockholm, July 16,1873. C. Meves. 
x. Ad. sk. Belgium. 
Brussels Museum. 
y. Ad. sk. France. Tweeddale Coll. 
z, a'. $ ad. sk. Valencia, Spain, April 1872 Tweeddale Coll. 
(II. Saunders). 
V. 
Ad. bk. Rome, Jan. 1853 (P. L. Gould Coll. 
Sclater). 
d. <£ ad. bk. Senegal. Sharpe Coll. 
d'. Ad. sk. Egypt, April 15,1875. J. H. Gurney, Esq. 
e'J!. tS ad.; Egypt, March, April (G. E. S,). Shelley Coll. 

(j. $ ad. sk. 
7i', %'. $ ad. sk. Damietta, Egypt, March. Shelley Coll. 
7c'. Ad. sk. Athens. Consul Merlin [P.]. 
l\ $ ad. sk. Turkey, Sept. 2,1871 (T. Bob- R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
son). ^ [P.]. 
m\ Ad. sk. Constantinople, April 14,1878 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

(W. Beared). [P.]. 
n\ Ad. sk. Erzeroom, Sept. 21,183d (Died*- Gould Coll. 
son fy Boss), 
o' p\ Ad. sk. Fao, Persian Gulf. W. D. dimming, 
Esq. [P.]. 
q'. c? ad. sk. Atpascha, WesternThian Shan, Dr. Severtzoff [C.]. 
Aug. 8th. 
;•'. $ ad. sk. Tchimkent,Turkestan,Sept. 1st. Dr. Severtzoff [C.]. 
s'p t'. <$ 2 aa*' 8^« Candahar, Afghanistan, April Hume Coll. 

1879 (Sir 0. St John), 

u'. $ ad. sk. Candahar, April 17,1881. Col. Swinhoe [P.]. 
v'. § ad. sk. Quetta, Baluchistan, Mav 10, Col. Swinhoe FP. 1. 
1881. 
w'. <$ ad. sk. Jacobabad, Sindh, Dec. 17,1871 Hume Coll. 

{A. 0. JEL). 
*'. $ ad. sk. Sukkur, Jan. 1, 1872 (A. 0. Hume Coll. 
JET.)y',
a'. (5$ ad.sk. Karachi, Nov. 1877 (E. A. Hume Coll. 
Butler). 
ar'. Ad. sk. Godra, Panch Mehals. Hume Coll. 
b". <$ ad. sk. Deesa, Feb. % 1876 (E. A. Hume Coll. 

Butler). 
2o2 

564

c". Ad. sk.

d". <$ ad. sk.

e\ Ad. sk.

f. $ ad. sk.
g". Ad. sk.

h". Ad. sk.

i", &'',1". Ad. sk.
m". Ad. sk.
n". <$ ad.; o",

p". § ad. sk. 
q". Ad. sk.
r". Ad. sk.
$", <$ ad. sk.

t". § ad. sk.

ur'. Ad. sk.

v"-y". Ad. sk.
z". c? ad. sk.

d\ b'\ Ad. sk.
c3. J ad. sk.
cP, e3,/8. Ad. sk.
f-h?,* Ad. sk.
'/•>, m\ Ad. sk.


riA, o. Ad. sk.

p'\ Ad. sk.

ff. Ad. sk.

i*-v\ S ad. sk.

w3. $ ad. sk.

,v3. $ ad. sk.

//, s3. Ad. sk.

V. 5 ad. sk.
b\ o\ dK 2 ad.

sk.
e\f\ Ad. sk.
g\ hK Ad. sk.
%K $ ad. sk.
7c\ l\ $ 2 ad. sk.

mK $ ad. sk.

nK Ad. sk.

oK <J ad. sk.

f, q\ d S ad.

sk,

 PICIDJB. 

 Sambkur, Jan. 1, 1870 (Dr.

Neiomari). 

 Sambhur, Nov. 14, 1876 (22.

M. Adam). 
Delhi, Nov. 1876 [C T. Binyham). 
Delhi, Feb. 17, 1881 (TV. X.
Chill), 
Sultanpur, Gursraon Distr. (W.

N. Chill), 
Sultanpur, Mav 8, 1870 (W.
JV. Chill). " 
Sirsa, Punjab. 
Lahore. '

 Lahore, Jan., Dec.

 Peshawar, Feb. 1877.

 Cashmere.

 Ramoo, Cashmere, June 12,

1871 (Jr. E.Brooks), 

 Simla.

 Dehra Dhoon, Feb. 8, 1871

(G. King). 
Agra, Feb. 1861).

 Umbala, Nov. 180(3 {11. C.

Beavail), 
Etawab, March, Sept.

 Cawnpore, Sept. 5, 1868.

 Jhansi distr., Sept., Oct.

 Oudh, Jan., March, Nov., Dec.

 Nepal'.

 Nepal (B. II Hodgson).

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Gould Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Col. Way [P.]. 
Pin will Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


 Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 


 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Hodgson Coll. 

 India Museum 

 Sikhimj Jan. 1873 {L. Man- Hume Coll. 

delli). 
Assam [McClelland). India Museum 
Shillong, Oct., Dec' (J. Code- Hume Coll. 

bum). 
Dibruglmr, March 14, 1880 [J.
JR. Cripps). 

 Khasia Hills, Nov. 17, 1876

(A. Jr. Chennell). 
Cachar (J, higlis). 
Khoosliyara River, Cachar,
Jan. 15,1878 {J. higlis). 
Manipur, March 1881 (A. 0. 
II). 

 Saugor. 
Saugor (Hooper). 
Mhow, Nov. 2, 1881.

 N.E. of Ahmeclnagger, Dec. (#.
B. Fairbanh). 
Belgaum, Nov, 25, 1880 {£.
A. Butler). 
Madras. 
Assensole, Nov. 8,1872. 
Maimbboom, March, April (JR.

C. Beavan). 
Hume Coll. 

 Tweeddale Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 

 Hume Coll. 
India Museum. 
Col. Swmhoe [Pj. 
Tweeddale Coll. "* 

 Hume Coll. 

 Gould Coll. 
Hume Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

50 . 3XKTX. 565 
7-4, s\ Ad. sk. 

tk 

. <$ ad. sk. 
w4. d1 ad. sk. 


u1. tf ad.; w4, xi, 
$ ad. sk. 
?/4, zK Ad. sk. 

a5. Ad. sk. 

b5 5 

, c, Ad. sk. 

d5 

. Ad. sk. 

e3. Ad. sk. 
f\ Ad. sk. 
#\ Ad. sk. 
h*,t?. d ad.; k5. 

$ ad. sk, 
/\ Skeleton. 
m\ Skeleton 

(head missing). 
n5, o5,p\ Skulls. 
(f, v". s\ Sterna. 

Dacca. 
Tkayetmyo, Burin ah. 
Karen-nee, March 20, 1874 (22. 


G. W. JR.). 
Tongkoo, Oct., Nov., & Feb. 

(It G. W. B.). 
Amoy, China, Jan., Oct. (B. 

Sioinhoe). 
Amoy, Jan. 1859 (B. SivinJioe). 
Amoy, March, Nov. (B. Sioin


hoe). 

Tientsin. 
Japan. 
Japan. 
Nagasaki, Japan. 
Nagasaki, Oct-Dec. 


S. Germany. 
Hume Coll. 

Hume Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Tweeddale Coll. 

Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Gould Coll. 

Purchased. 
Purchased. 
Gould Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll. 

F. Ringer, Esq. [P.]. 
Purchased. 

Dr. Giinther. 

J. Ingall, Esq. [P.]. 
2. lynx pectoralis. 
Yunx pectoralis, Tig. B. Z. 8. 1831, p. 03; Gray, Gen. B. ii. 
p. 448, pi. cxii. (1845) ; Malh. Bicidce, ii. p. 291, pi. cxxi. fig. 1 
(1862) ; Gurney, Ibis, 18G2, p. 33; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 240 
(1867); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 18 (1871); id. ed. Layard's B. 8. 
Afr. p. 191 (1884). 
Yunx indica, Gould, B.Z.S. 1849, p. 112 j id, B. Asia, vi. pi. 38 
(1850); Malh. Bicida, ii. p. 292, pi. cxxi. fig. 3 (1862); Jerd. B. 
Ind. i. p. 304 (1862); Gray, List Bicid. Brit. Mus. p. 127 (1868); 
id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 204, no. 8851 (1870). 

Junx indica, Reichenb. Scans. Bicince, p. 432, no. 1018, pi. dcxix. 
figs. 4127-28 (1854). 
Junx pectoralis, Reichenb. Scans. Bicinm, p. 433, no. 1019, pi. dcxix. 

figs. 4129-30 (1854) j Cab. § Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 6 (1863). 
Iunx indica, Cab. # Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 4 (18G3). 
lynx indica, Sundev. Consp. Av. Bicin. p. 108 (1866). 
lynx pectoralis, Sundev. Consp. Av. Bicin. p. 109 (1866); Gray, List 

" Bicid. Brit. Mus. p. 128 (1868) ; id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 204, no. 8850 
(1870); Sharpe in Oates's Matabele-Land, App. B, p. 300 (1881); 
id. ed. Layard's B. S. Afr., App. p. 812 (1884); Hartl Orn. Ostlciquat. 
Geb.Afr. p. 309 (1887). 

Jynx pectoralis, Ay res, Ibis, 1879, p. 300. 

Adult male. Has the entire upper parts, the wings and tail, as 
well as their coverts, the top of the head and the hind neck very 
similar to L torquilla, the main difference in these being that in 
the present species the tail is more numerously banded with black. 

I. pectoralis may at once be distinguished from L torquilla by 
having the middle of the throat, the fore neck, and the chest uniform 
deep rufous, the lower half of the face and the feathers of the neck 
bordering the rufous being barred black and white, the chin having 
a few similarly marked feathers' mixed with the rufous ; underparts 
566 
YICWM. 

below tlie chest creamy white, the sides of the body, flanks, and 
thighs more or less tinged with buff or rufescent buff; the entire 
breast is striped, the flanks and thighs are barred with black; under 
tail-coverts rnfescent buff, with stripes and sagittate markings or 
narrow bars of black ; under wing-coverts pale rufous. Total length 
7 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*55, tail 2*75, tarsus 0*78; toes (without 
claws)—outer anterior 0*62, outer posterior 0*05, inner anterior 

0*42, inner posterior 0*33. 

Adult female. Eesembles the adult male. Total length 7 inches, 
culmen 0*7, wing 3*6, tail 2*75, tarsus 0*8. 

Hah. Eastern portion of Cape Colony, Transkei, Xatal, and the 
Transvaal, then probably ranges westward, and has been found as 
far north as Landana* by M. Luean. Dr. Tribtram, in the Catalogue 
of his collection, records a specimen from 3Iombasa(6W^;t. 

a. Ad. sk. South Africa. Eyton Coll. 
'(Type of species, j 
b. Ad. sk. 
c, d, (5 ad. sk. 
e}f. cT ad. sk. 
Maclean Town, S. Africa. 
Elands Post, S. Africa (T. 
C. Aimore). 
Elands Post, April, 3Xay 
(T. C. Atmore). 
Major Trevelvan LIV. 
Shelley Coll. 
Tweeddale Coll 
g/f h. 6 ad. J i. Elands Post, May, June Sharpe Coll. 
$ ad. sk. 
k} I. Ad. sk. 
m. t$ ad. sk. 
n. 3 ad. sk. 
(T. C. Atmore).
Natal. 
Pine Town, Natal, June (T. 
L. Ayres). 
"Valley of the Umlass, Natal, 
Aug. (Gordge). 
Purchased. 
Shelley Coll. 
Shelley Coll. 

3. lynx pulchricollis, 
lynx 
pulchricoUis, Earth Ibis, 1884, p. 28, pi. iii.: id. Orn. Ostl' 
Squat. Geb. Afr. 1887, pp. 308, 310. 

Adult male. Kesenibles I. jpectoralis, but differs in having the 
chin and throat white barred with brownish black, like the malar 
region, the rufous not ascending above the fore neck ; under surface 
of the body whiter and more narrowly and clearly striped with 
black, the sides of the body, flanks, and thighs faintly washed with 
rufous and striped (not banded) with black ; under tail-coverts rich 
rufous, with almost obsolete black shaft-stripes; general colour 
above browner; the bill is longer, more slender, and blacker: " iricles 
pale brown; bill dusky brown, lower mandible paler; feet pale 
brownish dusky" (Emm Bey). Total length 8 inches, culmen U'75, 

* It would not surprise me to find that the present specie* extends up the 
Congo to its head-waters; and, if this be the case, it would pro\ e a remarkable 
fact that in a very restricted area in the Equatorial Provinces every species of 
lynx should be found, even including our widely-spread /. torquilla. 
t I am not aware that Gordge ever collected at Mombasa; possibly there may 
be some mistake as to the locality. 

50. 1YNX. 
507 
wing iJ'7, tail 2J, tarsus O'l); loos (without claws)—outer anterior 
0*(>5, outer posterior 0-05, inner anterior 0-38, inner posterior 0*3. 
//«/>. Eastern Equatorial Africa (JJabira, east of tho Jiar-el-
Djobol). 

4. lynx sequatorialis. 
lynx ajquatorialis, Hitpp. Mas. JSencJwnb, iii. p. 121 (1815); id. ttyst. 
7/ebers. Jo)/. N.O.-Afr. pp. \)i), do, pi. xxxvii. (184**)); tiiaidev. 
Consp. Avl Piein. p. 105) (1800); .flWr//. Or//. Oxtl.-riquat. Gvh. 
Afr. p. iilO (1887); tialntd. A tin. Mas. Cii\ St or. Nat. Gcnova, 

J?N8,p. 212. 

Yunx tpcpiatorialis, f//v/y, Geu, B. ii. p. H* (184/5); lleutjl. Hast. 
Ueben. Votj. KO.-Afr. p. 47(185(5); Math. Puwto, ii.'p. 21) I, 
pi. exxi. ii<r. 2 (1S(>2) *; Gray, Lint Vivid. Brit. Mm. p. 127 (1808); 
id. Jland-l. Ji. ii. p. 204, no. ^"r2 (1870). 

Junx 
requatorialhs, Reichenb. Scans, Vicuw, p. 4o-5, no. 1020, 
pi. dexviii. tig. 4124 (1854). 
Iuux oequatoriiilis, Cab. # Heine, Man. Hein. iv. p. 5 (1863); Ilew/L 
Oni. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 801 (1871). 

Adult, llesemblos i". pectoralis, but may be distinguished by its 
having tho entire breast, as well as the chest, fore neck, and throat, 
rich rufous; the under tail-coverts also rufous. " Total length 
5-86 inches, bill (from gape) 0-85, wing 2*8, tail 2*9, tarsus 0*G0 " 
(Mcdherbe). The sexes are similar, and the soft parts arc stated to 
be as follows :—" 2 , hides dark chestnut: bill brown, with the 
mandible lighter towards the base; feet brown " (Rayazzi). 

llab. Southern Provinces of Abyssinia, and 8hoa. 

ADDENDA. 

Add: ^age 21. Colaptes mexicauus. 

n\ $ ad.; ol-qK Sierra Bolanos, Jalisco, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
$ ad. sir. Mexico, Feb., March ( W. 

B. Richardson), 
Page 24 Colaptes campestris. 
Line 3 from bottom, for "Kothsay" read "Rothesay." 


Page 87. Chloronerpes rubiginosus. 
Line 8, for " campileus " read " canipileus." 


Page 102. Campothera smith! 
Line 8, for " 0. striatus r read " D. striatvs." 


Page 106. Campothera maculosa, 
Top line, for " Aubin" read " Auburn." 


Page 112. Chrysoptilus melanochlorus. 
Top line, for " Bothsay " re«cZ " Eothe&ay.1' 


Page 124. Chrysophlegma malaccense, 
Bottom line, for " Mottleij " read " Motley." 


PaSe I48

Add;—- Melanerpes erythrocephalus. 

k ', V\ <$ $ ad, sk. Tarpon Springs, Florida, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
April, Sept. {W. & D. 
Scott). 

ADDENBA. 
569 

Add: Page 151. Melanerpes formicivorus. 

i"> &". 6 $ ad. sk. Eeal del Monte, State of Salvln-Godman Coll. 
Hidalgo, Mexico, Oct. (W. 
I". <$ ad. sk.
B. Richai'dson), 
Kio Frio, Ixtaccikuatl, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Mexico, Sept.
Richardson). 
(TV. B. 

Add: ^a&e 153. Melanerpes melanopogon. 

r", s". <$ ad. sk. Sierra Bolanos, Jalisco, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Mexico, March (W. B. 
Richardson). 

Pa e 1^2

Add:g - Melanerpes carolinus. 

i'-p'. <$ ad. et Tarpon Springs, Florida, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
imm.; q',r'. J . Jan., Feb., April, Oct. 
imm. sk. (W. JE. D. Scoff). 

Add: Pa&e 18"**- Melanerpes uropygialis. 

u'-io'. <$ ad.; .v'. Bolaiios, Jalisco, Mexico, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
$ ad. sk. Feb. (W. B. Richardson). 

Add: Page 192. Sphyropicus varius. 

2/W\ (S ad. sk. Sierra Bolanos, Jalisco, Salvin-Godman Coll 
Mexico, Feb., March (IF. 

B. Richardson). 
b\ $ juv. sk. Tenango del Valle, Mexico, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Oct. ( W. B. Richardson), 
c'-f. 
5 ad. et Eeal del Monte, State of Salvin-Godman Coll. 
<$ $ imm. sk. Hidalgo, Mexico, Oct. ( TJr. 

B. Richardson). 
Add: ^ ao e 191. Sphyropicus nuchalis. 

(/. <$ ad. sk. Sierra Bolanos *, Jalisco, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Mexico, Feb. (IV. Bt 
Ric/ucrdso?}). 

Add: 1>a&e 19 8. Sphyropicus thyroideus. 

0'. (S [ $ imm.]; Sierra Bolanos t, Jalisco, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
p', q'. $ ad. et Mexico, March (W, B. 
imm. sk. Richardson). 

Mr. Richardson has sexed specimen o' as <3. If the males ever 

* This extension of range is interesting, and corresponds with that of other 
species whose known distribution had been restricted until specimens were 
obtained by Messrs. Salvin and Godman's collectors. 
t This adds considerably to the known range of the species. 

570 ADDENDA. 

assume the plumage of the female, then this may he one; hut I think 
it much more likely that the collector, in labelling a number of skins, 
has made a mistake in the sign of the sex. One might expect to find 
the young of both sexes alike, but I have never seen a young male 
in any other than the black plumage with white throat-spot. In 
this dress the middle of the breast and the abdomen are wliite, with 
the slightest yellow tinge on the breast, and these parts are similar 
to those of the young female; therefore Mr. Bichardson's <$ cannot 
be a bird intermediate between the brown-plum aged male (if it exist) 
and the black-plumaged bird with white throat-spot, because his 
specimen is almost a counterpart of the adult female, having the 
middle of the lower breast and abdomen brilliant lemon-yellow, and 
the black chest-patch, although less developed, glossed with greenish 
blue. I should not be surprised to find that the young male doe^ 
not resemble the young female; the specimens in black plumage with 
white throat-spot appear to be very young birds, they may, however, 
have passed through the first autumn moult. Further investigations 
will clear up this point. 

Specimen jy, 5 ad., has one or two of the feathers comprising the 
brown throat-spot tipped with pale scarlet. 

A<^. Page 213. Dendrocopus major. 

y\ S ad. sk. Suffolk, March. Miss Nona Holden 
[p.]. 

Add. Page 230. Dendrocopus arizonse. 

r/~i'. <3 ad.; /»•'. $
ad. sir. 
Sierra Bolanos, 
Mexico, Feb. (W. 
Jalisco, 
B. 
Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Richardson), 

Add. Page 234. Dendrocopus maynardi 

b. c. 9 ad. sic. Tarpon Springs, Florida, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
July, Sept. (W. B. D. 
Scoff). 
Pa&e

Add:— ^36. Dendrocopus harrisi. 

q'', r". $ ad. sk. Sierra Bolaiios, Jalisco, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Mexico, March (W. B. 
Richardson). 

