Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum Volume XXII 1893 eBooks von / from Digitalisiert von / Digitised by Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin CATALOGÜE BIED8 BRITISH MUSEUM. VOLUME XXI1. LONDON: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 1893. CATALOGUE OF THE GAME BIRDS (PTEROCLETES, GALLINJE, 0PI8TH0C0MI, HEMIPODII) IN THE COLLECTION OP THE BRITISH MUSEUM. BY W. E. OGILVIE-GEANT. LONDON: PEINTED BY OEDEE OF THE TEÜSTEES. SOLD BY LONGMANS & Co., 39 PATERNOSTER ROW; ß. QUARTICH, 15 PICCADILLY; DULAU & Co., 37 SOHO SQUARE, W. ; KEGAN PAUL & Co., PATERNOSTER HOUSE, CHARING GROSS ROAD; AN» AT THE BRITISH MUSEÜM: (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, S.W. 1893. &*'f^c&i %'•'•>' PBINTBD BY TATLOB AND JfKAlTOIS HEB HON COURT, FLEET STREET. PEEEACE. THE present volume treats of four Orders of Birds, eonstituting the greater bulk of what are commoDly termed Game Birds. The numbers of species clescribed and of specimens at present in tho Collection are as follows :— Species. Types. Specimens. Pterocletes .. .. 17 2 522 Grallinsß ... . .. 384 95 5954 Opisthocomi .. 1 14 Hemipodii .. 24 5 531 426 102 7021 In the first category those forms are included to which, in the author's opinion, no higher than snbspecific rank should be assigned; only 23 of these species and sub&pecies are still unrepresentcd in the Collection. Beside the 102 types of recognized species the Collection contains 50 other typical specimens which are now considered identical with previously namod species. ALBERT GÜNTHER, Keeper of the Department of Zoology. British Museum (N. H.), Nov. 17, 1893. INTRODUCflON. THE Pterocletes or Pigeon-Grouse form a small but well-marked group contalning only 3 genera and 17 speeies, and appcar to have been quite satisfaotorily placed in a separate ordor between tlie Columbte or Pigeons and the Galllnce or True Game Birds, for they eombine many characters found in both tliese Orders. The seeond order, Gallince, coutains the great bulk of the speeies treated of in the present volume. I fully anticipate that I shall be blamed by some for having nnited all the Nearctic " speeies w of Lagojpus described by American Ornithologists with L. rujjestris; but I am sure that nnless the practice be adopted of distinguisbing every individual Variation or slight climatic variety by a separate specific name, a careful study of these birds will lead to the same conclusion as that to which I have arrived (see p. 49). Had the Bed Grouse (Layopus scoticiis), that most variable of all the speeies, been a North-American bird, it would doubtless have afforded even better material for the multiplication of speeies than L. rupestris, Perhaps one of the most interesting facts investigated during the preparation of this work is the peculiar and, as far as I am aware, nnparalleled case regarding the moults of the male and female of L. scoticus (see p. 36). Two years ago the Museum collection contained but few examples of this interesting bird, and theso were mostly without date, sex, or exaet loeality, while the Common Partridge (Perdix perclix) was equally pooily represented. Thanks to the kind contributions of numerons friends and correspondents, the series of both these birds is now very fine, and in fact nearly complete, representing as it does birds of both sexes in every rnonth of the year and showing all the changes of pltimage they go through* Of the Eed Grouse extreme types of Variation are still required, as also examples from difTcrent parts of Ireland, especially the souih ; while of the Partridge speeimens from the eastern parts fo its ränge in the Parabinska Steppes and Altai Mountains VÜi INTEODtrOTION. aro wanled to completcly illustrato ihe geographica! distribution of tlie spocies. A satislaetory arrangement of tlie many (59) genera of the grcat family Phasianidtv has becu by no nicans an oasy task. There appoarb to be no real line of demarcation between the true Pheasantb (Phasianimv) and the Partridges (Perdichup), the two groups merging gradually into one another in such forms as Bamhasicola, Ptilopacliys, and Galloperäix. The shape of the wing appears to be the bebt, and in fact almost the only, character of importance for distinguishing these groups. All the Phasianhue, except one genus, have the fir&t primary quill much shorter than the tenth, -whereas in the Perdwhup the first primary is equal to, or longer than, the tenth. Unforttinatoly, the exception among the former is the very important genus Phasianus, wbich has the first primary, like that of most Partridges, much longer than the tenth. On the other hand, somo of the Partridges have tho firbt primary slightly shorter than the tenth. Thus even this otherwise well-marked character breaks down, and in order to artificially separate these two groups it is necessary to have recourse to secondary or supplementary characters, such as the length of the tau. By this means only the family PJiasianidtr, as represented in the Old World, together with the American genus 31eleagris, may be divided into two sections. Among the 31egaj>odiidcp some species have been fonnded on very young birds, and others even on eggs. In the latter ease I have refused to recognize their right to priority (for example, Megajpodkis brazieri and 31. stairi), for I think such names ought never to be given, much le&s recognized; while those founded on chicks have but little more claim to be retained (for example, Aepypodius arfalcianus). Opistlwcoinus hoazin, the only repräsentative of the Order OpistJiocomi, in bpite of its many striking peculiarities, scems to be most naturally placed in close proximity to the üraclda\ The value of the great donations made by Messrs. Hume, Wardlaw Ilamsay, Salvin, Godman, and Seebohm can be fully estimated by an inspection of the lists of speeimens on the following pages; and I may safely say that any good work that may be found in this volume is largely due to the splendid series of birds in these noble collect ion&. 1NTR0DUCTT0N". Among the numcrous smaller but important clonations may he specially mentioned those of Emin Pasha, Capt. tho Hon. A. llay Drummond, H. C. V. Hunter, Est]., E.J.Jackson, Esq., F. Monteith Ogilvie, Esq., and Lord Thurlow. I have to acknowledge assistance of various kinds which I have received t'rom many friends, and to retnrn them my best tlianks. I wish. particularly to mention Professor Barboza du Bocagc, Mr. Büttikofer, Prof. E. Collett, Mr. H. E. Dresser, Mr. H. 0. Eorbes, Signor Gestro, Mr. E. Hartert, Dr. Jentink, Dr. T. Pleske, the Hon. Walter Rothschild, Count Salvadori, Dr. Schauinsland, Capt. Shelley, Dr. J. Stolzmann, and Canon Tristram. I wish also particularly to thank my colleaguo Dr. R. Bowdlor Sharpo, who, by bis intimate acquaintance with the history of the specimens in the Museum collection, has saved me from frequent errors into which I should otherwise have fallen. The same symbols are employed as have becn customary in previous volumes of the ' Catalogue.' " [P.] " means " Presented by " : " [C] " equals " Collected by,?; «[E.] " signifies "Eeceived in Exchange." W. E. 0UILVIE-G1UNT. British Museum, N. II., 14th November, 1893. SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Order PTEROOLETEö. Fam. I. PTEROCLIDiE. 1. Syrrhaptes, Illiger 2 1. paradoxus (Pallas).... 2 2. tlbetanus, Gould 5 2. Pteroclurus, Bonap 6 1. alchata (Zinn.) 7 a. pyrenaicus (Bn'ss.) . 9 2. namaqfya (öm.) 10 3. exustus (Temm.) .. 12, 550 4. senegallus (Lmn.).. 14, 556 3. Pterocles, Temm 16 1. areparius (Pall) .... 18 2. decoratns, Cäb 21 3. variegatus (Burcliell) . 22 4. corcmatus, Licht 23 5. gutluralis, Smiih .. 25, 550 0. personatus, Gould .... 20 7. fasciatus (ticop.) 27 8. Feiltensteiiri, Temm. 29, 550 9. bicinetus, Temm 30 10. quadriemetus, Temm. . 32 Order GALLIN/E. Suborder I. ALEOTOROPODES. Faro.I. TETRAONIDJ. 1. Lagopus, Briss 35 1. scoticus (Lath.) 35, 556 2.Tagopusi(Xm?z.) .. 40,557 "a, alleni, Stej/i. .. 44, 557 3. nmtiib (Montin) . . 44, 557 4. rupestiis^.(6'w.) .. 48,557 5. Tvyperboreufc., tiundcv, . 51 6. \Q\vixxm$(Sic.§Rich.) 52,557 2. Lyrurus, Swains 53 1. tetrix (Linn.) 53 2. mlokosiewiczi (Tacz.). 58 3. Tetrao, Zum 59 1. urogallus, Zinn 00 a. uralensis, Nazarow . 65 2. parVJwtns, Bonap. .. 60 3. femtschaticus, luttl. . 67 4. OanacMtes, Stejn 68 1. cajtjajltfxisia (Lmn.) 09, 557 2. franklini (TMa/l).. 71, 557 5. Falcipermis, JE7#*(Lath.) 280 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Page Page 10. vlangali, Pr/ev 330 11. strauchi, Prjev 330 12. tlecoITfitus, Swinh 331 13. torquatua, Gm 331 14.\öT>clieujueubis, Prjev. . '• 33 15. fbrmosaniis, 7i,7/?o£ ... . -i*>;> 10. vei'hioolor, Vieill. 334, 5t>l 17. eIlioti; Swinh 335 IS.lmmiiü (Hume) 335 19. soommeiringi, Temm. . 336 20. reevosi, J. R Gray . . 333 30. Olirysolopbus, J. E. Gray 330 1. pictus (Linn.) 339 a. obscurus (Schi.) .... 341 2. amlierstim (Leadb.) . 342 37. G allus, Linn 343 1. gallus (Linn,) 344 2. lafayetli, Less. . . 348,501 3. sormerati, Temm 350 4. \jmus (Shaw $* Nodd.) 352 SS. PoTyplectron, Temm 353 1. cliinquiy (Müll.) 354 2. g ermahn, JElliot 357 3. bicalearaium (Zinn.). . 357 4. bdihieTmachen, ßruyy. 351) 5. nelirkornsB, Blas 300 0. napoleoms, Less 30] 39. Cbalcurus, Bonaj) 301 1. cbalcurus (Less.) .... 301 40. Argusianus, Iiqßnesque . . 3(52 1. argus (Linn ). . . . 303, 501 2. grayi (Elliot) 305 3. blpimctatus( Wood) .. 300 4L liheinardtius, Oustal 300 1. ocellatus (Verr.) .... 307 42. Pavo, Linn 308 1. ciistatus, Linn. .. 368, 562 2. muticus, Linn 371 43. Phasidus, Cassin 373 1, niger, Cassin 373 44. Agelastes, Temm 374 ] . meleagrides, Temm. .. 374 45. Numida, Linn 374 1. meleagris, Linn 375 2. corunata, Gray 376 3. marimgensis, Schaloto . 377 4. cornuta, Finsch § Ilartl 378 5. mitiata, Patt. 378 6. ptilorhvncha, Licht. 379, 502 40. Guttera, Waql 380 1. cristata (Fall.) 381 2. edoüardi (Ilartl.) .... 382 3. puqlierani (Ilartl.).... 383 4. plumifera(Cßssm).... 384 47. Acryllium, Gray 385 ] . Vulturinum {llardw.) . 385 48. Meleagris, "Linn 380 1. gallopavo, Linn 3S7 a. ellioti, Sennett .... 388 2. amencapa, Bartram . . 389 a. osceoTa, Scott 300 3. ocellata, Cuv 391 49. DencTrortyx, Gould 392 1. macrourus (Jard. Sf Selb.) 392 2. barbatus, Licht 393 3. leucophrv5» (Gould) _.. 394 50. Oallipepla, Wac/l 394 1. squamata (Vif/.) 395 a. ca&taneiventer,Z?re^. 390 51. Oreortvx, Baird 397 1. pictus (Douyl.) 397 52. Lopliortyx, Bonap 399 1. californicus (Shaw § Nodd.) 400 2. gambeli, Nutt 403 S.douplasi (Vig.) 404 53. Philortvx, Gould 405 1. tWatus (Xatt.) 400 54. Eupsychortyx, Gould .... 407 1. cristatu-» (Linn.) 407 2. leuco])Ogon (Less.).. . . 408 3. sonnhii (Temm.) 409 ^- P<\DJi^|^tus7 Gould. . 410 5. le^dändi (Moore) .... 411 6. nigrogulans (Gould) .. 412 7. liypoleucus, Goidd .... 413 55. Ortyx, Steigt 414 1. Yirgmiaaus (Linn.) . . 415 a. floridanus, Coues .. 418 b. texanus, Lawr 419 2. cubanensis, Gould 421 3. p'ectoralis, Gould .... 421 4. graysoni, Lawr :. 422 5. ridgwayi (Brewst.) .. 422 0. coyolcos (Mall) .... 423 7. atriceps, Grant 424 8. castaueus, Gould .... 424 56. Cyrtonyx, Gould 425 1. montezumoe (Via.) . . 425 2. &aIM;Te;V. ..'.. 427,502 3. ocellatus (Gould) .... 428 57. Dactylortyx, Grant 429 1. tkopL<Äc\\$u(Gambel) .. 429 58. Odoutophorus, Vieill 430 1. gtiianensis (Gm,) .... 432 a. marmoratus (Gould) 433 2. capueha (Spiv) 434 3. melanotis, Salvin .... 435 4. erythrops, Gould .... 435 SYSCEMATIC INDEX. XV P.ifju 5. liyperytkriH, Gould . . 436 3. pinima, Natt 477 (y speciosus, TW/ 437 4. glübicera, Z'uin 478 7. melanonutus, Goultl . . 438 5. panainensis, Grant . 179 i">. loucolftiinus, Salrin . . 438 (i. ti'rayi, Grant 480 9. stellatus (GWd) ... . 43ü 7. caruneiilata, Temut. .. 481 10. ojutatus (<9o?^7) ... . 439 8. globulosa, Spix .. .. 482 11. verasiuensis, Gould .. 441 9. daubentoni, Gray 482 s 12. ballkiani, Gould ... . 441 10. alberti, Fräser ' 483 VXbtxo^h'mmXGould).... 442 2. Notliocrax, Burmeister .. 484 14. coliimbianus, Gould .. 442 1. urumutum (Spix) .... 484 50. Iüiyuckortyx7öVrtw£ ... . 44:5 3. UVESE^JSST. 485 1. spodiostethus {Salrin) . 4415 l.niitu (Zinn.) 485 2. cinctus (Salrin) 444 2/tomentosa (Spi.t) 486 3."salvim, Reinhardt 487 4. PaüxisJ^e/wwi 487 Subordev II. 1. pauxi (Zinn.) 488 PERISTEROPODER. 5. üreophasis, Gray 489 Fam. I. MEGAPODIIDJE. 1. derbianu*«, Gray .... 489 CK Peuelope, Merrem 490 1. Megapodiu% Quoyfy Gaim. 446 1. superciliaris, Illiyer .. 491 1. nicobariensis, Blyth .. 447 2. montagmi (Bonap) .. 492 2. tenhijberensis, Sclat. .. 448 3. solatßiä, Gray 493 3. ctimingi, Dillwyn .... 449 4. jacupeba, Spix 494 4. sangkirensis, Schi 450 5. niarail, Gm 495 5. bern&teini, Schi 450 j 6. ortoni, Salvin 496 0. fqrstfifli, Temm 451 7. purpurascens, Wagl. .. 496 7. brunneiventris, Meyer 452 8. obscuraj Illiyer 497 8. eremita, Hartl.52 9. cristata (Zinn*) 498 9. macgillivrayi, Gray .. 453 10. boliviana, Bonap 499 10. djaperreyi, Zess. fy Garn. 454 11. pileata, Wagl 500 11. freycineti, Temm 457 12. ockrogaster, Natt. . . 501 12. geelvinManus, Meyer.. 459 13. jacucaca, Spix 501 13. layardi, Tristr 459 14. areyrotis (Bonap.). . . 501 14. J&j^'ousji, Temm 4G0 15. albipennis, Tacz. . .. 502 15/pritcEardi, Gray .... 4G1 7. Penelopina, Reichen!). .. 502 2. Eulipoa, Grant 462 1. nigra (Fräser) 503 1. wallacei (Gray) 462 8. Ortalis, Merrem 504 3. Lipoa, Gould 463 1. motmot (Zinn.) 505 1. ocellata, Gould 463 2. araucuan (Spix) 506 4. Talegallus, Zess 464 3.ruficeps,(TFfl<^) 506 1. cuvieri, Zess 465 4. waglori (Gray) 507 2. fuscirostris, Salvaä. .. 466 5.* nutcauda (Jard.) .... 507 3. jobiensis Meyer 467 (>. oanicollw (WayL) .... 508 4. longicaudus, Meyer . . 467 7. albirentris (Wagl.) .. 508 5. Catheturus, Sivains 467 8. squamata (Zess.) .... 509 1. lathami (J. E. Gray).. 468 9. caracco (Wagl.) 509 6. Aepypodius, Oustal 469 10. guttata x(Spiv) 510 1. bruijni (Oustal.) 470 11. superciliaris (Gray) .. 511 2. arfairianus (Sahad.) .. 470 12. poliocepbala ( Wagl).. 511 7. Megacephalon, Temm. .. 471 13.>etula(ff%/.) 512 1. maleo, Hartl.72 . 14. leucogastra {Gould) .. 514 15. garrula (Humb.) 515 Fam. II. C E A c i D iß. 16. cinereiceps (Gray) 515 1. Crax, Zinn 474 17. erythroptera (Natt.) .. 516 1. alector, Zinn 475 9. Pipilo, Bonap .. 