Add:— ^a&e ^8* Dendrocopus jardiiiii. 

u\ v'. <$ ad.; w'. Pdo Frio, Ixtaccihuatl, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
$ ad. sk. Mexico, Sept. (W. B. 
Richardson). 
a*'. $ ad. sk. Tenango del Valle} Mexico, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
Oct. ( W. B> Richardson). 

ADDENDA. 571 

Add: ^aoe 241. Dendrocopus pubescens. 

&-d?. cS ad.; ez,f. Tarpon Springs, Florida, Jan., Salvin-Godman Coll. 
? ad. sk. Oct. (W. JS. D. Scott). 

Add: Page 244. Dendrocopus Strickland! 

d~f. S ad.; g. $ llio Frio, Ixtaecihuatl, Salvin-Godman Coll. 
ad. sk. AEexico, Sept. (W. B. 
Richardson). 

Add: Paoe 249. Dendrocopus scalaris. 

iK c? acl. sk. Papalote, Bee Co., Texa^ Salvin-G-odman Coll. 
Feb. (F. B. Armstrong). 
hK <$ ad.; l\ mL. Hidalgo, Texas, April 1880 Salvin-Godman Coll. 
2 ad. sk. (F. B. Armstrong). 

Add: Page 252. Dendrocopus borealis. 

Young male*. Differs from the adult male in having a scarlet 
spot on the crown instead of the red stripe on the side of the occiput 
; the sinciput spotted with dull buffy white; the face less pure 
white: the nasal plumes and the entire under surface of the body, 
from the chin downwards, buffy white, the dusky black markings on 
the flanks having a barred character; the black of the plumage less 
intense and devoid of any blue-green gloss. 

Add:— 

x-c'. S ad. et juv.j Tarpon Springs, Florida, Feb., Salvin-Godman CoH. 
tV-g\ $ ad. sk. April, Mav, Sept., Dec. 
(W.E.D*Scott). 

Page 265. Dendrocopus brunneifrons. 

Specimens a, b. Types of the species. 

Page 308. Thripias namaquus. 
Specimens b and e. Types of 2Tesopicus decipiens, Sharpe. 


Page 37G. Mesopicus xantholophus. 

Specimens a, b. Types of the species. 

* I am glad, before the completion of this volume, to have had an opportunity 
of seeing the young of Dendrocopus borealis, which appears to be rare in 
collections, and is but little known. Malherbe in his Monograph (i. p. 135) has 
described it, and distinctly states that it has no red stripe on the side of the 
occiput, but that it has a red spot on the vertex; notwithstanding this, he has 
allowed his draughtsman to represent the tf juv. (plate xxxi. fig. 5) with the 
red stripe on the side of the occiput, together with the coronal spot. 
572 ADDENDA. 

^ft. Page 407. Brachypteriras aurairtras, 

v\ w\ S ? ad. sk. Mount Aboo. Colonel Butler [0.]. 

Page 427. Celeus reicheuhacM. 

Line 21, for " Coleopicus " read " Celeopieus." 

Page 441. Crocomorplms flavus. 

Specimen h, for " Salvin-Godman Coll." read " Sclater Coll. 
(Type of Celeus siibflavus)" 

Add after specimen ?. " Purchased." 

hjfa. Page 465. Campophilus principalis. 

Pull. J . This specimen is only partially covered with feathers, 
but the distribution of the blue-black and pure white of the plumage 
is similar to that of the adult female; the vent is surrounded by a 
few buffy white feathers, " Eyes not open. Irides, on dissection, 
greyish yellow" (T7. E. D. Scott). 

Page 504. Thriponax feddeni. 

Specimen a. Type of the species. 

j^d . Page 517. Dryotomus pileatns. 

i'. 9. ad. &k. Tarpon Springs, Florida, Salvin-Goclman Coll. 
Feb. 18 (W. E. D. Scott), 
k'-n'. <$ ad. et Hernando Co., Florida (IF. Salvin-Godman Coll. 

imm.: o'. J ad. E. D. Scott), 

sk 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 


abingdon i (Campothera), 

08. 
abingdon i (Chysoptilus), 
abingoni (Campothera), 

90, 100, 101. 
abingoni (Picus), 100. 
abingtoni (Campethera), 

09. 100,102. 
abingtoni (Campothera), 
99. 
abingtoni (Dendrobaleb), 
100. 
abingtoni (Dendromus), 
100. 
abingtoni (Picus), 103. 
abnormis (Microcolaptes), 
557. 
abnormis (Pieumnoides), 

358. 
abnormis (Picumnus), 
557. 
abnormis (Sasia), 534, 
535, 557, 559. 
abyssinica (Campethera), 

803. 
abyssinicus (Dendrobates), 
300, 303. 
abyssinicus (Dendromus), 

303. # 
abyssinicus (Dendropicus), 
302, 303. 
abyssinicus (Ipoctonus), 

303. 
abyssinicus (Picus) 303. 
adspersus (Chloronerpes), 
358. 
adspersus (Eleopicus), 

358. 
adspersus (Mesopicus), 
358. 
jEquatorialis 
(Hypoxanthus), 
31. 

requatorialis (Imix), 567. 
ajquatorialis (lynx), 5(57. 
a^quatorialis (Junx), 567. 
sequatorialis (Xunx), 5(57. 
ajruginosua (Chloroner


pes), 81, 83. 
ajruginosus (Chryhopicus), 
82. 
.ethiopica (Campethera), 

03. 
aithiopieus (Dentlrobates), 
93. 
ajthiopicus (Dendromus), 
93. 
ajthiopicus (Picus), 93. 
affinis (Campias), 363. 
affinis (Chloronerpes), 

359, 362. 
affinis (Dendrobates), 

337, 362. 
affinis (Eleopicus), 363. 
affinis (Gfecinus), 46. 
affinis (Mesopicus), 359. 
affinis (Picus), 46, 359, 

362. 
africana (Naimopipo), 
554. 
africana (Sasia), 553. 
africana (Verreauxia), 
553. 
africanus (Dendrobates), 
375. 
africanus (Dendromus), 
375. 
africanus (Dendropicus), 
375. 
africanus (Picumnus), 
554. 
africanus (Picus), 367, 
375. 
agilis (Campias), 355. 
agilis (Chloronerpes), 355. 
agilis (Dendrobates), 355. 
agilis (Picus), 353. 
agricola (Colaptes), 25. 
agricola (Greopicos), 23. 
agricola (G-eopicus), 25. 
agricola (Picus), 25. 
Agripicus, 9. 
alascensis (Picoides), 

280. 
albertuli (Venilia), 348. 
albidior (Picoides), 277. 
albifrenatus (Campephilus), 
476. 
albifroiiri (Centurus), 
172, 180. 
albifrons (Picus), 166, 
172, 180. 
albipes (Chloronerpes), 

359. 
albipes (Picus), 359, 
albirostris (Oampephilus), 
470. 
albirostris (Dryocopus), 
470, 475. * 
albirostris (Dryotomus). 

470. 
albirostris (Megapicos), 
470. 
albirostris (Megapicus), 
470. 
albirostris (Phlceoceastes), 
470. 
albirostris (Picus), 470. 
albisquamatus (Microco


laptes), 539. 
albisquamatus (Picumnus), 
539. 
albolarvatus (Leuconerpes), 
284. 
albolarvatus (Melaner


pes), 284. 
albolarvatus (Picus), 285. 
albolarvatus (Xenocrau


gus), 285. 

ALPHABETICAL ITOEX. 

albolarvatus (Xenopicus), 
284, 285. 
albosquamatus (Picumnus), 
535, 539, 540. 
algiras (Gecinus), 41. 
algirus (Picus), 41. 
Alophouerpes, 494. 
alpinus (Dendrocopus), 

519. 
alpinus (Picoides), 275. 
americanus (Apternus), 

279. 
americanus (Picoides), 
278, 279, 280, 281. 
americanus alascensis 
(Picoides), 281. 
americanus dorsalis (Picoides), 
278. 
americanus, var. dorsalis 
(Picoides), 278. 
americanus, var. fasciatus 
(Picoides), 280. 
americanus (Picus),279. 
amictus (Tiga) 132. 
anais (Picus), 472. 
analis (Dendrocopus), 
2(56,267,2(18. 
analis (Dendrotypes), 

266. 
analis (Picus), 266. 
analis (Yungipicus), 266. 
andamanensis (Dendrocopus), 
267. 
andamanensis (Dendrotypes), 
267. 
andamanensis (Picus), 

267. 
angustifrons (Melanerpes), 
153. 
Apternus, 274. 
arator (Geocolaptes), 9. 
arator (Geopicus), 9. 
arator (Picus), 9. 
arborea (Jynx), 561. 
arctica (Tridactylia), 282. 
aroticus (Apternus), 282. 
arcticus (Picoides), 280, 

282. 
arcticus (Picus), 279, 

282. 
arizonas (Dendrocopus), 
228, 570. 
arizouaj (Dryobates), 229. 
arizonse (Picus), 229. 
arizonaj iraterculus 
(Dryobates), 229. 
assimilis (Dendrocopus), 

227. 
assimilis (Picus), 227. 
asterias (Picumnus), 538. 
Astkenurus, 521. 

Asyndesmus, 4, 137. 
atratus (Dendrocopus), 

263. 
atratus (Dendrotypes), 

263. 
atratus (Picus), 263. 
atriceps (Hvpoxantkus), 
29, 32. 
atricollis (Clirvaopicos), 

118. 
atricollis (Ckrysopicus), 

118. 
atricollis (Chrysoptilus), 

118. 
atricollis (Picus), 119. 
atriventris (Dendrocopus), 
467. 
atriventris (Dryocopus), 
467, 517. 
atriventris (Picus), 466. 
atrothorax (Picus), 189. 
auduboni (Picus), 231. 
auduboni (Trichopicus), 

232. 
aurantiiventris(Ba3opipo), 

aurantiiventris (Iyngipicus), 
320. 
aurantiiventris (Iyngopicus), 
320. 
aurantiiventris (Yungipicus), 
264. 
aurantius (Braclrypternus), 
404, 405, 407. 
408, 572. 
aurantius (Bralmuipicus), 

405. 
aurantius (Gkrysocolaptes), 
455. 
aurantius (Picus), 404, 

455. 
auratus (Colaptes), 12, 
15, 16, 18, 22, 23. 
auratus (Craugasus), 79. 
auratus (Geopicos), 13. 
auratus (Geopicus), 13. 
auratus (Picus), 12, 79. 
auratus, var. chrysocaulosiis 
(Golaptes), 15. 
auratus kybridus (Golaptes), 
22. 
auratus, var. hybrid us 
(Colaptes), 22. 
auratus mexicanus (Golaptes), 
18. 
auratus, var. mexicanus 
(Golaptes), 18. 
auriceps (Liopipo), 264. 
auriceps (Picus), 264. 
auricularis (Chloronerpes), 
83. 

aurifrons (Centurus). 
178,180. 
aurifrons (Aielanerpes), 
177,178/180, 181. 
aurifrons (Picumnus), 
544, 546,547. 
aurifrons (Picus), 1(54, 
176,177. 
aurifrons dubius (Centurus), 
172. 
aurifrons hoffmanni 
(Centurus), 181. 
aurifrons, var. hoffmanni 
(Centurus), 181. 
aurifrons santa-eruzi 
(Centurus), 180. 
aurifrons (Zebrapicus), 

178. 
aurita (Baeopipo), 326. 
auritus (Iyngipicus), 309, 
324,325, 326, 328. 
auritus (Picus), 326. 
auritus (Tripsurus), 325. 
auritus (Yungipicus), 

326. 
aurocristatus (Picus), 


290. 
aurulentus (Chloronerpes), 
72, 79. 
aurulentus (CMoropieos), 

79. 
aurulentus (Cbloropicus), 

79. 
aurulentus (Ckrysopicus), 

aurulentus (Picus), 72, 
74,79. 
australis (Colaptes), 2o. 
awokera (Ohloropicos), 

awokera (Ckloropieus), 

awokera (Gecinus), 41. 
awokera (Picus), 41. 
ayresi (Colaptes), 22, 

ayresi (Picus), 22. 
ayresii (Colaptes), 22. 
ayresii (Geopicus), 22. 
azarxe (Picumnus), 531. 

baccha (Ckrysocolaptes), 

449. 
badiodes (Geleopicos), 

433. 
badiodes (Celeus), 433. 
badiodes (Picus), 433. 
badiosus (Meisrlyptes), 

badiosus (Microptemus), 

400. 

badiosus (Phaiopieus), 

401. 
badiosus (Picas), 401. 
badiixs (Brachypternus), 

402. 
badius (Hemicircus), 396. 
badius (Meiglyptes), 393, 

396. 
badius (Micropternus), 

396. 
badius (Picus), 396. 
Baeopipo, 309. 
bairdi (Campophilus), 

465. 
bairdi (Dryobates), 247. 
bairdi (Picus), 246, 465. 
bairclii (Canipephilus), 

465. 
balia (Carnpothera), 9t>, 

98. 
balius (Picus), 98. 
barbatus (Picus), 50. 
Bengal Woodpecker, 4< )9, 

455. 
bengalensis (Braehylophus), 
404. 
bengalensis (Brahmapicus), 
405. 
bengalensis (Piciih), 404, 
409,455. 
beimetti (Oampethera), 
103,104. 
bennetti (Gatnpothera), 
102, 103. 
bennetti (Tpagrus), 103. 
beimetti (Picus), 103. 
bennettii (Oampothera), 

104. ^ 
bennettii (Obrysoptilus), 

102. 
bennettii (Dendronius), 

103. 
biarmicus (Dendropicus), 

307. 
biarmicus (Picus), 306. 
bicolor (Dyctiopieus), 

259. 
bicolor (Picus), 148,259. 
blakei ^Centurus), 168. 
blakei (Melanerpes), 168. 
blakii (Melanerpes), 1(58, 

169. 
blanfordi (Picus), 290. 
blytb.il (Phaiopicos), 394. 
Blythipicus, 379. 
boiei (Oatnpephilus), 466. 
boiei (Dryocopus), 467. 
boiei (Megapicus), 467. 
boiei (Phloeoceastes), 467. 
boiei (Picus), 466. 
boieri (Picus), 466. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

borbne (Pieumnus), 

547. 
borealis (Dendrocopus), 
251, 571. 
borealis (Drvob itesO, 

251. 
borealis (Picus), 251. 
borealis (Tbrenopipo), 

251. 
Bracbylopluis, 33. 
Braehyptemopicus, 403. 
Brachypternus, 6, 403. 
bracliyrhvncha (Campethera),"
l06. 
brachyrhvncha (Oampothera),*
106. 
brachyrbynchus (Oampethera), 
104. 
bracliyrliyncbus (Chrysopicus), 
10(5. 
brachyrbynchus (Dendrobates), 
105. 
brachyrhynchus (Dendromus), 
104, 106. 
brachyrhynchus (Picus), 

106. 
brachvurus (Meiglyptes), 
394,396. 
braehyurus (Micropternus), 
394, 396, 401, 

402. 
brachvurus (Phaiopicob), 
396\ 
braehyurus (Phaiopieus), 

396. 
braehyurus (Picus), 396. 
Brahmapicus, 403. 
brasiliensis (Cbloronerpes), 
72, 73, 74. 
brasiliensis (Chloropicus), 
72. 
brasiliensis (Picus), 73. 
breyirostris (Hypoxantbus), 
29, 31, 32. 
brevirostris (Picus), 212, 
brookeanus (Hemicercus), 

484. 
brucei (Oampethera), 

101. 
brucei (Ohrysopicus), 

100. 
brucei (Dendrobates), 

101. 
brucei (Ipagrus), 100. 
brucei (Picus), 101. 
brunifrons (Dendrocopus), 
264, 571. 
brunneifrons (Dendrocopus), 
264. 
bruimeifrons(Dryobates), 

264. 

51h 

brunneifrons (Leiopicus), 

264. ^ 
brunneifrons (Picus), 

264. 
brunneus (Hemicercus), 
3S8. 
brunneus (Meiglyptes), 


388. 
brunneus (Picus), 388. 
brunnifrons (Leiopicus), 

264. 
brunnifrons (Picus), 264. 
Buif-crested Woodpecker, 

470. 
buffoni (Picunmus), 530, 
542, 544, 545, 547. 
buffonii (Ckrysoptilus), 

burmanicus (Micropternus), 
394, 395. 

cabauisi (Dendrocopus), 
218,219. 
cabanisi (Picus), 215, 
218, 219. 
caboti (Chloronerpes), 

344. 
caboti (Dendrobates), 
344, 346. 
caboti (Mesopicus), 344. 
caboti (Pkttjonerpes), 

344. 
caboti (Picus), 344. 
Cactocraugus, 140. 
cactorum (Cactocraugus), 

163. 
cactorum (Colaptes), 162. 
cactorum (Dendrobates), 

163. 
cactorum (Grecinus), 162. 
cactorum (Melanerpes), 

162. 
cactorum (Picus), 162. 
cactorum (Trichopicus), 

162. 
cater (Colaptes), 18, 
cafer (Picus), 17. 
cafer saturatior (Colaptes), 
IS. 
caiiliaudi (Oampethera), 

102. 
caiiliaudi (Oampothera), 
96,98,102. 
caiiliaudi (Ohrysopicus), 

102. 
calliaudi (Ipagrus), 102. 
caiiliaudi (Picus), 102. 
caillianti (Oampethera), 

102. 
cailliauti (Ohrysopicos), 

cailliauti (Dendronius), 

102. 
Callipieus, 337. 
callonotus (Oallipicus), 
347. 
eallonotus(Chloronerpes), 
847, 348. 
callonotus (Dendrobates), 
346,847, 348. 
callonotus (Erythronerpes), 
348. 
callonotus (Picus), 846, 

348. 
callonotus (Venilia), 
347. 
callonotus major (Ghloronerpes), 
348. 
callonotus peruvianus 
(Ghloronerpes), 848. 
callopterus (Ghloronerpes), 
80, 81. 
callopterus (Craugasus), 


80. 
callopterus (Picus), 80. 
Galopicus, 111). 
Oampephilus, 460. 
campestre, Carpintero, 
23. 
cainpestris (Chrysoptilus), 
23. 
campestris (Oolaptes), 24, 
2o, 568. 
campestris (Geopicos), 

24. 
campe&tris (Geopicns), 
24. 
campestris (Malherbipicus), 
24. 
campestris (Pediopipo), 

24. 
campestris (Picus), 23. 
campestris (Soroplex), 
campestroides (Chrysoptilus), 
25. 
campestroides (Malherbipicus), 
25. 
campestroides (Geopicos), 

25. 
Campethera, 90. 
Oampias, 337. 
Oamponomus, 3(57. 
Gampophilus, 7, 460. 
Oampothera, 3, 90. 
camtschatcensis (Tridactylia), 
277. 
canadensis (Picus), 231. 
cancellata (Dictyopipo), 

260. 
cancellatus 
(Dendroeopus), 
260. 

ALPHABETICAL mDEX. 

cancellatus (Picas), 244, 

260. 
candidus (Leuconerpes), 
148. 
candidus (Helanerpes), 
148. 
candidus (Phyinatoblepharus), 
14S. 
candidus (Picus), 148. 
canens (Hemicercas), 


486. 
canente (Hemicercus), 
486, 488, 489. 
canente (Hemicirenb), 


488. 
canente (Micropicos), 
486. 
canente (llicropicus), 
486,488. 
canente (Picus), 486. 
canente, yar. occidenta


lis (Picus), 488. 
canente, \ar. orientally 
(Picus), 486. 
canescens (Centurus), 

174. 
canescens (Melanerpe^), 
174. ^ 
canicapilla (Picopipo), 
322. 
canicapillus (Iyngipicus), 
322 
canicapillub (Picus), 322. 
canicapillus (Yungipi


cus), 322, 326. 
caniceps (Colaptes), oo. 
caniceps (Gecinus), 54. 
caniceps (Picus), 58, 

872. 
canifrons (Picub), 813. 
canipileus (Chloronerpes), 
84, 87. 
canipileus (Chrvsopicus), 

87. 
canipileus. (Chrysoptilus), 
84,87. 
canipileus (Colapteb), 

87. 
canipileus (Picus), 87. 
canus (Chloropicus), 41. 
canus (Colaptes), 53. 
canus (Gecinus), 52, 53, 
54,55. 
canus (Malaeolophus), 

54. 
canus (Picus), 53. 
canus iessoensis (Picus), 
54. 
canus perpallidus (Picus), 
54. 
capensis (Colaptes), 295. 
capensis (Dendrobates), 

372. 
capensis (Mesopicus), 
372. 
capensis (Picus), 295, 
371. 
Cape Woodpecker, 371. 
capistratus (Ghloronerpes), 
73, 74. 
capistratus (Chloropicus), 

74. 
capistratus(Chrysopicus), 
74. 
capistratus (Craugasiib), 
74. 
capistratus (Picus), 74. 
Capnopicus, 337. 
capricorni (Campethera), 
104. 
capricorni (Campethera), 
104. 
capricorni (Chrysopicus), 
104. 
capricorni (Dendronius), 
104. 
capricorni (Ipasrrus), 
104. 
capricorni (Picus), 104. 
capricornis (Ipagrus), 
104. 
Carbonarius, 518. 
Cardinal Woodpecker, 
295. 
cardinalis (Ghloronerpes), 
347. 
cardinalis (Chrysocolaptes), 
296. 
cardinalis (Dendrobates), 
296, 298. 
cardinalis (Dendropicus), 
295, 296, 298, 303. 
cardinalis (Ipoctonus), 

296. 
cardinalis (Picus), 295. 
carlotta (Brachypternus), 
453. 
carlotta (Chrysocolaptes), 
453. 
carlotta (Indopicus), 
453. 
carlotta (Picus), 453. 
caroli (Campethera), 
107. 
caroli (Oampothera), 
107. 
caroli (Chloropicus), 107. 
caroli (Chrysopieus), 107. 
caroli (Cnipotheres), 107. 
caroli (Dendrobates), 
107. 
caroli (Dendronius), 107 
AtPHABEIICAL INDEX. 

caroli (Pardipicus), 107. 
caroli (Picus), 107. 
caroli (Scolecotheres),107. 
Carolina Woodpecker, 

166,170. 
carolinensis (Oenturus), 

170. 
carolinensis (Picus), 170, 
172. 
carolinus (Oenturus), 170. 
carolinus, var. tricolor 
(Oenturus), 175. 
carolinus (Melanerpes), 
170, 171, 569. 
carolinus (Picus), 159, 
164,166, 170. 
carolinus (Zebrapicus), 

171. 
Carpintero campestre, 
23. 
Carpintero chorreaclo, 
259. 
Carpintero dorado pardo, 
79. 
Carpintero enano, 530. 
Carpintero gorro pajizo, 
422. 
Carpintero gorro y cuello 
roxos, 477. 
Carpintero lonio bianco, 

470. 
Carpintero negro, 508. 
Carpintero pardo dorado, 
362. 
Carpintero verde dorado, 
Carpintero verdinegro, 

110. 
Carpintero Tientre roxo, 
161. 
cassini (Canipias), 360. 
cassini (Chloronerpes), 
360. 
cassini (Dendrobates), 
360. 
cassini (Mesopicus), 360. 
cassini (Picus), 360. 
castaneus (Celeopieus), 
433. 
castaneus (Celeus), 433, 
435. 
castaneus(Malaeolophus), 
428. 
castaneus (Meiglyptes), 
433. 
castaneus (Picus), 433. 
castelneau (Picumnus), 
529. 
castelnaudi (Picumnus), 
528. 
VOL. XVIII. 
castelnaui (Picumnus), 

528. 
cathpharius 
(Dendrocopus), 
222, 223, 224, 

225. 
cathpharius (Picus), 223. 
cathpharius (Xylocopus), 
223. 
cathphoricus (Picus), 
223. 
cathphorius (Dendrocopus), 
223. 
cathphorius (Hypopicus), 

223. 
cathphorius (Picus), 
223. 
cayanensis (Chrysoptilus), 
116. 
cayanensis (Picus), 116. 
cayennensis (Chrysopi


cos),116. 
cayennensis (Chrysopicus), 
117. 
cayennensis (Chrysoptillus),
116,117. 
cayennensis (Picumnus), 

531,532. 
cayennensis (Picus), 116. 
cayennensis (Yunx), 532. 
caymanensis (Oenturus), 

169. 
caymanensis (Melanerpes), 
169. 
cecilise (Chloronerpes), 

366. 
cecilise (Dendrobates), 
366. 
cecilise (Erythronerpes), 
366. 
cecilise (Mesopicus), 366. 
cecilise (Picus), 366. 
cecilii (Chloronerpes), 
366. 
cecilii (Mesopicos), 366. 
cecilii (Venilia), 366. 
Celeopicos, 420. 
Celeus, 6, 420. 
Oenturus, 139. 
Ceophlceus, 8, 506. 
Cerchneipicus, 6, 436. 
ceylonus(Brachypternus), 
410,453. 
ceylonus (Picus), 410, 

453. 
chilensis (Colaptes), 28. 
chilensis (Geopicus), 28. 
chilensis (Picus), 28. 
chilensis (Pituipicus), 28. 
chinensis (Picumnus), 
551. 
chinensis (Vivia), 551. 
chlorigaster (Chrysophlegma), 
63. 
chlorigaster (G-ecinus), 

60, 62. 
chlorigaster (Picus), 62. 
chlorio (Picus), 53. 
chlorocephalus (Chloro


nerpes), 78. 
chlorocephalus (Chloropicus), 
78. 
chlorocephalus (Chrysopicus), 
78. 
chlorocephalus (Picus), 

77. 
chlorolophos (Picus), 59. 
ehlorolophurn (Chrysophlegma), 
60. 
chlorolophus (Chloropicos), 
59. 
chloroloph us (Ohloro picus), 
60. 
chlorolophus (Chrysophlegma), 
59, 62. 
chlorolophus (Gecinus), 

59, 60. 
chlorolophus (Picus), 59. 
Chloronerpes, 3, 69. 
chloronotus (Picus), 105. 
chlorophanes (Chryso


phlegma), 62. 
chlorophanes (G-ecinus), 

62. 
chlorophanes (Venilia), 
62. 
chlorophaus (G-ecinus),62. 
Ohloropicoides, 411. 
Ohloropicos, 119. 
chloropus (G-ecinus), 59. 
chloropus (Picus), 59. 
chlorozostus (Ohrysopicus), 
111, 
chlorozostus (Ohrysoptilus), 
111, 112. 
chlorozostus (Picus), 110, 

112. 
chrysauchen (Melanerpes), 
160. 
chrysauchen (Picus), 160. 
chrysocaulosus (Oolap


tes), 15. 

chrysochlorus (Chloronerpes), 
72, 73, 74. 
chrysochlorus (Ohloro


picus), 72. 
chrysochlorus (Craugasus), 
72. 
chrysochlorus (Picus), 

72. 
Ohrysocolaptes, 6, 442. 
ALPHABETICAL ESDEX. 

chrysogenys (Picus), 

179. 
chrysoides (Oolaptes), 16, 

23. 
chrysoides (G-eopicus), 16. 
chrysoides (Picus), 16. 
chrysomelas (Ohrysopicus), 
115. 
chrysomelas (Chrysoptilus), 
112, 115. 
Ohrysonotus, 411. 
chrysonotus (Braebypternopicus), 
407. 
chrysonotus (Brachvpternus), 
405, 407. 
chrysonotus (Picus), 404, 

408. 
Chrysophlegma, 3, 119. 
Ohrysopicos, 90. 
Ohrysopicus, 69, 109. 
chrysopterus (Picus), 

295. 
Ohrysoptilus, 3, 109. 
chrysosternusHTicus), 

23. 
chrysura (Canrpethera), 
98, 101. 
/hrvsura (Oampothera), 

99. 
chrysura, var. lineata 
(Oampethera), 99. 
chrysurus (Carapothera), 

100. 
chrysurus (Ohrysopicus), 

98. 
chrysurus (Dendrobates), 

98. 
chrysurus (Dendromus), 

98. 
chrysurus (Ipagrus), 98. 
chrysurus (Picus), 99. 
cinereicapillus (Oolaptes), 

27. 
cinereigula (Picus), 323. 
cinnamomeus (Asthenurus), 
528. 
cinnamomeus (Oeleopicos), 
42G. 
cinnamomeus (Celeopicus), 
426. 
cinnamomeus (Celeus), 
426, 427, 428. 
annamomeus (Craugiscus), 
528. 
cinnamomeus (Malacolo% 
phus), 426. 
cinnamomeus (Picumus), 
527. 
".momeus (Picus), 

cirratus (Picumnus), 

542. 
cirrhatus (Asthenurus), 

531. 
cirrhatus (Piculus), 531. 
cirrhatus (Picumnus), 
530,531,532. 
cirrhatus (Yunx), 531. 
cirris (Dendroeopus), 

271. 
cirris (Dendrodromas), 

271. 
cirris (Picus), 271. 
cissa (Dendroeopus), 

214. 
cissa (Picus), 214. 
citreopvgius (Celeus), 
429/ 
citrinus (Celeus), 440. 
citrinus (Picus), 440. 
Cladoseopus, 187. 
Cniparclius, 460. 
Cnipotheres, 90. 
coccometopus (Hemicercus), 
484. 
Oolaptes, 2, 10. 
collaris (Oolaptes), 18,21. 
Oolumbipictis. 139. 
comatus (Dryocopusj, 

470. 
comatus (Picus), 470. 
Comeris, 554. 
concretus (Hemicei'cus), 
482, 484. 
concretus (Micropicos), 

482. 
concretus (Micropicus), 
482, 484. 
concretus (Picus), 482, 

483. 
congicus (Dendrobates), 

108. 
cordatus (Hemicercus), 

488. 
cordatus (Picus), 488. 
coronatus (Centurus), 

161. 
coronatus (Picus), 161. 
coronatus (Tripsurus), 

161. 
corrientes (Picus), 467. 
crassirostris (Piculus), 


253. 
Oraugasus, 69. 
Craugiscus, 521. 
crawfurdi (Oampethera), 

504. 
crawfurdi (Thriponax), 
501, 504. 
crawfurdii (Pieus), 501. 

Crawfurd's Woodpecker, 

501. 
Crimson-breasted Woodpecker, 
9. 
Crimson-ramped Woodpecker. 
368. 
crissoleueos (Apternus), 

277. 
crissoleucus (Apternus). 

277. 
crissoleucus (Picoides), 

277. 
crissoleucus (Picus), 277. 
cristatus (Chrvsoptilus), 
111, 112. 
Crocomorphus, 6, 439. 
cruentatus (Melanerpes), 
155, 156, 158. 
cruentatus (Picus), 155, 

220. 
Cueu pieus, 10. 
cuvieri (Picus), 232. 
cyanasdus (Picus), 287. 

danfordi (Dendroeopus), 

256. 
danfordi (Picus), 256. 
darjeelensis (Dendroeopus), 
222. 
darjellensis (Dendroeopus), 
221. 
darjellensis (Hvpopicus), 

222. 
darjellensis (Picus), 221, 
darjilensis (Dendroeopus), 
221. 
darjilensis (Picus), 222. 
decipiens (Mesopicus), 
307,571. 
delattrii (Drvotomus), 

510. 
delesserti (Chrysocolaptes), 
449. 
delesserti (Indopicus), 

449. 
Dendrobates, 5, 337. 
Dendrocopos, 201. 
Dendrocoptes, 4, *28ti. 
Dendroeopus, 4, 201. 
Dendrodromas, 201. 
Dendromus, 90. 
Dendropicus, 5, 293. 
Dendrotypes, 202. 
desmursi (Chloronerpes), 

303. 
desmursi (Dendropicus), 

303. 
desmursi (Mesopicus), 


303. 
desmursi (Picus), 222. 


desmursii (Erythroner


pes), 303. 
Dictyopipo, 202. 
dignus (Ohloronerpeb), 

351. 
dignus (Dendrobates), 
351. 
dilutus* (Braclivpternusj, 
405. 
diinidiatus (Chloropieus), 
diinidiatus (Grecinus), 46, 
.47* 

diinidiatus (ilalaeolo


phus), 46. 
diinidiatus (Picus), 43, 

46. ^ 
Dinopiuin, 274. 
diophrys (Picus), 306. 
doerriesi (Iyngipieus), 
314.t 
doniinicanus (Leuconerpes), 
148. 
domimeanus (ileiampieos), 
148. 
dominicdnus (Melainpicus), 
148. 
dominicaiius (Picus), 148. 
d'orbignyanus (Pieum


nus), 533. 
dorsalis (Picoides), 278. 
dorsalis (Picus), 278. 
dorsalis (Tridactylia), 

278. 
Dryaltes, 554. 
Dryobates, 201. 
Dryocopus, 518. 
Dryopicos, 518. 
Dryotomus, 8, 514, 518. 
dubius (Centurus), 172. 
dubius leei (Centurus), 
172. 
dubius (Melanerpes), 172, 
173,174. 
dubius (Picus), 172. 
Dyctiopieus, 201. 

elegans (Oeleus), 426. 
elegans (Centurus), 178, 

184. 
elegans (Colaptes), 30,31. 
elegans (Melanerpes), 
184. 
elegans (Picus), 30, 184, 
426. 
elegans (Zebrapicus), 184. 
Eleopieus, 337. 
ellioti (Cainpethera), 374. 
ellioti (Mesopicus), 374. 
ellioti (Picus), 374. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

ellioti (Poliopicus), 374. 
eliiotti (Dendrocopus), 

445. 
eliiotti (Polipicus), 374. 
Epeiche de Nubie onde et 
„ taehete, 93. 
Epeiche ou Pic Baye de 
^ la Louisiane, 170. 
Epeiche ou Pic varie de 
„ la Encenada, 259. 
Epeiche ou Pic yarie de 

la Jamaique, 166. 
erythrauchen (Picus), 

170. 
erythroeephalus (Chrysoeolaptes), 
452. 
erythroeephalus (Melampicos), 
146. 
erythroeephalus (Melainpicus), 
146. 
er} throcephalus (Melanerpes), 
145,146, 568. 
erythroeephalus (Picus), 

145. 
erythrogaster (Picus), 
161. 
Erythronerpes, 293. 
erythronothos (Pieus), 
409. 
erythronotus 
(Brachypternus), 
408, 409, 410, 

453. 
erythronotus (Brahinapieus), 
410. 
erythronotus (Picus), 

410. 
erythropes (Chloronerpes), 
75. 
erythropes (Oraugasus), 

75. 
erythropes (Picus), 75. 
erythrophthalmus (Centurus), 
179. 
erythrophthalmus (Picus), 
172. 
erythrophthalmus (Zebrapicus), 
172. 
erythropis (Chloroner


pes), 75. 
erythropis (Picus), 75. 
ervthrops (Campephilus), 

513. 
erythrops (Ceophloeus), 
512, 513. 
erythrops (Chloronerpes), 

75. 
erythrops (Driopicus *, 
513. 
erythrops 
(Dryocopus), 
473, 509, 513. 

erythrops (Dryopicos), 
olo, 
erythrops (Dryopicus), 

Olo. 
erythrops (Picus), 75,512. 
erythropsis (Chloroner


pes), 75. 
erythropsis (Chloropicus), 

75. 
erythropsis (Chrysopicus), 
75. 
erythropygius (Chryaonotus), 
413. 
erythropygius (Grecinus), 
66, 67, 68. 
europaeus (Picoides), 275. 
everetti (Sasia), 559. 
everetti (Tiga), 418. 
exalbidus (Celeopicus), 

440. 
exalbidus (Celeus), 440. 
exalbidus (Picus), 440, 
441, 
exilis (Asthenurus), 530. 
exilis (Piculus), 530. 
exilis (Pieuninus), 530, 

531, 533, 542, 544. 
exilis (Picus), 542. 
exilis (Yunx), 530. 


feddeni (Hemilophus), 

504. 
feddeni (Mulleripicus), 
504 
feddeni (Thriponax), 499, 
501,502,504,505,572. 
feliciss (Dendrocopus), 

226. 
felicias (Picus), 226. 
fernandi (Picus), 419. 
fernandias (Colaptes), 
419. 
femandinaj (Colaptes), 
419. 
fernandinaj (Greopicos), 
419. 
fernandinai (Greopieus), 
419. 
fernandinai (Nesoceleus), 
419. 
fernandinai (Picus), 419. 
festiyus (Ohrysocolaptes), 
445. 
festivus (Picus), 445. 
fidelis (Dendrobates), 
357. 
fischeri (Hemilophus), 
495. 
flavescens (Celeopicos), 
423. 
2P2 
flavescens (Celeopicus), 

423. 
flavescens (Celeus), 420, 
422. 
flavesceus (Malacolophus), 
423. 
flavesceus (Picus), 422. 
flavicans (Malacolophus), 

440. 
flavicans (Picus), 440. 
flavifrons (Centurus), 
161. 
flavifrons (Melarnpicos), 
161. 
flavifrons (Melainpicus), 
161. 
flavifrons (Melanerpes), 
160,161. 
flavifrons (Phyniatoblepharus), 
161. 
flavifrons (Picuninus), 
543, 547. 
flavifrons (Picus), 161. 
flavifrons (Tripsurus), 

161. 
flavigula (Ohloronerpes), 
77. 
flavigula (Craugasus), 78. 
flavigula (Dryotomus), 
127, 129. 
flavigula (Melarnpicos), 

154. 
flavigula (Melampicus), 
154. 
flavigula (Melanerpes), 
154. 
flavigula (Picus), 77. 
flavigularis (Ohloronerpes), 
78. 
flavigularis (Melanerpes), 

154. 
flavigularis (Picus), 154. 
flavilumbis (Chrysoptilus), 
115. 
flavilumbis (Picus), 115. 
flavinotus (Picus), 332. 
flavinucha (Chioropicos), 

127. 
flavinucha (Ohloropicus), 
128. 
flavinucha (Chrysophlegma), 
127, 128, 130. 
flavinucha (G-ecinus), 127. 
flavinucha (Picus), 127. 
flavirostris (G-ecinus), 43. 
flavirostris (Picus), 43, 

199. 
flaviventris (Centurus), 
177,179. 
flaviventris (Picus), 194. 