516 2. fasciolata, Spix 476 1. cwnanensis (Jacquin.) . 517 STSTEMA.TIC INDES. Page 2. jacutinga (Spir) 518 3. cujubi (Natt) 519 10. Aburiia, Reichen!) 520 1. aburri (Zesx.) 520 11. Ohamoepetes, Waiß 521 1. goudoti (Less.) 521 2, imicolor, Salv 522 Order OPISTHüCOMI. Fam. I. 0 P i s TKOCO M I D iE. 1. Üpibthocomus, Illiyer .... 523 1. lioaziu (Mull.) 524 Order IIEMIPODIL Fam. I. TUENICIDJR. I. Turnix, Bomiat 526 1. taigoor (tiykes) 530 a. pugnax (Temm.) .. 534 Page 2. fasciata (Temm.) .... 535 3. rufilatus, Wattace .... 536 4. powelli, Guillemard . . 537 5. %ylxoX\Q&(I)e8fmitaines) 537 a. lepurana (Smith) . . 539 6. dussumieii (Temm.) .. 540 7. nana (Sundev.) 541 8. liottentotta (Temm) . . 542 9. blanfordi, Blyth .... 542 10. tanki (ß. Hamilton) . . 544 11. albiventrib, Hume .... 545 12. maculoba {Temm.),.. . 546 13. saturata, Forbes 547 14. rufescens, Wallace .... 547 15. ocellata (Scop.) 548 16. nigricolli«* (Gm.) .... 549 17. melauogaster (Gouhl) . 550 18. varia (Lath.) 551 19. castanonota (Gould) .. 552 20. pyrrliotkorax (Govdd) . 553 21. \elox (Gould) 553 2. Pediononius, Gould .... 554 1. torquatus, Gould .... 554 OATALOGÜE OF B I R D S. Order VI. PTEBOCLETES. Maxillo~palatiD.es not coalesced with one another or with the vomer; nasals scb.izorb.inal; dorsal vertebraa heterocoelous; two notches on each side of the posterior margin of tbe sternum, the inner notch sometimes reduced to a foramen. Bill as in the Gallinse, bnt not so strongly developed. Eeet with three toes only, or with the hallux present in a rudimentary eondition. Oil-gland nnde. The lateral bare tracts extend to the base of the neck only; well- developed aftershafts to the feathers of the body. Eifth secondary quill wanting. Young covered with down, and able to run in a few hours. Eggs three, double-spotted, and equally rounded at both ends. Nest none. The general strueture of the " Sand-Grouse," or better still, as Huxley calls them, " Pigeon-Grouse," presents raany striking Columbine characters, such as in the vocal organs, pterygoids, basipterygoid processes, shoulder-girdle, sternum, and especially the great deltoid process of the humerus; but the digestive organs are Galline. On the whole these birds form a well-marked order intermediate between the Columbce and Gallince. Mostly migratory; inhabiting Africa, South Europe, and Asia. VOL. XXII, B PTEROCLIDiB. Family PTEROCLID^. Tarso-metatarsus vory short and feathered; toes feathered or naked. Wings long and pointed. Key to the Genera. I. Hallux absent. Middle tail-feathers elonf ate and pointed 1. S:XTIBHAPTES, p. 2. allux present, but rudimentaiy. a. Middle taü-feathers elongate and pointed. 2. PTEHOCLUUUS, p. 6. b. Middle tail-feathers not elongate 3. PTEEOCLES, p. 16. 1. SYRRHAPTES. _ Type. Syrrhaptes, Illiger, Prodromus, p. 243 (1811) S. paradoxus. Nematura, Fisch. Mim. Soc. Mose. iii. p. 271 (1812) .. S. paradoxus. Heteroclitus, Vieill. Analyse, p. 53 (1816) S. paradoxus, Tarsi and toes feathered; hallux absent; middle tail-feathers elongate and pointed ; wings long and pointed. Range. Asia; Khirgiz Steppes to North China; and North o£ Lake Baikal. South to the Sutlej Valley. Key to tlie JSjpecies. A. Abdomen with a very large black patch. a. Sides of the neck not spotted with black; across the breast a zone of white feathers each with a narrow transverse subterminal black band. Throat dull rusty red, not bonnded by a black line paradoxus <$, p. 2. b. Sides of the neck spotted with black; no pectoral zone, but a narrow black band terminates the pale buff throat paradoxus $, p. 2. B. Abdomen white. o. Black vermiculations on the back of the neck and interscapular region very fine and gradnally becoming alnaost invisible on the wing-coverts and scapulars tibetanus <$, p. 5. d. Black vermiculations on the wing-coverts and scapulars as large and clearly defined as on the Upper parts of the body tibetanus $, p. 5. 1. Syrrhaptes paradoxus. * Heteroclite Grous, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 753 (1783); id. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 261 (1823). Tetrao paradoxa, Pallas, JRuss. Reichs, ii. p. 712, pl. F (1773) FS. desert of Tartary]; Müll Suppl Zinn, S. JV. p. 127 (1776); Pallas, Zoogr. Posso-Asiat, ii. p. 74 (1811) [Kirghiz Steppes]. Tetrao paradoxus, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 755 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 643 (1790); Bonn. Tabl. Encycl. Mith. i. p. 205, pl. 93. üg. 1 Syrrhaptes paradoxus, llliger, Prodromus, p. 243 (1811); Licht. Verz. Doubl p. 66 (1823) $ Wagl Syst. Av. p. 28Q (1827); 1. SYRKEUPIES. 3 GrißWs ed. Cuv. iii. p. 268, pl. (1820); Gray, Bist B. iii. p. 50 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 519, pl. cxxxiv. (1845); Moore, Ibis. 1860, p. 105, pl. iv.; Sioiuhoe, Ibis, 1861, p. 341 [Pekin & Tientsin] ; Crommelin, Ned. Tijd. Dierk. i. p. 211) (1863); Rndde, Reis. Sud. v. Ost-Sibir. ii. p. 287, pls. xi. & xiv. %. 3 (1803) [Mongolia]; Neioton, Ibis, 1804, p. 185 [Irriiption of Pallaa's Sand- Grouse]; Salvadori, Ibis, 1864, p. 228 [Piedmont]; Fitzinger, AU. Nat. Vög. %. 246 (1804) ; Crommelm, Ned. Tijd. Dierk. iii. p. 239 (1866); Gould, B. Asia, vi. pl. 60 (1867) j Der/l \ Gerbe, Orn. Hur. ii. p. 28 (1807); Gray, List B. v. p. 5 (1807); Eomeyer, J.f.O. 1870, p. 170; Fritsch, Nat. Vög. Europas, p. 276 (1870), pl. 32. flg. 12 (1871); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 223; Gray, B. West Scot. p. 238 (1871); Fritsch, J.f.O. 1871, p. 312 [Bo~ hemia]; Tristram, Ibis, 1872, p. 334; Seuertz. Turkest, Jevotnie, p. 68 (1873); Goidd, JB. Great Brit. iv. pl. 11 (1873); Meuqlin, J.f O. 1874, p. 399 ; Tacz. J f. 0.1874, p. 325 [TransbaifialJ; Severtz. J. f. 0.1875, p. 181 [Turkestan]; Cordeaux, Ibis, 1875, p. 184 [Heligoland]; Lresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 322 [Turkestan] j id. B. Europe, vii. p. 75, pl. 468 (1870);; Schalow, J.f. 0.1876, p. 20 [Brandenburg] ; Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool. Fr. i. p. 241 (1877) [E. Siberia]; Finsch, Ibis, 1877, p. 53 [Steppe of Tarik]; David # Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 389 (1877) [Turkestan, Steppes of Kirghiz & Daouria, Mongolia, PecMli]; Prjev. Mongolia, ii. p. 111 (1876); id. in Rowley's Orn. Mise. ii. p. 382 (1877) [Mongolia & North of Lake Baikal in summer]; Elliot, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 261; Finsch, Verh. Ges. Wien, xxix. p. 231 (1880); Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 220 [Astrakhan]; id. Ibis, 1882, p. 425 [Saniarkancl]; Gadow, F. Z. S. 1882, p. 312; Saunders, Ibis, 1883, p. 231; Ilomeyer ty Tancre, MT. Ver. Wien, 1883, p. 91; Itadde, Orn. Caueas. p. 335 (1884); Saunders, Ibis, 1884, p. 380 [Pyrenees]; Zarudn. Bull. Mose. Ixi. p, 321 (1885) [Transcaspia]; Gigholi, Avifaun. Ital. p. 332 (1886); v. Madardsz, Ibis, 1888, p 375 [Transylvania]; Collett, Ibis, 1888, p. 376 [S. Norwav]; Patterson, Ibis, 1888, p. 376 [Co. Down]; Blaamo, Ibis, 1888, p. 377 [Holland]; Fleske, Mim. Ac. St. Peterbb. (7) xxxvi. no. 3, p. 47 (1888) [T&chinas, Turkestan]; Cabanis, J. f. O. 1888, p. 120; Kempen, Bull. Soc. Zool Fr. xiii. p. 145 (1888), & xiv. p. 18 (1889) [N. France] ; Evans, Zool Fee. xxv. pp. 79-86 (1888), xxvi. pp. 69-72 (1889); Macpherson, Visitation of Pallas's Sand-Grouse to Scotland in 1888 (1889); Meyer ty Helm, JB. Orn. Mus. Dresden, 1888-9, Special Appendix; Winge, Vidensk. Medd. Nat. Ejob. 1889, p. 57) Saunders, III. Man. Brit. B. p. 475 (1889); Giglioli, Avifaun. Ital. pt. i. p. 512 (1889); Reich. J. f. O. 1889, p. 1 [Germany]; Tschusi zu Schmidhqffen, Mttth. Nat. Ver. Steiermark, Separat-Abdruck, 1889; Schalow, J.f O. 1890, p. 14; Newton, Ibis, 1890, p. 207, pl. vii.; Blaauio, Ibis, 1890, p. 465 [Texel Is.]; Sharpe, Second Yark. Miss., Aves, p. 120 (1891) [E. of Kizil]. Nematura paradoxa, Fisch. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mose. iii. p. 271 (1813). Sirrhaptes paradoxus, Less. TraiU Orn. p. 518 (1831). Tetrao arenaria, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat, ii. pl. liii. (1811). Heteroclitus tartaricus, Vieill N. Dict. dllist. Nat. xiv. p. 453 (10.17) Syrrhaptes pallasii, Temm. Fig. et Gall. iii. pp. 282, 710 (1815); id. PI Col vf pl 30 [no. 95] (1824); Steph. Shaio's Gen. Zool xiv. p.*304, pl. 37 (1826); Schinz, Nat. Abbild. Vog. p. 282 (1833); Jard. Nat. Zib., Orn. iv. p. 182, pl. xxiii. (1834); Kaup, Das Theirreich, ii. pt. 1, p. m,tig. (1830). B2 PTEEOCLIDiE. Syrrliaptes heteroclita, Virill Gal. Ois, iii. p. 64, pl. ccxxii. (1825). Syrrliaptes heteroclitus, Montessus, Mev. et Mag, Zool. 1863, pp. 358, '890, 393, pl. 24. Sirraptes fischeri, Karelin, Bull Mose. xiii. p. 495 (184Ö). Achat male. Porehead, super ciliaries, cheeks, and nape yellowish grey, shading into dove-grey on the back of the head and sides of ihe neck ; chin whitish, throat and continuation of eye-stripe rust or yellowish rust. Nape, ehest, and breast bufTy grey, the two latter separated by a band of white-tipped feathers. each with a narrow black subterminal band, bclly black. Back, rump, and scapulars bufT, barred with black; the upper tail-coverts are also buft, margined internally with blackish grey. "Wing-coverts bufT. Most of the feathers of the Shoulder with black extremities, and some of tho median coverts ornamented with round black spots near the extremity of the outer web. Axillaries white, tipped with black. Primaries grey, shading into black on the innermost three, the fir«t much the longest and produced into a filament and with the outer web black, the remainder margined with buff; secondarics butT, with the terminal two-thirds of the outer web black nearly to the margin ; greater primary-coverts like the secondaries, but the black on the outer web extends to the base of the feathers, and leaves a wide birff margin : greater secondary-coverts butT, with a dark chestnut patch towards the extremity of the outer web. Les;s, feet, and vent white, under tail-coverts white barred with black; middle pair of tail-feathers bufT, irregularly marked with blackish grey, much longer than the rest, and produced into long black filaments; rest of tail-feathers blackish grey, toothed on both webs with vinaeeous buff, and tipped with white. Total length 14*6 inches, wing 9*1, tail 7, tarsus 0*8. Aclidt female. Besembles the male; but the feathers of the top of the head, nape, and ear-coverts have black shaft-streaks, the throat and continuation of the eye-stripe are bufT-yellow or yellow, and the former is separated from the ehest by a blackish-brown line. No band of black and white feathers divides the ehest and breast; the sides and back of the neck, sides of the ehest, and the lesser and median wing-coverts are ornamented with subterminal round black spots, and the barring of the back is less regulär. Total length 12-8 inches, wing 8, tail 5*5, tarsus 0*8. Lmnature mäles and females resemble the female adult, but have all the neck and ehest spotted with irregularly shaped blackish- brown marks, and the black bars on the interscapular region and the round subterminal spots on the lesser and median wing-coverts much less regulär, being broken up into variously shaped marks; the buff margins and brownish-black inner parts of the inner primaries, greater primary-coverts, and secondaries so clearly defined in the adult run into one another; and the filiform ends to the first primaries and centre pair of tail-feathers are not developed. Por description and figure of nestling, see Newton, Ibis, 1890, p. 210, pl. vii. Hab. Central Asia; extending to Pechi-li, N. China in the east, 1, SYRREIPIES. and tho Kirghiz Steppes in the west, north boyoucl Lako Unikal, and south throughout Mongolia and Turkesfcan. Periodically great numbers visit Europa. a, b. <$ ? imm. st. North Asia. c. J ad. sk. Altai. Gould Coli. dt e. $ ad. sk. j $ imm. Kirghiz Steppes. Pureliased. sk. f, ff. J ad. et imm. sk. Turkestan. Tweeddale Coli. h, i. 6 2 *&• ö^-Lewes, Sussex, Jan. Pui cliased. Je. (S ad. sk. Norfolk, June. R Bond, Esq. [P.]. /. $ ad. sk. King'a Lymi, Oct. Victor Arnes, Esq. [P.]. m. $ ad. sk. Cambridge, June. F. Bond, Esq. [P.]. n. $ ad. sk. Easington, Lincoln-Dr.H.B.Hewetson[P.]. shire, Oct. ac^ st* o-r. $ 2Moutk of the Humber. Dr.H.B.Hewetson[P.]. $. J ad. sk. Island of Tiree, S. Lt.~Col.L.H.IrbyLP.j. Hebrides, Aug. t. $ ad. sk. No locality. u. <$ ad. sk. No locality. Gould Coli. v. Skeleton. Near Pekin. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.]. w. Skeleton. No locality. Salvin-Godman Coli. x. S stern um and Cambridge, June. Mr. S. P. SaYille [P.]. shoulder-girdie. 2. Syrrhaptes tibetaims. Syrrhaptea tibetanus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 92 [Ladak]; id. 2. Asia,m. pl. 61 (1850); Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 502, & 1859, p. 18(5; Gray, List B. v. p. 5 (1867); Hend. <$r Sume, Lahore to Yarkand, p. 279 (1873) [Karakash Valley] ; Prjev. Mongolia, ii. p. 14 (1876); id. in Poiuleifs Orn. Mise. ii. p. 384 (1877) [Steppes of Koko-Nor & N. Thibet]; Elliot, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 263; Eume, Str. F. vii. pp. 162, 425 (1878) ; Hume fy Marshall, Game Birds Ind. i. p. 43, pl. (1879) [Sutlej Valley]; Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. 