ALPHABETICAL ISTDEX. 

flavotinctus (Pieumnus), 

548. 
flavus (Oeleus), 440, 441. 
flavus (Croeomorphus), 
439, 440, 572. 
flavus (Picus), 440. 
fokiensis (Brachypter


mis), 402. 
fokiensis (Meiglyptes), 

402. 
fokiensis (Micropternus), 
402. 
fokiensis (Picus), 402. 
formicivorus (Melampicus), 
151. 

formicivorus (Melanerpes), 
149,151.132,153, 
154, 155, 569. 

formicivorus (Picus), 149, 

151. 
formicivorus 
angiistifrons 
(Melanerpes), 

153. 
formicivorus, 
var. angustifrons 
(Melanerpes), 

153. 
formicivorus bairdi 
(Melanerpes), 151. 
fraseri (Celeopicus), 432, 

433. 
fraseri (Oeleus), 432. 
frater (lyngipicus), 326. 
fronclium (Colaptes), 37. 
frondium (G-ecinus), 38. 
frondium (Picus), 212. 
frontalis (Campias), 354. 
frontalis (Ohloronerpes), 
354. 
frontalis (Dendrobates), 
354. 
fuliginosus (Microstictus), 
492. 
fuliginosus (Mulleripicus), 
492. 
fuliginosus (Picus), 225. 
fulvifaseiatus (lyngi


picus), 333. 
fulvigaster (Picus), 498. 
fulviscapa (Campethera), 

296. 
fulviscapus (Dendrobates), 
295. 
fulviscapus (Dendropicus), 
296. 
fulviscapus (Picus), 295, 

298. 
fulvus (Alophonerpes), 
490, 491. 
fulvus (Campethera), 490. 
fulvus (Dryopicos), 490. 

fulvus (Dryopicus), 490. 
fulvus (Hemilophus), 

490. 
fulvus (Microstictus), 489, 
490, 491. 
fulvus (Mulleripicus), 

490. 
fulvus (Picus), 490. 
fumigatus (Oapnopicus), 
342. 
fumigatus (Ohloronerpes), 
342. 
fumigatus (Dendrobates), 
342, 344, 34(5. 
fumigatus (Mesopicos), 

342. 
fumigatus (Mesopicus), 
342. 
fumigatus (Phaeonerpes), 
342. 
fumigatus (Pious), 342. 
funebris (Alophonerpes), 
493. 
funebris (Campethera), 
493. 
funebris (Dryopicus), 
493. 
funebris (Hemilophus), 
493. 
funebris (Microstictus), 
492. 
funebris (Mulleripicus), 
493. 
funebris (Picoides), 283. 
funebris (Picus), 492. 
fuscescens (Dendrobates), 
296. 
fuscescens (Dendropicus), 
296. 
fuscescens (Picus), 295. 
fuscipennis (Ceophloeus), 
312. 
fuscipennis (Dryocopus), 
312. 
fuscipennis (Dryopicus), 
512. 
fuscipennis (Picus), 512. 
fusco-albidus (lyngipicus), 
326. 
fusco-fulvus (Picus), 426. 
fuscus (Meiglyptes), 

388. 
fuscus (Pieumnus), 530. 
gabonensis (Campethera), 
304, 305. 
gabonensis (Ohrysopieus), 
304. 
gabonensis(Dendrobates), 

304. 
gabonensis (Dendropicus), 
304, 305. 
gabonensis (Ipopatis), 

304. 
gabonensis (Picus), 304. 
gairdneri (Dendrocopus), 
241. 
gairdneri (Dryobates), 
242. 
gairdneri (Picus), 241. 
gairdneri (Trichopicus), 
242. 
galeatus (Oampephilus), 
514. 
galeatus (Ceophlceus), 
513,514. 
galeatus (Driopicus), 514. 
galeatus (Dryoconus), 

513. 
galeatus (Dryopicus), 
514. 
galeatus (Picus), 513. 
Gauropicoides, 3, 132. 
Geciniseus, 134. 
G-ecinulus, 4, 134. 
Gecinus. 3, 33. 
Geoeolaptes, 2, 9. 
Geopicos, 10. 
gerini (Picus), 164. 
gerini (Zebrapicus), 164. 
gerinii (Oenturus), 165. 
Goa Woodpecker, 445. 
godmani (Ohloronerpes), 
83. 
goensis (Brachypternus), 
445. 
goensis (Chrysocolaptes), 

445. 
goensis (Indopicus), 445. 
goensis (Picus), 445, 
447. 
goertae (Dendropicus), 
369. 
goertan (Dendrobates), 
369. 
goertan (Dendropicus), 
369. 
goertan (Gecinus), 369. 
goertan (Mesopicus), 367, 
368,369, 370. 
goertan (Picus), 368. 
goertan (Scolecotheres), 

369. 
Goertan ou Pic yert du 
Senegal, 368. 
Golden-winged Woodpecker, 
var. A, 17. 
gorii (Gecinus), 43, 45. 
gouldi (Dendrocopus), 

219. 
gouldi (Picus), 219. 
ALPHABETICAL r^DEX. 

gouldii (Dryobates), 216, 

219. 
gouldii (Picus), 219. 
gracilis (Picus), 246. 
gradatus (Oenturus), 
257. 
gradatus (Picus), 257. 
grammicus (Oeleopicus), 
435. 
grammicus (Celeus), 
434. 
grammicus (Cerchneipicus), 
434. 
grammicus (Picus), 434. 
grammithorax (Meigly


ptes), 386. 
grammithorax (Miglyptes), 
324, 385, 386. ( 
grammithorax (Phaiopicus), 
386. 
granadensis (Microcolaptes). 
549. 
gran ad ensis (Piciramus), 
346, 548, 549. 
Grand Pic huppe a tete 
rouge de Cayenne, 

467. 
Grand Pic varie de VIsle 
de Lu9on, 295. 
grandis (Tyngipicus), 


325. 
grandis (Yungipicus), 
325. 
grantia (Obloropicoides), 
134. 
grantia (Cbrysonotus), 
134. 
grantia (Geciniscus), 
134. 
grantia (Gecinulus), 134. 
grantia (Picus), 134. 
grantia (Tiga), 134. 
grafceloupensis (Oenturus), 
179. 
grateloupensis (Picus), 

179. 
grayi (Dryocopus), 476. 
grayii (Oampephilus), 
476. 
grayii (Megapious), 476. 
graysoni (Dendrocopus), 
248, 250. 
Green Woodpecker, 36. 
Grey-headed Wood


pecker, 53. 
Grey-headed Green 
Woodpecker, 52. 
griseocephalus (Dendrobates), 
372. 
griseocephalus (Mesopicus), 
371, 372. 

griseocephalus (Picus), 

371. 
griseus (Picus), 170. 
guatemalensis (Oampephilus), 
473. 
guatemalensis (Oampophilus), 
473. 
guatemalensis (Dryotomus), 
473. 
guatemalensis (Megapicus), 
473. 
guatemalensis (Phloeoceastes), 
473. 
guatimalensis (Dryocopus), 
473. 
guatimalensis (Picus), 

473. 
guatimalensis (Scapaneus), 
473. 
guayaquilensis (Campophilus), 
475. 
guayaquilensis (Picus), 

475. 
guerini (Ohloropieos), 55. 
guerini (Ohloropicus), 
55. 
guerini (Gecinus), 55. 
guerini (Picus), 55. 
guineensis (Picus), 295. 
gularis (Ohloronerpes), 
85f 86. 

gularis (Meiglyptes), 399. 

gularis (Micropternus), 

396,399. 

gularis (Picus), 64, 125, 

126,399. 
gularis (Venilia), 125. 
gundlachi (Oolaptes), 

15. 
guttacristatus (Chrysocolaptes), 
448, 453,454. 
guttacristatus (Picus), 

448. 
guttatus (Ohrysoptilus), 
117. 
guttatus (Dendromus), 
103. 
guttatus (Picumnus), 
542,544. 
guttatus (Picus), 117. 
gutticristatus (Chrysoco


laptes), 449. 
guttifer (Chrysopicus). 

117. 
guttifer (Chrysoptilusk 
117. 
guttifer (Picumnus), 538, 
544. 
guttulatus (Picus), 116. 
gutturalis (Alopbonerpes), 
495, 

gutturalis (Campethera), 

495. 
gutturalis (Dryopicus), 
495. 
gutturalis (Hemilophus), 
495. 
gutturalis (Picus), 494. 
gymnophthahna (Bseopipo), 
330. 
gymnophthalraos (Iyngipicus), 
331. 
gynmophthalmos (Picus), 

330. 
gynmophthalmos (Yungipicus), 
330. 
gymnophtlmlmus (Iyngipicus), 
330. 
gvmnophtbalmus (Picus), 
" 330. 
gymnopbthalmus (Tungipicus), 
330, 331. 

habessinicus (Picus), 303. 
hasnmsoma (Picus), 290. 
hsematogaster (Campe


philus), 479, 480. 

hsematogaster (Oampophilus), 
478, 480. 
hsematogaster (Cnipar


clius), 479. 
hsematogaster (Dryocopus), 
478. 
hsematogaster (Dryotomus), 
479. 
hsematogaster (Megapicus), 
479. 
hsematogaster (Picus), 

478. 
hsernatostigma (Chloronerpes), 
361, 364. 
hsematostigma (Dendrobates), 
364. 
hsematostigma (Mesopicus), 
364. 
hsematostigma (Picus), 

364. # 
hsematiibon (Brachypternus), 
454. 
hsematribon (Cnrysocolaptes), 
454 
hsematribon (Indopicus), 

454. 
hsaraatribon (Picus), 
454. 
Half-billed Woodpecker, 
37. 
h&rdwickii (Dendrocopus), 
328. 
hardwickii (lyngipicus), 

328. 
hardwicMi (Picus), 328. 
ALPHABETICAL ISTDEX. 

hardwicMi (Yungipicus), 

328. 
hargitti (Thriponax), 
505. 
harmandi (Picus), 203. 
harrisi (Dendrocopus), 
234,237,570. 
harrisi (Dryobates), 234. 
harrisi (Picus), 234, 

237. 
harrisi (Trichopicus), 
234. 
hartlaubi (Dendrobates), 
96, 296. 
hartlaubi (Denclropicus), 

298. 
hartlaubi (Hemicercus), 
482. 
hartlaubi (Ipocfconus), 
296,298. 
hartlaubi (Micropicus), 

482. 
hartlaubi (Picus), 296, 
298. 
hartlaubii (Oampethera), 
296. 
hartlaubii (Dendrobates), 
298. 
hartlaubii (Dcndropicos), 
295. 
hartlaubii (Dendropicus), 
295. 
hedenborgi (Picus), 336. 
Hemicercus, 7, 482. 
Heraieircus, 482. 
Hemilophus, 7, 494. 
hemipodius (Bracbylophus),
404. 
hemprichi (Dendropicus), 

299. 
hemprichi (Ipoetonus). 
300\

hemprichii (Campethera), 

300. 
hemprichii(Denclrobates), 
300, 336. 
hemprichii (Dendrcmus), 

30a 


hemprichii (Dendropicus), 
300. 
hemprichii (Picus), 


299. 
herbamm (Piculus), 253. 
herminieri (Linnseipieus), 
164. 
herminieri (Linneopieus), 
164. 
herminieri (Melampicos), 
363. 
herminieri (Melampicus), 
164, 4 

herminieri (Melanerpes), 

163. 
herminieri (Picus), 163. 
hilaris (Oampias), 364. 
hilaris (Chloronerpes), 
364. 
himalaiensis (Picus), 220. 
himalayanus (Dendrocopus)," 
220, 221. 
himalayanus (Dryobates), 

220. 
himalayanus (Picus), 
220/ 
himalayensis (Dendrocopus), 
220. 
himalayensis (Picus), 

220. 
hirsuta (Tridactylia), 
275. 
hirsutus (Apternus), 279, 
281. 
hirsutus (Picoides), 279. 
hirsutus (Picus), 275, 
279. 
hirundinaceus (Centurus), 
156. 
hirundinaceus (Melampicos), 
156. 
hirundinaceus (Melampicus), 
156. 
hirundinaceus (Melanerpes), 
156. 
hirundinaceus (Pbymatoblepharus), 
156. 
hirundinaceus (Picus), 
155, 150, 157. 
hirundinaceus (Tripsurus), 
156. 
hodgei (Campethera), 

502. 
hodgei (Hemilophus), 
502. 
hodgei (Mulleripicus), 
502. 
hodgei (Picus), 502. 
hodgei Thriponax), 502. 
hodgii (Thriponax), 502. 
hodgsoni (Dryopicus), 
503. 
hodgsoni (Hernilophus\ 
503. 
hodgsoni (Mulleripicus), 
503. 
hodgsoni (Thriponax), 
503, 504. 
hodgsonii (Campethera), 

503. 
hodgsonii (Dryopicos), 
503. 
hodgsonii (Picus), 
503. 
hoffmanni (Centurus), 

181. 
hoffmanni (Melanerpes), 
181. 
hoffinanni (Picus), 181. 
liolroydi (Micropternus), 
403. 
liolroydi (Picus), 403. 
homorus (Dryobates), 
242. 
homorus (Picus), 242. 
horsfielclii (Picus), 494, 
498. 
liortorum (Piculus), 253. 
hortorum (Picus), 253. 
humeralis (Picus), 445. 
humii (Chrvsophleama), 
125,126/ 
hybrid us, 23. 
hjbridus (Colaptes), 22. 
h) briclus, aurato-mexica


nus (Picus), 22. 
Hylatomus, 514. 
hyloscopus (Dryobates), 

234. 
hyperythrus (Dendrocopus), 
199. 
hyperythrus (Hypopicus), 
43, 199, 201. 
byperythrus (Picus), 
199,201. 
byperythrus (Xylurgus), 

199. 
byperythrus, var. (Picus), 
201. 
byperythrus, var. polio-
psis (Picus), 201. 
Hypopicus, 4, 198. 
hypopolius (Oenturus), 

182,186. 
hypopolius (Melanerpes), 

186. 
hypopolius (Picus), 186. 
hypopolius (Zebrapicus), 
186. 
hyposcopus (Picus), 234. 
Hypoxanthus, 3,29. 
hypoxanthus (Colaptes), 
"80. 
hypoxanthus (Picumnus), 

542. 
icterocephalus (Ohloronerpes), 
77. 
icterocephalus (Picus), 
75, 77. 
icteromelas (Ohrysopicus), 
114. 
icteromelas (Chrysoptilus), 
114, 115. 

ALPHABETIC!! INDEX, 

icteromelas (Picus), 114. 
igniceps (Braehypternus), 

405, 407. 
iheringi (Picumnus), 541. 
imberbis (Oampothera), 

96. 
imberbis (Picus), 96. 
immaculatus (Celeus), 
426. 
immaculatus (Dendrobates), 
368. 
immaculatus (Dendrocopos), 
256. 
immaculatus (Dendropicus), 
369. 
immaculatus (Dryobates), 

256. 
immaculatus (Mesopicus), 
369. 
immaculatus (Scolecotheres), 
369. 
imperialis (Oampephilus), 
465. 
imperialis (Oampophilus), 
460, 465. 
imperialis (Dryocopus), 

466. 
imperialis (Dryotomus), 
460. 
imperialis (Megapicos), 
466. 
imperialis (Megapicus), 
466. 
imperialis (Picus), 465. 
incognitus (Picus), 264. 
indica (Iunx), 5^5. 
indica (lynx), 565. 
indica (Junx), 565. 
indica (Yunx), 565. 
Indopicus, 442. 
infuscatus (Miglyptes), 
390. 
innominata (Vivia), 550, 
551. 
innominatus (Picumnus), 
549,551. 
innominatus (Pipiscus), 

550. 
insularis (Dendrocopus), 
272, 273, 274. 
insularis (Dendrodromas), 
272. 
insularis (Picus), 234, 

272. 
intermedia (Chloropicoides), 
413. 
intermedia (Tiga), 412, 

416. 
intermedins (Brachypternus), 
408. 

intermedins (Chrysono


tus), 413. 
intermedius (Tiga), 412. 
Ipagrus, 90. 
Ipocrantor, 7, 480. 
Ipoctonus, 293. 
Ipopatis, 293. 
Ipophilus, 309. 
ischnorhynchos (Phy


matoblepharus), 156. 

ischnorhynchos (Picus), 

156. 
isidori (Ohloropicos) 76. 
isidori (Chrysopicus), 76. 
Iyngipicus, 5, 309. 
lynx, 8, 559. 
iynx (Picus), 561. 
jamaicensis (Picus), 166. 
japonica (Iunx), 562. 
japonica (Junx), 562. 
japonica (Yunx), 561. 

iaponicus (Dendrocopus), 

216. 
japomcus (Picup), 216. 
jardinei (Dryobates), 
237-^ 
jardinii (Dendrocopus), 
237, 570. 
jardinii (Leuconotopicus), 
237. 
jardinii (Phrenopicus), 

237. 
jardinii (Picus), 237. 
javanensis (Chrysonotus), 
413. 
javanensis (Picus), 412, 
413. 
javanensis (Tiga), 412, 
413, 417, 418. 
javensis (Oampethera), 

499. 
javensis (Dryocopus), 
498. 
javensis (Hemilophus), 
498, 501. 
javensis (Mulleripicus), 

498. 
javensis (Picus), 494j 
* 498. 
javensis 
(Thriponax), 
498, 500, 501, 502, 

505. 
jelskii (Picumnus), 535. 
jerdoni (Phaiopicos), 399. 
jerdoni (Phaiopicus), 
399. 
jerdoni (Picus), 504. 
jerdoni (Thriponax), 
504. 
jheringi (picumnus), 541. 
iohnstoni (Mesopicus), 

375. 
jubatus (Picus), 480. 
jugularis (Hemicircus), 
391. 
jugularis (Meiglyptes), 
' 391. 
jugularis (Miglyptes), 
391. 
jugularis (Plmiopicus), 
391. 
jtmiana (Celeopicus), 428, 
' 429. 
iumana (Celeus), 428, 
' 429. 
jumana (Picus), 428. 
uynx, 559. 
kaleensis (Iyngipieus), 

314, 315. 
kaleensis (Pieus), 315. 
kaleensis (Yungipicus), 

315. 
kalinowskii (Thriponax), 
505. 
karntschatkensis (Picus), 
253, 255. 
karntschatkensis (Trichopicus), 
255. 
karntschatkensis (Xylocopus), 
255. 
karelini (Chloropicus), 

38. 
karelini (Gecinus), 38. 
karelini (Picus), 38. 
kaupii (Centurus), 182. 
kaupii (Dyctiopicus), 
257. 
kaupii (Picus), 257. 
kaupii (Zebrapicus), 
182. 
khan (Picus), 220. 
kingii (Picus), 257. 
kirki (Dendrobates), 365, 
366. 
kirki (Erythronerpes), 
365. 
kirkii (Ohloronerpes), 
365. 
kirkii (Chloropicus), 365. 
kirkii (Obrysoptilus), 
365. 
kirkii (Mesopicos), 365. 
kirkii (Mesopicus), 365. 
kirkii (Picus), 365. 
kirkii (Venilia), 365. 
kirtlandi (Oampias), 349. 
kirtlandi (Dendrobates), 
349, 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

kirtlandi (Mesopicus), 

349. 
kirtlandi (Picus), 349. 
kirtlandii (Ohloronerpes), 
349. 
kisuki (Bseopipo), 318. 
kisuki (Picus), 318, 319. 
kisuki (Yungipicus), 318. 
kizuki (lyngipicus), 318, 
319. " 
kizuki (Picus), 318, 319. 
kizuki nigrescens (Iyngipicus), 
319. 
kogera (Pieus), 318. 

labarum (Tiga), 132. 
lacrymosa (Picuninoides), 

555. 
lacrymosa (Sasia), 555. 
lafresnayei (Picumnus), 
545. 
lafresnayi (Campethera), 
301. 
lafresnayi (Dendrobates), 
301. 
lafresnayi (Dendrocopus), 
301. 
lafresnayi (Dendropicos), 
301. 
lafresnayi (Dendropicus), 
301, 302. 
lafresnayi (Ipoctonus), 

301. 
lafresnayi (Picumnus), 
545. 
lafresnayi (Picus), 301. 
Lampropicus, 69. 
Large Pied Woodpecker, 
218. 
Larger Red-crested 
Woodpecker, 515. 
Largest White-billed 
Woodpecker, 463. 
larvatus (Picus), 166. 
lathami (Pieus), 17. 
lawrencii (Picumnus), 

552. 
lecontei (Picoides), 
240. 
lecontei (Picus), 239. 
lecontii (Tridactylia), 
240. 
ledouci (Picus), 253, 
leei (Oenturus), 172. 
leei (Melanerpes), 172. 
Leiopieus, 289. 
lepidotus (Picumnus), 
539. 
lepidus (Dendropicus), 
302. 
lepidus (Ipoctonus), 

302. 
lepidus (Picus), 302. 
Lepocestes, 6, 379. 
leptorhynchus (Picus), 
215. 
leptorhynchus, var. leucoptera 
(Picus), 215. 
Lesser 
Black Woodpecker, 
Tar. A, 155, 

157. 
Lesser Black Woodpecker, 
yar. B, 155. 
Lesser Spotted Woodpecker, 
253. 
lesson ii (Picus), 473. 
leucofrenatus (Oolaptes), 

112. 
leucogaster (Dryocopus), 
498. 
leucogaster (Dryopicos), 
498. 
leucogaster (Dryopicus), 
498, 501. 
leucogaster (Hemilophus), 
498. 
leucogaster (Picumnus), 

529. 
leucogaster (Picus), 498, 
501. 
? leucogaster (Picus), 
503. 
leucola?mus (Ohloronerpes), 
76. 
leucoliemus (Chloropicus), 
76. 
leueolsemus (Ohrjsopicus), 
76. 
leucolajmus (Oraugasua), 

76. 
leucoliBmus (Picus), 76. 
leucomelanus (Picus), 
230. 
leucomelas (Dryobates), 
231. 
leucomelas (Picus), 231. 
Leuconerpes, 139. 
leuconothus (Picus), 
269. 
Leuconotopicus, 201. 
leuconotos (Picus), 269. 
leuconotus (Dendrocopus), 
208, 269, 271, 
272, 274. 
leuconotus (Dendromas), 

269. 
leuconotus (Picus), 268, 
271, 272, 273. 
leuconotus (Pi'pripicus), 

269. 
leucopbrenatus (Picus), 

112. 
leucopogon (Canipophilus), 
466. 

leucopogon (Picus), 466. 

leucopterus (Dendro


copus), 215. 

leucopterus (Picus), 215. 

leucorhamphus (Oampe


philus), 510. 
leucorhamphus (Picus), 

510. 
leueorura (Picus), 212. 
leucotis (Picus), 251. 
leu cur us (Dryobates), 
242. 
leucurus (Picus), 242. 
leucui'us (Trichopicus), 
m 242. 
lichtensteini (Hemilophus), 
493. 
lichtensteini (Lichten


steinipicus), 493. 
lichtensteini (Picus), 492. 
lichtensteinii (Picumnus), 

542. 
Lichtensteinipieus, 489. 
lignaria (Dictyopipo), 
257. 
lignarius (Oolaptes), 
257. 
lignarius (Dendrobates), 
259. 
lignarius (Dendrocopus), 
"257, 260. 
lignarius (Dyctiopicus), 

257. 
lignarius (Picus), 257. 
lilforcli (Dendrocopus), 
272. 
lilfordi (Picus), 272. 
lineatus (Oampephilus), 
508. 
lineatus (Oeophloeus), 
508, 511, 512, 513. 
lineatus (Dryocopus), 
508, 512. 
lineatus (Dryopicus), 

508. 
lineatus (Dryotomus), 
508. 
lineatus (Megapicos), 
508. 
lineatus (Megapicus), 
508. 
lineatus (Picus), 508, 
513. 
lineatus, 
var. leucopterylus 
(Oampephilus), 
508. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX, 

lineatus, var. occident


a l (Picus), 509. 

Linnaipicus, 139. 

Liopicus, 5, 289. 

Liopijfo, 289. 

Little Brown Wood


pecker, 330. 

longirostris (Oolaptes), 

26. 
longirostris (Picoides), 
276. 
loricatus (Celeus), 432. 
loricatus (Meiglyptes), 
432. 
loricatus (Picus), 432. 
lucasana (Dictyopipo), 
250. 
lucasanus (Dendrocopus), 
250. 
lucasanus (Picus), 250. 
luciani (Dendrocopus), 

219. 
luciani (Picus), 218, 219. 
lucidus (Chrvsocolaptes), 
455, 456, 457. 
lucidus (Picus), 455. 
leucotos (Picus), 268. 
lugubris (Celeopicus), 

424. 
lugubris (Oeleus), 424. 
lugubris (Denclropicus), 
305. 
lugubris (Picus), 424. 
lunatus (Picus), 216. 
luridus (Picus), 388. 
luteus cyanopus persicus 
(Picus), 36. 

maeei (Dendrocopus), 

261, 266, 
macei (Dendrotypes), 

261. 
macei (Picus), 260, 
266. 
macei (Yungipicus), 261. 
macii (Dendrocopus), 
260, 263. 
macii (Picus), 261. 
mackloti (Hemilophus), 

494. 
mackloti (Picus), 494. 
macrocephalus (Chloronerpes), 
72. 
macrocephalus (Picus), 

72. 
Maeropieus, 494. 
maculatus (Chloronerpes), 
259. 
maculatus (Dendrobates), 

260. 
maculatus (Iyngipicus), 

332. 
maculatus (Picus), 259, 
332. 
maculatus (Yungipicus), 
332. 
maculiceps (Chrysocolaptes), 
456, 457. 
maculifrons (Oampias), 

359. 
maculifrons (Chloronerpes), 
359. 
maculifrons (Dendrobates), 
359. 
maculifrons (Picus), 359. 
maculipennis (Chloro


nerpes), 79. 
maculipennis (Chryso


picus), 79. 
maculipennis (Picus), 79. 
maculosa (Campethera), 

105, 106. 
maculosa (Campothera), 
104, 105, 568. 
maculosus (Campothera), 

105. 
maculosus (Ohrysopicus), 
105. 
maculosus (Picus), 104. 
magellanicus (Oampephilus), 
480. 
magellanicus (Dryocopus), 
481. 
magellanicus (Ipocrantor), 
480, 481. 
megallanicus (MegaX>
icus), 481. 
magellanicus (Picus), 

480. 
mahrattensis (Leiopicus), 
290. 
mahrattensis (Liopicus), 
289, 290. 
mahrattensis (Liopipo), 

290. 
mahrattensis (Picus), 
290. 
major (Dendrocopus), 
137, 211, 212, 214, 
215, 216, 218, 219, 
220,570. 

major (Dryobates), 212. 
major kamtschaticus 
(Picus), 214. 
major (Picus), 211, 214, 
£16, 218, 225. 
major, var.? (Picus), 

226. 
major japonicus (Picus), 
216. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

major poelzami (Pious), 

214. 
majoroicles (Dendrocopus), 
221, 222, 225. 
majoroicles (Picus), 221. 
Malaccan Woodpecker, 

122. 
malaceense (Chry»ophlegma),
122,123,508. 
malaccensis (Callolophus), 
122. 
malaccensis (Chrysophlegma), 
122. 
malaccensis (Geeinus), 

122. 
malaccensis (Picus), 122. 
malaccensis (Venilia), 
122. 
malherbei (Campethera), 
96. 
malherbei (Campias), 
350. 
malherbei (Chrysopicus), 
90. 
malherbei (Picus), 472. 
malherbei (Seapaneus), 
472. 
malherbii (Campephilus), 
472. 
malherbii (Campophilus), 
472. 
malherbii (Campothera), 
90. 
malherbii (Chloronerpes), 
350. 
malherbii (1) I yotom us), 

472. 
malherbii (Megapicos), 
472. 
malherbii (Megapieus), 
472. 
Malherbipicus, 10. 
mandarinus (Denclroeopus), 
219. 
mandarinus (Picus), 218, 

219. 
manderinns, var. (Picus), 
219. 
Manilla Green Woodpecker, 
371. 
manillensis (Picus), 372. 
marattensis (Dendro


copus), 290. 
marginatus (Meiglyptes), 

388. 
maria3 (Chrysoptilus), 
115. 
martinis (Picus), 230. 
niartiiue (Trichopicus), 
231. 
martini (Picus), 230. 
martius (Carbonarius), 

519. 
martius (Dendrocopus), 
519. 
martins (Driopicus), 519. 
martius (Dryocopus), 
519. 
martins (Dryopieos), 519. 
martius (Dryopicus), 519. 
martius (Dryotomus), 
519. 
martius (Picus), 518, 
520. 
mauritanus (Dendrocopus), 
216, 217. 
mauritanus (Picus), 216. 
maximus malayensis 

(Picus), 498. 
maynarcli (Dendrocopus), 
233, 570. 
medianus (Dendrocopus), 

239. 
medianus (Picus), 239. 
medianus (Trichopicus), 
240. 
meclius (Dendrocopos), 
287. 
medius (Dendroeoptes), 
286, 287, 288. 
medius (Dendrocopus), 

287. 
medius (Dryobates), 287. 
medius (Pipripicus), 287. 
medius (Picus), 286, 288. 
medius, var. sancti-johannis 
(Picus), 2S8. 
Megapicos, 400. 
Meiglyptes, 384. 
Melampicos, 139. 
melampogon (Picus), 151. 
melanauchen (Dendro


picus), 303. 
Melanerpes, 4, 139. 
melanocephalus (Melam


picus), 158. 
melanocephalus (Melanerpes), 
158. 
melanocephalus (Picus), 

257. 
melanocliloris (Picus), 
110. 
melanochloros (Chrysoptilus), 
111. 
melanochloros (Picus), 

110. 
melanochlorus (Ohrysopicos), 
111. 
melanochlorus 
(Ohrysopicus), 
111. 

m elanochlorus (Chrysoptilus), 
110, 112, 114, 

m. 
melanochlorus (Picus), 

110. 
melanochrysos (Malaeolophus), 
404. 
melanogaster (Picus), 

382. 
melanogaster (Venilia), 
382. 
melanogastra (Venilia), 
382. 
melanolfemus (Picus), 
112. 
melanolsemus (Chrysoptilus), 
112. 
melanolaimus (Ohrysopicus), 
112. 
melanolaimus (Chrysoptilus), 
112. 
melanoleucos (Picus), 

470. 
melanoleucus (Campephilus), 
470. 
melanoleucus (Campophilus), 
470,472,473,476. 
melanoleucus (Picus), 

470. 
melanoleucus (Seapaneus), 
470. 
melanopogon (Melampicos), 
151. 
melanopogon 
(Melanerpes), 
151, 153, 154, 

569. 
melanopogon (Picus), 
151, 154. 
melanopterus (Picus), 

148. 
melanotis (Picus), 513. 
melanotus (Chrysoeolaptes), 
445. 
menisca (Baeopipo), 312. 
meniscus (Iyngipicus), 

312. 
meniscus (Picus), 312. 
menstruus (Chrysocolaptes), 
372. 
menstruus (Dendrobates), 

372. 
menstruus (Dendropicus), 
372. 
menstruus (Mesopicus), 
372. 
menstruus (Picus), 371. 
menstruus (Scolecotheres), 
372. 
mentale (Chrysophlegma)
5 125, 126. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

mentalis (Brachylophus), 

125. 
mentalis (Callolophus), 

126. 
mentalis (Celeus), 432. 
mentalis (Ohloropicus), 
123,126. 
mentalis (Ohrysophlegma), 
126. 
mentalis (Gecinus), 125, 

120. 
mentalis (Picus), 62,125, 
12G. 
mentalis (Yenilia), 123, 
12(1 
meriani (Dendromus), 

114. 
meridionalis (Dendrocopus), 
239. 
meridionalis (Picus), 239, 
242,287. 
meridionalis (Trichopious), 
240. 
Meropicus, 139. 
meropirostris (Melampiciis), 
150. 
meropirostris (Melanerpes), 
150. 
meropirostris (Picus), 

156. 
meropirostris (Tripsurus), 
156. 
mesoleucus (Campephilus), 
476. 
mesoleucus (Dryocopus), 

476. 
Mesopicos, 367. 
Mesopicus, 5, 367. 
mesorhynchus (Ceophlceus), 
508. 
mesorhynchus (Dryocopus), 
509. 
mexicana (Ardea), 36. 
mesicanoicles (Oolaptes), 

21. 
mexicanoides (Geopicos), 

21. 
mexicanus (Oolaptes), 16, 
17,19,21,22,23,568. 
mexicanus (Geopieus), 

18. 
mexicanus (Picus), 18. 
mexicanus rufipileus (Oolaptes), 
18. 
mexicanus saturatior (Oolaptes), 
18. 
Microcolaptes, 521, 554. 
micromegas (Nesoctites), 

552. 
micromegas (Picumnus), 

552. 

Micropicos, 482. 
Micropternus, 6, 392. 
micropus (Brachypternus), 
407. 
Microstictus, 7,489. 
Miglyptes, 6, 384. 
miniata (Chrysophlegma), 
122. 
miniata (Yenilia), 121, 

122. 
miniatum (Chrysopklegma), 
121, 122, 123. 
miniatus (Brachylophus), 
121,122. 
miniatus (Chloropicos), 

121.122. 
miniatus (Cliloropicus), 
121,122. 
miniatus (Ohrysonotus), 

122. 
miniatus (Gecinus), 121, 

122. 
miniatus (Picus), 121, 

122.123. 
miniatus (Yenilia), 121, 

122. 
minimus (Picumnus), 

543. 
minimus (Picus), 532. 
minor (Dendrocopus), 
252, 253, 254, 256, 

257. 
minor (Dryobates), 254. 
minor (Piculus), 253. 
minor (Picus), 252, 255, 
256, 266, 325, 330, 

332. 
minor (Pipripicus), 253. 
minor (Xylocopus), 253. 
minor kamtschatkensis 
(Picus), 255. 
minor pipra (Picus), 

254. 
minor, yar. pipra (Picus), 

254. 
minor, var. quadrifasciatus 
(Picus), 256. 
minuta (Oampethera), 

299. 
minuta (Pipra), 542. 
minuta (Yunx), 531. 
minutissima (lynx), 

532. 
minutissima (Yunx), 531, 

532. ^ * 
minutissimus(Picumnus), 
531.532, 544. 
minutissimus (Picus), 

532. 
minutus (Asthenurus), 
299,542. 

minutus (Dendrobates), 

299. 
minutus (Dendropicos), 

299. 
minutus (Dendropicus), 

299. 
minutus (Ipoctonus), 

299. 
minutus (Piculus), 532. 
minutus (Picumnus), 521, 
531, 542, 543, 544, 

545. 
minutus (Picus), 299, 
530, 532. 
mitckelli (Basopipo), 316. 
mitchelli (Picus), 316. 
mitchelli (Yungipicus), 

316. 
mixta (Dictyopipo), 259. 
mixtus (Dendrocopus), 
259, 260. 
mixtus (Picus), 259. 
modestus (Lichtensteinipicus), 
493. 
modestus (Picus), 493. 
moluccensis (Dendrocopus), 
316. 
moluccensis (Picus), 266, 
316, 325, 328, 330, 

332. 
moluccensis (Yungipicus), 
325. 
mombassica (Campothera), 
100. 
mombassicus (Campotliera), 
100. 
montanus (Picoides), 

275. 
montanus (Picus), 137, 

212. 
mulleri (Hemilophus), 

494. 
Mulleripicus, 494. 
multicolor (Oeleopicos), 

437. 
multicolor (Celeopicus), 

437. 
multicolor (Celeus), 437. 
multicolor (Cerchneipicus), 
437. 
multicolor (Picus), 437. 
multifasciatus (Celeopicus), 
431. 
multifasciatus (Celeus), 

431. 
multifasciatus (Cerchneipicus), 
431. 
multifasciatus (Picus), 

431. 
murinus (Campias), 
351, 

murinus (Chloronerpes), 

351. 
murinus (Dendrobates), 
351. 
murinus (Dendropicus), 
336. 
murinus (Eleopicus), 
351. 
murinus (Ipophilus), 
336. 
murinus (Mesopicus), 
351. 
murinus (Picus), 336, 
351, 
mursii (Cyanopicus), 303. 
mystacale (Chrysophleg


ma), 131. 
mystacalis (Chrysophlegma), 
131. 
mystaceus (Dendropicus), 
307. 
mystaceus (Picus), 306. 

nam aqua (Campethera), 
301 
namaquus (Dendrobates), 

306. 
namaquus (Dendropicus), 
307. 
namaquus (Mesopicus), 

307. 
namaquus (Picus), 306. 
namaquus (Thripias), 
306,307, 309, 571. 
namiyei (Dendrocopus), 

273. 
namiyei (Dryobates), 
273. 
nana (Baiopipo), 327. 
Nannopipo, 553. 
nanus (Iyngipicus), 327. 
nanus (Picus), 327, 330. 
331, 332. 
nanus (Yungipicus), 327, 

328. 
natalia3 (Centurus), 196. 
natalise (Picus), 196. 
nattereri (Picus), 114. 
nebulosus (Picumnus), 
536. 
neglectus (Picus), 410. 
nepalensis (Picus), 59, 
316. 
nepalensis (Yivia), 550. 
nesiotis (Denclrotypes), 
315. 
Nesoceleus, 6, 419. 
Nesoctites, 8, 552. 
niger (Dendrocopus), 
519. 
niger (Picus), 194,519. 
ALPHABETICAL IKDEX. 

nigrescens (Iyngipicus), 

319. 
nigrescens (Yungipicus), 
319. 
nigriceps (Chloronerpes), 
350. 
nigriceps (Oolaptes), 350. 
nigriceps (Dendrobates), 
350, 351. 
nigriceps (Eleopicus), 

350. 
nigriceps (Mesopicus), 
350. 
nigriceps (Picus), 350. 
nigrigenis (Geeinus), 67. 
nigrigutfcatus (Dendrodromus), 
304. 
nigrigutfcatus (Dendropicus), 
304. 
nigriguttatus (Pardipicus), 
304. 
nigrigutfcatus (Scoleco


theres), 304. 
nigrogenis (Picus), 67. 
nigrogularis (Dendro


bates), 104. 
nipalensis (G-ecinus), 59. 
nipalensis (Piculus), 550, 

551. 
nipalensis (Vivia), 550. 
nivosa (Campethera), 
108. 
nivosa (Oampotliera), 
108. 
nivosus (Chloropicus), 
108. 
nivosus (Chrysopicns), 
108. 
nivosus (Dendrobates), 
108. 
nivosus (Dendromus), 
108. 
nivosus (Pardipicus), 108. 
nivosus (Scolecotheres), 
108. 
noguchii (Blythipicus), 
378. 
noguchii (Picus), 378. 
noguchii (Sapheopipo), 
378. 
norvegicus (Picus), 53. 
notata (Campethera), 95. 
notata (Oampotliera), 95. 
notatus (Chrysopicns), 
95. 
notatus (Dendrobates), 
95. 
notatus (Dendromus), 95. 
notatus (Ipagrus), 95. 
notatus (Picus), 93, 95. 
Nubian Woodpecker, 93. 
nubica (Campethera), 93, 

95. 
nubica (Campothera), 93, 
102. 
nubicus (Chrysopicus), 
93. 
nubicus (Dendrobates), 
93. 
nubicus (Ipagrus), 93. 
nubicus (Picus), 93, 95, 
96,102. ^ 
nubicus (Stictopicus), 93. 
nuchalis (Cladoscopus), 

192. 
nuchalis (Picus), 404. 
nuchalis (Sphyrapicus), 
192. 
nuchalis (Sphyfopicus), 
192,193,195/569. 
numidicus (Dendrocopus), 
217. 
numidicus (Leuconotopieus), 
217. 
numidicus (Picus), 212, 
216, 217. 
numidus (Picus), 217. 
nuttalli (Dendrocorms), 

244. 
nuttalli (Dictyopipo), 
245. 
nuttalli (Dryobates), 
245. 
nuttalli (Picus), 244. 
nyeanus (Centurus), 169. 
nyeanus (Melanerpes), 
' 168,169. 

obseurus (Picus), 146, 

372. 
obsoletus (Dendrobates), 
336. 
obsoletus (Dendromus), 
336. 
obsoletus (Dendropicus), 
336. 
obsoletus (Ipor>hilus), 
336. 
obsoletus (Iyngipicus), 
310, 336. 
obsoletus (Picus), 336. 
occiden talis (Cerchneipi


cus), 439. 
occipitalis (Brachylophus), 
56. 
occipitalis (Chloropicos), 

5ij. 

occipitalis (Chloropicus), 

56. 
occipitalis (Geeinus), 55, 
5ti. 