71 [Pamir]; Pleske, Mem. Ao. St. Petersb. (7) xxxvi. no. 3, p. 47 (1888); Sliarpe, Second Yarh. Miss., Aves, p. 119 (1891) [Oliagra, Gogra]. Adult male. Eorehead, lores, eheeks, and chin white, with black shafts; sides of the head, throat, and a band -round the nape burfyellow. Top of the head black, barred with white. Chest, sides, and back of the neck white, with narrow, wavy, transverse bars of black, the ground-colonr gradually shading into vinaeeous on the xipper back, while the black bars become mere vermiculations. "Wing-coverts, scapnlars, and tertiaries vinaeeous buff, minntely vermiculated with black, the inner webs of the scapnlars with large subterminal black blotches, nearly hidden in fresh-monlted speeimens, but forming a large triangulär interscapular patch in worn speeimens ; lbwer back, rtimp, and upper tail-coverts whitish, somewhat coarsely vermiculated with black. Primaries, secondaries, and greater wing-coverts black; the inner prirnaries with a somewhat extensive terminal patch of whitish buff, while the secondaries have more or less of the outer web (less in the inner and more in the outer) similarly eoloured to the tertiaries. Axillaries black. Upper breast greyish white; belly, flanks, legs, and feet white; uncler PTEEOCLIDJE. tail-coverts chestnut, tippecl with white, and widely bar red with black. Centro pair of tail-feathors like tho Upper tail-coverts, and produced into long blackish-grcy filaments : rest of the tail-feathors, of which the outer pair are much the shortest, similar to the tinder tail-coverts. Total length 16 inches, wing 9-8, tail 7*9, tarsus 1. Adttlt frmale. Differs from the male in having the whole of the uppcr parts irrcgularly barred with black; raost raarked on the elongate tertiaries : the uppcr breast, as well as the ehest, barred with black, and the centre pair of tail-feathers less dcveloped. Total length 15 inches, wing 9*7, tail 7*4, tarsus 1. A qitite immature hirä resembles the adult female, but has only a trace of yellow about the ear-coverts, and the barring on the upper parts of the body is coarser and more irregulär. A nestling from Thibet closely resembles in every partieular the figure of S. paradoxus given in the ' Ibis,' already mentioned. Hab. Thibet; extending northwards to the steppes of Koko-Nor, west to the Pamir, and south to Ladak and the Upper portions of OSnas, Vieill [nee Latr. Chi 1802) Analyse, p. 52 (1816). P. alchata. the Sutlej Valley. a-e. c? ad. sk. d, e. (S 2 a(l-s^« / . d ad. sk. g. $ ad. sk. \ L S 2 ad. et Kaskgar (Beilew). Pamir, May (Biädidph). Gulcka, Pamir. Ivarakoram (Beileid). Gogra, Aug. (F. Stoliczka). India Museum [P.l Hume Coli. St. George Littledale, Esq. [P.]. India Museum [P.l. India Museum [P.j. imm. sk. k-t. <$ ad. sk. Ladak. Hume Coli. u, v. <$ 2 a ^ s^« w. c? ad. sk. Masinik Pass, Oct. & Dec. (Hendersori). Thibet, Feb. Hume Coli. Tweeddale Coli. x-f. 6 2 ad. sk. Thibet, April, May, Sept., Hume Coli. Naraina, Jaipur, Dec. (T. W. Bartlett). Guro-aon Dist., Feb. (TV. N. Hume Coli. Hume Coli. 2 ad. sk. e. $ imm. sk. f-gr . d $ ad. et imm. sk, h. $ ad. sk. i', Je'. <$ $ ad. Chili). Delhi, Dec. (F. Bleiüitt). Murdan, Jan., Feb., March, Dec. (J. R. Jö/m$o?i). Afghanistan (W. Griffith). Bagdad. Hume Coli. Hume Coli. India Museum. Sir K. Loftus [P.]. st. V,m'. $ ad. sk. Asia. Purchased. n. o'. Skeletons. Purchased. Subsp. a. Pteroclunis pyrenaicus. The Little Pin-tailed Grous, Fdw. Glean. Nat. Bist, v. p. 84, pl. 249 (1708). Gelinote des Pyrenöes, Dauöent. PI. Fnl ii. nos. 105 (<$) & 106 ( £). Bonasa pyrenaica, Briss. Orn. i. p. 195, pl. xix. (17(30). Pterocles pyrenaicus, Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 26. Pterocles setarius, Temm. Big, et Gall. iii. pp. 25G, 714 (1815) [nee Arabia],- id. Man. d'Om. p. 801 (1815); id. Man. d'Orn. p. 478 (1820) ; Wac/l Syst. Av. p. 282 (1827); Wem. AU. Orn. dFur. ord. 10, pl. 14(1828); Seh im, Nat Abbild. Vö'g. p. 281 (1833); Gould, B. Furope, iv. p. 258, pl. (1837) [nee Persia] ; Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 326 (1840); Companyo, Eist. Nat. Pyren&s-Qri&nt. iii. p. 200 (1863). (Enas cata, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xii. p. 418 (1817) [nee Persia] ; Fou.v, Gm. Prov. ii. p. 20, pls. 248, 249, 381 (1830). Pterocles alchata, Bonap. (nee Linn.) Icon. Fauna Italica, i. p. 143, pl. 40 (1840); Degl. Orn. Furop. ii. p. 18 (1849); Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 352 [E. Atlas]; Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 239 [nr. Sicily]; Linderm. Vög. Griechenl. p. 122 (1860); Tristram, Ibis, 1860, p. 70 [N. Africa]; Sperling, Ibis, 1864, p. 284; Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 139 [Malta] ; Fitzinger, Atl. Nat. Vög. %. 247 (1864); Zilford, Ibis, 1865, p. 167, & 1866, p. 379 [Spaini; Brake, Ibis, 1867, p. 428 [E. Moroccol; Degl 8f Gerbe, Orn. Eitrop. ii. p. 23 (1807); Bree, B. Für. iii. p. 221, pl. (1867); Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 451 [Portugal]; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 223 [Andalucia]; Hewß. Orn. N.O.-Afr. iii. p. 853 (1873); Fresser, B. Furope, vii. p. 07, PTEROCLID2E. pl. 4C7 (1874); Irby, Orn. Gibraltar, p. 135 (1875) ; Müller, J.f. 0.1870, p. 390 rCypras]; Giglioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 205 PLtaly] ; Chapman, Ibis, 1884, p.*84 [Spain] ; Giglioli, Avifaun. Ital. p. 331 (1886) ; Carazzi, Boll Soe. Nat. Napoli, i. fasc. i. (1887) ; Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 380 [Portugal] ; Giglioli, Avifaun. ItaL pt. i. p. 511 (1889); Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 333 [Cyprus], Pteroclurus alchata, Zevaill. JExplor. Alger. p. 233 (1867) ; Olplie- Galliard, Faun. Orn. JEurope Occ. fasc. xxxix. p. 61 (1886). Syrrkaptes paradoxus, Saunders, Ibis, 1869, p. 397. South European and North African birds differ slightly from the true Asiatic P. alcliata in being richer in colour. In both sexes the ehest is ehestmit instead of pale rufous, and in the male the submarginal bars of the ebestnut inner seeondary and median wing- coverts are buff instead of white; while in the same feathers in the female the black marginal band is separated from the white part by a wide buff band. Otherwise the plumage is the same. Hab. Southern Europe and North Africa, extending as far east as Oyprus. a. <$ ad. sk. b-d. $ $ ad. et5 juv. sk. e-g. $ $ ad. sk. h-i 6 ? ad. sk. h, l. ? Pull. st. Near Toulon (M. Gerbe). Seville, April, May, Oct. (H. Saunders). Spain. Spain (JE. C. Taylor). Tunis. Eiocour Coli. Tweeddale Coli. W. Owen, Esq., and Capt.Cook[P.]. Shelley Coli. Purchased. m. 6 ad. st. n. Skeleton. Africa. Hardwicke Bequest. Purchased. o. Skeleton. France. 2. Pteroclurus namaqua. Namaqua Grrous, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 750 (1783); id. Gm. Hist. viii. p. 251 (1823). Tetrao Namaqua, Gm. S. N. i. p. 754 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 642 (1790); Bonn. Tabl. JEno/cl. Meth. i. p. 204 (1791). CEnas namaqua, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. cPJSüt Nat xii. p. 422 (1817). Pterocles namaqua, Gray, List B. iii. p. 49 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 518 (1845); id. List B. v. p. 4 (1867); JElliot, P.Z.S. 1878, p. 252; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 396 (1881) |"S. of Mossamedesl; Holub u. Pelz. Orn. Süddfr. p. 182 (1882) [Orange & Yaal Es.]; Ayres, Ibis, 1886, p. 292 [Limpopo E.]; Symonds, Ibis, 1887, p. 333 [Kroonstad, Orange Free State]. Pteroclurus namaqua, Giemen/s ed. Andersson's B. JDamaraland, p. 242 (1872) [Damaraland]. Pterocles taehypetes, Temm. Pig. et Gatt. iii. pp. 274, 715 (1815); Steph. Shawh Gen. Zool xi. p/813 (1819); Wagl Syst. ^.p.282 (1827); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 277 (1867) [Namaqualand] ,* id. Ibis, 1869, p. 75; Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 262 [Transvaal]. Pterocles simplex, Roux, Less. TraitS Orn. p. 517 (1831). Adult male. Top of the head, nape, and neck ochraeeous buff, shading into vinaeeous buff on the lower part of the ehest, and into orange-yellow on the throat and chin. Upper back, rump, and upper tail-coverts dull olive-brown, each feather with a buff-grey 2 . PTEKOCLURUS. subterminal blotch. Lesser, median, and seconclary wing-covcrts and scapulars dark brown, with a subterminal buff or buffand- white blotcb. Outer secondaries buffy brown. Primaries, primary-coverts, and rest of secondaries black, tbo first two primaries witb white sbafts, and tbe five inner ones and the inner secondaries tipped and partially margined on tho inner web with white. Axillaries blackish brown. A white and dark chestntit pectoral band separates the ehest from the brown breast, which shades gradually into buff on the belly, flanks, and under tail- coverts. Eeathers on front of tarsi white. Tail composed of 16 feathers : centre pair like the upper tail-coverts and produced into long black filaments; outer pairs dark brown tipped with buff. Total length 12 inches, wing 6*6, tail 4-6, tarsus 0*85. Adult female. Differs from the male in having the lores, top of the head, and Upper back pale chestnut, shading into pale yellow on the sides of the head, throat, and nape, each feather with a black shaft- stripe, redneed to a subterminal spot on those of the throat, while on the npper back and ehest it gives off lateral bars and terminates in a rounded blotch, giving those parts a somewhat spotted appearance ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts resemble the upper back, but the ground-colour is mixed with buff. Secondary, median and lesser wing-coverts, scapulars, and outer secondaries pale chestnut-buff, each feather with a black shaft-stripe giving off lateral bars and tipped with buff or buff and reddish brown. Breast, belly, and flanks buff, barred with black; tail-feathers black, barred on the outer part of both webs with chestnut the centre pair produced into moderate black filaments, rest tipped with buffy white. Total length 10*5 inches, wing 6-2^ tail 4*3, tarsus 0*8. Young male resembles the adult female, but the top of the head and upper back are more rufous in tone and barred with distinet narrow bars of brownish black, less regulär on the head; the ehest is buff, irregularly marked with dusky grey ; the throat, breast, and belly resemble those of the adult male, but the throat is paler and the breast more rufous. The ends of the primaries are, as usual, tipped with buff vermiculated with black, and the centre pair of tail-feathers are not produced into filaments. Hab. South Africa; ranging eastwards to the Transvaal, south to the Great Karroo, and west to Damaraland and Benguela. a, b, S juv.; $ Potchefstroom, Aug., Nov. J. PI. Gurney, Esq. [P.]. ad.sk. {T.Ayns), c. c? ad. sk. Kroonstad, Sept. J. H. Gurney, Esq. [P.]. d-f. $ J ad. sk. Kimberley, June. J. E. Harting, Esq. [P.]. g,h. <$ ad. et S. Africa. J. Pocke, Esq. [P.j. juv. sk. i. 9 ad. sk. S. Africa. Major-Gen. Hardwicke [P.]. Ä. $ ad. sk. S. Africa. Gould Coli. I, m, (S 2 ad. sk. Cape. Sir A. Smith [P.]. n,o. tf $ ad. sk. Benguela. Monteiro Coli. p. S ad. sk. No locality. Gould Coli. q. Imm. sk. No locality. PTEROCLIDiE. 3. Pteroclurus exustus. Bahtah Grous, Lath. Gen. Eist. viii. p. 258 (1823). Pterocles senegalensis, Licht. Vera. Doubl p. 64 (1823). Pterocles exustus, Temm. JPl. Col. v. pls. 28. 29 [nos. 354 & 360] (1825) 5 Wagl. Syst. Av. p. 284 (1827); Grifith's ed. Cuv. iii p. 258, pl. (1829); Hodgson, leon. med. in Brit. Mus., GalhncB (no. 783) j id. Gray'8 Zool. Mise. p. 85 (1844) [Nepal] ; Gray, List B. iii. p. 49 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 519 (1845); Rüppell, Vög. JST.O.-Afr. p. 106(1845) [N. Africa, Abyssinia, Arabia]; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 249 (1849); Gould, B. Asia, vi. pl. 04 (1850); Ilartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 205 (1857) [Senegal]; Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 235 [Oudh]; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 502 (1863); Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 27 [Upper Egypt]; Allen, Ibis, 1864, p. 240 [Upper & Lower Egypt]; Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 67 [Egypt] ; Gray, List B. v. p. 4 (1807); Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 378 [Umballah, Gwalior]; Finsch, Tr. Z. 8. vii. p. 291 (1870) [Mai Wallet]; Blanford, Geol. Sf Zool Abyss. p. 419 (1870) [near the coast]; Shelley, Ibis, 1871, p. 143 [Egypt] ; id. B. Egypt, p. 218 (1872); Antin. e Salvad. Cat. Ucc. p. 132 (1873) [Bogos, Tunis]; Ilmne, S. F. i. p. 225 (1873) [Sindh]; Adam, 8. F i. p. 392 (1873) [Sambhur]; Lloyd, Ibis, 1873; p. 415 [KattiawarJ; Heuc/lin, Orn. N.O.-Afr. iii. p. 855 (1873); King, 8. F. ii. p. 458 (1874) [Oalcutta]; Fairbanh, S. F. iv. p. 262 (1876) [Khandala]; Finsch, Ibis, 1877, p. 53 [Steppe of Tarik] ,• Hume 8f Marshall, Game B. Ind. i. p. 69, pl. (1878) ; Elliot, F. Z. 8. 1878, p. 248; Hume, S. F. vii. p. 161 (1878); Ball, 8. F. TU. p. 225 (1878) [Ganges to Godaveri]; Böig, S. F. viii. p. 371 (1879) [E. Narraj; Mclnroy, 8. F. viii. p. 492 (1879) [Mysore]; Taylor, Ibis, 1879, p. 50; Butler, Cat. B. Sind, etc. p. 53 (1679); id. Cat. B. 8. Bombay, p. 67 (1880); id. 8. F. ix. p. 421 (1880) HDeccan & S. Mahratta]; Feld, 8. F. x. p. 61 (1881) [Lucknow]; fiaoid8on,8.F.x.y. 316 (1882) [Khandeisk]; Tristr. Batest, p. 122 (1884); Swinhoe ßf Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 131 [Central India]; Fücher, Zeit. ges. Orn. i. p. 379 (1884; [Pangani, Chaga Difct.] ; id. J.f. 0.1885, p. 117 [E. Africa] ; Yerbury, Ibis, 1886, p. 19 [Aden]; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xxvi. p. 306 (1888) [Shoa]; Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 294 [Useri River]; id. F. Z. 8. 1889, p. 370 [Useri River]; Meyer, Vog.