occipitalis (Malaeolophtis), 
5Q. 
occipitalis (Pious), 56, 

156. 
ocellatus (Picumnus), 

537. 
ochracea (Comeris), 555. 
ocliracea (Sasia), 555, 

556. 
oeliraceus (Oeleopicus), 

425. 
ochraceus (Oeleus), 

425. 
ochraceus (Malacolophus), 
425. 
ocnraceus (Microcolaptes), 
555. 
ochraceus (Pieumnoides), 

555. 

ochraceus (Picumnus), 

555. 
ochraceus (Picus), 425. 
odoardus (Dryotonius), 

473. 
oleaginous (Capnopicus), 

345. 
oleagineus (Chloronerpes), 
344, 345. 
oleagineus (Dendrobates), 
344, 346. 
oleagineus (Mesopicus), 

345. 
oleagineus (Phasonerpes), 

345. 
oleagineus (Picus), 344. 
olivaceus (Colaptes), 9. 
olivaceus (Dendrobates), 

105. 
olivaceus (Dendropicus), 

105. 
olivaceus (Greocolaptes), 

9. 
olivaceus (Microcolaptes), 

548. 
olivaceus (Picumnus), 
346,548,549. 
olivaceus (Picus), 9, 


104. 
olivinus (Oampias), 356. 
olivinus (Chloronerpes), 


356. 
olivinus (Dendrobates), 
351,356. 
olivinus (Eleopicus), 356. 
olivinus (Mesopicus), 

356. 
olivinus (Phasonerpes), 


356. 
olivinus (Picus), 356. 
Orange Woodpecker, 


404. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

orbignyanus (Microcolaptes), 
533. 
orbignyanus (Picumnus), 

533. 
orizabco (Picus), 246. 
ornatus (Centurus), 178. 
ornatus (Picus), 178. 

palalaca (Ohrysocolaptes), 

456. 
palalaca (Picus), 455. 
Palalaca ou Pic vert 
tachete des Philippines, 

455. 
pardinus (Picus), 108. 
pardinus (Stictocraugus), 

108. 
Pardipicus, 293. 
parvus (Dryobates), 248. 
parvus (Picus), 246, 248. 
passerinus (Oampias), 

353. 
passerinus (Chloronerpes), 
352, 552. 
passerinus (Dendrobates), 
352, 363. 
passerinus (Eleopicus), 

352. 
passerinus (Mesopicus), 

352. 
passerinus (Picus), 352, 
359, 362, 364. 
pecilei (Dendropicus), 

375. 
pectoralis (Picus), 266. 
pectoralis (lynx), 5653 
5m, 567. 
pectoralis (Junx), 565. 
pectoralis (Jynx), 565. 
pectoralis (Meiglyptes), 

388. 
pectoralis (Phaiopicos), 

388. 
pectoralis (Phaiopicus), 

388. 
pectoralis (Thriponax), 

500. 
pectoralis (Yunx), 565. 
peninsularis (Iyngipicus), 

331. 
peralaimus (Picus), 447. 
percoccineus (Dryocopus), 
478. 
percussus (Chloronerpes), 

377. 
percussus (Chloropicos), 

377. 
percussus (Chloropicus), 

377. 
percussus (Dendrobates), 

377. 

percussus (Picus), 377. 
percussus (Xiphidiopicus), 
376, 377. 
permista (Campetbera), 

106. 
permista (Campothera), 

106. 
permistus (Campothera), 

106. 
pernii (Picus), 225. 
pernyi (Dendrocopus), 

225. 
pernyi (Picus), 225. 
persicus (Picus), 37. 
perspicillatus (Chrysopicus), 
81. 
peruvianus (Chrysoptilus), 
118. 
peruvianus (Dendrobates), 
348. 
Petit Epeiche, 332. 
Petit Epeiche brun des 

Moluques, 325. 
Petit Pic d'Antigue, 332. 
Petit Pic a baguettes d'or, 

295. 
Petit Pic de Cayenne, 539. 
Petit Pic k gorge jaune, 

77. 
Petit Pic des Moluques, 

325. 
Petit Pic noir, 155. 
Petit Pic noir de Cayenne, 

155. 
Petit Pic ray6de Cayenne, 

116. 
Petit Pic raye" de Saint 
Domingue, 89. 
Petit Pic du Seagal, 352. 
Petit Pic de S. Domingue, 

352. 
Petit Pic vane" de Virginie, 
239. 
phasoceps (Micropternus), 
392, 393, 394, 397. 
Phceonerpes, 337. 
phaioceps (Meiglyptes), 

394. 
r>haioceps (Micropternus), 
393, 399. 
Phaiopicos, 392. 
philippinarum (Brachypternus), 
455. 
philippinarum (Ohrysocolaptes), 
455. 
philippinarum (Indopicus), 
456. 
philippinarum (Picus), 
454, 455. 
philipsi (Trichopicus), 

231. 

phillipsi (Picus), 231. 
Phlceoceastes, 4(50. 
Phloeotomus, 514. 
pliolidotus (Picus), 432. 
Phrenopicus, 201. 
Phymatoblepharus, 139. 
Pic du Cap de Bonne 

Esperance, 4U4. 
Pic Cardinal de l'lblo de 

LU5011, 295. 
Pic a cravate noire, 437. 
Pic a cravate noire de 

Cayenne, 437. 
Pic a double lnoubtache, 

306. 
Pic a gorge jaune de 
Cayenne, 77. 
Pic grivele ou Grand Pic 
de 1'isle de Lu^-on, 455. 
Pic jaune de Cayenne, 

440. 
Pic jaune tachete de 
Cayenne, 426. 
Pic jaune de Perse, 36. 
Pic Laboureur, 9. 
Pic de Malacca, 122. 
Pic male de la Encenada, 

259. 
Pic a moustaches noires, 
306. 
Pic noir a domino rouge, 
146. 
Pic noir hupe de Cay• 
cnne, 508. 
Pic noir hupe de Ylrginie, 
515. 
Pic olive, 372. 
Pic raye de Cayenne, 116. 
Pic raye de Saint Do


mingue, 89. 
Pic roux a bee jaune, 199. 
Pic roux de Cayenne, 430. 
Pic tachete de Nubie, 93. 
Pic a tete grise du Cap 

de Bonne Esperance, 

371. 
Pic a teste rouge de Virginie, 
145. 
Pic tigre\ 95. 
Pic vari6, 286. 
Pic varie femelle de la 

Jainaique, 166. 
Pic varie de la Caroline, 

188. 
Pic varie" de Cayenne, 279. 
Pic a ventre ensanglant<§, 
159. 
Pic verd, 36. 
Pic verd de Bengal, 404. 
Pic verd de Gk>a, 445. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

Pic verd de l'lsle de 

L119011, 371. 
Pic verd du Mexique, 36. 
Pic verd de Norwege, 52. 
Pic verd des Philippines, 

455. 
Pic de Virgin ie, 146. 
picatus (Ivngipicus), 324, 
388. 
Picoides, 4, 274. 
Piculus, 201, 521. 
Picumnus, 8, 521, 553, 
554. 
Picumnus, sp. inc., 533. 
Picus, 8, 322, 518. 
Pied Woodpecker, Picus?, 
201. 
pierrei (Chrysopklegrna), 
130. 
pierrii (Chrysophlegma), 
130. 
pileatus (Canipephilus), 
515. 
pileatus (Ceophloeus), 
516. 
pileatus (Driopicus), 515. 
pileatus (Dry ocopus), 515. 
pileatus (Dryopicus), 515. 
pileatus (Dryotomus), 
515, 517, 572. 
pileatus (Hylatomus), 


515. 
pileatus (Hylotomus), 
516. 
pileatus (Phloeotomus), 
516. 
pileatus (Picus), 515. 
Pilurnnus, 187. 
pinetorum (Colaptes), 37. 
pinetorum (Dendrocopus), 
519. 
pinetorum (Gecinus), 38. 
pinetorum (Picus), 212. 
Pipiscus, 521. 
Pipodes, 274. 
pipra (Dendrocopus), 

214, 254, 255. 
pipra (Picus), 212, 254, 

255. 
Pipripicus, 201. 
pitiguus (Colaptes), 28. 
pitiu (Picus), 28. 
pitius (Colaptes), 28. 
pitius (Picus), 28. 
Pituipicus, 10. 
pityopicus (Picus), 212. 
Plinthopicus, 379. 
pcelzaml (Dendrocopus), 
214. 
pcelzami (Picus), 214. 
poicephalus (Dendrobates), 
368. 
poicephalus (Mesopicus), 

369. 
poicilolophus (Picus), 
384, 3S5. 
poicilophus (Meiglvptes), 

385. 
poiocephalus (Dendrobates), 
370. 
poliocephalus (Dendrobates), 
369, 
poliocephalus (Dendropicus), 
369. 
poliocephalus (Picus), 

369. 
poliocephalus (Scolecotheres), 
369. 
poliopsis (Hypopicub), 
200, 201. 
poliopsis (Picus), 201. 
Polipicus, 367. 
pollens (Campephilus), 

476. 
pollens (Canipophilus), 
476. 
pollens (Dryocopus), 472, 
476. 
pollens (Dryotomus), 476. 
pollens (Picus), 476. 
pollens (Scapaneus), 476. 
polonicus (Picus), 269. 
polygrammus (Centurus), 
180. 
polvgrammus (Picus), 
180. 
polyzonos (Picus), 73, 74. 
polyzonus (Chloronerpes), 
73, 74. 
polyzonus (Chloropicus), 

73. 
polyzonus (Chrysopicus), 
73. 
polyzonus (Craugasus), 
73. 
polyzonus (Picus), 73,74. 
porphyromelas (Blythipicus), 
382. 
porphyromelas (Celeopicus), 
382. 
porphyromelas (Lepocestes), 
382. 
porphyromelas (Picus), 

382. 
porphyromelas (Venilia), 
380. 
portoricensis (Melampicus), 
159. 
portoricensis 
(Melanerpes), 
159. 

portoricensis (Picus), 159. 
principalis (Campephilus), 
464, 465. 
principalis (Campophilus), 
463,465,466,572. 
principalis (Dendrocopus), 
464. 
principalis (Dryocopus), 

464. 
principalis (Megapicos), 
464. 
principalis (Megapicus), 
464. 
principalis (Picus), 463, 
465. 
principalis bairdi (Oampephilus), 
46o. 
psarodes (Picus), 404. 
pubescens (Dendrocopus), 

238, 239, 242, 571. 
pubescens (Di-yobates), 

240. 
pubescens (Picus), 239. 
pubescens (Triehopicus), 
239. 
pubescens lumidus (Dryobates), 
242. 
pubescens gairdneri 
(Dryobates), 242. 
pubescens gairdneri (Picus), 
242. 
pubescens, var. gairdneri 
(Picus), 242. 
pubescens orcecus (Dryobates), 
242. 
pucherani (Centurus), 

164. 
pucherani (Melanerpes), 
164, 165. 
pucherani (Zebrapicus), 

164. 
pulcher (Melanerpes), 
160. 
pulcher (Picus), 160. 
pulchricollis (lynx), bi)^ 
pulverulentus (Alophonerpes), 
495. 
pulverulent us (Heniilophus), 
494. 
pulverulentus (Mulleripicus), 
494. 
pulverulentus (Picus), 

494. 
pumilus (Iyngipicus), 
321. 
pumilus (Picus), 321. 
puna (Colaptes), 27punctata 
(Campethera) 
97, 307. 
punctata (Oampothera), 
96, 97. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

punctata (Jynx), 561. 
punctatus (Dendromus), 

96, 306. 
punctatus (Ipagrus), 97. 
punctatus (Picus), 96, 

306,493. 
puncticeps (Picus), 257. 
puncticolli (Brahnia


picus), 408. 

puncticollis (Brachypternopicus), 
407. 
puncticollis (Brachy


pternus), 407. 408. 
puncticollis (Picus), 408. 
punctifrons (Picumnus), 

544. 
punctigula (Chrysoptilus), 
116,117, 118. 
punctigula (Picus), 116. 
punctigularis (Chrysopti


lus), 116, 117. 
puncfcipectus (Chrysopti


lus), 118. 
punctipectus (Picus), 118. 
punctulatus (Picus), 96. 
punctuligera (Campe


thera), 97. 
punctuligerus (Chrysopicus), 
97. 
punctuligerus (Dendrobates), 
97. 
punctuligerus (Dendronius), 
97. 
punctuligerus (Picus), 96, 

98t 102. 
punicea (Venilia), 64. 
puniceura (Chrysophleg


ma), 65. 
puniceus (Brachylophus), 

64. 
puniceus (Oallolophus), 
64. 
puniceus (Ohloropicus), 
64. 
puniceus (Chrysophlegma), 
64. 
puniceus (Gecinus), 64. 
puniceus (Picus), 64. 
puniceus (Venilia), 64. 
pur us (Dendrocopus), 

214. 
purus (Dryobates), 214. 
pusillus (Piculus), 253. 
pygruaeus (Basopipo), 316. 
pygmseus (Iyngipicus), 
315, 316. 
pygmaeus (Melanerpes), 

177. 
pygmaeus (Piculus), 537. 
pygmaeus (Picumnus), 
537, 538. 

pygmajus (Picus), 312, 
315, 537. 
pygmaeus (Yungipicus), 

316. 
pyriceps (Dendrocopus), 
261. 
Pyroupicus, 201. 
pyrrhogaster (Camponomus), 
373. 
pyrrhogaster (Ohloropicus), 
373. 
pyrrhogaster (Dendrobates), 
373. 
pyrrhogaster (Dendropicus), 
373. 
pyrrhogaster (Mesopicus), 
367, 373. 
pyrrhogaster (Picus), 

373. 
pyrrhogaster (Scolecotheres), 
373. 
Pyrrhopicus, 379. 
pyrrhothorax (Dendro


copus), 224. 
pyrrhothorax (Picus), 

224. 
pvrrhotis (Blythipicus), 
380. 
pyrrhotis (Campephiltis), 
380. 
pyrrhotis (Oeleopicos), 
380. 
pyrrhotis (Oeleopicus), 
380. 
pyn-hotis (Cbloronerpes), 
380. 
pyrrhotis (Gecinus), 
380. 
pyrrhotis (Lepocestes), 
379, 380. 
pyrrhotis (Meiglyptes), 

380. 
pyrrhotis (Picus), 380. 
pyrrhotis (Venilia), 380. 
quadrifasciatus (Dendro


copus), 256. 
quercuuin (Picus), 287. 
querulus (Picus), 251. 

radiolatus (Oenturus), 

166. 
radiolatus (Melanerpes), 
166. 
radiolatus (Picus), 166. 
radiolatus (Zebrapicus), 
166. 
rafflesi (Gauropicoides), 
132. 
rafilesii (Chloropicoides), 
132. 
ALPHABETICAL D7DEX. 

rafflesii (ChrysonotUb), 

132. 
rafflesii (Gauropicoides), 
132. 
rafflesii (Picus), 132. 
rafflesii (Tiga), 132. 
ramsayi (Ivngipicus), 
334. 
Eayed Woodpecker, 89. 
Eecl-bellied Woodpecker, 
170. 
Eed-cheekedWoodpecker, 
431. 
Eed-headed Woodpecker, 
145. 
regius (Campepliilus), 
473. 
regius (Driopicus), 473. 
regius (Dryocopus), 473. 
reichenbachi (Celeus), 
427, 572. 
reichenbachi {Chloronerpes), 
346. 
reichenbachi (Phitonerpes), 
346. 
reichenbachii (Celeopicus), 
427.^ 
reichenbachii (Celeus), 

427. 
reichenbachii (Piciu>), 
427. 
Eeinwardtipicus, 442. 
rhodeogaster (Mesopicus), 
371. 
richardsi (Dryocopus), 
506. 
riehardsi (Mulleripicus), 
50(5. 
richardsi (Thriponax), 

505. 
rivolii (Oolaptes), 30, 31. 
rivolii (Geopieos), 30. 
rivolii (Geopiens), 30, 31. 
rivolii (Hypoxantkus), 
29, 30, 31, 32. 
rivolii (Picus), 30. 
rivolii brevirostris (Hy


poxanthus), 31. 
robustus (Oampepkilus), 

477. 
robustus (Campopkilus), 
477. 
robustus (Dryocopus), 
478. 
obustus (Megapicus), 
478. 
stus (Pkloeoeeastes), 
3. 
>tus (Picus), 477. 
rentris (Picus), 287. 
ruber (Cladoscopus), 

104. 
ruber (Melanerpes), 194. 
ruber (Picus), 194. 
ruber (Pilumnus), 194. 
ruber (Sphyrapicus). 
194. 
ruber (Sphyropicus), 194. 
rubescens (Picus), 34S. 
rubidicollis Qlelanerpes), 
159. 
rubidicollis (Picus), 159. 
rubidus (Picus), 346. 
rubiginosa (Venilia), 3S2. 
rubiginosus (Blvthipicus), 
3S2. 
rubiginosus (Oampephilus), 
382. 
rubiginosus (Celeopicosj, 

382. 
rubiginosus (Chloronerpes), 
81,83,84,86,508. 
rubiginosus (Chrysopiciih), 
84, 87. 
rubiginosus (Dendrobates), 
382. 
rubiginosus (Gecmu&)? 