-Skel. pt. xiv. pl. cxxxvi. flg. 1 (1890). Pteroclurus exustus, Ball, 8. F. ii. p. 426 (1874) [Chota Nagpur]. Pteroles ellioti, Bogdanoio, Mel Biol. xi. p. 54 (1881) [Abyssinia]; id. Bull. Ac. Sc. St. Petersb. xxvii. p. 167 (1881) ; id. J. f. O. 1882, p. 114. Adiät male. Lores, cheeks, tkroat, and nape dull ochre, shading into vinaeeous buff on the ehest; top of the head, Upper back, rnmp, and upper tail-coverts isabelline brown. Scapulars and outer secondaries darker, shading into bufT at the extremity, and terminated by a pale brown bar. Lesser and median wing-coverts yellowish buff, terminated by a rieh brown band, some of the latter frequently further ornamented by a subterminal white spot. Primaries, primary-eoverts, and inner secondaries black, the &VQ inner primaries tipped with white. Secondary coverts yellowish buff. Axillaries blackish brown. A narrow black band edged with white separates the ehest from the yellowish-buff "upper breast, which shades into deep ehestnut-brown on the lower breast, flanks, and 2 . PTEROCLTJEUS. belly. Tarsi and under tail-coverts whitish buff. Ccntre pair of taü-feathers like the scapiüars and produced into long black filaments, rest of tbe tail-feathers dark brown tipped with buff. Total length 13 inches, wing 7*1, tail 5*3, tarsus 0*9. Adult female. DifFers from the male in having a broad blackish- brown bar down tbe niiddle of eacb feather of tbe top of tbe bead, neck, upper back, and ehest, on tbe two latter tbe extremity of tbis bar is swollen, giving tbese parts a spotted appearance. Tbe back, rump, and upper tail-coverts are vinaceous or ycllowish buff, tbickly barred with black. Scapiüars, lesser and median wing-coverts the same, but with y ello wish-buff ends tipped with brown. Upper breast whitish or yellowish buff; belly and flanks blackisb brown, closely barred with rufous buff. Tail-featbers like tbose of tbe back, tbe centre pair being produced into moderately long black nlamcnts, wbile tbe remainder are tipped witb yellowisb wbite. Total lengtb 10 incbes, wing 7, tail 3-6, tarsus 08. An immature female differs from tbe adulfc in having tbe out er primaries and tbe inner secondaries tipped with buff, the former vermiculated witb black, the upper breast spotted with blackisb brown, and the centre pair of taü-feathers not produced into filaments. In a rauch younger example tbe extremities of the primaries, outer secondaries, scapiüars, and many of the median wing-coverts are rufous buff, vermiculated with black and edged externally witb a narrow black and buff margin. In a still younger specimen, partially in the down, the feathers of the back and wing-coverts are rufous buff, vermiculated with black and margined by a narrow black and buff edging. Some specimens from N.E. Africa (P. ellioti, Bogdanow) appear somewhat rieher in colouring tban the majority of Indian birds; but this is partly caused by orange pigment with which the feathers are stained, and also partly due to tbeir being all freshly moulbed. Hai. "W., N., and E. Africa and S.W. Asia ; ranging in the wcst to Senegal, in. tbe east over the greater part of India, in the north to Palestine and Central Asia, and in the south to the Pangani Biver, E. Africa. a. $ ad. sk. India. Purckased. b. $ ad. sk. c. S ad. sk. Sind. Mehur, N. Sind, Jan. Hume Coli. Hume Coli. d. <$ ad. sk. (A. 0. H.). Cutch. Hume Coli. e-i. 6 $ ad. et Mliow, March, June, "Dec. Col. Swinhoe [P.]. juv. sk. li.'q. [P.j. Zool. Soc. Coli Senegal Grous, Lath. Gen. Syn. iL p. 749 (1783); id. Gen* Mihi, viii. p. 253 (1823). Gelinote du Senegal, Daubent. PL Eni. no. ISO. Libyan Grous, Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 253, pl. CXXTÜI. g (1823). Tetrao senegallus, Linn. Ma?ztissa, p. 5'26 (1$67-71); Mail. SuppL Zinn. S. N.-p. 127(1776). Pteroeles senegallus, Shelley, B» Bgypt, p. 220 (1872); Hume, S. F. i. p. 221 (1873) [Sindh]; id. S. F. ii. p. 331 (1874) [Sbalipoor DfotJ; Butler, S. F. iv. p. 4 (1870) [Guzerat and Kattiawar"1; id. & JF1 iv. p. 508 (1876) [Jodbpur Dist.]; Lloyd, Ibis, 1870, p. 5«) [Kattiawar]; Blanford, B. Bersia, ii. p. 271 (1876 [BalucLibtunl; Hume, S. i\ v. p. 00 (1877) [Jezuimere]; Butler, S. F. v. p. 2L% (1877) FRunn of Cutcb]; Doiq, S. F. viii. p. 371 (1870) [E. Xarra^; Tufnelt Ä F. ix. p. 200 (1880) fPunjab Frontier]; Sminhoe, Ibk lb82, p! 118 [S. Afghanistan]. 2 . PZBROCLCErS« 15 Tetmo senegalus, Lath. Gen. Ind. Orn. iL p. 642 (1790). Pterocles senegalus, Gray, List B. iii. p. 50 (1844); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 519 (1845) ; Trisiram, Ibis, 1860, p. 71 [S. Sahara]; Gray, List B. v. p. 5 (1867); Kume, S. F. vii. p. 161 (1878) [N.W India, Sindh]; Ettiot, P. Z.S.1878, p. 243; Hume § Marshall, Gavie B. Ind. i. p. 53 (1878); Butler, Cat. B. Sind, etc. p. 53 (1879); Tristr. Palest, p. 122 (1884); Hart. Faun. Flor. Sinai p. 224 (1891). ' Pteroclurus senegalus, Levaill. Fxplor. Alger. p. 234 (1867). Pterocles senegalensis, Büppell, Vög. K. Ost-Afr. p. 106 (1845) TN. Africa]; Blyth, J. As. Soc. Beng. xxiv. p. 303 (1856) [Somali Land]; Taylor, Ibis, 1859, p. 50 "Egypt]; Sgeke, Ibis, 1860, p. 247 [Somali Land"; Adams, Ibis. 1864, p."27 [Egypt and Nubia]; Taylor, Ibis, lfc67, p. 67 ; Shelley, Ibis, 1371, p. 144 [Egypt]. Pterocles gruttatus, Licht Terz. Doubl p. 64 (1823); Temm. PI. Col T. pl. 27^no. 345"(lö25); Wagl. Syst Av. p. 283 (1827) ; Gould, B. Asia, vi. pl. 62 (lfeol); Fimch §• Harüaub, Ost-Afr. p. 56Q (1870); Bhfth, Ibis, 1872, p. 89; JEeuglin, Orn. N.Ost-Afr. iii. p. 859 (1873). Aäuli male. Top o£ the head, "back, and rump isabelline, shading into yellowish buff on the upper tail-coverts; a band of pale grey commences on the lores and passing round the eyes circumscribes the top of the head; throat and rest of face ochre, base of throat pale grey ; ehest and breast, sides of the belly, and flanks like the lack but paler; centre of belly blaekish brown; under tail-coverts white ; primaries and primary-coverts isabelline, the former shaded on the inner web and towards the extremity with dark brown, and the inner ones tipped and partially margined on the inner web with buff, whüe the latter have incomplete dark brown shaft-stripes; seeondaries brownish black, edged on the inner web with pale buff; scapnlars and rest of wing-coverts dull isabelline brown at the base, shading into dull vinaeeous grey and grey, the latter tipped with buff and the former with dull ochre ; axillaries whitish buff; tail of 16 feathers, central pair yellowish buff like the upper tail-coverts, and produced into long black filaments, outer feathers isabelline brown» shading into dull black and tipped with white. Total length IS inches, wing 8, tail 5*4, tarsus 1. Aduli female. Differs from the adult male in having the top of the head and remaincler of the upper surface nearly uniform pale isabelline, and the stripe commencing on the lores and passing round the eye and along the side of the head whitish buff; all these parts, together with the ehest, are ornamented with round black spots; the throat is paler yeliow, and the centre pair of tail-feathers are isabelline barred with blaekish grey, and produced into shorter filaments; the rest of the plumage is the same as that of the male. Total length 12-5 inches, wing 7*4, tail 4, tarsus 0*9. Hab. N. Africa and S.W. Asia, ranging from the Southern Sahara to 2T.W. India. a. 2 &&-sb- Mhow, May. Lt.-Col. Swinhoe b. 6 ad. sk. Pokharun, 70 miles X of Jodhpur, Jan. (Dr. Newman). Hume Coli. PTEKOCLIDJS. c. cf ad. sk. Seliwan Dist., Sindh, Jan. Hume Coli. (A. 0. H.). ä9e. <$ $ ad. sk. Seliwan Dist., Sind, Feb. (W. Hume Coli. T. Blanford). f-l. ,1869, p. 297 [Potekeistroom]; Blanford, Geol $ Zool. Ahjss. p. 421 (1870) [Highlands of Abyssinia] ; Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 268 f Liinpopo 11.]; Ileugl. Orn. N.Ö.-Afr. iii. p. 8m (1873); Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 385 [N. Transvaal]; Ayres, Ibis, 1878, p. 298; JElliot, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 241; Sharpe, in Oates1 Matabelel p. 323 (1881); Holub u. Pelz. Orn. Süd-Afr. p. 182 (1882) [Marico, W. Transvaal]; Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 359 [Crocodile B. to Tati B.]; Ayres, Ibis, 1885, p. 346 [Bustenburg]; Fischer, Zeit. ges. Orn. i. p. 379 (1884) [Pangani, Chaga, & Kilimanjaro]; id. J. f. 0. 1885, p. 117; Reichenoio, J. f. 0. 1887, p. 50 [Wembaere]; Salvad. Ann. Mus, Civ. Genov. xxvi. p. 306 (1888) [Shoa]; Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 294; id. P. Z. S. 1889, p. 370 [Useri R.J; Reichenow, J.f. 0. 1891, pp. 142, 337 [Unyamuesi] ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 549 [Masailand], Adult male *. A black band from the nostril to the eye; a narrow butff stripe from above the nostril to the back of the eye; top of the head duÜ olive-buff, shading into dull yellowish buif on the neck ; chin, cheeks, and throat yellowish bnff, divided from the neck by a wide black band. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts olive- grey, scapulars blackish, with greyish-buff extremities. Primaries, * The descriptioiis of this species are taken from freshly moulted specimens shot in June. iSpecimens in worn plumage have the buff and rufous parls much paler. PTEROCLIDJE. primary-coYerts, and secondaries black, slightly margined with white; rest of the wing-coverts grey, with bright rust-coloured extremities. Axillaries black. Obest grey. tinged witb vinaceous, shading into dark chestnut on tbe breast, belly, and "ander tail- coverts. Tarsi rufoiis buff. Tail of 16 featbers : centre pair like the upper tail-coverts; rest black, barred and tipped witb cbestnut. Total length 12 inches, wing 8*3, tail 3*4, tarsus 1*2. Adult female. A brownish-black bandfrom the nostrilto tbe eye ; 8 narrow black stripe from the lores to the back of tbe eye, and the chin and throat yellowish buff. Eeathers of tbe top of the head, back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and ehest yellowish buff, each witb a wide black shaft-stripe enlarged at the extremity, the lower tail- coverts being also barred with black. Primaries, secondaries, and primary-coverts as in the male, but tbe outer secondaries are barred on the outer web with buff. Scapulars black, tipped and toothed on both webs with bright yellowish buff, and with a wide W-shaped subtermioal band of the same colour; rest of wing-coverts the same, but with the dark parts much reduced in extent; breast, belly, and flanks dull rufous buff closely barred with black, under tail-coverts dark cbestnut. Centre pair of tail-feathers yellowish buff, barred with black like the longer upper tail-coverts ; rest like thobe of the male. Total length 11*6 inches, wing 8*2, tail 3*1, tarsus 1*1. Hab. S.E., E., and N.~E. Africa ; ranging from tbe Transvaal in the south to the highlands of Abyssinia in the north, and westwards io the Wembaere Steppes, and Massiland. a, b. ^ § ad. sk. S. Africa. Purchased. c. d ad. sk. S. Africa. Earl of Derby [P.]. &-f. 6 2 ad, sk. Natal (7. Ayres). Tweeddale Coli. y,h. <5 ad. sk. Transvaal, July (T. JE. Shelley Coli. Buchley). i,k.c$% ad.sk. Potchefstrooni, Nov. (T. J.H.Gurney, Esq.[P.]. Ayres). l-n. $ $ ad. sk. Shasha River, Matabele- W. E. & C. G. Gates, land, Aug. Esqrs. [P.]. o-q. u. 6 $ ad. sk. Dongolo, Tigre, Abyssinia, W. T. Blanford, Esq. Maren. [P.J 6. Pterocles personatus. Pterocles personatus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 15 (Madagasear); id. Voy. Sulph., Zool p. 49, pl. 30 (1844); Gray, List B. iii. p. 50 (1844) • id. Gen. B. iii. p. 519 (1845); Hartlaub, Ann. Mag. N. H. ii. p. 391 (1848); id. J.f. 0.1860, p. 165; id. Orn. Beit. Faun. Madagas. p. 71 (1861); Bollen, Ned. Tijd. v. d. JDierk.l. p. 317 (1863); Grandidier, JRev. May. Zool 1867, p. 419; Bartlett, P. Z. 8 1875, p. 67 - Hartlaub, Die Vögel Madagascars. p. 273 (1877) ; Blliot, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 240; Grandidier, Hist. Madagas. p. 48, pls. 196-8 (1885). y 3 . PXEROCLES. 27 Adiät male. A wide black band surronnds tlie gape ; top of the head and upper back dark isabelline, shading into yellowish on tho nape; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts blackish grey, tbickly spotted with whlti&h buff; primaries, primary-coverts, and seeondaries black; scapulars vinaceous brown, paler at the extremities; rest of the wing-eoverts yellowish buff, the socondarycoverts each with a black shaft-stripe exten ding to witkin a third of the extremity, and some of the median with a brown terminal band. Axillaries black; throat white, tinged with buff. Chesj: vinaeeoiis buff. Sides of breast white, rest of breast and belly rufous buff, all closely barred with black. Tarsi and under tail-coverts buff'. Tail of 16 feathers, blackish grey irregularly barred and widely tipped with white. Total length 11-6 inches, wlng 8*5, tail 3-7, tarsus 1. Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the top of the head striped with blackish brown; the nape, upper back, lesser and median wing-coverts regularly barred with the same colour; the scapulars blackish brown irregularly barred with buff, and the greater secondary-coverts buff irregularly barred with black. Total length ca. 11*5 inches, wing 8, tail 3*4, tarsus 1. Sah. Madagascar. a, b. c? $ ad. sk. Madagascar. Capt. Sir E. Belclier, H.N. [P.]. (Tvpes of species.) e. S ad. sk. Mourondava, W. coast of Pollen & Van Dam Coli. Madagascar. 7. Pterocles fasciatus. La Gelinotte des Indes, Sonnerat, Voy. Ind. ii. p. 164, pl. 96 (1782). Indian Grous, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 752 (1783); id. Gen. Eist. viii. p. 260 (1823). Triuga fasciata, Scop. Del Flor, et Faun. pt. ii. p. 92 (1786). Pterocles fasciatus, Gray, List B. iii. p. 49 (1844); Gray, Gen. B. in. p. 518 (1845); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soe. p. 249 (1849); Qmtld, JB. Ada, vi. pl. 65 (1850); Jerdon, B. Ind. ii. p. 498 (1863) ; Gray, List B. v. p. 2 (1867); Bevan, Ibis, 1868, p. 378 [Gwalior, Umballahl; Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 415 [Kattiawar] ; Adam, 8. F. Lp 391 (1873) [Sambhur Lake]; Ball, S. F. iL p. 4i>6 (1874) [Chota NagpurJ, iii. p. 293 (1875) [Palamow]; Butler, S. F. iv. p. 4 (1876) [Mt. Aboo, K Guzerat]; Fairbank, S. F. iv. p. 262 (1876) [Khandala Dist.] ; Butler, S. F. v. p. 231 (1877) [Deesa]; JSume & Marshall, Game B. Ind. L p. 59 (1878); Elliot, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 254; EJume, S. F. vii. p. 162 (1878) [India, N. of 16° N. lat & West of 85° E.] ; Ball, S. F. TU. p. 225 (1878) [Gauges to Godaveri] ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 52 (1879) ; Meinroy, S F. viiL p. 492 (1879) [Mysore Dibt] ; Butler, S. F. ix. p. 421' (1880) [Deccan, S. Mahratta]; id. Cat B. S. Bombay, p. 67 (1880); Hume, S. F. x. p. 163 (1881) [Jubbulpur]; Davidson, S. F. x. p. 316 (1882) [Khandeish] ; Swinhoe $ Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 131 [Central India]. T7 Tetrao indieus, Gm. S. N. L p. 755 (1788); Bonn. Tabl. Encycl. MSth. L p. 201, pl. 92. fig. 1 (1791). Perdix indica, Lath. Ind. Orn. iL p. 650 (1790). ^ßnas indieus, Vieill N. D. d'Hist. Not. xh. p. 422 (181/). PTEROCLIDJS. Pteroclea bicinctus, Wayler, Syst. Av. p. 279 (1827). Pterocles pictus, Hodgson, Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Galünte (no. 782), # Gray's Zool Mise. p. 85 (1844). Pterocles quadricinetus, Jevd. (nee Temm.) Ind. Orn. pls. 10 & 36 (1847). Adult male. Lores, forehead, and superciliary stripes white, ä wide "black band crosses the forehead just in front of the eyes and there is an oval black spot above each eye. Peathers of the top of the head buff, each with a wide black shaft-stripe. Upper back, throat, and ehest yellowish buff; rest of back, rump, and Upper and under tail-coverts black, barred with white or yellowish white, narrowly tipped with buff. Primaries, primary-coverts, and secondaries brownish black; the primaries narrowly margined with white and a basal patch of dirty white on the outer webs of the secondaries, gradually increasing in extent from the third or fourth to the outmost secondary, which is pale to the extremity; outer webs of the seventh and eighth secondaries crossed by one, and the ninth and tenth by two oblique black bands narrowly margined on both sides with white. A few of the outer median and least wing- coverts yellowish buff. Greater secondary and rest of median eoverts barred alternately with wide distinet stripes of white and dark grey and widely tipped with yellowish buff. Scapulars and tail black, barred with rufous buff and widely tipped with yellowish buff. Axillaries grey ; the ehest is bounded by a moderately wide chestnut band, sueeeeded by somewhat wider bands of pale yellowish buff and black; the rest of the underparts with narrow bars of white and black. Tail of 16 feathers. Total length 10*8 inches, wing 6*7, tail 3*3, tarsus 0*9. The young male differs from the adult in having the plumage of the upper surface more like that of the female, but the black bars are broken up into vermiculations in most of the feathers ; the extremities of the primaries are vermiculated with black and buff, and the ehest has only traces of the chestnut band at the base. Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having no white and black marking on the head, the sides of the neck and base of the throat spotted with black, the ehest and upper parts rufous buff closely barred with black, the ends of the scapulars and the greater part of the outer web of the wing-coverts yellowish buff. No pectoral band, and the outer web of the first primary bright buff. In some speeimens the black bars on the scapulars are so close together that they run into one another and form black blotches. Total length 10*5 inches, wing 6\2, tail 2*9, tarsus 0*9. Young females resemble young males, but the underparts are like those of the adult female. Hab. Peninsula of India. a~c. $ 5 ad. sk. Kutch. Hume Coli. d, e. S ? ad. sk. Deesa, July (E. A. Butler). Harne Coli. f. $ ad. sk. Mhow, June. Lieut.-Col. Swinhoe [p.]. (/-r. $ $ a^. et Sambliur, Jan., Mar., June Hume Coli. imm. sk. (B. M. Adam)» 3 . PTEEOCLES. 29 s-u. <$ $ ad. sk. Kochaween, Marclx (R. M. Tweeddale Coli. Adam). #-*#• d $ ad. sk. Nowak, Jan., Marcli (R. M. Hume & Tweeddale Adam). Colls. ». c? ad. sk. Goruh, Dec. (R. M. Adam). Ilumo Coli. #'. (5* ad. sk. Ajmere, Jan. Hume Coli. b'-V. 6 S ad. sk. Gurgaon Dist., Jan., March, Hume Coli. June, & Dec. (A. 0. IL $ W. N. Chili). mr. $ ad sk. Kootub, Delhi. Jan. Hume Coli. nf, o'. d S ad. sk. N.W. India. Capt. Stackhou«e Pinwill [P,]. jt>'-s'. d ? ad. sk. Jhansie, Aug. (F. R. Bleioitt). Hume Coli. £'; u\ d ad. sk. Nepal. B.H. Ilodgson, Em. r et st. Cp o- v. 2 ad. sk. Behar. B.H. Hodgsoii, Ebq. w', #'• d 2 ad. sk. Baipur, Jan. (F. Ball). [p.]. y',ss'. d ad. et $ Hills N. of Khandeish, May. Hum HumHume ee Coli ColiColi. .. imm. sk. a". d ad sk. Khandeish, Aug. (/. David-Hume Coli. son). b"-d". S ? ad.sk. Khandeish, Tweeddale Coli. e"if"' d ad. sk. Deccan (Col. Sykes). India Museum [P.]. g",7i". JJad.sk . Ahmednugger Dist, Sept. (Ä Tweeddale Coli. B. Fairbank). 2*". 2 ad. sk. Mysore (R. G. W. R.). Tweeddale Coli. 7c". d ad. sk. Madras (R. G. W. R.). Tweeddale Coli. l",m". d 2 ad.sk. Gould Coli. 8. Pterocles lichtensteini. Pterocles lichtensteini, Temm. PI Col. vol. v. pls. 25, 26 [nos. 355, 361] (1825) [Nubia] ; Wagl. Syst. Av. p. 281 (1827); Schinss. Nat. Abbild. Vög. p. 282 (1833); Gray, List B. iii. p. 49 (1844) j Gray, Gen. JB. iii. p. 518 (1845); Rüppell, Vög. N.Ost-Afr. p, 100 (1845) [Nubia & Kordofan]; Blyth, J. As. Soc. Benq. xxiv. p. 304: (1856); Heuglin, Ibis, 1859, p. 343 [Danaldi & Somali]; Speke, Ibis, 1860, p. 247 [Somaliland]; Gray, List B. v. p. 3 (1867) ; Finsch $ Hartlaub, Vög. Ost-Afr. p. 563 (1870) ; Blanford, Geol. Zool. Ahjss. p. 419 (1870) [W. & N.W. of Massowah]; Finsch, Tr. Z. 8. vii. p. 291 (1870) [Massowah]; Hume, S. F. I p. 219 (1873) [Mehur, Upper SindhJ; Antin. e Salvad. Cot. Ucc. p. 138 (1873) [Ansaba, Bogos] ; Heuglin, Orn. N.Ost-Afr. iii. p. 865 (1873): Wise, S. F. iv. p. 230 (1876) [Karachi Dist.]; Hume fy Marshall, Game B. Ind. i. p. GQ; Flliot, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 258; Hume, S. F. vii. p. 162 (1878) [Sehwan & Eric Hills, Sindh]; Butler, Cat. B. Sind, etc. p. 52 (1879); Tufnell, 8. F. ix. p. 202 (1880) [Baltichistan]; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xxi. p. 209 (1884) [Ambo-Karra] ; Yerbury, Ibis, 1886, p. 19 [Aden] ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 166 [Muscat]; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genor. xxvi. p. 305 (1888) [Shoa]; Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 549 [Sük]. Adult male. Eesembles P.fasciatus, but has the general gronndcolour pale whitish bnff and differs in having the throat and neck spotted with black, the rest of the npper parts and the ehest closely barred with narrow bands of black; tipper breast yellowish buff, PTEEOCL1DJE. divided in the middle by a narrow dark ehestnut band (sometlmes black) and separated posteriorly from tbe rest of the underparts by a black band, giving tbe breast a four-banded appearance. Outer web of tbe outer secondaries almost entirely -white, with. four or more oblique black bars. Secondary and median coverts white, tipped with yellowish buff and barred with black. Tarsi pure white. Tai! of 14 feathers. Total length 10*3 inehes, wing 7, tail 2*8, tarsus 1"1 An immature male differs from the above in having the spots on the throat and neck small and indistinct, the barring on the ehest and upper parts pale and irregulär, and only a few adult feathers present among the wing-coverts and scapulars. The ehestnut pectoral band represented by a eouple of feathers in the midcHe of the breast and the terminal black band wanting, and the tips of the primaries pale buff Termiculated with brownish black. Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the whole ehest and breast narrowly barred with black, the barring on tbe upper parts of the body much ßner and closer; and the ends of tbe scapulars, secondary, and median coverts whitlsh buff. Total length 9*7 inehes, wing 7, tail 2*8, tarsus 1*1. Höh. X.E. Africa; S."W. Asia; ranging from Kordofan, Xubift, Abyssinia, Somaliland, and the Sük country to the Western portiofis of Sindh. a-c. d $ ad.; $ Eric Hill«, Sindh, Feb.7 ^larch. Hume Coli. imm. sk. d. 5 ad. sk. e. $ ad. sk. f. ff- o* 2 ad. sk. Mehur, Upper Sindh, Jan. (A. 0. Ä) . Muscat. 2\ear Bir Ahmed, Aden, Dec. Hume Coli. Coi. Miiis y.~\. Lieut.-Col." Yerburv h. S ad. sk. Near Lahij, Aden, Jan. Lietit-Col. Yerbury *. <$ ad. sk. 5 miles frora Lahij, Aden, Mareh (Yerbmti/). [P/J. HumeTColl. h S ad. sk. Jeddah. H. H. Calvert, Em» rC 1 I, m. $ 2 ad. $k??, o. c? ? ad. sk. p. g ad. sk. q. 5 ao^ gkr- u. rf 2 ad-> 6 Jeddah (Zokrab). Midian. Ailat, Samhar, June. Ain, Lehka E., Samhar, July. Amba, Ti«rre\ Aug. ( W. lerne). Shelley Coli. Capt Burton f P. \ W. T. Blanford, Esq. [R l W.T. Blanford, EMI. fR]. Tweeddale Coli. imm. sk. v. 5wf x. ad. sk. <$ 2 a<^* s ^ Bogosland. N. Africa. Shelley Coli Purchased. ty. 6 ad. sk. z. Skeleton. a\ Skeleton. No locality, No locality. No locality. Zool. Soc. Coli. Salvin-Godman Coli. 9. Pterocles biciactus. Bouble-banded Grous, Latk. Gen. Eist. viii. p. 259 (1823). Pterocles bicinetus, Temm. Pig. et GalL iii. pp. 247, 713 (1815) ; 3 . PTEROCIES. Steph Shaws Gen. Zool 31. p. 307 (1819); Gray, Gen. Jß. iii. p. 518 (1845); Strickt. $ Sclat. in Jard. Contr. Orn. 1852. p 157 • Zayard, B. 8. Afr. p. 278 (1867} [Kuruman & Colesberg, Öranae K._; Gray, Lüt B. v. p. 2 (1867); Ayres, Ibis, 1869, p. 298; td. Ibis, 1871, p, 269 [Limpopo Pt.]; Ganze^ (1815) [Ooromandel Coast!] ; Steph. ShavJs Gen. Zool. xi. p. 309 (1819); Wagl Syst. Av. p. 280 (182T) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 205 (185T) [Senegambia, Kordofan, Abyssinia] ; Elliot, P. Z. S, 1878, p. 257. Pterocles bicinetus, Licht. Terz, Doubl, p. 65 (1823) [Nubia]; Gray, List B. iii. p. 49 (1844); Hartlaub, Abh. Nat. Hamb. 1852, p. 38. (Enas bicinetus, Tieill. Gal. Ois. iii. p. 60, pl. 220 (1825). Pterocles indicus, Licht. Terz. Doubl, p. 65 (1823). Pterocles tricinetus, Swains. Orn. W. Afr. p. 222, pl. xxiii., $ (1837) ; Grmj, List B. v. p. 2 (1867) [W. Äfrica]; Heur/lm, Orn. N.Ost- Afr. iii. p. 867 (1873) [Gujon, JBissao]; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1888. p. 48 [Lado]; Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 549 [Sük]. Adult male. Closely resembles the male of P. fasciatus, from which it only differs in the marking of the greater secondary and inner median coverts, which, instead of being barred alternately with wide distinet bars of white and grey and widely margined with yellowish buff, are yellowish buff, with a black bar narrowly edged on either side with white across the external tbird of each feather. Tau of 16 feathers. Total length 10-2 inches, wing 7*1, tau 3*3, tarsus 0*95. An immaiure male differs from the adult in having the back and sides of the neck still barred and the sides of the throat spotted like the female, while the pectoral band is only partially apparent on the right side, and the primaries are widely tipped with buff mottled with black. Adult female. Differs from that of P. fasciatus in having the front of the neck and the ehest uniform buff without black bars; otherwise the plumage is nearly similar, except that the black bars on the scapulars are wider and less numerons and the greater secondary coverts and outer median coverts have a black bar across the last third, as in the male, but the white margins are wranting. Total length 10*1 inches, wing 6*8, tail 3*1, tarsus 0*95. In less mature speeimens many of the feathers of the ehest have a narrow subterminal black band, showing an approach to the adult female of P. fasciatus. Hab. Africa, ranging from Senegambia to Abyssinia. a. (J ad. sk. West Africa. Major Ricketfc[P."j. b, c. c? ad.; $ imm. "West Africa. Purchased. sk. d~f. c? ad.; $ imm. Gambia.' Shelley Coli, and sk. ^ Purchased. g* 5 ad. sk. Gambia. h-k. <$ $ ad.; tf imm. sk. Lado. Emin Pasha [P.]. L Skeleton. Bissao, W. Africa. Eyton Coli. GALLUOS. 'A3 Order VII. GALLESLE. Maxillo-palatines not coalesced with one another or with the vomer * : nasals holorhinal; true basipterygoid processes absent, but represented by sessile facets situated far forward on the sphenoidal rostrutn. Episternal process of the sternum perforated fco receive a process frorn the base of tbe coracoids ; two deep noiches on each side of the posterior margin of the sternum; external xiphoid processes bent outwards over the hinder ribs and with expanded extremities. Bill short and stout, the culmen arched and overhanging the mandible. Hallux always present, but varying in size and position. Oil-gland tufted, nude or absent. "Well-developed after-shafts to the feathers of the body. Fifth secondary quill present f. Nestling born covered with down and able to run a few hours after being hatched. Range. Cosmopolitan. Key to the Families. I. Hallux raised above the level of the other toes. (ALECTOROPODES.) a. Nosfcrils wholly, tarsi half or entirely hidden by feathers and never armed with spurs; toes naked and pectinate or feafchered Tetraoni&se, p. 34. b. IsTostrils never hidden by feathers ; tarsi partially or wholly J, and toes entirely naked ; the latter never pectinate, the former often armed with spurs Phasianidae, p. 94. II. Hallux on a level with the other toes. (PEKISTEKOPODES.) c. Oil-gland nude Megapodiidse,p.445. cl Oil-gland tufted Cracidaö, p. 473. Suborder I. ALECTOROPODES. Inner notch of the sternum more than half the length of the entire sternum. The hallux raised above the level of the other toes, and its basal phalanx much shorter than that of the third toe. * In some of the Cracidce they are said to unite in the midclle Iine with an ossified septum ; but I have not been able to find tbis in any specimens examined. t Said to be absent in Megapoäius rubrifrons (-M. eremita): see Solater, Ibis, 1890, p. 81. X The upper part of the tarsus is feathered in Lerwa. YOX. xxn. i> TETRAOSTIDJE. Family I. TETRAONIM1. Nostrils denselj feathered. Tarsi and toes entirely feathered, or only the tarsi feathered, or only tlie upper half of the tarsi feathered. ID the groups with naked feet the sides of the toes peetinate. No spurs ever developed on the tarsi in either sex *. Key to the Genera t. A. Tarsi, feet, and toes densely covered -witk feathers . : 1. LAGOPUS, p. So. B. Tarsi entirely feathered: toes naked, peetinate on the sides. a. Outer tail-feathers longer or very nraeh longer than the middle pair, and ctirved outwards in the male ; tail cornposed of 18 feathers 2. LYÄOICS, p. 53. b. Outer tail-feathers equal to or more than two thircls the length of the central pair. a\ No elongate tufts of feathers on each side of the neck. a". Outer primaries not attenuated and sickle-shaped. a'". No inflatable air-sac on eaeh side of the neck in the male. «4. Tail cornposed of 18 feathers, size very large 3. TETRAO, p. 09. 54. Tail cornposed of 16 feathers, size suiall 4. CAXACHITB^ p. I»b. b"'. An inflatable air-sac on each side of the neck j tail cornposed of 20 feathers 6. DEKDBAGAPUS, b". Outer primaries attenuated and sickle- ~p. 73. shaped; no inflatable air-sacs on the sides of the neck j tail cornposed of 16 feathers 5. FALCIPEXNIS, p. 72. b\ An elongate tuft of feathers and an inflatable air-sac on each side of the neck 7. TYMPANUCHITS, c. Outer tail-feathers two thirds or less than [p, 77. two thirds the length of the central pair. c'. Tail very long, central feathers elongate and sharp-pointed; an inflatable air- sac on each side of the neck; tail cornposed of 20 feathers 8. CBNTBOCBBcrs, d'. Tail moderately long, central feathers [p. 80. parallel-edged and truncate; no inflatable air-sac on each side of the neck; tail cornposed of 18 feathers .. 