382. 
rubiginosus (Ilemicercus), 
382. 
rubiginosus (Hemicircus), 
382. 
rubiginosus (Lepocestes), 
382. 
rubiginosus (Picus), S(), 
382. 
rubiginosus (Scolecotkeres), 
382. 
rubricapillus (Picus), 231. 
rubricates (Oolaptes). IS, 

21. 
rubricate (Geopicus), 21. 
rubricates (Picus), 17, 21, 
312. 
rubricates (Yungipicus), 
312. 
rubricollis(Campepkilus), 
468, 469. 
rubricollis(Oampophilus), 

467. 
rubricollis (Dryocopus), 
468. 
rubricollis (Megapicus), 
468. 
rubi'icollis (Pkloeoeeastes), 
468. 
rubricollis (Picus), 467. 
rubrifrons(Oenturus),158. 
rubrifrons (Melampicus), 
158. 
rubrifrons (Melanerpes), 
157, 15S. 
rubrifrons {Phymatoble


pharus). 15S. 
rubrifrons (Picus\ 157. 
rubrifrons (Tripsurus), 

158. 
r ubri gular is* ^lelanerpes), 
196. 
rubriventris (Centurus), 
175. 17<5. 
rubriventris(ilelanerpes), 
176, 177. 
rubriventris (Picus . 161. 
rubriventris (Zebrapicus), 

176. 
rubriventris pygmaius 
(CenturuM, 177. 
r ubropygialis IB rack yptemopicus),
412, 414, 

416. 
rubropygialis (Chl« >mpicoides), 
413. 
rubropygialis (Ohm sono111^,
413.^ 
rubropvgialid (Ti ga \, 
412/ 
rufa (Tiga), 413. 
ruficeps (Oarnpiaaj, 361, 

364. 
ruficeps (Chloronerpes), 
ofS. 361. 364. 
ruficeps (Dendrobates), 
361, 304. 
ruficeps (Picus), 361. 
rufieollis (Picumnus), 

530. 
rufifrons (Piculus), 550, 
551. 
rufinotus (Meiglyptes), 
394. 
rufinotus (Micropternus), 
394. 
rufinotus (PhaiopieuM, 
394. 
rufinotus (Picus), 394, 
395. 
rufipileus (Oolaptes), 
18. 
rufiventer (Craugiseus), 
527. 
rufiventer (Picumnus), 
527. 
rufiventris (Asfckenurus), 
527. 
rufiventris (Picumnus), 
527. 
rufiventris (Picus), 161. 
rufopunctatus (Ckrysocolaptes), 
457. 

rufoviridis (Chloronerpes), 
105. 
rufoviridis (Cbloropicos), 

105. m ^ 
rufoviridis (Dendromus), 
105. 
rufus (Celeopicus), 430. 
pufus (Celcus), 430, 431. 
rufus (Meiglyptes), 430. 
rufus (Picus), 393, 430. 
rupicola (Colaptes), 26, 
27. 
rupicola (G-eopicus), 26. 
rupicola (Picus), 26, 27. 
ruppellii (Picus), 377. 
sagittatus (Picumnus), 

534. 
sancti-johannis (Dendrocoptes), 
288. 
sancti-johannis (Picus), 

288. 
sanguineus (Chloronerpes), 
348. 
sanguineus (Dendrobates), 
348. 
sanguineus (Erythronerpes), 
348. 
sanguineus (Mesopicos), 

348. 
sanguineus (Mesopicus), 
348. 
sanguineus (Picus), 348. 
sanguineus (Yenilia), 
348. 
sanguinolentus (Chloronerpes), 
346. 
sanguinolentus (Dendrobates), 
346. 
sanguinolentus (Mesopicus), 
346. 
sanguinolentus (Phseonerpes), 
346. 
sanguinolentus (Picus), 

346. 
santa-eruzi (Centurus), 
172, 178, 179. 
santa-cruzi (Melanerpes), 
179, ISO. 
santa-cruzi (Zebrapicus), 

180. 
Sapheopipo, 6, 378. 
Sasia, 8, 553, 554. 
saucius (Tripsurus), 156. 
saunclersi (Grecinus), 38. 
scalaris (Dendrocopus), 
245, 246, 247,248, 571. 
scalaris (Dictyopipo), 

246. 
scalaris (Dryobates), 246. 
VOL. XVIII. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

scalaris (Dyctiopicus), 

246. 
scalaris (Picus), 245, 246, 
248, 250. 
scalaris bairdi (Dryobates), 
247. 
scalaris, Tar. d'orizaba 
(Picus), 246. 
scalaris graysom (Dryobates), 
250. 
scalaris, var. graysoni 
(Picus), 250. 
scalaris lueasanus (Dryobates), 
250. 
scalaris lucasanus(Picus), 

250. 
scalaris, var. lueasanus 
(Picus), 250. 
scalaris nuttalli (Picus), 

245. 
scalaris, var. nuttalli 
(Picus), 245. 
scalaris parvus (Dryobates), 
246. 
scalaris sinaloensia (Dryobates), 
247% 
Scapaneus, 460. 
scapularis(Campephilus), 

510. 
scapularis (Ceophlceus), 
508, 510, 511. 
scapularis (Driopicus), 

510. 
scapularis (Dryocopus), 
508, 510. 
scapularis (Dryopicus), 

510. 
scapularis (Hylotomus), 
511. 
scapularis (Picus), 510. 
schoanus (Picus), 309. 
scboensis (Carapethera), 
308. ^ 
schoensis (Dendrobates), 
307,308. 
schoensis (Dendropicos), 

308. _ 
schoensis (Dendropicus), 
308. 
schoensis (Mesopicus), 
307,309. # 
schoensis (Picus), 309. 
schoensis (Thripias), 


308. 
schulzi (Oampephilus), 
517. 
schulzi (Dryotornus), 
517. 
schulzi 
(Phlceotoinus), 
514,517. 

scinclean us (Dendrocoptes), 
227. 
scindeanus (Dendrocopus), 
227. 
scindeanus (Picus), 

227. 
scindianns (Picus), 
227. 
scintilla (Yungipicus) 
316. 
scintilliceps (Baeopipo), 
313. 
scintilliceps (Iyngipicus), 
313, 314, 315. 
scintilliceps (Picus), 313, 

314. 
scintilliceps (Yungipicus), 
313. 
sclateri (Oampephilus), 
475. 
sclateri (Dryocopus), 
475. 
sclateri (Megapicus), 
475, 476. 
sclateri (Picumnus), 534. 
sclateri (Picus), 475. 
sclateri (Scapaneus), 

475. 
Scolecotheres, 367. 
scotochlorus (Picus), 
136. 
scutatus (Picus), 437. 
sedulus (Oampias), 360. 
sedulus (Chloronerpes), 
360. 
sedulus (Picus), 360. 
seebohmi (Iyngipicus), 
319. 
seebohmi (Yungipicus), 
319. 
selysii (Campias), 363. 
selysii (Chloronerpes), 
363. 
selysii (Mesopicus), 363. 
selysii (Picus), 363. 
semicinnamomeus (Celeopicus), 
441. 
semicinnamomeus (Celeus), 
440, 441. 
semicinnamomeus (Crocomorphus), 
441. 
semicoronata (Basopipo), 

312. 
semicoronatus (Iyngipicus), 
312. 
semicoronatus (Picus), 

312. 
semicoronatus (Yungipicus), 
312. 
semirostris (Picus), 37. 
2Q 


semitorquatus (Pieus), 

513. 
senegalensis (Deiidrobates), 
352. 
senegalensis (Picus), 332. 
septentrionalis (Picoi


des), 276. 
septentrionalis (Picus), 

231. 
sericeoeollis (Dryotomuh), 
59, 01. 
sericullis (Brachyloplius), 

59. 
sharpii (Deiidropicusj, 
302. 
sharpii (Gecmus), 40, 
41. 
shorei (Chrysonotus), 
417. 
shorii (Brachypternus), 
417. 
sborii (Chloropicoides), 
417. 
shorii (Picus), 417. 
shorii (Tiga), 417. 
sirnilis (Picus), 510. 
simplex (Ohloronerpes), 
81. 
sinaloensis (Dryobates), 
247. 
sindianus (Picus), 227. 
Smallest Spotted Woodpecker, 
238. 
smithii (Campetliera), 

101. m 
smithii (Campothera), 
100,101,568. 
smithii (Chrysoptilopicus), 
100. 
smithii (Dendromus), 98. 
smithii (Pieus), 101. 
bonclaicus (Picus), 32(5. 
sondaicus (lTungipicus), 

326. 
soneratii (Picus), 410. 
sordidus (Dendropicus), 
483. 
sordidus (Hemicercus), 
483,484 
sordidus (Meiglyptes), 

483. 
sordidus (Picus), 212, 
484. 
Soroplex, 10. 
Spaniopicoides, 134. 
speciosus (Ohrysoptilub), 
117. 
spectabilis (Oeleus), 435. 
Sphyrapicus, 186. 
Spkyropicus, 4, 187. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

spilogaster (Campias), 
35S. 
spilogaster (Ohloronerpes), 
358. 
spilogaster (Dendrobates), 
358. 
spilogaster (Mesopicus), 

358. 
spilogaster (Picumnus), 
332. 
spilogaster (Pieus), 358. 
spilolopbus (Picus). 454. 
splendens (Gainpopliilus>), 
4^0. 
spodocephalus (Dendrobates), 
370. 
spodocephalus (Dendropicus), 
371. 
spodocephalus (Mesopieus), 
369, 370,371. 
spodocephalus (Picus), 
369,370. 
spodocephalus (Scoleeotheres), 
371. 
squamatus (Braclulophus), 
50. 
squamatus v. nepalensis 

(Brachylophus), 43. 
squamatus (Oeleus), 432. 
squamatus (Chloropicus), 

43. 
squamatus (Okrysoptilus), 
43. 
squamatus (Gecinus), 43, 

45. 
squamatus (Malacolophus), 
43. 
squamatus (Picus), 43, 

47. 
squamicolle (Olirysophlegma), 
126. 
squamicollis (Picus), 125. 
squamiger (Picumnus), 

540. 
squamigularis (Meiglyptes), 
396. 
squamigularis (Picus), 

396. 
squamosus (Ohloronerpes), 
358. 
squamosus (Picus), 358, 

455. 
squamulatus (Picumnus), 
540. 
squamulosus (Microcolaptes), 
540. 
stemdaelmeri {Picumnus), 
535, * 
Stictocraugus, 90. 
Stictopicus, 90. 

6>tolzmanni (Coiaptesj. 

27. 
strenuuss «Picus), 448. 
451. 
striaticeps {Brack vpternus„
417. 
jstriatq ectus (ilelanerpe& 
. 141*. 
stria t us Cent urns . M*. 
striatus (Chloronerjjcsy, 

SO. 
striat ua i Dendrob^ttja,, 
101, 102. 
striatus i Pieu^, £*J. 

107. 
striatum < Zebra} tie :•* > SU. 
strieliaiidi ' Bracm pit-1— 
mis .453. 
stricklandi (Clin ~< >eohptes 
, 453. 454*455. 
stricklaiidi {Dentlrueopiwj, 
243, 571. 
stricklaiidi {Drvcbate* 
229, 244. 
stricklandi (Leuenuotopicus), 
243. 
stricklandi (Phrent «pi-
cu«y, 243. 
stricklandi (Picusy, 22^, 

243. 
stricklandi (Tkrenopip*>I. 
244. 
strictus (Chrvsoeolaptes), 
442, 44f>,* 447, 44b, 
440, 452. 

strictus (Indopicue), 447, 

449. 
strictus (Picufe), 447, 
448. 
striolatus (Ghloropicub). 
50. 
striolatus (Gecinua.;, 50, 
50. 
striolatus (Pieuts), 50, 
253, 352. 
Stugnopicus, 3fe4. 
subauratus (Picus;, 9. 
subcampestris (Gkryso


ptilus), 25. 
subcirris (Dendrocopus), 

271. 
subcirris (Drvobaies). 
271. 
subelcgans (GenturuM, 
174, 177. 
subclegans (Picus), 170. 
subflavus (Oeleus), 440, 

572. 
submexicanus (Picus), 21. 
subocularis (Pieus), 167. 
subrufinus (Xylurgus), 

sulfuri venter (Centurus), 

182. 
sultaneus (Cbrysocolaptes), 
448. 
sultaneus (Indopicus), 

449. 
sultaneus (Pieus), 447, 
448, 449, 450. 
supereiliaris (Centurus), 

167. 
supereiliaris (Colaptes), 
167. 
supereiliaris (Melanerpes), 
167, 169. 
supereiliaris (Pieus), 

167. > 
supereiliaris (Zebrapicus), 
167. 
supercilicsus (Colaptes), 
167. 
syriaea (Cam pet h era), 
225. 
syriacus (Dendrocopt es), 
22<>. 
sjriacus (Eendrocopus), 

225. 
syriacus (Pieus), 225. 
syriacus leucopterus (Pieus), 
215. 

tsenionotus (Campias), 

353. 
tajnionotus (Chloronerpes), 
353. 
taenionotus (Dendrobates), 
353. 
taenionotus (Mesopicus), 
353, 
tsenionotus (Pieus), 

353. 
taneola (Gecinus), 55. 
taneola (Pieus), 55. 
taneolo (Gecinus), 55. 
teinnuneki (Bceopipo), 
335. 
temmincki (Iyngipicus), 
333. 
temmincki (Picumnus), 
530. 
temmincki (Pieus), 335. 
temmincki (Yungiceps), 
335. 
temmincki (Yungipicus), 
335. 
teniminckii (Picumnus), 
530. 
teplirodops (Campias), 
353. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

tephrodops (Chloronerpes), 
352. 
tephrodops (Dendrobates), 
352. 
tephrodops (Eleopicus), 

352. 
tephrodops (Pious), 332. 
terrestris (Geocolaptes), 
terrestris (Pious), 9. 
terricolor (Centurus), 

176. 
terricolor (Melanerpes), 
175, 176. 
Theiopicus, 10. 
thoracinus (Pieus), 437. 
Three-toed Woodpecker, 

280. 
Threnopipo, 202. 
Thripias, 5, 306. 
Thriponax, 8, 497. 
tbyroideus (Cladoscopus), 
19G. 
tbyroideus (Colaptes), 
19G. 
tbyroideus (Melanerpes), 

196. 
tbyroideus (Pieus), 196. 
tbyroideus (Pilumnus), 
196. 
thy roideus (Spbyrapieus), 
190. 
tbyroideus (Spbyropicus), 
196,569. 
Tiga, 6, 411. 
tiga (Chloropieoides), 

412. 
tiga (Chrysonotus), 412. 
tiga (Picas), 412, 414. 
tinnunculus (Celeopicos), 
438. 
tinnunculus (Celeopicus), 
438. 
tinnunculus (Celeus), 
438, 439. 
tinnunculus (Oercbneipicus), 
438. 
tinnunculus (Pieus), 438. 
torquatus (Asyndesmus), 

137, 138.' 
torquatus (Oeleus), 

437. 
torquatus (Cerchneipicus), 
436, 437, 438. 
torquatus (Melampicos), 

138. 
torquatus (Melampicus), 
138. 
torquatus (Melanerpes), 
137. 
torquatus (Pieus), 137, 

437. 
Torquilla, 559. . 
torquilla (Iunx), 561. 
torquilla (lynx), 560, 561, 
565, 566. 
torquilla (Junx), 562. 
torquilla (Jynx), 5(51. 
torquilla (Yunx), 560. 
trachelopyrus (Caurpe


philus), 469. 
trachelopyrus (Campophilus), 
469, 
trachelopyrus (Dryocopus), 
469. 
trachelopyrus (Megapicus), 
469. 
Tres petit pic de Cay


enne), 544. 
Trichopicus, 139. 
tricolor (Centurus), 174, 

176. 
tricolor (Melanerpes), 
174, 176, 177. 
tricolor (Pieus), 174, 177. 
tricolor (Zebrapicus), 175, 

176. 
tridactyla (Tiga), 412. 
Tridactylia, 274. 
tridactvlus (Apternus), 
276." 
triclactylus (Chrysonotus), 
412. 
tridactvlus (Dendrocopos), 
275. 
tridactylus (Dryobates), 

275. 
tridactylus (Picoides), 
275, 277, 278. 
tridactylus (Pieus), 275, 
277, 279, 281, 2S2. 
tridactylus (Tridactylia), 

276. 
tridactylus alascensis 
(Picoides), 281. 
tridactylus americanus 
(Picoides), 280. 
tridactylus, var, americanus 
(Picoides), 280. 
tridactylus dorsalis 
(Picoides), 278. 

Tripsurus, 139. 

tristis (Heiaicircus), 385. 

tristis (Meiglyptes), 386, 

386,388. 

tristis (Miglyptes), 384, 

385,38(5. 
tristis (Phaiopicos), 385. 
tristis (Pbaiopicus), 

385. 
tristis (Picus), 384, 385, 

386. 
trisulensis (Picus), 31G. 
trisulensis. (Yimgipicus), 
316, 322. 
tucci (Meiglyptes), 389. 
tucumanus (Cbloroner


pes), 87. 
tukki (Meiglyptes), 388. 
tukki (Miglyptes), 388, 

389,390. 
tukki (Picus), 388, 389. 
turati (Picus), 242. 
turatii (Dryobates), 242. 

unclatus (Celeus), 431, 

432. 
undatus (Cercbneipicus), 
431. 
unclatus (Malacolopbus), 
431. 
unclatus (Meiglyptes), 
431. 
unclatus (Picoides), 279. 
unclatus (Picus), 431. 
undosus (Picoicles), 279. 
undulata (Triclactylia), 
279. 
undulatus (Picumnus), 
543. 
uralensis (Picus), 271. 
uralensis (Pipripicus), 
271. 
uropygialis (Oenturus), 
182. 
uropygialis (Cbloronerpes), 
84. 
uropygialis (Melanerpes), 
182,569. 
uropygialis (Picus), 182. 

vagatus (Picus), 246. 
vaillanti (Gecinus), 41. 
vaillantii (Cnloropicus), 

41. 
vaillantii (Gecinus), 41. 
validirostris (Bseopipo), 
332. 
validirostris (Picus), 
332. 
vabdirostris (Yungipicus), 
3|2. 
yalidus X^amPePn^"us)) 


458. 
yaliclus (Cbrysocolaptes), 
458. 
validus (Hemilopbus), 
458. 
validus (Megapicos), 458. 
validus (Megapicus), 459. 
validus (Picus), 458. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

validus (Reinwardtipi


cus), 458. 
validus (Xylolepes), 459. 
variegata (Bsoopipo), 326. 
variegatus (Picoides), 275, 

279. 
variegatus (Picus), 259, 
325, 328. 
variegatus (Yungipicus), 

328. 
variolosa (Campetbera), 
102. 
variolosus (Cbrysopicus), 
103. 
variolosus (Denclrobates), 
102. 
variolosus (Ipagrus), 103. 
varius (Clacloscopus), 189. 
varius (Dendrocopus), 
189. 
varius (Picus), 188, 193, 
287. 
varius (Pilumnus), 189. 
varius (Sphyrapieus), 
189,192. 
varius (Spliyropicus), 
188,189,193,194,195, 

569. 
varius, var. (Picus), 193. 
varius nucbalis (Sjobyrapicus), 
193. 
varius nuclmlis (Spbyropicus), 
193. 

varius, var. nucbalis 
(Spbyrapicus), 193. 
varius, var. nucbalis 

(Spliyropicus), 193. 
varius, occidentalis (Picus), 
193. 
varius ruber (Spbyrapicus), 
194. 
varius ruber (Spbyropicus), 
194. 
varius, var. ruber (Spbyrapicus), 
194. 
varius, var. ruber (Spbyropicus), 
194. 
varius, var. varius (Spby


ropicus), 189. 
Venilia, 33. 
Verreauxia, 8, 553. 
verreauxi (Dryotomus), 

472, 508. 
verreauxi (Picus), 435. 
verreauxii (Celeopicus), 

434. 
verreauxii (Celeus), 434. 
verreauxii (Picumnus), 
553. 
vestita (Campetbera), 105. 
vieillotii (Picus), 251. 
villosus (Dendrocopus), 

230, 231, 234, 235. 
villosus (Dryobates), 230. 
villosus i^Picus), 230, 231, 

232, 233, 234. 
villosus (Tricbopicus), 

231. 
villosus auduboni (Dryobates), 
232. 
villofaus, -var. auduboni 
m (Picus), 232. 
villosus, var. canadensis 
(Picus), 231. 
villosus barrisi (Dryobates), 
235. 
villosus barrisi (Picus), 

234. 
villosus, var. barrisi (Pi# 
cus), 234. 
villosus harrisii (Dryobates), 
237. 
villosus insularis (Dryobates), 
234. 
villosus insularis (Picus), 

234. 
villosus jardinii (Dryobates), 
237. 
villosus leucomelas (Dryobateb), 
231. 
villosus leucomelas (Picus), 
231. 
villosus, var. major (Picus), 
231. 
villosus maynardi (Dryobates), 
234. 
villosus, var. medius 
(Picus), 231. 
villosus, var. minor 
(Picus), 232. 
villosus, var. villosus 
(Picus), 231. 
virescens (ColaptesJ, 37. 
virescens (Gecinus), 38. 
viridanus (Gecinus), 47. 
viridanus (Picus), 47. 
viridicanus (Colaptes),53. 
viridicanus (Gecinus), 54. 
viridi-canus (Picus), 53. 
"viridis (Bracbylopbus), 

38. 
viridis (Colaptes), 37. 
viridis (Cbloropicos), 38. 
viridis (Cbloropicus), 38, 
41. 
viridis (Geciniseus), 136. 
viridis (Gecinulus), 136. 
viridis (Gecinus), 36, 37, 
40, 41. 
viridis (Malacolopbus), 

38. 
viridis (Picus), 36,40,41. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. f>97 

viriclis (Tiga), 130. 
villains (Goi'inus), 40,48. 
viitiitus (Picus), 40, 47. 