9. PEBIQCJETBS, p. 82. * For fche osteology of the American Tetraonid» see Shufeldt» Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. vi pp. 309-350, pls. v.-rüi. (1882). t The generic characters are foimded on the males, an4 are ihm not alwujs applicable to the females. 1. IAGOPUS. 35 C. Tarsi partially feathered, the lower part being entirely naked, toes pectinate on side. d. A ruffled frill of featliers on eacli side of the neck; sexes similar; tail composed of 18 feathew 10. BONASA, p. 85. e. Ao niffled inll on eacli side of the neck ; sexes different: tail composed of IG featliers , . u . TETRASTES, p. 89. 1. LAGOPUS. T -rs Type. Lagopus, Briss. Orn. i. pp. 181, 216 (1760) L. albus. Keron, Montin. Bkys. Salsk. Ha ndl. Stockk i. p. 155 (l~~ü) L. mutus. Oreias, Kaup, Xat. Sy*t p. 177 (1829) L. scoticus. Attairen, Kaup, 2s at. Syst. p. 170 (1829) L. rupe&tris. Acetinomis, Bonajj. 0.'M. xlii. p. 880 (1850) L. scoticus. Tail composed of 16 featliers, moderately long, suhequal, and ronnded at the extremity. Ist primary much shorter than tlie 2nd, falling between the Olli and 7th ; 4ih primary slightly the kmgeht. Tarsus shorter than niiddle toe and elaw. Feet and toes denhely covered with featliers. Axillaries fairly long. Ratuje. Cireum polar. Key fo the Species. A. Guter tail-featheiv black, with the ba^e and tip more or le^s white. 1. Primaries always hlackish "brown scoticus, p. 35. 2. Primarius alv\ay& white. a. The white, if pre^ent, on the outer weh of the outer tail-featners eoufined to the "basal portion. a. Bill much »stouter and larger; •« ing ahout 8 inches htgopits, p. 40. ß. Bill much more slender; wing ahout l'o , mytus ~ 44 inches ........... | mpeJri^ p> 43. b. The white on the outer web ot the outer l ' * tail-feathers covering at least the basal two thirds r hijperbomts, p. 51. B. Outer tail-feathers white leucuru*, p. 52. 1. Lagopus scoticus. Lagopus altera, AUm, N. H. Birds, i. pls. 23 & 24 (1738). La Gelinute d'Eeosse, Briss. Orn. i. p. 199, pl. xxii. hg. 1 (1/00). Eed Grouse, Lath. Gen, Syn. ii. pt. ii. p. 746 (1783), Öuppl 1. p 216 (1787); id. Gen. Bist B. viii. p. 247 (1823); TcarreÜ, Bnt B. 11. Tetrao scoticus,' lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl i. p. 290 (1787); id.Ind. Orn ii p. 641 (1790); Fenn. Brit. Zool i. p. 350, pl. 0/ (1812); tichins, NaL Abbild. Vög. p. 280, pl. 105 (1833); Thomps.Nat. Eist Ivel 11 p. 47 (1850); S<*hohm9 Bist. Brit. B. ii. p. 428, pl. 20 TETRA0NID-2E. Tetrao lagopus, var. y, Gm. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 750 (1788). Tetrao saliceti, Temm. Big. et Galt iii. pp. 208, 709 (1815) [pari;.]; id. Man. tfOrn. ii. p. 47l (1820). Lagopus scoticus, Leaeh, Syst. Cat. p. 27 (1816) j VieilL N. Dict. d'JSist Nat. xviii. p. 206 (1817) ; Steph. in S/iaid's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 293, pl. 20 (1819); Vieill Gal. Ois. ii. p. 62, pl. 221 (1825); Jard. Nat Lib., Orn. iv. p. 14-5, pl. xviii. (1834); Gould, B. Eier. iv. pl. 252 (1837): Macgill. Brit B. i. p. 109 (1837) ; Gray, List ofB. pt. iii. Gatt.'?. 47 (1844) ; Watten, N. Bist. B. Ivel p. 126 (1853); Elllot, Man. Tetr. pl. xix. (1805); More, Bis, 1865, p. 427 ; Grau, List Gallina Brit Mus. p. 91 (1867); Legi § Gerbe, Orn. Europ. ii. p. 35 (1867); Grau, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 277 (1870); Fritsch, Vög. Europ. p. 279 (1870), pl. 30. fig. 5 (1871); B. Gray, B. West Scott p. 232 (1871); Dress. B. Eur. v. p. 165, pl. 479 (1873); Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pl vii. (1873); Booth, Rough Notes, ii. pl. and text (1881-7); Bucht F. Z. S. 1882, p. 112; Sound, ed. Yarr. Brit B. iii. p. 73 (1884) ; Olphe-Gall Faun. Om. Eur. Occ. fasc. 37-40, p. 50 (1886); Bell, Zool. 1887, p. 265; Saund. III Man. Brit. B. p. 481 (1889); Lilforä, Col Fig. B. Brit pt. xi iii. (1891); Millais, Game B. pp. 43-62, pls. & woodeuts (1892). Oreias scoticus, Kaup, Nat Syst p. 177 (1829). Grouse, Selby, Brit Orn. i. pt. ii. pl. 59. %. 1 (1833). Tetrao saliceti scoticus, Schi. Bev. Grit. p. 76 (1844). Lagopus persicus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 517, pl. 133 (1845); id. List ofB. pt. iii. Galt p. 48 (1844); Elliot, Mon. Tetr. pl.xx. (1865). Tetrao lagopus, Eaton, Scot. Nat. i. p. 113 (1871-2) [Perthsliire]. Bef ore attempting to give any description of this species, which is subjeet to great Variation, we must state that in the male three extreme types of plumage are recognizable—a red form, a blaek form, and a white-spotted form. The first of these, in which the general colour is red without any white spots, is mostly found in the low grounds of Ireland, the Outer Hebrides, and west of Seotland ; of the second or black form typical speeimens are rarely met with ,and it is usually found mixed with either the red or white-spotted forms, but most often with both, and speeimens in mixed plumage are those most commonly met with; the third or white-spotted form is spotted all over the breast and belly, and sometimes on the head and npper parts, with white; the most typical speeimens of this form are usually found in the high ground of the north of Seotland. In the female ftve distinet types are recognizable—the red, the Hack) the white-spotted, the buff-spotted, and the buff-barred forms. The first two are the rarest: the white-spotted form oecurs as in the male; the buff-spotted form, which is the commonest and that usually met with, has the feathers of the upper parts spotted at the tip with yellowish buff. The fifth or buff-barred form, which is met with towards the south of Ireland, closely resembles in winter the ordinary female in breeding-plumage, and has the upper parts rather coarsely barred with buff, rufous-buff, and black, and the belly yellowish buif coarsely barred with black and tipped with white. Bearing in mind the above remarks, the changes in plumage in the ordinary forms may be briefly described as follows:— Adult male (winter and summer plumsiges). General colour above 1 . LAG OPUS. black, with fmely mottled bars of dark chestnut; head and neck dark chestnut; top of the head and back of the neck markcd with black; feathers of the mantle, lower back, rump, and Upper tail- coverts with narrow transverse bars and vermiculations of black and chestnut, the latter colour usually predominating. As usual in this group of birds, the autumn plumage is rarely complctely donnod, a greater or lesscr number of the summer feathers being rofcained. From the evidence before me it is certain that no change is made in the plumage of the male tili after the breeding-season, and that in the month of July he commenecs gradually moulting into his autumn plumage, which is perfect by about the middle of August. In summer the white spots on the underparts are absent or much less prominent; but this is aecounted for by the wearing off of the ends of the feathers. Adidt male (autumn plumage). The upper parts are black, marked and spotted with rufous or rufous-buff and edged all round with paler buff; the markings are usually more or less concentric on the mantle and lower back, and the ehest is more or less strongly barred and marked with black and buff. In September the first feathers of the winter plumage begin to appear on the back and the barred chest-feathers are mostly or entirely replaced by dark chestnut feathers narrowly barred with black. Males in füll breeding-plumage can be diatinguished from December speeimens by their faded plumage and the more worn edges of the feathers. Total length 15 inches, wing 8*3, tail 4*4, tarsus 1*6. Adult female (autumn and winter jplumages). Upper parts black, with narrow irregulär bars of rufous and buff spots at the tips of most of the feathers; chest-feathers narrowly and often irregularly barred with rufous and black, usually more or less tipped with buff, and with a buff patch along the basal part of the shaft. This plumage is retained throughout the autumn and winter; in early spring the feathers of the summer plumage begin to appear, and by the end of April the summer plumage is complete. Adult female (summer plumage). Upper parts black, coarsely mottled and margined with buff or rufous buff; most of the markings are more or less concentric, and the buff margins to the feathers of the back & ->d scapulars give the bird a more or less scaled appearanee; most of the feathers of the neck, ehest, sides, flanks, andunder taileoverts are buff, coarsely and irregularly barred with black *. All five types don this breeding-plumage and, at this season, are very similar * There is no doubt that many of these buff feathers coarsely barred with black are not produced by a fresh moult, but are actually the same feathers which in autumn and winter are finely barred with black and rufous. The change of pattern oecurs in early spring, and the mode by which this alteration takes place is well shown in February and March speeimens. First a buff shaft-stripe extends towards the end of the shaft, and gradually resolves itself into transverse buff bars, and meanwhile the intermediate Spaces become black. TETRAONIDJS. in general appearance. In July the autumn plumage begins to appear, and is complete about the end of August or the beginiiing of September ; and, so far as I can juö!ge from the material before me, 1 have no doubl tbat no further changc takes place rrntii the following spring, as birds killed in the beginning of September are perfeetly similar to November, December, and February specimens. Total length 14-5 inches, wing 7*7, tail 4, tarsns 1*5. This species is distinguished from all othersof the genus by having the primaries brownish black. From the above remarks it will be seon that two very extraordinary facts appear to have been ascertained:— 1. That the male Las no distinet summer plumage, bnt changes in autnmn and again in winter, retaining the latter plumage tili the following autnmn after the breeding-season. 2. That the female has a distinet summer plumage, vrhieh is complete by the end of April, also a distinet autumn plumage. but never assumes a distinet winter garb, retaining her autumn plumage tili the following spring. Immature hirch after November cannot be distinguished from the adults; in the end of August the upperparts and ehest are generally like those of the adult female in breeding-plumage, but the buff and rnfous markings are not so coarse; the breast and rest of underparts vary aecording to the type to which the birds belong. Varieties and albinos are rather rare *. Hab. Great Britain, Ireland, the Hebrides and Orkneys. a, h. (S ad. et pull, Orkney Is., June. Gould Coli. sk. c-ff. e$ 5 ad. sk. et Orkney Is. Purchased. pull. st. h-j. 5 ad., $ imm. Lewis, Outer Hebrides, Salvin-Godman Coli. sk. Sept., Oct. (F. I). G. <§* E. Kirhpatrich). k. tS ad. sk. Benbecula, Outer HebSir W. Smyth, Bart. [PA rides, Dec. /, m. S 9 ad. sk. Scotland. Montagu Coli. ns o. Pull. sk. Scotland. Salvin-Godman and Gould Collß. p. S ad. sk. Poyntzfield, Cromarty, G. St. Quinlin, Esq. [P.]. Jan. q--t. cS $ a(** sk. Beauly, Invernesa-shire, Lord Lovat [P.]. May. u. ^ ad. sk. [albino]. Nairnshire. Earl of Cawdor [P/j. r, w. 6 2 ad. sk. Nairnshire, Dec. H. F. Rose, Esq. [P.]. .r. $ ad. sk. [albino]. Dunphail, Morayshire, W. ß . Ogilvie Graut, Esq. Aus-. [P.]. * There is a populär idea among sportsmen that the Irish birds are much heavier than those from England and Scotland, but I do not find this to be the case. Three malos from Co. Mayo arerage 23 oz. each and three feznales 21 oz. Of nnmerous specimens from various parts of Great Britain the average weight of males is 23§ oz. and of females 21-J oz. One male from Perthsbire weigheel 2S oz., but this of course is exceptionaL y~d'< 6 2 ad. sk. ^ ad; &k* *7^ 9. 5 ad. sk. h . cJ ad. &k. [rar.]. i. d ad. sk. k. $ ad. sk. [pale Var*l j, /%d ad. st. m', n\ d ? ad. sk. Ö', ;/. tf $ ad. &k. q. dad.sk. , , rfs. 5 ad. sk. t'-w'. 6 $ ad. sk. x'-z . $ ad. sk. a", b". <$ $ ad. sk. c", d". $ 2 ad. &k. «",/"- 6 2 ad. sk. y"-n", $ J ad. sk. o". ? ad. sk. /' . $ ad.sk. q", r". d 2 ad. sk. *", t". d 2 ad. sk. «", v'\ 2 ad. st. w", d-". Pull, sty". 2 ad» sk. [var.]. z". 2 i^ m- »k. «3, bz. Skeletons. c3, d*. Sterna. 1 . LAGOPUS. Argyllskire, Dec. koch Lomond, May. Loch Long, Sept. Loch Sween, Aug. Perthshire. Perthshire, Oct. Rohallion, Perthshire. Tyndrum, Perthshire. "Dec. Buchanfy, Peith&hire, Dec. Tillicoultry, Clackrnannan, Nov. Dunipaee, Larbert, Stirlingskire, Nov. Ayrshire, April. Ayrshire, Aug. Stranraer, Wigtonshire, June. Yorkshire. Settle, Yorkshire, Dec. Otley, Yorkshire, May, Sept. Ireland. Ballynaliinch,Co.Down, Aug. (F. 11 G.). Bellmullet, Co. Mayo, Nov. Tralee, Co. Limerick, Feb. London Market. No locality. No locality. [Persia *.] 39 F. Menteith Omlvie, Esq. Duke of Montrose TP.!. W. R. Ogihie Grant/Esq. C. 0. S. Paraons, Esq. fP.l Editor of< Land and Water' [1>.]. Howard Saunders, Esq. PO Gould Coli. Marquis of Breadalbane [?.]. Capt. "W. A. Drummond Moray [P.]. Major B. G. Wardia w Uainsay [P.]. J. A. Harne Brown. Esq. [P.]. Editor of Land and Water' PO Sir Richard Wallace [P.l Sir W. Wallace [P.]. India Museum [P.]. Purchased. Lord Walsingham [P.]. india Museum [P.]. Salvin-Godman Coli. E. J. Simpson, Esq. [P.]. Gould Coli. Purchased. Purchased. Salvin-Godman Coli. Purchased. (Type of L.jpersicus, Gray.) Hybrid between Lagopus scoticus and Gallus domestictis. GrousexBaiitam Eowl, Millais, Game B. p. 59, woodcut (1892). ? Hybrid between Lagopus scoticus and L. mutus. Newt. P. Z. S. 1878; p. 793 [Sutherland]; Millais, Game JB. p. 60, pl. (1892). Hybrid between L. scoticus and L. tetrix. See p. 57. * It is not milikely that Mr. G. E. Gray misuuderstood the person from whom he obtained this specimen and that the locality was in reality Perthshire, certainly not Persia. aETKAÜJNXDiE. 2. Lagopus lagopus. White Partridge, Mio. N. II. Birds, ii. pl. 72 (1747). La Gelinote "blanche, Briss. Orn. i. p. 216 (1760). Tetrao lagopus, Zinn. 8. N i. p. 274 (1766); Forst. Phil. Trans. lxii. p. 390 (1772); Gm. 8. N i. pt. ii. p. 749 (1788); Fall. Zoogr. Posso-As. ii. p. 03 (1811). Lagopede de la Baie ", i". S ad. sk. /;", /". d 2 ad. sk. et st, m". Ad. sk. n", o". Ad. sk. et st. JJ' , q". d ad. sk. et st. r". d ad. sk. at^ et s"-s". d 2imm. sk. aK-d\ d ad. et pull. sk. \). Archaugel, Sept. (Henke). Areliangel, spring-autumn {Henke). ToboWv, Ob lt., April, July. Omsk, May. Dzungaria, Dec. N. America, summer. N. America, summ er. N. America, winter. N. America, winter (Dr. J. Rae). N. America; summer and w inter. Canada, Dec. (W. IL Collins). Godbout, St. Lawience, Nov., Dec. Fort Cliiiuo, Ungava, June, July, Sept. (L. M. Turner). Ilud&oii's Bay. üreat Whale R., June. Little Whale 11., May. N.W. America, summer and winter. Fort Resolution. Fort Simpson, April. Point Barrow, Alaska, Feb., May (IL W. Henshaw). Kotzebue Sound, late autumn. St. Michael's, Alaska, March, Mar, June, Julv, Sept., Oct. (E. W. Felson and L. M. Turner). Ivegiktouik, Alaska, Oct. (E. W. Nelson). Nusliagak, Alaska, Jan., Nov. [Falkland Is.]. Changing to autumn. Gould Coli. Prof. Wahlbero [C.J. Gould (1oll. Twotddale Coli. Salvin-Godman and Gould Colls. Dr. II. Rowdler Sharpe [P.]. Dr. (). Fmfacli [0.]. St. George Little- dale, ]^ S. 1886, p. !$6 [Norway J. :opu T-ETEAONIDJL Hybrid betiveen Lagopus lagopus and Tetrastes bonasia. Bonasa bonasia x Lagopus albus, Collett, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 237 [Sweden]. Lagopus bona^ioides, Kolth. Bih. Sv. Ak. Handl. xiii. Afd. iv. no. 6, 7 pp. pl. (1888). Hybrid between Lagopus lagopus and Lyrunis tetrix. See p. 57. Hybrid between Lagopus lagopus and Tetrao urogallus. See p. 64. Subsp. a. Lagopus alleni. Lagopus albus, Mayn. B. E. N. Amer. p. 348 (1881) [park, Newfoundland]. Lagopus alba alleni, Stejn. Auk, i. p. 369 (1884J [Newfoundland] ; Merr. Auh, ii. p. 201 (1885). Lagopus lagopus alleni, Stejn. P. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 20 (1885); A. 0. U. Check-l p. 173 (1886): Ridgw. Man. p. 199 (1887). This name has beeil proposed by Srejneger for specimens from Newfoundland, whicb are said in winter plumage to differ from typical examples of Z. lagopus in having the sbafts of the primaries and secondaries black. \Ve have already seen that black shafts and markings to the primaries are characteristic of the immature bird, and the black shafts to the secondaries, though by no means common, are well marked in a speoimen from Eussia. It is impossible at present with the material in hand to estimate the value of this character; but in an adult specimen in autumn plumage from £Tewfoundland the character of the black shafts is well developed and has apparently nothing to do with age. The longest upper tail- coverts are considerably elongated and extend at least two inches beyond the end of the tail; whether this is simply an aecidental variety or not is at present unknown. Hab. JSTewfoundland. *a. <$ ad. sk. Newfoundland, Sept. J. E. Harting, Esq. [P.]. 3. Lagopus muttts. La Gelinotte blanche, Baubent. PI. Eni. [nos. 129 & 494]. Tetrao lagopus, Scop. {nee Zinn.), Ann. i. p. 118 (1769); Zath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 639 (1790); Bechst. Nat. Beutschi. in. p. 508 (1793) ; Wolf <$• Meyer, Nat. Vög. Beutschi. ii. p. 37, pls. (1805); Penn. Brit. Zool. i. p. 359, pl. 57 (1812); Temm. Piq. et Gall. iii. pp. 185, 707 (1815); Roux, Orn. Prov. ii. p. 31, pl 255 (1830); Kaum. Nat. Vög. Beuischt. vi. p. 401, pls. 160, 161 (1833); Schinz, Nat Abbild. Vög. p. 279, pl. 105 < 1833); Thomps. Nat. Hist. Ivel. ii. p. 45 (1850); Schinz, Nat. Vög. p. 159, pl. 78 (1853); Companyo, Eist. Nat. Pyren. iii. p. 198 (1863); Altum, J.f.O. 1891, p. 103. * This is the specimen mentioned in the • Fiele!' of the 22nd December, 1888, as a probable hybrid between the Blackcock (recently introduced into Newfoundland) and the Willow-örouse. 1 . LAGOPTTS. 4f> Le Lagopede, Buff. Nat Hut Ois. ii. p. 301 (1772). Tetrao mutus, Mo?itin, Phys. Salsk. Hand. i. p, 155 (1770-80)- SeeboJwi, Hist. BriL B, ii. p. 424, pl. 20 (1884). ' Ptarmigan, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. ii. p. 741 (1783); Seih. Brit Qm i. p t ii. pl. 59. fig. 2, & pl. 60 (1838); Yarrell, Brit B. iL p. 322(1843). Tetrao rupestris, Sechst Gem. Natura. Deutsch, iii. p. 1358 (1807): Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vert. An. p. 171 (1835). Lagopus mutus, Leach, Syst Cat. p. 27 (1816) ; Steph. in Shaio's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 287, pl. 10 (1819) ; Jard. Nat Lib., Orn. iv. p. 150, pls. xix., xx. (1834); Gould, B. Eur. iv. pl. 253 (1837); Gray, List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 48 (1844) [part.]; Gould, B. GL Brit. iv. pls. 8-10 (1864); Elliot, Mon. Tetr. pls. xxi., xxii. (1865) ; Begl. 8r Gerbe, Orn. Europ. ii. p. 40 (1867); Gray, List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 91 (1867); id. Hand-L B. ii. p. 278 (lö70); Fritsch Nat Vag. Europ. p. 279 (1870), pl. 30. figs. 3, 4; 6 (1871); ?Tavz J. f. O. 1873, p. 98 [E. Riberia]; Bress. B. Eur. v. p. 157, pls. 477 478, 484 [part.] (1874); ? Tacz. Bull Soc Zool. Er. i. p. 242 (1876) [Lake Baikal]; Gigl. Av. Ital. pl. 247 (1879) ; Booth, Bough Notes, ii. pls. & text (1881-7) ; Turner, P. U.S. Nat. Mm. V. pp. 227, 232 (1882); Saund. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 83 (1884); id. Ibis, 1884, p. 387 [Pyrenees]; Collett, N. Mag. Natuno. xxiii. p. 163 (1877); Gigl. Av. Ital. p. 345 (1886); Salvad. Ucc. Ital p. 195 (1887); Service, Zoologist, 1887, p. 81 [Kirkcudbriglrl and Dumfriesshires fornierly]; Macpherson, Zoologist, 1887, p. 194; Lilford, Col Fig. Brit. B. pt. ix. 3 pls. (1888) ; Clarhe, Ibis, 1889, p. 551 [E. Pyrenees]; Saund. Hl. Man. Brit. B. p. 483 (1889); Gigl. Av. Ital i. p. 536 (1889), ii. p. 653 (1890), iii. p. 513 (1891); Saund. Ibis, 1891, p. 18(5 [Switzerland]; Millais, Game B. pp. 63-72 pls. & woodcuts (1892). Tetrao alpinus, Nilss. Orn. Sv. i. p. 311 (1817). Lagopus vulgaris, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvii. p. 199 (1817); Flem. Hist. Brit An. p. 43 (1842); R. Gray, B. West Scot p. 236, pl. (1871); Olphe-Gall. Faun. Orn. Eur/Occ. fasc. 37-40, p. 51 (1886). Lagopus mutans, Forst Syn. Cat. Brit. B. p. 19 (1817). Ptarmigan Grous, Lath. Gen. Hist B. viii. p. 239 (1823). Tetrao montanus, Brehm, Lehrh. Eur. Vög. p. 448 (1823). Lagopus montanus, Brehm, Handb. Vög. Beutschi. p. 516 (1831). Lagopus alpina, Nilss. III. Skand. Faun. i. pp. 8, 9, 10 (1832); Sundev. Svensk. Fogl. pl. xxxv. figs. 1-4 (1856). Lagopus rupestris, Gould, B. Eur. iv. pl. 254 (1837); Collett, Vid. Selsk. Forh. Christ. 1868, p. 159. Lagopus cinereus, Macgill. Hist Brit. B. i. p. 187 (1837). Lagopus alpinus, Brandt, in Hofmann, N. Ural Exp. ii. App. p. 68 (1856); Nilss. Skand. Faun. Fog. ii. p. 103 (1858); Jaub. $ Lapomm. Eich. Orn. p. 431 (1859); Collett, Forh. Vid. Selsk. Christ 1872, p. 251 [X.Norway]; Palm. J.f. 0.1876, p. 42 [Finlind] ; Finsch, Ibis, 1877, p. 49 [Omsk]; Collin, Skand. Fugle, p. 419 Suppl. pl. 5 (1877); Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 379 [Kola Pen.]; Bogd. Comp. Av. Boss. fasc. i.p. 33 (1884); Stejn. Auk, i. p. 225 (1884); Csato, Zeit ges. Orn. ii. p. 482 (1885) [Hunyad]; Pleske, Uebers. Vög Kola, p. 298 (1886); Olphe-Gall Faun. Orn. Eur. Occ. fasc. 37-40, p. 53 (1886); Cab. J.f.O. 1886, p. 348, 1887, p. 568,1888, p. 527 [Alps, Germanyl Lagopus alpinus minor, Brehm, J.f.O. 1860, p. 393. La^opus albus, More (nee Gm.), Ibis, 1865, p. 427 [Gt. Britain]. 4 0 TETIUONIILT] Fjäll Ripa, Lloi/d, Game B. Nwed. § Xonr. p. I08, pl. (1807). Tetrao albus, Poton, ticot. Rat. i. p. 112 (1871-2) [Pertbshire]. Lagopus mutiiSj var. mutus, Baird, Iireio,, fy llidgw. L\ J\7. Am. iii. p. 4o(> (1874). Lagopus alpinns, var, scandina^ ica, Smidev. (Efv. Tet.-Alc. Forh. 1874, p. 10 [8candina\ia). Lagopus alpin us, var. merklionalis, Sudeo. (Efv. Vef.-Ak. Förli. 1874, p. 10 [Alps and Pyrenees], Lagopiis" muta, Stejn. Zeit. ges. Orn. i. p. 87 (1884). Lag opus muta vulgaris, titejn. Zeit. ges. Orn. i. p. 88 (1884). Adult male [wiater ±>lumaye]. A blaek patch extending from the lores through tbo eye; (he tail-feathers, except the rmdcüe pair black, ofton partly white towards the base and narrowly tipped with white ; rest of the pluniage pure white. Adult female \wmter jdumaye]. Similar, but with the black pateh in front of the eye abseilt or rudimentary. Adult male [summer ylumaye]. General eolonr of the head, Upper parts, sides, and flanks dark brown or blackisk brown, rnore or less finely mottled and barred with grey and rusty on the back, rump, and npper tail-coverts ; the ehest and upper breast hlackish brown, sometimes slightly mottled ; the quills, outer wing-coverts, oentre tail-feathers, and rest of underparts white. Adult female [sammer ylwmage]. General colour above black, mixed with rufous buff, niost of the feathers being edged with white or pale buff; underparts rufous buff, barred with blaek; centre tail-feathers barred with black and buff; rest of the tail- feathers black tipped with white, as in the male, and often with a large portion of the basal part white ; quills and outer wing-coverts white. Adult male [aiitumn plumage]. General colour of the Upper parts, central pair oi:' tail-feathers, ehest, upper breast, and sides grey, finely mottled väth blaek, and sometimes with buff; quills outer wing-coverts, and the rest of underparts white. Adult female [autnmn plumage]. Similar to the male, but usually to be distinguished by retaining a few of the reddish-buff and black feathers of the faded summer plumage. Adult male. Total length 14-5 inches, wing 7*ö, tau 4*6, tarsus 1-3. Adult female. Total length 14 inches, wing 7'4, tail 4*1 tarsus 1*3. fmmature birds differ only from the adult in having the primaries mixed with blackish brown along the shaffc. Touny birds have the general colour of the head, upper parts, ehest, and sides black, barred and mottled with rufous buff, most of the feathers with a white spot at the extremity; the primaries are brownish black, mottled with buff on the outer web ; the belly and rest of underparts are whitish, indistinctly barred with dusky ; tail-feathers black, with irregulär bars and markings of buff. The above plumages are, we consider, fairly typical of theseasons in which they oeeur, but the individual Variation is so o-reat 1 . IAGOPUS. that it is perfcctly impossihle to give rnoro flmn a very general description. It must also be borno in mind thai ilio plumai>o of cvery individual, which is constantly changing overy luouili eitlicr by mouiting or by the changing of pattern in tho saino feather, or by wearing off of the tips, is greatly influcneed by the climatc of tho country it inhabits : lor iiibtanee, speeunens from Scotland avo only found "in complete white plumage in exceptionally severe winters, and usually retain a goocl mauy of the fluniraer and autumn fe ithers on tho top of the heud and back ; while spoeimons from thenorthem parts of Norvvay and Sweden never complete either their summer or antumn plumage, but retain a largo amount of white throughout the year. Anyone who has been able to examine largo seriös of this and other species of Lagojms from different parts of their ränge, and has seen all the possiblo Variation in colonr to whieh each species is subjeet, will be very cautious before adding anothor name to the already over-burdened synonymy. Eab. Europe [and possibly some of the ranges in Central Asia, bnt it is almost impossible to teil whether the rofereneos should be referred to this species or L. nipestris]; ranging westwards to Scotland, sotithwards to the Pyrenecs and Alps, and eastwards to the Ural Mountains. Eor an exeellent aecount of the various changes of plumage during every month of the year, we rofer to J. G. Millais's ' Game Birds and Shooting-Sketches,' pp. 69, 70. a-c. p. 83 (1883). Lagopus rupestris reinhardtii, Stejn. Zeit. ges. Orn. i. p. 91 (1884); A.O.U. Check-l. p. 174 (1880); Chamb. Auk,\i. p. 217 (1889) [S. Greenland]. Laoropus rupestris nelsoni. Stejn. Zeit. ges. Orn. i. p. 91 (1884); id. Aule, i. p. 22G (1884) [Unalashka Is.]; A. O. U. Cherk-l. p. 174 (1886); Ridgw. Man. p. 201 (1887); Nels. Rep. Nat. Eist. Alaska, pp. 131, 138, pl. x. (1887). Lagopus rupestris atkliensis, Stejn. Zeit. ges. Orn. i. p. 92 (1884); A. O.U. Check-!. p.174 (188G); Turner, Contr.Nat. Eist. Alaska, p. 155, pls. iii. & iv. [$ ? summer] (1886); Nels. Rep. NE. Alaska, pp. 137, 139 (1887); Ridgw. Man. p. 201 (1887). Lagopus rupestris, subsp. insularis, Bogd. Comp. Av. Boss. fasc. i. p. 34 (1884) [Behring Is.]. Lagopus ridgwayi, Stejn. Zeit ges. Orn. 1884, p. 89, pl. v.; id. Am. Nat. 1884, p. 774; id. P. Biol Soc. Wask ii. p. 98 (1884) [Commander Is.]. Lagopus welchii, Breiost. Auk, ii. p. 193 (1885) [Newfoundland]; A.O. U. Check-l. p. 174 (1886); Ridgw. Man. p. 201 (1887). Lagopus islandicus, Olphe-Gall. Faun. Orn. Eur. Occ. fasc. 37-40, p. 58 (1886). This species is merely a more Northern rufous form of L. mutus TOIr. XXII. B TETKAOJOTÄ and goes through similar changos of plumage; in summer the males are easily distinguishable, but in winter it is impossible to teil one from the other. This form has been divided into a number of species and subspecies in difforent parts of its ränge, the birds from Icoland being known as L. islandorum, those from Greenland and the westera side of Davis Strait and Baffin's Bay as L. reinhardti; those from Newfoundland as L. welchi; those from Arctic America as L. rupestris; those from Unalashka Is. as L. nelsoni; while from the outer Aleutian Islands the bird is known as L. atlchensis, and from Behring Island as L. insularis or L. riägwayi. At present the only ones which have escaped being given a name are those from Japan and the North of Asia. Of the greater number of these supposed difYerent species we have seen or possess examples, and of the rest there are excellent flgures and descriptions. After going over all the facts very carefully and allowing for very slight individual differences and climatic variations, we cannot see the slightest object to be gained in cataloguing under endless names what are clearly only forms of one species, especially as L. rupestris, taken as a whole, appears to us barely specifically distinct from L. mutus. We have not seen examples from Newfoundland, but from all accounts they have the Upper plumage grey, almost identical with that of L. mutus in autumn. It is also on record that grey forms which have been identified as L. mutus have been obtained in some of the islands to the north of Arctic America. The adult male of Lt rwpestris appears to have the ehest always barred with black in the summer plumage, and never uniform blackish brown as in L. mutus. This is the only striking difference beyond the general tone of the plumage. Adult male. Total length 14*6 inches, wing 7*7t tail 4*5, tarsus 1*2. Adult female. Total length 14 inches, wing 7*5, tail 4*1, tarsus 1-15. Hab. Iceland, Greenland, Newfoundland, and Arctic America, Aleutian Is., Behring Is., Japan, and Northern Asia, and probably as far west as the Ural Mountains. a9 b. <$ imm. st. et Iceland, autumn. Purchased. sk. c, d. <$ ad. et imm. Iceland, winter. Gould Coli. sk e. Pull. sk. Iceland, July. Gould Coli. f,g. 6 ? imm. sk. Iceland, Sept. J. Backhouse, EsqM Jr.