Viviu, 521. 

wagleri (Dyctiopious), 

200. 
wagleri (Picus), 261. 
waglerii (Picus), 2(50. 
wallacei (Alophonerpes), 

491. 
wallacei (Mulleripicus), 

401. 
wallacii (Microstictus), 

491. 
wallacii (Pioumnus), 547. 
warscewiczii (Chloronerpes), 
87. 
wattersi (Iyngipicus), 

317. 
weberi (Gecinus), 48, 50. 
westermani (Picus), 2G1. 
Whito-runiped Wood


* pecker, 146. 
williamsoni (Cladosoopus), 
196. 
william son i (Melanerpes), 
196. 
williamsoni (Picus), 196. 
williamsoni (Sphyrapicus), 
196. 
williamsoni (Spbyropicus), 
196. 
wilsoni (Picus), 245. 
wilsoni (Triuhopicus), 

245. 
Woodpecker, Golden-
winged, var. A, 17. 
Woodpecker, Green, 36. 

Woodpecker, Greyheaded, 
53. 
Woodpecker, Greyheaded 
Green, 52. 
Woodpecker, Half-billed, 

37. 
Woodpecker, Malaccan, 

122. 
Woodpecker, Nubian, 93. 
Woodpecker, Rayed, 89. 
Woodpecker, Yellow-
necked, 59. 
Woodpecker, Yellow 
Blue-footed Persian, 

37. 
wrayi (Obrysopblegma), 

130. 

xantbocephalus (Chrysocolaptes), 
457. 
xanthochlorus (Chloronerpes), 
73. 
xanthoderus (Ollloropicus), 
62. 
xanthoderus (Chrysophlegma), 
62. 
xanthoderus (Gecinus), 
59, 63. 
xanthoderus (Picus), 62. 
xantholarynx (Melainpicus), 
155. 
xantholarynx (Melanerpea), 
J 55. 
xantholarynx (Picus), 

155. 
xantbolophus (Dendropicus), 
375. 
xantbolophus (Mosopicus), 
375,571. 

Xmithopicufl, 420. 
xnnthopynjjeus (Braeliylonhua), 
50, 52. 
xanthopyganis (Gecinus), 

50. 
xanthotamia (Chloronerpes), 
79. 
xanthot tenia (Picua), 79. 
Xenocraugus, 284. 
Xenopicus, 4, 284. 
Xiphidiopieus, 5, 370. 
Xylocopus, 202. 
Xylolepes, 442. 
Xylurgus, 198. 

Yellow-belly'd Woodpecker, 
188. 
Yellow Blue-footed 
Persian Woodpecker, 

37. 
Yellow-necked Woodpecker, 
59. 
yucatacensis (Picus), 

84. 
yucatanensis (Ohloronerpes), 
81, 83, 84, 86. 
yucatanensis (Picus), 84. 
yucatensis (Ohloronerpes), 
82, 84. 
yucatensis (Picus), 84. 
Yungipicus, 309. 
Yunx, 559. 

zanzibari (Dendropious), 
297, 301. 
zarudnoi (Gecinus), 43. 
zebra (Picus), 170. 
Zebrapioue, 139. 
zizuki (Picus), 310, 318. 

END OE THE EIGHTEENTH VOLUME. 

PRINTED BY TAYLOIt A,ND FRANCIS, RBI) LION COURT, FLEET STREET. 

LIST OF PLATES. 

Plate 

Chloronerpes xanthochlorus, p. 73 I. 
Chrysophlegma wrayi, p. 130 II. 
Melanerpes puleher, p. 160 . . III . 
Dendrocopus pyrrhothorax, p. 224 IV. 
Iyngipicus nigrcscens, p. 319 V 
picatus (fig. 1), p. 324 } 
grandis (fig. 2), p. 325 } 
Dendrobates fidelis, p. 357 . VII. 
Mesopicus xantholophus, p. 375 t VIII. 

johnstoni, p. 375 IX. 
Celeus spectabilis, p. 435 X. 
Cerchiieipicus occidentalis, p. 439 XT. 
Chrysocolaptes rafopunctatus, p. 457 XII. 
Thriponax pectoralis, p. 500 XIII. 
Picummis flavifrons (figs. 1, 2), p. 547 • 1 ^-ry 

wallacii (^g. 3), p. 547 J * 
Sasia everetti, p. 559 XV. 

Bir-ds RM.Vol.JlW. PL.l 

Peter Sxnit del. etlrtlx. Mint ern. Bros. Chromo. 

Ch lorort&rp &$• occaitkw cJd^rus. 

Fl.H.

Birds S.M.VolJW. 

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^mfr.t 

Peter Smit del.et litK. 

Min-erT-. Bros . Ck 

ChiyrsopJilegwwb wr'CLyi. 

Jbu-cis B.M.Voi.Aim, 

Pb.m. 

Mintem- Bros. Ctiromo 

•MplaMerpes ptdchef. 
PI. IV. 

Birds B.M.Vol.JVJII. 

Peter Smxt del. etlitK. Mint em Bros . Chromo 

Dendr'ocppus pyrrhvtlwTctai. 

Birds KM.Job. JM. 

n. v. 
Peter Sunt, del. et lith.. 

MmierxL Bros . Cixnc 

hmgiypLCMJS ruLgrescerus,<?,£. 

Bircb r>..it.Vol..nw. Pl.W. 

* % 4 V 
• $010*. 
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Br 

Peter Smit del- efc lit! 

Minietm. Bros . rmp, 

Llyngipvazs plccrfizs. 2. lyiigzpujus grawidis. 

Birds B.M.VoC.J\ffl. PI. w. 

Peter Smit del. et litk. 

Mint em. Bros . Chrome 

Dendrvhate*?£deUs. 

Birds B.MVol.im n r/// 

'e.ter omit del. et lith. 

Mirrbern. Bros . Cttroifro . 

Mesvpicus .JcaidPwlopPais. 

Birds 3 M Vol JIM. PI. ix. 

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Mesopiccbs joJiibstcmx 

PL. J.

Bh-deBM.Vol.lVm. 

Peter Smit dfil. et lith.. Mmterru Bros . CLxomo. 

Celeus spertahiUs. 

Birch BM.Vol.IMl. Pi. XL 

:.'x % 
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Peter Smit del. et Hth.. 

MktLera Bros . Ghrorcuo. 

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fiwds B.M. ioi.mn PI. in 

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Mrtteni Bros . Giroi&o . 

Cluysocx)laptjpjs ru/bpiinctahis 

BinLs R.M. Vol..Will. PL Ml. 

Peter Smit del. et 3ith 

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Birds RM.Vvl.IlW. Fl. HI: 

Peter Smxt cLaL. et ]ith_. MintexrL Bros . Chromo. 

i, 2. J^icumiuzs flcwiJr'OTits,3<MU. etjuv. 3.FijOJunvmjis wall ado. 

Birds B.M.Vol.IW. Pl.W. 

Peter Smit del. et litik. 

I'EL-t-LterrL Bro s . Ctrro 

Scus-icv e/veretti/. 

NOTICE. 

VoiiUMES XVI. and XVII. of this TFork are 
in preparation, and will probably be published 
early in the year 1891. 

SELECTED LIST 

OF THE 

NATURAL HISTORY PUBLICATIONS 

OP THE TRUSTEES OF THE 

BRITISH MUSEUM. 


REPORT on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Paeific 
Ocean during the voyage of H.M.S. 'Alert/ 1881-2. Edited by 
Dr. Glinther. 54 Plates. 1884, 8vo. £1 10s 

MAMMALS. 
Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs, and Fruit-eating Bats. 21 Woodcuts. 
By Dr. J. E. Gray. 1870, 8vo. 4s. 
Catalogue of Carnivorous, Pachydermatous, and Edentate Mammalia. 
By Dr. J. E. Gray. 47 Woodcuts. 1869, 8vo. 6s. Gel 
Hand-List of Seals, Morses, Sea-Lions, and Sea-Bears. 30 Plates 
of Skulls. By Dr. J. E. Gray. 1874, 8vo. 12s. M. 
Catalogue of Seals and Whales. By Dr. J. E. Gray. Second edition. 
101 Woodcuts. 1866,8vo. 8s. 
Supplement. 11 Woodcuts. 1871, 8vo. 2s. 6cl 
List of the Specimens of Cetacea in the Zoological Department. 
By Prof. Flower. 1885, 8vo. Is. M. 

 SELECTED LIST 01? THE NATURAL HISTOKY PUBLICATIONS. 

Catalogue of Ruminant Mammalia (Pecora, Linnaeus). By Dr. 

J. E. Gray. 4 Plates. 1872, 8vo. 3s. 6d. 
Catalogue 
of the Marsupialia and Monotremata. By 0. Thomas. 
28 Plates (4 col.). 1888, 8vo. £1 8s. 

BIRDS. 

Catalogue of the Birds. By R. Bowdler Sharpe, EL Seebohm, 

H. Gadow, and P. L. Selater. Yols. III.-XY,, 1877-90, 8vo. 
Woodcuts and coloured Plates. 14s. to 28s. a volume. (Yols. I. 
and II. out ofjprint.) 
REPTILES AND BATRACHMTS. 

Catalogue of the Chelonians, Rhynchoeephalians, and Crocodiles. 
New edition. By G. A. Boulenger. 73 Woodcuts and 6 Plates. 
1889,8vo. 16*. 

Gigantic Land Tortoises (living and extinct). By Dr. Giinther. 
54 Plates. 1877, 4to. £1 10s. 
Catalogue of the Lizards. Second edition. By G. A. Boulenger. 
Plates. 3 vols. 1885-87, 8vo. Yols. I., II., 20s. each ; III., 

26s. 

Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes. By Dr. Giinther. 1858, 12mo. 
4s. 

Catalogue of the Batracliia Salientia. By Dr. Giinther. 12 Plates. 
1858, 8vo. 6s. 

Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia s. Ecaudata, Second edition. 
By G. A. Boulenger. Woodcuts and 30 Plates. 1882, 8vo. 

£110s. 
Catalogue of the Batrachia Gradientia s. Caudata, and Batrachia 
Apoda. Second edition. By G. A. Boulenger. 9 Plates. 18S2, 
8vo. 9s. 

FISHES. 

Catalogue of the Fishes. By Dr. Giinther. Yols. IL-VTII. 
1860-70, 8vo. Woodcuts. 7s. to 10s. 6d. a volume. (Yol. I. 
out of print.) 

Catalogue of Lophobranchiate Fish. By Dr. J. J. Kaup. 4 Plates. 
1856.12mo. 2s. 

SELECTED LIST OP THE K4TUEAL HISTORY PUBLICATIOKS. 3 

MOLLUSCA. 
Guide to the Systematic Distribution of Mollusca. Part I. By 
Dr. J. E. Gray. Woodcuts. 1857, 8vo. 5s. 
Catalogue of Pulmonata. Part I. By Dr. L. Pfeiffer. Woodcuts. 
1855,12mo. 2s. 6d. 
Catalogue of the Auriculidce, Proserpinidse, and Truncatellidoe. By 
Dr. L. Pfeiffer. Woodcuts. 1857, 12mo. Is. M. 
Catalogue of the Conchifera, or Bivalve Shells. By Mons. Deshayes. 
2 Parts. 1853-54, 12mo. Part I., 3s.; II., Gel 

BBACHIOPODA. 
Catalogue of Brachiopoda Ancylopoda, or Lamp Shells. By Dr. 

J. E. Gray. Woodcuts. 1853, 12mo. 3s. 
EOLYZOA. 
Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa. Part III. Cyclostomata. By 

G. Busk. 38 Plates. 1875, 8vo. 5s. 
CEUSTACEA. 

Catalogue of Amphipodous Crustacea. By C. Spence Bate. 58 
Plates. 1862, 8vo. £1 5s. 

INSECTS. 

Coleopterous Insects. 

Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of Madeira. By T. V. Wollaston. 
1 Plate. 1857, 8vo. 3s. 
Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of the Canaries. By T. Y. 
Wollaston. 1864, 8vo. 10s. M. 

Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Coleoptera. Part I. Lycidse. 
By C. 0. Waterhouse. 18 Plates, coloured. 1879, 8vo. 16s. 
Catalogue of Halticidse. By Eev. H. Clark. 9 Plates. 1860, 8vo. 


7s. 
Catalogue of Hispid^. By J. S. Baly. Part I. 9 Plates. 185a, 
8vo. 6s. 

 SELECTED LIST OF THE NATURAL HISTOEY PUBLICATIONS. 

Hymenopterous Insects. 

Catalogue of Hymenoptorous Insects. By E. Smith. Parts I.-VII. 
1853-59, 12mo. 2s. to 6s. a Part. 
Descriptions of New Species of Hymenoptera. By E. Smith. 
1879,8vo. 10s. 
List of Hymenoptera, wish descriptions and figures of the Typical 
Specimens. By "W. F. Kirby. Yol. I. Tenthredinidoe and Siricidse. 
16 coloured Plates. "l882, 8vo. £1185. 

Lepidopterous Insects. 

Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera. By 

A. G. Butler. Parts I.-YII. Coloured Plates. 1877-89, 4to. 
' £2 to £2 10s. a Part, (Parts II. and IY. out of print.) 
Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera of the family Satyridse. By A. G. 
Butler. 5 Plates. 1868, 8vo. 5s. Gd. 

Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera described by Eabricius. By A. G. 
Butler. 3 Plates. 1869, 8vo. 7s. Gd. 
Specimen of a Catalogue of Lycsenidse. By W. C. Hewitson. 8 col. 
Plates. 1862, 4to. £1 Is. 

Neuropterous Insects. 

Catalogue of the Specimens of Neuropterous Insects. By Dr. H. 
Hagen. Part I. Termitina. 1858, 12mo. Gd. 

OrtJwpterous Insects. 

Catalogue of Orthopterous Insects. Part I. Phasmidos. By J. 0. 

Westwood. 48 Plates. 1859,4to. £3. 
Catalogue of the Blattarke. By E. Walker. 1868, 8vo. 5s. Gd. 
Catalogue of Dermaptera Saltatoria and Supplement to the Blat


tarise. Gryllidse, Blattaria), Locustidse. By E. Walker. 1869, 
8vo. 5s. 

. Part II. Locustidae (continued). 1869, 8vo. 4s. Gd. 
. Paxt III. Locustidse (continued), Acrididse. 1870, 
8vo. 4s. 

—. Part IY. Acrididse (continued). 1870, 8yo. Gs. 

, l>art Y. Tettigidoe, and Supplements. 1870, 8vo. 6s. 

SELECTED LIST OF THE 3STATTJEAL HISTOBY PUBLICATIONS.

Hemigterous Insects. 

Catalogue of Heteropterous Hemiptera. By P. Walker. Parts 
I.-VIII. 1867-73, Svo. 4s. to 6s. Gel a Part. 

YEEMES. 

Catalogue of Entozoa, or Intestinal Worms. By Dr. Baird. 2 
Plates. 1853, 12mo. 2s. 

ANTHOZOA. 
Catalogue of Sea-pens or Pennatulariidse. By Dr. J. E. Gray. 
Woodcuts. 1870,8vo. Is. M. 
Catalogue of Lithophytes or Stony Corals. By Dr. J. E. Gray. 
Woodcuts. 1870, 8vo. 3s. 

BRITISH ANIMALS. 

Catalogue of British Possorial Hymenoptera, Pormicidae, and 
Yespidse. By P. Smith. 6 Plates. 1858, 12mo. 6s. 

Catalogue of British Non-parasitical Worms. By Dr. G. Johnston. 
Woodcuts and 24 Plates. 1865, Svo. 7*. 

List of British Animals in the Collection of the British Museum :— 
Part V. Lepidoptera. By J, P. Stephens. 2nd edition. 1856, 
12mo. 1*. M. 
Part XIII. Nomenclature of Hymenoptera. By P. Smith. 
1853, 12mo. Is. 4cl 
Part XIV. Nomenclature of Neuroptera. By Adam White. 
1853, 12mo. 6d. 
Part XV. Nomenclature of Diptera, I. By Adam White. 
1853, 12mo. 1*. 

PLANTS. 

List of British Diatomaceae in the Collection of the British Museum, 
By Eev. W. Smith. 1859, 12mo. 1*. 

 SELECTED LIST OF THE 3STATT7R1L HISTORY PUBLICATIONS. 

FOSSILS. 

Catalogue of the dossil Mammalia. By B. Lydekker. Parts I.-Y. 
Woodcuts. 1885-87, 8vo. 4s. to 6s. a volume. 
Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue of the Fossil Eeptilia of 
South Africa. By Sir B. Owen. 70 Plates. 1876, 4to. £3 3s. 

Catalogue of the Fossil Eeptilia and Amphibia. By E. Lydekker. 
Parts I.-IV. Woodcuts. 1S88-90, 8vo. 7s. 6cZ. a volume. 

Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes. Part I. By A. Smith Woodward. 
13 Woodcuts and 17 Plates. 1889, 8vo. 21s. 

Catalogue of the Fossil Cephalopoda. Part I. By A. H. Foord. 

Woodcuts. 1888, 8vo. 10s. 6d. 

A Catalogue of British Fossil Crustacea, with their Synonyms 
and the Range in Time of each Genus and Order. By Br. H. 
Woodward. 1877,8vo. 5s. 

Catalogue of the Blastoidea in the Geological Department. With 
an account of the morphology and systematic position of the 
group, and a revision of the genera and species. By R. 
Etheridge, jun., and P. H. Carpenter. 20 Plates, &e. 1886, 
4to. 25s. ' 
Catalogue of the Fossil Sponges in the Geological Department. 
With descriptions of new and little-known species. By Dr. G. 

J. Hinde. 38 Plates. 1883, 4to. £1 10s. 
Catalogue of the Fossil Foraminifera. By T. Rupert Jones. 
1882, 8vo. 5s. 
Catalogue 
of the Palaeozoic Plants in the Department of Geology 
and Palaeontology. By E. Kidston. 1886, 8vo. 5s. 

The above Publications can be purchased of Messrs. LONGMANS & 
Co., 39 Paternoster Uo%v ; Mr. QUARTICH, 15 Piccadilly ; Messrs. 
ASHEE & Co., 13 Bedford Street, Covent Garden ; Messrs. EJDGAJST 
PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER, & Co., 57 Ludgate Hill; and at the 
Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, S.W. A 
more detailed list can be obtained on application to the Director 
of the Museum. 

7 

GUIDE-BOOKS. 

A GENERAL GUIDE to the British. Museum"(Natural History). With 
2 Plans and 2 Views. Svo. 3d. 

ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 

Guide to the Galleries of Mammalia (Mammalian, Osteological, 
Cetacean) in the Department of Zoology. 57 Woodcuts and 
2 Plans. Index. 8vo. M. 

Guide to the Gould Collection of Humming Birds. With Map 
showing the distribution of Humming Birds. Svo. 2d. 

Guide to the Gallery of Reptilia in the Department of Zoology. 
22 Woodcuts and 1 Plan. 8vo. 2d. 

Guide to the Galleries of Reptiles and Pishes in the Department 

of Zoology. 101 Woodcuts and 1 Plan. 8vo. 6d. 

Guide to the Shell and Star-fish Galleries in the Department of 
Zoology (Mollusca, Echinodermata, Vermes). 51 Woodcuts and 
1 Plan. Svo. M. 

[Guides to other sections are in preparation.'] 

GEOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 

A Guide to* the Exhibition Galleries of the Department of Geology 
and Paleontology:— 

Part I. Fossil Mammals and Birds. 119 Woodcuts, table 
of Stratified Bocks, plan of Geological Galleries, and 
Index. 8vo. M. 

Part II. Eossil Reptiles, Eishes, and Invertebrates. 94 
Woodcuts, table of Stratified Rocks, plan of Geological 
Galleries, and Index. Svo. 6d. 

Guide to the Collection of Eossil Eishes in the Department of 
Geology and Palaeontology. 81 Woodcuts. Svo. 4d. 

A. 
GUIDE-BOOKS. 

MlNERALOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 

A Guide to the Mineral Gallery. 8vo. Id. 
An Introduction to the Study of Minerals, with a Guide to the 
Mineral Gallery. Diagrams. Plan of the Mineral Gallery. 

Index. 8vo. M. 
The Student's Index to the Collection of Minerals. 8vo. 2d. 
An Introduction to the Study of Meteorites, with a List of the 

Meteorites represented in the Collection. Plan of the Mineral 
Gallery, and Index to. the Meteorites represented in the Collection. 
8vo. Bd. 

The Guide-BooJcs can only be obtained at the Museum. 

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