[P.]. h. J imm. sk. Iceland, winter. H. E. Dresser, Esq. DB.]i- l. c? S ad. et Greenland, autunm. Oapt, Holböll [0.]. imm. sk. m, to. d S ad. sk. Greenland, autumn. Gould Coli. o-w. d 2 ad. et Lichtenfels, S. Greenland, Dr. R B. Sharpe imm. sk. Sept., Nov., Jan. CP-]. w. $ ad. sk. Musk-ox Bay, Greenland, Lords of the Treasury June. rp.]. x. $ ad. sk. N. Greenland, lat. 82° 31', Alert' Arctic Exped. June {H. W. Feüden). y, z. 6 2 a<^ s^« a', Pull. sk. b'. S ad. sk. c'. d" ad. sk. d'. S ad. sk. e'. c? ad. sk. f-k'. S ad. et 2 imm. sk. et st. i\ $ ad. sk. /, h'. S $ ad. sk. /'. $ ad. sk. m'. . 3 &4 (1871); Gray, B. West Schi. p. 227 (1871); Sttjn. J. f. O. 1871, p. 463 [8. Tyrol]; Paton, Scot Nat. i. p. 114 (1871-2) [Pertkshire]; Cülett, Vid. Selsh. Forh Christ. 187*2, p. 234 [N. Norway]; Gould, B. Gr. Brit. iv. pl. 5 (1872) ; Tacz. J.f 0. 1873, p. 98; Severb. Turkest. Jevotnie, p. 68 (1873); Dress. B. Eur. v. p. 223, pls. 489 [part] & 490 (1873); Alst. $ Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 6($ [Arckangel]; Danf. 4- Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 417 [TransylvaniaJ; Severts. J. f. 0.1875, p. 181 [Central Arial; Schal. J. f 0. 1876, p. 26 [Mark Brandenburg]; Palm. J. f. 0. 1876, p. 41 [Finland]; Seebohm $ Brown, Ibis, 1876, p. 221 [Lower Petcliora]; Dress. Ibis, 1876, p. 322; Tacz. Bull. SOG. Zool. Fr. i. p. 243 (1876) [Irkutsk & Baikal] and ii. p. 153 (1877) [Poland]; Collin, Skand. Fugle, p. 412, Suppl. pl. 4 (1877) ; Bau, etc. J. f. 0. 1877, p. 325 [Gerinany]; Flusch, Ibis, 1877, p. 65 [Obi R.]; Liebe, J f. 0. 1878, p. 75 [E. Hungary]; Harvie-Broion, Capercaillie in Scott, pp. 155 (1879); Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 147 [Yenisei]; Brandt, J. f 0. 1880, p. 241 [St. Petersburg]; Gab. J.f. 0. 1880, pp. 71, 393 [Germany]; Finsch, Verh. Ges. Wien, xxix. p. 231 (1880) [irtish]; Bdchn. iL Pleske, Beitr.Orn. St. Pet p. 88 (1831) ; Gigl Ibis, 1881, p. 206 [Italian Alps]; Schal. J.f 0. 1881, p. 302 [MarkBrandenburg]; Meyer, Vog.-Skel. pl. xvi. (1881-2), pl. xlviii. (1833), pl. Iii. (1884); Booth, Rough Notes, ii. pl. & ioxt (1881-7) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 379 [Archangel]; Irby, Ibis, 1883, p. 185 [Santander]; Gab. J.f 0. 1883, p. 61,1884, p. 38, 1885, p. 314, 1880, p. 341, 1837, p. 568 [Germany] -^ Saund. Ibis, 1884, p. 387 [Pyrenees]; Saund. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 45 (1884); Stejn. Am. Nat. 1834, p. 774; Bogä. Consp. Av. Boss, fa^c. i. p. 24 (1884); Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 440, pl. 21 (1881); Ilomeyer, Zeit. ges. Orn. i. p. 261 (1884) [Austria & Ilungary]; Csatö, Zeit. ges. Orn. ii. p. 481 (1885) [liunyardj; Wurm, Z. wiss. Zool. xü. p. 728 (1885); v. Graf, Z. IDISS. Zool. xli. p. 107, pl. vii. (1885); Oustal. La Nat. 1885, p. 279; Schal. Zeit. ges. Orn. ii. p. 13 (1885) [Mark Brandenburg]; Pleske, Hebers. Vög.Kola, p. 311 (1886); Gigl. Av. Mal. p. 343 (1886); Olphe-Gall. Faun. Orn. Eur. Occ.hsc. 37-40, p. 11 (1886); Meyer, Unser Auer-, Rachel-und Birkwild, etc. pp. 1-15, pls. 1-3 (1887); Meyer §• Keim, Zeit. ges. Orn. iy. p. 369 (1888); Pleske, Mem. Ac. St. Pet. (7) xxxvi. no. 3, p. 47 (1888) 5 Severtz. Zeit. ges. Orn. iv. p. 18 (1888) [Turkestan]; Reiser, J.f 0. 1888, p. 50; Saund. III. Man. Brit. B, p. 477 (1889); Gigl. Av. Italic 532 (1889), ii. p. 662 (1890), iii. p. 507 (1891); Schal. J. f 0. 1890, p. 16; Attum, J. f 0. 1891, p. 99; Saund. Ibis, 1891, p. 185 [Switzerland]; Kariert, Ibis, 1892, p. 511 [E. Prussia]; Mülai8f Game B. pp, 1-20, pls. & woodcuts (1892). TETBAONIDJE. Ooq de Bmyere, DAubent PI. Fnl. [Nos. 73 & 74].. Le Grand Coq de Bmyere, Buff. JECist Nat. Ois. ii. p. 239 (1772). Wood-Grouse, Lath. Gen, Syn. ii. pt. ii. p. 729 (1783); Penn. Ar ct. Zool. ii. p. 312 (1785); Lath. Gen. Bist. B. viii. p. 223 (1823). Tetrao eremita, Thunberg, Vet. Akacl Handl. 1798, p. 179; Nilss. JShand. Faun., Fog. ii. p. 45 (1835) & p. 48 (1858). Urogallus vulgaris, Flem.Phil. Zool. ii. p. 231 (1822); Fitz. Atl. Nat., Vög.fig. 242 (1804) ; Sahacl Fl. Ucc. Itccl. p. 196 (1887). Tetrao major, Brehm, Hanäb. Vög. Deutschi. p. 503 (1831); id. Vogelf. p. 260 (1855); id. Nauman. 1855, p. 287. Tetrao crasteirostris, Brehm, JSandb. Vög. Beutschi. p. 504 (1831); id. Vogelf. p. 260 (1855) ; id. Nauman. 1855, p. 287. Oapercaillie, Yarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 289, flg. (1843). Tetrao taczanowskii, Meyer, Unser Azie?'-, Rachel- und Birkivild, etc, p. 10 (1887). Adult male. Head and neck dark grey, mottled with black and shading into dull black cm the forehcad, sides of head, chin, and throat, the latter being more or less glossed with green; mantle, lower back, and rump black, covered with wavy white lines; the interscapular region usually washed with reddish bro wn: wing-coverts and scapulars reddish brown, tinely mottled with black ; primaries, prirnary-coverts, and secondaries dark brown, the latter largely mottled with reddish brown on the outer web ; the basal part of the outer web of the third to the sixth primaries and the tips of the secondaries are margined with white : the ehest dark glossy green, shading into black on the breast and belly, most of the feathers down the middle of the belly and on the flanks tipped and mixed with white; vent and tbighs mostly white; feathers on the tarsi brownish black ; upper and under tail-coverts black tipped with white; tail black, an irregulär marbled white band crossing the terminal half of the feathers. Axillaries and most of the under wing-coverts white, a few of the outermost ones dark brown. Bill yellowish hörncolour; feet dark leaden grey. Wattle above the eye scarlet. Total length 35 inches, wing 14*6, tail 12'3, tarsus 2*8. Young males by December are similar to the above in plumage, but can be distinguished by their much smaUer size and the absence of the marbled white band on the tail. A quite young male has most of the Upper parts dull reddish brown thickly mottled with black, a few feathers on the mantle have the ground-colour grey* and the upper tail-coverts are widely tipped with white; the wing-coverts, scapulars, and secondaries have whitish- buff tips extending for some distance up the shaft, and the secondaries are also irregularly mottled along the outer margin with pale buff; chin and throat whitish, neck mottled with black, ehest and breast rufous-buff intermixed with a few black feathers; rest of underparts dirty white more or less mottled with dusky; tail- feathers dull brownish red, with marbled bars and tips of buff. Adult female. Top and sides of the head, back and sides of the neck, mantle, back, rump, and upper tail-coverts black, barred with rufous buff and tipped with white except on the back*r lesser, median, 3 . TETEAO. 63 and secondary coverts and sccondaries the samo, but the buff bars are broken np into irregulär markingb ; the larger coverts, scapulars, and secondaries are tipped with white; primarics and primary- coverts dark brown, mottled with pale rufous on the outer web ; ehin, throat, and fore part of neck rufous buff, shading into darkor rust-colour on the ehest; breast, belly, sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts rufous buff, with a subterminal black bar and white tip to each feather; the under tail-coverts do not eostend nearhj to the end of the middle tail-feathers; tarsi dirty white, mottled with black. Tail ohestnut, barred with black and tipped with white. Axillaries and the inner wing-coverts white, barred and marked with black and buff, outer coverts barred with black and buff and tipped with white. Bill brownish hörn, paler at the tip and along the cutting- edges; feet greyish brown. Total length 25 inches, wing 11*7, tail 7*3, tarsus 2-1. In some adult females the white ends to the feathers of the upper and under parts are ahnost or entirely absent. In these examples the whole breast and belly are rufous buff, the black subterminal bars are less marked, and only a few feathers down the middle of the belly and on the fianks are white-tipped. These differences are apparently due neither to age nor season, but represent a distinet " rufous phase " of coloration. It is by no means rare for barren females to assume more or less the plumage of the male. Hab. Europe, F . and Central Asia; ranging through the pine- forests westwards to Scotland, eastwards as far as Lake Baikal, and southwards to the Pyrenees, Alps, Carpathians, N.E. Turkestan, and Altai Mountains. a> c? ad. sk. Scotland. Huine Coli. b. S ad. sk. Scotland» Purchased. c. J ad. sk. - Scotland. Montagu Coli. d. 2 ad. sk. Perthshire. Lt.-Col. L. H. Irby [P/j. e. /. <$ ad. et Killin, Perthshire, Dec. Marquis of Breadalimm. sk. hane [P.]. g, h. (S ? ad. sk. Ballinluig, Perthshire, March. Baron A. von Hügel i-r. $ 5 ad. et Buchanty, Perthshire, Nov. C. H. Drummond pull, st. Moray, Eaq. [P.]. s. 9 ad. sk. Tillicoultry, Clackmannan, Major E.G. Wardlaw Dec. Eamsay [P.]. t 9. ad. sk. Dumblane, Stirlingshire, Oct. W. R. Ogilvie Grant, * Esq.Tp.l. u. $ juv. st. Norway. Gould Coli. v, w. Juv. sk. Norway. Purchased. x-b\ 6 ad., juv., Norway, April, June, July. Prof. Cohett [P.]. pull. sk. et § ad. st. c\ * $ ad. sk. Norway, Oct. Prof. Collett [P.]. * Pemale assuming male plumage. TE'EKAOMPJL d'te'. rf(?tu\.$k. Nonvay. öalvin-öodman Coli. / . (J ad. sie. Pyronecs, March. A.JiBrooko, Esn.rO.]. ff'» Ä'« 6 9 **d. nie. bithuaida, Poland. l)i\J.SU)lzmaim|T.J. " i'. *$ ad. nt. RiiHsia. J. Breuchley, Esq. [J?.]. k\ V. <$ ad. et Archangol. Dr. 11. Buwdlor iSharpe pull. sk. Li>.]. m', J ad. «k. Sloboda, Prov. SmoleiiHk, St. Petersburg Miibcum A pril (Prjevalsky). LE.]. w\ Skeleton. Zool. Soe. Uoll. o',p'. SkullH. Black Forest. Dr. Günther [P."]. fJi/brid bei wenn Tetrao urogallus and Lagopus lagopus S . Lag opus urogallo-albus, Griey1 Beryens Mus. Aarsher, 1889, no. 5, pp. 1-13, pl. Hybrid betweui Totrao urogallus and Lyrunxs tetrix. Öpurioua Groiis, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. ii. p. 734 (1783); Suppl. i. p. 2L4 (1787), Hybrid Grous, Lath. Gen. Mist. B. viii. p. 230 (1823). Rackelhahn, auct. Tetrao hybndus, Sparrm. Mus, Carls, fasc. i. pl. 15 (1786); Goidd, B. Eur. iv. pl. 249 (1837); Gray, List of B. pt. iii. Gatt. p. 45 (1844); Deyl fy Gerbe, Orn. Europ. ii. p. 49 (1867); Olphe-Gall. Faun. Orn. Eur. Ooe. fasc. 37-40, p. 19 (1886). Tetrao hybridus urogalioides, Nilss. III. Skand. Faun. i. pl. iv. (1832), Tetrao medius, Met/. Berl. May. v. p. 337 (1811); Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 287 (1815); id. Piy. et Gatt. iii. pp. 129, 698 (1815); ßteph. in Shaio's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 277 (1819); Naum. Nat. Vöy. Deutscht, vi. p. 304, pl. 156 (1833) ; ö'chinz, Nat. Abbild. Vög. p. 277, pl. 105 (1833); Compmyo, Hist. Nat. Pyren. iii. p. 197 (1863); Fritseh, Nat. Vöy. Europ. p. 289 (1870), pl. 31. 1%. 6 (1871) ; Dan/, ty Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 417 [Transylvaiiia]; JDybows. Zool. Anz. ii. p. 400 (1879); Meyer, Voy.-Skel. pl. xlix. (1883), pl. IL (1884) ; Gab. J.f. 0.1884, p. 39 fGemiany]; Meyer, MT. om. Ver. Wien, 1884, p. 19 [Saxony]; Tschusi zu Schmidh. Qmis, 1888, p. 517, pl. 11; Altum, J.f.O. 1891, p. 96; Lorenz, J. f. O. 1891, p. 405. Tetrao intermedius, Lanysd, 3fem. Aead. PMersb. iii. p. 236, pl. 14 (1811); Twinn, Ibis, 1860, p. 431 [Perthsliire]; Meyer, MT. om. Ver. Wien, 1881, pp. 72, 91; Jäckel, Zool. Gart. 1881, p. 103; F., MT. om. Ver. Wien, 1884, p. 49 [Schleswig]; Talshy, MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 1884, p. 183 [Moraviaj; Schmidh. MT. om. Ver. Wien, 1884, p. 172, pl. Tetrao urogallidos, Miss. JSkand. Faun. i. p. xxxii (1824); Nilss. Skand. Faun., Voy. ii. p. 73 (1858); Collin, Skand. Fuyle, p. 415 Suppl. pl. 5 (1877). Tetrao urogalloides, Nilss. Skand. Faun. ii. p. 72 (1835); Collett, Vid. Selsk. Forh. Christ. 1868, p. 158. Tetrao maculatub, Brehm, Handb. Vö'g. Deutscht, p. 504 (1831); id. Voyelf. p. 260 (1855); id. Nauman. p. 287 (1855). Tetrao pseiidourogallus, Brehm, Nauman. 1855, p. 287. * Female assuining male plumage. 8 . TETEA.O» Tetrao nrogallo-tetrix, Gollett, Forh, Vid. Selsh. Christ 1872, p. 235 [N. Norway]; Bogd. Comp. Av. Boss, fasc. i. p. 35 (1884). Tetrao tetrix aratf T. urogallus, JDress. B. Eur. v. p. 232, pl. 489,t>art. (1873). '* '* Tetrao urogallus xT . tetrix, PZes&e, *7ß5er*. Fo>. Zbfo, p. 316 (1886); Millais, Game B. p. 19, pl. (1892). Tetrao tetrix urogallus, Meyer, Unser Auer-. Rachel- und Birkwüd, etc. pp. 36-74, pls. 8-13 (1837). Adult male. Latermediate in size between the males of T. urogallus and L. ieitix, and easily distinguished from both by the shape of the tau, whieh is emarglnate and moderately forked, the outer feathers bei ng ratker more than an inch longer than the middle pair, the nnder tail-coverts considerably shorter than the middle tail-feathers, and the chin, throat, and ehest are usuaüy glossed with rieh purple changing to dull greenish. Adult feiaale. Closely resembles the female of L. tetrix> but the tail-feathers are all subequal, and the under tail-coverts are much shorter than the middle pair. Not nneommon and apparently, as a rule, fertile. &>b. S 2 "im&* sk. N. Europe. Purchased. et st. c. d1 ad. &k. d. (S ad. sk, e-g. c? ad.;